text:
Jason Robinson (rugby)

Jason Thorpe Robinson (born 30 July 1974) is an English former dual-code international rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. Playing as a wing or fullback, he won 51 rugby union international caps for England and is the first black man to captain the England team. He was part of the 2003 World Cup winning rugby union England team.

In rugby league he won 12 caps for Great Britain and seven for England. Throughout his career Robinson was noted for his speed and acceleration, side-step and ability to beat defenders.

Rugby league
Born 30 July 1974 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, Robinson began playing rugby as a child at Hunslet Boys Club and then Hunslet Parkside before starting his rugby league career in 1991 at semi-professional side Hunslet. Despite being offered a contract by Leeds, he stuck by his club as it would have meant leaving at an inconvenient time. He was later rewarded by a contract with Wigan Warriors who went on to dominate British rugby league. His form quickly establishing him in Wigan's first team, as a teenager he was touted as a future halfback or loose forward. He was selected to play on the wing for Wigan against the visiting Brisbane Broncos in the 1992 World Club Challenge.

Robinson played in Wigan's 5–4 victory over St. Helens in the 1992 Lancashire Cup Final at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Sunday 18 October 1992.

He played and scored a try in Wigan's 15–8 victory over Bradford Northern in the 1992–93 Regal Trophy Final during the 1992–93 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 23 January 1993, played in the 2–33 defeat by Castleford in the 1993–94 Regal Trophy Final during the 1993–94 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 22 January 1994, played in the 40–10 victory over Warrington in the 1994–95 Regal Trophy Final during the 1994–95 season at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday28 January 1995, and played in the 25–16 victory over St. Helens in the 1995–96 Regal Trophy Final during the 1995–96 season at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield on Saturday 13 January 1996.

In 1993, Robinson played in his first Challenge Cup Final, with Wigan defeating Widnes. Later that year at age 19 Robinson was first selected to represent Great Britain on the wing against New Zealand.

After the 1993–94 Rugby Football League season, Robinson travelled with defending champions Wigan to Brisbane, playing on the wing in their 1994 World Club Challenge victory over Australian premiers, the Brisbane Broncos.

In 1995, Robinson was offered a 4-year deal worth a record £1.25 million by the Australian Rugby League to play for the South Sydney Rabbitohs at the end of 1997's Super League II. He recovered from a foot injury to play in Wigan's 30–10 Challenge Cup Final victory over Leeds, scoring two tries and earning himself the Lance Todd Trophy as man-of-the-match.

Robinson played for England in the 1995 World Cup Final on the wing but Australia won the match and retained the Cup.

In May 1996, Robinson played for Wigan in a special two-game, cross code challenge series against Bath, then the leading club side in English rugby union. Robinson scored twice in the first game, an 82–6 victory for Wigan under league rules, as well as playing in the union game, which ended 44–19 to Bath. Following the cross-code challenge series, a number of Wigan's players, including Robinson, elected to take advantage of the fact that rugby union had turned professional, and ended its ban on players that had played rugby league, by signing short-term contracts to play union during the Super League off-season. Robinson joined Bath and played 14 games for the side between September 1996 and January 1997. At the end of the first Super League season, Robinson was named on the wing in the 1996 Super League Dream Team.

In the midst of the Super League war, Robinson played a one-off international for a 'Rest of the World' team in their 28–8 loss against the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroos in mid-1997. With his contracted move to Sydney set to take place at the conclusion of the 1997's Super League II, Robinson had had a change of heart and Wigan were able to negotiate his release from the ARL's contract so he could continue playing for his club. He then scored a try for Great Britain in each of the three matches against Australia in the post-season Super League Test series.

In 1998, Robinson scored Wigan's only try in Super League's first ever Grand Final, which the Cherry & Whites won. As a result, he was awarded the Harry Sunderland Trophy as man-of-the-match. He was also named on the wing in the 1998 season's Super League Dream Team, and again in 1999 and 2000.

Robinson played at fullback in the Wigan Warriors' defeat by St. Helens in the 2000 Super League Grand Final. Days after the match, it was announced that he had signed for the Zurich Premiership's Sale Sharks rugby union side, with Robinson citing the lack of anything left to prove in rugby league and the desire to represent England and Great Britain in the 15-man code.

Rugby union
He made his debut for Sale Sharks against Coventry in November 2000. In the 2005/6 season he became the first person to have won both the Guinness Premiership, and the Super League trophies.

England
Robinson made his England début as a substitute against Italy in February 2001, having played in the A match against Wales at Wrexham a fortnight earlier. In doing so he was only the second man ever to play rugby union for England after having first played Rugby League for Great Britain (the first having been Barrie-Jon Mather in 1999).

He scored 30 tries in 56 international matches, including a try in the 2003 World Cup Final against Australia. He played in all seven of England's World Cup games in 2003.

After Lawrence Dallaglio's international retirement in 2005, Jonny Wilkinson was initially appointed captain. However, Wilkinson was injured for the 2005 autumn internationals and Robinson was appointed captain. He was the 118th captain of England, the first mixed-race player and the first former professional rugby league footballer to captain England. In his first appearance as captain, he scored a hat-trick of tries in a 70–0 rout of Canada.

In the 2004 Six Nations, he scored three tries playing as a centre in the opening match against Italy and was named Man of the Match. Robinson chose to opt out of the 2004 summer tour to recover.

British & Irish Lions
Robinson was selected by the British & Irish Lions for their 2001 tour of Australia, and was one of the outstanding players in the side that won the first Test in Brisbane 29–13. In that game he sidestepped past Australian fullback Chris Latham. He went on to score another try in the last Test.

Robinson was again called up to the Lions' 2005 tour of New Zealand. He was excused from travelling with the bulk of the touring party to spend time with his wife, who was expecting the couple's fourth child in August. Throughout his career, he normally brought his wife and children along when he went on a tour, but her pregnancy made this impossible for the 2005 tour. He joined the team on 7 June, well in advance of the first New Zealand test on 25 June.

International retirement
On 24 September 2005, Robinson announced his retirement from international rugby union, stating that he wished to spend more time with his family. In the 2005–2006 season, Robinson led his club Sale Sharks to their first ever Premiership title.

Return
Robinson returned to the England set-up for the 2007 Six Nations tournament, following the decision of new head coach Brian Ashton to recall him to provide the leadership and winning quality the team had lacked in the past year, ending a 15-month absence from the international scene. He scored two tries on his return in England's opening victory over Scotland. He also scored another try against the Italians the following week.

On 2 April 2007, Robinson announced he would retire from playing club rugby at the end of the 2006/07 season. He also announced he would participate, if required, in England's summer friendlies and the 2007 Rugby World Cup, before retiring completely from the sport. His last game for Sale Sharks came at home to Bath on Friday 13 April. Robinson said, "I have thoroughly enjoyed my time at Sale Sharks but the time has come to move on to other things. I want my last game for Sale Sharks to be a home game (v Bath) and want to be able to say a big thank you to the supporters of this great club."

On 13 April 2007, Robinson ended his club career with a match-winning try 6 seconds from time as Sale edged past Bath in the Guinness Premiership. In the last play of the game, he received the ball 30 metres out and could not be stopped. He was then given the opportunity to convert the try, only to miss by a matter of inches past the left post.

On 14 September 2007, Robinson left the field to a standing ovation during England's defeat by South Africa, with a hamstring injury. This kept him out of England's remaining two group games, but he resumed full training in time to be available to play in the knock-out stages. In the quarter-final against Australia, Robinson returned to the side as full back and played his part in a tense 12–10 victory over the Wallabies. In the semi-final victory over France, his 50th cap, he was given the honour of leading out the England team. Robinson's last game for England came in the 2007 World Cup Final defeat by South Africa, when he was forced to leave the field during the second half, due to an injury. He was one of only four players to have started both the 2003 and 2007 Finals, the other three being Jonny Wilkinson, Ben Kay, and Phil Vickery.

Robinson was selected to play for the Barbarians at Twickenham on 1 December 2007, showing many of his trademark runs and received a standing ovation as he left the field for the last time in the 68th minute of the match.

Fylde
On 26 July 2010, Robinson came out of retirement at the age of 35 to play for National League 2 North side; Fylde. He announced his final retirement on 7 July 2011.

Coaching career
On 5 March 2008, the RFL announced that Robinson would be returning to rugby league in a coaching capacity at grass roots level from under 8s to open age, as a dual code ambassador for the sport in association with Gillette.

On 25 February 2009 it was announced that Robinson would be re-joining Sale Sharks as the new head coach from the 2009–10 season.

Awards
Already a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours.

In March 2017, Robinson was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Lycamobile British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards (BEDSAs) held at the London Hilton on Park Lane.

Personal life
He is of Scottish and Jamaican descent. His father William Thorpe, a Jamaican living in Leeds, left his mother before Robinson's birth. Robinson and his two older brothers Bernard and George were raised by his mother and a step father. In 2003, he was reunited with his natural father again through his brother and sister. Robinson is nicknamed 'Billy Whizz' after a character in the British comic The Beano, who is an extremely fast runner.

In 2012, his eldest son Lewis Tierney, who plays as a full back, signed a two-year deal with Wigan Warriors at age 18. Tierney has declared himself for Scotland. Robinson has five other children including Patrick, a professional cyclist.

After the 2003 Rugby World Cup, Robinson wrote an autobiography entitled Finding My Feet: My Autobiography published by Coronet Books. In it, he wrote about how he overcame issues from his childhood and bouts of drinking when he found success as a rugby league star. In 2005, a biography, The Real Jason Robinson, written with Robinson's full co-operation by Dave Swanton, was published by Empire Publications.

title: Jason Robinson (rugby)


text:
Wadi-us-Salaam

Wadi-us-Salaam (Wādī s-Salām,, lit. 'Valley of Peace') is an Islamic cemetery, located in the holy city of Najaf, Iraq. It is the largest cemetery in the world. The cemetery covers 1485.5 acre and contains more than 6 million bodies. It also attracts millions of pilgrims annually.

The cemetery is located near the shrine of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Sunni Caliph, as well as the first Shia Imam. Thus, many Shi'ites in Iraq request that they be buried in this cemetery. As a result of improved transportation methods, Shi'ites from across the globe are (or seek to be) buried in the cemetery. However, to be buried at the cemetery, one has to be interred inside one of the shared crypts in the cemetery.

