text:
Chiefs (rugby union)

The Chiefs (Rangatira; formerly known as the Waikato Chiefs and officially called the Gallagher Chiefs for sponsorship reasons) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Hamilton, Waikato. The team competes in the Super Rugby competition, previously known as the Super 12 and Super 14, and are one of the competition's five New Zealand teams. Their primary home ground is FMG Stadium Waikato.

The Chiefs are central to six provincial teams; Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki and Counties Manukau playing in the National Provincial Championship (NPC), with Thames Valley and King Country competing in the Heartland Championship.

The Chiefs field three main teams, the Gallagher Chiefs who compete in DHL Super Rugby Pacific, the Chiefs Manawa who compete in Sky Super Rugby Aupiki and their age-group team the University of Waikato Chiefs U20s.

The Chiefs teams play in red, black and yellow colours with jerseys in recent years having strong Māori cultural elements to tie the club to its region. Māori culture, values and traditions are also a cornerstone of the club’s culture, implemented during Dave Rennie’s time as head coach and continued by current head coach Clayton McMillan.

Until 2004, the Chiefs were the only New Zealand side never to have qualified for the Super 12 semi-finals. In that year the Chiefs earned their first semi-final berth, and in the end achieved fourth place (defeated 37–20 in the semi-final by the ACT Brumbies). They subsequently reached the 2009 final, but found themselves on the short end of a record 61–17 defeat by the Bulls.

The Chiefs were rewarded with a home final after a strong 2012 season. The Chiefs defeated the 37–6, winning their first title. In 2013, the Chiefs became the fourth team to record back-to-back title wins, when they defeated the Brumbies 27–22 at Waikato Stadium.

In 2021 the Chiefs Rugby Club established their women's team, formerly known as the Chiefs women, now the Chiefs Manawa (Waitomo Chiefs Manawa for sponsorship reasons). The Waitomo Chiefs Manawa won the inaugural season of Sky Super Rugby Aupiki in 2022 and were runner-up in the competition in 2023 and 2024.

History
The Chiefs were founded in 1996 as the Waikato Chiefs for the inaugural Super 12 season in 1996. Prior to the Super 12, the Super 10 competition had been in place, which NPC teams took part in, including Waikato. In the first year of competition the Chiefs placed 6th in the overall standings, missing out on making the finals; winning 6 of their 11 regular season matches. The following season the Chiefs placed 11th, winning 4 games and losing 7. In 1998 the Chiefs performed closer to the standard of their 1996 season and placed at 7th in the final standings. In 1999 the side were able to do one better and claimed 6th position on the ladder but were still yet to make the playoffs.

In 2000 the Chiefs won 3 of their regular season games and finished the regular season in 10th place. The following season the team equalled their best position again – finishing 6th. In 2002 the team won 4 games and lost 7 to finish in 8th position, and the season after, 2003 Super 12 season, fell to a 10th-place finish. But the season after, the Chiefs won 7 regular season games and came 4th on the ladder – claiming the first semi-final spot in their history. The Chiefs lost the semi-final against the Brumbies. In 2005 the team finished 6th. In 2006, the Super 12 expanded to the Super 14, with the addition of a new Australian and South African club. The Chiefs won 7 of their 13 games and drew once with 5 losses to come 7th. In 2009, the Chiefs made their second ever semi-final, defeating the 14 – 10 to advance to the final for the first time. They lost the final to the Bulls by the biggest-ever margin of 61–17. In the 2010 and 2011 seasons, they were unable to replicate their form of 2009, missing the playoffs in both seasons.

In 2012, following the disappointing results of previous years, the Chiefs underwent a significant change in personnel. This included the recruitment of new coaches, including Dave Rennie and Wayne Smith, and players, including Aaron Cruden, Ben Tameifuna, Brodie Retallick and Sonny Bill Williams. The changes had an immediate impact as the Chiefs finished at the top of the New Zealand conference, qualifying for a home semi-final, which they won, defeating the 20–17. They subsequently hosted the final for the first time in the teams's history, comprehensively defeating the by 37 – 6, claiming their first title. They also set many club records in the 2012 season, including: most home wins, best home streak, best season winning streak, and most points and tries scored.

In 2013, the Chiefs again won the Super Rugby title and the New Zealand conference with a regular-season record of 12 wins and four losses. They also won the BNZ Cup, a new trophy established by the NZRU for the New Zealand side with the best record in intra-conference matches.

In 2016 the Chiefs played a touring Wales side, winning the one-off encounter 40-7. In doing so they became the first New Zealand Super Rugby franchise to defeat an international team.

In 2017 the Chiefs played the British and Irish Lions side in Hamilton, losing the encounter 34-6. In the regular season, they finished 3rd in the NZ conference and 6th overall, putting them through to the playoffs. They won a thriller quarter final against the Stormers in Cape Town (17-11) but lost in the semi-finals to the Crusaders (27-13)

In 2018 the Chiefs finished 3rd in the NZ conference and 5th overall. This result put them through to the quarter-finals, in which they lost a tight battle against the Hurricanes (32-31)

The Chiefs didn't have a great start to the 2019 season, losing 4 games straight off the bat, including a loss to the Sunwolves (30-15). However, the Chiefs redeemed themselves by defeating the Bulls 56-20 and going on to win more. They ended up finishing 3rd in the NZ conference and 7th overall, which put them through to the quarter-finals. However, the Chiefs would lose to the Jaguares 21-16 in Buenos Aires

After 7 rounds in 2020, the Chiefs were 3rd in the NZ conference and 5th overall. However, the COVID-19 pandemic suspended the 2020 Super Rugby season from going ahead, for travel and health reasons. Despite this, NZRU created a domestic Super Rugby tournament called Super Rugby Aotearoa, which started in June 2020. The Chiefs played well but didn't win a single game in Super Rugby Aotearoa 2020.

The Chiefs lost their first 2 games of Super Rugby Aotearoa in 2021, and then got their first win in the competition against the Hurricanes (35-29). In the 2023 season, the Chiefs won 13 of the 14 regular season matches, going on to host the Crusaders at FMG Stadium Waikato for their first home final since 2013. The Crusaders however remained the Super Rugby Pacific champions winning 25-20.

Franchise area
Since 1999, the Chiefs have represented the provincial unions of Bay of Plenty, Counties Manukau, King Country, Thames Valley and Waikato.

From 1996 to 1998 the Chiefs also represented North Harbour and Northland, with Counties Manukau and Thames Valley falling under the Auckland Blues catchment. Had the Blues been allowed to represent the Auckland, North Harbour, Counties Manukau and Northland unions, they would have been able to field almost a full national team due to player contracting rules at the time. In an effort by the NZRU to make things more fair, the Chiefs were given North Harbour and Northland, while the Blues were given Counties Manukau and Thames Valley. By 1999, clear regional dominance of national team players no longer existed, so North Harbour and Northland were 'returned' to the Blues in exchange for Counties Manukau and Thames Valley.

Taranaki was originally part of the from 1996, but switched to the Chiefs in 2013.

Ownership
The Chiefs are a wholly owned subsidiary of the NZRU. However, in an effort to bring more capital into the sport, the NZRU established a system of privatised operation in 2013. In 2014, it was announced that a new entity, 'Chiefs Rugby Club Limited Partnership', had been established, with the NZRU granting the newly formed company a seven-year licence, until the end of the 2020 season, to operate the club. Chiefs Rugby Club itself is 50% owned by the provincial unions within the Chiefs' catchment and 50% by a group of private investors. As part of the Taranaki Rugby Union's investment, the Chiefs will hold two matches per year at Yarrow Stadium in New Plymouth.

Development team
The Chiefs have fielded a development team in competitions such as the Pacific Rugby Cup and in matches against other representative teams for several seasons. Known as the Chiefs Development XV, the squad is selected from the best emerging rugby talent in the Chiefs catchment area and is composed of Chiefs contracted players, wider training group members, under 20s, and selected club players.

Super Rugby (1996–present)
2012, 2013 2009, 2023, 2024 2004, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022
 * Champions (2)
 * Runners-up (3)
 * Playoffs Appearances (12)

2021 2012, 2013 2013, 2014
 * Super Rugby Aotearoa Runners-up (1)
 * New Zealand Conference Champions (2)
 * BNZ Cup Winner (2)

Brisbane Global Tens
2017
 * Champions (1)

Season standings
A season-by-season summary of Chiefs regular season results is shown below:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"

 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFE6BD"|Super 12
 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|Super 14
 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFA6AA"|Super Rugby
 * align="center" bgcolor="#faf884"|Super Rugby Aotearoa
 * align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90"|Super Rugby Trans Tasman
 * align="center" bgcolor="#87D3F8"|Super Rugby Pacific
 * }

 * {| class="wikitable"

! width="20"|Season ! width="20"|Pos ! width="20"|Pld ! width="20"|W ! width="20"|D ! width="20"|L ! width="20"|F ! width="20"|A ! width="25"|+/- ! width="20"|BP ! width="20"|Pts ! width="250"|Notes
 * -border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0

