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Kingdom of Powys

The Kingdom of Powys (Regnum Poysiae) was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain. It very roughly covered the northern two-thirds of the modern county of Powys and part of today's English West Midlands (see map). More precisely, and based on the Romano-British tribal lands of the Ordovices in the west and the Cornovii in the east, its boundaries originally extended from the Cambrian Mountains in the west to include the modern West Midlands region of England in the east. The fertile river valleys of the Severn and Tern are found here, and this region is referred to in later Welsh literature as "the Paradise of Powys" (an epithet retained in Welsh for the modern UK county).

Name
The name Powys is thought to derive from Latin pagus 'the countryside' and pagenses 'dwellers in the countryside', also the origins of French "pays" and English "peasant". During the Roman Empire, this region was organised into a province, with the capital at Viroconium Cornoviorum (modern Wroxeter), the fourth-largest Roman city in Britain. It was later abandoned for Deva Victrix (Chester).

The term Teyrnllwg was stated as an older name of Powys in the 1851 Archaeologia Cambrensis, and said to also be used in the medieval Brut y Tywysogion. However, it is likely that the term referred to an "imaginary territory" traced back to the work of Iolo Morganwg. The term is claimed to have been incorrectly derived from deyrnllwg, a newer form of the cognomen durnluc (modern ddyrnllug), used by Cadell Ddyrnllwg (Catel Durnluc). Aside being claimed to be used for Powys, it was also used to refer to areas of Cheshire and south Lancashire. This term was also translated and used to refer to only Vale Royal (in modern Cheshire), which Powys would have bordered.

Early Middle Ages
Throughout the Early Middle Ages, Powys was ruled by the Gwertherion dynasty, a family claiming descent jointly from the marriage of Vortigern and Princess Sevira, the daughter of Magnus Maximus. Archaeological evidence has shown that, unusually for the post-Roman period, Viroconium Cornoviorum survived as an urban centre well into the 6th century and thus could have been the Powys capital. The Historia Brittonum, written around AD 828, records the town as Caer Guricon, one of his "28 British Towns" of Roman Britain. In the following centuries, the Powys eastern border was encroached upon by English settlers from the emerging Anglian territory of Mercia. This was a gradual process, and English control in the West Midlands was uncertain until the late 8th century.

In 549, the Plague of Justinian – an outbreak of a strain of bubonic plague – arrived in Britain, and Welsh communities were devastated, with villages and countryside alike depopulated. However, the English were less affected by this plague as they had far fewer trading contacts with the continent at this time. Faced with shrinking manpower and increasing Anglian encroachment, King Brochwel Ysgithrog may have moved the court from Caer Guricon to Pengwern, the exact site of which is unknown but may have been at Shrewsbury, traditionally associated with Pengwern, or the more defensible Din Gwrygon, the hill fort on The Wrekin.

In 616, the armies of King Æthelfrith of Northumbria clashed with Powys. Seeing an opportunity to further drive a wedge between the North Welsh and those of Rheged, Æthelfrith invaded Powys' northern lands. Æthelfrith forced a battle near Chester and defeated Selyf and his allies. At the commencement of the battle, Bede tells us that the pagan Æthelfrith slaughtered 1,200 monks from the important monastery of Bangor-on-Dee in Maelor because, he said, "they fight against us, because they oppose us by their prayers". Selyf ap Cynan was also killed in the battle and may have been the first of the kings of Powys to be buried at the church dedicated to St. Tysilio, at Meifod, thence known as the Eglwys Tysilio and subsequently the dynasty's Royal mausoleum.

If King Cynddylan of Pengwern hailed from the royal Powys dynasty, then forces from Powys may also have been present at the Battle of Maes Cogwy in 642. According to the probably ninth-century cycle of englyn-poems Canu Heledd, the region around Pengwern was sacked soon after, its royal family slaughtered and most of its lands were annexed by Mercia, some by Powys. However, this account is generally now thought to represent ninth-century imaginings of what must have been going on in the seventh, inspired by Powys's political situation in the ninth century.

Powys enjoyed a resurgence with successful campaigns against the English in 655, 705–707 and 722, wrote Davies. The court was moved to Mathrafal Castle in the valley of the river Vyrnwy by 717, possibly by King Elisedd ap Gwylog (d.c. 755). Elisedd's successes led King Æthelbald of Mercia to build Wat's Dyke. This endeavour may have been with Elisedd's own agreement, however, for this boundary, extending north from the Severn Valley to the Dee estuary, gave Oswestry (Welsh: Croesoswallt) to Powys. King Offa of Mercia seems to have continued this consultive initiative when he created a larger earth work, now known as Offa's Dyke (Welsh: Clawdd Offa). Davies wrote of Cyril Fox's study of Offa's Dyke, "In the planning of it, there was a degree of consultation with the kings of Powys and Gwent.

On the Long Mountain near Trelystan, the dyke veers to the east, leaving the fertile slopes in the hands of the Welsh; near Rhiwabon, it was designed to ensure that Cadell ap Brochwel retained possession of the Fortress of Penygadden." And for Gwent Offa had the dyke built "on the eastern crest of the gorge, clearly with the intention of recognizing that the river Wye and its traffic belonged to the kingdom of Gwent." This new border moved Oswestry back to the English side of the new frontier, and Offa attacked Powys in 760 at Hereford, and again in 778, 784 and 796. Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English, though the Welsh would recover by the 12th century the area between the Dee and the River Conwy, known then as the Perfeddwlad or "Midlands".

Rhodri, Hywel, and Gruffydd
Powys was united with Gwynedd when king Merfyn Frych of the Gwynedd dynasty married princess Nest ferch Cadell, daughter of king Cyngen of Powys, the last representative of the Gwertherion dynasty. With the death of Cyngen in 854 Rhodri Mawr became king of Powys, having inherited Gwynedd the year before. This formed the basis of Gwynedd's continued claims of overlordship over Powys for the next 443 years.

Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) ruled over most of modern Wales until his death in 878. His sons would in turn found dynasties of their own which would loom large in Welsh history, each claiming descent from Rhodri. Merfyn inherited Powys, whilst his brothers, Anarawd ap Rhodri and Cadell, established the Aberffraw dynasty in Gwynedd and the line of Dinefwr respectively.

In 942 Hywel Dda of Deheubarth (Rhodri's grandson through his second son, Cadell) seized Gwynedd on the death of his cousin, Idwal Foel. He apparently took Powys from Llywelyn ap Merfyn at the same time and arranged for a dynastic marriage between their children. Hywel had founded Deheubarth in 920 out of his maternal and paternal inheritances and maintained close relations with Æthelstan, King of the Anglo-Saxons, often visiting Æthelstan's court. Hywel studied the English legal system and reformed Welsh law in his own realms (later called the Cyfraith Hywel or "Laws of Hywel"), and when he went on pilgrimage to Rome in 928, he took his collection of laws, which allegedly were blessed by the pope.

Hywel encouraged the use of coinage in Wales, having his monies minted in Chester, a benefit of his relations with England. In 945 Hywel held an assembly in Whitland to codify his law codes, though with the aid of the celebrated cleric Blegywryd. Hwyel's works would lead posterity to name him the good (Hywel Dda), and his reign is recognised as an unusually peaceful one. On his death, Gwynedd reverted to the Aberffraw dynasty, though Powys and Deheubarth were divided between his sons. Maredudd ab Owain rebuilt the kingdom of his grandfather Hywel Dda. He was king of Deheubarth and Powys by 986, when he seized Gwynedd. Maredudd fought off English encroachment in Powys and increasing Viking raids in Gwynedd. He is recorded to have paid a penny for hostages captured by Vikings, a large sum for his time. With Maredudd's death in 999, Powys passed to his grandson Llywelyn ap Seisyll, through Maredudd's elder daughter Princess Anghared (with her first husband Seisyll ap Owian), while Deheubarth was divided between his sons.

Gwynedd temporarily returned to the Aberffraw line, though the next century would see the abandonment of the senior historic families as increased Viking incursions and incessant warfare led usurpers to overthrow the Aberffraw and Dinefwr houses; they would not recover until the end of the 11th century. Llywelyn's son Gruffydd would unite all Wales under his own kingship, displacing his cousins in Deheubarth, even expanding into England and affecting politics there. With Gruffydd's death Deheubarth passed through a series of rulers with various claims, but would return to the historic Dinefwr dynasty in 1063 in the person of Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin.

House of Mathrafal
It is through Princess Anghared (as daughter of Maredudd ab Owain of Deheubarth and Powys), her second husband was Cynfyn ap Gwerstan, that the Mathrafal dynasty was founded. The dynasty takes its name from the historic seat of Mathrafal Castle. Anghared's son Bleddyn ap Cynfyn would inherit Powys in 1063 on the death of his maternal half-brother Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. Bleddyn (the name means wolf in Welsh) secured Gwynedd in 1063 after a battle with the Aberffraw claimant Cynan ap Iago, with Edward the Confessor of England endorsing Bleddyn's seizure later that year. Additionally, Bleddyn is recorded as amending the Law Codes of Hywel Dda.

Bleddyn ap Cynfyn and his brother Rhiwallon fought alongside the Anglo-Saxons against the Norman Invasion. In 1067 they allied with the Mercian Eadric the Wild in an attack on the Normans at Hereford, then in 1068 with Earl Edwin of Mercia and Earl Morcar of Northumbria in another attack on the Normans. In 1070 he defeated his half-nephews, the sons of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, in the battle of Mechain in their bid to take Gwynedd. Bleddyn ap Cynfyn himself was killed in 1075 while campaigning in Deheubarth against Rhys ab Owain. With Bleddyn's death, Powys passed to his sons and grandsons in their turn. Gwynedd passed to his cousin Trehaearn ap Caradog, who was killed in 1081 at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, and would then return to the historic Aberffraw dynasty in the person of Gruffudd ap Cynan. Powys was itself divided among Bleddyn's sons Iorwerth, Cadwgan, and Maredudd.

After William the Conqueror secured England, he left the Welsh to his Norman barons to carve out lordships for themselves. Thus the Welsh Marches were formed along the Anglo-Welsh border. By 1086 the Norman Earl Roger de Montgomery of Shrewsbury had built a castle at the Severn ford of Rhydwhiman, named Montgomery Castle after his home in Normandy. After Montgomery other Normans claimed the north Powys' cantrefi of Ial, Cynllaith, Edernion, and Nanheudwy. From here they took Arwstle, Ceri, and Cedwain. Almost the whole of Powys, as much of Wales, was in Norman hands by 1090. The three sons of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn would lead the resistance and their restoration in Powys. By 1096 they had retaken most of Powys, including Montgomery Castle. Roger Montgomery rose in revolt against King William II of England, and his son Robert Belleme had his lands confiscated in 1102.

