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User talk:Dougalc

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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Taxoboxes
Hi Dougalc - my reason is that I think it is quite important that the taxobox head should be the same as the page title; though equally, precisely because it is a taxobox giving the taxon's scientific hierarchy, I'd say it could very reasonably be argued that the scientific name should be used there even where the page name is a common name. On a minor formatting aside, you'd also left the name in italics (2 x ' at the start and end of the italicised text), which common names of course aren't. - MPF 08:29, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The note at WP:TX is just copied from the same at WP:TOL, so it is in effect saying it should be the same as the page title. Page titling is likely to be changed 'officially' fairly soon; quite a lot of contributors feel that plants should all or nearly all be at sci names, so the formal recommendations are a bit out of date with current opinion (the common name recommendation was made long ago when there were several birders but few or no botanists contributing to wikipedia; birds have much more stable semi-official common names, plants don't). Have a look through the WP:TOL talk archives, it's been discussed a fair few times with a majority in favour of this change; while no formal change has yet been added to the project page, it is likely to happen sometime. BTW I like your other edits at Agathis australis, nice work! - MPF 15:49, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi! I notice you've been editing here a couple of years without getting a welcome from another Kiwi (I presume that you're from NZ or at least interested in NZ from the contributions you list on your user page). So... er... welcome! You may (or may not) be interested in our Collaboration of the Fortnight, the occasionally updated list of NZ pages up for deletion (currently empty), or the NZ Wiki notice board. In any case, happy editing! Z iggurat 02:37, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dougalc


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Sh'or Yoshuv

Sh'or Yoshuv (שְׁאָר יָשׁוּב) is a Haredi yeshiva in Lawrence, New York. It was founded in 1967 by Rabbi Shlomo Freifeld, former mashgiach ruchani ("dean of students") at Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin. The yeshiva was located in Far Rockaway from its inception until 2003, when it moved to its current location in Lawrence, New York. The yeshiva facilities include a large Bais Medrash, classrooms, English and Hebrew libraries, a gymnasium, a large hall for community events and dormitory accommodations.

Student body
The yeshiva accepts students from the age of 17 and older. Students enter the yeshiva with a diverse range of backgrounds and educational experience. The student body comes to Sh’or Yoshuv from the surrounding community as well as locations all over the world.

Academics
The yeshiva has both organized shiurim (lectures) and chaburas (peer groups) for the students and for the local community. The student divide their day into the traditional morning, afternoon and night study session (sedarim). A weekly Kollel on Sunday is geared towards members of the community.

The Yeshiva accommodates for those students who are in college or work in the afternoon.

Sh'or Yoshuv has recently included a semicha (Rabbinical Ordination) program under Rabbi Eliyahu Schneider (the first "graduates" received their semicha in the 2006-2007 year). The Yeshiva offers a Bachelor of Talmudic Law.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sh'or Yoshuv


text:
Myoclonus

Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary, irregular (lacking rhythm) twitching of a muscle, a joint, or a group of muscles, different from clonus, which is rhythmic or regular. Myoclonus (myo- "muscle", clonus "spasm") describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease. It belongs to the hyperkinetic movement disorders, among tremor and chorea for example. These myoclonic twitches, jerks, or seizures are usually caused by sudden muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or brief lapses of contraction (negative myoclonus). The most common circumstance under which they occur is while falling asleep (hypnic jerk). Myoclonic jerks occur in healthy people and are experienced occasionally by everyone. However, when they appear with more persistence and become more widespread they can be a sign of various neurological disorders. Hiccups are a kind of myoclonic jerk specifically affecting the diaphragm. When a spasm is caused by another person it is known as a provoked spasm. Shuddering attacks in babies fall in this category.

Myoclonic jerks may occur alone or in sequence, in a pattern or without pattern. They may occur infrequently or many times each minute. Most often, myoclonus is one of several signs in a wide variety of nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's disease, Gaucher's disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), serotonin toxicity, some cases of Huntington's disease, some forms of epilepsy, and occasionally in intracranial hypotension.

In almost all instances in which myoclonus is caused by central nervous system disease it is preceded by other symptoms; for instance, in CJD it is generally a late-stage clinical feature that appears after the patient has already started to exhibit gross neurological deficits.

Anatomically, myoclonus may originate from lesions of the cortex, subcortex or spinal cord. The presence of myoclonus above the foramen magnum effectively excludes spinal myoclonus; further localisation relies on further investigation with electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG).

Types
The most common types of myoclonus include action, cortical reflex, essential, palatal, those seen in the progressive myoclonus epilepsies, reticular reflex, sleep and stimulus-sensitive.

Epilepsy forms

 * Cortical reflex myoclonus is thought to be a type of epilepsy that originates in the cerebral cortex – the outer layer, or "gray matter", of the brain, responsible for much of the information processing that takes place in the brain. In this type of myoclonus, jerks usually involve only a few muscles in one part of the body, but jerks involving many muscles may occur. Cortical reflex myoclonus can be intensified when patients attempt to move in a certain way or perceive a particular sensation.
 * Essential myoclonus occurs in the absence of epilepsy or other apparent abnormalities in the brain or nerves. It can occur randomly in people with no family history, or among members of the same family, indicating that it sometimes may be an inherited disorder. Essential myoclonus tends to be stable without increasing in severity over time. Some scientists speculate that some forms of essential myoclonus may be a type of epilepsy with no known cause.
 * Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) usually consists of jerking and muscle twitches of the upper extremities. This may include the arms, shoulders, elbows, and very rarely, the legs. JME is among the most common types of epilepsy and can affect one of every 14 people with the disease. These seizures typically occur shortly after waking up. Onset for JME can be seen around puberty for most patients. Administration of medications that also treat multiple seizure types is usually the most effective form of treatment.
 * Lennox-Gastaut syndrome  (LGS), or childhood epileptic encephalopathy, is a rare epileptic disorder accounting for 1–4% of childhood epilepsies. The syndrome has much more severe symptoms ranging from multiple seizures daily, learning disabilities, and abnormal findings in electroencephalograms (EEG). Earlier age of seizure onset is correlated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment.
 * Progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME) is a group of diseases characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and other serious symptoms such as trouble walking or speaking. These rare disorders often get worse over time and can be fatal. Studies have identified at least three forms of PME. Lafora disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that the disease occurs only when a child inherits two copies of a defective gene, one from each parent. Lafora disease is characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures, and dementia (progressive loss of memory and other intellectual functions). A second group of PME diseases belonging to the class of cerebral storage diseases usually involves myoclonus, visual problems, dementia, and dystonia (sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting movements or abnormal postures). Another group of PME disorders in the class of system degenerations often is accompanied by action myoclonus, seizures, and problems with balance and walking. Many of these PME diseases begin in childhood or adolescence. Treatment is not normally successful for any extended period of time.
 * Reticular reflex myoclonus is thought to be a type of generalized epilepsy that originates in the brainstem, the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat. Myoclonic jerks usually affect the whole body, with muscles on both sides of the body affected simultaneously. In some people, myoclonic jerks occur in only a part of the body, such as the legs, with all the muscles in that part being involved in each jerk. Reticular reflex myoclonus can be triggered by either a voluntary movement or an external stimulus.

Diaphragmatic flutter
A very rare form includes the diaphragmatic flutter, the Belly Dancer's Syndrome, or Van Leeuwenhoek's disease. It was first described by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1723, who had it. The condition characterizes spoken communication that sounds like a short-breathed hiccup. These muscle spasms can recur dozens of times per day. Rate of diaphragmatic contraction ranges between 35 and 480 contractions per minute, with the average rate found to be 150. Studies show that possible causes include disruptions within the central or peripheral nervous systems, anxiety, nutritional disorder, and certain pharmaceuticals. No single treatment has proven effective, though blocking or crushing of the phrenic nerve can provide instantaneous relief when pharmacologic treatment has proven ineffective.

Only about 50 people in the world have been diagnosed with diaphragmatic flutter.

