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Boeing KC-767

The Boeing KC-767 is a military aerial refueling tanker and transport aircraft developed from the Boeing 767-200ER. The tanker received the designation KC-767A, after being selected by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) initially to replace older KC-135Es. In December 2003, the contract was frozen and later canceled due to corruption allegations.

The tanker was developed for the Italian and Japanese air forces, who ordered four tankers each. Financing of the development of the aircraft has largely been borne by Boeing, in the hope of receiving major orders from the USAF. Boeing's revised KC-767 proposal to the USAF was selected in February 2011 for the KC-X program under the designation KC-46.

Commercial Derivative Air Refueling Aircraft
At the start of the 2000s a considerable and sudden increase in their maintenance costs was leading the U.S. Air Force to run a procurement program for the replacement of around 100 of its oldest KC-135E Stratotankers. Most USAF KC-135s are of the updated KC-135R variant.

In early 2002 the USAF began negotiations with Boeing on the lease of tankers based on the Boeing 767 after it considered the Airbus A330-based tanker, the KC-330, to be more costly and a higher technical risk. The USAF said that an assessment of the two types "shows that the EADS offering presents a higher-risk technical approach and less preferred financial arrangement". It also said that the larger KC-330 "does not bring with it a commensurate increase in available air-refuelling offload".

In addition, the KC-767 has manual flight controls with an unrestricted flight envelope. The Boeing tanker officially received the KC-767A designation from the U.S. DoD in 2002 and that appeared in the 2004 edition of the DoD Model Designation report.

USAF lease, cancellation and re-award
For its Commercial Derivative Air Refueling Aircraft program, the USAF decided to lease around 100 KC-767 tankers from Boeing after it was selected. Despite other nations engaging in leasing of military aircraft, there was some criticism. U.S. Senator John McCain questioned whether it is really cost-effective for the USAF to lease aircraft at all, particularly as the aircraft would probably not have many, if any, buyers when their U.S. military service ended. The Congressional Budget Office has also criticized the draft leasing agreement as fiscally irresponsible. In November 2003, a compromise was struck whereby the Air Force would purchase 80 KC-767 aircraft and lease 20 more.

In December 2003, the Pentagon announced the project was to be frozen while an investigation of allegations of corruption by one of its former procurement staffers, Darleen Druyun (who had moved to Boeing in January) was undertaken. Reporter Joseph L. Galloway wrote that some documents found in congressional investigation indicated the A330-based tanker met more of the USAF specifications than the Boeing tanker and had a lower proposed cost. Druyun pleaded guilty and was sentenced to nine months in jail for "negotiating a job with Boeing at the same time she was involved in contracts with the company". Additional fallout included the termination of Boeing CFO Michael M. Sears, who was sentenced to four months in prison in 2005, and the resignation of Boeing CEO Philip M. Condit. The Air Force's KC-767A contract was officially canceled by the DoD in January 2006.

Italy
Boeing continued development of the aircraft. Italy selected the KC-767A and signed a contract in 2002 becoming the launch customer, with delivery set for 2005. The Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare) ordered four aircraft. This version is based on the 767-200ER and is named the KC-767 Tanker Transport, and is fitted with boom and hose-drogue refueling systems on the centerline with hose-drogue wingpod systems.

Italy's aircraft became the first KC-767 to be assembled. The aircraft were initially built as 767-200ER commercial airplanes, then flown to a separate facility for conversion into tankers. Italy's first aircraft made its maiden flight on 21 May 2005. Italy's second aircraft arrived for modification at the facility of Boeing's partner, Aeronavali, in Naples, Italy, on 6 May 2005.

Delivery of the tankers to the Italian Air Force was delayed due to an issue with flutter of the wing pods and other technical issues. Boeing provided a 767 for training during this time. After resolving the issues, Boeing delivered the first KC-767 in January, and the second in March 2011. These aircraft officially entered service on 17 May 2011 with the 14º Stormo. After entering service, the two KC-767s have supported NATO operations in Afghanistan and Libya. The final two tankers were delivered in late 2011.

Japan

In 2001, Japan selected the KC-767 over the Airbus A310 MRTT and signed a contract in 2003. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) ordered four aircraft and has designated the tanker KC-767J. In June 2005, Japan's first aircraft arrived at Boeing's Wichita, Kansas modification center to be fitted out with the tanker equipment.

Delivery of the first KC-767J for the JASDF was delayed approximately two years due to development issues and the addition of the aircraft receiving FAA certification. The Japanese version of the tanker is equipped only with the boom refueling system. Boeing and its Japanese representative Itochu agreed with Japan Ministry of Defense (MoD) to pay a penalty fee for the delivery delay, according to the MoD Statement. The first operational KC-767J was delivered to the JASDF on 19 February 2008, with the second KC-767J following on 5 March. The third KC-767 was delivered to the JASDF in March 2009. The three KC-767J aircraft reached initial operational capability (IOC) status with the JASDF in May 2009. The fourth tanker was delivered in January 2010. The aircraft are operated out of Komaki Air Base by 404th Tactical Airlift Tanker Squadron.

Civilian 767 conversions

As a low-cost alternative for nations unable to purchase new-build AAR tankers, Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) developed a variant of the KC-767, designated as the KC-767 Multi Mission Tanker Transport (MMTT). Designed as a cost-effective option against the KC-46 and the A330 MRTT, the KC-767 MMTT involves the conversion of pre-owned Boeing 767s into aerial tankers by the Bedek Aviation Group, a subsidiary of IAI. It is configured to suit the necessities of the customer, with multiple capabilities - including cargo transport, VIP transport, aerial refueling and ISR.

As part of its capabilities, the KC-767 MMTT incorporates a special cargo door, built-in cargo pallet capabilities, interchangeable passenger seats and operator consoles, ARP3 wing refueling pods and a fly-by-wire boom refueling system. As part of the conversion process, a significant proportion of the structure, wiring and systems of the aircraft are replaced, upgraded or refurbished, tailored to the customer's specific requirements.

According to Bedek, the KC-767 MMTT has a maximum takeoff weight of 400,000 lb and a maximum fuel load of 72,500-90,700 kg, with the capacity to support 13 Lockheed Martin F-16 fighters on missions with a range of 1,000 nmi.

The first KC-767 MMTT, converted from a Boeing 767-200ER platform formerly operated by Air China, was tested in 2010; the converted tanker successfully demonstrated the aerial refueling of an IAI Kfir C10 fighter during a 3.5 hour test flight.

Colombia
In 2008, IAI was contracted to convert a secondhand Boeing 767-200ER, into an AAR tanker which would also serve as VIP transport, for the Colombian Air Force. The converted aircraft, nicknamed "Jupiter" (FAC-1202), was successfully tested in September 2010, and was delivered in November 2010. Colombia's KC-767 MMTT supported US Navy EA-18G Growlers during Exercise Red Flag 19-2 in March 2019.

India
In April 2022, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and IAI signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to convert six pre-owned civilian aircraft into AAR tankers/freighter aircraft, for the Indian Air Force (IAF). Although the specifications of the selected aircraft are yet to be divulged, Indian representatives have stated that the aircraft likely to be procured for the IAF is the KC-767 MMTT.

Australia
Australia selected the Airbus A330 MRTT in April 2004 after competition with the KC-767 due to the A330's larger fuel and cargo capability.

United Kingdom
Boeing, teamed with BAE Systems and British Airways, offered the KC-767 to the UK's RAF for its Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft. The companies formed the Tanker Transport Services Consortium (TTSC). British Airways would provide the 767 aircraft, Boeing would provide the conversion technology based on its KC-767 tanker design and BAE Systems would perform the majority of aircraft modifications. Marshall Aerospace, Serco, Spectrum, and Capital were also part of TTSC. The Ministry of Defence announced in January 2004 that it had selected the Airbus A330 MRTT to fulfill this requirement.

Republic of Korea
The KC-767 was to compete with the A330 MRTT for the Republic of Korea Air Force's procurement of four tanker aircraft. In June 2015, South Korea selected the A330 MRTT over the KC-46 for the procurement.

Brazil
In 2013, the Brazilian Air Force Command (FAB) selected IAI to provide two KC-767-300ER MMTT tankers, under its KC-X2 procurement initiative. However, a contract for the supply of the two aircraft was never finalised, and the project was ultimately abandoned.

USAF KC-X program
On 24 February 2011, Boeing's KC-767 proposal was selected by the USAF as the winning offer to replace part of the KC-135 fleet. The aircraft received the designation KC-46A. Boeing was awarded an initial development contract to build and deliver 18 operational tankers by 2017.

Flight testing

On 23 January 2007, the KC-767 flight test aircraft set a program milestone by making its first hookup with a receiver aircraft, a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. The "dry contact" transferred no fuel, but was intended to test the tanker's fifth-generation fly-by-wire telescoping boom. Unlike the KC-135 boom operator, who is prone, the KC-767 operator uses a remote station with a video display. The testing was being done at Edwards Air Force Base, and the test aircraft was destined for Italy once testing was complete.

The KC-767 extended its air refueling boom and transferred fuel to another aircraft for the first time on 5 March 2007. The tanker completed another test milestone on 12 April 2007 when its aircrew successfully extended and retracted both wing refueling hoses. In November 2007, Boeing decided to shift modification work on the KC-767A tankers for Italy and Japan from subcontractor Aeronavali's facility in Italy to Boeing's Wichita facility in an effort to meet delivery schedules.

Boeing KC-767 variants

 * KC-767A
 * Tanker variant of the 767-200 originally for the United States Air Force; order cancelled. Four similar aircraft built for the Italian Air Force.

 * KC-767J
 * Designation for the KC-767A built for the Japan Air Self Defence Force, four built.

 * KC-46A
 * Tanker variant of the 767-2C for the U.S. Air Force.

Converted Boeing 767 variants

 * KC-767 MMTT
 * Multi-purpose tanker/cargo transport variant derived from the conversion of pre-owned Boeing 767s, developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

 * KC-X2
 * Designation for IAI-converted Boeing 767-300ER, intended for the Brazilian Air Force; now abandoned.

