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Nicolás Massú

Nicolás Alejandro Massú Fried (born 10 October 1979), nicknamed El Vampiro (Spanish, 'the vampire'), is a Chilean former professional tennis player and a coach. A former world No. 9 in singles, he won the singles and doubles gold medals at the 2004 Athens Olympics. He is the only man to have won both gold medals at the same Games since the re-introduction of Olympic tennis in 1988, and they are Chile's only two Olympic gold medals. Massú also reached the final of the 2003 Madrid Masters and won six singles titles. He was the coach of 2020 US Open champion and former world No. 3 Dominic Thiem from 2019 to 2023.

Early years
Massú is Jewish, as is his mother, Sonia Fried. His father, Manuel Massú, is of Lebanese and Palestinian  ancestry. His mother is of Israeli and Hungarian-Jewish descent. His maternal grandfather, Ladislao Fried Klein, was a Hungarian-born Jew who survived the Nazi occupation of Hungary by hiding, as his parents did not survive. His maternal grandmother, Veronika (née Vegvari), was a Holocaust survivor who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Massú was introduced to tennis by his grandfather at age five. From age 12, he was trained at the Valle Dorado tennis academy, near Villa Alemana, by Leonardo Zuleta, with whom he perfected his forehand and double-handed backhand. He later trained at the Nick Bollettieri Academy, in Florida, alongside Marcelo Ríos, and later at the High Performance Center in Barcelona, Spain.

Juniors
Massú became a professional tennis player in 1997. That year, he won the prestigious juniors year-end Orange Bowl tournament and was doubles world champion, as well as No. 5 in singles. He also claimed the boys' doubles competitions at both Wimbledon and the US Open, partnering Peru's Luis Horna at the former and countryman Fernando González at the latter.

ATP Tour
In August 1998, Massú won his first Futures tournament, in Spain. The following month, he claimed his first Challenger event, in Ecuador. He won his second Challenger tournament in June 1999, in Italy. In September 1999, he successfully defended his title in Ecuador. In November 1999, he won the Santiago Challenger event and cracked the top 100 in singles for the first time.

In May 2000, Massú reached his first ATP tournament final, at the U.S. Clay Court Championships in Orlando, Florida, where he lost to Fernando González. Later in August, he lost again to another Chilean—Marcelo Ríos—in his US Open debut. In January 2001, Massú reached his second ATP event final, in Adelaide, Australia.

Massú's first ATP title came in February 2002 in Buenos Aires, where he defeated Argentine Agustín Calleri in a three-set final, after being down match point. At the 2003 event, Calleri took revenge and defeated him in the first round, a loss that pushed Massú out of the top 100 in singles and forced him to play Challengers once again. In April 2003, he reached the Bermuda Challenger final.

Massú claimed his second ATP title in July 2003 in Amersfoort, Netherlands. The following week, he reached the final of the Kitzbühel tournament, cracking the top 50 in singles for the first time. In September, he made three consecutive tournament finals, including a win at a Challenger event and his third ATP title in Palermo. In October, he reached the final at the Madrid Masters Series tournament, losing to Juan Carlos Ferrero in the final. He ended the year at world No. 12.

In mid-2004, Massú parted ways with Argentine coach Gabriel Markus, whom he replaced with Chilean Patricio Rodríguez. In July 2004, Massú won his fourth ATP title in Kitzbühel and then went on to win two gold medals at the 2004 Olympics (see below). Thanks to his outstanding performance at the Olympics, he reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 9. In November, he underwent groin surgery and therefore entered the 2005 season off top form. He ended an unremarkable 2005 with a six-match losing streak, although ironically 2005 also saw his best performance at a Grand Slam tournament as he reached the fourth round of the US Open, losing to Guillermo Coria.

He was the first player to be beaten by Stan Wawrinka in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, at the 2005 French Open.

In January 2006, Massú lost to José Acasuso in the final of his hometown event at Viña del Mar. In February, he won his sixth ATP title in Costa do Sauipe, Brazil. In April, he reached the final of the Casablanca event in Morocco. In July, he lost to Novak Djokovic in the final of the Amersfoort tournament.

In January 2007, Massú repeated his Viña del Mar showing of 2006, losing to Luis Horna in straight sets. In July, he began an eight-match losing streak that ended in October in Saint Petersburg.

Massú had an early exit at the Viña del Mar tournament in January 2008, losing to Sergio Roitman in the first round. Because he was defending points from a final showing in 2007, the following week he fell to No. 97 in the world. In July, his singles ranking plummeted to No. 138, his worst since November 1999. Later in the year, he won the Florianópolis II Challenger event and was a finalist in two other tournaments at that level.

Massú began 2009 by not winning a match during his first five tournaments and losing his opening Davis Cup singles match against Croatia in March. He broke his losing streak at the Indian Wells Masters, beating Argentine Eduardo Schwank in three sets in the first round.

Olympics
Massú has represented Chile at three Summer Olympics: 2000 Sydney, 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing. At the 2000 event's opening ceremony, he was his country's stand in flag bearer after Marcelo Ríos failed to show up. In his first-round match he beat Sláva Doseděl, but lost to Juan Carlos Ferrero in the next round.

The story was different in Athens, where Massú captured both singles and doubles titles. On August 21, he and Fernando González defeated Nicolas Kiefer and Rainer Schüttler of Germany to win the doubles competition, making history by giving Chile its first ever Olympic gold medal in any sport, after nearly a full century of Olympic participation. Massú and González came from four straight match points in the fourth set tie-break to claim the gold. The following day, he captured his second gold medal by defeating American Mardy Fish in five sets in the men's singles final. Following his victory in singles, he was declared as Athlete of the Day by the 2004 Athens Olympics' organization.

Because of his low ranking, Massú was granted a wild card to compete in both singles and doubles events in Beijing. He only managed to reach the second round in singles and was ousted on his first match in doubles, where he partnered again with Fernando González. To this day, Massú is the only male player in the Open Era to have won gold medals in both singles and doubles at the same Olympic Games.

Davis Cup
Massú began playing for Chile in Davis Cup matches in 1996. He played in the World Group, representing Chile in the years from 2005 to 2007 and again from 2009 to 2011. He ended his participation with a record of 29–17, including 17–4 on clay.

In 2014, Massú took the position of captain of the Chile Davis Cup team, with former No. 1 Marcelo Ríos as coach. After five years since the start of his tenure as captain, the team achieved a comeback to the elite group of the competition and qualified for the 2019 Davis Cup Finals, eight years after its last participation.

Maccabiah Games
Massú is a veteran of the 2001 Maccabiah Games in Israel, the international Jewish Olympics.

Coaching
Massú was the coach of Dominic Thiem, 2020 US Open Men's Singles Champion and winner of the 2019 Indian Wells Masters 1000 tournament. Massú played one doubles tournament in 2019, partnering Dominic's brother, Moritz Thiem.

Playing style
Massú was known for his fighting spirit, especially when playing for Chile, which he demonstrated at the 2004 Olympics and in numerous Davis Cup matches. He has also turned around difficult matches and had a style characteristic of a clay-court specialist, with strong baseline play characterized by a solid forehand and backhand.

Doubles
1Held as Hamburg Masters until 2008 and Madrid Masters from 2009 to 2013.

2Held as Stuttgart Masters until 2001, Madrid Masters from 2002 to 2008 and Shanghai Masters from 2009 to 2013.

title: Nicolás Massú


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Izvestia

Izvestia (Известия, "The News") is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia. Founded in February 1917, Izvestia, which covered foreign relations, was the organ of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, disseminating official state propaganda. It is now described as a "national newspaper" of Russia.

The word izvestiya in Russian means "bring news" or "tidings", "herald" (an official messenger bringing news), derived from the verb izveshchat ("to inform", "to notify").

1917–1991

During the Soviet period, while Pravda served as the official mouthpiece of the Communist Party, Izvestia expressed the official views of the Soviet government as published by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Its full name was Izvestija Sovjetov Narodnyh Djeputatov SSSR (in Russian, Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР, the Reports of Soviets of Peoples' Deputies of the USSR).

The Izvestia Trophy ice hockey tournament was named after the newspaper between 1969 and 1996.

Nedelya was the weekend supplement of Izvestia.

1992–present

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Izvestia now describes itself as a "national newspaper" of Russia. The newspaper was owned by a vast holding company of Vladimir Potanin which had close ties with the government. A controlling stake in Izvestia was purchased by state-owned Gazprom on 3 June 2005, and included in the Gazprom Media holding. According to the allegations of the Committee to Protect Journalists, Raf Shakirov, editor-in-chief of Izvestia, was forced to resign because the government officials did not like the paper's coverage of the Beslan school hostage crisis. Other sources informed that Potanin had asked him to leave for fear the Kremlin would be riled by the explicit photographs of the massacre published by Izvestia. As of 2005, the circulation of Izvestia was 240,967. Its 2007 circulation certified by TNS Gallup Media was 371,000 copies. Until his death on 1 October 2008, the chief artist was Boris Yefimov, the centenarian illustrator who had worked as Joseph Stalin's political cartoonist.

In 2008, Gazprom Media sold Izvestia to National Media Group.

In May 2024, the European Union accused the newspaper of spreading propaganda and placed it on its sanctions list.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Izvestia


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Kotekan

Kotekan is a style of playing fast interlocking parts in most varieties of Balinese Gamelan music, including Gamelan gong kebyar, Gamelan angklung, Gamelan jegog and others.

Kotekan are "sophisticated interlocking parts," "characteristic of gong kebyar and several other Balinese gamelan styles, that combine to create the illusion of a single melodic line that often sounds faster than any single human could possibly play." According to Colin McPhee: "Composed of two rhythmically opposing parts which...interlock to create a perpetual flow of sound, the kotekan adds sheen and intensity to the music, ...calls for the utmost rhythmic precision...[and] lies in the top register of the gamelan."

