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Spider-Man 3

Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Marvel Entertainment, and Laura Ziskin Productions, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it was directed by Sam Raimi from a screenplay he co-wrote with his brother Ivan and Alvin Sargent. It is the final installment in Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and the sequel to Spider-Man (2002) and Spider-Man 2 (2004). The film stars Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Thomas Haden Church, Topher Grace, Bryce Dallas Howard, James Cromwell, Rosemary Harris, and J. K. Simmons. It also marks the final acting appearance of Cliff Robertson before his retirement in the same year and his subsequent death in 2011.

Set a year after the events of Spider-Man 2, the film follows Peter Parker as he prepares for his future with Mary Jane Watson, while facing Uncle Ben's true killer, Flint Marko, who becomes the Sandman after a freak accident, and Harry Osborn, his former best friend, who is now aware of Peter's identity and seeks to avenge his father; his job at the Daily Bugle is threatened by the presence of a rival photographer named Eddie Brock. Peter also faces his greatest challenge when he bonds with an extraterrestrial symbiote that increases his abilities but amplifies his anger and other negative traits.

Development of Spider-Man 3 began immediately after the successful release of Spider-Man 2 for a 2007 release. During preproduction, Raimi wanted two villains, Harry Osborn and Sandman. At the request of producer Avi Arad, he added Venom to the list, and the producers also requested the addition of Gwen Stacy. Principal photography for the film began in January 2006 and took place in Los Angeles and Cleveland before moving to New York City from May until July 2006. Additional pick-up shots were made after August and the film wrapped in October 2006. During post-production, Sony Pictures Imageworks created over 900 visual effects shots. Composer Danny Elfman, who had scored the previous installments, decided not to return due to creative differences and conflicts with Raimi during production of the previous film, so Christopher Young composed the score in Elfman's absence. With an estimated production budget of $258–350 million, the film was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release.

Spider-Man 3 premiered on April 16, 2007, in Tokyo, and was released in the United States in both conventional and IMAX theaters on May 4. The film grossed $895 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of the trilogy, the third-highest-grossing film of 2007 and the tenth-highest-grossing film of all time at the time of its release. It was also the highest-grossing Spider-Man film until it was surpassed by Spider-Man: Far From Home in 2019. Unlike the previous installments, Spider-Man 3 received mixed reviews from critics.

A fourth installment, titled Spider-Man 4, was set to be released on May 6, 2011, followed by a Venom spin-off film, along with a fifth and sixth installment, titled Spider-Man 5 and Spider-Man 6 respectively, but all were canceled. The Spider-Man film series was rebooted twice; first with The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield; and later a new film series set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) directed by Jon Watts and starring Tom Holland, beginning with Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) explored the concept of the multiverse to connect the previous films and characters to the MCU with Maguire and Church reprising their roles in the film. A Venom film and sequel featuring another version of the Eddie Brock character were eventually produced and released in 2018 and 2021, respectively.

Plot
A year after Otto Octavius's death, Peter Parker plans to propose to Mary Jane Watson, who has made her Broadway musical debut. In Central Park, a meteorite lands near the two, from which an extraterrestrial symbiote oozes out and follows Peter to his apartment by attaching to his motorbike. Harry Osborn, knowing Peter is Spider-Man, seeks to avenge his father's death. Using Norman's performance-enhancing gas and Green Goblin technology, he attacks and battles Peter to an eventual defeat, developing partial amnesia. Meanwhile, police pursue escaped convict Flint Marko, who visits his wife and sick daughter before fleeing. Falling into an experimental particle accelerator that fuses his body with the surrounding sand, he gains the ability to control and reform his body with sand, becoming Sandman.

During a festival honoring Spider-Man for saving Gwen Stacy's life, Peter kisses her to please the crowd, angering Mary Jane. Marko then robs an armored truck and escapes after defeating Spider-Man. NYPD Captain George Stacy, Gwen's father, informs Peter and his aunt May that Marko is uncle Ben's true killer; the thief previously believed to have killed Uncle Ben was merely Marko's accomplice. At his apartment, the symbiote assimilates Peter's suit as he sleeps in it while waiting for Marko to come out of hiding. Peter awakens on top of a building, discovering that the symbiote has colored his suit black and enhanced his powers; however, it also amplifies the aggressive traits of his personality.

Peter locates and battles Marko in a subway tunnel. Discovering that water is his weakness, he opens a pipe, releasing water that reduces Marko to mud and washes him away in a sewer. Peter's changed demeanor alienates Mary Jane, who also receives negative reviews from critics. She shares a tender moment with Harry but leaves in regret. Urged by a hallucination of his father, Harry recovers from his amnesia and forces Mary Jane to break up with Peter; fueled by her jealousy of Gwen Stacy, she complies. Harry later meets up with Peter and tells him that Mary Jane loves him. Under the symbiote's influence, Peter confronts Harry and spitefully says his father never loved him. As Peter leaves after an ensuing fight, Harry throws a pumpkin bomb at him, but Peter deflects it back, scorching Harry's face.

At the Daily Bugle, Peter exposes rival photographer Eddie Brock, whose fake photos incriminate Spider-Man. Publisher J. Jonah Jameson fires Brock and promotes Peter to staff photographer. Later, Peter brings Gwen to a jazz club where Mary Jane now works, in an attempt to make her jealous. Upon realizing Peter's true intentions, Gwen apologizes to Mary Jane and leaves. After assaulting the bouncers and accidentally hitting Mary Jane, Peter finally realizes that the symbiote has corrupted him. Retreating to a church's bell tower and discovering that the sounds of clanging metal weaken the creature, Peter removes the symbiote. Brock, witnessing the event, becomes the symbiote's new host.

As Venom, Brock locates a still-living Marko and convinces him to join forces to kill Spider-Man. Brock abducts Mary Jane and holds her captive from a web at a construction site, intending to kill her in revenge for Peter ruining him, while Marko keeps the police at bay. After Harry declines to help Peter, Harry's butler reveals that Norman's death was not Spider-Man's fault. While Brock and Marko pin Peter down, Harry arrives to help Peter and save Mary Jane. Brock attempts to impale Peter with Harry's glider, but Harry jumps in and is impaled instead. While remembering the symbiote's weakness, Peter assembles a perimeter of metal pipes to create a sonic attack, weakening it and allowing Peter to separate Brock from the symbiote.

Peter activates a pumpkin bomb and throws it at the hostless symbiote. Having become addicted to its influence, Brock attempts to save the symbiote, but both are vaporized. Marko explains that Ben's death was an accident that has haunted him and that everything he has done was to help his daughter; Peter forgives Marko, allowing him to escape. Peter and Harry reconcile before the latter dies from his injuries. Sometime after Harry's funeral, Peter visits Mary Jane at the jazz club, where they embrace and share a dance.

Cast
A superhero, a brilliant physics student at Columbia University, and photographer for the Daily Bugle. As he grows arrogant with the city starting to embrace him for the first time in his career, an alien symbiote attaches itself to Peter's costume and influences his behavior for the worse. Maguire said he relished the opportunity to play a less timid Peter in this film. Peter Parker's girlfriend and a Broadway actress, whom he has loved since childhood. Mary Jane has a string of bad luck in the film, reminiscent of Peter's misfortune in Spider-Man 2, struggling in her career because of negative reviews and losing her boyfriend when the symbiote takes him over. Mary Jane was not originally planned to be kidnapped during the climax by the villains as Raimi felt this became repetitive throughout the entire trilogy; this decision was changed late in production. The son of Norman Osborn, and Peter Parker's best friend, who believes Spider-Man killed his father. After learning Peter is Spider-Man and that Norman was the Green Goblin, Harry picks up where his father left and becomes the New Goblin to battle his former friend directly. A small-time thug who has an ex-wife and sick daughter, for whom he steals money to help get the treatment to cure her. He transforms into the Sandman following a freak accident and incurs Peter's wrath when Peter learns he was his Uncle Ben's killer. Church was approached for Sandman because of his award-winning performance in the film Sideways, and accepted the role despite the lack of a script at the time. The film's Sandman possesses sympathy similarly exhibited by Lon Chaney Jr. in his portrayals of misunderstood creatures, as well as Frankenstein's monster, the Golem, and Andy Serkis' portrayals of Gollum and King Kong. Church worked out for 16 months to improve his physique for the role, gaining 28 pounds of muscle and losing 10 pounds of fat. On his performance, Church expressed that "[villains] with a conscience have this sad realization of who they are, and the monster they've become — there's a sense of regret. So at the end of these movies there's a dramatic resonance that really stays with the audience." Peter's rival at the Daily Bugle. He is exposed by Peter for creating a fake incriminating image of Spider-Man, and leaps at the opportunity to exact his revenge when he bonds with an extraterrestrial symbiote. Grace had impressed the producers with his performance in the film In Good Company. A big comic book fan who read the first Venom stories as a boy, Grace spent six months working out to prepare for the role, gaining 24 pounds of muscle, before being told to lose the muscle gain. He approached the character as someone under the influence, similar to an alcoholic or drug addict, and interpreted him as having a bad childhood, which is the key difference between him and Peter. Grace found his costume unpleasant, as it had to be constantly smeared to give a liquid-like feel. The costume took an hour to put on, though prosthetics took four hours to apply. Grace also wore fangs, which bruised his gums. A model and Peter's lab partner of whom Brock is attracted to. Peter asks her out to embarrass Mary Jane while possessed by the symbiote. Howard said the challenge of playing the role was in reminding many fans of the good-natured character who was Peter's first love in the comics, yet was "the other woman" in the film. Howard strove to create a sense that Gwen could potentially be a future girlfriend for him and that she "was not acting like some kind of man-stealing tart."
 * Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man:
 * Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson:
 * James Franco as Harry Osborn / New Goblin:
 * Thomas Haden Church as Flint Marko / Sandman:
 * Topher Grace as Edward "Eddie" Brock Jr. / Venom:
 * Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy:
 * James Cromwell as Captain George Stacy: Gwen's father and a New York City Police Department captain.
 * Rosemary Harris as May Parker: The aunt of Peter Parker and the widow of Ben Parker, Peter's uncle. She gives Peter her engagement ring so he can propose to Mary Jane and gives him lessons in forgiveness.
 * J. K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson: The leader of the Daily Bugle. He has a particular dislike towards Spider-Man, whom he considers a criminal and he tries with every way to discredit him.

