text: Category:Roman emperors

title: Category:Roman emperors


text:
New Christs

The New Christs are an Australian garage rock band formed in 1980 by founding mainstay, Rob Younger, on lead vocals. Younger was the lead singer for punk rockers, Radio Birdman, and in other hard rock groups, New Race, Bad Music, the Other Side, Nanker Phelge, and Deep Reduction. The New Christs line-up since 2011 is Younger with Jim Dickson on bass guitar, Dave Kettley on guitar, Paul Larsen on drums and Brent Williams on guitar and keyboards. Over their career the group have issued five studio albums, Distemper (1989), Lower Yourself (1997), We Got This! (2002), Gloria (2009) and Incantations (2014). Three former members have died: Stevie Plunder in January 1996, Mark Wilkinson in December 2012 and Christian Houllemare in June 2014.

1980–1981
The New Christs were formed early in 1980 in Sydney as a hard rock group with Clyde Bramley on bass guitar (ex-The Hitmen, Other Side), Bruce 'Cub' Callaway on guitar (ex-X-Men, Saints), John Hoey on keyboards (ex-X-Men), Don McGloneon on drums (ex-Bedhogs) and Rob Younger on lead vocals (ex-Radio Birdman, Other Side). This line up never performed live but they released a single, "Face a New God", in August 1981, which was produced by Callaway for Green Records. The track was co-written by Callaway and Younger. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described it as "searing acid-punk" which has "since emerged as one of the most collectable artefacts of the Australian punk/new wave era." They disbanded later that year.

1983–1984
The New Christs reformed in June 1983 with Younger joined by Chris Masuak on guitar, Mark Kingsmill on drums and Tony Robertson on bass guitar (all from The Hitmen) and Kent Steedman on guitar (also in the Celibate Rifles). They supported an Australian tour by Iggy Pop and then Steedman returned to the Celibate Rifles. Younger kept the band going with Richard Jakimyszyn as a replacement on guitar (ex-Lime Spiders). They issued two singles, "Like a Curse" (April 1984) and "Born out of Time" (April 1986), on Citadel Records, which were written and produced by Younger. McFarlane felt they were "consummate, guitar-driven, hard rock". AllMusic's Jack Rabid reviewed "Like a Curse", as being "more slam-bang rock with great rhythm from a man who has it coursing in his bones." The group's music was used on the soundtrack of the feature film, Going Down (1982 ). This line-up broke up in May 1984.

1987–1990, 1991
Another version of the New Christs were assembled in February 1987: with Younger were Louis Burdett on drums (ex-Powerhouse, Ed Kuepper Band), Jim Dickson on bass guitar (ex-Railroad Gin, Survivors, Passengers, Barracudas) and Charlie Owen on lead guitar (ex-Tango Bravo). Burdett was soon replaced on drums by Nick Fisher (ex-Wet Taxis, Paris Green). This line up released four singles, "The Black Hole" (July 1987), "Dropping Like Flies'" (December), "Headin' South" (November 1988) and "Another Sin" (June 1989). A four-track extended play, Detritus, was issued as a compilation in 1987 for the United Kingdom and United States markets. It was followed in 1988 by an Australian compilation album, Divine Rites, which collected five singles from Citadel Records.

The group's first studio album appeared in August 1989, Distemper, which McFarlane opined was "explosive" and "remains the definitive statement on the band's sound and style. It contained a wealth of powerful tracks." Penelope Layland of The Canberra Times declared it to be "good, aggressive music, full of hate, even if it has all been done before... All in all a good album. Play it as a substitute for clobbering someone." In June 2008 Dylan Lewis described it as "A non-stop ride of terrific songs full of melody and power offset the bleak, venomous lyrics. The tension the musicians create in each track is spine tingling. It's an exhausting album to listen to. To my ears, it stands as the greatest, raging Australian rock'n'roll album." It reached No. 1 on the ARIA Alternative Albums Chart. They toured Australia and undertook two tours of Europe (1988, 1989). The band split up in February 1990 but briefly reformed in 1991 to support Ramones at a gig in Sydney.

1992–2001
Younger established the next version of New Christs in January 1992 with Billy Gibson on guitar and organ (ex-Eastern Dark), Greg Hitchcock on guitar (ex-The Neptunes, Kryptonics), Christian Houllemare on bass guitar (ex-Happy Hate Me Nots), Peter Kelly on drums (ex-Flies, No Man's Land, Vanilla Chainsaws) and Stevie Plunder on guitar (ex-The Plunderers). Hitchcock soon left to join the Boom Babies and, in September 1992, Plunder formed the Whitlams and was replaced by Tony Harper (ex-Viscounts, Voodoo Lust). Another four-track EP, Pedestal, was released in October 1994. In 1995 Mark Wilkinson (ex-Girlies, Lime Spiders) replaced Gibson on piano and guitar. Younger, Harper, Houllemare, Kelly and Wilkinson line-up were recorded on a seven-track EP, Woe Betide (November 1995), which was produced by Younger. A Canadian label, Lance Rock Records, issued a compilation album, Born out of Time (1996), which McFarlane described as "13 tracks of prime New Christs aural mayhem." Younger felt it contained "the songs I can still stand."

The New Christs were temporarily put on hold in early 1996 while Younger toured with a reformed, Radio Birdman. The New Christs resumed by mid-year and released their second studio album, Lower Yourself (early 1997), produced by Younger. Lauren Zoric of Rolling Stone explained that it is "Propelled by tough, inventive riffs and glorious rock & roll grooves, occasional keyboards now infiltrate the make up. Harnessing and driving the band's considerable power, Younger is ever on the brink of immolation, expressing a diseased soul, wracked by the compromises and humiliations of love. Long may we revel in his purgatory." An extended version included a bonus four-track EP. The group toured Australia and then, in April 1997, Europe with Al Creed on guitar and vocals (ex-Fruitworld, Hey Charger!), who replaced Harper.

They disbanded in 2001 and posthumously released a 2× CD studio album, We Got This!, in 2002, which was produced by Wayne Connolly. Online webzine, Oz Music Project's Pants noticed that "The crux of this album though is the incredible vibrancy and individuality of the songs, each track rocking hard but having its own identity and personality, yet amazingly intertwining such emotion into each track." I-94 Bar's Simon Li felt that "Younger is in some of his best vocal form on this CDLP, as the band responds the best way they can; solid and continually menacing." Fellow reviewer John McPharlin notice "there is a remarkable consistency of vision, intent and achievement across the whole album. Not for a single moment on any of these tracks does this sound like a band that had run its race, dropped the ball, hit bottom, lost the plot, shot its load and/or was about to tear itself apart." Ahead of its appearance Younger declared that it would be the last album from his group.

Also in 2002, Citadel Records issued another compilation album, These Rags, using remixed versions of two earlier EPs, Pedestal and Woe Betide. Three members of the 1990s line-up have died: Stevie Plunder in January 1996, Mark Wilkinson in December 2012 and Christian Houllemare in June 2014.

2006–present
In May 2006 Younger displayed another New Christs line-up: Jim Dickson on bass guitar, Dave Kettley on guitar (Shifter, The Dead Set, Radio Birdman), Brent Williams on guitar and keyboards, and Stu Wilson on drums. The Barman of I-94 Bar website caught their gig in May in Wollongong, where they played "a Greatest Hits package with none of the new songs from the Younger canon... A solid hit-out by a new line-up with versatility and style... Europe's going to be in for a fine old time." In May and June that year the group performed in Spain – including at the Primavera Sound in Barcelona, an eclectic annual festival specialised in independent music – France, Germany and Belgium. They subsequently toured Europe four more times (2008, 2009, 2011, 2014). In January 2008 Younger told Patrick of Mess+Noise website that he disputes providing a lasting legacy, "I think much of that [perceived influence] is born of hindsight... Sure, we had some degree of influence because so many people have told me over the years they started their group after hearing us. That’s how I got started, hearing other groups, except it was via the records of the New York Dolls and the Stooges, because the local groups were so vapid rather than inspiring."

The group's fifth studio album, Gloria, was released in May 2009. Jeff Glorfeld of The Age rated it at three out of five. The Barman described it as "the most low key-sounding New Christs album in the canon. Production was an exercise in economic rationalism – live crowds are small and labels with cash to burn are thin on the ground – and much of what resulted from an earlier session was scrapped." In that same year they played at the Azkena Rock Festival in Spain.

In 2011 Wilson was replaced by Paul Larsen (also with The Celibate Rifles). Dominique Genot of I-94 Bar reviewed the group's live album, Live 2011, which is "[as] live as you hope to see them (and I did during the 2011 Euro tour). The record was done at the Excelsior Hotel's closing night in Sydney in May, and the thing was quickly mixed by guitarist-keyboardist Brent Williams. The album's got a big sound, with Dave Kettley's guitar high in the ears. My personal criticisms is that Rob Younger's voice is too low in the mix - also i think there are a few cuts between the songs."

