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Misspent Youth

Misspent Youth is a 2002 science fiction novel by English author Peter F. Hamilton.

Setting
Set around 2040, it describes the story of Jeff Baker, an inventor who revolutionises the world by creating the ultimate method of information storage and, instead of selling it, offers it open source. Because of this act, he is chosen as the candidate for the first use of rejuvenation technology which leaves him with the body of a young man. Hamilton forms a picture of a famous man with a troubled family, living in a troubled Rutland, England – also Hamilton's home county. This is very much a character driven story and focuses on the effects that Jeff's rejuvenation has on his family.

The novel has received mixed reviews, with Hamilton himself best describing why: "I could see why it didn't appeal to a lot of people. It was an unpleasant story about unpleasant people. With hindsight, it was never going to be as popular as my other works."

The story envisions that after the invention of the "datasphere", traditional publishing industries finally lost control on their copyright, and the development of new novels, music and movies collapsed. The United Kingdom remains a part of a more closely integrated European Union, with violent separatist movements in many member states.

Plot
Seventy-eight-year-old Jeff Baker has revolutionised the world by inventing the ultimate method of information storage and allowing free use of it with no profits going into his own pocket. Because of this generous act, he is chosen by the European Union to be the first recipient for rejuvenation technology, which will leave him with the body of a young man. As part of the deal, he will support the re-election of the EU president.

His son Tim has a fairly typical frustrated life as a rich teenager, living with his famous father and distant mother. Tim is extremely happy when he starts going out with gorgeous Annabelle. She likes him, but she has a troubled home life and Tim's drinking problem reminds her of her father.

Jeff comes home from the rejuvenation in his 20-year-old body. Energised by his new youthfulness, he has a series of affairs. After reconnecting with his son, Jeff reveals to Tim that the reason he gave away the information storage technology was so that his ex-wife could not get any royalties. The amazing act of charity he is famous for was motivated by spite, not goodwill. But Jeff finds himself attracted to Annabelle, and while giving her a ride home after Tim got too drunk at a school dance, they start a tawdry affair behind Tim's back and fall in love. Their passionate relationship is only a secret for a short time before Tim finds them in bed together. His life falling apart, Tim runs away to live with his Aunt (Jeff's sister), stops drinking and doing drugs, and makes friends with his mother. Eventually he finds a new romantic interest in Vanessa, one of his classmates.

Jeff and Annabelle are happy together, travelling around the world, meeting celebrities, even experimenting with a ménage à trois. However, they are sad that they have hurt Tim, who gets seriously injured in a jet-ski accident, providing a catalyst for Jeff to re-enter Tim's life.

Jeff and Annabelle both attend a controversial EU conference in London so Jeff can speak supporting the EU. Tim and his friends join a massive and violent protest in the streets below the conference. As the riots begin, concerned for Tim's safety, Jeff changes his mind about supporting the EU and leaves the conference to charge through the riots to find his son. Impressed by this act, Tim finds it in him to forgive his father and Annabelle.

In the end, Jeff is dying because the rejuvenation treatment is not yet a properly functional technology, and it is failing him. After arranging for Annabelle's pregnancy with his second genetically improved child, a girl this time, he begins a live broadcast, where he reveals the lies of the EU government and rescinds his support for the presidential campaign, his family and loved ones join the broadcast. It is implied that Jeff dies during the broadcast.

References to other works
Misspent Youth is set in the same universe as Hamilton's later Commonwealth Saga, consisting of Pandora's Star (2004) and Judas Unchained (2005). Jeff Baker is mentioned in the prologue to Pandora's Star and Annabelle Goddard is also mentioned in Judas Unchained. In addition, the rejuvenation and datasphere technologies established in Misspent Youth are shown in a vastly more sophisticated form in this series. Pandora's Star is set in 2380, approximately 340 years after the events of Misspent Youth.

Jeff's son Tim is shown to be the President of the Commonwealth in approximately 3595 in A Night Without Stars, book 2 of The Chronicle of the Fallers.

Publication
The novel was first published in the US in August 2006 in a new edition which had been re-edited for the US market.

Reception
Publishers Weekly was not very positive in their review saying that "scenes of passion and parent-child conflict are not particularly interesting, and the unconvincing sentimental ending likewise disappoints."

Kirkus Reviews described the novel as "Flowers for Algernon, centering on sex instead of brains."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Misspent Youth


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Talk:Ashley Wilkes

Untitled
Forgive me for I have not actually corroborated and verified my assertions from actually reading the text of the novel but from what I remember of the novel and what it states about the relationship between Ashley Wilkes and Scalette O'Hara, Wilkes never ever lead O'Hara to believe that he liked or loved her. Perhaps the movie version of the book paints or portrays a picture such as you describe but alas from my memory I remember no such thing as what you state.--210.54.78.174 11:27, 3 May 2004 (UTC)katabolic kivi

 * If you are sure, please edit the article and change the passage. All the best,  20:53, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In the novel, at the barbecue at Twelve Oaks, Scarlett is finally able to get Ashley alone and blurts out that she loves him. He tells her that despite her love for him, he is going to marry Melanie.  Scarlett then entreats him, "But you care, don't you?"  (These may not be the exact words, I am very familiar with the novel but don't have it right at hand.  But that's the gist of it.)  He then replies,  "Yes.  I care."  (I'm sure those are his exact words.)  Scarlett also says, after Ashley has stated that he intends to marry Melanie,  "But you love me."  Ashley replies,  "How can I help loving you, you who have all the passion for living that I don't?"  (Again, that may be a slight paraphrase.)  He then goes on to explain that he will nevertheless marry Melanie because it takes more than love to make a successful marriage, that two people must be compatible and that he and Melanie are compatible, while he and Scarlett are not.  So yes, Ashley led Scarlett right at the beginning to believe that he loved her.
 * In addition, in the orchard at Tara after the war, Ashley passionately returns Scarlett's kiss and then tells her that is tempted to have sex with her right then and there and is so attracted to her that he is tempted to run away with her as he begged him to do, but that he is not going to do either. So that's some heavy leading on there. Jersey Jan (talk) 02:27, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

This article is far from neutral. It does not give much information at all but simply whining opinions.

I was reading GWTW last night and in Part 3 Chapter 29, a letter is addressed to Melanie as "Mrs George Ashley Wilkes Care Miss Sarah Jane Hamilton" I had never realised that Ashley's name was in fact George, but I think I have a first edition copy so is this in all editions of the book? (I google searched "george ashley wilkes" and got only 76 entries compared to the thousands if not millions I think I would have got for searching ashley wilkes) But anyway I think this fact should be mentioned here somewhere. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.153.96.219 (talk) 21:23, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's in every copy of the novel. It's the only passage in which it's indicated that Ashley's first name is George and that he goes by his middle name, but it's in every copy.  Margaret Mitchell wrote those words. Jersey Jan (talk) 12:45, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

age
how old is he suppose to be in the novel? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.3.88.117 (talk) 15:33, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It is never stated in the novel precisely how old Ashley is. Scarlett is 16, Melanie 17, and Rhett 33 at the beginning of the novel, but Ashley's age is never stated. Jersey Jan (talk) 12:47, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashley Wilkes


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Warnow

The Warnow is a river in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany. It flows into the Baltic Sea near the town of Rostock, in its borough Warnemünde.

The source of the Warnow is in Grebbin, a small village 10 km north of Parchim, at the western end of the Mecklenburg Lake District. It flows north through Sternberg, Bützow and Schwaan before reaching Rostock.

In 2003, Germany's first modern toll road, the Warnow Tunnel was opened, connecting the port of Rostock on the east bank with the west bank of the river.

There is in Indaial, a city of Brazil, a river with the same name. When Hermann Blumenau came to America and started to explore the country, he gave this name to the river in the Brazilian city because it resembled the river in Germany.

Names and etymology
The origins of the name are uncertain. Recent work suggests a non-Indo-European (perhaps specifically Hattic) element ar(i)n ('spring, stream'), giving rise to the Slavic form Warnow through the prosthesis of /v-/. The Warnabi, a medieval Slavic tribe, probably derived their name from the Warnow. The ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemäus mentioned a river around 150 CE whose location would correspond to the Warnow, which he called the Χαλοῦσος (Latin: Chalusus). The river also appears in a few medieval sources under names along the lines of Goderak: Guðakrsá ('God-field's river') in Knýtlinga saga chapter 119 and Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum in the phrase ad Gudacram amnem ('to the river Gudacra'; xiv.25.16). Meanwhile, Arnold of Lübeck's Chronica Slavorum mentions that Berno, Apostle of the Obotrites 'pro Gutdracco Godehardum episcopum venerari constituit' ('instituted the veneration of Bishop Godehard in place of Gutdracco'). This Gutdracco is otherwise unknown, and there is some suspicion that the name of this god arose as a folk-etymologisation of the name of the river.

title: Warnow


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Gordon Murray

Ian Gordon Murray (born 18 June 1946), is a South African-British designer of Formula One racing cars for Brabham and McLaren and the McLaren F1 high-performance road car. Founder and CEO of Gordon Murray Design and Gordon Murray Automotive, he has subsequently designed and built a number of sports cars and a variety of other automotive vehicles.

Early life
The child of Scottish immigrant parents, Murray was born and grew up in Durban, South Africa. His father was a motorcycle racer and later prepared racing cars. Murray studied mechanical engineering at Natal Technical College, now Durban University of Technology. He built and raced his own car, the IGM Ford, in the South African National Class during 1967 and 1968.

Brabham: 1969–1986
Murray moved to England in 1969, hoping to find a job at Lotus Cars. But Murray was offered a job at Brabham after coincidentally meeting then Brabham designer Ron Tauranac. When Bernie Ecclestone took over the Brabham team, he appointed Murray Chief Designer. There Murray designed many Grand Prix cars, some of which were World Championship Grand Prix winners. These designs include the extraordinary BT46B, also known as "the Brabham fan car", as well as the World Championship winning BT49 and BT52. Murray developed a reputation for an innovative approach to design, applied not only to car concepts and details but also to race strategy.

Between 1973 and 1985, Murray's Brabhams scored 22 Grand Prix wins, finished 2nd in the Constructors' Championship in 1975 and 1981, and gave Nelson Piquet Drivers' Championships in 1981 and 1983. For the season, Murray designed the radical and highly ambitious low-line Brabham BT55, lowering overall ride height by inclining the engine and placing the driver in a recumbent position. However, the car was not a success, finishing only seven of the sixteen races in the season.