Several actors reprise their roles from the previous films. Dylan Baker portrays Dr. Curt Connors, a college physics professor under whom Peter Parker studies, while Willem Dafoe portrays Norman Osborn / Green Goblin, Harry's late father, who returns as a hallucination to encourage his son to destroy Spider-Man, and Cliff Robertson appears as Ben Parker, Peter's deceased uncle in his final acting appearance before his retirement and death in 2011. Bill Nunn, Ted Raimi, Michael Papajohn, John Paxton, and Elizabeth Banks return as Joseph "Robbie" Robertson, a longtime employee at the Daily Bugle; Ted Hoffman, also a longtime employee of the Daily Bugle; Dennis "Spike" Carradine, the carjacker who was believed to have murdered Uncle Ben; Bernard Houseman, butler to the Osborn family; and Betty Brant, the receptionist at the Daily Bugle for J. Jonah Jameson, respectively. Elya Baskin additionally reprises his role as Mr. Ditkovitch, Peter's landlord while Mageina Tovah reprises her role as his daughter Ursula. Joe Manganiello reprises his role as Flash Thompson from the first film in a cameo appearance. Becky Ann Baker appears as Mrs. Stacy. Theresa Russell and Perla Haney-Jardine appear as Emma and Penny Marko, Sandman's wife and daughter respectively.

Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee has a cameo in Spider-Man 3, as he did in the previous Spider-Man films, which he referred to as his "best cameo". Actor Bruce Campbell, who had cameo roles as a wrestling ring announcer in Spider-Man and as a snooty usher in Spider-Man 2, returns in Spider-Man 3 with a new cameo as a French maître d'. Originally his character, who helps Peter try to propose, was much more antagonistic. Composer Christopher Young appears in the film as a pianist at Mary Jane's theater when she is fired, while producer Grant Curtis cameoed as the driver of an armored car that Sandman attacks. Comedian Dean Edwards played one of the newspaper readers who badmouth Spider-Man. 75-year-old newscaster Hal Fishman appears as himself anchoring the saga of Mary Jane's kidnapping by Venom; he died just fourteen weeks after the movie opened. Actress Lucy Gordon appeared as newscaster Jennifer Dugan.

Development
In March 2004, with Spider-Man 2 being released the coming June, Sony announced that Spider-Man 3 was already in development for a release in summer 2007. By the release of Spider-Man 2, a release date for Spider-Man 3 had been set for May 2, 2007 before production on the sequel had begun. The date was later changed to May 4, 2007. In January 2005, Sony Pictures completed a seven-figure deal with screenwriter Alvin Sargent, who had penned Spider-Man 2, to script Spider-Man 3 with an option to script a fourth film.

Immediately after Spider-Man 2's release, Ivan Raimi wrote a treatment over two months, with Sam Raimi deciding to use the film to explore Peter learning that he is not a sinless vigilante, and that there also can be humanity in those he considers criminals. Harry Osborn was brought back because Raimi wanted to conclude his story line. Raimi felt that Harry would not follow his father's legacy, but be instead "somewhere between." Sandman was introduced as an antagonist, as Raimi found him a visually fascinating character. While Sandman is a petty criminal in the comics, the screenwriters created a background of the character being Uncle Ben's killer to increase Peter's guilt over his death and challenge his simplistic perception of the event. Overall, Raimi described the film as being about Peter, Mary Jane, Harry, and the Sandman, with Peter's journey being one of forgiveness.

Raimi wanted another villain, and Ben Kingsley was involved in negotiations to play the Vulture before the character was cut. Vulture was considered to be an accomplice of Flint Marko in the script. Producer Avi Arad convinced Raimi to include Venom, a character whose perceived "lack of humanity" had initially been criticized by Sam Raimi. Venom's alter-ego, Eddie Brock, already had a minor role in the script. Arad felt the series had relied too much on Raimi's personal favorite Spider-Man villains, not characters that modern fans were actually interested in, so Raimi included Venom to please them, and even began to appreciate the character himself. The film's version of the character is an amalgamation of Venom stories. Edward Brock Jr., the human part of Venom, serves as a mirror to Peter Parker, with both characters having similar jobs and romantic interests. Brock's actions as a journalist in Spider-Man 3 also represent contemporary themes of paparazzi and tabloid journalism. The producers also suggested adding rival love interest Gwen Stacy, filling in an "other girl" type that Raimi had already created. With so many additions, Sargent soon found his script so complex that he considered splitting it into two films, but abandoned the idea when he could not create a successful intermediate climax.

Filming
Camera crews spent 2 weeks from November 5–18, 2005 to film sequences that would involve intense visual effects so Sony Pictures Imageworks could begin work on the shots early in the project. The same steps had been taken for Spider-Man 2 to begin producing visual effects early for sequences involving the villain Doctor Octopus.

Principal photography for Spider-Man 3 began on January 16, 2006 and wrapped in July 2006 after over 100 days of filming. The team filmed in Los Angeles until May 19, 2006. In spring 2006, film location manager Peter Martorano brought camera crews to Cleveland, Ohio, due to the Greater Cleveland Film Commission offering production space at the city's convention center at no cost. In Cleveland, they shot the battle between Spider-Man and Sandman in the armored car. Afterwards, the team moved to Manhattan, where filming took place at various locations, including One Chase Manhattan Plaza, from May 26, 2006, until July 1, 2006. Shooting placed a strain on Raimi, who often had to move between several units to complete the picture. Shooting was also difficult for cinematographer Bill Pope, as the symbiote Spider-Man, Venom, and the New Goblin were costumed in black during fight scenes taking place at night. For the breakdancing scene, Maguire at first did not want to dance, but relented after Pomerhn Derrick showed him some Fred Astaire dance moves.

After August, pick-ups were conducted as Raimi sought to film more action scenes. The film then wrapped in October, although additional special effects shots were taken to finalize the production a month later. In early 2007, there were further pick-up shots regarding the resolution of Sandman's story, amounting to four different versions.

Visual effects
John Dykstra, who won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for his work on Spider-Man 2, declined to work on the third film as visual effects supervisor. Dykstra's colleague, Scott Stokdyk, took his place as supervisor, leading two hundred programmers at Sony Pictures Imageworks. This group designed specific computer programs that did not exist when Spider-Man 3 began production, creating nine hundred visual effects shots. In addition to the innovative visual effects for the film, Stokdyk created a miniature of a skyscraper section at 1:16 scale with New Deal Studios' Ian Hunter and David Sanger. Stokdyk chose to design the miniature instead of using computer-generated imagery so damage done to the building could be portrayed realistically and timely without guesswork involving computer models. In addition to Sony Pictures Imageworks, Cafe FX provided visual effects for the crane disaster scene when Spider-Man rescues Gwen Stacy, as well as shots in the climactic battle. To understand the effects of sand for the Sandman, experiments were done with twelve types of sand, such as splashing, launching it at stuntmen, and pouring it over ledges. The results were mimicked on the computer to create the visual effects for Sandman. For scenes involving visual effects, Thomas Haden Church was super-imposed onto the screen, where computer-generated imagery was then applied. With sand as a possible hazard in scenes that buried actors, ground-up corn-cobs were used as a substitute instead. Because of its resemblance to the substance, sand from Arizona was used as the model for the CGI sand. In a fight where Spider-Man punches through Sandman's chest, amputee martial arts expert Baxter Humby took Tobey Maguire's place in filming the scene. Humby, whose right hand was amputated at birth, helped deliver the intended effect of punching through Sandman's chest. Producer Laura Ziskin said the visual effects budget alone was approximately 30% more than the previous film.

Whereas the symbiote suit worn in the comics by Spider-Man was a plain black affair with a large white spider on the front and back, the design was changed for the film to become a black version of Spider-Man's traditional costume, complete with webbing motif. As a consequence of this, the suit Topher Grace wore as Venom also bore the webbing motif; as producer Grant Curtis noted, "it's the Spider-Man suit, but twisted and mangled in its own right." Additionally, the motif gave a sense of life to the symbiote, giving it the appearance of gripping onto the character's body. When animating the symbiote, Raimi did not want it to resemble a spider or an octopus, and to give it a sense of character. The CGI model is made of many separate strands. When animating Venom himself, animators observed footage of big cats such as lions and cheetahs for the character's agile movements.

Deleted scenes
When interviewed at the film's Tokyo premiere on April 16, 2007, Topher Grace said to Access Hollywood that despite liking how the film turned out, he expressed interest in having the rest of his scenes as both Eddie Brock and Venom being restored someday; later adding, "You know what? Spider-Man 3.5, or however they release it. You know, with the extra scenes". Following the release of the film, fan research compiled deleted scenes and archival footage, showing Adrian Lester in the role of Dr. Wallace, a molecular biologist working on a cure for Marko's daughter, and an alternate death scene for Venom attempting to reattach itself to Parker, who in turn would have destroyed the symbiote by yanking down a sling of steel rods and creating a sonic attack (although this was depicted in the film's novelization).