Operators

 * Italian Air Force
 * 14º Stormo - 4 KC-767A aircraft, in service.
 * Japan Air Self-Defense Force
 * 404th Tactical Airlift Tanker Squadron - 4 KC-767J aircraft, in service.
 * Colombian Aerospace Force - 1 KC-767 MMTT, in service.
 * 404th Tactical Airlift Tanker Squadron - 4 KC-767J aircraft, in service.
 * Colombian Aerospace Force - 1 KC-767 MMTT, in service.
 * Colombian Aerospace Force - 1 KC-767 MMTT, in service.

title: Boeing KC-767


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Talk:"Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D

Page move
This page was moved from "Weird Al" Yankovic In 3-D to "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D as per the naming convention set out at Naming conventions – Ianblair23 (talk) 03:20, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * That goes against "Weird Al"'s naming structure, though. Thus, I'm changing the title in-article to how it's been published; however, I'll leave the article title alone... for now.  T.J. Fuller, Jr. 04:51, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Ron Popeil vs. Samuel Popeil
I'm Changing the "Mr. Popeil" trivia back to Samuel Popeil. From the booklet that came with "Permanent Record: Al In The Box": "'Mr. Popeil': ' It's not about Ron Popeil, the founder of Ronco, but about his dad, the guy who invented the Vegematic and the Pocket Fisherman. He did pitches for them on TV before Ronco was started. Mr. Popeil was a big facet of American pop culture; he started the whole genre of marketing these gimmicky gadgets on TV. Around the time I was writing the song, I came across a magazine article about me, and right next to it I saw a story about Mr. Popeil's daughter, Lisa Popeil, who was a classically trained singer who had worked with Frank Zappa. I thought it would be great if we could get her to sing on the track, and she agreed to do it. It was very odd, though, to be in the studio directing Lisa how to sing her own name!' Al got some musical inspiration for this song from the B-52's; it's one of many examples of what he calls a 'style parody.'" -- Elvis 02:13, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Style Parodies
Whoever is chosing particular songs with which to append these songs as "style parodies" SERIOUSLY needs to get their ears checked, because the songs listed (now removed) have no resemblance to those particular tunes! "Midnight Star" is "Hold The Line" by Toto? Definitely not - hell, HTL isn't even in the same time signature!

 * I added the Kinks byline to "That Boy Could Dance" because I heard Weird Al interviewed on Dr. Demento in the lead-up to Running with Scissors where Al admitted the influence and the nearly-identical introductions to both songs were played. Unfortunately, I'm going nuts remembering the original song or I'd give it a reference.

On this subject -- "Mr. Popeil" is generally accepted to be a style parody of "Rock Lobster", not "Private Idaho". I'm changing the article accordingly. - Pennyforth 16:44, 4 December 2006 (UTC) --- And on the subject of Style Parodies, "Buy me a Condo" was actually inspired? or ripped-off from a tune sent in to Dr. Demento in 1983 called "Livin in the Condos". It was also 'style parody of Bob Marley and reggae'. The author/composer received his cassette and the usual form letter in 1983, stating Dr. Demento wasn't interested. One can only suppose Al thought it good enough to plagiarize and make it his own. Nice work, when you can get it. 76.218.248.127 (talk) 17:43, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

 * not making this up, the original songwriter still has the paperwork, witnesses/participates to the recording of said song. Tired to get some sort of credit/acknowledgment, but in all those years, to no AVAIL.
 * I respect Al enough to suspect that this ins't the case, but even if it is, it needs a reliable source before it can be added into this article.-- Gen. Quon   (Talk)   05:03, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Did I miss an AfD?
What happened to I Lost On Jeopardy? Robert K S 13:10, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Track line-up
Surprised that there's no mention that when this album first came out, "Mr. Popeil" opened side 1, and "Eat It" was the opener on side 2. I'd edit the article myself, but how do I cite....my own original vinyl pressing....as a valid reference? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.141.7.159 (talk) 12:35, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Really? I'd love to see pictures. I've never seen this mentioned anywhere else, so I assume that yours was just a factory goof or something.--Gen. Quon (talk) 15:42, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:"Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D


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Talk:Unknown DJ

André Manuel is also a Dutch guy... See for instance and. I guess this is another one. So I propose to get rid of the redirect at Andre Manuel. Guaka 23:43, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unknown DJ


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Talk:Water pollution

Deleted content about acidity
Here is more content that you deleted, User:Smokefoot. I don't think it should be deleted. Again, I think it would be fairly easy to find suitable references of this, even by just looking at the respective Wikipedia articles on acid rain for example: I don't have time today but I am just putting it here so that it's not forgotten. EMsmile (talk) 16:27, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur dioxide from power plants) or by increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere (see also ocean acidification). In industrialized areas, acid rain has in the past resulted in pollution of lakes and rivers due to air pollution with dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.

 * I could see ocean acidification being a component of marine pollution, but I have not encountered concerns about CO2 content and especially not SO2 content of fresh water.  I mean atmospheric pollutants are unwelcome for sure and must interact with freshwater, but it is sort of a minor topic as far as I know. While on this topic, there must be lists of major water polluters and their effluents.  Pulp mills being one.--Smokefoot (talk) 16:41, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I have now added the content about acidity back in with references in the section on atmospheric pollution under nonpoint sources. Yes, acid rain is more of a problem for fresh water, whereas CO2 is (eventually) becoming a problem for oceans. Both freshwater and oceans are part of water pollution, so they should both be included in this article. - Regarding a list of major (industrial) water polluters, I think that kind of content is available at industrial wastewater which we link to. There is also this article: Water pollution in the United States which we link to in the "by country" section. EMsmile (talk) 08:19, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Geography
Give some informatin on water casues 106.78.165.164 (talk) 14:13, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? EMsmile (talk) 17:33, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - SU22 - Sect 202 - Tue
— Assignment last updated by Wl2671 (talk) 02:53, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Water wastage and water pollution
This is the subject of water security for class 10th.Thank you. Bold 2402:8100:3102:2830:9EDF:6FD8:CBA4:8D3E (talk) 10:30, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Water pollution


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East York (disambiguation)

East York can refer to:

 * East York, Pennsylvania, United States
 * East York, Ontario, Canada

title: East York (disambiguation)


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User talk:Sure

Nice job tablifying the data in Radical (Chinese character). ☞spencer195 23:44, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sure


text: Talk:Polka Party

title: Talk:Polka Party


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Emme (river)

The Emme is a river in Switzerland. It rises in the Alps between the peaks of Hohgant and Augstmatthorn in the canton of Bern. The Emme is 80 km long and flows through the Emmental and between Zuchwil and Luterbach into the Aare. The drainage area is 983 km2. The average discharge at the mouth is approximately 20,000 L/s. The maximum discharge can be up to 500,000 L/s.

The Emme is known for its sudden variations in water discharge. The narration Die Wassernot im Emmental (The Water Crisis in the Emmen Valley) by Jeremias Gotthelf impressively describes a very large and destructive, and therefore well-known, flood which occurred August 13, 1837. This and other floods led to the building of numerous canals and dams in the 19th century.

The tributaries of the Emme are the Ilfis and the Limpach.

title: Emme (river)


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Red Special

The Red Special is the electric guitar designed and built by Queen's guitarist Brian May and his father, Harold, when Brian was a teenager in the early 1960s. The Red Special is sometimes referred to as the Fireplace or the Old Lady by May and by others. The name Red Special came from the reddish-brown colour the guitar attained after being stained and painted with numerous layers of Rustins Plastic Coating. The name Fireplace is a reference to the fact that the wood used to make the neck came from a fireplace mantel.

A guitar that would define May's signature style, it was intentionally designed to feed back after he saw Jeff Beck playing live and making different sounds just by moving the guitar in front of the amplifier. He wanted an instrument that would be alive and interact with him and the air around him. May has used the Red Special almost exclusively, including on Queen albums and in live performances, throughout the band's entire career.

In celebration of the instrument's 50th anniversary, a book about its construction and history, Brian May’s Red Special: The Story of the Home-Made Guitar that Rocked Queen and the World, was written by Brian May with Simon Bradley.

Construction
Unlike the main instruments of most musicians, the Red Special was built by its player, May, along with his father. The inspiration struck when May realized he could not afford a Fender, Gibson or Höfner guitar. They began to work on the guitar in August 1963, with the project being finished in October 1964. The neck was constructed from wood from a "hundred-year-old-ish" fireplace mantel that a friend of the family was about to throw away. The neck was hand-shaped into the desired form, a job that was made more difficult by the age and quality of the wood. May revealed there are worm holes in the neck of the guitar that he filled in with matchsticks.

The neck was finished with a 24-fret oak fingerboard. Each of the position inlays was hand shaped from a mother-of-pearl button. May decided to position them in a personal way: two dots at the 7th and 19th fret and three at the 12th and 24th.

The body was made from blockboard (strips of softwood sandwiched between two plywood skins) with oak inserts in the top and bottom layers sourced from an old table. It was covered with mahogany marquetry veneer on the top, bottom and side to give it the appearance of a solid-body guitar. It was originally intended that the guitar would have f-holes but this was never done.

White plastic shelf edging was then applied to the top and bottom edges to protect them from damage. The guitar features three single-coil pick-ups and a custom-made aluminium bridge. May purchased a set of Burns Tri-Sonic pick-ups and covered the coils of two with Araldite epoxy to reduce microphonics. The middle pickup remained uncoated and this is understood to have been modified in the early 1980s when DiMarzio examined the Red Special when designing pickups for the first Guild replica. The magnet was turned over to change its polarity and the wires on the solder posts swapped (to mimic a reverse wound coil) which made his favoured pickup combination of bridge and middle in phase humbucking. He originally wound his own pick-ups, as he had for his first guitar, but he did not like the resulting sound because of the polarity of these pick-ups: alternating North-South instead of all North.

