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Lady in the Lake

Lady in the Lake is a 1947 American film noir starring Robert Montgomery, Audrey Totter, Lloyd Nolan, Tom Tully, Leon Ames and Jayne Meadows. An adaptation of the 1943 Raymond Chandler murder mystery The Lady in the Lake, the picture was also Montgomery's directorial debut, and last in either capacity for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) after eighteen years with the studio. Montgomery's use of point-of-view cinematography and its failure was blamed for the end of his career at MGM.

As director, Montgomery's ambition was to create a cinematic version of the first-person narrative style of Chandler's Philip Marlowe novels. With the exception of a pair each of reflections in a mirror and direct addresses to the audience in character Marlowe is never seen: the balance of the film is shot from the point of view of the central character, seeing only what he does. MGM promoted the film with the claim that it was the first of its kind and the most revolutionary style of film since the introduction of the talkies. The movie was also unusual for having virtually no instrumental soundtrack, employing a wordless vocal chorus in lieu.

The film did not use the 195-page screenplay adaptation Chandler penned for MGM in 1945. Instead, a 125-page version written by Steve Fisher was filmed two years later. Seeking to capitalize on an intended Christmas theme, the script changes the novel's midsummer setting to the Holidays, frequently using cheery Yuletide themes as an ironic counterpoint to grim aspects of the story. The opening credits appear on a stack of Christmas cards, the last of which reveals a handgun.

Plot

Tired of the low pay of his profession, hard-boiled Los Angeles private detective Phillip Marlowe submits a murder story to Kingsby Publications. He is invited to the publisher's offices to discuss his work, but soon realizes it is merely a ploy. A few days before Christmas, publishing executive Adrienne Fromsett hires him to locate Chrystal Kingsby, the wife of her boss, Derace Kingsby. One month earlier, Kingsby’s wife had sent her husband a telegram saying she was heading to Mexico to divorce him and marry a man named Chris Lavery. But, according to Fromsett, Lavery says he has not seen Chrystal for two months, and the telegram appears to be fake. It becomes obvious to Marlowe that Fromsett wants her boss for herself.

Marlowe goes to see Lavery, who claims to know nothing about any trip to Mexico. Lavery, however, says that Mrs. Kingsby was a beautiful woman before revising it to "is." He sucker-punches the detective, and Marlowe wakes up in jail. He is questioned by Captain Kane and a belligerent Lieutenant DeGarmot. Marlowe refuses to divulge anything, and Kane releases him.

Marlowe learns that a woman's body has been recovered from a lake on which Kingsby owns property, and that Kingsby's caretaker, Mr. Chess, was charged with the murder of his wife Muriel. Fromsett suspects that Chrystal is the real killer, as she and Muriel hated each other. Little Fawn Lake was also where Chrystal was last seen. Marlowe learns that Muriel was an alias for a woman named Mildred Havelend and that she was hiding from a tough cop, whose description fits DeGarmot.

Marlowe goes to see Lavery again. Inside the unlocked house, he encounters Lavery's landlady, Mrs. Fallbrook, holding a gun she claims to have just found. Upstairs, he finds Lavery dead, shot several times. He also finds a handkerchief with the monogram "A F".

Before calling the police, Marlowe goes to the publishing house to confront Fromsett, interrupting a Christmas party. In private, she denies killing Lavery. Kingsby, learning that Fromsett had hired Marlowe to find Chrystal, tells her theirs will be strictly a business relationship from now on. A furious Fromsett fires the private eye, but Kingsby immediately hires him to find his wife.

Marlowe informs the police of Lavery's death. At the scene, he suggests that Muriel was hiding from DeGarmot. DeGarmot slaps Marlowe, and the two men scuffle. Kane takes Marlowe into custody, releasing him only out of Christmas spirit.

Marlowe obtains more information on Muriel from a newspaper contact. She had been a suspect in the suspicious death of her previous employer's wife. The investigating detective, DeGarmot, ruled that death a suicide; the victim's parents strongly disagreed. Marlowe finds the parents have been intimidated into silence. His car is then run off the road by DeGarmot. Regaining consciousness after the crash, Marlowe gets to a pay phone and calls Fromsett for help. She takes him to her apartment, where she claims that she has fallen in love with him. They spend Christmas Day together while he recovers from his injuries.

Kingsby receives a phone call from his wife, asking for money and, unable to find Marlowe, goes to Fromsett's apartment to ask her if she has seen the detective. Marlowe agrees to give Kingsby's money to Chrystal, as Kingsby is being followed by police detectives. Placing his trust in Fromsett, Marlowe instructs her to have the police trail him, following a trail of rice he will leave.

The woman Marlowe meets turns out to be Mildred Havelend, alias the "landlord" Mrs. Fallbrook, alias Muriel. She killed Chrystal – the "lady in the lake" of the title – in addition to her former employer's wife and Lavery. DeGarmot was in love with Havelend and helped her cover up the first murder. Then she fled from him and married Chess.

Havelend pulls a gun on Marlowe in her apartment. DeGarmot tracks them down, having overheard Fromsett speaking to Captain Kane and following Marlowe's trail of rice. He plans to kill them both with Havelend's gun and stage it to look like she and Marlowe shot each other. DeGarmot then shoots a pleading Mildred several times. Kane arrives just in time to gun down his own crooked cop, saving Marlowe.

Cast

 * Robert Montgomery as Phillip Marlowe ("Phillip" spelled with two "l"s, rather than with one )
 * Audrey Totter as Adrienne Fromsett
 * Lloyd Nolan as Lt. DeGarmot
 * Tom Tully as Capt. Kane
 * Leon Ames as Derace Kingsby
 * Jayne Meadows as Muriel, aka Mildred Havelend, aka Mrs. Fallbrook
 * Dick Simmons as Chris Lavery
 * Morris Ankrum as Eugene Grayson
 * Lila Leeds as Receptionist
 * William Roberts as Artist
 * Kathleen Lockhart as Mrs. Grayson

The "actress" credited as playing Chrystal Kingsby, "Ellay Mort", is an inside joke, as the character is never seen in the film. The name is a homonym of the French "elle est morte," meaning "she is dead".

Production
Making Lady in the Lake was Robert Montgomery's idea. He had stood in as director for John Ford on They Were Expendable when Ford got sick, and he wanted to direct again. He convinced MGM to buy the rights to Chandler's latest novel, The Lady in the Lake, for which the studio paid a reported $35,000. Since Chandler had co-written the screenplay for Double Indemnity with Billy Wilder, for which he received an Academy Award nomination, and then had received another nomination for his script for The Blue Dahlia, Montgomery wanted Chandler to write the screenplay for Lady in the Lake. This resulted in the 195-page screenplay which has been called "remarkably bad". Montgomery then brought in Steve Fisher to completely re-write the screenplay. (Chandler and Fisher had both been writers for Black Mask magazine in the 1930s.) Fisher made major changes, such as re-setting the time of the film to the Christmas holiday, and dropping all the scenes which took place at the lake. Chandler objected to these changes, and was insulted that another writer was changing his story, but he still insisted that he be given a screenplay credit, until he saw the final result, when he demanded that his name be removed from the film.

