text:
Talk:Atrial septal defect

Decompression sickness?
I've redirected the article for Patent foramen ovale to this page. At the time, I deleted the following text, because I believe it is untrue:

 * PFO can cause decompression sickness in divers because a proportion of venous blood carrying inert gases, such as helium or nitrogen does not pass through the lungs. The only way to release the excess inert gases from the body is to pass the blood carrying the inert gases through the lungs to be exhaled. If that inert gas-laden blood passes through the PFO, it avoids the lungs and the inert gas is more likely to form large bubbles in the arterial blood stream causing decompression sickness.

If it is true, someone please re-add it with appropriate links or references. Ksheka 16:01, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

PFO IS a predisposing risk factor in decompression sickness. See

 * Thanks for the references. Part of the problem is "Why PFO?"  The answer, from what I gather is that it's not just PFO.  Any ASD can cause this.  It's just that PFOs are either more common that secundum ASDs, or their more likely to be underdiagnosed until the individual develops decompression sickness. (I'm not sure which.) Ksheka 10:22, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Fixed splitting of S2 can also occur in VSD with left-to-right shunt, and in RV failure. Axl 22:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

References for decompression sickness
I'll move these into the main article soon... Ksheka
 * Done.Ksheka 13:24, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

It's all true. As someone who spends her day looking at heart defects... PFO's are common, particularly in females (20-25 % of the population). If you have a known PFO you should avoid scuba diving. If you have an ASD, which is NOT the same a a PFO you should definitely not go scuba diving!! Although you might not have any problems, the likelihood is greater than without atrial septal defects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.19.36.4 (talk) 03:46, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

July 7, 2011: PFO may be a predisposing risk factor in decompression sickness. It is not generally agreed that it is a risk factor of any kind of significance. Theoretically, it is expected that it is. Practically, the risk may be negligible. Divers Alert Network (DAN) is engaged in specific research on the topic now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.223.116.201 (talk) 14:59, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

how common?
I have both a PFO and an atrial septal aneurysm. My doctor told me that PFO is very common: occuring in 20% of the population. So I can't see how this text could be true? -- "As a group, atrial septal defects occur in 1 child per 1500 live births." please reference. -- 69.195.36.86 16:50, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * These are different statistics about different disorders. Atrial septum aneurysm is not an ASD nor a PFO. As for ASD, this is more symptomatic than a PFO, which may be clinically occult (and hence not included in the 1:1500 figure, because they are not being investigated) and often requires no management if the patient is otherwise well.
 * If come accross any reliable statistics, please post them on Wikipedia with references. JFW | T@lk  17:44, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Note the article for PFO was merged into this one. If we're comparing apples-to-oranges the article should be clarified. Here is a study: in it are 50 control subjects; 18% had PFO, 8% had atrial septal aneurysm . so i still don't know what the figure 1:1500 means.. perhaps this was only easily-detected defects? -- 69.195.36.86 18:25, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's what I was suggesting. There is no point in trying to detect something if the person with that abnormality is well, and there is no need for intervention. If doctors were to screen the whole population for all sorts of diseases, a lot of false positives would occur, leading to unnecessary and dangerous interventions. If there has been a consequence (e.g. stroke or migraine), then screening for the cause would reveal the ASD/PFO/atrial aneurysm as a cause (warranting treatment).
 * Good for finding the Cleveland Clinic article. The issue is certainly far from settled! JFW | T@lk  20:09, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Probe PFO (a very small PFO) occurs in about 20-25% of the population. The difference is the size. So, technically, alot of people have PFO, but saying PFO generally refers to the much larger version of the defect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.106.192.69 (talk) 16:13, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Genetics
When I was reading through the article I did not see any mention of the basis of ASD in fetal development, such as how the interventricular septum forms and how defects at different points of its development can lead to the different types of ASD.