Music
Danny Elfman, the composer for the previous installments, chose not to return for the third installment of Spider-Man because of difficulties with director Sam Raimi. Elfman said that he had a "miserable experience" working with Raimi on Spider-Man 2 and could not comfortably adapt his music. Christopher Young was then announced to score Spider-Man 3 in Elfman's absence. Instead, Elfman chose to work with the 2006 reboot of Charlotte's Web. A few years later, he reunited with Raimi to compose the score for Oz the Great and Powerful (2013).

According to Young, Sandman's theme uses "two contrabass saxophones, two contrabass clarinets, two contrabass bassoons and eight very low French horns" in order to sound "low, aggressive and heavy". Young described Venom's theme as "Vicious, my instructions on that one were that he's the devil personified. His theme is much more demonic sounding." Venom's theme uses eight French horns. Raimi approved the new themes during their first performance, but rejected the initial music to the birth of Sandman, finding it too monstrous and not tragic enough. Young had to recompose much of his score at a later stage, as the producers felt there were not enough themes from the previous films. Ultimately, new themes for the love story, Aunt May, and Mary Jane were dropped.

Marketing
On June 28, 2006, the first Spider-Man 3 teaser trailer premiered in theaters with Superman Returns. The first trailer was released in theaters on November 17, 2006 with the debut of Casino Royale and Happy Feet. This was followed by a second trailer, which was unveiled on March 9, 2007, being attached to the screenings of 300. The home video releases of Click and Monster House also contained trailers for Spider-Man 3. In New York City, the hometown of Spider-Man's fictional universe, tourist attractions arranged events and exhibits on April 30, 2007 to lead up to the release of Spider-Man 3. The unique campaign included a spider exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History, workshops on baby spider plants at the New York Botanical Garden, a Green Goblin mask-making workshop at the Children's Museum of Manhattan, and a scavenger hunt and bug show at Central Park Zoo.

Promotional tie-in partners include Burger King, 7-Eleven, General Mills, Kraft Foods, and Comcast. Hasbro, which holds the license for Marvel characters, released several toys to tie-in with the film. They include a deluxe spinning web blaster, along with several lines of action figures aimed at both children and collectors. Toys of the Green Goblin and Doctor Octopus from the first two films have been rereleased to match the smaller scale of the new figures, as have been toys of the Lizard, the Scorpion, Kraven the Hunter, and Rhino in a style reminiscent of the films. Techno Source created interactive toys, including a "hand-held Battle Tronics device that straps to the inside of a player's wrist and mimics Spidey's web-slinging motions". Japanese Medicom Toy Corporation produced collectables, which Sideshow Collectibles distributed in the U.S. A prequel comic was released in June, 2007 and another comic called Spider-Man 3: The Black, which expands the birth of Venom, was released in November, 2007.

Theatrical
Spider-Man 3 had its world premiere at Toho Cinemas Roppongi Hills in Tokyo on April 16, 2007. The film held its UK premiere on April 23, 2007 at the Odeon Leicester Square, and the U.S. premiere took place at the Tribeca Film Festival in Queens on April 30, 2007.

Spider-Man 3 was commercially released in sixteen territories on May 1, 2007. The film was released in Japan on May 1, 2007, three days prior to the American commercial release, to coincide with Japan's Golden Week. Spider-Man 3 was also released in China on May 3, 2007 to circumvent market growth of unlicensed copies of the film. The studio's release of a film in China before its domestic release was a first for Sony Pictures Releasing International. By May 6, 2007, Spider-Man 3 had opened in 107 countries around the world.

The film was commercially released in the United States on May 4, 2007 in a North American record total of 4,253 theaters, including fifty-three IMAX theaters. The record number of theaters was later beaten by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, which was released in 4,362 theaters in the United States—109 more than Spider-Man 3. It was the ninth film to play in more than 4,000 theaters upon opening, just after Shrek 2, Spider-Man 2, Shark Tale, Madagascar, Mission: Impossible III, Over the Hedge, Superman Returns and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. Tracking data a month before the U.S. release reflected over 90% awareness and over 20% first choice among moviegoers, statistics that estimated an opening weekend of over $100 million for Spider-Man 3. Online tickets for Spider-Man 3 were reported on April 23, 2007 to have been purchased at a faster rate—three times at Movietickets.com and four times at Fandango—than online ticket sales for Spider-Man 2. On May 2, 2007, Fandango reported the sales rate as six times greater than the rate for Spider-Man 2. The strong ticket sales caused theaters to add 3:00 AM showings following the May 4, 2007 midnight showing to accommodate the demand.

The FX channel signed a five-year deal for the television rights to Spider-Man 3, which they began airing in 2009. The price was based on the film's box office performance, with an option for three opportunities for Sony to sell the rights to one or more other broadcast networks.

In March 2024, Sony announced that all of their live-action Spider-Man films would be re-released in theaters as part of Columbia Pictures' 100th anniversary celebration. Spider-Man 3 was re-released on April 29, 2024.

Home media
Spider-Man 3 was released on Region 4 DVD (anamorphic widescreen) in Australia on September 18, 2007. For Region 2 in the United Kingdom, the film was released on October 15, 2007. Spider-Man 3 was released on DVD in Region 1 territories on October 30, 2007. The film is available in one-disc and two-disc editions, on both standard and Blu-ray formats, as well as packages with the previous films and a PSP release. Sam Raimi, Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Thomas Haden Church, Topher Grace, Bryce Dallas Howard, Laura Ziskin, Avi Arad, and Grant Curtis are among those who contributed to the audio commentaries.

Sony announced plans to create "one of the largest" marketing campaigns in Hollywood for the October 30, 2007 release of the DVD. Beginning with a partnership with Papa John's, Sony printed close to 8.5 billion impressions for pizza boxes, television, radio, and online ads. Sony also worked with Pringles Potato Crisp, Blu Tack, Jolly Time Pop Corn, and Nutella. Sony's Vice President of Marketing, Jennifer Anderson, stated the studio spent approximately 15% to 25% of its marketing budget on digital ad campaigns; from this, Papa John's sent text messages to mobile phones with ads. Anderson stated that there would be three sweepstakes held for consumers, where they would be able to win prizes from Sony and its promotional partners.

In the United States, the film grossed more than US$125 million on DVD sales. It also grossed more than $43.76 million on DVD/Home Video Rentals in 11 weeks. However, the DVD sales results of this film did not meet industry expectations. It was ranked in third place on the sales chart, behind I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry and Ratatouille. The film's DVD sales were limited due to Sony's decision to bundle the Blu-ray version of the film with its new PlayStation 3 game console and Blu-ray player. Spider-Man 3 was included in The Spider-Man Legacy Collection which includes five major Spider-Man films in a 4K UHD Blu-Ray collection which was released on October 17, 2017.

In April 2021, Disney and Sony Pictures reached a multi-year deal to let Sony's titles, including past Spider-Man franchises and SSU content to stream on Hulu and Disney+. A significant number of Sony titles began streaming on Hulu starting in June 2021. It includes films from 2022 onwards. While the deal only concerns the United States, titles from Sony Pictures begun to also be added to Disney+ in regions outside of the U.S., as early as June 2022, starting with the majority of the Spider-Man films.

Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy was released on Disney+ on April 21, 2023.

Spider-Man 3: Editor's Cut (2017)
In 2017, Sony released an "editor's cut" of Spider-Man 3 that coincided with the film's 10th anniversary, which was included in the Spider-Man Limited Edition Blu-ray collection released on June 13, 2017. The film features unused music from Christopher Young and is two minutes shorter than the theatrical cut. Some scenes are shifted around or have been completely removed, and the film includes 3 new scenes, 3 alternate climax sequences, and 1 extended scene. Spider-Man 3: Editor's Cut was later re-released with the Spider-Man Legacy Collection 4K Blu-ray Box Set.

Box office
Spider-Man 3 earned $336.5 million in North America and $558.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $894.9 million. Worldwide, it is the third-highest-grossing film of 2007, the highest-grossing film of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and was the highest-grossing film distributed by Sony/Columbia until 2012's Skyfall. The film set a worldwide single-day record ($104 million) on its first Friday and broke its own record again on Saturday ($117.6 million). It also set a worldwide opening-weekend record with $381.7 million, beating Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. Spider-Man 3 would hold that record until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince took it in 2009. The film's IMAX screenings reached $20 million in 30 days, faster than any other 2D film remastered in the format.

In North America, Spider-Man 3 is the 58th-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing film of the Spider-Man series, the third-highest-grossing film distributed by Sony/Columbia, and the highest-grossing 2007 film. The film sold an estimated 48,914,300 tickets. It was released in 4,252 theaters (about 10,300 screens) on Friday, May 4, 2007. This broke the previous record held by Shrek 2 for having the largest number of screenings. It set an opening- and single-day record with $59.8 million (both were first surpassed by The Dark Knight). This included $10 million from midnight showings. Spider-Man 3 then set an opening-weekend record with $151.1 million (first surpassed by The Dark Knight), a record for the weekend per-theater average with $35,540 per theater (first surpassed by Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert), and an IMAX opening-weekend record with $4.8 million (first surpassed by The Dark Knight). It would hold the record for having the highest opening weekend for any film featuring Spider-Man until it was surpassed by Captain America: Civil War less than a decade later in 2016. Then in 2022, Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness dethroned Spider-Man 3 for having the largest opening weekend for a Sam Raimi film. The film set record Friday and Sunday grosses and achieved the largest cumulative gross through its second, third, and fourth day of release (all were first surpassed by The Dark Knight). It also set a record Saturday gross (surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers). When the film was released, it was ranked in first place at the box office, just ahead of Disturbia. It would also dominate films that were released during the 2007 spring season, such as Meet the Robinsons, Fracture and Blades of Glory. When Shrek the Third opened two weeks later, Spider-Man 3 dropped into second place.

