text:
Talk:Activity theory

PLEASE MAKE THIS PAGE MORE PRACTICAL.
I would like to highlight that some people who are coming here to read about activity theory have no idea what it is. Even if they do it is useful to give them a point of view that encourages learning by explaining the theory prior to discussion of its origins and background. Perhaps more emphasis should be placed on discussing the practical applications and ideas of activity theory. What I see so far doesn't seem helpful to anyone who doesn't know anything. Weissdom (talk) 22:27, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Responding to this three years later by overhauling the entire page. Hope this helps! Stephaniebeth (talk) 03:09, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

This is a great introductory article, but I would love to see it developed more. I'm in a rhetoric/composition PhD program, and some of my peers and I are currently looking into editing/revising/adding to Wikipedia articles related to our areas of interest. I'm currently learning about AT (and loving it), and I see quite a few familiar things here; but I'm also not seeing a lot of important aspects of AT, as well as important sources. I'll try to help! Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:46, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

I just published the new merged article, based on the original AT article here and the Scandinavian AT, which used to be separate. This is still a work in progress—many of the components moved here from the Scandinavian AT article need citations. I'll be working on this over the next few weeks. Please feel free to do so yourself as well. Thanks! Elmarhashimov (talk) 22:40, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Various editing issues
It's a start. Someone who knows more about the subject can take it from here. (I did the original text; I just forgot to login first).

I am trying to learn about AT, and this page offers no general descriptive introduction to the main ideas and so was not helpful to me. Just a constructive opinion! Keep editing! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.200.132.48 (talk) 05:41, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

The transliteration of the names varies between treatments. I make no claim to knowledge of the Russian language. M.e 09:43, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

The transliteration of the names is an interesting issue. Russian is my native language, so maybe I can help. I can also help with the pronunciation (perhaps, by adding an IPA transcription?—that seems to be a cool Wikipedian convention). Also, the original Russian names throughout the article would be helpful, too (I can help with that as well). Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:49, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Also, in paragraph 2 it says that AT is great for ethnographic research. I would go even further and say that it's great for any kind of rich qualitative studies. I can pull some stuff from Nardi for that as well. Also, there's nothing really here about AT as a theoretical framework for research, as methodology. I'll get on that soon... Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:57, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

General observation: the article could use more citations and more references/sources. Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:57, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Finally (for now...haha), there needs to be a section on professional and technical writing and writing studies at large, as they draw a lot from AT. Some key terminology is missing, too—practices, operations, types of activity, etc. And where are the activity triangles? I'm on it... :) Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:57, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Sergei Rubinstein is not the author attributed to the work with Vygotsky and Leont'ev, it is A.R. Luria. You can verify with CRADLE, who are the experts on AT and this work. (sorry first time user at correcting, so not sure if it is in the right place or doing the comment correctly). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sharplecturer (talk • contribs) 14:14, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

Activity theory and Consciousness
I removed the statement that "because of this, Activity Theory has nothing to say about consciousness, as the term is generally used" (in the information theory section). There are several different meanings of 'consciousness'; if AT wants to use one of them, that's fine. m.e. 1 July 2005 14:03 (UTC)

Hi M.e., whoever you are. I saw your page and got mad at its partisanship and historical inaccuracy. This stimulated me to begin adding to it. If you do a search on systemic structural activity theory you'll find my wenb pages; I'm based in Wales, UK. Get in touch if you object to what I've done, want to discuss things further, whatever...

 * Just in case: the founder of the theory, Leontiev wrote a book that happens to be called Activity, Consciousness, and Personality; it does have to say quite a lot about consiousneess, indeed :) ... Btw, if interested, feel free to check out also this one: Activity and Consciousness. Both are available @ www.marxists.org... Yasya 04:54, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Consciousness is actually a basic component of AT, as Vygotsky's notion "unity of consciousness" is integral. Stephaniebeth (talk) 03:12, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

I agree with Yasya and Stephaniebeth. There's plenty of stuff on consciousness in Nardi as well. I'll pull some of that and add to the article in the near future. Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:51, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Discussing the bias of the article: Scandinavian vs. Soviet (post-Vygotskian) traditions
Just a thought: I guess, the article as it is presented now, 14:20, 9 May 2006 (UTC), is strongly biased towards the Scandinavian school and some computer related stuff, whereas, I believe, it has always been a) a purely psychological theory and b) predominantly associated with such names as Leontiev, Luria, Zaporozhets, Galperin, Zinchenko (both P.I. and V.P.), Elkonin, Davydov, and many-many others, in other words, the Soviet, or rather, post-Vygotskian tradition. I guess, such presentation of activity theory is unfortuantely quite misleading, not to say, confusing. Yasya 14:20, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, well, I'm still trying to get my head around activity theory, but I see what you're saying. So, how do you propose continuing? Do you think we should write more about its Soviet background or cut out some of the Scandinavian school or computer-related info? It may be an idea to break the article up into subarticles - though I'm not sure how desirable this would be. Please feel free to edit the article in an overall structural sense - not just the adding of info - I also think it is necessary. Cormaggio @ 18:21, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I have been thinking about the issue for a while and here is what I would suggest.
 * The whole article should be divided into two (at least) part, where the original Activity theory article should be about the psychological (developmental) school developed mostly in the countries of the former USSR (to the best of my knowledge, mainly in Russia and Ukraine, perhaps, also partly in Georgia). This school of thought is directly related with such figures as Vygotsky, Leontiev, Luria, the work of the Kharkov school and many others.
 * Then I believe we should create another article, e.g. Scandinavian activity theory that would deal with the work of Swedish, Finnish and other related schools of psychology. The whole issue of computer-related info, I guess, belongs here. Both articles should be cross referenced. Yasya 04:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