This line-up issued their sixth studio album, Incantations, in June 2014. Gus Ironside of Louder Than War rated it as 9 out of 10 and felt it was "a highly melodic album, packed with hooks and insidious tunes, it's a tightly-coiled brute, as claustrophobically dense with detail as it is outright rocking."

Members

 * Current line-up
 * Rob Younger – vocals
 * Jim Dickson – bass
 * Dave Kettley (Shifter, The Dead Set, Radio Birdman) – guitar
 * Brent Williams (Zambian Goatherders) – guitar, keyboards
 * Stu Wilson – drums
 * Paul Larsen (aka Paul Loughhead) (The Celibate Rifles) – drums (replaced Wilson in 2011)

 * Previous line-ups

 * 1980–81
 * Rob Younger – vocals
 * Clyde Bramley (The Hoodoo Gurus) – bass
 * Bruce "Cub" Callaway (The Saints) – guitar
 * John Hoey – keyboards
 * Don McGlone – drums
 * Ken Doyle – drums (appeared on the single)

 * 1983–84
 * Rob Younger – vocals
 * Chris Masuak (The Hitmen, Radio Birdman) – guitar
 * Mark Kingsmill (The Hellcats, The Hitmen, The Hoodoo Gurus) – drums
 * Tony Robertson (The Hitmen) – bass
 * Kent Steedman (The Celibate Rifles) – guitar
 * Richard Jakimyszyn (Lime Spiders, The Hitmen, Molten Universe) – guitar (replaced Steedman)

 * 1987–90, 1991
 * Rob Younger – vocals
 * Charlie Owen – guitar
 * Jim Dickson (Railroad Gin, The Survivors, The Barracudas, The Passengers, Deniz Tek Group, Radio Birdman) – bass
 * Louis Burdett – drums
 * Nick Fisher – drums

 * 1992–2001
 * Rob Younger – vocals
 * Bill Gibson (Hellmen, The Eastern Dark, Pyramidiacs, Loose Pills) – guitar
 * Greg Hitchcock – guitar (left in 1992)
 * Christian Houllemare (The Someloves, Happy Hate Me Nots) – bass
 * Stevie Plunder (The Plunderers, The Whitlams) – guitar
 * Peter Kelly (Flies, Vanilla Chainsaws, No Man's Land) – drums
 * Tony Harper (Voodoo Lust) – guitar (replaced Plunder)
 * Mark Wilkinson (Lime Spiders, The Girlies – guitar (replaced Gibson)
 * Al Creed (Aberration, The Panadolls, Hell Crab City) – guitar (replaced Harper)
 * Nik Rieth (Celibate Rifles, Brother Brick, Tumbleweed) – drums (replaced Kelly)
 * Stu Wilson – drums (replaced Reith)

Albums

 * Distemper (1989) – Citadel
 * Lower Yourself (1997) – Citadel
 * We Got This! (2002) – Laughing Outlaw
 * Gloria (May 2009) – Impedance
 * Incantations (2014) – Impedance

Extended plays

 * Pedestal (October 1994) – Lance Rock
 * Woe Betide (November 1995) – Lance Rock

Live albums

 * Live 2011 (2011) – Self-released. Recorded live at the Excelsior Hotel, Sydney, Australia, 7 May 2011.
 * Live (2014) – Pitshark

Compilations

 * Detritus (EP, 1987) – What Goes On
 * Divine Rites (1988) – Citadel
 * Born Out of Time (1995) – Lance Rock
 * These Rags (2002) – Citadel

Singles

 * "Waiting World" / "Face a New God" (1981) – Green
 * "Like a Curse" / "Sun God" (1984) – Citadel
 * "Born out Of Time" / "No Next Time" (1986) – Citadel
 * "The Black Hole" / "Addiction" (1987) – Citadel
 * "Dropping Like Flies" / "Dead Girl" / "I Swear" / "You'll Never Catch My Wave" (1987) – Citadel
 * "Headin' South" / "I Saw God" (1988) – Citadel
 * "Another Sin" / "The Burning of Rome" (1989) – Citadel
 * "I Swear (live)" / "The Black Hole" (live) (1989) – Romilar-D
 * "Groovy Times" / "On Top Of Me" (2000) – Munster
 * "Bonsoir à Vous" / "Animalisation" (2009) – Pitshark
 * "The Ledge" / "Meanwhile" (2011) – Pitshark

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Christs


text:
Category:Rail transport

A railway or railroad is a guided means of land transport, designed to be used by trains for moving both passengers and freight. It consists of two parallel rail tracks, usually made of steel and supported by railroad ties, made of wood or concrete, that hold the rails to the correct gauge.

title: Category:Rail transport


text:
Rajiv Pratap Rudy

Rajiv Pratap Rudy (born 30 March 1962) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is a four-time Member of Parliament representing Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2023, he won from Saran (Lok Sabha constituency) in Bihar. Earlier, he won three times in 1996, 1999 and 2014 from Chapra Assembly Constituency, which later became Saran. He was also an MLA from Taraiya Assembly Constituency representing Janata Dal in 1990. He is also a licensed pilot.

Early life
Rajiv Pratap Rudy was born to Vishwanath Singh and Prabha Singh on 30 March 1962 in Patna, Bihar. His ancestral village is Amnour, Saran, Bihar. Rudy did his schooling from St. Michael's High School, Patna. Later, he completed his pre-university from DAV College, Chandigarh. He completed his B.A. (Hons.) in Economics at Government College, Chandigarh. Later he also got a degree in Law from Panjab University in 1985 and studied post-graduation in Economics from Magadh University in 1987.

Prior to joining politics, he was a lecturer of Economics in A.N. College, Patna. He was into student politics at Panjab University at Chandigarh when studying at Government College.

Personal life
Rudy married Neelam Pratap on 9 March 1991 at the age of 29. They have two daughters. Elder daughter, Avshreya Rudy (born 1993), is a lawyer and also a polo player. His younger daughter, Atisha Pratap Singh (born 2000), is a kuchipudi dancer.

Political career
Rudy started his political journey in 1989 as a campaign manager of Harmohan Dhawan, who contested from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency. He was actively associated with former prime minister Chandra Shekhar.

Rudy was first elected in 1990 as a Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly on Janata Dal ticket from Taraiya at the young age of 28.

As Member of Parliament
Rudy was elected to the Lok Sabha winning the 1996 Indian General Election in Bihar as a candidate of the BJP from Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency. He won the 1999 Indian General Election in Bihar and was re–elected for a second term of Lok Sabha on BJP ticket.

He then served as the Minister of State for Commerce, Trade & Industry and subsequently became Civil Aviation Minister with independent charge in the National Democratic Alliance government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2001.

Rudy had earlier held the post of National Vice President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha. He was the General Secretary and member of the BJP National Executive.

Rudy lost to Lalu Prasad in 2004 General elections in Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency). He was then elected to Rajya Sabha from Bihar in 2010. He contested the 2014 Lok Sabha Elections from Saran (Lok Sabha constituency) and defeated former Chief Minister of Bihar, Rabri Devi. following which he was sworn-in as Minister of State on 9 November 2014 and got Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship.

In 2014. Rudy became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in Narendra Modi's government. Simultaneously he also shared Parliamentary Affairs department jointly with Minister of State, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi. Rudy was a General Secretary of Bharatiya Janata Party, a position relinquished soon after he joined the government. Rudy is a trained pilot and holds a commercial pilot's license. He is featured in the Limca Book of Records as the only parliamentarian to fly a commercial aircraft, an Airbus-320 of Indigo airlines.

Controversies
During that tenure as Civil Aviation Minister, Rudy was in controversy of non-payment of his bills at Taj Exotica Resort & Spa, Goa, which he had to later pay. In October 2015, Rajiv Pratap Rudy was in a controversy over sharing on Twitter a screenshot of Pakistan's daily Dawn website carrying Nitish Kumar's ad of vote appeal during 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, prompting JD (U) to launch a sharp attack on him and seek his immediate sacking. He submitted his resignation from the cabinet on 31/8/2017 prior to imminent reshuffle on 2/9/2017.

In May 2021, Rajiv Pratap Rudy was criticized when 30 unused ambulances were found parked at his Amnour Vishw-Prabha community centre, even when Bihar was struggling under second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. These ambulances were purchased using funds from the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS). Jan Adhikar Party chief Pappu Yadav raided that community centre run by Rudy.

title: Rajiv Pratap Rudy


text: User talk:80.66.10.43

title: User talk:80.66.10.43


text:
Mark Granovetter

Mark Sanford Granovetter (born October 20, 1943) is an American sociologist and professor at Stanford University. He is best known for his work in social network theory and in economic sociology, particularly his theory on the spread of information in social networks known as The Strength of Weak Ties (1973). In 2014 Granovetter was named a Citation Laureate by Thomson Reuters and added to that organization’s list of predicted Nobel Prize winners in economics. Data from the Web of Science show that Granovetter has written both the first and third most cited sociology articles.

