text:
List of Austrian Jews

Austria first became a center of Jewish learning during the 13th century. However, increasing antisemitism led to the expulsion of the Jews in 1669. Following formal readmission in 1848, a sizable Jewish community developed once again, contributing strongly to Austrian culture. By the 1930s, 300,000 Jews lived in Austria, most of them in Vienna. Following the Anschluss with Nazi Germany, most of the community emigrated or were killed in the Holocaust. The current Austrian Jewish population is 9,000. The following is a list of some prominent Austrian Jews. Here German-speaking Jews from the whole Habsburg monarchy are listed.

Athletes

 * Margarete "Grete" Adler (1896-1990), swimmer, Olympic bronze (4x100-m freestyle relay)
 * Richard Bergmann (1919-1970), Austria/Britain table tennis player, seven-time world champion, ITTF Hall of Fame
 * Hedy Bienenfeld (1907–1976), Austrian-American Olympic swimmer
 * Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy) (1882-1961), fencer (saber), Olympic silver
 * Fritzi Burger (1910-1999), figure skater, two-time Olympic silver, two-time World Championship silver
 * Robert Fein (1907–1975), Olympic Champion weightlifter
 * Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch (1872-1939), fencer (sabre), Olympic bronze
 * Alfred Guth (1908–1996), Austrian-born American water polo player, swimmer, and Olympic modern pentathlete
 * Hans Haas (1906-1973), weightlifter, Olympic champion (lightweight), silver
 * Judith Haspel (born "Judith Deutsch") (1918-2004), Austrian-born Israeli swimmer, held every Austrian women's middle and long-distance freestyle record in 1935, refused to represent Austria in 1936 Summer Olympics along with Ruth Langer and Lucie Goldner, protesting Hitler, stating, "I refuse to enter a contest in a land which so shamefully persecutes my people."
 * Dr. Otto Herschmann (1877-1942), fencer (saber), 2-time Olympic silver winner (in fencing/team sabre and 100-m freestyle); arrested by Nazis, and died in Izbica concentration camp
 * Nickolaus "Mickey" Hirschl (1906-1991), wrestler, two-time Olympic bronze (heavyweight freestyle and Greco-Roman), shot put and discus junior champion, weightlifting junior champion, and pentathlon champion
 * Felix Kasper (1915-2003), figure skater, Olympic bronze
 * Alfred König (1913–1987), Austrian-Turkish Olympic sprinter
 * Ruth Langer (1921–1999), Austrian national champion swimmer who refused to attend the 1936 Summer Olympics, along with Judith Haspel and Lucie Goldner
 * Fritzi Löwy (1910–1994), Austrian Olympic swimmer
 * Klara Milch (1891-1970), swimmer, Olympic bronze (4x100-m freestyle relay)
 * Paul Neumann (1875-1932), swimmer, Olympic champion (500-m freestyle)
 * Fred Oberlander (1911-1996), Austrian, British, and Canadian wrestler; world champion (freestyle heavyweight); Maccabiah champion
 * Felix Pipes (1887-1983), tennis player, Olympic silver (doubles)
 * Maxim Podoprigora (born 1978), Olympic swimmer
 * Ellen Preis (1912-2007), fencer (foil), three-time world champion (1947, 1949, and 1950), Olympic champion, 17-time Austrian champion
 * Otto Scheff (born "Otto Sochaczewsky") (1889-1956), swimmer, Olympic champion (400-m freestyle) and two-time bronze (400-m freestyle, 1,500-m freestyle)
 * Josephine Sticker (1894-1963), swimmer, Olympic bronze (4x100-m freestyle relay)
 * Otto Wahle (1879-1963), Austrian/US swimmer, two-time Olympic silver (1,000-m freestyle, 200-m obstacle race) and bronze (400-m freestyle); International Swimming Hall of Fame

Politicians

 * Bruno Kreisky (1911-1990), Chancellor of Austria 1970–1983, agnostic
 * Ignaz Kuranda (1812-1884), politician
 * Joseph Redlich (1857-1943), politician, Minister of Finance in the early 1930s
 * Otto Bauer (1881-1938), Foreign Minister 1918–1919
 * Franz Klein (1854-1926), Minister of Justice 1906–1908, and in 1916

Revolutionaries

 * Simon Deutsch (1822–1877), revolutionary

Lawyers

 * Fred F. Herzog (1907-2008), only Jewish judge in Austria between the World Wars; fled to the United States and became the dean of two law schools

Scientists

 * Carl Djerassi (1923-2015), chemist, inventor of the pill
 * Sir Otto Frankel (1900-1998), geneticist
 * Jakob Erdheim (1874-1937), pathologist (Erdheim–Chester disease).
 * Eric Kandel (born 1929), neuroscientist, winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Karl Koller (1857-1944), ophthalmologist; first to use cocaine as an anaesthetic
 * Hans Kronberger (1920-1970), nuclear physicist
 * Robert von Lieben (1878-1913), physicist (Jewish father)
 * Victor Frederick Weisskopf (1908–2002), physicist; during World War II, worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb; later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons
 * Max Perutz (1914-2002), molecular biologist, winner of 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
 * Lise Meitner (1878-1968), physicist, discovered nuclear fission of uranium with * Otto Hahn, namegiver of element 109 * meitnerium

Psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists

 * Alfred Adler (1870-1937), founding member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and founder of the school of individual psychology
 * Anna Freud (1895-1982), Vienna-born child psychologist and daughter of Sigmund Freud
 * Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Moravian-born founder of psychoanalysis and neurologist
 * Marie Jahoda (1907-2001), psychologist
 * Helen Singer Kaplan (1929-1995), sex therapist
 * Melanie Klein (1882-1960), psychotherapy
 * Heinz Kohut (1913-1981), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
 * Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), psychiatry and psychoanalysis
 * Viktor Frankl (1905-1997), psychiatrist and psychologist

Social and political scientists

 * Guido Adler (1855-1941), Moravian musicologist
 * Hugo Bergmann (1883-1975), philosopher
 * Hugo Botstiber (1875-1941), musicologist
 * Paul Edwards (1923-2004), philosopher
 * Heinrich Friedjung (1851-1920), Moravian historian and politician
 * Norbert Jokl (1877-1942), founder of Albanology
 * Otto Kurz (1908-1975), historian
 * Emil Lederer (1882-1939), economist
 * Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), economist
 * Otto Neurath (1882-1945), economist, sociologist, philosopher
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), philosopher (of largely Jewish descent but given a Catholic burial)

Film and stage

 * Rudolf Bing (1902–1997), opera impresario, General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York from 1950 to 1972
 * Fritz Grünbaum (1880–1941), cabaret artist, operetta and pop songwriter, director, actor and master of ceremonies
 * Alber Misak, actor
 * Kurt Kren (1929–1998), experimental filmmaker, director of the avant garde films 8/64: Ana – Aktion Brus, 10/65: Selbstverstümmelung, 10b/65: Silber – Aktion Brus, 16/67: 20. September, and 10c/65: Brus wünscht euch seine Weihnachten (Jewish father)
 * Reggie Nalder (1907–1991), cabaret dancer, stage, film and television actor
 * Joseph Schildkraut (1896–1964), stage and film actor
 * Frederick Schrecker (1892–1976), actor of film, stage and TV
 * Harry Schein (1924–2006), founder of the Swedish Film Institute, writer, chemical engineer
 * Elisabeth Freundlich (1906-2001), playwright and journalist who reported on the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials - Holocaust survivor

Musicians

 * Kurt Adler (1907–1977), Bohemian born Austrian chorus master, conductor, pianist, author, Metropolitan Opera New York City, United States
 * Fanny Basch-Mahler (1854–1942), pianist and music teacher
 * Ignaz Brüll (1846-1907), composer and pianist
 * Hanns Eisler (1898–1962), composer and co-author (with Theodor W. Adorno) of Komposition für den Film (Jewish father)
 * Joseph Joachim (1831-1907), violinist (born in Kittsee, Austria, at that time Hungary)
 * Hans Keller (1919-1985), musicologist
 * Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962), violinist and composer, one of the most famous of his day
 * Erica Morini (1919-1995), violinist
 * Erwin Schulhoff (1894–1942), composer and pianist
 * Julius Schulhoff (1825–1898), pianist and composer
 * Rudolf Schwarz (1905-1994), conductor
 * Walter Susskind (1913–1980), conductor
 * Richard Tauber (1891-1948), singer and composer
 * Egon Wellesz (1885-1974), composer

Composers

 * Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897-1957), composer (born in Bohemia)
 * Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962), violinist and composer, one of the most famous of his day
 * Gustav Mahler (1860-1911), Bohemian-born composer, conductor and pianist
 * Arnold Schoenberg (1871–1954), composer (born in Vienna); founder of Second Viennese School; music theorist

Writers

 * Peter Altenberg (1859–1919), writer and poet
 * Ludwig Basch (1851–1940), editor and journalist
 * Raphael Basch (1813–1907), journalist and politician
 * Abraham Benisch (1814–1878), Hebraist and journalist; born Bohemia
 * Henri Blowitz (1825-1903), journalist
 * Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher) (1905-1996), poet and translator
 * Fritz Brainin (1913-1992), poet
 * Rudolf Flesch (1911-1986), naturalized American writer noted for his book Why Johnny Can't Read
 * Bernard Friedberg (1876-1961), Hebraist, scholar and bibliographer
 * Elfriede Jelinek (born 1946), Nobel prize-winning (2004) novelist (Jewish father).
 * Franz Kafka (1883-1924), writer
 * Paul Kornfeld (1889–1942), writer, author of many expressionist plays
 * Karl Kraus (1874-1936), author
 * Heinrich Landesmann (1821-1902), poet
 * Robert Lucas (1904-1984), writer, emigrated to Britain in 1934
 * Joseph Roth (1894-1939), novelist and journalist
 * Felix Salten (1869-1945), Hungarian-born Austrian writer
 * Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931), writer and physician
 * Alice Schwarz-Gardos (1915–2007), writer, journalist and editor-in-chief of Israel-Nachrichten 1975-2007 (Alice Schwarz-Gardos )
 * Hugo Sonnenschein (1889-1953), Bohemian-born writer
 * Regine Ulmann (1847-1938), editor, educator and feminist
 * Franz Werfel (1890-1945), novelist and playwright
 * Alma Wittlin (1899–1992), art historian and museologist
 * Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), writer

