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Chinatown, Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown is a small, historic area of Downtown Washington, D.C. along H and I Streets between 5th and 8th Streets, Northwest. The area was once home to thousands of Chinese immigrants, but fewer than 300 remained in 2017. The current neighborhood was the second in Washington to be called “Chinatown” since 1931. Originally, the first Chinatown was built in the Federal Triangle on the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue some time after 1851, but was moved to the H Street area when a new federal building was built there. In 1986, a Chinese gate was built over H Street at 7th Street. By 1997, prominent landmarks such as the Capital One Arena, a sports and entertainment arena, occupied the area. The neighborhood is served by the Gallery Place station of the Washington Metro.

History
The Chinatown area was once home to many Chinese immigrants, who began to move into the area in the 1930s, having been displaced from Washington's original Chinatown along Pennsylvania Avenue by the development of the Federal Triangle government office complex. The newcomers marked it with Chinese signage and decorative metal latticework and railings. At its peak, Chinatown extended from G Street north to Massachusetts Avenue, and from 9th Street east to 5th Street.

Chinatown remained a strong community into the 1960s, but the 1968 Washington, D.C., riots that followed Martin Luther King's assassination, and the ensuing decline of D.C.'s downtown area, led many of the Chinese residents of Chinatown to move to suburbs in Maryland and Virginia. Throughout the 1970s, Eastern Wind: The Asian-American Community Newsletter of Washington, D.C. published editorials and opinions reacting to the changing neighborhood. An "Open Letter to the Asian Community" advocated for political engagement from the community to preserve Chinatown, and a petition sought to protest the displacement of residents by new plans for development in the area.

In the early 1980s, the D.C. government built a new convention center between 9th and 11th streets, displacing Chinese residents living in the area. In 1982, the city built the Wah Luck House apartments at 6th and H Streets, NW, to accommodate the displaced residents. Designed by architect Alfred Liu, the apartment building introduced modern Chinese design motifs due to the red-paneled balconies.

In 1986, the city dedicated the Friendship Archway, a traditional Chinese gate. This was a collaboration between the Washington DC government and its sister city Beijing. It was intended to attract visitors in addition to recognizing the local Chinese residents. As part of the same effort, the Metro station was given the name Gallery Place-Chinatown until 2011.

The MCI Center was completed in 1997 (renamed Verizon Center in 2006 and Capital One Arena in 2017). After the construction of the arena, AsianWeek said in 2000 that the neighborhood "barely" remains.

Numerous writers have cited Chinatown as an example of gentrification  and an example of the commodification of culture. In 2015, the Washington Post reported that only about 300 Chinese-Americans remained in the borough, and many of them were being forced out by their landlords.

Annual parade
Each year the China Lunar New Year is celebrated with a parade that The Washington Post called, "one of the city’s signature events for more than 50 years". Lunar New Year is a celebration of light with honors family and is said to wipe away bad luck. The annual parade is described as a "massive parade" features dragon dances. The parade was cancelled in 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

On February 10, 2019, the parade celebrated the year of the pig. "It featured traditional lion and dragon dances, firecrackers, beauty pageant winners and community groups". The parade route runs along 8th Street NW and in 2020 it featured a person dressed as Caishen and another dressed as a Giant panda. 2020 was the year of the rat and some parade goers had small rat toys.

Another parade which occurs in Chinatown is The Chinese Merchants Association parade. One such parade was hosted on September 10, 1957, William C. Beall was in the Chinatown section of Washington D.C. to photograph a parade. He worked as a staff photographer for The Washington Daily News. Two-year-old Allan Weaver attended the parade and he approached police officer Maurice Cullinane to ask if he was a US Marine. The image was printed in many publications and it also appeared on the back cover of Life (magazine) and it won the 1958 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. Beall named the image Faith and Confidence.

Demographics
In 2010, the census tract that contains Chinatown has around 3,000 residents. Chinatown is only 21% Asian, compared to 1990, when it had a majority Chinese American population. In 1990, its population was 66% Asian and 20% African American. Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown is relatively small in terms of size and number of Chinese residents in comparison to other major Chinatown neighborhoods in the U.S., such as those in San Francisco and in Manhattan. Approximately half of Chinatown's residents live in the Wah Luck House, which has 153 units of apartment complexes. The closest Chinese supermarket, the Great Wall Supermarket, is fourteen miles west in Falls Church, Virginia.

After the deadly 1968 riots following the April assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., many Chinese people sought a more economically stable and safe environment and moved out of Washington, D.C.'s Chinatown, relocating to suburban neighborhoods in Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland. In 1970, there were roughly 3,000 Chinese residents in Washington's Chinatown; by 2016, the number was fewer than 600, many of them seniors residing in two low-income housing developments. North Potomac, Maryland, is 18.4% Chinese American, the highest of any community within the Washington metropolitan area. The Maryland city of Rockville also has a significant population of residents of Chinese descent, at eight percent. In Virginia, sizable Chinese American communities are located in Centreville, Chantilly, and Floris, south of Washington Dulles International Airport.

Businesses and establishments
Along with the development of the Verizon Center, historic buildings, mainly along the west side of 7th Street, were renovated and tenanted, primarily with nationally known brand shops and dining establishments. Within a short time, a significant mixed-use office-residential-retail development on the southeast corner of 7th and H streets commenced construction. These developments, which included restaurants, shops, a cinema complex, and a bowling alley, together with the Verizon Center, transformed the area into a bustling scene for nightlife, shopping, and entertainment. An anomaly is that most of the businesses are no longer representative of Chinatown, yet due to city design mandates put in place by the Chinatown Steering Committee in anticipation of urban development, even national chains hang their names in Chinese outside their stores. As a result, D.C.'s Chinatown can be categorized as semiotic landscape different than other Chinatowns. Chinatown has become home to many high-growth technology companies, such as Blackboard, Blue State Digital, LivingSocial, and The Knowland Group. It is also the location of the Washington branch of the Goethe-Institut.

Chinatown's most prominent businesses are the approximately 20 Chinese and Asian restaurants, almost all of which are owned by Asian American families. Among the most well-known are Chinatown Express, Eat First, Full Kee, and Tony Cheng's. One of the restaurants, Wok & Roll, occupies what was once the Mary E. Surratt Boarding House — the meeting place for John Wilkes Booth and his conspirators in Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Another is located in a house once owned by the On Leong Chinese Merchants Association, which was among the first Chinese organizations to move into the neighborhood; today the structure is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The neighborhood is home to a Chinese video store, several general stores, and numerous Chinese American cultural and religious charities. Chinatown has one Chinese church, Chinese Community Church, located at 500 I Street. Chinese Community Church was founded in 1935, initially at L Street, but relocated in 2006 to its current I Street location. The Sixth & I Historic Synagogue has been restored and is the scene of cultural events.

The Washington DC Chinatown Community Cultural Center offers numerous activities, classes and services.

Transportation
The Gallery Place Washington Metro station (on the Red, Green, and Yellow Lines), which opened in 1976, serves the neighborhood. The name of the station was changed to Gallery Place-Chinatown in 1986. Two important Metrobus routes cross at 7th and H Streets.

In culture
Within the FBI-commissioned film Game of Pawns the D.C. Chinatown is used as a stand-in for Shanghai.

title: Chinatown, Washington, D.C.


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Talk:Stigler's law of eponymy

So much nonsense
And has no place in an encyclopaedia. For example, Halley's comet was NOT known as a comet in 240 BC or 240 AD or 1240 AD. The concept of comet periodicity and specific predictability belongs firmly with Halley. Newton's laws, certainly 2 and 3, belong firmly with Newton. This is an amusing diversion for scientific after-hours clubs, not for a 'serious' encyclopaedia. But wait ...

