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Talk:Judensau

Untitled
Should the phrase 'repulsive and dehumanizing' be NPOV'd? Kent Wang 03:21, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The JS goal was exactly to dehumanize and instill revulsion, and it worked. Human history is full of cruel and uncomfortable events and images, and a serious encyclopedia should reflect the facts and developments, to be used as a lesson for the future, instead of hiding them or changing the epithets to "bland and tasteless" (just as extreme example).  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 04:12, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

I've linked all the places in the list, however a few of them confused me: Cadolzburg, Colmar and Eberswalde, Erfurt: I thought they were town, region, but the second names are towns themselves; "Cadolzburg" doesn't appear anywhere, and Eberswalde is a town itself, but not in a region called Erfurt, it seems, suggesting it might not be that Eberswalde. Also with Vienna, Wimpfen, Vienna is obviously a city, but is this a smaller town of the same name somewhere else, in a region called "Wimpfen"? Someone who knows better can fix it up. TPK 01:46, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * They are all separate towns, not regions. - Who knows the source for the list? Please tell me on my page, we are about to fix the German article. Thanks! Jesusfreund 22:24, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The German article on this is now excellent. Some of that material needs to be brought over here, including more of the pictures, which are on Wikicommons. --Doric Loon 20:10, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Translation
I don't feel the new Translation "jews' sow" is really better than what we had befor ("jewish sow"). The german term is a compund word meaning literally "jew sow", so it justifies neither the genitive nor the plural (the n is an epenthesis and bears no meaning). 84.168.224.226 20:14, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually the linking -n- which is so common in German compound nouns does go back to an old genitive. But I am not sure that is what is happening in this word.  I suspect we have here a plural Juden as the first element, in which case the genitive is implied but you wouldn't expect it to be marked.  So Jews' sow (not Jew's sow!) is correct.  The depiction is, after all, of a group of jews with a sow.  But you are right, the form Judensau could theoretically be constructed differently, with juden being used almost adjectivally.  Then the sow herself would be Jewish.  But I don't think that is what is being depicted.  --Doric Loon 22:22, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If I can just expand on my last comment (after clarifying my thoughts in conversation with a friend): the element Juden- can be used as the first part of a compound noun in at least two ways.   One is exemplified by the word Judenkindl, used in traditional Christmas plays to refer to the murdered infants of Bethlehem.  They are children who are Jews, therefore Juden- has a describing, adjectival force.  The second construction is exemplified by the place-name Judenberg, near my home in the Oberpfalz.  This is not a hill which is Jewish, it is a hill inhabited by Jews.  Juden- therefore has a genitive force.  Now the word Judensau in fact has two meanings.  It can be a very offensive, antisemitic insult, and I believe this was used in the NS period quite a lot; this is morphologically the first possibility: the person addressed is referred to as a sow (quite a common German insult) and more specifically as a Jewish one.  This is adjectival, as in Judenkindl.  The second meaning is that intended in the title of this article.  It refers to a real sow (or at least to an image of one), who belongs or pertains to a group of Jews.  This is genitive, as in Judenberg.  I hope that clarifies the grammar of the word.  Rather an unsavory topic to have to discuss in these terms, though.  --Doric Loon 21:41, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

What now?
Am I thick or is the obscene contact in question suckling at the teat of the unclean sow? That's what it looks like in the sculpture and that is what the name would imply. Can't we just say that? jengod 00:12, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes exactly. --Doric Loon 07:48, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added "suckling and cuddling" which are the basic activities, though later depictions often go further (see the German version). Johnbod 13:47, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

date of shemhamephoras jpg
The image itself reads 1546. I'm confused as to the status of the object illustrated.

Best,

--Shlishke (talk) 23:07, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

In the United States?
Was this phenomenon unique to Europe, or did such depictions exist outside that continent (for example, at churches in the United States)? Stonemason89 (talk) 20:24, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, there has undoubtedly been medieval anti-Judaism in all countries were Jews lived, with pogroms even in England. The legends of Jews sacrifying children, for example, spread over entire Europe and even into the U.S. But the "Judensau" motive is in its core a German phenomenon, with a few cases in France and Belgium. Some sources say that it goes back to the medieval scholar and archbishop Rabanus Maurus, who was especially popular in Germany. To the best of my knowledge, there are no such depictions outside Europe. The main reason might be, that German colonialism was born in the 19th century, when open anti-Judaism and such depictions were deemed not longer acceptable for the clergy. --Robert Dabringhaus (talk) 09:08, 14 July 2017 (UTC)
 * When you write "pogroms EVEN in England" as though that were surprising, it is maybe worth spelling out what I'm sure you know: England was every bit as antisemitic as other parts of Europe. The reason there were relatively few pogroms there, and those that are recorded might therefore seem exceptional, is that for much of the Middle Ages, Jews were forbiden from residing in England at all. I suspect that is the only reason there are no examples of the Judensau in England from that period; certainly not because England was too enlightened. As for America, it hadn't been discovered in the 13th century. --Doric Loon (talk) 17:30, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

RfC
An RfC: Which descriptor, if any, can be added in front of Southern Poverty Law Center when referenced in other articles? has been posted at the Southern Poverty Law Center talk page. Your participation is welcomed. – MrX 16:52, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

Regensburg Judensau is now a Wolf
His love for Antisemitism, Dr. Rudolf Reiser (Regensburg) Historian and Dom Aficionado now found out that the "Jewish-Pig" is a female Wolf. He should be charged for that. Just my opinion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Don Rosenberger (talk • contribs) 16:01, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

The article uses the word Shemhamphoras. Does Shemhamphoras refer to the any WP pages?
I have no idea what Shemhamphoras are, if anyone does they should create a WP page. It might refer to an existing WP page.

Should Shemhamphoras link to this Wikipedia page: Semiphoras and Schemhamphorash ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.35.92.140 (talk) 12:51, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

Introduction: term "Saujude" has >>nothing<< to do with the medieval works of antisemitic art
The cited Encyclopedic Dictionary on Zionism and Israel clearly and correctly states that "Saujude" is a popular 20th-century Nazi derogation. The scope of this article is the "Judensau" motive in medieval Christian art. To make it clear: the word "Judensau" can either refer to the medieval carvings and sculptures etc., OR, as a derogation, be directed against a person or a group of persons (plural "Judensäue") of Jewish belief. The word "Saujude" can NEVER refer to the scope of this article, it is without exception a derogative expression used against a person, or a group of persons, or ("die Saujuden") against the Jewish people in general. As a consequence, I will remove this passage from the introduction. Btw: I'm working on articles about individual "Judensau" depictions, starting with the two (sic!) carvings and sculptures in the choir and at the outer wall of Cologne Cathedral. I just stumbled over the "partial list" in this article, which states (without citation) that in the Basilica of St. Severin, Cologne a second example for Cologne can be found. The linked article about St. Severin does not mention this. Can anybody, please, leave a source on my discussion page? Thanks, --Robert Dabringhaus (talk) 08:46, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

"neo-Nazi insult"
This needs to be removed from the article, no modern nazi uses this term. I have never even heard of this term and I am genocidally antisemitic; I came upon this article after searching on google for "jew pig" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.77.195.158 (talk) 03:58, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judensau


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Category:Entertainment

Entertainment is an event, performance, or activity designed to give pleasure or relaxation to an audience. This category seeks to organize articles about entertainment.

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Æthelwold ætheling

Æthelwold or Æthelwald (died 13 December 902) was the younger of two known sons of Æthelred I, King of Wessex from 865 to 871. Æthelwold and his brother Æthelhelm were still infants when their father the king died while fighting a Danish Viking invasion. The throne passed to the king's younger brother (Æthelwold's uncle) Alfred the Great, who carried on the war against the Vikings and won a crucial victory at the Battle of Edington in 878.

After Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold disputed the throne with Alfred's son, Edward the Elder. As senior ætheling (prince of the royal dynasty eligible for kingship), Æthelwold had a strong claim to the throne. He attempted to raise an army to support his claim, but was unable to get sufficient support to meet Edward in battle and fled to Viking-controlled Northumbria, where he was accepted as king. In 901 or 902 he sailed with a fleet to Essex, where he was also accepted as king.

The following year Æthelwold persuaded the East Anglian Danes to attack Edward's territory in Wessex and Mercia. Edward retaliated with a raid on East Anglia, and when he withdrew the men of Kent lingered and met the East Anglian Danes at an unknown location in the Battle of the Holme on 13 December 902. The Danes were victorious but suffered heavy losses, including the death of Æthelwold, which ended the challenge to Edward's rule.

Background
In the eighth century, Mercia was the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early ninth century Wessex became dominant. In the 820s King Egbert of Wessex conquered south-east England (Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex). His reign saw the beginning of Viking attacks, but Egbert and his son Æthelwulf, who succeeded in 839, were able to resist them. Æthelwulf died in 858, and he was followed by four sons in succession. King Æthelbald died in 860, and King Æthelberht in 865; Æthelwold's father, Æthelred, then succeeded to the throne. In the same year the Viking Great Heathen Army invaded England. Within five years they had conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, and forced Mercia to buy them off. In late 870 the Vikings invaded Wessex, and in early 871 they fought armies under Æthelred and Alfred in four battles in quick succession, the last two of which Wessex lost. Æthelred died shortly after Easter that year, leaving young sons. Primogeniture was not established in this period, and it was believed that kings should be adults, so he was succeeded by his younger brother Alfred.

By 878 the Vikings had seized eastern Mercia and nearly conquered Wessex, and Alfred was reduced to being a fugitive in the Somerset marshes, but he fought back and won the Battle of Edington. This was followed by a period of peace, and in the late 880s Alfred concluded a treaty with Guthrum, king of the East Anglian Vikings, setting the boundary between Wessex and English Mercia on the one hand, and the Danelaw on the other. Further Viking assaults in the mid 890s were unsuccessful.

Early life
Very little is known of Æthelwold's immediate family. His father, Æthelred, was born in about 848 and died in 871, so his sons must have been young children when he died. Æthelred's wife was probably the Wulfthryth who witnessed a charter as regina in 868. Æthelwold and his older brother Æthelhelm are first recorded in King Alfred's will in the 880s. Æthelhelm is not heard of again, and he probably died soon afterwards. The only other record of Æthelwold before Alfred's death is as a witness to a charter that probably dates to the 890s.

