text:
Talk:Dick Rutan

"Only a few gallons of fuel"
Just for the record, I removed the last part of this sentence:

 * "Finally, after 9 days, 3 minutes, and 44 seconds of flight, they touched down on December 23 with only a few gallons of fuel remaining."

The reason being that it is superfluous, uninformative, and a bit sensationalistic. The general rule in flight planning is to carry only the fuel required for the mission, plus a small reserve. There are exceptions (tankering, island holding fuel, ...) but this flight wasn't one of them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.32.157.254 (talk) 16:16, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dick Rutan


text:
Talk:Breakbeat

Hip hop's relation
I think we need a discussion on whether HIP HOP should be included in the breakbeat section, or AT LEAST in the electronic music section. Hip hop, to be hip hop has to be electronic. It also makes use of breakbeats. Any arguments like it has rappers/vocalists in it or doesnt always use breakbeats can also be made for drum'n'bass..... 86.135.8.247 11:13, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

It should be mentioned yes, it also should be noted the BBoy Breakdancing, huge Ghettos blasters and rolled up cardboard youths of the 80s. Run DMC Its Like That style. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.79.157.27 (talk) 02:51, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Chemical breaks
Chemical breaks should be replaced by Big Beat (or left out altogether) - see Talk:Chemical breaks. regards, High on a tree 01:36, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Removed: "Fever in da' Bronx"
Removed the following piece from the main article. Since it claims to be from a "modest magazine", it may be a copyright violation, although a preliminary Google search didn't find the source online. If the contributor to Wikipedia actually wrote the original article and/or the original author is submitting it under the GFDL, please indicate so here on this Talk page, together with some way for us to authenticate they are the author in question or that the author has permitted it's use under the GFDL.

If the contribution is GFDL, it still needs a lot of work to become encyclopedic, it currently reads like a magazine opinion piece, in particular attention to our policy of neutral point of view. The first paragraph, in particular is completely out of place in an encyclopedia. Secondly it needs to have links to other articles. I will do this if I have time, but it would help out if the original submitter (or somebody else) could work on it before restoring it to the main text. Thanks. --Lexor|Talk 14:44, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The History of Breakbeat Part I - "Fever in da' Bronx"

In order to understand where you are going, you first have to know where you are coming from. At least that's what many historians claim if you ask them why they get paid to do what they do all day long. But let's be honest: Who hasn't wondered why we have risen above the animal kingdom (at least up to 90%), why things are the way they are, or simply where such brilliant things as condoms, mothballs or the toilet flush came from? Since these are subjects that, though of interest, are completely out of place here, let's devote ourselves to a more suitable question: Just where do our beloved breakbeats come from?

Tricky. Where do you begin? How about the classic saying: "It all started with the drum?" And indeed, the history of rhythmic drums is closely intertwined with the history of humanity. But the question of when the first Australopithecus on his forays through the savannahs of prehistoric Africa noticed that it not only hurts like hell to hit your head on a hollow tree but that it also sounds very interesting is probably no longer definitively answerable today, and would moreover be beyond the scope of our modest magazine. So where to begin? What was the inception of what we now know as breakbeats? In order to resolve this, it might be better to disassociate from the history of the beat for a moment and to ask yourself when exactly the word "breakbeat" first emerged in a modern context. Yeah, let's try that.

Before the breakbeat there was the break. This term that originates in jazz describes those passages in musical compositions in which all other instruments are dampened so that the beat alone can work its magic. Consequently, the term "break" should be construed in its original meaning as an intermission in which the drum solo alone ruled the stage. Breaks in the late 1960s and early 1970s were a staple of Funk, and "King of Funk" James Brown's drummers Jabo Starks and Clyde Stubblefield weren't the last to user their drum solos to demonstrate what beats were capable of. This sets the time frame for the first emergence of Breakbeat, and now really only two things are missing from the show: The stage and the actors.

The stage for this spectacle was provided in the early '70s by the Bronx, the notorious New York City neighborhood which to this day puts a sparkle in the eye of those in the know. The main characters involved are quickly determined as well: The breakers, breakdancers or simply B-boys, and a young Herculean black man of Jamaican descent named Clive Campbell, today known better as the man who invented Hip Hop, the legendary DJ Kool Herc.

Like many cutting-edge discoveries in the early history of music, Breakbeat was born on a sweaty dance floor, the one of the dance club Fever. Let's go back to that night in 1974, in the West Bronx, to the dance floor at Fever. Kool Herc is behind the decks, the place is packed and people are getting down to dance, or rather, to Hustle.

The Hustle was the popular dance of the fading Disco era and Herc chose his records accordingly: Late Funk and Disco. But not all club-goers participated in the activities on the dance floor. A few trainspotters, disaffected by their surroundings, were always waiting quietly for their moment to shine: The break. The energetic rhythmic sections were the fuel for their performance, the breakdancing show. Breaking or breakdancing allowed these boys to draw attention to themselves, to be the stars of the evening for a short moment while surrounded by Hustle dancers, and their artistic performances regularly pushed the dynamics on the dance floor to a climax in which the energy exploded. This would not go unnoticed by an attentive DJ like Kool Herc, and that legendary night he tried an experiment. Driven by the intention to extend the part the breakdancers required for their show, he had thought about how to achieve this and that night in 1974, with the help of two turntables and one mixer, he mixed the rhythm sections of different tracks seamlessly one after the other for the first time. The audience flipped, the breakdancers freaked, and the dance floor exploded.

This was the making of a recipe for success, a whole new style of music: The Breakbeat, the root of Hip Hop, Drum & Bass and the genre still known as Breakbeat today. Kool Herc's example was quickly adopted and inspired numerous DJ to imitate him and to shape and form this new kind of music. Even if Herc's mixing style may seem primitive to the contemporary eye - after all, he wasn't doing anything close to beatmatching yet - he nevertheless has every right to the title Originator. Twenty years later the Chemical Brothers invited the long since retired Kool Herc to London to be a guest DJ and open for their shows, and in doing so paid respect to the man who laid the foundation for their own music: The inventor of Breakbeat.

Well. The history of Breakbeat is a confusing affair to someone who is interested and does a little research. Although the origins are easily determined, the thread gets lost quickly in the frenzy of the burgeoning European club culture of the late '80s and '90s with its mad speed of ever-changing music genres. At this point of a comprehensible temporal course of events, we have omnipresence: Breaks were everywhere - whether as filler or a leading style element, they took root all over the place and coagulated into a phenomenon which, like a vacuum cleaner, absorbed all influences it possibly could. A phenomenon that assured Breakbeat a steady spot on club dance floors and that coined and formed contemporary club and music culture. I'm talking about Hardcore.

The birth of Hip Hop in 1974 in the Bronx first brought Breakbeat to the forefront of a radically new youth subculture which quickly took the world by storm. By the early '90s, Hip Hop had become a worldwide phenomenon, and Breakbeat worked its irresistible appeal on both sides of the Atlantic. The commercial success became apparent with the first airing of MTV's Yo Rap show in 1988, if not before that. But Hip Hop was not the only popular export from U.S. clubs to find open ears and hard-dancing feet. At the same time, unnoticed by the general public and the music industry, there was an even more powerful wave that came crashing into European clubs, which had its roots in Detroit heads and Chicago clubs: Acid House and Techno.

Even if the first attempts failed by English DJ's to use new foreign music from the U.S. to fill the void that had been left in the musical landscape by the downfall of Rare Groove, number one hits like M/A/R/S' Pump the Volume and S'Express' number two hit Theme From S'Express marked the offshoots of England's Acid House wave, which, through DJ's like Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling and their club nights The Future and Shoom and through the discovery of Ecstasy, quickly gained momentum and culminated in 1998 in the Second Summer of Love. 1990 brought another, even bigger wave of original radical music that broke free from the ideals of Chicago and Detroit and that, with its raw energy and open hedonism, expressed its independence through the screams of thousands of dancing ravers: Hardcore.

A simple picture after all? The history of Modern Breaks is that of Hardcore? We can only answer that with "Yes but no." Just as today there is a confusing, multifaceted zoo of styles and preferences, there are many different takes on what exactly Hardcore was. Less a clearly delineated genre than a lifestyle, Hardcore by the end of 1993 encompassed such different genres as Northern England's Bleep & Bass, the Southern Breaks-based Hip House and Ragga Techno, Pop Rave a la Shades of Rhythm, the Belgian-German Tekkno and last but not least the heralding revolution of Hardcore Jungle. All of these, having a different accentuation each but nevertheless closely interwoven, set the stage for the most scorching development phase of electronic club music we have seen to date and created a solid residence for Breakbeat on the dance floors at clubs.

