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Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom

The parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom are committees of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Each consists of a small number of Members of Parliament from the House of Commons, or peers from the House of Lords, or a mix of both, appointed to deal with particular areas or issues; most are made up of members of the Commons. The majority of parliamentary committees are select committees. The remit of these committees vary depending on whether they are committees of the House of Commons or the House of Lords.

Select committees

Select committees in the Commons are designed to oversee the work of departments and agencies, examine topical issues affecting the country or individual regions or nations, and review and advise on the procedures, workings and rules of the House.

 * Departmental select committees are designed to oversee and examine the work of individual government departments and any related departmental bodies and agencies.
 * Topical select committees examine topical issues of importance.
 * Internal select committees have responsibility with respect to the day-to-day running of Parliament.

General committees

 * Public bill committees (formerly known as Standing Committees on Bills)
 * Delegated Legislation Committees
 * European Committees
 * Northern Ireland Grand Committee
 * Regional Affairs Committee
 * Scottish Grand Committee
 * Welsh Grand Committee

Others

 * Advisory Committee on Works of Art
 * House of Commons Commission
 * Administration Estimate Audit Committee
 * Members Estimate Committee
 * Members Estimate Audit Committee
 * Public Accounts Commission
 * Speaker's Committee on the Electoral Commission
 * Speaker's Committee for the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority

House of Lords
The House of Lords appoint Sessional select committees to examine and explore general issues such as the constitution or the economy; the European Union Committee scrutinises EU action via its sub-committees; each session Special Inquiry committees are appointed to examine specific issues.

Topical

 * Communications and Digital Committee
 * Constitution Committee
 * International Agreements Committee
 * International Relations and Defence Committee
 * Science and Technology Committee
 * Economic Affairs Committee
 * Finance Bill Sub-Committee
 * European Affairs Committee
 * Windsor Framework Sub-Committee

Special Inquiry (2019–21 Session)

 * Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 Select Committee
 * Food, Poverty, Health & the Environment Select Committee
 * Social and Economic Impact of Gambling Select Committee
 * Democracy & Digital Technologies Select Committee

Legislative

 * Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Select Committee (DPRRC)
 * Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee (SLSC)
 * Hybrid Instruments Committee

Internal

 * House of Lords Commission
 * Finance Committee
 * Liaison Committee
 * Conduct Committee
 * Procedure and Privileges Committee
 * Committee of Selection

Domestic

 * Services Committee

Joint house committees
Joint Committees are committees formed to examine a particular issue, whose membership is from both the Commons and the Lords.
 * Joint Committee on Consolidation Bills
 * Ecclesiastical Committee
 * Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy
 * Joint Committee on Human Rights
 * Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
 * Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments
 * Joint Committee on Tax Law Rewrite Bills
 * Joint Committee on the Palace of Westminster

Former committees
Occasionally, committees will be discharged. This occurs when existing committees are no longer required or have their responsibilities transferred to a different committee, effectively rendering the original committee void. It is more common, however, for committees to be discharged as a result of the abolition of government departments, for example the abolition of the Department of Education and Skills in June 2007 resulted in the abolition of the Education and Skills Select Committee shortly afterwards.

Departmental

 * Agriculture Select Committee - dissolved in 2001, and replaced by the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee following the replacement of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
 * Business and Enterprise Select Committee - dissolved 30 September 2009, and replaced by the Business, Innovation and Skills Select Committee following the replacement of the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
 * Constitutional Affairs Select Committee - dissolved 25 July 2007, and replaced by the Justice Select Committee following the replacement of the Department for Constitutional Affairs with the Ministry of Justice.
 * Education and Employment Select Committee - split in 2001 into the Education and Skills Select Committee and the Work and Pensions Select Committee following the splitting of the Department for Education and Employment into two distinct departments.
 * Education and Skills Select Committee - dissolved 25 July 2007, and replaced with the Children, Schools and Families Select Committee and the Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Select Committee following the replacement of the Department of Education and Skills with the Department for Children, Schools and Families and the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills.
 * Energy and Climate Change Select Committee - abolished after the Department for Energy and Climate Change was merged into the new Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in July 2016.
 * Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee - abolished in 2001, with the environment portion of the committee's remit being transferred to the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee and the remainder being transferred to the new Transport, Local Government and the Regions Select Committee following changes to several government departments following the 2001 general election.
 * Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Select Committee - dissolved 30 September 2009 following the abolition of the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. Technically replaced by the Science and Technology Select Committee.
 * Lord Chancellor's Department Committee – abolished in 2003 following the merging of the Lord Chancellor's Department into the Department for Constitutional Affairs
 * Committee on the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister – abolished in 2006 and replaced with the Communities and Local Government Select Committee following the abolition of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, which was replaced by the Department for Communities and Local Government
 * Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee – created in 2010 to scrutinise the work of Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister, who had responsibility for political and constitutional reform in the coalition government. On 3 June 2015 it was merged with the Public Administration Select Committee to form the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee.
 * Public Administration Select Committee – merged with the Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee on 3 June 2015 to form the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee.
 * Science and Technology Committee – abolished in 2007 following the creation of the Innovation, Universities, Science and Skills Select Committee
 * Social Security Select Committee – abolished in 2001 and replaced with the Work and Pensions Select Committee following the replacement of the Department of Social Security with the Department for Work and Pensions
 * Trade and Industry Select Committee - dissolved 25 July 2007, and replaced with the Business and Enterprise Select Committee following the replacement of the Department of Trade and Industry with the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.
 * Transport, Local Government and the Regions Select Committee – abolished after less than one year and replaced by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select Committee and the Transport Select Committee

Domestic
All five domestic committees were abolished in 2005 and replaced by a single committee – the Administration Committee.
 * Accommodation and Works Committee
 * Administration Committee
 * Broadcasting Committee
 * Catering Committee
 * Information Committee

Internal

 * Select Committee on the Modernisation of the House of Commons (examined how Commons practices and procedures could be modernised)

Legislative

 * Legislative grand committees

Regional
The House of Commons set up eight regional select committees in November 2008, whose members were first appointed on 3 March 2009. The committees were formed of five Labour members, as opposed to the nine members from various parties as was agreed in the original motion, due to the refusal of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats to nominate any members as a sign of their opposition to setting up the committees. The resolution that formed the committees expired at the end of the 2005/10 Parliament. The succeeding coalition government of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats chose not to renew it.
 * East of England Regional Select Committee
 * East Midlands Regional Select Committee
 * North East Regional Select Committee
 * North West Regional Select Committee
 * South East Regional Select Committee
 * South West Regional Select Committee
 * West Midlands Regional Select Committee
 * Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee

Topical

 * European Union Committee
 * Environment Sub-Committee
 * Goods Sub-Committee
 * Security & Justice Sub-Committee
 * Services Sub-Committee

Internal

 * House Committee (replaced by House of Lords Commission)
 * Privileges and Conduct Committee (split into Conduct Committee and Procedure and Privileges Committee)

Domestic

 * Administration and Works Committee (replaced by Services Committee)
 * Information Committee (replaced by Services Committee)
 * Refreshment Committee (replaced by Services Committee)
 * House of Lords Offices Committee

Joint

 * Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform
 * Joint Committee of Tax Simplification


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Operation Pluto

Operation Pluto (Pipeline Under the Ocean or Pipeline Underwater Transportation of Oil, also written Operation PLUTO) was an operation by British engineers, oil companies and the British Armed Forces to build submarine oil pipelines under the English Channel to support Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy during the Second World War.

The British War Office estimated that petrol, oil, and lubricants would account for more than 60 per cent of the weight of supplies required by the expeditionary forces. Pipelines would reduce the need for coastal tankers, which could be hindered by bad weather, were subject to air attack, and needed to be offloaded into vulnerable storage tanks ashore. A new kind of pipeline was required that could be rapidly deployed. Two types were developed, named "Hais" and "Hamel" after their inventors. Two pipeline systems were laid, each connected by camouflaged pumping stations to the Avonmouth-Thames pipeline.

The first was the not-very-successful "Bambi" project, which connected Sandown on the Isle of Wight to Cherbourg in Normandy. Deployment of Bambi began on 12 August 1944, and it delivered just 3,300 LT between 22 September, when the first pipeline became operational, and 4 October, when it was terminated. More successful was "Dumbo", which ran from Dungeness on the Kent coast to Boulogne in Pas-de-Calais. The Dumbo system began pumping on 26 October, expanded to 17 pipelines by December, and remained in action until 7 August 1945. Ultimately, the pipelines carried about 8 per cent of all petroleum products sent from the United Kingdom to the Allied Expeditionary Force in North West Europe, including some 180 e6impgal of petrol.

