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Town crier

A town crier, also called a bellman, is an officer of a royal court or public authority who makes public pronouncements as required.

Duties and functions
The town crier was used to make public announcements in the streets. Criers often dress elaborately, by a tradition dating to the 18th century, in a red and gold coat, white breeches, black boots and a tricorne hat.

In English-speaking countries, they carried a handbell to attract people's attention, as they shouted the words "Oyez, Oyez, Oyez!" before making their announcements. The word "Oyez" means "hear ye," which is a call for silence and attention. Oyez derives from the Anglo-Norman word for listen (modern French, oyez, infinitive, ouïr, but has been largely replaced by the verb écouter). The proclamations book in Chester from the early 19th century records this as "O Yes, O Yes!".

Europe
Prior to widespread literacy, town criers were the means of communication with the people of the town since many people could not read or write. Proclamations, local bylaws, market days, adverts, were all proclaimed by a bellman or crier.

In ancient Rome, they typically proclaimed public business during the market days that formed a kind of weekend every eight days.

In Goslar, Germany, a crier was employed to remind the local populace not to urinate or defecate in the river the day before water was drawn for brewing beer.

Bells were frequently used to attract attention, but not always – in the Netherlands, a gong was the instrument of choice for many, and a drum or a hunting horn was used in France.

In the observance of Allhallowtide, "it was customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls."

Britain
In order to gain the attention of the crowd, the crier would yell, "Hear ye" – "Oyez". In medieval England, town criers were the chief means of news communication with the townspeople, since many were illiterate in a period before the moveable type was invented. Royal proclamations, local bylaws, market days, adverts, even selling loaves of sugar were all proclaimed by a bellman or crier throughout the centuries—at Christmas 1798, the Chester Canal Company sold some sugar damaged in their packet boat and this was to be advertised by the bellman.

The crier also escorted the destitute to the workhouse, installed minor criminals in the stocks and administered floggings. During public hangings he read out why the person was being hanged, and helped to cut him or her down.

Chester records of 1540 show fees due to the bellman included: ""of every worshipful gentyllman that goyth onye gounes at ther buryall ...one goune [at funerals gowns would be given to mourners]. when he gythe or aneything that is lost ...jd [one penny]. for every bote lode with powder mellwylle [salted fish] ...one fyshe, for every boute lode with fresh fyshe that he goeth for ...jd [one penny].""

In 1620, there was a fight at the Chester cross between the butchers and the bakers where the "Cryer brake his Mace in peeces Amonge them". In 1607, one public notice read by George Tunnall, the bellman, forbade tipping rubbish in the river.

In 1715, a local man recorded that the: ""Belman at the Cross … Reads publicly a proclamation in the Mayor's name, commanding all persons in the City to be of peaceable and civil behaviour, not to walk around the Streets or Rows at unreasonable hours of night.""

Salmon fishing season was also closed by the bellman.

The term "Posting A Notice" comes from the act of the town crier, who having read his message to the townspeople, would attach it to the door post of the local inn. Some newspapers took the name "The Post" for this reason.

Town criers were protected by law, as they sometimes brought bad news such as tax increases. Anything done by the town crier was done in the name of the ruling monarch and harming a town crier was considered to be treason. The phrase "don't shoot the messenger" was a real command.

There are two organisations representing town criers including the Ancient and Honourable Guild of Town Criers and Loyal Company of Town Criers.

A copy of a royal proclamation announcing the dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is delivered by hand from the Privy Council Office to Mansion House in the City of London. It is then read out by the Common Crier of the City on the steps of the Royal Exchange in the heart of the City, having been handed to him by the Common Serjeant of the City, ahead of the proclamation also being read out in the London boroughs.

Beetty Dick (1693-1773) was a woman town crier in Dalkeith, Midlothian, Scotland in the mid 18th century, succeeded by three further women town criers.

North America
There have been town criers in North America ever since Europeans have been coming to the continent, and the First Nations peoples including the Nakota and Comanches have had the eyapaha (village crier). There are records throughout the 16th century of town criers in Mexico, Peru, and Panama. During the 1830s and 40s Halifax, Nova Scotia had as many as four in the city. All through the American Colonies and beyond, such as Santa Fe, New Mexico; Boston, Massachusetts and Stamford, Connecticut had criers during the mid 17th century. In some places, the office of town crier persisted into the early 20th century. At least as recently as 1904, Los Angeles and several adjacent towns had official town criers. The town of Provincetown, Massachusetts, has had an active Town Crier from the 1840s up to the present day.

India
In many parts of India, the village crier traditionally carried a rustic drum to call public attention, following up with the message.

Nepal
In Nepal, the town crier is called a katuwal which derives from local Tibetic, kat 'voice' + an Indic suffix -wal 'kind of a person

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, traditionally criers would carry a specific drum to call public attention (called tom-tom beating), following up with the message. The practice dates back from ancient times as it was used by Sri Lankan kingdoms through the colonial period up on to the modern times and was known as Ana Bera (Announcement drum beating). The practice was used by municipal or village councils until the late ninetieth century when the practice was replaced by modern communication mediums. The use of a tom-tom beating announcer is still defined in legal statutes for situations for public notification in situations such as partition of lands. It is however not practiced.

Africa
Town criers were prominent in the precolonial and colonial eras of Igboland, a West African region in the present-day Nigeria. They served as the major means of information dissemination in their respective communities.

Modern town criers
When the need for a town crier disappeared, the position passed into local folklore. Informal and later formal town crier competitions were held from the early 20th century. Subsequently, some cities and towns reinstated the post purely for ceremonial purposes.

Many local councils in England and Wales reinstated the post of town crier from the mid-1990s onwards (e.g. Chester). Many are honorary appointments or employed part-time by the council. In October 2010, there were 144 towns in England and Wales with town criers registered with the Ancient and Honourable Guild of Town Criers. They mainly perform ceremonial duties at civic functions. Local councils with a paid town crier often make them available for charity events.

In the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, the town crier is also appointed the tipstaff, an appointment which exists in no other local council.

In England, town criers still announce the births of royal heirs and occasionally the arrival of the royal family. Tony Appleton, an octogenarian and self-proclaimed “royalist crier,” took it upon himself to announce, as loudly as he can, important news about the royal family. Appleton has served as town crier for the nearby city of Romford, but he does not represent the royal family. Appleton admitted as much in 2013, when news outlets were confused by his presence.

There are several town crier guilds in both Canada and the United States. These include the Ontario Guild of Town Criers, the Nova Scotia Guild of Town Criers and the American Guild of Town Criers. In 2016, the town of Burlingame, California added a town crier.

In Australia, as of October 2010, the City of Sydney, City of Hobart, City of Greater Geelong, City of Portland, City of Ipswich, City of Gosford, City of Salisbury, City of Gold Coast and 22 other local councils had an official town crier.

Competitions and records
European, Canadian, American, North American and Australian championships are held in alternating years with the World Championships.

The best dressed town crier at the World Championships in 2008 was Daniel Richer dit La Flêche representing the cities of Ottawa and Gatineau, in Canada. The Best Dressed Couple were Peter and Maureen Taunton from the county town of Stafford, in Staffordshire, England. Richard Riddell of Anacortes, in the state of Washington in the United States, was the 2008 American Champion and winner of the 2009 Bermuda International Town Crier Competition. He was awarded Best Dressed and tied for First Runner-up at the 2010 World Tournament at Chester in England and Overall Winner at the 2013 World Invitational Town Crier Competition held in Kingston, in Ontario, Canada.

Peter Moore, the London Town Crier, held the position for more than 30 years. He was Town Crier to the Mayor of London, the City of Westminster, and London boroughs, and was also a freeman and liveryman of the City of London. He died on 20 December 2009.

Alan Myatt holds two Guinness World Records. As well as being the loudest crier (recording a cry of 112.8 decibels), he also set the record for vocal endurance, issuing a one-hundred word proclamation every 15 minutes for a period of 48 hours.

Daniel Richer dit La Flêche, who is a member of the First Nations Abenaki tribe, is a full-time bilingual town crier. David Hinde, Bridlington Town Crier, was measured at 114.8 decibels.

Taking place from the 20th to 23 August 2014, Chris Whyman from Kingston, Ontario, Canada, was declared the winner of the 2014 World Town Crier Tournament in Chester.

title: Town crier


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The Surreal Gourmet

The Surreal Gourmet is a Canadian cooking program on Food Network, hosted by Bob Blumer.

The show features creative techniques for cooking and the Toastermobile. Generally, the foods prepared on The Surreal Gourmet are intended to be served at parties or other get-togethers.

Past episodes included "Salmon in the Dishwasher", "Claw and Disorder", and "When You Fish Upon a Car". Cookbooks related to the series include The Surreal Gourmet: Real Food For Pretend Chefs (1992), The Surreal Gourmet Entertains: High-Fun, Low-Stress Dinner Parties for 6 to 12 People (1995), and Off the Eaten Path: Inspired Recipes for Adventurous Cooks (2000).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Surreal Gourmet


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Pocky & Rocky (video game)

Pocky & Rocky is a 1992 scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Natsume for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES). It is the sequel to Taito's 1986 arcade game KiKi KaiKai. Pocky & Rocky follows the adventures of a young Shinto shrine maiden, Pocky, and her new tanuki companion, Rocky, as they attempt to save a group of goblins from evil forces. Gameplay takes place from a top-down perspective and features both single-player and cooperative modes.