Montgomery tried a technique that had often been talked about in Hollywood but never used in a major film: he used the camera as the protagonist of the film. Other characters talk directly to the camera. The voice of Marlowe is that of Montgomery, but his face is shown only in reflections. MGM objected to Montgomery's first-person idea, since it meant that the star of the film would only be seen infrequently; so the studio insisted that Montgomery film a prologue where Marlowe, in his office, explains what was happening; the setting was returned to briefly several times during the film, and at the end. Various techniques had to be devised to make the subjective camera look realistic. For instance, in order to simulate the protagonist walking, John Arnold, executive head of photography at MGM, developed a new kind of camera dolly, with four independent wheels, allowing the dolly to walk through doors and up stairs. A seat was also attached to the front of the dolly for Montgomery to sit in, so that the actors could see and play off of him as filming took place. For the fight scenes, Paul C. Vogel, the director of photography, used a modified Eyemo camera with a flexible shoulder harness.

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $1,812,000 in the US and Canada and $845,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $598,000.

Critical response
Reviews of the film were not appreciative of the new approach. Most critics gave the director credit for trying an experimental technique but felt that it was a "gimmick", and that the experiment had been a failure. Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, commending its first person perspective storytelling, but criticized its confusing plot and dated presentation.

Radio adaptation
Lux Radio Theater presented a 60-minute radio adaptation of the movie on February 9, 1948, with Montgomery and Totter reprising their roles. A recording of the production is available as a streaming audio.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lady in the Lake


text:
User talk:Explendido Rocha

Done/To do
=Done=
 * completed the templates for the 15 Soviet republics ( COAs still missing )
 * listed rouble and the USSR State motto in the 15 Union languages
 * ranked lists of

 * States of Australia
 * States of Austria
 * Departments of Bolivia
 * Provinces of Cuba
 * Counties of Denmark
 * Counties of Estonia
 * Regions of France
 * States of India
 * Regions of Italy
 * Counties of Ireland
 * States of Mexico
 * Provinces of the Netherlands
 * Counties of Norway
 * Departments of Paraguay
 * Provinces of South Africa
 * Counties of Sweden
 * States of Venezuela

=To do=
 * the name of the USSR in the 15 official languages

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Olá! Which Portuguese newspaper mentioned the Pedro Santana Lopes article?? :) Cumprimentos, muriel@pt 19:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Obrigada, muriel@pt 19:19, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Order of Soviet COAs and flags
Hi Explendido,

Could you explain more about the reason why ("Constitutional order") you have changed the display order of the coats of arms and flags of Soviet Union?

Saudações do Brasil,

--MaGioZal 4 July 2005 15:19 (UTC)

 * Claro que posso :-) It's the order by which the republics were mentioned in the Soviet Constitution, and in many official Soviet documents. It was quite frequent to mention the republics in that order. See List of Soviet Republics. --Explendido Rocha 4 July 2005 15:36 (UTC)

Blanking
Hello, Explendido Rocha. Please stop blanking Jose Castro. I understand you have strong opinions on this page. However, it's merely a redirect page, and the central article is not located under 'Jose Castro'. If someone without your knowledge on the topic were to research information on José Ribeiro e Castro, there is a chance that he or she would type in 'Jose Castro' and omit the remainder of his name. Rather than shoving that user with an existing page with no content (as blanking a page does not delete it), it would be better to be redirected to the correct page. Thanks, Sango  123  July 5, 2005 18:13 (UTC)

Cyrillic spelling
Please explain why you think Cyrillic names are so essential for articles on non-Russian towns? Should we flood all articles on Polish towns with Cyrillic spellings? And the articles on Indonesian towns with Japanese spellings? --Ghirlandajo 13:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Cyrillic is essential to many non-Russian towns - like those in the Ukraine and Belarus'. It is specially important for Tartu, since it isn't obvious what the Russian spelling of Yuryev is; besides, I don't see the point of mentioning its German name but not the Swedish, neither of presenting its former Russian names but not mentioning the current one. --Explendido Rocha 16:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Correio da Manhã
I think that the translation for Correio da Manhã should be Early Mail. I didn't want to change it before talking to you, though.
 * Regards, --Marco ✉ 16:29, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Onde é que eu tinha a cabeça naquele dia ... --Explendido Rocha 16:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Acontece... ;) --Marco ✉ 21:03, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Demographics of Yugoslavia
Hi Explendido Rocha,

It appears you are responsible for entering the first tables of demographics/population/area of the former Yugoslavia, back in 2005 (19 Sep 2005, 14:52). Your change (from the history page) is this link. Can you tell me the source of your data? Browsing, I just noticed that the numbers don't add up, and corrected % area of Serbia to 35.2% since 88,361km Serbia area divided by 250,790km total area is 35.2% not (the previous) 33.2%. And, since Serbia area is listed also in parts (Serbia proper, Vojvodina and Kosovo), adding these three confirms (well, is consistent with) the area number in km being right. However, I just noticed a further problem -- that the areas do not add up to the 250,790km total area of the country, but rather to closer to 255,000km (which incidentally is reported in other places as the area). At this point I don't want to make changes until actually finding the original source of the data as there appears to be more going on than just one typographical error.

Could you let me know where you got the data that you posted? I don't have a wikipedia account, but you can respond on your page here and I'll check back.

Regards,

Milos Popovic 14:48, 13 January 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.245.163.254 (talk)

=Convite= Olá Explendido Rocha! Não quererás participar nas discussões em curso em Talk:Timeline of the Muslim Occupation of Spain e Talk:Roman Spain? A questão que aí se coloca, como poderás ver, é a da utilização da palavra "Spain", com todo o que isso implica, para designar toda a Península Ibérica em qualquer momento da sua história. Participa como te aprover! The Ogre 11:13, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

=Soviet anthems= I saw that you changed alphabetic order of Template:Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics to some other. I would like to change it back because it's hard to find states the way you left it and it's unclear why you changed the order. Cheers! Renata3 18:42, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Hey, thank for lithuanian language :) You need some practise, but the babel list is seriously impressive! Anyway, about the anthems... I think for a person who is not familar with constitutional or any other order it's confusing. I am from Soviet Union myself (as you know ;)) and still don't know the order. So what to say about some American or Zimbabwian who just heard that such a thing as the Soviet Union existed? Alphabet - universal and most natural way. Don't you agree? :) Renata3 02:29, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't think that is such a big matter so to have a public vote. I guess you can leave it as is, just provide explanations why it's ordered like this. Because now it's confusing... Renata3 15:14, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

=Vasco da Gama=

An article that you've edited before (Vasco da Gama) is nominated for Article Improvement Drive. If you want go there and vote. Thanks. Gameiro 02:57, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Asking for support
Hello, since you are interested in Lithuania so I thought hat you might support our letter to Centre for Cartography, Vilnius University. We are asking to release their maps found at www.balticdata.info under GFDL licence so they could be used in articles about Lithuania. So far we got 14 people to "sign" it. The draft in very very rough English is available at user:Renata3/letter. If you decide to support it, I'll need just your first and last names together with your user name. You can leave it on my talk page or send it via email: just attact @gmail.com to my user name. Renata3 21:54, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Film-studio-stub
I noticed this new stub template you created. Normally new stubs are proposed and discussed at WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals, to ensure that there's enough stub articles (usually 60-100), and that it fits with the current hierarchy. Also, you didn't create the category the template links to...

