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Hoard

A hoard or "wealth deposit" is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache. This would usually be with the intention of later recovery by the hoarder; hoarders sometimes died or were unable to return for other reasons (forgetfulness or physical displacement from its location) before retrieving the hoard, and these surviving hoards might then be uncovered much later by metal detector hobbyists, members of the public, and archaeologists.

Hoards provide a useful method of providing dates for artifacts through association as they can usually be assumed to be contemporary (or at least assembled during a decade or two), and therefore used in creating chronologies. Hoards can also be considered an indicator of the relative degree of unrest in ancient societies. Thus conditions in 5th and 6th century Britain spurred the burial of hoards, of which the most famous are the Hoxne Hoard, Suffolk; the Mildenhall Treasure, the Fishpool Hoard, Nottinghamshire, the Water Newton hoard, Cambridgeshire, and the Cuerdale Hoard, Lancashire, all preserved in the British Museum.

Prudence Harper of the Metropolitan Museum of Art voiced some practical reservations about hoards at the time of the Soviet exhibition of Scythian gold in New York City in 1975. Writing of the so-called "Maikop treasure" (acquired from three separate sources by three museums early in the twentieth century, the Berliner Museen, the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and the Metropolitan Museum, New York), Harper warned: "By the time "hoards" or "treasures" reach museums from the antiquities market, it often happens that miscellaneous objects varying in date and style have become attached to the original group."

Such "dealer's hoards" can be highly misleading, but better understanding of archaeology amongst collectors, museums and the general public is gradually making them less common and more easily identified.

Classification
Hoards may be of precious metals, coinage, tools or less commonly, pottery or glass vessels. There are various classifications depending on the nature of the hoard:

A founder's hoard contains broken or unfit metal objects, ingots, casting waste, and often complete objects, in a finished state. These were probably buried with the intention to be recovered at a later time.

A merchant's hoard is a collection of various functional items which, it is conjectured, were buried by a traveling merchant for safety, with the intention of later retrieval.

A personal hoard is a collection of personal objects buried for safety in times of unrest.

A hoard of loot is a buried collection of spoils from raiding and is more in keeping with the popular idea of "buried treasure".

Votive hoards are different from the above in that they are often taken to represent permanent abandonment, in the form of purposeful deposition of items, either all at once or over time for ritual purposes, without intent to recover them. Furthermore, votive hoards need not be "manufactured" goods, but can include organic amulets and animal remains. Votive hoards are often distinguished from more functional deposits by the nature of the goods themselves (from animal bones to diminutive artifacts), the places buried (being often associated with watery places, burial mounds and boundaries), and the treatment of the deposit (careful or haphazard placement and whether ritually destroyed/broken).

Valuables dedicated to the use of a deity (and thus classifiable as "votive") were not always permanently abandoned. Valuable objects given to a temple or church become the property of that institution, and may be used to its benefit.

Asia

 * Akota Bronzes
 * Bactrian Gold
 * Chausa hoard
 * Copper Hoard Culture
 * Kfar Monash Hoard
 * Priam's Treasure
 * Wonoboyo hoard
 * Ziwiye hoard

Great Britain and the Channel Islands

 * Beau Street Hoard
 * Bitterley Hoard
 * Canterbury-St Martin's hoard
 * Cheapside Hoard
 * Collette Hoard
 * Corbridge Hoard
 * Cuerdale Hoard
 * Cunetio Hoard
 * Frome Hoard
 * Galloway Hoard
 * Grouville Hoard
 * Havering hoard
 * Hexham Hoard
 * Hoxne Hoard
 * Isleham Hoard
 * Kirkoswald Hoard
 * Lenborough Hoard
 * Leominster hoard
 * Middleham Hoard
 * Migdale Hoard
 * Mildenhall Treasure
 * Milton Keynes Hoard
 * Rogiet Hoard
 * Shapwick Hoard
 * Shrewsbury Hoard
 * Silsden Hoard
 * Snettisham Hoard
 * St Leonard's Place Hoard
 * Staffordshire Hoard
 * Stanchester Hoard
 * Stirling Hoard
 * Talnotrie Hoard
 * Thetford Hoard
 * Thornbury Hoard
 * Tregwynt Hoard
 * Upchurch Hoard
 * Vale of York Hoard (previously known as Harrogate hoard)
 * Water Newton Treasure
 * West Bagborough Hoard
 * West Yorkshire Hoard
 * Wickham Market Hoard
 * Winchester Hoard
 * Wold Newton hoard

Ireland

 * Ardagh Hoard
 * Broighter Hoard
 * Derrynaflan Hoard
 * Dowris Hoard
 * Mooghaun North Hoard

Continental

 * Lampsacus Treasure, Turkey
 * First Cyprus Treasure, Cyprus
 * Berthouville Treasure, France (relating to the Romans)
 * Borovo Treasure, part of the Thracian treasure
 * Broighter Gold, Northern Ireland (relating to the Iron Age La Tène culture)
 * Casco de Leiro, Spain (relating to the Bronze Age)
 * Chatuzange Treasure, France (relating to Roman silver)
 * Cheste hoard, Spain (relating to the Second Punic War)
 * Eberswalde Hoard, Germany (relating to the Bronze Age)
 * House of the Vestals Hoards, Rome, Italy (end of Roman Empire and 10th century Italy)
 * Paramythia Hoard, Greece (relating to Greco-Roman artefacts)
 * Pereshchepina Treasure, Ukraine (relating to the Bulgars)
 * Pietroasele Treasure, Romania (relating to the Goths)
 * Preslav Treasure, Bulgaria (relating to the Byzantines)
 * Reka Devnia Hoard, Bulgaria (relating to the Romans)
 * Saka Hoard, Estonia (12th century)
 * Sevso Treasure, possibly Hungary (relating to the Romans)
 * Treasure of El Carambolo, Spain (relating to the Tartessians)
 * Treasure of Gourdon, France (gold from 5th or 6th century)
 * Treasure of Guarrazar, Spain (relating to the Visigoths)
 * Treasure of Villena, Spain (relating to the Bronze Age)
 * Ubina Hoard, Estonia (12th century)
 * Vinkovci Treasure

Scandinavia

 * Havor Hoard, Sweden
 * Molnby Hoard, Sweden (relating to the Viking age)
 * Sandur Hoard, Faroe Islands (relating to the Viking age)
 * Spillings Hoard, Sweden (relating to the Viking age)
 * Sundveda Hoard, Sweden (relating to the Viking age)

North Africa and Middle East

 * Asyut Treasure
 * Megiddo Treasure, a hoard found at Tel Megiddo, Israel
 * Nahal Mishmar hoard
 * Kaper Koraon Treasure, Syria

North America

 * Baltimore gold hoard
 * Bank of New York Hoard
 * Castine Hoard
 * Great Kentucky Hoard
 * Saddle Ridge Hoard
 * Dawson Film Find

title: Hoard


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Limacinoidea

The superfamily Limacinoidea is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks.

Families
These families previously belonged to the superfamily Cavolinioidea.
 * Creseidae Rampal, 1973
 * Limacinidae Rampal, 1973
 * Families brought into synonymy:
 * Spiratellidae Dall, 1921: synonym of Limacinidae
 * Spirialidae Chenu, 1859: synonym of Limacinidae

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Limacinoidea


text:
Talk:Mount Wutai

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for Mt Wutai, Shanxi Province China; 39°04’44.71”N, 113°34′00.60”E

—86.164.155.93 (talk) 16:23, 29 October 2011 (UTC)PGAndrews
 * ✅. Deor (talk) 11:05, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Ties to Tibetan Buddhism
The first source is a dead link, and the second is an op-ed by the Chinese Ambassador to Britain and therefore is not a reliable source210.72.20.1 (talk) 08:04, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Ties to CCP & PLA
Why no reference to the area being one of the main bases of the communist 8th Route Army during the war with Japan and subsequent civil war? — Preceding unsigned comment added by WestNab (talk • contribs) 22:10, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Wutai


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Kenzo Suzuki

Kenzo Suzuki (鈴木 健三) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is perhaps best known for his appearances with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and in the United States with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he was a one-time WWE Tag Team Champion in the latter company. He currently performs for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) under the ring name Kenso, where he is a one-time World Tag Team Champion and a one-time Gaora TV Champion.

Early career
Suzuki was a rugby union player, playing at the international level for Japan prior to his professional debut as a wrestler in January 2000.

Early career (2000–2003)
Suzuki debuted on January 4, 2000, at New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW)'s Wrestling World 2000 event at the Tokyo Dome, losing to Manabu Nakanishi. Later that year, Suzuki won NJPW's Young Lion Cup tournament, defeating Shinya Makabe. He also won Rookie of the Year honors from NJPW in the same year. Following this, he would go on to win the Young Lion Tournament after defeating Hiroshi Tanahashi in the finals, later forming a tag team with Tanahashi known as The Kings of the Hills.

In 2003, Suzuki resigned from NJPW, choosing to follow his mentor and trainer, Riki Choshu, to Choshu's World Japan promotion. Later in the year, he left to wrestle in the United States. It is speculated that he was forced to resign because a wrestler he was helping to train, Giant Ochiai, died while training on his watch. As a result, this led to Suzuki venturing to the United States' independent circuit, where he worked for the Major League Wrestling (MLW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotions during 2003 before ultimately quitting World Japan, citing a lack of competition within the latter promotion.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2004–2005)
In 2004, Suzuki signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and was assigned to their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in February. Originally, Suzuki was scheduled to debut on the Raw brand in May under the ring name Hirohito. He was to be presented as the grandson of Emperor Michi Hirohito, who ruled Japan during World War II. He would portray a Japanese patriot, holding anti-American views and wanting revenge on America for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He was to immediately be placed in a feud with Chris Benoit for the World Heavyweight Title. In preparation for his huge push, all the top babyfaces on the Raw brand who weren't from America had their hometowns changed to US cities. Benoit was now announced from Atlanta, GA instead of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Chris Jericho was now announced from Manhasset, NY instead of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Edge was now announced from Tampa, FL instead of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. However, the gimmick was dropped after the first vignette aired on the April 19, 2004 edition of Raw. Suzuki and his wife, Hiroko, reportedly told Vince McMahon directly that it would be extremely offensive in Japan and cause big problems for the company doing future business there. Suzuki also told Bruce Prichard that Emperor Hirohito was not as beloved in Japan as they thought.