After King Æthelred's death in 871, his sons' supporters complained about Alfred keeping property that should have belonged to his nephews. Alfred justified his conduct in a preamble to his will, which probably dates to the 880s. One of Alfred's biographers, Richard Abels, describes the text as "rather tendentious", and another, Alfred P. Smyth, as "ambiguous and vague – and deliberately so". Patrick Wormald views the will as "one of the seminal documents of pre-Conquest history, and like many such not easily understood."

The dispute concerned property bequeathed in the will of Alfred's father, Æthelwulf. This does not survive, but Alfred described some of its provisions in a preamble to his own will. Æthelwulf had left property jointly to three of his four surviving sons, Æthelbald, Æthelred and Alfred, stipulating that all of it was to be inherited by the brother who lived the longest. When Æthelred inherited the throne in 865, Alfred asked for the property to be divided between them. Æthelred refused, offering instead to leave it to Alfred on his death, together with any further property he acquired, and Alfred agreed. The Viking invasion of Wessex, and the need to provide for their children, led to a revision of the terms. Under an agreement in late 870 or early 871, the survivor was still to keep the property bequeathed jointly to the three brothers, but he would give his brother's children any lands which he had received separately from his father, and any he had acquired later.

In the preamble to his will, Alfred stated:
 * When we now heard many disputes about the inheritance, I brought King Æthelwulf's will to our assembly at Langandene, and it was read before all the councillors of the West Saxons. When it had been read, I urged them all for love of me – and gave them my pledge that I would never bear a grudge against any one of them because they declared what was right – that none of them would hesitate, either for love or fear of me, to expound the common law, lest any man should say that I had treated my young kinsmen wrongfully, the older or the younger. And then they all pronounced what was right, and said that they could not conceive any juster title, nor could they find one in the will. "Now everything has come into your possession, and you may bequeath it or give it into the hand of kinsman or stranger, whichever you prefer."

Historians have taken differing views of Æthelwulf's will. The historians Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge suggest that Æthelwulf's other surviving son, Æthelberht, was excluded from the arrangement because he was provided for separately in the eastern kingdom (the recently conquered south-east England), where he acted as king in 855 and 856; it was probably intended that he should establish a separate dynasty there. The bequest to the three brothers would only have covered part of Æthelwulf's property. The transmission of folkland was governed by customary law, and another portion was reserved for the holder of the office of king. Keynes and Lapidge argue that Æthelwulf clearly intended that his personal property should be preserved intact, and it seems to have been considered desirable that this should be held by the reigning king, so it is likely that he intended the kingship of western Wessex to be inherited by the survivor of the three brothers. This plan was abandoned when Æthelbald died in 860 and the kingdom was reunited under Æthelberht, and Æthelred's confirmation of the arrangement when he acceded in 865 recognised Alfred as heir apparent.

Ann Williams comments: "Æthelred virtually disinherits his children in favour of Alfred's in the event of his own previous death, at least in respect of the lion's share of the inheritance and therefore the kingship. This is in fact exactly what happened, and Æthelred's sons were not pleased at the outcome." In his Life of Alfred, written in 893, Asser states three times that Alfred was Æthelred's secundarius (heir apparent), an emphasis that in Ryan Lavelle's view "reflects sensitivity on the subject of Alfred's succession".

Smyth argues, however, that it is unlikely that Æthelwulf intended to divide his kingdom, or that the kingship of Wessex should be inherited by the surviving brother; the joint property was probably provision for his youngest sons at a time when they appeared very unlikely to succeed to the kingship, with Æthelbald included as a residual beneficiary in case both of them died young. D. P. Kirby argues that it cannot be assumed that the disputed lands represented the greater part of the royal estates; he believes that Æthelwulf did intend to divide his kingdom, but also that it is unlikely he intended the surviving son to inherit the kingship: "Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal."

In his own will, Alfred left the bulk of his property to Edward, while Æthelhelm was left eight estates, and Æthelwold only three (at Godalming and Guildford in Surrey, and Steyning in Sussex), all in the less important eastern part of the kingdom. The largest of these was Steyning, Æthelwulf's original burial place; in Patrick Wormald's view, Alfred may have moved the body to Winchester because he was required to give the estate to Æthelwold under his agreement with Æthelred, and he did not want his nephew to have the prestige of owning his grandfather's grave. Keynes and Lapidge comment: "If only to judge from the relatively small number of estates he received, Æthelwold in particular would have had cause to be aggrieved by this allocation of property, and his resentment is shown by his rebellion against Edward soon after Alfred's death." Smyth argues that the meeting of the king's council, the witan, was bound to support him:
 * Alfred, by [c.885] in full control of Wessex and at the height of his power, was clearly bent on trying to settle the kingship on his son, Edward, to the exclusion of his brother Æthelred's heirs. That kingship was never in Alfred's gift, but clearly the greater amount of landed wealth he could entail on Edward, the stronger he made that son's position in any future contest for the kingship. We must, therefore, treat anything he tells us of the terms of the disputed inheritance of his rival nephews with the utmost caution, if not scepticism. The support which Alfred tells us he received from the witan counts for little. As king, Alfred controlled immense patronage in relation to his thegns, who stood to benefit from backing their lord against claims which his nephews made on his property. It is significant that the case ever came before the witan at all. That it did, suggests that Æthelhelm and Æthelwold were by then young men who commanded some independent support and sympathy in Wessex.

In Abels' view, Æthelred's sons attempted to shame Alfred into handing over the lands they claimed so as to strengthen their position in the inevitable battle that would break out over the succession when Alfred died, and the Langandene assembly was Alfred's riposte.

Alfred also assisted his own son by promoting men who could be relied on to support him, and by giving him opportunities for command in battle once he was old enough. In the view of Barbara Yorke, the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which magnified Alfred's achievements, may have been partly intended to strengthen the case for the succession of his own descendants. However, Yorke also argues that Æthelwold's position was not fatally undermined by Alfred's will. His mother had witnessed a charter as regina, whereas Alfred followed West Saxon tradition in refusing to have his wife consecrated as queen, and Æthelwold's status as the son of a queen may have given him an advantage over Edward. Æthelwold was still the senior ætheling, and the only surviving charter he witnessed shows both him and Edward as filius regis (son of a king), but lists Æthelwold above Edward, implying that he ranked above him.

Æthelwold's Revolt
After Alfred's death in 899, Æthelwold made a bid for the throne. Janet Nelson comments that "in the eyes of many Englishmen as well as Scandinavians this ætheling had claims stronger than Edward's own." According to the 'A' version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelwold abducted a nun from her convent without the permission of King Edward and against the command of the bishop. Her identity is not known, but it must have been intended to strengthen his claim, and in the view of the historian Pauline Stafford, the Chronicle's account is biased in favour of Edward and might have been intended to delegitimise a politically important marriage. Æthelwold took her to the royal manors of Twynham (now Christchurch) and then Wimborne Minster, symbolically important as his father's burial place, and declared that "he would live or die there". Lavelle sees Wimborne as strategically significant, close to Roman roads to Dorchester and Salisbury, and at a crossing point of the rivers Allen and Stour; it was the southernmost point for control of access to western Wessex and Æthelwold may have intended a division of the kingdom. However, when Edward's army approached and camped at Badbury Rings, an Iron Age hill fort four miles west of Wimborne, Æthelwold was unable to gain sufficient support to meet them in battle. Leaving behind his consort, he fled to the Danes of Northumbria, who accepted him as king. Northumbrian coins were issued at this time in the name of a king called 'Alwaldus', who is thought to have been Æthelwold. Norse sagas record traditions of a Danish king Knútr, who briefly ruled Northumbria around 900. He is said to have been at first repulsed by an English king called Adalbrigt north of Cleveland, but then to have defeated him at Scarborough. In 1987, Smyth suggested that Adalbrigt could have been Æthelwold, but in 1995 Smyth put forward the alternative idea that the Northumbrian Danes accepted Æthelwold's claim to be king of the West Saxons rather than taking him as their own king.

Æthelwold's reign in Northumbria was short, in David Rollason's view because Æthelwold saw it only as a base for gaining power in Wessex. In 901 or 902 he sailed with a fleet to Essex, where Rollason states that he was accepted as king by the local Vikings. However, David Dumville points out that in the next year Æthelwold persuaded the Danes in East Anglia to wage war against Edward, and Dumville argues that it is unlikely that there was an unknown separate Viking army in Essex. In his view Æthelwold was aiming to secure recognition in part of the kingdom of Wessex in order to strengthen his claim to the throne, and he succeeded in gaining the submission of the English rulers of Essex.

The East Anglian Danes joined Æthelwold in a raid on Mercia, reaching as far as the fortified burh at Cricklade on the border with Wessex. He then crossed the Thames into Wessex itself to raid Braydon. Edward retaliated by ravaging Danish East Anglia, but he withdrew without engaging Æthelwold in battle. The men of Kent lingered, although according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Edward sent seven messengers to recall them. The Danes caught up with the men of Kent to fight the Battle of the Holme. Its location is unknown but may be Holme in Cambridgeshire. The Danes were victorious but suffered heavy losses. Æthelwold was among the leaders on the Danish side who were killed, together with Eohric, the Viking king of East Anglia, two holds (Danish noblemen), Ysopa and Oscetel, and Beorhtsige, son of the ætheling Beornoth, who was probably a kinsman of the former king of Mercia, Burgred. Kentish losses included their two ealdormen, Sigewulf and Sigehelm, and an Abbot Cenwulf.

The achievement of the Kentish contingent put Edward's failure to engage the Danes with his whole army in a poor light. In Cyril Hart's view: "Undoubtedly there were recriminations, which appear to have continued to threaten Edward's authority for some considerable period, especially in Kent; witness the Wessex chronicler's anxiety to find excuses for Edward's failure to support the Kentish contingent." Edward was later to marry Sigehelm's daughter, Eadgifu, and Hart thinks that this may have been designed to placate his Kentish subjects.