The game was generally well-received by critics. It was followed by Pocky & Rocky 2 (1994) and Pocky & Rocky with Becky (2001). A new entry, Pocky & Rocky Reshrined, released in 2022.

Gameplay
Pocky & Rocky is a scrolling shooter video game that takes place from a top-down perspective. The screen can move either horizontally or vertically and the player-controlled characters can move in eight directions. The game features six levels and allows its players to continue indefinitely. In single-player mode, the player can choose to play as either Pocky or Rocky. In two-player cooperative mode, both characters are on the screen at the same time.

Pocky can use her ofudas to hit enemies from afar or swing her gohei to damage enemies close up. Likewise, Rocky can throw leaves across the screen or quickly turn his backside and swing his tail. Both characters can slide across the ground to cover the area quickly. If a player bumps into the other while sliding in a two-player game, it will cause the other player to spin out of control across the screen, damaging any enemies they come in contact with. A limited-use special bomb attack can be used to hit several or all the enemies present on the screen. There are some differences between both characters. Pocky moves and slides slightly faster than Rocky does. However, Rocky's slide attack goes a long distance. Pocky's bomb attack is more powerful than Rocky's, although Rocky's bombs cover a wider area. Pocky can also perform a spinning attack, whereas Rocky is able to transform into an invulnerable and immobile statue for a short time.

Various power-ups can be acquired that will increase the effectiveness of either Pocky or Rocky's attacks, such as making their projectiles larger or giving them the ability to throw multiple ones at once. Others include a shield that absorbs enemy attacks, and a power-up that replenishes hit points, giving Pocky and Rocky more endurance. A floating being called "Help man" is hidden in each level that will drop power-ups when found.

Plot
Set in a Far East-themed world, Pocky & Rocky is about a young miko girl named Pocky (known in Japan as Sayo-chan (小夜ちゃん)) who is tending to a Shinto shrine when she is visited by Rocky the Tanuki, or raccoon dog (known in Japan as Manuke (魔奴化)). Rocky is a member of a group of creatures known as the Nopino Goblins. Some time ago, the Nopino Goblins (Yōkai in Japan) went insane, but were stopped and cured by Pocky. Rocky tells Pocky that the Nopino Goblins have gone insane yet again and that she must help them. Suddenly, Pocky and Rocky are ambushed by the Nopino Goblins, which appear to be under a spell. Together, Pocky and Rocky must unravel the mystery of who is controlling the Nopino Goblins. Throughout the game, they battle a number of creatures from Japanese mythology, including kappas.

Release
Pocky & Rocky was licensed by Taito to Natsume, who developed and published the game for release in Japan in 1992 and the rest of the world in 1993. It is the sequel to the 1986 arcade game KiKi KaiKai. In Japan, Pocky & Rocky was broadcast on the Satellaview service on June 6, 1997.

Reception
Pocky & Rocky was generally well-received by critics, with some calling the gameplay addictive. The two-player mode was considered by some reviewers to add a lot of value to the game. In addition, the controls were considered easy to pick up and play. On the other hand, some reviewers experienced slowdowns in frame rate. The graphics of the game, especially the backgrounds and enemies, received praise for being colorful and well-animated, many comparing it to The Legend of the Mystical Ninja in graphical style. The special effects and weather effects in the game were also well received by reviewers. However, some critics commented on the lack of parallax scrolling and Mode 7 effects. The music and sound were positively received, and many critics thought it fit the theme and setting of the game well. In 1996, Super Play ranked the game 91st on their Top 100 SNES Games of All Time.

Sequels
Pocky & Rocky spawned three official sequels and one spiritual successor. In Pocky & Rocky 2 (1994) for SNES, Pocky and Rocky must work together once again to stop a forced marriage between a princess and a tyrant. In the second sequel, Pocky & Rocky with Becky (2001) for Game Boy Advance, the duo are joined by their friend Becky to stop a hydra dragon. The latest entry, Pocky & Rocky Reshrined, was released for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch in 2022, and on Windows in 2023.

UFO Interactive Games released a spiritual successor to the series, Heavenly Guardian (2007), developed by Starfish for the PlayStation 2 and Wii.

title: Pocky & Rocky (video game)


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Upington

Upington is a town founded in 1873 and located in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, on the banks of the Orange River. The town was originally called Olijvenhoutsdrift ('Olive wood drift'), due to the abundance of olive wood trees in the area, but later renamed after Sir Thomas Upington, Attorney-General and then Prime Minister of the Cape. It originated as a mission station established in 1871 and run by Reverend Christiaan Schröder. The mission station now houses the Kalahari Orange Museum. The museum is also the home of a donkey statue, which recognises the enormous contribution that this animal made to the development of the region during the pioneering days of the 19th century.

The elevation of Upington is 2,742 feet (835 metres). It is the closest large centre to the Augrabies Falls (arguably the greatest of South African waterfalls) and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. The landscape is very arid but the soil is fertile and crops such as fruit are grown in irrigated fields. The area is best known for its export-quality grapes, raisins and wines, which are cultivated on the rich flood plains of the Orange River.

The Upington 26
On 13 November 1985, a black policeman was killed following a disturbance at a political meeting in Paballelo, a black township on the outskirts of Upington. Twenty-six people were charged with the killing, of whom twenty-five were convicted of murder on the basis of common purpose, and one convicted of attempted murder. Fourteen were sentenced to death, although the death sentences were later overturned on appeal. In 2011, a memorial in honour of the Upington 26 was unveiled in Upington by Hazel Jenkins, the Premier of the Northern Cape. In 2014, the Australian film A Common Purpose was made about the case.

Wine industry
Upington's most famous wines are produced by an organisation known as Orange River Cellars. The organisation has six depots in the area (all of them on the banks of the Orange River) at Upington, Kanoneiland, Grootdrink, Kakamas, Keimoes and Groblershoop. Their wines are exported, inter alia, to Europe and the USA.

Transportation
Upington Airport has scheduled flights provided by SA Airlink. Due to the combination of high elevation and temperature, one of the airport's runways is 4,900 m long (the fourth longest in the world), and thus allows Boeing 747 and other heavy aircraft to use the airport without limitations on take-off weight. In the first half of the 20th century, there was a passenger train service from Cape Town to Upington. Until the 1950s, a narrow-gauge railway line (two-foot gauge) ran from Upington to Kakamas and Keimoes, two nearby towns. The trains carried passengers and freight, being mainly dried fruit. The line to Kakamas was still in use during the November 2010 grape harvest season.

Public institutions
There are four libraries that serve the community in Upington, viz, Rosedale Library, Upington Library, Korrektiewe and Forum Library.

Geography and climate
Upington is located on the northern banks of the Orange River and is surrounded by irrigated vineyards. The hottest month of the year is January, with average daily temperatures swinging from 36 C to 20 C, while in the coolest month of July temperatures range between 21 C and 4 C. Also the driest month of the year, July sees an average rainfall of only 2 mm, while the wettest month of March sees 37 mm. Upington has been noted as being the sunniest location on the planet for three months of the year, from November through January.

Upington has a hot desert climate (BWh) with long, hot summers and short, mild winters. Precipitation peaks during late summertime.

Notable natives and residents

 * Chris Brink – mathematician, vice-chancellor of Newcastle University in England, vice-chancellor and rector of Stellenbosch University
 * Ruben Cloete – footballer for the South Africa national soccer team
 * Alice Krige – actress
 * Tiaan Strauss - rugby union player for Western Province and for the South African and for Australian national rugby union teams
 * Shaleen Surtie-Richards - actress
 * Christo Wiese - businessman
 * Cobus Wiese - rugby union player
 * Jasper Wiese – rugby union player for the South Africa national rugby union team

Sport
Upington have a professional football club named Upington City F.C.

title: Upington


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John Broome (politician)

John Broome (July 19, 1738 – August 8, 1810) was an American merchant and politician who was the lieutenant governor of New York, from 1804 to 1810.

Early life
Broome was born on Staten Island in the Province of New York on July 19, 1738. He was the youngest of four children born to Samuel Broome (1685/93–1771), a staunch Presbyterian, and Marie (née LaTourette) Broome (1693–1774). His maternal grandparents were Jean LaTourette and Marie Mercereau, who were French Huguenots.

Broome studied law with William Livingston, but about 1762 abandoned a legal career to join his brother Samuel in a partnership to import British goods.

Career
In 1775, Broome joined the military for the American Revolution when he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Second New York City Regiment of Militia, which was commanded by John Jay.

He was a member of the New York Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1777, and a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1777.

Post-Revolutionary War
He was an Alderman in 1783-84 and 1785–86, and New York City Treasurer in 1784. He was the president of the New York City Chamber of Commerce from 1785 to 1794 and was engaged in trade with India and China at that time. He is said to have launched the importation of tea from China with an initial shipment of 2 million pounds.

In August 1795, during an outbreak of yellow fever, he was the chairman of the city's Health Committee, appointed by Governor George Clinton the previous year, and kept on by Clinton's rival John Jay despite Broome's prominence at a partisan rally to oppose the treaty Jay had just negotiated with the British since health was not considered a partisan issue. The health committee denied there was an epidemic and played down the number of deaths, attributing them to other causes.

Broome twice ran unsuccessfully for U.S. Congress; first in March 1789 against Federalist candidate John Laurance, and then again in April 1802 against Federalist candidate Joshua Sands. Broome was a member of New York County of the New York State Assembly in 1800-01 and 1802, and a member of the New York State Senate in 1804.

