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Tartan Day

Tartan Day is celebration of Scottish heritage and the cultural contributions of Scottish and Scottish-diaspora figures of history. The name refers to tartan, a patterned woollen cloth associated with Scotland. The event originated in Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1987. It spread to other communities of the Scottish diaspora and Scotland itself in the 1990s to 2000s.

National Tartan Day, or just Tartan Day, in Canada (since 1987, officially and nationally since 2010), the United States (since 1997, with increasing levels of national officialness conferred in 1998, 2005, and 2008), and Argentina (unofficially from 2006) is held on April 6, the date on which the Declaration of Arbroath was signed in 1320. The same date is used for locally official Tartan Days in Angus and Aberdeen, Scotland (from 2004); in the latter, it has since shifted into the charity fundraiser Kilt walk, now running in four Scottish cities. International Tartan Day is held in various states of Australia (from 1989, with varying levels of official recognition) and in New Zealand (unofficially since 2008) on July 1, the anniversary of the repeal of the Dress Act 1746, which had banned the male wearing of Highland dress in much of Scotland. Related unofficial events in France (since 2002) have been held on varying days of the year, often also celebrating Breton culture. Tartan Day has expanded into an entire Tartan Week in New York City and Angus, and into multi-day events in some other locations, including Washington, DC. The name Scotland Week has also been promoted in both Scotland and Australia.

The events typically have parades of pipe bands, Highland dancing, and other Scottish-themed activities.

Origins
On March 9, 1986, a "Tartan Day" to promote Scottish heritage in Canada was proposed at a meeting of the Federation of Scottish Clans in Nova Scotia (the name of which is Latin for 'New Scotland'); the first event was held April 6, 1987. After a period of adoption by provinces and territories of Canada, a National Tartan Day of April 6 was declared in 2010.

In Australia, wearing tartan on July 1 has been encouraged since 1989. The day has been promoted as International Tartan Day in Australia since 1996 and has been formally recognized by some states, but not at a national level.

The first (unofficial) national-level Tartan Day in the US was observed an April 6, 1997, growing from county- and state-level observance inspired by Canadian events. The holiday was approved by the US Senate in 1998, the House of Representatives in 2005, and the President in 2008.

Similar events in other countries appear to have been inspired by those in Canada, Australia, and the US, and date from the 2000s or later.

Argentina
Argentina has around 100,000 people of Scottish descent, the largest such community outside the English-speaking world. The Tartan Day parade of Scottish porteños was inaugurated in Buenos Aires on 6 April 2006 and is organized by the Scottish Argentine Society every year. A symbolic key to the gate of Arbroath's Abbey is carried to mark the date in 1320 that inspired this celebration.

Australia
Three million Australians are either Scottish or of Scottish descent. International Tartan Day in Australia is celebrated on a regional basis in most states on 1 July (or by some community organizations on the nearest Sunday), the anniversary of the Repeal Proclamation of 1782 annulling the Act of Proscription 1746 and its Dress Act, which had made wearing Highland dress (by males) an offense in the Highlands, punishable by up to seven years' penal transportation. According to Scottish House secretary Moyna Scotland, the tendency to disguise Scottish associations was mirrored in Australia: "Scots did what they were told to do when they came to Australia, assimilate and integrate, and they almost disappeared"; consequently, one aim of Tartan Day is to help Australians reconnect with their Scottish ancestry. A tartan revival started in Scotland in 1822, and now many of the Australian states, and the Commonwealth of Australia itself, have their own tartans.

In 1989, the Scottish Australian Heritage Council began to encourage Australians to wear tartan on July 1, when more than half a million Australians gather for a celebration of Scottish heritage, combining nostalgia with Australian citizenship ceremonies, and fund-raising for charitable causes such as drought assistance. Australians without a family tartan are invited to wear the royal Stewart tartan or the military tartan of the Black Watch. Tartan articles worn on the day include hats, ties, and socks. There are many pipe band associations in both Australia and New Zealand, some originating in disbanded Second World War army battalions, and almost 30 heritage events in Australia alone. Some clans, notably the McLeods of South Australia, come together in private events to honor their chief, recite Robert Burns, consume haggis, and take part in Highland dancing. A butcher in Maclean, New South Wales, "the Scottish town in Australia", reportedly celebrates the day by selling haggisburgers.

Since 2001, the Scottish Australian Heritage Council and Australian branch of the Scottish National Party have petitioned the Government of Australia in the capital, Canberra, for federal recognition of International Tartan Day to celebrate the Scottish contribution to Australian history, including the influence of Scottish radicalism on the trade-union movement and the Labor Party, and Australia's allegedly "egalitarian and meritocratic" society. In 2008, Scottish culture minister Linda Fabiani floated a proposal to expand the Australian event into an official Scotland Week as part of the Scottish government's international business strategy.

