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Timeline of the 2004 Canadian federal election

The following is a timeline of the Canadian federal election, 2004. More on the election in general is available in the article 2004 Canadian federal election.

2002

 * May 13 - In seven by-elections across the country, the Liberal Party of Canada is re-elected in two ridings in Quebec, one in Newfoundland and Labrador, and one in Manitoba while losing one to the New Democratic Party (NDP) in Windsor West, where Brian Masse was elected, and one to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, when Rex Barnes was elected. The leader of the Canadian Alliance, Stephen Harper wins easily in Calgary Southwest, replacing out-going former Reform Party of Canada leader Preston Manning.
 * June 2 - Paul Martin resigns as Minister of Finance. John Manley is named to replace him.
 * August 21 - Prime Minister Jean Chrétien tells Canadians he will step down in February 2004.
 * December 9 - The Bloc Québécois is able to hold on to two seats in by-elections electing Roger Gaudet in Berthier—Montcalm, replacing Michel Bellehumeur, and electing Sébastien Gagnon in Lac-Saint-Jean—Saguenay, replacing Stéphan Tremblay. Despite winning both elections, these elections were very close, especially since in the 2000 election these seats were won by 15 000 and 14 000 votes respectively.

2003

 * January 25 - Jack Layton is elected leader of the NDP at the party's convention in Toronto. Layton wins on the first ballot, with 53.5% of the vote.
 * February 5 - Pierrette Venne is suspended from the caucus of the Bloc Québécois, and on February 6 sits as an Independent member of the Bloc.
 * February 14 - Jim Harris is elected as the new leader of the Green Party of Canada.
 * May 12 - The Liberal Party loses another seat through by-elections, this time to the Progressive Conservative Party as Gary Schellenberger replaces John Alexander Richardson in the riding of Perth—Middlesex.
 * May 31 - Peter MacKay wins the Progressive Conservative leadership after forming a deal with leadership candidate David Orchard. MacKay promised a review of the North American Free Trade Agreement, and also promised that no deal on electoral cooperation would be made with the Canadian Alliance, a promise he would later break.
 * June 16 - The Bloc Québécois lose two more seats, this time in by-elections as the Liberal Party of Canada's Christian Jobin replaces the out-going BQ Antoine Dubé in Lévis—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière, and the Liberals' Gilbert Barrette replaces the out-going BQ Pierre Brien in Témiscamingue.
 * September 9 - Ottawa Centre MP Mac Harb is appointed to the Senate of Canada, leaving the seat vacant until the 2004 election. Ottawa lawyer Richard Mahoney will be the Liberals' representative for the riding in the upcoming election.
 * October 15 - The Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party announce plans to unite to form a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.
 * November 14 - Paul Martin officially becomes leader of the Liberal Party of Canada winning 3,242 of 3,455 votes against Sheila Copps.

 * November 27 - Canadian Alliance Party leader Stephen Harper fires Alliance Member of Parliament Larry Spencer as Family Values Critic after his anti-gay remarks.
 * November 28 - Liberal Party of Canada member John Manley announces his retirement from politics.
 * December 3 - Member of Parliament Robert Lanctôt announces his departure from the Bloc Québécois to join the Liberal Party of Canada, saying to the press: "After dreaming about sovereignty for 40 years, I said to myself that dreaming is fine, but at a certain point you have to wake up." Also on December 3, Natural Resources Minister Herb Dhaliwal states that he will not seek re-election.
 * December 5 - The Canadian Alliance votes with a 96% majority in favour of merging with the Progressive Conservative Party.
 * December 6 - The Progressive Conservative Party votes with a 90% majority in favour of merging with the Canadian Alliance.
 * December 8 - The Conservative Party of Canada is officially registered with Elections Canada. The party's first interim leader is Senator John Lynch-Staunton, with a formal leadership race scheduled for March 2004. Three Progressive Conservative MPs (Joe Clark, John Herron and André Bachand) announce that they will not sit as members of the new party, but will serve out their terms as Independent Progressive Conservatives.
 * December 9 - Senators Lowell Murray, Norman Atkins and William Doody are the first senators to decide not join the new Conservative Party, choosing to remain in the Progressive Conservative Party if the Speaker will let them. Also on December 9, Liberal leadership runner-up Sheila Copps refuses Prime Minister-designate Paul Martin's patronage appointment proposal for Copps. She will have to fight to retain her riding, as Canada's ridings have been redrawn, and she now shares it with MP Tony Valeri.
 * December 10 - Scott Brison, Progressive Conservative MP, crosses the floor, and sits with the Liberal Party of Canada. Brison is the fourth PC MP, out of an original caucus of 15, to decide not to sit with the new Conservative Party.
 * December 11 - Former Agriculture Minister Lyle Vanclief announces he will not run in the 2004 election.
 * December 12 - Paul Martin is sworn in as Canada's 21st Prime Minister, along with his cabinet. Notable ministers include Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan in Domestic Security, Ralph Goodale in Finance, Pierre Pettigrew in Health and Intergovernmental Affairs, Lucienne Robillard in Industry, Irwin Cotler in Justice, Bill Graham in Foreign Affairs and David Pratt in Defence. Jean Chrétien, on his last day as Prime Minister of Canada, resigns his seat in the House of Commons.
 * December 18 - Former NDP leader Ed Broadbent announces he will be running in the riding of Ottawa Centre in the upcoming election.

Lead up to the election call

 * January 9 - The new Conservative Party of Canada announces its new caucus officers, dividing the positions equally between members of the former Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative caucuses. Grant Hill is the new interim Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons until the party's leadership race in March.
 * January 14 - Vancouver Island MP Dr. Keith Martin resigns from the Conservative Party to sit as an Independent and announces he will seek the Liberal nomination for his riding of Equimalt—Juan de Fuca. Former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps indicates that she may consider running for the NDP if she does not win the Liberal nomination battle in her riding.
 * Quebec MP André Bachand, elected as a Progressive Conservative, confirms he will sit as an Independent and not run again.

 * January 20 - Belinda Stronach announces that she will be running to become the leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada.
 * January 20 - Ed Broadbent wins the NDP nomination for the riding of Ottawa Centre. He will run against Paul Martin loyalist Richard Mahoney.
 * January 23 - The Natural Law Party of Canada de-registers with Elections Canada.
 * February 2 - The first session of Parliament with Paul Martin as Prime Minister opens with the speech from the throne delivered by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson.
 * February 5 - Former cabinet ministers Martin Cauchon and Bob Nault indicate they will not run again.
 * February 6 - New Brunswick MP John Herron, currently sitting as an Independent Progressive Conservative, announces he will seek the Liberal nomination for his riding of Fundy in the 2004 election; Bloc co-founder Jean Lapierre announces he will seek the Liberal nomination in Cauchon's former riding of Outremont.
 * February 10 - The Auditor General releases her report, launching the sponsorship scandal; Paul Martin calls for a public inquiry.
 * February 13 - Former cabinet minister Jane Stewart announces she will not run again.
 * February 16 - Saint John Conservative MP Elsie Wayne announces she will not run again.
 * February 17 - John Bryden, MP for Ancaster-Dundas-Flamborough-Aldershot, announces that he is leaving the Liberals to sit as an independent. He will later join the Conservative Party of Canada.
 * February 20 - Former Ontario Progressive Conservative Party member and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Gary Carr announces his intention to seek the Liberal nomination in Halton riding.
 * March 6 - Tony Valeri defeats Sheila Copps in a battle for the Liberal nomination in Hamilton East—Stoney Creek. This battle, brought on by the 2004 redistribution of Canadian ridings, had been seen by some people as an attempt by forces loyal to Prime Minister Paul Martin to push Copps out of politics. Copps considers running as an independent. The brother of Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, David McGuinty is chosen over Ottawa city councillor Diane Deans to become the Liberal candidate in the riding of Ottawa South.
 * March 7 - Carolyn Parrish, MP defeats fellow MP and former cabinet minister Steve Mahoney for the redistributed riding Mississauga—Erindale.
 * March 8 - Former New Brunswick Premier Frank McKenna announces he is prepared to run if a suitable riding becomes available; Connie Fogal is acclaimed as the new leader of the Canadian Action Party.
 * March 9 - Conservative leadership hopeful Belinda Stronach wins her party's nomination in Newmarket—Aurora, Ontario.
 * March 10 - Sheila Copps accuses the PMO and Tony Valeri's campaign team of using fraudulent tactics to prevent her supporters from voting and to cause their ballots to be ignored. Monia Mazigh announces her intention to seek the NDP nomination in Ottawa South; the NDP had championed the cause of her husband Maher Arar after the US deported him to Syria despite his Canadian citizenship.
 * March 20 - Stephen Harper is elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, with 55.5% of the vote on the first ballot.
 * March 23 - Finance Minister Ralph Goodale tables what is generally seen as a pre-election budget in the House of Commons.
 * March 29 - Progressive Canadian Party registers with Elections Canada
 * March 30 - Published press reports indicate that Paul Martin will directly nominate BC's former NDP Premier Ujjal Dosanjh, Canfor chair David Emerson, IWA leader Dave Haggard, LPC(BC) President Bill Cunningham and subsidized housing manager Shirley Chan to run in BC ridings.
 * March 31 - Liberal Party launches four television adds featuring Prime Minister Paul Martin talking about key election issues
 * April 1 - Prime Minister Martin announces Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson and Shirley Chan as "star candidates" in Vancouver, British Columbia
 * April 3 - Conservative leader Stephen Harper tours Atlantic Canada. The move is widely seen as the kickoff to his election campaign.
 * April 14 - Monia Mazigh wins the NDP nomination in Ottawa South.
 * April 15 - Admitting to shoplifting a diamond ring, Burnaby-Douglas NDP MP Svend Robinson announces he will not run again.
 * April 25 - Independent MP Joe Clark, a former Prime Minister and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party endorses Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin over Conservative leader Stephen Harper in the upcoming election.
 * April 26 - Paul Martin and his cabinet discuss whether or not to call a June election at a dinner meeting at 24 Sussex Drive. CTV News reports that Martin will make a decision on a spring election in one week's time but that if an election is to go ahead the writs will be dropped on May 9 with a vote on June 14.
 * April 27 - Health Minister Pierre Pettigrew holds a press conference to announce that he's in favour of public delivery of health care claiming that he misspoke the day before when he implied in an interview that private health care delivery was an option. This retraction is seen as a move by Pettigrew to prevent his earlier statement from being used by the opposition in the election campaign.
 * April 29 & 30 - Paul Martin visits George W. Bush in Washington, D.C. Some predict an election will be called soon after Martin returns.
 * May 5 - The contents of the Conservative Party's policy booklet are revealed. More right wing Alliance policies have been abandoned. Also, Canadian Press reports that Liberal insiders say the election will be held on June 28.
 * May 6 - Press reports indicate that Winnipeg Mayor Glen Murray will run for the Liberals in the riding of Charleswood—St. James, ending months of speculation. Incumbent Liberal MP John Harvard will reportedly be named Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. Olivia Chow, Toronto city councillor and wife of NDP leader Jack Layton announced she will run in Trinity—Spadina.
 * May 7 - Former Saskatchewan premier Grant Devine announces he will run as an independent in the riding of Souris—Moose Mountain.
 * May 10 - Arrests are made in connection with the sponsorship scandal: Jean Brault, president of Groupaction, and Charles Guité arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for fraud.
 * May 13 - York Centre Liberal MP Art Eggleton announces he will not run again. Former Montreal Canadiens goaltender Ken Dryden is expected to run in his place.
 * May 14 - Parliament's last day of sitting before a summer break. Sheila Copps ends speculation she might run as an Independent in Hamilton East—Stoney Creek by announcing she is leaving politics.
 * May 17 - Ken Dryden, former star goaltender for the Montreal Canadiens and current President of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment confirms he will run in York Centre.

