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Odo of Cluny

Odo of Cluny (French: Odon) (c. 878 – 18 November 942) was the second abbot of Cluny.

Born to a noble family, he served as a page at the court of Aquitaine. He became a canon of the Church of St. Martin in Tours, and continued his education in Paris under Remigius of Auxerre. Upon returning to Tours, Odo became disillusioned with the life of a canon and subsequently entered the Benedictine abbey at Baume, where he became superior of the abbey school.

Odo joined Abbot Berno at Cluny and when Berno died in 927, was elected his successor. While abbot, he also managed the priory at Romainmôtier. Next, he undertook the reform of Fleury Abbey. He encouraged the monks to adhere more closely to the original Rule of Saint Benedict. In 931 the Pope authorized Odo to continue his work in the monasteries of Aquitaine. He enacted the various Cluniac Reforms of France and Italy. In 937,he went to Rome and was given Saint Paul Outside the Walls. He also sent his aides to Monte Cassino and Subiaco.

Odo initiated the practice among the monasteries following Cluny to hold an annual commemoration of all the faithful departed on the day after All Saints' Day.

He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. His feast day is 18 November.

There is only one contemporary biography of him, the Vita Odonis written by John of Salerno.

Early life
Odo was born in about 878, the son of Abbo, feudal lord of Deols, near Le Mans and his wife Arenberga. According to the Vita later written by Odo's disciple John, the couple had long been childless, and one Christmas Eve, Abbo prayed to Our Lady to obtain for him the gift of a son. When the child was born, his grateful father entrusted the boy to the Church of St. Martin in Tours. Both his parents later joined monasteries. His brother Bernard also became a monk.

While yet a child, Odo was sent first to the court of Fulk the Good, Count of Anjou; later he became a page at the court of William the Pious, duke of Aquitaine, where he spent several years. Odo developed a particular devotion to Mary, under the title “Mother of Mercy", an invocation by which he would address her throughout his life.

Church of St Martin, Tours
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the tomb of St Martin of Tours was considered one of the holiest sites in western Christendom. At age 19 Odo was tonsured as a canon of the Church of St. Martin in Tours, where he spent six years studying classic authors, the Fathers of the Church, poetry, and music. Odo would later say that the monks of the monastery of St. Martin of Tours had been spoiled by all the wealth and gifts brought by the pilgrims, and had abandoned the Rule they were required to follow. He would later tell his monks that the religious at Tours no longer attended nightly Lauds for fear of getting their fine shoes dirty. Odo's experience at Tours later led him to embrace the monastic reform movement.

In 901 he traveled to Paris where he spent four years completing a course of theological studies, including the study of philosophy under Remigius of Auxerre. Upon his return to Tours, Odo adopted a disciplined and ascetic lifestyle. One day, in reading the rule of Saint Benedict, he was confounded to see how much his life fell short of the maxims there laid down, and he determined to embrace a monastic state. The count of Anjou, his patron, refused to consent, and Odo spent almost three years in a cell, with one companion, in the practice of penance and contemplation. At length, he resolved that no impediments should any longer hinder him from consecrating himself to God in the monastic state. He resigned his canonry, and secretly repaired to the monastery of Beaume, in the diocess of Besançon, where the Abbot Berno admitted him to the habit. He brought with him only his books, which consisted of about a hundred volumes.

The Monastery at Baume
Around 909 Odo entered Baume, which was under the direction of Abbot Berno. Berno had joined the Benedictine Order at the Abbey of St. Martin in Autun, where Hugh of Anzy le Duc had introduced stricter adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict. Later, Berno was sent to the diocese of Besançon to restore the monastery at Baume-les-Messieurs, which had fallen into neglect.

Bishop Turpio of Limoges ordained Odo to the priesthood, which Odo was obliged to accept under obedience. However, Odo was so depressed by this, that Berno sent Odo back to the bishop to visit him. Odo and the bishop talked about the evil condition of the church and all the abuses that were occurring, Odo spoke about the book of Jeremiah, and the bishop was so impressed with his words, that he asked Odo to write it down. Odo said he could not do so without first getting permission from Berno, and the bishop then got Berno's permission, and Odo then wrote down his second book the Collationes.

Odo became superior of the abbey school at Baume.

Cluny
In 910 Abbot Berno left Baume to found Cluny Abbey, taking some of the monks with him. It is not clear at what point exactly Odo left Baume for Cluny. Berno had control of six monasteries when he died in 927, three of which he gave to Wido and the other three he gave to Odo. The monks of Cluny elected Odo as abbot, but he refused on grounds of unworthiness. The bishop threatened Odo with excommunication if he continued to refuse, and thus Odo accepted the office.

At Berno's death in 927 (Odo would have been almost 50), Odo became abbot of three monasteries: Deols, Massay and Cluny. Baume became the possession of Wido, who had been the leader of the monks that persecuted Odo when he was with them at Baume. Immediately following Berno's death, Wido attempted to gain control of Cluny by force, but Pope John X sent a letter to Rudolf, King of the Franks to intervene. Cluny was still not finished construction when Odo became abbot, and he continued construction efforts but he ran into financial difficulties. Odo had a strong devotion to St Martin of Tours for most of his life. He continued to pray to St Martin for all of his and the monastery's problems. One story recounts the one year, on the feast day of Martin of Tours, Odo saw an old man looking over the unfinished building. The old man then went to Odo and said that he was St Martin and that if the monks continued to persevere that he would arrange it for the money they needed to come to them. A few days later, 3000 solidi of gold was brought as a gift to Cluny.

Odo continued to uphold the Benedictine Rule at Cluny just as Berno had done. Throughout Odo's rule of Cluny, the monastery continually enjoy protection from both Popes and temporal rulers, who guaranteed the monastery's independence. Many times during Odo's reign, Cluny's property was extended as gifts of land were added to it. During his tenure as abbot, the monastic church of SS. Peter and Paul was completed.

Odo taught the monks that the blind and the lame were the porters of the gates of paradise. If a monk was ever rude or harsh to a beggar who came to the monastery gates, Odo would call the beggar back and tell him, 'When he who has served thee thus, comes himself seeking entrance from thee at the gates of paradise, repay him in like manner.' The charity of Cluny was well-known. In one year food was distributed to more than seven thousand persons in need.

Reforms of other monasteries
After Berno's death, the first monasteries that Odo reformed were at Romainmoutier, St. Michael's Abbey at Tulle, and the Abbey of Saint-Géraud at Aurillac. He encouraged them to return to the original pattern of the Benedictine rule of prayer, manual labor, and community life under the direction of a spiritual father. It was his usual saying, that no one can be called a monk who is not a true lover, and strict observer of silence, a condition absolutely necessary for interior solitude and the commerce of a soul with God.

Odo would later relate a tale to his monks regarding two monks from Tours who chose not to wear their habits. On one occasion they were once sent out on business. One wore his habit, the other dressed like a layperson. The monk dressed as a layperson became mortally ill, and the other monk had a vision in which he saw St Benedict sitting on a throne in heaven surrounded by an army of monks. The dying monk was lying prostrate and asking for help. Benedict said that he did not recognize this monk's habit and that he must belong to a different order. Benedict then said he could do nothing as he had no jurisdiction over those of another order. The dying monk despaired, but his companion torn off his habit and wrapped it around the dying monk, and Benedict then healed the dying monk of his sickness.

In 930, he reformed Fleury Abbey. At that time Fleury held the bones of St Benedict, brought there from Monte Cassino. However, by the time of Odo, it had lost its reputation for holiness and was filled with many of the same abuses that were occurring in other places. The Viking raids had caused monks at Fleury, as in many places, to return to their villages for safety, but when they returned to the monastery again, they did not return to their old discipline and abused the Rule. Odo went to Fleury on the request of King Rudolf of the Franks. Upon arriving he found the monks armed with spears and swords and threatening to murder him. After a standoff for three days, Odo rode towards the monastery on his donkey and the monks put down their weapons.

Odo then took over leadership of it on a temporary basis and reformed it. He encountered resistance in trying to get the monks to abide by the rule against eating flesh meat. The monks would patiently wait for the supply of fish to run out in the hope that he would be forced to give them meat to eat. However, Odo consistently was always able to find a source for fish. A story from this time held that one day when Odo was present at Fleury for Benedict's feast day, Benedict appeared to a brother who had fallen asleep. Benedict told the monk that since Fleury was founded, no monk of Fleury had inherited eternal life. Benedict then asked the monk if they had enough fish, and the monk said they did not, and Benedict told him that they should fish in the marsh and not in the river. The monks then went to the marsh to fish and caught a huge catch of fish.

Authorized by a privilege of Pope John XI in 931, Odo reformed the monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy. The privilege empowered him to unite several abbeys under his supervision and to receive at Cluny monks from abbeys not yet reformed; the greater number of the reformed monasteries, however, remained independent, and several became centres of reform. Cluny became the model of monasticism for over a century and transformed the role of piety in European daily life. The monastery claimed its heritage traced, through Berno and Hugh of Anzy le Duc, all the way back to St Benedict of Nursia.

In later years he also reformed many other monasteries including St Martial's and St Augustine's monasteries in Limoges, St Jean-d'Angely in Aquitaine, Jumièges Abbey in Normandy, St Peter Le Vif in Sens, and St Julian's in Tours. These monasteries, however, would go on to also reform and found other monasteries. The Cluniac observance, as established by Odo, became the model of monasticism for over a century.

In Italy
Many monasteries in Italy were deserted, because of continual attacks by Huns and Muslims who would often deliberately seek out monasteries to plunder. The lands of monasteries were often seized by local nobles. Between 936 and 942 he visited Italy several times.

Odo first came to Rome in the year 936 and took the opportunity to use Alberic II of Spoleto's support to reform and revive monastic life in central Italy. Several Roman monasteries were rebuilt. Odo restored St Paul's Outside the Walls, which became Odo's headquarters in Rome. The palace on the Aventine where Alberic was born was transformed into Our Lady on the Aventine. The monasteries of St Lawrence and St Agnes, were restored and reformed. The monks of St Andre's on the Clivus Scaurus resisted a return to the Benedictine Rule, and so they were expelled and new monks were put in their place. The monastery at Farla, where the monks had completely abandoned the Rule and murdered their own abbot, was also brought under control.

