text:
Talk:Dealey Plaza

Untitled
Merged content of 'Dealey Plaza grassy knoll' to here. Much of the 'grassy knoll' article content relies on or is aided by the Dealey Plaza content being on the same page for context. Skybunny 00:50, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

As of November 2003, investigations and scientific testing and recreations into the circumstances of John F. Kennedy's death have not settled the question of who killed him. Looking at the three most recent 2003 polls directly implies this. An "ABC tv news" poll reflected that just 32 percent (plus or minus 3 percent) of Americans believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while 68 percent do not believe Oswald acted alone. The "Discovery Channel" poll reveals that only 21% believe Oswald acted alone, while 79% do not believe Oswald acted alone. The "History Channel" poll details that only 17% of individuals believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while 83 percent do not believe Oswald acted alone.

This is the poll info I removed. I have no objection to its content or presentation, but I don't think that the Dealey Plaza entry is the proper place for it. I've preserved it in case someone wants to stick it in John F. Kennedy assassination or some other appropriate entry. Gamaliel 17:50, 22 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"North Grassy Knoll"
Is this how it should be termed in the article? I have never heard it called anything but the "Grassy Knoll"; I don't even particularly remember there being another one in Dealy Plaza, and if there is I've never heard it related to the assassination in any way. Is this an attempt to disambiguate something that wasn't ever really ambiguous? I'm leaving it for now but think it needs to be discussed as a minimum.

Rlquall 15:34, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Re: caption, picture 2: grassy ... "convergence of Commerce, Main and Elm streets to the west." Base on unassailable expertise, the caption part quoted should read "respective (south to north) pavements convergence from eastward to westward, of eastbound Commerce, two-way Main, and westbound Elm Streets upward and to the east." Explanation-- For all practical purposes the three streets actually originate at and inside the triple underpass as viewed and entered or exited from the opposite (westward opening)side of the several underpasses. As stated is to suggest that the depicted view is from a viewpoint west of the underpass with the three streets behind (that is to say, to the west of) the camera. The correction above remedies such an impression (one moreover that also suggest that Dealy Plaza is on the eastward and not the westward edge of the downtown business district). I leave it to official to make the corrective change. 172.58.38.140 (talk) 19:50, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Going to Dealey
Hey I'll be heading to DP arly next month to see this place where history was made with my own eyes. Is there anything special I should not miss while in Dallas vis a vis the JFK assasination?Ramsquire 22:56, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Grassy Knoll
I redirected the page grassy knoll to this page because that article and the section of this article called "Grassy Knoll" were identical. Also, the links on that page are included in this article as well. No need for it to have it's own page. --The_stuart 19:00, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The term 'Grassy knoll Sniper' is most often used to describe some none existent person or object. Similar to 'Scotch Mist' or 'Shakespear's Dragon', something which is 'more spoken of than seen'.Johnwrd (talk) 07:18, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

NPOV stuff
I have a problem with the subsequent edits to my inclusion of additional information on the Dictabelt recording originally alleged to be of gunshots of the JFK assassination. You removed the cruicial information that the crosstalk heard on the recording proved that the recording had been made a minute after the assassination, probably because that so completely undermines the claim that the recording contains gunshots that the conspiracy buffs' claims must simply fail.

I understand the Wiki NPOV policy. However, there are some topics, and the JFK assassination is one of them, where some people will never agree with conclusively proven neutral facts because they totally undermine their preconceived points of view. Unless you can seriously question the factual statement that the tape crosstalk exists and proves that the recording was made a minute after the assassination, I challenge your removal of this information. User: Karn, 23 Dec 2004

--JimWae 18:27, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)
 * Your original edit was "over the top" without enough foundation. What you have added now gives more foundation for your claims of being proven - though a source more official than "an amateur..." would be much better for a claim of proven. This detail should be in the House Select Committee on Assassinations article -- and this whole discussion belongs more there than here. Perhaps there should also be an article on Dealey Plaza Dictabelt.

There is: Dictabelt evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, though I've thought about folding that into the HSCA article. Gamaliel 18:55, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think folding these articles together would be a good idea. There's a lot of redundant info spread across those articles now. --User:Karn 24 Dec 2004

 * The detail that was most convincingly a "disproof" of Dictabelt being good evidence is nowhere to be seen anymore.--JimWae 17:48, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

Discordianism?
Discordians "claim" (as much as a Discordiam claim anything, anyway) that Dealey Plaza is the home of the Dealey Lama, the head of the Erisian Liberation Front (ELF). This plays into certain plotlines in the Illuminatus! trilogy. Is this worth noting in the article anywhere? --Master Forcide 06:35, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Grassy knoll witnesses
"Hudson gave no opinion as to the direction of the gunshots. Zapruder testified to shots from the knoll. Marilyn Sitzman was not called as a witness. In a interview with Josiah Thompson she has no opinion as to the direction of the shots. Charles Hester stated in an affidavit the day of the assassination that he and his wife heard shots from the knoll. Beatrice did not give a separate statement." Emmett Hudson testified in 1964 that the shots came from the direction of the Texas School Book Depository. He reiterated his testimony in an interview with HSCA investigators in 1979. Abraham Zapruder testified in 1964 that he could not tell where the shots came from, that he only inferred that the shots came from the knoll because the right side of Kennedy's head exploded, and people were running up the knoll:
 * Mr. LIEBELER - But you didn't form any opinion at that time as to what direction the shots did come from actually?
 * Mr. ZAPRUDER - No.
 * Mr. LIEBELER - Did you form any opinion about the direction from which the shots came by the sound, or were you just upset by the thing you had seen?
 * Mr. ZAPRUDER - No, there was too much reverberation. There was an echo which gave me a sound all over. In other words that square is kind of — it had a sound all over.

Marilyn Sitzman told Josiah Thompson that, "If she had to guess from which direction [the shots] came, she would have guessed to her left." In a Dallas County Sheriff's Report made on Nov. 23, 1963, she likewise said that the shots came from the "old Sexton building" (i.e., the TSBD) and pointed to it. Charles Hester said in a Dallas Sheriff's statement made on Nov. 22, 1963, "They [the shots] sounded like they came from immediately behind us and over our heads. We did see the shooting. I immediately turned and looked at the Texas Book Depository Building and did not see anyone. The shots sounded like they definitely came from in or around the building." In an FBI report made two days later, he said that the shots were fired from a building on the corner of Elm and Houston, and he believed that he and his wife were in the line of fire. Beatrice Hester did give her own statement to the FBI, "but stated she could not furnish any information as to exactly where the shots came from." — Walloon 04:56, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Good for you Walloon you are actually doing some real research into the assassination in order to point out some of those errors.

 * Now read McAdams’ “Ear Witnesses” to see all of his errors. Anyone who reads the testimony and statements in the Warren Report will see that the vast majority of witnesses gave very vague descriptions as to the location of the shots. “To the right.” or “To the left.” While very few witnesses specifically stated “the knoll”, “the fence” many stated that general direction.

 * Other witnesses like Nellie Connally cannot be categorized. She said, “the right”. This could be the Depository or the knoll. Yet McAdams attempts to place each witness in one specific column. It’s impossible.

 * It is false to state that “significantly” few witnesses on the knoll heard gunshots. Significantly many in Dealey Plaza did. (CWC)
 * All posts to the message boards should be signed and dated by adding a dash and four tildas (~) at the end.
 * From the Warren Commission Hearings, Testimony of Mrs, John B. Connally:
 * Mr. SPECTER - With respect to the source, you say you thought that it was was to the right — did you have any reaction as to whether they were from the front, rear, or side?
 * Mrs. CONNALLY - I thought it was from back of us.
 * Mr. SPECTER - To the rear?
 * Mrs. CONNALLY - To the right; that is right.
 * Nowhere does the article say that “significantly” few witnesses on the knoll heard gunshots. That's absurd. We have testimony from five of the nine witnesses on the knoll. All five (Hudson, Zapruder, Sitzman, and Charles and Beatrice Hester) heard gunshots. Three gave an opinion on the direction of the shots, and all three (Hudson, Sitzman, and Charles Hester) said that they came from the direction of the Depository.
 * — Walloon 00:20, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Since you have conceded defeat by protecting this page as well. Which JFK page should I target for facts next? Maybe “gun runner” Jack Ruby.