Background
In early April 1942, the Chief of Combined Operations, Vice-Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, approached the Secretary for Petroleum, Geoffrey Lloyd, and asked if an oil pipeline could be laid across the English Channel. Mountbatten was tasked with planning the Allied invasion of German-occupied Europe, and had concerns about the supply of petroleum products, since it was considered unlikely that a port with oil reception facilities could be quickly secured. The British War Office estimated that 60 per cent or more by weight of the supplies of the expeditionary forces would consist of petrol, oil and lubricants (POL). In the initial stages of the assault, packaged fuel would be supplied in 20 L jerricans and 44 impgal drums. To supply the twenty million jerricans required, an entire American manufacturing plant was shipped to the London area, where it was operated by the Magnatex firm under the supervision of the Ministry of Supply. By 1944, a stockpile of 250,000 LT of packaged petrol and diesel fuel had been accumulated in the UK.

After the first few days of the invasion, it was hoped that petroleum could be supplied in bulk. Pipelines were not the sole or even the principal means by which Combined Operations was contemplating supplying bulk petroleum; it intended to rely primarily on small shallow-draught coastal tankers, of which thirty were under construction. American 600 DWton "Y" tankers began arriving in the UK in the spring of 1944. In 1943, the British also initiated a programme to construct 400 DWton Channel tankers (Chants), but only 37 were completed by May 1944. It was hoped that petroleum products might also be supplied by ocean-going T2 tankers lying offshore through ship-to-shore pipelines. The project to develop these pipelines was codenamed Operation Tombola, and the pipelines themselves became known as Tombolas. The submarine pipeline had sufficient advantages to make it worthwhile to explore as a backup means of supply. Submarine pipelines were less susceptible to enemy air attack and the frequently stormy English Channel weather, and their use would reduce the forces' dependency on vulnerable storage tanks ashore.

Lloyd consulted his expert advisors: Brigadier Sir Donald Banks, the director-general of the Petroleum Warfare Department; Sir Arthur Charles Hearn, a former director of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the oil advisor to the Fourth Sea Lord; and George Martin Lees, an eminent geologist. At the time, submarine pipelines were in use in ports and over short distances, but no pipeline had ever been laid across such a great distance or under the currents and tidal conditions found in the English Channel. Moreover, to minimise interference by the enemy and the effect of the tides, the entire pipeline would have to be laid in a single night. They regarded the proposal as infeasible using any known method of construction of pipelines 6 in or more in diameter.

The Chief Engineer of Anglo-Iranian, Clifford Hartley, was visiting the Petroleum Warfare Department at this time, and he heard about the proposal, and was convinced that it was possible. In the hilly terrain of Iran, Anglo-Iranian had employed a 3 in pipeline. Running at 1500 psi, it delivered 100000 impgal per day, the equivalent of over 20,000 jerricans. On 15 April he pitched his proposal for a continuous length of pipeline similar to a submarine communications cable without the core and insulation, but with armour to withstand the internal pressure, which could be deployed by a cable-layer ship. Additional capacity could be obtained by laying multiple lines. By using high pressure, the line could carry different kinds of fuel. At low pressure different fuels would mix, but at high pressure they would stay separate. Thus, the pipeline could be used for aviation spirit, and then switched to diesel fuel.

The project was given the codename Pluto, which stood for "pipeline underwater transportation of oil" or "pipeline under the ocean". The operation was placed under the chief of staff to the Supreme Allied Commander, Designate (COSSAC). The G-4 section of the COSSAC staff, which assumed responsibility for Pluto, was headed by British Major General Nevil Brownjohn, with American Colonel F. L. Rash, Colonel Frank M. Albrecht, and Major General Robert W. Crawford successively as his deputy. Royal Navy Captain John Fenwick Hutchings from the Admiralty's Department of Miscellaneous Weapons Development was placed in command of Operation Pluto. By VE-Day his command would consist of several ships, over 100 merchant navy officers and more than 1,000 men.

Hais
Hartley received support for his proposal from the chairman of Anglo-Iranian, Sir William Fraser, who was also the petroleum advisor to the War Office, and from Henry Wright, the managing director of Siemens Brothers. Fraser agreed to pick up the costs of trials, albeit in the hope that the government would subsequently reimburse the company. Siemens Brothers developed the cable in conjunction with the National Physical Laboratory based on their existing undersea telegraph cable. It was known as Hais, from Hartley-Anglo-Iranian-Siemens.

The 2 in diameter inner pipe, which would carry the petroleum, was made from extruded lead. This was surrounded by a layer of asphalt and paper impregnated with vinylite resin. Steel tape was wound around this to give it strength and flexibility. Around this was a layer of jute tape and asphalt-impregnated paper. Finally, it was covered by a protective layer of fifty galvanised steel wires, and camouflaged canvas cover. The pipe could deliver 3500 impgal per day at a pressure of 500 psi, and withstand an underwater pressure of 1950 psi. The 2-inch size was chosen to keep the weight down; a larger cable would have required a larger ship to deploy it.

A 120 yd prototype was laid across the River Medway by the Post Office cable ship CS Alert on 10 May 1942. A pumping test was then carried out using pumps borrowed from the Manchester Ship Canal Company. After two days of pumping, a failure occurred. The cable was pulled up, and the problem was found to have been caused by extrusion of the lead through gaps in the steel tape. Accordingly, the amount of steel tape was increased from two to four layers. At Siemens' suggestion, a second supplier, Henleys, was brought in to increase manufacturing capacity. A second test was carried out in June across the Firth of Clyde, with lengths of pipe manufactured by both Siemens and Henleys. The pipe was laid by the Post Office cable ship Iris. Both functioned successfully. Of the 710 nmi of Hais cable produced for the operation, 570 nmi were made by firms in the United Kingdom, while 140 nmi was manufactured in the United States by four American firms, including The Okonite Calendar Company, General Cable, Phelps Dodge and the General Electric Company.

Full-scale production of the two-inch pipe was started on 14 August 1942, using steel from the Corby Steelworks, and on 30 October, 30 mi of it was loaded on board HMS Holdfast under the command of Commander Henry Treby-Heale, which was to be used as a full-scale rehearsal of Operation Pluto. This trial occurred on 29 December 1942. A 30-mile length was laid across the Bristol Channel in rough weather at a rate of 5 kn with the shore ends being connected at Swansea and Ilfracombe. The sturdiness of the cable pipe was further tested when two German 500 lb bombs were dropped on Swansea 100 ft from the cable. Later a ship's anchor dragged the cable pipe, but Holdfast was able to locate and repair the damage. To prove the reliability of the cable pipe, pumping operations were carried out continuously, first at the original design pressure of 750 psi, and then at 1500 psi, with 56000 impgal of fuel delivered per day.

The trial was sufficiently successful that it was decided to develop 3 in-diameter pipe. This reduced the number of pipelines required to pump the same volume of petrol, as each 3-inch pipe had more than twice the capacity of the 2-inch pipe. A merchant ship, HMS Algerian was acquired, and converted to carry 30 mi of 3-inch cable pipe. Two more, the converted Liberty ships HMS Sancroft and HMS Latimer (later renamed Empire Baffin and Empire Ridley respectively) with a displacement of 12,220 LT, could each handle 100 mi of 3-inch pipe weighing approximately 6400 LT. Two storage tanks 50 ft in diameter, one forward and one aft, provided the stowage space for the pipe. Thames barges were converted to handle connecting the cable at the shore ends, where the waters were too shallow for these ships to operate. These were HM cable barges Britannic, Oceanic, Runic, Gold Dust and Gold Drift. Each was 90 ft long with a 20 ft beam and a loaded displacement of 450 LT carrying 2.5 mi of three-inch Hais pipe.

Anglo-Iranian Oil personnel supervised the erection of pumping equipment by the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), Pioneer Corps and Royal Engineers personnel, and a RASC bulk petroleum company was specially trained to operate them. A Port of London Authority factory at Tilbury was requisitioned and converted into a cable pipe factory where 3 to 4 nmi of cable pipe per day was tested, welded into 4000 ft lengths and stored.

Hamel
Lead was in short supply, so the Petroleum Warfare Department decided to seek an alternative that made use of cheaper and more readily available materials as a backup system to Hais, which was itself a backup system. Bernard J. Ellis, the chief engineer of the Burmah Oil Company, was convinced that a flexible pipeline could be built from mild steel, which was more readily available than lead. His pipe was 3+1/2 in in diameter, with 0.212 in walls.

