text:
List of harmonic analysis topics

This is a list of harmonic analysis topics. See also list of Fourier analysis topics and list of Fourier-related transforms, which are more directed towards the classical Fourier series and Fourier transform of mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and engineering.

Fourier series

 * Periodic function
 * Trigonometric function
 * Trigonometric polynomial
 * Exponential sum
 * Dirichlet kernel
 * Fejér kernel
 * Gibbs phenomenon
 * Parseval's identity
 * Parseval's theorem
 * Weyl differintegral
 * Generalized Fourier series
 * Orthogonal functions
 * Orthogonal polynomials
 * Empirical orthogonal functions
 * Set of uniqueness

Fourier transform

 * Continuous Fourier transform
 * Fourier inversion theorem
 * Plancherel's theorem
 * Convolution
 * Convolution theorem
 * Positive-definite function
 * Poisson summation formula
 * Paley-Wiener theorem
 * Sobolev space
 * Time–frequency representation
 * Quantum Fourier transform

Topological groups

 * Topological abelian group
 * Haar measure
 * Discrete Fourier transform
 * Dirichlet character
 * Amenable group
 * Von Neumann's conjecture
 * Pontryagin duality
 * Kronecker's theorem on diophantine approximation
 * Almost periodic function
 * Bohr compactification
 * Wiener's tauberian theorem

Representation theory

 * Representation of a Lie group
 * Unitary representation
 * Irreducible representation
 * Harish-Chandra character
 * Restricted representation
 * Induced representation
 * Peter–Weyl theorem
 * Spherical harmonic
 * Casimir operator
 * Hecke operator
 * Stone–von Neumann theorem
 * Discrete series representation
 * Tempered representation
 * Langlands program

Fast Fourier transform

 * Bluestein's FFT algorithm
 * Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm
 * Rader's FFT algorithm
 * Number-theoretic transform
 * Irrational base discrete weighted transform

Analysis of unevenly spaced data

 * Least-squares spectral analysis

Applications

 * FFT multiplication
 * Spectral method
 * Fourier transform spectroscopy
 * Signal analysis
 * Analytic signal
 * Welch method

title: List of harmonic analysis topics


text:
Talk:École normale supérieure (Paris)

old
I think it would be clearer to make an article for ENS as a whole and one about ENS (Ulm) since some things in the article are True for all ENS (eg studies) but other apply to Ulm (introduction, alumni).

Was Bourdieu ever professor at ENS? He was a professor at the Collège de France, though, but ENS? David.Monniaux 08:51, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

No, you're right. He was agrégé there but apparently taught at the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales. I guess I conflated the two. OK, I'll go remove the edit and put him in "famous normaliens." j.s.f. 22:20, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree it would be clearer to have a specific page for the ENS Ulm, and probably keep this one for information relevant to all four ENS. - Aridd, Oct. 12, 2005.

 * On the other hand, only Ulm is called the "École normale supérieure" period, the other ones are "...de Lyon", "...de Cachan", etc. Maybe we could have "École normale supérieure (Ulm)" and "Écoles normales supérieures", with "École normale supérieure" being simply a disambiguification page? --Gro-Tsen 16:44, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Évariste Galois never got to ENS. Take a look at the McTutor site for exemple.

 * He entered the ENS in 1829, taking the word both of every single biography of Galois I've ever read and of the official directory of ENS alumni (I just checked). And MacTutor does not say the contrary.  You may be misunderstanding the sentence “Galois therefore resigned himself to enter the École Normale”, which means that he did enter the École Normale (what he resigned himself not to enter was the École Polytechnique). --Gro-Tsen 08:42, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed Évariste Galois from the list because he never got to ENS. "In 1828 he attempted the entrance exam to École Polytechnique, without the usual preparation in mathematics, and failed. In that same year, he entered the École préparatoire, a far inferior institution for mathematical studies, where he did find some professors sympathetic to him.", this is from the article about Galois from Wikipedia and it complies with what I read about him.
 * The ecole preparatoire was a substitute for the ENS that had been suppressed during the Restauration period. (At that time, the ENS was inferior to polytechnique.)--2514 12:59, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Fields medalists
Should Grothendieck be on that list? He began studies at ENS but left and completed his PhD elsewhere. On the other hand, he wasn't exactly French.

 * I would say no — at least, not in the main list. It might be mentioned that both Grothendieck and Deligne attended courses at the ENS, but neither can be counted as a French fields medalist (Deligne is Belgian and Grothendieck was stateless at least for some time) nor as an ENS alumnus. --Gro-Tsen 12:28, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The ENS does not deliver degrees, so any student who went to the ENS, even for a year, can be considered as an ENS alumnus (the alumni refered to themselves as ancients élèves de l'ENS - former students of ENS - not as graduated from ENS). 82.242.236.21 18:12, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Beginning last year (in 2006), the ENS (at least Ulm) now confers degrees. --ponyboy 05:40, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Ecole normale supérieure
Note that the official name of the Ulm establishment is "École normale supérieure", not "École normale supérieure de Paris" or "École normale supérieure de la rue d'Ulm". However, because of the awkward situation of having other establishments called ENS-Lyon etc., people often call it merely "Ulm" or "ENS-Ulm". David.Monniaux 17:53, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

French Science?
Why has the French Science box been added to this page and given such prominence? The ENS is very implicated in letters, not just science. Furthermore, the French Science box seems to present this page as representing all the ENSes, whereas this page is an article about the ENS at the rue d'Ulm only.

-- MyPOV (talk) 22:50, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Double article
What about École_normale_supérieure? --Saippuakauppias ⇄ 11:21, 12 June 2009 (UTC)
 * École normale supérieure deals with all the ENS like École normale supérieure (France) in the french version of Wikipédia. École Normale Supérieure deals with the ENS Ulm ( École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm — Paris) in french). In french when you talk of Normal sup, you usually refer to the ENS Ulm, because it's the oldest ones and the most famous. Yves-Laurent (talk) 07:50, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Undergraduates, ranking
The page lists the ENS as having no undergraduates. This is misleading. There are essentially two kinds of students at ENS - [There's also the aggrégation, but let's leave that out for the moment.]
 * élèves, entering the school at L3 level, and exiting at M2 level. In North American terms, this corresponds to entering as a junior or senior (having done the first two years at a classe préparatoire), and leaving with a master's. According to Wikipedia, there are 900 élèves currently; they enter by a highly selective contest. They generally live on campus (or in an off-campus dorm).
 * étudiants, or doctoral students. An élève may stay as an étudiant (if he or she finds a supervisor); an étudiant can also have done his or her first degree or master's elsewhere.

It's pretty clear that we have a division here corresponding roughly to 'undergraduate' and 'graduate', though with a two-year shift. The info box should reflect this division.

Now, as for the famous or infamous world rankings. To judge in part from other Wikipedia pages, these are taken seriously by (a) second-tier Anglo-Saxon institutions that do better in them than they expect, (b) masochistic French politicians. (The rankings aren't used much in the US - in fact, in top institutions, people seem to find them silly and fake, in the rare ocassions they are aware of them.) It is my opinion that they should be omitted from the leading paragraphs - their classification of ENS as the best school in continental europe would be omitted as well, of course, for consistency.

If the rankings are mentioned elsewhere, they should be given with plenty of context. These rankings privilege (a) size, (b) institutions organised according to Anglo-American lines. In many ways, the sensible thing to compare ENS to is not, say, the University of Cambridge, but rather Trinity. If Trinity College were ranked on its own, by people completely unfamiliar with the way the Oxbridge college system works, then... 147.65.4.231 (talk) 11:35, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There's a misunderstanding here - the étudiants are not doctoral students, but students admitted to the ENS outside of the main entrance route, the national concours. However, academically they have the same program as the élèves (no two-year gap here), meaning that they start at the L3 (or sometimes M1) level. There *are* in fact doctoral students attached to the ENS, but they are outside of the étudiant-élève dichotomy. Furthermore, only few doctoral students are formally attached to the ENS; they might work in a lab that is part of the ENS, but could be registered at one of the nearby universities. Logosun (talk) 23:25, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

New logo
As of this week, the ENS has a new logo, see http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article1670&lang=fr. I think it'd be a useful edit if someone experienced could replace the old one appearing on this page. Logosun (talk) 17:20, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

Modifications November 2014
As I have made many modifications to the article over the last few days, I have thought it best to give a recap of what I have done and explain my method.

-I created the 'History' section, mainly with the help of the corresponding article in the French wikipedia. It is still incompletely referenced. I think we should add the reference books about the history of ENS to a new 'references' section, like is the case on the French wikipedia article.

-I removed the 'Overview' segment, which was a disorganised repeat of the summary section at the top of the page. I replaced it with an 'Organisation' section, with separate sub-sections about sites, recruitment, divisions and libraries.

-The 'Affiliations' and 'Influence abroad' section were very incomplete, I replaced them with the 'Domestic and foreign networks' section, whose title I admit is not too good. I created three sub-sections within this section: affiliations, domestic partnerships, international partnerships; this again mainly with help from the article on the French wikipedia.

-There was a quasi-empty section called 'Free online content' which contained only two rather heterogeneous sentences about the online platform and the Presses de l'ENS. I removed this section and replaced it with a 'Public face' section (again the title is not perfect), with three sub-sections: online and book publishing, the ENS foundation, and rankings/reputation. The first two's content came especially from the French wikipedia once again. The last sub-section I filled with what I had removed from the summary header at the top of the page, as rankings do not in my mind have their place in the header (I checked on most of the big university pages, such as University of Oxford, and found that indeed most often a specific sub-section was written to accomodate them).

-Finally, there was a bogus section called 'Alumni and faculty', which just featured a link to the List of École Normale Supérieure people page. I replaced this section with a 'Notable alumni' section like in other university pages, and wrote the section from scratch basing myself on what I saw was written for other universities.