List of Brabham Formula One cars designed by Gordon Murray

 * Brabham BT42 (1973–1974)
 * Brabham BT44 (1974)
 * Brabham BT44B (1975)
 * Brabham BT45 (1976)
 * Brabham BT45B (1977)
 * Brabham BT45C (1978)
 * Brabham BT46 (1978)
 * Brabham BT46B (1978)
 * Brabham BT46C (1978)
 * Brabham BT48 (1979)
 * Brabham BT49 (1979–1980)
 * Brabham BT49B (1980)
 * Brabham BT49C (1981–1982)
 * Brabham BT50 (1981–1982)
 * Brabham BT49D (1982)
 * Brabham BT52 (1983)
 * Brabham BT52B (1983)
 * Brabham BT53 (1984)
 * Brabham BT54 (1985–1986)
 * Brabham BT55 (1986)

McLaren: 1987–1991
In 1986, Murray received an offer from Ron Dennis to join McLaren as Technical Director, taking over the role formerly held by John Barnard. Murray brought his Brabham experience and the BT55 low-line concept into the McLaren design team, led by Steve Nichols, working on the MP4/4 car for the 1988 season. This Honda turbo-powered engine car won 15 of the season's 16 Grands Prix, and gave Ayrton Senna his first Drivers' Championship. In the Constructors' Championship, McLaren's points score of 199 was at that time an all-time high. Murray also oversaw the design of the naturally-aspirated engined 1989 MP4/5 and 1990 MP4/5B with lead designer Neil Oatley. The MP4/5 and MP4/5B won the driver's and constructor's championships in both years. Over the period 1988–91, the McLaren team won four consecutive Constructors' and Drivers' Championships: Alain Prost won the Drivers' Championship in 1989, while Senna won further Drivers' Championships in 1990 and 1991.

McLaren Cars
From 1991 to 2004, Murray headed the offshoot McLaren Cars team to design road-going supercars such as the McLaren F1.

Gordon Murray Design
In July 2007 the Gordon Murray Design consultancy was established, and released initial details of its T.25 (Type 25) prototype city car along with mention of a future lightweight, economical supercar project. The T25 would be smaller than a Smart Fortwo.

On 17 November 2008 Gordon Murray won the 'Idea of the Year' accolade at Autocar magazine's annual awards ceremony for the manufacturing process for the T.25.

In November 2009 Gordon Murray Design and Zytek Automotive announced plans to develop an electric-powered version, the T.27. The car being a product of a partnership between Murray's company and British technology company Zytek, in charge of building the powertrain.

A celebration of 50 years of Murray's involvement in the car industry was held called One Formula. Every one of Murray's F1 designs was on display along with the McLaren F1 roadcar and examples from his personal car collection, along with hundreds of rock band T-shirts that Murray had amassed over the years. The book One Formula - 50 years of car design details Murray's designs.

On 4 August 2020, Murray announced the T.50 sports car, the "logical successor" to the McLaren F1 and incorporating the "fan car" concept of the Brabham BT46B, to be launched in 2022.

On 27 January 2022, Gordon Murray Automotive announced the T.33 super car. A twin-seater 'day to day' super car with the same engine from the T.50, but built on a new platform to be used by three other future cars.

Other projects
In 1981, Murray was involved in improvements for Midas Cars.

Murray independently designed the Rocket, an ultra-lightweight, open cockpit roadster powered by a 1-litre motorcycle engine, which has an appearance similar to that of a 60's era Grand Prix car. Looking like a single-seater, it could accommodate a passenger in tandem with the driver, the second seat located beneath a removable cover. The Rocket was built by former racing driver Chris Craft at the Light Car Company.

In September 2016 it was announced that Murray had been appointed to develop the OX truck, a flat pack low-cost vehicle, for the British charity Global Vehicle Trust (GVT). GVT founded OX Delivers to utilise the design to make last-mile transport more accessible and reliable in emerging markets. Murray created four experimental prototypes; XP1-XP4. XP2, XP3, and XP4 are owned by OX Delivers, with one of the vehicles having been converted to a fully-electric truck. OX then went on to build 2 more electric trucks adapting the original design for EV use. XP1 is owned by Murray for his private collection.

From 2015, Murray collaborated with TVR to design the upcoming TVR models, with the TVR Griffith released in 2017.

Honours
His alma mater, Durban University of Technology, made Gordon Murray an Honorary Professor in 2002 and awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2011. In the 2019 New Year Honours list Murray was awarded a CBE for services to motoring. In 2022 Murray was awarded the inaugural FIA President's Innovation Medal, 'for his constant innovative approach to race and road car design'.

title: Gordon Murray


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List of puzzle topics

This is a list of puzzle topics, by Wikipedia page.

Puzzles, by type

 * Dexterity puzzle
 * Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
 * Brain teaser
 * Chess puzzle
 * Chess problem
 * Computer puzzle game
 * Cross Sums
 * Crossword puzzle
 * Cryptic crossword
 * Cryptogram
 * Maze
 * Back from the klondike
 * Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
 * Mechanical puzzle
 * Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
 * Burr puzzle
 * Word puzzle
 * Acrostic

 * Daughter in the box
 * Disentanglement puzzle
 * Edge-matching puzzle
 * Egg of Columbus
 * Eight queens puzzle
 * Einstein's Puzzle
 * Eternity puzzle
 * Fifteen puzzle
 * Fox, goose and bag of beans puzzle
 * Geomagic square
 * Globe puzzle
 * Graeco-Latin square
 * Gry
 * Happy Cube
 * Induction puzzles
 * Insight
 * Jigsaw puzzle
 * Kakuro
 * KenKen
 * Knights and knaves
 * Knight's Tour
 * Lateral thinking
 * Latin square
 * Letter bank
 * Lock puzzle
 * Logic puzzle
 * Magic square
 * Mahjong solitaire
 * Matchstick puzzle
 * Mathematical puzzle
 * Merkle's Puzzles
 * Minus Cube
 * Morpion solitaire
 * N-puzzle
 * National Puzzlers' League
 * Nikoli
 * Nine dots puzzle
 * Nob Yoshigahara Puzzle Design Competition
 * Nurikabe
 * Packing problem
 * Paint by numbers
 * Peg solitaire
 * Pentomino
 * Pirate loot problem
 * Plate-and-ring puzzle
 * Problem solving
 * Rattle puzzle
 * Rebus
 * Riddles
 * Rubik's Cube
 * Speedcubing
 * Pocket Cube
 * Rubik's Magic
 * Rubik's Revenge
 * Rush Hour (puzzle)
 * Situation puzzle
 * Sliding puzzle
 * Snake cube
 * Sokoban
 * Soma cube
 * Sphere packing
 * Stick puzzle
 * Sudoku
 * Tangram
 * Three-cottage problem
 * Three cups problem
 * Tiling puzzle
 * Tour puzzle
 * Tower of Hanoi
 * T puzzle
 * Tsumego
 * Tsumeshogi
 * Verbal arithmetic
 * Wire puzzle
 * Wire-and-string puzzle
 * XYZZY Award for Best Individual Puzzle

People

 * Araucaria
 * David J. Bodycombe
 * Emily Cox
 * Henry Dudeney
 * Tony Fisher
 * Martin Gardner
 * Scott Kim
 * Lloyd King
 * Sam Loyd
 * Uwe Mèffert
 * Larry D. Nichols
 * Henry Rathvon
 * Tom M. Rodgers
 * Ernő Rubik
 * Mike Selinker
 * Will Shortz
 * Jerry Slocum
 * Stephen Sondheim
 * Jelmer Steenhuis
 * Oskar van Deventer
 * Nob Yoshigahara
 * Kit Williams
 * Arthur Wynne

title: List of puzzle topics


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Igor Aleksander

Igor Aleksander FREng (born 26 January 1937) is an emeritus professor of Neural Systems Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Imperial College London. He worked in artificial intelligence and neural networks and designed the world's first neural pattern recognition system in the 1980s.

Life and work
Aleksander was educated in Italy and graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, arriving in the UK in the late 1950s, intending to become a research student under Colin Cherry. Instead he found work with Standard Telephones and Cables, later joining Queen Mary College where he gained a PhD, subsequently becoming a lecturer there in 1961. He moved to the University of Kent in 1968 as a reader in Electronics and then to Brunel University as professor in 1974. In 1984 he became professor at Imperial College London as professor of the Management of Information Technology. He was Head of Electrical Engineering and Gabor Professor of Neural Systems Engineering at Imperial College from 1988 to his retirement in 2002. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (1988), and he served as Pro-rector of External Relations at Imperial College (1997). In 2005 he presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture.

His work centred on the modelling capability of artificial neural networks. He devised neuromodels of the visual system in primates, visuo-verbal system in humans, the effect of anaesthetics on awareness, and artificial consciousness. He inspired the engineering design of one of the first stand alone neural pattern recognition systems, the WISARD (anonym for Wilkie Stonham Aleksander's Recognition Device) which was named after the co-inventors Bruce Wilkie, John Stonham and Igor Aleksander. This Brunel University prototype WISARD was commercially developed and marketed by Computer Recognition Systems, Wokingham, under the trade name of ’CRS WISARD’ in 1984. After this, the further developments of this system do not appear to have been documented. A popular link for WISARD is that of “the wisard pattern recognition machine” at the Winton Gallery, British Science Museum.

Aleksander received an honorary degree in Computer Engineering from University of Palermo in Jul 2011.