> Some of the examples are bad, but there's very little doubt that the history of science regularly reveals a person who anticipated a much heralded discovery of another scientist. There's a deep vagueness in the notion of discovery, since a novel observation is often ignored or misunderstood when it is first made. Thus, a scientist who observes something but does not understand it, or who understands it differently from how it is understood later, will often not be credited with a discovery. > In any event, I seriously doubt that the concept of comet periodicity belongs _firmly_ with Halley. Why not with Newton? or Kepler? And dis Halley live in a closet, or was he hanging out with a bunch of Royal Society folks who read papers to him that gave him the idea... etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Philosofool (talk • contribs) 14:59, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This article has no Wikipedia links, so here is a problem:

VfD, anyone?
True or false: this page deserves to be on Vfd. 66.32.95.180 01:39, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * False. There are quite a few fans devoted to collecting "real-life" examples, which are legion, at least in mathematics.  See List of misnamed theorems.---CH 18:55, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Churchill's law or Stigler's law?
I propose that "Stigler's law of eponymy" should be named "Churchill's law of eponymy". This a) ensures that the law is not self contradictory, and b) pays homage to the fact that Winston Churchill is falsely credited with coining quotations all to often. (TRD) Thu Sep 16 16:11:01 BST 2004

 * No, no, no, as the article says, Stigler himself credited the law to Merton, but it is called Stigler's law regardless. This self-referential aspect is absolutely delightful!  See e.g. Cramer's Paradox in List of misnamed theorems.---CH 18:53, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Planck's constant
Is there any reference for the claim Planck's constant wasn't introduced by Planck? Notjim 22:38, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Planck's Constant was introduced by Planck. This article is wrong to cite Planck's Law as an example of this so-called Stingler's Law. --Armaetin (talk) 04:30, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * If only this were the only thing wrong in this absurd article ... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.18.129 (talk) 14:23, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

merge
this should be merged with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%27s_conjecture —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.100.43.50 (talk) 20:14, 9 July 2007

 * This is a crazy suggestion. The content of law and conjecture are unrelated. The Stiglers are not the same person although they are related, as father and son. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.78.227.233 (talk) 13:09, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Stigler's law: ''No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer.
 * Stigler's conjecture: Credit for every idea in economics (and possibly other fields) is always given to the second person to have discovered it
 * It seems to me that the two are very closely related, the second is a strong version of the first, except that one is about "science", the other "economics".  The articles should be merged.
 * Aleph-4 (talk) 16:28, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Merged
Stigler's conjecture had little backing it other than one essay, which didn't actually refer to it as "Stigler's conjecture". The Wiki article was speculative, it had touches of OR. I've merged it into this one. Fences and windows (talk) 23:12, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Stephen or George?
From all I seen this "law" is usually attributed to George Stigler, Stephen's father (it might take me some time to track down the reference). Then there's the double attribution to Merton. Not sure this is correct, or it seems like somebody's trying to be ironic here.radek (talk) 05:23, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Arnold's Principle?
It seems to be called Arnold's Principle (apparently named for Vladimir Arnold) around here (Moscow). Is it worth mentioning? --January First-of-May (for fans of Star Trek here), September 23, 2009 22:16 local (18:16 UTC)

It is not only in Moscow; the mathematical community generally uses the name Arnold's Principle. Here is Arnold's article where he discusses it and says that to was named by Berry. This should be worked into the article: http://pauli.uni-muenster.de/~munsteg/arnold.html Bsimonca (talk) 16:04, 11 February 2011 (UTC) Barry Simon

Diseases
What has this line to do with the rest of the article: "Recent (2011) research shows a decline in the practice of naming diseases after doctors."?

I suggest it be removed altogether. Nanobug (talk) 20:44, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree. Removed. Qwfp (talk) 19:17, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

Clarke's First Law
Clarke's First Law: When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong was more strongly put by Alfred Russel Wallace: The whole history of science shows us that whenever the educated and scientific men of any age have denied the facts of other investigators on a priori grounds of absurdity or impossibility, the deniers have always been wrong. --Pawyilee (talk) 14:19, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

 * However, Clarke's formulation seems to be more memorable for more people than Wallace's wording. Reify-tech (talk) 15:47, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

 * More to the point, Clark's quote was given a name. (Thus more-or-less demonstrating Stigler's law.) — Loadmaster (talk) 17:52, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

Self-exemplification
This is always laudable, but when it comes to a law, it is not useful add-on, but a pre-requisite. There is no question of a writer of a law disobeying his own law, even - and this is a critical point - he/she needs to lie to achieve that. For Stigler's Law to be a law, the owner very much needs to be someone other than Stigler. That's why I edited out "consciously making "Stigler's law" exemplify itself".

-- Nutria (talk) 11:46, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Stigler's law of eponymy


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2007 FIFA Women's World Cup

The 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, the fifth edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup, was an international football competition for women held in China from 10 to 30 September 2007. Originally, China was to host the 2003 edition, but the outbreak of SARS in that country forced that event to be moved to the United States. FIFA immediately granted the 2007 event to China, which meant that no new host nation was chosen competitively until the voting was held for the 2011 Women's World Cup.

The tournament opened with a record-breaking match in Shanghai, as Germany beat Argentina 11–0 to register the biggest win and the highest scoring match in Women's World Cup history, records which stood until 2019. The tournament ended with Germany defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final, having never surrendered a goal in the entire tournament. The Germans became the first national team in FIFA Women's World Cup history to retain their title.

The golden goal rule for extra time in knockout matches was eliminated by FIFA, although no matches went to extra time (and therefore, none required a penalty shootout).

Teams
The qualified teams, listed by region, with numbers in parentheses indicating final positions in the FIFA Women's World Ranking before the tournament were:

Venues
The venues selected to host the competition were:

Match officials
FIFA's Refereeing Department selected 14 referees and 22 assistant referees from around the world to officiate the 32 games that made up the final tournament. Candidate referees for the tournament were placed under scrutiny from 2005 onwards and attended a series of training camps. Candidates refereeing standards were regularly monitored at various tournaments around the globe before a final list was prepared. This was followed by a training camp in the Canary Islands in January 2007 and a final period of preparation and training at the home of FIFA in Zürich in May. No referees were chosen from the Oceania Football Confederation at the finals. The original selection group was made up of 42 entrants, 6 of which failed fitness tests resulting in the final group of 36 being confirmed for China. The United States was the only country represented by two referees.

Unlike the men's tournaments, the quartets of match officials do not necessarily come from the same country or confederation. This selection system was explained by Sonia Denoncourt, the head of women's refereeing at FIFA's Refereeing Department, "We don't have as many referees among the women and we certainly don't want to sacrifice quality. What we are looking for above all is compatibility on the field of play and the closest possible language links in the team selected for each game. The most important thing for us is that the referees have a good performance in the match." A fourth official was chosen from those referees not officiating a game at that time.

The referees stayed together throughout the competition at their hotel base in Shanghai. From there they travelled to the various venues for their designated games, before returning to base camp to continue with their specialised training programmes. As well as fitness training, they attended regular theory sessions and reviewed previous matches to try to identify possible errors and improve their performance levels. A psychologist was also assigned to the group to help with their mental preparations ahead of games.

Draw
The group draw took place on 22 April 2007 at the Guanggu Science and Technology Exhibition Centre in Wuhan after the completion of the qualifying rounds.