Odo sent his disciple Baldwin to Monte Cassino to restore it, because it had also been left to lie waste; the nearby Subiaco Abbey also received his influence. Odo became involved in reforms as far as Naples, Salerno and Benevento. In the North, St Peter's, Ciel d'Oro in Pavia was also brought under the control of one of Odo's disciples. St Elias' monastery in Nepi was put under the control of one of Odo's disciples. These monks resisted the rule against flesh meat and Odo's disciple struggled to keep up a constant supply of fish for them to eat. When Odo visited the monastery, a stream miraculously flowed from a nearby mountain and fish were in the stream.

Alberic fought a war with his stepfather Hugh of Lombardy and Odo was twice called in to act as a mediator between them.

A story holds that one time Odo was crossing the Alps in deep snow and his horse lost footing, causing both him and his horse to fall over a cliff, but he caught a tree and held to its branches until help could come.

Another story held that one time forty robbers attempted to attack him on the road, but he continued forward singing psalms as usual. One of the robbers then said, 'Let us leave them alone for I never remember having seen such men before. We might overcome the company, but never their armour-bearer, that strenuous man. If we attack them it will be the worse for us.' The other robbers insisted that they would succeed, and then the first robber said, 'Then turn your arms against me, for as long as I am alive, no harm shall come to them.' The robbers then debated among themselves about what to do, and Odo continued on unmolested. The first robber who spoke later became a disciple of Odo.

Death of Odo
In 942, peace was in Rome once again between Alberic and his stepfather. He fell ill, and sensing his approaching death, decided to return to Gaul. He stopped at the monastery of St. Julian in Tours for the celebration of the feast day of St. Martin. He developed a fever and after a lingering sickness died on 18 November. During his last illness, he composed a hymn in honor of Martin. He was buried in the church of Saint Julian; but the Huguenots burnt the majority of his remains. His feast day is 18 November; the Benedictines observe 11 May.

Pope Benedict XVI notes that Odo's austerity as a rigorous reformer tends to obscure a less-obvious trait: a deep, heartfelt kindness. "He was austere, but above all he was good..." His biographer, John of Salerno, records that Odo was in the habit of asking the children he met along the way to sing, and that he would then give them some small token. "[T]he energetic yet at the same time lovable medieval abbot, enthusiastic about reform, with incisive action nourished in his monks, as well as in the lay faithful of his time..."

Writings
Among his writings are: a commentary on the Moralia of Pope Gregory I, a biography of Saint Gerald of Aurillac, three books of Collationes (moral essays, severe and forceful), a few sermons, an epic poem on the Redemption (Occupatio) in several books, three hymns (Rex Christe Martini decus, Martine par apostolis and Martine iam consul poliand), and twelve choral antiphons in honour of Saint Martin of Tours. Some scholars have attributed the Musica enchiriadis to him.

A story holds that one time Odo was writing a glossary to the life of St Martin written by Postumianus and Gallus. The book, however, was left in a cellar which was flooded with water during a rainstorm at night. The place where the book lay was covered by a torrent, but the next day when the monks came down to the cellar they found that only the margin of the book was soaked through but all of the writing was untouched. Odo then told the monks, 'Why do ye marvel oh brothers? Know ye not that the water feared to touch the life of the saint?' Then a monk replied, 'But see, the book is old and moth-eaten, and has so often been soaked that it is dirty and faint! Can our father then persuade us that the rain feared to touch a book which in the past has been soaked through? Nay, there is another reason.' Odo then realized that they were suggesting it was preserved because he had written a glossary in it, but he then quickly gave the glory to God and St Martin.

Veneration
Odo is commemorated in Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church:
 * 18 November - main commemoration,
 * 29 April or 11 May - commemoration of four abbots of Cluny (Odo, Maiolus, Odilo(n), Hugh).

title: Odo of Cluny


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Sant'Ignazio, Rome

The Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Campus Martius  (Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola in Campo Marzio, Ecclesia Sancti Ignatii a Loyola in Campo Martio) is a Latin Catholic titular church, of deaconry rank, dedicated to Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, located in Rome, Italy. Built in Baroque style between 1626 and 1650, the church functioned originally as the chapel of the adjacent Roman College, which moved in 1584 to a new larger building and was renamed the Pontifical Gregorian University.

History
The Collegio Romano opened very humbly in 1551, with an inscription over the door summing up its simple purpose: "School of Grammar, Humanity, and Christian Doctrine. Free". Plagued by financial problems in the early years, the Collegio Romano had various provisional centres. In 1560, Vittoria della Tolfa, Marchesa della Valle, donated her family isola, an entire city block and its existing buildings, to the Society of Jesus in memory of her late husband the Marchese della Guardia Camillo Orsini, founding the Collegio Romano. She had previously intended to donate it to the Poor Clares for the founding of a monastery. The nuns had already started to build what had been intended to become the Church of Santa Maria della Nunziata, erected on the spot where the Temple of Isis had stood.

Although the Jesuits got the marchesa's land, they did not get any money from her for completing the church. Budgetary constraints compelled them to hire their own architect. Construction of the church was taken over by the Jesuit architect Giovanni Tristano. Built entirely by Jesuit labour, the Church of the Annunciation was first used for worship in 1567. A three-aisled church dedicated to the Most Holy Annunciation (Santissima Annunziata) was built by the Collegio Romano between 1562 and 1567 on the foundations of the pre-existing construction. Since the earlier church had already been built to the height of the ground floor in 1555, there was no way for the Jesuits to expand the structure to hold the increasing number of students attending the Collegio Romano. The facade was very similar to that of the contemporary Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, which was also designed by Giovanni Tristano. In accordance with the wishes of the marchesa, the façade proudly displayed the Orsini arms. The Church of the Annunciation was enlarged in 1580 when Pope Gregory XIII expanded the Collegio Romano itself, especially the side chapels.

The old church became insufficient for over 2,000 students of many nations who were attending the College at the beginning of the 17th century. Pope Gregory XV, who was an old pupil of the Collegio Romano, was strongly attached to the church. Following the canonization of Ignatius of Loyola in 1622, he suggested to his nephew, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, that a new church dedicated to the founder of the Jesuits should be erected at the college itself. The young cardinal accepted the idea, asked several architects to draw plans, among them Carlo Maderno. Ludovisi finally chose the plans drawn up by the Jesuit mathematician, Orazio Grassi, professor at the Collegio Romano itself.

The foundation stone was laid only on 2 August 1626, four years later, a delay which was caused by the fact that a section of the buildings belonging to the Roman College had to be dismantled. The old church was eventually demolished in 1650 to make way for the massive Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola, which was begun in 1626 and finished only at the end of the century. In striking contrast to the Church of the Annunciation, which occupied only a small section of the Collegio Romano, the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola took up a quarter of the entire block when it was completed.

The church was opened for public worship only in 1650, at the occasion of the Jubilee of 1650. The final solemn consecration of the church was celebrated only in 1722 by Cardinal Antonfelice Zondadari. The church's entrance now faces on to the Rococo Place of San Ignazio was planned by the architect Filippo Raguzzini.

Interior
The church has a Latin cross plan with numerous side chapels. The building was inspired by the Jesuit mother church, the Church of the Gesù in Rome (finished in the late 16th century). The imposing order of Corinthian pilasters that rings the entire interior, the theatrical focus on the high altar at the rear of the broad eastern apse, the church's colored marbles, animated stucco figural relief, richly ornamented altars, extensive gilding, and bold trompe-l'œil paintings in the "dome" at its crossing and in the nave ceiling all produce a festive, sumptuous effect. Funds to build a dome were lacking, hence a painter to paint the illusion of a dome was hired.

The nave's west wall has a sculptural group depicting Magnificence and Religion (1650) by Alessandro Algardi. Algardi also helped design the high reliefs in stucco that run on both lateral nave walls just above the entries to the chapels and beneath the nave's grandiose entablature.

Other artworks in the church include a huge stucco statue of St. Ignatius by Camillo Rusconi (1728). Saints Aloysius Gonzaga, Robert Bellarmine, and John Berchmans are buried in the church. The church is also the resting place of Bartol Kašić.

Frescoes of Andrea Pozzo
Andrea Pozzo, a Jesuit lay brother, painted the grandiose fresco that stretches across the ceiling of the nave around 1685. It celebrates the work of Saint Ignatius and the Society of Jesus in the world presenting the saint welcomed into paradise by Christ and the Virgin Mary and surrounded by allegorical representations of all four continents. By the skilful use of linear perspective, light, and shade, he made the great barrel-vault of the nave of the church into an idealized aula from which is seen the reception of St. Ignatius into the opened heavens. Pozzo worked to open up, even dissolve the actual surface of the nave's barrel vault to make the observer see a huge and lofty cupola (of a sort), open to the bright sky, and filled with upward floating figures. A marble disk set into the middle of the nave floor marks the ideal spot from which observers might fully experience the illusion.

A second marker in the nave floor further east provides the ideal vantage point for the trompe-l'œil painting on canvas that covers the crossing and depicts a tall, ribbed and coffered dome. The cupola one expects to see here was never built and in its place, in 1685, Andrea Pozzo supplied a painting on canvas with a projection of a cupola. The original painting, completed in 1685, was destroyed by fire; in 1823 it was faithfully reproduced by Francesco Manno on the basis of drawings and studies left by the Pozzo. Pozzo also frescoed the pendentives in the crossing with Old Testament figures: Judith, David, Samson, and Jaele.

Pozzo also painted the frescoes in the eastern apse depicting the life and apotheosis of St Ignatius. The Siege of Pamplona in the tall panel on the left commemorates the wounding of Ignatius, which led to the convalescence that transformed his life. The panel over the high altar, Vision of St Ignatius at the Chapel of La Storta, commemorates the vision that gave the saint his divine calling. St Ignatius sends St Francis Xavier to India recalls the aggressive Jesuit missionary work in foreign countries, and finally, St Ignatius Receiving Francesco Borgia recalls the recruitment of the Spanish noble who would become General of the Company of Jesuits. Pozzo is also responsible for the fresco in the conch depicting St. Ignatius Healing the Pestilent.