Lieutenant Governor of New York
Broome was elected Lieutenant Governor of New York three times, serving from July 1804 until he died in office in August 1810. He initially defeated Oliver Phelps in 1804 and then won re-election over Thomas Storm in 1807 and Nicholas Fish in 1810. He served under two Governors of New York—first under Morgan Lewis (1804–1807), and then under Daniel D. Tompkins (1807–1810). Broome's death occurred a month into his third term, so that at first the President pro tempore of the State Senate John Tayler became acting lieutenant governor, and in April 1811 DeWitt Clinton won a special election to serve for the remainder of the term.

Personal life
On October 19, 1769, he married Rebecca Lloyd (1747–1800) and they had several children, including:

 * John Lloyd Broome (d. 1836), who was the father of U.S. Navy officer John L. Broome (1824–1898).
 * Julia Adel Broome (1776–1844), who married John Walter Livingston (1778–1860), great-grandson of Philip Livingston.
 * Caroline Matilda Broome (1783–1861), who married Darby Noon (1783–1823)

On July 9, 1806, Broome married Ruth Hunter (c.1757–1840), the widow of auctioneer Robert Hunter (c.1735–1800) and mother of State Senator John Hunter (1778–1852).

Like a very large number of New York City residents, Broome held people as slaves.

Broome's remains were initially buried in the churchyard of the First Presbyterian Church in New York on Wall Street in New York City. However, they were moved in the 1840s when the church relocated to Fifth Avenue between 11th and 12th Streets in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.

Descendants
Through his son John, he was the grandfather of Marine Corps officer John Lloyd Broome (1824–1898).

Through his daughter Julia, he was the grandfather of Adele Caroline Livingston (1810/3–1841), who married New York merchant Joseph Sampson (1793–1872), themselves the parents of Adele Livingston Sampson (wife of Frederic W. Stevens and Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord) and grandparents of Adele Livingston "Daisy" Stevens (1864–1939), who was married to Frederick Hobbes Allen (1858–1937), a prominent international lawyer who was the son of Elisha Hunt Allen (1804–1883), former U.S. Representative from Maine and the United States Minister to the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1856 until he died in 1883, and the grandson of Samuel Clesson Allen (1772–1842), a Senator from Massachusetts.

Legacy
Broome County, New York, and the Town of Broome in Schoharie County, New York are named after him, as well as Broome Street in Manhattan in New York City.

title: John Broome (politician)


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Talk:Battle of Kulikovo

Incorrect translation removed:
Russian word "kulik" does not mean snipe, but shorebird or wader. Thus calling this battle Battle on the Snipes' Field is incorrect. You may as well call it Shorebird Field, Wader Field, or use many other shorebird names (Godwit, Woodcock, Sanpiper, etc.). The battle is not well known in the west, so calling it Battle of the Snipe Field only adds to confusion. Vitoldus44 18:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That is ok. The battle itself carries no particular value. It was just one of the battles during which kniazes of Rus fought either each other or the Tatars. It carries no spiritual value as well and the Rus was not united in the afterwards. So it is impossible to add anymore of confusion. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 14:12, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

A preceding battle is missing
The battle of Kulikovo was not the first Russian victory over the Golden Horde as it is often claimed. In 1378 or 1379 the Moskovites defeated an incursion force led by Begich at Voja or Vodja river. That Tatar failure lead Mamai into gathering a much larger punitive force and meet combined Russian forces at Kulikovo in 1380. Vitoldus44 18:59, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * As in my previuos comment, the whole history that is tight to the Moscow state is one big confusion. The yoke itself was not present, but rather was used to justify whole spectrum of wrong doings by kniazes. They simply robbed their own polpulation and then were telling that it was a yoke by the Golden Horde. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 14:20, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Baseless conspirologist crap. 95.32.182.176 (talk) 11:36, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * term Russians could not be refered to all lived in Modern western Russia. Im sure that term Russians(Russkije) did not even existed at that time. Term Rus, Russes can be refered to subject of Kiyevian Russ. And even if they where duchies rulled by Russian speaking rullers, no one told that citizens were Russians and that people even spoke in Slavian language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.109.250.204 (talk) 18:26, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Off course those were udmurts or mordvins, who won this battle. Sick of this revisionist non-sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Челдон (talk • contribs) 20:00, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Genovese infantry
I have read that Genovese infantry (pikemen?) were hired by the Tatars and formed center of the Tatar battle order. Interestingly, some source mention the Genovese and other do not. I wonder if there are any Italian sources about this battle? Vitoldus44 18:59, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * this Italian source http://www.mondimedievali.net/medioevorusso/battaglia.htm does mention that Genovese infantry indeed formed the Tartar center, but it doesn't say what arms they used. I will translate the sentence where their presence is mentioned: "Il grande contingente genovese a piedi, che avrebbe dovuto affiancare la terribile cavalleria mongola con gli archi lunghi."= The great Genovese contingent, which should have flanked the terrible mongol cavalry with their Long Bows. (as my Italian is not perfect I'm unsure if the mongols or the Genovese are meant by their...) JHope, I could help. --noclador 17:15, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Indeed, the Genovese heavy infantry was hired, and it was them who killed Mamai, when he fled to Crimea, for not paying. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 14:23, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

There is no reliable evidence of the participation of the Genoese in the battle. The only mentions in some sources speak of Mamai's attempts to hire mercenaries wherever possible: "That year the godless, impious pagan Prince Mamai of the Horde collected many troops and all the Polovtsian and Tatar and also hired troops of Friazy and Cherkazy and Iasy."

Friazy - is the Italians, not only the Genoese. In chronicles about the battle, no Westerners in the army of Mamai is mentioned. On the contrary, in the The Zadonshchina the Lituanian allies of Dmitriy intended to test their "German javelins" agains the "muslim mails". Muslims (besermens) and "pagans" are only mentioned foes. No sources from Italy, which would confirm the hiring of a large contingent by the Tatars, is unknown. Lev Gumilev is now considered more likely to be a popular writer and philosopher than a historian. Tales of the "Genoese infantry" are very popular with propagandists in order to show the primordial hostility of the West to the "unique Russian civilization". I guess we should remove references to "Genoese mercenaries" from the Infobox.--Nicoljaus (talk) 08:41, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Old talk
Russian affairs are "too west" for me, but I heard that some scholars claim that the Battle of Kulikovo didn't happen or at least it was a trivial incident because it was recorded only in a Russian chronicle and diplomatic documents nerver mentioned to the battle. --Nanshu 00:30, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, in the time when Russia was under Mongols, even few west chronicle mention Russia, no words about russian events. But if you will study the influence of the Battle of Kulikovo, you will drop this claim of "some scholars". Alexandre Koriakine 14:21, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Well, Alexandre, what influence did it make? Considering the fact that after the battle Tatars burned Moscow down or maybe, I dare you to mention, the religious factor. Yeah, when you read the Russian version everything seems to make a sense, but then try reading analysis of historians those who were not influenced by Russian/Soviet censorship. You might be able catch some things that do not connect.

How true were Vandals for we know of them only from the Romans?
But you can find the info of the Battle in the Timuride hystoriography as well as in polish and Lithuanian history. Though it seems that it was "too east" for the french and germans and obviously none of them were at the Kulikovo to observe the Battle. But there are other interesting ideas about this big event in the Russian hystory. Some evidents say that Prince Dmitry was supported by Tokhtamysh and the Golden Horde establishment while Mamay was blamed in the Horde as the usurper and sort of outlawed there. And Mamay was supported by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Yagailo and the Genoesemoney and forces. So the importance of this event for the Russian hystory may well differ from the view of the world hystory, the Horde hystory or the history of the East Europe. Regards, Dizzie.

>>for the french and germans and obviously none of them were at the Kulikovo to observe the Battle

The Genoese were. There were Genoese mercineries from the Genoese Crimean colonies fighting for the Tatars. Gaidash

Mamai was not a head of Golden Horde, he was rebelled military general opportunist using the split between Golden Horde hairs in his advantage, which had gathered quite significant forces and money in his hands with support of Genoese Traders from Crimea. He was in war with Tohtamich the legitimate khan of the Golden Horde, so Mamai cannot be called the head of Goldern Horde, or having any Golden Horde status as he him self was in war with Golden Horde, and his armies were heavily packed with mercenaries. Armancho

I'm sorry: "Mamai or Mamay was a powerful military commander of the Blue Horde in the 1370s" this is the text from "Mamai" article. And here I read that Mamai was the military leader of Golden Horde. What is correct version? I'm confused 124.32.179.154 00:23, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I believe there was a split in the Gloden Horde into other ones such as the Blue which actually meant the western. The Golden Horde itself was still remaining as the main. Mamai or Mamay (whichever you like) tried to gain the ownership of the Golden Horde to have the influence over some other ones. He was not technically was a leader of the Golden Horde, but in the Soviet history he was portrayed as such. That history never showed a political analysis of Russian neighbors, but only from the Russian perspective and assumption. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 14:43, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

You see, the problem is that there is almost no evidence of mongol rule in parts of Russia which were captured (Novgorod, strongest province, remained outside of anyone's influence), the only things we have is "timewritings" as russians call it. And these might have been written specifically for political purposes by people loyal to Moscow just to justify Moscow's ambitions for rule over the whole region of what would become Russia. This theopry gains more and more strength considering that more and more inconsistencies are found in so-called "timewritings".