Referencing is still ongoing. 41.236.173.160 (talk) 11:52, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:École normale supérieure (Paris)


text:
Talk:Vascular plant

How do they move water?
I have the following question which might seem stupid but I have to ask. How do vascular plants move water etc. in the tracheids? For instance in humans the heart pumps the blood..How does this work in plants especially since gravity would do a pretty good job pulling all the juices down? jerry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.30.220.167 (talk) 08:55, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Capillary action. Because tracheids are so freaskily thin, gravity is irrelevant for these tubes to certain extend. Transpiration also sucks the sap up. --Menchi 09:44, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Thank you very much for the quick and enlightening answer. Maybe there should be a link for the capillary action page within the article. Thanks again. jerry-greece — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.30.220.167 (talk) 07:04, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's been done. :-) --Menchi 08:31, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

wording
The article says this: "is haploid with one set of chromosomes per cell." Is there any other type of haploid? That is, can something be haploid without that? (I don't think so, but I don't know what the writer was trying to say.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Falatwar (talk • contribs) 00:15, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Haploid indicates "half" of a full set of chromosomes. This actually can be very misleading in plants because some plants are truly "polyploidy" meaning they are actually 3N (or more), which is double the full set of chromosomes. I think the writer meant to explain haploid by saying "with one set of chromosomes per cell." I suggest dropping that portion of the sentence and linking haploid to the correct article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.255.231.209 (talk) 03:48, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

question
Magnoliophyta? What happened to Angiophyta? I hate to change something that I may be out of date on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.255.231.209 (talk) 03:52, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Angiophyta is synonymous with Magnoliophyta; the name "Magnoliophyta" is much more commonly used.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 23:13, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

request
I need more examples of vascular plants! I don't know much about it so I need more information about vascular and nonvascular plants. -Helen — Preceding unsigned comment added by Curious Helen Researcher (talk • contribs) 11:44, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Need More
Need more examples!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Okay Okay-Gavin —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.160.42.13 (talk) 00:42, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

I NEED TO LEARN ABOUT VASCULAR PLANTS BECAUSE IM DOING A PROJECT ON IT AND I DONT REALLY HAVE A DISCRIBCTION OF A VASCULAR PLANT-ALEXUS  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.181.51.56 (talk) 22:22, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

 * See WP:DYOH Smartse (talk) 10:24, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Wording #2
At the beginning of the Nutrient Distribution section it is stated: “Nutrients and water from the soil and the organic compound produces in leaves”. Should this not be “Nutrients and water from the soil and the organic compounds produced in leaves” instead??? (sans the italics, of course)

195.59.102.18 (talk) 14:32, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes it should have. Changed it. Thanks Smartse (talk) 19:57, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a small number (about 100) selected for the first week of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

However with only a few hours to go, comments have only been made on two of the pages.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially.

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 20:46, 15 June 2010 (UTC).

 * I saw that this page was listed as one of the "pending changes" trial articles. However it has been semi-protected for two years, without any significant vandalism since. I asked for it to be un-protected, which HJ Mitchell has kindly done. Therefore this article is no longer protected. It shouldn't be subject to the "pending changes" trial. Axl  ¤  [Talk]  16:13, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

History of evolution
I came here wanting to know more about the evolution but found nothing on the topic, not even a link to another page that has this info. Can somebody with more info add it here, or link to it? Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.158.13.177 (talk) 12:46, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 January 2020 and 22 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Pinguicula dilemma.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 7 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vallion04. Peer reviewers: Vanessa R Garcia, Nick.Gonzal.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by Galanthus speciale (talk) 18:47, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

Paradox?
According to the article, vascular plants (of which lycophytes is a subgroup) existed since 425 Ma. According to the article on lycophytes, lycophytes existed for 428. Either did vascular plants exist for longer than 428, or lycophytes for no longer than 425 (unless the truth is in between these values). Alfa-ketosav (talk) 19:41, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I doubt that such ages are accurate to within ±3 Ma. Peter coxhead (talk) 21:43, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Applied Plant Ecology Winter 2024
— Assignment last updated by Cattleya.trianae (talk) 04:03, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vascular plant


text:
Elliptic partial differential equation

Second-order linear partial differential equations (PDEs) are classified as either elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic. Any second-order linear PDE in two variables can be written in the form

 * $$Au_{xx} + 2Bu_{xy} + Cu_{yy} + Du_x + Eu_y + Fu +G= 0,\,$$

where $A$, $B$, $C$, $D$, $E$, $F$, and $G$ are functions of $x$ and $y$ and where $$u_x=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}$$, $$u_{xy}=\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x \partial y}$$ and similarly for $$ u_{xx},u_y,u_{yy}$$. A PDE written in this form is elliptic if

 * $$B^2-AC<0,$$

with this naming convention inspired by the equation for a planar ellipse. Equations with $$B^2 - AC = 0$$ are termed parabolic while those with $$B^2 - AC > 0$$ are hyperbolic.

The simplest examples of elliptic PDEs are the Laplace equation, $$\Delta u=u_{xx}+u_{yy}=0$$, and the Poisson equation, $$\Delta u=u_{xx}+u_{yy}=f(x,y).$$ In a sense, any other elliptic PDE in two variables can be considered to be a generalization of one of these equations, as it can always be put into the canonical form

 * $$u_{xx}+u_{yy}+\text{ (lower-order terms)}=0 $$

through a change of variables.

Qualitative behavior
Elliptic equations have no real characteristic curves, curves along which it is not possible to eliminate at least one second derivative of $$u$$ from the conditions of the Cauchy problem. Since characteristic curves are the only curves along which solutions to partial differential equations with smooth parameters can have discontinuous derivatives, solutions to elliptic equations cannot have discontinuous derivatives anywhere. This means elliptic equations are well suited to describe equilibrium states, where any discontinuities have already been smoothed out. For instance, we can obtain Laplace's equation from the heat equation $$u_t=\Delta u $$ by setting $$u_t=0$$. This means that Laplace's equation describes a steady state of the heat equation.

In parabolic and hyperbolic equations, characteristics describe lines along which information about the initial data travels. Since elliptic equations have no real characteristic curves, there is no meaningful sense of information propagation for elliptic equations. This makes elliptic equations better suited to describe static, rather than dynamic, processes.

Derivation of canonical form
We derive the canonical form for elliptic equations in two variables, $$u_{xx}+u_{xy}+u_{yy}+\text{ (lower-order terms)}=0 $$.

 * $$\xi =\xi (x,y)$$ and $$\eta=\eta(x,y) $$.

If $$u(\xi, \eta)=u[\xi(x, y), \eta(x,y)]$$, applying the chain rule once gives

 * $$u_{x}=u_\xi \xi_x+u_\eta \eta_x$$ and $$u_{y}=u_\xi \xi_y+u_\eta \eta_y$$,

a second application gives

 * $$u_{xx}=u_{\xi\xi} {\xi^2}_x+u_{\eta\eta} {\eta^2}_x+2u_{\xi\eta}\xi_x\eta_x+u_{\xi}\xi_{xx}+u_{\eta}\eta_{xx},$$

 * $$u_{yy}=u_{\xi\xi} {\xi^2}_y+u_{\eta\eta} {\eta^2}_y+2u_{\xi\eta}\xi_y\eta_y+u_{\xi}\xi_{yy}+u_{\eta}\eta_{yy},$$ and

 * $$u_{xy}=u_{\xi\xi} \xi_x\xi_y+u_{\eta\eta} \eta_x\eta_y+u_{\xi\eta}(\xi_x\eta_y+\xi_y\eta_x)+u_{\xi}\xi_{xy}+u_{\eta}\eta_{xy}.$$

We can replace our PDE in x and y with an equivalent equation in $$\xi$$ and $$\eta$$

 * $$au_{\xi\xi} + 2bu_{\xi\eta} + cu_{\eta\eta} \text{ + (lower-order terms)}= 0,\,$$

where

 * $$a=A{\xi_x}^2+2B\xi_x\xi_y+C{\xi_y}^2,$$

 * $$b=2A\xi_x\eta_x+2B(\xi_x\eta_y+\xi_y\eta_x) +2C\xi_y\eta_y ,$$ and

 * $$c=A{\eta_x}^2+2B\eta_x\eta_y+C{\eta_y}^2.$$

To transform our PDE into the desired canonical form, we seek $$\xi$$ and $$\eta$$ such that $$a=c$$ and $$b=0$$. This gives us the system of equations

 * $$a-c=A({\xi_x}^2-{\eta_x}^2)+2B(\xi_x\xi_y-\eta_x\eta_y)+C({\xi_y}^2-{\eta_y}^2)=0$$

 * $$b=0=2A\xi_x\eta_x+2B(\xi_x\eta_y+\xi_y\eta_x) +2C\xi_y\eta_y ,$$

Adding $$i$$ times the second equation to the first and setting $$\phi=\xi+ i \eta$$ gives the quadratic equation

 * $$A{\phi_x}^2+2B\phi_x\phi_y+C{\phi_y}^2=0.$$

Since the discriminant $$ B^2-AC<0$$, this equation has two distinct solutions,

 * $${\phi_x},{\phi_y}=\frac{B\pm i\sqrt{AC-B^2}}{A} $$

which are complex conjugates. Choosing either solution, we can solve for $$\phi(x,y)$$, and recover $$\xi$$ and $$\eta$$ with the transformations $$\xi=\operatorname{Re} \phi $$ and $$\eta=\operatorname{Im}\phi$$. Since $$\eta$$ and $$\xi$$ will satisfy $$a-c=0$$ and $$b=0$$, so with a change of variables from x and y to $$\eta$$ and $$\xi$$ will transform the PDE

 * $$Au_{xx} + 2Bu_{xy} + Cu_{yy} + Du_x + Eu_y + Fu +G= 0,\,$$

into the canonical form

 * $$u_{\xi\xi}+u_{\eta\eta}+\text{ (lower-order terms)}=0, $$

as desired.

In higher dimensions
A general second-order partial differential equation in $n$ variables takes the form

 * $$\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n a_{i,j} \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x_i \partial x_j} \; \text{ + (lower-order terms)} = 0.$$

This equation is considered elliptic if there are no characteristic surfaces, i.e. surfaces along which it is not possible to eliminate at least one second derivative of $u$ from the conditions of the Cauchy problem.