FIFA automatically seeded the host and defending champions, slotting China and Germany into Group D and Group A, respectively. The FIFA Women's World Ranking for March 2007 was used to determine the teams to occupy the other seeded positions, B1 and C1. United States were ranked first, Germany second and Norway third, so the United States and Norway were also seeded.

Also, no two teams from the same confederation could draw each other, except for those from UEFA, where a maximum of two teams from UEFA could be drawn into the same group. Group B quickly became dubbed the group of death since three of the top five teams in the world were drawn in this group – the USA (1st), Sweden (3rd) and North Korea (5th), according to the June 2007 FIFA Women's World Rankings, the last to be released before the tournament. The same four teams were drawn together in Group A in the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup, on that occasion the US and Sweden progressed to the knockout stages.

Group stage

All times are local (UTC+8).

Group B
The four teams were also paired in the same group in 2003.

Awards
The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. FIFA.com shortlisted ten goals for users to vote on as the Goal of the Tournament. The Most Entertaining Team award was also decided by a poll on FIFA.com.

Tournament ranking
Per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

Sponsorships
Source:

Coverage
Numerous TV stations around the world provided coverage of the tournament. One notable example is the Chinese-language channel CCTV-5, which also broadcast over the internet via TVUnetworks.

Monetary rewards
For the first time in FIFA Women's World Cup history, all teams received monetary bonuses according to the round they reached (all in USD):
 * Champions: $1,000,000
 * Runners-up: $800,000
 * Third place: $650,000
 * Fourth place: $550,000
 * Quarter-finalists: $300,000
 * First round exit: $200,000

Other rewards
UEFA used the FIFA Women's World Cup as its qualifying tournament for the 2008 Olympic women's tournament. The best three performing UEFA teams would qualify for the Olympics. Originally it was thought that, should England make the top three European teams, they would compete under the United Kingdom banner. However, on 6 September 2007, FIFA issued a press release indicating that England were ineligible to participate in the 2008 Olympics as England does not have its own Olympic Committee. For the determination of the ranking only first through fourth place, quarterfinal elimination or group phase elimination counted. If there was a need to make a distinction between teams eliminated in the quarterfinal or between teams eliminated in the group phase these teams would meet in a play-off match. In no case would the points or goal difference count for teams eliminated before the semi-final.

Germany and Norway qualified for the Olympics at the World Cup, whereas Denmark and Sweden had to enter a play-off for the third Olympics spot. Sweden won both legs of the playoffs with a total of 7–3 on aggregate to qualify for the Olympics.

Controversies
Kenneth Heiner-Møller and Danish players accused the Chinese hosts of harassment and covert surveillance prior to China's first round match against Denmark. China's Swedish coach Marika Domanski-Lyfors and her assistant Pia Sundhage were unaware of the incidents and Heiner-Møller absolved them of any blame, although he refused to shake hands after the match.

title: 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup


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Megan Marshack

Megan Ruth Marshack is an American television news writer and producer who served as an aide and was the mistress to former Vice President Nelson Rockefeller and was with him when he died on January 26, 1979.

Biography
Born in California, Marshack worked on Rockefeller's vice-presidential staff, in Washington, D.C., for two years. There was speculation in the press regarding the nature of the relationship between Rockefeller and Marshack. For example, long-time Rockefeller aide Joseph E. Persico claimed in the PBS documentary about the Rockefeller family, "It became known that he had been alone with a young woman who worked for him, in undeniably intimate circumstances, and in the course of that evening had died from a heart attack." News organizations widely reported that Marshack was a named beneficiary in his will, which specified that loans to Marshack totalling $45,000 were to be forgiven. The bulk of his estate was left to his wife with other large gifts going to museums.

Prior to her employment with Rockefeller, she was a radio news reporter for the Associated Press.

Marshack has remained largely out of the public eye since 1979. For about a year after Rockefeller died, she dated 68-year-old cartoonist Charles Addams, who lived in the same apartment building as she did.

In 1992, it was reported that Marshack was still living in New York working as a news writer for WCBS-TV, but The Washington Post noted she declined to comment, saying "I don't do interviews." According to newspapers in September 1994, she was a news writer and producer at WCBS-TV. In December 2008, Parade reported that Marshack married a journalist and was living in Southern California.

title: Megan Marshack


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Saab Automobile

Saab Automobile AB  was a car manufacturer that was founded in Sweden in 1945 when its parent company, Saab AB, began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949. In 1968 the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saab's best-selling model. In the mid-1980s the new Saab 9000 model also appeared.

In 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. The American manufacturer General Motors (GM) took 50 percent ownership. Two well-known models to come out of this period were the Saab 9-3 and the Saab 9-5. Then in 2000, GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining 50 percent. In 2010 GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V.

After many years establishing a sound engineering reputation and ultimately a luxury price tag, Saab failed to build its customer base beyond its niche following. After struggling to avoid insolvency throughout 2011, the company petitioned for bankruptcy following the failure of a Chinese consortium to complete a purchase of the company; the purchase had been blocked by the former owner GM, which opposed the transfer of technology and production rights to a Chinese company. On 13 June 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) had bought Saab Automobile's bankrupt estate. According to "Saab United", the first NEVS Saab 9-3 drove off its pre-production line on 19 September 2013. Full production restarted on 2 December 2013, initially the same petrol-powered 9-3 Aero sedans that were built before Saab went bankrupt, and intended to get the car manufacturer's supply chain re-established as it attempted development of a new line of NEVS-Saab products. NEVS lost its license to manufacture automobiles under the Saab name (which the namesake aerospace company still owns) in the summer of 2014 and later produced electric cars based on the Saab 9-3 but under its own new car designation "NEVS".

Svenska Aeroplan AB (1948–1969)
Saab, "Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget" (Swedish for "Swedish aeroplane corporation"), a Swedish aerospace and defence company, was created in 1937 in Linköping. The company had been established in 1937 for the express purpose of building aircraft for the Swedish Air Force to protect the country's neutrality as Europe moved closer to World War II. As the war drew to a close and the market for fighter planes seemed to weaken, the company began looking for new markets to diversify.

An automobile design project was started in 1945 with the internal name "X9248". The design project became formally known as "Project 92"; the 92 being next in production sequence after the Saab 91, a single engine trainer aircraft. In 1948, a company site in Trollhättan was converted to allow automobile assembly and the project moved there, along with the car manufacturing headquarters, which has remained there since. The company made four prototypes named "Ursaab" or "original Saab", numbered 92001 through to 92004, before designing the production model, the Saab 92, in 1949.

The Saab 92 went into production in December 1949. 20,000 cars were sold through the mid-1950s. The 92 was thoroughly redesigned and re-engineered in 1955, and was renamed as the "Saab 93". The car's engine gained a cylinder, going from two to three and its front fascia became the first to sport the first incarnation of Saab's trademark trapezoidal radiator grill. A wagon variant, the Saab 95, was added in 1959. The decade also saw Saab's first performance car, the Saab 94, the first of the Saab Sonetts.

1960 saw the third major revision to the 92's platform as the Saab 96. The 96 was an important model for Saab: it was the first Saab to be widely exported out of Sweden. The unusual vehicle proved very popular, selling nearly 550,000 examples. Unlike American cars of the day, the 93, 95 and 96 all featured the 3-cylinder 2-cycle engine, which required adding oil to the petrol tank, front-wheel drive, and freewheeling, which allowed the driver to downshift the on-the-column manual shifter without using the clutch. Front seat shoulder belts were also an early feature.

Even more important to the company's fortunes was 1968's Saab 99. The 99 was the first all-new Saab in 19 years and a clean break from the 92. The 99 had many innovations and features that would come to define Saabs for decades: wraparound windscreen, self-repairing bumpers, headlamp washers and side-impact door beams. The design by Sixten Sason was no less revolutionary than the underlying technology, and elements like the Saab hockey stick profile graphic continue to influence Saab's design language.