Canada
About 15.1% or 4.7 million Canadians claim Scottish descent. Tartan Day (Journée du Tartan) in Canada, first held in Nova Scotia in 1987, originated with a proposal by Bill Crowell and Jean MacKeracher-Watson at a meeting of the Federation of Scottish Clans in Nova Scotia on March 9, 1986.

MacKeracher-Watson, president of the Clan Lamont Society of Canada, petitioned provincial legislatures to recognize April 6 as Tartan Day. The first such proclamation was by Nova Scotia in April 1987. On December 19, 1991, in response to action initiated by the Clans & Scottish Societies of Canada, the Ontario Legislature passed a resolution proclaiming 6 April as Tartan Day, following the example of some other Canadian provinces. Tartan Day has since been proclaimed by all the provincial legislatures. In 2007, Peter Stoffer introduced a private member's bill for "An Act respecting a Tartan Day". Progress of the bill was interrupted by the 2008 election; resubmitted after the election, it was unsuccessful.

Canada declared National Tartan Day in October 2010, the first official national event being held in 2011. In the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario, an annual Gathering of the Clans takes place each year, usually on April 6 or the Sunday nearest to it, on Parliament Hill at noon with pipes, drums, and dancing hosted by the Sons of Scotland Pipe Band, Canada's oldest civilian pipe band. The 2023 celebrations were on April 23, and were the 15th year that the pipe band has hosted the event. Canada's official tartan is the Maple Leaf tartan, designed in 1964 became an official national symbol in March 2011 ahead of Tartan Day.

In 2015, Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover issued a statement in support of National Tartan Day and the Maple Leaf tartan, and tied the event to celebration that year of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the first prime minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald (born in Scotland), and the 50th anniversary of the current flag of Canada, among other events. Glover wrote of "the contributions of the Scots and their descendants to the social fabric of our country" and "the historical links between Scotland and Canada".

France
Starting in 2002, the France Celtic Tartan Day (Jour du tartan celtique en France or "Le Tartan Day"), also called Day of the Kilt (Journée du kilt) and Festival of Scotland and the Kilt (Fête de l’Ecosse et du kilt), was held in France. Originally founded by Richard and Marie Laure, the event developed into a collaboration between L’Équipe du France Celtic Tartan Day (a not-for-profit organization formed for the purpose by its president Jean-François Rebiffé) and Jeux Ecossais de Luzarches (the Highland games association in Luzarches). The locations have varied by year, and have sometimes been spread over three days instead of a single Tartan Day; e.g., the 7th annual event of 2009 was organized for the "sister" cities of Eu, Mers-les-Bains, and Le Tréport on the borders of Normandy and Picardy; the 2007 edition also included Criel-sur-Mer. Events included a beachfront parade, musical concerts, piping competitions, Highland games, kilt fashion show, and a Franco-Scottish economic roundtable. Organizers claimed attendance from Brittany, Normandy and elsewhere in France, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and the Isle of Man. This particular series of Tartan Day events appears to have ended in 2009.

Tartan day has also been celebrated in Paris for several years, organized by the Kilt Society de France. A one-off event was held in Brocéliande (Paimpont) forest before 2015. Starting in 2015, there had also been an annual event in Brittany, called Breizh Tartan Deizh ('Breton Tartan Day' in the Breton language); this event was organized by an association named Hentou Breizh ('Breton Paths') along with l’Association Château Essor Blinois. Held at the castle Château de la Groulais in Blain (though not always on April 6), it featured a parade through that city, music and dancing, and a crafts fair. The event celebrated Breton culture as well as Scottish, and the links between the two Celtic nations. Richard Duclos, designer of the first Breton national tartan, originated both the Paris and Brittany events. The Breton event seems to have last been held in 2018, and to have been subsumed into a broader Festival Celtique in Plessé (along with another Festival Celtique in Gévaudan), and a Breton and Celtic event named Festiv'Arz in Arzal.

New Zealand
With high Scottish ancestry, New Zealand unofficially celebrates International Tartan Day on 1 July each year, since 2008.

Scotland
Angus, a region that includes Arbroath, established the first Tartan Day festival in Scotland on April 6, 2004, and has since joined other regional councils in attempting to develop its potential as a global celebration. The Angus event, like that in New York, has developed into a full Tartan Week, and has included activities such as exhibitions of local arts and crafts, a farmer's market, local food vendors and formal dinners, a gathering of clans, a golf tournament, archery competition, literary and storytelling events, medieval reenactments, traditional piping and other music, dance (competitive and participatory), regional history exhibitions and presentations, and craft workshops.