 * May 22 - The Prime Minister's Office announces that Paul Martin will meet with Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on May 23.
 * May 23 - Paul Martin visits Clarkson at 13:00 (17:00 UTC) to ask that Parliament be dissolved for a June 28 election.

May

 * May 24
 * Liberals: Paul Martin in New Brunswick, tells Canadians "This election will define the kind of country Canadians want."
 * Conservatives: The Conservatives unveil their television ads
 * NDP: Leader Jack Layton launches his eight campaign promises to Canadians in Vancouver.
 * BQ: The Bloc announce they will be running 17 candidates who are less than 25 years of age in order to gain the youth vote.
 * May 25
 * Liberals: Paul Martin, speaking in Cobourg, Ontario, announces a $9-billion initiative to improve health care which would include money for home care, increased funding for health care, the reduction of hospital waiting lists and the introduction of a pharmicare plan for seniors.
 * Conservatives: Harper speaks in Fredericton where he gets the endorsement of New Brunswick premier Bernard Lord.
 * NDP: Layton, in Saskatoon, also denounces Martin's health care plan, pointing to his cutting of health care funding while finance minister.
 * BQ: Duceppe, in Drummondville, complains that Martin's plan does not involve enough money for the provinces.
 * Marxist–Leninist: Party announces it has 76 registered candidates.
 * May 26
 * Conservatives: Former Mulroney cabinet minister John Crosbie announces he is "seriously considering" running in the Avalon riding in Newfoundland.
 * NDP: The NDP introduces its election platform, including $29 billion for health care, an inheritance tax, and a repeal of terrorism laws.
 * BQ: Gilles Duceppe angrily rejects allegations raised by Health Minister Pierre Pettigrew that the Bloc "likes to take pleasure in its homogeneity" and does not represent multicultural Quebec.
 * May 27
 * Liberals: Finance Minister Ralph Goodale indicates that the Liberals will soon announce plans to for "significant" increases in spending on both Defence and Foreign Aid.
 * Conservatives: Bilingualism critic Scott Reid resigns from his post after he made comments that his party would overhaul the nation's policy on bilingualism.
 * NDP: Jack Layton makes controversial comments on homelessness, blaming Paul Martin for the deaths of homeless people in Toronto.
 * Greens: Following an announcement from The Broadcaster's Consortium (composed of CBC, Radio-Canada, CTV, Global and TVA) that only the four major parties would participate in the national televised leader's debates, Green Party leader Jim Harris announces he is considering legal action against the consortium.

 * May 28
 * Liberals: Martin promises a new deal for Canadian cities. If elected, cities will receive $2 billion annually from the federal gas tax.
 * Conservatives: Harper says he would give the Auditor General further power to monitor government spending if elected.
 * NDP: Jack Layton announces that he would repeal the Clarity Act if elected. Most of the party's caucus had voted in favour of the legislation when it was enacted.  Former Liberal Intergovernmental Affairs minister Stéphane Dion publicly blasts the NDP for the reversal and their nomination of separatist candidates, a noteworthy move as the Chrétien loyalist had previously been widely considered frozen out of the Martin election strategy.
 * CHP: Elections Canada re-registers the Christian Heritage Party of Canada after a four-year hiatus.
 * May 29
 * Liberals: Martin campaigns in Harper's hometown of Calgary, visiting the dressing room of the Stanley Cup finalist Calgary Flames.
 * Conservatives: Harper says Martin cannot distance himself from Dalton McGuinty's unpopular provincial Liberal government in Ontario, which he says is closely tied to the federal party.
 * NDP: Layton abandons a long-standing NDP policy, saying that he would not pull Canada out of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization if elected.
 * PC: Elections Canada registers the Progressive Canadian Party.
 * CHP: Ron Gray starts his campaign tour.
 * May 30
 * Liberals: In a CTV interview, former Newfoundland and Labrador premier Brian Tobin makes the first admission by a top Liberal that the party is expecting to win a minority government. Martin takes his first day off from the campaign. Toronto-Danforth MP Dennis Mills, running against NDP leader Jack Layton, engages in a shouting match with Layton's wife Olivia Chow, herself an NDP candidate.
 * Conservatives: Harper also takes the day off.
 * NDP: In a speech to his supporters in Winnipeg, NDP parliamentary leader Bill Blaikie speaks out in opposition to Jack Layton's proposal to repeal the Clarity Bill. He states in a later interview that "there continues to be differences of opinion, not just between me and [Mr. Layton] on this, but within the party itself."
 * Green: Jim Harris is interviewed on Global Sunday.
 * May 31
 * Conservatives: Harper unveils his platform on defence, promising to increase spending on the military, buying several pieces of new equipment. John Crosbie announces he will not return to politics, ending speculation he would stand for the new Conservative party in Avalon, NL.
 * NDP: Layton attacks Harper's defence policy, saying it is an attempt to appease the United States. He also compares Harper's tax strategy to those of Gordon Campbell and Ralph Klein.
 * CHP: Gray is a guest on the Miracle Channel public affairs program hosted by Paul Arthur.

June

 * June 1
 * Liberals: Cabinet ministers Judy Sgro and John McCallum heckle Conservative leader Stephen Harper at a speech in Markham, Ontario.
 * Conservatives: Health critic Rob Merrifield says women seeking abortions should get private third-party counselling. Harper says this does not mean the Conservative party will work to end abortions.
 * Marijuana Party: Launch of the national party headquarters, 2004 campaign platform and promotions.
 * June 2
 * Liberals: Paul Martin was in Winnipeg, Manitoba to tour a research facility.
 * Conservatives: Stephen Harper addresses the Toronto board of Trade. He also announces, if elected the Conservatives may use the notwithstanding clause in the Canadian Constitution to ban same-sex marriage. The Conservatives continue to be pestered on social issues such as abortion by the Liberals, and the media.
 * NDP: The NDP respond to the Liberal platform stating it is "An empty health package; a broken promise; a small but good start; and a misplaced priority."
 * Bloc Québécois: The BQ makes a proposal on disciplining the petroleum industry.
 * Green: Party leader Jim Harris calls a press conference regarding his lawsuit against the broadcasters who plan on excluding him from the national televised debates. A survey by Oracle Research says that 76% of voters say they support his inclusion in the debates. Harris appears on CTV News Channel program Countdown with Mike Duffy, live from the Carrot Common in Toronto-Danforth.
 * Communist: The Montreal Gazette reports "the Communist Party of Canada will legislate a 32-hour work week (with no loss in take-home pay) and a minimum wage of $12", if elected.
 * Libertarians: Elections Canada re-registers the Libertarian Party of Canada after a seven-year hiatus.
 * June 3
 * Liberals: Paul Martin unveils his election platform, entitled "Moving Canada Forward." The platform promises approximately $28 billion in spending. One of the new highlights is a national child-care program like the one currently used in Quebec. Both Layton and Harper say the Liberals proposed the same program in 1993, but failed to deliver.
 * Conservatives: Harper proposes a middle-class tax cut. A same-sex marriage activist grilling Stephen Harper on the issue at a campaign stop in Guelph, Ontario is beaten by Conservative supporters before being escorted out by security.
 * June 5
 * Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan dies. All major party heads take the day off after hearing of his death as a sign of respect for the former president. Harper and Layton said that the major party heads took the day off after hearing of Reagan's death because he was "such a significant figure in world history" and "it's always sad to lose someone who has led a nation and we want to express our best wishes and sincere condolences."
 * Conservatives: Harper introduces his platform, "Demand Better." It includes $58 billion in spending and tax cuts, and increasing funding for the military and health care. After hearing of Reagan's death, he takes the rest of the day off "to express profound sympathy to the family of Ronald Reagan, and to the American people, on the passing of such a significant figure in world history" who was "the Churchill of his era."
 * June 6
 * Sixtieth anniversary of D-Day. All major party heads take the day off to mark the anniversary. Paul Martin attends D-Day ceremonies in Normandy. Stephen Harper and Jack Layton attend a D-Day memorial service in Ottawa at the National War Memorial.
 * June 7
 * Liberals: The Liberals run French ads in Quebec attacking the Conservatives.
 * Conservatives: Harper holds a rally in Quebec in an attempt to blunt the impact of the attack. For the first time polls show the Conservatives in first place across Canada.
 * NDP: The NDP switches strategy and begins to attack Stephen Harper and the Conservatives.
 * June 8
 * Senator Anne C. Cools announced that she is no longer a supporter of the Liberal Party and would henceforth be a Conservative.
 * Liberals: Paul Martin attacks Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party for their position on abortion and for Harper's support of using the notwithstanding clause of the Canadian Constitution to exempt some legislation from being affected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
 * June 10
 * Canada's Chief Electoral Officer, Jean-Pierre Kingsley, announces that radio and television stations, as well as websites, will no longer be prohibited from transmitting election results in areas of the country where polls are still open on election night.
 * June 14
 * The leaders of the four major political parties in this election participate in the French-language broadcast debate held at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. General media consensus is that, while Martin and Harper were attacked on their records and platforms, no leader was able to provide a serious boost to their own position.
 * June 15
 * The leaders participate in the English-language broadcast debate, again held at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa.
 * June 18
 * The Conservatives release press statements stating that the Liberals (and later, the NDP) are in favour of child pornography. The Liberal statement is retracted, but neither is apologized for.
 * June 21
 * The NDP announce that they no longer support their previous platform promise of having an inheritance tax, possibly to increase support in wealthy upper-class neighbourhoods such as those in the Toronto riding of Beaches—East York.
 * June 23
 * Alberta Health Minister Gary Mar announced that his governments intentions will not violate the Canada Health Act, and will be announced after the election. Pundits believe this is because they do not want to effect the Conservatives' chances in the election.
 * June 24
 * Layton, Duceppe, and Martin are all in Quebec for Saint Jean Baptiste Day.
 * June 25
 * In an open letter, Ralph Nader warns against voting for the Conservative Party.
 * Conservative Randy White told filmmakers "To heck with the courts, eh" in protest to recent court decisions in Canada, angering many.
 * Liberals: Martin tells voters not to vote for the NDP, because a vote for the NDP is a vote for Harper.
 * Bloc Québécois: Duceppe tells Canadians that they should not fear the Bloc, because separatism is not on their agenda.
 * NDP: Layton spends 18 hours in Ontario. Former supporters of Sheila Copps endorse the NDP.
 * June 26
 * Liberals: Martin visits British Columbia.
 * Conservatives: Harper is in Kelowna and is greeted by protesters. He generates laughs among his supporters by attacking all the other major parties at once: "A Liberal-NDP coalition backed by the Bloc: corruption, taxation, and separation - all in one administration!"
 * Bloc Québécois: Duceppe, comfortable with his lead in Quebec visits traditionally Liberal ridings.
 * NDP: Ralph Nader announces his endorsement of Jack Layton.
 * June 28
 * Liberals: Martin re-elected, Liberals win a minority government with 135 of 308 seats.