The template is currently listed at WikiProject Stub sorting/Discoveries, if you wish to comment. --Mairi 04:29, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

O.S.
Aha ... I've kinda figured out how to use it, but thanks anyway :) Question, though: why you put the O.S. date in reverse (DD/MM)? Just curious. --Barbatus 09:23, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Occasionally, I add the O.S. date to an article which only has a N.S. date - and then I use the way I'm used to, which is DD/MM - so N.S. may appear MM/DD and O.S. DD/MM. I generally don't pay to much attention to that. --Explendido Rocha 09:36, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I see ... so you don't mind if I reverse it back, for consistency's sake? ... Thank you again for the useful template. I wander what other cool thingies you have in store? --Barbatus 10:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally prefer DD/MM/YY rather than MM/DD/YY, as suggested by an English lady who teaches translation. But I don't care that much. --Explendido Rocha 10:27, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As I was born and raised in Europe, it is my preference, too. Ten years in the States have taken their toll ... Anyhow, it is not about which way is better, but rather a matter of consistency: not mixing both forms in the same date. --Barbatus 11:48, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Our forum
Welcome to the Romanian Wikipedia notice board! This page is a portal for all Romanian-related topics and a place for Romanian editors to gather and socialize and debate. Discussions are encouraged, in both English and Romanian. Post any inquiry under their relevant cathegory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanian_Wikipedian%27s_notice_board

--Anittas 18:18, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

WPSU
Welcome to WPSU! :) Feel free to weigh in on the discussions on the talk page. - FrancisTyers 13:38, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

my RfA
Hi, Explendido

We have edited together a number of articles, can you look into my Requests for adminship/Alex Bakharev? abakharev 00:11, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Official names of the USSR
Hello Explendido Rocha, I would like to suggest you add some informations about the reason of the table dividing in Official names of the USSR article (separating SSR from ASSR languages ). It will prevent from further mistakes done by other Wikipedians and it could be also useful informative note :).

Best Regards, Visor 22:08, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Salazar?
Ich verstehe Deine Bemerkung nicht. Wieso erwähnst Du Salazar in dieser Diskussion? []

Hallo Explendido Rocha, vielen Dank für die Antwort in der Diskussion. Du meinst also die "azinheira" wäre als Metapher zu verstehen, und stände für Salazar? Interessante Ansicht, gibt es "Belege" für diese Meinung? --Sei Shonagon 02:24, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Currency box
Hi, I noticed that you have created a currency box template. I've always wanted to do that, but it was suspended for much difficulty. Please take a look at WikiProject_Numismatics/Sandbox. I just looked at it again, and I think it would be better if the exchange rate is removed from the info box, as it is Please let me know what you think. --Chochopk 10:54, 6 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) changing every day
 * 2) and there is already a much more detail template for that (Template:Exchange_Rate)

Template:OldStyleDate
Hi, I saw you created the template oldstyledate, as I know nothing of template creation, I'm unable to make any changes myself. But the template OldStyleDate should really confirm to the date settings in user preferences. Bfg 19:03, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

$$\sum \frac{\frac{A}{G}*\frac{A}{P}}{n_q}$$

Ginásio Clube Alcobaça
I've added the "prod" template to the article Ginásio Clube Alcobaça, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Ginásio Clube Alcobaça. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Gary van der Merwe (Talk) 11:25, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Blocked
You have been temporarily blocked for violation of the three-revert rule. Please feel free to return after the block expires, but also please make an effort to discuss your changes further in the future. Hús ö  nd  15:19, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

= Languages of the Soviet Union =

Hello. You have recently reverted a block of information about use of Cyrillic script in former Soviet republics because of what seemed a factual problem. The example given in that block was perhaps inappropriate (it seemed to suggest that Baltic countries actively used Cyrillic script before 1991, though that wasn't the intention), but rather than blanking the entire area, I'd appreciate if next time you'll just correct the single factual problem you have an issue with, and leave the other information intact. In any case, I'd suggest not marking such an edit as minor. Thanks. IgorSF 05:08, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * My objection is actually a bit larger: the article is languages of the Soviet Union, not languages of the post-Soviet states, and your additions confuse a already somewhat confusing line. The point is that those three languages can be considered to be artificially created in order to isolate those populations from the "mother" language, and it was helped by the existence of a separate alphabet. Considerations of what happened afterwards belong rather articles about the individual countries or languages. IMHO. --Explendido Rocha 09:37, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Paulo Gammaron Felipe
Quite right. No Google hits either. And it was created by a vandal. I see no need to AGF, but didn't want to speedy in case it's genuine. So I've prodded. --Dweller 15:58, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Portuguese notables
Hi, since you are Portuguese, could you help fill in some of the blanks as to who these people might be at List of notable Scouts? It's the only country where several are listed routinely without any explanation of who they are. I have tried to fill in where I can. Thanks! Chris 11:33, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The list comes from here, but those without description are virtually unknown figures - I personally never heard of them. --Explendido Rocha 15:16, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your help on this! Chris 22:29, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Edit to feta
Thanks for your edit to the feta article. A couple of questions. You are using angle brackets for quoting words e.g. "The name comes from...". I have not seen this style on WP before. Is there a new policy? The conventions I've been following are: Let me know what you think. --Macrakis 16:04, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * foreign word in text use italics: I like pastirma
 * words being discussed as words use double-quotes: The word "pastirma" is Turkish
 * glosses follow words in single quotes: döner kebab 'turning kebab'
 * Greek words are not italicized (this has been discussed and decided, but I don't have the ref)
 * pronunciations in IPA follow words in square brackets, with a reference to IPA if it's the first mention: πρόσφατος ['prosfatos]
 * transliterations (if needed) do not include accents: πρόσφατος (prosphatos)

 * I'm not using anything! My only change was using the "lang-el" template. --Explendido Rocha 16:11, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

=Ranked list of Norwegian counties= I have added a "" template to the article Ranked list of Norwegian counties, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. (I did not nominate for deletion - only notifying) User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 15:47, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

=Cup of Portugal=

It's not the first time that I see your arrogant behaviour in Wikipedia. Don't be persistent, you have been blocked in the past for your «politeness». What you call "tretas and lies" (portuguese for «bulshit») will be discussed in the proper public place, e.g. talkpage and not decided by your dictatorial "explêndido" person( portuguese for «splendid» - how humble!). Concerning the matter itself there is only one type of people with that view: F.C. Porto mindlock fanatics, the very people who have made people lose belief in any sports truth in Portugal. Not impersonating this statement, your birthplace gives a hint.

