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Barton City, Michigan

Barton City is an unincorporated community in Alcona County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated about 2 miles north of M-72 in the Huron National Forest on the shore of Jewel Lake. Most of the community is within Millen Township, although nearby settlement extends north into Hawes Township. The ZIP code, 48705, serves a much larger area including large portions of Millen, Hawes, and Mitchell Township.

History
Barton City is at 44.68417°N, -83.60556°W with an elevation of 830 ft above sea level.

Barton City was the site of the main branch of the Potts Lumbering Company and the Loud Lumbering Company. First called "Mud Lake", because of its location on the shores of what is now known as Jewell Lake, a post office named Mud Lake was established on March 10, 1887, with George W. LaChapelle as postmaster. In 1912, two surveyors staying at the home of resident Frank Barton, laid out a town around the lake, sold lots, and named the town for Barton. The name of the post office was changed to Barton City on April 1, 1912.

Barton City boasts "the biggest little Fourth in the North" - a two-day festival in the city park on Fourth of July weekend including a grease pole competition, sawdust pile, a flea market and a beer tent. The city also puts on a fireworks show on the evening of July 4 every year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barton City, Michigan


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Talk:Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems

This page is an attempt to present an IMHO worthwhile quote from Jay Forrester. My previous attempt to present this was a page with a bolded quote and no links. This time I didn't use bold, and I put in some links to show why I think it's relevant.

 * I don't think this belongs in Category:Semantic web. Any number of things might have "potential applications to semiotics, artificial intelligence, and the semantic web", but that doesn't mean those categories apply.  Surely we can find a better one. johndburger 15:38, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Notability
Is this notable. I found it out of context and meaningless, but I am an engineer. Needs more explanation or deletion or slotting into an article od decision making Cosnahang (talk) 09:51, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

On further consideration:
 * 1) Reading the original, which started; 'Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated.' I grasped the context etc. & understood why it is such a great quote
 * 2) I merged it into the flame wars article and marked this one for deletion.

Cosnahang (talk) 10:24, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

user:SoWhy removed the delete tag because - "Decline speedy - neither is this a valid reason for deletion nor would it be. This article is about the paper, not the term 'flame wars'."

Cosnahang (talk) 15:53, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Anonymous coward: Well, if this paper is not notable, I do not know what would be. It is one of the most influential papers of that age in system dynamics/ system modeling area. Although its numerical conclusions proved to be wrong, it was an eye-opener on the applicability of the system complexity on common human systems. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.156.110.33 (talk) 15:01, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Malcolm-Jamal Warner

Malcolm-Jamal Warner (born August 18, 1970) is an American actor. He rose to prominence for his role as Theodore Huxtable on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show, which earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards. He is also known for his roles as Malcolm McGee on the UPN sitcom Malcolm & Eddie, and Dr. Alex Reed in the sitcom Reed Between the Lines.

Warner also became an executive producer for the PBS Kids series The Magic School Bus, which is also produced by Nelvana, Scholastic, and South Carolina Educational Television. In 2015, he received a Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance for the song "Jesus Children" alongside Robert Glasper Experiment and Lalah Hathaway. He later appeared as Al Cowlings on the FX limited series The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story. Warner formerly played Dr. AJ Austin on the FOX medical drama The Resident.

Early life
Warner was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised by his divorced mother, Pamela, who served as his manager. He was named after Malcolm X and jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal. At the age of nine, he demonstrated an interest in show business which led to enrollment in acting schools. His career as a child performer later led him to graduate high school from The Professional Children's School in New York City, New York.

Career
With appearances and roles on many television shows and films, he landed his most successful role as Theo Huxtable, the only son of Heathcliff Huxtable, who was played by Bill Cosby on the NBC sitcom, The Cosby Show from 1984 to 1992. Warner auditioned for the role on the final day of the nationwide search and was chosen by Cosby himself.

During his tenure on The Cosby Show, Warner turned his hand to directing, making music videos including New Edition's "N.E. Heart Break" (1989), rapper Special Ed's "I'm the Magnificent" (1989), and British R&B group Five Star's "I Love You For Sentimental Reasons" (1994). He has directed episodes of many sitcoms, including The Cosby Show, All That, Kenan & Kel, and Malcolm & Eddie. In addition, Warner directed the acclaimed, teen-oriented public health video Time Out: The Truth About HIV, AIDS, and You (1992), which featured Arsenio Hall and Earvin "Magic" Johnson discussing the realities of HIV and AIDS and the best ways to prevent its spread.

He went on to star in Jeremiah, was the voice of The Producer character on The Magic School Bus and co-starred with comedian Eddie Griffin for four years on the UPN sitcom Malcolm & Eddie. Warner continued his career on the CBS sitcom Listen Up with Jason Alexander and was the host of the literacy-promoting children's show CBS Storybreak. He guest-starred on an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air playing the role of Hilary's boyfriend. In 1995, Warner appeared as a homeless man on Touched by an Angel.

In 2003, Warner released his debut EP, The Miles Long Mixtape. In 2007, Warner followed up with his second CD entitled Love & Other Social Issues. In 2009 he guest starred in an episode in the new TNT series HawthoRNe. In 2011 and 2012, he guest starred in four episodes of the NBC series Community as Andre, the ex-husband of Shirley Bennett (Yvette Nicole Brown). His character subtly referenced his Cosby Show past by wearing a "Cosby sweater" that he stated was from his dad.

He is a bass guitar player and a performance poet, and has performed at the National Black Theatre Festival since 2003, in addition to hosting its Poetry Jam.

Warner has co-starred in BET's scripted comedic television series Reed Between the Lines. He played the role of Alex Reed, an English professor married to Carla Reed, a psychologist played by former Girlfriends star Tracee Ellis Ross. The couple had three children: Kaci and Kenan Reynolds, Carla's children from a previous relationship, and Alexis Reed, their child together. The show highlighted the couple's ups and downs together as a blended family. In 2012, Warner was nominated for Outstanding Actor in a comedy series at the NAACP Image awards for his role in Reed Between the Lines. In the spring of 2015, it was announced that Warner would be playing the part of Al Cowlings in the crime series American Crime Story, based on the events of the O. J. Simpson trial.

Warner portrays recurring characters on multiple current TV series. He played prison counselor Julius Rowe on the sixth season of USA network's Suits. On the TNT series Major Crimes, he portrays Lt. Chuck Cooper, a member of the LAPD's Special Investigation's Section (SIS) and the love interest of the Major Crime Division's Detective Amy Sykes. He also played the role of parole officer James Bagwell on Amazon Prime's show Sneaky Pete and as Dr. AJ “The Raptor” Austin on FOX's The Resident.

Personal life
Warner had a relationship with actress Michelle Thomas, who portrayed his girlfriend Justine Phillips on The Cosby Show, until 1994 and was at her bedside when she died in 1998. He was in a relationship with actress Karen Malina White for seven and a half years. Warner also dated actress Regina King from 2011 until March 2013. He is married with a daughter, and has not disclosed his wife's or their child's name publicly citing privacy concerns.

Discography

 * The Miles Long Mixtape (2003)
 * Love & Other Social Issues (2007)
 * Selfless (2015)
 * Hiding In Plain View (2022)

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
 * 2015: Won, "Best Traditional R&B Performance" – "Jesus Children" (with Robert Glasper Experiment featuring Lalah Hathaway)
 * 2022: Nominated, "Best Spoken Word Poetry Album" - Hiding In Plain View

MD Theatre Guide Readers' Choice Awards
 * 2013: Winner 1st Place, "Best Performance by Lead Actor in a Play" -Doctor John Prentice in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner at Arena Stage

BET Comedy Awards
 * 2005: Nominated, "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series" — Listen Up

Emmy Awards
 * 1986: Nominated, "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series" — The Cosby Show

Image Awards
 * 1996: Nominated, "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series" — Touched by an Angel
 * 2001: Nominated, "Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series" — Malcolm & Eddie
 * 2012: Won, "Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series" – Reed Between the Lines

TV Land Awards
 * 2006: Nominated, "Favorite Singing Siblings" — The Cosby Show (shared w/co-stars)

Young Artist Award
 * 1985: Won, Best Young Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy Series – The Cosby Show
 * 1988: Nominated, Best Young Male Superstar in Television – The Cosby Show
 * 1989: Won, Best Young Actor/Actress Ensemble in a Television Comedy, Drama Series or Special – The Cosby Show (shared w/co-stars)
 * 1990: Won, "Best Young Actor Supporting Role in a Television Series" — The Cosby Show

Books

 * Theo and Me: Growing up Okay (1988) - ISBN 0-525-24694-0 (with Daniel Paisner)

title: Malcolm-Jamal Warner


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User:Redjar/Images

Maps
I've created town highlight maps for all 251 towns in Vermont. See List of towns in Vermont

title: User:Redjar/Images


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User:MacGyverMagic/Contributions/April

April 17 and April 18, 2004

 * David Gallagher - Added some info. still stubby. Needs image and reference to Walker Texas Ranger
 * Tyler Hoechlin - Added some info. Needs picture and bio expansion
 * S Club 7 - Added reference to S Club 8

April 19, 2004

 * Columbo - Added headings to article
 * Politics of Suriname - Wikified
 * Camphor - Added table of properties and synonyms, checked structure as requested
 * Virtual season - Created, still stubby.
 * Felix Manalo - wikified, edited for wording
 * Meriones - wikified charioteer
 * CSU - Added Crime scene Unit

April 20, 2004

 * List of teen idols - Added names
 * List of magicians - Added names
 * Lynching - Refined defenition, moved paragraph and added headings.

