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Chauncey Billups

Chauncey Ray Billups (born September 25, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). After playing college basketball with the Colorado Buffaloes, he was selected third overall in the 1997 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics. Billups spent the majority of his 17-year basketball career playing for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA), where he won the NBA Finals MVP in 2004 after helping the Pistons beat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals. He was given the nickname "Mr. Big Shot" for making late-game shots with Detroit. A five-time NBA All-Star, a three-time All-NBA selection and two-time NBA All-Defensive selection, Billups also played for the Celtics, Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves, New York Knicks, and Los Angeles Clippers during his NBA career.

Billups worked as a studio analyst after his retiring from playing in 2014. The Pistons retired his No. 1 jersey in 2016. He started coaching as an assistant for the Los Angeles Clippers during the 2020–21 season. Billups was appointed as head coach of the Trail Blazers in 2021. In 2024, it was announced that Billups would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.

High school career
Born in Denver, Colorado, Billups graduated from George Washington High School in 1995. At George Washington, he was a four-time All-State first team pick, Colorado Mr. Basketball three times, and Colorado Player of the Year as a sophomore and as a junior. He started on varsity as a freshman. He was selected to the 1995 McDonald's All-American Team but did not play due to a shoulder injury.

College career
For college, Billups chose the University of Colorado Boulder over Kansas, Georgia Tech, University of California-Berkeley, and Oklahoma State. He averaged 18.5 points, 5.1 assists, and 5.6 rebounds per game over his two seasons with the Buffaloes. In the 1996–97 season, he was named to the All-Big 12 Conference First Team, the Basketball Times All-American First Team, and Consensus 2nd team All-American. That same season, Colorado finished second in the Big 12 conference with an overall record of 22–10. Billups then led the Buffaloes to their first NCAA tournament appearance in 28 years. As a 9-seed, Billups and the Buffalos upset the 8-seed Indiana Hoosiers 80–62 but then lost to the North Carolina Tar Heels 56–73. Billups averaged 17.5 points, 5.5 rebounds, and 3.0 assists per game.

College awards and honors

 * Consensus second-team All-American (1997)
 * All-Big 12 First Team (1997)
 * AllBuffs.com All-Time Colorado Buffaloes Men's Basketball Team
 * No. 4 retired by University of Colorado

Boston Celtics (1997–1998)
Billups was drafted third overall in the 1997 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics. He did not mesh with new Celtics head coach Rick Pitino. In his first career game, Billups recorded 15 points, 2 rebounds and 4 assists in 16 minutes of playing time as a reserve in a win against the Michael Jordan-led Bulls. In his eighth career game, Billups posted a then career-high 22 points, on 5-for-14 shooting from the field and 9-for-10 from the free throw line, to go along with 3 assists and 4 steals, in a 103–99 win over the visiting Raptors. Years later, Billups reflected on his stint in Boston, commenting, "That didn't help. That didn't give me a chance to really slow down and listen to myself, listen to the game and what's going on. I never really had that chance. It was a recipe for disaster there." In addition, the Celtics coaching staff did not know whether to play him as a point guard or shooting guard. Fifty-one games later, Billups was traded to the Toronto Raptors on the trade deadline.

Toronto Raptors (1998-1999)
On February 18, 1998, Billups was traded to the Toronto Raptors, along with Roy Rogers, Dee Brown, and John Thomas in exchange for All-Star point guard Kenny Anderson, Žan Tabak, and Popeye Jones. On February 22, in just his second career game with the Raptors, Billups recorded a then-career high of 27 points on 5-for-13 shooting from the field and 13-for-16 from the free throw line, to go along with 2 rebounds and 5 assists in a 113–105 win over the Vancouver Grizzlies. On March 3, Billups recorded 26 points to go along with 5 rebounds and 6 assists in a 93–108 loss to the visiting Utah Jazz. On April 14, Billups recorded 19 points, 6 rebounds and 4 assists in a 96–92 road win over the New Jersey Nets.

Denver Nuggets (1999–2000)
On January 21, 1999, Billups was dealt to his hometown Denver Nuggets in a three-way deal involving one of Billups's future teams, the Minnesota Timberwolves. Minnesota received Dean Garrett and Bobby Jackson from Denver, Toronto received future teammate Željko Rebrača and Micheal Williams from Minnesota and the 5th pick in the 1999 NBA draft from Denver, and Billups, along with Tyson Wheeler, were sent to Denver from Toronto. Three months into his first tenure with the Nuggets, Billups visited a local Denver hospital in order to comfort and inspire Patrick Ireland, a victim of the 1999 Columbine High School Shooting Massacre. A year later, on February 1, 2000, Billups was traded to the Orlando Magic along with Ron Mercer and Johnny Taylor in exchange for Chris Gatling, Tariq Abdul-Wahad, a future first-round pick, and cash.

Billups was on the injured list until season's end due to an injured shoulder and never played a game for the Magic. Despite this, he was included in the season-ending team photo. Among NBA circles, Billups was considered a draft bust.

Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)
Billups was signed by the Minnesota Timberwolves (who had been involved in the trade that sent Billups to Denver) as a back-up to then point guard Terrell Brandon, who would mentor the troubled player alongside Sam Mitchell, Wally Szczerbiak, and Kevin Garnett. Billups would work with his more experienced teammates on shooting, scouting, decision-making and the other attributes that came with playing point guard in the NBA, such as learning to work more effectively with teammates and deciding which plays would be most beneficial for the team in a specific situation.

In his first career game with the Timberwolves, Billups recorded 15 points, 2 rebounds and 5 assists in a 106–98 road win over the Houston Rockets. On November 11, 2000, Billups recorded his season-high in terms of points scored with 31 points to go along with 5 rebounds and 9 assists in a 103–92 road win over the Bucks.

During the 2001–02 season, Brandon suffered a serious knee injury. Billups replaced him and had a breakthrough 2001–02 season. The Timberwolves won 50 games before they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the playoffs, with Billups averaging 22 points per game in the series.

First year in Detroit (2002–2003)
After his breakthrough season, Billups became a free agent. Billups wanted to return to the Timberwolves, but the team wanted to see how Brandon would respond to his knee injury.

In June 2002, Billups signed a 5-year, $35 million contract with the Detroit Pistons to be the team's new starting point guard. When he signed with the Pistons, he was forced to take the number 1 because number 4 was retired in honor of Joe Dumars. Billups quickly earned respect from Pistons fans and colleagues for his tenacious defense and clutch shooting.

In 2002–03, Billups helped Detroit finish first overall in the Eastern Conference with a 50–32 regular season record. Billups earned the nickname "Mr. Big-Shot" during the regular season for two events. He first made a game winning three on March 9 as time expired to beat the Golden State Warriors 107–105 and Billups scored 31 points. The second event was just over two weeks later on March 26. The Pistons were tied in overtime with the Atlanta Hawks 99–99 until Billups made a top-of-the-key triple with 0.5 seconds left to win the game. Billups finished with 22 points against the Hawks. In the 2003 Playoffs, the top-seed Pistons surprisingly fell behind the upstart 8-seed Orlando Magic in the first round series 3 games to 1. In game 5, Billups played a contributing role in his team's dominating 98–67 victory by scoring 15 points, tied for second on the Pistons. Having helped the Pistons stave off elimination in Game 5, Billups scored 40 points in game 6 to help the Pistons force a seventh game. In the decisive Game 7, Billups scored 37 points to help clinch the series 4–3.

Detroit then beat the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals, 4–2, to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. However, Detroit would be swept by the New Jersey Nets, 4–0. Rick Carlisle was fired as the head coach in the offseason and Larry Brown was hired.

Championship season and Finals MVP (2003–2004)
In the 2004 season, Billups averaged 16.9 points, 5.7 assists, 3.5 rebounds, and 1.1 steals per game. The Pistons improved their record to 54–28, but it was only good for the third seed overall in the Eastern Conference playoff standings.

In the pivotal Game 3 during the first round series against the Milwaukee Bucks, which was tied 1–1, Billups led all scorers with 21 points and finished the scoring for his team by sinking 4 of 4 free throws in the final 31.2 seconds. These free throws were a key part of the Pistons effort to stave off the Bucks' relentless defense which kept Detroit from scoring a normal field goal during the last 5:34. In the Eastern Conference Semifinals versus the defending Eastern Conference Champions the New Jersey Nets, Billups banked in a half-court three as time expired in game 5 to send the game into overtime. The Pistons would lose in triple overtime. Finally, he helped Detroit overcome a 3–2 series deficit to win the series, 4–3.

In the Eastern Conference Finals against the Indiana Pacers, the Pistons won the gritty, defensive series, 4–2, by an average score of 75.2 PPG to the Pacers' 72.7 PPG.

Billups helped Detroit win the 2004 NBA Finals over the heavily favored Los Angeles Lakers, 4–1. He averaged per game 21 points, 5.2 assists, 3.2 rebounds, 1.2 steals, as well as shooting 50.1 percent field goals, 47.1 percent three-pointers, and 92.9 percent free throws to earn the NBA Finals MVP Award. Billups said of his MVP award, "Everybody deserves this. Not just me. I wish I could turn it into thirteen pieces and give a little bit to everybody."

Back-to-back All-Defensive honors (2004–2006)
The following season, Billups was named to the 2005 NBA Second All-Defensive Team, along with teammate Tayshaun Prince, while teammate and co-captain of the Pistons Ben Wallace took home the Defensive Player of the Year Award. The Pistons reached the 2005 NBA Finals but lost in their bid to repeat as champions to the San Antonio Spurs in seven games.