Low frequency oscillations - Bleep & Bass: When talking about Breakbeat these days, no matter which BPM, one subject will come up sooner or later: The Bass. Bass from soft to hard, grinding, drilling, huffing, rattling, wrenching, cramming, pounding… you know, Bass. If you want to reduce Germany to one word, it would be Techno. For England it would be Bass, a science that has seen its first light in the Northern part of the island, more specifically Sheffield. Inspired by Unique 3's sub Bass monster The Theme, Steve Becket and Rob Mitchell erected the now legendary label Warp and dedicated themselves to the exploration of Bass. Deep frequencies, low frequency oscillations or simply LFO was distinctively the name of one of the first and most successful acts on Warp. LFO aka Mark Bell and Gez Varley, on their quest for the ultimate depth charge, created a myriad of classics that remain unforgettable to this day, among them their probably most well-known track: LFO. The experiments with bringing out a bigger, fatter, and more powerful bass led to exotically inviting methods such as the use of test tones from samplers, which was reflected by track titles such as Testone by Sweet Exorcist. Classics like Nightmares on Wax's Aftermath, 808 States' Cubic and Orbital's Chime owe their existence to such bass probes and defined the Hardcore sound of the North: Bleep & Bass.

Shut Up And Dance's fast Hip Hop: While low frequencies received the undivided attention in the South, the North was on a different track. Distinguished by Black music, the Greater London area with its influences of Hip Hop, Funk and Northern Soul's Rare Groove, was the home to two young Blacks, PJ and Smiley, known better as Shut Up and Dance (SUAD). On their label of the same name they released tracks in which breakbeats took the place of programmed beats. Notwithstanding earlier experiments in this direction, among others by heroes like Tod Terry, Frankie Bones, Lenny D or Fast Eddie and Tyre, it was left to SUAD to help bring about a breakbeat breakthrough in the dance floor context. Their approach undermined the Do It Yourself ethos of Hardcore. In cut and paste style, armed only with turntables, sampler and sequencer, they got to work and started to pitch Def Jam records from 100 BPM to 130 BPM and rap over it. Their methodology was also an expression of their self-image, in which they saw themselves more as a fast Hip Hop crew than a part of the rave culture from which they kept their distance, one reason being its blatant glorification of drugs. Track names like Here Comes a Different Type of Rap Track, Not the Usual 4 Bar Loop Crap were obvious statements in this direction. Not only drugs were criticized in SUAD lyrics, but sociological issues, racism and the increasing commercial exploitation of electronic dance music were themes as well. Despite their conflicted relationship to rave culture they were accepted by ravers with open arms and the Hardcore trend of Hip House they unleashed became a huge success, which crowned in the SUAD track Raving, I'm Raving. Meant as a parody of the party craze, the track quickly became a Hardcore anthem and the first nail in the coffin of their budding career. Raving, I'm Raving was based in large parts on Walking in Memphis, a piece by Marc Cohen who promptly sued SUAD for breach and damages because they had generously declined to get permission from Cohen's record label. The subsequent lawsuit and derivate expenses caused SUAD to preliminarily go out of business until the unnerved pair reemerged on the stage with the statement Phuck the Bizz. Nevertheless SUAD had achieved an avalanche of new breakbeat-based tracks, among them some by Ragga Twins who had been signed by SUAD's label and who, with their combination of B-Boy Breaks, Dancehall Reggae, Dub Bass and Euro Techno riffs, painted the rising sun of Jungle onto the horizon.

Energy Flash - Hardcore Tekkno: Southern England's Bleep & Bass or the more Northern Hip House had little in common with the Hardcore from the mainland. The Belgian-German axis around legendary labels like R&S or PCP with acts like Lenny D, Mundo Muzique and Joey Beltram drove Hardcore into even harder territory by fusing their EBM and Industrial influences with Techno, resulting in a faster, more aggressive and energetic mixture. Beltram's Energy Flash and perhaps more importantly Mentasm were early anthems of this new Hardcore culture in which hardness and speed were en vogue and manifested themselves in terms like Tekkno. Mentasm in particular, because of the famous mentasm stab, turned into a key track of all Hardcore genres. The ear-splitting sound of the mentasm stab which was celebrated in tracks like T99's Anasthasia or Cubic 22's Night in Motion became the unifying trademark of a whole generation of Hardcore producers on both sides of the Dover Channel and also influenced Breakbeat acts like 4 Hero, Doc Scott and Rufige Cru (Goldie) who shortly thereafter would play a vital role in the conception of Jungle, the precursor to today's Drum & Bass.

The Road to the Charts - Hardcore becomes mainstream: By 1992 Hardcore had finally evolved into a self-contained genre which, especially in England, was based on breakbeats and samples and was having more and more breakthroughs to the mainstream thanks to acts like Altern8, Moby, Human Resource, Shades of Rhythm and last but not least Prodigy. In January '92, Prodigy's Everybody in the Place shot straight to number two in the UK charts, something that in the same year was paralleled by SL2 with On a Ragga Tip and Shut Up And Dance with the previously mentioned Raving, I'm Raving. Prodigy's Liam Howlett, Keith Flint and Maxime Reality represented a slightly smoother, mass-appealing form of Hardcore, without ever really separating from it completely, and became one of the most influential Breakbeat acts ever who, after three top 5 hits, had the honor of being the first Hardcore crew to have a commercial success with their Experience album. If it wasn't the case before, most definitely now Breakbeat had established a solid place in the dancefloor business.

Speed freaks - Into the jungle: While the big rave anthems enjoyed their accelerating chart success, in London an even more radical form of Hardcore sprung forth. With hectic breakbeats, Dub Reggae bass and high-pitched vocal samples these tracks seemed in tune with the tradition of Shut Up and Dance-influenced Breakbeat House, but their emphasis on beats and bass was uncharacteristically more aggressive and energetic, which gave the music an artificial, mind-altering quality which SUAD's fast Hip Hop never accomplished. Without adopting the sociological graveness of their predecessors, the predominantly Black producers created a genre that molded their experiences in the urban jungle with rhythm and sound. And the music got fast. From 1992 on at the latest, Hardcore was also a culture of speed. In the beginning of 1991 the average rave track was still chilling at 125 BMP but by the end of 1992, 150 BPM was no longer a rarity. In the search for the ultimate kick, the DJ's used rebuilt turntables to speed up their tracks by up to +20. The high speed changed the music, melted the elements into a mass of rhythmically pulsating sound, Beltram stab, Italo-Piano riffs and high-pitched vocals. In their competition for the newest, most innovative sound, labels like Moving Shadow, Suburban Bass, Reinforced and producers like Rob Playford, Andy C, Goldie aka Rufige Kru, Hyper on Experience, Hype and many, many more drove forward at mach speed this new form of Hardcore. I Bring You the Future, the Future, the Future thumped the vocals from Noise Factory's Breakage #4, and they were not mistaken. This sound became the basis for the first fifteen minutes of fame of Breakbeat, and the Ibiza Label covers prophetically bore the key word which lent its name to the new movement: Junglizm.

Examples of breakbeat artists?
I believe there should be some of the more popular breakbeat artists mentioned here, most other musical genre pages list artists and I believe someone visiting this page would expect such a thing.

Comments? --195.92.168.163 15:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Why is this being claimed as a mid-90s genre? I was hearing stuff like the Prodigy and Sonz of a Loop da Loop Era described as breakbeat in 92 and 93, and the early "Toontown" and "Schizo" stuff was out in 91... You know, "hardcore".

 * This is correct. Hardcore (or breakbeat hardcore) was around in the early-1990s. I'd also watch calling breakbeat hardcore as "AKA rave music" on this article. It is only one component of "rave music" along with the vocal rave and Euro techno. Also, not everyone in the UK was calling breakbeat hardcore as "rave music" either. Such music was more connected with the south UK. --Revolt 08:25, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Breakbeat basics!
I found the discussion very helpful, when compared to the initial Wiki on "Breakbeat". For readers who want basic information and less use of unfamiliar terminology, I offer this information on what a breakbeat actually is from a musical and historical standpoint. I agree with the idea of a 1974 explosion of breakbeat dancing, but musically the "breakbeat" goes back even further. The musical fiber of a breakbeat comes down to snare emphasis and overall tempo. A breatbeat is essentially a basic "rock 'n roll" beat played at a dance tempo. Over 95% of all breakbeats emphasize the snare on 2 and 4, using a 4/4 time signature. Just like many rock beats, the kick pattern usually remains fairly simple, sometimes introducing some syncopation. Historically, if one can track when drummers began slamming the snare on 2 and 4 at faster tempos, one can identify when the breakbeat was musically invented. This all happened when jazz drummers were told to perform with less "shuffle", to compliment the emerging new rock 'n roll genre. Early Chuck Berry records help illustrate the transition between jazz and rock. If you want to find the breakbeat room at your local club, just listen for the big fat snare beats on 2 and 4!