The tremolo system is made from an old hardened-steel knife-edge shaped into a V and two motorbike valve springs to counter the 79 lb string tension. The tension of the springs can be adjusted by screwing the bolts, which run through the middle of the springs, in or out via two small access holes next to the rear strap button. To reduce friction, the bridge was completed with rollers to allow the strings to return perfectly in tune after using the tremolo arm (the arm itself was from a bicycle saddlebag holder with a plastic knitting needle tip). For the same reason, at the other end of the neck the strings pass over a zero fret and through a bakelite string guide.

Originally the guitar had a built-in distortion circuit, adapted from a mid-1960s Vox distortion effects unit. The switch for this was in front of the phase switches. May soon discovered that he preferred the sound of a Vox AC30 distorting at full power, so the circuit was removed. The switch hole is now covered by a mother-of-pearl star inlay, but was originally covered by insulation tape.

Appearances
May still uses the original but he has used replicas in some performances. Notably, the original guitar was not used in the videos "We Will Rock You", and "Spread Your Wings", instead using his John-Birch-made Red Special copy (see Replicas section below) which differs from the original in its all-maple construction and natural maple color, since he did not want to expose the Red Special to snow. The Birch was also used live as a back-up for the Red Special until it was destroyed by May in a fit of rage due to the tuning stability issues. Similarly, he opted not to use the Red Special for the "Play the Game" video, instead using a budget Satellite-badged replica of a Fender Stratocaster, since at one point in the video, Queen singer Freddie Mercury would snatch the guitar from May and "throw" it back to him. The Red Special was omitted from the video for "Princes of the Universe", in which May used a white Washburn RR11V (This guitar is often mistaken for a Jackson Rhoads). He recorded the original of "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" on Queen drummer Roger Taylor's Fender Esquire, but performed the accompanying video and live performances of the song until 1992 with a Fender Telecaster.

Official replicas
The first official copy of the Red Special was made by British luthier John Birch and was used as a back-up for live performances until it was accidentally destroyed by May during a concert in August 1982. The Birch was used in place of the Red Special in the music videos for "We Will Rock You" (however, it was not used to record the song), and "Spread Your Wings". The guitar differs from the original in its all-maple construction and natural finish except for the back which is gold finished. After its destruction May sent the guitar to American luthier John Page, who kept the remains for over 20 years before sending them back to May. May then had the guitar glued back together by Andrew Guyton and still owns it, however it hardly functions anymore.

Other official replicas of the Red Special have been manufactured in varying numbers and in multiple models (i.e. a higher-end full-featured model, and a lower-cost one lacking some of the intricacies of the former) several times during the 1980s and 1990s, most often by the Guild Guitar Company from 1983–85 and again from 1993–95, and by Burns Guitars from 2001 (mass-produced models made in Korea). The Burns model, produced with guidance from May, was awarded "Best Electric Guitar of the Year 2001" by Guitarist Magazine. Currently, only Brian May Guitars (taking over manufacture from Burns) manufacture authorised replicas, the Special at a budget price point and the Super Mk2 at a higher price point aimed at enthusiasts.

KZ Guitar Works manufactured the original Red Special Super model which was hand-made in Japan by master luthier Kazutaka Ijuin. This model has been discontinued and production of the revised Super model taken up in the Czech Republic for Brian May Guitars.

The Brian May Guitars version differs from the Burns original in several ways; for example, the tremolo was a two-point synchronised tremolo with rear access plate. These models also feature a half-moon scratch plate behind the bridge to emulate the original. The switches were also changed from black to white to match May's guitar. They still use the Burns Tri-Sonic pick-ups. 24 guitars were made in a rare baby blue color with a pearloid pickguard and gold hardware. The guitars come in Antique Cherry (a similar color to that of the Red Special), White and 3-Tone Sunburst with chrome hardware. They also have Honey Sunburst, Black and Gold with gold hardware and other various finishes.

Greg Fryer, of Fryer Guitars an Australian luthier, produced three replicas of the Red Special in 1996/97, and with permission from May, made exhaustive measurements of the original guitar. Fryer named his three replicas John, Paul and George Burns (after two members of The Beatles and the famous American comedian). May has two of these guitars, John and George Burns; Fryer kept Paul for some years and used it for testing modified Vox AC30 amplifiers and his range of treble boosters until he sold it to a Japanese collector for an undisclosed sum. While the woods used in John and Paul are more faithful to the original, George Burns was built with New Guinea rosewood for a "more aggressive edge" tonally. John is May's main back-up Red Special, and is tuned to standard. His green Guyton has replaced George Burns for Drop D tuning duties to play "Fat Bottomed Girls" live.

In 2004, Andrew Guyton of Guyton Guitars, a luthier in the UK, manufactured 50 authorised, limited edition replicas of the Red Special: 40 in red to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the guitar, and ten in green, as he had previously seen a green Guild copy that he liked.

Unofficial replicas
In the 1970s, Japanese guitar manufacturer Greco was the first company to market a line of mass produced Red Special copies, albeit unofficial and unlicensed. They did, however, send one to May himself, which he used in various mimed performances the most well known being the Top of the Pops performance for "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy".

CQuadro Guitar Works (now Carpinteri Guitars) in Italy makes Red Special replicas (the Bohemian and the Extreme).

Dansan Guitars makes Red Special replicas hand built in France.

Dillion Guitars (prior to 2014 were built in Korea) making "Tribute Guitars" in two models. Dillion Guitars are manufactured in Vietnam by Inyen Vina CO. LTD of Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.

RS Custom Guitars run by Everett Wood makes a variety of Red Special style replicas hand-built in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.

RS Guitars which were hand-built in Arizona, U.S. by Steve Turpin discontinued production of their models in January 2011. In Germany Scheithauer Guitars makes a Red Special style replica called "Mayday" in Mühlhausen.

Harley Benton Guitars make replicas of the Red Special, however, their model has a single five-way switch in place of the three individual pickup switches, as well as having a 25 inch scale rather than 24 inches.

Variations
In 2006, Brian May Guitars introduced a "Mini May" guitar, based on a 3/4 sized Red Special body shape with a 24 fret, 19” scale (but with no zero fret) featuring a single pick-up, no switches and a maple neck. In 2017, the "Mini May" was upsized with a 22 3/4" scale neck.

An acoustic guitar, featuring a 24-fret neck and the body outline of the Red Special went into production in 2007. This model is named the "Rhapsody", after the Queen song "Bohemian Rhapsody".

A bass guitar called the Bri-Bass was announced on May's website and is available. It looks like his normal guitar but with four bass strings. It features a bound mahogany body and 31.5" scale neck, topped with a 20-fret ebony fingerboard. Pickups are a Gibson EB-0 type chrome-covered humbucking neck pick-up and a rear-position single coil pick-up hooked up to a passive volume/volume/tone circuit.

The Guild models of the early 1990s featured three major configurations. Of the three, the "Signature" model was closest to May's guitar, although it was made of mahogany (body and neck) and ebony (fingerboard) and sported Trisonic-styled "Brian May" pick-ups made by Seymour Duncan and hardware (including the unique bridge) from Schaller. The "Special" model featured a stop-tailpiece rather than a vibrato, the middle pick-up was moved back next to the bridge pick-up for a humbucking look, and the back of the guitar had no binding. The "Standard" model featured a more common Strat-style 5-way pick-up selector switch, a longer scale neck, and a deeper headstock angle. Andrew Guyton made May a double-neck version, which has never been a production model.

Restoration
After viewing the replicas and taking note of the wear and tear the Red Special had suffered during nearly 30 years of constant touring, May had Fryer restore the original Red Special in 1998 using as much original and time-period specific material as possible. Damaged veneer on the back of the guitar was removed and new pieces scarfed in. The binding was removed and various nicks and dents in the top were repaired. Fryer re-finished the neck and body in the original Rustin's Plastic Coating used in the creation over the existing finish, and fretboard wear was repaired and dot-markers replaced. The original electrics were also re-wired and overhauled, and cosmetic work was done, such as filling in holes and worn areas on access panels, pick-up covers (worn by May's use of a sixpence as opposed to a standard plectrum) and the front scratchplate.

The restored Red Special is prominently featured during a series of video interviews with Guitarist in 1999, in which May also demonstrated its feedback capabilities.

At the end of the Queen + Paul Rodgers tour in 2005, May had several revisions made to the original Red Special, including having the zero fret replaced for the first time (this had been judged unnecessary at the time of the 1998 restoration) and making a larger opening for a new, modern 1/4" jack socket. Despite all of this work, the original frets (other than the zero fret) have never been replaced.

Andrew Guyton of Guyton Guitars, carried out a limited restoration in April 2016. This work involved making good all the cracks in the Rustins Plastic Coating lacquer finish, repairing damage to the end and edge, and touching in of the fretboard and replacing one of the mother-of-pearl marker dots. Various parts, including the tremolo and bridge assembly were removed, serviced, cleaned and lubricated then refitted. The zero fret was also replaced again.