Unlike the two-dimensional case, this equation cannot in general be reduced to a simple canonical form.

title: Elliptic partial differential equation


text:
Battle of Honkaniemi

The Battle of Honkaniemi was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces on 26 February 1940. This battle was notable for being fought by tanks, the only time they were used en masse in combat by Finnish forces in the Winter War.

The commander of the Finnish II Corps, General Harald Öhquist, had attached the Jaeger Battalion 3 and the 4th company of the Armoured Battalion to the 23rd Division.

The 23rd was responsible for the area around Lake Näykkijärvi, just to the southeast of Viipuri, the second largest town in Finland. Also, the 3rd Battalion of the 67th Infantry Regiment that was on loan to the 5th division arrived as well, giving the reinforcement that the commander of the 23rd Division, Colonel Voldemar Oinonen, needed to launch an attack against the Soviets. At 10:15 pm, the commander of the Jaeger Battalion 3, Captain I. Kunnas and Lieutenant O. Heinonen of the 4th Armoured Company received orders to attack.

Plan
The original plan had involved six infantry battalions, four artillery battalions and the 4th Armoured Company. However, due to the haste to get the plan up and running, the planners missed important aspects of the battle, therefore reducing the overall number of units to four infantry battalions, two artillery battalions and the all important 4th Tank Company.

Assault
On the nights of 25 and 26 February, members of the Jaeger Battalion were carried by truck to Heponotko, which was about three km away from a depot in Honkaniemi (now Lebedevka). They then skied to the start point at 4:00 am. The tank company arrived around 30 minutes later after a 50 km march. That journey, however, cost them more than they would have liked. Since the conditions of the weather and roads were equally bad, the tank company lost five of their 13 Vickers 6-Ton tanks, mostly due to engine failure.

Seeing this as a major blow to their offensive capabilities, Captain Kunnas split his remaining tanks between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Jaeger Companies. Six tanks were to support the Jaegers while two were to help the 1st secure the left flank. It was decided that the attack would commence at 5:00 am, but communication with the artillery battalions failed; so it was decided that they would try again at 6:15 am.

When communications with the artillery battalions were restored, the time had come to attack. However another setback had occurred. During the preliminary artillery barrage, some of the shells landed at the start point, resulting in 30 Finns being killed or wounded. The attack had to be postponed by another hour.

Beginning
After the initial bombardment by two artillery battalions (the 1st Battalions of the 5th and 21st Artillery Regiments), the attack commenced. Nevertheless, the Finns had had another set-back, another two tanks had been lost to technical failure, thereby reducing the total Finnish Tanks to only six for the entire battle. Even after all these set-backs, there were more to come. The 1st Jaeger Battalion had advanced some 200 meters before having to halt under heavy fire from the Red Army. The 1st Jaeger Company which was covering the left flank, advanced towards the railroad only to be unable to cross it. The 2nd and 3rd Jaeger Companies, which were the main attack force, had advanced to 200 meters southwest of the railroad, but had to be stopped.

Tank backup
The 4th Armoured Company had one of the worst days ever. One of its tanks got stuck in a ditch; the turret was damaged in the process and it had to retreat back to the starting point. The remaining five tanks were lost in a more honourable way, "being targeted by T-26s, T-28s and 45 mm anti-tank guns".

The platoon commander's tank, Lt.V. Mikkola's, advanced the farthest, almost 500 meters, almost into the Soviet lines. Only two Finnish tanks were able to destroy other Soviet tanks, the tank of Corporal E. Seppälä, which had kept on fighting after being immobilized, had taken out two Soviet tanks before the crew had to abandon their vehicle. The other tank was commanded by 2nd Lt. J. Virniö, which had destroyed one tank before being damaged.

Finnish retreat
Captain Kunnas received orders at 10:00 pm that he was to abort the attack and retreat. The Finns' first tank battle met with an unsuccessful end. The entire tank battle had been fought with inexperienced crews and almost no radio communication. In order to save money, the tanks had been bought from the UK without guns, optics and radios, and some even without the driver's seat. Due to the lack of vital equipment, communication between tanks was impossible and the tanks had to act upon their own judgement.

Aftermath
The battle caused the deaths of one NCO while injuring two officers and two NCOs; three privates were reported missing in action. Even though the Soviets had a huge advantage over the Finns in numbers and weapons, the Finnish troopers pressed home the attack.

On 27 February 1940 the remaining eight tanks of the 4th Tank Company were ordered to move to the Rautalampi area for anti-tank duties.

According to Russian sources during the day of 26 February, six Finnish tanks were destroyed in two separate engagements. No losses to their own tanks were recorded. The journal of the 35th Armored Brigade states: "Two Vickers tanks with infantry backup advanced to the right flank of [the] 245th Infantry Regiment. Both enemy tanks were destroyed in the following battle. Four Vickers tanks moved to their help, but were destroyed by three T-26 tanks of companies commanders on [a] recon mission."

title: Battle of Honkaniemi


text:
Talk:Prospero Alpini

Sexual theorist
I've (temporarily) removed this contribution from User:Gillo as it does not appear to be currently verifiable (see User talk:Gillo). Hopefully the information will be published soon and we can return it to the article. — Matt 08:57, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 On his return, he resided for some time at Genoa as physician to Andrea Doria, at whose court he befriended the notorious English homosexual Leland Price. This relationship spurred the writing and secret publication of two seminal texts in homosexual studies, De Amatoria Virili (Genoa, 1588) and Remedia Incesti Amoris (1591). Eventually, the stigma of their assocation caused him to be exiled to Padua in 1593, where he was appointed professor of botany.

Infobox
I added an infobox, but unfortunately this made placing the other picture on the page very difficult. I've added this to an image gallery temporarily, until the article is increased in length to allow the full image to be placed without looking out of place. Timichio (talk) 17:52, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prospero Alpini


text:
User:Dovi

English Wikipedia

Myself

Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. This is the incredible potential of Wikipedia and Wikimedia's other projects in their many languages. The possibilities are endless, and I'm glad to take part.

Nice quotes:
 * "I love a library that never closes—one of my childhood dreams fulfilled" (Ralph from the USA, upon donation of $100 to the 2008 fundraiser). I feel exactly the same way!

Wikisource · ויקיטקסט
I am most active at Wikisource, in Hebrew (especially) and also occasionally in English. My talk page here at Wikipedia is the best place to contact me in English. Also see:
 * My User Page at Hebrew Wikisource (talk)
 * My User Page at English Wikisource (talk)
 * דף המשתמש שלי בוויקיטקסט עברית
 * שיחה

If you are unfamiliar with Wikisource and would like to learn more about it, there is no better introduction than Danny Wool's fine article about the project. Read it!

I helped push forward the process of setting up language subdomains for Wikisource, first in Hebrew (August, 2004) and then later in English (September, 2005) and other languages (2005-2006). Wikisource is now at the point where it stands on its own feet in so many languages that my help is no longer needed to help establish new ones, a fact which gives me great pleasure.

I think it is extraordinary that the Wikimedia Foundation provides a framework for people of all languages and cultures to make free-content versions of the classic texts in their language available to the world, as well as to build the framework for editing, organizing, and displaying these classic texts in their own language.

Current Activities at Hebrew Wikisource:
 * My major activity at Hebrew Wikisource is building the Wikisource edition of Arukh Hashulchan. The Arukh Hashulchan is an important and relevant halakhic work on all four parts of the Shulchan Arukh. The Wikisource edition is edited and formatted for accuracy and user-friendliness. So far over 500 simanim (chapters) have been completed.
 * I am also slowly completing a list of haftarot according to the order of the books of Nevi'im, which may be found here as part of the Wikisource Vayavinu Bamikra project.

Past Contributions to Hebrew Wikisource:
 * Helping to set up, organize, and contribute content to the Hebrew Wikisource Mikraot Gedolot.
 * Helping to set up, organize, and contribute content to the Hebrew Wikisource Vayavinu Bamikra project (for media relating to reading the Tanakh with cantillation).
 * Helping to set up, organize, and contribute content to the Hebrew Wikisource Open Mishnah Project.

Wikipedia · ויקיפדיה
Besides Wikisource, I have also been contributing to Wikipedia since May 2004. I have written or contributed to a number of articles in the past, especially in the field of Judaica (but also on some completely unrelated topics). I don't contribute massive amounts, nor am I even around most days, but I do hope I have been able to improve quality over the long term in quite a few articles.

I am very interested in getting the two projects, Wikipedia and Wikisource, to use each other actively as resources.

Current Wikipedia Activities:
 * Parashah – Slowly but surely, since April 2007 I have been working to expand this article into the most comprehensive and definitive source of information on the topic available anywhere. Though currently incomplete it already has lots of great information, and I was gratified to find and read the outstanding French translation of my work.
 * Yes, I see that I need to get back to this... Dovi (talk) 21:21, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

The Mediawiki Software · תוכנת מדיה-ויקי
Mediawiki Software is the best tool in the world for collecting and organizing human knowledge, in all of its forms and in every language.

Explanation: It is true that a single wiki cannot accommodate all forms of knowledge in a satisfactory way. That is why we have complementary projects on different wikis (e.g. Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikisource). Nor can a single wiki accommodate all languages satisfactorily. But a single wiki can fully accommodate a project in any language, and that is why each language project gets its own wiki. It is a family of complementary wikis (like the Wikimedia projects) that has unlimited potential for collecting and organizing human knowledge. Yes, literally unlimited, especially because the communities using the wikis also support the continued open development of the software. This is the basis of what makes the Wikimedia Foundation great, as well as the most multilingual project in the world.

Useful links: MediaWiki.org (watch) | MediaWiki roadmap | OmegaWiki (watch) | Betawiki | Wikitech-l mail archives | MediaWiki-l mail archives | Mediawiki languages

 Software improvements:  There are several major software changes that have been talked about for years. Serious coding work has been done on all of them by dedicated programmers, and all of them are planned for the future. But most important, they spotlight the central technical needs of Wikimedia projects that have not yet been provided for.