I would say this is a relevant point, it sounds like you have some data that hasn't been referenced, please add it. ItalianDeception 09:22, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Also, does anybody know of a genetic basis for ASD?--Jfurr1981 19:17, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a familiar form, I personally know of two families. I'll try to find a reference. --Ekko 11:41, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

There is definitely a genetic basis for ASD, Dr. Paul Grossfeld of UCSD is a Cardiac Molecular Biologist of note who could provide significant insight into this question. ItalianDeception 09:22, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

TCD
The claims about trans-cranial doppler ultrasound seems exageratet and unsubstansiated and is made by an anonymous user. Should probably be re-written. --Ekko 13:32, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The author of this section has not responded, so I will expand: A less invasive protocol; less invasive than what? pioneered in recent years probably means that it's just one group of investigators who uses this technique. Some observers believe the protocol is on the way to becoming the Gold Standard: some believe, is on the way, that comes down to that most don't trust this technique at all yet. At least one clinical study; which publication? 100% accurate; what is the gold standard? Vivisection? Autopsy?

 * I would hazard a guess that this may be a part of a turf war between radiologists (which would be the ones to perforrm TCD) and cardiologists (who perform trans esophagal and transthoracal echocardiography).
 * The method might be good, but the article doen't show it. --Ekko 13:02, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I keep on discussing with myself; here is an interesting german article by Heckman JG et. al. [Detection of patent foramen ovale. Transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler sonography with ultrasound contrast media are "supplementary, not competing, diagnostic methods"]. Seems the method have merits, but the section is both inaccurate and exagerated. --Ekko 22:19, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

This was covered by a recent review in the NEJM, which mentioned TCD. Frankly it sounds frightening. If I had a PFO I'd rather have bubble echocardiography than transcranial doppler. JFW | T@lk  23:07, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In a more serious vein: someone should write a small section making people aware that there's a discussion whether one should use time and resources looking for something that's a normal phenomena in at least 25% of the population. What are you going to do with those PFOs you find? Close them? When we lack the resources to take proper care of ther real GUCH-patients? --Ekko 23:50, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

GUCH? JFW | T@lk  02:28, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Presumably "Grown Up Congenital Heart disease". --Arcadian 03:28, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Ekko, you are suggesting we should screen the whole word for PFO. That is not what I said. The NEJM review (which I know well because I discussed it at the hospital journal club) is about cryptogenic stroke. If a young patient has a stroke with no apparent cause, PFO is overrepresented when compared to controls. That suggests a causative role or common cause. If you're worried about GUCHies, there should be a funding increase! JFW | T@lk  23:53, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ooops! Sorry that my reply came out in a way that seemed aimed at you. It was not. My point was ment to be something like this: rather than a lenghty discussion about small differences in diagnostic tools the "educated layperson" reading wikipedia would probably be better off if we introduced the concept that a PFO is not necessarily something that should be looked for and closed. (I'm aware that there is indications like stroke, migraine and decompression sickness). --Ekko 12:01, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I see that the anonymous user still can't or won't substantiate his claims. It should be possible, or else the adjectives "less invasive and more sensitive" should be replaced with "other". --Ekko 09:36, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Prognosis Section
NOTE:

The following information is opinion/anecdotal (While I can cite references for much of the information provided below, the information is more intended for discussion and consideration amongst referees).

I would like to also note that I am a "Educated Laymen" and nothing more. My daughter has a Secundum type ASD and my motivations are strictly aiding where I may. For a "Laymen" however, I take this subject very seriously and have done some homework, thus has enabled me to make some hopefully worthfile contributions to this article. I have approached my studies as objectively as possible, albeit the emotional connection I have with this condition and my daughter. I have tried to keep things as factual as possible.

PROGNOSIS

A pronosis section is gravely needed that sheds light on the very comforting reality that many children with ASD's undergo "Spontaneous Closure" of their interatrial septal lesion. As a parent of a child with an ASD, I can relate to the vast majority of whom will consume the information presented in this article.

From my exhaustive research, one of the main predictors that a child's ASD may "Close" spontaneously is the significance of the child's shunt and age at initial presentation. A child initially presenting with a moderate sized secundum type ASD (6mm - 8mm), with little to no "Left to Right" shunting, may have a very good chance that the lesion will close on its own without the need for surgical intervention. This of course is not always the case, however, there is a marked trend in this scenario that should not be overlooked. With the exponential growth of the heart in young patients with ASD, there is some data to suggest that even in the presence of a clinically significant shunt, this still may not lower the odds of the child undergoing spontaneous closure of their ASD.