Outside North America, it is the 23rd-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing film of Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and the third-highest-grossing film distributed by Sony/Columbia. On its opening day (Tuesday, May 1, 2007), Spider-Man 3 grossed $29.2 million from 16 territories, an 86% increase from the intake of Spider-Man 2 on its first day of release. In 10 of the 16 territories, Spider-Man 3 set new opening-day records. These territories are Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, the Philippines, France, and Italy. In Germany, the film surpassed the opening day gross of Spider-Man 2. It also crushed Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire's record for scoring the biggest opening day in France, earning $6.8 million. Spider-Man 3 had the third-highest opening of any film in Austria, after The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Its Japanese opening generated a total of $3.7 million, making it the country's highest Tuesday gross of any film, breaking the former record held by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Meanwhile, in the UK, the film had the third-highest opening of any film in the country, trailing only behind Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. During its six-day opening weekend (through its first Sunday), the film earned $230.5 million from 107 markets, finishing #1 in all of them. Spider-Man 3 set opening-weekend records in 29 markets including Italy, China, South Korea (the latter was first surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End), India, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Peru. However, many of these records were achieved thanks to its six-day opening, while previous record-holders in some countries opened over the traditional three-day weekend (traditional two-, four-, or five-day weekend in other countries). In India, it grossed $16.4 million and was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2007 there. Russia and Ukraine both earned $7.4 million from 671 screens, dethroning The Da Vinci Code. Moreover, five Asian countries had overturned a ten-year record that was held by The Lost World: Jurassic Park. As for South Korea, Spider-Man 3 crossed over The Matrix Reloaded for a local currency mark for a Hollywood release, as well as surpassing The Host. In Japan, it earned a total of $26.5 million, kicking the previous record held by The Matrix Reloaded. It was ranked in first place at the box office outside North America for three consecutive weekends.

Initial critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Spider-Man 3 holds approval rating based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though there are more characters and plotlines, and the action sequences still dazzle, Spider-Man 3 nonetheless isn't quite as refined as the first two." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 59 out of 100 based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times deplored the film's pacing as "mostly just plods" and said it lacked humor. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a two out of four stars, feeling, "for every slam-bang action sequence, there are far too many sluggish scenes". David Edelstein of New York magazine misses the "centrifugal threat" of Alfred Molina's character, adding that "the three villains here don't add up to one Doc Ock" (referring to Molina's portrayal of the character in Spider-Man 2). James Berardinelli felt director Sam Raimi "overreached his grasp" by allowing so many villains, specifically saying, "Venom is one bad guy too many". Roger Ebert, who gave Spider-Man 2 a glowing review, gave the sequel two out of four stars and thought Church never expressed how Sandman felt about his new powers, something Molina, as Doc Ock in Spider-Man 2, did "with a vengeance"; he said the film was "a mess," with too many villains, subplots, romantic misunderstandings, conversations and "street crowds looking high into the air and shouting 'oooh!' this way, then swiveling and shouting 'aaah!' that way". The New Yorker's Anthony Lane, who gave Spider-Man 2 a favorable review, gave the film a negative review, characterizing the film as a "shambles" which "makes the rules up as it goes along".

Roger Friedman of Fox News called the film a "4-star opera", noting that while long, there was plenty of humor and action. Andy Khouri of Comic Book Resources praised the film as "easily the most complex and deftly orchestrated superhero epic ever filmed... despite the enormous amount of characters, action and sci-fi superhero plot going on in this film, Spider-Man 3 never feels weighted down, tedious or boring". Jonathan Ross, a big fan of the comic books, felt the film was the best of the trilogy. Richard Corliss of Time commended the filmmakers for their ability to "dramatize feelings of angst and personal betrayal worthy of an Ingmar Bergman film, and then to dress them up in gaudy comic-book colors". Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe, who gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, wrote that it was a well-made, fresh film, but would leave the viewer "overfulfilled". Jonathan Dean of Total Film felt the film's complex plot helped the film's pacing, in that, "it rarely feels disjointed or loose... Spider-Man cements its shelf-life". IGN critic Todd Gilchrist felt that the film served as a satisfying conclusion to the series, and ultimately rated it with eight stars out of ten. Entertainment Weekly named the Sandman as the eighth best computer-generated film character.

John Hartl of MSNBC gave Spider-Man 3 a positive review, but stated that it has some flaws such as having "too many storylines". His opinion is echoed by Houston Chronicle's Amy Biancolli who complained that "the script is busy with so many supporting characters and plot detours that the series' charming idiosyncrasy is sometimes lost in the noise". Jack Matthews of Daily News thought the film was too devoted to the "quiet conversations" of Peter and Mary Jane, but that fans would not be disappointed by the action. Finally, Sean Burns of Philadelphia Weekly felt that the director "substituted scope and scale for the warmth and wit that made those two previous pictures so memorable".

Retrospective assessments
Raimi himself would later call the film "awful" during a 2014 interview. In 2018, Avi Arad accepted responsibility for pushing Raimi to include Venom in the film, and how the end result had disappointed many fans of the character, saying "I think we learned that Venom is not a sideshow. In all fairness, I'll take the guilt because of what Sam Raimi used to say in all of these interviews feeling guilty that I forced him into it". In 2021, Raimi acknowledged that the negative internet reaction to Spider-Man 3 at the time felt "awful" and had been difficult for him to take, but when his agent told him that he was being considered by Marvel Studios to direct Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), although initially hesitant about doing another superhero film, he ultimately decided to take the role.

Following its initial mixed reception, Spider-Man 3 has gained widespread meme popularity on social media, becoming the subject of some fan reappraisal as well. Peter Parker's corrupted personality under the Venom symbiote has been nicknamed "Bully Maguire" or "Emo Peter Parker" and has helped increase the popularity of the film. During a Reddit AMA when promoting Babylon, Maguire acknowledged the memes, finding it a "funny discovery."

Several media outlets have re-evaluated Spider-Man 3 over the years since its 2007 release. Em Casalena of Screen Rant reassessed it as the fifth most underrated superhero film ever made. MovieWeb called it the best film that Sam Raimi directed, while Paste ranked it the 63rd best superhero movie of all time. The character of Sandman has been particularly praised.

Accolades
Both the 35th Annie Awards and 61st British Academy Film Awards gave this movie one nomination, the former for Best Animated Effects and the latter for Best Special Visual Effects. Spider-Man 3 did not win any of the four Visual Effects Society Awards nominations it received. Dunst's and Maguire's performances earned them each one nomination from the National Movie Awards. She also received another nomination for Favorite Movie Actress from the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards ceremony. The movie fared better at the Teen Choice Awards, amounting a total of seven nominations, varying from Choice Movie Villain (for Grace) to Choice Movie Dance (for Maguire) and Choice Movie Liplock (shared between Maguire and Dunst).

Cancelled sequels
In 2007, Spider-Man 4 entered development, with Raimi attached to direct and Maguire, Dunst and other cast members set to reprise their roles. Both a fourth and a fifth film were planned, and at one time, the idea of shooting the two sequels concurrently was under consideration. Raimi said in March 2009 that only the fourth film was in development at that time and that if there were fifth and sixth films, they would be a continuation of each other. Raimi said that he was unhappy with Spider-Man 3 and wanted Spider-Man 4 to be "the best of all of them and end on a very high note". James Vanderbilt was hired in October 2007 to pen the screenplay after initial reports in January 2007 that Sony Pictures was in contact with David Koepp, who wrote the first Spider-Man film. The script was subsequently rewritten by Pulitzer-winning playwright David Lindsay-Abaire in November 2008 and rewritten again by Gary Ross in October 2009. Sony also engaged Vanderbilt to write scripts for Spider-Man 5 and Spider-Man 6. A spin-off featuring Spider-Man 3's version of the Venom character was also planned; this never materialized, though a Venom film featuring a different version of the character was eventually produced and released in 2018.

In 2007, Raimi expressed interest in portraying the transformation of Dr. Curt Connors into his villainous alter ego, the Lizard, a villain who had been teased since Spider-Man 2; the character's actor Dylan Baker and producer Grant Curtis were also enthusiastic about the idea. By December 2009, John Malkovich was in negotiations to play Vulture and Anne Hathaway would play Felicia Hardy, though she would not have transformed into the Black Cat as in the comics but a new superpowered figure, the Vulturess. Raimi later clarified in a 2013 interview that Hathaway would have portrayed Black Cat if Spider-Man 4 had been made.

Sony Pictures announced in January 2010 that plans for Spider-Man 4 had been canceled due to Raimi's withdrawal from the project. Raimi reportedly ended his participation due to his doubt that he could meet the planned May 6, 2011, release date while upholding the film creatively. Raimi purportedly went through four iterations of the script with different screenwriters and still "hated it". Raimi would later say that he couldn't get the script in time and that due to his fallings, he told Sony to go ahead with its reboot.

