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Category:Comets

Comets are objects in the Solar System that exhibit a coma and/or a tail of debris pointing away from the Sun.

For the very few asteroids in this category, a 0-padded 6-digit sortkey should be created from its numerical designation. Otherwise, use its provisional designation. For example:
 * 2060 Chiron would use.

title: Category:Comets


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Category:Comic strips

A comic strip is a short strip or sequence of drawings, telling a story. Comic strips are a variety of comics.

.

__NOGALLERY__

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Comic strips


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Category talk:America

North America
I split off the Caribbean nations from Category:North America into their own Category:Caribbean countries. I think that's a more useful distinction -- America divided into four regions, not two. Besides, North America was already incomplete: it was lacking those countries listed under Category:Central American Countries. –Hajor 04:32, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Cfd 23 Aug 2005
Consensus keep, see discussion for details. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 00:52, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:America


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Smash product

In topology, a branch of mathematics, the smash product of two pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints) $(X, x_{0})$ and $(Y, y_{0})$ is the quotient of the product space $X × Y$ under the identifications $(x, y_{0}) ~ (x_{0}, y)$ for all $x$ in $X$ and $y$ in $Y$. The smash product is itself a pointed space, with basepoint being the equivalence class of $(x_{0}, y_{0}).$ The smash product is usually denoted $X ∧ Y$ or $X ⨳ Y$. The smash product depends on the choice of basepoints (unless both X and Y are homogeneous).

One can think of $X$ and $Y$ as sitting inside $X × Y$ as the subspaces $X × {y_{0}}|undefined$ and${x_{0}} × Y.|undefined$ These subspaces intersect at a single point: $(x_{0}, y_{0}),$ the basepoint of $X × Y.$ So the union of these subspaces can be identified with the wedge sum $$X \vee Y = (X \amalg Y)\;/{\sim}$$. In particular, ${x_{0}} × Y|undefined$ in $X × Y$ is identified with $Y$ in $$X \vee Y$$, ditto for $X × {y_{0}}|undefined$ and $X$. In $$X \vee Y$$, subspaces $X$ and $Y$ intersect in the single point $$x_0 \sim y_0$$. The smash product is then the quotient
 * $$X \wedge Y = (X \times Y) / (X \vee Y).$$

The smash product shows up in homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology. In homotopy theory, one often works with a different category of spaces than the category of all topological spaces. In some of these categories the definition of the smash product must be modified slightly. For example, the smash product of two CW complexes is a CW complex if one uses the product of CW complexes in the definition rather than the product topology. Similar modifications are necessary in other categories.

Examples

 * The smash product of any pointed space X with a 0-sphere (a discrete space with two points) is homeomorphic to X.
 * The smash product of two circles is a quotient of the torus homeomorphic to the 2-sphere.
 * More generally, the smash product of two spheres Sm and Sn is homeomorphic to the sphere Sm+n.
 * The smash product of a space X with a circle is homeomorphic to the reduced suspension of X: $$ \Sigma X \cong X \wedge S^1. $$
 * The k-fold iterated reduced suspension of X is homeomorphic to the smash product of X and a k-sphere $$ \Sigma^k X \cong X \wedge S^k. $$
 * In domain theory, taking the product of two domains (so that the product is strict on its arguments).

As a symmetric monoidal product
For any pointed spaces X, Y, and Z in an appropriate "convenient" category (e.g., that of compactly generated spaces), there are natural (basepoint preserving) homeomorphisms
 * $$\begin{align}

X \wedge Y &\cong Y\wedge X, \\ (X\wedge Y)\wedge Z &\cong X \wedge (Y\wedge Z). \end{align}$$ However, for the naive category of pointed spaces, this fails, as shown by the counterexample $$X=Y=\mathbb{Q}$$ and $$Z=\mathbb{N}$$ found by Dieter Puppe. A proof due to Kathleen Lewis that Puppe's counterexample is indeed a counterexample can be found in the book of Johann Sigurdsson and J. Peter May.

These isomorphisms make the appropriate category of pointed spaces into a symmetric monoidal category with the smash product as the monoidal product and the pointed 0-sphere (a two-point discrete space) as the unit object. One can therefore think of the smash product as a kind of tensor product in an appropriate category of pointed spaces.

Adjoint relationship
Adjoint functors make the analogy between the tensor product and the smash product more precise. In the category of R-modules over a commutative ring R, the tensor functor $$(- \otimes_R A)$$ is left adjoint to the internal Hom functor $$\mathrm{Hom}(A,-)$$, so that
 * $$\mathrm{Hom}(X\otimes A,Y) \cong \mathrm{Hom}(X,\mathrm{Hom}(A,Y)).$$

In the category of pointed spaces, the smash product plays the role of the tensor product in this formula: if $$A, X$$ are compact Hausdorff then we have an adjunction
 * $$\mathrm{Maps_*}(X\wedge A,Y) \cong \mathrm{Maps_*}(X,\mathrm{Maps_*}(A,Y))$$

where $$\operatorname{Maps_*}$$ denotes continuous maps that send basepoint to basepoint, and $$\mathrm{Maps_*}(A,Y)$$ carries the compact-open topology.

In particular, taking $$A$$ to be the unit circle $$S^1$$, we see that the reduced suspension functor $$\Sigma$$ is left adjoint to the loop space functor $$\Omega$$:
 * $$\mathrm{Maps_*}(\Sigma X,Y) \cong \mathrm{Maps_*}(X,\Omega Y).$$

title: Smash product


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User talk:Sacquebout

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Sacquebout


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Pieter-Dirk Uys

Pieter-Dirk Uys (born 28 September 1945) is a South African performer, author, satirist, and social activist. One of his best known roles is as Evita Bezuidenhout, an Afrikaner socialite.

Background and early life
Uys was born in Cape Town on 28 September 1945, to Hannes Uys, a Calvinist Afrikaner father, and Helga Bassel, a Berlin-born Jewish mother. Hannes Uys, a fourth-generation South African of Dutch and Belgian Huguenot stock, was a musician and organist in his local church. Bassel was a German concert pianist, whom the Nazis expelled from the Reichsmusikkammer in 1935 as part of their campaign to root out Jewish artists. She later escaped to South Africa and managed to take her grand piano with her, with which she taught her daughter, Tessa Uys (b. 1948), now a concert pianist based in London. Bassel spoke little about her Jewish past to her children. It was only after her suicide that they discovered she was Jewish. Uys and his sister had an NG Kerk upbringing and their mother encouraged them to embrace Afrikaner culture.

Career
Uys received a B.A. from the University of Cape Town where he began his dramatic career as an actor under the tutelage of Rosalie van der Gught, Mavis Taylor and Robert Mohr, among others. His performances at this time included roles in Little Malcolm and His Struggle Against the Eunuchs, The Fantasticks, and Once Upon a Mattress. He later went on to study at the London Film School during the early 1970s. It was in one of his student films, an advertisement for milk, that he performed in drag for the first time (as a milkmaid). He then began a period in his dramatic career as a serious playwright. Several of his plays were performed at the Space Theatre, Cape Town, and his 1979 play Paradise is Closing Down was performed in London, at the Edinburgh Festival (co-produced by William Burdett-Coutts), and later produced for Granada Television in 1981. He subsequently switched to performing one-man revues at the height of the Apartheid era.

Uys is particularly well known for his character Evita Bezuidenhout (also known as Tannie Evita, Afrikaans for "Auntie Evita"), a white Afrikaner socialite and self-proclaimed political activist. The character was inspired by Australian comedian Barry Humphries's character Dame Edna Everage. Evita is the former ambassadress of Bapetikosweti – a fictitious Bantustan or black homeland located outside her home in the affluent, formerly whites-only suburbs of Johannesburg. Evita Bezuidenhout is named in honour of Eva Perón. Under Apartheid, Uys used the medium of humour and comedy to criticise and expose the absurdity of the South African government's racial policies. Much of his work was not censored, indicating a tacit approval of his views by many members of the ruling party, who were not so bold as to openly admit mistakes and criticise the policies themselves. For many years Uys lampooned the South African regime and its leaders, as well as the sometimes hypocritical attitudes of white liberals. One of his characters, a kugel (social climbing Jewish woman) once said, "There are two things wrong with South Africa: one's apartheid and the other's black people". This was later erroneously attributed to Uys himself.

Following South Africa's first non-racial elections in 1994, Uys starred in a TV series, Funigalore, in which Evita interviewed Nelson Mandela and other prominent politicians of the day. In the theatre, Uys/Evita's performances include You ANC Nothing Yet. He and his character are known for their tireless work in the frontline of HIV/AIDS activism and education. He is currently involved in teaching AIDS awareness to children and education in the use of condoms, travelling to schools all over South Africa to spread the message of safe, responsible sex. Uys also serves on the board of directors for the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, a non-profit organisation founded to provide treatment for and conduct research relating to HIV. Uys converted the old, disused railway station at Darling, where he lives, into a cabaret venue called Evita se Perron (Perron is Afrikaans for station platform) and performs there regularly. During 2004, Pieter-Dirk Uys took part in a Carte Blanche story, dealing with genetics and unlocking the mysteries of race and ethnicity, entitled "So, Where Do We Come From?". Uys discovered that he has Central African heritage from his mother's side. Uys received the Special Teddy Award 2011 at the Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale) for his commitment to AIDS education at South African schools and for his on-stage alter ego, Evita Bezuidenhout. An independent jury presents the Teddy Award to individuals for lifetime achievements for films with LGBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender) topics.

