text:
Fermi's interaction

In particle physics, Fermi's interaction (also the Fermi theory of beta decay or the Fermi four-fermion interaction) is an explanation of the beta decay, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933. The theory posits four fermions directly interacting with one another (at one vertex of the associated Feynman diagram). This interaction explains beta decay of a neutron by direct coupling of a neutron with an electron, a neutrino (later determined to be an antineutrino) and a proton.

Fermi first introduced this coupling in his description of beta decay in 1933. The Fermi interaction was the precursor to the theory for the weak interaction where the interaction between the proton–neutron and electron–antineutrino is mediated by a virtual W− boson, of which the Fermi theory is the low-energy effective field theory.

According to Eugene Wigner, who together with Jordan introduced the Jordan–Wigner transformation, Fermi's paper on beta decay was his main contribution to the history of physics.

History of initial rejection and later publication
Fermi first submitted his "tentative" theory of beta decay to the prestigious science journal Nature, which rejected it "because it contained speculations too remote from reality to be of interest to the reader." It has been argued that Nature later admitted the rejection to be one of the great editorial blunders in its history, but Fermi's biographer David N. Schwartz has objected that this is both unproven and unlikely. Fermi then submitted revised versions of the paper to Italian and German publications, which accepted and published them in those languages in 1933 and 1934. The paper did not appear at the time in a primary publication in English. An English translation of the seminal paper was published in the American Journal of Physics in 1968.

Fermi found the initial rejection of the paper so troubling that he decided to take some time off from theoretical physics, and do only experimental physics. This would lead shortly to his famous work with activation of nuclei with slow neutrons.

Definitions
The theory deals with three types of particles presumed to be in direct interaction: initially a “heavy particle” in the “neutron state” ($$\rho=+1$$), which then transitions into its “proton state” ($$\rho = -1$$) with the emission of an electron and a neutrino.

Electron state

 * $$\psi = \sum_s \psi_s a_s,$$

where $$\psi$$ is the single-electron wavefunction, $$\psi_s$$ are its stationary states.

$$a_s$$ is the operator which annihilates an electron in state $s$ which acts on the Fock space as

 * $$a_s \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, N_s, \ldots) = (-1)^{N_1 + N_2 + \cdots + N_s - 1} (1 - N_s) \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, 1 - N_s, \ldots).$$

$$a_s^*$$ is the creation operator for electron state $$s:$$

 * $$a_s^* \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, N_s, \ldots) = (-1)^{N_1 + N_2 + \cdots + N_s - 1} N_s \Psi(N_1, N_2, \ldots, 1 - N_s, \ldots).$$

Neutrino state
Similarly,

 * $$\phi = \sum_\sigma \phi_\sigma b_\sigma,$$

where $$\phi$$ is the single-neutrino wavefunction, and $$\phi_\sigma$$ are its stationary states.

$$b_\sigma$$ is the operator which annihilates a neutrino in state $$\sigma$$ which acts on the Fock space as

 * $$b_\sigma \Phi(M_1, M_2, \ldots, M_\sigma, \ldots) = (-1)^{M_1 + M_2 + \cdots + M_\sigma - 1} (1 - M_\sigma) \Phi(M_1, M_2, \ldots, 1 - M_\sigma, \ldots).$$

$$b_\sigma^*$$ is the creation operator for neutrino state $$\sigma$$.

Heavy particle state
$$\rho$$ is the operator introduced by Heisenberg (later generalized into isospin) that acts on a heavy particle state, which has eigenvalue +1 when the particle is a neutron, and −1 if the particle is a proton. Therefore, heavy particle states will be represented by two-row column vectors, where

 * $$\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}$$

represents a neutron, and

 * $$\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}$$

represents a proton (in the representation where $$\rho$$ is the usual $$\sigma_z$$ spin matrix).

The operators that change a heavy particle from a proton into a neutron and vice versa are respectively represented by

 * $$Q = \sigma_x - i \sigma_y = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1\\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix}$$

and

 * $$Q^* = \sigma_x + i \sigma_y = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0\\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}.$$

$$u_n$$ resp. $$v_n$$ is an eigenfunction for a neutron resp. proton in the state $$n$$.

Hamiltonian
The Hamiltonian is composed of three parts: $$H_\text{h.p.}$$, representing the energy of the free heavy particles, $$H_\text{l.p.}$$, representing the energy of the free light particles, and a part giving the interaction $$H_\text{int.}$$.

 * $$H_\text{h.p.} = \frac{1}{2}(1 + \rho)N + \frac{1}{2}(1 - \rho)P,$$

where $$N$$ and $$P$$ are the energy operators of the neutron and proton respectively, so that if $$\rho = 1$$, $$H_\text{h.p.} = N$$, and if $$\rho = -1$$, $$H_\text{h.p.} = P$$.

 * $$H_\text{l.p.} = \sum_s H_s N_s + \sum_\sigma K_\sigma M_\sigma,$$

where $$H_s$$ is the energy of the electron in the $$s^\text{th}$$ state in the nucleus's Coulomb field, and $$N_s$$ is the number of electrons in that state; $$M_\sigma$$ is the number of neutrinos in the $$\sigma^\text{th}$$ state, and $$K_\sigma$$ energy of each such neutrino (assumed to be in a free, plane wave state).

The interaction part must contain a term representing the transformation of a proton into a neutron along with the emission of an electron and a neutrino (now known to be an antineutrino), as well as a term for the inverse process; the Coulomb force between the electron and proton is ignored as irrelevant to the $$\beta$$-decay process.

Fermi proposes two possible values for $$H_\text{int.}$$: first, a non-relativistic version which ignores spin:

 * $$H_\text{int.} = g \left[ Q \psi(x) \phi(x) + Q^* \psi^*(x) \phi^*(x) \right],$$

and subsequently a version assuming that the light particles are four-component Dirac spinors, but that speed of the heavy particles is small relative to $$c$$ and that the interaction terms analogous to the electromagnetic vector potential can be ignored:

 * $$H_\text{int.} = g \left[ Q \tilde{\psi}^* \delta \phi + Q^* \tilde{\psi} \delta \phi^* \right],$$

where $$\psi$$ and $$\phi$$ are now four-component Dirac spinors, $$\tilde{\psi}$$ represents the Hermitian conjugate of $$\psi$$, and $$\delta$$ is a matrix

 * $$\begin{pmatrix}

0 & -1 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}.$$

Matrix elements
The state of the system is taken to be given by the tuple $$\rho, n, N_1, N_2, \ldots, M_1, M_2, \ldots,$$ where $$\rho = \pm 1$$ specifies whether the heavy particle is a neutron or proton, $$n$$ is the quantum state of the heavy particle, $$N_s$$ is the number of electrons in state $$s$$ and $$M_\sigma$$ is the number of neutrinos in state $$\sigma$$.

Using the relativistic version of $$H_\text{int.}$$, Fermi gives the matrix element between the state with a neutron in state $$n$$ and no electrons resp. neutrinos present in state $$s$$ resp. $$\sigma $$, and the state with a proton in state $$m$$ and an electron and a neutrino present in states $$s$$ and $$\sigma$$ as

 * $$H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} = \pm g \int v_m^* u_n \tilde{\psi}_s \delta \phi^*_\sigma d\tau,$$

where the integral is taken over the entire configuration space of the heavy particles (except for $$\rho$$). The $$\pm$$ is determined by whether the total number of light particles is odd (−) or even (+).

Transition probability
To calculate the lifetime of a neutron in a state $$n$$ according to the usual quantum perturbation theory, the above matrix elements must be summed over all unoccupied electron and neutrino states. This is simplified by assuming that the electron and neutrino eigenfunctions $$\psi_s$$ and $$\phi_\sigma$$ are constant within the nucleus (i.e., their Compton wavelength is much larger than the size of the nucleus). This leads to

 * $$H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} = \pm g \tilde{\psi}_s \delta \phi_\sigma^* \int v_m^* u_n d\tau,$$

where $$\psi_s$$ and $$\phi_\sigma$$ are now evaluated at the position of the nucleus.

According to Fermi's golden rule, the probability of this transition is

 * $$\begin{align}

\left|a^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 &= \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1} \times \frac{\exp{\frac{2\pi i}{h} (-W + H_s + K_\sigma) t} - 1}{-W + H_s + K_\sigma}\right|^2 \\ &= 4 \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 \times \frac{\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi t}{h}(-W + H_s + K_\sigma)\right)}{(-W + H_s + K_\sigma)^2}, \end{align}$$

where $$W$$ is the difference in the energy of the proton and neutron states.

Averaging over all positive-energy neutrino spin / momentum directions (where $$\Omega^{-1}$$ is the density of neutrino states, eventually taken to infinity), we obtain

 * $$ \left\langle \left|H^{\rho=1, n, N_s=0, M_\sigma=0}_{\rho=-1,m,N_s=1,M_\sigma=1}\right|^2 \right \rangle_\text{avg} = \frac{g^2}{4\Omega} \left|\int v_m^* u_n d\tau\right|^2 \left( \tilde{\psi}_s \psi_s - \frac{\mu c^2}{K_\sigma} \tilde{\psi}_s \beta \psi_s\right),$$

where $$\mu$$ is the rest mass of the neutrino and $$\beta$$ is the Dirac matrix.

Noting that the transition probability has a sharp maximum for values of $$p_\sigma$$ for which $$-W + H_s + K_\sigma = 0$$, this simplifies to

 * $$ t\frac{8\pi^3 g^2}{h^4} \times \left| \int v_m^* u_n d\tau \right|^2 \frac{p_\sigma^2}{v_\sigma}\left(\tilde{\psi}_s \psi_s - \frac{\mu c^2}{K_\sigma} \tilde{\psi}_s \beta \psi_s\right),$$

where $$p_\sigma$$ and $$K_\sigma$$ is the values for which $$-W + H_s + K_\sigma = 0$$.