 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1996 || 6th || 11 ||  6 || 0 || 5 || 291 || 269 ||  +22 ||  4 || 28 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1997 || 11th || 11 || 4 || 0 || 7 || 272 || 295 ||  −23 ||  3 || 19 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1998 || 7th || 11 ||  6 || 0 || 5 || 279 || 291 ||  −12 ||  5 || 29 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1999 || 6th || 11 ||  5 || 0 || 6 || 248 || 301 ||  −53 ||  6 || 26 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2000 || 10th || 11 || 3 || 0 || 8 || 257 || 352 ||  −95 ||  8 || 20 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2001 || 6th || 11 ||  6 || 0 || 5 || 301 || 330 ||  −29 ||  4 || 28 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2002 || 8th || 11 ||  4 || 0 || 7 || 323 || 341 ||  −18 ||  8 || 24 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2003 || 10th || 11 || 2 || 0 || 9 || 257 || 274 ||  −17 ||  9 || 17 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2004 || 4th || 11 ||  7 || 0 || 4 || 274 || 251 ||  +23 ||  5 || 33 || align=left | Lost semi-final to Brumbies
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2005 || 6th || 11 ||  5 || 1 || 5 || 272 || 250 ||  +22 ||  6 || 28 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2006 || 7th || 13 ||  7 || 1 || 5 || 325 || 298 ||  +27 ||  6 || 36 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2007 || 6th || 13 ||  7 || 1 || 5 || 373 || 321 ||  +52 || 10 || 40 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2008 || 7th || 13 ||  7 || 0 || 6 || 348 || 349 ||   −1 ||  6 || 34 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2009 || 2nd || 13 ||  9 || 0 || 4 || 338 || 236 || +102 ||  9 || 45 || align=left | Lost final to Bulls
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2010 || 11th || 13 || 4 || 1 || 8 || 340 || 418 ||  −78 ||  8 || 26 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2011 || 10th || 16 || 6 || 1 || 9 || 332 || 348 || −16  ||  6 || 40* || align=left |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2012 || 1st || 16 || 12 || 0 || 4 || 444 || 358 || +86  ||  8 || 64* || align=left | Defeated Sharks in final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2013 || 1st || 16 || 12 || 0 || 4 || 458 || 364 || +94  || 10 || 66* || align=left | Defeated Brumbies in final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2014 || 5th || 16 ||  8 || 2 || 6 || 384 || 378 || +6   || 8  || 44 || align=left | Lost qualifier to Brumbies
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2015 || 5th || 16 || 10 || 0 || 6 || 372 || 299 ||  +73 || 8  || 48 || align=left | Lost qualifier to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2016         || 6th  || 15 || 11 || 0 || 4 || 491 || 341 || +150 || 7  || 51 || align=left | Lost semifinal to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2017         || 6th  || 15 || 12 || 1 || 2 || 433 || 292 || +141 || 7  || 51 || align=left | Lost semifinal to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2018         || 5th  || 16 || 11 || 0 || 5 || 463 || 368 || +95  || 5  || 49 || align=left | Lost quarterfinal to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2019         || 7th || 16 || 7  || 2 || 7 || 451 || 465 || −14  || 4  || 36 || align=left | Lost quarterfinal to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2020         || 5th || 6  || 4  || 0 || 2 || 194 || 128 || +66  || 3  || 19 || align=left | Season cancelled due to COVID-19
 * - align=center bgcolor="#faf884"
 * 2020 || 5th || 8  || 0  || 0 || 8 || 155 || 212 || −57  || 5  || 5 || align=left | No playoffs, round robin only
 * - align=center bgcolor="#faf884"
 * 2021 || 2nd || 8  || 5  || 0 || 3 || 187 || 230 || −43  || 0  || 20 || align=left | Lost final to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#90EE90"
 * 2021        || 5th  || 5  || 4  || 0 || 1 || 170 || 111 || +59  || 3  || 19 || align=left |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#87D3F8"
 * 2022 || 3rd  || 14 || 10 || 0 || 4 || 453 || 348 || +105 || 5  || 45 || align=left | Lost semifinal to
 * - align=center bgcolor="#87D3F8"
 * 2023 || 2nd  || 14  || 13  || 0 || 1 || 487 || 261  || +226 || 7  || 59 || align=left |Lost final to Crusaders
 * }

Results per opposition
Chiefs Super Rugby results vs different opponents

Current squad
The squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season is:

Wider training squad
The following were named in the Chiefs wider training squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season:

 * 🇳🇿 Will Martin (Prop)
 * 🇳🇿 Mills Sanerivi (Hooker/Loose forward)
 * 🏴 Hamilton Burr (Lock/Loose forward)
 * 🇳🇿 Fiti Sa (Lock)
 * 🇳🇿 Aisake Vakasiuola (Lock/Loose forward)
 * 🇳🇿 Oli Mathis (Loose forward)
 * 🇳🇿 Adam Lennox (Halfback)
 * 🇳🇿 Josh Jacomb (First five-eighth)
 * 🇳🇿 Riley Hohepa (First five-eighth)
 * 🇳🇿 Tevita Ofa (Midfielder)
 * 🇳🇿 Aki Tuivailala (Midfielder)
 * 🇳🇿 Cody Nordstrom (Outside back)
 * 🇳🇿 Tana Tuhakaraina (Outside back)

Head coach

 * Clayton McMillan

Assistant coaches

 * David Hill (assistant coach)
 * Roger Randle (attack)
 * Nick White (scrum)
 * Ross Filipo
 * Marty Bourke

Management

 * Martyn Vercoe (Team Manager)

Strength and Conditioning

 * Christos Argus
 * Scott Joblin
 * Logan Posthumus

Medical

 * Teressa Te Tamaki (physio)
 * Brandon Olsen (physio)
 * Andrew Tai Kie (Doctor)

Performance analysts

 * Alistair Beeton
 * Jesse-James Tipene
 * Sam Dobson

Coaches
Notes: Official Super Rugby competition matches only, including finals.

Captains

 * Richard Turner (1996)
 * Ian Jones (1997)
 * Errol Brain (1998)
 * Michael Collins (1999)
 * Glenn Taylor (2000)
 * Deon Muir (2001–2002)
 * Jono Gibbes (2002–2008)
 * Mils Muliaina (2008–2011)
 * Liam Messam (2011–2015)
 * Craig Clarke (2012–2013)
 * Aaron Cruden (2014–2017)
 * Brodie Retallick (2014, 2019)
 * Sam Cane (2016–present)
 * Charlie Ngatai (2018)
 * Brad Weber (2021–present)
 * Luke Jacobson (2024)

title: Chiefs (rugby union)


text:
Hurricanes (rugby union)

The Hurricanes (Hau Āwhiowhio; formerly the Wellington Hurricanes) is a New Zealand professional men's rugby union team based in Wellington that competes in Super Rugby. The Hurricanes were formed to represent the lower North Island, including the East Coast, Hawke's Bay, Horowhenua Kapiti, Manawatū, Poverty Bay, Wairarapa-Bush, Wanganui and Wellington unions. They currently play at Sky Stadium (formerly named Westpac Stadium), having previously played at the now-defunct Athletic Park.

The Hurricanes had a poor first season in 1996's Super 12, but rebounded in 1997 with a third placing. The team did not reach the play-offs for another five years as they struggled in the bottom four of the table. Since 2003 the Hurricanes have made the post-season play-offs seven times out of fourteen seasons, including the 2006 final, which they lost in foggy weather against the Crusaders 19–12. After hosting but failing to win the final in 2015, the 2016 season was the Hurricanes' best season to date. They won the final 20-3 against the Lions, after again finishing the regular season first and hosting the final.

Early years: 1996–1997
The Hurricanes were formed in 1996 as one of five New Zealand Super 12 teams, and were originally called the Wellington Hurricanes. The team's first coach was former All Black Frank Oliver, while Bull Allen was named as captain. Their first match, played at Palmerston North Showgrounds against the Auckland Blues, was the first ever Super 12 match. They lost it 36–28. The team performed below expectations in the inaugural year of the competition and finished ninth. In 1997 the team made the semi-finals, losing in Canberra to the ACT Brumbies. However the consistent form shown during this season would not be seen again for many years.

Expect the unexpected: 1998–2002
Following their 1997 season, the Hurricanes failed to qualify for the semi-finals until 2003. Despite this, they were still known for the attacking nature of their backline that included the All Blacks stars Tana Umaga and Christian Cullen. The team played with flair and could score at any moment, whatever their position on the field, giving rise to the teams catch cry of 'expect the unexpected'. However the team struggled for consistent performances and at crunch time in matches, leading to patchy form and results.

After the 1999 World Cup, Jonah Lomu's contract with the NZRU expired he was linked to many clubs around the world, in rugby league as well as union and also the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. On 23 November 1999 it was announced that the winger had re-signed with the NZRU and agreed terms with the Wellington Rugby Union, despite a reported a £1.1 million offer by Bristol. The move to the Wellington union meant he could be included in the protected group of players for the Hurricanes.

The Hurricanes also opened 2000 with a new stadium. The highlights of that year included the victory over eventual champions the Crusaders, 41–29, in front of a packed house. At the end of the season the 'Canes still had a mathematical chance of making the semis and only had to beat the Bulls to stay in contention. However, the Hurricanes played one of their worst games of the year, losing the match to one of the worst performing teams at that point in the competition's history and lost the possibility of qualifying for the semi-finals. The team finished eighth on the table.

Despite the Wellington Lions (whom most of the Hurricanes squad were chosen from) winning the 2000 NPC, the Hurricanes finished ninth in the final standings in 2001; one worse than the year before. Another ninth placing in 2002 resulted in Graham Mourie, who had led the team since 2000, resigning.

New era: since 2003
In spite of reports that Colin Cooper, the then Crusaders assistant-coach, had said he was "not yet ready to jump ship" and wanted to stay with the South Island franchise, the Hurricanes were able to lure him away from the champions and made him their head coach for the 2003 season.

Cooper, along with newly appointed captain Tana Umaga, helped to mould the inconsistent and ill-disciplined Hurricanes into one of the top teams in the competition. 2003 was the beginning of a new era for the Hurricanes as they reached the semi-finals for just the second time in their history on the back of a strong seven-game winning streak mid-season. Their success came partly with the break-out year for mid-fielder Ma'a Nonu, his strong performances and partnership with captain Tana Umaga pushed out former All Black Pita Alatini and saw him score six tries en route to the All Black squad. The team also benefited from the steady hand of David Holwell at first five-eighth and an improving and mobile forward pack. Hurricanes stalwart Christian Cullen would leave New Zealand shores for Irish club Munster after his omission from the All Blacks 2003 World Cup squad, despite scoring eight tries during the season.

All Black great Jonah Lomu was left out of the 2004 squad, due to a life-threatening illness that would eventually result in a kidney transplant. He would never again play for the Hurricanes.