Suzuki and Hiroko were instead moved to the SmackDown! brand. Suzuki used his given name and Hiroko was used as his geisha valet. Their real-life marriage was not mentioned on television. Together, they made their television debut on the June 10 episode of SmackDown!, where Suzuki defeated Scotty 2 Hotty. Suzuki then began a short feud with Billy Gunn, which ended with Suzuki defeating Gunn at The Great American Bash. On the July 15 episode of SmackDown!, Suzuki, René Duprée, and Booker T defeated John Cena in a 3-on-1 elimination match. on the July 29 episode of SmackDown!, Suzuki competed in an 8-man elimination match for the vacant United States Championship, which was won by Booker T. On the September 2 episode of SmackDown!, Suzuki, Duprée and Booker T lost to Cena, Rob Van Dam and Rey Mysterio.

On the September 9 episode of SmackDown!, Suzuki and Duprée defeated Paul London and Billy Kidman to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. During the title reign, Suzuki adopted a comedic pro-American gimmick that saw him poorly sing popular songs. At No Mercy, Suzuki and Duprée successfully defended their titles against Rob Van Dam and Rey Mysterio. After continued weeks of feuding, Suzuki and Duprée lost the titles to Van Dam and Mysterio on the December 9 episode of SmackDown!. They failed to regain the titles in a rematch at Armageddon.

Suzuki entered a feud with John Cena over the United States Championship. On the January 6, 2005, episode of SmackDown!, Suzuki challenged United States Champion John Cena to a battle rap. He then challenged Cena for the championship on the January 13 and January 27 episodes of SmackDown!, but was unsuccessful in both attempts.

Suzuki entered the Royal Rumble match as the sixth entrant, but was eliminated by Rey Mysterio. His final WWE match came on the February 26 episode of Velocity where he lost to Booker T. In the following months, Suzuki suffered a collapsed lung. He returned to Ohio Valley Wrestling to continue his recovery. Suzuki and Hiroko were traded to Raw during the 2005 Draft Lottery. However, the pair were released from their contracts on July 6, 2005, before ever making an appearance on the brand.

Hustle and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2005–2006)
After leaving WWE, Suzuki returned to Japan, where he began performing for Hustle and wrestled in a number of humorous matches against the likes of Liosazer and Razor Ramon HG. In addition to Hustle, Suzuki also began performing for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) alongside fellow WWE alumnus Mark Jindrak, who began performing as Marco Corleone. Together, they were put into a feud with Shocker and Universo 2000, which led to Suzuki and Corleone losing a hair vs. hair match on June 12 and thus being forced to have their heads shaved. Following this, Suzuki was used sparingly before eventually leaving CMLL.

AAA (2007–2010, 2015)
On March 13, Suzuki was seen on AAA after jumping from the rival CMLL. He is a part of the Legion Extranjera with Konnan as the ring leader. On July 7, Suzuki lost his hair in the main event of AAA's Triplemanía XV. Sean Waltman was also in the match with his fiancee, Alicia Webb. Suzuki has been an active member of Konnan's Legion Extranjera since his debut and he had an opportunity for the AAA Mega Championship against Cibernético. He has teamed up with the returning Electroshock who is also a member of the Legion Extranjera. They have feuded with La Parka and Octagón. As of Triplemania XVI he has received a mini who accompanied him to the ring for a six-man tag match teaming with Electroshock and Bobby Lashley to take on Chessman, La Parka, and the returning Silver King. Suzuki's team won in the end. Suzuki was part of the 2009 Rey de Reyes, losing to La Parka on March 15.

After Triplemania XVII, Konnan's Legion Extranjera lost control of AAA; Konnan was suspended from Mexican wrestling for an indefinite time. At this time Legion Extranjera was dissolved leaving only Electroshock, Chessman, and Suzuki. Suzuki made an alliance with El Oriental and they formed their own team with Sugi San getting victories in their debut. They would lose to the Psycho Circus at Verano de Escandalo. In December 2009, Suzuki re-joined La Legión Extranjera before leaving the promotion in mid-2010.

Suzuki returned to AAA on May 24, 2015, when he, Masamune and Tiger Mask III formed a trio for the Lucha Libre World Cup. They were defeated in the first round of the tournament by Team MexLeyendas (Blue Demon Jr., Dr. Wagner Jr. and El Solar).

Dragon Gate (2007)
On November 7, 2007, Suzuki made his debut in Dragon Gate as the surprise member of the Muscle Outlaw'z unit. He came out to Anthony W. Mori's entrance theme to trick the Typhoon unit into believing one of their own betrayed them. Suzuki competed in a six-man tag team match with new teammates Genki Horiguchi and Yasushi Kanda against Cima, Dragon Kid, and Ryo Saito that resulted in a disqualification loss for his team after assaulting the referee. Afterward, he and the rest of the MO'z assaulted Dragon Kid and removed the ring ropes to be used against him. This set up a match between Suzuki and Dragon Kid at the big November 25 show in Osaka. He faced on November 18 Kenichiro Arai in Fukuoka in his first match for the promotion.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2010–present)
On July 25, 2010, Suzuki, disguised under a La Parka mask, made his debut for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), helping the Voodoo Murders put Keiji Mutoh through a table. Afterwards, Suzuki unmasked himself, adopted the ring name Kenso and joined the heel group, which also included his former tag team partner René Duprée. On November 20, 2010, Kenso entered the World's Strongest Tag Determination League, teaming with fellow Voodoo Murders member Kono. After winning six out of their eight round robin stage matches, Kenso and Kono finished first in the group and on December 7 defeated Ryota Hama and Suwama in the finals to win the 2010 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. Kenso and Kono received their shot at the World Tag Team Championship on January 3, 2011, but were defeated by the defending champions, Akebono and Taiyō Kea. Shortly afterwards Kenso left the Voodoo Murders, turning face and on February 13, 2011, defeated Kono and Akebono in a three-way match to become the number one contender to the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, held by Suwama. On March 21 Kenso failed in his challenge for the AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. On June 19, Kenso and The Great Muta defeated Akebono and Ryota Hama to win the vacant World Tag Team Championship. After losing the title to Dark Cuervo and Dark Ozz on October 23, Muta turned on Kenso. The turn was part of a storyline, where other AJPW wrestlers did not take Kenso seriously and refused to team with him as part of his Kenso Kakumei ("Kenso Revolution") stable. After failed attempts to form new partnerships with Kaz Hayashi and Great Sasuke, Kenso announced on November 18, 2013, that he had decided to join Go Shiozaki's new Xceed stable. However, in the two's first match together three days later, Kenso turned on Shiozaki and announced he was forming a new heel stable named Dark Kingdom (DK) with foreigners Bambi Killer and D'Lo Brown. On April 23, 2014, Kenso introduced AJPW outsiders Bear Fukuda, Kengo Mashimo, Kenichiro Arai, Mitsuya Nagai and Takeshi Minamino as the newest members of DK, proclaiming this the "real beginning" of the stable. On December 14, Kenso won his first singles title in AJPW, when he defeated Kotaro Suzuki for the Gaora TV Championship. He lost the title to Sushi in his fourth defense on June 4, 2015. On July 31, it was announced that Kenso would begin freelancing following the expiration of his AJPW contract. He would, however, continue working for AJPW as a freelancer.

Personal life
Suzuki married Hiroko Suzuki in 2003, who acted as his valet during their time in WWE.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * Gaora TV Championship (1 time)
 * World Tag Team Championship (1 time) –with The Great Muta
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2010) –with KONO

 * DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) –with Danshoku Dino and Super Sasadango Machine
 * King of Dark Championship (1 time)

 * Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling
 * World's Strongest Ganbare Tag Tournament (2017) – with Kazma Sakamoto

 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * Young Lion Cup (2000)
 * Young Lion Tournament (2002)

 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #392 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

 * Tokyo Sports
 * Rookie of the Year (2000)

 * VKF Battle Entertainment
 * VKF Championship (1 time)

 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) –with René Duprée

title: Kenzo Suzuki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Base 13

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the pages entitled Base 13 and Base 120.

This page is kept as an historic record.

Consensus to keep Base 13 was reached, and the article was kept.

Consensus on Base 120 was not reached, and the article was kept.

Discussing numeral systems with obscure bases. If one mentions at least one "real-life" use of these bases, then keep. Otherwise delete, for this may set precedent for an infinite number of articles, like with 2048 (number), already dealt here. Mikkalai 19:15, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both. It seems unreasonable to go on a sweeping quest against these as we keep stubs like quinary and they are all referenced from numeral system.  Especially Base 120 has some explanation and encyclopedic content.  ?Ed Cormany 19:53, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Lean towards keep. Base 13 has been a requested article for some time, and I am reluctant to bite contributors that respond to red-links. Base 120 was not a requested article, but "great hundred", etc. is verifiable, and the article seems to have some interesting content. That said, the math needs a once-over, as I get different results for 120/17 and 120/7 (I didn't check others). I agree that IRL uses would greatly enhance the articles. (If these are deleted, someone should consider de-linking similarly obscure bases from Numeral systems.)Niteowlneils 21:14, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I tableized Base 120 and checked the math, it's all correct. I added table headers, so you can tell what he was trying to show. --Ben Brockert 01:06, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't it be best to redirect these to a 'base-n' page which has general information about what a base is? The only obvious exceptions I can think of are bases 2, 10, 16, and 60. The 1st and 3rd are used heavily in computing, and our time system is based on base-60. Betelgeuse 21:55, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both. 120 is harmless, and 6*9=42 in base 13, a fact that will be soon mentioned. --Ben Brockert 22:06, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would have said delete to Base 13 if it hadn't been for Brockert's remark, which is of course true. That (although a coincedence according to DNA himself) is a wide-spread fact. So keep. No vote on Base 120. -- Jao 22:58, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep both, for the reasons stated above --Tagishsimon

VFD removed from base 13. Mikkalai 01:32, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I also created an article for an alternate name, Tredecimal, as a re-direct. 66.32.132.150 01:33, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, OK. Relax. I withdrew, didn't you notice? Mikkalai 01:42, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep both. Base 13 is a great article although short, Base 120 needs some work IMO but a valid topic and already a good article. Yes, I did notice the withdrawal, but IMO the notices should stay unless this discussion is also closed by removing the link from VfD (and, I would suggest archiving the discussion in some way that can be easily reached from both article talk pages). Andrewa 16:56, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with the original sentiment, an article on a strange base system is only pertinent if there is discussion on the practical advantages and current uses of the system. For instance the article on golden mean base, or the article on base 2 (I'm assuming there is one, if not there should be).  Anyway, keep 13, I'd like to see the encryption part expanded on, untill then it's marked as a stub.  Delete 120, the article stems from its ability to represent fractions easly, that's true of an infinite number of other base systems.  No mention of real world uses either. --Starx 04:15, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Starx. Base 13 has some literary relevance. Base 120 has zero real-world applicability. Denni 21:00, 2004 May 18 (UTC)
 * Delete 120. True of many other bases. No vote on 13.Andris 00:12, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Base 13


text: User talk:204.249.125.199

title: User talk:204.249.125.199


text:
Andrea Corr

Andrea Jane Corr (born 17 May 1974) is an Irish musician and actress. Corr debuted in 1990 as the lead singer of the Celtic folk rock and pop rock group The Corrs along with her three elder siblings Caroline, Sharon and Jim. Aside from singing lead vocals, Corr plays the tin whistle, the mandolin, the ukulele and the piano.