"One of the most striking features of Balinese gamelan music...is kotekan, the rapid interlocking figuration that permeates nearly all kebyar compositions. It creates a unique sonic impression: a group of gangsa (bronze metallophones) struck with hard wooden mallets produce an intricately patterned lay of sound above the more sustained tones of the lower instruments; the reyong, a row of small tuned gongs played by four musicians, creates a different (but equally complex) figuration of a softer attack and sound color; and leading them all are a pair of drummers who play yet another kind of interlocking patterns."

- Wayne Vitale

In kotekan there are two independent parts called polos and sangsih, each of which fills in the gaps of the other to form a complete rhythmic texture. In Gamelan gong kebyar, Kotekan is usually played on the higher-pitched gangsa and reyong as embellishment to the main melody (pokok) played on the calung and ugal.

"The busy upper registers of the gamelan are the domain of the gangsas and reyong. These instruments spin out kotekan, the crackling ornamental fireworks of Balinese music. Kotekan is usually expressed in English as 'interlocking parts', because although it sounds as one melody it is actually composed of two interdependent musical lines that are incomplete when played alone and dependent exclusively on each other for obtaining the desired result. That can range from stately murmuring some of the older, simpler styles of kotekan, to extroverted, jazzy acrobatics in modern music. The tight interaction of the two parts produces a supple texture that is pointillistic in detail and fluid as a whole. ... Much of the excitement of Balinese music arises from these irresistible rhythms."

- Michael Tenzer

 * Note: In the transliteration of Balinese used here, the letter "c" represents a sound similar to English "ch".

Nyog cag
Nyog cag is a straightforward alternation between polos and sangsih, each playing only every other note of a scale or other melodic figuration. Though structurally the simplest form of kotekan, nyog cag can be difficult to play accurately, especially because it is used at the fastest tempos.

Nyok cok
Nyok cok is an ornamentation of the pokok melody in which polos and sangsih anticipate the next pitch of the pokok in unison and then each plays one of its neighbor tones.

Kotekan telu
In kotekan telu, the polos and sangsih share a set of three pitches (telu means three in Balinese). One of the parts plays the low and middle pitches, the other plays the middle and high pitches. The middle pitch is always played in unison by both parts except if kotekan telu is played by the reyong, because the two or four players share the same set of pots.

Kotekan empat
Kotekan empat is similar to kotekan telu, except in this case there are four pitches (empat means "four" in Balinese). One part plays the lower two and the other plays the upper two; there is no sharing of pitches. Usually the lowest and highest pitches are struck simultaneously, and the interval they form varies depending upon where the notes fall in the scale and the tuning of the ensemble.

Kotekan theory
"This tendency towards saturation of the finest units of detail is found in other traditional Balinese art forms as well, such as painting and sculpture. In all these forms, the artistic space is rarely left blank or only in plain outline, but rather is filled with highly ornate detail to the outer boundary limits of the piece. This is expressed in Indonesian by the word ramai (crowded or busy), which to the Balinese is a highly desirable condition in almost any realm."

- Wayne Vitale

Kotekan are typically composed by elaborating the pokok melody. The subdivisions of the composite kotekan are usually played four or eight times faster than the pokok. Since the kotekan patterns are either three notes (telu) or three sounds (the kotekan empat has two solo pitches plus the open interval), the simple patterns do not repeat every four or eight notes. This can be illustrated in the following example:

Kotekan 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 etc... Pokok  1. . . 2 . . . 3 . . . 1 . . . etc...

The above is the most basic example of a kotekan telu. In the example the numbers refer to the different pitches being played. The kotekan is repeating the same pattern over and over. Note that the pokok is exactly the same pattern played four times slower. The kotekan would be divided into polos and sangsih as follows:

Polos  1 2. 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 1 etc... Sangsih. 2 3 . 2 3 . 2 3 . 2 3 . 2 3 . etc... Pokok  1. . . 2 . . . 3 . . . 1 . . . etc...

If the pokok changes, the kotekan will follow it. Here is a simple example that is similar to the first example except that it changes direction.

Kotekan 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 etc... Pokok  1. . . 2 . . . 3 . . . 2 . . . etc...

Notice that this example can repeat over and over. Here is what the separate parts might look like:

Polos  1 2. 1 2 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 etc... Sangsih. 2 3 . 2 3 . 2 3 2 . 3 2 . 3 2 etc... Pokok  1. . . 2 . . . 3 . . . 2 . . . etc...

Here is the same melody with kotekan empat:

Polos  1 2. 1 2 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 etc... Sangsih 4. 3 4 . 3 4 . 3  4 3 . 4 3 . etc... Pokok   1. . . 2 . . . 3 . . . 2 . . . etc...

The polos part is the same as the previous example. However, the sangsih part is very different.

title: Kotekan


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Talk:Chemung River

Comment
This article has a lot of great information. I did a spruce copyedit and formatting, along with some expansion. I did remove some material that was slightly off-topic from the river itself, namely details about Corning Glass and a few other things that I felt are more appropriate for other articles. -- Decumanus | Talk 01:18, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Did the river once pass through Horseheads, through the valley that I-86 and the railroads use(d)? --SPUI (T - C) 01:14, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

13 March 2007 comments moved from article
User:Eristikos added the following today. I'm copying it to here from there. It does appear that the article could use some references for this kind of information.--Malepheasant 03:16, 14 March 2007 (UTC):

 * The Great Atlantic Pacific and Tea company was not "founded" in Elmira. It did have a plant there from the mid 60's until 1982 when it closed. I worked there for several years in the 60's.

 * All four Elmira bridges were not destroyed during the 1972 flood. Only Fitch's Bridge in west Elmira/Golden Glow was destroyed.  The Army Corps of Engineers quickly put up a Bailey bridge on the old piers. I was one of the last to be allowed to cross the bridge before it was closed.  At that point, the river was just a few feet below the deck of the bridge. It washed out later that evening/early morning.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chemung River


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British Columbia Highway 26

Highway 26, also known as the Barkerville Highway, is a minor east-west highway in the North Cariboo region of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. First opened in 1967, it provides access to the community of Wells and the famous gold rush town of Barkerville at the foot of the Cariboo Mountains, respectively 75 and 81 km (47 and 51 mi) east of the highway's junction with Highway 97 at Quesnel. Also accessed by the route is Bowron Lakes Provincial Park, a popular canoeing expedition circuit, the cutoff for which is between Barkerville and Wells. Since Highway 26 is very lightly travelled, it has not needed any major improvements since its opening. Its route is approximately the same as that of the Cariboo Wagon Road.

title: British Columbia Highway 26


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Halifax West

Halifax West (Halifax-Ouest) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. Its population in 2021 was 111,944.

Demographics
From the 2016 census Ethnic groups:
 * White: 90.8%
 * Black: 2.7%
 * Arab: 2.4%
 * South Asian: 1.5%
 * Other: 2.6%

Languages:
 * English: 89.5%
 * French: 2.6%
 * Arabic: 2.4%
 * Chinese: 0.8%
 * Korean: 0.5%
 * Other: 4.2%

Religions:
 * Protestant: 43.0%
 * Catholic: 39.8%
 * Jewish: 2.4%
 * Muslim: 2.3%
 * Other Christian: 1.4%
 * Christian Orthodox: 1.1%
 * No religious affiliation: 8.4%

Education:
 * No certificate, diploma or degree: 16.1%
 * High school certificate: 22.4%
 * Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 9.1%
 * Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 19.1%
 * University certificate or diploma: 33.2%

Median Age:
 * 38.0

Median total income:
 * $29,849

Average total income:
 * $37,831

Median household income:
 * $59,335

Average household income:
 * $72,291

Median family income:
 * $73,643

Average family income:
 * $85,379

Unemployment:
 * 5.9%

Geography
The district includes the communities of Bedford, the west end of Halifax, and an area that extends to the community of Upper Hammonds Plains in the north, Tantallon in the west and Terence Bay in the south. The area is 227.31 km2.

History
The electoral district was created in 1976 from Halifax—East Hants riding. This riding lost territory to South Shore—St. Margarets as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Halifax West


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Postal codes in Spain

Spanish postal codes were introduced on 1 July 1984, when the Sociedad Estatal de Correos y Telégrafos introduced automated mail sorting. They consist of five numerical digits, where the first two digits, ranging 01 to 52, correspond either to one of the 50 provinces of Spain or to one of the two autonomous cities on the African coast.

Two-digit prefixes
The first two digits of a Spanish postal code identify the province or autonomous city it belongs to. The numbers were assigned to the 50 provinces of Spain ordered alphabetically at the time of implementation. The official names of some of the provinces have since changed, either to the regional language version of the name (e.g. from the Spanish Guipúzcoa to the Basque Gipuzkoa) or to adopt the name of the autonomous community instead of the provincial capital (e.g. Santander to Cantabria). In these cases, the originally assigned code has been maintained, resulting in some exceptions to the alphabetical order. In addition, Ceuta and Melilla were originally included within the postal areas of Cádiz and Málaga respectively; in 1995 they were assigned their own codes and hence ended up at the end of the list.

The list below includes all 52 two-digit prefixes assigned to the 50 provinces and two autonomous cities. Included in brackets are the names of the provinces that were used for alphabetical sorting at the time of implementation, if different from the current name used in English.

 * 01 Álava
 * 02 Albacete
 * 03 Alicante
 * 04 Almería
 * 05 Ávila
 * 06 Badajoz
 * 07 Balearic Islands (Baleares)
 * 08 Barcelona
 * 09 Burgos
 * 10 Cáceres
 * 11 Cádiz
 * 12 Castellón
 * 13 Ciudad Real
 * 14 Córdoba
 * 15 A Coruña (Coruña, La)
 * 16 Cuenca
 * 17 Girona (Gerona)
 * 18 Granada
 * 19 Guadalajara
 * 20 Gipuzkoa (Guipúzcoa)
 * 21 Huelva
 * 22 Huesca
 * 23 Jaén
 * 24 León
 * 25 Lleida (Lérida)
 * 26 La Rioja (Logroño)
 * 27 Lugo
 * 28 Madrid
 * 29 Málaga
 * 30 Murcia
 * 31 Navarre (Navarra)
 * 32 Ourense (Orense)
 * 33 Asturias (Oviedo)
 * 34 Palencia
 * 35 Las Palmas (Palmas, Las)
 * 36 Pontevedra
 * 37 Salamanca
 * 38 Santa Cruz de Tenerife
 * 39 Cantabria (Santander)
 * 40 Segovia
 * 41 Seville (Sevilla)
 * 42 Soria
 * 43 Tarragona
 * 44 Teruel
 * 45 Toledo
 * 46 Valencia
 * 47 Valladolid
 * 48 Biscay (Vizcaya)
 * 49 Zamora
 * 50 Zaragoza
 * 51 Ceuta
 * 52 Melilla

Following digits
The third digit of a Spanish postal code is used to identify major cities or basic itineraries. A zero denotes a provincial capital, e.g. San Sebastián, as capital of the province of Gipuzkoa, uses the postal code 200xx.