Following the appearance of Tobey Maguire's Peter Parker in Spider-Man: No Way Home, a fan campaign has been trending on Twitter under the name #MakeRaimiSpiderMan4, calling for Sony to make a fourth film in the Spider-Man series directed by Sam Raimi with Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst. Raimi later expressed interest in doing so in April 2022, noting that another sequel to his Spider-Man trilogy was possible after the introduction of the Multiverse in Spider-Man: No Way Home and his MCU film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022). He stated the next month that he had no plans to direct Spider-Man 4 but would do so if offered the opportunity to direct a story he approved of.

Reboot and unproduced films
A reboot of the series titled The Amazing Spider-Man was released on July 3, 2012, with Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker. A sequel, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, was released on May 2, 2014.

Following the 2014 Sony Pictures hack, leaked information from the hack indicated that prior to the cancellation of future The Amazing Spider-Man films, Sony was in talks with Sam Raimi about having him direct Spider-Man vs. The Amazing Spider-Man, a multiversal crossover film featuring Garfield's Spider-Man encounter Tobey Maguire's Spider-Man (with Maguire reprising his role), as well as a new film trilogy starring Maguire (following Garfield's firing) as a middle-aged Spider-Man years after the events of Spider-Man 3; these plans were ultimately scrapped in favor of a Marvel Studios-produced reboot set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), beginning with Captain America: Civil War (2016), with Tom Holland cast as Spider-Man.

Sam Raimi directed the Marvel Studios film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022) which sparked renewed interest from fans in making his unproduced Spider-Man 4, a reality.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
Following the underwhelming critical and commercial reception of The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Sony and Marvel Studios announced in February 2015 that a new iteration of Spider-Man would appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with the character appearing in Captain America: Civil War. As part of the agreement, Sony Pictures continued to finance, distribute, own and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films. Marvel Studios and Sony will explore opportunities to integrate other characters of the MCU into future Spider-Man films. Sony released a standalone film titled Spider-Man: Homecoming, produced by Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal, on July 7, 2017 with Tom Holland starring as the new Spider-Man.

Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) continues the story arc of the MCU's iteration of Spider-Man in addition to using the multiverse to link the Marvel Studios films with Sony Pictures' preceding Spider-Man film franchises from Sam Raimi and Marc Webb. Maguire, Dafoe and Church all reprised their respective roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Norman Osborn / Green Goblin and Flint Marko / Sandman from Spider-Man 3, appearing in supporting roles alongside other actors from previous films based on the characters outside the MCU's cast, including the Sam Raimi trilogy's version of Otto Octavius / Doctor Octopus from Spider-Man 2, reprised by Alfred Molina. They are joined by Andrew Garfield, Jamie Foxx and Rhys Ifans, who reprise their respective roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Maxwell Dillon / Electro and Curt Connors / Lizard from Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films.

title: Spider-Man 3


text:
Inthawichayanon

Inthawichayanon (อินทวิชยานนท์,, , ; Burmese: အရှင်ဣန္ဒဝိဇယာနန္ဒဘုရင်မင်းမြတ်, , c. 1817 – 23 November 1897) was the 7th Ruler of Chiang Mai and King of Lanna from 1870 until his death in 1897. His daughter, Princess Dara Rasmi of Chiang Mai became King Rama V's Princess Consort. During his reign, the ties of the previously independent tributary state with the central government in Bangkok were intensified, culminating in the creation of the Monthon Phayap in 1892, by which Lanna was formally annexed.

Born on c. 1817 as Prince Inthanon (เจ้าอินทนนท์) to Phraya Maha Phrom Khamkhong (พระยามหาพรหมคำคง), lord viceroy of Chiangmai, and Princess Khamla (คำหล้า). He is a grandson of Prince Khamfan, the 3rd ruler of Chiangmai. He was concerned about the preservation of the mountain forests in the Thai highlands. Before he died, he ordered that his remains be kept at Doi Luang, the highest mountain of the Thanon Thong Chai Range, which was renamed Doi Inthanon after his death.

In 1883, a rumour that Queen Victoria of Great Britain intended to adopt his daughter, Dara Rasmi, spread from Burma to Chiangmai and Bangkok, alarmed Siamese government of British desire in Lanna. The Siamese King sent his brother, Prince Bijitprijakara, to Chiangmai to forward the King's proposal to Dara Rasmi.

He was only King Ruler in history who awarded Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Inthawichayanon


text: User talk:83.216.133.190

title: User talk:83.216.133.190


text:
Buster Brown

Buster Brown is a comic-strip character created in 1902 by Richard F. Outcault. Adopted as the mascot of the Brown Shoe Company in 1904, Buster Brown, along with Mary Jane, and with his dog Tige, became well known to the American public in the early 20th century. The character's name was used to describe a popular style of suit for young boys, the Buster Brown suit, that reflected his outfit.

Origins
The character of Buster Brown was loosely based on Granville Hamilton Fisher, a son of Charles and Anna Fisher of Flushing, New York. Fisher's physical appearance, including the characteristic pageboy haircut, was copied by Outcault and given to Buster Brown. The name "Buster" came directly or indirectly from the popularity of Buster Keaton, then a child actor in vaudeville. Another boy, Roger Cushman Clark (1899–1995) of Deadwood, South Dakota, was also described as the "original model" for the Buster Brown character.

The character of Mary Jane was also drawn from real life, as she was also Outcault's daughter of the same name. In Outcault's own words—and his daughter's—she was the only character drawn from life in the Buster Brown strip, although "Mrs. Brown" did resemble Outcault's wife.

Publication history
The comic strip began in the New York Herald on May 4, 1902. Outcault left for William Randolph Hearst's employ in January 1906, and after a court battle, Outcault continued his strip, now nameless, in Hearst papers, while the Herald continued their own version of Buster Brown with other artists. The latter lasted until January 1911, and Outcault's version until May 13, 1923.

The character of Buster Brown inspired many imitators, including Perry Winkle from the Winnie Winkle newspaper strip, and the Bobby Bumps animated film series.

The series was translated into Portuguese and published in the Brazilian children's magazine O Tico-Tico (where Buster Brown was known as Chiquinho); its stories were loosely adapted by Brazilian writers.

Buster Brown
Buster Brown is a young city-dwelling boy with wealthy parents. He is disturbingly pretty (contrast him to Outcault's own The Yellow Kid, or Frederick Opper's creations), but his actions belie his looks. He is a practical joker who might dress in a girl's outfit and have her wear his clothes, break a window with his slingshot, or play a prank on a neighbor. The trick or transgression is discovered and he is punished, usually by being spanked by his mother, but it is unclear if he ever repents. Many strips end with Buster delivering a self-justifying moral which has little or nothing to do with his crime. For example, a strip from May 31, 1903, shows him giving Tige a soda from a drugstore soda fountain. The drink splashes, not only the front of his own clothes, but the skirts of a woman's splendid dress. Horrified by his clumsy misadventure, Buster's mother takes him home and flogs him with a brush. In the last panel the boy has written a message beginning, "Resolved! That druggists are legalized robbers; they sell you soda and candy to make you ill, then they sell you medicine to make you worse."

Mary Jane
Mary Jane is Buster's girlfriend. She is based on R. F. Outcault's daughter of the same name. Her parents are never mentioned, though at many of the comic headers you can find letters addressed to her from her mother. She has curly black hair and brown eyes. She wears usually a blue, frilly dress, a large bow, and Mary Jane shoes with black stockings.

Tige
Tige is thought to be the first talking pet to appear in the comics. Unlike the characters presented under this trope, Tige's speech is acknowledged by adults, and many are shocked by this. This popular character was the subject of a book in 1905 with the title,

Brown Shoe Company mascot
Outcault traveled to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, selling licenses to up to 200 companies to use the Buster Brown characters to advertise their products. Buster Brown's association with shoes began with John Bush, a sales executive with the Brown Shoe Company; he persuaded his company to purchase rights to the Buster Brown name, and the brand was introduced to the public at the 1904 World's Fair.

Little people were hired by the Brown Shoe Co. to play Buster in tours around the United States. These actors, each accompanied by a dog, performed in department stores, theaters and shoe stores from 1904 until 1930. Richard Barker played Buster Brown in many of these Brown Shoe Company advertising campaigns; his story is told in a biography called Buster Brown and the Cowboy.

In the 1940s and '50s, the Brown Shoe Company made a foray into the comic book publishing industry with Buster Brown Comics, on which a retailer could rubber-stamp their address. The comics featured the characters on the cover, but contained different adventure features, such as Robin Hood.

The characters were revived with an updated, more contemporary look for a brief advertising campaign in the 1980s and 1990s.

Comic books
Buster Brown comics were given away as premiums in shoe stores from 1945 to 1959. Some contain art by Reed Crandall and other notable cartoonists. In the 1950s other comics based on the radio show were produced by Custom Comics and Dell Comics, and a coloring book was also produced.

Film
A series of live-action two-reelers were produced from 1925 to 1929 by the Stern Bros. for Universal Pictures. Buster was played by the actor Arthur Trimble. Pal the Wonder Dog (who played Tige) and director Gus Meins were both later associated with the popular Our Gang (Little Rascals) comedies, where Pal at some point came to be known as Pete the Pup, a name inherited by one of his pups, who carried on the role after Pal died of poisoning in 1930.

Theater
In 1905, a play was performed on Broadway at the Majestic titled Buster Brown. It starred a 21-year-old adult dwarf actor named Master Gabriel (1882–1929), born Gabriel Weigel. Photos of Master Gabriel in the role show him very convincing as a child. Gabriel appeared in another children's-oriented play in 1908 Little Nemo and a return engagement as Buster Brown in 1913. It also featured famous animal actor George Ali as Tige.