Selected publications

 * Books
 * 2005, The World in My Mind, My Mind In The World: Key Mechanisms of Consciousness in Humans, Animals and Machines published by Imprint Academic, ISBN 1-84540-021-6.
 * 2000, How to Build a Mind, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
 * 1996, Impossible Minds: My neurons, My Consciousness published by Imperial College Press ISBN 1-86094-036-6.
 * 1975, I.Aleksander, F. Keith Hanna, Automata Theory: An Engineering Approach New York: Crane Russak, London: Edward Arnold.
 * 1971, Microcircuit learning computers, London: Mills & Boon Monographs and Technical Library

 * Articles
 * 2008, "Machine consciousness", Scholarpedia 3(2):4162.
 * 2003, "Axioms and Tests for the Presence of Minimal Consciousness in Agents", in: Journal of Consciousness Studies
 * 1997, Evolutionary Checkers in: Nature, Vol. 402, Dec. 1999, pp. 857–860.
 * 1997, I. Aleksander, C. Browne, R. Evans, N. Sales, "Conscious and Neural Cognizers: A Review and Some Recent Approaches", in: Neural Networks, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 1303–1316.
 * 1996, N. Sales, R. Evans, I. Aleksander. "Successful naive representation grounding", in: Artificial Intelligence Review, vol. 10, no.1–2, pp. 83–102.
 * 1994, K. Warwick. "Weightless brains", Review of Neurons and Symbols by Igor Aleksander and Helen Morton, The Times Higher Education Supplement, p. 31, February (1994)

title: Igor Aleksander


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Five Megillot

The Five Scrolls or the Five Megillot (חמש מגילות, Hamesh Megillot or Chomeish Megillos) are parts of the Ketuvim ("Writings"), the third major section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The Five Scrolls are the Song of Songs, the Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and the Book of Esther. These five relatively short biblical books are grouped together in Jewish tradition.

History
An early testimony that these five scrolls were grouped together is in the Midrash Rabba. This midrash was compiled on the Pentateuch and on the Five Scrolls.

Liturgical use
All five of these megillot ("scrolls") are traditionally read publicly in the synagogue over the course of the year in many Jewish communities. In common printed editions of the Tanakh they appear in the order that they are read in the synagogue on holidays (beginning with Passover).

Song of Songs
The Song of Songs (שיר השירים Shir ha-Shirim) is read publicly in some communities, especially by Ashkenazim, on the Sabbath of Passover. In most Mizrahi Jewish communities it is read publicly each week at the onset of the Shabbat (Sabbath). There is also a widespread custom to read it at the end of the Passover Seder.

In the Sephardi ritual it is read before the Mincha service on the afternoon of the seventh day of Passover (eighth day outside Israel). Italian Jews read it at the Maariv (Evening Prayer) of the first and second day of Passover.

Ruth
The Book of Ruth (רות) is read in some communities, especially by Ashkenazim, before the reading of the Torah on the morning of Shavuot. Others read it in the Tikkun at night, or not at all.

Lamentations
The Book of Lamentations (איכה Eikhah or Kinnot) is read on the night of Tisha B'Av in all Jewish communities.

Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes (קהלת Kohelet) is read publicly in some communities, especially by Ashkenazim, on the Sabbath of Sukkot. In other communities it is not read at all.

Esther
The Book of Esther (אסתר) is read in all Jewish communities on Purim. The public reading is done twice, on the evening of Purim and once again the next morning.

Common practice
When read in the synagogue, these five books are sung with cantillation (see below). In most communities, Esther is the only book accompanied by blessings before and after, but certain communities adopted the custom of the Vilna Gaon to recite blessings before the other four megillot as well.

As indicated above, however, only two of the megillot are traditionally read in all Jewish communities, Esther on Purim and Lamentations on Tisha B'Av. The practice of reading the other three books on the Three Pilgrimage Festivals is widespread but by no means universal. To read them is a venerable custom among Ashkenazim, but some Sephardic Jews do not associate the three books with the three festivals.

Cantillation
The cantillation marks which guide the singing of the text written in the printed texts of the Five Scrolls are drawn from the same set of markings as the notes in the Humash (Pentateuch). However, the tune in which they are read varies depending on the scroll. Esther is read in a happier tune than the sad tune of Lamentations. Traditionally, Ecclesiastes, Ruth, and Song of Songs are read with the same festive tune.

Other uses
The term megillah is most widely used for the book of Esther, even though it is applied to the rest as well. The term megillah is also used in a joking way, in reference to any lengthy story.

Eugene H. Peterson's Five Smooth Stones for Pastoral Work examines the application of the Megillot to Christian pastoral theology. p.21.

title: Five Megillot


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Elbe Sandstone Mountains

The Elbe Sandstone Mountains, also called the Elbe Sandstone Highlands (Elbsandsteingebirge, ; Děčinská vrchovina, ), are a mountain range straddling the border between the state of Saxony in southeastern Germany and the North Bohemian region of the Czech Republic, with about three-quarters of the area lying on the German side. In both countries, core parts of the mountain range have been declared a national park. The name derives from the sandstone which was carved by erosion. The river Elbe breaks through the mountain range in a steep and narrow valley.

The Saxon Switzerland and Bohemian Switzerland national parks, known also as Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland, are located within the territory of Elbe Sandstone Mountains.

Extent
The Elbe Sandstone Mountains extend on both sides of the Elbe from the Saxon town of Pirna in the northwest toward Bohemian Děčín in the southeast. Their highest peak with 723 m is the Děčínský Sněžník in Bohemian Switzerland on the left bank of the river in Bohemian Switzerland north of Děčín. The mountain range links the Ore Mountains in the west with the Lusatian Highlands range of the Sudetes in the east. Saxon Switzerland and the Zittau Mountains of the Lusatian Mountains form the Saxon-Bohemian Chalk Sandstone Region.

Terrain
The most striking characteristic of this deeply dissected rocky mountain range is the extraordinary variety of terrain within the smallest area. Unique amongst the Central European Uplands are the constant changes between plains, ravines, table mountains and rocky regions with undeveloped areas of forest. This diversity is ecologically significant. The variety of different locations, each with its own conditions in terms of soil and microclimate, has produced an enormous richness of species. The numbers of ferns and mosses alone is unmatched by any other of the German central uplands.

The occurrence of Elbe sandstones and hence the Elbe Sandstone Mountains themselves is related to widespread deposition by a former sea in the Upper Cretaceous epoch. On the Saxon side of the border the term "Elbe Valley Cretaceous" is used, referring to a region stretching from Meißen-Oberau in the northwest through Dresden and Pirna into Saxon Switzerland, and which is formed by sandstones, planers and other rocks as well as basal conglomerates of older origin. Several erosion relics from Reinhardtsgrimma through Dippoldiswalde and the Tharandt Forest to Siebenlehn form isolated examples south of Dresden. They are mainly characterised by sandstones.

On the Bohemian side the sandstone beds continue and form part of the North Bohemian Cretaceous. The chalk sediments of the Zittau Basin are counted as part of the latter due to their regional-geological relationships. The sedimentary sequences of the Cretaceous sea continue across a wide area of the Czech Republic to Moravia. Together these beds form the Saxon-Bohemian Cretaceous Zone. In Czech geological circles, the Elbe Valley Cretaceous is described as the foothills of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin.

Geology

The eroded sandstone landscape of this region was formed from depositions that accumulated on the bottom of the sea millions of years ago. Large rivers carried sand and other eroded debris into the Cretaceous sea. Rough quartz sand, clay and fine marl sank and became lithified layer by layer. A compact sandstone sequence developed, about 20 x 30 kilometres wide and up to 600 metres thick dating to the lower Cenomanian to Santonian stages. The tremendous variety of shapes in the sandstone landscape is a result of the subsequent chemical and physical erosion and biological processes acting on the rocks formed from those sands laid down during the Cretaceous Period.

The inlets of a Cretaceous sea, together with marine currents, carried away sand over a very long period of time into a shallow zone of the sea and then the diagenetic processes at differing pressure regimes resulted in the formation of sandstone beds. Its stratification is characterized by variations in the horizontal structure (deposits of clay minerals, grain sizes of quartz, differences in the grain-cement) as well as a typical but fairly small fossil presence and variably porous strata.

After the Cretaceous sea had retreated (marine regression), the surface of the land was shaped by weathering influences and watercourses, of which the Elbe made the deepest incision. Later the Lusatian granodiorite was uplifted over the 600 metre thick sandstone slab along the Lusatian Fault and pushed it downwards until it fractured. This northern boundary of the sandstone deposit lies roughly along the line Pillnitz–Hohnstein–Hinterhermsdorf–Krásná Lípa.

In the Tertiary period, the adjacent region of the Central Bohemian Uplands and the Lusatian Mountains was shaped and affected by intense volcanism; but individual intrusions of magma also forced their way through the sandstone platform of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. The most striking evidence of this phase in the earth's history are the conical basaltic hills of Růžovský vrch, Cottaer Spitzberg and Raumberg, but also Großer and Kleiner Winterberg.

At its southwestern edge the sandstone plate was uplifted by over 200 metres at the Karsdorf Fault, whereby the slab was tilted even more and increased the gradient of the Elbe River. The water masses cut valleys into the rock with their streambeds and contributed in places to the formation of the rock faces. Over time the gradients reduced, the streambed of the Elbe widened out and changed its course time and again, partly as a result of the climatic influences of the ice ages.

The mineral composition of the sandstone beds has a direct effect on the morphology of the terrain. The fine-grained form with clayey-silty cement between the quartz grains causes banks and slopes with terracing. The beds of sandstone with siliceous cement are typically the basis of the formation of rock faces and crags. Small variations in the cement composition of the rock can have a visible impact on the landscape.

Elbe Sandstone gets its characteristic cuboid appearance from its thick horizontal strata (massive bedding) and its vertical fissures. In 1839 Bernhard Cotta wrote about this in his comments on the geognostic map: "Vertical fissures and cracks cut through, often virtually at right angles, the horizontal layers and, as a result, parallelepiped bodies are formed, that have given rise to the description Quader Sandstone.". Quader is German for an ashlar or block of stone, hence the name "Square Sandstone" is also used in English.

The term Quader Sandstone Mountains or Square Sandstone Mountains, introduced by Hanns Bruno Geinitz in 1849, is an historical, geological term for similar sandstone deposits, but was also used in connection with the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.

The fissures were formed as a result of long-term tectonic stresses on the entire sandstone platform of the mountain range. This network of clefts runs through the sandstone beds in a relatively regular way, but in different directions in two regions of the range. Subsequent weathering processes of very different forms and simultaneous complex deposition (leaching, frost and salt wedging, wind, solution weathering with sintering as well as biogenic and microbial effects) have further changed the nature of the rock surface. For example, collapse caves, small hole-like cavities (honeycomb weathering) with hourglass-shaped pillars, chimneys, crevices and mighty, rugged rock faces.

