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GodWeenSatan: The Oneness

GodWeenSatan: The Oneness is the debut studio album by American rock band Ween, released on November 16, 1990, by Twin/Tone Records. The album introduces several key themes for the group, including their eclecticism, gonzo sense of humor, and their demon god/mascot, the Boognish.

The album contains several tracks that are long time staples of Ween's live performances, such as "You Fucked Up", "Fat Lenny", "Marble Tulip Juicy Tree", and "L.M.L.Y.P."

Writing
The album was written and performed by Aaron Freeman and Mickey Melchiondo, who began writing and recording together when they were 14. They soon adopted the name Ween and began recording home tapes. The apparent earliest GodWeenSatan track, "I Gots A Weasel," first appeared on their 1985 Ween WAD EP in an extended form.

At age 16 Ween released their first album-length tape, The Crucial Squeegie Lip, on Birdo'pray Records, which featured a short version of "You Fucked Up."

On January 10, 1987, Ween played their earliest known live show at 'Weenstock,' a small event held in Freeman's basement. Five months later, they began playing at more prominent venues, such as City Gardens in Trenton, NJ. Shortly afterward, Ween released their second album-length tape, Ween II (Axis: Bold As Boognish), which featured a slower version of "Bumblebee."

Between September and November 1988, Ween recorded a home demo tape referred to as Scraping The Palm For Guava, which contained early versions of four GodWeenSatan songs, "Mushroom Festival In Hell," "Licking The Palm For Guava," "Up On The Hill" and "Don't Laugh (I Love You)."

On January 2, 1989, Ween played a show at Pranzatelli's Stereo and TV in Bound Brook. The show featured the earliest known versions of several GodWeenSatan songs. These included fully formed versions of "Tick" and "Licking the Palm For Guava," shorter unfinished versions of "LMLYP" & "Nan," and extended versions of "Don't Laugh (I Love You)" and "El Camino." An FM broadcast of Ween playing at The Rathskellar on April 18, 1989, showcases Ween performing half of the album 's tracks live. The recordings notably feature the earliest known versions of "Never Squeal," "Cold and Wet," "Common Bitch,'' "Old Queen Cole," "Papa Zit," "Squelch the Weasel," and "Fat Lenny."

In January 1990, Ween moved into the Pod, where they continued to record several home tapes. A majority of the released material from these tapes appeared on The Pod album, but songs like "Birthday Boy," "Squelch The Weasel," "Blackjack," & "Puffy Cloud appeared on GodWeenSatan.

Dean Ween later referred to the album as a 'greatest hits' of material the duo had written during their first six years. He used a 1958 Fender Musicmaster during recording.

Release
By the time the album was released in November of 1990, the duo had already recorded their second album, The Pod. GodWeenSatan would be Ween's only release on Twin/Tone.

Restless Records reissued the album on September 11, 2001, jokingly referring to it as the "25th anniversary edition", despite the album only being eleven years old at the time. The reissue featured digitally remastered sound, new packaging, and the inclusion of three bonus tracks—"Bumblebee Part 2", "Stacey", and "Hippy Smell"—integrated into the original album's playlist. The band performed the album in its entirety on September 14, 2001.

In 2016, Ween released GodWeenSatan Live, a live recording from a show recorded on September 14, 2001, during which the group performed the entirety of the album. It was their first live release since 2008. The album was released near the time of The Deaner Album by The Dean Ween group.

Critical reception
David Browne, writing for Entertainment Weekly, praised the album's silliness and frequently ranting nature, writing: "As it veers uncontrollably from the stupid to the unlistenable, God Ween Satan becomes the energizing sound of two street-corner nutjobs railing as best they can against the entire world. Equal opportunity for clever morons to punish the masses with the aid of modern recording equipment — it’s truly a wonderful thing." Andrew Perry of Select wrote that Ween derived their "sonic dementia" from post-hardcore, but that the band's stylistic range was much wider, including parodies of bubblegum pop and lovers rock. He concluded that the "anarchic" album was "unrealistically varied and never boring. You won't have heard the like of this before".

In a retrospective review, Pitchfork's Matt LeMay wrote: "Unafraid to say 'fuck' for no apparent reason, unafraid to rock out on cheesy metal riffs, and unafraid to pick to pieces just about every variety of music, Ween managed to capture the essence of their sound on their debut as well, if not better than, on any later album." Uncut describe the album as containing pastiches of "anything on the rock planet", with Ween offending and delighting the listener "in equal measure". Heather Phares of AllMusic described GodWeenSatan as "almost as eclectic and inspired" as Ween's subsequent albums, with a palpable sense of fun that makes it "more than just a promising debut". Less favorable was Robert Christgau in The Village Voice, who quipped of "L.M.L.Y.P." that Ween "went on about pussy for nine minutes (good idea) in a Princey blues-minstrel drawl (bad one)".

In Punk News' review of The Mollusk, GodWeenSatan and The Pod were said to have carved Ween's 'expansive niche in experimental fits that had numerous great ideas, but lacked focus. Far Out Magazine's retrospective on The Mollusk similarly states that the duo's first two albums featured nothing that "even hinted at anything that could be seen as ‘commercial.’"

Track listing
All tracks written by Ween except "L.M.L.Y.P.," which contains a partial cover of "Shockadelica" and elements of "Alphabet St." by Prince and “El Camino” which contains a partial cover of “White Rabbit” by Jefferson Airplane

 * "Bumblebee Part 2", "Stacey", and "Hippy Smell" do not appear on pressings of the album before 2001.

Personnel
Ween
 * Gene Ween
 * Dean Ween

Additional musicians
 * David Williams – backing vocals on "I'm in the Mood to Move"
 * Eddie Dingle – vocals on "Nan"
 * Andrew Weiss – bass guitar

Technical
 * Andrew Weiss – producer, mixing
 * Theo Van Rock – mixing
 * Greg Frey – engineer (drums)

title: GodWeenSatan: The Oneness


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Steep Holm

Steep Holm (Ynys Rhonech, Ronech and later Steopanreolice ) is an English island lying in the Bristol Channel. The island covers 48.87 acre at high tide, expanding to 63.26 acre at mean low water. At its highest point it is 78 m above mean sea level. Administratively it forms part of the unitary authority of North Somerset within the ceremonial county of Somerset; between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was administered as part of Avon. Nearby is Flat Holm island (Ynys Echni), part of Wales.

The Carboniferous Limestone island rises to about 200 ft and serves as a wind and wave break, sheltering the upper reaches of the Bristol Channel. The island is now uninhabited, with the exception of the wardens. It is protected as a nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) with a large bird population and plants including wild peonies. There was a signal station or watchtower on the island in Roman times, but there may have been human habitation as early as the Iron Age. In the 6th century it was home to St Gildas and to a small Augustinian priory in the 12th and 13th centuries. An inn was built in 1832 and used for holidays in the 19th century. A bird sanctuary was established in 1931 and since 1951 has been leased to charitable trusts. It is now owned by the Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust.

In the 1860s the island was fortified with ten 7-inch rifled muzzle loaders as one of the Palmerston Forts for the coastal defence of the Bristol Channel until it was abandoned in 1898. The infrastructure was reused in World War I and II when MarkVII6-inch breech-loading guns and search lights were installed. To enable the movement of materials, soldiers from the Indian Army Service Corps initially used mules and then installed a cable-operated winched switchback railway.

Geology and ecology
The island is formed of Carboniferous Limestone and is often described as geologically a continuation of the Mendip Hills at Brean Down; however, the dip is at a different angle to that on Brean Down. On Steep Holm the dip is about 30 degrees to the north whereas at Brean Down it is 30 degrees to the south. There are some folds and fractures with dip angles up to 75 degrees created during the final phases of the Variscan orogeny near the end of the Carboniferous Period, 300 million years ago.

The island rises to about 200 ft from the surrounding sea and covers 49 acre at high tide, whereas at low tide it expands to 63 acre due to the tidal range of 43 ft, second only to the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada. There are many caves on the island, and pot holes up to 60 m deep in the surrounding sea bed that are believed to be the remnants of collapsed cave systems. The caves on the islands cliffs are at two different levels: the caves in the current inter-tidal zone which are below the water table and are producing stalactites, and many others high up on the cliffs that were on the water line many thousands of years ago.

