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Eurípides Rubio

Captain Eurípides Rubio (March 1, 1938 – November 8, 1966) was a United States Army officer and one of nine Puerto Ricans who were posthumously awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor, for actions on November 8, 1966, during the Vietnam War. Rubio was a member of the United States Army, Headquarters & Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment (Black Lions), 1st Infantry Division, Republic of Vietnam.

Early years
Rubio was born in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the southern region of Puerto Rico. There, he received his primary and secondary education. Rubio was a member of the Civil Air Patrol's Ponce High School Cadet Squadron, Chapter 52012/PR012, Puerto Rico Wing, from 1952 to 1956. After high school, Rubio enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico and the program Army ROTC, Rubio joined the Army as a commissioned second lieutenant officer in the Military Police Corps at Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico.

Action in Vietnam
On November 8, 1966, during Operation Attleboro in Tay Ninh Province, South Vietnam, Captain Rubio's company came under attack from the North Vietnamese Army; leaving the safety of his post, Rubio received two serious wounds as he braved the intense enemy fire to distribute ammunition, re-establish positions and render aid to the wounded. Despite his pain, he assumed command when a rifle company commander was medically evacuated. He was then wounded a third time as he tried to move amongst his men to encourage them to fight with renewed effort.

While aiding the evacuation of wounded personnel, he noted that a US smoke grenade, which was intended to mark the Viet Cong's position for an air strike, had fallen dangerously close to friendly lines. He ran to move the grenade but was immediately struck to his knees by enemy fire. Despite his wounds, Rubio managed to collect the grenade and again run through enemy fire to within 20 m of the enemy position to throw the by-then already smoking grenade into the enemy before he fell for the final time. Using the now-repositioned grenade as a marker, friendly air strikes were directed to destroy the hostile positions.

Rubio's singularly heroic act turned the tide of the battle, and for his extraordinary leadership and valor, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor in 1968. His remains were buried in Puerto Rico National Cemetery in the city of Bayamón, Puerto Rico.

Military decorations awarded
Among the military decorations which Capt. Rubio earned were the following:

Foreign unit decorations
 * Fourragère CG.png Fourragère cord

Honors
The United States Army Reserve Center located at the Hato Rey sector of San Juan was named posthumously named Capt. Eurípides Rubio United States Army Reserve Center.

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic in Ponce was named in memory of Captain Eurípides Rubio.

The American Legion Post 142 in San Juan was named after Capt. Euripides Rubio.

Rubio's name is inscribed in "El Monumento de la Recordación" (Monument of Remembrance), dedicated to Puerto Rico's fallen soldiers and situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan.

His name is inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial ("The Wall") on Panel 12E, Row 044.

On November 11, 2008, the Government of Puerto Rico unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda an oil portrait of Captain Euripedes Rubio.

In 2017 Eurípides Rubio was posthumously inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.

title: Eurípides Rubio


text:
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

The Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is a strong vasodilator produced by cardiac endothelial cells in response to stress signals such as high levels of ADP accumulation or hypoxia. Robert F. Furchgott is widely recognised for this discovery, even going so far as to be a co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine with his colleagues Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key component in any EDRF as these compounds either include NO or are structurally in the form of NO.

Physiological Functions and production
EDRF serves various functions, of which the most common and topical are vasodilation and the prevention of platelet adhesion. EDRF also plays a role in the production of cyclic GMP.

EDRF is produced from L-arginine by an enzyme (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) that is dependent on calcium-calmodulin and NADPH - this occurs in the cardiac endothelium.

EDRF then diffuses to the smooth muscle in vascular tissue (vessels may be large or small), here it enacts endogenous vasodilation. Moreover, it serves the function of preventing sympathetic vasoconstriction - when the sympathetic nervous system, reacting to a situation perceived as dangerous, attempts to raise blood pressure through vasoconstriction.

The NO compound is also capable of reducing clotting in the blood stream due to its ability to prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation.

Related pathology
Atherosclerosis and hypertension are grave contributors in the group of pathological conditions under the umbrella of Cardiovascular disease. Among these conditions is also the disfunction of the endothelium, which given its properties of vasodilation when functional, can cause excessive vasoconstriction, thus leading back to hypertension. Another effect of this particular disfunction may also be excessive platelet adhesion, signifying a significant increase in blood clots, thus the promotion of a prothrombotic state.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor


text:
British Columbia Highway 41

Highway 41 is a very short cross-border spur in the Regional District of Kootenay Boundary in British Columbia. At just 1.29 km, it is the shortest numbered highway in the province. It connects State Route 21 at the Carson Canada-U.S. border crossing to a point on the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) just 3 km west of Grand Forks (Almond Gardens). The highway was given the '41' designation in 1968. The reason the highway wasn't numbered "21" as a continuation of the Washington route, was because that highway number already existed in the Creston area.

title: British Columbia Highway 41


text:
Julia Sweeney

Julia Anne Sweeney (born October 10, 1959) is an American actress and comedian. She gained fame as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1990 to 1994. She played Mrs. Keeper in the film Stuart Little and voiced Brittany in Father of the Pride. She recently appeared in the Hulu series Shrill, the Showtime series Work in Progress, and the Starz series American Gods.

Early life
Sweeney was born and raised in Spokane, Washington, the daughter of Robert Mark Sweeney and Jeraldine "Jeri" Sweeney ( Ivers). Her father was an attorney and federal prosecutor, while her mother was a homemaker. She has an Irish Catholic background. Sweeney is the oldest of five children; she had two brothers, William Robert "Bill" Sweeney, and Michael Ivers Sweeney, who both died, and has a brother, Jim Sweeney, and a sister, Meg Sweeney.

As a child, she was drawn to imitating voices and inventing characters. She attended Marycliff High School and Gonzaga Preparatory School, where she appeared in a number of plays. She graduated with a double major in economics and European history from the University of Washington, where she was student body vice president and became a member of Delta Gamma sorority. After graduation, Sweeney moved to Los Angeles, where she worked as an accountant for Columbia Pictures and United Artists.

Career
In 1988, while still working as an accountant, Sweeney enrolled in classes with the improvisational comedy troupe the Groundlings, eventually being selected to be part of the troupe's Sunday Company. It was at the Groundlings that she began to develop characters, which she would later bring to the stage, film, and television. They include Mea Culpa, the title character of Mea's Big Apology (co-written by then-husband Stephen Hibbert), which won the Best Written Play Award from L.A. Weekly in 1988, and has been developed by Sweeney (in collaboration with Jim Emerson) into a screenplay; and the androgynous Pat.