That is why I added "supposed" to last paragraph, because it is not yet an established or at least disputed fact whether there was mongol rule over what would become central and southern parts Russia.

why it is "moskovian"??? in this battle were take part all people of rus

English Grammar - not!
Argue about the factual content by all means, but would it not be a good idea to ensure that the article is written in grammatically accurate English first of all? The text is riddled with examples of the characteristic errors that speakers of Slavonic languages make in using the definite and indefinite articles (including the omitted article)in English. Also errors of sentence structure and phraseology are present.

I have spent time on so many occasions in the past trying to render articles into correct English that I don't feel like tackling this one! 86.158.93.52 (talk) 18:06, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Link to article in Pravda on this battle
http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/87/347/16170_Kulikovo.html  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.75.77 (talk) 00:35, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

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What to make of National Geographic article?
Here is a 2011 article in Russian National Geographic that says, essentially, that details of the battle or even the battle itself may be myth. According to the article, the location of the battlefield is not known

National Geographic is pretty good source. At least in America... but I doubt they'd let a very unreliable operation exist in Russia under their name. The article's by Andrey Zhuravlev, whoever that is (there is an Andrey Zhuravlev at Moscow State University, probably not the author since his field is Paleobiology, Evolutionary Biology, and Ecology).

Anyway, this directly contradicts the article, which not only says the battlefield location is known but that lots of artifacts have been recovered as proof. There are a lot of refs, but they're all offline so I can't read them, except this one.

So what's the deal? Can National Geographic be that wrong? I mean, the article sounds good. Zhuravlev quotes Andrei Petrov of the Department of History and Philology of the Russian Academy of Sciences... Zhuravlev says there have been no artifacts found... what the heck? It doesn't sound like the kind of thing that National Geographic would just lie about, if they could be easily caught out... What's going on here? Herostratus (talk) 01:38, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The vast majority of scholars, such as experts in the history of medieval Europe, Russia, Mongol conquests, etc., agrees that the battle was as real as any other clash of the time; there are museum collections and scholarly works regarding surviving artifacts of the Kulikovo battle. As Wikipedia is based on generally accepted knowledge and reliable sources, we apparently cannot use dubious pages like the one you have discussed here. SlavonicStudies (talk) 08:12, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The key point made by the Russian National Geographic article is that the details of the battle are open to doubt. The Russian-language Wikipedia article makes similar points.  For example SB Veselovsky's early works estimated the size of the Russian army at Kulikovo to have been between 200,000 and 400,000, whereas he later came to believe that it might only have been 5,000 or 6,000.  Bulychev thought that the Russian army at the battle might have been between 6,000 and 10,000 men.--  Toddy1 (talk) 11:48, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * What NG describes is a fringe theory, and, according to Fringe theories, should not be treated on par with the widely accepted one. It deserves a a "Revisionist theories" section near the end of the article, but not in the very introduction. I propose that section to be created after "Legacy", and introduction enhanced with "Details of the battle, such as its exact location and the number of participants, are still a matter of dispute among historians". Beaumain (talk) 16:14, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

С. Б. Веселовский считал в ранних своих работах, что на Куликовом поле было около 200—400 тысяч человек, но с течением времени пришёл к мнению, что в битве русская армия могла насчитывать только 5—6 тыс. человек.

По мнению А. Булычёва, русское войско (как и золотоордынское) могло составлять около 6—10 тысяч человек при 6—9 тысячах лошадей (то есть в основном это было кавалерийское сражение профессиональных всадников).

 * So hmmmm. According to User:SlavonicStudies, there's no question, it's all known, open-and-shut case. But if that's true, then it seems like Russian National Geographic is presenting an obvious and egregious falsehood, which furthermore any person should be able to easily unmask as an obvious and egregious falsehood. This doesn't seem to fit with how I usually perceive National Geographic.

 * So quandary. Since I can't see those off-line sources, let's see... Here, Britannica has a short article. They present all the details of the battle as established fact, with no prevarication. They don't say one way or the other about the precise location, and they do say "Losses: No reliable figures" (which we pretty much also say).

 * Other English language sources don't seem that reliable... even the State Museum of Military History in Tula I don't consider necessarily reliable, because provincial museums sometimes get caught up in boosterism. But all of these sources do seem to present the occurrence, location, and details of the battle as established fact. But even if you discount them, Britannica is usually pretty reliable.... So it looks like National Geographic is an outlier? I wonder what's going on at the Russian National Geographic?

 * Anyway, thank you colleagues for clearing this up. Herostratus (talk) 16:27, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

There was no real battle. this is a falsification of history by Moscow to look "great"
Ukrainian author of historical novels, found no evidence to verify the event. She was most likely not there. Bodia1406 (talk) 00:34, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Here is Volodymyr Bilinsky, telling that this battle is a falsification from the Russians. This is in Ukrainian.
 * https://m.gazeta.ua/articles/history/_bitvi-na-kulikovomu-poli-nikoli-ne-bulo-bilinskij/524498 Bodia1406 (talk) 00:35, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not the place to push fringe theories. You were already alerted about CTs. Mellk (talk) 00:51, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Kulikovo


text:
Art Sykes

Arthur S. Sykes, (July 3, 1913 - January 24, 1996), known as Artie, was an American boxer from Elmira, New York. Sykes made his professional debut in 1933. In 1934, he was defeated by a young Joe Louis. Later in his career, he lost to Hall of Famer Jersey Joe Walcott. Sykes retired in 1941. He won 18 career fights, lost 23, and had one draw. In 1938, he also won a bout in Trenton, New Jersey, against Johnny Briggs, decided by a consensus of attending sportswriters.

title: Art Sykes


text:
Card sharp

A card sharp (also card shark, sometimes hyphenated or spelled as a single word) is a person who uses skill and/or deception to win at card games (such as poker). "Sharp" and "shark" spellings have varied over time and by region.

The label is not always intended as pejorative, and is sometimes used to refer to practitioners of card tricks for entertainment purposes. In general usage, principally in American English and more commonly with the "shark" spelling, the term has also taken on the meaning of an expert card gambler who takes advantage of less-skilled players, also called an "advantage player", without any implication of actual cheating at cards, in much the same way that "" or "pool hustler" can (especially when used by non-players) be intended to refer to a skilled player rather than a cheater or swindler. The synonym to "card sharp", "", when used with reference to card-playing and swindlers, has pejorative connotations.

A card sharp or shark (by either of the gambling-related definitions) may be a "rounder" who travels, seeking out high-stakes games in which to gamble.

Etymology and usage
According to the prevailing etymological theory, the term "shark", originally meaning "parasite" or "one who preys upon others" derives from German Schorke or Schurke ('rogue' or 'rascal'), as did the English word "shirk[er]". "Sharp" developed in the 17th century from this meaning of "shark" (as apparently did the use of "shark" as a name for the fish), but the phrase "card sharp" predates the variant "card shark". The original connotation was negative, meaning "swindler" or "cheat", regardless of spelling, with the more positive connotations of "expert" or "skilled player" arising later, and not supplanting the negative ones. "Card sharp" and "card shark" are synonymous,   although American English is somewhat, but informally, beginning to favor "shark" as a positive term versus "sharp" as a negative one. (However, not all American dictionaries agree with this, and some suggest the opposite.)

Phrasefinder puts "card sharp" (or "-sharper") as the slightly earlier usage, with an 1859 citation for "card-sharper" and "card-sharp" in both Britain and in the US, while "card-shark" is cited to 1893 in the US.

Methods
Card sharps who cheat or perform tricks use methods to keep control of the order of the cards or sometimes to control one specific card. Many of these methods employ sleight of hand. Essential skills are false shuffles and false cuts that appear to mix the deck but actually leave the cards in the same order. More advanced techniques include culling (manipulating desired cards to the top or bottom of the deck), and stacking (putting desired cards in position to be dealt).

Dealing the cards can also be manipulated. Once a desired card or cards are located they can be controlled and dealt as the cheater wishes. This is called a false dealing; if a card is dealt from the bottom it is called bottom dealing and if it is second from the top it is called second dealing. Two cards could be dealt as one or the second card from the bottom could be dealt, hence the Greek deal and double deals. Dealing may also be done from the middle of the deck, known as the middle deal or center deal, but is almost always performed as a display of skill rather than actual cheating.