Steep Holm is protected as a nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), notification having taken place in 1952. There is a large bird population, particularly European herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and lesser black-backed gulls (Larus fuscus). There has also been a small population of muntjac deer. The plateau at the top of the island has a layer of soil between 6 in and 12 in deep. It has a red colour from veins of iron in the rock and has arrived as sand particles less than 0.0039 in in diameter. The island is the only site in the UK on which wild peonies (Paeonia mascula) grow, although these have been damaged by the fungus botrytis. The wild peony was introduced to the island of Steep Holm, possibly by monks, or brought from the Mediterranean by the Romans. Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) is also common along with golden samphire, buck's-horn plantain (Plantago coronopus) and wild leeks (Allium ampeloprasum). The only reptiles on the island are slowworms (Anguis fragilis).

Prehistoric to Roman
The earliest sign of human activity on the island are prehistoric vertebrae of red deer discovered in Five Johns' Cave during an exploration in 1975. Worked flints from the Mesolithic and scrapers from the Neolithic were uncovered as part of the Priory excavations carried out between 1977 and 1992.

Roman remains, possibly a signal station or watchtower, have been identified on the island by an electrical resistance survey. Accurate exploration and interpretation of the site is difficult as it was reused by builders in both the Victorian era and during World War II. A carved stone head found on the island in 1991 is likely to be a Celtic head from the Romano-British era, but may be from the Iron Age. In addition to shards of cooking pots from the Roman era, some luxury items have been identified including Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, and an amphora dating from between 90 and 140 AD which was made in southern Spain. There have also been shards of Castor ware. Fragments of pottery roofing and box flue tiles have been identified signifying the presence of a heating system and possibly a bath house. Roman coins from the reigns of Claudius Gothicus (268–270) and Tetricus I (271–273) have also been found.

Religious foundations
According to legend, first recorded by John Leland in the 16th century, Saint Gildas, the author of De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, lived on Steep Holm during the 6th century. He arrived on Steep Holm after visiting his friend Saint Cadoc, who lived on Flat Holm as a hermit. Gildas supposedly left the island, after pirates from Orkney carried off his servant and furniture, to become Abbot of Glastonbury. Other semi-legendary saints are also associated with the island; in John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous claims that Saint Dubricius, the saint said to have crowned Arthur, retired to an hermitage on the island of 'Stepeholm' in the River Severn. The Vikings took refuge on Steep Holm during the summer of 914 and then carried out raids on the coast of Somerset at Watchet and Porlock, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. At the end of the 12th century, there was a small priory of Canons Regular of St Michael on the island. The only priory building fully excavated measured 73 ft long and 15 ft wide, with the cloisters and other structures still to be identified. The date of the original foundation of the priory is unclear; however, in the early 13th century the patron was William I de Cantilupe. His family were also patrons of Studley Priory in Warwickshire. His granddaughter married Lord Robert de Tregoz who acquired the freehold of the whole island; however, endowments for the upkeep of the priory were declining, which led to it being abandoned between 1260 and 1265, the monks returning to Studley Priory. A Blue Lias memorial stone from the abbey, which has a Cross of Lorraine, was found in 1867 during the fortification of the island. It was incorporated into an armoury leading to the naming of the "tombstone battery".

Manorial ownership
The island seems to have been held, in association with the local manors of Uphill and Christon, by the Bek family, who granted it to Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. Although the mechanism is unclear, it next passed to the Berkeley family with Maurice de Berkeley, the second Baron Berkeley, holding it in 1315. The site was used again by warreners in the 14th and 15th centuries. They lived in one of the ruined priory buildings which was rebuilt.

By 1453 the overlordship of the island was held by James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, and in 1460 the advowson was exercised by Margaret Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury. Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) was a distant cousin of James Butler as both were descended from different sons of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick. In other words, James Butler (via his mother Joan Butler, Countess of Ormond (née Beauchamp) and his grandfather William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, whilst Margaret Talbot was daughter of Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) and the granddaughter of Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick. In short, James Butler's and Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp grandparents were brothers. Of note is that Margaret Talbot was the daughter of Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess of Warwick (and her husband Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick) from which discord in the Berkeley family was to emerge (see below). Furthermore, Elizabeth Berkeley was the only daughter of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley, showing that ownership still resided to some extent in the Berkeley family since Maurice de Berkeley took over the island in 1315 - Margaret Talbot was the great, great, great granddaughter of Maurice de Berkeley.

However, in the years following, the ownership of a variety of estates, including Norton Beauchamp, to which Steep Holm was attached, was disputed. At the heart of this was the dispute from how the Barony was passed on from Thomas Berkeley, the 5th Baron. These disputes had on one side James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, also known as 'James the Just' (not to be confused with the other 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley who pre-dated him by 150 years). Yet it was to James whom the Barony transferred to under a new creation by writ since his uncle, the aforementioned Thomas de Berkeley (5th Baron) had no male heirs even though he had named his only daughter (Elizabeth Berkeley) as his heir. This was to be the start of a longstanding legal dispute.

On one side of the dispute originating through the line of James, the new 1st Baron, continued through his son (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley in 1463, who was the first male issue from his 3rd marriage to Lady Isabel de Mowbray. This was after two previous marriages that yielded no children. On the opposing side of dispute were the descendants of the aforementioned Elizabeth Berkeley (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) and in particular through her daughter Margaret (de Beauchamp) that shows some curious tangled sub-plots.

One such sub-plot lies with John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury who took Margaret de Beauchamp as his 2nd wife. His first marriage, to a Maud Neville (the daughter of his stepfather Thomas Neville, a Baron Furnivall) and which produced Lady Joan Talbot, amongst 6 children is however notable. The same John Talbot seemingly kidnapped and imprisoned until their death in 1452, the 3rd wife of James Berkeley (the 1st Baron) and mother of the aforementioned 2nd Baron Berkeley (Sir William de Berkeley). Yet, this James Berkeley, took a 4th wife, Lady Joan Talbot (i.e. the daughter of John Talbot who kidnapped his 3rd wife!).

A further sub-plot, or extension of the previous one, centres again around John Talbot but this time as a result of his marriage to Margaret de Beauchamp. Their eldest son, John Talbot, 1st Baron of Lisle and 1st Viscount Lisle, was the father of Thomas Talbot, 2nd Baron of Lisle and 2nd Viscount Lisle. This Thomas Talbot sought to exert his claim on the lands of Baron Berkeley on the death of his grandmother Margaret de Beauchamp (daughter of the disenfranchised Elizabeth Berkeley), who in the interim had continued to press her claim to Baron Berkeley lands against James Berkeley the 1st Baron. It brought him into direct opposition with Sir William de Berkeley (2nd Baron and son of James Berkeley and came to a full head at the Battle of Nibley Green (1470), following what is described as Thomas Talbot's impetuous challenge to Sir William, which had concluded by the end of the following day with the death of Thomas Talbot and the subsequent sacking of his Manor at Wotton-under-Edge.

In the 16th century Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and brother of Jane Seymour (3rd wife Henry VIII) took over, and then lost, large estates including Brean, to which Steep Holm was allied. The marriage of his sister Jane and Henry VIII in 1536 coincided with him being made Viscount Beauchamp, potentially linking back to ancestral marriage between Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 – Before 1366), who married Cicely, the eldest sister and heir of John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp. This may be related to the feudal Barony of Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, previously held by his father Sir John Seymour.

The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker.

In 1832 the island was leased to Colonel Tynte of Halswell House, who established an inn for sailors. The inn was run by the Harris family, using rum and tobacco bought from ships. They claimed that the island was outside the jurisdiction of the excise men until a court case in 1884. After the Harris family, the inn was run by Mr W. L. Davies, who offered fishing, shooting and boating holidays. To make landing on the island easier, a new pier was built close to the inn. In 1835 clergyman John Ashley from Clevedon voluntarily ministered to the population of the island and the neighbouring Flat Holm. Ashley created the Bristol Channel Mission in order to serve seafarers on the 400 sailing vessels which used the Bristol Channel. The mission would later become the Mission to Seafarers, which still provides ministerial services to sailors in over 300 ports.

Palmerston Fort
Both Steep Holm and Flat Holm were fortified in the 1860s as a defence against invasion. They form part of a line of defences, known as Palmerston Forts, built across the channel to protect the approaches to Bristol and Cardiff. The island was fortified following a visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to France, where they had been concerned at the strength of the French Navy. The Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, under the direction of Lord Palmerston, recommended fortification of the coast, and the island formed part of this strategic coastal defence system. Construction began in 1865 and was completed in 1869 by John Perry of Weston-super-Mare. The work involved the creation of a perimeter road around the summit plateau and a lime kiln for the manufacture of lime mortar to build the barracks and gun emplacements with their ammunition stores.

