text:
Jon Barry

Jon Alan Barry (born July 25, 1969) is an American former basketball player and current television analyst for ABC and ESPN.

Biography
Barry is the son of Hall of Famer Rick Barry and Pam Connolly, and has three brothers: Scooter, Brent, and Drew, all of whom are also basketball players. Jon played his high school basketball at De La Salle High School in Concord, California. He then played one year each at University of the Pacific and Paris Junior College, before receiving a basketball scholarship to attend Georgia Tech in Atlanta, Georgia.

Out of Georgia Tech, he was selected in the first round of the 1992 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics, but refused to sign a contract and sat out the season. The Celtics traded their rights to him, mid season, to the Milwaukee Bucks for Alaa Abdelnaby. Barry joined the Milwaukee Bucks, who finished last, tied for last, and 2nd to last in their division Barry's first three years in the NBA.

Off to a slow start of a career as primarily a backup player, Barry did get chances to contribute to playoff runs of some good teams (scored 739 points in 82 appearances with the 2001–2002 Central Division champion Detroit Pistons) and scored 326 career playoff points in 63 NBA playoff games over 14 seasons. He had two games with 5 three-point shots and had six games with 5 steals, and has 5,041 season and playoff points total.

In addition to the Milwaukee Bucks and Detroit Pistons, Jon played for the Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Lakers, Golden State Warriors, Sacramento Kings, Denver Nuggets and most recently the Houston Rockets. Barry had 12 first-half points in a 3-minute span in the deciding game 5 of the first round of the 2002 NBA playoffs in the Detroit Pistons' series against the Toronto Raptors. Barry left the Pistons after the 2002–03 season, and was also released from the Rockets on March 1, 2006, which marked the end of his NBA playing career.

Regular season

 * align="left" | 1992–93
 * align="left" | Milwaukee
 * 47 || 0 || 11.7 || .369 || .333 || .673 || 0.9 || 1.4 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 4.4
 * align="left" | 1993–94
 * align="left" | Milwaukee
 * 72 || 7 || 17.3 || .414 || .278 || .795 || 2.0 || 2.3 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 6.2
 * align="left" | 1994–95
 * align="left" | Milwaukee
 * 52 || 0 || 11.6 || .425 || .333 || .763 || 0.9 || 1.6 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 3.7
 * align="left" | 1995–96
 * align="left" | Golden State
 * 68 || 0 || 10.5 || .492 || .473 || .838 || 0.9 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 0.2 || 3.8
 * align="left" | 1996–97
 * align="left" | Atlanta
 * 58 || 8 || 16.6 || .407 || .387 || .804 || 1.7 || 2.0 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 4.9
 * align="left" | 1997–98
 * align="left" | Los Angeles
 * 49 || 1 || 7.6 || .365 || .295 || .931 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 2.5
 * align="left" | 1998–99
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 43 || 0 || 17.1 || .428 || .304 || .845 || 2.2 || 2.6 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 5.0
 * align="left" | 1999–00
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 62 || 1 || 20.7 || .465 || .429 || .922 || 2.6 || 2.4 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 8.0
 * align="left" | 2000–01
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 62 || 2 || 16.3 || .404 || .348 || .877 || 1.5 || 2.1 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 5.1
 * align="left" | 2001–02
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 82 || 6 || 24.2 || .489 || .469 || .931 || 2.9 || 3.3 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 9.0
 * align="left" | 2002–03
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 80 || 0 || 18.4 || .450 || .407 || .860 || 2.3 || 2.6 || 0.8 || 0.2 || 6.9
 * align="left" | 2003–04
 * align="left" | Denver
 * 57 || 9 || 19.3 || .404 || .370 || .845 || 2.2 || 2.6 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 6.2
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Atlanta
 * 16 || 0 || 17.2 || .403 || .344 || .769 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 5.2
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 53 || 2 || 23.2 || .447 || .451 || .897 || 2.6 || 2.6 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 7.0
 * align="left" | 2005–06
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 20 || 0 || 17.1 || .385 || .375 || .828 || 1.6 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 4.3
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 821 || 36 || 16.9 || .434 || .392 || .848 || 1.8 || 2.2 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 5.7
 * }
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Atlanta
 * 16 || 0 || 17.2 || .403 || .344 || .769 || 1.3 || 1.8 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 5.2
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 53 || 2 || 23.2 || .447 || .451 || .897 || 2.6 || 2.6 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 7.0
 * align="left" | 2005–06
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 20 || 0 || 17.1 || .385 || .375 || .828 || 1.6 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.1 || 4.3
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 821 || 36 || 16.9 || .434 || .392 || .848 || 1.8 || 2.2 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 5.7
 * }
 * 821 || 36 || 16.9 || .434 || .392 || .848 || 1.8 || 2.2 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 5.7
 * }

Playoffs

 * align="left" | 1996–97
 * align="left" | Atlanta
 * 2 || 0 || 4.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0
 * align="left" | 1997–98
 * align="left" | Los Angeles
 * 7 || 0 || 2.6 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 0.0
 * align="left" | 1998–99
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 5 || 0 || 22.4 || .353 || .263 || .917 || 2.0 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 0.2 || 8.0
 * align="left" | 1999–00
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 5 || 0 || 20.4 || .429 || .583 || .875 || 2.4 || 2.4 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 7.8
 * align="left" | 2000–01
 * align="left" | Sacramento
 * 7 || 0 || 7.9 || .412 || .286 || .000 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 2.3
 * align="left" | 2001–02
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 10 || 0 || 17.7 || .475 || .447 || .625 || 2.0 || 2.1 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 8.0
 * align="left" | 2002–03
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 14 || 0 || 12.3 || .426 || .455 || 1.000 || 1.7 || 1.4 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 5.0
 * align="left" | 2003–04
 * align="left" | Denver
 * 5 || 1 || 20.0 || .333 || .333 || .667 || 3.6 || 2.0 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 4.2
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 7 || 0 || 26.1 || .438 || .478 || .875 || 4.1 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 8.6
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 62 || 1 || 15.0 || .404 || .403 || .857 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 5.3
 * }
 * 5 || 1 || 20.0 || .333 || .333 || .667 || 3.6 || 2.0 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 4.2
 * align="left" | 2004–05
 * align="left" | Houston
 * 7 || 0 || 26.1 || .438 || .478 || .875 || 4.1 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 0.0 || 8.6
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 62 || 1 || 15.0 || .404 || .403 || .857 || 1.9 || 1.4 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 5.3
 * }
 * }

title: Jon Barry


text:
Cirroteuthidae

Cirroteuthidae is a family of pelagic cirrate octopuses comprising at least three species in two genera.

Description
The cirrate octopods have a unique internal shell, positioned dorsally above the viscera and with a 'saddle-like' shape (or 'butterfly-like' in Cirrothauma due to the anterior corners being more drawn out). The lateral faces of the 'saddle' acting as large attachment sites for fin muscles, supporting proportionally large and powerful fins. The arms are elongate and have both a primary web, forming most of the webbing, and a secondary web connecting the primary webbing to the aboral (outer) faces of each arm. The cirri, pairs of small finger-like projections between each sucker, are very elongate. Both the elongate cirri and secondary web are features shared with Stauroteuthidae, but no other cirrate family.

Taxonomy
The family Cirroteuthidae contains two generally accepted genera containing at least four species, but also some possibly undescribed taxa. There are also two genera of uncertain affinity placed in this family, but both are in need of critical assessment.
 * Genus Cirroteuthis Eschricht, 1838: this genus contains an additional undescribed species from around Australia and New Zealand.
 * Cirroteuthis muelleri Eschricht, 1838
 * Genus Cirrothauma Chun, 1911
 * Cirrothauma magna (Hoyle, 1885)
 * Cirrothauma murrayi Chun, 1911: often known as the blind cirrate.
 * Cirrothauma hoylei (Robson, 1932): originally described in genus Cirroteuthis, but almost certainly a Cirrothauma and possibly synonym of C. magna .

 * Laetmoteuthis Berry, 1913
 * Froekenia Hoyle, 1904: One described species (Froekenia clara) and an undescribed species, quite likely synonymous with Stauroteuthis given shell form.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cirroteuthidae


text:
Talk:Cirroteuthidae

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cirroteuthidae. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061111153707/http://www.tonmo.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=36 to http://www.tonmo.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=36

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:00, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cirroteuthidae


text:
Father of the Pride

Father of the Pride is an American animated sitcom created by Jeffrey Katzenberg and produced by DreamWorks Animation. The series aired on NBC from August 31, 2004 to May 27, 2005. It was part of a short-lived trend of 3D animated series in prime-time network television (after Game Over).

Father of the Pride follows a family of white lions, the patriarch of which stars in a Siegfried & Roy show in Las Vegas. Despite heavy promotion and support, the series was cancelled after one season. Transmission and production were also delayed by the real-life on-stage injury of Roy Horn in October 2003.

Premise
The show follows the adventures of a family of white lions. The family contains Larry, the bumbling yet well-intentioned star of Siegfried & Roy's show; Kate, a pretty, stay-at-home mother who is a member of a special women's group; Sierra, their teenage daughter who is frequently annoyed by her family; Hunter, their awkward young son, who is a huge fan of The Lord of the Rings; Sarmoti, Kate's father and Sierra and Hunter's grandfather who has a dislike for Larry; and Snack, Larry's mischievous gopher friend.