Or maybe the ‘Trial of Clay Shaw’ article. What were the names of the “several witnesses” to refute Aloysius Habighorst testimony? Were they the same “dozen” witnesses who you claim saw Oswald kill Tippit? Where is their testimony in the trial transcripts? You must come up with better sources than just McAdams website. Maybe you are McAdams.

Shaw’s attorney’s argument against Habighorst was that he held a personal grudge against him for losing his brother’s case. (CWC)

 * CWC, I protected this article to give you and the other users time and space to discuss proposed changes to the article, on the talk page here. If you move on to start edit warring on different articles, instead of sticking around to work out a consensus on Dealey Plaza, then I will regard this as unacceptable behavior not conducive to this encyclopedia: tendentious editing. However, you are very welcome to have a civil conversation here, which could be fruitful. Please take the route of discussion and consensus-building. I'm sure it will have the best results. ··coe l acan 17:59, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Dear coeLacan

Each and every aspect of the assassination here on Wikipedia is distorted to a level beyond even what Earl Warren or Gerald Posner could imagine. It is horrifying to think that anyone who might research the assassination on the very popular site would be indoctrinated with a whole new series of outright lies. For example, that 12 witnesses saw Oswald kill Tippit, the Warren Commission ballistics experts linked Oswald’s gun to the Tippit and Walker shootings, and that Jack Ruby’s primary occupation was a gunrunner?

I began to set the record straight with Lee Harvey Oswald’s biography. All my changes were removed within 5 minutes. (Not an exaggeration) I then attempted to enter their discussion page and politely point out 31 errors in their footnotes. They either fabricate testimony or cite someone’s (Gerald Posner) opinion as an established fact. If Oswald’s biography contained 31 errors imagine how many there are altogether. Also these 31 errors were merely outright errors. The whole article is extremely biased. Devoting space to Ruth Paines’ religious beliefs while at the same time mentioned nothing about her intelligence employment.

The ignorance by wikipedia was overwhelming. Not only were my comments not answered, they were censored altogether! Just to reassure you, my comments contained sources and no personal insults or profanity.

When I inquired as to why my comments were being censored my IP address was banned from Wikipedia. This had little effect since I simply switched my IP address. Hence ALL discussion on Oswald’s biography was censored for two weeks until June 13.

It is extremely hypercritical to accuse me of “tendentious editing” when Walloon (McAdams) and others zealously removed all edits without explanation and censored all discussion.

If the Wikipedia history for the Oswald page had not been censored you would see that I “civilly” discussed for the last two weeks making changes to the article. However every single aspect of the assassination is dictated by only four editors who cannot cite sources. “Consensus building” does not come from deleting discussion. (CWC)
 * All messages posted to message pages should be signed and dated with a dash and four tildas (~).
 * Wikipedia does not state that (1) "12 witnesses saw Oswald kill Tippit"; (2) "Jack Ruby’s primary occupation was a gunrunner", or (3) the Warren Commission ballistics experts linked Oswald’s gun to the Walker shooting.

 * The Lee Harvey Oswald article does correctly report (with reference source) that, "It was the unanimous testimony of expert witnesses before the Warren Commission that these used cartridge cases [found by witnesses at the Tippit shooting] were fired from the revolver in Oswald's possession to the exclusion of all other weapons," and that expert testimony to the HSCA (also sourced) (not the Warren Commission) found it "extremely likely" that the Walker bullet was manufactured by Western Cartridge Company for the Mannlicher-Carcano rifle.

 * Of the 106 footnotes in the Lee Harvey Oswald article, Gerald Posner's book is referenced in one half of one footnote, and two articles at the McAdams site are referenced in other footnotes. Throughout that article's footnotes, claims are referenced to primary sources — testimony or exhibits.

 * If you have any further comments about the Lee Harvey Oswald article, please use that article's discussion page. — Walloon 20:33, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Also "CWC", if you had concerns about the text of the article, you could have simply raised them. Instead you acted like a dick by calling people "Posnerphiles" and now continuously calling Walloon McAdams.  Also, you have been given reasons why your edits were being rejected.  If you want to be taken seriously, here's a quick primer on what should be done: no long POV pushing blockquotes, use reliable sources, no personal attacks, use four tildes when you sign, and stop making stuff up.  Actually read what's in these articles. Ramsquire (throw me a line) 16:44, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * One more thing, you can't delete stuff from this Wiki, unless you are an admin. You trolling threads do exist in some fashion.  I'm not going to put it back up, since no one has any interest in reading some rant about problems that don't even exist in the article. Ramsquire (throw me a line) 16:46, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Marilyn Sitzman
Sitzman maintained in three interviews that the shots all came from her left, from the direction of the Depository. Specifically, she said to Josiah Thompson: "And I'm sure that if the second shot would have come from a different place — and the supposed theory is they would have been much closer to me and on the right side — I would have heard the sounding of the gun much closer, and I probably had a ringing in my head because the fence was quite close to where we were standing, very close."

In an interview with Bill O'Neil in 1992, Sitzman stated, referring to the "Badgeman" location behind the fence, "the blast of a high-powered rifle would have blown me off that wall."

Unless a direct quotation from Sitzman appears in which she claims that Kennedy was hit from a shot that came from in front of him (and not that he was shot on the right side of his head between his eye and ear), this Wikipedia article will reflect what Sitzman said on the record. — Walloon 17:02, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Early History of Dealey Plaza
While visiting the former TSBD in April 2006, on the first floor, in a hallway area off to the right, before entering the museum, is a wall display about the history of Dealey Plaza. If I remember correctly, it said that Dealey Plaza was originally built in the 1920's and contained only a grassy park. Later, in the 1930's, the monuments were added as part of a WPA project. I think that this info should be confirmed and added to this article. DavidH 01:49, 18 September 2007 (UTC)davehoe3000DavidH 01:49, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Origin of phrase "Grassy Knoll"
Has anyone done any research as to how the term "Grassy Knoll" came into widespread use for this particular hill? I mean, it could have been called a "hill" or "ridge" or "rise" or something else - who was the first to use the exact term and why did it come into widespread use? That would be interesting to learn given the widespread "meaning" this term has taken on, and if this research has been done it would be great to include here. Jpp42 (talk) 13:02, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The Man Who Named the Grassy Knoll. — Walloon (talk) 06:42, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * After visiting this location, I concluded that the phrase "Grassy Knoll" was applied by someone viewing from the street level, as it descends to the underpass beneath the railroad tracks. I'd call it an 'embankment' rather than a 'knoll'.  But the phrase is irrevocably linked to the events that took place there.  At least, in the minds of those who recall that time.  Out of curiosity, I questioned colleagues of a later generation, one of whom, a resident of Ohio, considered it as a reference to the Kent State shootings. 2603:6010:4E42:500:D8A2:2925:629C:C58B (talk) 20:05, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

Picket vs Stockade Fence
While there are slight gaps in the fense in the picture, the design of the fense seems to be stockade. The fact that over time gaps have appeared in the fense does not make it suddenly a picket fense because it does not seem to be that way by design. Please find an external source that indicates that it is in fact a picket fense by design.Ajh16 (talk) 18:12, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Trivial Information
I just now removed something about nobody in Dallas referring to the grassy knoll as such until after the assassination, followed by an explanation point. I am not a common contributor to Wikipedia, but for the love of god, could you please try and avoid biasing your edits? these articles aren't intended to be "edgy" or stir up more controversy, they are supposed to inform, and trivial information like that without any kind of citation or practical use doesn't belong here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.210.40.108 (talk) 03:51, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Man with mike or telephone
In the paragraph about Lee Bowers, I have removed the claim that Bowers testified to the Warren Commission that one of the two men standing by the stockade fence on the grassy knoll had a "mic or telephone" in his hand. Bowers said no such thing about either man in his WC testimony. In an affidavit Bowers gave on the day of the assassination, he did mention that a man who drove around the Sheriff's Department lot ten minutes before the motorcade appeared to have a "mike or telephone" in the car. — Walloon (talk) 06:39, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation of "Dealey"
I just returned from Dallas where the locals informed me it's properly pronounced to rhyme with "daily." What's the authority for the current suggested pronunciation ? Jpwindley (talk) 06:24, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Developing the article
Suggest this page be improved in time for the anniverasry. 80.254.147.68 (talk) 14:07, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Bryan Colonnade
This page is long overdue for more information about the configuration and architecture of the plaza, particularly a full section is likely deserved for the Bryan Colonnade, its multiple sections, and any significance they have (such as plaques or designations). The unusual traffic configuration might also get some discussion. Additionally more information on the National Register nomination and perhaps the surrounding architecture being preserved as a result. Right now it feels like a stub feeding into other JFK pages. --Dhartung | Talk 08:15, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Fourth shot from grassy knoll & missed
Made this edit. The reference given only mentions "acoustical evidence established a high probablility that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy." This "acoustical evidence" is the open Dallas police microphone that some believe recorded four shots. Nowhere in the given reference is mentioned that a fourth shot came specifically from the grassy knoll or that it "missed". While the report mentions elsewhere that some witnesses believed they heard shots from the grassy knoll, the report does not specifically conclude that shots did come from the grassy knoll (missed or otherwise). If I am mistaken in this and somewhere the report specifically concludes that shots were fired from that grassy knoll (beyond simply documenting witness statements), then the material can be re-added with a better reference. – JBarta (talk) 18:07, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