With the others, Corr has released seven studio albums, two compilation albums, one remix album and two live albums. Corr has also pursued a solo career, releasing her debut album, Ten Feet High, in 2007. The album moved away from the sound of the Corrs and features a dance-pop sound. Her next album, released on 30 May 2011, was entirely made up of covers of songs that were important to her when younger.

Corr is involved in charitable activities. She has played charity concerts to raise money for the Pavarotti & Friends Liberian Children's Village, Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, the victims of the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland and The Prince's Trust in 2004. She is an ambassador for the Nelson Mandela's "46664" campaign, raising awareness towards AIDS in Africa. During the Edinburgh Live 8 on 2 July 2005 The Corrs performed "When the Stars Go Blue" alongside Bono to promote the Make Poverty History campaign. Along with her siblings, she was appointed an honorary M.B.E. in 2005 by Queen Elizabeth II for her contribution to music and charity.

Early years
Andrea Corr was born to Gerry Corr, a supervisor of a payroll unit of the Irish Electricity Supply Board (the E.S.B.), and his wife, Jean, a housewife. She is the youngest of the five Corr children. Older brother Gerard was killed when he was only three years old in a road accident before she and her sister Caroline were born. Andrea discussed the devastating death with Ryan Tubridy on The Late Late Show aired by RTÉ Entertainment.

The family was raised in Dundalk, Ireland. Gerry and Jean had their own band, Sound Affair, which played songs by ABBA and The Eagles in local pubs in Dundalk where they would often bring along their children.

With the encouragement of her parents, Andrea took up the tin whistle and was taught the piano by her father. Throughout their teenage years, she and her siblings would often practice in Jim's bedroom at a house he had rented. Andrea sang lead vocals, Sharon played the violin and both Caroline and Jim played keyboards. Andrea took part in school plays at her school, Dundalk's Dun Lughaidh Convent.

The Corrs
In 1990, Corr and her siblings formed a quartet called The Corrs. Their career launched in 1991 when they auditioned for the film The Commitments in which Andrea gained a speaking role as Sharon Rabbitte. John Hughes noticed the quartet when they auditioned for the movie, and agreed to become their manager. The Corrs signed with Atlantic Records in 1995 and travelled to North America to record their debut album Forgiven, Not Forgotten. The album featured six instrumental selections among its Celtic-influenced tracks. When released, it was successful in Ireland, Australia, Japan, and Spain. The album reached platinum status in the United Kingdom and Australia, and quadruple platinum in Ireland, which made it one of the most popular debuts by an Irish group.

Following on from the success of their debut album, they released Talk on Corners and In Blue in 1997 and 2000 respectively. Originally Talk on Corners met with lukewarm success, until a remix version was released, when it topped the charts in many countries, and reached platinum status in the United Kingdom and Australia. In Blue moved towards mainstream pop, placing heavy emphasis on electronic synthesisers. It was successful, and was No. 1 in its first sales week in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria and debuted at No. 2 in France and Norway. It climbed to the top position during its second week in Sweden and Spain.

During the production of In Blue, their mother, Jean, died while waiting for a lung transplant in the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle, UK. She was laid to rest at St. Patrick's cemetery in Dundalk. Bono, Larry Mullen, Brian Kennedy and Paul Brady were among the attendees. "No More Cry", written by Andrea and Caroline Corr for the album, was dedicated to their father hoping to help with his grief.

In 2003, Andrea recorded "Time Enough For Tears", a song written by Bono and Gavin Friday for the film In America. This track was featured on The Corrs' 2004 album Borrowed Heaven. Borrowed Heaven was dedicated to their late mother, Jean, and their father, Gerry. The band also dedicated their 2005 tribute album Home to their deceased mother. The band covered many traditional Irish songs taken from their mother's songbook to commemorate their 15 years as a band.

In an interview with Chris Evans in June 2015, Andrea confirmed that The Corrs were working on a new album and would play the BBC Radio 2 'Live in Hyde Park' festival. Their sixth studio album, White Light, was released on 27 November 2015, and was accompanied by a world tour.

In 2017 they released their latest album to date Jupiter Calling, produced by T-Bone Burnett.

Solo career
While her siblings were on hiatus to raise their families, Andrea launched a solo career. She released her first album, Ten Feet High, on 25 June 2007. It was produced by Nellee Hooper, who has worked with Gwen Stefani and Madonna; Bono was an executive producer. Her first single, "Shame on You" was an up-tempo pop song about men and women going to war and leaving behind partners they may never see again. It received positive reviews from music critics; IndieLondon described the song as a "slick package" that was "polished, well produced and with a message that's difficult to ignore". Losing Today's David Adair gave the song a strong review, writing that Corr's vocals were "crisp and uplifting". Liverpool's Daily Post gave the song a three-star rating, commenting that it was "deceptively upbeat", which masked its "heavier message about conscription and war".

In 2011 she released her second solo album Lifelines. This album contains covers of song by the likes John Lennon, Donna Summer, The Velvet Underground and more.

In 2020 she released an EP called Christmas Songs. The EP contains 4 classical Christmas songs and one original song titled Begin Again.

Acting
Andrea Corr entered the film industry in 1991 with Alan Parker's film The Commitments, in which she had a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte. In 1996, Parker was directing the film version of the rock opera Evita which starred Madonna. He was so keen on having Andrea in the film that he cast her as Juan Peron's mistress, where she performed part of "Hello and Goodbye". Corr provided the singing voice for Kayley, opposite Bryan White (Garrett) in Warner Brothers' first fully animated film, 1998's The Quest for Camelot.

Corr resumed her acting career in 2003 where she was cast as Anne in The Boys from County Clare. The film was not a commercial success, but she won the Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Actress in the US Comedy Arts Festival and was nominated for Best Actress in the IFTA Awards. During the Corrs' hiatus she was featured in the 2005 film The Bridge and the 2006 film Broken Thread. Corr appeared as Christina in the play Dancing at Lughnasa staged at The Old Vic theatre in London from February until May 2009.

She played the title role in Jane Eyre by Alan Stanford at the Gate Theatre in Dublin which opened on 9 November 2010.

Book
In 2018 she wrote and released a book, titled Barefoot Pilgrimage. In this she writes about her youth, the warmth of her family, and about The Corrs.

Charitable activities
Andrea Corr and her siblings have played charity concerts to raise money for the Pavarotti & Friends Liberian Children's Village, Freeman Hospital in Newcastle, the victims of the Omagh bombing in Northern Ireland, and The Prince's Trust in 2004. They are also ambassadors for the Nelson Mandela's "46664" campaign, where they performed live to raise awareness towards AIDS in Africa. During the Edinburgh Live 8 on 2 July 2005 The Corrs performed "When the Stars Go Blue" alongside Bono to promote the Make Poverty History campaign. In recognition for their charity performances, The Corrs were made Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 by Queen Elizabeth II.

Corr also partook in a tribute single to the late member of The Dubliners, Ronnie Drew, called "The Ballad of Ronnie Drew." The song was released on 19 February 2008 and was performed by a number of famous Irish musicians. This included members of U2, Sinéad O'Connor, Christy Dignam of Aslan, Robert Hunter of the Grateful Dead, who wrote the song, Kíla, Christy Moore, Moya Brennan, Shane MacGowan, Bob Geldof, Damien Dempsey, Gavin Friday, Iona Green, Jerry Fish, Paul Brady, Paddy Casey, Mick Pyro, Mundy, Chris de Burgh, Ronan Keating, Jack L, Eleanor Shanley, Mary Black, Declan O'Rourke, Mary Coughlan, Joe Elliott of Def Leppard, The Dubliners themselves and The Chieftains. The single was written to originally include Ronnie himself but was changed to be a tribute to him as his health was declining. Proceeds from sale of the single went to The Irish Cancer Society at the request of Drew himself. The song was performed live on The Late Late Show aired by RTÉ Entertainment on 22 February with Ronnie Drew in attendance as an audience member, and entered the Irish Single Charts at No. 2.

On 10 October 2010, Corr, amongst others, contributed to the Kirsty MacColl tribute concert held at Shepherd's Bush Empire to commemorate MacColl's birthday and raise money for charity. She also wrote and sang the song "Oh Brother" on the album Music of Ireland – Welcome Home.

On 30 November 2012, Corr lent her support to Kate Winslet's Golden Hat Foundation together with Tim Janis, Sarah McLachlan, Loreena McKennitt, Hayley Westenra, performing on "The American Christmas Carol" concert in Carnegie Hall.

Personal life
Corr married Brett Desmond on August 21, 2009. Sharon Corr and Caroline Corr sang "No Frontiers" at the wedding, and Damien Dempsey, Sharon Shannon, Seamus Begley, and Corr herself also performed on stage in the church. In November 2011, Corr's pregnancy was announced. Corr gave birth to daughter Jean on 28 April 2012, and son Brett Jr. on 4 January 2014.

title: Andrea Corr


text:
Caroline Corr

Caroline Georgina Corr MBE (born 17 March 1973) is an Irish singer and drummer for the Celtic folk rock band The Corrs. In addition to the drums, she plays the bodhrán, cajón, percussions and piano.