In 2006, Billups was co-captain of the team. Billups was selected to play in the 2006 NBA All-Star Game as a reserve for the Eastern Conference, along with teammates Richard Hamilton, Rasheed Wallace and Ben Wallace. Pistons head coach Flip Saunders coached the Eastern Conference squad and put all four Pistons in the game when the east was falling behind; they were able to get the Eastern All-Star team back in the game. During the 2006 NBA All-Star Weekend, Billups participated in the Three-point Shootout contest. He was eliminated in the first round of the contest after scoring 12 points. Billups called this moment when all four Pistons entered the game at the same time, one of the highlight moments of his career. Although he captained the Pistons to a franchise best 64–18 record, they failed to make it to the NBA Finals for the first time in three years.

Final seasons in Detroit (2006–2008)
In the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, Billups was chosen as a reserve, along with teammate Richard Hamilton, for the Eastern Conference, despite an injury that kept Billups out of five games early on in the season. Billups also took part in the Shooting Stars Competition alongside former Piston and Detroit Shock head coach Bill Laimbeer and Shock star Swin Cash. Team Detroit won the competition with Billups hitting the final half-court shot. On July 11, 2007, Billups signed a $46 million, four-year contract with the Pistons (which includes a team option for a fifth year at $14 million). He had been an unrestricted free agent for several days after he opted out of the previous contract, which he had signed in 2002. Billups was selected to play as a reserve in the 2008 NBA All-Star Game, along with teammates Richard Hamilton and Rasheed Wallace, an injury replacement.

In the first round of the 2008 NBA playoffs, during Game 3 against the Orlando Magic, Billups injured his right hamstring when Orlando Magic guard Jameer Nelson tangled with Billup's left leg on a drive to the bucket. Billups would sit for the 3 remaining games of the series. Billups and the Pistons again made it to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics, but lost the series, 4–2, to the eventual champions.

Return to Denver (2008–2011)
On November 3, 2008, Billups was traded back to his hometown team the Denver Nuggets along with Antonio McDyess and Cheikh Samb for Allen Iverson. Pistons GM Joe Dumars said that it was "the hardest and toughest" move he had made as a general manager, describing Billups as "... a guy that I have looked at as a little brother."

Billups chose the #7 jersey to honor Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway, since two of his other favorite numbers, 1 and 4, were already worn by J. R. Smith and Kenyon Martin, respectively. He played his first game of the Nuggets' 2008–09 season on November 7, 2008. He recorded 15 points, four rebounds and three assists in 30 minutes of play in a 108–105 Nuggets' home win. Billups was the only Nugget to be selected to the 2009 NBA All-Star Game. He finished the season averaging 17.7 points and 6.4 assists per game.

With Billups and Carmelo Anthony, the Nuggets accomplished a number of franchise milestones. Their 54–28 record matched a franchise record, and their 27–14 start was also a franchise record for wins in the first half of a season. This also marked the first time in the franchise's history the team had gotten 50 wins in back-to-back seasons. They led the Northwest division for much of the season, eventually winning the division and gaining the number two seed in the Western Conference, matching the highest the team had ever been seeded for the playoffs. In the first round, they defeated the New Orleans Hornets in 5 games, which included a record-equaling 58-point margin-of-victory. Billups also set a Nuggets franchise record with the most three-pointers in a playoff game with 8, and his 19 three-pointers in total is a Nuggets record for threes made in a playoff series. In his first year with the Nuggets, Billups led them back to the NBA Conference Finals for the first time since 1985. They would play the Lakers for the second straight year (the Lakers had swept them in the first round the year before). The Nuggets would ultimately lose the series 4–2. This was Billups' 7th straight conference finals. He joined Magic Johnson, Michael Cooper, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Kurt Rambis as the only players to accomplish this feat since the Boston Celtics of the 1950s and 1960s led by Bill Russell. Billups finished the season sixth in voting for the 2009 NBA Most Valuable Player Award. He was also selected to his second All-NBA Third Team. For the 2009–10 season, Billups reverted to wearing #1, the same number he wore with the Pistons. Teammate J. R. Smith, who had previously worn #1 since being acquired by the Nuggets in 2006, changed to the #5 jersey. On November 27, 2009, in the Nuggets' 128–125 win over the New York Knicks, Billups scored 32 points while teammate Carmelo Anthony scored 50. This made them only the third duo in NBA history to score at least 30 and 50 points respectively. On February 5, 2010, Billups set a career high in points with a 39-point performance in a road win over the Los Angeles Lakers with 27 of them coming from 9 three-pointers. Billups was chosen as the replacement by David Stern for injured New Orleans Hornets point guard Chris Paul at the 2010 NBA All-Star Game. During the 2010–11 season, he averaged 16.5 points, 5.3 assists, and 2.5 rebounds in 32.3 minutes per game. His .441 three-point field goal percentage was a career high.

New York Knicks (2011)
Despite publicly professing his desire to finish his career in hometown Denver and retire as a member of the Nuggets, Billups was traded to the New York Knicks on February 22, 2011 as part of the Carmelo Anthony deal. Billups was "collateral damage"—as more than one sportswriter put it—of Carmelo Anthony's desire to play in New York and the Nuggets' desire to trade Anthony before he became a free agent. "Oh it was hard, hardest thing I've ever had to do", Billups said. "I had to tell my girls that daddy was traded, that he was leaving to play across the country. I told them it wasn't my choice, that nothing could be done about it. I had to go. It wasn't a happy scene."

The Knicks finished 42–40 and clinched the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference and made the playoffs for the first time since 2004. Billups suffered a knee injury while playing against the Celtics in Game 1 of the 2011 NBA Playoffs. The injury would keep Billups sidelined for the remainder of the playoffs.

Shortly after the Knicks were eliminated from the playoffs by the Boston Celtics, Billups mentioned he would love to return to the Knicks next season. "I would love the opportunity to really try it up with these guys", Billups said. "Not like play 30 games after a trade, like really have a season. Have an opportunity to really get a fair shake with these guys. I would love to." In December 2011, the Knicks used their amnesty clause on Billups and put him on waivers, ending his tenure with the Knicks.

Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)
After his tenure with the Knicks came to an end, Billups became an unrestricted free agent. Many believed that a contender like the Miami Heat or the Los Angeles Lakers would end up acquiring Billups. However, on December 12, 2011, the Los Angeles Clippers claimed Billups off waivers. Billups indicated that he didn't want to be picked up by a team that was not contending for a championship and said he would retire if he was, pushing the NBA to warn him and his agent that he would be "in breach of his contract" if he did not show up. However, the Clippers ended up trading for the Hornets' superstar point guard Chris Paul two days later. After the Chris Paul trade, Billups said that he was happy to be with the Clippers, saying that "I think these guys are ready to take the next leap and hopefully I can help with that."

Billups, a point guard, was moved into the shooting guard position, which he was still getting used to when he was injured. On February 7, 2012, an MRI revealed a tear in Billups's Achilles tendon, ending his season after only 20 game appearances. Billups helped the Clippers beat Miami, Oklahoma City, Orlando, and the Los Angeles Lakers en route to a 19–9 start.

On July 13, 2012, Billups re-signed with the Clippers on a one-year deal. He made his season debut on November 28, 2012, against the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was limited to only 22 games during the season because of various injuries, including a sore back and tendinitis in his left foot.

On June 10, 2013, Billups received the inaugural Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award. He was humbled by the award and said, "For my name to be mentioned with [ Jack Twyman ], I really don't feel worthy, to be honest with you. It's kind of embarrassing." During the 2012–13 season, Billups averaged a new career high free-throw percentage. He became a free agent after the season.

Return to Detroit (2013–2014)
On July 16, 2013, Billups signed a two-year, $5 million contract to return to the Detroit Pistons. More knee problems caused him to miss most of the 2013–14 season, as he appeared in his fewest games since the 1999–2000 season and averaged career lows in points, minutes, steals, field goal percentage, and three-point percentage during the year. The Pistons finished the season at 29–53 and missed the postseason.

On June 30, 2014, the Pistons announced they would not pick up their team option on Billups' contract for the 2014–15 season.

On September 9, 2014, Billups announced his retirement from the NBA after 17 years. Billups cited his health as the main reason for his retirement, as he never appeared in more than 22 games in his last three seasons in the league.

On February 10, 2016, the Pistons retired Billups' No. 1 jersey.

BIG3
In 2017, the creation of the 3-on-3 professional basketball league BIG3 was announced, with Billups set to be a player for the Killer 3's.

Los Angeles Clippers (2020–2021)
On November 16, 2020, Billups was hired as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Clippers under head coach Tyronn Lue.

Portland Trail Blazers (2021–present)
On June 27, 2021, Billups was hired as head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers.

National team career
On March 5, 2006, Billups was selected to be a part of the 2006–2008 USA Men's Senior National Team program developed to restore Team USA back to the top of the basketball world after disappointments in the 2002 FIBA World Championship and the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. After missing out in the 2006 FIBA World Championship for personal reasons, on August 20, 2007, Billups was selected to be a part of Team USA that competed at the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship, a qualifying tournament for the Beijing Olympics. Coming off the bench, he along with the other new members of the team including All Star Kobe Bryant helped USA go unbeaten at the tournament held in Las Vegas and earn a spot at next Summer Olympics. On June 17, 2008, Billups announced he would not compete for a spot to be on the Olympic squad stating family reasons though he did say "they'll be fine. And when they win the gold, I'll feel like I had a big hand in regaining our dominance because of what we did last summer." During the tournament, Team USA went unbeaten on their way to their first gold medal since the 2000 Olympics, defeating Spain in the final.