Division
Through the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the House of Mathrafal struggled to retain its lands in Powys against Norman Marcher lords and a resurgent Gwynedd. After 1160, when Madog ap Maredudd died and his son and designated heir, Llywelyn ap Madog, was killed, the realm was divided along the River Rhaeadr:
 * Cantrefs north of the Rhaeadr were allocated to Madog's remaining sons:
 * Penllyn was received by Owain Brogyntyn, Prince of Powys, but almost immediately he was forced to become a vassal of neighbouring Gwynedd, and Penllyn fell under Gwynedd's yoke. He was the ancestor of the Hughes of Gwerclas and the Jones of Faerdref Uchaf.
 * Maelor and Iâl (Yale) were received by Gruffydd (subsequently Gruffydd Maelor), Prince of Powys Fadog, and ancestor of Owain Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, and the Vaughans of Corsygedeol and the Yale family.
 * Swydd y Waun (the commotes of Nanheudwy, and Cynllaith) was received by Lord Owain Fychan.
 * Cantrefs south of the Rhaeadr (Cyfeiliog, Ystlyg, and Caereinion) were allocated to Owain, Prince of Powys Wenwynwyn, (subsequently Owain Cyfeiliog), the son of Madog's deceased brother
 * The cantref spanning the Rhaeadr – Mochnant – was received by Prince Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd, Madog's surviving half-brother.

In 1166, Owain Cyfeiliog and Owain Fychan attacked Iorwerth Goch, forcing him out of Mochnant, and dividing the land between them; Owain Cyfeiliog kept Mochnant Uwch Rhaeadr, while Owain Fychan kept Mochnant Is Rhaeadr (which became part of Swydd y Waun). In 1187, Owain Fychan died, and his lands were transferred to Gruffydd. By the end of the century, the resulting realms had become known by the names of the next generation of rulers:
 * Powys Fadog, north of the Rhaeadr, after Madog the son of Gruffydd
 * Powys Wenwynwyn, south of the Rhaeadr, after Gwenwynwyn, the son of Owain Cyfeiliog.

Impact of external hegemons

Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, had tried to change the law to exclude his eldest son, Maelgwn, born out of wedlock, from the succession; traditional Welsh law differed from that in England and Europe, which disinherited illegitimate children. Maelgwn was forced into exile. In 1197, when Rhys died, Gwenwynwyn loaned troops to Maelgwn to help him take the throne of Deheubarth. Loyal vassals of Rhys, like the ruler of Arwystli, had sided with Gruffydd, the eldest son of Rhys to be born in wedlock, so Gwenwynwyn attacked and subjugated Arwystli; Arwystli (at that time including Cedewain) thenceforth became part of Powys Wenwynwyn.

Rhys had been the most powerful of the Welsh princes at the time, but now the princes of Gwynedd sought hegemony, gaining it under Owain Gwynedd, Llywelyn Fawr, and Dafydd ap Llywelyn. Though Powys Fadog largely supported their aspirations, Powys Wenwynwyn was frequently at loggerheads with them, and was the subject of constant attempts at encroachment by the princes of Gwynedd. Gwenwynwyn himself was driven into exile, in England.

Gwynedd was forced by King Henry III to restore Gwenwynwyn's son, Gruffydd, to power in Powys Wenwynwyn. Nevertheless, the power of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd, lead both divisions of Powys to acknowledge Llywelyn as Prince of Wales, by 1263. Llywelyn proceeded to cultivate relations with the enemies of King Henry III, particularly the family of Simon de Montfort.

In 1274, Llywelyn married Simon de Montfort's daughter, and Gruffydd repudiated his allegiance. Gruffydd was forced into exile in England, but the following year Llywelyn was declared a rebel by King Edward I, who launched a new campaign against Gwynedd in 1276. The success of the campaign resulted in Gruffydd being reinstated. By this time, Gruffydd's son, Owain, had chosen to anglicise his name to Owen de la Pole (taking the surname from the capital of Powys Wenwynwyn – Pool).

Following the death of Madog II, in 1269, Powys Fadog was divided among Madog's sons. When Madog's eldest son died in 1277, Edward appointed Roger Mortimer the guardian of the youngest son, still a child, to prevent Gruffudd Fychan I (Madog's eldest surviving son) taking advantage of the child's age to steal his lands. However, when the child's body was discovered in the River Dee four years later and presumed murdered, Mortimer was allowed to take the lands – the cantref of Swydd y Waun.

In 1282, Llywelyn attacked the Perfeddwlad, in contravention of the Treaty of Aberconwy, resulting in a huge counter-attack by King Edward. The forces of Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn were instrumental in the total defeat of Gwynedd; alongside Roger Lestrange of Ellesmere and Roger Mortimer, Gruffudd's forces ambushed Llywelyn and killed him.

Post-kingdom Powys

Powys Fadog (except for Mortimer's portion) had allied with Gwynedd during Edward's 1282 invasion, so in 1283, in the aftermath of King Edward's total extinction of Gwynedd, Edward abolished Powys Fadog, granting Gruffudd Fychan's lands to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (also known as the Earl of Warren) as the Marcher Lordship of Bromfield and Yale (Yale being Ial).

Nevertheless, the Earl argued for Gruffudd Fychan to retain a portion of Powys Fadog, for the sake of dignity or to reduce the risk of revolt; thus a small portion of Mortimer's lands (the region around Sycharth – approximately half the former commote of Cynllaith) and a small portion of the Earl's (Glyndyfrdwy) were granted to Gruffudd Fychan as a Barony (i.e. remaining ultimately subject to the authority of the Marcher Lords). The Barony survived until the rebellion (in nominal support of King Richard II's heir) of Owain Glyndŵr, the great-grandson (or great-great-grandson) of Gruffudd Fychan.

By contrast, Owen de la Pole – having been on the side of the King during the 1282 conflict – was able to strengthen his position in Powys Wenwynwyn. He converted it into a marcher lordship, via surrender and regrant – the Lordship of Powis. This made him a vassal of Edward I, enabling him to rely on English support to keep him in power, while otherwise remaining completely independent (like other Marcher Lords).

The name Powys for this area disappeared (at the latest) with the introduction of the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 when its marcher lordships were incorporated into counties. Powys Fadog was joined with the Lordship of Denbigh to form Denbighshire, while Powys Wenwynwyn largely became Montgomeryshire. The lordship of Powis survived as a barony (within Montgomeryshire) – the Baron de la Pole, still held by the same family. In 1551, the Baron of Powis died without legitimate children, leaving the land to his bastard son, Edward; in 1587, Edward sold the land to Sir Edward Herbert, a distant relative, whose son was subsequently made Baron Powis. Herbert's son was created Baron Powis, and his descendants were created Marquesses and Earls of Powis, and remain living at Powis Castle.

Powys would not be resurrected as a polity until the boundary changes in 1974 created a new and enlarged county of Powys that merged the counties of Montgomeryshire, Brecknockshire and Radnorshire. However, Brecknockshire had not traditionally been within the bounds of the old kingdom, Radnorshire had not been part of it since the mid-10th century (if it ever had before, rather than just held by family members), and most of what had once been Powys Fadog was placed in the new county of Clwyd.

Rulers of Powys

 * House of Gwerthrynion
 * Gwrtheyrn (High-King Vortigern), married to Sevira, daughter of Magnus Maximus
 * Cadeyern Fendigaid (c. 430–447); reputed eldest son of Gwrtheyrn, blessed by Saint Germanus

 * Cadell Ddyrnllwg (c. 447–460)
 * Rhyddfedd Frych (c. 480)
 * Cyngen Glodrydd (c. 500)
 * Pasgen ap Cyngen (c. 530)
 * Morgan ap Pasgen (c. 540)
 * Brochwel Ysgithrog (c. 550)
 * Iago ap Brochwel (?–582)
 * Cynan Garwyn (582–610)
 * Selyf ap Cynan (610–613)
 * Manwgan ap Selyf (613)
 * Eiludd Powys (613–?)
 * Beli ap Eiludd (c. 655)
 * Gwylog ap Beli (695–725)
 * Elisedd ap Gwylog (725–755?)
 * Brochfael ap Elisedd (755?–773)
 * Cadell ap Brochfael (773–808)
 * Cyngen ap Cadell (808–854); throne usurped by Gwynedd and exiled to Rome where the family endured

House of Manaw
 * Rhodri Mawr (854–878) of Gwynedd, inheriting through his mother
 * Merfyn ap Rhodri (878–900)
 * Llywelyn ap Merfyn (900–942)
 * Hywel Dda (942–950); usurped from the Aberffraw line
 * Owain ap Hywel (950–986); ruled thereafter by a cadet branch of the House of Dinefwr, establishing the Mathrafal dynasty of rulers
 * Maredudd ap Owain (986–999)
 * Llywelyn ap Seisyll (999–1023), son of Anghered by her first husband. Anghered was the daughter of Maredudd ab Owain.
 * Rhydderch ap Iestyn (1023–1033)
 * Iago ap Idwal (1033–1039)
 * Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (1039–1063)

Mathrafal Princes of Powys
 * Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) and Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (1063–1070) (co-rulers)
 * Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (1075–1103; part)
 * Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (1075–1111; part)
 * Owain ap Cadwgan (1111–1116; part)
 * Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1116–1132)
 * Madog ap Maredudd (1132–1160)

From 1160 Powys was split into two parts. The southern part was later called Powys Wenwynwyn after Gwenwynwyn ab Owain "Cyfeiliog" ap Madog, while the northern part was called Powys Fadog after Madog ap Gruffydd "Maelor" ap Madog.

title: Kingdom of Powys


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Fort Greene Park

Fort Greene Park is a city-owned and -operated park in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. The 30.2 acre park was originally named after the fort formerly located there, Fort Putnam, itself was named for Rufus Putnam, George Washington's chief of engineers in the Revolutionary War.

Renamed in 1812 for Nathanael Greene, an American Revolutionary War hero, it was redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, architects of Central Park and Prospect Park, in 1867. Fort Greene Park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, which includes a crypt designed by Olmsted and Vaux, holding the remains of Patriot prisoners of war who died while being held on British prison ships in Wallabout Bay during the American Revolutionary War.

Across the street from its DeKalb Avenue entrance at Fort Greene Place is Brooklyn Technical High School. To its west is the oldest hospital in Brooklyn, now called the Brooklyn Hospital Center. North are the Walt Whitman Houses, one of the largest housing projects in New York City.

History
Fort Greene Park includes part of the high ground where the Continental Army built fortifications prior to the Battle of Long Island, during the early days of the Revolutionary War. The site was chosen and construction supervised by General Nathanael Greene, and it was named Fort Putnam, after Rufus Putnam, George Washington's chief engineer. During the War of 1812, when the possibility of a British invasion of New York led to the re-use of the site for defense, the newly-rebuilt fortification was named Fort Greene in General Greene's honor.

After the fort's military use had waned, poet Walt Whitman, then the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, strongly advocated for reclaiming the space for use as a public park. The City of Brooklyn had, by 1842, bought property around the fort from the Cowenhoven family, and in 1847 established what was then called Washington Park, Brooklyn's second park, after City Park (today's Commodore Barry Park).

In 1867, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, designers of Central Park and Prospect Park, prepared a plan for the redesign of the park, the name of which was changed to Fort Greene Park.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, many parts of New York City were destroyed, including several trees in the park and the surrounding Fort Greene area.