Other forms

 * Action myoclonus is characterized by muscular jerking triggered or intensified by voluntary movement or even the intention to move. It may be made worse by attempts at precise, coordinated movements. Action myoclonus is the most disabling form of myoclonus and can affect the arms, legs, face, and even the voice. It is often associated with tonic-clonic seizures and diffuse neuronal disease such as post-hypoxic encephalopathy, uremia, and the various forms of PME, although, in the case of focal cerebral damage, the disease may be restricted to one limb. This type of myoclonus often is caused by brain damage that results from a lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain when breathing or heartbeat is temporarily stopped. Over-excitement of the sensorimotor cortex (cortical reflex myoclonus) or reticular formation (reticular reflex myoclonus) is also a cause of action myoclonus. Serotonin and GABA neurotransmitters are thought to cause this lack of inhibition, which is a possible explanation as to why improvements are made with the administration of serotonin precursors. Systems involved include the cerebellodentatorubral, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, optic, auditory, posterior columns and gracile and cuneate nuclei, spinocerebellar tracts, motor neurons of cranial nerves and anterior horns, and muscle fibers.
 * Palatal myoclonus is a regular, rhythmic contraction of one or both sides of the rear of the roof of the mouth, called the soft palate. These contractions may be accompanied by myoclonus in other muscles, including those in the face, tongue, throat, and diaphragm. The contractions are very rapid, occurring as often as 150 times a minute, and may persist during sleep. The condition usually appears in adults and can last indefinitely. People with palatal myoclonus usually regard it as a minor problem; some complain of an occasional "clicking" sound, a noise made as the soft palate muscles contract.
 * Middle ear myoclonus occurs in the muscles of the middle ear. These muscles may include the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles. It can involve the muscles surrounding the Eustachian tube, which include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, and salpingopharyngeus. Those affected describe it as a thumping sound or sensation in the ear.
 * Spinal myoclonus is myoclonus originating in the spinal cord, including segmental and propriospinal myoclonus. The latter is usually due to a thoracic generator producing truncal flexion jerk. It is often stimulus-induced with a delay due to the slow conducting propriospinal nerve fibers.
 * Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus is triggered by a variety of external events, including noise, movement, and light. Surprise may increase the sensitivity of the patient.
 * Sleep myoclonus occurs during the initial phases of sleep, especially at the moment of dropping off to sleep, and include familiar examples of myoclonus such as the hypnic jerk. Some forms appear to be stimulus-sensitive. Some people with sleep myoclonus are rarely troubled by it, or need treatment. If it is a symptom of more complex and disturbing sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome, it may require medical treatment. Myoclonus can be associated with patients with Tourette syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
Myoclonic seizure can be described as "jumps" or "jolts" experienced in a single extremity or even the entire body. The feeling experienced by the individual is described as uncontrollable jolts common to receiving a mild electric shock. The sudden jerks and twitching of the body can often be so severe that it can cause a small child to fall.

A myoclonic seizure (myo "muscle", clonic "jerk") is a sudden involuntary contraction of muscle groups. The muscle jerks consist of symmetric, mostly generalized jerks, localized in the arms and in the shoulders and also simultaneously with a head nod; both the arms may fling out together and simultaneously a head nod may occur. Symptoms have some variability amongst subjects. Sometimes the entire body may jerk, just like a startle response. As is the case with all generalised seizures, the patient is not conscious during the event but the seizure is so brief that the person appears to remain fully conscious.

In reflex epilepsies, myoclonic seizures can be brought on by flashing lights or other environmental triggers (see photosensitive epilepsy).

Familiar examples of normal myoclonus include hiccups and hypnic jerks that some people experience while drifting off to sleep. Severe cases of pathologic myoclonus can distort movement and severely limit a person's ability to sleep, eat, talk, and walk. Myoclonic jerks commonly occur in individuals with epilepsy.

Cause
Myoclonus in healthy individuals may indicate nothing other than arbitrary muscle contraction. Myoclonus may also develop in response to infection, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, head or spinal cord injury, stroke, stress, brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, lipid storage disease, chemical or drug poisoning, as a side effect of certain drugs (such as tramadol, quinolones, benzodiazepine, gabapentin, sertraline, lamotrigine, opioids), or other disorders.

Benign myoclonic movements are commonly seen during the induction of general anesthesia with intravenous medications such as etomidate and propofol. These are postulated to result from decreased inhibitory signaling from cranial neurons. Prolonged oxygen deprivation to the brain, hypoxia, may result in posthypoxic myoclonus. People with benign fasciculation syndrome can often experience myoclonic jerking of limbs, fingers and thumbs.

Myoclonus can occur by itself, but most often as one of several symptoms associated with a variety of nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, opsoclonus myoclonus, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Lyme disease and lupus. Myoclonic jerks commonly occur in persons with epilepsy, a disorder in which the electrical activity in the brain becomes disordered leading to seizures. It is also found in MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers), a rare mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.

Jerks of muscle groups, much of the body, or a series in rapid succession, which results in the person jerking bolt upright from a more relaxed sitting position is sometimes seen in ambulatory patients being treated with high doses of morphine, hydromorphone, and similar drugs, and is possibly a sign of high and/or rapidly increasing serum levels of these drugs. Myoclonic jerks caused by other opioids, such as tramadol and pethidine, may be less benign. Medications unrelated to opioids, such as anticholinergics, are known to cause myoclonic jerks.

Pathophysiology
Most myoclonus is caused by a disturbance of the central nervous system. Some are from peripheral nervous system injury. Studies suggest several locations in the brain are involved in myoclonus. One is in the brainstem, close to structures that are responsible for the startle response, an automatic reaction to an unexpected stimulus involving rapid muscle contraction.

The specific mechanisms underlying myoclonus are not yet fully understood. Scientists believe that some types of stimulus-sensitive myoclonus may involve overexcitability of the parts of the brain that control movement. These parts are interconnected in a series of feedback loops called motor pathways. These pathways facilitate and modulate communication between the brain and muscles. Key elements of this communication are chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which carry messages from one nerve cell, or neuron, to another. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and attach themselves to receptors on parts of neighboring cells. Some neurotransmitters may make the receiving cell more sensitive, while others tend to make the receiving cell less sensitive. Laboratory studies suggest that an imbalance between these chemicals may underlie myoclonus.

Some researchers speculate that abnormalities or deficiencies in the receptors for certain neurotransmitters may contribute to some forms of myoclonus. Receptors that appear to be related to myoclonus include those for two important inhibitory neurotransmitters: serotonin, which constricts blood vessels and brings on sleep, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps the brain maintain muscle control. Other receptors with links to myoclonus include those for glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is important for the control of motor and sensory functions in the spinal cord, and those affected by benzodiazepines, a variety of medication that usually induces sleep. More research is needed to determine how these receptor abnormalities cause or contribute to myoclonus.

Treatment
Concerning more serious conditions, the complex origins of myoclonus may be treated with multiple drugs, which have a limited effect individually, but greater when combined with others that act on different brain pathways or mechanisms. Treatment is most effective when the underlying cause is known, and can be treated as such. Some drugs being studied in different combinations include clonazepam, sodium valproate, piracetam, and primidone. Hormonal therapy may improve responses to antimyoclonic drugs in some people.

Some studies have shown that doses of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) leads to improvement in patients with some types of action myoclonus and PME. These differences in the effect of 5-HTP on patients with myoclonus have not yet been explained.

Many of the drugs used for myoclonus, such as barbiturates, phenytoin and primidone, are also used to treat epilepsy. Barbiturates slow down the central nervous system and cause tranquilizing or antiseizure effects. Phenytoin and primidone are effective antiepileptics drugs, although phenytoin can cause liver failure or have other harmful long-term effects in patients with PME. Sodium valproate is an alternative therapy for myoclonus and can be used either alone or in combination with clonazepam. Some people have adverse reactions to clonazepam and/or sodium valproate.

When patients are taking multiple medications, the discontinuation of drugs suspected of causing myoclonus and treatment of metabolic derangements may resolve some cases of myoclonus. When pharmacological treatment is indicated anticonvulsants are the main line of treatment. Paradoxical reactions to treatment are notable. Drugs which most people respond to may in other individuals worsen their symptoms. Sometimes this leads to the mistake of increasing the dose, rather than decreasing or stopping the drug. Treatment of myoclonus focuses on medications that may help reduce symptoms. Drugs used include sodium valproate, clonazepam, the anticonvulsant levetiracetam, and piracetam. Dosages of clonazepam usually are increased gradually until the patient improves or side effects become harmful. Drowsiness and loss of coordination are common side effects. The beneficial effects of clonazepam may diminish over time if the patient develops a tolerance to the drug.

In forms of myoclonus where only a single area is affected, and even in a few other various forms, Botox injections (OnabotulinumtoxinA) may be helpful. The chemical messenger responsible for triggering the involuntary muscle contractions is blocked by the Botulinum toxins of the Botox.

Surgery is also a viable option for treatment if the symptoms are caused by a tumor or lesion in the brain or spinal cord. Surgery may also correct symptoms in those where myoclonus affects parts of the face or ear. While DBS is still being studied for use with myoclonus, Deep Brain Stimulation has also been tried in those with this and other movement disorders.

Prognosis
The effects of myoclonus in an individual can vary depending on the form and the overall health of the individual. In severe cases, particularly those indicating an underlying disorder in the brain or nerves, movement can be extremely distorted and limit ability to normally function, such as in eating, talking, and walking. In these cases, treatment that is usually effective, such as clonazepam and sodium valproate, may instead cause adverse reaction to the drug, including increased tolerance and a greater need for increase in dosage. However, the prognosis for more simple forms of myoclonus in otherwise healthy individuals may be neutral, as the disease may cause few to no difficulties. Other times the disease starts simply, in one region of the body, and then spreads.

Research
Research on myoclonus is supported through the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The primary focus of research is on the role of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the disease. Identifying whether or not abnormalities in these pathways cause myoclonus may help in efforts to develop drug treatments and diagnostic tests. Determining the extent that genetics play in these abnormalities may lead to potential treatments for their reversal, potentially correcting the loss of inhibition while enhancing mechanisms in the body that would compensate for their effects.