The majority of the team was retained< for 2005. including new centre Conrad Smith. The Hurricanes came back in 2005 to the form that saw them make the playoffs two years prior. Former New Zealand Colt Flyhalf Jimmy Gopperth was the real "find" of the season, scoring 139 points, which helped offset the departure of David Holwell to Ireland. The Hurricanes had tried to sign Australian playmaker Brock James, who had starred the previous NPC season for Taranaki and the Blues, and young star Luke McAlister indicated that he would like to play in Wellington. With both Daniel Carter and Aaron Mauger at the Crusaders capable of playing first five-eighth the team also made an attempt to lure Andrew Mehrtens to Wellington, without success.

In 2006 two new teams entered the competition, the Bloemfontein-based Cheetahs from South Africa and the Perth-based Western Force from Australia, creating the Super 14. Rodney So'oialo was appointed captain of the Hurricanes to succeed former All Black captain Tana Umaga. The team won all but four matches. They made their first Super Rugby final but lost to the Crusaders in a match played under thick fog. Following the match there was an incident in a nightclub involving Chris Masoe and Tana Umaga. The club finances benefitted from on-pitch success, with NZ$1.36 million profit on its 2006 turnover of NZ$7.44 million.

The Hurricanes returned to the semi-finals in both 2008 and 2009, however were unable to capture the same success in subsequent seasons. 2011 saw the arrival of Mark Hammett as coach and the departure of Andrew Hore, Ma'a Nonu and Piri Weepu.

The Hurricanes finished 11th in the 2013 Super Rugby season.

2015 saw the Hurricanes finish first in the regular season, topping the table with 66 points and a win–loss record of 14–2 in round robin play. The Hurricanes picked up the New Zealand Conference trophy after beating the Highlanders. After beating the Brumbies in the semi-final, the Hurricanes lost the final against the Highlanders 21–14. It was the final Super Rugby match for Conrad Smith, Ma'a Nonu and Jeremy Thrush – all Hurricanes that have played over 100 caps.

On 8 December 2015, Rugby World Cup-winning hooker Dane Coles was named captain for the 2016 season. Rugby World Cup-winning halfback TJ Perenara was named as vice-captain.

2016 was a big year for the Hurricanes finishing first overall on the points table, despite sitting in 7th going into the final round of the regular season. This saw them go into the quarter-finals against the Sharks winning 41-0 at Wellington Regional Stadium. They carried on to the semi-finals playing the Chiefs and winning 25-9 at Wellington Regional Stadium. The Hurricanes played the Lions in the final, winning the game 20-3 at Wellington Regional Stadium. This was the first time in Super Rugby history that the Hurricanes won the title. It was Victor Vito's final and 100th game for the Hurricanes.

The Hurricanes looked to win another championship title in 2017, taking out 12 of 15 games and making it to the quarter-finals against the Brumbies, which the Hurricanes won 16-35. However, in the semi-finals they were defeated by the Lions, who they defeated in the 2016 final.

In 2018, the Hurricanes won 11 of 16 round robin matches, which put them into the quarter-finals against a very tough Chiefs side. The Hurricanes narrowly defeated the Chiefs 32-31. But once again, the Hurricanes failed to make it past the semi-finals, losing to the Crusaders 30-12

2019 saw the Hurricanes win 12, draw 1 and lose 3. This result took them to the quarter-finals and they faced the Bulls, which was tight but the Hurricanes won 35-28. Unfortunately, the Hurricanes lost to the Crusaders again in a tight battle in Christchurch (30-26)

After 7 rounds of 2020, the Hurricanes finished 3rd in the NZ conference and 6th overall. The competition was suspended after 7 rounds due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a domestic Super Rugby competition was formed in New Zealand called Super Rugby Aotearoa, which kicked off in June 2020. The Hurricanes finished 3rd overall, winning 5 and losing 3. A notable moment from the Hurricanes in Super Rugby Aotearoa 2020 was that they ended the Crusaders' 18 match home winning streak, defeating them 32-34 in Round 7.

Super Rugby Aotearoa 2021 hasn't been so fortunate to the Hurricanes. They have only won one match, which was a 30-19 victory over the Highlanders in Dunedin.

Home Grounds and Franchise Area

Wellington Horowhenua-Kapiti Manawatu Wanganui Wairarapa-Bush Hawke's Bay Poverty Bay East Coast

Grounds
The Hurricanes play the majority of their home matches at the 34,500 capacity Sky Stadium (formerly named Westpac Stadium) on Wellington's waterfront. The stadium is affectionately known as The Cake-Tin due to its distinctive shape. It was opened in 2000 to replace Athletic Park, where the team had been previously based.

Central Energy Trust Arena in Palmerston North and McLean Park in Napier have also played host to Hurricanes home matches. In the initial years of the competition the Hurricanes played once, or occasionally twice, away from their Wellington base depending on whether they had home five or six games per year. However, in recent years, the team has seldom ventured from Sky Stadium, playing at-most one match per year in Palmerston North or Napier.

Region
The team represents the East Coast, Poverty Bay, Hawke's Bay, Wanganui, Manawatu, Wairarapa-Bush, Horowhenua-Kapiti and Wellington unions. In 2013, Taranaki severed its ties with the club, signing its allegiance to the in the hope of attracting Chiefs home matches to New Plymouth.

Ownership and Finances
In 2012, it was announced that a new company, Hurricanes Investment Ltd Partnership, had purchased a licence from the NZRU to operate the club.

While the NZRU retains ownership of the team, as well as control of the contracts of the players and head coach, the licensee is responsible for overseeing day-to-day operations. Hurricanes Investment Ltd Partnership is a joint venture between the Wellington Rugby Football Union owning 50 per cent of shares with the remaining 50 per cent held by a consortium of private investors, led by noted economist and author Gareth Morgan.

Development team
The Hurricanes have fielded a development team in competitions such as the Pacific Rugby Cup and in matches against other representative teams for several seasons. Known as the Hurricanes Hunters or Hurricanes Development XV, the squad is selected from the best emerging rugby talent in the Hurricanes catchment area and is composed of Hurricanes contracted players, wider training group members, under 20s, and selected club players.

Super Rugby (1996–Present)
2016
 * Champions (1)

2006, 2015 1997, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022 2015, 2016
 * Runners-up (2)
 * Playoff Appearances (12)
 * New Zealand/Australasian Conference Champions (2)

Season standings
A season-by-season summary of the Hurricanes regular season results is shown below:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"

 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFE6BD"|Super 12
 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|Super 14
 * align="center" bgcolor="#FFA6AA"|Super Rugby
 * align="center" bgcolor="#faf884"|Super Rugby Aotearoa
 * align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90"|Super Rugby Trans Tasman
 * align="center" bgcolor="#87D3F8"|Super Rugby Pacific
 * }

 * {| class="wikitable"

! width="20"|Season ! width="20"|Pos ! width="20"|Pld ! width="20"|W ! width="20"|D ! width="20"|L ! width="20"|F ! width="20"|A ! width="25"|+/- ! width="20"|BP ! width="20"|Pts ! width="250"|Notes
 * -border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0

 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1996            || 9th|| 11 ||  3 || 0 || 8 || 290 || 353 ||  -63 ||  5 || 17||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1997            || 3rd|| 11 || 6 || 0 || 5 || 416 || 314 || +102 ||  10 || 34|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1998            || 8th|| 11 ||  5 || 0 || 6 || 313 || 342 ||  -29 ||  6 || 26||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 1999            || 10th|| 11 ||  4 || 1 || 6 || 213 || 226 ||  -13  ||  4 || 22||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2000            || 8th|| 11 ||  6 || 0 || 5 || 308 || 329 ||  -29 ||  5 || 29||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2001            || 9th|| 11 ||  5 || 0 || 6 || 291 || 316 ||  -25 ||  5 || 25||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2002            || 9th|| 11 ||  5 || 0 || 6 || 232 || 317 ||  -85 ||  3 || 23||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2003            || 3rd|| 11 || 7 || 0 || 4 || 324 || 277 || +47 ||  7 || 35|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2004            || 11th|| 11 ||  4 || 1 || 6 || 275 || 303 ||  -28 ||  5 || 23||
 * - align=center bgcolor=#FFE6BD
 * 2005            || 4th|| 11 ||  8 || 0 || 3 || 281 || 248 ||  +33 ||  2 || 34|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2006            || 2nd|| 13 ||  10 || 0 || 3 || 328 || 226 || +102  ||  7 || 47|| align="left" | Lost to  in final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2007            || 8th|| 13 ||  6 || 0 || 7 || 247 || 300 || -53 || 3  || 27||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2008            || 4th|| 13 ||  8 || 1 || 4 || 310 || 204 ||  +106 ||  7 || 41|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2009            || 3rd|| 13 ||  9 || 0 || 4 || 380 || 279 ||  +101 || 8 || 44|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
 * 2010            || 8th|| 13 ||  7 || 1 || 5 || 358 || 323 ||  +35 ||  7 || 37 ||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2011         || 9th|| 16 || 5 || 2 || 9 || 328 || 398 || -70  || 10 || 42*|| align=left |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2012         || 8th|| 16 ||  10 || 0 || 6|| 489 || 429 || +58 ||  9 || 57*|| align=left |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2013         || 11th|| 16 ||  6 || 0 || 10|| 386 || 457 || -71  || 9 || 41*|| align=left |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2014         || 7th|| 16 ||  8 || 0 || 8 || 439 || 374 || +65  || 9  || 41||
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2015         || 2nd|| 16 ||  14 || 0 || 2|| 458 || 288 || +170 || 10  || 66|| align="left" | Lost to  in final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2016         || 1st|| 15 ||  11 || 0 || 4 || 458 || 314 ||  +144  || 9  || 53|| align="left" | Defeated  in final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2017         || 3rd|| 15 ||  12 || 0 || 3 || 596 || 272 || +324  || 10  || 58|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2018         || 4th|| 16 ||  11 || 0 || 5|| 474 || 343 || +131 || 7  || 51|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2019         || 4th|| 16 || 12  || 1 || 3|| 449 || 362 || +87  || 3  || 53|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#FFA6AA"
 * 2020         || 6th|| 6  || 4  || 0 || 2 || 168 || 135 || +33  || 1  || 17|| align="left" | Season cancelled due to COVID-19
 * - align=center bgcolor="#faf884"
 * 2020 || 3rd|| 8 || 5  || 0 || 3 || 202 || 213 || -11  || 1  || 21|| align="left" | No playoffs, round robin only
 * - align=center bgcolor="#faf884"
 * 2021 || 5th|| 8 || 2  || 0 || 6 || 200 || 223 || -23  || 4  || 12|| align="left" |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#90EE90"
 * 2021        || 4th|| 5  || 4  || 0 || 1 || 195 || 93  || +102 || 5  || 21|| align="left" |
 * - align=center bgcolor="#87D3F8"
 * 2022 || 5th|| 14 || 8 || 0 || 6 || 441 || 330 || +111 || 7  || 39|| align="left" | Lost to  in quarter-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#87D3F8"
 * 2023 || 5th|| 14  || 9  || 0 || 5 || 480 || 338 || +142  || 5  || 41|| align="left" | Lost to  in quarter-final
 * - align=center bgcolor="#87D3F8"
 * 2024 || 1st|| 14  || 12  || 0 || 2 || 480 || 281 || +199  || 8  || 56|| align="left" | Lost to  in semi-final
 * }