The fourth and fifth digits are used to identify delivery areas, route itineraries or rural link itineraries.

Some codes are reserved for special use at the province capital:
 * 070: official use by Correos
 * 071: to address state agencies at the given province
 * 080: P.O. boxes and mail lists

title: Postal codes in Spain


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King's Official Birthday

The King's Official Birthday is the selected day in most Commonwealth realms on which the birthday of the monarch is officially celebrated in those countries. It does not necessarily correspond to the date of the monarch's actual birth.

The sovereign's birthday was first officially marked in the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1748, for King George II. Since then, the date of the king or queen's birthday has been determined throughout the British Empire and, later, the Commonwealth of Nations, either by royal proclamations issued by the sovereign or viceroy, or by statute laws passed by the local parliament.

The date of the celebration today varies as adopted by each country and is generally set around the end of May or start of June, to coincide with a higher probability of fine weather in the Northern Hemisphere for outdoor ceremonies. In most cases, it is an official public holiday, sometimes aligning with the celebration of other events. Most Commonwealth realms release a Birthday Honours list at this time.

Australia
Most Australian states and territories observe the King's Birthday on the second Monday in June, except in Western Australia and Queensland. As Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly known as Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the governor of Western Australia each year proclaims the day on which the state will observe the King's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show. There is no firm rule to determine this date, though it is usually the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October. Some regional areas of Western Australia celebrate the King's Birthday public holiday on alternative days for locally significant dates or events. In 2012, Queensland celebrated the holiday in October, as the June holiday was reserved to mark Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee as Queen of Australia, after which the holiday then for three years reverted to its traditional date in line with the other eastern Australian states. However, starting in 2016, Queensland celebrates the holiday on the first Monday of October.

Norfolk Island celebrates Bounty Day on 8 June, so King's Birthday is held on the Monday after the second Saturday in June. Christmas Island has other holidays and does not hold a King's Birthday holiday at all.

The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of the king of Great Britain. Until 1936, it was held on the actual birthday of the monarch, but, after King George V died, it was decided to keep the date on the second Monday in June. This has more evenly spaced out public holidays throughout the year. While George V's successor, Edward VIII, also celebrated his birthday in June, the three sovereigns since have not: George VI's birthday was in December, very close to public holidays for Christmas, Boxing Day, and New Years; Elizabeth II's birthday fell shortly after holidays for Good Friday and Easter and very close to ANZAC Day, while Charles III's birthday is in November, shortly after Remembrance Day.

The King's Birthday weekend and Empire Day (24 May) were the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. The sale of fireworks to the public was banned in various states through the 1980s and by the Australian Capital Territory on 24 August 2009. Only Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow the sale of fireworks to the public. The King's Birthday Honours List, in which new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours are named, is released around the date of the King's Birthday weekend each June.

Belize

Belize celebrates the birthday of the King annually in May. The day is known as Sovereign's Day, and is marked by parades in Belize City. Horse races, conducted by the National Sports Council, are held in Belize City's National Stadium and Orange Walk Town's People's Stadium. A cycling race, also arranged by the National Sports Council, is held between the cities of Belmopan and Cayo. There is a flag-raising ceremony among other events held at schools and universities to commemorate Sovereign's Day.

Canada
The monarch's birthday has been observed in Canada since the reign of King George III, when it, 4 June, was considered "the most important holiday of the year in early Upper Canada." The annual muster of the militia was held on the King's birthday, in the most central or most convenient place in each district, and every able-bodied man between the ages of 18 and 60, aside from Quakers, Mennonites, and other pacifist sects, was to take part. The drill ended with three cheers for the King before the participants were free to mingle about; they were known to engage in horseshoe pitching contests, wrestling matches, and settling old scores by fights before, in the summer night, the settlers and their families visited the houses of their neighbours or patronised the taverns; for the latter, it was their most profitable day all year. For the officers, a dinner was held, during which toasts were made to the King, the Duke of York (the Commander-in-Chief), the Army and Navy, and the ladies.

It was in 1845 that the Parliament of the Province of Canada passed a statute to authorise the recognition of Queen Victoria's birthday, 24 May, as a public holiday. After Victoria died in 1901, 24 May became Victoria Day and the official date in Canada of the reigning monarch's birthday changed through various royal proclamations: for Edward VII, it continued by yearly proclamation to be observed on 24 May, but, was 3 June for George V and 23 June for Edward VIII (their actual birthdays).

Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, three days before the birthday of his brother and successor, George VI. The new King expressed to his ministers his wish that his birthday not be publicly celebrated, in light of the recent circumstances. However, the Prime Minister at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, the rest of Cabinet, and the Lord Tweedsmuir, the Governor General, felt otherwise, seeing such a celebration as a way to begin George's reign on a positive note. George VI's official birthday in Canada was thereafter marked on various days between 20 May and 14 June.

The first official birthday of Elizabeth II, daughter of George VI, was the last to be celebrated in June; the haphazard format was abandoned in 1952, when the Governor General-in-Council moved Empire Day and an amendment to the law moved Victoria Day both to the Monday before 25 May. The Canadian monarch's official birthday in Canada was, by regular viceregal proclamations, made to fall on this same date every year between 1953 and 1957, when a royal proclamation issued on 5 February established the Queen's official birthday as the last Monday before 25 May, making the link between Victoria Day and the sovereign's official birthday permanent, though not expressed explicitly.

Though the holiday was called Sovereign's Birthday, the 1957 proclamation itself designated the day as "the Queen's birthday". As such, in May 2023, following the accession of Charles III as King of Canada, a new proclamation declared "the celebration in Canada of the birthday of the sovereign to be Victoria Day", thus applying the official birthday to all future monarchs, regardless of gender, and, by replacing the Monday before 25 May with Victoria Day, making the connection with Victoria Day explicit.

Nonetheless, the two holidays are entirely distinct in law (Victoria Day fixed by statute and the Sovereign's Birthday determined by proclamation depending on the Interpretation Act, which requires the Sovereign's Birthday to be observed either on the day itself or on a day proclaimed for its observance) except for being appointed to be observed on the same day; it is a general holiday in Nunavut and New Brunswick (there prescribed as a day of rest on which retail businesses must be closed ). Though the media mention only Victoria Day and the public are therefore almost totally unaware of the existence of the official birthday, the sovereign's official birthday is marked by the firing of an artillery salute in the national and provincial capitals and the flying of the Royal Union Flag on buildings belonging to the federal Crown, if there is a second flag pole available.

The Canadian monarch has been in Canada for his or her official birthday twice: The first time was 20 May 1939, when King George VI was on a coast-to-coast tour of Canada and his official birthday was celebrated with a Trooping the Colour ceremony on Parliament Hill. The second time was when Queen Elizabeth II was in Canada from 17 to 25 May 2005, to mark the centennial of the entries of Saskatchewan and Alberta into Confederation; no government-initiated events, aside from those dictated by normal protocol, were organised to acknowledge the official birthday. Charles III, who was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the throne at the time, and his wife, Camilla, in 2012 attended events in Saint John, New Brunswick, and Toronto, Ontario, marking the Queen's official birthday. In 2014, the couple attended a ceremony in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

New Zealand
Until 1936, New Zealand celebrated the actual birthday of the sovereign. After Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, and George VI was proclaimed king on his birthday, 14 December, two King's Birthday holidays were celebrated that year. The second holiday that year caused some industrial confusion and loss. This led the government to introduce the Sovereign's Birthday Observance Act 1937. It set the official birthday to be the first Monday in June (which it has been to this day), and this was first observed in 1937. The legislation was changed after Elizabeth II became Queen through the Sovereign's Birthday Observance Act 1952. Although that act makes reference to "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second", it was still in place in 2023, the first time that New Zealand observed the King's Birthday for Charles III. The Holidays Act 2003 refers to the holiday as "the birthday of the reigning Sovereign".

King's Birthday celebrations are mainly official, including the King's Birthday Honours list and military ceremonies. There were proposals, with some political support, mainly affiliated with Labour,  to replace the holiday with Matariki (Māori New Year) as an official holiday. In 2022, the Te Kāhui o Matariki Public Holiday Act declared Matariki as an official holiday separate from the Queen's Birthday, making said proposals obsolete. The idea of renaming the Queen's Birthday weekend to Hillary weekend, after mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary, was raised in 2009.

Papua New Guinea
The King's Official Birthday is a public holiday in Papua New Guinea. In Papua New Guinea, it is usually celebrated on the second Monday of June every year. Official celebrations occur at hotels in Port Moresby, and much of the day is filled with sports matches, fireworks displays, and other celebrations and events. Honours and medals are given for public service to Papua New Guineans, who are mentioned in the King's Birthday Honours List.

Solomon Islands

The King's Official Birthday is a public holiday in Solomon Islands. In Solomon Islands, it is usually celebrated on the second Saturday of June every year. It is regarded as one of the most important events of the year in Solomon Islands. The day starts with the police marching band performing in the capital city of Honiara. Rallies are held all over the islands, which is followed by sporting events and custom dancing, and the celebrations and parties go long into the night.

The governor-general of Solomon Islands delivers a speech on the King's Birthday, and honours and medals are given to those who have done valiant things and great service for Solomon Islands and its people.