The issues of periodization, disciplinary and geographical borders
Yes, these are all great points. Also, what about American activity theory? American professional and technical writing scholars, and some rhetoric/composition scholars as of late, have generated a good amount of scholarship on AT. I'll look into this as well... Elmarhashimov (talk) 19:53, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Curiously enough, I have had no idea of AT application in the field of rhetorics and composition. This initially innocent entry is growing into something really huge, which might be quite interesting. But please make sure that you clearly indicate the historical phases and geographical locales since, I am most certain, all these issues matter a lot. Thus, I doubt the originators of the whole thing, Rubinstein and Leontiev, would recognize their ideas in the later developments, either in Scandinavia or the US, or anywhere else outside the Soviet Union. I guess, by the end of his life Leontiev (i.e. A.N.) did not really associate himself with the bunch of stuff that was being done back then in the USSR under the banner of "activity theory" in psychology in the Soviet Union--not to mention a totally sick idea of applying it beyond the confines of discipline or abroad :). (References available upon request). Good luck with editing anyway!--Yasya (talk) 16:24, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

Scandinavian activity theory
I did it! All the non-Soviet stuff was moved to the article Scandinavian activity theory. This, present article, on the other hand, is supposed to deal with the enourmously reach tradition of a) Soviet and post-Soviet b) psychological and educational research within the tradition of Leont'ev and, in some sense, Vygotsky. Suggestions and improvements are more than welcome :)... Yasya 04:55, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Citation issues
I lifted this list of sources from the Scandinavian AT article I merged here. None of these were properly cited. Not sure how to go about incorporating these as citations throughout the text here. See the list of uncited references below. Elmarhashimov (talk) 22:49, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Bærentsen, K. (2000). Intuitive user interfaces. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 12, pp. 29-60.
 * Bærentsen, K. B. & Trettvik, J. (2002). An Activity Theory Approach to Affordance. In NordiCHI 2002, Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 19 October-23 October 2002, Aarhus, Denmark, pp. 51-60.
 * Bannon, L. (1991). From Human Factors to Human Actors: The Role of Psychology and Human-Computer Interaction Studies in Systems Design. In J. Greenbaum & M. Kyng (eds.), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 25-44.
 * Bannon, L. and Bødker, S. (1991) Beyond the Interface: Encountering Artifacts in Use. Book Chapter in J.M. Carroll (Ed.) Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface, New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 227-253.
 * Bardram, J. E. & Bertelsen, O. W. (1995). Supporting the Development of Transparent Interaction. In Blumenthal, B., Gornostaev, J. & Unger, C. (Eds.). Human-Computer Interaction. 5th International Conference, EWHCI `95 Moscow, Russia, July 1995. Selected Papers. Berlin: Springer Verlag (LNCS 1015), pp. 79-90.
 * Beguin, P. & Rabardel, P. (2000). Designing for instrument mediated activity, Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 12, pp. 173-190.
 * Bertelsen, O. & Bødker, S. Activity theory (2002). HCI Models, Theories and Frameworks (ed. John Carroll). Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 291-324.
 * Bødker, S. & K. Grønbæk (1996). Users and Designers in Mutual Activity- an analysis of cooperative activities in systems design. In Engeström, Y. & Middleton D. (Eds.). Cognition and Communication at Work, Cambridge University Press, pp. 130-158.
 * Bødker, S. (1991). Through the Interface – a Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991.
 * Bødker, S. (1993). Historical analysis and conflicting perspectives - contextua¬lizing HCI. In Bass, L., Gornostaev, J. & Unger, C. (Eds.). Human-Computer interaction. 3rd International Conference, EWHCI '93, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 753, pp.1-10.
 * David F. Redmiles (ed). Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Special Issue on Activity Theory and the Practice of Design. 11(1-2), 2002. Also see Activity Theory and the Practice of Design.
 * Ehn, P., & Kyng, M. (1984). A tool perspective on design of interactive computer support for skilled workers. In M. Sääksjärvi (Ed.), Proceedings from the Seventh Scandinavian Research Seminar on Systemeering. Helsinki: Helsinki Business School, 1984, pp. 211–242.
 * Engeström, Yrjö (1987). Learning by Expanding: An Activity - Theoretical Approach to Developmental Research.
 * Greif, S. (1991). The role of German work psychology in the design of artifacts. In J. Carroll (Ed.). Designing Interaction: Psychological Theory of the Human-Computer Interface.
 * Hydén, L.-C. (1981). Psykologi och Materialism. Introduktion till den materialistiska psykologin, Prisma. (In Swedish. Psychology and Materialism. An Introduction to materialistic psychology)
 * Kaptelinin, V. (1996). Computer-mediated activity: functional organs in social and developmental contexts. In Nardi, B. A. (ed.), Context and consciousness: activity theory and human-computer interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
 * Korpela, M., Soriyan, HA, Olufokunbi, KC (2000). Activity analysis as a method for information systems development, . Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 12, pp.191-210.
 * Kuutti, K. (1996). Activity theory as a potential framework for human-computer interaction research. In Nardi, B. A. (ed.), Context and consciousness: activity theory and human-computer interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
 * Leont'ev, A. Problems of the development of mind. English translation, Progress Press, 1981, Moscow. (Russian original 1947).
 * Leont'ev, A. Activity, Consciousness, and Personality
 * Nardi, Bonnie A. (ed.). Context and consciousness: activity theory and human-computer interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
 * Plowman, L., Rogers, Y. & Ramage, M. (1995). What Are Workplace Studies For? Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, p.309-324
 * Raeithel, A. (1992). An activity-theoretical foundation for design. In Budde, R., Floyd, C., Keil-Slawik, R. & Züllighoven, H. (Eds.). Software Development and Reality Construction, Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 391-415.
 * Raeithel, A. (1996) From coordinatedness to Coordination via Cooperation and Co-construction. Paper presented at Workshop on Work and Learning in Transition, San Diego, January 1996.
 * Star, S.L. (1996). Working together: symbolic interactionism, activity theory, and information systems. In Engeström, Y. & Middleton D. (Eds.). Cognition and Communication at Work, Cambridge University Press, pp. 296-318.
 * Timpka, T. & Sjöberg, C. (1994). Voices in design: The dynamics of participatory information systems, Trigg, R., Anderson, S.I. & Dykstra-Ericson, E. (Eds.). PDC’94: Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference, Palo Alto, CA: CPSR/ACM, 1994, pp. 75-86
 * Verenikina, I. & ldquo;Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Theory;. In Hasan, H., Gould, E. and Hyland, P. (Eds) Information systems and activity theory: tools in context, 7–18. University of Wollongong Press, 1998, Wollongong.