Chapels
The first chapel on the right has an 18th-century altarpiece showing Saints Stanislaus Kostka and John Francis Regis Worshiping the Virgin and Child. The second chapel has an altarpiece depicting St Joseph and Virgin and a lunette (right wall) depicting the Last Communion of St Luigi Gonzaga, both by Francesco Trevisani (1656–1746); the cupola was painted by Luigi Garzi. The third chapel has an 18th-century altarpiece of Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple by Stefano Pozzi.

The chapel in the right transept, dedicated to St. Aloysius Gonzaga, has a large marble high-relief depicting St. Aloysius Gonzaga in Glory (1697–99) by the French sculptor Pierre Le Gros. Andrea Pozzo painted the ceiling which also shows the Glory of the Saint. Buried in the side altar next to Gonzaga is Cardinal St. Robert Bellarmine.

The chapel in the left transept houses the relics of Saint John Berchmans.

The chapel just to the right of the church's presbytery (at the south-east corner) houses the funerary monuments of Pope Gregory XV and his nephew, Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi, the church's founder. Pierre Le Gros designed the monument and executed most of it himself c. 1709–14 with the exception of the two flying personifications of Fame which are by Pierre-Étienne Monnot.

The chapel in the left transept has a marble altarpiece of the Annunciation by Filippo Della Valle, with allegorical figures and angels (1649) by Pietro Bracci, and a frescoed ceiling with The Assumption by Pozzo. The second and first chapels to the left have paintings by Jesuit Pierre de Lattre, who also did the sacristy paintings.

List of cardinal deacons
The cardinal deaconry of Sant Ignazio di Loyola a Campo Marzio was established 28 June 1991. Its cardinals include:
 * Paolo Dezza, S.J. (28 June 1991 – 17 December 1999)
 * Roberto Tucci, S.J. (21 February 2001 — 12 February 2011; as cardinal priest 21 February 2011 — 14 April 2015)
 * Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer, S.J. (28 June 2018 - present)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sant'Ignazio, Rome


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Spruce Hole Bog

The Spruce Hole Bog, locally known as Spruce Hole, is a complete ecological community occupying a true kettle hole in the town of Durham, New Hampshire. According to the National Register of Natural Landmarks: "It illustrates characteristics of a typical sphagnum-heath bog, localized in a specialized geologic setting." It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972. Spruce Hole is located 2 mi west of the town center of Durham and is owned by the town, which has conserved 35 acre around it. It is reached by a woods road off Packer's Falls Road, and despite the name, the surrounding forest is mostly white pine, hemlock, and birch.

The bog is also adjacent to the Oyster River Forest, a permanently conserved 172 acre+ parcel owned by the town of Durham.

title: Spruce Hole Bog


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Efrem Zimbalist Jr.

Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (November 30, 1918 – May 2, 2014) was an American actor best known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F.B.I. He is also known as recurring character "Dandy Jim Buckley" in the series Maverick and as the voice of Alfred Pennyworth in the DC Animated Universe.

Early years
Zimbalist was born in 1918 in Brooklyn to Jewish immigrants Efrem Zimbalist Sr. (1889–1985), a famous Russian-born violinist and symphony conductor, and Alma Gluck (1884–1938), an equally famous Romanian-born operatic soprano. He had an older sister, Mary (1915–2008), along with a half-sister from his mother's first marriage, author Marcia Davenport (1903–1996). His stepmother was Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, the founder of the Curtis Institute of Music. Both parents converted to Anglican Christianity and regularly attended the Episcopal Church. Efrem Jr. attended Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts.

Zimbalist boarded at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, taking part in school plays. He briefly attended Yale University but was expelled, reinstated and expelled a second time on account of low grades. He moved back to New York City in 1936 to work as a page for NBC radio where he had small on-air roles as well as presenting shows. He furthered his acting training at Neighborhood Playhouse before serving in the United States Army during World War II, where he became friends with writer and director Garson Kanin.

Military service
Zimbalist was drafted in 1941. Inducted into the United States Army, he completed his initial training at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Selected for officer candidate school, after graduation in 1943 he received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry. Zimbalist was assigned as a platoon leader in Company L, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division and participated in combat in Europe following the Normandy landings. He was discharged at the end of the war, and his awards and decorations included the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge, in addition to the Purple Heart he received for a shrapnel wound to his leg during the battle of Hürtgen Forest.

Early career
Following the war, Zimbalist returned to New York and made his Broadway acting debut in The Rugged Path, starring Spencer Tracy. This led to a stage career as both actor and producer. His producing successes included bringing three Gian Carlo Menotti operas to Broadway, one of which, The Consul, won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1950.

In 1954–1955, he co-starred in his first television series, Concerning Miss Marlowe.

Warner Bros. star
In 1956, Zimbalist was put under contract by Warner Bros. and moved to Hollywood. Zimbalist's first recurring role in a Warner Bros. Television series was as roguish gambler "Dandy Jim Buckley" on Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957, and making five appearances as the character. In 1958, Zimbalist played the co-lead Stuart "Stu" Bailey in 77 Sunset Strip, a popular detective series running until 1964.

During this period, he made several concurrent appearances in other Warner Bros. television shows, such as Hawaiian Eye, The Alaskans, and Bronco. He also starred as the lead in several feature films for Warners, such as Bombers B-52, The Deep Six, A Fever in the Blood and The Chapman Report. Zimbalist was in such demand during this time that he was given a vacation by Jack L. Warner, owing to exhaustion from his busy schedule.

Jack Warner lent him to Columbia Pictures for By Love Possessed in exchange for adding several years to his Warners' contract, but he refused to let Zimbalist appear in BUtterfield 8 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

In 1959, he was awarded the Golden Globe for "Most Promising Newcomer – Male".

The F.B.I. television series
Apart from 77 Sunset Strip, Zimbalist was most widely known for his starring role as Inspector Lewis Erskine in the Quinn Martin television production The F.B.I., which premiered on September 19, 1965, and aired its final episode on April 28, 1974. Zimbalist was generous in his praise of producer Martin and of his own experience starring in the show. Those who worked with him were equally admiring of the star's professionalism and likable personality.

Zimbalist maintained a strong personal relationship with F.B.I. director J. Edgar Hoover, who requested that the show be technically accurate and portray his agents in the best possible light, and he insisted actors playing F.B.I. employees undergo a background check. Zimbalist subsequently spent a week in contact with Hoover in Washington, D.C., and at the F.B.I. Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The men remained mutual admirers for the rest of Hoover's life. Hoover held up Zimbalist as a model for F.B.I. employees' personal appearance.

The Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation honored the character of Lewis Erskine in 1985 with a set of retired credentials, and on June 8, 2009, FBI Director Robert Mueller presented Zimbalist with a plaque honoring him for his work on the series.

The show was revived in the 1980s as Today's FBI starring Mike Connors.

Other television work
After 77 Sunset Strip, he appeared in other series, including CBS's short-lived The Reporter starring Harry Guardino as journalist Danny Taylor of the fictitious New York Globe. He also appeared in leading and supporting roles in several feature films, including Harlow, A Fever in the Blood (a film about a ruthless politician), Wait Until Dark and Airport 1975.

Zimbalist had a recurring role as Daniel Chalmers, a white-collar con man, on his daughter Stephanie Zimbalist's 1980s television detective series Remington Steele. He also recurred in the television dramatic series Hotel.

In 1990, he played the father of Zorro in the Christian Broadcasting Network's The New Zorro. Zimbalist relinquished the role after the program's first season because of the filming at studios outside Madrid, Spain, and the role subsequently went to Henry Darrow. He had a small recurring role in the 1990s hit science fiction television series Babylon 5 as William Edgars.

Also in the 1990s, Zimbalist played Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Animated Series as well as in Superman: The Animated Series, The New Batman Adventures, Justice League, Static Shock, and the animated films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman. He said being Alfred had "made me an idol in my little grandchildren’s eyes.” Zimbalist also played villain Doctor Octopus in Spider-Man: The Animated Series. He appeared on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and as himself in the 1998 Smithsonian Institution production of Gemstones of America. He performed as the narrator in "Good Morning, America" by Elinor Remick Warren.

Zimbalist wrote an autobiography, My Dinner of Herbs, published by Limelight Editions, New York.

In 2008, he appeared in the short film The Delivery, in which he played a professor who helps a young girl in her struggles for literacy. The film won first place in fantasy at the Dragon*Con Film Festival and was an official selection at the Los Angeles International Children's Festival and the Reel Women International Film Festival in 2009.

Personal life
In December 1941, Zimbalist married his first wife, Emily Munroe McNair. They had two children, Efrem "Skip" Zimbalist III (b. 1947) and Nancy (1944–2012). In January 1950, Emily died from cancer.

In 1956, Zimbalist married Loranda Stephanie Spalding. Loranda's middle name was given to their daughter, actress Stephanie Zimbalist. On February 5, 2007, aged 73, Loranda died from lung cancer.

Religion
Zimbalist's parents, Alma Gluck and Efrem Zimbalist, were of Jewish descent but, on emigrating to America, had left the religion. Moreover, Efrem Zimbalist stated, "As far as I am concerned, there has been no Jew in the family for sixty-five years."

Zimbalist was baptized in the Episcopal Church. He said that when growing up he was taken to church every Sunday. He attended St. Paul's School, an Episcopal boarding school in New Hampshire. Zimbalist said his faith gave him comfort when Emily died.

He had a nine-year association with the practice of Transcendental Meditation as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Zimbalist described the Maharishi Yogi as a "fascinating character", but found the meditation method "... was a total waste of energy for me."

In the late 1970s, he was drawn to the Charismatic Christianity movement. His first association was with Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker's PTL ministry. For several years, he was a member of the PTL board. PTL's principal televangelistic successor, the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), engaged Zimbalist to make its many announcements, including the station's idents every half hour, which aired between 1992 and 2012. In a five-minute segment called "The Word" aired on TBN at 25 minutes after the hour, Zimbalist would read a verse from the Bible, eventually completing the entire text, verse by verse. In 1989, he said, "for a while I did go overboard in my association with a fundamentalist group".