Saturday Night Live
At a Groundlings performance in 1989, Saturday Night Live (SNL) producer Lorne Michaels discovered Sweeney and offered her a spot as one of Saturday Night Live's featured players. She joined the regular Saturday Night Live cast the following year and remained with the show through four seasons, from 1990 to 1994. One of her most popular characters was Pat, whose impossible-to-determine gender was the basis for Sweeney's popular It's Pat! sketches on Saturday Night Live, and a later feature film of the same name, which was a critical and commercial failure, costing $8 million to make but grossing only $60,822 at the box office.

God Said Ha!
After leaving the cast of Saturday Night Live, Sweeney returned to Los Angeles where, shortly afterwards, her career was put on hold by a series of personal traumas. Her brother Michael was diagnosed with lymphoma, and shortly thereafter Sweeney discovered that she too had cancer. Her brother did not survive the cancer. Throughout the ordeal, Sweeney told stories of her experiences in serio-comic performances at L.A.'s alternative comedy club, the Un-Cabaret, eventually developing the stories into a one-woman stage show called God Said Ha!, which debuted at San Francisco's Magic Theater in 1995.

God Said Ha! moved to Broadway, winning the 1996 New York Comedy Festival's Audience Award, and a CD recording of the show earned her a Grammy nomination for Best Comedy Album that same year. Miramax released a film version of the show in 1998, directed by Sweeney and produced by Quentin Tarantino. The film earned the Golden Space Needle Award at the Seattle International Film Festival, and was released on DVD in 2003. Portions of the monologues from Un-Cabaret were featured on episode 9 of This American Life (then known as Your Radio Playhouse) in January 1996. Since her initial monologue, she has appeared on three more This American Life episodes.

In the Family Way
Sweeney's second monologue chronicled the adoption of her daughter from China. In the Family Way started on stage in New York City in early 2003 at the Ars Nova Theatre. The show was directed by Broadway stage director Mark Brokaw, before migrating to the Groundlings Theatre in Los Angeles. Sweeney has also released a CD recording of In the Family Way and, in 2006, performed a 25-minute excerpt of the show at the Hollywood Bowl with a new orchestration written especially for her piece by composer Anthony Marinelli and performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

Letting Go of God
Sweeney's third autobiographical monologue is titled Letting Go of God. In it, she discusses her Catholic upbringing, early religious ideology, and the life events and internal search that led her to believe that the universe can function on its own without a deity to preside over it; as well as her becoming an atheist. Sweeney shares the account of when her mother told her that her birthday was really October 10 instead of September 10, and how traumatic it was to discover she was not a winsome Virgo but really a Libra.

An audio recording of Letting Go of God was released on CD in 2006, and it was filmed live on stage in May 2007. The film premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival on June 13, 2008, and the DVD of the show was released in November 2008.

Julia Sweeney: Older and Wider
After taking some years out of the limelight to be a suburban Chicago housewife and mother, Sweeney returned with a fourth monologue in which she riffs on contemporary politics and religion, among other topics. The performance was so popular that it sold out its original six-day run at the Audrey Skirball Kenis Theater at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles, as well as a one-week extension.

Sweeney appeared at the 2019 CSICon put on by the Center for Inquiry (CFI), where she presented about half of the monologue for the conference attendees.

Other work
In a segment for This American Life in 1999, Sweeney describes one of her first jobs as a bartender's assistant, and how she began embezzling funds from her employer, and the consequences thereof.

In 1992, Sweeney worked with the rock band Ugly Kid Joe, performing in the music video for their hit "Neighbor" and contributing introductory audio for two tracks, "Goddamn Devil" and "Everything About You". The latter was on the soundtrack to the Lorne Michaels movie Wayne's World.

In 1994, she had a small role as "Raquel" in the movie Pulp Fiction; other film roles include Gremlins 2: The New Batch, Coneheads, Vegas Vacation, Clockstoppers, Whatever It Takes, and Stuart Little.

In 2000, she provided the voice of Wanda MacPherson in the short-lived The WB/Adult Swim animated sitcom Baby Blues. She was also the voice of Margo on the ABC animated series The Goode Family, Dr. Glove on Back at the Barnyard, Miss Tronica on Lloyd in Space, and Sheri Squibbles in Pixar's 2013 animated film Monsters University.

A veteran of live television, Sweeney made her mark on primetime television as a series regular on George and Leo and Maybe It's Me, and guest starred on 3rd Rock from the Sun, Hope & Gloria, Mad About You, and According to Jim. In 2004, she co-starred in two episodes of Frasier, as Frasier's blind date turned litigious unwanted houseguest, Ann Hodges. She had a guest role on Sex and the City, and served as a consultant for its last three seasons, as well as consulting on season two of Desperate Housewives. In 2019, she played a terrorist grandmother in season 6 of the American cop comedy series Brooklyn 99.

Sweeney met singer/songwriter Jill Sobule at a Technology Entertainment and Design (TED) conference, and performed together in 2008. They took the show, called Jill and Julia, on the road in 2009 and 2010, performing in New York, Denver and other locations. It was an autobiographical mix of music, stories, and commentary.

From 2009 to 2010, Sweeney was also part of the regular rotation of panelists for the NPR news quiz radio show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, in downtown Chicago. In 2021 Sweeney was cast in the third season of American Gods on Starz.

Sweeney has long pushed for acceptance of people who are not religious, and in 2019 she was appointed to be on the board of directors of the Center for Inquiry.

Personal life
Sweeney is married to scientist Michael Blum. They live in Los Angeles near their daughter, whom they adopted from China.

Works and publications

 * Sweeney, Julia, and Zander, Christine. It's Pat!: My Life Exposed. New York: Hyperion, 1992. ISBN 978-1-562-82938-4
 * Sweeney, Julia. God Said, "Ha!". New York: Bantam Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-553-10647-3
 * Barker, Dan and Sweeney, Julia. The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God Ulysses Press, 2011.  ISBN 9781569758465
 * Sweeney, Julia. If It's Not One Thing, It's Your Mother. New York : Simon & Schuster, 2013. ISBN 978-1-451-67404-0

title: Julia Sweeney


text:
Specialized dictionary

A specialized dictionary is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena. The definitive book on the subject (Cowie 2009) includes chapters on some of the dictionaries included below:

 * synonyms
 * pronunciations
 * names (place names and personal names)
 * phrases and idioms
 * dialect terms
 * slang
 * quotations
 * etymologies
 * rhymes
 * lyrics

Dictionaries of idioms and slang are common in most cultures. Examples include (of French) the Dictionnaire des expressions et locutions, edited by Alain Rey (Paris: Le Robert 2006), and (of English) Eric Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (8th edition, London: Routledge 2002). In the area of language learning, there are specialized dictionaries for aspects of language which tend to be ordinary for mother-tongue speakers but may cause difficulty for learners. These include dictionaries of phrasal verbs, such as the Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2nd edition, Oxford University Press: 2006), and dictionaries of collocation, such as Macmillan Collocations Dictionary (Oxford: Macmillan 2010).