Regards --Richard George 05:13, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Leva a bicicleta. --Explendido Rocha 18:59, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I don't agree at all with Richard George's point of view, but in one thing he is right - this user is a fanatical pro-fcp anti-portugal flame-baiter - e mete a bicicleta onde te dê mais prazer.

 * I don't take lessons in Portugueseness from you, Richard George, Scolari and Madaíl. And take the bicycle too. --Explendido Rocha 20:44, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

=Hymn of the Soviet Union (other language versions)= This page is on Wiktonary now and it is now linked to the main article. It is linked by using the template at the bottom where it say "External links." I do not know why you wish to keep this page on the site if all it that is a collection of lyrics. From what I been told in the past, collections of lyrics and other source material is supposed to be sent there. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 06:24, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As I've said countless times, those versions are as official as the Russian one; so, they should be present. --Explendido Rocha 11:46, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

hi
Hi. I found you in categories of users who can contribute in English and Portuguese. I myself am a native speaker of English, but I'm well on my way to learning Portuguese. Just check out my user page and talk page, and join in any of the discussions. To keep updated, you can even put a watch on my user page, which will automatically watch my talk page. :-) learnportuguese (talk) 17:26, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:UEFA national football cups
A tag has been placed on Template:UEFA national football cups requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 20:48, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

People's Artist of Georgia
Hi; I'm looking for information on this award and noticed you created Category:People's Artists of Georgia. If you could, will you look at my question at Category talk:People's Artists of Georgia and answer there if you know the answer? Thanks. Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:30, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Ria Taza (newspaper)
I have nominated Ria Taza (newspaper), an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Ria Taza (newspaper). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. VG ☎ 08:40, 3 October 2008 (UTC) VG ☎ 08:40, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Yuri Rytkheu
Hello! Don't know if you're still interested in the subject, but you created the article, so I figured I'd let you know that I've bulked it out with information from the Russian article. Cheers! -Yupik (talk) 01:08, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Explendido Rocha! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 18 of the articles that you created  are  Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

 * 1) Carlos Carvalhas -
 * 2) Ferro Rodrigues -
 * 3) António Vitorino -
 * 4) Maria Barroso -
 * 5) Vítor Constâncio -
 * 6) Jerónimo de Sousa -
 * 7) Manuel Monteiro -
 * 8) Maria de Belém Roseira -
 * 9) Richard Bohringer -
 * 10) Bjarne Reuter -

11. Pavel Chukhrai 12. Joaquim de Almeida 13. Paulo Pires 14. Christian Noyer 15. Otmar Issing 16. Rolands Kalniņš 17. Leonor Maia 18. Rúben Pereira

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 16:47, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

People's Doctor of the USSR
My russian is very bad, and sometimes my attention too. Thanks for the correction!--Dimod61 (talk) 06:49, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Peter Praet

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Proposed deletion of Os Piores Portugueses

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Nomination of Os Piores Portugueses for deletion
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Nomination of Coats of arms of the Austrian states for deletion
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WikiProject Romania
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Egill Eðvarðsson
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July 2013
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title: User talk:Explendido Rocha


text:
Laguna Beach (disambiguation)

Laguna Beach, California is a city in Orange County, California, United States.

Laguna Beach may also refer to:
 * Laguna Beach, Florida, a town in Bay County, Florida
 * Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, a reality TV program that aired on MTV (2004–2006)
 * Lagoon-A-Beach, a water park in Laagoon amusement park in Farmington, Utah

title: Laguna Beach (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Gtru e

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 22:10, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gtru e


text:
Talk:Josep Bargalló

Old undated,unsigned comments
Removed this paragraph, which is totally POV and inaccurate, specially taking into accoun that the PNLC does not exist. Xevi 22:11, 26 May 2004 (UTC) -- ''Important figure of ERC (Catalan Independentist Movement), Josep Bargalló got himself in to the Prime Minister department of the powerful Catalan government. Assigned as the succesor of Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira, Bargalló has sustained the Catalan nationalism in the current government. Before that, he was minister of education.

''He is one of the most important ERC members in the Catalan government, along with Pere Esteve and Carod-Rovira, until he was forced to resign by Zapatero, leader of the Spanish Socialist Party in a maneuver that started a political storm in Catalonia, coming specially from the more nationalist organizations, mainly from the PNLC (Partit Nacionalista Liberal de Catalunya).

The ERC link is wrong. It goes to another place which is not the political party

Outdated
Tagged as outdated because as of 18 July 2011, Bargalló is at any rate not director of the IRL any more. AdeMiami (talk) 16:38, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josep Bargalló


text:
National Three Peaks Challenge

The National Three Peaks Challenge is an event in which participants attempt to climb the highest mountains of England, Scotland and Wales within 24 hours. It is frequently used to raise money for charitable organisations. Walkers climb each peak in turn, and are driven from the foot of one mountain to the next. The three peaks are: The total distance walked is estimated at 42 km or 44 km, with a total ascent of 9800 ft.
 * Ben Nevis / Beinn Nibheis (1345 m), the highest mountain in Scotland
 * Scafell Pike (978 m), the highest mountain in England
 * Snowdon / Yr Wyddfa (1085 m), the highest mountain in Wales

Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis (Beinn Nibheis) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands, close to the town of Fort William. It attracts an estimated 100,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which are made using the Pony Track from Glen Nevis on the south side of the mountain. For climbers and mountaineers the main attraction lies in the 700 m high cliffs of the north face; among the highest cliffs in the United Kingdom, they harbour some classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties, and are one of the principal locations in the UK for ice climbing.

The summit, at 1345 m above sea level, features the ruins of an observatory, which was continuously staffed between 1883 and 1904. The meteorological data collected during this period is still important for understanding Scottish mountain weather. Charles Thomson Rees Wilson was inspired to invent the cloud chamber after a period spent working at the observatory, for which he was joint winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927.

Scafell Pike

Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England at 978 m. It is located in Lake District National Park, in Cumbria.