The various texts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle give different versions of the revolt. Hart states: "The oldest and more authoritative is preserved in the 'B' text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (supported in its essentials by the Latin East Anglian Chronicle); the official version in the 'A' text is clearly a late revision, intended to justify King Edward's position and to reinforce his authority." 'B' describes Æthelwold as an ætheling, indicating the legitimacy of his claim for the kingship, a description omitted in 'A'. 'A' says that he took possession of Wimborne and Twinham without the permission of the king and his councillors, 'B' against their will. 'B' says that Æthelwold "rode away by night" from Wimborne; 'A' reads "stole away". According to 'B', the Northumbrian Danes accepted Æthelwold as their king, and gave allegiance to him, but this is omitted in 'A'. However, none of the texts describe him as an ætheling after his flight to Northumbria, showing that his actions were no longer thought to have a claim to legitimacy. In the view of Scott Thompson Smith, the dispute was over property as well as kingship, and the Chronicle presents Edward as the successful protector of family property against outside interests.

Legacy
According to the historian Martin Ryan:
 * What is striking about Æthelwold's "rebellion" is the level and range of support he was able to draw on: he could call on allies from Wessex, Northumbria, East Anglia and, probably, Mercia and Essex. For a time Æthelwold had a claim to be the most powerful ruler in England. Edward's apparent reluctance to engage him in battle may have been well founded.

In the view of James Campbell, the bias in the sources has led historians to see Æthelwold's rebellion as a "somewhat odd episode", but he had a justifiable claim to the kingship, and he was nearly successful; if he had not been killed at the Holme, he might have united England with much less warfare than ultimately proved to be necessary. "Had it not been for the chances of battle and war Æthelwold might very well have been regarded as one of the greatest figures in our island's story". Lavelle argues that "it is important to acknowledge the audacity of Æthelwold's actions" and that he "well deserves to be ranked amongst the 'Nearly Men' of early Medieval Europe". The twelfth-century Annals of St Neots called him "king of the pagans".

It is not known whether he had any descendants, but the chronicler Æthelweard was a great-great-grandson of King Æthelred, and this may have been through Æthelwold. Shashi Jayakumar suggests the rivalry between King Eadwig and his younger brother Edgar in the 950s dates back to the conflict which resulted in the Battle of the Holme. Eadwig's wife, Ælfgifu, was probably Æthelweard's sister, and one of Eadwig's supporters, Byrhtnoth, may have been descended from the Mercian royal family through the ætheling Beorhtnoth, whose son Byrhtsige died fighting on Æthelwold's side at the Holme. Opponents of Eadwig included his grandmother, Eadgifu, and Eadwig confiscated her property. In Jayakumar's view: "The emergence of Ælfgifu, descendant of the ætheling Æthelwold, did not just threaten Edgar's position, it represented a revanche to a line and lineage with royal claims of its own ... The ancestors of Byrhtnoth and Æthelweard had in all likelihood fought together with Æthelwold on the Danish side at the Battle of the Holme, the opposite side to that which Eadgifu's father Sigehelm had fought for." The marriage between Eadwig and Ælfgifu was dissolved on the grounds of consanguinity, and Edgar succeeded to the throne when Eadwig died without leaving children. In the view of Nick Higham, Æthelweard shows a "lack of empathy" for Edward in his chronicle, which Higham attributes to Edward's victory over Æthelweard's ancestor. Æthelweard was Ealdorman of the Western Provinces in the late tenth century, showing that Æthelred's descendants held on to land and power in the century after his death. Æthelweard's grandson, Æthelnoth, was an eleventh-century archbishop of Canterbury.

title: Æthelwold ætheling


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Eben Byers

Ebenezer McBurney Byers (April 12, 1880 – March 31, 1932) was an American socialite, sportsman, and industrialist. He won the 1906 U.S. Amateur in golf. He died from multiple radiation-induced cancers after consuming Radithor, a patent medicine made from radium dissolved in water.

Biography
The son of industrialist Alexander Byers, Eben Byers was educated at St. Paul's School and Yale College. He earned a reputation as a sportsman and played on the Yale Bulldogs golf team. Byers was the U.S. Amateur golf champion of 1905, after finishing runner-up in 1902 and 1903. Byers eventually became the chairman of the Girard Iron Company, which had been created by his father.

In 1927, Byers injured his arm falling from a railway sleeping berth. For the persistent pain, a doctor suggested he take Radithor, a patent medicine manufactured by William J. A. Bailey. Bailey was a Harvard University dropout who falsely claimed to be a doctor of medicine and had become rich from the sale of Radithor, a solution of radium in water which he claimed stimulated the endocrine system. He offered physicians a 1/6 kickback on each dose prescribed.

Byers began taking several doses of Radithor per day, believing it gave him a "toned-up feeling", but stopped in October 1930 (after taking some 1400 doses) when that effect faded. He lost weight and had headaches, and his teeth began to fall out. In 1931, the Federal Trade Commission asked him to testify about his experience, but he was too sick to travel so the commission sent a lawyer to take his statement at his home; the lawyer reported that Byers's "whole upper jaw, excepting two front teeth and most of his lower jaw had been removed" and that "All the remaining bone tissue of his body was disintegrating, and holes were actually forming in his skull."

His death on March 31, 1932, was attributed to "radiation poisoning" using the terminology of the time, but it was due to cancers, not acute radiation syndrome. Radium is known to emit alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. While alpha radiation has low penetrating ability and typically does not present a danger, ingestion of radium in the form of Radithor allowed accumulation in the bones. Without shielding provided by the skin, the highly-ionizing alpha radiation was able to cause localized cell damage on an extreme level, and this is ultimately what led to Byers' cancer and death. He is buried in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in a lead-lined coffin.

Legacy
Byers's death received much publicity and it heightened awareness of the dangers of radioactive "cures".

The Federal Trade Commission issued an order against Bailey's business to "cease and desist from various representations theretofore made by them as to the therapeutic value of Radithor and from representing that the product Radithor is harmless". He later founded the "Radium Institute" in New York and marketed a radioactive belt-clip, a radioactive paperweight, and a mechanism which purported to make water radioactive.

After exhuming Byers's body in 1965, MIT physicist Robley Evans estimated Byers' total radium intake as about 1000 μCi (37 MBq), with about half from Ra-226 and the other half from the highly-radioactive mesothorium (Ra-228). Dr. Evans also studied radium dial painters and was able to study one whose intake was similar to, but somewhat higher than Byers'.

Results timeline
''Note: Byers died before the founding of the Masters Tournament, and never played in The Open Championship. As an amateur, he could not play in the PGA Championship.'' {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} NT = No tournament DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion R128, R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play

Source for U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database

Source for 1904 British Amateur: [http://www.usgamuseum.com/researchers/usga_segl/ Golf, July 1904, pg. 6.]

Source for 1907 British Amateur: [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=GGgVawPscysC&dat=19070529&printsec=frontpage The Glasgow Herald, May 29, 1907, pg. 12.]

title: Eben Byers


text: Category:Suriname

title: Category:Suriname


text: Category:Uruguay

title: Category:Uruguay


text: Category:Venezuela

title: Category:Venezuela


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Channichthyidae

The crocodile icefish or white-blooded fish comprise a family (Channichthyidae) of notothenioid fish found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. They are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin in their blood as adults. Icefish populations are known to reside in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean, as well as the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica. Water temperatures in these regions remain relatively stable, generally ranging from -1.8 to 2 C. One icefish, Champsocephalus esox, is distributed north of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone. At least 16 species of crocodile icefish are currently recognized, although eight additional species have been proposed for the icefish genus Channichthys.

In February 2021, scientists discovered and documented a breeding colony of Neopagetopsis ionah icefish estimated to have 60 million active nests across an area of approximately 92 square miles at the bottom of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. The majority of nests were occupied by one adult fish guarding an approximated estimate of 1,735 eggs in each nest.

Genera
The following genera have been classified within the family Channichthyidae:

 * Chaenocephalus Richardson, 1844
 * Chaenodraco Regan, 1914
 * Champsocephalus Gill, 1861
 * Channichthys Richardson, 1844
 * Chionobathyscus Andriashev & Neyelov, 1978
 * Chionodraco Lönnberg, 1905
 * Cryodraco Dollo, 1900
 * Dacodraco Waite, 1916
 * Neopagetopsis Orvar Nybelin, 1947
 * Pagetopsis Regan, 1913
 * Pseudochaenichthys Norman, 1937

Diet and body size
All icefish are believed to be piscivorous, but can also feed on krill. Icefish are typically ambush predators; thus, they can survive long periods between feeding, and often consume fish up to 50% of their own body length. Maximum body lengths of 25-50 cm have been recorded in these species.

Respiratory and circulatory system

Icefish blood is colorless because it lacks hemoglobin, the oxygen-binding protein in blood. Channichthyidae are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin as adults. Although they do not manufacture hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome. The hemoglobin protein is made of two subunits (alpha and beta). In 15 of the 16 icefish species, the beta subunit gene has been completely deleted and the alpha subunit gene has been partially deleted. One icefish species, Neopagetopsis ionah, has a more complete, but still nonfunctional, hemoglobin gene.

Red blood cells (RBCs) are usually absent, and if present, are rare and defunct. Oxygen is dissolved in the plasma and transported throughout the body without the hemoglobin protein. The fish can live without hemoglobin via low metabolic rates and the high solubility of oxygen in water at the low temperatures of their environment (the solubility of a gas tends to increase as temperature decreases). However, the oxygen-carrying capacity of icefish blood is less than 10% that of their relatives with hemoglobin.

Myoglobin, the oxygen-binding protein used in muscles, is absent from all icefish skeletal muscles. In 10 species, myoglobin is found in the heart muscle, specifically ventricles. Loss of myoglobin gene expression in icefish heart ventricles has occurred at least four separate times.