Awards and honours

 * The 2011 TMSA Naledi Lifetime Achiever Award
 * Special Teddy Award at the Berlin International Film Festival (Berlinale) 2011
 * Reconciliation Award in 2001
 * Mrs Evita Bezuidenhout was awarded the Living Legacy 2000 Award in San Diego
 * The lifetime achievement award from the Cape Tercentenary Foundation
 * Doctor honoris causa from
 * Rhodes University: D.Litt. (Hon.), 1997
 * University of Cape Town: D.Litt. for distinguished, socially-responsible creative work in 2003
 * University of the Western Cape: D.Ed. (Hon.), 2003
 * 2018 Hertzog Prize for drama

Books

 * Farce about Uys : A Legal Assembly in Two Riotous Acts (1983) Jonathan Ball and Ad. Donker Publishers ISBN 0-86850-077-1
 * Selle ou storie: A play (1983) Ad. Donker, Johannesburg ISBN 0-86852-027-6
 * Paradise Is Closing Down and Other Plays (1989) Penguin Books Ltd ISBN 0-14-048228-8
 * Funigalore: Evita's Real-Life Adventures in Wonderland (1995) The Penguin Group (SA) Pty Ltd ISBN 0-14-025313-0
 * The Essential Evita Bezuidenhout (1997) David Philip Publishers, Cape Town ISBN 0-86486-349-7
 * A Part Hate a Part Love: The Legend of Evita Bezuidenhout (1994) Hond, Groenkloof ISBN 1-874969-08-6
 * No space on Long Street ; Marshrose : two plays (2000) ComPress, Cape Town ISBN 978-1-919-83310-1
 * Trekking to Teema (2001) Compress, Cape Town ISBN 1-919833-10-2
 * Elections & Erections: A Memoir of Fear and Fun (2003) Zebra Press, Cape Town ISBN 1-86872-665-7

Films and documentaries

 * Skating on thin Uys, a 1985 comedy lampooning P.W. Botha
 * Going Down Gorgeous, (1998-2000) an SABC comedy about post-apartheid South Africa.
 * Darling! The Pieter–Dirk Uys Story, a 2007 documentary by Julian Shaw
 * How to make Rooibos Rusks with Evita Bezuidenhout, a 2016 YouTube by SuzelleDIY

title: Pieter-Dirk Uys


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Volume rendering

In scientific visualization and computer graphics, volume rendering is a set of techniques used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set, typically a 3D scalar field.

A typical 3D data set is a group of 2D slice images acquired by a CT, MRI, or MicroCT scanner. Usually these are acquired in a regular pattern (e.g., one slice for each millimeter of depth) and usually have a regular number of image pixels in a regular pattern. This is an example of a regular volumetric grid, with each volume element, or voxel represented by a single value that is obtained by sampling the immediate area surrounding the voxel.

To render a 2D projection of the 3D data set, one first needs to define a camera in space relative to the volume. Also, one needs to define the opacity and color of every voxel. This is usually defined using an RGBA (for red, green, blue, alpha) transfer function that defines the RGBA value for every possible voxel value.

For example, a volume may be viewed by extracting isosurfaces (surfaces of equal values) from the volume and rendering them as polygonal meshes or by rendering the volume directly as a block of data. The marching cubes algorithm is a common technique for extracting an isosurface from volume data. Direct volume rendering is a computationally intensive task that may be performed in several ways.

Another method of volume rendering is Ray marching.

Scope
Volume rendering is distinguished from thin slice tomography presentations, and is also generally distinguished from projections of 3D models, including maximum intensity projection. Still, technically, all volume renderings become projections when viewed on a 2-dimensional display, making the distinction between projections and volume renderings a bit vague. Nevertheless, the epitomes of volume rendering models feature a mix of for example coloring and shading in order to create realistic and/or observable representations.

Direct volume rendering
A direct volume renderer requires every sample value to be mapped to opacity and a color. This is done with a "transfer function" which can be a simple ramp, a piecewise linear function or an arbitrary table. Once converted to an RGBA color model (for red, green, blue, alpha) value, the composed RGBA result is projected on the corresponding pixel of the frame buffer. The way this is done depends on the rendering technique.

A combination of these techniques is possible. For instance, a shear warp implementation could use texturing hardware to draw the aligned slices in the off-screen buffer.

Volume ray casting
The technique of volume ray casting can be derived directly from the rendering equation. It provides results of very high quality, usually considered to provide the best image quality. Volume ray casting is classified as image based volume rendering technique, as the computation emanates from the output image, not the input volume data as is the case with object based techniques. In this technique, a ray is generated for each desired image pixel. Using a simple camera model, the ray starts at the center of projection of the camera (usually the eye point) and passes through the image pixel on the imaginary image plane floating in between the camera and the volume to be rendered. The ray is clipped by the boundaries of the volume in order to save time. Then the ray is sampled at regular or adaptive intervals throughout the volume. The data is interpolated at each sample point, the transfer function applied to form an RGBA sample, the sample is composited onto the accumulated RGBA of the ray, and the process repeated until the ray exits the volume. The RGBA color is converted to an RGB color and deposited in the corresponding image pixel. The process is repeated for every pixel on the screen to form the completed image.

Splatting
This is a technique which trades quality for speed. Here, every volume element is splatted, as Lee Westover said, like a snow ball, on to the viewing surface in back to front order. These splats are rendered as disks whose properties (color and transparency) vary diametrically in normal (Gaussian) manner. Flat disks and those with other kinds of property distribution are also used depending on the application.

Shear warp

The shear warp approach to volume rendering was developed by Cameron and Undrill, popularized by Philippe Lacroute and Marc Levoy. In this technique, the viewing transformation is transformed such that the nearest face of the volume becomes axis aligned with an off-screen image data buffer with a fixed scale of voxels to pixels. The volume is then rendered into this buffer using the far more favorable memory alignment and fixed scaling and blending factors. Once all slices of the volume have been rendered, the buffer is then warped into the desired orientation and scaled in the displayed image.

This technique is relatively fast in software at the cost of less accurate sampling and potentially worse image quality compared to ray casting. There is memory overhead for storing multiple copies of the volume, for the ability to have near axis aligned volumes. This overhead can be mitigated using run length encoding.

Texture-based volume rendering
Many 3D graphics systems use texture mapping to apply images, or textures, to geometric objects. Commodity PC graphics cards are fast at texturing and can efficiently render slices of a 3D volume, with real time interaction capabilities. Workstation GPUs are even faster, and are the basis for much of the production volume visualization used in medical imaging, oil and gas, and other markets (2007). In earlier years, dedicated 3D texture mapping systems were used on graphics systems such as Silicon Graphics InfiniteReality, HP Visualize FX graphics accelerator, and others. This technique was first described by Bill Hibbard and Dave Santek.

These slices can either be aligned with the volume and rendered at an angle to the viewer, or aligned with the viewing plane and sampled from unaligned slices through the volume. Graphics hardware support for 3D textures is needed for the second technique.

Volume aligned texturing produces images of reasonable quality, though there is often a noticeable transition when the volume is rotated.

Hardware-accelerated volume rendering
Due to the extremely parallel nature of direct volume rendering, special purpose volume rendering hardware was a rich research topic before GPU volume rendering became fast enough. The most widely cited technology was the VolumePro real-time ray-casting system, developed by Hanspeter Pfister and scientists at Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, which used high memory bandwidth and brute force to render using the ray casting algorithm. The technology was transferred to TeraRecon, Inc. and two generations of ASICs were produced and sold. The VP1000 was released in 2002 and the VP2000 in 2007.

A recently exploited technique to accelerate traditional volume rendering algorithms such as ray-casting is the use of modern graphics cards. Starting with the programmable pixel shaders, people recognized the power of parallel operations on multiple pixels and began to perform general-purpose computing on (the) graphics processing units (GPGPU). The pixel shaders are able to read and write randomly from video memory and perform some basic mathematical and logical calculations. These SIMD processors were used to perform general calculations such as rendering polygons and signal processing. In recent GPU generations, the pixel shaders now are able to function as MIMD processors (now able to independently branch) utilizing up to 1 GB of texture memory with floating point formats. With such power, virtually any algorithm with steps that can be performed in parallel, such as volume ray casting or tomographic reconstruction, can be performed with tremendous acceleration. The programmable pixel shaders can be used to simulate variations in the characteristics of lighting, shadow, reflection, emissive color and so forth. Such simulations can be written using high level shading languages.

Optimization techniques
The primary goal of optimization is to skip as much of the volume as possible. A typical medical data set can be 1 GB in size. To render that at 30 frame/s requires an extremely fast memory bus. Skipping voxels means less information needs to be processed.

Empty space skipping
Often, a volume rendering system will have a system for identifying regions of the volume containing no visible material. This information can be used to avoid rendering these transparent regions.

Early ray termination
This is a technique used when the volume is rendered in front to back order. For a ray through a pixel, once sufficient dense material has been encountered, further samples will make no significant contribution to the pixel and so may be neglected.

Octree and BSP space subdivision
The use of hierarchical structures such as octree and BSP-tree could be very helpful for both compression of volume data and speed optimization of volumetric ray casting process.

Volume segmentation
Image segmentation is a manual or automatic procedure that can be used to section out large portions of the volume that one considers uninteresting before rendering, the amount of calculations that have to be made by ray casting or texture blending can be significantly reduced. This reduction can be as much as from O(n) to O(log n) for n sequentially indexed voxels. Volume segmentation also has significant performance benefits for other ray tracing algorithms. Volume segmentation can subsequently be used to highlight or expose structures of interest.