Scafell Pike consists of igneous rock dating from the Ordovician geologically part of the Borrowdale Volcanics. The summit plateau of Scafell Pike, and that of other neighbouring peaks, is covered with shattered rock debris which provides the highest altitude example of a summit boulder field in England. The boulder field is thought to have been caused in part by weathering, such as frost action. Additional factors are also considered to be important, however opinion varies as to what these may be. Clifton Ward suggested that weathering with earthquakes as a secondary agent could be responsible, while J. E. Marr and R. A. Daly believed that earthquakes were unnecessary and suggested that frost action with other unspecified agents was more likely. To the north of the summit are a number of high altitude ghylls or ravines, containing streams which flow into Lingmell Beck. These are good examples in Cumbria for this type of stream, and are also biologically important due to their species richness.

Snowdon

Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa) is the highest mountain in Wales, at an altitude of 1085 m above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles outside Scotland. It is located in Snowdonia National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) in Gwynedd, and has been described as "probably the busiest mountain in Britain". It is designated as a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna.

The rocks that form Snowdon were produced by volcanoes in the Ordovician period, and the massif has been extensively sculpted by glaciation, forming the pyramidal peak of Snowdon and the arêtes of Crib Goch and Y Lliwedd. The cliff faces on Snowdon, including Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, are significant for rock climbing, and the mountain was used by Edmund Hillary in training for the 1953 ascent of Mount Everest.

Snowdon affords some of the best views in Britain, and the summit can be reached by a number of well-known paths. The summit can also be reached on the Snowdon Mountain Railway, a rack and pinion railway opened in 1896 which carries passengers the 4.7 mi from Llanberis to the summit station. The summit also houses a visitor centre called Hafod Eryri, opened in 2009 to replace one built in the 1930s.

The name Snowdon is from the Old English for "snow hill", while the Welsh name – Yr Wyddfa – means "the tumulus", which may refer to the cairn thrown over the legendary giant Rhitta Gawr after his defeat by King Arthur. As well as other figures from Arthurian legend, the mountain is linked to a legendary afanc (water monster) and the Tylwyth Teg (fairies).

Logistics
Ronald Turnbull argues that it makes sense to tackle the summits from north to south, starting at Ben Nevis in the evening, and ending at Snowdon the following day. This is because the descent of Ben Nevis is the easiest of the three to do in fading light, particularly the lower section below Lochan Meall an t-Suidhe ("Half-Way Lochan"), and because the night can be used for driving down the A74(M) and M74 motorways to Scafell Pike. This then entails climbing Scafell Pike early the following morning and driving to Snowdonia for the early afternoon, in order to climb Snowdon and descend again by the evening. Scafell Pike can be climbed either from the north side starting at Seathwaite (Borrowdale) or from the south side, starting at Wasdale Head. The Wasdale approach is a longer drive but provides a shorter walk. Snowdon is climbed from Pen-y-Pass, although an alternative descent leads to Llanberis, and takes an additional 15 minutes.

Each mountain is expected to take up to 5 hours to climb and descend for a "standard strong walker", and a total driving time of 10 hours allows an average speed of 65 mph on motorways and 50 - 55 mph on trunk roads and occasional comfort breaks and fuel stops.

Variations of the basic format have also been achieved, such as replacing the driving sections with the use of public transport, or sailing between the three peaks across the Irish Sea.

Environmental impact
There is some controversy about the environmental impact of the Three Peaks Challenge. In an editorial in the British Mountaineering Council's Summit magazine, Jill Hudson argues that the Three Peaks Challenge should be shunned as it costs charities more to clean up after participants than they raise by taking part. In 2011, Wanderlust magazine placed the challenge on a list of destinations in need of greater care, and that the numbers of participants should be limited. Organisers disagree, arguing that the 30,000 participants in the Three Peaks Challenge is small compared to the 250,000 who climb Snowdon annually. Since March 2010, the Fundraising Standards Board has acted as a centralised hub for complaints from the National Parks about groups engaged in the National Three Peaks Challenge.

title: National Three Peaks Challenge


text:
Stein am Rhein

Stein am Rhein (abbreviated as Stein a. R.) is a historic town and a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

The town's medieval centre retains the ancient street plan. The site of the city wall, and the city gates are preserved, though the former city wall now consists of houses. The medieval part of the town has been pedestrianised and many of the medieval buildings are painted with frescoes.

History
In or around 1007 Emperor Henry II moved St George's Abbey from its former location on the Hohentwiel in Singen to Stein am Rhein, at that time little more than a small fishing village on the Rhine. This was in order to strengthen his presence at this strategic point where major road and river routes intersected. He gave the abbots extensive rights over Stein and its trade so that they could develop it commercially. In this they were very successful, and Stein am Rhein rapidly became a prosperous town which in the 15th century was briefly granted reichsfrei status.

The Imperial abbey also prospered and in the 15th century completely rebuilt its premises, which remain as a significant example of late Gothic architecture in the region.

Under the Reformation, the abbey was secularised and its assets taken over by Zürich. Abbot von Winkelsheim negotiated a settlement with the Zürich authorities, whereby, although control of the abbey was handed over to them, he and the remaining monks would be allowed to remain on the premises until their deaths. However, Zürich suspected the abbot of collusion with the Habsburgs and locked him up in his new rooms. He was able to escape to Radolfzell, but died shortly after, in 1526.

On February 22, 1945, the town was bombed by the United States Air Force.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules St. George armoured Azure mulleted, haired and haloed Or riding a Horse Argent to sinister holding in sinister an escutcheon Argent cross Gules and in dexter a lance Or killing a Dragon Vert. This is a reference to the monastery of St. George in the town. The coat of arms bears similarity to Coat of arms of Moscow.

Geography
Stein am Rhein has an area,, of 6.05 km2. Of this area, 29.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 22% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (5.7%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

Demographics
Stein am Rhein has a population (as of ) of. In 2008 a total of 20.6% of the population were foreign nationals. Of the foreign population,, 38.6% are from Germany, 6.9% are from Italy, 3.2% are from Croatia, 12.8% are from Serbia, 10.8% are from North-Macedonia, 1.8% are from Turkey, and 25.8% are from other countries. Most of the population speaks German (89.2%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (2.5%) and Albanian being third (1.4%).

children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 21.5%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party, which received 42% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (33%) and the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland (24.9%).

About 75% of the population (between ages 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). , 1.65% of the population attend kindergarten or another pre-school, 5.66% attend a primary school, 3.08% attend a lower level secondary school, and 2.13% attend a higher level secondary school.

, 25.1% of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and 50.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Economy
Stein am Rhein has an unemployment rate of 1.74%. , there were 61 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 553 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 45 businesses in this sector. 856 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 172 businesses in this sector.

the mid year average unemployment rate was 2.1%. There were 217 non-agrarian businesses in the municipality and 38.6% of the (non-agrarian) population was involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 61.4% were involved in the third. At the same time, 71.1% of the working population was employed full-time, and 28.9% was employed part-time. There were 1552 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.1% of the workforce. there were 644 residents who worked in the municipality, while 714 residents worked outside Stein am Rhein and 625 people commuted into the municipality for work.