The prototype was fabricated in 30 ft segments by J & E Hall, a firm better known as a manufacturer of refrigeration equipment. The segments were made to be flash welded together. Normally welded pipe gave trouble due to rings of residue that formed around each weld. Ellis designed a special broaching tool to remove the metal swarf. Ellis teamed with H. A. Hammick, the chief engineer of Iraq Petroleum Company, and the pipe became known as 'Hamel' after their surnames, although after the war Ellis successfully asserted his claim to be recognised as the sole inventor.

Unlike Hais, Hamel pipe was too stiff to be coiled in a ship's hold, as it could not withstand the twist along the longitudinal axis that came with each turn of the coil. The Petroleum Warfare Department proposed that it be wound around a buoyant steel drum that could be towed by tugs or fitted on a Hopper barge. The resulting steel drum was 60 ft long and 40 ft in diameter, and was known as a "Conun" or "Conundrum". Tests were carried out in the Froude tank at the National Physical Laboratory to verify that Conundrums could be towed at speed without yawing.

Stewarts & Lloyds undertook to design, construct and operate two factories at Tilbury where 40 ft lengths of pipe were welded together into 4,000 ft segments. Six Conundrums were constructed at a cost of £30,000 apiece, and named HMS Conundrum 1 through 6. A Conundrum was towed to a special dock where it was held by two steel arms. A sprocket chain driven by an electric motor rotated the Conundrum while pipe was wound around it. At the end of each 4,000 ft segment, the next was welded, the swarf was cleaned out, and the process continued until the Conundrum held 90 mi of pipe, at which point it had a displacement of 1,600 LT.

An Admiralty hopper barge named W.24 was converted to carry a Conundrum, and named HMS Persephone. It was a twin-screw vessel 200 ft and 35 ft wide, with a loaded displacement of 2,000 LT when carrying 43 mi of two-inch Hamel pipe. In testing it successfully laid sixteen Hamel pipes across the Solent to the Isle of Wight. It was not known precisely how long the Hamel pipe would last, but it was assumed to be about six weeks. Fluorescein dye was added to the fuel to allow patrol aircraft to detect leaks. In view of this success, it was decided to utilise both Hais and Hamel.

Pumping stations
In the spring of 1943, the Petroleum Warfare Department selected sites for the pumping stations. One was established at Sandown on the Isle of Wight, and another at Dungeness on the Kent coast. Construction was carried out at night and in secret, and equipment was carried in under tarpaulins. The pumping stations and storage tanks were camouflaged to look like villas, seaside cottages, old forts, amusement parks and other innocuous features. Strict instructions were issued that neither "Petroleum Warfare Department" nor its initials should appear on any letter or package. The locations were erased from maps. Lorry drivers conducting deliveries had to phone from a public phone booth for instructions.

Each pumping station was equipped with thirty diesel-powered reciprocating pumps with a capacity of 180 LT per day, and four large Byron Jackson Company electric centrifugal pumps capable of 3,500 LT per day, which worked out to 400,000 impgal at 1,500 psi. Both stations were fed from the Avonmouth-Thames pipeline, which had a capacity of 135,000 LT per month. A 70 mi branch line was constructed connecting Dungeness with its eastern terminal at Walton-on-Thames. Sandown was connected to the system through a 22 mi link between the Isle of Wight and Fawley Refinery. The pipeline connections to Pluto were completed by March 1944.

The corresponding sites in France were selected in June 1943. Sandown would be connected to the port of Cherbourg, a distance of over 65 nmi. Dungeness would be connected to the port of Ambleteuse. In keeping with the Disney theme suggested by Pluto, the former was codenamed "Bambi" and the latter "Dumbo".

As part of the Operation Overlord deception operation known as Operation Fortitude, a fake oil dock was created at Dover. The architect Basil Spence was called upon to design it. Constructed from camouflaged scaffolding, fibreboard and old sewage pipe, the fake facility spanned 3 acre and included fake versions of pipelines, storage tanks, jetties, vehicle parks and antiaircraft emplacements. Wind machines were used to create clouds of dust to simulate activity, and the site was guarded by the military police. At night it was obscured by a smoke screen. German aircraft were allowed to overfly the facility, but only above 33000 ft, where high-resolution imagery was not possible. The fake facility was inspected by King George VI, and the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower and his ground forces commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery spoke to the "workers".

Bambi
According to the original Operation Overlord plan, Cherbourg was supposed to be captured within eight days of D-Day (D+8) and, despite the expectation that the Germans would carry out systematic demolitions, be opened within three days. Pipe laying was to commence four days later, with the Bambi system fully operational by D+75 (seventy-five days after D-Day). The discovery of an additional German division in the vicinity in May led to the expected capture being pushed back ten days from D+8 to D+18. In the event, the port of Cherbourg was captured on 27 June (D+21), and due to the extensive damage the first POL tanker did not discharge there until 25 July (D+49). In the meantime, fuel was supplied through the small port of Port-en-Bessin by coastal tankers, and from ocean-going tankers using two Tombola lines at Port-en-Bessin for the British and five at Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes for the Americans. The Tombola lines had a tendency to break, and the Chants fared poorly in the rough weather of the English Channel. By 28 July sixteen of them were laid up for repairs at a special tanker repair facility that had been established at Hamble-le-Rice.

Consideration was given to cancelling Pluto, but under the circumstances it was decided to proceed. Time was wasted in deciding whether to terminate the line inside or outside the harbour; eventually the latter was chosen. The first Hais pipeline was laid by HMS Latimer in just ten hours on 12 August 1944, but the pipeline failed when an escorting destroyer caught it with its anchor and damaged it beyond repair. A second effort was made by HMS Sancroft two days later. This too failed when the pipe became wrapped around the propeller of the support ship, HMS Algerian. An attempt to lay Hamel pipe instead failed on 27 August when it was discovered that tons of barnacles had attached themselves to the bottom of HMS Conundrum 1, thereby preventing it from rotating. The barnacles were scraped off, and another attempt was made a few days later, but the pipeline broke about 29 nmi out.

The expert technicians had been able to lay pipelines across the Bristol Channel and the Solent under the supervision of the designers, but it was another matter for the naval laying parties to achieve the same degree of proficiency under wartime conditions and across the much wider English Channel. Sir Donald Banks wrote: "The technique of cable laying had been mastered but we were not yet sufficiently versed in the practice of connecting the shore ends, nor in effecting repairs to the undersea leaks which were caused fairly close inshore through these faulty concluding operations."

Finally, on 22 September a Hais cable was laid that worked, delivering 56,000 impgal per day. This was followed on 29 September by the successful installation of a Hamel cable by HMS Conundrum 2. However, on 3 October when the pressure was increased from 50 to 70 bar to augment the amount of fuel pumped, both pipelines failed: the Hais due to a faulty coupling, and the Hamel when it encountered a sharp edge on the ocean floor. Operation Bambi was terminated the following day. Only about 3,300 LT (935000 impgal) of fuel had been transferred.

Dumbo
Meanwhile, the port of Rouen had been captured on 30 August, and Le Havre on 12 September. Le Havre was badly damaged in the fighting and by demolitions. Rouen, an inland port 75 mi up the Seine River, was in better shape, with its quays largely intact, although demolitions had been carried out and the river channel to it was blocked by mines and sunken vessels. Even when it was cleared the channel from Le Havre was shallow, but coastal tankers carrying POL from the UK were able to navigate it and discharge in Rouen. Boulogne was captured on 22 September, and the port was opened on 22 October.

A Hais pipeline was laid by HMS Sancroft, which commenced pumping on 26 October, and remained in action until the end of the war. Lines were run to a beach in the outer harbour of Boulogne, 23 nmi distant across the Strait of Dover, instead of Ambleteuse as originally planned because the beach at the latter was heavily mined. This involved a longer distance and a more difficult approach, but cable-laying techniques had been refined. The ends of the cable were dropped just offshore and picked up by the barges for connection to the shore. The Hamel pipe gave more trouble, but after some trial and error, it was laid with sections of Hais pipe at each end. Boulogne also had poor railway facilities, so the pipeline was extended to Calais where better railway connections were available to transport the fuel. This extension was completed in November.

By December, nine 3-inch and two 2-inch Hamel pipelines and four 3-inch and two 2-inch Hais cable pipelines had been laid, a total of 17 pipelines, and Dumbo was providing 1,300 LT of petrol per day. Not one of the Hais cable pipelines broke, and the mean time between repairs of the Hamel pipelines varied between 52 and 112 days, with 68 days being the average. They could not be run at the intended pressure, so they carried only petrol, and plans for the pipelines to deliver aviation spirit as well were discarded.