As the programmers continue to make progress, the one-by-one implementation of these features will vastly increase the usefulness of all the Wikimedia projects:
 * √ For coordination: Single log-in for all projects in all languages. Since completion, this feature has done more than anything to turn the many Wikimedia projects and languages into a single family. Now it far easier to participate on more than one wiki and it feels natural. Here is my own SUL.
 * √ For reliability: Stable versions of articles. In my opinion, this is not really an "extension" at all but an essential part of the functionality of any wiki. Therefore, it should be enabled on all wikis (for all namespaces) as the default view. I disagree with those who consider it relevant only to very large wikis. The extension has been completed, but is still not well-implemented at Wikimedia projects.
 * For versatility:
 * Database features for pages (OmegaWiki), so that some day it will become possible to accommodate all languages on a single wiki.
 * √ My own suggestion for much greater versatility was Labeled section transclusion. Now implemented, this allows designating any part of a wiki-page to be used in other contexts through transclusion (rather than just transcluding whole pages). It seemed like an obvious "next step" given the nature of the Mediawiki software and how it uses transclusion. Though initially conceived with Wikisource in mind (and now implemented and widely used there), it could find myriad uses in all the projects. Having become a working extension (thanks to the efforts of Sanbeg), this feature even made the news at the Wikipedia Signpost.
 * Other details:
 * The ability to rename files that have been uploaded (images, recordings), especially at the Commons.
 * Unicode normalization considerations (2399 includes a response by Ken Whistler, Unicode 5.0 editor). This bug is the reason for the Niqqud problem.

Censorship
One thing I feel strongly about as a Wikimedian is that Wikimedia must not bow to government censorship. Wikimedia is committed to making information freely available in a neutral way. To hamper Wikimedia projects because of concerns about government censorship is not neutral, but a way of taking sides.

Therefore, congratulations on the creation of Chinese Wikinews! The Wikimedia Foundation is already an outstanding organization, and this makes it even better yet.

My prediction: The Chinese government will eventually stop blocking Wikimedia websites. Initially, this will be because blocking an open website, built by contributors, whose only "crime" is a committment to neutrality - will prove too embarrassing to them to continue blocking it. In the longer term, it will be because Wikimedia is simply too powerful an organization. Yes, powerful. Powerful not because of its armies and police (zero), but because it provides tools and products that are so important and useful—eventually, indispensible—that China will simply not be able to afford to do without it.

Instead, the government may try to influence Chinese Wikipedia, Wikinews, etc. by pushing its own views within the product itself. That in itself, of course, will be a victory, when the government will be forced to defend its positions by force of argument rather than force of arms.

 * My personal collection of links relevant to Wikimedia projects in Chinese
 * Blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China

Musings on Wikipedia Languages

 * Under 100 articles = future potential (because at least the wiki has been set up), but nothing worthwhile right now.
 * Over 100 articles = Signs of life.
 * Over 1000 articles = The community is small but now truly alive; the encyclopedia still has little current value. (As of 17.06.06 this is 54 languages.)
 * Over 10,000 articles = Already a resource that has significant value; built and supported by a small but significant community. (As of 17.06.06 this is 34 languages.)
 * Over 100,000 articles = A resource of great value, built and supported by a strong community. (As of 17.06.06 this is 9 languages.)
 * Over 1,000,000 articles = A tremendous resource the likes of which the world has never before seen, built and supported by a truly vast community. (As of 17.06.06 this is just 1 language.)

My predictions for 2007: Actual results at the end of 2007 in italics.
 * By the end of the year there will be Wikipedias in up to 100 languages that have 10,000 or more articles (i.e. 100 different languages with significantly valuable content and communities).
 * Result: 75 languages now have over 10,000 articles. The 100th largest Wikipedia currently has 4,721 articles.
 * At least a dozen more languages will have 100,000 or more articles (i.e. resources of great value with very strong communities behind them). The 10,000 to 100,000 jump is far bigger than the smaller ones, especially for smaller languages that will not be able to maintain a high exponential rate of growth forever.
 * Result: "At least another dozen" would have meant 9+12=21 Wikipedias with over 100,000 articles. There are now actually 15 such Wikipedias, and several others are very close. The 21st largest Wikipedia now has 84,467 articles.

''Conclusion: I was too optimistic. The trend is true, but not quite as fast as I had thought. It may take up to another year for a full 100 languages to reach 10,000, and for the first two dozen of them to have over 100,000. But it will happen in the not-too-distant future, and that will be a happy milestone for Wikipedia. Be the numbers as they may, Wikipedia is the most multilingual project in the world, and the most successful multilingual project in the world. The current numbers are also an extraordinary achievement.''

 * List of Wikipedias at Meta
 * ISO 639 Code Tables (the ultimate list of languages and their codes)
 * Multilingual MediaWiki (the technical future of multilingualism in the software)

Interests
The following was my first "hello" to Wikipedia:

For the time being I plan to contribute to articles on Judaism, but avoiding the ones that spark polemics. (That unfortunately is one of the disadvantages of Wikipedia.)

Would love to be in contact with others working on the same topics.Dovi 08:58, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Useful code

Sandbox

 * User:Dovi/sandbox (in the links at the top of the page)

 * User:Dovi/Sandbox
 * User:Dovi/Parashot in the Torah
 * User:Dovi/Rabbinic Literature

he:משתמש:Dovi

title: User:Dovi


text:
Velvia

Velvia is a brand of daylight-balanced color reversal film produced by the Japanese company Fujifilm. The original incarnation of the film was called "Velvia for Professionals", known as RVP, a classification code meaning "Reversal/Velvia/Professional series". It is known for its extremely high level of color saturation and image quality.

Velvia (RVP ) was introduced in 1990. It has brighter and generally more accurate color reproduction (though many see its high color saturation as unrealistic), finer grain, twice the speed, and a more convenient process (E-6). Kodachrome 25 fell out of popularity a few years after Velvia was introduced (in part because of Kodak's lack of interest in promoting their film); Kodachrome 64 and 200 followed more slowly. Kodachrome 25 had previously been considered the film to which all other films had been compared, and cannot fairly be compared to Velvia, as Kodachrome is an entirely different process, in which the image is produced with "color clouds" more so than grain.

Velvia has the highest resolving power of any slide film. A 35 mm Velvia slide can resolve up to 160 lines per mm.

Appearance
Velvia has very saturated colors under daylight, high contrast, and exceptional sharpness. These characteristics make it the slide film of choice for many nature photographers.

Velvia (RVP)
The original Velvia (RVP) was an ISO 50 film. In practice, many photographers used an exposure index (EI) of 40 or 32 to increase exposure slightly (one or two thirds of a stop respectively) in order to yield less saturated colors and more shadow detail. It was discontinued in 2008.

Velvia 50
Velvia 50 (RVP50 ) was reintroduced, on the new film base, in 2007 after announcements under the provisional name Velvia II. The original Velvia (RVP) had been discontinued because of difficulties in obtaining some of the raw materials needed to make the emulsion. Fuji R&D created a new emulsion which substituted different materials in its manufacture yet retained the appearance of the classic Velvia.

Velvia 100
Velvia 100 (RVP 100) is about as saturated as the original version (RVP) but was designed to more accurate in color reproduction. It used the new "Super-fine Sigma-crystal" technology which ended the need for larger grain size to achieve greater film speed. The newer speed also has finer grain (an RMS granularity value of 8), and uses the color correction layers found in Provia 100F. The Advanced DIR Technology releases developer inhibitors release compounds that regulate interlayer and edge effects yielding dramatic improvements in color reproduction. Velvia 100 (RVP 100) was introduced in 2005, to replace the discontinued original Velvia (RVP). The color rendition of Velvia 100 was designed to record all colors even more accurately. Reciprocity failure was reduced for long exposures and dye stability extended. Fujichrome F transparency films held color accuracy for years of archival color stability, while Kodachrome films faded in less than 20 minutes of accrued projection. Fujichrome films went up to 18 hours without fade. Fade is defined by a color shift of at least 10% in any color layer. All Fujichrome product layers faded at the same rate, which means the image could fade 10% but could not color shift. 10% fade was determined to be the effect noticeable by viewers of the images.

On July 6, 2021, Fujifilm announced the discontinuation of Velvia 100 within the United States, effective immediately. The chemical phenol, isopropylated phosphate (3:1) (PIP (3:1)) (CASRN 68937-41-7), the use of which is banned under the EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), is present in minuscule quantities within the layers of the film. While Fujifilm believes the trace amount is not harmful to the environment, they opted to discontinue the film within the United States out of dedication to sustainability and compliance with the regulation. Their statement does not make it clear if the film will continue to be sold in other markets.

Velvia 100F
Velvia 100F (RVP 100F ) offers saturated colors, better color fidelity and higher contrast. It was introduced in 2002 and discontinued in 2012 in most formats and markets, and is now only sold as sheet film (4x5" and 8x10") in Japan only. Velvia 100F is less saturated than RVP50 and is accurate in color rendition with the exception of yellow. It exaggerates this color, especially when there is a slight yellowish cast in the scene. On film, this will be a deeper and more noticeable yellow. Skin color was rendered better.

Long exposure problems
The original Velvia (RVP) suffered much more from reciprocity failure than most other films. Exposing the film for as little as 16 seconds produced a color shift, typically to purple or green, depending on shooting conditions. Anything over four seconds requires the use of magenta color correction filters if correct color balance is required, exposures of 64 seconds and longer are "not recommended" by Fuji.

Velvia 100 (RVP 100) is much better with long exposures: no reciprocity failure compensation is required for exposures shorter than 1 minute.

Velvia in cinematography
Velvia film stock was available through 2006 and was used for many commercials, but rarely for feature films. Its main use in movies was for shooting stock landscape shots and special-effects background plates. One example is the 1998 film What Dreams May Come, which took place largely within a painting. After being discontinued, the closest replacement for the original Velvia film stock was Eterna Vivid 160, which produced roughly the same color effect while being more easily processed. Since 2013 Fujifilm has ended production of all motion picture film.