Miscellaneous

 * Haim Bar-Lev (1924-1994), Chief of Staff of Israel Defence Forces (1968–1971)
 * Dan Laner (1922-1988), Deputy Commander of Northern Command
 * Alfred Edersheim (1825-1889), Bible scholar
 * Rudolf Eisler (1873–1926), Jewish philosopher, born in Vienna
 * Josef Frank (1885–1967), architect
 * Maurice de Hirsch (1831-1896), banker
 * Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1759-1849), merchant
 * Gisela Januszewska (1867–1943), physician
 * Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907), bibliographer and Orientalist
 * George Weidenfeld (1919-2016), publisher
 * Simon Wiesenthal (1908-2005), Holocaust survivor and Nazi hunter

Others

 * Viktor Aptowitzer (1871–1942), born in Tarnopol, Galizien, Jewish theologian, Talmudist
 * Rudolf Auspitz (1837–1906), Austrian politician, entrepreneur (Unternehmer)
 * Joseph Samuel Bloch (1850–1923), born in Dukla, Galizien, Austrian publicist, politician
 * Ludo Moritz Hartmann (1865-1924), Austrian Jewish historian and statesman
 * Paul Hatvani, Paul Hirsch (1892–1975), born in Kew, near Melbourne, Austrian Jewish writer, chemist
 * Neta Alchimister (born 1994), Israeli model

title: List of Austrian Jews


text:
Automan

Automan is a short-lived American superhero television series produced by Glen A. Larson. It aired for 12 episodes (although 13 were made) on ABC between 1983 and 1984. It consciously emulates the visual stylistics of the Walt Disney Pictures live-action film Tron, in the context of a superhero TV series. The series was later shown in reruns on the Sci-Fi Channel.

Synopsis
Automan (the "Automatic Man") follows the adventures of a police officer and computer programmer named Walter Nebicher (Desi Arnaz Jr.), who has created an artificially intelligent crimefighting computer program that generated a hologram (played by Chuck Wagner) able to leave the computer world at night and fight crime.

While in the tangible world (in other words, the "real world" of this television series; not the aforementioned "computer world" l from which Automan originates in this TV series, where he had met such luminaries as "Donkey Kong"), Automan posed as a government agent, Otto J. Mann.nThis was a secret to all except Walter's close associate, Roxanne Caldwell (Heather McNair).

Nebicher could merge with Automan to become one being, sharing consciousness and skills, while retaining Automan's invulnerability.

Cursor was his sidekick, a floating, shifting polyhedron which could "draw" and generate physical objects as needed. The most common forms taken were an automobile (the Autocar), an airplane, and a helicopter, all of which could defy the laws of physics.

The show also starred Robert Lansing as Lieutenant Jack Curtis and Gerald S. O'Loughlin as Captain of Detectives E. G. Boyd, both Walter's superiors. Both believed Automan was a friend of Walter from the FBI. Captain Boyd, a technophobe who had no use for computers, often held up Lieutenant Curtis as the kind of cop he was convinced was the ideal for police – an ideal to which he believed Walter could never rise.

Features
The Automan costume appeared to glow on screen due to its retroreflective sheeting designed by 3M. The fabric was made up of tiny reflective balls, and it was able to reflect nearly 100 percent of the light shone at it (the technique had been used several years earlier for the Kryptonian costumes in Superman). The costume also had highly polished plates attached to it to provide the holographic appearance, all enhanced in post-production through chromakey effects.

The Autocar and Autochopper were the most common vehicles created for transport. Each vehicle would appear or disappear as a sequence of wireframes drawn by Cursor, and were engineered by the special effects team using black props with strips of reflective tape stuck on them. The Autocar was a "brought to life" in the fictional world of the television series by the FX team using a real life Lamborghini Countach LP400 as a model. In the fictional world of the television series, the Autocar had capabilities beyond real world physics, such as being capable of making 90-degree turns without losing control and overtaking merely by strafing, rather than turning. However, human passengers not properly secured in their seats would often be thrown around inside with the momentum from the sudden position change. The Autochopper was based on a real life Bell Jetranger. The fictional Autochopper, unlike real helicopters, was capable of landing anywhere. The show also featured a futuristic airplane and motorcycle, while other episodes featured a distinctive handgun and a guitar.

Another prominent feature of the fictional Automan was the ability to "wrap himself" around Walter as a means of protecting him. They would appear as one person, but because Walter was inside Automan, he would inadvertently end up speaking in two voices.

Despite Automan's many fictional powers, he also had his weaknesses. Automan's excessive use of electricity would often mean he would suffer from power shortage during the daytime, so he was rarely active in sunlight.

Cancellation
Automan was put in the Monday 8 PM ET timeslot where it competed with the popular Scarecrow and Mrs. King as well as TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes. Because of poor ratings (13.6) and expensive special effects, Automan was canceled after twelve of its thirteen episodes had aired.

Cast

 * Desi Arnaz Jr. – Walter Nebicher
 * Chuck Wagner – Automan / Otto J. Mann
 * Robert Lansing – Lieutenant Jack Curtis
 * Gerald S. O'Loughlin – Police Captain E. G. Boyd
 * Heather McNair – Roxanne Caldwell

DVD release
On October 1, 2012, Fabulous Films released the complete series on DVD in the UK. This was the first DVD release of the series anywhere in the world.

On August 18, 2015, the show was released on DVD in Australia as a four disc set through Madman Entertainment.

On November 10, 2015, Shout! Factory released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. The 4-disc set featured all 13 episodes of the series as well as bonus features.

Merchandise
Automan merchandise was released, mostly in the UK. An action figure, Halloween costume, toy Autocar, Commodore 64 video game and novelization of the pilot episode are among some of the many releases. In the US, the Ja-Ru company released a number of toys based on the show, designed to be sold in supermarkets. Such items included toy print sets, money sets, and binoculars.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Automan


text: User talk:213.189.150.86

title: User talk:213.189.150.86


text:
She Loves You

"She Loves You" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and released as a single in the United Kingdom on 23 August 1963. The single set and surpassed several sales records in the United Kingdom charts, and set a record in the United States as one of the five Beatles songs that held the top five positions in the charts simultaneously, on 4 April 1964. It remains the band's best-selling single in the UK and was the top-selling single of the 1960s there by any artist.

In November 2004, Rolling Stone ranked "She Loves You" number 64 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In August 2009, at the end of its "Beatles Weekend", BBC Radio 2 announced that "She Loves You" was the Beatles' all-time best-selling single in the UK based on information compiled by the Official Charts Company.

In Canada, the song was included on the album Twist and Shout. In the US, it was the final song on The Beatles' Second Album.

Composition
Lennon and McCartney started composing "She Loves You" on 26 June 1963 after a concert at the Majestic Ballroom in Newcastle upon Tyne during their tour with Roy Orbison and Gerry and the Pacemakers. They began writing the song on the tour bus, and continued later that night at their hotel in Newcastle eventually completing it the following day at McCartney's family home in Forthlin Road, Liverpool.

In 2000, McCartney said the initial idea for the song began with Bobby Rydell's hit "Forget Him" with its call and response pattern, and that "as often happens, you think of one song when you write another ... I'd planned an 'answering song' where a couple of us would sing 'she loves you' and the other ones would answer 'yeah yeah'. We decided that was a crummy idea but at least we then had the idea of a song called 'She Loves You'. So we sat in the hotel bedroom for a few hours and wrote it – John and I, sitting on twin beds with guitars." Like many early Beatles songs, the title of "She Loves You" was framed around the use of personal pronouns. But unusually for a love song, the lyrics are not about the narrator's love for someone else; instead the narrator functions as a helpful go-between for estranged lovers:

"You think you lost your love,

Well, I saw her yesterday.

It's you she's thinking of –

And she told me what to say.

She says she loves you ..."

This idea was attributed by Lennon to McCartney in 1980: "It was Paul's idea: instead of singing 'I love you' again, we'd have a third party. That kind of little detail is still in his work. He will write a story about someone. I'm more inclined to write about myself."

Lennon, being mindful of Elvis Presley's "All Shook Up", wanted something equally stirring: "I don't know where the 'yeah yeah yeah' came from [but] I remember when Elvis did 'All Shook Up' it was the first time in my life that I had heard 'uh huh', 'oh yeah', and 'yeah yeah' all sung in the same song". The song also included a number of falsetto "wooooo"s, which Lennon acknowledged as being inspired by the Isley Brothers' recording of "Twist and Shout", which the Beatles had earlier recorded, and which had also been inserted into the group's previous single, "From Me to You". As Lennon later said: "We stuck it in everything". McCartney recalls them playing the finished song on acoustic guitars to his father Jim at home immediately after the song was completed: "We went into the living room and said 'Dad, listen to this. What do you think? And he said 'That's very nice son, but there's enough of these Americanisms around. Couldn't you sing 'She loves you, yes, yes, yes!' At which point we collapsed in a heap and said 'No, Dad, you don't quite get it!'" EMI recording engineer Norman Smith had a somewhat similar reaction, later recounting, "I was setting up the microphone when I first saw the lyrics on the music stand, 'She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, Yeah!' I thought, Oh my God, what a lyric! This is going to be one that I do not like. But when they started to sing it – bang, wow, terrific, I was up at the mixer jogging around."

The "yeah, yeah, yeah" refrain proved an immediate, infectious musical hook. Unusually, the song starts with the hook right away, instead of introducing it after a verse or two. "She Loves You" does not include a bridge, instead using the refrain to join the various verses. The chords tend to change every two measures, and the harmonic scheme is mostly static.