Radio
A Buster Brown radio series began in 1943 with Smilin' Ed McConnell on the West Coast NBC Radio Network. It included such characters as Froggy the Gremlin ("Plunk your magic twanger, Froggy!") and Midnight the Cat ("What do you say to the kids, Midnight?" "Nice.")

Television
McConnell moved the show to television in 1950, where it ran under the titles Smilin' Ed's Gang and The Buster Brown Show for four years. Andy Devine took over in 1955 after McConnell's death, but Devine's show was titled Andy's Gang.

Playground games
Buster Brown makes an appearance in several children's playground games. There is a skipping rope rhyme that starts "Buster Brown | Went to town | With his pants | On upside down." There is also a game played on a seesaw where one rider will stop the seesaw with the other rider in the air and chant, "Buster, Buster, Buster Brown, what will you give me if I let you down?" The rider stuck in the air then offers an imaginary payment of grandiose proportions (e.g., "every Barbie doll ever", "the Moon and all the stars").

title: Buster Brown


text:
User:Lappy512

Goes to school in International Community School.

title: User:Lappy512


text: User talk:219.88.204.25

title: User talk:219.88.204.25


text:
Ethan Allen Brown

Ethan Allen Brown (July 4, 1776 – February 24, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican politician. He served as the seventh governor of Ohio.

Biography
Brown was born in Darien, Connecticut to Roger Brown, a prosperous farmer and a Revolutionary War veteran.

Brown studied with a private tutor, and he was proficient in French, Latin and Greek. He studied law under Alexander Hamilton for five years and was admitted to the bar in 1802.

Career
He moved near Cincinnati, Ohio in 1803. He was appointed to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1810 and was re-elected in 1817. Brown was elected to the governorship a year later and was re-elected in 1820. He resigned on January 3, 1822 to take office in the U.S. Senate after the death of William A. Trimble. He was defeated for re-election in 1824 by William Henry Harrison.

Brown was the Ohio Presidential elector in 1828 for Andrew Jackson. An active supporter of Andrew Jackson, Brown was appointed Chargé d'Affaires to Brazil in 1830 and served for four years. He then served as commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, D.C. from 1835 to 1836.

In 1836, he retired to a family farm in Indiana most likely staying at the David Brown House in Ohio County. Brown later served a single term in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1841 to 1843.

Honors and memberships
Brown was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1818.

Death
Brown died in 1852 at a Democratic Convention held in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is buried in the Cedar Hedge Cemetery located in Rising Sun, the county seat of Ohio County, Indiana.

title: Ethan Allen Brown


text:
Mercedes-Benz SLR

Mercedes-Benz SLR is a designation shared by two cars:
 * Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR, a 1955 sports racing car developed by Daimler-Benz
 * Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, a 2004 road car co-developed by DaimlerChrysler and McLaren

title: Mercedes-Benz SLR


text: Category:Colin James albums

title: Category:Colin James albums


text:
Pons asinorum

In geometry, the theorem that the angles opposite the equal sides of an isosceles triangle are themselves equal is known as the pons asinorum, Latin for "bridge of asses", or more descriptively as the isosceles triangle theorem. The theorem appears as Proposition 5 of Book 1 in Euclid's Elements. Its converse is also true: if two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides opposite them are also equal.

Pons asinorum is also used metaphorically for a problem or challenge which acts as a test of critical thinking, referring to the "asses' bridge's" ability to separate capable and incapable reasoners. Its first known usage in this context was in 1645.

Etymology
There are two common explanations for the name pons asinorum, the simplest being that the diagram used resembles a physical bridge. But the more popular explanation is that it is the first real test in the Elements of the intelligence of the reader and functions as a "bridge" to the harder propositions that follow.

Another medieval term for the isosceles triangle theorem was Elefuga which, according to Roger Bacon, comes from Greek elegia "misery", and Latin fuga "flight", that is "flight of the wretches". Though this etymology is dubious, it is echoed in Chaucer's use of the term "flemyng of wreches" for the theorem.

The name Dulcarnon was given to the 47th proposition of Book I of Euclid, better known as the Pythagorean theorem, after the Arabic Dhū 'l qarnain ذُو ٱلْقَرْنَيْن, meaning "the owner of the two horns", because diagrams of the theorem showed two smaller squares like horns at the top of the figure. That term has similarly been used as a metaphor for a dilemma. The name pons asinorum has itself occasionally been applied to the Pythagorean theorem.

Gauss supposedly once suggested that understanding Euler's identity might play a similar role, as a benchmark indicating whether someone could become a first-class mathematician.

Euclid and Proclus
Euclid's statement of the pons asinorum includes a second conclusion that if the equal sides of the triangle are extended below the base, then the angles between the extensions and the base are also equal. Euclid's proof involves drawing auxiliary lines to these extensions. But, as Euclid's commentator Proclus points out, Euclid never uses the second conclusion and his proof can be simplified somewhat by drawing the auxiliary lines to the sides of the triangle instead, the rest of the proof proceeding in more or less the same way.

There has been much speculation and debate as to why Euclid added the second conclusion to the theorem, given that it makes the proof more complicated. One plausible explanation, given by Proclus, is that the second conclusion can be used in possible objections to the proofs of later propositions where Euclid does not cover every case. The proof relies heavily on what is today called side-angle-side (SAS), the previous proposition in the Elements, which says that given two triangles for which two pairs of corresponding sides and their included angles are respectively congruent, then the triangles are congruent.

Proclus' variation of Euclid's proof proceeds as follows: Let $\triangle ABC$ be an isosceles triangle with congruent sides $AB \cong AC$. Pick an arbitrary point $D$ along side $AB$ and then construct point $E$ on $AC$ to make congruent segments $AD \cong AE$. Draw auxiliary line segments $BE$, $DC$, and $DE$. By side-angle-side, the triangles $\triangle BAE \cong \triangle CAD$. Therefore $\angle ABE \cong \angle ACD$, $\angle ADC \cong \angle AEB$, and $BE \cong CD$. By subtracting congruent line segments, $BD \cong CE$. This sets up another pair of congruent triangles, $\triangle DBE \cong \triangle ECD$, again by side-angle-side. Therefore $\angle BDE \cong \angle CED$ and $\angle BED \cong \angle CDE$. By subtracting congruent angles, $\angle BDC \cong \angle CEB$. Finally $\triangle BDC \cong \triangle CEB$ by a third application of side-angle-side. Therefore $\angle CBD \cong \angle BCE$, which was to be proved.

Pappus
Proclus gives a much shorter proof attributed to Pappus of Alexandria. This is not only simpler but it requires no additional construction at all. The method of proof is to apply side-angle-side to the triangle and its mirror image. More modern authors, in imitation of the method of proof given for the previous proposition have described this as picking up the triangle, turning it over and laying it down upon itself. This method is lampooned by Charles Dodgson in Euclid and his Modern Rivals, calling it an "Irish bull" because it apparently requires the triangle to be in two places at once.

The proof is as follows: Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB and AC being the equal sides. Consider the triangles ABC and ACB, where ACB is considered a second triangle with vertices A, C and B corresponding respectively to A, B and C in the original triangle. $$\angle A$$ is equal to itself, AB = AC and AC = AB, so by side-angle-side, triangles ABC and ACB are congruent. In particular, $$\angle B = \angle C$$.

Others

A standard textbook method is to construct the bisector of the angle at A. This is simpler than Euclid's proof, but Euclid does not present the construction of an angle bisector until proposition 9. So the order of presentation of Euclid's propositions would have to be changed to avoid the possibility of circular reasoning.

The proof proceeds as follows: As before, let the triangle be ABC with AB = AC. Construct the angle bisector of $$\angle BAC$$ and extend it to meet BC at X. AB = AC and AX is equal to itself. Furthermore, $$\angle BAX = \angle CAX$$, so, applying side-angle-side, triangle BAX and triangle CAX are congruent. It follows that the angles at B and C are equal.

Legendre uses a similar construction in Éléments de géométrie, but taking X to be the midpoint of BC. The proof is similar but side-side-side must be used instead of side-angle-side, and side-side-side is not given by Euclid until later in the Elements.

In 1876, while a member of the United States Congress, future President James A. Garfield developed a proof using the trapezoid, which was published in the New England Journal of Education. Mathematics historian William Dunham wrote that Garfield's trapezoid work was "really a very clever proof." According to the Journal, Garfield arrived at the proof "in mathematical amusements and discussions with other members of congress."

In inner product spaces
The isosceles triangle theorem holds in inner product spaces over the real or complex numbers. In such spaces, given vectors x, y, and z, the theorem says that if $$x + y + z = 0$$ and $$\|x\| = \|y\|,$$ then $$\|x - z\| = \|y - z\|.$$

Since $$\|x - z\|^2 = \|x\|^2 - 2x\cdot z + \|z\|^2$$ and $$x \cdot z = \|x\|\|z\|\cos\theta,$$ where θ is the angle between the two vectors, the conclusion of this inner product space form of the theorem is equivalent to the statement about equality of angles.

