text:
Talk:Fax

Untitled
Please place new talk items as sections at the bottom.

Very old comments
The alternative histories on this need to be reconciled! Mark Richards 21:31, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

How about some information on online faxing and fax servers that many businesses are using these days to send and receive faxes.

I understand that the fax machine was developed by the Japanese, as the teletyper machines could not be adapted to their script. Is this true?

Only covers electronic faxes.
The fax is far older the then the electronic fax in this article. It came out the same time paper for thermal printing did. The first faxes were not digital. Basically a sensor was synchronized with the print head on a remote machine and the head printed when the remote sensor detected a dark part of the page.
 * I know what you mean; I remember coming across an article on the history of analog fax technology back when I was an undergraduate. However, I don't really have the time or energy to do the research and dig up the citations, especially since I'm trying to think of a better way to clean up the Lawyer article (I suggested the current breakup of the article now in progress and then someone else went and did it all wrong).  --Coolcaesar 02:59, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
Why does facsimile redirect to this article? While facsimile is the root of the modern word fax, it would be worthy its own article. Just think of facsimile reproductions of medieval books! That type of facsimile has nothing at all to do with faxes! Lupo 08:44, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Facsimile in to this article
Over a month later, the clear consensus is not to merge, so I'm removing the merge tags. 213.94.241.138 11:01, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose The two are different. Faxes are so called because they make a facsimile of the document being transfered, and as the Facsimile article makes clear, books are occaisionally published in facsimile editions, whihc have nothing to do with fax machine. WLD 11:42, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Neutral, leaning to merge. I would think that if there was a merger of the articles that "fax" would merge into "facsimile", if only because "fax" is derived from "facsimile" and the latter is the precursor to the former. Agent 86 18:51, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I agree that the two are different.  Facsimile is a more general concept in publishing while fax is the shorthand name for a telecom device that drew its name from the larger concept.  --Coolcaesar 03:17, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Fax is about the technology; facsimile about the term from which the former derives its name. However, as things stand, facsimile looks more like a candidate for moving to Wiktionary. I've "stubbed" it, which may help. --JennyRad 23:39, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Hi guys sorry i just **had** to update the image to a 'modern' fax machine :D hope every1 likes it

Fax article
I found this article in an old Australian magazine called MAN, from the July, 1949 edition. The article is by Ray Heath, and constitutes the science section, I didn't finish copying out the article but this is the bulk of the relevant section and the rest is mostly concerned with imagining the ramifications and future developments of this technology. But I found it interesting, especially in regards to the information on this wikipedia article, for it's early date, it's claims that the technology was being utilised commercially in this fashion, and the fairly detailed descriptions of the technology. I'm not expert in the subject myself but thought that it might be useful to someone in regards to expanding this wikipedia page.Number36 04:01, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

News Is Still Hard "Fax"

A gramophone machine in the corner of the lounge can print your own private newspaper faster than you can read it.

In the U.S.A. (Yes again) you can get a newspaper delivered right into your living room without the newsboy putting his muddy boots onto the carpet. You can lift up the lid of your radio, and there it is.

It is about a quarter the size of your usual newspaper; it is complete with headlines, photographs, comic strips, and all the whirligigs that go to make a newspaper of today -only it happens to be a newspaper of tomorrow -the "fax," which is short for "faximile," which is a trade name for a facsimile, or a complete reproduction of a "master sheet." It is, like most things in this modern age, a radio production.

Actually you start the ball rolling by investing 500 dollars (£A165) in a home Facsimile set. This turns out a radio reproduction of your newspaper for a cost of four cents (about 3½d). The trade believes that soon radio-minded Americans will buy the home newspaper machine for 100 dollars (£A35) and get a single copy for a penny.

Each page of the Fax takes about three minutes to be printed in your own home : but your don't have to wait. The receiver turns itself on and off, and, unlike any conventional newspaper which has four or five editions a day, you can have an edition of Fax hourly, if you feel that the news is as good as all that.

The biggest appeal is to convenience: you don't have to wait for the newsboy to call; you don't go down to the newsagency; you don't get your paper left out in the rain until it's too sodden to read. When you want it, you just walk into the living room and get it.

Next appeal in this age of swift-moving is that you get the news hours faster. You might sit down to breakfast at 7:30 and casually read in your Fax about something that happened in town half an hour before -and even see pictures of it happening.

This is the sort of modern radio-engineered miracle which is happening now in the United States. There are citizens who get their news this way; who can, if they like, get a newspaper an hour.

To Australians today it reads much as stories of television used to read and still read. We used to regard television as one of those scientific dreams for Sometime. Now we realise that English and American homes enjoy the amenity, while we are just planning to do something about it.

Fax seems to be as far off now as television seemed to us twenty years ago, when it was a fairy word.

But fax is fact to many Americans. The well-known Philadelphia Enquirer has its "Facsimile Edition" carrying in the "ear" of the front page "Broadcast over WFIL/FM." It looks like something run off on a roneo, with radio-photographs. It is easily read.

In the States they do not believe this is a body-blow at the newspaper industry. It was a body of newspaper and radio interests which in 1937, began experimenting with radio facsimile for sending news directly into the home.

The method they have now evolved, and which works now in the U.S.A., churns out four pages in a quarter hour; the pages are 8-inches wide by 11½-inches deep. An edition of the Philadelphia Enquirer contains front-page news, sports, woman's page, comics, advertisements.

In appearance the job is good; and it looks like a newspaper. But the resemblance ends about there. For the reading matter of a Fax is not set in metal type, and there are no metal blocks (engravings) made of the photographs. Typists copy out the news on electromatic typewriters, which produce lettering which looks like newspaper printing. Headings are set from individual printed letters and jointed together with transparent Scotch tape. Headings, reading-matter and photographs ate pasted down on the page -and that's your newspaper, made up and ready to be sent into the home! All the mechanical processes between writing the news and taking the newspaper out onto the streets are eliminated in the Fax edition.

The pasted up page of the Fax is taken to the broadcasting station and then put on a scanner (transmitter). The electric eye of the scanner runs over the page, which revolves on a drum. Electric impulses are sent out across the ether, and these vary in power according to the density of the ray reflected. In short, the pasted up newspaper page is "televised" -not onto a television screen, but onto a "negative" -a photographic, sensitised paper.

At your end, in your lounge room, no presses rumble. A roll of paper, specially sensitised to pick up the impulses of the transmitter, unrolls in your living room recorder, and passes through two thin metal bars. When the signals from the transmitter arrive, they flow through the top bar, through the paper, to the bottom bar. As they flow they take small fragments of iron iron from the top bar and deposit them on the paper. These iron fragments fall into the patterns of the letters, headings, photographs -and in between them leave the white space of the background!
 * Here's a similar article from the US: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794158,00.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.79.161.1 (talk) 12:24, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

fax security
Fax communications cannot be hacked,

OK, that is an absurd statement. How about something more reasonable. Such as, "less susceptible" to interception. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 192.153.24.120 (talk) 23:54, 11 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Would'nt it be nice if wiki talk pages had a thums up or puss/minus feature ? he he 2A01:799:322:B300:F98:C698:3C31:E61A (talk) 20:06, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Belinograph
Might be worth mentioning this word specifically, since it's used (admittedly in passing) in the original novel version of Casino Royale. 86.132.137.0 22:29, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Doubts about this article - History section
There are apparent inaccuracies in the History section. I can find no reference elsewhere to "the Xerox Qyx in the mid-1970s," Qyx was an electronic typewriter made by an Exxon subsidiary. Also, I find no other source for "mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper," early fax machines used chemically treated paper, later thermal paper. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.93.60.217 (talk • contribs)

 * Should refer to the Exxon Qwip; not Qyx, as that was an Exxon electronic typewriter. ref – Dicklyon 06:17, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

The Exxon facsimile machine was definitely the Qwip, used mostly by Fortune 1000 companies, law firms, government agencies, and financial services companies. As a footnote to the wider adoption of fax machines in the 1980s, when the prices dropped down to the sub-$300 range, by 1985 it was very common for one business person to ask another, "Do you have access to a fax machine?" By 1986, it was "do you have a fax machine?" And by 1987, it was simply "What is your fax number?" Ehsventnor (talk) 01:21, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I am old enough to remember the introduction of fax machines in our office, but I do not recall the date exactly. Was in in the early 1980s or the mid 1980s? I recall that IBM had a machine the size (and weight) of a small refrigerator called "Scanmaster" that actually provided the fax functionality. And I recall that the introduction of fax machines is actually an interesting case study for marketing people, as an example of a technology that was available for at least a decade, and only became a commercial success due to some event unknown to me. No, it was not the improving price/performance ratio due to technology development. I heard the story that the sidden rise of fax machiens started in Japan, as a means to transmit Asien script text. But this was neither an argument to wait when basically the technology was there, nor to use this technology in Europe and the US. Could anyone help? Rbakels (talk) 11:56, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The sudden widespread use of faxes was a combination of price/performance and critical mass. Earlier faxes used electro-sensitive paper and were not widely used, and hence expensive.  The introduction of faxes with thermal heads, using rolls of thermal paper, made them considerably cheaper, and it suddenly started to become embarrassing if your business did not have a fax.  (In the same way in a previous generation, a company without a telex machine was not much of a company, especially if they had anything to do with imports and exports).  Once lots of companies started having faxes, both the capital cost and the consumable cost dropped fast.  Subsequently there was a change to plain-paper sheet-fed faxes, and thermal rolls were no longer wanted, but this happened after the fax was already nearly ubiquitous.
 * Gravuritas (talk) 15:59, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Color FAXing?
What's the standard for color FAX transmissions? I have a Brother MFC 5440CN all in one machine that can scan (or send from the computer) color images via FAX if the recieving FAX is also color capable.