, there are 16 restaurants, and 10 hotels with 435 beds. The hospitality industry in Stein am Rhein employs 105 people.

Transport
Stein am Rhein railway station is situated on the opposite (southern) bank of the Rhine to the historic centre of the town, a walk of some 500 m. It is served by services to Schaffhausen, St. Gallen, and Winterthur, which run every 30 minutes. There are also busses to Singen, Frauenfeld and Radolfzell.

Culture
Stein am Rhein received the first Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage in 1972. The award noted that Stein am Rhein was nearly unique in Switzerland and rare in all of Europe for the number of notable buildings in a compact space. It also noted the excellent care with which the city was preserved.

Notable people

 * Mathias Gnädinger (1941–2015), a Swiss stage and film actor, lived in Stein am Rhein

Heritage sites of national significance
Stein am Rhein is home to several buildings that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. There are three churches on the list; the former monastery church of St. Georg, the former Benedictine monastery church of St. Georgen and the Castle Church (Kirche auf Burg). Burg Hohenklingen above the town, an older late-Roman castle and the city walls are also included on the list. In the old city there are six houses or municipal building that are on the inventory. The former Inn Rother Ochsen at Rathausplatz 9, Haus Neubu at Bärengass 7, Haus zum Lindwurm at Understadt 18, Haus zum Weissen Adler at Oberstadt 1, Haus zur Vorderen Krone at Rathausplatz 7 and the Town Hall at Rathausplatz 1 make up the rest of the inventory.

title: Stein am Rhein


text:
Grandval

Grandval (meaning great valley in French) may refer to:

People

 * Charles-François Racot de Grandval (1710–84), French actor and playwright
 * Clémence de Grandval (1828–1907), French composer
 * Randoald of Grandval (died 675), Swiss saint

Places

 * Grandval, Puy-de-Dôme, commune in Puy-de-Dôme, France
 * Grandval, Switzerland, municipality in Berne, Switzerland
 * Lac de Grandval, lake in Cantal, France

title: Grandval


text:
Coupling constant

In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter (or, more simply, a coupling), is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction. Originally, the coupling constant related the force acting between two static bodies to the "charges" of the bodies (i.e. the electric charge for electrostatic and the mass for Newtonian gravity) divided by the distance squared, $$r^2$$, between the bodies; thus: $G$ in $$F=G m_1 m_2/r^2$$ for Newtonian gravity and $$k_\text{e}$$ in $$F=k_\text{e}q_1 q_2/r^2$$ for electrostatic. This description remains valid in modern physics for linear theories with static bodies and massless force carriers.

A modern and more general definition uses the Lagrangian $$\mathcal{L}$$ (or equivalently the Hamiltonian $$\mathcal{H}$$) of a system. Usually, $$\mathcal{L}$$ (or $$\mathcal{H}$$) of a system describing an interaction can be separated into a kinetic part $$T$$ and an interaction part $$V$$: $$\mathcal{L}=T-V$$ (or $$\mathcal{H}=T+V$$). In field theory, $$V$$ always contains 3 fields terms or more, expressing for example that an initial electron (field 1) interacted with a photon (field 2) producing the final state of the electron (field 3). In contrast, the kinetic part $$T$$ always contains only two fields, expressing the free propagation of an initial particle (field 1) into a later state (field 2). The coupling constant determines the magnitude of the $$T$$ part with respect to the $$V$$ part (or between two sectors of the interaction part if several fields that couple differently are present). For example, the electric charge of a particle is a coupling constant that characterizes an interaction with two charge-carrying fields and one photon field (hence the common Feynman diagram with two arrows and one wavy line). Since photons mediate the electromagnetic force, this coupling determines how strongly electrons feel such a force, and has its value fixed by experiment. By looking at the QED Lagrangian, one sees that indeed, the coupling sets the proportionality between the kinetic term $$T = \bar \psi (i\hbar c \gamma^\sigma\partial_\sigma - mc^2) \psi - {1 \over 4\mu_0} F_{\mu \nu} F^{\mu \nu} $$  and the interaction term $$V =  - e\bar \psi (\hbar c \gamma^\sigma A_\sigma) \psi   $$.

A coupling plays an important role in dynamics. For example, one often sets up hierarchies of approximation based on the importance of various coupling constants. In the motion of a large lump of magnetized iron, the magnetic forces may be more important than the gravitational forces because of the relative magnitudes of the coupling constants. However, in classical mechanics, one usually makes these decisions directly by comparing forces. Another important example of the central role played by coupling constants is that they are the expansion parameters for first-principle calculations based on perturbation theory, which is the main method of calculation in many branches of physics.

Fine-structure constant
Couplings arise naturally in a quantum field theory. A special role is played in relativistic quantum theories by couplings that are dimensionless; i.e., are pure numbers. An example of a dimensionless such constant is the fine-structure constant,
 * $$\alpha = \frac{e^2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0\hbar c} ,$$

where $e$ is the charge of an electron, $ε_{0}$ is the permittivity of free space, $ħ$ is the reduced Planck constant and $c$ is the speed of light. This constant is proportional to the square of the coupling strength of the charge of an electron to the electromagnetic field.

Gauge coupling
In a non-abelian gauge theory, the gauge coupling parameter, $$g$$, appears in the Lagrangian as
 * $$\frac1{4g^2}{\rm Tr}\,G_{\mu\nu}G^{\mu\nu},$$

(where G is the gauge field tensor) in some conventions. In another widely used convention, G is rescaled so that the coefficient of the kinetic term is 1/4 and $$g$$ appears in the covariant derivative. This should be understood to be similar to a dimensionless version of the elementary charge defined as
 * $$\frac{e}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_0\hbar c}} = \sqrt{4\pi\alpha} \approx 0.30282212 \  .$$

Weak and strong coupling
In a quantum field theory with a coupling g, if g is much less than 1, the theory is said to be weakly coupled. In this case, it is well described by an expansion in powers of g, called perturbation theory. If the coupling constant is of order one or larger, the theory is said to be strongly coupled. An example of the latter is the hadronic theory of strong interactions (which is why it is called strong in the first place). In such a case, non-perturbative methods need to be used to investigate the theory.

In quantum field theory, the dimension of the coupling plays an important role in the renormalizability property of the theory, and therefore on the applicability of perturbation theory. If the coupling is dimensionless in the natural units system (i.e. $$c=1$$, $$\hbar=1$$), like in QED, QCD, and the weak interaction, the theory is renormalizable and all the terms of the expansion series are finite (after renormalization). If the coupling is dimensionful, as e.g. in gravity ($$[G_N]=\text{energy}^{-2}$$), the Fermi theory ($$[G_F]=\text{energy}^{-2}$$) or the chiral perturbation theory of the strong force ($$[F]=\text{energy}$$), then the theory is usually not renormalizable. Perturbation expansions in the coupling might still be feasible, albeit within limitations, as most of the higher order terms of the series will be infinite.