Renovation plans, 2017-present
In February 2017, Parks Without Borders (PWB), the design unit of NYC Parks proposed "renovating" the park. Public opposition gave rise to the advocacy group, Friends of Fort Greene Park. The Landmarks Preservation Commission took no vote, with one commissioner observing that the plan was "against every historic moment in the design of the park". The LPC later approved the plan after NYC Parks eliminated a proposed work by the late landscape architect Arthur Edwin Bye.

Controversy again arose in early 2018 when NYC Parks announced plans to cut down some park trees, and a group of residents successfully sued to force the release of an internal report about the trees, a decision upheld upon appeal. the renovation was in the procurement process.

In January 2020, a New York Supreme Court judge ordered the city to reassess the park renovation plans to raze more than 80 trees, including 58 mature trees in the northwest section nearest the Ingersoll and Walt Whitman houses. The move was lauded by the Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club and covered in Gothamist. "This decision should awaken the Department to reality," legal advisor Michael Gruen told the Brooklyn Patch. "Environmental regulation is not enacted to be evaded as if it were merely an annoyance." Georgette Poe, a resident of nearby NYCHA housing, celebrated the ruling as a victory for her community. "The City came in, didn't ask us what we needed and then didn't listen to the neighborhood," said Poe. "[They] wanted to take our park away, telling us we're not welcome anymore." "It just doesn't make sense," said FFGP member Arija Flowers. "Parks are supposed to be about trees and green spaces, birds and bees. We don't need another paved plaza."

The city filed a notice of appeal in February 2020. State Assemblyman Walter T. Mosley contacted the city's law department and asked for a redesign.

Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument
One of Fort Greene Park's distinctive features is the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument. During the Revolutionary War, the British kept American prisoners on ships in Wallabout Bay under terrible conditions. Around 11,500 prisoners died from disease and malnutrition. Olmsted and Vaux envisioned a crypt to hold their remains, with an appropriate monument. It was built, and the remains of the prisoners were re-interred there in 1873. A small monument was also built.

Eventually, funds were raised for a larger monument. The architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White won a design competition, and the monument was unveiled in 1908 by President-elect William Howard Taft. It is a 149 ft high granite Doric column over the crypt. At the top is an eight-ton bronze urn. At night the monument is illuminated by four electric lights set in four granite shafts. Bronze eagles grace each shaft, and two cannons guard the plaza and the Martyrs' crypt below.

Bust of Edward Snowden
In 2015, a bust of the former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden was illicitly erected in the park and taken down by park officials the same day. The next day, it was replaced by a projected hologram.

Events
The park is host to the annual Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival, an event featuring young writers aged 7–18 reading alongside established writers, such as Sonia Sanchez, Amiri Baraka, Gloria Naylor, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Jennifer Egan, the last two being residents of the neighborhood. The Fort Greene Park Conservancy also operates a summer concert series. The Greene Glass Project was started in 2010 to address the then-thousands of shards of broken glass in the park. The organization was hosting annual cleanups in the summer as of 2015.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fort Greene Park


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Upminster station

Upminster is an interchange station serving the town of Upminster in the London Borough of Havering, Greater London. It is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line (LTSR), 15 mi down the line from London Fenchurch Street; it is the eastern terminus of the District line on the London Underground; and it is the eastern terminus of the Romford to Upminster Line on the London Overground network. Upminster is the easternmost station on the London Underground network as well as the easternmost National Rail station in London.

The station is managed by c2c, which operates the LTSR main line services. The station was opened in 1885 by the LTSR; its original entrance and structure beside the main line platforms survive from that date. A larger entrance and ticket hall on Station Road was built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1932 and has since been extensively modernised and includes a number of retail units. Today the station is owned by Network Rail. Upminster is located within Travelcard Zone 6.

History
The London Tilbury and Southend Railway (LTSR) connected the City of London and its terminal station at Fenchurch Street with the port at Tilbury Dock in 1854, extending out to the seaside town of Southend in 1856. The route to Southend was not direct, taking a considerable diversion in order to serve the docks at Tilbury. Between 1885 and 1888 a new direct route from Barking to Pitsea was constructed, with the station at Upminster opening on 1 May 1885. The next station to the east was East Horndon (now called West Horndon) and to the west was Hornchurch.

Branches were opened by the LTSR to Grays in 1892 and Romford in 1893. The Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through-services of the Metropolitan District Railway to operate on the LTSR line to Upminster. The District Railway converted to electric trains in 1905 and services were lost at Upminster when they were curtailed at East Ham due to the tracks between that station and Upminster not yet having been electrified. The LTSR was purchased by Midland Railway in 1912 and was amalgamated into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMSR) from 1 January 1923.

The District Railway electric service extended eastward as far as Barking in 1908. Delayed by World War I, an additional pair of electrified tracks were extended by the LMSR and services of the District continued to Upminster in 1932. The District Railway was incorporated into London Transport in 1933, and became known as the District line. A new station at Upminster Bridge on the District line became the next station to the west in 1934. After nationalisation of the railways in 1948, management of Upminster station passed to British Railways.

Design
The station was greatly expanded in 1932 by the LMSR and the main station building, the two footbridges and the buildings on the remaining platforms were constructed in typical 1930s style. A further platform for services to Romford was a later addition. The primary station building, which gives access to the main Station Road, has been extensively redeveloped in contemporary style and includes three retail units. The original Victorian station structures remaining beside the main-line platform 1 have been refurbished and now include a secondary ticket office and waiting room with an exit to Station Approach and the car-park. The original platforms were linked by a subway which has since been abandoned. Step-free access is available to all platforms with the exception of platform 6, for the Romford branch line.

The station is the location of a London Underground signal box at the eastern end of the platforms and, several hundred yards further east, the modern signal control centre for all main-line operations on the LTSR. Further beyond the station to the east is Upminster Depot, one of the main railway depots for the District line.

Platforms

 * Platform 1A, a bay platform, is only used during engineering works when c2c to operate a shuttle between Upminster & Grays. It is only accessible by trains arriving from the branch and leaving to the branch.
 * Platform 1 for services to Fenchurch Street and Liverpool Street.
 * Platform 2 for Grays, Southend and Shoeburyness.
 * Platforms 3, 4 and 5 are served by the District line.
 * Platform 6 is used for shuttle service to/from Romford, operated by London Overground.

Services
The typical off-peak Monday to Friday service of trains per hour (tph) is:
 * London Underground, District line
 * 6 tph westbound to Richmond
 * 6 tph westbound to Ealing Broadway
 * c2c, London, Tilbury and Southend line
 * 6 tph westbound to London Fenchurch Street
 * 4 tph eastbound to Shoeburyness via Basildon (2 tph all stations and 2 tph semi-fast)
 * 2 tph eastbound to Southend Central via Ockendon
 * London Overground, Romford to Upminster Line
 * 2 tph westbound to Romford

Connections
London Buses routes 248, 346, 347, 370 and school routes 646 and 652 serve the station.

title: Upminster station


text:
James Oliver Curwood

James Oliver Curwood (June 12, 1878 – August 13, 1927) was an American action-adventure writer and conservationist. His books were often based on adventures set in the Hudson Bay area, the Yukon or Alaska and ranked among the top-ten best sellers in the United States in the early and mid 1920s, according to Publishers Weekly. At least one hundred and eighty motion pictures have been based on or directly inspired by his novels and short stories; one was produced in three versions from 1919 to 1953. At the time of his death, Curwood was the highest paid (per word) author in the world.

He built Curwood Castle as a place to greet guests and as a writing studio in his hometown of Owosso, Michigan. The castle was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is now operated by the city as a museum. The city commemorates him with an annual Curwood Festival.

Biography and career
Curwood was born in Owosso, Michigan, the youngest of four children. His great-grandmother was Mohawk and this influenced his later books which often feature First Nations characters and storylines. Attending local schools, Curwood left high school before graduation. He passed the entrance exam to the University of Michigan and was allowed to enroll in the English department, where he studied journalism.

After two years, Curwood quit college to become a reporter, moving to Detroit for work. In 1898, he sold his first story while attending the University of Michigan. In 1907 he was hired by the Canadian government to travel to the northern reaches of Canada to write and publish accounts of his travels to encourage tourism, his trips in Canada inspired his wilderness adventure stories. For many years he traveled to the Hudson Bay area, the Yukon and Alaska for several months each year for more inspiration. He wrote and published twenty-eight adventure/nature novels, two collections of short stories, one non-fiction volume (The Great Lakes), a volume of introspection (God's Country: The Trail to Happiness), and an autobiography, (The Glory of Living).

By 1922, Curwood had become very wealthy from the success of his writing. After a tour of Europe with his family where he toured old European castles, he came home and built his own, Curwood Castle in Owosso, Michigan. Constructed in the style of an 18th-century French chateau, the castle is set on the Shiawassee River near downtown Owosso. In one of the castles two large turrets, Curwood set up his writing studio. He also owned a lodge on the Ausable River near Roscommon, Michigan that he used as a retreat for rest and relaxation from his rigorous writing career.

Curwood was an avid hunter in his youth; however, as he grew older, he became an advocate of conservation and environmentalism. He was appointed to the Michigan Conservation Commission in 1927. The change in his attitude toward wildlife is expressed in a quote from The Grizzly King: "The greatest thrill is not to kill but to let live."

Curwood's daughter, Carlotta Curwood Tate, documented in an account in the Curwood Collector that in 1927, while on a fishing trip in Florida, Curwood was bitten or stung through hip waders by something, source unknown. Health problems related to the bite escalated over the next few months as an infection developed. He died in Owosso at the age of 49, and was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery there in a family plot.

Literary and film legacy
Curwood's adventure writing followed in the tradition of Jack London. Curwood set many of his works in the wilds of the Great Northwest and often used animals as lead characters (Kazan; Baree, Son of Kazan, The Grizzly King, and Nomads of the North). Many of Curwood's adventure novels also feature romance as primary or secondary plot consideration. This approach gave his work broad commercial appeal; his novels ranked on many best-seller lists in the early and mid 1920s. One of his most successful books was his 1919 novel, The River's End. The book sold more than 100,000 copies and was the fourth best-selling title of the year in the United States, according to Publishers Weekly.

Curwood's short stories and other pieces were published in various literary and popular magazines throughout his career. His bibliography includes more than 200 such articles, short stories, and serializations. His work was also published in Canada and the United Kingdom. Some of his books were translated into French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Czech and Polish, and published in those respective countries.

Adaptations
Over one hundred and eighty movies have been based on or inspired by Curwood's novels and short stories. Curwood's story "Wapi the Walrus" was adapted for film three times. The first was as Back to God's Country (1919), starring Nell Shipman as a brave and adventurous woman in the wilds of the North. Another version by the same title was released in 1927, and again by this title in 1953.

A young John Wayne and Noah Beery Jr. starred in the 1934 film The Trail Beyond, based on Curwood's novel The Wolf Hunters. Filmmakers produced a film series featuring Kirby Grant as Mountie Corporal Rod Webb, assisted by his dog Chinook; they made a total of ten films.

In the late 20th century, French director Jean-Jacques Annaud adapted Curwood's 1916 novel The Grizzly King as the film The Bear (1988). The film's success prompted a revival of interest in Curwood's books.