Fermi makes three remarks about this function:
 * Since the neutrino states are considered to be free, $$K_\sigma > \mu c^2$$ and thus the upper limit on the continuous $$\beta$$-spectrum is $$H_s \leq W - \mu c^2$$.
 * Since for the electrons $$H_s > mc^2$$, in order for $$\beta$$-decay to occur, the proton–neutron energy difference must be $$W \geq (m + \mu)c^2$$
 * The factor
 * $$Q_{mn}^* = \int v_m^* u_n d\tau$$
 * in the transition probability is normally of magnitude 1, but in special circumstances it vanishes; this leads to (approximate) selection rules for $$\beta$$-decay.

Forbidden transitions
As noted above, when the inner product $$Q_{mn}^*$$ between the heavy particle states $$u_n$$ and $$v_m$$ vanishes, the associated transition is "forbidden" (or, rather, much less likely than in cases where it is closer to 1).

If the description of the nucleus in terms of the individual quantum states of the protons and neutrons is accurate to a good approximation, $$Q_{mn}^*$$ vanishes unless the neutron state $$u_n$$ and the proton state $$v_m$$ have the same angular momentum; otherwise, the total angular momentum of the entire nucleus before and after the decay must be used.

Influence
Shortly after Fermi's paper appeared, Werner Heisenberg noted in a letter to Wolfgang Pauli that the emission and absorption of neutrinos and electrons in the nucleus should, at the second order of perturbation theory, lead to an attraction between protons and neutrons, analogously to how the emission and absorption of photons leads to the electromagnetic force. He found that the force would be of the form $$\frac{\text{Const.}}{r^5}$$, but that contemporary experimental data led to a value that was too small by a factor of a million.

The following year, Hideki Yukawa picked up on this idea, but in his theory the neutrinos and electrons were replaced by a new hypothetical particle with a rest mass approximately 200 times heavier than the electron.

Later developments
Fermi's four-fermion theory describes the weak interaction remarkably well. Unfortunately, the calculated cross-section, or probability of interaction, grows as the square of the energy $$ \sigma \approx G_{\rm F}^2 E^2 $$. Since this cross section grows without bound, the theory is not valid at energies much higher than about 100 GeV. Here $G_{F}$ is the Fermi constant, which denotes the strength of the interaction. This eventually led to the replacement of the four-fermion contact interaction by a more complete theory (UV completion)—an exchange of a W or Z boson as explained in the electroweak theory.

The interaction could also explain muon decay via a coupling of a muon, electron-antineutrino, muon-neutrino and electron, with the same fundamental strength of the interaction. This hypothesis was put forward by Gershtein and Zeldovich and is known as the Vector Current Conservation hypothesis.

In the original theory, Fermi assumed that the form of interaction is a contact coupling of two vector currents. Subsequently, it was pointed out by Lee and Yang that nothing prevented the appearance of an axial, parity violating current, and this was confirmed by experiments carried out by Chien-Shiung Wu.

The inclusion of parity violation in Fermi's interaction was done by George Gamow and Edward Teller in the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions which described Fermi's interaction in terms of parity-violating "allowed" decays and parity-conserving "superallowed" decays in terms of anti-parallel and parallel electron and neutrino spin states respectively. Before the advent of the electroweak theory and the Standard Model, George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, and also independently Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann, were able to determine the correct tensor structure (vector minus axial vector, $G_{F}$) of the four-fermion interaction.

Fermi constant
The most precise experimental determination of the Fermi constant comes from measurements of the muon lifetime, which is inversely proportional to the square of $V − A$ (when neglecting the muon mass against the mass of the W boson). In modern terms, the "reduced Fermi constant", that is, the constant in natural units is
 * $$G_{\rm F}^0=\frac{G_{\rm F}}{(\hbar c)^3}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}\frac{g^{2}}{M_{\rm W}^{2} c^4}=1.1663787(6)\times10^{-5} \; \textrm{GeV}^{-2} \approx 4.5437957\times10^{14} \; \textrm{J}^{-2}\ .$$

Here, $g$ is the coupling constant of the weak interaction, and $G_{F}$ is the mass of the W boson, which mediates the decay in question.

In the Standard Model, the Fermi constant is related to the Higgs vacuum expectation value
 * $$v = \left(\sqrt{2} \, G_{\rm F}^0\right)^{-1/2} \simeq 246.22 \; \textrm{GeV}$$.

More directly, approximately (tree level for the standard model),

G_{\rm F}^0\simeq \frac {\pi \alpha}{\sqrt{2}~ M_{\rm W}^2 (1- M^2_{\rm W}/M^2_{\rm Z} )}. $$

This can be further simplified in terms of the Weinberg angle using the relation between the W and Z bosons with $$M_\text{Z}=\frac{M_\text{W}}{\cos\theta_\text{W}}$$, so that

G_{\rm F}^0\simeq \frac {\pi \alpha}{\sqrt{2}~ M_{\rm Z}^{2}\cos^{2}\theta_{\rm W}\sin^{2}\theta_{\rm W}}. $$

title: Fermi's interaction


text:
Talk:Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

EDRF = Nitric Oxide ?
IMHO, Nitric Oxide is an EDRF. The endothelium can release other vasorelaxing factors. Hopefully, someone would add these non-NO endothelium-derived vasorelaxing factors to this Wikipage even though they are not usually called EDRF. One example would be prostacyclin. (I might do this later....) -- PFHLai 20:36, 2004 Jun 3 (UTC)

 * I simply changed the wording, but the point already was that EDRF is synonymous with nitric oxide. Please expand if you think that prostacyclin (I have written eicosanoid, but not prostacyclin yet) belongs here. JFW | T@lk  23:06, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's true that EDRF is practically synonymous with Nitric Oxide (NO) even though it's not accurate -- it's like heart attack and heart failure, it will be hard to find too many people who care about the difference. NO has all the properties of EDRF as originally characterized by Furchgott, but NO is just one of the endothelial-derived compounds that acts as a vasorelaxant, i.e. an EDRF.  Besides PGI2 (prostacyclin, which deserves its own Wikispace), there is carbon monoxide from heme oxygenases, but it is much, much, much weaker than NO as an EDRF.  And there is also the enigmatic endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which may be short-lived compounds (I forgot their names, but I think one of them is called EET, not to be confused with ET the vasoconstrictor) generated by some P-450 cytochrome enzymes similar to cyclooxygenases ....  Fun stuffs to read, but tough to fully comprehend ... (at least to my feeble mind.) Even tougher is for me to find anything in my messy office.  I want to be sure of things before I start typing.  If I can find those papers again, there will be additions made to this somewhat stubby Wikipage on EDRF.  If I can find those papers ..... -- PFHLai 17:40, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * I believe EDRF should be considered synonymous with NO. When EDRF was discovered, it reflected the action of a single vasorelaxant substance with a short half-life. The actions of prostacyclin were already well known before EDRF was discovered to be NO. I don't think this article should include a description of any of the other relaxing factors. However, if you really wish to do this, the article would have to be called 'Endothelium-derived relaxing factors' (emphasis on plural), since you've already pointed out that there is more than one EDRF. In citing EDHF, you do make a good point though about whether this article should describe the other known relaxing factors. Usually vascular biologists call endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor to stage when they observe a relaxation that persists even under the blockade of eNOS and COX. EDHF is usually refered to as singular, even though its actions have been ascribed among others to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), potassium ions released from endothelial cells, or even the presence of myoendothelial gap junctions. My point is that at the moment the knowledge about the precise identity of EDHF is sketchy to say the least. On the other hand EDRF is a factor that was once as impartially understood as EDHF, however all of its actions and properties could later be ascribed to NO. This cannot be said for EDHF, seeing its very heterogenous characterization. An article about EDHF should however include the many different substances and processes to which its action is ascribed. --Zorpidus 17:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Prostacyclin (PGI2)is not characterized as an EDRF, but has been a well known prostanoid stimulating adenylate cyclase and the cAMP activating PKA before EDRF was characterized. They are both considered cyclic nucleotide-dependent vasorelaxants.GetAgrippa 18:03, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Is heme oxygenase and carbon monoxide considered an EDRF? I agree for practical terms of this article that EDRF has become synonymous with NO. I believe at my last inquiry EDHF was related to cannibanoid like metabolites or cytochrome P450 metabolites. GetAgrippa 04:01, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Carbon monoxide appears to interact with NO or at least activate part of the pathway of guanylate cyclase and cGMP, but cross talk to PKA activation maybe the kinase rather than PKG.GetAgrippa 18:03, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

I took out the reference to Minoxidil. It has nothing to do with EDRF and the mechanism of action in hair growth is still unknown. Minoxidil acts on ATP-sensitive potassim channels. EDRF works through altering calcium, actin-focal adhesion dynamics, and activating phosphatases just to mention the major.GetAgrippa 04:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Minoxidil
"The putative nitric oxide agonist minoxidil both dialates blood vessels and stimulates hair growth". This statment is ill founded so I removed it, again. Minoxidil works on ATP sensitive potasium channels. NO stimultes cGMP and then PKG. This alters L type calcium channels, calcium sensitive postassium channels, calcium pumps and phospholamban and phospholemman, calcium desensitization by altering myosin light chain phosphorylation, phosphorylation of a small heat shock protein which correlates with force suppression, etc. In fact, the small heat shock protein connection is a growing primary focus of vasodilation. I could find no peer reviewed publication connecting Minoxidil with NO, cGMP, or PKG. NO does not simply alter potassum channels as the reference would suggest. I would hope this would put this issue to rest. GetAgrippa 16:15, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Well this minoxidil thing bothers me because it is a nitroso compound, so it may act similar to nitrates. However I still can't find any research to substantiate any NO like effects and it seems specific to ATP sensitive potassium channels. That is why it won't relax vascular smooth muscle strips contracted with high potassium, while NO will relax these conditions. GetAgrippa 00:40, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Minoxidel does not increase cGMP or cAMP and it's vasodilatory effects are specific to potassium channel and apparently direct.GetAgrippa 00:46, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * NO also modulates the action of K channels. LOTS of papers (do K-channels and nitric oxide as key words on google).  E.g.: .  In fact,  this may be more important than action on guanylate cyclase.24.162.6.155 03:56, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

My understanding is PKA and PKG stimulate hyperpolarization via potassium channels so it is downstream of NO. I forgot to add a mention in general list, but I referenced smooth muscle article that goes into more detail of NO action. GetAgrippa 12:10, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * This is one likely mechanism, but probably not the only one. IIRC, there are direct actions of NO on K-channels too.   As for miNOxidil,   other issues aside, when I took pharmacology over three decades ago (my PhD says Pharmacology/biophysics),  if a compound contained a messenger as part of its chemical structure and did the same thing at a "receptor site" as the messenger, and/or had the same effect on a tissue (e.g., direct vascular smooth muscle relaxation)  it was likely an agonist of some sort.   And yes,  there are different types of agonism.  In fact,  "pure" agonism or antagonism is unusual.   YMMV,  naturally.