Running coupling
One may probe a quantum field theory at short times or distances by changing the wavelength or momentum, k, of the probe used. With a high frequency (i.e., short time) probe, one sees virtual particles taking part in every process. This apparent violation of the conservation of energy may be understood heuristically by examining the uncertainty relation
 * $$\Delta E\Delta t \ge \frac{\hbar}{2},$$

which virtually allows such violations at short times. The foregoing remark only applies to some formulations of quantum field theory, in particular, canonical quantization in the interaction picture.

In other formulations, the same event is described by "virtual" particles going off the mass shell. Such processes renormalize the coupling and make it dependent on the energy scale, μ, at which one probes the coupling. The dependence of a coupling g(μ) on the energy-scale is known as "running of the coupling". The theory of the running of couplings is given by the renormalization group, though it should be kept in mind that the renormalization group is a more general concept describing any sort of scale variation in a physical system (see the full article for details).

Phenomenology of the running of a coupling
The renormalization group provides a formal way to derive the running of a coupling, yet the phenomenology underlying that running can be understood intuitively. As explained in the introduction, the coupling constant sets the magnitude of a force which behaves with distance as $$1/r^2$$. The $$1/r^2$$-dependence was first explained by Faraday as the decrease of the force flux: at a point B distant by $$r$$ from the body A generating a force, this one is proportional to the field flux going through an elementary surface S perpendicular to the line AB. As the flux spreads uniformly through space, it decreases according to the solid angle sustaining the surface S. In the modern view of quantum field theory, the $$1/r^2$$ comes from the expression in position space of the propagator of the force carriers. For relatively weakly-interacting bodies, as is generally the case in electromagnetism or gravity or the nuclear interactions at short distances, the exchange of a single force carrier is a good first approximation of the interaction between the bodies, and classically the interaction will obey a $$1/r^2$$-law (note that if the force carrier is massive, there is an additional $r$ dependence). When the interactions are more intense (e.g. the charges or masses are larger, or $$r$$ is smaller) or happens over briefer time spans (smaller $$r$$), more force carriers are involved or particle pairs are created, see Fig. 1, resulting in the break-down of the $$1/r^2$$ behavior. The classical equivalent is that the field flux does not propagate freely in space any more but e.g. undergoes screening from the charges of the extra virtual particles, or interactions between these virtual particles. It is convenient to separate the first-order $$1/r^2$$ law from this extra $$r$$-dependence. This latter is then accounted for by being included in the coupling, which then becomes $$1/r$$-dependent, (or equivalently μ-dependent). Since the additional particles involved beyond the single force carrier approximation are always virtual, i.e. transient quantum field fluctuations, one understands why the running of a coupling is a genuine quantum and relativistic phenomenon, namely an effect of the high-order Feynman diagrams on the strength of the force.

Since a running coupling effectively accounts for microscopic quantum effects, it is often called an effective coupling, in contrast to the bare coupling (constant) present in the Lagrangian or Hamiltonian.

Beta functions
In quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the running of a coupling parameter, g. It is defined by the relation
 * $$\beta(g) = \mu\frac{\partial g}{\partial \mu} = \frac{\partial g}{\partial \ln \mu},$$

where μ is the energy scale of the given physical process. If the beta functions of a quantum field theory vanish, then the theory is scale-invariant.

The coupling parameters of a quantum field theory can flow even if the corresponding classical field theory is scale-invariant. In this case, the non-zero beta function tells us that the classical scale-invariance is anomalous.

QED and the Landau pole
If a beta function is positive, the corresponding coupling increases with increasing energy. An example is quantum electrodynamics (QED), where one finds by using perturbation theory that the beta function is positive. In particular, at low energies, α ≈ 1/137, whereas at the scale of the Z boson, about 90 GeV, one measures α ≈ 1/127.

Moreover, the perturbative beta function tells us that the coupling continues to increase, and QED becomes strongly coupled at high energy. In fact the coupling apparently becomes infinite at some finite energy. This phenomenon was first noted by Lev Landau, and is called the Landau pole. However, one cannot expect the perturbative beta function to give accurate results at strong coupling, and so it is likely that the Landau pole is an artifact of applying perturbation theory in a situation where it is no longer valid. The true scaling behaviour of $$\alpha$$ at large energies is not known.

QCD and asymptotic freedom

In non-abelian gauge theories, the beta function can be negative, as first found by Frank Wilczek, David Politzer and David Gross. An example of this is the beta function for quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and as a result the QCD coupling decreases at high energies.

Furthermore, the coupling decreases logarithmically, a phenomenon known as asymptotic freedom (the discovery of which was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004). The coupling decreases approximately as
 * $$ \alpha_\text{s}(k^2) \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{g_\text{s}^2(k^2)}{4\pi} \approx \frac1{\beta_0\ln\left({k^2}/{\Lambda^2}\right)},$$

where $$ k $$ is the energy of the process involved and β0 is a constant first computed by Wilczek, Gross and Politzer.

Conversely, the coupling increases with decreasing energy. This means that the coupling becomes large at low energies, and one can no longer rely on perturbation theory. Hence, the actual value of the coupling constant is only defined at a given energy scale. In QCD, the Z boson mass scale is typically chosen, providing a value of the strong coupling constant of αs(MZ2 ) = 0.1179 ± 0.0010. In 2023 Atlas measured αs(MZ2) = 0.1183 ± 0.0009 the most precise so far. The most precise measurements stem from lattice QCD calculations, studies of tau-lepton decay, as well as by the reinterpretation of the transverse momentum spectrum of the Z boson.

QCD scale
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the quantity Λ is called the QCD scale. The value is $$\Lambda_{\rm MS} = 332\pm17\text{ MeV}$$ for three "active" quark flavors, viz when the energy–momentum involved in the process allows production of only the up, down and strange quarks, but not the heavier quarks. This corresponds to energies below 1.275 GeV. At higher energy, Λ is smaller, e.g. $$\Lambda_{\rm MS} = 210\pm14 $$ MeV above the bottom quark mass of about 5 GeV. The meaning of the minimal subtraction (MS) scheme scale ΛMS is given in the article on dimensional transmutation. The proton-to-electron mass ratio is primarily determined by the QCD scale.

String theory
A remarkably different situation exists in string theory since it includes a dilaton. An analysis of the string spectrum shows that this field must be present, either in the bosonic string or the NS–NS sector of the superstring. Using vertex operators, it can be seen that exciting this field is equivalent to adding a term to the action where a scalar field couples to the Ricci scalar. This field is therefore an entire function worth of coupling constants. These coupling constants are not pre-determined, adjustable, or universal parameters; they depend on space and time in a way that is determined dynamically. Sources that describe the string coupling as if it were fixed are usually referring to the vacuum expectation value. This is free to have any value in the bosonic theory where there is no superpotential.

title: Coupling constant


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Talk:Studying

From VfD
Votes for deletion/Studying

Consensus was to make Study into a disambiguation page and to redirect both Studying and Studies to it. Rossami 22:25, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Studying


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Providence (American TV series)

Providence is an American medical drama television series that was created by John Masius and ran on NBC from January 8, 1999 to December 20, 2002, airing 96 episodes over the course of five seasons.