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages per Sign your posts on talk pages. Thanks! Hyacinth 23:49, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Hmm we are getting there but BreakBeats came a long time before rock and roll. Try the 20s and 30s Black Swing groups, those brothers had funky soul! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.79.157.27 (talk) 02:49, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

I'm sorry, the breakbeat entree requires urgent updates. It confuses the topic when the tag 'breakbeat' is retroactively assigned to music that is not generated by either turntablist/DJ techniques or a sampler. It is common knowledge among breakbeat musicians that the history of the breakbeat lies in the early American hip hop DJ techniques of the 1970s (specifically New York); rap and electro of the 1980s; and in the UK also in hardcore rave, jungle, drum 'n' bass. The development of broken beats is related, but here the aesthetic veeres away.

The breakbeat is derived from the rhythm break in a music recording - this is *not* a breakbeat until it has been treated/processed. In this sense, The Winston's recording "Amen Brother" did not feature a breakbeat recording in its original state, but a small section from this has *become* a breakbeat. In the case of the 'Amen Break', Mantronix' electro recording 'King of the Beats' was central to the processing of this break during the late 1980s, to become the basis of many jungle and drum 'n' bass recordings in the UK during the (early to mid-) 1990s. For hip-hop, another important breakbeat sample is the Apache break.

Sources:
 * Mark Butler's book 'Unlocking the Groove'
 * Tricia Rose's book 'Black Noise'
 * Simon Reynold's book 'Energy Flash: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture'
 * David Toop's book 'Rap Attack'
 * Grandmaster Flash's demonstration of breaking the beat in the film 'Wild Style': http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOd1zGi1gKE
 * Nate Harrison's 20-minute video on the Amen Break: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SaFTm2bcac
 * More on the Amen Break: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen_break
 * For the Apache breakbeat, see also the following documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tX2vZSz_MFQ
 * For the 'Yeah! Woo!' breakbeat, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeah!_Woo!

By the way, a section on the Breakbeat can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_break

There are also sections on breakbeat music genres, such as hip-hop, electro, jungle and drum 'n' bass, from which a decent summary can be derived for this breakbeat entry. Nozem (talk) 23:11, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Breaks vs Breakbeat
Having worked in dance music a few years back when breakbeat really started to take off, I would suggest that breaks and breakbeat have different origins - breaks coming out of the hip hop scene as described in the article whereas breakbeat came directly out of drum'n'bass, because it used a 'broken' beat (i.e. not the standard dance music 4/4 beat) but could be differentiated from drum'n'bass due to the lack of heavy bass elements common in d'n'b. I suggest a complete rewrite of this entry to reflect this.

SupernautRemix 17:51, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree, breakbeat has nothing to do with jazz or funk breaks. I wonder how wikipedia manages to get almost everything either wrong or unreadable.

 * Because people leave pointless comments like this instead of contributing. You don't like something, you have all the power to fix it! marnues (talk) 04:30, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Well for the same reason you are both wrong. Drum and Bass came WAY after breakbeats I am afraid. The ability to produce DnB sub Basslines came a long time after a drummer got funky with the 4/4 drum pattern and hip hop also stole its samples from Funk wich in turn took samples from BigBand and Jazz. Listen to 20s and 30s swing to see what I mean. BreakBeat is 'Dance Music ON JAZZ' if Jazz were a drug.

A history lesson in music is always better than one about war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.79.157.27 (talk) 02:47, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

The breakbeat is *derived* from the rhythm break in a music recording - this is *not* a breakbeat until it has been treated/processed. So there is no point in arging about what came first or who stole what from whom - it is in the the creative act of sampling that a soundbite becomes a breakbeat Nozem (talk) 23:14, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Notability of Breakcore
The Breakcore article has no real sources, most of the article is POV and OR and the genre seems a very vague definition. I can find very little evidence of it's existance in any other sense than a slang word used to describe breakbeat and IDM music. I propose to merge it with Breakbeat. Discuss Here. --Neon white 22:11, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

As a breakcore dj and fan, i suggest you to get a documentary film called "notes on breakcore". http://www.breakcore.net/ You will see, that it is not only a slang term for breakbeat and IDM. --Break!fast.sk 09:56, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The article does not have enough sources, there's no dispute that it is used in the naming of club nights etc, but there simply is very little evidence that it is condisered a genre and notable enough for its own page. What i'm actually proposing is a redirect as there is little verifiable info on the breakcore page to merge. If more sourced info becomes available it can be added to a section of the breakbeat page and if this becomes significant it may earn its own page. --Neon white 23:02, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * What "sources"? Breakcore has been misrepresented in every single journalistic text I have read about the subject. Which are quite a few by now, which i would rather not quote, thank you.

 * In it's very essense "breakcore" defies a serious enceclopedian approach, it is way to versatile to be grasped by one article.
 * Everyone has a different opinion on what it is, it exists, that's for sure, Hundreds of records are released, hundreds of parties are held, thousands of people participate. but what definition if should get will always be subjective.

 * And the wikipedia article about it will never reach established criteria.

 * Alot of artists that would be considered breakcore actively refuse to call themselves "breakcore"!

 * how could consesus be reached?

 * As to the existence of the genre, if you would put "breakbeat" on a poster /flyer in Belgium, you would get maybe 50 people to show up, if you put "breakcore" you get hundreds. Real life takes precedence over quotable "sources" It's all matter of perspective.Droon 18:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Proposing mutliple merges
There are a number of articles that have no sources and lack in notabilty that could easily be contained in this article under a 'sub genres' heading. I am proposing Breakcore, Broken beat, Florida breaks, Hardcore breaks, Nu skool breaks, Rave Breaks be merged here. Remember not every single sub genre, alternative term and neologism needs it's own article. -- neon white talk 16:35, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you even know what you're talking about? Broken Beat, Breakcore, and Nu-Breaks/Florida Breaks are all notably distinct SCENES with indvidual histories... their fanbase does not really overlap AT ALL... and broken beat is so tenuously related to BREAKBEATS in general that it definitely needs its own article.

 * The fundamental difference is that this page is about the Breakbeat and its background and history rather than a page on genres. The genres listed (Breakcore, Broken beat, Florida breaks, Hardcore breaks, Nu skool breaks, Rave Breaks) all contain Breakbeats but it could easily be expanded to include Drum & Bass, Hip Hop, etc that also make extensive use of Breakbeats. I would say that due to the huge differences between the genres that Neon White is suggesting merging that it is not viable to do this. For instance there is very little overlap between Breakcore and Broken Beat. On a side note I'm questioning the section on Jungalistic Hardcore as Breakbeat Hardcore was around before '92 and was referred to as Hardcore with the term Jungalistic being more of a slang term applied as Jungle emerged in '93/'94. Fluffski 14 Oct 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fluffski (talk • contribs) 09:27, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

At the very least it should be explained Breakbeats are at the core of ALL of those styles of music, other wise we are doing BreakBeats a diss service —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.79.157.27 (talk) 02:43, 16 November 2010 (UTC) I cannot find references to jungalistic hardcore as a separate style either in web searching or books. Seeing as how that was questioned in 2008 and it is now 2012, is it time to remove the line? Mkantonelli1 (talk) 05:27, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Broken Beat removed
Broken Beat is far too related to House and Techno to be lumped into here. Whoever defined it as "organic" funk like Breakestra is just plain wrong, broken beat is more stuff like Recloose, Kuniyuki, Russ Gabriel, etc... it is actually quite SYNTHETIC although it does have "organic" elements... SEE HERE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_beat —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.131.181.155 (talk) 05:58, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Breakbeat and Backbeat
I think there should be a link at the top of this article or the article entitled Back beat, since they sound similar. This way people won't be confused. --Robo56 (talk) 22:47, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

THE ORIGIN OF 'BREAKBEATS'
This article needs a rehaul, we can mention notable breaks revivals but it started a LONG time ago.

