text:
Talk:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin

Why is Brauchitsch singled out?
The singling out of Brauchitsch as an alumnus in the lead is downright bizarre. If there are no objections I'll remove his name from the lead. Norvo (talk) 02:47, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * As nobody has stated any reason for singling out Brauchitsch I have removed his name from the lead. Norvo (talk) 00:22, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin


text:
Drake Bell

Jared Drake Bell (born June 27, 1986) is an American actor and musician. Born in Newport Beach, California, he began his career as a child actor in the 1990s, appearing on Home Improvement (1994) and in several commercials. He rose to prominence with Nickelodeon, playing starring roles in the sketch comedy series The Amanda Show (1999–2002), the sitcom Drake & Josh (2004–2007), and the Nickelodeon television film series The Fairly OddParents (2011–2014). He also voiced Peter Parker / Spider-Man on the Disney XD series Ultimate Spider-Man (2012–2017) and various Disney XD media. He has won ten Kids' Choice Awards, a Teen Choice Award, and a Young Artist Award, among other accolades.

Bell began his musical career contributing to the soundtrack of Drake & Josh. He independently released his debut studio album, Telegraph (2005), and signed with Universal Motown Records in 2006. His second studio album, It's Only Time (2006), emerged as a commercial success. His third album, Ready Steady Go! (2014), was released through the independent record label Surfdog Records. He has since released two independent albums: The Lost Album (2020) and Non-Stop Flight (2024).

Early life
Bell was born on June 27, 1986, in Newport Beach, California, the youngest of four children from former professional billiards player, Robin Dodson, and Joe Bell. Through his father's family, Bell is the cousin of former San Diego Padres relief pitcher Heath Bell.

His parents divorced when he was five years old. While growing up in Orange County, Bell went to OCSA for school and skateboarded while regularly attending punk rock concerts, the music of which he cites as an influence. He received a GED.

1991–2003: Early work
Bell started acting at the age of five, encouraged by his father who attempted to put him into Little League Baseball and other sports with no success before finding Bell's talent in public speaking and his confidence when impersonating people he would watch on television. Bell stated, "I was five, and my dad kind of said, 'Hey, you wanna be an actor?' and I said, 'Sure,' that kind of thing, you know? I was kind of put into it by my dad but, you know, good. I really love it, and I still do it." Bell's first televised commercial was for Whirlpool Appliances. "I had to sit under a tree and eat a Popsicle," Bell later stated, "I thought, 'I could get used to this.'" His first television show appearance was on a 1994 episode of Home Improvement. He appeared in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire, and had a small role in the Seinfeld episode "The Frogger" in 1998. In 1999, he acted in a commercial for Pokémon Red and Blue and in the film Dragonworld: The Legend Continues. In 2000, he was nominated for a Young Artist Award for his role as Cage Redding in the television film The Jack Bull. He began to play guitar at the age of 12. He received his first official guitar lessons from Roger Daltrey when he starred with him in the 2001 film Chasing Destiny. From 1999 until the show was cancelled in 2002, Bell was a featured performer on The Amanda Show. He also made a guest appearance on the series The Nightmare Room.

2004–2009: Acting and musical breakthrough
In 2003, Bell was cast as Drake Parker alongside Amanda Show costar Josh Peck on the Nickelodeon series Drake & Josh. His song "Found a Way" was featured as the theme song and is therefore included on the show's soundtrack, released on February 22, 2005. During this time period, he appeared as himself on Nickelodeon's Zoey 101 in the episode "Spring Fling", where he performed "Highway to Nowhere", which is also featured on the Drake & Josh soundtrack. He also had his first of three consecutive wins at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for "Favorite TV Actor". In 2005, Bell co-starred alongside Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove with Dennis Quaid in Yours, Mine and Ours.

Telegraph, Bell's debut album, was released independently on August 23, 2005. The album includes 12 tracks. All the tracks were written only by Bell with the exception of "Highway to Nowhere". Being an independent release, the album ran out of print, and was re-released on August 7, 2007. "Down We Fall" was played on an episode of Drake & Josh titled "Number 1 Fan". In 2005, Bell performed with Hawk Nelson in a video for the Hawk Nelson song called "Bring 'Em Out", which was featured in the film Yours, Mine and Ours. The studio version was included on Hawk Nelson's EP Bring 'Em Out and on the special edition of Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. In 2006, Bell signed with Universal Motown. Bell's second album, It's Only Time, was released on December 5, 2006. Bell wrote all of the songs, however, they were all co-written with either C.J. Abraham, Michael Corcoran, or both. It reached Number 81 on Billboard's Top 200. It also charted on the Billboard Rock Charts at number 21. The album was more successful in Mexico, reaching number 4 in the Mexico Top 100. It is his first album to chart on the Billboard 200, and his highest-selling album with more than 178,000 copies sold in the United States as of 2012. He released the lead single, "I Know", on October 17, 2006. The video for "I Know" was released in October 2006. The single topped the Mexican music charts. "I Know" also appeared on the 2010 compilation album Pure Love Songs Vol. 2. His song from It's Only Time, "Makes Me Happy", peaked at number 3 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Chart, which is an extension of the Hot 100. The song was featured in the Drake & Josh series finale "Really Big Shrimp". The song also made an appearance on the Pop 100 at number 67 and on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 45. Because of the song's popularity, on October 16, 2007, the Radio Disney single edit version of his song "Makes Me Happy" was released on iTunes.

He also featured on the theme song for the show iCarly, "Leave It All to Me", with his Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove. The music video for the song was released on Cosgrove's Vevo YouTube channel on September 28, 2010. The song took the lowest position on the Hot 100, peaking at number 100. It also peaked on the Pop 100 at number 83. He performed some Christmas songs in the Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh film, including "Jingle Bells" and "Christmas Promise". A DVD entitled Drake Bell in Concert was released on December 16, 2008. The video was unable to crack the 2008 or 2009 Top 100 in the U.S., but did chart on the Top 100 Mexican album charts, peaking at number 81. The DVD contains footage of him and his band live on stage while they toured in Mexico, filmed during five sold out fall nights. It also features 2 new songs and five covers, all of which are exclusive to the DVD. In the spring, Bell had a starring role in the comedy spoof film Superhero Movie. Bell recorded a theme song featuring his co-star Sara Paxton for the film called "Superhero! Song", which was released on April 8, 2008. In August 2008, he co-starred in the comedy College, which was shot on location in New Orleans. Bell also starred in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh alongside Josh Peck, which began production in July 2008, and premiered on December 5, 2008. In 2009, his songs "Unbelievable" and "Modern Times", which were featured on a commercial for Twalkin, were released exclusively on Myspace. Bell was also cast in a pilot for a then upcoming CBS comedy series, Fish Tank, stating Bell's involvement is what put the series into production in the first place. The series however, was never picked up. Bell also had a third album, set to be released in 2009; however, the album was apparently shelved and never released, until it was released in 2020 as "The Lost Album".

2010–present: Films and independent music
In 2010, he made a cameo appearance as Drake Parker in an iCarly episode entitled "iBloop" and a guest role in I Owe My Life To Corbin Bleu. He starred as Timmy Turner in the television film adaptation of its hit animated series The Fairly Odd Parents, A Fairly Odd Movie: Grow Up, Timmy Turner!, released in 2011 and reprised his role in the 2012 sequel A Fairly Odd Christmas. On May 18, 2011, a music video for Bell's song "You're Not Thinking" was released on YouTube. Bell's EP, titled A Reminder, was released on June 28, 2011. The lead single of A Reminder, "Terrific", was released on June 14, 2011, with the music video being released on December 9, 2012. The EP was produced by John Fields, who previously worked with Rooney, Jimmy Eat World, Selena Gomez, the Jonas Brothers, and Bleu. Bell said he decided to release A Reminder because he hasn't put out new music in a few years and "a full album will probably not happen until next year." Bell was also sued by Fields, the producer of the EP, for 9 songs at 9,000 dollars each, totaling up to 81,000. Bell only paid for 5 songs for 45,000, but only 4 songs made it to the EP.

In February 2012, Bell appeared in a Shane Dawson YouTube video entitled Kidnapping Drake Bell. Bell was cast as Spider-Man in the animated TV series Ultimate Spider-Man based on the comic book of the same name. He later reprised the role in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, replacing Josh Keaton who originally recorded his role for the series. He has also voiced the role of Spider-Man in two video games, Marvel Heroes, an MMORPG, and Disney Infinity 2.0, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. He was also in the 2012 Nickelodeon film Rags as Shawn. In 2013, Bell participated in an episode of the ABC reality TV series Splash, a celebrity diving competition, in which he made third place. On November 1, 2013, Bell released the studio version of his unreleased song "Nevermind" on YouTube. He released a holiday single, "Christmas Promise", on December 17, 2013. Throughout 2013 and 2014, Bell had roles in several animated films, such as The Naughty List, Adventure Planet, Birds of Paradise and Under Wraps. Bell returned as Timmy Turner in the third The Fairly OddParents live-action film, A Fairly Odd Summer, which was released on August 2, 2014. In 2014, Bell was nominated in the Capital Twitter Awards for Biggest Twitter Feud vs. Justin Bieber. Bell also appeared on Takepart Live to discuss his bankruptcy and other activities. Bell starred in an animated film entitled Frozen in Time, which was released November 11, 2014.