 * If I'm not mistaken, the report *does* conclude this very thing, as the explanation for one of the bullets found in the car that missed. It is only mentioned briefly, and rather dismissively, stating something like there was one bullet recovered that missed that was apparently fired by a second unknown gunman, possibly from the grassy knoll or nearby, whose identity is not known - but, he also "acted alone". Firejuggler86 (talk) 21:02, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Bizarre
Do I interpret this correctly, that this plaza has been deliberately frozen in time to preserve the area as it was when Kennedy was assassinated? Who authorized such a bizarre and frankly Stalinist act? Are there any precedents for such acts of president-worship in the USA? I am intrigued as to the logic (or rather lack thereof) behind this extreme decision.122.59.140.215 (talk) 10:24, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Apparently you are blathering and haven't read the article or viewed the citations. One person's "bizarre and Stalinist act of president-worship" is another person's preservation of a national historic landmark. Have fun testing your incredulity in Category:Historic sites by country. - Location (talk) 17:21, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Ford's Theatre (oddly enough not Theater) is a National Historic Site, and the reconstructed Lincoln Log Cabin is an Illinois State Historic Site. Monticello, Jefferson's house in Charlottesville, is a National Historic Landmark and UNESCO World Heritage Site. And then there's all those Presidential Libraries. Khamba Tendal (talk) 13:00, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Theatre and theater are both perfectly acceptable and common spellings in US (theatre tends to be preferred by those in the field while much of the general public is more likely to use theater); in Britain theatre is the only acceptable spelling, however ;).

Come to think of it, the movie house where Oswald was arrested, which has also been preserved, is the Texas Theatre. As Wiki puts it: 'The Texas Theatre is a movie theater and Dallas landmark located in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas, Texas.' Khamba Tendal (talk) 13:14, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dealey Plaza


text:
Wolseley

Wolseley may refer to:

People

 * Sir Charles Wolseley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1630–1714), English politician
 * Sir Charles Wolseley, 7th Baronet (1769–1846), English landowner and political agitator
 * Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley (1872–1936), English gardener
 * Frederick Wolseley (1837–1899), Irish-born Australian woolgrower and inventor of sheep shearing machinery
 * Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (1833–1913), Irish-born British field marshal, elder brother of Frederick Wolseley
 * George Wolseley (1839–1921), British Indian army officer
 * John Wolesely (born 1938), British-Australian artist who worked with Aboriginal Australian artist Mulkun Wirrpanda
 * Pat Wolseley, British botanist
 * Sir Reginald Wolseley, 10th Baronet (1872–1933), emigrated to the US and initially refused the title
 * Viscount Wolseley
 * Wolseley baronets

Businesses

 * all taking their name from Frederick Wolseley (1837–1899)

 * The Wolseley, a restaurant at 160 Piccadilly, London, in the former showroom of the Wolseley Motors building
 * The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company, a British manufacturer of sheep shearing and other machinery, now Wolseley plc
 * Wolseley plc, a UK-based multinational building supplies company, previously The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company
 * Wolseley UK, the UK subsidiary of Wolseley plc
 * The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company, automobile manufacturer spun off to Vickers, Sons & Maxim renamed Wolseley Motors in 1914
 * Wolseley Motors, automobile manufacturer, owned in turn by Vickers, W R Morris, Morris Motors, BMC and British Leyland

Electorates

 * Wolseley (Manitoba electoral district), provincial electorate in Manitoba
 * Wolseley (Saskatchewan electoral district), former provincial electorate in Saskatchewan
 * Qu'Appelle-Wolseley, former provincial electorate in Saskatchewan

Settlements

 * Rural Municipality of Wolseley No. 155, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Wolseley, Saskatchewan, a town within the rural municipality
 * Wolseley, South Australia, a town and former railway junction
 * Wolseley, Staffordshire, an area within the parish of Colwich, including Wolseley Hall and Wolseley Centre
 * Wolseley, Western Cape, a town in South Africa
 * Wolseley, Winnipeg, Canada, a neighborhood of Winnipeg, Manitoba

Other locations

 * Wolseley Battery, a coastal battery in Malta
 * Wolseley Buttress, a place in Antarctica
 * Wolseley River, a river in Ontario, Canada
 * Wolseley Road, a residential street in Sydney, Australia
 * Wolseley Hall, a demolished stately home in Staffordshire, England, subsequently the location of the Wolseley Centre

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wolseley


text:
Provinces of Rwanda

The provinces of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: intara) are divided into districts (akarere) and municipalities (umujyi). Prior to January 1, 2006, Rwanda was composed of 12 provinces. The Rwandan government decided to establish new provinces in an attempt to address issues that arose from the Rwandan genocide. The new provinces were to be "ethnically-diverse administrative areas".

Until 2002, the provinces were called prefectures (perefegitura).

Provinces
As of January 1, 2006 the five provinces of Rwanda are:

Former provinces
Prior to 2006 the provinces were:

 * Butare Province
 * Byumba Province
 * Cyangugu Province
 * Gikongoro Province
 * Gisenyi Province
 * Gitarama Province
 * Kibungo Province
 * Kibuye Province
 * Kigali City (Established as a province in 1990 )
 * Kigali-Rural Province (Kigali Ngali)
 * Ruhengeri Province
 * Umutara Province (Established in August 1996)

title: Provinces of Rwanda


text:
User talk:Ehamberg

Image:Vim.png
Hey: why is Image:Vim.png listed as being used under fair use? It's Free software, displaying GPL'ed stuff, so there doesn't seem to be any particular reason for it. And besides, you can see Image:Vim-(logiciel)-console.png is under a CC license, not fair use. --Gwern (contribs) 18:04 3 December 2006 (GMT)

 * I agree. It seems like a weird choice, and I can't remember why I didn't pick a CC license or similar. However, as the picture has been replaced, I guess I can't change that now..?

Ehamberg 07:48, 4 December 2006 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ehamberg (talk • contribs).

 * Well, why not upload a replacement image under some sort of Free image to Commons, and then request a speedy delete of a now-replaceable fair use image? --Gwern (contribs) 16:36 4 December 2006 (GMT)

License tagging for Image:Precedence graph.svg
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Speedy deletion nomination of Robert Goldblatt
A tag has been placed on Robert Goldblatt requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Club Oranje T 08:48, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I've moved this biography stub to User:Ehamberg/Robert Goldblatt so that you can expand and source it. Cheers.--Tikiwont (talk) 12:37, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Graphic request
Hei! You have done a great job with File:Haploid vs diploid.svg graphic. Would it be possible to extend this image to include triploid and tetraploid? We are currently revising the polyploid article (see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Molecular_and_Cellular_Biology for a discussion) and it would be very helpful to have a revised version. Vennlig hilsen. Boghog (talk) 20:01, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I made an extended version. It's available here: File:Haploid, diploid ,triploid and tetraploid.svg Ehamberg (talk)

Orphaned non-free image File:Aima 3rd editon cover.jpg
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title: User talk:Ehamberg


text: User talk:68.220.135.148

title: User talk:68.220.135.148


text:
Talk:Inō Tadataka

Ino Tadataka or Tadataka Ino?
I'm rather confused. Is is family name Ino or Tadataka? And what's wikipedia's standard for writing Japanese names - do we use the Japanese standard of SURNAME GIVENNAME or the English standard of GIVENNAME SURNAME? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:52, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

New movie
The 2022 Japanese movie 大河への道 (Taiga e no Michi) seems to feature him in a fairly central way, though historical accuracy is unclear. (Not yet out) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 36.11.229.190 (talk) 07:43, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inō Tadataka


text:
Talk:Adventure game

Western Japanese structure
Splitting the history into Japanese and Western sections is undue and feels discriminatory. They should be merged into one restructured History section.