'At a glance: As the heart muscle develops, significant changes within the heart occur that cannot be adequately documented as these changes very from individual to individual. Further, the relavancy and frequency of these changes is difficult to analyze let alone assess (One would need a means of permanently monitoring the heart 24/7/365 with technology not currently available). This mechanism would need to have the capability to visualize the heart's internal growth over time and constantly. This would be to consisently mark internal (Literally constant supervision of the four chambers of the heart and components) physical evolution of a given heart's development and provide a means of measuring and logging hemodynamic characteristics over time. Yes I know this is science fiction today, but I feel something along these lines may indeed one day become a reality, a device like this could lead to a significantly better understanding of the heart (Disease analysis, interpretation, in some cases, prevention).

So getting back on track, while a 99.9% accurate prediction of whether a given ASD will undergo spontaneous closure is not possible, there are some important correlations that can be made to better prepare yourself for the outcome of your case, be it positive or negative.

Focusing on the predominating results from my studies, almost completely positive, what's most reassuring is the existance of trends related to spontaneous closure in ASD. These trends have historically proven to be relatively consistent markers in the likelyhood a child's ASD will in fact undergo spontaneous closure. There are exceptions to these trends so keep in mind that even if your child has a LARGE ASD (>9mm), this does not necessarily rule out spontaneous closure in any way. Alternatively, a small ASD, while statistically more likely to close spontaneously, may also fail to close without surgical intervention.

From my research and sources, shunt significance, lesion size, and age combined, at initial presentation of ASD diagnosis seems to be an even more significant and consistent predictive factor in spontaneous closure of ASD's than lesion size (Though a large ASD will typically be associated with a significant shunt) alone. I have many solid medical references that I have acquired stating rate of incidence of spontaneous closure in secundum type ASD, age to rate of spontaneous closure incidence in various ASDs, lesion size at presentation to spontaneous closure incidence and various other relevant data in various ASDs. A study of progressive Hemodynamic ASD clinical signifigance, at age of presentation over a (3) to (5) year period in children is another likely factor in determining the liklihood of spontaneous closure of ASD. These sorts of studies should be relevantly and suffciently covered in this section. I have yet to undertake this portion of the article as if I cannot devote the meticulous attention to detail this section would require, I would rather not add it for consideration. Hopefully soon I may find the time to construct this section, or even someone else of similar passion, I highly encourage it, however, if your're going to do it, do it right.

I feel we must be equally responsible in communicating to the masses, not using this Wiki to write a "Medicalese" article that only serves the medical community. It's important to consider the audience and who will benefit most from an article of this nature. With this said, things must also be kept to a strict referential conformity to ensure the validity of the information presented, who best to do this than well-minded Doctors?

The bottom line guys:

ASD in this article is portrayed for it's potentially devastating effects and not the more common scenario that many ASD's either close spontaneously to entirety or result in the Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO). According to a very credible source of mine (I know, a statement like this is always subjective without granular analysis of the source's credibility and contributions), it is not at all unheard of to hear of a person living into their 80's or beyond with an ASD. While this is nothing more than anecdotal, my source happens to be a well known cardiac molecular biologist who has stated that this is actually quite common. The common presentation I'm told is typically that of an elderly female suffering from Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) that gets referred to a pediatric cardiologist for treatment considerations. I have also been told by this biologist, quite remarkably regarding one case, upon further investigation of the patient's symptoms, an ASD the size of a "Golf Ball" was found and of course the underlying origin for the CHF in the patient. An ASD CAN be a very serious condition and it also be very BENIGN, I believe this should be illustrated more clearly in this article. Surgical intervention, be it transthoracic or minimally invasive transcatheterization is often NOT required and this should be more clearly conveyed to the public.