Many morphological formations in the rocky landscape of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains are suspected to have been formed as a consequence of karstification. Important indicators of such processes in the polygenetic and polymorphic erosion landscape of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains are the furrows with parallel ridges between them (grykes and clints) that look like cart ruts and which are particularly common, as well as extensive cave systems. They are occasionally described by the term pseudokarst. The application of the concept to several erosion formations in the sandstone of this mountain range is however contentious. Czech geologists have identified in quartzite-cemented sandstone areas in the northern part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, karst features in the shape of spherical caverns and cave formations. According to them, these emerged as a result of solution processes by water in complex interactions with iron compounds from neighbouring or intrusive magmatic-volcanic rocks. The variation in relief in these sandstone regions is explained on the basis of these processes. The Elbe Sandstone Mountains are the greatest cretaceous sandstone erosion complex in Europe.

Human-induced changes caused by nearly 1,000 years of continual sandstone quarrying have also contributed in parts of the sandstone highlands to the appearance of the landscape today. The fissures (called Loose by the quarrymen) played an important role here, because they provided in effect natural divisions in the rock that were helpful when demolishing a rock face or when dressing the rough blocks of stone.

The sandstone of this region is a sought-after building material used for example, for imposing city edifices such as the Church of Our Lady in Dresden.

Conservation
Large parts of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains are under statutory protection. In Germany there is the national park region of Saxon Switzerland, which consists two elements: Saxon Switzerland National Park itself, founded in 1990 and covered an area of 93 km²; and the protected area surrounding it that was founded in 1956 and covers 287 km². The German part of the range was also designated in May 2006 as one of the 77 most important national geotopes in Germany by the Academy of Geosciences in Hanover.

In the Bohemian part of the range there has been a protected landscape area in the northeastern region since 1972 called the Elbe Sandstone Protected Landscape Area with an area of 324 km2. In 2000, Bohemian Switzerland National Park was established with an area of 79 km2, bringing around 700 km2 of the range under protection as a natural and cultural landscape.

Tourism
The Elbe Sandstone mountains have been a popular destination for tourists for more than 200 years, and for climbers for more than 100 years. It is also a popular recreation area for the nearby Saxon capital Dresden. Places of interest include the Bastei cliffs near Rathen, the Königstein Fortress, Pravčická brána, the Schrammsteine, Pfaffenstein, and the valleys of the Kirnitzsch and Kamenice rivers. There are some 14,000 climbing routes via which mountain climbers can conquer 1100 free-standing peaks. Visitors can experience the natural scenes on the asphalt Elbe cycle path, or on board a steam paddleboat that is part of the oldest fleet of its kind in the world.

The Elbe Sandstone Mountains have numerous facilities for cure and rehabilitation. The discovery of ferrous and sulphurous sources in Bad Schandau in 1730 led to its development as a health resort and the building of swimming baths.

title: Elbe Sandstone Mountains


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Balaklava

Balaklava (Ukrainian and Балаклава,, Σύμβολον) is a settlement on the Crimean Peninsula and part of the city of Sevastopol. It is an administrative center of Balaklavsky Distirct that used to be part of the Crimean Oblast before it was transferred to Sevastopol Municipality. Population:

History

Balaklava has changed possession several times during its history. A settlement at its present location was founded under the name of Symbolon (Σύμβολον) by the Ancient Greeks, for whom it was an important commercial city. During the Middle Ages, it was controlled by the Byzantine Empire and then by the Genoese who conquered it in 1365. The Byzantines called the town Yamboli and the Genoese named it Cembalo. The Genoese built a large trading empire in both the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, buying slaves in Eastern Europe and shipping them to Egypt via the Crimea, a lucrative market hotly contested with by the Venetians.

The ruins of a Genoese fortress positioned high on a clifftop above the entrance to the Balaklava Inlet are a popular tourist attraction and have recently become the stage for a Medieval festival. The fortress is a subject of Mickiewicz's penultimate poem in his 1826 cycle of Crimean Sonnets.

In 1475, Cembalo City was conquered by the Turks and was subsequently renamed Balyk-Yuva (Fish's Nest) which then became Balaklava.

During the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, the Russian troops invaded Crimea in 1771. Thirteen years later, Crimea was definitively annexed by the Russian Empire. After that, the Crimean Tatar and Turkish population was forcefully replaced by Greek Orthodox people from the Archipelago.

The town became famous for the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War thanks to the suicidal Charge of the Light Brigade, a British cavalry charge due to a misunderstanding sent up a valley strongly held on three sides by the Russians, in which about 250 men were killed or wounded, and over 400 horses lost, effectively reducing the size of the mounted brigade by two thirds and destroying some of the finest light cavalry in the world to no military purpose. Alfred, Lord Tennyson immortalized the battle in verse in his Charge of the Light Brigade.

The balaclava, a tight knitted garment covering the whole head and neck with holes for the eyes and mouth, also takes its name from this settlement, where soldiers first wore them. Also numerous towns founded in English-speaking countries in later parts of the 19th Century were named "Balaklava" (see Balaklava (disambiguation)).

In 1954, Balaklava, together with the whole of Crimea, was transferred from the Russian FSFR to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1957 it was formally incorporated into the municipal borders of Sevastopol by the Soviet government and lost city status. Upon the break-up of the USSR, the town, along with the entire Crimean peninsula, became constituent parts of the modern state of Ukraine. There are dozens of monuments in the town dedicated to the remembrance of military valor in past wars, including the Great Patriotic War, the Crimean War and the Russian Civil War.

Since the internationally unrecognized 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Balaklava, along with rest of Crimea, is administered by Russia. In 2019 Russian authorities granted Balaklava status of a city within Sevastopol.

Underground submarine base
One of the monuments is an underground, formerly classified submarine base that was operational until 1993. The base was said to be virtually indestructible and designed to survive a direct atomic impact. During that period, Balaklava was one of the most secret residential areas in the Soviet Union. Almost the entire population of Balaklava at one time worked at the base; even family members could not visit the town of Balaklava without a good reason and proper identification. The base remained operational after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 until 1993 when the decommissioning process started. This process saw the removal of the warheads and low-yield torpedoes. In 1996, the last Russian submarine left the base. The base has since been opened to the public as the Naval museum complex Balaklava.

title: Balaklava


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RC2

In cryptography, RC2 (also known as ARC2) is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Ron's Code" or "Rivest Cipher"; other ciphers designed by Rivest include RC4, RC5, and RC6.

The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher that, after evaluation by the NSA, could be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software. The NSA suggested a few changes, which Rivest incorporated. After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989. Along with RC4, RC2 with a 40-bit key size was treated favourably under US export regulations for cryptography.

Initially, the details of the algorithm were kept secret — proprietary to RSA Security — but on 29 January 1996, source code for RC2 was anonymously posted to the Internet on the Usenet forum sci.crypt. Mentions of CodeView and SoftICE (popular debuggers) suggest that it had been reverse engineered. A similar disclosure had occurred earlier with RC4.

In March 1998, Ron Rivest authored an RFC publicly describing RC2 himself.

RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable size key. Its 18 rounds are arranged as a source-heavy unbalanced Feistel network, with 16 rounds of one type (MIXING) punctuated by two rounds of another type (MASHING). A MIXING round consists of four applications of the MIX transformation, as shown in the diagram.

RC2 is vulnerable to a related-key attack using 234 chosen plaintexts.

title: RC2


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User:Mustaafaa

 * Note that this is not User:Mustafaa.

title: User:Mustaafaa


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User:Nwynder

I'm from Buckinghamshire in England.

My main interests are music, space, science, war and terrorism.

I generally just repair mistakes/typos - I don't originate any articles myself.

title: User:Nwynder


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Talk:RC2 (cipher)

Design date for RC2
In lots of places on the net (including press releases from RSA Security), the date of the design of RC2 is given as 1987; this conflicts with the date of 1989 given in Knudsen, Rivest et al's paper. RC4 is also mentioned as having being designed in 1987; if so, it would be odd for RC2 to have been designed two years later. — Matt 14:59, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:RC2 (cipher)


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McLeod's Daughters

McLeod's Daughters is an Australian drama television series created by Posie Graeme-Evans and Caroline Stanton for the Nine Network, which aired from 8 August 2001, to 31 January 2009, lasting eight seasons. It stars Lisa Chappell and Bridie Carter in the leading roles as two sisters reunited after twenty years of separation, thrust into a working relationship when they inherit their family's cattle station in South Australia. The series is produced by Millennium Television, in association with Nine Films and Television and Southern Star. Graeme-Evans, Kris Noble and Susan Bower served as the original executive producers.

The series was originally conceived as a then-intended television film pilot, which broadcast on Nine Network in 1996. Despite its success, and becoming the highest-rated telemovie in Australian television history, a series was not picked up by the network until several years later.

The majority of filming took place on location in Kingsford, a locality in South Australia. An instant success, McLeod's Daughters enjoyed critical acclaim, ultimately reaching the number one drama spot during its fourth and fifth season. The series was nominated for a number of awards, including 41 Logie Awards, winning eight in total, notably for Most Popular Actress, Most Popular Actor, Most Popular Australian Program, and Most Popular Australian Drama Series. It has also achieved acclaim around the world, having developed a devoted fan base in the United States, Canada, Ireland, several European countries, and is moderately successful in the United Kingdom.

Premise
Following the death of Jack McLeod, his daughter, Claire, has inherited Drover's Run, a substantial cattle station, situated in South Australia. While trying to keep her home and business moving forward, the future of the property is suddenly placed in jeopardy when her estranged half-sister, Tess, whom Claire has not seen for 20 years, arrives and announces that she has inherited half the land and intends to sell her share. Unable to buy her out, Claire attempts to convince Tess of the consequences of selling and how it could possibly affect the property. Claire is forced to get rid of her current employees due to a deceitful discovery, until Tess agrees to remain on Drover's Run for the time being to help her sister, despite her inexperience. Together, with help of housekeeper, Meg, her daughter, Jodi, and local girl, Becky, the women create an all-female workforce.

Development
Posie Graeme-Evans developed the idea for McLeod's Daughters in the early 1990s for her company Millenium Pictures in conjunction with the South Australian Film Corporation. She also developed the idea for children's television programs such as The Miraculous Mellops and Hi-5. The idea was for a television drama set on an Australian rural property with two half-sisters running the property inherited from their father with an all-female workforce. She developed the idea from stories from friends who grew up in the country and from the love of South Australian landscapes as shown in the paintings of Hans Heysen.