Metaphorical usage
Uses of the pons asinorum as a metaphor for a test of critical thinking include:

 * Richard Aungerville's 14th century Philobiblon contains the passage "Quot Euclidis discipulos retrojecit Elefuga quasi scopulos eminens et abruptus, qui nullo scalarum suffragio scandi posset! Durus, inquiunt, est his sermo; quis potest eum audire?", which compares the theorem to a steep cliff that no ladder may help scale and asks how many would-be geometers have been turned away.
 * The term pons asinorum, in both its meanings as a bridge and as a test, is used as a metaphor for finding the middle term of a syllogism.
 * The 18th-century poet Thomas Campbell wrote a humorous poem called "Pons asinorum" where a geometry class assails the theorem as a company of soldiers might charge a fortress; the battle was not without casualties.
 * Economist John Stuart Mill called Ricardo's Law of Rent the pons asinorum of economics.
 * The Finnish aasinsilta and Swedish åsnebrygga is a literary technique where a tenuous, even contrived connection between two arguments or topics, which is almost but not quite a non sequitur, is used as an awkward transition between them. In serious text, it is considered a stylistic error, since it belongs properly to the stream of consciousness- or causerie-style writing. Typical examples are ending a section by telling what the next section is about, without bothering to explain why the topics are related, expanding a casual mention into a detailed treatment, or finding a contrived connection between the topics (e.g. "We bought some red wine; speaking of red liquids, tomorrow is the World Blood Donor Day").
 * In Dutch, ezelsbruggetje ('little bridge of asses') is the word for a mnemonic. The same is true for the German Eselsbrücke.
 * In Czech, oslí můstek has two meanings – it can describe either a contrived connection between two topics or a mnemonic.

Artificial intelligence proof myth
A persistent piece of mathematical folklore claims that an artificial intelligence program discovered an original and more elegant proof of this theorem. In fact, Marvin Minsky recounts that he had rediscovered the Pappus proof (which he was not aware of) by simulating what a mechanical theorem prover might do.

title: Pons asinorum


text:
Waterborough Parish, New Brunswick

Waterborough is a geographic parish in Queens County, New Brunswick, Canada.

Prior to the 2023 governance reform, for governance purposes it formed the local service district of the parish of Waterborough, which was a member of Capital Region Service Commission (RSC11).

Origin of name
The parish was said locally to describe the terrain. The original boundaries surrounded Grand Lake.

History
Waterborough was erected in 1786 as one of the county's original parishes. It completely surrounded Grand Lake and extended past the county line.

In 1827 Canning Parish was erected from Waterborough.

In 1852 part of Waterborough was included in the newly erected Cambridge Parish.

In 1855 Waterborough was expanded to the northwest, adding all of Chipman Parish southeast of Coal Creek.

In 1856 the boundary with Cambridge was adjusted.

In 1896 Waterborough was expanded northwest to reach the county line, taking part of Chipman.

Boundaries
Waterborough Parish is bounded:

 * on the northeast by the Kent County line;
 * on the southeast by a line running north 54º east from a point on the Saint John River about 1.8 kilometres southwest of the Route 715 bridge over McAlpines Brook, which then strikes the Kent County line north of Lake Stream Lake;
 * on the southwest by Fowler Road and Mill Cove;
 * on the west by Grand Lake;
 * on the northwest by a line running through the Northeast Arm of Grand Bay, then up Coal Creek past the mouth of the South Branch Coal Creek to the southeastern corner of a grant to Malcolm Carmichael at a stretch called the Round Turns, then northeasterly parallelling the southeastern line of the parish to the county line;
 * including Goat Island in Grand Lake.

Communities
Communities at least partly within the parish. bold indicates an incorporated municipality; italics indicate a name no longer in official use

 * Cambridge-Narrows
 * Cox Point
 * Cumberland Bay
 * Dixon
 * Grant Settlement
 * Mill Cove
 * Pangburn
 * Partridge Valley
 * Pennlyn
 * Rees
 * The Range
 * Union Settlement
 * Waterborough
 * Youngs Cove

Bodies of water
Bodies of water at least partly within the parish.

 * Cumberland Bay Stream
 * Coal Creek
 * Youngs Creek
 * Barton Lake
 * Cameron Lake
 * McLean Lake
 * Grand Lake
 * Cumberland Bay
 * Northeast Arm

Islands
Islands at least partly within the parish.
 * Goat Island

Other notable places
Parks, historic sites, and other noteworthy places at least partly within the parish.
 * Partridge Valley West Protected Natural Area
 * West Branch Coy Brook Protected Natural Area

Demographics
Parish population total does not include portion within Cambridge-Narrows

Population
Population trend

Language
Mother tongue (2016)

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the parish, including external routes that start or finish at the parish limits:

 * Highways
 * none

 * Principal Routes

 * Secondary Routes:

 * External Routes:
 * None

title: Waterborough Parish, New Brunswick


text: User talk:68.221.0.72

title: User talk:68.221.0.72


text:
Diamond (disambiguation)

Diamond is the hardest known natural material.

Diamond may also refer to:

Other common meanings

 * Diamond (gemstone), use of the mineral as a gemstone
 * Diamonds (suit), a suit in a standard deck of cards

People

 * Diamond (surname)
 * Diamond (given name), a unisex given name
 * Thomas Pitt (1653–1726), English merchant nicknamed "Diamond" Pitt for his ownership of the Regent Diamond
 * Diamond (rapper) (born 1988), American rapper
 * Alex Diamond, pseudonym of German artist Jörg Heikhaus (born 1967)
 * Wayne Daniel or Diamond (born 1956), retired cricketer from Barbados
 * Ramon Dekkers or the Diamond (1969–2013), former Muay Thai and kickboxer
 * Malaipet or the Diamond (born 1981), mixed martial artist, kickboxer and Muay Thai fighter
 * Diamond, a member of the TV show American Gladiators
 * "Diamond" Dallas Page (born 1956), American professional wrestler
 * "Diamond" Timothy Flowers, American professional wrestler from All-Star Wrestling
 * Diamond (wrestler), Mexican professional wrestler

United States

 * Diamond, Alaska, a historical location in Denali Borough, Alaska
 * Diamond, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, Illinois, a village
 * Diamond, Indiana, an unincorporated town
 * Diamond, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, Missouri, a city
 * Diamond, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, Kanawha County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, Logan County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Diamond, U.S. Virgin Islands, a settlement
 * The Diamond (Longs Peak), a cliff on Longs Peak in Colorado
 * Diamond Bar, California, a city in eastern Los Angeles County
 * Diamond Brook, a tributary of the Passaic River, New Jersey
 * Diamond Hill (Cumberland, Rhode Island)
 * Diamond Island (Kentucky)
 * Diamond Mountains (Nevada)
 * Diamond Peak (disambiguation)
 * Diamond Springs, California, formerly Diamond, a census-designated place
 * Diamond Valley (Nevada)
 * Diamond Island (New York), an island on Lake George (New York)
 * Diamond Island (Montana), an island in the Yellowstone River
 * Diamond Island (Vermont), an island in Lake Champlain
 * Diamond Lake (disambiguation)
 * Diamond Township, Cherokee County, Iowa

Elsewhere

 * Diamond Hill, Kowloon, Hong Kong
 * Diamond Hill (Ireland)
 * Diamond Hill, site of the 1900 Second Boer War Battle of Diamond Hill
 * Diamond Island (Tasmania), Australia
 * Diamond Island (Myanmar)
 * Diamond Island (Grenadines)
 * Diamond Lake (Ontario), Canada, various lakes
 * Three lakes in New Zealand (see List of lakes of New Zealand):
 * Diamond Lake, New Zealand, in Tasman Region
 * Diamond Lake, Glenorchy, in Otago Region
 * Diamond Lake, Wanaka, in Otago Region
 * The Diamond (Enniskillen), the town square in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland

Businesses

 * Diamond Aircraft Industries, a manufacturer of light aircraft based in Austria
 * Diamond Bank, a Nigerian full-service bank
 * Diamond Comic Distributors, the largest comic book distributor serving North America
 * Diamond East Midlands, a British bus company
 * Diamond Foods, formerly Diamond Walnut Growers, a packaged food company based in California
 * Diamond Insurance, British insurance provider focused on women car drivers
 * Diamond Management & Technology Consultants (commonly "Diamond"), a Chicago-based consulting company
 * Diamond Match Company, an American match and toothpick maker
 * Diamond Rubber Company, a defunct subsidiary of the above
 * Diamond Multimedia, a computer hardware and electronics company
 * Diamond North West, a British bus company in the north-west
 * Diamond Select Toys, an American toy company founded by Diamond Comic Distributors
 * Diamond West Midlands, a British bus company in the West Midlands
 * Diamond's, a former department store chain based in Phoenix, Arizona, US
 * The Diamond (department store), Charleston, West Virginia, US

Music

 * Diamond Records, a label based in New York City
 * The Diamonds, a Canadian singing quartet of the 1950s and 1960s
 * The Diamonds (Jamaican band), a reggae band
 * Diamond certification or record, a music recording sales certification
 * Diamond, a former alias of Cascada.