Multiple and adaptive resolution representation
By representing less interesting regions of the volume in a coarser resolution, the data input overhead can be reduced. On closer observation, the data in these regions can be populated either by reading from memory or disk, or by interpolation. The coarser resolution volume is resampled to a smaller size in the same way as a 2D mipmap image is created from the original. These smaller volume are also used by themselves while rotating the volume to a new orientation.

Pre-integrated volume rendering
Pre-integrated volume rendering is a method that can reduce sampling artifacts by pre-computing much of the required data. It is especially useful in hardware-accelerated applications because it improves quality without a large performance impact. Unlike most other optimizations, this does not skip voxels. Rather it reduces the number of samples needed to accurately display a region of voxels. The idea is to render the intervals between the samples instead of the samples themselves. This technique captures rapidly changing material, for example the transition from muscle to bone with much less computation.

Image-based meshing
Image-based meshing is the automated process of creating computer models from 3D image data (such as MRI, CT, Industrial CT or microtomography) for computational analysis and design, e.g. CAD, CFD, and FEA.

Temporal reuse of voxels
For a complete display view, only one voxel per pixel (the front one) is required to be shown (although more can be used for smoothing the image), if animation is needed, the front voxels to be shown can be cached and their location relative to the camera can be recalculated as it moves. Where display voxels become too far apart to cover all the pixels, new front voxels can be found by ray casting or similar, and where two voxels are in one pixel, the front one can be kept.

List of related software

 * Open source
 * 3D Slicer – a software package for scientific visualization and image analysis
 * ClearVolume – a GPU ray-casting based, live 3D visualization library designed for high-end volumetric light sheet microscopes.
 * ParaView – a cross-platform, large data analysis and visualization application. ParaView users can quickly build visualizations to analyze their data using qualitative and quantitative techniques. ParaView is built on VTK (below).
 * Studierfenster (StudierFenster) – a free, non-commercial Open Science client/server-based Medical Imaging Processing (MIP) online framework.
 * Vaa3D – a 3D, 4D and 5D volume rendering and image analysis platform for gigabytes and terabytes of large images (based on OpenGL) especially in the microscopy image field. Also cross-platform with Mac, Windows, and Linux versions. Include a comprehensive plugin interface and 100 plugins for image analysis. Also render multiple types of surface objects.
 * VisIt – a cross-platform interactive parallel visualization and graphical analysis tool for viewing scientific data.
 * Volume cartography – an open source software used in recovering the En-Gedi Scroll.
 * Voreen – a cross-platform rapid application development framework for the interactive visualization and analysis of multi-modal volumetric data sets. It provides GPU-based volume rendering and data analysis techniques
 * VTK – a general-purpose C++ toolkit for data processing, visualization, 3D interaction, computational geometry, with Python and Java bindings. Also, VTK.js provides a JavaScript implementation.

 * Commercial
 * Amira – a 3D visualization and analysis software for scientists and researchers (in life sciences and biomedical)
 * Imaris – a scientific software module that delivers all the necessary functionality for data management, visualization, analysis, segmentation and interpretation of 3D and 4D microscopy datasets
 * MeVisLab – cross-platform software for medical image processing and visualization (based on OpenGL and Open Inventor)
 * Open Inventor – a high-level 3D API for 3D graphics software development (C++, .NET, Java)
 * ScanIP – an image processing and image-based meshing platform that can render scan data (MRI, CT, Micro-CT...) in 3D directly after import.
 * tomviz – a 3D visualization platform for scientists and researchers that can utilize Python scripts for advanced 3D data processing.
 * VoluMedic – a volume slicing and rendering software

title: Volume rendering


text:
Category talk:Algebra

Algebra category vs. Abstract algebra
'What is to the be the distinction between what we put here and what we put in "Category:Abstract algebra"?'

 * I suppose if the topic deals with something abstractly enough, you'd put it in Abstract algebra. If you read Abstract algebra, it may give you a guideline too. Dysprosia 22:30, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstract algebra isn't just different algebra, it's something that resembles algebra but it isn't really. It resembles algebra because both use strictly enforced rules to transform one expression into another, and the expressions have symbols representing variables, perhaps constants, and operations on their values. But the variables and operations in an abstract algebra aren't necessarily numeric, and therefor the rules for manipulating expressions are accordingly different. Examples: A Boolean algebra has variables having either the value "true" or "false", the operations include "and", "or" and "not", and the rules include De Morgan's laws. Permutation groups are an abstract algebra that isn't commutative. Applications: Scientists and engineers depend on algebra, but abstract algebra is used mainly to employ professors and justify research grants. Exceptions: Rubik's cube (but that's a game), quarks (but only to describe the symmetry), and computer programmers (who really can use De Morgan's laws). Art LaPella 17:07, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstract algebra is not high school algebra instead it is analysis of abstract systems. I can use it in a lot of ways. I could it in geometry. There are all of kinds of ways.http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Algebra.htmlTimothy Clemans 20:25, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstract algebra is a flavor of algebra. Mathematicians consider "algebra" to include many kinds of algebra, some of which are more abstract and some less.  I find the current separate categorization into "Algebra" and "Abstract algebra" confusing and unsystematic.   Why is algebraic geometry in the category "Algebra" but algebraic number theory in "Abstract algebra"?  There are many such questions.  Suggestion: Either get systematic, or put all "Abstract algebra" articles into the category "Algebra". Zaslav 12:34, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

maths
what is the one thousant prime number? the one thousanth prime number is 1

find the rational roots of 3x^3+2x^2+x+1=0 Italic text — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.244.255.62 (talk) 11:47, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Algebra


text:
Man in Gray

Man in Gray was a noise rock band based in Brooklyn/New York City. Their debut EP, entitled No Day/No Night, received critical praise with much of the attention centered on the track titled "Incommunicado," which was listed by Village Voice music editor Chuck Eddy in the publication's annual critics poll. Their next effort was a split 7-inch EP with fellow New York band and Serious Business Records label-mate the Unsacred Hearts.

Discography

 * No Day/No Night (2004, EP - Serious Business Records)
 * Man In Gray/Unsacred Hearts Split 7-inch w/ Unsacred Hearts (2005, EP - Serious Business Records)
 * I Can't Sleep Unless I Hear You Breathing (2007, LP - Serious Business Records)

title: Man in Gray


text: Wikipedia talk:Tutorial (historical)/Wikipedia links/sandbox


text: User talk:69.58.12.206

title: User talk:69.58.12.206


text:
Virginius Affair

The Virginius Affair was a diplomatic dispute that occurred from October 1873 to February 1875 between the United States, Great Britain, and Spain (then in control of Cuba) during the Ten Years' War. Virginius was a fast American ship hired by Cuban insurrectionists to land men and munitions in Cuba to attack the Spanish regime there. It was captured by the Spanish, who wanted to try the men onboard (many of whom were American and British citizens) as pirates and execute them. The Spanish executed 53 men but stopped when the British government intervened.

Throughout the ordeal, there was loose talk that the US might declare war on Spain. During the lengthy negotiations, the Spanish government underwent several leadership changes. US consul Caleb Cushing ended the episode by negotiating $80,000 in reparations to be paid to the families of the executed Americans. The Spanish government compensated British families through negotiation before American compensation. The incident was remarkable for the use of international diplomacy for a peaceful settlement implemented by US Secretary of State Hamilton Fish rather than opting for a costly war between the United States and Spain. The Virginius Affair started a resurgence in the US Navy in the late 19th century. Until then its fleet had been inferior to the warships of Spain.

Ten Years' War
After the American Civil War, the island country of Cuba under Spanish rule was one of the few Western Hemisphere countries where slavery remained legal and was widely practiced. On October 10, 1868, a revolution broke out, known as the Ten Years' War, by Cuban landowners, led by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. The Spanish, led initially by Francisco Lersundi, used the military to suppress the rebellion. In 1870, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish persuaded President Grant not to recognize Cuban belligerency, and the United States maintained an unstable peace with Spain.

As the Cuban war continued, an international patriotic insurgency began to arise in support of the Cuban rebellion; war bonds were sold in the US to support the Cuban resistance. One of the US Cuban patriots was John F. Patterson, who bought a former Confederate steamer, Virgin, at the Washington Navy Yard, renaming her Virginius. The legality of Patterson's purchase of Virginius would later come to national and international attention. The Cuban rebellion ended in an 1878 armistice after Spanish general Arsenio Martínez-Campos pardoned all Cuban rebels.

Virginius
Virginius was a small, high-speed side-wheel steamer built to serve as a blockade runner between Havana and Mobile, Alabama, for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Originally built as Virgin by Aitken & Mansel of Whiteinch, Glasgow in 1864, she became a prize of the United States when captured on April 12, 1865. In August 1870, Virginius was purchased by an American, John F. Patterson, acting secretly as an agent for Cuban insurgent Manuel Quesada and two US citizens, Marshall O. Roberts and J.K. Roberts. The ship was originally captained by Francis Sheppherd. Both Patterson and Shepphard immediately registered the ship in the New York Custom House, having paid $2,000 to be bonded. However, no sureties were listed. Patterson took a required oath attesting that he was the sole owner of Virginius. The secret purpose of purchasing Virginius was to transport men, munitions, and supplies to aid the Cuban rebellion. For three years, the ship aided the Cuban rebellion; it was protected by US naval ships, including USS Kansas (1863) and USS Canandaigua (1862). The Spanish said that it was an outlaw ship and aggressively sought to capture it.