Saab-Scania (1969–1989)

In 1969, Saab AB merged with the Swedish commercial vehicle manufacturer Scania-Vabis AB to form Saab-Scania AB, under the Wallenberg family umbrella.

The 99 range was expanded in 1973 with the addition of a combi coupe model, a body style which became synonymous with Saab. The millionth Saab automobile was produced in 1976.

Saab entered into an agreement with Fiat in 1978 to sell a rebadged Lancia Delta as the Saab 600 and jointly develop a new platform. The agreement yielded 1985's Saab 9000, sister to the Alfa Romeo 164, Fiat Croma and Lancia Thema; all rode atop a common Type Four chassis. The 9000 was Saab's first proper luxury car but failed to achieve the planned sales volume.

1978 also was the first year for the 99's replacement: the Saab 900. Nearly one million 900s would be produced, making it Saab's best-selling and most iconic model. A popular convertible version followed in 1986, all of which were made at the Saab-Valmet factory in Finland, making up nearly 20% of 900 sales. Even today, the "classic 900" retains a cult following.

General Motors and Investor AB (1989–2000)

In 1989, the Saab car division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB, headquartered in Sweden; General Motors and Investor AB controlled 50% each. GM's investment of US$600 million gave it the option to acquire the remaining shares within a decade. In the fall of 1989 Saab opened a new factory in Malmö. Located in the old Kockums shipyard, this was a novel kind of factory with extensive worker control and a focus on workers' comfort, an effort to increase productivity and retain skilled workers. With an annual capacity of 60,000 cars (to be increased to 90,000 cars by 1995), the factory began production at a time of shrinking sales and economic contraction and only built 10,176 cars in 1990 (the only full year of production). After a review by GM, the factory changed over to a standard assembly line but was nonetheless shuttered in June 1991, after 20,664 cars had been built in about two years.

General Motors' involvement spurred the launch of a new 900 in 1994. The new car shared a platform with the Opel Vectra. Due in large part to its success, Saab earned a profit in 1995 for the first time in seven years. However, the model never achieved the cult following of the "classic 900" and did not achieve the same reputation for quality.

1997 marked Saab's 50th anniversary as a car manufacturer. The company used its jubilee owners' convention to launch a replacement for the aging 9000: the Saab 9-5. The 900 received a facelift and renaming complementary to its new larger sibling: it would now be called the Saab 9-3. The 9-5 was the first Saab without a combi coupé body style option in 20 years. Filling that space was a wagon variant, introduced in 1999.

General Motors (2000–2010)

GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining Saab shares in 2000, spending US$125 million to turn the company into a wholly owned subsidiary.

The new close relationship yielded its first product in 2003's all-new 9–3. The new model, marketed as a sport sedan, dropped Saab's iconic hatchback in favour of a more conventional four-door approach. The model shared a co-developed platform (GM's "global Epsilon 1 platform") and some other components with the Opel Vectra again, but the relationship was much more of a joint engineering effort than before.

Under GM's direction, the badge-engineered Saab 9-2X (based on the Subaru Impreza) and Saab 9-7X (based on the Chevrolet Trailblazer) were introduced in the American market in 2005 with the hope of increasing sales. Both models were a critical and commercial failure and were cancelled a few years after production began. GM also delayed the 9-3 wagon by three years, shelved a hatchback derivative of the 9-3 sedan, stalled plans for all-wheel-drive capabilities in Saab models until 2008, cancelled a 9–5 replacement in 2005, and announced a planned shift of production away from Saab's historic home in Trollhättan to Opel's factory in Rüsselsheim.

Owing to fading fortunes across its entire business due to a slowing economy in 2007, GM announced that the Saab brand was "under review" in December 2008, a process which included the possibility of selling or shuttering the car maker.

As the talks progressed, GM's support receded, and Saab went into administration, the Swedish equivalent of America's Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Saab's managing director Jan-Åke Jonsson said that this was "the best way to create a truly independent entity that is ready for investment". For its part, the Swedish government was reluctant to become involved, with Maud Olofsson, industry minister, stating: "The Swedish state and taxpayers in Sweden will not own car factories. Sometimes you get the impression that this is a small, small company but it is the world's biggest automaker so we have a right to make demands."

On 16 June 2009, Koenigsegg announced its intention to purchase the brand from GM. The bid was backed by a group of Norwegian investors and the Chinese car maker Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co Ltd (BAIC). The following month, both parties announced that GM had consented to the deal. There were outstanding financial details, but a loan from the European Investment Bank was expected to cover them. The loan was approved in October, but on 24 November 2009, Koenigsegg announced that it had "come to the painful and difficult conclusion that it could no longer carry out the acquisition" much because of the constant delays and the difficulties coordinating the involved parties: GM, the European Investment Bank, the Swedish National Debt Office and BAIC.

It was announced on 14 December 2009, that the Chinese car manufacturer would acquire the intellectual property rights and production equipment for the previous generation Saab 9-3 and Saab 9–5 in a deal worth about US$197 million, which was enough for the company to run for three months. BAIC expressed its intention to create a new brand around the purchased technology and admitted to the purchase of "three overall vehicle platforms, two engine technologies and two transmission systems."

Following the collapse of talks with Koenigsegg, GM announced that the brand would be eliminated in 2010 if it failed to secure a buyer before the close of 2009. As talks with several firms failed, including the Netherlands-based boutique sports car maker Spyker, GM formally announced its intention to wind down the Saab brand.

Undeterred, a new offer round materialised. Earlier bidders Spyker and Merbanco revised their offers and were joined by a submission from Luxembourg-based Genii Capital, which boasted the support of F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone. GM continued accepting bids until a self-imposed deadline of 7 January 2010. Acknowledging that the chances of reaching a deal with any party were very slim, they pledged to evaluate each offer with due diligence.

2010 – purchase of Saab
On 26 January, General Motors (GM) confirmed it had agreed to sell Saab to Spyker N.V. subject to regulatory and government approval; the sale was completed on 23 February 2010. General Motors would continue to supply Saab with engines and transmissions, and also completed vehicles in the shape of the new Saab 9-4x from GM's Mexican factory. The deal included a loan from the European Investment Bank, guaranteed by the Swedish government. It comprised US$74m in cash up front, payable to GM by July 2010, and shares in Spyker to the tune of US$320m.

2011 – bankruptcy
On 25 February, Spyker Cars N.V. announced that it had agreed to sell the sports car arm to focus on Saab. Spyker intended to change its name, in May, to include the Saab name.

In early 2011, Saab began to run out of money, and Spyker were not able to cover the losses. Both companies stopped paying bills, and on 30 March several suppliers refused further deliveries to Saab's factory in Trollhättan. Initially Spyker CEO Victor Muller blamed the media for the problems, and claimed that Saab had no problems with funding. On 5 April all production was halted at Saab's plant in Trollhättan.

Spyker CEO Victor Muller tried to obtain funding from several different sources. On 30 March his former sponsor, Russian banker Vladimir Antonov, applied to Swedish authorities, the EIB and General Motors for permission to become a shareholder in Saab. His request was denied by the EIB, citing concerns about his business practices.

On 3 May, a joint venture between Saab and Chinese carmaker Hawtai was announced. This deal quickly unraveled and on 12 May Hawtai walked away from Saab.