Bell had his third studio album set to be released in early 2013. Then, he stated it as "a complete concept record. Getting in a time machine and going back to the 40s and 50s." On April 22, 2014, Bell released his third studio album, his first rockabilly album, Ready Steady Go!, under Surfdog Records, with which he signed in 2012. It was produced by Peter Collins and childhood idol Brian Setzer, frontman of the rockabilly revival band Stray Cats. He has referred to the album as "getting in the DeLorian, hitting 88 miles per hour, and going back to the future." The album's lead single, "Bitchcraft", was released on January 28, 2014. The single was remixed by French electro swing band Caravan Palace. The album's promotional single, "I Won't Stand In Your Way", a cover of the Stray Cats' original song, was released on April 17, 2014. A cover of Cask Mouse's song "Bull", was released as the album's second single on October 8, 2014. The single was listed in the Mexican radio Top 10 for a number of weeks. The album was recorded completely live. It debuted and peaked at number 182 on the Billboard 200 and sold 2,000 copies in its first week of release. Bell took part in the High School Nation Tour in support of Ready Steady Go!, touring High Schools all around the U.S. The tour lasted from September 16 to October 22, 2014. It began in Los Angeles, California and ended in Charlotte, North Carolina. Bell also performed at Exa FM's Concerto Exa 2014 in Mexico City, performing to more than 50,000 people. He starred with his Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove in the animated film A Mouse Tale, which was released directly to DVD on February 10, 2015. Bell starred in the slasher film L.A. Slasher as The Popstar, which was released on June 26, 2015, in a limited theater release. Bell recorded a song for the film's soundtrack, titled "Day & Night". He also stars alongside Bella Thorne and Cameron Dallas in the United States dub of The Frog Kingdom, which was released on June 30, 2015, on video on demand and DVD. He appeared in a documentary about the genre of rockabilly and its culture titled It's a Rockabilly World! Bell later reprised his role as Spider-Man in the 2015 game Disney Infinity 3.0. He also guest starred in an episode with his Drake & Josh co-star Josh Peck on Peck's Fox television series Grandfathered; Bell guest stars as Kirk, a wealthy tech investor. The episode with Bell aired in the Spring of 2016. Bell is set to star as Dan Orange, lead singer of a band called "Orange and the Dead Ends" in a new digital series called Dan is Dead. The premiere date has not yet been set. Bell has recorded a song titled "We're Dead" for the series.

Bell embarked on a concert tour in Mexico starting on February 5, 2016, which ended on February 7, 2016. The tickets were sold out within minutes of going on sale online. Though Bell started the tour in 2015, the ''Ready Steady Go! Tour'' will continue in 2016. Bell toured high schools in the US as part of the High School Nation Tour from March 28 to April 29, 2016. Bell stars in the 2017 film Bad Kids of Crestview Academy, a sequel to the 2012 film Bad Kids Go to Hell. Bell released an EP titled Honest on June 30, 2017. In 2018 he released a Spanglish song, "Fuego Lento", and in 2019 released another EP, Smoke It Up. On November 5, 2023, after his elimination on the fifth season of the Mexican television series ¿Quién es la máscara?, Bell was revealed to be Baby Alien. In an interview with Yordi Rosado on March 24, 2024, Bell revealed that he wanted to move to Mexico, telling Rosado "I feel more at home when I’m here. I have more friends here cause a lot of my friends from Los Angeles have moved to Florida, Texas, Louisiana, and so my relationship with them is on the phone anyway".

Philanthropy
Since 2009, Bell has supported the Thirst Project, a non-profit organization that addresses the issue of the clean water crisis by raising awareness through education. Bell's contributions include public appeals and concerts to raise funds. Seth Maxwell, founder of the Thirst Project, recruited Bell to be the 'face' of the campaign. Bell has also made contributions to other organizations such as Toys for Tots. On April 18, 2015, Bell performed at the Strawberry Bowl in support of the charity Rockin A Cure for cystic fibrosis.

Childhood assault and health issues
In 2024, Bell revealed that dialogue coach Brian Peck repeatedly sexually assaulted him when he was 15, during the period between filming of the last season of The Amanda Show and the first season of Drake & Josh. Peck was arrested on August 19, 2003, later being convicted for lewd conduct with a minor. Because of his age, Bell's identity as the victim was not publicly revealed in the court records. Bell first revealed his identity and shared his experience in the 2024 documentary Quiet on Set. On The Sarah Fraser Show podcast on March 22, 2024, Bell revealed that he went to rehab after his interview for the documentary.

On December 29, 2005, Bell, then 19 years old, and a friend of his were driving from Malibu to Los Angeles when, while stopped at a red light on California State Route 1, the two were struck by an oncoming vehicle. Though Bell's passenger suffered only bruises, Bell suffered more severe injuries, including a fractured neck and vertebra, a broken jaw, the loss of seven teeth, and deep facial lacerations. As part of his recovery, Bell required more than 70 facial stitches, had to have his jaw wired shut for two months, and underwent surgery on his chin and mouth.

Family
In July 2021, Bell revealed that he had been married to Janet Von Schmeling since 2018 after dating for five years and they had a son. After separating in September 2022, Janet filed for divorce on April 20, 2023, citing irreconcilable differences.

Residence
In 2007, Bell purchased a 2,640 sqft house in Los Feliz for $2,050,000. After Bell filed for bankruptcy in California in early 2014, the house was taken in foreclosure.

As of March 2024, Bell primarily resides in Mexico City.

Driving under the influence
Bell was arrested on December 21, 2015, for driving under the influence in Glendale, California, at 2:45 am after police officers witnessed him swerving and driving well over the speed limit. He was subsequently released on $20,000 bond and pleaded not guilty. In September 2016 Bell pleaded guilty and was sentenced to four days in jail and four years' probation and would be required to attend an alcohol education program; Bell served only one day for good behavior. Bell was previously charged with driving under the influence in 2010 in relation to an incident in San Diego in 2009.

Child endangerment conviction
In August 2020, his former girlfriend Melissa Lingafelt accused him of verbal and physical abuse during their three-year relationship in the late 2000s. Lingafelt also accused Bell of inappropriate behavior regarding underage girls. Bell has denied the allegations.

On June 4, 2021, Bell was arrested in Cleveland, Ohio, on charges relating to "attempted endangering [of] children and disseminating matter harmful to juveniles." A public information officer with the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor's Office, said "the 15-year-old victim, who had established a relationship with Bell several years prior, attended his concert in December 2017 ... While there, Bell violated his duty of care and, in doing so, created a risk of harm to the victim." The Cleveland Police also found that Bell had sent the minor "inappropriate social media messages" for "months leading up to the concert". Bell was 31 at the time of the alleged incident. Bell pleaded not guilty, and was freed on a $2,500 personal bond, and was ordered to provide a DNA sample. He agreed to have no contact with the accuser in the case with a pretrial hearing scheduled for June 23.

On June 23, 2021, Bell pleaded guilty to both charges. On July 12, 2021, Bell's accuser, then 19, made a public appearance and statement accusing him of sexually assaulting her while she was underage, in addition to the endangerment charges. Bell was sentenced to two years of probation and 200 hours of community service, which he was permitted to complete in California. He also is not allowed to have any contact with his victim.

Bell claimed in a video that he ceased texting his accuser when her age came to light, and that no images of a sexual matter were exchanged. He also stated that he accepted a plea deal because "I felt that this was the best way to get this over quickly, and for everyone involved to be able to move on."

Discography

 * Telegraph (2005)
 * It's Only Time (2006)
 * Ready Steady Go! (2014)
 * The Lost Album (2020)
 * Non-Stop Flight (2024)

Books
In 2023, Bell announced on his Twitter account that he is writing a book titled I Found A Way.

Awards and nominations
Bell was nominated for a Young Artist Award twice, once in 2000 for his role in The Jack Bull, in which he won, and another time in 2006 for Yours, Mine and Ours. He has won 10 Kids Choice Awards, three in the United States and five internationally for his role as Drake Parker on Drake & Josh. He also won a Kids Choice Award in 2007 in the United Kingdom for Best Male Singer, winning over Justin Timberlake. He was also nominated for Best TV Actor, but lost to Nat Wolff. Bell has also won a Teen Choice Award in 2008 for his role as the Dragonfly in Superhero Movie. He was also nominated for an award in 2014 in the Capital Twitter Awards for biggest Twitter feud with Justin Bieber.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Drake Bell


text:
Captain Beyond

Captain Beyond is an American rock supergroup formed in Los Angeles in 1971. Consisting of former Deep Purple singer Rod Evans, former Johnny Winter drummer Bobby Caldwell, former Iron Butterfly guitarist Larry Reinhardt and former Iron Butterfly bassist Lee Dorman, the band had an eclectic style bridging elements of hard rock, progressive rock and jazz fusion with space rock. They released three albums between 1972 and 1977.

The band was plagued from its inception with significant problems, including lawsuits involving Evans, Reinhardt and Dorman with their former bands, and a dispute over musical style with their record label, Capricorn Records. Although the band performed well together, relationships among the various band members were strained. In particular, singer Rod Evans left and rejoined the band several times beginning in 1971, and made his departure permanent in late 1973, after the release of the band's second album.

History
The original line-up for Captain Beyond included former Deep Purple singer Rod Evans, former Johnny Winter drummer Bobby Caldwell, former Iron Butterfly guitarist Larry "Rhino" Reinhardt and former Iron Butterfly bassist Lee Dorman alongside keyboardist Lewie Gold. Gold left for personal reasons before the first album was recorded. The remaining line-up recorded the self-titled debut album, released in 1972 by Capricorn Records, a Macon, Georgia-based independent label primarily known for cultivating such Southern rock groups as The Allman Brothers Band and Wet Willie.

Following that album, Caldwell left the band to join Derringer and was replaced by Brian Glascock. Also joining the band around that time were keyboardist Reese Wynans and conguero Guille Garcia. The record company's chosen producer, Giorgio Gomelsky, did not like Glascock's drumming and requested a new drummer. Glascock was released and Marty Rodriguez was brought in on drums on the recommendation of Garcia. This six-man lineup recorded the group's second album, Sufficiently Breathless, with producer and Capricorn Records co-founder Phil Walden. Tension during the recording led to Evans quitting, and the band splitting consequently. The original lineup with Caldwell reformed later in 1973 for gigs in the US and Canada. However, Evans left the band permanently around Christmas of 1973 and the band broke up.