Comics

 * Gambit, fictional Marvel superhero

Film
Card sharps are common characters in caper films, since the questionable legality of their hobby also plays well with that of their occupation. Notable examples films featuring card sharps are:
 * The Lady Eve (1941)
 * The Cincinnati Kid (1965)
 * A Big Hand for the Little Lady (1966)
 * Gambler (1971)
 * The Sting (1973)
 * Barry Lyndon (1975), in a scene filmed by candlelight, Barry's mentor "The Chevalier" is shown palming cards from his sleeve to cheat at faro
 * The Great Gambler (1979)
 * Maverick (film) (1994)
 * Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998)
 * The Prestige (2006), world-renowned card sharp Ricky Jay advised the actors and played a supporting role
 * Rounders (1998)
 * Shade (2003)
 * 21 (2008)
 * Teen Patti (The three cards) (2009)

Television

 * Stage magician and actor Harry Anderson (of Night Court fame) made several appearances on Cheers as card sharp "Harry the Hat".
 * In Friends season 2, episode 10, "The One with Russ", Ross debates with his doppelgänger Russ about the correctness of the term "card shark" vs. "card sharp".
 * Homicide: Life on the Street season 7, episode 3, "Just an Old-fashioned Love Song", features the homicide investigation of a woman who made a living as a card sharp, but whose gambling on other games sank her into substantial debt, with dire consequences for herself and her extended family.
 * On Mission: Impossible, members of the Impossible Missions Force (particularly Rollin Hand), would often use their card sharp skills as part of a mission.
 * On Hogan's Heroes, Cpl. Peter Newkirk (Richard Dawson) served as the group's card sharp, in addition to being a sleight-of-hand expert, magician, forger, safe-cracker, lock-picker, pick-pocket, voice impersonator, and all-around conman.
 * In Prison Break, the character Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell is an expert card sharp, who says, "there are maybe five people in this country who can do what I do with a deck of cards." T-Bag uses this skill successfully in season 1, episode 18, "Bluff".
 * Sanford and Son featured an episode wherein card sharps defeated Lamont at poker. Fred was able to defeat the card sharps and win Lamont's money back, in season 2, episode 6, aired October 27, 1972.
 * In the Japanese anime Cowboy Bebop, characters Fay Valentine and Spike Spiegel both exhibit card sharping skills, usually at the expense of their partner, Jet Black.
 * In Arrow season 1, episode 21, "The Undertaking", Felicity Smoak poses as a card sharp, so that she and Oliver can infiltrate a private casino to extort information about Walter.
 * In Downton Abbey series 4, episode 3, Edith's love interest Mr. Gregson expresses his pleasure in beating a "card sharp", Mr Sampson, who was a card sharp of the first degree.
 * In Person of Interest season 2, episode 18, "All In", Harold Finch and John Reese are given information about a former card sharp who is forced into being a mule for a casino owner and drug dealer by picking up money from a dead drop and intentionally losing it in his casino.
 * In the British reality TV show The Real Hustle, co-host Paul Wilson is an expert card mechanic who uses his skills to demonstrate scams.
 * In I Dream of Jeannie season 5, episode 25, "One Genie Beats Four of a Kind", Jeannie helping Tony and Roger at their poker games leads others, including Dr. Bellows and a fellow astronaut, to believe they are card sharps. To compound things, the other astronaut is actually a mobster in disguise who intends to rub out Roger (whom he suspects is the real card sharp), until Jeannie turns the tables on him.
 * The title of the American game show Card Sharks is a play on the phrase "card sharps".

Video games

 * The antagonist Luxord, of Organization XIII in Kingdom Hearts II, is a gambler who fights with dice and cards, and uses card tricks as the majority of his attacks.
 * In League of Legends, the champion Twisted Fate is a card sharp. His attacks consist of throwing magical cards and using his skills to earn extra gold.
 * The 2022 Devolver Digital Title, Card Shark, centers on the exploits of the player-controlled titular character, operating various card gambling cons in 18th-century France.

title: Card sharp


text:
Bororo

The Bororo are indigenous people of Brazil, living in the state of Mato Grosso. They also extended into Bolivia and the Brazilian state of Goiás. The Western Bororo live around the Jauru and Cabaçal rivers. The Eastern Bororo (Orarimogodoge) live in the region of the São Lourenço, Garças, and Vermelho Rivers. The Bororo live in eight villages. The Bororo (or even Coroados, Boe, Orarimogodo) are an ethnic group in Brazil that has an estimated population of just under two thousand. They speak the Borôro language (code ISO 639 : BOR) and are mainly of animistic belief. They live in eight villages in the central areas of Mato Grosso. A famous exponent of this group is Cândido Rondon, a Brazilian army official and founder of Fundação Nacional do Índio (or FUNAI). Bororo's culture was closely studied by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss during his expedition to Amazonia and Mato Grosso (1935–1936), described in his famous book Tristes Tropiques (1955).

Names
The Bororo, whose name means "village court" in their language, are also known as the Araés, Araripoconé, Boe, Coroados, Coxiponé, Cuiabá, and Porrudos people.

History
The first contact with the European colonizers took place in the seventeenth century with the arrival of the Jesuit missionaries. In the 18th century, mining sites for the extraction of gold began in Mato Grosso. Due to the pressure of the garimpeiros, the gold seekers, Bororo divided into two groups, those of the East (Coroados) and those of the West (Campanhas), which once separated never returned to be united. The Bororo of the West disappeared in the second half of the 20th century in Bolivia. The Eastern Bororo, however, remained isolated from the world until the middle of the nineteenth century when a road was built connecting the Mato Grosso region to São Paulo and Minas Gerais. This road passed through the São Lourenço valley, where Bororo lived. This was the reason why the most violent conflict was triggered in the history of the conquest of Mato Grosso. After fifty years of war, Bororo surrendered to the state and after that apparent truce came the diamond seekers who also exploited and severely damaged the territory. After these conflicts, the Bororo people saw some peace with the mission of pacifying the Salesian missionaries. Their "Christianization" was, in any case, another event that contributed to almost completely extinguishing their linguistic and cultural heritage. Obviously today the situation of Bororo seems less critical than in the past. However, considering their small numbers and the socio-cultural phenomena that pass through our time, it is worth noting that the dangers for this ethnic group have not yet come to an end.

Culture
While searching for missing explorer Percy Fawcett in 1930, a wayward party including Aloha Wanderwell filmed the daily activities of the Bororo. A 32-minute silent film from the trip survives as part of the Smithsonian Institution's Human Studies Film Archives and documents a ceremonial dance, a first contact scenario with Boboré villagers, and Bororo men experiencing sympathetic labor pains. Anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss lived for some time among the Bororo during his first stay in Brazil (1935–1939). Their mythology features extensively in his book The Raw and the Cooked.

Marshal Cândido Rondon (1865–1956), who was to become the first director of Brazil's Indians Protection Bureau (SPI/FUNAI) and creator of the Xingu National Park, was the son of a Bororo woman. His first major success after joining the Army was the installation of a telegraph line to Mato Grosso. He not only was able to pacify the Bororo, who had blocked previous attempts to set up that line, but even recruited their help to complete it.

The Bororo associate body odor with a person's life force, and breath odor with the person's soul.

Language
The Bororo people speak Bororo Proper, which belongs to the Bororo language family in the Macro-Ge language family. Literacy rates are under 30%. The language is written in the Latin script.

The Bororo people call their original language Boe Wadáru. The majority of the population today speaks Portuguese and the Bororo language.

This language is spoken by about a thousand individuals who constitute a small ethnic group of the Amazon named Bororo people; Its diffusion area is mainly found in the Brazilian region of Mato Grosso. In 1976, there was recorded a very low native number (four people) in the Bolivian district of Santa Cruz, in the province of Angel Sandoval, near the border with Brazil. However, today it is supposed that the Bororo language is extinct in Bolivia since it is thought to have been incorporated by other predominant linguistic realities. Today the Bororo language is spoken in Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso, mainly in the villages of Meruri, Sangradouro and Perigera. Even in Brazil, this language risked being extinct forever. Towards the end of the 1960s the use of the Bororo language was forbidden in the towns of Merai and Sangradouro where the Salesian mission was operating, but with the passing of time it was restored, and the bilingual education was put into practice. All this led to a moderate revitalization of the language, but since then it is still spoken by just 1024 individuals, making it a so-called "extinct language" or threatened.

Social structure
The Bororo are a small people in the Amazon rainforest living in the southwest of the Brazilian region of Mato Grosso. The literal translation of the word "boror" is "village courtyard". It's no coincidence that Bororo's homes are traditionally arranged in a circle that will be a kind of spatiotis or patio for them, which will act as the main space of Bororo's life. This square, if so called, is so important that it has given the same name to this group of people as it is within that typical courtyard that the Bororo people concentrate most of the social phenomena and spirit-Religious. In the complex social organization of Bororo, the classification of individuals is governed by several number of factors including clan membership, blood descent, and group of residence (referring to where a family lives in the village). This last detail is important because in the spatial distribution of homes each clan occupies a precise role. The aldeia (village) is divided into two exogamic half-Exerae and Tugarége-each divided into four clans, consisting of several families. A curious aspect for a people that may sometimes seem primitive is that woman has a very particular role in the concept of Bororo society, and indeed the rule of the offspring predicts that this is matriarchal, and that the infant then receives a name that Join the mother clan. The importance of these rules is also noted in marriage. After a Bororo wedding, the man will have to live in the house of his bride and will also have obligations to his family, such as fishing, hunting, working and, if necessary, making ornamental items for his bride's brother. Although it seems that man is totally devoted and devoted entirely to his wife after marriage, it is this complexity of conjugal relationships that is the cause of frequent separations, making it possible for a man to live in multiple homes throughout his life. Despite everything that has so far been explained, it may lead to thinking that the husband's obligations to his wife are at the top of the pyramid because of their importance, another truth of the Bororo culture is that a man always maintains a bond with his much more important family Of what binds her to her bride. It is true that an adult male, although married, maintains a number of obligations to the women of his family, namely his sisters. For example, it is their custom that a man is more concerned with his grandchildren, "iwagedu" in Bororo, than his own children; The only obligation of a father to his children is to banish them, a physical and non-cultural obligation. The complex organization of their lives also reflects on how one lives in the home. In fact, although two families of different nuclei (having blood ties even outside that exact space) live under the same roof, they can divide the interior spaces of the house; It is not by chance that the ends of the house are more private areas where you can put this division into practice, and the center of the house is a shared space devoted to visits, small daily rituals, and eating meals. The Bororo home is usually left with doors and windows open to allow it to be able to control what is inside (in the center), except when rituals are held inside which women cannot attend or during mourning. One last interesting thing to consider is that, in mourning, the house becomes a space between the domestic domain and the public-legal domain (as Sylvia Caiuby Novaes observes) since the end of funerals must be destroyed after it has been completely empty throughout the mourning period.