Specifications
Body Neck Fretboard Nut Strings Misc
 * Oak from an old table and blockboard (with a mahogany veneer), semi-solid body
 * Depth: 1 9/16" (40 mm)
 * Bolt on, one large bolt which sits beneath the fingerboard and goes through a hole in the body then a nut is then attached; it is also screwed down by two wood screws at the tenon end which ends just before the bridge pick-up. The Greg Fryer, Burns/Brian May Guitars, Guild, John Birch and Greco replicas feature a set (glued) neck.
 * Mahogany from a Victorian fireplace surround mantel that was going to be thrown out.
 * Neck pitch: 2°
 * Headstock angle: 4°
 * Width at nut: 47 mm
 * Width at 12th fret: 51 mm
 * Depth at 1st fret: 1" (25 mm)
 * Depth at 12th fret: 27 mm
 * Though using a 24-fret fingerboard, the scale length of the Red Special is a short 24" (609.6 mm); compared to the Gibson standard of 24.75" (628.65 mm) and Fender's common 25.5" (647.7 mm) scale lengths, this creates a looser feel for the strings, which is conducive to May's extensive use of string bending and his wide vibrato.
 * Black-painted oak
 * Radius: 7.25"
 * Scale length: 24" (610 mm)
 * Number of frets: 24
 * Fret gauge: 2.4mm x 1.2mm
 * Inlays: 3rd, 5th, 9th, 15th, 17th, 21st frets (one dot), 7th and 19th frets (two dots), 12th and 24th frets (three dots)
 * "Zero" fret with Bakelite string guide
 * String spacing at nut: 1 13/16" (46 mm)
 * String spacing at bridge: 2"
 * Strings: Optima Gold Brian May Custom Gauge (.009 .011 .016 .024 .032 .042)
 * Pickups: three modified Burns Tri-Sonic
 * Tremolo arm: self-made from bicycle saddlebag parts
 * Pickguard/pickup surrounds/tailpiece: black Perspex
 * Controls: master volume, master tone, on/off (slide) switch for each pick-up, in/out of phase switch for each pick-up
 * Plectrums: Sixpence Coin
 * Weight: approx 8 lbs (3.6 kg)

title: Red Special


text:
Talk:Even Worse

Posthumous??
posthumous song about a socially inept apartment dweller's attempts to woo his neighbor Melanie

Erm. What? --Thorns Among Our Leaves 01:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, in the final verse of the song, Al sings about jumping off the roof of a building, basically committing suicide in front of the girl he's been seranading, so basically, the character in the song is dead, but still singing. It's weird, but 'posthumous' is probably an accurate description. --Measure 01:51, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

There's a line that goes "I may be dead but I still love you"

"Grey Matter" is a wrong link. (The description of You Make Me) --24.46.164.83 03:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

"Stuck In A Closet" as an AC/DC style parody??
I'm not exactly sure how to define the "style parody" employed by this song, but it definitely is far from being similar to AC/DC at all, let alone specific to the "Back In Black era". A better (but not perfect) description would compare it to the style of Billy Idol, which is conveniently parodied elsewhere on the same album. It's probably safest to call it a song in the style of generic hair metal.

FumblePDI at Yahoo Dot Com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.30.241.29 (talk) 19:26, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed that "Stuck In A Closet With Vanna White" is nowhere even close to ANY era of AC/DC--and I would hesitate to even identify it with hair metal. It's far more "pop" than any metal or hard rock.

 * Furthermore, "Twister" is more a general parody of the Beastie Boys style, circa Licensed to Ill--and there are no elements resembling "Fight For Your Right" in the song. Actually, the repetitive "Twister (twister) (twister) TWISTER!" lines are more a riff on a line from "Slow and Low" ("a hot dog with no mustard (mustard) (mustard)" etc.) -- Pennyforth 08:40, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

dont want to be rude jumping in, but i always thought this song was supposed to be a style parody of a aerosmith! doesnt anyone agree? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.174.243.12 (talk) 11:55, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Opinion
I think this article could greatly benefit from an expert on the topic. Lots42 (talk) 15:45, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Melanie
This song owes a lot to Marshall Crenshaw's "You're my favorite waste of time." Especially the chorus. Nearly identical chord structure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nortmand (talk • contribs) 15:39, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Marshall Crenshaw's song was released after Weird Al's. However, Owen Paul's "My Favourite Waste of Time" was released in 1986, two years before Weird Al's "Melanie," and without any doubt the choruses match in every way possible (melody: identical scale degrees; harmony: IV-IV-V-I, rhythm: identical despite complexity of syncopation; placement of rhythm within meter identical). I added a YouTube reference to the track listing (I thought I'd try since the owner of the YouTube video is clearly Owen Paul himself). The update was reverted, I'm assuming by a bot that assumed the link was a copyright violation. OK. I understand having to be hyper-vigilant about those things. So naturally I'd want to add the reference without any YouTube reference, but then the source text now says "DON'T ADD A BAND/GENRE HERE UNLESS YOU HAVE A RELIABLE SOURCE TO BACK IT UP." Seems there is a dilemma here. Weird Al unquestionably emulated the chorus of Melanie from Owen Paul's song - this is not debatable. Even the opening lyrics match (one word being stretched out over several notes) and also rhyme ("Ba-a-a-a-BY" vs. "Me-e-e-la-NIE"), a distinctive feature of Weird Al's deliberate writing of parody lyrics. It would be silly to think that some article, interview, liner notes, or other text would be required as an additional "reliable" source when the resemblance is undeniable and the timing (2 years after Owen Paul's original) is consistent with most of Weird Al's album releases. Actually listening to the two songs *is* the credible source here. OstinatoFreak (talk) 06:37, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * When it comes to identifying style parodies, we need sources to be reliable and verifiable. This generally means that they need to be from a peer-reviewed/edited source (e.g. magazine, book, professionally published/released form of media) that backs up the claim. Since your assertion that "Melanie" is a style parody of a Owen Paul song is based solely on your idea, and because you do not provide a reliable, third-party source (YouTube doesn't count, because the video itself is not affirming that it's a style parody, it's merely making a comparison) that clearly backs up this idea, the edits are considered original research, which is explicitly forbidden on the site: "Wikipedia articles must not contain original research".-- Gen. Quon   (Talk)   14:19, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response. I do understand the idea of reliable and verifiable sources. What I don't understand is how the line is drawn that distinguishes between those things that need verification and those things that don't. For example, Weird Al Yankovic is referred to with masculine pronouns "he" and "his" in his Wikipedia article, and yet Wikipedia offers no citation documenting that Weird Al Yankovic is male. My point here is that no matter how hard one might try to assert that the reverting of my editing was an objective decision based on rules set forth by Wikipedia, it is not true: someone subjectively determined that the resemblance of these two songs was less self-evident than the fact that Weird Al Yankovic is assumed to be male, and therefore is subject to these rules in the first place. Both facts are equally self-evident, undoubtable for any observer of Weird Al's body shape, face and timbre of voice, and undoubtable for any listener of the two songs. As a second example, would citation also be needed to identify that "Jingle Bells, Batman Smells" is a parody of Jingle Bells? In research, certain kinds of skepticism are warranted, while other kinds of skepticism are not, such as pretending not to know something which is plainly knowable. Even the strictest of scientific journals recognize certain boundaries of where skepticism stops being healthy and becomes nothing more than a philosophical game / thought experiment.  As an example of something that really ought to need a source, one website mentions that Carly Simon's "Anticipation" chorus bears resemblance to Weird Al's "Good Old Days" chorus... this resemblance was much more subtle and definitely does not come close to the line of certainty. The Owen Paul influence crosses way beyond the line of certainty. OstinatoFreak (talk) 07:05, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You are comparing a style parody speculation to Weird Al's gender? I feel that that is a rather sophistical argument (first and foremost, because Yankovic himself identifies as a male, meeting the requirements of MOS:GENDERID and WP:ABOUTSELF to a certain degree). And yeah, pretty much all knowledge/judgement calls/writing is to a degree subjective, and I don't think anyone is really saying it isn't. Indeed, Wikipedia allows reasonable subjective extrapolation from sources, otherwise the creation of an encyclopedia would be unattainable (you, for instance, could follow the sort of reductio ad absurdum logic and say that everything is original research, since its being [re]written from some new, subjective editorial viewpoint). However, there are limits to this reasonable extrapolation, meaning that Wikipedia requires we abstain from adding "material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist." The key here is sources that are "reliable [and] published". Those reliable and published sources indeed come from someone who generated them from a subjective viewpoint, but they are a) reliable (in that they have been peer-reviewed/copy-edited/proofread/looked-over/etc. and seen to somewhat accurately reflect what is by and large accepted as 'reality') and b) published. Furthermore, your addition of a YouTube video as a source is an example of "analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to reach or imply a conclusion not stated by the sources", which is, again, explicitly forbidden on this site. Finally, I feel that you are implying that the style that "Melanie" is lampooing is "plainly knowable" as that of Owen Paul's. This does not seem to be 'plain' or 'known' at all (just look at a quick Google search: no hits whatsoever). All-in-all, however, I feel that your issues are a post-modern criticism of the Wikipedia project itself, and not really something that can be answered on a talk page of a Weird Al album.-- Gen. Quon   (Talk)   14:35, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Toto
Isn't "Melanie" also a Toto song? Here's a link for it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSQDbDnvx38 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.253.226.118 (talk) 22:33, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

I Think I'm a Clone Now
I reverted an edit where someone had noted that "I Think We're Alone Now" was covered by Girls Aloud. The cover version being referenced wasn't done until 2006 – somehow I doubt that Weird Al's recording was influenced by a rendition nearly 20 years after his. EJSawyer (talk) 18:49, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Cameo
Not worth a mention that in the "Fat" video the guy with the stop watch is the same guy the played the cameraman that was dozing off drink the full pot of coffee to stay awake is less important that one of the extras was a pizza delivery guy??????? Seriously?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Halfshell (talk • contribs) 08:55, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Even Worse


text:
Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.

It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver. After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Increased levels of physical activity can cause an increase in erythropoiesis. However, in humans with certain diseases and in some animals, erythropoiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed extramedullary erythropoiesis.

The bone marrow of essentially all the bones produces red blood cells until a person is around five years old. The tibia and femur cease to be important sites of hematopoiesis by about age 25; the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and ribs, and cranial bones continue to produce red blood cells throughout life. Up to the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from red bone marrow of all the bones (long bones and all the flat bones). After the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from membranous bones such as vertebrae, the sternum, ribs, scapulas, and the iliac bones. After 20 years of age, the shaft of the long bones becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat deposition and loses the erythropoietic function.

Comparison of erythrocyte production by marrow stem cell lines from old and young adult donors shows no significant differences. This finding implies that little or none of the proliferative capacity of the erythropoietic stem cells is exhausted by a lifetime of normal functioning.