April 21, 2004

 * List of teen idols - Added names
 * List of magicians - Added names
 * WikiMagic Project - Including and
 * Salary - rewritten (Double check salarium)

April 22, 2004

 * Salary - (Double checked: latin for salt=sal according to my dictionary)

April 24, 2004

 * Ronnie Dunn - Wikified, rewrote in NPOV, added punctuation and official link and ref. to awards. Added fact he's country singer. (From cleanup page)(Warrants closer look at Kix Brooks article)
 * Don L. Lind - Rewrote from given information, added headings.

April 26, 2004

 * Template:Calculus - Resized box and put it back in Calculus article
 * Vito Genovese - Complete overhaul. Wikif/ added links and headings. (Note: maybe a Mafia series with box can be made?)

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User:MacGyverMagic/Contributions/April


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Fontvieille, Monaco

Fontvieille (Funtanaveya ) is the southernmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It was developed by Italian engineer Gianfranco Gilardini and designed by architect Manfredi Nicoletti, between the 1970s and the 1990s.

History
In contrast to the other city districts Monaco-Ville, Monte Carlo and La Condamine, Fontvieille was constructed, after Italian engineer Gianfranco Gilardini's design, almost entirely on artificially reclaimed land and thus represents one of the younger parts of the principality. In order to combat the chronic land shortage in the extremely densely populated principality, the work was begun in 1966 to create new land in the Mediterranean Sea southwest of le rocher. In 1981, Albert II, then Crown Prince, laid the cornerstone for the new city quarter.

The existence of Fontvieille, and its many public works projects, relates substantially to former Prince of Monaco, Prince Rainier III's reputation as the Builder Prince.

Plans announced in late 2009 to extend Fontvieille by the Department of Urban Development are currently being overseen by Prince Albert. The plan is to build a small 5.3 ha aura on the west side of the rock, currently planned to be finished by 2015.

The new area will include three to four new hotels, corporate businesses, shops and apartments for between 600 and 800 newcomers.

Despite not being the highest-priced part of Monaco, flats are also very expensive. For example, a 65 m2 (700 ft²) one bedroom apartment with one bathroom and one car parking space was offered at €3,200,000 in May 2015.

Geography
Fontvieille represents the southwestern portion of the city-state, which is an area of 33 ha. It accommodates 3,602.

Four hectares (9.9 acres) of Fontvieille are given over to the Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden.

Part of Fontvieille's southern boundaries include the border with the French Republic where the Didier Deschamps Stadium and the Port of Cap d'Ail are located in close proximity.

Sport
Fontvieille contains Stade Louis II (or Louis II Stadium), which serves as the home ground of AS Monaco FC, a Monaco football club that is one of the most successful in the French national league.

It also contains a small indoor sports arena called Salle Gaston Médecin where AS Monaco Basket plays as a member of LNB Pro A, and which hosts other events like handball, volleyball, gymnastics, and more.

Monaco's only racing team, ROKiT Venturi Racing – which competes in the FIA Formula E World Championship – is also based in Fontvieille.

Landmarks
The district also contains the Monaco Heliport, which provides frequent links to Nice Airport in neighboring France, with connections to direct flights to New York, Dubai, London, and other important European destinations.

Monaco's automobile museum, the Monaco Top Cars Collection, is located on the Terrasses de Fontvieille.

The Museum of Stamps and Coins displays Monegasque money dating to 1640, and illustrates the postal history of the principality.

Columbus Hotel Monaco, which was owned by former racing driver David Coulthard, is located in Fontvieille.

Venturi and its subsidiary Voxan are headquartered on the northern side of Fontvieille.

Notable people

 * David and Frederick Barclay, English entrepreneurs
 * Ken Bates, English hotelier
 * Björn Borg, Swedish professional tennis player
 * David Coulthard, Scottish racing driver
 * Nicolas Ioannou, Cypriot businessman
 * Firoz Kassam, Tanzanian entrepreneur
 * Ken McCulloch, English hotelier
 * Max Verstappen, Dutch racing driver

title: Fontvieille, Monaco


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Symphony No. 4 (Prokofiev)

Sergei Prokofiev's Symphony No. 4 is actually two works, both using material created for The Prodigal Son ballet. The first, Op. 47, was completed in 1930 and premiered that November; it lasts about 22 minutes. The second, Op. 112, is too different to be termed a "revision"; made in 1947, it is about 37 minutes long, differs stylistically from the earlier work, reflecting a new context, and differs formally as well in its grander instrumentation. Accordingly there are two discussions.

Context and genesis
As a concert pianist, Prokofiev travelled worldwide, and toured the United States during the 1925-26 season. In early 1927, he went on a two-month concert tour of the Soviet Union. He planned to return in 1928, but those plans fell through. In 1929, another planned Soviet tour was cancelled, this time because of a hand injury Prokofiev suffered in a car accident.

Throughout this time as a touring virtuoso, Prokofiev also continued to compose. Symphony No. 2 in D minor premiered in Paris under the baton of Serge Koussevitzky in the summer of 1925, to tepid critical response. At the same time, Sergei Diaghilev, the ballet impresario, suggested that Prokofiev write a ballet on a Soviet subject. The resulting piece was Le pas d'acier (The Steel Step), Prokofiev's third ballet for Diaghilev, which premiered in Paris in the summer of 1927. He had also been working on an opera entitled The Fiery Angel, of which several premieres had been cancelled. He decided to salvage some of the material from the opera, and turned it into his Symphony No. 3 in C minor. In late 1928, with the aforementioned Soviet tour cancelled, Prokofiev decided to accept another ballet commission from Diaghilev. This piece, rather than being on futurist themes like Le pas d'acier, was based on a Biblical story: L'enfant Prodigue (Parable of the Prodigal Son from the Bible). The moralistic, Biblical subject matter was not an anomaly; such subjects were popular in the Parisian ballet scene in the late 1920s.

As Prokofiev was composing The Prodigal Son in early 1929, he found that many of the themes he was creating would work better in a more developmental symphonic context, rather than the more episodic layout of a ballet. So, he began composing a new symphony, alongside the ballet. The two works share much of the same material, although one does not specifically borrow from the other: they were composed mostly concurrently. The ballet, The Prodigal Son, premiered in Paris in the summer of 1929, to great critical acclaim. It would be the last collaboration between Diaghilev and Prokofiev, because Diaghilev died just months later, in August.

The symphony that resulted, Symphony No. 4, Op. 47, began from material originally written for the ballet's fourth number. Prokofiev expanded the material into a sonata form, and the resulting music is the first movement of Symphony No. 4. The rest of the symphony draws on material that appears in the ballet, or that Diaghilev rejected as not fitting his vision for the ballet.

Koussevitzky had been discussing a commission for the fiftieth anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Prokofiev in 1929. Prokofiev's response was the Symphony No. 4. However, because the commission fee was lower than Prokofiev was willing to accept, Prokofiev only allowed the Boston Symphony to purchase the manuscript of the work, rather than commission it. This meant that Prokofiev received less money, and the Boston Symphony did not get the prestige of a commission. Prokofiev worked on the symphony on the long train rides he had to take during a tour of the United States in early 1930. However, because of disagreements with Koussevitzky, he returned to Paris in March, before the symphony's premiere in Boston in November.

Instrumentation

 * Woodwinds: Piccolo - 2 Flutes - 2 Oboes - English Horn - 2 Clarinets in B-flat and A - Bass Clarinet - 2 Bassoons - Contrabassoon
 * Brass: 4 horns in F - 2 Trumpets in C - 3 Trombones - Tuba
 * Percussion: Timpani - Bass Drum - Snare Drum - Cymbals - Suspended cymbal
 * Strings: Violins (1st and 2nd) - Violas - Cellos - Double Basses

Andante assai - Allegro eroico
The first movement is in sonata form, beginning with an introduction and ending with a Coda. The introduction, exposition, development, recapitulation, and Coda are clearly distinguished by different tempo markings and time signatures. Though the movement begins and ends in C major the tonal center is ambiguous as it is constantly shifting.

The opening of the movement begins with a slow, newly composed introduction, a warm melody played by the woodwinds (ex.1). This melody also appears in the second movement.

This introduction then leads to the main section, marked allegro eroico. The vigorous, hard-edged theme is taken from the second number of the ballet. The excitement of the music is created by the constant 16th-note rhythm played by strings (ex.2). This "machine music" ostinato provides an important part of the texture. The second subject is a lyrical counter-theme, marked Piu tranquillo, introduced by the flute. Following the principles of tripartite first-movement form, the earlier material is developed, and then returns in a varied recapitulation.

Andante tranquillo
The second movement is in C major, based on the final episode of the ballet. The serene, glowing theme contains the most memorable melody in the work. Prokofiev exalts the moment with the simplest of the flute melodies (ex.3), blending itself with the strings.

The form of this movement is ABCB1A1DXA2, with A being the glowing melody and X a reminiscence of the symphony's introduction. The BCB1 component can be considered a ternary episode. B suggests a sonata transition, while the C material arrives with the weight of a sonata second subject. In a purported sonata allegro scheme, the B1 section would inaugurate the development, given its more active texture and return to the main key of C. The A theme is developed next, with canonic imitations in E-flat major, after which surface the mysterious B-major chords of section D. These two sections (D and X) shatter the proposed sonata scheme, and in place of a recapitulation, the movement closes with another reprise of the lyrical A theme.