Shi'ite traditions about the cemetery
Shi'ites traditions hold that Abraham bought land in Wadi-us-Salaam, and that Ali had said the Wadi Al-Salaam was a part of heaven. Shia also widely believe that Ali has the power to intercede for the deceased—lessening their suffering—during the passage of their soul from the worldly life and if they are buried there, they will be raised from the dead on judgment day with their spiritual leader. Additionally, it is believed that prophets Hud and Salih are buried here, according to some narrations.

Shi'ites are encouraged to bury their dead at the location through religious edicts and the cemetery's expansion is also seen as being a result of Shi'isms "more permissive attitude than Sunnism with regard to the commemoration of the dead and the erection of mausoleums."

Shi'ite funerary rituals
Religious rituals practiced at Wadi-us-Salaam before burial include:

 * 1) Washing the body and wrapping it at the cemetery.
 * 2) Conducting funeral prayers at the adjacent shrine of Ali.
 * 3) Carrying the freshly wrapped corpse around the shrine, in an act similar to that of Tawaf, before it is transported to the cemetery.
 * 4) Reciting some Qur'anic verses at the cemetery for the deceased.

History
Daily burials have been on going for over 1,400 years and the site is on the Tentative List of UNESCO's World Heritage sites. Burials in Najaf have been documented as early as the Parthian and Sassanid eras and ancient Mesopotamian cities often had similar cemeteries, where there was an accumulation of tombs.

The cemetery saw heavy fighting during the 2004 Battle of Najaf. It is estimated that during the Iraq War, about 200 to 250 corpses were buried there daily; however, in 2010 this number had decreased to less than 100. Approximately 50,000 new bodies are interred in the cemetery annually from across the globe. This figure is an increase on the approximately 20,000 bodies, primarily from Iran, that used to be interred annually in the early 20th century. Most Iraqi and many Iranian Shi'ites have a relative buried in the cemetery.

As of 2014—coinciding with conflict against ISIL—it has been reported that burial plots are running out, resulting in many being stolen, illegally resold or improvised. According to one gravedigger: "I've never had it so busy. Not even after 2003 or 2006 [the height of Iraq's civil war]."

Tombs of the Grand Ayatollahs
The Grand Ayatollah, Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, is buried in this cemetery. His successor, Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr is also buried there, and his grave is one of the most visited tombs in the cemetery.

Shrine of Prophet Hud and Salih
First built in the 18th century under request of Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm over the purported tombs of Hud and Salih based on Shi'ite narrations. It was restored in the years 1918 to 1919 after the British desecrated it in 1917. A full new reconstruction was started in 2018.

Site of Imam al-Mahdi
Site dedicated to Imam al-Mahdi.

Site of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq
Site dedicated to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Prominent burials

 * Rais Ali Delvari
 * Khalou Hossein Bord Khuni Dashti
 * Sayed Ali Qadhi Tabatabaei
 * Abdul Hosein Amini
 * Leyla Qasim
 * Mirza Yahya Khoyi
 * Amina al-Sadr
 * Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq Al-Sadr
 * Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr
 * Hussain Qoli Khan Feyli, Vāli/Wāli of Posht-e-Kuh (modern day Ilam, Iran), and father of the last Vāli of Posht-e-Kuh Gholam Reza Khan.
 * Other religious figures

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wadi-us-Salaam


text:
Recovery-oriented computing

Recovery-oriented computing (sometimes abbreviated to ROC) is a method constructed at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley for developing reliable Internet services. Its proponents seek to recognize computer bugs as inevitable, and then reduce their harmful effects. The National Science Foundation funds the project.

There are characteristics that set recovery oriented computing apart from all other failure handling techniques.

Isolation and redundancy
Isolation in these types of systems requires redundancy. Should one part of the system fail, a redundant part will need to take its place. Isolation must be failure proof for all types of failures whether they be software or human caused failures. One potential way to isolate parts of a system is using virtual machine monitors such as Xen. Virtual machine monitors allow many virtual machines to run on a physical machine and should there be a problem with one virtual machine it can be restarted without restarting the physical machine, or it can be stopped and another can take its place.

System-wide undo support
The ability to undo across different programs and time frames is necessary in this type of system because human error is the cause of about half of system failures. Not having undo support also limits testing aspects of a production system because it doesn’t allow for trial and error.

System-wide undo support should cover all aspects of the system. This includes hardware and software upgrades, configuration as well as application management. There are obviously limits to what can be undone, and these limits are currently being explored, tested and rated based on their tradeoffs.

Integrated diagnostic support
Integrated diagnostic support is another characteristic a recovery-oriented computer should have. This means that the system should be able to identify the root cause of a system failure. Once it does this it should then either be able to contain the failure so it cannot affect other parts of the system or alternatively it should repair the failure. All of the system components or modules should be self-testing; it should be able to know when there is something wrong with itself. As well as determining problems with themselves, the modules should also be able to verify the behavior of other modules that they are dependent upon. The system must also track module, resource, and user request dependencies throughout the system. This will allow for containment of failures.

Online verification and recovery mechanisms
Recovery mechanisms are ways in which the systems can recover from failures. These recovery mechanisms should be well designed, meaning that they are reliable, effective and efficient. These systems should be proactive in testing and verifying the behavior of the recovery mechanisms so should there be a real failure it is certain that these mechanisms will do what they are designed to do and aid in the recovery of the system. These verifications should be performed even in production level equipment as this type of equipment is the most vital to have up. There are two methods for performing these tests and both of these should be used. The first method is directed tests in which the tests are set up and executed. The other method is a random test in which they occur without warning.

Modularity, measurability and restartability
Software aging problems are best resolved by restarting the component that is affected. This entails both modularity and restartability. Components should be restarted before they fail, and designed to make this option available or better yet, do it automatically. Applications should also be designed for restartability.

Benchmarks
These systems should have frequent dependability and availability benchmarking to justify their existence and usage by tracking their progress. These benchmarks should be reproducible and an impartial measure of system dependability, reliability, and availability.

title: Recovery-oriented computing


text:
Žumberak Mountains

The Žumberak Mountains (Žumberačka gora, Gorjanci, historic German name: Uskokengebirge ) is a range of hills and mountains in northwestern Croatia and southeastern Slovenia, extending from the southwest to the northeast between the Krka and the Kupa.

It covers an area of 430 km2. The geographically unified massif consists of two parts, separated by the Bregana and Žumberak rivers (Croatian: Žumberačka rijeka). The northeastern part is the Samobor Hills (Samoborsko gorje) with the foothills. The central and western part is named Žumberak Hills (Croatian: Žumberačko gorje, Žumberak). Its northwesternmost part, named Gorjanci, lies in Slovenia. The highest peak of the range is Sveta Gera (Trdina Peak) on the border between Croatia and Slovenia, being 1178 m high. Since 1999, an area of the range in Croatia has been protected as the nature park Žumberak–Samobor Hills.

Location
The Žumberak Mountains lie near and partly on the border between Croatia and Slovenia, which mostly passes through the highest parts of the massif. The Croatian part of the mountain range is in Central Croatia, mostly in the western part of Zagreb County, and a smaller part is in Karlovac County. The Slovene part belongs to the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The Žumberak Mountains are situated only 25 km from the Croatian capital, Zagreb. Cities near this range are Samobor, Jastrebarsko, and Ozalj in Croatia, and Novo Mesto, Brežice, and Kostanjevica na Krki in Slovenia. The range is in territory of four cities:
 * Samobor, Novo Mesto, Jastrebarsko, and Ozalj

and seven municipalities
 * Krško, Kostanjevica na Krki, Šentjernej, Brežice, Žumberak, Krašić, and Klinča Sela.

Border dispute
The highest peak, Sveta Gera / Trdina Peak, is subject to a border dispute between Croatia and Slovenia. An old Yugoslav People's Army barracks building stands there that is used as an outpost by the Slovenian Army since the 1990s, although it is recorded in the Croatian land registry, and Croatian side see this as an occupation of their land. Since then that has been a subject of a dispute between the two new countries.

The situation became more complex when the dispute nearly derailed Croatia's application to join NATO. It escalated further with Slovenia's blockade of Croatia's EU accession from December 2008 until September–October 2009, when Slovenia (a European Union member state) blocked the negotiation progress of Croatia (at the time an EU candidate state). However, further escalation was prevented due to amicable diplomacy of the Croatian and Slovenian prime ministers Jadranka Kosor, and Borut Pahor.

Flora and Funga
There are more than 1,000 species of different plant life recorded in this area, some of which are strictly protected. In the area of the Nature Park 90 species of Croatian vascular flora from the Red Book are recorded. On the global level 3 of them are critically endangered, 11 are endangered and 28 are globally sensitive.

Forests cover huge area of the range. there are few old-growth forests mostly on the Slovene part of the highest ridge, close to Sveta Gera. These are Old-growth forest Ravna Gora, and old-growth forest on Trdina Peak. Most common are the forests of sessile oak and hornbeam and on steeper slopes are the forests of Downy Oak and hop hornbeam. Beech forests cover the highest ridges. Some endangered and protected plants are found here, such as are globally sensitive species Iris croatica and Daphne blagayana. Globally sensitive species of wild orchids and lilies can be found in areas between forests and open habitats.

There is only a small area of grassland of natural origin. The local population exploited grassland. Grassland are rich in species. In some areas more than 40 species of plants have been recorded on one square meter! Many of them are in the Red Book of vascular flora in Croatia. The areas of damp and marsh-like grassland and plain and moors also can be found here. Important example is the area along the Jasinje creek where even 7 strongly protected and 12 protected plant species have been recorded. Among them we stress critically endangered species on global level – tall cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and alpine asphodel (Tofieldia calyculata); globally endangered species of sedges, globally sensitive species: grass-like sedge (Carex panicea) and lesser butterfly-orchid (Platanthera bifolia) and species with the status of not sufficiently explored (DD) in Croatia, elongated sedge (Carex elongata).

There are 377 species of mushrooms in the Park area. It is supposed that this is only smaller number of a total number of mushrooms in this area, In the research carried on in 2007, seven new species of mushrooms were found in Žumberak – Samoborsko gorje Nature Park. Arched woodwax (Hygrophorus camarophyllus) is on the Red List of the mushrooms in Croatia with EN category of endanger (globally endangered species).