Erythrocyte differentiation
In the process of red blood corpuscle maturation, a cell undergoes a series of differentiations. The following stages of development all occur within the bone marrow:
 * 1) A hemocytoblast, a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell, becomes
 * 2) a common myeloid progenitor or a multipotent stem cell, then
 * 3) a unipotent stem cell, then
 * 4) a pronormoblast (also commonly called an proerythroblast or a rubriblast), then
 * 5) a basophilic or early normoblast (also commonly called an erythroblast), then
 * 6) a polychromatophilic or intermediate normoblast, then
 * 7) an orthochromatic or late normoblast. At this stage the nucleus is expelled before the cell becomes
 * 8) a reticulocyte. (These cells still contain RNA and are also called "immature red blood cells")

The cell is released from the bone marrow after Stage 7, and so in newly circulating red blood cells there are about 1% reticulocytes. After one to two days, these ultimately become "erythrocytes" or mature red blood cells.

These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with Wright's stain and examined by light microscopy, and correspond to other biochemical changes.

In the process of maturation, a basophilic pronormoblast is converted from a cell with a large nucleus and a volume of 900 fL to an enucleated disc with a volume of 95 fL. By the reticulocyte stage, the cell has extruded its nucleus, but is still capable of producing hemoglobin.

Essential for the maturation of red blood cells are Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Vitamin B9 (folate). Lack of either causes maturation failure in the process of erythropoiesis, which manifests clinically as reticulocytopenia, an abnormally low amount of reticulocytes.

Characteristics seen in erythrocytes during erythropoiesis
As they mature, a number of erythrocyte characteristics change:

 * The overall size of the erythroid precursor cell decreases, increasing the cytoplasmic to nucleus (C:N) ratio. The nuclear diameter decreases and chromatin condenses with the staining reaction progressing from purplish red to dark blue at the final nuclear stage of the orthochromatic erythroblast, prior to nuclear ejection.
 * The colour of the cytoplasm changes from blue at proerythroblast and basophilic stages to a pinkish red as a result of the increasing expression of haemoglobin as the cell develops.
 * The nucleus is initially large in size and contains open chromatin. As red blood cells mature, the size of the nucleus decreases, until it finally disappears with the condensation of the chromatin material.

Mechanism of erythropoiesis
The production of all blood cells begins with the haemocytoblast, a multipotent haematopoietic stem cell. Haemocytoblasts have the greatest powers of self-renewal of any adult cell. They are found in the bone marrow and can be mobilised into the circulating blood when needed. Some haemocytoblasts differentiate into common myeloid progenitor cells, which go on to produce erythrocytes, as well as mast cells, megakaryocytes and myeloblasts. The process by which common myeloid progenitor cells become fully mature red blood cells involves several stages. First, they become normoblasts (aka eryhthroblasts), which are normally present in the bone marrow only. Then, they lose their nucleus as they mature into reticulocytes, which can be thought of as immature red blood cells. Some of these are released into the peripheral circulation. Finally, reticulocytes lose their remaining organelles as they mature into erythrocytes-which are fully mature red blood cells. The average lifespan of a red blood cell is approximately 120 days. During this maturation process, there is nuclear extrusion – i.e. mature erythrocytes have no nucleus. Nucleated red blood cells present in a sample of bone marrow can indicate the release of incompletely developed cells. This can occur in pathology such as thalassaemia, severe anaemia or haematological malignancy.

Regulation of erythropoiesis
A feedback loop involving erythropoietin helps regulate the process of erythropoiesis so that, in non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells and the red blood cell number is sufficient to sustain adequate tissue oxygen levels but not so high as to cause sludging, thrombosis, or stroke. Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.

Recent studies have also shown that the peptide hormone hepcidin may play a role in the regulation of hemoglobin production, and thus affect erythropoiesis. The liver produces hepcidin. Hepcidin controls iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and iron release from reticuloendothelial tissue. Iron must be released from macrophages in the bone marrow to be incorporated into the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. There are colony forming units that the cells follow during their formation. These cells are referred to as the committed cells including the granulocyte monocyte colony forming units.

The secretion of hepcidin is inhibited by another hormone, erythroferrone, produced by erythroblasts in response to erythropoietin, and identified in 2014. It appears that this links erythropoietin-driven eyrthropoiesis with the iron mobilization needed for hemoglobin synthesis.

Loss of function of the erythropoietin receptor or JAK2 in mice cells causes failure in erythropoiesis, so production of red blood cells in embryos and growth is disrupted. If there is no systemic feedback inhibition, for example, the diminishment or absence of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins, giantism may result as shown in mice models.

Stress erythropoiesis
In addition to the steady state erythropoiesis, acute anemia probably stimulates another response which results in rapid development of new red blood cells. This has been studied in rats and happens in the liver through the activation of the BMP4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway.

title: Erythropoiesis


text:
User:Roryhill

Rory A.D. Romeril Hill; student; Jersey, Channel Islands.

title: User:Roryhill


text:
Microphonics

Microphonics, microphony, or microphonism  describes the phenomenon wherein certain components in electronic devices transform mechanical vibrations into an undesired electrical signal (noise). The term comes from analogy with a microphone, which is intentionally designed to convert vibrations to electrical signals.

Description
When electronic equipment was built using vacuum tubes, microphonics were often a serious design problem. The charged elements in the vacuum tubes can mechanically vibrate, changing the distance between the elements, producing charge flows in and out of the tube in a manner identical to a capacitor microphone. A system sufficiently susceptible to microphonics could experience audio feedback, and make noises if jarred or bumped. To minimize these effects, some vacuum tubes were made with thicker internal insulating plates and more supports, and tube-socket assemblies were sometimes shock-mounted by means of small rubber grommets placed in the screw holes to isolate them from vibration.

A special tool, called a valve hammer, or tube hammer was sometimes used to safely tap the device suspected of being microphonic, while it was operating, so checking if such a tap would produce objectional audio effects.

Microwave tube designers took numerous steps to reduce microphonics in klystrons. Where tuning was essential, a compromise usually was made between the resistance of the klystron to microphonism and the obtainable performance.

With the advent of solid-state electronics (transistors), this major source of microphonics was eliminated but smaller sources still remain.

The ceramic EIA Class 2 dielectrics used in high-κ capacitors ("Z5U" and "X7R") are piezoelectric and directly transform mechanical vibration into a voltage in exactly the same way as a ceramic or piezoelectric microphone. Film capacitors using soft (mechanically compliant) dielectric materials can also be microphonic due to vibrational energy physically moving the plates of the capacitor. Likewise, variable capacitors using air as a dielectric are vulnerable to vibrations moving the plates. Capacitors using glass as the dielectric, while quite expensive, can be made to be essentially non microphonic.

Wiring, cables and even printed circuit boards (PCB) can also exhibit microphonics as charged conductors move around, and various materials can develop triboelectric charges (a type of static electricity) that couple to the electronic circuits.

Guitar amplifiers that incorporate the electronic chassis into the same cabinet as the speaker are susceptible to microphonics. Though a guitar amplifier's microphonics distortion is sometimes appreciated as part of the "special sound" of a guitar amplifier, a faulty vacuum tube or other component can cause out-of-control positive feedback. Unwanted microphonics-related audible distortions can often be alleviated by using commercially available vacuum tube mechanical dampers.

The term may also be used to describe a video artifact common in older video cameras. Before the introduction of solid-state charge coupled device (CCD) sensors to produce the image, vacuum tubes performed this task. Loud noises in the studio, such as rock bands or gunshot effects would cause the tubes to vibrate, producing a characteristic undesirable horizontal banding in the image.

The effect can also be observed when operating a record player in the same room as the loudspeakers. Depending on the construction of the player the sound may acoustically couple into the record player's dust cover or other mechanical parts and cause a feedback loop into the pickup cartridge.

Many in-ear-canal headphones exhibit microphonics when headphone cables transfer vibrations due to cable movement directly to the wearers ears.

title: Microphonics


text:
Mount Tsukuba

Mount Tsukuba (筑波山) is an 877 m mountain located at the northern-end of Tsukuba, Japan. It is one of the most famous mountains in Japan, particularly well known for its double peaks, Nyotai-san (女体山) 877 m and Nantai-san (男体山) 871 m. Many people climb the so-called "purple mountain" every year for the panoramic view of the Kantō plain from the summit. On clear days the Tōkyō skyline, Lake Kasumigaura and even Mount Fuji are visible from the summit. Japanese mountains are mostly volcanic, but Mount Tsukuba is non-volcanic granite and gabbro in origin. Renowned beautiful granites are produced in the northern quarries even today.

Etymology
The Fudoki of Hitachi Province (常陸国風土記), a national geography completed in 721 AD, says Mount Tsukuba was named after a noble called Tsukuha no Mikoto (筑箪命). According to this account, the area around Mount Tsukuba was once called Ki no kuni (紀国). Under the reign of Mimaki no Sumeramikoto (美麻貴天皇) (Emperor Sujin), Tsukuha no Mikoto from the Uneme clan (采女氏) was appointed as its governor. He had a strong desire to leave his name in history, so he renamed the area "Tsukuha", which is now pronounced Tsukuba.

History
As legend has it, thousands of years ago, a deity descended from the heavens and asked two mountains for a place to spend the night. With its great summit and almost perfect cone, Mt. Fuji refused, believing with pride and arrogance that it does not need the deity's blessings. Mt. Tsukuba, on the other hand, humbly welcomed the honored guest, even offering food and water. Today, Mt. Fuji is a cold, lonely, and barren mountain, while Mt. Tsukuba bursts with vegetation and is filled with colors as the seasons change.

Ancient chronicles say that the sacred progenitors of the Japanese race are enshrined here, the male divinity, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, at Mt. Nantai, and the female divinity, Izanami-no-Mikoto, at Mt. Nyotai. Legends say that the two deities wed and gave birth to other deities, and even to Japan herself.