Lifestyle
Traditionally hunters and gatherers, under the influence of the missionaries and then of the Brazilian authorities more recently, were put into agriculture, which now ensures their subsistence. Men hunt and women, especially in the Rio Vermelho region, plant and harvest recently introduced cassava, maize and rice. Since agriculture is practiced only by women, they are becoming increasingly important, particularly as a result of the scarcity of game. The Bororos practice many rituals including: The rites of passage (in which individuals pass from one social category to another) the most important are:
 * Corn Festival, a celebration of cereal gathering, important food in Indian food;
 * The piercing of the ears and the lips;
 * The funeral ritual is a sacred celebration for all those who consider themselves Indians.
 * The naming ceremony;
 * The initiation;
 * The funerary rites, which can last up to 2 months and which have attracted the attention of ethnologists by their complexity.

Biology
The Bororo all share the same blood type: Type O blood, like most Native Americans.

Totemism
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl quotes Karl von den Steinen (1894) and comments: "The Trumai (a tribe of northern Brazil) say that they are aquatic animals. The Bororo (neighboring tribe) boast of being araras red). 'This does not only mean that after their death they become araras, nor that the araras are metamorphosed Bororó, and must be treated as such. Den Steinen, who did not want to believe it, but who had to surrender to their formal assertion, the Bororó coldly say that they are now araras, exactly as if a caterpillar said it was a butterfly. (K. von den Steinen, Unter der Natürvölker Zentralbräsiliens, p. 305-306). It is not a name they give; it is not a relationship they proclaim. What they want to convey is an essential identity ... For a mentality governed by the law of participation, there is no difficulty there. All societies of the totemic form include collective representations of the same kind, implying a similar identity between the individuals of a totemic group and their totem. "(Lucien Levy-Bruhl, Mental functions in lower societies, Paris, Alcan, 1910, Pp. 61-62.) 4 For Claude Lévi-Strauss (Totemism today, 1962)

title: Bororo


text:
Dan Hartman

Daniel Earl Hartman (December 8, 1950 – March 22, 1994) was an American pop rock musician, multi-instrumentalist, producer, singer, and songwriter and original frontman for several bands, including The Soploids, Mak and the Turnarounds, Our Wringer, Last Wing, and Orion. Among songs he wrote and recorded were "Free Ride" as a member of the Edgar Winter Group, and the solo hits "Relight My Fire", "Instant Replay", "I Can Dream About You", "We Are the Young" and "Second Nature". "I Can Dream About You", his most successful song, reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984 and No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart in 1985. The James Brown song "Living in America", which Hartman co-wrote and produced, reached No. 4 on March 1, 1986.

Hartman wrote the 1980 disco song "Love Sensation" recorded by Loleatta Holloway, which has been sampled on numerous records, including the 1989 Black Box track "Ride on Time".

Early life
Hartman was born on December 8, 1950, to Carl Hartman (1921–2006) and Pauline Angeloff (1925–1999) near Pennsylvania's capital, Harrisburg, in West Hanover Township, Dauphin County. His father served as an aerial gunner during World War II before eventually working for the U.S. Postal Service. His maternal side of the family originated from Yugoslavia and were likely of Russian or Bulgarian descent. Hartman was a child prodigy and studied classical piano. He attended John Harris High School, where he sang for the John Harris Choir and partook in journalism and theater as extracurricular activities.

The Legends and the Edgar Winter Band
Hartman joined his first band the Legends at the age of 13 in 1964 at the request of his older brother David (Dave) who asked him to play keyboards. Hartman was initially reluctant to join, as he gravitated towards Motown rather than the Beatles-esque sound that the band members favored. The original lineup consisted of Hartman (keyboards), Dave (guitar and vocals), Denny Woolridge (bass) and Ralph Swartz (drums). A later member was Dave Cope on bass. From its inception, the Legends played at various spots throughout Central Pennsylvania, including local churches, dances, rock shows and outdoor concerts. The Legends initially started out as a soul group, but transitioned from a psychedelic rock to hard rock band by the early 1970s.

By the early 1970s, Dave had left the Legends and Hartman became the band leader with Larry Sadler on drums and Joe Caloiero on bass. Hartman's role further expanded in that he wrote much of the band's music (as well as played electric piano, organ, and guitar), but despite the release of a number of recordings, none turned out to be widespread hits. Their first record release was a recording of Cat Stevens' "Baby Get Your Head Screwed on Right" on the Up label. They next released a two-sider with the Bridge Society label consisting of the songs "Keep On Running" (a song popularized by the Spencer Davis Group) and "Cheating" (originally recorded by the Animals). Their third release was the Hartman-penned songs "High Towers"/"Fever Games" on Railroad House Records. The band also recorded "Sometimes I Can't Help It" and "Jefferson Strongbox". While part of the Legends, Hartman worked as a banker for a time and wore a fake mustache in the promos so that his employers would not recognize him.

Hartman began sending demo tapes of the Legends' original material to gain national attention. He enlisted the help of Ronnie G. Shaeffer, a major radio personality in Central Pennsylvania who not only listened to the works and provided honest criticism to Hartman but also offered record label connections. In 1971, upon listening to the 13-song demo tape, Steve Paul, President of Blue Sky Records, introduced Hartman to Edgar Winter—who had recently disbanded White Trash and was seeking new members for his next musical venture. Hartman subsequently spent a period of time backing the Johnny Winter Band (Edgar Winter was Johnny Winter's younger brother) and left the Legends to join Edgar Winter's lineup. The Legends continued to record with Larry Swartzwelder on guitar and later Dean Lescallette and Gene Brenner on rhythm guitar. They released "Rock n Roll Woman" (written by Hartman) and "Problems" (written by Caloiero) on Hartman's Heart label. The Legends disbanded by the mid-1970s.

By 1972, Hartman joined the Edgar Winter Group, where he played bass, wrote or co-wrote many of their songs, and sang on three of their albums: They Only Come Out at Night, Shock Treatment, and The Edgar Winter Group with Rick Derringer. He wrote and sang the band's second biggest pop hit, "Free Ride", in 1972. The ballad "Autumn" on Edgar's LP They Only Come Out at Night was a regional radio hit in New England. Hartman also wrote the band's charting singles "Easy Street" and "River's Risin" from the Shock Treatment album. He became known for wearing the Bass Suit, which he designed with Los Angeles couturier Bill Witten out of a rubbery fabric that allowed Hartman to insert a bass guitar in a pelvic pocket.

Albums and unreleased work
Upon launching a solo career in 1976, he released a promotional album titled Who Is Dan Hartman and Why Is Everyone Saying Wonderful Things About Him? It was a compilation disc including songs from Johnny Winter and the Edgar Winter Group. His second release, Images, was his first true album and featured ex-Edgar Winter Group members Edgar Winter, Ronnie Montrose and Rick Derringer and guests Clarence Clemons and Randy Brecker.

In late 1978, partly due to being introduced by the Studio 54 sound system, Hartman reached No. 1 on the Dance Charts with the disco single "Instant Replay" (the title track of his third full-length album Instant Replay) which crossed over to No. 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1979 and also reached the Top 10 on the UK charts. Musicians Hartman worked with on the associated album included Vinnie Vincent and G. E. Smith. This was followed by his second chart topper, 1979's "Relight My Fire" (the title track of his fourth full-length album Relight My Fire), which featured friend Loleatta Holloway on vocals. An instrumental version of the song later became the theme for the NBC talk show Tomorrow.

Hartman was back on the charts again with the single "I Can Dream About You", which was featured on his album of the same name, as well as the Streets of Fire soundtrack in 1984. The tune reached No. 6 on the U.S. charts, and (on re-release in 1985) No. 12 in the UK. Hartman was featured as a bartender in one of the two videos that were released for the single, which received heavy rotation on MTV. (Note that the single and album version of "I Can Dream About You" is sung by Hartman; within the movie Streets of Fire, the song is performed by a fictional vocal group called the Sorels, whose lead singer is played by Stoney Jackson; the actual vocal in the film was performed by Winston Ford). In 1985, Hartman scored a third Number 1 single on the Dance Music charts, "We Are the Young". The single "Second Nature" also charted during this period. He toured with Toto in 1985.

In 1985 and 1986, Hartman worked on what was planned as his subsequent studio album, White Boy; he wanted the album to have a darker and more mature sound than his previous work. The album was completed in 1986, but the record label, MCA, thought it was too dissimilar to Hartman's previous work, especially "I Can Dream About You", and refused to release it. White Boy has never been released, though some test pressings of the album were made that are now held by collectors, and some of the songs from the album are available on the internet. One song from the album, "Waiting to See You", was used in the 1986 film Ruthless People and its accompanying soundtrack album and was subsequently released as a single. "First Impression", another song that was to appear on the unreleased album, was sung by Nancy Martinez on her 1989 album Unpredictable.

In 1989, he released his last studio album New Green Clear Blue, an instrumental new age-styled album.