Education
Granovetter earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history at Princeton University (1965) and a PhD in sociology at Harvard University (1970). At Harvard his research was supervised by Harrison White.

Career and research
Granovetter has been the Joan Butler Ford Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford since at least 2005, and has chaired of the Department of Sociology twice. In 2020, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He previously worked at Northwestern University, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Johns Hopkins University.

The strength of weak ties
Granovetter's paper The Strength of Weak Ties is one of the most influential articles in social science, with over 60,000 citations according to Google Scholar. Its thesis is that weak ties—acquaintanceships that are not reinforced by many mutual friendships—are especially pivotal in the flow of information. It has become a core idea in the field of social networks. In marketing, information science, or politics, weak ties enable reaching populations and audiences that are not accessible via strong ties. The concepts and findings of this work were later published in the monograph Getting A Job, an adaptation of Granovetter's doctoral dissertation at Harvard University's Department of Social Relations, with the title: "Changing Jobs: Channels of Mobility Information in a Suburban Population" (313 pages).

In 1969 Granovetter submitted this paper to American Sociological Review, but it was rejected. Eventually this pioneering research was published in 1973 in American Journal of Sociology and became the most cited work in the social sciences.

Economic sociology: Embeddedness
In the field of economic sociology, Granovetter has been a leader since the publication in 1985 of an article that launched "new economic sociology", "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness". This article caused Granovetter to be identified with the concept of "embeddedness", the idea that economic relations between individuals or firms are embedded in actual social networks and do not exist in an abstract idealized market. The concept of embeddedness originated with Karl Polanyi in his book The Great Transformation, where Polanyi posited that all economies are embedded in social relations and institutions. Granovetter also published a book called Society and Economy (2017).

"Tipping points" and threshold models
Granovetter has done research on a model of how fads are created. Consider a hypothetical mob assuming that each person's decision whether to riot or not is dependent on what everyone else is doing. Instigators will begin rioting even if no one else is, while others need to see a critical number of trouble makers before they riot, too. This threshold is assumed to be distributed to some probability distribution. The outcomes may diverge largely although the initial condition of threshold may only differ very slightly. This threshold model of social behavior was proposed previously by Thomas Schelling and later popularized by Malcolm Gladwell's book The Tipping Point.

Security influence
Granovetter's work has influenced researchers in capability-based security. Interactions in these systems can be described using "Granovetter diagrams", which illustrate changes in the ties between objects.

Publications
His publications include:
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title: Mark Granovetter


text:
Category:Software engineering

Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.

See Category:Systems engineering for such topics as: Requirements analysis, Systems analysis, Systems architecture, System life cycle, and many more.

title: Category:Software engineering


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Red-eye flight

In commercial aviation, a red-eye flight refers to a flight that departs at night and arrives the next morning, especially when the total flight time is insufficient for passengers to get a full night's sleep.

The term derives from red eyes as a symptom of fatigue.

Causes and utilities
For the airline, overnight flights will enable more use of aircraft that would otherwise be idle at night. For airports, it may be rational to divert the stream of passengers away from peak hours. In major airports, the capacity for flight operations during daytime may be fully exhausted, and the price of airport slots may be higher at peak hours.

For passengers, the benefits and disadvantages are more subjective. While overnight flights are often less expensive, many will perceive it difficult to arrive well-rested after a night flight, especially if it is at odd hours or too short to fit into a full night's sleep. However, the traffic to and from the airport, as well as the airport experience may be less stressful at these hours. Some passengers may want to arrive early in a city and return the same day, saving on a night's accommodation, or enjoy one full day at the beginning or end of the trip. It has been claimed that red-eye flights are popular among business travelers who benefit from flying at night. Business class seats are often reclinable to a flat position, enabling normal sleep.

Examples
One definition of a red-eye flight is one that is too short to allow a full night's sleep. An example would be those flights from Los Angeles to New York City—about five hours' flying time—that depart between 2100 and 0100 Pacific time, and arrive between 0500 and 0900 Eastern time.

Asia

 * Japan Airlines used to operate red-eye flights from Hong Kong to Tokyo Haneda, but it has switched to daytime flights. Taipei/Hong Kong to Japan is also a typical red eye, with flights departing between 1 and 2 am and arriving between 6 and 7 am. Cathay Pacific still operates one flight each to Tokyo Narita and Osaka, while All Nippon Airways operates red-eye flights from Hong Kong to Tokyo's Haneda daily.
 * Asiana, Korean Air, and Cathay Pacific operate red-eye flights from Hong Kong to Seoul. Asiana operates flights to Busan. Cathay Pacific used to fly a red-eye flight from Seoul to Hong Kong, but the flight is now suspended and the airline operates only daytime and evening flights from Seoul to Hong Kong. Cathay Pacific also used to fly a red-eye flight from Hong Kong to Kuala Lumpur, but it changed this to an evening flight, complementing its morning and afternoon flights.
 * Cathay Pacific operates many red-eye flights outside of Tokyo and Seoul. These include red-eye flights between Hong Kong and cities in Australia and New Zealand in both directions, as well as between Hong Kong and Singapore. Cathay Pacific flights that are red-eye only in the Hong Kong-bound direction include those from Bangkok. Cathay Pacific flights that are red-eye only from Hong Kong include those to Seoul and parts of Japan. Except for a few London bound departures, all of Cathay Pacific’s flights to Europe depart around midnight and arrive at their destinations at 6-8 am, with many other carriers implementing a similar schedule for flights bound for Europe from East Asian cities.
 * Flights that leave India and Southwest Asia around midnight arrive in Bangkok, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore early morning.
 * Philippine Airlines also operates red-eye flights from Korea and Japan back to Manila, which also have regular late-night flights from Manila to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
 * Many flights from Southeast Asia to Japan, Korea, and China depart in the evenings or around midnight, and land at the destinations in the early morning. There are also flights that depart Japan, Korea, or China around midnight, and arrive in Southeast Asia in the early morning.
 * Indonesian airlines operate overnight red-eye flights from Jakarta to the easternmost province of Papua. With a flight time of four to five hours and a two-hour time difference, most red-eye flights depart shortly before midnight and arrive around 6am. Garuda Indonesia also operates daily overnight flights to the East Asia's Tokyo, Seoul and Beijing, leaving Jakarta at midnight and arriving at around 6am the next morning. Garuda Indonesia applies a similar daily overnight flight schedule for its Australia-bound flight routes, departing from Jakarta and Denpasar just before midnight and arriving in Sydney and Melbourne at around 9am the next morning.
 * Pakistan International Airlines flies red-eye flights to Lahore, Pakistan from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, as well as flights from Manchester, Birmingham and London to Pakistan.
 * Turkish Airlines flies red-eye flights to Istanbul, Turkey from Malé, Maldives.
 * Singapore Airlines flies red-eye flights to Singapore from Malé, Maldives.
 * Gulf Air flies red-eye flights from Bahrain to Malé, Maldives.

From Taipei to the west coast of the US, Eva Air flies red eyes leaving at 10 am or 10 pm and arriving at 7 am or 7 pm the same day.

Australia
The majority of transcontinental flights are operated during the day, but as of 2010, red-eye flights operate from Perth to Sydney, Brisbane, Cairns, Canberra and Melbourne, and from Darwin to Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. Red-eye flights have previously operated from Australia to New Zealand and Fiji.

Red-eye flights to Australia operate from various locations in Southeast Asia and North America, such as Scoot's flights from Singapore to Gold Coast, Sydney, and Melbourne. Jetstar offers red-eye flights between Melbourne and Wellington with the flight departing Melbourne at 1am and arriving in Wellington at 6am.

Another example would be Qantas flights from Los Angeles to Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne, and flights from Dallas to Sydney), generally leaving 10pm to 11pm and arriving from 5am to 8am. While they do fly during the night - this is more a product of large time zone differences - the flights take around 15 hours (giving more time to sleep) and westward flight stretches out the local length of day and night. Furthermore, as the flight crosses the International Date Line, flights arrive roughly two days later in local time.

Latin America
LATAM Brasil, Azul Brazilian Airlines and Gol Transportes Aéreos all offer red-eye flights in Brazil, popularly known as "Big Owl," after a late-night film session broadcast by Rede Globo (Corujão), with over 50 different routes throughout Brazil, all departing between 10pm and 6am. Usually these flights originate in Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Campinas, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, or São Paulo and are bound for Manaus, Belém, Porto Velho, Northeast Brazil, North America, Argentina, and Europe.

Another example is Copa Airlines, which operates several red-eye flights to Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and several other destinations within Latin America.

Europe
Red-eye flights to Europe were once meant to apply exclusively to the morning arrivals of transatlantic flights from the American East Coast to Western Europe. Such traffic now comprises the busiest of the long-haul air routes. The first of these flights, from the busiest destinations of New York and Washington D.C., will arrive at the major European airports at London Heathrow, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Paris, and Dublin between 0500 and 1200 local time (and when still subject to costly night-flying restrictions); and hence in increasing numbers and to and from a wide range of American/European destinations.