Synopsis
The show revolves around Dr. Sydney Hansen (Melina Kanakaredes), who leaves her glamorous job as a plastic surgeon for the rich in Beverly Hills so she can return to her hometown of Providence, Rhode Island, and be with her family. Sydney lives with her father Jim (Farrell), brother Robbie (Peterson), sister Joanie (Cale), and Joanie's baby Hannah in a large home in suburban Providence that also houses her father's veterinary clinic. Sydney's mother Lynda (Tomei) dies in the first episode but continues to appear to Sydney as a spirit, to offer advice.

The show ends rather abruptly, with a two-part wedding episode. NBC called this Providence "winter finale," fully expecting to bring it back in the spring or autumn of 2003, but these plans were eventually scrapped when some cast members, including Melina Kanakaredes, opted out of returning for a sixth season.

Main

 * Dr. Sydney "Syd" Hansen (Melina Kanakaredes) – A high-profile plastic surgeon who returns home for her sister's wedding. Unfortunately, her mother dies before the ceremony begins. Syd returns to Los Angeles, only to find her boyfriend cheating on her with a man. She ultimately decides to move back home to Providence to help her family, and she takes a job at a free clinic that she later ends up running. While struggling with her new specialty of family medicine while helping her family, she tries to rebuild her love life, without much luck until season 5.
 * Joan "Joanie" Hansen (Paula Cale) – Sydney's younger sister and single mother of young Hannah. Her mother's death interrupts her wedding and, after giving birth to Hannah, she decides not to marry Hannah's father, Richie. An optimistic woman, Joanie assists her father in his practice until she discovers that her cooking, while unpalatable for humans, is a delicacy for dogs, and she opens a delicatessen bakery for dogs. Her love life, however, is as complicated as her older sister's. Though loyal to her family, Joanie often feels overshadowed by Syd's accomplishments, and they quibble frequently. Joanie senses that her parents, especially her father, tend to favor Syd, so she decides to take over as her father's caregiver after he survives a near-fatal gunshot head wound that was intended for his dog, Fearless. Joanie often makes Syd feel guilty about having her own life and priorities, but as she later learns, it stems from extreme envy. While Joanie admires her sister, she finds herself resenting her sister's sense of freedom.
 * Robert "Robbie" Hansen (Seth Peterson) – Syd's younger brother. A charming bad boy who manages a pub and is a gambling addict. After much trouble, he finally settles down when he marries Tina, a divorced mother of one, Pete, and later has a son with her, Nicholas "Nick" Hansen.
 * Lynda Hansen (Concetta Tomei) – Sydney, Joanie, and Robbie's overbearing mother. She dies before her pregnant daughter's wedding service, and afterwards appears only to Syd in dreams, giving her (often unsolicited) advice.
 * Dr. Jim Hansen (Mike Farrell) – Sydney, Joanie, and Robbie's father, a warmhearted veterinarian who runs a clinic in his basement and who occasionally relates better to animals than to people.
 * Dr. Helen Reynolds (Leslie Silva) – Syd's friend and head of the free clinic in Season 1. Afterwards, she returns to her hometown, leaving the clinic in Sydney's hands.

Recurring

 * Kyle Moran (Tom Verica) – Syd's old high-school sweetheart.
 * Lily Gallagher (Nicki Aycox) – A troubled teenage girl whom Syd took in to provide her with a better life. While getting her life straightened out, she was called on by her drug dealing ex-boyfriend and killed in a car accident during a high-speed police chase.
 * Heather Tupperman (Dana Daurey) – Jim's assistant in his veterinary clinic.
 * Izzy Nunez (Samaria Graham) – Syd's physician assistant in the free clinic.
 * Burt Ridley (Jon Hamm) – A firefighter who dated Joanie after saving her from a kitchen fire.
 * Tina Calcaterra (Maria Pitillo) – The divorced mother of Pete who met Robbie during one of Pete's hockey games. She later married Robbie, and she gave birth to a son, Nicholas "Nick" Hansen.
 * Pete Calcaterra (Alex D. Linz) – Tina's son from a previous marriage who later becomes Robbie's stepson.
 * Graham Hollings (Alastair Duncan) – A reclusive lighthouse keeper with a badly scarred face whom Syd tends for an injury and later convinces him to undergo plastic surgery to fix his face.
 * Dr. Sam Magala (Cress Williams) – A veterinarian who fills for Jim while he recovers from a gunshot injury to his brain.
 * Owen Frank (George Newbern) – A lawyer who helped Syd on her malpractice suit. He later began dating Syd, and they got married in the two-part series finale.

Production
Each episode of the series cost $1.5 million.

Crew
John Masius created the series. Regular writers include Masius, Mike Kelley, Carol Barbee, Elle Triedman, Robert De Laurentiis, Robert Fresco, Tim Kring, Jennifer M. Johnson, and Ann Lewis Hamilton.

Theme song
In the United States and in Canada, the theme song was "In My Life", a cover of the Beatles song performed by Chantal Kreviazuk. Internationally and on the DVD release, the theme song was "You Make Me Home", composed by Tim Truman and performed by Angelica Hayden.

Home media
The Providence Collection, a collection of 12 episodes from the show, was released on DVD in 2004 by Lions Gate Home Entertainment (under license by NBC Entertainment). The four discs contained the following episodes: "Pilot", "Home Again", "Tying the Not", "The Letter", "Don't Go Changin'", "The Thanksgiving Story", "Falling", "Best Man", "Act Naturally", "A New Beginning", "Eye of the Storm", "The Eleventh Hour".

The release contained several bonus features, including an introduction by creator John Masius, commentaries by Melina Kanakaredes, Paula Cale, Mike Farrell, Michael Fresco, Seth Peterson, Concetta Tomei, Monica Wyatt, and creator John Masius on selected episodes. A gag reel with outtakes and bloopers, and a retrospective documentary featuring new interviews with the cast, creators, and special guests.

Reruns were shown on Fox Family Channel, Lifetime, Lifetime Real Women, and in local syndication on weekends during the 2003-04 season. Currently, the show is run on syndication on Start TV.

title: Providence (American TV series)


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Talk:Hittite

Does anyone else understand the beginning of this article? Seems to me the folk tale should be removed leaving just the disambiguation section. Anyone agree? The Singing Badger 22:31, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes I agree. Better just go to the 'Hittites' article - Jason Lamar

title: Talk:Hittite