The concrete gun emplacements were called Summit Battery, Laboratory Battery, Garden Battery and Tombstone Battery. Along with the barracks they have been designated as Grade II listed buildings. The facilities installed included a master-gunners house, a small inn, and a water tank holding 49,000 impgal of rainwater. The water tank is beneath the barracks and collects rainwater from its roof. The brick tank is 16.7 m long, 4.8 m wide and 4.5 m high with a vaulted roof. Armaments included ten 7-inch rifled muzzle loaders Mk III spread between six batteries. These were later replaced with Armstrong 6-inch RML guns. Some of the gun batteries are scheduled monuments, and there are the remains of a centralised group of brick-built barrack blocks. In 1898 test firing by HMS Arrogant, an Arrogant-class cruiser, on Rudder Rock battery showed that the fixed gun emplacements used on Steep Holm and other sites were susceptible to attack by modern warships, and the site was no longer active. The military control on the island was maintained until 1908 when it was leased to James Sleeman and his family. In 1927 the first test of the RAE Larynx (from "Long Range Gun with Lynx engine") an early pilotless aircraft, to be used as a guided anti-ship weapon, took place just off Steep Holm.

World wars

These facilities were updated in both World War I and World War II. From 1915 to 1919 the island was requisitioned by the Admiralty as a coastguard station. After the war the Sleemans returned to carry out farming and fishing and played host to occasional tourists. In World War II, search light batteries were built on Steep Holm. In 1940 the island's warden, Harry Cox, who had developed the island into a bird sanctuary since 1931, was appointed as a coastguard and was supported by Local Defence Volunteers from Weston-super-Mare. In 1940 and 1941 the battery was refortified by soldiers from the Indian Army Service Corps using mules to transport guns and equipment up the steep cliffs. The armament included MarkVII6-inch breech-loading guns taken from World War I naval vessels which had been scrapped, and also included Lewis automatic machine guns against air attack. The Garden Battery was built over two Victorian stone gun emplacements. Engineers from the Royal Pioneer Corps improved the infrastructure including importing sheep to feed the soldiers and, after a case of typhoid fever, shipping drinking water from south Wales. To enable the movement of equipment, the engineers built a new jetty. This was linked to the plateau with a cable-operated winched switchback railway using prefabricated 60 cm gauge lines which had been captured from the Germans in World War I. The Steep Holm batteries were also connected, by underwater telegraph cable, to the Brean Down Fort batteries, but parts of the cable were stolen for scrap after the end of World War II.

Post war
In 1953 the island was leased by the Steep Holm Trust supported by four local organisations: the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists and the Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. They repaired some of the buildings and established a bird ringing programme. In 1974 their lease expired and was taken over by the Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust, a registered charity formed in memory of the broadcaster and naturalist Kenneth Allsop. The Trust purchased the island in 1976. The mission statement of the Trust is: "To protect, preserve and enhance for the benefit of the public the landscape, antiquities, flora, fauna, natural beauty and scientific interest of the island of Steep Holm in the County of North Somerset and to advance the education of the public in the natural sciences."

Visits can be made to the island. The trust runs day-long boat trips from Weston-super-Mare. One barrack block is in use to provide visitor facilities. In 1980 the Bollywood film Shaan was set and partially filmed on the island.

The island is the focal point of the 2018 crime thriller Arcam, by Jason Minick.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steep Holm


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Grind

A blade's grind is its cross-sectional shape in a plane normal to the edge. Grind differs from blade profile, which is the blade's cross-sectional shape in the plane containing the blade's edge and the centre contour of the blade's back (meaning the shape of the blade when viewed from the side, i.e. clip point, spear point, etc.). The grind of a blade should not be confused with the bevel forming the sharpened edge; it more usually describes the overall cross-section of the blade, not inclusive of the beveled cutting edge which is typically of a different, less acute angle as the bevel ground onto the blade to give it a cross-sectional shape. For example, the famous Buck 110 hunting knife has a "hollow ground" blade, with concave blade faces (which aid in slicing through materials), but the cutting edge itself is a simple, flat-ground bevel of lesser angle. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to put a "hollow grind" onto the actual cutting edge of the blade itself, which is a very narrow and small bevel.

Grinding
Grinding is the process of creating grinds. It involves removing significant portions of material from a blade, which distinguishes it from honing and polishing. Blades are ground during their initial sharpening or after having been sufficiently damaged, such as by breaking a tip, chipping, or extensive corrosion. Well-maintained blades need grinding less frequently than neglected or maltreated ones do.

Edge angle and included angle typically characterize a blade's grind. An edge angle is measured between a line lying in the plane of one of the edge's faces and a second line intersecting the back's centre contour, both lines lying in the same plane normal to the edge. The included angle is the sum of the edge angles. Ceteris paribus, the smaller the included angle, the sharper the blade and the more easily damaged its edge.

An appropriate grind depends upon a blade's intended use and the material composing it. Knife manufacturers may offer the same blade with different grinds and blade owners may choose to regrind their blades to obtain different properties. A trade-off exists between a blade's ability to take an edge and its ability to keep one. Some grinds are easier to maintain than others, better retaining their integrity as repeated sharpening wears away the blade. Harder steels take sharper edges, but are more brittle and hence chip more easily, whereas softer steels are tougher. The latter are used for knives such as cleavers, which must be tough but do not require a sharp edge. In the range of blade materials' hardnesses, the relationship between hardness and toughness is fairly complex and great hardness and great toughness are often possible simultaneously.

As a rough guide, Western kitchen knives are generally double-bevelled (about 15° on the first bevel and 20°–22° on the second), whereas East Asian kitchen knives, made of harder steel and being either wedge- (double-ground) to 15°–18° or chisel-shaped (single-ground) to 20°–30°.

Care should be taken to avoid confusing the grind of the blade as describing its cross-section and the angle that is ground onto the edge to form a cutting edge. It is very rare to have a knife with a single ground angle forming both the profile and the cutting edge (the exception being perhaps straight razors). For example, the famous Buck 110 folding hunting knife is described as having a "hollow grind" - meaning the faces of the blade are ground into a concave – but the blade also contains a second, less acute, conventional bevel that makes up the cutting edge. A classic Opinel folding knife has a "flat grind" blade, meaning that the faces of the blade are flat, without convexity or concavity, tapering towards the cutting edge: but the actual cutting edge is again formed of another, less acute bevel ground on the narrow edge. A classic Morakniv has a saber or "Scandi" grind, with flat, perpendicular sides on the body, with a secondary bevel formed below to create a tapered edge, but again, the actual cutting edge comprises a third, less-acute bevel. Thus the "grind" of the blade most often refers to the overall cross-section of the blade and should not be confused with the actual style of cutting edge put in the blade, even though this cutting edge is created by grinding as well. If the cutting edge was included in the description of the "grind", the vast majority of blades would have to be described as "compound angle grind". And of course one can purchase an unsharped blade in any style grind you desire, and there is rarely need to grind the entire surface of the blade to create a cutting edge.

Process
A sharp object works by concentrating forces which creates a high pressure due to the very small area of the edge, but high pressures can nick a thin blade or even cause it to roll over into a rounded tube when it is used against hard materials. An irregular material or angled cut is also likely to apply much more torque to hollow-ground blades due to the "lip" formed on either side of the edge. More blade material can be included directly behind the cutting edge to reinforce it, but during sharpening some proportion of this material must be removed to reshape the edge, making the process more time-consuming. Also, any object being cut must be moved aside to make way for this wider blade section, and any force distributed to the grind surface reduces the pressure applied at the edge.

One way around this dilemma is to use the blade at an angle, which can make a blade's grind seem less steep, much as a switchback makes a trail easier to climb. Using the edge in this way is made easier by introducing a curve in the blade, as seen in sabers, tulwars, shamshirs, and katanas, among many others. Some old European swords (most memorably Hrunting) and the Indonesian style of kris have a wavelike shape, with much the same effect in drawing or thrusting cuts.

If it is required to measure the angles of cutting edges, it is achieved by using a goniometer, or blade edge protractor.