The arrangement starts with a two-count from Starr on the drums, and his fills are an important part of the record throughout. The electric instruments are mixed higher than before, especially McCartney's bass, adding to the sense of musical power that the record provides. The lead vocal is sung by Lennon and McCartney, switching between unison and harmony.

George Martin, the Beatles' producer, questioned the validity of the major sixth chord that ends the song, an idea suggested by George Harrison. "They sort of finished on this curious singing chord which was a major sixth, with George [Harrison] doing the sixth and the others doing the third and fifth in the chord. It was just like a Glenn Miller arrangement." The device had also been used by country music-influenced artists in the 1950s. McCartney later reflected: "We took it to George Martin and sang 'She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeeeeeaah ...' and that tight little sixth cluster we had at the end. George [Martin] said: 'It's very corny, I would never end on a sixth'. But we said 'It's such a great sound, it doesn't matter'." The Beatles: Complete Scores shows only the notes D (the fifth) and E (the sixth) sung for the final chord, while on the recording McCartney sang G (the root) as Harrison sang E and Lennon sang D.

In the opinion of Roger McGuinn of the Byrds, writers who attempt to define the origins of folk rock "don't realise that the Beatles were responsible as far back as 1963". He cites "She Loves You" as one of the first examples where the Beatles introduced folk chord changes into rock music and so initiated the new genre. These songs were all influential in providing a template for successfully assimilating folk-based chord progressions and melodies into pop music.

Recording
The song was recorded on 1 July 1963, less than a week after it was written, using a two-track recording machine. Documentation regarding the number of takes required and other recording details does not exist. Early takes of the song featured the use of a Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone on Harrison's guitar. Mixing was carried out on 4 July. Standard procedure at EMI Studios at the time was to erase the original two-track session tape for singles once they had been mixed down to the (usually monaural) master tape used to press records. This was the fate of four Beatles songs that were released as two singles: "Love Me Do", "P.S. I Love You", "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You ". These tracks only exist as a mono master, although several mock-stereo remixes have been made by EMI affiliates worldwide, including a few made in 1966 by Abbey Road engineer Geoff Emerick. A true stereo mix of "She Loves You," created by Giles Martin using AI technology commissioned by filmmaker Peter Jackson, was finally released in 2023 as part of the expanded edition of the 1962–1966 compilation album.

The German division of EMI (the parent of the Beatles' British record label Parlophone Records) decided that the only way to sell Beatles records in Germany would be to re-record them in the German language. The band thought it unnecessary, but were asked by George Martin to comply, recording "Sie liebt dich" on 29 January 1964, along with "Komm, gib mir deine Hand", at the Pathé Marconi Studios in Paris. They recorded new vocals over the original backing track to "I Want to Hold Your Hand;" "Sie liebt dich" was recorded entirely from scratch. Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of "Jean Nicolas" (his full name was Camille Jean Nicolas Felgen).

United Kingdom
On 23 August 1963, the "She Loves You" single was released in the United Kingdom with "I'll Get You" as the B-side. The songwriting credit on the label was switched to "Lennon–McCartney" for this release – a switch from the "McCartney–Lennon" order of nearly all previous Beatles releases – and would remain this way during the remainder of their songwriting partnership.

There was tremendous anticipation ahead of the release. Thousands of fans had ordered the group's next single as early as June, well before a title had been known. By the day before it went on sale, some 500,000 advanced orders had been placed for it. The single set several British sales records. It entered the charts on 31 August and remained in the charts for 31 consecutive weeks, 18 of those weeks in the top three (including every week of the months of September, October, November and December 1963). During that period, it claimed the ranking of number one on 14 September, stayed number one for four weeks, dropped back to the top three, then regained the top spot for two weeks starting on 30 November. This regaining of the top spot was very unusual at the time. It then made its way back into the charts for two weeks on 11 April 1964, peaking at No. 42. It passed sales of a half million copies by early June and a million by late November, whereupon it was awarded a gold record. The song's run on the charts coincided with the 13 October 1963 performance of the group on Sunday Night at the London Palladium and the emergence of full-blown Beatlemania in the United Kingdom.

"She Loves You" was the best-selling single of 1963, and is the Beatles' all-time best-selling single in the UK. It was the best-selling single of any artist in the UK for 14 years until it was surpassed by Wings' "Mull of Kintyre" (written by McCartney and Denny Laine). As of November 2022, "She Loves You" was the ninth best-selling single of all time in the UK, with sales of 1.93 million copies.

United States
The group's lack of success in the US puzzled the Beatles' producer George Martin and manager Brian Epstein, given their huge hits in the UK. Their only US release that had charted was "From Me to You", which lasted three weeks in August 1963, never going higher than No. 116 on the Billboard Hot 100. Capitol Records had been stubborn in turning down the chance to become their record label in the US, and consequently the Beatles had been with Vee-Jay Records until that label failed to pay their royalties on time. Transglobal Music, an affiliate of EMI, held the licences to their output in the US, and promptly ordered Vee-Jay to halt their manufacturing and distribution of Beatles records. Epstein, who needed a record label to release "She Loves You" in the US, asked Transglobal to find another label for him, and Transglobal came up with Swan Records. To avoid potential disagreements and lawsuits, the contract signed with Swan licensed to them only "She Loves You" and "I'll Get You", enough only for the A- and B-sides of a single – and only for two years.

When "She Loves You" came out as a single in the US on 16 September 1963, it received a positive notice in Billboard, but garnered very little radio airplay. New York disc jockey Murray the K saw it place third out of five in a listener record contest, but it failed to take off from that. The song was also featured as a part of the Rate-a-Record segment of American Bandstand where it scored in the low 70s, noticeably lower than those songs considered to score well. Overall, it sold approximately 1,000 copies and completely failed to chart on Billboard.

On 22 November 1963, the CBS Morning News ran a five-minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured "She Loves You". The evening's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day and the four days' worth of news coverage that followed. Coincidental with the song's climb up the Canadian charts on 10 December, Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the CBS Evening News, and the resulting interest led to the rush-release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand"—only weeks before the Beatles' arrival—on 26 December 1963.

"I Want to Hold Your Hand" climbed to No. 1 by the end of January 1964, launching the "British Invasion" of the American music scene and paving the way for more Beatles records and releases by other British artists. In the wake of that success, the Swan "She Loves You" single re-emerged, and entered the Billboard chart on 25 January 1964. Beatlemania took hold of America, spurred by the group's appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in February, where they performed this among other songs. "She Loves You" spent four weeks at No. 2, behind "I Want to Hold Your Hand", then replaced it for two weeks at No. 1 beginning on 21 March. The Beatles are one of only two artists ever whose first two Hot 100 singles held the top two positions simultaneously on that chart. During its fifteen-week run on the American charts, "She Loves You" was joined by four other Beatles songs at the top five in the American charts and became part of the group setting several all-time records for the Hot 100. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 2 song of 1964, behind "I Want to Hold Your Hand", making the Beatles the second act to hold the top two year-end record positions since Elvis Presley did it in 1956 with "Heartbreak Hotel" and "Don't Be Cruel".

When Beatlemania reached the US, the record labels holding rights to Beatle songs re-released them in various combinations. Swan claimed to own the rights to "Sie Liebt Dich", the German version of "She Loves You", although they did not. On 21 May 1964, "Sie Liebt Dich" was released by Swan in the US, featuring "I'll Get You" on the B-side, just like the English-language single. American consumers bought "Sie Liebt Dich" in modest numbers, leading to a chart peak of No. 97 on 27 June.

"She Loves You" was included on Capitol Records' US album The Beatles' Second Album, which overtook Meet the Beatles! on 2 May 1964, reaching the top spot in the album charts. It was the first time an artist had replaced themselves at the summit of the American album charts, and this provided a hint of the successes the Beatles would continue to achieve.

Other countries
Unlike Capitol Records' reluctance to proceed with the Beatles in the US, its Canadian subsidiary, Capitol of Canada, went ahead with the group, and "She Loves You" was released there in September 1963. It was played by Ontario radio station CKWS the next month, and entered the national CHUM Chart on 2 December 1963. It reached the top five on 23 December, a full month before any Beatles single would do the same in the US charts. It then spent nine weeks at No. 1 in the early part of 1964.

"She Loves You" became the first Beatles record to sell well in continental Europe and led to a Beatles tour of Sweden in late October 1963. Before the Beatles' breakthrough with "She Loves You", British acts had only managed sporadic successes in continental European markets.

Cultural impact and legacy
"She Loves You" is the song that thrust the Beatles full-scale into the British national spotlight. Part of this was the effectiveness of the song's hook; author Eric Starr wrote in retrospect, "Each chorus or refrain pounds the hook into your head until it's imprinted in your brain." As Nicholas Schaffner later wrote, it was "'yeah, yeah, yeah' chanted repeatedly and emphatically enough to drive any listener out of his mind, one way or the other."

Moreover, it became the signature phrase for the group at the time. The Daily Mirror's approving editorial of 5 November 1963, following the Beatles' acclaimed appearance at the Royal Variety Performance the night before, was entitled "Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!" The New York Times' lengthy article of 8 February 1964, describing the frenzy accompanying the group's arrival at John F. Kennedy International Airport and in New York City, made reference to "Yeah, yeah, yeah" in its first paragraph, continuation headline, and closing paragraph. An Associated Press story describing the positive critical reaction to the group's film A Hard Day's Night was headlined "'Yeah, Yeah, Yeah' For Beatles' Film" and labelled "She Loves You" as "the original 'Yeah, Yeah, Yeah,' song".

The phrase became synonymous not just with the Beatles but with the associated kind of popular music overall. A New York Times account describing the Animals' introductory concert in the city later that year repeated the phrase in description of the group.

Clinton Heylin remarked that the chorus "no, no, no" in Bob Dylan's 1964 song "It Ain't Me, Babe" was taken as a parody of the Beatles' "yeah, yeah, yeah" in "She Loves You". The melody in both phrases uses a scale descending through a minor third.