In antiquity Mt. Nyotai served as location for kagai − harvest festivals associated with fertility − allowing people to participate in the mountains' marriage and promoting marriage between people. A poem by Takahashi no Mushimaro in the anthology Man'yōshū implies that these festivals also permitted adultery: 「鷲住 筑波乃山之 裳羽服津乃 其津乃上尓 率而 未通女壮士之 徃集 加賀布嬥歌尓 他妻尓 吾毛交牟 吾妻尓 他毛言問 此山乎 牛掃神之 従来 不禁行事叙 今日耳者 目串毛勿見 事毛咎莫」 "“Washi no sumu / Tsukuha no yama no / Mohakitsu no / sono tsu no ue ni / adomohite / wotome wotoko no / yukitsudohi / kagafu kagahi ni / hitozuma ni / ware mo majiramu / waga tsuma ni / hito mo kototohe / kono yama wo / ushihaku kami no / mukashi yori / isamenu waza zo / kefu nomi ha / megushi mo na miso / koto mo togamu na”" "“On the Mountain of Tsukuba / Where the eagles dwell / Near the Wells of Mohakitsu, / Seeking each other, in song of Kagai, / I will seek the wives of other men / And let other men woo my own. / The gods dwelling in these mountains / Have allowed this / Since olden times; / Do not make exception today / And do not reproach the lovers / And blame them not.”"

The Imperial Japanese Navy used the "Go" signal—NIITAKAYAMANOBORE 1208 (ニイタカヤマノボレ一二○八 [Kanji: 新高山登る一二○八]), meaning "Climb Mount Niitaka 1208"—to begin the surprise attack against the USN Pacific Fleet and its base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941 (8 December [1208] in Japanese calendar). On the other hand, the "No Go" signal used the mountain's name, if needed, would be TSUKUBAYAMAHARE (ツクバヤマハレ [Kanji: 筑波山晴れ]), meaning "Mount Tsukuba is sunny".

Industry
Located at an elevation of approximately 140 meters, Mount Tsukuba is a site for the cultivation of mandarin oranges. Various varieties, including Unshu mikan and Natsumikan, are grown in this region. Notably, the cultivation of a native species called "Tsukuba mikan" or "Fukuremikan" is prevalent. This indigenous mandarin is small-sized, with a diameter ranging from 2 to 3 cm, and is characterized by a thin peel and large seeds.

Considered the sole native species of mandarin oranges in Japan, the Tsukuba mikan belongs to the Rutaceae family and has historical roots, with mentions dating back to the "Hitachi Fudoki."

The successful cultivation of mandarin oranges on Mount Tsukuba is attributed to the presence of a "thermal belt" on the mountain slope. This thermal belt experiences higher temperatures compared to the foothills, especially during the cold winter months. In the elevation range of 170-270 meters on Mount Tsukuba, the thermal belt maintains temperatures 3-4 °C higher than the foothills, creating favorable conditions for mandarin orange cultivation. This phenomenon has allowed for the appearance of tourist-oriented mandarin orchards since the 1980s.

A similar utilization of a thermal belt for agriculture is observed in Shizuoka Prefecture, where tea cultivation takes advantage of comparable conditions.

Attractions
Mt. Tsukuba is famous not only for the legends that have appeared in poetry anthologies since 710 A.D. Today, the mountain and its centuries-old Shinto shrine Tsukubasan Shrine are both a source of blessing for the Japanese people and a must-see attraction to both local and foreign tourists. As the peaks (male and female) make a couple, they are worshipped as kami in the Shinto religion and are believed to bestow marital harmony and conjugal bliss.

At the foot of the southern face lies the main shrine called “Tsukuba-san-jinja” (筑波山神社). This ancient shrine is a popular destination for tourists, festival (matsuri) attendees and the occasional Japanese-style wedding. It is from here where the main hiking trails up the mountain begin. One can choose to go straight up the mountain via the Miyukigahara course (御幸ヶ原コース), which parallels the Swiss-made funicular, to the notch between the peaks. Or one can follow the Shirakumobashi course (白雲橋コース) up to the east ridge, where it joins up with the Otatsuishi course, and then continues on up to Mt. Nyotai.

In addition to the funicular there is also an aerial tramway which follows the east ridge up the mountain, paralleling the Otatsuishi course (おたつ石コース). At the top of the mountain there are many gift shops and food stalls in the area between the two peaks. Here one can purchase ramen, omiyage, beer and the local cure-all, toad oil (がま油).

At both Mt. Nantai-san and Mt. Nyotai-san are small shrines devoted to their respective gods. The mountain is a popular starting point for parasailing.

Flora
Mount Tsukuba has an abundance of nature which covers the entire mountain. At lower elevations of the mountain are trees such as live oak (赤樫), mountain cherry (山桜), Japanese cedar (杉), Japanese red pine (赤松) and Hinoki cypress (檜). Higher in elevation, one can find species such as beech (ぶな), Japanese mountain maple (山紅葉) and a variety of conifers. Below these giants of the forest, the mountain is also home to hydrangea (紫陽花),  rhododendron (つつじ), hosta,  bush clover (ヤマハギ), five-leaf akebia (アケビ), fern, gold-banded lily (ヤマユリ) and the dog-tooth violet (片栗), to name a few.

Fauna
Amongst these exist a myriad of insects, including hairy caterpillars (毛虫), centipedes, giant hornets (スズメバチ), stick insects, praying mantis (カマキリ), cicada (セミ), a number of amphibians and over 70 species of butterfly (蝶). Larger animals such as the Japanese hare, mamushi pit viper (蝮), sika deer (鹿), Japanese boar (猪), raccoon dog (狸), Japanese badger (穴熊) and the Japanese red fox (狐) can be occasionally spotted. In addition, over 700 bird species are known to Mt. Tsukuba, these include the Japanese robin (駒鳥), Japanese pheasant, Japanese white-eye (目白), Japanese grosbeak, cinnamon sparrow (すずめ), Japanese quail and the Japanese green woodpecker.

title: Mount Tsukuba


text:
Talk:Michael Fortier

Untitled
This needs something about the Michael Fortier involved in the McVeigh trial.

Senate?
I can't seem to find anything on the alleged Senate appointment in the online news; anyone able to provide a source? Radagast 17:27, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The Toronto Star mentioned that he would be appointed to the Senate so he could serve in caucus as a minister for the Montreal area, on the conditition that he resigns his seat and runs for the House of Commons in the next federal election. Nothing official has occured yet, however, so the Senate reference has been removed. Snickerdo 17:55, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

He can't be appointed immediately, as there are already 24 serving Quebec senators. Harper has to either get one of them to resign, or wait until the eldest turns 75 (which will happen in April).
 * My mistake. There is, or at least was, a vacancy for a Quebec senator, because of the death of Shirley Maheu. Not sure whether Fortier has been offically appointed yet.
 * The appointment is not yet official.

CBC News has the story: http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2006/02/06/emerson-jumps060206.html

Edited parts that did not add to the neutral stance of the article.

Controversy over appointment
I suggest that it ought to be enough to indicate there has been media criticism of Fortier's elevation. Cutting and pasting select quotes from media pundits is not really appropriate for an encyclopedia. If it was, every politician's article would be full of quotes from his or her various critics. Our job here is to provide verifiable information about the article subject, not provide a platform for commentary on that person's policies. Even more problematic here is that it is the Prime Minister's policies that are at issue, so it wouldn't belong in an article on Fortier for that reason alone.Bdell555 02:04, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, we have to source criticism somehow. Otherwise, it would be possibly to claim that criticism exists when that is false or disputed, which is why the Avoid weasel words policy exists.

 * Of course, the need to source criticism should not be used as excuse to fill an article with damning quotes, but I don't think that was done here. (I should say I'm speaking as the one who added the Coyne quote, though.)

 * As for the criticism, I disagree that this information does not belong in this article. Michael Fortier is inextrictably linked in many people's minds with the controversy over his appointment.  You will find information about the  criticism of the David Emerson and Belinda Stronach defections in their articles.  This is true even for cases like Fortier's where the action by the appointed party is more "passive"; for example, in Harriet Miers you'll find information about the controversy of Miers' nomination.  I think it would be unreasonable to require this information to be in the George W. Bush article or some other place. --Saforrest

 * No one is disputing the appointment is controversial. The problem here is that you are quoting some guy's blog who is attacking Harper.  There are just as many blogs and media pundits out there that think Harper is great.  This in an encyclopedia not an opinion blog.  Montreal newspapers have praised Harper's decision so why is that not included if you are going to start doing this?  One can write pages and pages for or against the wisdom of Fortier being Minister of Public Works.  Our job here is to provide information about him, not complain about him or praise him.  I intend to delete this section in order to raise the professionalism level but I wanted to make it perfectly clear first that this is not about protecting Fortier from criticism or because the appointment was a good or bad idea.Bdell555 01:47, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Point me to a real encyclopedia that includes these "controversy" sections. These sections arise in Wikipedia on a regular basis because someone doesn't like a public figure but isn't getting enough traffic on his or her blog so he or she creates a "controversy" section and this lists all the reasons why so-and-so should be denounced.  Perhaps we can move beyond this?Bdell555 02:05, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Question about the Chantal Hebert article
I was just wondering if anyone could provide me with a link to the article that Chantal Hebert wrote, where she defended Harper's appointment of Emerson and Fortier to cabinet (as a means of compensating for our electoral system which does not always yield the most representative results).

Thanks!

LOL @ the current image
WTF? LOL 99.240.36.63 (talk) 12:18, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michael Fortier


text:
Talk:Eruca sativa

Excessive reference to U.S. presidents
I came to this Wiki entry to read about cultivation of rocket. Much to my dismay this article refers to U.S. presidents, and their supposed constituents. Enough already. Who cares if Hilary Clinton's supporters drink wine or beer? Who cares if Obama mentioned rocket in a stump speech. Ridiculous. America's fixation on their presidents is sickening. Everything imaginable is related to their stupid presidents. What a loser country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.71.29.7 (talk) 15:37, 19 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Then remove it and see what happens. Wikipedia is not an outlet for your temper tantrums.Trilobright (talk) 16:32, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

Excessive use of "it"
Looks like the article's author has fallen into the trap of writing the name of the subject once and then using the word "it" for every subsequent reference. I'm not going to bother to correct it (pardon the pun).