There are 79 discovered species of lichens, three of which are on the Red List of lichens in Croatia. These are Bryoria fuscescens (with status VU – sensitive family), Lobaria pulmonaria (with status EN – endangered family) and genus Usnea (status VU). The research discovered several localities rich in lichen species like wild forest of beech in area of Kuti and wider area of Budinjak, Sv. Gera. Old orchards in grassland are explored as well. Following families are found and put on the Red List of Croatia: Baeomyces rufus (almost endangered species – NT), Dibaeis baeomyces (VU), Lobaria pulmonaria (VU), Menegazzia terebrata (VU) and Solorina saccata (VU).

Fauna
Here you may see large predators as bears (Ursus arctos) and wolf (Canis lupus). There are also numerous species of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates. There are many birds living in this area. Some are birds of prey like goshawk, and birds living next to creeks (white-throated dipper and grey wagtail). In lower parts, the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) can be found, and, occasionally, even white stork (Ciconia ciconia). Most of amphibian and reptile species which you can find in continental Croatia, can be found here. Spotted salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is a regular inhabitant of the areas near creeks. Very rare black salamanders (Salamandra atra) can be found in higher areas. Ponds are hatching places for amphibians like toads, newts and frogs. Snakes are common here. Venomous snakes - Viper (Vipera ammodytes) and grass snake (Natrix natrix), and nonvenomous - Aesculapian snake (Elaphe longissima), smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) and dice snake (Natrix tessellata) – strictly protected species listed on the Red List. The commonest lizard is wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), slow-worm (Anguis fragilis), European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and common lizard (Lacerta vivipara).

There are 21 species of fish, from 8 families. They live in river Kupa, Kupčina, and other rivers and creeks in the area. Some of them are Eudontomyzon vladykovi, Squalius cephalus and Cobitis elongata. Brown trout are common due to suitable ecological conditions (water temperature, quantity of oxygen and creeks' speed).

Austropotamobius torrentium, the stone crayfish, can be found in creeks, although very rarely. There are numerous invertebrates which enrich biological diversity of the area. Many are endangered. However, due to insufficient research, not all are recorded. The most endangered is Phengaris rebeli. There are numerous species of invertebrates, in caves and holes, that have not been explored yet. There are bats as well – the most endangered mammal. Recent exploration of karstic underground in the Park discovered some species of arthropods, which are completely new in science.

Eneolithic
The earliest artefacts in the Žumberak Mountains, small axe, and fragments of a pot, were found in the village of Mrzlo Polje Žumberačko. They belong to the people of Baden culture (Lasinya culture).

Iron Age
There is a large archaeological survey in Budinjak. Large settlement and a necropolis with 140 tumuli were discovered. One of the most important findings is bronze, Kneževa kaciga (Prince's Helmet), found in one of two biggest tumuli, with diameter of 19 meters 19 m. Today it is in Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. This is a proof that Budinjak was a settlement with powerful economy which had contacts with faraway lands.

In late Iron Age, the Celtic tribes started conquering and colonizing this part of Europe. It is presumed that they had many settlements in the Žumberak Mountains, since mint was discovered in Samobor. Under the Okić castle, in the forest of Jama near Podgrađe, a man found 1600 silver Celtic coins. These coins are now called Samobors.

Roman period
In 35 - 33 BC the Žumberak Mountains became part of the Roman Republic, later empire, province of Pannonia. The most important remains are several graveyards dating from 1st century AD found in the central Žumberak Mountains, in villages of Gornja Vas and Bratelji. People buried in those graveyards belonged to the Celtic tribe of Latobics. Many glass containers were found in these graves. These containers were produced in northern Italy, and they are proof that people in the Žumberak Mountains had a powerful economy at that time.

Middle Ages
After the decline of the Roman Empire, numerous Germanic and Slavic tribes passed across the Pannonian Plain. Almost nothing is known when the Croats came to the Žumberak Mountains. The earliest written texts and archaeological finds enlighten the history of the Žumberak Mountains from the 12th century on. At that time the Žumberak Mountains were the border between the Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire.

Early modern period
Colonization of Žumberak with Vlachs and Uskoks begins 1526.

Uskoks
The isolated region on the Croatian side has always had a low population. In 1530, the immigration of Uskoks started, which lasted until the 17th century, which brought a large population of Štokavian speakers to the region. The Žumberak Mountains were then part of Austrian Military Frontier, created by the Habsburgs to serve as a defensive buffer between their empire and the Ottoman Empire. Uskoks from this area, were the only military personnel on the Military frontier, that weren't living close to the border itself, the Žumberak Mountains themselves were an enclave within Banovina and did not directly border the Ottoman Empire, so they had to walk for half a day or longer to their posts in Ogulin, Cazin, Bihać etc. 500 Uskoks from the Žumberak Mountains fought in the Battle of Sisak. They had huge losses for their standard, losing 40 soldiers in crucial mission of taking over the bridge over Odra river. In the year 1545. they were called by citizens of Zagreb, to defend the city from the Ottomans because the regular army under the leadership of Croatian Ban was heavily defeated in Hrvatsko Zagorje. As we know Zagreb was never occupied by the Ottomans.

Language
Because of the immigration of Uskoks, the region is the intersection of all three Croatian dialects. The descendants of Uskoks who are Štokavian speakers are the majority in the Žumberak Mountains.

Mass emigrations
Mass emigrations started in the 19th century, when Military frontier was disestablished. People in the Žumberak Mountains were no longer needed in the army. Since army salaries, which were main source of wealth, were not coming any more to the Žumberak Mountains. This was the main reason why people fell to poverty and started immigrating to the United States.

World War II
World War II in Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941 with the invasion by Nazi Germany. Soon after that, the Croatian part of the Žumberak Mountains became a part of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a World War II puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy, with the western part being directly occupied by Italy. The Slovenian part was annexed directly to the Third Reich. The resistance movement in the Žumberak Mountains began when Partisans from 1st Zagreb Partisan Detachment came to this area. Matija Gubec Partisan detachment was established here in August 1941, However it was quickly destroyed. In 1942 partisans from Kordun managed to attract local people to join the resistance, so in 1942 Žumberak-Pokuplje partisan detachment was established. Later they merged with First Croatian proleterian battalion in famous XIII. proletarian brigade Rade Končar. That brigade managed to liberate Krašić in January 1943, which was a great victory for Partisan movement, since North-West Croatia was considered to be NDH stronghold. Many villages were completely burned and destroyed by the fascists, because their inhabitants allegedly helped the partisans. Žumberak was finally liberated on 9 May 1945, by the 10th division of Yugoslav People's Army.

The Žumberak Mountains are the site of the Jazovka Pit, location of a World War II massacre of retreating Ustasha soldiers and civilians mostly from hospitals in Zagreb by the communists, not partisans from Žumberak-Pokuplje partisan detachment, or local people.

In SFRY
In the nineteen-sixties and nineteen-seventies, the second mass emigration started, mostly to Germany. Žumberak-Gorjanci memorial area was established in 1971.

Modern Croatia
In 1991 area of the Žumberak Mountains became a part of independent Croatia and Slovenia. A military complex near the top of Trdina Peak, created by the Yugoslav People's Army, has been a subject of a dispute between the two new countries since the 1990s because it is held by the Slovenian army, but the complex is actually located on Croatian soil. Escalation was prevented due to amicable diplomacy.

Both, Slovenia, and Croatia, are members of the European Union, and it is expected that Croatia will soon join Schengen area, so there will be no actual border in the Žumberak Mountains.

Conservation and threats
The greatest threats to the range are deforestation and illegal dumping. Some argue that the Krško Nuclear Power Plant threatens the northern parts of the range, but there is no proof of this. Most of the Croatian part of the range was protected as the Žumberak–Samoborsko Gorje Nature Park by the Parliament of Croatia on 28 May 1999, and since 2012 it has been a Natura 2000 site. Some areas inside the park itself are specially protected.

Croatia

 * Nature park Žumberak-Samoborsko gorje
 * Significant landscape Slapnica
 * Significant landscape Okić
 * Special nature reserve (forest) Japetić
 * Nature monument Grgos cave
 * Park-forest Tepec and Stražnik
 * Special botanical reserve Smerovišće
 * Natura 2000 Vugrin cave

Slovenia

 * Natura 2000 Gorjanci-Radoha
 * Ecologically important area (EPO) Gorjanci
 * Nature reserve of old-growth forest at Trdina Peak
 * Nature reserve of old-growth forest at Ravna Gora
 * Natural value of national important Kobila

title: Žumberak Mountains


text:
User:Sh~enwiki

I am Sh. I am born in Japan and live in Japan.

for work

 * /standard.css, /standard.js
 * /monobook.css, /monobook.js

&

title: User:Sh~enwiki


text:
Álvaro Espinoza

Álvaro Alberto Espinoza Ramírez [es-pe-noh'-zah] (born February 19, 1962) is a Venezuelan former shortstop in Major League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed.

Early life
Born in Valencia, Carabobo, he graduated from Pedro Gual High School where he played baseball, soccer and basketball.

Playing career
As a young prospect, Espinoza was let go by the Houston Astros system. But he went on to have twelve decent seasons with the Minnesota Twins (1984–1986), New York Yankees (1988–1991), Cleveland Indians (1993–1996), New York Mets (1996) and Seattle Mariners (1997).

Although a free swinger, Espinoza was a good bat handler and contact hitter. His game was to simply put the ball in play and not try to hit for power. As a baserunner, he had average speed.

Probably, he was not among the most gifted athletes ever to play shortstop, but he positioned himself extremely well and got to many balls that might have eluded some flashier shortstops. A sure-handed fielder, he had a strong throwing arm and found many ways to turn a double play, as well as his concentration and knowledge of the game were his main assets.

In a 12-season career, Espinoza hit a .254 average with 22 home runs and 201 RBI in 942 games, including 252 runs, 105 doubles, nine triples, and 13 stolen bases.

Espinoza's was one of New York Yankees public address announcer Bob Sheppard's favorite names to announce.

He was also noted for his bubble gum hat antics, as well as other practical jokes he and teammate Wayne Kirby used to play on the 1995 Cleveland Indians.

Coaching career
Following his playing career after the 1997 season, Espinoza turned to coaching. In 1998, he worked with the Montreal Expos as their minor league infield coordinator.

Hired by the Los Angeles Dodgers organization, Espinoza made his managerial debut in 1999 and guided Class-A Vero Beach to a 48–85 record in the Florida State League. He spent 2000 and 2001 as the Dodgers Minor League Roving Infield Coordinator.

In 2002, Espinoza was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates and then named their infield Instructor in 2004.