Television career
Billups joined ESPN in the 2014–15 NBA season as a studio analyst on SportsCenter and other programming. The following season, Billups joined NBA Countdown as a studio analyst on Wednesdays. In the ensuing three seasons, he began splitting time between the studio and working as a game analyst on selected telecasts. Finally, on August 16, 2019, Billups announced that he was exiting his role on NBA Countdown to become the game analyst on Los Angeles Clippers telecasts as part of that team's restructuring of the broadcast crew due to the retirement of longtime play-by-play announcer Ralph Lawler. Billups indicated that he would also continue to call selected NBA game telecasts on ESPN in addition to his duties with the Clippers.

Personal life
Billups and his wife have three daughters. His younger brother, Rodney, played point guard for the University of Denver from 2002 to 2005, was drafted in the NBA Development League, played professionally in Europe, and went on to a coaching career, becoming head coach of the Denver Pioneers in 2016.

Billups is the first cousin of running back LenDale White. His second cousin Amir Billups of the Buffalo 716ers was killed in a 2015 car accident.

Billups wore the #4 through high school and college and at times during his professional career because he idolized former Pistons guard Joe Dumars, the Pistons' President of Basketball Operations during his time with Detroit. His favorite NFL team is the Denver Broncos.

Billups was featured on the cover of the video game NBA Ballers: Phenom and is the player's mentor.

On June 16, 2008, Billups appeared at Joe Louis Arena for a Barack Obama rally.

The Coors Events Center has a large mural of Billups in the northeast corner of the arena as part of his "Chauncey's Kid Roundup" program.

Sexual assault allegation
In 1997, Billups and fellow former Celtic Ron Mercer were accused of sexually assaulting a woman at the home of teammate Antoine Walker. According to a civil suit, Billups, Mercer and Walker's roommate Michael Irvin assaulted the woman at Walker's condo after leaving a Boston comedy club on November 9, 1997. A medical examination on the following day revealed injuries consistent with the victim's testimony. No criminal charges were filed, but Billups and Mercer settled a civil suit in 2000. Before he was hired as the head coach for the Portland Trail Blazers, the club asserted that they had investigated this allegation and concluded it did not disqualify him from taking the role.

title: Chauncey Billups


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Mother's Day Proclamation

The "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" (later known as "Mothers' Day Proclamation") by Julia Ward Howe was an appeal for women to unite for peace in the world. Written in 1870, Howe's "Appeal to womanhood" was a pacifist reaction to the carnage of the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War. The appeal was tied to Howe's feminist conviction that women had a responsibility to shape their societies at the political level.

The original Mothers' Day Proclamation, Julia Ward Howe, 1870: Arise, then... women of this day! Arise, all women who have hearts, whether our baptism be that of water or of tears! Say firmly: We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies. Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have been able to teach them of charity, mercy and patience. We, women of one country, will be too tender of those of another country to allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs.

From the bosom of the devastated earth a voice goes up with our own. It says: Disarm, Disarm! The sword of murder is not the balance of justice. Blood does not wipe out dishonor, nor violence vindicate possession. As men have often forsaken the plough and the anvil at the summons of war, let women now leave all that may be left of home for a great and earnest day of council.

Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead. Let them then solemnly take council with each other as to the means whereby the great human family can live in peace, each bearing after his own kind the sacred impress, not of Caesar, but of God.

In the name of womanhood and of humanity, I earnestly ask that a general congress of women, without limit of nationality, may be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient, and at the earliest period consistent with its objects, to promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace. In 1872 Howe asked for the celebration of a "Mothers' Day for Peace" on 2 June of every year, but she was unsuccessful. The modern Mother's Day, was established by Anna Jarvis 36 years later. While the day she established was different in significance from what Howe had proposed, Anna Jarvis was reportedly inspired by her mother's work with Howe.

Today, an edited version of the appeal is included in the Unitarian Universalist hymnal Singing the Living Tradition.

Appeal to womanhood throughout the world
"Again, in the sight of the Christian world, have the skill and power of two great nations exhausted themselves in mutual murder. Again have the sacred questions of international justice been committed to the fatal mediation of military weapons. In this day of progress, in this century of light, the ambition of rulers has been allowed to barter the dear interests of domestic life for the bloody exchanges of the battle field. Thus men have done. Thus men will do. But women need no longer be made a party to proceedings which fill the globe with grief and horror. Despite the assumptions of physical force, the mother has a sacred and commanding word to say to the sons who owe their life to her suffering. That word should now be heard, and answered to as never before.

Arise, then, Christian women of this day ! Arise, all women who have hearts, Whether your baptism be that of water or of tears ! Say firmly : We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies. Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have been able to teach them of charity, mercy and patience. We, women of one country, will be too tender of those of another country, to allow our sons to be trained to injure theirs. From the bosom of the devastated earth a voice goes up with our own. It says: Disarm, disarm! The sword of murder is not the balance of justice. Blood does not wipe out dishonor, nor violence vindicate possession. As men have often forsaken the plough and the anvil at the summons of war, let women now leave all that may be left of home for a great and earnest day of council.

Let them meet first, as women, to bewail and commemorate the dead. Let them then solemnly take council with each other as to the means whereby the great human family can live in peace, man as the brother of man, each bearing after his own kind the sacred impress, not of Caesar, but of God.

In the name of womanhood and of humanity, I earnestly ask that a general congress of women, without limit of nationality, may be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient, and at the earliest period consistent with its objects, to promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mother's Day Proclamation


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Charles Woodson

Charles Cameron Woodson (born October 7, 1976) is an American former football defensive back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 18 seasons with the Oakland Raiders and Green Bay Packers. He spent his first 14 seasons as a cornerback and his final four as a safety. Woodson played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, three times selected to the All-Big Ten team, twice earning All-American honors. As a junior, he was a national champion and the Heisman Trophy winner in 1997. To date, he is the only defensive player in college football history to win the Heisman Trophy.

Selected fourth overall by the Raiders in the 1998 NFL draft, Woodson received Pro Bowl selections during his first four seasons and two first-team All-Pro honors. Woodson left the Raiders after eight seasons to join the Packers, where he played his next seven seasons. During his Packers tenure, Woodson was named Defensive Player of the Year in 2009 and won Super Bowl XLV, while extending his Pro Bowl selections to eight and his first-team All-Pro honors to four. He returned to the Raiders for his last three seasons, earning his ninth Pro Bowl selection in his final year.

One of the NFL's most decorated players, Woodson is tied with Rod Woodson (no relation) and Darren Sharper for the most defensive touchdowns, second in interceptions returned for touchdowns, and tied with Ken Riley for the fifth-most interceptions. Woodson is also one of the few players to appear in a Pro Bowl during three different decades. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2018 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021.

Early life
Woodson was born in Fremont, Ohio. As a senior at Ross High School, Woodson was named Ohio's "Mr. Football". He finished his high school football career with the school's records for rushing yards (3,861) and scoring (466 points). In his senior season, he was a USA Today All-America selection and Parade High School All-American and recorded 2,028 yards and 230 points. All colleges recruited Woodson as a running back, while Michigan recruited him as a defensive back. In addition to playing football, Woodson also played basketball (point guard) and competed in track and field (relay sprinter and long jumper).

College career
Woodson attended the University of Michigan, where he played for coach Lloyd Carr's Wolverines teams from 1995 to 1997. He became the starter after the second game of his freshman season and played in 34 straight games. In addition to playing cornerback, he returned punts and occasionally played as a wide receiver.

Freshman season
In 1995, Woodson was selected as the Big Ten Freshman of the Year. He was named to the All-Big Ten First-team by conference coaches, and second-team All-Big Ten by the media. He led the team with five interceptions and eight takeaways.

Sophomore season
In 1996, Woodson set a Wolverine record for pass breakups with 15. For his efforts, he was named the Chevrolet Defensive Player of the Year and an AP First-team All-American. He was a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award and named to All-Big Ten First-team by conference coaches and the media.

Junior season
In his junior season in 1997, Woodson became the third Michigan player to win the Heisman Trophy, joining Tom Harmon (1940) and Desmond Howard (1991). Woodson received 282 more voting points than runner-up Peyton Manning of Tennessee. He was the first and is still the only primarily defensive player to win the prestigious award. Woodson led the Michigan Wolverines to an undefeated season and a share of the national championship in the same year. He won the Bronko Nagurski Trophy as the best defensive college player. He was named to the All-Big Ten First-team for the third year and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. It was his second year winning the Chevrolet Defensive Player of the Year award and Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year. Woodson won the Jim Thorpe Award, an award which he was nominated for the previous year.

Throughout college, Woodson was known for big plays in big moments of a game. As a freshman, he had two interceptions in a victory against the #2-ranked Ohio State Buckeyes. During his Heisman-winning junior year, he made an acrobatic one-handed sideline interception against the Michigan State Spartans. Woodson had two interceptions in the game. In a game against Ohio State, he returned a punt for a touchdown, made an interception in the end-zone, and had a 37-yard reception on Michigan's only offensive touchdown scoring drive of the game. Woodson later stated that he tried to do Howard's famous "pose" after scoring the touchdown, but failed after his teammates mobbed him in the end zone. The win over the Buckeyes lifted Michigan to the Rose Bowl. Michigan played the Washington State Cougars in the Rose Bowl. Woodson recorded another end-zone interception in the game, helping Michigan defeat the Cougars and win a share of the 1997 national championship.

Woodson finished his three year collegiate career with 18 interceptions, currently second all-time in University of Michigan football history.