 * This does not necessarily mean the active form is miNOxidil itself. e.g., the sulfate or some derivative.  E.g., the minoxidil nitroxide radical thru the sulfate,  though this is definitely OR.  So I ain't going to say it on the article page.  Also, there is other "classical' evidence from agonist-antagoist relationships.  E.g., SOD's stimulate hair growth-- viz, the agonist/antagonist relationship between NO and superoxide.  Another name for superoxide is "endothelium-derived-contracting factor.   Nicorandil,  another "nitro" compound which acts on K-channels, is also a hair-growth stimulator. Pproctor 15:26, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, I was unaware of the Potassium hypothesis in hair growth. A number of drugs affecting potassium flux induce hair growth. I agree that cGMP and NO itself have some direct actions (or at least react to produce agents that induce vasorelaxant and/or contractile responses). The importance of hyperpolarization in vascular relaxation is somewhat dependent on the vessel-hyperpolarization significant in resistance vessels (PKA mediated). My Ph.D. was in cell biology and anatomy but most of my research has been in cardiovascular developmental biology, physiology, biomechanics, and more recently cell signalling, however I published a couple of papers in neuro and five or so in immunology. It is wonderful to have a "card carrying" pharmacologist to cleanup this article. Perhaps you could sound out the distinctions between endothelial hyperpolarizing factor from other agents that affect varying potassium channels,i.e. physiochemical distinctions, antagonist, etc. The article needs a lot of work, and the subject has received little attention. Perhaps you could help develop the article? GetAgrippa 16:40, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I see you have done significant research in hair growth and mainly have an interest in free radicals. It would be a great subject to expand. My last research efforts were in vasorelaxation cell signalling and downstream mediators of NO (mainly PKA and PKG phosphosubtrates looking for novel proteins and mechanisms). GetAgrippa 17:00, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Viagra
I removed the reference to sildenafil (Viagra). It is a type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor and increase cGMP. It is not related to NO. GetAgrippa 12:57, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Viagra should be added back in since although it does not act through NO it does act through the same pathway as NO to relax smooth muscle and promote erection. GetAgrippa has edited Viagra out but what s/he describes IS the pathway of NO. It acts through cGMP just like s/he describes viagra doing. Please refer to the mechanism of action section of Viagra

User:CharlusIngus

Guanylin also activates the cGMP-PKG pathway. It is not enough to have a related pathway in cell signalling so I still think the distinction should be made. It is also discussed later in the article so it is redundant. GetAgrippa 20:04, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

"Biological functions of nitric oxide"
I would prefer to move this article to "Biological functions of nitric oxide" because some functions described here don't have anything to do with the endothelium and relaxing, namely its function in the immune system and as a reverse neurotransmitter. Then we could also list its functions in the plant kingdom, which are closely related and surprisingly similar (e.g. Viagra works on plants!). The fact that the relaxing substance was called EDRF before its chemical identity had been descovered could and should be mentioned in that article. AxelBoldt 00:20, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a nitric oxide article and I think all the biology was removed and place here, at least at one time it was. You are correct we should just focus on endothelial source and functions. GetAgrippa 12:25, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I wasn't saying we should just focus on endothelial source and function, actually just the opposite: the functions in plants are so closely related that they should be covered as well, but clearly the functions in plants don't belong under the article header "endothelium-derived"... AxelBoldt 06:35, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The United States National Library of Medicine stopped equating EDRF with NO in 2003. --Arcadian 17:46, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That is a really good point. EDRF's are more than one compound and they had to be sorted to physiochemical properties, so the most famous EDRF latter became known as NO. I think endothelial hyperpolarization factor was initially classified as an EDRF and sorted out with time. Perhaps a historical note should be made or this be a sort of disambiguation page. Now it is NO so why go back in time. Maybe we should just suggest fusing this article with NO and expanding all the NO sources there. Any ideas??GetAgrippa 18:30, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I decided to be bold and tweak the intro to explain the EDRF was factors sorted out to be NO, etc. I don't know if Heme oxygenase should really be in here because it is induced in the endothelium and is constituitively expressed in smooth muscle. Any insights????GetAgrippa 18:58, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Now I have created the need to expand and either include PGI2, EDHF, and HO-1 (hsp 32) or link them if the article is present. They all have parent articles so we are covered. User:GetAgrippa|GetAgrippa]] 19:03, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Article Butchered by Naive Editor
This article has been drastically changed without discussion. The article has been in dire need, and this edit has drastically simplified the article. This is probably good, but now the article needs to be expanded. GetAgrippa (talk) 23:11, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Vivacissamamente

If every visitor here signed (please do), I would soon have a list of everyone who had visited my page recently!
 * I'M NOT LOGGED IN, YOU'LL NEVER KNOW WHO I AM, MUHHAHAHAHAHAHA! --74.161.72.94 (talk) 02:19, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * --Fantastic fred 14:30, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, okay. --Roisterer 02:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * linas 14:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)]
 * --Sasa Stefanovic 16:16, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * -Umdunn o 03:06, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * -Craig zimmerman 16:59, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * -DavidCBryant 01:48, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * -Daniele.tampieri 17:59, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * -67.121.147.83 01:01, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * -Arcticwoman 23:28, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * -S.dedalus 00:17, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * DanielM 14:03, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Paris456 22:30, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * VectorPosse 21:54, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Vlad|-> 17:05, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 *  Amit @  Talk  16:29, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * StaticElectric (talk) 06:57, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Fleerz (talk) 03:00, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * YellowAries2010 (talk) 21:30, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 *        03:34, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi, and thanks for the edits per Talk:sigma-algebra. I sat down to do them this morning ... and imagine my surprise, the articles were not quite as I remembered them. For an old-timer, I note you've kept an low profile. The party is at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics. linas 14:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Talk
You may be interested in Talk_page_guidelines. Specifically, for future reference, Talk_page_guidelines: "Proceed descendingly: Within each topic, the further down the contribution to talk, the chronologically later it was made." Hyacinth 10:44, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your reply to my question re the Elusinian Mysteries. Tony Boulton 25/7/2006

Angela Beesley
nominated for deletion. --Coroebus 16:16, 7 October 2006 (UTC) you are stupid!

just a note
it's spelled "vivacissimamente" in italian.

 * Yeah, I've known for a few years now, but I think that makes it kind of appropriate.
 * Thanks.

AfD nomination of List of atonal pieces
An article that you have been involved in editing, List of atonal pieces, has been listed by me for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/List of atonal pieces. Thank you. S.dedalus 00:17, 5 April 2007 (UTC)I'm a total dork.

Concur
I concur with your deletion of the text that "thought-terminating cliche is an example of itself." I had also read that and scratched my head. If whoever it was feels strongly that this should be stated, he or she should explain it better. DanielM 14:02, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

My question
I suppose that the stuffy mindset would be a dealbreaker. The part which puzzles me is that encyclopedic knowledge is noteworthy and has survived the test of time and will be read by many, while most journalism is on a trivial subject which will be forgotten by the end of the week. - Oreo Priest  15:32, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Sphere-surgery3.png

The file File:Sphere-surgery3.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vivacissamamente


text:
Kings of the High Frontier

Kings of the High Frontier is a hard science fiction novel by American writer Victor Koman, first published (electronically) in 1996.

Summary
The story is a polemic about NASA. The thesis is that NASA, far from helping space exploration, actually prevents it from going forth. The narrative follows disparate engineering efforts, ranging from New York University engineering students working out of a warehouse in the Bronx to full-fledged commercial rocket operations, to create a single-stage to orbit reusable launch vehicle.

All of the science and equipment used in the story was based on technology that existed at the time of writing, like the space activity suit.

Editions
The novel was first published electronically by J. Neil Schulman's pulpless.com in 1996. It has since been published in hardcover by Bereshith Publishing in 1998, first in a "deluxe edition" of 250, then as a regular hardcover in a small print-run of 1250 copies. , there is no paperback edition. KoPubCo released an ebook edition in 2017, with significant changes by the author.

title: Kings of the High Frontier


text:
Talk:Susan Sto Helit

Age of Susan
I'm not sure what there is to discuss about susan sto helit, but i would like to ask where it says how old she is? In Soul Music it sounds by the way she is described and how she acts in general that she is younger than 16, more like 11 or 12, at the beginning anyway. As i said before I'm not sure what we are meant to discuss but if you have the answer to my question then that would be very helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.131.191.22 (talk • contribs) 12:39, June 3, 2004

 * Certainly:
 * "How old are you?"
 * "Sixteen."
 * "Oh my." Albert rolled his eyes. "How long have you been sixteen for?"
 * "Since I was fifteen, of course. Are you stupid?"
 * Soul Music, p 83 of the Corgi paperback. Hope that helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.191.62.136 (talk • contribs) 16:14, August 10, 2004
 * "Oh my." Albert rolled his eyes. "How long have you been sixteen for?"
 * "Since I was fifteen, of course. Are you stupid?"
 * Soul Music, p 83 of the Corgi paperback. Hope that helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.191.62.136 (talk • contribs) 16:14, August 10, 2004
 * Soul Music, p 83 of the Corgi paperback. Hope that helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.191.62.136 (talk • contribs) 16:14, August 10, 2004
 * Soul Music, p 83 of the Corgi paperback. Hope that helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.191.62.136 (talk • contribs) 16:14, August 10, 2004

 * Of course, that was in Soul Music. since then, she's gotten a job as a Governess and a Teacher. presumably she's now in her mid twenties, although with the current (?) state of the Discworld timeline, thats not certain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs) 16:32, December 19, 2004

 * The article mentions that she is at school and 16 and her parents died recently. I have just read Soul Music and if I remember correctly it states that her parents died when she was 7 years old. If anyone can confirm this the entry needs updated.  Scottanon 02:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The book has a brief flashback of Susan being informed that her parents are dead, which implicitly happens a long time before the main plot of the book.--70.132.14.164 06:02, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Susan's nature
It was hinted in Thief of Time that Susan is in fact the antropomorphic personification of helpfulness - partially, at least - but I don't have the book around to check. Anyone else? Baughnie 19:38, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Similarities with Dr. Who?
Has anyone noticed parallels with Susan from the first Dr. Who series ? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Foreman) - she refers to The Doctor as "Grandfather" and The Doctor (it could be argued) lives outside of time and space? There are also similarities between the TARDIS and Death's Domain (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%27s_Domain)? Perhaps? --(?)