Also the genre differentiation used for game articles between text and graphical adventure games is about as useful silent and non-silent movies. IgelRM (talk) 08:12, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Also the difference between narrative adventure game, "walking simulators" and interactive movie seems to overlap or not clearly defined. IgelRM (talk) 14:43, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

"First person adventure" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_person_adventure&redirect=no First person adventure] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 15:41, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 6 November 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved (non-admin closure). Jenks24 (talk) 09:51, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Adventure game → Adventure video game – The currnet article is about video games. But there are also adventure board game. Under adventure game, we can have a disambig for now, although ideally there should be a broader article about adventure games, which covers both video and board games. (Interestingly, based on my reading of the history sections of these articles, the board and video games developed nearly at the same time, with the first adventure board game being Dungeon! of 1975, and the first adventure video game, Colossal Cave Adventure of 1976 or lesser known Wander (1974 video game). Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:45, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose WP:PRIMARYTOPICs commonly conflict with other things, yet are still primary. For example Apple is not disambiguated as Apple (fruit) despite sharing the name of the software company. The idea of an adventure video game is the primary topic for this term, while adventure board games are not. The pageview disparity is tremendous, and cannot solely be explained by people going to the wrong place. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 09:12, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per @Zxcvbnm. Killuminator (talk) 09:31, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per @Zxcvbnm. Kind regards, Grueslayer 12:40, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per PRIMARYTOPIC. Yes, there exists board games, but the amount of coverage of those compared to video games is trivial, that "adventure game" nearly always exclusively refers to video game versions. We are providing the hat note for the board game versions. --M asem (t) 13:04, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

New SubGenre: Full expression interactive movie by example of HellBlade
I created a new subgenre, Full Expression Interactive Movie, because the description in Interactive Movie does not match today's productions of such games. Either it's an old description or it's not Interactive Movie at all and the name needs to be changed to something else. I have never heard of a DVD playing a key role in the production of Interactive Movie games, or reproducing scenes from a DVD. As for the name I gave, it is crucial, because in the example of HellBlade, we are definitely dealing with a new subgenre of Adventure games. It is like a movie and focuses mainly on the character and their emotions, story is linear like a movie. Many game critics did not understand this game and did not realize that it is a new adventure subgenre. I named it as Full expression interactive movie, because I heard somewhere such term, and is mainly focused on facial capture to show emotions, but other suggestions are welcome.

--Darek555 (talk) 03:17, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Hellblade is the farthest thing from an interactive movie, and this sounds like fully original research which we disallow. Its why we require secondary sources that discuss this idea, which I cannot find in any sources. M asem (t) 04:07, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not saying anything like that. You're understanding something wrong. I say, if we're talking about, and it follows from what I added, that Hellblade is an Action-Adveture - I don't deny this, but added FEIM sub-genre, what I created based on world reaction and process in game creation, widely described on the world, etc added quotation about BEFTA awards etc, not the genre. I narrowed down the name. If you don't agree with this, why do you agree to the existence of the terms Interactive Movie - sub genre etc? --Darek555 (talk) 04:51, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * There's a specific definition for interactive movie, which generally is where the player has little control except at key points during the narrative. Hellblade may follow a linear path but it is nothing like what are considered interactive movies. Just because the actress won the BAFTA for Best Performance doesn't matter - eg consider that Christopher Judge won the same for his role in God of War (a pure action game). M asem (t) 05:25, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Good ! This is another proof that such game sub-genre exists. I will update therm. I think that one of the first dates of the creation of this sub-genre is one of the first awards granted in this category, but we need to see if it meets the definition, i.e. detail facial capture, not only motion capture. I heard somewhere in discussion about lack of strict names of sub-genre in adventures games. We must find this and change this. In section of Interactive Movie - sub-genre are some nonsense. Just because someone said something about it in internet doesn't mean it's true. This is a wrong approach and this also needs to be changed and. Not blindly quote something because it is in the media. This is like UFO history :). Interactive Movie is not characterized mainly by some strange use of DVD recordings, it is some astronomical nonsense and I'm surprised that no one changed it ! Want source :) ?
 * It reminds me of my war when I changed the wiki therm from Permanent Death to permadeath. there were also Wikipedians who needed sources, I was even blocked. Ultimately, my change is still there today and I'm the author of this change. The biggest pest back then was @NinjaRobotPirate, it kept rolling back edits. The war was long but I had patience because I was simply right, as is always the case with new discoveries. So I recommend considering whether to update this chapter about subgenres, because in the future someone will name it and then there will be a source. Secondly, if something has a clear and unambiguous definition, as is the case with theories, it does not have to have a source. The definition is the source. I must say that I don't know what to call this type of sub-genre we discussed, and FEIM is something I've heard somewhere, but then it be also invented by someone and I don't know if it's correct. It is like with FPP etc. Terms that first existed in slang. Have fun reading and with finding sources :) Darek555 (talk) 11:22, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:NOR. We do not accept any editor's random theories or the like just because the editor considers them true. We require that type of information to come directly from reliable sources. You have zero to support your idea there's a new sub-genre here. M asem (t) 13:11, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree ! I'm not insisting that it stay that way, because there are no sources, but you have to think about it because there's something to it. Just change this, edit, etc.
 * I see differences between a film without facial expressions and those with facial expressions. These are completely different games, especially with press on show the emotion. There is no source, so what, does that mean it doesn't exist? In my opinion, it needs to be defined and placed somehow. This is some sub-genre, but what I don't know I see where world is going, and changing. I don't insist on how name this sub-genre, but I insist that there should be information about it. Darek555 (talk) 13:31, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You're engaged in a full original research goal here, claiming there has to be this new sub-genre. Without sources that state directly that games like Hellblade fall into a new genre, you cannot add anything of your own opinions or theories to Wikipedia. M asem (t) 13:33, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok then delete this but leave this discussion so that I have proof that I reported it, so that it won't be like permadeath, because then I'll be banging my head against the wall again. There is something wrong with Wikipedia if it doesn't assign users such things as creating Therms or changing tech therms, definition etc, but I don't care. Delete it but leave this discussion, because if someone uses this term, suddenly there will be a source... Darek555 (talk) 14:14, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