In December there was reconsideration of whether to continue with Operation Pluto. By this time Antwerp was unloading an ocean-going tanker a day, and coastal tankers were delivering 2,500 to 3,000 LT per day to Ostend, and a similar amount to Rouen. On the other hand, only Antwerp and Cherbourg were capable of handling the large tankers, but Antwerp was under attack from V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets, and it was considered inadvisable for it handle more than one tanker at a time. As for the coastal tankers, they were in demand for service in the Far East. It was therefore decided to continue with Operation Pluto.

As the fighting moved on to Germany, Dumbo was connected to an inland pipeline system that was extended from Boulogne to Antwerp, Eindhoven and ultimately Emmerich. Dumbo surpassed its target of 1 e6impgal (about 3,000 LT) per day on 15 March 1945, and by 3 April the Dumbo lines were delivering 4,500 LT a day to the Rhine. New lines continued to be laid, the last one being laid on 24 May.

The system was finally closed down to save manpower on 7 August, by which time the pipelines had carried 180 e6impgal of petrol. Operation Pluto was officially disbanded on 31 August, and the Petroleum Warfare Department was wound up on 31 March 1946. The Tilbury plant was transferred to the Admiralty, and all remaining stores to the Ministry of Supply. No post-war use of the technology was contemplated, so Operation Pluto's records were sent to the Public Record Office, where they remained sealed for the next thirty years. The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded tax-free payments of £9,000 to Hartley; £5,000 to Ellis; £85 to M. K. Purvis, the designer of the Conundrum; and £250 to A. E. Price, who designed the wedge gripping device used to fix the pipeline near the shore.

It is estimated that nearly 5.4 e6LT of petroleum products were delivered to the Allied Expeditionary Force. Of this, 826 e3LT came directly from the United States and 4.3 e6LT (84 per cent) from the United Kingdom, of which Operation Pluto contributed 370 e3LT or 8 per cent. The total cost of Operation Pluto was reckoned at £4,428,000.

Recovery and salvage
After the war, more than 85 per cent of the pipeline was salvaged and subsequently scrapped. This was accomplished during the period September 1946 to October 1949, using Latimer and Holdfast (by then operated by Ministry of War Transport under the names Empire Ridley and Empire Taw), Empire Tigness (a former German tanker), Wrangler (an ex-Admiralty Mark III tank landing craft), and Redeemer (an ex-Admiralty motor fishing vessel).

In all, 22,000 LT of the original 23,000 LT of lead and 3,300 LT of the original 5,500 LT  of steel were recovered, along with 75,000 impgal of petrol that were still in the pipelines. The value of the scrap lead and steel was well in excess of the costs of recovery. The total value of the salvaged steel and lead was estimated at £400,000.

Although the pipeline itself is no longer in use, many of the buildings that were constructed or utilised to disguise it remain, especially on the Isle of Wight, where the former pumping station at Sandown is currently in use as a miniature golf facility.

Historiography
The value of Operation Pluto was controversial. Samuel Eliot Morison, the United States naval historian, noted that the pipelines "proved very useful for supplying the Allied armies as they advanced in Germany." According to the civil official historian, Michael Postan, Operation Pluto was "strategically important, tactically adventurous, and, from the industrial point of view, strenuous". On 24 May 1945, Winston Churchill described Operation Pluto as "a wholly British achievement and a piece of amphibious engineering skill of which we may well be proud."

A contrary view was expressed by Derek Payton-Smith in the civil official history volume on oil: "Pluto contributed nothing to Allied supplies at a time that would have been most valuable—that is, when no regular oil ports were available on the Continent and the Allies were relying on the unsatisfactory Port-en-Bessin. Dumbo was more successful, but at a time when success was of less importance." A similar sentiment was expressed by Major-General Sir Frederick Morgan, the head of the COSSAC staff, who considered that Bambi was not worthwhile, although he lauded Dumbo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operation Pluto


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Talk:Southern Harmony

[Untitled]
I wanted to get something started on The Southern Harmony. It could use a lot of work. I brought some stuff over from the Sacred Harp article, being material that Southern Harmony and Sacred Harp have in common. - Rlvaughn 21:50, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Shaped-Note Singing Southern Harmony I believe the subject title should be changed to Shaped-Note Singing as a more general and inclusive title. The music dates back to colonial times and certainly was not limited to the South. Further, 'Southern Harmony' appears to be the title of a songbook and not the musical style. Even in the South, the style of music is more often called Old Folks Singing or shaped-note music. (Being an amateur on Wikepedia, I didn't want to change the title on my own.) --UnicornTapestry 18:08, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi UnicornTapestry. Thanks for calling attention to these Old Folks Singings. Concerning this article and Shaped-Note Singing: This article is intended to be about the book Southern Harmony and its place within the genre of shaped-note singing. There is another more general article about shape note singing. For this reason I have removed the information on the Canton, NC and Morristown, IN singings. I researched these and found that the Canton singing is a Christian Harmony singing. So that information might be more properly added to that page. The Morristown singing (no longer in instance according to Shelby Co., IN genealogists on rootsweb) is a descendant of the Missouri Harmony song book and could be placed there (although there is apparently not a page for it yet). - Rlvaughn (talk) 18:06, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Removal of material
I have removed the following. For an explanation see above my reply to UnicornTapestry.

Canton, North Carolina

More generally called 'shaped-note singing', this music survives in a festival called Old Folks Day in Canton, North Carolina, celebrated in September at the Morning Star United Methodist Church.

Morristown, Indiana

These festivals survive in the north as well, where again, the music is called '4-note diapason' or shaped-note singing, and most often is religious or at least inspirational, and sung in four part harmony. Each summer, Old Folks Singing is celebrated in the Christian Church in Morristown, Indiana. The notes in the songbooks vary slightly from those described above, appearing as ellipses, squares, upright triangles, and a slash, with stems attached as normal. One of the most popular songs is Make Your Mark.

title: Talk:Southern Harmony


text:
24 Hour Roadside Resistance

24 Hour Roadside Resistance is an album by American political-ska punk band Against All Authority; first released in 2000.

The album contains a two-and-a-half minute spoken word track (the second half of 'The Source of Strontium 90') from a member of the Radiation and Public Health Project about the risks of radioactive fallout from nuclear power plants for children in South Florida.

Personnel

 * Danny Lore - Vocals/Bass
 * Joe Koontz - Guitar/Vocals
 * Fin Leavell - Bass Trombone
 * Spikey Goldbach - Drums

title: 24 Hour Roadside Resistance


text:
Zygmunt Bauman

Zygmunt Bauman (19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish-born sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. He emigrated to Israel; three years later he moved to the United Kingdom. He resided in England from 1971, where he studied at the London School of Economics and became Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, later emeritus. Bauman was a social theorist, writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism and liquid modernity.

Life and career
Bauman was born to non-observant Polish Jewish family in Poznań, Second Polish Republic, in 1925. In 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, his family escaped eastwards into the USSR.

During World War II, Bauman enlisted in the Soviet-controlled First Polish Army, working as a political instructor. He took part in the Battle of Kolberg (1945) and the Battle of Berlin. In May 1945, he was awarded the Military Cross of Valour. After World War II he became one of the Polish Army's youngest majors.

According to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, from 1945 to 1953 Bauman was a political officer in the Internal Security Corps (KBW), a military intelligence unit formed to combat the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the remnants of the Polish Home Army. However, the nature and extent of his collaboration remain unknown, as well as the exact circumstances under which it was terminated.

In an interview with The Guardian, Bauman confirmed he had been a committed Communist during and after World War II and had never made a secret of it. He admitted that joining the military intelligence service at age 19 was a mistake although he had a "dull" desk job and did not remember informing on anyone. While serving in the Internal Security Corps, Bauman first studied sociology at the Warsaw Academy of Political and Social Science. In 1953, Bauman, already in the rank of major, was suddenly dishonourably discharged, after his father had approached the Israeli embassy in Warsaw with a view to emigrating to Israel. As Bauman did not share his father's Zionist tendencies and was indeed strongly anti-Zionist, his dismissal caused a severe, though temporary estrangement from his father. During the period of unemployment that followed, he completed his M.A. and in 1954 became a lecturer at the University of Warsaw, where he remained until 1968.