Milestone
Espinoza, Ruppert Jones‚ Dave Kingman‚ Ricky Nelson, Kevin Millar, and José Canseco are the only players to hit a fair ball that got stuck in a stadium obstruction. Jones and Nelson both had hits get caught in the overhead speakers at the old Kingdome. The balls hit by Kingman and Espinoza were at the Minneapolis Metrodome, with Kingman's getting stuck in a drainage valve and Espinoza's lodging in an overhead speaker.

title: Álvaro Espinoza


text:
Kirsch

Kirschwasser (, UK also, ; German for 'cherry water'), or just Kirsch (although this abbreviation is rarely used in Germany), is a clear, colourless brandy from Germany, Switzerland and France, traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries. It is now also made from other kinds of cherries. The cherries are fermented completely, including their stones. Unlike cherry liqueurs and cherry brandies, Kirschwasser is not sweet. It is sometimes distilled from fermented cherry juice.

Serving
Kirschwasser is usually drunk neat. It is traditionally served cold in a very small glass and is taken as an apéritif. It is an important ingredient in fondue. People in the German-speaking region where it originated usually serve it after dinner, as a digestif.

Kirschwasser is used in some cocktails, such as the Ladyfinger, the Florida, and the Rose.

High-quality kirschwasser should be served around 16 C, warmed by the hands as with brandy.

Origin and production
Because morellos were originally grown in the Black Forest regions of Germany, kirschwasser is believed to have originated there. Kirschwasser is colourless because it is either not aged in wood or is aged in barrels made of ash. It may have been aged in paraffin-lined wood barrels or in earthenware vessels. ' Rivals in producing high quality "Kirsch" are Switzerland and Elsass (Alsace), the latter even has a kirschwasser route, and other quality cherry production german speaking areas like South Tyrolia. In France and in English-speaking countries, clear fruit brandies are known as eau de vie. The European Union sets a minimum of 37.5% ABV (75 proof) for products of this kind; kirschwasser typically has an alcohol content of 40%–50% ABV (80–100 proof). About 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of cherries go into the making of a 750 ml bottle of kirschwasser.

One French variety, Kirsch de Fougerolles , and two Swiss varieties, Zuger Kirsch and Rigi Kirsch, have been certified as appellation d'origine protégée (AOP).

Chemical composition
Compared with brandy or whisky the characteristic features of kirsch are that it contains relatively large quantities of higher alcohols and compound ethers, and the presence in this spirit of small quantities of hydrogen cyanide, partly as such and partly in combination as benzaldehyde-cyanhydrin, to which the distinctive flavour of kirsch is largely due.

Food
Kirsch is sometimes used in Swiss fondue and in some cakes, such as the Zuger Kirschtorte. It is also commonly used in the dessert cherries jubilee. It is used in traditional German Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (Black Forest gateau) and in other cakes—for example in Gugelhupf cake.

Kirsch can also be used in the filling of chocolates. A typical kirsch chocolate consists of no more than one milliliter of kirsch, surrounded by milk or (more usually) dark chocolate with a film of hard sugar between the two parts. The hard sugar acts as an impermeable casing for the liquid content and also compensates for the lack of sweetness that is typical of kirsch. Swiss chocolatiers Lindt & Sprüngli and Camille Bloch, among others, manufacture these kirsch chocolates.

title: Kirsch


text:
Talk:Naloxone

Nalaxone is used to counter many fentanyl overdoses
See diff.

How is this image not relevant:

Naloxone is most used on fentanyl overdoses. Since fentanyl is the illicit drug killing the most people by far. Note the top line in this chart:

--Timeshifter (talk) 03:18, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It isn't irrelevant, but it doesn't really someone understand what naloxone is useful for. You wouldn't include a photo of every conceivable application of hammers into hammer. That photo of fentanyl would be appropriate in fentanyl. I would oppose to putting a photo of various types of naloxone into fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone just as I would oppose your addition of this photo here. Graywalls (talk) 03:28, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Naloxone is mentioned in all 3 of the opioid articles you linked to. An image showing the size of the naloxone dose would serve no purpose. Whereas the size of the lethal Fentanyl dose is very relevant here. Because it shows a big reason why naloxone is used mostly for Fentanyl. And why there has been a steep increase in availability of Naloxine. As documented here in the article:
 * Naloxone
 * Naloxone
 * The above graph would illustrate the reason for the rapidly increasing demand for wider availability of Nalaxone.
 * --Timeshifter (talk) 03:44, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That doesn't mean having a photo of naloxone would be useful and I would oppose to it. Graywalls (talk) 03:45, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You seem to have stopped reading and/or understanding my posts. And you are not addressing most of my points. You seem to have descended to I just don't like it. --Timeshifter (talk) 03:52, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have given you my side on why I don't find a picture of fentanyl next to a penny useful in this article, or in plethora of articles you inserted the same picture into. Graywalls (talk) 06:54, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You wrote: "It isn't irrelevant, but it doesn't really [help] someone understand what naloxone is useful for." I explained clearly how it helps someone understand what naloxine is for. --Timeshifter (talk) 07:13, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems to me like the image is mostly meant to elicit an emotional reaction, not really to help illustrate anything about naloxone. The image may be fine on the fentanyl article, but probably not many other articles. Vontheri (talk) 22:04, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Reaction following reversal with naloxone
A study was conducted with sufficient number of patients by a study that I believe rage reaction was adequately documented. The sources are mainstream as opposed to advocacy groups like Drug Free Australia or Harm Reduction International. They're scholarly journals and mainstream media. One editor says these are undue. Since the reactions follow reversal specifically after administration of naloxone, I think it is relevant and on topic. The sources used are credible. Trimming out contents that are based on pro-harm reduction advocacy or anti-harm reduction oppositional groups as POV would be reasonable. My addition may need some copy-editing but I believe the general contents is reasonable to have in here. Graywalls (talk) 07:05, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I’m sure there are situations where people have become violent after receiving naloxone, but having a lengthy section devoted to this phenomenon, with multiple examples, seems undue to me, not to say stigmatizing. However I don’t expect to convince you of this, so I’m more interested in hearing other people’s opinions. Prezbo (talk) 08:10, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Came here after seeing this at WT:MED. So far as I could see, all the sourcing for this was unreliable (we would need WP:MEDRS). Thus removed. Why are we using rubbish sources when there are recent quality review articles available (I added one such)? Bon courage (talk) 08:24, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Why do you say The International Journal on Drug Policy would be unreliable? Graywalls (talk) 08:27, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If you mean 32304981, then that's primary research. Bon courage (talk) 08:32, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * PMC7572435 Graywalls (talk) 08:35, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes: Bon courage (talk) 08:37, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * And something like this, along with rxlist.com, drugs.com materials in article is acceptable?
 * Some poison control centers recommend naloxone in the setting of clonidine overdose, including intravenous bolus doses of up to 10mg naloxone. Graywalls (talk) 08:38, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Graywalls (talk) 08:38, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

The article is full of junk; it needs a major raking through with an eye to sourcing. I'll tag it. Bon courage (talk) 08:40, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Why did you not remove those specifics mentioned above despite removing the others? Graywalls (talk) 08:58, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:CHOICE. Bon courage (talk) 09:01, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it's important to note the potential for adverse effects, but I don't think we need stories about individual incidents.
 * An ideal source would be a practice guideline (e.g., from American College of Emergency Physicians) about naloxone. I don't know if any such sources exist, but provider safety is not an unusual thing for such guidelines to cover. WhatamIdoing (talk) 16:54, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * There's honestly no reliability issues with the sources I've used as long as it isn't framed as "medical claim". Do we really need to use highest of the highest standard source to cite caustic soda may burn you? I doubt it! Graywalls (talk) 02:37, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's an obscure primary source. We won't be using it. Bon courage (talk) 04:45, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your most recent addition calling it "misinformation". We won't be using it without some of what you've removed adding it so both sides are presented. Graywalls (talk) 07:02, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * See WP:GEVAL. We're not going to be putting unreliable sources against reliable ones. Bon courage (talk) 07:04, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Then, I OPPOSE your most recently added contents. Graywalls (talk) 07:46, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * You've said you don't agree with what it says. But that doesn't count towards WP:CONSENSUS so can be disregarded. Bon courage (talk) 07:51, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your accusation of "POV pushing". Advocacy coalition source you're adding is POV. As you demonstrated in Special:Diff/1174083816, establishing consensus falls on those wishing to include stuff. Graywalls (talk) 18:14, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * We have consensus. Your obvious personal views don't count. Bon courage (talk) 18:17, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that we do, with regard to the newest example related to Canadian universities following up in certain ways, which you sourced to an advocacy coalition. Please look closely at what I've removed. Graywalls (talk) 18:32, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The Canadian Mental Health Association is good source, for reasons that people have tried to explain to you at RSN. But other sources are available. I added one such. Bon courage (talk) 18:39, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The text you introduced in Special:Diff/1174321452 is more reasonable and general enough, so I have no objection to this. Graywalls (talk) 18:42, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Source 132's archive is broken
redirects to a bot protection page. I don't have the time to fix it right now, but if anyone passing by can give it a go let me know. Word of warning, look for a crawler that doesn't parse JS. - MountainKemono (talk) 14:00, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

Naloxone efficacy in combination with Buprenorphine (Is this reference MEDRS?)
@Bon courage Are you following me around, now? Quite impressive how quickly you can appear. You were able to read my edit, and read the citation, and declare it non-MEDRS (without giving any reason to explain why it isn't MEDRS) all within two minutes of time?

Did you actually even read the citation I used? I seriously doubt you read it in only two minutes, which is the time from my edit until your revert. The citation I used is from a medical journal that is NOT deprecated and articles from that journal are used in plenty of other medical articles on Wikipedia, and the journal article that I used for the citation itself referenced a list of 41 studies and other articles. It seems like exactly the kind of ideal secondary source that should be used as a Wikipedia medical reference.

I really hope this doesn't waste another two months of my life like our last dispute did...

Here is the relevant edit I made and Bon Courage's revert: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naloxone&diff=1201013579&oldid=1201012906

Primarily, I added this in the section "Preventing recreational opioid use":

Non-medical use by injection or use in the nose still occurs, and the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine. Posters on drug-related online forums have been documented as stating that they feel no subjective difference in effects when injecting buprenorphine combined with naloxone as compared to injecting buprenorphine alone.

Of course I'm open to changing of specific wording, but the issue Bon Courage raised was regarding the reference and whether or not it is MEDRS.