Standard for color faxing: see ITU T.30 Annex E, look at 322 pages, look for »colour« in British spelling! You’ll find: – » ITU-T Recommendation T.30 was approved on 13 September 2005 by ITU-T Study Group 16 (2005-2008) under the ITU-T Recommendation A.8 procedure.« Annex E (Procedure for the Group 3 document facsimile transmission of continuous-tone colour images) on page 162 of the PDF-document. Fritz@Joern.De —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fritz Jörn (talk • contribs) 07:38, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm does all seem a bit up in the air as of 2005, doesn't it. Mostly speculative stuff, perhaps over-ambitious also (if I wanted to send a 12-bit, no subsampling, 1200x1200 resolution picture... I'd just attach it to an email, as it'll take about fifteen minutes to send a regular photograph at that resolution and 33.6kbit/s...). Plus my head now hurts.
 * Also if I was, as I suspect, the original question asker, I put 'color' as a deference to the presumed-mainly-USA population on wiki... figures the one time I remember to do that I'm linked back to something with British/International spelling :) 82.46.180.56 (talk) 14:54, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Frequency Activated Xerography?
Looking for an answer... Back in about 1995 a junior co-worker of mine arrogantly informed a senior co-worker that "Fax" is shorthand for "facsimile." The senior co-worker replied that the Fax was invented long ago, 1930s or 1940s, and that FAX was actually an acronym for something like "Frequency Activated Xerography." (I don't remember exactly.) Since then I have heard only references for Fax as a "facsimile." Yesterday when I read some instructions regarding an order, I was reminded of this 1995 conversation, as the instructions pedantically stated, "Please send us the information by Fax, which stands for facsimile, to the following number..." Now I am wondering about the true derivation of the word Fax. Could it really be an acronym? Does anyone have an answer? Maureen47 19:22, 19 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Online Etymology Dictionary has it's first recorded appearance as 1948 as an abbreviation of facsimile. First attested use as a verb from 1979.Number36 03:53, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

What happened to "facsimile"?
Facsimile was used long before fax machines. It was and still is used to reprint books cheaply. --Una Smith (talk) 17:46, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Call me crazy, but isn't that the same thing as a fax? I wonder if maybe you're thinking of a memeograph or ditto machine? --Shubopshadangalang (talk) 19:13, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Okay, I'll bite. You're crazy (just kidding, I'm a nice guy and am not really being confrontational). But I really don't think that the original poster was thinking of just some machine that makes copies. I started a skeleton of an article just to fill the void since so many pages were linking to facsimile and being redirect to the fancy, and almost obsolete, telephone-modem that is the fax machine. It needs some work, but hopefully some experts on the subject will finally take a look and help expand it properly. --Stomme (talk) 08:52, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Pre-FAX machines
I just saw the rapidly spinning drum described in the article on an episode of Adam-12 from late '68; they were using it to transmit fingerprints, and the show was pretty good about accurately representing the LAPD. Does anyone know any more about actual uses of this technology? 66.93.12.46 (talk) 03:18, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

this was an analog "facsimile machine". The term later shortened itself to the now common term "fax" machine. It used an external dial up modem. One called on the phone and inserted hand set into the cradle on modem. The drum spun around, and a needle traversed the page, line by line, and actually burned the surface of the paper to create the image. The more of of a black area on the item sent, the more of an ozone-ish odor at receiving end., even actual smoke. This was not a mimeo or a ditto machine. Those made local copies, no communications involved. The facsimile machine was just the original name for a fax. It did not make a local copy. There was one that at least by 1980 was marketed by EXXON Office Systems. This was used by government offices and was in prevalent use between locations such as car dealerships and banks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.126.224.159 (talk) 11:13, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Couldn't find that standard
I tried to look up the standards for digital fax machines. ITU's site doesn't have any note of T.72 at all. Perhaps the list of related standards needs to be checked. (And I know too little about fax standards to do it myself.) TobiF (talk) 06:02, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

advantages and disadvantages needed to be added —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.71.216.91 (talk) 09:50, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Cover Sheet
I couldn't find any mention of fax cover sheets, and Cover sheet covers an entirely different topic. Mathiastck (talk) 20:29, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Is it really notable enough? It's not something unique to faxes after all ... books, magazines, documents sent by mail all have them, and the email to which DOCs and PDFs are attached to could be viewed as such... 193.63.174.10 (talk) 13:41, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Resolution
I believe the horizontal resolution of a fax or facsimile transmission is 8 lines per millimeter, or 203.2 dots per inch -- not 204 -- and is generally rounded to 203 dpi. User spencerdr 18:05, 16 February 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spencerdr (talk • contribs)

 * Between this and the "1728 pixels" dimension mentioned, what's the truth? 210mm x 8 = 1680 pixels... so there's 48 pixels (or 3mm each side) going begging! Even though the top/bottom of the page seems to have a bit of an unscanned border whether at 100 or 98 lpi. Does the scanning resolution vary per region, btw? (I would expect its fixed in hardware, but possibly european / other A-series using countries have 8 pixels/mil and 98 lpi to suit the narrower/taller pages, and american-standard regions use 200 ppi / 100 lpi to suit both squarer letter-standard paper (giving roughly 1700 x 1150 pixels) and the leftover measuring systems of yesteryear ;) 193.63.174.10 (talk) 13:40, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Obsolete
The article mentions that analogue faxes are obsolete, but perhaps it should mention that faxing is an obsolete process itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.172.210.187 (talk) 20:00, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be fair comment if it were correct, but it's not. I've sent two of them today myself. They didn't catch on well in the home but are still a common business tool where mucking about with scanners, emails, attachments, printing and the subsequent delays and storage issues are just too much when all you're doing is, e.g., sending an urgent purchase order to a supplier who themselves need a legally valid hardcopy for their tax records. Drop the document in the fax, tap in the number, press go, optionally do something else for a couple minutes while it sends, job done. Think about the palaver involved if you're wanting to do similar with emailing it. 193.63.174.10 (talk) 13:01, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Depends on the country. In some countries where Broadband hasn't taken as strong of the foothold (to the home), faxing is indeed still viable in some places.  It might also be worth mentioning that VoIP is causing faxing to be phased out a bit faster since many Voice Over IP providers do not support faxing services. Essentially, the very act of being able to fax over a VoIP phone line is still very hit-or-miss due to a number of variables. (Latency, total speed availability at the premises, equipment age, service provider's equipment, and the like. CaribDigita (talk) 20:13, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Greetings. 13 years down the line, and youngsters that in the US can buy a beer, dont know what this technology is.