Recurring characters appear alongside the lion family; these include Larry's friends Roger, Chutney, Vincent, and Nelson; Larry's rival Blake and his wife Victoria; Sarmoti's friends Bernie, Duke, Chaz, and the Snout Brothers; Hi Larious; Kate's friends Foo-Lin, Lily, and Brittany; two lesbian gophers Chimmi & Changa; and Sierra's boyfriend Justin.

Development
It took more than 200 animators and 2 years to make Father of the Pride. Computer animation was produced at Imagi Animation Studios in Hong Kong.

The series employed a small group of seasoned directors, which included Mark Risley, Bret Haaland, Steve Hickner, John Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In Father of the Pride, the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom.

Since Larry and his family drive the story lines for most of the episodes, their residence is the most detailed, comprising separate, contiguous sets for the living room, the kitchen, and the children's bedrooms. Meanwhile, the assets are stored in individual files in order to be loaded into separate layers and assembled modularly.

Production
In 2002, Jeffrey Katzenberg came up with the idea for the series when he visited Siegfried & Roy's show in Las Vegas: "I thought, I wonder what it's like for those lions. What must life be like from their point of view? [They're] living in Las Vegas, trying to raise a family and earn a living. In animation, we look for those things — a way to look at our lives through a fantasy world. It allows us to take on subjects that are too difficult to do with real people. It allows us to be more controversial. Edgier. There can be parody and innuendo and satire. Things can be sophisticated in a way that even our feature films can't be."

According to Katzenberg, the series was created for "an 18- to 49-year-old. It's not about checking to make sure you don't leave the 6-, 7- and 8-year-olds behind. This is purely an adult show."

Each episode cost an estimated $2 million to $2.5 million to produce, making it at the time of its release one of the most expensive half-hour television comedies ever.

Long before its broadcast, the series was nearly cancelled, following the near-death of Roy Horn in October 2003; but after his condition improved, Siegfried & Roy urged NBC to continue production. Katzenberg recalled, "There was a short period of time where we all just rocked out on our heels and couldn't be particularly creative and certainly not very funny. But Siegfried kept saying, every step of the way, that this show meant so much to them. So much to Roy. Then, even more than it ever did."

Opening sequence
The opening sequence starts off with a red sports car, with the Nevada license plate "MAGIC1", being driven by Siegfried and Roy past many of the attractions in Las Vegas. Cast names are presented on the marquees of the Strip hotels that, along with the Mirage, belonged to the MGM / Mirage Group at the time, before the car swerves into the Mirage Hotel. The scene then changes to the lions' house. Larry (voiced by John Goodman) gets woken up by his wife Kate (voiced by Cheryl Hines), late for his performance, on the couch before dashing towards the stage (but not before having a beer given to him by Snack {voiced by Orlando Jones} at the Watering Hole). Larry sings a rendition of Elvis Presley's "Viva Las Vegas" as the background music throughout the title sequence.

Release and reception
The series' debut on NBC on August 31, 2004 attracted 12.3 million viewers, making it the most-watched series of the week on American television. However, the series was expected to do better, especially considering heavy promotion during NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Its opening ranked only the 13th of 16 fall comedies that NBC introduced since 1999.

When the series debuted, it got off to a good start with strong ratings. The ratings continued to show good promise for the series through early September 2004 until the ratings started to rapidly decline. Many airings were repeatedly interrupted by updates on the 2004 presidential election, and by that point, there had been such a glut of advertising that audiences were sick of it. By November 2004, it was pulled from NBC's sweeps line-up. In early December, Jeffrey Katzenberg announced that he did not think the series would be picked up for a second season. Over the next few months, the network aired several of the remaining episodes outside of sweeps periods, but the series did not return for a second season. A few of the remaining episodes were burned off in late December 2004.

Father of the Pride received a negative response from television critics, who considered it to be little more than a gimmick and a shill for other NBC and DreamWorks properties (two early episodes extensively featured The Today Show's Matt Lauer and another featured Donkey from the Shrek franchise). Also, many television critics noticed that the series' humor was very similar to South Park (one episode even had a character say, "Screw you guys, I'm goin' home!").

According to Katzenberg, Siegfried & Roy's reactions were more positive: "They laughed. A lot. They kept asking us to create more contradiction. Literally, one's blond and one's dark, and every aspect of their life is as black and white as that. They are always playful with one another, always playing tricks on one another. They encouraged us to have fun with that."

Protest from the Parents Television Council
In October 2004, the Parents Television Council's launched a campaign against Father of the Pride. Reasons cited for their opposition were the use of anthropomorphic animals and the use of "from the creators of Shrek" in their promotions. The film in question was seen by the Council as much more family-friendly than this series, which the PTC stated could inadvertently draw the wrong audience based on the way it was promoted by NBC. Their campaign led to over 11,000 complaints to the Federal Communications Commission. In March 2006, the FCC ruled that the show was not indecent.

Home media
Father of the Pride was released on DVD on June 7, 2005. The DVD features the original pilot, an alternate pilot (which draws heavily on the original), an unaired episode, and one episode that was voice-recorded and not animated (and therefore, remains at the storyboard stage).

Since July 15, 2020, the series became available on Peacock with its launch.

Broadcast
Father of the Pride premiered in the United States on August 31, 2004, on NBC.

In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on March 6, 2005, originally on Sky One.

In Canada, the series premiered on September 5, 2008, on Teletoon Detour.

Awards and nominations
Father of the Pride won an Annie Award in 2005 for Character Design in an Animated Television Production. It was also nominated for a 2005 People's Choice Award in the category Favorite New TV Comedy Series.

title: Father of the Pride


text:
User:Bk0

I don't know who you are, but you apparently know me. Lucky you.

title: User:Bk0


text:
Grimpoteuthis

Grimpoteuthis is a genus of pelagic cirrate (finned) octopods known as the dumbo octopuses. The name "dumbo" originates from their resemblance to the title character of Disney's 1941 film Dumbo, having two prominent ear-like fins which extend from the mantle above each eye. There are 17 species recognized in the genus. Prey include crustaceans, bivalves, worms and copepods. The average life span of various Grimpoteuthis species is 3–5 years.

Range and habitat
Species of Grimpoteuthis are assumed to have a worldwide distribution, living in the cold, abyssal depths ranging from 1 000–7  000  meters. Specimens have been found off the coasts of Oregon, the Philippines, Martha's Vineyard, the Azores, New Zealand, Australia, California, Papua and New Guinea, and in the Gulf of Mexico.

A fairly recent observation was on 21 June 2022 at 1 250  m by the vessel Normand Ocean, which inspects drilling platforms with underwater drones; the vessel was examining chains and risers on the Aasta Hansteen platform outside Trøndelag, Norway. The most recent observation was on 24 May 2023 at 2  108  meters, this time in Guyana by the vessel Far Samson, which also uses underwater drones.

Dumbo octopuses are the deepest living octopuses known, with some specimens captured or observed at hadal depths. One Grimpoteuthis sp. specimen was captured 60 km southeast of Grand Cayman at 7 279  m, but this depth is uncertain (as the specimen may have been captured while the net was descending to this depth). However, in 2020, Grimpoteuthis was spotted 6 957  m deep in the Java Trench, confirming the hadal distribution of this genus.

Species and taxonomy
As noted below, many species collected on the Challenger expedition were initially classified in the genera Cirroteuthis and Stauroteuthis. Several species formerly classified as Grimpoteuthis were moved to genera Cirroctopus and Opisthoteuthis. A new family, Grimpoteuthididae (alternatively spelled Grimpoteuthidae), has been proposed to accommodate Grimpoteuthis and those of genera Enigmatiteuthis, Cryptoteuthis, and Luteuthis. The persistent confusion and disparity about the taxonomy of these species has been attributed to the poor quality and limited number of specimens available for study.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