 * I've always assumed that Susan's name was a reference to Susan Foreman, for what it's worth. Ahkond 17:09, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems mostly coincidential. I wouldn't say the Doctor lives outside of time and space, as much as he can move through them freely. (At least, with the TARDIS.)--Agent Aquamarine 22:56, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Pratchett himself agrees with you. See The Annotated Pratchett File for Soul Music, where he says (among other things),
 * "'As far as I'm aware, the Death/Dr Who 'coincidences' are in the mind of the beholders :-)'"
 * --NapoliRoma (talk) 20:13, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Requested move Susan Sto Helit (Discworld) -> Susan Sto Helit
From proposal on WP:RM: There is no other use of this name so it should be moved as per other Discworld-exclusive names which do not require "(Discworld)" after them, for example the precedent set by articles such as Angua, Carrot Ironfoundersson, Gaspode, Greebo and so on (even more see Template:Discworld) - I doubt anyone will have any objection to this, however the move cannot be made because there already is an article called Susan Sto Helit (a redirect page)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support. Agree that there's no need for this disambiguation. --Tony Sidaway Talk  19:57, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Name Change. I would argue that this should change to Susan (Dicworld), but lacking that, then yes no discworld conningcris 05:31, 8 August 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Conningcris (talk • contribs)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

"Susan Death"?
Can anyone point to where she is referred to as "Susan Death"?--NapoliRoma (talk) 19:55, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Nobby calls her that once in Soul Music. He tells Fred Colon: "That was her, Susan Death!" Doczilla (talk) 22:20, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Infobox image
The image needs a caption to identify the actress and the production. 23skidoo (talk) 18:34, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

The Personification of Helpfulness?
Wen refers to her as "helpfulness personified" and being descended from DEATH, there being more than one kind of genetics... Being a personification may be part of her inheritance.

Inherited abilities
Why does the article assume Susan inherited her special abilities from her adopted grandfather, rather than her biological father, who was, at one point "death"? 84.92.54.229 (talk) 16:44, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Pratchett generally gives that impression. He speaks of the effects of "a Death in the family" and refers to her grandfather rather than father as the significant otherworldly bit. Mort's stint at the job doesn't seem to come into it. --Kiz o r  18:01, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Susan Sto Helit


text:
Wilson Shannon

Wilson Shannon (February 24, 1802 – August 30, 1877) was a Democratic politician from Ohio and Kansas. He served as the 14th and 16th governor of Ohio, and was the first Ohio governor born in the state. He was the second governor of the Kansas Territory.

Early life
Shannon was born in Belmont County in the Northwest Territory, the son of an Irish immigrant, George Shannon, who fought in the Revolutionary War. Wilson Shannon's elder brother, Thomas Shannon, served a partial term in the United States House of Representatives from 1826–1827. His oldest brother, George Shannon, was the youngest member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Ohio politics
After attending Ohio University, Franklin College and Transylvania University, Shannon was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in 1830. He was prosecuting attorney for Belmont County from 1833 to 1835.

Shannon ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1832, losing by only 37 votes. Shannon then served as a prosecutor in Belmont County before winning election to the governorship in 1838. He lost a re-election bid to the Whig candidate, Thomas Corwin, in 1840, but defeated Corwin for a second term two years later. Shannon resigned on April 15, 1844, to take up an appointment from President John Tyler as Minister to Mexico.

Shannon spent a year in the post before being recalled. Shannon went to California in the 1849 gold rush but returned and later won election to the House of Representatives in 1852. He served a single term before taking up an appointment from President Franklin Pierce as Governor of the Kansas Territory in 1855.

Kansas Territory
Shannon was commissioned by President Pierce on August 10, 1855. He took the oath of office on September 7, 1855, and served until June 24, 1856, having been sworn into office a second time on June 13, 1856. He then served from July 7 through August 18, 1856, when he was removed from office by the President. Shannon was known for his Southern sympathies, so much so that he was described by a contemporary as "an extreme Southern man in politics, of the border ruffian type." Shannon frequently used federal troops to bring peace to areas of the territory where violence was commonplace. However, the problems of government administration he experienced while Minister to Mexico plagued him in Kansas, and he stumbled into one political crisis after another.

In May 1856, a large proslavery force entered Lawrence and destroyed many buildings and printing presses in what became known as the "Sacking of Lawrence." Shannon failed to intervene to protect the citizens and their property. In retaliation, John Brown and a small group of followers moved along Pottawatomie Creek, 40 miles south of Lawrence, killing five proslavery settlers. The "Pottawatomie massacre", as it came to be known, brought even more violence into the territory. Shannon lost complete control of the territory and left for St. Louis on June 23, 1856, leaving Daniel Woodson as acting governor.

While at Lecompton, Shannon offered President Pierce his resignation on August 18, 1856, but Pierce had already determined to fire him. In his resignation he wrote that he had

"received unofficial information of my removal from office, and finding myself here without the moral power which my official station confers, and being destitute of any adequate military force to preserve the peace of the country, I feel it due to myself, as well as to the government, to notify you that I am unwilling to perform the duties of government of this territory any longer. You will therefore consider my official connection at an end."

Shannon feared for his life and returned east. He met John Geary, the next territorial governor, on September 7 at Glasgow, Missouri, though their meeting was brief.

Despite his troubled term as territorial governor of Kansas, Shannon served the longest continuous term of any Kansas territorial governor, more than nine-and-one-half months of an eleven-month term.

Later life
Shannon returned to Kansas soon after leaving office. He set up a law practice in Lecompton, and later a practice in Lawrence and Topeka. To visitors he frequently stated: "Govern Kansas in 1855 and '56! You might as well attempt to govern the devil in hell."

Death and legacy
Shannon died in Lawrence on August 30, 1877, and is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Lawrence.

Shannon, Kansas, the first county seat of Anderson County, was named for Shannon. The town ceased to exist in 1860.

title: Wilson Shannon


text:
Webster Young

Webster English Young (December 3, 1932 – December 13, 2003) was an American jazz trumpeter and cornetist.

Born in Columbia, South Carolina, and raised in Washington, D.C., Young was known for his lyrical playing, and performed with John Coltrane, Dexter Gordon, Hampton Hawes, Jackie McLean, and Ike and Tina Turner, among others. He recorded only sparingly; his principal album as a leader, For Lady (Prestige, 1957), was mainly dedicated to tunes associated with Billie Holiday.

In the late 1950s, at the suggestion of Miles Davis, Webster Young moved to New York City, where he began performing with musicians such as Lester Young and Bud Powell. During the mid-1960s, Young returned to Washington, D.C., where he became an educator, teaching music theory at the University of the District of Columbia; he was also director of the District of Columbia Music Center jazz workshop band.

Webster Young died on December 13, 2003, from brain cancer in Vancouver, Washington.

As leader

 * 1957: For Lady (Prestige) with Paul Quinichette, Joe Puma, Mal Waldron, Ed Thigpen, Earl May
 * 1961: Webster Young Plays the Miles Davis Songbook (VGM) with Freddie Washington, Red Anderson, John Chapman, John Mixon, Chauncey Williams

As sideman
With Ray Draper With Jackie McLean With The Prestige All Stars
 * Tuba Sounds (Prestige, 1957)
 * A Long Drink of the Blues (Prestige, 1957)
 * Makin' the Changes (Prestige, 1957)
 * Strange Blues (Prestige, 1957)
 * Fat Jazz (Jubilee, 1958)
 * Interplay for 2 Trumpets and 2 Tenors (Prestige, 1957)

title: Webster Young


text: User talk:200.168.19.38

title: User talk:200.168.19.38


text:
Winston Ntshona

Winston Ntshona (6 October 1941 – 2 August 2018) was a South African playwright and actor. He won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play in 1975.

Biography
Born in Port Elizabeth, Zola Winston Ntshona worked alongside fellow South African Athol Fugard on several occasions, most notably in the 1980 film version of Fugard's play Marigolds in August, and played a minor role in Richard Attenborough's acclaimed film Gandhi (1982) and a major role in the film A Dry White Season (1989).

Career
Ntshona attended Newell High School in Port Elizabeth, where he met long time collaborator and South African acting legend John Kani. Between 1963 and 1972 Ntshona worked as a laboratory assistant in a timber factory. In 1967 he joined the Serpent Players drama group alongside John Kani and Athol Fugard. Black members of the drama group all had day time jobs. Rehearsals and workshops would take place in the evenings or during weekends. Reputation of their work grew over time, and Winston Ntshona had to quit his job at the timber factory, becoming an employee of The Serpent Players. With Fugard and John Kani, Ntshona wrote the 1973 play The Island. He and Kani starred in a number of major international productions over the next 30 years. Ntshona and Kani were co-winners of the Tony Award for Best Actor in a play for their performance in both The Island and Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, which he also co-wrote. This was a first for black actors at the time.