Plans for a new joint venture with Chinese carmaker Youngman and Chinese automotive retailer Pang Da followed shortly. After months of negotiations the companies agreed to a joint US$140 million takeover of Saab Automobile and its UK dealer network unit from Swedish Automobile, with Youngman and Pang Da taking 60 and 40 percent stakes respectively.

On 6 December, GM announced that it would not continue its licenses to GM patents and technology to Saab if the company was sold to Pang Da and Zhejiang Youngman, stating that the new owner's use of the technology is not in the best interest of GM investors. Because of this, Saab started working on a new proposal which would not change the original ownership structure and would not include a Chinese partner as an owner of the company, but instead as a 50% owner of a new daughter company.

On 19 December 2011, with no alternatives left after GM continued to block any form of involvement with a Chinese partner, Saab officially filed for bankruptcy after a three-year fight for survival. Under Sweden's bankruptcy laws, a party that files for bankruptcy can be bought out of bankruptcy.

On 16 April 2012, a meeting on Saab's bankruptcy was held at the District Court of Vänersborg. The official receivers in charge of the Saab liquidation valued the assets at US$500m and the debt at US$2,000m. After subtracting the value of the assets, Saab leaves a debt of US$1,500m.

2012 – US$3 billion damages claim
On 6 August 2012, Spyker, represented by the law firm Patton Boggs, filed a lawsuit against General Motors in the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan claiming US$3 billion in damages for the actions GM took in the fall of 2011 to stop the various proposed deals between Spyker and Youngman concerning Saab Automobile where Youngman claimed to be ready to invest several billion dollars in Saab Automobile to guarantee its future. More precisely, under the Automotive Technology License Agreement (ATLA) between GM Global Technology Operations Inc (GTO) and Saab, GM refused licensing of the platforms and technology in Saab cars if any Chinese party were to be involved in Saab's ownership structure.

To solve this issue, Spyker and Youngman came up with a deal where Youngman would provide Saab with a loan of €200 million which would be converted into an equity interest in Saab only after Saab ceased using GM technology in its vehicles. Despite this, GM maintained that it would still refuse licensing of platforms and technology needed for production of Saab cars in Trollhättan and also threatened to cease 9-4X production at GM's plant in Mexico, should the deal go through.

Consequently, the deal finally collapsed and Saab was forced to file for bankruptcy. According to Spyker, the actions taken by GM were not legal. Since Saab had been in receivership since the bankruptcy, and would be until the deal with Nevs was closed, Spyker and the receivers of Saab Automobile had entered into an agreement where Spyker would bear the costs of the litigation in exchange for 90% of the claim if the case is successful.

2013 – claim dismissed
In June 2013, the district court dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that General Motors was within its rights to block the sale. In October 2014, the circuit court of appeals upheld the dismissal.

National Electric Vehicle Sweden (2012–2014)

On 13 June 2012, a press conference was held announcing that the bankruptcy assets of Saab Automobile AB and its subsidiaries Saab Automobile Powertrain AB and Saab Automobile Tools AB as well as the Saab factory had been acquired by a Chinese consortium called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS). This company was founded by Hong-Kong based National Modern Energy Holdings (NME) and Japan based Sun Investment, for the sole purpose of acquiring Saab's bankruptcy assets.

Saab Automobile Parts AB was excluded in the deal and the Swedish National Debt Office would continue as an owner of that company. NEVS' plan was to build only purely electric vehicles with an electric version of the current 9-3 model available in 2013/2014, as well as to continue development of the replacement to the 9–3, the PhoeniX. GM continued to refuse licensing of the technology in the Saab 9-5 and 9-4X, so these models would not be produced.

In August 2012, Scania AB announced that the griffin logo used in both Scania's and Saab Automobile's trademark would not be allowed for use on future Saab cars with NEVS as the owner of Saab Automobile. Scania believed the logo is of high value in China and feared that it would end up in the wrong hands through the Chinese interests behind NEVS.

In January 2013, due to Sun Investment withdrawing from the project, NEVS announced a new deal with Qingdao Qingbo Investment Co. Ltd, for a 22% stake in the company. In return, NEVS/Saab would receive SEK 2bn, along with a production facility for models sold in China. Cars sold in North America and most of Europe would continue to be produced at Trollhättan, Sweden. The possibility of using Fiat/Chrysler sourced drive train components for non- electric models was also being examined.

On 12 August 2013, the Saab plant at Trollhättan reopened its doors to welcome back employees for preparations and restructuring of the production line. Production of the existing 9–3 would commence shortly with a new electric motor, while Saab finished the preparations for the new 9-3 Phoenix.

In September 2013, the first pre-production Saab-branded vehicle produced by NEVS rolled off of the assembly line. This model was mostly aesthetically identical to the previous Saab 9-3 and mainly used to test new components and assembly line equipment. NEVS announced a facelift of the exterior to be shown on a finalised production model. On 29 November 2013 NEVS announced that full-scale production would commence on 2 December 2013, having replaced the 20 percent of parts originally sourced from former Saab owner General Motors.

Following negotiations with parts suppliers, small-scale production of the petrol version of the Saab 9-3 resumed in December 2013, with sales focused on the Swedish and Chinese markets. Production stopped in May 2014, initially only short term but was extended many times. According to NEVS, this was due to Qingdao insufficiently financing NEVS operations, forcing owner Kai Johan Jiang to fund operations through private funds as well as through assets in NEVS parent company National Modern Energy Holdings Ltd.

At this time, NEVS reportedly owed around $57 million to creditors, and sought bankruptcy protection with the aim of restructuring the company. Despite protection being granted, Saab revoked the right for NEVS to use the Saab brand name. Despite optimism from NEVS that the name may be re acquired, Saab AB confirmed again in 2016 that it was cancelling the licencing agreement between the two companies, meaning future cars would be produced under the name NEVS.

After securing deals with various Chinese consortiums, including the city of Tianjin, resulting in the construction of a new factory, NEVS was acquired by Chinese conglomerate Evergrande Group in 2019. Evergrande's subsequent financial troubles resulted in NEVS being closed in March 2023, with the company going into "Hibernation Mode" to avoid bankruptcy, essentially liquidating the company.

Production

Saab's total world production in 2008 was 89,143 Saab vehicles produced in five countries (Sweden, Austria, United States, Mexico and Germany). Production declined sharply in 2009, as new owners struggled to deal with the company's mounting financial problems. Production was suspended until late 2013, when the new ownership launched a limited run of 2014 model year 9-3 sedans.

Saab manufactured various models at the Valmet Automotive plant in Uusikaupunki, Finland, between 1969 and 2003, in a joint venture established in 1968 together with Valmet. After 2003 Saab did not manufacture any cars in Finland, as the production of the 9-3 convertible then moved to Graz, Austria. In 2010 production of the 9-3 convertible was moved again to Trollhättan. This marked the first time that Trollhättan manufactured the 9-3 convertible.

Models
A common feature of Saab car types was the use of the number 9 in the model numbers. The final models were the 9-3 and 9-5, both of which were manufactured in Trollhättan, Sweden. Until 2008, the 9-7X was manufactured by GM along with the Chevrolet Trailblazer and its platform-mates. The exception to this naming rule is the Saab-Lancia 600, which was a re-badged Lancia Delta.

In December 2013, Nevs announced that the Saab 9-3 sedan was back in regular production, with convertible, station wagon, and electric models to follow in the next year. Production stopped in 2014.

Cancelled models

 * Saab 98, combi-coupé version of the Saab 96
 * Saab 9-2, inspired by the classic Saab 92. Production had been planned for 2014.