Typical grinds

Typical grinds include:

 * 1) Hollow grind: A knife blade ground to create a characteristic concave, beveled cutting edge. This is characteristic of straight razors, used for shaving, and yields a very sharp but weak edge, which requires stropping for maintenance.
 * 2) Flat grind: The blade tapers all the way from the spine to the edge from both sides. A lot of metal is removed from the blade, so it is thus more difficult to grind, which is one factor that limits its commercial use. It sacrifices edge durability in favor of more sharpness.  A true flat-ground knife having only a single bevel is somewhat of a rarity (meaning that usually "flat grind" just describes the general shape of the blade, while there is a second, more conventional bevel ground creating the actual cutting edge, although this is generally true of most blade shapes; few knives are ground with one bevel angle comprising both the blade shape and the cutting edge).
 * 3) Sabre grind: Similar to a flat grind blade, except that the bevel starts at about the middle of the blade, not the spine. Also sometimes referred to as a "V grind", made with strength in mind and found on tactical and military knives. A Sabre grind without a secondary bevel is called a "Scandinavian (Scandi) grind", which is easier to sharpen due to the large surface. The Finnish puukko is an example of a Scandinavian-ground knife.
 * 4) Chisel grind: As on a chisel, a single bevel-ground is only on one side, (ground often at an edge angle of about 20°–30°); the other remains flat. As many Japanese culinary knives tend to be chisel-ground, they are often sharper than a typical double-bevelled Western culinary knife; a chisel grind has only a single edge angle; if a sabre-ground blade has the same edge angle as a chisel grind, it still has angles on both sides of the blade centreline, and so has twice the included angle. Knives that are chisel-ground come in left- and right-handed varieties, depending upon which side is ground. The flat side should be on the inside of the cut. Japanese knives feature subtle variations on the chisel grind. Firstly, the back side of the blade is often concave, to reduce drag and adhesion, so the food separates more cleanly; this feature is known as urasuki. Secondly, the kanisaki deba, used for cutting crab and other shellfish, has the grind on the opposite side (left side angled for right-handed use), so that the meat is not cut when chopping the shell. Chisel grinds excel in knives, where the top priority is getting the deepest cut and penetration with the least effort, but do wander when cutting rigid materials like cardboard and rubber.
 * 5) Double bevel or compound bevel: A back bevel, similar to a sabre or flat grind, is put on the blade behind the edge bevel (the bevel which is the foremost cutting surface). This back bevel keeps the section of blade behind the edge thinner, which improves cutting ability. Being less acute at the edge than a single-bevel grind, it sacrifices sharpness for resilience: such a grind is much less prone to chipping or rolling than a single-bevel blade. This profile is commonly found in Japanese swords, such as the familiar katana. The shape of the bevel is much more efficient in reducing drag than the sabre grind typically found on Western sword blades. In practice, double bevels are common in a variety of edge angles and back bevel angles, and Western kitchen knives generally have a double bevel, with an edge angle of 14–16° (included angle of 28–32°) and a maximum of 40° as specified by International standard ISO 8442.1 (knives for the preparation of food).
 * 6) Convex grind: Rather than tapering with straight lines to the edge, the taper is curved, though in the opposite manner to a hollow grind. Such a shape keeps a lot of metal behind the edge, making for a stronger edge while still allowing a good degree of sharpness. This grind can be used on axes and is sometimes called an axe grind. As the angle of the taper is constantly changing, this type of grind requires some degree of skill to reproduce on a flat stone. Convex blades usually need to be made from thicker stock than other blades. This is also known as hamaguriba in Japanese kitchen knives, both single- and double-beveled. Hamaguriba means "clam-shaped edge".

It is possible to combine grinds or produce other variations. For example, some blades may be flat-ground for much of the blade but be convex ground towards the edge.

title: Grind


text:
New Norcia Station

New Norcia Station (also known as NNO) is an ESTRACK Earth station in Australia for communication with spacecraft after launch, in low Earth orbit, in geostationary orbit and in deep space. It is located 10 km south of the town of New Norcia, Western Australia. It was the first ESA deep space ground station, followed by Cebreros Station and Malargüe Station.

New Norcia Station was one of the stations providing communications, tracking and data download from the Rosetta spacecraft. It supports the BepiColombo mission.

History
Construction began in April 2000 and lasted until the end of the first half of 2002. Installation of electronics and communication equipment followed. The station was officially opened on 5 March 2003 by the Premier of Western Australia at the time, Geoff Gallop. Total construction cost was €28 million.

In December 2019, ESA announced plans to build a second 35 m deep space antenna at New Norcia to provide coverage for upcoming ESA missions, including Solar Orbiter, Hera, and Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. This The antenna

Since June 2019, operational support and maintenance of the station has been the responsibility of CSIRO.

NNO-1
The station operates a 35 m dish designated NNO-1 capable of two-way transmission in both S- and X-bands using 2 and 20-kilowatt transmitters, as well as cryogenic low noise amplifiers for downlink. The antenna weighs over 600 t and is 40 m tall. Future upgrade plans include adding a Ka-band station to support international missions.

NNO-2
A 4.5 m dish designated NNO-2 was inaugurated on 11 February 2016. NNO-2 acts as an acquisition aid for the 35 m dish for fast-moving satellites and launch vehicles during their launch and early orbit stage.

The NNO-2 mount is capable of tracking at 20 degrees per second in azimuth and 10 degrees per second in elevation.

The 4.5 m dish has a half-power beam width of 1.9 degrees at S-band and 0.5 degrees at X-band and can be used to communicate with spacecraft up to 100,000 km in altitude. To help in signal acquisition when the spacecraft position is too uncertain, the 4.5 m dish has a 0.75 m dish piggy-backed onto it, with a half-power beam width of 3.5 degrees at X-band. There is no S-band capability on the 0.75 m dish.

NNO-2 may also be operated independently of NNO-1, as it commonly does during support activities for launches of Ariane 5, Vega, and Soyuz rockets from the Guiana Space Centre.

NNO-3
, construction of the NNO-3 antenna at New Norcia is ongoing. The new antenna is being built to the same mechanical specification as NNO-1, utilising a 35 m main reflector on a mount capable of 1 degree-per-second tracking in both azimuth and elevation, by a consortium of companies. Once complete, the antenna will support X-, K- and Ka-bands uplink and downlink, and has provision for a future 100kW class X-uplink.

Biomass Calibration Transponder
A 435MHz (also called P-band) transponder is currently (in 2024) being commissioned for the upcoming Biomass spacecraft. This 4 m antenna will enable calibration of the spacecraft during its mission to map Earth's bio-matter.

title: New Norcia Station


text:
User:Scriptor~enwiki

.

title: User:Scriptor~enwiki


text:
Joseph Nye

Joseph Samuel Nye Jr. (born January 19, 1937) is an American political scientist. He and Robert Keohane co-founded the international relations theory of neoliberalism, which they developed in their 1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored transnational relations and world politics in an edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he pioneered the theory of soft power. His notion of "smart power" ("the ability to combine hard and soft power into a successful strategy") became popular with the use of this phrase by members of the Clinton Administration and the Obama Administration.

Nye is the former Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he currently holds the position of University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus. In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He is also a member of the Defense Policy Board. He has been a Harvard faculty member since 1964. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a foreign fellow of the British Academy, and a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.

The 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked Nye as the sixth most influential scholar in the field of international relations in the past 20 years. He was also ranked as one of the most influential figures in American foreign policy. In 2011, Foreign Policy magazine included him on its list of top global thinkers. In September 2014, Foreign Policy reported that international relations scholars and policymakers ranked Nye as one of the field's most influential scholars.

Education
Nye attended Morristown Prep (now the Morristown–Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey and graduated in 1954. He then attended Princeton University, from where he graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in history in 1958. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and won the Myron T. Herrick Thesis Prize. His senior thesis was titled "Death of a Family Firm: An Entrepreneurial History of the American Preserve Company." During his time at Princeton, Nye was vice president of the Colonial Club, a columnist for The Daily Princetonian, and a member of the American Whig–Cliosophic Society's Debate Panel. After studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University's Exeter College, he obtained his PhD in political science from Harvard University in 1964. Nye's doctoral dissertation was on regional integration in East Africa.

Career
Nye joined the Harvard faculty in 1964 and served as Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1985 to 1990 and as Associate Dean for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1989 to 1992. Nye also served as Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1989 to 1993 and Dean of John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1995 to 2004. Nye is currently (as of July 2018) University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus.

Nye and his colleague Keohane have been characterized as key figures in the development of a discipline of international political economy, largely as a result of their authorship of Power and Interdependence. Nye's influences include Karl Deutsch and Ernst Hass.