In the 22 January 1965, Flintstones episode "The Hatrocks and The Gruesomes", as new hillbilly neighbors, the "Hatrocks" (who, it is revealed early on, hate 'Bug Music' by 'The Four Insects'—an obvious dig at the Beatles at the time), outgrow their welcome, the Flintstones and Rubbles rig their radio and phone and, wearing Beatle wigs, broadcast a performance of "She Said 'Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!'", driving them out of their house and over to the Gruesomes, who are also performing the song while wearing Beatle wigs.

In 1975, authors Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote in The Beatles: An Illustrated Record that "If a future archivist were to select one single tune to characterise the Beatles' appeal and the stylistic devices for which they became world famous, he would be forced to choose 'She Loves You'." In 1979, author Greil Marcus included "She Loves You" in his Stranded: Rock and Roll for a Desert Island list of essential rock records. Even more fundamentally, Marcus posed the question of what one would tell a Martian who landed and asked the meaning of rock and roll? The first answer would be "She Loves You".

The British establishment at that time found the refrain "yeah, yeah, yeah" controversial. National radio in the form of the BBC broadcast the single and "in some quarters it was seen to hail the collapse of civilised society".

"Yeah, yeah, yeah" was to have a great effect on the Beatles' image – in some parts of Europe, they became known as the yeah-yeahs or yé-yés.

As late as the mid-1970s, some countries in Southeast Asia were still putting out edicts that forbade Beatles haircuts and so-called "yeah, yeah, yeah music".

Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in the Communist German Democratic Republic, referenced the song in a famous speech about copying culture from the Western world, by using the refrain: "Is it truly the case that we have to copy every dirt that comes from the West? I think, comrades, with the monotony of the yeah, yeah, yeah and whatever it is all called, yes, we should put an end to it".

British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home made a gaffe in February 1964: his speechwriters, trying to make him appear in touch with popular culture, wrote him the line, "I'm too modest to claim the country loves us, but you know that can't be bad." However, he appeared not to understand the reference, and actually said, "but you know, err, that can't be too bad."

On 10 December 1980, following the murder of John Lennon in Manhattan two nights previously, British tabloid newspaper The Sun printed the front-page headline "They Loved Him Yeah Yeah Yeah".

In early 1984, Life observed the 20th anniversary of the Beatle invasion of America showing an old photo of them on the front cover with the caption: "Twenty Years Ago, They Invaded America - Did We Love 'Em? YEAH! YEAH! YEAH!"

On 27 July 2012, a portion of "She Loves You" as well as footage of the band performing the song was included in a montage of British music during the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games. In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked the song at number 7 on their list of the best Beatles songs.

Later Beatles use
"She Loves You" was sometimes played by the group during performances on the BBC, and one such recording is included on On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2, released in 2013. A concert performance of the song, recorded at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London, on 4 November 1963, for the Royal Variety Performance, appeared in 1995 on Anthology 1.

Although not one of the new songs that predominated in their July 1964 film debut A Hard Day's Night, it was used as the finale of the concert that closes the movie.

"She Loves You" was a staple of the set list of early Beatles tours, and appeared on The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl. By late 1964, it had been dropped in favour of newer songs and the other artists' material that remained in their show. It did not appear in the group's 1965 or 1966 concert performances.

The Beatles later sang the chorus of "She Loves You" in the long fade-out of "All You Need Is Love", and a carnival-styled organ version of the song is featured in their 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour.

"She Loves You" was included in the Beatles compilation albums A Collection of Beatles Oldies (1966, not released in the US), 1962–1966 (1973), 20 Greatest Hits (1982), Past Masters, Volume One (1988), and 1 (2000). The song was also included on the American promotional version of the Rarities album, issued as the bonus disc in the limited edition boxed set The Beatles Collection, in November 1978. The Capitol Records' US album, The Beatles' Second Album, on which the song had been featured, was included in the 2004 CD release The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 and rereleased in 2014, individually and in the boxed set The US Albums.

"Sie Liebt Dich" was included on both the 1978 British Rarities and the 1980 American Rarities as well as on Past Masters, Volume One.

The 2009 CD rerelease of the Beatles' catalog included "She Loves You" and "Sie Liebt Dich" on Past Masters (mono and stereo, respectively) and on Mono Masters (mono).

Paul McCartney sang "We love you, yeah, yeah, yeah" at the end of his duet with Stevie Wonder titled "What's That You're Doing?" from Tug of War. McCartney has not played the full song in any of his Wings or solo concert tours, but has replicated its use to end performances of "All You Need Is Love" during his 2011–2012 On the Run Tour.

Personnel
Personnel per Ian MacDonald
 * John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar
 * Paul McCartney – vocal, bass
 * George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums
 * George Martin – producer
 * Norman Smith – engineer

Cover versions
Many artists recorded versions of "She Loves You" in the early 1960s including Brenda Lee, for whom the Beatles had acted as a support act when she headlined a gig at the Star Club in Hamburg, West Germany, in 1962. Renamed "He Loves You", it appeared on her 1965 album, Top Teen Hits (also known as Brenda Lee Sings Top Teen Hits).

English group McFly released a cover of "She Loves You" as the B-side of their hit "That Girl". It also appears on their LP The Greatest Bits: B-Sides & Rarities which was only available at Woolworths stores in the UK.

Several recording artists included the song on albums made up of nothing but Beatles covers: Mary Wells in 1965 on her album Love Songs to the Beatles, where it was also renamed "He Loves You"; bandleader Count Basie on the 1966 album Basie's Beatle Bag; and the cartoon group the Chipmunks, whose The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits included "She Loves You". The Chipmunks later covered the song again on the album The Chipmunks: Rockin' Through the Decades.

Peter Sellers recorded six different "speaking" cover versions of the song, using different voices/accents, three of which have been rereleased on the 4-disc collection A Celebration of Sellers:
 * Irish (twice, each with a different ending [one extremely sexual ])
 * Cockney
 * "Chinless Wonder"
 * Upper-class British
 * Inspired by Dr. Strangelove

title: She Loves You


text:
Hopf–Rinow theorem

Hopf–Rinow theorem is a set of statements about the geodesic completeness of Riemannian manifolds. It is named after Heinz Hopf and his student Willi Rinow, who published it in 1931. Stefan Cohn-Vossen extended part of the Hopf–Rinow theorem to the context of certain types of metric spaces.

Statement
Let $$(M, g)$$ be a connected and smooth Riemannian manifold. Then the following statements are equivalent:

 * 1) The closed and bounded subsets of $$M$$ are compact;
 * 2) $$M$$ is  a complete metric space;
 * 3) $$M$$ is geodesically complete; that is, for every $$p \in M,$$ the exponential map expp is defined on the entire tangent space $$\operatorname{T}_p M.$$

Furthermore, any one of the above implies that given any two points $$p, q \in M,$$ there exists a length minimizing geodesic connecting these two points (geodesics are in general critical points for the length functional, and may or may not be minima).

In the Hopf–Rinow theorem, the first characterization of completeness deals purely with the topology of the manifold and the boundedness of various sets; the second deals with the existence of minimizers to a certain problem in the calculus of variations (namely minimization of the length functional); the third deals with the nature of solutions to a certain system of ordinary differential equations.

Variations and generalizations

 * The Hopf–Rinow theorem is generalized to length-metric spaces the following way:
 * If a length-metric space is complete and locally compact then any two points can be connected by a minimizing geodesic, and any bounded closed set is compact.
 * In fact these properties characterize completeness for locally compact length-metric spaces.

 * The theorem does not hold for infinite-dimensional manifolds. The unit sphere in a separable Hilbert space can be endowed with the structure of a Hilbert manifold in such a way that antipodal points cannot be joined by a length-minimizing geodesic. It was later observed that it is not even automatically true that two points are joined by any geodesic, whether minimizing or not.
 * The theorem also does not generalize to Lorentzian manifolds: the Clifton–Pohl torus provides an example (diffeomorphic to the two-dimensional torus) that is compact but not complete.

title: Hopf–Rinow theorem


text:
Stresa Front

The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa, a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy, between French prime minister Pierre-Étienne Flandin (with Pierre Laval), British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini on 14 April 1935. Practically, the Stresa Front was an alliance between France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, aimed against Nazi Germany. Pat Buchanan's Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War considered the Stresa Front the last chance to stop Hitler before the Second World War.

Formally called the Final Declaration of the Stresa Conference, its aim was to reaffirm the Locarno Treaties and to declare that the independence of Austria "would continue to inspire their common policy". The signatories also agreed to resist any future attempt by the Germans to change the Treaty of Versailles. A factor in the Abyssinia Crisis, it encouraged Italian imperial ambitions, motivated by the perception that France and Britain would not intervene if Italy attacked Ethiopia. The Stresa Front began to collapse after the UK signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in June 1935, in which Germany was given permission to increase the size of its navy. The Front broke down completely after the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.

Background
The Stresa Front was triggered by Germany's declaration of its intention to build up an air force, increase the size of the army to 36 divisions (500,000 men) and introduce conscription, in March 1935. All of these actions were direct violations of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the German Army to 100,000 men, forbade conscription in Germany and prohibited a German air force.

The Stresa Front was in many ways the work of Baron Vansittart, of the British diplomatic corps. Vansittart was strongly against appeasement, and strongly for containing Germany. This had the practical effect of conceding to Italian desires in Ethiopia in an attempt to contain the Nazis. Italy was of crucial strategic importance in controlling Germany. Its geographic location made it well suited for a defence of Austria, which Italy had in fact done in the July Putsch of 1934, by sending four divisions to Austria to prevent the Nazis from taking power. Further, with Italy against Germany, the Germans would be required to split their forces to guard their southern border, weakening their forces along the French and Belgian borders.

Conference
Vansittart arranged for a four-day conference to take place in Stresa, starting on 11 April 1935. Vansittart proved to be the driving force behind the Conference, even though he had some obstacles to overcome first. Much to the chagrin of Italy and France, the British Viscount Simon had met with German officials in Berlin shortly before the Stresa Conference. Vansittart spent considerable effort assuaging Italian and French concerns that the British might seek rapprochement with the Nazis; he achieved this in part by sharing diplomatic intelligence gained during Simon's meeting in Berlin.