71.241.75.45 (talk) 22:08, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

In other "news," it appears that arugula is related to the radish. I wonder if the chemical composition of their pepperyness are similar? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.101.228.101 (talk) 00:27, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Names
What is arugula?

In Latin it's eruca; in French, roquette; in northern Italian, rucola; in southern Italian, rughetta or ruchetta; in English, 'rocket'. Chameleon 23:51, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ... and Rauke in german. -- Lightkey 06:02, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * ... and arúgula in Spanish. — Pekinensis 13:29, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * ... no, actually, in Spanish it's rúcula, not arúgula. Arugula comes into English directly from Italian, not Spanish.  The fact that the French form won out in Commonwealth English was actually a later development; the American "arugula" is, in fact, one of many "archaisms"...Early Modern English words preserved in American English that have since been supplanted in Commonwealth English by other words or forms.  Tom e rtalk  04:00, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * ... neither...not. The Spanish original name (in Spain) is neither rúcula (this is a very recent snobby imported name from the Italian original, from those who rediscovered the rocket in fashion cooking and do not know the Spanish name, and it is now widely used as the commercial designation in the markets) not arúgula; the Spanish traditional name is 'oruga' (written like caterpillar); it comes clearly from he Latin name Eruca. The word Oruga for Eruca vesicaria (Eruca sativa) and the plant qualities and properties appears already in many old garden and medicine books, from the time of Charles V ad Philipp II (16th Century, i.e.: Andrés Laguna's version of Dioscorides, or Gregorio de los Ríos' Garden Agriculture); I use to grow oruga, and I have seen and collect it wild in different locations in Spain, and in some places in the countryside it is still consumed and appreciated by the country people. After living sometime in the US and Canada, I have seen those name variations apparently coming form Spanish of Central America -which of course is as much respectable and valid as traditional Spanish from Spain-, only that the name 'rúcola' is as well a recent introduction there. Other related wild plants with a mustard-close taste are consumed in Portugal, Spain, Italy: mainly Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis, Diplotaxis erucoides, which are also known as oruga silvestre (wild rocket) and jaramago. See the main scientific work on Iberian flora: Flora Ibérica. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas http://www.rjb.csic.es/floraiberica/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/04_072_60_Eruca.pdf and http://www.rjb.csic.es/floraiberica/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/04_072_57_Diplotaxis.pdf

 * ... should the name of the entry be changed to "Rocket (herb)", if "Rocket" is the International English name and "Arugula" specifically the American? -- 128.118.112.94 04:26, 20 Jul 2004 (CET)
 * ...As explained above, "rocket" is the "innovation", not "arugula". Tom e rtalk  04:00, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Maybe not "(herb)". How about "(plant)" or "(food")? — Chameleon My page/My talk 07:54, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirects are cheap. :-)  Tom e rtalk  04:00, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The Italian term is rucola, not arugula, which is not an archaism at all, but a recent American coinage (it appeared first in the New York Times in 1960, according to the Oxford English Dictionary). ---The user formerly known as JackLumber 22:50, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Why is the cheese burek described as "squeaky"? Is this vandalism? How is a cheese squeaky? Aaroncorey (talk) 17:14, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi Aaron- I don't know about the burek mentioned, but I've heard of squeaky cheese somewhere before, so I did a quick search. A couple results:
 * http://www.essortment.com/food/squeakycheesec_scbs.htm
 * Leipäjuusto
 * -Eric talk 17:57, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I added this page to the Rocket (disambiguation) page (because I couldn't find this when looking for "rocket").

 * ... Well, it's a bit esoteric, but I guess if you really feel that way... Jfiling 23:23, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a grand idea. Tom e rtalk  04:00, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

I also added a disambiguation clause, from Wild rocket, in the lead section, as superficially the leaves of these plants can be mistaken, and I managed to get direct to the this page by following the search prompts without actually encountering the Rocket disambiguation page. Rocket_(disambiguation) might be a more suitable destination for the link.  Trev M ~  18:37, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

This article appears to refer to two different plants. One a woody plant growing up to 1 metre height, with substantial flowers and the other a soft leafy vegetable commonly used in salads. They do not appear to be the same plant. Dtohjam (talk) 00:54, 8 July 2012.

How to grow Arugula
The main article could be improved if there were a word or two on growing conditions, how long it takes for a seed to germinate, and what kind of soil is best to plant it in. The packet says the seeds take 45 days to grow to maturity. But if I want to pick the seeds for a mild homemade mustard, not as biting as real mustard, how much longer will it take for it to bloom, and then for the blooms to go to seed?

I just bought a packet of Arugula seeds for $1.49 and was wondering if it would cross with the mustard I planted thirty years ago, and allowed to go to seed. From what I understand, all species of Brassica tend to cross with one another, whether it is Brussel Sprouts, Turnips, Cabbage, Cauliflower or Mustard. They crossbreed with one another, and lose their special characteristics, and become very average. It has been 30 years since I planted mustard, and it went to seed, and crossed with some of the local Brassica weeds found in the foothills of Portland, Oregon. (About a year ago, I chopped up some wild brassica, cooked it in the microwave, and added some cheese for flavoring. It gave me a horrendous stomach ache like you wouldn't believe.  I writhed in agony for the rest of the day, but the next day I was okay.  The same thing happens when I eat raw mustard, and don't cook it well enough.)198.177.27.12 01:20, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Please register for an wikipedia username and post. I think the question needs to be asked if you were actually eating Arugula. I can imagine mistaking a similar looking weed for the real thing. Also, are you able to eat turnips ok? Nodekeeper 08:31, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

John McCain reference incorrect
It wasn't McCain who questioned the price of arugula in Iowa, but Barack Obama. At minimum the reference should be corrected and dated, but for some reason I don't understand "edit the page" doesn't have the reference.

Which is I would think better than intruding an American political campaign gaffe into this article.

Could someone fix this? Lonnie Nesseler 14:24, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I deleted that niche market/Obama bit (again). Not sure how relevant it is for the article, but it definitely doesn't belong in the intro. The Obama > McCain change was just someone clowning around. -Eric talk 15:57, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * That gaffe was the first time I had ever heard of arugula, and the reason I looked it up (for what it's worth). Fishal (talk) 17:08, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I too redeleted the niche market blather. This attempt to portray arugula as an aloof and elitist vegetable is outlandishly political and irrelevant. I think it's an effort by anti-arugula factions to decrease the popularity of this healthy and tasty plant. These same people did this to cannabis in the 1930s, and now this. In any case, unless you have real market statistics to back up what you put here, don't even try to pull these shenanigans. MisplacedFate1313 (talk) 16:39, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I just restored the "niche market" sentence, after reading in the Economist about his "arugula-flavoured" politics. Having no idea what arugula was, I came to Wikipedia. Knowing that arugula is another name for rocket (which I am partial to myself) didn't really help me understand its relevance to US politics! Akiyama (talk) 11:52, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I understand your puzzlement. Obama is being painted as "elitist" because apparently he enjoys arugala.  I didn't know what it was either.  I figured it was some kind of fancy drink or something, so I came here to find out what it was.  It's salad.  Go figure.  --Briefer (talk) 18:42, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a reference to Obama and arugla to follow the niche market sentence. The reference is based on this url:

http://www.newsweek.com/id/134398, and many others. I don't know how to add the reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Geneven (talk • contribs) 12:25, 23 August 2008 (UTC) Geneven (talk) 12:40, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

I see that my reference to Obama was removed. It isn't a matter of courtesy to explain why? As you can see from the above, this is a current topic of conversation, and as you can also see from the above, some people think that McCain mentioned the stuff. Why isn't this a proper topic to mention? What was wrong with my entry?Geneven (talk) 20:02, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

I'll tell you what's wrong with your entry: what does your president have to do with rocket? Why does your countries' presidential political arguments and trivia, the endless liberal vs conservative bickering and posturing, have to even be forced onto a Wiki entry about a salad green, that being rocket? In my opinion take your Obama rocket trivia and enter it on the Obama Wiki page. It is most inappropriate to have it on the rocket page. If you have something constructive to offer regarding rocket, e.g. cultivation tips, eradication of pests that infest rocket, or even ways to use it in the kitchen–then please enter them here. The fact that your country is endlessly fixated on your presidents and what they say doesn't mean the rest of the world gives a toss what your president says about rocket. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.71.29.7 (talk) 16:06, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

I see that my polite question about why my entry was deleted doesn't even merit a reply. Thanks a lot.76.173.15.226 (talk) 18:39, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This is an encyclopedia article about a leafy green. The fact that a food item makes the American news (especially in the inane way it did in this case) does not mean we have to make note of it on Wikipedia. -Eric talk 03:16, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for finally explaining why my addition was deleted. Of course, we do not "have" to make reference to this in Wikipedia -- which articles "have" to include anying in Wikipedia? In this case, several people, me included, and others above, came to Wikipedia for further explanation of this political phenomenon. But Wikipedia cannot mention it? This was also discussed in the Economist, by the way, but of course Wikipedia has much higher standards than the Economist.76.173.15.226 (talk) 02:41, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. "Arugala eating" is competing with "latte sipping" as a short-hand for "out of touch elitist" in U.S. political culture. (Note that neither signifier has much to do with the actual market/demographic data for the products in question.) This may be a passing thing, inspired by Obama's "gaffe" (“Anybody gone into Whole Foods lately and see what they charge for arugula?”), but it seems to have achieved some critical mass separate from that specific news peg. Clconway (talk) 21:36, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Hello, I deleted all references to U.S. presidents on this rocket page. When I read the Obama, Media Matters, and Economist comments on this rocket Wiki entry I became thoroughly disgusted with my countries endless blathering about their stupid presidents, what Obama says about rocket, and why in the world anybody in the rest of the world would care. Let's face the facts: this is a Wiki entry on rocket: its history, its cultivation, how it is prepared. To mention what a U.S. president said about rocket in Iowa, or wherever he mentioned it is trivial rubbish. Further, the USA's arrogant assumption that the rest of the world who uses Wiki to read about rocket would care what their president says about rocket is beyond ridiculous, and is most self centered. Obama comments belong on the Obama page. To politicize the rocket page with Obama quotes is most inappropriate as it politicizes and distracts from the main focus: rocket. So sick of U.S. presidential politics infecting everything, even a leafy green entry on Wiki must have Obama rubbish comments on it. Most inappropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.71.29.7 (talk) 16:21, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Canadians use 'rocket' lettuce as well!
I have never, ever hear do of arugula lettuce or salad in Canada and I am PURE Canadian...we use 'rocket' in our grocery stores. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.225.224.18 (talk) 09:45, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

That's cool. I'm sure you're proud of how American you are not... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.201.174.24 (talk) 15:43, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Media Matters for America
I notice that the section on Obama's reference arugula was tagged, apparently because it cited Media Matters for America (a liberal site), as possibly not relevant. This edit was made by an editor, Thagor Orlando, who is tagging or removing all wikipedia references to MMFAm as POV.