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Lead is wall of text
My eyes refused to track past the first paragraph. I ended up getting a more useful summary from:

 * http://www.artifex.org/~bonnie/

It takes a stout wall to make my eyes go on hunger strike. Probably some sound material here, but could it not be made more inviting? — MaxEnt 22:09, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I realize this is a blunt tool, but I pasted the lead into an online Gunning fog index calculator and got scores of 20, 22, and 21 for the three paragraphs, where 17 is college graduate, and each increment represents another year of education. "Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12." — MaxEnt 22:16, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

" Leont'ev also argued that the activity in which a person is involved is reflected in their mental activity, that is (as he puts it) material reality is "presented" to consciousness, but only in its vital meaning or significance." ???? What does this mean? Is this even English? Avinatbezeq (talk) 16:52, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Ball State University supported by Rhetoric and Composition and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Q2 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:52, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Activity theory


text:
Polly Toynbee

Mary Louisa "Polly" Toynbee (born 27 December 1946) is a British journalist and writer. She has been a columnist for The Guardian newspaper since 1998.

She is a social democrat and was a candidate for the Social Democratic Party in the 1983 general election. She now broadly supports the Labour Party, although she was critical of its left-wing leader, Jeremy Corbyn.

Toynbee previously worked as social affairs editor for the BBC and also for The Independent newspaper. She is vice-president of Humanists UK, having previously served as its president between 2007 and 2012. She was named Columnist of the Year at the 2007 British Press Awards. She became a patron of right-to-die organization My Death My Decision in 2021.

Background
Toynbee was born at Yafford on the Isle of Wight, the second daughter of the literary critic Philip Toynbee by his first wife Anne Barbara Denise (1920-2004), daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel George Powell, of the Grenadier Guards.

Her grandfather was the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, her grandmother was Rosalind Murray, and her great-grand uncle the philanthropist and economic historian Arnold Toynbee, after whom Toynbee Hall in the East End of London is named. Her parents divorced when Toynbee was aged four and she moved to London with her mother, who married the philosopher Richard Wollheim.

Toynbee attended Badminton School, a private girls' school in Bristol, leaving with 4 O-levels, which she describes as 'bad'. She then attended Holland Park School, a state comprehensive school in London, where she took the missing O-levels, passed one A-level, and obtained a scholarship to Oxford University to read history at St Anne's College. .

She had a teenage affair and became pregnant. Despite pressure from the father's family, and having visited his student sister (mother of the infant Boris Johnson) in Oxford, they decided to separate, and she took illegal abortion-inducing pills. They remained 'remote' friends.

She dropped out of university after eighteen months, which she regrets, as she was told by her tutor she would. She has variously attributed this to having an affair with a married TV presenter, to having her first novel published in her first term at Oxford, to the pressure of her scholarship and family expectations, and to taking up with Jeremy Sandford.

During her gap year, in 1966, she had worked for Amnesty International in Rhodesia (which had just unilaterally declared independence) until she was expelled by the government. She published her first novel, Leftovers, in 1966. Following her expulsion from Rhodesia, Toynbee revealed the existence of the "Harry" letters, which detailed the alleged funding of Amnesty International in Rhodesia by the British government.

After Oxford, she found work in a factory and a burger bar, hoping to write in her spare time. She later said: "I had a loopy idea that I could work with my hands during the day and in the evening come home and write novels and poetry, and be Tolstoy... But I very quickly discovered why people who work in factories don't usually have the energy to write when they get home." She went into journalism, working on the diary at The Observer, and turned her eight months of experience in manual work (along with "undercover" stints as a nurse and an Army recruit) into the book A Working Life (1970).

Career
Toynbee worked for many years at The Guardian, before joining the BBC, where she was social affairs editor (1988–1995). At The Independent, which she joined after leaving the BBC, she was a columnist and associate editor, working with then editor Andrew Marr. She later rejoined The Guardian. She has also written for The Observer and the Radio Times; at one time she was an editor for the Washington Monthly.

Following in the footsteps of Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed (2001), in 2003 she published Hard Work: Life in Low-pay Britain about an experimental period voluntarily living on the minimum wage, which was £4.10 per hour at the time. She worked as a hospital porter in a National Health Service hospital, a dinner lady in a primary school, a nursery assistant, a call-centre employee, a cake factory worker and a care home assistant, during which time she contracted salmonella. The book is critical of conditions in low pay jobs in Britain. She also contributed an introduction to the UK edition of Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America.

Currently Toynbee writes for The Guardian, and serves as President of the Social Policy Association. She is chair of the Brighton Festival and deputy treasurer of the Fabian Society.

Political history and opinions
Toynbee has written about her privilege in the British class system, saying that all her family "lived on the left ... locked in combat with the ... forces of conservatism", but were clearly members of a privileged class. Toynbee did badly at school as she was "too rebellious to work, too angry to obey, too impatient to get out of there"; she attributed her gaining an Oxford scholarship to its "heavily class-biased exam" being designed "to reward people of exactly my background". After deliberately taking on menial jobs, she took a job that led to her becoming a journalist, something she had never intended.