This is an obsolete technology. I was a front desk clerk at the time these comments was written, and I had to send attendence reports to a gvt. agency. This system went the way of the 3,5 floppy. 2A01:799:322:B300:F98:C698:3C31:E61A (talk) 19:59, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Article order
An encyclopedic article wouldn't start out talking about the technology - capabilities, resolution, "class", etc. This should really have a brief summary and the history, then be more specific as needed. 205.154.237.150 (talk) 23:27, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

CIFAX
This article omits a discussion of CIFAX (enciphered facsimile). Nageh (talk) 19:26, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

help requested: note on legal status
AIUI a faxed (signed) document carries legal validity much the same as a signed letter, is delivered instantly, and comes with the added advantage of a free delivery receipt. Which is why the daily receipts printout was religiously saved in some companies I dealt with. And since it's carried over voice circuits it's under the same rules that govern voice wire tapping. (There are still countries where those rules are pretty important.) Point is: I don't have good references, but since these are obvious reasons why fax will be around for a while (and why businesses push their VoIP providers to get fax going too) I'd like to request references for various countries. And/or work on the writeup so it can be integrated into the main article. Ask your lawyer if you keep one; they tend to use fax a lot too, especially to talk to courts when deadlines loom. 77.164.22.201 (talk) 19:55, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Phototelegraph
It seems that phototelegraph is an old term fror fax, I've seen it in old ITU-T recommendations, and in an old encyclopedia.37.60.16.36 (talk) 09:43, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Title of the article
Shouldn't we retitle this article "Telefax", which is, after all (as far as I'm aware) the "official" name of the instrument? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maelli (talk • contribs) 12:03, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

What happened to Quip?
When I was a child in the 1970's, a device called "Quip" was heavily advertized on WBBM radio in Chicago. The device was described exactly like a Fax machine. In the eighties when Fax machines became available from other manufacturers, they were marketed as if they were a new technology that hadn't existed before, and when I do a web search for Quip, it seems to have been erased from history. The only mention I can find are in the reader comments (not the main article) on this page. From the comments, it seems that many people that don't create informational web sites also remember this brand of fax machine, and it may possibly have been around as early as the 1960's. One reader comment mentions the smell of the machine, which to me brings mimeograph technology to mind.--Drvanthorp (talk) 17:05, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

Fax confirmation
Is there a universal method to determine if a fax has been delivered? The article mentions handshakes, but a section that explains confirmation would be welcome. Fotoguzzi (talk) 05:42, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

Vague sentence
"In Japan, faxes are still used extensively for cultural reasons."

Does that just mean "because people quite like them"? Is that really a reason? - IMSoP (talk) 22:13, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fax Machines Adoption Figures
Now that telephone Fax is only a topic of historical interest, this article could do with some adoption figures in the European and North American market. At what point did Fax machines become common-place, reach saturation, peak use, and then fall from favour. My guess would be (for most ordinary folk) mid 1970's, it was a pretty exotic piece of equipment (taking over from Telex). Early 1980's started to become more common place. Late 1980's mainstream. 1990's peaked and started decline in mid 2000's. Telephone Faxing is one of those things (like the cathode ray tube) that have passed, forgotten and somewhat unnoticed into recent history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.145.109.73 (talk) 04:01, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Gvt. agencies loves them. This technology is (still) alive due to culture and legal reasons. 2A01:799:322:B300:F98:C698:3C31:E61A (talk) 20:03, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Specific standards/features
Anyone still editing this article? A means to add coherence to the history etc is to include the history of the ITU- the difference between machines that were proprietary and those that had published standards, even if there were licensing fees.

Question today is about Error Correction Mode, which refers to this article. What standards had it and how did it work (in relation to fax data)?71.230.16.111 (talk) 21:53, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

No Mention of Telecopiers?
Did I miss something? What happened to the Telecopiers that used heat to write with a stylus and were on a roll and spun around? To send, you put the paper in a drawer and it wrapped around a cylinder and you put the phone in the cradle. At some point you could just insert a telephone line in and it would work that way. To receive you had heat sensitive paper installed that was on a roll and the stylus would very slowly write what was sent and you ripped it off when it’s was done. They’d always curl. I’m sorry I’m not being technical but those machines were used for so many years in the 1970s and 1980s. I can’t even find proper photos of them on the web. This article should be deemed incomplete without a detailed mention of these and a photo. Pookerella (talk) 05:45, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

Fax
What was the first country to introduce fax 102.87.82.107 (talk) 03:25, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

History > In the 21st Century Section
This section likely needs an update. It states:

because electronic signatures on contracts are not yet recognized by law, while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business. (citation from 2012)

However, the linked article opens with:

This type of signature has the same legal standing as a handwritten signature as long as it adheres to the requirements of the specific regulation under which it was created (e.g., eIDAS in the European Union, NIST-DSS in the USA or ZertES in Switzerland).

At a minimum it should be reduced to "some government entities do not yet..."

-newkai t-c 23:26, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Biology pp3
How to get it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.160.48.61 (talk) 02:14, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fax


text:
International Convention Centre

International Convention Centre or International Convention Center may refer to:

Africa

 * Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Kenya
 * Cape Town International Convention Centre, South Africa
 * Durban International Convention Centre, South Africa

Asia

 * International Convention Center (Jerusalem)
 * International Convention Center Jeju, South Korea
 * Dubai International Convention Centre, UAE
 * Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre
 * Taipei International Convention Center, Taiwan
 * Cebu International Convention Center, Philippines
 * Philippine International Convention Center, Philippines
 * International Convention Centre, Pune, India
 * Hyderabad International Convention Centre, India
 * Rajgir International Convention Centre, Rajgir, India
 * India International Convention & Expo Centre – IICC, Delhi, India
 * King Salman International Convention Center, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Europe

 * International Convention Centre, Birmingham, England
 * International Convention Centre Wales, Newport, Wales
 * Ukrainian House, officially known as the International Convention Center, in Kyiv, Ukraine

North America

 * Georgia International Convention Center, US
 * Kentucky International Convention Center, US

Oceania

 * International Convention Centre Sydney, Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: International Convention Centre


text:
Lewis Grizzard

Lewis McDonald Grizzard Jr. (October 20, 1946 – March 20, 1994) was an American writer and humorist, known for his Southern demeanor and commentary on the American South. Although he spent his early career as a newspaper sports writer and editor, becoming the sports editor of the Atlanta Journal at age 23, he is much better known for his humorous newspaper columns in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. He was also a popular stand-up comedian and lecturer.

Grizzard also published a total of 25 books, including collections of his columns (e.g. Chili Dawgs Always Bark at Night), expanded versions of his stand-up comedy routines (I Haven't Understood Anything Since 1962), and the autobiographical If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground. Although much of his comedy discussed the South and Grizzard's personal and professional lives, it was also a commentary on issues prevalent throughout America, including relationships between men and women (e.g. If Love Were Oil, I'd Be About a Quart Low), politics, and health, especially heart health. Grizzard was also the stepbrother of the Southern humorist Ludlow Porch.

Biography
Grizzard was born in Fort Benning, Georgia. His father, Lewis Grizzard, Sr., was a soldier in the United States Army who served in both World War II and the Korean War, and was a sole survivor of a Chinese attack that wiped out his platoon. Lewis Sr. left his wife Christine, a school teacher, when Lewis Jr. was young, and mother and son moved in with Christine's parents in Moreland, Georgia, where Lewis spent the rest of his childhood. Grizzard recounted his often frustrating relationship with his father in My Daddy Was a Pistol and I'm a Son of a Gun, and blamed his father's difficulties in civilian life on what at the time was called "battle fatigue" and is now called post-traumatic stress disorder, saying, "Daddy came home from his second war" (the Korean War) "a complete mess, the Army did nothing to help him, and he died young." He began his writing early, publishing stories of his Little League team in the nearby Newnan Times-Herald, Newnan, Georgia.

Grizzard attended the University of Georgia in Athens, where he was a member of the Sigma Pi fraternity and Gridiron Secret Society. During his time in Athens, he became an avid Georgia Bulldogs fan. He studied journalism, but he shunned the school newspaper in favor of the independent Athens Daily News. Before graduating with a bachelor's degree in journalism, Grizzard moved on to Atlanta, joining the Atlanta Journal, and becoming the youngest-ever executive sports editor of the Journal at the age of 23. The executive editor of the Journal, Jim Minter, said that had Grizzard stayed there, he would be remembered today as one of the great newspaper editors of the 20th century. His time there included the Marshall University football team tragedy and the Journal's coverage of Hank Aaron's 715th home run.

Grizzard then left to become the executive sports editor at the Chicago Sun-Times. He later recalled this as the most miserable period of his life. His tenure included a controversy involving the removal of several news columns written by Lacy Banks, the Sun-Times' first African-American sports columnist, from the newspaper, which resulted in Banks charging racism against Grizzard and led to Banks's subsequent firing. Although the newspaper, under editor Jim Hoge, supported Grizzard, a federal arbitrator reinstated Banks, and he criticized Grizzard as "racially insensitive". Grizzard, for his part, contended that the arbitrator did not understand the newspaper business, and he pointed out that he had replaced Banks with Thom Greer, a writer who was also African-American. Grizzard felt this invalidated any charge of racism. One Chicago radio announcer who sympathized with Grizzard said that Grizzard had been pronounced "guilty by geography". Grizzard was also divorced for the second time while living in Chicago. Grizzard's career as a newspaper man in Chicago is recalled in If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground.