Anyone else care to weigh in on this? It is a significantly growing minority view amongst addiction experts that adding naloxone to sublingual preparations of buprenorphine does more harm than good. This point of view deserves at least a sentence or two in this article, surely? Vontheri (talk) 20:13, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Opinion pieces in dodgy journals are not WP:MEDRS, obviously. And stop it with the bad-faith blather. Bon courage (talk) 20:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Please show me what specifically on WP:MEDRS makes this specific reference non-MEDRS. Personally, I cannnot find anything at all on MEDRS that sounds like it could possibly be interpreted as saying that this reference is non-MEDRS--not even anything borderline.
 * I hope a third party can give input here, because I seriously doubt that the two of us are likely to come to a consensus on this, although wouldn't it be nice if we actually could come to a consensus between just the two of us? Vontheri (talk) 20:41, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Read the whole guideline, but for a quick answer see WP:MEDASSESS. Editors should rely on high-quality evidence (systematic reviews, reviews, etc.) and not opinion pieces, which are at the absolute base of the quality pyramid. Bon courage (talk) 20:45, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have read all of MEDRS before and am familiar with it. It doesn't say expert opinion journal articles cannot be used at all, only that they are less preferred than many other types of sources.
 * That said, there are other sources I can use that perhaps would pass your extremely strict and limited interpretation of MEDRS. It will just take more time for me to sort through them all. The source I chose seemed to me to be the best available summary of the relevant information, and it itself listed dozens of sources if anyone actually bothers to look at the reference. My preference would still be to use the original reference that I used, with additional references if time permits. Vontheri (talk) 21:08, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It's simply not reliable for WP:BMI. Any good sources, OTOH, would be welcome. Bon courage (talk) 21:11, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I see nothing in WP:MEDRS that I interpret as meaning the article I used is not usable as a source. I interpret the pyramids as very general guidelines of hierarchies as to what sources are better or not as good as other sources: higher up is preferred than lower down (unless something else about about a specific source makes it not usable.) Something that is not on the pyramids to begin with is by default generally not acceptable for MEDRS.
 * Now I have nothing more to say unless a third party gives input. In our discussion at Bryan Johnson it seemed we kept talking to each other until there was a huge wall of text of just the two of us to the point that other editors wouldn't have the time to read through it all to even begin to give their own input. I'd prefer that not happen again. And the Bryan Johnson article wasn't even something I cared very much about; I just didn't want any article to be ruined. Addiction medicine is something I actually do care about and have more knowledge of. So Let's please try to give a chance for someone else to give input now. Vontheri (talk) 21:57, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You think opinion pieces are WP:MEDRS? As the guideline says, such low-quality sources are to be avoided. If in doubt, check at WT:MED. Bon courage (talk) 05:17, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Your idea of what does or doesn't meet MEDRS seems that of a Pharisee...
 * I think the original reference I used is preferable as it is more exhaustive, but I have used a different reference and changed the wording now. I intend to add additional references and prose as well as time permits. I trust you will find a clinical guidelines manual published by SAMHSA meets your interpretation of MEDRS?
 * See my new addition in the "Preventing recreational opioid use" section. I still hope a third party can see this discussion and give input about whether or not they think the original reference is acceptable. Vontheri (talk) 10:22, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said, you can always check at WT:MED. The new source is fine; thanks for adding it! Bon courage (talk) 11:24, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Possible source
I haven't read this book, but I'll post it here as a probably resource. OD: Naloxone and the Politics of Overdose Prezbo (talk) 12:24, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Looks like WP:MEDPOP; could be useful but not for hard WP:BMI. Bon courage (talk) 12:25, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

Library sign pic
Any other opinions on whether or not this picture adds to the article? Prezbo (talk) 12:53, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

UK legislation change
The government is planning to change Naloxone from prescription-only to being able to be given without a prescription needed. Can someone tell me if I'm allowed to change the legal status and add some information to relevant sections? Or should I wait until the full legislation is released? I just don't want to make changes that I'm not completely sure of but I would love to type up information and make changes for a page like this because I rarely get to.

Sources: BBC, BMJ JJPlays (talk) 19:12, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naloxone


text:
USS Eagle

USS Eagle may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Eagle (1798), was a 14-gun schooner in service from 1798 to 1801
 * USS Eagle (1812), was an 11-gun sloop in service on Lake Champlain during the War of 1812
 * USS Eagle (1814), was a 20-gun brig also on Lake Champlain, launched and named while the 1812 Eagle was in British hands
 * USS Eagle (1814 schooner) was a 12-gun schooner of the New Orleans Squadron
 * USS Eagle (1898), was a yacht purchased in 1898 and in service until 1919
 * USS Eagle (SP-145), later renamed USS SP-145, was a patrol boat in commission from 1917 to 1919
 * USS Eagle (AM-132), was a Q-ship renamed Captor (PYc-40) shortly after commissioning in 1942
 * USS Eagle Boat 56 (PE-56), later USS PE-56, in commission from 1919 to 1945

title: USS Eagle


text: User talk:65.111.197.66

title: User talk:65.111.197.66


text:
Novelty

Novelty (derived from Latin word novus for "new") is the quality of being new, or following from that, of being striking, original or unusual. Novelty may be the shared experience of a new cultural phenomenon or the subjective perception of an individual.

From the meaning of being unusual usage is derived the concept of the novelty dance (a type of dance that is popular for being unusual or humorous); the novelty song (a musical item that capitalizes on something new, unusual, or a current fad); the novelty show (a competition or display in which exhibits or specimens are in way some novel); and novelty architecture (a building or other structure that is interesting because it has an amusing design). It is also this sense that applies to a novelty item, a small manufactured adornment, toy or collectible. These, in turn are often used as promotional merchandise in marketing. The chess term, novelty, is used for a move in chess which has never been played before in a recorded game.

The term can have pejorative sense and refer to a mere innovation. However, novelty in patent law is part of the legal test to determine whether an invention is patentable. A novelty effect is the tendency for performance to initially improve when new technology is instituted.

title: Novelty


text:
Talk:Tom Leonard

For anyone wishing to develop the separate articles: www.tomleonard.com/ (illustrator) www.ironstonemuseum.co.uk/ (museum creator) www.tomleonard.co.uk/ (poet) There's also a US atty by the same name, but I don't believe he is of the same stature. Plenty more hits about the above doing a search.

title: Talk:Tom Leonard


text:
Chas Chandler

Bryan James "Chas" Chandler (18 December 1938 – 17 July 1996) was an English musician, record producer and manager, best known as the original bassist in The Animals, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. He also managed the band Slade, and Jimi Hendrix, about whom he was regularly interviewed until Chandler's death in 1996.

Early life
Bryan James Chandler was born in Heaton, Newcastle. After leaving school, he worked as a turner in the Tyneside shipyards. He became the bass player with The Alan Price Trio in 1962.

The Animals
After Eric Burdon joined the band, the Alan Price Trio was renamed The Animals. Chandler's bass lines were rarely given critical attention but some, including the opening riff of the group's 1965 hit "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" subsequently received praise. Chandler was also the most prominent of the group's backing vocalists and did occasional songwriting with Burdon. In 1966, despite commercial success, Chandler became disillusioned with the lack of money, recalling that, "We toured non-stop for three years, doing 300 gigs a year and we hardly got a penny."

Reunions
In 1977, Chandler played and recorded with the original members of The Animals during a brief reunion and he joined them again for a further revival in 1983, at which point he sold his business interests, in order to concentrate on being a musician.

Chandler, with all but lead singer Eric Burdon of the classic members, was present at the band's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.

Jimi Hendrix and Slade
After The Animals underwent personnel changes in 1966, Chandler turned to becoming a talent scout, artist manager, and record producer. During his final tour with The Animals, Chandler saw a then-unknown Jimi Hendrix play in Cafe Wha?, a Greenwich Village, New York City, nightclub. At the time Hendrix was performing under the name Jimmy James. In September, Chandler convinced Hendrix to accompany him to Britain, which was made possible with the help of Michael Jeffery, who suggested that he revert to his actual name, and later suggested naming the band the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In Britain, Chandler recruited bassist Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell as the other members of the Experience. His enthusiasm fuelled Hendrix during the early days, but halfway through the recording of his third album in 1968, Electric Ladyland, much had changed within the band's framework.

Chandler was a key figure in Hendrix's rise to critical and commercial success. Chandler provided the young musician with living accommodations and financed the Experience's first single "Hey Joe", before they had a recording contract. He was also instrumental in introducing Hendrix to Eric Clapton. It was through this introduction that Hendrix was given the opportunity to play with Clapton and Cream on stage. It was Chandler's idea for Hendrix to set his guitar on fire, which made national news when this idea was used at a concert at the Finsbury Park Astoria Theatre and subsequently at the Monterey Pop festival. Hendrix's sound engineer Eddie Kramer later recalled that Chandler was very hands-on with the first two Hendrix albums, adding that "he was his mentor and I think it was very necessary."

By 1968, Chandler had become frustrated with the recording sessions for Hendrix's album Electric Ladyland, saying they were self-indulgent. He left management services in the hands of Jeffery during the following year. Chandler then managed and produced the British rock band Slade for 12 years, during which they achieved six number one chart hits in the UK. Chandler and Slade parted company following the failure of the single "Knuckle Sandwich Nancy" in May 1981. He would, however negotiate their RCA contract which lasted for four new albums.

Expansion of music industry interests
Chandler bought IBC Studios which he renamed Portland Recording Studios, after the studio address of 35 Portland Place, London and ran it for four years until he sold it to Don Arden. Chandler also ran a series of record labels from the studios including Barn Records, Six of the Best and Cheapskate Records. Alexander Arundel wrote and produced the song Change Of Heart released on Cheapskate and produced by ChasHe formed a music publishing agency, as well as a production company and management companies. He also had a brief stint in which he produced the Philadelphia-based rock group Horsepower, founded by Michael James Kennedy in 1978.

Other business ventures
During the early 1990s, he helped finance the development of Newcastle Arena, a 10,000 seat sports and entertainment venue which opened in 1995.

Personal life
Chandler married twice and had a son by his first wife and a son and two daughters by his second wife Madeleine.

Chandler stood 6ft 4in tall.

Death
Chandler died of an aortic aneurysm at Newcastle General Hospital on 17 July 1996, days after performing a solo show.