Legacy and honors

 * His writing studio, Curwood Castle, which he commissioned in a French chateau style, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is preserved and operated as a historic house museum.
 * The city of Owosso holds an annual Curwood Festival during the first full weekend in June, to commemorate him and celebrate the city's heritage.
 * A mountain in L'Anse Township, Michigan was named as Mount Curwood in his honor.
 * The L'Anse Township Park was renamed as Curwood Park.

List of his works
• 1908 –

• * The Courage of Captain Plum

• * The Wolf Hunters

• 1909 –

• * The Great Lakes

• * The Gold Hunters. Polish writer Halina Borowikowa (using the pen name of Jerzy Marlicz), published a 1932 novel The Adventure Hunters that "completed" the action of this novel.

• 1910 – The Danger Trail

• 1911 –

• * The Honor of the Big Snows

• * Steele of the Royal Mounted

• 1912 – The Flower of the North

• 1913 – Isobel: A Romance of the Northern Trail or Icebound Hearts

• 1914 – Kazan or "Kazan, The Wolf-Dog"

• 1915 – God's Country and the Woman

• 1916 –

• * The Hunted Woman or "The Valley of Gold"

• * The Grizzly King

• 1917 – Baree, Son of Kazan

• 1918 – The Courage of Marge O'Doone published as "The Girl Beyond the Trail" in the UK.

• 1919 –

• * Nomads of the North

• * The River's End

• * "The Golden Snare" (First published in England in 1918, not published in America until 1921)

• 1920 –

• * Back to God's Country and Other Stories (Featuring the story "Wapi the Walrus", here renamed Back to God's Country, following the release of the adapted 1919 film of the same title)

• * The Valley of Silent Men

• * "Swift Lightning" (First published in England in 1920, not published in America until 1926).

• 1921 –

• * God's Country – The Trail to Happiness

• * The Flaming Forest

• 1922 – The Country Beyond

• 1923 – The Alaskan, or "The Last Frontier"

• 1924 – A Gentleman of Courage

• 1925 – The Ancient Highway

• 1926 –

• * The Black Hunter

• 1928 – The Plains of Abraham

• * The Glory of Living (Curwood's Autobiography as he wrote it, only published in England until a limited edition was published in America in 1983)

• 1929 – The Crippled Lady of Peribonka

• 1930 –

• * Green Timber

• * Son of the Forests (Heavily edited autobiography)

• 1931 – Falkner of the Inland Seas

Filmography

 * Fighting Chance (1913), a Vitagraph film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Anita Stewart, Rosemary Theby, Ned Finley, Courtenay Foote
 * Betty in the Lion's Den (1913), a Vitagraph film directed by Frederick A. Thomson and starring Clara Kimball Young, Darwin Karr, Josie Sadler and Etienne Giradot, from a scenario by Curwood.
 * Diamond Cut Diamond (1913), a Lubin Mfg. Co. film directed by L. B. Carlton starring Isabelle Lamon. Scenario by Curwood
 * Does Advertising Pay (1913), a Vitagraph film directed by Larry Trimble, starring Wally Van, from a scenario by Curwood
 * Duty and the Man (1913), a Reliance film directed by Oscar Apfel starring James Ashley, Gertrude Robinson, Charles Elliott, Irving Cummings and George Siegmann. Likely based Probably based on Philip Steele.
 * The Feudist (1913), a Vitagraph film directed by Wilfred North and starring John Bunny, Sidney Drew, Flora Finch, Lillian Walker, Wallie Van, Kenneth Casey, Josie Sadler and Paul Kelly. Scenario by Curwood

 * Fifth Man: The Wanderers Return (1914), a Selig film produced and directed by F. J. Grandon. Starring Bessie Eyton, Charles Clary, Lafayette McKee, Roy Watson and Charles Wheelock. Based upon a short story by Curwood.
 * Battle of Frenchman's Run (1914), a Vitagraph film directed by Theodore Marsten and starring Dorothy Kelly, George Cooper, Harry Carey, Albert Roccardi and Charles H. West, based on a screenplay by Theodore Marsten, from a script by Curwood.
 * Caryl of the Mountains (1914), a Hearst-Selig film directed by Thomas Santschi and starring Kathlyn Williams, Thomas Santschi, Harry Lonsdae and Roy Watson, from a scenario by Curwood
 * Children of Fate (1914), a Nestor film directed by Wallace Reid and starring Wallace Reid, Dorothy Davenport, Joe King, Phil Dunham, Frank Borzage and Billy Wolbert. Reissued as Love's Western Flight, from a script by Curwood.
 * The Dream Girl: an Ideal Realized (1914), a Selig film directed by Thomas Santschi starring Thomas Santschi, Bessie Eyton, Harry Lonsdale, Edith Johnson, Charles Wheelock and Lex Wilmouth. Scenario by Curwood.
 * The Eugenic Girl (1914), a Selig film directed and produced by Thomas Santschi. Starring Elsie Greeson, Franklyn Hall, Harry McCabe and Thomas Santschi. Scenario by Curwood
 * Fatal Note: Jealous of His Own Love Letter (1914), a Selig film directed and produced by E. A. Martin. Starring Adele Lane and Edwin Wallock. Scenario by Curwood. Also used as basis for Phantom Patrol in 1936

 * The Awakening (1915), Vitagraph. Directed by Ralph Ince, screenplay by Ralph Ince from a script by Curwood.
 * Beautiful Belinda (1915), Selig film directed by E. A. Martin and starring C. C. Holland, Lee Morris and Lillian Hayward, based on a scenario by Curwood.
 * Cats (1915) by Selig, directed by Norval MacGregor from a scenario by Curwood
 * The Coyote (1915) by Selig. Directed by Guy Oliver based on Curwood's short story of the same title.

 * The Destroyers (1916) by Vitagraph. Directed by Ralph Ince and starring Lucille Lee Stewart. Based on Curwood's short story “Peter God”
 * Fathers of Men (1916) starring Robert Edison. Scenario by Curwood

 * Fiddling Man (1917), starring Jane Grey. Based upon the short story “The Fiddling Man” in Back to God's Country