Toynbee is a member of the Labour Party. She and her first husband, Peter Jenkins (from 1970), were supporters of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) breakaway from Labour in 1981, both signing the Limehouse Declaration. Toynbee stood for the party at the 1983 general election for Lewisham East, garnering 9351 votes (22%) and finishing third. She was one of the few SDP members who believed in unilateral nuclear disarmament, founding an unsuccessful group "Unilateralists for Social Democracy". She later refused to support the subsequent merger of the SDP with the Liberals (to form the Liberal Democrats), reacting instead by rejoining Labour only after the rump 'continuing SDP', led by David Owen, collapsed in 1990.

In 1995, Toynbee criticised Metropolitan Police Commissioner Paul Condon's comments that 80% of mugging cases were committed by black people, stating that it was "an over-simplification that is seriously misleading". She approvingly quoted academic researcher Michael Keith, who said: "If you were to standardise for everything else – education, unemployment, housing estates, life chances – race on its own would have virtually no significance."

In a 2002 debate hosted by the Royal Society of Arts and Prospect magazine, Toynbee argued that the West should pursue liberal internationalism by intervening through the United Nations to promote democracy around the world: "Spreading people's right to self-determination, and their right to think and vote for themselves, is a moral obligation… We should be intervening now in the Congo and Sudan."

Toynbee strongly supports state education, though she had two of her three children partly educated in the private sector, leading to accusations of hypocrisy. Although consistently critical of many of Tony Blair's New Labour reforms, she wrote in 2005 that his government "remains the best government of my political lifetime". During the 2005 General Election, with dissatisfaction high among traditional Labour voters, Toynbee wrote several times about the dangers of protest voting, "Giving Blair a bloody nose". She urged Guardian readers to vote with a clothes peg over their nose if they had to, to make sure Michael Howard's Conservatives would not win thanks to vote splitting. "Voters think they can take a free hit at Blair while assuming Labour will win anyway. But Labour won't win if people won't vote for it." In December 2006, Greg Clark (a former SDP member, later to be a Conservative minister) claimed Toynbee should be an influence on the modern Conservative Party, causing a press furore. Reacting to this, Conservative leader David Cameron said he was impressed by one metaphor in her writings – of society being a caravan crossing a desert, where the people at the back can fall so far behind they are no longer part of the tribe. He added, "I will not be introducing Polly Toynbee's policies." Toynbee expressed some discomfort with this embrace, adding, "I don't suppose the icebergs had much choice about being hugged by Cameron either." In response to the episode, Boris Johnson, at the time a Conservative MP and journalist who had been severely criticised by Toynbee, rejected any association with Toynbee's views, writing that she "incarnates all the nannying, high-taxing, high-spending schoolmarminess of Blair's Britain. Polly is the high priestess of our paranoid, mollycoddled, risk-averse, airbagged, booster-seated culture of political correctness and 'elf 'n' safety fascism".

Having advocated for Gordon Brown to succeed Blair as prime minister, Toynbee continued to endorse him in the early part of his premiership. By spring 2009 she had become sharply critical of Brown, arguing that he had failed to introduce the social-democratic policies he promised, and was very poor at presentation too. She subsequently called for his departure, voluntary or otherwise. In the European Elections of June 2009 she advocated a vote for the Liberal Democrats. During the 2010 general election she advocated a tactical vote for whichever candidate was best able to keep the Conservatives out of power.

In October 2010, Toynbee was criticised for an article in The Guardian in which she said the government's benefits changes would drive many poor people out of London and could be seen as a "final solution" for their situation. Some people interpreted this as a reference to the Nazis, which Toynbee said was not her intention. A Press Complaints Commission report in the matter ruled the comments were "insensitive", but did not breach any rules as the organisation's remit does not cover matters of taste and offence. She later apologised for using the term.

Toynbee has been described as "the queen of leftist journalists", and in 2008 topped a poll of 100 "opinion makers", carried out by Editorial Intelligence. She was also named the most influential columnist in the UK. Andrew Marr has said that "[w]hat makes her stand out as a journalist is not only her strong views but also her ferocious appetite for research. In a media world in which too many media columnists simply voice their top-of-the-head opinions, Polly always arrives heavily armed with hard facts".

With her partner, former Social Affairs editor of The Guardian David Walker (Peter Jenkins died in 1992), Toynbee co-authored two books reviewing the successes and failures of New Labour in power. In Unjust Rewards (2008) they argued that "excess at the top hurts others".

To reduce child poverty in the United Kingdom, Toynbee has supported an increase in the Working Tax Credit. She has criticized the UK government austerity programme under Conservative governments, and the reduction in the public sector and government services. She has criticised the underfunding of the National Health Service and its adverse effects on patient care.

In the aftermath of the Grenfell Tower fire, Toynbee wrote that "Political blame spreads right through the Conservative party, with no escape on offer. This goes far beyond the precise shockers – the Tory MPs who mockingly rejected housing regulation; the cuts to funding to councils responsible for retro-fitting fire suppressants; the disregard of coroner's instructions after the 2009 Lakanal House tragedy; and even the plan to opt out of EU safety regulations. Conservative Kensington and Chelsea council allegedly blocking its ears to tenants' well-founded anxiety is just the immediate scandal. But this event reaches far deeper, to the very sinews of its party's policy."

She is a strong opponent of Brexit.

Views on politics
Writing about the government of PM Rishi Sunak in November 2022, Toynbee argued that choosing Suella Braverman as home secretary was a blunder and that Braverman's promise to reduce immigration to "tens of thousands" was unworkable since more than 270,000 people arrived during the year to March 2022, mostly with visas. Only small numbers arrived in boats." Toynbee further said that Braverman's "dreams" about Rwanda and cruelty and putting arrivals into squalid conditions in the Manston processing centre disrupted policy."

Toynbee also criticised Sunak's initial decision to miss the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Later Sunak changed his mind and decided he would attend the COP27 conference.