 * "''I named it as'"" - Are you serious? And which source speaks of a "new subgenre", whatever its name might be? Kind regards, Grueslayer 06:39, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Did you just ping an administrator to brag that you're going to edit war indefinitely to keep your original research in video game articles?  sorry for the ping, but this might be worth keeping an eye on. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 12:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * ooo Hi remember that ? You fought a stubborn and long war with me and lost :) You should congratulate me. Darek555 (talk) 13:02, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * All your changes on that article appeared to be reverted too (unless you were editing from an IP). And you should never consider an edit war to be a good thing. We discuss rather than keep making changes and reverts. M asem (t) 13:10, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Nothing has been undone, look at it, I was the author of the change to permadeath and it is still like that. The war was created by NinjaRobotPirate and others who kept reverting my edits. He didn't listen the arguments at all. It finally worked out for me. The password was changed after my intervention with Permanent Death and is permadeath. The same way he kept deleting the Path of Exile example as permadeath, everything is documented, just read. Now it's permadeath as I changed it. I'm not influent in Wikipedia I have other tasks. Just consider updating definitions in sub-genre and look close at Interactive movie - this should be changed. Soon I will try start discussion about this Darek555 (talk) 13:18, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Any contributions to permadeath that you are listed as having doing have appeared to be undone, and you definitely did not contribute to the changing to "permadeath" as the article title at all. M asem (t) 13:32, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't know how to find it and I don't know why it can't be seen, because when I click on the strictest version it is permadeath, but it wasn't. I was the one who fought to change this topic to permadeath and gave a lot of arguments, such as the number of views in Google, etc., where the term permadeath was used in relation to games of this type and not Permamnet Death, there was no such type. There was a big fight to change it and I think someone finally posted such a table - a request to change the title and then after some time it was done. If it can't be seen and it wasn't attributed to me, then Wikipedia has some imperfection. Darek555 (talk) 13:50, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I found a trace in the discussion, here's the link where I asking for change it to permadeath, rest You should find by self:
 * [Https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Permadeath&oldid=770799801#Types of permadeath mode section https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Permadeath&oldid=770799801#Types_of_permadeath_mode_section]
 * previously there was no word permadeath, I introduced it and I don't know why it wasn't assigned to me Darek555 (talk) 13:56, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Whatever happened at permadeath is completely irrelevant to this discussion. As I've warned you on your talk page, your contributions here are blatant original research, and will get your account blocked from editing if you don't stop. Sergecross73   msg me  14:13, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You needed to look to the archive which is at Talk:Permadeath/Archive 1. You did participate in that but you didn't start the move change and there was no resistance to that move. M asem (t) 14:16, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * There was a lot of resistance, huge! There is no trace of my extensive posts there, where I calculated in numbers how many Google Permadeath results and how many Permament Death results there are, and many many others, someone deleted it. Remember this discussion, it will be the same here. Darek555 (talk) 14:23, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I have read this, this is it. You have right this is the link You added. I leave above my response to show that I can admit I was wrong. In this link You added is all discussion. I didn't push permadeath to rename, because I don't know how to do that, but I was the first to propose it. This was done by other editor.... Thx I could find this.... Darek555 (talk) 14:34, 8 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I wanted to thank you for the discussions because you were involved and objective... Do what You think to do, with this. If it breaking rules then delete this I will not reverse this because I don't have sources for that terms used and named. Sources are important even small, there is no such material and I agree with that. Maybe in the future it will spears. My arguments are ended.... Darek555 (talk) 14:45, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

I was wrong about several things. It's good that there are these rules, otherwise I would have made a mess, but that doesn't mean that I didn't have the right observations somewhere. I need to read a few things. Interactive Movie with DVD etc, I may have misunderstood and maybe this is the right section. Thank you for the discussion and I apologize for my prejudices, but they also result from my poor knowledge of English. Darek555 (talk) 18:11, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

@ 188.125.167.165 (talk) 01:08, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adventure game


text:
Talk:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 February 2020 and 31 March 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Miatraaaan4.

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American cover
Are we allowed, or can we put a picture of the American cover in this article?-Mbatman72 20:46, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As the books author is from U.K its more appropriate to use the U.K cover Ro bin  06:04, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Title Hoax Section
I propose that we add a section on all of the title hoaxes that sprouted shortly before the release of the book's real, or, at least, create a seperate article that will be linked to this one.--Dark Green 23:47, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * and what encyclopedic use would that be? Ro bin  06:05, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Ambiguity: closing the school
Toward the end the plot summary says the teachers vote to "close the school", which sounds permanent. Actually they debated closing the school permanently, but ended up only terminating the current school year early. The next novel shows the school still open the next year, though with numerous changes. CharlesTheBold (talk) 04:01, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Lint, Belgium

Lint is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the town of Lint proper. In 2024, Lint had a total population of 8,505. The total area is 5.57 km².

Famous inhabitants

 * Dirk Sterckx, member of the European Parliament (VLD)
 * Nico Van Kerkhoven, football player, former in Belgium national team
 * Matz Sels, football player
 * Lea Couzin, actress,
 * Karen Damen, singer, actress
 * Anneke Van Hooff, singer, actress
 * Ann Van den Broeck, musical actress
 * Bart Debie, politician

title: Lint, Belgium


text:
Olivet Nazarene University

Olivet Nazarene University (ONU) is a private Nazarene university in Bourbonnais, Illinois. Named for its founding location, Olivet, Illinois, ONU was originally established as a grammar school in east-central Illinois in 1907. In the late 1930s, it moved to the campus in Bourbonnais. The university is affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene and is the annual site of the church's Regional Celebrate Life youth gathering for the Central USA Region.

History
Olivet Nazarene University traces its roots to 1907, when the Eastern Illinois Holiness Association started Miss Mary Nesbitt's Grammar School in a house in Georgetown, Illinois. In 1908, the school's founders acquired 14 acres in the village of Olivet, and moved the grammar school to the proposed campus. A Wesleyan–holiness community sprang up around the school.

In 1909, the liberal arts college was chartered and named Illinois Holiness University, with A. M. Hills from Texas Holiness University as its first president. It was then given to the Church of the Nazarene in 1912, with E. F. Walker as president, and inherited one of the most populated Nazarene regions in the United States. It was renamed Olivet University in 1915, and again in 1921 to Olivet College.

The economic solvency of the school became a problem in the 1920s, and the trustees were forced to declare bankruptcy in 1926. The school's treasurer, T. W. Willingham, purchased the school back at an auction and was elected president. In 1939, the main building on campus was destroyed by fire. This prompted the school to look for a new location. Under President A.L. Parrott, the school moved in 1940, onto the previous 42 acre campus of St. Viator's College. With the move, the school's name was changed to Olivet Nazarene College (ONC). The school's name was changed again in 1986 to Olivet Nazarene University (ONU).

The past 20 years have seen a significant change in the culture and image of Olivet. Following the appointment of John C. Bowling as University president, the university began appealing to a more diverse set of students from different Christian denominations. The school began several different construction projects to mark the growth of the school as a whole. The university currently is organized with seven academic units: the College of Arts and Sciences, the McGraw School of Business, the Martin D. Walker School of Engineering, the School of Education, the School of Life and Health Sciences, the School of Theology and Christian Ministry, and the School of Graduate and Continuing Studies.

Campus
ONU's campus is 250 acre in the village of Bourbonnais, Illinois, outside the city of Kankakee, Illinois, with 30 buildings. Four buildings are original from St. Viator College, including Burke Administration, Chapman Hall, Miller Business Center, and Birchard Gymnasium. There are also satellite campuses for adult education in Rolling Meadows, Illinois and Hong Kong.

Campus features
Since Olivet Nazarene University relocated to Bourbonnais, the campus has undergone several different waves of construction. In addition, within the past two years, there have been numerous construction projects including the construction of the Betty and Kenneth Hawkins Centennial Chapel, the largest theater in Kankakee County, which seats approximately 3,059 people, and the Student Life and Recreation Center, which opened in December 2012.

In total, there are seven academic buildings (Burke, Wisner, Weber, Reed, Larsen, Forton Villa, and Leslie Parrott), two gymnasiums (Birchard and McHie), and six residence halls (Chapman, Hills, Nesbitt, Parrott, McClain, Howe and Williams). The university also has several off-campus apartment buildings (Old Oak, Oak Run, University Place, Grand, Stadium, Stratford, and Bresee). Centennial Chapel has showcased many Christian artists including Bill Gaither and Chris Tomlin.

The university has also completed their student life and recreation center which was opened on December 12, 2012. This building serves as central hub for the campus and features an Olympic-sized pool, Jacuzzi, lazy river, resistance pool, indoor track, one of the tallest collegiate rock climbing walls in North America, various classrooms, offices, a fitness center, game room and coffee shop.

Organization
ONU is one of nine regional U.S. liberal arts colleges affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene. ONU is the college for the "Central USA Region" of the United States. In terms of the Church of the Nazarene, the "Central Region" comprises the Wisconsin, Northwestern Illinois, Illinois, Chicago Central, Northern Michigan, Michigan, Eastern Michigan, Northwest Indiana, Northeastern Indiana, Indianapolis, and Southwest Indiana districts, which include Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. Each college receives financial backing from the Nazarene churches on its region; part of each church budget is paid into a fund for its regional school. Each college or university is also bound by a gentlemen's agreement not to actively recruit outside its respective "educational region."

Academics
ONU has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1956 and offers bachelor's degrees in 67 academic majors. The School of Graduate and Continuing Studies offers master's degrees, nontraditional adult degree-completion programs, and a doctor of education degree offered only at Bourbonnais main campus as well as a master of "professional counseling" degree offered at a site in Hong Kong and distance education for a master in education degree. The doctor of education degree was offered through a unique hybrid/cohort model (both in-class and online). Starting late 2018, the doctor of education program was switched to full online only version. The 2007 acceptance rate for students who applied to the college was 70.3 percent.