One of the most common types of specialized dictionary is what is often referred to in English as a technical dictionary and in German as a Fachwörterbuch. These dictionaries cover the terminology of a particular subject field or discipline. As described in Nielsen (1994), dictionaries of this type can be classified in various ways. A dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a multi-field dictionary; one that covers one subject field is called a single-field dictionary; and one that covers a limited part of a subject field is called a sub-field dictionary. A technical dictionary that attempts to cover as much of the relevant terminology as possible is called a maximizing dictionary, whereas one that attempts to cover only a limited part of the relevant terminology is called a minimizing dictionary.

Specialized dictionaries can have various functions, i.e. they can help users in different types of situation. Monolingual dictionaries can help users understand and produce texts, whereas bilingual dictionaries can help users understand texts, translate texts and produce texts, as described in e.g. Nielsen (1994) and Nielsen (2010).

title: Specialized dictionary


text:
British Columbia Highway 395

British Columbia Highway 395 is a short provincial highway in the Regional District of Kootenay Boundary of British Columbia. It is a cross-border spur that connects with U.S. Route 395 (from which it derives its number) at the Canada–U.S. border crossing near Laurier, Washington. Its northern terminus is at the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) near Cascade, about 20 km (12 mi) east of Grand Forks.

title: British Columbia Highway 395


text:
Optic radiation

In neuroanatomy, the optic radiation (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract, the geniculostriate pathway, and posterior thalamic radiation) are axons from the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex. The optic radiation receives blood through deep branches of the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery.

They carry visual information through two divisions (called upper and lower division) to the visual cortex (also called striate cortex) along the calcarine fissure. There is one set of upper and lower divisions on each side of the brain. If a lesion only exists in one unilateral division of the optic radiation, the consequence is called quadrantanopia, which implies that only the respective superior or inferior quadrant of the visual field is affected. If both divisions on one side of the brain are affected, the result is a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia.

Structure
The upper division:

 * Projects to the upper bank of the calcarine fissure, called the cuneus
 * Contains input from the superior retinal quadrants, which represents the inferior visual field quadrants
 * Transection causes contralateral lower quadrantanopia
 * Lesions that involve both cunei cause a lower altitudinal hemianopia (altitudinopia)

The lower division:

 * Loops from the lateral geniculate body anteriorly (Meyer's loop), then posteriorly, to terminate in the lower bank of the calcarine sulcus, called the lingual gyrus
 * Contains input from the inferior retinal quadrants, which represents the superior visual field quadrants
 * Transection causes contralateral upper quadrantanopia
 * Transection of both lingual gyri causes an upper altitudinal hemianopia

Parts
A distinctive feature of the optic radiations is that they split into two parts on each side:

*Note: In 2009, an anonymous medical doctor edited the "Optic Radiation" Wikipedia article and added the eponymous name "Baum's loop," referring to the dorsal bundle. Despite the information being unverified, this name subsequently entered scholarly articles and textbooks and persisted until three radiologists discovered the fabrication in 2020.

Function
The optic radiation contains tracts which transmit visual information from the retina of the eye to the visual cortex. Lesions of the optic radiations are usually unilateral and commonly vascular in origin. Field defects therefore develop abruptly, in contrast to the slow progression of defects associated with tumors.

Examination
Tracts contained within the optic radiation are examined as part of a cranial nerve examination.

title: Optic radiation


text:
User:Danarmak

I'm Dan Armak, the same as mostly any refs googling on 'danarmak' might give you.

title: User:Danarmak


text:
User talk:Danarmak

Comments welcome.

title: User talk:Danarmak


text:
Talk:Winny

'Additions are to be put at the bottom of this page! Please sign using ~, so it is possible to see who wrote what when.'

I didn't require any Probatio Diabolica, I required only another evidence for another fact. You had never put any evidence for another fact. None requires Probatio Diabolica of you. Lack of evidence means impression. Then, a fact merely being there is nonsence. Accepting 'He said' or 'There is' as the prefix concealing writer's real intention , he can put any bias on article. What but the site for donating to suspected person means profit-making? If you put it on the article, anyone can put any advertisement on any article because 'being there is fact'. If any information concerning about him were to appear, any privacy concerning crime fact of him should appear, since a suspected person is limited to no privacy of him concerning crime fact because the Supreme court permit them in a judicial precedent. It is hard to escape the conclusion that the donation isn't needed for NPOV of Winny article.

The word 'inaccurate' doesn't mean dissatisfaction of reader. If one think so, he should put 'accurate' fact based on accurate evidence on here. Any monkey can say word 'inaccurate', but only human can put evidence of other accuracy on here. Monkey's speculation doesn't mean evidence. Last post has many word 'inaccurate', but no evidence for accuracy is put there on.

Many of my previous propositions that the statements in the article was inaccurate contained claims that the statement was inaccurate because the statement was presented as fact where it could not be verified as a fact. As you stand by your statements, I presume your standpoint is that the statement can be verified. This is a classic case of a Probatio Diabolica ('Akuma no shoumei') - according to its principles, if you require proof, the burden of proof needs to be reversed, to be on your side. For instance, to counter my allegations that your statement that Kaneko's intents on the development of Winny was only to facilitate copyright infringement cannot be proven/disproven, you merely have to present a single explicit evidence that your statement can, indeed, be proven.

My claim that your statement that other Japanese P2P developers had never faced litigations contradicts with reality, in fact, did come with an evidence (the link). In this case, you were on the "did not" side and I was on the "did" side. As the burden of proof was on me, I searched out and presented an evidence. No speculation concerned there.

Concern on bias whatsoever has not been addressed in the reply. I await your opinions on the issue of neutrality in the wording and structure of the article.

