text:
Talk:Grossglockner

Remark / correction to height
Schoolbook and schoolteaching 1989/1993: Height = 3797m. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.225.36.67 (talk) 23:40, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Titling
Seems like we've had this discussion about a zillion times already, but I don't think the use of "ß" instead of "ss" is quite right in the English forms of names. For instance, my Encyclopedia of the World's Mountains, which is pretty authoritative, uses "ss". Stan 06:02, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, whatever -- there should at least be a redirect (which there wasn't). In this case, *Grossglockner would alter the pronunciation of the name, which might be an argument.Martg76 06:50, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Redir is good - but your point about pronunciation is why there's an English version of the name - the average English speaker would not recognize the difference between "ss" and "ß". I studied German for several years, dunno if I could pick it out reliably. See ß for amusing detail. Stan 14:57, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Translation of Großglockner to English
The translation of Großglockner to English as "Big bell" is wrong. Big bell would be translated into German as "große Glocke". "-glockner" doesn't mean anything at all in contemporary German. It might etymologically derive from "Glocke" (its shape resembles a bell) or from "Gold-klocken" (a notion for mining gold). Both interpretations are highly speculative. Therefore I removed the "German" translation. Gugganij 15:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes that is right, get rid of this, old paintings do not show the Glockner as a Glocke/bell, conversely like a Spitze/needle. And a slawonic, slowenian name is inapropiate as well, they have never settled such far west. Both a folk etymologies, and misleading ones. The name is much older, given long before Germans or Slowenes settled in the alps. To find an etymology use the old fairy tale of an sorcerer and an accident there, and look for a (necessarily non-indoeuropean) dictionary, in which accident can be seen as something like glockner. This works perfectly. In addition you get a nice etymology of the Pasterze (from padura) south of that needle and many more tirolean place names.

Perhaps of Celtic origin? ZythrosJuby (talk) 12:16, 11 May 2017 (UTC)

Requested move (2005)
Standard English spelling of this name from the entry on the WP:RM page. – AxSkov ( ☏ )

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support. See above. – AxSkov ( ☏ ) 09:22, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. See below. Markussep 10:38, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Philip Baird Shearer
 * Oppose. Stemonitis 10:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Stan 16:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Mark 05:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, title is not in standard Latin alphabet. 67.71.169.168 04:52, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Let's set guidelines rather than fight 1000s of separate battles. –Hajor 19:20, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. German is written in the Latin alphabet and thus needs no transliteration. I would support the inclusion of the 'ss' form in parentheses, though. In fact I think I'll add it now. I also agree with User:Hajor that we shouldn't fight each case but establish general rules. (See Talk:Höðr for another recent example.) - Haukur Þorgeirsson 20:56, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. As a student of Latin, I can assure you the ß character does not appear in Latin alphabet, nor is it in the modern English alphabet. Quintusdecimus
 * Again I ask you: What is your preferred name for the alphabet used to write such languages as English, German, French and Icelandic? - Haukur Þorgeirsson 08:57, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I agree with the arguments of –Hajor and Haukur Þorgeirsson Edinborgarstefan 21:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Unlike English, German is written with the German alphabet, which includes ß... unless you are Swiss.--Tysto 00:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. If this were the German Wikipedia my vote would probably be different (but maybe not, not even all German speakers use this character). On the English Wikipedia, however, article titles should be in English letters to be accessible to our readers. We should keep the German lettering in the article, just not in the title. Jonathunder 00:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, of course, following well-established conventions here on the English Wikipedia. CDThieme 02:14, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Tree&Leaf 07:56, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, if the mountain had an English name, of course we would use that. But the mountain has no English name, so we use the German name. And the German name is spelled with ß. --Angr/undefined 06:39, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Grossglockner is the name that it is referred to in English language encyclopaedias and other print media. Mark 07:35, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Only because they don't have the character ß available to them. We do. --Angr/undefined 12:24, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course they have the character ß, don't be so naive. It is acceptable practise in English to replace ß with 'ss'. Mark 13:31, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see my suggested compromise at Talk:Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. --Stemonitis 07:52, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Totally Oppose. As a German-speaker I can tell you that writing it with a "ss" can be misleading, not only from the pronounciation. The "ß" and the "ss" both exist in German. The Großglockner is written with an "ß", anything deviating from that is totally incorrect. Gryffindor  01:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In German maybe, but not in English, it is correct to use 'ss' in place of ß. This is English Wikipedia after all. Mark 04:20, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That is besides the point. You can write it with an "ss" if there is no other option. However since Wikipedia supports the "ß", writing it in another version is simply wrong, German or English. Gryffindor  21:45, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The ß as 'ss' is correct in written English. Mark 04:56, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support since ß is a ligature for double s, after all, not a letter, and is frequently written as "ss" even by German speakers and almost always by some German speakers. To do otherwise in the English Wikipedia, where most readers are not familiar with ß and may confuse it with B, is not the best service to the reader. No Account
 * Please read the article on ß. While it may historically be a ligature for 'ss' it is today usually thought of as a separate letter and has a phonetic value distinct from 'ss'. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 21:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

There is currently a discussion about the use of ß in article titles at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (use English), let's wait what comes out of that. Markussep 10:38, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, there is no "standard English spelling" for an Austrian mountain like this. There is only good German and bad German. Großglockner is good German; Grossglockner is bad German. --Stemonitis 10:36, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually there is plenty of English-language literature that establishes a "standard English spelling". For instance, Huxley's Encyclopedia of the World's Mountains puts its entry at "Grossglockner", as does my tourist guide to Austria (from Off the Beaten Track series). It's like "Milan" vs "Milano" - "Milan" is bad Italian, but good English. Stan 16:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Milan example is different. That's where there is an English name that can be used (regardless of where it came from). It's the same situation as Vienna, which is good English, Wien being the correct German. Milan is not bad anything, merely the (correct) English name for an Italian city. Großglockner has no English name, which is why we can only call it Großglockner. Since we're using a German name, we should use German spelling. --Stemonitis 07:55, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you continue to say that the mountain "has no English name", when I've just cited two printed works that clearly use "Grossglockner"? And those are just the ones that happen to be on my personal bookshelves. If you have an English-language printed source that goes the other way, please cite it. Stan 18:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think your citations are proof that the English name of Großglockner is Grossglockner. It looks to me like they had technical difficulty printing the ß, and printed the closest "feasible" thing, being "ss". Is there a ß in the books you cited, for instance in names? Vienna, Milan, Venice and Cologne are English names, and they're clearly different from the originals. Grossglockner isn't, in my opinion. Markussep 18:35, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * This is what you get when you have foreigners and deluded native English speakers dictating to us what is good English spelling and what is bad spelling. The letter ß is not used in English, so the 'ss' is perfectly acceptable to use in its place. It's not that these print media can't print ß, because they can, it's just 'ss' is perfectly acceptable to use. You can always use the ß spelling as disambiguation in the articles first line, just not in the article title. I have never come across the letter ß in any reference books unless its an article about the letter itself. Mark 05:29, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please, let's avoid personal attacks such as "deluded" and stick to the matter at hand. --Stemonitis 06:57, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Casual perusal of my refs doesn't show any others, but that doesn't clarify why they did or did not use ß. To someone unfamiliar with German, it sure looks a lot like a B, so I imagine many editors decide not to send visitors off looking for "Grobglockners" and "schlobs". :-) In the complete opposite direction, my Michelin guide to Germany uses ß everywhere, but of course the only German peak familiar to the English-speaking world is the Brocken. So perhaps the Michelin guide to Austria would say "Großglockner". In any case, let's get more citations - I'm pretty sure nobody arguing here is a world-class authority on the English language, so let's get more input from actual experts. Stan 16:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ß is not English, that should be the end of it. Any argument about being "proper English" will result in things in TAMIL or CHINESE being the standard article name, and god only knows how most of us will type in ARABIC, or read an article where half the words are written in SANSKIT, because there are no proper English versions of them, if we follow that logic. 67.71.169.168 04:56, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038193?query=Grossglockner&ct=
 * NOTE: Enclyclopedia Britannica uses the Double-S *standard* English transliteration for ß.
 * You will note standard English transliteratios for Ö -> OE, Œ -> OE , Æ -> AE ; even if the last two are technically English letters, and Œ usually becomes E, Æ usually becomes A. 67.71.169.168 05:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a world of difference between something like Chinese or Tamil which uses an entirely different alphabet (or non-alphabetic writing system) and therefore needs to be transliterated, and something like German which uses fundamentally the same alphabet, with one or two minor additions. A non German speaker confronted with "Großglockner" will still have a good idea of how it's said, whereas a word like ऑस्ट्रिया cannot be read. It may not be the "standard" Latin alphabet (Latin also didn't use J, U or W), but it is basically the Latin alphabet nonetheless. Naturally, Chinese names should be transliterated or translated; the same rules do not necessarily apply to German, French, Icelandic and other languages that use characters not commonly present in English words. --Stemonitis 08:10, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ABCD EFG HIJK LMNOP QRS TUV WX Y and Z... now I've sung my ABCs, next time won't you sing with me... and tell me where ß belongs?
 * Not among the capital letters. See ß. --Stemonitis 09:33, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Decision
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. Ryan Norton T 00:52, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

17 opinions expressed including the proposer who cast a vote in favour. 10 in support 7 against. 10/17 = 59%. One vote short of the 60% threshold. Oh and I missed the vote by "67.71.169.168", so 9/16 brings it down to 56% still one short. Philip Baird Shearer 01:18, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, this one was really close. Perhaps it was closed prematurely, though I haven't got enough experience with WP:RM to know what's normal. Do you want to reopen/extend the debate, Philip? Or should we concentrate on discussing the issue of ß in general? Or maybe I'll just go and do something crazy like actually write some articles :) - Haukur Þorgeirsson 12:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * See my talk page.Philip Baird Shearer 13:16, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Normal period is five days - this is way past that. If this continued it will probably still be divided as it is now. I suggest an attempt to work out a consensus first before refiling on WP:RM Ryan Norton T 12:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds reasonable. Thank you. - Haukur Þorgeirsson 13:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks :) - and you're welcome :). Ryan Norton T 13:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I missed the vote on this, but FWIW I strongly support moving this to use "ss" spelling. This is the English-language Wikipedia and it is sufficient to provide a German-language gloss in the first sentence. older≠wiser 20:46, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

If another vote is ever taken, I definitely support the "ss" spelling for the English-language article.