The issue of Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) bedevilled the conference. Italy had asked Britain to bring along an expert on the subject, which it did. But in trying to solve the question of Europe, the Abyssinia issue had been sidelined leading up to the Conference. The resulting accounts on the issue vary: the official records make no mention of Abyssinia, though anecdotal evidence (perhaps invented by Mussolini) indicated that Mussolini had attempted to limit the Stresa Front's range to Europe, thereby allowing free rein in Abyssinia. Regardless, it appears that the British and Italians had not communicated properly: Italy thought it would have free rein in Abyssinia, and Britain thought it had made clear that Abyssinia was off limits. The issue would come to a head in the fall.

Even though the increasingly belligerent Germany dominated discussions within the conference room, Mussolini was most clever outside it. With Britain, he discussed plans to pursue his aim of making Italy 'great, respected and feared' by the invasion and conquest of Abyssinia and the creation of an all-powerful empire. Mussolini made sure not to discuss his expansionist plans within the confines of the conference itself, as he knew of the risk of the Western democracies issuing a veto over it. Furthermore, Mussolini could not risk the conference being sidetracked from its main aims, reaffirming Locarno and opposing any more breaches of international agreements.

Mussolini got his way, and his plans to invade Abyssinia were not brought up. He took that silence as acquiescence to his colonial war and launched his invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935. That was the turning point for Mussolini, as he drifted away from Britain and France and toward Germany.

Dissolution
"Soon after Stresa, on June 18th 1935,... Great Britain signed a naval agreement with them and without informing neither France nor Italy, which put a direct proportion to Germany and Britain by number and tonnage of warships, in fact renegading the agreements of Stresa, as well as those of Versailles of 1919. Benito Mussolini was furious when he heard the news and, unfortunately for Italy, convinced himself that Hitler couldn't be stopped anymore and that, therefore, he had to ride the tiger. – John Simon"

The Abyssinia Crisis proved to be the stress test that the Stresa Front could not withstand. Abyssinia had been invaded by Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895, which had been a humiliating defeat for the Italians. Italy had never truly forgotten its ambitions of controlling Ethiopia, and Mussolini saw an expansionist opportunity. Baron Vansittart received much contemporary criticism for his role in organizing the Front, given that in trying to contain Germany, Britain and France had now effectively appeased Italy, by allowing it a free hand in Ethiopia. The short-lived Front collapsed completely with the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in October 1935.

Mussolini had long held ambitions of controlling Abyssinia and was enraged by the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement without being informed beforehand. Mussolini had held back on his invasion plans to avoid alienating his allies, especially since Ethiopia bordered French Somaliland and British Somaliland. However, he felt betrayed by Britain and so decided that there was no reason against the invasion. He also believed that the agreement violated the Stresa Front.

On 6 January 1936 Mussolini told German Ambassador Ulrich von Hassell that he would not object to Germany taking Austria as a satellite state if it maintained its independence. On 22 February, Mussolini then agreed to Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland and stated that Italy would not honour the Locarno Treaty if the remilitarization occurred.

The Stresa conference was judged a British "fiasco" by many in the United Kingdom:

"With this fiasco we lost Abyssinia, we lost Austria, we created the Axis, and we made the coming war with Germany inevitable. Great Britain – the nickname perfidious Albion, at least in this case, seems well deserved – had a very ambiguous behaviour in those years, thinking it could successfully appease Hitler. Sir Robert Vansittart (permanent Secretary of UK Foreign Office)"

title: Stresa Front


text:
Yardie

Yardie (or Yaadi/Yawdie) is a term often used, particularly within the Caribbean expatriate and Jamaican diaspora, to refer to people of Jamaican origin, though its exact meaning changes depending on context. The term is derived from the Jamaican patois for “home” or "yard". The term may have specifically originated from the crowded "government yards" of two-storey government-funded concrete homes found in Kingston and inhabited by poorer Jamaican residents, though "yard" can also refer to "home" or "turf" in general in Jamaican patois.

Outside of Jamaica, "yardies" is often used to refer to Jamaican gangs or organized crime groups and gangsters of Jamaican origin, nationality, or ethnicity. In this sense, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "posse" or "Jamaican posse" to refer to crime groups of Jamaican origin, with the term "posse" used more frequently in North America and "Yardies" being used more frequently in the United Kingdom. Yardie gangs or Jamaican "posses" are involved in a wide array of criminal activity depending on their location, ranging from political corruption, political violence, and assassination in Jamaica to drug trafficking and gang violence in the US, Canada, and UK.

Etymology and usage
Derived from Jamaican Patois, the term "yardie" can be ambiguous, having multiple meanings depending on context. In the most innocuous sense, "yardie" can simply refer to a Jamaican national; as "yard" can mean "home" in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican expatriates who moved abroad to countries such as the U.K. and U.S. would often refer to themselves and other Jamaicans as "yardies". "Yardie" may also more specifically apply to those Jamaicans originating in the impoverished "government yards" or courtyards of Jamaican public housing, and the term was eventually applied to criminals and gang members originating from these "yards." As the term "yard" in Jamaican Patois can also refer to a territory, turf, or piece of land, "yardie" further gained gang or criminal connotations as Jamaican gangs or criminals claimed certain "territories" or "turf" and referred to such territory as their "yards." Subsequently, in the U.K. and, to a lesser extent, North America, the term "Yardie" most frequently refers to gangsters or gangs of Jamaican origin, though these gang members themselves may refer to their gangs as "posses" or "crews." The term is especially common in the U.K. to describe Jamaican or British Jamaican organized crime groups and gangs, while "posse" has become the more common term in North America.

Origins of "Yardie" organized crime groups
In the 1950s in Trenchtown, Kingston, Jamaica, the government created social housing developments employing large public courtyards, and the courtyard areas soon became the hub of social and recreational activity in the crowded housing of Trenchtown. With increasing overcrowding and poverty, however, squatting and homelessness developed within the yards. Crime, drug abuse, and violence overran the yards, while political corruption and clientelism led to local politicians buying and selling patronage within the community and paying gangs and violent political supporters to intimidate voters and threaten, assault, or kill political opponents.

By the 1970s and 1980s, political violence and politically-affiliated organized crime groups and street gangs became increasingly common in poorer areas of Jamaica, with gangs often led by older bosses known as "dons" (in reference to the Sicilian Mafia don) and participating in apolitical drug trafficking and racketeering in addition to political violence and political intimidation. These gangs became known as "Yardies," "posses", or "crews". Accounts of the association between Jamaican political factions and the rise of the Yardies are given in the factual books Ruthless by Geoff Small and Born Fi' Dead by Laurie Gunst.

By the 1980s, a drop in government budgets resulted in less money being paid by political parties to their gangs of armed supporters. These political Yardie gangs thus increasingly turned to apolitical criminal activity, such as drug trafficking, to bring in income. At the same time, the Jamaican government severely cracked down on Yardie gangs and political violence in general, leading many so-called Yardie gangsters to immigrate abroad and establish gangs in the U.K., U.S., and Canada. The establishment of Yardie gangs abroad coincided with the rise of crack cocaine in both North America and the U.K., and Yardie and Posse gangs from Jamaica became heavily involved in the trafficking of crack cocaine and other drugs, in addition to illegal gambling and other criminal activity.

United Kingdom
In 1948 the Labour government introduced the "British Nationality Act 1948", which came into effect in January 1949. This act introduced the status of "Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies" (CUKC), essentially putting all residents within Britain's colonies on an equal footing with existing residents of the British Isles and gave every person within the British commonwealth the right to move to the UK, if they so wished. Within the Caribbean community, new arrivals from Jamaica were sometimes referred to as "Yardies" due to reference of Jamaica as "back a yard" (or "back home"). A large influx of inner city Jamaican immigration to Britain during the 1980s led to the rise of gang violence or behaviour on the part of Jamaicans which became known in wider British society as "Yardie culture" and the participants "Yardies". The terms "Yardie gang" or "Yardie gun violence" were largely used by the British media to describe violent crimes in London's black community. The gangs in London are specifically known to have occupied and operated in Brixton, Harlesden/Stonebridge, Hackney, Tottenham, Peckham and Notting Hill.

Yardie activity has been reported in Aberdeen and South Wales (see county lines drug trafficking).

Jamaican-born British writer Victor Headley wrote a bestselling 1992 novel entitled Yardie. In 2018, British actor Idris Elba made his directorial debut with his feature film Yardie, based on Headley's book.

Criminal activity
Yardie gangs are notorious for their involvement in gun crime and the illegal drug trade, notably marijuana and crack cocaine in the United Kingdom. In 1993, Yardies were blamed for the murder of Police Constable Patrick Dunne, shot dead while patrolling in Clapham. In 2006, Rohan Chung, described as a Jamaican yard gangster was given three life sentences for the murders of Noel Patterson and his daughters, Connie and Lorna Morrison.

British police are hesitant to categorize British Yardie gangs as organized crime, since there appears to be no real structure or central leadership; affiliations between the various Yardie gangs in the UK can be described as loose at best. Academics have noted a tendency to over-label black British crime as "Yardie"-related due to stereotype and social narrative.

A number of operations to combat Yardie gun crime have been set up, notably Operation Trident in the London area. Yardies (or imitating) gangs also appear to be active in Bristol, Birmingham, Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Nottingham but to a lesser extent.

Some maintain that the supposed reach and influence in communities of these "Yardies" is a myth.