Sizwe Banzi Is Dead
In 1972–73, he was a cast member of the critically acclaimed stage play Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, which premiered at the Space Theatre in Cape Town, a play critical of the Apartheid government's pass laws of the time. Sizwe Banzi is Dead was invited to play for a one-off show in New York, but word of the play soon spread to Europe. A national tour of England was followed by an invitation to play at London's Royal Court Theatre for a six-week run. They returned to the United States for an extensive run of the show on Broadway. Between 1967 and 1972 Ntshona appeared in over 20 stage productions for the Serpent Players. The success of Sizwe Banzi is Dead was quickly followed up with the equally acclaimed play The Island. The Serpent Players returned to South Africa in 1976 and began to tour both Sizwe Banzi is Dead and The Island in rural areas around the country, where they also conducted acting workshops.

Film career
Ntshona's first screen role came when he and Kani were invited by producer Euan Lloyd to audition for roles in a British film. Ntshona played deposed President Julius Limbani, the subject of a rescue attempt in The Wild Geese (1978). Limbani is based on Moise Tshombe. He also played a similar role in The Dogs of War (1980) as Dr. Okoye, a moderate political figure thrown in jail by the dictator President Kimba of the fictional Republic of Zangaro. His other film credits include roles in Ashanti (1979), Night of the Cyclone (1991), The Power of One (1992), The Air Up There (1994) and Tarzan and the Lost City (1998).

In 1979 he appeared in Michael Hastings' monologue Full Frontal at the Royal Court Theatre in London.

With Fugard and John Kani, Ntshona wrote the 1973 play The Island, in which he and Kani starred in a number of major international productions over the next 30 years. He and Kani were co-winners of the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for their performance in both The Island and Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, which he also co-wrote.

Arrests
In October 1976 Ntshona and Kani were arrested and thrown into solitary confinement for 15 days by the then Transkei government. The order was given by the Minister of Justice George Matanzima, who was also brother to the Prime Minister of the Transkei homeland, Kaiser Matanzima. They were held under the Transkei's Proclamation R.400, because Matanzima believed the play Sizwe Banzi Is Dead had 'inflammable, abusive and vulgar subject matter'.

Personal life and death
In 2010 Ntshona was awarded the Order of Ikhamanga in Silver for his vast contribution to the South African arts and culture landscape.

Ntshona died on 2 August 2018, following a lengthy undisclosed illness. He was 76.

title: Winston Ntshona


text:
Oliver P. Smith

Oliver Prince Smith (October 26, 1893 – December 25, 1977) was a U.S. Marine four-star general and decorated combat veteran of World War II and the Korean War. He is most noted for commanding the 1st Marine Division during the first year of the Korean War, and notably during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, where he said "Retreat Hell! We're just attacking in another direction.", which is commonly misquoted as "Retreat, hell! We're not retreating, we're just advancing in a different direction." He retired at the rank of four-star general, being advanced in rank for having been specially commended for heroism in combat.

Early years
Smith was born in Menard, Texas. His father died when he was seven, and his mother moved to Northern California. He graduated from Santa Cruz High School in 1911. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, working his way through college doing odd jobs (mostly gardening). After graduation, he reported for active duty as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps in 1917. Smith was a quiet, shy Christian Scientist.

The following month he was assigned his first overseas tour at Guam, Marianas Islands, where he served with the Marine Barracks, Naval Station. While in Guam, (then) Lieutenant Smith was married to Esther Laurilla King of Hayward, California. They remained married for 58 years. In May 1919, he returned to the United States for duty with the Marine barracks at Mare Island, California.

Ordered to sea duty in October 1921, Lieutenant Smith served as commanding officer of the Marine Detachment aboard the USS Texas (BB-35) until May 1924. At that time he was assigned to Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington, D.C., for duty with the personnel section.

Returning overseas in June 1928, he joined the Gendarmerie of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, as assistant chief of staff. Following his return from foreign shore duty in June 1931, he became a student at the Field Officer's Course, U.S. Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. Graduating in June 1932, he was ordered to duty at the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, as an instructor in the Company Officers' Course. In September 1933, he was named assistant operations officer of the 7th Marine Regiment at Quantico.

Smith sailed for France in January 1934, where he joined the staff of the American Embassy in Paris for duty with the Office of the U.S. Naval Attaché. From November 1934 to July 1936, while in Paris, he became the first Marine Corps officer to matriculate at the Ecole Supérieure de Guerre.

He returned to the United States in August 1936, and joined the staff of the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico, as an instructor in the S-3 Section, (Operations and Training). He acquired the nickname "the professor," gained a reputation as an intellectual during these years and was recognized as an expert on amphibious warfare.

Smith was transferred to the West Coast in July 1939, where he joined the Fleet Marine Force as operations officer at the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California.

In June of the following year, he became commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, 6th Marines, and in May 1941, sailed with the 6th Marine Regiment for Iceland where he remained until returning to the United States in March 1942.

World War II
In May 1942, Smith was ordered to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he became executive officer of the Division of Plans and Policies. He remained in this capacity until January 1944, when he joined the 1st Marine Division on New Britain. There he took command of the 5th Marine Regiment and subsequently led the regiment in the Talasea phase of the Cape Gloucester operation.

In April 1944, he was named assistant division commander of the 1st Marine Division and participated in operations against the Japanese in the Peleliu operation during September and October 1944.

Smith became Marine deputy chief of staff of the Tenth Army in November 1944, and participated in the Battle of Okinawa from April through June 1945.

In July 1945, he returned to the United States and became commandant of the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, and in January 1948, was named commanding general, Marine Barracks, Quantico, in addition to his duties at the school. Three months later, he became assistant commandant of the Marine Corps and chief of staff, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. While there he served as editor-in-chief of the professional journal of U.S. Marines, the Marine Corps Gazette.

Korean War
Named Commanding General of the 1st Marine Division in June 1950, Major General Smith led his division through the bitter campaigns of the Korean War — from the late summer assault at Inchon, to the sub-zero winter drive north to the Chosin Reservoir.

In October 1950, the 1st Marine Division landed at Wonsan on the eastern side of Korea under the command of the Army's X Corps commanded by Edward Almond. Almond and Smith shared a mutual loathing dating back to a meeting between the two in Japan before the Inchon landing. During the meeting Almond had spoken of how easy amphibious landings were although he had never planned, or taken part in one, and then referred to Smith as son although he was only 10 months older than Smith. Smith and the Marine command also felt Almond was too aggressive and were sure about large numbers of Chinese Forces in North Korea when higher headquarters in Tokyo was telling them that was not the case. Although ordered to go north to the Yalu River as fast as he could, Smith continuously slowed the division's march to the point of near insubordination. Also along the way he established supply points and an airfield.

In November 1950, with the 1st Marine Division surrounded at the Chosin Reservoir, he directed the breakout and subsequent 70 miles march to the seaport of Hungnam. In the end his careful march north and ability to keep the division together saved it—and quite possibly the entire X Corps—from total destruction.

General Smith returned to the United States, in May 1951, and was assigned duties as commanding general, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.

In July 1953, he was advanced to the rank of lieutenant general and assumed his final duties as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, and served in this capacity until his retirement, with the rank of general, on September 1, 1955.

Smith died in Los Altos, California on December 25, 1977.

Distinguished Service Cross citation
Citation:

"The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Oliver P. Smith (MCSN: 0–920), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding General, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, from 29 November to 4 December 1950. Major General Smith's leadership contributed materially to the break-through in the Chosin Reservoir area and is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service."

Silver Star citation
Citation:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star (Army Award) to Major General Oliver P. Smith (MCSN: 0–920), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action as Commanding General, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), United Nations Command, in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Inchon-Seoul operation during the period 15 September to 21 September 1950. His actions contributed materially to the success of this operation and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service."

title: Oliver P. Smith


text:
Chess tactic

In chess, a tactic is a sequence of moves that each makes one or more immediate threats – a check, a threat, a checkmating sequence threat, or the threat of another tactic – that culminates in the opponent's being unable to respond to all of the threats without making some kind of concession. Most often, the immediate benefit takes the form of a advantage or ; however, some tactics are used for defensive purposes and can salvage material that would otherwise be lost, or to induce stalemate in an otherwise lost position.

Tactics are usually contrasted with strategy, whereby the individual moves by themselves do not make indefensible threats, and the cumulative advantage of them takes longer to capitalise. The dichotomy can be summarised as tactics concerning short-term play and strategy concerning long-term play. Examples of strategic advantages are in, compromised pawn structure in, and sustained pressure on, the opponent's position. Often, to dichotomize strategy and tactics, sequences of moves that make strategic instead of tactical threats or use tactical threats to obtain a strategic advantage are also classified as tactics.

Tactics usually follow one of a number of repeating patterns; these include forks, skewers, batteries, discovered attacks, undermining, overloading, deflection, pins, and interference. The Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames gives the following tactics categories: Annihilation of Defense, Blockade, Decoying, Deflection, Demolition of Pawns, Discovered Attack, Double Attack, Interception, Intermediate Move, Overloading, Passed Pawn, Pawns Breakthrough, Pin, Pursuit (perpetual attack), Space Clearance, and X-ray Attack. Often tactics of more than one type are conjoined in a combination.

Attacking and defending pieces
A piece is said to attack (or threaten) an opponent's piece if, on the next move, it could capture that piece. A piece is said to defend (or protect) a piece of the defender's color if, in case the defended piece were taken by the opponent, the defender could immediately recapture. Attacking a piece usually, but not always (see Sacrifice), forces the opponent to respond if the attacked piece is undefended, or if the attacking piece is of lower value than the one attacked.

When the piece attacked is a king, then a player has at most three options:
 * capture the attacking piece;
 * move the king to an adjacent square that is not under attack;
 * interpose another piece in between the king and the attacking piece (if the attacker is not a knight and is not directly adjacent to the attacked king).