Historical models

 * Saab 92 and descendants:
 * Saab 92 (1949–1956)
 * Saab 93 (1955–1960)
 * Saab GT750 (1958–1960)
 * Saab 94 Sonett I (1956)
 * Saab 95 estate (1959–1978)
 * Saab 95 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1967)
 * Saab 95 V4 (1967–1980)
 * Saab 96 (1960–1980)
 * Saab 96 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1968)
 * Saab Sport 3 cylinder two-stroke (1962–1966)
 * Saab Monte Carlo 850 3 cylinder two-stroke (1966–1967)
 * Saab 96 V4 (1967–1980)
 * Saab Monte Carlo V4 V4 (1967–1968)
 * Saab 97
 * Sonett II (1966–1970)
 * Sonett III (1970–1974)
 * Saab Formula Junior single seat racing car (1960)
 * SaabO caravan/camper/travel trailer (1964–1968)
 * Saab 99 and descendants:
 * Saab 99 (1968–1984)
 * Saab 900 "Classic" (1979–1994)
 * Saab 90 (1984–1987)
 * Saab 600 (1985–1988)
 * Saab 9000 (1985–1998)
 * Saab 900 "New Generation" (1994–1998)
 * Saab 9-3 first generation (1998–2002)
 * Saab 9-2X (2005–2006)
 * Saab 9-7X (2005–2009)
 * Saab 9-5 first generation (1997–2009)
 * Saab 9-3 SportSedan (2002–2011, 2013–2014) second generation
 * Saab 9-3 Convertible (2004–2011), (2012 by ANA) second generation
 * Saab 9-3 SportCombi (2006–2011) second generation
 * Saab 9-3X (2009–2011)
 * Saab 9-5 (2010–2011) second generation
 * Saab 9-4X (June 2011 – December 2011)

Concepts and prototypes

 * Saab 92 line:
 * Saab 92001 or Ursaab: The prototype for the first Saab production car (1946)
 * Saab Monster (1959)
 * Saab 60 (1962)
 * Saab Quantum (1962)
 * Saab Catherina (1964)
 * Saab MFI13 (1965)
 * Saab Toad (1966)
 * Saab 98 (1974)
 * Saab EV-1 (1985)
 * Saab 900 line:
 * Saab Viking (1982)
 * Saab 9000 line:
 * Saab 9000 Cabriolet
 * Saab Prometheus: A 9000 fitted with a joystick instead of a steering wheel (1993)
 * Saab 9XX Concept (1991)
 * Saab 9-X line:
 * Saab 9-X (2001)
 * Saab 9-3X (2002)
 * Saab 9-3 Sport Hatch (2003)
 * Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower (2006)
 * Saab 9-4X BioPower (2008)
 * Saab 9-X Biohybrid (2008)
 * Saab 9-X Air (2008)
 * Saab 9-3 ePower sport wagon (2010)
 * Saab Aero-X (2006)
 * Saab PhoeniX (2011)

Innovations

 * 1958: The GT 750 is the first Saab car fitted with seatbelts as standard.
 * 1963: Saab becomes the first volume maker to offer diagonally split dual brake circuits.
 * 1969: Saab creates an ignition system near the gearstick – instead of behind the steering wheel like most cars – in an attempt to reduce the very common serious and permanent knee injuries during collisions, caused by the knee impacting the key.
 * 1970: Saab introduces a world-first – headlamp wipers and washers.
 * 1971: Heated front seats are introduced, the first time in the world they are fitted as standard.
 * 1971: Saab develops the impact-absorbing, self-repairing bumper.
 * 1976: Saab was the first manufacturer to produce a turbo engine with wastegate to control boost.
 * 1978: Saab introduces another 'world-first,' the passenger compartment air filter (pollen filter).
 * 1980: Saab introduces Automatic Performance Control (APC), and an anti-knock sensor that allowed higher fuel economy and the use of lower grade fuel without engine damage.
 * 1981: Saab introduces the split-field side mirror. This reduces the driver's blind spot.
 * 1982: Saab introduces asbestos-free brake pads.
 * 1983: Saab introduces the 16-valve turbocharged engine
 * 1985: Saab pioneers direct ignition, eliminating the distributor and spark plug wires.
 * 1991: Saab introduces a 'light-pressure' turbo.
 * 1991: Saab is the first manufacturer to offer CFC-free air-conditioning.
 * 1991: Saab develops its 'Trionic' engine management system, equipped with a 32-bit micro-processor.
 * 1993: Saab introduces the 'Sensonic clutch' and the 'Black Panel', later to be called the 'Night Panel'.
 * 1993: Saab develops the 'Safeseat' rear passenger protection system.
 * 1994: Saab introduces the 'Trionic T5.5' engine management system, its processor is a Motorola 68332.
 * 1995: Saab presents an asymmetrically turbocharged V6 at the Motor Show in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
 * 1996: Saab introduces active head restraints (SAHR), which help minimise the risk of whiplash.
 * 1997: Saab introduces Electronic Brake-force Distribution
 * 1997: Saab fits ventilated front seats to their new 9-5.
 * 1997: Saab introduces ComSense; an alert delay feature that reduces the risk of distraction by briefly postponing lower priority alerts when the brakes or indicators are activated
 * 2000: Saab introduces SVC; a Variable Compression, an engine in which the compression ratio is varied by tilting the cylinder head in relation to the pistons.
 * 2002: Saab developed an independent, multi-link, rear suspension system on the new Saab 9-3 known as "ReAxs", a system which provides crisp steering feedback and contributes to enhanced driving stability in curves
 * 2002: Saab unveils the second-generation Saab Active Head-Restraint system, known as SAHR2, in the new Saab 9-3 sedan
 * 2003: Saab introduces CargoSET; automatic storage well retraction for the convertible, a two-step tonneau action for quicker soft-top deployment
 * 2008: Saab introduces Cross-wheel drive, an advanced all-wheel drive system with eLSD. Saab brands this systems as "XWD"

Safety
Safety has a high priority in the design of Saab cars. The cars are subjected to the Älgtest (elk test) as elk are a common cause of accidents in Sweden. Saab have compiled a database containing over 6,100 real-life accidents with Saabs. The first recorded event was in 1948 where Julian Shermis had an accident.

Endurance records
In October 1986, the Saab Long Run took place. Three standard Saab 9000 Turbos set two world records and 21 international records at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama, United States. 100,000 km were covered with an average speed of 213.299 km/h (132.537 mph) and 50,000 mi with an average speed of 213.686 km/h (132.778 mph).

Ten years later, in 1996, three standard Saab 900 (NG) Turbos driven by factory test drivers and two standard naturally aspirated Saab 900s driven by journalists set new world records on the same speedway.

In early December 2006, a Wisconsin traveling salesman donated his 1989 Saab 900 SPG (Special Performance Group) to the Wisconsin Automotive Museum after amassing 1001385 mi on the original factory engine. This mileage was verified by Saab.

Marketing and ownership
Dating back to 1937, Svenska Aeroplan AB (Saab) created airplanes, introducing its first car, the Saab 92001, in 1947. Currently, Saab AB is separate from Saab Automobile and is best known for its old Saab 37 Viggen fighter aircraft (the Viggen badge would be shared by a 9-3) and its successor, the current export success low cost JAS 39 Gripen swing-role fighter. This has led to an ad campaign, "Born From Jets", evoking the days when Saab produced both aircraft and automobiles. Saab is imported into many countries; each has a president of the subsidiary or importer. In the US, the first president was Mr. R. Millet.