Albums

 * Diamond (4Minute album), (2010)
 * Diamond (12012 album), (2007)
 * Diamond (Constant Deviants album), 2012
 * Diamond (Spandau Ballet album), (1982)
 * Diamond (Stick to Your Guns album), (2012)
 * Diamond (Jaci Velasquez album), (2012)
 * Diamond - The Ultimate Collection, a Westlife album (2012)
 * Diamonds (Elton John album), (2017)
 * Diamonds (Hawk Nelson album), (2015)
 * Diamonds, a 2014 album by Johnnyswim
 * Diamonds, a 2015 box set by Boney M.
 * Diamonds, a 2010 album by Kraan

Songs

 * "Diamond" (Julian Austin song) (1997)
 * "Diamond" (Bump of Chicken song) (2000)
 * "Diamonds" (Morgan Evans song) (2019)
 * "Diamonds" (Herb Alpert song) (1986)
 * "Diamonds" (Fabolous song) (2007)
 * "Diamonds" (Amanda Lear song) (1980)
 * "Diamonds" (Megan Thee Stallion and Normani song) (2020)
 * "Diamonds" (Princess Princess song) (1989)
 * "Diamonds" (Rihanna song) (2012)
 * "Diamonds" (Sam Smith song) (2020)
 * "Diamonds" (Starboy Nathan song) (2011)
 * "Diamonds" (instrumental), a 1963 instrumental by Jet Harris and Tony Meehan
 * "Diamonds", a song by The Boxer Rebellion
 * "Diamonds", a song by Common from Nobody Smiling
 * "Diamond", a song by Dreamcatcher from The End of Nightmare
 * "Diamond", a song by Duster from Contemporary Movement
 * "Diamond", a song by Exo from The War
 * "Diamonds", a song by the Hunter Brothers from Been a Minute
 * "Diamonds", a song by Luke Hemmings from When Facing The Things We Turn Away From
 * "Diamonds", a song by Manafest from The Moment
 * "Diamond", a song by Misia from Mars & Roses
 * "Diamonds", a 1979 song by Chris Rea from Deltics
 * "Diamond", a song by Via Verdi

Games

 * Diamond (game), a two-player abstract strategy board game invented by Larry Back
 * Diamonds (video game), a 1992 video game for the Macintosh
 * Diamond (Shugo Chara!) or Dia, a character from Shugo Chara!
 * Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, a pair of 2006 video games for the Nintendo DS
 * Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl, a pair of 2021 video games for the Nintendo Switch, remakes of Diamond and Pearl

Film and television

 * Diamonds (1920 film), a German silent crime film by Friedrich Feher
 * Diamonds (1937 film), a German crime film directed by Eduard von Borsody
 * Diamonds (1939 film)
 * The Diamond (film), a 1954 British 3-D movie
 * Diamonds (1947 film)
 * Diamonds (1975 film), an Israeli-American heist film starring Robert Shaw and Shelley Winters
 * Diamonds (1999 film), an American comedy starring Kirk Douglas and Dan Aykroyd
 * Diamonds (Canadian TV series), a Canadian television series that aired on Global from 1987 to 1989
 * Diamonds (UK TV series), a British television series that aired on ITV in 1981
 * "Diamonds" (Charlie Jade), an episode of Charlie Jade
 * Diamond Destiny, a baby character in the film Storks

Sports

 * Baseball diamond or baseball field
 * The Diamond (Richmond, Virginia), a baseball stadium
 * Airdrieonians F.C. or Diamonds, a Scottish football club
 * Australia national netball team or Diamonds
 * Auckland Diamonds, a New Zealand former netball team
 * Denver Diamonds, an American women's soccer team
 * Diamonds (Super Fours), a women's cricket team that competed in the Super Fours
 * Diamond X, a disc golf course in Montana
 * Nashville Diamonds, an American soccer team
 * Northern Diamonds, a women's cricket team based in Yorkshire and North East England
 * Texas Revolution (indoor football) or Arkansas Diamonds, an American indoor football team
 * Waterloo Diamonds (1989–1993), a former baseball team based in Waterloo, Iowa
 * Yorkshire Diamonds, a women's cricket team that competed in the Women's Cricket Super League

Ships and boats

 * HMS Diamond, various Royal Navy ships
 * Diamond (1798 ship), a full-rigged merchant ship
 * Diamond (1823 ship), a three-masted square rigger
 * Diamond (1835 ship), an Isle of Man-built merchant ship
 * Diamond (narrowboat), a canal boat of the United Kingdom
 * Diamond, a ship of the Third Supply fleet to Virginia colony in 1609
 * MS F Diamond, a ferry in service 2007–09, renamed MS Diamond (1966) in 2010 beofe being scrapped
 * Diamond (HBC vessel), see Hudson's Bay Company vessels

Other uses

 * Rhombus (◊), a shape
 * Lozenge (shape) (◊), a type of rhombus
 * Diamonds (ballet), third movement of George Balanchine's Jewels
 * Diamond (comics), a fictional character in the NEW-GEN comic books published by Marvel Comics
 * Diamond (dog), a dog supposedly owned by Sir Isaac Newton
 * Diamond (grape), a wine grape varietal grown in the Finger Lakes AVA
 * DIAMOND (project), a project for optimizing the operation of wastewater treatment plants
 * Diamond (typography), the typographic size between pearl and brilliant
 * Diamond Light Source, a British synchrotron research facility
 * Diamond principle (◊), in mathematical set theory
 * Diamond Tower, a skyscraper in Ramat Gan, Israel
 * The Diamond (skyscraper), a skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan
 * The Diamond, a 1998 fantasy novel by J. Robert King and Ed Greenwood
 * Diamond White (cider), a brand of white cider
 * Snipe Diamond, a 1980s British ultralight aircraft

title: Diamond (disambiguation)


text:
Category talk:Numbers

This really should be Category:Number, so if someone wants to fix it before I, you're welcome :) Dysprosia 22:28, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Why? Plurals are preferred, and even 'Category:Sport' is now 'Category:Sports'. Why singular if there's a perfectly valid plural available? Abigail 23:10, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Plurals don't quite work in all cases. Numbers implies we're talking about numbers only, and not topics that relate to numbers in general (such as absolute value, or something). Calling the cat "Number" would work. (Also, "Arithmetics" does not work in plural form! :) Dysprosia 06:24, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Figured numbers?
The francophone wiki has a sub-category "nombre figuré" so the proposed translation as figured numbers including for example Triangular number. 209.90.162.83 01:30, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Concerns with "Number systems in mathematics" infobox / template
Hello,

The infobox "Number systems in mathematics" has gotten quite big, and also contains some categorizations which I find problematic.

For example, I wouldn't consider transfinite or split-complex numbers a "basic" number. If we were to continue using the term "basic" I would understand e.g. high-school math to be basic.

The second categorization, "complex extenions" is also problematic, because it might imply extensions that are using roots of -1 only, and therefore not include split-complex numbers. All or most of the entries listed there appear to be higher-dimensional extensions, why not name it this way?

I would suggest a new category, along the lines of "extensions using infinites and infinitesimals" which contain transfinite, superreal, hyperreal, and surreal numbers. Any suggestions for how this category could be named better? Or any other ideas for categorization?

Any suggestions are more than welcome; for now I think that it would be best to rewrite the infobox into a regular article, so we can wrap a little more wording around the links. You may also want to have a look at the hypercomplex number article and the discussion therein. I'm currently trying to find out how many different understandings of this term are out there, and found 4 so far.

In the meantime I'll do some category maintenance (make sure all articles referenced from here are in the "Numbers" category, and that subcategories are up-do-date).

Thanks again, Jens Koeplinger 14:23, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've just been shown the article Numbers, which is the right place for any details. Could we get away with the template:Numbers and instead write everything into the articles? In this category, we would then only have a very brief description, and could link to the article Numbers instead. Thanks for any suggestions, Jens Koeplinger 17:10, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, User:Melchoir, for getting away with the template:numbers here. I'll do some updates to the article number once I got more feedback on uses of the term hypercomplex number (see discussion page there). Jens Koeplinger 21:16, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Numbers


text:
Thomas Worthington (governor)

Thomas Worthington (July 16, 1773 –June 20, 1827) was an American politician who served as the sixth governor of Ohio.

Early life
Worthington was born in Berkeley County near Charles Town in the Colony of Virginia. In 1796, he married a Virginia woman, Eleanor Swearingen, who joined him in emigrating to Ross County, Ohio, where they emancipated their slaves. Worthington was of English descent, and his ancestors were loyalists during the reign of King Charles. The home they eventually built just outside Chillicothe was called Adena and is the namesake of the Adena culture. The first of their ten children, daughter Mary, married David Macomb, a future leader of the Texas Revolution. Their first son, James, graduated from West Point, held the rank of Brigadier General in the Ohio Militia, and later fought in the Mexican-American and Civil Wars.

Career
He served in the Territorial House of Representatives from 1799 to 1803 and served as a Ross county delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1802. He was a leader of the Chillicothe Junto, a group of Chillicothe Democratic-Republican politicians who brought about the admission of Ohio as a state in 1803 and largely controlled its politics for some years thereafter. Among his colleagues in the faction were Nathaniel Massie and Edward Tiffin.

Worthington was elected one of Ohio's first Senators in 1803, serving until 1807. He was returned to the Senate in December 1810 upon the resignation of Return J. Meigs, Jr. and served until December 1814, when he resigned after winning election to the governorship. On June 17, 1812, he voted "No" on the resolution to declare war on Britain, but the vote in favor of war was 19 to 13. He won re-election as governor two years later, moving the state capital from Chillicothe to Columbus. Worthington did not seek re-election in 1818.

He platted what would become the city of Logan, Ohio in 1816.

In January 1819, when the election was held to replace the retiring Jeremiah Morrow in the Senate, he held the lead through the first three ballots, only losing when factions aligned behind William A. Trimble on the fourth and final ballot. He narrowly lost a bid for a partial term in the Senate in 1821, losing to the incumbent governor, Ethan Allen Brown, and so he instead returned to the Ohio House of Representatives.

After being the runner-up in the 1808 and 1810 gubernatorial elections, he won the 1814 and 1816 elections by landslide margins. Both times he nearly reached three-quarters of the vote. After two terms he stepped down as governor.

Death
Worthington was initially buried at his estate in Adena, and was later interred at Grandview Cemetery, Chillicothe, Ross County, Ohio.

Legacy
Worthington is a member of the Ohio Hall Of Fame. The city of Worthington, Ohio, was named in Worthington's honor, as was Thomas Worthington High School.

Worthington is known as the "Father of the Ohio statehood".

title: Thomas Worthington (governor)