Etymology
The word myoclonus uses combining forms of myo- and clonus, indicating muscle contraction dysfunction. It is pronounced or. The prevalence of the variants shows division between American English and British English. The variant stressing the -oc- syllable is the only pronunciation given in a half dozen major American dictionaries (medical and general). The variant stressing the -clo- syllable is given in the British English module of Oxford Dictionaries online but not in the American English module.

title: Myoclonus


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User talk:Ratbert~enwiki

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Talk:Myoclonus

Note: The first version of this article was adapted from the public domain NINDS Myoclonus Information Page

If myoclonic seizure is merged into this page, please be clear that only a subset of all myoclonus originates owing to rhythmic cerebral cortical discharges (i.e., epilepsy.) Myoclonus can also originate in the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve, and muscle; and probably from the diencephalon as well. - Ikkyu2 09:20, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, merge
Clearly, the article on myoclonic seizure is less substantial than this one, yet has a few pieces of useful information that should be included here. Halcatalyst 22:43, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Could someone add the etymology?
Muscle-branch? (Does not really make sense.) 188.100.201.34 (talk) 02:06, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The etymological meaning is muscle chaos. Norvo (talk) 02:21, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

Contradictory phrasing?
In the intro we see this line:

''Most often, myoclonus is one of several signs in a wide variety of nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and some forms of epilepsy. Some researchers indicate that jerks persistently may even cause early tremors.''

Then later under "Causes" we see this line:

Rarely does myoclonus indicate anything other than arbitrary'' muscle contraction. Myoclonus may develop in response to infection, head or spinal cord injury, stroke, brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, lipid storage disease, chemical or drug poisoning, as a side effect of certain drugs (such as tramadol[2] and quinolones), or other disorders.''

These two lines seem to contradict one another. Can someone with more knowledge of the condition clarify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.250.143.122 (talk) 15:17, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I think "Rarely does myoclonus indicate anything other than arbitrary muscle contraction" implies that myoclonus is not an objective criterion in diagnosis (i.e. in the diagnosis of epilepsy, doctors prefer to use EEG), and so it shouldn't be relied on. That, or there are just too many attributable causes that myoclonus is hardly worth noting. MichaelExe (talk) 15:52, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

The first sentence under "Causes" as discussed above was: "Rarely does myoclonus indicate anything other than arbitrary muscle contraction." It has now been changed to: "Benign myoclonus can occur in healthy individuals and is most commonly caused by nothing other than arbitrary muscle contractions."

This change is considerably worse, since it is essentially saying: "Arbitrary muscle contractions can occur in healthy individuals and are most commonly caused by nothing other than arbitrary muscle contractions." Arghhh! I have changed it back to something much like it originally was, and modified the next sentence to remove the apparent contradictions. My purpose is to avoid any statement of relative probabilities of the various causes (arbitrary muscle contractions versus various medical disorders). VictoriaWordNerd (talk) 06:20, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

I'll re-use this bit of the talk page; it seems appropriate. The article mentions "Shuddering attacks in babies", with 'shuddering' as a URL link, and the redirection to 'shivering' finds a statement that babies cannot shiver to produce heat, so lose heat easily and that to compensate they rely on non-shivering thermogenesis, i.e. brown adipose fat to make heat. I'm not arguing any medical matter here, I'm just asking, can babies shiver, or can't they?! :) And if they can't, what exactly is a baby's 'shuddering attack'? When something like that is so grossly unresolved, I have to wonder at Wikipedia as any kind of a reference for anything. Style seems to be winning over substance. 86.157.51.149 (talk) 17:52, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Poor writing, please clarify.
Some researchers indicate that jerks persistently may even cause early tremors.

Does this mean that persistent jerks may cause early tremors, or that some theorise that jerks often cause early tremors? 64.60.100.162 (talk) 10:07, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Judging by the upheavals on forums various, caused by internet trolls, I have to assume they do. :) Sorry, couldn't resist the joke. Normal service may now be resumed...

86.157.51.149 (talk) 17:58, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Seconded. It reads like a badly-translated instruction manual for a crappy generic toy. Tj1916 (talk) 23:32, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Terrible article with repeated information, contradictions, etc. A real mess. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.36.196.216 (talk) 13:09, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

When a spasm is caused by another person it is known as a provoked spasm

WTF does this mean and how is it relevant to the topic??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by GTMulg (talk • contribs) 20:15, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I have never heard the word pronounced with stress on the second syllable. How common is this?

adoarns (talk) 02:57, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

addition to article?
Can inner-ear Myoclonus be included to this article (Stapedial or Tensor Tympani)? I have no experience other than my diagnosis and info from the Dr.

Thanks Kim — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1KLiK (talk • contribs) 18:37, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Moved for possible incorporation here
The sourcing isn't the best, but I have moved this here from myoclonic epilepsy in the event some of this text can be rewritten and incorporated here where it belongs: Sandy Georgia (Talk) 14:56, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Types
There are many types of myoclonus, yet it is important to note that correctly diagnosing these types is difficult due to their various biological origins, behavioral effects, and their overall reaction to therapies Listed below are some of the most common forms of myoclonus:

Action
This is the most disabiling form of myoclonus and is usually caused by brain damage resulting from oxygen and blood deprivation when breathing or heartbeat is temporarily halted. The associated jerks of this syndrome can be made worse if the individual attempts precise, coordinated movements.

Cortical reflex
This originates from the cerebral cortex. The jerks may involved few or many muscles. The associated jerks can be intensified when precise movement is attempted or a particular sensation is perceived.

Essential
This can occur without epilepsy or brain abnormalities. Essential myoclonus often has no known cause, and can occur in people with no family history of jerks. However, there is some indication of it being a possible inhereited disorder.

Palatal
This affects mainly the face, throat, and diaphram. Palatal myoclonus creates rapid contractions that persist even in sleep. This condition usually appears in adulthood. Some complain of it as only a minor problem while others claim it causes severe discomfort and pain.

Stimulus-senstive
Symptoms are often triggered by external events, often associated with surprise. Some of the common triggering events can be flashing lights, movement from televisions or video games, or loud noises.

Sleep
These jerks often occur in the initial phrases of sleep. Many do not seek treatment for these symptoms. This form of myoclonus can be a symptom of an associated sleep disorder yet to be diagnosed. Some forms of this myoclonus can be stimulus-sensitive, whereby jerks are caused by external events.

The video doesn't work?
Does the video work in your phone? Because it doesn't work in my phone.--SharabSalam (talk) 17:50, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myoclonus


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Horizon-class frigate

The Horizon class (French: Classe Horizon; Italian: Classe Orizzonte) is a class of air-defence destroyers in service with the French and Italian navies. They are designated as destroyers by the Italians and using NATO classification but are referred to as "frigates" by the French. The programme started as the Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF), a three-nation collaboration between France, the United Kingdom, and Italy to develop a new generation of air-defence warships. Differing national requirements, workshare disagreements and delays led to the UK withdrawing from the project in 1999 to develop the Type 45 destroyer.

The FREMM multipurpose frigate were built using the same company structure as the Horizon project.

Development
France, Italy, and the UK issued a joint requirement in 1992 after the failure of the NATO Frigate Replacement for the 90s (NFR-90) project. In July 1993, the three countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding for a Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF). The ships were to be armed with the Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS). The UK intended to purchase twelve ships to replace its Type 42 destroyers. France was to purchase four to replace its Suffren-class frigate, and Italy would purchase six to replace its Andrea Doria-class cruiser and Audace-class destroyer ships.

Problems emerged almost immediately. The primary problem was that of differing requirements: France wanted anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) escorts for its aircraft carriers, but only a limited range was necessary due to the self-defence capability of the French FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle. Italy too required only close-range capabilities, as in its home waters of the Mediterranean Sea the ships would operate under Italian Air Force cover or escorts for its aircraft carrier ITALIAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Cavour. The Royal Navy, however, required more capable ships which could throw a large defensive "bubble" over a fleet operating in hostile areas. The compromise that largely solved this problem was the adoption of a standard radar interface, which allowed France and Italy to install the EMPAR multi-function passive electronically scanned array radar and the UK to install the more capable SAMPSON active electronically scanned array radar—the SAMPSON radar has a higher data rate and an adaptive beam that allows a greater ability to track multiple targets, long-range detection of low-RCS targets, a lower false-alarm rate, and overall higher tracking accuracy.

In March 1996, it was agreed that the PAAMS office would be based in Paris, and the Project Horizon project office would be based in London. The latter was to be responsible for the design of the ship, its command and control, and secondary weapons systems. Britain also agreed to contribute £100m in recognition of the development work already completed by Italy and France on PAAMS. Construction would be carried out by DCN (France), GEC-Marconi (UK), and Orizzonte (Italy).

UK withdrawal
On 26 April 1999, the UK announced that it was withdrawing from the CNGF project to pursue its own national design. At this point, the CNGF project was five years behind schedule. The Financial Times summarised the main disagreements between the partner countries:
 * Vessel size – As noted above, the UK's requirements were out of step with those of France and Italy. An agreement was reached but the Financial Times reported that the issue "never entirely [went] away."
 * Capability – The UK wanted the ships with a wide-area defence capability due to its experience in the Falklands War.
 * Industrial structure – The UK tried to use its larger requirement to exert influence; the UK's desire to see Marconi appointed as prime contractor was accepted by France, but only in return for DCN being given the role as prime contractor for the combat management system. The UK, which wished to see a British Aerospace-led consortium given this role, would not accept this.