The Corr siblings were appointed honorary MBEs in 2005, in recognition of their music and charitable work, which has raised money for the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne, victims of the Omagh Bombing and other charities.

Early life
Corr was born on 17 March, 1973 (Saint Patrick's Day) in Dundalk, Ireland, to Jean and Gerry Corr. Corr has four siblings: an older sister Sharon Corr, older brother Jim Corr and a younger sister Andrea Corr. Their older brother Gerard was killed when he was three years old in a road accident before she and her sister Andrea were born. Caroline was brought up in a Catholic household and was sent to the same school, Dun Lughaidh Convent, as her sisters.

Her parents played ballads and folk tunes in local bands, and formed their own band called "Sound Affair". Jean sang and Gerry played the keyboards and they performed covers of songs by various famous bands. Caroline and her siblings were exposed to music from a very young age, and travelled with Jean and Gerry to gigs in the family car.

Caroline was taught the piano by her father Gerry at a very early age like her other siblings. She also learnt the bodhrán by watching videos of traditional Irish musicians playing it. The violin was originally intended for Caroline to play but she showed no interest and instead Sharon took up the violin lessons. Caroline learned how to play the drums with the help of a former boyfriend who gave her the lessons. From then on, her drum skills were self taught.

She performed No Frontiers, a cover of a Jimmy MacCarthy song, on The Corrs Unplugged along with her sister Sharon.

In 2020, Corr was part of an Irish collective of female singers and musicians called "Irish Women in Harmony", that recorded a version of Dreams in aid of the charity SafeIreland, which deals with domestic abuse which had reportedly risen significantly during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Personal life
Corr married Frank Woods, a property developer and boyfriend of many years, on 22 August 2002, in Majorca, Spain. Their first child, Jake Gerard Woods, was born on 12 February 2003. The boy was named after Caroline's late brother, Gerard Corr Jr., who was hit by a car while retrieving a football in the road. The couple's first daughter, Georgina Woods, was born on 11 October 2004. This led to Corr taking some time off from the band's activities. On 1 December 2006 she welcomed a second daughter, Ryanne Andrea Woods, her third child with Frank. The couple separated in October 2020.

Honours and awards
In April 2002, she was awarded the Rory Gallagher Musician Award at the Hot Press Irish Music Awards held at held at the BBC's Blackstaff studios in Belfast.

Albums

 * 1995: Forgiven Not Forgotten
 * 1997: Talk on Corners
 * 2000: In Blue
 * 2004: Borrowed Heaven
 * 2005: Home
 * 2015: White Light
 * 2017: Jupiter Calling

Compilations and remix albums

 * 2001: Best of The Corrs
 * 2006: Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection
 * 2007: The Works

Live albums

 * 1997: The Corrs - Live
 * 1999: The Corrs Unplugged
 * 2002: VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin

title: Caroline Corr


text:
Retrogradation

Retrogradation is the landward change in position of the front of a river delta with time. This occurs when the mass balance of sediment into the delta is such that the volume of incoming sediment is less than the volume of the delta that is lost through subsidence, sea-level rise, and/or erosion. As a result, retrogradation is most common:
 * during periods of sea-level rise which results in marine transgression. This can occur during major periods of global warming and the melting of continental ice sheets.
 * with extremely low sediment input.

title: Retrogradation


text:
Rodrigo Rato

Rodrigo de Rato y Figaredo (born 18 March 1949) is a businessman and politician who served in the Council of Ministers of Spain from 1996 to 2004. He also served as the ninth managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) from 2004 to 2007 and the president of Bankia from 2010 to 2012.

Rato was arrested on 16 April 2015 for alleged fraud, embezzlement and money laundering. His case was still awaiting trial a year later when his name appeared in the Panama Papers. Despite his prior assurances that he did not own companies in tax havens, apparently he used two offshore companies to avoid taxes on millions of euros kept overseas. It has been alleged that he owes taxes to both the Spanish and Panamanian governments.

On 23 February 2017, Rato was found guilty of embezzlement of about 100,000 euros (in the so-called case "black cards") and sentenced to 4½ years' imprisonment. In September 2018, the sentence was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Spain, and Rato entered prison on 25 October 2018.

Early life and education
Rodrigo de Rato was born in Madrid, into a rich textile-owning family from Asturias. He is the great-grandson of politician Faustino Rodríguez-San Pedro y Díaz-Argüelles and the son of businessman Ramón Rato who was jailed in 1967 for tax evasion to Switzerland through his Banco Siero, and of Aurora Figaredo Sela. Both the Rato and the Figaredo sides of his family owned industries and nobility titles. Rato attended a Jesuit school Our Lady of Remembrance College, Madrid before studying law in the Complutense University.

In 1971 Rato went to University of California, Berkeley, and received an MBA in 1974 from the Haas School of Business.

Early beginnings
In 1975 Rato became involved in the family business, first in Fuensanta, an Asturian mineral water company, and then in two Madrid construction firms. He also became involved in expanding the Cadena Rato chain of radio stations.

In 1977 Rato joined the newly formed Popular Alliance (AP), a party containing former ministers of Franco, founded by Manuel Fraga, a close personal friend of his father. In December 1979 Rato was elected to the national executive committee, and became secretary of the AP economic commission. In February 1981 he became one of the party's five Secretaries-General, and was considered to be their economic expert. He supported tight controls on public spending, and an emphasis on the supply side of economics. In October 1982 he won election as an AP member of the Congress of Deputies for Cádiz in spite of having no connection to this Andalucian town. He represented the area until 1989 and subsequently represented Madrid from 1989 to 2000.

The 1982 election handed a loss to the AP, and marked the beginning of the long rule of the PSOE and Felipe González. Until 1984 Rato was the Secretary of the parliamentary group. He then became their economic affairs spokesman where he impressed the party with his attacks on the PSOE's economic policies. He was seen to be on the liberal wing of the party.

When Fraga resigned from the leadership in December 1986 Rato backed Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón who lost the leadership race to Antonio Hernández Mancha, but managed to keep his positions within the party. During these years he also continued his business career in Aguas de Fuensanta; having previously been the CEO of the company from 1978 to 1982, he served as chairman from 1985 to 1991. In June 1989 Fraga again became interim President after the generally acknowledged failure of the leadership of Hernández Mancha. The party became the slightly more inclusive People's Party (PP). Rato was given shared responsibility over the elections with Francisco Álvarez-Cascos Fernández, the new party Secretary General. He was a close supporter of José María Aznar, who was voted as the new PP leader on 4 September.

On 29 October, the PP lost the general election, though his role in the campaign gave him national prominence. Afterwards he was appointed party spokesman. On 2 April 1990 his father sold the family stake in Cadena Rato for 5 billion pesetas. In June 1991 he stopped being President of Fuensanta, but remained on the board until 1993. On 6 June that year the PP lost another general election to PSOE. In the 12th National Congress in January 1996 he was confirmed as one of the three vice secretaries of the party.

Minister of Economy and vice president
Then on 3 March 1996 the PP won the general election. On 4 May Aznar became Prime Minister of Spain, and on 6 May Rato became both second Vice President and Minister of Economy and Finance. On 12 March 2000 the PP won again, this time with an absolute majority. His ministries were reorganised, and he gave all his responsibilities to Cristóbal Montoro Romero who became Minister of Finance. In his second term he had to fend off various charges of incompatibility between his public office and his private business interests.

Managing Director of the IMF
Rato became the managing director of the IMF on 7 June 2004, taking over from Anne Krueger, who had been acting as temporary Managing Director after Horst Köhler, who at that time was nominated (and later elected) President of Germany, resigned the post 4 March 2004.

In June 2007 Rato announced that he would resign from his post the following October, citing personal reasons. On 28 September 2007, the International Monetary Fund's 24 executive directors elected former French Minister for Economics, Finance, and Industry, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, over former Czech Prime Minister Josef Tošovský, to be the new managing director in succession to Rato.

Bankia
Rato assumed the presidency of Caja Madrid in 2010, a public savings bank based in the Community of Madrid, and after a merger with other six saving banks he assumed the presidency of the new group now called Bankia. On 7 May 2012, he resigned amid growing concerns about the solvency of the bank. Although the core capital ratio was 10,4%, the Popular Party Government planned to lend about 8 billion euro to the bank to increase its solvency, as was done before throughout Europe (e.g. ING and Northern Rock crisis). Due to his political ties to the governing PP, which decided to inject the funds, Rato resigned. He had his salary cut from €2.3 million to €600,000 annually in 2011 due to new laws for rescued banks.

Other activities

 * International Airlines Group (IAG), Member of the Board of Directors
 * Mapfre, Member of the Board of Directors (2010–2012)

Arrest and conviction
On 4 July 2012, Rato, along with 30 other former members of the board of directors of Bankia, were charged with accounting irregularities. Bloomberg Businessweek listed Rato as the worst CEO in 2012. In 2011, Bankia had announced profits of €309 million; after Rato resigned, the figure was amended to €3 billion in losses. In October 2014, it became known that between 24 October 2010 to 28 November 2011, Rato made 519 purchases with a secret corporate credit card, spending a total of €99,041. Among these purchases he spent in one day were €3,547 in alcoholic beverages and €1,000 in shoes, along with 16 cash withdrawals of more than €1,000, most of them during the last months of his presidential term.

After a hearing 17 October 2014, the Spanish High Court judge Fernando Andreu assigned civil responsibility for the credit card abuse to Rodrigo Rato and Miguel Blesa. Rato was ordered to pay a bond of €3 million, and was expelled from the People's Party (PP).

The case went to court in 2016. On 23 February 2017, Rato was convicted and sentenced to four and a half years in prison. In September 2018, the sentence was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Spain, and Rato entered prison on 25 October 2018. He was held in solitary confinement under the FIES regime. In 2020, the High Court acquitted Rato in a separate trial over falsifying accounts and other charges in the listing of Bankia when he was the bank’s chairman. It later granted him a semi-release which allowed him to serve the rest of his sentence in partial liberty.

title: Rodrigo Rato


text:
Kevin Millar

Kevin Charles Millar (born September 24, 1971) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) and is a current analyst for MLB Network and NESN. He played in MLB for the Florida Marlins, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, and Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 through 2009. He is currently a host along with Siera Santos and Ryan Dempster on the MLB Network show Intentional Talk, and (as of March 2018) the show's companion audio podcast Intentional Talk: Caught Listening.