65.213.77.129 (talk) 15:58, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Use of definite article
Some mountains take the definite article (ie the Matterhorn, the Weisshorn, the Obergabelhorn); some do not (Snowdon, Ben Nevis, Lyskamm). Großglockner is usually called 'the Großglockner'; to say 'I have climbed Großglockner' sounds as awkward as saying 'I have climbed Eiger', 'I have climbed Jungfrau' or 'I have climbed Matterhorn.' I have therefore reverted its designation to include 'the'. Ericoides 23:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Requested Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move based on cited sources and WP:ENGLISH. JPG-GR (talk) 01:08, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

I request that this article be moved to Grossglockner. As far as I can tell, the evidence (below) points to this being the conventional English title. We should follow our convention (WP:ENGLISH) and move this article.Erudy (talk) 20:55, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

All the following English language sources use Grossglockner as opposed to Großglockner

General and topical referencees
 * Britannica
 * Webster
 * Columbia Encyclopedia
 * Encarta
 * Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia
 * Geo-Data: World Geographic Encyclopedia See page 49 of pdf for index citation. Also note editorial policy of the encyclopedia on names, page 2 of pdf: "...we have attempted to use the names that will be most familiar to the majority of our readers. These are most commonly English-language names..."  Sounds familiar to our own policy (WP:ENGLISH).

Sampling of recent scholarly work All of the following recent English language citations are by academics who are Austrian/German themselves or affiliated with Austrian/German institutions.
 * "Geodetic measurements on glaciers and rock glaciers in the Hohe Tauern National Park (Austria)" (2004) by Gerhard Kienast and Viktor Kaufmann of Graz University of Technology, Austria
 * "Long-term behaviour of 15N in an alpine grassland ecosystem" Biogeochemistry (2004) by Martin H. Gerzabek, Georg Haberhauer, Michael Stemmer, Sabine Klepsch and Ernst Haunold, all at Austrian universities
 * "Application of GIS for hydrological modelling in high mountain areas of the Austrian Alps" Hydrology, water resources and ecology in headwaters (1998) by A Schild, P Singh, and J Hübl.
 * "Generating a true-3D image map of high relief terrain using lenticular foil" (2003) by MF Buchroithner, O Wälder, K Habermann and B König of Dresden University of Technology
 * "Introduction to Austria - a general geographic survey" Soil Organic Matter and Element Interactions: Austrian Polish Workshop (2005) see page 9 for Grossglockner.  See page 2 for use of ß.  This suggests that the ss was a choice rather than a technical imposition.

Media
 * BBC
 * New York Times
 * Washington Post

 * Oppose "Großglockner" is a valid English name for the mountain. The first line informs any users unfamiliar with "ß" on how to read it. No need to move. Hús  ö  nd  00:07, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Please stop inventing practice; see below. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:26, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Please stop patronizing me. I know well what I write, and I fail to see why would my views be baseless or inferior to yours just because we disagree on the application of diacritics and interpretation of the naming conventions. As for your criticism, I shall remind you that naming conventions on diacritics are vague and their interpretation goes according to one's own point of view. As such, you've been "inventing practices" as much as I have. The difference is that I simply accept that we disagree on this matter, and I refrain from attacking your credibility. Hús  ö  nd  13:35, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Your view consists of
 * "Großglockner" is a valid English name for the mountain, which is unsubstantiated.
 * That we should use a valid English name for the mountain, instead of the widely established English name for the mountain, which is against consensus, guideline, and policy. You are entitled to attempt to change the present consensus for our existing guidelines; but it is disingenuous to deny that consensus, as you have been doing. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 15:51, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * "Großglockner" and "Grossglockner" are the same name, it's not a matter of a "widely established English name" versus an obscure substitute. The presence of the diacritic does not interfere with the reading and it's encyclopedicly more accurate. There has never been a consensus or policy that would rule over usage of diacritics. Minor, vague guidelines only. Hús  ö  nd  18:46, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The presence of the diacritic does not interfere with the reading is demonstrably false, unless our reader already knows German, which we are not entitled to assume. We should of course mention the German spelling, as we should mention Glockner. That English usually spells with ss is itself non-trivial information, which we should not suppress. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:26, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Hús  ö  nd  .  If you really want to argue about non-English letters, then it is a wikipedia-wide problem and this article should not be targeted.--DerRichter (talk) 00:39, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't want to argue about English letters, I want to argue about English usage. Our guideline is to use (or not use) whatever crazy letters English uses by demonstrable convention.  I'm now trying to apply this wikipedia-wide (WP:ENGLISH)consensus to this particular article by demonstrating English convention.Erudy (talk) 01:31, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support; sources listed by nominator show "ss" used by encyclopedic sources. Compulsions70 (talk) 02:19, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - it's not an geographic object where English language is common. A move would be culture imperialism. --Matthiasb-DE (talk) 15:08, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: A move on Grossglockner however would as well suggest that the letter o is pronounced short, what isn't correct. It's a long vowel. --Matthiasb-DE (talk) 15:11, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * This will only matter to those who (a) can pronounce groß and (b) fail to recognize that Grossglockner contains a version of it. That population is vanishingly small, and will be assisted by including : Großglockner. Anyone who feels further pronunciation assistance is necessary will be free to add it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:51, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator's evidence. Are any of the oppose votes going to refute or bring anything to the table that offers an alternative to the nominator's source list? Would be useful. Narson (talk) 21:56, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support; sources listed by nominator show clearly show that "ss" is used by standard English encyclopedic sources.Unschool (talk) 22:54, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment. I also object to the Instant Canvassing that was utilized on this matter.  I fail to see how posting of a discussion/vote on this matter at   Wikipedia talk:German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board is ethically any different than notifying a bunch of editors individually.  To claim otherwise would appear to me to be disingenuous wikilawyering.  Of course, I am always open to discussion, maybe I am missing something. Unschool (talk) 22:54, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * And I do realize that a single posting at a Project Page is officially regarded as different than hitting up user talk pages. I'm just saying that this practice, in this case, is disingenuous, since the notice will obviously be seen primarily by an audience with a predisposed opinion on the topic.  The vast majority of persons pushing the ß onto en-wiki have been persons who are either native German speakers or persons with some degree of facility in German.  That is simply a fact that one can find for themselves by reading past posts on other such articles and checking users' language boxes.  I'm not saying that there are no exceptions, but they are few in number.Unschool (talk) 23:01, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That you do not believe that the people who read a particular noticeboard on Wikipedia can understand and apply correctly Wikipedia guidelines is entirely your prejudice, and nothing more. That the views of "people with some degree of facility of German" should not be encouraged from participating in a discussion on the orthography of German names used in English is reverse discrimination of the worst kind; people who speak German and contribute to the English language Wikipedia are particularly likely to have read *English-language* texts on German-speaking-world matters and therefore possess the relevant experience required to assess what is common usage *in English texts*.  My action is not prohibited by WP:CANVASS because a single message on a board such as that is not canvassing - it did not target people with particular views on orthography, even if it did inadvertently target those with particular relevant and useful knowledge of the topic at hand.  I could equally have messaged the Wikiprojects for Austria or Mountains boilerplated above - however, I was not aware of these beforehand.  I will not contact these however, in case their readers also harbour hidden orthographical prejudices.  I will now not comment on this move, as I feel that my contribution will be denigrated because having prior knowledge of the matter-at-hand means I come to the issue unable to reason effectively.  And I strongly object to being labelled either as a canvasser or a disingenuous wikilawyer. Knepflerle (talk) 01:16, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Strongly Support. We have discussed this as a Wikipedia-wide problem, and are applying the resulting guidelines; we are not "targeting" this article. Húsönd's argument is disingenuous; it is parallel to insisting on following a fringe view because there is a single publication on it. WP:NCGN says we should use a widely accepted English name, even if there are others. It also defines what we mean by that, and Erudy has shown that Grossglockner is widely accepted.   Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:26, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment. Personally, I did not see the "canvasing" before I voted becuase this is on my watchlist, but it looks as if the person who notified the Wikipedia talk:German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board didn't even vote here.  The redirect is fine as it is if someone were to read a source which used the ss and would come to Wikipedia to use that same spelling.  The article additionally informs people what it means, with
 * The articles for Lågøya, František Palacký, Jan Žižka, or Provençal, however, are clearly not English. These signs mean nothing to me.  Would people be oppose the moving of these aricles to Lagoya, Frantisek Palacky, Jan Zizka, or Provencal with no understanding if these are the correct translations?  Probably, because its not the right spelling. Neither is Grossglockner. --DerRichter (talk) 23:49, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe that the comments about canvassing are intended for someone else; I believe the solution to such a use of noticeboards is to watch the noticeboard, as indeed I do. If it is watched by all sides, notifying it will have neutral effect.
 * Grossglockner would be, and is, incorrect auf Deutsch, and the German Wikipedia should not use it (and does not). This is not the German Wikipedia, and we English-speakers should be left alone to communicate with each other in our blighted and provincial ignorance. It may be that English will, in time, come to use an esszett here; but Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, nor a medium of spelling reform. We have no Academy, nor is our spelling reformed by government decree, unlike more enlightened nationalities; our spelling is determined by general usage. Erudy has shown that Grossglockner is general usage; Großglockner is at least a Germanism, and its usage in running text is, for now, pedantry or ignorance, like using Bahnhof when railway station would be fine. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 15:51, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * If an equally convincing case can be made against František Palacký or Jan Žižka, they should indeed be moved, and I will support it. I doubt it can; the Britannica uses Palacký, although not Žižka; other standard sources use both. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 16:01, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * If an equally convincing case can be made against František Palacký or Jan Žižka, they should indeed be moved, and I will support it. I doubt it can; the Britannica uses Palacký, although not Žižka; other standard sources use both. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 16:01, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support per nominator's long list. Fatsamsgrandslam (talk) 01:47, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support to make it readable to a unilingual English audience, or which know no other European language other than English, because 7-bit ASCII improves accessibility on the internet, because it is not an English letter, because it is German preferential discrimination against every other non-English language for no reason, when non-Latin languages more readily deserve native lettering since Latin romanization is inaccurate. 70.51.8.110 (talk) 04:48, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support, and keep "Großglockner" in the opening line to explain local version. Callmederek (talk) 17:27, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support It is normal typographical practice to convert to "ss" (mainly because the printers were not able to do it). And I suspect the neue Rechtschreibung would have us spell it with "ss" also. Why on earth do we need foreign special characters in article titles? How would someone search for the article without an "sz" key? TINY  MARK  23:11, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: "neue Rechtschreibung" still has ß after long vowels (as in "groß", "Straße", "Fuß" etc.) What has changed is the 'ss' at the end of a syllabe or before a 't' when the preceding letter is a short vowel (i.e. "Faß" -> "Fass", "du mußt" -> "du musst"). 12:16, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: We have redirects. Try searching "Grossglockner". [[User:Husond|Hús ]] ö   nd  00:33, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The letter "ß" in German is explicitely to be used _instead of_ "ss" if the following vowel is a long vowel, which is definitely the case with "Großglockner". For the native English speakers: the "o" in "Grossglockner" would be pronounced as in "hostile", whilst the "o" in "Großglockner" would sound as in "whole". Hence, since we might want to preserve the correct pronounciation of the name, we should stay with the "ß". Lost Boy (talk) 05:48, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: This argument applies only, as above, to those readers who can pronounce groß, but cannot see that Grossglockner contains a version of it. Which are you claiming to be? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 05:59, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Note: The first line informs any users on how to read it. Most people visit Wikipedia because they need to learn something. Let them learn "ß". Not that tough. Hús  ö  nd  12:53, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I am opposed, as ever, to ladling information down our readers' throats, tough or not. So are they. Any position which depends on mystifying the plain reader to compel him to learn is disruptive to Wikipedia, and should be ignored. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:23, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support: I think Naming conventions (geographic names) is a reasonable guide line. And above there are many examples given that the spelling "Grossglockner" is used in English sources, but not a single example for "Großglockner". (Although I must admit, for me as native German speaker the spelling with two s looks odd, but I think that doesn't count.) --Cyfal (talk) 08:21, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose: As long as page names like Encyclopædia Britannica are being tolerated, I oppose. Sarazyn • 丁人LK • DE 11:23, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Again, this !vote is in opposition to our guidelines. Encyclopædia Britannica is the self-identifying name (which a mountain cannot have), and, more importantly, what literate speakers of British English call it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:23, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course a mountain can't call himself anything. But the people who live on or near it can. Ask anybody from Austria! There's a notable enunciative difference between "Großglockner" and "Grossglockner". Sarazyn • 丁人LK • DE 20:30, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * There would be in German, at least since the recent spelling reform. For those who speak German, we will continue to include the German name, as we should. For those who do not, but only English, the difference is between a spelling which could have either pronunciation and one which is simply unpronounceable. Some will come away saying Grobglockner, and no, I'm not making this up. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:39, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support, especially per amusing point by Pmanderson/Septentrionalis (below). Tigeron (talk) 20:29, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support The Eszett is part of a German spelling convention. This is English Wikipedia, ss is the English form of ß. Charles 21:10, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support. Target name would appear to be the conventional orthography in reliable sources in English.  Alai (talk) 08:12, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support move, following the lead of the many encyclopædic references listed by nominator. Horsesforcorses (talk) 00:54, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Discussion
Would the oppose !voters wish to move de:Kalifornien? Septentrionalis PMAnderson 05:59, 25 March 2008 (UTC)
 * ROFL! --DerRichter (talk) 00:02, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * God....you realise someone is going to take you seriously Septentrionalis and cause some big upset by trying to enforce our spellings on other language wikipedias? Don't give people ideas ;) Narson (talk) 01:28, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Copyedit
In the process of adapting to the new title, I have added Großglockner to the list of names. It is after the pre-existing Slovene name only because that seemed the simplest way to deal with Glockner. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 04:18, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