To compensate for the absence of hemoglobin, icefish have larger blood vessels (including capillaries), greater blood volumes (four-fold those of other fish), larger hearts, and greater cardiac outputs (five-fold greater) compared to other fish. Their hearts lack coronary arteries, and the ventricle muscles are very spongy, enabling them to absorb oxygen directly from the blood they pump. Their hearts, large blood vessels and low-viscosity (RBC-free) blood are specialized to carry out very high flow rates at low pressures. This helps to reduce the problems caused by the lack of hemoglobin. In the past, their scaleless skin had been widely thought to help absorb oxygen. However, current analysis has shown that the amount of oxygen absorbed by the skin is much less than that absorbed through the gills. The little extra oxygen absorbed by the skin may play a part in supplementing the oxygen supply to the heart, which receives venous blood from the skin and body before pumping it to the gills. Additionally, icefish have larger cardiac mitochondria and increased mitochondrial biogenesis in comparison to red-blooded notothenioids. This adaptation facilitates enhanced oxygen delivery by increasing mitochondrial surface area, and reducing distance between the extracellular area and the mitochondria.

Evolution

The icefish are considered a monophyletic group and likely descended from a sluggish demersal ancestor. The cold, well-mixed, oxygen-rich waters of the Southern Ocean provided an environment where a fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin, albeit less efficiently.

When the icefish evolved is unknown; two main competing hypotheses have been postulated. The first is that they are only about 6 million years old, appearing after the Southern Ocean cooled significantly. The second suggests that they are much older, 15-20 million years.

Although the evolution of icefish is still disputed, the formation of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (APFZ) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is widely believed to mark the beginning of the evolution of Antarctic fish. The ACC moves in a clockwise northeast direction, and can be up to 10000 km wide. This current formed 25-22 million years ago, and thermally isolated the Southern Ocean by separating it from the warm subtropical gyres to the north.

During the mid-Tertiary period, a species crash in the Southern Ocean opened up wide range of empty niches to colonize. Despite the hemoglobin-less mutants being less fit, the lack of competition allowed even the mutants to leave descendants that colonized empty habitats and evolved compensations for their mutations. Later, the periodic openings of fjords created habitats that were colonized by a few individuals. These conditions may have also allowed for the loss of myoglobin.

Loss of hemoglobin
The loss of hemoglobin was initially believed to be an adaptation to the extreme cold, as the lack of hemoglobin and red blood cells decreases blood viscosity, which is an adaptation that has been seen in species adapted to cold climates. In refuting this original hypothesis, previous analysis has proposed that the lack of hemoglobin, while not lethal, is not adaptive. Any adaptive advantages incurred by reduced blood viscosity are outweighed by the fact that icefish must pump much more blood per unit of time to make up for the reduced oxygen carrying capacity of their blood. The high blood volume of icefish is itself evidence that the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin was not advantageous for the ancestor of the icefish. Their unusual cardiovascular physiology, including large heart, high blood volume, increased mitochondrial density, and extensive microvasculature, suggests that icefish have had to evolve ways of coping with the impairment of their oxygen binding and transport systems.

Recent research by Corliss et al. (2019) claims that the loss of hemoglobin has adaptive value. Iron is a limiting nutrient in the environments inhabited by the icefish. By no longer synthesizing hemoglobin, they claim that icefish are minimizing endogenous iron use. To demonstrate this, they obtained retinal samples of Champsocephalus gunnari and stained them to detect hemoglobin alpha 3'f. They found expression of hemoglobin alpha 3'f within the retinal vasculature of Champsocephalus gunnari, demonstrating for the first time that there is limited transcription and translation of a hemoglobin gene fragment within an icefish. Because this fragment of hemoglobin does not contain any iron binding sites, the finding suggests that hemoglobin was selected against to conserve iron.

Loss of myoglobin
Phylogenetic relationships indicate that the nonexpression of myoglobin in cardiac tissue has evolved at least four discrete times. This repeated loss suggests that cardiac myoglobin may be vestigial or even detrimental to icefish. Sidell and O'Brien (2006) investigated this possibility. First, they performed a test using stopped flow spectrometry. They found that across all temperatures, oxygen binds and dissociates faster from icefish than it does from mammalian myoglobin. However, when they repeated the test with each organism at a temperature that accurately reflected its native environment, the myoglobin performance was roughly equivalent between icefish and mammals. So, they concluded that icefish myoglobin is neither more nor less functional than the myoglobin in other clades. This means that myoglobin is unlikely to have been selected against. The same researchers then performed a test in which they selectively inhibited cardiac myoglobin in icefish with natural myoglobin expression. They found that icefish species that naturally lack cardiac myoglobin performed better without myoglobin than did fish that naturally express cardiac myoglobin. This finding suggests that fish without cardiac myoglobin have undergone compensatory adaptation.

Reason for trait fix
The Southern Ocean is an atypical environment. To begin with, the Southern Ocean has been characterized by extremely cold but stable temperatures for the past 10-14 million years. These cold temperatures, which allow for higher water oxygen content, combined with a high degree of vertical mixing in these waters, means oxygen availability in Antarctic waters is unusually high. The loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin would have negative consequences in warmer environments. The stability in temperature is also "lucky", as strong fluctuations in temperature would create a more stressful environment that would likely weed out individuals with deleterious mutations. Although most research suggests that the loss of hemoglobin in icefish was a neutral or maladaptive trait that arose due to a random evolutionary event, some researchers have also suggested that the loss of hemoglobin might be tied to a necessary adaptation for the icefish. Most animals require iron for hemoglobin production, and iron is often limited in ocean environments. Through hemoglobin loss, icefish may minimize their iron requirements. This minimization could have aided the icefish survival 8.5 million years ago when Arctic diversity plummeted dramatically.

Cardiovascular physiology

The key to solving this conundrum is to consider the other functions that both hemoglobin and myoglobin perform. While emphasis is often placed and understandably so on the importance of hemoglobin and myoglobin in oxygen delivery and use, recent studies have found that both proteins are actually also involved in the process of breaking down nitric oxide. This means that when icefish lost hemoglobin and myoglobin, it did not just mean a decreased ability to transport oxygen, but it also meant that total nitric oxide levels were elevated. Nitric oxide plays a role in regulating various cardiovascular processes in icefish, such as the dilation of branchial vasculature, cardiac stroke volume, and power output. The presence of nitric oxide also can increase angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cause muscle hypertrophy; all of these traits are characteristics of icefish. The similarity between nitric oxide-mediated trait expression and the unusual cardiovascular traits of icefish suggests that while these abnormal traits have evolved over time, much of these traits were simply an immediate physiological response to heightened levels of nitric oxide, which may in turn have led to a process of homeostatic evolution. In addition, the heightened levels of nitric oxide that followed as an inevitable consequence of the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin may have actually provided an automatic compensation, allowing for the fish to make up for the hit to their oxygen transport system and thereby providing a grace period of the fixation of these less than desirable traits.

title: Channichthyidae


text:
Eadgifu of Wessex

Eadgifu or Edgifu (d. in or after 951), also known as Edgiva or Ogive (Ēadgifu), was Queen of the West Franks as the wife of King Charles the Simple. She was a daughter of Edward the Elder, King of Wessex and England, and his second wife Ælfflæd.

Queen
Eadgifu was one of three West Saxon sisters married to Continental rulers: the others were Eadgyth, who married Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eadhild, who married Hugh the Great. Eadgifu became the second wife of Charles the Simple (more correctly "the Straightforward") King of the West Franks, whom she married between 917 and 919 after the death of his first wife. Eadgifu was mother to King Louis IV of France.

Flight to England
In 923 Charles III was deposed after being defeated at the Battle of Soissons, and he was taken prisoner by Count Herbert II of Vermandois. To protect her son's safety, Eadgifu took Louis to England in 923 and he was brought up at the court of her half-brother, King Æthelstan of England. Because of this, Louis became known as Louis d'Outremer ("from over the sea"). He stayed there until 936, when he was called back to France to be crowned King. Eadgifu accompanied him.

She retired to a convent in Laon. In 951, Herbert the Old, Count of Omois, abducted and married her, to the great anger of her son. She died at Soissons on 26 December in an unknown year and is not recorded after 951.

title: Eadgifu of Wessex


text: Category:Canada

title: Category:Canada


text: Category:Mexico

title: Category:Mexico


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Talk:The Washington Post (march)

"Washington Post", "The Washington Post", or "The Washington Post March?"
Believing that the correct title of the famous Sousa march was The Washington Post, I confidently tinkered, moving The Washington Post March to The Washington Post (march), and editing articles accordingly. (E. g. in The Washington Post I wrote, "The Washington Post is also the title of a march..."

Then I decided to see whether I could notate the melody of the opening strain. And found to my chagrin that one of my three recordings simply calls it Washington Post (no "The", although some of the other marches, like "The Thunderer," had their titles given with a "The"). Another calls it The Washington Post... and a third calls it The Washington Post March.

a) Anyone know which really is the correct title of the march?

b) Anyone know a convenient way to resolve this sort of question? Googling isn't it, both because of the difficulty of constructing proper searches to pick up only one of the three variants, but also because it is obvious that writers are not punctilious about the title of this work and "most frequent" would not necessarily be "correct." For example, I'm pretty darn sure the title of the famous Strauss waltz is "On the Beautiful Blue Danube", not "The Blue Danube waltz," but both give almost identical numbers of Google hits.

Zen answers, such as that it doesn't matter because nobody cares, or that the correctness of the title of marches is not altered by adding the word "march" to a title that lacks one or removing the word "march" from a title that has one, are not needed. (And no, don't bother to tell me that the actual title of the Strauss waltz is "An Der Schonen Blauen Danau...") Dpbsmith 00:21, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm a big fan of Sousa, so I checked my CD from the US Marine Corps band. On that CD, it's labeled as The Washington Post March.  I realize it's not definitive, but it's a pretty solid indication IMO. I figure the Marines know what they're doing. ;-) -- Dan Carlson 15:08, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Is that the same one I have, "Sousa Original?" from the Musical Heritage Society? On that one, about 2/3 of the titles are listed as ending with the word "march;" "Manhattan Beach March", "Saber and Spurs March","The Gridiron Club March", King Cotton March... But OTOH Frederick Fennell, who made his career recording Sousa marches with the Eastman Wind Ensemble for Mercury Records, also knows what he's doing (and is an academician), and "Hands Across the Sea" CD lists it as "Washington Post" (no "The", no "March").  Oh, and http://www.crystalrecords.com/Sousa.html is selling what they claim to be remastered versions of recordings made by the Sousa Band from 1897-1930, who should also know what they're doing, and if the Web listing is an accurate transcription of the record labels, it's "The Washington Post". The Britannica's article on Sousa refers to "The Washington Post." The Columbia Encyclopedia prefers "The Washington Post March" . Dpbsmith 16:31, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the most authoritative answer would be the manuscript or first published version. I don't live very near a good music library, but the next time I go through a city that has one, I would be interested in looking that up.