Additionally, I have yet to receive a rational explanation for the deletion of the paragraph concerning Kaneko's defense fund. If there was a false statement in the paragraph, please state so.

Also, please append to Talk pages instead of replacing them.

Wingnut29530 17:36, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Ok ....

I have added a section to this article titled "Debate of Winny's Purpose" which contains the debate on Kaneko's intent on creating the software. I wrote it in a (I think is a) unbiased manner. Hopefully this is a good compromise and will prevent any further "content-wars". :-)

Xamian 13:14, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Fund-raising website
Sending money to non court-appointed lawyer is commercial. They are managing the site of 'donation' of meaning profit-making. Permitting such links means anyone can advertise his business or goods on Wikipedia. This means POV making money.

 * Thank you for stating the reason for the removal of the paragraph, anon. As you mention it now, it seems reasonable enough. As for the other stuff, with Xamian's edit, the article now looks to me as neutral. Thanks. Wingnut29530 16:00, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The information about raising the money is encyclopedic. This is not about advertising a business or goods... It should be in the article. If you have primary sources giving more information on the site, possibly stating that it is only about advertising a business or selling goods: please add! Guaka 17:25, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Sending money to non court-appointed lawyer is commercial. Donation bank account is in the name of the lawyers Kaneko engaged. http://www.freekaneko.com/ja/contribution.html (in Japanese) 'Donation' is paid for the lawyer as remuneration, this is business itself. Therefore, the site URL and 'Donation' achievements mean advertisement itself. While Kaneko is in the lawsuit, these can not be encyclopedic. These can be encyclopedic after the lawsuit.

 * I have reverted back the information about the Free Kaneko site. I don't have any opinion if the man is or is not innocent, but it is factual information.  As for the profit making argument, you can argue that putting a link on Wikipedia's Napster page to the Napster website is profit making as well and should be deleted as well.  Ignoring this link seems to be ignoring facts.

 * If this dispute continues, I would recommend we go through Dispute_resolution. It would help if the user(s) who which to debate the editing of this page would be available for contact so we can go through this process and resolve this dispute fairly.

 * Xamian 21:01, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

NPOV mustn't include any profit-making link.
NHK is public broadcasting station known as its neutrality and fairness in Japan. NHK is fulfiling the NHK program standard. The standard contains following clause:

[the NHK program standard](in Japanese)

 * Clause 12 Advertisement
 * 1. We don't broadcast any business advertisement and self-advertising publicity.
 * 2. When an organization name, a personal name or an occupation, a specific corporate name, or a specific brand name are contained in the broadcast, we determine fair whether we describe them specifically or not, investigating whether they are elementary for the broadcasting, and whether there is nothing for them but to describe specifically them in the direction.

I don't know there is the mass media having such a standard in U.S.A., but the neutral point of view should mean such a standard internationally. Therefore the 'donating' site is POV making money. Concerning the article of Napstar, there is nothing for the article but to describe specifically 'Napster'. But linking to the site of Napster isn't must.

Needless to say, an encyclopedia is more neutral than any mass media.

 * I don't really get your point. There was and is no advertising publicity in the article. Gu@k@ 14:17, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Hiroyuki Nishimura's statement
The statement that Hiroyuki Nishimura stated that the nonexistence of 2ch's access logs makes attribution of 47's posts to Kaneko impossible should not have been deleted, as it is factual information and can be verified objectively.

"The nonexistence of 2ch's access logs makes attribution of 47's posts to Kaneko impossible". This by itself is an unverifiable statement. This does not belong on Wikipedia. This is because the question is on the nonexistence of 2ch's access logs and that its nonexistence makes the posts' attributions impossible. Neither can be verified, therefore the above line does not belong on Wikipedia.

On the other hand:

"Hiroyuki Nishimura stated that the nonexistence of 2ch's access logs makes attribution of 47's posts to Kaneko impossible." This is not an unverifiable statement. This belongs on Wikipedia. This is because the question is not on 2ch's logs or attribution - it has now become irrelevant. Now that this is a statement of a statement, the question is now on if Nishimura actually said this or not. This (whether Nishimura said this or not) can be verified through multiple means, including by referring to the link I included with the article, by asking Nishimura himself, or by asking the 139,052 subscribers of Nishimura's newsletter. According to Wikipedia norms I take this to be enough objective evidence for it to be considered true.

Wingnut29530 06:30, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hmm, I am curious as to how exactly Winny works? I would think this would be discussed in the anonymity section, but it only says that the mesage baord is not anonymous. However, I am more curious as to how the file-sharing aspect is anonymous. I know there's some encryption involved, but to connect to their computer, don't you still need the IP address which even if you couldn't see from the program itself, could be still easily logged through some other network software? Dracil 11:49, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Winny client (English version) dead link
The link points to http://www.winny-english.tk/ but that no longer exists. Does anyone have another link or shall it be removed? --24.194.57.197 22:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

seems to be re-registered by an unaffiliated party, should be removed?

Official website dead link
The official website link seems dead too, but I can't read Jap so I'm not sure Using Google Translate: "そろそろノートだけでもいいから返してもらえないと仕事に支障がでるのですがどんなもんなんでしょうか・・・・" = "Notes from just about time I returned to work this kind of trouble are there. What does it look like?" So yeah I'd say its dead 70.73.210.43 (talk) 02:58, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Removed claim
I removed the claim that the download software board was "filled with copyright infringers", as that information cannot be verified and is slightly inflammatory. also, the general jist of this comment is a lot more expanded upon below it, in the "Debate..." section.

Winny scares me
I've got a bandwidth meter & even when the winny cache is empty people still download *something* from me. Does anyone know what's happening there? Yaguchi 15:34, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

client vs. protocol
Is the protocol open? It should be, because there are open-source clones (Pyny). OTOH the article suggests that the exact workings of the anonymity feature are not public knowledge, so which is it?