Travelling from Europe, red-eye flights are scheduled out of Madrid, Barcelona, Paris, and Frankfurt. The flight time is of three to five hours, with typical departure around midnight, and arrival around dawn the next day. Most airlines from the Middle East and Asia operate red-eye services from major Western European destinations. One example is London Heathrow, where the last departures - leaving between 22.30 and 23.00 - are eastbound medium-haul services to destinations such as Tel Aviv. Also, long-haul services depart Europe and arrive in Asia at practically the same time the next day (For example, leaving London at 2 pm and arriving at Hong Kong at 12 pm the next day.)

Russia
Russian airlines operate similarly to U.S. airlines by connecting Moscow to Yakutsk, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok. They last five to eight hours but due to the northerly latitude the flights can cross as many as eight time zones during this interval, drastically enlarging the time difference. The flights depart Moscow around 6pm and arrive at the eastern cities around 6am the next day. One of the current examples of red-eye flight is Aeroflot's SU783 from Moscow to Magadan, departing 11:05pm Moscow time and arriving 2:00pm Vladivostok Time on the next day, with a flight time of approximately eight hours.

South Africa
Many medium and long-haul flights to/from South Africa and Europe, other African destinations and the Middle East make use of red-eye flights and longitudinal advantages (similar time zones) so that passengers can arrive at their destinations early in the morning and benefit from minimal time zone changes due to South Africa's geographic position. This makes it an efficient and convenient way to travel between each area.

United States and Canada
Red-eye flights frequently connect West Coast cities to East Coast cities. These typically depart the West Coast between 9pm and 1am, and have a flight time of three to six hours but gain between two and four hours due to the time difference, arriving on the East Coast between 5am and 9am. American Airlines, United Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Alaska Airlines, Air Canada, JetBlue, and other U.S. and Canadian carriers operate red-eye flights that depart from the West Coast at night from cities such as Los Angeles, Vancouver, San Francisco, and Seattle, among others, arriving in Boston, New York, Toronto, Washington, D.C., and other East Coast cities in the morning. Red-eye flights also connect Hawaii or Alaska with West Coast mainland cities, departing from Honolulu between 10pm and midnight or Anchorage between midnight and 3am and arriving in Los Angeles, San Francisco, or Seattle between 5am and 7am. Flights from Tokyo to Honolulu are considered red-eye flights, as the flights are usually overnight flights that are six to seven hours.

From the US, there are flights departing between midnight and 2am, headed towards East Asian destinations such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong and arriving between 5am and 7am.

In popular culture
Films involving red-eye flights include Airport 1975 (1974), Airplane! (1980), The Langoliers (1995), Turbulence (1997), Red Eye (2005), Snakes on a Plane (2006), and Non-Stop (2014).

The 2020 TV series Into the Night includes a red-eye flight in its central premise.

title: Red-eye flight


text:
User talk:OrangUtanUK

Hi.

You have to create a page at fairey rodentine for it to be useful. Create that page first and then put links into it. Hang on a minute, I'll give you the standard user greeting. Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:13, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello Orang, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:17, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

PS you can do editing experiments at sandbox or create your own sandbox at User:OrangUtanUK/sandbox Dunc_Harris|☺ 11:17, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Flettner-184.jpg
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Swiss inventions
Hi, I copied the discussion from Talk:List of famous Swiss people onto Talk:Swiss inventions -- list of famous Swiss people was just a Redirect page and hardly anyone would see the discussion. I hope you don't mind. - Motor (talk) 11:35, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Overweight people in Harry Potter
Hi! I've reverted your edit on the overweight people in Harry Potter; please see the talk page for more details. If you wish the article to include something about the overweight, what you write needs to be verifiable. Also, please read Help:Minor edit to know which edits should be marked as "minor" - this one quite definitely shouldn't. Cheers, Pruneau 16:43, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Fixed-wing aircraft
Hi there, OrangUtanUK.

I see that you changed "aircraft" to "airplane" in this article. Please be aware that this used to be an ongoing issue between British and American English (British usage is "aeroplane"), until a happy compromise was made by using the word "aircraft". This word exists in both languages. If I changed all the words to "aeroplane" then that would irritate American readers: similarly, if you change them to "airplane" then that irritates British readers. Let's try to be neutral, by using a word which exists happily on both sides of the Atlantic. That word is "aircraft". Please see the Wikipedia policy: "Where varieties of English differ over a certain word or phrase, try to find an alternative that is common to both." Thanks :) EuroSong talk 15:24, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I replied on my talk page, so the discussion does not get split across two pages. EuroSong talk 15:47, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Muggle Protection Act
It is usual on Wikipedia to delete articles that don't contain any content. This has the benefit that readers can easily see that an article doesn't exist from the red links to it, and if they know about it they may be more likely to add content themselves. Also see Stub, where a stub is described as "an article that is too short to be genuinely useful, but not so short as to be useless "

If you were planning to work on the article yourself later then sorry for deleting it. Feel free to recreate it with more content. You might want to add the template Underconstruction whilst you are working on it. Alternatively you could create the article in a subpage of your user space e.g. User:OrangUtanUK/Muggle Protection Act whilst you work on it, and then move it once you are happy to Muggle Protection Act.

Any more problems just drop me a line. the wub "?!"  16:17, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

More Spelling Contention
According to the Imperial Reference Dictionary, ca. 1950, "propellor" and "propeller" are both correct. OrangUtanUK 10:10, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I've taken that off my list now. Cheers, CmdrObot 14:35, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

RE:Characters
The reason I did that is because it is a standars AWB guideline, and wikitext is supposed to be easy. Imagine if people see weird &abcd; everywhere, some people don't know what that is. If it is not on your keyboars, you can copy it from another place, or you you can just write the &abcd; and wait for another person using awb to unicodeify it.

GeorgeMoney (talk) 18:07, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Discworld humour article
Hi, I've been keeping an eye on the Discworld humour explained article and am a little concerned that before long it will be nominated for deletion, mostly on the grounds that it is unsourced and on the surface appears to be cruft. If you have some sources for the contributions you have made, please cite them in the article - for help on doing so see Citing sources or ask for help on the article's discussion page, or my talk page. Cheers! QmunkE 20:31, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

SelTrac
It seems adverty since it doesn't explain how it is different than any other train signaling and controlling technology/ manufacturers, nor does it explain its notability in relation to the industry (i.e., is it the largest manufacturer of signaling technology? the oldest?  why or how is it different than its competitors?)  Just my two cents. Cornell Rockey 16:03, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Viscounts coronet
Hello! sorry for my like this belate answer, I come not frequently on en:wiki. I hope that now my graphic Image:ViscountE.jpg is correct? When Yoy find any mistake on my heraldry images, please, wrote me, but better on my pl:wiki page. Sorry for my owfull english too :( When You had experience in heraldy tell me please, why on en:wiki by articles about noble families and peerages are not coats of arms? Its custom, overlooking or legal restriction?

Thanks for yours help --Steifer 01:36, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Error in "Software evolution" page
Hi, the link about Lehman biography is uncorrect.

Copyrighted material in Clifton MaCabe Murray article
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You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here. You can also leave a message on my talk page. Clicketyclack 18:21, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Redirect of Clifton Murray
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Clifton Murray, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Clifton Murray is a redirect to a non-existent page (CSD R1). To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Clifton Murray, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. CSDWarnBot 03:05, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I could not find the autoblock, so it must have been removed by another administrator. Nishkid64 (talk) 13:38, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Swiss inventions listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Swiss inventions. Since you had some involvement with the Swiss inventions redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). ╟─ Treasury Tag ►  directorate  ─╢ 13:35, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:OrangUtanUK


text:
Nicolai Ghiaurov

Nicolai Ghiaurov (or Nikolai Gjaurov, Nikolay Gyaurov, Николай Гяуров) (September 13, 1929 – June 2, 2004) was a Bulgarian opera singer and one of the most famous basses of the postwar period. He was admired for his powerful, sumptuous voice, and was particularly associated with roles of Mussorgsky and Verdi. Ghiaurov married the Bulgarian pianist Zlatina Mishakova in 1956 and Italian soprano Mirella Freni in 1978, and the two singers frequently performed together. They lived in Modena until Ghiaurov's death in 2004 of a heart attack.

Biography
Ghiaurov was born in the small mountain town of Velingrad in southern Bulgaria. As a child, he learned to play the violin, piano and clarinet. He began his musical studies at the Bulgarian State Conservatory in 1949 where he studied under Prof. Cristo Brambarov. Ghiaurov was awarded a state scholarship and from 1950 until 1955 he studied at the Moscow Conservatory.