 * Baree, Son of Kazan (1918), Vitagraph film starring Nell Shipman and Albert Whitman.
 * Back to God's Country (1919), starring Nell Shipman. Based on the short story “Wapi, the Walrus".
 * The River's End (1920), directed by Marshall Neilan and Victor Heerman. Starring Lewis Stone, Marjorie Daw and Jane Novak
 * The Courage of Marge O'Doone (1920), a Vitagraph film directed by David Smith. Starring Pauline Starke, Niles Welch and Boris Karloff. Adapted from Curwood's book with the same title.
 * Nomads of the North (1920), directed by David Hartford. Starring Lon Chaney, Betty Blythe and Lewis Stone
 * Isobel or The Trail's End (1920), directed by Edwin Carewe. Starring House Peters and Jane Novak
 * God's Country and the Law (1921), directed by Sidney Olcott. Starring Gladys Leslie
 * The Golden Snare (1921), directed by David Hartford. Starring Lewis Stone, Ruth Renick and Wallace Beery
 * The Girl from Porcupine (1921), directed by Dell Henderson. Starring Faire Binney and William Collier Jr.
 * Kazan (1921), directed by Bertram Bracken. Starring Jane Novak
 * Flower of the North (1921), directed by David Smith. Starring Henry B. Walthall and Pauline Starke
 * Jan of the Big Snows (1922), directed by Charles M. Seay. Starring Warner Richmond and Louise Prussing
 * The Broken Silence (1922), a Pine Tree Pictures film, directed by Dell Henderson and starring Zena Keefe, Robert Elliott, J. Barney Sherry and Gypsy O'Brien.
 * The Man from Hell's River (1922), directed by Irving Cummings. Starring Irving Cummings, Wallace Beery and Rin Tin Tin
 * I Am the Law (1922), directed by Edwin Carewe. Starring Alice Lake, Kenneth Harlan and Wallace Beery. (Film disowned by James Oliver Curwood)
 * The Valley of Silent Men (1922), directed by Frank Borzage. Starring Alma Rubens
 * Jacqueline, or Blazing Barriers (1923), directed by Dell Henderson. Starring Marguerite Courtot
 * Gold Madness (1923), directed by Robert Thornby. Starring Guy Bates Post
 * The Alaskan (1924), directed by Herbert Brenon. Starring Thomas Meighan
 * The Hunted Woman (1925), directed by Jack Conway. Starring Seena Owen, Earl Schenck and Victor McLaglen
 * Baree, Son of Kazan (1925), directed by David Smith. Starring Anita Stewart
 * My Neighbor's Wife (1925), directed by Clarence Geldart. Starring E. K. Lincoln, Helen Ferguson and Herbert Rawlinson
 * Steele of the Royal Mounted (1925), directed by David Smith. Starring Bert Lytell
 * The Ancient Highway (1925), a Paramount film directed by Irvin Willat. Starring Jack Holt, Billie Dove and Montagu Love
 * When the Door Opened (1925), directed by Reginald Barker. Starring Jacqueline Logan and Walter McGrail
 * The Wolf Hunters (1926), directed by Stuart Paton. Starring Robert McKim, Virginia Brown Faire and Alan Roscoe.
 * The Country Beyond (1926), a Fox Film Co. production directed by Irving Cummings. Starred Olive Borden, Ralph Graves, Gertrude Astor, J. Farrell MacDonald, Evelyn Selbie, Fred Kohler, Lawford Davidson, Alfred Fisher and Lottie Williams. Based on the Curwood's book of the same title.
 * Tentacles of the North (1926), directed by Louis Chaudet. Starring Gaston Glass and Alice Calhoun
 * The Flaming Forest (1926), directed by Reginald Barker. Starring Antonio Moreno and Renée Adorée
 * Prisoners of the Storm (1926), directed by Lynn Reynolds. Starring House Peters and Peggy Montgomery
 * A Captain's Courage (1926), a Rayart Pictures film directed by Louis Chaudet, produced by Ben Wilson Productions, and starring Edward Earle, Dorothy Dwan and Lafe McKee. Likely based on Curwood's The Courage of Captain Plum
 * Back to God's Country (1927), directed by Irvin Willat and starring Renée Adorée.
 * The Slaver (1927), directed by Harry Revier. Starring Pat O'Malley and Carmelita Geraghty
 * Hearts of Men (1928), directed by James P. Hogan. Starring Mildred Harris
 * Thundergod (1928), directed by Charles J. Hunt. Starring Cornelius Keefe and Lila Lee
 * The Old Code (1928), directed by Ben F. Wilson. Starring Walter McGrail, Lillian Rich and Cliff Lyons
 * The Yellowback (1929), directed by Jerome Storm. Starring Tom Moore
 * River's End (1930), directed by Michael Curtiz. Starring Charles Bickford and Evalyn Knapp
 * The Trail Beyond (1934), directed by R. N. Bradbury. Starring John Wayne
 * Fighting Trooper (1934), directed by Ray Taylor. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Northern Frontier (1935), directed by Sam Newfield. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Wilderness Mail (1935), directed by Forrest Sheldon. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * The Red Blood of Courage (1935), directed by John English. Starring Kermit Maynard and Ann Sheridan
 * The Test (1935), directed by Bernard B. Ray. Starring Rin-Tin-Tin Jr., Grant Withers, Grace Ford and Monte Blue
 * The Hawk (1935), directed by Edward Dmytryk. Starring Yancey Lane, Betty Jordan and Dickie Jones
 * Code of the Mounted (1935), an Ambassador Pictures film directed and produced by Sam Newfield. Starred Kermit Maynard, Lillian Miles, Robert Warwick, Syd Saylor, Jim Thorpe, Wheeler Oakman and Eddie Phillips. Adapted from silent the film Heels of Fate
 * Trails of the Wild (1935), directed by Sam Newfield. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Trails End (1935), directed by Albert Herman. Starring Conway Tearle, Claudia Dell, Fred Kohler and Stanley Blystone
 * His Fighting Blood (1935), directed by John English. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Timber War (1935), directed by Sam Newfield. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Skull and Crown (1935), directed by Elmer Clifton. Starring Rin-Tin-Tin Jr., Regis Toomey and Molly O'Day
 * Song of the Trail (1936), directed by Russell Hopton. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Caryl of the Mountains (1936), a Reliable film directed by Bernard B. Ray and starring Rin-Tin-Tin Jr. and Francis X. Bushman Jr.
 * The Country Beyond (1936), a 20th Century Fox Film production directed by Eugene Forde with Paul Kelly and Rochelle Hudson. Photoplay derived from Curwood's book with the same title
 * Wildcat Trooper (1936), directed by Elmer Clifton. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Phantom Patrol (1936), directed by Charles Hutchison. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Vengeance of Rannah (1936), directed by Bernard B. Ray. Starring Rin-Tin-Tin Jr. and Bob Custer
 * Wild Horse Round-Up (1936), directed by Alan James. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * God's Country and the Woman (1937), directed by William Keighley. Starring George Brent and Beverly Roberts
 * Valley of Terror (1937), directed by Albert Herman. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * The Silver Trail (1937), directed by Bernard B. Ray. Starring Rex Lease
 * Whistling Bullets (1937), directed by John English. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * The Fighting Texan (1937), by Ambassador-Conn. Directed by Charles Abbott and starring Kermit Maynard, Elaine Shepard, Frank LaRue, Bud Buster, Ed Cassidy, Bruce Mitchell and Murdock McQuarrie, from a story by Curwood.
 * Galloping Dynamite (1937), directed by Harry L. Fraser. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Rough Riding Rhythm (1937), directed by J. P. McGowan. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Roaring Six Guns (1937), directed by J. P. McGowan. Starring Kermit Maynard
 * Call of the Yukon (1938), a Republic Pictures film, directed by B. Reeves Eason, and starring Richard Arlen and Beverly Roberts, from the story "Swift Lightning".
 * River's End (1940), directed by Ray Enright. Starring Dennis Morgan and George Tobias
 * Law of the Timber (1941), directed by Bernard B. Ray. Starring Marjorie Reynolds, Monte Blue and J. Farrell MacDonald
 * Dawn on the Great Divide (1942), Monogram Pictures film starring Buck Jones, Raymond Hatton, Rex Bell, Mona Barrie, Harry Woods and Robert Frazer. Directed by Howard Bretherton from the silent film Wheels of Fate and a screenplay by Jess Bowers.
 * Northwest Trail (1945), directed by Derwin Abrahams. Starring John Litel, Joan Woodbury, Bob Steele and Madge Bellamy
 * God's Country (1946), directed by Robert Emmett Tansey. Starring Robert Lowery, Helen Gilbert, William Farnum and Buster Keaton
 * 'Neath Canadian Skies (1946), a Golden Gate Pictures, Inc. film, directed by B. Reeves Eason and produced by William B. David. Starred Russell Hayden, Inez Cooper, Douglas Fowley and Kermit Maynard, based on a story by Curwood.
 * Kazan (1949), directed by Will Jason. Starring Stephen Dunne and Lois Maxwell
 * Corporal Rod Webb and Chinook the Wonder Dog (film series with 10 films)
 * Trail of the Yukon (1949), directed by William Beaudine. Starring Kirby Grant
 * The Wolf Hunters (1949), directed by Budd Boetticher. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Snow Dog (1949), directed by Frank McDonald. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Call of the Klondike (1950), a Monogram Pictures film, starring Kirby Grant, Anne Gwynne, Lynne Roberts, Tom Neal, Russell Simpson, and Chinook the Wonder Dog. Directed by Frank McDonald from story by Curwood.
 * Northwest Territory (1951), directed by Frank McDonald. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Yukon Manhunt (1951), directed by Frank McDonald. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Yukon Gold (1952), directed by Frank McDonald. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Fangs of the Arctic (1953), an Allied Artist Production film released by Monogram Pictures. Starring Kirby Grant and Warren Douglas, directed by Rex Bailey from a story by Curwood
 * Northern Patrol (1953), directed by Rex Bailey. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Yukon Vengeance (1954), directed by William Beaudine. Starring Kirby Grant
 * Timber Fury (1950), directed by Bernard B. Ray. Starring David Bruce
 * Back to God's Country (1953), starring Rock Hudson and Hugh O'Brian
 * Nikki, Wild Dog of the North (1961), directed by Jack Couffer and Don Haldane. Starring Jean Coutu, Émile Genest, Uriel Luft, Robert Rivard and Jacques Fauteux.
 * The Bear (1988), by RCA-Columbia, directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, based on the novel published as The Grizzly King (1916).
 * Aventures dans le Grand Nord (French-Canadian TV series, 5 films based on stories by James Oliver Curwood)
 * L'Honneur des grandes neiges (1994, TV film), directed by Gilles Carle. Starring Jürgen Prochnow
 * Bari (1994, TV film), directed by Arnaud Sélignac. Starring Neve Campbell and Jeff Fahey
 * Kazan (1995, TV film), directed by Arnaud Sélignac. Starring Jeff Fahey
 * Chasseurs de loups, chasseurs d'or (1995, TV film), directed by René Manzor. Starring Lukas Haas and Daniel Gélin
 * Le Sang du chasseur (1995, TV film), directed by Gilles Carle. Starring Michael Biehn and Vincent Cassel

title: James Oliver Curwood


text:
Western Atlas

Western Atlas was an oilfield services company formed in 1987 through the merger of Western Geophysical (owned by Litton Industries) and Dresser Atlas. The resulting company was a joint venture of Litton and Dresser Industries until it was spun off as a publicly traded company in 1994.

Background
In 1998, Western Atlas was acquired by Baker Hughes. Western Atlas wireline division, Western Atlas Logging Services, became Baker Atlas, one of seven divisions of Baker Hughes. The Western Geophysical division of Western Atlas was joined with Schlumberger geophysical operations, Geco-Prakla, to form WesternGeco in 2000. WesternGeco was initially owned jointly by Baker Hughes and Schlumberger. In 2006 Schlumberger bought Baker Hughes' interest in WesternGeco.

This company went from Atlas Wireline to Western Atlas then to Baker Atlas.

title: Western Atlas


text:
RIAM

Riam or RIAM might refer to:

 * APBB1IP, a protein
 * Chao Chom Manda Riam (1770–1837), royal concubine of King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai of Siam
 * Halam tribe, or Riam, various tribes native to Tripura, India
 * Riverside International Automotive Museum, a defunct automotive museum in Riverside, California, U.S.
 * Royal Irish Academy of Music

title: RIAM


text:
Pierre Fatou

Pierre Joseph Louis Fatou (28 February 1878 – 9 August 1929 ) was a French mathematician and astronomer. He is known for major contributions to several branches of analysis. The Fatou lemma and the Fatou set are named after him.

Biography

Pierre Fatou's parents were Prosper Ernest Fatou (1832-1891) and Louise Eulalie Courbet (1844-1911), both of whom were in the military. Pierre's family would have liked for him to enter the military as well, but his health was not sufficiently good for him to pursue a military career.

Fatou entered the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1898 to study mathematics and graduated in 1901 when he was appointed an intern (stagiaire) in the Paris Observatory. Fatou was promoted to assistant astronomer in 1904 and to astronomer (astronome titulaire) in 1928. He worked in this observatory until his death.

Fatou was awarded the Becquerel prize in 1918; he was a knight of the Legion of Honour (1923). He was the president of the French mathematical society in 1927.

He was in friendly relations with several contemporary French mathematicians, especially, Maurice René Fréchet and Paul Montel.

In the summer of 1929 Fatou went on holiday to Pornichet, a seaside town to the west of Nantes. He was staying in Le Brise-Lames Villa near the port and it was there at 8 p.m. on Friday 9 August that he died in his room. No cause of death was given on the death certificate but Audin argues that he died as a result of a stomach ulcer that burst. Fatou's nephew Robert Fatou wrote:

"Having never thought it useful during his life to consult a doctor, my dear uncle died suddenly in a hotel room in Pornichet."

Fatou's funeral was held on 14 August in the church of Saint-Louis, and he was buried in the Carnel Cemetery in Lorient.

Mathematical work of Fatou
Fatou's work had very large influence on the development of analysis in the 20th century.

Fatou's PhD thesis Séries trigonométriques et séries de Taylor was the first application of the Lebesgue integral to concrete problems of analysis, mainly to the study of analytic and harmonic functions in the unit disc. In this work, Fatou studied for the first time the Poisson integral of an arbitrary measure on the unit circle. This work of Fatou is influenced by Henri Lebesgue who invented his integral in 1901.

The Fatou theorem, which says that a bounded analytic function in the unit disc has radial limits almost everywhere on the unit circle was published in 1906. This theorem was at the origin of a large body of research in 20th-century mathematics under the name of bounded analytic functions. See also the Wikipedia article on functions of bounded type.

A number of fundamental results on the analytic continuation of a Taylor series belong to Fatou.

In 1917–1920 Fatou created the area of mathematics which is called holomorphic dynamics. It deals with a global study of iteration of analytic functions. He was the first to introduce and study the set which is called now the Julia set. (The complement of this set is sometimes called the Fatou set). Some of the basic results of holomorphic dynamics were also independently obtained by Gaston Julia and Samuel Lattes in 1918. Holomorphic dynamics has experienced a strong revival since 1982 because of the new discoveries of Dennis Sullivan, Adrien Douady, John Hubbard and others. In 1926, Fatou pioneered the study of dynamics of transcendental entire functions, a subject which is intensively developing at this time.

As a byproduct of his studies in holomorphic dynamics, Fatou discovered what are now called Fatou–Bieberbach domains. These are proper subregions of the complex space of dimension n, which are biholomorphically equivalent to the whole space. (Such regions cannot exist for n=1.)

Fatou did important work in celestial mechanics. He was the first to prove rigorously a theorem (conjectured by Gauss) on the averaging of a perturbation produced by a periodic force of short period. This work was continued by Leonid Mandelstam and Nikolay Bogolyubov and his students and developed into a large area of modern applied mathematics. Fatou's other research in celestial mechanics includes a study of the movement of a planet in a resisting medium.

title: Pierre Fatou


text: Template:Self-contradictory

title: Template:Self-contradictory


text:
Curwood Castle

Curwood Castle is a small castle, now a museum, located in Owosso, Michigan, built by the author James Oliver Curwood.