Tuvalu
The King's Official Birthday is a public holiday in Tuvalu. In Tuvalu, it is usually celebrated on the second Saturday of June every year. Tuvaluans celebrate it with church services and prayers, singing "God Save the King" and "Tuvalu mo te Atua", flag hoisting, public speeches, a Royal Salute, and a parade. As the King's Birthday is a public holiday, all government offices, educational institutions, and most businesses are closed for the day.

, Tuvaluans also celebrated the birthday of Charles, Prince of Wales, who at the time was heir to the Tuvaluan Throne. Heir to the Throne Day was a public holiday in November.

United Kingdom
The monarch's birthday has been celebrated in the United Kingdom since 1748, during the reign of King George II. Even when their real birthday was in May or June, the celebration was often on a different date. Edward VII, who reigned from 1901 to 1910 and whose birthday was on 9 November, moved his official birthday to summer, in the hope of good weather. King George VI, born on 14 December, celebrated his official birthday from 7 to 12 June. Queen Elizabeth II's official birthday was (usually) the second Saturday in June. King Charles III's first official birthday was on 17 June 2023, the third Saturday in June; and his second on 15 June 2024, also the third Saturday in June.

The day is marked in London by the ceremony of Trooping the Colour, which is also known as the King's Birthday Parade. The list of Birthday Honours is also announced at the time of the Official Birthday celebrations. In British diplomatic missions, the day is treated as the national day of the United Kingdom. Although it is not celebrated as a specific public holiday in the UK, some civil servants are given a "privilege day" at this time of year, which is sometimes merged with the Spring bank holiday (last Monday in May) to create a four-day weekend. The King's birthday is the last remaining privilege day, the other 1.5 days having been abolished in 2014 and replaced by a 1.5 day increase in civil servants' annual leave.

Parts of Scotland also mark Queen Victoria's birthday on the last Monday before or on 24 May.

British Overseas Territories
The King's official birthday is a public holiday in most British Overseas Territories, including Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Bermuda formerly marked the occasion with a public holiday but in 2008 the Progressive Labour Party government of the territory decided the day would be, beginning the following year, replaced by National Heroes' Day, despite protests from some residents of the island, who signed a petition calling for retention of The Queen's Official Birthday. The Queen's Official Birthday continues, nonetheless, to be marked by a public parade on Front Street in the City of Hamilton (with the first King's Birthday Parade since the death of King George VI held on 15 June, 2024), and by a Queen's Birthday Party at Government House. The Falkland Islands celebrate the actual day of King Charles III's birth, 14 November, as a public holiday. (November is a spring month in the southern hemisphere where the islands are located).

Other Commonwealth countries
In Saint Kitts and Nevis, the date of the King's Official Birthday is set each year. The Cook Islands, a self-governing country in free association with New Zealand, also celebrates the holiday on the second Monday of June.

Despite Fiji abolishing the monarchy in 1987, following a second military coup d'état, the Queen's Birthday continued to be celebrated each 12 June until 2012. That year, the military government of Commodore Frank Bainimarama announced the holiday would be abolished, despite Bainimarama being a monarchist himself.

title: King's Official Birthday


text:
Talk:Bimetallic strip

Untitled
Should delete: External link showing metal loop motor powered by warm water is not a bimetal but is nitinol, which does not work using the principles of bimetal, but rather comes from a phase change in the crystal structure of the nitinol alloy. External link is misleading.

Change: spark igniter was changed to a piezo type, but these are not thermostat controlled. I would contact the contributor directly, but this was an unregistered user.

Expanded to become an electricaly powered spark igniter for decorative fireplaces.

If the contributor can back up the piezo ignition in gas dryers, please add explicity and notate in this page. Being a registered user has its advantages, please register. ay

Consider merging with thermocouple {{#if:|{{#if:|$$}}{{#ifeq: {{{anti}}}|yes|[[User:Headbomb|Headbomb { }}|Headbomb { }}{{#if:— The greatest sin is willful ignorance.|$— The greatest sin is willful ignorance. — ταλκ / κοντριβς/Projects of the Week$}}]]|{{#if:|$$}}{{#ifeq: {{{anti}}}|yes|$\overline{Headbomb { }}|Headbomb { }}}$ 17:16, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect to call this a "strip" in article name
There are other shapes and forms of bimetallic devices and components, so the word "strip" doesn't belong in the article name. Fixed-temperature disc thermostats for example use a bowl formed from a bimetallic sheet. At the tipping point the bowl pops and inverts itself, and either connecting or disconnecting the circuit. DMahalko (talk) 23:31, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Explanations
Some of the explanations given on the article could be less vague and give more information to the reader. for example the one for the bimetallic strips used in Thermometers and Heat Engines are too short and failto explain how do they perform. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ESecanell (talk • contribs) 15:56, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Specifics?
How about some specific metal pairs and bonding methods? Riventree (talk) 05:03, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Automatic chokes in carburetors
Before the introduction of electronic fuel injection, one of the most common uses of a bimetal springs was in the automatic chokes of automobile carburetors. Since technical articles are not really within my skill set, if someone else were inclined to want to add this subsection to the Applications section, this search might be a good start. Within that search, this article from automotive publisher Hemmings might we useful. Thanks! — Spike  Toronto  15:30, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bimetallic strip


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Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)

Thomas Henry Burke (29 May 1829 – 6 May 1882) was an Irish civil servant who served as Permanent Under Secretary at the Irish Office for many years before being assassinated during the Phoenix Park Murders on Saturday 6 May 1882. The assassination was carried out by an Irish republican organisation known as the Irish National Invincibles.

The newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, although not the intended victim, was assassinated alongside him while they walked through Phoenix Park in Dublin. The victims were stabbed in the neck and chest with surgical blades.

Burke was the Invincibles' intended target because he had been working for the Dublin Castle administration as head of the Civil Service for many years and was a supporter of the Irish Coercion Acts during the Land War. Irish nationalists referred to Burke as the "Castle rat".

Life
Thomas Henry Burke was one of six sons of William Burke of Knocknagur, Tuam, County Galway and Emma Dillon. He was born in Waterslade House, Tuam. He was educated at Oscott College, Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham, and also in Belgium and Germany.

Burke's family was descended from that of Sir Ulick Burke, 1st Bt of Glinsk, County Galway, on whom Charles I conferred a baronetcy in 1628. One brother was Sir Theobald Hubert Burke, 13th Baronet of Glinsk, another brother was the artist Augustus Nicholas Burke.

Burke's outlook
Burke was in favour of both Home Rule and reform of land issues, although as a civil servant he did not make his views known publicly. Lord Spencer described him as a "warm-hearted Irishman of strong national tendencies". Burke's support of various Crimes Acts imposed in Ireland was an issue which marked him out for assassination. Burke supported the retention of the unpopular Act in 1882, though his position was somewhat soft. "...those who have had opportunity to be well informed have always held that Mr. Burke confined himself within the immediate duties of his post, and that he was rather averse then otherwise to coercion...in the opinion of a great many people he has for a long time been the real ruler of the country'."

Burke's attitude towards land issues was demonstrated by his intervention on the Kirwan estate in Carraroe, County Galway in 1880. Numerous eviction notices were about to be served on tenants and the chances of confrontation were high. Burke used his personal acquaintance with the Kirwans to attempt to defuse the situation. Burke's report to Forster lamented the

"sad flood of light this throws on the Irish land question ... an absentee landlord, careless sub-agents, fraudulent bailiffs and a wretched tenantry."

Funeral and interment
Burke was interred in a private ceremony at Prospect Cemetery, Glasnevin on Tuesday 9 May 1882. The grave is situated at Plot Zb 74 & 75. His remains were removed from the Chief Secretary's Lodge at 9 am, by hearse, followed by 43 carriages containing mourners. The coffin bearing the inscription, "Thomas Henry Burke, Born 29th May 1829, Died 6th May 1882, R.I.P." The Very Rev. Monsignor Lee, Dean of Dublin officiated, assisted by the Rev. E.J. Quinn and Rev. W.J. Hurley. Thomas Burke was laid to rest beside his father William, under a Celtic cross. The ornamental carved stone cover of the grave bears the inscription, "Sacred to the memory of Thomas Henry Burke Esq. Who was murdered in the Phoenix Park on May 6th, 1882. He pleased God and was beloved".

The second monument, composed mainly of black marble from Cong erected adjacent to the grave, bears the inscription, "To the memory of Thomas Henry Burke, Under Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Assassinated in the Phoenix Park. This monument is erected by his many friends among the Irish Resident Magistrates as a mark of their appreciation of his high character and eminent public service. RIP."

Thomas' estate at death was £1901 11s. 4d. according to probate records of 7 June 1882.

Memorial Prize
The Department of Education in Northern Ireland administers the Burke Memorial Fund which was established in 1883, a trust fund from which the payment of an annual prize of £150 is awarded to the best entrant to GCSE examinations taken in Northern Ireland.

title: Thomas Henry Burke (civil servant)


text: User talk:68.5.115.61

title: User talk:68.5.115.61


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Talk:Henry Charles Carey

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WPBiogaphy 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 00:06, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Print-more-money-and-we-will-be-richer.

The article on Carey seems to be based on an uncritical acceptance of the fallacy that creating more money makes people better off. More Greenbacks would have prevented control of the economy by "British Capitalists", hard times are caused by banks "not providing the public with all the money they need" and on and on.2.221.143.240 (talk) 21:03, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

The only reference to permission to use this material is:

" The preceding article is a rough version of the article that appeared in The American Almanac. It is made available here with the permission of The New Federalist Newspaper. Any use of, or quotations from, this article must attribute them to The New Federalist, and The American Almanac."