Views on religion
An atheist, Toynbee is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society, a supporter of the Humanist Society Scotland, and was appointed President of the British Humanist Association in July 2007. Since 2012, she has been the BHA's vice president. She has said that she is simply a consistent atheist, and is just as critical of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. She wrote: "The pens sharpen – Islamophobia! No such thing. Primitive Middle Eastern religions (and most others) are much the same – Islam, Christianity and Judaism all define themselves through disgust for women's bodies." In 1997 she declared "I am an Islamophobe and proud of it". In 2005 she opposed the Bill to outlaw incitement to religious hatred: "Race is something people cannot choose and it defines nothing about them. But beliefs are what people choose to identify with...The two cannot be blurred into one – which is why the word Islamophobia is a nonsense".

In 2003, upon the 25th anniversary of Pope John Paul II's papacy, she wrote that he "is a hate-figure and with good reason… No one can compute how many people have died of Aids as a result of Wojtyla's power, how many woman have died in childbirth needlessly, how many children starved in families too large and poor to feed them. But it is reasonable to suppose these silent, unseen, uncounted deaths at his hand would match that of any self-respecting tyrant or dictator". In 2011 she accepted an invitation to participate in a debate with the Christian philosopher William Lane Craig on the existence of God but Toynbee later pulled out stating "...this is not my kind of forum.".

Toynbee has mixed feelings about the Church of England; she has opposed both religious and secular dogmatic beliefs. In April 2014, she wrote: The C of E is a confusing creature. Even while it tussles internally between conservative and liberal wings on gay marriage or female bishops, polls of its members show it's no longer the Conservative party at prayer: more vote Lib Dem and Labour. Look at the 40 bishops' raspberry of an Easter message to Cameron, with their strong rebuke against the "national crisis" of hunger so much worsened by his welfare policies. They know because their churches house the food banks used by almost a million people. (...) Like all humanity, the religious are both good and bad. The C of E is good on food banks, bad on sex and death. Faith makes people no more virtuous, but nor do rationalists claim any moral superiority. Pogroms, inquisitions, jihadist terror and religious massacres can be matched death for death with the secular horrors of Pol Pot, Hitler or Stalin. The danger is where absolute belief in universal truths, religious or secular, permits no doubt.

Honours
Toynbee was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Essex in 1999 and by London South Bank University in 2002. In 2004, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from Loughborough University. In 2005, she was made an Honorary Doctor of The Open University for "her notable contribution to the educational and cultural well-being of society". The University of Kent awarded Toynbee the honorary title of Doctor of Civil Law in November 2007 in recognition of her concern with poverty and welfare. This was followed in 2008 when University of Leeds awarded her fourth honorary doctorate. and in 2007 was named 'Columnist of the Year' at the British Press Awards. Toynbee declined to be made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2000.

Personal life
Toynbee lives in Lewes, East Sussex. She also owns a villa in Tuscany. She is a member of the Arts Emergency Service.

Select bibliography

 * Leftovers: A Novel (1966) ISBN 0-586-02643-6
 * A Working Life (1971) ISBN 0-340-14760-1
 * Hospital (1977) ISBN 0-09-131390-2
 * Way We Live Now (1981) ISBN 0-413-49090-4
 * Lost Children: Story of Adopted Children Searching for Their Mothers (1985) ISBN 0-09-160440-0
 * Hard Work: Life in Low-Pay Britain (2003) ISBN 0-7475-6415-9
 * Better or Worse?: Has Labour Delivered? (2005) ISBN 0-7475-7982-2
 * Unjust Rewards: Exposing Greed and Inequality in Britain Today (with David Walker, 2008) ISBN 978-1-84708-093-6
 * Cameron's Coup (with David Walker, 2015)
 * An Uneasy Inheritance: My Family and other Radicals (2023)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polly Toynbee


text:
Charles Augustus Young

Charles Augustus Young (15 December 1834 – 4 January 1908) one of the foremost solar spectroscopist astronomers in the United States. He observed solar eclipses and worked on spectroscopy of the Sun. He observed a solar flare with a spectroscope on 3 August 1872, and also noted that it coincided with a magnetic storm on Earth.

Young graduated from Dartmouth College in 1853. For two years, he taught classes at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. The following year, he studied at the theological seminary in Andover, while also continuing to teach.

In 1857, he became the Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Western Reserve College, now known as Case Western Reserve University, devoting nine years. Young's name is inscribed on the Loomis Observatory, which is the oldest observatory in the United States still remaining in its original location.

In 1862, he served in the 85th Regiment of Ohio during the Civil War.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1874.

in 1865, he became a professor at his alma mater, Dartmouth, remaining until 1877 when he went to teach at Princeton University.

He was a successful educator who wrote a popular and widely used series of astronomy textbooks, including Manual of Astronomy. In 1927, when Henry Norris Russell, Raymond Smith Dugan and John Quincy Stewart wrote their own two-volume textbook, they entitled it Astronomy: A Revision of Young's Manual of Astronomy.

Young died of pneumonia after a brief illness, at his home in Hanover, New Hampshire, on 4 January 1908.

Mount Young in Sequoia National Park, California was named in his honor in 1909.

title: Charles Augustus Young


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Wikipedia:Paper edition

Wikipedia:Paper edition may refer to:

 * WikiReader
 * WikiReader
 * Pushing to 1.0
 * Wikipedia 1.0
 * Wikipedia CD Selection
 * 2006 Wikipedia CD selection
 * Size in volumes
 * Print Wikipedia

title: Wikipedia:Paper edition


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Talk:Clue (1998 video game)

Different computer games
There have actually been several Clue video/computer games - at the very least, an early (EGA graphics) adaptation of the expanded Clue Master Detective board game. -Sean 09:54, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I know (I was a developer on the game in this article). Hasbro told us about them, but didn't urge us to play them.  There was also an FMV version of the game for the PC.  This article is about the specific version mentioned. If someone writes articles about the earlier ones, we can move this page to disambiguate the versions.  Since this is the only article thus far, we don't need to do anything. —Frecklefoot 15:57, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * There is a Clue Classic PC game that is different than Murder at Boddy mansion. Instead of creating pages for each and every one, would it not make more sense to have a Clue page, that describes the board game with sections for each version. Then this page should be renamed to Clue: Murder at Boddy Mansion rather than Clue. MagnoliaSouth (talk) 23:02, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