Moderato, quasi allegretto
The form of this movement is Scherzo and Trio. This elegant and spirited movement is the only movement that Prokofiev borrowed completely from the ballet, including the third number as the main body, and the fifth as the ending. The music of the ballet's third number proceeds up to the last four bars, when it switches to a reprise of the ballet's fifth number.

At the Scherzo, Prokofiev indulges in new delicacies of orchestration, giving a sinuous dance theme to the strings (ex.4), and decorating it on its return. The angular unisons framing the Trio section benefit from a touch of counterpoint in the trumpet and horn parts, and the ballet dance's form lends itself perfectly to a classically proportioned scherzo.

Allegro risoluto
The fourth movement draws on material from numbers 1, 2, 5, and 9 of the ballet, and is in sonata form. The first theme (in C major) is formed of a combination of the toccata-like opening of the ballet's first number with the lyrical melody from the ballet's second number. These elements are altered both as a unit and as separate elements throughout the movement. The transition to the second theme consists of a quick sequence of variations on the lyrical portion of the first theme, modulating quite a distance (to G-flat major at one point). The second subject is newly composed for the symphony, and is a minor third away, in A major.

The development consists primarily of a large section from the ballet's fifth number, dominated by horns and tuba. The toccata-like material from the first theme is also subjected to heavy development. The recapitulation is prefaced by a jarring statement of the theme from the fifth number in B-flat major, followed by a blaring diminished-seventh fanfare. The recapitulation begins with the newly composed second theme, and transitions to the Coda through some variations of the fanfare motive from the end of the development. The coda consists of a push and pull between C major and C minor, with the major key winning, based largely on material from the ballet's ninth number.

Early reception
In addition to Prokofiev, other reputable composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Paul Hindemith, and Arthur Honegger were also commissioned to write music for Boston in the 1930-1931 season. The Fourth Symphony was premiered on November 14, 1930 in Symphony Hall in Boston with Serge Koussevitzky conducting in the composer's absence. This symphony would be his third and final symphony to be composed outside of the Soviet Union.

Prokofiev finished the Fourth Symphony well before the deadline, and was optimistic about the work. Koussevitzky on the other hand was skeptical of Prokofiev's reworking of ideas from the ballet, and the premiere received a lukewarm reception. Music critics began accusing Prokofiev of running dry of ideas after several unsuccessful performances of the work. Prokofiev consequently provided a statement to a Soviet magazine protesting these accusations.

The European premiere of the Fourth Symphony occurred on December 18, 1930 in Brussels under Pierre Monteux. The program at this premiere would prove to be problematic, because Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor (which was first on the program) was a triumphant success, and overshadowed the Fourth Symphony, which immediately followed. The Fourth Symphony also received little to no positive attention at its Soviet premiere on October 30, 1933 at the Bolshoy Theater. Prokofiev persevered despite this trend of disappointment, and later in 1937 he performed the Fourth Symphony at a festival celebrating the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution. At this concert, Israel Nestyev states that the Fourth Symphony "was received coldly." These poor receptions not only hindered Prokofiev's confidence, but also drew negative attention from the Soviet Committee of Arts and Affairs.

Context and Genesis
In 1932, Joseph Stalin created the Union of Soviet Composers, and laid out a doctrine of "socialist realism" in art. This meant that for art to be supported by the regime, it had to be relevant to everyday people, and it needed to glorify the best of socialism. In reality, this led to bans of material disliked, or deemed "formalist", by the regime.

In the summer of 1936, after many recent trips and performances in the Soviet Union, the Prokofiev family moved there. Prokofiev had been promised many privileges, including the freedom to move freely, which were eventually curtailed. As Prokofiev was considering a return to the Soviet Union, he believed that the direction his music was taking at the time (a simpler, more straightforward style) would allow him to excel there.

Starting in 1946, there was an even more extreme crackdown on Soviet musicians, led by Andrei Zhdanov. Many works and composers were banned and warned, including Prokofiev himself, although he had been relatively successful and popular in the Soviet Union up until that time. In the winter of 1946-1947, he finished work on Symphony No. 6 in E-flat minor. Prokofiev was also working on his opera War and Peace, the second part of which would be subject to cancellation in the summer of 1947 by the authorities, due to the composer's refusal to cut certain controversial scenes.

In early 1947, Prokofiev was presented with the idea of revising his Symphony No. 4 Op. 47. The idea appealed to him for several reasons. First, the original version had never had much success (especially in the Soviet Union), but Prokofiev believed that the material had great potential. Second, he had just had great success with his Symphony No. 5 in B-flat major, and he hoped to reshape No. 4 in its image. Symphony No. 5 in B-flat major had been in the style of socialist realism, so many of the changes in the revision lent the new work a more expansive and heroic feel. The revision altered the original so thoroughly that Prokofiev felt that it was a new work; thus the new opus number, 112. In the summer of 1947, when the revisions took place, he also orchestrated Symphony No. 6 and wrote two propaganda pieces: Festive Poem and Flourish, O Mighty Land, both works for large forces.

Instrumentation
These are the additional instruments that are added

 * Woodwinds: E-flat Clarinet
 * Brass: 1 trumpet
 * Keyboard: Piano
 * Percussion: Triangle, Tambourine, and Wood blocks
 * Strings: Harp

Andante - Allegro eroico
In this revised first movement, the augmentation of the original material doubles the length of the movement. The orchestration of this movement is also thicker than the original, and more closely resembles the orchestration of Prokofiev's Fifth and Sixth. The combination of a heavier use of brass and the use of piano and harp adds a unique timbre to the piece, further distancing it from the original neoclassical idiom. The different sections are not as clearly identified by tempi as is the original symphony. In the introduction a new theme is added (ex.5) that precedes the original first theme.

Apart from this new theme, the introduction is essentially the same. The main difference in this revision is the heavily expanded development section. Prokofiev expands the sound palette with string Tremolos and dissonant chords in the brass. This movement also includes many more key changes and expands the machine-like ostinati from the first version. Prokofiev also utilizes more transitional material before introducing and underscoring the new subjects.

Andante tranquillo
To fit the larger scale of a socialist realist symphony, the second movement's revision basically doubles its length. It is extended primarily by repeating many thematic statements that only appeared once in Opus 47.

In this movement, the four-measure introduction is extended by four measures and supplemented with striking new harmonies. There are other such expansions: the B theme is doubled by alternating its sub-phrases with new material of a "ticking clock" quality. Later on, the A theme is also doubled in size: first it is played in E-flat major and then in B major. Consequently, there is a modulation to G major. At the 3/4, the melody in the oboes and English horn appears as in Opus 47, but here this passage leads to a reminiscence of the original introduction theme. After the appearance of the introduction theme, following a reappearance of theme A, Prokofiev moves quickly back to the original, restrained ending, taken from the ballet.

Moderato, quasi allegretto
In this movement, Prokofiev adds to the Scherzo and Trio a new introduction, extends the coda, and inserts material at the main transition points that further develop the subjects.

The introduction begins with a light touch, presenting motifs that anticipate the later themes. The newly added coda has a serious character created by the somber harmony and the momentary appearance of a chorale-like texture. Such serious, weighty passages place the original, lighter material in figurative quotation marks, almost mocking them as unserious or unworthy.

Allegro risoluto
The finale is the movement that underwent the most alteration in the revision process. It is no longer in sonata form, but instead it is a series of thematic areas that are developed somewhat chaotically, followed by a triumphant apotheosis. It is similar in form to the finale of the Sixth Symphony in this way. An introduction is added, which takes the toccata-like material from the ballet's first number, and slows it to half the speed, and emphasizes the martial character by adding pounding timpani and bass drum (ex.6). The first theme and transition from Opus 47 follow, but then the second theme is deleted entirely.

Instead of the second theme, the transition moves into a dark and moody section in E-flat major and in 6/8 meter, resembling some kind of somber procession. After a somewhat abrupt end to this section, the original development from Opus 47 proceeds unaltered. Because the second theme from Opus 47 has been removed, there is no recapitulatory gesture. Instead, a new coda follows, with a quick, dancing theme. Prokofiev described this cancan-like material as "thievish." This theme is abruptly interrupted by the new, slowed-toccata idea from the introduction blaring out triumphantly, a victory cry for the people. The piece ends on this jarring, incongruous note.

Reception and performance history
In early 1948, shortly after the revisions of Opus 112 were completed, the Union of Soviet Composers issued commands that Prokofiev's music (among others) be banned from concert halls, amid accusations of "formalism." The revised Symphony No. 4 was thus not performed in the Soviet Union until 1957, after the composer's death.

Symphony No. 4 Op. 112 had three significant premiere performances. The first premiere was Sir Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra in a radio broadcast on March 11, 1950. The concert premiere was Gennadi Rozhdestvensky conducting the U.S.S.R. State Symphony Orchestra on January 5, 1957 at the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Finally, the first performance of the Symphony No. 4 Op. 112 in the western hemisphere was by the Philadelphia Orchestra under the direction of Eugene Ormandy on September 27, 1957.

In a review of Neeme Järvi's recordings of Prokofiev's Third and Fourth Symphonies, Robert Cummings states that:

Opinion among musicologists and critics has tended to favor the earlier work, but conductors have shown a marked preference for the expanded version in both the concert hall and recording studio.