Capture, trial, and executions
Captain Joseph Fry was made the new captain of Virginius in October 1873. Fry had served in the US Navy for 15 years before joining the Confederacy during the Civil War. Fry was promoted to commodore in the Confederate Navy. However, after that position disappeared after the U.S. victory in 1865, Fry was underemployed. In 1873 he took the job as captain of Virginius. Virginius, moored in Kingston, Jamaica by this time, needed repair, and the boilers were breaking down. As most of the previous crew had deserted, Fry recruited a new crew of 52 American and British men. Many were inexperienced and did not understand that Virginius was supporting the Cuban rebellion. Three were very young recruits, no older than 13 years of age. Virginius took on 103 native Cuban soldiers that arrived on board a New York steamer. The US Consul at Kingston, Thomas H. Pearne, had warned Fry that he would be shot if captured. However, Fry did not believe the Spanish would shoot a blockade runner. In mid-October, Captain Fry, accompanied by the four principal Cuban patriots, Pedro de Céspedes (brother of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes), Bernabé Varona, Jesús del Sol, and William A.C. Ryan, took Virginius to Haiti and loaded the ship with munitions. On October 30, Virginius sailed to Comito to pick up more weapons and then, on the same day, started toward Cuba. The Spanish had been warned when Virginius left Jamaica and sent out the warship SPANISH CORVETTE Tornado to capture the vessel.

On October 30, 1873 Tornado spotted Virginius on open water 6 mi from Cuba and gave chase. Virginius was heavily weighted, and the stress from the boilers caused the ship to take on water, significantly slowing any progress. As the chase continued, Tornado, a fast warship, fired on Virginius several times, damaging the top deck. Captain Fry surrendered Virginius, knowing that his ship's overworked boilers and leaking hull could not outrun Tornado on the open sea. The Spanish quickly boarded and secured the ship, taking the entire crew prisoner and sailing the ship to Santiago de Cuba.

The Spanish immediately ordered the entire crew to be put on trial as pirates. The entire Virginius crew, both American and British citizens, as well as the Cuban patriots, were found guilty by a court martial and were sentenced to death. The Spanish ignored the protest of the US vice-consul, who attempted to give American citizens legal aid. On November 4, 1873, the four principal Cuban patriots who accompanied Fry were executed by a firing squad without trial since he had already been condemned as a pirate. After the executions, the British vice-consul at Santiago, concerned that one of the patriots killed, George Washington Ryan, claimed British citizenship, wired Jamaica to receive aid from the Royal Navy to stop further executions. Hearing news of the ship's capture and the executions, Altamont de Cordova, a Jamaican resident, was able to get British Commodore A.F.R. de Horsey to send the sloop HMS Niobe (1866) under Sir Lambton Loraine, 11th Baronet to Santiago to stop further executions. On November 7, an additional 37 crew members, including Captain Fry, were executed by firing squad. The Spanish soldiers decapitated them and trampled their bodies with horses. On November 8, twelve more crew members were executed until finally, both the USS Wyoming, under the command of Civil War Naval hero Will Cushing, and HMS Niobe reached Santiago. The carnage stopped on the same day that Cushing (and possibly the British Captain Lorraine) threatened local commander Juan N. Burriel that he would bombard Santiago if there were any more executions. 53 were executed at Santiago under Burriel's authority. On a lighter note in the midst of the carnage, in an interview that Burriel requested with Sir Lambton Lorraine, he attempted to shake hands with the English captain, who stood straight and exclaimed, "I will not shake hands with a butcher".

US public reaction
The initial press reaction to the capture of Virginius was conservative, but as news of executions poured into the nation, certain newspapers became more aggressive in promoting Cuban intervention and war. The New York Times stated that if the executions of Americans from Virginius were illegal, war needed to be declared. The New York Tribune asserted that actions of Burriel and the Cuban Volunteers necessitated "the death knell of Spanish power in America." The New York Herald demanded Secretary Hamilton Fish's resignation and the recognition by the US of the Cuban belligerency. The National Republican, believing the threat of war with Spain to be imminent, encouraged the sale of Cuban bonds. The American public considered the executions a national insult and rallied for intervention. Protest rallies took place across the nation in New Orleans, St. Louis, and Georgia, encouraging intervention in Cuba and vengeance on Spain.

The British Minister to the United States, Sir Edward Thornton, believed the American public was ready for war with Spain. A large rally in New York's Steinway Hall on November 17, 1873, led by future Secretary of State William Evarts, took a moderate position, and the meeting adopted a resolution that war would be necessary, yet regrettable, if Spain chose to "consider our defense against savage butchery as a cause of war...."

Hamilton Fish and State Department
On Wednesday, November 5, 1873, the first news from the US Consul-General in Havana, Henry C. Hall, informed the US State Department that Virginius had been captured. There was no knowledge that four mercenaries had already been killed; Secretary of State Hamilton Fish believed the Virginius was just another ship captured aiding the Cuban rebellion. On November 7, Cuba headed the agenda of US President Ulysses S. Grant's Cabinet meeting as news came in of the deaths of Ryan and three other mercenaries. The Cabinet agreed that the executions would be "regarded as an inhuman act not in accordance with the spirit of the civilization of the nineteenth century." On November 8, Fish met with Spanish minister Don José Polo de Bernabé and discussed the legality of the capture of Virginius.

On November 11, Grant's Cabinet decided that war with Spain was not desirable, but Cuban intervention was possible. On November 12, five days after the event, Fish received the devastating news that 37 crew members of Virginius had been executed. Fish ordered US Minister to Spain Daniel Sickles to protest the executions and demand reparations for any persons considered US citizens who were killed. On November 13, Fish formally protested to Polo and stated that the US had a free hand on Cuba and the Virginius Affair. On November 14, Grant's cabinet agreed that if US reparation demands were not met, the Spanish legation would be closed. An exaggerated report came into the White House that more crew members had been shot. In reality, twelve crew members had been executed. On November 15, Polo visited Fish and stated that Virginius was a pirate ship and that her crew had been a hostile threat to Cuba. Fish, although doubtful of the legality of the ship's US ownership, was determined to advocate the nation's honor in demanding reparations from Spain.

On the same day, a cable from Fish arrived in Spain for Sickles demanding the return of Virginius to the US, the release of the crew that had escaped execution, a salute from Spain to the US flag, punishment for the perpetrators, and reparations for families. Negotiations in Spain between Sickles and Minister of State José de Carvajal became heated, and progress towards a settlement became unlikely. The Spanish press openly attacked Sickles, the US, and Britain, intending to promote war between the three countries. As the Sickles-Carvajal negotiations broke down, President Emilio Castelar decided to settle the Virginius matter through Fish and Polo in Washington.

On Thanksgiving Day, November 27, Polo proposed to Fish that Spain would give up the Virginius and the remaining crew if the US would investigate the legal status of its ownership. Both Fish and Grant agreed to Polo's offer and that the Spanish salute to the US flag would be dispensed with if Virginius was found not to have legal US private citizen ownership. On November 28, Polo and Fish met at the State Department and signed a formal agreement that included the return of Virginius and crew and an investigation by both governments of the legal ownership of Virginius and any crimes committed by the Spanish Volunteers.

The threat of war between the two countries had been averted through negotiations, but the time and place of the surrender of the Virginius and the remaining crew remained undetermined for several days. On December 5, Fish and Polo signed an agreement that Virginius, with the US flag flying, would be turned over to the US Navy on December 16 at the port of Bahía Honda. Sickles, having lost the confidence of Grant and Fish, resigned on December 20, 1873. On January 6, 1874, after advice from Fish on a replacement for Sickles, Grant appointed eminent attorney and Spanish scholar Caleb Cushing as Minister to Spain.

Virginius and crew returned
On December 16, Virginius, now in complete disrepair and taking on water, was towed out to open sea with the US flag flying to be turned over to the US Navy. US Captain W.D. Whiting on board USS Despatch (1873) agreed with Spanish Commander Manuel de la Cámara to turn over Virginius the following day. On December 17, at exactly 9:00 a.m., Virginius was formally turned over to the US Navy without incident. The same day, after an investigation, US Attorney General George H. Williams ruled that the US ownership of Virginius had been fraudulent and that she had no right to fly the US flag; however, Spain had no right to capture Virginius and her crew on the open sea.

At 4:17 a.m., on December 26, while under tow by USS Ossipee (1861), Virginius foundered off Cape Fear en route to the United States. Her 91 remaining crewmen, who had been held as prisoners under harsh conditions, were handed over to Captain D.L. Braine of Juanita and were taken safely to New York City.

Reparations awarded
On January 3, 1874, Spanish President Emilio Castelar was voted out of office and replaced by Francisco Serrano. Cushing, who had replaced Sickles as US Consul to Spain, stated that the US had been fortunate that Castelar, a university scholar, had been President of Spain, given that his replacement, Serrano, might have been more apt to go to war over the affair. Cushing's primary duty was to get Spanish reparations for Virginius family victims and punishment of Burriel for the 53 Santiago executions. Cushing met Serrano in May on June 26, Augusto Ulloa. On July 5, Cushing, now well respected by Spanish authority, wrote to Fish that Spain was ready to make reparations. In October, Cushing was informed that President Castelar had secretly negotiated reparations between Spain and Britain that totaled £7,700, but black British citizen families were given less money. On November 7, Grant and Fish demanded $2,500 from Spain for each US citizen shot, regardless of race.

On November 28, 1874, Fish instructed Cushing that all Virginius crew members not considered British would be considered American.