From 2004 through 2013, the city of Aberdeen also organized a Tartan Day, though in 2016 it changed into a charity walkathon fundraiser named the Kilt walk (run by a registered charitable organization), which has since spread to Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee in Scotland (held at different dates throughout the year so as not to conflict), and, for a one-off event, to New York City in the US.

From 2017 through 2022, the Scottish Government's official Scotland.org portal site had re-branded Tartan Day/Week as "Scotland Week" for marketing the events to native Scots, but seems to have given up on this effort and reverted to "Tartan Day".

United States
There are an estimated 25 million people in the US who are of Scottish descent. Observing various Tartan Day activities in Canada and in the US at the state and county level, a March 8–10, 1996, meeting of Scottish-heritage organization leaders chaired by John H. Napier III, which included Duncan MacDonald of the Caledonian Foundation, and Neil Fraser of the Clans and Scottish Societies of Canada, among others, proposed nationalizing the idea in the US, to unanimous approval of the attendees. After promotional advertisements were placed in heritage and genealogy publications including The Highlander, Scottish Life, and Family Tree, the first (unofficial) Tartan Day in the United States observed at the national level was on April 6, 1997. Wanting to make the holiday official, the Scottish Coalition USA (comprising the American-Scottish Foundation, the Association of Scottish Games and Festivals, the Council of Scottish Clans & Associations, Living Legacy of Scotland, the Scottish-American Military Society, and Scottish Heritage USA, and at that time also including the now-defunct Tartan Educational and Cultural Association) held a second Sarasota meeting in 1997 to more formally establish a National Tartan Day.

In 1998, the efforts of the coalition and the Caledonian Foundation (led then by JoAnne Phipps), with the legislative sponsorship of Senator Trent Lott, resulted in United States Senate Resolution No. 155 (introduced March 6, 1998) to adopt April 6 as National Tartan Day. The resolution passed March 20, 1998, "to recognize the outstanding achievements and contributions made by Scottish Americans to the United States"; it also referred to the predominance of Scots among the Founding Fathers of the United States and claimed that the American Declaration of Independence was "modelled on" the Scottish Declaration of Arbroath. The now quasi-official National Tartan Day was held annually thereafter; The Washington Times reported in 2000 on the event, by which time it was already growing into a three-day affair in Washington, DC.

This led in turn, through the advocacy of the National Capital Tartan Committee (led by James Morrison), to unanimous adoption of US House of Representatives Resolution 41 passing on March 9, 2005, in favor of a US National Tartan Day on April 6, and mirroring most of the wording of the Senate resolution. The House resolution's chief sponsors were Representative Mike McIntyre from North Carolina and Rep. Jimmy Duncan from Tennessee, who were the founding co-chairs of the Friends of Scotland Caucus in the House. Finally, President George W. Bush signed a presidential proclamation on April 4, 2008, of a fully official US National Tartan Day observance on April 6 each year.

The largest of the US events is New York City Tartan Week. Another major one is that held in Washington, DC, which includes a National Tartan Day Symposium featuring notable Scottish and Scottish-American speakers.

New York City Tartan Week
1n 1999, the first Tartan Day parade in New York City consisted of just two pipe bands and "a small but enthusiastic group of Scottish Americans", with American actor Cliff Robertson in the role of grand marshall. By 2002, the "Tunes of Glory" parade, organized by American piper Magnus Orr, Scottish piper (living in Canada) Thomas Grotrian, and the newly formed National Tartan Day New York Committee, included 8,250 pipers and drummers marching through the streets of New York, led by Scottish actor Sir Sean Connery and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Other organizers of the annual affair include the Saint Andrews Society of the State of New York, the New York Caledonian Club, and the American Scottish Foundation.

The event has since grown into a Tartan Week beginning with Tartan Day (the parade is held on the week's Saturday). The grand marshall each year is usually a Scotland-native celebrity (actor Gail Porter in 2023), but has occasionally been a Scottish American. The parade includes pipe bands (typically around 3,000 bagpipers in total), and contingents from clan societies, Highland games organizers, Scottish-American societies, the New York Mounted Police, alumni clubs of Scottish universities, and Scotland's tourism board, VisitScotland. Activities and events other than the parade include literary, theatrical, and musical performances; receptions; art exhibits of Scottish and Scottish-American works; music concerts and pipe band competitions; cèilidh, Highland, and Scottish country dances; since 2004, the Scotland Run, a 10K run (sponsored by the Scottish Government with New York Road Runners, and a pre-qualifying race for the New York City Marathon); displays of Scottish artifacts; exhibitions of Scottish dog breeds; and Dressed to Kilt, a fashion show and charity ball organized by Friends of Scotland, featuring tartaned and kilted celebrities.