When the attacked piece is not a king, a player may have additional options, beyond the ones listed above:
 * move the attacked piece to a square where it will not be under attack, or will be defended by another piece;
 * move the attacked piece to a different attacked square, where a capture will result in a more advantageous position;
 * defend the attacked piece, permitting an exchange;
 * pin the attacking piece so the capture becomes illegal, unprofitable, or less damaging;
 * capture a different piece of the opponent;
 * allow the attacked piece to be captured without immediate material compensation (i.e. sacrificed) for some other tactical advantage or for tempo;
 * employ a zwischenzug (create a counter-threat).

Gaining material
When a player is able to capture the opponent's piece(s) without losing any of their own (or losing a piece of lesser value), the player is said to have "won "; i.e., the opponent will have fewer (or less valuable) pieces remaining on the board. The goal of each basic tactic is to win material. At the professional level, often the mere threat of material loss (i.e., an anticipated tactic) induces the opponent to pursue an alternative line. In amateur games, however, tactics often come to full fruition – unforeseen by the opponent and resulting in material gain and a corresponding, perhaps decisive, advantage. Material gain can be achieved by several different types of tactics.

Discovered attack
A discovered attack is a move that allows an attack by another piece. A piece is moved away so as to allow the attack of a friendly bishop, rook or queen on an enemy piece. If the attacked piece is the king, the situation is referred to as a discovered check. Discovered attacks are powerful since the moved piece may be able to pose a second threat.

A special case of a discovered check is a double check, where both the piece being unmasked and the piece being moved (rarely a third piece instead, possible in the case of an en passant capture) attack the enemy king. A double check always forces the opponent to move the king, since it is impossible to defend against attacks from two directions in any other way.

Fork
A fork is a move that uses one piece to attack two or more of the opponent's pieces simultaneously, with the aim to achieve material advantage, since the opponent can counter only one of the threats. Knights are often used for forks, with their unique moving and jumping ability, which makes them able to attack any enemy piece except for an enemy knight without being attacked in return. A common situation is a knight played to c2 or c7, threatening both the enemy rook and king. Such forks checking a king are particularly effective, because the opponent is forced by the rules of chess to immediately remove the check to their king. The opponent cannot choose to defend the other piece, or use a zwischenzug (other than a cross check) to complicate the situation. Pawns can also be effective in forking. By moving a pawn forward, it can attack two pieces—one diagonally to the left, and another diagonally to the right, and because it is worth less than all other pieces, it does not matter if either or both forked pieces are defended.

The queen is also an excellent forking piece, since she can move in eight different directions. However, a queen fork is only useful if both pieces are undefended, or if one is undefended and the other is the enemy's king. The queen is the most valuable attacking piece, so it is usually not profitable for her to capture a defended piece.

Fork attacks can be either relative (meaning the attacked pieces comprise pawn[s], knight[s], bishop[s], rook[s], or queen[s]), or absolute (one of the attacked pieces is the enemy king, in check). The targets of a fork do not have to be pieces. One or more of the targets can be a mate threat (for example, forking a loose knight and setting up a battery of queen and bishop that creates a mate threat as well) or implied threat (for example, a knight move that forks a loose bishop and also threatens to fork enemy queen and rook).

Pin
A pin is a move that inhibits an opponent piece from moving, because doing so would expose a more valuable (or vulnerable) piece behind it. Only bishops, rooks, and queens can perform a pin, since they can move more than one square in a straight line. If the pinned piece cannot move because doing so would produce check, the pin is called absolute. If moving the pinned piece would expose a non-king piece, the pin is called relative.

Skewer
A skewer is a move that attacks two pieces in a line, similar to a pin, except that the enemy piece of greater value is in front of the piece of lesser value. After the more valuable piece moves away, the lesser piece can be captured. Like pins, only queens, rooks, and bishops can perform the skewer, and skewer attacks can be either absolute (the more valuable piece in front is the king, in check) or relative (the piece in front is a non-king piece).

Pawns
The pawn is the least valuable chess piece, so pawns are often used to capture defended pieces. A single pawn typically forces a more powerful piece, such as a rook or a knight, to retreat. The ability to fork two enemy pieces by advancing a pawn is often a threat. Alternately, a pawn move can itself reveal a discovered attack. When pawns are arranged on a diagonal, with each pawn guarded by the pawn behind it, they form a wall or  protecting any friendly pieces behind them. A weak pawn structure, with unprotected or isolated pawns ahead of more valuable pieces, can be a decisive weakness. A pawn that has advanced all the way to the opposite side of the board is promoted to any other piece except a king.

Sacrifices
A sacrifice of some material is often necessary to throw the opponent's position out of balance, potentially gaining positional advantage. The sacrificed material is sometimes later offset with a consequent material gain. Pawn sacrifices in the opening are known as gambits; they are usually not intended for material gain, but rather to achieve a more active position.

Direct attacks against the enemy king are often started by sacrifices. A common example is sacrificing a bishop on h2 or h7, checking the king, who usually must take the bishop. This allows the queen and knight to develop a fulminant attack.

Zugzwang
Zugzwang (German for "compulsion to move") occurs when a player is forced to make an undesirable move. The player is put at a disadvantage because they would prefer to pass and make no move, but a move has to be made, all choices of which weaken their position. Situations involving zugzwang seldom occur before the endgame, where there are fewer choices of available moves.

Zwischenzug
Zwischenzug (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic in which a player under threat, instead of directly countering or recapturing, introduces an even more devastating threat. The tactic often involves a new attack against the opponent's queen or king. The opponent then may be forced to address the new threat, abandoning the earlier attack.

title: Chess tactic


text: User talk:65.4.251.55

title: User talk:65.4.251.55


text:
R. Stanton Hales

Raleigh Stanton Hales, Jr. (born March 16, 1942) is an American mathematician and educator, specializing in combinatorics. He was named president of The College of Wooster in 1995, and retired from the College in July 2007. Prior to his appointment as president, he served as vice president for academic affairs at Wooster from 1990 to 1995. He was also a professor in the department of mathematics and computer science. Since 2007, he has been a senior consultant affiliated with Academic Search, Inc. (DC).

A native of Pasadena, CA, Hales attended Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, California. He is the younger brother of mathematician Alfred W. Hales. In 1964, he was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Pomona College in Claremont, California. He then earned masters and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow during the 1964–1965 academic year and served as a teaching fellow from 1965–1967.

Hales joined the faculty of his alma mater, Pomona, in 1967. He was named associate dean of the college at Pomona in 1973 and served for one year (1982–83) as acting dean. In 1971, he received the Rudolph J. Wig Distinguished Professorship Award at Pomona. In 2004, Hales received an honorary doctorate of science degree from Pomona. Dr. Hales was among prestigious company: Walter Cronkite was a fellow degree recipient. In 2011, he received the honorary degree doctor of laws from The College of Wooster, and in 2013, the honorary degree doctor of humane letters from Centre College.

Hales served as treasurer and board member of the Association of American Colleges and Universities, and chaired the executive committee of the Great Lakes Colleges Association. He is a former chair of the boards of directors of the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities, as well as past president of the North Coast Athletic Conference.

Hales is a two-time United States men's singles champion in badminton, winning the titles in 1970 and 1971. During his 40-year career, he has played on and coached the U.S. Thomas Cup team. He was a member of the council of the International Badminton Federation for 10 years and was one of three deputy referees for the badminton competition at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, GA. Hales won back-to-back national junior titles in 1959 and 1960, and became a national champion again by winning the Grand Master's (60 and over) men's singles title in 2002 and 2003. He has co-authored a book on the sport with Margaret Varner Bloss titled "Badminton".

In the area of public service, Hales served in 2003-04 as a member of Governor Robert A. Taft’s Commission of Higher Education and the Economy. In 2002–03, he chaired the Site Selection Task Force for Wayne County Chapter of the American Red Cross.

Hales and his wife, Diane (also a former U.S. badminton champion), have two children: Karen, a graduate of Swarthmore College and Stanford University (Ph.D.), currently on the faculty at Davidson College, and Chris, a graduate of Stanford and Yale Law School and currently Executive Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of California.

title: R. Stanton Hales


text: User talk:217.29.116.167

title: User talk:217.29.116.167


text:
Talk:Driver ant

Found a picture of a male driver ant being taken, but not sure if it can be used what do you all think? http://www.museums.org.za/bio/images/enb4/enb04602.jpg

It is really relevant to note they are called Siafu" in their native areas? We don't routinely give french, german, portugeese, mongolian, &c., &c. names for things! 80.255 06:47, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is relevant. Right now i'm watching a TV document about ants and they call them siafu all the time. So I went to Wikipedia and entered keyword 'siafu'.
 * — Egg 22:55, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

-

This article should probably be merged with Dorylinae. siafu 21:43, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Agreed - they cover the exact same thing. Put a redirect on Driver Ant. tylerwillis 15:22, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

I merged over the information that wasn't duplicated and redirected. I think I waited plenty long enough on this one. siafu 23:19, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Driver ant


text:
Category:Korean War

 * The Korean War (active 1950−1953) — a civil war on the Korean Peninsula between North Korea and South Korea, and their Cold War allies.

title: Category:Korean War


text:
Michael Schoeffling

Michael Earl Schoeffling (born December 10, 1960) is an American former actor and model. He is known for playing the role of Jake Ryan in Sixteen Candles, Al Carver in Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken, Kuch in Vision Quest, and Joe in Mermaids.

Early life and education
Schoeffling was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, and raised in South Jersey. He graduated from Cherokee High School in Evesham Township, New Jersey. He attended Temple University in Philadelphia, where he majored in liberal arts. In the mid-1980s he began modeling for GQ, and photographer Bruce Weber paid for his acting classes at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute in Manhattan.