History
James Curwood was born in Owosso, Michigan on June 12, 1878. He spent much of his early life out of doors, and at a young age left to tour the South on a bicycle. He eventually returned to Michigan, attended the University of Michigan for two years, and went to work as a reporter and later editor at the Detroit Tribune. In 1907, Curwood returned to Owosso to focus on writing, and the next year published his first novel.

In 1923, Curwood built this replica of a Norman chateau along the banks of the Shiawassee River near his mother's home in Owosso. Construction on the building began in 1923 and was completed in 1924. Curwood used the Castle as his writing studio and office. Curwood lived with his family on the other side of the river on the corner of Williams and Mulberry Street (Now M-52).

Curwood later became a zealous conservationist and was appointed to the Michigan Conservation Commission in 1926. He died a year later at age 49 on August 13, 1927. In his will, Curwood bestowed the Castle to the City of Owosso. It has served in various roles over the years and is now a museum operated by the city and is open to the public from April through December on Tuesdays through Sundays from 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm. The Castle closed for the winter season each year from January 1, through February and reopens for the year sometime in March. Each year, the city of Owosso hosts the Curwood Festival the first full weekend in June. The Curwood Festival is a non-profit organization run by volunteers and one paid staff member, the volunteers created the festival to celebrate the life and works of James Oliver Curwood.

Curwood Castle is closed Mondays, and these holidays, Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day, The Months of January through February.

Description
Curwood Castle is a romantic interpretation of a Norman chateau. It has an irregular plan with spires at three corners. It has a slate-covered gable roof with chimneys, linked at the base, extending from the rear gable facade. The exterior is made of yellow stucco containing decorative, randomly spaced fieldstones Curwood chose himself. The front facade has an entrance, framed with fieldstone, between two spires, covered with a projecting shed roof.

title: Curwood Castle


text:
Talk:John Penn (North Carolina politician)

Untitled
I found one source that claimed his birthdate was May 6 on the old calendar but adjusted to May 17 in the new calendar. This seems an odd statement. Rmhermen 17:37, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the Unreferenced tag
Could you indicate the statements that need references by placing a "fact" beside them. I believe that the link I provided earlier Charles A. Goodrich Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence is a good source for information. Thank you. Mgroop 21:51, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Doubt claim of relation to William Penn
A distant relative of William Penn? This is unreferenced and I've read other sources that say this is simply a unfounded but common assumption about the Penns of Virginia. Ftjrwrites (talk) 20:34, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Date of birth
A reliable source is needed to clear up confusion regarding John Penn's date of birth.

A recent edit changed the infobox DoB from 1741-5-17 to 1740-5-04, leaving the death date unchanged at 1788-9-14, and leaving the lead unchanged with "(May 17, 1741 – September 14, 1788)". I will revert that edit because it accidentally broke the template and because no reference was given, other than an edit summary saying "Fixed the birth date to match is headstone".

Find a grave has a photo of a plaque erected in 2014 saying "John Penn May 6, 1740 – Sept 14, 1788". There is no indication whether the birth date is old style or new style. I cannot find a photo of the headstone.

Old Style and New Style dates suggests that in the US, Sep 2, 1752 was followed by Sep 14, 1752. That is, what would have been Sep 3 became Sep 14 giving the rule that 11 is added to an old style date to get its new style equivalent.

Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence has links to other signatories. A few that I looked at had different ways of reporting old style/new style dates.

The reference (1829) says Penn was born May 17, 1741. I don't see any indication of whether that is old or new style.

Is any better reference available? Johnuniq (talk) 07:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

Category:American slave owners
No mention of slave-owning in the article. I feel that this category should be restricted to people whose slave-owning history was notable in itself. Valetude (talk) 03:52, 14 April 2021 (UTC)


text: Talk:Wes Craven

title: Talk:Wes Craven


text:
RMN

RMN may refer to:

 * R.M.N., a 2022 film set in Romania
 * Radio Mindanao Network
 * Reconciling Ministries Network, a Christian organisation
 * Registered Mental Nurse, a nursing credential in the UK
 * Réunion des Musées Nationaux, a French cultural umbrella organisation
 * Richard Milhous Nixon (1913–1994), 37th president of the United States
 * Robotic Magnetic Navigation
 * Royal Malaysian Navy
 * IATA code for Stafford Regional Airport

title: RMN


text:
John Rutter

Sir John Milford Rutter (born 24 September 1945) is an English composer, conductor, editor, arranger, and record producer, mainly of choral music.

Biography
Born on 24 September 1945 in London, the son of an industrial chemist and his wife, Rutter grew up living over the Globe pub on London's Marylebone Road. He was educated at Highgate School, where fellow pupils included John Tavener, Howard Shelley, Brian Chapple and Nicholas Snowman. As a chorister there, Rutter took part in the first (1963) recording of Britten's War Requiem under the composer's baton. He thence read music at Clare College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the choir. Whilst an undergraduate, he had his first compositions published, including the "Shepherd's Pipe Carol". He served as director of music at Clare College from 1975 to 1979, and led the choir to international prominence.

In 1981, Rutter founded his own choir, the Cambridge Singers, which he conducts, and with which he has made many recordings of sacred choral repertoire (including his own works), particularly under his own label Collegium Records. He resides at Hemingford Abbots in Cambridgeshire, and frequently conducts many choirs and orchestras around the world.

From 1985 to 1992, Rutter suffered severely from myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME, or chronic fatigue syndrome), which restricted his output; after 1985, he stopped writing music on commission, as he was unable to guarantee meeting deadlines.

Rutter also works as an arranger and editor. As a young man, he collaborated with Sir David Willcocks on five volumes of the extraordinarily successful Carols for Choirs anthology series.

He was inducted as a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity in 1985. Rutter is also a Vice-President of the Joyful Company of Singers, President of The Bach Choir, and President of the Association of British Choral Directors (ABCD).

Compositions
Rutter's compositions are chiefly choral, and include Christmas carols, anthems and extended works such as the Gloria, the Requiem and the Magnificat.

The world premiere of Rutter's Requiem (1985), and of his authoritative edition of Fauré's Requiem, took place with the Fox Valley Festival Chorus, in Illinois. In 2002, his setting of Psalm 150, commissioned for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the Jubilee thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London. Similarly, he was commissioned to write a new anthem, "This is the day", for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011, performed at Westminster Abbey during the service.

Rutter's work is published by Oxford University Press. It has been recorded by many choirs, but he conducts his own recordings principally on his label Collegium Records.

The first two choral items sung at the Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving in June 2022 were arrangements by Rutter, as were no fewer than six items performed at the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla.

Influences
Rutter's music is eclectic, showing the influences of the French and English choral traditions of the early twentieth century as well as of light music and American classic songwriting. Almost every choral anthem and hymn that he writes has a subsequent orchestral accompaniment in addition to the standard piano/organ accompaniment, using various different instrumentations such as strings only, strings and woodwinds or full orchestra with brass and percussion. Many of his works have also been arranged for concert band with optional chorus.

Despite composing and conducting much religious music, Rutter told the US television programme 60 Minutes in 2003 that he was not a particularly religious man, yet still deeply spiritual and inspired by the spirituality of sacred verses and prayers. The main topics considered in the 60 Minutes programme, which was broadcast a week before Christmas 2003, were Rutter's popularity with choral groups in the United States, Britain, and other parts of the world, and his composition Mass of the Children (written after the sudden death of his son Christopher while a student at Clare College, Cambridge, where Rutter himself had studied).

In a 2009 interview, Rutter discussed his understanding of "genius" and its unique ability to transform lives—whether that genius is communicated in the form of music or other media. He likened the purity of music to that of mathematics and connected the two with a reference to the discovery made by the early Greeks that frequencies of harmonic pitches are related by whole-number ratios.

Reception
Rutter's music is very popular, particularly in the UK and US. Many hold him in high regard in the UK, as illustrated by the following quotation from a review in the London Evening Standard (25 September 2005): "For the infectiousness of his melodic invention and consummate craftsmanship, Rutter has few peers." Sue Lawley referred to Rutter as "the most celebrated and successful composer of carols alive today" and Sean Rafferty heralded Rutter as "a creator of not just carols, but wonderfully great things for the human voice." One British composer, David Arditti, did not regard him as a sufficiently "serious" composer, saying that Rutter is "hard to take seriously, because of the way in which his sheer technical facility or versatility leads to a superficial, unstable crossover style which is neither quite classical nor pop, and which tends towards mawkish sentimentality in his sugarily-harmonised and orchestrated melodies." The Guardian remarked that "it is as a writer of carols that he has really made his mark ... His larger-scale works – particularly the Gloria (1974), Requiem (1985) and Magnificat (1990) – are also well established in the choral repertoire." David Willcocks considered Rutter "the most gifted composer of his generation."

Recognition
In 1980 Rutter was made an honorary fellow of Westminster Choir College in Princeton, New Jersey, and in 1988 he became a fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians. In 1996 the Archbishop of Canterbury conferred a Lambeth Doctorate of Music upon him in recognition of his contribution to church music.

Rutter was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2007 New Year Honours and knighted in the 2024 Birthday Honours, both for services to music.

In 2008 he also became an honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple while playing a significant role in the 2008 Temple Festival.

In 2023 Rutter became a Fellow of The Ivors Academy. Signified by the presentation of an Ivor Novello Award, Fellowship is also a position within the Academy's members and is the highest honour bestowed by the association of music creators.