While at the London School of Economics, where his supervisor was Robert McKenzie, he prepared a comprehensive study on the British socialist movement, his first major book. Published originally in Polish in 1959, a revised edition appeared in English in 1972. Bauman went on to publish other books, including Socjologia na co dzień ("Everyday Sociology", 1964), which reached a large popular audience in Poland and later formed the foundation for the English-language text-book Thinking Sociologically (1990). Initially, Bauman remained close to orthodox Marxist doctrine, but, influenced by Georg Simmel and Antonio Gramsci, he became increasingly critical of Poland's Communist government. Owing to this he was never awarded a professorship even after he completed his habilitation. But after his former teacher, Julian Hochfeld, was made vice-director of UNESCO's Department for Social Sciences in Paris in 1962, Bauman did in fact inherit Hochfeld's chair.

Faced with increasing political pressure connected with a political purge led by Mieczysław Moczar, the Chief of the Polish Communist Security Police, Bauman renounced his membership of the governing Polish United Workers' Party in January 1968. The 1968 Polish political crisis culminated in a purge that drove many remaining Communist Poles of Jewish descent out of the country, including those intellectuals who had fallen from grace with the Communist government. Bauman, who had lost his chair at the University of Warsaw, was among them. He had to give up Polish citizenship to be allowed to leave the country.

In 1968, he went to Israel to teach at Tel Aviv University. In 1970, he moved to Great Britain, where he accepted the chair of sociology at the University of Leeds. There he intermittently also served as head of the department. After his appointment, he published almost exclusively in English, his third language, and his reputation grew. From the late 1990s, Bauman exerted a considerable influence on the anti- or alter-globalisation movement.

In a 2011 interview in the Polish weekly Polityka, Bauman criticised Zionism and Israel, saying Israel was not interested in peace and that it was "taking advantage of the Holocaust to legitimize unconscionable acts". He compared the Israeli West Bank barrier to the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto, where thousands of Jews died in the Holocaust. The Israeli ambassador to Poland, Zvi Bar, called Bauman's comments "half truths" and "groundless generalizations."

In 2013 Bauman made his first visit to Israel after he left it in 1970: he accepted an invitation offered by the Israeli Sociological Society to give a keynote lecture at the ISS Annual Meeting and conduct a seminar with Israeli PhD sociology students.

Bauman was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

Family
Bauman was married to writer Janina Bauman, née Lewinson; 18 August 1926 – 29 December 2009. They had three daughters, painter Lydia Bauman, architect Irena Bauman, and professor Anna Sfard, a leading theorist of education at the University of Haifa. His grandson Michael Sfard is a prominent civil rights activist and author in Israel. Zygmunt Bauman died in Leeds on 9 January 2017.

Work
Bauman's published work extends to 57 books and well over a hundred articles. Most of these address a number of common themes, among which are globalisation, modernity and postmodernity, consumerism, and morality.

Early work
Bauman's earliest publication in English is a study of the British labour movement and its relationship to class and social stratification, originally published in Poland in 1960. He continued to publish on the subject of class and social conflict until the early 1980s. His last book was on the subject of Memories of Class. Whilst his later books do not address issues of class directly, he continued to describe himself as a socialist, and he never rejected Marxism entirely. The Neo-Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci in particular remained one of his most profound influences, along with Neo-Kantian sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel.

Modernity and rationality

In the late 1980s and early 1990s Bauman published a number of books that dealt with the relationship between modernity, bureaucracy, rationality and social exclusion. Bauman, following Sigmund Freud, came to view European modernity as a trade off: European society, he argued, had agreed to forego a level of freedom to receive the benefits of increased individual security. Bauman argued that modernity, in what he later came to term its 'solid' form, involved removing unknowns and uncertainties. It involved control over nature, hierarchical bureaucracy, rules and regulations, control and categorisation — all of which attempted to gradually remove personal insecurities, making the chaotic aspects of human life appear well-ordered and familiar. Later in a number of books Bauman began to develop the position that such order-making never manages to achieve the desired results.

When life becomes organised into familiar and manageable categories, he argued, there are always social groups who cannot be administered, who cannot be separated out and controlled. In his book Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman began to theorise about such indeterminate persons in terms of an allegorical figure he called, 'the stranger.' Drawing upon Georg Simmel's sociology and the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, Bauman came to write of the stranger as the person who is present yet unfamiliar, society's undecidable. In Modernity and Ambivalence Bauman attempted to give an account of the different approaches modern society adopts toward the stranger. He argued that, on the one hand, in a consumer-oriented economy the strange and the unfamiliar is always enticing; in different styles of food, different fashions and in tourism it is possible to experience the allure of what is unfamiliar. Yet this strange-ness also has a more negative side. The stranger, because he cannot be controlled or ordered, is always the object of fear; he is the potential mugger, the person outside of society's borders who is a constant threat.

Bauman's most famous book, Modernity and the Holocaust, is an attempt to give a full account of the dangers of those kinds of fears. Drawing upon Hannah Arendt and Theodor W. Adorno's books on totalitarianism and the Enlightenment, Bauman developed the argument that the Holocaust should not simply be considered to be an event in Jewish history, nor a regression to pre-modern barbarism. Rather, he argued, the Holocaust should be seen as deeply connected to modernity and its order-making efforts. Procedural rationality, the division of labour into smaller and smaller tasks, the taxonomic categorisation of different species, and the tendency to view obedience to rules as morally good, all played their role in the Holocaust coming to pass. He argued that for this reason modern societies have not fully grasped the lessons of the Holocaust; it tends to be viewed—to use Bauman's metaphor—like a picture hanging on the wall, offering few lessons. In Bauman's analysis the Jews became 'strangers' par excellence in Europe. The Final Solution was pictured by him as an extreme example of the attempt made by society to excise the uncomfortable and indeterminate elements that exist within it. Bauman, like the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, contended that the same processes of exclusion that were at work in the Holocaust could, and to an extent do, still come into play today.

Postmodernity and consumerism
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Bauman began to explore postmodernity and consumerism. He posited that a shift had taken place in modern society in the latter half of the 20th century. It had changed from a society of producers into a society of consumers. According to Bauman, this change reversed Freud's "modern" tradeoff—i.e., security was given up in exchange for more freedom, freedom to purchase, consume, and enjoy life. In his books in the 1990s Bauman wrote of this as being a shift from "modernity" to "post-modernity".

Since the turn of the millennium, his books have tried to avoid the confusion surrounding the term "postmodernity" by using the metaphors of "liquid" and "solid" modernity. In his books on modern consumerism, Bauman still writes of the same uncertainties that he portrayed in his writings on "solid" modernity; but in these books he writes of fears becoming more diffuse and harder to pin down. Indeed, they are, to use the title of one of his books, "liquid fears" – fears about paedophilia, for instance, which are amorphous and have no easily identifiable reference.

Bauman is credited with coining the term "allosemitism" to encompass both philo-Semitic and anti-Semitic attitudes towards Jews as the other. Bauman reportedly predicted the negative political effect that social media have on voter's choice by denouncing them as 'trap' where people only "see reflections of their own face".

Art: a liquid element?

One of Bauman works focuses on the concept of art as influenced by the liquidity of appreciation. The author puts forward the idea that "we desire and seek a realization that usually consists of a constant becoming, in a permanent disposition of becoming". In essence, our aim is not the object of our longing but the action of longing itself, and the worst peril is reaching complete satisfaction.

In this framework, Bauman explores how art can position itself in a world where the fleeting is the dominant paradigm. Art is substantially something that contributes to giving immortality to virtually anything: hence the philosopher wonders, "can art transform the ephemeral into an eternal matter?". Bauman concludes that the current reality is characterized by individuals who do not have time nor space to relate with the everlasting, with absolute and established values. Art and the relation of people with them, both in creating it and in participating in it, is dramatically changing. Citing Hannah Arendt, he asserts that "an object is cultural if it persists; its temporary aspect, its permanence, is opposite to the functional [...] culture sees itself threatened when all the objects in the world, those produced today and those of the past, are exclusively considered from the point of view of utility for the social process of survival". Withal, the concept of culture and art can only find a sense in the liquid society if it abandons its traditional understanding and adopts the deconstructive approach. Bauman gives as examples artworks by Manolo Valdés, Jacques Villeglé and Herman Braun-Vega.

Awards and honours
Bauman was awarded the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences in 1992, the Theodor W. Adorno Award of the city of Frankfurt in 1998 and The VIZE 97 Prize in 2006. He was awarded in 2010, jointly with Alain Touraine, the Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and the Humanities.