What does a virus originating from Winny mean
What does a virus originating from Winny mean -- a virus spread through the Winny network or a virus using the Winny protocol to upload stuff? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.8.31 (talk) 11:06, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Viruses from winny are usually contained within a .zip file. You'll download what you assume is a collection of mp3's and inside will be mp3's (or sometimes unusable files containing random junk) and the virus. The virus is an exe file that has a folder icon so you'll click on it thinking it's a folder and you just activated the virus. The virus is called Antinny.G. Once activated it goes through your hard drive and adds itself to every exe file. I'm unsure what it's supposed to do as I downloaded a removal tool and got rid of it pretty quickly! There's another virus (or possibly the same one?) that's supposed to collect your sensitive information (like passwords and cookies) and then offers them up in your uploads folder so others can download them from you unknowingly. Yaguchi (talk) 02:54, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Winny. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130714025946/http://www.japantimes.co.jp:80/news/2013/07/08/national/winny-developer-kaneko-dies-at-42/ to http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/07/08/national/winny-developer-kaneko-dies-at-42/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:44, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winny


text:
British Columbia Highway 21

Highway 21 is a cross-border spur in the Regional District of Central Kootenay in British Columbia. First opened in 1964, the highway travels 14 km northwest along the Kootenay River from its connection with Idaho State Highway 1 at the Rykerts Canada-U.S. border crossing to a point on the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) just 1 km west of Creston.

Approximately 4 km from its northbound terminus, Highway 21 comes to an intersection with Erickson Street as it enters Creston. At this point, motorists intending to travel eastbound on the Crowsnest Highway toward Cranbrook and the Alberta border can bypass Creston's main business district and connect to the Crowsnest at Erickson. Westbound motorists can continue on Highway 21 to its northern terminus.

title: British Columbia Highway 21


text:
1981–82 snooker world rankings

The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), the governing body for professional snooker, first published official world rankings for players on the main tour for the 1976–77 season. Before this, for each tournament the defending champion was seeded first, and the previous year's runner-up second.

Players' performances in the previous three World Snooker Championships (1979, 1980 and 1981) contributed to their points total. For each of the three years, the World Champion gained five points, the runner-up received four, losing semi-finalists got three, losing quarter-finalists got two, and losers in the last-16 round received a single point. Players without any ranking points were listed in order of their performances at the 1981 World Snooker Championship. Cliff Thorburn, the 1980 champion, led the ranking list, with nine points, having been ranked second the previous year. The reigning champion, Steve Davis, held eight points and moved from thirteenth place to second, while the 1979 winner Terry Griffiths, also with eight points, rose from fifth to third. Ray Reardon, who had been ranked first in each of the five previous lists since the establishment of the rankings, was in fourth place with seven points, the same total as Dennis Taylor in fifth. The WPBSA deducted two ranking points from Alex Higgins's total for his behaviour at Herringthorpe Leisure Centre, Rotherham on 24 February 1981. Higgins had arrived late for the second of an exhibition match against Davis, reportedly because he was playing Space Invaders.

The top sixteen players in the rankings were seeded into the 32-player first round of the main competition for the 1982 World Snooker Championship. Janice Hale, a snooker reporter for The Daily Telegraph, wrote that the system, with points accumulated across three years, gave established players an advantage. An article in Snooker Scene magazine discussing the ranking list for 1980/1981, which was compiled on the same basis as the 1981/1982 list, had also contained concerns about the advantage to established players, while arguing that no better alternative system had been proposed. Player and commentator Jack Karnehm, who had previously criticised the ranking system for not taking into consideration players' performances at tournaments other than the world championship, agreed that no fairer system had been proposed. Karnehm published a "Supreme Snooker League Table" based on percentage of won in nine tournaments during the 1980–81 snooker season, which was headed by Steve Davis with 66.67% of frames won across 29 matches, followed by Willie Thorne who won 61.54% of frames in six matches. This method, in Karnehm's own assessment, produced rankings "every bit as unfair and inconsistent as the official ratings list".

Rankings
The professional world rankings for snooker players in the 1981/1982 season are listed below. Points gained in each of the three World Snooker Championships are shown, with the total number of points given in the last column. A "–" symbol indicates that the player did not participate in that year's championship.

title: 1981–82 snooker world rankings


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Ron Mueck

Ronald Hans Mueck ( or /ˈmuːɪk/) (born Hans Ronald Mueck; 9 May 1958) is an Australian sculptor working in the United Kingdom.

Biography
Born in 1958 to German parents in Melbourne, Australia, Ron Mueck grew up in the family business of puppetry and doll-making. He worked initially as a creative director in Australian children's television shows like Shirl's Neighbourhood and Lift Off, before moving to America to work there in film and advertising. Most notably, he designed, performed, and voiced the character of Ludo in the 1986 Jim Henson fantasy film Labyrinth. He later collaborated with Henson again on the TV series The StoryTeller. In 1996, he was asked by Paula Rego, his mother-in-law, to make a small figure of Pinocchio for her group exhibition Spellbound: Art and Film, at the Hayward Gallery, London.

Mueck first came to public attention with his sculpture "Dead Dad". This portrayal of his recently deceased father—at roughly half-scale and made from memory and imagination—was included in the 1997 exhibition Sensation at the Royal Academy of Arts, London.

Mueck's first solo show was at the Anthony d’Offay Gallery, London in 1998. His 5 m high sculpture Boy 1999 was a feature in the Millennium Dome, and later exhibited at the 49th Venice Biennale in 2001. Today it sits in the foyer of the Danish Contemporary Art Museum ARoS in Aarhus.

Between 2000 and 2002, Mueck was Associate Artist at the National Gallery, London. During this two-year post he created the works Mother and Child, Pregnant Woman, Man in a Boat, and Swaddled Baby and culminated in an exhibition in 2003.

Mueck's most recent major touring exhibition began at Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain (Paris), in 2013, and travelled to Fundacion Proa, Buenos Aires., MAM, Rio de Janeiro (marking the biggest audience in the history of that museum), and São Paulo, exhibited at the Pinacoteca.

During 2016, Mueck exhibited at the Theseus Temple, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, and Sara Hildén Art Museum, Tampere, Finland.

In 2016 Mueck also received a major solo presentation at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. As part of the Hull UK City of Culture the following year, Mueck's works appeared as part of SKIN, at the Ferens Art Gallery, alongside paintings by Lucian Freud and Édouard Manet, and Spencer Tunick's photographs of his installation Sea of Hull. The exhibition features a new work, Poke, as well as Wild Man, Spooning Couple, Youth, Ghost, and Mask II.