 * I wonder if there is a Sousa archive on the Internet that might have scans of this sort of thing? I'll scout around a little.

 * When I've heard it performed live, I only recall hearing it introduced as "The Washington Post." Glenn6502 22:40, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (later) I checked the University of Illinois, which has the major collection of Sousa's manuscripts. Their on-line index does not include "The Washington Post" under any variant of the title.  I'll put looking for published versions on my to-do list for my next visit to a university.  Glenn6502 00:22, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

I too have heard it call both "The Washington Post" and the "The Washington Post March". After Googling "Sousa, Washington, and Post, I find that internet sources are 2-1 in favor of "The Washington Post". Logically, if it were "The Washington Post March", wouldn't it also be "The Stars and Stripes Forever March"? Scout32 19:41, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

A brief search turned up this image of an autograph arrangement for keyboard from the Library of Congress. It shows "The Washington Post" at the top with "March" underneath in smaller writing. I interpret this to mean "The Washington Post" is the title, and the piece is a march; but I can see how one might also take both lines for the title. Ortonmc 19:10, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, that's way cool. It didn't turn up in my brief search. Can we use that image in the article?
 * The manuscript itself is dated 1889, so it's passed into the public domain; and the image is from the LoC, which would be a U.S. Government work (also public domain). So I believe it's fair game. Ortonmc 20:11, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * BTW I have an interlibrary loan request in for the Dover Publications collection of Sousa marches which is I believe is reproduced from the original sheet music, which hopefully will provide another data point.

 * I realize that the whole question has sort of a Zen-like quality. 78 rpm and 45 rpm records of popular dance music would often have the words "Fox Trot" or "Waltz" or whatever, in a way that made it rather ambiguous whether they were to be considered part of the title. In fact it seems to me that, unlike books, which usually have a very well-defined title, the details of titles of pieces of music are rather variable. It occurs to me that there's a similar ambiguity about which titles of Scott Joplin's ragtime pieces include the word "rag." I'm sure it's "The Maple Leaf Rag," not "The Maple Leaf," but I think it's just "The Entertainer" and "The Cascades." Dpbsmith 20:01, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

OK, my book came in at the library. The front page of the sheet music is now in the main article. It shows an artistically dilapidated newspaper front page saying, conspicuously, "The Washington Post." with a period at the end. Or, actually, "he Washington Post." since a fragment is torn off. Then separately, at the bottom, it says "March by John Philip Sousa, Director Band USMC." The first page of the music itself is:

What with the two lines and the period at the end of each line, I read this to mean "The title of this composition is The Washington Post and it is a march." Dpbsmith 00:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

In films
I'm not sure whether we even need to mention its use in films. As one of the most popular and recognizable marches of all time, I am sure it must have been used in hundreds of films. It would be an obvious choice for a "generic" march, any situation in which a hometown band is marching down a small-town street and the director wants a march that is familiar, appropriate to the situation, and yet carries no particular meaning. "The Stars and Stripes Forever" signals patriotism, "Colonel Bogie" would make everyone think of a very different movie, "The Yellow Rose of Texas" would make people think of the words to the song, "Seventy-Six Trombones" is associated with The Music Man... but "The Washington Post" is just a good, lively, all-purpose, stirring, familiar American march. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:09, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Key signature
The image in this article has the wrong key signature; the song is in the key os G major, which has one sharp, not two. Georgia guy 22:58, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Late reply, but this is right. The image shows incorrect notation in other ways too. Impressive number of mistakes for such a short excerpt. 192.91.173.36 (talk) 09:59, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

There seems to be an error in bar 14 67.163.165.140 (talk) 05:03, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Plausible but unsourced speculation
I'm removing
 * The tendency of writers to call it The Washington Post March arose in order to prevent confusion with the newspaper for which it was named.

There's no source citation, and I don't think this is anything more than a plausible speculation.

Actually, I'm not even sure it's correct.

1) I'm not sure there's any such "tendency." It took me a while to sort out the story because a random sampling of recording labels, album liners, random references in written material included "Washington Post," "The Washington Post," and "The Washington Post March" with no form of the title clearly predominating.

2) In the second place, many of Sousa's other marches show a similar variation in way in which the title is rendered (e.g. "The Liberty Bell").

3) In the third place, CD label and booklet listings tend to follow a pattern in which, if the title of one piece is presented using the word "march" then the title of most of the others will be, and conversely. If the label says "The Washington Post March" it will probably say "The Thunderer March" and "The Picadore March" and so forth; if it just says "The Liberty Bell" and "The Invincible Eagle" it will probably just say "The Washington Post."

4) And, finally, other pieces of music show similar variations, e.g. "Blue Danube," "The Blue Danube," "The Blue Danube Waltz," "On the Beautiful Blue Danube," etc.

In other words, I don't think this is anything peculiar to this particular march.

I'll gladly stand corrected if someone finds a source citation. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:42, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

The march made the newspaper famous?
I'm moving this very-interesting-if-true assertion here: Many have argued that this march brought the once-average newspaper instant fame and attention. Anyone who can provide a reference to one of the "many" who have argued this should reinsert it in the article, referencing and quoting the source. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:40, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

I had always heard it was named after the Marine's Washington Post, i. e., the barracks and 8th and I Street (sometimes spelled Eye Street), not the newspaper. This part about the newspaper contest is new to me Stargzer (talk) 12:24, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

In popular culture
I'm moving the entire list here, because I don't think the use of the music is important or significant in any of them.

In all but two, I don't see any significance whatsoever in the choice of the music beyond its being familiar march music. Why couldn't Jan just as well have practiced her cheerleading to The Thunderer? Why couldn't the marines just as well have played Semper Fidelis as they marched into the Moroccan sultan's castle?

The exceptions are 1) the "Tigers" action figures commercial, in which the words are said to have been specifically set to the march music; but I doubt that this commercial is an important piece of popular culture; and 2) its use in the Sousa biopic Stars and Stripes Forever, but it hardly seems surprising or important that the film used familiar Sousa marches. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:43, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Uses in pop culture
The march has been used many times in popular media. A few examples:
 * Stars and Stripes Forever, a Hollywood film about John Philip Sousa's life featured the tune prominently.
 * The mid-1960s TV ads for a collection of soldier action figures called "Tigers" featured a jingle which put words to the middle section of the march, singing "Machinegun Mike has a combat kit" and so on.
 * The Wind and The Lion (1975) a U.S. Marine band plays the march as they enter the Morrocan Sultan's castle after it was seized by an armed contingent of marines seeking the return of kidnapped Americans.
 * Animal House (1978), the marching band plays the march during the Homecoming Parade near the end of the movie, while being misdirected into a blind alley.
 * Back to the Future (1985), during the Mayoral elections of that movie's time periods and an automobile Hover   Conversion commercial
 * Dumb and Dumberer (2003), during the Thanksgiving Day Parade towards the end of the movie featuring the star characters.
 * A 2004 Hyundai commercial (where a marching band playing this piece follows a Hyundai around).
 * The M*A*S*H film (1970), during the football game
 * In an episode of The Brady Bunch where Jan is practicing for Cheerleading in the backyard, this march is playing.
 * This music is used in the movie Grease (1978).
 * In Assassins, the 1991 musical by Stephen Sondheim, the opening notes are used repeatedly by the witnesses of the attempted assassination of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the song "How I Saved Roosevelt" (the number begins with a rendition of Sousa's El Capitan, pieces of which can also be heard throughout it).
 * This piece is also played in Flags of Our Fathers (film) (2006).

There be lawyers here
This article states: "The composition is now in the public domain in the U.S., as its copyright has expired. However, almost all sound recordings of the march are under copyright. Sound recordings fixed on or after February 15, 1972 are protected by federal copyright law, with certain very narrow exceptions. Recordings fixed before that date are under state copyright laws, many of which have no fixed duration, and federal law will not preempt state law for those recordings until 2067.[2] The sound file accompanying this article, however, is in the public domain in the U.S. because as a recording by the United States Marine Band, it is a work of the United States government not subject to copyright." What does this have to do with the history or story of this musical piece? If one was a lawyer perhaps, it may be of some interest, but to someone seeking knowledge of the subject of the article, it is pretty useless. At best, it belongs in a footnote - it really should just go away. Jmdeur (talk) 14:35, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

Yep. Almost all recordings of the march that people bother with are made by US military bands, particularly the United States Marine Band. 97.104.88.146 (talk) 05:49, 9 July 2017 (UTC)

Original synthesis in Title section
The Title section of this article seems to contain original synthesis. It claims that the "correct" name of the piece is "The Washington Post," and cites sources for the evidence used in the argument, but does not cite sources for the conclusion drawn from that evidence. Wikipedia editors should not be drawing their own conclusions from the presented facts. Unless a reliable source can be provided for this analysis, it should be considered original synthesis and should be removed. —Bkell (talk) 07:51, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * After digging into the article's history a bit, I see that most of this section comes from an edit made by Dpbsmith on 20 September 2004, shortly following a discussion on this talk page. Since the claim about the "correct name" of the march seems to be based on various Wikipedia editors' interpretations of the title on the printed sheet music, this is pretty clearly original synthesis. I have removed the section. If anyone can provide a reliable source for this claim, it can be reinstated. —Bkell (talk) 08:01, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Additional citations
Why, what, where, and how does this article need additional citations for verification? Hyacinth (talk) 15:09, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Subjective judgment
"“March enthusiasts have argued that the trio sections' mellow and moving phrases are among Sousa's most musical. Six sudden eighth notes move the melody along. Its unusually calm break strain is a simple adaptation of the trio melody. It then moves on to the first trio repeat, where §the low brass begins an even more mellow countermelody.”" While I happen to agree with all of this, who are these mysterious “march enthusiasts”, and in what venue to they argue? Surely a sourcing footnote would be here in order. Vesuvius Dogg (talk) 12:43, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Delete paragraph?
"The composition is in the public domain in the US, as its copyright has expired, due to Sousa having been dead for more than 70 years and it having been published before the early 1920s."