The band reformed in 1976 with Caldwell, Dorman, and Rhino, being joined first by Jason Cahoon and later with Willy Daffern as vocalist. They recorded the band's third album Dawn Explosion on Warner Bros., but broke up in 1978.

Caldwell and Rhino reformed Captain Beyond in 1998, with Jimi Interval on vocals, Dan Frye on keyboards, and Jeff Artabasy on bass. In 1999, Swedish record label Record Heaven released a tribute to Captain Beyond entitled Thousand Days of Yesterday. The album features fellow 1970s rockers Pentagram playing "Dancing Madly Backwards". In 2000 they released a four track EP entitled Night Train Calling. Shortly thereafter they were joined briefly by guitarist Steve Petrey.

Captain Beyond once again disbanded in 2003 when lead guitarist Larry Reinhardt developed cancer. Following treatment, Reinhardt continued to perform music until late 2011, when he again fell ill. He died on January 2, 2012. Bassist Lee Dorman died on December 21, 2012. Rod Evans has retired from performing, partly due to legal troubles with his original Deep Purple bandmates, and his current residence is still unknown. However, Caldwell mentioned in a 2015 interview that Evans was doing just fine and was working in the field of respiratory therapy.

Caldwell resurrected the band in 2013, with a lineup consisting of Don Bonzi, Jeff "Boday" Christensen, and Jamie Holka, bassist Allen Carmen, and guitarist/keyboardist/vocalist Simon Lind. In 2015 Carmen and Christensen departed the band and Artabasy returned as bassist. The reformed group began touring in 2015.

Members

 * Current members
 * Bobby Caldwell - drums, percussion (1971–1973, 1973, 1976–1978, 1998–2003, 2013–present)
 * Jeff Artabasy - bass (1998–2003, 2015–present)
 * Don Bonzi - guitar (2013–present)
 * Jamie Holka - guitar (2013–present)
 * Simon Lind - guitar, keyboards, vocals (2013–present)

 * Former members
 * Lee Dorman - bass (1971–1973, 1973, 1976–1978)
 * Rod Evans - vocals (1971–1973, 1973)
 * Lewie Gold - keyboards (1971)
 * Larry "Rhino" Reinhardt - guitar (1971–1973, 1973, 1976–1978, 1998–2003)
 * Guille Garcia - percussion (1973)
 * Brian Glascock - drums (1973)
 * Reese Wynans - keyboards (1973)
 * Marty Rodriguez - drums (1973)
 * Jason Cahoon - vocals (1981)
 * Willy Daffern - vocals (1976–1978)
 * Dan Frye - keyboards (1998–2003)
 * Jimi Interval - vocals ( 1998–2003)
 * Steve Petrey - guitar (2000–2001)
 * Allen Carmen - bass (2013–2015)
 * Jeff "Boday" Christensen - guitar (2013–2015)

LPs

 * Captain Beyond (1972)
 * Sufficiently Breathless (1973)
 * Dawn Explosion (1977)

EP

 * Night Train Calling (2000)

Live releases

 * Far Beyond a Distant Sun – Live Arlington, Texas (1973)
 * Frozen Over Live (1973, Bootleg Version)
 * Live In Texas - October 6, 1973 (Official Bootleg, 2013 Reissue)
 * Live Anthology (Official Bootleg, 2013)
 * Live In Montreux 1972: 04.30.72 (2016)
 * Live In Miami August 19, 1972 (2019)
 * Live In New York - July 30th, 1972 (2019)

Compilations

 * Lost & Found 1972-1973 (2017)

Covers and tribute releases

 * Thousand Days of Yesterdays (1999)
 * In 1985 US Hi-NRG outfit The Flirts released a single entitled "Dancing Madly Backwards" (Germany #46, US Dance #47). Although musically and lyrically totally different, its chorus is lifted directly from "Dancing Madly Backwards (On a Sea of Air)" off Captain Beyonds first album.

title: Captain Beyond


text:
Eagle Valley

Eagle Valley may refer to:

 * Eagle Valley, British Columbia, Shuswap, around Sicamous.
 * Eagle Valley (California), Riverside County
 * Eagle Valley, Colorado, in the Vail area
 * Eagle Valley Township, Minnesota
 * Eagle Valley (Nevada), in the Carson City area
 * Eagle Valley Dam and Reservoir, Spring Valley State Park, Nevada
 * Eagle Valley (Oregon), Baker County
 * Eagle Valley, Pennsylvania, Jefferson County
 * Valley Eagle, passenger train of Missouri Pacific Railroad (Houston-Brownsville-Mission, TX)

title: Eagle Valley


text:
Olomouc Region

Olomouc Region (Olomoucký kraj; Olmützer Region, ; Kraj ołomuniecki) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western and central part of its historical region of Moravia (Morava) and in a small part of the historical region of Czech Silesia (České Slezsko). It is named for its capital Olomouc.

Olomouc region borders with the Moravian-Silesian Region (in the east), Zlín Region (in the south-east), South Moravian Region (in the south-west) and Pardubice Region (in the west). Furthermore, the region shares a 104 km long border with Poland (in the north).

Administrative divisions
The Olomouc Region is divided into 5 districts:

On the territory of the region there are 13 administrative districts of municipalities with extended powers and 20 administrative districts of municipalities with authorized local authority.

Population

In January 2024 the population of the Olomouc Region totalled 632,864 inhabitants. As of 2019, 50.3% of region's population lived in municipalities with more than 4,000. Out of 402 municipalities located in the region (including one military area), 30 had a status of town. Region's capital Olomouc is with approximately 100 thousand inhabitants the largest city. With 120.1 inhabitants per km2 the region was close to the national average of 135 inhabitants per km2. There were, of course, differences within the region: the lowest population density was in the Jeseník District. In the long term, the population of the region has been aging. The average age of population in 2019 is 42.8, which is the 4th highest among regions in the Czech Republic.

Cities and towns
The table below provides the list of region's most populous cities and towns as of 1 January 2024:

Geography
The total area of the region amounts to 5,267 km2, which is 6.7% of the entire area of the Czech Republic. The northern part of the region is of mountainous nature. The Jeseníky mountains are located here, including Praděd, which is the highest point of the region (1,492 m above sea level). The southern part of the region consists of the Hanakian lowland. The lowest point of the region is situated on the water level of the Morava River near to Kojetín in the Přerov District (190 m above sea level). The Morava river flows through the region and the majority of the region's territory belongs to Morava's drainage basin. A small northern part of the region belongs to the drainage basin of Odra River, which flows to the Baltic Sea. The Olomouc Region offers a great variety of natural points of interest. Protected landscape area of the Jeseníky mountains offers a number of scenic places such as the largest Moravian peatbog Rejvíz and the 45m high Vysoký Waterfall. Another scenic place is Dlouhé Stráně water reservoir situated on the top of a hill. Protected landscape area Litovelské Pomoraví offers floodplain forests with many endangered species of plants and animals. Finally, many caves can be found in the region: Javoříčko Caves (Javoříčské jeskyně), Mladeč Caves (Mladečské jeskyně) and Zbrašov aragonite caves (Zbrašovské jeskyně).

Economy
The region's economy focuses on traditional agriculture, processing industry and services. Conditions for further development of the region are its attractive location, transport accessibility, developed infrastructure, enough qualified labour force and entry of foreign investors. In 2011, the total economically active population of the Olomouc Region was 307.2 thousand people, of which 283.9 thousand were employed and 23.3 thousand unemployed. The unemployment rate in 12/2022 was 3,6%. The Olomouc Region is an industrial area with developed services. The economy of the Hanakian districts is more stable and diverse than the economy of the Jeseník District and northern part of the Šumperk District. The latter two districts belong to economically weaker regions due to their position, transport accessibility and disturbance of social and economic life after the Second World War (displacement of German population). The gross domestic product of the Olomouc Region amounted to 4.7% of the nation GDP in 2021. The GDP per capita of the region reaches 79.4% of the national average. The average monthly wage of employees in the region reached 36,481 CZK (EUR 1520) in 3Q/2022. Significant sectors of the region's economy are agriculture, food industry, textile and clothing industry, manufacture of machinery, optics and optical equipment. In 2011, there were 138,970 businesses, organisations and entrepreneurs based in the region. Most of them were private entrepreneurs registered according to the trade law (76.6%) and business companies (8.4%). 157 industrial enterprises had 100 or more employees, employing in total 41,222 employees.

Agriculture
The share of arable land was 39.4% in 2011 but was showing a decreasing trend over past years while the share of non-agricultural land has been increasing and reached 46.9% in 2011. Southern and central parts of the region belong to areas with the most fertile land. Crop yields (barley, wheat, rape and industrial sugar beet) reach the highest amounts of the entire country.

Transport
Transport accessibility of the region is provided by 3,582 km of roads, of which only 12.3% are first class roads. The motorways with two lanes connect Olomouc with Brno (I/46), Ostrava (I/35 followed by D1) and the Pardubice Region (I/35). Once finished, the d1 motorway will connect Brno with Ostrava and will cross the southern part of Olomouc Region. There is 601 km of railways in the region. Important rail junctions are in Olomouc and Přerov. The railway network is spread equally all over the Region´s territory. Road network is denser in the southern flat part of the Region. Near to the city of Olomouc there is an airport for small airliners, which obtained status of an international airport.

Tourism
The Olomouc Region belongs to regions with the smallest number of accommodation establishments. In 2009 there were 338 collective accommodation establishments. These were placed primarily in the Jeseník District and the Šumperk District that are most visited by tourists.