!width=100pt| Species name !width=100pt| Reference !width=190pt| Geographic range ! Depth range (meters) !width=190pt class="unsortable"| Taxonomic notes
 * - style = "vertical-align:bottom;"
 * Grimpoteuthis abyssicola
 * Tasman Sea (off New Zealand and southeastern Australia)
 * align="right"| 2 821–3  180  m
 * Known from two specimens.
 * Grimpoteuthis angularis
 * (off New Zealand)
 * align="right"| 628 m
 * Known from a single specimen. Internal shell form distinct from others in genus.
 * Grimpoteuthis bathynectes
 * North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia abyssal Plains, off Oregon)
 * align="right"| 3 932  m
 * Grimpoteuthis boylei
 * Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine and Madeira abyssal plains)
 * align="right"| 4 845–4  847  m
 * Grimpoteuthis challengeri
 * Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine abyssal plain)
 * align="right"| 4 828–4  838  m
 * Grimpoteuthis discoveryi
 * Northeast Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 600–4  870  m
 * Grimpoteuthis greeni
 * Southern Australia
 * align="right"| 480–1 993  m
 * Known from three specimens.
 * Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium
 * East Pacific (off Malpelo Island)
 * align="right"| 3 334  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Stauroteuthis; known from a single, "sadly mutilated" individual according to Hoyle. The internal shell form is similar to G. abyssicola.
 * Grimpoteuthis imperator
 * Emperor Seamounts, North Pacific
 * align="right"| 3 913–4  417  m
 * Known from a single specimen.
 * Grimpoteuthis innominata
 * South Pacific (east of New Zealand)
 * align="right"| 2 000  m
 * Alternatively classified as Enigmatiteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis meangensis
 * West Pacific (off Meangis Islands, near Philippines)
 * align="right"| 925 m
 * Previously assigned to genera Cirroteuthis and Stauroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis megaptera
 * Verrill (1885)
 * Northwest Atlantic (southeast of Martha's Vineyard)
 * align="right"| 4 600  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis pacifica
 * South Pacific (off Papua New Guinea)
 * align="right"| 4 500  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis plena
 * Verrill (1886)
 * Northwest Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 000  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis tuftsi
 * North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia abyssal plains off Oregon)
 * align="right"| 3 900  m
 * Grimpoteuthis umbellata
 * Fischer (1883)
 * North Atlantic (off Morocco, Canary Islands, and the Azores)
 * align="right"| 2 235  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri
 * Northeast and northwest Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 055  m
 * }
 * Grimpoteuthis megaptera
 * Verrill (1885)
 * Northwest Atlantic (southeast of Martha's Vineyard)
 * align="right"| 4 600  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis pacifica
 * South Pacific (off Papua New Guinea)
 * align="right"| 4 500  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis plena
 * Verrill (1886)
 * Northwest Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 000  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis tuftsi
 * North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia abyssal plains off Oregon)
 * align="right"| 3 900  m
 * Grimpoteuthis umbellata
 * Fischer (1883)
 * North Atlantic (off Morocco, Canary Islands, and the Azores)
 * align="right"| 2 235  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri
 * Northeast and northwest Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 055  m
 * }
 * Fischer (1883)
 * North Atlantic (off Morocco, Canary Islands, and the Azores)
 * align="right"| 2 235  m
 * Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis
 * Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri
 * Northeast and northwest Atlantic
 * align="right"| 2 055  m
 * }
 * align="right"| 2 055  m
 * }
 * }

Movement, characteristics, and food supply
Observations of animals in the Atlantic reveal that Grimpoteuthis often rest on the seafloor with the arms and web spread out and uses its arms to slowly crawl along the seafloor. When disturbed the webbing and arms are contracted to push the animal off the seafloor with it then transitioning to movement using the mantle fins for rapid locomotion. The cushiony cartilage that can be found in the proximal position of the fin of the octopus is responsible for acting as a support for the thick muscles that are attached, these muscles are what allow for rapid locomotion.

Although it has been suggested that species of Grimpoteuthis are capable of jet-propulsion (while swimming using the fins), this has since been deemed unlikely.

Feeding behavior has not been directly observed in Grimpoteuthis, but presumably is similar to Opisthoteuthis that trap small prey items in the webbing (either by enclosing the prey in the arm webbing or between the webbing and the seafloor) and then use the cirri (fingerlike projections along the arms) to move food to the mouth. Known prey items (from dissected animals) include benthic polychaetes, benthopelagic copepods, amphipods and isopods.

Breeding
The cirrate octopuses are classified as 'continuous spawners': Females carry multiple eggs in various stages of maturation, and only lay one or two eggs at a time, with no seasonality in spawning (however, most of these aspects of reproductive biology have only been confirmed in Opisthoteuthis, not Grimpoteuthis). Mating in cirrate octopuses has never been observed, and unlike other octopuses, members of Cirrata lack a hectocotylus for the transfer of sperm packets. Cirrate octopus eggs are large and have a tough casing surrounding the chorion (not found in other octopuses), and Grimpoteuthis in particular attach their eggs to deep sea corals (octocorals). The female cirrate octopus does not guard or incubate the eggs (again unlike other octopuses). Grimpoteuthis hatchlings emerge as "fully competent" juveniles with all of the sensory and motor features to survive on their own.

Sexual dimorphism between males and females is less noticeable and consistent in Grimpoteuthis compared to other cirrate octopuses (such as Opisthoteuthis). In some species (e.g., G. bathynectes and G.. discoveryi), the males have enlarged suckers relative to the females, but no such enlargement is found in other Grimpoteuthis species.

Threats
Species of Grimpoteuthis face few direct threats from humans, living at depths of 1000 meters and below. Natural predators of cirrate octopuses include large teleost fish and sharks, and even marine mammals such as sperm whales and seals, but these are mostly predators of other cirrate genera, and Grimpoteuthis has only been recorded in the stomach contents of a shark.

The Grimpoteuthis do not have an ink sac (as is the case with all cirrate octopuses). Furthermore, the cirrate octopuses lack innervated chromatophores and are therefore not capable of changing color (despite some unreferenced statements to the contrary). How cirrate octopuses escape or avoid predators is largely unknown.

title: Grimpoteuthis


text:
That's Life

That's Life may refer to:

Film and television

 * That's Life! (film), a 1986 comedy-drama directed by Blake Edwards
 * That's Life (C'est la vie), a 1981 French film directed by Paul Vecchiali
 * That's Life (1998 film) (Così è la vita), an Italian film by Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo
 * That's Life!, a 1970s–1990s UK magazine-style TV series
 * That's Life (1968 TV series), an American television musical comedy series
 * That's Life (1998 TV series), an American sitcom
 * That's Life (2000 TV series), an American drama
 * "That's Life", an episode of The Fairly OddParents

Albums

 * That's Life (Frank Sinatra album), 1966
 * That's Life (Julia Fordham album), 2004
 * That's Life (Neal McCoy album), 2005
 * That's Life (Russell Watson album), 2007
 * That's Life (Sham 69 album), 1978
 * That's Life, a 1996 album by Gangway
 * That's Life – Can't Get Enough, an album by Mick Ralphs

Songs

 * "That's Life" (song), by Dean Kay and Kelly Gordon, 1963
 * "That's Life" (88-Keys song), 2019
 * "That's Life", a song by Lime Cordiale from the 2020 album 14 Steps to a Better You
 * "That's Life", a 2021 song by Still Woozy

Publications

 * That's Life (magazine), a UK true-story magazine for young women
 * That's Life! (Australian magazine), a reality-based magazine

title: That's Life


text:
SS Stephen Hopkins

SS Stephen Hopkins was a United States Merchant Marine Liberty ship that served in World War II. She was the only US merchant vessel to sink a German surface combatant during the war.

She was built at the Permanente Metals Corporation (Kaiser) shipyards in Richmond, California. Her namesake was Stephen Hopkins, a Founding Father and signer of the Declaration of Independence from Rhode Island. She was operated by Luckenbach Steamship Company under charter with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration.

Action of 27 September 1942
She completed her first cargo run, but never made it home. On September 27, 1942, en route from Cape Town to Surinam, she encountered the heavily armed German commerce raider GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Stier and her tender MS Tannenfels (1938). Because of fog, the ships were only 2 mi apart when they sighted each other.

Ordered to stop, Stephen Hopkins refused to surrender, and Stier opened fire. Although greatly outgunned, the crew of Stephen Hopkins fought back, replacing the Armed Guard crew of the ship's lone 4-inch (102 mm) gun with volunteers as they fell. The fight was fierce and short, and by its end both ships were wrecks.

Stephen Hopkins sank at 10:00. Stier, too heavily damaged to continue her voyage, was scuttled by its crew less than two hours later. Most of the crew of Stephen Hopkins died, including Captain Paul Buck. The 15 survivors drifted on a lifeboat for a month before reaching shore in Brazil.

Captain Buck was posthumously awarded the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal for his actions. So was US Merchant Marine Academy cadet Edwin Joseph O'Hara, who single-handedly fired the last shots from the ship's 4-inch gun. Navy reservist Lt. (j.g.) Kenneth Martin Willett, commander of the Armed Guard detachment which manned the ship's 4-inch gun, was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

The Liberty ships SS Paul Buck, SS Edwin Joseph O'Hara, and SS Richard Moczkowski, and the destroyer escort USS Kenneth M. Willett (DE-354) were named in honor of crew members of Stephen Hopkins, and SS Stephen Hopkins II in honor of the ship itself.

Recognition

 * O'Hara Hall, the gymnasium facility at the United States Merchant Marine Academy, is named in honor of Midshipman O'Hara.
 * Captain Paul Buck, master of SS Stephen Hopkins, was given the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal by The President of the United States. For determination to fight his ship and his perseverance in engaging the enemy to the utmost until his ship was rendered helpless. The award was given by Admiral Emory S. Land.
 * George S. Cronk, Second Engineer on the ship, sailed his lifeboat 2,200 miles for 31 days to save his shipmates. He was given the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal by the President of the United States. The award was given by Admiral Emory S. Land.
 * SS Stephen Hopkins was awarded the Gallant Ship Award for outstanding courage against overpowering odds by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration.

title: SS Stephen Hopkins


text:
Weather stick

A weather stick is a traditional means of weather prediction used by some Native Americans. It consists of a balsam fir or birch rod mounted outdoors which twists upwards in low humidity and downwards in high-humidity environments. These sticks were first used by the Native Americans of the American northeast and the Canadian east and southeast, who noted the behavior of dry branches before the arrival of weather changes. The weather stick is a rare example of a weather prediction tool that predates the mercury barometer

title: Weather stick


text:
Diamond Shoals

The Diamond Shoals are an infamous, always-shifting cluster of shallow, underwater sandbars that extend 8 mi out from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States. Hidden beneath the waves and constantly changing in both form and depth, the shoals are believed to be responsible for up to 600 shipwrecks along the Cape Hatteras shoreline, an area commonly known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic".