Breakbeats are actully derrived not from 70s funk, rock although The Beatles loved to throw down a breakbeat, electronic music or hip hop, breakbeats come from JAZZ. Breakbeats are at least 100 years old, if you listen to BigBand Swing you can hear the drummer playing breakbeats in popular tracks such as the Charleston, this is also reflected in the dance style which has a similar jerky movemnt to the 80s revival of b boy break dancing... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uV3u-xR_Sos Watch that if you dont believe just how old breakbeats are. (dont worry I wont post it on the article)

Other notable examples of breakbeats are Buddy Rich The Beat Goes On http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zblr8g3P7tw The Winstons Amen Brother http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxZuq57_bYM which is sampled in a LOT of drum & bass at double speed.

The term Breakbeats refers to the breaks in a normal 4/4 drum pattern. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.79.157.27 (talk) 02:41, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Here is an article about a modern jazz musician using breakbeats: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5327/is_300/ai_n29107683/ and another article with a timeline for electronic and dance in general: http://www.digitaldreamdoor.com/pages/best_timeline-elec.html. Having listened to the old music growing up (early 1900's through 40's on KCLW in Detroit) the user above is absolutely correct that breakbeats have been around for a LONG time in music. I think that this is where many people can get confused. Mkantonelli1 (talk) 05:58, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

Summary is incorrect
Now, I could be wrong, but I don't think the "break" in the "breakbeat" name refers to funk and jazz when the rhythm would cease playing and allow a melodic solo. I'm pretty sure that the "break" refers to the fact that the kick does not fall on every quarter note. The beat is broken, not the structure of the song. Every songs that are steady beat have breaks in the song. That's not unique to breakbeat. 65.93.54.176 (talk) 13:00, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * There's no reference, so if you are sure the info is incorrect, please remove it. Try to find a reference to better define it though. --Pmsyyz (talk) 05:46, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Rewrote introduction
I have rewritten the article's introduction to attempt to reflect a more holistic understanding of the word 'breakbeat'. Any and all criticism is welcome. I am tired of idly observing the deterioration of such an important article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.227.15.211 (talk) 14:35, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

History of breaks/breakbeat
Im no expert on this subject and only read this article in an attempt to learn more about the subject. Still, Im pretty certain there is a slight inaccuracy, as well as a grammatical error in the first sentence of the 2cnd paragraph:

"Breakbeats, as in "A breakbeat" (1) have been known and used for around a hundred years, and are widely known for being sampled by many early producers of hip hop, where the "break" in a song, usually only a few seconds long, is looped to create basis for an entire new song."

Really?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.112.139.76 (talk) 16:38, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

When did breakbeat become a genre rather than a term for a sampled drum loop?
I ran a recording studio and produced dance music in London from 1995 and did not come across anyone using the term breakbeat to describe a music genre until 1996/97. The terms big beat and breakbeat often seem to be interchangeable, but I think there are clear differences. Breakbeat tends to be more heavily sample-based, like sped up late 1980s hip-hop, but often without the rap, while big beat records have breaks augmented with single drum machine/sample hits. So, for example, 'Busy Child' by The Crystal Method, 'Block Rockin' Beats' by The Chemical Brother and 'Breathe' by The Prodigy are all big beat records, while 'B-Boy Stance' by the Freestylers, 'Ooh La La' by The Wiseguys and Bentley Rhythm Ace's 'Theme From Gutbuster' are breakbeat records.

While I would agree that some early 1990s acid house/rave music could be described as breakbeat, such as 'Don't Hold Back' by Blapps! Posse (co-written by Aston Harvey, later of the Freestylers), this would be a retrospective application, because I think the term was not used to describe a genre until around 1996 and the launch of labels such as Freskanova. It would be interesting to find the earliest use of the term to describe a genre in the music press. Neither DJ Magazine nor Mixmag have back issues online, but Mojo magazine uses the term in a piece on Red Snapper in 1997:

Red Snapper/1997/Chris Ingham/MOJO/Mojo Rising: Red Snapper/22/03/2016 23:05:36/http://www.rocksbackpages.com.ezproxy.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/Library/Article/mojo-rising-red-snapper

I accept that this is a very UK-centric view, and the term may well have been used to describe a genre in other countries prior to 1996. ____ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jresfilter (talk • contribs) 23:16, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Just an anonymous comment on this: BREAKBEAT was DEFINITELY used as a genre name circa 1990 and 1991. It was a subgenre of hardcore (or ardkore, they used all sort of spelling for it) featuring rapid loops of drums. 4Hero produced a LP of this genre in 1991, "In Rough Territories". Tiga, not DJ Tiga, but Tiga, the canadian producer, had a show on CKUT named Tiga And Gnat and would use the term frequently back in 1992, that's in Canada, so we're always a couple years late. And I'm sorry, but the Baltimore Club sound came after the UK. The article makes it sounds as if the breakbeat school in UK came at the same time, attempting to ignore the influence of the UK rave era on the rest of the world. No, instead, if you are worried that breakbeat was cultural appropriation, than just write that, because it WAS. It started really as an appropriation of hip hop records played faster. Yes, forget the funk breaks. Hip Hop took the funk breaks. Breakbeat just took the Hip Hip records that already sampled those breaks, and looped them faster. The music genre "breakbeat" has little to do with hip hop turntablists, in fact. It was more a digital tool phenomena (like loops made using Fruityloops). The term break is very old in hip hop, jazz, etc, but this is far-fetched history when concerning the birth of the post-techno music genre called "breakbeat" (and forget "breakbeat hardcore", it's simplier to call it "breakbeat techno", at the time breakbeat emerged from hardcore (hardcore techno), but breakbeat isn't always "hardcore". Ok: terms like break and beat were used aplenty by the hip hop djs, and in electro music ("everybody in the streets, get down to the funky beat... Brrrreak!!", but "breakbeat" as a whole word, I'd need to hear it in an interview from a DJ before 1988 if you can find it, but regardless, the american hip hop scene wasn't "aware" when The Scientist's "The Exorcist" came out (in 1990). As for Baltimore Club, yes, early Blapps Records were played in UK raves, but its influence as a "scene" came later on. For some ackward reason, Baltimore was playing the uk rave music that most of the rest of USA was ignoring (apart from the UK acid house, which was reflective of the US original scene). References: just dig some old Melody Makers, they would've covered the early rave history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.252.77.71 (talk) 17:26, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't want to step into a minefield but I am currently working on Florida breaks which I believe may resolve many of the current and past discussion points about the 1990s history of the electronic dance music genre vs the wider subject. Please see the sections at Talk:Florida breaks for sources.  All assistance in further development is appreciated.
 * The term Syncopation is important to understand or define Break beat. New Beat needs some attention from a music expert too.  Johnvr4 (talk) 21:16, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

Split into two articals
I would recommend splitting this article into two articles “Breakbeat” (1), the drum Pattern and “Breakbeat” (2) the music genre are really two completely different subjects. It creates confusion to have both definition in the same article.

Furthermore, it is standard practice to have each major electronic genre on its own separate article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.22.59.226 (talk) 03:06, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm not saying I oppose, still, I'm not sure. First with "(1), the drum Pattern", do you mean the same as (1) in the lead?:

""A breakbeat" (1), a section of a song in which, typically, all or at least most of the instruments stop for a period, usually around one bar, except for the drums, which would continue the melody even if altered. Since the rise of electronic music it can now also refer to the electronic music genre "Breakbeat" (2), characterized as a genre of groove-oriented music which utilizes a lo-fi sampled breakbeat (or combination of breakbeats) for the main drum beat, and usually incorporates other lo-fi sampled "hits" as well."

 * I'm sure I've heard breakbeat (and rave etc. and might mix up stuff..). As much as a WP article, a text format, can explain music genres, I find it reasonable, to explain it (2), with an example (1). [I'm assuming the samples are of, the drum patterns.] Wouldn't that be lost if you split up? Technically you could split up, and be correct, but shuold an encyclopedia, such as WP, not try to explain to clueless people, rather than say, just list bands that fall under the umbrella term Breakbeat?

 * Since I'm here, the lead continues:

"Breakbeats, as in "A breakbeat" (1) have been known and used for around a hundred years, and are widely known for being sampled by many early producers of hip hop, where the "break" in a song, usually only a few seconds long, is looped to create basis for an entire new song."