Results per opposition
Hurricanes Super Rugby results vs different opponents Super Rugby Match Results

Current squad
The squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season is:

Former players

 * Pita Alatini (17 tests, 3 matches)
 * Inoke Afeaki*
 * Bull Allen (8 tests, 19 matches)
 * Stephen Bachop (5 tests, 13 matches)
 * Beauden Barrett (88 tests, 1 match)
 * Andrew Blowers (11 tests, 7 matches)
 * James Broadhurst (1 test)
 * Sireli Bobo*
 * Bill Cavubati*
 * Dane Coles (90 tests)
 * Jerry Collins (48 tests, 2 matches)
 * Mark Cooksley (11 tests, 12 matches)
 * Phil Coffin (3 matches)
 * Aaron Cruden (50 tests)
 * Christian Cullen (58 tests, 2 matches)
 * Chresten Davis (2 matches)
 * Rhys Duggan (1 test)
 * Jason Eaton (15 tests, 2 matches)
 * Hika Elliot (4 tests, 1 match)
 * Tamati Ellison (4 tests, 1 match)
 * Bryn Evans (2 tests)
 * Riki Flutey*
 * Ben Franks (47 tests, 1 match)
 * Hosea Gear (14 tests, 1 match)
 * Zac Guildford (10 tests, 1 match)
 * Norm Hewitt (9 tests, 5 matches)
 * Andrew Hore (83 tests)
 * Cory Jane(53 tests, 2 matches)
 * Alama Ieremia (30 tests, 10 matches)
 * Danny Lee (2 tests)
 * Jonah Lomu (63 tests, 10 matches)
 * Simon Mannix (1 test, 8 matches)
 * Alby Mathewson (4 tests, 1 match)
 * Chris Masoe (20 tests)
 * Joe McDonnell (8 tests)
 * Brad Mika (3 tests)
 * Nehe Milner-Skudder (13 tests)
 * Charlie Ngatai (1 test)
 * Ma'a Nonu (103 tests, 1 match)
 * Jason O'Halloran (1 test)
 * TJ Perenara (69 tests, 1 match)
 * Jon Preston (10 tests, 17 matches)
 * Matt Proctor (1 test)
 * Mark Ranby (1 test)
 * Roger Randle (2 matches)
 * John Schwalger (2 tests)
 * Gordon Slater (3 tests, 3 matches)
 * Conrad Smith (94 tests)
 * Toby Smith*
 * Rodney So'oialo (62 tests, 1 match)
 * Jeremy Stanley (3 matches)
 * Paul Steinmetz (1 test)
 * Glenn Taylor (1 test, 5 matches)
 * Jeremy Thrush (12 tests)
 * Neemia Tialata (43 tests, 1 match)
 * Filo Tiatia (2 tests)
 * Isaia Toeava (36 tests, 1 match)
 * Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi (3 tests)
 * Ofisa Tonu'u (5 tests, 3 matches)
 * Jeffery Toomaga-Allen (1 test, 2 matches)
 * Tana Umaga (74 tests, 5 matches)
 * Kupu Vanisi (1 test)
 * Victor Vito (33 tests)
 * Scott Waldrom (1 match)
 * Dion Waller (1 test, 2 matches)
 * Piri Weepu (71 tests, 2 matches)

Head coach

 * Clark Laidlaw

Assistant coaches

 * Cory Jane assistant coach (defence) (2020–present)
 * Tyler Bleyendaal assistant coach (attack) (2021–present)
 * Jamie Mackintosh assistant coach (forwards) (2023–present)
 * Bryn Evans assistant coach (line-out and kick-off) (2024–)

Head coaches
Notes: Official Super Rugby competition matches only, including finals.

Captains
''The above is a comprehensive list of Hurricanes captains. Official captains are named in the list as "Captain".''
 * Bull Allen (1996–1998, 30 games - Captain)
 * Jon Preston (1998, 3 games, Allen injured)
 * Norm Hewitt (1998-2000, 15 games - Captain)
 * Jason O'Halloran (1999, 8 games, Hewitt injured)
 * Gordon Slater (2001-2002, 22 games - Captain)
 * Tana Umaga (2003–2005, 35 games - Captain)
 * Jerry Collins (2004, 3 games, Umaga injured)
 * Rodney So'oialo (2006–2009, 49 games - Captain)
 * Paul Tito (2007, 1 game, So'oialo injured)
 * Tamati Ellison (2009, 1 game, So'oialo injured)
 * Andrew Hore (2010–2011, 28 games - Captain)
 * Victor Vito (2011, 2 games, Hore rested; 2013, 1 game)
 * Conrad Smith (2007, 1 game; 2012–15, 60 games - Captain)
 * Jeremy Thrush (2014, 3 games, C. Smith injured)
 * Dane Coles (2015, 1 game, C. Smith rested) (2016–2018 - Captain)
 * Brad Shields (2017, D. Coles injured; 2018, D. Coles injured; 2024–present - Captain)
 * TJ Perenara (2016, 2 games, D. Coles injured; 2017, 7 games, D. Coles injured)
 * Ardie Savea (2019–2023 - Captain)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hurricanes (rugby union)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Al Gore Support Center

 * Delete. Vanity, personal page of User:ChrisDJackson which is consequently the only other page to link to the article.  Not encyclopedic. --Starx 01:53, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not vanity.  Encyclopedic. anthony (see warning) 02:01, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, should stay on Chris's user page, not an article of it's own. --Stormie 04:04, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Not encyclopedic. Note that ChrisDJackson blanked this page -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:44, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems notable to me. Is Chris D. Jackson just exaggerating things here? If he really has 300 people involved in the site and it has achieved the various sorts of recognition claimed in the article and indicated by the picture, I'd say keep. Everyking 05:14, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: The web site contains a bbs with 296 members. Not exactly what I would consider "involved". --Starx 14:26, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's debatable whether it's worth keeping, but if kept it definitely needs some work to make it NPOV. Currently it reads like self-promotion.  It's even got a link to Chris's user page.  Gag.  Isomorphic 05:38, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * LOL! Badly in need of NPOV work if it stays.  My first impulse is to delete and redirect to user page. - Lucky 6.9 05:58, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, almost pure POV, an attempt to use Wikipedia to promote Al Gore, and no evidence that the site is notable. Google search on "links to" http://www.gwu.edu/~action/2004/gore.html gets only four hits, three from within the site itself. Don't want to be too prejudiced here but I'd question the notability of a "personal area" site that doesn't have its own domain name... with obvious exceptions, say, http://www.princeton.edu/~a_einstein/index.html (note: joke). I'd have to question the seriousness of anyone who couldn't raise $9.95 or whatever it costs these days to buy a domain name and URL redirect from one of the GoDaddys of the world. Dpbsmith 12:39, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd question the notability of a "personal area" site that doesn't have its own domain name http://www.algoresupportcenter.com/ anthony (see warning)
 * Son-of-a-gun! How come that URL isn't linked on Al Gore Support Center or User:ChrisDJackson? Or is it? I still don't see it... So, is http://www.algoresupportcenter.com Chris D. Jackson's site? Yes, I guess it is: click on "Contact/Info". OK, that's actually a pretty impressive-looking site. But... (click click)... Google scores only only 16 web pages that link to it, and only 283 that contain it. OK, I stand corrected... but I'm afraid I still think it's POV, promotional, and non-notable and should be deleted. Dpbsmith 01:15, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know about others, but I tend not to spend too much time improving articles listed on VfD, as it would likely be a waste of my time. anthony (see warning)
 * Hey guys. I accept your correction Dpbsmith.  If anyone thinks they can re-write a short description of the site that is NPOV, it would be appreciated.  ChrisDJackson 21:34, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * One of the reasons I left DC... Vanity. Move to userpage. Alcarillo 14:08, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Andris 17:32, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.  ElBenevolente 22:49, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. not famous enough --Jiang 23:24, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fails Alexa test (no ranking), not famous, self-promotional. —No-One Jones 21:38, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Deserves "Get Real" award. :) -- Stevietheman 01:06, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-encyclopedic. On a side note, I would wonder if even Al Gore is that interested in Al Gore. RadicalSubversiv E 01:07, 16 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Tvrtko I of Bosnia

mention of Slavonia
There's a mention of Slavonia among Tvrtko's conquests, but this is incoherent with other descriptions. While the medieval meaning of Slavonia was much larger than today, it was largely towards the west, not towards the south. Does someone have access to the full text of Fine (1994) page 398? @Surtsicna added this back in 2016. --Joy (talk) 18:48, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