Honours

 * Chandler was posthumously inducted into Hollywood's Rock Walk of Fame in May 2001 as a member of The Animals.
 * Chandler's former home at 35 Second Avenue, Heaton, hosts a blue plaque placed on the wall by Newcastle City Council, which reads: "Chas Chandler 1938–1996. Founder member of the 'Animals'. Manager of Jimi Hendrix & Slade. Co-founder of Newcastle Arena. Lived in this house 1938–1964."

title: Chas Chandler


text:
Talk:List of films based on a television series

This should be merged with the existing article List of TV shows made into movies -- Decumanus | Talk 17:15, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, I didn't know there was that list. How about a compromise with the various series listed in my entries' categories?


text:
Hal Sutton

Hal Evan Sutton (born April 28, 1958) is an American professional golfer, currently playing on the PGA Tour Champions, who achieved 14 victories on the PGA Tour, including the 1983 PGA Championship (a major championship) and the 1983 and 2000 Players Championships. Sutton was also the PGA Tour's leading money winner in 1983 and named Player of the Year.

Professional career
Born and raised in Shreveport, Louisiana, Sutton was a promising player at its Centenary College, and was named Golf Magazine's 1980 College Player of the Year. At Centenary, Sutton won 14 golf tournaments, was an All American, led the Gents to the NCAA Tournament, and finished ninth nationally. He quickly established himself as one of the PGA Tour's top young stars in the early 1980s. His first win was at the 1982 Walt Disney World Golf Classic in a playoff with Bill Britton after the two had tied at 19-under-par 269 after 72 holes.

Sutton's most notable year came in 1983, when he won the Tournament Players Championship in March, followed by his only major title, the PGA Championship at Riviera in August. He entered into a long drought shortly thereafter, going from 1987 to 1994 without a PGA Tour victory. He nearly lost his tour card late in the string, maintaining it only by using a one-time-only exemption for players in the top 50 of the all-time PGA Tour career money list. After this disappointing eight years, Sutton rejuvenated his career in 1995 with a win at the B.C. Open.

In 1998, Sutton won the Valero Texas Open and the prestigious Tour Championship to finish fifth on the PGA Tour money list. Other than his spectacular 1983 season, Sutton had his best year to date in 2000 by beating Tiger Woods in the final group of The Players Championship to win. He also had an additional win to that—the Greater Greensboro Chrysler Classic two starts later. He would go on to finish fourth on the PGA Tour money list. In 2001, Sutton made the cut in 22 of 26 events with one victory at the Shell Houston Open at TPC at The Woodlands and a season winnings total of $1.7 million.

Sutton ranked in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings for over 50 weeks from their debut in 1986 to 1987 and then again for over 50 weeks between 1999 and 2001. He has reached the top five of the rankings.

After playing on four U.S. Ryder Cup teams (1985, 1987, 1999, 2002), he was named non-playing captain of the team for 2004. The competition, played at Oakland Hills Country Club, saw Europe beat the US by 18½ to 9½ points. Inevitably, Sutton came in for some criticism of his performance as captain, especially for his decision to pair Tiger Woods with Phil Mickelson on the first day of play.

In 2007, Sutton received the Payne Stewart Award for his charitable efforts, which include the establishment of the Christus Schumpert Sutton Children's Hospital in his hometown of Shreveport. He also teamed up with Louisianans Kelly Gibson and David Toms to raise more than $2 million in aid to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita victims. Sutton was also awarded the Omar N. Bradley Spirit of Independence Award in 2004 and the Golf Writers Association of America's 2006 Charlie Bartlett Award with Gibson and Toms for their relief efforts.

Sutton became eligible to play on the Champions Tour in April 2008 and his best finish is a tie for third at the Outback Steakhouse Pro-Am in 2009.

Personal life
Sutton has four children.

Amateur wins (6)

 * 1974 Louisiana Junior Amateur
 * 1979 Western Amateur
 * 1980 North and South Amateur, U.S. Amateur, Western Amateur, Northeast Amateur, Eisenhower Trophy medalist

PGA Tour wins (14)
PGA Tour playoff record (4–2)

Other wins (1)
Other playoff record (1–0)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half way cut

"T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 5 (twice)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1999 U.S. Open – 1999 Open Championship)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied NT = No tournament

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
 * Walker Cup: 1979 (winners), 1981 (winners)
 * Eisenhower Trophy: 1980 (team winners and individual leader)

Professional
 * USA vs. Japan: 1983
 * Ryder Cup: 1985, 1987, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004 (captain)
 * Nissan Cup: 1986
 * Presidents Cup: 1998 (withdrew), 2000 (winners)
 * UBS Cup: 2003 (tie), 2004 (winners)

title: Hal Sutton


text:
Ken Batcher

Kenneth Edward Batcher (December 27, 1935 – August 22, 2019) was an American academic who was emeritus professor of Computer Science at Kent State University. He also worked as a computer architect at Goodyear Aerospace in Akron, Ohio for 28 years.

Background
Kenneth Edward Batcher was born on December 27, 1935 in Queens, New York, to Lois and Ralph Batcher. His parents met at Iowa State University and later relocated to New York City after graduation. His father, Ralph R. Batcher, was the Chief Engineer of The A. H. Grebe Radio Company until its bankruptcy in 1932.

Batcher graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School, and then from Iowa State University with B.E. degree in 1957. In 1964, Batcher received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois.

Batcher died in Stow, Ohio on August 22, 2019, at the age of 83.

Career and achievements
Among the designs he worked on at Goodyear were the:

 * Massively Parallel Processor (16,384 custom bit-serial processors {8 to a chip} organized in a SIMD 128 x 128 processor array with additional CPU rows for fault-tolerance) which was located at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and is now in the Smithsonian. This unit predates Danny Hillis' Thinking Machines Corporation's Connection Machine
 * The Goodyear STARAN associative processor arrays, a version of which (called ASPRO) was found in the US Navy Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye radar planes.

Batcher published several technical papers and owns 14 patents of his own. "He discovered two parallel sorting algorithms: the odd-even mergesort and the bitonic mergesort". He is also a discoverer of scrambling data method in a random access memory which allows accesses along multiple dimensions. These memories were used in the STARAN and the MPP parallel processors.

Awards
In 1980, he received an Arnstein Award presented by Goodyear Aerospace Corporation for technical achievement.

In 1990, Batcher was awarded the ACM/IEEE Eckert-Mauchly Award for his pioneering work on parallel computers. He holds 14 patents.

In 2007, Batcher was awarded the IEEE Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award; "For fundamental theoretical and practical contributions to massively parallel computation, including parallel sorting algorithms, interconnection networks, and pioneering designs of the STARAN and MPP computers."

Batcher is credited with discovering two important parallel sorting algorithms: the odd-even mergesort and the bitonic mergesort.

Batcher is known for his half-serious, half-humorous definition that "A supercomputer is a device for turning compute-bound problems into I/O-bound problems."

Publications
As author or co-author in "Journal articles"
 * Sorting Networks and their Applications, 1968 Spring Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS Proc. vol. 32, pp 307–314.
 * On the Number of Stable States in a NOR Network, IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. EC-14, no. 6, pp 931–932, Dec. 1965.
 * The Multi-Dimensional Access Memory in STARAN, IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. C-26, no. 2, pp 174–177, Feb. 1977.
 * Design of a Massively Parallel Processor, IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. C-29, no. 9, pp 836–840, Sept. 1980.
 * Bit-Serial Parallel Processing Systems, IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. C-31, no. 5, pp 377–384, May 1982.
 * Adding Multiple-Fault Tolerance to Generalized Cube Networks, IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems vol. 5, no. 8, pp 785–792, Aug. 1994 (co-authored with C. J. Shih).
 * A Multiway Merge Sorting Network, IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp 211–215, Feb. 1995 (co-authored with De-Lei Lee).
 * Minimizing Communication in the Bitonic Sort, IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 11, no. 5, pp 459–474, May 2000 (co-authored with Jae-Dong Lee).

Book chapters authored by Kenneth E. Batcher

 * The STARAN Computer, Infotech State of the Art Report on Supercomputers, vol. 2, pp 33–49, 1979.
 * MPP: A High-Speed Image Processor, Algorithmically Specialized Parallel Computers, edited by Snyder, Jamieson, Gannon, and Siegel, Academic Press, 1985, pp 59–68.
 * The Massively Parallel Processor System Overview, The Massively Parallel Processor, edited by J. L. Potter, The MIT Press, 1985, pp 142–149.
 * Array Unit, The Massively Parallel Processor edited by J. L. Potter, The MIT Press, 1985, pp 150–169.
 * Array Control Unit, The Massively Parallel Processor edited by J. L. Potter, The MIT Press, 1985, pp 170–190.
 * Staging Memory, The Massively Parallel Processor edited by J. L. Potter, The MIT Press, 1985, pp 191–204.
 * MPP System Software, The Massively Parallel Processor edited by J. L. Potter, The MIT Press, 1985, pp 261–275.
 * Retrospective: Architecture of a Massively Parallel Processor, 25 Years of the Int'l. Symposia on Computer Architecture - Selected Papers, edited by Gurindar Sohi, ACM Press, 1998, pp 15–16.

U.S. patents with Kenneth E. Batcher as the inventor or one of the inventors
The patent number is followed by the title and the year issued.