Ghiaurov's career was launched in 1955, when he won the Grand Prix at the International Vocal Competition in Paris and the First Prize and a gold medal at the Fifth World Youth Festival in Prague. Ghiaurov made his operatic debut in 1955 as Don Basilio in Rossini's The Barber of Seville in Sofia. In 1956 he moved to the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, singing his first Mephistopheles. He made his Italian operatic debut in 1958 in Teatro Comunale Bologna, before starting an international career with his rendition of Varlaam in the opera Boris Godunov at La Scala in 1959. 1962 marked Ghiaurov's Covent Garden debut as Padre Guardiano in Verdi's La forza del destino as well as his first appearance in Salzburg in Verdi's Requiem, conducted by Herbert von Karajan.

Ghiaurov first shared a stage with Mirella Freni in 1961 in Genoa. She was Marguerite, he was Mephistopheles in Faust. Married in 1978, they lived in her hometown, Modena. They sang together frequently.

He made his US debut in Gounod's Faust in 1963 at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and he went on to sing twelve roles with the company, including the title roles in Boris Godunov, Don Quichotte, and Mefistofele.

Ghiaurov made his Metropolitan Opera debut on 8 November 1965 as Mefistofele. He sang a total of 81 performances in ten roles there, last appearing there on October 26, 1996, as Sparafucile in Rigoletto. During the course of his career, he also performed at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre, the Vienna State Opera, Covent Garden, and Paris Opéra.

In the late 1970s Ghiaurov sang the title role in the first complete stereo recording of Massenet's opera Don Quichotte. He was recorded frequently, and his discography includes complete recordings of many of his great stage roles, including Don Giovanni, Don Basilio, Ramfis, Colline, Banco, Gounod's and Boito's Mephistos and Boris Godunov, among many others.

Ghiaurov and his wife Mirella Freni sang together in many operas, more notable ones being Simon Boccanegra (La Scala, 1971), Faust (Covent Garden, 1976), Don Carlos (Salzburg, 1976), Ernani (La Scala, 1982).

In October 2000, at the age of 71, he gave an acclaimed performance at the 1st Herbert von Karajan Memorial concert under the baton of James Allen Gähres in Ulm, where he sang opera arias and duets by Cilea, Tchaikovsky and Verdi, together with Mirella Freni.

In Ghiaurov's obituary in Opera News, Martin Bernheimer remarked: "He commanded a remarkable vocal instrument, strikingly generous in size, warm in timbre, dark in color. He rolled out the resonant tone at his command with generosity, and with special ease at the burnished top."

Videography

 * The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009
 * The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010

Honour
Ghiaurov Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Nicolai Ghiaurov.

title: Nicolai Ghiaurov


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Category:Lines of succession

The lists in this category are "lines of succession".

See Order of succession to read more about them in general.

title: Category:Lines of succession


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Thigh-high boots

Thigh-high boots, known also as thigh-length boots or simply thigh boots, are boots that extend above the knees to at least mid-thigh. Other terms for this footwear include over-the-knee boots, a name originally used for 15th century riding boots for men. These are sometimes called pirate boots, especially when cuffed. Over-the-knee boots are sometimes abbreviated to OTK boots. Lengths vary from reaching just over the knee to reaching almost to the crotch (referred to as crotch boots or crotch-high boots).

Thigh boots are made of materials such as leather, synthetic materials (including vinyl and sheet latex) or fabrics (including silk and polyester microfiber). Many are constructed with zippers, but some are designed as pull-on boots. Heel heights vary, but most styles are either flat or have high heels greater than 3 in. Heel styles vary from metal spikes to chunky. Like other boots, they can also have platform soles.

Thigh boots are considered by many to be erotic or kinky. They are used as fetish clothing in boot fetishism and shoe fetishism and also as part of leather fetishism and rubber and PVC fetishism. Cheaper thigh boots are often worn by female models, prostitutes and dominatrices, so many people consider them icons of such trades. Because of the latter, they are often associated with sadomasochism. Nevertheless, they are frequently sold by couture designers, perhaps because of the implied eroticism. Thigh-high boots are considered by many a symbol of women's power, authority and sex appeal.

The visual appearance of thigh-high boots depends on the length of the legs. Samantha Clark, in her book Outfits in Minutes, writes: "The shorter you are, the less leg there is above the top of the boot, when wearing footwear that ends above the knee. A very high heel helps to give the illusion of height, but when there is much more boot visible than leg; the effect is to optically foreshorten you."

Late Victorian era
Laced leather boots were fashionable throughout the Victorian era for women. By the end of the 19th century, over-the-knee length laced leather boots were becoming a trend among London prostitutes wanting a style that would appeal to foot fetishists and clients interested in finding a dominatrix.

1960s
Kinky boots, also referred to as fetish boots, are boots made typically with patent leather and high stiletto heels. Their extreme characteristics intended to present a dramatic sexy appearance, such as by a prostitute or dominatrix. Characteristics often include very high heels, thigh- or crotch-high length, or unusual colors or materials.

Boots of this type, and specifically the thigh-high leather boots worn by Honor Blackman in her role as Cathy Gale in The Avengers, are referred to in the 1964 song "Kinky Boots" by Blackman and her Avengers co-star Patrick Macnee.

In fashion
In women's fashion, thigh boots run through cycles in both popularity and design. As referenced by several authors, the popularity of the motion picture Pretty Woman hurt the credibility of thigh boots as wardrobe staples. Nevertheless, in any fall fashion season, one or more designers and retailers will take a chance on their appeal.

Like shoes in general, fashion thigh boots are marketed through several different channels. A key differentiator among these channels is the price point and construction:
 * Couture fashion designers
 * Fashion designers
 * Couture shoe designers
 * Boutique brands
 * Fashion and shoe retailers

Couture fashion designers marketing thigh boots will vary from year to year. Introducing a boot model is typically tied to the designer's theme for the line. These boots will typically be marketed at the highest price point for thigh boots and, usually, for shoes in general. Fashion designers market similarly, though at a lower price point.

A number of couture shoe design houses regularly include thigh boots in their collections, and the price point will be at a premium, just as with the couture fashion designers. Examples of these designers are:
 * Brian Atwood
 * Manolo Blahnik
 * Jimmy Choo
 * Christian Louboutin
 * Sergio Rossi (of Gucci Group)
 * Stuart Weitzman
 * Giuseppe Zanotti (of Vicini S.p.A.)

Couture fashion designers regularly use the shoe design houses to design the boots and shoes for their collections.

Thigh boots are a regular staple of several Italian boutique brands, including:
 * Gianmarco Lorenzi
 * Left and Right
 * Le Silla
 * Loriblu
 * Icône

The price point for these boots can be very high, particularly at retail boutiques, but will vary more than for couture designers. Some brands are available through eBay sellers and clearance sellers at discounted prices. The lowest price tier is typically the fashion retailers. Retailers who regularly market thigh boots in their line include:
 * Aldo
 * bebe
 * Victoria's Secret

Autumn 2010
In Autumn 2010, thigh-high boots repeated as a fashion highlight from Autumn 2009. Designers and fashion houses who showed them with their designs included:
 * Burberry Prorsum
 * Christian Dior
 * Hermès
 * Vionnet

Autumn 2009
The Autumn 2009 fashion season featured thigh-high boots as a key fashion accessory for the season, resulting in the style being declared a fashion trend in early 2009. Reaching a wider audience through fashion magazine editorials, the footwear style was shown in two different feature layouts in the September 2009 issue of US Vogue. Numerous high street fashion stores featured thigh-high boots in their Autumn 2009 collections, with many fashion designers also featuring them in their ready-to-wear collections.

Miuccia Prada pushed the margins of fashion with her thigh boots designed for fashion. One version even featured garters to suspend the tops from a belt. Right behind her was Stella McCartney, featuring three crotch-length boots with synthetic uppers, in following with her usual animal-friendly practice. All three had snipped toes and extreme stiletto heels, and one featured a multi-patterned, pierced upper.

Other design houses showing thigh boots in their Autumn 2009 lines included:
 * Alexander McQueen
 * Catherine Malandrino
 * Celine
 * Chloé
 * Gucci
 * Halston
 * Louis Vuitton

As for the couture shoe designers, Christian Louboutin marketed no less than four different styles in Autumn 2009 – a front-lacing mid-thigh length with sculpted heel and hidden platform (Supra Fifré), a crotch-length, skin-tight boot with hidden platform, a chunky mid-thigh boot (Contente), and a chunky platform mid-thigh boot. In addition to one heeled thigh boot featuring an elastic cuff just above the knee and two pairs of flat over-the-knee boots in their couture line, Jimmy Choo's limited edition capsule collection for H&M featured a mid-thigh black leather boot with a four-inch heel.

Spring 2009
Givenchy kicked off the thigh boot trend conspicuously out of season in early 2009 with a western-style thigh boot in black leather.

Autumn 2008
Fendi supported the thigh boot cause in Autumn 2008 with a chunky suede boot that featured a metallic leather accent around the ankle of the boot and at the top of the heel. The boot was carried by several different retail outlets and was available in black, brown, taupe, and gray.