Early NFL career
Woodson declared his eligibility for the NFL draft following his junior season at Michigan and was selected as the fourth overall pick in the 1998 draft by the Oakland Raiders.

After the 1998 season, Woodson was named the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year by the Associated Press. He started all sixteen games, becoming the first rookie Raider since 1971 to do so. Woodson had 64 tackles that season. He was also third in the league in interceptions (with five), returned one interception for a touchdown against the Arizona Cardinals, and produced one forced fumble. Woodson was named to his first Pro Bowl.

In 1999, Woodson had his first career reception, a 19-yard catch, against the San Diego Chargers on November 14. On November 28, against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had a 15-yard interception return for a touchdown in the 37–34 loss. He finished the season with 61 total tackles and a fumble recovery to go along with the pick-six. Woodson was selected to his second Pro Bowl and was named All-Pro by the Associated Press.

In the 2000 season, Woodson started all sixteen games of the season but suffered a turf toe injury, which prevented him from practicing. He finished the year with a career-high 79 tackles, intercepted four passes, forced three fumbles, and recovered one fumble. He earned a third consecutive Pro Bowl nomination. He was named to the All-Pro team by Sports Illustrated, and second-team honors from the Associated Press.

In 2001, his fourth year in the NFL, Woodson started sixteen games. This was the fourth consecutive year Woodson played in every game of the season. Woodson finished with two sacks, one interception, one forced fumble, and one blocked field goal. Woodson returned punts for the first time in the NFL, returning four punts for 47 yards. On January 19, 2002, he participated in the Tuck Rule play against the New England Patriots in the postseason. He was named to his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl. He made All-Pro teams of The Sporting News and College and Pro Football Newsweekly and the All-AFC squad of Football News.

First Super Bowl appearance
In 2002, Woodson suffered his first major injury since his freshman year at Michigan, suffering from a shoulder injury which caused him to be inactive for eight games. The shoulder injury came in the first half of the second game of the season. Despite the injury Woodson played the remainder of the game and was able to force a fumble. After recovering from his shoulder injury, Woodson missed the last three games of the regular season, suffering from a cracked fibula bone in his right leg. Woodson started every Raider game in the 2003 NFL Playoffs, finishing with a start in Super Bowl XXXVII. In the Super Bowl, Woodson showed signs of his injury, but still recorded an interception in a losing effort against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

After losing the Super Bowl in the year prior, the Raiders finished the 2003 season with a dismal 4–12 record. Woodson became unhappy with new head coach Bill Callahan, and criticized him during the season. Woodson remained healthy for the entire season, starting in his first fifteen games. His contract was set to expire after the season. Woodson reached an agreement with Oakland and was labeled as a franchise player. The franchise tag set Woodson's contract with a minimum of the average salary for the top five cornerbacks in the NFL. Although being labeled as a franchise player, Woodson's contract was only for one year.

In the 2004 season, Woodson played the first 13 games of the season before suffering a leg injury which put him inactive in the last three weeks. He finished the season with 73 total tackles, 2.5 sacks, one interception, nine passes defensed, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. After the season, Woodson again agreed to a one-year franchise tag deal.

In 2005, he started the first six games but broke his leg in the sixth week, which sidelined him for the rest of the year. He finished the season with 30 total tackles, one interception, four passes defensed, and one forced fumble.

Career resurgence
On April 26, 2006, Woodson and the Green Bay Packers reached a 7-year contract agreement that could be worth as much as $52.7 million with bonuses and incentives. He earned $10.5 million in the first year of the deal and $18 million over the first three years. He would have received a $3 million bonus if he was selected to the Pro Bowl in two of the first three years of the contract. Woodson has stated that at the time of the contract he "did not want to come to Green Bay" due to a perception that the city is less than cosmopolitan, but was forced to do so because the Packers were the only team to offer him a contract. The cornerback has since lauded the Packers organization, Mike McCarthy, and the people of Wisconsin for having faith in him, and has declared that "it was truly a blessing coming to Green Bay."

Free of any major injuries during the 2006 season, Woodson (tied with Walt Harris formerly of the San Francisco 49ers) led the National Football Conference with eight interceptions. At the time, that was the most interceptions Woodson had recorded in a single season. On October 22, he had a 23-yard interception return for a touchdown against the Miami Dolphins. Overall, he was tied for third in that statistic in the entire NFL. He was used as his team's starting punt returner for the first time in his NFL career, returning 41 punts for 363 yards.

On October 14, 2007, Woodson picked up a Santana Moss fumble and returned it 57 yards for a go-ahead touchdown in a 17–14 victory over the Washington Redskins. He recorded an interception in the game, his first of the season. Woodson was named the NFC's Defensive Player of the Week for his performance versus the Redskins, which was the first time he had received that award. On November 4, Woodson had a 46-yard interception return for a touchdown with 59 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter to seal a win over the Kansas City Chiefs. He finished the season with 63 total tackles, four interceptions, nine passes defensed, and two fumble recoveries.

On September 15, 2008, Woodson recorded two interceptions in a 48–25 victory over the Detroit Lions. He returned the second interception 41 yards for a touchdown. Woodson was named NFL Defensive Player of the Month for September in 2008. On December 16, 2008, Woodson was named to his fifth Pro Bowl, his first with the Packers. Overall, he finished the season with 62 total tackles, seven interceptions, two pick-sixes, 17 passes defensed, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery.

2009 season: Defensive Player of the Year
Woodson was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Month for September. On November 15, 2009, Woodson recorded nine tackles (two for loss), a sack, two forced fumbles and an interception in a 17–7 victory over the Dallas Cowboys. Woodson is the first player in NFL history to have a sack, two forced fumbles, and an interception in a game. He was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance.

On November 26, 2009, Woodson had an impressive Thanksgiving game at Ford Field against the Detroit Lions. He recorded seven tackles, one sack, one forced fumble and recovery (same play), four passes defended and two interceptions, one of which he returned for a touchdown. He covered star receiver Calvin Johnson and limited him to two catches for 10 yards. Although one of these was a touchdown, Green Bay won the game 34–12. Woodson was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for this performance and was named NFC Defensive Player of the Month for the month of November.

In January 2010, Woodson was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Month for December 2009. He is the only defensive player to ever receive this award three times in the same season, and joins Barry Sanders and Mike Vanderjagt as the only NFL players to receive a Player of the Month award three times in a single season. For his effort during the 2009 season Woodson was selected as the AP Defensive Player of the Year. Overall, he finished the season with 74 total tackles, nine interceptions, three pick-sixes, 18 passes defensed, four forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and two sacks.

Woodson had more interceptions in his first four years with the Packers (28) than he did in his previous eight with the Raiders (17). He also has more touchdowns (8 vs 2) and sacks (6 vs 5.5) with the Packers than he did during his time in Oakland. He holds the Packers' franchise record for most defensive touchdowns (eight total, seven interception returns and one fumble return). Woodson won the 2009 NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award. He earned his sixth Pro Bowl and second First Team All-Pro nomination. He was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-Decade Team for the 2000s.

2010 season: Super Bowl champion
On September 9, 2010, despite having three years left on his current contract, Woodson was offered and signed a two-year extension with the Packers, adding five years and $55 million to his existing pact. During the 2010 season, Woodson recorded two interceptions and five forced fumbles for the Packers. He was named to the 2011 Pro Bowl as a starting cornerback. It was his seventh career selection to the Pro Bowl. Woodson was named co-captain along with teammate A. J. Hawk for the Packers defensive unit through the post-season. He provided a huge performance, limiting Pro-Bowler DeSean Jackson to just two catches (for 47 yards), and recorded five tackles in the Packers' win over the Philadelphia Eagles in the Wild Card Round on January 9, 2011. Woodson also played an important role in Dom Capers' defense in playoff victories against the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round and the Chicago Bears in the NFC Championship and started against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV. With 1:54 before halftime of the Super Bowl, Woodson broke his collar bone while diving to successfully defend a pass intended for Mike Wallace. An emotional Woodson gave a speech to his teammates during halftime. Watching from the sidelines in the second half, Woodson cheered his team on to a 31–25 victory, his only championship title. Despite his Super Bowl injury, Woodson finished the game with three total tackles, including two solo tackles.

Barack Obama said if the Bears won the NFC Championship, that he would see them play in Super Bowl XLV, but he would not see Green Bay. Woodson sent Obama a jersey saying, "See you at the White House!" and had a pep talk in the locker room. He told the team if the President did not want to see the Packers play in the Super Bowl then they would go to the White House. The Packers won the Super Bowl, but could not visit the White House until August because of the terms in the NFL Lockout. When they visited the White House, Obama made reference to Woodson's pep rally and autographed jersey. Woodson responded by handing Barack Obama a certificate stating that Obama is a minority owner of the Packers. Obama also said, "I have learned something that many quarterbacks have learned. Don't mess with Charles Woodson."

Engraved inside the 2010 Super Bowl Ring is the numeral "1" along with the words "Mind, Goal, Purpose and Heart": the number and terms veteran cornerback Charles Woodson used during his memorable postgame locker-room speech following the NFC Championship in Chicago. Woodson was ranked 16th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.

Final years in Green Bay
When Woodson intercepted Cam Newton against the Carolina Panthers in Week 2 of the 2011 season, it marked the fourth time he intercepted a fellow Heisman Trophy winner. The other three quarterbacks he intercepted a pass from were Vinny Testaverde, Carson Palmer, and Matt Leinart. Against the Denver Broncos, Woodson joined the 50-interception club when he picked off Kyle Orton in the first quarter in Week 4. This, his eleventh career interception return for a touchdown, placed him second all-time behind Rod Woodson. He finished the season with 74 total tackles, seven interceptions, one pick-six, 17 passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and two sacks. He earned his eighth Pro Bowl and third First Team All-Pro nomination.