The event has not been without some criticism. Susan McIntosh, a former president of the Council of Scottish Clans & Associations (based in North Carolina) said in 2015 that the event was too thinly attended and media-covered, given its potential, compared to other ethnic celebrations, and an "unfortunate mongrel of a commemoration" because the dates of the parade (on a Saturday nearest April 6 but rarely April 6 itself) are not meaningful to Scots, and because, she stated, the connection between the Declaration of Arbroath and the Declaration of Independence "is faint at best". McIntosh recommended starting over to create a new, grassroots and international, diaspora-driven holiday. The Scotsman also that year quoted an anonymous promoter in Edinburgh saying that Tartan Day "doesn't resonate with young Scots", including designers who will not attend the events because they don't find them "relevant". Alan Bain of the American Scottish Foundation, at Tartan Day organizer, disagreed because Scottish universities were sending parade contingents, indicating contemporary interest in Scotland.

Scottish governmental and business involvement in diasporic events
The Scottish Government (sometimes the broader Government of the UK), along with regional Scottish governmental bodies (including city councils of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) and industry organisations, have capitalised on opportunities to promote Scottish tourism and business interests by directly participating in Tartan Day/Week activities among the disaspora, especially in the United States, since the 2000s. The US is Scotland's top destination for exports, which amounted to £6 billion, 17% of Scotland's total international trade.

Scottish officials have participated in Tartan Day activities, e.g. as grand marshals of the New York parade, including presiding officers of Scottish Parliament (George Reid in 2007, Alex Fergusson in 2010, and Tricia Marwick in 2015), and Lord Provost of Glasgow Bob Winter in 2011. The Scottish Parliament sent a delegation to the 2023 New York event, including MSPs Alison Johnstone (the presiding officer), Finlay Carson, and Collette Stevenson, who also visited the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa and the National Assembly of Québec. Scottish First Minister Jack McConnell attended the New York event in 2002 "to make sure that Scotland is promoted at the highest level during a time when the world will be watching." Also in New York, First Min. Alex Salmond in 2013 cross-promoted events in Scotland, especially the year-long Homecoming Scotland 2014, a followup to the 2009 event series. Former First Min. Henry McLeish gave a Scottland post-Brexit presentation at Tartan Day in Washington, DC, in 2021. Angus Robertson, the Scottish culture secretary, attended 2022 Tartan Day in Ontario, Canada, and Tartan Week in New York and Washington, DC, in the US, meeting also with political bodies, business leaders, and cultural organizations, with a goal of bolstering "cultural, historical, educational and economic links between Scotland, Canada and the United States". Robertson wrote April 2023 editorials in The Scotsman and the Edinburgh Evening News on Tartan Day abroad leading to job creation in Scotland, and called the holiday "an opportunity to promote enduring connections with Scotland, including trade, investment, tourism and culture" and "a platform ... to promote Scotland in some of our most important markets". The 2023 National Tartan Day Symposium in Washington, DC, included a presentation from Chris Thomson, head of the Scottish Government USA consular team. The UK Government's parliamentary under-secretary of state for Scotland, John Lamont, also attended the New York Tartan Day events of 2023, including a roundtable organized by the UK Department for Business and Trade.

The Scottish Government has promoted Scottish culture and talent at foreign Tartan Days/Weeks, including the National Theatre of Scotland, the National Trust for Scotland, the National Galleries Scotland, and Scottish universities. The government has also sponsored the annual 10K Scotland Run (with a trip to Edinburgh as the prize) during Tartan Week in New York City since 2004. In 2005, the government lent the Wallace Sword – an artifact purported to have been wielded by Scottish hero William Wallace in the 13th to early 14th centuries – for Tartan Week display at Grand Central Terminal in New York City. The sword had never before left Scotland in modern times. VisitScotland, the Scottish tourism board, has a contingent in the annual New York Tartan Day parade, and also hosts side events sponsored by and featuring Scottish brands. Scotland.org, variously branded "Gateway to Scotland" and "Scotland Is Now", a tourism, study-abroad, and immigration website partnership between various departments of the government and industry associations, has publicized diasporic Tartan Day events, including 23 across the US, though the website no longer provides a detailed catalog of events and just has general information about Canadian Tartan Day and New York Tartan Week.