The resulting Type 45 destroyer is armed with the PAAMS missile system and has benefited from investment in the Horizon project.

Franco-Italian project
France and Italy continued their collaboration under the Horizon project. In September 2000, the two countries signed a contract to jointly produce four ships, ordering two ships each which would deploy the PAAMS missile system. The Italian Navy ordered two units, ITALIAN DESTROYER Andrea Doria and ITALIAN DESTROYER Caio Duilio, to replace the Audace class. Andrea Doria was accepted on 22 December 2007 and received the flag of the Italian Navy. Full operation capability was achieved in the summer of 2008. The French Navy ordered two units, FRENCH FRIGATE Forbin and FRENCH FRIGATE Chevalier Paul, to replace the Suffren-class carrier escorts. The project cost France €2.16bn (~US$3bn) at 2009 prices. A further two Horizons were cancelled; instead, the two Cassard-class frigate s were to be replaced by the FREDA air-defence variant of the Franco-Italian FREMM multipurpose frigate (later known as FRENCH FRIGATE Alsace and FRENCH FRIGATE Lorraine). France bought 40 Aster 15 and 80 Aster 30 missiles for their ships. On the Italian units, the three cannons will be upgraded to the 76 mm/62 Super Rapid Multi Feeding David/Strales version with the capacity to use the DART guided projectile in the anti-missile role.

title: Horizon-class frigate


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Vasopressin analogue

Vasopressin analogues are chemicals similar in function but not necessarily similar in structure to vasopressin (ADH), such as desmopressin.

Desmopressin is administered as an oral spray to treat diseases where ADH is either not being produced in sufficient amounts, or vasopressin's receptors are not being stimulated by vasopressin. An example of desmopressin's use is for childhood bed-wetting, where it is believed that children's circadian rhythms are not synchronized with normal light-dark cycles, and consequentially the ADH surge normal children experience at night is not experienced in these children. Taking a desmopressin dose 30–45 minutes before sleeping results in concentrated urine production, and the urination reflex experienced when the bladder fills above a certain level is not triggered.

Used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. They are also used in cirrhosis patients

title: Vasopressin analogue


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Charles Seymour Whitman

Charles Seymour Whitman (September 29, 1868 –March 29, 1947) was an American lawyer who served as the 41st governor of New York from January 1, 1915, to December 31, 1918. An attorney and politician, he also served as a delegate from New York to the 1916 Republican National Convention. He had previously served as deputy and New York County District Attorney, in addition to state judge.

Early life, education and career
Whitman was born in Hanover, Connecticut on September 29, 1868, the son of John Seymour Whitman (1833–1909) and Olivia (née Arne) Whitman (1831–1904).

He graduated from Amherst College in 1890. Whitman studied law at New York University School of Law where he graduated in 1894. He was admitted to the bar later that year, and set up a practice in New York City.

Career
In 1901, he was appointed assistant corporation counsel of New York County, New York. He was next elected as city magistrate. In this capacity, he founded the Night Court for the immediate trial of all offenders arrested at night.

In 1907, Governor Charles Evans Hughes appointed Whitman as a judge of the Court of Sessions. The following year Hughes appointed him as deputy state attorney general in the investigation of election frauds in northern New York.

New York County District Attorney
In 1909, Whitman was elected as New York County District Attorney on a Fusion ticket. In this capacity, he secured representation of the District Attorney's staff in the city magistrate's office. He was also known for his vigorous prosecution of arson offenders, which contributed to a decline in such fires.

As District Attorney, Whitman gained national fame in prosecuting New York City Police Lt. Charles Becker for the July 16, 1912, murder of Herman Rosenthal, a Times Square gambling house operator, in front of the Hotel Metropole on West 43rd Street. The building was owned by "Big Tim" Sullivan, a leader of the Lower East Side Tammany Hall political machine.

During this period, Whitman used his membership in the Union League Club of New York to conduct secret interviews there of witnesses during the Becker case, as he feared he was under surveillance. Whitman's prosecution revealed the corrupt relations between certain members of the New York City police and professional criminals, and resulted in reforms of the police. Becker was convicted in a jury trial and sentenced to death. Later, as governor, Whitman signed Becker's death warrant and presided over his electrocution. Whitman's handling of the murder case of Hans Schmidt, a priest, and his prosecution of the poultry trust and of election frauds also gained him high praise. After being renominated for District Attorney in 1913, he was elected almost unanimously.

Governor of New York
Whitman was elected in 1914 as the 41st Governor of New York, serving from January 1915 to December 1918. His principal plank was the reformation of the state finances. He reorganized state departments and conducted a thorough investigation of the salaries of civil service employees.

In 1915, he became a member of the Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. This lineage society was based on descent from men who had served with the patriots in the revolution.

In 1916, Whitman won re-election as governor against reform Democrat Judge Samuel Seabury. After his election, he sent a report of his first term as governor to every registered voter; it included reports of the heads of his state departments. He also inaugurated a state constabulary.

After the United States entered into World War I, Whitman established a new state guard to replace the National Guard, which was on service in France. In 1916, he was elected as chairman of the Republican National Convention, where he urged the nomination of former New York Governor Hughes for President of the United States. In 1917, he commissioned the creation of the New York State Police and selected George Fletcher Chandler, a physician and major in the National Guard, to organize and head the force.

In 1918, Whitman was defeated for re-election by Democrat Al Smith (then President of the New York City Board of Aldermen and associated with Tammany Hall). Smith drew from the growing strength of recent immigrants and their descendants.

Personal life
In 1908, Whitman was married to Olive Hitchcock (1880–1928). Together, they were the parents of:

 * Olive Whitman
 * Charles S. Whitman Jr, (1915–2002), who was a New York Judge.

After the death of his first wife in 1928, in 1933 he married Thelma Somerville (née Cudlipp) Grosvenor (1891–1983), the widow of Edwin Prescott Grosvenor, himself the son of Edwin A. Grosvenor (1845–1936) and brother of Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor.

He died on March 29, 1947, in Manhattan.

Legacy
His portrait was painted in 1921 by the Swiss-born American portrait painter Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) and is the property of the New York State Capitol at Albany; Müller-Ury had previously painted a portrait of his baby daughter, Olive (the future Mrs Parsons), which was much admired when exhibited, and was given by her to the Preservation Society of Newport County, Rhode Island, where it now hangs at Green Animals.

Literary treatment
Whitman is a character in E.L. Doctorow's historical novel Ragtime (although he does not figure significantly in the later film based on the novel).

Descendants
His grandson, former First Gentleman of New Jersey John Russell Whitman (1944–2015), married Christine Todd (b. 1946), who served as a Republican Governor of New Jersey and Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.

title: Charles Seymour Whitman


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Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt

The unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt is a watercolor of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States, by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. Shoumatoff was commissioned to paint a portrait of Roosevelt and started her work around noon on April 12, 1945. At lunch, Roosevelt complained of a headache and subsequently collapsed. The president, who had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, died later that day.

Shoumatoff never finished the portrait, but she later painted a new, largely identical one, based on memory. The unfinished portrait hangs at Roosevelt's retreat, the Little White House, in Warm Springs, Georgia, with its finished counterpart beside it.

History
In 1943, Shoumatoff was told by her friend and client Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd, who was also the President's mistress: ""You should really paint the President. He has such a remarkable face. There is no painting of him that gives his true expression. I think you could do a wonderful portrait, and he would be such an interesting person to paint! Would you do a portrait of him if it was arranged?""

Rutherfurd would go on to make the arrangements, with Shoumatoff agreeing to sit in for two days within two weeks' time. She said of the agreement: "I was trapped into something I had neither wished for nor planned." She went on to talk about not being able to turn down the honor of being selected for a presidential commission.

Painting
Elizabeth Shoumatoff had begun working on the portrait of the president around noon on April 12, 1945. Roosevelt was being served lunch when he said "I have a terrific headache." He then slumped forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage. Roosevelt never regained consciousness and died at 3:35 p.m. that day. Shoumatoff never finished the portrait.

The unfinished portrait hangs at Roosevelt's former health and relaxation retreat in Warm Springs, Georgia, known as the Little White House.

Later, Shoumatoff decided to finish the portrait in Roosevelt's memory. She created a new painting based on memory. One difference is that the tie that was red in the original is blue in the finished painting. All other aspects are completely identical. The finished portrait resides in the Legacy Exhibit beside the original at the Little White House Historic Site in Warm Springs.


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Schreck Ensemble

The Schreck Ensemble is a Dutch new music ensemble founded in 1989 by composers Arie van Schutterhoef and Hans van Eck. The name of the ensemble is a combination of the founders surnames (SCHutteRhoef; ECK) and a reference to the actor Max Schreck. The Schreck Ensemble performs and commissions electroacoustic music. They also program their own software with the SuperCollider programming language, and develop their own hardware for the production and performance of electroacoustic music.