Extended compositions

 * Suite for Strings (1973)
 * Gloria (1974)
 * Bang! (opera, 1975)
 * Partita for orchestra (1976)
 * The Beatles Concerto (1977)
 * Suite Antique (1979)
 * Requiem (1985)
 * Magnificat (1990)
 * Te Deum (1990)
 * Mass of the Children (2003)
 * Suite Lyrique (2011)
 * The Gift of Life: Six Canticles of Creation (2015)
 * Visions (2016)

Carols

 * "All Bells in Paradise" (original composition)
 * "Angels' Carol" (original composition)
 * "Angel Tidings" (arrangement)
 * "Born on Earth" (arrangement)
 * "Candlelight Carol" (original composition)
 * "Carol of the Children" (original composition)
 * "Carol of the Magi" (original composition)
 * "Cantique de Noël" (arrangement)
 * "Child in a Manger" (arrangement of Gaelic melody 'Bunessan', original words)
 * "Christ our Emmanuel" (original composition)
 * "Christmas Bells" (arrangement of the Norwegian folk song "Pal Pa Haugen", with new Christmas lyrics by Rutter)
 * "Christmas Lullaby"
 * "Christmas Night" (arrangement, the title song on the Cambridge Singers's first album)
 * "Deck the Hall" (arrangement)
 * "The Donkey Carol" (not to be confused with the song "The Friendly Beasts" arranged by John Davis that also goes by the nickname Donkey Carol)
 * "Dormi Jesu"
 * "Es Ist Ein’ Ros’ Entsprungen" (original composition)
 * "I Sing of a Maiden" (original composition)
 * "I Wish You Christmas"
 * "Jesus Child"
 * "Joseph’s Carol" (original composition)
 * "Joy to the World" (arrangement)
 * "Love Came Down at Christmas" (arrangement)
 * "Mary's Lullaby"
 * "Nativity Carol" (1st line: "Born in a Stable so Bare"; original composition)
 * "Personent hodie" (arrangement)
 * "Hajej, nynej, Ježíšku" (arrangement and translation of Czech carol called "Hajej, nynej, Ježíšku")
 * "Rejoice and Be Merry"
 * "Shepherd's Pipe Carol"
 * "Silent Night" (arrangement)
 * "Star Carol"
 * "Suzi's Carol" (original composition)
 * "There is a Flower" (original composition)
 * "The Twelve Days of Christmas" (arrangement)
 * "The Very Best Time of Year"
 * "Up Good Christen Folk"
 * "We Will"
 * "We Wish You a Merry Christmas" (arrangement)
 * "Wexford Carol" (arrangement)
 * "Was I the lamb?" Setting of words by Marc Bratcher to celebrate the Chaplain's 20 years of service as Chaplain of Merton College.
 * "What Sweeter Music"
 * "Wild Wood Carol"

Other anthems

 * "All Things Bright and Beautiful (Rutter)", setting the hymn
 * "Banquet Fugue"
 * "Born on Earth (Rutter)", arrangement of the song
 * "For the beauty of the earth", setting the hymn
 * "I Wonder as I Wander (Rutter)", arrangement of the Christmas carol
 * "Look at the world"

Choral works

 * Three Carols from Carols for Choirs 4 for SS and SSA unaccompanied
 * Five Childhood Lyrics
 * Eight Christmas Carols, Set 1 for mixed voices and piano
 * Eight Christmas Carols, Set 2 for mixed voices and piano
 * Twelve Christmas Carols, Set 1 for mixed voices and small orchestra or piano
 * Twelve Christmas Carols, Set 2 for mixed voices and small orchestra or piano
 * "The Twelve Days of Christmas" from Carols for Choirs 2 for soprano, alto, tenor and bass voices ("SATB") and piano or orchestra
 * 100 Carols for Choirs ed. Willcocks and Rutter
 * Birthday Madrigals for SATB, commissioned in 1995 by Brian Kay and the Cheltenham Bach Choir to celebrate the 75th birthday of George Shearing
 * Canticles of America
 * Carols for Choirs 2 ed. Willcocks and Rutter
 * Carols for Choirs 3 ed. Willcocks and Rutter
 * Carols for Choirs 4 ed. Willcocks and Rutter
 * Child in a manger from Carols for Choirs 3 for SATB and keyboard or orchestra
 * Christiana Canticles (Evening Service in C) for SATB and organ, consisting of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis, and dedicated to the choir of Christ Church, Christiana Hundred
 * Christmas Night for SATB and keyboard or strings
 * Come Down, O Love Divine for double mixed choir and organ
 * Cradle Song from Carols for Choirs 3 for SATB unaccompanied
 * Dancing Day for SSA with harp or piano
 * Donkey Carol for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * Flemish Carol from Carols for Choirs 3 for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * "A Flower Remembered" for SATB or SAA, published with lyrics in both English and Japanese, composed in 2014 to commemorate the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
 * For the Beauty of the Earth for SATB, SA, or TTBB, and piano
 * A Gaelic Blessing for SATB and organ or guitar, commissioned in 1978 by the Chancel Choir of the First United Methodist Church, Omaha, Nebraska, in honour of minister of music Mel Olson
 * Gloria for mixed voices with brass, percussion and organ or orchestra
 * Here We Come a-wassailing from Twelve Christmas Carols, Set 1
 * The Holly and the Ivy for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * I Saw Three Ships from Carols for Choirs 3 for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * "I will sing with the spirit" for SATB and organ, piano or orchestra
 * Jesus Child for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * Jesus Child for unison and piano
 * Joy to the world! for SATB and keyboard or orchestra (2 trumpets, timpani and strings)
 * King Jesus hath a garden from Carols for Choirs 3 for SATB and piano or flute, harp and strings
 * "Kum ba yah" - a reflective arrangement of the traditional African-American song, written in memory of Nelson Mandela.
 * "Look at the World" for SATB and Orchestra
 * "The Lord bless you and keep you"
 * Lord, Make Me an Instrument of Thy Peace for SATB or TTBB with organ or harp and strings
 * Love came down at Christmas for SATB and keyboard or strings
 * Mary's Lullaby for SATB and piano or orchestra
 * Nativity Carol for SATB and keyboard or strings
 * O come, O come, Emmanuel from Twelve Christmas Carols, Set 1 for SATB and keyboard or orchestra
 * O Lord, thou hast searched me out for SATB chorus, organ and solo cor anglais (or clarinet, or viola)
 * "Psalmfest"
 * Quem pastores laudavere for SATB unaccompanied
 * Quittez, pasteurs for SATB unaccompanied
 * Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? for SATB unaccompanied
 * Shepherd's Pipe Carol for SATB and piano or orchestra or for SSAA and piano or orchestra
 * Sing we to this merry company for SATB and orchestra or organ
 * Star Carol for SATB and piano or orchestra or brass with optional children's voices or for unison and piano
 * There is a flower (original composition) for SATB unaccompanied
 * Tomorrow shall be my dancing day from the cycle of carols, Dancing Day for SSA and harp or piano
 * Wexford Carol for SATB unaccompanied
 * What sweeter music for SATB and organ or strings
 * Winchester Te Deum For SATB and Piano or Organ

Anthems and other compositions
Most of these works are original compositions, including new musical settings of standard texts, whilst others are arrangements of traditional hymns. • All Creatures of Our God and King

• All Things Bright and Beautiful

• As the bridegroom to his chosen

• Be Thou my vision

• The Beatles Concerto

• Behold, the Tabernacle of God

• Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind

• Canticle of the Heavenly City (commissioned for the dedication of John Piper's Nativity window in the church of St Mary the Virgin, Iffley)

• Children's chorus, opt.

• A Choral Amen

• A Choral Fanfare

• Christ the Lord is risen again

• A Clare Benediction

• Creation's Alleluia

• Distant Land

• The Falcon

• Fancies (part of "Eight Childhood Lyrics")

• Feel the Spirit

• For the Beauty of the Earth

• Go forth into the world in peace

• God be in my head

• God is here

• Greensleeves

• Gregorian Chant

• Heavenly Aeroplane

• How Firm A Foundation

• Hymn to the Creator of Light

• I believe in springtime

• I will lift up mine eyes

• I will sing with the spirit

• I will worship the Lord

• I Wonder as I Wander

• The King of Love my Shepherd Is

• Let us go in peace

• Look at the World

• Look to the Day

• The Lord is my light and my salvation

• The Lord is my Shepherd: SATB & organ

• This is the day the Lord hath made

• Loving shepherd of thy sheep

• Musica Dei donum

• Now thank we all our God

• O be joyful in the Lord

• O clap your hands

• O Praise the Lord of Heaven

• Open Thou Mine Eyes

• Partita

• The Peace of God

• Pie Jesu

• Praise the Lord, O my soul

• Praise ye the Lord

• A Prayer of Saint Patrick

• A St John's College Prayer (Commissioned for the College's 500th anniversary 2011)

• Thanksgiving Prayer

• This is the Day (Commissioned for the Royal Wedding 2011)

• Thy Perfect love

• Toccata in 7

• To Everything There is a Season

• A Ukrainian Prayer

• When Icicles Hang

• When the Saints Go Marching In

• Wings of the Morning

• With Heart and Hands

Music with narration

 * Setting of The Wind in the Willows for narrator, SATB chorus and chamber orchestra
 * Brother Heinrich's Christmas
 * The Reluctant Dragon

Piano music

 * The John Rutter Piano Album : arrangements of eight of his most popular choral pieces for solo piano.
 * The John Rutter Christmas Piano Album : eight piano arrangements of Christmas pieces composed by Rutter.

title: John Rutter


text:
Talk:Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy

Untitled
Are you sure it's not Alix of Vergy? There's a rue Alix de Vergy in Dijon. David.Monniaux 17:51, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

I am under the impression that Alix and Alice are the same name under different spelling (cf. Hannah vs Anna). If you prefer Alix, feel free to change. Muriel 18:49, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, they're very probably the same first name, especially since a name like Alix (a Gallic name, if I'm not mistaken) would give forms in Alic.. when declined in Latin. David.Monniaux 21:02, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy


text:
Talk:Ska punk

Refactoring
Like you said RuneFH, I have removed the waves and merged them with parts that are shown on the ska page. Just in case anyone deems this as an unnecessary change remember that the previous page can be seen under 'History'. user:falcolombardi87

ska
can't this be fused into a subcategory of the ska article? it talks about a lot of the same bands and it seems a bit pointless to have its own article especially as the word 'punk' can just be added to any other genre to mean 'with guitars' and not much else (garage punk, reggae punk -- doesn't really form its own genre).-unsigned

Saxophones are a woodwind not a horn
Maybe group trombone and trumpet together after the horns link and list saxophone separately afterwards? Derifity (talk) 12:14, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Xenophobia
All edits made by Latin users are reverted or deleted. And this is still happening even with sources being cited. While American and European users edit the article text without citing any source and they are not penalized and their edits are not reverted or deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2804:EBC:B2CE:2100:11A:52BB:D346:86A0 (talk) 12:39, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah, no. It's not about hate against Latinos. Your work is being reverted because you have confused ska punk with ska-core and 2-tone. The general literature on the topic of ska punk does not support your changes. Binksternet (talk) 13:49, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

Origins of ska-punk
Operation Ivy was the first true ska-punk band. Less than jake and mighty mighty bosstones were not the pioneering bands. Nowhere do I see operation ivy or rancid mentioned. Basic radio (pre-OPIV) also had a little of that. The clash injected some reggae and ska into their songs but weren’t a true ska punk band. Operation ivy has to be added! AmericaNightmare (talk) 22:47, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * You will need to show a published source saying Operation Ivy was the first. AllMusic says they were early and influential. Vogue magazine says they were "one of the first ska punk bands".
 * More damaging to your wish is the Rolling Stone piece which says, "... punk and ska. They weren’t the first to mix these genres..." So you have an uphill battle. Binksternet (talk) 00:27, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ska punk


text:
Talk:English-language numerals

I've been searching for a Wikipedia article that I forgot that says the following message:

Names above quintillion are very rarely used in ordinary conversations, instead, they are read as 10^X.