Diamond Shoals is composed of three distinct shoals, collectively designated as Diamond Shoals. From the shore seaward, the individual shoals and channels are:

 * Hatteras Shoals
 * Hatteras Slough
 * Inner Diamond Shoals
 * Diamond Slough
 * Outer Diamond Shoals

title: Diamond Shoals


text:
Talk:Isiah Thomas

The Larry Bird quote
It was almost 20 years ago, but from what I remember, I think that the "If Larry Bird were black" quote was actually by Dennis Rodman, not Isiah. Isiah then was panned for defending his teammate's dubious opinion. KelleyCook 14:50, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dennis Rodman said stuff too, but that quote by Isiah is accurate. Rodman said "Bird was very overrated and racked up MVPs because all the awards went to the best available paleface." -BJL

Nothing about him being with the Indiana Hoosiers, where he was born and his childhood. -Alan

Pronunciation
Is there some kind of story as to why he spells his first name Isiah? (other than two previous Isiah's, I mean?). If so we should add it to the article, there's a lot of references to him as "Isaiah". - Nunh-huh 03:41, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

It's most likely whoever named him was illiterate and didn't know how to spell Isaiah or saw it spelled that way from another person who was named by someone who too was illiterate.

Non-POV thoughts about Isiah
This "material" is cut from the main article. I see zero basis for any of this. However, if citations can be found, go for it:

For all his accomplishments, Thomas is considered to be two-faced and dishonest by some former players and fans for orchestrating the trade of Adrian Dantley during the Pistons championship run. Thomas didn't like Dantley because he became the Piston's leading scorer as soon as he came to the team. Thomas, who was close to the owner of the team, wasn't used to sharing the scoring limelight. Most analysts agree that Thomas had Dantley traded to the Dallas Mavericks for another small forward, and long time friend of Thomas', Mark Aguirre, in the middle of the season that the Pistons won the championship. The deal, as insiders tell it, was that Aguirre was to continue his prolific scoring, just as long as he didn't outscore Thomas. Tmassey 18:07, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Nickname: Zeke
Could I request that someone explain in the article why he's nicknamed 'Zeke'? thanks--Downwards 00:46, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Red Lobster
I think it's time to restrict the access from non-registered Wiki contributors. JAF1970 15:45, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree 110%. FamicomJL 15:46, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

I think it's time for you to relax and enjoy some Red Lobster. User:Zeke 16:20, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Brawl
Since the brawl has its own page, I've shortened the entries in Thomas' Wiki and linked them to the brawl. JAF1970 20:31, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Massive vandalism
Who are these people? RESTRICT THE ACCESS. JAF1970 16:08, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Small Suggestion
I'm not in the habit of editing these pages, but I would suggest the addition of James Edwards (a page for him already exists) to the list of players on the 89 and 90 championship teams. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.179.121.173 (talk) 17:00, 11 January 2007 (UTC).
 * This is Isiah Thomas' article, I don't think it's supposed to mention everybody he played with. Is this guy important for some particular reason? Trevor GH5 16:23, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Success
This man lead his team to two championships, but somehow only one is important enough to mention in detail while every playoff loss leading up to the championship season has to be detailed and laid at his feet? This article is an embarrassment and hardly objective. 70.53.194.55 15:42, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I think this is a valid point. There really isn't much detail regarding the second championship run. Deepfryer99 (talk) 21:46, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Raptors/ draft
Because Thomas was not the majority owner, nor the GM, I don't think it's accurate to say that he drafted all those players for the Raptors. He was in the front office when they were drafted. Two very different things.

nicknames
There are a whole bunch unsourced nicknames in the lede of the article. I am removing them from the article and pasting it here pending sources. "Cuts (for the numerous cuts over his eyelids), The Baby-faced Assassin, The Smiling Assassin, and Tuss. The nickname 'smiling assassin' was given for his reputation as a fierce competitor on the court"-- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 20:47, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Popcorn
Why is the reference to the Dale and Thomas popcorn company under the "Controversy" heading?204.58.233.6 (talk) 20:14, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Thanks.-- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 20:38, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Lawsuit
Text on lawsuit by Anucha Browne Sanders was removed citing previous OTRS complaint. However, that was because the previous content was "mostly unsourced, apparently inaccurate, possibly defamatory." I dont know much about the case, but is it not significant enough to mention if done neutrally, which this edit seemed to do?—Bagumba (talk) 22:05, 7 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Without knowing the specifics of the OTRS ticket, I'm just not sure how much we should say. The edit did seem OK to me, but there might be some subtle thing in there that could cause problems. Zagal e jo^^^ 06:38, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I asked the admin for the OTRS edit to comment here.—Bagumba (talk) 07:38, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The new version is much shorter and less detailed than the previous, and doesn't contain any of the inaccuracies complained about in the OTRS ticket, so I have no objection to its reinstatement from an OTRS perspective. HJ Mitchell  |  Penny for your thoughts?  07:58, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

 * From a NPOV and BLP perspective, it should be incorporated into the section about his leadership of the Knicks instead of an awkward unnecessary "controversy" section. -- brew crewer  (yada, yada) 18:13, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, have at it. Zagal e jo^^^ 03:29, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

This latest edit seems to overly sanitize the details of Thomas' involvement and the case's resolution. I have reverted to previous version.—Bagumba (talk) 18:13, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Isiah Thomas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121222031244/http://sports.yahoo.com:80/news/isiah-thomas-join-nba-tv-164901720--nba.html to https://sports.yahoo.com/news/isiah-thomas-join-nba-tv-164901720--nba.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:15, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Isiah Thomas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141022145535/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/basketball/ncaa/04/06/Isiah.Thomas.fired.ap/index.html?sct=hp_t2_a6&eref=sihp to http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/basketball/ncaa/04/06/Isiah.Thomas.fired.ap/index.html?sct=hp_t2_a6&eref=sihp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:22, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

ehhhh
he was special ed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:6000:EDC8:1B00:CC2:5002:CD34:EB5F (talk) 21:53, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

The date of birth in the sidebar needs correcting. -- PG
Someone with a poor sense of humour has changed the date to sometime in 1997. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.127.126.225 (talk) 01:16, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The vandalism has now been reverted. —DangerousJXD (talk) 02:07, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

Magic Johnson's claim that Isiah Thomas spread rumors that Johnson was gay
I came to the Isiah Thomas page to read under "Controversies" about the feud between Magic Johnson and Isiah Thomas over Magic Johnson's claim that Thomas was spreading rumors that Johnson was gay (because of Magic Johnson testing positive for HIV in 1991), however there is nothing about it in this Wikipedia entry. Has it been in the Wikipedia entry before but deleted for some reason? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Betathetapi545 (talk • contribs) 13:03, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

Karl Malone
I'm legit surprised there's no mention in the article of Karl Malone KOing Isiah with his elbow in 1992 after Isiah had burned John Stockton for 44 in a previous game in Detroit. Just my two pennies. sixty nine  • whaddya want? •  05:27, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

needs cleanup
I've tagged this article to what I feel is accordingly. In general I feel like this page needs a copyedit and general cleanup, as well as some condensing of his post-playing career section. There's way too many sections with just one or two sentences in them. We could probably make a combined "Broadcasting" section and move the Hall of Fame blurb into the NBA playing career section. But even besides that, it feels like this article is a little all over the place. 98.220.44.26 (talk) 15:28, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isiah Thomas


text:
Luteuthis dentatus

Luteuthis dentatus, also known as Lu's jellyhead, is a medium-sized species of cirrate octopus found in the southwestern Pacific, originally described by Steve O'Shea.

Description
Luteuthis dentatus reaches a relatively large size with disproportionately long arms. The male holotype specimen from off New Zealand had a total length of 524 mm, while a large female from off Macquarie Island had a total length of 590 mm. However, for the latter specimen, this length was following considerable shrinkage in ethanol, with the original length estimated to be 850 mm. The fins are very large with a red or pink tinge.

The species was given the name dentatus because it has a radula, a tooth-like structure used for tearing food into pieces. Few other cirrate species possess this feature.

Distribution
Luteuthis dentatus was originally described from material collected in the waters around New Zealand, with two specimens being collected over a depth range of 991–1050 m.

The species has more recently been confirmed to also occur off Macquarie Island (Australian Antarctic Territories), with a single large specimen collected at 870–979 m depth.

title: Luteuthis dentatus


text: Talk:Luteuthis dentatus

title: Talk:Luteuthis dentatus


text:
Scooter Barry

Richard Francis "Scooter" Barry IV (born August 13, 1966) is an American former professional basketball player.

His nickname "Scooter" was given shortly after being born in San Francisco, California. The son of NBA Hall of Fame member Rick Barry, he has three younger brothers Jon, Brent and Drew, who also share his profession. The basketball Barry family shares an NCAA Championship, an NBA Slam Dunk Championship and three NBA Championship titles between them. He has a half brother, Canyon Barry, who played at the College of Charleston (then Florida as a graduate transfer) and whose mother, Lynn Barry, was also a distinguished basketball player at William & Mary.