The Schreck Ensemble has commissioned electroacoustic compositions by Arthur Sauer, Gene Carl, Gerda Geertens, Jeremy Arden, Michael Chocholak, and Makoto Shinohara, and has performed works by Kaija Saariaho, John Cage, Jean-Claude Risset and Chiel Meyering. The ensemble also performs multimedia works. Aquae Supracoelestes for tape and video-projection and Nuctemeron for ensemble, tape, and video-projection are two examples.

Software
Schreck develops software that can create sounds that do not exist in nature and modify those that do. It is also used to emulate sounds generated by obsolete electronic equipment.

Their software also attempts to expand the relationship between acoustic instruments and the computer. An example of this is a score-following program called ComParser. The program determines which part of the music is being played and initiates pre-programmed sequences of sound processors at the appropriate times. ComParser follows the tempo of the musician. ComParser is not a pitch-follower, but a spectrum-follower.

Instruments
Three instruments have been designed by the Schreck-Ensemble: the Stratifier, the BassBox, and the Pulsor.

The Stratifier
The Stratifier is a small instrument (10 x 30 x 40 cm) with twelve touch sensitive control-surfaces that send signals to sound processing equipment.

The BassBox
The BassBox is an acoustic instrument. The sound of this instrument is created by the overblowing of two flutes that obtain their air from a large fast-moving bass speaker. The sound does not resemble the sound of a flute but that of a wooden percussion instrument with many overtones. The instrument can be heard in the composition "The Day".

The Pulsor
The Pulsor is under development. The Pulsor makes it possible to play the BassBox live allowing greater manipulation of the bass speaker than with the prerecorded sounds. The Pulsor also enables the BassBox to be played with the Stratifier.

Collaborations
The Schreck Ensemble has collaborated with many institutes and organizations inside and outside of the Netherlands including the European Network (Foundation Gaudeamus/Associazone Nuove Sincronie in Milan, Italy); studios for electronic music STEIM and CEM in Amsterdam; The Netherlands; tART (technology and art) -organization of the University Twente in Enschede, the Netherlands; Danish Institute for Electro-acoustic Music (DIEM) at Aarhus, Denmark, and the Centro Ricerche Musicali in Rome.

Their repertoire includes a song called The Day, which is a collaboration between the Schreck Ensemble and the sound artist Hans van Koolwijk featuring his instrument, the Bambuso Sonore.

Appearances
The Schreck Ensemble performed for the first time in 1989 at the then-renowned art center Apollohuis in Eindhoven. Since that time, the Ensemble has performed in major venues for contemporary music in the Netherlands and abroad, including the Music Centre Vredenburg. Utrecht; the Grote Kerk, Groningen; Dodorama, Rotterdam; the Ruïne Kerk, Bergen, North Holland; Theater Frascati, Amsterdam; Music Centre Frits Philips, Eindhoven; Theatre Kikker, Utrecht; Theatre Provadja, Alkmaar; the Music Centre, IJsbreker, Amsterdam; the Stedelijk Museum for Modern Art. Amsterdam; and the Music Centre, 's-Hertogenbosch.

Festivals
The Schreck Ensemble has played at several festivals including:

 * November Music Festival in Den Bosch and Gent
 * Distronics Festival in Eindhoven
 * Sounds Imagined, Images Sonified near Castle Eijsden at Limburg
 * Touch Festival Amsterdam organized by STEIM.

Abroad, the ensemble was invited to be the ensemble-in-residence during the Studienwoche fr Neue Musik in Lneburg, Germany to which it later returned to appear in the Festival für Neue Musik. Schreck also played at the MIX01 Festival in Aarhus, Denmark; at the Festival 'Musica Scienza, Teatro dell' Ascolto' in Rome, Italy; on invitation of the cultural board of the regional government of Andaluca. Schreck participated in the Contemporary Music Concert Series in Theatro Central in Sevilla; and in the XIV Contemporary Music Days in Teatro Alhambra in Granada, Spain.

Abroad
Other countries where the Schreck Ensemble has appeared include:
 * Germany, particularly in Essen (Kunsthaus Essen) and Lüneburg (Glockenhaus)
 * Spain at the Granada Teatro Alhambra and the Sevilla Teatro Central
 * Italy at the Goethe-Institute and the Sassari Teatro Il Ferroviario
 * Belgium at the Logos Tetrahedron (Ghent)
 * Denmark at the Aarhus Musikhuset.

Radio
Radio broadcasts of the Schreck Ensemble have been broadcast by the Dutch stations KRO, the VPRO, and the ConcertZender. Outside the Netherlands there were similar programs in Australia (Difficult Listening), Russia, and Denmark.

Videoworks
The video-work made by Schreck was shown during the 7th International Festival of New Film, Split-Croatia in the new media section; at the Sas International Award 2003 festival in Catania, Italy - organized by the United Nations - in the category Digital Wave for experimental movies and video-art; and selected for the ''Slowtime? .... Quicktime as an artistic medium'' as an example for streaming media. This appearance was organized by Agricola de Cologne experimental platform for Internet art.

title: Schreck Ensemble


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Montferrat

Montferrat (, , Monferrato, ; Monfrà, , ; Mons Ferratus) is a historical region of Piedmont, in northern Italy. It comprises roughly (and its extent has varied over time) the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Montferrat is one of the most important wine districts of Italy. It also has a strong literary tradition, including the 18th century Asti-born poet and dramatist Vittorio Alfieri and the Alessandrian Umberto Eco.

The territory is cut in two by the river Tanaro. The northern part (the Basso Monferrato, "Low Montferrat"), which lies between that river and the Po, is an area of rolling hills and plains. The southern part (the Alto Monferrato, "High Montferrat") rises from the banks of the Tanaro into the mountains of the Apennines and the water divide between Piedmont and Liguria.

On 22 June 2014, Montferrat was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
Originally a county, it was elevated to a margravate of the Holy Roman Empire under Count Aleramo in 961, following the transition of power in northern Italy from Berengar of Ivrea to Otto I of Germany. Its marchesi (marquesses) and their family members were related to the Kings of France and the Holy Roman Emperors. Members of the family participated frequently in the Crusades, and intermarried with the royal family of Jerusalem and the Byzantine Imperial families of Comnenus, Angelus and Palaeologus. The March of Montferrat was briefly controlled by Spain (1533–1536) before it passed to the Gonzaga Dukes of Mantua (1536–1708). In 1574, Montferrat was raised to a Duchy by Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor. With the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) a piece of the duchy passed to the Duchy of Savoy, the remainder passing to Savoy in 1708, as Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor gained possession of the Gonzaga territory. The next heir of the House of Gonzaga was later compensated by giving Duchy of Teschen in Silesia to them.

Etymology
There are various interpretations and assumptions concerning the etymology of Montferrat, but to date none are certain. There are many opinions, with Aldo Ricaldone stating the name was derived from "Mount" and farro — a variety of wheat. Another claim is that it comes from the Latin Mons ferax meaning "fertile and rich mountain". Still another refers to the irons (Latin ferrus) left by the Romans in their conquest, Mons ferratus. Finally, an interpretation derived from a legend according to which Aleramo of Montferrat, the legendary founder of its march, wanting to shoe a horse, and not finding a hammer, used a brick (mon in the local dialect of Piedmontese), and thereby the horse was shod (fra, deriving from the same ferratus mentioned above), hence the name Monfrà yielding Montferrat.

Geography
Montferrat can be divided into three main parts:
 * Basso Monferrato (low Montferrat) or Casalese is characterized by its soft hills, to the exclusion of the Sacred Mount of Crea (455 m) (Unesco World Heritage), never reach heights of over 400 meters; territorially includes part of the province of Alessandria consisting of the countryside near Casale Monferrato. It is bounded on the north and east by the rivers Po and Tanaro.
 * Monferrato Astigiano (Astesan Montferrat): Identifies virtually the entire Province of Asti (with the exception of Langa Astigiana) and is characterized by a hilly conformation and several historic towns such Nizza Monferrato, Cortanze, Cocconato, Montiglio and Canelli. Asti is the geographical heart of this macro-region, bordered on the south by the valley of the river Belbo and west roughly from the path of the stream Versa and whose right side Asti is located. The highest point of the area is the hill of Albugnano of 549 meters above sea level.
 * Alto Monferrato (high Montferrat): extending south from the Val Bormida up to lick the foot of the Ligurian region, is bounded to the west by the valley of the Bormida Spigno and east by the western portion of the middle valley Scrivia. The main centre is Acqui Terme.

Geology
20 million years ago the Alps were formed, in the Mediterranean area was produced a new rising heat from the Earth's mantle which resulted in the buckle and rupture of the European crust from which detached the Sardinian-Course block, the micro Sardinian plate did pin on the Ligurian Gulf executing a counterclockwise rotation of 50° and forming the Ligurian Sea. The sea covered the hill of Turin, the Langhe, Montferrat and the Po Valley. The rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia block opposed by the African block produced a pressure that gave rise to the Apennines. 8 million years ago to the east of the Corsica-Sardinia block opened a wide north–south divide that separated the Italian peninsula from Corsica and Sardinia, this gap widened to become the Tyrrhenian Sea. In the period from 7 to 5 million years ago, the Mediterranean Sea was closed and remained isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. This resulted in the increase of the temperature of the water that turned the Mediterranean into a low-salt lake with many areas dried up, this condition lasted for several hundreds of thousands of years was deposited sediment type saline evaporites. Subsequently, the Mediterranean Sea was opened, and the ocean water began to circulate between the Alps and the Apennines had formed a triangular gulf that covered the entire Po Valley. Due to the continuous lifting of the Alps and the Apennines to the sea withdrew from this gulf and the accumulation of sediments carried by the rivers gave rise to a flood plain which corresponds to the Po Valley. The marine deposits of this period are visible in the area of Asti.