In 1977, Grizzard returned to Atlanta as a columnist for the sports section of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. After eight months, he switched to writing the humor/life column that eventually made him famous. He published this column about four days per week. At his peak, he was syndicated in 450 newspapers and making regular appearances on television and the stand-up comedy circuit. His popularity in Atlanta was such that the alternative newspaper Creative Loafing, in its annual "Best of Atlanta" poll, included the categories "Best Columnist" and "Best Columnist besides Lewis Grizzard".

Grizzard often drew criticism for his disparaging remarks about gay people and feminists, and his dislike for the New South and reflections on the "Old South" of his youth were frequently misinterpreted. Nevertheless, he was extremely popular in the South, and he had enduring popularity across the nation because of the perceived humor, humanity, patriotism, and "old-fashioned" values that permeated his writing. His frequent bewilderment by sociocultural trends in the 1980s and 1990s struck a chord with many baby boom readers. Grizzard refused to use computers, writing every column or book on a regular typewriter. ("When I write, I like to hear some noise", he wrote.)

In 1988, Grizzard made his acting debut on the sitcom Designing Women, in the episode "Oh Brother", which first aired on 18 January 1988. Grizzard played the role of Clayton Sugarbaker, the half-brother of Julia and Suzanne Sugarbaker. Clayton was a former mental patient aspiring to be a stand-up comedian.

Grizzard had a somewhat troubled life, battling alcoholism, and going through three divorces. He was voted "the Author From Hell" at a publishing convention for his behavior on book tours. He also suffered from a congenital heart defect — a valve problem. In his own words, "There are three little leaflets that control the flow of blood to the heart. I was born with only two of those leaflets. It was just after the Great War, so there may have been a shortage. Either that or my daddy didn't get a good toe-hold." His near-death after his third valve-replacement surgery in 1993 brought in over 50,000 letters from well-wishers. He later attributed his miraculous recovery to the prayers of his fans.

A few days after marrying for the fourth time, Grizzard died of complications of his fourth heart-valve surgery. Prior to his surgery, he was asked if he had any questions; his reply: "I just have one question: When's the next bus to Albuquerque?" As a result of the surgery, Grizzard suffered from brain damage, according to one report, from lack of oxygen to his brain. Had he survived, he would have been quite impaired. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and some of his ashes were scattered at the 50-yard line of the Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia. The typewriter he used to author columns about the Atlanta Braves' 1991 "worst to first" season is on display in the library of the University of Georgia's Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication.

Grizzard never fathered any children, but he did adopt Jordan, the daughter of his fourth wife.

A Lewis Grizzard Museum, featuring personal effects and professional memorabilia such as his typewriter, is now open in Moreland, Georgia. Originally housed in a gas station by a fan, it has been moved to a new, two-story museum complex (the former Moreland Mill).

Published works

 * Kathy Sue Loudermilk, I Love You: A Good Beer Joint Is Hard to Find and Other Facts of Life (1 December 1979) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * Won't You Come Home, Billy Bob Bailey?: An Assortment of Home-Cooked Journalism for People Who Wonder Why Clean Underwear Doesn't Grow on Trees (1 November 1980) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * Glory! Glory! Georgia's 1980 Championship Season: The Inside Story (1981) (Loran Smith with Lewis Grizzard)
 * Don't Sit Under the Grits Tree With Anyone Else but Me (1 November 1981) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * They Tore Out My Heart and Stomped That Sucker Flat (1 October 1982)
 * If Love Were Oil, I'd Be About a Quart Low (1 October 1983)
 * Elvis Is Dead and I Don't Feel So Good Myself (1 October 1984)
 * Shoot Low Boys - They're Riding Shetland Ponies (1 October 1985)
 * My Daddy Was a Pistol and I'm a Son of a Gun (1 October 1986)
 * When My Love Returns From the Ladies Room, Will I Be Too Old To Care? (1 October 1987) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * Don't Bend Over in the Garden, Granny - You Know Them Taters Got Eyes (1 October 1988)
 * Lewis Grizzard on Fear of Flying (1 April 1989)
 * Lewis Grizzard's Advice To The Newly Wed ... & the Newly Divorced (1 April 1989)
 * Chili Dawgs Always Bark At Night (1 September 1989) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * Does a Wild Bear Chip in the Woods? (1 May 1990)
 * If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground (1 October 1990)
 * Don't Forget To Call Your Momma; I Wish I Could Call Mine (1 April 1991)
 * You Can't Put No Boogie Woogie on the King of Rock and Roll (1 October 1991) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * I Haven't Understood Anything Since 1962 and Other Nekkid Truths (1 October 1992)
 * I Took a Lickin' and Kept on Tickin' and Now I Believe in Miracles (1 January 1994)

Posthumous collections

 * The Last Bus To Albuquerque (1 September 1994) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
 * It Wasn't Always Easy But I Sure Had Fun (1 November 1994) (collection of previously published material)
 * Life Is Like a Dogsled Team ... If You're Not the Lead Dog, the Scenery Never Changes — The Wit and Wisdom of Lewis Grizzard (1 May 1995) (collection of previously published material)
 * Grizzardisms: The Wit and Wisdom of Lewis Grizzard (1 June 1995) (collection of previously published material)
 * Southern by the Grace of God — Lewis Grizzard on the South (1 May 1996) (collection of previously published material)

Live comedy albums

 * On the Road With Lewis Grizzard (1985)
 * Live! (From Moreland to Moscow) (1986)
 * Let's Have a Party! With Lewis Grizzard (1987)
 * Addicted to Love (Live) (1989)
 * Don't Believe I'da Told That (1991)
 * The Best of Lewis Grizzard (1994) (collection of previously released material)
 * One Last Time (1994)
 * Alimony: The Bill You Get, for the Thrill You Got (1994)
 * Lewis Grizzard (2001) (collection of previously released material)
 * An Evening with Lewis Grizzard (2001) (DVD)

title: Lewis Grizzard


text:
Højskolen Snoghøj

Højskolen Snoghøj is a folk high school in the town of Snoghøj, Fredericia, Denmark.

title: Højskolen Snoghøj


text:
Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll

Gillespie Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll (c. 1465 – 9 September 1513) was a Scottish nobleman and politician who was killed at the Battle of Flodden.

Biography
Archibald was the eldest son of Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll and Isabel Stewart, daughter of John Stewart and Agnes MacDonald.

He was made Master of the Royal Household of James IV of Scotland on 24 March 1495. After a crisis of law and order in the west of Scotland, Argyll was made governor of Tarbert Castle and Baillie of Knapdale, and this was followed by an appointment as Royal Lieutenant in the former Lordship of the Isles on 22 April 1500. Argyll eventually rose to the position of Lord High Chancellor of Scotland. His "clan" was rivalled only by Clan Gordon.

The Earls of Argyll were hereditary Sheriffs of Lorne and Argyll. However, a draft record of the 1504 Parliament of Scotland records a move to request Argyll to hold his Sherriff Court at Perth, where the King and his council could more easily oversee proceedings, if the Earl was found at fault. The historian Norman Macdougall suggests this clause may have been provoked by Argyll's kinship with Torquil MacLeod and MacLean of Duart. These western chiefs supported the suppressed Lordship of the Isles.

The Earl of Argyll was killed at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, with the king and many others. He is buried at Kilmun Parish Church.

Family
By his wife Elizabeth, a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Agnes MacDonald, had issue:
 * Colin Campbell
 * Archibald Campbell of Skipness (d 1537 escaping from Edinburgh Castle), second husband of Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis
 * Sir John Campbell of Calder (d.1546) ancestor of the Earls Cawdor
 * Donald Campbell the Abbot of Coupar Angus
 * Margaret Campbell, who married John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine
 * Isabel Campbell, married Gilbert Kennedy, 2nd Earl of Cassilis
 * Janet Campbell, married John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl
 * Jean Campbell, married Sir John Lamont of that ilk, son Duncan Lamont
 * Catherine Campbell, married Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief of Duart, secondly to Archibald Campbell of Auchinbreck
 * Marion Campbell, married Sir Robert Menzies of that ilk
 * Elen Campbell, married Sir Gavin Kennedy of Blairquhan
 * Mary Campbell, married James Stewart, 4th Earl of Bute

title: Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll


text:
Spike and Suzy

Spike and Suzy (British title), Willy and Wanda (American title) or Luke and Lucy (in a 2009 film and video game) (Suske en Wiske, Bob et Bobette) is a Belgian comics series created by the comics author Willy Vandersteen.

It was first published in De Nieuwe Standaard in 1945 and soon became popular. Although not in its earlier form, the strip adapted to the Ligne claire style, pioneered by Hergé. This change took place when the strip became serialised in Hergé's Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin from 1948 to 1959.