A citation is needed, not for the claim that Glockner can mean bellringer; but that it actually does, in this case. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 04:20, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I found this:

Großglockner [K/T 40], mundartlich Glockner, urkundlich 16./17. Jhdt. Glogger / Gloggner, entweder wegen seiner Ähnlichkeit mit einem Glockenturm (romanischen Stiles) oder wegen seiner glockenähnlichen Form, die früher (zur Zeit des Höhepunktes der Vergletscherung) wohl ausgeprägter war (ähnliche Namen auch im Arlberggebiet [Glogger] und in der Granatspitzgruppe [Glockenkogel]).

 * at http://members.chello.at/heinz.pohl/Bergnamen.htm. (It's about halfway down the pretty-long page.) So apparently not a bellringer, which would be Glöckner anyway, but "bell-shaped" or "bell tower-shaped". I would definitely say that bellringer is out of the question when the umlaut is missing! Regards  TINY  MARK  14:19, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ta. If you want to summarize this, the architectural form is Romanesque. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:00, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Rock type
What rock type is it? it's missing! OK, it's metamorphic rock. Indeed it's Prasinit (German), but without direct reference to German that's not so easy in English as it's not simply Greenschist :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.225.142.81 (talk) 09:29, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Grossglockner


text:
John Xantus

John Xantus de Vesey a.k.a. de Csíktaplócza (Csíktaplóczai (Vese) Xántus János, 5 October 1825 – 13 December 1894) was a Hungarian exile and zoologist. Xantus (the aristocratic title de Vesey was an affectation, of which he had several variations) was born Xántus János, in Csokonya, Somogy, Hungary.

Trained as a lawyer, he served as an officer in the nationalist uprisings of 1848–1849 in the Hungarian Army. Captured and exiled to Prague, he was arrested again, and escaped to the United States via England in 1850. In the U.S. he pursued a variety of occupations, including bookseller, druggist, a teacher, and hospital steward in the U.S. Army. In the Army he met Dr. William Alexander Hammond, a collector for the noted zoologist Spencer Fullerton Baird.

Working under Hammond as an assistant surgeon, he soon developed an interest in natural history and became a gifted collector himself. In 1860 he was stationed as a tidal observer at Cabo San Lucas, on the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, where he collected natural history specimens for the United States National Museum. They still have a collection originating from him. While in Baja California, he published in Hungarian an account that purported to narrate his travels and observations of native antiquities, but which in fact was plagiarized from accounts referring to other regions. He corresponded extensively with Baird, and managed to use the support of Baird and Hammond (later Surgeon General of the United States Army), getting them to write letters of recommendation on his behalf. On the basis of these he was given a consular position in Mexico, a position he promptly lost after embarrassing the Department of State by recognising a local rebelling warlord. Soon after this he returned to Hungary.

In 1869 he joined the Austro-Hungarian East Asiatic Expedition, but left it late in 1869 and spent some time in Sarawak before returning to Hungary late in 1870.

For 30 years until his death in Budapest in 1894 he served as the Director of the Zoological Garden of Budapest and as curator of ethnography at the Hungarian National Museum, as well as undertaking collecting expeditions in Asia.

Several zoological and botanical taxa have been named for him:

Animals:
 * Synthliboramphus hypoleucus – Xantus's murrelet [also known as Guadalepe murrelet; considered conspecific with Scripps' Murrelet until 2012]
 * Hylocharis xantusii – Xantus's hummingbird
 * Labrisomus xanti – largemouth blenny, rock blenny
 * Halichoeres xanti – earmuff wrasse (current scientific name, Halichoeres bicolor)
 * Umbrina xanti – Polla drum, golden drum, golden croaker
 * Phyllodactylus xanti – Xantus' leaf-toed gecko, leaf-toed gecko
 * Portunus xantusii – Xantus' swimming crab
 * Xantusiidae, the night-lizards family, plus the subfamily Xantusiinae, and the genus Xantusia

Plants:
 * Clarkia xantiana – Xantus' clarkia, gunsight fairyfan
 * Euphorbia xanti – shrubby euphorbia
 * Chaenactis xantiana – Xantus' pincushion, Mojave pincushion
 * Chorizanthe xanti – Xantus' spineflower
 * Polygala xanti – Xantus's milkwort
 * Mimosa xanti
 * Solanum xanti

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Xantus


text:
Słubice

Słubice is a border town in the Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Located on the Oder river, it lies directly opposite the city of Frankfurt (Oder) in Germany, which it was a part of as Dammvorstadt until 1945. As of 2019, the town had a population of 16,705, with an urban agglomeration of Słubice-Frankfurt counting 85,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of Słubice County and the administrative seat of the Gmina Słubice. It is part of the historical region of Lubusz Land.