Is this paragraph necessary, or desirable? If there's a desire to retain it, what would be the argument? I mean, why this piece and not every other piece that's presently out of copyright? I'm not going to inordinately concern myself with this, but if nobody says anything and I think of it later, I might delete this sentence. Bret Sterling (talk) 18:40, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Washington Post (march)


text: Category:Cuba

title: Category:Cuba


text:
Frederuna

Frederuna (or Frederonne, Fridarun; Frédérune or Frérone; 887–917) was the queen consort of France by marriage to King Charles III of France.

She was born in Goslar, Hanover to Dietrich Theodorich von Ringelheim, Duke of Saxony and his wife Gisela of Lotharingia. She was the half-sister of Matilda of Ringelheim, who married Henry the Fowler, King of East Francia, Amalrada, Bia, and a brother, Beuve II, the Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne, and the first wife of King Charles III of France, whom she married in 907. She bore Charles six daughters: Ermentrude, Gisela, Frederuna, Adelais, Rotrude and Hildegarde. Frederuna died in 917 and she was succeeded as queen consort by Eadgifu of England, a daughter of Edward the Elder in 919.

title: Frederuna


text: Category:Antigua and Barbuda

title: Category:Antigua and Barbuda


text: Category:Barbados

title: Category:Barbados


text:
Dahshur

Dahshur (in English often called Dashur ; دهشور , ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ Dahchur ) is an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex and necropolis and shares the name of the nearby village of Manshiyyat Dahshur (Arabic: منشأة دهشور) in markaz Badrashin, Giza.

Dahshur is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, and along with the pyramid complexes at Saqqara, Abusir, and Giza, to its north, forms the pyramid fields of the ancient  capital city of Memphis. It is known chiefly for several pyramids, mainly Senefru's Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt, built from 2613 to 2589 BC.

Pyramids

The Dahshur pyramids were an extremely important learning experience for the Egyptians. It provided them with the knowledge and know-how to transition from step-sided pyramids to smooth-sided pyramids. Ultimately their breadth of experience would allow them to build the Great Pyramid of Giza; the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing to this date.

The first of the Dahshur pyramids was the Bent Pyramid (2613–2589 BC), built under the rule of King Sneferu. The Bent Pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth sided pyramid, but proved to be an unsuccessful build due to the miscalculations made on the structural weight that was being placed onto the soft ground (sand, gravel, and clay), which had a tendency to subside. Other calculations that were proven to be erroneous were that the blocks being used were cut in such a manner that when placed onto the pyramid their weight was not distributed appropriately, causing the angle of the pyramid to be off and achieving the name "the Bent Pyramid".

Realizing his shortcomings and learning from his mistakes, King Sneferu ordered the building of the second pyramid of Dahshur, the Red Pyramid. Once completed, the pyramid was considered to be a success, as it was a fully constructed, smooth sided, and a free standing pyramid rising to a height of 341 ft, with an angle of 43 degrees. The Red Pyramid's name derives from the material that was used to construct the pyramid, red limestone. This pyramid is believed to be the resting place of King Sneferu.

Shortly after King Sneferu's death a third pyramid was erected by his son Khufu. Khufu wanting to build a legacy of his own, utilized his father's research to design and guide the building process of the third pyramid to completion (2589–2566 BC). Once completed, the pyramid was named the Great Pyramid of Giza, and it stands an astonishing 481 ft tall with an angle of 52 degrees.

Another pyramid, the White Pyramid, located within Dahshur is that of the 12th Dynasty King Amenemhat II (1929–1895 BC). This pyramid has not been preserved as well as the others within the area due to the materials that were used to fill it (sand on the outside and limestone on the inside). Naturally the weather caused the sand to erode from it, but the limestone was taken intentionally for use on other pyramids allowing the pyramid to collapse and ultimately desecrating the tomb of King Amenemhat II.

King Senusret III (1878–1839 BC) had his pyramid built within Dahshur. The difference between his pyramid in comparison to those surrounding it was that King Senusret III had tombs and galleries built underneath it for two princesses; Sit-Hathor and Merit.

The Black Pyramid dates from the later reign of Amenemhat III and, although badly eroded, it remains the most imposing monument at the site after the two Sneferu pyramids. The polished granite pyramidion or capstone of the Black Pyramid is on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Several other pyramids of the 13th Dynasty were built at Dahshur. Only the Pyramid of Ameny Qemau has been excavated so far by Ahmad Fakhri, the archaeologist who excavated this site.

Tombs and cemeteries
Located closely to the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty several undisturbed tombs of royal women were found, containing a large amount of lapidary and jewelry that have been determined to be of the highest stage of metalworking in Egypt during this time period. The pyramid of Senusret III was part of a huge complex, with several smaller pyramids of royal women, along with another pyramid to the south. In a gallery tomb next to this pyramid were found two treasures of the king's daughters (Sithathor). Extensive cemeteries of officials of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom have been found around Dahshur's pyramids. Dahshur was Egypt's royal necropolis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II.

Contemporary history
In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as 120 families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in a dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim Arab clan member to death. Furthermore, during clashes another Muslim suffered head injuries and later died due to a gasoline bomb being thrown from a rooftop of a building. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence. This incident was reported internationally.

As of January 2013, and due to the security vacuum that still prevails in Egypt following the 2011 uprising, the site is under threat of desecration and damage due to encroachment by locals of surrounding urban settlements.

Climate
Dahshur has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

title: Dahshur


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Horde Zla

Horde Zla (English: Hordes of Evil) is the organized Ultras group that supports Bosnian football club FK Sarajevo. The group's logo consists of a stylized depiction of the Grim Reaper, borrowed from a Zagor comic book at the time of the group's inception. Horde zla is one of two major football fan groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Apart from FK Sarajevo, the group also supports KK Bosna Royal and RK Bosna Sarajevo. The group's organizational structure is fairly decentralized with many subgroups present at the stadium's north stand – the gathering point of the club's most loyal and passionate fans. Some of the most well known subgroups are Outlaws, Maroon Brothers, Vutrasi, Fina Gradska Raja, Stara garda and Downtown.

Background
From the moment FK Sarajevo was established on 24 October 1946 it quickly grew a following in the city of Sarajevo. The fact that nearly all pre-war Sarajevan clubs were banned by the new communist authorities left a large vacuum in a city that was traditionally a footballing centre in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The majority of fans stemmed from the numerous downtown Sarajevan Baščaršija, Stari grad and Centar neighbourhoods predominantly inhabited by Bosniaks. This is not to say that other ethnicities did not support the club. They did in huge numbers, but the history of organized support for the club is nevertheless closely tied to the aforementioned neighbourhoods. The only major Sarajevan football club not banned by the post-war authorities was FK Željezničar, based in the Grbavica neighbourhood of the city, which would go on to become the maroon-white's biggest rival. FK Sarajevo supporters were historically known as Pitari while an individual was, and is still known as a Pitar. The nickname, meaning a consumer of the local Bosnian dish pita, was originally a derogatory label given by fans of working class Željezničar that implied the upper-class background of most FK Sarajevo supporters. This notion was based on the fact that the old downtown neighbourhoods of the city were the traditional centres of commerce and artisanship, even though the socioeconomic landscape of the city had dramatically changed by the time the club was formed. FK Sarajevo being formed by the post-war communist authorities also meant that the club garnered support from the political and party establishment of the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina which created a specific symbiosis between the progressive state establishment and the traditional, conservative Sarayevan Mahala.

Beginnings
The first contours of organized support for the club were drawn out in the late 1950s when the eastern stand of the Koševo stadium drew in the most ardent of supporters. As Sarajevo folklore stipulates, no footballer was ever fully accepted by the eastern stand which was for decades known as a polygon for the city's particular sense of humour and as the main proving ground for every player wearing the maroon and white jersey. The legendary east stand was generally a meeting point for residents of the Sarajevan mahalas that would picnic with their friends, relatives and neighbours while watching matches, only fully supporting players that stemmed from the city's downtown neighbourhoods – a particular form of local patriotism that has, in a way, survived until today. By the mid 1980s, the eastern stand's rowdiness during matches of the time provoked large media coverage. During a league tie against Red Star Belgrade on 17 April 1986 it was reported that a maroon painted snake, reported by some as being a specimen of the venomous horned viper, was thrown off the eastern stand onto the visitors bench. This was never verified by the police or club, while other rumours in circulation stated that the incident against Red Star was caused by someone from the crowd hitting the referee with a large stone. Again, this rumour was never verified either and has in subsequent years become an urban legend, as is the case with the snake rumour. Nevertheless, alarmed by constant incidents and media coverage, the club management headed by then Director Svetozar Vujović opened the north stand of the Koševo stadium to the most fanatical of fans.

The north stand was traditionally not very popular with the footballing public, but was found to be the most adequate because it was the farthest from the field. This move coincided with the Ultras subculture reaching the Former Yugoslavia in the mid 1980s, and finding fertile ground among both members of the Punk and Mod subcultures and non-affiliated football supporters. Soon after, Horde Zla came into being. Namely, several prominent FK Sarajevo supporters of the younger generation, influenced by the Ultras subculture decided to meet, as the story goes, in an alternative nightclub of the time known as AG and create a new identity based on a popular Zagor comic book of the same name. Soon enough, Horde Zla became one of the most popular youth organizations in the city of Sarajevo. By the end of the 1980s Horde zla had become one of the five largest and most organized fan groups in SFR Yugoslavia, alongside Delije, Grobari, Torcida Split and Bad Blue Boys, out-marching to all of FK Sarajevo's matches across the country and travelling to Italy in support of Yugoslavia during the 1990 World Cup. At this time the group also became known for some of the most infamous examples of football violence in the country, including the 1991 stabbing of two FK Partizan supporters in front of the JNA Stadium in Belgrade and the 1989 riots in the city of Mostar before a league fixture against Velež, resulting in the stabbing of a local resident and the destruction of huge amounts of public and private property. While most other Ultra firms in Yugoslavia popularized and marketed the growing nationalist fervor that would lead to the Yugoslav Wars, Horde Zla mostly stayed apolitical. As political tensions escalated on the eve of the Bosnian war, Horde Zla shifted its apolitical course and became one of the first organisations in Bosnia and Herzegovina that openly endorsed and supported the return of the old, historical name for Bosnian Muslims – Bosniaks, as well as calling for Bosnian independence.