 * In the meantime, @Norden1990 posted some links in the discussion Articles for deletion/Bosnian-Hungarian War (1387-1390) where I read some machine translations that mention how flags of Naples were raised in the Syrmian and Slavonian counties, but I still didn't find clear explanations of where Tvrtko may have invaded to his north, rather mostly to his southwest. --Joy (talk) 13:26, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Google Books preview showed me pages 397 and 398 now and it says:
 * Soon Bosnian and Croatian troops were campaigning together on behalf of Naples in Croatia in the region around Zagreb. And by the end of the year, 1387, the Bosnians and their Croatian allies were in control of most of Croatia and Slavonia. The Horvats, who had sought refuge with Tvrtko, were now able to make their return to Croatia.
 * John of Paližna had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia in 1385 by the ill-fated Charles of Naples. Tvrtko recognized John's title and appointed him to be his deputy for various Dalmatian towns that submitted to him.
 * Some of the towns seem to have been unhappy with the change, preferring as their suzerain the more distant Hungary to near-by Bosnia. Tvrtko never tried to force his rule upon either Zadar or Dubrovnik. Thus between 1387 and 1389 Tvrtko made himself overlord over a large part of Slavonia, Dalmatia and Croatia south of Velebit—including Knin, Ostrovica, and Klis. On behalf of Naples his troops even passed through Slavonia into Srem. Though these actions were carried out in the name of Naples, it is evident that Tvrtko and his own vassal, Hrvoje, with whom he was closely associated in this venture, were acting for themselves and it was they who held the actual authority in much of this vast area. In 1390 Tvrtko began to call himself King of Croatia and Dalmatia.
 * There aren't any internal references on this page so it's hard to tell how precise this is intended to be, but made himself overlord doesn't necessarily mean having practical control throughout the 2-3 year period, it's more like a claim...
 * I also looked for sources about Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić at this time and found this in the Croatian Biographical Lexicon's article about that:
 * Na poč. 1387. pošao je s bratom Vukom na čelu bosanske vojske u pomoć svrgnutom zagrebačkom biskupu Pavlu Horvatu i dvojici pobunjenih hrvatskih velikaša, banu Ivanišu Horvatu i vranskom prioru Ivanu Paližni. Usput su opljačkali posjede Žigmundovih pristaša Zrinskih. Potkraj 1388. Hrvoje je s bratom Vojislavom bio zauzet događajima u Dalmaciji [...]
 * So we can confirm that the focus was on the south already by the next year. This article is attributed to Pejo Ćošković.
 * Likewise when reading about Paul Horvat:
 * Kraljica Marija u lipnju je oslobođena, a 14. IX. 1387. posjede Horvatâ predala je Gorjanskima.
 * This is likewise possibly just a claim, but it indicates that the Luxembourg factions didn't sit still about the issue of who controls Slavonia even that same year. This article is attributed to Josip Lučić and Zrinka Nikolić.
 * And in turn reading about Nikola II Gorjanski:
 * Kao jedan od najvjernijih pristaša kraljice Marije i njezina muža kralja Žigmunda, Nikola je 1387. bio jedan od vojvoda u pohodu kraljevske vojske koja je pobunjene pristaše braće Horvat potisnula preko Drave i tamo ih u nekoliko bitaka pobijedila. Nikola je potom Ivaniša Horvata opkolio u Požegi i prisilio na predaju, ali je ovaj – dok je Nikola pošao u Mačvu da je otme Srbima – uspio iz zarobljeništva pobjeći u Bosnu svojemu savezniku kralju Tvrtku. Nikoli su se te godine predali zagrebački Gradec i Kaptol, a za zasluge ga je Žigmund imenovao mačvanskim banom. Nikola je 1387–89. uspješno suzbijao provale Ivaniša Horvata preko Save u istočnu Slavoniju, a uspio je svojega tasta, kneza Lazara, nagovoriti da prestane podupirati Horvata.
 * So the Horvats had advanced across the Drava in '87, but were pushed back, and in turn defeated in both Zagreb and Požega, presumably the same year. Further advances are also described as successfully repelled. This article is attributed to Mladen Švab.
 * Note that HBL articles are dated 2002, which is presumably just the date of the latest editorial change, as Lučić had died in 1994 and Švab had died in 2000.
 * So it doesn't look like there's consensus that any meaning of Slavonia was an area conventionally under control of the Anjou factions throughout these three years, rather it was at the very least contested by the Luxembourg factions throughout the period. --Joy (talk) 13:36, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed Fine said that on pp.307-398 : Soon Bosnian and Croatian troops were campaigning together on behalf of Naples in Croatia in the region around Zagreb. And by the end of the year, 1387, the Bosnians and their Croatian allies were in control of most of Croatia and Slavonia. The Horvats, who had sought refugc with Tvrtko, were now able to make their retum to Croatia. Tvrtko himself also čame out openly for Naples in the course of 1387. He sent his own armies into Hungarian Dalmatia, in particular into the strip of coastland betvveen Zadar and Dubrovnik. Actively helped by John of Paližna and Hrvoje, Tvrtko established his suzcrainty over ali the towns between these two cities, though not including Zadar and Dubrovnik themselves; thus Split, Omiš, Trogir, Šibenik, and even sevcral Adriatic islands submitted to Tvrtko. He issucd charters confirming their existing privileges, including their rights to remain self-governing under their own town councils and existing law codes. Tvrtko evidently intended to retain these towns for Bosnia. John of Paližna had been named Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in 1385 by the ill-fated Charles of Naples. Tvrtko recognized John’s title and appointed him to be his deputy for various Dalmatian towns that submitted to him. Some of the towns seem to have been unhappy with the change, preferring as their suzerain the more distant Hungary to near-by Bosnia. Tvrtko never tried to force his rule upon either Zadar or Dubrovnik. Thus between 1387 and 1389 Tvrtko made himself overlord over a large part of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia south of Velebit — including Knin, Ostrovica, and Klis. On behalf of Naples his troops even passed through Slavonia into Srem. Though these actions were carried out in the name of Naples, it is evident that Tvrtko and his own vassal, Hrvoje, with whom he was closely associated in this venture, were acting for themselves and it was they who held the actual authority in much of this vast area. In 1390 Tvrtko began to call himself King of Croatia and Dalmatia. ౪ Santa ౪  99°  20:37, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Santasa99 yes, I cited that part of Fine above, the question is how much weight do we put on the between 1387 and 1389 Tvrtko made himself overlord over a large part of Slavonia. My rephrasing edit was this, ideally we expand that paragraph by another sentence or two, referenced to something solid. --Joy (talk) 19:36, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not much. Maybe, for the sake of respecting Surtiscna quite considerable knowledge on the all-medieval.Balkan history, some kind of mention with a context, of sort that he intruded there and that he considered himself an overlord, but I admit no historian gives that episode same weight as to Tvrtko's takeover of, say, islands, where he also had very short effective control but that episode is important for variety of other reasons. (I responded before checking your link, so let me get back later if I missed something.). ౪ Santa ౪  99°  20:03, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I would not phrase it like that neither: "His realm now encompassed much of Slavonia", but some context to your sentence should give reader a better understanding of what that intrusion in Slavonia meant. I can't say from top of my head how and what else to say - if you have an idea, then go ahead, or maybe I could do it later. ౪ Santa ౪  99°  20:11, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There is something else that you missed in this - remember that Vego's map we discussed earlier, the "greatest extent" and all that - Slavonia is considered to spread across the Sava into a territory already north of the Sana river and town of Prijedor, so that corner of modern-day BiH between Una, Sava, Sana and Vrbas, drawn in those maps like Vego's as temporary holdings, vis-a-vis "greatest extent, with some very light shadings or drawn with "isprekidane crtice" (can't remember English :-)) or dots. So, this Slavonia territory is mostly in moder-day Bosnia around the Sava (Babonić family was there) ౪ Santa ౪  99°  20:23, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Could be, but I'd prefer to cite a source with text specifically discussing the same level of toponymy as the other quality information, as opposed to relying on any of these vague maps. --Joy (talk) 20:38, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, certainly - I just wanted to make a point about the fact that Slavonia spread across the Sava into that triangle between rivers (unlike today), probably much of northern Bosnia around Sava was considered Slavonia at the time. In any case, I would avoid saying "large part of Slavonia" - the problem is that that part of Fine's text mention only Zagreb, so it is difficult to use it for refing which part or how much of Slavonia - so if we can't specifically say which part I would say "some portion of Slavonia territory", probably not much. If there's no rush, we should check some works on specific subject (Pavao Živković, Pejo Ćošković, why not Mrgić). But if it's not that important, just say as you said:"between 1387 and 1389 Tvrtko I made himself overlord over a large part of Slavonia". ౪ Santa ౪  99°  21:18, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd keep it out because this is going to be inherently confusing to the average English reader, who we already confuse with Slavonia vs Slovenia vs Slovakia, excess varying usage of "Croatia" and "Slavonia" that doesn't match modern-day meanings is just making the article less readable for no discernible benefit. --Joy (talk) 22:28, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, leave it with that one sentence as it is now, may be in time something coherent could be drained out of materials on the subject. ౪ Santa ౪  99°  01:08, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

map of largest territorial extent
I noticed we use File:Kraljevina Bosna 1391.png, while File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion.svg exists with Latin labels and vector graphics, as well as not being kind of cut off at the western and eastern edges. The only substantial difference in the pictures seems to be not attributing the upper valley of the Una and Unac to Tvrtko in the west, but it does attribute Konavle to him in the south. Which is more accurate? --Joy (talk) 06:46, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

The article in Croatian Encyclopedia about Tvrtko says:
 * Početkom 1377. preoteo je Đurađu Balšiću Trebinje, Konavle i Dračevicu, čime je pod svoju vlast okupio znatan dio područja koje su nekoć držali Nemanjići.

That seems pretty clear. Their article about the Nelipčić family mentions "Srb, Ostrog i Unac" as properties of them and in turn Louis I of Hungary in 1345:
 * Preslaba da mu se odupre, Vladislava se, nakon kraćeg otpora, odlučila izmiriti s kraljem, kojemu je osim Knina vratila i Počitelj, Srb, Ostrog i Unac (1345).