History
The name is a modern Polish restored version of Zliwitz, a West Slavic settlement east of the Brandendamm causeway across the Oder, mentioned in Frankfurt's city charter of 1253. Until 1249 it was part of the Polish Lubusz Land, which since 1138 in different periods formed part of the Greater Polish or Silesian provinces of then fragmented Poland. In 1225 Zliwitz was granted staple rights by Henry the Bearded. The Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg had purchased the Lubusz Land from the Silesian Duke Bolesław II the Bald in 1249. After a war broke out over control of the region in 1319, the area came under the control of the Duchy of Pomerania. In 1319 Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania granted new privileges to the town of Frankfurt (Oder), which today's Słubice was already part of. The area fell again to Brandenburg in 1324. Between 1373 and 1415 it was part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (or the Czech Lands), ruled by the Luxembourg dynasty.

In early 1945, a German-perpetrated death march of prisoners of various nationalities from the dissolved camp in Świecko to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp passed through the town.

Słubice is closely linked to its German sister city Frankfurt (Oder), of which it was a part until 1945. The two cities have been forced apart by the drawing of the Oder–Neisse line, which drew the Polish-German border through the city. The two cities share many urban amenities and collaborate on various projects, such as a wastewater treatment plant in Słubice that serves both towns, as well as the Collegium Polonicum extension of some of the Viadrina European University's departments on the Polish side of the border. Furthermore, Słubice is part of a special Słubice-Kostrzyn Economic Zone.

Climate
Słubice has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Culture
Słubice was the setting for the 2003 film Distant Lights (Lichter) as well as for scenes in the 2002 film Grill Point.

On October 22, 2014, a monument to Wikipedia editors by Mihran Hakobyan was unveiled in the town, the first such honoring of the worldwide Wikipedian community.

Transport
The National roads 29 and 31, and the Voivodeship road 137 run through the town, and the A2 motorway, part of the European route E30, runs nearby, south of the town.

Cuisine
The officially protected traditional food of Słubice and the county is schab tradycyjny słubicki, a local type of smoked schab (pork loin), a popular traditional Christmas dish in the area (as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland).

Sports
Polonia Słubice football club is based in Słubice. Polonia's home ground is the OSiR Stadium.

Twin towns – sister cities
See twin towns of Gmina Słubice.

Notable people

 * Sara James (born 2008), singer-songwriter
 * Tomasz Kułkiewicz (born 1978), footballer

title: Słubice


text:
PRISA TV

PRISA Televisión, S.A.U (PRISA TV) is a pay TV company in Spain.

History and profile
PRISA TV was established in 1989 and controlled (as of 2007) by PRISA. It was amongst the pioneer companies in the market to introduce interactive systems and specially digital television in Spain. In October 2010 the company changed its name from Sogecable to PRISA TV.

The company mainly manages and acquires audio-visual rights, but also distributes and produces channels. Another of its main activities is the production and distribution of cinematographic exhibitions.

Its restructuring process began in October 2003, and finished in December 2004, with the integration of Vía Digital. They were trying this way to reorder Sogecable's activities absorbing the commitments with thematic channels, suppliers with audio-visual rights and other services. With this, restructuring the company contributed to the audio-visual recovery in Spain.

The producer of Sogecable is Sogecine. It is one of the principal distributors and producers in the Spanish territory, with special importance in the last years.

Sogecable's facilities are in Tres Cantos, in Madrid, producing every day 23 television channels, including nine versions of Canal+ and other 14 channels that are specialised in, sports, cinema, documentaries, children and music. These are watched and distributed across Digital+ (via satellite), cable and ADSL.

In 2005, the group offered a new free television channel, the fifth one in Spain. Its name is Cuatro and occupies the same frequency that Canal+ did up to then. Canal+ then passed to form part only in Digital+ on 7 November 2005.

In 2006 PRISA made a public acquisition bid on 20% of Sogecable's actions to increase its participation up to almost 50%. Prisa increased its stake above the 50% mark in late 2007, triggering a mandatory (by Spanish law) bid for the remainder of the shares. At the close of the offer period on 12 May 2008, Prisa announced that it held over 95% of Sogecable's share capital.

Sogecable is also the main shareholder in Audiovisual Sport (AVS), which owns the TV rights of most Spanish La Liga soccer games. AVS is the company responsible for the lack of Spanish Primera football international coverage after a dispute with Mediapro. Sogecable claims that it is owed €58 million and will not allow Real Madrid or Barcelona games from being played internationally until this debt is paid by Mediapro.

In 2006, Rodolfo Martín Villa was appointed chairman of Sogecable. His term ended in 2010 and Manuel Polanco replaced him in the post.

On May 6, 2014, Telefónica presented a binding offer to acquire the 56% that PRISA had in Canal+, in exchange for paying around €725 million. The following day, PRISA accepted the offer. In addition, it announced that "for a period of thirty days" since then, it would negotiate with Telefónica to continue with the purchase process, which would be regulated and analyzed by the CNMC and Brussels, so that there would be no monopoly or certain conditions would be established negative for competition. The closing of this sale is subject to obtaining the required authorization from the competition authorities and approval by a representative panel of PRISA's financing banks.

On June 18, 2014, Telefónica presented a binding offer to acquire the shares of Mediaset España in Canal+ for €295 million, which represented 22% of the operator's shareholding. On July 4, Mediaset España accepted the offer.

One year later, on April 22, 2015, the CNMC approved the sale of Canal+ to Telefónica. Canal+ began the merger process with Movistar TV on July 7, 2015. As a result, it changed its name to Movistar+, which was officially launched on the market on July 8. In this way, Prisa TV ceases to exist.

title: PRISA TV


text:
Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle

Mystic class is a class of Deep-Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs), designed for rescue operations on submerged, disabled submarines of the United States Navy or foreign navies. The two submarines of the class were never used for this purpose, and were replaced by the Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System.

Features
DSRVs are designed for quick deployment in the event of a submarine accident. DSRVs are transportable by truck, aircraft, ship, or by specially configured attack submarine. At the accident site, the DSRV works with either a "mother ship" or "mother submarine". The DSRV dives, conducts a sonar search, and attaches to the disabled submarine's hatch. DSRVs can embark up to 24 persons for transfer to the mother vessel.

The DSRV also has an arm to clear hatches on a disabled submarine and a combined gripper and cable cutter. The gripper is able to lift 1,000 pounds (450 kg).

Background
The Deep Submergence System Project was established in June 1965 in the aftermath of the loss of USS Thresher in 1963.

At the time, submarine operating depths greatly exceeded the capabilities of rescue vessels. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company was contracted to produce a deep diving rescue submarine. In an effort to win the design and construction contracts for a DSRV, the company built Deep Quest prototype. She was launched in June 1967; in March 1970, she was used to find a US Navy Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat which had crashed on 12 January 1944, in the ocean near Naval Air Station San Diego.

The first DSRV was launched in 1970. While it has been alleged that the stated goal of the DSRV project was unrealistic, and that it was a front for research on undersea espionage, including cable tapping, the DSRVs have a demonstrated rescue capability, and have conducted numerous practice rescue missions.

DSRV-1 was launched in San Diego, California, on 24 January 1970. Testing culminated in an operational evaluation that saw a complete, simulated submarine rescue mission. DSRV-1 was named Mystic during Fleet Acceptance Ceremonies in 1977.

The second, and final, vessel in the class, DSRV-2, was subsequently launched and named Avalon.


text:
Caersws

Caersws (Caersŵs; ) is a village and community on the River Severn, in the Welsh county of Powys (Montgomeryshire) 5 mi west of Newtown, and halfway between Aberystwyth and Shrewsbury. It has a station on the Cambrian Line from Aberystwyth to Shrewsbury. At the 2011 Census, the community had a population of 1,586 – a figure which includes the settlements of Clatter, Llanwnnog and Pontdolgoch. The village itself had a population of slightly over 800.

Etymology
The name is derived from the Welsh placename elements "Caer-" and "Sŵs". "Caer" translates as "fort" and likely refers to the Roman settlement. The derivation of the second element is less certain.

Thomas Pennant and later writers note that the fort was the termination of the Roman Road from Chester (via Meifod), the name of the road was Sarn Swsan or Sarn Swsog and it is thought that the town and the road share their etymology. The meaning of Swsan/Swsog is again, uncertain, but two local traditions hold that this is a personal name, either of a Queen Swswen (a name which may translate as "The Blessed/Pure Kiss") a Celtic leader who is said to have fought a battle in the vicinity around the time of the Roman occupation who was equated with Estrildis by Oliver Mathews, or it is named for a Roman lieutenant "Hesus".