Producing, songwriting, and other collaborations
Hartman worked as a songwriter, producer, and collaborated with such artists as Peter Brown (Stargazer, 1979), the Plasmatics (Hartman produced 1981's Metal Priestess; he also produced a demo version of Coup d'Etat in 1982, which was released as Coup de Grace in 2000), Nona Hendryx (she even co-wrote the song "Electricity" with Hartman, which was featured on his 1984 I Can Dream About You album), James Brown (Gravity; 1986), Steve Winwood (Hartman provided backing vocals on "The Finer Things", which was featured on Winwood's 1986 album Back in the High Life), Jenny Burton (Souvenirs; 1986), Jackie Chan (Hartman's song "Only For Your Love" was featured on the album Shangri-La; 1986), Time Bandits (Can't Wait for Another World, 1987; co-produced with Midnight), John Waite (the song "Sometimes", cowritten by Hartman and Midnight, was featured on the 1987 album Rover's Return), Paul King (Joy; 1987), D-Project (Prototype; 1988), Tina Turner (Foreign Affair; 1989), Joe Cocker (Unchain My Heart and One Night of Sin; 1987 and 1989 respectively), Holly Johnson (Blast; 1989), Living in a Box (Gatecrashing; 1989), Dusty Springfield (Reputation; 1990),  Tom Robinson (We Never Had It So Good – later re-released as Blood Brother; 1990),  Bonnie Tyler (Bitterblue; 1991), The Fabulous Pop Tarts - a musical duo composed of Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato (1992; Hartman produced the song "Smile"), and Valerie's Garten (Valerie's Garten; 1992).

In an interview snipped from Portzline (2014), Hartman stated that he started producing at an early age:"I started producing before I even joined the Legends—around 1962... I produced some local R&B, rock and gospel acts at Baldwin Sound in Mechanicsburg [Pennsylvania]. People would hear what I'd done on someone else's record and call me up and ask if I'd produce them, too. I even wrote and recorded an advertising jingle for Sutliff Chevrolet out on Paxton Street when I was 16. So it's always been something that I could fall back on throughout my career—to keep my mind going, to keep me musically inspired, and to keep me moving without having to make statements of my own."Hartman served as a producer for the Legends. Around 1976, Hartman began using one of the rooms of a colonial home in Westport, Connecticut (dubbed "The Schoolhouse") to serve as a recording studio. The rest of the house's rooms were wired for recording and to allow for different sounds by the artists. He did not charge exorbitant rates, so that new acts at the time such as the Outsets could record demos. Hartman produced albums for artists such as .38 Special, Foghat, David Johansen and Rick Derringer. During late 1977, blues legend Muddy Waters used "The Schoolhouse" to record his album I'm Ready. Hartman ran the recording board for the sessions and Johnny Winter served as the producer. In 1971, Hartman produced the Hydraulic Peach for Arpeggio Records. Hartman wrote and produced the 1980 disco hit "Love Sensation" performed by Holloway.

In 1981, Hartman was among the lineup for Hilly Michaels' albums Calling All Girls and Lumia. Hartman wrote the song "It's Never Too Late", which was sung by Diana Ross and featured on her 1981 album Why Do Fools Fall in Love. In 1982, Hartman produced Average White Band's album Cupid's in Fashion. The album was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in New York with additional recordings done at "The Schoolhouse". In a 2016 interview, Hartman's close friend Blanche Napoleon—who provided backing vocals for "Instant Replay" and his other early albums—revealed that he created music for Gillette commercials around 1982 (she even provided background harmonies for one of the commercials). She worked with him on some of his other commercial work. In 1983, Hartman played bass on the song "Speechless" featured on Ian Hunter's album All of the Good Ones Are Taken. Hartman co-wrote the song "Heart Skip Too Many Beats" with Janis Ian and it was featured on her 1984 album Uncle Wonderful (Hartman performed with Ian on the track). Around 1984, Hartman also worked as a lyricist and producer for Rugsted & Kreutzfeldt's album Sold Out (also referred to as R'n'K Band).

Aside from focusing on his solo career in 1984, Hartman provided background vocals for John Jarrett's Tribe's self-titled album. More so, in 1984, Hartman arranged and engineered Neil Sedaka's album Come See About Me. Hartman last worked as an engineer for Sedaka on the musician's 1981 album Neil Sedaka: Now. Hartman produced the song "I Won't Steal Away" (which he co-wrote with Midnight and Alides Hidding) for the band Time Bandits, which appeared on their 1985 album Fiction. Hartman also produced Time Bandits' B-side track "Cool World", which was unreleased on any album. In 1986, Hartman was reported to be producing Lou Gramm's first solo album (Gramm was then the lead singer of Foreigner), though the opportunity did not materialize. In 1990, Hartman and Midnight wrote and produced the theme song for the television show Guys Next Door.

Soundtracks
In 1984, Hartman also performed "Heart of the Beat" under the band name 3V with Charlie Midnight for the soundtrack of Breakin' (directed by Joel Silberg). According to Midnight, the fictional 3V was created because nobody else wanted to do the song. The song resulted in Midnight receiving a publishing deal, and he and Hartman even performed the song during a spring break festival in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. In 1985, Hartman's song "Talking To The Wall" was featured on the soundtrack to the film Perfect starring Jamie Lee Curtis and John Travolta. Hartman's song "Get Outta Town" (co-written with Midnight and co-produced with Richard Landis) was featured on the Fletch soundtrack." He closed the year cowriting "(Krush Groove) Can't Stop the Street" with Charlie Midnight for the film Krush Groove and the song was performed by Chaka Khan.

He also co-produced a version of the song "Great Gosh O Mighty" for the film Down and Out in Beverly Hills. For his 1986 album Lifetime Friend, Little Richard (who performed the song in the aforementioned film) used a different version.

Hartman produced and co-wrote "Living in America", a No. 4 hit for James Brown which appeared on the soundtrack of the feature film Rocky IV (1985). The song was the last of Brown's 44 hit recordings to appear on the Billboard top 40 charts. The track also appeared on the Hartman produced album Gravity. In 1987, Hartman and Charlie Midnight were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song. Brown won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.

In 1988, Hartman co-wrote the song "Why Should I Worry?" with Charlie Midnight for the Walt Disney Animation Studios film Oliver & Company. The work "Behind Your Eyes" (which Hartman cowrote with Midnight) appeared on the soundtrack for 1988's Casual Sex? Also, in 1988, Hartman dueted with Denise Lopez on Scrooged soundtrack song "The Love You Take". In 1990, he co-wrote with longtime collaborator Charlie Midnight 9.95 (performed by Spunkadelic) for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie. In 1991, Hartman recorded "(That's Your) Consciousness" for the soundtrack to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze.

Covers and sampling of his work
In 1976, Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '77 did an arrangement of the song "Tell Me in a Whisper" (which had been co-written by Hartman and Winter) on the Homecooking album. In 1984, "Relight My Fire" was covered by Costa Anadiotis' band Café Society. Eric Martin covered Hartman's "I'm Only Foolin' Myself" (a song he featured on the unreleased White Boy album) on his self-titled 1986 album Eric Martin. "Love Sensation" was sampled in 1989 Black Box track "Ride on Time" and 1991's "Good Vibrations" (Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch; Holloway even appeared in the music video during the chorus portion). In January 1990, a cover version of "Instant Replay" recorded by the British duo Yell! became a top 10 hit. In 1991, Paul Young featured a cover version of "I'm Only Foolin' Myself" on his compilation album From Time to Time – The Singles Collection. Additionally, in 1991, Marc Anthony covered the song "Name of the Game" (featured on Hartman's I Can Dream About You album) on his collaboration album with Little Louie Vega entitled When the Night Is Over.

Personal life and death
Hartman was never married and had no children. He died on March 22, 1994, at his Westport, Connecticut, home from a brain tumor, at the age of 43. A closeted gay man, he was diagnosed with HIV in the late 1980s. He kept his HIV status a secret and did not seek treatment, even after friend and intermittent collaborator Holly Johnson (formerly of the band Frankie Goes to Hollywood) announced his own HIV status in 1991. His remains were cremated; he was survived by both parents, his brother Dave, and sister Kathy.

In May 1994, the "Dan Hartman: A Celebration of His Life and Music" memorial concert was performed at New York's Sound Factory Bar. Nona Hendryx, Loleatta Holloway, and producer Frankie Knuckles were among the participants.

Legacy
Hartman has been renowned for his musical versatility. In his last will and testament, Hartman created the Dan Hartman Arts and Music Foundation (located in Los Angeles, California) with Charlie Midnight as his sole trustee. At the time of his death, Hartman was recording a solo album for CHAOS/Columbia. The record label had no immediate plans to release Hartman's unfinished work. In 1996, it was announced that EMI Music Publishing purchased Hartman's complete catalog. During the same year, Tom Robinson released the song "Connecticut" in memory of Hartman. The song appears on Robinson's album Having It Both Ways. Years after Robinson's tribute, Kathy Hartman—as frontwoman of the band Signal 30—released "A Song for Dan" in memory of her brother. She has also released the song "Bad Movies", which she had co-written with her late brother.

At the time of his death, Hartman's music was enjoying a revival of sorts: a cover version of "Relight My Fire" became a British number-one hit for Take That and Lulu in 1993. Sales of Hartman's solo recordings, group efforts, production, songwriting and compilation inclusions had exceeded 50 million records worldwide. In October 1994, Joni Mitchell covered "How Do You Stop" on her Turbulent Indigo album, which later won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album. Around December 1994, the album Keep the Fire Burnin'  was posthumously released – a compilation featuring remixes of earlier hits and previously unreleased material. The album spawned two singles; "The Love in Your Eyes" and "Keep the Fire Burnin'", the latter featuring Holloway. Hartman's version of "Free Ride" was featured in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie the year after his death. T.M. Stevens released his album Out of Control in 1995, which featured the song "The Gift" (written by Hartman and Midnight). In 1996, Audio Adrenaline included a cover version of "Free Ride" on their album Bloom. In 2003, Ricky Martin covered "Relight My Fire" with two versions: one featuring Holloway's original vocals and another with Anastacia singing Holloway's portion.