Quality of life
In 2011, 14,347 crimes were committed in the region, of which 6,744 (47%) were solved. Compared to other regions of the Czech Republic, the environment of Olomouc Region can be marked as relatively less damaged. The values of specific emissions do not reach the average national values. Mountain areas and foothills have excellent air quality and are important sources of drinking water.

Health care
In 2011 the region counted 9 hospitals, 16 specialized therapeutic institutions and other health establishments by 2,897 physicians and 6,466 paramedical workers. Health care is provided also in many spa establishments that are placed all over the region. Well known spas are in Jeseník, Velké Losiny, Teplice nad Bečvou, Slatinice, Skalka, etc.

Education
In 2011, the network of school establishments consists of 367 nursery schools, 369 basic schools, 20 grammar schools, 81 programmes vocational training and 8 higher schools. The second oldest university in the Czech Republic, the Palacký University (Univerzita Palackého), is situated in Olomouc. It is attended by over 23,000 students.

Places of interest

 * Bouzov Castle;
 * Hanakian region (Haná) with its folkways, folklore shows and festivals that are organised in Náměšť, Prostějov, Kojetín, etc.
 * Helfštýn castle;
 * Jánský vrch château;
 * Náměšť na Hané château;
 * Olomouc with a large urban conservation area preserving a large set of buildings that are important for their historical, architectonic or artistic value;
 * Sovinec castle;
 * Svatý Kopeček with its well-known Pilgrimage Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary
 * Šternberk castle;
 * Tovačov château;
 * Úsov château;
 * Velké Losiny château, historic paper factory, spa;
 * For winter sports many downhill courses and pistes are prepared in the Jeseníky mountains in areas of Červenohorské sedlo, Kouty nad Desnou, Petříkov, Ostružná, Ramzová and many others.

International relations
Olomouc Region cooperates with:

 * 🇭🇺 Baranya County, Hungary
 * 🇨🇳 Fujian, China
 * 🇦🇿 Ganja, Azerbaijan
 * 🇺🇸 Green River Area, United States
 * 🇷🇺 Kostroma Oblast, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Opole Voivodeship, Poland
 * 🇮🇹 Province of Reggio Emilia, Italy
 * 🇷🇸 Vojvodina, Serbia
 * 🇩🇪 Würzburg District, Germany
 * 🇨🇳 Yunnan, China

title: Olomouc Region


text:
Talk:The Way of The Vaselines: A Complete History

Weird addition
Someone added "The release featured a CD and cassette." What does that mean? Most albums are (or at least were) released this way. Sounds kind of like this line is unneeded to me. -- LGagnon 01:43, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's for the future so remove it as you like. There is a UK release featuring all the same songs on a different colored vinyl/cd release. The two are commonly mixed up.--Case 05:44, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WayOfTheVaselines.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 03:13, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:07, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Aiepzefykhgfo


text:
Earlton

Earlton may refer to:

 * Earlton, Kansas, a town in the United States
 * Earlton, New York, a town in the United States
 * Earlton, Ontario, a town in Canada
 * Earlton (Timiskaming Regional) Airport, an airport near Earlton, Ontario

title: Earlton


text:
User:Latitudinarian/test

 * 1) Franklin D. Roosevelt was responsible for drastically changing the government's role in people's well being. His New Deal program rescued the country from the depression and set a new precedent for the services that the government provides.
 * 2) Martin Luther King, Jr. led the civil rights movement. His charismatic leadership was responsible for many of the civil rights demonstrations that prompted the government to draft new civil rights legislation.
 * 3) Henry Ford’s assembly line spurred the industrial revolution which drastically changed the way that the United States functioned. Ford’s cars changed the United States from a static rural community (with its population concentrated around cities) into a more suburban nation with the majority of citizens commuting to their jobs.
 * 4) Harry S. Truman was a key figure during World War II. He authorized the development and the use of the Atomic bomb. This in turn led to the Cold War.
 * 5) Theodore Roosevelt was a very important president. He established the National Park Service and is responsible for the majority of parks that we have today. In addition, he practically reinvented the presidency. He was the first "activist president" and guided the nation from the "Bully Pulpit"
 * 6) Dwight Eisenhower is of note because of his role in World War II. As Commanding General of the European Theater, Eisenhower is responsible for the Ally victory in the European Theater.
 * 7) Woodrow Wilson was played an important role making wise decisions concerning America's involvement in World War I. His "Fourteen Points" served as the foundation for the league of nations.
 * 8) Elvis Presley was an important figure in American culture and music. He practically invented Rock and Roll and transformed pop-culture.
 * 9) Richard Nixon played an important role in the way that America viewed its politicians. His illegal actions created a sense of distrust and scrutiny to be held by the general population of the US which is still present today.
 * 10) Joseph McCarthy was a key figure in the Red Scare. His "witch hunts" of "suspected communist sympathizers" resulted in the period known as McCarthyism.

title: User:Latitudinarian/test


text:
Pardubice Region

Pardubice Region (Pardubický kraj) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrative unit, Pardubice Region has existed three times in the course of history. It was established for the first time in 1850, and extended from Český Brod to the Bohemian-Moravian border. In its second existence, it was one of 19 regions as they were set between 1949 and 1960. After 1960, Pardubice became the capital of Pardubice district, which was part of the Eastern Bohemian Region (capital Hradec Králové). The Pardubice Region, as it is now, was reestablished in 2000.

Administrative divisions
The Pardubice Region is divided into 4 districts:

There are a total of 451 municipalities in the region (as of 2019). Among these are 15 municipalities with extended powers and 26 municipalities with a delegated municipal office. Thirty-two of the municipalities are classified as towns. The regional central offices are in Pardubice.

Population
The total population of the Pardubice Region is about 530,000. 17 municipalities have a higher population than 5,000. The largest municipality of the region is Pardubice with a population of more than 90,000. The table below shows the municipalities in Pardubice Region with the largest population (as of 1 January 2024).

Other significant towns in Pardubice Region are Hlinsko, Přelouč, Polička, Choceň, Holice, Letohrad and Žamberk.

Geography
With a total size of 4,519 km2, Pardubice is the fifth smallest region in the Czech Republic. Králický Sněžník (1,424 m) is the highest point in the region. The lowest point (201 m) is situated on the water surface of the Elbe River near Kojice.

The southern and southeastern parts of the region are home to the hilly areas of Upper Svratka Highlands and Iron Mountains. The central and western parts of the region are formed by the Polabí lowlands. In the northeast, the region reaches the Orlické Mountains and Hrubý Jeseník range.

The European Watershed runs through the region, where it separates the basins of the North Sea and the Black Sea. The tripoint of the Danube (Black Sea), Elbe (North Sea) and Oder (Baltic Sea) watersheds is located at the peak of Králický Sněžník. The majority of the region belongs to the drainage basin of the Elbe, consisting of the rivers Chrudimka, Divoká Orlice, Doubrava, Loučná, Tichá Orlice and Třebovka. The rivers in the drainage basin of the Danube are the Morava, Moravská Sázava, Svitava and Třebůvka. The Seč Reservoir (220 ha) and the Pastviny Reservoir (92 ha) are among the larger water bodies in the region.

The most prevalent soil types in the region are podzol and cambisol. Forests cover 29.6% of the region and are predominantly coniferous. Deciduous forests occur around Pardubice.

Climate
Pardubice Region has a continental climate characterized by relatively hot summers and cold winters. The climate in Pardubice Region differs depending on location. The areas in the Polabí lowlands in the western part of the region are relatively warmer with annual mean temperatures reaching 8 °C. On the other hand, the coldest areas are situated in the hilly northeastern part of the region, where the annual mean temperatures are around 4 °C.

Precipitation is relatively lower in the central part of the region where the total annual values are around 700 – 800 mm. In the areas with higher elevation (such as Žďárské Vrchy or the foothills of Orlické Hory) there is higher precipitation with annual values of 800 – 1,000 mm.

Economy
The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the region was 81.1% of the national average in 2011. Services form the largest part of the region's economy, forming 52.4% of GDP in 2011. Other significant sectors are industry (36.9% of GDP) and construction (7.2% of GDP). The registered unemployment rate was 8.44% at the end of 2011. The highest unemployment rate was in Svitavy District.

Industry and commercial public services are the basis of Pardubice's economy. General engineering, textiles, clothing, and leather processing are the strongest industrial branches. The chemical industry in Pardubice Region is larger than anywhere else in the Czech Republic. Road networks make up 3,597 km that transverse throughout the region. Roads I/35 and I/37 (connecting to I/17 in Chrudim) are noted as the most important. A 9 km section of the D11 motorway connect the region to Prague. The two-lane R35 expressway is planned to cross the region and connect it with Liberec, Germany and the Moravian network of highways and expressways.
 * Industry
 * Transport

There are 542 km of railways in the region, connecting it to Prague, Brno, Liberec, Olomouc, Ostrava, and to Poland. The railway corridor of Berlin – Prague – Brno – Vienna crosses the region and in Pardubice it is connected to routes of national significance to Liberec and Havlíčkův Brod.

Pardubice has an international airport, operating for both public and military flights, which is listed in the category of the top 5 airports in the Czech Republic. Agriculture plays an important role in the region. The agricultural land covers about 60.2% of all land in the region, while the arable land occupies 43.8%. Forests cover 29.6% of the region. Attractions from natural tourist spots (such as the Železné Hory and the Orlické Hory) to historical monuments, mostly medieval castles established since the 13th century, all encourage tourism to the region. The most significant historical monuments in the region are connected with the noble Pernštejn family from Moravia, who had two huge castles built, at Litice nad Orlicí, and on Kunětická hora near Pardubice. In 2011 there were 365 facilities providing accommodation in the region for 324,000 visitors.
 * Agriculture
 * Tourism

Education and health care
In 2011 there were: Furthermore, there were nine hospitals with a capacity of 2,584 patients. In total, there were 2,009 doctors in the region and the patient-per-doctor ratio was 257.
 * 309 kindergartens with 17,994 students
 * 251 elementary schools with 41,184 students
 * 21 secondary elementary schools (Czech: gymnázium) with 6,305 students
 * 55 high schools with 16,413 students
 * 10 colleges (Czech: vyšší odborná škola) with 1,135 students
 * University of Pardubice with seven faculties and more than 10,000 students.