After the election

 * October 4
 * The new parliament opens with the formalities, which included the speaker, Peter Milliken, being re-elected.
 * October 5
 * Governor General Adrienne Clarkson opens a new parliament with the speech from the throne.


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Carton

A carton is a box or container usually made of liquid packaging board, paperboard and sometimes of corrugated fiberboard. Many types of cartons are used in packaging. Sometimes a carton is also called a box.

Folding cartons
A carton is a type of packaging typically made from paperboard that is suitable for food, pharmaceuticals, hardware, and many other types of products. Folding cartons are usually combined into a tube at the manufacturer and shipped flat (knocked down) to the packager. Tray styles have a solid bottom and are often shipped as flat blanks and assembled by the packager. Some also are self-erecting. High-speed equipment is available to set up, load, and close the cartons.

Egg carton

Egg cartons or trays are designed to protect whole eggs while in transit. Traditionally, these have been made of molded pulp. This uses recycled newsprint which is molded into a shape which protects the eggs. More recently, egg cartons have also been made from expanded polystyrene and PET.

Aseptic carton
Cartons for liquids can be fabricated from laminates of liquid packaging board, foil, and polyethylene. Most are based on either Tetra Pak or SIG Combibloc systems. One option is to have the printed laminate supplied on a roll. The carton is cut, scored, and formed at the packager. A second option is to have the pre-assembled tubes delivered to the packaging plant for completion and filling. These are suited for aseptic processing and are used for milk, soup, juice, etc. Paperboard-based cartons are lighter compared to a similarly sized steel can, but are harder to recycle. Some open-loop recycling operations pelletize or flatten ground-up cartons for use in building materials; closed-loop recycling is possible by separating the layers before processing, though some recyclers only recycle the cardboard fibers.

Perga carton
Perga cartons entered production in 1932 as a leak-proof can during World War I. Jagenberg Werke AG, in Düsseldorf, Germany, patented the design. The carton had a ribbed texture and paper sleeves covered in paraffin material, which provided a seamed structure from base to lid. Most cartons had a capacity of 200 mL. Development of the carton slowed during World War II, but the design would see a revival within European markets in the 1960s.

Gable top
Gable top cartons are often used for liquid products such as milk, juice, etc. These use polyethylene-coated paperboard or other liquid packaging board and sometimes a foil laminate. Most are opened by pushing open the gables at the top back and pulling the top (spout) out. Some have fitments to assist in opening and eating the contents.

Waxed paperboard beverage carton (historical)
Cuboid waxed paperboard beverage, a formed waxed paperboard plug crimped and sealed, preceded gabled polyethylene-coated paperboard cartons. Waxed paper straws were used to drink. Borden distributed milk in this way.

Packaging history
"Robert Gair was a Brooklyn printer and paper-bag maker during the 1870s. While he was printing an order of seed bags, a metal rule normally used to crease bags shifted in position and cut the bag. Gair concluded that cutting and creasing paperboard in one operation would have advantages; the first automatically made carton, now referred to as 'semi-flexible packaging', was created."

In 1817, the first commercial cardboard box production began in England. In 1879, Robert Gair, in Brooklyn, New York, operated a factory that die-ruled, cut, and scored paperboard into a single impression of a folded carton. By 1896, the National Biscuit Company was the first to use cartons to package crackers.
 * Folded carton

"During the first decade of the 1900s, G. W. Maxwell developed the first paper milk carton."

In 1908, Dr. Winslow, of Seattle, Washington, described paper milk containers that were commercially sold in San Francisco and Los Angeles as early as 1906. The inventor of this carton was G.W. Maxwell. Later, in 1915 John Van Wormer of Toledo, Ohio, received the a patent for the gable-topped, wax-coated, "paper bottle," a folded blank box for holding milk, calling it the "Pure-Pak." The milk carton could be folded, glued, filled with milk, and sealed at a dairy farm. In 1953, Seok-kyun Shin introduced the gable-topped milk carton to Korea. In the 1960s, Mario Lepore, a Detroit engineer designed a machine to fold and seal a gable top paper carton.
 * Milk carton

In 1957 paper milk carton company Kieckhefer Container Co. merged with the Weyerhauser Timber Company of Tacoma, Washington.

Shape
Although quite often shaped like a cuboid, it is not uncommon to find cartons lacking right angles and straight edges, as in squrounds used for ice cream.

Tetrahedrons and other shapes are available. Cartons with a hexagonal or octagonal cross sections are sometimes used for specialty items.

Materials
Cartons can be made from many materials: paperboard, duplex, white kraft, recycled and many more various plastics, or a composite. Some are "food grade" for direct contact with foods. Many cartons are made out of a single piece of paperboard. Depending on the need, this paperboard can be waxed or coated with polyethylene to form a moisture barrier. This may serve to contain a liquid product or keep a powder dry.

Artistic design and other imagery
In art history, the carton (pronounced the French way) was a drawing on heavy pasteboard or paperboard, used as life-size design for the manufacture in an atelier of a valuable tapestry, such as a gobelin. During the weaving it hung behind the tapestry in the making, a time-consuming process thus in a creative sense simplified to 'mechanical' painting-by-numbers.

As these were extremely valuable, often commanded by the very richest art-buyers, including princes who hung them in their palaces and even took them on their travels as prestigious displays of wealth, often with a visual message, especially the world-famous Flemish ateliers were deemed worthy to have cartons made by some of the greatest graphic artists of the time, including such celebrated painters as Rubens.

In the 1980s, milk cartons in the United States often printed photos of missing children with the hope that someone would recognize the photograph and provide information to police.

Many milk cartons also included advertisements and sponsors. These images and sponsors ranged from DVDs, Cereal, Cartoons, Frozen Dinners, and Albums.

Carton-pierre
Carton-pierre was a material used for the making of raised ornaments for wall and ceiling decoration. It is composed of the pulp of paper mixed with whiting (ground calcium carbonate) and glue, this being forced into plaster moulds backed with paper, and then removed to a drying room to harden. It is much stronger and lighter than common plaster-of-Paris ornaments, and is not so liable to chip or break if struck with anything.

Beverages & snacks found in cartons
There's a plethora of beverages and snacks found within carton-packaging. This includes milk, juices, egg whites, coffee, protein shakes, water, and even snacks like Goldfish and Whoppers.

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title: Carton


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title: Category:Software metrics


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Mahbub ul Haq

Mahbub ul-Haq (February 24, 1934 –  July 16, 1998) was a Pakistani economist, international development theorist, and politician who served as the minister of Finance from 10 April 1985 to 28 January 1986, and again from June to December 1988 as a caretaker. Regarded as one of the greatest economists of his time, Haq devised the Human Development Index, widely used to gauge the development of nations.

After graduating with a degree in economics from the Government College University in Lahore, he won a scholarship to the University of Cambridge in England, where he obtained a second higher degree in the same field. He later received his PhD from Yale University in the United States and conducted postdoctoral research at the Harvard Kennedy School. Haq returned to Pakistan to serve as the chief economist of the Planning Commission throughout the 1960s. In 1970, after the fall of Ayub Khan, Haq moved to Washington, D.C. to serve at the World Bank as Director of Policy Planning until 1982, where he played a major role in reorienting its approach to assisting development in low-income countries.

He returned to Pakistan in 1982, and in 1985 assumed the position of Finance Minister with the Government of Pakistan, and oversaw a period of economic liberalization in the country. In 1989, he moved back to the United States, where he served as the special adviser to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under its head, William Henry Draper III. At the UNDP, Haq led the establishment of the Human Development Report and the widely-respected Human Development Index (HDI), which measures development by well-being, rather than by financial income alone. He returned to Pakistan in 1996 to establish the Human Development Centre in the capital city of Islamabad.

Haq is considered to have had a profound effect on global development. His 1995 book, Reflections on Human Development, is said to have opened new avenues to policy proposals for human development paradigms, such as the United Nations Global Compact that was formed in 2000. Amartya Sen and Tam Dalyell judged Haq's work to have "brought about a major change in the understanding and statistical accounting of the process of development". The Economist called him "one of the visionaries of international development". He was widely regarded as "the most articulate and persuasive spokesman for the developing world".

Early life and education
Haq was born into a Punjabi Muslim family on 24 February 1934 in the city of Gurdaspur, Punjab Province, British India (now located in the Republic of India). His teenage years saw widespread intercommunal violence and forced migration following the independence of India and Pakistan from British rule in August 1947. He and his family migrated from India to the newly-created state of Pakistan following the partition of India; Haq stated that they narrowly escaped being killed in one of the refugee trains heading to Pakistan. After reaching Lahore, Haq was given government-sponsored housing and decided to continue his education.