From 1977 to 1979, Nye was Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and Technology and chaired the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In recognition of his service, he was awarded the State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1979. In 1993 and 1994, he was Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, which coordinates intelligence estimates for the President, and was awarded the Intelligence Community's Distinguished Service Medal. In the Clinton Administration from 1994 to 1995, Nye served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, and was awarded the Department's Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster. Nye was considered by many to be the preferred choice for National Security Advisor in the 2004 presidential campaign of John Kerry.

He is the chairman of the North American branch of the Trilateral Commission and the co-chair of the Aspen Strategy Group. He is also a member of the Atlantic Council's Board of Directors. Nye has also served as a trustee of Radcliffe College and Wells College. He was on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Guiding Coalition of the Project on National Security Reform, the Advisory Board of Carolina for Kibera, and the Board of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He has been awarded the Woodrow Wilson Prize by Princeton University and the Charles E. Merriman Prize by the American Political Science Association. In 2005, he was awarded the Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College Dublin and has been awarded honorary degrees by ten colleges and universities. In 2010, Nye won the Foreign Policy Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Studies Association. In 2009, he was made a Theodore Roosevelt Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. The group meets periodically to discuss strategic questions and to provide the Secretary and other senior Department officials with independent informed perspectives and ideas. In November 2014, Nye was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star in recognition of his "contribution to the development of studies on Japan-U.S. security and to the promotion of the mutual understanding between Japan and the United States."

Nye serves as a Commissioner for the Global Commission on Internet Governance, and served on the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace from 2017 until its conclusion in 2019. He currently serves on the global Advisory Council for CFK Africa, a leading NGO working in Kenyan informal settlements.

Nye coined the term soft power in the late 1980s, and it first came into widespread usage following a piece he wrote in Foreign Policy in 1990. Nye has consistently written for Project Syndicate since 2002.

Personal life
Nye and his wife, Molly Harding Nye, have three adult sons. He is a member of a Unitarian Universalist Association church.

Significant views
Nye is a neo-liberal.

In Nye's view, analysis of collective security systems requires consideration of economic matters. Matters of collective economic security include common goods, the presence or absence of trade restrictions, and distribution of profits between countries.

title: Joseph Nye


text:
Borough of Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness was a local government district with borough status in Cumbria, England. It was named after its main town, Barrow-in-Furness. Other settlements included Dalton-in-Furness and Askam-in-Furness. It was the smallest district in Cumbria, but the most densely populated, with 924 people per square kilometre. The population was 71,980 in 2001, reducing to 69,087 at the 2011 Census.

In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, Cumbria would be reorganised into two unitary authorities. On 1 April 2023, Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council was abolished and its functions transferred to the new authority Westmorland and Furness, which also covers the former districts of Eden and South Lakeland.

Background
The area covered by the district was at the edge of the Furness peninsula. It jolted into the Irish Sea, being north of Morecambe Bay and south of the Duddon Estuary. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the former county borough of Barrow-in-Furness and the Dalton-in-Furness urban district from the administrative county of Lancashire. Despite being one of England's smallest local authorities it had a coastline of 63 km and has equally diverse built and natural environments. This included 274 Listed buildings and four SSSIs, ranking as the seventh highest concentration of 325 districts on the English Heritage Index as of 2015.

Barrow Borough Council
Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council sat at the Town Hall in Barrow. It was led by a mayor, who was elected by council members. In 2006, the Council was fined £125,000 for violation of health and safety laws that led to the deaths of seven people in the United Kingdom's worst outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. The council also became the UK's first public body to be charged with corporate manslaughter, but was found not guilty.

Following boundary changes in 2008, the council was composed of 36 seats, elected across 13 wards. From 2011 the council switched from the previous system of elections occurring over a four-year cycle, with a third of seats elected each year and one 'fallow' year, to one where full council elections occur every four years.

From its inception in 1973 until abolition in 2023, the council was often under Labour control, most recently from the 2011 election, but with three years of Conservative control (1976–1979) and ten years of no overall control (most recently from 2006 to 2011).

Composition at abolition

As of 31 March 2023

Council wards
The Borough of Barrow-in-Furness comprised thirteen electoral wards, all of which can be seen on the map below.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units had received the Freedom of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness.

Individuals

 * Margaret Burrow: 25 September 2022.

Military Units

 * The Royal Navy Submarine Service: 11 June 2001.

title: Borough of Barrow-in-Furness


text:
Quadragesimo anno

Quadragesimo anno (Latin for "In the 40th Year") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum, further developing Catholic social teaching. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism, from socialism, and from communism as practised in Russia. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principles of solidarity and subsidiarity.

Essential contributors to the formulation of the encyclical were the German Jesuits, Roman Catholic theologians and social philosophers Gustav Gundlach and the Königswinter Circle through one of its main authors Oswald von Nell-Breuning.

Changes since Rerum novarum
Pope Pius XI issued his encyclical exactly forty years after Rerum novarum. In the interim there were other papal statements from Leo XIII, and also the encyclical Singulari quadam of Pius X. Pius XI subtitled his encyclical Reconstruction of the Social Order. In the first part he reviews and applauds the encyclical of his predecessor. The Catholic Church can be credited with participating in the progress made and contributing to it. It developed a new social conscience.

Private property
The Church has a vital role in discussing social and economic issues, not in their technical, but their moral and ethical aspects. This includes the nature of private property, concerning which several conflicting views had developed within the Catholic Church. Pius XI proclaims private property to be essential for the development and freedom of the individual, which are Christian values not to be denied. But, says Pius, private property has a social function as well, and it loses its moral value if it is not subordinated to the common good. Therefore, governments have a right to pursue redistribution policies, and in extreme cases to expropriate private property.

Capital and labour
A related issue, says Pius, is the relation between capital and labour and the determination of fair wages. The Church considers it a perversion in industrial society to have fiercely opposed factions based on income. He welcomes all attempts to alleviate this strife and ameliorate its causes. Three elements determine a fair wage: The worker's family responsibilities, the economic condition of the enterprise and the economy as a whole. The family has an innate right to development, but this is only possible within the framework of a functioning economy and sound enterprises. For this, Pius XI concludes that solidarity, not conflict, is a necessary condition given the mutual interdependence of the parties involved.

Social order
Industrialization, says Pius XI, resulted in less freedom at the individual and communal level, because numerous free social entities were absorbed by larger ones. A society of individuals became a mass and class society. Today people are much less interdependent than in ancient times, and become egoistic or class-conscious in order to recover some freedom for themselves. The pope demands more solidarity, especially between employers and employees through new forms of cooperation and communication. Pius draws a negative view of capitalism, especially of the anonymous international finance markets. He deplores that small and medium-size enterprises with insufficient access to capital markets are often squeezed or destroyed by big business. He warns that capital interests can endanger states, potentially reducing them to "chained slaves of individual interests". The encyclical has been an important inspiration to modern distributist thought on seeking greater solidarity and subsidiarity than present capitalism.

Pius mostly reaffirms the importance of traditional gender roles, emphasizing the importance of a family wage for fathers:

"That the rest of the family should also contribute to the common support, according to the capacity of each, is certainly right, as can be observed especially in the families of farmers, but also in the families of many craftsmen and small shopkeepers. But to abuse the years of childhood and the limited strength of women is grossly wrong. Mothers, concentrating on household duties, should work primarily in the home or in its immediate vicinity. It is an intolerable abuse, and to be abolished at all cost, for mothers on account of the father's low wage to be forced to engage in gainful occupations outside the home to the neglect of their proper cares and duties, especially the training of children. Every effort must therefore be made that fathers of families receive a wage large enough to meet ordinary family needs adequately. But if this cannot always be done under existing circumstances, social justice demands that changes be introduced as soon as possible whereby such a wage will be assured to every adult workingman."

- Pius XI

Communism and socialism
Regarding communism and socialism, Pius XI notes increasing differences. He condemns communism but also the social conditions which nourish it. He wants moderate socialism to distance itself from totalitarian communism as a practical matter and also on principle, in light of the dignity of the human person. Dignity and human freedom are ethical considerations which cannot be ensured by hostile class confrontation. Ethics are based on religion and this is the realm where the Church meets industrial society.

117 "Whether considered as a doctrine, or an historical fact, or a movement, Socialism, if it remains truly Socialism, even after it has yielded to truth and justice on the points which we have mentioned, cannot be reconciled with the teachings of the Catholic Church because its concept of society itself is utterly foreign to Christian truth."