 * Is (1) there the same as the former (1)? and "sampled" seems kind of strange for "hundred years" old music.. Maybe not, how old are media [records] and how far back are they sampled..? Could this text be clarified. comp.arch (talk) 11:44, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

You want us to donate? Go to hell.
Stop removing worthwhile article material like Madness Combat and Cheshyre Hodges. Goddamn you mods are corrupt 72.38.137.234 (talk) 14:37, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

First Usage
On this wikipedia page it says the first use of the break is 'king of the beats' by Mantronix. On the Amen break's own wikipedia page it says the first use is 'I Desire' by 'Salt-N-Pepa' which predates it by two years (1986). I'm not gonna change it cos I've gotten in trouble for making perfectly valid and well researched edits to wikipedia pages before, but would anyone else with more familiarity with the process consider doing so? 51.6.191.57 (talk) 17:13, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

Reverted edit
Hello Solidest. I am pinging you in regards to my recent edit to this article, you reverted. Please see p. 373 and  for further reference. Qaqaamba (talk) 12:34, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi . See MOS:SEEALSO. You should put this into the context of the article, so that it is clear why the genres have a link in this section. Given that this connection is not shown in any way at all in the text of the article - this link is feeling out of place. Your put gqom link in the other articles and it was reverted for the very same reason by other people. The connection between the subjects is not apparent from the text of the article. Solidest (talk) 12:40, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you mean that instead of "simply" listing additional genres under See also I should incorporate them into the articles or elaborate on them (given that there is a link) and omit it in all entirety from See also to obvs avoid repetition and no clarity given for the reader, in that case as I've done before? Qaqaamba (talk) 13:21, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not really sure why you archived the discussion in the mainspace - it's not a standard practice to archive talks that were started on the same day, especially when the problem is not solved, given that you bring gqom back to the article without getting the consensus first. So, the point is that the connection between breakbeat and gqom should be obvious to the reader or someone familiar with the topics. Right now, such a connection is unclear and it rather looks like an promotion of the article. Breakbeat is not mentioned anywhere in gqom article. And for breakbeat gqom or even African scene didn't play a significant role based on the article content - it's more like further reading barely associated with initial topic. And I'm not even sure if this article can serve as further reading - the connection here is no more than between dozens of other edm genres distantly derived or loosely related to breakbeat. And if we put everything barely related in there (like whole hardcore edm tree), it won't make sense for this section. So please clarify this connection in the articles, or remove the genre from this section. Solidest (talk) 14:28, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, . Solidest (talk) 14:40, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Breakbeat


text:
List of current United States governors

[[File:United States Governors map.svg|thumb|300px|alt=Map of the United States with states and territories colored according to the party affiliation of their governor|Party affiliation of current United States state and territorial governors:

{{legend|#3333FF|Democratic (23 states, 3 territories)}} {{legend|#FF3333|Republican (27 states)}} {{legend|#161687|New Progressive (1 territory)}} {{legend|#DCDCDC|Independent (1 territory)}} ]]

The United States has 50 states and 5 territories that each elect a governor to serve as chief executive of the state or territorial government. The sole federal district, the District of Columbia, elects a mayor to oversee their government in a similar manner. In the event of a vacancy, the governor is succeeded by the second-highest-ranking state official; in 45 states and 4 territories, the lieutenant governor is the first in the line of succession.

, there are 27 states with Republican governors and 23 states with Democratic governors. Three territories have Democratic governors, while one has an independent governor. Pedro Pierluisi of Puerto Rico is a member of the New Progressive Party, although he is also affiliated with the Democratic Party. The federal District of Columbia is governed by a Democratic mayor.

The current gubernatorial term ends and new term begins in January for most states and territories, two months after their election; in Alaska, Hawaii, North Dakota, and Kentucky, the term begins in December. Governors serve four-year terms in most states and all territories; New Hampshire and Vermont have two-year terms for their governors. Most states and all but one territory also have term limits that generally allow for two consecutive terms to be served by a candidate. To run for governor, a candidate must generally be a U.S. citizen with prior state residence who meets the minimum age requirement—set at 30 years old in most states.

All 55 governors are members of the National Governors Association, a non-partisan organization which represents states and territories in discussions with the federal government. Other organizations for governors include the partisan Democratic Governors Association and Republican Governors Association; and the three regional associations: Midwestern, Northeastern, and Western.

State governors
The longest serving incumbent U.S. governor is Jay Inslee of Washington, who took office on January 16, 2013. The most recently inaugurated governor is Jeff Landry of Louisiana, who took office on January 8, 2024. A total of 15 current governors previously served as lieutenant governor, while ten previously served in the United States House of Representatives. The governor's office has term limits in 37 states and 4 territories; these terms are four years except in New Hampshire and Vermont, where governors serve two-year terms.

The average age of governors at the time of their inauguration was about 59 years old. Alabama governor Kay Ivey (born 1944) is the oldest current governor, and Arkansas governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders (born 1982) is the youngest. , there are 12 female state governors currently serving. Of the 50 state governors, 46 are non-Hispanic white, two are Hispanic (Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico and Chris Sununu of New Hampshire), one is Black (Wes Moore of Maryland), and one is Native American (Kevin Stitt of Oklahoma).

The notation "(term limits)" after the year indicates that the governor is ineligible to seek re-election in that year; the notation "(retiring)" indicates that the governor has announced his or her intention not to seek re-election at the end of the term nor to run for another office.

Parties: (27),  (23)

Territory governors
Parties: (3),  (1),  (1)

Federal district mayor
The District of Columbia is a federal district that elects a mayor that has similar powers to those of a state or territorial governor. The cities of Washington and Georgetown within the district elected their own mayors until 1871, when their governments were consolidated into a reorganized District of Columbia by a Congressional act. The district's chief executive from 1871 to 1874 was a governor appointed by the President of the United States; the office was replaced by a Board of Commissioners with three members appointed by the president—two residents and a representative from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Board of Commissioners was originally a temporary body but was made permanent in 1878 with one member selected to serve as the Board President, in effect the city's chief executive. The system was replaced in 1967 by a single mayor–commissioner and home rule in the District of Columbia was fully restored in 1975 under a reorganized government led by an elected mayor.

Parties: (1)

title: List of current United States governors


text:
Talk:List of current United States governors

Mayor of Washington DC as a governor
"The Mayor of Washington, D.C. is the chief executive of the District of Columbia and is often accorded a status co-equal with U.S. Governors." in what ways is he/she accorded a status co-equal Smith03 14:07, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

DC Mayor
Can anyone give me a good reason why the Mayor of DC doesn't belong on the list territorial governors? Other than his title, is his job that different from, say, the governor of American Samoa? Not trying to say he's co-equal with a state governor (to use the language above on the talk page), but he is the chief executive of an inhabited US territory. --Jfruh 22:59, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Democratic Party
I've updated the party names to read "Democratic", where applicable, rather than "Democrat", as there is no such thing as the "Democrat Party", and the heading for the table read "Party". It is correct to use the term "Democrat" as a noun, but as an adjective describing type of party "Democratic" is the correct word. See: Democrat Party (phrase). ShawshankRedemption 04:32, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's unclear in the table whether we are giving nouns or adjectives, because it's entirely out of context. It strikes me that either "Democrat" or "Democratic" is appropriate in such contexts. john k 06:21, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The Party is always referred to as the "Democratic Party". If you're describing the party (or anything, for that matter), you should use an adjective.  Besides, even if the context is unclear and either is appropriate, perhaps it's better to err towards the one that's not considered an insult by many. ShawshankRedemption 08:18, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * But the list isn't saying "Democrat Party". It's saying that the person's party is "Democrat".  I do agree about erring in the direction of "Democratic," though.  i just don't think we should go overboard in perceiving any use of the word "Democrat" as an insult. john k 17:57, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

On Splitting this page, archiving 2006 information
I nominated this article for a split, in order to archive information about the current (2006) state of affiairs for governors in the US. This list may be quite useful in five or more years, and is worth saving in an encyclopedic manner. An example: the Partisan mix of congressional delegations was split in a similar manner, to save the information about the 109th Congress in a new article name: Partisan_mix_of_congressional_delegations%2C_109th_congress, and to distinguish it from the future 110th Congress Partisan_mix_of_congressional_delegations%2C_110th_congress, and making the original title (shorn of its history, and without a congress number suffix) redirect to the current Congress number article.

I would propose someting similar: And
 * List of current United States Governors soon redirects to
 * List of United States Governors, 2007
 * List of United States Governors, 2006 archives the info (and history) that is currently in this article.