It's really unclear from the rest of the text what might have happened there 42 years after that. --Joy (talk) 06:56, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

shows added this in 2021, saying this map is better sourced (per Vego and Ćorović), and is much nicely rendered

While looking at it, I also noticed is that the PNG map actually has incoherent source maps, because they differ between one another - the 1935 Ćorović map shows Pelješac as well as the entire area between Dubrovnik and Ston under Tvrtko, but the 1957 Vego map does not; likewise they seem to differ for the coastal part of Konavle. --Joy (talk) 20:48, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Because the 1957 Vego source map referenced File:Bosna.svg doesn't show any toponyms in the Una valley, I'd say we should disregard that difference and go back to the other SVG map. --Joy (talk) 20:51, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Joy, hello. The svg map is completely unsourced map, and I may add quite unusual (I am not surprised it is unsourced, actually, because I have never seen such borders in books or research papers). But the most important thing is that Vego's map accurately presents what is referred to as "the greatest extent", doesn't matter for how long that greatest extent was reality on the ground, etc. Historical Atlas of Bosnia and Herzegovina actually confirms Vego's rendering of "the greatest extent" borders. Personally, I really think that svg map is inaccurate and un-sourcable - it's more a synthesis, in our wiki sense of the word, by combining different moments in time with different spatial extent(s). ౪ Santa ౪  99°  00:25, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Since it's in a much better format, can we just extract the useful parts of it for 1391 and lose these extraneous parts?
 * File:Kraljevina Bosna 1391.png doesn't match Vego's map, heck it doesn't even match File:Bosna.svg, it's in a worse format, and it doesn't have useful toponymy to put the map in context. --Joy (talk) 06:57, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, you are on point regarding format and info scarcity, even script wise (Latin would certainly be preferable), but it does matches Vego's in "greatest extent" border contours. But never mind that, what I am not exactly sure is what do you propose to do, what info to extract from which file exactly? I tried to fix map in file called File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion.svg according to Atlas and Vego, but I never finished that job, it was too time-consuming for me because I had to learn using Inkscape in the process, which is no small feat. Maybe it could be used as it is, half-baked. ౪ Santa ౪  99°  17:15, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll try to have a look at that when I have some time. --Joy (talk) 07:36, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I will again try to fix/improve at some point in the (near maybe) future either File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion.svg or File:Bosna.svg because we need a good and properly sourced map for the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina; after all, that scope is my field of interest, ౪ Santa ౪  99°  18:21, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tvrtko I of Bosnia


text:
Como Lake (Minnesota)

Como Lake is a 70.5 acre lake up to 15.5 ft deep in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. It, along with the neighboring Como Park, has been a recreation area for residents of the Twin Cities for more than a century. It was named in 1848 by local farmer Charles Perry. A pavilion sits on the west side of the lake, and plays host to theatrical performances and concerts during the warmer months. The park features a variety of attractions, including the Como Park Zoo and Conservatory and the Como Regional Park Pool.

Environmental history
Como Lake was originally mostly a wetland with some open water but was expanded and deepened when the surrounding Como Park was developed. The lake is fed by storm sewer water run off. In the summer algae blooms were frequent and visitors complained about the smell of the lake. Attempts to improve the lake quality have been made which include replacing invasive plants with native plants, installation of other water filtration methods, application of herbicides, and alum treatments. These changes have reduced algae growth and improved the quality of the lake water as of 2022.

Human history
After James-Younger Gang member Charlie Pitts was killed in the chaotic aftermath of the disastrous September 7, 1876 Northfield, Minnesota raid, his body was boxed up and temporarily submerged in the lake by Dr. Henry Hoyt, a local physician who wanted the bleached skeleton as a display piece for his office. The skeleton was on display for unknown number of years at the Stage Coach Museum in Shakopee, Minnesota. In 1981 the remains were donated to the Northfield Historical Society. Currently the skeleton is housed in the Physical Anthropology Lab at Minnesota State University in Mankato awaiting analysis.

Fish
The lake contains black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, golden shiner, green sunfish, hybrid sunfish, northern pike, pumpkinseed, walleye, white sucker, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch. Some fish consumption guideline restrictions have been placed on the lake's bluegill, bullhead, crappie, largemouth bass, northern pike, and walleye due to mercury and/or PFOS contamination.

title: Como Lake (Minnesota)


text:
Sicels

The Sicels (Sicelī or Siculī) were an Indo-European tribe who inhabited eastern Sicily, their namesake, during the Iron Age. They spoke the Siculian language. After the defeat of the Sicels at the Battle of Nomae in 450 BCE and the death of Sicel leader Ducetius in 440 BCE, the Sicel state broke down and the Sicel culture merged into Magna Graecia.

History
Archaeological excavation has shown some Mycenean influence on Bronze Age Sicily. The earliest literary mention of Sicels is in the Odyssey. Homer also mentions Sicania, but makes no distinctions: "they were (from) a faraway place and a faraway people and apparently they were one and the same" for Homer, Robin Lane Fox notes.

It is possible that the Sicels and the Sicani of the Iron Age had consisted of an Illyrian population who (as with the Messapians) had imposed themselves on a native, Pre-Indo-European ("Mediterranean") population. Thucydides and other classical writers were aware of the traditions according to which the Sicels had once lived in Central Italy, east and even north of Rome. Thence they were dislodged by Umbrian and Sabine tribes, and finally crossed into Sicily. Their social organization appears to have been tribal, economically and agriculturally. According to Diodorus Siculus, after a series of conflicts with the Sicani, the river Salso was declared the boundary between their respective territories.

The common assumption is that the Sicels were more recent arrivals, had introduced the use of iron into Bronze Age Sicily and brought the domesticated horse. That would date their arrival on the island to the early 1st millennium BC. However, there is some evidence that the ethnonym may predate the Iron Age, based on the name Shekelesh given to one of the Sea Peoples in the Great Karnak Inscription in the 5th year of Merneptah's reign (c. 1207 BC). The name Shekelesh is also cited in a wall relief at Medinet Habu (Ramses III mortuary temple), with picture and writings describing the second invasion within a 30 years' period by the "sea peoples" in the 8th year of Ramses III's reign (1177 BC or 1186 BC, historians differ between these two dates). Eric Cline closely relates these two attacks on Egypt to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age collapse. Archaeological evidence points towards the Sicels' arrival on the island between the thirteenth and eleventh century BC.

The Sicel necropolis of Pantalica, near Syracuse, is the best known, and the second-largest one is the Necropolis of Cassibile, near Noto. Their elite tombs a forno, or oven-shaped, take the form of beehives.

The chief Sicel towns were Agyrium (Agira); Centuripa or Centuripae (Centorbi but now once again called Centuripe); Henna (later Castrogiovanni, which is a corruption of Castrum Hennae through the Arabic Qasr-janni but, since the 1920s, once again called Enna); and three sites named Hybla: Hybla Major, called Geleatis or Gereatis, on the river Symaethus; Hybla Minor, on the east coast north of Syracuse (possibly pre-dating the Dorian colony of Hyblaean Megara); and Hybla Heraea in the south of Sicily.

With the coming of Greek colonists—both Chalcidians, who maintained good relations with the Sicels, and Dorians, who did not —and the growing influence of Greek civilization, the Sicels were forced out of most of the advantageous port sites and withdrew by degrees into the hinterland. Sixty kilometres (forty miles) from the coast of the Ionian Sea, Sicels and Greeks exceptionally lived side by side in Morgantina to the extent that historians argue whether it was a Greek polis or a Sicel city. Greek goods, especially pottery, moved along natural routes, and eventually Hellenistic influences can be observed in regularised Sicel town planning. However, in the middle of the fifth century BC a Sicel leader, Ducetius, was able to create an organised Sicel state as a unitary domain in opposition to Greek Syracusa, including several cities in the central and south of the island. After a few years of independence, in 450 BC, his army was defeated by the Greeks in the Battle of Nomae and he died ten years later. Without his charisma, the movement collapsed and the increasingly Hellenized culture of the Sicels lost its distinctive character. But in the winter of 426/5 Thucydides noted the presence among the allies of Athens in the siege of Syracuse of Sicels who had "previously been allies of Syracuse, but had been harshly governed by the Syracusans and had now revolted". (Thucydides 3.103.1) Aside from Thucydides, the Greek literary sources on Sicels and other pre-Hellenic peoples of Sicily are to be found in fragmentary scattered quotes from the lost material of Hellanicus of Lesbos and Antiochus of Syracuse.

There is some evidence that the Sicels had several matriarchal customs, which is unattested in other Indo-European groups of the region.

Language
Linguistic studies have suggested that the Sicels may have spoken an Indo-European language and occupied eastern Sicily as well as southernmost Italy whereas the Elymi (Greek Elymoi) and Sicani (Greek: Sikanoi) inhabited western and central Sicily, respectively. It is likely that the Sicani spoke a non-Indo-European language, the classification of their language remains uncertain. Conversely, the Elymian language is generally accepted to have been an Indo-European language, though its exact classification within the family is unclear. Some consider it related to Ligurian, while others to the Italic languages.

Of the Sicel language the little that is known is derived from glosses of ancient writers and from a very few inscriptions, not all of which are demonstrably Sicel. It is thought that the Sicels did not employ writing until they were influenced by the Greek colonists. Several Sicel inscriptions have been found to date: Mendolito (Adrano), Centuripe, Poira, Paternò‑Civita, Paliké (Rocchicella di Mineo), Montagna di Ramacca, Licodia Eubea, Ragusa Ibla, Sciri Sottano, Monte Casasia, Castiglione di Ragusa, Terravecchia di Grammichele, Morgantina, Montagna di Marzo (Piazza Armerina), and Terravecchia di Cuti. The first inscription discovered, of ninety-nine Greek letters, was found on a spouted jug found in 1824 at Centuripe; it uses a Greek alphabet of the 6th or 5th century BC. It reads:

 * "nunustentimimarustainamiemitomestiduromnanepos duromiemtomestiveliomnedemponitantomeredesuino brtome…"

There have been various attempts at interpreting it (e.g. V. Pisani 1963, G. Radke 1996) with no sure results. Another long Sicel inscription was found in Montagna di Marzo:

 * "tamuraabesakedqoiaveseurumakesagepipokedlutimbe levopomanatesemaidarnakeibureitamomiaetiurela"

The best evidence for Sicel having been of Indo-European derivation is the verb form pibe "drink", a second-person singular present imperative active exactly cognate with Latin bibe (and Sanskrit piba, etc.). Membership in the Italic branch, perhaps even close to Latino-Faliscan, cannot be ruled out: Varro states that Sicel was strictly allied to Latin as many words sounded almost identical and had the same meaning, such as oncia, lytra, moeton (Lat. mutuum).