Autumn 2006
Karl Lagerfeld styled all of his designs in the Autumn 2006 Chanel collection with thigh boots. The boots were finished in a variety of materials, including black suede and different shades of blue denim.

Autumn 2005
Karl Lagerfeld showed the Chanel black leather thigh boot with many of his Autumn 2005 designs that actress Anne Hathaway later wore in The Devil Wears Prada, which made her a fashion icon.

Autumn 2003
Narciso Rodriguez created a stir in Autumn 2003 when almost half the models in his ready-to-wear show were wearing thigh boots with his clothing line. The boots featured four-inch heels and pointed toes. Phoebe Philo at Chloé showed leather and suede thigh boots in several colors, including red and green, in addition to the more typical black and brown.

Autumn 2001
Roberto Cavalli showed many of his designs in Autumn 2001 with thigh boots. The boots featured four-inch heels and pointed toes.

Thigh-high boots in contemporary media
Thigh-high boots have been worn by many celebrities in recent years. Ariana Grande has incorporated many styles of thigh-high boots into her signature look. Because of this many articles were published advertising thigh-high boots, resulting in a surge of demand for the item. This could also be linked to the fact that the years of 2018–2019 saw a trend of popular 90's trends becoming fashionable again.

Fetish

Thigh boots as articles of fetish clothing date back to at least the 1950s when Irving Klaw used them in the costuming of the women in his erotic photography. Since that time, they have been a staple of fetish and adult photography. For instance, Bob Guccione photographed the 1982 Penthouse Pet of the Year, Corinne Alphen, in a pair of black leather thigh boots for her feature layout. Similarly, Dwight Hooker photographed the Playboy 25th Anniversary Playmate, Candy Loving, in white leather over-the-knee boots for her layout.

Until the 2000s, fetish thigh boots were generally distinguished from fashion boots by being more extreme in many design dimensions, particularly heel height and platform height. In the late 2000s, this trend slowly changed as some couture designers, particularly Christian Louboutin, experimented with more extreme designs in their shoes. Consequently, the difference between the two now is more a function of the materials used. In particular, fetish thigh boots tend to be constructed of polyurethane (PU) or vinyl (often incorrectly referred to as patent leather). In addition, they are generally produced in China and sold at low cost. Some European cobblers have specialized in higher-priced thigh boots for the fetish market.

Iconography and symbolism in motion pictures
Motion pictures in which thigh boots were prominent in an actress' wardrobe include:
 * In the 1990 film Pretty Woman, the protagonist, Vivian Ward (played by Julia Roberts), wears her black vinyl thigh boots throughout much of the first part of the movie as a symbol of her role as a prostitute.
 * In the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada, the protagonist, Andy Sachs (played by Anne Hathaway), completes her ugly-duckling-to-swan transformation by strutting confidently into her employer's offices wearing a pair of Chanel black leather thigh boots. Andy's wardrobe for this scene and the rest of the movie was styled by noted costumer, stylist, and designer Patricia Field.
 * In the live-action films 101 Dalmatians and 102 Dalmatians, Glenn Close (Cruella) wears thigh high red PVC and thigh / crotch high black PVC boots respectively. Her boots end up stained in molasses and mud.

title: Thigh-high boots


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Cradle (novel)

Cradle is a 1988 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee. The main premise of the novel is the contact between a few humans from the Miami area in 1994 and the super robots of a damaged space ship submerged off the Florida coast. Telecommunication advances such as videotelephones and highly efficient underwater scanning equipment used in the story bridge from the everyday, real-life aspects of the setting toward the near future, bespeaking technological progress.

Plot summary
In 1994, the US Navy is testing a new missile, but after the launch it mysteriously disappears and it is clear that if the rocket reaches civilian areas they will be in big trouble. Carol Dawson, a journalist, is alerted by an unusual sight of whales in the Miami area, and decides to go and write about it.

Armed with special equipment provided by her friend, Dr. Dale Michaels from MOI (Miami Oceanographic Institute), goes to investigate the rumors of a missing missile belonging to the Marines and that could be behind the mysterious whale behavior lately. She hires the services of Nick Williams and Jefferson Troy, owners of a little boat so she can get to the Gulf of Mexico and investigate closer if a missile has something to do with all of the above.

They end up finding an unknown artifact, bringing a lot of doubts about its nature, and even if it is part of a lost treasure that could be worth millions. Old friends of Williams and Troy noticed the finding and just like the old times, they want to steal it from them.

In the background of the story, the author talks about a submarine snake civilization on a planet called Canthor, and how they were struggling to stay alive due to new threats into their ecosystem. It is revealed later in the story that the artifact found in the sea is actually a cradle that contains seeds with altered superhumans, which were extracted from Earth millions of years ago and were altered so they could live with other species (including the submarine snakes) on Earth. The spaceship that carries the cradle is crewed by robots/cyborgs and has hidden itself on Earth's ocean floor to make repairs.

Dawson, Williams and Troy found the damaged ship in the bottom of the sea while looking for the missile, and were asked to gather materials so the ship can be repaired and it could go back to its mission. Before leaving earth, the ship asked the humans to keep the cradle because it would enormously help the human race to have such superhuman seeds to develop faster and better through time, but in the end the humans refuse in order to avoid future wars between the human and superhumans.

Critical response
The book has been criticized for excessive descriptions of the characters' personal lives unrelated to the plot and its numerous sex scenes. In one critic's words:

 * "I’m all for character development and, if it’s pertinent to future events, I don’t really mind if it drags a little. But the first few hundred pages of Cradle are filled with more-or-less pointless character development, clearly written by Lee, that would be perfectly at home in a Harlequin romance novel. A few pages of sci-fi, clearly not written by Lee, are interspersed so that the reader may be reminded that they paid $6 for a Clarke novel and not $2 for a grocery store romance tome."

title: Cradle (novel)


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Nipesotsu-Maruyama Volcanic Group

Nipesotsu-Maruyama is a volcanic group situated in Hokkaidō, Japan.

It is composed of several stratovolcanoes and lava domes, including:

 * Mount Nipesotsu
 * Mount Maru (Kamishihoro-Shintoku)
 * Mount Tengu
 * Mount Kotengu
 * Mount Gunkan
 * 1332 Meter Peak
 * Mount Upepesanke

title: Nipesotsu-Maruyama Volcanic Group


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Category:Road transport

Road transport (alternatively road transportation) is transport on roads, i.e. most transport over land which is not rail transport in the wide sense.

title: Category:Road transport


text: Category:Audioslave albums

title: Category:Audioslave albums


text:
Template talk:Football in England/Archive 1

There's nothing that needs changing on this page, but why is it protected?

 * This page is not protected. What makes you think it is? -- Graham  :) | Talk 11:28, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Can we...
Have a link to the FA Women's Cup on this, after the 'regular' (men's) FA Cup, perhaps like so:
 * FA Cup (Women's)
 * Ahkayah cuarenta y siete 21:01, 18 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ribet's theorem

Ribet's theorem (earlier called the epsilon conjecture or ε-conjecture) is part of number theory. It concerns properties of Galois representations associated with modular forms. It was proposed by Jean-Pierre Serre and proven by Ken Ribet. The proof was a significant step towards the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT). As shown by Serre and Ribet, the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture (whose status was unresolved at the time) and the epsilon conjecture together imply that FLT is true.

In mathematical terms, Ribet's theorem shows that if the Galois representation associated with an elliptic curve has certain properties, then that curve cannot be modular (in the sense that there cannot exist a modular form that gives rise to the same representation).

Statement
Let $f$ be a weight 2 newform on $Γ_{0}(qN)$ – i.e. of level $qN$ where $q$ does not divide $N$ – with absolutely irreducible 2-dimensional mod $p$ Galois representation $ρ_{f,p}$ unramified at $q$ if $q ≠ p$ and finite flat at $q = p$. Then there exists a weight 2 newform $g$ of level $N$ such that
 * $$ \rho_{f,p} \simeq \rho_{g,p}. $$

In particular, if $E$ is an elliptic curve over $$\mathbb{Q}$$ with conductor $qN$, then the modularity theorem guarantees that there exists a weight 2 newform $f$ of level $qN$ such that the 2-dimensional mod $p$ Galois representation $ρ_{f, p}$ of $f$ is isomorphic to the 2-dimensional mod $p$ Galois representation $ρ_{E, p}$ of $E$. To apply Ribet's Theorem to $ρ_{E, p}$, it suffices to check the irreducibility and ramification of $ρ_{E, p}$. Using the theory of the Tate curve, one can prove that $ρ_{E, p}$ is unramified at $q ≠ p$ and finite flat at $q = p$ if $p$ divides the power to which $q$ appears in the minimal discriminant $Δ_{E}$. Then Ribet's theorem implies that there exists a weight 2 newform $g$ of level $N$ such that $ρ_{g, p} ≈ ρ_{E, p}$.