118 "Socialism, on the other hand, wholly ignoring and indifferent to this sublime end of both man and society, affirms that human association has been instituted for the sake of material advantage alone."

Reception
Ramsay MacDonald, the head of the British affiliate of the Socialist International, inquired of Cardinal Bourne, Archbishop of Westminster, on how the encyclical's statements on socialism applied to Catholics voting for or participating in socialist parties. The Cardinal stated "There is nothing in the encyclical which should deter Catholics from becoming members of the British Labour Party."

Franklin D. Roosevelt had high praise for the encyclical and quoted it extensively on the evils of concentrated economic power.

title: Quadragesimo anno


text:
Kardeş Türküler

Kardeş Türküler (translated either as Brotherly Songs or as Ballads of Fraternity) is a contemporary Turkish ethnic/folkloric band. It was formed in 1993 with a series of stage performances given by the music branch of the Folklore Club at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey.

Origins
The diverse ethnic groups in this ancient Anatolia region and the Balkans initially gave cause for the concerts to have artists perform interpretations of Anatolian folksongs in Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Assyrian, Azerbaijani, Georgian and Armenian. Under the auspices of the Boğaziçi Performing Arts Ensemble (BGST), formed in 1995, the program used the concert stage to advance the ideals of common ancestry and celebration of diversity as a foil to cultural polarization and ethnic tension. Eventually, the musical heritage of the Laz, Georgian, Circassian, Romani, Macedonian and Alevi cultures were all incorporated into the program. The scholarly collection and research of the diverse folklore traditions of the region is an important part of BGST’s activities, but Kardeş Türküler has been intent on forging its own music tradition as well.

Members
The following members have made major contributions to Kardeş Türküler:

 * Ayhan Akkaya
 * Aytekin Gazi Ataş
 * Burak Korucu
 * Burcu Yankın
 * Burcu Yıldız
 * Diler Özer
 * Evren Bay
 * Emin Çiftçi
 * Erol Mutlu
 * Fehmiye Çelik
 * Feryal Öney
 * İlkem Balseçen
 * Neriman Güneş
 * Nevzat Çelebi
 * Ozan E. Aksoy
 * Özgür Akgül
 * Saro Usta
 * Soner Akalin
 * Selda Öztürk
 * Şenay Karaman
 * Şirin Özgün
 * Tolgahan Çoğulu
 * Ülker Uncu
 * Vedat Yıldırım
 * Yücel Balım

Discography

 * Soundtracks
 * January 2001: Vizontele - Soundtrack of a popular film directed by Yılmaz Erdoğan and Ömer Faruk Sorak
 * January 2004: Vizontele Tuuba - Soundtrack for the sequel film directed by Yılmaz Erdoğan about the music and cultures of Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Yılmaz Erdoğan

 * Others
 * June 2013: "Tencere Tava Havası" (meaning "Sound of Pots and Pans"), a street performance as a criticism of Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan's response to ongoing passive protests involving people banging silverware to pans and pots released on their official YouTube channel.

 * Collaborations with other artists
 * Kardeş Türküler has worked with a number of leading international artists, notably the Armenian musicians Arto Tunçboyacıyan and Ara Dinkjian and the Palestinian Reem Kelani. Both Arto Tunçboyacıyan and Reem Kelani appeared together with Kardeş Türküler in their June 2009 concert at the Turkcell Kuruçesme Arena, Istanbul.
 * In 2013, Kardeş Türküler and Tunçboyacıyan released a joint album.
 * In April 2014, Kardeş Türküler and Reem Kelani gave a joint concert at TIM Maslak in Istanbul which attracted considerable interest in the Turkish media.
 * Kardeş Türküler will also be touring in 2014 with the leading Turkish pop singer, Sezen Aksu.

title: Kardeş Türküler


text:
Pontrhydfendigaid

Pontrhydfendigaid is a village in Ceredigion, Wales. It lies on the western flank of the Cambrian Mountains, between Devil's Bridge and Tregaron. The village lies on the River Teifi, whose source is just 3 miles (5 km) to the east at Llyn Teifi. The community of Ystrad Fflur, which Pontrhydfendigaid makes most of the population of, had a population of 712 as of 2011 census.

The ruins of the Cistercian Strata Florida Abbey are 1 mile south-east of the village. The abbey was founded 1164; the poet Dafydd ap Gwilym is traditionally said to be buried there and Llywelyn the Great held a council there. The station at Strata Florida was positioned to serve the village. The hillfort of Pen y Bannau is 1 km east of the village.

The village is home to an annual eisteddfod, the Eisteddfod Pantyfedwen, or colloquially the "Steddfod Bont". Concerts and other events are also held in the modern multi-purpose Pavilion here. A Celtic Music Society is based at the village's Black Lion Hotel.

The village was the birthplace and home of Caradog Jones, the first Welshman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

It is in the Community of Ystrad Fflur.

The village takes its name from an old ford (Welsh:rhyd) across the Teifi and a bridge (pont) that was later built there. It is on the B4343 road between Tregaron to the south and Pontarfynach to the north, around 13 miles (21 km) to the south-east of Aberystwyth.

The abbey was an important centre of learning, and it is believed that one of the earliest versions of the Brut y Tywysogion was made there.

It is believed that the TV programme C'mon Midffild! is based on the village football club.

Pontrhydfendigaid in fiction
In the novel The Discovery of Heaven by Dutch author Harry Mulisch, the village is the place where the characters Mr and Mrs Spiers spend their holidays.

The Beast of Bont
The Beast of Bont is the name given to a big cat said to roam the area centred on Pontrhydfendigaid. (Y Bont is the local abbreviation and colloquial name for Pontrhydfendigaid.) It was blamed for the death of 12 sheep in June 1981. After a number of livestock attacks in the mid-1990s, Ministry of Agriculture veterinarians inspected a sheep carcass "and declared that the killer was a great deal more powerful than a fox or dog". The Dyfed-Powys police then searched the area, but failed to find the animal.

In the spring of 2012, Mark Davey and his partner Annette came across a "sickening" scene: two large groups of slaughtered sheep, about two miles apart, in the hills near Devil's Bridge. In a statement to local newspapers, he reported that "something had quite clearly attacked them because they looked like they had been ripped apart" and that "to kill so many sheep in such a small area it had to be quite a strong animal".

title: Pontrhydfendigaid


text:
Talk:Sati

Meaning
With my ‘new’ meaning of sati it refers to the mental process that leads in the case of the widows to the self mutilation. For monks the process with awareness and skilful attentiveness it leads to overcoming of obstacles or ignorance on the path. This mental process of remembering word after word, emotion after emotion exactly as it happened before is not easily accomplished by everyone. The widow might do it through her grief, the monks by focusing / concentration. With experience it requires less effort. Because of the effort required, it is easy to understand why the original meaning of sati has been lost but that is no reason to omit it.

Reasoning for addition: In the following text sati is a faculty that monks possess. Monks are normally not married, so have no special connection with widows. Monks have respect for all life through the precepts training so sati has a different meaning than self mutilation. They (Buddha, Nagasena, Buddhaghosa) mention sati not awareness or skilful attentiveness so sati must be more specific, the meaning does include awareness or skilful attentiveness. They give a description of sati what it is, mindfulness only doesn’t engage enough. In the case of the widow there is less awareness of the present therefore an unbeneficial tendency for monks with mindfulness a beneficial tendency (Milindapanha).