Student life
There were 4,636 students at the college in 2007, 3,190 of whom were undergraduates. ONU students are from 40 states and 20 countries, and represent 30 Christian denominations. The university offers over 80 different clubs with many different focuses. All of the clubs and student organizations are sponsored by the Olivet Nazarene University Associated Student Council. Some of the most influential clubs on campus include Capitol Hill Gang, the university's political society, and the campus chapter of the International Justice Mission.

The school also supports one club sports team which is loosely affiliated with the university. In 2010, the Black Penguins, a club Ultimate Frisbee team was created and reached the UPA's College Nationals, reaching that level again in 2014.

Athletics
The Olivet Nazarene athletic teams are called the Tigers. The university is member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) since the 1996–97 academic year. They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the North Central Region of the Division I level. The Tigers previously competed in the Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference (NIIC) of the NCAA Division III ranks from 1974–75 to 1995–96; while also becoming a founding member of the Mid-States Football Association (MSFA) in the 1994 fall season (football-only).

Olivia Nazarene competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and marching bands. Club sports include ice hockey.

Overview
The purple and gold colors and the Tigers athletic nickname at Olivet Nazarene have existed since 1940, when ONC students first played Bethany Nazarene College (BNC; now Southern Nazarene University), and intervarsity athletics began with another game between ONC and BNC in 1966.

Training camp
From 2002 to 2019, the Chicago Bears held their summer training camp at the school. Although the Bears had an agreement to continue practicing at the university through 2022, they moved the camp to Halas Hall for the 2020 season.

Evolution controversy
In 2007, President John C. Bowling prohibited ONU alumnus and faculty member Richard G. Colling from teaching the general education biology course which he had taught since 1991. President Bowling banned professors from assigning Colling's 2004 book: Random Designer: Created from Chaos to Connect with the Creator (Browning Press: ISBN 0-9753904-0-6) In the book, Colling argued that "'evolution has stood the test of time and considerable scrutiny,' and that evolution through random mutation and natural selection is 'fully compatible with' faith. In particular, his designing God uses the laws of nature he created 'to accomplish his goals' of, among other things, a wondrous diversity of nature and an ever-changing living world."

The 2009-2013 Manual of the Church of the Nazarene states: "The Church of the Nazarene believes in the biblical account of creation ("In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . . ."—Genesis 1:1). We oppose any godless interpretation of the origin of the universe and of humankind." The 2005-2009 Manual included an additional paragraph that was removed in 2009: "[T]he church accepts as valid all scientifically verifiable discoveries in geology and other natural phenomena, for we firmly believe that God is the Creator." In a chapel message delivered 11 January 2006, President Bowling stated: "The Christian faith and some understandings of evolution are not necessarily incompatible. However, I want to be very clear in saying that not every articulation of evolution will do; not at all. That is to say, evolution must be understood in certain ways to be compatible with Christian faith." In October 2007 the School of Theology and Christian Ministry and the Department of Biology issued a statement concerning creation and theistic evolution, which includes this statement: "We affirm the value of science as a way of exploring the revelation of the Creator God in nature. We think that the theory of evolution can be seen as a scientific explanation of the diversity of life on earth, rather than as a godless religion that denies God's hand in the processes of creation."

In a September 15, 2007 article about the Colling controversy published in Newsweek, Bowling is quoted as saying: "In the last few months [objections to Colling] took on a new life and became a distraction, and things were deteriorating in terms of confidence in the university." Bowling further said that he banned Colling's book in order to "get the bull's-eye off Colling and let the storm die down." In 2009, the conclusion of an American Association of University Professors (AAUP) investigation found problems with shared governance at ONU and that Colling's rights had been violated when Bowling placed the concerns of the more conservative members of its Nazarene constituency higher than its principles of academic freedom. In 2009, Dr. Colling resigned from the Olivet Nazarene University faculty in an agreement with the school.

Homosexuality
According to the 2009–2013 Manual of the Church of the Nazarene: "Homosexuality is one means by which human sexuality is perverted. We recognize the depth of the perversion that leads to homosexual acts but affirm the biblical position that such acts are sinful and subject to the wrath of God. We believe the grace of God sufficient to overcome the practice of homosexuality (1 Corinthians 6:9-11). We deplore any action or statement that would seem to imply compatibility between Christian morality and the practice of homosexuality. We urge clear preaching and teaching concerning Bible standards of sexual morality."

Woody Webb, VP for Student Development, stated: "We want to talk about this issue with students, and we want them to feel safe doing so. If they come to us and want help understanding their same sex attractions, our offices are open. While we won't help a student accept [his or her] same sex attraction and enter a gay lifestyle, if they realize that their same sex attraction is contrary to God's will for them, we will walk with them on their journey." According to a controversial article published in the Olivet student newspaper, "[I]f a student needs counseling and indicates that he or she is gay on the application... Olivet counselors are not permitted to counsel them according to University policy." If a student is attempting to overcome homosexual tendencies, the University will accept them into counseling services. The only way that ONU will not accept a student into the counseling program is if the purpose of the counseling is directly related to accepting their homosexuality. In addition, if this is the case, Olivet will refer the student to an outside counseling agency.

In March 2012, the Illinois Defense of Marriage Initiative visited campus, and advocated against gay marriage. That same month, Mike Haley, a motivational speaker and self-proclaimed reformed homosexual, spoke to students during the school's mandatory Chapel. According to The Daily Journal "[t]his prompted a small group of students at Olivet to petition for tolerance and an open discussion about homosexuality."

T. J. Martinson
On June 28, 2019, the university rescinded its job offer of assistant professor to academic and author T. J. Martinson (Ph.D. IU Bloomington, The Reign of the Kingfisher), a third-generation Olivet alumnus, "citing complaints that his novel contained profanity and other elements [including the depiction of prostitution and the portrayal of a lesbian character] that conflict with the school's religious doctrine".

On July 26, 2019, PEN America released a statement on the controversy: "A professor's dismissal on the basis of a work of fiction suggests a disturbing climate for open inquiry and creative expression at [Olivet Nazarene University]. Unfortunately, the circumstances of Martinson's dismissal give the impression that the institution is more committed to quelling potential criticism and controversy than it is committed to defending the academic freedom of its faculty. In this case, dismissing Martinson over the content of his novel, including the presence of a lesbian character, sends a message of exclusion to the ONU community and is likely to have a chilling effect on the free and creative expression of students and faculty."

Notable alumni

 * Paul Cunningham, former General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene
 * James Diehl, former General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene
 * R. Wayne Gardner, notable Nazarene minister and president emeritus of Eastern Nazarene College
 * David W. Graves, General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene
 * Ben Heller, professional baseball player
 * Adam Kotsko, author, translator, and professor of humanities at Shimer College
 * Tara Beth Leach, pastor and author
 * Mike Overy, professional baseball player
 * Les Parrott, professor of clinical psychology for Seattle Pacific University, author, and motivational speaker
 * Theresa K. Woodruff, President of Michigan State University
 * Ben Zobrist, professional baseball player

title: Olivet Nazarene University


text:
Historia Regum Britanniae

Historia regum Britanniae (The History of the Kings of Britain), originally called De gestis Britonum (On the Deeds of the Britons), is a pseudohistorical account of British history, written around 1136 by Geoffrey of Monmouth. It chronicles the lives of the kings of the Britons over the course of two thousand years, beginning with the Trojans founding the British nation and continuing until the Anglo-Saxons assumed control of much of Britain around the 7th century. It is one of the central pieces of the Matter of Britain.

Although taken as historical well into the 16th century, it is now considered to have no value as history. When events described, such as Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain, can be corroborated from contemporary histories, Geoffrey's account can be seen to be wildly inaccurate. It remains, however, a valuable piece of medieval literature, which contains the earliest known version of the story of King Lear and his three daughters, and helped popularise the legend of King Arthur.