Barry played college basketball at Kansas and was a junior on the 1987–88 Jayhawks team that won the NCAA title. He played a vital part in the team's championship run, scoring a career-high 15 points in the Jayhawks' 71–58 win over Kansas State, sending them to the Final Four. He went on to play 17 years professionally in the United States and overseas in Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Belgium and Australia. He won a CBA title in 1995, a Belgian League title in 2004 and reached the NBL finals in 1995.

Barry has two children from a previous marriage, Lauren (2003) and Grant (2006). As of March 2020, he is married to Ruby Palmore, and they live in the Bay Area.

title: Scooter Barry


text:
Liposome

A liposome is a small artificial vesicle, spherical in shape, having at least one lipid bilayer. Due to their hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, particle size and many other properties, liposomes can be used as drug delivery vehicles for administration of pharmaceutical drugs and nutrients, such as lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonication).

Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol, but may also include other lipids, such as those found in egg and phosphatidylethanolamine, as long as they are compatible with lipid bilayer structure. A liposome design may employ surface ligands for attaching to desired cells or tissues.

Based on vesicle structure, there are seven main categories for liposomes: multilamellar large (MLV), oligolamellar (OLV), small unilamellar (SUV), medium-sized unilamellar (MUV), large unilamellar (LUV), giant unilamellar (GUV) and multivesicular vesicles (MVV). The major types of liposomes are the multilamellar vesicle (MLV, with several lamellar phase lipid bilayers), the small unilamellar liposome vesicle (SUV, with one lipid bilayer), the large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), and the cochleate vesicle. A less desirable form is multivesicular liposomes in which one vesicle contains one or more smaller vesicles.

Liposomes should not be confused with lysosomes, or with micelles and reverse micelles. In contrast to liposomes, micelles typically contain a monolayer of fatty acids or surfactants.

Discovery
The word liposome derives from two Greek words: lipo ("fat") and soma ("body"); it is so named because its composition is primarily of phospholipid.

Liposomes were first described by British hematologist Alec Douglas Bangham  in 1961 at the Babraham Institute, in Cambridge—findings that were published 1964. The discovery came about when Bangham and R. W. Horne were testing the institute's new electron microscope by adding negative stain to dry phospholipids. The resemblance to the plasmalemma was obvious, and the microscopic pictures provided the first evidence that the cell membrane is a bilayer lipid structure. The following year, Bangham, his colleague Malcolm Standish, and Gerald Weissmann, an American physician, established the integrity of this closed, bilayer structure and its ability to release its contents following detergent treatment (structure-linked latency). During a Cambridge pub discussion with Bangham, Weissmann first named the structures "liposomes" after something which laboratory had been studying, the lysosome: a simple organelle whose structure-linked latency could be disrupted by detergents and streptolysins. Liposomes are readily distinguishable from micelles and hexagonal lipid phases through negative staining transmission electron microscopy.

Bangham, with colleagues Jeff Watkins and Standish, wrote the 1965 paper that effectively launched what would become the liposome "industry."Around that same time, Weissmann joined Bangham at the Babraham. Later, Weissmann, then an emeritus professor at New York University School of Medicine, recalled the two of them sitting in a Cambridge pub, reflecting on the role of lipid sheets in separating the cell interior from its exterior milieu. This insight, they felt, would be to cell function what the discovery of the double helix had been to genetics. As Bangham had been calling his lipid structures "multilamellar smectic mesophases," or sometimes "Banghasomes," Weissmann proposed the more user-friendly term liposome.

Encapsulation in liposomes
A liposome has an aqueous solution core surrounded by a hydrophobic membrane, in the form of a lipid bilayer; hydrophilic solutes dissolved in the core cannot readily pass through the bilayer. Hydrophobic chemicals associate with the bilayer. This property can be utilized to load liposomes with hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic molecules, a process known as encapsulation. Typically, liposomes are prepared in a solution containing the compound to be trapped, which can either be an aqueous solution for encapsulating hydrophilic compounds like proteins, or solutions in organic solvents mixed with lipids for encapsulating hydrophobic molecules. Encapsulation techniques can be categorized into two types: passive, which relies on the stochastic trapping of molecules during liposome formation, and active, which relies on the presence of charged lipids or transmembrane ion gradients. A crucial parameter to consider is the "encapsulation efficiency," which is defined as the amount of compound present in the liposome solution divided by the total initial amount of compound used during the preparation. In more recent developments, the application of liposomes in single-molecule experiments has introduced the concept of "single entity encapsulation efficiency." This term refers to the probability of a specific liposome containing the required number of copies of the compound.

Delivery
To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents; this is a complex and non-spontaneous event, however, that does not apply to nutrients and drug delivery. By preparing liposomes in a solution of DNA or drugs (which would normally be unable to diffuse through the membrane) they can be (indiscriminately) delivered past the lipid bilayer. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be charged in solution (i.e., the pH is outside the drug's pI range). As the pH naturally neutralizes within the liposome (protons can pass through some membranes), the drug will also be neutralized, allowing it to freely pass through a membrane. These liposomes work to deliver drug by diffusion rather than by direct cell fusion. However, the efficacy of this pH regulated passage depends on the physiochemical nature of the drug in question (e.g. pKa and having a basic or acid nature), which is very low for many drugs.

A similar approach can be exploited in the biodetoxification of drugs by injecting empty liposomes with a transmembrane pH gradient. In this case the vesicles act as sinks to scavenge the drug in the blood circulation and prevent its toxic effect. Another strategy for liposome drug delivery is to target endocytosis events. Liposomes can be made in a particular size range that makes them viable targets for natural macrophage phagocytosis. These liposomes may be digested while in the macrophage's phagosome, thus releasing its drug. Liposomes can also be decorated with opsonins and ligands to activate endocytosis in other cell types.

Regarding pH-sensitive liposomes, there are three mechanisms of drug delivery intracellularly, which occurs via endocytosis. This is possible because of the acidic environment within endosomes. The first mechanism is through the destabilization of the liposome within the endosome, triggering pore formation on the endosomal membrane and allowing diffusion of the liposome and its contents into the cytoplasm. Another is the release of the encapsulated content within the endosome, eventually diffusing out into the cytoplasm through the endosomal membrane. Lastly, the membrane of the liposome and the endosome fuse together, releasing the encapsulated contents onto the cytoplasm and avoiding degradation at the lysosomal level due to minimal contact time.

Certain anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin (Doxil) and daunorubicin may be administered encapsulated in liposomes. Liposomal cisplatin has received orphan drug designation for pancreatic cancer from EMEA. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology. In the context of hematological cancers, Val-ILs have the potential to be used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death.

The use of liposomes for transformation or transfection of DNA into a host cell is known as lipofection.

In addition to gene and drug delivery applications, liposomes can be used as carriers for the delivery of dyes to textiles, pesticides to plants, enzymes and nutritional supplements to foods, and cosmetics to the skin.

Liposomes are also used as outer shells of some microbubble contrast agents used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Dietary and nutritional supplements
Until recently, the clinical uses of liposomes were for targeted drug delivery, but new applications for the oral delivery of certain dietary and nutritional supplements are in development. This new application of liposomes is in part due to the low absorption and bioavailability rates of traditional oral dietary and nutritional tablets and capsules. The low oral bioavailability and absorption of many nutrients is clinically well documented. Therefore, the natural encapsulation of lypophilic and hydrophilic nutrients within liposomes would be an effective method of bypassing the destructive elements of the gastric system and small intestines allowing the encapsulated nutrient to be efficiently delivered to the cells and tissues.

The term nutraceutical combines the words nutrient and pharmaceutical, originally coined by Stephen DeFelice, who defined nutraceuticals as “food or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease”. However, currently, there is no conclusive definition of nutraceuticals yet, to distinguish them from other food‐derived categories, such as food (dietary) supplements, herbal products, pre‐ and probiotics, functional foods, and fortified foods. Generally, this term is used to describe any product derived from food sources which is expected to provide health benefits additionally to the nutritional value of daily food. A wide range of nutrients or other substances with nutritional or physiological effects (EU Directive 2002/46/EC) might be present in these products, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fibres and various plants and herbal extracts. Liposomal nutraceuticals contain bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects. The encapsulation of bioactive compounds in liposomes is attractive as liposomes have been shown to be able to overcome serious hurdles bioactives would otherwise encounter in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract upon oral intake.

Certain factors have far-reaching effects on the percentage of liposome that are yielded in manufacturing, as well as the actual amount of realized liposome entrapment and the actual quality and long-term stability of the liposomes themselves. They are the following: (1) The actual manufacturing method and preparation of the liposomes themselves; (2) The constitution, quality, and type of raw phospholipid used in the formulation and manufacturing of the liposomes; (3) The ability to create homogeneous liposome particle sizes that are stable and hold their encapsulated payload. These are the primary elements in developing effective liposome carriers for use in dietary and nutritional supplements.