Copied from “The Way of Samatha”: M.	Buddha: “And what monks, is the faculty of sati? Here, monks, the noble disciple has sati, he is endowed with perfect sati and introspection, he is one who remembers, who recollects what was done and said long before.” (Sa yutta Nikaya V 197-8) N.	Nagasena: “Sati, when it arises, calls to mind wholesome and unwholesome tendencies, with faults and faultless, inferior and refined, dark and pure, together with their counterparts ...Sati, when it arises, follows the courses of beneficial and unbeneficial tendencies: these tendencies are beneficial, these unbeneficial; these tendencies are helpful, these unhelpful. Thus, one who practices yoga rejects unbeneficial tendencies and cultivates beneficial tendencies.” (Milindapanha 37-38) O.	Buddhaghosa: “By means of [sati] they [i.e. other mental processes] remember, or it itself remembers, or it is simply just remembering, thus it is sati. Its characteristic is not floating; its property is not losing; its manifestation is guarding or the state of being face to face with an object; its basis is strong noting or the close applications of mindfulness of the body and so on. It should be seen as like a post due to its state of being set in the object, and as like a gatekeeper because it guards the gate of the eye and so on.” (The Path of Purification, XIV, WJSTitus 02:38, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

"Once upon a time we knew what to do. A British district officer, coming upon a scene of suttee, was told by the locals that in Hindu culture it was the custom to cremate a widow on her husband's funeral pyre. He replied that in British culture it was the custom to hang chaps who did that sort of thing. There are many great things about India - curry, pyjamas, sitars, software engineers -- but suttee was not one of them. What a pity we're no longer capable of being 'judgmental' and 'discriminating'." Mark Steyn

 * There is both archeological and historical evidence for suttee among the Germanic tribes, e.g. Ibn Fadlan's account of Swedish vikings and the mounds of Ohthere in Vendel and Aun in Old Uppsala. Does that piece of information fit in anywhere here?--Wiglaf 21:26, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Article of its own? Suttee term doesn't feel associated with ancient Germanic tribes. Pavel Vozenilek 21:58, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of the Indo-European connection.--Wiglaf 02:02, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Aha. No idea about that. Pavel Vozenilek 02:57, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sati is also a pupular community in India(State of Uttranchal). They are one of the recognised Brahmins. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.91.158.92 (talk) 13:12, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Penfding changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 23:56, 16 June 2010 (UTC).

Edit request on 3 February 2012

 * Sati (Bramins), Group of people normally brahmins who can be still found in Uttranchal, India. They still perform poojas and jagris and worship their Gods and Goddess in their own way.

Satikailash (talk) 13:17, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Thanks, Celestra (talk) 15:24, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 29 June 2012
Since our Wikipedia page of SATI contains very few information.I just want to improve the amount and quality of content on the wikipedia page.........please permit me for that I will be really thankful to u for this.

122.168.173.92 (talk) 10:37, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: If you would like to make an edit request you must include what you would like changed in an A→B form. In addition, this is a disambiguation page, so I don't even know which page you would like to edit.  Finally, if you would like to be able to edit pages like this one yourself, you must create an account and make at least 10 edits and have it for four days.  I am concerned by your use of "our Wikipedia page" as it appears that you may have a conflict of interest.  Please note that if you cannot adhere to our neutral point of view policy, your edits may be removed. Ryan Vesey  Review me!  13:18, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 December 2014
The term Sati originates in Hinduism with references found in Rig Veda and Atharva Veda. In order for Hinduism description to be complete please include the following text before the numbered items 1 & 2 under Hinduism. Sati (Hinduism), derives from the Sanskrit Sat meaning supreme truth. The suffix i is the sanskrit root used for the dynamic entity or energy. Sati means the dynamic entity/energy of Sat or supreme truth.

Satyamvijayate (talk) 19:57, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not cited reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to, or changed in, any article. - Arjayay (talk) 20:09, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

"Sati (Disambiguation)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Sati (Disambiguation) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 15:20, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sati


text:
Talk:Green liberalism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 August 2021 and 17 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): CJTheReader.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bellamelodia, Villap95. Peer reviewers: Zoe Mara Talamantes, Bengutman.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:44, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Green neoliberalism section
"The reason stated is that liberalism is repulsed by authoritarian politics, which the Green Parties do not explicitly reject."? Can someone please explain this? - Jeandré, 2004-05-04t18:45z

The link to "Green Parties World Wide" seems questionable. Green != green liberal. E.g. for Sweden, the listed party here is the left-wing Miljöpartiet, while Centerpartiet, who actually call themselves both "green", "green vote" ("grön röst"), "liberals" and "green liberals" is not listed. If the link is to stay, its scope needs to be explained since it does not have a NPOV but probably will be understood as having one. 130.237.57.80 (talk) 13:14, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Many of the claims made are vague due to words such as "very," "seem to," "somewhere between," "slightly less," etc, which leave room for debate or different interpretations. Most of the political claims are made in the middle sections, however, there are no references made. (Also, the third link of references does not work.) Much more information can be added about how green neoliberalism came about and how it became a global sensation. Although the section is titled "philosophy," only the first sentence explains what green neoliberalism is. The philosophy and ideologies of green neoliberalism (what it exactly is) can be expanded upon. Sharonjchoi (talk) 05:44, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Agreed, though it appears changes have been made. However, whoever added information on green neoliberalism did a very poor job and showed overwhelming bias against green neoliberalism to the point it seems questionable.  See What Wikipedia is not and Neutral point of view. There are numerous violations.  Also it's hard to determine if these sources wall within Wikipedia guidelines [].  This needs to be corrected.  Unfortunately, I'm not familiar enough with the topic; I'm just identifying this based on language, tone, subject matter, sources and so forth.--CriticalThinking26 (talk) 01:06, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I requested quotes from the cites over a month ago but as none have been provided I deleted the section Chidgk1 (talk) 15:31, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Potential Improvements
Hey, this is a good start! Although, there are a few potential improvements I see. For one, the information provided needs more citations as it's unclear where the information is coming from. Additionally, it would be helpful to have more sources in general to gain a wider perspective on the topic. Also, the link to the 3rd online source seems to be broken. I attempted to find it elsewhere online but was unsuccessful. One more suggestion would be to create a separate section on the history of the green liberalism movement including it's origin and main actors to provide a little more context. Chriswilson (talk) 08:31, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

Iceland
Why is there a link to Bright Future, which is not described as green on its wikipedia page, but none to Viðreisn, which is? Pkoppenb (talk) 08:50, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

This is a good start. I strongly recommend adding aspects of green liberalism that go beyond its philosophical component. For example, how has it been used to inform practice, policy or group and individual based actions? Additionally, I would suggest adding the various critiques, viewpoints and way green liberalism has been engaged with as a discourse. This would demand incorporating more sources to allow for a more balanced view point. Zoe Mara Talamantes (talk) 06:33, 24 November 2017 (UTC)Zoe Mara Talamantes 10:33, 11/23/2017

title: Talk:Green liberalism


text:
Primary (LDS Church)

The Primary (formerly the Primary Association) is the children's organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It acts as a Sunday school organization for the church's children (ages 3–11).

Purpose, objectives, and theme
The official purpose of Primary is to help parents in teaching their children to learn and live the gospel of Jesus Christ. The official objectives of Primary are to:

 * Teach children that they are children of God and that Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ love them;
 * help children learn to love Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ;
 * help children prepare to be baptized, to receive the Holy Ghost, and to keep their baptismal covenants;
 * help children grow in their understanding of the gospel plan and provide opportunities for them to live gospel principles;
 * help boys prepare to receive the priesthood and be worthy to use this power to bless and serve others; and
 * help girls prepare to be righteous young women, understand the blessings of the priesthood and the temple, and serve others.

The Primary theme is "All thy children shall be taught of the Lord; and great shall be the peace of thy children" (Isaiah 54:13).

Format
While Primary classes will differ slightly in different regions, most meetings are standardized. For the second half of primary, children are separated into age groups with names for each group (see below).

Where participants, classrooms or teachers are limited, multiple age-grouped classes may be taught together. In most congregations, Primary classes are co-ed.

Primary begins with a prayer, scripture (or Article of Faith), and a short talk, all of these given by primary children. About 20 minutes are then spent on music, primarily from the Children's Songbook. After music time, children are then sent to their individual classes where they are taught lessons from Come, Follow Me - For Primary.

Class names
The names of the classes in Primary have varied over time. The following is a partial list of names that have been applied to different age groups in Primary. In January 2010, the names of the classes were changed to the age of children entering the class, i.e., 4-year-olds are in the class CTR 4. Previously, names were indicative of the age children would turn the coming year, (4-year-olds in CTR 5).

Nursery
A separate class, known as nursery, is held for children ages 18 months to 3. It is led under the direction of the Primary presidency by at least two people, a nursery leader and assistant nursery leader(s). Nursery leaders are required to be the same gender unless they are married.

Nursery classes have a lesson, free play time, snack time, and music time primarily using the Children's Songbook. Additionally, two prayers are given by children with help from the adult leaders. While no particular order is required, it is recommended that the order be the same every week.

Teachers use the "Behold Your Little Ones: Nursery Manual" for lesson plans and other resources.