In 2006, twelve years after Hartman's death, "I Can Dream About You" was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories; "Relight My Fire" was also featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony. In 2010, folk rockers Louis Barabbas & the Bedlam Six turned "Relight My Fire" into an ode to whiskey.

In 2020, Hartman was inducted into the Central Pennsylvania Music Hall of Fame with Kathy Hartman accepting the honor on his behalf. Other inductees included Poison, Bobby Troup, and The Sharks.

In honor of Pride Month 2021, Hiro Clark—in collaboration with Scissor Sisters member Ana Matronic—launched the "Cowley Hartman Russell" T-shirt to honor Hartman and other legendary disco producers Patrick Cowley and Arthur Russell. "I Can Dream About You" was also featured in the episode "Ruminations: Big And Little Bullys" of the HBO television series Euphoria in 2022.

Unreleased album

 * White Boy (1986)

Compilation albums

 * Keep the Fire Burnin' (1994)
 * Superhits (2004)

Edgar Winter Group

 * 1972: They Only Come Out at Night - Bass, rhythm guitar, ukulele, percussion, maracas, lead vocals on Free Ride, backing vocals
 * 1974: ''Shock Treatment - Bass guitar, rhythm guitar, percussion, autoharp, vocals
 * 1975: The Edgar Winter Group With Rick Derringer - Bass guitar, rhythm guitar, percussions, backing vocals

Johnny Winter

 * 1974: Saints & Sinners - Bass, guitar, backing vocals
 * 1976: Together: Edgar Winter and Johnny Winter Live - Piano
 * 1980: Raisin' Cain - Piano

Rick Derringer

 * 1975: Spring Fever - Backing Vocals on 4 songs

Nona Hendryx

 * 1987: Female Trouble - Guitar, Keyboards, Backing vocals on 5 songs + production.

The Legends

 * 2001: The Early Years - Compilation
 * 2001: High Towers [1965-1973] - Compilation

Collaborations

 * 1975: Todd Rundgren: Initiation - Bass on Fair Warning with Rick Derringer on guitar, Moogy Klingman on keyboards and Edgar Winter on sax.
 * 1976: Foghat; Nightshift - Production.
 * 1977: Edgar Winter's White Trash - Recycled - Guitar on Puttin' It Back.
 * 1977: 38 Special - Thirty Eight Special - Piano on "Fly Away".
 * 1979: David Johansen: InStyle - Bass, backing vocals
 * 1980: Hilly Michaels: Calling All Girls - Bass, rhythm guitar, autoharp, keyboards, backing vocals
 * 1980: Loleatta Holloway: Love Sensation - Bass, keyboards, percussion, backing vocals
 * 1981: Hilly Michaels: Lumia - Keyboards, guitar, backing vocals. Rick Derringer is also on this album.
 * 1982: Average White Band: Cupid's in Fashion - Piano, backing vocals
 * 1983: Ian Hunter: All of the Good Ones Are Taken - Bass on Speechless
 * 1984: John Jarret's Tribe: Tribe - Chorus
 * 1984: Neil Sedaka: Come See About Me - Clavinet, electric piano, rhythm guitar, backing vocals, producer
 * 1984: Various Artists: Streets of Fire - Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Dan Hartman: I Can Dream About You
 * 1985: Various Artists: Rocky IV - James Brown Living in America Dan Hartman production
 * 1986: James Brown: Gravity - Rhythm guitar, bass, keyboards, synthesizer, programming, backing vocals
 * 1986: Steve Winwood: Back In The High Life - Backing vocals on one song
 * 1990: Dusty Springfield: Reputation - Various instruments, backing vocals
 * 1991: Bonnie Tyler: Bitterblue - Vocals on Till the End of Time

title: Dan Hartman


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Takanini

Takanini (sometimes spelled Takaanini) is a southern suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet, 28 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD.

The suburb is home to a Fonterra milk plant, the Addison housing development, as well as international horse breeding facilities throughout the area. The two major shopping centres in Takanini are Takanini Town Centre and Southgate Shopping Centre.

History
The suburb is named after Ihaka Takaanini, a 19th century Māori chief of the area.

An old highway, the Great South Road, runs through Takanini, forming its main street. The road was constructed during the New Zealand Wars to transport supplies to the Waikato campaign. It was guarded by armed constabulary and was a designated military road.

The first successful aeroplane flights in New Zealand were made in Takanini in February 1911, when Vivian Walsh and his brother Leo flew a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane named the Manurewa at Glenora Park (an area near the modern-day Southgate Shopping Centre).

During the major reformation of local government in 1989, Takanini was included into the Papakura District boundaries.

From October 2010, after a review of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated into a single city authority. As well as Papakura District, other territorial authorities such as North Shore City, Rodney District, Waitakere City, Auckland City, Manukau City and the Franklin District were abolished and the entire area amalgamated into a single Auckland city council. The suburb of Takanini is now in the Manurewa-Papakura Ward of the Auckland Council.

Demographics
Takanini covers 10.26 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Takanini had a larger boundary, covering 11.72 km2. Using that boundary, Takanini had a population of 12,303 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 4,224 people (52.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 5,844 people (90.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,378 households, comprising 6,285 males and 6,024 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female, with 2,778 people (22.6%) aged under 15 years, 3,273 (26.6%) aged 15 to 29, 5,232 (42.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,029 (8.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 33.5% European/Pākehā, 22.0% Māori, 16.5% Pacific peoples, 41.8% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 43.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 31.6% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian, 2.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 9.7% were Hindu, 2.0% were Muslim, 2.4% were Buddhist and 14.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,139 (22.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,593 (16.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,248 people (13.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 5,352 (56.2%) people were employed full-time, 1,008 (10.6%) were part-time, and 456 (4.8%) were unemployed.

Takanini comprises six statistical areas: Takanini North, which is rural; Takanini Central, which is mostly commercial; Takanini Industrial; and three predominantly residential areas.

Education
Takanini School and Kauri Flats School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of   and   students, respectively. Kauri Flats school opened in 2017.

Holy Trinity Catholic Primary School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of.

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Housing
Similar to Dannemora, and Howick, Takanini has several suburban styled housing complexes throughout the area. Addison, Longford Park, and McLennan are three of the major housing projects which have increased local property values; smaller projects include Waiata Shores, Kauri Flats and Kauri Landing. The Takanini area contains a highly ethnically diverse population. A major Kiwibuild building project is being realised on surplus Defence Force land, east of Great South Road. The McLennan housing development next to Bruce Pulman Park was built on the former army base, made much smaller in the 2010's. Only the SAS troops remain in a small army barracks on the corner of Walters Rd and Grove Road.

Transport
The Auckland Southern Motorway and the North Island Main Trunk railway run through Takanini. Train and bus services provide the bulk of public transport, with frequent trains on the Southern Line between Takanini and the CBD (Britomart). Though the motorway and Great South Road flow relatively freely at peak times, road commuters are affected by the acute traffic congestion as they get closer to metropolitan Auckland.

The Southern Pathway is a 4.5 km shared path that runs alongside the Takanini - Papakura section of the Auckland Southern Motorway, it links with adjacent suburbs such as Conifer Grove, Karaka Harbourside and Rosehill.

Recreation
Bruce Pulman Park is the major sporting location in Takanini. Sports facilities include a scout hall, a gymnastics stadium (the home of Counties-Manukau Gymnastics, a number of outside netball courts now supported by the large-scale Counties-Manukau indoor stadium used for basketball, volleyball, and netball. Bruce Pulman Park also includes a number of rugby, rugby league, and touch fields as well as a full-size cricket oval. New Zealand's First Sikh Games were held in Bruce Pulman Park. It was a big sports event of Indian community.

NZ Sikh Sports Complex Takanini is being inaugurated on 22 March 2020. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern will be a part of the inauguration team with Sikh Community leaders. According to the Daljit Singh, Chief Spokesperson of Supreme Sikh Society of New Zealand, SSC comprises 7 grounds of different sports like Soccer, Volleyball, netball, Kabbadi and Athletics. Soccer ground is as per standard of FIFA.

title: Takanini


text:
Meri

Meri may refer to:

 * Meri (name)
 * Meri (mythology), folk hero in Bororo mythology
 * Meri, term in shakuhachi music
 * The Meri, novel by Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff
 * Meri, release title of La Mer (film) in Finland
 * Meri (political party), now-defunct political party in Israel
 * Meri or Mery, an ancient Egyptian name

Places

 * Merì, town in Italy
 * Meri, Cameroon, commune in Extrême-Nord region
 * Meri, Iran (disambiguation)
 * Meri, a village in Drăgăneşti Commune, Prahova County, Romania
 * Meri, a village in Vedea Commune, Teleorman County, Romania

title: Meri


text:
List of geological features on Hyperion

This is a list of named geological features on Hyperion, a moon of Saturn.

Dorsa
There is one named dorsum (ridge) on Hyperion.

Craters
This is a list of craters on Hyperion. Hyperionian craters are named after sun and moon gods in various mythologies.

title: List of geological features on Hyperion


text:
Arthur Sykes (footballer, born 1902)

Arthur Victor Sykes (born Swindon, 1902) was an English professional footballer. He played for Gillingham between 1924 and 1926, making seven appearances in the Football League.

title: Arthur Sykes (footballer, born 1902)