Discussion? -- Yellowdesk 02:58, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * If something is done along these lines, I'd recommend something like the Congressional charts (United States Congressional Delegations from Massachusetts) rather than separate pages for each year (no need for 230 articles, please); the states should be listed down the left side, with years listed across the top (perhaps one article per decade?... On second thought, perhaps the typical article could cover more years than that due to the fact that terms of office have rarely been under two years). MisfitToys 00:44, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It certainly is a logistical and informational problem to be properly figured out. Your idea looks like a good strategy toward a readable and non-proliferation-of-articles  result. -- Yellowdesk 00:16, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

The information about previous governors should be kept and expanded on. Byrdin2006 17:42, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

"Took office" dates
I propose that instead of simply the year, we write the exact date that the incumbent governor took office. ProfessorPlum27 05:15, 6 January 2007 (UTC)ProfessorPlum27

Terms ending
With the exception of 2 or 3 states, the Governors leave office in the calender years after the gubernatoral election. Ex: Sonny Perdue of Georgia's 2nd term ends January 2011 (after the 2010 election). GoodDay (talk) 23:55, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Seat up. Obviously the 'election' is going to be before the term of a current Governor ends. Therefore, it should be 'year' a term expires only. Therefore, I'm removing that oddity. GoodDay (talk) 17:30, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Where can I find term limits for state governors? 192.122.237.11 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:21, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Federated States of Micronesia?
Should we include Micronesia on the list? Chadlupkes (talk) 19:51, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * never mind... should have read more about it first.  Gained full sovereign rights in 1986.  Chadlupkes (talk) 19:52, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Graphic Governor party affiliation
I noticed that the graphic contains a green designation for a party labeled as "Covenant". Is this a joke or reference to the Halo video game? I do not think it is appropriate.69.243.87.228 (talk) 15:17, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

It's quite serious; it's there for the governor of the Northern Mariana Islands, who belongs to the Covenant Party.125.239.173.201 (talk) 03:25, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Sebelius
It looks to me like people have been too hasty to change the governor of Kansas from Kathleen Sebelius. As of 17 April 2009, she still has not been confirmed as Secretary of HHS. The State of Kansas web site still shows her as gov. 64.46.22.214 (talk) 22:49, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Luis Fortuño
This may seem like splitting hairs, but Fortuño is NOT the Republican governor of Puerto Rico. He is the New Progressive Governor of Puerto Rico. National party affiliations do not really apply to Puerto Rico. Voters in Puerto Rico elected Fortuño on the New Progressive ticket, not the Republican. The reason I'm mentioning all this is because I keep having to correct Fortuño's party shading from a GOP shading. This is fundamentally incorrect based on the way Puerto Rican politics work. Nevermore | Talk 10:12, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Is Hawaii a Republican or Democrat State?
I don't understand. If the governor of Hawaii is a Democrat, why does the Governors map portray Hawaii as a Republican State?Nikofeelan (talk) 01:35, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Because he just got sworn in last week and the map hasn't been changed yet. Feel free to do so yourself if you have graphics skills!  I assume someone will give it a thorough overhaul after all the new govs are sworn in next month. --Jfruh (talk) 18:55, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Update Image
The 2013 governor of North Carolina is Republican, while the 2013 governor of Puerto Rico is Democrat, the governor of America Samoa is now independent. B-watchmework (talk) 18:44, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Northern Mariana Islands governor Eloy Inos is now a member of the Covenant Party. B-watchmework (talk) 18:45, 20 February 2013 (UTC)
 * He switched to the GOP in September. The map is now obsolete again. -LtNOWIS (talk) 17:05, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Map needs updating
Now that Bill Walker has become Alaska governor, the state should be changed from Republican to Independent. GoodDay (talk) 14:30, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Map needs updating (again)
Matt Bevin (R) has taken office in Kentucky. The Bluegrass State should be switched from blue to red.--204.111.221.15 (talk) 00:32, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

Update needed, now that Louisiana's governor is a Democrat. GoodDay (talk) 00:53, 12 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I notified the uploader at Commons a few days ago, but user hasn't responded yet. MB298 (talk) 03:26, 12 January 2016 (UTC)

Map again needs updating
Gov. of American Samoa has switched from Independent to Democrat. MB298 (talk) 20:13, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

Democratic Party
The Democratic Party does have an official shade of blue, it is, as you can see in their official logo: , on their website, and other official materials. This is not an arbitrary application of this color by any means, nor is any harm done by using it in these applications.  Spartan7W  §   03:42, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
 * There have been discussions on this before at Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color. You are welcome to start another discussion of this sort, but please leave it at #3333FF for now because it is the standard color used. MB298 (talk) 03:44, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
 * These discussions are concerning blanket-use of for the purposes of all meta templates, which I incidentally opposed.  The problem is that this color is not good in all applications, such as some text or highlighting.  However, it is perfectly acceptable in areas such as these: maps, party shading (lists), general thematic elements, etc.  Essentially there is no issue that arises in such an application as this.  The meta template is simply too blanket of an application to use this color universally.  However, in such a case as this, there is no reason not to, and it is more representative of the party, as we would use official shades for any University or sports team, for instance.   Spartan7W   §   03:56, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

Iowa & South Carolina
Currently the Governors of Iowa (Branstad) & South Carolina (Haley) are nominees for Ambassadorships. However, we should wait until either or both of them resign as governors, before we include their successors (Reynolds, McMaster) into this article. Also, from the moment of Branstad's & Haley's confirmations to when they resign, they're still governors & so Reynold & McMaster should be listed as governors-designate during the brief period of time. GoodDay (talk) 00:13, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

List doesn't sort properly
I noticed that if you sort the list by a non-default column (e.g. "Inauguration") and then attempt to restore the alphabetical order, clicking on the "Name" column does not return the list to an alphabetical order. The order goes Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Louisiana... I think this is most likely due to the file names, but am not sure. Fixing it would be greatly appreciated. - Presidentman talk · contribs (Talkback) 02:34, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Map changes
The map needs to be updated, as Alaska now has a Republican governor. GoodDay (talk) 14:15, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

Minnesota seal
Any particular reason why Minnesota's state seal isn't shown while all other states' are? AllegedlyHuman (talk) 04:54, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Why do you include DC in the list?
The capitol is neither a state nor does its highest legislative office holder works as a governor, she is a mayor.

80.131.52.246 (talk) 03:53, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Inauguration column does not sort properly
List goes back in for and not in the correct ascending or deceasing order. I am not able to figure out how to fix this. 2601:18C:4200:4AF0:1D17:E7C2:87EA:FFBE (talk) 22:49, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Party affiliation map shows too many Democrats
I noticed that the "party affiliation" map lists Republicans (27) and Democrats (27). Should it be changed to 23 Democrats, to match the rest of the article? Or is this intentional (to include the territories)? Sxg169 (talk) 19:12, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Made the caption more specific. There seems to be some edit warring over the caption, but hopefully this solution is fine for all parties.  Sounder Bruce  21:28, 24 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
David Lowman (intelligence official)

David Daniel Lowman (1921-1999) was a National Security Agency employee, an expert witness in the case that overturned Hirabayashi v. United States, and the author of the posthumously published book MAGIC: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast during World War II.

Biography
Lowman was a career officer in the National Security Agency. In the 1970s Lowman worked on the declassification of World War II Japanese cable traffic decrypted by the Magic program. Based on his reading of those cables, he criticized the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians for its conclusion that there had been "no military necessity" in relocating Japanese-Americans into internment camps. In 1985, in a court case brought by Gordon Hirabayashi to clear his wartime conviction for refusing to report for relocation, Lowman testified that the United States government had intercepted and decrypted signal traffic from Japan directing officials in the United States to organize spy networks using Japanese-Americans as agents. The court decided in favor of Hirabayashi. Lowman died in April 1999.

Posthumous book
Lowman's book MAGIC: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast during World War II was published posthumously in 2001. Magic argued that the internment of Japanese Americans was justified based on intercepted communications that indicated a spy network operating on the American West Coast. The book was published by Lee Allen, a retired Army lieutenant colonel and activist who convinced the Smithsonian Institution to revise downward its estimates of medals and honors awarded to Japanese-American soldiers in World War II. Allen also wrote the book's foreword, in which he claimed that for Japanese-Americans during World War II, "evacuation and life under government care provided much needed relief from trials and threats they faced on the West Coast". Magic particularly criticized the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which offered reparations to surviving Japanese-American internees.