Work
Mueck's sculpture responds to the minute details of the human body, playing with scale to produce engrossing visual images (a style known as hyperrealism). Mueck spends a long time, sometimes more than a year, creating each sculpture. His subject matter is deeply private, and is often concerned with people's unspoken thoughts and feelings.

title: Ron Mueck


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Dragon Con

Dragon Con (previously Dragon*Con and sometimes DragonCon) is a North American multigenre convention, founded in 1987, which takes place annually over the Labor Day weekend in Atlanta, Georgia. , the convention draws attendance of over 80,000, features hundreds of guests, encompasses five hotels in the Peachtree Center neighborhood of downtown Atlanta near Centennial Olympic Park, and runs thousands of hours of programming for fans of science fiction, fantasy, comic books, and other elements of fan culture. It is owned and operated by a private for-profit corporation, with the help of a 1,500-member volunteer staff. Dragon Con has hosted the 1990 Origins Game Fair and the 1995 North American Science Fiction Convention (NASFiC).

History
Dragon Con was launched in 1987, as a project of a local science fiction and gaming group, the Dragon Alliance of Gamers and Role-Players (DAGR). It was founded by a board of directors including John Bunnell, David Cody, Robert Dennis, Mike Helba, Pat Henry, and Ed Kramer.

The name "Dragon" for the club was derived from Kramer's Dragon Computer, which hosted a local Bulletin Board System ("The Dragon") that initially served as a central hub for both organizations. The inaugural Dragon*Con flyers debuted at the 1986 Atlanta Worldcon, ConFederation. Within a year, Dragon*Con had been selected to be the host of the 1990 Origins convention, to take place at the Atlanta Hilton. The 1987 inaugural Dragon*Con took place at the Pierremont Plaza Hotel, drew 1400 fans, and featured Guest of Honor Michael Moorcock, Lynn Abbey and Robert Asprin, Robert Adams, Ultima creator Richard "Lord British" Garriott, co-creator of Dungeons & Dragons Gary Gygax and Toastmaster Brad Strickland. Miramar recording artist Jonn Serrie delivered his keyboard arrangements from within a real NASA flightsuit and Michael Moorcock performed onstage with Blue Öyster Cult's Eric Bloom, singing "Veteran of the Psychic Wars" and "Black Blade". Thomas E. Fuller's Atlanta Radio Theatre Company performed H. P. Lovecraft's Call of Cthulhu, which was broadcast via radio live from onsite. The 1988 convention included guests Alan Dean Foster, Fred Saberhagen, Margaret Weis, Tracy Hickman, Gary Gygax, and Larry Elmore.

The convention grew rapidly. In 1989, it drew 2,400 fans (many to see Guest of Honor Anne McCaffrey), and the event had moved to the Omni Hotel and Convention Center. In 1990, the convention had doubled again, added a Comics Expo, hosted the Origins convention, this time with Guest of Honor Tom Clancy, and expanded to include the Atlanta Sheraton hotel. In 1991 the first "Robot Battles" robotic competition event was added to the list of Dragon*Con events, making it the second oldest robotic competition event in the world.

In 1993, Dragon*Con was the home of the Wizard Fan Awards.

By 1995, when Dragon*Con hosted the North American Science Fiction Convention, attendance had grown to over 14,000 fans, and Dragon*Con was also hosting the International Starfleet Conference. In 1999, Dragon*Con's TrekTrak introduced the first Miss Klingon Empire Beauty Pageant, an annual event that has since garnered national media attention.

In 2000, Ed Kramer ceased to have an active role in managing the convention, but still owned 34% of the company. In 2011, Kramer sued the organizers, leveling charges that he was not receiving his fair share of the con's profits. Kramer's relationship with the convention was fully severed in July 2013 in a cash-out merger, at which point the name of the convention and business officially changed to "Dragon Con" (replacing the asterisk with a space).

At the convention's 20th anniversary in 2007, there were 22,000 attendees, and the convention continued to grow, drawing 27,000 attendees in 2007, 40,000 in 2010, 57,000 in 2013, and over 80,000 in 2017.

On July 6, 2020, it was announced that Dragon Con had been cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a virtual event being organized in its place on the original dates. The event announced that it would return for 2021 with enhanced health and safety protocols; the event will be capped at around 40,000 attendees, badges will only be sold online and not on-site, masks will be mandatory within indoor spaces, and the Dragon Con parade will only be open to those who hold badges. Some of the virtual features from 2020 will also be maintained, including a "virtual marketplace", and streaming content (including free content, and a paid "DragonConTV" streaming membership). On August 17, it was also announced that all attendees must present proof of vaccination for COVID-19 or a negative test from within the past 72 hours in order to claim their badges.

Programming
As of 2008, Dragon Con was a four-day event comprising approximately 3500 hours of panels, seminars, demonstrations, and workshops, with over 30 specialized programming tracks that include writing, alternate history, art, anime, gaming, science fiction and fantasy literature, comic books, costuming, space, science, online media, independent film, podcasting, Asian cinema and culture, robotics, filk, scientific skepticism, Star Trek, Star Wars, Military Scifi Media, X-Files, apocalyptic themes, Anne McCaffrey's Pern, Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time, J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, British and American science fiction television, dark fantasy, the Dragon Con Independent Short Film Festival, and general programming which specific Guests of Honor attend (e.g., Clive Barker's Lost Souls and Storm Constantine's Grissecon).

As of 2017, Dragon Con is a five-day event, beginning the Thursday before Labor Day.

Music and film
From its origin, music has also been a significant feature of Dragon Con, with performances by groups and artists such as Abney Park, Blue Öyster Cult, The Crüxshadows, Celldweller, Ego Likeness, I:Scintilla, Black Tape for a Blue Girl, Bella Morte, Chick Corea, Edgar Winter, Emerald Rose, Ghost of the Robot, Godhead, Iced Earth, Voltaire, Jefferson Starship, The Misfits, GWAR, Man or Astroman?, The Bloodhound Gang, Spock's Beard, and Mindless Self Indulgence.

The Dragon Con Independent Short Film Festival presents the "finest independent short films of the fantastic". Awards are distributed for a number of categories.

Gaming
Dragon Con hosts a variety of gaming sessions and tournaments. Opportunities include board games, miniature games, collectible card games, console games, live action and other role-playing games, and tables hosted by gaming companies, as well as panel sessions.

Awards
In 1998, Dragon Con established the Julie Award, in honor of Julius "Julie" Schwartz, bestowed by a panel of industry professionals in honor of "universal achievement spanning multiple genres". Schwartz presented the award each year prior to his death in early 2004. The inaugural recipient was Ray Bradbury; additional recipients of the award include Forrest Ackerman, Yoshitaka Amano, Alice Cooper, Will Eisner, Harlan Ellison, Neil Gaiman, Carmine Infantino, Anne McCaffrey, Jim Steranko, Peter David, and Paul Dini.