 * 3,183,363 Logic Mechanization System, 1965 (multiple inventors)
 * 3,300,762 Multiple Response Resolver Apparatus, 1967
 * 3,418,632 Means for Merging Sequences of Data, 1968
 * 3,428,946 Means for Merging Data 1969
 * 3,605,024 Apparatus for Shifting Data in a Long Register, 1971
 * 3,681,781 Storing and Retrieval Method, 1972
 * 3,711,692 Determination of Number of Ones in a Data Field by Addition, 1973
 * 3,786,448 Multiple Access Plated Wire Memory, 1974 (multiple inventors)
 * 3,800,289 Multi-Dimensional Access Solid State Memory, 1974
 * 3,812,467 Permutation Network, 1974
 * 3,936,806 Solid State Associative Processor Organization, 1976
 * 4,314,349 Processing Element for Parallel Array Processors, 1982
 * 4,727,474 Staging Memory for Massively Parallel Processor, 1988
 * 5,153,843 Layout of Large Multistage Interconnection Networks, 1992

Literature

 * Leonard Uhr. Multi-Computer Architectures for Artificial Intelligence: Toward Fast, Robust, Parallel Systems. — John Wiley & Sons, 1987. — 358 p. — ISBN 9780471849797.
 * Laxmikant V. Kalé, Edgar Solomonik Sorting (англ.) // Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing : encyclopedia — Springer, 2011. — P. 1855–1861. — ISBN 978-0-387-09765-7.
 * Selim G. Akl Bitonic Sort (англ.) // Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing : encyclopedia. — Springer, 2011. — P. 139–146. — ISBN 978-0-387-09765-7.
 * Sherenaz W. Al-Haj Baddar, Kenneth E. Batcher. Bitonic merging // Designing Sorting Networks: A New Paradigm. — Springer, 2012. — С. 2–5. — 148 с. — ISBN 978-1461418504.
 * Donald E. Knuth. Networks for sorting // The art of computer programming. — 2. — Addison-Wesley, 1998. — Т. 3. — С. 212–247. — 780 с. — ISBN 9780201896855.
 * Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein. Bitonic sorting // Introduction to algorithms. — 2. — MIT Press, 2001. — С. 608–611. — 984 с. — ISBN 9780070131514.
 * Berthold Vöcking, Helmut Alt, Martin Dietzfelbinger, Rüdiger Reischuk, Christian Scheideler, Heribert Vollmer, Dorothea Wagner. Algorithms Unplugged. — Springer, 2010. — С. 36. — 406 с. — ISBN 9783642153280.
 * The SIMD Model of Parallel Computation. Robert Cypher, Jorge L.C. Sanz. — Springer, 2012. — С. 28. — 149 с. — ISBN 9783642153280.
 * Maurice Herlihy, Nir Shavit. The Art of Multiprocessor Programming, Revised Reprint. — Elsevier, 2012. — С. 292. — 536 с. — ISBN 9780123977953.
 * Russ Miller, Laurence Boxer. Bitonic sort on parallel computers // Algorithms Sequential & Parallel: A Unified Approach. — Cengage Learning, 2012. — С. 146–148. — 416 с. — ISBN 9781133366805.

title: Ken Batcher


text:
Apel-stones

The Apel-stones, named after the writer Theodor Apel from Leipzig who commissioned them, mark important events during the Battle of Leipzig. There are 50 in total. They were sculpted by A. F. Aster, and put up between 1861 and 1865.

title: Apel-stones


text:
Wade Robson

Wade Jeremy William Robson (born 17 September 1982) is an Australian dancer and choreographer. He began performing as a dancer at age five, and has directed music videos and world tours for pop acts such as NSYNC and Britney Spears. Robson was the host and executive producer of The Wade Robson Project, which aired on MTV in 2003. In 2007, he joined the Fox television dance series So You Think You Can Dance as a guest judge and choreographer. He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for the dance number "Ramalama (Bang Bang)" of So You Think You Can Dance.

When Robson was a child, he was befriended by the pop singer Michael Jackson. In 1993, when Jackson was first accused of child sexual abuse, Robson, aged 10, told police that nothing sexual had happened between them. In 2005, during Jackson's trial, Robson stated under oath that Jackson had never behaved inappropriately. However, in 2013, Robson reversed his position and filed a late creditor claim and a civil lawsuit against the Jackson estate, saying that Jackson had abused him from 1990 to 1997, when Robson was aged between seven and 14. His case is currently before a California court as Robson v. MJJ Productions. He detailed his allegations in the 2019 documentary Leaving Neverland.

Early career
Robson was in a talent troupe called Johnny Young's Talent School, and the group did 14 shows a week, usually at venues like shopping malls. When he was nine, Robson moved to the United States with his mother and sister. Michael Jackson assisted them in the move and recruited Robson to appear in three music videos: "Black or White", "Jam", and "Heal the World".

At the age of 11, Robson had an agent. Along with friend DeWayne Turrentine, he formed the hip-hop duo Quo and by the end of the year released an album on Jackson's MJJ Music label through Epic/SME Records. The following year, he was teaching dance classes in Hollywood. He formed a troupe of dancing children, which performed internationally. He received his first choreography job for the R&B group Immature at 14. The job led to others for artists such as Britney Spears. Clients were sometimes reluctant to take direction from Robson, a self-described "skinny little white kid". When Spears first interviewed Robson to choreograph her tour, she exclaimed, "He's a friggin' baby!"; she had expected him to be in his 30s or 40s.

During the late 1990s, while still a teenager, Robson choreographed Spears's Pepsi commercials, including one which aired during Super Bowl 35. He choreographed the performance by NSYNC and Spears at the 1999 Video Music Awards and he co-directed Spears's 1999–2000 world tours as well as NSYNC's 2000 No Strings Attached Tour. In 2001, he choreographed Spears' I'm a Slave 4 U video and was choreographer and director of NSYNC's 2001 PopOdyssey Tour. In the NSYNC music video "Pop", Robson had to fill in for NSYNC member Joey Fatone during several of the dance sequences because of an injury that Fatone sustained at an NSYNC concert the night before the video shoot. That same year, he directed Spears's Dream Within a Dream Tour.

Robson and NSYNC's Justin Timberlake partnered in 2001, co-writing the hit singles "Pop", "Gone", and "See Right Through You" on NSYNC's final album Celebrity. Robson had initially written "Celebrity" for his own album, but was persuaded to let NSYNC record it instead. They also co-wrote Britney Spears' "What It's Like to Be Me", on which Timberlake sang backing vocals. The song's copyright is held jointly by Robson's and Timberlake's respective companies, WaJeRo Sound and Tennman Tunes.

Professional career
Robson was the creator and host of MTV's The Wade Robson Project, a talent search competition for hip-hop dancers. The program was sponsored by Juice Batteries. In 2002, Robson was named one of Dance Magazine's "25 to Watch".

Dance clothing company Power T Dance developed a line of name-brand consumer dance shoes with Robson. The shoes were distributed in the U.S. through the Ralph Libonati Co. Robson appeared as himself in the 2004 urban dance film You Got Served, which won Best Dance Sequence (Feature Film) at the 2004 American Choreography Awards. Robson joined several other choreographers, such as Mia Michaels and Shane Sparks, on the PULSE Tour, a series of nationwide weekend workshops designed to give dancers the chance to train under top choreographers.

In 2007, Robson began choreographing the American Idols LIVE! Tour. He also choreographed both group and partner pieces for the second and third seasons of So You Think You Can Dance. In September 2007, Robson was awarded a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography for the dance number "Ramalama (Bang Bang)" on Season 2 of So You Think You Can Dance.

Robson was awarded his second Primetime Emmy Award in 2008 on Season 3 of So You Think You Can Dance for the jazz routine "Humming Bird and the Flower". The show's executive producer Nigel Lythgoe called it "absolutely genius, brilliant, and one of those routines that we will remember on this series for a very long time".

Robson said he and his wife Amanda were hired by singer Britney Spears to direct and choreograph her tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears. Rehearsals were set to begin in January 2009. Robson and his wife were replaced by Jamie King. Spears's team said that Robson had only been hired to choreograph the promotional tour for her album 2008 Circus, which ended in Japan in December 2008.

Robson choreographed the animated film Happy Feet Two, released in 2011. He was set to direct Step Up Revolution (released in 2012), but dropped out for personal reasons. He was replaced by Scott Speer.

Michael Jackson
When Robson was five, he met the American singer Michael Jackson, who was touring Australia. Two years later, when Robson visited the US with his family to perform with Johnny Young's Talent School in Disneyland, California, Jackson invited the family to stay with him at his home, Neverland Ranch, also in California. Robson appeared in Jackson's music videos.

In 2005, after Jackson was charged with child sexual abuse, Robson testified in his defense, saying he had slept in Jackson's bedroom several times but had never been molested. Jackson was acquitted. After Jackson's death in 2009, Robson said: "His music, his movement, his personal words of inspiration and encouragement and his unconditional love will live inside of me forever."

In 2013, Robson reversed his position and filed a lawsuit against Jackson's estate. He said that Jackson had sexually abused him on two visits to the US and after he moved with his family to the US, when Robson was aged between seven and 14. Robson said his earlier denial was due to Jackson's "complete manipulation and brainwashing", and that his change of story was provoked by becoming a father and experiencing nervous breakdowns. The allegations by Robson and another man, James Safechuck, are the focus of the 2019 documentary Leaving Neverland.

In 2017, Robson's lawsuit was dismissed as the statute of limitations had expired. It was revived in 2019 after a new law gave those who allege childhood sexual abuse longer to file lawsuits. The case was dismissed again in April 2021, when a judge ruled that Jackson's companies had no legal duty to protect Robson. This ruling was overturned in August 2023 in a decision in Safechuck v. MJJ Productions, clearing the way for a trial.

Personal life
Robson dated Michael Jackson's niece Brandi, the daughter of Jackie Jackson, for seven years. Brandi stated in Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary, a documentary made in response to Leaving Neverland, that she and Robson met as children during a photoshoot with Michael Jackson. Robson asked Jackson to set the two up. The two were friends for ten years prior to the beginning of their relationship. Brandi also said that Robson cheated on her with Britney Spears during Spears' 1999–2001 tour, ending the pair's relationship, as well as the relationship between Spears and former boyfriend, Justin Timberlake, which implies that Timberlake wrote "Cry Me a River" about Spears cheating on him with Robson. Spears confirmed that her affair with Robson did happen, but Timberlake has not commented on these rumours. Robson also dated dancer Mayte Garcia from 2000 until 2001.

title: Wade Robson


text:
Trip sitter

A trip sitter—sometimes known as a sober sitter, spotter, or co-pilot—is a term used by recreational or spiritual drug users to describe a person who remains sober to ensure the safety of the drug user while they are under the influence of a drug; they are especially common with first-time experiences or when using psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. This practice can be seen as a means of harm reduction.

A trip sitter is sometimes called a psychedelic guide or guide, although this term is more often used to describe someone who takes an active role in guiding a drug user's experiences; a sitter merely stands by to discourage bad trips and handle emergencies, but otherwise does not take on an active role. Guides are more common among spiritual users of entheogens. Psychedelic guides were strongly encouraged by Timothy Leary and the other authors of The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Trip sitters are also mentioned in the Responsible Drug User's Oath.

Some sources recommend a sitter be present when certain drugs are used, regardless of the user's experience or comfort with the substance. A sitter may be necessary for users of Salvia divinorum for example because the drug can sometimes cause both disorientation and a desire to move about.

While the presence of a responsible, knowledgeable trip sitter or guide will reduce the risks of drug use, it is not a guarantee that a bad trip will not occur, nor that the drug user will remain free of physical or mental harm.