Level lowering
Ribet's theorem states that beginning with an elliptic curve $E$ of conductor $qN$ does not guarantee the existence of an elliptic curve $E$ of level $N$ such that $ρ_{E, p} ≈ ρ_{E, p}$. The newform $g$ of level $N$ may not have rational Fourier coefficients, and hence may be associated to a higher-dimensional abelian variety, not an elliptic curve. For example, elliptic curve 4171a1 in the Cremona database given by the equation

 * $$E: y^2 + xy + y = x^3 - 663204x + 206441595$$

with conductor $43 × 97$ and discriminant $43^{7} × 97^{3}$ does not level-lower mod 7 to an elliptic curve of conductor 97. Rather, the mod $p$ Galois representation is isomorphic to the mod $p$ Galois representation of an irrational newform $g$ of level 97.

However, for $p$ large enough compared to the level $N$ of the level-lowered newform, a rational newform (e.g. an elliptic curve) must level-lower to another rational newform (e.g. elliptic curve). In particular for $p ≫ N^{N^{1+ε}}|undefined$, the mod $p$ Galois representation of a rational newform cannot be isomorphic to an irrational newform of level $N$.

Similarly, the Frey-Mazur conjecture predicts that for large enough $p$ (independent of the conductor $N$), elliptic curves with isomorphic mod $p$ Galois representations are in fact isogenous, and hence have the same conductor. Thus non-trivial level-lowering between rational newforms is not predicted to occur for large $p (p > 17)$.

History
In his thesis, originated the idea of associating solutions (a,b,c) of Fermat's equation with a different mathematical object: an elliptic curve. If p is an odd prime and a, b, and c are positive integers such that

 * $$a^p + b^p = c^p,$$

then a corresponding Frey curve is an algebraic curve given by the equation

 * $$y^2 = x(x - a^p)(x + b^p).$$

This is a nonsingular algebraic curve of genus one defined over $$\mathbb{Q}$$, and its projective completion is an elliptic curve over $$\mathbb{Q}$$.

In 1982 Gerhard Frey called attention to the unusual properties of the same curve, now called a Frey curve. This provided a bridge between Fermat and Taniyama by showing that a counterexample to FLT would create a curve that would not be modular. The conjecture attracted considerable interest when Frey suggested that the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture implies FLT. However, his argument was not complete. In 1985 Jean-Pierre Serre proposed that a Frey curve could not be modular and provided a partial proof. This showed that a proof of the semistable case of the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture would imply FLT. Serre did not provide a complete proof and the missing bit became known as the epsilon conjecture or ε-conjecture. In the summer of 1986, Kenneth Alan Ribet proved the epsilon conjecture, thereby proving that the Modularity theorem implied FLT.

The origin of the name is from the ε part of "Taniyama-Shimura conjecture + ε ⇒ Fermat last theorem".

Implications
Suppose that the Fermat equation with exponent $p ≥ 5$ had a solution in non-zero integers $a, b, c$. The corresponding Frey curve $E_{a^{p},b^{p},c^{p}}|undefined$ is an elliptic curve whose minimal discriminant $Δ$ is equal to $2^{−8} (abc)^{2p}$ and whose conductor $N$ is the radical of $abc$, i.e. the product of all distinct primes dividing $abc$. An elementary consideration of the equation $a^{p} + b^{p} = c^{p}$, makes it clear that one of $a, b, c$ is even and hence so is N. By the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, $E$ is a modular elliptic curve. Since all odd primes dividing $a, b, c$ in $N$ appear to a $pth$ power in the minimal discriminant $Δ$, by Ribet's theorem repetitive level descent modulo $p$ strips all odd primes from the conductor. However, no newforms of level 2 remain because the genus of the modular curve $X_{0}(2)$ is zero (and newforms of level N are differentials on $X_{0}(N))$.

title: Ribet's theorem


text:
Category:Roman Empire

This category refers to the period of Roman history known as the Roman Empire (as opposed to Category:Roman Kingdom and Category:Roman Republic); it covers the centuries from the late 1st century BC, to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.

For topics not found here - because they overlap with the Roman Republic - e.g. economy, geography and law: see Category:Ancient Rome.

For the Eastern Roman Empire, see Category:Byzantine Empire.

title: Category:Roman Empire


text:
Cuiabá

Cuiabá is the capital city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. It is located near the geographical centre of South America. Also, it forms the metropolitan area of Mato Grosso, along with the neighbouring town of Várzea Grande. The city's name is an indigenous Bororo word meaning 'arrow-fishing', The city was founded in 1719, during the gold rush, and it has been the state capital since 1818. The city is a trading centre for an extensive cattle-raising and agricultural area. The capital is among the fastest-growing cities in Brazil, followed by the growth of agribusiness in Mato Grosso, despite the recession that is affecting Brazilian industries. Cuiabá was one of the host cities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Cuiabá is the heart of an urban area that also includes the state's second largest city, Várzea Grande. The city is the seat of the Federal University of Mato Grosso and the largest football stadium of the state, Arena Pantanal.

The city is a rich mix of European, African and Native American influences and numerous museums reflect this. Cuiabá is also notable for its cuisine, dance, music and craftwork. Known as the "Southern gate to the Amazon", Cuiabá experiences a hot humid tropical climate.

Colonial period
The first Portuguese explorers to Cuiabá were bandeirantes, explorers, slavers, and fortune hunters based in the São Paulo region. The bandeirantes aided Brazil's great expansion westward, including to the Mato Grosso region. Manoel de Campos Bicudo, a bandeirante from São Paulo, visited the Cuiabá region in 1673 and 1682. He founded the first village in the region where the Coxipó River flows into Cuiabá, and named it São Gonçalo Beira-Rio.

Pascoal Moreira Cabral, a bandeirante of Sorocaba, São Paulo, arrived at the site in 1718 and found it abandoned. He travelled up the Coxipó to enslave indigenous peoples, and fought a battle with the Coxiponé Indians, and lost. The bandeirantes returned down Coxipó, however, found gold, and enslaved indigenous people of the region for mining on the site. Cabral informed the Captaincy of São Paulo of his discovery in a letter dated April 8, 1719. He applied to be "guarda‐mor regente", or guardian and supervisor of the mines. A gold rush immediately followed Cabral's letter with prospectors mainly coming from the São Paulo region. Cabral "manag[ed] disputes and problems of all kinds" as guardian of the mines until his death in 1724.

Cuiabá was founded on January 1, 1727 by Rodrigo César de Menezes, then the "captain" of the captaincy of São Paulo in the aftermath of the discovery of gold mines. It was officially called the Vila Real do Senhor Bom Jesus de Cuiabá, a name taken from the district founded two years earlier. The Church of Our Lady of the Rosary was built at the time in the centre of the little town marked the location of a rich seam of gold. However, in 1746 much of the town was destroyed by an earthquake. Dom Antônio Rolim de Moura Tavares (1709–1782), the first Count of Azambuja, arrived in 1751 to serve as governor of the newly created Captaincy of Mato Grosso by King John V of Portugal. Tavares served in the position from 1751 to 1765, and founded Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade as the new capital of the captaincy.

19th century
Cuiabá was elevated to township status in 1818. It became the capital of the Province of Mato Grosso in 1835 under the Empire of Brazil, replacing Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade. Many residents of Santíssima Trindade left for Cuiabá, leaving behind houses, commercial establishments, and slaves behind in the old capital.

From the late eighteenth century, until the time of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), the town remained small and was in decline. The war, however, brought some infrastructure and a brief period of economic boom, with Cuiabá supplying sugar, foodstuffs, and timber to the Brazilian troops. After the war, the town was once again forgotten by the rest of the country, to such an extent that the Imperial and later the Republican governments of Brazil used to use it as a site of exile for troublesome politicians. Isolation allowed it to preserve many of the oldest Brazilian ways of life until well into the twentieth century.

20th and 21st century
Starting in 1930, the isolation was diminished, with the construction of roads and later with the advent of aviation. The town became a city and would grow quite rapidly from 1960 onwards, after the establishment of the newly built Brazilian capital in Brasília.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the pace of growth would continue to increase as agriculture became commercialized, using the roads to transport soybeans and rice produced in the state in order to be sold abroad. The growth was such that from 1960 to 1980 the small town of 50,000 inhabitants grew into a giant, with more than a quarter of a million inhabitants (including those from the surrounding area and towns).

Since 1990, the rate of population growth has decreased, as other towns in the state have begun to attract more immigration than the capital. Tourism has emerged as a source of income and began to become a relevant area of the country, unlike before, when it was practically uninhabited. In 2023, Cuiabá was already considered one of the ten best cities in the country to live in, according to a UN study; it was also considered the second Brazilian city that most advanced in the last decade.

Geography

Cuiabá borders the towns of Chapada dos Guimarães, Campo Verde, Santo Antônio do Leverger, Várzea Grande, Jangada and Acorizal. The city is an intersection of many major roads and waterways. However, on account of sand banks along the river, these waterways no longer support medium or large ships.