Some Thoughts/Any Carey Experts?
I would like to contest the idea that the law of diminishing returns is a "universal truth." This is really a political economist's way of looking at it; but Henry Carey is a physical economist. Besides that, even the law of diminishing returns page questions whether this is a law. If truth be told, Marx himself did not think this was a law, rather, a mere function of the rise in constant capital in any capitalist system, with the resulting fall in variable, and, thenceforth, the loss of surplus-value to the capitalist. I am sure Carey has a solution to the law, but I haven't read enough of Carey to ascertain this. Will anyone be offended if we omit it? Please provide some explication. If we converse without "debating", things might even prove to be greatly enjoyable. And if I don't receive some responses within a few days, I may take it upon myself to delete it. Matthew 06:55, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

I am traducing my Kids Economy Books from Carey and Larouche Economy. Here they are. I am correcting these books but Kids Economy is near to be finished. I am an english beginner. Also i have found a thesis free on the web that i have linked here. Matthieu Giroux —Preceding undated comment added 18:40, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Charles Carey


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Talk:Meadow Fresh

Untitled
I enjoy its products, but this is getting close to advertising Robin Patterson 01:32, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How? They own like 15 lines of diary products in one country... they're practically monopolistic. Eventually, we'll be putting in history and stuff, but until then, this is fine. -- user:zanimum

title: Talk:Meadow Fresh


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Ninja Burger

Ninja Burger (忍者バーガー) is a parody website started in late 1999, purporting that a sect of noble ninja have taken to secretly delivering fast food meals, anywhere, anytime, within 30 minutes or less. Failure to deliver within the ascribed time limit results in seppuku. Some of Ninja Burger's rivals include Pirate Pizza, Otaku Bell, and Samurai Burger. The site riffs on many of the same points as Real Ultimate Power, another ninja parody website.

Ninja Burger became well known after appearing on and becoming an affiliate of Fark, and soon after it was turned into a role-playing game. The site has also spawned a series of comic strips, several short films, a second role-playing game, a card game, a multimedia CD, and a book. On March 9, 2003, portions of a commercial for the website aired on the Food Network; the full version of this commercial is now available on YouTube.

First Edition
According to the Ninja Burger website, the first edition of the game was published by 9th Level Games in 2001 using a variant of the BEER Engine used in their Kobolds Ate My Baby! game.

Second Edition
A second edition of the Ninja Burger RPG was published as a PDF in March 2006, and is available in print through Key20 as of August, 2006 (ISBN 0-97931-960-9). It uses an all new ruleset based on Atomic Sock Monkey Press' Prose Descriptive Qualities (PDQ) system. The game features a campaign set in San Francisco, California, which is (according to the back story) the home of Ninja Burger Headquarters. Unlike the original game, it allows players to take on specific roles within the organization—such as chef, driver, etc. -- in addition to the baseline role of "ninja". It also greatly expands upon the scope and scale of the original setting; whereas the 9th Level Games' game was designed for 30-minute game sessions where just about everyone died at the end, the 2nd Edition is designed for longer campaigns that allow characters to grow and develop as they normally would in most RPGs.

Like other games utilizing the PDQ system (including Dead Inside (DI); Monkey, Ninja, Pirate, Robot: the RPG (MNPR:RPG); and Truth & Justice (T&J)), Ninja Burger is notable for the flexibility and simplicity of its rule systems. The core mechanic is to add 2d6 plus a freeform statistic or set of statistics, and compare to a difficulty number, either a fixed difficulty number or the opponent's roll. In conflicts, the amount which you beat another character's roll by is the amount of damage or failure ranks (see below). Player statistics are rated in five named ranks: Poor [-2], Average [+0], Good [+2], Expert [+4], and Master [+6].

Conflicts result in the accumulation of either "failure ranks" (which recover at the end of the contest) or "damage ranks" (which may take longer to heal). Each point of either type means that the loser must choose a statistic to downgrade by one rank. So if you lose a conflict roll by 3, you must lower three stats each by one rank, or one stat by three ranks (with a minimum of Poor: -2). You can choose any stat to take your damage in—i.e. you can downgrade your "Accounting" quality based on a hit in a fight. When you can't lower your stats any more (i.e. a hit when all stats are at Poor [-2]), then you have lost the contest.

Ninja Burger adds several elements to the system, including various Honor mechanics (along with a Seppuku system should you lose too much honor) and Ninja Magic. Particularly noteworthy is the role of the Dispatcher; more than just a Game Master, the Dispatcher is an active participant in the game, being a member of the team and, in almost every respect, just another Player Character.

No Honor Edition
A special No Honor Edition edition of the Ninja Burger RPG premiered at Gen Con in August 2008 (ISBN 0-97931-961-7). As the name suggests, one of the major changes was to remove the leveling mechanism (Honor) from the game, along with other features and content to produce a slimmed-down volume in the shape and spirit of the First Edition game.

Card game
A popular card game based on the Ninja Burger license was also published by Steve Jackson Games in November, 2003 (ISBN 1-55634-610-7). It shares only the core concept with the Ninja Burger RPG, using a completely different set of rules and game mechanics designed and developed by Steve Jackson. It was illustrated by Greg Hyland, creator of Lethargic Lad.

A supplement to the card game entitled Sumo-Size Me was published in Spring, 2005 (ISBN 1-55634-741-3), and was also illustrated by Greg Hyland. The supplement was bundled with the original rules and published in 2009 as the Ninja Burger Secret Ninja Death Touch edition (UPC 837654–320259).

A Russian translation of the original card game, entitled Ниндзя Бургер, was also released in 2009.

Ninja Burger Employee Handbook
The Ninja Burger: Honorable Employee Handbook originally appeared as a self-published PDF through the website RPGNow, and was published in 2006 through Citadel Press (ISBN 0-8065-2796-X). Originally slated for release on June 6, it appeared in bookstores two weeks early and was available over the Memorial Day weekend along with Maddox's The Alphabet of Manliness, another release from Citadel's Rebel Base Books line.

The Handbook purports to be a real employee handbook from Ninja Burger, and as such is an obvious parody of "real-life" employee handbooks. It includes material such as: Ninja Burger History, Fitness, Recipes, Safety Tips, Etiquette, Salary & Benefits, Health Coverage and the company's (literal) Termination policy. Also included are a Ninja Burger job application, menu and employee newsletter.

Web comics
Several long running web comics have appeared on the Ninja Burger website. The longest-running is called the NB Crew; drawn by Rocco Commisso, it documents the adventures of a small Ninja Burger crew (consisting of Max, Doughna, Steve, Minja and Jade) as they battle various enemies. Other strips include the original (and now defunct) Ninja Burger Comic Strip (by Lazarus Berry) and The Ninja Shift (by Recca Hanabishi). Each strip exists in its own Ninja Burger universe, and the characters, situations and laws of physics operate independently within each strip. None follows any "official storyline," and each is developed independently of the others.

Ninja Burger has also been referenced on other web comic sites, including All About Eda, Stalag 99, Sam and Fuzzy (coincidental, according to the author), Megatokyo, and Sluggy Freelance. It is also featured as a brief "commercial" in the S.T.E.A.M. anime fandub movie.

Influences
Though not directly influenced by it, Ninja Burger's concept is similar to a Saturday Night Live sketch from the late 1970s by John Belushi entitled "Samurai Delicatessen" In this skit, Belushi played a samurai working in a New York City deli who would commit seppuku if customers were unhappy with his sandwiches (which he prepared using his katana). Other likely influences include Snow Crash, which features a ninja-like deliveryman named Hiro Protagonist who works for a Mafia pizzeria and would be assassinated if a delivery took longer than half an hour, and "A Fistful of Yen", a short parody of Enter the Dragon from Kentucky Fried Movie.

Day of the Ninja
In 2003, the creators of Ninja Burger declared that December 5 would be celebrated as Day of the Ninja. On this day, people are encouraged to dress as ninja, engage in ninja-related activities, and spread information on ninja online. December 5 was originally chosen because December 5, 2003 marked the release of Tom Cruise's film The Last Samurai (which featured a scene where samurai battled ninja). Since then the focus has shifted towards the more familiar Pirates versus Ninjas conflict, and the day has served as a virtual counterpoint to International Talk Like a Pirate Day.

The first year's events were small, but in 2004 the holiday gained international support from a group of French performers, who staged elaborate ninja poses in front of famous landmarks (such as the Eiffel Tower). This led to increased press coverage from, among other things, the French Disney magazine Picsou. The holiday drew support from the popular Ask a Ninja website in 2006; a podcast on November 30 of that year discussed an alternative explanation for the holiday's origin, set 1400 years ago. The release of the Ask a Ninja DVD was timed to coincide with that year's Day of the Ninja (Dec. 5, 2006), and helped garner additional press coverage. The DVD release party itself was heavily covered by the "blogosphere", with numerous references to the Day of the Ninja. Perhaps not coincidentally, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest was also released on DVD on December 5, 2006; the Ask a Ninja website had already added to the Pirates vs Ninjas meme when "the Ninja" gave a blistering review of the film in an earlier podcast.

2007 saw official acknowledgment from the press including NPR's Morning Edition, as well as a coordinated ninja-themed video game announcement from EA and the official release of the Pirates Vs. Ninjas Dodgeball website. G4 Network's Attack of the Show! also celebrated 2007's Day of the Ninja by replacing usual host Kevin with the "Ask a Ninja" Ninja, and the network also ran a Ninja Warrior marathon, with many more episodes than usual throughout the day. The Day of the Ninja is one of only two days of the year that players can get the "Arr..." badge in Saints Row II; it is one of the badges required for Kingpin.

Ninja Burger's Day of the Ninja website features a Day of the Ninja PSA that was created by Fulltimeninjas.com.

Another site, ninjaday.org, has independently declared December 5 as International Creep Like a Ninja Day. Other possible names include Die Like a Pirate Day, Stalk Like a Ninja Day, Sneak Like a Ninja Day, Move Like a Ninja Day, or simply Ninja Day. According to the official website, this site and others of its kind are unrelated to Ninja Burger or the original Day of the Ninja website, although their efforts are supported.

title: Ninja Burger


text:
Wright's stain

Wright's stain is a hematologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of blood cell types. It is classically a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue dyes. It is used primarily to stain peripheral blood smears, urine samples, and bone marrow aspirates, which are examined under a light microscope. In cytogenetics, it is used to stain chromosomes to facilitate diagnosis of syndromes and diseases.

It is named for James Homer Wright, who devised the stain, a modification of the Romanowsky stain, in 1902. Because it distinguishes easily between blood cells, it became widely used for performing differential white blood cell counts, which are routinely ordered when conditions such as infection or leukemia are suspected.