The books revolve around the adventures of the eponymous Spike and Suzy, two children (pre-adolescent or adolescent depending on the album), along with their friends and family. The stories combine elements of comedy, fantasy, and science fiction, such as talking animals, time travel and ghosts. The strip still runs daily in the Belgian newspaper De Standaard, and new books continue to be published; as of May 2020, 382 albums have been published.

Main characters
The main characters are a group of friends, living familywise though the only blood-relation is Sidonia being an aunt of Suzy. In the first regular comic, Suzy and her aunt Sidonia meet the orphan Spike and unrelated Professor Barabas. In the next album De Sprietatoom, they also meet Ambrose. Later, in De dolle musketiers (book #18, 1953), Jerom (called Jethro in the UK version), the "strongest man in the western hemisphere", was introduced. Apart from Suzy and Aunt Sidonia, none of them are related, and other family is only introduced occasionally to drive a particular story.
 * Spike: originally Suske (Flemish diminutive of François/Franciscus), also known as Willy or Bob (in French), is a young orphan who becomes friends with Suzy and Aunt Sidonia. This happens only in the second album, Het Eiland Amoras from 1946, which would become the first in the regular series. For the first album, the publisher had pushed Vandersteen to go with the name and character "Rikki", but the author soon worked around this and found a way to introduce "Suske", in part because he thought Rikki resembled Tintin too much.
 * Spike has black hair with a small trademark spike. He started out as a hyperactive and headlong fighter, not unlike many a young male adolescent in the "Seefhoek", the Antwerp neighbourhood where Vandersteen grew up. Only in the first album, Spike would get totally out of control when he heard the battle cry "Seefhoek vooruit!" ("Seefhoek Forward!"), replaced by "Antigoon vooruit" in later reprints. But as soon as his outfit evolved from mere duds towards a more tidy red polo shirt and black trousers, he became a well-behaved and obedient boy. He is smart, brave, idealistic and mostly rational, making him an emotional opposite to Suzy. Where she gets in trouble with Sidonia or Ambrose, he acts as go-between to restore peace.

 * Suzy: originally Wiske (Flemish diminutive of Louise/Louisa), also known as Wanda or Bobette (in French), is the young heroine. She first appeared in the very first out-of-series prequel Rikki en Wiske in Chocowakije from 1945, where she has an older brother Rikki, but he disappears after that story to be replaced by Spike.
 * Suzy lives together with him and her aunt Sidonia, and is typically (certainly in the older stories) dressed in a white dress with a red stripe just above the hem, and a red ribbon in her fair hair. In the first stories, she looks like a preschooler of about 6 years old, but soon afterwards she evolves into a young teenager of about 12-13. Vandersteen seems to have modelled her after his oldest daughter Leen, of similar age at the time.
 * She is strong-headed, impulsive, curious and slightly foolish. Aspects of her character that come naturally with a young teenager who enters puberty, and a great plot device since her repeated stubbornness and inobedience is the source of many an adventure. Since her emotions and human shortcomings often overpower her rationality, she is sensitive to paranormal and mystical happenings that are routinely dismissed by the others. Her relationship with Spike (both are considered orphans) is mostly one between siblings, although at times it looks like there are more feelings under the surface, as she can get quite jealous and querulous when Spike gets female attention. Suzy is also a brave girl, especially when it comes to defending her doll Muffin, for whom she shows unconditional motherly love. Despite her difficult character at times, she appears contrite and righteous. She carries her heart in the right place and won't hesitate to battle injustice. Suzy ends most of the albums by winking to the reader from within the very last panel.

 * Muffin, originally Schalulleke, later renamed to Schanulleke (sometimes Schabolleke), also known as Molly or Sawdust, is Suzy's doll. A small female figure, she is inanimate. She has a major role in a few stories when she gets stolen (album 6, "Prinses Zagemeel"), brought to life, or is turned into a mindless giant.
 * Aunt Sidonia, originally called tante Sidonie, later renamed to tante Sidonia, and also once known as Agatha, appears as Suzy's aunt, right from the first album. Sidonia was Vandersteen's way of providing a caring authority figure for Spike and Suzy without introducing actual parents, who would constrain their adventurous tendencies too much.
 * Sidonia is portrayed as a (1950s) housewife (cooking and cleaning, doing the dishes, complaining when Spike and Suzy don’t show proper respect for her household work). Nevertheless she also often joins the heroes on their adventures, and occasionally shows unexpected qualities as pilot of the Gyronef.
 * Long and extremely thin with gigantic feet (routinely referred to as “ferries”), with a large protruding chin and fair hair, she’s hardly blessed with physical beauty. As such, her looks are often the target of offensive remarks, in particular by a less than subtle Ambrose. On the other hand, her thinness enables her to pull off tricks like hiding herself in a split second from the bad guys behind nearby streetlights and telephone poles.
 * Sidonia is also known for her hysterical nervous breakdowns, where she can often no longer utter words while her body ends up as stiff as a wooden plank, and for her (unrequited) crush on Ambrose.

 * Professor Barabas, is a long-time friend of Suzy and Aunt Sidonia, first met in Het Eiland Amoras (An Island called Hoboken). He starts off as a jungle explorer with a topee, but later becomes the archetypical comics professor: glasses, a white laboratory coat, often absent-minded because he is thinking deeply about some scientific question. Although he is not a mad scientist, and entirely benevolent, his inventions regularly cause trouble when they end up in the wrong hands. This happens more than once because of his lack of streetwiseness in dealing with criminals. His main inventions are the Teletime machine (which enables them to travel through time and space), the Gyronef (a helicopter well ahead of its time), the Terranef (a subterranean vehicle), and the Klankentapper, which enables one to talk with plants and inanimate objects. Contrary to most other main characters, he does not appear in all comics.
 * Ambrose, originally called Lambik and once known as Orville, is a bald man (apart from six hairs, three on either side) of about fifty. The original Flemish name was inspired by a Belgian beer Lambic that is brewed in the Belgian region of Pajottenland, where Vandersteen lived for a short time. He is first encountered in album 3, The Zincshrinker, as a rather stupid plumber, although Vandersteen already created the standalone personage the year before (1945) as "Pukkel" ("pimple" in English).
 * In the beginning, Ambrose was presented as a typical working class member: rough and rather simple and uneducated. Prone to alcoholism and other scourges, he also had a somewhat tragic side. This largely came to an end when Vandersteen started to work for Hergé, who didn't like the folksy component. In particular in the period of The Blue Series, Ambrose suddenly becomes sophisticated, bright and brave, even aristocratic (for example he teaches fencing) and is arguably truly the main character of the story in those albums. Later, the personage gets its definitive outfit (black trousers, white starched shirt and a black bow tie) and settles as a middle class part-time father figure for Spike and Suzy, who lives together with Jethro.
 * Ambrose is intended as the comic relief of the series. His baldness and pronounced nose inspire ridicule throughout the whole series. Another running gag is that he brings up his World War I military gear (sandbags, barbed wire, helmet, rifle...) when a situation becomes critical. Generally presumptuous, vain and impulsive, he confronts the reader with his own shortcomings. Typically, he considers himself the main hero, and in particular the "brains", since he can't possibly over trump Jethro when it comes to physical power (and as it frequently turns out, not in the intellectual department either!). His friends then usually play along, just to keep him happy. The relationship between Suzy and Ambrose, one even more stubborn than the other, makes for a great generation conflict that spices up many stories. In the end, Ambrose does have a noble nature, as illustrated by the many occasions that he sacrifices himself for the greater good. But it helps a great deal when he is first assured of recognition...

 * Jethro, originally known as Jerom or Jerommeke and also known as Wilbur, is an extremely strong man, brought from prehistory to the Middle Ages by an alchemist in album 18, The merry musketeers, as a mindless weapon.
 * Although he is introduced into the series as an opponent, he quickly turns around as he falls in love with Muffin and becomes a caring man instead of a wild beast. Initially he is dressed in a loincloth only (with an occasional cravat added in an amusing attempt to appear more civilized) and speaks in grunts and monosyllables. His prehistoric background causes him to observe the modern world and customs with the naivete (and often unimpeded insight) of a child. But soon afterwards he becomes a smart, sophisticated man, although he still speaks in a peculiar shorthand. He lives together with Ambrose, and his level-headedness is used to contrast with the latter’s foolishness.
 * Apart from superhuman strength (used for exploits like squeezing water from rocks in the desert), his special powers include “flashlight eyes” and X-ray vision (at any other time his eyelids remain closed), running faster than sound and stopping bullets with his muscular chest. As such, his character is often used as a deus ex machina solution for the troubles his friends and especially Ambrose get in. But when the scenarists are inspired, he is equally often drugged or away on a trip as to avoid the easy solution for the story.