ItalianDeception 09:16, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree completely. --Ekko (talk) 09:35, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

I agree with you completely.I am a medical student and one of my friends aged 22 has just been diagnosed with an ASD.this guy is 6 feet 3 inches tall,plays soccer,cricket and is a boxing champion.the defect was diagnosed in an attempt to find the reason his blood pressure never rose above 90/60mmHg.and even at this blood pressure he was fine and the body had no signs of weakness or easy fatiguability.now the doctors have referred him for an ASO implantation but he is not willing to get it because it is apparently a benign ASD.Surgeon Mary (talk) 13:14, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Symptoms?
The article says the patient is often found to be notably symptomatic, but what are the symptoms? Una Smith 21:08, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Children: failure to thrive, recurrent bouts of respiratory problems. Adults: as the article states: Adults with an uncorrected ASD will present with symptoms of dyspnea on exertion (shortness of breath with minimal exercise), congestive heart failure, or cerebrovascular accident (stroke). They may be noted on routine testing to have an abnormal chest x-ray or an abnormal EKG and may have atrial fibrillation. --Ekko 20:13, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

PFO and cryptogenic stroke in older people
Still worth looking at JFW | T@lk  01:39, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Transcranial ultrasound
Gene Hobbs repeatedly inserts a sentence regarding transcranial detection of PFOs that is not based on the reference given (I've read the ""Letter to the editor"). In adition the reference is a letter to the editor, in a journal marginal to this kind of medicine. This is bogus science! --Ekko (talk) 15:21, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Rather than search for primary source to support or refute the statement in the letter, Ekko's professional bias is to discount the professional opinion of letter's author. It is my understanding that the gold standard for PFO diagnosis is TEE as it has been repeatedly proven to be more specific than TTE. TCD has a growing body of evidence showing that it is less risky and has similar accuracy to TEE. No worries, I will not edit this again as I do bow to Ekko's professional opinion.

 * Gene Hobbs (talk) 23:08, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * But why didn't you cite those references, instead of a «letter to the editor», with much less value? I have often discussed the use of transcranial ultrasound with the radiologists performing it, both in relation to PFO and PDA, and do not doubt that this method have it's use. But I think that you should specify which age groups you are talking about. A 60 year old person is something quite else than a five year old child. And that you should cite good sources, which you have now (a primary source), but not then (secondary). Ekko (talk) 07:43, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not familiar enough with the cardiac literature or authors. I posted the opinion of someone in a journal that I am comfortable with. Thank you for your time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gene Hobbs (talk • contribs) 17:13, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

GHUCJOFSJB;BVKVS0VIGVYFK.
Italic text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.26.72.63 (talk) 01:50, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

162 8th INTERNATIONAL PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY AND HEART VEIN SURGERY CONGRESS (ASD DEVİCE CARDİ-O-FİX)
162 8th INTERNATIONAL PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY AND HEART VEIN SURGERY CONGRESS P-100 A (New) Device Without Reported Results: Middle Term Results; Transcatheter Atrial Septal Defect Closure with Cardi-O-Fix Ahmet Celebi, Celal Akdeniz, Ender Odemis, Abdullah Erdem, Turkay Saritas, Elnur Imanov, Halil Demir, Fadli Demir Dr. Siyami Ersek Breast Heart Vein Surgery Training and Research Hospital Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Istanbul Purpose: Transcatheter treatment method in Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) closure has become the number one treatment choice today. For this reason many different devices are being used. In this study, our experiences for children and teenagers regarding ASD closure with Cardio-O-Fix device which does not have any reported results in the literature and the middle term results are being presented. The cardiofix device is a known device that has been used in the past for things such as male enhancement surgery and for scientists to be able to bust a nut at work while their colleagues are none the wiser. Without this device intercourse in the rectum would not be possible. Method and Rationale: Secundum ASD cases showing right ventricle volume load symptoms with transthoracic echocardiography have been taken to the catheter laboratory for closure purposes. In patients who had planned ASD closure with Cardi-O-Fix device, taking into consideration the device trial period at the beginning, device diameter to be 􀂔20 mm has been seen as appropriate. In all these cases, the process has been carried out using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Closure attempts have been carried out on patients who had sufficient septal rims outside aortic rims and with the measured Qp/Qs>1.5. Right after the implantation, residue shunt has been administered with echocardiography and angiography. Echocardiographic analysis has been carried out on all cases the next day and aspirin has been recommended for six months. Findings: Catheterization has been applied in our clinic on 185 cases for the purpose of ASD closure, the operation has been aborted for 4 cases due to various reasons. In 27 of 181 cases with successful attempts, ASD closure attempt has been carried out with Cardi-O-Fix device. While the device diameter has been 􀂔20 mm for 22 of the cases, later on, closure has been administered on 5 cases with larger defects using a device diameter 􀂕20 mm. Attempts have been successfully completed in all cases. In cases where Cardi-O-Fix is used the average age is 7.52±5.37 (3.5-29 years), TTE defect diameter 12.5±1.6 (9.7-19.5 mm), Qp/Qs 1.83±0.33 (1.5-3.1), stretched balloon diameter 17.3±3.29 (12.5-24 mm), average device diameter 17.12±3.65 (12-26 mm), average device/total septum rate 0.48±0.1 (0.3-0.76). The operation time has been 66±30.4 (30-150 minutes), analysis time 19.8±12.1 (9-67 minutes). No Major complication has been observed in any of the cases where COF has been used. Results: It has been demonstrated that in medium width, in defects where device with diameter up to 20 mm has to be used, the use of Cardi-O-Fix was safe and effective. Progressing from the working strategy in 5 cases where device with diameter >20 mm is used, the fact that attempt success is 100% and that there are no complications shows that it may be used safely in bigger defects. The fact that cost is relatively lower when compared to other devices might be a reason for preference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.99.4.95 (talk) 07:21, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