Graeme-Evans pitched the idea to the board of the Nine Network, who agreed to film a telemovie in March 1996 with Jack Thompson starring as the father Jack McLeod, whose death leads to the two half-sisters (portrayed by Kym Wilson as Tess and Tammy MacIntosh as Claire) inheriting the property. The character of Jack McLeod did not appear in the series, so Claire is now running Drovers Run, with the help of her father's farmhands, following her father's death from a heart attack.

Following the success of the telemovie shown on Mother's Day 1996, the Nine Network board agreed to commission a 22-episode series, but the project was left on the shelf for four years. It was finally revived in late 2000 after the opening ceremony for the 2000 Sydney Olympics featured a The Man from Snowy River theme, which highlighted the cultural significance of the bush to Australians.

Casting
Lisa Chappell, a successful New Zealand actress, known for her role in the soap opera Gloss, was cast as Claire McLeod. The role of Claire was initially intended to go to actress Laurie Foell, for which was on hold for four months prior to the beginning of production, when Chappell, who was, at the time, in the process of setting up a theatre company, was invited to audition and received the part. Chappell was known to Australian audiences, appearing in seven episodes of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. She is popular in New Zealand for her musical work, and has also appeared in the TV series The Stingers and The Cult. During the production of the series, she learned how to ride a horse and shear sheep.

Bridie Carter, a NIDA graduate, was virtually unknown to audiences, having only appeared in few guest roles in drama series which included Home and Away, Water Rats and All Saints. However, McLeod's Daughters marks her first major screen role. Both Carter and Chappell were chosen from a number of high-profile actors in what was described as an "exhaustive casting process".

Jessica Napier was cast in the supporting role of Becky Howard, a promiscuous young woman from a broken family, who is raped and finds refuge on Drover’s Run. Napier was recognised by executive producer Kris Noble while she was working on Wildside and considered her for a part on the series, for which Posie Graeme-Evans agreed. She admitted that the reason she accepted the part was because of Graeme-Evans. In an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, she commented that "Being as passionate and in love with it as she [Graeme-Evans] has made it feel like a worthwhile project. I felt it was a project that was loved and one they would go all out to make work." Napier was a Sydney-based actor at the time and relocated to Adelaide for the part.

Locations
McLeod's Daughters is filmed on location at Kingsford, a 135-acre (55 ha) property which is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register and is located in the locality of Kingsford, north of Gawler. which Posie Graeme-Evans refers to as "our very own backlot". Kingsford was originally part of a 30,000-acre (12,245ha) property. The historical house was built from Edinburgh sandstone, transported to Australia as a ship ballast. The house took over 30 years to build and was finished by 1856.

Kingsford had been used in the years prior to filming by the South Australian Government as a wheat research station then by a Montessori school as a primary school campus. The working property was purchased by The Nine Network in 1999. Although Kingsford was a grand property in its time, it is now quite run down - a look that was important for the production design of the series, as the McLeod family has no money for maintenance.

The interior scenes set at Drover’s Run are all filmed inside the house. It not only added authenticity to the production, but the large rooms and high ceilings were ideal for filming.

Locations in Gungellan

 * Drover’s Run – the main setting for the show. Drover’s Run has been in the McLeod family for years, passed down to father, son, and now daughters. Claire McLeod, Tess McLeod, and Jodi McLeod all have run Drovers Run along with part owners Stevie Ryan, Regan McLeod and Grace McLeod.
 * Killarney – also known as the Ryan Empire. At the start of the series Harry Ryan owned the property, and as he grew older his sons Alex and Nick took over. After Nick and Tess married, they left to run a ranch in Argentina. Alex ran Killarney for a couple of years, until his biological father (Bryce) became part owner of the property. On Bryce's death, half-brother Marcus became part owner of the property. In the final years of the show both Alex and Marcus own and run Killarney, although Alex became a largely absentee owner as he also began to spend much of his time on the ranch in Argentina.
 * Kinsellas – a local farm that was run by Sandra Kinsella from 2003–2006. The name was changed after Heath Barret bought it.
 * The Local Pub – (Gungellan Hotel) where everyone goes for a drink after a hard day's labour. Becky worked there in 2001, Jodi worked there briefly in 2005 and Tayler also worked there briefly in 2007. It is most likely the only pub in Gungellan.
 * The Truck Stop – where most of the town buys their supplies and when they need fuel. It was first owned by Ken Logan, then his daughter Jennifer followed by Harry Ryan. When Harry was owner Terry Dodge managed it then Moira Doyle. Later on Moira and Regan McLeod went into business supplying the fuel, Phill Rakich was the last owner.
 * The Town Hall – where most major events are held, such as the Miss Gungellan contest, plays, and the town's birthday celebration.
 * Fisher – Gungellan's closest neighbouring town.

Filming
The show was shot on Super 16 mm film, and is the first Australian drama series to be delivered in HDTV format. Three cameras were used, two on main unit and the third on second unit. Director of photography, Roger Dowling created the illusion that the series is shot on a 50,000 hectare property in the Australian bush, instead of on a heritage estate about the size of a hobby farm.

Main

 * Lisa Chappell as Claire Louise McLeod, is the oldest child of John 'Jack' M. Mcleod. She was born on Drover's Run, in 1973, to Jack and his first wife, Prudence 'Prue' McLeod. Prue died while giving birth to a stillborn son, Adam John McLeod, in 1975. Jack would later marry Ruth Silverman, who gave birth to Tess Silverman McLeod. (Season 1–3)
 * Bridie Carter as Tess Charlotte Silverman McLeod, is the third child and second daughter of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1976 to Jack and his second wife, Ruth Silverman. Tess left Drover's for Melbourne with her mother when she was five years old, after her parents' marriage ended, She returns to Drover's twenty years later following the death of her father. (Season 1–6)
 * Jessica Napier as Rebecca 'Becky' Howard, is a young local who starts out working for the Gungellan Pub & Hotel. After her boss, Brian (John Sheerin), rapes her, Claire offers to put her up on Drover's and give her work. Although Becky is nearly illiterate, she hides this well, and is soon promoted to lead station hand, being a hard worker who is reliable. (Season 1–3)
 * Rachael Carpani as Jodi Margaret Fountain, Jodi is the youngest child of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1982 to Jack and Meg Fountain. Jack and Meg had a brief affair and were not married; their relationship and Jodi's paternity were kept secret for many years. It was assumed that Meg's first husband Kevin Fountain (Richard Healy), was Jodi's father. (Season 1–7, guest Season 8)
 * Aaron Jeffery as Alexander 'Alex' Marion Ryan, is the older son of Harry (Marshall Napier) and Liz Ryan (Catherine Wilkin), the rich owners of Killarney, the large property adjacent to Drover's Run. He is a childhood friend of Claire McLeod's. (Season 1–7, guest Season 8)
 * Myles Pollard as Nicholas 'Nick' Gary Ryan, is the younger son of Harry and Liz Ryan. Due to a rodeo accident in his teens that left him with scars and a limp, Nick works mostly on the business operations at Killarney, since he cannot ride horses anymore. When he feels betrayed by his father, Harry Ryan, he buys the property Wilgul and runs it mostly on his own. Against all diagnoses and medical advice, he feels he is ready to ride horses again, and succeeds. He and Claire were once unofficially engaged married at their parents' wishes. (Season 1–5, recurring Season 6)
 * Sonia Todd as Margaret 'Meg' Fountain (née Rivers), is the longtime housekeeper on Drover's Run and the mother of Jodi Fountain-McLeod. Meg acts as a mother figure to the women of Drover's, though she has occasional clashes with some of the employees, notably Becky. Meg had an affair with Jack McLeod many years ago, resulting in her getting pregnant with Jodi. She keeps the affair secret from her husband Kevin Fountain, who left her at that time, came back, and left her again after Jodi was born. Her current boyfriend Terry Dodge (John Jarratt) seems to have suspected that Meg had an affair with Jack for a while. (Season 1–4, recurring Season 5–6, guest Season 7–8)
 * Simmone Jade Mackinnon as Stephanie 'Stevie' Jane Hall, is an old friend of Claire and Alex, and first appears in the series shortly before Claire's death. Though she initially clashes with Tess, they grow close and Tess asks Stevie to stay on Drover's as overseer and eventually as part-owner. She has a daughter, Rose, who lives with Stevie's sister Michelle and believes that Stevie is her aunt. (Season 3–8)
 * Michala Banas as Kate Marie Due Manfredi, Kate is a former classmate of Jodi's. She first appears in the series when Jodi decides to go to Melbourne with Meg, leaving a job vacancy. Though Jodi changes her mind at the last minute and stays on the farm, Kate keeps her new position, and soon they are back being best friends like they used to be in school. Kate is organized and goal-oriented, often referring to her "5-year plan". She brings quite the organization and knowledge to Drover's, but occasionally she has the other farmhands rolling their eyes. (Season 4–8)
 * Brett Tucker as David 'Dave' Enoch Brewer, is a country veterinarian who tends to the animals on Drover's Run and other farms in the area. He is briefly engaged to Tess, though they break off the engagement when Dave realizes that he has not properly mourned his late wife Leanne. He leaves in an effort to work out his feelings, but when he returns after nearly a year, Tess does not take him back as she and Nick are in the process of getting together. Dave moves into Wilgul with Alex and becomes a staple part of the social group. (Season 4–6, recurring Season 3)
 * Jonny Pasvolsky as Rob Shelton / Matt Bosnich, is the new overseer for Killarney who seems highly capable as well as being a loner. His choice for loneliness, while hiding quite a few secrets, becomes gradually understandable. Jodi is convinced that Rob is gay, but later realises that he is not, yet there is more to his mysterious past than meets the eye. (Season 5–6, recurring Season 7)
 * Luke Jacobz as Patrick Michael Brewer, is the younger brother of Dave Brewer. He makes his first appearance in the series by parachuting onto Drover's. Patrick is an adventurous world traveller. He has a short relationship with Kate early on, but when he stops taking his medication for bipolar disorder, he has a manic episode, which initially frightens Kate off. After Dave finally tells him the truth about their father's death, their relationship strengthens, and he leaves Gungellan to stay with his mother, and work on getting better at handling his bipolar disorder. After a while he returns to Gungellan and rekindles the relationship with Kate. (Season 6–8, guest Season 5)
 * Zoe Naylor as Regan McLeod, Regan is the second daughter of Hugh McLeod, Jack McLeod's younger brother who was first engaged to Prudence. Regan arrives at Drover's under suspicious circumstances, later revealing that she has come to conduct tests and surveys to determine if Drover's can be mined for gold. She begins digging, which is legal, getting into several confrontations with Tess, and the other Drover's women. After she is bitten by a venomous snake, Tess helps save her life and Regan decides to abandon her plans to mine Drover's, making peace with her cousin. (Season 6–7, recurring Season 5 & 8)
 * Gillian Alexy as Tayler Jane Geddes, first appears at the end of season 6, when she comes to Drover's looking to get revenge on Regan. Regan was supervising a mine when an accident killed two men, one of which was Tayler's father. Regan and the other women, with some aid by Patrick, convince Tayler to stay on at Drover's as a farm hand. Although she is not certain about this decision and how welcome she truly is at Drover's, she has nowhere else to go, and indeed stays on. (Season 7–8, guest Season 6)
 * Dustin Clare as Riley Ward, is a farrier and horse gentler who left the army, and first appears in season 6, when Stevie discovers him squatting on Drover's. After some initial clashes with the people from Drover's and Killarney, Riley and Stevie start a programme to capture and train brumbies. Riley also becomes the overseer of Killarney. (Season 7, recurring Season 6)
 * Matt Passmore as Marcus Turner, first arrives at Killarney in the beginning of season 7, working for Bryce Redstaff to go over the books and look for ways to increase profit, recovering Bryce's investment. Bryce has more than one agenda in this, and since Bryce does not want to tell Alex himself, he leaves Marcus no other choice than to later reveal to Alex that he is also Bryce's son and therefore his (younger) brother. Though he and Alex initially clash, they later grow close, while Marcus does his best to fit in, and to develop into a good farmer. (Season 7–8)
 * Abi Tucker as Grace Kingston, is the eldest of Hugh McLeod's daughters, sister to Regan and Jasmine, cousin to Jodi, Tess and Claire. She is a Campdrafting champion under the name Grace Kingston (her mother's maiden name) and an old friend of Stevie Hall. She reluctantly joins Drover's after receiving her share in Jodi's 'will'. Grace is a loose cannon, acting before thinking, and stuffs up a few times in her initial adjustment to being at Drover's. Her relationship with Regan is complicated and they are often at odds. (Season 7–8)
 * Doris Younane as Moira Doyle (Season 7–8, guest Season 2–3, recurring Season 5–6)
 * Edwina Ritchard as Jaz McLeod, Jaz is the youngest of Hugh McLeod's daughters. She is the first McLeod cousin to appear in the series, showing up near the end of season 4 (played by Anna Torv) for two episodes. She comes to Drover's to heal from losing her fiancé in a show jumping accident, and to spread her father's ashes on Drover's, a property she thought solely existed in stories her father used to tell. (Season 8)
 * John Schwarz as Ben Hall, is Stevie's cousin, and first appears in season 8 on the same bus into Gungellan as Jaz, showing up to support Stevie after Alex's death. He finds work at Killarney, where he regularly clashes with Marcus, however he seems knowledgeable enough as well. (Season 8)