In later life, Zimbalist joined the congregation of an Episcopal parish near to his home. Afterward he joined the Anglican Church of Our Savior in Santa Barbara; he was an occasional reader there and requested donations be made to them (among others) in his obituary.

Politics
In 1963 and 1964, Zimbalist joined fellow actors William Lundigan, Chill Wills and Walter Brennan in making appearances on behalf of U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, the Republican candidate, in his election campaign against U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Death
Zimbalist died at the age of 95, the same age at which his father had died, on May 2, 2014, from natural causes.

title: Efrem Zimbalist Jr.


text:
Baseball America

Baseball America is a sports enterprise that covers baseball at every level, including MLB, with a particular focus on up-and-coming players in the MiLB, college, high school, and international leagues. It is currently published in the form of an editorial and stats website, a monthly magazine, a podcast network, and three annual reference book titles. It also regularly produces lists of the top prospects in the sport, and covers aspects of the game from a scouting and player-development point of view. Industry insiders look to BA for its expertise and insights related to annual and future MLB Drafts classes. The publication's motto is "The most trusted source in baseball."

History
Baseball America was founded in 1981 and has since grown into a full-service media company. Founder Allan Simpson began writing the magazine from Canada, originally calling it the All-America Baseball News. By 1983, Simpson moved the magazine to Durham, North Carolina, after it was purchased by then-Durham Bulls owner Miles Wolff. Simpson left his position at the magazine in 2006.

Source Interlink (later and the Motor Trend Group) purchased Baseball America in December 2011 and sold the publication in February 2017. The new Baseball America Enterprises includes Gary Green and Larry Botel of Alliance Baseball, owners of minor league franchises in Omaha, Neb., and Richmond, Va., in partnership with David Geaslen, founder and CEO of 3STEP Sports. Today, Baseball America is led by president Tom Dondero and Editor in Chief J.J. Cooper. It also uses outsourced correspondents.

Content
Baseball America is published on the web and monthly in print. Every issue features coverage of the majors, minors, baseball's draft, college and high school baseball. Other features include reviews and analysis of prospects as well as tracking the progress of the best players in amateur baseball and the minors.

Other annual publications produced by the company include Baseball America Almanac, Baseball America Prospect Handbook (a New York Times sports best-seller in March 2016), and the Baseball America Directory. Baseball America also has an active social media presence on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram, bringing its scouting and player-development point of view to 21st century media platforms.

All-Star Futures Game
Baseball America helps MLB select the players for the All-Star Futures Game.

Major League Baseball awards
Awards include:

Baseball America All-Rookie Team

 * Note: Each year's team consists of a varying number of pitchers and types of pitchers.

 * 2007
 * 2008
 * 2009 (a catcher, 4 infielders, 3 outfielders, one DH, and 5 pitchers)
 * 2010 (a catcher, 4 infielders, 3 outfielders, one DH, 5 starting pitchers, 2 relief pitchers, and one closer)
 * 2011 (a catcher, 4 infielders, 3 outfielders, one DH, 5 starting pitchers, 2 relief pitchers, and one closer)

Baseball America Manager of the Year

 * – Larry Dierker, Houston
 * – Jimy Williams, Boston
 * – Dusty Baker, San Francisco
 * – Lou Piniella, Seattle
 * – Mike Scioscia, Los Angeles Angels
 * – Jack McKeon, Florida
 * – Bobby Cox, Atlanta
 * – Ozzie Guillén, Chicago White Sox
 * 2006 – Jim Leyland, Detroit
 * – Terry Francona, Boston
 * – Ron Gardenhire, Minnesota
 * – Mike Scioscia, Los Angeles Angels
 * – Bobby Cox, Atlanta
 * – Joe Maddon, Tampa Bay
 * – Buck Showalter, Baltimore
 * – Clint Hurdle, Pittsburgh
 * – Buck Showalter, Baltimore
 * – Joe Maddon, Chicago Cubs
 * – Terry Francona, Cleveland
 * - A. J. Hinch, Houston

Baseball America Major League Coach of the Year

 * See footnote

Baseball America Major League Executive of the Year

 * – Dave Dombrowski, Detroit Tigers
 * – Jack Zduriencik, Milwaukee Brewers
 * – Theo Epstein, Boston Red Sox
 * – Dan O'Dowd, Colorado Rockies
 * – Jon Daniels, Texas Rangers
 * – Doug Melvin, Milwaukee Brewers
 * – Brian Sabean, San Francisco Giants
 * – Billy Beane, Oakland Athletics
 * – Dan Duquette, Baltimore Orioles
 * – Sandy Alderson, New York Mets
 * – Chris Antonetti, Cleveland Indians
 * – Brian Cashman, New York Yankees
 * – Dave Dombrowski, Boston Red Sox
 * – Mike Rizzo, Washington Nationals
 * – Andrew Friedman, Los Angeles Dodgers
 * – Farhan Zaidi, San Francisco Giants

 * Source

Baseball America Roland Hemond Award

 * See footnote

Baseball America Lifetime Achievement Award

 * See footnote

Baseball America Organization of the Year
The "Organization of the Year" award was first presented in 1982.

 * 1982 – Oakland Athletics
 * 1983 – New York Mets
 * 1984 – New York Mets
 * 1985 – Milwaukee Brewers
 * 1986 – Milwaukee Brewers
 * 1987 – Milwaukee Brewers
 * 1988 – Montreal Expos
 * 1989 – Texas Rangers
 * 1990 – Montreal Expos
 * 1991 – Atlanta Braves
 * 1992 – Cleveland Indians
 * 1993 – Toronto Blue Jays
 * 1994 – Kansas City Royals
 * 1995 – New York Mets
 * 1996 – Atlanta Braves
 * 1997 – Detroit Tigers
 * 1998 – New York Yankees
 * 1999 – Oakland Athletics
 * 2000 – Chicago White Sox
 * 2001 – Houston Astros
 * 2002 – Minnesota Twins
 * 2003 – Florida Marlins
 * 2004 – Minnesota Twins
 * 2005 – Atlanta Braves
 * 2006 – Los Angeles Dodgers
 * 2007 – Colorado Rockies
 * 2008 – Tampa Bay Rays
 * 2009 – Philadelphia Phillies
 * 2010 – San Francisco Giants
 * 2011 – St. Louis Cardinals
 * 2012 – Cincinnati Reds
 * 2013 – St. Louis Cardinals
 * 2014 – Kansas City Royals
 * 2015 – Pittsburgh Pirates
 * 2016 – Chicago Cubs
 * 2017 – Los Angeles Dodgers
 * 2018 - Milwaukee Brewers
 * 2019 - Tampa Bay Rays
 * 2020 - Los Angeles Dodgers

Minor League Baseball awards

 * See footnote

 * Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Award
 * Baseball America Independent Leagues Player of the Year
 * Baseball America Minor League All-Star Team (First team and Second team)
 * Baseball America Triple-A Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Double-A Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America High Class A Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Low Class A Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Rookie-Level Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Dominican Summer League Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Short-Season Classification All-Star Team
 * Baseball America Minor League Manager of the Year
 * Baseball America Minor League Team of the Year
 * Baseball America Minor League Executive of the Year
 * Baseball America Bob Freitas Awards (for outstanding minor-league operations at Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and short-season) (first awarded in 1989)
 * Baseball America Independent Organization of the Year (first awarded in 2006)

College baseball awards

 * See footnote

In addition to the awards below, Baseball America releases rankings of the top 25 teams in the nation, as voted by its staff. A preseason poll is compiled, in addition to a weekly poll during the season.
 * Baseball America College Player of the Year Award
 * Baseball America All-America Teams
 * Baseball America Freshman of The Year
 * Baseball America Freshman All-America Team
 * Baseball America Summer College Player of the Year
 * Baseball America College Coach of the Year
 * Baseball America Assistant Coach of the Year

High school baseball awards

 * See footnote

 * Baseball America High School Player of the Year Award
 * Baseball America High School Team of the Year
 * Baseball America High School All-America Teams
 * Baseball America Youth Player of the Year
 * Baseball America Youth Coach of the Year

Best baseball books

 * 2010 – The Last Boy: Mickey Mantle and the End of America's Childhood; by Jane Leavy (HarperCollins)

title: Baseball America


text:
Talk:New-age music

Possible move
Would it be better to move this article to lower cased "New age music" and use "new age music" throughout articles? All is One (talk) 22:22, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * No. Softlavender (talk) 04:21, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Why not? Neither "new" nor "age" are proper nouns, and per Wikipedia, "Names of musical or literary genres do not require capitalization at all, unless the genre name contains a proper noun such as the name of a place. For example:   Incorrect: They are a Psychedelic Rock band.    Correct: They are a psychedelic rock band."