Other recurring characters

 * Krimson. A principal villain, Krimson was introduced in Het rijmende paard (#48, 1963). He survives a plane-crash and starts over as an international drug kingpin in De sissende sampan (#49, 1963) before serving a prison-sentence. In Amoris van Amoras (#200, 1984) Krimson seems to have changed his ways by becoming a project-developer on Hoboken. This appears to be a passing interest as De Kwaaie Kwieten (#209, 1987) marks his return to form by constructing a top-secret military base capable of fighting extraterrestrials. Growing stronger again, Krimson manages to overthrow the Belgian government (De Krimson Crisis, #215, 1988). For reasons unknown he often suffers from mental breakdowns, throwing fits until his butler force feeds him a large quantity of pills. Despite his name there is no connection between him and the colour crimson, other than that both often have sinister connotations.
 * Arthur is Ambrose's younger brother who grew up in the jungle and gained the ability to fly from the juice of a plant. He is more primitive than his brother, but substantially smarter. He dresses in animal skins and wears a beard, though it is unknown if he, unlike Ambrose, has much hair on his head as he always sports a bowler hat. He spends more time in the air and in trees than on the ground, and therefore has acquired some bird characteristics, such as standing on his hands instead of his feet and chirping while speaking. His favorite food is birdseed. He has appeared in 5 albums so far.
 * Sus Antigoon is an ancestor of Spike, discoverer of Amoras Island and founder of the city Amoras. He died of alcohol abuse and therefore always appears as a ghost with a bottle chained to his leg. Because of his drunkenness, Sus Antigoon often brings the protagonists in danger. He has appeared in 12 albums so far.

Character evolution
Over the course of the series, characters are added and changed, and stories become more didactic. Ambrose and Jethro change significantly: in the beginning, Ambrose was just an amusing fool, but in the Blue Series he appears more sophisticated and heroic, evolving towards a cynical and sceptical man in the current stories. In early stories, Jethro was initially portrayed as an ignorant strong man, who evolved into a sophisticated and quiet man in later works. In most stories Muffin is only a doll, but one very special to Suzy, and they are inseparable. In some stories Muffin comes to life and plays an important role.

Settings
In the earliest stories, Willy Vandersteen used fictional countries like "Chokowakije" ("Chocolaslovakia") and "Amoras" (a tropical island, "Hoboken", actually a real town in Belgium, in the English-language version). He dropped the use of those after a few stories, although some later stories revisit Amoras.

Most of the current adventures of Spike and Suzy happen in real countries all over the world, with Belgium (their home country) as main focus for many stories.

While in the early stories large distances were usually traveled using the fictitious Gyronef, an experimental helicopter devised by professor Barabas, starting from the 1960s all air travel is provided by the Dutch national airline KLM, making it an early and prominent example of product placement in European comics. Vandersteen chose KLM over the Belgian national airline SABENA because of his friendship with Ron Winderink, PR manager at KLM.

Publication history
Willy Vandersteen created Suske en Wiske, beginning publication in De Nieuwe Standaard on 30 March 1945. To Vandersteen's disappointment the editor had renamed the strip's first chapter Rikki en Wiske. The following story was titled De avonturen van Suske en Wiske - Op het eiland Amoras and no longer featured Rikki. After a few years of publication in several newspapers, Vandersteen was approached by Hergé, intent to improve sales of the Dutch-language version of Tintin magazine (Kuifje), who wanted Suske and Wiske for his publications redrawn in the Ligne claire style. Vandersteen made the adaptation and Suske en Wiske first appeared in Kuifje and Belgian Tintin on 16 September 1948 with the story titled Het Spaanse spook and Le Fantôme Espagnol in the two languages. All 8 stories that were run until it ended in April 1959 made up the material collected in The Blue Series.

Vandersteen established Studio Vandersteen in 1952 to manage his expanded activities. To have time for other series such as De Rode Ridder (The Red Knight) and Tijl Uilenspiegel, he gave Paul Geerts the job of creating new albums of Suske en Wiske in 1968. Geerts did this until 2001, when he gave this task to Marc Verhaegen. From 2005 on, a team of writers and cartoonists makes the new series, led by Luc Morjeau. These authors are helped by Studio Vandersteen.

On December 17, 2022, after 77 years, De Standaard newspaper ended daily publication of Suske en Wiske, following a cost-benefit decision.

Newspapers and magazines
Before Suske en Wiske appeared as albums, they were published in several newspapers and magazines, such as:
 * De Standaard (1945–2022) daily newspaper
 * Tintin magazine and Kuifje magazine (1948–1959) Éditions du Lombard's French and Dutch sister publications
 * TV Ekspres (1972–2001) weekly TV magazine
 * Suske en Wiske Weekblad (1993–2003) weekly comics magazine

Red Series and Blue Series
The books are generally divided into two groups - Red Series and Blue series. The Red Series contains the vast majority of the books, and is so called because all of the books in this series have a red coloured cover. There are only a few books in the blue series, and they are so called because of their blue cover. The blue series encompasses all those originally published in Tintin and Kuifje. The Red series is everything published before or after. The following album series exist:
 * 1.The Red Series
 * 1) The Flemish non-coloured series (1946–1959): 1-35
 * 2) The French non-coloured series
 * 3) The non-coloured series in Dutch for the Netherlands (1953–1959): 1-23
 * 4) The Flemish two-coloured series (1959–1964): 7,19,20,32-50
 * 5) The French two-coloured series
 * 6) The Dutch two-coloured series (1959–1964): 1,8,10,11,21-50
 * 7) The "uniform" Flemish(-Belgian) - Dutch (two-coloured) series (1964–1966): 51-66 (under flamingantistic influence)
 * 8) The four-coloured series (1967-...): 67-... ; the first 66 albums and the blue series have been re-edited in this series.
 * 2.The Blue Series (1952–1957)

Special editions
Other stories or editions have been published, such as:
 * 1) The collector's editions (1958-...)
 * 2) Advertisement editions (1965-...)
 * 3) Various collections (1972-...)
 * 4) Holiday editions (1973-...)
 * 5) Luxury editions (1977-...)
 * 6) Suske en Wiske Classics (1993–1999)

Albums in English
English translations have been published in three incarnations. The first was in the U.S., under the name of Willy and Wanda. It was then published in the UK in the 1990s named Bob and Bobette, a copy of the Belgian title in French. The final print run was in the UK by the title Spike and Suzy.

Spin-off series
There have been various spin-off comic series from Spike and Suzy:

 * In 1960, Jerom began publication. It featured the character Jerom (Jethro) and focused on his adventures as a modern-day knight.
 * In the 1950s, Lambik (Ambrose), ran in the newspaper De Bond. These were then put into the albums called De Grappen van Lambik ("The jokes of Ambrose"). The series was ended in 1962, but in 2004, it resumed with new stories. Seven books in the new series have been released.
 * In 2002, Klein Suske en Wiske ("Young Spike and Suzy") ran in the magazine Suske en Wiske Weekblad. It charts the adventures of the children when they were very small, along with their pet dog. So far nine albums have been released, containing short sketches.
 * In May 2013, the first edition of Amoras was released, a spin-off, more adult-oriented series, with a more manga-like type of drawing and with more violence and strong language. In the series, Spike and Suzy are 'flashed' by accident to the year 2047 and find themselves on the isle of Amoras (where they were in the first Belgian album). Charel Cambré came up with the original idea and drew the art, the scenario was written by Marc Legendre. The first issue, called Wiske, received a lot of positive response and media coverage. The sixth and last in the spin-off series was published on 4 November 2015.
 * Although Standaard uitgeverij was adamant that this was a one time only, news of a new series within the same spin-off universe reached the fans in March 2016. In 'De Kronieken van Amoras' the reader gets more background info on the events leading to the story in Amoras' and about the different characters. In March 2017, De zaak Krimson was released and there are two more publications planned within this series.

Adaptations

Suske en Wiske has reached such a popularity in the Dutch-speaking world that various media adaptations have been made.