 * There is a page for Clue, and it's enormous. If you want to create an article about all the different versions Clue video games, go right ahead.  But you may have trouble finding information on the other ones; they were really obscure. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 12:42, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Game Credits
I tried a free download of this game and noticed that the version I downloaded actually does have credits, but only for Hasbro Interactive. I'm not sure how to format that with the current contribution. Maybe there were no credits in the initial release and it's since changed? Any additional information is welcome. Dall ben  19:07, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * EAI forbade any of their developers from getting in-game credits (or any other types of credits, actually). It was a big sore point with, well, everyone except upper management.  The credits here I think I submitted from memory (forbidden, I know), but MobyGames backs them up. — Frecklefoot | Talk 17:11, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Sources for Critical Reception
--Coin945 (talk) 09:41, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
 *
 *
 *

 * Copied these to ref ideas at top. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 13:29, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

Edit request
I was the lead programmer of this game and while I originated this article (Wikipedia was fast an loose back then) and have made several uncontestable changes in the past (grammar, formatting), I have a change request that I can't make per COI. I'd like the following changes made in the Critical reception section:

 * 1) Rename section to "Reception" per the VG MoS.
 * 2) Add the following sentence (or something similar) to the beginning of the first paragraph: "The game garnered generally positive reviews." It summarizes the content of the paragraph. Just look at the reviews; it was generally well-received. This is common in all video game articles.
 * 3) Add a paragraph break just before "Chris Martin, Bronze Star..." since that is the start of the negative reception. Again, it's commonplace to break up positive reception vs. negative.
 * 4) Add a citation needed tag  to the last paragraph of the section "The game was named "VIDEO GAME OF THE WEEK" on 1999-02-06 in the Fresno Bee."

While these changes are fairly minor, I don't want to run afoul of the 'pedia's COI guideline. Thanks! — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 13:43, 2 April 2014 (UTC)
 * A few years late, but I've made the edits, with the laptop, at home. ZettaComposer (talk) 14:50, 26 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Coming late to the party here, but I've always wondered about the music to this game; some very interesting stuff going on in some of it. Was it composed for the game, or taken from another source?  Who was/who were the composers?  If this information is available/known it should be added to the article.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 21:48, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

Source

 * https://archive.org/details/MicromanaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue49/page/n87
 * https://archive.org/details/PC-Player-German-Magazine-1999-12/page/n115?q=%22cluedo%22+%22hasbro%22
 * https://archive.org/details/PCPowerplay-045-2000-02/page/n87?q=%22cluedo%22+%22hasbro%22
 * https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_45_December_1996/page/n59?q=%22cluedo%22+%22hasbro%22 - cancelled Cluedo 2000
 * https://www.kotaku.com.au/2019/04/that-time-i-turned-clue-into-a-torrid-murder-love-affair/
 * In 2000, the game was rereleased by General Mills Lightdog https://tcrf.net/Clue_(Windows,_1998)
 * "Bryan Brandenburg headed the Salt Lake City studio that became the primary location for EAI Interactive’s activities and successfully secured contracts and managed development for major entertainment companies including Disney (A Bug’s Life), Hasbro Interactive (Clue and Outburst), Sierra Online (Field &S Stream: Trophy Buck) and Dreamworks (Small Soldiers: Globotech Design Lab). In two years he helped grow the division to almost 100 employees and $10 million in revenues becoming the largest independent game developer in the country." http://bryanmbrandenburg.com/about-bryan-brandenburg/
 * http://www.iowastatedaily.com/eai-sees-record-revenues/article_ab6d341a-07ea-5c74-82cc-acd22777e102.html
 * https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/130867631/
 * https://es.paperblog.com/reportaje-juegos-de-mesa-llevados-al-videojuego-3a-parte-1759770/

Chronicles:
 * https://archive.org/details/PC-Player-German-Magazine-2000-02/page/n119?q=%22cluedo%22+%22hasbro%22
 * https://doupe.zive.cz/clanek/cluedo-chronicles-1--fatal-illusion

Gameplay
"The game uses an algorithm that allows it to be reusable, so that multiple levels are not needed. In Clue, "the idea is that of starting a new game each time. This particular game places a new puzzle to the player every new game so that the game is new to him/her every time" - having a different 3-card solution - despite using exactly the same game mechanics.[17]"

Just me, or is that complete gibberish? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2405:6E00:111E:4001:68DC:4AD5:B9E:243C (talk) 10:26, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clue (1998 video game)


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Enjoy Incubus

Enjoy Incubus is the second EP and major label debut by American rock band Incubus. It was released on January 7, 1997, by Epic and Immortal Records. It contained re-recordings of songs that were featured on their previous, independent releases Let Me Tell Ya 'Bout Root Beer and Fungus Amongus, as well the previously unreleased song "Version" and an untitled hidden track at the end of '"Hilikus". It was the first appearance on a release by DJ Lyfe, who added turntable scratches to the Fungus Amongus songs, and also supplied saxophone samples. This release was also noted for its introduction of 'Chuck', the mysterious mustachioed man who has become an icon for Incubus's early work. It is also the only Incubus release to feature a Parental Advisory label, despite many of their other albums also containing profanity.

Background
Enjoy Incubus marked the beginning of the band's career with Sony's Epic/Immortal label, who signed them to a seven-record contract in 1996. The EP's turntablist DJ Lyfe joined the band in late 1995. He had seen Incubus play live and asked if they would be interested in using some of his hip hop tracks; Lyfe eventually became a full-time member after just one rehearsal. Brandon Boyd's singing ability, combined with the band's high-energy shows and growing fan base, was what caught the interest of Epic/Immortal.