Films and television series

 * The Harder They Come (1972)
 * Live and Let Die (1973)
 * Marked for Death (1990)
 * Predator 2 (1990)
 * Rumble in the Bronx (1995)
 *  Belly (1998)
 * Caught Up (film), (1998)
 * Snatch (2000)
 * Shottas (2002)
 * Triads, Yardies and Onion Bhajees (2003)
 * Rollin' with the Nines (2006)
 * Running Scared (2006)
 * Ross Kemp on Gangs (2007)
 * The Other Guys (2010)
 * Out the Gate (2011)
 * Castle (2012)
 * Luke Cage (2018)
 * Yardie (2018)
 * Top Boy (2019)
 * Gangs of London (2020)
 * Respect the Jux (2022)
 * Bob Marley: One Love (2024)

Video games

 * Grand Theft Auto (1997)
 * Grand Theft Auto III (2001)
 * The Getaway (2002)
 * The Getaway: Black Monday (2004)
 * Grand Theft Auto Advance (2004)
 * Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (2005)
 * Gangs of London (2006)
 * Grand Theft Auto IV (2008)
 * Mercenaries 2: World in Flames(2008) - Pirates is based on the Yardies
 * Mercenaries 2: World in Flames(2008) - Pirates is based on the Yardies

title: Yardie


text:
George Smith (architect)

George Smith (28 September 1782 – 5 January 1869) was an English architect and surveyor of the early 19th century, with strong connections with central and south-east London.

Life and work
Smith was born on 28 September 1783 at Aldenham in Hertfordshire. He was articled to Robert Furze Brettingham, and later worked for James Wyatt, Daniel Asher Alexander, and then Charles Beazley, before eventually setting up his own practice in the City of London.

He was appointed District Surveyor of the southern division of the City in 1810, and was elected Surveyor to the Mercers' Company in 1814, holding both appointments until his death. He also held the post of Surveyor to the Coopers' Company, and later served as their master.

Smith's works included St Paul's School, then sited at the east end of St Paul's Churchyard (replacing a building demolished in 1824), and Gresham College in Basinghall Street (opened in 1843). For the Mercers' Company he built the Whittington Almshouses (1822) at Highgate, in a Gothic style; John Summerson noted that the company had sufficient wealth to afford "a great many crockets". Smith built the Mercers' School on the previous site of the almhouses, in College Hill in the City. At the Royal Exchange he replaced the wooden tower and entrance with a stone one. In collaboration with A.B. Clayton he built the New Corn Exchange in Mark Lane (1827), with a Doric colonnade, echoing that of George Dance's neighbouring exchange of 1749-50.

At Hornsey in 1832-3 he replaced the body of the church with a white brick Gothic structure, leaving only the medieval tower standing.

His Gothic church of St Michael and All Angels at Blackheath Park (1828-1829) on the Cator estate was built in white brick with stone facings, and has what the Buildings of England guide describes as "a fanciful thin east spire", sometimes called "the Needle of Kent". Ian Nairn describes it as "far more individual than the usual run", "more than a studious crib from a pattern book", and notes "the highly successful Eastern Tower". A house called "Brooklands" (1825), designed for himself survives nearby.

For the Cator family, Smith also rebuilt Woodbastwick Hall in Norfolk, following its damage by fire in 1819.

Smith later built later another house for himself, called "Newlands", at Copthorne, in Sussex.

He was also surveyor to the South East Rail Company and Morden College and his other works included:
 * "Bellefield" (No. 26 Blackheath Park / 3 Foxes Dale, London SE3)
 * Greenwich railway station (1840)
 * Blackheath railway station (1849)
 * Housing estate centred on Pelton Road and Christchurch Way, east Greenwich, London

Works in his native Hertfordshire include the Church of St. Peter, London Colney, a very early example of the Norman revival style (1825) and the neoclassical Town Hall at St Albans (1829), with a giant portico of four Ionic columns.

He was a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1834, a member of the Surveyors' Club from 1807, and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1801 and 1829.

title: George Smith (architect)


text:
Talk:Dell'Arcano del Mare

[Untitled]
Dell'Arcano del Mare

appologies to Thue and Wikipedia and the original author/s.

As the contributor of the copywright infringement in question I have removed the link to the page from the article preceeding it (Robert Dudley, duca de northumbria) which some how was changed to that of Earl of Leicester incorrectly by a third party.

I would appreciate some one correcting the title of the page at

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dudley

to read Robert Dudley, Duca de Northumbria.

Whilst tring to read how to change a page title I also entered the questionable page. Editing on the fly, as they say. Sorry.

Copyright permission
Wikipedia:Copyright_problems solved as permission to use copyright material has been granted from Susan Melton Bruneni of the Arader Gallery of Houston. Date: 01 June 2004,

Wikification
Why was this added?

"This article or section needs to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help improve this article with relevant internal links. (January 2008)"

There certainly seem to be many internal links. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.194.114.72 (talk) 15:14, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dell'Arcano del Mare


text:
Bromsgrove School

Bromsgrove School is a co-educational boarding and day school in the Worcestershire town of Bromsgrove, England. Founded in 1553, it is one of the oldest public schools in Britain, and one of the 14 founding members of the Headmasters' Conference.

Bromsgrove School has both boarding and day students consisting of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). Bromsgrove charges up to £15,490 per term, with three terms per academic year. The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 2,114 pupils.

Spread across 100 acres, the main campus is located in the heart of the town of Bromsgrove. However, Bromsgrove School has also expanded overseas, with an additional boarding school in Bangkok (Bromsgrove International School Thailand) and a new school within the Mission Hills complex in Shenzhen, China, Bromsgrove School Mission Hills.

The school's headmaster from September 2022 is Michael Punt, who was previously headmaster of Chigwell School.

History
The school was first recorded in 1476 as a chantry school and was re-established as a grammar school between 1548 and 1553. The 1693 financial endowment of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648-1701) of Norgrove Court in Worcestershire, produced the first buildings on the present site and the historic link with Worcester College, Oxford, which he founded. The arms of Cookes (Argent, two chevronels between six martlets 3, 2 and 1 gules) were adopted by both Worcester College and Bromsgrove School. John Day Collis became head-master in December 1842. The tercentenary of the grammar school was celebrated on 31 March 1853. In 1856, Collis had the chapel and new school rooms built, and existing buildings enlarged and improved. In 1869 Bromsgrove was one of the fourteen founding schools of the Headmasters' Conference.

Second World War
During the Second World War, the entire school was temporarily moved to Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales, as the school buildings were requisitioned by British government departments for the war effort. Many former pupils and members of staff were killed during the Second World War, and their names are commemorated at the war memorial of the town. In 2007, the school was granted the freedom of Llanwrtyd Wells.

Overseas
In 2002, the school established Bromsgrove International School Thailand (BIST) in Thailand. Then, in 2016, the school opened Bromsgrove School Mission Hills, in Shenzhen, China.

Financial
In 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.

Abuse
Richard Knight, an Organist and assistant director of music at Bromsgrove School was jailed for two years in 2018 for having sex with two girls from Bromsgrove School on school property, as well as at his own home, inside his car and on the school's USA 2010 Chapel Music Tour. Judge Jeremy Baker QC, speaking at Worcester Crown Court on Friday, 23 November 2018, told Knight, 53, that the two victims had "particularly vulnerable" emotional backgrounds. "You knew that and that was why they were specifically targeted over and above other children at school", he said. The judge described Knight's behaviour as "predatory" and that there was a "significant degree of planning". Mr Knight, previously the conductor of Malvern Festival Chorus, had begun the second affair after the first one ended, and taught both pupils at the school. Knight had sex with one of the victims for the first time at her own home while her parents were out during Christmas Eve. The victim would often have to ride her bicycle to various pharmacists to get morning after pills. The court also heard evidence that Knight's wife had been a pupil of his at a school he worked at previously. They married in 2002.

Commemoration Day
Commemoration Day (known colloquially as Commem) is the senior school's traditional end of year celebration. It is a special day for the school and especially for the upper sixth leavers. When Sir Thomas Cookes re-endowed the school in 1693, he enjoined that once a year a sermon should be preached to the scholars of the school in St John's Parish Church. It is this that the school commemorates as well as celebrating the end of the academic year with a prizegiving.

Following a very small private ceremony in the Cookes Room celebrating the founder Sir Thomas Cookes, where the heads of school lay a wreath beneath a portrait of Cookes, the whole school (except the lower fourth) then proceeds to St John's Church for the commemoration service. Unusually the school does not have its own school song, however, Charles Villiers Stanford's setting of Te Deum Laudamus in B flat has been sung at the service since 1989, becoming an unofficial school song.

After the church service everyone returns to school and takes their place in the speeches' marquee. The school and parents are addressed by the president of the school and the headmaster. Prizes are awarded to upper sixth leavers and other pupils.

At 4.15pm the chapel bell begins to toll, calling the school to final call over. All the pupils line up in houses with their houseparents, housemothers and tutors on the parade ground between Kyteless and the chapel. Each house, beginning with school house (the senior house of the school), in turn then moves forward and every pupil shakes hands with their house staff, the heads of school and then the headmaster and his wife. The final ceremony is the lowering of the school flag by the heads of school who hand it to the deputy head who then hands it to the headmaster for safekeeping until the start of the next academic year.

Students
Bromsgrove School has boarding and day students and consists of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 1,660 pupils, including 220 in the pre-preparatory school, 500 in the preparatory School and 940 in the senior school, of whom 60% are male and 40% female, 60% boarding and 40% day. As well as British students, there are more than three hundred from 49 different countries, especially Russia, Germany, China and Hong Kong.

The school website states that the pass rate at grades A* to C (exams at age 16) is 96%. Bromsgrove also started teaching the International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB) in 2009, with sixth form students having the choice between IB, BTEC and A-Levels. The rugby match against King Edward's School, Birmingham, that has been played annually since 1875, is thought to be the oldest continuous rugby fixture between two schools in England.

Heads of school and monitors
Similar to most public schools in Britain and the Commonwealth, Bromsgrove has a system of school leaders known as monitors. As representatives of the school, monitors' jobs are mostly based around keeping the school running at its best level of quality and tradition, with chapel and lunch duties being an example of this. Pupils who belong to any of these categories, in addition to other leadership roles, are entitled to a certain set of privileges, such as monitor ties, brown shoes, and waistcoats/cardigans.

In addition to the monitors, Bromsgrove has a set of heads of school featuring a head boy and girl, and their respective deputies.

Monitors and heads of school are chosen towards the end of their penultimate lower sixth year; the decision is made from a combination of both a student poll and teacher vote.