Economy
Monferrato is one of the most famous Italian wine regions in the world, especially regarding red wines and sparkling wines. The climate is dry continental with hot summers prone to drought and cold winters and the particular hydrogeological soil are favourable for viticulture, which, however, is dominant throughout, making the wine not only an element of economic wealth for the entire region but also a true symbol of the culture and tradition "Monferrina". The widespread dissemination of indigenous grapes and consequently a wide variety of wines, witness them. Among the wines (DOC and DOCG), the most famous are Barbera d'Asti, Asti spumante, Moscato d'Asti, Cortese, Malvasia, and Grignolino.

The Monferrato, together with Alba, is also known for the production of truffles; there are many fairs in this trade, for example, the regional fair of truffles held in Montechiaro d'Asti.

Viticulture
DOC and DOCG wines produced in this area include:

Reds

 * Barbera d'Asti
 * Barbera d'Asti Superiore
 * Nizza DOCG (from Barbera grapes)
 * Barbera del Monferrato
 * Monferrato Rosso
 * Ruché
 * Albugnano (from Nebbiolo grapes)
 * Dolcetto d’Asti
 * Freisa d’Asti
 * Grignolino
 * Malvasia di Casorzo
 * Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco
 * Dolcetto di Ovada

Whites

 * Moscato d'Asti
 * Asti Spumante
 * Cortese dell’Alto Monferrato (from Cortese grape)
 * Loazzolo (wine)

Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Montferrat, in addition to the award-winning wines, includes a wide variety of foods ranging from meat, fish, vegetables, and cheeses. Typical Monferrato dishes, which have now achieved a reputation not only nationally but also internationally include, among the first courses, agnolotti "al plin" (literally "pinched"), "Tajarin" (noodles for rich eggs seasoned with various sauces), risotto of Casale, rice with mushrooms and red wine, vegetable soups, polenta with fried cod or "loan". Worthy of mention and especially well known is Bagna càuda. Among the meats: tripe, paws (batciuà), chickpeas with head, oxtail (now cooked with Barbera) and the cooked sausage.

Literature
In the second half of the 15th century stands in the field of dialect literature Gian Giorgio Allioni of Asti, poet, playwright and writer who knowing poetry in French and Italian, wrote several farces in dialect, expressing "an Astezan" and providing a vivid picture of customs and life of the period and the Italian theatre of the 16th century, often steeped in satire and mockery. It was not until the 18th century to find two other versifiers Monferrato dialect that is the prior Incisa and Captain Joseph Stefano della Rocca, while in more recent times and in the 19th century that stands out the most famous Angelo Brofferio, politician, journalist and deputy linked to the Risorgimento, who wrote songs in dialect, plays and works of history.

Art
Artists active in the Montferrat include Gian Martino Spanzotti of Casale and Andrea Pozzo, Renaissance painter and architect active in the 17th century, the painter Pier Francesco Guala; Macrino d'Alba, a contemporary of Spanzotti, whose works are in private and public collections in the United States and Turin. His most important works can, however, identify a triptych housed in the castle of Camino, a Madonna Enthroned kept in the Sanctuary of the Sacro Monte di Crea, another Madonna in the church of St. John the Baptist to Alba and a Marriage of St. Catherine that adorns the church of Neviglie in the Langhe. Guglielmo Caccia, nicknamed "The Moncalvo", executed works such as a "Redeemer" statue from Museum of Asti and "Resurrection" in the cathedral; several of his paintings can be found in the parishes of Grazzano Badoglio, Villadeati, Casale Monferrato, San Salvatore Monferrato, Moncalvo and Castagnito.

Architecture
The architecture flourished in Montferrat from the year 1000 onwards and is clearly visible in the numerous buildings, churches, castles and palaces of various periods many of which are still well preserved. Architecture was influenced by current Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance trends, before becoming, from the 17th century onwards, a current of Piedmontese Baroque. Architects who worked in Montferrat include Benedetto Alfieri (1707-1767) of Asti, considered the successor to Filippo Juvarra, and Francesco Gallo (1672-1750) of Mondovì, as well as Francesco Ottavio Magnocavalli, born in Casale Monferrato.

Sacred Mount of Crea
The Sacred Mountain of Crea (Italian: Sacro Monte di Crea) is a Roman Catholic sanctuary in the comune of Serralunga di Crea (Montferrat), near Alessandria. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list.

Its construction was begun in 1589, around a former Sanctuary of St. Mary whose creation is traditionally attributed to St. Eusebius, who first Christianized the site around 350 AD.

title: Montferrat


text: User talk:67.124.90.68

title: User talk:67.124.90.68


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Viola hirta

Viola hirta is a species of the plant genus Viola. It is also called the hairy violet. As with the sweet violet, no fossil seeds of this species have been found. It is confined to the cold temperate zone, in Europe, north and west Asia, extending as far as northwest India. It is absent in Wales from Brecon and Radnor, Pembroke, Cardigan, Merioneth, and from Mid Lancs, and the Isle of Man, but elsewhere it is universal. In Scotland it does not occur in Roxburgh, Berwick, Haddington, Edinburgh, Fife, Forfar, Kincardine. From Forfar it ranges to the south of England, and is found at a height of 1000 ft. in Yorks. It occurs also in Ireland.

Location
The hairy violet is found on dry banks, and in woods, preferring drier conditions. It may be found in damper areas in woods in low-lying situations. This species has a less wide range than sweet violet (Viola odorata). Note it is considered by some sources to be the same species as Viola odorata.

Habit
The habit is prostrate like that of the sweet violet, which also has no erect stem, the leaves arising from the rootstock directly. The leaves are likewise heart-shaped, but in this case the stoles or trailing stems with buds are absent or very short, and the bracts are below the middle of the flower-stalk. Moreover, the whole plant is hairy, or roughly hairy, giving it a greyer, less green, appearance when dry.

title: Viola hirta


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Viola odorata

Viola odorata is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to Europe and Asia. This small hardy herbaceous perennial is commonly known as wood violet, sweet violet, English violet, common violet, florist's violet, or garden violet. It has been introduced into the Americas and Australia.

Description
Viola odorata can be distinguished by the following characteristics:
 * the flowers are scented
 * the flowers are normally either dark violet or white
 * the leaves and flowers are all in a basal rosette
 * the style is hooked (and does not end with a rounded appendage)
 * the leaf-stalks have hairs which point downwards
 * the plant spreads with stolons (above-ground shoots)

These perennial flowers mature at a height of 4-6 in and a spread of 8-24 in.

Distribution and habitat
V. odorata is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.

The species can be found near the edges of forests or in clearings; it is also a common "uninvited guest" in shaded lawns or elsewhere in gardens.

Uses
Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which V. odorata 'Wellsiana' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The sweet scent of this flower has proved popular, particularly in the late Victorian period, and has consequently been used in the production of many cosmetic fragrances and perfumes. The French are known for their violet syrup, most commonly made from an extract of violets. In the United States, this French violet syrup is used to make violet scones and marshmallows.

The scent of violet flowers is distinctive with only a few other flowers having a remotely similar odor. References to violets and the desirable nature of the fragrance go back to classical sources such as Pliny and Horace when the name "Ion" was in use to describe this flower from which the name of the distinctive chemical constituents of the flower, the ionones, is derived. In 1923, W.A. Poucher wrote that the flowers were widely cultivated both in Europe and the East for their fragrance, with both the flowers and leaves being separately collected and extracted for fragrance, and flowers also collected for use in confectionery syrup and in the production of medicine.

There is some doubt as to whether the true extract of the violet flower is still used commercially in perfumes. It was still used in the early 20th century, but by the time Steffen Arctander was writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, production had "almost disappeared". Violet leaf absolute, however, remains widely used in modern perfumery.

The leaves are edible. Real violet flower extract is available for culinary uses, especially in European countries.

Phytochemicals and research
V. oderata contains the alkaloid violin, about 30 cyclotides, and triterpenoids, mostly as constituents of the essential oil. It also contains a cannabinoid peptide called "vodo-C1" that acts in vitro as a selective CB2 receptor agonist without CB1 activity.

In mythology
The violet flower was a favorite in ancient Greece and became the symbol of Athens. The scent suggested sex, so the violet was an emblematic flower of Aphrodite and of her son, Priapus, the deity of gardens and generation.

Iamus was a son of Apollo and the nymph Evadne. He was abandoned by his mother at birth. She left him lying in the Arkadian wilds on a bed of violets where he was fed honey by serpents. Eventually, he was discovered by passing shepherds who named him Iamus after the violet (ion) bed.