Early life
Millar was born in Los Angeles. He played baseball for University High School in West Los Angeles, which won the 3-A City title in 1988 under coach Frank Cruz, during his junior year. He graduated from Hart High School in Santa Clarita, California. He attended and played college baseball for Los Angeles City College and later Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. Under the tutelage of Coach Jim Gilligan, Millar and the Cardinals prospered. For two seasons, Millar was a key part of Lamar's return to prominence in collegiate baseball. In 1992, Lamar went 32–21, posting the NCAA's biggest turnaround with a 14-victory improvement over the 1991 season. Millar led the Cardinals that season in runs (41), hits (56), home runs (13) and runs batted in (50), and he earned All-Sun Belt Conference honors. After the 1992 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

The next season, Millar helped lead the Cardinals to a 44–18 record, to the SBC regular-season and tournament championships, and also to a berth in the NCAA's Central I Regional on the campus of Texas A&M in College Station. Lamar would be quickly eliminated in two games, with a 6–1 loss against UCLA, followed by a 10-5 finish against Texas A&M.

Professional career
In 1993, Millar began his professional career with the Saint Paul Saints of the Northern League. He batted .260 with five home runs and 30 RBI in 63 games. On September 20, 1993, Millar's contract was purchased by the Florida Marlins.

Replacement player
Millar was a replacement player during the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike, when he played with the replacements in early 1995 and therefore, he is barred from membership in the Major League Baseball Players Association.

Florida Marlins (1998–2002)
From 1997 to 1999, during games encompassing several minor league stints, Millar set the record for most consecutive games reaching base with 71 (although this statistic only began to be formally tracked in the minors in 1996). This record was tied in 2003 by future Red Sox teammate Kevin Youkilis. Millar's contract was purchased by the Marlins at the start of the 1998 season and he made his major league debut for Florida on April 11, 1998, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, finishing the game 1-for-2 with a walk after appearing as a pinch hitter in the sixth inning. The Marlins went on to lose the game, 7–6. He would appear in only one more game before spending the rest of the season in the minor leagues with the Triple-A Charlotte Knights, where he batted .326 with four home runs and 15 RBI. Millar played with the Marlins until the end of the 2002 season.

Boston Red Sox (2003–2005)
After the 2002 season, the Marlins sold Millar to the Chunichi Dragons of the Japanese Central League. In order for the transaction to be completed, he first had to clear the waivers requested by the Marlins, but the Red Sox broke an unwritten rule and blocked the deal with a waiver claim. Millar had signed a two-year, $6.2 million contract with the Dragons in January 2003, but in an unprecedented deal brokered by MLB, the Marlins later repaid the money that the Dragons had paid for Millar, and the Red Sox paid a similar sum to the Marlins in return for Millar. On February 15, 2003, Millar was officially traded to the Red Sox. His clubhouse presence and offensive production helped spark the Red Sox to the 2003 American League Championship Series and the 2004 World Series.

During the 2003 playoffs, Millar began using the phrase "Cowboy Up", and in 2004 referred to his team as "idiots" to keep teammates loose during the stretch run to the World Series Championship.

Millar had a lead-off walk in the ninth inning of Game 4 of the 2004 ALCS against the Yankees, which, along with Dave Roberts' steal of second base that inning and an RBI single by Bill Mueller, proved to be the turning point in the series. Prior to the game, Millar was caught on camera numerous times telling reporters and his teammates "Don't let the Sox win tonight", in reference to Game 4 and in reference to the fact that Pedro Martínez and Curt Schilling were scheduled as the starting pitchers Games 5 and 6, respectively.

On April 20, 2012, Millar, together with Pedro Martínez, gave a toast to Fenway Park on the 100th anniversary of the ballpark. Millar and Martinez stood on top of the home dugout and gave a toast that was the largest in history, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

Baltimore Orioles (2006–2008)
Millar signed a one-year, $2.1 million contract with the Baltimore Orioles on January 12, 2006. During the season, he broke Rey Ordóñez's record for most games played by any non-drafted player who started his career in the Independent Leagues during the Draft era. He finished his first season in Baltimore with a .272 average, 15 home runs, and 64 RBI in 132 games. After the season, Millar re-signed with the Orioles on a one-year, $2.75 million contract on December 2, 2006. The deal also included an option for the 2008 season.

Initially in Baltimore, he was not an everyday player. However, when Dave Trembley took over the team, he began to play more regularly.

On August 23, 2007, Millar reached base safely for the 50th consecutive game, setting a franchise record for the Orioles. On August 26, 2007, Millar's streak came to an end at 52 games. It was the seventh-longest streak since 1957.

Toronto Blue Jays (2009)
On February 11, 2009, Millar signed a minor league deal with the Toronto Blue Jays as a non-roster invitee. He successfully made the roster, serving as a backup to first baseman Lyle Overbay.

After Alex Ríos was claimed off waivers, Millar switched his number from #30 to his former #15.

Chicago Cubs (2010)
On February 1, 2010, Millar agreed to a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs, with an invitation to spring training. However, on March 30, he was released by the Cubs after not making the major league team.

First retirement
Millar announced his retirement on April 21, 2010, though on April 27 on MLB Network Radio with Jim Duquette and Kevin Kennedy, he stated it was not official as he still wanted to play. Millar joined MLB Network as a studio analyst. On May 20, 2010, Millar also joined New England Sports Network (NESN) as a pregame and postgame analyst. On May 22, Millar made his debut for Fox Sports and its MLB on Fox Saturday telecasts. He served as a pregame, game break, and postgame analyst for its primetime games in the studio, as well as a fill-in color analyst for select games during the season.

Return to baseball (St. Paul Saints)
On May 5, 2010, Millar returned to baseball when he signed a contract with the St. Paul Saints of the American Association, the same team with which he started his career. His contract language also allowed him to leave the team to carry out his broadcasting duties. He played six games for the Saints in 2010, hitting .208 with no home runs and two RBIs.

On June 24, 2017, Millar was allowed a single at-bat for the Saints in a regular-season game versus the Winnipeg Goldeyes as part of a promotional night celebrating the Saints' 25th anniversary. Facing his first live pitching in seven years, Millar hit a two-run home run in the bottom of the second inning; the Saints went on to win the game, 8–6.

Podcasting
In 2018, Millar and Chris Rose began co-hosting the audio podcast Intentional Talk: Caught Listening, produced by MLB Network.

Awards
After the 2001 season, Millar was awarded the Charlie Hough Good Guy Award by the Florida chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America.

After the 2003 season, Millar was awarded the Jackie Jensen Award, which is presented each year by the Boston chapter of the BBWAA. The award is presented to the player who best exemplifies the spirit and desire of Jackie Jensen, the former Red Sox outfielder.

Movie and television appearances
Millar made an appearance (in actual game footage from Game 4 of the 2004 ALCS) in the movie Fever Pitch in which he walked and was lifted for a pinch runner, Dave Roberts, during the Red Sox rally in the bottom of the 9th inning.

Millar co-hosts the MLB Network show Intentional Talk with Stephen Nelson. He repeatedly uses the phrase "Got heeeem" which has become a signature part of "Intentional Talk".

In 2022, Millar became a broadcaster and analyst for the Boston Red Sox on NESN. On August 21, 2023 Millar gained national recognition for calling Red Sox player Adam Duvall's three run home run and its location right before it occurred.

Personal life
Millar is married and has four young children. Millar currently makes his residence in Austin, Texas.

Millar is the nephew of former major league outfielder Wayne Nordhagen.

title: Kevin Millar


text:
Sharon Corr

Sharon Helga Corr MBE (born 24 March 1970) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, and television personality. She is best known as a member of the pop-rock band The Corrs, which she co-founded in 1990 with her elder brother Jim and younger sisters Caroline and Andrea. She plays the violin, piano and guitar, and sings backing vocals. She began learning the violin when she was six years old. She has played in national youth orchestras and is qualified to teach the violin.

The Corr siblings were awarded honorary MBEs in 2005 by Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of both their musical talent and their charitable work raising money for Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne, victims of the Omagh Bombing, and other charities. On 22 March 2019, Corr was awarded an honorary doctorate (DUniv) by the Open University, in recognition of her "exceptional contribution to education and culture". The ceremony took place at the Barbican Centre, London.

In 2012, Corr was revealed as one of the coaches on the first series of the RTÉ talent show The Voice of Ireland.

2009–2012: Dream of You
In July 2009, Corr was voted into first place in the Ms Twitter UK competition.

On 15 July 2009, Corr appeared on This Morning, having been booked by host Phillip Schofield via Twitter, to confirm the release of a new solo single and album. Her début single, "It's Not a Dream", was released on 29 August in Ireland and 31 August in the UK, with appearances at Isle of Wight, Glastonbury, and a number of other European music festivals. The album, Dream of You, was released on 13 September 2010 and comprises a number of self-penned tracks and select covers with Corr playing violin throughout. She was joined by longtime Corrs' sidemen Anthony (Anto) Drennan on lead guitar, Keith Duffy on bass, and Jason Duffy on drums, with orchestral arrangements by Fiachra Trench, a collaborator on four Corrs' albums.

Corr embarked on the Dream of You Tour on 19 August 2011 in Aberdeen and continued through the UK and Europe, with an Australian leg added in January 2012. While on the tour she introduced a newly written track, "Edge of Nowhere", which will be included on her second album.

2012–present: The Voice of Ireland, The Same Sun and The Fool and the Scorpion
Corr was a coach on the first and second series of the RTÉ talent show The Voice of Ireland.

In an interview with the Maitland Mercury in February 2012, Corr revealed that she is piecing together her second solo record.

Corr finished writing the album in March 2012 and she said it may be called Catch the Moon. The title comes from the idea "of when somebody comes into your life and they utterly change yours, that you would go to any lengths for them... so you would catch the moon." However, on 21 August 2013 it was announced that the new album would be titled The Same Sun. The lead single from the album, "Take a Minute", peaked at No. 11 on the Irish charts and No. 20 in the France charts. Corr also embarked on The Same Sun Tour in late 2013, touring in The Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, and Indonesia. She performed in Indonesia at Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta, Indonesia, on 24 September 2013 (WIB) as a special guest. She was also joined on tour by Yovie Widianto who was a special guest in Madrid, Spain, in November 2013. The tour continued throughout the United States during January and February 2014.