The University of Leeds established 'The Bauman Institute' within its School of Sociology and Social Policy in his honour in September 2010. The University of Lower Silesia, a small private higher education institution in Lower Silesia, Poland, planned to award Bauman an honorary doctorate in October 2013. However, as a reaction to a major anti-communist and what Bauman supporters allege "anti-semitic" uproar against him, he eventually rejected the award.

In 2015 the University of Salento awarded Bauman an honorary degree in Modern Languages, Literature and Literary Translation.

Plagiarism allegations
In 2014, Peter Walsh, a PhD candidate at the University of Cambridge, accused Bauman of plagiarism from several websites, including Wikipedia, in his book Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All? (2013). In this book Bauman is said to have copied verbatim paragraphs from Wikipedia articles on Slow Food and steady-state economy, along with their bibliography, without attributing sources, authors or the fact that they were copied from Wikipedia. He did use a paragraph from the article on the golden handshake, but this citation was properly attributed to Wikipedia.

In a response, Bauman suggested that "obedience" to "technical" rules was unnecessary, and that he "never once failed to acknowledge the authorship of the ideas or concepts that I deployed, or that inspired the ones I coined". In a detailed critique of Walsh and co-author David Lehmann, cultural critics Brad Evans and Henry Giroux concluded: "This charge against Bauman is truly despicable. It's a reactionary ideological critique dressed up as the celebration of method and a back-door defence of sterile empiricism and culture of positivism. This is a discourse that enshrines data, correlations, and performance, while eschewing matters of substance, social problems, and power."

Warsaw period

 * 1957: Zagadnienia centralizmu demokratycznego w pracach Lenina [Questions of Democratic Centralism in Lenin's Works]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
 * 1959: Socjalizm brytyjski: Źródła, filozofia, doktryna polityczna [British Socialism: Sources, Philosophy, Political Doctrine]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
 * 1960: Klasa, ruch, elita: Studium socjologiczne dziejów angielskiego ruchu robotniczego [Class, Movement, Elite: A Sociological Study on the History of the British Labour Movement]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
 * 1960: Z dziejów demokratycznego ideału [From the History of the Democratic Ideal]. Warszawa: Iskry.
 * 1960: Kariera: cztery szkice socjologiczne [Career: Four Sociological Sketches]. Warszawa: Iskry.
 * 1961: Z zagadnień współczesnej socjologii amerykańskiej [Questions of Modern American Sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
 * 1962 (with Szymon Chodak, Juliusz Strojnowski, Jakub Banaszkiewicz): Systemy partyjne współczesnego kapitalizmu [The Party Systems of Modern Capitalism]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
 * 1962: Spoleczeństwo, w ktorym żyjemy [The Society we inhabit]. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
 * 1962: Zarys socjologii. Zagadnienia i pojęcia [Outline of Sociology. Questions and Concepts]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
 * 1963: Idee, ideały, ideologie [Ideas, Ideals, Ideologies]. Warszawa: Iskry.
 * 1964: Zarys marksistowskiej teorii spoleczeństwa [ An Outline of the Marxist Theory of Society]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
 * 1964: Socjologia na co dzień [Everyday Sociology]. Warszawa: Iskry.
 * 1965: Wizje ludzkiego świata. Studia nad społeczną genezą i funkcją socjologii [Visions of a Human World: Studies on the genesis of society and the function of sociology]. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.
 * 1966: Kultura i społeczeństwo. Preliminaria [Culture and Society, Preliminaries]. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
 * 2017: Szkice z teorii kultury [Essays in cultural theory]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar. ISBN 978-83-7383-878-9 [First edition of a manuscript originally completed in 1967]

Leeds period

 * 1972: Between Class and Elite. The Evolution of the British Labour Movement. A Sociological Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-0502-7 (Polish original 1960)
 * 1973: Culture as Praxis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7619-5989-0
 * 1976: Socialism: The Active Utopia. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers. ISBN 0-8419-0240-2
 * 1976: Towards a Critical Sociology: An Essay on Common-Sense and Emancipation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8306-8
 * 1978: Hermeneutics and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-132531-5
 * 1982: Memories of Class: The Pre-History and After-Life of Class. London/Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9196-6
 * c. 1985 Stalin and the Peasant Revolution: A Case Study in the Dialectics of Master and Slave. Leeds: University of Leeds Department of Sociology. ISBN 0-907427-18-9
 * 1987: Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-Modernity, Intellectuals. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2104-7
 * 1988: Freedom. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15592-8
 * 1989: Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1989. ISBN 0-8014-2397-X
 * 1990: Paradoxes of Assimilation. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
 * 1990: Thinking Sociologically. An Introduction for Everyone. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-16361-1
 * 1991: Modernity and Ambivalence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2603-0
 * 1992: Intimations of Postmodernity. London, New York: Routhledge. ISBN 0-415-06750-2
 * 1992: Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-1016-1
 * 1993: Postmodern Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18693-X
 * 1994: Dwa szkice o moralności ponowoczesnej [Two sketches on postmodern morality]. Warszawa: IK.
 * 1995: Life in Fragments. Essays in Postmodern Morality. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19267-0
 * 1996: Alone Again – Ethics After Certainty. London: Demos. ISBN 1-898309-40-X
 * 1997: Postmodernity and Its Discontents. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-7456-1791-3
 * 1995: Ciało i przemoc w obliczu ponowoczesności [Body and Violence in the Face of Postmodernity]. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. ISBN 83-231-0654-1
 * 1997 (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska): Humanista w ponowoczesnym świecie – rozmowy o sztuce życia, nauce, życiu sztuki i innych sprawach [A Humanist in the Postmodern World – Conversations on the Art of Life, Science, the Life of Art and Other Matters]. Warszawa: Zysk i S-ka. ISBN 83-7150-313-X
 * 1998: Work, Consumerism and the New Poor. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-20155-5
 * 1998: Globalization: The Human Consequences. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-7456-2012-4
 * 1999: In Search of Politics. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2172-4
 * 2000: Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity ISBN 0-7456-2409-X
 * 2000 (Peter Beilharz ed.): The Bauman Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21492-5)
 * 2001: Community. Seeking Safety in an Insecure World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2634-3
 * 2001: The Individualized Society. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2506-1
 * 2001 (with Keith Tester): Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2664-5
 * 2001 (with Tim May): Thinking Sociologically, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21929-3
 * 2002: Society Under Siege. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2984-9
 * 2003: Liquid Love: On the Frailty of Human Bonds, Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-2489-8
 * 2003: City of Fears, City of Hopes. London: Goldsmiths College. ISBN 1-904158-37-4
 * 2004: Wasted Lives. Modernity and its Outcasts. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3164-9
 * 2004: Europe: An Unfinished Adventure. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3403-6
 * 2004: Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3308-0
 * 2005: Liquid Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3514-8
 * 2006: Liquid Fear. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3680-2
 * 2006: Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-3987-9
 * 2006: Moralność w niestabilnym świecie [Morality in an instable World]. Poznań: Księgarnia św. Wojciecha. ISBN 83-7015-863-3
 * 2007: Consuming Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4002-8
 * 2008: Does Ethics Have a Chance in a World of Consumers? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02780-9
 * 2008: The Art of Life. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4326-4
 * 2009: Living on Borrowed Time: Conversations with Citlali Rovirosa-Madrazo. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-4738-8
 * 2009: (with Roman Kubicki, Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska) Życie w kontekstach. Rozmowy o tym, co za nami i o tym, co przed nami. [Life in contexts. Conversations about what lies behind us and what lies ahead of us.] Warszawa: WAiP. ISBN 978-83-61408-77-2
 * 2010: 44 Letters from the Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5056-2
 * 2011: Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5294-8
 * 2011: Culture in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5355-6
 * 2012: This is Not a Diary. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5570-3
 * 2012: (with David Lyon) Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6282-4
 * 2013 (with Leonidas Donskis): Moral Blindness: The Loss of Sensitivity in Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-6274-9
 * 2013 (with Stanisław Obirek): O bogu i człowieku. Rozmowy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 978-83-08-05089-7
 * translated as Of God and Man. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9568-6
 * 2013 (with Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Keith Tester): What use is sociology? Conversations with Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Keith Tester. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-7124-6
 * 2013: Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All? Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-7109-3
 * 2014: (with Carlo Bordoni) State of Crisis. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-8095-8
 * 2015: (with Rein Raud) Practices of Selfhood. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-9017-9
 * 2015: (with Irena Bauman, Jerzy Kociatkiewicz, and Monika Kostera) Management in a Liquid Modern World. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0222-6
 * 2015: (with Stanisław Obirek) Of God and Man, Cambridge: Polity Press.ISBN 978-0-7456-9568-6.
 * 2015: (with Stanisław Obirek) On the World and Ourselves, Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-8711-7.
 * 2016: (with Leonidas Donskis) Liquid Evil. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0812-9
 * 2016: (with Ezio Mauro) Babel. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-0760-3
 * 2016: Strangers at Our Door. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-1217-1
 * 2017: Retrotopia. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 978-1-5095-1531-8
 * 2017: (with Thomas Leoncini) Nati Liquidi. Sperling & Kupfler. ISBN 978-88-200-6266-8
 * 2017: Zygmunt Bauman. Das Vertraute unvertraut machen. Ein Gespräch mit Peter Haffner, Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-455-00153-2
 * 2017: A Chronicle of Crisis: 2011–2016. Social Europe Editions. ISBN 1-9997151-0-1

title: Zygmunt Bauman


text:
Our Lady of Peace

Our Lady of Peace, Mother of Peace, Queen of Peace or Our Lady Queen of Peace is a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church. She is represented in art holding a dove and an olive branch, symbols of peace. Her official memorial in the General Roman Calendar is on July 9 in the universal Church except for Hawaii and some churches in the United States, where it is kept on January 24.