Places of interest

 * National Breeding Stud at Kladruby nad Labem
 * Králíky and Králický Sněžník National Nature Reserve
 * Kunětická hora Castle
 * Lanškroun Ponds Nature Park
 * Letohrad and its Museum of Crafts
 * Litomyšl with the Renaissance Chateau
 * Nové Hrady Chateau
 * Pardubice with the Pardubice Chateau and Grand Pardubice Steeplechase
 * Svojanov Castle
 * Veselý Kopec, the largest collection of folk architecture in Bohemia
 * Železné Hory National Geopark

title: Pardubice Region


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Hasselblad Award

The Hasselblad Award (in full: Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography) is an award granted to "a photographer recognized for major achievements".

History
First awarded in 1980, the award—and the Hasselblad Foundation—was set up from the estate of Erna and Victor Hasselblad. Victor Hasselblad was the inventor of the Hasselblad Camera System.

The award includes a cash prize of SEK 2,000,000 (~€200,000), a gold medal, diploma, and an exhibition at the Hasselblad Center in the Göteborg Museum of Art in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Winners

 * 1980 Lennart Nilsson
 * 1981 Ansel Adams
 * 1982 Henri Cartier-Bresson
 * 1984 Manuel Álvarez Bravo
 * 1985 Irving Penn
 * 1986 Ernst Haas
 * 1987 Hiroshi Hamaya
 * 1988 Édouard Boubat
 * 1989 Sebastião Salgado
 * 1991 Richard Avedon
 * 1992 Josef Koudelka
 * 1993 Sune Jonsson
 * 1994 Susan Meiselas
 * 1995 Robert Häusser
 * 1996 Robert Frank
 * 1997 Christer Strömholm
 * 1998 William Eggleston
 * 1999 Cindy Sherman
 * 2000 Boris Mikhailov
 * 2001 Hiroshi Sugimoto
 * 2002 Jeff Wall
 * 2003 Malick Sidibé
 * 2004 Bernd and Hilla Becher
 * 2005 Lee Friedlander
 * 2006 David Goldblatt
 * 2007 Nan Goldin
 * 2008 Graciela Iturbide
 * 2009 Robert Adams
 * 2010 Sophie Calle
 * 2011 Walid Raad
 * 2012 Paul Graham
 * 2013 Joan Fontcuberta
 * 2014 Miyako Ishiuchi
 * 2015 Wolfgang Tillmans
 * 2016 Stan Douglas
 * 2017 Rineke Dijkstra
 * 2018 Oscar Muñoz
 * 2019 Daidō Moriyama
 * 2020 Alfredo Jaar
 * 2022 Dayanita Singh
 * 2023 Carrie Mae Weems
 * 2024 Ingrid Pollard

title: Hasselblad Award


text:
Bill Blair (1940s pitcher)

William Blair (October 17, 1921 – April 20, 2014) was a Negro league pitcher.

Blair graduated Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas and briefly attended Prairie View A&M University. He began his baseball career at the age of 16, playing for a barnstorming team in Mineola, Texas, and went on to join the United States Army, where he became the youngest African American to serve as a first sergeant in the Army during World War II.

He pitched from 1946 to 1951, for teams including the Indianapolis Clowns, Cincinnati Crescents, and was a player-manager for the Dallas Black Giants. He played against players such as Cool Papa Bell, Satchel Paige, and Hilton Smith. After retiring from baseball, he became a fixture in the community, running a local newspaper, the Elite News, and organizing golf tournaments and parades. He died in Campbell, Texas in 2014.

William Blair Park in South Dallas, formerly Rochester Park, was named after him.

title: Bill Blair (1940s pitcher)


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Small minivet

The small minivet (Pericrocotus cinnamomeus) is a small passerine bird. This minivet is found in tropical southern Asia from the Indian subcontinent east to Indonesia.

Description
The small minivet is 16 cm long with a strong dark beak and long wings. The male differs from most other common minivets by having grey, not glossy black, upperparts and head, and orange underparts, fading to yellow on the belly, orange tail edges, rump and wing patches.

The female is grey above, with yellow underparts (including the face), tail edges, rump and wing patches.

There is much racial variation. The male P. c. pallidus of the northwest Indian subcontinent is pale grey above, with the underparts whitish except on the throat and flanks, whereas the male P. c. malabaricus of peninsular and southern India is darker above, has more extensive scarlet below. The female of the southern race is also brighter yellow below.

Behaviour
The small minivet is a widespread and common resident breeding bird in thorn jungle and scrub. The nest is a cup-like structure into which two to four spotted eggs are laid and incubated by the female.

This minivet catches insects in trees by flycatching or while perched. The small minivet will form small flocks. Its call is a high, thin swee swee swee.

title: Small minivet


text:
Alphonse James de Rothschild

Mayer Alphonse James Rothschild (1 February 1827 – 26 May 1905), was a French financier, vineyard owner, art collector, philanthropist, racehorse owner/breeder and a member of the Rothschild banking family of France.

Biography
Known as Alphonse, he was the eldest son of James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868). His mother was Betty de Rothschild (1805–1886), the daughter of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild from the Austrian branch of the family. Alphonse was educated to take his place at the head of France's de Rothschild Frères bank, training in the other Rothschild banking houses in Europe. In France he soon became a major force in the financial world and in 1855 was appointed a regent of the Banque de France, a position he held for the remainder of his life.

In 1857 Alphonse de Rothschild married a cousin, Leonora "Laure" de Rothschild (1837–1911), the daughter of Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879) of the English branch of the family. They had four children. Their firstborn, Bettina Caroline (1858–1892), married Albert Salomon von Rothschild.

As a vineyard operator
Alphonse and his brother Gustave developed somewhat of a rivalry with their English cousin Nathaniel de Rothschild who had moved to Paris after marrying their sister Charlotte. Nathaniel worked at de Rothschild Frères bank and in 1853 he purchased the Château Brane Mouton vineyard in Pauillac in the Médoc wine growing region. Nathaniel's Mouton vineyard received a second-growth ranking in the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. Just three months before their father died in 1868, Alphonse and Gustave convinced him to buy the more prestigious First Growth Château Lafite vineyard in Pauillac when it came up for sale.

On the death of their father in 1868, Alphonse and Gustave inherited the Château Lafite-Rothschild vineyard. However, they lived in Paris and the vineyard was not significant relative to their massive investments in banking and other business ventures. As such, they only visited the Pauillac vineyard occasionally, maintaining little more than an arms-length interest. On their deaths, the Rothschild brothers willed the property to a son and it remains in family hands to this day.

As financier and investor
Alphonse de Rothschild inherited a large fortune on the death of his father in 1868, including share positions in de Rothschild Frères bank and the Chemin de Fer du Nord company. He began his training in finance at a young age and his father put him in charge of the bank's gold bullion operations.

During the 1860s, great debates raged across Europe and the United States as to an appropriate monetary system for the changing times. In France, the prominent Péreire brothers bankers were proponents of paper money in contrast to Alphonse de Rothschild who defended preservation of France's bimetallism system. Initially, Alphonse had an influential supporter for his position through his long friendship with statesman Léon Say, a former employee of the Rothschild's Chemin de Fer du Nord who became the French Minister of Finance in 1872. However, as part of the Latin Monetary Union France joined most of the rest of Europe and adopted the gold standard by 1873. In 1880, Alphonse de Rothschild put together the deal that saw the family take control of Société Le Nickel (SLN), a nickel mining business in New Caledonia.

During the Franco-Prussian War, Alphonse de Rothschild had guarded the ramparts of Paris on the eve of the Prussian siege. When a peace treaty was finally agreed to in January 1871, his bank would play a major role, not only in raising the five billion francs France was obliged to pay in reparations to the new German Empire, but in helping bring about economic stability. France made a dramatic financial recovery and repaid the reparations bill ahead of schedule which, under terms of the armistice, brought about an end to the German occupation of northern French territory in 1873. In contrast though, that same year, both the Berlin and Vienna stock markets crashed, plunging all of Central Europe into an economic depression. However, in less than a decade Alphonse de Rothschild would witness considerable economic upheaval in France. The collapse of the investment bank Société de l'Union Générale precipitated the 1882 stock market crash that triggered a downturn in the economy.

In 1883, he founded the Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company (Bnito) to compete with US oil exports. The enterprise became a competitor of Standard Oil as he tried to supply Russian oil on international markets. In 1889, the Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris bank went into receivership and shortly thereafter the Panama scandals erupted, culminating in an official enquiry into the matter conducted in 1893 by the French parliament.

His intense pressure pushed back the abrogation project of the décret Crémieux filed by the chief of the provisional government, Adolphe Thiers in 1871.

Already made a member of the Legion of Honor, for his contributions to the French economy at a time of crisis, in 1896 Alphonse de Rothschild was elevated to the Grand Cross, the highest class of the Legion of Honor.