Bosnian independence
With the start of the Bosnian War many Horde zla members together with their counterparts from other ultras groups stood at the forefront of fronts to defend their city and homeland. A memorial plaque on the north side of the Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium bears tribute to the hundreds of members of the group killed in the fight for Bosnian independence. As peace was restored to the country and competitive football once again resumed, Horde zla took back their place on the North stand of the country's biggest stadium on the 10th anniversary of the firm's founding. The group again made headlines when, during the 1998 Sarajevo derby against Željezničar, they invaded the pitch after members of the opposing firm, The Maniacs assaulted the FK Sarajevo goalkeeper Mirsad Dedić, resulting in a large on field skirmish that resulted in over thirty serious injuries.

The new generation (2007–)
By the mid 2000s a new generation of Ultras came up the ranks, unhappy with what they perceived as the group becoming a source of income for the older generation through petty theft, collaboration with an unpopular club management, drug dealing and exploitation of the Horde zla brand. Furthermore, differences existed in the way the two sides saw the future of the group. The younger generation namely wanted a more decentralized organization, while the older called for stronger centralization. By 2006 the new generation, organized through half a dozen subgroups, left the north stand in boycott of the agentry, as they called the leadership of the group, and moved to the west stand of the stadium, where they became known as Horde Zla Zapad (English: Hordes of Evil West). For a year and a half the two fractions supported their team separately, often going into battle across the city. By 2008 physical altercations and violence between the opposing camps turned the city into a battle ground, eventually leading to the younger generation taking control of the north stand. On 9 August 2007 Horde zla clashed with security personnel and police before a Champions League qualifying tie in Genk. In April 2010 Horde zla invaded the pitch after Sarajevo played a 1:1 draw against NK Široki Brijeg, and eventually went on to demolish large portions of the stadium including the VIP box and the benches in clashes with the police and security personnel. The incident resulted in over 40 minor and serious injuries. That same evening members of the group took part in large scale riots during a war veteran's rally that was demanding more social benefits from the government. In July 2012, Horde Zla clashed with Levski Sofia supporters in the first leg of a UEFA Europa League match that was held in Sofia, Bulgaria. They had previously occupied a hotel in downtown Sofia which they ransacked and demolished, not allowing the police to enter by raising barricades. On 20 July 2013 Horde zla clashed with the fans of Albanian club FK Kukësi in Tirana before the start of a Europa League match. On 25 September 2013 Horde zla invaded the pitch during a game versus FK Borac, charging on the visiting fans situated on the South stand of the Asim Hase Ferhatović stadium. The police were forced to intervene and the fixture was subsequently abandoned. On 13 July 2015 Horde zla clashed with Lech Poznań hooligans for hours the night before a Champions League Qualifier in Vogošća, near Sarajevo. On 22 July 2015 Horde zla clashed with Sparta Prague hooligans in Prague, while on their way to Poznań for the reverse leg. On 21 March 2015 Horde zla clashed with police during a league tie fixture at the Vrapčići Stadium in Mostar, leading to numerous injuries. On 22 August 2015 Horde zla clashed with the special police and Čelik fans during a league tie in Zenica, which halted the game for over half an hour. On 9 March 2016 Horde zla clashed with police at the Tušanj Stadium in Tuzla during a Cup tie against Sloboda Tuzla. On 23 July 2016 Horde zla halted the Sarajevo derby on the Grbavica Stadium for nearly an hour, after clashing with police and ripping off seats and setting them alight.

Široki Brijeg riots
On 4 October 2009 Horde zla again made headlines during the infamous Široki Brijeg Football Riots which are considered the worst example of football violence in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The riots resulted in the death of Horde zla member Vedran Puljić from gunshot wounds, with over 40 other participants of the mayhem sustaining serious injuries, including four nonfatal gunshot wounds. The riots started with confrontations between members of Horde zla and the hometown Ultras, Škripari, which subsequently spilled out over the majority of the town. Horde zla burned cars, nearly blew up a gas station and demolished shops while Škripari and residents of Široki Brijeg stoned visiting fan's buses and shot at them with firearms. Horde Zla also claim multiple counts of severe police brutality which led to the death of Horde zla member Vedran Puljić from police inflicted gunshot wounds. There are conflicting reports about who started the violence. Horde zla accused local residents and police of mistreatment on their way to the match, saying that the incident was planned by local politicians and that their buses were separated and parked too far from the stadium which left them open to stoning and attacks. They also claim that initially there were only 30 local policemen present, and they did nothing to prevent the violence. Local police and residents said Horde Zla fans were the first to attack. A local policeman, Oliver Knezović, accused of murdering Puljić, fled to Zagreb, Croatia from where he could not be extradited to the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as there is no agreement on this issue between the two countries.

USD Bosna
Horde Zla and FK Sarajevo garner a close relationship with USD Bosna, or University Sport Society Bosna (Univerzitetsko sportsko društvo Bosna). The most notable members of said society are KK Bosna Royal, that won the Euroleague Basketball title in 1979 and RK Bosna Sarajevo, that reached the 1/8 finals of the EHF Champions League in 2011.

The relationship traditionally stems from the fact that both sides share unique maroon and white club colours, which lead KK Bosna Royal to garner most of its fan base from FK Sarajevo in its rise to the top in the mid and late 1970s. Through time the two sides became colloquially interchangeable, as Horde zla equally followed both, forming a so-called Maroon Family. Even though RK Bosna did not represent a big player in Yugoslav handball, the club's post-war ascent was thoroughly supported by Horde zla.

After an initiative proposed by Sarajevo fans, on 29 August 2013 FK Sarajevo and RK Bosna Sarajevo signed a cooperation agreement based on the principle of strengthening ties between the aforementioned family members. On 6 November 2013 the same was done between FK Sarajevo and KK Bosna Royal, by which the forty-year-old relationship was officialized.

Notable supporters

 * Alija Izetbegović – The first President of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Jovan Divjak – Bosnian Army general during the Bosnian War
 * Zlatko Lagumdžija – Bosnian politician
 * Adam Shapiro – American actor
 * Dino Merlin – Bosnian singer-songwriter, musician and producer
 * Halid Bešlić – Bosnian folk vocalist and musician
 * Safet Isović – Bosnian singer, one of the most prominent and popular performers of the Bosnian traditional music sevdalinka
 * Kemal Monteno – Bosnian recording artist and singer-songwriter
 * Danis Tanović – Academy Award-winning film director
 * Sanela Diana Jenkins – Bosnian-American entrepreneur and philanthropist
 * Ismet Bajramović – Reputed organized crime figure
 * Emerik Blum – Bosnian Jewish businessman, philanthropist and the founder and first director of one of Eastern Europe's largest conglomerates, Energoinvest
 * Meša Selimović – Yugoslav novelist
 * Nenad Marković – Bosnian former professional basketball player and current head coach
 * Miralem Pjanić – Bosnian professional footballer
 * Alen Halilović – Croatian professional footballer
 * Sead Kolašinac – Bosnian professional footballer
 * Bakir Izetbegović – Bosnian politician
 * Mirsad Terzić – Bosnian professional handball player
 * Džanan Musa – Bosnian professional basketball player for Real Madrid
 * Elmedin Konaković – Politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Dino Mustafić – Bosnian theatre director
 * Jala Brat – Bosnian rapper
 * Mirza Bašić – Bosnian professional tennis player
 * Asmir Begović – Bosnian professional footballer
 * Jusuf Nurkić – Bosnian professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns
 * Haris Džinović – Bosnian folk musician
 * Hari Varešanović – Bosnian pop singer and vocalist for Hari Mata Hari
 * Safet Zec – Bosnian painter
 * RAF Camora – Austrian rapper
 * Amra Silajdžić – Bosnian fashion model
 * Luka Garza – Bosnian professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves
 * Marjan Mijajlović – Bosnian-Serbian sports commentator
 * Edin Forto – Bosnian politician
 * Jusuf Prazina – Reputed organized crime figure

title: Horde Zla


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Tytila of East Anglia

Tytila (died around 616) was a semi-historical pagan king of East Anglia, a small Anglo-Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. Early sources, including Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, identify him as an early member of the Wuffingas dynasty who succeeded his father Wuffa. A later chronicle dates his reign from 578, but he is not known to have definitely ruled as king and nothing of his life is known. He is listed in a number of genealogical lists.

A number of later mediaeval sources recorded that in about 616, Tytila was succeeded by his son Rædwald.

The Wuffingas dynasty
The peoples known to us as the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, began to arrive in Britain in the 5th century. By 600, a number of kingdoms had begun to form in southern and eastern Britain, and by the beginning of the seventh century, southern England was almost entirely under their control. Tytila was a member of the Wuffingas family, the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of the East Angles that was named after his father Wuffa. The Wuffingas may have been descendants of an earlier Scandinavian dynasty. Both he and his father are semi-historical figures.

The Victorian ethnologist John Beddoe noted the similarity between the name Tytila and that of Totila, an Ostrogoth king.

Tytila is included in a number of different tallies. In the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which was completed in Northumbria by Bede in 731, Tytila is named as the father of Rædwald and the son of Wuffa:  'Erat autem praefatus rex Reduald natu nobilis, quamlibet actu ignobilis, filius Tytili, cuius pater fuit Uuffa...' . The 9th century Welsh monk Nennius, in his Historia Brittonum, also lists Tytila, naming him as the father of Eni of East Anglia: '...Uffa, who begat Tytillus, who begat Eni,...' whilst relating the origin of the kings of East Anglia. Tytila is included in an East Anglian royal tally that lists the ancestors of Ælfwald and that names many, but not all, of the early East Anglian kings. The tally, which forms part of the Anglian collection, comes from the 12th century Textus Roffensis.