Writing for Military Review, Richard Milligan concluded that Magic "refutes the accepted history that the evacuation was solely the result of national leaders' 'racism, war hysteria and the lack of political will'". Publishers Weekly agreed that the book's discussion of decrypted Japanese communications "makes a solid case that the intelligence community's faith in its credibility contributed significantly to the government's decision" but also noted that book did not actually refute the claims of racism, digressing instead into technical details and "bitter critique of the 1988 decision to compensate the former prisoners". Jonathan Kirsch of the Los Angeles Times praised the book for being "intellectually honest enough to allow us to come to our own conclusions", particularly in its inclusion of a rebuttal from the general counsel for the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, but also suggested that "it is possible to read the MAGIC intercepts and come away with an entirely different impression of the evidence".

title: David Lowman (intelligence official)


text:
Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer

The Scaled Composites Model 311 Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer (registered N277SF) is an aircraft designed by Burt Rutan in which Steve Fossett first flew a solo nonstop airplane flight around the world in slightly more than 67 hours (2 days 19 hours) in 2005. The flight speed of 342 mph set the world record for the fastest nonstop non-refueled circumnavigation, beating the mark set by the previous Rutan-designed Voyager aircraft at 9 days 3 minutes with an average speed of 116 mph.

The aircraft was owned by the pilot Steve Fossett, sponsored by Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic airline, and built by Burt Rutan's company, Scaled Composites. The two companies subsequently worked together on Virgin Galactic.

In February 2006, Fossett flew the GlobalFlyer for the longest aircraft flight distance in history: 25766 miles.

Design and construction

The GlobalFlyer was specifically designed to make an uninterrupted (non-refueled) circumnavigation of the globe with a single pilot. Unusual for a modern civil aircraft, the GlobalFlyer has only a single jet engine.

The GlobalFlyer has twin tail booms mounted outboard of a shorter central fuselage nacelle. The pressurized cockpit is located in the front of the fuselage and provides 7 ft of space in which the pilot sits. The single turbofan engine is mounted in an unusual position above the fuselage at a point several feet behind the cockpit, a similar arrangement to that on the Heinkel He 162 and Cirrus Vision SF50. The outboard booms contain large fuel tanks and end in tail surfaces, which are not cross-connected.

The aircraft is constructed of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, the main structural member being a high-aspect-ratio single-spar wing of 114 ft span. The wings are made of high-strength composite materials with the skin of the aircraft being a graphite/epoxy and Aramid honeycomb. The use of lightweight materials permits the fuel (in 13 tanks) to compose 83% of the take-off weight.

The aircraft had an estimated lift-to-drag ratio of 37. The aerodynamic drag is so low that, even with the engine idling, the aircraft can only descend at a maximum of 700 ft/min. Twin drogue parachutes were used to slow the GlobalFlyer to landing speeds.

The earlier Voyager aircraft structure had been by necessity built so lightly that it significantly deflected under aerodynamic loading. Learning from this experience, Rutan designed the GlobalFlyer to have greater stiffness. A design using a single jet engine was chosen for the GlobalFlyer for increased reliability over piston engines and faster circumnavigation for the solo pilot.

The GlobalFlyer is designed to operate at high altitudes, where the air is colder, yet in-tank fuel heaters were not included in its design. There was some concern that the fuel might freeze if the aircraft used standard jet fuel. Therefore, the GlobalFlyer's Williams International FJ44-3 ATW turbofan (which normally takes Jet-A fuel), was re-calibrated to burn JP-4, which has a substantially lower freezing point.

First solo nonstop circumnavigation

In January 2005, following solo test flights at Mojave, California, by Chief Engineer Jon Karkow and pilot Steve Fossett, Fossett moved the GlobalFlyer to the Salina Municipal Airport in Salina, Kansas, where a recently resurfaced runway of 12,300 ft would accommodate the anticipated long takeoff roll. The circumnavigation attempt was delayed until 28 February 2005 to obtain a weather forecast with low turbulence for the fragile GlobalFlyer and good tailwinds.

Mission Control was at the Salina campus of Kansas State University, located adjacent to the Salina Municipal Airport.

A tailwind was essential to making the 36787.559 km that it needed to fly to meet the FAI’s definition of circumnavigation, the length of the Tropic of Cancer. The GlobalFlyer was designed to complete the circumnavigation with minimal reserves of fuel. As it turned out, a design flaw in the fuel venting system resulted in the loss of about 1,200 kg of fuel early in the flight. This forced Fossett and Mission Control to consider terminating the flight as it reached the Pacific Ocean near Japan. Fossett chose to delay the final decision until he reached Hawaii. By that time, favorable winds encouraged the mission team to attempt to complete the circumnavigation.

GlobalFlyer landed at Salina at 19:50 UTC (13:50 CST) on 3 March 2005, having completed its circumnavigation in 2 days, 19 hours, 1 minute and 46 seconds. , this is the fastest world trip in its class at a speed of 342. mph. The distance flown was determined to be 36912 km, only 125 km above the minimum distance required.

Longest distance aircraft flight (2006)

Fossett planned a second circumnavigation in the GlobalFlyer in 2006, this time taking off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, flying eastbound around the world then crossing the Atlantic a second time and then landing at Manston Airport in Kent, England.

The objective was to break the Absolute Distance Without Landing Record for airplanes and to exceed the longest distance by any kind of aircraft which was achieved by the Round the World Balloon flight of Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones in 1999.

On 8 February 2006 at 12:22 UTC, GlobalFlyer took off and flew eastbound from Kennedy Space Center, and landed after 76 hours, 45 minutes with an official distance of 25,766 mi.

This distance set a new record for the longest aircraft flight in history, breaking the old records of 24,987 mi in an airplane and 25,360 mi in a balloon. The landing was made at Bournemouth Airport, England (short of the planned destination at Kent), because of a generator failure at 40000 ft. Generator failure meant that Fossett had about 25 minutes until his batteries were exhausted, when he would have lost all electrical power. To add to the drama, ice on the inside of the canopy made vision difficult, with his landing being made virtually blind; one tire was flat from the takeoff roll and the remaining main tire burst on touchdown due to frozen brakes; and the fuel remaining was indicated to be only 200 lb.

The aircraft survived the landing, with minor damage including a broken aileron hinge and a jammed intake valve.

Closed-circuit distance flight and retirement

Fossett flew the GlobalFlyer to one more major aviation record: the absolute distance over a closed circuit. A closed-circuit record must take off and land at the same place, and the distance is measured over verifiable waypoints. Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager had already flown the Voyager around the world in 1986, so a longer closed circuit course was needed to break their record. Fossett started in Salina, Kansas, on March 14, 2006, and flew eastbound around the world. Upon leaving Japan, he flew south and then tracked along the Equator in order to maximize the distance while crossing the Pacific Ocean. He landed in Salina on March 17 after traversing a total of 25,294 mi to set a new absolute distance over a closed circuit record.

With this final record, the GlobalFlyer had set three of the seven absolute world records of airplanes as ratified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. The GlobalFlyer is now on permanent display at the Smithsonian Institution National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

title: Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer


text:
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is an organic peroxide with the formula [(CH3)(C2H5)C(O2H)]2O2. MEKP is a colorless oily liquid. It is widely used in vulcanization (crosslinking) of polymers.

It is derived from the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. Several products result from this reaction including a cyclic dimer. The linear dimer, the topic of this article, is the most prevalent. and this is the form that is typically quoted in the commercially available material.

Solutions of 30 to 40% MEKP are used in industry and by hobbyists as catalyst to initiate the crosslinking of unsaturated polyester resins used in fiberglass, and casting. For this application, MEKP often is dissolved in a phlegmatizer such as dimethyl phthalate, cyclohexane peroxide, or diallyl phthalate to reduce sensitivity to shock. Benzoyl peroxide can be used for the same purpose.

Safety
Whereas acetone peroxide is a white powder at STP, MEKP is slightly less sensitive to shock and temperature, and more stable in storage.

MEKP is a severe skin irritant and can cause progressive corrosive damage or blindness.

The volatile decomposition products of MEKP can contribute to the formation of vapor-phase explosions. Ensuring safe storage is important, and the maximum storage temperature should be limited to below 30 °C.

title: Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide


text: User talk:205.188.116.205

title: User talk:205.188.116.205


text:
Idaho Steelheads

The Idaho Steelheads are an American professional minor league ice hockey team based in Boise, Idaho, and a member of the ECHL. The Steelheads play in the Mountain Division of the ECHL's Western Conference since the 2016–17 season.

