text:
Gamepad

A gamepad is a type of video game controller held in two hands, where the fingers (especially thumbs) are used to provide input. They are typically the main input device for video game consoles.

Features
Some common additions to the standard pad include shoulder buttons (also called "bumpers") and triggers placed along the edges of the pad (shoulder buttons are usually digital, i.e. merely on/off; while triggers are usually analog); centrally placed start, select, and home buttons, and an internal motor to provide force feedback. Analog triggers, like that of the GameCube controller, are pressure-sensitive and games can read in the amount of pressure applied to one to control the intensity of a certain action, such as how forceful water is to be sprayed in Super Mario Sunshine.

There are programmable joysticks that can emulate keyboard input. Generally they have been made to circumvent the lack of joystick support in some computer games, e.g. the Belkin Nostromo SpeedPad n52. There are several programs that emulate keyboard and mouse input with a gamepad such as the free and open-source cross-platform software antimicro, Enjoy2, or proprietary commercial solutions such as JoyToKey, Xpadder, and Pinnacle Game Profiler.

Analog joysticks
The 1962 video game Spacewar! initially used toggle switches built into the computer readout display to control the game. These switches were awkward and uncomfortable to use, so Alan Kotok and Bob Saunders built and wired in a detached control device for the game. This device has been called the earliest gamepad.

Entry into the mass market
It would take many years for the gamepad to rise to prominence, as during the 1970s and the early 1980s joysticks and paddles were the dominant video game controllers, though several Atari joystick port-compatible pushbutton controllers were also available. The third generation of video games saw many major changes, and the eminence of gamepads in the video game market.

Nintendo developed a gamepad device for directional inputs, a D-pad with a "cross" design for their Donkey Kong handheld game. This design would be incorporated into their "Game & Watch" series and console controllers such as the standard NES controller. Though developed because they were more compact than joysticks, and thus more appropriate for handheld games, D-pads were soon found by developers to be more comfortable to use than joysticks. The D-pad soon became a ubiquitous element on console gamepads, though to avoid infringing on Nintendo's patent, most controller manufacturers use a cross in a circle shape for the D-pad instead of a simple cross.

Continued refinements
The original Sega Genesis/Mega Drive control pad has three face buttons, but a six-button pad was later released. The SNES controller also featured six action buttons, with four face buttons arranged in a diamond formation, and two shoulder buttons positioned to be used with the index fingers, a design which has been imitated by most controllers since. The inclusion of six action buttons was influenced by the popularity of the Street Fighter arcade series, which utilized six buttons. For most of the 1980s and early 1990s, analog joysticks were the predominant form of gaming controller for PCs, while console gaming controllers were mostly digital. This changed in 1996 when all three major consoles introduced an optional analog control. The Sony Dual Analog Controller had twin convex analog thumbsticks, the Sega Saturn 3D Control Pad had a single analog thumbstick, and the Nintendo 64 controller combined digital and analog controllers in a single body, starting a trend to have both an analog stick and a d-pad.

Despite these changes, gamepads essentially continued to follow the template set by the NES controller (a horizontally-oriented controller with two or more action buttons positioned for use with the right thumb, and a directional pad positioned for use with the left thumb).

Three-dimensional control
Though three-dimensional games rose to prominence in the mid-1990s, controllers continued to mostly operate on two-dimensional principles. Players would have to hold down a button to change the axes along which the controls operate rather than being able to control movement along all three axes at once. One of the first gaming consoles, the Fairchild Channel F, did have a controller which provided six degrees of freedom, but the processing limitations of the console itself prevented there from being any software to take advantage of this ability. In 1994 Logitech introduced the CyberMan, the first practical six-degrees-of-freedom controller; however, it sold poorly due to its high price, poor build quality, and limited software support. Industry insiders blame the CyberMan's high profile and costly failure for the gaming industry's lack of interest in developing 3D control over the next several years.

The Wii Remote is shaped like a television remote control and contains tilt sensors and three-dimensional pointing which the system uses to understand all directions of movement and rotation (back and forth around the pitch, roll, and yaw axes). The controller is also multifunctional and has an expansion port which can be used for a variety of peripherals. An analog stick peripheral, called "Nunchuk," also contains an accelerometer but unlike the Wii Remote, it lacks any pointer functionality.