Recurring cast and characters

 * John Jarratt as Terry Dodge (Season 1–6)
 * Marshall Napier as Harry Ryan (Season 1–6)
 * Fletcher Humphrys as Brett "Brick" Buchanan (seasons 1–3)
 * Catherine Wilkin as Liz Ryan (Season 1–4, 6)
 * Luke Ford as Craig Woodland (seasons 1–4)
 * Richard Wilson as Sean Howard (seasons 1–2)
 * Rodger Corser as Peter Johnson (seasons 1–4)
 * Ben Mortley as Alberto Borelli (seasons 1–3)
 * Richard Healy as Kevin Fountain (seasons 2–3, 6)
 * Inge Hornstra as Sandra Kinsella (seasons 2–6)
 * Kathryn Hartman as Sally Clements (seasons 2–6)
 * Charlie Clausen as Jake Harrison (seasons 2–3)
 * John Stanton as Bryce Redstaff (seasons 3–4, 6–7)
 * Basia A'Hern as Rose Hall-Smith (seasons 4–8)
 * Craig McLachlan as Kane Morgan (season 4)
 * Dean O'Gorman as Luke Morgan (seasons 4–5)
 * Michelle Langstone as Fiona Webb (season 6)
 * Dan Feuerriegel as Leo Coombes (season 6)
 * Peter Hardy as Phil Rakich (seasons 6–8)
 * Rachael Coopes as Ingrid Marr (seasons 7–8)

Guest appearances
Notable guest appearances include: Chris Haywood, Max Cullen, Alexandra Davies, Murray Bartlett, Deborah Kennedy, Celia Ireland, Tim Campbell, Brooke Harman, Peter Cousens, Stephen Curry, Xavier Samuel, Gabby Millgate, Belinda Bromilow, Jeremy Lindsay Taylor, Tasma Walton, Glenda Linscott, Neil Melville, Josh Quong Tart, Rachael Taylor, Jeremy Sims, Sonja Tallis, Orpheus Pledger, Simone Buchanan, Rebecca Lavelle, Todd Lasance, Kain O'Keeffe, Adam Saunders, Liam Hemsworth, Jay Laga'aia, Luke Arnold, Spencer McLaren, Callan Mulvey, Craig Stott, Leah Purcell, Carole Skinner, Peter Howitz and Nicholas Bishop.

Main cast changes
The first three seasons follow the lives of half-sisters Claire McLeod and Tess Silverman McLeod, farmhands Jodi Fountain and Becky Howard, Jodi's mother and Drovers Run housekeeper Meg Fountain, and their affluent neighbours, the Ryan family.

The cast remained the same until the third season, when it was announced that Jessica Napier would be leaving. Her character, Becky Howard, initially decided to take a job at another farm with her boyfriend Jake, but then changed her mind and went back to school on the Agricultural Scholarship she had won during the young farmers competition. News of a second major cast change hit when it was announced that Lisa Chappell, who played Claire McLeod, would be leaving the series. Claire, Tess, and baby Charlotte were involved in a car accident, with Tess and Charlotte making it to safety before their vehicle slid over a cliff, killing Claire. Simmone Jade Mackinnon's character, Stevie Hall, was introduced to replace Chappell.

Season four began with the promotion of Brett Tucker to series regular. A new farm-hand, Kate Manfredi, was introduced in the fourteenth episode of season four. The introduction of Kate was to accommodate the departure of Meg, who left to pursue a writing job in Melbourne. She remained credited as a main character until the end of season 5.

When the show began to decrease in ratings in the fifth season, producers decided to introduce several new characters to try and liven up the show. They brought in the no-nonsense, secretive Rob Shelton who was employed as the overseer at Killarney; the geologist cousin of Tess and Jodi, Regan McLeod; and the troubled brother of Dave, Patrick Brewer. Even with these cast changes, the show suffered another major blow when Myles Pollard announced that he was leaving the show to pursue other opportunities in the USA. His character, Nick Ryan was supposedly killed in a plane crash.

Ratings started to rise in the sixth season, when it took on a more soap opera-type style, while staying true to the original premise of the show. This was the last season before the show began its downhill slope. After four seasons, recurring character Moria Doyle (played by Doris Younane) was promoted to series regular to replace Meg Fountain. Pollard returned briefly when it was revealed that Nick had not died in a plane crash, but had actually been unconscious in a hospital in Argentina. Bridie Carter also decided to leave the show, departing with Pollard when their characters returned to Argentina. This saw the return and promotion to the main cast of Regan McLeod. Another blow was dealt when Jonny Pasvolsky decided to quit. His character, Rob Shelton/Matt Bosnich, had to leave Gungellan when he was found by the hitmen who had been pursuing him. The return of Zoe Naylor's character, Regan McLeod was to accommodate the departure of Tess, however this had no impact. The ratings started to slip and two more characters were introduced: the replacement overseer for Killarney, Riley Ward, and the immature Tayler Geddes, whose father died in an explosion at a mine where Regan worked. The final episode saw Brett Tucker's character Dave Brewer depart the series to work as a vet in Africa and the temporary departure of Michala Banas's character, Kate Manfredi.

The seventh season saw the introduction of Marcus Turner, who was employed as an account manager by Bryce Redstaff, Alex's biological father. It was later revealed that Marcus was Alex's half-brother. The seventh season also saw the return of Matt Bosnich, who was free to continue his life outside of witness protection. The news, however, that Rachael Carpani was departing the show and her character Jodi McLeod, along with Matt, would be written out was soon announced and Matt and Jodi were "killed" in a car explosion. It later turned out that they were alive, but used a car explosion to cover up this fact so they could go into witness protection. To compensate for Carpani's departure, Abi Tucker's character Grace Kingston McLeod was introduced as the feisty sister of Regan and cousin of Jodi. Michala Banas's character Kate was written back in as was Sonia Todd's character Meg Fountain, however the latter departed soon after. It was announced that not only would Zoe Naylor be leaving, but so would the last remaining original cast member, Aaron Jeffery, though they would both return. Regan left to run a mine, while Alex left to help Nick and Tess in Argentina. A new vet, Ingrid Marr, was introduced to stir up trouble between Grace and Marcus. Dustin Clare's character Riley Ward was killed in a car accident at the end of season seven.

The departure of Michala Banas rocked the crew of McLeod's Daughters and her character was written out to work on a farm for at-risk youth. Aaron Jeffery returned for one episode in season eight, where his character Alex Ryan was killed when a large tree branch fell on him. Regan returned for the christening of baby Xander, who was born the day after Alex died. Stevie's fun-loving cousin Ben Hall was introduced as the new overseer of Killarney, replacing Riley, while the vivacious sister of Regan and Grace, Jaz McLeod returned to Drovers Run after making a guest appearance in season four. The series finale saw Sonia Todd and Rachael Carpani return as Meg Fountain and Jodi McLeod respectively.