The EP was released in the US and other countries in January 1997, with the label's strategy being to build the band's fanbase through touring rather than radio airplay. Incubus subsequently joined labelmates Korn, who were supporting their Life Is Peachy release, on a tour of Europe in early 1997. The tour was a success, and helped expose the band to a wider audience. The final show of the tour was in front of more than 5,000 people in Paris. In 1997, Boyd reflected "we had never played in front of a crowd that big, and the response we got far exceeded any response we've ever gotten. To play in front of a crowd that has no idea who you are, and then you start playing and they understand the energy of it and start freaking out, it's quite an experience."

Reception
In early 1999, Enjoy Incubus and the band's full-length major label debut S.C.I.E.N.C.E. were estimated to have sold a combined total of 200,000 units. The 2003 book The Rough Guide to Rock states that Enjoy Incubus "showcased a band with a singer whose vocal style came uncomfortably close to that of Faith No More crooner Mike Patton and a guitarist keen to make like the Chili Peppers' John Frusciante."

Track listing
Notes
 * "Hilikus" ends at 3:57. An untitled hidden track (often referred to as "Hidden Bonus") starts at 13:59, after ten minutes and two seconds of silence. On streaming, it is listed as a separate seventh track.
 * Exactly 3:40 into "Azwethinkweiz", a hidden message of Boyd saying something backwards can be heard: "Thursday night, we smoked indica, and 'azwethinkweizm' was born." (see backmasking).

Personnel

 * Brandon of the Jungle – vocals, percussion
 * Dynamike – guitars
 * Kid Lyfe – scratches
 * Dirk Lance – bass
 * José Antonio Pasillas II – drums

title: Enjoy Incubus


text:
Install

Install may refer to:

Technology

 * install (Unix), a command line tool for installing files
 * INSTALL, a CONFIG.SYS directive

title: Install


text:
User talk:Jfdwolff/Baby

Welcome to wikipedia Myrtle! :-) I hope your daddy is giving your mummy lots of attention - or at least encouraging her to edit the odd page herself!! I wonder if you are the youngest wikipedian... --Erich gasboy 10:03, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jfdwolff/Baby


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Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke

Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke (5 February 1835 in Groß-Heere, near Hannover – 3 December 1897 in Bonn) was a German astronomer.

Winnecke worked at Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg from 1858 to 1865, but returned to Germany and served as professor of astronomy in Strasbourg from 1872 to 1881.

He discovered or co-discovered a large number of comets, including the periodic comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke and the comet once known as "Pons-Coggia-Winnecke-Forbes" but later renamed to 27P/Crommelin after Andrew Crommelin, who computed its orbit.

Winnecke also compiled a list of double stars, the Winnecke Catalogue of Double Stars, in 1869. He also found a number of nebulae.

The asteroid 207 Hedda, discovered by Johann Palisa in 1879, was named after Winnecke's wife Hedwig.

title: Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke


text:
Kioumars Saberi Foumani

Kioumars Saberi Foumani (August 29, 1941 – April 30, 2004) also known with his pen name Gol-Agha, was an Iranian satirist, writer, and teacher.

Education and personal life
Saberi was born during the Second World War in Sowme'eh Sara , a city in Gilan Province. His father, originally from Rasht, worked for the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance. He was transferred to Sowme'eh Sara in 1938 and then to Fuman in 1942 where he died a few months later.

His mother, who was the daughter of a respected cleric and one of the few educated women in the city, taught the Quran after the death of her husband. His brother, who was 14 years older, had to leave school at the age of 15 to work to help with the family expenses.

Education for Saberi was hard because of his family's poverty and he had to start working in a tailor shop after finishing his elementary education. He also worked in his brother's bicycle repair shop during elementary school and high school.

He started high school education at his mother's insistence. At the age of 16, he gained entry to Sari's Agriculture teacher's college that only accepted one student from Fuman each year. He continued his college education and graduated in 1959. He worked as a teacher from 1959 to 1961.

At the age of 20, he took his high school exams and received his high school diploma. He continued his education at the University of Tehran while working as a teacher. He achieved his Bachelor of Science degree in political science in 1965.

He spent most of the 1970s reading and teaching and in 1978 he obtained his master's degree in comparative literature from the University of Tehran.

Saberi got married in 1966 and he had a daughter and a son. His son died in a car accident in 1985 but this sad incident did not stop him from reaching his goal, which was to make people smile.

Kioumars Saberi Foumani died on April 30, 2004.

Political involvement
During his first year at university, Saberi was arrested for participating in student demonstrations and started to write political satire in Towfigh magazine. Towfigh magazine was Iran's most respected pro-democracy political satire magazine, with the highest circulation in Iranian history. Its editor in chief was Hossein Towfigh who, along with his brothers Hassan and Abbas, turned Towfigh magazine into the most influential journal in Iranian history. Saberi became one of the many staff writers of Towfigh magazine.

After the Iranian Revolution, he became the cultural advisor for Mohammad Ali Rajai. One of his other political posts was as the counselor to the minister of Housing and Urban Development of Iran.

Writings
Saberi composed his first poem of the ghazal form when he was 14 and he named it "Orphan". His first published writing was another poem called "Orphan" which was published in Omid Iran magazine. His writings before the Iranian Revolution were mainly published in Towfigh.

He was one of the contributors of a political satire magazine Tawfiq. His pen names in the magazine included Mirza-Gol, Abdolfanoos , Rish-Sefid (meaning a white-bearded and knowledgeable person), Lode ( clown), Gardan-Shekasteye-Fumani (meaning "a person from Fuman with broken neck").

Following the Revolution, Saberi worked in different political positions before deciding to leave politics. He was in charge of Roshde-Adabe-Farsi magazine and sometimes he wrote for the Ettelaat newspaper. He started a column called "Do-Kalame-Harfe-Hesab" in Ettelaat in 1984 that was a starting point for political satires after the revolution. He continued writing for this column for six years until he started his own magazine called Gol-Agha in 1990. His courageous and powerful writings were appreciated by many famous authors such as Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh. Saberi received first prize in press exhibition of 1992 and 1994 and second prize in 1993. He stopped writing for Ettelaat in 1993.