In 1983, British commercial director Tony Scott made an advertisement for the company where a Saab 900 Turbo is shown racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet. In 1987, Saab created a TV advertisement called "Saab suite" (subtitled Ballet in 3 acts for 8 Saab 9000 Turbos). In the film, stunt drivers show incredible driving with stock cars, such as one-wheeled burnouts, bumper-to-bumper driving through a slalom, cars slaloming from opposite directions on the same course, two-wheel driving, sliding in full speed, and jumping over passing cars—all on a closed airport runway with classical music playing in the background.

To commemorate its 40th anniversary, Saab formed a Performance Team in 1987, which laid on exhibitions of automobile acrobatics and formation driving. Initially this was done with Saab 9000s, as above, then later models, such as the Saab 900 (NG) were used. All of the team's members have previously competed in rallies, but what's unusual is that all five Performance Team members held regular jobs at Saab: there are two engineers, a quality controller, a technician and the head of Saab's photo studio. The picture shows these vehicles on display at the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the Saab Aircraft Company, at Linköping, in 1997.

A Hewlett-Packard CPU-support chip features a Saab 900 Turbo 16 Cabriolet etched into its structure.

Ownership and brand loyalty
As the brand has an unusual image in most markets, Saab owners tend to be correspondingly offbeat: intellectuals and enthusiasts. In his studies of brand communities, Albert Muniz, professor of marketing at DePaul University in Chicago, found significant characteristics of Saab owners which he called Snaabery. These included ownership of an original, pre-GM Saab; camaraderie with other Saab drivers and contempt for other brands such as BMW. Writer John Crace characterised the typical "Snaab" as a creative advertising executive with large spectacles and an asymmetric hairstyle. Rüdiger Hossiep, a psychologist at Ruhr University Bochum, found that Saab drivers have the highest level of psychological involvement with their cars, being over 10 times more passionate than the average Volkswagen driver. Saab's main three markets were Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Slogans

 * The Swedish Car with Aircraft Quality (first English slogan)
 * Go Swift – Go Safe – Go Saab (advertisement page – 1970s FIA Year Book)
 * The most intelligent cars ever built. (1980s)
 * Find your own road. (1990s)
 * A Saab will surrender its own life to save yours. (1990s)
 * Welcome to the State of Independence (early 2000s decade; United States)
 * Born From Jets. (2003–2009; United States, Canada)
 * Move Your Mind. (final global slogan)
 * People Who Test Drive a Saab, Usually Buy One
 * It's A Pity Other Cars Aren't Built This Way
 * We don't make compromises. We make Saabs.
 * Saab. It's what a car should be.
 * Beyond the conventional (1990s United Kingdom).
 * The Command Performance Car.
 * The Well-Built Swede

In motorsport
Saab competed in the Trans Am Series in 1966, entering a 96 and a 850. Saab also entered its 9-3 in the Castrol Canadian Touring Car Championship.

Saab had a factory rally team with successful drivers, Erik "On-the-Roof" Carlsson, Tom Trana, Simo Lampinen, Stig Blomqvist and Per Eklund. The team stopped competing in 1980. In 2012 a new Saab rally team took part in the classic historic Midnattssolsrallyt (Rally to the Midnight Sun). The S2AB Historic Rally team entered four Saab 99 Turbos, driven by ex-champions Ola Strömberg, Erik Uppsäll, Travis Decker and Jörgen Trued. S2AB (Swedish Advanced Automotive Business) is the company led by Magnus Roland, former chassis manager at Saab.

title: Saab Automobile


text:
Stewart–Cassiar Highway

The Stewart–Cassiar Highway, also known as the Dease Lake Highway and the Stikine Highway as well as the Thornhill –Kitimat Highway from Kitimat to Thornhill, is the northwesternmost highway in the Canadian province of British Columbia. A scenic route through some of the province's most isolated areas, the highway first gained designation as British Columbia Highway 37 in the year 1975. At that time, its southern terminus was at the community of New Hazelton on the BC Highway 16 (the Yellowhead Highway). In 1975, with the completion of a new bridge over the Kitimat River, the highway's Yellowhead junction was relocated to a point on Highway 16 just south of the site of Kitwanga. Highway 37 was then extended south to Kitimat in 1986 superseding what was then designated Highway 25. At the north end, the highway briefly stretches into the Yukon, becoming Yukon Highway 37.

Route details
Highway 37 starts its 874 km (543 mi) journey in the south at Kitimat. 59 km (37 mi) north, Highway 37 reaches Terrace, where it merges onto the Yellowhead Highway. The Yellowhead coincides with Highway 37 east for 91 km (57 mi) to Kitwanga Junction, where the Yellowhead diverges east.

North of the Yellowhead's Kitwanga junction, Highway 37 travels 76 km (47 mi) to Cranberry Junction, and then another 80 km (50 mi) north to Meziadin Junction, where Highway 37A begins and heads west via Bear River Pass to Stewart and Hyder, Alaska. Highway 37 travels north through the Skeena Mountains for 333 km (207 mi) to the Continental Divide communities of Eddontenajon, Iskut and Dease Lake, which straddles the Stikine and Dease River basins. Another 116 km (72 mi) north and Highway 37 reaches Jade City, where a junction to the former asbestos-mining community of Cassiar is located. North of Jade City, Highway 37 travels another 120 km (75 mi) to its crossing of the 60th parallel into the Yukon Territory, becoming Yukon Highway 37 and terminating at a junction with the Alaska Highway near Upper Liard just 3.4 km (2.1 mi) later. According to the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, "Most of the route is hard surface (either pavement or sealcoat) with approximately 1 km of gravel."

History
The Highway 37 of today is the result of highway extension projects began in 1959.

Originally, a roadway extended south from the Alaska Highway to serve the Cassiar mining district, eventually reaching Dease Lake and joining a road to Telegraph Creek (sometimes referred to as Highway 51, but not signed as such). To the south, logging roads extended north almost as far as Meziadin Junction.

By 1968, the route of what is now 37A extended past Meziadin Junction north. This was done to allow for asbestos from Cassiar to be shipped to market via sea from Stewart. By the middle of 1972, only a few miles remained to be built between Meziadin Junction and Iskut. Four bicyclists, whose journey from Alaska to Montana was chronicled in a May 1973 National Geographic article, braved the muddy gap.

Once this route was completed, travelers only had to contend with limited hours for using the logging roads south of Meziadin Junction, roads which were upgraded during the 1970s. The completion of a new bridge over the Skeena River at Kitwanga in Mid-November 1975 gave better access to the Yellowhead Highway. Work continued through the mid-to-late 70s to upgrade the stretch of highway.

The Highway 37 corridor is slated for infrastructure enhancements as resource extraction activities increase in the Northwest region of British Columbia. The Northwest Transmission Line was constructed by BC Hydro and runs from Terrace, British Columbia to Bob Quinn Lake, largely paralleling the highway.

Major intersections
From south to north:

title: Stewart–Cassiar Highway


text:
Banco Sabadell

Banco de Sabadell, S.A. (Banc Sabadell) is a Spanish multinational financial services company headquartered in Alicante and Barcelona, Spain. It is the 4th-largest Spanish banking group. It includes several banks, brands, subsidiaries and associated banks. It is a universal bank and specialises in serving small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the affluent with a bias towards international trade.

As of March 2022, the total assets of Banco Sabadell Group amounted to €253,256 billion. It has a network of 1,594 branches, 18,985 employees and 12.1 million customers.

Since 2001, it is floated on the Bolsa de Madrid and is part of the IBEX 35.

Banco Sabadell has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.

Strategic plan
In February 2014, Banco Sabadell started its 2014–2016 business plan, Triple, that aims to leverage its new size and margin-generating capability. The main goal of the 2014–2016 Triple Plan is profitability. Key themes of the new plan are transformation (transformation of the business, transformation of the production process and transformation of the balance sheet) and internationalization (laying the foundations for becoming more international in terms of structure and resources and entering new markets).