Woodson started the 2012 season in a different role for the Packers, hoping to fill the void left by free safety Nick Collins, who had been out of football for almost a year with a neck injury. He described it simply as "just playing football". Defensive Coordinator Dom Capers' plan appeared to be to line Woodson up at the safety position, while also situationally deploying him as the nickel-back. This saw Woodson in a Polamalu-like position of the Pittsburgh Steelers, lining up on either side ready to rush or drop back in coverage. Against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 1, the 35-year-old Woodson recorded five tackles, 1.5 sacks, and a forced fumble in a losing effort. Against the Chicago Bears in Week 2, he recorded his 55th interception of his career, and first as a strong safety. The pass was intended for Earl Bennett. Woodson suffered a broken collarbone during the Packers' victory over the St. Louis Rams on Sunday, October 21, and was out for the next nine games. Overall, he finished the season with 38 total tackles, one interceptions, five passes defensed, one forced fumble, and 1.5 sacks.

Woodson sat out several weeks with the broken collarbone, but made it back for the first playoff game, the Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Vikings. He helped the Packers defeat the Vikings, but they would fall to the 49ers the following week in the Divisional Round. He was ranked 85th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.

On February 15, 2013, the Packers released Woodson.

Return to Oakland and retirement

On May 21, 2013, Woodson signed a one-year deal with the Oakland Raiders. He played in the preseason and started in week 1 against the Indianapolis Colts. On October 6, in a Week 5 game against the San Diego Chargers, Woodson tied the NFL record (with Darren Sharper and former teammate Rod Woodson) for most defensive touchdowns by scoring on a fumble recovery for his 13th defensive touchdown. He earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors for his game against the Chargers. By the end of the season, he had played in 1,067 of 1,074 possible defensive snaps for the team amassing 97 tackles (75 solo), two sacks, three forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, three pass defenses, one interception, and the aforementioned touchdown.

In Week 14 of the 2014 season, Woodson earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors for his game against the Kansas City Chiefs. Woodson finished the 2014 season with 111 total tackles, four interceptions, eight passes defensed, one fumble recovery, and one sack. He was ranked 64th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.

On January 26, 2015, the Raiders announced via Twitter that they agreed to a contract for Woodson to return for the 2015 season. In the 2015 season, Woodson was moved to strong safety. After this switch, Woodson became one of the few players in NFL history to play at all three spots in the secondary. Prior to Week 5 against the Denver Broncos, Woodson said that he always wanted to intercept a pass from Peyton Manning, as he never accomplished that feat during his career. Woodson lived up to his word and picked off Manning two times. However, the Broncos won 16–10. Woodson was named AFC Defensive Player of the Month for October. On December 21, Woodson announced that he would retire at the end of the season. On January 3, 2016, he played in his final NFL game, a 23–17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. He finished his final season with 74 total tackles, five interceptions, nine passes defensed, one forced fumble, and four fumble recoveries. He was named to the Pro Bowl in his final season.

On February 12, 2016, it was announced that Woodson would be joining ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown, replacing Keyshawn Johnson for the upcoming season. He served in that capacity until 2018 when he moved to Fox Sports to cover college football as an analyst.

NFL

 * Most career defensive touchdowns: 13 (Tied with Rod Woodson and Darren Sharper)

Oakland Raiders career franchise records

 * Franchise career leader in forced fumbles: 18
 * Franchise career leader in defended passes/pass deflections: 84

Green Bay Packers career franchise records

 * Interceptions returned for a touchdown: 9
 * Defensive touchdowns: 10

Personal life
Woodson is an oenophile who developed his interest in wine while playing football for the first time in Oakland, near the Napa Valley. He partnered with former Robert Mondavi winemaker Rick Ruiz to develop a signature wine label, "Twentyfour by Charles Woodson". The company is based in Napa, California, and is a small boutique winery, producing fewer than one thousand cases per year of its two varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. Although the wine bears his name and signature, Woodson was warned by the NFL not to be seen endorsing the wine himself because of the league's alcohol policy.

Woodson was arrested twice: in 2000 for DUI, and in 2004 for public intoxication after refusing to get out of a woman's car.

Woodson is married to April Dixon Woodson and they have two sons together.

On November 26, 2009, Woodson contributed $2 million to the University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital for pediatric research. Woodson has his own charitable foundation to support the fight against breast cancer called the Charles Woodson Foundation. In October 2012, Woodson donated $100,000 to the Hurricane Sandy relief effort.

During the Green Bay Packers' 2010 Super Bowl-winning season, Woodson publicly called out US President Barack Obama on his support for longtime Packers' rivals, the Chicago Bears. In a post-game locker room speech to his teammates, Woodson stated, "The President don't want to come watch us win the Super Bowl? Guess what? We'll go see him" (implying that Green Bay would win the Super Bowl and visit the White House as the winning team does each year). During the 2012 United States Presidential election campaign, Woodson publicly endorsed Obama at a political rally in Green Bay, stating "I believe in what he's trying to do."

title: Charles Woodson


text:
User talk:Meyerw

Hello "Meyerw" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 18:36, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Pajama test, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent.

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Pajama test
Thanks for your note. At the time it read like incomprehensible gibberish. If you would read the manual of style and rephrase in simple declarative statements, perhaps we would have something. It would require verifiable, reliable sources (see WP:V). Also, rhetorical questions and hyperbole are right out. I'm leaving for work right now. Please remind me to put the deleted content on a test page in your userspace to make it easier to work on. When it's ready to go, (well-wriiten and sourced) you might be able to recreate the article without further difficulties. If you need help ask me or post to Help desk. Cheers, and happy editing. Dloh  cierekim  18:58, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

PS. I put on your userpage. Cheers,  Dloh  cierekim  19:58, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meyerw


text:
Talk:Constitution of 3 May 1791

Two thirds / three fourths majorities?
The constitution text clearly states: "Everything, everywhere, shall be decided by majority vote;" and this is confirmed by Wagner (p.389): "For the validity of resolutions, which comprised measures having nopermanent character (including budgetary questions, diplomatic measures,decision on war and peace and temporary taxes), a majority of the votes of allmembers of the Sejm were necessary." Unfortunately, I no longer have access to Jedruch, but nothing in the constitution text supports the two-thirds/three-quarters reading, now removed. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:01, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

name
Per : which English name is better? Constitution of May 3, 1791 or Constitution of 3 May 1791? In Polish, it's "trzeciego maja" (3 May) word order, is there a preference in English? Ping User:Poeticbent, User:Nihil novi, User:Volunteer Marek, User:Halibutt, User:Blueye. Also, I tried to see if WP:MOSDATE has a recommendation but I don't see any (ping User:Squeamish Ossifrage who commented on dates last FAC discussion). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 02:29, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Americans usually use the "May 3, 1791" order in dates. Europeans (perhaps including the British), as reflected in our sister European-language Wikipedias, overwhelmingly prefer "3 May 1791".
 * We need not necessarily defer to the Americans, even if Wikipedia is headquartered in San Francisco.
 * Nihil novi (talk) 03:47, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

 * BrE is the official variety of English in the EU, and Poland-related articles should use EngVarB IMHO. I support a rename. — kashmiri  TALK  09:26, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I would find "Constitution of 3 May 1791" acceptable.
 * As to variety of English to be used on Wikipedia generally, it has usually been the practice to follow the spelling adopted by the article's originator.
 * When a British spelling is used, I favor Oxford spelling–one of the two major varieties used in Britiain–which is not that far from "American" spelling, except for such Anglo-Norman British spellings as "honour" and "colour".
 * Nihil novi (talk) 04:59, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Constitution of 3 May 1791


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Mount Markham

Mount Markham (-82.85°N, 161.35°W) is a twin-peaked massif surmounting the north end of the Markham Plateau in the Queen Elizabeth Range of Antarctica. The peaks have elevations of 4350 m and 4280 m.

Exploration and name
Mount Markham was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1904). It is named for Sir Clements Markham, who, as President of the Royal Geographical Society, planned the expedition and chose Robert Falcon Scott as its leader.

Location
Mount Markham is in the northern part of the Queen Elizabeth Range. It is south of Mount Cara, east of the Frigate Range and the head of the Kent Glacier, and northeast of the Markham Plateau. Nearby features include Mount Lysaght to the north, Mount Katsufrakis to the south and Haven Hill, Mount Tedrow and Mount Predoehl to the east.

Markham Plateau
-82.93333°N, 161.16667°W. A small, but prominent, high plateau which extends south from Mount Markham for about 10 nmi and forms the divide between east and west-flowing glaciers in the north part of the Queen Elizabeth Range. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with Mount Markham.

Mount Lysaght
-82.81667°N, 161.31667°W. A peak, 3,755 m high, standing 1.5 nmi north of Mount Markham. Discovered and named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09.

Mount Korsch
-82.86667°N, 160.93333°W. A pyramidal peak, rising to about 4,000 m high on the northwest margin of the Markham Plateau, 3 nmi west of Mount Markham. Named by US-ACAN in 1988 after geologist Russell J. Korsch who, with E. Stump and D. Egerton, climbed and geologically mapped this peak on December 3, 1985, as a member of a USARP field party. Korsch was a member of United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) field parties, 1968-69 and 1985-86; NZARP field parties, 1982-83 and 1984-85.