Manufacturing
The choice of liposome preparation method depends, i.a., on the following parameters: Useful liposomes rarely form spontaneously. They typically form after supplying enough energy to a dispersion of (phospho)lipids in a polar solvent, such as water, to break down multilamellar aggregates into oligo- or unilamellar bilayer vesicles.
 * 1) the physicochemical characteristics of the material to be entrapped and those of the liposomal ingredients;
 * 2) the nature of the medium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed
 * 3) the effective concentration of the entrapped substance and its potential toxicity;
 * 4) additional processes involved during application/delivery of the vesicles;
 * 5) optimum size, polydispersity and shelf-life of the vesicles for the intended application; and,
 * 6) batch-to-batch reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production of safe and efficient liposomal products

Liposomes can hence be created by sonicating a dispersion of amphipatic lipids, such as phospholipids, in water. Low shear rates create multilamellar liposomes. The original aggregates, which have many layers like an onion, thereby form progressively smaller and finally unilamellar liposomes (which are often unstable, owing to their small size and the sonication-created defects). Sonication is generally considered a "gross" method of preparation as it can damage the structure of the drug to be encapsulated. Newer methods such as extrusion, micromixing  and Mozafari method are employed to produce materials for human use. Using lipids other than phosphatidylcholine can greatly facilitate liposome preparation.

Prospect
Further advances in liposome research have been able to allow liposomes to avoid detection by the body's immune system, specifically, the cells of reticuloendothelial system (RES). These liposomes are known as "stealth liposomes". They were first proposed by G. Cevc and G. Blume and, independently and soon thereafter, the groups of L. Huang and Vladimir Torchilin and are constructed with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) studding the outside of the membrane. The PEG coating, which is inert in the body, allows for longer circulatory life for the drug delivery mechanism. Studies have also shown that PEGylated liposomes elicit anti-IgM antibodies, thus leading to an enhanced blood clearance of the liposomes upon re-injection, depending on lipid dose and time interval between injections. In addition to a PEG coating, some stealth liposomes also have some sort of biological species attached as a ligand to the liposome, to enable binding via a specific expression on the targeted drug delivery site. These targeting ligands could be monoclonal antibodies (making an immunoliposome), vitamins, or specific antigens, but must be accessible. Targeted liposomes can target certain cell type in the body and deliver drugs that would otherwise be systemically delivered. Naturally toxic drugs can be much less systemically toxic if delivered only to diseased tissues. Polymersomes, morphologically related to liposomes, can also be used this way. Also morphologically related to liposomes are highly deformable vesicles, designed for non-invasive transdermal material delivery, known as transfersomes.

Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells.

Liposomes can be used on their own or in combination with traditional antibiotics as neutralizing agents of bacterial toxins. Many bacterial toxins evolved to target specific lipids of the host cells membrane and can be baited and neutralized by liposomes containing those specific lipid targets.

A study published in May 2018 also explored the potential use of liposomes as "nano-carriers" of fertilizing nutrients to treat malnourished or sickly plants. Results showed that these synthetic particles "soak into plant leaves more easily than naked nutrients", further validating the utilization of nanotechnology to increase crop yields.

Machine learning has started to contribute to liposome research. For example, deep learning was used to monitor a multistep bioassay containing sucrose-loaded and nucleotides-loaded liposomes interacting with a lipid membrane-perforating peptide. Artificial neural networks were also used to optimize formulation parameters of leuprolide acetate loaded liposomes and to predict the particle size and the polydispersity index of liposomes.

title: Liposome


text:
Umbrella octopus

Umbrella octopuses (family Opisthoteuthidae) are a group of pelagic octopuses. Umbrella octopuses are characterized by a web of skin between the arms, causing them to somewhat resemble an opened umbrella when the arms are spread.

Description
Opisthoteuthidae are a group of octopuses characterized by a web of skin in between their arms. They broad U-shaped shell that support muscles for a pair of small fins on the mantle, these fins are far less developed than other families in Cirrina and essentially only act as stabilizers when the animal swims (using a medusoid motion of the arms and webbing). This structure makes the umbrella octopus resemble an umbrella when they spread their arms/web out. The structure of the umbrella octopus has the oral surface below the mantle of the octopuses and the web with their arms surround the bottom of the mantle. Their outer skin has a very delicate consistency that results in white spots appearing on their skin when damaged. Although Opisthoteuthidae are categorized as cirrates, unlike the other cirrates, they do not have an intermediate web; rather, they use the web in between their arms to mimic the intermediate web that other cirrates have. Lacking an intermediate web is what causes the indentations in the outer edge of their arms that make them look like an umbrella.

Defense mechanisms
Opisthoteuthidae lack an intermediate web but they mimic the defensive mechanism of ballooning by extending the web between their arms as much as possible and curving the outer edges of their arms inwards in order to have the edges touch the ground. They also extend their fins parallel to the floor to help keep their balance or they curve them around their mantle. Opisthoteuthidae have been observed to hold this position for five and a half minutes. Another defensive mechanism that Opisthoteuthidae have been observed using is web-inversion which is when they have their arms turned upwards and their web with the oral surface facing outwards. The oral surface can be facing the floor, or the octopuses may lie laterally so their side is in contact with the floor. It has been noted that these defensive behaviors are the positions the octopuses may go into while feeding as well, but it is possible that this could be because of the stress of being captured and placed in an aquarium to be observed.

Resting behavior
When resting at the floor, the octopus's behavior falls into one of two tactics: bottom-resting or flat-spreading. Bottom-resting is when the octopus is resting near the floor. It will erect its mantle, curve the outer edges of its arms inwards to have them be the only part making contact with the floor. The fins are extended out parallel to the bottom to maintain balance. When flat-spreading they spread their arms and web, so it is parallel to the bottom and they keep the edges of their arms curved inwards. Their heads will point backwards at a small angle and their fins will be used for stabilization.

Dispersion
Opisthoteuthidae are deep sea creatures that have been found in the Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of about 4,800 m. They have also been found in the South China Sea. They stay within 3,000-4,000 meters below sea level and try to stay hovering over the ocean floor.

Taxonomy
As currently accepted, Opisthoteuthidae contains a single large genus (genera Grimpoteuthis, Luteuthis, and Cryptoteuthis now are included in the family Grimpoteuthidae).
 * Genus Opisthoteuthis
 * Opisthoteuthis agassizii Verrill, 1883
 * Opisthoteuthis albatrossi (Sasaki, 1920)
 * Opisthoteuthis borealis Collins, 2005
 * Opisthoteuthis bruuni (Voss, 1982)
 * Opisthoteuthis californiana Berry, 1949
 * Opisthoteuthis calypso Villanueva, Collins, Sánchez & Voss, 2002
 * Opisthoteuthis chathamensis O'Shea, 1999
 * Opisthoteuthis depressa Ijima & Ikeda, 1895
 * Opisthoteuthis dongshaensis C. C. Lu, 2010
 * Opisthoteuthis extensa Thiele, 1915
 * Opisthoteuthis grimaldii (Joubin, 1903)
 * Opisthoteuthis hardyi Villanueva, Collins, Sánchez & Voss, 2002
 * Opisthoteuthis japonica Taki, 1962
 * Opisthoteuthis massyae (Grimpe, 1920)
 * Opisthoteuthis medusoides Thiele, 1915
 * Opisthoteuthis mero O'Shea, 1999
 * Opisthoteuthis persephone Berry, 1918
 * Opisthoteuthis philipii Oommen, 1976
 * Opisthoteuthis pluto Berry, 1918
 * Opisthoteuthis robsoni O'Shea, 1999

title: Umbrella octopus


text:
Talk:Umbrella octopus

Dumbo Octopus Demo
The video for that has to be here somewhere. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 11:57, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Umbrella octopus


text:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is an American professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach." ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, an advocacy organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused on mechanical engineering in North America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.

ASME has over 85,000 members in more than 135 countries worldwide.

ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures. Known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations. It holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs. Georgia Tech president and women engineer supporter Blake R Van Leer was an executive member. Kate Gleason and Lydia Weld were the first two women members.

Codes and standards
ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in America. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards covering many technical areas, such as fasteners, plumbing fixtures, elevators, pipelines, and power plant systems and components. ASME's standards are developed by committees of subject matter experts using an open, consensus-based process. Many ASME standards are cited by government agencies as tools to meet their regulatory objectives. ASME standards are therefore voluntary, unless the standards have been incorporated into a legally binding business contract or incorporated into regulations enforced by an authority having jurisdiction, such as a federal, state, or local government agency. ASME's standards are used in more than 100 countries and have been translated into numerous languages.

Boiler and pressure vessel code
The largest ASME standard, both in size and in the number of volunteers involved in its preparation, is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). The BPVC provides rules for the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, care, and use of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear components. The code also includes standards on materials, welding and brazing procedures and qualifications, nondestructive examination, and nuclear in-service inspection.

Other notable standardization areas
Other Notable Standardization Areas include but not limited to are; Elevators and Escalators (A17 Series), Overhead and Mobile Cranes and related lifting and rigging equipment (B30 Series), Piping and Pipelines (B31 Series), Bio-processing Equipment (BPE), Valves Flanges, Fittings and Gaskets (B16), Nuclear Components and Processes Performance Test Codes.