This statement is substantiated by the fact that there are twice as many recordings available of Opus 112 as there are of Opus 47. Robert Layton offers another perspective on the relationship between the two versions in his review of the Fourth Symphony. It provides some insight into the relative neglect that Opus 47 has felt, in comparison to the more monumental Opus 112:

It is generally agreed that the transformation from dance to symphony in the Fourth is accomplished with less success than is the metamorphosis from The Flaming Angel to the Third Symphony, and whether in reworking the 1930 version Prokofiev wholly succeeded remains open to question. Let us hope that the appearance of these scores presages a resurgence of interest in Prokofiev's Paris years, for works such as the now neglected Quintet, Op. 39, and the almost forgotten Divertissement for orchestra, Op. 43, deserve a far more prominent place in the repertory.

It was not until the mid-1980s that both Opus 47 and Opus 112 were presented in complete recordings of Prokofiev symphonies. Neeme Järvi was the first conductor to do this, in 1988, and presented them both as masterpieces worthy of attention. Opus 47 was subsequently deleted from the catalog, shortly after the album's release. It was not until Valery Gergiev released a Prokofiev complete symphonic recording in 2006 that Russia and the western world were again able to hear both versions. Mstislav Rostropovich has also presented both versions in a complete symphonic collection. In 2002, the first study score for Opus 47 was finally published.

title: Symphony No. 4 (Prokofiev)


text:
Mathias Loras

Mathias Loras (August 30, 1792 – February 19, 1858) was a French Catholic priest in the United States who served as the first Bishop of Dubuque, in what would become the state of Iowa. He was the first president of Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama, from 1830 to 1832, and is the founder of what is now known as Loras College in Dubuque.

Early life and ministry
Pierre-Jean-Mathias Loras was born to an aristocratic family in Lyon, France, on August 30, 1792. He was a descendant of a French noble of the robe family. During the Reign of Terror in France, Loras' father and 16 other members of his family were put to death by guillotine. As a young man, he studied for the priesthood, along with St. John Vianney (the Curé d'Ars). He was ordained a priest around 1817 by Cardinal Joseph Fesch for the Archdiocese of Lyon. He soon became the Superior of the ecclesiastical Seminary of Largentière. He subsequently resigned from this position to join a group of priests conducting parish missions in the Archdiocese of Lyon.

Bishop-elect Michael Portier of the Diocese of Mobile had gone to France to recruit priests for his diocese. On November 1, 1829, he left with Portier for Alabama. They reached New Orleans on Christmas Eve. Upon arrival at Mobile on January 3, Loras assisted with Portier's installation. Loras was appointed vicar general for the Diocese of Mobile and assigned the task of completing the training of the seminarians who had accompanied Portier to America. He was also named rector of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Mobile, and held these positions for seven years, helping Portier recruit priests to serve the diocese. From 1830–1832 he served as the first president of Spring Hill College.

Bishop of Dubuque
In 1837, the third Provincial Council of Baltimore recommended to the pope that new dioceses be created due to the expansion of the United States. Pope Gregory XVI established the Diocese of Dubuque on July 28, 1837, and Loras was named its first bishop. He was consecrated on December 10, 1837, by Portier in Mobile. The principal co-consecrator was the bishops Antoine Blanc of New Orleans, assisted by John Stephen Bazin of Vincennes.

Loras knew little of his new diocese and wrote to Joseph Rosati of St. Louis to inquire what he might find there. Rosati, whose diocese the territory was taken from, probably knew little as the territory was mostly wilderness. The diocese probably had fewer than 3,000 people in its area that were Catholic. There were three parishes, an Indian mission, and one priest, Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli. The diocesan territory consisted of present-day Iowa, most of Minnesota, and North and South Dakota east of the Missouri River. On July 4, 1838, the area would become the Iowa Territory. Loras named Mazzuchelli vicar general and administrator of the diocese because Loras was not traveling to his new diocese just yet.

Loras traveled to France to recruit missionaries and gather funds for his diocese. Upon returning, he spent the late winter and early spring in St. Louis waiting for more favorable conditions to travel to Dubuque. There he met notable explorer Joseph Nicolas Nicollet who gave Loras insights on his new diocese. On April 19, 1839, Loras arrived in Dubuque for the first time. He brought with him Joseph Crétin, who was consecrated first Bishop of St. Paul in 1851, Jean-Antoine-Marie Pelamourgues, who would spend his career in the diocese based at St. Anthony's Church in Davenport, and seminarians Augustin Ravoux who would become a noted missionary among the Native Americans, Lucien Galtier, Remigius Petiot, and James Causse who were pioneer priests in Minnesota. Later that year, he consecrated St. Raphael's Church, Iowa's first church congregation of any denomination, as his cathedral.

His connections and influence in Europe had enabled him to secure necessary financial assistance from the Society for the Propagation of the Faith of Lyons, France, the Leopoldine Society of Vienna, Austria, and the Foreign Mission Society of Munich, Bavaria. In 1846 when Loras discovered German Catholic immigrants thirty miles west of Dubuque, he convinced them to name their community New Vienna in honor of the Austrian capital and home of one of his benefactors.

Over the next 19 years, Loras guided the Dubuque Diocese during its formative years. He established several missions among the Native American tribes. Loras also established several schools, as well as parishes in every populated area of the diocese. In 1839 he established St. Raphael's Seminary, a forerunner of Loras College. Mother Mary Frances Clarke and the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary came to Dubuque in 1843. Loras visited Mount Melleray Abbey in Ireland in 1849 and expressed his desire to have the Trappists establish a monastery in his diocese. Clement Smyth and six monks came to Dubuque County that same year and established New Melleray Abbey. When they had completed the first buildings, another 16 monks arrived to join them.

Not satisfied with St. Raphael's Seminary in Dubuque, Loras moved the school south of Dubuque to an area known today as Key West. The new school, renamed St. Bernard's College and Seminary, was plagued with financial problems but managed to survive until Loras' death.

Loras also encouraged immigrants to come to Iowa from the more crowded conditions in the eastern U.S. Soon, Dubuque had growing Irish and German populations. Even though he welcomed immigrants to the area, tensions between immigrant groups caused Loras some of his greatest difficulties.

The Germans felt that Loras had not done enough to give them clergy of German descent. The Irish felt slighted when Loras provided the Germans with their parish, Holy Trinity (now Saint Mary's). Some immigrants threatened to withhold contributions to the church. Loras fled the city on two occasions and threatened to withdraw all the clergy from the city. However, tempers eventually cooled, and neither side followed through on their threats.

On July 19, 1850, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Saint Paul. The Diocese of Dubuque had been reduced to the boundaries of the state of Iowa, which had been established in 1846.

In the 1850s, under the direction of Loras, the present cathedral church was begun. This was the third building for St.Raphael's parish, and it was over three times the size of the old cathedral. Loras did not live long enough to see this cathedral completed, but he could offer the first mass in this new structure at Christmas, 1857.

By the late 1850s, Loras found that his health was failing. He asked the Holy See to name a coadjutor bishop to assist him. On January 9, 1857, Clement Smyth, prior at New Melleray, was appointed as coadjutor bishop. As the Dubuque Diocese grew in size Loras wrote to Pope Pius IX in May 1857, and in the letter stated that he was considering asking for the Dubuque Diocese to be divided, with Keokuk as the See city for the new diocese. However this was not done in his lifetime.

Although he had been sick for some time, Loras' death still came suddenly on Friday, February 19, 1858, in Dubuque at 65. Before his death, Loras had been seriously ill but had seemed to be recovering well, even up to the evening of February 18. At about 8:30 on the 18th, he informed his staff that he was retiring for the evening. He ordered them not to disturb him unless necessary, as the divine office he wanted to pray was long, and he wanted to make sure he finished. Around 11:00 PM, his housekeeper heard Loras moaning and informed Father McCabe, who proceeded to the Bishop's room and found him collapsed on the floor. During the night, his condition worsened steadily, and sometime between five and six in the morning on February 19, he died.

A funeral Mass was held the following Sunday at 9:00 am. The body of Loras was taken from the old cathedral to the new cathedral for a full service led by Smyth. After the Mass, Loras was buried within the mortuary chapel of the cathedral.

At the time of his death, the Diocese of Dubuque had grown to 54,000 Catholics, in 60 parishes, served by 48 priests in a territory that now only covered the state of Iowa.

Legacy
Bishop Loras is still remembered as one of the pioneers of the Catholic Church in Iowa. The college run by the archdiocese in Dubuque, which had numerous name changes in its history, was named after Loras in 1939. Loras Boulevard in Dubuque was also named in his memory. In 2020, his statue was removed from Loras Boulevard after evidence surfaced that Loras had funded some of his missionary work using money earned from the labor of an enslaved person he owned in Alabama.

title: Mathias Loras


text:
Bath, Michigan

Bath is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Bath Charter Township. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 2,083.

History
Bath was platted in 1864.

The community of Bath was listed as a newly-organized census-designated place for the 2010 census, meaning it now has officially defined boundaries and population statistics for the first time.

American supercentenarian Irene Dunham was born in Bath.