The main characters in his writings are Gol-Agha, Shagholam, Mamasadegh, Kamineh (The wife of Mamasadegh), Mash-Rajab and Ghazanfar.

In 2003 in his last editorial in Gol-Agha, Saberi announced that publishing Gol-Agha would be stopped without providing any reasons, explicitly. He wrote that he has been thinking most of his time for the last three months, and tried to write this announcement many times.

His publications include:

 * 1) The Command from Ali to Malik ibn Ashter (1978)
 * 2) Analyzing the story of Zahhak and Kaveh the Blacksmith
 * 3) The Correspondence between Shahid Rajai and Banisadr
 * 4) The First interpellation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * 5) Visiting the Soviet Union
 * 6) Collection of Do-Kalame-Harfe-Hesab (Volume 1, 2, 3, 4)

title: Kioumars Saberi Foumani


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Welcome Freshmen

Welcome Freshmen is an American comedy series that aired on Nickelodeon from February 16, 1991, to February 19, 1994, with repeats until October 27, 1996. The show took place at Hawthorne High School with a group of high school students and a bumbling vice principal.

Seasons 1 and 2
The earlier episodes of the series consisted of comedy sketches that loosely followed a theme, each episode had two or three short skits about the gang's misadventures in high school. Some of the comedy routines involved a tortoise named Mortise teaching children about safety, a historian named Mr. History who talks about past generations of freshmen, the bumbling, freshman-hating, vice-principal Mr. Lippman imagining himself as a stand-up comedian telling really bad old jokes that insult freshmen, and a student named Billy Cushman who, though his appearance was occasional, provided not only a good example of how not to behave but also a good example of flatulence.

Recurring skits

 * Home-Room Announcements-Mr. Lippman, the vice-principal, doing the morning announcements (at the same time, imagining how he'd really like to say them as a stand-up format).
 * The Merv-U-Mentary-Merv's amateurish attempt at uncovering news and scandals at the high school.
 * Mr. History-featuring the gang as high school students of a past time period.
 * Mike Who-featuring close-ups of a sidelined high school basketball player driving the crowd wild with a single wave. Eventually cut after vice Principal Lippman said it was too distracting, resulting in a tense showdown between Lippman and Who.
 * Mortise the Safety Tortoise-a tortoise who teaches children about safety.

Seasons 3 and 4
In the later episodes, the sketch comedy format was abandoned, and Welcome Freshmen became a standard sitcom.

In the third season, Kevin and Alex become sophomores, Walter is held behind due to him missing summer school. Merv and Tara left Hawthorne, with Merv skipping the rest of high school and going straight to college, and Tara moving to a biosphere with her family. New characters came in: Manny, Erin and Grant, by the end of the third season, Manny left. In the series finale, Walter becomes a sophomore, as the teachers all threatened to quit if they had him another year.

Production
The show's first television pilot was filmed in May 1990, featuring a group of local actors in the main roles, among them was future Backstreet Boys member Howie Dorough. After the success of the pilot, the show was picked up, but the roles were recast, according to series creator Bob Mittenthal "Those kids did a good job, the proof is that the show was picked up as a series, but research told Nickelodeon it needed better-defined characters".

According to Jocelyn Steiner, several actresses had auditioned for the role of Alex before she got cast, including Brittany Daniel who was a final contender for the role.

Cast

 * Rick Galloway as Walter Patterson
 * Chris Lobban as Kevin St. James
 * David Rhoden as Merv (1991–1992)
 * Jill Setter as Tara (1991–1992)
 * Jocelyn Steiner as Alex Moore
 * Brock Bradley as Grant Kelly (1993–1994)
 * Arian Waring Ash as Erin Kelly (1993–1994)
 * Nicholas Caruso as Manny Barrington (1993–1994)
 * Mike Speller as Mr. Elliott Lippman
 * Veronica Alicino as Miss Topaz
 * Janis Benson as Miss Petruka
 * Nick Barnes as Billy Cushman
 * Phil Card as Mr. History
 * Tracy Frenkel as Coach Roach and Coach Rochelle
 * Jay Martel as Mr. Royd
 * Al Arasim as Al Patterson
 * John Parker Searles as Mr. Macbroom
 * Mark Sarto as Mortise, the Safety Tortoise

Main

 * Walter Patterson is the dimwitted, good-natured, optimistic, lazy laid-back, and geeky slacker of the group who loves eating. His stupidity and clumsiness are often the butt of jokes.
 * Kevin St. James is the cynical, selfish, and egotistical one of the group. He is a smooth talker, a terrible ladies' man, and often makes fun of his friends, especially Merv, Manny, and Walter. Mostly, he is troublemaker of the group.
 * Merv is the confident, outgoing nerd of the group. Merv is a nerdy guy.
 * Tara is the eco-conscious feminist activist of the group. Besides Walter, she is among the nicest of the group though she joins in making fun of others at times.
 * Alex Moore is a beautiful, popular and fashion-obsessed girly girl. Often vain, snobby, rude, and materialistic, she is obsessed with her status and has no issues manipulating others for personal gain.
 * Mr. Elliott Lippman is the tyrannical and incompetent principal of Hawthorne High. He often serves as an antagonist to the main characters' schemes though they do not take him seriously.

Additional

 * Grant Kelly is with Erin's older brother and who becomes Alex's boyfriend. Introduced in the third season.
 * Erin Kelly is a musically talented freshman who often dresses in a grunge fashion. Introduced in the third season.
 * Manny Barrington is introduced in the third season, a naive and short-statured nerdy freshman. He befriends the main group who are a grade above him despite them treating him poorly and laughing at his expense.

title: Welcome Freshmen