Thoroughbred racing
Alphonse de Rothschild was an enthusiastic supporter of thoroughbred horse racing who in 1852 at the age of twenty-four became a member of the Paris Jockey Club. He eventually purchased a rural property near Touques, Calvados in the Lower Normandy region where he built the Haras de Meautry horse breeding farm. There, he laid the foundation for a breeding operation that would prove highly successful for more than one hundred years and one that under the guidance of his descendants remains in operation today. Alphonse de Rothschild raced in an era before the creation of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Among the major races which his horses won were:
 * Grand Prix de Paris - (1) - Le Roi Soleil (1898)
 * Prix de Diane - (3) - Brie (1878), Crinière (1889) Brisk (1894)
 * Poule d'Essai des Poulains - (3) - Brio (1887), Heaume (1890) et Le Nicham II (1893)
 * Prix du Jockey Club - (2) - Kilt (1876) Heaume (1890)
 * Prix de la Forêt - (2) - Kilt (1876) Le Nord (1891)
 * Prix Morny - (4) - Louis d'Or (1879), Strelitz (1880), Fresca (1893) Thélème (1903)

As an art collector
Over his lifetime Alphonse de Rothschild put together a massive collection of artworks. He was an avid collector of the Dutch Masters as well as an important assembler of Islamic works of art. In 1885 he was made a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts and would donate and/or bequeath approximately 2,000 pieces to many different museums.

Residences
As part of his father's estate, Alphonse de Rothschild inherited a large residence in Paris at 2 rue Saint-Florentin on Place de la Concorde which today is part of the American Embassy complex. In addition, he also received the Château de Ferrières, an enormous mansion and woodlands in the country about 26 km east of Paris.

Assassination attempt
In August 1895, a crude letter bomb addressed to Alphonse de Rothschild was delivered to his Paris residence. Not at home, a member of the house staff had it forwarded to the de Rothschild Frères offices where it detonated, seriously injuring the chief clerk.

On his death in 1905, Alphonse's son Edouard took over as head of the family business.

title: Alphonse James de Rothschild


text:
User talk:M.e

Hi! It's nice to see another person working on Byzantine Empire stuff...especially Pechenegs, that is one of those articles I was going to eventually write "someday," but never got around to it. Adam Bishop 19:26, 27 May 2004 (UTC) — Thanks, it's just a stub, do write it. m.e. 09:51, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

My comments on Page production process are now at User talk:M.e/Production Wikipedia.

WikiProject Sydney
Want to join? I'm still formulating policy. Incidently, there is a message board Australian wikipedians' notice board - Ta bu shi da yu 06:09, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Neomodernism
I've started to add material. There is also the movment in architecture and the visual arts to consider. Stirling Newberry 13:35, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

American "dialog"
Hi. I changed the spelling of dialog because Platonic writing is always called "The Socratic Dialogue", and so for consistency the rest of article should use that (British) spelling. Batmanand | Talk 09:19, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Essendon Keilor College
G'day. Just a note telling you that by this diff to Essendon Keilor College you reverted to a prior version that contained libellous material. Please take care to ensure you are reverting pages to a legitimate and not vandalous version by using the "show preview" function before each edit. Thankyou, Jpe|ob 12:30, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It just demonstrates the need to be absolutely sure that you are reverting to a version that you want. Happy editing! Jpe|ob 01:34, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

copyright permission
Could you tell me how i can show copyright permission. you deleted some quotes on balagangadhara article. --SV 19:36, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * to add to the previous, the book from which the quote was made is itself in the public domain . So i will go ahead add revert back to the older version of the article. --SV 19:41, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Persian language writers and authors
per your comment here could you take another look and help improve the article? Weiszman 22:35, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * actually, the reason I wrote to you was because of your comment above You don't need to be an expert in Persian literature to help improve the general outlook and flow of the article, and consider renaming it as per your suggestion. Weiszman 23:22, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Graff, Missouri
Human settlements are interesting, even small ones. Perhaps more substantial info would be why the place was called that way, who made that decision, all the subsequent local history, and some pictures. But eh...Zigzig20s 00:41, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

General Chinese
I don't know if you can get this link to work or not. If you can, please let me know!

http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/13449638.html

— kwami (talk) 23:58, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Boonie Bears
Thanks for starting Boonie Bears! I added some stuff to it! WhisperToMe (talk) 06:35, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:M.e


text:
Wolf River (Tennessee)

The Wolf River is a 105 mi alluvial river in western Tennessee and northern Mississippi, whose confluence with the Mississippi River was the site of various Chickasaw, French, Spanish and American communities that eventually became Memphis, Tennessee. It is estimated to be about 12,000 years old, formed by glacier runoff carving into the region's soft alluvial soil. It should not be confused with The Wolf River (Middle Tennessee) which flows primarily in Middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky. The Wolf River rises in the Holly Springs National Forest at Baker's Pond in Benton County, Mississippi, and flows northwest into Tennessee, before entering the Mississippi River north of downtown Memphis.

In 1985, the Wolf River Conservancy was formed in opposition to plans for additional channel dredging. In 1995 the "Ghost River" section of the Wolf was saved from timber auction by a coordinated effort of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, local conservation activists, and the Wolf River Conservancy. In 1997 the river was designated an American Heritage River by presidential proclamation under a special United States Environmental Protection Agency program. In that same year, musician Jeff Buckley accidentally drowned in the Wolf River while swimming in Memphis. In 2005 the Wolf River Restoration Project was commenced to stop rapid erosion at Collierville, Tennessee. The river serves to mitigate flooding and erosion, as habitat for wildlife, as a recreational area, as well as supplying clean water to an underground aquifer.

Hydrography
The Wolf River rises in the Holly Springs National Forest at Baker's Pond in Benton County, Mississippi, north of Ashland, and flows northwest into Tennessee, draining a large portion of Memphis and northern and eastern Shelby County, Tennessee, before entering the Mississippi River near the northern end of Mud Island, north of downtown Memphis.

Cities and towns

 * listed in downstream order from source to mouth

 * Ashland, Mississippi
 * Canaan, Mississippi
 * Michigan City, Mississippi
 * La Grange, Tennessee
 * Moscow, Tennessee
 * Rossville, Tennessee
 * Piperton, Tennessee
 * Collierville, Tennessee
 * Germantown, Tennessee
 * Bartlett, Tennessee
 * Raleigh, a former seat of Shelby County, Tennessee, long since incorporated into Memphis.
 * Memphis, Tennessee

Wildlife
The Wolf River area is home to deer, otter, mink, bobcat, fox, coyote, wild turkey, and a wide variety of waterfowl, reptiles, amphibians, and aquatic life. Migrating osprey, great egret, and bald eagle have been spotted along this river as well.

There are Tennessee state record trees located in its bottomland forests, including a Tupelo Gum that is 17 ft in circumference. Other hardwoods include green ash, red maple, swamp chestnut oak, blackgum, and the majestic bald cypress. Native flowering plants include cardinal flower, ironweed, swamp iris, false loosestrife, spatterdock, swamp rose, blue phlox and spring cress.

Twenty-five species of freshwater mussels (unionidae) have been documented. Their dependence on good water quality makes them vulnerable to pollution.

A growing number of these species of plants and animals can be found in the urban reaches of the Wolf in Memphis, as the legacy of community action and the Clean Water Act slowly heals the degraded downstream section.

On 27 March 2018, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) reported that its personnel had videoed a 7 ft alligator at the Wolf River Wildlife Management Area in Fayette County, Tennessee, one in a series of confirmed recent sightings of the reptile in West Tennessee. The reptiles are moving into Tennessee across its southern state line; TWRA has not stocked alligators in Tennessee.

History

Wolf River is a 105 mi alluvial stream in western Tennessee and northern Mississippi, whose confluence with the Mississippi River was the site of various Chickasaw, French, Spanish and American communities and forts that eventually became Memphis, Tennessee. The Wolf River is estimated to be about 12,000 years old, formed by glacier runoff carving the region's soft alluvial soil. It is one of many rivers in West Tennessee and Mississippi that prompted the Chickasaw to call the region "the land that leaks."

About 400 AD, a massive seismic event in the Ellendale Fault (part of the New Madrid Fault system) raised a low ridge across present-day east Memphis, diverting Nonconnah Creek away from the Wolf, causing it to flow directly into the Mississippi River several miles south of the Wolf's mouth. The lowermost section of the Nonconnah that continued to flow into the Wolf eventually became known as Cypress Creek.

The Mississippian culture thrived in this area until about the 16th century, as evidenced by mound sites and accounts by Hernando de Soto. Shortly afterwards, the Chickasaw nation settled northern Mississippi, western Tennessee, and eastern Arkansas.

In 1682, French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed the region near the mouth of the Wolf River. The French alternately called the river Rivière de Mayot (or Margot), Blackbird River, and Rivière du Loup. The original Loup was rumored to be a Mahican Indian guide who disappeared along the river while guiding the French. The Mahicans were also known as Les Loups or "The Wolves." According to one account, both the English and Chickasaw afterwards called the river "Loup" in their respective languages: "Wolf" and "Nashoba."

During a multi-river voyage from Chicago, Illinois, to Biloxi, Mississippi, Jesuit priest Jacques Gravier made the following journal entry for 26 October 1700, after reaching the mouth of the Wolf:

"We passed the Riviere a Mayot [Wolf] on the south, from the name of a savage of the Mahican nation who was of Mr. de la Salle's party. This river does not seem to be very large, but is said to be a good hunting ground, and that the Chickacha come to its mouth, from which they are only three days‚ journey, cutting south inland."

Concerned about American activities in their territory along the east bank of the Mississippi River, the Spanish colonial government erected Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas in 1795 near the Chickasaw Bluffs at the mouth of the Wolf River. The fort was dismantled in 1797 in accordance with Pinckney's Treaty.

Spanish documents referred to the river as Las Casas.

In the early 19th century, the Wolf River was declared navigable, from Memphis to La Grange, by the Tennessee General Assembly, which appropriated funds to remove obstructions for keel boat travel. In 1888, Memphis stopped using the Wolf River as its principal source of drinking water, switching to artesian wells, which are still used and which are replenished by the Wolf's watershed.