In 2015, The Corrs reunited, releasing the albums White Light. That album was followed up by Jupiter Calling in 2017.

Sharon released her third solo album, The Fool and the Scorpion on 24 September 2021. Promo for this album started in May with the announcement of a solo residency at Sala Clamores in Madrid, Spain. In May and June 2022, Sharon will embark on a UK tour supporting Jeff Beck, following her Spain and France gigs in January 2022.

Personal life
In 2001, Corr married Belfast barrister Robert Gavin Bonnar in Cratloe Church, County Clare. In a performance for BBC Radio 2, she stated, before performing the song, that she walked up the aisle to "Along with the Girls", a traditional instrumental track that featured on the Corrs' first album, Forgiven, Not Forgotten. The couple met when she was shooting the video for "Runaway". They had their first child, son Cathal ("Cal") Robert Gerard, on 31 March 2006, and their second child, daughter Flori Jean Elizabeth, on 18 July 2007. The couple split in October 2019. After having children, she battled with social anxiety disorder and wrote about her anxiety problems on her solo album.

Other recordings
As well as "No Frontiers" with Caroline Corr, Sharon sings "Dimming of the Day" and the demo version of "Goodbye". In 1999 she recorded violin parts for the Jean Michel Jarre track "Rendez-vous à Paris", which was released in 2000 on the album Métamorphoses.

She also recorded two tracks in 2008 with the Welsh operatic singer Bryn Terfel, and "Amarrado a Ti" with the Spanish singer Alex Ubago in 2009.

Guest appearances

 * 1999: "Rendez-vous à Paris" (Jean Michel Jarre)
 * 2008: "First Love – Songs from the British Isles" (Bryn Terfel)
 * 2009: "Amarrado a Tí" (Alex Ubago)
 * 2015: "Black Is the Colour" (Damien Leith)
 * 2022: "A Christmas Childhood" (Patrick Kavanagh)
 * 2023: "Go With The Flow" (The High Kings)

title: Sharon Corr


text:
Jim Corr

James Steven Ignatius Corr, (born 31 July 1964) is an Irish musician, singer, songwriter and DJ. He is a member of the Irish folk/rock band The Corrs, the other members being his three younger sisters Andrea, Sharon and Caroline.

Musical career
Corr first took guitar lessons in his hometown of Dundalk, a large industrial town in County Louth. Corr plays acoustic and electric guitar as well as piano, keyboard, accordion and singing background vocals. He has also had an active role in the production aspects of all of The Corrs' albums to date, working with David Foster and Olle Romo on two separate albums.

Charity work and recognition
The Corr siblings were appointed as honorary MBEs in 2005 by Queen Elizabeth II, in recognition of their musical talents and also their charitable work which raised money for Freeman Hospital in Newcastle (where their mother was treated), victims of the Omagh Bombing, The Prince's Trust, and other charities.

Jim and his sisters were also involved in the Live 8 series of concerts, performing at Edinburgh in mid-2005 alongside Bono and other acts such as Annie Lennox, Eddie Izzard and Bob Geldof. He also performed at Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert in South Africa, to help raise awareness of the growing AIDS epidemic in Africa.

Personal views
Corr is a member of the 9/11 Truth Movement and operates a website on which he writes about the New World Order, including the notion that 11 September 2001, was an inside job. Following the death of Osama bin Laden in May 2011, Corr maintained that bin Laden had actually died in 2001. At some point in September 2015, all conspiracy related content was removed from his site and the URL began to redirect to the main Corrs website.

Corr opposed lifting Ireland's constitutional ban on abortion in the 2018 Repeal the Eighth referendum.

Personal life
Corr has a son, Brandon, with ex-fiancée Gayle Williamson, a former Miss Northern Ireland.

title: Jim Corr


text:
Talk:Transgressive art

Help in understanding article
So what the hell is it? Meelar 19:26, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, I did an edit seeing the previous article explained not much at all. I'm more into the written word, though... if someone wants to add something about films they can go right ahead.

Characteristics?
What characterizes Transgressive art? --sparkit (talk) 06:13, May 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The transgression, d'uh!! 81.232.72.53 23:41, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Major Reworking
This article says almost nothing about the subject and just names a bunch of artists. I am catagorizing it as an art stub. Peer Review anyone? PhatJew 18:56, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Peer review of Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy
We are seeking reviewers for this article, if you would be interested, please feel free to come on over! Anyone is welcome! Kyaa the Catlord 16:49, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism?
I don't know enough about transgressive art to say for certain, but something about the edits of 84.191.252.36, 84.191.219.75, 84.191.248.169, 84.191.222.184, and 84.191.216.189 (Obviously all the same person, judging by the similar IPs and MO.) that just don't seem right. Anyone more knowledgable care to take a peek? -- g026r 18:18, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And nevermind, I've reverted the edits for the time being. I just noticed a few of them that made no sense (artists of the 90s influencing Throbbing Gristle?) that obviously imply vandalism. -- g026r 18:20, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Transgressive Literature?
Are Trainspotting, Fight Club and American Psycho actually considered transgressive literature? They don't seem nearly as 'transgressive' as the art of G. G. Allin, Kern, Zedd, etc. don 22:07, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The Transgressional fiction article intro goes on about protagonists seeking to better themselves and their surroundings by breaking out - doesn't apply to Patrick Bateman, the poor, misguided soul: he ends up with, This is not an exit. Good old-fashioned hell on earth.--Shtove 21:27, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

The Moving Line of Transgressive Art
By it's nature transgressive art becomes more mainstream with time. What used to be considered horrifically violent or the "height of offensiveness" becomes less so. Just as inversely in the world of political correctness we find that treatment of women and minorities as anything less than equal is less and less acceptable.Benjiboi 09:19, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Transgressive Music
Sure there is some talking about transgressive music, but have you guys ever checked te lyrics of most extreme metal/music bands? Especially brutal death metal, goregrind and to some extend, noise music, have some very transgressive lyrics. Thought this could be of help... TdpCtch22 08:46, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Category:Transgressive artists
 Category:Transgressive artists is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's category deletion policy. This does not mean that any of the articles in the category will be deleted. They may, however, be recategorized. Please share your thoughts on the matter at this category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cgingold (talk • contribs) 19:13, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

The term Transgressive
The article states that "The term transgressive was first used by American filmmaker Nick Zedd and his Cinema of Transgression in 1985." Clarification of this statement is needed, as Google Ngram Viewer finds many examples of its usage over time.WikkanWitch (talk) 19:45, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

The Fugs
The Fugs transgressed extremely, but were active before it became trendy to attach fancy words to every genre and sub-genre. Are they excluded because they were transgressive before the genre was named? The word "transgressive" has been part of the English language for centuries, so what does it even mean to say "the term was first used by..."? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.147.124.196 (talk) 14:45, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transgressive art


text:
Vallis (planetary geology)

Vallis or valles (plural valles ) is the Latin word for valley. It is used in planetary geology to name landform features on other planets.

Scientists used vallis for old river valleys they discovered when they sent the first probes to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; finding huge river valleys in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas, called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.

Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal Vallis is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS.

Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.

Kasei is about 2,400 km long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 km wide. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.

Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.

Lineated Floor Deposits
The floors of some channels have features called lineated floor deposits. They are ridged and grooved materials that seem to deflect around obstacles. Scientists believe they are ice-rich. Some glaciers on the Earth show such features. Lineated floor deposits may be related to lobate debris aprons, which have been proven to contain large amounts of ice. Reull Vallis, as pictured below, displays these deposits.

Origin of Dao Vallis
Dao Vallis begins near a large volcano, called Hadriaca Patera, so it is thought to have received water when hot magma melted huge amounts of ice in the frozen ground. The partially circular depressions on the left side of the channel in the image below suggests that groundwater sapping also contributed water.

title: Vallis (planetary geology)


text:
White sugar

White sugar, also called table sugar, granulated sugar, or regular sugar, is a commonly used type of sugar, made either of beet sugar or cane sugar, which has undergone a refining process. It is nearly pure sucrose.

Description
The refining process completely removes the molasses from cane juice or beet juice to give the disaccharide white sugar, sucrose. It has a purity higher than 99.7%. Its molecular formula is. White sugars produced from sugar cane and sugar beet are chemically indistinguishable: it is possible, however, to identify its origin through a carbon-13 analysis.

White sugar (and some brown sugar) produced from sugar cane may be refined using bone char by a few sugar cane refiners. Beet sugar has never been processed with bone char and is vegan.

From a chemical and nutritional point of view, white sugar does not contain—in comparison to brown sugar—some minerals (such as calcium, potassium, iron and magnesium) present in small quantities in molasses. The only detectable differences are, therefore, the white color and the less intense flavor.

Related items

 * Brown sugar

title: White sugar


text:
Fishing light attractor

A fishing light attractor is a fishing aid that uses lighting devices attached to structure above water or suspended underwater to attract fish at night. This is taking advantage of the phototactic behaviour exhibited by many species of fish, who are either attracted by the light themselves, or have come to prey upon any phototactic invertebrates that are drawn by the light.

title: Fishing light attractor


text:
Talk:C*-algebra

Comment
What is the point of the spaces introduced by User:Deflog, some of which change the paragraph structure?CSTAR 19:36, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

This article seems to suggest ||x*||=||x|| for B* algebras. Phys 23:42, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes it does. Indeed, this is the commonly accepted definition. Cf Dixmier 1.2.1 CSTAR 23:56, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * According to Blackadar, Operator Algebras, II.1.1.2, "in many older references, abstract C*-algebras were called B*-algebras, with the name C*-algebra reserved for concrete C*-algebras".