Mount Katsufrakis
-82.96667°N, 161.63333°W. A projecting-type mountain on the east side of Markham Plateau. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by the US-ACAN for John P. Katsufrakis, USARP radio scientist at McMurdo Station, 1963-64, and Byrd Station, 1964-65 and 1965-66.

Haven Hill
-82.88333°N, 162.6°W. A hill 2 nmi west of Mount Tedrow, on the south side of Kent Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Stoner B. Haven, USARP biologist at McMurdo Sound, 1960.

Mount Tedrow
-82.88333°N, 163°W. A mountain, 1,490 m high, standing at the east side of the mouth of DeBreuck Glacier at its juncture with Kent Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by the US-ACAN for Jack V. Tedrow, USARP glaciologist at McMurdo Station, 1959-60, 1960-61.

Mount Predoehl
-82.93333°N, 163.18333°W. A partly snow-covered mountain, 1,710 m high, just north of lower Pavlak Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by the US-ACAN for Martin C. Predoehl, USARP meteorologist at McMurdo Station, 1961-62 and 1962-63.

title: Mount Markham


text:
Tatton

Tatton may refer to:

 * Tatton (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency in Cheshire, England, represented in the United Kingdom House of Commons
 * Tatton Park, a country estate in Cheshire, which includes
 * Tatton Hall
 * Tatton Old Hall
 * Tatton Park Gardens
 * Tatton, Cheshire, a civil parish in Cheshire East, largely contained within Tatton Park
 * Tatton, New South Wales, a suburb of Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
 * Tatton Park Flower Show, an annual flower show held by the Royal Horticultural Society

title: Tatton


text:
Toyota AE86

The AE86 series of the Toyota Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno are small, front-engine/rear-wheel-drive models within the front-engine/front-wheel-drive fifth generation Corolla (E80) range—marketed by Toyota from 1983 to 1987 in coupé and liftback configurations.

Lending themselves to racing, the cars were light, affordable, easily modifiable and had a five-speed manual transmission, a limited slip differential (optional), MacPherson strut front suspension, high revving (7800 rpm), twin-cam engine with oil cooler (e.g., in the US), near 50/50 front/rear weight balance, and importantly, a front-engine/rear-drive layout—at a time when this configuration was waning industry-wide.

Widely popular for Showroom Stock, Group A, and Group N, Rally and Club racing, the cars' inherent qualities also earned the AE86 an early and enduring international prominence in the motorsport discipline of drifting. The AE86 was featured centrally in the popular, long-running Japanese manga and anime series titled Initial D (1995–2013)—as the main character's drift and tofu delivery car. In 2015, Road & Track called the AE86 "a cult icon, inextricably interwoven with the earliest days of drifting."

The AE86 would go on to inspire the Toyota 86 (2012–present), a 2+2 sports car jointly developed by Toyota and Subaru, manufactured by Subaru—and marketed also as the Toyota GT86, Toyota FT86, Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ.

In November 2021, Toyota temporarily restarted the production of a limited number of parts for the AE86, with dealers beginning to take orders for new steering knuckle arms and rear brake calipers. Rear axle half shafts have also been scheduled for new production. Toyota has also announced that this reboot is temporary, and parts will only be available as long as stocks last.

Name

The nameplate Trueno derives from the Spanish word for thunder, and Levin derives from the Middle English for lightning. In Japan, the Sprinter Trueno was exclusive to Toyota Japan dealerships called Toyota Auto Store, while the Corolla Levin was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store.

The name AE86 derives from Toyota's internal code during the car's development, designating the 1600 cc RWD model from the fifth generation of the Corolla. In Toyota's code language, the "A" designates the car's engine (4A series), "E" designates Corolla, "8" designates fifth generation (E80 series) and "6" designates the variant within this generation.

The AE86 is also called the "Hachi-Roku (ハチロク)", Japanese for "eight-six". Similarly the AE85 was commonly called "Hachi-Go (ハチゴー)", meaning "eight-five". Bracketing a minor external facelift, models marketed between 1983 and 1985 are called "zenki" (前期, lit. 'early period'), and those marketed from 1986 to 1987 are called "kouki" (後期, lit. 'latter period').

In 1986, Toyota marketed a limited edition model of the AE86 as the "Black Limited" model. It was advertised as a limited-production model with only 400 units, and was based on the Kouki Sprinter Trueno GT-APEX 3-door liftback.

Engine/technicals
The AE86 was available with a naturally aspirated 4A-GE 1587 cc inline-four engine, a DOHC four-valve-per-cylinder motor, in Japan and Europe, which was also used in the first-generation MR2 G Limited (AW11), Corona GT (AT141), Celica 1600GT-R (AA63) and Carina 1600GTR (AA63) (Japan only) with a compression ratio of 9.4:1. It had a maximum SAE gross power output of 130 PS at 6,600 rpm and 110 lbft at 5,200 rpm of torque in standard form, though it was later down-rated to 120 PS and 105 lbft in net output. The 4A-GE engines used in the AE86 and AW11 were also equipped with Denso electronic port fuel injection and T-VIS variable intake geometry.

In North America, a modified 4A-GEC engine was used to comply with California emissions regulations. Power was rated at 112 hp and 100 lbft of torque.

The AE86 used ventilated disc brakes. The car was equipped with a MacPherson strut style independent suspension at the front and a four-link live axle with coil springs for the rear as well as stabilizer bars, front and rear, and an optional LSD. The AE86 came with a 5-speed manual gearbox, and later came with the option of an automatic.

Higher-spec American AE86 models known as the Sport GT-S featured the DOHC 4A-GEC engine, four-wheel disc brakes, had a T-series 6.7" differential, color-matched bumpers, front lower bumper surround with a much more sporty and pronounced lip, molded door panels, tachometer redline at 7500 rpm, leather-wrapped steering wheel, seats with leather-wrapped tops (front seats are completely different from Sport SR5), optional LSD, and aluminium wheels. The VIN of the GT-S is AE88 (for North American market cars), however the chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The Sport GT-S can also be identified by the "Q" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

Lower-spec American AE86 models such as the Sport SR5 used the 1587 cc 4A-C SOHC unit, The S-series rear end was a 6.38" non-LSD with drum brakes. The SR5 model also had a softer suspension, and small styling and interior changes such as seats, gauge cluster, door panels, un-painted matte black front and rear bumpers, the lower part of the front bumper surround is shorter and flat, and its VIN differs as well, being AE86 for the SR5 model (for North American market cars). The Sport SR5 can also be identified by the "X" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

Another lower-spec American AE86 model was the base-model DX, which had the same 1587 cc 4A-C SOHC unit and 6.38" non-LSD rear end with drum brakes as the SR5. While being near-identical to the SR5, the DX lacks many of the options and features that were present on the SR5 and GT-S, such as a smaller center console, no rear sway bars, no air-conditioning, and a very basic interior. The DX was an internal Toyota designation and was absent in advertising and brochures, hence it was more uncommon than the SR5 and GT-S. The VIN of the DX is AE85 (not to be confused with the Japan-only AE85), but its chassis code on the engine firewall remained as AE86. The base-model DX can also be identified with the "D" identification on the 4th digit of the model code, found on the chassis plate.

Models equipped with the 4A-GE engine received a 6.7 in T-series rear differential, while 3A-U (only offered on the AE85), 4A-U and 4A-C models received a smaller, weaker, 6.38 in S-series rear differential.

The AE86 DX and SR5 (4A-C equipped) had an optional 4-speed automatic transmission alongside the 5-speed manual, however the GT-S model (with the 4A-GE DOHC engine) only came with a standard 5-speed manual gearbox.

One of the staff who was behind the car's engineering work was Nobuaki Katayama, who would later head the company's motorsport department and who would become chief engineer of the Altezza project a decade later. He has a photo of an AE86 hung in his office.

Body styles
The Levin and Trueno featured fixed-headlights and retractable headlights respectively, with both available as hatchback or coupé. The export model name Corolla applies to both variations. The AE86 (along with the lower spec 1452 cc AE85 and 1587 cc SR5 and DX versions) was rear wheel drive, built on the rear wheel drive E70 Corolla platform (same wheelbase length, interchangeable parts, etc.), unlike the front wheel drive E80 models in the same range.

Facelift (Kouki)
Minor bodywork changes were made in May 1985, which resulted in different taillights, updated bumpers with wrap-around front indicators, corner and headlight trim lights, interior, and grilles. New paint colors have been shuffled around as well. Both the Levin and Trueno now have halogen lamps as standard. The seats on the GT-V and GT-APEX models have also been redesigned. They are the main differences for both AE85/86 Levin and Trueno coupé and liftback models.

Models/specifications
In Japan, the DOHC 4A-GEU AE86 was offered in GT, GT-V and GT-APEX trims as the Corolla Levin or Sprinter Trueno. In North America, the top-spec DOHC 4A-GEC was sold as the Corolla Sport GT-S (with AE86 on the build plate in the engine bay but AE88 in the VIN), with the SOHC 4A-C being sold as the Corolla Sport DX and SR5 (with AE85 on the VIN but AE86 on the build plate in the engine bay in the DX and AE86 on the build plate and in the VIN in the SR5). Both versions were sold with Trueno pop-up headlights and Levin taillights, and had longer, heavier 5 mph (8 km/h) regulated bumpers in the front and rear. Euro-spec models were sold as the Corolla GT, Corolla GT Coupe, and Corolla GT-i, with DOHC engines and fixed Levin-style headlights. Australian models were sold as the Toyota Sprinter, with SOHC engines and also had fixed Levin headlights but with Trueno taillights as the taillights had the word "Sprinter" on them. New Zealand received a limited number of AE86s with DOHC 4A-GE engines, again with fixed Levin headlights. These AE86s were only offered in the 3-door liftback style. The Middle East received the same basic model as the North American market, with Trueno pop-up headlights, Levin taillights, and the regulated 5 mph (8 km/h) bumpers.