Dedication
Geoffrey starts the book with a statement of his purpose in writing the history: "I have not been able to discover anything at all on the kings who lived here before the Incarnation of Christ, or indeed about Arthur and all the others who followed on after the Incarnation. Yet the deeds of these men were such that they deserve to be praised for all time." He claims that he was given a source for this period by Archdeacon Walter of Oxford, who presented him with a "certain very ancient book written in the British language" from which he has translated his history. He also cites Gildas and Bede as sources. Then follows a dedication to Robert, Earl of Gloucester and Waleran, Count of Meulan, whom he enjoins to use their knowledge and wisdom to improve his tale.

Book One
The Historia itself begins with the Trojan Aeneas, who, according to the Aeneid of Virgil, settled in Italy after the Trojan War. His great-grandson Brutus is banished, and, after a period of wandering, is directed by the goddess Diana to settle on an island in the western ocean. Brutus lands at Totnes and names the island, then called Albion, "Britain" after himself. Brutus defeats the giants who are the only inhabitants of the island, and establishes his capital, Troia Nova ("New Troy"), on the banks of the Thames; later it is known as Trinovantum, and eventually renamed London.

Book Two
When Brutus dies, his three sons, Locrinus, Kamber and Albanactus, divide the country between themselves; the three kingdoms are named Loegria, Kambria (North and West of the Severn to Humber) and Albany (Scotland). The story then progresses rapidly through the reigns of the descendants of Locrinus, including Bladud, who uses magic and even tries to fly, but dies in the process.

Bladud's son Leir reigns for sixty years. He has no sons, so upon reaching old age he decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. To decide who should get the largest share, he asks his daughters how much they love him. Goneril and Regan give extravagant answers, but Cordelia answers simply and sincerely; angered, he gives Cordelia no land. Goneril and Regan are to share half the island with their husbands, the Dukes of Albany and Cornwall. Cordelia marries Aganippus, King of the Franks, and departs for Gaul. Soon Goneril and Regan and their husbands rebel and take the whole kingdom. After Leir has had all his attendants taken from him, he begins to regret his actions towards Cordelia and travels to Gaul. Cordelia receives him compassionately and restores his royal robes and retinue. Aganippus raises a Gaulish army for Leir, who returns to Britain, defeats his sons-in-law and regains the kingdom. Leir rules for three years and then dies; Cordelia inherits the throne and rules for five years before Marganus and Cunedagius, her sisters' sons, rebel against her. They imprison Cordelia; grief-stricken, she kills herself. Marganus and Cunedagius divide the kingdom between themselves, but soon quarrel and go to war with each other. Cunedagius eventually kills Marganus in Wales and retains the whole kingdom, ruling for thirty-three years. He is succeeded by his son Rivallo.

A later descendant of Cunedagius, King Gorboduc, has two sons called Ferreux and Porrex. They quarrel and both are eventually killed, sparking a civil war. This leads to Britain being ruled by five kings, who keep attacking each other. Dunvallo Molmutius, the son of Cloten, the King of Cornwall, becomes pre-eminent. He eventually defeats the other kings and establishes his rule over the whole island. He is said to have "established the so-called Molmutine Laws which are still famous today among the English".

Book Three
Dunvallo's sons, Belinus and Brennius, fight a civil war before being reconciled by their mother, and proceed to sack Rome. Victorious, Brennius remains in Italy, while Belinus returns to rule Britain.

Numerous brief accounts of successive kings follow. These include Lud, who renames Trinovantum "Kaerlud" after himself; this later becomes corrupted to London. Lud is succeeded by his brother, Cassibelanus, as Lud's sons Androgeus and Tenvantius are not yet of age. In recompense, Androgeus is made Duke of Kent and Trinovantum (London), and Tenvantius is made Duke of Cornwall.

Book Four
After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar looks over the sea and resolves to order Britain to swear obedience and pay tribute to Rome. His commands are answered by a letter of refusal from Cassivellaunus. Caesar sails a fleet to Britain, but he is overwhelmed by Cassivellaunus's army and forced to retreat to Gaul. Two years later he makes another attempt, but is again pushed back. Then Cassivellaunus quarrels with one of his dukes, Androgeus, who sends a letter to Caesar asking him to help avenge the duke's honour. Caesar invades once more and besieges Cassivellaunus on a hill. After several days Cassivellaunus offers to make peace with Caesar, and Androgeus, filled with remorse, goes to Caesar to plead with him for mercy. Cassivellaunus pays tribute and makes peace with Caesar, who then returns to Gaul.

Cassivelaunus dies and is succeeded by his nephew Tenvantius, as Androgeus has gone to Rome. Tenvantius is succeeded in turn by his son Kymbelinus, and then Kymbelinus's son Guiderius. Guiderius refuses to pay tribute to emperor Claudius, who then invades Britain. After Guiderius is killed in battle with the Romans, his brother Arvirargus continues the defence, but eventually agrees to submit to Rome, and is given the hand of Claudius's daughter Genvissa in marriage. Claudius returns to Rome, leaving the province under Arvirargus's governorship.

Book Five
The line of British kings continues under Roman rule, and includes Lucius, Britain's first Christian king, and several Roman figures, including the emperor Constantine I, the usurper Allectus and the military commander Asclepiodotus. When Octavius passes the crown to his son-in-law Maximianus, his nephew Conan Meriadoc is given rule of Brittany to compensate him for not succeeding. After a long period of Roman rule, the Romans decide they no longer wish to defend the island and depart. The Britons are immediately besieged by attacks from Picts, Scots and Danes, especially as their numbers have been depleted due to Conan colonizing Brittany and Maximianus using British troops for his campaigns. In desperation the Britons send letters to the general of the Roman forces, asking for help, but receive no reply (this passage borrows heavily from the corresponding section in Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae).

Book Six
After the Romans leave, the Britons ask the King of Brittany (Armorica), Aldroenus, descended from Conan, to rule them. However, Aldroenus instead sends his brother Constantine to rule the Britons. After Constantine's death, Vortigern assists his eldest son Constans in succeeding, before enabling their murder and coming to power. Constantine's remaining sons Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther are too young to rule and are taken to safety in Armorica. Vortigern invites the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa to fight for him as mercenaries, but they rise against him. He loses control of much of his land and encounters Merlin.

Book Seven: The Prophecies of Merlin
At this point Geoffrey abruptly pauses his narrative by inserting a series of prophecies attributed to Merlin. Some of the prophecies act as an epitome of upcoming chapters of the Historia, while others are veiled allusions to historical people and events of the Norman world in the 11th–12th centuries. The remainder are obscure.

Book Eight
After Aurelius Ambrosius defeats and kills Vortigern, becoming king, Britain remains in a state of war under him and his brother Uther. They are both assisted by the wizard Merlin. At one point during the continuous string of battles, Ambrosius takes ill and Uther must lead the army for him. This allows an enemy assassin to pose as a physician and poison Ambrosius. When the king dies, a comet taking the form of a dragon's head (pendragon) appears in the night sky, which Merlin interprets as a sign that Ambrosius is dead and that Uther will be victorious and succeed him. So after defeating his latest enemies, Uther adds "Pendragon" to his name and is crowned king.

But another enemy strikes, forcing Uther to make war again. This time he is temporarily defeated, gaining final victory only with the help of Duke Gorlois of Cornwall. But while celebrating this victory with Gorlois, he falls in love with the duke's wife, Igerna. This leads to war between Uther Pendragon and Gorlois of Cornwall, during which Uther clandestinely lies with Igerna through the magic of Merlin. Arthur is conceived that night. Then Gorlois is killed and Uther marries Igerna. But he must war against the Saxons again. Although Uther ultimately triumphs, he dies after drinking water from a spring the Saxons had poisoned.

Books Nine and Ten
Uther's son Arthur assumes the throne and inflicts a severe enough defeat against the Saxons that they cease to be a threat until after his death. In the meantime, Arthur conquers most of northern Europe and ushers in a period of peace and prosperity that lasts until the Romans, led by Lucius Hiberius, demands that Britain once again pay tribute to Rome. Arthur defeats Lucius in Gaul, intending to become Emperor, but in his absence, his nephew Mordred seduces and marries Guinevere and seizes the throne.

Books Eleven and Twelve
Arthur returns and kills Mordred at the Battle of Camlann, but, mortally wounded, he is carried off to the isle of Avalon, and hands the kingdom to his cousin Constantine, son of Cador and Duke of Cornwall.