Overview
The first season's storylines included:
 * The reunion of Claire and Tess
 * Meg’s and Terry's forbidden romance
 * Becky's rape and subsequent pregnancy scare
 * Tess's dream to own a cafe
 * Liz's disapproval of Tess
 * Brick's and Becky's relationship
 * The mystery behind Nick's limp
 * Jodi's and Alberto's blossoming romance

The second season's storylines included:
 * Claire's and Peter's romance
 * The arrival of Jodi's father
 * Tess leaves to run her cafe
 * Alberto's return from Italy
 * Brick's disappearance
 * Sandra's arrival
 * Alex’s and Nick's infatuation with Tess
 * Claire's pregnancy

The third season's storylines included:
 * Alex and Claire's sexual tension
 * Jodi and Alberto's marriage and subsequent annulment
 * Becky's quest for Brick and new romance with Jake
 * The sexual tension between Nick and Tess
 * The birth of Claire's baby, Charlotte
 * Sally and Nick's relationship
 * Dave and Tess' relationship
 * Sandra's meddling and romance with Alex
 * The departure of Becky
 * Tess' cancer scare
 * The arrival of Stevie Hall
 * Claire's car crash and her death
 * Tess' quest: run Drover’s single-handedly

The fourth season's storylines included:
 * Stevie's promotion to part-owner
 * Nick and Tess' relationship and eventual marriage
 * The custody battle for Charlotte
 * Meg's decision to leave Drover’s
 * The introduction of Kate Manfredi
 * Sandra's pregnancy and subsequent miscarriage
 * Jodi's relationship with Luke and her work with the CFS
 * The brief arrival of cousin Jasmine
 * The birth of Sally and Nick's son, Harrison

The fifth season's storylines included:
 * The disintegration and eventual reconciliation of Tess and Nick's marriage
 * Regan McLeod's arrival and plans to mine Drover’s
 * Stevie and Alex's growing affection for one another
 * The introduction of mysterious farm-hand Rob Shelton
 * Meg's book publication
 * Stevie's decision to tell Rose the truth
 * The arrival of Dave's mentally-unstable little brother, Patrick
 * Nick's presumed death
 * Jodi's discovery that her father is Jack McLeod

The sixth season's storylines included:
 * The discovery of Rob's witness protection secret
 * Harry's murder and the subsequent police investigation
 * The love triangle between Stevie, Alex and Fiona
 * Nick's return and his departure with Tess
 * Meg and Terry's engagement and wedding
 * Regan's return and subsequent gain of Drover's
 * Rose's work experience
 * The arrival of the arrogant Riley Ward
 * Dave and Kate's departure to Africa

The seventh season's storylines included:
 * Rob/Matt's return and his and Jodi's relationship followed by their presumed death
 * Moira and Phil's relationship
 * Regan's departure
 * Alex and Stevie's engagement and wedding
 * The introduction of Grace McLeod and Marcus Turner
 * Kate's return and her developing relationship with Riley
 * Ashleigh's arrival and deception
 * Rose's fall and subsequent paralysis
 * Tayler and Patrick's growing friendship
 * Stevie's pregnancy
 * Riley's presumed death

The eighth and final season's storylines included:
 * Kate's departure
 * Alex's return, tragic death and the birth of his and Stevie's son
 * The Grace-Marcus-Ingrid love triangle
 * Jaz McLeod's return and Ben Hall's introduction
 * The production of a controversial dam
 * Ben and Jaz's relationship
 * The return of Ingrid's violent husband
 * Phil's musical about Moira's life
 * Drover’s Run's financial crisis

Reception
The first episode of McLeod's Daughters eventually debuted in August 2001 and proved to be a hit, attracting 1.89 million viewers. The first season was a success, attracting an average of 1.5 million viewers per episode in Australia. The show aired in New Zealand on TV2, one of TVNZ's free-to-air channels. The final season on TV2 began airing a month after Australia and eventually became 10 episodes in front of Australia until the finale. Reruns from season one are currently on Vibe in New Zealand, a channel aimed at women's programming.

The second season of McLeod's Daughters was equally successful, being the third-most popular drama on Australian television. By 2003, the show was the most popular drama series on Australian television. Its popularity in Australia was highlighted when the show won four Logie Awards, including Lisa Chappell winning most popular female actor and Aaron Jeffery winning most popular actor, with the show itself winning most popular Australian drama series in 2004 and 2005.

The show then began to decline in popularity and perceived quality. Cast turnover was high, and increasingly far-fetched stories were used to explain the sudden departure of formerly important characters, such as Rachael Carpani, who departed in 2007 and Aaron Jeffery, who left in 2008. In 2007, many viewers considered the show to have "jumped the shark", as the show had drifted into a new direction, that of a soap opera; at that point, the show began to experience low ratings. Jeffery commented to The Daily Telegraph that his desire to depart from the show was due to the new direction the show was taking, which he did not like.

The 200th episode of McLeod's Daughters aired on 3 October 2007, with Hugh McLeod (Grace, Jasmine, and Regan's father) returning for this special event. An entirely different script was originally written when one of the original cast (speculated to be Bridie Carter) agreed to come back, but it was pulled at the last minute. Ratings for this episode were very poor by Australian standards, with only 1,008,000 viewers tuning in; the highest that season was 1,415,000 for episode 16.

The eighth and final season began on 23 July 2008 with the episode 203, "Aftermath", but after two further episodes, Channel 9 pulled the show from its schedule due to extremely low ratings. The remaining episodes were eventually aired from December to January in a double-episode format, with the final two episodes ("Into the Valley of the Shadow" and "The Long Paddock") airing on 31 January 2009 with original cast members returning for the special event.

In May 2020, McLeod's Daughters was voted the number one show during the "Great Australian Binge".

International broadcast
Following its instant success in Australia, Mcleod's Daughters was sold to over 100 countries, most notably, the US-based Hallmark Channel, which was available in several international countries, including Australia, Asia, and European countries, with time and broadcast dates varing. The series premiered in the UK on the Hallmark Channel in Autumn 2001, originally in a weekend primetime slot. Due to its growing success, Hallmark secured the rights to the third season in 2002 and the fourth season in 2003, which were then scheduled for 26 and 30 episodes, respectively, before being extended. The third season eventually screened from 28 August 2003 on the network, while season four commenced in 2004. During the later years of the series, it was moved from its primetime slot to an 11 am morning slot. The final season began airing in the UK Hallmark on 12 October 2008 with double episodes every Sunday morning from 11:00 am to 1:00 pm. The final two episode aired in the UK on Sunday 21 December 2008, a month before the episodes aired in Australia.

In Germany the final two episodes aired on 4 November 2008 in a German-dubbed-version, a month before airing in the UK in the original language. In Ireland, RTÉ Two began airing the final season in mid-2010 in a late-night time slot, with the final episode airing early 2011. This was the first time season 8 had been shown on the channel, as RTÉ had long period gaps between each season. In early 2011, the channel began airing the series from the beginning, but was stopped less than halfway through the first season. In the US, the series debuted on 2 October 2004 on the WE tv (Women's Entertainment) cable channel, and ran for several seasons.

Soundtrack
Three albums, selected from the music from the series, were released in 2002, 2004, and 2008.

Streaming
In Australia, the complete series is available to stream on 9Now, and Stan. In New Zealand, it is available via TVNZ+. Netflix made all 8 seasons available to US subscribers in 2009. The series was available to stream in the UK via Amazon Prime Video's main subscription service before moving to Amazon Freevee, a free ad-based service from Amazon. It can also be streamed on the UK's STV Player. It is available in multiple countries on Pluto TV, where it features a McLeod's Daughters channel and the entire series on demand.

Potential reboot
On 6 July 2017, the Nine Network confirmed that they were in talks with Posie Graeme-Evans about a potential reboot of the series. On 6 September 2017, Posie Graeme-Evans announced, "We have a story now, and I think it's a cracker. Just finishing the work we need to do before I talk about the next steps with the network." On 23 October 2017, Posie Graeme-Evans announced she had ended negotiations with Nine as creative differences for a new series remained, but has not ruled out potentially crowd-funding her project.

title: McLeod's Daughters


text:
ADSR

ADSR may refer to:

 * ADSR envelope (attack decay sustain release), a common type of music envelope
 * Accelerator-driven subcritical reactor, a nuclear reactor using a particle accelerator to generate a fission reaction in a sub-critical assembly of fissionable material
 * Attack Decay Sustain Release, the debut album from Simian Mobile Disco, released on June 18, 2007

title: ADSR


text:
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux (24 August 1753 – 24 March 1824) was a deputy to the National Convention during the French Revolution. He later served as a prominent leader of the French Directory.

Life
He was born at Montaigu (Vendée), the son of J. B. de la Révellière. He adopted the name Lépeaux from a small property belonging to his family, and he was known locally as M. de Lépeaux. He studied law at Angers and Paris, being called to the bar in 1775. A deputy to the Estates-General of 1789, he returned at the close of the session to Angers, where with his school-friends J. B. Leclerc and Urbain-René Pilastre he sat on the council of Maine-et-Loire, and had to deal with the first Vendéen outbreaks. In 1792 he was returned by the département to the Convention, and on 19 November he proposed the famous decree by which France offered protection to foreign nations in their struggle for liberty.

Although La Révellière-Lépeaux voted for the death of Louis XVI, he was not in general agreement with the extremists. He was proscribed with the Girondins in 1793, and remained in hiding until the revolt of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794). After serving on the commission to prepare the initiation of the new constitution he became in July 1795 president of the Assembly, and shortly afterwards a member of the Committee of Public Safety. His name stood first on the list of directors elected, and he became president of the Directory.

Of his colleagues he was in alliance with Jean-François Rewbell and to a lesser degree with Barras, but the greatest of his fellow-directors, Lazare Carnot, was the object of his undying hatred. His policy was marked by a bitter hostility to the Christian religion, which he proposed to supplant as a civilizing agent by theophilanthropy, a new religion invented by the English deist David Williams. The credit of the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797), by which the allied directors made themselves supreme, La Révellière-Lépeaux arrogated to himself in his Mémoires, which in this as in other matters must be read with caution.

Compelled to resign by the Coup of 30 Prairial Year VII (18 June 1799), he lived in retirement in the country, and took no further part in public affairs even after his return to Paris ten years later.