What is the difference between "a Psychedelic Rock band" and "a New Age band"? The capitalization (as with New Wave/new wave) looks outdated and inconsistent.Greg Fasolino (talk) 14:11, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

What makes new age so absolutely unique that it requires an exception like this to the accepted capitalization style? Softlavender, you have not responded to my logical argument, but I should also note that the burden of proof falls upon you, as this capitalization goes against Wikipedia rules. I respectfully ask for a debate before I make changes in accordance with those rules. Greg Fasolino (talk) 13:51, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

 * – Ian, DjScrawl (talk) 21:06, 9 December 2013 (UTC)$– Ian, DjScrawl (talk) 04:23, 10 December 2013 (UTC)$

 * It should be hyphenated: new-age music. It would be ambiguous to have new age music. Bhny (talk) 22:12, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Do I like it, or think it overbold? Either-way, de facto, new-age (by 405 people, 4,357 times) seems to be a distinct new age (by 33,429 people, 203,466 times) sub-genre. – Ian, DjScrawl (talk) 01:39, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Oh, great! This should put the cat amongst the pigeons! A sub-genre that depends upon what appears in some contexts to be a conventional use of the hyphen for a unit modifier, but must not be understood in that way! What next, eCCENTRIC cAPITALIZATION?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 02:06, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I had another look and the tag-clouds do suggest distinction, but the tag-cloud for 'new-age' is not cohesive. Generally there, it seems to be some folks' shorthand for a handful of sub-genre. – Ian, DjScrawl (talk) 02:47, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I don't think we should look to Last FM's broken tag system for anything. They should merge the alternate spellings- newage, new-age, new+age etc. New-age with a hyphen is pretty standard. NYTimes uses it. Bhny (talk) 03:12, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, if the New York Times uses it, then it must be correct ;-) Just as a matter of interest, is this usage as a free-standing noun (as in, "new-age is the genre with which Elmer Fudd is most noted") or as a unit (compound) modifier (as in "Elmer Fudd is best known for his performance of new-age music")?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 03:54, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * New-age is a general term, not specifically music. Bhny (talk) 04:04, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * But of course. Please feel free to substitute other nouns and adjust the terminology ("Elmer Fudd is best known for his preparation of new-age banquets", "… writing new-age poetry", etc.). But what is the answer to the question?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 04:53, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * the answer is compound modifier Bhny (talk) 06:35, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I would have thought so. Even the New York Times would not be so illiterate as to write a sentence like, "The Age of Aquarius is a name sometimes given to the New-Age." Obviously, in the phrase "New-Age music" (or "new-age music") there must be a hyphen. This is beyond being a matter of opinion, subject to debate and a vote.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 07:00, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

To summarize- the page should be moved to New-age music and "new-age music" should be used in the article. Bhny (talk) 11:24, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

 * ✅ Bhny (talk) 20:23, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The overwhelming majority of dictionaries and other books use the spelling "New Age music". See OneLook and Google Book Search. 50.137.5.120 (talk) 22:36, 10 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree and strongly suggest that this be phrased "New Age music" rather than "New-age music." Ceiap (talk) 15:32, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Music of the movement
I think this looks a whole lot more WP:SNOWBALLish when one considers such a move/name-change bridging the New_Age interface, i.e. the place to discuss a move seems to be Talk:New Age (a page that looks featured-article calibre). – Ian, DjScrawl (talk) 04:18, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested re-move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved due to no consensus. Ixfd64 (talk) 19:07, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

New-age music → new age music – We do not hyphenate any other genre like this (new wave music, nu metal, no wave, new school hip hop etc.); the grammatical and disambiguation arguments made for it in the original discussion (which was not done via WP:RM, and so did not represent anyone but a handful of then-present editors of the article) were not very defensible. The hyphenation is actually ; new age is a genre/musical movement, not a description. That is, Kitaro is a "new age composer", a composer within the new age movement in music, not a composer of a new age, which is what "new-age composer" means). If one seriously believes a reader might somehow misinterpret new age music as "age music that is new" (?!?), 1) think again, and 2) just link it to this article. As in cases like industrial music and folk music, the word music is present simply as a disambiguator, like dog in German shepherd dog, which we do not write German-shepherd dog.    — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  01:45, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Clarification Some genres are hyphenated, e.g. avant-garde music and post-punk music, because the underlying terms are hyphenated (e.g. "the avant-garde", "a post-punk drummer"). I.e., they're not "genres like this", as phrased in the nomination.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  14:29, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. Agree with grammatical argument.  ♫ Cricket02  (talk) 03:08, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with grammatical argument. (How is it that we are coming to opposite positions based on the same reasoning?) The situation here is described with the term "unit modifier", and is not at all complicated. Contrary to what SMcCandlish says above, we do in fact hyphenate German-shepherd dog when we wish to refer to a dog of that breed, as opposed to a dog of any breed who works in Germany herding sheep. When standing alone, "new age" is not hyphenated, of course (e.g., "his music belongs in the category 'new age'"); when standing as a unit modifier, the hyphen is added. This is, BTW, not really a matter of grammar, but a matter of style. Most English-language publications (as opposed to English language publications) adhere to this style, but not all. Furthermore, there is a division of opinion about whether unit modifiers should always be hyphenated, or only in cases where there is ambiguity ("fast sailing ship" and "fast-sailing ship" are two different things, just like the German poodle who works as a shepherd). A small minority of English-language writers prefer to resolve these ambiguities in the opposite fashion: "fast sailing-ship", for example, to denote a ship with sails that can achieve a high speed. In other languages, too, there may be differences, which is the reason "avant-garde" is hyphenated: it is a French term, and in French it is a hyphenated compound, so the hyphen is retained when it is borrowed into English.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 15:59, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * This is compelling but ultimately "New Age" music has be come a standalone genre rather than a descriptive term. See how the database Discogs (a world-leading archive of musical releases and platform for musicians and music collectors/sellers) uses this phrase: https://www.discogs.com/style/new+age Ceiap (talk) 15:35, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose – per Jerome Kohl, the hyphen is perfectly normal here. It is common this way in sources, too.  Dicklyon (talk) 04:23, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support. It's new age and hence "new age music"; cf. heavy metal music. The opposition is surprising since the hyphenated form is not common at all.—Neodop (talk) 18:17, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with grammatical argument of Jerome Kohl. Bhny (talk) 21:30, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I agree with Jerome Kohl that this is not, strictly speaking, a question of grammar, since the grammarians are divided about this and rational arguments can be for either reading.  As a question of style, such a matter would normally be resolved by reference to WP:MOS; but, I don't believe this particular issue is therein addressed.  Thus, I must resort to my understanding of how the phrase is more often written; in my personal experience, the hyphen is more often included than not.  If a contrary citation is made to a section of WP:MOS that I've overlooked, I will gladly withdrawn opposition. Xoloz (talk) 17:35, 2 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment – The relevant Wikipedia style guide is found at WP:HYPHEN.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 19:05, 2 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Where is the new consensus?
I notice that, despite the apparent consensus (or lack thereof) documented in the two discussions above at and, that this article title has just been changed (back) to the unhyphenated form with the second word capitalised. Where is the discussion that established a new consensus for this move? I would like to read it.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 17:44, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

 * It was done with this edit-, and no mention in talk. I just reverted it. Volunteer1234 (talk) 02:22, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that the page shouldn't have been moved without discussion and consensus, especially given the existing discussions above. However, the usual formation does seem to be with capitals and no hyphen. Presumably the term "New Age" is modelled on terms such as "Bronze Age" and "Iron Age", so just as we would refer to a Bronze Age sword or Iron Age tribes in Britain, never a "bronze-age sword" or "iron-age tribes", we similarly refer to "New Age music" and not "new-age music". Placing this article at "New-age music" seems to me like an attempt to force it into a WP:MOS guideline where it doesn't fit, rather than following WP:COMMONNAME and using the form that most writers in the real world use. --Deskford (talk) 10:38, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree with . Using the style "New-age music" is a Wikipedia-ism that bears no relation to the way in which the term is usually written in the real world - that is, without a hyphen.  We should not be using WP style guidelines in a way that distorts common usage.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:50, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

Vmavanti (talk) 22:42, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm repeatedly having to check the usage. I'm OK with New age or New-age but new age is wrong. Someone posted above that Wikipedia's rule is to lowercase genres, but that's not that the rule. Most genres are lowercased but not all. Christian rock, for example, and Latin jazz use caps. In all my reading I doubt I've ever seen "New" lowercased. Maybe we can agree on that at least. I would change that usage in this article, but I have a hunch someone would change it back.

QUIET NEW AGE MUSIC FINDS RESPECTABILITY
Possible good source for early new age history. https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1985/06/01/quiet-new-age-music-finds-respectability/ Anonymous-232 (talk) 02:03, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

New age and occultism
Noting that there isn't much (or anything?) here about the connection bw new age and occultism. By this I mean Wicca, spiritual channeling, etc., of which there are many examples in the genre. Also, I refer to the anti-new age Christian movement. There are dozens of books, records, etc. that warn of the "dangers" of the new age movement. I think it's an important cultural/historical context for this page that's missing. Thoughts? Ceiap (talk) 15:38, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New-age music


text:
Cat Deeley

Catherine Elizabeth Deeley (born 23 October 1976) is an English television presenter and actress. She began her career as a co-presenter of the ITV children's show SMTV Live (1998–2002), for which she won a BAFTA Children's Award, and its spin-off chart show CD:UK (1998–2005). In 2003, Deeley co-presented the talent competition show Fame Academy on BBC One and became the presenter of the ITV talent show Stars in Their Eyes.

Following the final series of Stars in Their Eyes in 2006, Deeley became the host of the reality competition show So You Think You Can Dance in the United States, for which she has been nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy. In 2024, she began co-presenting ITV's This Morning alongside Ben Shephard from Monday to Thursday. As an actress, she played the role of Camomile White in the American supernatural comedy series Deadbeat (2014–2015).

Since 2003, Deeley has been a patron of London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children. In December 2009, she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador.

Early life
Deeley was born on 23 October 1976 at Sandwell General Hospital in West Bromwich, West Midlands. She grew up in Birmingham, in nearby Sutton Coldfield and Great Barr. She attended Grove Vale Junior School and Dartmouth High School in Great Barr, where she played the clarinet in the Sandwell Youth Concert Band. Deeley then joined Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield.

Career
At the age of 14, Deeley entered a regional edition of a BBC competition for The Clothes Show, in which she reached the national finals. She was signed as a model under her nickname of "Cat" to make it easier for clients to re-book her. She left full-time fashion modelling in 1997, following changes in her contract with Storm. Deeley moved on to co-present the MTV chart show, Hitlist UK, with close friend Edith Bowman. From 1998 until 2002, Deeley was co-host of the Saturday morning children's programme SM:TV Live, and hosted its spin-off programmes CD:UK (1998–2005) and CD:UK Hotshots. On SM:TV Live, she often acted as an apparently slightly unwilling assistant whenever the show featured a guest appearance by a magician, participating in a number of different illusions, including being sawn in half in a version of the illusion called Clearly Impossible.

In 2001, Deeley won a Children's BAFTA award and appeared in an episode of the BBC's Happiness. In 2002, she appeared in a television advert for Marks and Spencer. Other programmes she hosted include The Record of the Year, Fame Academy, The 2004 Brit Awards and Stars in Their Eyes, as well as a weekly broadcast on London's Capital FM and a BBC Choice series, Roadtripping, both with former MTV colleague Edith Bowman. In March 2003, it was announced that Deeley would take over from Matthew Kelly as host of the kids series of Stars in Their Eyes. Following Kelly's departure from the main series in March 2004, Deeley became host of the main show until its demise in December 2006.