Spanish Consul Antonio Mantilla, Polo's replacement, agreed with the reparations. Grant's 1875 State of the Union Address announced that reparations were near, quieting anger over the Virginius affair. Reparations, however, were put on hold as Spain changed governments on December 28, from a republic back to a monarchy. Alfonso XII became King of Spain on January 11, 1875.

On January 16, Cushings met with the new Spanish state minister Castro, urged settlement before the US Congress adjourned, and noted that reparations would be a minor matter compared to an all-out war between Spain and the US.

Under an agreement of February 7, 1875, signed on March 5, the Spanish government paid the US an indemnity of $80,000 for the execution of the Americans. Burriel's Santiago executions were considered illegal by Spain, and President Serrano and King Alfonso condemned him. The case against Burriel was taken up by the Spanish Tribunal of the Navy in June 1876. However, Burriel died on December 24, 1877, before any trial could occur.

In addition to the reparation, a private indemnity in St. Louis was given to Captain Fry's financially troubled family, which had been unable to pay rent and had no permanent place to live.

Aftermath
When the Virginius affair first broke out, a Spanish ironclad—the Arapiles—happened to be anchored in New York Harbor for repairs, leading to the uncomfortable realization on the part of the US Navy that it had no ship capable of defeating such a vessel. US Secretary of War George M. Robeson believed a US naval resurgence was necessary. Congress hastily issued contracts to construct five new ironclads and accelerated its repair program for several more. USS Puritan (BM-1) and the four Amphitrite-class monitor monitors were subsequently built as a result of the Virginius war scare. All five vessels would later take part in the Spanish–American War of 1898.

title: Virginius Affair


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Fugitives (poets)

The Fugitives, also known as the Fugitive Poets, is the name given to a group of poets and literary scholars at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, who published a literary magazine from 1922 to 1925 called  The Fugitive. The group, primarily driven by Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and Allen Tate, formed a major school of twentieth century poetry in the United States. With it, a major period of modern Southern literature began. Their poetry was formal and featured traditional prosody and concrete imagery often from experiences of the rural south. The group has some overlap with two later movements: Southern Agrarians and New Criticism.

History
About 1920, a group consisting of some influential teachers of literature at Vanderbilt, a few townies, and some students began meeting on alternate Saturday nights at the home of James Marshall Frank and his brother-in-law Sidney Mttron Hirsch on Whitland Avenue in Nashville. They met as a poetry workshop with no formal connection with the university. After a couple of years, Hirsch felt their poetry was good enough to publish. According to author Louise Cowan, "...half-seriously Alec Stevenson suggested as a title "The Fugitive" after a poem of Hirsch's which had been read and discussed at an earlier meeting." Allen Tate stated, "...a Fugitive was quite simply a Poet: the Wanderer, or even the Wandering Jew, the Outcast, the man who carries the secret wisdom around the world". They published a small literary magazine, The Fugitive (1922–1925), which showcased their works using noms de plume at first. Although its publication history was brief, The Fugitive is considered to be one of the most influential journals in the history of American letters. The Fugitives embodied all the main influences at work in the American Literary Renaissance of the twentieth century.

Founders
The group was noted for the number of its members whose works were recognized with a permanent place in the literary canon. Among the most notable Fugitives were John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Merrill Moore, Donald Davidson, William Ridley Wills, and Robert Penn Warren. Other members include Sidney Mttron Hirsch, Stanley P. Johnson, James M. Frank, Jesse Ely Wills, Walter Clyde Curry, Alec B. Stevenson, William Yandell Elliott, and William Frierson. Two of the members (Warren and Tate) later became United States Poets Laureate.

In "The Briar Patch", Robert Penn Warren provided a look at the life of an exploited black person in urban America. "The Briar Patch" was a defense both of segregation, and of the doctrine of "separate but equal," enshrined by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). (Warren later recanted the views expressed in "The Briar Patch".) Less closely associated with the Fugitives were the critic Cleanth Brooks and the poet Laura Riding.

The Fugitives partly overlapped with a later group, also associated with Vanderbilt, called the Agrarians. Some of the Fugitives were part of the latter group. Another group known as the New Critics, was a later school that emerged from the Fugitives, named for Ransom's 1941 book, The New Criticism.

Anthologies
The first comprehensive collection of the Fugitives' poetry was published by William C. Pratt, Professor of English at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Following that, a second anthology was subsequently created after many of the major works were revised. A third anthology, The Fugitive poets : Modern Southern Poetry in Perspective was published in 1991 by Pratt and included additional works by the original poets.

title: Fugitives (poets)


text:
Poenulus

Poenulus, also called The Little Carthaginian or The Little Punic Man, is a Latin comedic play for the early Roman theatre by Titus Maccius Plautus, probably written between 195 and 189 BC. The play is noteworthy for containing text in Carthaginian Punic, spoken by the character Hanno in the fifth act. Another remarkable feature is the sympathetic portrayal of the character of the Carthaginian Hanno at a time when only a few years previously the Romans had suffered huge losses in the 2nd Punic War fought against the Carthaginian general Hannibal (218–202 BC).

The play shows signs of having been reworked, possibly for a second production, since there are two endings.

Plot
A young man, Agorastocles, is in love with a girl named Adelphasium, who is a slave belonging to the pimp Lycus. Agorastocles, Adelphasium, and her sister Anterastilis were all stolen as children from Carthage. Agorastocles was purchased by a rich childless man who wanted a son, whereas the girls were sold as slaves to the pimp who intended to make them prostitutes.

Milphio, the long-suffering slave of Agorastocles, attempts to help his master obtain Adelphasium. Their plan is to trick Lycus and get him into legal trouble. Collybiscus, Agorastocles' farm steward, dresses up as a foreigner and moves into Lycus' home. Agorastocles and some witnesses then accuse Lycus of harboring his slave and threaten to take him to court.

At this point Hanno arrives from Carthage, and it is soon revealed that he is the cousin of Agorastocles' dead parents, as well as the father of the two girls. In the end, the girls are seized from Lycus, who is punished, and the story concludes with a happy family reunion. Hanno gives Agorastocles his blessing to marry his daughter.

The play is set in Calydon, a city in Aetolia in central Greece. The stage set consists of a street with the slave-dealer Lycus' house on one side, and the young man Agorastocles' house on the other; between these is a temple of Venus.

Structure
The play is symmetrically structured around the trick played on Lycus as follows:
 * A – The two girls are in bondage; Agorastocles hopes to marry one
 * B – Lycus's unsuccessful sacrifice
 * C – The witnesses arrive; Lyco is tricked; the witnesses depart
 * B – Lycus's unsuccessful sacrifice
 * A – The girls are freed and one is promised to Agorastocles

However, certain elements, such as the two appearances of the soldier Antamoenides, and the arrival of Hanno, break the symmetry.

Metrical structure
Plautus's plays are traditionally divided into five acts. However, it is not thought that the act-divisions go back to Plautus's time, since no manuscript contains them before the 15th century. Also, the acts themselves do not always match the structure of the plays, which is more clearly shown by the variation in metres.

A common metrical pattern in Plautus's plays is that each section begins with iambic senarii (which were spoken without music), then a song (canticum) in various metres, and finally each section is rounded off by trochaic septenarii, which were apparently recited or sung to the accompaniment of tibiae (a pair of reed pipes). Moore calls this the "ABC succession", where A = iambic senarii, B = other metres, and C = trochaic septenarii.

Taking iambic senarii as the beginning of a section, and trochaic septenarii as the end, Poenulus can be divided into five parts. The overall pattern is as follows:
 * ABC, AC, ABC, ABCBC, A... (Plautus's ending is lost)

Moore believes that everything from line 1332 (basically the whole of Act 5 scenes 6 and 7) is an interpolation, probably supplied by a producer when the original ending was lost.

The most commonly used metres in this play of 1332 lines are iambic senarii (754 lines) and trochaic septenarii (415 lines). Compared with other Plautus plays, the unaccompanied iambic senarii form an unusually large part (56%) of the play (the average in Plautus being 35%).

Prologue

 * Prologue (lines 1–128): iambic senarii (128 lines)
 * After begging the audience to behave well, an actor explains how two girls and their second cousin, a boy, were separately stolen in Carthage and taken to Greece. The girls are being kept by a slave-owner, but the boy was adopted by a rich man who died and bequeathed him his wealth; this boy has fallen in love with one of the girls. Meanwhile the girls' father, a Carthaginian, has come to Greece looking for his daughters. The scene is Calydon in central Greece.

Agorastocles tries to woo Adelphasium

 * Act 1.1 (129–209): iambic senarii (81 lines)
 * The young man Agorastocles is speaking to his slave Milphio about his love for Adelphasium. It appears that Agorastocles is fond of Milphio but often beats him. Milphio suggests a trick to force the slave-owner to hand over the girls: they will dress Agorastocles' farm-manager up as if he were a customer and send him into the procurer's house.

 * Act 1.2 (210–260): mainly bacchiac (51 lines)
 * The two girls come out of the house next door to finish their toilette, and Adelphasium sings of what a lot of trouble and expense it is to maintain a high-class courtesan. Agorastocles and Milphio listen in, making comments aside.

 * Act 1.2 cont. (261–409): trochaic septenarii (148 lines)
 * Adelphasium's sister Anterastilis reminds her that the slave-dealer is waiting for them at the festival of Venus to display them for potential customers, but Adelphasium delays, saying she wishes to avoid the crowds. At this point Agorastocles goes up to Adelphasium and tries to win her over, but she rejects him. He gets Milphio to try on his behalf, then is annoyed at the way Milphio makes sweet-talk to Adelphasium, and beats him. The girls depart for the temple.