The Scotlish Government's involvement in Tartan Day/Week is connected with other governmental works, including GlobalScot (founded 2001), an international business network to help Scottish businesses and entrepreneurs with worldwide business connections; and Scottish Connections Framework, (since 2023), a program for outreach to members of the diaspora who want "to live, work, study, visit, or do business in Scotland". The Tartan Day/Week activities also interrelate with Scotland's US Engagement Strategy of 2017, and a Diaspora Engagement Plan published in 2010 which includes other countries.

Scottish businesses have integrated Tartan Day/Week into their marketing efforts, both online and at the events. A few examples include: the tartan weaver and women's clothier Prickly Thistle, of Evanton and Edinburgh; the Gin Bothy distillery in Glamis; Harris Tweed Textiles on the Isle of Lewis; the Johnnie Walker distillery (Kilmarnock / London); Walker's Shortbread (Aberlour); the Salmon Scotland trade association (Edinburgh); and Scotch Whisky Association (Edinburgh). For 2022, the Stirling-based Forth Valley Chamber of Commerce alone sent 13 Scottish businesses to the New York parade, including Angels' Share Glass, Ardgowan Distillery, Ochil Fudge Pantry, and Quirky Chocolate. Ian Houston, president of the trade association Scottish Business Network (SBN); John Bleed, US director of the Confederation of British Industry; and Peter Wilson, president of Great Scot International, a wholesale supplier of Scottish goods to US retailers, were all presenters at the Washington, DC, Tartan Day Sympoisum in 2023. SBN, Scottish Development International, and British–American Business Network have all been directly involved in Tartan Day activities in Texas. SNB's "The New York Scottish Challenge" business seminar for Scottish entrepreneurs includes representation in the Tartan Day parade.

title: Tartan Day


text:
Talk:List of former United States counties

Comment
Defunct counties from List of Massachusetts counties (to be incorporated)

 * 1) Cumberland County formed in 1760 from part of York County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 2) Devonshire County formed in 1674 from unorganized land in the Maine District. Abolished in 1675.
 * 3) Hancock County formed in 1789 from part of Lincoln County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 4) Kennebec County formed in 1799 from part of Lincoln County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 5) Lincoln County formed in 1760 from part of Yorkshire County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 6) Norfolk County one of four original counties created in Massachusetts in 1643. Abolished in 1679.
 * 7) Oxford County formed in 1805 from parts of Cumberland County and York County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 8) Penobscot County formed in 1816 from part of Hancock County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 9) Somerset County formed in 1809 from part of Kennebec County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 10) Washington County formed in 1789 from part of Lincoln County. Transferred to Maine in 1820.
 * 11) York County formed in 1652 from unorganized land in the Maine District with the name Yorkshire County. Suspended in 1664. Reinstated in 1668 as York County. Eliminated in 1680. Reinstated in 1691. Transferred to Maine in 1820.

I wouldn't put the counties transferred to Maine in the list, as they still exist, but in a different state. (The same with West Virginia, made entirely of counties which seceded from Virginia.) Only Norfolk and Devonshire are truly extinct. –radiojon 05:52, 2004 May 13 (UTC)

Should counties which were merely tranfered from a territory to another territory or state be included (since we are already not included those transfered between states). Examples: Des Moines County, Michigan Territory, Dubuque County, Michigan Territory. Rmhermen 14:43, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe we need sublists for state-state or territory-territory transferred counties? Just a thought. No opinion on the Des Moines Q. jengod 18:44, Jun 16, 2004 (UTC)

Listing by state
From Talk:List of extinct U.S. counties by state:
 * Nonenmac, I don't really see the need for two lists of extinct U.S. counties; this is a topic that is always thought of by state, and moreover this new article does not credit in the history those who contributed to 'List of extinct U.S. counties'. I suggest you cut and paste the content of this article as your revision (which I think is an improvement) to 'List of extinct U.S. counties' and make this page a redirect.--Pharos 01:30, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that listing by state is more meaningful (at least to me). I didn't want to undo the work that was done on the alphabetical listing, in case someone wants it that way. But since at least one other person agrees with listing by state, and unless I hear arguments to the contrary, I'll do what you suggest -- maintaining two lists would be a lot of extra work anyway. Nonenmac 01:59, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Any objections? Nonenmac 02:29, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