The goddess Persephone and her companion Nymphs were gathering rose, crocus, violet, iris, lily, and larkspur blooms in a springtime meadow when she was abducted by the god Hades.

title: Viola odorata


text:
User talk:Timwi/Archive/May 04

Interfering
Hi. Could it be that you are less important to me than you think you are? Let me ask you again to leave my user page alone. I wouldn't dream of changing yours. Whenever you delete your name you just prove my point that you'd like to rewrite history. Face the facts and don't avoid responsibility for your own actions. Wikikiwi, Agony Aunt, 1 May 2004

 * Dear Wikikiwi. Could it be that you are unable to comprehend that by placing polemic remarks about other Wikipedians on your User page, you are hurting their feelings? Personal attacks are disallowed on Wikipedia, and as such, I am entitled to remove my name from your User page if I feel the context you use it in constitutes a personal attack. Face the facts and don't pretend that your User page, which is generously hosted by Wikimedia (as opposed to yourself) and editable by everyone (as opposed to only yourself) was in any way your property or anything. Thank you. — Timwi 14:41, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

South Caucasian languages
Hi Timwi, I see that you have shunted many links that previously pointed to South Caucasian languages so that they now point to Georgian (Kartvelian) languages. Thanks for the work, but unfortunately the South Caucasian languages page had been moved inappropriately. The names "Georgian" and "Kartvelian" for that family appear to be less used in English literature than "South Caucasian". Moreover, they are somewhat politically charged (while the Georgian/Kartvelian language is the most important member of the group, and three of the four languages are spoken mostly in Georgia, the fourth language is spoken almost only in Turkey, by people who also speak Turkish and consider themselves Turkish citizens). It may also be historically inaccurate, since those languages apparently split apart well before the country got that name. I have asked for the redirect to be deleted so that the full page can be moved back. All the best, Jorge Stolfi 15:10, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed, thanks :-) — Timwi 15:50, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Cryptic break tags
You commented on one of the LoPbN WM: items,
 * I'm not sure why you put '
's in here?

Fair question. IIRC, it had to do with the effects of combining several pages of partial table markup (which you edited, i assume to move the breaks) by a series of subst: calls, and then pasting that combined markup into a single MW: page that will be called via msg:. Roughly, new-lines that were needed in the markup invoked by the msg: call were getting lost, and the breaks avoided the "collapsing" of the markup into something that no longer worked right, IIRC without any negative effect.

I don't remember if it is the pasting that makes a difference, but at the time, an extra paste step, documenting the effect of the history of changes of the component pages' changing content, seemed worthwhile.

All that was before i read of the changes in, what is it, 1.3?, that will affect these macro facilities, which is why i never finished documenting the method: when we can nest msg: calls, i expect that the breaks will no longer be needed (or if they are, at least that you and i will be able to agree on the need).

Let's both remember to experiment and/or talk when 1.3 goes into production here(was that 2:00-3:00 today??!!!) and see if we aren't then in agreement on how to get from the pages, e.g.,
 * List of people X Links
 * List of people Xy Links
 * List of people Xyz Links

to the page
 * List of people Xyz

IMO, the breaks are not worth discussing before then; even if you were just irrationally irritated by them (which i doubt), and even if (to keep my head straight) i have to put them back into the Separator and the Bottom you presumably stripped them from, i'd be happy to hand-remove them from, e.g.
 * List of people Xyz

before saving them.

Will that cover us for now? If not, say so & let's talk further; and i can probably stand to put off the need to generate more breaks in the meantime.

Tnx for the query. --Jerzy(t) 07:57, 2004 May 12 (UTC)

 * I really don't know why your comments always seem incomprehensible and incoherent to me, Jerzy. Could you try to be shorter and more to the point in future, perhaps? — The mistake you made was to write several "subst"s into one row. The {| and |- table mark-ups only work if they occur at the beginning of a row. You tried to fix that by using
s, but the correct way to fix it would have been to write the "subst"s with linebreaks in between. — Timwi 16:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Short partial answer
Tnx for the info, which i can apply in satisfying your apparent standards. --Jerzy(t) 19:04, 2004 May 12 (UTC)

Sound recordings
I just did Numbers in various languages and List of tongue-twisters for the Albanian ones. Let me know how they came out. Also, I see you still haven't done the German numbers :) Dori | Talk 18:19, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! :-) Yeah, I'll do the numbers after my exams (two weeks). — Timwi 23:54, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Vocabulary Project
Hi there, since I saw you registered as a translator I would like to know if you are interested in this. I have written a program for learning vocabulary. It is based on the belief that it is best to learn foreign words by learning typical sentences. I currently have files in English, French (with sound), Spanish, and Portuguese, Catalan is in the planning. The program can also be used for learning other stuff that works with the question/answer scheme, e.g. the theory for the driving licence or anatomy. It also uses images and sound files for alternation and in order to work on the pronunciation. If you are interested please check my page and let me know. Good luck with the exams. Get-back-world-respect 00:52, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I now saw you also contributed to the salsa article. So perhaps you are interested in wikibooks about rueda de casino commands as well? english german Get-back-world-respect 12:43, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi. Sorry I didn't get back to you sooner. Thanks for your messages; I'll have a look at your stuff after my exams. Before then, I'm afraid I have to prioritise revision. — Timwi 17:10, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Swap a page with its redirect
Would you please move the page Space Cruiser Yamato to Space Battleship Yamato for me? I've determined that the latter is the proper Americanization of the name of the anime series, but I can't movie it because the former already exists as a redirect to the latter. I see you're an admin, so you have the capability to swap these, right? If you'll do that for me then I'll go correct all the references in that article and in articles which link to it. Brian Kendig 20:23, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Never mind, I found someone else to make the swap. Brian Kendig 14:06, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Fixing a table
I've been told that you might be able to help me format the page Canadian federal election, 2004 (candidates) so that the Green Party (we're running a candidate in all 308 ridings) has its own column in the tables. If the table is fixed, I can make sure that Canadian Greens fill in the details. (They'll need thier own column for results, eventually). Thanks in advance! I'm very interested in the Wikipedia concept, but not adept at understanding or writing code...

 * Hi there. In future, please sign your messages (you can do so easily by just typing ~ (four tildes)). — Yes, I guess I could do that, but not now, because my laptop is broken and I have an exam in a few days. — Timwi 12:55, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hope you don't mind but I tried this for Nova Scotia: let me know what you think. posting this here for now because I have no clue yet who posted the original question --Phil | Talk 16:24, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

Double redirects
Howdy. I just learned that you run a bot to eliminate double-redirects. Unaware of this I've created a report of double redirects in the May 22nd database dump. It seems to have picked up a fair number of them. If your bot's active, it may be the case that I'm using a slightly different mechanism than yourself.

See the list at User:Topbanana/Reports/This_is_a_double_redirect, happy to discuss or swap notes if you're keen. - TB 09:22, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot. That list will come in handy. I'll try to do something with it, but as you've probably noticed, my bot is a little prone to error. :) — Timwi 19:59, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * And no, I'm not currently running the bot actively searching for double-redirects. I try to find them in database dumps every once in a while, but I have exams coming up next week, so ... you know. — Timwi 20:06, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Sort algorithms table
Why did you remove the sort algorithms table? The category-only layout removes useful information (classification of algorithms by complexity) and degrades overview and ability to navigate. Unless the category system can be improved to display as much information, it should be used as a complement, not as a replacement. Fredrik 21:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I undeleted it, and then listed it on Votes for deletion. Please participate in the discussion there before putting it back into articles. Notice that the distinction between "O(n^3/2) or worse" and "O(n log n) or better" can still be achieved with categories. — Timwi 22:57, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Fredrik 01:37, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry if this annoyed you (I got the impression, though I could be wrong :) Fredrik 22:34, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not annoyed at you in particular, but I am annoyed at the general way in which people irrationally stick to previously-established but now-obsolete traditions (the boxes in this case) and completely oppose absolutely everything that deviates from it in even the slightest way (here, categories) even when it is obviously the better way of doing things. — Timwi 22:40, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * But again, my issue wasn't with just sticking to an obsolete table, which I agree is a worse way to do it than the category system, but that the table contained useful information beside being a plain list of articles. Now, would you support changing the current list in sort algorithm to the table on the talk page?

 * Cheers! Fredrik 23:04, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The only "useful information" you have specifically mentioned so far was the arbitrary separation into two groups of complexity classes, and I've already told you numerous times that you can split the categories up in the same way if you want. Please let me know how many more times I need to tell you that before you get that this is no argument for the box. — Timwi 23:23, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I was referring to the table on Talk:Sort algorithm, not Template:Table Sort Algorithms, and with the intention of placing it in Sort algorithm only. That the Template:Table Sort Algorithms is obsolete, I agreed with several posts ago, and with the Talk:Sort algorithm table in Sort algorithm, splitting up the category is unnecessary. My apologies again for being unclear. Fredrik 23:57, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This thread started with you asking, Why did you remove the sort algorithms table? The only table I have ever removed was the MediaWiki template. The other one I only found out about just now. I have never seen it, never touched it, and never even suggested to remove or delete it. — Timwi 00:01, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't say you removed it. But it had been in the article earlier and gotten removed, I was merely wondering if you had an opinion as to whether it'd be a good idea to put it back. Fredrik 00:04, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah. — Yes, I think it's a good idea. — Timwi 00:06, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Good. End of this silly quarrel :) Fredrik 00:08, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes :) — Timwi 00:13, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Timwi/Archive/May 04


text:
U.S. Route 466

U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was an east–west United States highway. Though it reached a length of around 500 miles (805 km), the route was co-signed with other US routes for much of its length. When California deleted most of its U.S. Highways in the mid-1960s, including US 466 in 1964, there was no longer a need for the designation.