Because of its foul odor, the Wolf was dammed in 1960 near its mouth and diverted into the Mississippi north of Mud Island. The section of the Wolf downstream of this channel diversion became a slackwater harbor of the Mississippi known today as Wolf River Harbor, which separates Mud Island (actually a peninsula) from the Memphis "mainland." Completion of channelization of the Wolf from the Mississippi upstream to Gray's Creek, east of Germantown, Tennessee, resulted in a lowered riverbed and diminished wetland habitat. In 1970, surface drainage, sewage, and industrial pollution caused a group of scientists and environmentalists to pronounce the river "dead" around Memphis.

In 1977 Mary Winslow Chapman published I Remember Raleigh, which included vivid descriptions of a pre-channelized Wolf River. "To form any picture of [the river's environs] we must forget what we now see and imagine the Wolf as it was then, a clear, spring-fed stream slipping silently along through the endless forest, where the unbroken shade shielded it from the fierce Southern sunshine and kept it flowing fresh and cool all summer long ...

The water was fresh and sweet, flowing out of the uncontaminated woods, but gradually this condition changed. As more and more land upstream was cultivated, more silt was washed into the river. After each rain it took longer for the stream to clear, and finally, with the establishment of the Penal Farm [today's Shelby Farms] with all its disagreeable effluvia, swimming became impossible.

Gone now forever from this spot are the cane brake and the horses; the tall timber and the mysterious river, where hard by, on Austin Peay Bridge auto traffic streams triumphant, night and day in one unceasing roar, all oblivious of the life and history buried down below."

In 1985, the Wolf River Conservancy was founded by an alliance of conservation-minded real estate executives and local environmental advocates, united in opposition to plans for additional channel dredging. In 1995 the "Ghost River" section of the Wolf was saved from timber auction by a coordinated effort of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, local conservation activists Lucius Burch and W.S. "Babe" Howard, and the Wolf River Conservancy. The Ghost River section is located at: 35.03°N, -89.2967°W.

In 1997 the river was designated an American Heritage River by presidential proclamation under a special United States Environmental Protection Agency program. In that same year musician Jeff Buckley accidentally drowned in the Wolf River while swimming in Memphis.

In 2005 the Wolf River Restoration Project was commenced by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis Office to stop rapid erosion known as "headcutting" at Collierville, Tennessee.

In 2007 the "Middle Wolf" Campaign attempted sprawl-proofing of the western Fayette County section. Completion of the Collierville-Arlington Parkway segment of Tenn-385 and I-269 outer loop expressway, including two (and potentially five) interchanges poised to become major drivers of suburban growth into forested sections of the Wolf River's floodplain and the surface-exposed sections of the Memphis Sands aquifer.

Identified public benefits

According to the Wolf River Conservancy, the Wolf River serves the Mid-South in four distinct ways:

 * Flood/Erosion Control: During heavy rains, the Wolf's floodplain and wetlands temporarily store floodwaters. When these are filled in for development, the river loses these natural release valves, causing increases in river velocity and flood height. Without an adequate floodplain, floodwaters and the erosion caused by them threaten property, transportation, and lives.
 * Water Quality: The Memphis metropolitan area and other Mid-South communities receive drinking water from a pure underground aquifer beneath the Wolf River Basin. The Wolf's fragile wetlands hold water long enough for it to be absorbed into the ground and serve as natural filters to cleanse polluted waters before they reach the aquifer.
 * Wildlife Habitat: The Wolf River supports a variety of animals and waterfowl. Migrating osprey, great egret, and bald eagle have been spotted along the river as well.
 * Low-Impact Recreation: While civilization has long surrounded the Wolf River's floodplain, its wetland and bottomland trails provide Mid-Southerners with scenic wilderness experiences from the Holly Springs National Forest all the way to downtown Memphis. Hikers, runners, sportsmen, cyclists and paddlers experience nature on or near the river every day.

title: Wolf River (Tennessee)


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Zlín Region

Zlín Region (Zlínský kraj) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Moravia. It is named after its capital Zlín. Together with the Olomouc Region it forms a cohesion area of Central Moravia. It is located in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, where the borders with Slovakia (Trenčín and Žilina Regions) are formed by its eastern edge. It borders the South Moravian Region in the southwest, the Olomouc Region in the northwest and the Moravian-Silesian Region in the north. Culturally, the region is composed of parts of three traditional Moravian regions: Haná, the Moravian Slovakia and the Moravian Wallachia, as the city of Zlín lies roughly at their tripoint.

Administrative divisions
The Zlín Region is divided into 4 districts:

The Zlín Region was established on 1 January 2000 on the basis of the constitutional act No. 347 from 3 December 1997 on foundation of higher self-governing units. It was formed by a merger of parts of Jihomoravský Region (the Zlín District, the Kroměříž District and the Uherské Hradiště District), and the Severomoravský Region (the Vsetín District. The region has in total 307 municipalities of which 30 are towns. There are 13 municipalities with extended powers and 25 territorial districts of municipalities with authorized municipal office. According to government statistics, the Zlín Region is the safest region in the Czech Republic; it has the lowest number of assaults, rapes, suicides and road accidents in the country.

Geography
With its area of 3,964 km2, Zlín Region is the fourth smallest region of the Czech Republic. The character of the region's territory is very diverse. While parts of the region are hilly, flat fertile areas of Haná and Slovácko stretch in the Kroměříž District and the Uherské Hradiště District. The Moravian-Silesian Beskids with its highest peak Čertův mlýn mountain (1,206 m) is situated in the northern part of the region and the Maple Mountains mountain range with its highest peak of Velký Javorník (1,071 m) is located in the east. Towards the south, forming the border with Slovakia, there is the White Carpathians mountain range (in Czech: Bílé Karpaty) with its highest mountain of Velká Javořina (970 m). The Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains and Vizovice Highlands pass south of the Moravian-Silesian Beskids mountain range. On the south-western part of the region, there are the Chřiby highlands with the highest point Brdo (587 m). The Upper Morava Valley passes through from the west among the highlands of Chřiby highlands and above mentioned hilly countries through the Kroměříž District up to the Zlín District. The Lower Morava Valley passes through along the Morava River in the Uherské Hradiště District to South Moravian Region.

Most of the streams in the area flow to Morava River. The most important ones are the Bečva River in the northern part and the Olšava River in the southern part. The Morava River is the biggest river of the Region flowing through both the vales from west to the south.

The region's climate is rather favourable. The average temperature of air was 9.8 °C in 2012 and the total amount of precipitation was 598.6 mm/m2.

Most of the soils in the region are poor in minerals (with the exception of potassium and magnesium) and humus. These are the brown earth of the highlands and the podzolic soils that locally pass to brown earth of the lower locations towards the south. In the vales, there are very fertile brown earth and chernozem. High-quality floodplain soils surround the Morava River. It is rather difficult to cultivate soil in a large part of the Region due to the steep land and variety of the terrain.

History
Regional representatives voted in 2001 on a proposed name change to the region. The alternative Východomoravský kraj (East Moravian Region) was proposed, however a majority of voters elected to retain the region's existing name.

Population
As of 1 January 2024, the region has 580,744 inhabitants. The share of males on the total population was 49.0%. Average age was 43.1 years, along with Hradec Králové Region the highest in the Czech Republic. The density of population of 147 inhabitants per km2 exceeds the national average. The highest density of population occurs in the Zlín District (184 inhabitants per km2) and the lowest in the Vsetín District (125 inhabitants per km2). The table shows cities and towns in the region with the largest population (as of January 1, 2024):

Other significant towns in Zlín Region are Napajedla, Hulín, Staré Město and Slavičín.

Economy
In 2021, the total GDP reached 11,737 million EUR. The region's GDP per capita was EUR 20,193 (85% of the national average), ranking sixth among fourteen regions of the Czech Republic. Industrial potential of the region lies in manufacturing enterprises that represent 16% of total registered entities. As of end 2012, the Zlín Region had 138,269 legal and physical entities out of which 14,379 had employees. 1,382 enterprises had 25 or more employees. The registered unemployment rate was 2.6% in 8/2022. Within the region, the highest unemployment rate was reported from the Vsetín District (3,2%), while the lowest from the Zlín District (2.4%).

Transport
A total of 17 km of motorway is present in the region. The length of operated railway lines in the region is 359 km.

Education and healthcare
There are two universities in the region: Tomas Bata University in Zlín and European polytechnical institute in Kunovice. The former has a public status, 6 faculties and can confer a bachelor's and master's degrees. The latter one is a private college. The network of pre-school and school establishments consists of 310 nursery schools, 257 basic schools, 17 grammar schools, 71 secondary schools, 11 higher professional schools. On average, a general practitioner takes care of 258 inhabitants in average. Acute, successive and rehabilitation health care is ensured by a network of 10 hospitals with 2,849 available beds.

Tourism
The Zlín Region is attractive for tourists and boasts a number of natural, cultural and historic landmarks such mountains, garden architecture, spas, wine valleys, remains of the Great Moravian empire, series of religious monuments and historically valuable buildings as well as a unique example of modern Baťa's functional architecture.

Agriculture
48.9% of soil in the region is agricultural soil and 51.1% is non-agricultural. Most agricultural soil belongs to the Uherské Hradiště District (57 277 Hectares, of which 70.1% is arable land). There is a completely different division of soil in the Vsetín District where the percentage of non-agricultural soil is much higher (64.6%) and 83.8% of it is covered with forests, mostly spruce forests.