Religion
Their characteristic cult of the Palici is influenced by Greek myth in the version that has survived, in which the local nymph Talia bore to Adranus, the volcanic god whom the Greeks identified with Hephaestus, twin sons, who were "twice-born" (palin "again"; ikein "to come"), born first of their nymph mother, and then of the earth, because of the "jealousy" of Hera, who urged Mother Earth, Gaia, to swallow up the nymph. Then the soil parted, giving birth to the twins, who were venerated in Sicily as patrons of navigation and of agriculture. In the most archaic level of Greek mythology, a titan, Tityos, grew so large that he split his mother's womb and had to be carried to term by Gaia herself. He came to the attention of later Greek mythographers only when he attempted to waylay Leto near Delphi. If such a mytheme is set into action as ritual, it is usual to see a pair of sacrificial children laid in the earth to encourage the green growth.

In the temple to Adranus, father of the Palici, the Sicels kept an eternal fire. A god Hybla (or goddess Hyblaea ), after whom three towns were named, had a sanctuary at Hybla Gereatis. The connection of Demeter and Kore with Henna (the rape of Proserpine) and of the nymph Arethusa with Syracuse is due to Greek influence.

title: Sicels


text:
Saint-Lambert, Montérégie

Saint-Lambert is a city (ville) in southwestern Quebec, Canada, located on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, opposite Montreal. It is part of the Urban agglomeration of Longueuil of the Montérégie administrative region. Its population is recognized for being particularly wealthy.

Saint-Lambert is divided into two main sections: the original city of Saint-Lambert and the Préville neighbourhood. The original city of Saint-Lambert (as it existed prior to 1969) is located from the Country Club of Montreal golf course to the border of the Le Vieux-Longueuil borough. It includes the city's downtown, known as "The Village". On the other side of the Country Club of Montreal is the former city of Préville, which merged with Saint-Lambert in 1969. It extends to the borders of the city of Brossard and the Longueuil borough of Greenfield Park.

Saint-Lambert was named for the early French Canadian hunter Lambert Closse.

History
In 1636, Louis XIII of France was dividing up seigneuries in the new colony of New France. One of these was known as La Prairie, comprising La Prairie de la Magdeleine and La Prairie de Saint-Lambert. The lower part of the latter, was known as Mouillepied, due to the swampy conditions of the area. Saint-Lambert's first two permanent residents were André Marsil and André Achim in the 18th century. Today André Marsil's house can be found on the corner of Riverside Drive and Notre-Dame Avenue, was converted into a textile museum called the Marsil Museum (Musée Marsil), although the museum has since moved to the Bonsecours Market.

In 1722, Mouillepied was transferred from La Prairie seigneurie to Saint-Antoine-de-Longueuil parish.

Following the establishment of the railway in 1852 and the completion of the Victoria Bridge in 1859, the village received a permanent link to the island of Montreal. The Victoria Bridge is the oldest bridge linking Montreal to the South Shore, and carried the first rail line linking Quebec's largest city to New York City. Because of this, Saint-Lambert became an important passenger and freight stop for a long period of time. This is evident in the city's architecture, in which many old industrial buildings are found near the railway tracks. Many of these have since been converted into lofts such as the former Waterman pens factory, originally built in 1908. With the bridge and railway came a quick growth in Saint-Lambert's population and the construction of new housing. Saint-Lambert detached itself from Saint-Antoine-de-Longueuil and achieved municipality status in 1857, under its first mayor, Louis Bétournay. At the time, Saint-Lambert did not include Mouillepied, which instead had remained in Saint-Antoine-de-Longueuil.

In 1892, Saint-Lambert reached village status, attained town status in 1898 and city status in 1921.

During World War I and World War II, Saint-Lambert had one of the highest military enlistment rates in Canada. The small city lost a total of 132 soldiers in both wars. This number was a significant portion of the young people at the time. In the 1950s, the development of Saint-Lambert was enhanced with the building of the St. Lambert Locks in the St. Lawrence Seaway, to bypass the smaller Lachine Canal, and this became the most easterly lock in the Seaway. Suburban growth from Montreal in this period also affected Saint-Lambert, as well as many of the older communities on the South Shore.

Since its establishment, the city's limits have barely changed. In 1948, the old Mouillepied area of the town of Jacques-Cartier was split off and erected into the town of Préville. It merged with Saint-Lambert in 1969.

Saint-Lambert had an anglophone majority population starting in 1881, and throughout most of the 20th century. Saint-Lambert had 12,460 anglophones and was 61% anglophone as recently as the 1981 census. This started to change, as it increasingly become the home to upper class francophone families, in the 1970s, 80s and 90s.

The late 1990s saw the construction of a new residential neighbourhood in Saint-Lambert, known as "Le Haut Saint-Lambert". It was built on the remaining vacant land in city limits near LeMoyne.

In 2007, the city of Saint-Lambert celebrated its 150th anniversary.

On January 1, 2002, municipal reorganization merged Saint-Lambert with LeMoyne to form a borough in the new Longueuil mega-city. There was a strong "de-merger" movement and a referendum was won on June 20, 2004, to re-establish the former city. The city was officially reborn (excluding LeMoyne, which remained with Longueuil) on January 1, 2006, while on January 7, 2006, the Saint-Lambert flag was hoisted in front of city hall and the mayor, councillors and city manager took their oath of office.
 * Amalgamation and de-amalgamation

Geography
Saint-Lambert is underlain by Ordovician period black shale. This bedrock is covered by deep clay drift over most of the town. Soils were poorly drained in their natural state; as such, they were classified as gleysols—strongly acidic (Longueuil series) under most of the town and neutral to mildly alkaline (Boucherville series) in part of the western section (Préville). Drainage and excavation have been used to adapt the soil for housing construction.

The most common trees in Saint-Lambert are those species which tolerate poor drainage. These include poplars, willows, red maple, silver maple and green ash. The American elm was formerly abundant but its population has been severely reduced by Dutch elm disease. Non-native species are commonly represented by Norway maple, silver birch, English oak, blue spruce, common horsechestnut and honey locust. Rare exotics which benefit from St-Lambert's favorable microclimate include Japanese maple and tulip tree. Most trees in Saint-Lambert show some evidence of damage from an ice storm in January 1998 and a severe thunderstorm in June 2008.

Climate
The climate of Saint-Lambert is characterized by abundant precipitation and one of the longest, warmest growing seasons in Quebec. As in other parts of Greater Montreal, lengthy spells of hot humid weather are common in summer, and thunderstorms frequently occur. Heavy snow is usual in winter and several damaging ice storms have occurred over the town's history.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Lambert had a population of $22,761$ living in $10,552$ of its $11,058$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $21,861$. With a land area of 7.56 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Linguistically, as of the census of 2016, 73.34% of the population were native speakers of French, 12.64% English, 2.82% Spanish, 1.52% Arabic, 0.85% Romanian, 0.69% Persian, 0.66% Italian, 0.57% German, 1.59% both English and French, 0.36% French and a non-official language, 0.36% English and a non-official language, and 0.19% English, French and a non-official language.

In the city the population was spread out, with 15.1% under the age of 15, 9.8% from 15 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 26.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.5 years. 45% of the population is male, and 55% is female.

As of the 2006 Census, the median income for a household in the city was $61,583, and the median income for a family was $89,786. The median income for the city was $36,293. About 11.9% of the population were low income, including 9.0% of those under age 18. The average value of an owned dwelling was $311,329.

In terms of ethnic origin, 50.6% identified as Canadian, 39.6% French, 9.7% Irish, 7.8% English, 6.4% Scottish, 4.1% Italian, 3.7% German, 2.4% First Nations, 1.7% Belgian, 1.7% Spanish, and 1.6% Chinese.

According to the 2001 census, there were 15,690 Roman Catholics in Saint-Lambert, who accounted for seventy-six percent of the population. Additionally, there were 1,970 Protestants in Saint-Lambert in 2001, accounting for 9.5% of all residents. The number of non-Christians in Saint-Lambert amounts to less than five percent of the population, and 9.6% of the population observe no religion whatsoever.

Economy
Most of Saint-Lambert's commercial activity is based on Victoria Avenue, particularly on the part of the strip in the city's downtown (between Riverside Drive and the CN tracks), known as "the Village". This part of Victoria is most notably the location to the flagship of Taylor's department store. On this part of Victoria alone, there are around 44 businesses that sell durable and semi-durable goods; 22 cafés, bistros and restaurants and 960 street parking spaces. Around 50% of customers in the area come by automobile and 40% come by foot.

Saint-Lambert is also home to Groupe Serdy, the owner of cable television specialty channels Évasion and Zeste. Roctest, a firm that specializes in making instrumentation for civil engineering projects also has its head office and factory in Saint-Lambert. Other notable Saint-Lambert businesses include Les Éditions Héritage book publisher and a Dare Foods (formerly Lido Biscuit) cookie factory.

Arts and culture
There are a handful of notable cultural institutions based in Saint-Lambert, such as Le Balcon d'Art and La Foire d'Art Contemporain de Saint-Lambert.

Saint-Lambert is also home to the Saint Lambert Municipal Memorial Library. It has two branches, the main branch is located on Mercille Avenue, and the other branch located in Préville.