Agorastocles prepares to trick Lycus

 * Act 1.3–Act 2 (410–503): iambic senarii (93 lines)
 * Agorastocles promises Milphio his freedom if he can pull off his trick on the slave-dealer. Milphio sends him off to fetch some witnesses. When Agorastocles and Milphio have gone, the procurer Lycus appears, angry because he has wasted money on sacrificing six lambs but without getting good omens.

 * A soldier called Antamoenides (one of Lycus's potential customers) arrives. He has been invited for breakfast, and boasts of imaginary battles he has fought.

 * Act 3.1–3.2 (504–614): trochaic septenarii (111 lines)
 * Agorastocles comes back with his witnesses. He impatiently chides them for coming so slowly. They reply indignantly. He makes them go over the plan once more. Now Milphio comes out from the house with the estate-manager Collybiscus, who is dressed like a wealthy foreigner. The witnesses examine the 300 gold coins he has been given. As they approach the procurer's door Lycus comes out.

Lycus is tricked

 * Act 3.3–3.6 (615–816): iambic senarii (202 lines)
 * The witnesses explain that Collybiscus is a rich stranger they met at the harbour, who is looking for a place to stay and enjoy himself. Agorastocles comes out of his house in time to see Collybiscus paying the slave-dealer. After asking the witnesses for advice, he goes to Lycus's door. Lycus is just coming out, congratulating himself on the deal. Agorastocles requests him to send over Adelphasium, saying that he has sent a slave carrying the money. In front of the witnesses Lycus falls into the trap of denying that he has seen the slave or the money. Agorastocles fetches Collybiscus from Lycus's house for the witnesses to see, but finds that Lycus has run away. Agorastocles, Collybiscus, and the witnesses depart.

 * Act 4.1 (817–822): iambic octonarii (4 lines), iambic septenarii (2 lines)
 * Milphio comes out into the street, singing how he gets a lot of beating because of his master's disturbed mood. He sees Lycus's servant Syncerastus coming out of the temple.

 * Act 4.2 (823–922): trochaic septenarii (100 lines)
 * Milphio overhears Syncerastus complaining to himself about his wretched life working for Lycus. Syncerastus reveals that Lycus's temple sacrifice was not propitious. Milphio stops him and offers to help him. Syncerastus reveals that Adelphasium and her sister are actually free-born, captured by pirates in Carthage.

Hanno finds his daughters

 * Act 5.1–5.3 (940–1173): Punic (10 lines); iambic senarii (222 lines)
 * Hanno, the Carthaginian father of the two girls, enters, speaking a prayer in Punic (Phoenician), which he then translates into Latin. He says he is carrying a token of hospitality which gives him to right to stay at the house of Agorastocles. Agorastocles and Milphio come out of their house, and, overheard by Hanno, talk about the two girls stolen from Carthage. Milphio recognises that Hanno and his attendants are Africans and questions him, pretending to understand his answers and inventing fanciful interpretations. Hanno then switches to Latin, to Milphio's embarrassment. Agorastocles welcomes Hanno as a fellow Carthaginian. Hanno shows Agorastocles the token and learns that he is the son of his cousin: the scar of a monkey-bite on Agorastocles' hand confirms his identity. Milphio seizes the opportunity to ask Hanno to help him in his plan. Hanno agrees, suspecting already that the girls are his own lost daughters. The girls' nurse is summoned from Lycus's house and recognises Hanno. Milphio takes Hanno's servants inside Agorastocles' house.

 * Act 5.4 (1174–1200): polymetric (mainly anapaestic and iambic) (27 lines)
 * Adelphasium and her sister emerge from the temple, singing excitedly about the festival.

 * Act 5.4 (cont.) (1201–1225): trochaic septenarii (25 lines)
 * The girls also talk of how a soothsayer promised that they would soon be free. Hanno stops them, and insists that they must come with him to a court.

 * Act 5.4 (cont.) (1226–1273): iambic septenarii (48 lines)
 * The girls are puzzled. Hanno teasingly claims that they must be taken to court because they have stolen his daughters. At last Hanno reveals that he is their father. There is a happy reunion.

 * Act 5.4 (cont.)–5.5 (1274–1303): trochaic septenarii (30 lines)
 * Hanno says a prayer of thanksgiving. Agorastocles reminds him that he had promised to betroth his eldest daughter to him.

 * The soldier Antamoenides comes out of Lycus's house, angry because he has been abandoned there without breakfast. He catches sight of Anterastilis hugging her father and becomes angry.

The end

 * Act 5.5–5.6 (1304–1331): iambic senarii (26 lines)

 * Antamoenides angrily asks Hanno what business he has with her. Agorastocles and Antamoenides are about to start a fight, and Agorastocles summons his slaves, but Anterastilis defuses the situation by explaining. Suddenly they see Lycus returning to his house...

(The two endings below are probably not by Plautus.)

 * Act 5.6 (end) (1334–1371): iambic senarii
 * Antamoenides and Hanno accost Lycus and both threaten to take him to court. He immediately gives in to their demands. He asks the audience to applaud.

(Alternative ending)

 * Act 5.7 (1372–1397): iambic senarii
 * Lycus overhears Agorastocles explaining to Antamoenides about Hanno's daughters; he realises that he must surrender them. He begs Agorastocles for forgiveness and promises to make restitution.

 * Act 5.7 (cont.) (1398–1422): trochaic septenarii
 * The soldier also demands his money back, and Lycus offers him a new girl. Hanno says that he will not go to court. Agorastocles declares that he will go back to Carthage with Hanno.

Translations

 * Henry Thomas Riley, 1912: Poenulus full text
 * Paul Nixon, 1916–38
 * Janet Burroway, 1970
 * Amy Richlin, 2005
 * Wolfgang de Melo, 2011

title: Poenulus


text: User talk:69.139.132.67

title: User talk:69.139.132.67


text:
Category:Continuum mechanics

Continuum mechanics is a branch of classical mechanics that deals with solids and fluids.

title: Category:Continuum mechanics


text:
Hunters Hill, New South Wales

Hunters Hill is a suburb of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Hunters Hill is located 9 km north-west of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of the Municipality of Hunter's Hill.

Hunters Hill is situated on a small peninsula that separates the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers. It can be reached by bus or by ferry.

History
The area's Aboriginal name is 'Mookaboola' or 'Moocooboola', which means ''meeting of waters.

Hunters Hill was named after John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales, who was in office between 1795 and 1800.

The area that is now Hunters Hill was settled in 1835. One of the earliest settlers was Mary Reibey, the first female retailer in Sydney. She built a cottage—later known as Fig Tree House—on land that fronted the Lane Cove River; Reiby Street is named after her. During the 1840s, bushrangers and convicts who had escaped from the penal settlement on Cockatoo Island would take refuge in Hunters Hill.

Many of the suburb's early houses were built from the local sandstone. A number were built by Frenchman Didier Numa Joubert (1816–1881), who bought 200 acre of land from Mary Reiby from 1847 and used seventy stonemasons from Italy to construct solid artistic houses. Hunters Hill was proclaimed as a municipality on 5 January 1861. The first Gladesville Bridge constructed in 1881 linked the area to Drummoyne and the southern side of the Parramatta River.

In the early 20th century, there was an industrial area in Hunters Hill. One of the industries was a radium and uranium refinery operating from 1911 to 1915. The concentrated ore was transported over 1200 km from Radium Hill in South Australia, 100 km west of Broken Hill. At the time, uranium was considered a byproduct, but very small quantities of radium (which had been discovered in 1898) were very valuable. The refinery could produce about 5 milligrammes of radium bromide from a ton of ore, worth £20 per milligramme in 1912. The area is now residential, Nelson Parade, and demands to remove it saw a plan developed to transport it to an old quarry area besides Badgerys Creek that was licensed to receive low level radioactive waste; however all such planning ceased as Badgerys Creek International Airport was decided upon to proceed.

Heritage listings
Hunters Hill has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 38–40 Alexandra Street: Vienna, Hunters Hill
 * 12 Crescent Street: Milthorpe, Hunters Hill
 * 14 Crescent Street: Hestock
 * Ferry Street: The Garibaldi
 * Nelson Parade: Kellys Bush Park
 * 46 Ryde Road: Marika, Hunters Hill
 * 2 Yerton Avenue: The Chalet

In addition, the following buildings are heritage-listed:
 * Public School including Eulbertie, Alexandra Street
 * Post Office, Alexandra Street
 * Town Hall, Alexandra Street
 * St Ives, Crescent Street
 * Anglican Church of All Saints, corner Ferry and Ambrose Streets
 * Kyarra, Madeline Street
 * Fig Tree House, Reiby Road
 * Clifton, Woolwich Road
 * Waiwera, Woolwich Road
 * St Claire, Wybalena Road
 * Woolwich Dock, Franki Avenue, Woolwich

Houses
Hunters Hill has an area of 5.75 km2 including some 650000 m2 of parks and reserves. Developments are mostly residential.

Hunters Hill has a number of heritage-listed buildings and is positioned near the confluence of the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, as well as the headwaters of Sydney Harbour, which provides river and harbour views. Previously having a number of residents of French extraction, it was known as the "French Village" and shares a friendship with a sister city near Paris, Le Vésinet.