Since 2006, Velvia 50 D (also sold as Cinevia) is available in Super 8 via three independent companies, Pro8mm in the US, and GK Film and Wittner Kinotechnik in Europe. However, demand for it is higher than those companies together are currently capable of properly supplying. Spectra Film and Video has also been loading Fuji Velvia into Super 8 cartridges and for 16 mm. They recently modified the Kodak-supplied cartridges to ensure a smoother transport of Velvia film through the cartridge.

title: Velvia


text:
Severndroog Castle

Severndroog Castle is a folly designed by architect Richard Jupp, with the first stone laid on 2 April 1784.

While commonly referred to as a castle due to its turrets, it was built as a folly, as can be discerned by its small size and because it has never functioned as a castle. It is situated in Castle Wood, on Shooter's Hill in south-east London in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.

It was built to commemorate Commodore Sir William James who, in April 1755, attacked and destroyed the island fortress of Suvarnadurg (then rendered in English: Severndroog) of the Maratha Empire on the western coast of India, between Mumbai and Goa. James died in 1783 and the folly was built as a memorial to him by his widow, Lady James of Eltham.

Designated a Grade II* listed building in 1954, the Gothic-style castle is 63 feet (19 m) high and triangular in section, with a hexagonal turret at each corner. From its elevated position, it offers views across London, with features in seven different counties visible on a clear day.

History
Sir William James captured the Suvarnadurg fort (Golden fort) on western coast of India on 12 April 1755, this victory and later other triumphs led to change his rank to director in the East India company.

The tower was used by General William Roy in his trigonometric survey linking the nearby Royal Greenwich Observatory with the Paris Observatory; a 36-inch (0.91 m) theodolite (now in London's Science Museum) was temporarily installed on its roof. This Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) led to the formation of the Ordnance Survey. In 1848, the Royal Engineers used the castle for their survey of London.

Following Lady James' death in 1798, the building passed through the hands of various landowners, including John Blades, a former Sheriff of London, a Mr Barlow (ship owner) who built nearby Castle Wood House, and Thomas Jackson (a railway and docks contractor of Eltham Park). On 18 August 1845, the tower was visited by diarist William Copeland Astbury, who recorded the tower, layout, ownership and condition. In 1922, the tower was purchased by London County Council and it became a local visitor attraction with a ground-floor tearoom serving refreshments. In 1986, when the GLC was abolished, responsibility for Severndroog passed to Greenwich Council.

Restoration
In 1988, the local council could no longer afford the building's upkeep and it was boarded up. In 2002, a community group, the Severndroog Castle Building Preservation Trust, was established. In 2004, it featured in the BBC TV series Restoration (presented by Griff Rhys Jones, Ptolemy Dean and Marianne Suhr) to gain publicity and support to restore the building and open it to the public.

In July 2013 work began on renovating the castle, funded by a £595,000 Heritage Lottery Fund grant, and it was officially reopened to the public on 20 July 2014. The castle is open to public visitors and can be hired, wholly or in part, for private functions.

The Green Chain Walk and Capital Ring long-distance paths go through Eltham Common and Castle Wood and past the castle between Shooter's Hill and Eltham.

title: Severndroog Castle


text:
Crazy English

Crazy English is a brand name related to a non-traditional method learning English in mainland China conceived by Li Yang. Li believes that the traditional way of learning English in China is ineffective. Li Yang's method places heavy emphasis on practicing English orally. His method can be described with the slogan "By shouting out loud, you learn." In many ways it remains similar to the traditional pedagogic practices of Chinese education in that it still relies on repetition and recitation. Members of the school administration in China often disapprove of the method because they believe it goes against the traditional Chinese values of modesty and restraint.

History
By 2008, for over a decade China had been gripped by the “English Fever” phenomenon as the country increasingly associated English language skills with success in the business world. Though China states that it has the largest number, 300 million, of English speakers in the world, the number of people who translate their reading and writing skills to spoken word decreases substantially. This issue with students not being comfortable or confident in speaking English opened the door for Li Yang's Crazy English method of teaching.

Yang, like many others, struggled with speaking in English. In preparation for his TEM 4 English exam, Yang found that while practicing English he would often time find himself shouting English passages and class exercises aloud; this made him more confident. After only four months of using his new method of studying Yang placed second in his class on the exam.

After graduating Yang started to work as an electrical engineer but also taught English in his spare time using his method of teaching English as a “shouted language”. He later quit his job in 1994 to start his own English teaching company “Li Yang English Promotion Studio" to promote his technique" which he named “Crazy English”. In the following years, Yang's method would gain popularity beginning after Ouyang Weijian, the leader of an elementary school asked Yang to teach for a crowd of about five thousand people, Weijian would later go on to join Yang's company as his business manager.

One major contribution to Crazy English's rise to fame was director Zhang Yuan's 1999 documentary Fengkuang Yingyu (“Crazy English”) which gained Crazy English attention, especially in the Western world. Crazy English popularity continued to grow causing more than 20 million people to sign up for a course. Eventually the Chinese government recognized Crazy English as a legitimate teaching method by allowing Yang to teach in Beijing, to teach soldiers on top of the Great Wall of China, as well as conduct Intensive Training Camps to prepare for the 2008 Olympics. Today “Li Yang English Promotion Studio" is a multimillion-dollar business that employs over 150 people with Yang still at the helm as director and principal speaker.

Etymology
The name “Crazy English” comes from the fact that Yang's methods are so different from traditional Chinese classroom norms of being restrained. Crazy English goes against these traditions as the method utilizes physical and mental engagement. The word “crazy” is not meant to imply insanity but for Yang's belief that everything in life should be done wholeheartedly with passion and abandon. "Crazy stands for the single-minded pursuit of dreams. Crazy stands for the total devotion to your work. Crazy stands for the passion of commitment to reach the goal," says the course's guidebook.

Methodology
Li Yang's unconventional method of teaching English includes screaming popular and random English phrases at a rapid pace and occasionally, involves hand movements in patterns that reflect the word's pronunciation. In a survey on Crazy English students identified Li Yang's technique as one which does not include grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing, or listening comprehension. In 2003, Li in an interview with Kripal Singh said, “[Chinese students] have no problem writing, they have no problem reading. That’s why I trigger their power of speaking.”

Since Crazy English highlights various aspects of learning a language without using any traditional ways like learning grammar or reading textbooks, pronunciation is the backbone of this methodology. Crazy English follows the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) as its standard for giving pronunciation notation. Li Yang employed several native English speakers to incorporate exaggerated American pronunciation in his lecture to develop conversation practicality.

Crazy English also makes significant use of gesticulation. Amber R. Woodward offers the example of Crazy English students learning ‘i as in like’ by making the right hand's index finger, drawing a complete clockwise circle; similarly, for ‘th as in three’ holding the right hand above the head, bending his hand at the wrist with a flat palm, and moving arm from right to left over one's head, also for ‘a as in made’ holding the right hand above the head, bending hand at the wrist with a flat palm, moving arm from front to back over his head. These gesticulations were ridiculed for not being consistent with the hand movements in his various lectures.

Li Yang chooses not to provide vocabulary lists or grammar notes for the words and phrases he uses. In his lectures, Yang sometimes translates English words or phrases into Chinese to focus on the emotion behind the word by reminding the audience of the Chinese translation to make the learning of the word faster. Crazy English uses simple forms of vocabulary and grammar this is why the translation in order to invoke feeling is not necessary every time. Crazy English lectures mostly contain English phrases and not full sentences.

The psychological aspect of the Crazy English method is related to its emphasis on improving speech. Students practice his technique by going behind buildings or on rooftops and shouting English. They also go to his rallies and shout together; this helps them overcome their shyness (everybody is doing it, so nobody is embarrassed). Li's frequently used slogan, “Crazy English! Crazy life! Crazy world! I love this crazy game, so let’s go!” signifies the method Li wants his students to adapt to this mindset in order to learn English in his way. The “Crazy” in Crazy English signifies Li Yang's want for students to have rage and passion in their studies and to fulfill their dreams by giving up their fear of failing.

Advantages
Crazy English encourages students to shout out English words whether behind buildings, on rooftops, or at organized rallies. Shouting together with others helps people overcome their shyness, because if everyone is doing it nobody is embarrassed. In traditional Chinese hierarchies, youths are not encouraged to show a mastery of skills that surpass the skills of their adult counterparts. Li Yang's proponents argue that his method of teaching may help Chinese students get over their inhibitions to learning and practicing English. Li believes that most Chinese are brought up with modesty and a lack of confidence—that they are afraid of losing face in front of family, friends, educators, and even strangers. Common English teaching methods in China reflect this fear of failure and accommodate students by allowing them to learn English without practicing speaking, preparing dialogues, or giving individual oral presentations.

Disadvantages
However, an opposer of Crazy English notes that Li Yang only says English words without giving any further details about the context in how, when, where, and what condition does one word should and could be applied. Another opposer comments that Li does not spend effort on structuring any cohesion between vocabulary or sentences; he assumes that students get enough of that in the classroom. Instead, he uses “crazy” sentences shouted at high decibels and funny hand movements to engage his audience in participation. In additional challenger also notes that students rarely – if ever – are presented with a situation in which they need just to parrot a native speaker. Another argues that because of Crazy English many students have come to believe that English has no standards which results in their English not sounding American or British.

Controversies
In 1996 Yang's method became popular in Guangdong province against the will of the local English teachers. To counter, the local government prohibited Yang from giving seminars in the area for six months. Chengdu, Sichuan also banned Li from teaching for an extended span of time. Critics of Crazy English say that the promotion of Crazy English over the past 15 years has resulted in most students believing English has no standard, and that some even mistake American English for the standard one, which has made most students in China after 16 years of studying English sound neither British nor American. As a result, many are so confused with the two different kinds of English accents that they choose to keep their mouths shut. Critics also describe Crazy English as a technique only appropriate for certain situations — for example, a taxi driver who needs only a few sentences to communicate with English-speaking customers — but not as the main method to teaching students in a classroom setting. Critics note that although Li advocates fluency in pronunciation, his dismissal of fluency in content is slightly problematic.

title: Crazy English


text:
Stun grenade

A stun grenade, also known as a flash grenade, flashbang, thunderflash, or sound bomb, is a non-lethal explosive device used to temporarily disorient an enemy's senses. Upon detonation, a stun grenade produces a blinding flash of light and an extremely loud "bang". They are often used in close-quarters combat, door breaching, and riot control, typically to stun enemies or distract them.