Publications

 * Arrêtés du Directoire exécutif, concernant les militaires employés dans l'intérieur. A Paris: De l'Imprimerie du Dépôt des lois, 1796
 * Arrêté du Directoire exécutif, concernant l'application à faire des lois sur les émigrés, aux habitans des départemens réunis qui ont passé en pays étranger pendant le cours de l'an II, et ne sont pas rentrés dans les trois mois de la publication de la loi du 9 vendémiaire, an IV. A Paris: De l'Imprimerie du Dépôt des lois, 1796
 * Réflexions sur le Culte, sur les Cérémonies civiles et sur les Fêtes Nationales, 1797
 * Réponses de L.M. Révellière-Lépeaux, aux dénonciations portées au Corps Législatif contre lui et ses anciens collègues, 1799
 * Notice du patois vendéen. Précédée d'une biographie de l'auteur, 1867
 * Mémoires de La Revellière-Lépeaux. Membre du Directoire executif de la République Française et de l'Institut national. Tome premier; Tome dieuxième; Tome troisième, publiés par son fils. Paris: Libraire Plon. 1895

title: Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux


text:
Roger Elliott

Major General Roger Elliott (c. 1665 – 16 May 1714 ) was one of the earliest British Governors of Gibraltar. A member of the Eliot family, his son Granville Elliott became the first Count Elliott and his nephew George Augustus Eliott also became a noted Governor and defender of Gibraltar.

Early life
Roger Elliott was born, possibly in London but more probably in the English Colony of Tangier in Morocco, to George Elliott (c. 1636 - 1668, the Chirurgeon to the Tangier Garrison) and his wife Catherine (née Maxwell, c.  1638 – 1709). George Elliott was the illegitimate son of Richard Eliot, the wayward second son of Sir John Eliot (1592–1632).

Roger Elliott's father, George Elliott, died at Tangier in 1668, and his widowed mother remarried there on 22 February 1670 to Robert Spotswood (17 September 1637 – 1680), the assistant and replacement Chirurgeon at the Garrison, and thirdly the Rev. Dr George Mercer, the Garrison schoolmaster. Roger Elliott was therefore an older half-brother of Alexander Spotswood (c. 1676 – 6 June 1740), who became a noted Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia.

Military career
By 1680, Roger was an Ensign in the Tangier Regiment of Foot, and was wounded on 27 October fighting the local Moors. In 1681, he was suspended by Colonel Percy Kirke for duelling with Ensign Bartholomew Pitts, later being cashiered for this offence. He was sent back to England in 1682 with a letter begging for his readmission into His Majesty's Service, and he was reinstated as an Ensign in his old Company on 8 March 1683. In 1684 he returned to England. In 1685, the Tangier Regiment was renamed the Queen Dowager's Regiment of Foot, and he probably fought against the Monmouth Rebellion.

In 1687, he became a first lieutenant in the Earl of Bath's Regiment - created by Sir John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701). He was promoted to captain on 1 May 1690. He fought and was wounded at the Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August 1692. On 21 December of that year, he was promoted to major in the same Regiment, and, on 1 January 1696, promoted to lieutenant-colonel of Sir Bevil Granville's Regiment of Foot. In 1702, on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he was shot through the body at the defence of Tongeren in Belgium. He reputedly took on the entire French Army with only two regiments, before surrendering.

On 5 March 1704, he raised his own regiment – Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot. Officers were commissioned on 10 April that year at St James'. On 2 July 1704, again on campaign with the Duke of Marlborough, he fought and was wounded at the Battle of Schellenberg. It is possible that he fought at the Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704. However, he certainly did not lead the cavalry at this battle, as has been maintained by other biographies – this was led by General Sir John 'Salamander' Cutts.

Gibraltar
In March 1705, Colonel Elliott's Regiment of Foot embarked for Spain and served at Gibraltar, which was declared a free port in 1706. On 1 January 1707, he was promoted to Brigadier-General, and later that year to Lieutenant-Governor of Gibraltar. On 24 December, he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar. His time in office is remembered in the Gibraltar records as one of mercenary opportunity; whereas, in the London records, it appears that he proceeded with expensive but vital defensive fortification with only minimal prior financial approval. The arguments over the accounts for these defences subsequently caused problems for the probate of his personal estate. On 1 January 1710, he was promoted to Major-General, and on 24 January 1711, he handed over the Governorship to Brigadier-General Thomas Stanwix. He finally departed Gibraltar on 18 June 1711.

Return to England
Elliott returned to England and leased Byfeld House in Church Road, Barnes, Surrey. He married, and had a small family. However, he never fully recovered from his wounds and died relatively early.

Family
On 4 March 1712 at St Peter upon Cornhill, London, Roger married Charlotte Elliot (c. 1692 - c. 1753), the daughter of William 'the Laceman' Elliot (c. 1690 - 1728) of Brugh and Wells, a rich London merchant, and his wife Eleanor Tankard (1664–1745). They had two children:
 * 1) Granville Elliott (7 October 1713 – 10 October 1759), 1st Count Elliott, who married firstly Jeanne Thérèse du Han (1707–48) and secondly Elizabeth Duckett (1724–1804).
 * 2) Catherine (Kitty) Elliott (18 September 1714 – 15 January 1757), who married firstly c. 7 or 9 August 1736 Westminster to Charles Boyle (of Araglin Bridge, co Cork, related to the Earls of Cork and Orrery), and secondly, in 1742, to the Very Rev Robert Bligh (c.  1704 - 1778), the Dean of Elphin and a younger brother of John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley (1687 - 1728)

Mary Elliott, who married Garrett Fitzmaurice in Ireland, claimed to be a natural daughter of Roger Elliott.

Roger Elliott never fully recovered from his various wounds and died at Byfeld House on 16 May 1714. He was buried 21 May in the cemetery of St Mary the Virgin, Barnes.

His will was probated on 16 November 1714 but his estate took longer to resolve because of the difficulties previously mentioned. The eventual resolution was mostly due to the involvement of his father-in-law, William 'the Laceman' Elliot, who sought to expedite his daughter's remarriage to Captain Thomas Burroughs.

His widow remarried on 15 July 1715 at St James, Westminster to Captain Thomas Burroughs (died before 1728). She died before 1753.

title: Roger Elliott


text:
Kamathipura

Kamathipura (also spelled Kamthipura) is a neighbourhood in Mumbai, India known for prostitution. It was first settled after 1795 with the construction of causeways that connected the erstwhile seven islands of Mumbai. Initially known as Lal Bazaar, it got its name from the Kamathis (workers) of other areas of the country, who were labourers on construction sites. Due to tough police crackdowns, in the late 1990s with the rise of AIDS and government's redevelopment policy that helped sex workers to move out of the profession and subsequently out of Kamathipura, the number of sex workers in the area has dwindled. In 1992, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) recorded there were 45,000 sex workers here which was reduced to 1,600 in 2009 and 500 in 2018. Many sex workers have migrated to other areas in Maharashtra with real estate developers taking over the high-priced real estate. In 2018 the Maharashtra government sought tenders to demolish and redevelop the area.

History

Before the completion of the Hornby Vellard project in 1784, which built a causeway uniting all seven islands of Mumbai under William Hornby, governor of Bombay (1771–1784), plugged the Great Breach in Mahalaxmi, while the subsequent Bellasis Road causeway joined Mazagaon and Malabar Hill in 1793. This resulted in several low-lying marshy areas of Mumbai Flats like Byculla, Tardeo, Mahalaxmi and Kamathipura opening up for habitation. Thereafter starting 1795, Kamathis (workers) of other areas of the country, working as labourers on construction sites began settling here, giving the area its present name. It was bounded by Bellasis Road on the north, by Gaodevi on the south and the main road across, Falkland Road. At one point during this period it was home to a Chinese community, which worked as dockhands and ran restaurants. By the late 19th century it all changed.

Till then, as previous 1864 Census figures for Mumbai indicate, other areas had a larger population of prostitutes, like Girgaon (1,044), Phanaswadi (1,323) and Oomburkharee (1,583) compared with Kamathipura (601), all which declined after 1864. This small region boasted the most exotic consorts. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of women from continental Europe and Japan and China were trafficked into Kamathipura, where they worked as prostitutes servicing soldiers and locals alike. Gradually, social stratification also took place: A busy road in Kamathipura was known as Safed Gully (White Lane) owing to the European prostitutes housed here during the British raj. The lane is now known as Cursetji Shuklaji Street. The most well-known brothel in the area, Pila House, is the hybridisation of its original word: Playhouse. The first venereal disease clinic of Bombay was opened in 1916, being taken over by BMC in 1925. Nearby, Bachchuseth ki Wadi on Foras Road was famous for its kothewalis or tawaifs and mujras.

When India gained independence, Indian sex workers moved into the area. In recent decades, large numbers of Nepalese women and girls have also been trafficked into the district. Over the years under Indian government rule, the sex industry in Kamathipura continued to flourish. Trafficking and economic circumstances also brought women from different parts of the country there. Eventually it became Asia's largest sex district.

The brothels in the area are crowded. Sex workers wait outside to pick up customers and then rent an available bed. The estimated 3,000 buildings in the area are largely dilapidated; safe drinking water and sanitation is scarce as well.

Some historical sources point out that the origin of slums, subsequently the red-light areas of Mumbai including Kamathipura is related to land acquisition, from the indigenous population who were evicted from their farmlands and cattle-fields and forced to live in congested conditions, to facilitate the development of the industrial harbor city. In the early stages, people accumulated in the new slums partly depended on constructions contracts. Later, as men became unemployed due to lack of jobs, more women began to engage in sex work in order to survive. Gang activity also increased in the area; in the 1970s and early '80s, Bachchu Wadi at Kamathipura was frequented by gangleaders from the Mumbai underworld, such as Haji Mastan, Karim Lala, and Dawood Ibrahim.

The 2005 statewide ban on dance bars resulted in many former female dancers resorting to prostitution in Mumbai's red-light districts in order to survive. According to police, in 2005, there were 100,000 prostitutes working out of five-star hotels and brothels across Mumbai.

The area is also home to a small cottage industry of about 200 women who make a living rolling beedis (hand-rolled Indian cigarette).

Demographics
Kamathipura is divided into roughly 14 lanes and divided according to regional backgrounds of the workers. Most of the workers come from other Indian states. There is little interaction between areas, which makes it harder for social organizations to organize them into a movement or union. Further, lack of public opinion, political leadership or social activism which is empathetic towards them means a tough time forming unions.

The area had 55,936 voters in 2007.

title: Kamathipura


text:
Agony column

Agony column may refer to:
 * The Agony Column, a novel by Earl Derr Biggers
 * A column of a newspaper that contains advertisements of missing relatives and friends
 * The Agony Column, an alternative title to the 1918 film The Blind Adventure
 * Advice column in a newspaper

title: Agony column