Journals
The journals published by ASME include:

 * Applied Mechanics Reviews
 * Journal of Applied Mechanics
 * Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
 * Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics
 * Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurment & Control
 * Journal of Fluids Engineering
 * Journal of Heat Transfer
 * Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems

Society awards
ASME offers four categories of awards: achievement awards to recognize "eminently distinguished engineering achievement"; literature awards for original papers; service awards for voluntary service to ASME; and unit awards, jointly awarded by six societies in recognition of advancement in the field of transportation.

 * ASME Medal
 * Worcester Reed Warner Medal
 * Charles T. Main Student Leadership Award
 * Holley Medal
 * Honorary Member
 * Kate Gleason Award
 * Henry Laurence Gantt Medal
 * Leonardo Da Vinci Award
 * Lewis F. Moody Award
 * Melville Medal
 * Nadia Medal
 * Old Guard Early Career Award
 * Sia Nemat-Nasser Early Career Award
 * R. Tom Sawyer Award
 * Ralph Coats Roe Medal
 * Soichiro Honda Medal

Nadia Medal recipients

 * Satya N. Atluri (2012)
 * Huseyin Sehitoglu (2007)
 * George Z. Voyiadjis (2022)

ASME Fellows
ASME Fellow is a Membership Grade of Distinction conferred by The ASME Committee of Past Presidents to an ASME member with significant publications or innovations and distinguished scientific and engineering background. Over 3,000 members have attained the grade of Fellow. The ASME Fellow membership grade is the highest elected grade in ASME.

E-Fests
ASME runs several annual E-Fests, or Engineering Festivals, taking the place of the Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC) series. In addition to the Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC), the Innovative Additive Manufacturing 3D Challenge (IAM3D), the Student Design Competition, and the Old Guard Competition, there are also talks, interactive workshops, and entertainment. These events allows students to network with working engineers, host contests, and promote ASME's benefits to students as well as professionals. E-Fests are held in four regions in the United States and internationally —western U.S, eastern U.S., Asia Pacific, and South America—with the E-Fest location for each region changing every year.

Student competitions
ASME holds a variety of competitions every year for engineering students from around the world.

 * Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC)
 * Student Design Competition (SDC)
 * Innovative Design Simulation Challenge (IDSC)
 * Innovative Additive Manufacturing 3D Challenge (IAM3D)
 * Old Guard Competitions
 * Innovation Showcase (IShow)
 * Student Design Expositions

Organization
ASME has four key offices in the United States, including its headquarters operation in New York, N.Y., and three international offices in Beijing, China; Brussels, Belgium, and New Delhi, India. ASME has two institutes and 32 technical divisions within its organizational structure. Volunteer activity is organized into four sectors:

 * Technical Events and Content
 * Public Affairs and Outreach
 * Standards and Certification
 * Student and Early Career Development

Controversy
In 1982, ASME was found to be the first non-profit organization to in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The United States Supreme Court found the organization liable for more than $6 million in American Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp.


text:
Stauroteuthis

Stauroteuthis is a genus of deepwater cirrate octopus, a cephalopod mollusk. This is the only genus in the family Stauroteuthidae, and only three species have been described in this genus.

The organisms live below 700 m water depth; although sometimes found as deep as 4 km underwater, they generally live at a water depth of around 2 km. They do not possess a radula.

The stauroteuthids have the distinction of being one of the few bioluminescent octopuses; some of the muscle cells that control the suckers in most species have been replaced with photophores which are believed to fool prey by directing them towards the mouth.

Species

 * Stauroteuthis gilchristi (Robson, 1924): Known from two localities in the south Atlantic, and other southern ocean locations (Macquarie Island, and Kerguelen).
 * Stauroteuthis syrtensis Verrill, 1879: Widespread in the North Atlantic. The population size of S. syrtensis is unknown.
 * Stauroteuthis kengrahami Verhoeff, 2023: Known from a single specimen off eastern Australia.

title: Stauroteuthis


text:
Talk:Stauroteuthis

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Stauroteuthis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110305114611/http://www.biology.duke.edu/johnsenlab/pdfs/pubs/octopusbiolbull.pdf to http://www.biology.duke.edu/johnsenlab/pdfs/pubs/octopusbiolbull.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061111153239/http://www.tonmo.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=64 to http://www.tonmo.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=64

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:05, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stauroteuthis


text:
Drew Barry

Drew William Barry (born February 17, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He is the son of Basketball Hall of Famer Rick Barry and has four brothers: Scooter, Jon, Canyon and Brent, who also share his profession. His grandfather Bruce Hale also played in the NBA and was Rick's college coach at Miami of Florida. His stepmother is Lynn Barry.

Born in Oakland, California, Barry graduated from De La Salle High School in Concord in 1991 and played four seasons with the Yellow Jackets basketball team at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) after redshirting his freshman year. The all-time assists leader of Georgia Tech, Barry played briefly for the Fort Wayne Fury in the CBA and in the NBA for the Atlanta Hawks, Seattle SuperSonics, and Golden State Warriors.

Prior to being signed by the Hawks on March 27, 2000, Barry played eight games with the Sydney Kings during the 1999–2000 Australian NBL season. In his eight games for the Kings, Barry averaged 7.6 points, 6.3 assists, 4.0 rebounds and 1 steal per game. His best game was on November 13, 2000 in a 99–86 loss against the Cairns Taipans where he scored 20 points, 9 assists, 8 rebounds, 1 steal and 1 block. He also played professionally in Poland.

title: Drew Barry


text:
Talk:Morphosyntactic alignment

I rewrote this page in an attempt to clarify the concept. However, after re-reading it I suspect that the new page is more confusing than the old one, perhaps even flatly wrong. (Specifically, my use of the words "subject" and "object" may be incorrect.) Would please some expert have a look, and fix or revert the page if necessary? Thanks, and sorry for the inconvenience... Jorge Stolfi 03:54, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've just reverted it. In fact there were a few errors, but the main thing is that most of the new content could be found in the linked pages. I'm taking some time soon to write a new version, since the original one is a bit too terse and starts out flatly technical. Of course, many non-technical readers could not be bothered to learn about "morphosyntactic alignment" in the first place. The page needs examples, so the concept can be grasped more easily. Morphosyntactic alignment is not exactly an issue of subjects and objects, but of syntactic pivots -- i. e. which argument of the verb is the most basic, which can be left out and assumed to remain the same in propositions such as "he saw the deer and ran". Since English has accusative alignment, the implicit subject of "ran" is "he" and not "the deer". --- Pablo-flores 01:37, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, I have tried to restore my introduction while keeping the old contents of the page. I agree that the page still needs examples. Also, the pages ergative-absolutive language and nominative-accusative language are fairly short, so perhaps they could be merged into this one, and turned into redirects. But now I have a problem, I do not understand the difference is any more. To distinguish EA languages from NA languages, one must be able to distinguish the two roles A and P in a way that does not depend on noun inflection (otherwise the definition is circular). Then NA languages are those that mark A same as S, and EA languages are those that do the opposite; right? But, one cannot use the semantical agent/patient idea to distinguish A from P, because of problematic examples like "to receive", "to suffer", "to wait", "to tolerate", etc.. One cannot say that A is the argument with which the verb agrees, because in some languages the verb is invariant, and in others it must agree with both arguments. Finally one cannot say that A is the sentence pivot because then EA and NA become identical... So what is the way out? Could it be that "morphosyntactic alignment" is just a complicated way of saying in some languages, the arguments of some verbs are exchanged with respect to their closest English equivalents -- e..g as in Spanish "me gusta el libro" versus Portuguese "eu gosto do livro"? Help... Jorge Stolfi 19:39, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry about the delay, I've had my comp in repairs for ten days already... The difference btw Erg-Abs and Nom-Acc is how they group S, A and P. This grouping is done by some means, either morphology or syntax (or both). I agree that, once you abstract S, A and P without assigning them semantic properties, then EA and NA are quite interchangeable, in the sense that for each one there are two arguments grouped and one left alone, and the names S, A and P really don't mean much.
 * One cannot always say that A is the argument with which the verb agrees, as you say, but if the verb is invariant it's quite common to have a fixed word order, and in those cases 95% of languages place A (=the subject) first, and P (=the object) second (SOV, SVO, or VSO). A is also the most agent-like argument for most verbs. More importantly, Erg-Abs and Nom-Acc are not interchangeable because of the fact that many EA languages have mixed alignment (erg-abs case marking but nom-acc syntax), so they're not symmetric.
 * Verb forms like "a mí me gusta el libro" vs. "I like the book" are examples of a common pattern that doesn't interfere with the main tendency of the language in question. Topics in the dative case occupying the subject slot are known in Russian, Latin and many other langs; they don't have to do with MS alignment but with pragmatics.

The Milewski's typology
I have added information on extremally interesting (but little known) typology created by a Polish linguist in 1960s.

--Grzegorj 18:19, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I cleaned up Grzegorj's English and attempted to clarify the examples and table he provided. I think it's o.k. the way it is now, but frankly i don't know the first thing about the subject, instead working off of my own editorial experience and guesswork. I suggest someone look it over and take another crack.

Suggest removing Milewski's typology
This is a highly obscure and out-of-date take on the subject which is out of place in this article: if Milewski is to be treated in this much depth then there are at least half a dozen other scholars (especially Dixon, Du Bois come to mind) who should be treated in equal depth. A particular problem is that Milewski's use of terminology does not comply with that used in the rest of the article or the field as a whole. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.33.156.75 (talk) 16:31, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

Well, I've made the deletion: if someone wants to reinstate it I suggest it goes into a separate article.