The lightest AE86 is the Japanese 2 door GT model which weighs about 900 kg. It has the same exterior as the GT-V trim, but with the interior of the AE85 with the exception of the gauges, and is equipped with rear drum brakes.

Japanese AE86 specifications
There are three types of the Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno for the Japanese market: GT, GT-V, and GT-APEX.

Note that all AE86 models produced in Japan featured the 1.6 L 4A-GEU engine.

Model codes (Sprinter Trueno)

 * AE86-FCMQF: 4A-GEU, GT-V 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
 * AE86-FCMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
 * AE86-FCPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 3-door liftback (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
 * AE86-FSMQF: 4A-GEU, GT 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
 * AE86-FSMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
 * AE86-FSPQF: 4A-GEU, GT 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
 * AE86-FSPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)

Model codes (Corolla Levin)

 * AE86-ECMQF: 4A-GEU, GT-V 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
 * AE86-ECMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 3-door liftback
 * AE86-ECPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 3-door liftback (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
 * AE86-ESMQF: 4A-GEU, GT 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
 * AE86-ESMVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 5F/MT, 2-door coupe
 * AE86-ESPQF: 4A-GEU, GT 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)
 * AE86-ESPVF: 4A-GEU, GT-APEX 4F/AT, 2-door coupe (Kouki only, Automatic, A44DE equipped)

GT-APEX
This trim level is the highest level of the AE86, offered in both 2-door and 3-door body styles and coming in both Levin and Trueno versions.

On the exterior, three two-tone paint colors are available, and had brown-tinted glass (a feature unique to the GT-APEX only, as all other models (including export models such as the SR5 and GT-S) had blue-tinted glass instead). It has power mirrors, adjustable interval windshield wipers, and a rear windshield wiper on liftback models. A special thermostatic flip-up grille was also available as an option on the Levin for the Zenki models. On the interior, they have the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, sport seats, power steering, a tilting steering column, rear defrost, air-conditioning, manual windows, and interior illumination dimming. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models.

Options for this model include (but not limited to): limited slip differential (LSD), cruise control, power windows, power sunroof, digital instrument cluster, automatic air-conditioning, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), optional alloy wheels, Alpine sound system, fog lights on the Levin (Kouki models only), mudflaps, and rear hatch visor and quarter window billboards.

GT-V
This trim level is the upmarket lightweight-sports grade level of the AE86, coming in both Levin and Trueno versions. It was only offered in the 3-door body style. It features the interior of the AE86 GT, with a three-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, sport seats, illumination dimming, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on the exterior, and had steel wheels with disk brakes on the front and rear. Side door decals denoting "GT-V Twin Cam 16" were added, exclusive to this model. A five-speed manual transmission is standard.

Options include (but not limited to): two-tone paint colors, air-conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, rear wipers, limited slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps and body-colored bumpers.

GT
This trim level is the lowest level of the AE86, serving as the base model of the AE86. They were mainly sold as vehicles aimed at competitive use. It was only offered in the 2-door body style and came in both Levin and Trueno versions. It used the interior of the AE85 SE, with a basic two-spoke steering wheel, smaller center console, basic seats, and manual mirrors and windows. It had blue-tinted glass on the exterior, and had steel wheels with basic disk brakes on the front and drum brakes on the rear. A five-speed manual transmission is standard, with the option of a four-speed automatic transmission being offered on the Kouki models.

Options include (but not limited to): air-conditioning, power steering, power mirrors, limited slip differential (LSD), optional alloy wheels, OEM aero sports package (available after Sep 1983), mudflaps, automatic transmission (Kouki models only), and rear defrost.

These models were the lightest out of any AE86 models, weighing in at about 900 kg.

North American AE86 specifications
There are three types of Corolla Sport RWD for the US market: DX, SR5, and GT-S. Although the DX was generally an internal Toyota designation, as brochures and advertising do not include the DX designation; it consisted of a lower trim level, lighter duty suspension parts and the like.
 * Model Years of production: 1984 to 1987 (production started Sep 1983)
 * Versions: DX, SR5 and GT-S (85 Only)

Note that the VIN and the chassis code do not match for all models.

DX & SR5 specifications

 * First 7 characters of VIN: JT2AE 85 (DX) or JT2AE 86 (SR5)
 * Chassis code: AE86 (L) (which may differ from the VIN) (L designates LHD)
 * Horsepower: 87 bhp at 4800 rpm
 * Torque: 115 Nm at 2800 rpm
 * Weight: approximately 2200 to 2300 lb
 * Engine: 4A-C, 1587 cc
 * Engine type: SOHC 8-valve Inline-4 carbureted
 * M/T transmission: T50, 6-bolt flywheel
 * A/T transmission: A42DL, 4-speed overdrive w/lockup torque converter, mechanically controlled, with electronically engaged overdrive
 * Compression: 9.0:1 (varies; some early and late 4A-C engines have lower or higher compression ratios)
 * Differential: 6.38 in open with 4.10:1 ratio, 2-pinion (automatic) (S292) or 3.91:1 ratio, 4-pinion (5-speed) (S314)
 * Wheels/tires: 13×5" +33 mm offset rims with 185/70R13 tires

GT-S specifications

 * First 7 characters of VIN: JT2AE 88
 * Chassis code: AE86 (L) (which differs from the VIN) (L designates LHD)
 * Horsepower: 112 bhp at 6600 rpm
 * Torque: 132 Nm at 4800 rpm
 * Weight: approximately 2200 to 2300 lb
 * Engine: 4A-GEC, 1587 cc
 * Engine type: DOHC 16-valve Inline-4 AFM Multiport Fuel Injection w/T-VIS
 * Transmission: T50, 8-bolt flywheel
 * Injector size: . 220 cc, low impedance
 * Compression: 9.4:1
 * Differential: 6.7 in Open (T282) or optional LSD (T283) with 4.30:1 Ratio, 2-pinion
 * Wheels/tires: 14×5.5" +27 mm offset rims with 185/60R14 82H tires (195/60R14 85H for 86+ models)

The AE86 in motorsports

While in production, the AE86 was a popular choice for showroom stock, Group A, and Group N racing, especially in rallying and circuit races. After production ended, many private teams continued to race the AE86, and it remains a popular choice for rallying and club races today.

Part of the continued appeal of the AE86 for motorsports is its rear-drive configuration, not available in most newer lightweight coupes. In Group A touring car races, the car either dominated the lower category where eligible or fought it out with Honda Civics or the later AE92s and AE101s whilst maintaining its competitiveness. In Ireland, where rallying is considered one of the most popular forms of motorsport, as organizing regulations are more relaxed compared to that of other countries, the AE86 was popular when new, and remains so popular that teams will purchase cars from the UK due to local shortages. The AE86 is also popular for rally use in Finland, where the cars can be competitive in the F-Cup competition for naturally aspirated 2WD cars.

The AE86 was entered in the European Touring Car Championship from 1984 to 1988 with a 150 hp 4A-GEU engine. In 1986 it beat the BMW M6, BMW 325i (E30), Rover Vitesse, Volvo 240 Turbo, Merkur XR4Ti, Mazda 929, Holden Commodore (VK), Alfa Romeo 75 (turbo V6), and Mercedes 190E 2.3-16 to win the Manufacturers Championship with 267 points, surpassing the 1986 Drivers Championship Schnitzer Motorsport BMW M6.

In 1986 and 1987 Chris Hodgetts won the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), beating the V8 Rover SD1's, Ford Sierra Cosworth's and BMW 3 Series (E30) M3's two years running for an overall points victory driving an AE86 for Toyota (GB) PLC and his own race prep team CHMS.

The semi-factory supported Kraft team entered a spaceframe Trueno in the JGTC for the GT300 regulations in 1999. The Trueno used a Dallara F3 chassis and was powered with a 3S-GTE engine that came from a SW20 MR2 Turbo that produces about 300 hp. Despite being popular with the fans, the car had minor success and was abandoned from use halfway through the 2001 season when the AE86 burst into flames during the third round of the season at Sugo. Kraft subsequently replaced it with the newly-delivered Toyota MR-S.

The rear wheel drive configuration, combined with the AE86's light weight (approximately 2300 lb (950–970 kg) curb weight), balance and relatively powerful (and easy to tune) 4A-GEU engine made it popular among the Japanese hashiriya (street racers in Japanese), many of whom raced in touge (mountain passes in Japanese) where the corners suited the AE86 best, especially on the downhill. Among those who utilized this car was Japanese racing legend Keiichi Tsuchiya also known as the Drift King ("Dori-Kin" in Japanese). Keiichi Tsuchiya helped popularize the sport of drifting, which involves taking a car on a set of controlled slides through corners. The AE86's FR configuration made it well suited to this kind of cornering, and currently the car is a mainstay of drift shows and competitions. Japanese drifters like Katsuhiro Ueo, Toshiki Yoshioka, Yoichi Imamura, Koichi Yamashita, Hiroshi Takahashi, Tetsuya Hibino, and Wataru Hayashi were also involved in making the AE86 famous in the drift scene.

AE86s around the world have been extensively modified for use in professional drifting.