Various large events take place annually in Saint-Lambert. One of these is Saint-Lambert Days, which takes place over a four-day period in late August and features live concerts and performances, games, and sidewalk sales. More than 80,000 people attend St. Lambert Days each year.

There are three Roman Catholic churches in Saint-Lambert: Église catholique de St-Lambert and Église catholique Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin serve Francophone Catholics, and St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church serves Anglophone Catholics. There are also five Protestant churches in Saint-Lambert which also serve neighbouring municipalities: St. Barnabas Anglican Church, St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, St. Lambert United Church, the South Shore Seventh-day Adventist Church and Good Shepherd Lutheran Church.

Municipal
The mayor of the City of Saint-Lambert is Pascale Mongrain, who became the city's first female mayor in the 2021 election. There are eight city councillors.

Federal and provincial
Traditionally, the city of Saint-Lambert is predominantly federalist, specifically Liberal both federally and provincially. Despite this, in federal politics the riding tends to usually go in favour of the Bloc Québécois, because it includes a considerable portion of the more sovereigntist borough of Le Vieux-Longueuil in Longueuil.

The city of Saint-Lambert is located in the federal riding of Brossard-Saint-Lambert, and its Member of Parliament is Alexandra Mendes of the Liberal Party.

In provincial politics, Saint-Lambert forms part of the Laporte riding and its Member of the National Assembly is Nicole Ménard of the Quebec Liberal Party. The provincial riding is named after Pierre Laporte, a Quebec government cabinet minister who was kidnapped from outside his Saint-Lambert home and murdered by the Front de libération du Québec in the October Crisis of 1970.

Transport
Saint-Lambert is served by the most important autoroute in Quebec province: Autoroute 20. Saint-Lambert is also served by one of the most important provincial highway: Route 132. The Route 112 is also serving Saint-Lambert.
 * Roads

Important streets in Saint-Lambert include Victoria Avenue, Notre-Dame Street, Green Street, Desaulniers Boulevard, Riverside Drive, Sir-Wilfrid-Laurier Boulevard, Simard Boulevard and Tiffin Road.

In Saint-Lambert, two bridges link with Montreal (one to the Old Port and the other one, a bridge meant for bicycles, that connects to Île Notre-Dame). The Victoria Bridge links Saint-Lambert to Montreal Island. The Jacques Cartier Bridge in Longueuil is half a kilometre from Saint-Lambert and the Champlain Bridge in Brossard is a kilometre away from Saint-Lambert.

Via Rail serves Saint-Lambert railway station with its daily Montreal-Quebec City, Montreal-Gaspé and Montreal-Halifax trains.
 * Passenger rail

Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, also provides daily service to Saint-Lambert railway station, operating its Adirondack in both directions between Montreal and New York City, using the Victoria Bridge.

Saint-Lambert railway station is also served by commuter rail on the Réseau de transport métropolitain's Mont-Saint-Hilaire line.

Bus service in Saint-Lambert is provided by the Réseau de transport de Longueuil. It is served by routes 1, 2, 6, 13, 14, 15, 37. 54. 55, 106 and 115. Bus service was originally provided by Chambly Transport as well as the Commission de Transport de la Communauté Urbaine de Montréal.
 * Transit

Interurban streetcar service was operated until 1956 by the Montreal and Southern Counties Railway.

Education
The highest level of the educational facilities in Saint-Lambert is the public anglophone CEGEP with 2,500 students, Champlain College Saint-Lambert which also houses an office for Université du Québec à Montréal. The Commission Scolaire Marie-Victorin has jurisdiction over three French language primary schools in Saint-Lambert, École Des Saints-Anges, École Rabeau and Préville Elementary.

Collège Durocher Saint-Lambert is a large French language private school and is therefore not affiliated with any school board. It consists of two campuses, the Saint-Lambert Campus on the corner of Riverside and Notre-Dame Avenue as well as the Durocher Campus on the corner of Riverside and Tiffin Road, opposite Champlain Regional College.

The English language Riverside School Board operates five schools on Saint-Lambert's territory. The most notable of these is the IB-accredited Saint-Lambert International High School which is home to over five-hundred students from Grade 7-Grade 11. The other secondary school that the board operates in the city is The Alternate School which is meant to reintegrate at-risk youth into mainstream society. St. Lambert Elementary School serves Kindergarten to Grade 6, and also houses around five-hundred students. Intellectually disabled students are served by REACH School as well as a program at Saint-Lambert International High School geared toward their academic success. ACCESS Continuing Education and Career Training Centre is an adult education institution, helping adults and immigrants get high school diplomas.

The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality.

Sports
Saint-Lambert is home to the St. Lambert Locks RFC men's and women's rugby union teams, which belong to Rugby Quebec. It is also represented by the Blue Machine swimming team.

At the intercollegiate level, St. Lambert is represented by the Champlain College Saint-Lambert Cavaliers, which field both men's and women's teams in badminton, basketball, cross country running, Canadian football, rugby union, soccer and volleyball. Both of Saint-Lambert's secondary schools also field teams.

Saint-Lambert is also home to several sports venues including the Eric Sharp Arena, an indoor swimming pool and a recreation centre. It also has several outdoor athletics facilities situated in parks.

Media
The city of Saint-Lambert is home to one weekly newspaper, the bilingual St-Lambert Journal. It is also served by a regional French-language weekly newspaper, Le Courrier du Sud, which is based out of neighbouring Longueuil

Notable natives and residents

 * Douglas Bennett (1918–2008), won silver medal in canoeing (Men's Canadian Singles, 1000 metres) at 1948 Summer Olympics in London
 * Louis Bétournay (1825–1879), first French-Canadian judge in Manitoba (appointed 1872)
 * Ian A. Bourne, Chief Financial Officer, GE Canada, Inc. (1985–1989); Senior Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer, Canada Post Corporation (1992–1997); Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer, TransAlta Corporation (1998–2005); Vice-Chairman/Interim CEO, SNC-Lavalin Group, Inc. (2012); Chairman of the Board, SNC-Lavalin Group, Inc. (2012–2015); Chairman of the Board, Ballard Power Systems, Inc. (2006–2018); grew up on Edison Avenue (played for Victoria Park teams in the CSA) during the '50s and '60s.
 * Miriam Burland (1902–1996), first woman astronomer/astrophysicist on staff at the Dominion Observatory (1927)
 * Régine Chassagne,co-founder of Arcade Fire, a Canadian indie alternative rock band
 * Arlette Cousture, French-Canadian novelist
 * Steve Kasper, NHL hockey player (1980–1993); head coach of the Boston Bruins (1995–1997); grew up on L'Esperance St. in the '60s and '70s
 * Pierre Laporte, Quebec politician; resident of Robitaille St. at the time of his kidnapping and murder in 1970
 * Don MacIver, played six games for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the winter of 1979-80 but did not register a point. Grew up on Upper Edison Avenue from the mid-50s to mid-70s
 * W. Allen McLaren, recipient of the Polar Medal; grew up on Hickson Avenue during the 40s and 50s
 * Thornton "Tee" McLaren, captain of the 1977 Queensland team which won the Australian (ice) hockey championship; brother of W. Allen McLaren (above)
 * Jim Munson, Canadian senator; resided in St-Lambert during his high school years (1960–1964)
 * Jean-Marc Pelletier, played seven games as goalie in the National Hockey League (NHL) for Philadelphia and Phoenix, winning one (1998–2004)
 * Harold William Hounsfield Riley (1877–1946), moved to Calgary when he was eleven years old; appointed Deputy Provincial Secretary of Alberta on the formation of the Province in 1905
 * Todd Swift, British-Canadian poet, university teacher, editor, critic, and publisher; grew up on Mortlake Avenue from the late '60s through the early '80s
 * David Saint-Jacques, is a Canadian astronaut with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). He is also an astrophysicist, engineer, and a physician.

Partner cities

 * Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
 * Marblehead, Massachusetts, United States
 * La Flèche, Pays de la Loire, France

title: Saint-Lambert, Montérégie


text:
Talk:Conlang

I just made this into a disambiguation page because there's potentially more to be said about the term "conlang", which did not deserve to be redirected to the constructed language" article (or to "Conlang-L"). The combination of two uncoordinated previous edits had left a link to "conlang" in "constructed language"... which when clicked jumped to "constructed language" again, via a redirect. It'd be nice to have some more data about the word "conlang" itself, e.g. when it was first attested.

 * Okay. The previous version of the page was pretty much what's on the CONLANG-L article now, plus a note that it's usually synonymous with constructed language. However, all of the articles that linked to it did so with the meaning of "constructed language", so I moved it to Conlang-L, removed the note, and changed the redirect to Constructed language. I thought I'd removed the link from the constructed language article, but I must've forgotten or missed one or something. Having a disambiguation page is a better idea, thanks. - Gwalla 04:23, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conlang


text:
The Most Dangerous Game (novel)

The Most Dangerous Game is a first person narrative novel by English author Gavin Lyall, first published in 1964. The plot of the novel is unrelated to the Richard Connell short story "The Most Dangerous Game".

Plot
Bill Cary is a bush pilot living in Lapland in northern Finland, making a precarious living flying aerial survey flights looking for nickel deposits, and occasional charter cargo flights of dubious legitimacy in his beat-up old de Havilland Beaver. Towards the end of the flying season, a wealthy American hunter hires him to fly into a prohibited part of Finland near the Soviet border in order to hunt bear. Subsequently, he is assaulted by thugs when he refuses a charter contract to search for a lost Tsarist treasure, comes under suspicion from the Finnish police for smuggling when Tsarist-era gold sovereigns start turning up, and from the Finnish secret police for espionage. However, things get more serious when the wealthy American hunter's beautiful sister turns up to search for her brother, and his fellow bush pilots start getting killed off in a series of suspicious accidents. Cary suspects that the events he is increasingly involved in may stem from an incident in his wartime past.

Literary significance and criticism
The Most Dangerous Game was a runner-up for the British Crime Writers Association Gold Dagger Award in 1964.

title: The Most Dangerous Game (novel)