San Francisco County, CA
I disagree with the inclusion of San Francisco County, CA, on this list. The county still exists; it just has a different kind of government from the rest of the state's counties. You might as well say that the counties of Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, and Richmond in NY are defunct, or that any county in a city/county consolidation is defunct. 69.140.80.231 13:07, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Illinois County, Virginia
I'm not too sure about the inclusion of this "county" in Ohio's extinct counties. Virginia's claim over Ohio was not surveyed until after Virginia had ceded the land to Congress, and I don't think Virginia ever held any administrative control over Ohio. But if so, we might also make note of the Connecticut Western Reserve, as Connecticut also layed claim to lands of the present state of Ohio. -- SwissCelt 06:12, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Was the Connecticut Western Reserve ever a county? Rmhermen 06:13, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, there was Westmoreland County, Connecticut, but I'm not sure of its borders. Which, I suppose, is my point:  It's unclear that either colony-- Connecticut or Virginia-- organized the Ohio lands into counties. -- SwissCelt 12:59, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * From the article: "In November of 1779, the Virginia legislature created the county of Illinois comprising all of the lands lying west of the Ohio River to which Virginia had any claim, with Kaskaskia as the county seat." Rmhermen 19:21, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Indian Nation counties
Would the extinct counties within the five Indian Nations be appropriate? I think only in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations were they called counties. The Cherokee Nation and Creek Nations called their local governmental divisions districts. Although, the Creek (Muscogee) Nation may have called theirs both districts and counties at different times. I don't think the Seminole Nation was large enough for divisions. OkieDokie 03:21, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Chickasaw Nation

 * Tishomingo County
 * Pontotoc County
 * Pickens County
 * Ponola County

Choctaw Nation

 * Apuckshunnubbee District:
 * Atoka County
 * Jack's Fort County
 * Cedar County
 * Nashoba County
 * Wade County
 * Eagle County
 * Red River County
 * Bok Tuklo County
 * Blue District:
 * Towson County
 * Kiamichi County
 * Moshulatubbee District
 * Gaines County
 * Tobucksy County
 * Sugar Loaf County
 * Skullyville County
 * Sans Bois County

Creek (Muscogee) Nation

 * Coweta District
 * Okmulgee District
 * Muscogee District
 * Deep Fork District
 * Eufala District
 * Wewoka District

 * As far as I can tell, these are the districts and counties that were within three of the old Indian Nations of Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). I don't have a list of the Cherokee Nation districts yet and the Seminole Nation does not appear to have had districts or counties. Only the Five Civilized Tribes had constitutional governments and were called nations, as far as I can tell. Although the Osage Nation did install a constitutional government just before they were dissolved, I don't think they ever sent a representative to the US House of Representatives. But I am no expert. OkieDokie 14:48, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Cherokee Nation (pre-Civil War)

 * Canadian District
 * Delaware District
 * Going Snake District
 * Illinois District
 * Flint District
 * Saline District
 * Skin Bayou District
 * Tahlequah District

Cherokee Nation (post-Civil War)

 * Canadian District
 * Cooweescoowee District
 * Delaware District
 * Flint District
 * Going Snake District
 * Illinoise District
 * Saline District
 * Sequoyah District
 * Tahlequah District

These lists may be incomplete. OkieDokie 22:48, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

District of Columbia
I made the section list the one present day county-equivalent, which is DC itself. This is because List of counties in the District of Columbia redirects there. I know that I'm trying to jam an oval-shaped peg into a round hole, but the only alternative I see is to have a "List of counties in the District of Columbia" article which would be almost identical to this section. It doesn't seem worth dividing our effort between two almost identical "articles" simply to avoid having this page state that DC itself is a county-equivalent. Plus it is worth noting predominantly that all of DC's counties are former counties. Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 23:16, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

King County, WA?
Kind of a weird case, but should King County, Washington be included on this page? It was officially renamed in 1986, the Council motion referred to it as precisely that, it's just that the renaming was a change from King County (named after William Rufus King) to King County (named after Martin Luther King Jr.). Technically and officially, it does qualify as a "[county] that [was] renamed but retained [its] territorial integrity," but it's such an odd situation that I wanted to check before making the edit myself. Idran (talk) 17:50, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Yup, that's a weird one to be sure. Seems it is a bit of trivia that belongs somewhere in WP, maybe in Martin Luther King Jr. YBG (talk) 21:37, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Meenaswat

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the pages entitled Meenaswat and Meena.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Advert with text mostly from www.geocities.com/meenaswat, with most of the handful of hits apparently coming from the creators. Claims to be the 'first online pushtu magazine', but I'm not sure that's verifiable/notable (don't know what pushtu is) (I wrote this before, but apparently forgot to Save). Niteowlneils 00:31, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Finally found cross-promotion stub Meena--same issues (other than the source of the text). Niteowlneils 01:22, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete both, ads -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:35, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * (No vote) Pushtu is another transliteration for the Pashto language. Smerdis of Tlön 11:44, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to userpage and explain why this is not a sufficient article. I believe it can be, but let the ball be in the author(s) court. Alcarillo 14:02, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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National Association of Professional Base Ball Players

The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP), often known simply as the National Association (NA), was the first fully-professional sports league in baseball. The NA was founded in 1871 and continued through the 1875 season. It succeeded and incorporated several professional clubs from the previous National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) of 1857–1870, sometimes called "the amateur Association". In turn, several NA clubs created the succeeding National League of Professional Baseball Clubs (the National League, founded 1876), which joined with the American League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (the American League, founded 1901) to form Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1903.