The related stains are known as the buffered Wright stain, the Wright-Giemsa stain (a combination of Wright and Giemsa stains), and the buffered Wright-Giemsa stain, and specific instructions depend on the solutions being used, which may include eosin Y, azure B, and methylene blue (some commercial preparations combine solutions to simplify staining). The May–Grünwald stain, which produces a more intense coloration, also takes a longer time to perform.

Urine samples stained with Wright's stain will identify eosinophils, which can indicate interstitial nephritis or urinary tract infection.

White blood cells stained with Wright's stain:

title: Wright's stain


text:
Stigler's law of eponymy

Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler's law of eponymy", states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. Examples include Hubble's law, which was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before Edwin Hubble; the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to Babylonian mathematicians before Pythagoras; and Halley's Comet, which was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC (although its official designation is due to the first ever mathematical prediction of such astronomical phenomenon in the sky, not to its discovery).

Stigler attributed the discovery of Stigler's law to sociologist Robert K. Merton, from whom Stigler stole credit so that it would be an example of the law. The same observation had previously also been made by many others.

Derivation
Historical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. In the case of eponymy, the idea becomes named after that person, even if that person is acknowledged by historians of science not to be the one who discovered it. Often, several people will arrive at a new idea around the same time, as in the case of calculus. It can be dependent on the publicity of the new work and the fame of its publisher as to whether the scientist's name becomes historically associated.

Similar concepts
There is a similar quote attributed to Mark Twain:"It takes a thousand men to invent a telegraph, or a steam engine, or a phonograph, or a photograph, or a telephone or any other important thing—and the last man gets the credit and we forget the others. He added his little mite—that is all he did. These object lessons should teach us that ninety-nine parts of all things that proceed from the intellect are plagiarisms, pure and simple; and the lesson ought to make us modest. But nothing can do that."

Stephen Stigler's father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. He said, "If an earlier, valid statement of a theory falls on deaf ears, and a later restatement is accepted by the science, this is surely proof that the science accepts ideas only when they fit into the then-current state of the science." He gave several examples in which the original discoverer was not recognized as such.

The Matthew effect was coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar, so that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. Merton notes: "This pattern of recognition, skewed in favor of the established scientist, appears principally (i) in cases of collaboration and (ii) in cases of independent multiple discoveries made by scientists of distinctly different rank." The effect applies specifically to women through the Matilda effect.

Boyer's law was named by Hubert Kennedy in 1972. It says, "Mathematical formulas and theorems are usually not named after their original discoverers" and was named after Carl Boyer, whose book A History of Mathematics contains many examples of this law. Kennedy observed that "it is perhaps interesting to note that this is probably a rare instance of a law whose statement confirms its own validity".

"Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it" is an adage attributed to Alfred North Whitehead.

title: Stigler's law of eponymy


text:
Commemorative Air Force

The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), formerly known as the Confederate Air Force, is an American non-profit organization based in Dallas, Texas, that preserves and shows historical aircraft at airshows, primarily in the U.S. and Canada.

The CAF has about 13,000 members, more than 70 chapters, and more than 170 aircraft, including the world's largest collection of airworthy warbirds.

History
The origin of the Commemorative Air Force is the organization called the "Confederate Air Corps" created by Oscar Harper in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1953. Led by the fictional character "Thaddeus P. Throckmorton" and his recruiting officer "Jethro Culpepper", the CAC established several features that later became key characteristics of the CAF: folksy, tongue-in-cheek southern humor; a membership structure based on each member having the equal rank of colonel; and a rallying cry of "Semper, Mint Julep" ("Always Mint Julep").

In 1957, Lloyd Nolen and four friends purchased a P-51 Mustang called "Red Nose", splitting the $1,500 cost. In 1958, the group made their second purchase: two Grumman F8F Bearcats for $805 each. Along with the P-51, this gave the pilots two of the most-advanced piston-engine fighters to see service with the U.S. Army Air Forces and the United States Navy.

In 1960, the CAF began to seriously search for other World War II aircraft. The CAF colonels were shocked to find that the aircraft which played such a major role in winning World War II were being rapidly and systematically scrapped as obsolete with no efforts, not even by the Air Force or Navy, to preserve any for display for future generations. The warbirds that remained airworthy were mostly in private hands modified for air racing or had been converted for commercial use as air freighters and aerial firefighters.

On September 6, 1961, the CAF was chartered as a nonprofit Texas corporation to restore and preserve World War II-era combat aircraft. By the end of the year, the CAF owned nine aircraft. By 1963, the group had achieved their initial goal of acquiring one of each fighter plane operated by U.S. forces during World War II. They held their first airshow on March 10, 1963.

In 1965, the first museum building was completed at old Rebel Field, Mercedes, Texas. The CAF created a new Rebel Field at Harlingen, Texas, and moved there in 1968, occupying three large buildings including 26000 sqft of museum space. By the end of the decade, the CAF fleet had added medium and heavy bombers such as the North American B-25 Mitchell, B-17, Consolidated B-24 Liberator. In 1971, they bought one of the two airworthy Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, FIFI.

In 1976, the CAF sponsored an air show where a B-29 bomber piloted by Paul Tibbets, the pilot who flew the B-29 which bombed Hiroshima during World War II, reenacted the atomic bombing of Hiroshima (including a mock mushroom cloud). This air show prompted the Japanese government to lodge a formal complaint with the United States Embassy, resulting in the U.S. government issuing an apology.

In 1983, the American Airpower Heritage Foundation was founded to financially support the CAF.

The group's accomplishments were recognized in 1989 with a National Aviation Hall of Fame Spirit of Flight Award. That year, Texas Governor William Clements signed a resolution designating the CAF the air force of Texas.

In 1990, the CAF added two corporations. The first was the American Airpower Heritage Flying Museum, tasked with obtaining and maintaining the CAF's aircraft titles. The second was the American Airpower Heritage Museum, which acquired and maintained the CAF's non-aircraft pieces and static displays. In September 1990, CAF joined a statewide anti-littering campaign (Don't Mess With Texas), filming a low-level, high-speed pass of the B-17 Sentimental Journey on a mock bombing run of a highway-littering pickup truck, as part of a 30-second television spot.

In 1991, the CAF moved operations to Midland, Texas, where the group opened the CAF Airpower Museum and the American Combat Airman Hall of Fame.

In April 2014, the CAF announced the move of their headquarters and all of the planes associated with the headquarters to Dallas Executive Airport in Dallas, Texas. The museum and its artifacts (including the nose art collection) were moved to the new headquarters, which it operates as the Henry B. Tippie National Aviation Education Center.

In 2015, the CAF acquired the C-47 That's All, Brother, the plane that led the main airborne invasion of Normandy during D-Day.

Accidents and incidents
On September 28, 1995, a Martin B-26 Marauder operated by CAF crashed near Odessa, Texas, killing all five crew members. The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.

On April 14, 2001, the CAF pilot of a Fairchild PT-19A was killed in a crash shortly after takeoff at Midland International Airport; the plane's one passenger survived. The NTSB cited the pilot's "failure to maintain airspeed which resulted in an inadvertent stall".

On May 14, 2001, both CAF crew members aboard a Vultee BT-13A died in a crash southeast of Odessa, Texas. The NTSB found that the pilot failed to maintain minimum airspeed.

On June 16, 2005, a PT-26 Cornell operated by CAF crashed in Williamson, Georgia, killing both crew members. The NTSB found that the pilot "attempted a takeoff with flaps extended."

On November 12, 2022, during the Wings Over Dallas airshow, two planes owned and operated by CAF—a Bell P-63F and the Boeing B-17G Texas Raiders—suffered a mid-air collision that killed six people.

Membership
, the Commemorative Air Force had more than 13,000 members, in more than 70 regional groups, called wings or detachments, in 27 states and five countries. Several hundred members actively serve as pilots and flight and/or maintenance crew members committed to preserving American combat aviation heritage. The CAF is an all-volunteer organization, made up of members from all backgrounds. Membership is open to everyone age 18 or older, and cadet membership is available for those over 12 years of age. Although a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt group, the CAF has received financial incentives from state and local governments to move to Dallas and operate in Midland.

Organization
The American Airpower Heritage Group is the parent organization and is made up of four corporations:
 * The Commemorative Air Force, the membership association
 * A foundation that controls the financial assets and endowment
 * A museum that manages the non-flying artifacts
 * A flying museum that operates the flying aircraft

Name
The original name, Confederate Air Force, alluding to the Confederate States of America, started as a joke about the organization's ragtag beginnings. As the collection of warbirds at Central Valley Airport in Mercedes, Texas, started to grow, one member painted the name on the side of the original North American P-51 Mustang Red Nose. The name stuck, and it grew to the point where the airport was renamed Rebel Field, all members were called "colonels" (a tradition which still remains), and it led to the creation of a fictitious leader named Colonel Jethro E. Culpepper. A blood chit written on the backs of flight suits and flight jackets stated, "This is a CAF aviator. If found lost or unconscious, please hide him from Yankees, revive with mint julep and assist him in returning to friendly territory. CONFEDERATE AIR FORCE."

In November 2000, the group voted to rename, using the initials "CAF" until a permanent name was selected. Following a 2001 membership vote, the group changed its name to "Commemorative Air Force", effective January 1, 2002. Many felt the name Confederate Air Force was confusing, did not accurately reflect the purpose of the organization, and was detrimental to fundraising efforts. According to CAF chief of staff Ray Kinney, "In many people's minds, the word 'confederacy' brings up the image of slavery and discrimination. We, in no way, are associated with that kind of stuff. So, it gives us, in a way, a black eye."

Aircraft
, the CAF owned 179 aircraft, a collection known as the CAF Ghost Squadron. Its aircraft range from the small Stinson L-5 Sentinel and Ryan PT-22 to the giant Boeing B-29 Superfortress; the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress; and the Consolidated Liberator B Mk I/B-24A Liberator AM927. Many of the CAF aircraft are rare; the CAF operates one of only two flying examples of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and the only remaining flightworthy Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. Others, such as the B-24/LB-30 Liberator; the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero; and the Douglas SBD Dauntless are one of only two or three of that type left flying today. The CAF also operates Axis and Warsaw Pact aircraft such as the MiG 17 Fresco C.