In 1953, he graduated with a degree in economics from Lahore's Government College University. He later earned a scholarship to attend Cambridge University, where he earned another BA in the same discipline alongside Indian economist Amartya Sen, with whom he formed a close friendship. After renewing his scholarship, Haq went to United States for his doctoral studies at Yale University and obtained a PhD. Later, Haq carried out postdoctoral work at Harvard University in 1960–61.

Career
Upon returning to Pakistan in 1957 at the age of 23, Haq joined the Planning Commission as Assistant Chief while it prepared its first Five-Year Plan. Influenced by the dominant economic thought in American academia, Haq advocated capitalism as the economic base of the national economy and helped guide the government to apply free-market principles to boost the economy. This approach was wholeheartedly embraced by the military government of General Ayub Khan after it came to power in October 1958. By the 1960s as Chief Economist of the Planning Commission Haq was delivering speeches all over the country in support of these economic policies.

While the international community was applauding Pakistan as a model of development, Haq developed concerns that all was not well with the distribution of the benefits of growth. Rapid economic development made Haq's team doubt the long-term viability of such a pattern of growth, and he increasingly supported heavier taxation of the asset owning classes. In a widely reported speech to the Applied Economics Research Centre at the University of Karachi in April 1968, Haq alleged that "22 industrial family groups had come to dominate the economic and financial life-cycle of Pakistan and that they controlled about two-thirds of industrial assets, 80% of banking and 79% of insurance assets in the industrial domain." The list included Dawood family of Dawood Group, Saigols of Saigol Group, Adamjees of Adamjee Group, Colony, Fancy, Valika, Jalil, Bawany, Crescent, Wazir Ali, Gandhara, Ispahani, House of Habib, Khyber, Nishat Group, Beco, Gul Ahmed Group, Arag, Hafiz, Karim, Milwala and Dada.

These revelations played a major role in mobilising millions in a massive grassroots protest movement that led to Field Marshal Ayub Khan's overthrow in March 1969. Following Ayub's fall, Haq accepted an invitation from Robert McNamara, president of the World Bank to serve as his Director of Policy Planning. During his tenure (1970–82), Haq influenced the Bank's development philosophy and lending policies, steering more attention towards poverty alleviation programmes and increased allocations for small farm production, nutrition, education, water supply and other social sectors. He wrote a study that served as a precursor to the basic needs and human development approaches of the 1980s.

While working at the World Bank, Haq was invited by Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to join the Ministry of Finance, but ultimately refused as he had strong opposing views on Bhutto's program of nationalization. In 1973 Bhutto again asked Mahbub to return to Pakistan and join his administration in devising a strategy that would lift a large number of Pakistanis out of poverty and stagflation, but their major differences persuaded Haq not to return.

In 1982 Haq returned at the request of General Zia-ul-Haq's military government, where he assumed directorship of the Planning Commission. In 1983 Haq was appointed Minister of Planning and Development. According to Parvez Hasan 'under Mahbub's direction, the Planning Commission became once again a lively place and began to exert powerful influence on social sector issues, including education and family planning, much neglected in earlier Zia years.

In 1985 President Zia oversaw a partial return to democracy with so-called 'non-party' general elections, and Haq was sworn in as Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Affairs in the PML government of Mohammed Khan Junejo. Haq's is credited with significant tax reforms, deregulation of the economy, increased emphasis on human development and several initiatives for poverty alleviation. Despite this major acceleration in social spending, Haq was forced to resign in January 1986 due to protests regarding his reforms. He was reappointed as Finance Minister in the caretaker administration established by General Zia-ul-Haq after he dismissed the Junejo government in May 1988. Haq's term ended when the PPP government of Benazir Bhutto was sworn in following the general elections of November 1988.

In 1989, he was appointed as Special Advisor to the UNDP Administrator William Draper in New York City to produce the first Human Development Report. In this capacity, Haq initiated the concept of Human Development and the Human Development Report as its Project Director. He led a team of international scholars including Amartya Sen, Paul Streeten, Inge Kaul, Frances Stewart, and Richard Jolly to prepare annual Human Development Reports.

In 1996, Haq founded the Human Development Center in Islamabad, Pakistan — a policy research institute committed to organizing professional research, policy studies and seminars in the area of human development, with a special focus on South Asia. In acknowledgement of his contributions, the Human Development Centre, Islamabad was officially renamed following his death as the Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre on 13 December 1998, with Mrs. Khadija Haq as president.

Death
Haq died on 16 July 1998 in New York City at the age of 64, leaving behind his wife Khadija Haq, son Farhan and daughter Toneema.

Posthumous recognition
In honour of Haq, UNDP established the Mahbub ul Haq Award for Outstanding Contribution to Human Development, which is presented to a leading national, regional or world figure who has demonstrated outstanding commitment to furthering human development understanding and progress. The Mahbub ul Haq Award alternates between recognizing political leaders and civil society leaders. Recipients of this Award include:
 * 2014 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway and a member of The Elders.
 * 2009 – Frances Stewart, author, researcher and advocate for human development.
 * 2007 – Sheila Watt-Cloutier, arctic community activist.
 * 2004 – Fazle Hasan Abed, founder of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC).
 * 2002 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil, 1995–2002

Selected works

 * The Strategy of Economic Planning (1963)
 * The Poverty Curtain: Choices for the Third World (1976). Columbia University Press. 247 pages. ISBN 0-231-04062-8
 * The Myth of the Friendly Markets (1992)
 * Reflections on Human Development (1996) Oxford University Press. 1st edition (1996): 288 pages, ISBN 0-19-510193-6. 2nd edition (1999): 324 pages, ISBN 0-19-564598-7
 * The U.N. and the Bretton Woods Institutions: New Challenges For The Twenty-First Century / Edited By Mahbub Ul Haq ... [Et Al.] (1995)
 * The Vision and the Reality (1995)
 * The Third World and the international economic order (1976)
 * New Imperatives of Human Security (1995)
 * A New Framework for Development Cooperation (1995)
 * Humanizing Global Institutions (1998)

title: Mahbub ul Haq


text:
Omar Daal

Omar Jesús Daal Cordero (born March 1, 1972) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 11 seasons (1993–2003). He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, Toronto Blue Jays, Arizona Diamondbacks, Philadelphia Phillies, and Baltimore Orioles.

Daal threw a deceptive fastball that rarely exceeded 85 MPH, a good changeup, and a decent curveball. When he had both control and command of his pitches, he could be difficult to hit.

Daal was somewhat of a two-career pitcher who began as a reliever for the Dodgers, Expos, and Blue Jays, between 1993 and 1997, then became a starter with the Diamondbacks in 1998. He had perhaps his finest year in 1999, setting career highs with 16 wins and 148 strikeouts in $214 2/3$ innings.

In 2000, Daal led the big leagues in losses with 19.

On August 15, 2001, Daal combined with fellow Venezuelan pitchers Giovanni Carrara, Kelvim Escobar, and Freddy García for wins in their respective starts: Daal, in a Phillies victory over the Brewers, 8–6; Carrara, of the Dodgers, beating Montreal, 13–1; Escobar, of the Blue Jays, over Oakland, 5–2, and García, of Seattle, against the Red Sox, 6–2. This marked the first time in MLB history that four Venezuelan starting pitchers recorded a win on the same day.

Prior to the 2003 season, Daal signed a two-year contract with Baltimore; however, after undergoing arthroscopic surgery on his left shoulder in early 2004, he was out for that entire season — and would never appear in a major league game, again.

Daal's career stat line includes a win–loss record of 68–78, with 806 strikeouts, and a 4.55 earned run average (ERA), in 1,198 innings pitched.

Daal currently coaches two club baseball teams a 12u team and a 13u team, called the East Valley Scrapper's in Mesa, Arizona.

title: Omar Daal


text:
Censure

A censure is an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism. In parliamentary procedure, it is a debatable main motion that could be adopted by a majority vote. Among the forms that it can take are a stern rebuke by a legislature, a spiritual penalty imposed by a church, or a negative judgment pronounced on a theological proposition. It is usually non-binding (requiring no compulsory action from the censured party), unlike a motion of no confidence (which may require the referenced party to resign).

Explanation and use
The motion to censure is a main motion expressing a strong opinion of disapproval that could be debated by the assembly and adopted by a majority vote. According to Robert's Rules of Order (Newly Revised) (RONR), it is an exception to the general rule that "a motion must not use language that reflects on a member's conduct or character, or is discourteous, unnecessarily harsh, or not allowed in debate." Demeter's Manual notes, "It is a reprimand, aimed at reformation of the person and prevention of further offending acts." While there are many possible grounds for censuring members of an organization, such as embezzlement, absenteeism, drunkenness, and so on, the grounds for censuring a presiding officer are more limited: "Serious grounds for censure against presiding officers (presidents, chairmen, etc.) are, in general: arrogation or assumption by the presiding officer of dictatorial powers – powers not conferred upon him by law – by which he harasses, embarrasses and humiliates members; or, specifically: (1) he refuses to recognize members entitled to the floor; (2) he refuses to accept and to put canonical motions to vote; (3) he refuses to entertain appropriate appeals from his decision; (4) he ignores proper points of order; (5) he disobeys the bylaws and the rules of order; (6) he disobeys the assembly's will and substitutes his own; (7) he denies to members the proper exercise of their constitutional or parliamentary rights." More serious disciplinary procedures may involve fine, suspension, or expulsion. In some cases, the assembly may declare the chair vacant and elect a new chairman for the meeting; or a motion can be made to permanently remove an officer (depending on the rules of the assembly).

Procedure
If the motion is made to censure the presiding officer, then he must relinquish the chair to the vice-president until the motion is disposed. But during this time, the vice-president is still referred to as "Mr. Vice President" or "Ms. Vice President" in debate, since a censure is merely a warning and not a proceeding that removes the president from the chair. An officer being censured is not referred to by name in the motion, but simply as "the president", "the treasurer", etc.

After a motion to censure is passed, the chair (or the vice-president, if the presiding officer is being censured) addresses the censured member by name. He may say something to the effect of, "Brother F, you have been censured by vote of the assembly. A censure indicates the assembly's disapproval of your conduct". ([at meetings.] This phrase should not be included as the cause for censure may have occurred outside of meetings.) "A censure is a warning. It is the warning voice of suspension or expulsion. Please take due notice thereof and govern yourself accordingly." Or, if the chair is being censured, the vice-president may say, "Mr. X, you have been censured by the assembly for the reasons contained in the resolution. I now return to you the presidency."