History
In 1869, the previously amateur National Association of Base Ball Players, in response to concerns that some teams were paying players, established a professional category. The Cincinnati Red Stockings were the first team to declare their desire to become fully professional. Other teams quickly followed suit. By 1871, several clubs, wanting to separate fully from the amateur association, broke away to found the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. (The remaining amateur clubs founded the National Association of Amateur Base Ball Players, which only lasted two years). In 1876, wanting an even stronger central organization, six clubs from the NA and two independents established the National League: Boston Red Stockings, Hartford, Mutual, Athletic, Chicago, and the St. Louis Brown Stockings from the NA plus independent clubs Louisville and Cincinnati.

Several factors limited the lifespan of the National Association including dominance by a single team (Boston) for most of the league's existence, instability of franchises as several were placed in cities too small to financially support professional baseball, lack of central authority, and suspicions of the influence of gamblers.

Major league status question
Whether to cover the NA as a major league is a recurring matter of difference in historical work on American baseball among historians, encyclopedists, database builders, and others. Major League Baseball and the National Baseball Hall of Fame do not recognize it as a major league, but the NA comprised most of the professional clubs and the highest caliber of play then in existence. Its players, managers, and umpires are included among the "major leaguers" who define the scope within baseball references such as Retrosheet.

MLB ruling
In 1969, Major League Baseball's newly formed Special Baseball Records Committee decided that the National Association should be excluded from major league status, citing the association's "erratic schedule and procedures" as well as a history of gambling and "poor newspaper coverage". Thus, when the landmark 1969 Macmillan Baseball Encyclopedia was published, National Association records were not included in totals for such early stars as Cap Anson. Arguments against including the NA as a major league generally revolve around the league's quality of play, significant differences in the sport's rules during the era, and the instability of the league (as many teams lasted only one season or part of a season), and the poor state of the NA records.

The Special Baseball Records Committee's decision has faced continuing criticism. Oft-cited arguments in favor of the National Association are its status as the first fully professional baseball league, the fact that several of its teams continued on as part of the National League when it was founded in 1876, and the much more complete state of National Association records today than they were in 1969, thanks to research efforts by a number of baseball historians. In 1982, Sports Illustrated writer Marc Onigman argued that the NA should be included in the major leagues, despite its acknowledged flaws, pointing out the same flaws existed in other leagues as well, and called the Committee's decision "a modern-day value judgment that doesn't hold up". The committee's decision has been criticized for favoring the owner-run National League over the player-dominated National Association. David Nemec's The Great Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Major League Baseball includes players' National Association statistics in their major league totals; Nemec states that his compendium "is not bound by major league baseball's decision to treat its statistics separately", points out that "the National Association contained most of the best professional players of its time", and also argues that the National Association is more entitled to major league status than the 1884 Union Association (which has been officially recognized as a major league by Major League Baseball). The editors of The 2007 ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia also registered their disagreement with the NA's exclusion, arguing that the NA "was indisputably the Major League Baseball of its day", but they nevertheless decided not to combine their NA records with later leagues, to avoid confusing conflicts with totals shown in the "official records".

Member clubs
Professional baseball clubs in the 19th century were often known by what is now regarded as a "nickname", although it was actually the club's name. This was a practice carried over from the amateur days. The singular form of a "nickname" was often the team name itself, with its base city "understood" and was so listed in the standings; for example the Atlantic Base Ball Club, which was located in Brooklyn. Rather than "Brooklyn Atlantics", the team was simply called "Atlantic", or "Atlantic of Brooklyn" if deemed necessary by the writer. Another common practice was to refer to the team in the plural, hence the "Bostons" the "Chicagos" or the "Mutuals". Frequently sportswriters would apply a creative pseudonym to call the team by in newspaper articles, often using one with something to do with the team colors, such as the Red Stockings or Red Caps (Boston), White Stockings (Chicago), Green Stockings (Mutual of New York), and Canaries (the yellow-uniformed Lord Baltimore).