Bath School disaster
On May 18, 1927, in what became known as the Bath School disaster, Andrew Kehoe, a farmer and local school board member angry over losing an election for town clerk and under notice for foreclosure, killed his wife, detonated bombs in his house and farm buildings, and at the same time set off a bomb in the consolidated school. He drove to the school in a truck rigged with more explosives, which he detonated next to the school superintendent. In all, Kehoe killed 44 people, 38 of them children, and himself, in the worst school mass murder in U.S. history. Only half of the 1000 lb of explosives set under the school went off, probably greatly lowering the death toll. Thirty-eight of the 314 students, three teachers, the superintendent, the postmaster, and a local farmer assisting at the scene were killed. Most of the deceased were students from second to sixth grade. Fifty-eight others were injured.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.94 sqmi, of which 5.74 sqmi is land and 0.20 sqmi (3.37%) is water.

title: Bath, Michigan


text:
Emiel Puttemans

Emiel Adrien "Miel" Puttemans (born 8 October 1947) is a Belgian former middle- and long-distance runner who set world records for 3000 metres (7 minutes 37.6 seconds) in 1972, for 2 miles (8 minutes 17.8 seconds) in 1971, for 5000 metres (13 minutes 13 seconds) in 1972, and 3 miles in 1972 (12:47.8). He won two European Indoor Championships titles in the 3000 m, in 1973 and 1974, and finished second in 1978.

At the 1972 Summer Olympics, Puttemans won a silver medal in the 10,000 metres and finished in fifth place in the 5000 metres. He then set a world record in the 5000 metres six days after the 1972 games. He also competed in these events at the 1968, 1976 and 1980 Games, but with less success.

In 1982, Puttemans won the first edition of the Rome Marathon.

title: Emiel Puttemans


text:
Talk:Barcelona

Wiki Education assignment: Architectural History
— Assignment last updated by Jaylea.wirth.uwyo (talk) 23:04, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 March 2024
Barcelona does not have a dry season or wet season, as precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year, and its seasons are related to temperatures rather than precipitation; spring and autumn are wetter, while summer and winter are drier. 2603:8001:B202:3294:4CA6:126E:A8B1:CE07 (talk) 21:28, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Jamedeus (talk) 21:47, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Dubious claims in the 'Tourism' section.
To say that Barcelona has "one of the best beaches in the world" and a "moderate pickpocket rate" is, to put it kindly, rather fanciful (and extremely subjective). 176.85.135.155 (talk) 19:05, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 June 2024
Change to:

Population (2024) City 1.655.956 "source: https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?id=080193&lang=es, Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña". Density: 16.339/km2

Change to:

GDP City: 83 million (2022) "source:https://www.idescat.cat/emex/?id=080193&lang=es#:~:text=Macromagnitudes%20%C2%B7%20Finanzas%20p%C3%BAblicas", open PIB to see. Kxbingan (talk) 21:11, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Pictogram voting question.svg Question: Other parts of info boxes will be affected by this, please provide other parameters. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 02:52, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barcelona


text:
The Prodigal Son

The Parable of the Prodigal Son is a parable of Jesus in the Bible.

The Prodigal Son or Prodigal Son may also refer to:

Film

 * L'Enfant prodigue (1907 film) (The Prodigal Son), by Michel Carré, based on his play
 * L'Enfant prodigue (1909 film), a short silent film by Georges Berr
 * The Prodigal Son (1923 film), a British silent film based on Hall Caine's novel
 * The Prodigal Son (1934 film), a German film
 * The Prodigal Son, a 1952 Hong Kong film directed by Ng Wui
 * The Prodigal Son (1962 film), an Australian TV production of an opera by Debussy
 * The Prodigal Son (1981 film), a Hong Kong comedy film directed by Sammo Hung
 * The Prodigal Son (1993 film), a short animation
 * The Prodigal (1931 film), an American pre-Code film
 * The Prodigal, a 1955 biblical epic film
 * The Prodigal (1983 film), 1983 directed by James F. Collier
 * Prodigal Sons (film), a 2008 American documentary

Literature

 * The Prodigal Son (Hall Caine novel), 1904
 * Prodigal Son (novel), by Dean Koontz, 2005
 * Prodigal Son (novel), by Dean Koontz, 2005

Music

 * Prodigal Son (musician), Calvin Curtis Whilby (born 1976), Jamaican gospel singer

Classical

 * L'enfant prodigue (Auber) (The Prodigal Son), an 1850 grand opera by Daniel Auber
 * The Prodigal Son (Sullivan), an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan
 * L'enfant prodigue (The Prodigal Son), a 1884 cantata by Debussy
 * The Prodigal Son (ballet), a 1929 ballet by George Balanchine
 * The Prodigal Son, music for the ballet by Prokofiev
 * The Prodigal Son, a 1938 ballet by David Lichine
 * The Prodigal Son a 1945 opera by Frederick Jacobi
 * The Prodigal Son (Den förlorade sonen), a 1957 ballet suite by Hugo Alfvén
 * The Prodigal Son (Britten), a 1968 opera by Benjamin Britten

Albums

 * The Prodigal Son (Keith Green album), 1983
 * Prodigal Son (The Saints album), 1988
 * Prodigal Son (Martin Simpson album), 2007
 * The Prodigal Son (Nektar album), 2001
 * The Prodigal Son, disc 2 of G-Funk Classics, Vol. 1 & 2 by Nate Dogg, 1988
 * Prodigal Son (Michael Powers album) an album by Blues musician Michael Powers, 2006
 * The Prodigal Son (Ry Cooder album), 2018
 * Prodigal Sons, a 1983 album by The Dubliners

Songs

 * "The Prodigal Son", a song (originally called "That's No Way to Get Along"), written by Robert Wilkins
 * covered by the Rolling Stones on the 1968 album Beggars Banquet
 * "Prodigal Son", a single by Steel Pulse from the 1978 album Handsworth Revolution
 * "Prodigal Son", a song by Iron Maiden from the 1981 album Killers
 * "Prodigal Son", a single by Kid Rock from the 1993 album The Polyfuze Method (also re-recorded for the 2000 compilation The History of Rock)
 * "The Prodigal Son", a song by Extol from the 1999 album Mesmerized
 * "The Prodigal Son", a song Two Gallants by from the 2006 album What the Toll Tells
 * "Prodigal Son", a song by Bad Religion from the 2007 album New Maps of Hell
 * "Prodigal Son" (Sevendust song), 2008
 * "Prodigal Son", a song by Sam Amidon from the 2008 album All Is Well
 * "Prodigal Son", a song by Kamelot from the 2012 album Silverthorn

Painting and sculpture

 * The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt), a painting, c. 1669
 * The Prodigal Son (Giorgio de Chirico), a painting, 1922
 * The Prodigal Son (Rubens), a painting by Peter Paul Rubens, 1618
 * The Prodigal Son (van Hemessen), a painting by Jan Sanders van Hemessen, 1536
 * The Prodigal Son (sculpture), by Rodin

Television

 * "The Prodigal Son" an episode of War of the Worlds
 * "Prodigal Son", an episode of Miami Vice season 2
 * "Prodigal Son", an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond season 4
 * "Prodigal Son", an episode of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles season 4
 * Prodigal Son (TV series), an American drama series airing on Fox

Theatre

 * The Prodigal Son, a 1905 play based on The Prodigal Son (Hall Caine novel)
 * Prodigal Son, a 2016 play by John Patrick Shanley
 * The Prodigal, a 1960 play by Jack Richardson
 * L'Enfant prodigue (Voltaire), a 1736 play by Voltaire

title: The Prodigal Son


text:
User:Mathilda~enwiki

fr:Utilisateur:Mathilda de:benutzer:Mathilda

title: User:Mathilda~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ohura

Hi Ohura, what's going on? I would like to you remind three reverting rule on the English Wikipedia; I'm afraid you forget it. Cheers and have a good weekend! KIZU 15:02, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't know the existence of such a rule. Please give me a pointer about that rule. Ohura 04:51, 2004 May 16 (UTC)
 * Sorry I forget its exact location. The rule is very clear: those who revert the same page within 24 hours are automatically suspended their account on the English Wikipedia. I don't know exactly the suspention term. Possibly 24 hours or longer. Good Weekend! KIZU 06:09, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ohura


text:
European Commissioner

A European commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission. Each member within the Commission holds a specific portfolio. The commission is led by the president of the European Commission. In simple terms they are the equivalent of government ministers.

Appointment
Commissioners are nominated by member states in consultation with the commission president, who then selects a team of commissioners. This team of nominees are then subject to hearings at the European Parliament, which questions them and then votes on their suitability as a whole. If members of the team are found to be inappropriate, the president must then reshuffle the team or request a new candidate from the member state or risk the whole commission being voted down. As parliament cannot vote against individual commissioners there is usually a compromise whereby the worst candidates are removed but minor objections are put aside, or dealt with by adjusting portfolios, so the commission can take office. Once the team is approved by the parliament, it is formally put into office by the European Council (TEU Article 17:7).

Although members of the commission are allocated between member states, they do not represent their states. Instead, they are supposed to act in European interests. Normally, a member state will nominate someone of the same political party as that which forms the current government. There are exceptions, such as Member of the Commission Richard Burke (of Fine Gael), who was nominated by Taoiseach Charles Haughey (of Fianna Fáil). In the past, when the larger states had two seats, they often went to the two major parties, such as in the United Kingdom.

Twelve of the current 27 members are women. Peter Mandelson (2004 to October 2008) was the first openly gay commissioner. The first female commissioners were Christiane Scrivener and Vasso Papandreou in the 1989 Delors Commission.