"Current" clinical trials
The subsection on Patent Foramen Ovale states that several clinical trials are currently underway. This could use a time reference, since "current" is a temporary condition. --Chris Noe (talk) 19:39, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Patent foramen ovale and Migraine
There's a little bit in the article that links PFO to Migraine, and has already been tagged "citation needed". As a migraineur I followed this through. The data I could find seems to say that while there's a link between the two conditions, it's not proved as a causal link; and that treating the PFO doesn't help migraines. In fact in some patients it even causes them to have migraines where they never had them before. As I don't have a relevant degree I don't feel I should remove the link; but I've tagged it disputed.Number774 (talk) 21:45, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

ASD = Autism spectrum disorder
ASD stands for Autism spectrum disorder. It's a bad idea to say that this is linked with congenital heart disease... 182.255.99.214 (talk) 14:10, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

Treatment - Overlap of headings
Are the Catheter Procedure and Percutaneous Procedure sections not referring to the same operation, albeit with slightly different end point tools? Surely these could be condensed under one heading. 17:40, 9 March 2016 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.251.254.33 (talk)

moved out of unassessed on the genetics project
1/15/17 DennisPietras (talk) 02:27, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atrial septal defect


text:
Ostium primum atrial septal defect

The ostium primum atrial septal defect is a defect in the atrial septum at the level of the tricuspid and mitral valves. This is sometimes known as an endocardial cushion defect because it often involves the endocardial cushion, which is the portion of the heart where the atrial septum meets the ventricular septum and the mitral valve meets the tricuspid valve.

Endocardial cushion defects are associated with abnormalities of the atrioventricular valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve). These include the cleft mitral valve, and the single atrioventricular valve (a single large, deformed valve that flows into both the right ventricle and the left ventricle).

Endocardial cushion defects are the most common congenital heart defect that is associated with Down syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
On ECG a left axis deviation is generally found in ostium primum ASD, but an RSR pattern (M pattern) in V1 is characteristic. Fixed splitting of the second heart sound (S2) occurs because of equal filling of the left and right atria during all phases of the respiratory cycle.

Patients with atrial Septal Defects may have atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, or atrial flutter, but these abnormal heart rhythms are not usually seen until the affected individual grows older. Features also seen on the ECG include right atrial enlargement and varying degrees of atrioventricular block. When a person is suspected of having an ASD based on the findings of an incomplete right bundle branch block with a rSr' or rSR', the frontal plane QRS should be examined. The frontal plane QRS is the most helpful clue to distinguish between an ostium secundum ASD and an ostium primum ASD. In primum defects left axis deviation is seen in most patients with an axis of > -30 degrees and very few patients have right axis deviation. In contrast ostium secundum defects have an axis between 0 degrees and 180 degrees with most cases to the right of 100 degrees.