Theatrical adaptations
In 1949, Dutch puppeteer Karel Weyler of the Flemish puppet theater Pats' Poppenspel adapted some Suske en Wiske series as puppet plays. Willy Vandersteen enjoyed these versions and gave him permission to make more. The music was composed by Armand Preud'homme and the dialogues were written by Jef Contrijn, whose wife, Germaine Gijsels also designed the costumes. Vandersteen returned the favor by helping to design the backgrounds and referencing "Pats Poppenspel" in the Suske en Wiske stories "De Mottenvanger" ("The Moth Catcher"), "De Circusbaron" ("The Circus Baron"), "Het Hondenparadijs" ("The Dog Paradise"), "De Wilde Weldoener" ("The Wild Humanitarian") and "De Poppenpakker" ("The Puppet Catcher"). Between 1974 and 1977, Vandersteen also made a comics series about "Pats" until copyright issues forced him to change the title into "Tits".

In 1994, the Royal Youth Theatre of Antwerp made a theatrical musical called "De Stralende Sterren". It ran for several years and was both a success in Flanders as well as the Netherlands.

In July 2002, a new musical premiered, based on the album "De Spokenjagers" ("The Ghost Hunters"), again touring with huge success in Flanders and the Netherlands.

In 2008, the album "De Circusbaron" ("The Circus Baron") was adapted into a theatrical musical, which toured in Belgium and the Netherlands.

TV adaptations
In 1955, the Pats Poppenspel puppet shows were broadcast on Flemish television. This was the first attempt to bring the comics to television. A limited animation series was made the same decade.

Far more successful was the 1975-1976 puppet series. The Belgian TV network BRT produced a TV puppet series consisting of six original stories told by Lambik, all of them broadcast as five-minute episodes, which were each 22 minutes in length. These stories ("De Minilotten van Kokonera", "De Gouden Locomotief", "De Zingende Kaars", "De Windbrekers", "De Regenboogprinses" and "Het Laatste Dwaallicht") were later adapted into comic book albums. The puppets were made by Creatuur in collaboration with André Henderickx. Vandersteen's studio created the backgrounds and props. The series was a tremendous success in the Netherlands and largely responsible for the comics' ultimate breakthrough there. Re-runs were broadcast in 1985 and 1990.

In the early 1990s, an animated TV series was made by Atelier5, broadcast on VTM. Each episode was based on original Suske en Wiske stories, with Han Peekel as narrating voice-over. They were also made available on video.

Film adaptations
In 2004, the album "De Duistere Diamant" ("The Dark Diamond") was adapted to the silver screen by Rudi Van den Bossche as the live-action film De duistere diamant.

A CGI animated film called Luke and Lucy: The Texas Rangers was released in July 2009. Produced by Skyline Entertainment, it was planned to be the first of a series of 13 films.

Video game adaptations
In 2001, Infogrames released Suske en Wiske: De Tijdtemmers for the Game Boy Color. It was only released in Europe.

On 19 July 2009, a video game was released for the Nintendo DS, based on the 3-D animated movie Luke and Lucy: The Texas Rangers.

In popular culture
Suske and Wiske have their own statue in the Antwerp Zoo in Antwerp. It was sculpted by René Rosseel in 1978. Suske, Wiske, Lambik and Jerom also have statues in Middelkerke, sculpted by Monique Mol in respectively 2002, 2005 and 2013

In the Belgian Comic Strip Center in Brussels the permanent exhibition brings homage to the pioneers of Belgian comics, among them Willy Vandersteen. In the room dedicated to his work a replica of Professor Barabas' teletijdmachine ("tele time machine") can be seen.

On 15 June 1995, an illustrated wall was dedicated to the series in the Rue de Laeken/Lakensestraat in Brussels. Suske and Wiske are also part of an illustrated wall in the Korte Ridderstraat 8 in Antwerp, which was revealed on 13 May 2006. On 24 April 2009, a similar wall was revealed in Kalmthout.

The character Lambik inspired the name of the Dutch comic book store Lambiek in Amsterdam. The misspelling of the name is due to the fact that the early Dutch publications of "Suske en Wiske" called him "Lambiek". The emblem on the store's sign is an image from the Suske en Wiske story "Prinses Zagemeel" ("Princess Sawdust") (1947–1948) and represents Lambik's metamorphosis into a centaur.

title: Spike and Suzy


text:
Talk:Pronic number

n squared plus n
How about

 * {| style="text-align: center"

Hyacinth (talk) 22:08, 30 April 2016 (UTC)
 * - valign="bottom"
 * style="padding: 0 1em"|[[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]]
 * style="padding: 0 1em"|[[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]]
 * style="padding: 0 1em"|[[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]]
 * style="padding: 0 1em"|[[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:GrayDot.svg|16px|*]] [[Image:WhiteDot.svg|16px|*]]
 * 12+1||22+2||32+3||42+4
 * }
 * }
 * What do you think this adds relative to the existing image? —David Eppstein (talk) 22:17, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Merge with triangular numbers: they are just their doubles.
Nth pronic number is just the nth triangular number times 2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Santropedro (talk • contribs)
 * It's also the nth square number plus its square root. Should we merge with square numbers then, too? —David Eppstein (talk) 06:56, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Vacuous statement
I removed this bit: If $n$ is a pronic number, then the following is true:
 * $$ \lfloor{\sqrt{n}}\rfloor \cdot \lceil{\sqrt{n}}\rceil = n $$

If x = a x b, then root(x) is equal to a or b if they are equal, and somewhere between a and b if they are different. So obviously if a and b differ by 1, the root is somewhere between then, and rounding the root down gives one, rounding it up gives the other. Imaginatorium (talk) 19:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * It's an easy-to-prove statement, based on the argument you give, but it's not vacuous. It describes a property that is not true of most other numbers (although it is of course also true of the squares). —David Eppstein (talk) 20:23, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Cuisenaire rods
Are the illustrations with Cuisenaire rods actually helpful to some users in demonstrating or explaining various properties? (For me, they are more befuddling than anything else.) IMO, if we use images, a better use is the illustration of two equal triangular configurations combining to form an $n$ by $n+1$ rectangular configuration. --Lambiam 14:28, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, both that Hyacinth's Cuisenaire images are confusing and that the two-triangle image is a better choice. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:05, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅Rods are out, balls it is. --Lambiam 13:11, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pronic number


text:
Star Carr

Star Carr is a Mesolithic archaeological site in North Yorkshire, England. It is around five miles (5 mi) south of Scarborough. It is generally regarded as the most important and informative Mesolithic site in Great Britain. It is as important to the Mesolithic period as Stonehenge is to the Neolithic period or Scandinavian York is to understanding Viking Age Britain.

The site was occupied during the early Mesolithic archaeological period, which coincided with the preboreal and boreal climatic periods. Though the ice age had ended and temperatures were close to modern averages, sea levels had not yet risen sufficiently to separate Britain from continental Europe. Highlights among the finds include Britain's oldest structure, 21 red deer stag skull-caps that may have been headdresses and nearly 200 projectile, or harpoon, points made of red deer antler. These organic materials were preserved due to having been buried in waterlogged peat. Normally all that remains on Mesolithic sites are stone tools.

Excavation of the site began in 1948, a year after artefacts were first noticed by John Moore, an amateur archaeologist. The site is most famous for some of the extremely rare artefacts discovered during the original excavations but its importance has been reinforced by new understandings of the nature and extent of the Mesolithic archaeology in the area and reinterpretations of the original material.

Geology
Star Carr now lies under farmland at the eastern end of the Vale of Pickering. During the Mesolithic the site was near the outflow at the western end of a palaeolake, known as Lake Flixton. At the end of the last ice age a combination of glacial and post-glacial geomorphology caused the area to drain to the west (away from the shortest-distance to the North Sea at Filey). The basin filled by Lake Flixton was probably created by glacial 'scarring'.

The site is preserved due to Lake Flixton having been in-filled with peat during the course of the Mesolithic. Waterlogged peat prevents organic finds from oxidising and has led to some of the best preservation conditions possible (such conditions have preserved the famous bog bodies found in other parts of northern Europe). As a result of such good conditions archaeologists were able to recover bone, antler and wood in addition to the flints that are normally all that is left on sites from this period.

During the period of Mesolithic occupation the area surrounding the lake would have been a mixed forest of birch, aspen and willow. The lake edge and shallows would have been full of reeds, water lily and other aquatic plants and lake levels would have changed dynamically in response to rainfall or snow-melt.

These and many other plants would have formed the base of a complex food web. The mammals that we have evidence for include herbivores such as beaver, red deer, roe deer, elk, aurochs, wild boar, hare and carnivores such as wolf, lynx, bear, fox, pine marten, badger and hedgehog.

Settlement and artefacts

Current radiocarbon dates from the site indicate occupation first commenced between 9335 and 9275 BC, lasting for a period of around 800 years until 8525–8440 BC. However, such occupations may have been episodic in nature, varying in intensity between different periods.