Stun grenades were first used by the British Army Special Air Service's counterterrorist wing in the late 1970s, and have been used by police and military forces worldwide since.

Despite their less-lethal nature, stun grenades are still capable of causing harm, and can injure or kill when detonating in close proximity. They are also capable of sparking fires.

Effects
Stun grenades are designed to produce a blinding flash of light of around 7 megacandela (Mcd) and an intensely loud "bang" of greater than 170 decibels (dB).

The flash temporarily activates all photoreceptor cells in the eye, blinding it for approximately five seconds. Afterward, victims perceive an afterimage that impairs their vision. The volume of the detonation also causes temporary deafness in the victim and disturbs the fluid in the ear, causing a loss of balance.

Construction
Unlike a fragmentation grenade, stun grenades are constructed with a casing designed to remain intact during detonation and avoid fragmentation injuries, while having large circular cutouts to allow the light and sound of the explosion through. The filler comprises a pyrotechnic metal-oxidant mix of magnesium or aluminium and an oxidizer such as potassium perchlorate or potassium nitrate.

Hazards
While stun grenades are designed to limit injury, permanent hearing loss has been reported, the concussive blast has the ability to cause injuries, and the heat generated may ignite flammable materials. The fires that occurred during the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege in London were caused by stun grenades.

title: Stun grenade


text:
Snooker world rankings

The snooker world rankings are the official system of ranking professional snooker players to determine automatic qualification and seeding for tournaments on the World Snooker Tour. First introduced in the 1976–77 season, world rankings are maintained by the sport's governing body, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Each player's world ranking is based on their performances in designated ranking tournaments over the preceding two years. Until the 2009–10 season, rankings were updated once annually, following the World Snooker Championship. Since the 2010–11 season, rankings have been updated after every ranking tournament. The world rankings were formerly based on point tariffs set by the governing body, but this system transitioned to a prize money list for the 2014–15 season.

Background
The rankings determine the seedings for tournaments on the World Snooker Tour, organised by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), and who gets an invite to prestigious invitational events. Tournaments open to the membership are often played in two stages—a qualification stage and the "venue stage"—usually at different locations. In tournaments with a "tiered" format players come into events in different rounds based on their ranking, and in some cases the top players in the sport are seeded through to the venue stage and do not have to play a qualification match. In particular, the top 16 ranked players automatically qualify for the final stages of the World Championship and the Masters, so as well as interest in who will be number one, there is typically a lot of interest in which players are likely to maintain or acquire "top 16 status". Players are awarded ranking points according to the round they reach in ranking tournaments—specially designated tournaments that carry ranking status. Every professional member of the WPBSA is assigned a ranking, whether they are active on the circuit or not.

System
Prior to the introduction of the world rankings, the previous year's winner and runner-up were allocated the top seedings in the World Championship, held annually. As more tournaments were added to the calendar and more players joined the circuit in the 1970s, it became increasingly necessary to seed the tournaments, precipitating the "Order of Merit" for the 1975–76 season. The system was very basic, with seedings based on the results of the last three World Championships, and rankings were formally introduced in 1976 after the World Championship for the 1976–77 season using the same criteria. By the 1982–83 season many more tournaments were being contested, and it seemed reasonable to take those results into consideration too. The Professional Players Tournament and International Open were awarded ranking status, working on the same system; the Classic carried ranking points from the 1983–84 season, the UK Championship and British Open from 1984–85. The revised system was now based on only the two previous seasons, and updated annually after the World Championship. While the ranking point allocations have undergone modifications down the years the basic system remained the same up until the 2009–10 season. For the 2010–11 season, the system was revised to incorporate ranking updates after every tournament—instead of once a season—in an effort to make the rankings more reflective of current form. The current system utilises a two-year "rolling" format where points from tournaments in the current season replace the points from corresponding tournaments of two seasons ago.

Seedings
The seedings for tournaments change from tournament to tournament: the defending champion is allocated the top seed followed by the reigning world champion and the remaining seeds are taken from a "seeding list". When the official rankings were only calculated once a year the seedings for tournaments—with the exception of the top two seeds—followed the official rankings. Players and pundits closely tracked the ranking points earned during a season;  the "provisional rankings" (which had no official status in the game) were the rankings based on the ranking points accumulated in the previous season, combined with those accumulated thus far in the current season, and as the season progressed they converged on the official rankings for the following season. The provisional rankings gave an indication of a player's form, and as the season approached its dénouement, the provisional rankings would become a source of tension as the battle for the number one spot, top 16 places, and tour qualification intensified. The introduction of the rolling rankings in 2010 facilitated updates to the seeding list throughout the season. Various "cut-off" points are selected at convenient stages during the season where the rankings are "frozen" and used as seedings for the next few tournaments, until the next revision.

Tariffs
The original "Order of Merit", created for the 1975–76 season and based on just World Championship results, awarded the winner five points, the runner-up four, semi-finalists three, and so on down to one point for players who lost in the last 16. The world rankings, introduced in the following year, used the same allocation. Subsequent tournaments that were assigned ranking status worked on the same system but with the World Championship from 1983 onwards carrying double points. The ranking point allocation was later revised slightly with winners of all bar the World Championship now receiving six points, runners-up five, down to one point for the last 32; the World Championship more or less stayed as it was with ten points for the winner, incrementally reduced by two points for each preceding round, but now awarded one point for the last 32 in line with the other tournaments. In addition to ranking points, merit and frame points were also awarded which were used as a tie-break when players were on equal ranking points. When the game went open for the 1991–92 season, the ranking point allocations (devised by the WPBSA chairman on the back of a cigarette pack) were altered by several factors to accommodate the influx of new players. The tie-break system was dropped but the system remained basically the same with players awarded incrementally more points for each successive round; should a seeded player lose their first match they would receive only half the points allocated to the non-seeded losers in that round. The World Championship continued to award more points than the other events but under the "open era" system the allocations often varied between other events too, with the UK Championship traditionally having the second-highest tariff. The ranking point schedule was replaced by a prize money list for the 2014–15 season, with prize money earnings in events carrying ranking status contributing to a players ranking.

title: Snooker world rankings


text:
German–Soviet population transfers

The German–Soviet population transfers were population transfers of ethnic Germans, ethnic Poles, and some ethnic East Slavs that took place from 1939 to 1941. These transfers were part of the German Heim ins Reich policy in accordance with the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

Conception
As a result of Nazi Germany's expansion, most German speakers in Europe were brought under one regime.

There were millions of ethnic Germans living outside German borders, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe, with the majority of people being migrants in Russia. The migrated Germans – referred to as Volksdeutsche – had lived outside of Germany for centuries. These emigrants had settled in the lands east of Germany between the 12th and 18th centuries.

Notwithstanding, Hitler had a plan to attract these German-speaking people into Nazi Germany. However, he also believed that the 1937 borders and territories of Nazi Germany, i.e. before the Anschluss (annexation) of Austria and the Sudetenland, were inadequate to accommodate this large increase in population.

At this time, propaganda for more Lebensraum, or living space, grew fast.

Legal basis
With the largest number of ethnic Germans living in Russia, Hitler knew that he could not resettle all these people without the full cooperation of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union. In late August 1939 (a week before the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II in Europe), Hitler sent his foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to Moscow to arrange a pact of non-aggression with the Soviet Union. This became known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Hitler's aim was to avoid having to fight on two fronts upon the invasion of Poland and best facilitate its successful capture by partition, a crucial matter in the first weeks of the Second World War.

The real issues agreed upon in the pact were the partition of territories in Central and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence and the reciprocal transfer of ethnic German and Russian people to their native countries.

Hitler's plan was to invade western Poland (having assigned the eastern part to the Soviet Union in the pact) and then force all non-German people (mostly Polish citizens) out of their homes and either use them for forced labour or move them to the General Government area. Once these territories were free of non-Germans, the population transfers could begin with ethnic Germans settling in the homes of the expropriated Polish.

Population transfers 1939–1944
The planned transfers were first announced to the ethnic Germans and the general public in October 1939.

The Nazis set out to encourage the return of the ethnic Germans (called Volksdeutsche by the Nazis), from the Baltic States by the use of propaganda. This included using scare tactics about the Soviet Union and led to tens of thousands of Soviets leaving. Those who left were not referred to as refugees, but were rather described as answering the call of the Führer. To encourage support of this program, later German propaganda films such as The Red Terror and Frisians in Peril depicted the ethnic Germans as deeply persecuted in their native lands.

Families were transported by sea from the Baltic States and by train from other territories. The German government arranged for the transfer of their furniture and personal belongings. All immovable property was sold, with the money being collected by the Nazis and not given back to the families. This was an intentional act designed to disconnect the displaced people from their former homeland. The value of the real estate left behind was to be compensated in cash and Polish property in occupied Poland.

The transported ethnic Germans were initially kept in camps for racial evaluation, to prevent intermixing with the native German population. There they were divided into groups: A, Altreich, who were to be settled in Germany and allowed no farms or businesses (to allow for closer watch), S Sonderfall, who were used as forced, and unpaid workers, and O Ost-Fälle, the best classification, to be settled in the 'Eastern Wall'—the occupied regions to protect Germans from the East—and allowed independence. This last group, after spending some time in refugee camps in Germany, were eventually brought to Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany and to Zamość County, as decided by the Generalplan Ost. The deportation orders required that enough Polish people be removed to provide space for every settler, e.g. if twenty Nazi, German bakers were sent, twenty Polish bakers were removed. The settlers were often given Polish homes where the families had been evicted so quickly that half-eaten meals remained on the tables and small children had been taken from unmade beds. Members of the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing these evictions to ensure that the Polish left behind most of their belongings for the use of the settlers. Once they were settled, the process of Germanization was begun.

Ethnic Germans were evacuated from territories occupied by the Soviets in 1940, notably Bessarabia and the Baltic States of Estonia and Latvia, all of which traditionally had large ethnic German minorities. However, the majority of the Baltic Germans had already been resettled in late 1939, prior to the occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviets in June 1940. In most cases, they were given farms taken from 110,000 Polish who were expelled from the area.