The "history" section is unclear. It seems to be saying that B* <==> C* but the ==> part is easier to prove and the <== part need not use ||x*||=||x||. However I fail to see what "For these reasons ..." actually means. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.76.7.215 (talk) 14:51, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

C*-algebra
It really sucks that we have to write C-star-algebra!CSTAR 03:01, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You don't like writing C* algebra or C*-algebra, then? :) Lupin 03:35, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * In the title?CSTAR

 * We could move the page... Lupin 04:00, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Is that possible? I though asterisks were not permissiblle characters in titles.CSTAR 04:08, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I guess they are possible. Maybe we should move others: In particular, Spectrum of a C-star-algebra to Spectrum of a C*-algebra.  CSTAR 04:18, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

NPOV
Ya know, saying that a book is "exciting and insightful" is not a statement that belongs in an encyclopedia without some careful couching ("commonly held to be..." etc). So I think that the opinionated comments about the references do violate NPOVness. Lupin 03:32, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Granted, possibly the phrasing is in bad taste. But to call this an opininiated comment? The reference we are talking about is a major work by a Fields medalist.  This book is indeed widely regarded as an exciting and insightful book.  Various instances of courses at major univetrsities (UC Berkeley UCLA) have been based on this book; this has has opened new areas of research.  Moreovrr to use NPOV (which can be a highly subjective criterion) as a bludgeon to correct some other problem, e.g. a problem of style or taste is really a bad idea.

 * The whole point of a collabortaive effort, if you feel more careful "couching" is required, is to by all means put that couching in. But don't simply wipe some piece of text out entirely if some justification is possible, and I believe I have given an argument as to why the book is insightful and exciting.CSTAR 03:48, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well that comment (and the others) may not necessarily be "wrong", but it certainly does come across as opinionated to me. Unfortunately I don't myself feel qualified to speak with any authority about the perceived merits of the references. Perhaps you could expand on your comments? They still sound inappropriate in an encyclopedia to me. Apologies if my "wiping" ruffled feathers. Lupin 03:59, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Moving to C*-algebra
This is currently a redirect page. Please voice objections soon. VERY soon. CSTAR 04:25, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

type I C*-algebras
I have changed the statement 'A is type I iff every factor representation generates a type I factor' to 'A is type I iff every representation generates a type I von Neumann algebra'. If I'm not mistaken, the latter is equivalent with the former (or is a separability condition necessary?)? I get my definition (indirectly) from Arveson's book. So I'll add the first statement as a relaxation of the type I condition. I think this approach is nicer, since then the definition is easier and more general to state.
 * They are clearly equivalent for separable A. According to Sakai's book, Theorem 4.6.4 it's true in general.--CSTAR 04:52, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Uniqueness
What's the problem with claiming "A is a C*-algebra in a unique way"? A C*-algebra (involutive algebra with a complete C*-norm) has a unique complete C*-norm. Am I missing something?--CSTAR 18:10, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * good to see you still around, CSTAR :-). C* norms are unique in general, for every C*-algebra. that sentence about quotient algebras just seemed kinda funny: "The algebraic quotient of a C*-algebra by a closed proper two-sided ideal is a C*-algebra in a unique way". it might suggest that, somehow in some weird way, one should expect more than one C*-structure on the quotient algebra but this turns out not to be the case.

 * it's more appropriate to point out here instead that the natural norm turns out to be a C*-norm, hence the only one, IMHO. Mct mht 23:13, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

All homomorphisms are isometries?
I don't think it's just the grammar that's incorrect in this sentence: "Furthermore, a *-homomorphism between C*-algebras is isometry." Should that be a *-isomorphism? 76.126.116.54 (talk) 04:03, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Maybe I should stop being a baby, look up the correct statement and fix it myself. Missing that teeny word "injective", according to Davidson, C*-algebras by Example, Theorem I.5.5. 76.126.116.54 (talk) 04:09, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Ozob (talk) 21:27, 19 December 2009 (UTC) types are never derfined — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.12.75.81 (talk) 10:41, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge with †-algebra
WP:DICDEF: †-algebra is apparently an alternative name for a finite C*-algebra. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 08:50, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

Introduction versus body. Abstract characterization versus operators on a Hilbert space.
In the lede it says a C* algebra is an algebra of operators on a Hilbert space. This is not supported by the text, which gives an abstract definition as a kind of Banach algebra. These should be brought into line. 84.226.79.103 (talk) 11:13, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:C*-algebra


text: User talk:198.54.202.115

title: User talk:198.54.202.115


text:
User:Aron Håkanson

Aron Håkanson, programmer and computer linguist, born 1 November 1979 at the hospital of Borås, Sweden as the first snow fell over Sjuhärad, has grown up in Töve, Sweden.

Lives now in Moscow, als programmer tätig.

Likes four languages usually called German, Perl, Russian and Spanish.

Personal homepage: Aron Håkanson

Tries to put together a dictionary (Swedish-German-Spanish).

de:Benutzer:Aron Håkanson es:Usuario:Aron Håkanson sv:Användare:Aron Håkanson

title: User:Aron Håkanson


text:
User:Hagrid

Rubeus Hagrid at your service,

I am from Germany, so if you have something urgent, leave me a message on my German Talk-Page. You may do this in English there as well.

I won't login to the en-pages so often...

→ my German user page

My Bookmarks

 * Büdingen
 * Tinley Park, Illinois

de:Benutzer:Hagrid

title: User:Hagrid


text:
Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones

Frederick Elwyn Elwyn-Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones, (24 October 1909 – 4 December 1989), commonly known as Elwyn Jones, was a Welsh barrister and Labour politician.

Background and education
Elwyn Jones was born in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, and read history for a year at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, and then at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He spent time in Germany in the 1930s.

An acting bombardier in the Royal Artillery (Territorial Army), he was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 23 December 1939. He ended his service as a major.

Legal career
Jones became a barrister and Recorder of Merthyr Tydfil. He was also a broadcaster and journalist. He served as junior British Counsel during the Nuremberg Trials, and led for the prosecution (Leading Prosecutor) at the Hamburg trial of Marshal Erich von Manstein in 1948. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1953.

In 1966, he led the prosecution of the Moors murderers, Ian Brady and Myra Hindley.

Political career
At the 1945 general election, he was elected as Labour Member of Parliament for Plaistow, east London. In 1950, he became MP for West Ham South, serving until 1974. In 1964, Elwyn Jones was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Attorney General (receiving the customary knighthood ) by Harold Wilson, a post he held until 1970.

In February 1974, he was once again elected to Parliament, now for Newham South, but left the House of Commons soon afterwards when he was made a life peer. On 11 March, he was created Baron Elwyn-Jones, of Llanelli in the County of Carmarthen and of Newham in Greater London, with a change of his surname to Elwyn-Jones. The resulting by-election allowed Nigel Spearing to re-enter Parliament as he had lost the Acton seat in the February election. He served as Lord Chancellor from 1974 to 1979, under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. In 1976 he was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour.

Personal life
In 1937, Jones married Pearl "Polly" Binder, an artist from Manchester. The couple had three children: Josephine, Lou and Dan. Josephine became a researcher on Jacob Bronowski's TV series The Ascent of Man and married Francis Gladstone (a great-grandson of Prime Minister William Gladstone). Dan Jones is an artist, collector of children's playground songs and human rights campaigner.

Elwyn-Jones's brother Idris (1900–1971) was captain of the Wales rugby union team in 1925, and was an industrial chemist who became Director General of Research Development for the National Coal Board.

Elwyn-Jones died in December 1989, aged 80.

title: Elwyn Jones, Baron Elwyn-Jones


text:
Distance geometry

Distance geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with characterizing and studying sets of points based only on given values of the distances between pairs of points. More abstractly, it is the study of semimetric spaces and the isometric transformations between them. In this view, it can be considered as a subject within general topology.

Historically, the first result in distance geometry is Heron's formula in 1st century AD. The modern theory began in 19th century with work by Arthur Cayley, followed by more extensive developments in the 20th century by Karl Menger and others.

Distance geometry problems arise whenever one needs to infer the shape of a configuration of points (relative positions) from the distances between them, such as in biology, sensor networks, surveying, navigation, cartography, and physics.

Introduction and definitions
The concepts of distance geometry will first be explained by describing two particular problems.

First problem: hyperbolic navigation
Consider three ground radio stations A, B, C, whose locations are known. A radio receiver is at an unknown location. The times it takes for a radio signal to travel from the stations to the receiver, $$ t_A,t_B,t_C $$, are unknown, but the time differences, $$t_A-t_B $$ and $$t_A-t_C $$, are known. From them, one knows the distance differences $$c(t_A-t_B) $$ and $$c(t_A-t_C) $$, from which the position of the receiver can be found.

Second problem: dimension reduction
In data analysis, one is often given a list of data represented as vectors $$\mathbf{v} = (x_1, \ldots, x_n)\in \mathbb{R}^n$$, and one needs to find out whether they lie within a low-dimensional affine subspace. A low-dimensional representation of data has many advantages, such as saving storage space, computation time, and giving better insight into data.

Definitions
Now we formalize some definitions that naturally arise from considering our problems.

Semimetric space
Given a list of points on $$R = \{P_0, \ldots, P_n\}$$, $$n \ge 0$$, we can arbitrarily specify the distances between pairs of points by a list of $$d_{ij}> 0$$, $$0 \le i < j \le n$$. This defines a semimetric space: a metric space without triangle inequality.

Explicitly, we define a semimetric space as a nonempty set $$R$$ equipped with a semimetric $$d: R\times R \to [0, \infty)$$ such that, for all $$x, y\in R$$,

 * 1) Positivity: $$d(x, y) = 0$$   if and only if  $$x = y$$.
 * 2) Symmetry: $$d(x, y) = d(y, x)$$.

Any metric space is a fortiori a semimetric space. In particular, $$\mathbb{R}^k$$, the $$k$$-dimensional Euclidean space, is the canonical metric space in distance geometry.

The triangle inequality is omitted in the definition, because we do not want to enforce more constraints on the distances $$d_{ij}$$ than the mere requirement that they be positive.

In practice, semimetric spaces naturally arise from inaccurate measurements. For example, given three points $$A, B, C$$ on a line, with $$d_{AB} = 1, d_{BC} = 1, d_{AC} = 2$$, an inaccurate measurement could give $$d_{AB} = 0.99, d_{BC} = 0.98, d_{AC} = 2.00$$, violating the triangle inequality.

Isometric embedding
Given two semimetric spaces, $$(R, d), (R', d')$$, an isometric embedding from $$R$$ to $$R'$$ is a map $$f: R \to R'$$ that preserves the semimetric, that is, for all $$x, y\in R$$, $$d(x, y) = d'(f(x), f(y))$$.