In March 2016, Dragon Con announced the introduction of "Dragon Awards", a fan-voted award "to recognize outstanding achievement in science fiction and fantasy literature, comics, gaming and filmed entertainment". The award process consists of a nomination step, where each voter can nominate one work of choice in every category, and a voting step where the nominated works are voted for to receive the award. The nominations and votes are collected electronically. Participation is freely available to everyone, without any pay or requirement of membership. The finalist shortlist for the first edition of the awards was announced on August 11, 2016; the winners were announced on September 4.

Additional awards include the Futura Award, paying homage to the Fritz Lang masterpiece Metropolis; the Parsec Awards; and the Georgia Fandom Award, renamed in 2008 as the Hank Reinhardt Award, after its first recipient.

Other
In 2002, Dragon*Con began hosting a parade through downtown Atlanta, which ran from Centennial Olympic Park to the Marriott Marquis, and featured thousands of costumed participants. The parade is an annual event, which is also televised by WUPA-TV and streamed online.

Economic impact
In 2015, Dragon Con attracted some 70,000+ attendees and had a direct economic impact of $65 million, as reported by the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau in the Atlanta Business Chronicle. According to statistics provided by Georgia State University, Robinson College of Business, Dragon Con brought in over $21 million.

Dragon Con routinely raises funds for designated charities. In 2005, Dragon*Con raised US$20,000 for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Charity efforts continued with US$104,000 sent to the Atlanta Center for Self Sufficiency in 2016, including a US$50,000 corporate match. In 2013, fans voted in advance to determine the charities. From 2005 through 2012, the con raised and donated almost $224,000.

title: Dragon Con


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Talk:Maya numerals

2001 text
The author of this article says: "The numerals are made up of three symbols; zero (egg shape), one (a dot) and five (a bar)" but then lists 31 as =

which I think according to the above would likely be read as "12." Apparently it's not meant to be 12, but there's no indication of why in this article. Could someone explain further? --KQ

Now I get it, 12 would look something like this:

.. _____ _____

First of all, note that the two dots are next to each other. In the author's example, the two dots are above each other. To really do the system properly, you would need a fixed height for each numeral, or a convention where the top line of a number is always represented as dots, or an egg, to make clear the dividing line between numbers. Anyway, the author's number breaks down like this: .               = 1 × 201 ************** .                _____            = (1 + 5 + 5) × 200 _____

add it all up, and you get 31.

It's kind of interesting the way that the Mayans mix an additive number system (like Roman Numerals) and a base X number system (like binary and decimal). I wonder what doing math under this system was like. Perhaps our system would be easier to teach if there was some rationale behind the value of the numerals (like the Mayan system) instead of purely abstract (like our Arabic system).

 * Arithmatics should be very easy with an abacus. Some sources indicate that earlier European explorers found abacus in use in Puru.  I would imagine a Puruian abacus would have 4 beads on the upper deck (to represent 0 to 4 counts of 1) and 3 beads on the lower deck (to represent 0 to 3 counts of 5), compared to 1 bead for the Japanese Soroban's upper deck.  You would move one bead on the upper deck for each dot you read off the number.  And one bead on the lower deck for each bar in the number.  Whenever the upper deck overflow, one bead on the lower deck is added, whenever the lower deck is overflow, one bead on the upper deck on the next column is moved.  It works very similar to the Chinese numerals system except the fives are marked on the bottom instead of the top.  It works exactly like the add and carry system in decimal number, but instead of doing a carry with every 10 count, the abacus would do a carry to the lower deck for every 5, then do a carry to the adjacent digit for every 4 counts on the upper deck.  So it is a system of 5-4-5-4 alternating base.  You can also see addition is very simple even without an abacus, just add the dot and bar separately and do the carry whenever necessary.  Every 5 dots carry to a bar.  Every 4 bars carry to a dot to the next digit.  Many Chinese abacus operators can do arithmetics faster than anyone can punch the numbers on a calculator.  I would imagine the Mayan could also do arithmatics faster than any westerner because it is an easier system than the arabic.

I still don't get it. Why wouldn't 31 be the following:

. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Also, how much is "1 * 200"? Or "1 * 201"?

because the system is base 20, the most any set of lines can be worth is 19. So any number can be up to: .... _____ _____ _____

After that, you start above with another number that is worth 20X the first, and you place that number above the first, so 20 = . 0

(if 0 were egg shaped). The thing to keep in mind is that this isn't quite like Roman numerals, were you simply add/subtract the values of all the symbols. This system has a base like Arabic numbers (the ones we use). Unlike arabic numbers, however, the symbols are related in a logical manner, rather than just abstractly connected. My only qualm with is is that you need to use: fixed height numbers, a separator for each number, or have the top of every number be comprised of dots to make the divistion between the unit, 20, 202, etc. rows.

Also, I've fixed the mathematical notation above, I originally meant, "one times twenty to the power of zero," etc. (which is, by the way, 1). I was basically trying to break down the Mayan numbers the way we break down Arabic numbers in math classes (i.e. 527 = 5 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 7 × 100). Clearer now?

Yes, much. It was the base 20 that had me. Should the following part also go on the main page, or is that just necessary to explain base 20 to people who didn't get it?

 * because the system is base 20, the most any set of lines can be worth is 19. So any number can be up to:
 * _____
 * _____
 * _____
 * _____

 * After that, you start above with another number that is worth 20X the first, and you place that number above the first, so 20 =
 * 0
 * (if 0 were egg shaped).
 * (if 0 were egg shaped).

Mistakes
Did the Maya people make many mistakes between, say, 6 and 25? Sabbut 08:04, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No. Our current illustration is perhaps not that good at showing how the place value is seperated. More usually the numbers were rotated 90 degrees from what is shown, while the place value seperation was vertical.

 * So, for example, using a "0" as a dot and a "I" as a bar, six would be:

 * 0I

 * Where as 25 would be:

 * 0
 * I

 * Cheers, -- Infrogmation 15:40, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

In glyphic representation of the numbers, the shape of each glyph being roughly the same size is enough to distinguish between various levels of the vegisimal system. I believe that during calculations, they used beads in some sort of abacus. Dylanwhs 20:32, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Gnomon edits
I started to make some clean-up edits to User:Gnomon's recent additions to this page, but on consideration I am going to revert much of it. A good deal of it seems to me to be wrong. Thanks for your work here, Gnomon, but could we please have a source for some of this? For example:

 * "Most of what we know about Mayan numbers comes from a single document, the Dresden Codex"

What about the other pre-Columbian codicies, the stelae and other stone monuments, painting, and pottery which also use Maya numbers? They were still in use in the early colonial era, and for example Landa wrote about the numbers.