 * Dear Mister Nobody, if you decided to move this part to another article, don't you think you should have placed a link to it in this article?
 * Is it a common practice in Wikipedia that a Mr. Somebody unassigned requests removing some parts of an article, and then another Mr. Somebody, also unassigned, just does it without any further discussion?

 * Grzegorj 20:06, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Transitive case?
Is there such a thing (or is it just another way of saying the 'accusative case')? Link is needed regardless. - IstvanWolf 14:16, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Not sure in warrants its own article, though it wouldn't hurt. Rushani has one case for intransitive verbs, and a second for transitive verbs for both agent and patient - rather like a combined ergative + accusative. kwami 02:41, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Cleaned up
The article was getting grammatical role (S, A and P) horrifically mixed up with semantic role (agent and patient). I have tried to clean this up by removing as much semantic role terminology as I could. A =/= agent, P =/= patient! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.33.156.75 (talk) 16:44, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

Cleaned up
I cleaned up the artcle a bit and deleted some interesting but irrelevant information under nominative-accusative (the same can be said about languages with ergative alignment, but has nothing to do with ergativity or accusativity itself):
 * In some languages, there is more than one case for a single category; for example, Baltic-Finnic languages use both the accusative case and the partitive case to mark the O, in different distributions. Languages without case marking can identify the arguments through word order; for example, in Subject Verb Object languages the A argument precedes the verb while the O argument follows. Caseless languages may alternatively identify verbal arguments by coreferential agreement markers on the verb, or by incorporated pronouns.

Moreover, I would suggest to avoid such obsolete terms as nominative-accusative languages or ergative-absolutive languages, as there are hardly any purely ergative languages and a lot of languages with dominantly nominative-accusative alignment have traces of ergativity. In the same mode I would suggest to rename articles on Nominative-accusative language, etc. into articles Nominative-accusative alignment. Finally, I would replace the Japanese example with an example from some other language, because as far as I know the wa marker in Japanese has also been analyzed as topic marker and not as case. --User:Newydd 13:19, 22 Jan 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, if I'm not mistaken, the "sentences" of the Japanese list "The", while the grammatical comparisons more correctly omit "the", as there is no comparable article in that language (iirc). As a simple workaround, I'm going to make the minor addition of putting parenthesis around (The) to hopefully show that this is implied, although I don't know enough about Japanese to feel secure writing up a footnote. Any takers (or anyone wanna switch the language entirely and avoid these issues?). 209.153.128.248 19:33, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * (1) I feel the translation should be colloquial English, and therefore we should not have parentheses around (the). No translation can do justice to the original, which is why we have the interlinear gloss. Also, to be consistent we'd have to do the same with the Basque.
 * (2) Ga is nominative, more or less, not a topic marker. However, it is optional, which means that it isn't case in the strict sense. Perhaps it's more of a nominative focus marker, but there isn't much agreement as to exactly what it does. Maybe not the best example, but the difference is a bit esoteric for the level of description we're giving. kwami 00:34, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Added some graphics
I have added some nice graphics, that can improve this article a bit, I hope.

 * --dnik (talk) 00:02, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Ditransitive and genitive/construct state alignment
Ideally the article should also treat how the indirect objects of ditransitive verbs are marked in various languages, vis-a-vis A, P, and S; and how genitives or construct states are marked relative to other cases in various languages. --Jim Henry (talk) 22:10, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have some references discussing these topics that we can draw on? --JWB (talk) 01:49, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There are references in the ditransitive verb article itself for some of this; maybe some of the text there, and its corresponding references, could be copied here and abridged. As for genitive alignment, see this CONLANG list message and the books and articles referenced in said post. --Jim Henry (talk) 23:45, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Odd sentence
I'd like to call attention for the odd phrase "Note that while the grammatical role labels S, A, and O/P are originally short for "subject", "agent", and "object/patient", the concepts are distinct both from "subject" and "object" (the terms that S, A and O supersede (so the label of 'object' supersedes itself?) and from "Agent" and "patient" (which indicate thematic relations, not grammatical relations: an A need (absence of third person 's') not be an agent, an O need (absence of third person 's') not be a patient)." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.46.210.43 (talk) 22:23, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * No, O is not "object". But I removed the word 'supersede' when I reworded for the next complaint. — kwami (talk) 10:43, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Too difficult and needs more examples
I am a foreign language teacher and my degree included linguistics (at a prestigious ancient university), yet I find this article impenetrable. Speaking as a teacher, I think it needs to work with examples much more. Right at the start, it needs clear examples to explain the A, O and S terminology, which are confusing. There is one little example (Julius Brutum vidit - helpful, but even that's in Latin), and that's all. Obviously this is never going to be an article for the reader with zero background in language study, but it needs to be accessible to people who have such a background. Wikipedia articles are not textbooks for academics. In particular, I think the first twenty lines or so of an article need to be comprehensible to a generally informed reader, even if later sections may become increasingly complex. APW (talk) 09:06, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I took a crack at the first section, and also added the English situation to the lead (and fixed a few factual errors). It should read a little better.
 * The problem with giving clear examples is that, in English at least, there really aren't any. Or, if there are, you could probably write a textbook with them. — kwami (talk) 10:41, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

It's a big improvement. Many thanks! APW (talk) 07:50, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

A/O/S being confused under "Semantics and grammatical relations" section
At the beginning of the section, in the first paragraph, it's written:

″Transitive verbs have two core arguments, labelled A (the more active or in-control) and O, which in a language like English are subject (A) and object (O). Intransitive verbs have a single core argument, labelled S, which in English (but not in all languages) is also a subject.″

So according to this paragraph, transitive verb sentences take A and O, while intransitive verb sentences take only S.

But then further down, in the fourth paragraph, an example is given of the English verb "moved", and the usage of A/O/S is contrary to paragraph one!

″The best-known system is the English type, with a distinct O (object). These are called nominative–accusative languages, or just accusative languages, after the nominative and accusative cases, which are how A/S and O are distinguished in Latin. The best known of the other systems is the ergative system, named after the ergative case, which is how A is marked in many languages (such as Inuit and Basque) which distinguishes A from S/O. An example in English of a verb used in the ergative case is the verb "moved" in the two sentences “John moved the stone,” and “The stone moved.” In the first sentence, since the subject (S) (John) performs the verb upon the object (O) (the stone), the verb (moved) is transitive. In the second sentence, however, the stone becomes the subject (A), which performs the verb, and the object disappears, and thus, because the verb does not take a direct object, it is intransitive. ...″

In the example of "John moved the stone" and "the stone moved", the transitive sentence is said to take S and O, while the intransitive is said to take A!

Can someone please clarify which label system is correct, and change paragraphs 1 and 4 to match up with each other. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jclu (talk • contribs) 02:43, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

A Typology of Marked-S languages
The following book is on a more specialized subfield of alignment, but it might be instructive nevertheless. It is an Open Access Book, which is good, but I am not sure in how far it is on topic, so I leave it for other people to decide whether or not to add it to the external links

"A typology of marked-S languages" Corinna Handschuh

http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/18

''A typological study of the rare marked-S language type which overtly marks the single argument of intransitive verbs (S) while one of the arguments of transitive verbs (either A or P) is left zero-coded. The formal (overt versus zero-coding) as well as functional aspects (range of uses of individual case forms) of the phenomenon are treated. The book covers languages from the Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages of Africa and of the North America Pacific Northwest and Pacific regions.'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.133.5.142 (talk) 12:34, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

"moved" example seems incorrect/out of place
From the article: "An example in English of a verb used in the ergative case is the verb 'moved' in the two sentences “John moved the stone,” and “The stone moved.” In the first sentence, since the subject (A) (John) performs the verb upon the object (O) (the stone), the verb (moved) is transitive. In the second sentence, however, the stone becomes the subject (S), which performs the verb, and the object disappears, and thus, because the verb does not take a direct object, it is intransitive. Therefore, the verb 'moved' is an ergative verb because it can be used both transitively and intransitively." Firstly "a verb used in the ergative case" doesn't seem to make sense, nouns have case not verbs. Assuming it means "a verb used with the ergative case", it's still not correct - there's no ergative case here, there's a subject case (used for both A (John) and S (the stone in the intransitive sentence)) and an object case (used for O (the stone in the transitive sentence)). The final sentence says "moved" is called an ergative verb because it can be used both transitively and intransitively which may be true but is irrelevant to this article.

I am going to delete the entire example. --Yym (talk) 10:14, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morphosyntactic alignment


text:
Samus (disambiguation)

Samus Aran is the protagonist of Nintendo's Metroid video game series.

Samus may also refer to:
 * Samus (genus), a genus of sea sponges
 * Samus, female variant of the Celtic given name Séamus
 * Samus, the Dacian name of the Someș River
 * Samus (rural locality), a rural locality in Tomsk Oblast, Russia
 * Samus (poet) (≈183 BCE), Macedonian poet
 * SAMUS: South African Music Studies, a peer-reviewed academic journal, and the official journal of the South African Society for Research in Music (SASRIM)
 * Sammus (born 1986), rapper from Ithaca, New York

title: Samus (disambiguation)