For example, given the finite semimetric space $$(R, d)$$ defined above, an isometric embedding from $$R$$ to $$\mathbb{R}^k$$ is defined by points $A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n \in \mathbb R^k$, such that $$d(A_i, A_j) = d_{ij}$$ for all $$0 \le i < j \le n$$.

Affine independence
Given the points $A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n \in \mathbb R^k$, they are defined to be affinely independent, iff they cannot fit inside a single $$ l$$-dimensional affine subspace of $$ \mathbb{R}^k$$, for any $$ \ell < n$$, iff the $$n$$-simplex they span, $$v_n$$, has positive $$n$$-volume, that is, $$\operatorname{Vol}_n(v_n) > 0$$.

In general, when $$k\ge n $$, they are affinely independent, since a generic n-simplex is nondegenerate. For example, 3 points in the plane, in general, are not collinear, because the triangle they span does not degenerate into a line segment. Similarly, 4 points in space, in general, are not coplanar, because the tetrahedron they span does not degenerate into a flat triangle.

When $$ n > k$$, they must be affinely dependent. This can be seen by noting that any $$n$$-simplex that can fit inside $$\mathbb{R}^k$$ must be "flat".

Cayley–Menger determinants
Cayley–Menger determinants, named after Arthur Cayley and Karl Menger, are determinants of matrices of distances between sets of points.

Let $A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n$ be n + 1 points in a semimetric space, their Cayley–Menger determinant is defined by

\operatorname{CM}(A_0, \cdots, A_n) = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & d_{01}^2 & d_{02}^2 & \cdots & d_{0n}^2 & 1 \\ d_{01}^2 & 0 & d_{12}^2 & \cdots & d_{1n}^2 & 1 \\ d_{02}^2 & d_{12}^2 & 0 & \cdots & d_{2n}^2 & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ d_{0n}^2 & d_{1n}^2 & d_{2n}^2 & \cdots & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix}$$

If $ A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n \in \mathbb R^k$, then they make up the vertices of a possibly degenerate n-simplex $$v_n$$ in $$\mathbb{R}^k$$. It can be shown that the n-dimensional volume of the simplex $$v_n$$ satisfies

 * $$ \operatorname{Vol}_n(v_n)^2 = \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{(n!)^2 2^n} \operatorname{CM}(A_0, \ldots, A_n). $$

Note that, for the case of $$n=0$$, we have $$\operatorname{Vol}_0(v_0) = 1$$, meaning the "0-dimensional volume" of a 0-simplex is 1, that is, there is 1 point in a 0-simplex.

$A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n$ are affinely independent iff $$\operatorname{Vol}_n(v_n) > 0$$, that is, $$ (-1)^{n+1} \operatorname{CM}(A_0, \ldots, A_n) > 0$$. Thus Cayley–Menger determinants give a computational way to prove affine independence.

If $$ k < n$$, then the points must be affinely dependent, thus $$ \operatorname{CM}(A_0, \ldots, A_n) = 0$$. Cayley's 1841 paper studied the special case of $$ k = 3, n = 4$$, that is, any five points $$ A_0, \ldots, A_4$$ in 3-dimensional space must have $$ \operatorname{CM}(A_0, \ldots, A_4) = 0$$.

History
The first result in distance geometry is Heron's formula, from 1st century AD, which gives the area of a triangle from the distances between its 3 vertices. Brahmagupta's formula, from 7th century AD, generalizes it to cyclic quadrilaterals. Tartaglia, from 16th century AD, generalized it to give the volume of tetrahedron from the distances between its 4 vertices.

The modern theory of distance geometry began with Arthur Cayley and Karl Menger. Cayley published the Cayley determinant in 1841, which is a special case of the general Cayley–Menger determinant. Menger proved in 1928 a characterization theorem of all semimetric spaces that are isometrically embeddable in the n-dimensional Euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. In 1931, Menger used distance relations to give an axiomatic treatment of Euclidean geometry.

Leonard Blumenthal's book gives a general overview for distance geometry at the graduate level, a large part of which is treated in English for the first time when it was published.

Menger characterization theorem
Menger proved the following characterization theorem of semimetric spaces: A semimetric space $$(R, d)$$ is isometrically embeddable in the $$n$$-dimensional Euclidean space $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, but not in $$\mathbb{R}^m$$ for any $$0 \le m < n$$, if and only if:

A proof of this theorem in a slightly weakened form (for metric spaces instead of semimetric spaces) is in.
 * 1) $$R$$ contains an $$(n+1)$$-point subset $$S$$ that is isometric with an affinely independent $$(n+1)$$-point subset of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$;
 * 2) any $$(n+3)$$-point subset $$S'$$, obtained by adding any two additional points of $$R$$ to $$S$$, is congruent to an $$(n+3)$$-point subset of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$.

Characterization via Cayley–Menger determinants
The following results are proved in Blumethal's book.

Embedding n + 1 points in the real numbers
Given a semimetric space $$ (S,d)$$, with $$S = \{P_0, \ldots, P_n\}$$, and $$d(P_i, P_j) = d_{ij}\ge 0$$, $$0 \le i < j \le n$$, an isometric embedding of $$(S, d)$$ into $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ is defined by $A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n \in \mathbb R^n$ , such that $$d(A_i, A_j) = d_{ij}$$ for all $$0 \le i < j \le n$$.

Again, one asks whether such an isometric embedding exists for $$(S,d)$$.

A necessary condition is easy to see: for all $$k = 1, \ldots, n$$, let $$v_k$$ be the k-simplex formed by $A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_k$, then

 * $$(-1)^{k+1} \operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_k) = (-1)^{k+1} \operatorname{CM}(A_0, \ldots, A_k) = 2^k (k!)^k \operatorname{Vol}_k(v_k)^2 \ge 0$$

The converse also holds. That is, if for all $$k = 1, \ldots, n$$,

 * $$(-1)^{k+1}\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_k) \ge 0,$$

then such an embedding exists.

Further, such embedding is unique up to isometry in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. That is, given any two isometric embeddings defined by $$A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n$$, and $$A'_0, A'_1,\ldots, A'_n$$, there exists a (not necessarily unique) isometry $$T : \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R^n$$, such that $$T(A_k) = A'_k$$ for all $$k = 0, \ldots, n$$. Such $$T$$ is unique if and only if $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n) \neq 0$$, that is, $$A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_n$$ are affinely independent.

Embedding n + 2 and n + 3 points
If $$n+2$$ points $$P_0, \ldots, P_{n+1}$$ can be embedded in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ as $$A_0, \ldots, A_{n+1}$$, then other than the conditions above, an additional necessary condition is that the $$(n+1)$$-simplex formed by  $$A_0, A_1,\ldots, A_{n+1}$$, must have no $$(n+1)$$-dimensional volume. That is, $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}) = 0$$.

The converse also holds. That is, if for all $$k = 1, \ldots, n$$,

 * $$(-1)^{k+1} \operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_k) \ge 0,$$

and

 * $$ \operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}) = 0, $$

then such an embedding exists.

For embedding $$n+3$$ points in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, the necessary and sufficient conditions are similar:

 * 1) For all $$k = 1, \ldots, n$$, $$(-1)^{k+1} \operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_k) \ge 0$$;
 * 2) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}) = 0;$$
 * 3) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+2}) = 0;$$
 * 4) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}, P_{n+2}) = 0.$$

Embedding arbitrarily many points
The $$n+3$$ case turns out to be sufficient in general.

In general, given a semimetric space $$(R, d)$$, it can be isometrically embedded in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ if and only if there exists $$P_0, \ldots, P_n\in R$$, such that, for all $$k = 1, \ldots, n$$, $$(-1)^{k+1} \operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_k) \ge 0$$, and for any $$P_{n+1}, P_{n+2} \in R$$,

 * 1) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}) = 0;$$
 * 2) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+2}) = 0;$$
 * 3) $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n, P_{n+1}, P_{n+2}) = 0.$$

And such embedding is unique up to isometry in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$.

Further, if $$\operatorname{CM}(P_0, \ldots, P_n) \neq 0$$, then it cannot be isometrically embedded in any $$\mathbb{R}^m, m < n$$. And such embedding is unique up to unique isometry in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$.

Thus, Cayley–Menger determinants give a concrete way to calculate whether a semimetric space can be embedded in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$, for some finite $$n$$, and if so, what is the minimal $$n$$.

Applications
There are many applications of distance geometry.

In telecommunication networks such as GPS, the positions of some sensors are known (which are called anchors) and some of the distances between sensors are also known: the problem is to identify the positions for all sensors. Hyperbolic navigation is one pre-GPS technology that uses distance geometry for locating ships based on the time it takes for signals to reach anchors.

There are many applications in chemistry. Techniques such as NMR can measure distances between pairs of atoms of a given molecule, and the problem is to infer the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule from those distances.

Some software packages for applications are:

 * DGSOL. Solves large distance geometry problems in macromolecular modeling.
 * Xplor-NIH. Based on X-PLOR, to determine the structure of molecules based on data from NMR experiments. It solves distance geometry problems with heuristic methods (such as simulated annealing) and local search methods (such as conjugate gradient minimization).
 * TINKER. Molecular modeling and design. It can solve distance geometry problems.
 * SNLSDPclique. MATLAB code for locating sensors in a sensor network based on the distances between the sensors.

title: Distance geometry


text:
Talk:Emperor Ōjin

Untitled
We were taught in school, Emperor Ojin is the oldest real emperor. I am curious to another these which says he was a legendary emperor. Aphaea 19:48, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see the proof in the article. This needs to be explained. -RomeW

I see a discrepancy in the text - it says that "It is somewhat probable that he (or the chieftain upon whose life the legend about Ōjin is built) flourished in early 5th century CE" with no other dates proposed, while below he's listed as "Emperor of Japan 270-310" in the sequence.

My mistake, other dates are mentioned, but the quoted sentece still hangs awkward in the text.

Image of Imperial symbol
The Imperial mon (emblem) was added here. In 2012, the image was removed from other articles about Japanese emperors -- compare here. Zenwort's edit summary is clear and reasonable --img of Imperial seal removed, this was not used before the Muromachi era

The use of this symbol is justified because this emperor and this article is an important part of a grouping of articles about the emperors of Japan -- see Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 応神天皇 (15). Does this rationale provide a good enough reason for it to be restored? --Enkyo2 (talk) 13:58, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emperor Ōjin