Uses
Gamepads are also available for personal computers. Examples of PC gamepads include the Asus Eee Stick, the Gravis PC, the Microsoft SideWinder and Saitek Cyborg range, and the Steam Controller. Third-party USB adapters and software can be employed to utilize console gamepads on PCs; the DualShock 3, DualShock 4, DualSense, Wii Remote and Joy-Con can be used with third-party software on systems with Bluetooth functionality, with USB additionally usable on DualShock 3, DualShock 4 and DualSense. Xbox 360 and Xbox One controllers are officially supported on Windows with Microsoft-supplied drivers; a dongle can be used to connect them wirelessly, or the controller can be connected directly to the computer over USB (wired versions of Xbox 360 controllers were marketed by Microsoft as PC gamepads, while the Xbox One controller can be connected to a PC via its Micro USB slot).

Non-gaming use
Gamepads or devices closely modelled on them are sometimes used for controlling real machinery and vehicles, as they are familiar to users and (in the case of actual gamepads) provide an off-the-shelf solution. The US Army and US Navy use Xbox controllers for operating devices, and the British Army uses a device modelled on gamepads to operate systems on the Challenger 2 main battle tank. The ill-fated Titan submersible used a gamepad for control.

title: Gamepad


text:
Neuroscientist

A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in neuroscience, a branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, psychology, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons, neural circuits, and glial cells and especially their behavioral, biological, and psychological aspect in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists typically spend their time designing and carrying out scientific experiments that contribute to the understanding of the nervous system and its function. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to add information to our current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder. Biomedically-oriented neuroscientists typically engage in applied research. Neuroscientists also have a number of career opportunities outside the realm of research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. These individuals most commonly hold doctorate degrees in the sciences, but may also hold a master's degree.

Job description
Neuroscientists focus primarily on the study and research of the nervous system. The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerve cells. Studies of the nervous system may focus on the cellular level, as in studies of the ion channels, or instead may focus on a systemic level as in behavioural or cognitive studies. A significant portion of nervous system studies is devoted to understanding the diseases that affect the nervous system, like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Lou Gehrig's. Research commonly occurs in private, government and public research institutions and universities.

Some common tasks for neuroscientists are:
 * Developing experiments and leading groups of people in supporting roles
 * Conducting theoretical and computational neuronal data analysis
 * Research and development of new treatments for neurological disorders
 * Working with doctors to perform experimental studies of new drugs on willing patients
 * Following safety and sanitation procedures and guidelines
 * Dissecting experimental specimens

Salary
The overall median salary for neuroscientists in the United States was $79,940 in May 2014. Neuroscientists are usually full-time employees. Median salaries at common work places in the United States are shown below.

Work environment
Neuroscientists research and study both the biological and psychological aspects of the nervous system. Once neuroscientists finish their post doctoral programs, 39% go on to perform more doctoral work, while 36% take on faculty jobs. Neuroscientists use a wide range of mathematical methods, computer programs, biochemical approaches and imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography angiography, and diffusion tensor imaging.undefined  Imaging techniques allow scientists to observe physical changes in the brain and spinal cord, as signals occur. Neuroscientists can also be part of several different neuroscience organizations where they can publish and read different research topics.

Job outlook
Neuroscience is expecting job growth of about 8% from 2014 to 2024, a considerably greater than average job growth rate when compared to other professions. Factors leading to this growth include an aging population, new discoveries leading to new areas of research, and increasing utilization of medications. Government funding for research will also continue to influence the demand for this specialty.

Education
Neuroscientists typically enroll in a four-year undergraduate program and then move on to a PhD program for graduate studies. Once finished with their graduate studies, neuroscientists may continue doing postdoctoral work to gain more lab experience and explore new laboratory methods. In their undergraduate years, neuroscientists typically take physical and life science courses to gain a foundation in the field of research. Typical undergraduate majors include biology, behavioral neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience.

Many colleges and universities now have PhD training programs in the neurosciences, often with divisions between cognitive, cellular and molecular, computational and systems neuroscience.