European Parliament President Jerzy Buzek proposed in 2010 that commissioners be directly elected, by member states placing their candidate at the top of their voting lists in European elections. That would give them individually, and the body as a whole, a democratic mandate.

Oath
Each member is required to take an oath before the Court of Justice of the European Union, officially the Solemn Declaration before the Court of Justice of the European Union. As of December 2009, the Charter of Fundamental Rights has gained legal force and Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding has proposed that commissioners should swear to uphold it also. The second Barroso Commission went to the Court of Justice on 3 May 2010 for the first such oath alongside their usual oath. The oath taken by the members of the Barroso Commission was:

"Having been appointed as a Member of the European Commission by the European Council, following the vote of consent by the European Parliament I solemnly undertake: to respect the Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union in the fulfilment of all my duties; to be completely independent in carrying out my responsibilities, in the general interest of the Union; in the performance of my tasks, neither to seek nor to take instructions from any Government or from any other institution, body, office or entity; to refrain from any action incompatible with my duties or the performance of my tasks.

I formally note the undertaking of each Member State to respect this principle and not to seek to influence Members of the Commission in the performance of their tasks. I further undertake to respect, both during and after my term of office, the obligation arising therefrom, and in particular the duty to behave with integrity and discretion as regards the acceptance, after I have ceased to hold office, of certain appointments or benefits."

History
Until 2004, the larger member states (Spain upwards) received two commissioners and the smaller states received one. As the size of the body was increasing with enlargement, the larger states lost their second commissioner after the 2004 enlargement with the new Barroso Commission being appointed under the Treaty of Nice.

Nice also specified that once the number of members reached 27 then the number of commissioners should be reduced to "less than the number of Member States". The exact number of commissioners would have to be decided by a unanimous vote of the European Council and membership will rotate equally between member states. Following the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in January 2007, this clause took effect for the following commission (appointed after the 2009 European elections).

The failed European Constitution first mandated that the number of commissioners should equal two-thirds of the member states. This could be changed by a vote in the European Council, in case the number was still too high in the future. The constitution failed ratification but this change was brought in with the Treaty of Lisbon. However, as Lisbon was being ratified the Irish electorate voted against it with one reason being the fear of losing a commissioner. The Irish then voted again, in favour for the treaty on a number of conditions; one being that they kept their commissioner.

In 2009, in what was known as the 26+1 formula, it was proposed that (in order to comply with the Nice Treaty provision that there should be fewer commissioners than members) instead of a commissioner one member state should fill the post of high representative. An idea floated in 2007 was the creation of junior members for smaller states. In 2004, there was a proposal to create a "super-commissioner" who would be vice president of the Commission and would "be able to intervene in all decisions concerning EU projects that have an impact" on the economic performance of the EU.

Another change Lisbon brought, as hinted above, was the creation of the role of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy by merging the post of European Commissioner for External Relations with the council's High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The new more powerful high representative became ex-officio Vice-President of the Commission and would chair the Council of the European Union when foreign ministers were meeting.

Accountability
In addition to its role in approving a new Commission, the European Parliament has the power at any time to force the entire Commission to resign through a vote of no confidence. This requires a vote that makes up at least two-thirds of those voting and a majority of the total membership of the Parliament. While it has never used this power, it threatened to use it against the Commission headed by Jacques Santer in 1999 over allegations of corruption. In response, the Santer Commission resigned en masse of its own accord, the only time a Commission has done so.

Salaries
A commissioner's basic monthly salary is fixed at 112.5% of the top civil service grade. As of June 2023, this works out to be €25,910.19 per month. The president is paid at 138% (€27,436.90 per month), vice-presidents at 125% (€24,852.26 per month) and the High Representative at 130% (€25,846.35 per month). There are further allowances on top of these figures, including household allowance, child allowance, and a substantial expatriation allowance (where applicable).

Portfolios
The make up and distribution of portfolios are determined by the Commission president and do not always correspond with the commission's departments (directorates-general). While some have been fairly consistent in make up between each Commission, some have only just been created or are paired with others. With a record number of members in 2007, the portfolios have become very thin even though the responsibilities of the commission have increased.

Civil service
A commissioner can come under a great deal of influence from the staff under their control. The European Civil Service is permanent whereas a commissioner is in office usually for just five years. Hence it is the service which know the workings of the commission and have longer term interests. Strong leadership from a commissioner, who knows the workings of their portfolio, can overcome the power of the service. An example would be Pascal Lamy; however, the best people are usually kept by their national governments, leading to less solid candidates getting the job.

Politicisation
Commissioners are required to remain above national politics while exercising their duties in the Commission During the Prodi Commission, Anna Diamantopoulou (Employment and Social Affairs) took leave from the commission to participate in the 2004 Greek elections and resigned when she won a seat despite her party losing. Romano Prodi campaigned in the 2001 Italian elections while still president.

Louis Michel (Development & Humanitarian Aid) announced that he would go on unpaid leave to take part in the 2007 Belgian elections. Although he positioned himself so as not to be elected, the European Parliament's development committee asked the Parliament's legal service to assess if his participation violated the treaties. Michel claimed that politicisation of this manner is part of reconnecting the Union with its citizens. The Commission revised its code of conduct for commissioners allowing them to "be active members of political parties or trade unions". To participate in an election campaign they are required to "withdraw from the work of the Commission for the duration of the campaign".

This does throw their independence in doubt, where a politician leaves their national scene for one or two terms and returns to it for a new job. Most in essence owe their positions to nomination and support from national party leaders and parties they have been aligned to; usually seeking to return to the party-political fray.

Politicisation has even gone so far as commissioners backing national candidates, with Neelie Kroes (Competition) backing Angela Merkel in the 2005 German elections and Margot Wallström (Institutional Relations & Communication Strategy) backing Ségolène Royal in the 2007 French elections. Wallström defended this claiming that the EU has to get more political and controversial as being a vital role in communicating the commission. Wallström has been notable for engaging in debate and politics, she was the first commissioner to start her own blog.

However their political nature can also cause problems in their habit of leaving the job early in the final years of the commission to take up new national posts. In seeking to secure their post-Commission job, they can undermine the work of the commission. Following elections in Cyprus, Commissioner Kyprianou left to become Cypriot Foreign Minister. Likewise, Commissioner Frattini left to do the same following elections in Italy. During the previous Prodi Commission, Pedro Solbes left to become the Spanish finance minister, Michel Barnier left to become French foreign minister, Erkki Liikanen left to become head of Bank of Finland and Anna Diamantopoulou also resigned early. Even President Prodi started campaigning in the Italian elections before his term as head of the commission was over.

Appointment to the commission has the effect of removing a political figure from a country for a period of years, and this has been compared to the ancient Athenian practice of ostracism.

title: European Commissioner


text:
Joseph C. Phillips

Joseph Connor Phillips (born January 17, 1962) is an American actor, writer, and conservative Christian commentator. He is best known for his role as Martin Kendall on the long-running NBC sitcom The Cosby Show, and as Justus Ward on the soap opera General Hospital.

Career
After graduating from the Professional Theatre Training Program at New York University, Phillips appeared on stage in theatre productions at the Manhattan Bridge Company, Philadelphia Festival Theatre for New Plays, Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, and a starring role in the world premiere of Toni Morrison's Dreaming Emmett at Capital Repertory Theatre in 1986.

Amid radio and television commercials, Phillips landed a guest role on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow and a second-season appearance on the popular NBC sitcom The Cosby Show. Four years later, he returned to The Cosby Show in his most notable role, that of U.S. Navy Lieutenant Martin Kendall, which he portrayed from 1989 to 1991.

He portrayed attorney Justus Ward on the ABC soap opera General Hospital from 1994 to 1998. Phillips was also a guest political commentator on News & Notes on most NPR radio stations between 2004 and 2009.

Education and associations
Phillips is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He attended the University of the Pacific as a communications major, but later transferred to the acting conservatory at New York University where he graduated with a BFA in acting in 1983.

Phillips is an ambassador for the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. He has spoken extensively about the disease and its effect on the family. He is also a member of the Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, Actors Equity Association, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, was National Co-Chair of the African American Steering committee for Bush Cheney '04, was named a member of the Republican National Committee's African American Advisory Board, was appointed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to the state board of directors of the California African American Museum and was named a 2005 Claremont Institute Lincoln Fellow.

In 2022, Phillips joined the faculty of Clark Atlanta University as a professor in the theatre and communications department.

Conservative activism
Phillips, a Republican, is a television and radio commentator and has written a weekly syndicated column that promotes conservative views. He has been a critic of affirmative action and same-sex marriage in the United States. His book, He Talk Like a White Boy, reflects his thoughts in this regard.

Personal life
Joseph Phillips' mother died when he was young. After this, he became close to the mother of Duane Evans, his cousin. Phillips is from Colorado. He and his wife Nicole have three sons, Connor, Ellis, and Samuel. In 2006, Phillips published an autobiography, He Talk Like A White Boy, which includes a foreword by Tavis Smiley.

Filmography

 * n.b. for credit listings reference

title: Joseph C. Phillips


text:
Leszek Balcerowicz

Leszek Henryk Balcerowicz ( pronounced ; born 19 January 1947) is a Polish economist, statesman, and Professor at Warsaw School of Economics. He served as Chairman of the National Bank of Poland (2001–2007) and twice as Deputy Prime Minister of Poland (1989–1991, 1997–2001).