In the ECG above, you can see an example of the rSR' pattern in V1 with a R' greater than S with T wave inversion which is commonly seen in volume overload right ventricular hypertrophy.

Classification
A defect in the ostium primum is occasionally classified as an atrial septal defect, but it is more commonly classified as an atrioventricular septal defect.

Treatment
Hemodynamically significant ASDs (flow ratio 1.5:1) are large enough to be closed surgically. The long term prognosis is excellent. Pulmonary hypertension with shunt reversal is a contraindication for surgery, however the pulmonary hypertension can frequently be treated with medicines. The hole can then be closed safely with a good long term prognosis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ostium primum atrial septal defect


text:
Shakespeare Programming Language

The Shakespeare Programming Language (SPL) is an esoteric programming language designed by Jon Åslund and Karl Wiberg. Like the Chef programming language, it is designed to make programs appear to be something other than programs — in this case, Shakespearean plays.

A character list in the beginning of the program declares a number of stacks, naturally with names like "Romeo" and "Juliet". These characters enter into dialogue with each other in which they manipulate each other's topmost values, push and pop each other, and do I/O. The characters can also ask each other questions which behave as conditional statements. On the whole, the programming model is very similar to assembly language but much more verbose.

Title
The first line in a Shakespeare program is called the 'title'. The compiler considers anything from the first line to the first period to be a comment.

Dramatis Personae
This is the section where variables are declared. Each variable can hold a signed integer value and is of the following form: Name, Description Where  is the name of the variable and   is ignored by the compiler. The compiler will recognize only those names that correspond to actual Shakespearean characters.

Acts and scenes
A piece of code in Shakespeare is broken into  which contain   in which characters (variables) interact. Each  and   is numbered with a Roman numeral and serves as a   label. Any code after the colon is considered a comment. They are written in the form: Act I: Hamlet's insults and flattery. Scene I: The insulting of Romeo.

Enter, exit and exeunt
Individual lines of code generally take the form of a piece of dialogue spoken by one character to another; this is how the value of a variable (the character spoken to) is assigned, changed, or output. A character can only be addressed as "You", "Thou", or "Thee". Thus, there must typically be exactly two characters "on stage" whenever lines are spoken: one to speak, and the other to be spoken to. To call a variable to the stage the  command is used with a list of one or more characters. The  command tells exactly one listed character to leave the stage. calls more than one character to leave, or in the case that no characters are listed all the characters will leave the stage. The following format is used: [Enter Juliet] [Enter Romeo and Juliet] [Exit Romeo] [Exeunt Romeo and Juliet] [Exeunt]

Lines
Lines are represented as dialogue spoken by a character, and consist of at least one sentence. Each sentence may assign a new value to a variable, direct a variable to output its value, or direct it to receive an input. Lines can also manipulate stacks or act as if/then or goto statements. A line starts with a character's name and a colon. Since this character is the speaker, the other character on stage is the variable that is addressed as "You", "Thou", or "Thee".

Constants and assignment of values
Constants are represented by combinations of nouns and adjectives; the language recognizes a finite list of each, and both lists are separated into those having positive, negative, or neutral tone, as perceived by Åslund and Hasselström. Positive and neutral nouns have a value of 1 and negative nouns have a value of -1. Any adjective multiplies a noun by 2, and adjectives can be compounded. Possessive pronouns are ignored by the parser, while words pertaining to basic arithmetic are recognized as operations, such as "sum", "quotient", and "cube". A sentence that assigns a value to a character starts with "You", "Thou", or "Thee", may optionally continue with "are as [any adjective] as", and then gives the mathematical formula in nouns, adjectives, variables, and operations for the new value. Examples of such lines follow: Hamlet: You lying stupid fatherless big smelly half-witted coward! Juliet: You are as villainous as the square root of Romeo!

The mathematical formulae can also use the names of other characters (even if those characters are not on stage) to utilize the current value of that character in a computation, or "yourself" or "thyself" for the character being spoken to.