 * Aeronca L-3E Defender LIL' Show Me
 * Aeronca L-16A - Airbase Arizona
 * Aichi D3A Val dive bomber replica (North American SNJ conversion)
 * Beechcraft 18/C-45/SNB/JRB
 * Beech AT-11 Kansan
 * Beechcraft D-18S A-235 - Airbase Arizona
 * Beechcraft UC-45J Navigator 51242 - Central Texas Wing
 * Beech T-34A Mentor (A-45)
 * Bell P-39Q Airacobra 42-19597 - Central Texas Wing
 * Bell P-63
 * Bell P-63A-6-BE Kingcobra 42-68941 - Airbase Georgia
 * Boeing-Stearman PT-17 Kaydet (USN N2S)
 * Stearman N2S-4 c/n 75-4894 - Airbase Arizona
 * Stearman N2S c/n 75-8291 - Utah Wing
 * Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
 * Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress Sentimental Journey 44-83514 - Airbase Arizona
 * Boeing B-29 Superfortress Fifi' 44-62070''
 * CASA 352L (Spanish-built Junkers Ju 52) German bomber/transport
 * Cessna UC-94/C-165 (Airmaster)
 * Cessna UC-78 Bobcat (RCAF Crane) 1632 - Wright Stuff Squadron
 * Cessna UC-78B Bobcat 43-32578 - Jayhawk Wing
 * Consolidated B-24A/LB-30/Liberator I/C-87 40-2366 Diamond Lil (ex-RAF AM927)
 * Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina BuNo 64092 - Lake Superior Squadron
 * Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina BuNo 64097 - Lake Superior Squadron
 * Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando China Doll 44-78663 - Southern California Wing
 * Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (Kittyhawk and Tomahawk)
 * Curtiss P-40N Warhawk c/n 29629 (ex-RCAF 867)
 * Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldiver BuNo 83589 - Cactus Squadron/West Texas Wing
 * De Havilland DH-94 Moth Minor c/n N94DH - Rio Grande Valley Wing
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
 * Douglas A-26/B-26 Invader
 * Douglas A-26B-35DL Invader Spirit of Waco 41-39427 - CAF Invader Squadron
 * Douglas A-26C-40DT Invader Daisy Mae 44-35643 - Sierra Hotel A-26 Group
 * Douglas A-26C Invader Lady Liberty 41-39230 - Lady Liberty Squadron
 * Douglas B-23 Dragon on display at CAF Headquarters
 * Douglas DC-3/C-47/C-53/R4D
 * Douglas C-47B Skytrain The Black Sparrow 44-77013 (USN R4D-7) - Great Lakes Wing
 * Douglas C-47 Skytrain That's All, Brother 42-92847 – Texas Wing
 * Douglas C-53D-DO/DC-3A Skytrooper D-Day Doll 42-68830 - Inland Empire Wing
 * Douglas R4D-6/C-47J Skytrain Ready 4 Duty BuNo 50783 - Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
 * Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuNo 54532
 * ERCO Ercoupe
 * Fairchild PT-19, PT-23 and PT-26
 * Fairchild PT-19A - Southern California Wing
 * Fairchild PT-19A 42-83435 - Birmingham Escadrille
 * Fairchild PT-23A-HO 42-49250 - Southern California Wing
 * Fairchild PT-26 - Wisconsin Wing
 * Fairchild Cornell 42-65935 - Highland Lakes Squadron
 * Fairchild UC-61 Argus/Forwarder
 * Fairchild F-12R46 Argus - Southern California Wing
 * Fairchild F-12R Argus - High Sky Wing (painted as J2K)

 * Fleet 16B Finch c/n 383 - Rio Grande Valley Wing
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 44J Stieglitz RF+GJ - Rio Grande Valley Wing
 * Goodyear FG-1D Corsair 530 BuNo 92468 - CAF Corsair Sponsor Group, Airbase Georgia
 * Grumman AF-2S Guardian BuNo 126731 - Airbase Arizona
 * Grumman Avenger
 * Grumman/General Motors TBM-3E Avenger BuNo 53353 - Missouri Wing
 * Grumman/General Motors TBM-3S Avenger BuNo 53503 - Rocky Mountain Wing
 * Grumman/General Motors TBM-3S Avenger BuNo 91426 - National Capital Squadron
 * Grumman/General Motors FM-2 Wildcat BuNo 86819 - Airbase Arizona
 * Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat Minsi III - Southern California Wing
 * Grumman F8F-2 Bearcat BuNo 122674 - Southern California Wing
 * Grumman S-2B Tracker BuNo 136404 - Old Dominion Squadron (status unknown, crashed 2007)
 * Hawker Sea Fury FB.10 c/n 41H-696792 (ex Royal Navy WJ288) - Memphis Squadron
 * Interstate L-6 Grasshopper

 * Lockheed C-60 Lodestar
 * Lockheed Model 18-50 Lodestar c/n 18-2274 - Hampton Roads, Virginia, painted as 255884
 * Lockheed C-60 Lodestar Goodtime Gal 42-56005 c/n 18-2478 - Houston Wing
 * Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon
 * Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star
 * McDonnell Douglas F-4N Phantom II BuNo 153016 - Airbase Arizona
 * Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun German liaison/trainer
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15UTI 012 - Airbase Arizona
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis 4415 - Airbase Arizona
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 - Airbase Arizona
 * Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF Fishbed-D 507 - Airbase Arizona
 * Mitsubishi A6M3 Model 22 Zero Japanese carrier fighter - Southern California Wing
 * Mitsubishi Zero fighter replica (North American Harvard conversion)
 * Morane-Saulnier MS-502 painted as Fieseler Fi 156 Storch - s/n 361 Delaware Valley Wing
 * Nakajima B5N Kate torpedo bomber replica (Vultee BT-13 Valiant conversion)
 * Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 - West Houston Squadron
 * Naval Aircraft Factory N3N-3 N4009A - High Sierra Squadron
 * North American AT-6 Texan (USN SNJ, RAF Harvard, various models)
 * North American Harvard II c/n 81-4099 - Inland Empire Wing
 * North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-13041 - Buffalo Heritage Squadron
 * North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-13517 - Highland Lakes Squadron
 * North American SNJ-4 Texan c/n 88-10177 - Southern California Wing
 * North American SNJ-5 Texan c/n 88-16676/42-84895/BuNo 84865 - Southern California Wing
 * North American SNJ-5 Texan BuNo 90725 - Airbase Arizona
 * North American SNJ-6 Texan BuNo 112180 - Minnesota Wing
 * North American B-25 Mitchell
 * North American B-25J-5NC Yellow Rose 43-27868 - Central Texas Wing
 * North American B-25J-10NC Maid in the Shade 43-35972 - Airbase Arizona
 * North American B-25J-20NC Miss Mitchell 44-29869 - Minnesota Wing
 * North American PBJ-1J-30NC Semper Fi 44-30988 - Southern California Wing
 * North American B-25J-30NC Show Me 44-31385 - Missouri Wing
 * North American B-25J-32NC Devil Dog 44-86758 - Devil Dog Squadron
 * North American NA-64 Yale (painted as BT-14)
 * North American P-51 Mustang
 * North American P-51C-10NT Mustang Tuskegee Airmen 42-103645 - Red Tail Squadron
 * North American P-51D-25-NA Mustang Man-O-War 44-72739 - Southern California Wing
 * North American P-51D-25-NA Mustang Red Nose 44-73843 - Airbase Georgia
 * North American T-28 Trojan
 * Piper L-4F
 * Republic P-47N-5RE Thunderbolt 44-88548 - Airbase Georgia (under restoration)
 * Ryan PT-22 Recruit
 * Ryan PT-22 Recruit 41-1902 - Minnesota Wing
 * Ryan L-17 Navion
 * Ryan Navion A N444AC - Highland Lakes Squadron
 * Sikorsky UH-19D-2-Sl Chickasaw 54-1416 helicopter
 * Schweizer TG-3A training glider - Airbase Arizona
 * Stinson AT-19 Reliant (Royal Navy) - Carolinas Wing
 * Stinson 108 (World War II Civil Air Patrol)
 * Stinson L-5 Sentinel (USN/Marines OY)
 * Stinson L-5E-1VW/OY-2 Sentinel Carin' Belle 44-18143/BuNo 04013 - Ohio Valley Wing
 * Stinson L-5 Sentinel c/n 76-0272 - Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
 * Stinson L-5 Sentinel Frozen Assets 42-98667 - Minnesota Wing
 * Stinson AT-19 Reliant
 * Supermarine Spitfire FR Mk.XIVe NH749 - Southern California Wing
 * Taylorcraft L-2
 * Vultee BT-13/BT-15/SNV
 * Vultee BT-13A 41-11538 - Minnesota Wing
 * Vultee BT-13A Valiant
 * Vultee BT-13A 41-21178 - Gulf Coast Wing
 * Yakovlev Yak-3UA - Southern California Wing

AIRSHO

AIRSHO is a yearly event at Midland International Airport showcasing the CAF's aircraft. Because its aircraft tend to be spread out over large geographic distances, and most Ghost Squadron aircraft rarely fly more than a few hours from their home base, AIRSHO is also an opportunity for CAF members to meet up. Ghost Squadron aircraft usually attend AIRSHO every other year. The CAF AIRSHO is the largest warbird air show in the world, with more than eighty warbirds flying per show.

Wings and squadrons
The CAF has more than 80 wings and squadrons. Starting in 2013, a limited number of larger units may be designated as an "airbase." The first is Airbase Arizona, located at Falcon Field in Mesa, Arizona and redesignated in June 2013. Most CAF units are in the United States, but there are three outside the country.