History
On 31 December 1881, a group of 127 businessmen and traders from Sabadell, in the province of Barcelona, founded the Bank with the purpose of financing local industries and providing them with raw materials (wool and coal) under more favourable conditions.

In 1907, Banco Sabadell began a new stage: it ended its non-banking businesses to focus on commercial banking. In 1953, in order to preserve the organisation's independence, the shareholders created a share syndication agreement.

In 1965, Banco Sabadell slowly spread to nearby towns. In 1975, it expanded beyond Catalonia, opening a branch in Madrid. In 1978, Banco Sabadell expanded internationally, initially in the City of London.

The bank is a pioneer in bank computing in Spain. In 1968, it automated accounting and administrative processes. In 1986, it introduced remote banking: the telephone (FonoBanc) and computer (InfoBanc) were incorporated as new channels for communication and service prodivision. In 1998, it launched BancSabadell Net, Spain's first Internet banking service.

In 1988, Sabadell MultiBanca, later Sabadell Banca Privada, opened, specialising in equity management and private banking and the Banco Sabadell group was formed.

In 1996, Banco Sabadell started a new expansion phase, increasing its size and operating capacity.

Banco Sabadell went public in 2001 and became a member of the IBEX 35 in 2004.

Since 2007, the Bank has doubled in size and is currently Spain's fifth largest bank. Acquisitions include NatWest Spain, Banco Herrero, Banco Atlántico, Banco Urquijo, TransAtlantic Bank, Private Banking Business of BBVA (US), Mellon United National Bank, Banco Guipuzcoano, Lydian Private Bank, Banco CAM, Banco Mare Nostrum (BMN) network in Catalonia and Aragon, Lloyds TSB Spain, Banco Gallego, Lloyds TSB Miami and JGB Bank.

On 5 October 2017, the board of Banco Sabadell decided in an emergency session to move their legal base to Alicante in response to growing political insecurity in Catalonia. A few days later, the bank decided to move its fiscal domicile to Alicante too.

In December 2018, it was announced the selling of 80% of Solvia to Intrum.

In May 2024, BBVA presented a $13.11 billion takeover bid directly to Sabadell's shareholders. However, the Economy Ministry has the power to block any merger or acquisition of a bank, meaning that the Spanish government has six months to decide whether to block this takeover.

Timeline

 * 1881: Founded in Sabadell, province of Barcelona, on 31 December 1881.
 * 1965: Territorial expansion.
 * 1978: London, first branch of the international network.
 * 1986: Remote banking.
 * 1987: International branch in Paris.
 * 1988: Created Sabadell Banca Privada.
 * 1996: Acquired Banco NatWest España: Solbank project.
 * 2000: Acquired Banco Herrero.
 * 2001: Floated on the stock market.
 * 2002–2004: Introduced multi-brand strategy.
 * 2004: Acquired Banco Atlántico.
 * 2004: Included in IBEX 35.
 * 2006: Acquired Banco Urquijo.
 * 2007: Acquired TransAtlantic Bank, Miami.
 * 2008: Zurich, new Bancassurance partner.
 * 2009: Acquired Mellon United National Bank (Miami).
 * 2010: Founded Sabadell United Bank.
 * 2010: Acquired Banco Guipuzcoano.
 * 2010: New plan CREA 2010–2013.
 * 2011: Launched SabadellGuipuzcoano brand.
 * 2011: Acquired Lydian Private Bank (Miami).
 * 2011: Selected as winning bidder for Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo (CAM).
 * 2012: Acquired Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo (CAM).
 * 2012: Banco Sabadell Urquijo BP creation.
 * 2013: Acquired Banco Gallego and Lloyds Banking Group's retail and private banking business and the local investment management business in Spain, Lloyds Bank International. Lloyds is selling its loss-making Spanish operations for a 1.8% stake in Sabadell, worth about €84 million, plus an additional sum of up to €20 million euros over the next five years.
 * 2014: Acquired JGB Bank (Miami).
 * 2014: Banco Sabadell starts independent operation in Mexico.
 * 2014: Triple announced.
 * 2015: Acquired TSB, a retail bank based in the United Kingdom.

Brands

 * SabadellAtlántico: The group's primary brand in the Spanish market. It operates throughout Spain except in SabadellGuipuzcoano and Banco Herrero territories. It focuses on commercial banking for individuals and companies.
 * SabadellGuipuzcoano: Formerly Banco Guipuzcoano. It is the group's brand in Navarre, La Rioja and the Basque Country. It focuses on commercial and corporate banking.
 * Banco Herrero: The bank's only brand in Asturias and León. following the acquisition of Banco Herrero. It focuses on commercial banking for individuals and companies. It is the top banking network in Asturias and one of the leading networks in León.
 * Sabadell Solbank: It focuses on commercial Banking for Europeans living in Spanish tourist areas. Branches in Mediterranean coastal areas and Spanish Islands. Lloyds Bank International was its trading name, owned by Banco Sabadell. The bank was established as Banco Halifax in 1993, as the Spanish subsidiary of Halifax. Banco Halifax became part of Lloyds Banking Group in 2009 and was renamed Lloyds Bank International. Lloyds Banking Group sold it in April 2013. The Lloyds Bank name was used under temporary licence. The bank was renamed Sabadell Solbank in November 2013, and was fully integrated into Sabadell on 15 March 2014.
 * ActivoBank: It focuses on clients operating exclusively electronically (internet and telephone).
 * SabadellUrquijo: Private banking unit, a merger of Sabadell Banca Privada and Banco Urquijo. Branches in main economic and wealth hotspots.
 * SabadellGallego: It is the group's reference brand in Galicia, following the acquisition of Banco Gallego. It focuses on commercial and corporate banking.
 * SabadellCAM: It is the group's reference brand in the Valencian Community and Murcia, following the Banco CAM acquisition. It focuses on commercial banking.

Subsidiaries

 * Banco Sabadell de Andorra: It is an entity established in the Principality of Andorra. Banco Sabadell has an ownership of 50.97% of the bank's capital. It focuses on affluent individuals and to the main companies in the Principality of Andorra.
 * BanSabadell Fincom: It focuses on consumer finance. 100% owned by Banco Sabadell.
 * Dexia Sabadell: Subsidiary specialising in funding local government. Banco Sabadell (30%) and Dexia Group (70%).
 * Sabadell United Bank: Commercial banking brand in the United States. Resulted from the acquisition of Mellon United National Bank in south Florida (15 January 2010) and the integration of TransAtlantic Bank (9 August 2010), acquired in 2007, Lydian Private Bank (2011) and JGB Bank (2014). SUB branches were sold off to Iberiabank in the fall of 2017.
 * Solvia: It focuses on real estate. It has concentrated its servicing capabilities.
 * TSB Bank: Retail bank based in the United Kingdom. Acquired by Banco Sabadell in July 2015.

Branch network
At the end of the year 2014, Banco Sabadell operated through 2,310 branches and had 17,529 employees.

Banco Sabadell 53 international branches and representative offices in Algiers, Peking, Caracas, Dubai, Istanbul, Mexico City, New York, New Delhi, Santo Domingo, São Paulo, Shanghai, Singapore and Warsaw.

Banco Sabadell has subsidiaries and associated Banks in Andorra, United States, Portugal, United Kingdom; and branches in London, Miami, Paris, Hendaye and Casablanca.

Board of directors
The members of the Board of Directors of Banco Sabadell are:

* To be ratified at the next shareholders' meeting

title: Banco Sabadell