In 1989, he became Minister of Finance in Tadeusz Mazowiecki's first non-communist government and led the free-market economic reforms, proponents of which say they have transformed Poland into one of Europe's fastest growing economies,   but which critics say were followed by a large increase in unemployment. In 2007, he founded the Civil Development Forum (Forum Obywatelskiego Rozwoju) think-tank and became the chairman of its council.

He is a recipient of the Order of Merit

Biography
In 1970 he graduated with distinction from the Foreign Trade faculty of the Central School of Planning and Statistics in Warsaw (currently: SGH Warsaw School of Economics). Balcerowicz received his MBA from St. John's University in New York, in 1974 and doctorate from the Central School of Planning and Statistics in 1975.

He was a member of the Polish communist party (Polish United Workers' Party) from 1969 until the declaration of martial law in Poland, in 1981. In the late 1970s he participated in an economic-advisory team associated with the prime minister of People's Republic of Poland. In 1978–1980 he worked at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism. Later he became an economics expert in the pro-democracy independent trade union Solidarity (NSZZ "Solidarność").

From 1989 to 1991 and also between 1997 and 2000 he was the Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of Poland. Between 1995 and 2000 he was the chairman of Freedom Union, a centrist free-market political party. On 22 December 2000 he became the Chairman of the National Bank of Poland. He was also a columnist for Wprost, a Polish news magazine.

On 11 November 2005, the President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, awarded L. Balcerowicz with the Order of the White Eagle for his "contribution to Poland's economic transformation". In 2006 he was elected member of Galeria Chwały Polskiej Ekonomii, a hall of fame for "outstanding Polish economists".

Balcerowicz was a member of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, an independent initiative hosted by the UNDP and the first global initiative to focus specifically on the link between exclusion, poverty and the law. He is also a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty, and is a board member of renowned Washington, D.C. think-tank the Peterson Institute. Fellow of Collegium Invisibile.

Since 11 June 2008 Balcerowicz has been a member of the board of Bruegel, the Brussels-based think tank on international economics.

Since 2007, he has led the Civil Development Forum (Forum Obywatelskiego Rozwoju), a think-tank with a mission of "increasing active support of the society for a wide range of individual freedoms (especially economic freedom), and – what goes with it – for strengthening the rule of law in the country".

In 2016, he was appointed as representative of the Ukrainian President in the Cabinet of ministers.

Balcerowicz Plan
The Balcerowicz Plan was a series of reforms, which brought the end to hyperinflation, dismantled inefficient economic structures, and balanced the national budget. The prices of most consumer goods were freed and caps for annual increases established in state-sector employees' wages. Poland's currency, the zloty, was made convertible within the country's borders. This resulted in a substantial increase in prices and had forced state-owned companies while making them economically competitive. This amounted to a two-year shock to the Polish economy. Among other actions included in the plan was the negotiation of a significant reduction (approximately 50%) of the debts inherited from the Polish People's Republic.

The severity of the reforms was initially controversial and made Balcerowicz an object of criticism by some politicians in Poland. On the other hand, many economists and experts such as Krzysztof Sobczak, Jeffrey Sachs, and Jacek Rostowski agree that without introducing such radical changes, Poland's economic success and steady economic growth would not have been possible. Since 1991, Poland's annual growth rate was one of the highest of all post-Communist economies, while the country has experienced uninterrupted growth for over 28 years – the longest in the world, along Australia. In 1998, he was awarded the Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year Award for his accomplishments as a finance minister.

Criticism
High unemployment remained a problem for some two decades after the implementation of the reforms, leaving certain poverty-stricken regions with structural unemployment. Reducing unprofitability of the state-owned companies required significant layoffs. Even though over 2 million Poles emigrated from Poland since its entry into the EU, until 2010s, the unemployment level remained at 13%. Populist politician Andrzej Lepper, the leader of the populist Self-Defense (Samoobrona) party, created the slogan: "Balcerowicz must go" (Balcerowicz musi odejść), echoing the disgruntlement felt by some Poles with Balcerowicz's plan. However, since 2013, the unemployment rate has not exceeded 10% and in 2019 has reached the record low of 3.8%.

The BELLS
During the Eurozone crisis Balcerowicz has been an outspoken supporter for fiscal discipline and has been frequently dubbed the anti-Bernanke for his scorn of distortionary fiscal stimulus. In various articles he has developed a comparison between the fiscally-profligate PIGS (Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain) and the fiscally-disciplined BELLs (Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). Responsible fiscal policy brings about better growth outcomes, claims Leszek Balcerowicz. He has many followers among East European economists, most prominently Simeon Djankov, Deputy prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Bulgaria between 2009 and 2013.

Private life
Balcerowicz was a competitive athlete in his youth. In 1966, he became Poland's youth champion in cross country at the distance of 1500 meters. Since 1977, he has been married to Ewa Balcerowicz, an economist. He has three children.

Honorary doctorates

 * 1993 University of Aix-en-Provence, France
 * 1994 University of Sussex, United Kingdom
 * 1996 DePaul University, United States
 * 1998:
 * University of Szczecin, Poland
 * Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
 * Staffordshire University, United Kingdom
 * Abertay University, United Kingdom
 * 1999 University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia
 * 2001 Viadrina European University, Germany
 * 2002:
 * University of the Pacific, Peru
 * University of Iaşi, Romania
 * 2004 University of Duisburg, Germany
 * 2006:
 * University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
 * Poznań University of Economics, Poland
 * Wrocław University of Economics, Poland
 * University of Gdańsk, Poland
 * 2007 Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
 * 2008:
 * University of Warsaw, Poland
 * University of New South Wales, Australia
 * 2009 Babeş-Bolyai University Romania
 * 2011 Central Connecticut State University United States
 * 2015 Universidad Francisco Marroquín Guatemala

Selected publications

 * Socialism, Capitalism, Transformation, Central European University Press, Budapest, 1995
 * Wolność i rozwój: ekonomia wolnego rynku, Znak, Kraków, 1995
 * Post-Communist Transition: Some Lessons, Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 2002
 * Towards a Limited State, World Bank, 2003
 * Institutional Systems and Economic Growth, in: Challenges of Globalization. Imbalances and Growth, edited by Anders Åslund and Marek Dąbrowski, Peterson Institutute for International Economics, p. 153–199, Washington, DC, 2008
 * Zagadki wzrostu gospodarczego (Puzzles of Economic Growth), Leszek Balcerowicz, Andrzej Rzońca, C.H. Beck Sp. z o.o., Warsaw, 2010
 * Odkrywając wolność. Przeciw zniewoleniu umysłów, Leszek Balcerowicz, ZYSK i S-KA Wydawnictwo, 2012
 * Wzrost gospodarczy w Unii Europejskiej (Economic Growth in the European Union), Lisbon Council e-book, Leszek Balcerowicz (main author), A. Rzońca, L. Kalina, A. Łaszek, 2013
 * Trzeba się bić. Opowieść biograficzna, Leszek Balcerowicz, Marta Stremecka, Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne, Warsaw, 2014
 * Euro Imbalances and Adjustment: A Comperative Analysis, The Cato Journal, nr 3, 2014

title: Leszek Balcerowicz


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Paul Richards

Paul Richards may refer to:

Science and medicine

 * P. W. Richards (Paul Westmacott Richards, 1908–1995), British botanist
 * Paul I. Richards (1923–1978), American physicist and applied mathematician
 * Paul G. Richards (born 1943), American seismologist
 * Paul Richards (anthropologist) (born 1945), British anthropologist
 * Paul W. Richards (born 1964), American astronaut
 * Paul Linford Richards (fl. 2000), American physicist and Frank Isakson Prize winner

Sports

 * Paul Richards (baseball) (1908–1986), American baseball player, manager, scout and executive
 * Paul Richards (athlete) (born 1956), Antigua and Barbuda Olympic sprinter
 * Paul Richards (bowls) (died 1995), Australian lawn bowler
 * Paul Richards (racecar driver), American racecar driver, member of the Briggs Cunningham team

Others

 * Paul W. Richards (judge) (1874–1956), American jurist, Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
 * Paul Richards (actor) (1924–1974), American actor in television series Breaking Point
 * Paul Richards (artist) (born 1949), British artist
 * Paul Richards (California politician) (born 1955/1956), American politician, mayor of Lynwood, California
 * Paul Richards (Montana politician) (born 1954), American politician, member of the Montana House of Representatives

title: Paul Richards


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Paul W. Richards

Paul William Richards (born May 20, 1964 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut. He flew aboard one Space Shuttle mission in 2001.

Education
Richards graduated from Dunmore High School, Dunmore, Pennsylvania, in 1982. He received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Drexel University, where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity in 1987. He was awarded a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1991.

Richards is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, National Society of Professional Engineers, American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Naval Engineers, United States Naval Reserves.