US wings and squadrons

 * Alabama
 * Birmingham – Birmingham Escadrille
 * Tanner – Rocket City Wing
 * Alaska
 * Anchorage – Col Hunt Alaska Wing
 * Arkansas
 * Little Rock – Razorback Wing
 * Arizona
 * Mesa – Airbase Arizona at Falcon Field
 * California
 * Camarillo – Southern California Wing
 * Modesto – Central California Valley Squadron
 * Riverside – Inland Empire Wing
 * Upland – FM-2 Wildcat Sponsor Group
 * Colorado
 * Broomfield – Mile High Wing
 * Grand Junction – Rocky Mountain Wing
 * Florida
 * DeLand – Florida Wing
 * Lakeland – Tampa Bay Wing
 * Pensacola – Floribama Wing
 * Georgia
 * Peachtree City – Airbase Georgia
 * Indiana
 * Indianapolis – Indiana Wing
 * Iowa
 * Council Bluffs – Great Plains Wing
 * Kansas
 * Kansas City – Heart of America Wing
 * Wichita – Jayhawk Wing
 * Louisiana
 * Hammond – Bayou State Escadrille
 * New Orleans – Big Easy Wing
 * Minnesota
 * Red Wing – Red Tail Squadron
 * South St. Paul – Minnesota Wing
 * Mississippi
 * Madison – Mississippi Wing
 * Missouri
 * St. Charles – Missouri Wing
 * Montana
 * Bozeman – Big Sky Wing
 * Nevada
 * Reno – High Sierra Squadron
 * New Hampshire
 * North Hampton – New England Wing
 * New York
 * Wappingers Falls – Hudson Valley Wing
 * New Mexico
 * Albuquerque – Lobo Wing
 * Ohio
 * Marysville – Buckeye Wing
 * Oklahoma
 * Enid – Lady Liberty Squadron
 * Guymon – Cimmaron Strip Wing
 * Oklahoma City – Sierra Hotel Sponsor Group
 * Tulsa – Spirit of Tulsa Squadron
 * Rhode Island
 * Westerly – Sea Control Squadron
 * South Dakota
 * Sioux Falls – Joe Foss Squadron
 * Tennessee
 * Lebanon – Music City Wing
 * Memphis – Delta Blues Squadron/Memphis Squadron
 * Texas
 * Aransas Pass – Maxine Flourney 3rd Coast Squadron
 * Burnet – Highland Lakes Squadron
 * Conroe – Gulf Coast Wing
 * Corsicana – Coyote Squadron
 * Dallas – P-40 Sponsor Group
 * Dallas – Training Squadron One (TRARON)
 * Dallas – WASP Squadron
 * Dallas – B-29/B-24 Squadron
 * Fort Worth – Bucket of Bolts Sponsor Group
 * Fort Worth – Invader Squadron
 * Gainesville – Ground Forces Detachment
 * Georgetown – Devil Dog Squadron
 * Granbury – Comanche Peak Sponsor Group
 * Houston – Houston Wing
 * Lancaster – Dallas/Fort Worth Wing
 * Marshall – Lone Star Wing
 * Midland – Blastards Detachment
 * Midland – High Sky Wing
 * Midland – West Texas Wing
 * Odessa – Desert Squadron
 * Pearland – Tora Sponsor Group
 * San Antonio – Tex Hill Wing
 * San Marcos – Centex Wing
 * Utah
 * Heber – Utah Wing
 * Virginia
 * Culpeper – Capital Wing
 * Washington
 * Everett – Rainier Squadron
 * Richland – Day's Pay
 * Wisconsin
 * Superior – Lake Superior Squadron
 * Waukesha – Wisconsin Wing
 * National units
 * EOD Detachment
 * Marshalling Detachment
 * Security Detachment

International wings and squadrons

 * France
 * Saint-Ange-le-Viel — French Wing
 * New Zealand
 * Auckland — New Zealand Wing
 * Switzerland
 * Olten — Swiss Wing

title: Commemorative Air Force


text:
Talk:Fort Assinniboine

STUB
This is a "stub." I don't know how to designate it as such. I've sent an e-mail to the people who have the web site linked to this page suggesting they write an article under this heading. In the meantime, maybe someone else will write something. --66.41.35.227 01:38, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Changed
Changed the Candanian Task Force tag to United States due to this being an United States fort.--Oldwildbill 13:28, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Useful but apparently inappropriate links

 * The Fort's TripAdvisor PageThis is fundamentally for tourism; however, it is especially useful because the fort is a relatively new site to public tours and this gives visitors something of an unbiased view of what other visitors think.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

This group page is a local's effort to raise some awareness of the fort.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The Fort's Facebook Page

This is the closest thing to an official page that the fort currently has.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The Fort's Chamber of Commerce Page

This is a vetted historical resource.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Montana Forts of the Old West

This is a very extensive collection of primary source material and an amazing research tool.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Northwest Digital Archives (NWDA) Collection of Fort Assiniboine Records

This is from Fort Benton which houses some of Montana's best museums and research facilities including the Schwinden Library and Archives, and the Joel F. Overholser Historical Research Center.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Fort Benton's Entry For Fort Assinniboine

FortWiki has scholarship I'd not found elsewhere.SAS1964 (talk) 18:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * FortWiki Entry

I do not understand how removing this link enhances the article.SAS1964 (talk) 18:13, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The official link to Hill County & Beaver Creek Park

 * Hi SAS, The NWDA source may be OK in some contexts, but first read WP:PRIMARY and WP:NOR. On wikipedia, we prefer secondary sources overall (there are exceptions, but read the guidelines linked here).  For the rest, here's the problem: per WP:RS: many of these sources are of dubious reliability save for very limited circumstances.  Facebook is virtually never viewed as a reliable source for anything.  SItes such as TripAdvisor, travel blogs, message boards, and the like are also virtually never deemed suitably reliable because they are unverifiable and often contain material that is simply opinion and thus doesn't pass muster as a "neutral, third-party source." (See WP:NPOV)   Legends of America is a commercial site and does not provide any verification for its content (If it were footnoted and such, it would move from a "no" to a "maybe." ) Generally, a "wiki"-anything will raise eyebrows because, as here, anyone can edit and at best these sources might lead you to THEIR sources.  The tourism sites (Chamber of Commerce, etc.) are in a gray area; they aren't ideal, as they are frequently puffed up with PR stuff and of dubious accuracy, but may have limited usefulness.   Government sites are often OK as an RS, but not as a generic external  link not related directly to the topic of the article, such as the Beaver Creek Park link.  See: WP:ELNO.  Sorry, but I'm just the messenger here.  WP:RS, WP:V and related policy and guidelines will help you understand what is and is not OK on wiki.   Montanabw (talk)  23:41, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a HUGE help to a relatively new editor. Learning to edit Wikipedia has been overwhelming. I think it may be worthy of a classroom course. I wonder if a certification process might help new editors avoid degrading the creators' intent. Omitting primary sources and prohibiting original research leaves me with very little reliable material from which to draw. Perhaps I need to publish my research more traditionally and try to inspire someone else to take the article from here. I work REALLY hard to remain neutral. In fact, that effort has led me to qualify many things I share on my tours (saying, "I've been unable to verify some things, which I'll call 'legends' during our tour today,"). This qualification has resulted in me not being able to elaborate very much on things people are quite interested in. I wonder if the Montana Historical Society can be counted as a reliable tertiary source. If they can, I can include the informational plaques on display here. So far I haven't found a textbook entry on the fort. If we can leave the links here on the talk space, I will look carefully at each and try to sort out what is reliable and what's sensational.SAS1964 (talk) 21:03, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Heh, I was once a tour guide for a historic building, and recall a fair amount of debate over how to handle assorted legends and anecdotes. FWIW, I just had a proposal accepted to teach an 8-hour, non-credit course on wikipedia editing through my local adult ed program. (I hope I get signups!) I would ABSOLUTELY encourage you to publish! (though read WP:SELFPUB before you do) As for the rest, primary sources aren't completely forbidden, but you are definitely not supposed to put your own spin on them (see WP:SYNTH) MHS material generally is considered reliable. That said, Museum plaques, like historical markers, are kind of a gray area, but if you can attribute the source, they sometimes pass muster.  (example: File:Goodkin sign.jpg as a source for File:Goodkind Block.jpg, though I should have taken an image of the whole marker with the MHS citation on it.  I did a better job for Temple Emanu-El (Helena, Montana) with File:Temple_Emanu-El_sign.jpg, but didn't need the sign because I found the same material in books).   Montanabw (talk)  08:42, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Assinaboine
Some time ago I found an old map on-line that names the place Fort Assinaboine with the Fort Assinaboine Indian Res. nearby. AMCKen (talk) 18:26, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort Assinniboine


text:
Ardent Records

Ardent Records is an American record label based in Memphis, which was founded by John Fry in 1959. Ardent of the 1960s and 1970s featured pop music acts and was distributed by Stax Records from 1972 until 1975. It is best remembered today for Big Star, whose first two albums, released in 1972 and 1974, helped define the style known as power pop. The label was initially an attempt by the R&B-focused Stax to move into rock music, but distribution problems prevented any releases from succeeding. Big Star became widely known through 1980s reissues and the long delayed first release of Third/Sister Lovers, recorded in 1974.

The label was revived in the 1990s with two divisions: Alternative Mainstream and Contemporary Christian. Former Big Star guitarist Alex Chilton released recordings on the Ardent mainstream division, which also released recordings by bands such as Spot, Jolene, Two Minutes Hate, The Idlewilds, Neighborhood Texture Jam, and Techno-Squid Eats Parliament. The mainstream division of Ardent Records was closed in the mid-1990s.

Ardent's Christian label issued its first Christian releases in 1995. Initial projects included albums from Big Tent Revival, Skillet, and Smalltown Poets. To date, Ardent Records has released more than 35 albums by artists such as Todd Agnew, Jonah33, Smalltown Poets, Satellite Soul, Clear, All Together Separate, Brother's Keeper, Justifide, Before You Breathe, NonFiction, and Joy Whitlock. In 2005, Ardent signed a deal with INO Records, a division of Integrity Media, to distribute and market its entire roster. The label's albums are recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis.

Roster
The following artists have performed under the Ardent label.

Current – mainstream

 * Greyhounds

title: Ardent Records