Politics
In politics, a censure is an alternative to more serious measures against misconduct or dereliction of duty.

Canada
Censure is an action by the House of Commons or the Senate rebuking the actions or conduct of an individual. The power to censure is not directly mentioned in the constitutional texts of Canada but is derived from the powers bestowed upon both Chambers through section 18 of the Constitution Act, 1867. A motion of censure can be introduced by any Member of Parliament or Senator and passed by a simple majority for censure to be deemed to have been delivered. In addition, if the censure is related to the privileges of the Chamber, the individual in question could be summoned to the bar of the House or Senate (or, in the case of a sitting member, to that member's place in the chamber) to be censured, and could also face other sanctions from the house, including imprisonment. Normally, censure is exclusively an on-the-record rebuke — it is not equivalent to a motion of no confidence, and a prime minister can continue in office even if censured.

Louis Riel faced Parliamentary censure for his role in the Red River Rebellion, and was expelled from Parliament 16 April 1874.

Japan
In Japan, a censure motion is a motion that can be passed by the House of Councillors, the upper house of the National Diet. No-confidence motions are passed in the House of Representatives, and this generally does not happen as this house is controlled by the ruling party. On the other hand, censure motions have been passed by opposition parties several times during the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) administrations from 2009. The motions were combined with a demand from the opposition to take a certain action, and a refusal to cooperate with the ruling party on key issues unless some actions were taken.

For example, on 20 April 2012 the opposition Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Your Party and New Renaissance Party submitted censure motions against ministers of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda's Democratic Party of Japan-controlled cabinet. They censured Minister of Defense Naoki Tanaka and Minister of Land Takeshi Maeda, and refused to cooperate with the government on passing an increase to Japan's consumption tax from 5% to 10%. Noda had "staked his political life" on passing the consumption tax increase, so on 4 June 2012, Noda reshuffled his cabinet and replaced Tanaka and Maeda.

On 28 August 2012, a censure motion was passed by the LDP and the New Komeito Party against Prime Minister Noda himself. The opposition parties were to boycott debate in the chamber, it means that bills passed in the DPJ-controlled House of Representatives cannot be enacted.

Australia
The Senate, the upper house of the Australian Parliament, has censured two Prime Ministers in recent decades that of Paul Keating and John Howard.

The Australian Attorney General George Brandis was censured on 2 March 2015 for his treatment of Human Rights Commission President Gillian Triggs.

Senator for Queensland Fraser Anning was censured for remarks he made about the Christchurch mosque shootings.

Former Prime Minister Scott Morrison was censured by the Australian House of Representatives on 30 November 2022 for secretly taking on the powers of additional ministries.

Former Australian Greens Senator Lidia Thorpe was threatened to face a censure motion in early 2023 over her undisclosed relationship with a bikie boss. The motion was backed by the Coalition and One Nation, with the Labor Party considering backing the motion.

Australian Greens Senator Janet Rice was censured by the Australian Senate over protesting during a special address to the Australian Parliament by Philippine President Bongbong Marcos.

United Kingdom
In the UK the Crown cannot be prosecuted for breaches of the law even where it has no exemption, such as from the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act. A Crown Censure is the method by which the Health and Safety Executive records, but for Crown immunity, there would be sufficient evidence to secure a H&S conviction against the Crown.

United States
Censure is the public reprimanding of a public official or political party representative for inappropriate conduct or voting behavior. When the president is censured, it serves only as a condemnation and has no direct effect on the validity of presidency, nor are there any other particular legal consequences. Unlike impeachment, censure has no basis in the Constitution or in the rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. It expresses the formal condemnation of either congressional body, or of a political party, of one of their own members.

Canon law
In Catholic canon law, a censure is a penalty imposed primarily for the purpose of breaking contumacy and reintegrating the offender in the community.

The ecclesiastical censures are excommunication and interdict, which can be imposed on any member of the Church, and suspension, which only affects clerics.

Theological censure
In Catholic theology, a theological censure is a doctrinal judgment by which the church stigmatizes certain teachings detrimental to faith or morals.

title: Censure


text:
Mirage (disambiguation)

A mirage is an optical phenomenon.

Mirage(s) or The Mirage may also refer to:

Places

 * El Mirage, Arizona, U.S., a city
 * Mirage, Kansas, U.S.
 * Mirage Township, Kearney County, Nebraska, U.S.
 * The Mirage Tavern, a bar purchased by the Chicago Sun-Times to document corrupt officials

Hotels

 * The Mirage, a hotel and casino resort on the Las Vegas Strip
 * Mirage Resorts, a hotel-casino operator; original owner of The Mirage
 * MGM Mirage, a hotel-casino operator formed by the merger of MGM Grand Inc. and Mirage Resorts

People

 * Mirage (drag queen), American drag performer
 * Briana Banks or Mirage (born 1979), German-born pornographic actress and model

Books and magazines

 * Mirage Publishing, a British publisher of true-crime books
 * Mirage Studios, an American comic book company
 * Mirage, a 2000 novel in the New Isaac Asimov's Robot Mystery series by Mark W. Tiedemann, based in Asimov's Robot universe
 * Mirage, a 1987 novel by Louise Cooper
 * Mirage, a 1988 novel by James Follett
 * Mirage, a 1956 novel by Ruth McKenney
 * Mirage, a 1996 novel by F. Paul Wilson with Matthew J. Costello
 * Mirage, a 2013 novel by Clive Cussler
 * The Mirage (Mahfouz novel), a 1948 novel by Naguib Mahfouz
 * The Mirage (Ruff novel), a 2012 novel by Matt Ruff
 * Mirages: The Unexpurgated Diary of Anaïs Nin, 1939-1947, a 2013 book
 * Mirage (magazine), an international fashion and culture magazine
 * The Mirage (Al-Suwaidi book), a 2015 nonfiction book by Jamal Sanad Al-Suwaidi

Film, television, and stage

 * The Mirage (play), a 1920 play by Edgar Selwyn
 * Mirages (1915 film), a Russian short film directed by Pyotr Chardynin
 * The Mirage (1920 film), a British silent romance directed by Arthur Rooke
 * The Mirage (1924 film), an American silent comedy film
 * Mirages (1938 film), a French drama film directed by Alexandre Ryder
 * Mirage (1965 film), a thriller film starring Gregory Peck
 * Mirage (1972 film) (Espejismo), a Peruvian drama film directed by Armando Robles Godoy
 * The Mirage, 1980 Moroccan film by Ahmed Bouanani
 * Mirage (1995 film), a thriller film starring Sean Young
 * Mirage (2004 film) (Iluzija), a Macedonian film
 * Mirage (2014 film), a Hungarian-Slovak film
 * The Mirage (2015 film), a Canadian comedy-drama film
 * Mirage (2018 film), a Spanish thriller romance film directed by Oriol Paulo
 * The Mirage, Egyptian film based on 1948 novel by Naguib Mahfouz
 * "Mirage" (Alias), an episode of Alias
 * Susie "Mirage" Young, a character from COPS (animated TV series)

Characters

 * Mirage (Aladdin), from the Disney animated series Aladdin
 * Mirage (G.I. Joe), a character in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Mirage (The Incredibles), from the film The Incredibles
 * Mirage (Transformers), several characters in the various Transformers universes
 * Mirage (comics), a set-index article listing several uses, including:
 * Danielle Moonstar or Mirage, an X-Men comics superheroine
 * Mirage (DC Comics), two characters: a Batman minor supervillain and a Teen Titan superheroine
 * Mirage (Marvel Comics), a Spider-Man supervillain
 * Mirage Studios, an American comic book company
 * Mirage, from the animated series COPS
 * Mirage Koas, from the video game Star Ocean: Till the End of Time
 * Mirage Farina Jenius, from the anime series Macross Delta
 * Mirage, from the video game Apex Legends

Others

 * Mirage (video game), a 1995 game for Windows 3.1
 * Mirage: Arcane Warfare, a 2017 video game for Windows
 * Mirage (Counter-Strike), a multiplayer map for the Counter-Strike series of shooters
 * Mirage Technologies (Multimedia) Ltd., a British video game developer
 * Assassin's Creed Mirage, a 2023 video game by Ubisoft

Brands and software

 * Mirage Toys, a company that produces action figures, including characters in South Park
 * Mirage (chocolate bar), a chocolate bar made by Nestlé Canada
 * Mirage (Magic: The Gathering), a collectible card game block
 * MirageOS, an assembly shell for TI-83+ calculators
 * Quantel Mirage, a digital real-time video effects processor
 * Ensoniq Mirage, a sampler made by Ensoniq
 * Minimum Information Required About a Glycomics Experiment, a set of guidelines for reporting biological experiments and facilitate automated processing

Companies

 * Mirage Aircraft Corporation, an American aircraft manufacturer

Vehicles

 * Dassault Mirage, a series of military jets produced by Dassault Aviation
 * Malibu Mirage, a variant of the Piper PA-46 aircraft
 * Ultralight Flight Mirage, an ultralight aircraft
 * Mirage (race car), a series of sports racing and racing cars
 * Mitsubishi Mirage, a subcompact car
 * Mirage, a class of Russian Navy patrol boats

Music

 * Mirage Music, an American record company co-founded by Jerry L. Greenberg

Performers

 * Mirage, a 1990s British progressive rock band formed by Camel members Peter Bardens and Andy Ward
 * Mirage (metal band), a 1980s British heavy metal band
 * Mirage (Russian band), a 1980s Russian pop group
 * Mirage (medley group), a project of British record producer Nigel Wright, best known for the Jack Mix series of medleys/mash-ups
 * The Mirage (band), a late-1960s British pop group

Albums

 * Mirage (Armin van Buuren album), 2010
 * Mirage (Art Blakey album), 1957
 * Mirage (Art Farmer album), 1982
 * Mirage (Bobby Hutcherson album), 1991
 * Mirage (Camel album), 1974
 * Mirage (Digitalism album), 2016
 * Mirage (Eric Burdon album), 2008
 * Mirage (Fleetwood Mac album), 1982
 * Mirage (Iris album), 1998
 * Mirage (Jagjit Singh album), 1995
 * Mirage (Klaus Schulze album), 1977
 * Mirage (Meat Puppets album), 1987
 * Mirage (Mell album), 2010
 * Mirages (Tim Hecker album), 2004
 * Mirages, by Sabine Devieilhe, 2017