Acting career
Schoeffling came to international prominence at the age of 23 for his role as Jake Ryan, the popular yet sensitive high school athlete on whom Molly Ringwald's character has a crush in the teen film Sixteen Candles. For Valentine's Day in 2004, twenty years after the film's American premiere, The Washington Post published an article entitled "Real Men Can't Hold a Match to Jake Ryan of Sixteen Candles", which discussed the character's enduring appeal.

He appeared in eight additional films after Sixteen Candles, including roles in Vision Quest and Mermaids, and starring roles in the 1986 action film Let's Get Harry and 1991's Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken.

Post-acting career
Since giving up acting, he has produced handcrafted furniture as the owner of a woodworking shop.

title: Michael Schoeffling


text:
Hideki Shirakawa

Hideki Shirakawa (白川 英樹) is a Japanese chemist, engineer, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Tsukuba and Zhejiang University. He is best known for his discovery of conductive polymers. He was co-recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Alan MacDiarmid and Alan Heeger.

Early life and education
Hideki Shirakawa was born in Tokyo, Japan, the second son of a military doctor. He had one elder and one younger brother and sister. Olympic marathoner champion Naoko Takahashi is his second cousin-niece. He lived in Manchukuo and Taiwan during childhood. Around third grade, he moved to Takayama, Gifu, which is the hometown of his mother.

Shirakawa graduated from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1961, and his doctorate in 1966. Afterward, he obtained the post of assistant in Chemical Resources Laboratory at Tokyo Tech.

Career
While employed as an assistant at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) in Japan, Shirakawa developed polyacetylene, which has a metallic appearance. This result interested Alan MacDiarmid when MacDiarmid visited Tokyo Tech in 1975.

In 1976, he was invited to work in the laboratory of Alan MacDiarmid as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania. The two developed the electrical conductivity of polyacetylene along with American physicist Alan Heeger.

In 1977 they discovered that doping with iodine vapor could enhance the conductivity of polyacetylene. The three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 in recognition of the discovery. With regard to the mechanism of electric conduction, it is strongly believed that nonlinear excitations in the form of solitons play a role.

In 1979, Shirakawa became an assistant professor in the University of Tsukuba; three years later, he advanced to a full professor. In 1991 he was appointed as Tsukuba's Chief of Science and Engineering Department of Graduate School (until March, 1993), and as Tsukuba's Chief of Category #3 group (until March, 1997).

Research
Source:

Shirakawa's research on conductive polymers can be broken down into four main categories: polyacetylene thin film synthesis, the causation of metallic conductivity due to chemical doping, the creation of conjugated (double or triple bonds in a molecule which are separated by a single bond) liquid crystalline polymers, and acetylene polymerization development that used liquid crystals as solvents.

 * 1) Polyacetylene Synthesis: Polyacetylene was expected to have certain properties, with insolubility making the substance difficult to work with. Dr. Shirakawa found that polyacetylene thin films can be synthesized, and with the thin films, the doctor clarified the molecular and solidified structures of polyacetylene.
 * 2) Creation of Metallic Conductivity: Dr. Shirakawa found that, when a trace of a halogen such as bromine or iodine is added to thin film polyacetylene, its electric conductivity increases, and it exhibits metallic conductivity. Shirakawa found that partial electron transfer between dopants and p-electrons of polyacetylene can generate metallic conductivity.
 * 3) Using Liquid Crystals to Develop Acetylene Polymerization: Dr. Shirakawa developed a method for the production of highly conductive polyacetylene thin films which paralleled the polymerization of acetylene. Furthermore, he succeeded in the synthesis of thin films of helical polyacetylene whose chirality is controllable.
 * 4) 'Chirality: a property of asymmetry, meaning a molecule is distinguishable from its mirror image; that is, it cannot be superimposed onto it
 * 5) Creation of Conjugated Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Dr. Shirakawa created self-oriented, conjugated liquid crystalline polymers by introducing liquid crystalline groups into the side chains of p-conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene. He also macroscopically oriented the polymers with electric or magnetic fields and succeeded in having the molecules electric anisotropy.

-The general definition of electrical anisotropy describes the variation of an electrical property depending on the lateral or vertical direction (x,y,z) in which a current flows.

Recognition

 * 1983 – The Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan
 * 2000 – SPSJ Award for Outstanding Achievement in Polymer Science and Technology
 * 2000 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * 2000 – Order of Culture and selected as Person of Cultural Merit
 * 2000 – Professor Emeritus of the University of Tsukuba
 * 2001 – Special Award of the Chemical Society of Japan
 * 2001 – Member of the Japan Academy
 * 2006 – Professor Emeritus of the Zhejiang University

The Nobel Prize
Shirakawa was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with UPenn's physics professor Alan J. Heeger and chemistry professor Alan G. MacDiarmid, "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers". He also became the first Japanese Nobel laureate who did not graduate from one of the National Seven Universities and the second Japanese chemistry Nobel laureate.

Over the years, Shirakawa has expressed that he does not want the Nobel Prizes to receive too much special treatment from mass media (especially the Japanese media). He hopes that many vital areas in fields outside the Nobel Prize categories will also become more widely known.

Relatives
One of his relatives, Hitomi Yoshizawa, is a member of the singing group Morning Musume Morning Girls. He is also related to Naoko Takahashi, the women's marathon gold medalist of the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Public issues
On 6 December 2013, the House of Councillors (Japan) approved the bill of the State Secrecy Law. Shirakawa and physics Nobel laureate Toshihide Maskawa issued a statement saying that the law: "threatens the pacifist principles and fundamental human rights established by the constitution and should be rejected immediately...(omitted)...Even in difficult times, protecting the freedom of the press, of thought and expression and of academic research is indispensable."

title: Hideki Shirakawa


text:
Talk:AS Monaco FC

Javier Chevantón Out
Javier Chevantón has been transfered to Sevilla for £5.47 million.

http://www.footballtransfers.net/transfers/alltrans_world.php

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 02:04, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Is this a translation?
Has this article been translated from the French? It needs a major clean-up. —MDCollins 20:01, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Cleanup done, and it sure did take a while. ··· 巌流 ? · talk to ganryuu 06:34, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

What about the legal issues with the French Football Federation regarding taxation?

Notable
On what basis has the notable players list been selected? many notable players (Oliver Bierhoff, Emmanuel Adebayor, Javier Saviola, Shabani Nonda, Mohammed Kallon and Javier Chevanton has been left out, even though all but Bierhoff and Saviola played in the 2004 team that reached the Champions League final. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.232.196.155 (talk) 05:36, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

What about John-Arne Riise? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.68.76.178 (talk) 21:04, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Did you read the section intro? We are not talking about a notable player in general. We are talking about what you did at the club. Oliver Bierhoff made 18 and scored four goals for Monaco in one season. Do you honestly believe he deserves to be mentioned alongside Jean-Luc Ettori, who made over 700 appearances for the club or Claude Puel, who made over 500 appearances, or Lucas Bernardi, who made over 200 appearances, or Victor Ikpeba, who made over 200 appearances and is one of the club's all-time top goalscorers. Do you see where I am going with this?

 * Same with Javier Saviola, John Arne Riise, Emmanuel Adebayor and the other players you mentioned. Just because they were on the squad that reached the UEFA Champions League final doesn't constitute them being notable for the club. It's damn near laughable to even mention a Saviola, Adebayor, Riise, Kallon, or Chevantón alongside the names of Delio Onnis, George Weah, Christian Dalger, Emmanuel Petit, etc when considered what the latter did at the club compared to what the former did. — Joao10Siamun (talk) 01:53, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Wrong flags of nationality
There are flags of Vatican City and Åland Islands, while I'm quite they don't have FIFA status. And, actually the players in question are French & Senegalese, respectively (at least according to their articles). And "Sébastien Chabbert" does not sound Montenegrin to me, inn fact his article says he is French. I'm going to change them because they seem to have been left from vandalism, after which there were many other strange countries, and the other are corrected. 85.217.43.208 (talk) 21:40, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

Club nationality
Why is Monaco described as a French club? Is it not Monegasque? By this standard, shouldn't Swansea City A.F.C. be described as English? --BDD (talk) 17:33, 27 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Monaco is identified as French because the club competes as a French club in UEFA (see here) and FIFA-sanctioned competitions because both organizations do not affiliate themselves with the Principality of Monaco. —  JS   Rant Away 23:29, 27 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Gotcha. I'm going to add that link as a ref to avoid future confusion. --BDD (talk) 00:29, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Vandalism is taking place non-stop
Vandalism is occurring non-stop. Please add the Edit semi-protected template.
 * Padlock-dash2.svg Not done: requests for changes to the page protection level should be made at Requests for page protection. I see you've already done that - an administrator will respond to your request on that page. Thanks, -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 14:06, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Emmanuel Riviere
On Squad, Emmanuel Riviere is missing who signed a 4 and a half year contract recently having been on loan with them since last season, also he wears no. 10, not James Rodriguez, his number is TBA!

Needs major re-work
OBVIOUS PROBLEMS:

"YEARS 210" - Timemachine ????

Check who is on the team,: "Pamela Anderson and Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.9.185.154 (talk) 13:52, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

No Comments :

THIS IS A JOKE ?