Ethnic Germans Resettled by Nazi Germany 1939–1944

Reichling's figures do not include parts of the more than 200,000 ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia who fled in the autumn of 1944 and who were directed into the General Government. It is not known how many actually arrived there.

title: German–Soviet population transfers


text:
Talk:Ig Nobel Prize

"Genuine achiebements"
I reverted the edit that removed "With the exception of three prizes in the first year... all Ig Nobel Prizes have been for genuine achievements." since this is accurate, in the sense that the people/organizations who have received the awards are real and actually did the things that the prize references, even though the Igs sometimes throw a negative spin on those achievements (e.g., jacques eneviste). The point is that three prizes in the first year were for completely made-up groups and activities. Perhaps the anonymous person who removed it called it "false" - perhaps he/she could edit the statement to ease their concerns? - DavidWBrooks 20:52, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Timing
The Ig Nobel Prizes are a parody of the Nobel Prizes and are given each year in early fall — a week or two before the recipients of the genuine Nobel Prizes are announced.

This year, at least, some prizes (Physics) were announced before the Igs, but some (Economics) had not. Research needed.

 * Could someone change the expression from fall/autumn for those of us living in the southern hemisphere?• Le  on  05:14, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

"Keeper of the Mop
The page on Roy_Glauber says he has the title "Keeper of the Broom". One of these pages has a mistake.

 * You are quite correct: It's always been a broom, not a mop! I've changed it. - DavidWBrooks 14:59, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

The first Ig Nobel awards were in 1989, Pons and Fleischmann won the Physics prize for cold fusion. Do not recall the others. Sheldon Glashow was an attendee.

 * Not according to . Can you point to a source? Zarniwoot 00:38, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Non-topic? comments
I recall seeing a photograph of the proceedings (awards) with Sheldon Glashow on stage. And the award to Pons and Fleischmann for cold fusion. But I don't have a reference ... I realize that I quote from memory, and I'm wrong about the date. But I know that Pons + Fleischmann won the Physics prize for Cold Fusion at the inaugural IgNobel awards ceremony. I see that in the list for 1991 there is no Physics prize, which is strange because physics is an obvious prize category. I believe the official record has been altered to drop P+F. Perhaps to avoid lawsuits. Check with Marc Abrahams? Oh well, that's life I suppose.

 * I can't find anything to support this with google. It sounds unlikely. Maybe you are confusing it with or the 1993 or 1997 cold fusion related prizes? Zarniwoot 01:55, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

No it was the inaugural IgNobel ceremony. "Support this with google" is not definitive.... you might just get a reference back to yourself. It is curious that no Physics prize is mentioned for 1991. (Physics is a regular category in other years (but not 1991 and 1994)). Curious. Added note: this is only an indirect reference (see p 6 reference to Dec 1991 IgNobel). I understand that IgNobel awards are (now) made with the permission of the recipient (and P+F would obviously not agree to any such award), but anyway... it's not the end of the world.

To beat a dead horse: Wikipedia does not list a physics prize for 1994, but such a prize was awarded, according to this reference. The page lists 10 categories, Wikipedia lists only 9 (for 1994 prizes). The other nine prizewinners mostly coincide with Wikipedia (but the page says literature prize to Ron Hubbard, Wikipedia says Kenzaburo Oe). So who knows? It seems the mention of the 1994 Physics prize has been dropped from the official record.

Now I'm really off my nut. According to Wikipedia itself (page on Run Hubbard), Ron won the 1994 IgNobel Literature Prize. But the Wiki IgNobel page for 1994 winners lists Kenzaburo Oe. But Oe won the REAL Nobel Literature Prize in 1994. Wikipedia is contradicting itself. Oy vey!
 * Recent vandalism. Fixed. Zarniwoot 00:42, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

OK. Reading the last para of the reference by Zarniwoot, it does say that "***and one prize in 1994*** was based on erroneous press reports, and is not listed". That must be the 1994 Physics (non)prize. And there were three prizes in 1991 for apocryphal achievements (also not listed). So that settles that --- but 1994 literature prize was to Ron Hubbard not Kenzaburo Oe. Did not proofread all the other awards for accuracy.
 * I have now added them as "Not officially listed". Zarniwoot 00:42, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The 1991 physics prize seems to have been awarded to "Thomas Kyle", a fictitious person. See, and Administratium. Maybe it was later left out because he was made up? Btw, Please sign your comments. It just makes it easyer for everyone ;). Zarniwoot 23:51, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

_____________________________________________________________

I took this text out:

 * Most winners--especially those who are being "honored" for things they should not have done--are embarrassed by the prizes, but the occasional winner for an obscure or amusing, but genuine, scientific result cheerfully accepts and even attends the award ceremony.

because it doesn't seem to be true. Perhaps it has been in the past, but if you look at the list of the 2003 winners, all of them were represented at the ceremony, and most of them by themselves. There would be nice to have something on the reaction to winning this prize, though, so if somebody can elaborate better on it, please do. -- Jao 09:16, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It depends. I attended the 2001 Ig Ceremony and the Ig Lectures the day after.  Mr Andrade, the Indian psychologist, who won the prize for his paper on nose picking, was almost wetting himself with laughter during his lecture; Mr Malinauskus used the opportunity to promote his holiday park; and the van Impes with their unusual idea about Hell didn't show up.  Looking at the prizewinners from 1991 to today, since the Igs are known outside Harvard the focus has changed from mere pisstake to popularization of scientific and political issues -- see the Indian guy who was declared dead by corrupt officials in his country. -- Pilatus 23:48, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

_____________________________________________________________

I added a mention of the three Ig Nobel Prizes awarded for fictitious discoveries. The third one is the following (copied from the Ig Nobel website - hopefully I am not guilty of copyright violation):

[Ig Nobel Prize for] PEDESTRIAN TECHNOLOGY (*) Paul DeFanti, wizard of structures and crusader for public safety, for his invention of the Buckybonnet, a geodesic fashion structure that pedestrians wear to protect their heads and preserve their composure.

Mike Rosoft

I rolled it back to return the examples of past Igs - they seem important to give people a sense of what's going on. - DavidWBrooks 14:11, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

did the guy who wrotte this knew anything at all?
The prize is named after scientist called Ignatius Nobel, thats where the name of the Ig Nobel Prize comes from, and NOT a fricking pun (as it says here):

"1,200 spectators jammed into M.I.T.'s Kresage Auditorium to witness the "Fourth First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony." The Ig Nobel Prizes, named for the "legendary Ignatius 'Ig' Nobel, co-inventor of soda-pop," are awarded to real people "whose achievements cannot or should not be reproduced."  They are a joint production of the Annals of Improbably Research and the M.I.T. Museum."

www.frivolity.com/teatime/Science_and_Math/Ig_Noble_Prizes.txt

who the hell wrotte this article?, i mean jesus, where the hell they even got that the Ig Nobel was named after that?. I demand a new look on it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.113.118.235 (talk • contribs)
 * Boy, that's a really funny one. Thanks for sharing. - DavidWBrooks 00:10, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * the article hasnt changed, it still doesnt say why are they called Ig Nobel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.215.180.73 (talk • contribs)
 * Quote from the first paragraph: The name is a play on the words ignoble and "Nobel." - DavidWBrooks 03:03, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Alright, show us the source for that.

Start date of the awards
Although the first public award ceremony was in 1991, the awards were first made in 1968 when the Annals of Improbable Research were still the Journal of Irreproducible results. See this page by Marc Abrahams: http://web.mit.edu/voodoo/www/is743/ignoble.html

Would someone like to update the page to reflect this?

Thanks, SP Sophisticated penguin 16:46, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting! Marc Abrahams has never, that I've heard, mentioned this and it's not on later Web sites (that page is 13 years old). The JIR/AIR connection is, shall we say, complicated - so maybe a tad more probing is needed. - DavidWBrooks 20:53, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

talk page layout
This talk page is a mess. Please reorg. Thanks. 85.227.226.235 (talk) 09:11, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

It does seem ignobel, ignoble, to  omit  Marc_Abrahams  on the primary page.
[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 12:05, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed! Wikipedia is the encyclopedia anyone can edit, so you can add anything you feel belongs without having to wait for anyone to do it for you. DMacks (talk) 16:07, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Miss Sweety Poo
Knowing the sort of folks who are attracted to the Ig Nobels, this could be some sort of group joke ... but different anon editors keep hot-linking Miss Sweety Poo, and I keep un-hot-linking it. This has continued for a long time, each time done by an anon IP who does that single edit and never anything else; none comments or tries to return the link. She's obviously not worthy of a link/article, so perhaps it's just part of a bizarre initiation ceremony into the Cult of the Abrahamas or something ... - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:20, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's a cult. Kill your lazy and create good article about Sweety Poo. --83.237.253.159 (talk) 14:37, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * "Kill your lazy" ... uh-oh, sounds like another Internet meme that I haven't heard of. And I only just caught up with "the cake is a lie"! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:17, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Gene Ray said "stupid and evil". He was right. Create any article "Sweety Poo". --85.141.130.17 (talk) 08:22, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Relevance of Swedish meaning of "IG"
In Swedish, IG is short for "icke godkänt", a grade in school similar to F, or fail.

This is true, but does it have anything to do with the naming of this prize? This sentence seems to imply that the prize was named with this in mind, but doesn't explicitly say so. It should either be clarified and sourced, or removed. /skagedal... 10:03, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly not relevant, as the grade did not exist in 1991 (back then, the scale was 1–5). Thanks for catching it, I'll remove it right away. -- Jao (talk) 13:02, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * In case anyone doubts the wisdom of the above sensible decision - the clear derivation is from "ignoble", the opposite of "noble" (punning on "Nobel") - I'm sure the Swedish thing is entirely coincidental (assuming it is genuine, and not yet another Joke!). --Soundofmusicals (talk) 22:52, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

How are winners chosen?
Does anyone know anything about how ignobel winners are selected? Is there a nomination procedure and a committee choosing from the nominees, and if so, who and how are people nominated? If not, are winners directly chosen by a committee or what? —Preceding unsigned comment added by DBodor (talk • contribs) 18:12, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It's done by a Secret Cabal that operates deep within the bowels of the Annals of Improbable Research headquarters ... meaning that it's not a public process, and presumably revolves around whatever Marc Abrahams thinks is funny. -DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:20, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

What, if anything, does the winners get?
I looked at their website & here, but cannot find exactly what the prize consists of? A medal? Money? Both? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.8.150.6 (talk) 11:36, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a different trinket each year, usually a deliberately goofy-looking cheap trophy. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:10, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

April 1, 2010?
Does anyone out there think that this article could be expanded and raised to feature article status and considered for next year's April 1 featured article? IIRC, the last two April 1 articles were the Museum of Bad Art and Ima Hogg.