EPs

 * Mirage (Scarlet Pleasure EP), 2014 debut EP by Danish band Scarlet Pleasure
 * Mirage (T-ara EP), a repackaged version of Day by Day by T-ara, 2012

Songs

 * "Mirage" (Tommy James and the Shondells song), 1967
 * "Mirage" (M. Pokora song), 2010
 * "Mirage" (Alexandra Savior song), 2017
 * "Mirage" (OneRepublic song), 2023
 * "Mirage", by Band-Maid from Conqueror
 * "Mirage", by Brymo from Klĭtôrĭs
 * "Mirage", by Chris Brown from Fortune
 * "Mirage", by Doro from Doro
 * "Mirage", by the Grass Roots from Powers of the Night
 * "Mirage", by Jean-Luc Ponty from Enigmatic Ocean
 * "Mirage", by Ladytron from Gravity the Seducer
 * "Mirage", by Moroccan Blonde from the soundtrack of the film It's All Gone Pete Tong
 * "Mirage", by Oh Hiroshima from In Silence We Yearn
 * "Mirage", by Sabrina Carpenter from Evolution
 * "Mirage", by Santana from Borboletta
 * "Mirage", by Siouxsie and the Banshees from The Scream
 * Mirages (Fauré), a song cycle by Gabriel Fauré

title: Mirage (disambiguation)


text:
Battle of Chambois

The Battle of Chambois was an August 1944 battle during the Battle of Normandy in World War II. Prior to the battle, a pocket had formed around Falaise, Calvados, where the German Army Group B, with the 7th Army and the Fifth Panzer Army (formerly Panzergruppe West) were encircled by the Western Allies. The seizure of Chambois by American, Canadian and Polish forces saw the final closure of the Falaise Pocket on August 21, 1944 and the destruction of most of Army Group B.

Background
Following the success of Operation Totalize south of Caen on August 8 and 9, General Harry Crerar, commander of the First Canadian Army, pushed south. Operation Tractable was launched to break through the German lines and capture the tactically important towns of Falaise and then the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois and to encircle large German formations.

On August 18, 1944, Canadian forces captured Trun, while General Stanisław Maczek's Polish 1st Armoured Division headed towards Chambois to encircle 110,000 Germans in the Falaise pocket. Small corridors east of Chambois allowed small numbers of Germans to escape the pocket and head towards the river Seine.

At the same time, to the south of Chambois, the American 90th Infantry Division pushed north to close the pocket at Chambois. On the morning of August 19 Saint-Lambert-sur-Dives was taken by Canadian forces, and at midday Polish forces attacked towards Chambois and against German positions on what was known as Hill 262, located north-east of Chambois. Polish forces then attacked the outskirts of Chambois. Chambois had been heavily shelled and was in ruins with German soldiers from various battered units flowing into the area.

To the east of Chambois Polish and American forces linked up to finally close the Falaise pocket. The Allies continued to attack retreating elements of the German 5th and 7th armies and the 116th Panzer Division. A German counter-attack organised by General Paul Hausser on August 20 failed to break Polish lines but did allow further German troops to escape the pocket. German troops and vehicles were trapped on the congested narrow roads and were easy prey for Allied artillery and air attacks. Late on August 20, Chambois finally fell to Polish forces and the Falaise pocket was sealed on August 21 with approximately 50,000 Germans trapped inside.

Aftermath
The battle resulted in the destruction of most of Army Group B west of the Seine, which opened the way to Paris and the Franco-German border for the Allied armies on the Western Front. Remnants of German units retreated east towards the Seine but left much of their heavy armour and artillery behind. General Hausser was wounded in the jaw during the battle but escaped the encirclement.

title: Battle of Chambois


text:
Talk:User Friendly

Start of merge
I have merged in the content from the articles for Dust Puppy and Erwin in preparation of a redirect of those two pages to this page. This main article still has lots of room for character descriptions. If/when the article grows too large, those pages can be resplit out. Rossami 15:21, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Has anyone asked Illiad yet for permission to publish pictures of Dust Puppy/ Erwin/ etc? Maybe he'll even draw an extra wikipedia edition... --Rubik-wuerfel 14:40, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Illiad knows and approves
I (Kickstart, head moderator, sysadmin and community coordinator for UF (am I worthy of my own wiki page yet? :) )) talked it over with him while I was adding a link to the bio page stub for him. No problem there. :)

Suggested improvements
OK... some nice things to have in the article (but no time to write about them):

 * Ufie Comment board community, importance/effect in UF populariry, Illiways (is this the right spelling?), etc.
 * LOTD and Slashdot effect

Kio 03:54, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)

 * OK, as noboby else did it, and I managed to return home "early" from work today, I have included the first paragraphs. Please check and expand! Kio 02:10, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

 * Can the entry about the slashdot effect be removed ? Not only are there no citations for it, there have not been any complaints on the userfriendly comments board itself about access problems to the link of the day recently. There were such posts in the past which were indicative of a web server overload taking place on the link of the day. I did a search on google for the strings lotd and ufied (in domain userfriendly.org) which are used to denote this, and the last entry I can see is from 2005. Please disregard if anyone has recent exaples of this happening. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Treason of isengard (talk • contribs) 12:13, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Compacted TOC?
I don't like the current TOC. Having a non-standard table of contents messes quite a few things up. Normal TOCs have the capability to be hidden, are distinctive from the rest of the text, and are automatically updated. I would change it back, but someone who made that change was already reverted. « alerante ✆ ✉ » 22:36, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If you ask me, I also like best the standard TOC. I say wait a couple of days and if nobody has another opinion, change it. Kio 05:31, 2005 Apr 16 (UTC)

 * I was the guy who made that change. The main problem with the standard TOC is because there are so many parts and sections to this article the TOC is huge. I reduced the number of sections a little to make it cleaner. Not everybody agreed with me ;). I'd also like to see the standard TOC, but we'd have to come to consensus on how to fix this problem first. The main problem is for some reason we have a section for every regular character, which we don't really need as such. --huwr 11:58, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC), edited --huwr 12:07, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact, if no one minds, I'd like to remake those changes. Voice suggestions here and if no one disagrees in 7 days then I'll go ahead and make the changes. --huwr 11:30, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think, like so many other webcomics, the cast page should be split off and replaced with a condensed summary of the core cast. See: Sluggy Freelance, Megatokyo, Bob and George, etc. Nifboy 01:51, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Perhaps we can have a User Friendly characters page? --huwr 04:36, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. Putting the characters in a separate page makes much more sense to me. Kio 05:47, 2005 Apr 21 (UTC)
 * Okay, so in four days I will move all characters to a separate page, replacing them with summaries of just the main characters, then putting back the plain old TOC. (unless anyone has any better ideas or does it before I do) --huwr 10:01, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've made the changes, but there are a few other annoyances that I want to fix up, which I will do now, also. --huwr 01:08, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I can see the changes you've made. It's perhaps a pity that I didn't notice that the discussion had been updated, as it would be fair to say that I've had a large part in making the page look the way it did, and I certainly preferred the compacted TOC.
 * Having said that, the article was getting a little too long, and I was considering the best way to split it. I'm happy to accept all the minor changes (including the change of funny to popular), but I feel that the changes made by Huwr are certainly not 'minor' (as he appears to) - and I'm not convinced it's the best way to do it. The new "User Friendly Characters" page will very quickly become unwieldy as well, as the only difference between it and the old page is that it is missing a small description at the top, and the bibliography at the bottom.  The TOC did not need updating often, and certainly was less distracting than the "new" one.
 * I will listen to this discussion before making any further changes, but I don't think the ones made work.

Epideme 08:22, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure as to why you preferred the compacted TOC the way it was. Cosmetically I found it undesirable (not colapsable, not standard, so forth) and it certainly didn't make the editor's job any easier, even if it didn't make it much harder. I'm sorry about neglecting to untick the 'minor edit' tag. That was my own mistake and I did spend some small time worrying if I'd get in trouble for not unticking it. ;)
 * User Friendly characters was not supposed to be permanently like it is. I was expecting it to be the subject of much discussion and improvement, considering that it by itself is quite messy. Now that it's there User Friendly is nearly empty, too; I was hoping this would leave room for more emphasis of the other things that make up User Friendly (the community, some history, et cetera).
 * I'd also appreciate that if you were to make up your mind about changing User Friendly back to the way it was, that you'd go through the same process as above before doing it (7 days of cooling-off before making the changes, and so on). Cheers --huwr 11:54, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I prefer the compacted TOC because as well as taking up less space, it allows links to other wiki pages to be part of the contents - those contents may well be very different to the way they were, including links to individual character pages or a comprehensive list. As you can appreciate, I've put a lot of time into editing User Friendly, but I'm not going to try to prevent others from editing, indeed I would actively encourage it.

 * I would suggest that since these changes have been made, User Friendly characters become a list of no more than one line per character, with appropriate off page links. Initially those would be to the main site, where the full main characters would be, but hopefully each of the main characters would eventually have their own page.  The regular characters are more difficult to deal with, as they won't ever merit a page each, but might merit a page to themselves - in fact as I think about it, what I suggest is that the User Friendly Characters list become Main character Links, Regular characters (with their descriptions), and links to an occasional characters page and a guest characters page.  This would allow more expansion, and would be a logical way to split them up.