In 2003, Deeley interviewed Kylie Minogue for a television special about her one-off concert, Money Can't Buy, which was broadcast in the United Kingdom on ITV on 22 November and in Australia on Network Ten on 24 November. In 2005, Deeley played herself in an episode of Little Britain, provided the voice of Loretta Geargrinder in the UK version of the film Robots, replacing Natasha Lyonne, and presented a countdown of ITV's 50 Greatest Shows alongside Phillip Schofield as part of ITV 50.

In 2006, Deeley began hosting the second season of American reality show So You Think You Can Dance, replacing newsreader Lauren Sánchez, who was pregnant. Deeley again interviewed Kylie Minogue for another television special, which was broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sky One on 16 July, in Australia on Channel Nine on 17 July and BBC America on 9 September. Deeley was a guest reporter on NBC's The Tonight Show. She presented Fox's New Year's Eve Special from Times Square in 2006 and 2007.

On 1 July 2007, Deeley was one of many presenters at the Concert for Diana, a tribute concert to the late Diana, Princess of Wales, with proceeds from the concert going to Diana's charities, as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons. The event, watched by an estimated 500 million people, was held at Wembley Stadium. In September 2007, Deeley presented Soundtrack to My Life, a music series produced by Hamma & Glamma Productions for ITV London that looked at the work and influences of an eclectic band of musicians. In January 2006, a new season of So You Think You Can Dance started its auditions, with Deeley in the role of host. She has been the host of the show ever since. In 2011, Deeley was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Programme.

Other projects of Deeley's include presenting the third season of Soundtrack to My Life and playing herself as host of comedian Peter Kay's Britain's Got the Pop Factor. In February 2009, Deeley guest hosted the United States syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (as an alternate host for Meredith Vieira) and appeared on BBC America's broadcast of Gordon Ramsay's F Word. In the same year, Deeley hosted the television version of the electronic game 20Q for GSN. In January and February 2010, Deeley hosted So You Think You Can Dance in the UK. February 2010 also saw her filling in for a holidaying Vieira as host on the morning TV show Today. On 31 March 2010, Deeley stood in for Kelly Ripa on the morning talk show Live with Regis and Kelly.

On 9 January 2011, Deeley made a small guest appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom Shake It Up, in which she portrayed a vice principal who is, in secret, a dancer and a host.

In April 2011, Deeley presented an episode of CNN's Icon and spoke to The Simpsons voice actress Nancy Cartwright. In the same month, Deeley also contributed to the network's coverage of that year's Royal Wedding, which was hosted by tabloid journalist Piers Morgan.

In June 2011, Deeley launched her own "behind-the-scenes" web series called In the Dressing Room with Cat Deeley, produced by Deeley, Yahoo! and Collective Digital Studio.

On 18 August 2011, she appeared on Live with Regis and Kelly, as a fill-in for Kelly.

On 26 January 2012, Deeley again co-hosted Live with Regis and Kelly with Kelly Ripa. On 14 March 2012, Deeley appeared as a guest judge on America's Next Top Model Cycle 18.

She hosted Fox's celebrity dating game show The Choice, which premiered on 7 June 2012 and ended on 12 July 2012 in the United States.

In 2011, Deeley presented the series Royally Mad for BBC America, and in 2012, she presented the launch show for ITV's Soccer Aid appeal on the Friday before the Soccer Aid match. In June 2014, she once again presented the launch show for Soccer Aid that year.

From 2014 until 2016, Deeley appeared as a panelist on the syndicated game show Celebrity Name Game, hosted by Craig Ferguson.

In 2017, Deeley played Maskface in Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway miniseries The Missing Crown Jewels.

On 31 May 2017, Deeley presented the game show Big Star Little Star, based on the British game show Big Star's Little Star, for the USA Network in the United States.

In October 2017, Deeley began presenting the talent contest Sing: Ultimate A Cappella for Sky One in the United Kingdom.

In 2018, Deeley appeared on The Final Table Season 1 Episode 3, as a guest judge.

Deeley took part in a reunion show for SMTV Live, in which Deeley and Ant and Dec went back to where the original show was filmed, and producers rebuilt the old set. It aired on 26 December 2020 as The Story of SM:TV Live.

In January 2021, Deeley made her BBC Radio 2 debut sitting in on The Saturday Show. She has regularly provided cover, sitting in for presenters including Steve Wright and Rylan Clark.

She reunited with her Chums cast mates Ant and Dec for a television special on the fifth episode of series seventeen of Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on 20 March 2021, which reenacts and picks up the cliffhanger from the wedding episode 20 years ago.

In April 2021, Deeley presented Lorraine as a guest host over the Easter holidays, joining again for the May spring bank holiday broadcast.

Deeley's first book, a picture book for children titled The Joy in You, was published by Random House on 15 September 2020. It was co-written with Laura Baker and illustrated by Rosie Butcher. A Kirkus review of the book concluded "The message is wholehearted and positive, but the cloying execution doesn't stand out."

As an actress, Deeley appeared as herself in the sixth episode of Life's Too Short. She also appeared in the second episode of House of Lies as herself in January 2012. Her breakthrough as a lead actress came in the 2015 Hulu TV series Deadbeat, playing a celebrity medium named Camomile White. Deeley voiced a version of herself in a 2015 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Waiting for Duffman".

In 2023, she was a guest presenter for ITV's This Morning, following Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby's departures from the show. Deeley was tipped to host the programme full-time, but initial reports suggested that she had declined the offer. On 16 February 2024, it was announced that Deeley would present the show on a permanent basis, alongside Ben Shephard.

Philanthropy
Since 2003, Deeley has been a patron of London's Great Ormond Street Hospital. She is also an active supporter of UNICEF. In 2007, she took part in a UNICEF benefit show in Los Angeles during which magician David Copperfield sawed her in half using his antique Buzz Saw illusion. In 2008, she visited a number of UNICEF projects in the Philippines, including their Soccer Aid 2 project in Manila. In December 2009, she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador.

Personal life
Deeley describes her religious affiliation as Anglican, although she was not christened.

Deeley was married to businessman Mark Whelan for five years, divorcing in 2006.

Deeley is a supporter of West Bromwich Albion.

Deeley married Northern Irish comedian and television presenter Patrick Kielty on 30 September 2012 in Rome. They have two sons. Having previously lived in Los Angeles, Deeley and her family now live in North London.

During her first few years hosting So You Think You Can Dance, Deeley was described as "an approachable sex symbol" in a Los Angeles Times article published on 4 July 2010.

Controversy
In June 2024, Deeley came under fire from the Epilepsy Society and viewers of This Morning for making a joke about having a seizure on the ITV show. After Shepherd asked her if she was alright while she was dancing, she stated she was "having a seizure". Deeley apologised the next day, and said "It really wasn’t supposed to cause any upset to anybody".

title: Cat Deeley


text:
Infatuation

Infatuation or being smitten is the state of being carried away by an unreasoned passion, usually towards another person for whom one has developed strong romantic feelings. Psychologist Frank D. Cox says that infatuation can be distinguished from romantic love only when looking back on a particular case of being attracted to a person. Infatuation may also develop into a mature love. Goldstein and Brandon describe infatuation as the first stage of a relationship before developing into a mature intimacy. Whereas love is "a warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion to another person", infatuation is "a feeling of foolish or obsessively strong love for, admiration for, or interest in someone or something", a shallower "honeymoon phase" in a relationship. Dr. Ian Kerner, a sex therapist, states that infatuation usually occurs at the start of relationships, is "...usually marked by a sense of excitement and euphoria, and it's often accompanied by lust and a feeling of newness and rapid expansion with a person". Phillips describes how the illusions of infatuations inevitably lead to disappointment when learning the truth about a lover. Adolescents often make people an object of extravagant, short-lived passion or temporary love.

Youth
"It is customary to view young people's dating relationships and first relationships as puppy love or infatuation"; and if infatuation is both an early stage in a deepening sequence of love/attachment, and at the same time a potential stopping point, it is perhaps no surprise that it is a condition especially prevalent in the first, youthful explorations of the world of relationships. Thus "the first passionate adoration of a youth for a celebrated actress whom he regards as far above him, to whom he scarcely dares lift his bashful eyes" may be seen as part of an "infatuation with celebrity especially perilous with the young".

Admiration plays a significant part in this, as "in the case of a schoolgirl crush on a boy or on a male teacher. The girl starts off admiring the teacher ... [then] may get hung up on the teacher and follow him around". Then there may be shame at being confronted with the fact that "you've got what's called a crush on him ... Think if someone was hanging around you, pestering and sighing". Of course, "sex may come into this ... with an infatuated schoolgirl or schoolboy" as well, producing the "stricken gaze, a compulsive movement of the throat ... an 'I'm lying down and I don't care if you walk on me, babe', expression" of infatuation. Such a cocktail of emotions "may even falsify the 'erotic sense of reality': when a person in love estimates his partner's virtues he is usually not very realistic ... projection of all his ideals onto the partner's personality".

It is this projection that differentiates infatuation from love, according to the spiritual teacher Meher Baba: "In infatuation, the person is a passive victim of the spell of conceived attraction for the object. In love there is an active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love."

Distance from the object of infatuation—as with celebrities—can help maintain the infatuated state. A time-honoured cure for the one who "has a tendre ... infatuated" is to have "thrown them continually together ... by doing so you will cure ... [or] you will know that it is not an infatuation".

The possible effects of infatuation and love relationships on the academic behaviour of adolescent students were examined in research. The outcome shows that most of the participants had distraction, stress, and poor academic performance as a result of love relationships and infatuation. Furthermore, the findings highlighted that this has a detrimental effect on learning behaviour among teenagers who are in romantic or infatuated relationships.

Types
Three types of infatuation have been identified by Brown: the first type is characterized by being "carried away, without insight or proper evaluative judgement, by blind desire"; the second, closely related, by being "compelled by a desire or craving over which the agent has no control" while "the agent's evaluation ... may well be sound although the craving or love remains unaffected by it"; and the third is that of "the agent who exhibits bad judgement and misvaluation for reasons such as ignorance or recklessness".