Demographics
In the 2016 census of Population and Housing, the population of Hunters Hill stood at 9,528 people. 69.1% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 4.0%, China 2.7%, New Zealand 1.4%, South Africa 1.2% and Italy 1.2%. The most common ancestries were English 22.7%, Australian 20.3%, Irish 11.2%, Scottish 6.8% and Chinese 5.3%. 76.4% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 3.0%, Italian 1.9%, Cantonese 1.8% and Greek 1.7%. The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 37.4%, No Religion 23.1% and Anglican 13.7%.

The median household weekly income was high at $2,700. Monthly mortgage payments were also high, with a median of $3,500 compared with the national figure of $1,755. According to the Australian Taxation Office statistics for the financial year of 2016–2017, the postcode of 2110 (Hunters Hill & Woolwich) had an average taxable income of $156,069 making it the 10th wealthiest suburb in Australia.

Notable residents

 * Halse Rogers Arnott, chairman of Arnott's
 * Henry Budden, architect
 * Cate Blanchett, actress; and spouse, Andrew Upton, writer
 * Stanley Gibbs, shipping clerk and George Cross recipient
 * Delta Goodrem, singer and actress
 * Kristina Keneally, politician
 * Ben Keneally, politician
 * Brian McFadden, singer
 * Eddie Obeid, a former Labor politician
 * Ann Sanders, journalist
 * Gil Wahlquist, journalist and winemaker
 * Josh Hazlewood, cricketer
 * Lang Walker, property developer

Politics
Hunters Hill is in the federal electoral division of North Sydney. The former Treasurer of Australia Joe Hockey, held this seat from the 1996 federal election to 2015. North Sydney is one of only two original divisions in New South Wales, along with Wentworth, which have never been held by the Australian Labor Party (ALP).

For NSW state elections, Hunters Hill is in the Electoral district of Lane Cove. As of 2003 this seat is held by Liberal MP Anthony Roberts, who was last re-elected in the 2007 state election.

Transport
Several bus routes run through Hunters Hill, consisting of:
 * 252: King Street Wharf to Gladesville via Pacific Highway
 * 505: Town Hall Station to Woolwich (peak only)
 * 506: The Domain to Macquarie University via East Ryde
 * 530: Burwood to Chatswood
 * 536: Gladesville to Chatswood (peak only)
 * 538: Gladesville to Woolwich

The closest ferry wharves to Hunters Hill are Valentia Street Wharf, Woolwich and Huntleys Point. Huntleys Point provides access to the Parramatta River ferry services which run between Circular Quay and Parramatta while Woolwich provides access to the Cockatoo Island ferry services which run between Circular Quay and Cockatoo Island.

Commercial areas
Hunters Hill has a few commercial areas. A group of shops is located on the corner of Alexandra and Ferry Streets, with others scattered further along these streets and on Woolwich Road.

The major commercial area is located around the intersection of Ryde Road and Gladesville Road, near the Burns Bay Road overpass and the Hunters Hill Hotel. It was re-developed in 2013.

Schools
Hunters Hill is the site of the AAGPS Catholic boys' secondary school, St Joseph's College. It is also home to Hunters Hill High School, Boronia Park Public School, Hunters Hill Primary School and Villa Maria Primary School.

Churches
There are two Catholic churches, Villa Maria Church in Mary Street and St Peter Chanel in the east of the suburb. Villa Maria is also the headquarters of the Marist Fathers in Australia; from the 1860s, it was the centre of their extensive missionary work in the Pacific. St Joseph's College includes a large chapel. The Catholic Church is associated with St Anne's Nursing Home, run by the Sisters of St Joseph.

Other churches are St Mark's and All Saints Anglican Churches and Hunters Hill Congregational Church.

Sport
Hunters Hill Tennis Club is one of the oldest sporting clubs in Australia. Early history of the Club is obscure and no records are available showing the origins of the Club, however the Club existed in the 1860s making it one of the oldest operating tennis clubs in Sydney. Early courts were situated in Passy Avenue, Hunters Hill. The first authentic record of the 'Hunters Hill Lawn Tennis Club' is a copy of the 1894 rules, stating the club was limited to 36 playing members, preference given to residents of Hunters Hill and club colours of Red, Green and Silver. Banjo Patterson is in newspaper records of having played at the club in the 1890s. It has had as members State and Interstate Champions, and an Australian entrant at the 1924 Wimbledon Championship, Alan Watt, who reached the fourth round of competition. The club has 5 lawn courts, and is one of the few remaining lawn court clubs in Sydney.

Hunters Hill Rugby Union Football Club was established in 1892 and competes in the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union. It has won the Kentwell Cup 8 times and 1st Division club championship 5 times. The second most distinguished club in Subbies, it recently won the Stockdale Cup and Robertson Cup in 2010. The Robertson Cup was named after former Suburban Chairman (1978–80), Brian Robertson, this cup was first won by Port Hacking. After not being contested between 1988–93, the Robertson Cup was revived to become the Colts trophy for second division. The Farrant Cup was named after life member Don Farrant, a long-time supporter of sub-district rugby, Hunters Hill club stalwart Don Farrant presented the Farrant Cup to the MSDRU in 1974. Initially included in an expanded fourth division, it became the award for the Division Three second grade premiership in 1995. Hunters Hill Rugby Union Football Club is a club that caters for all ages and level of ability, and plays matches at Boronia Park from March through to August.

Landmarks
There is a private hospital in Alexandra Street and in High Street, a Jewish nursing home and synagogue named the Sir Moses Montefiore Home. The historic Hunters Hill Town Hall is located in Alexandra Street, close to the historic post office.

The Great North Walk, a walking trail from Sydney to Newcastle, passes through Boronia Park; a large waterfront parkland reserve which contains Aboriginal drawings thought to date back to before the start of the colony.

title: Hunters Hill, New South Wales


text:
Solitary vireo

Solitary vireo may refer to:

 * Cassin's vireo, Vireo cassinii, endemic west of the Rocky Mountains from southwestern Canada to California, United States
 * Plumbeous vireo, Vireo plumbeus, endemic east of the Rocky Mountains from southwestern Montana, United States to western Mexico
 * Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius proper, endemic to Canada east of the Rocky Mountains to northeastern United States

title: Solitary vireo


text:
Humboldt River

The Humboldt River is an extensive river drainage system located in north-central Nevada. It extends in a general east-to-west direction from its headwaters in the Jarbidge, Independence, and Ruby Mountains in Elko County, to its terminus in the Humboldt Sink, approximately 225 mi away in northwest Churchill County. Most estimates put the Humboldt River at 300 to 330 mi long; however, due to the extensive meandering nature of the river, its length may be more closely estimated at 380 mi. It is located within the Great Basin Watershed and is the third-longest river in the watershed behind the Bear River at 355 mi and the Sevier River at 325 mi. The Humboldt River Basin is the largest sub-basin of the Great Basin, encompassing an area of 16,840 mi2. It is the only major river system wholly contained within the state of Nevada.

It is the only natural transportation artery across the Great Basin and has historically provided a route for westward migration. Additionally, two major railroad routes loosely follow its path. Interstate 80 follows the river's course from its source to its mouth. The river is named for the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.

History
The region of the river in northern Nevada was sparsely inhabited by Numic-speaking people at the time of the arrival of European American settlers. The region was little known by non-indigenous peoples until the arrival of fur trappers in the early 19th century.

The first recorded sighting of the river was on November 9, 1828, by Peter Skene Ogden of the Hudson's Bay Company, during his fifth expedition to the Snake Country. Odgen came southward along the Little Humboldt, encountering the main river at the confluence near Winnemucca. Ogden explored the river for several hundred miles, blazing a trail along it and making the first known map of the region. He initially named the river "Unknown River", due to the source and course of the river still unknown to him, and later "Paul's River", after one of his trappers who died on the expedition and was buried on the river bank. He later changed it again to "Mary's River," named after the Native American wife of one of his trappers, which later somehow became "St. Mary's River". However, in 1829 he suggested that "Swampy River" best described the course he had traversed. In 1833 the Bonneville–Walker fur party explored the river, naming it "Barren River". Washington Irving's 1837 book describing the Bonneville expedition called it "Ogden's River", the name used by many early travelers. By the early 1840s, the trail along the river was being used by settlers going west to California. The river provided drinkable water to earlier travelers on foot, but later emigrants using wagons required the significant riparian vegetation along its length as forage for their draft animals.

In 1841, the river (then known as Mary's River) first became the route of the California Trail with the Bartleson–Bidwell Party, later becoming the primary land route for migrants to the California gold fields. In 1845 the river was explored by John C. Frémont, who made a thorough map of the region and gave the river its current name. In 1869 the river was used as part of the route of the Central Pacific segment of the Transcontinental Railroad.

In the 20th century, the valley of the river became the route for U.S. Route 40, later replaced by Interstate 80. In the latter part of the 20th century, about 45,000 people lived within 10 mi of the river, roughly a third of the population at that time of the State of Nevada outside of Western Nevada and Southern Nevada, before the rapid 21st-century growth of Southern Nevada changed these population figures.

Watershed and course

The Humboldt River can be divided geographically into the upper, middle, and lower divisions based on Palisade Canyon and Emigrant Canyon being the major constriction points along the Humboldt River Valley. The upper basin begins in northeastern Nevada and drains about 5000 sqmi upstream from Palisade. The middle basin has a drainage area of about 7800 sqmi and lies between Palisade and Emigrant Canyons, a narrow gap located just downstream from Comus. The lower basin is an area encompassing some 4100 sqmi from below Emigrant Canyon and extending through the Humboldt Sink in northwestern Nevada.