Academic results
57% of Bromsgrove School students achieved A*/A for the 2019 A Levels examination while 64% of students obtained A*/A for the 2019 GCSE examination.

Houses
The preparatory school houses of Boulton (Matthew Boulton), Darby (Abraham Darby), Telford (Thomas Telford), Watt (James Watt), were named after famous British industrialists.

The houses were renamed in 2020 Cedar, Rowan, Ash, Willow, Sycamore and Beech after species of trees. The change was made to avoid links to those involved with the slave trade or child labour.

The senior school is divided into thirteen houses; six for boys, five for girls and two mixed.

Boarding houses
Mary Windsor, named after the daughter of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth and his wife Anne Savile, is for girl boarders. In 2012, Mary Windsor was moved into a new building as part of the developments around the south gate.

Oakley House is the largest house, home to both boarding and day girls. It is situated alongside Mary Windsor and Elmshurst, in the newly developed area by the South Gate.

Housman Hall for sixth form girls and boys was opened in 2005, after the school bought the Ramada Perry Hall Hotel for £3 million. The building was formerly the home of A. E. Housman, an old Bromsgrovian, and was expanded in 2009 into the neighbouring building, subsequently named after Housman. During an opening ceremony in 2014, Housman Hall was reopened after the school had completed a refurbishment.

Elmshurst is also for boy boarders and was named after the original house that was located at 17 New Road. Elmshurst was sold in the mid-1970s and the students relocated within the school campus to the current building, which was refurbished in 2018.

Webber House, while still classed as an autonomous annex of Wedron-Gordon House, is the newest boarding house at Bromsgrove School, catering to Sixth Form boarders.

Day Houses
Lupton, named after Lupton House, in Sedbergh School, and Lyttelton, named after the school's links with Baron Lyttelton, a local lord, are houses for day boys, located in the centre of the campus. Walters, named after the school's wartime headmaster, is also a boys' day house.

Thomas Cookes and Hazeldene are two girls' day houses that are situated in the original and oldest building on the school's site.

School House is the senior house of the school, and often considered the most prestigious. After beginning as a boarding house, School is now a boys day house situated in the west wing of the Wendron-Gordon building. It consistently ranks as one of the most academically able houses, winning multiple prizes in academics and debating. It leads the final call over during the end of year Commemoration Day ceremony.

Ottilie Hild is the newest girls' day house, overlooking Gordon Green and opened in September 2020.

School terms
There are three academic terms in the year.

 * The Michaelmas term, from early September to mid December. New pupils are now admitted only at the start of the Michaelmas, unless in exceptional circumstances.
 * The Lent term, from early January to late March.
 * The Summer term, from late April to late June or early July.

Within each term, there is a break known as a half term, in which all pupils return home.

Headmasters
The headmasters of the school: • 2022-present Michael Punt

• 2014–2022 Peter Clague

• 2004–2014 Christopher Edwards

• 1986–2004 Timothy Taylor

• 1970–1985 Nick Earle

• 1953–1970 Lionel Carey

• 1931–1953 David Walters

• 1912–1931 Robert G Routh

• 1901–1912 Frederick Hendy

• 1873–1901 Herbert Millington

• 1867–1873 George Blore

• 1842–1867 John Day Collis

• 1832–1842 George Jacob

• 1819–1832 John Topham

• 1817–1819 no headmaster

• 1816 Thomas Davies (sent to Fleet Prison)

• 1813–1816 no headmaster

• 1812 Joseph Fell (writing master)

• 1810–1812 no headmaster

• 1804–1810 Hugh Price

• 1799–1804 Jeremiah Roberts

• 1788–1799 Charles Shipley

• 1776–1788 John Best

• 1756–1776 John Bennett

• 1735–1756 Charles Wilmott

• 1721–1735 Thomas Wilmott

• 1693–1721 John Barney

• 1690–1693 Robert Durant

• 1687–1690 Samuel Lloyd

• 1679–1687 John Barney

• 1678–1679 Samuel Lloyd

• 1667–1678 James Orton

• 1665–1667 no headmaster

• 1664–1665 William Broughton

• 1650–1664 William Suthwell

• 1643–1650 William Spicer

• 1625–1643 John Crumpe

• 1622–1625 James Purcell

• 1616–1622 Thomas Flavell

• 1611–1616 William Binion

• 1606–1611 Henry Duggard

• 1597–1606 Humphrey Roe

• 1577–1597 Arnold Hancox

• 1562–1577 Robert Kymberley

• 1558–1562 Thomas Palmer

• 1545–1558 William Foonys

Old Bromsgrovians
Notable Old Bromsgrovians include five Victoria Cross recipients and A. E. Housman. In business and politics, Digby Jones and Michael Heseltine were both educated at Bromsgrove, as were actors Ian Carmichael, Richard Wattis (of Hancock's Half Hour, Sykes, Father Dear Father), Trevor Eve (of Shoestring), Nick Miles (of Emmerdale) and Arthur Darvill (of Doctor Who). The author Nicholas Evans who wrote The Horse Whisperer and journalist Chris Atkins were educated at Bromsgrove. More recently, Iskra Lawrence (an English model, global role model and brand ambassador) attended the School.

In music, composer Isaiah Burnell was director of music from 1907 for 25 years. John Illsley, of the band Dire Straits, Guillemots member Fyfe Dangerfield, Ritchie Neville of boy band Five and jazz saxophonist Soweto Kinch attended the school.

The school continues to produce leading sportsman – Matt Neal attended during the 1980s, and Andy Goode was part of the drive by the school to welcome more leading rugby players to the school. Bromsgrove continues to educate many England national sportsmen including Ben Foden and Matt Mullan who have played Rugby union for England.

Others include Peter Spence, an English journalist and writer who wrote the British sitcom To the Manor Born and Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB, CBE, ADC, who is a senior naval officer; and has served as First Sea Lord since November 2021.

Rear-Admiral Sir David William Haslam (1923–2009) was educated at Bromsgrove School; he returned as a governor and lived opposite the school in Worcester Road until his death.

Medals for gallantry
Five Old Bromsgrovians are known to have received the Victoria Cross:

 * Sir George White (1835–1912), Commander-in-Chief, India, 1893–1899, Governor of Gibraltar 1900–1904
 * Percy Thompson Dean (1877–1939)
 * Eustace Jotham (1884–1915)
 * Frank Bernard Wearne (1894–1917)
 * Nigel Gray Leakey (1913–1941)

One old Bromsgrovian, Oliver Bryson, is known to have received the George Cross,

title: Bromsgrove School


text:
LUX (British film company)

LUX is the principal centre for the promotion and distribution of experimental film and video works in the UK.

It has one of the largest collections of experimental film and video art and houses works of approximately 1500 artists. It was formed in the 1990s in the merger of the London Film-Makers' Co-op and the original London Video Arts (later variously named London Video Access and London Electronic Arts).

LUX Scotland was established in 2014 and is based in Glasgow.

LUX Online was a project developed between 2004-2009 to provide a web resource for exploring British based artists’ film and video in-depth.

title: LUX (British film company)


text:
List of honorary British knights and dames

Many people have been created honorary knights or dames by the British crown. There are also those that have been appointed to two comparable orders, the Order of Merit and the Order of the Companions of Honour, and those that have had conferred on them the decoration of the Royal Victorian Chain; none of these carries pre-nominal styles.

Use of pre-nominal styles and post-nominal initials
An honorary award is one made to a person who is not a citizen of a Commonwealth realm. He or she cannot use the pre-nominal style of 'Sir' or 'Dame', but can use the post-nominal letters (after their names), subject to the prevailing conventions in his or her own country. If such a person later acquires citizenship of a Commonwealth realm, then any honorary awards usually become substantive, and in the case of knights and dames they can begin to use the pre-nominal styles. However this is not automatic. The person must be dubbed by the King or his delegate in order to be entitled to use the pre-nominal style. If the knighthood is in an order which has a special class for honorary knighthoods, a change to a regular class of knighthoods is also required.

Loss of citizenship of a British realm
Citizens of a country which was a full part of the British Empire or Commonwealth when they received the honour (i.e. who were British subjects at the time), were substantive knights or dames, not honorary. The knighthood does not become honorary, and the person may choose to use his or her title(s), after their country becomes a republic. Citizens of British protectorates and mandated territories usually received honorary awards. Notable exceptions were rulers of the Indian princely states and their subjects, who were de jure British protected persons and not British subjects, but who received substantive knighthoods.

Annulment and restoration
In certain circumstances, an honorary award may be annulled (i.e. revoked). The effect is that, officially, the person is considered never to have been given the award, their name is erased from the order's register, and they are required to return all insignia. This happens when the Sovereign issues a signed and sealed ordinance cancelling and annulling the appointment. This is not common and in practice only occurs where the recipient has engaged in serious detrimental activities, e.g. following a conviction for serious crimes, or for hostile acts against the United Kingdom. In rare circumstances, an annulled award may later be restored by the Sovereign. Details of known annulments and restorations are annotated in the table below.

Order of the Garter terminology
The Order of the Garter uses terminology different from that of most other British orders. 'Stranger/Extra Knights Companion of the Garter' and 'Stranger/Extra Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter' are the equivalent of 'Honorary Knights' and 'Honorary Dames' in other orders. As with other orders, the pre-nominal styles 'Sir' and 'Lady' are not used by Extra Knights and Extra Ladies. Revoked appointments are said to be 'degraded' rather than 'annulled'; the effect, however, is the same.

Abbreviations
The following are listed in order of precedence:


text:
Three Men in a Boat

Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), published in 1889, is a humorous novel by English writer Jerome K. Jerome describing a two-week boating holiday on the Thames from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford and back to Kingston. The book was initially intended to be a serious travel guide, with accounts of local history along the route, but the humorous elements took over to the point where the serious and somewhat sentimental passages seem a distraction to the comic novel. One of the most praised things about Three Men in a Boat is how undated it appears to modern readers – the jokes have been praised as fresh and witty.