In transference
In psychoanalysis, a sign that the method is taking hold is "the initial infatuation to be observed at the beginning of treatment", the beginning of transference. The patient, in Freud's words, "develops a special interest in the person of the doctor ... never tires in his home of praising the doctor and of extolling ever new qualities in him". What occurs, "it is usually maintained ... is a sort of false love, a shadow of love", replicating in its course the infatuations of "what is called true love".

However, psychoanalyst Janet Malcolm claims that it is wrong to convince the patient "that their love is an illusion ... that it's not you she loves. Freud was off base when he wrote that. It is you. Who else could it be?" —thereby taking "the question of what is called true love ... further than it had ever been taken".

Conversely, in countertransference, the therapist may become infatuated with his/her client: "very good-looking ... she was the most gratifying of patients. She made literary allusions and understood the ones he made ... He was dazzled by her, a little in love with her. After two years, the analysis ground down to a horrible halt".

Intellectual infatuations
Infatuations need not only involve people, but can extend to objects, activities, and ideas. "Men are always falling in love with other men ... with their war heroes and sport heroes": with institutions, discourses and role models. Thus for example Jung's initial unconditional devotion' to Freud's theories and his 'no less unconditional veneration' of Freud's person' was seen at the time by both men as a 'quasi-religious infatuation' to ... a cult object"; while Freud in turn was "very attracted by Jung's personality", perhaps "saw in Jung an idealized version of himself": a mutual admiration society—"intellectually infatuated with one another".

But there are also collective infatuations: "we are all prone to being drawn into social phantasy systems". Thus, for instance, "the recent intellectual infatuation with structuralism and post-structuralism" arguably lasted at least until "September 11 ended intellectual infatuation with postmodernism" as a whole.

Economic bubbles thrive on collective infatuations of a different kind: "all boom-bust processes contain an element of misunderstanding or misconception", whether it is the "infatuation with ... becoming the latest dot.com billionaire", or the one that followed with subprime mortgages, once "Greenspan had replaced the tech bubble with a housing bubble". As markets "swung virtually overnight from euphoria to fear" in the credit crunch, even the most hardened market fundamentalist had to concede that such "periodic surges of euphoria and fear are manifestations of deep-seated aspects of human nature" —whether these are enacted in home-room infatuations or upon the global stage.

Literary depictions
Shakespeare's sonnets have been described as a "Poetics for Infatuation"; as being dominated by one theme, and "that theme is infatuation, its initiation, cultivation, and history, together with its peaks of triumph and devastation"—a lengthy exploration of the condition of being "subject to the appropriate disorders that belong to our infatuation ... the condition of infatuation". In Turgenev's First Love, a novella from 1860, 16-year-old Woldemar becomes rapturously infatuated with Zinaida, the beautiful daughter of a princess who lives next to his house. Even though she does spend time with him, his intense infatuation is unrequited and he sinks into depression.

title: Infatuation


text:
Lisa Whelchel

Lisa Diane Whelchel (born May 29, 1963) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, author, and life coach. She is known for her appearances as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club and her nine-year role as the preppy and wealthy Blair Warner on The Facts of Life. In 1984, she was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for her contemporary Christian album All Because of You. In 2012, Whelchel participated as a contestant on the CBS competitive reality series Survivor: Philippines and tied for second place. She was also voted fan favorite and was awarded $100,000.

Early life
Lisa Whelchel was born on May 29, 1963, in Littlefield, Texas. She is the daughter of Virginia "Genny" (née French), a real estate agent, and James "Jimmy" Whelchel Sr., an electrician. Her parents divorced in 1981, and her mother married Roy Coleman in 1983. Lisa is the elder sister of James "Cody" Whelchel Jr., and the elder half-sister of Casey Justice Coleman. She also has a nephew, Chasin (Cody's son). Lisa and Cody were raised for most of their childhood in Fort Worth, Texas, and she was in the class of 1980.

The New Mickey Mouse Club
At age 13, Whelchel was recruited in Texas by talent scouts who were looking for children interested in working with Disney Studios as a Mouseketeer on The New Mickey Mouse Club. She moved to California the next year and appeared on the show in syndication from 1977 to 1978.

The Facts of Life
Whelchel is probably best known for being a main cast member of The Facts of Life where she portrayed Blair Warner, an uptight prep student. She also played the character on Diff'rent Strokes, the show from which The Facts of Life spun off. Whelchel once refused a storyline that would have made her character the first among the four main young women on the show to lose her virginity. Having become a Christian when she was ten years old, Whelchel declined due to her religious beliefs, and the storyline was rewritten for the character of Natalie, portrayed by Mindy Cohn. This was the only episode of the series in which Whelchel did not appear.

In 2001, Whelchel reprised her role as Blair Warner for the made-for-television movie, The Facts of Life Reunion.

On March 7, 2004, Whelchel was reunited with Charlotte Rae to perform The Facts of Life theme song at the 2nd Annual TV Land Awards at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood. In spring 2006, she appeared with two of her Facts of Life co-stars on The Today Show to promote the show's DVD releases of the first and second seasons, admitting to being "really bummed out" that Kim Fields was unable to attend. On February 1, 2007, Whelchel was reunited with Fields on WFAA-TV's Good Morning Texas. Fields was in Dallas to promote her appearance in the production Issues: We've All Got 'Em', when Whelchel was introduced as a surprise guest. On April 10, 2011, Whelchel and the cast of The Facts of Life, including Charlotte Rae, Nancy McKeon, Mindy Cohn, Kim Fields, Geri Jewell, and Cloris Leachman were honored with the Pop Culture Award at the 9th Annual TV Land Awards at the Javits Center in New York City.

In 2021, Whelchel, Fields, and Cohn reunited again on the set of Live in Front of a Studio Audience's reenactment of the show's third season episode "Kids Can Be Cruel". Whelchel also sang the show's theme song that evening.

Music career
In 1984, Whelchel released a Christian pop album entitled All Because of You. The album reached No. 17 on the Billboard Contemporary Christian music charts. She was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance and was recognized as the writer of the title song, "All Because of You". Among the songs featured on the album were "All Because of You", "Just Obey", "Cover Me Lord", and "Good Girl". She did not record a second album. While she was appearing on The Facts of Life, she made a cameo appearance in the music video for contemporary Christian music singer-songwriter Steve Taylor's song "Meltdown (at Madame Tussaud's)". The song was the title track from the album Meltdown.

Speaking
For years, Whelchel was a regular inspirational speaker at churches and conferences nationwide. In 2000, she founded Momtime Ministries, a religious network of mothers' groups who met weekly to "equip and refresh and encourage" each other.

In 2021, Whelchel appeared on friend and The Facts of Life co-star Mindy Cohn’s podcast, Mondays with Mindy, on which she talked about how her faith has changed and evolved over time. She explained that her speaking commitments have shifted over the years, as she no longer operates from a "fear-based, punishment-based" mentality. She explained, "Jesus came, ultimately, to bring grace. I can speak that message in any situation, but a lot of churches — when they find out that I believe that there are many ways to experience God, not just Jesus, then the invitations kind of dry up."

Writing
Whelchel has written ten books on motherhood, child discipline, adult friendships, homeschooling, and finding Jesus through the development of holiday traditions. Additional topics from a spiritual point of view include prayer and wisdom. She is the bestselling author of So You're Thinking About Homeschooling and The Facts of Life (and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me).

Survivor
On August 20, 2012, Whelchel was announced as a contestant in Survivor: Philippines as a member of the Tandang tribe. She joined retired Major League Baseball star Jeff Kent as one of the season's two "celebrity" contestants. A former television star, she elected to keep her true identity a secret from the other contestants, many of whom were too young to have watched The Facts of Life during its original run and thus did not recognize her. Michael Skupin and Jonathan Penner, who were around Whelchel's age, as well as eventual winner Denise Stapley, were the only ones to recognize her as "Blair Warner".

On November 14, 2012, Whelchel announced via her Twitter account that she was suffering from West Nile fever and had been advised by her doctor that recovery would take approximately one year. She did not specify whether she had contracted the arbovirus while in the Philippines shooting Survivor.

On December 16, 2012, Whelchel made it to the Final Tribal Council, where fellow contestant and jury member Jonathan Penner revealed to the rest of the jury that she was a former child star. In the end, she received one jury vote from RC Saint-Amour and tied with returning contestant Michael Skupin for runner-up, both losing to eventual winner Denise Stapley. She was also voted the Sprint Player of the Season, winning $100,000 by a margin of about .7 percent against Malcolm Freberg.

Hosting duties
On January 14, 2013, Whelchel co-hosted several episodes of The Jeff Probst Show with Survivor host, Jeff Probst.

In April 2019, Whelchel hosted a The Facts of Life marathon on the MeTV television network, as a lead-in for a preview of her series Collector's Call that debuted later that year and is in Season 4 as of 2024

Personal life
On July 9, 1988, Whelchel married Steven Cauble, who was an associate pastor at The Church on the Way in Van Nuys, California, which Whelchel attended at the time. The couple, who have three adult children, divorced in March 2012. In 2019, Whelchel married Pete Harris, who is a psychologist based in Nashville, Tennessee.

Published works

 * Whelchel, Lisa. Creative Correction, Tyndale House Publishers, 320 pages, 2000. ISBN 978-1561799015
 * Whelchel, Lisa. The Facts of Life (and Other Lessons My Father Taught Me), Multnomah Books, 192 pages, 2001. ISBN 978-1590521489
 * Whelchel, Lisa. So You're Thinking About Homeschooling: Fifteen Families Show How You Can Do It (2nd edition), Multnomah Books, 224 pages, 2005. ISBN 978-1590525111
 * Whelchel, Lisa. How to Start Your Own Mom Time
 * The ADVENTure of Christmas: Helping Children Find Jesus in Our Holiday Traditions
 * Taking Care of the Me in Mommy
 * The Busy Mom's Guide to Prayer
 * The Busy Mom's Guide to Wisdom
 * The Busy Grandma's Guide to Prayer
 * Speaking Mom-ese: Moments of Peace & Inspiration in the Mother Tongue from One Mom's Heart to Yours

title: Lisa Whelchel


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Butterscotch

Butterscotch is a type of confectionery whose primary ingredients are brown sugar and butter. Some recipes include corn syrup, cream, vanilla, and salt. The earliest known recipes, in mid-19th century Yorkshire, used treacle (molasses) in place of, or in addition to, sugar.