Who trip-sits
In some cases, a trip sitter may be a medical professional, such as the nurses used in psychedelic research or a therapist who performs psychedelic psychotherapy. Sometimes, a tripper will ask another, more experienced user to sit for them. However, the most common trip sitter is a friend or family member whom the drug user trusts.

Although an ideal sitter is one who is both personally experienced with the substance being used, as well as one trained to deal with any potential psychological or medical crisis that may arise, arguably the most important qualities may be the willingness to help, the responsibility needed to stay sober enough to be fully present, and the ability to be relaxed, accepting, and not interfere with the experience beyond the wishes of the user. A sitter should be willing to research the substance in question, and understand when to call for professional medical assistance.

Especially when using a short-acting substance such as smoked DMT or Salvia divinorum, it may be possible for two people to take turns, with one being the sitter while the other takes the psychedelic.

Common duties
A responsible trip sitter assists a drug user before, during, and after their experience; it is their responsibility to help the user by making sure they drink enough water, assisting them in moving around when needed, and generally doing whatever necessary to ensure their comfort throughout the trip.

Before use
The responsible trip sitter will thoroughly research the substance which will be ingested (as well as the users) in order to answer all potential questions the user may have, and to prepare for any potential crisis situations it may cause. They may have first hand experience of the drug beforehand, but this is not required, with a number of sitters choosing to the culture but not the chemical. The sitter will discuss this research in detail with the user; it is also considered important to talk to the user about any ground rules for the session, how to handle any emergencies that may arise, and what, if any, guidance will be wanted during the trip. A trip sitter will also frequently help a drug user create a healthy set and setting for the experience. They do this by making sure the user's surroundings are comfortable and orderly, adjusting lighting, temperature, and music (if any) to suit the desired tone of the trip, and overall doing whatever they can to maximize the user's openness to the experience and minimize their fear.

During the psychedelic experience
A sitter typically remains present for the entire experience. In some cases, they may actively guide the experience of the user by adjusting their environment or through guided meditation or visualization. In other cases, they stay uninvolved except when the user has questions, fears, or needs for which the sitter can provide (such as making sure the user drinks enough water). Assistance in facing fears may be especially necessary if the experience turns into a bad trip. In order to maintain the immediate well-being of the drug user, it is important for the sitter to know what situations they can or cannot handle on their own, and when to call for professional medical assistance.

Although the sitter may be called upon to intervene during a difficult situation, bad trip, or medical crisis, the mere presence of a caring sitter is often enough to keep a user comfortable and even enable deeper exploration of the drug's effects. The experience of being present during an especially powerful experience, such as when the user reaches new insight into themselves or their beliefs about the nature of the universe, is reportedly quite rewarding.

After the trip
A sitter may help the drug user to integrate or understand their experiences when the experience is complete. Just as they did before, and during the trip, they may reassure the user about any fears or worries that have occurred. This discussion may take place immediately after the drug's effects have worn off, or they may wait until a later date.

Online services
The chatroom TripSit, where volunteers offer guidance to people having bad drug experiences, attempts to fulfill a similar function.

title: Trip sitter


text:
Troopship

A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable to land troops directly on shore, typically loading and unloading at a seaport or onto smaller vessels, either tenders or barges.

Attack transports, a variant of ocean-going troopship adapted to transporting invasion forces ashore, carry their own fleet of landing craft. Landing ships beach themselves and bring their troops directly ashore.

History
Ships to transport troops were used in antiquity. Ancient Rome used the navis lusoria, a small vessel powered by rowers and sail, to move soldiers on the Rhine and Danube.

The modern troopship has as long a history as passenger ships do, as most maritime nations enlisted their support in military operations (either by leasing the vessels or by impressing them into service) when their normal naval forces were deemed insufficient for the task. In the 19th century, navies frequently chartered civilian ocean liners, and from the start of the 20th century painted them gray and added a degree of armament; their speed, originally intended to minimize passage time for civilian user, proved valuable for outrunning submarines and enemy cruisers in war. HMT Olympic even rammed and sank a U-boat during one of its wartime crossings. Individual liners capable of exceptionally high speed transited without escorts; smaller or older liners with poorer performance were protected by operating in convoys.

Most major naval powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided their domestic shipping lines with subsidies to build fast ocean liners capable of conversions to auxiliary cruisers during wartime. The British government, for example, aided both Cunard and the White Star Line in constructing the liners RMS Mauretania (1906), RMS Aquitania, RMS Olympic and RMS Britannic. However, when the vulnerability of these ships to return fire was realized during World War I most were used instead as troopships or hospital ships.

RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were two of the most famous converted liners of World War II. When they were fully converted, each could carry well over 10,000 troops per trip. Queen Mary holds the all-time record, with 15,740 troops on a single passage in late July 1943, transporting a staggering 765,429 military personnel during the war.

World War II
Large numbers of troopships were employed during World War II, including 220 "Limited Capacity" Liberty ship conversions, 30 Type C4 ship-based General G. O. Squier-class transport, a class of 84 Victory ship conversions, and a small number of Type-C3-S-A2 ship-based dedicated transports, and 15 classes of attack transports, of which some 400 alone were built.

 * The modified Liberties were capable of transporting up to 450, 550, or 650 (sources vary) troops or prisoners-of-war. Modifications included installation of bunks stacked five deep on the forward tweendeck, additional shower and head facilities, two additional diesel-powered generators, and installation of two more Oerlikon 20-mm automatic cannons.
 * 30 Type C4 ship-based General G. O. Squier-class transport, the largest carrying over 6,000 passengers.
 * A class of Victory ship-based dedicated troopship was developed late in World War II. A total of 84 such VC2-S-AP2 hull conversions was completed.
 * A class of Type C3 ship – comprising mainly C3-S-A2 and C3-S-A3 hulls – was also converted to dedicated troopships, capable of carrying 2,100 troops, was also developed.
 * At least 15 classes of attack transport, consisting of at least 400 ships specially equipped for landing invasion forces rather than general troop movement.

Designation
The designation HMT (Her/His Majesty's Transport) would normally replace RMS (Royal Mail Ship), MV (Motor Vessel) or SS (Steamship) for ships converted to troopship duty with the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. The United States used two designations: WSA for troopships operated by the War Shipping Administration using Merchant Marine crews, and USS (United States Ship) for vessels accepted into and operated by the United States Navy. Initially, troopships adapted as attack transports were designated AP; starting in 1942 keel-up attack transports received the designation APA.

"HMT" was also used, for a while, to designate "Hired Military Transport."

Post-World War II
In the era of the Cold War, the United States designed the SS United States ship so that she could easily be converted from a liner to a troopship, in case of war. More recently, Queen Elizabeth 2 and SS Canberra were requisitioned by the Royal Navy to carry British soldiers to the Falklands War. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly all long-distance personnel transfer was done by airlift in military transport aircraft.

Some notable troopships

 * USS Agamemnon (ID-3004)
 * HMT Aquitania
 * SS Belgenland (1914)
 * HMS Birkenhead (1845)
 * SS Cap Arcona (1927)
 * RMS Carmania (1905)
 * SS Dorchester
 * HMT Dunera
 * HMT Empire Windrush (ex MV Monte Rosa)
 * RMS Empress of Britain
 * SS Great Eastern
 * USS Henry R. Mallory (ID-1280)
 * SS Justicia
 * RMS Laconia (1921)
 * HMT Lancastria
 * USS Leviathan (ID-1326) (ex Vaterland)
 * HMT Mauretania (Sister ship to RMS Lusitania)
 * SS Mendi
 * HMT Olympic (Sister ship to RMS Titanic)
 * SS Orontes
 * HMS Otranto
 * SS Oxfordshire
 * RMS Queen Mary
 * RMS Queen Elizabeth
 * HMT Rohna
 * HMS Tamar (1863)
 * USS Von Steuben (ID-3017) (ex Kronprinz Wilhelm)
 * USS West Point (AP-23)
 * HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45) (first large catamaran to enter naval service)

title: Troopship


text:
Cocktail glass

A cocktail glass is a stemmed glass with an inverted cone bowl, mainly used to serve straight-up cocktails. The term cocktail glass is often used interchangeably with martini glass, despite their differing slightly. Today, the glass is used to serve a variety of cocktails, such as the martini and its variations (Gibson, French martini, vodka martini, espresso martini, appletini), Manhattan, Brandy Alexander, pisco sour, Negroni, cosmopolitan, gimlet, and the grasshopper.

History
Invented in the late 19th century, its form derives from the fact that all cocktails are traditionally served chilled and contain an aromatic element. Thus, the stem allows the drinker to hold the glass without affecting the temperature of the drink, an important aspect due to the lack of added ice which in other drinks serves to cool the drink, and the wide bowl places the surface of the drink directly under the drinker's nose, ensuring the aromatic element has the desired effect. In the modern day, cocktail glasses without stems are common; however, these glasses warm very quickly, a phenomenon the original stem addressed.

Martini glass
Although the terms cocktail glass and martini glass are often used interchangeably, a martini glass is slightly larger, with a more conical rather than rounded shape, features a longer stem, and has a wider rim.

Despite a popular story that says the martini glass was invented during Prohibition so that in the case of a raid on a speakeasy, the large rim allowed the drink to be easily disposed of, the martini glass was formally introduced in the 1925 Paris Exhibition as a modernist take on the Champagne coupe, and wasn't originally used as it is today: in films of the 1920s it is shown to be used to hold champagne, like the coupe. However, despite the design taking influence from the geometric aesthetics of the era's architecture, interiors and furnishings, it was designed less for aesthetics and more for functionality – with the longer stem reducing the warming effect of body heat upon the contents of the glass, and the widened brim increasing surface area, supposedly allowing the gin, the main ingredient in martinis, to release its bouquet. Steeply sloping sides prevent ingredients separating, and also serve to support a toothpick or olives on a cocktail skewer.

The martini glass has somewhat fallen out of favour in modern times due to its tendency to spill drinks, and the coupe is sometimes used instead.

Sizes
A standard cocktail glass contains 3 to 10 USoz, though originally they were around 4 USoz in size. Oversized cocktail glasses, ranging in capacity from 6 USoz to large glasses of 12 USoz or more are available.

title: Cocktail glass


text:
Troop transport

Troop transport may be:

 * Troopship
 * Military Railway Service (United States)
 * Military transport aircraft

title: Troop transport