The Saxons returned after Arthur's death, but would not end the line of British kings until the death of Cadwallader. Cadwallader is forced to flee Britain and requests the aid of King Alan of the Armoricans. However an angel's voice tells him the Britons will no longer rule and he should go to Rome. Cadwallader does so, dying there, though leaves his son and nephew to rule the remaining Britons. The remaining Britons are driven into Wales and the Saxon Athelstan becomes King of Loegria.

Influence
In an exchange of manuscript material for their own histories, Robert of Torigny gave Henry of Huntington a copy of Historia Regum Britanniae, which both Robert and Henry used uncritically as authentic history and subsequently used in their own works, by which means some of Geoffrey's fictions became embedded in popular history. The history of Geoffrey forms the basis for much British lore and literature as well as being a rich source of material for Welsh bards. It became tremendously popular during the High Middle Ages, revolutionising views of British history before and during the Anglo-Saxon period despite the criticism of such writers as Gerald of Wales and William of Newburgh, who stated "no one but a person ignorant of ancient history [can doubt] how impertinently and impudently he falsifies in every respect." . The prophecies of Merlin in particular were often drawn on in later periods, for instance by both sides in the issue of English influence over Scotland under Edward I and his successors.

The Historia was quickly translated into Norman verse by Wace (the Roman de Brut) in 1155. Wace's version was in turn translated into Middle English verse by Layamon (the Brut) in the early 13th century. In the second quarter of the 13th century, a version in Latin verse, the Gesta Regum Britanniae, was produced by William of Rennes. Material from Geoffrey was incorporated into a large variety of Anglo-Norman and Middle English prose compilations of historical material from the 13th century onward.

Geoffrey was translated into a number of different Welsh prose versions by the end of the 13th century, collectively known as Brut y Brenhinedd. One variant of the Brut y Brenhinedd, the so-called Brut Tysilio, was proposed in 1917 by the archaeologist William Flinders Petrie to be the ancient British book that Geoffrey translated, although the Brut itself claims to have been translated from Latin by Walter of Oxford, based on his own earlier translation from Welsh to Latin. Geoffrey's work is greatly important because it brought the Welsh culture into British society and made it acceptable. It is also the first record we have of the great figure King Lear, and the beginning of the mythical King Arthur figure.

For centuries, the Historia was accepted at face value, and much of its material was incorporated into Holinshed's 16th-century Chronicles. Modern historians have regarded the Historia as a work of fiction with some factual information contained within. John Morris in The Age of Arthur calls it a "deliberate spoof", although this is based on misidentifying Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, as Walter Map, a satirical writer who lived a century later.

It continues to have an influence on popular culture. For example, Mary Stewart's Merlin Trilogy and the TV miniseries Merlin both contain large elements taken from the Historia.

Manuscript tradition and textual history
Two hundred and fifteen medieval manuscripts of the Historia survive, dozens of them copied before the end of the 12th century. Even among the earliest manuscripts a large number of textual variants, such as the so-called "First Variant", can be discerned. These are reflected in the three possible prefaces to the work and in the presence or absence of certain episodes and phrases. Certain variants may be due to "authorial" additions to different early copies, but most probably reflect early attempts to alter, add to or edit the text. The task of disentangling these variants and establishing Geoffrey's original text is long and complex, and the extent of the difficulties surrounding the text has been established only recently.

The variant title Historia regum Britanniae was introduced in the Middle Ages, and this became the most common form in the modern period. A critical edition of the work published in 2007, however, demonstrated that the most accurate manuscripts refer to the work as De gestis Britonum, and that this was the title Geoffrey himself used to refer to the work.

title: Historia Regum Britanniae


text:
Spin bowling

Spin bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is delivered relatively slowly but with the potential to deviate sharply after bouncing. The bowler is referred to as a spinner.

Purpose
The main aim of spin bowling is to bowl the cricket ball with rapid rotation so that when it bounces on the pitch it will deviate from its normal straight path, thus making it difficult for the batsman to hit the ball cleanly. The speed the ball travels is not critical, and is significantly slower than that for fast bowling. A typical spin delivery has a speed in the range 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph).

Techniques

Spin bowling is divided into four categories, depending on the physical technique used. There is virtually no overlap between the two basic biomechanical techniques of wrist spin and finger spin.

Depending on technique, a spin bowler uses either predominant wrist or finger motion to impart spin to the ball around a horizontal axis that is at an oblique angle to the length of the pitch. This sort of spin means it is also possible for the Magnus effect to cause the ball to deviate sideways through the air, before it bounces. Such deviation is called drift. The combination of drift and spin can make the ball's trajectory complex, with a change of direction at the bounce.

Spin bowlers are generally given the task of bowling with an old, worn cricket ball. A new cricket ball better suits the techniques of fast bowling than spin bowling, while a worn one grips the pitch better and achieves greater spin. Spin bowlers are also more effective later in a game, as the pitch dries up and begins to crack and crumble. This again provides more purchase for the spinning ball and produces greater deviation. Spin bowlers that open the bowling are rare, but became a more viable option with the introduction of Twenty20 cricket when pitch conditions are in their favour, and the ball also generally drifts more in the air. Spin bowlers can also be used tactically in shorter forms of the game, to 'take the pace off the ball'. This strategy is especially effective to slow down the scoring rates of batsmen who specialise in making use of the pace of faster bowlers to score runs quickly. The lower inherent momentum of a spin bowler necessitates more power exerted by the batsman to achieve the same results.

Equivalences
Both finger spin and wrist spin bowlers use a range of different angles of spin to confuse the batsman and dismiss them. Many of these variations have direct equivalents in the other discipline, but the names used for the various deliveries may be different.

Conditions
Spin bowling has become a forte of bowlers from South Asia. The primary reason for this is that pitches in the sub-continent provide more help to spin bowlers. The faster the pitch degenerates, the earlier the spinners come into the picture. Australian and South African pitches are usually very hard and bouncy, helping the fast bowlers more. They do not break up very much during the match. In contrast, pitches in the sub-continent are not that hard. They are not usually held together by the grass as much; hence they break up more quickly and help spin bowlers.

In addition to this, spin bowling is considered to be less tiring than pace bowling as it generally does not employ a lengthy run up. Therefore, spin bowling is more prevalent in the hot and humid conditions of the sub-continent as a form of energy conservation, especially in multi-day competitions.

In general, leg-spin is considered to be one of the toughest types of bowling in which to keep control of the ball, but it is very effective in picking off wickets.

Flight, turn, bounce, drift, dip

It is customary among cricket commentators to describe and judge the quality of spin bowling in terms of the characteristics flight, turn, bounce, drift, and dip. All these are arts to deceive the batsman and require much practice. The basic trajectory of spin bowling is two-lines-at-an-angle, but the above characteristics (described below) modify this 'normal' trajectory into more complex shapes.

Turn: How much the ball turns after pitching (e.g. 5 degree deviation after meeting the ground). It depends on the number and direction of revolutions of the ball. The movement and rotation of the ball varies, depending on the position of the wrist and the finger. An occasional unexpected straight ball can usefully be included in an attack, but spin variation is the main technique used to deceive the batsman and take wickets. A high rate of turn is above 33 rev/second, or 2000 rpm. Graeme Swann consistently spun over 2000 rpm, the most amongst English spinners until Liam Dawson topped 35 rev/second, or 2100 rpm. Also, the slower the ball, the more it tends to deviate. For an offspinner, you will have to bowl from wide of off-stump to get the ball to turn into the right-handed batsman and force them to nick off the edge to a fielder or into the top of off stump.

Bounce: Getting the ball to bounce more than normal, so that the ball meets the batsman at a greater height than expected. Sometimes, if the ball spins horizontally (e.g. a slider), the batsman will not be able to make contact with the ball and it may hit the stumps before the second bounce.

Drift: Getting the ball to move sideways while in air. Late drift causes the batsman to cover the wrong line and the ball may catch the edge of the bat.

Dip: Getting the ball to pitch (meet the ground) at a shorter distance than normal. Late dip causes the batsman to misjudge the length of the ball.

Flight: throwing the ball up a bit more than normal, so that its time in the air before pitching is longer. A slow ball with extra flight may deceive the batsman into thinking it is slower than it is and therefore mistiming his shot. This is very effective for offspinners. Usually a spin bowler relies on tricks during flight to produce turn, bounce, drift and dip, or combinations of them.

title: Spin bowling