A thought.

Vulture19 (talk) 04:45, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Ig Nobel / Nobel double
Andre Geim has just completed the Ig Nobel / Nobel double. Is he the first? Adpete (talk) 11:26, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Roy Glauber Missing 2005 Ig Nobel?
The Ig Nobel ceremony was held in October, and the "genuine" Nobel in December. How could Roy Glauber have missed the Ig Nobel ceremony because "he was traveling to Stockholm to claim a genuine Nobel Prize in Physics"?--220.232.232.66 (talk) 05:33, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure, but this kind of lame excuse for not attending an "Ig Nobel" ceremony is par for the course. Not to be taken seriously (remember the whole thing is an elaborate joke). Even people who for some reason don't want to participate often joke about their reasons for not doing so. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 22:46, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

"Laugh, then think"
I linked this to satire not to imply anything about either the "achievments" or their receiving a prize being satire as such, but because "First making people laugh and then making them think" (or "thought provoking humour")is itself a very neat potted definition of satire!! This particlar link is not, of course of prime importance - more a "by the way" or "incidentally" - but it is NOT "original research" as much as common sense, and I think DID add something, albeit something fairly minor, to the point of the lead. I have in fact rewritten the lead (complete with link) to make the whole thing a little clearer. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 22:32, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * But it's still your opinion or analysis that that is a definition of satire at all, and that that is the speaker's intended meaning (since it's a direct quote). And I disagree that this is the intended meaning or general tenor of the Ig Nobels. Heck, the later part of the article says that much of it is not satire. DMacks (talk) 14:36, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * But the "laugh and then think" bit is plastered on almost everything the Ig Nobel people print. To deny that this is their EXPRESSED intent (as opposed how they carry out that intent) is surely pretty unassailable?? This 'expressed intent' (as opposed to any "intended meaning") is directly quoted. This EXPRESSED (and literally quoted) atatement of intent does happen to coincide with a neat definition of satire - the point being gently made by an innocent little linkie thing. I would have thought you might have been able to live with this.
 * The article in fact already admits that there is an occasional bit of "gentle" satire in some of the "Ig Nobel" activities. For what it is worth my opinion (which I studiously avoid thumping here) is that the Ig Nobels, in making us laugh about science and perhaps take it just a little less seriously - while occasionally taking a very powerful swing indeed at pernicious pseudo-science like creationism - do start to look an awful lot like classical satire. But neither your opinion nor mine is what matters here, is it? We'd agree there is satire there, even if we disagree about how much. If opinion (rightly) takes a back seat - one can always leave the facts to speak for themselves. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 16:19, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Didn't realize this had been discussed before, but linking the slogan to satire should be avoided because wikilinks should be transparent and obvious - it should be clear what the link leads to, before you click on it. This link is not at all clear, and since it serves no real purpose, it should be avoided. That's not saying the Igs arent satire, merely that this particular link doesn't follow wikipedia usage. IMHO of course. Besides, the word parody (transparently wikilinked) is in the first sentence, so it's not like this article presents the Igs as something serious ... - DavidWBrooks (talk) 02:13, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

IG meaning
Please try to follow me here.... so 'IT' means information technology. 'DG' can mean either Dolche and Gabbana or dog. 'IG' therefore clearly means interesting giraffe, right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Knowmoore (talk • contribs) 04:50, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

А LOD значит лидер охотничьего домика, чи не так? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.75.132.220 (talk) 23:31, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Achievements or "Achievements" ???
The use of the word in this context is very much tongue-in-cheek. Most, if not quite all, of the so-called "achievements" mocked by the Ig Nobel prizes are considered (at least by the Ig Nobel people themselves) to be either brainlessly trivial and unnecessary, or else plain pernicious. Read the article if you don't believe me. Not quite what we usually mean by achievements (out of inverted commas).

I have reverted you again - but it is NOT a matter I consider worth shedding any blood over (or even wasting an arbitrator's time over) - if you insist we leave off the inverted commas in this case then let them go - but they are of course perfectly correct in this context - and DO make the point that the article is echoing the ironical satire of the prizes themselves. Incidentally - what exactly are "scare quotes"? --Soundofmusicals (talk) 01:23, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I've had a look at the article for "scare quotes" - at least I know what you're talking about now - but the use for ironical purposes (what this use boils down to) is surely perfectly applicable? Never mind, whatever you think. It is really NOT that big a deal as far as I am concerned. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 01:36, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Reception
"I do not know where the garbled, and totally inaccurate, impression that I ever said that British people should not accept the Ig Nobel Prize came from.

What I did say, at the time, when I happened to be the Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government and when the award of the Ig Nobel (which I must say I think is a brilliant idea and great fun) was rather thoughtlessly awarded to a Brit. I forget what the actual topic was, but it ended up sparking questions in the UK Parliament and general worries and attacks on science funding as itself sponsoring silly projects. It was a kind of re-run of earlier fusses there had been in the American Congress about “wasting money on foolish projects”.

My suggestion to the sponsors of the Ig Nobel at that time was that they might be a bit more sensitive in thinking about possible consequences of the award upon the general scientific community and its funding, in particular instances."

Robert M May, 23 April 2013 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rmay514 (talk • contribs) 16:09, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Aim of the prizes
Editor Soundofmusicals asked me to explain the edit I made two days ago. It was about the stated aim of the prizes. The second sentence of this article was: The stated aim of the prizes is to "first make people laugh, and then make them think." However, the very first line of the Ig Nobel web site says: "The Ig Nobel Prizes honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think." Accordingly, I change the second sentence in this article to: The stated aim of the prizes is to "honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think."

I think there is an obious difference between a prize which makes people laugh and then think, and an achievement which accomplishes this. A side effect of the prizes may be that they also make people laugh (and think), but that is not the stated aim of the prizes. Best regards, Bever (talk) 22:57, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'll pass that one! --Soundofmusicals (talk) 02:17, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

"Range"
A "range" in a mathematical series or an alphabetic index has, as a recent editor quite rightly points out, is defined by the values between a low and high value. However, we often use the term "range" rather more loosely in other contexts, say "the curriculum at x. school ranges from cookery to calculus". Language is not (thankfully) always coldly logical. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 09:27, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Acronym (AIR)
I noticed your reversion of my edit to this page, and hope that you reconsider. Although not prohibited by the Manual of Style, one of my pet peeves is the use of such jargon abbreviations when they are not needed and unfamiliar to a general audience. AIR might be used extensively by those who are specialists, or knowledgeable or familiar the Ig Nobel Prize, but Wikipedia is supposed to be for everybody, not a specialized group. In this particular instance, it serves no purpose, such as to replace terminology that is repeated frequently throughout the article. It's also unclear whether it's an abbreviation, an acronym, or an initialism - should it be said as the word "air" or as the initials "a.i.r."? - so it doesn't add anything to the article. I have a science background but if I were writing about something published in a journal, I would never write, for example "the Annals of Internal Medicine (AIM)" just because an abbreviation can be or is used by insiders. If the article were written for a book or newspaper, the editor would delete the term. Ira Leviton (talk) 19:56, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

 * AIR (aka Annals of Improbable Research) is a parody of scientific societies and their journals. The use of a catchy acronym is meant to be a humorous take-off of the widespread use of such things by more serious scientific (and other) organizations. Since "they" use the acronym (it is part of the joke) it is absolutely appropriate for an article about them to use it too. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 23:04, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

 * You are right that use of acronyms can be off-putting and unnecessary, but this was a single usage supported by meaning - the article doesn't go on and use it as a stand-alone term - so I think it's fine. The annals uses AIR to refer to itself and as a frequent joke - e.g., AIRheads - adding to the reason to include it once. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:47, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ig Nobel Prize


text:
Mortise

Mortise or mortice may refer to:
 * Mortise and tenon, a woodworking joint
 * Ankle mortise, part of the distal tibia joining the talus bone to form an ankle joint
 * Mortise chisel, a type of chisel
 * Mortice lock, a lock with a bolt set within the door frame, rather than attached externally

title: Mortise


text:
Talk:Polar molecule

Copied from polar molecules. Somone might want to incorporate some of it:

 * 1)   Let’s look at one of the consequences of sharing these electrons.
 * 2)   In water, the oxygen atom tends to attract the shared electrons more strongly than do the hydrogen atoms.
 * 3)   Therefore, the electrons are more closely associated with the oxygen
 * 4)   The oxygen atom becomes somewhat negatively charged.
 * 5)   The hydrogen atoms become somewhat electron deficient and positively charged.
 * 6)   This means that the water molecule has an unequal distribution of water charge.
 * 7)   Such molecules are called polar molecules.
 * 8)   If there is no unequal distribution of charge in a molecule, it is a nonpolar  molecule.
 * 9)   Whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar is a key determinant in how the molecule interacts with other molecules.''

title: Talk:Polar molecule


text:
Talk:Irreducible

There is now a connected sum page - some of this page could usefully go there. Charles Matthews 09:19, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Move the mathematics and philosophy stuff to new pages and make this a proper disambiguous page (20 Sep 2004)

title: Talk:Irreducible


text:
Michael Appleby

Michael Appleby may refer to:

 * Michael C. Appleby, animal welfare specialist
 * Michael Appleby (politician), New Zealand politician
 * Michael Appleby (rugby league), Australian rugby league player

title: Michael Appleby