History
Primary was first organized in 1878 by Aurelia Spencer Rogers in Farmington, Utah, and adopted church-wide in 1880 under the direction of Louie B. Felt, who served as the president of the organization through 1925. Rogers was concerned because younger Latter-day Saint children had too much unsupervised time due to the long hours that fathers and older sons kept on the farms and mothers and older daughters in the home. In particular, Rogers felt that the younger boys in the community were becoming unruly and mischievous. With permission from church leaders and under the initial direction of General Relief Society President Eliza R. Snow, Rogers organized a Primary Association for her local Farmington congregation on August 11, 1878. Two weeks later, the first meeting was held on August 28, with 215 children in attendance. That day, boys were specifically taught not to steal fruit from orchards and girls were taught not to hang on wagons. In addition, they were given lessons on faith, manners, obedience, and other principles.

May Anderson, the second general president of the Primary Association from 1925 to 1939, initiated what became Primary Children's Hospital in Salt Lake City (now part of Intermountain Healthcare). Anderson also helped establish kindergartens in Utah. In the 1970s, as a result of the Priesthood Correlation Program, the Primary Association was renamed "Primary".

Beginning in April 2021, Camille N. Johnson was the Primary General President, with Susan H. Porter as First Counselor and Amy Wright as Second Counselor.

In the church's April 2022 general conference, it was announced that Johnson would become the new Relief Society General President on August 1, 2022. As a result, on that date, Porter became the new Primary General President, with Wright serving as First Counselor and Tracy Y. Browning as Second Counselor.

Chronology of the general presidency of the Primary

 * }

Primary in the church today
Presently, the worldwide Primary provides Sunday school and church-related activities to approximately 1.1 million Latter-day Saint children. In most congregations, optional nursery care and supervision is available for children from 18 months to age 3. Classroom instruction begins for three-year-olds and continues to age 12, with classes grouped by age. At the beginning of the year they turn 12, children begin to attend Sunday School and the Young Men or Young Women programs. The Primary has its own songbook, made up of original songs and hymns modified for children.

Child Safety
All members called to serve in a position that deals with youth or children are required to take the Church's "Protecting Children and Youth" training module which is available on the Church's website for free.

Nursery and Primary leaders are required to release children only to members of their immediate families unless permission has been granted for someone else to pick the child up.

title: Primary (LDS Church)


text:
Autocross

Autocross is a form of motorsport in which competitors are timed to complete a short course using automobiles on a dirt or grass surface, excepting where sealed surfaces are used in United States. Rules vary according to the governing or sanctioning body, such as the length of the course, the amount of permitted attempts, or whether competitors start the course individually at intervals or at the same time as others. In this latter form, Autocross differs from other forms of motor racing by using a system of heats or alternative timing methods for the classification rather than racing for position and declaring the first across the finish line as the winner.

Autocross began in the United Kingdom in the early 1950s at an amateur level within local motor clubs using temporary courses marked on grassy fields to not cause damage to any cars. The creator of rallycross, Robert Reed, wanted a version of autocross with more spectator-appeal to be made for television, using professional racing and rally drivers and teams; and courses featuring jumps, sharper corners and a mixture of sealed and unsealed surfaces.

In the United States, the motorsport called autocross is more like the UK and European sport of Autotesting or Autoslalom, and what is called rallycross in the US is more like what the UK and Europe call autocross. The Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) publishes rules for autocross, which are also used by many independent clubs, as well as hosting national events and championships within its Solo branded series. The National Auto Sport Association brands its version of US-style autocross as NASA-X, Both take place on sealed asphalt or concrete surfaces, one car at a time running against the clock, with traffic cones defining the path to be driven, and an emphasis on car handling and precision manoeuvring.

As an entry-level motorsport autocross provides a stepping stone for drivers looking to move into other competitive and possibly expensive forms of racing (such as rallying, rallycross and circuit racing).

Autocross courses can be as short as 800 metres or several kilometres long. Courses may be temporary and marked by traffic cones which can be reconfigured during events, or be permanent tracks with approval by a motorsport body.

Events typically have many classes that allow almost any vehicle, from production touring cars to purpose-built racing cars. The international body for autocross, the FIA, and the French body, FFSA, both provide technical specifications for cross cars, lightweight buggy cars.

Australia
Australian Autocross was sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, which defined it as a speed event held on a dirt course less than two kilometres long. Eligible vehicles ranged from standard road-going cars through to purpose-built buggies to full racing or rallying-prepared machines. Drivers could begin competing at the age of 14 and must have held a recognised racing licence, which was usually obtainable on the day through the hosting club.

United States
American autocross events (also called "Solo", Auto-x" or "Autoslalom") are typically held on flat, paved surfaces such as parking lots or airport tarmacs, and usually have a new course for each event, marked by traffic cones.

Autocross is one of the most accessible and affordable forms of motorsport, and autocross events are open to novices. Because autocross events use rubber traffic cones to define the course, and are typically run on paved surfaces with few obstructions, the hazards and barriers to entry are low. While speeds are generally no greater than those encountered in legal highway driving, the combination of concentration and precision manoeuvring gives drivers an experience similar to that of a full road course race.

Competitors range from casual participants driving their commuter vehicles, to dedicated competitors driving purpose-built cars with special tires. There are classes accommodating varying degrees of car modification, as well as classes specifically for women and children.

Many events are open to spectators. Many local car clubs offer autocross novice driving schools to help drivers feel comfortable before a regular event.

The SCCA National Championship is held in September in the Midwest. Currently (2024 and prior) held in Lincoln, Nebraska. The event takes place over 4 days with half the drivers competing on the first two days and half the last two days. Two different courses are driven with winners determined by combining best times from both courses. It is considered the largest amateur motorsport racing event in the world; for 2024, registration was capped at 1,300 drivers with a number of additional people on a wait list.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, autocrosses are typically held on a grass or stubble surface. Cars compete individually against the clock, although more than one car may start at the same time if the circuit is long enough and wide enough. Because the course is usually bumpy and there is a risk of contact with other cars, most competitors use specially prepared cars (which vary from very inexpensive to specially engineered racers) brought on trailers. Events are usually held on a region-wide basis, with Motorsport UK overseeing rules and regulations.

Some people choose to start singularly, particularly if they compete in a rally car. The sport is relatively low risk as there is or should be nothing to hit. However, if you wish, you may do double car starts. Most people opt for this, although some competitors choose to do 3 and 4 car starts whilst still competing against the clock.

History
The British autocross began in the early 1950s when clubs organized timed runs around courses set on farmers' fields. By 1954, Taunton MC organized the first ever autocross series in the United Kingdom. This, however, was only repeated in 1959 when the club was awarded the permit to hold the British National Autocross event. Shortly, thereafter, the sporting event caught on and, by 1963, the ASWMC Autocross Championship was finally launched.

Presently, there are many local clubs which host across the UK, although the main regions hosting Autocross events are: AEMC for East Anglia, ANECCC - North East, and, the ASWMC for the South-West region. The ASWMC, for its part, now has 13 different Championships, which attract around 250 contenders each year. The regional autocross events also have different formats. For instance, the South West follows the traditional two-car start, except for the 4 abreast Sandocross that used to run at Weston-Super-Mare, while the North East region involves 4-car autocross.

FIA European Autocross Championship
Cars compete against the clock, and start at the same time. A well attended international series is the FIA European Championship for Autocross Drivers. The FIA European Autocross Championship is a racing competition held on natural terrain circuits with unsealed surfaces ranging from 800 to 1,400 metres in length. Up to 10 cars race simultaneously in qualifying heats, followed by two semi-finals and a final race. It features different categories for "buggies", including SuperBuggy, Buggy1600, and JuniorBuggy. Events also host rounds of the FIA European Cross Car Championship and FIA Cross Car Academy Trophy for younger drivers aged between 13 and 16 years old.

FIA European Autocross Championship was established as an FIA European Cup in 1977 and was upgraded to an FIA European Championship in 1982. Since 2021, a selection of the ten FIA European Autocross Championship events also host rounds of the FIA European Cross Car Championship (7 competitions in 2022) and the FIA Cross Car Academy Trophy (5 competitions in 2022, reserved for drivers aged 13 to 16).

The championship is run on circuits on natural terrain, with any type of unsealed surface, from 800 to 1,400 metres in length. Autocross races involve a maximum of 10 cars on track simultaneously and consist of a succession of qualifying heats leading to two semi-finals and a final.

The championship has a series of events throughout the year in various locations. For example, in 2022, the events were held in places like Seelow, Vilkyčiai, Nová Paka, Saint-Georges-de-Montaigu, Přerov, Saint-Igny de Vers, Maggiora, and Mollerussa.

title: Autocross