Places of interest

 * Spa Luhačovice – Tens of thousands of visitors arrive every year to the biggest Moravian spa in order to relax and gain health. The spa has a long tradition of spa treatments of the respiratory system, digestive system, diabetes and locomotive organs. Very famous are the curative springs, favourable climatic conditions and also the typical architecture.
 * Down-hill and cross country skiing is possible in Pustevny, Portáš, Velké Karlovice, the Chřiby highlands and Hostýn-Vsetín Highlands.
 * Along the Morava River there is the Moravian cycle route, which is connected to the Austrian and Slovak cycle routes.
 * Mountain climbers can practice in The Pulčín rocks, Lačnov rocks or Čertovy rocks.
 * An original experience is the voyage on the Baťa canal (in Czech: Baťův kanál).
 * Water reservoirs Horní Bečva, Bystříčka, Ostrožovská Nová Ves, Rusava, Pozlovice and Smraďavka.
 * A worldwide appreciation is given to the Podzámecká and Květná gardens and archiepiscopal castle in Kroměříž, which are entered in the UNESCO List of World Cultural Heritage.
 * Holešov with its museum of Jewish culture
 * The gothic castle Buchlov, the baroque castle in Buchlovice and Velehrad pilgrimage place
 * The monument of Great Moravia in Staré Město
 * The Valašské museum in nature and open-air museum in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm
 * Area of buildings in Pustevny, the statute of pagan god Radegast and sculptural group of Cyril and Methodius in Radhošť
 * The zoological garden with a castle in Lešná
 * The Museum of footwear in Zlín.
 * The events that document the ethnographic richness of the region are the Carnival in Strání, Ride of kings in Vlčnov or the Kopaničářský festival in Starý Hrozenkov. Every year the Summer film school takes place in Uherské Hradiště and the International film festival for children and the young in Zlín.

title: Zlín Region


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Jake Nava

Jake Nava is a British director, mostly known for his work in music videos for Beyoncé, Arctic Monkeys, Adele, Britney Spears and The Rolling Stones. He also directs TV commercials, notably for Guinness and Levi Strauss & Co.

Early life and education
Nava described himself to Complex magazine as "kind of mixed in race". He was born and raised in North London to a father of Afro-Mexican ancestry and a mother of Austrian and Dutch descent. His cousins lived in L.A., and he "felt a genuine bond to that American culture, and I had always loved hip-hop, which, in those days, was American music." He graduated with a degree in film from the University of Westminster.

Career
After college, he began his career directing music videos and films for MTV Sports. Nava has created videos for various artists, including Spice Girls, Arctic Monkeys, Adele, Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan, Atomic Kitten, Adele, Enrique Iglesias, Usher, Pink, Snow Patrol, Shakira, Kelis, Mariah Carey, Natalie Imbruglia, Natasha Bedingfield, System of A Down, Leona Lewis, Blaque, Mis-Teeq, Beyonce, and Rolling Stones. Nava has also directed advertising campaigns for Armani, Puma, Bacardi, and more. In 2013, Nava directed three music videos for Beyoncé’s visual album ("Partition", "Grown Woman", and "Flawless").

In 2014, Nava collaborated with Lana Del Rey on "Shades of Cool". In 2015, he directed his first commercial for Guinness, titled Intolerant Champion. In 2016, Nava directed Martini's Play with Time, and a second spot for Guinness, titled We Are Made of Football. In 2017, he directed campaigns for Bacardi, Mastercard, Vauxhall "Pyjama Mamas" for Mother, Levi's "Circles".

Nava continued to collaborate with Beyonce in 2020 on her film Black Is King and in 2021 directed a short film featuring Usher for Rémy Martin called Team Up for Excellence.

title: Jake Nava


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Tuisto

According to Tacitus's Germania (AD 98), Tuisto (or Tuisco) is the legendary divine ancestor of the Germanic peoples. The figure remains the subject of some scholarly discussion, largely focused upon etymological connections and comparisons to figures in later (particularly Norse) Germanic mythology.

Etymology
The Germania manuscript corpus contains two primary variant readings of the name. The most frequently occurring, Tuisto, is commonly connected to the Proto-Germanic root *twai – "two" and its derivative *twis – "twice" or "doubled", thus giving Tuisto the core meaning "double". Any assumption of a gender inference is entirely conjectural, as the tvia / tvis roots are also the roots of any number of other concepts / words in the Germanic languages. Take for instance the Germanic "twist", which, in all but the English has the primary meaning of "dispute / conflict".

The second variant of the name, occurring originally in manuscript E, reads Tuisco. One proposed etymology for this variant reconstructs a Proto-Germanic *tiwisko and connects this with Proto-Germanic *Tiwaz, giving the meaning "son of Tiu". This interpretation would thus make Tuisco the son of the sky-god (Proto-Indo-European *Dyeus) and the earth-goddess.

Tuisto, Tvastar, and Ymir
Connections have been proposed between the 1st-century figure of Tuisto and the hermaphroditic primeval being Ymir in later Norse mythology, attested in 13th-century sources, based upon etymological and functional similarity. Meyer (1907) sees the connection as so strong, that he considers the two to be identical. Lindow (2001), while mindful of the possible semantic connection between Tuisto and Ymir, notes an essential functional difference: while Ymir is portrayed as an "essentially ... negative figure" – Tuisto is described as being "celebrated" (celebrant) by the early Germanic peoples in song, with Tacitus reporting nothing negative about Tuisto.

Jacob (2005) attempts to establish a genealogical relationship between Tuisto and Ymir based on etymology and a comparison with Vedic Indian mythology: as Tvastr, through his daughter Saranyū and her husband Vivaswān, is said to have been the grandfather of the twins Yama and Yami, so Jacob argues that the Germanic Tuisto (assuming a connection with Tvastr) must originally have been the grandfather of Ymir (cognate to Yama). Incidentally, Indian mythology also places Manu (cognate to Germanic Mannus), the Vedic progenitor of mankind, as a son of Vivaswān, thus making him the brother of Yama/Ymir.

Attestation
Tacitus relates that "ancient songs" (Latin carminibus antiquis) of the Germanic peoples celebrated Tuisto as "a god, born of the earth" (deum terra editum). These songs further attributed to him a son, Mannus, who in turn had three sons, the offspring of whom were referred to as Ingaevones, Herminones and Istaevones, living near the Ocean (proximi Oceano), in the interior (medii), and the remaining parts (ceteri) of the geographical region of Germania, respectively.

Theories and interpretations
Tacitus's report falls squarely within the ethnographic tradition of the classical world, which often fused anthropogony, ethnogony, and theogony together into a synthetic whole. The succession of father-son-three sons parallels occurs in both Germanic and non-Germanic Indo-European areas. The essential characteristics of the myth have been theorized as ultimately originating in Proto-Indo-European society around 2,000 BCE.

According to Rives (1999), the fact that the ancient Germanic peoples claimed descent from an earth-born god was used by Tacitus to support his contention that they were an indigenous population: the Latin word indigena was often used in the same sense as the Greek autochthonos, meaning literally '[born from] the land itself'. Lindauer (1975) notes that although this claim is to be judged as one made out of simple ignorance of the facts on the part of Tacitus, he was not entirely wrong, as he made the judgement based on a comparison with the relatively turbulent Mediterranean region of his day.

The name Tuisto is also given as Tuitsch or Teutsch in its alternative versions and made to derive from the same founding figure called Tuisco (merely as alternate spellings of the same name) who was claimed to have led the Germans from the incident of the Tower of Babel into Europe and from whom the Germans themselves derived their name: Deutsch and as a consequence that of their land.

Later influence
In 1498, a monk named Annio da Viterbo published fragments known as "Pseudo-Berossus", now considered a forgery, claiming that Babylonian records had shown that Tuiscon or Tuisto, the fourth son of Noah, had been the first ruler of Scythia and Germany following the dispersion of peoples, with him being succeeded by his son Mannus as the second king. Later historians (e.g. Johannes Aventinus) managed to furnish numerous further details, including the assertion by James Anderson that this Tuiscon was in fact none other than the biblical Ashkenaz, son of Gomer.

title: Tuisto


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Jarbidge, Nevada

Jarbidge is an unincorporated community in Elko County, Nevada, United States. Located at the bottom of the Jarbidge River's canyon near the north end of the Jarbidge Mountains, it lies within the Jarbidge Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest and is near the northwest edge of the Jarbidge Wilderness, approximately 10 mi south of the Idaho–Nevada border.

Jarbidge, along with the rest of Nevada except for the city of West Wendover, is legally in the Pacific Time Zone, but, along with other Idaho border towns such as Jackpot, Mountain City and Owyhee, unofficially observes the Mountain Time Zone due to closer proximity to and greater connections with towns in southern Idaho. Jarbidge is popular locally with hunters and campers with many campsites available in the area and high populations of elk.

History
"Jarbidge" is a name derived from the Shoshone language meaning "devil". Natives believed the nearby hills were haunted.

Gold was discovered near Jarbidge in 1909, making it the site of one of the last gold rushes in the Old West and, incidentally, was the site of the last stagecoach robbery in 1916. Its population swelled to near 2,000 in 1911; however, it began a slow decline thereafter, when the mining facilities were largely cannibalized for the war effort during World War I. Mining operations ceased completely in 1932. However, in 2013 permits for the removal of the gold were re-issued and the mine is reopening.

Jazz musician Ralph Peña was born in Jarbidge in 1927.

Geography

Noted locally for its extreme remoteness, no paved roads exist within almost 20 mi of Jarbidge. The community is usually and most easily accessed using a motor vehicle by way of Three Creek Road, which originates along U.S. Route 93 in Rogerson, Twin Falls County, Idaho; the final 18 mi of this route are unimproved but usually open all year. From Elko, the easiest access is by proceeding 55 mi north along Nevada State Route 225, then 27 mi east along Elko County Road 746, the North Fork-Charleston Road (signed for Charleston and Jarbidge), and finally 22 mi north along Elko County Road 748, the Charleston-Jarbidge Road. The latter two segments of this route are unimproved, at points, present serious road hazards, and receive no winter maintenance. They are often closed from as early as October or November to as late as June or July due to heavy snowfall.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Jarbidge has a warm-summer mediterranean continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Jarbidge was 101 F on July 14, 2002, while the coldest temperature recorded was -38 F on December 22, 1990.

title: Jarbidge, Nevada