Furthermore, the linguist John Rhys noted that the dialect of Mid-Wales Welsh (Y Bowyseg) was closer to the Gaulish language than its neighbours, and concluded that the area had pre-Roman links to Gaul. This may suggest a link between Caersŵs and the God Esus venerated by the Parisii and Treverii.

Other suggested etymologies include the name retaining a Roman-era dedication to Zeus, and the fact that "sws" (not sŵs) can be literally translated to "Kiss" in modern Welsh has led to a number of developing folk etymologies.

History
Caersws was the location of two Roman forts of Roman Wales. Although the Mediolanum of the Antonine Itinerary has since been identified as Whitchurch in Shropshire, Caersws is sometimes identified as the Mediolanum among the Ordovices described in Ptolemy's Geography, although others argue for Llanfyllin or Meifod. Further, this second Mediolanum may be identical or distinct from the "Mediomanum" (lit. "Central Hand") mentioned by the Ravenna Cosmography.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward includes the community of Carno and at the 2011 Census had a population of 2,316.

Buildings
The Church of St Gwynog dates from the 15th century and was restored in 1863. It contains a 15th rood screen and loft which the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales describes as "exceptional; the best-preserved of thirty known to have existed in the county". Maesmawr Hall, to the south-east of the village, was built in the early 19th century and is a Grade II* listed building.

Sport
Downhill Mountain Biking has flourished in forestry at Henblas farm, to the north of the village, with a number of national races being held there. The current series - The Caersws Cup - began in March 2009.

Cymru Alliance club Caersws F.C. are based in the village, and play their home matches at the Recreation Ground.

Caersws is home to current and past champions of a number of sporting disciplines, leading some to christen it the "Sporting Capital of Wales".

Notable people

 * John Ceiriog Hughes (1832–1887), a Welsh poet and collector of Welsh folk tunes; also stationmaster and manager of the Van Railway from 1868 to 1887; buried in the churchyard at Llanwnnog.
 * Mart Watkins (1880–1942), footballer with 161 club caps and 10 for Wales.
 * Derek A. Traversi (1912–2005), a literary critic mainly for the British Council
 * Phil Woosnam (1932–2013), former NASL commissioner and footballer with over 370 club caps and 17 for Wales.

Literature

 * Stephenson D. (2014), The Medieval Borough of Caersws: Origins and Decline, The Montgomeryshire Collections, Vol. 102, 103–109.

title: Caersws


text:
Fossil (disambiguation)

A fossil is the mineralized remains of a dead organism.

Fossil may also refer to:

Literature

 * Fossil (novel), a 1993 book written by Hal Clement
 * The Fossil (play), a 1925 play by Carl Sternheim
 * Pauline, Petrova and Posy Fossil, characters in the 1936 novel Ballet Shoes

Music

 * Fossils (band), a rock band from Kolkata, India
 * Fossils (album), a 1991 album by Dinosaur Jr.
 * "Fossil", a song by His Name is Alive from the album Livonia
 * Fossiles, the 12th movement in the musical suite The Carnival of the Animals

Technology

 * FOSSIL, a protocol for serial communications
 * Fossil (software), the source code control for programmers
 * Fossil (file system), the file system in Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Places

 * Fossil, Oregon, US, a city
 * Fossil, Wyoming, a former settlement near Fossil Butte National Monument, US

Other uses

 * Fossil (Pokémon Trading Card Game)
 * The Fossil (film), a 1972 Japanese film
 * Fossil Group, a clothing and accessories company
 * Fossilization (linguistics), a type of bound morpheme

title: Fossil (disambiguation)


text:
Benjamin Smith Barton

Benjamin Smith Barton (February10, 1766 – December19, 1815) was an American botanist, naturalist, and physician. He was one of the first professors of natural history in the United States and built the largest collection of botanical specimens in the country. He wrote the first American textbook on botany.

Early life
Barton's father, Rev. Thomas Barton, was an Irish immigrant from Carrickmacross who opened a school near Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1751. His mother was Esther Rittenhouse, sister of astronomer David Rittenhouse.

Between 1780 and 1782, Barton studied at York Academy in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he showed an aptitude for drawing and an interest in collecting natural history specimens. Two years later, he attended the College of Philadelphia School of Medicine, studied medicine under Thomas Shippen, and attended Benjamin Rush's lectures in 1785. Young Barton also accompanied his uncle, David Rittenhouse, who had been commissioned to survey the western boundary of Pennsylvania in 1785. His travels aroused a lifelong interest in Native Americans. In 1786, Barton transferred to the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for two years before leaving without a degree because of financial difficulties and disagreements with two professors.

After leaving Edinburgh it is not clear whether Barton then studied at the University of Göttingen. He never contradicted a public perception that he earned a medical degree at Göttingen but no such records exist. However, he did receive a diploma from the Lisbon Academy in Portugal and was ultimately awarded an honorary degree from the University of Kiel.

Medical career
Returning to Philadelphia in 1789, Barton practiced medicine. In 1790, he was elected to a fellowship at Philadelphia's College of Physicians. The same year, he succeeded Adam Kuhn as professor of Natural History and Botany at the College of Philadelphia. The College and its medical school merged with the University of Pennsylvania the following year. Two years later, Barton was also elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In early 1796, Barton succeeded Samuel Powel Griffitts, and became Professor of Materia Medica. Embarrassed by his lack of credentials, Barton purchased a degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel in August 1796. In 1813, Barton succeeded to the professorship of the Theory and Practice of Medicine after the death of Rush but continued to lecture in natural history and botany. Concurrently with his academic position, he served as a physician at Pennsylvania Hospital from 1798 to his death, in 1815.

Works
Barton corresponded with naturalists throughout the United States and Europe, and he made significant contributions to the scientific literature of his day. In 1803, Barton published Elements of botany, or Outlines of the natural history of vegetables, the first American textbook on botany. Barton's work in natural history and botany was often assisted by William Bartram, the traveler, botanist, and artist. Bartram provided the illustrations of North American plants for Barton's 1803 Elements of Botany. From 1798 to 1804, Barton published a work on medicinal plants, Collections for An Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United-States. From 1802 to 1805 Barton edited the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal, and in 1803, Barton founded the short-lived American Linnaean Society of Philadelphia.

Barton was also interested in anatomy and zoology, and in 1796, he published his Memoir Concerning the Fascinating Faculty Which Has been Ascribed to the Rattle-Snake. In 1803, he published a comparative study of linguistics, Etymology of Certain English Words and on Their Affinity to Words in the Languages of Different European, Asiatic and American (Indian) Nations, and a text on the origin of the first American people, New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America (1797).

He was the editor of the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal (1805–1808), one of the oldest scientific publications in the United States.

Barton was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. The Society holds among its collections a number of Barton's publications as well as a complete run of the Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal

Archeology
Barton pursued archeology. Although his early publication in 1787, Observations on Some Parts of Natural History, incorrectly attributed the prehistoric mounds of Ohio to the Danes, by his 1797 work (mentioned above), he had reconsidered his earlier claim and identified the Mound builders correctly as Native Americans. While he was not the first to make such a claim, he may have been the first to suggest a significant age to the mounds, as he posited that they were older than James Ussher's Biblical chronology. Lacking evidence, Barton still speculated that Native Americans originated in Asia, anticipating the much later scientific consensus in favor of the idea.

Appointments
Barton was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789. He served as president of the Philadelphia Medical Society from 1808 to 1815. In 1812, he was elected as a member to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Miscellaneous
In 1803, before his famous expedition, Meriwether Lewis went to Philadelphia and met with Benjamin Smith Barton. Barton helped to increase Lewis' botanical knowledge and collection skills. Lewis returned with 226 plants. They are preserved today at the Lewis and Clark Herbarium at the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia.

Death
In 1815, Barton died of tuberculosis in New York City.

Legacy
His older brother, William Barton, was also a member of the American Philosophical Society. His maternal uncle, David Rittenhouse, served as the Society's second president after the death of founder Benjamin Franklin in 1790.

His son Thomas Pennant Barton (born in Philadelphia in 1803; died there April 5, 1869) gathered together a notable Shakespearean library. It comprised 2,000 of the rarest editions of Shakespeare's works, and formed, with about 10,000 miscellaneous books, one of the most important private collections in America. He provided by will that this should be sold after his death to some institution that could prevent its dispersion. His widow carried out his wishes, and the collection was acquired by the Boston Public Library, which set apart a special room for its accommodation. A catalogue was issued, prefaced by a memoir.

title: Benjamin Smith Barton


text:
Beta Pictoris

Beta Pictoris (abbreviated β Pictoris or β Pic) is the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor. It is located 63.4 ly from the Solar System, and is 1.75 times as massive and 8.7 times as luminous as the Sun. The Beta Pictoris system is very young, only 20 to 26 million years old, although it is already in the main sequence stage of its evolution. Beta Pictoris is the title member of the Beta Pictoris moving group, an association of young stars which share the same motion through space and have the same age.

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) has confirmed the presence of two planets, Beta Pictoris b, and Beta Pictoris c, through the use of direct imagery. Both planets are orbiting in the plane of the debris disk surrounding the star. Beta Pictoris c is currently the closest extrasolar planet to its star ever photographed: the observed separation is roughly the same as the distance between the asteroid belt and the Sun.

Beta Pictoris shows an excess of infrared emission compared to normal stars of its type, which is caused by large quantities of dust and gas (including carbon monoxide) near the star. Detailed observations reveal a large disk of dust and gas orbiting the star, which was the first debris disk to be imaged around another star. In addition to the presence of several planetesimal belts and cometary activity, there are indications that planets have formed within this disk and that the processes of planet formation may be ongoing. Material from the Beta Pictoris debris disk is thought to be the dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in the Solar System.