However, since the reference is in refutation of a conservative claim, it seems to me both relevant and not POV, as it allows a reader to see both sides of the argument and decide for themselves. Someone quoted this on the editors own page -- a "* Acceptible Use MMfA is clearly an organization with a political slant. However, that does not mean that their opinion cannot be quoted in a Wikipedia article. Political-based articles routinely cite sources which have a political stance (e.g., NRA, PETA, NAACP). There have been at least 25 reliable source discussions about MMfA, and the general conclusion of the RS forums is that the organization cannot be used as a source of news, but that their opinion can be cited. The text cited above makes it clear that MMfA is a liberal organization, and that the comment in question is their opinion."

I am simply going to add the description "liberal" to the media matters reference, so that it is clear this is from a POV source -- just as the attacks on Obama came from a "conservative" source. This is not POV but is known as "reporting the conflict" and it seems to me is perfectly acceptable.

 * For more on this see: Thomas Sowell Mballen (talk) 06:48, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Arugula as marker for upward mobility, multiculturism, elitism
I deleted this paragraph: “Before the 1980s arugula was comparatively little known in the English-speaking world outside of immigrant Italian communities and among devotees of Italian cooking, but by 2006 the green had become a marker for culinary sophistication, upward mobility, multiculturalism, and even elitism. Vanity Fair writer and editor David Kamp gave his book about the spread of American mass-media culinary sophistication the title: The United States of Arugula: How We Became a Gourmet Nation (Clarkson Potter, 2006).”

after corresponding with the author of the citation and determining that the source was misrepresented (my apologies to Mr. Kamp for offending with the comment about not having read his book):

Dear Mark:

Thanks for your note, and for pointing out that Wikipedia entry, of which I wasn't aware. Your intuition is correct: I don't dwell that heavily in the book on arugula itself. I do talk a bit about how it, along with radicchio, became a marker of status in the 1980s and 90s—a salad green for those who wished to seem in the know—but the gloss presented by the Wikepedia person(s) is indeed an overreach.

Yours, writing as politely as possible to someone who has announced, “I haven’t read your book,”

David Kamp

On Thu, Sep 5, 2013 at 12:52 PM, wrote: Dear Mr. Kamp: I am trying to determine the authenticity of a position that has been attributed to you on the Wikipedia article on arugula: “Before the 1980s arugula was comparatively little known in the English-speaking world outside of immigrant Italian communities and among devotees of Italian cooking, but by 2006 the green had become a marker for culinary sophistication, upward mobility, multiculturalism, and even elitism. Vanity Fair writer and editor David Kamp gave his book about the spread of American mass-media culinary sophistication the title: The United States of Arugula: How We Became a Gourmet Nation (Clarkson Potter, 2006).” I haven’t read your book, but knowing the tendencies of some Wikipedia editors to overreach in their interpretation of a source and quote out of context, I would guess that you didn’t actually put that much emphasis on arugula itself in isolation as a marker of upward mobility, elitism, etc. I was wondering if you could confirm whether or not the above passage accurately portrays your position on arugula? Sincerely, Mmyers1976 (talk) 20:06, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The book was entitled "The United States of Arugula" and even if (in the words of the author, quoted above) the book didn't put "that much emphasis on arugula itself" it cannot be denied that the book was about the spread of culinary sophistication in the USA, as symbolized by the eponymous salad green, arugula, previously known mostly in Italian American neighborhoods. As the author himself acknowledges: . "I do talk a bit about how it [i.e., arugula], along with radicchio, became a marker of status in the 1980s and 90s—a salad green for those who wished to seem in the know. [my emphasis]"

 * This is a fact, even if it annoys some people. I don't think the editor is justified in taking it out, though, if it seems like "overreach" perhaps it could be toned down a bit. (How it can be said to be "overreach" when the author used it as the title of the book, I can't quite grasp). To me it is very interesting that arugula became an issue in the Barrack Obama campaign. Every bit as interesting as that it was planted in monastery gardens on the orders of Charlemagne, mentioned in a poem by Virgil, and considered for millennia an aphrodisiac.

 * One could tone it down by changing the heading to "Arugula as a marker for status" (to use the author's own words). Many authors would welcome having a citation in wikipedia!Mballen (talk) 22:54, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Once again -- Mr. Kamp may have mentioned arugula only glancingly in the text of his book, but apparently his publishers thought Arugula Nation was a selling title for this book, for the reasons mentioned. I repeat, this makes it overreach to delete the section about Arugula and Obama, a topic that was so widely talked about in the media during his election campaign, that several readers have mentioned right here on this page that it was those references that caused them to look up arugula on wikipedia in the first place.

 * Now, just this week (February 6, 2014), the conservative National Review has published a piece by Alec Torres called "Costco, The Arugula of Chain Stores", because Obama, who is in favor of raising the minimum wage, recently praised Costco for offering employees wages above the legal minimum.

 * It is entirely proper for wikipedia to include this information, which, among other things, is both factual, in the news, and quite interesting. To do otherwise amounts to censorship. Of course, I agree that a neutral, non-POV tone should be preserved. But facts is facts. Google also Steve Martin arugula "My Blue Heaven" "Arugula is a vegetable". Why all this makes some readers uncomfortable truly mystifies me. They don't like it that their fellow Americans talk about their presidents??? 20:10, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

Origin of name 'Arugula' used in America
The American name Arugula is non-standard Italian (possibly Neapolitan); the standard Italian name is "rucola". According to John Schwenkler, the Oxford English Dictionary dates the first appearance of the word "arugula" to Craig Claiborne's May 24, 1960, New York Times column, Food News: "A Green by Any Name; Pungent Ingredient Is Cause of Confusion for City Shopper Arugula – or Rocket – Is the Secret of Experts' Salads". Unfortunately, only the abstract is visible in this NY Times archive link: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C12F83E5916738DDDAD0A94DD405B808AF1D3&scp=1&sq=arugula&st=p

Schwenkler speculates:"It’s quite possible, though, that this term was later seized on by a marketing team, and humble wild rocket was made into the fancier-sounding quasi-delicacy (and the charge of consuming it into the all-purpose populist slur) that it is today. But it’s good! And you should try it! Go to Whole Foods! ---John Schwenkler, 'Arugula Linkage', The American Conservative, September 6, 2008.)" Mballen (talk) 21:46, 12 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree, the italian word is "rucola", "the word "arugula" is a dialectal version of the Italian one. --Ilario (talk) 20:21, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

Unbelievable quote of Brasilian (Buffalo) Mozzarella
It is not acceptable to quote Brasilian Mozzarella. Mozzarella is only italian cheese. Please remove the quote. Also the word arugola is from country side, just to be specific if you say arucola in italian restaurant, you are considered very rude and ignorant. I'm just wondering when englishes and americans will start to understand italian language and culture of food. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lordfaust (talk • contribs) 19:32, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Eruca sativa and Eruca vesicaria should be merged. They are synonyms according to. --Comedora (talk) 06:03, 28 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. From looking at Eruca, I wonder if both species articles might be merged to there. Eric talk 10:40, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Eruca sativa is a synonym of Eruca vesicaria according to The Plant List, so I am merging Eruca sativa into Eruca vesicaria. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:09, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

Has the highest levels of nitrate - not to be confused with nitrite
"It is actually a plant that accumulates a lot of nitrate. In a vegetable survey published in 2008 as part of an EFSA opinion, average nitrate levels varied from a low of 20-30 mg/kg in Brussels sprouts and peas to a high of 4,667 mg/kg in rucola. Other leafy green vegetables also had relatively high nitrate levels with lettuce at 2,026 mg/kg and spinach at 1,066 mg/kg, but nowhere near the levels found in rucola." from https://focusonfoodsafety.wordpress.com/2012/11/09/rucola-good-bad-or-ugly/ referring to an EFSA report http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/689.htm - click on "PDF" to freely download and view the report. Eating a small amount of it exceeds the EFSA safety guidelines. Nitrate can be or is metabolised into nitrite. 92.3.56.247 (talk) 07:29, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

Response to merge request
It's done to merge this article.Catfurball (talk) 18:16, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

Help with link to the article in Swedish
It is obvious that this is the same plant that in Sweden is called Senapskål As this is also called Eruca vesicaria. But as Eruca vesicaria have been merged with Eruca sativa I'm having trouble fixing the link.

Anyone with more skills at this that can help?

Mark Gustafsson (talk) 13:11, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi - I wouldn't claim to have any skills with Wikidata, but I gave it a shot. When I tried to add the sv.wp article to the links on this one, I got a conflict error with involving the Wikidata page for Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa. So I filed a question there to see if the two Wikidata pages should be merged: Wikidata:Wikidata:Interwiki_conflicts/Unresolved/2021. Maybe  and  will have some input. Eric talk 14:20, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I haven't any skills in this area either. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 16:14, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eruca sativa