Reign
Nothing is known of Tytila's life or his rule, as no written records have survived from this period in East Anglian history. The mediaeval chronicler Roger of Wendover dated Tytila's reign from 578, but his source of information is unknown and the accession date may have been a guess on the part of the chronicler. Tytila's son and successor, Rædwald, the greatest of the Wuffingas monarchs, is the first East Anglian king who is more than a semi-historical figure, although much information about him, including the year of his death, is conjectural. The finds from the excavations of the two separate cemeteries at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk and at other sites in East Anglia point to close connections at this time between south-eastern Britain, the Frankish Rhinelands, the Eastern Mediterranean and of growing royal prestige and authority, reflected by the magnificent grave-goods discovered in the main burial-ship at Sutton Hoo. The grave goods at Sutton Hoo also point to close ties with Sweden. Names of family members also share similarity with names in Sweden at the same time. Plates on helmets found at the Valsgärde ship burial are so close to the ones from Sutton Hoo that it has been theorized that they were made by the same craftsman or a close associate or apprentice. The poem Beowulf from a few centuries later also lends validity to a close connection between the East Angles and their Southern Swedish cousins.

The date that Tytlila died is unknown, but he is thought to have been succeeded by his son Rædwald in about 616.

The descendants of Tytila's ancestor Wehha

 * See Wuffingas for a more complete family tree.

title: Tytila of East Anglia


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Sovetsky Soyuz

Sovétsky Soyúz (Сове́тский Сою́з) was a magazine published by the Soviet Union. The magazine was established in 1956. It was one of the propaganda magazines of the Soviet Union. There were editions published in France, Italy, Finland and Japan. The magazine had a monthly sports supplement, Sport v SSSR.

title: Sovetsky Soyuz


text:
Category:Star Wars characters

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Ska-P

Ska-P is a Spanish ska punk band formed in 1994 in Vallecas, a district of Madrid, by a group of friends from Madrid, Navarre and Euskadi.

The band can be categorized, politically, as an anti-establishment musical group, sometimes even considered anarcho-communist. Musically, despite their fun image, Ska-P has well-rehearsed and tight arrangements, and as of 2002, includes among its members a brass section.

At the end of 2004, they announced work on a new album. After voting four against two, in February 2005, the sudden and unexpected announcement was made that the band would take a break to allow the members to work on side projects, though some considered the band to have dissolved. Their farewell concert in September 2005 filled the 10,000-seat La Cubierta in Spain. The band's worldwide farewell tour of 2005 ended in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in October of that year.

In October 2007 the band confirmed they were getting back together and in September 2008 released the single "Crimen sollicitationis". This was followed in October by a new album, Lágrimas y gozos ("tears and joy"). The release of the album was followed by a brief tour. Ska-P returned to La Cubierta Stadium in December 2008 to perform their only concert in Spain of that tour. In 2010 and 2011, Ska-P held their first tour in Japan.

Band name
The band name is a pun on the Spanish word for "escape" and ska p(unk). The name further takes advantage of the letter k common to ska, and since the early 1980s, also closely associated with the Madrid working-class district of Vallecas, as a symbol of working-class pride. Thus, Vallekas and many other occurrences of the k instead of the c or qu in Spanish words, reflecting also a feature of the Basque, which has neither the qu nor the c, replacing both with k.

1994: Beginning
Ska-P was formed by a group of friends in Vallecas, Madrid in 1994 as a ska band. The initial lineup was Pulpul (lead vocals and guitar), Toni Escobar (guitar and vocals), Julio (bass), Kogote (keyboard and vocals) and Pako (drums). That same year, they recorded their first CD, the nine-track Ska-P, with AZ Records. It did not sell many copies compared with later efforts, but it gave the group recognition, especially for the song "Como un rayo", a song for the football team Rayo Vallecano, which became fairly popular in Vallecas. They played various concerts as support bands for Extremoduro and Platero y tu despite still having a small following.

1995–1996: Rise to fame
Guitarist Toni left the band in 1995 (due to the impossibility of combining his work with the band's schedule) and Joxemi took his place. Pipi, a friend of Pulpul, also joined the band. Previously, he had only entered onstage in costume in some concerts and had helped the group set up. From this point, he took the role of secondary vocalist while continuing to appear in costume during some songs.

In 1996, the group released their second album, El vals del obrero, on RCA Records, selling many records and becoming well known for the song "Cannabis". They took part in the ninth Vallekas Rock Festival, an event which increased their reputation.

1997–1999: Eurosis and the first world tour
After a tour of Spain and part of France, in 1997, they recorded their third album, Eurosis, again with RCA Records. They performed in Spain and France and also made their debut in Latin America, playing in Argentina and Mexico. Pako, drummer and founding member of Ska-P, left the band in the middle of the tour and was replaced by Luismi. The band also participated in Arezzo Wave, an Italian music festival.

2000–2002: Planeta Eskoria and ¡¡Que corra la voz!!
In 2000, they recorded Planeta Eskoria. Considered by some to be their best work, it helped to consolidate their sound and included songs with a more serious tone, although the album also included festive songs in the vein of previous discs and the lyrical content was no different from before. During this high point, they toured France, Italy, Switzerland and Spain. They were considered an international band.

Two years later, their fifth album, ¡¡Que Corra La Voz!!, which Ska-P members have called their "most complete", was released. It featured a mix of styles, with as many festive ska songs as more serious songs in the vein of Planeta Eskoria. The list of countries Ska-P toured included Hungary, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria and the other European countries previously mentioned. They also returned to Latin America, playing in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico. Furthermore, in these last tours, trumpet player Txikitín and trombonist Gari, both from the Spanish city of Bilbao, joined the band.

2003–2004: Incontrolable tour
In 2004, Incontrolable, the last album before their "indefinite hiatus", was released. Besides having 16 songs, it included a DVD with 13 songs recorded in Switzerland and France. Video clips and images of the last tour were also included.

2005–2007: Indefinite hiatus
After more than 12 years together, in February 2005, the band announced that they were going on an indefinite hiatus. They explained that they "needed a rest", although Pipi claimed that the decision was made by Pulpul alone, and the rest of the group had to quit as they could not continue without him. In fact, there are rumors, based on the attitude of both sides, that there were internal squabbles between Joxemi, Pipi and Pulpul. Even so, the group declared that "the possibility of a future return remains open". They also announced a farewell tour.

Their last concert in Spain was 24 September 2005 in La Cubierta de Leganés and their last show was in Argentina was on 12 October 2005. The group's members decided to end their farewell tour there thanks to the treatment they had received there previously. All the revenue from this festival was donated to Argentine charities such as the mapuche communities (in memory of the pain inflicted on them by the Spanish during the conquest and formation of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata) and almshouses serving food in Buenos Aires.

In 2006, six months after the hiatus begun, Pulpul wrote an entry on the official band website announcing that he was still composing and hoped that the lyrics would be included on a new Ska-P album. Some members of the group joined other groups during the hiatus, with Pipi, for example, founding a group similar to Ska-P called The Locos. Joxemi formed a group with a more punk style called No-Relax in 2006.

2007–2014: End of first hiatus, second hiatus and new albums
On 12 October 2007, two years after the "indefinite hiatus" began, a message from Pulpul appeared on the official Ska-P website referring to a possible Ska-P reunion in 2008. In the same message, the members of the group wrote positively of the reunion, except for Pipi, who initially said he would continue playing with his new group The Locos and would not return to Ska-P. In the details of the message, they said they would try to get together all the old members and possibly release an album in October 2008. In 2007, Alacrán Producciones opened a contract for a 2008 Ska-P tour. The group's return was confirmed on the official page and a new album for October 2008, Lágrimas y gozos, was announced, as well as a mini-tour of Europe in Italy, France, and Spain, and of Latin America in Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina and Venezuela.

The album Lágrimas y gozos was released 7 October 2008, with the album 99% following on 5 March 2013. In 2014, the group once again announced an indefinite hiatus.

On 5 October 2018, they released another album, Game Over.

Members
Current members
 * Roberto "Pulpul" Gañán – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (since 1994)
 * José "Joxemi" Redin – lead guitar, backing vocals (since 1995)
 * Julio Sánchez – bass, backing vocals (since 1994)
 * Alberto "Kogote" Javier – keyboards, backing vocals (since 1994)
 * Garikoitz "Gari" Badiola – trombone, helicon
 * Alberto "Txikitin" Iriondo – trumpet
 * Iván Guevo – drums (since 2018)

Former members
 * Luis "Luismi" García – drums, percussion (1999–2021)
 * Ricardo "Pipi" Delgado – vocals (1995–2017)
 * Francisco "Pako" Javier Navío – drums, percussion (1994–1999)
 * Toni Escobar – lead guitar, backing vocals (1994–1996)
 * Milo "EsMiloBur" Martínez – drums

Other projects

 * The Locos: "Pipi", "Gari"
 * No-Relax: "Joxemi", "Micky", "David"

Singles

 * 1996: "Cannabis" from (El vals del obrero)
 * 1996: "Ñapa es" from (El vals del obrero)
 * 1998: "Paramilitar" from (Eurosis)
 * 2000: "Planeta eskoria" from (Planeta eskoria)
 * 2000: "Derecho de admisión" from (Planeta eskoria)
 * 2008: "Crimen sollicitationis" from (Lágrimas y gozos)
 * 2013: "Canto a la rebelión" from (99 %)
 * 2013: "Se acabó" from (99 %)
 * 2018: "Jaque al Rey" from (Game over)

Tribute albums

 * "Señor Matanza" – (a track on Mano Negra Illegal, 2001 tribute album to Mano Negra)
 * "Navegando" – (a track on Agradecidos... Rosendo, 1997 tribute album to Rosendo)

Videography

 * Ska-p en concierto (1998) (VHS)
 * Seguimos en pie (1999) (VHS, DVD)
 * Incontrolables (2003) (DVD with audio CD)
 * Los mejores (2009)
 * Live in Woodstock Festival (2016) (DVD with audio CD)

title: Ska-P