Location and visibility
Beta Pictoris is a star in the southern constellation of Pictor, the Easel, and is located to the west of the bright star Canopus. It traditionally marked the sounding line of the ship Argo Navis, before the constellation was split. The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.861, so is visible to the naked eye under good conditions, though light pollution may result in stars dimmer than magnitude 3 being too dim to see. It is the second brightest in its constellation, exceeded only by Alpha Pictoris, which has an apparent magnitude of 3.30.

The distance to Beta Pictoris and many other stars was measured by the Hipparcos satellite. This was done by measuring its trigonometric parallax: the slight displacement in its position observed as the Earth moves around the Sun. Beta Pictoris was found to exhibit a parallax of 51.87 milliarcseconds, a value which was later revised to 51.44 milliarcseconds when the data was reanalyzed taking systematic errors more carefully into account. The distance to Beta Pictoris is therefore 63.4 light years, with an uncertainty of 0.1 light years.

The Hipparcos satellite also measured the proper motion of Beta Pictoris: it is traveling eastwards at a rate of 4.65 milliarcseconds per year, and northwards at a rate of 83.10 milliarcseconds per year. Measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum reveals it is moving away from Earth at a rate of 20 km/s. Several other stars share the same motion through space as Beta Pictoris and likely formed from the same gas cloud at roughly the same time: these comprise the Beta Pictoris moving group.

Spectrum, luminosity and variability

According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project, Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of 8052 K, which is hotter than the Sun's 5778 K. Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of heavy elements, which are termed metals in astronomy, to hydrogen than the Sun. This value is expressed as the quantity [M/H], the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the star's metal fraction to that of the Sun. In the case of Beta Pictoris, the value of [M/H] is 0.05, which means that the star's metal fraction is 12% greater than that of the Sun.

Analysis of the spectrum can also reveal the surface gravity of the star. This is usually expressed as log g, the base-10 logarithm of the gravitational acceleration given in CGS units, in this case, cm/s². Beta Pictoris has log g =4.15, implying a surface gravity of 140 m/s², which is about half of the gravitational acceleration at the surface of the Sun (274 m/s²).

As an A-type main sequence star, Beta Pictoris is more luminous than the Sun: combining the apparent magnitude of 3.861 with the distance of 19.44 parsecs gives an absolute magnitude of 2.4, as compared to the Sun, which has an absolute magnitude of 4.83. This corresponds to a visual luminosity 9.2 times greater than that of the Sun. When the entire spectrum of radiation from Beta Pictoris and the Sun is taken into account, Beta Pictoris is found to be 8.7 times more luminous than the Sun.

Many main sequence stars of spectral type A fall into a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram called the instability strip, which is occupied by pulsating variable stars. In 2003, photometric monitoring of the star revealed variations in brightness of around 1–2 millimagnitudes on frequencies between about 30 and 40 minutes. Radial velocity studies of Beta Pictoris also reveal variability: there are pulsations at two frequencies, one at 30.4 minutes and one at 36.9 minutes. As a result, the star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable.

Mass, radius and rotation
The mass of Beta Pictoris has been determined by using models of stellar evolution and fitting them to the star's observed properties. This method yields a stellar mass between 1.7 and 1.8 solar masses. The star's angular diameter has been measured using interferometry with the Very Large Telescope and was found to be 0.84 milliarcseconds. Combining this value with the distance of 63.4 light years gives a radius 1.8 times that of the Sun.

The rotational velocity of Beta Pictoris has been measured to be at least 130 km/s. Since this value is derived by measuring radial velocities, this is a lower limit on the true rotational velocity: the quantity measured is actually v sin( i ), where i represents the inclination of the star's axis of rotation to the line-of-sight. If it is assumed that Beta Pictoris is viewed from Earth in its equatorial plane, a reasonable assumption since the circumstellar disk is seen edge-on, the rotation period can be calculated as approximately 16 hours, which is significantly shorter than that of the Sun (609.12 hours ).

Age and formation
The presence of significant amounts of dust around the star implies a young age of the system and led to debate about whether it had joined the main sequence or was still a pre–main sequence star However, when the star's distance was measured by Hipparcos it was revealed that Beta Pictoris was located further away than previously thought and hence was more luminous than originally believed. Once the Hipparcos results were taken into account, it was found that Beta Pictoris was located close to the zero age main sequence and was not a pre–main sequence star after all. Analysis of Beta Pictoris and other stars within the Beta Pictoris moving group suggested that they are around 12 million years old. However more recent studies indicate that the age is roughly double this at 20 to 26 million years old.

Beta Pictoris may have been formed near the Scorpius–Centaurus association. The collapse of the gas cloud which resulted in the formation of Beta Pictoris may have been triggered by the shock wave from a supernova explosion: the star which went supernova may have been a former companion of HD 83058, which is now a runaway star. Tracing the path of HIP 46950 backwards suggests that it would have been in the vicinity of the Scorpius–Centaurus association about 13 million years ago. However, HD 83058 has been found to be a spectroscopic binary and unlikely to have been ejected by the supernova explosion of a close companion, so the simple explanation for the origin of the Beta Pictoris cluster is in doubt.

Debris disks
Excess infrared radiation from Beta Pictoris was detected by the IRAS spacecraft in 1983. Along with Vega, Fomalhaut and Epsilon Eridani, it was one of the first four stars from which such an excess was detected: these stars are called "Vega-like" after the first such star discovered. Since A-type stars like Beta Pictoris tend to radiate most of their energy at the blue end of the spectrum, this implied the presence of cool matter in orbit around the star, which would radiate at infrared wavelengths and produce the excess. This hypothesis was verified in 1984 when Beta Pictoris became the first star to have its circumstellar disk imaged optically. The IRAS data are (at the micron wavelengths): [12]=2.68, [25]=0.05, [60]=−2.74 and [100]=−3.41. The colour excesses are: E12=0.69, E25=3.35, E60=6.17 and E100=6.90.

The debris disk around Beta Pictoris is seen edge-on by observers on Earth, and is orientated in a northeast-southwest direction. The disk is asymmetric: in the northeast direction it has been observed out to 1835 astronomical units from the star, while the southwest direction the extent is 1450 AU. The disk is rotating: the part to the northeast of the star is moving away from Earth, while the part to the southwest of the disc is moving towards Earth.

Several elliptical rings of material have been observed in the outer regions of the debris disk between 500 and 800 AU: these may have formed as a result of the system being disrupted by a passing star. Astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission reveal that the red giant star Beta Columbae passed within 2 light years of Beta Pictoris about 110,000 years ago, but a larger perturbation would have been caused by Zeta Doradus, which passed at a distance of 3 light years about 350,000 years ago. However computer simulations favor a lower encounter velocity than either of these two candidates, which suggest that the star responsible for the rings may have been a companion star of Beta Pictoris on an unstable orbit. The simulations suggest a perturbing star with a mass of 0.5 solar masses is likely to blame for the structures. Such a star would be a red dwarf of spectral type M0V. In 2006, imaging of the system with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys revealed the presence of a secondary dust disk inclined at an angle of about 5° to the main disk and extending at least 130 AU from the star. The secondary disk is asymmetrical: the southwest extension is more curved and less inclined than the northeast. The imaging was not good enough to distinguish between the main and secondary disks within 80 AU of Beta Pictoris, however the northeast extension of the dust disk is predicted to intersect with the main disk at about 30 AU from the star. The secondary disk may be produced by a massive planet in an inclined orbit removing matter from the primary disk and causing it to move in an orbit aligned with the planet.

Studies made with the NASA Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer have discovered that the disk around Beta Pictoris contains an extreme overabundance of carbon-rich gas. This helps stabilize the disk against radiation pressure which would otherwise blow the material away into interstellar space. Currently, there are two suggested explanations for the origin of the carbon overabundance. Beta Pictoris might be in the process of forming exotic carbon-rich planets, in contrast to the terrestrial planets in the Solar System, which are rich in oxygen instead of carbon. Alternatively it may be passing through an unknown phase that might also have occurred early in the development of the Solar System: in the Solar System there are carbon-rich meteorites known as enstatite chondrites, which may have formed in a carbon-rich environment. It has also been proposed that Jupiter may have formed around a carbon-rich core.

In 2011 the disk around Beta Pictoris became the first other planetary system to be photographed by an amateur astronomer. Rolf Olsen of New Zealand captured the disk with a 10-inch Newtonian reflector and a modified webcam.

Planetesimal belts
In 2003, imaging of the inner region of the Beta Pictoris system with the Keck II telescope revealed the presence of several features which are interpreted as being belts or rings of material. Belts at approximately 14, 28, 52 and 82 astronomical units from the star were detected, which alternate in inclination with respect to the main disk.

Observations in 2004 revealed the presence of an inner belt containing silicate material at a distance of 6.4 AU from the star. Silicate material was also detected at 16 and 30 AU from the star, with a lack of dust between 6.4 and 16 AU providing evidence that a massive planet may be orbiting in this region. Magnesium-rich olivine has also been detected, strikingly similar to that found in the Solar System comets and different from the olivine found in Solar System asteroids. Olivine crystals can only form closer than 10 AU from the star; therefore they have been transported to the belt after formation, probably by radial mixing.