What advantage is there of dropping the names such as sextillion?? 66.32.123.177 17:56, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Very few people know what they mean. – Smyth 12:43, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Are the two different spellings, vigintillion and vigentillion, intentional? --Erik Eckhardt 19:34, 10 December 2005

Suggested merge with Names of large numbers
I don't think this article should be merged, as it is of enough interest in its own right. You always hear people talking about what the word "billion" means where, so it is useful to be able to link directly to an article that explains that, and not just a section with another article. Kennethmac2000 2 July 2005 22:31 (UTC)

Might it not be better merged with (either from or to) Long and short scales? Double Blue (Talk) 17:11, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

No, should not be merged, because "English-language numerals" is a concise page. List of numbers is a huge page, with this and that! --Paul Martin 20:49, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

DO NOT MERGE! This is the most absurd proposed merger I've ever seen! This page is about the names of numbers in one particular language; the other is about the numbers themselves. Michael Hardy 00:30, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Don't merge It's a bad idea, though a critical editing of both articles might merge some material from one into the other. Article "E" (English-language numerals) deals / should deal with "ordinary" numbers, where as article "N" (Names of large numbers) focuses on large numbers. The stuff in "E" is fairly special for English (though of course other languages follow similar principles). The stuff in "N" is quite universal (language-independent), except for the distinction between Long and short scales.--Niels Ø 15:41, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:English-language numerals


text:
Jonathan Wells (intelligent design advocate)

John Corrigan "Jonathan" Wells (born 1942) is an American biologist, theologian, and advocate of the pseudoscientific argument of intelligent design. Wells joined the Unification Church in 1974, and subsequently wrote that the teachings of its founder Sun Myung Moon and his own studies at the Unification Theological Seminary and his prayers convinced him to devote his life to "destroying Darwinism."

After gaining a Ph.D. in religious studies from Yale University, Wells became Director of the Unification Church's inter-religious outreach organization in New York City. In 1989, he studied at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a second Ph.D. in molecular and cellular biology in 1994. He became a member of several scientific associations and has published in academic journals.

In his book Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? (2000), Wells argues that a number of examples used to illustrate biology textbooks were grossly exaggerated, distorted truth, or were patently false. Wells said that this shows that evolution conflicts with the evidence, and so argued against its teaching in public education. Some reviewers of Icons of Evolution have said that Wells misquoted experts cited as sources and took minor issues out of context, basing his argument on a flawed syllogism. Wells's views on evolution have been rejected by the scientific community.

Biography
Wells was born in New York City in 1942 and grew up in New Jersey, and was brought up as a Protestant Christian. He studied geology at Princeton University, where he dropped out in his junior year. Following a brief stint as a taxi driver, he was drafted into the United States Army and spent two years serving in Germany. After his discharge in 1966, he attended University of California, Berkeley, where he publicly refused to report for reserve duty. This resulted in him being arrested and being incarcerated for eighteen months at the Leavenworth military prison. Upon his release, Wells returned to Berkeley where he completed his studies with a major in geology and physics and a minor in biology.

In 1974, Wells joined the Unification Church of the United States. He graduated from the Unification Church's Unification Theological Seminary in 1978 with a master's degree in religious education. Wells continued his studies at Yale University, earning a PhD in religious studies in 1986, focusing on historical reactions to Darwinism. During this time he wrote extensively on Unification theology and taught at the Unification Theological Seminary. Wells was on the Board of Trustees of the Unification Theological Seminary until resigning in 1997 to return to teaching. He also acted as the director of the International Religious Foundation, a Unification Church affiliated organization which sponsors interdenominational conferences.

Wells has written on the subject of marriage within the Unification Church and has been called a "Unification Church marriage expert" by church sources. Wells defended Unification Church theology against what he said were unfair criticisms of it made in 1977 by the National Council of Churches.

In 1994, Wells earned another PhD in molecular and cellular biology from the University of California, Berkeley. After receiving his doctorate, he worked at a position he described as "a post-doctoral research biologist at Berkeley, writing articles critical of Darwinism." Shortly after that Wells joined Phillip E. Johnson, father of the intelligent design movement, at the Discovery Institute. He now serves as a fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture, the hub of the intelligent design movement, and at the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design, which also promotes intelligent design.

Wells appeared on a panel at Harvard with Stephen Palumbi in November 2001, which his supporters lauded as a "home run". Other observers stated that Wells' performance was "uneventful".

Opposition to Darwinian evolution
Of his student days at Unification Theological Seminary (1976–78), Wells said, "One of the things that Father [Reverend Sun Myung Moon] advised us to do at UTS was to pray to seek God's plan for our lives." Wells later described that plan: "To defend and articulate Unification theology especially in relation to Darwinian evolution."

Wells stated that his religious doctoral studies at Yale, which were paid for by the Unification Church, focused on the "root of the conflict between Darwinian evolution and Christian doctrine" and encompassed the whole of Christian theology within a focus of Darwinian controversies. He said:

Wells said that "destroying Darwinism" was his motive for studying Christian theology at Yale and going on to seek his second PhD at Berkeley, studying biology and in particular embryology:

Wells's statement and others like it are viewed by the scientific community as evidence that Wells lacks proper scientific objectivity and mischaracterizes evolution by ignoring and misrepresenting the evidence supporting it while pursuing an agenda promoting notions supporting his religious beliefs in its place.

He has written articles for the Discovery Institute, WorldNetDaily, Origins & Design, and other sympathetic publications attacking evolution and defending intelligent design. In 1997, he presented a paper entitled "Evolution by Design" at the Unification Church sponsored International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences in Washington, D.C.

In 1999, Wells debated with the New Mexicans for Science and Reason. He was one of the contributors to Natural History magazine's 2002 debate between intelligent design advocates and evolution supporters. In 2005, he debated Massimo Pigliucci on the PBS talk show Uncommon Knowledge. Pigliucci said that Wells "clearly lied" during his debates and misrepresented his agenda and science, as well as not understanding some of the theories he tried to attack.

Wells is one of the signatories of the Discovery Institute's "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism," a petition which the intelligent design movement uses to promote intelligent design by attempting to cast doubt on evolution. He is also the author of "Ten questions to ask your biology teacher about evolution" for high school students, which is published by the Discovery Institute. The National Center for Science Education has issued a list of answers to the questions.

Icons of Evolution
In 2000 Wells published his book Icons of Evolution, in which he discusses 10 examples which he says show that many of the most commonly accepted arguments supporting evolution are invalid.

There have been 12 detailed reviews of Icons, from scholars familiar with the subject matter, which have come to the consensus that the book's claims are a politically motivated exaggeration and misrepresentation of a scattering of minor issues. Scholars quoted in the work have accused Wells of purposely misquoting them and misleading readers. Jerry Coyne wrote of Icons, "Wells's book rests entirely on a flawed syllogism: ... textbooks illustrate evolution with examples; these examples are sometimes presented in incorrect or misleading ways; therefore evolution is a fiction."

Kansas evolution hearings
In 2005, Wells participated in the Kansas evolution hearings, which were boycotted by mainstream scientists. There Wells testified:

Prior to the evolution hearings, in December 2000 after the Pratt County, Kansas, school board revised its tenth-grade biology curriculum at the urging of intelligent design proponents to include material that encourages students to question the theory of evolution, The Pratt Tribune published a letter from Jerry Coyne challenging Wells's characterization in an article of his work on peppered moths, saying that his article appended to the Pratt standards was misused and being mischaracterized:

The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design
In 2006, Wells published his second major book, The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design, which was part of a series published by Regnery Publishing. The book was praised by Tom Bethell, author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science (2005), but was described by Reed A. Cartwright of The Panda's Thumb weblog as being "not only politically incorrect but incorrect in most other ways as well: scientifically, logically, historically, legally, academically, and morally." Cartwright also edited a chapter-by-chapter critique of the book. A quote from the book linking evolution to eugenics, abortion and racism appeared on Starbucks paper cups in 2007.

HIV/AIDS denialism
In 1991, Wells and his mentor Phillip E. Johnson signed an open letter which said in full:

Wells and Johnson have been criticized, along with others, for their questioning of the scientific and medical consensus that HIV causes AIDS. In the Washington University Law Review, Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey faulted Wells, Johnson, and others for denying the HIV/AIDS connection and promoting denialism via a petition designed to publicity but which did not have any scientific support.

Dissertations
Wells, John Corrigan. 1986. CHARLES HODGE'S CRITIQUE OF DARWINISM: THE ARGUMENT TO DESIGN (EVOLUTION, THEOLOGY). Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 265 pages.

Wells, John Corrigan. 1994. A confocal microscopy study of microtubule arrays involved in cortical rotation during the first cell cycle of Xenopus embryos. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 124 pages.


text:
Evelyn Lincoln

Evelyn Maurine Norton Lincoln (June 25, 1909 – May 11, 1995) was the personal secretary to John F. Kennedy from his election to the United States Senate in 1953 until his 1963 assassination.

Life
Lincoln was born Evelyn Maurine Norton on a farm in Polk County, Nebraska. Her father was John N. Norton, a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1930, she married Federal worker Harold W. Lincoln, whom she had met as a law student at George Washington University.

Lincoln had always aimed to work on Capitol Hill for a future president, and she achieved this ambition in 1953 by becoming personal secretary to the newly elected senator from Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy. She proved suitable for the job, and remained close to the president until his death. When Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963, Lincoln rode in the motorcade a few cars behind Kennedy with his personal physician, George G. Burkley.

Lincoln was reportedly upset that President Lyndon B. Johnson had given her 30 minutes to clear her office for his staff the morning following the assassination. In 1968, she wrote a book, Kennedy and Johnson, in which she wrote that President Kennedy had told her that Johnson would be replaced as Vice President of the United States. Lincoln wrote of that November 19, 1963 conversation, just before the assassination of President Kennedy,

As Mr. Kennedy sat in the rocker in my office, his head resting on its back he placed his left leg across his right knee. He rocked slightly as he talked. In a slow pensive voice he said to me, "You know if I am re-elected in sixty-four, I am going to spend more and more time toward making government service an honorable career. I would like to tailor the executive and legislative branches of government so that they can keep up with the tremendous strides and progress being made in other fields. I am going to advocate changing some of the outmoded rules and regulations in the Congress, such as the seniority rule. To do this I will need as a running mate in sixty-four a man who believes as I do." Lincoln went on to write "I was fascinated by this conversation and wrote it down verbatim in my diary. Now I asked, 'Who is your choice as a running-mate?' 'He looked straight ahead, and without hesitating he replied, 'at this time I am thinking about Governor Terry Sanford of North Carolina. But it will not be Lyndon.'"

In October 1994, Lincoln replied to a high school teacher's inquiry regarding her thoughts about the assassination stating that she believed Johnson – along with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the Central Intelligence Agency, the mafia, and "Cubans in Florida" – was involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy.

According to the National Archives, Lincoln gave away or sold many of Kennedy's documents and artifacts that she had been entrusted with managing by the Kennedy family after Kennedy's assassination. In 2005, a legal settlement was reached that enabled the National Archives, the Kennedy Library, and Caroline Kennedy to recover thousands of pages of documents and other items. Lincoln died at Georgetown University Hospital in 1995, after complications that followed surgery for cancer. Her ashes were placed in a niche at a columbarium in Arlington National Cemetery.

Books
Lincoln was the author of two books:
 * My 12 Years With John F. Kennedy
 * Kennedy and Johnson, 1968

title: Evelyn Lincoln