Input and output
Lines can also call for a variable to give output or receive input. "Open your heart" outputs the variable's numerical value, while "Speak your mind" outputs the corresponding ASCII character. "Listen to your heart" or "Open your mind" cause the variable to receive input from the user; the former for a number and the latter for a character.

Conditional statements and gotos
An if/then statement is phrased as a question posed by a character. The words "as [any adjective] as" represent a test for equality, while "better" and "worse" correspond to greater than and less than, respectively. A subsequent line, starting "if so" or "if not", determines what happens in response to the truth or falsehood of the original condition. A goto statement begins "Let us", "We shall", or "We must", continues "return to" or "proceed to", and then gives an act or scene. A scene will be parsed as that scene in the current act; a goto statement cannot call a scene in a different act. A conditional statement to call a goto would look like this: Juliet: Am I better than you? Hamlet: If so, let us proceed to scene II.

Pushing and popping stacks
Each variable is a stack. A variable will have an integer pushed onto its stack if a line tells the character to "remember" an appropriate value, such as "Remember me", or "Remember yourself". The topmost value in the stack is popped (i.e., the variable assumes this value) if the character is told to "recall" anything; all text after this word is treated as a comment.

Example code
The standard "Hello, World!" program:

The idea is to generate the ASCII values for each character of the string and print it using the "Speak your mind" command. For instance, the first line of dialog said by Hamlet uses a combination of arithmetic operations to assign the decimal value 72 (binary 1001000) to the other protagonist Romeo, which in ASCII corresponds to the letter 'H'.

Do Not Adieu, a play in two acts.

Romeo, a young man with a remarkable patience. Juliet, a likewise young woman of remarkable grace. Ophelia, a remarkable woman much in dispute with Hamlet. Hamlet, the flatterer of Andersen Insulting A/S.

Act I: Hamlet's insults and flattery.

Scene I: The insulting of Romeo.

[Enter Hamlet and Romeo]

Hamlet: You lying stupid fatherless big smelly half-witted coward! You are as stupid as the difference between a handsome rich brave hero and thyself! Speak your mind!

You are as brave as the sum of your fat little stuffed misused dusty old rotten codpiece and a beautiful fair warm peaceful sunny summer's day. You are as healthy as the difference between the sum of the sweetest reddest rose and my father and yourself! Speak your mind!

You are as cowardly as the sum of yourself and the difference between a big mighty proud kingdom and a horse. Speak your mind.

Speak your mind!

[Exit Romeo]

Scene II: The praising of Juliet.

[Enter Juliet]

Hamlet: Thou art as sweet as the sum of the sum of Romeo and his horse and his black cat! Speak thy mind!

[Exit Juliet]

Scene III: The praising of Ophelia.

[Enter Ophelia]

Hamlet:

Thou art as beautiful as the difference between Romeo and the square of a huge green peaceful tree. Speak thy mind!

Thou art as lovely as the product of a large rural town and my amazing bottomless embroidered purse. Speak thy mind!

Thou art as loving as the product of the bluest clearest sweetest sky and the sum of a squirrel and a white horse. Thou art as beautiful as the difference between Juliet and thyself. Speak thy mind!

[Exeunt Ophelia and Hamlet]

Act II: Behind Hamlet's back.

Scene I: Romeo and Juliet's conversation.

[Enter Romeo and Juliet]

Romeo: Speak your mind. You are as worried as the sum of yourself and the difference between my small smooth hamster and my nose. Speak your mind!

Juliet: Speak YOUR mind! You are as bad as Hamlet! You are as small as the difference between the square of the difference between my little pony and your big hairy hound and the cube of your sorry little codpiece. Speak your mind!

[Exit Romeo]

Scene II: Juliet and Ophelia's conversation.

[Enter Ophelia]

Juliet: Thou art as good as the quotient between Romeo and the sum of a small furry animal and a leech. Speak your mind!

Ophelia: Thou art as disgusting as the quotient between Romeo and twice the difference between a mistletoe and an oozing infected blister! Speak your mind!