History
In 1482, Pope Sixtus IV commissioned the construction of the church of Santa Maria della Pace on the foundations of the old Sant'Andrea de Aquarizariis.

There are many papal encyclicals asking Mary to intercede for peace. During the troubled years of World War I, Pope Benedict XV added Our Lady of Peace to the Litany of Loreto.

France
The traditional story holds that in the early 1500s in France, a certain Jean de Joyeuse presented the statue as a wedding gift to his young bride, Françoise e Voisins. The statue was known as the "Virgin of Joyeuse", and became a cherished family heirloom.

Around the year 1588, Jean's grandson, Henri Joyeuse, joined the Capuchin Franciscans in Paris and brought the statue with him, where it remained for the next 200 years. With the olive branch in her hand and the Prince of Peace on her arm, the statue was called Notre Dame de Paix (Our Lady of Peace). In 1657 the Capuchin community erected a larger chapel to accommodate the growing number of faithful who sought her intercession. On July 9 that year, before a large crowd which included King Louis XIV, the papal nuncio to France blessed and solemnly enthroned the Virgin's statue. Pope Alexander VII would later designate this date for the Capuchin community to celebrate the feast of Our Lady of Peace.

During the French Revolution, which erupted in 1789, the Capuchins were driven from their monastery. They took the image with them to prevent its destruction by the ransacking rebels. When peace was restored in the land, the statue was brought out of hiding and entrusted to Peter Coudrin, a priest in Paris. In 1800, Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de Chevalerie became co-founders of a community of sisters, brothers and priests — the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and the Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. The members were also known more simply as the Picpus Fathers or Sacred Hearts religious. Coudrin gave the statue to Mother Aymer, who enshrined it in a convent chapel in the Picpus district of Paris on May 6, 1806.

Excluding its pedestal, the figure of dark hardwood is 11 inches tall, and is fashioned in the Renaissance style of the period. Mary is depicted as a dignified matron, with the Christ Child on her left arm and an olive branch in her right hand.

El Salvador

Tradition holds that in 1682 merchants found an abandoned box on the shore of Mar del Sur in El Salvador. Unable to open it, they tied the box on the back of a donkey and departed to inform the local authorities of their find. When they were passing the parish church, now a cathedral, the donkey laid on the ground. They were then able to open the box and were surprised that it contained an image of Our Lady holding the Christ Child. It is said that a bloody conflict was being fought among inhabitants of the region; when they heard of the marvelous discovery they put down their weapons and immediately ceased fighting. This is why the image was given the title of Our Lady of Peace, whose liturgical celebration is November 21 in memory of its arrival in San Miguel.

St. Oscar Romero, a renowned Salvadoran saint and Bishop, promoted devotion to Our Lady of Peace.

The statue is a dressed wooden carving, with the national shield of El Salvador embroidered on the front of the image's white robe. Our Lady holds a golden palm leaf in memory of the eruption of the Chaparrastique volcano, which threatened to destroy the city with burning lava. The frightened dwellers of San Miguel brought out the statue of Our Lady of Peace to the principal door of the cathedral, and immediately the flow of the lava changed direction to travel away from the city.

Pope Benedict XV authorized the canonical coronation of the image, which occurred on November 21, 1921.

Patronage
Our Lady of Peace is the patroness of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, founded by Peter Coudrin in Paris during the French Revolution. When the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary established the Catholic Church in Hawaii, they consecrated the Hawaiian Islands under the protection of Our Lady of Peace. They erected the first Roman Catholic church in Hawaii to her. Today, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu is the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral in continuous use in the United States.

There are three famous statues of Our Lady of Peace located in Paris and Honolulu. The original is a wooden carving located at a convent of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in France. A larger replica in bronze was hoisted above the altar and sanctuary at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, while a third stands on a pedestal outside the cathedral.

The original statue of Our Lady of Peace was ceremonially crowned on July 9, 1906, by the Archbishop of Paris in the name of Pope Pius X. Every July 9 since then, the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary have celebrated the Feast of Our Lady of Peace.

Other shrines
Pope John Paul II consecrated and dedicated the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Côte d'Ivoire to Our Lady of Peace. It is the largest place of worship in Africa. Elsewhere throughout the world, there are parish churches named in honor of Our Lady of Peace in various forms, including in the United States and Ireland.

The EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila, the Philippines, is also dedicated to Our Lady of Peace. Located along EDSA, it commemorates the alleged role of the Virgin in the People Power Revolution of February 1986 that ended President Ferdinand Marcos' 21-year dictatorship. Mary is said to have shrouded the more than one million peaceful demonstrators on the highway from possible air attacks by troops loyal to Marcos; a mural inside the shrine's nave depicts the "miracle". The image associated with this particular shrine differs from traditional depictions of the title: Mary, crowned and clad in golden robes, has her arms outstretched, while several white doves surround her.

The Foujita Chapel in Reims, France, is dedicated to Our Lady, Queen of Peace, as a reaction to the horror and devastation caused by the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by American forces towards the end of the Second World War.

The chapel at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, is also dedicated to Our Lady Queen of Peace.

St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica is the pro-cathedral of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum in Kerala, India.

Queen of Peace Cemetery of the Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre in Old Westbury, New York opened in 2020.

Two Roman titular churches are dedicated to Mary Queen of Peace: Santa Maria Regina Pacis a Ostia Lido and Santa Maria Regina Pacis a Monte Verde.

The prelatic Church of the prelate of Opus Dei is dedicated to Mary Queen of Peace.

title: Our Lady of Peace


text:
Nothing New for Trash Like You

Nothing New for Trash Like You is an album from American ska-punk band Against All Authority. The album was first released in 2001 on Sub City Records. Songs 12-17 were previously included on Destroy What Destroys You, and other tracks were lifted off of various split albums.

Track listing

 * 1) "Just an Obstruction" – 1:32
 * 2) "That Way" – 2:19
 * 3) "In on Your Joke" – 1:41
 * 4) *Seattle hardcore band Christ On A Crutch cover.
 * 5) "Bakunin" – 2:18
 * 6) *About nineteenth-century Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.
 * 7) "Livin' In Miami" – 1:52
 * 8) "When It Comes Down to You" – 1:38
 * 9) "Nothing to Lose" – 2:08
 * 10) "Haymarket Square" – 2:13
 * 11) *Deals with the 1886 U.S. Haymarket Riot.
 * 12) "Sacco & Vanzetti" – 1:36
 * 13) *Deals with the Sacco and Vanzetti case, in which two Italian anarchists were executed for murder in 1927.
 * 14) "Alba" – 1:55
 * 15) *About the Cuban mother of a bandmember.
 * 16) "Threat" – 1:49
 * 17) *The Pist cover
 * 18) "Hard as Fuck" – 2:06
 * 19) "Centerfold" – 1:52
 * 20) *J. Geils Band cover.
 * 21) "Above the Law" – 2:49
 * 22) "We Won't Submit" – 2:12
 * 23) "Court 22" – 2:10
 * 24) "Under Your Authority" – 2:39
 * 25) "Ska Sucks" – 1:34
 * 26) *Propagandhi cover.