In popular culture

The AE86 is considered as an iconic cultural symbol in Japanese popular culture following its inclusion in the Initial D anime and manga. The main character, Takumi Fujiwara, uses his father's AE86 Trueno GT-APEX liftback for racing and making his tofu deliveries. Takumi's friend, Itsuki Takeuchi, drives an AE85 Levin SR liftback. Throughout the series, two of Takumi's opponents drive AE86s: Wataru Akiyama, who drives a turbocharged (later supercharged) AE86 Levin GT-APEX liftback, and Shinji Inui, who drives the notchback coupé version of the GT-APEX AE86 Trueno. The AE86 is also a playable vehicle in the Initial D Arcade Stage series. The popularity of Initial D is cited as the main cause of the car's high resale price, which is often referred to as "Takumi tax" or "Tofu tax", after the main character and his tofu delivery occupation respectively.

Production
The Toyota AE86 (as well as the AE85) was built in either the Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant, or the Takaoka plant. Over 360,000 AE86s are estimated to have been built in total.

AE86s built at the (now-closed) Kanto Higashi-Fuji plant came with a "5" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "M21" and "M22". Only 28% of AE86s were produced at this plant, all of them being made for Japan with no export models being made.

AE86s built at the Takaoka plant came with a "0" designation at the beginning of the serial number. Their plant codes were "A54" and "A52". The majority of AE86s were produced at this plant (including exported AE86 models), as it was the original plant where the Toyota Corolla and Sprinter are manufactured.

title: Toyota AE86


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Talk:Mount Markham

Untitled
The initial information for this mountain was obtained by a query search at GNIS Antarctica Data Base Query Form. RedWolf 18:43, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Markham


text:
Mount Kirkpatrick

Mount Kirkpatrick (-84.33333°N, 166.41667°W) is a lofty, generally ice-free mountain in Queen Alexandra Range 5 nmi west of Mount Dickerson. At 4528 m it is the highest point in the Queen Alexandra Range, Antarctica.

Exploration and name
Mount Kirkpatrick was discovered and named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909. It was named for a Glasgow businessman, who was one of the original supporters of the expedition.

Location
Mount Kirkpatrick is in the central Queen Alexandra Range to the south of Grindley Plateau, north of the Adams Mountains and northeast of the Marshall Mountains. Prebble Glacier forms on its west slopes and flows west to Lennox-King Glacier. Mount Dickerson is to its east and Decennial Peak to its south. Martin Ridge extends southwest from Decennial Peak to the head of Berwick Glacier.

Fossil site
Mount Kirkpatrick holds one of the most important fossil sites in Antarctica, the Hanson Formation. Because Antarctica used to be warmer and supported dense conifer and cycad forest, and because all the continents were fused into a giant supercontinent called Pangaea, many ancient Antarctic wildlife share relatives elsewhere in the world. Among these creatures are tritylodonts, herbivorous mammal-like reptiles that are prevalent elsewhere at the time. A crow-sized pterosaur has been identified. In addition to these finds, numerous dinosaur remains have been uncovered. Fossils of dinosaurs resembling Plateosaurus, Coelophysis, and Dilophosaurus were excavated. Mount Kirkpatrick holds the first dinosaur scientifically named on the continent: the large predatory Cryolophosaurus. In 2004, scientists have even found partial remains of a large sauropod plant-eating dinosaur.

Glacialisaurus hammeri, an herbivorous dinosaur thought to be around 25 ft long and weighing perhaps 4-6 tons, was also identified from fossils on Mount Kirkpatrick in 2007, the only known site of Glacialisaurus hammeri.

Features
Nearby features include:

Fleming Summit
-84.33333°N, 166.3°W. A peak rising to over 4,200 m high, 1.5 km west of Mount Kirkpatrick. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in 1995 after Thomas H. Fleming, geologist, Ohio State University, who conducted field research in this area, 1985-86 and 1990-91.

Mount Dickerson
-84.33333°N, 167.13333°W. A prominent mountain, 4,120 m high, standing 4 nmi east of Mount Kirkpatrick. Named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Richard G. Dickerson, United States Navy, VX-6 aircraft commander during United States Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1964.

Decennial Peak
-84.36667°N, 166.03333°W. A peak 4,020 m high situated 3 nmi southwest of Mount Kirkpatrick. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1958-65. Named by US-ACAN in recognition of the Decennial of the Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University, in 1970, the same year the University celebrated its Centennial. The University and the Institute have been very active in Antarctic investigations since 1960.

Martin Ridge
-84.41667°N, 165.5°W. A broad ice-covered ridge bordering the west side of upper Moody Glacier. Named by US-ACAN for Major Wilbur E. Martin, United States Army, in charge of trail operations during United States Navy Operation Deep Freeze, 1963.

title: Mount Kirkpatrick


text:
Montreal River

Montreal River may refer to:

Canada

 * Montreal River (Algoma–Sudbury, Ontario), a tributary of Lake Superior
 * Montreal River (Timiskaming District), a tributary of the Ottawa River
 * Montreal River (Saskatchewan)

United States

 * Montreal River (Michigan), a river in the Keweenaw Peninsula
 * Montreal River (Wisconsin–Michigan), along the Wisconsin-Michigan border

Places

 * Montreal River, Ontario

title: Montreal River


text:
User:Jessefriedman

I'm a native of Oakland, California, and currently a student in linguistics at the University of Chicago. Wikipedia has been one of my favorite forms of research for years, primarily for educating myself about philosophy and the people in that field.

One of my hobbies, in addition to cooking, traveling, and drinking beer, is copy editing, which is probably what I'll expend most of my efforts on here.

I'm currently studying in Paris, and will be spending the summer in Lausanne, Switzerland. Jessefriedman 18:52, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Jessefriedman


text:
Talk:Mount Kirkpatrick

Untitled
The initial information for this mountain was obtained by a query search at GNIS Antarctica Data Base Query Form. RedWolf 18:53, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Kirkpatrick


text: User talk:81.18.68.146

title: User talk:81.18.68.146


text:
Hugh of Cluny

Hugh (13 May 1024 – 29 April 1109), sometimes called Hugh the Great or Hugh of Semur, was the Abbot of Cluny from 1049 until his death. He was one of the most influential leaders of the monastic orders from the Middle Ages.

Biography
Hugh was descended from the noblest families in Burgundy. He was the eldest son of Seigneur Dalmas I of Semur and Aremberge of Vergy, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Burgundy.

His father wanted him to be a knight, but recognizing his evident aversion to that, entrusted him to his grand-uncle Hugh, Bishop of Auxerre, for preparation for the priesthood. Under the protection of this relative, Hugh received his early education at the monastery school attached to the Priory of St. Marcellus.

At the age of fourteen he entered the novitiate at Cluny and at the age of fifteen, took his monastic vows. He later became prior. In 1048 he accompanied the Bishop of Toul, pope-elect Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, to Rome, where he was consecrated Pope Leo IX. The following year Prior Hugh was elected abbot of Cluny, succeeding Odilo. Later in 1049 he attended the Council of Reims, and in 1054, the Council of Tours. In March 1058, he was in Florence, where he attended Pope Stephen IX on his deathbed.

Abbot Hugh built the third abbey church at Cluny, the largest structure in Europe for many centuries, with funds provided by Ferdinand I of León. In October 1085, Pope Urban II, a former prior of Cluny, consecrated the high altar.

In 1089 he established the Priory of St Pancras, the first Cluniac house in England.

After Clementia of Burgundy was married, she gave Hugh the Flemish monastery of St. Bertin. This act spread the Cluniac order north of the Loire and initiated monastic reform in Flanders.

Political influence
Hugh's relationship to Ferdinand I and Alfonso VI of León and Castile included the release of Alfonso from his brother Sancho's prison. His influence upon Pope Urban II, who had been prior at Cluny under Hugh, made Hugh one of the most powerful and influential figures of the late 11th century.

As the godfather of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, he also played a role as a mediator during the conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, though he was not successful. Additionally, he was an active diplomat to Germany and Hungary on behalf of the church.

Abbot Hugh died in the Lady Chapel at Cluny on the evening of Easter Monday, 28 April 1109. Many of his relics were pillaged or destroyed by the Huguenots in 1575. His feast day is April 29.

title: Hugh of Cluny


text:
User talk:Berasategui

User:Berasategui/Polish notes

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia.

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I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian on en:. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. You can also leave me questions at my talk page. +sj +   15:02, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi Berasategui. Thanks for the translation. — Instantnood 18:59, Mar 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure. But I myself didn't create much articles. By the way, it would be nice if you can translate the article of the current chief executive, Donald Tsang. Thanks in advance. :-D — Instantnood 21:07, Mar 17, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks a lot! :-D — Instantnood 10:20, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

Trey Stone and Davenbelle
Hi! Trey Stone has Requested Arbitration with me:

 * Requests for arbitration/Trey Stone and Davenbelle
 * Requests for arbitration/Trey Stone and Davenbelle/Evidence

You are mentioned in evidence that I have presented and I'm bringing this to your attention. Comments and evidence of your own are welcome.

Sincerely, Davenbelle 01:12, May 14, 2005 (UTC)

Bud Carson
Hi,

That's very impressive that you've translated the Bud Carson article into Polish, but I have to ask: Out of all the articles to translate, why would you pick that one? -- Mwalcoff 22:57, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Oldest People
No worries, wouldn't have even noticed it myself except that both Bolden and Del Toro move up on the same day. Very interesting subject it is though. Canadian Paul 05:16, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Berasategui! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:29, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Edmund Michał Piszcz -
 * 2) Abdelhamid Sharaf -

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Berasategui