AS Monaco FC was founded on 23 August 2024 as an unification of numerous local clubs based in Hong Kong and the principality. The club's early years were spent hungover in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, rising rapidly between the leagues in the 1990s. I'''n 2033, Monaco were forced by the French Football Federation to enter Britain's Got Talent. The Monégasques' first year of second division football ended in failure however, as they were relegated to the Ryman League Premier the following year. By 2048, Monaco re-acquired its professional status and returned to the Aviva Premiership; they subsequently played further football and won some games, lost some games, and even drew some games. With this sustained effort resulting in promotion to the Angolan North East Central League in 2053. In 2060, Monaco's brother, Lucien Leduc, took the club to the cinema, and they all watched the Coupe de France, where Chuck Norris beat Saint-Étienne 4–2 in extra time. This initial success was bettered in the following year with Norris winning the French Championship for the first time in his history, qualifying for the European Cup. Norris subsequently became leader of the world. Upon Norris' departure in 2063, Monaco endured a barren run, so played in the J-League for the best part of the next decade and alternating between the first and second divisions after 2063. In 2075, Jean-Louis Campora, wife of former president Charles Campora, became bigger than the club. In his second season, he brought everyone possible (see current squad), who immediately won the club promotion to the first division and won them the Boulder Badge. The following year he defeated the Elite Four, using just a level 11 Mankey. Campora subsequently left the club drunk in 2079, to be collected by Lucien Müller and Gérard Banide, both of whom were unable to halt the man's terrible drinking problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.9.185.154 (talk) 13:55, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I've gone back to a version before, and added it to my watchlist. I'll try to keep up with it. 04:47, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 May 2014
Current manager: Leonardo Jardim

FabioGC94 (talk) 08:10, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not cited reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to any article. - Arjayay (talk) 08:19, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Honours:

French Champion Division 1 (now Ligue 1): - 7 Times (60/61, 62/63, 77/78, 81/82, 87/88, 96/97 and 99/2000).

French Cup Winner: - 5 Times (59/60, 62/63, 79/80, 84/85 and 90/91). French League Cup Winner (Coupe de la Ligue): - 1 Time 2002/2003.

UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE

Finalist: 2004 (Lost 3-0 to F.C. Porto) Semi-Finalist: 1994 and 1998

CUP WINNER'S CUP

Finalist: 1992 (Lost 2-0 to Werder Bremen) Semi-Finalist: 1990

UEFA CUP

Semi Finalist: 1997--Wvannoni 21:00, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Why does Monaco not compete as a national side as well ala San Marino and Liechtenstein? Just curious.

It does, AS Monaco is a league side based in Monaco, not the Monaco national team--128.240.229.6 15:07, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

MANY ERRORS
Hi,

I am just a simple reader, but I would like to say that somebody is joking with the page. There are on roster Bolanos, Van der Vaart, Gotze, Witsel, Evra, Cilessen, Borja Valero, Fucile, Bosingwa, Enzo Perez,Lanzini, Montillo, Gerard Piquè, Emenike. These players are not in Monaco team.

Some As Monaco real players are not in the list and I dont think Berbatov is captain.

Bye

 * Thank you for alerting, now fixed. Lukejordan02 (talk) 17:23, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:27, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on AS Monaco FC. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131019081156/http://www.asm-fc.com/en/article/the-origins-1919-1930-62951.html to http://www.asm-fc.com/en/article/the-origins-1919-1930-62951.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081117161108/http://frenchleague.com/club/historique.asp?no_affil_fff=500211 to http://www.frenchleague.com/club/historique.asp?no_affil_fff=500211

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:12, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:22, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
 * ASM logo redgold.png

Wenger Section. Re Marseilles Match Fixing.
The source given in the article does not refer to this. I have put a note in the text. Firestar47 (talk) 20:50, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction says Monaco is among the best clubs in European football. To me that is an exaggeration as well as the term best being very vague. If you want to refer to success a better term is successful. Firestar47 (talk) 16:46, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:AS Monaco FC


text:
North San Pedro

North San Pedro can refer to:
 * North San Pedro, Texas, a census-designated place of Nueces County, Texas
 * North San Pedro, San Jose, a neighborhood of San Jose, California

title: North San Pedro


text:
Josh Peck

Joshua Michael Peck (born November 10, 1986) is an American actor, comedian, and YouTuber. Peck began his career as a child actor, appearing in the film Snow Day (2000) and the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series The Amanda Show (2000–2002). He had his breakthrough playing Josh Nichols on the Nickelodeon sitcom Drake & Josh (2004–2007) and in the television films Drake & Josh Go Hollywood (2006) and Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh (2008). He also began voicing Eddie in the Ice Age franchise (2006–2016).

Peck's film roles include Max Keeble's Big Move (2001), Spun (2002), Drillbit Taylor (2008), What Goes Up (2009), Red Dawn (2012), The Timber (2015), Chronically Metropolitan (2016), and Oppenheimer (2023). He voiced Casey Jones in the Nickelodeon animated series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012–2017), starred in the Fox comedy series Grandfathered (2015–2016) and the Disney+ series Turner & Hooch (2021). He has run the comedic lifestyle YouTube channel, Shua Vlogs, since 2017.

Early life
Peck was born in New York City. He grew up with his mother, Barbara Peck, who is a career coach, and his maternal grandmother. Peck has never publicly identified his father, who was a married co-worker of his mother, and Peck's birth was the result of an extramarital affair. Peck never met his father, who died in 2013. Peck is Jewish, as are both his parents. He grew up in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, and attended P.S. 40 and The Professional Performing Arts School. He had a bar mitzvah ceremony. He had asthma during his childhood, and often stayed indoors watching old sitcoms. He was inspired to become involved in stand-up comedy when he was eight years old.

Career
Peck subsequently appeared at TADA! Youth Theater and performed stand-up comedy at Carolines on Broadway for the Audrey Hepburn foundation. He appeared on The Rosie O'Donnell Show at the age of 10 in 1996. At the age of 13, he was offered a role on Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show and, at his mother's suggestion, accepted the part and moved to Los Angeles to further pursue an acting career. Peck made his film debut in Snow Day (2000), and appeared regularly on The Amanda Show until the end of its run in 2002. He also starred opposite Alex D. Linz and Zena Grey in the theatrical film, Max Keeble's Big Move, which was released on October 5, 2001. In 2001, he guest starred in an episode of the NBC drama ER called "Thy Will Be Done". During this period, Peck appeared in several independent films, including Spun and 2004's Mean Creek, for which he received critical praise.

Peck was cast as Josh Nichols, opposite Drake Bell's Drake Parker, in another Nickelodeon sitcom, Drake & Josh, which began airing in 2004 and gained Peck recognition among young audiences. Peck's character, Josh Nichols, was smart, funny, and organized, but was always being tormented along with Drake by Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove), Drake's younger sister. Both characters sing in a remake of the song "Soul Man" by Sam and Dave. In 2006, Bell and Peck starred in their own TV movie called Drake & Josh Go Hollywood, and in 2007, they starred in a sequel called Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp. Josh was nominated for Favorite Television Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his work on Drake & Josh. Peck also made his debut as a director in the Drake & Josh episode, "Battle of Panthatar". He also directed his co-star Drake Bell's music video for the theme song to Drake & Josh, "Found a Way". He has also appeared in the series finale of What's New, Scooby-Doo?, an episode of Codename: Kids Next Door called "Operation: C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E.", and the direct-to-video New Line Cinema film Havoc. Peck returned to the character of Josh Nichols in 2008 for the television film Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.In 2006, Peck appeared in the independent film Special, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and voiced Eddie, one of two possum brothers, in the animated sequel, Ice Age: The Meltdown, which was released on March 31 of that year. Peck played a high school bully in 2008's Drillbit Taylor, and starred in the films The Wackness (released July 2008), American Primitive, Safety Glass, and reprised his role as Eddie in Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs. In 2011, Peck had a cameo role on the hit Nickelodeon show Victorious as an audience member for a play Jade wrote. In 2012, Peck starred in the remake of Red Dawn, and once again reprised his role as Eddie, in Ice Age: Continental Drift. In 2013, he began voicing Casey Jones in Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

In 2014, Peck appeared as Danny Norwood in the pilot of The Rebels, one of Amazon Studios' five adult test pilots released on Amazon Video in early 2014. In 2015, Peck was cast as a lead in the comedy series, Grandfathered, starring alongside John Stamos. Grandfathered premiered on September 29 and has gained generally favorable reviews from Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic. Both Peck and Stamos are nominated for a 2016 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Actor In A New TV Series". However it was canceled after one season. In 2016, Peck was cast as Ross in the FOX series Pitch. He appeared in 2 episodes as a statistics analyst. The series was cancelled after 10 episodes.

Peck made several features on David Dobrik's vlog, becoming a frequent contributor to "The Vlog Squad", before pursuing his own YouTube channel. Peck is an active Influencer on Instagram, YouTube and TikTok with 10.3m, 3.76m and 1.9m followers respectively. Peck also currently has a podcast called "Curious with Josh Peck" produced by Ramble, where he interviews celebrities such as John Stamos and Bob Saget discussing not only current topics but their personal lives.

In February 2020, it was announced that Peck had been cast in the title role as U.S. Marshal Scott Turner II in the sequel series of Turner & Hooch on Disney+. The series premiered in July 2021, and after one season was canceled in December. In August 2021, Peck joined the cast of How I Met Your Father as Drew, an elementary school vice principal. The series premiered on Hulu on January 18, 2022. He appears in two episodes of the second season of the iCarly revival, debuting in "iBuild a Team". In March 2022, HarperOne released his memoir titled Happy People Are Annoying.  In 2023, Peck played the role of Kenneth Bainbridge in Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer.

Personal life
In the fourth season of Drake & Josh, Peck was noticeably thinner. He said: "I made a conscious effort to lose weight because I knew I could be happier as well as being healthier. I started by going on a diet a year and a half ago and I got a personal trainer, but I definitely have a healthier lifestyle now. Also I feel that because I do so much television, I am a better role model. I don't really understand why I should be a role model, but I know that kids do look up to me, so it is my responsibility to motivate people and be inspiring. I hope that I can do that for kids. It doesn't really matter what you look like though."

In June 2017, Peck married his longtime girlfriend, Paige O'Brien. In August 2018, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. Their first son was born December 29th of that year. On October 13, 2022, they welcomed their second son.

Peck has named Ben Kingsley as his favorite actor, stating "Nobody is as good as him in my opinion".

In 2022, Peck revealed that he had struggled with addictions to alcohol and drugs in the past, stating, "I was always looking for something to fix my insides. But eventually I realized that whether my life was beyond my wildest dreams or a total mess, it didn't change the temperature of what was going on in my mind. I knew that nothing in the outside world would make me feel whole. . . . I used food and drugs to numb my feelings." He has been sober since 2008.

title: Josh Peck