Personnel

 * Danny Lore - Vocals/Bass
 * Joe Koontz - Guitar/Vocals
 * Fin Leavell - Bass Trombone
 * Spikey Goldbach - Drums

title: Nothing New for Trash Like You


text:
File:The Real Thing album cover.jpg

Licensing
he:תמונה:The Real Thing album cover.jpg

title: File:The Real Thing album cover.jpg


text:
Serializing tokens

In computer science, serializing tokens are a concept in concurrency control arising from the ongoing development of DragonFly BSD. According to Matthew Dillon, they are most akin to SPLs, except a token works across multiple CPUs while SPLs only work within a single CPU's domain.

Serializing tokens allow programmers to write multiprocessor-safe code without themselves or the lower level subsystems needing to be aware of every single entity that may also be holding the same token.

Comparison with mutual exclusion (mutex)
Tokens and mutual exclusion (mutex) mechanisms are locks. Unlike mutexes, tokens do not exclude other threads from accessing the resource while they are blocked or asleep. A thread sharing resources with other threads can be stopped and started for a variety of reasons:
 * 1) Timeslicing: the user space (US) scheduler tries to ensure that all threads get a fair chance to run, so it runs each thread for a brief period of time (a timeslice) and then switches to another thread.
 * 2) Concurrent execution: in multiprocessor computers, a thread may be run at exactly the same time as another thread on a different CPU.
 * 3) Preemption: a thread may preempt a lower-priority thread, such as a hardware interrupt or Light Weight Kernel Threads.
 * 4) Voluntary blocking: a thread may sleep if it has to wait for something, has no work to do, or calls a function that blocks. Even the call to acquire a lock can block.

The following table summarizes the properties of tokens and mutexes.

Issues such as deadlock and priority inversion can be very difficult to avoid, and require coordination at many levels of the kernel. Because locking with tokens does not deadlock and acquired tokens need not be atomic when later operations block, it allow much simpler code than mutexes.

... If you look at FreeBSD-5, you will notice that FreeBSD-5 passes held mutexes down the subroutine stack quite often, in order to allow some very deep procedural level to temporarily release a mutex in order to switch or block or deal with a deadlock. There is a great deal of code pollution in FreeBSD-5 because of this (where some procedures must be given knowledge of the mutexes held by other unrelated procedures in order to function properly).

Example
The following pseudocode and explanations illustrate how serializing tokens work.

Prior art in the Darwin kernel
Mac OS X's Darwin kernel uses a similar technique (called a funnel) to serialize access to the BSD portion of the kernel.

title: Serializing tokens


text:
Talk:Chris Columbus (filmmaker)

Nickname
True or false: "Chris" is a nickname for "Christopher". 66.245.95.239 21:58, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Recent changes, regarding categorisation, and the desire to refer to Christopher instead of Chris, have NOT been for the better. Firstly, he is not known as an actor, he is a film-maker, a writer/director. Someone needs to change this, quickly. Secondly, as a result of calling him Christopher, users are more likely to be confused. Large numbers of other Wikipedia entries, which formerly directed here (e.g. from films Chris has made) are sending people to Christopher Columbus, the explorer. This is an unnecessary cock-up. Can we get a revert? (14 April 2006)

Infantilism?
wouldn't the refeence to infantilism qualify as unsourced potentially libellous material? Pugsworth 04:24, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree-Removed.

Screaming?
Not a mention of his insistence in portraying children screaming? Gremlins (kinda), Goonies, Home Alone 1 & 2, Harry Potter 1 & 2? What0s his obssesion behind this? Does he think it's funny?
 * It's not included in the article, because... well, frankly, I can't think of anything less relevant. It's hardly any kind of trademark. Also, remember to sign your post with four tildes. Legendotphoenix 11:30, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Success and criticism
This section seems like it's copied from a news site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.150.107 (talk) 08:49, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
Why does this article not prefer to this name with its true title? This is the title used by the author and the true title of the film which Chris Columbus should be credited for. 84.9.212.78 (talk) 13:40, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm in agreement on this. Changing it to match the real title. JimKaatFan (talk) 23:25, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * A recent edit changed the title back to the American title with the reasoning that Chris Columbus is American. I believe this was a reference to MOS:ENGVAR, where differences in vocabulary or spelling between American and British English (among other languages) are discussed and the prescribed policy is "a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation should use the (formal, not colloquial) English of that nation." However, the title of a film is not the same as the difference between "elevator" and "lift", and so I don't think it applies to films. An example elsewhere would be Tom Hiddleston's article - although The Avengers (2012 film) was called Avengers Assemble in his native England, his article still calls the film by its proper name, The Avengers. JimKaatFan (talk) 14:05, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Article has been stable and fine for years. There are two official titles to this film. This article uses the American title because the subject of the article is an American. And yes, it applies to films unless you have a solid reason why it does not.-- JOJ Hutton  14:18, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, this sounds like the opinion of one person, and I happen to have a different opinion, based on the fact that the policy says nothing about alternate film titles, but only addresses vocabulary and spelling. An alternate film title meant for marketing to an American audience is neither of those things. I also point out that other articles, such as the Tom Hiddleston example above, use the original title of the film he was in even though his home country marketed the film under another title. Geoffrey Rush's article does not use the alternate title of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, even though in his home country, it was called Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge. And so on. This article seems to be the exception, and if you disagree, we should probably just ask for community opinion on it in an RfC. JimKaatFan (talk) 16:47, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Lots to unpack here. I'll adress each one in order.
 * Wikipedia editors are all full of opinions. No one opinion is worth more or less than any other. That's why we have guidelines. These guidelines are designed to help alleviate edit warring and deal with differences in opinion. But sometimes even the guidelines are interpreted differently. That's fine. No quabble over difference of opinion.
 * Next, let's dismiss this myth that the Sorcerer's Stone is some sort of alternative title just for marketing to an American audience. It's not. It's an official title because the film is a co-production of both a US and a British production company. Add to the fact that the film's distribution and screen rights are owned by Warner Bros., an American Company, solidifies the fact that Sorcerer's Stone is an official title with just as much weight as it's British title. Another myth is that it's just called that in America. It's also the title of the film in India.
 * As far as the other articles are concerned, Tom Hiddleston and Geoffrey Rush, if you wish to change those articles to the British title, you are free to go right ahead and make those changes and argue your case on those talk pages. I'm not concerened with how those articles are presenting their information, nor was I aware that there was an alternative title to those films in Britain. That's a discussion for those articles. We are discussing this article not those. But you might want to take a look at WP:OTHERSTUFF, before trying to use those articles as an excuse for changing this article from it's longstanding stable version.
 * As far as RFC is concerned, if you want to make an argument for changing how the guideline is interpreted you can go right ahead. Seems like there is nothing wrong with the current version since all of the guidelines are being folowed and WP:RETAIN seems to adhere to what we are talking about. The English Wikipedia is a shared project among many different English speaking countries with various spelling differences and variations on media titles, but we get along because we agree that American articles will use American variations and British articles will use British variations, this includes film titles. If not, why wouldn't it?-- JOJ Hutton  21:30, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not understanding the "true title"/"real title". The title is even listed as "Socerer's Stone" on BFI (with "Philosopher's Stone" listed as an "alternative title"): . It is also listed that way on Meta Critic and Rotten Tomatoes. I think it makes more sense to stick with common American English name for an American English article, especially when that is widely used in the sources. – wallyfromdilbert (talk) 21:39, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Usually when a film is released, Wikipedia articles use the title of the film that the production company uses to market the film. In this case, however, there are multiple production companies from two different English speaking countries, both using different titles. In these cases, the title that is used in the home country of the subject, such as Sorcerer's Stone for Chris Columbus or Philosopher's Stone for many of the actors, is used as the preferable title. This is the best compromise that we could hope for since both titles are official and widely used in sources. In order to get along with other people from differing countries on this shared project, that's what needs to happen in order to reduce edit wars. It's worked so far. No reason to change it now.-- JOJ Hutton  22:34, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with what you are saying, Jojhutton. I think your suggestion makes the most sense because there does not appear to be a single "real" title. I should have been clearer that my comment was directed at the initial two editors who commented. – wallyfromdilbert (talk) 22:37, 13 May 2020 (UTC)
 * False dichotomy. It is both an alternative and "official" title but make no mistake there is only one canonical title. Reading your argument I get the impression you are ignorant of why there are two titles (spoiler: it is very stupid). They are clearly not equal when all factors are considered. Regardless I don't care that it is being used on this page. Mr Minderbinder (talk) 08:24, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

Unsourced information
I have removed an unsourced section per WP:V, WP:OR, and WP:BLP. Please note that Wikipedia cannot contain unsourced information, particularly in biographies of living persons. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 18:23, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chris Columbus (filmmaker)