Butterscotch is similar to toffee, but the sugar is boiled to the soft crack stage, not hard crack. Often credited with their invention, S. Parkinson & Sons of Doncaster made butterscotch boiled sweets and sold them in tins, which became one of the town's best-known exports. They became famous in 1851 after Queen Victoria was presented with a tin when she visited the town. Butterscotch sauce, made of butterscotch and cream, is used as a topping for ice cream (particularly sundaes).

The term "butterscotch" is also often used more specifically for the flavour of brown sugar and butter together, even if the actual confection butterscotch is not involved, such as in butterscotch pudding (a type of custard).

Etymology
Food historians have several theories regarding the name and origin of this confectionery, but none is conclusive. One explanation is the meaning "to cut or score" for the word "scotch", as the confection must be cut into pieces, or "scotched", before hardening. The "scotch" part of its name possibly was derived from the word "scorch". In 1855, F. K. Robinson's Glossary of Yorkshire Words explained Butterscotch as "a treacle ball with an amalgamation of butter in it".

History
Early mentions of butterscotch associate the confection with Doncaster in Yorkshire. An 1848 issue of the Liverpool Mercury gave a recipe for "Doncaster butterscotch" as "one pound of butter, one pound of sugar and a quarter of a pound of treacle, boiled together" (1 lb each of butter and sugar and 0.25 lb treacle).

By 1851, Doncaster butterscotch was sold commercially by rival confectioners S. Parkinson & Sons (the original Parkinson recipe is still made today ), Henry Hall, and Booth's via agents elsewhere in Yorkshire. Parkinson's started to use and advertise the Doncaster Church as their trademark. It was advertised as "Royal Doncaster Butterscotch", or "The Queen's Sweetmeat", and said to be "the best emollient for the chest in the winter season". Parkinson's Butterscotch was by appointment to the royal household and was presented to the Princess Elizabeth, then the Duchess of Edinburgh, in 1948 and to Anne, Princess Royal in 2007. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British sweet became popular in the U.S.

Packaging and products
Butterscotch is often used as a flavour for items such as dessert sauce, pudding, and biscuits (cookies). To that end, it can be bought in "butterscotch chips" made with hydrogenated (solid) fats to be similar for baking use to chocolate chips.

Also, individually wrapped, translucent yellow hard candies (butterscotch disks) are made with an artificial butterscotch flavour. In addition, butterscotch-flavoured liqueur is in production.

Champion and Reeves make luxury traditional butterscotch in Shropshire, with British butter and British double cream, wrapped in individual foil wrappers.

Tastykake makes a cake known as a Krimpet. Butterscotch is a popular flavour that is offered.

Sauce
Butterscotch sauce is made of brown sugar cooked to 240 F mixed with butter and cream.

title: Butterscotch


text:
Llandovery

Llandovery (Llanymddyfri ) is a market town and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It lies on the River Tywi and at the junction of the A40 and A483 roads, about 25 mi north-east of Carmarthen, 27 mi north of Swansea and 21 mi west of Brecon.

Etymology
The name of the town derives from Llan ymlith y dyfroedd, meaning "church enclosure amid the waters", i. e. between the Tywi and the Afon Brân just upstream of their confluence. A smaller watercourse, the Bawddwr, runs through and under the town.

Roman legacy
The Roman fort at Llanfair Hill to the north-east of the modern town was known to the Romans as Alabum. It was built around AD 50–60 as part of a strategy for the conquest of Wales. A Roman road heads across Mynydd Bach Trecastell to the south-east of Llandovery bound for the fort of Brecon Gaer. Another heads down the Towy valley for Carmarthen, whilst a third makes for the goldmines at Dolaucothi.

Norman and medieval castle
Attractions in the town include the remains of the Norman Llandovery Castle, built in 1110. It was almost immediately captured by the Welsh and changed hands between them and the Normans until the reign of King Edward I of England in the late 13th century. The castle was used by King Henry IV while on a sortie into Wales, when he executed Llywelyn ap Gruffydd Fychan in the market place. It was later attacked by the forces of Owain Glyndŵr in 1403.

Welsh hero
A 16 ft stainless-steel statue to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd Fychan was unveiled in 2001 on the north side of Llandovery Castle, overlooking the place of his execution 600 years earlier. He had led the army of King Henry IV on a "wild goose chase", under the pretence of leading them to a secret rebel camp and an ambush of Glyndŵr's forces. King Henry lost patience with him, exposed the charade and had him half hanged, disembowelled in front of his own eyes, beheaded and quartered – the quarters salted and dispatched to other Welsh towns for public display.

The design of the statue, by Toby and Gideon Petersen, was chosen after a national competition. It was funded by the National Lottery and the Arts Council of Wales.

Other history
According to folklore, the Physicians of Myddfai practised in the area in the 13th century.

The Bank of the Black Ox, one of the first Welsh banks, was established by a wealthy cattle drover. The original bank building was part of the King's Head Inn. It later became part of Lloyds Bank.

The population in 1841 was 1,709.

Buildings
The town has a theatre (Llandovery Theatre), a heritage centre, a private school (Llandovery College) and a tourist information and heritage centre, which houses exhibitions on the Tonn Press, the area's droving history, and the 19th-century geologist Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, whose work here resulted in the name "Llandovery" being given to rocks of a certain age across the world. The Llandovery epoch is the earliest in the Silurian period of geological time.

In the small central market place stands Llandovery Town Hall (1857–1858) by the architect Richard Kyke Penson. This was designed in the Italianate style with a courtroom over an open market. Behind are police cells with iron grilles; entry to the old courtroom (now a library) is via a door on the ground floor of the tower.

The 12th-century Grade I listed St Mary's Church in the north of the town is among the largest medieval churches in Carmarthenshire.

The Memorial Chapel in Stryd y Bont was built as a memorial to the hymnist William Williams Pantycelyn.

Education
The town's comprehensive school, Ysgol Pantycelyn, with about 300 pupils, was closed on 31 August 2013 and merged with Ysgol Tre-Gib in Ffairfach to form Ysgol Bro Dinefwr.

The town has an independent day and boarding school, Llandovery College.

Sport
Llandovery has a leading Welsh Premiership rugby union team, Llandovery RFC, nicknamed The Drovers, active as such since at least 1877 and a founder member of the Welsh Rugby Union. It has successful junior and youth sections. A number of former players have gone on to represent Wales (and some other nations) in international rugby. Home games are played at its ground in Church Bank.

Llandovery Junior Football Club has a membership of over 70 from Llandovery and its surrounding area. It provides coaching and competitive scope for all aged 6 to 16 years. The club currently has an Under 14 team in the Carmarthenshire Junior League, and Under 11 and Under 8 teams playing in the Carmarthen Mini Football League.

A Llandovery Golf Club, founded in 1910, survived until the onset of the Second World War. Golfing now takes place on the Llandovery College 9-hole course.

Governance
An electoral ward of the same name exists. This covers Llandovery and stretches to the north. The total ward population taken at the 2011 Census was 2,689. The community is bordered by those of Llanfair-ar-y-bryn, Myddfai, Llanwrda, and Cilycwm, all being in Carmarthenshire. , the mayor of Llandovery is Councillor Louise Wride.

Llandovery is twinned with Pluguffan in Brittany, France.

Transport
Llandovery stands at the junction of the main A40 and A483 roads.

Llandovery railway station is on the Heart of Wales line, with services in the direction of Swansea and of Shrewsbury.

Notable residents
In date-of-birth order. See also Category:People from Llandovery
 * Twm Siôn Cati (16th c.), figure in Welsh folklore, sometimes as an outlaw and a thief
 * Rhys Prichard (1579–1644), Welsh-language poet (Cannwyll y Cymry – The Welshman's Candle) and Anglican Vicar of Llandovery
 * William Williams Pantycelyn (1717–1791), highly regarded hymnist and prose writer associated with the Welsh Methodist revival
 * Josiah Rees (1744–1804), Welsh Unitarian minister, schoolmaster and writer
 * David Jones (1765–1816), Welsh barrister known as "the Welsh Freeholder"; came from Bwlchygwynt
 * William Hallowes Miller FRS (1801–1880), Welsh mineralogist, helped found modern crystallography; born at Velindre
 * Rice Rees (1804–1839), Anglican priest, fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, lecturer at St David's College, Lampeter and Chaplain to the Bishop of St Davids
 * William Saunders (1806–1851), Welsh-language poet, writer and printer
 * David Jones (1810–1869), banker and Carmarthenshire Conservative MP
 * John Jones (1812–1886), banker and Carmarthenshire Conservative MP
 * Major Sir David Hughes-Morgan (1871–1941), solicitor and landowner

Sport

 * Aneurin Rees (1858–1932), solicitor, Town Clerk of Merthyr Tydfil, rugby union player for Wales and golfer
 * Edward John Lewis (1859–1925), physician and rugby union player for Wales
 * Conway Rees (1870–1932), rugby union player for Wales, and schoolmaster in England and India
 * Carwyn Davies (1964–1997), farmer and rugby union player for Wales
 * Emyr Phillips (born 1987), rugby union player for Wales
 * Wyn Jones (born 1992), rugby union player for Wales

Nearby places
The Dolaucothi Gold Mines are located 10 mi away near Pumpsaint on the A482. The road follows an original Roman road to Llanio fort.

Llandovery lies just north of Brecon Beacons National Park and Fforest Fawr Geopark, whose geological heritage is celebrated. These designated landscapes are centred on Bannau Sir Gâr or the Carmarthen Fans, themselves part of the Black Mountain extending north towards the town, as Mynydd Myddfai and Mynydd Bach Trecastell. The village of Myddfai lies within the National Park, 4 miles (6 km) to the south-east of Llandovery.

The Llyn Brianne dam is 11 mi to the north is in rugged countryside above Rhandirmwyn. The route to the dam also passes Twm Siôn Cati's Cave at the RSPB's Dinas reserve.

title: Llandovery