 * I still think we would be better served by a compacted TOC, and accept that huwr and I are unlikely to agree on that. Epideme 09:35, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with the splitting up of User Friendly characters. However, I believe that it'd be a more logical approach to splitting off Main Characters and Everyone Else, rather than guest characters, occasional characters and regular characters all on their own page. --huwr 04:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally I would kill off the occassional and/or guest character lists as trivial, but that's just the side of me that wants only concise, relevant information. Nifboy 05:29, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually suggested keeping the regular characters on the User Friendly characters page, with a link to each of the main characters, and a page each of the occasional and guest characters. The reason for this is that they are only going to grow larger.  I would certainly oppose killing them off, but this way they wouldn't be on the character list - you'd click to another page which would list them - I prefer this for completeness sake, and this is a list which doesn't exist elsewhere - why should an encylopedia not be encylopedic?  Epideme 07:25, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Additionally, it strikes me that it's the wrong way round - User Friendly characters is redirected to by User Friendly Characters. I'm sure we could change that round the other way without any difficulty. Epideme 07:29, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * User Friendly characters is the correct non-redirect page - use lowercase for all words that are not proper nouns. I just did this move. DJ Clayworth 17:35, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I found this: How to edit a page. This is what we need, right? Kio 21:47, 2005 Apr 27 (UTC)

 * That's actually quite neat. I'm sure we can use it in some place in User Friendly. However, I'm not sure if it counts them as new sections with section numbers, or just changes the font. --huwr 04:31, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Character Images
Are we sure that we want these here? This article is only supposed to contain a summary of User Friendly characters after all. --huwr 01:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Removed, although I must thank whoever put them there for showing me how to reduce the size of those mega-huge headshots on the characters page. Nifboy 05:53, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blatant comment board ego-masturbation
Surely the section on the trends of the comment board has no more enclyopaedic merit than blog entires on what people had for lunch; yet people keep adding to it. I suggest that this section is removed entirely to prevent its cancerous effects on the article. (For those saying "do it yourself", I suggest contemplation of the phrase "revert vandalism" and its general misapplication.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.86.106.14 (talk • contribs)
 * I agree with the basic tenents of anonymous's complaint: The comment board is barely worth a footnote in the article, much less its own section. Nifboy 17:51, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * For me (I added that section) the basic idea is that an important part of User Friendly is its community (which lives and evolves around the comment board). If you think of another way to put that idea in the article (and give a glimpse of the community culture) avoiding the problems you see with the current version, it's OK with me. Kio 18:40, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I submit that the community is, in fact, not important to User Friendly. Illiways and its ilk have virtually nothing to do with UF. It simply exists in the same space. When considered on its own, the UF community is no different from the tens of thousands of communities on the internet and hence, not encyclopediac. Nifboy 23:48, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree, however since I'm the head moderator and community coordinator over at UF, I have to admit my bias. The UF community is unusually close knit and community-oriented. From get-togethers to dating to marriages, the community is not what you would find from a board like Slashdot, Fark or even MetaFilter. Certainly there are other more personal and communicative boards out there, but to say that it's not different from the other communities on the net is disingenuous.

 * That being said, I don't think it's encyclopediac or deserves inclusion in Wikipedia on its own or even any more than the barest of mentions on this page, if that. I personally won't fight for its inclusion nor exclusion. Kickstart70 06:20, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think there's something appropriate about excessive Wikipeeing about the comment board. SnappingTurtle 19:35, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Character descriptions are redundant
The characters are all described in a separate page. Either the character section in this page or the separate page should be removed. Opine. SnappingTurtle 21:32, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it would be better to delete the section in the main article and leave the User Friendly characters page with all the information. --Kio 01:50, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

UF down?
I know PlasmaDragon reverted my edit about UF being down, but I can't access it at all, on either of 2 computers. But maybe PD's right, it always times out instead of telling me it's down right off the bat. Is anyone else having trouble accessing it? -- DJ Wings-  Freestyle here  14:22, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

User:Mr. Bene October 25th, 2006 - userfriendly.org seems to have been down for a couple days - I have been unable to connect from two different ISPs. No outright error, just timeout.

 * I can't get there either. The bellman 01:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Nor can I Stuart Steedman 13:55, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It just loaded OK for me.

 * Atlant 14:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

It appears to be down now, haven't been able to get through for 3 or 4 days now 02 June 2007

Once again, it would appear, 16 December 2007, userfriendly.org is denying all requests. Last hop is reporting "Destination Host Unreachable". They had server issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.255.205.12 (talk) 15:22, 16 December 2007 (UTC) Its doing it again for me, anyone else having issues reaching the site? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.103.66.134 (talk) 16:41, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Example is not representative
The example gives no indication of the artist's standard style nor the usual appearance of the comic. Perhaps someone can find a better one. --Fastfission 16:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

It's still down for me.

 * I replaced the example with a more representative strip. We had a discussion on the board about this topic and the strip I chose seemed the be the most popular and best candidate. SnappingTurtle 15:36, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article does not cite any independent sources. In addition, parts are not written in the proper formal tone. The recurring themes section should be integrated as appropriate. See the article on Red vs. Blue for a good example of a Featured Article on a primarily web-distributed comedy work with similarly goofy characters. This comic deserves to have a FA quality article!--Drat (Talk) 06:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

"Plagiarism" section
Please sensure when editing this section you cite proper reliable sources – that is, published by reliable third parties. In particular, Metafilter is neither reliable not a third party, so is not suitable. No cited reliable source has as yet indicated there is any problem with any cartoon before 2009, so alleging (or hinting) there are problems with cartoons published in printed works is inappropriate as well. As this section concerns potentially libellous allegations concerning a living person, WP:BLP needs to be followed scrupulously on this. Thanks. --Rogerb67 (talk) 19:35, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The article cites the following statement directly to the artist himself on his own web site: "over the last couple of years I've infringed on the expression of ideas of some (who I think are) clever people. Plagiarized." So, considering it has only been 2009 for less than two months, then it is clearly demonstrably incorrect that there is "No cited reliable source [that] has as yet indicated there is any problem with any cartoon before 2009." So, there's nothing "potentially libelous" here. --Dragonfiend (talk) 01:05, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Erwin's gender
I was experimenting with Freebase's Genderizer a few days ago and wasn't sure how to classify Erwin when he/she/it came up in the "fictional characters" category. Further, this strip seems to not decide on either side. I haven't read all the strips yet, so does anyone know of another strip that clearly defines what gender Erwin is? --Waldir talk 22:50, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * OTOH, this one refers to it as "he", "him", so I suppose we can take that as evidence, right? --Waldir talk 22:53, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily, as male gendered pronouns are (traditionally) used as gender-neutral. See http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/genpr.htm . -- BeezHive (talk|contribs) 00:49, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * this one seems to exclude it as a female. I'll add other relevant strips as I find them and then there might be enough evidence to decide on this. --Waldir talk 20:03, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * http://ars.userfriendly.org/cartoons/?id=20000622 --Waldir talk 18:06, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think he's ever been referred to as female; only Pitr seemed unsure of his gender. Futhermore, "Erwin" is a clearly masculine name.  This seems pretty clear-cut to me.  Powers T 13:09, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) I'll nevertheless continue adding more evidence here as I go through their archives. --Waldir talk 22:02, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Comic is over
The comic hasn't been updated in over 7 months. It's safe to say it is OVER and the wikipage should be updated to show that it (the comic) has ended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.146.90.129 (talk) 07:41, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It isn't over. Looks like today (2nd August 2010) we are getting new strips again. Nrms (talk) 07:32, 2 August 2010 (UTC)
 * and its back to old strips as of 19th September 2010 78.105.108.34 (talk) 12:17, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Illiad has had deaths in his family, and has reshuffled priorities in his life. There have been several announcements to that end by him on the website, but unfortunately I haven't archived the links. He said he would be returning to write new strips (although not on a daily basis) once his life has settled again, sometime during late 2010. Perhaps one of the more regular visitors to both UserFriendly.org and the Wikipedia could provide a good summary and links. -- DevSolar (talk) 10:51, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Found one of the links: . There have been others I cannot Google right now. Apparently there has also been a car accident I missed about. (Reply to that post states he will be doing a story arc this November.)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by DevSolar (talk • contribs) 11:11, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Illiad has officially returned with a "Rememberance Day arc" running until November 21st, 2010. Future of the comic in general is still open. -- DevSolar (talk) 08:56, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

 * There hasn't been any new strips in months. I think it's safe to say it's in hiatus or over. -- Itzcuauhtli (talk) 00:38, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
 * This is March 2013. Nothing new. I would consider changing a lot of the wording from "is" to "was." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 54.241.17.245 (talk) 14:54, 15 March 2013 (UTC)
 * This is December 2016. I think it's safe to say the comic is dead. 75.88.40.130 (talk) 23:13, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

"In some strips there are hints that he is probably an illegitimate son of Sid"
In the character descriptions of Sid and Pitr, it is suggested Pitr may be an illegitimate son of Sid; where exactly does this happen? The only place I am aware of this is in the showdown where they both met the first time, and are in a kind of 'Jeopardy' contest. Sid asks 'Who is your daddy' and Pitr answers with a 'I suppose it could be you', as a 'tongue in cheek' commentary, due to Sid's age. There are nonetheless some panels where Pitr and his brother Dave appear with both his parents (mom & dad), and it turns out there is no Sid to be seen. Where did this come from, or why is this assumption posted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.80.173.40 (talk) 00:23, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on User Friendly. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051124120515/http://webcomicsreview.com/examiner/issue050912/history1.html to http://webcomicsreview.com/examiner/issue050912/history1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:10, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge J. D. Frazer into User Friendly. The current article on J.D. Frazer has only one citation, and that is a link to a post written by Frazer. Frazer does not appear to have notability outside of his work on User Friendly, and I feel generally it is common to have an article on a webcomic but not the author unless the author has done multiple projects. Given that there is only one paragraph about Frazer in his article (the rest of the article is about User Friendly), I think that the content of the J.D. Frazer article can easily be included into the User Friendly article.

HenryCrun15 (talk) 21:53, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * My only involvement with this article is fixing a disambiguation link, but I have no objection to the proposed merge. The information would fit together. BD2412  T 22:06, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to the proposed merge, but also claim no particular knowledge about the subjects. Cnilep (talk) 00:36, 17 November 2020 (UTC)
 * That sounds pretty good, but I also present those same disclaimers. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 15:57, 17 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Support – This seems to me like a good move. I'm not really finding anything notable about Frazer either, besides User Friendly of course. Merge away :) ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 07:43, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, it's done. HenryCrun15 (talk) 01:05, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:User Friendly


text:
Raúl Chávez

Raúl Alexander Chávez (born March 18, 1973) is a Venezuelan former baseball catcher. He bats and throws right-handed.

Career
Chávez played for the Montreal Expos (1996–1997), Seattle Mariners (1998), Houston Astros (2000, 2002–2005), Baltimore Orioles (2006), Pittsburgh Pirates (2008), and Toronto Blue Jays (2009). He also played in the New York Yankees minor league system in 2007.

Pittsburgh Pirates
In 2008, he played for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He declined a minor league assignment on December 10, 2008, becoming a free agent.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 22, he signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Toronto Blue Jays. He did not make the 25-man Jays' roster out of spring training, and was assigned to Triple A Las Vegas 51s. But an injury to Michael Barrett on April 17 sent Barrett to the disabled list, and Chavez was called up to the Blue Jays the next day to fill the roster spot. He made his 2009 debut catching Ricky Romero at Rogers Centre in Toronto on April 19, in a 1–0 win over the Oakland Athletics.