Modeling of the dust disk at 100 AU from the star suggests the dust in this region may have been produced by a series of collisions initiated by the destruction of planetesimals with radii of about 180 kilometers. After the initial collision, the debris undergoes further collisions in a process called a collisional cascade. Similar processes have been inferred in the debris disks around Fomalhaut and AU Microscopii.

Falling evaporating bodies
The spectrum of Beta Pictoris shows strong short-term variability that was first noticed in the red-shifted part of various absorption lines, which was interpreted as being caused by material falling onto the star. The source of this material was suggested to be small comet-like objects on orbits which take them close to the star where they begin to evaporate, termed the "falling evaporating bodies" model. Transient blue-shifted absorption events were also detected, though less frequently: these may represent a second group of objects on a different set of orbits. Detailed modeling indicates the falling evaporating bodies are unlikely to be mainly icy like comets, but instead are probably composed of a mixed dust and ice core with a crust of refractory material. These objects may have been perturbed onto their star-grazing orbits by the gravitational influence of a planet in a mildly eccentric orbit around Beta Pictoris at a distance of roughly 10 AU from the star. Falling evaporating bodies may also be responsible for the presence of gas located high above the plane of the main debris disk. A study from 2019 reported transiting exocomets with TESS. The dips are asymmetric in nature and are consistent with models of evaporating comets crossing the disc of the star. The comets are in a highly eccentric orbit and are non-periodic.

Planetary system
On November 21, 2008, it was announced that infrared observations made in 2003 with the Very Large Telescope had revealed a candidate planetary companion to the star. In the autumn of 2009 the planet was successfully observed on the other side of the parent star, confirming the existence of the planet itself and earlier observations. It is believed that in 15 years it will be possible to record the whole orbit of the planet.

The European Southern Observatory confirmed the presence of Beta Pictoris c, on 6 October 2020, through the use of direct imagery. Beta Pictoris c is orbiting in the plane of the debris disk surrounding the star. Beta Pictoris c is currently the closest extrasolar planet to its star ever photographed: the observed separation is roughly the same as the distance between the asteroid belt and the Sun.

The radial velocity method is not well suited to study A-type stars like Beta Pictoris. The very young age of the star makes the noise even worse. Current limits derived from this method are enough to rule out hot Jupiter-type planets more massive than 2 Jupiter masses at a distance of less than 0.05 AU from the star. For planets orbiting at 1 AU, planets with less than 9 Jupiter masses would have evaded detection. Therefore, to find planets in the Beta Pictoris system, astronomers look for the effects that the planet has on the circumstellar environment.

Multiple lines of evidence suggested the existence of a massive planet orbiting in the region around 10 AU from the star: the dust-free gap between the planetesimal belts at 6.4 AU and 16 AU suggest this region is being cleared out; a planet at this distance would explain the origin of the falling evaporating bodies, and the warps and inclined rings in the inner disk suggest a massive planet on an inclined orbit is disrupting the disk. The observed planet by itself cannot explain the structure of the planetesimal belts at 30 AU and 52 AU from the star. These belts might be associated with smaller planets at 25 and 44 AU, with around 0.5 and 0.1 Jupiter masses respectively. Such a system of planets, if it exists, would be close to a 1:3:7 orbital resonance. It may also be that the rings in the outer disc at 500–800 AU are indirectly caused by the influence of these planets.

The object was observed at an angular distance of 411 milliarcseconds from Beta Pictoris, which corresponds to a distance in the plane of the sky of 8 AU. For comparison, the orbital radii of the planets Jupiter and Saturn are 5.2 AU and 9.5 AU respectively. The separation in the radial direction is unknown, so this is a lower limit on the true separation. Estimates of its mass depend on theoretical models of planetary evolution, and predict the object has about 8 Jupiter masses and is still cooling, with a temperature ranging from 1400 to 1600 K. These figures come with the caveat that the models have not yet been tested against real data in the likely ranges of mass and age for the planet.

The semimajor axis is 8–9 AU and its orbital period is 17–21 years. A "transit-like event" was observed in November 1981; this is consistent with those estimates. If this is confirmed as a true transit, the inferred radius of the transiting object is 2–4 Jupiter radii, which is larger than predicted by theoretical models. This may indicate that it is surrounded by a large ring system or a moon-forming disc.

Confirmation of a second planet in the Beta Pictoris system was announced on 6 October 2020. The planet has a temperature of T = 1250 ± 50 K, a dynamical mass of M = 8.89 ± 0.75 MJup, and an age of 18.5 ± 2.5 Myr. It has an orbital period of about 1200 d and a semimajor axis of 2.7 AU, about 3.5 times closer to its parent star than Beta Pictoris b. The orbit of Beta Pictoris c is moderately eccentric, with an eccentricity of 0.24.

This planet presents data with conflict with current, as of 2020, models for planetary formation. β Pic c is at an age where planetary formations is predicted to occur via disk instability. However the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 AU, which prediction says is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude, of MK = 14.3 ± 0.1, suggests that it formed via core accretion.

Dust stream
In 2000, observations made with the Advanced Meteor Orbit Radar facility in New Zealand revealed the presence of a stream of particles coming from the direction of Beta Pictoris, which may be a dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in the Solar System. The particles in the Beta Pictoris dust stream are relatively large, with radii exceeding 20 micrometers, and their velocities suggest that they must have left the Beta Pictoris system at roughly 25 km/s. These particles may have been ejected from the Beta Pictoris debris disk as a result of the migration of gas giant planets within the disk and may be an indication that the Beta Pictoris system is forming an Oort cloud. Numerical modeling of dust ejection indicates radiation pressure may also be responsible and suggests that planets further than about 1 AU from the star cannot directly cause the dust stream.

title: Beta Pictoris


text:
R5

R5 may refer to:

Roads or railroads

 * Autopista Radial R-5, a Spanish radial motorway
 * R5 (RER Vaud), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Vaud
 * R5 expressway (Slovakia)
 * R5 road (Zimbabwe), a road connecting Harare with Mutare
 * Radial Road 5 or R-5, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines
 * Line R5, a commuter rail service on the Llobregat–Anoia Line, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
 * R5 Doylestown, a rail line in Philadelphia, USA
 * R5 Paoli-Thorndale, a rail line in Philadelphia, USA

Ships

 * HMS Invincible (R05), a 1980 British Royal Navy light aircraft carrier
 * HMS Urania (R05), a World War II British Royal Navy U-class destroyer
 * USS R-5 (SS-82), a 1918 R-class coastal and harbor defense submarine of the United States Navy

Cars

 * Jaguar R5, a Jaguar Racing car for the 2004 Formula One season
 * Renault 5, a French automobile
 * R5 (rallying) a class within Group R regulations for rallying

Aircraft

 * Kinner R-5, a popular engine for light general and sport aircraft
 * Polikarpov R-5, a reconnaissance biplane widespread in the Soviet Union before World War II
 * Sikorsky R-5, an early USAF designation of Sikorsky S-51 helicopter, changed to H-5
 * Thomas-Morse R-5, a 1920s American racing aircraft

Buildings

 * Regjeringskvartalet, a building in the Norwegian Government quarter (Norw. Regjeringskvartalet)

Weapons

 * R5 assault rifle, a variant of the South African R4 assault rifle compact carbine
 * R-5 Pobeda, a theatre ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Medicine and chemistry

 * R5 virus, a form of HIV tropism
 * ATC code R05 Cough and cold preparations, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * Cough ICD-10
 * R5: Heating may cause an explosion, a risk phrase in chemistry
 * receptor 5, the fifth in line of a series of cellular receptors, generally at the end of an acronym

Other uses

 * R5 (band), an American pop-rock band
 * R5 (bootleg), a copy of a movie made with a telecine machine from an analog source
 * Region 5, the DVD region code for most of Africa, Asia, and the former Soviet Union
 * BBC Radio 5 Live, a British radio station
 * Jordan Aviation, IATA airline designator
 * Malta Air Charter, former IATA airline designator
 * R5 series of preferred numbers
 * Radeon R5, graphics processing units in the Radeon 200 series
 * a type of droid from Star Wars, such as R5-D4
 * R5 Hastings St, an express bus service in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Canon EOS R5, a Canon full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

title: R5


text:
Pontdolgoch

Pontdolgoch is a very small village in Powys, Wales. It is located on the A470 road, some 2 miles northwest of Caersws. The River Carno flows through the village.

Pontdolgoch's name translates as "bridge over the red meadow", and is derived from an ancient, and bloody, battle.

Pontdolgoch is also home of the Coaching inn, the Talkhouse, also known by its Welsh name Ty Siarad.

The village was previously served by Pontdolgoch railway station on the Cambrian Line.

title: Pontdolgoch


text: Talk:Wildspitze

title: Talk:Wildspitze


text:
Les Straker

Lester Paul Straker Bolnalda (born October 10, 1959) is a former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher. He played two seasons for the Minnesota Twins in 1987-88. Straker is currently the pitching coach for the DSL Phillies.

Career
A ten-year minor leaguer, Straker went all the way to the 1987 World Series in his rookie year. As a young prospect, Straker was released by the Cincinnati Reds and Oakland Athletics. He made his major league debut with the Twins as their number-three starter behind Frank Viola and Bert Blyleven.

Straker became the first Venezuelan to pitch in the World Series when he started games three and six. He began 1988 on the disabled list and never completely recovered his form, being released when the season was over. He played two additional seasons in the minor leagues.

In his two-season, 47-game career, Straker had a record of 10–15, with 99 strikeouts, one shutout, one save, and a 4.22 earned run average.