Early career
Department of the Navy, Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station, 1983–1987. Transferred to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 1987. Worked in the Verification Office, Electromechanical Branch, Robotics Branch, Guidance and Controls Branch, all within the Engineering Directorate. Senior EVA Tool Development Engineer for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Servicing Project. Project Manager for HST EVA crew aids and tools. Program Manager for HST EVA Hardware. Responsibilities included the budget, schedule, design, analysis, fabrication, test, and integration for breadboard, WETF/NBS, engineering, and flight hardware, documentation, and review process. Additional duties included systems engineering support for the HST WETF/NBS Servicing Mission Simulations as a utility diver and EMU suited subject. Richards is the inventor of the Pistol Grip Tool (PGT). The PGT is a self-contained, computer- controlled, battery-powered 3/8 inch drive power tool with a pistol-style handle. Numerous torque, speed and turn limits can be programmed into the tool for mission-specific applications. A light emitting diode display on the tool tells the astronaut what torque he or she is applying, at what speed, and how many turns the motor has made. It also displays error messages. The motorized torque ranges from 2 to 25 foot-pounds, the speed from 5 to 60 rotations per minute, and the number of turns from 0 to 999. In manual mode, the Pistol Grip Tool can apply 38 foot-pounds of torque. The specifications for every fastener are preprogrammed into the PGT before each mission and the PGT then logs the actual data during EVA. The PGT has been used on every NASA spacewalk (EVA), since 1996.

NASA career
Selected by NASA in April 1996, Richards reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. Having completed two years of training and evaluation, he was qualified for flight assignment as a mission specialist. Richards was initially assigned to the Computer Branch working on software for the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. He next served in the Astronaut Office Shuttle Operations Branch assigned to support Payload and General Support Computers (PGSCs) and the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). Richards flew on STS-102 and has logged over 307 hours in space, including 6.4 EVA hours. He was assigned as a back-up crew member for ISS Expedition-7. Richards retired from NASA in February 2002 to pursue private interests.

In 2004 Richards returned to NASA GSFC as the Observatory Manager for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R Series). The GOES-R series is the next-generation of advanced weather satellites being developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in partnership with NASA. In 2014, he was promoted to Deputy Project Manager for the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) Project. LCRD will demonstrate the next-generation of satellite communication using laser technology. In 2018 Richards was detailed to NASA HQ as a Program Executive for NASA’s Satellite Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program. He retired from NASA in 2019.

Spaceflights
STS-102 Discovery (March 8–21, 2001) was the eighth Shuttle mission to visit the International Space Station. Mission accomplishments included the delivery of the Expedition-2 crew and the contents of the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, the return to Earth of the Expedition-1 crew, as well as the return of Leonardo, the reusable cargo carrier built by the Italian Space Agency. Richards performed an EVA totaling 6 hours and 21 minutes. Mission duration was 307 hours and 49 minutes.

Awards and honors

 * NASA Space Flight Medal
 * Department of Defense Superior Service Medal
 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal
 * Silver Snoopy award (1994)
 * NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (1994)
 * US Patent for Computerized Pistol Grip Power Tool
 * US Patent for Pistol Grip Power Tool Software
 * HST First Servicing Mission Development Team
 * HST First Servicing Mission Extravehicular Activity Team
 * HST First Servicing Mission Crew Aids and Tools Development Team
 * HST First Servicing Mission Integration and Test Team
 * HST First Servicing Mission Space Support Equipment Team
 * NASA Manned Flight Awareness Award (1994)
 * NASA Outstanding Performance Awards (1992, 1994, 1995)
 * Certificate of Outstanding Performance (1990, 1993, 1994)
 * Group Achievement Award UARS and GRO MMS and UASE Support Team (1992)

title: Paul W. Richards


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Gaston Roelants

Gaston, Baron Roelants (born 5 February 1937), is a Belgian former elite steeplechaser and cross country runner. He won the 1962 European and 1964 Olympic titles in the 3000 m steeplechase and twice broke the world record.

Biography
Roelants finished fourth in the steeplechase at the 1960 Olympics, and after winning a bronze medal at the 1966 European Championships he successfully turned to longer distances, setting world records in the 20 km (58 minutes 6.2 seconds) and in the 1 hour race (20,664 m) that year. In 1972 he improved those records to 57 minutes 44.4 seconds and 20,878 meters. He won a silver (1969) and a bronze (1974) medal in European marathon races. He was ranked the world's best steeplechaser five times, in 1962–1965 and 1967.

Roelants also won four international cross country titles (1962, 1967, 1969 and 1972) with three second places between 1960 and 1975. His long career continued into his 40s. Later he won five world titles in the masters category and held the masters world record in the steeplechase for 27 years.

A major Belgian road race is named after Roelants.

title: Gaston Roelants


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User:Laudaka/usa state postal abreviations

(from the U.S. state article)

List of states
A list of all the U.S.A. states, with only their U.S. postal abbreviations, most commonly used by people living in the USA.

This list is NOT intended as an encyclopedia article and that's why it's on my personal pages. It is intended as a TOOL for people not from the USA and especially for people from "non English speaking countries".

It's important to know that often the capitals of the states, which have been ommited here on purpose, are often a lot smaller than the largest city in the state. That is one of the very reasons why there are no capitals in this list.

In addition to the this states, several other areas belong to or have associations with the United States. The only important one to remember is the next area:
 * DC District of Columbia. The District of Columbia has one city, Washington, which encomposes the entire area of DC. The city does not have state status, so it has no Congressional representation, but it does have three electoral votes. The city is the seat of the federal government.

Other areas who belong to or have associations with the United States: (ultimate soveignty? if someone could explain me what the heck that means?)
 * AS American Samoa
 * GU Guam
 * MP Northern Mariana Islands
 * PR Puerto Rico, Commonwealth
 * VI the U.S. Virgin Islands
 * Midway Atoll
 * Guantanamo Bay (the US has "complete jurisdiction and control" under a lease from Cuba, which retains ultimate sovereignty)

REMARKS: The list in the U.S. state article was so excellently formatted that I took the freedom to make this copy on my personal pages, but then stripping down every not important away. The only thing that is important for non native English speakers is that they can recognize the state abreviations that are frequently used in user profiles, in chat rooms, etc., etc.

Also remember people from the USA often forget to add USA after the postal abreviation in their profile, which makes it kind of confusing for people from non-English speaking countries from all over the world. No offense meant!

Feel free to improve this text just like you'd improve a normal article. This text is licensed under the GNU FDL, so don't consider it as something that's part of my personal pages and feel free to improve it! (I say this because I suppose you would never have the idea of copying some fierce fight on the for example abortion article talk pages even it is officially under the GNU FDL.)

Hope no one considers this an illegal use of my personal wikipedia pages. For other countries see proper web pages. --71.110.56.97 00:18, 13 March 2007 (UTC)


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William F. Readdy

William Francis Readdy is a former Associate Administrator of the Office of Space Flight, at NASA Headquarters.

He was born January 24, 1952, in Quonset Point, Rhode Island, and is married to Colleen Nevius. They have two sons and a daughter.

He graduated from McLean High School, McLean, Virginia, in 1970 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering (with honors) from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1974. He's a distinguished graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School 1980. Readdy is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, the Explorers Club, and the Royal Astronautical Society and is an Associate Fellow of the AIAA. He also belongs to the Association of Space Explorers.

Readdy currently serves on the board of directors of the Challenger Center for Space Science Education as Treasurer. Readdy is also currently a member of the board of directors of Astrobotic Technology, a Carnegie Mellon University spinoff company that is competing for the Google Lunar X Prize.

Special honors
Recipient of the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, two NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals, two NASA Exceptional Service Medals, three NASA Space Flight Medals, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Navy Commendation Medal, Navy Achievement Medal, Navy Expeditionary Medal, two National Defense Service Medals, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, Armed Forces Reserve Medal, and various unit and service awards. U.S. Naval Test Pilot School Instructor of the Year (1984). NASA Space Flight Safety Award. Federation Aeronautique Internationale awards include: the Kamarov Diploma (STS-51), the De la Vaulx Medal (STS-79) and a World Record Certificate (STS-79).

Experience
Readdy graduated from Annapolis in 1974, and earned his wings as a Naval Aviator. Following fleet training in the A-6 Intruder at NAS Oceana, Virginia, he joined Attack Squadron Eighty-five aboard the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal (CV-59) deployed to the North Atlantic and Mediterranean from 1976 until 1980. Upon completion of the Naval Test Pilot School, he served as project test pilot on a variety of programs at Strike Aircraft Test Directorate. Following a tour as a test pilot instructor, he reported in 1984 to USS Coral Sea (CV-43), on Caribbean and Mediterranean deployments. In 1986 Readdy transferred into the Naval Reserve to join NASA and served as an instructor pilot and unit commander until his naval retirement in August 2000. He has logged 7,000 flying hours in over 60 types of fixed wing and helicopters and over 550 carrier landings.

Readdy joined NASA's Johnson Space Center in October 1986 as a research pilot at Ellington Field, Houston, Texas, where he served as program manager for the highly modified Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. He was selected as an astronaut in the 1987 Group. He served in numerous support roles including: Training Officer; Safety Officer; Operations Development Branch Chief; NASA Director of Operations, Star City, Russia; Stafford Task Force; and the first manager of Space Shuttle Program Development charged with upgrading the Space Shuttle. Readdy served as Associate Administrator, NASA HQ Office of Space Flight that has oversight for the Marshall, Kennedy, Stennis and Johnson Space Centers as well as programmatic oversight for International Space Station, Space Shuttle, Space Communications and Space Launch Vehicles.

Readdy is a veteran pilot astronaut with three space flights, STS-42 (January 22–30, 1992), STS-51 (September 12–22, 1993) and, most recently, STS-79 (September 16–26, 1996). Readdy has logged over 672 hours in space.

title: William F. Readdy