The three men are based on Jerome himself (the narrator Jerome K. Jerome) and two real-life friends, George Wingrave (who would become a senior manager at Barclays Bank) and Carl Hentschel (the founder of a London printing business, called Harris in the book), with whom Jerome often took boating trips. The dog, Montmorency, is entirely fictional but, "as Jerome admits, developed out of that area of inner consciousness which, in all Englishmen, contains an element of the dog". The trip is a typical boating holiday of the time in a Thames camping skiff.

Following the overwhelming success of Three Men in a Boat, Jerome later published a sequel, about a cycling tour in Germany, titled Three Men on the Bummel (also known as Three Men on Wheels, 1900).

Summary
The story begins by introducing George, Harris, Jerome (always referred to as "J."), and Jerome's dog, Montmorency. The men are spending an evening in J.'s room, smoking and discussing illnesses from which they fancy they suffer. They conclude that they are all suffering from "overwork", and need a holiday. A stay in the country and a sea trip are both considered. The country stay is rejected because Harris claims that it would be dull, and the sea-trip after J. describes bad experiences his brother-in-law and a friend had on previous sea-trips. The three eventually decide on a boating holiday up the River Thames, from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford, during which they will camp, notwithstanding more of J.'s anecdotes about previous mishaps with tents and camping stoves.

They set off the following Saturday. George must go to work that morning, so J. and Harris make their way to Kingston by train. They cannot find the right train at Waterloo station (the station's confusing layout was a well-known theme of Victorian comedy) so they bribe a train driver to take his train to Kingston, where they collect the hired boat and start the journey. They meet George further up-river at Weybridge.

The remainder of the story describes their river journey and the incidents that occur. The book's original purpose as a guidebook is apparent as J., the narrator, describes passing landmarks and villages such as Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Church, Magna Carta Island and Monkey Island, and muses on historical associations of these places. However, he frequently digresses into humorous anecdotes that range from the unreliability of barometers for weather forecasting to the difficulties encountered when learning to play the Scottish bagpipes. The most frequent topics of J.'s anecdotes are river pastimes such as fishing and boating and the difficulties they present to the inexperienced and unwary and to the three men on previous boating trips.

The book includes classic comedy set pieces, such as the Plaster of Paris trout in chapter 17, and the "Irish stew" in chapter 14 – made by mixing most of the leftovers in the party's food hamper:

"I forget the other ingredients, but I know nothing was wasted; and I remember that, towards the end, Montmorency, who had evinced great interest in the proceedings throughout, strolled away with an earnest and thoughtful air, reappearing, a few minutes afterwards, with a dead water-rat in his mouth, which he evidently wished to present as his contribution to the dinner; whether in a sarcastic spirit, or with a genuine desire to assist, I cannot say. We had a discussion as to whether the rat should go in or not. Harris said that he thought it would be all right, mixed up with the other things, and that every little helped; but George stood up for precedent. He said he had never heard of water-rats in Irish stew, and he would rather be on the safe side, and not try experiments."

Reception
"One might have imagined … that the British Empire was in danger. … The Standard spoke of me as a menace to English letters; and The Morning Post as an example of the sad results to be expected from the over-education of the lower orders. … I think I may claim to have been, for the first twenty years of my career, the best abused author in England."

The reception by critics varied between lukewarm and hostile. The use of slang was condemned as "vulgar" and the book was derided as written to appeal to Arrys and 'Arriets" – then common sneering terms for working-class Londoners who dropped their Hs when speaking. Punch magazine dubbed Jerome Arry K. 'Arry". Modern commentators have praised the humour, but criticised the book's unevenness, as the humorous sections are interspersed with more serious passages written in a sentimental, sometimes purple, style.

Yet the book sold in huge numbers. "I pay Jerome so much in royalties", the publisher told a friend, "I cannot imagine what becomes of all the copies of that book I issue. I often think the public must eat them." The first edition was published in August 1889 and serialised in the magazine Home Chimes in the same year. The first edition remained in print from 1889 until March 1909, when the second edition was issued. During that time, 202,000 copies were sold. In his introduction to the 1909 second edition, Jerome states that he had been told another million copies had been sold in America by pirate printers. The book was translated into many languages. The Russian edition was particularly successful and became a standard school textbook. Jerome later complained in a letter to The Times of Russian books not written by him, published under his name to benefit from his success. Since its publication, Three Men in a Boat has never been out of print. It continues to be popular, with The Guardian listing it as one of The 100 Greatest Novels of All Time in 2003, and in 2015 and Esquire including it in the 50 Funniest Books Ever in 2009. In 2003, the book was no. 101 in the BBC's list of "the nation's favourite novels" for The Big Read.

In popular culture
The river trip is easy to recreate, following the detailed description, and this is sometimes done by fans of the book. Much of the route remains unchanged. For example, all the pubs and inns named are still open, with the exception of The Crown in Marlow, which closed in 2008.

Audio
Audiobooks of the book have been released many times, with different narrators, including Sir Timothy Ackroyd (2013), Hugh Laurie (1999), Nigel Planer (1999), Martin Jarvis (2005) and Steven Crossley (2011).

The BBC has broadcast on radio a number of dramatisations of the story, including a musical version in 1962 starring Kenneth Horne, Leslie Phillips and Hubert Gregg, a three-episode version in 1984 with Jeremy Nicholas playing all of the characters and a two-part adaptation for Classic Serial in 2013 with Hugh Dennis, Steve Punt and Julian Rhind-Tutt.

Film and television

 * Three Men in a Boat, a 1920 silent British film with Lionelle Howard as J., H. Manning Haynes as Harris and Johnny Butt as George.
 * Three Men in a Boat a 1933 British film with William Austin, Edmund Breon, and Billy Milton.
 * Three Men in a Boat, a 1956 British film with David Tomlinson as J., Jimmy Edwards as Harris and Laurence Harvey as George.
 * Three Men in a Boat, a 1961 German film very loosely based on the book.
 * Three Men in a Boat, a 1975 BBC-produced version for television adapted by Tom Stoppard and directed by Stephen Frears, with Tim Curry as J., Michael Palin as Harris, and Stephen Moore as George.
 * Three Men in a Boat (Russian: Трое в лодке, не считая собаки), a 1979, musical comedy filmed by Soviet television, with Andrei Mironov as J., Aleksandr Shirvindt as Harris and Mikhail Derzhavin as George.

Peter Lovesey's Victorian detective novel Swing, Swing Together (1976), partly based on the book, featured as the second episode of the television series Cribb (1980).

In 2005 the comedians Griff Rhys Jones, Dara Ó Briain, and Rory McGrath embarked on a recreation of the novel for what was to become a regular yearly BBC TV series, Three Men in a Boat. Their first expedition was along the Thames from Kingston upon Thames to Oxford, recreating the original novel.

Theatre
A stage adaptation earned Jeremy Nicholas a Best Newcomer in a Play nomination at the 1981 Laurence Olivier Awards. The book was adapted by Clive Francis for a 2006 production that toured the UK.

Art
A sculpture of a stylised boat was created in 1999 to commemorate Three Men in a Boat on the Millennium Green in New Southgate, London, where the author lived as a child. In 2012 a mosaic of a dog's head was put onto the same Green to commemorate Montmorency.

Other works of literature
In 1891, Three Women in One Boat: A River Sketch by Constance MacEwen was published. This book relates the journey of three young university women who set out to emulate the river trip in Three Men in a Boat in an effort to raise the spirits of one of them, who is about to be expelled from university. To take the place of Montmorency, they bring a cat called Tintoretto.

P. G. Wodehouse mentions the Plaster of Paris trout in his 1910 novel Psmith in the City. Psmith's boss, while delivering a political speech, pretends to have personally experienced a succession of men claiming to have caught a fake trout. Psmith interrupts the speech to "let him know that a man named Jerome had pinched his story."

Three Men in a Boat is referenced in the 1956 parody novel on mountaineering, The Ascent of Rum Doodle, where the head porter Bing is said to spend "much of his leisure immersed in a Yogistani translation of it."

In Have Space Suit—Will Travel, by Robert A. Heinlein (1958), the main character's father is an obsessive fan of the book, and spends much of his spare time repeatedly re-reading it.

The book Three Men (Not) in a Boat: and Most of the Time Without a Dog (1983, republished 2011) by Timothy Finn is a loosely related novel about a walking trip.

A re-creation in 1993 by poet Kim Taplin and companions resulted in the travelogue Three Women in a Boat.

Another re-creation of Jerome's journey appeared in the same year. Two and a Half Men in a Boat by novelist Nigel Williams described the author's trip down the Thames accompanied by two friends (explorer JP and BBC executive Alan) and Williams' dog Badger.

Gita sul Tevere is an Italian humorous book inspired by this famous English novel.

Science fiction author Connie Willis paid tribute to Jerome's novel in her own 1997 Hugo Award–winning book To Say Nothing of the Dog. Her time-travelling protagonist also takes an ill-fated voyage on the Thames with two humans and a dog as companions, and encounters George, Harris, 'J' and Montmorency. The title of Willis' novel refers to the full title of the original book.

Fantasy author Harry Turtledove wrote a set of stories in which Jerome's characters encounter supernatural creatures: "Three Men and a Vampire" and "Three Men and a Werewolf" were published in Some Time Later: Fantastic Voyages in Alternate Worlds (2017). "Three Men and a Sasquatch" was published in Next Stop on the #13 in 2019.

Anne Youngson wrote Three Women and a Boat (Penguin, 2021), about three middle-aged strangers setting off on an adventure in a narrowboat. The novel was chosen for BBC Radio 2 Book Club.

General bibliography

 * Jerome, Jerome K. Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). Bristol: Arrowsmith, 1889.
 * Jerome, Jerome K. Three Men in a Boat, to Say Nothing of the Dog! Wordsworth Classics. ISBN 1-85326-051-7, with Boulter's Lock by Edward John Gregory on the cover, 1993.
 * Jerome, Jerome K., Jeremy Lewis. Three Men in a Boat: To Say Nothing of the Dog! and Three Men on the Bummel. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books, 1999. ISBN 0-14-0437509.

title: Three Men in a Boat