The third most important airport of the Brazilian Mid-West region is located in Cuiabá, and the city is the centre of an important and productive agricultural region. It is famous throughout Brazil as one of the country's hottest cities, where temperatures are often above 40 °C (104 °F).

In central Cuiabá, an obelisk marks the exact center of the South American continent, as calculated in 1909. However, more accurate measurements in the 1990s located the exact center about 45 km northeast of Cuiabá, near the town of Chapada dos Guimarães.

The town sits in a transition zone between three of the most characteristic Brazilian ecosystems: Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal. It is also close to the mountain range known as Chapada dos Guimarães (which blocks polar masses and causes the extremely hot weather) and the city is also known as the Southern gate to the Amazon.

The municipality contains 11% of the 3534 ha Rio da Casca Ecological Station, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1994.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Cuiabá has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Cuiabá is famous for its searing heat, although temperatures in winter can sometimes drop to 10 C. This is atypical, caused by cold fronts coming in from the south, and may only last one or two consecutive days then returning to the usual heat. The climate is tropical and humid. Rainfall is concentrated from October to April, the mass of dry air over the center of Brazil inhibiting the rain formation from May to September. The cold fronts dissipates the heat associated with the smoke produced by fires during the dry season. The relative humidity drops to very low levels, sometimes below 15%, increasing cases of respiratory diseases. The average annual rainfall is 1351.1 mm, with maximum intensity from December to March. The mean maximum temperature reaches 34 C, but the absolute maximum can reach 40 °C in hotter months but is muffled on rainy days, when the maximum temperature is typically only 28 C. The average low in July, the coldest month is 16.6 C with wind chill of 10 C.

Vegetation
The Massairo Okamura State Park provides a green space with typical cerrado vegetation in the centre of a highly urbanized area. It helps preserve the headwaters of the Barbado and Moinho streams. The 66 ha Zé Bolo Flô State Park is in the Grande Coxipó district. The city also includes the 77 ha Mãe Bonifácia State Park, created in 2000, also with typical cerrado trees. Cerrado includes various types of vegetation. It is characterized by extensive savanna formations crossed by gallery forests and stream valleys. Humid fields and "buriti" palm paths are found where the water table is near the surface. Alpine pastures occur at higher altitudes and mesophytic forests on more fertile soils.

"Cerrado" trees have characteristic twisted trunks covered by a thick bark, and leaves which are usually broad and rigid. Many herbaceous plants have extensive roots to store water and nutrients. The plant's thick bark and roots serve as adaptations for the periodic fires which sweep the cerrado landscape. These adaptations protect the plants from destruction and make them capable of sprouting again after the fire.

Distances
From São Paulo - 1690 km From Rio de Janeiro - 2090 km From Brasília - 1130 km

Economy
The economy of Cuiabá is concentrated on commerce, services and industry. Commerce and services based in Cuiabá are important to the whole state, since the population is divided in several small agriculture-centered cities. People from these smaller cities often travel to the capital to access these services and buy goods not sold anywhere else.

The industrial sector is represented, basically, by agribusiness, particularly food processing. Many industries, mainly those that should be maintained far from the populous areas, have been set up in the Industrial District of Cuiabá (DIICC), which was founded in 1978. Even though it is located in one of the most agriculturally focused states of Brazil, Cuiabá itself only grows small vegetable farms, mainly family- or cooperative-based.

The city, with a GDP of 4.75 billion reals in 2003, according to the IBGE, is responsible for 21.99% of the total of the state GDP. Greater Cuiabá possesses, currently, four shopping centers registered in the HUGS (Brazilian Association of Shopping Centers), and another 8 commercial galleries.

The GDP for the city was R$7,189,521,000 (2006).

The per capita income for the city was R$13,244 (2006).

Education
English is taught as part of the official high school curriculum.

Higher educational institutions include
 * IFMT - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso (Public)
 * Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) (Public);
 * Universidade de Cuiabá (Unic) (Private);
 * and many others (mostly private).

Culture

Cuiabá has a rich local culture based on Portuguese, African and Amerindian influences. It is home to an Indigenous Brazilian-influenced cuisine, dance traditions, craft-work and music. Local dance and music were traditionally connected to the worship of Catholic saints. Saint Benedict is the patron saint of Cuiabá.

Museums

 * Museum Hill of the Old Cistern
 * Memorial of Mato Grosso
 * Museum of the Image and Sound of Cuiabá
 * Artisan's home
 * Museum of Rio Cuiabá and Municipal Aquarius
 * Memorial of the Waters
 * Museum of the Education and Teatro Maria of Arruda Müller
 * Museum of Sacred Art of Cuiabá
 * Museum Couto Magalhães
 * Memorial to Pope John Paul II
 * Historical and Geographical Institute of Mato Grosso and the Mato Grosso Academy of Letters, located at the House of the Baron of Melgaço
 * Institute of the Historical and Environmental Patrimony National–Cuiabá
 * Palace of the Instruction
 * Museum of the History of Mato Grosso
 * Museum of the Movies, located in the Cine Teatro of Cuiabá
 * Arsenal de Guerra de Cuiabá, now SESC Arsenal and Museum of the Swampland.

Carnival
Carnaval in Brazil spans the four-day period before Lent leading up to Ash Wednesday. As with other capital cities in Brazil, there are parties across the city, known in Portuguese as the "bailes do Carnaval". Cuiabá, like other cities in Brazil, holds an off-season Carnaval, known as the "Carnaval fora de época" or "micareta"; it is locally called the "micarecuia".

Historic structures and protected area
Cuiabá is home to colonial and 18th century historic structures. Many are protected as Brazilian national, state, and municipal monuments. The Historic Center of Cuiabá was designated a national monument by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1993.

Individually protected structures include the:

 * Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Saint Benedict
 * Presbyterian Church of Cuiabá
 * Fountain of Mundéu

International airport
Marechal Rondon International Airport connects Cuiabá with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights. The runway at Marechal Rondon International Airport was opened to traffic in 1956. In February 1975, Infraero took over the airport's administration and began various upgrades to meet the needs of the airport complex. In 1996, Marechal Rondon Airport, located 10 km from the city center, started receiving international flights. Currently it serves more than 900 thousand passengers a year.

The airport has one building. There are two sections, upstairs and downstairs. Downstairs is all check-in terminals, and upstairs there are shops, eateries and an observation lounge.

Highways
Cuiabá is connected to the Pacific Ocean with the Interoceanic Highway, and to the Atlantic Ocean by the BR-364 Highway.

Light rail
A 22 km light rail line, that would connect Cuiabá with Várzea Grande in the Cuiabá metropolitan area and the international airport, was under construction and was originally intended to begin operations in time for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Due to political corruption commonly, the project was started and abandoned, as construction stopped and construction of the infrastructure never started being built, except for a section of the line near the airport, but it was never used. No line has ever been operational.

Pipeline
Thermal electric and hydroelectric plants located in the greater Cuiabá metropolitan area expanded in 2000 after the completion of the Pantanal Pipeline. The natural gas pipeline runs between Mato Grosso and Bolivia.

Sports
Cuiabá was one of 12 cities chosen to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Brazil. The games were to be played at the Arena Pantanal, a stadium completed in April 2014, with a capacity of 42,968. The stadium hosted four group matches in the tournament.

It replaced the old Estádio José Fragelli (Verdão), which used to be the principal football stadium of the city. Verdão got demolished in 2010, and works on the new stadium commenced later that year. The architects GCP Arquitetos have focused strongly on sustainability and one of the stadium's noticeable features are the plants and trees that fill the four corner areas. Following completion, the stadium has become the permanent home of local sides Mixto EC and Cuiabá EC. Next to the football stadium is the Tocantins Gymnasium - Ginásio Aecim Tocantins.

The stadium has a car park of 15,000 spaces. Local side Mixto hold the record for most state titles, having won the Campeonato Mato-Grossense on 24 occasions. Mixto are also the only club from Mato Grosso to have played at the top level of Brazilian football, the Brasileirão, in 1976 and 1986. Even more contested than Manaus as a FIFA World Cup host city, Cuiabá represents both the positive and negative of Brazil's hosting of the event. Negative because it is a relatively small, remote city with no great footballing tradition, best as its inclusion shows that the World Cup, geographically speaking at least, will be an event for all of Brazil and not just in the east coast capitals.

Sister cities

 * 🇷🇺 Kyzyl, Tuva, Russia

Notable People

 * Felipe Lima, swimmer, World Championship runner-up
 * David Moura, judoka, World Championship runner-up
 * Igor Queiroz, greco-roman wrestler
 * Lenísio, futsal player, world champion
 * Vinicius, futsal player, world champion
 * Eurico Gaspar Dutra, former president of Brazil

title: Cuiabá


text:
Rafael Cordero

Rafael Cordero may refer to:

 * Rafael "Churumba" Cordero Santiago (1942–2004), former mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico
 * Rafael Cordero (educator) (1790–1868), known as "The Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico"

title: Rafael Cordero