Chávez is known for his defense, specifically his exceptional arm, and is considered to call a solid game. On June 6, 2009, Chavez hit his first home run for the Toronto Blue Jays, giving them a 2–0 lead over the Kansas City Royals. On December 11, 2009, the Blue Jays declined to tender Chavez a contract, however two days later they signed him to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training.

New York Mets
On January 14, 2011, the New York Mets signed Chávez to a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training. He spent the season with the Buffalo Bisons before retiring.

title: Raúl Chávez


text:
Adak

Adak may refer to:

Places

 * Adak Island, one of the Aleutian Islands
 * Adak, Alaska, a town on the above island
 * Adak Airport, airport serving the town
 * Adak Army Airfield, original name of the airport (1942–c.1943)
 * Davis Army Airfield, a later name of the airport (c.1943–1950)
 * Naval Air Facility Adak, a later name of the airport (1950–1997)
 * Adak Region School District serving the town
 * Adak, Sweden, a locality and small town in Västerbotten, Sweden
 * Adak, Kemaliye, a village

People

 * Runggye Adak, Tibetan activist
 * Subrata Adak, Indian biochemist

Other uses

 * Adak (album), an album by İzel
 * Adak Fisheries, the exclusive fisheries operator at Adak Island
 * America/Adak or Adak timezone; a time zone in Alaska
 * USCGC Adak, a U.S. Coast Guard cutter

title: Adak


text:
List of Atlanta Thrashers players

The Atlanta Thrashers were an ice hockey team based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. They were members of the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers joined the NHL in 1999 as an expansion franchise, and over 200 players have worn a Thrashers uniform since that time. The Thrashers won the Southeast Division and reached the playoffs for the first time in team history in 2006–07.

Ilya Kovalchuk is the franchise leader in goals scored (328), assists (287), points (615) and games (594). Early in 2009, Kovalchuk was named the seventh captain in franchise history. Kari Lehtonen leads the franchise in most goaltending categories, including games played (204), wins (94) and shutouts (14). At the end of the 2010–11 season the team was purchased by True North Sports & Entertainment and moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada for the start of the 2011–12 season and became the Winnipeg Jets.

Key

 * Current NHL player.
 * Hockey Hall of Famer

''The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.''

title: List of Atlanta Thrashers players


text:
Van de Graaf

Van de Graaf, Van de Graaff or Van der Graaf may refer to:

 * Van de Graaff (crater), a lunar crater
 * Van de Graaf (surname), includes a list of people with the surname and its variants
 * Van de Graaff generator, an electrostatic generator
 * Van der Graaf Generator, English progressive rock band
 * Van de Graaff accelerator, a type of particle accelerator
 * "Van Der Graaff", a song by British indie rock band The Courteeners

title: Van de Graaf


text:
Nancy Hollister

Nancy Elizabeth Hollister (née Putnam; born May 22, 1949) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Ohio. Hollister was the first and, to date, only female governor of Ohio, serving briefly from December 1998 to January 1999.

Hollister attended Kent State University, and upon leaving college she became a housewife. She began her political career in the 1980s, becoming a member of the city council in Marietta and eventually winning the position of mayor. In 1994, George Voinovich picked her as his candidate for Lieutenant Governor, and she served from 1995 to 1998. After a failed congressional bid in 1998, she succeeded Voinovich as Governor after he resigned to become a U.S. Senator. She served as Governor for 11 days, taking few political actions during her brief tenure.

Almost immediately after leaving the governorship, Hollister was appointed to a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives. She won election to a full term in 2000 and 2002. In 2004, Hollister was defeated for re-election, attributed in part to her opposition to a constitutional amendment outlawing gay marriage.

Early life
Putnam was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, the daughter of Benjamin Hay Putnam Jr. (1925-2007) and Mary Elizabeth White (1926-1990). Her parents had married in 1945 in West Virginia and had moved briefly back to Terre Haute (her mother's hometown) before moving to Marietta, Ohio, where her father's family resided. Her 6th great-grandfather was Revolutionary War General Israel Putnam. Her 8th great-grandmother was Bathsheba Folger Pope, an accuser of witches during the Salem Witch Trials. She has five siblings: Emily, Esther, Sarah and Benjamin Hay Putnam, III.

Hollister attended Kent State University majoring in communications. She was active in protests on campus, including protesting curfews placed on women students, a policy which would later be abolished. Hollister left to marry her husband Jeff, just two months before the Kent State shootings.

Political career (1980–1994)
Nancy Hollister first entered public office when she was elected to the Marietta City Council in 1980. Hollister would serve on city council until being elected Mayor of Marietta in 1984. As Mayor, Hollister worked to attract new businesses to the area, promote tourism, and secured funding for a new bridge across the Ohio River.

Since Hollister was a mayor in Southeastern Ohio, Governor George Voinovich appointed Nancy Hollister as director of the Governor's Office of Appalachia. In this position, Hollister was responsible for coordinating federal and state efforts to improve life for the twenty-nine counties in Appalachia.

Lieutenant governor
In 1994, Hollister was selected by Voinovich as his running mate to replace incumbent lieutenant governor Mike DeWine, who was running for the U.S. Senate. Her selection was thought to be beneficial for Voinovich, who had lost many counties downstate in 1990, and helpful for attracting women to the ticket. Her election in November made her the and the first woman to be elected Lieutenant Governor. Hollister would oversee several State and Local Government Commissions. These included the Governor's Office of Appalachia, the Governor's Workforce Development Board, the Ohio Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Bureau of Employment Services, the Ohio School-to-Work Initiative, the Office of Housing and Community Partnership, the Ohio Coal Development Office, and the Ohio Farmland Preservation Task Force. In 1998, she was inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame.

1998 bid for Congress
In 1996, Hollister began raising funds for a bid for Ohio Secretary of State in 1998. A bid to succeed Voinovich as governor was seen as complicated by Voinovich's implicit endorsement of Bob Taft for governor. In 1997, she began reconsidering and considered a bid for the 6th district against incumbent Democrat Ted Strickland. On July 1, 1997, Hollister announced her intent to run for congress. In the primary, Hollister defeated former congressman Frank Cremeans by 4 points. She faced difficulty due to her moderate stances, but won out due to a divided conservative vote. The race was viewed as highly competitive, in part due to the fact that the district had ousted an incumbent every year since 1990. A big issue in the race was education, as the district contained some of the least affluent school districts in the state. Strickland supported more government funding in schools and hiring more teachers, whereas Hollister supported reducing the size of the Department of Education to give funds through block grants. Hollister received the endorsements of George Voinovich and John Boehner, and campaigned alongside House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Bob Dole. On November 3, 1998, Hollister was defeated by Strickland 57% to 43%.

Governor of Ohio
On the same day Hollister was defeated in her bid for the 6th congressional district seat, Governor George Voinovich was elected to the United States Senate, and Bob Taft was elected to the governorship.

Voinovich resigned as governor on December 31, 1998 (so he could be sworn into the Senate three days later), and with that, Hollister became governor. Hollister became Ohio's first and to date only female governor. She only served 11 days in office - which would also make her Ohio's shortest-serving governor - as she was essentially finishing out Voinovich's term. During her transitory time in office, she signed a piece of legislation allowing farmers to sell land to local governments to ensure the land would remain farmland, and that local governments would pay the farmers dependent on land value. She was succeeded by Taft, whose term officially began on January 11, 1999.

Politics (2000–present)
Upon leaving the Governor's office, Hollister was appointed to the Ohio House of Representatives for the 96th district, replacing outgoing Rep. Tom Johnson, who took a job with Governor Taft. She ran for and was elected to the seat in 2000 and 2002, when she ran in the redrawn 93rd district. During her tenure, Hollister introduced a bill allowing nurses to prescribe prescription drugs. The bill went into effect in 2002.

In her final run for office to date, Hollister was defeated by Jennifer Garrison in 2004. A key issue in the campaign was Hollister's opposition to a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage. Garrison – the Democrat – ran to the ideological right of Hollister on the state's same-sex marriage ban.

She served on the board of trustees of the Ohio History Connection between 2011 and 2016.

In May 2016, she was appointed by Gov. John Kasich to fill a vacancy on the state Board of Education.

As of Oct 2020 she is an ad-hoc board member of the Friends of the Museums, which manages the Campus Martius Museum and Ohio River Museum in Marietta.

Personal life
She married Jeffrey Lynn Hollister, her boyfriend since high school on March 21, 1970. They have five children: Jonathan Dunham Hollister (b. 1970), Jeremy Douglas Hollister (b. 1973), Justin Harrington Hollister (b. 1976), Emily Elizabeth Hollister (b. 1979) and Sarah Katherine Hollister (b. 1982).

title: Nancy Hollister


text:
User:Arnostv

It's me :)

title: User:Arnostv


text:
Sinim

The land of Sin (סִין) or Sinim (from: סִינִים, i.e. the inhabitants of the land of Sin, or the people of Sin) is a biblical hapax legomenon that appears in Isaiah 49:12: "Behold, these shall come from far: and, lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim."

Some English versions simply transliterate the word, others translate the Hebrew as Syene (Aswan), and still others associate Sin with China. Sinim resembles Sinae, the Latinization of Qin, after the Qin state, founded in 778 BC, and the Qin dynasty, founded in 221 BC by Qin Shi Huang-Di.

Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible (1879) defines the word as "a people in the far east; the Chinese?" The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915) says, "The land is clearly far off, and it must be sought either in the South or in the East. The Septuagint points to an eastern country. Many scholars have favored identification with China, the classical Sinae. It seems improbable that Jews had already found their way to China; but from very early times trade relations were established with the Far East by way of Arabia and the Persian Gulf; and the name may have been used by the prophet simply as suggesting extreme remoteness....While no certain decision is possible, probability points to the East, and China cannot be quite ruled out." Modern translations of the Bible tend to translate Sinim as Syene (ancient Aswan) because the Great Isaiah Scroll of the Dead Sea Scrolls uses that word.

In modern Hebrew, Sin (סין) is the word for China, just as modern Hebrew uses other ambiguous biblical place names for contemporary countries, such as Sfarad (ספרד) for Spain and Tzarfat (צרפת) for France.

In Mormonism
In language nearly identical to that of the King James Version, First Nephi 21:12 in the Book of Mormon reads: “And then, O house of Israel, behold, these shall come from far; and lo, these from the north and from the west; and these from the land of Sinim.” The index of this scripture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints defines Sinim as “possibly [the] land of China”.

title: Sinim