The general route between Barstow and Kingman is now more directly served by Interstate 40.

The route is known for being the highway on which actor James Dean died in a car accident on September 30, 1955, at the intersection of CA 41 near Cholame, California.

California
US 466 began in Morro Bay, continuing to US 101 before turning north and following the path of today's SR 41 to Shandon in San Luis Obispo County. From there, US 466 followed the path of today's SR 46 east. At Famoso, US 466 joined US 99 and ran south to Bakersfield. From Bakersfield, U.S. Route 466 generally followed what is now the alignment of SR 58. Between Barstow, California and the Nevada line, the route followed the path of today's Interstate 15 and was co-signed with U.S. Route 91.

Nevada
U.S. Route 466 entered Nevada at Primm. It headed north concurrent with U.S. Route 91 to Las Vegas, where the route followed Las Vegas Boulevard. In downtown Las Vegas, US 466 turned east on Fremont Street with U.S. Route 93 (and later, U.S. Route 95). The two routes followed Fremont Street and Boulder Highway heading southeast through Henderson and Boulder City towards the Arizona state line on Hoover Dam.

Arizona
From the Nevada state line on Hoover Dam, U.S. Route 466 remained co-signed with US 93 as it headed southeast. At Grasshopper Junction, US 66 / US 466 served the western terminus of Arizona State Route 62 (SR 62), which was the main route connecting Chloride to the rest of the state highway system. The highway was also the eastern terminus of SR 68 at Coyote Pass, which headed west towards Bullhead City and Laughlin, Nevada. The highway reached its eastern terminus in Kingman, entering town on Beale Street, where it connected to U.S. Route 66 at Front Street (now Andy Devine Boulevard). US 93 continued past the terminus of US 466, running concurrent with US 66 east out of Kingman.

History
U.S. Route 466 (US 466) was originally commissioned on April 25, 1933, extending from U.S. Route 66 in Barstow, California to the Pacific Ocean at Morro Bay, California. On October 9, 1933, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) approved an extension of US 466 from Barstow to US 66 in Kingman, Arizona. From Kingman to Las Vegas, Nevada, US 466 replaced the original Arizona State Route 69 (SR 69) and Nevada State Route 26 (SR 26). US 466 would use the Boulder Dam to cross the Colorado River over Boulder Canyon between Nevada and Arizona. Between Las Vegas and Barstow, California, the route was co-signed with U.S. Route 91. However, the state of Arizona continued to sign the route between Hoover Dam (formerly Boulder Dam) and Kingman as SR 69, until May 16, 1935. This coincided with the completion of the main dam structure on May 29.

On June 17, 1935, US 93 was extended from its southern terminus at US 91 north of Las Vegas to US 66 in Barstow, being co-signed with US 466 from its eastern terminus at Kingman, Arizona to the US 91 junction in Las Vegas, Nevada. This left the California segment of US 466 as the only section of the route not co-signed with another route.

California decommissioned its section of US 466 during the 1964 state highway renumbering. The California state legislature re-designated the stand alone section of US 466 between Morro Bay and Barstow as California State Route 46 (SR 46), SR 99 and SR 58 respectively. On December 3, 1971, AASHTO approved a request from Arizona and Nevada to remove the US 466 entirely from both states, after which, the US 466 designation ceased to exist.

title: U.S. Route 466


text:
William Longsword of Montferrat

William of Montferrat (early 1140s – 1177), also called William Longsword (modern Italian Guglielmo Lungaspada; original Occitan Guilhem Longa-Espia), was the count of Jaffa and Ascalon, the eldest son of Marquess William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg. He was the older brother of Conrad, Boniface, Azalaïs, and Renier, and a cousin of both Emperor Frederick I and King Louis VII of France.

The earliest surviving mention of William's epithet, Longsword, said to refer to his military abilities, and differentiating him from his father, known as "William the Elder", is in the song En abril, quan vei verdeyar, composed in late 1176-early 1177 by the troubadour Peire Bremon lo Tort:

 * Chanzos, tu.t n'iras outra mar, e, per Deu, vai a midons dir qu'en gran dolor et en cossir me fai la nuoit e.l jorn estar. di.m a'n Guilhelm Longa-Espia, bona chanzos, qu'el li.t dia e que i an per lieis confortar.

It was rendered into Latin as "Longaspata" by William of Tyre in his Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (written in the early 1180s), whence it has been taken up by historians.

Despite his eligibility as the eldest son of one of the greatest magnates in northern Italy, with many royal and imperial connections and the fair good looks of his family, he did not marry until he was well into his thirties. In 1167, his father had tried to arrange marriages for him and Conrad to daughters of Henry II of England or sisters of William I of Scotland - but these failed, the English match probably because of consanguinity (the boy's mother Judith was related to Eleanor of Aquitaine), the Scottish match because the princesses were already married.

In 1176 William was chosen by Count Raymond III of Tripoli and King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, to marry Baldwin's sister Sibylla. William also gained the County of Jaffa and Ascalon in the marriage. William of Tyre describes him as tall, blond, and handsome; brave, frank and unpretentious, but inclined to eat and drink copiously, though not to the impairment of his judgment.

With the King's consent, William and Reynald of Châtillon gave a grant of land to the new Castilian military order, the Order of Montjoie, commanded by Count Rodrigo Alvarez de Sarria. However, William's activities in Outremer were cut short. He fell ill, probably from malaria, at Ascalon in April 1177, and died there in June, leaving Sibylla pregnant with the future king Baldwin V. His body was taken to Jerusalem and buried at the Hospital of St John.

title: William Longsword of Montferrat


text:
Leo Melamed

Leo Melamed (born March 20, 1932) is an American attorney, finance executive, and a pioneer of financial futures. He is the chairman emeritus of CME Group (formerly the Chicago Mercantile Exchange).

Personal life
Melamed was born Leibel Melamdovich in 1932 in Bialystok, Poland into a Jewish family, to two school teachers, Fayga (Barakin) Melamdovich and Isaac Melamdovich (a mathematics teacher). In 1939, following Germany's invasion of Poland and with the outbreak of World War II, his family fled to Lithuania to avoid capture by the Nazis. In 1940, the Japanese consul general to Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara, issued his family a life-saving transit visa, and they made the long trek across Siberia to safe haven in Tsuruga, Japan. They crossed the Pacific to the United States in the spring of 1941, and the family settled in Chicago.

Melamed married Betty Sattler on December 26, 1953. The couple has three children: Idelle Sharon, Jordan Norman and David Jeffrey.

Melamed is an avid contract bridge competitor and often pairs with his wife, Betty.

Melamed's personal life and his strained relationship with his son are the subjects of the 2012 documentary Futures Past, written and directed by his son, Jordan Melamed.

Career
Melamed received his undergraduate degree from the University of Illinois in 1952 and his law degree from John Marshall Law School in 1955. He became involved in futures trading by accident. While in law school, he was looking for a law clerk job and answered a want ad from a firm looking for a "runner", thinking the firm, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Beane, with that many names could be nothing but an established law firm that would be looking for a clerk to "run" to court. Instead, he worked as a runner in the produce futures markets of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange while in law school and learned about the business. He practiced law until 1965 and was elected to the CME board in 1967.

Melamed became chairman of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 1969. In 1972, under his leadership, the CME created the International Monetary Market (IMM), the world's first financial futures exchange, and launched currency futures. In the years that followed, Melamed led the CME and IMM in the creation of a number of financial instruments, including futures on US Treasury bills in 1976, Eurodollars in 1981, and stock index futures in 1982.

In 1987, Melamed spearheaded the creation and introduction of Globex, the world's first electronic trading system, and became its founding chairman.

In 1991, he founded his own consulting firm, Melamed & Associates, of which he is chairman and chief executive officer. He used to be a member of the global markets advisory committee of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)  and has served as a special advisor on futures markets to governments worldwide. Melamed serves on the prestigious Chinese International Advisory Council of Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).

Throughout the next three decades and into the 21st century, Melamed held many CME titles including: Special Counsel to the Board, Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Senior Policy Advisor, but remained the acknowledged leader of the CME. In 2002, he led the CME membership to become the first U.S. financial exchange to go public.

In 2014, he was a board member of CME Group and chairman of its Strategic Steering Committee.

Recognition and awards
Twenty years after their inception, Nobel Laureate in Economics, Merton Miller, named financial futures "the most significant innovation of the past two decades". At the close of 1999, the former editor of the Chicago Tribune named Melamed "among the ten most important Chicagoans in business of the 20th Century".

He was named a Lincoln Laureate in 2016 in the area of Business, Industry & Communications.

Honors

 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star (2017)
 * Inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State’s highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2016 in the area of Business, Industry, & Communication.

title: Leo Melamed