A hydrologic definition instead divides the Humboldt River drainage into two basins—one above and one below Palisade—based on flows that increase above and decrease below this part of the river. The river in the upper basin is 92 mi long, and in the lower basin it is 218 mi long. The major tributaries of the upper Humboldt River basin are (heading downstream) Bishop Creek, Marys River, Lamoille Creek, North Fork Humboldt River, South Fork Humboldt River, Susie Creek, Maggie Creek, and Marys Creek; of the lower basin they are Pine Creek, Reese River, and the Little Humboldt River.

The source of the main stem of the river is a spring called Humboldt Wells at the northern tip of the East Humboldt Range, just outside the city of Wells. The river flows west-southwest through Elko County, past the communities of Elko and Carlin. Approximately 15 mi upstream from Elko, the river receives the North Fork of the Humboldt River and receives the South Fork approximately 7 mi downstream of Elko.

In northern Eureka County, it passes through Palisade Canyon between the southern end of the Tuscarora Mountains and the north end of the Shoshone Range. At Battle Mountain, the river turns northwest for approximately 50 mi, then west at Red House and past Golconda and a spur of the Sonoma Range. It merges with the Reese River near Battle Mountain and receives the Little Humboldt River approximately 5 mi upstream from Winnemucca.

Past the junction with the Little Humboldt, the river turns southwest, flowing past Winnemucca and through Pershing County, along the western side of the Humboldt Range and the West Humboldt Range. In central Pershing County, the Rye Patch Dam impounds the river, forming the Rye Patch Reservoir, which stores water to irrigate farms near Lovelock, 22 mi downstream. The Humboldt empties into an intermittent lake in the Humboldt Sink on the border between Pershing and Churchill counties, approximately 20 mi southwest of Lovelock.

The river gains most of its water from snowmelt in the mountains in the eastern part of the watershed, most importantly the Ruby Mountains, Jarbidge Mountains, and Independence Mountains. River flow generally decreases downstream to the west, partly due to water removal from the river for irrigation, especially near Lovelock. Stream-gauge measurements undertaken by the United States Geological Survey suggest that Palisade Canyon, between Carlin and Beowawe, is the point where the river's flow ceases to increase and begins to decrease. Also, since the Humboldt's water comes almost exclusively from snowmelt, its flow is highly variable from season to season (peak flow occurs during the spring melt) and from year to year (depending on the amount of snow every winter)

Ecology
The Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) is an inland subspecies of cutthroat trout endemic to northern Nevada, eastern California, and southern Oregon. In 1970, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed the Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) as “endangered”. In 1975 it reclassified LCT as “threatened” to facilitate management and to allow regulated fishing. Genetic and meristic studies of LCT indicate that the Humboldt River Basin LCT is a unique subspecies of cutthroat trout. North American beavers (Castor canadensis) seem to have been making a comeback in Elko County, possibly due to less fur trapping combined with reduced consumption of riparian willow and other vegetation by cattle. Maggie and Susie Creeks, which enter the Humboldt River near Carlin, have benefited from 20 years of work by ranchers, agencies, mines, and non-profit groups via improvements in grazing techniques and specific projects. A remote sensing project found 107 beaver dams along 20 mi of Maggie Creek in 2006, which rose to 271 dams in 2010. Beaver dams are accelerating the recovery of riparian vegetation and widening the riparian zone as they slow the water and collect sediment that used to be lost downstream. In five years, beaver ponds have increased the amount of impounded water on Maggie Creek from 9 mi of the stream to 16 mi. The impounded water is seeping into the ground and raising the water table. Newmont's shallow groundwater monitoring wells along Maggie Creek have shown about a 2 ft rise over the past 17 years along Maggie Creek. Stream flows are more perennial, making more water available for wildlife and livestock and protecting populations of native trout. Maggie Creek has a Beaver Creek tributary which flows from Beaver Peak in the Tuscarora Mountains.

Environmental aspects
The Humboldt River and its surrounding areas have raised some concern about the increasing levels of toxic elements such as arsenic and mercury. These elements show in fish and other wildlife that consume the water. The quantity being absorbed by fish specifically is not of concerning levels, though. Brumbaugh and May took samples of fish from the south fork of the Humboldt River. They determined that mercury levels within the fish were between 0.061 and 0.082 micrograms per gram of flesh. This is well below the EPA's guideline of 0.30 micrograms per gram. However, though low levels are found in animals, many people are concerned that drinking water and surrounding land is still contaminated. They believe the contamination came from prior mining excursions. Mercury was commonly mined in the area and so was gold. Whether it was leaching from the gold mining process or leftover mercury ore, these toxic elements entered the environment and waterway. Since then, these levels have gone down considerably. The U.S. Geological Survey and other committees conducted a couple of surveys to determine the safety of the drinking water. In 1962 the Water Resources Bulletin, out of Carson City, conducted one of the first main tests. This preliminary test was to determine every mineral, element, and ion present. The next big test was done in 1985 by the U.S. Geological Survey. They took samples from a much more local area and determined concentrations were high, but not abnormally high. Another more recent test, which was done in 2002, was specifically on mercury being leached from abandoned mines. However, this test determined that mercury levels dropped off very quickly the further away the tests were done. Finally, the most recent study, done in 2019, was an extremely comprehensive test which included samples from numerous places throughout the river's path. This test was based out of the University of Nevada Reno and determined what elements and minerals were present. It also determined that toxic element concentrations were fairly consistent. This means that while these elements are present, they do not pose a severe threat.

title: Humboldt River


text:
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, formerly known as the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and also known as Fred Hutch or The Hutch, is a cancer research institute established in 1975 in Seattle, Washington.

History
The center grew out of the Pacific Northwest Research Foundation, founded in 1956 by William B. Hutchinson (1909–1997). The Foundation was dedicated to the study of heart surgery, cancer, and diseases of the endocrine system. Hutchinson's younger brother Fred (1919–1964) was a major league pitcher and manager who died of lung cancer at age 45. The next year, William Hutchinson established the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center as a division of the Pacific Northwest Research Foundation.

In 1972, with the help of Senator Warren G. Magnuson, PNRF received federal funding under the National Cancer Act of 1971 to create in Seattle one of the 15 new NCI-designated Cancer Centers aimed at conducting basic research called for under 1971 Act; the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center became independent 1972 and its building opened three years later in 1975. The center was named an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center in 1976.

In 1998, the center formed the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA), a separate nonprofit corporation, with University of Washington School of Medicine (UW Medicine), and Seattle Children's. This solidified the center's reach into clinical care and was essential for it retaining its NCI comprehensive center designation; the designation was extended to the center's consortium including the SCCA in 2003. SCCA's outpatient clinic first opened in January 2001.

In 2001, The Seattle Times published a series of articles alleging that investigators at the center (including the center's co-founder E. Donnall Thomas) were conducting unethical clinical studies on cancer patients. The paper alleged that in two cancer studies conducted in the 1980s and early 1990s, patients were not informed about all the risks of the study, nor about the study doctors' financial interest in study outcome. The paper also alleged that this financial interest may have contributed to the doctors' failure to halt the studies despite evidence that patients were dying sooner and more frequently than expected. In response, the center formed a panel of independent experts to review its existing research practices, leading to adoption of new conflict-of-interest rules.

In 2010 Lawrence Corey was appointed as the fourth President, following the retirement of Lee Hartwell. He was followed by Gary Gilliland in 2015 as president, who led the institute until 2020. Under his leadership the center announced that it would expand into the former Lake Union steam plant, which previously housed ZymoGenetics. The move was completed in October 2020. In February 2020, Thomas J. Lynch Jr. took over as director.

The year 2014 saw the organization adopt its longtime local nickname, "Fred Hutch", as its official name as part of a rebranding.

On April 1, 2022, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance (SCCA) merged to form Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, a unified adult cancer research and care center that is clinically integrated with University of Washington (UW) Medicine and UW Medicine's cancer program.

Notable faculty
The center has employed three recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine:
 * Linda B. Buck, who received the award in 2004 for solving many details of the olfactory system; and
 * Leland H. Hartwell, who received the honor in 2001 for his discoveries regarding the mechanisms that control cell division. After retiring from leading the center in 2010, Hartwell left to join Arizona State University. and
 * E. Donnall Thomas, who received the award in 1990 for his pioneering work in bone-marrow transplantation and who died in 2012;

Commercialization
The center is active in technology transfer. In 2013, it was one of the top ten biomedical research institutions in the field (excluding universities); it made 18 new deals with companies to develop inventions made at the center, and earned $10,684,882 in income from past deals it had signed. Most notably, Juno Therapeutics, a company developing CAR-T immunotherapy for cancer and that raised $314 million in venture capital investments and had a $265 million initial public offering in 2014, was started based on inventions made at the center. As of 2015, about twenty companies had been started based on center inventions since 1975, including Immunex and Icos.

Campus
The institute's main campus consists of 13 buildings that are on 15 acre in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle.

In 1987, the center began exploring possible new homes to replace its 9-building campus on First Hill that it was set to outgrow. A site in the South Lake Union neighborhood, envisioned by the city as a future high-tech and biotechnology hub, was chosen in September 1988 after a deal to move to Fremont fell through earlier that year. The first phase of the campus, designed by firm Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, began construction in 1991 and opened on June 1, 1993, in a ceremony that included the burying of a time capsule set to open in 2093.

The campus is accessible via the Mercer Street exit of Interstate 5 as well as several public transportation routes, including the South Lake Union Streetcar.

title: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center