In 1996, the Steelheads were announced as a 1997–98 expansion team by Diamond Sports Management, headed by Cord Pereira, as a member of the West Coast Hockey League (WCHL). The Steelheads and the rest of the WCHL joined the ECHL in 2003. As of the 2022-23 season, the Steelheads are the westernmost ECHL team. During the 2003–04 season and since the 2005–06 season the Steelheads have been an affiliate of the National Hockey League's Dallas Stars. The Austin-based Texas Stars have been the Dallas Stars AHL affiliate since the 2009–10 season. Home games are played at the 5,002-seat Idaho Central Arena in downtown Boise.

The Steelheads are named for a species of seagoing rainbow trout native to Idaho streams and rivers and popular with local anglers. Despite this, the original primary and alternate logos consisted of a puck bouncing off a hockey mask and the state of Idaho respectively. When the team underwent a rebrand in the 2006–07 season, a trout was included in Idaho's alternate. After the departure of the Victoria Salmon Kings in 2011, the Steelheads made the trout logo their new primary one.

1997–2003
The Steelheads began play as part of a four-team expansion in the West Coast Hockey League in 1997, along with the Tacoma Sabercats, Phoenix Mustangs and Tucson Gila Monsters, which have all since ceased operations. Former New York Islanders defenseman Dave Langevin became Idaho's first head coach. During its inaugural season, in addition to its WCHL schedule the Steelheads played two exhibition games in Boise against the Russian Super League team CKA-Amur (now Amur Khabarovsk). The Steelheads finished third in the WCHL North Division in 1997–98, but were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Anchorage Aces (later known as the Alaska Aces).

Langevin left the team in 1998 and was replaced as head coach by former NHL goaltender Clint Malarchuk. Under Malarchuk the Steelheads were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs in 1998–99 and 1999–00.

In 2000, Malarchuk was succeeded as head coach by John Olver, who had coached the Tacoma Sabercats to the WCHL championship in 1998–99. The Steelheads reached the WCHL finals in 2000–01 and 2001–02, but were defeated by the San Diego Gulls and Fresno Falcons, respectively.

Although the Steelheads finished with the best record in the WCHL's final season in 2002–03, the Falcons eliminated them in the first round of the playoffs.

ECHL
The Idaho Steelheads have been a member of the ECHL since 2003, winning the league's Kelly Cup championship in 2004 and 2007. They are one of only five active ECHL teams to win multiple league championships, alongside the South Carolina Stingrays with three championships, and the Allen Americans, Florida Everblades and Toledo Walleye (which was then known as the Storm prior to suspending operations in 2007 to build their new arena) with two each. The defunct Alaska Aces and Hampton Roads Admirals also won three ECHL championships each.

2003–2010
In 2003, the WCHL was absorbed by the ECHL and folded. The Steelheads, along with several other WCHL-affiliated teams – namely the Alaska Aces, Bakersfield Condors, Fresno Falcons, Las Vegas Wranglers, Long Beach Ice Dogs and San Diego Gulls – became ECHL members beginning with the 2003–04 season. Idaho won the 2004 Kelly Cup in its first season in the ECHL, defeating the Florida Everblades in the Kelly Cup finals. The Steelheads were the first team to win the ECHL championship in its first year in the league since the Greensboro Monarchs won the title in the league's second season of operation (1989–90).

In 2004–05 the Steelheads were eliminated in the first round of the ECHL playoffs by the Long Beach Ice Dogs. Olver was succeeded as head coach by Derek Laxdal after the season. In 2005–06 Laxdal guided the team back to the playoffs, but they were eliminated in the second round by the Las Vegas Wranglers.

The Steelheads hosted the 2007 ECHL All-Star Game in Boise. Later that year the Steelheads won their second Kelly Cup by defeating the Stockton Thunder, Las Vegas Wranglers and Alaska Aces in the playoffs, and ultimately the Dayton Bombers in the league finals.

In the 2007–08 playoffs, Idaho was swept in the first round by eventual champions the Alaska Aces, and in the 2008–09 playoffs lost to Victoria Salmon Kings in the first round.

In 2009–10, the Steelheads clinched their first Brabham Cup (ECHL regular season title) with one week remaining in the season. They received a bye in the first round of the 2010 Kelly Cup Playoffs before sweeping the Utah Grizzlies in the conference semifinals and beating the Stockton Thunder in six games to win the National Conference championship to advance to their third Kelly Cup finals since joining the league in 2003. They met the Cincinnati Cyclones in the finals, but lost the series 4–1, with each game being decided by one goal.

2010–present
Laxdal left the team after the 2009–10 season to accept the head coaching position with the major junior Edmonton Oil Kings. Although his replacement, Hardy Sauter, led the Steelheads to a playoff series victory against Las Vegas in 2010–11, he was let go after the 2011–12 season after the Steelheads failed to crack the 75-point plateau for the first time since the team's WCHL tenure. In June 2012, the Steelheads named SPHL Augusta RiverHawks head coach Brad Ralph as Sauter's replacement.

In Ralph's first season in Idaho the Steelheads advanced to the Western Conference finals, but were defeated by the Stockton Thunder in five games. In the first round of the 2013–14 playoffs, the Steelheads defeated the Colorado Eagles in six games, culminating in a quadruple overtime victory which set a record as the longest game in ECHL history. They were eliminated in the second round by the eventual champion Alaska Aces.

In 2014–15 the Steelheads won the regular season Pacific Division title with their first 100-point season since 2009–10, but were upset in the first round of the playoffs by the Utah Grizzlies. Ralph left the Steelheads in August 2015 to take the head coaching position with the WHL Kelowna Rockets. Assistant coach and former player Neil Graham was promoted to the head coaching position several days later.

Idaho finished the 2015–16 season in second place in the West Division, although tied in points with the first place Colorado Eagles due to them having more wins. They were seeded fifth in the Western Conference for the 2016 Kelly Cup playoffs and were defeated in the conference quarterfinals by the defending champion Allen Americans, 4-games-to-3. Jefferson Dahl and Emil Molin would tie for the team lead in goals during the regular season with 22 goals. Rob Linsmayer led the team with 57 points. Philippe Desrosiers appeared in a team high 31 games in goal for the Steelheads with a 15–7–6 record with a 2.34 GAA and 2 shutouts. Idaho would finish 15th overall in attendance with an average of 4198 fans per game.

As of the end of the 2018–19 season, the Steelheads have never missed the playoffs in either the WCHL or the ECHL. When the Detroit Red Wings became eliminated from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs, the Steelheads then had the longest active playoff streak in professional hockey at twenty seasons in 2016–17. This streak ended when the Steelheads failed to make the playoffs at the end of the 2021-22 season.

In early 2019, it was confirmed that the Steelheads had been approached by the upcoming Seattle Kraken with an interest in the Steelheads becoming their American Hockey League affiliate, although the Kraken later filed for an AHL expansion team in Palm Springs, California, which came to be the Coachella Valley Firebirds.

In July 2019, head coach Neil Graham was hired as an assistant coach of the AHL affiliate Texas Stars and was replaced by Steelheads' assistant Everett Sheen. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Steelheads voluntarily suspended operations for the 2020–21 ECHL season.

Rivalries
The Steelheads' most notable rival are the Utah Grizzlies due to proximity.

The team's former rivals include the refugees of the old WCHL: the Alaska Aces, Fresno Falcons, and Bakersfield Condors. In their original markets, their common history stretched back nearly twenty years. Fresno then folded in 2008, Bakersfield relocated to become the new Norfolk Admirals in 2015, and the Alaska franchise folded in 2017 before it was sold to become the Maine Mariners.

Until their 2014 suspension of operations, the Steelheads also had a rivalry with the Las Vegas Wranglers due to their frequent playoff meetings.

Media
All Steelheads games are broadcast on AM 1350 KTIK in Boise and have been since the 1997 inception of the franchise. KTIK and the Steelheads were under the same ownership until Citadel Broadcasting's 2002 purchase of the station. SparkLight cable carries live video on channel 72. Collin Schuck is the voice of the Steelheads for all home and away games since joining the organization in 2018.

In 2021 streaming video coverage was added with the ECHL partnership with FloSports. Collin Schuck's radio play by play is blended with in house CCTV video during away games, and additional production features (such as stream only instant replay on separate feed from CCTV) for home games.

Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = Shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Records as of end of the 2023–24 ECHL season.

title: Idaho Steelheads