That the calendar uses non-vigesimal values IMO no more justifies claiming the system was not base 20 than the fact that we use clock faces with 12 digits means we don't really use base 10. -- Infrogmation 15:17, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'll check my sources and get back to you -- Gnomon.

I've looked into this and find that there were two systems in use by the Mayans. A pure base-20 system was used for normal purposes, but it did not use the numerals given here in this article. (Unfortunately, the numerals used have been destroyed by the invading Spanish, but it would have used a single symbol repeated as many times as necessary for 1's, another symbol repeated as many times as necessary for 10's, another for 100's and so on). The system described here was only used in the calendar codices and in stone inscriptions, and always used a mixed 18/20. Source: A Universal History of Numbers, Georges Ifrah.

I'll try and write that up and get it into the article.

Sacred numbers
I've heard that there were sacred numbers in Mayan numbers. If this is true please tell me the numbers.
 * I'd say all numbers were sacred, with their own associated deities. -- Infrogmation 05:10, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Removed simple add/subtact section
I've removed the following section, as it gives a misleading account which implies add & subtract operations can be achieved simply by shuffling around the dots and bars of the operands:

Obviously, this method only works for certain combinations of operands- while for example 5 + 8 works as indicated, 4 + 8 does not (you would end up with a bar and seven dots, five of which would need to be converted to a bar to get the correct representation of the result, 12).

Similarly, if the operation was 13 - 4, the result cannot be achieved simply by 'taking away' four dots.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 03:58, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Mayan numerals in modern writing
Mayan numerals can be represented in modern writing similar to hexadecimal as:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,1A,1B,1C,1D,1E,1F,1G,1H,1I,1J,20

and so on. 83.5.64.57 17:43, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps so, but they would then not be 'Maya numerals', but a representation of (any) base-20 system.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 08:41, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Multiplication Division?
Was there a way to multiply or divide using this sytem? Maybe adding together one row at a time with the second column? (Example 21 Two dots ontop of one another time just two dots on the bottom the bottom dot goes with the other bottom dot to make 2 then that dot goes up (to nothing) and becomes a dot ontop of ther other dot, then you move on to the 20's row and get that dot move up the second column and add it together so you have two dots on the second row in the third column? .. x : = ::?) --199.227.86.10 14:49, 23 August 2007 (UTC)14:48, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * In a television show in Norway 2011-09-11 a very simple Maya way of multiplication was presented. Does anybody know this method? Hogne (talk) 12:44, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

mayan number 0
The mayan number system did the '0' 300 years before the hindu-arabic. The zero is one concha —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.69.29.89 (talk) 22:42, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

6 vs. 25
What's the difference between 6 and 25 in this system?? Both are a dot above a line. Georgia guy (talk) 23:12, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

 * See the answer given previously above. To represent the number 6, both the dot and bar occupy the 'same' position (the lowest unit position). For 25, the dot occupies the next-highest position, while the bar the lowest position. See this crude illustration, here the first-place units (base-20) are on the bottom row, while row above that one contains coefficients (n) for the next-highest place (n × 20 ):

 * However, the vast majority of numbers appearing in Maya inscriptions are in the context of calendrical data and calculations, and for those they did not need to go above 19.--cjllw ʘ  TALK 01:06, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

more on add/subtract
I added a rough sentence, and I don't have the time to expand, but I think it's worth noting that the basic rules for addition/subtraction/etc described are the same in mayan numerals compared to traditional base-10 math. That might help people to see that this isn't such a "strange" system after all. I'll leave it up to you folks to find sources/whatever, and expand/elaborate/etc if you deem it necessary. 97.122.97.134 (talk) 05:58, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Number Representation
As far as I am aware, the Mayan number system was not entirely base 20. This page does not accurately reflect that. Numbers were represented as: ___ x 18 x 20^2 + ___ x 18 x 20 + ___ x 20 + ___ I see that this is represented in the calendar section, but believe it only adds confusion about the entire number system. Surely there is a solid reference to clarify if they used the strict base-20 system more often? Source: Crest of the Peacock, 3rd edition, page 67 (can be seen on Google Books) Levells (talk) 16:10, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
 * No. The number system was indeed base 20. The calendar made an exception for an approximation of the number of days in the year. Infrogmation (talk) 20:45, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
 * That's right, don't confuse calendrics with the actual arithmetic. Dylanwhs (talk) 09:18, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

I'M JUST LIEINGABOUT THIS WHOLE THING — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.217.72.201 (talk) 05:52, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Concerning the calendar arithmetic I would agree that the base was NOT 20. In the German version of this article is written that the Maya only used signs representing values from 0 to 17 on the second stage (20¹) to end up at 360. To me this makes no sense at all. Moreover I think the Maya were to advanced in mathematics to implement such a foolish trick to their calendar, which was kind of major scope for their research politics. To me it is more reasonable that they used 20^i-2*20^(i-1) as the base for their calendar, starting with i=0. Thus, the basic numeric digits 0-19 could be used on every stage whithout a problem. In fact they had a good understanding of working with the power, i.e. 20⁰ is defined as 1 (which is the first stage base of their simple arithmetic system) and 20^(-1) is defined as 0,05 which could simply be calculated by division. The calendar base I introduced here enabled them to work with fractional digits without using a special comma glyph. They could easily adjust the zero glyph in the second stage to round the fractional digit (which in terms of accurancy and irregularities in the solar year was quite useful), as one could see in the dresden codex, different glyphs for the zero existed. Just a thought came up as I read the German and this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4DD0:FF00:178D:0:0:0:2 (talk) 21:11, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

(Coincidental?) connection with D.C. flag
The D.C. flag bears a resemblance to the Mayan numeral for 13, ·̲̲·̲̲·̲̲. This may be connected to the 13 colonies or 13 original states. However, this may be coincidental, as the D.C. flag was (also?) based off of Washington's coat of arms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.152.75.156 (talk) 03:37, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

History
When did this numeral system first appear? One of the columns on List of numeral systems contains this information. -- Beland (talk) 21:37, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Seeking knowledgable help
Commons:Commons:Help_desk: someone watching this article may be able to help out. If so, please come by, certainly not something where I have a clue. - Jmabel | Talk 17:03, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maya numerals