Coaching
Straker was named as the pitching coach for the DSL Phillies for the 2018 season.

title: Les Straker


text:
Yardley, Birmingham

Yardley is an area in east Birmingham, England. It is also a council constituency, managed by its own district committee. Historically it lay within Worcestershire.

Birmingham Yardley is a constituency and its Member of Parliament is Jess Phillips, elected in May 2015.

The area of Gilbertstone straddles the border of Yardley and South Yardley.

Features
Yardley's main shopping area is known as Yew Tree, named after a 1919 public house, The Yew Tree, that was demolished in 2000 to make way for the shopping centre. Prior to the building of the public house, this was the site of the 19th century Yardley House, presumably incorporating a yew tree.

The Swan public house run by Ansells Brewery was, for a time, the largest in Great Britain with eight bars and a total drinking area of almost 14,000 square feet serving over 1,000 customers.

In 2012, the Swan Shopping Centre was opened in the area serving the Yardley area in the place of the old Swan Centre which used to hold markets.

Parish of Yardley
Yardley is not a town. The ancient parish of Yardley included the areas known as Stechford and Hall Green. Yardley is named in the Domesday Book and was referred to as early as 972 in King Edgar's Charter where it is named Gyrdleah. It was mentioned as being under the possession of Pershore Abbey. Yardley also contains a moated medieval site called "Kent's Moat". Now dry, it has retained its depth and shape remarkably well considering its age, as excavations have shown evidence of inhabitation from as early as the 12th century.

Yardley has a Tudor hall called Blakesley Hall and an old church, St Edburgha's, that dates back to the 13th century, with the church tower and spire dating to the 15th century. It was not established by the abbey, but by Aston Church in the Diocese of Lichfield. A Tudor addition to the church is a doorway surrounded by Tudor roses and a pomegranate, commemorating the marriage of Prince Arthur, Prince of Wales, to Catherine of Aragon.

Yardley had a manor that was owned by various lords. It remained unoccupied from 1700 onwards. It was owned by the Royal Family until 1626, when it was bought by Richard Grevis of Moseley Hall. His descendants sold it in 1759 to pay off debts. John Taylor, one of the founders of Lloyds Bank, bought the lordship in 1766. Most of the land, had by then, been purchased by other people so Taylor owned only a small portion of the original grounds.

Yardley Rural District
Yardley Rural District was a local government administrative district formed from the parish of Yardley, historically part of Worcestershire under the Local Government Act 1894. The Rural District included the wards of Yardley Wood. Yardley Council House was originally erected to house the Rural District Council (Yardley RDC).

By 1911 Yardley was a residential suburb of Birmingham and was annexed to Birmingham and Warwickshire under the 1911 Greater Birmingham Act. Birmingham's Worcestershire heritage can be seen at Acocks Green police station where the building is decorated with a "three pears" motif from the Worcestershire coat of arms.

A small section of Yardley, called Old Yardley, was granted conservation area status in 1969, becoming Birmingham's first conservation area.

In 1981, an Arcon V prefab home on Moat Lane was dismantled and transported to Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings.

Education
Yardley has five main primary schools. These are Yardley, Blakesley Hall, Lyndon Green, Oasis Academy Hobmoor and St. Bernedettes. It also has two main secondary schools, which are Cockshut Hill School and King Edward VI Sheldon Heath Academy.

Hobmoor Primary School moved to new premises in Summer 2007. The former building has been demolished and the site remains vacant to be redeveloped.

Transport
Yardley's nearest railway station is Stechford railway station. It is served by National Express West Midlands bus routes 11A, 11C, 17, 58, 60, 73, X1 and X2, connecting to Birmingham city centre, outer circle, Chelmsley Wood and Solihull and Claribel Coaches route S16.

The area used to be well-served by horse-buses and then by steam buses. Electric trams were then introduced and they travelled across a new bridge at the River Cole to the Swan.

title: Yardley, Birmingham


text:
Hall Green

Hall Green is an area in southeast Birmingham, England, synonymous with the B28 postcode. It is also a council constituency of Birmingham City Council, managed by its own district committee. Historically it lay within the county of Worcestershire. The 2001 Population Census found that there were 25,921 people living in Hall Green with a population density of 4,867 people per km2, this compares with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham.

The Shire Country Park runs past Sarehole Mill and along the course of the River Cole to Small Heath. Millstream Way passes through the park. Wildlife present at the country park include otters and water voles and many types of birds. The old village of Sarehole (now on the border of Hall Green and Moseley) is where J. R. R. Tolkien lived as a child and gained inspiration for the Hobbit's home "The Shire" as well as the book, The Lord of the Rings.

Hall Green was the home to Moor Green F.C., prior to an arson attack on the club's original Moorlands stadium in 2005, leading to the club moving their home games to Solihull Borough's Damson Park stadium, with the two clubs subsequently merging to become Solihull Moors. The local Moorlands stadium has since been demolished to make way for 'The Moorlands' housing estate.

Hall Green was also the home to the popular greyhound racing stadium and race course situated on the former Olympia Sports Ground, York Road called Hall Green Stadium; the stadium having won the BGRB Midlands and Western Region Racecourse of the Year for four consecutive years between 2000 and 2003. The stadium was closed by its owners Euro Property Investments Limited in July 2017 to make way for the 'Olympia' housing estate.

History
On School Road is the Church of the Ascension, formerly the Job Marston Chapel, which was built in 1704 and is believed to have been designed by Sir William Wilson. The chancel and transepts were added in 1860. The brick building consists of an exterior with a stone entablature and balustrade supported by Doric pilasters and the window architraves are of moulded stone. At the west end is a tower with an octagonal upper storey with a copper cupola. The interior of the nave is covered by a coved plaster ceiling. It is the earliest classical church to survive within the city boundary. Other historic buildings in Hall Green include Sarehole Mill, one of only two watermills in the city.

Highfield House was another historical building. It was built in 1850, making it the oldest house and the third oldest building in Hall Green. It was the farm house for Highfield Farm. The house was built in Georgian style with Neo-Classical features. It also retained the original sash windows. In March 2008, in the face of much public opposition, petitions, articles in local newspapers and items on radio stations, Birmingham City Council's Planning Committee approved plans for its demolition and the building of four houses and six apartments.

A private development named "The Hamlet" was built between 1883 and 1893. It consists of fourteen villas on Hamlet and Fox Hollies Roads, along with the Friends Meeting House on the Stratford Road. The architectural style of these brick and tile properties is typified by massive chimneys and timbers, leaded casements, and bracketed bays. It is believed that initially all the properties carried a moulded plaque bearing the initials 'MS' along with the date of construction but few of these plaques now remain. Whilst there is not a definite explanation for the 'MS' monogram, the most likely interpretation is that they stand for Marian Severne whose families land they were built on.

Petersfield Court, an Art Deco housing block containing 14 flats, was built in 1937. Built out of brick, it has rounded corner windows, made possible by the introduction of reinforced concrete. Later examples of architecture include the original Hall Green Technical College on the Stratford Road. It was designed by S. T. Walker and Partners in association with Alwyn Sheppard Fidler, the City architect for Birmingham. Built in 1958, it consists of a reinforced concrete framed classroom and an administration block clad with cedar boards and aluminium windows. Boarding was rarely used on educational buildings of this size at the time.

Otherwise, housing is largely inter-war. There are still a small number of independent locally run shops.

Politics
Hall Green is part of the parliamentary constituency of Birmingham, Hall Green, which also includes the wards of Moseley and Kings Heath, Sparkbrook and Springfield; the Member of Parliament for the constituency is Tahir Ali, of the Labour Party.

Hall Green ward is represented by three Labour councillors; Sam Burden (Hall Green's first elected Labour Councillor, elected in the 2011 May elections) with Barry Bowles (elected in May 2012) and is the Executive Member for Local Services Hall Green and Kerry Jenkins who was elected in May 2014 and is the Chair of the Hall Green Ward Committee.

Education
Primary schools in Hall Green include Chilcote Primary School, Hall Green Infant School, Hall Green Junior School, Lakey Lane Primary School, St Ambrose Barlow RC Primary School, Robin Hood Academy and Yorkmead School. Rosslyn School is a private primary school located in the area.

Hall Green School is the main secondary school for the area, while South and City College Birmingham has a campus in Hall Green.

Transport
Hall Green railway station is on the Birmingham to Stratford Line with some services also running between Kidderminster & Worcester Foregate Street and Stratford-Upon-Avon & Whitlocks End. It opened in 1908 and is currently operated by West Midlands Railway. National Express West Midlands and Diamond Bus operate a number of bus routes through the area, terminating in, Acocks Green, Digbeth, Erdington, Lyndon, Northfield, Perry Barr, Shirley, and Solihull.

Famous residents
Hall Green has been a home to comedian Tony Hancock, who lived at 41 Southam Road until the age of three (the house contains a plaque commemorating this), racing commentator Murray Walker, who was born at 214 Reddings Lane (which is now a dentist's surgery), Nigel Mansell, who though born in Upton-upon-Severn spent most of his childhood and early adult years in the area, comedian Joe Lycett who is believed to have settled in Kings Heath in his own residence, actor and writer Christopher Smith and most famously J. R. R. Tolkien, who lived near Sarehole Mill, Birmingham's only working water mill.

Sarehole Mill is a tourist attraction, powered by a tributary of the River Cole, that is open to visitors during the summer months and has several locations nearby that are the inspiration behind scenes in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

title: Hall Green