This practice of using the singular form of the "nickname" as the team name faded with time, although as recently as the early 1900s the team generally known as "Philadelphia Athletics" was shown in the American League standings as the traditional way of "Athletic". That team sported an old-English "A" on its jerseys, as had its nominative predecessors.

Later, the Encyclopedia of Baseball attempted to retrofit the names into a modern context. In the following list, the bold names are the names most often used by contemporary newspapers in league standings, and the linked names after them are those typically ascribed to the teams now, using the Encyclopedia of Baseball standard.
 * Boston – Boston Red Stockings (1871–1875)
 * Chicago – Chicago White Stockings (1871, 1874–1875)
 * Forest City – Cleveland Forest Citys (1871–1872)
 * Kekionga – Fort Wayne Kekiongas (1871)
 * Mutual – New York Mutuals (1871–1875)
 * Athletic – Philadelphia Athletics (1871–1875)
 * Forest City – Rockford Forest Citys (1871) (A second league club with the same name as the Cleveland entry)
 * Troy or Union – Troy Haymakers (1871–1872)
 * Olympic – Washington Olympics (1871–1872; 1875)
 * Atlantic – Brooklyn Atlantics (1872–1875)
 * Eckford – Brooklyn Eckfords (1872)
 * Lord Baltimore – Baltimore Canaries (1872–1874)
 * Mansfield – Middletown Mansfields (1872)
 * National – Washington Nationals (1872; 1875) Washington Blue Legs (1873)
 * Maryland – Baltimore Marylands (1873) (played at Madison Avenue Grounds)
 * Philadelphia – Philadelphia White Stockings (1873–1875) (also sometimes called "Pearls" or "Phillies")
 * Resolute – Elizabeth Resolutes (1873)
 * Hartford – Hartford Dark Blues (1874–1875)
 * Centennial – Philadelphia Centennials (1875)
 * Elm City – New Haven Elm Citys (1875)
 * St. Louis – St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875)
 * St. Louis Reds – St. Louis Red Stockings (1875) (this club's jerseys featured an actual image of a red stocking, making this an "official" name).
 * Western – Keokuk Westerns (1875)

Champions
Before 1883, team order in baseball standings was determined by the number of games a team won, not by winning percentage. For each of the five NA seasons, the league champion had both the most games won and the best winning percentage. The placement of other clubs may vary—for example, the 1872 Philadelphia Athletics finished in fourth place (based on their win total), while recording the second-best winning percentage. The NA did not have a postseason; champions were determined by final standings at the end of the season.

† Individual statistics from tie games count towards players' career totals, but tie games are excluded when computing winning percentage and games behind.

NA presidents

 * James W. Kerns 1871
 * Robert V. Ferguson 1872–1875

NA players in the Hall of Fame
Eight people who played in the NA have been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame:

 * Cap Anson
 * Candy Cummings
 * Pud Galvin
 * Jim O'Rourke
 * Albert Spalding
 * Deacon White
 * George Wright
 * Harry Wright

George Wright was the first NA inductee and Deacon White is the most recent. Four of the eight had significant playing careers in the National League or other major leagues after their time in the NA: Anson, Galvin, O'Rourke, and White, each of whom was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a player. The other four—Cummings, Spalding, and brothers George and Harry Wright—were each inducted into the Hall as an "executive", a Hall of Fame category that includes pioneers of the game. Cummings is notable for being the pitcher credited with inventing the curveball.


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National Association

National Association may refer to:

Politics

 * National Association (South Korea), a political party 1946–1960
 * Kokumin Kyōkai or National Association, a Japanese political party 1892–1899

Sports
Unless noted otherwise, each of the below is or was based in the United States

Baseball

 * National Association of Base Ball Players (1857–1870), the governing body of early high-level but officially non-professional baseball
 * National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875), regarded by baseball historians as the first professional baseball league
 * National Association (1879–1880), successor to the International Association after it lost its final Canadian team
 * National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL), the former name of the governing body of Minor League Baseball, established in 1901
 * National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1910), an early professional Negro baseball league

Other

 * National Association of Basketball Coaches, an organization of men's college basketball coaches
 * National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics, a professional organization for college and university athletic directors
 * National Association Football League, a semi-professional soccer league (1895–1898)

Acronym usage

 * NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), a civil rights organization in the United States
 * NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics), a college athletics association for colleges and universities in North America
 * NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing), an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company
 * Nasdaq (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Stock Market), an American stock exchange

Other uses

 * National Association, or "N.A.", the official designation of federally chartered banks in the United States
 * Numerous professional organizations whose formal names begin with National Association can be found via the "All pages with titles beginning" link below

title: National Association