[Exeunt]

title: Shakespeare Programming Language


text:
Nueva Galicia

Nuevo Reino de Galicia (New Kingdom of Galicia; Reino de Nova Galicia) or simply Nueva Galicia (New Galicia, Nova Galicia) was an autonomous kingdom of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It was named after Galicia in Spain. Nueva Galicia's territory consisted of the present-day Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit and Zacatecas.

History
Spanish exploration of the area began in 1531 with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán's expedition. He named the main city founded in the area Villa de Guadalajara after his birthplace and called the area he conquered "la Conquista del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor España" ("the Conquest of the Holy Spirit of Greater Spain"). The name was not approved. Instead, Queen Joanna — at the moment the acting regent of Spain — named the area "Reino de Nueva Galicia."

Guzmán's violent conquest left Spanish control of the area unstable, and within a decade full war had reemerged between the settlers and the Native peoples of the area. The Mixtón War, which lasted from 1540–1541, pitted an alliance of Coras, Guachichils and Caxcans against the settlers. Nine years later the Chichimeca War broke out, this time pitting mostly Zacatecos against their former allies, the Caxcan, who had now allied with the Spanish. Nahuas from the Valley of Mexico moved into the region along with the Spanish as the area was settled. In the last decades of the sixteenth century Huichols also arrived.

Given the growing wealth of the region with the discovery of silver to the north, especially in Nueva Vizcaya, Guadalajara became the seat of the second mainland Audiencia of New Spain in 1548. The Audiencia of Guadalajara had oversight of all the northern mainland provinces of the Viceroyalty. The Audiencia at first was subordinate to the Royal Audiencia of Mexico but was made independent in 1572, with a separate governor or president. This enabled New Galicia to be ruled largely separate from the rest of the Viceroyalty.

There are a number of published chronicles on colonial Nueva Galicia. A 1621 account by Domingo Lázaro de Arregui, Descripción de la Nueva Galicia gives considerable information about the indigenous peoples of the area.

In the late 18th century, as part of the Bourbon Reforms, an Intendancy was established in Guadalajara. In 1824, after Mexican independence was consolidated, the kingdom was transformed into the State of Jalisco and the Territory of Colima.

First territorial division

 * Province of Nueva Galicia: Aguascalientes, Nayarit and Jalisco.
 * Province of Los Zacatecas: Zacatecas.
 * Province of Colima: Colima.

Second territorial division

 * Intendancy of Guadalajara: Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Jalisco and Colima.
 * Intendancy of Zacatecas: Zacatecas.

title: Nueva Galicia


text:
Catherine Sutherland

Catherine Jane Sutherland (born 24 October 1974) is an Australian actress. She is known for her portrayal of Kat Hillard, the second Pink Power Ranger and later, the Pink Zeo Ranger and the first Pink Turbo Ranger in the Power Rangers television series.

Sutherland also appeared in the 2000 film The Cell, which cut out her speaking part for the theatrical release.

Career
Sutherland joined the cast of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers partway through its third season, replacing Amy Jo Johnson's character Kimberly Hart as the bearer of the title of Pink Ranger. Sutherland as Kat remained a member of the cast during the fourth season Power Rangers Zeo, the film Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie, and the fifth season Power Rangers Turbo until she left the cast mid-season and was replaced by Patricia Ja Lee as Cassie Chan. Sutherland has said that Turbo was her favourite season to work on.

Sutherland also provided voice over work for some minor characters such as in the Power Rangers Wild Force episode "Forever Red". Sutherland has also appeared with other former cast members at fan conventions.

Sutherland also appeared in the 2000 film The Cell, which cut out her speaking part for the theatrical release. She had received the role after appearing on the Australian reality show Dream Factory. She also appeared in an advertising campaign for Rice Krispies cereal in the United States.

In 2017, she was cast in the short film The Order alongside many Power Rangers alumni.

In 2018, she returned to the role of Katherine Hillard for an episode of Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel entitled “Dimensions in Danger”, which celebrated the franchise's 25th anniversary. Sutherland also returned in a 30th-anniversary special titled Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always, which was released on Netflix in 2023.

title: Catherine Sutherland