A human-made structure approximately 3.5 m wide was present: a hut or substantial shelter. This is known from excavated post holes, a sunken area and concentrations of flints, burning and other artefacts. The posts were almost certainly made of wood and roughly 20 cm in diameter. There may have been as many as 18 of them and the holes indicated that several may have been replaced over the course of the structure's use. It is impossible to know the form or materials from which the walls and/or roof would have been made. They may have used hides, thatch, turf or bark on a conical (teepee-like) or rounded (wigwam-like) frame. There is no reason to suppose that the same materials and form would have been used for the structure's entire life-span. There was evidence that the floor was covered with a layer of moss, reeds and other soft plant materials 20 cm–30 cm deep. Radiocarbon dates indicated a use-life of between 200 and 500 years. The structure has been compared to the Mesolithic structure found at Howick, Northumberland and British Iron Age roundhouses.

A large wooden platform has been discovered nearby on the shore of the former lake – the earliest known example of carpentry in Europe, though its purpose is as yet unknown. Timbers of Aspen and Willow were split along the grain using wedges (probably made of wood and antler); these were then laid in the boggy areas at the lake shore, presumably to provide firm footing. The extent of the wooden platform is not known but it may be a significantly larger and more complex undertaking than the house-like structure.

Along with the flints that are characteristic of Mesolithic sites, there were a large number of objects made of red deer and elk antler, elk bone, aurochs bone and one piece of bird bone. Rarer objects included worked amber, shale, haematite, iron pyrites, a decorated pendant, thought to be the oldest known Mesolithic art in Britain and tightly-rolled pieces of birch-bark and pieces of birch-resin pitch or tar and worked wood. The flint found at Star Carr came from nearby beaches, which at time of occupation would have been about 10 to 20 km distant, and also from the Yorkshire Wolds immediately to the south of the site.

The two most outstanding categories of finds are the 'barbed points' and 'antler frontlets'. The barbed points are made of the antler of red deer stags. They are between 8 cm and 38 cm in length and the 195 examples found at Star Carr account for more than 95% of the total number from the British Mesolithic. Many of the barbed points and antler frontlets appear to be deliberately broken. The antler frontlets are made from red deer stag (male) skulls with the antlers still attached. The 21 antler frontlets are sufficiently complete to see how they have been manufactured: two holes were perforated through the skull with a flint tool and the inside of the skull cap was smoothed. The antlers on each frontlet have been carefully trimmed, perhaps to reduce weight. It seems very likely that these modifications are designed to allow the frontlets to be used as headgear. Finds from the site are now divided between four institutions: The British Museum, the Yorkshire Museum in York, the University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge and the Scarborough Museum.

Discovery and initial excavations
Star Carr was discovered in 1947 when John Moore, an amateur archaeologist, noticed flints in the exposed soil of several recently dredged ditches in the eastern Vale of Pickering. One of these sites, bordering on the New Hertford River was to the south of Star Carr Farm. Moore decided to excavate a small trench at Star Carr in 1948 as part of a series of investigations. On the discovery of intact organic remains Moore contacted Professor Grahame Clark of the University of Cambridge via Harry Godwin and the curator of the Scarborough Museum, Arthur Roy Clapham.

Clark began his investigation with the explicit aim of building a more detailed picture of the Mesolithic environment and the ways in which people used it. The organic preservation enabled the recovery of the plant and animal remains necessary for this. Clark excavated from 1949 to 1951. Clark's 1954 publication of these excavations is a seminal text in the study of the British Mesolithic and prehistory generally.

Clark believed he had uncovered the entirety of the site and believed Star Carr could be used as a type-site for the British Mesolithic. He drew parallels between the finds at Star Carr and the site of Maglemose in Denmark. It is now recognised that many of Clark's inferences were incorrect but the excavation remains one of the most important in the study of British prehistory ever undertaken.

Further investigations: The Lake Flixton Landscape
In 1977 archaeologists excavated Iron Age, Bronze Age and Mesolithic material from Seamer Carr, just to the north of Star Carr. These excavations were conducted in advance of the Seamer Carr landfill site. The discovery of Mesolithic material led to a new series of investigations around Lake Flixton directed by Tim Schadla-Hall (currently University College London). This team returned to Star Carr in 1985 and 1989.

This project investigated the archaeology and ecology of the wider landscape around Lake Flixton and found several more Mesolithic sites but none with as many of the unusual artefacts (such as barbed points and antler frontlets) discovered at Star Carr.

Post-2000 investigations

In the 2000s new excavations began at Star Carr. This reinvestigation is being directed by Nicky Milner (University of York), Chantal Conneller (University of Manchester) and Barry Taylor (University of Chester). This ongoing project has reinvestigated Clark's excavations and also excavated the dry-land, discovering the structure.

Most significantly, recent geochemical investigations have demonstrated that the preservation conditions have deteriorated. The result of this is that any remaining organic artefacts will be far less informative than those discovered by previous excavation projects. Though the reasons for this remain somewhat unclear, it appears that the acidity of the groundwater has massively increased in the last few years.

A decorated pendant (the Star Carr Pendant), thought to be the oldest known Mesolithic art in Britain, was found at the site in 2015. The 11,000 year old object has been on display at the Yorkshire Museum with other finds from the site since 2016.

Interpretive debates
Clark, the original excavator, believed the Mesolithic people would have lived on a brushwood platform on the edge of the former Lake Flixton. Recent excavations have revealed that people lived on the dry land upslope of the lake and various activities were carried out at the lake edge.

There is much debate about the time of year the site was occupied. Mesolithic people hunted a number of animals including red and roe deer, elk, aurochs and wild boar but there are various seasonal assessments and as the site was occupied over several hundred years it is likely that seasonal practices varied over time.

It has been suggested that the antler frontlets were used as a hunting disguise, or in some form of ritual practice. Recent work suggests that these, along with other objects made from red deer antler, appear to have been respectfully deposited at the lake edge due to the spiritual significance of red deer to the people who occupied the site.

Anthony Legge and Peter Rowley-Conway re-examined the animal bones located at the site. They found strong evidence to suggest that the site was used only in late spring and summer; evidence that the cull of red and roe deer was biased towards three- and one-year-old animals respectively; revision of available meat; reduction in scale of occupation; no bias towards hunting of male red deer, and tentatively suggested that the site was used as a hunting camp.

title: Star Carr


text:
List of loughs of Ireland

This is an alphabetical list of loughs (lakes) on the island of Ireland. It also shows a table of the largest loughs. The word lough is pronounced like loch and comes from the Irish loch, meaning lake.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are an estimated 12,000 lakes in the Republic of Ireland, covering an area of more than 1,200 square kilometres. The largest lough, by area, in Ireland is Lough Neagh. Lough Corrib is the second largest, and is the largest in the Republic. The largest lough, by water volume, is Lough Neagh, with Lough Mask being the largest in the Republic.

The list below contains only those loughs that are of geographic, geological, or historical importance and almost all of them are over a square kilometre in area. It includes loughs that are in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Those partly or wholly within Northern Ireland are marked with an asterisk (*).

Largest Irish lakes
The largest freshwater loughs in Ireland are:

Muckross Lake (the middle lake of the Killarney lakes) is the deepest Irish lake, with a maximum depth of 75 metres.

(Volume = Area * Mean Depth)

Freshwater lakes

Lakes with the county/counties where they are situated and their area in square kilometres. Most of the Republic of Ireland lake areas are taken from the Environmental Protection Agency's A Reference based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes (pp. 10–13)

Brackish loughs
An example of a brackish lagoon is Lady's Island Lake, County Wexford

Turloughs

 * Loughareema, County Antrim*
 * Glenamaddy Turlough, County Galway
 * Rahasane Turlough, County Galway
 * Shannon Pot, County Cavan

Reservoirs

 * Poulaphouca Reservoir, County Wicklow
 * Silent Valley Reservoir, County Down*
 * Spelga Reservoir, County Down*
 * Vartry Reservoir, County Wicklow

Sea loughs

 * Belfast Lough, between County Antrim and County Down*
 * Strangford Lough, County Down*
 * Lough Foyle, between County Donegal and County Londonderry*
 * Galway Bay, County Galway
 * Lough Hyne, County Cork
 * Larne Lough, County Antrim*
 * Lough Mahon, County Cork
 * Shannon Estuary, Munster
 * Tralee Bay, County Kerry
 * Waterford Harbour, County Waterford
 * Wexford Harbour, County Wexford

Fjords

 * Carlingford Lough, between County Louth and County Down*
 * Lough Swilly, County Donegal
 * Killary Harbour, between County Mayo & County Galway

title: List of loughs of Ireland