Interdisciplinary fields
Neuroscience has a unique perspective in that it can be applied in a broad range of disciplines, and thus the fields neuroscientists work in vary. Neuroscientists may study topics from the large hemispheres of the brain to neurotransmitters and synapses occurring in neurons at a micro-level. Some fields that combine psychology and neurobiology include cognitive neuroscience, and behavioural neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscientists study human consciousness, specifically the brain, and how it can be seen through a lens of biochemical and biophysical processes. Behavioral neuroscience encompasses the whole nervous system, environment and the brain how these areas show us aspects of motivation, learning, and motor skills along with many others. Computational neuroscience uses mathematical models to understand how the brain processes information.

Egyptian understanding and early Greek philosophers

Some of the first writings about the brain come from the Egyptians. In about 3000 BC the first known written description of the brain also indicated that the location of brain injuries may be related to specific symptoms. This document contrasted common theory at the time. Most of the Egyptians' other writings are very spiritual, describing thought and feelings as responsibilities of the heart. This idea was widely accepted and can be found into 17th century Europe.

Plato believed that the brain was the locus of mental processes. However, Aristotle believed instead the heart to be the source of mental processes and that the brain acted as a cooling system for the cardiovascular system.

Galen
In the Middle Ages, Galen made a considerable impact on human anatomy. In terms of neuroscience, Galen described the seven cranial nerves' functions along with giving a foundational understanding of the spinal cord. When it came to the brain, he believed that sensory sensation was caused in the middle of the brain, while the motor sensations were produced in the anterior portion of the brain. Galen imparted some ideas on mental health disorders and what caused these disorders to arise. He believed that the cause was backed-up black bile, and that epilepsy was caused by phlegm. Galen's observations on neuroscience were not challenged for many years.

Medieval European beliefs and Andreas Vesalius
Medieval beliefs generally held true the proposals of Galen, including the attribution of mental processes to specific ventricles in the brain. Functions of regions of the brain were defined based on their texture and composition: memory function was attributed to the posterior ventricle, a harder region of the brain and thus a good place for memory storage.

Andreas Vesalius redirected the study of neuroscience away from the anatomical focus; he considered the attribution of functions based on location to be crude. Pushing away from the superficial proposals made by Galen and medieval beliefs, Vesalius did not believe that studying anatomy would lead to any significant advances in the understanding of thinking and the brain.

Current and developing research topics
Research in neuroscience is expanding and becoming increasingly interdisciplinary. Many current research projects involve the integration of computer programs in mapping the human nervous system. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored Human Connectome Project, launched in 2009, hopes to establish a highly detailed map of the human nervous system and its millions of connections. Detailed neural mapping could lead the way for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

Neuroscientists are also at work studying epigenetics, the study of how certain factors that we face in our everyday lives not only affect us and our genes but also how they will affect our children and change their genes to adapt to the environments we faced.

Behavioral and developmental studies
Neuroscientists have been working to show how the brain is far more elastic and able to change than we once thought. They have been using work that psychologists previously reported to show how the observations work, and give a model for it. One recent behavioral study is that of phenylketonuria (PKU), a disorder that heavily damages the brain due to toxic levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. Before neuroscientists had studied this disorder, psychologists did not have a mechanistic understanding as to how this disorder caused high levels of the amino acid and thus treatment was not well understood, and oftentimes, was inadequate. The neuroscientists that studied this disorder used the previous observations of psychologists to propose a mechanistic model that gave a better understanding of the disorder at the molecular level. This in turn led to better understanding of the disorder as a whole and greatly changed treatment that led to better lives for patients with the disorder.

Another recent study was that of mirror neurons, neurons that fire when mimicking or observing another animal or person that is making some sort of expression, movement, or gesture. This study was again one where neuroscientists used the observations of psychologists to create a model for how the observation worked. The initial observation was that newborn infants mimicked facial expressions that were expressed to them. Scientists were not certain that newborn infants were developed enough to have complex neurons that allowed them to mimic different people and there was something else that allowed them to mimic expressions. Neuroscientists then provided a model for what was occurring and concluded that infants did in fact have these neurons that fired when watching and mimicking facial expressions.

Effects of early experience on the brain
Neuroscientists have also studied the effects of "nurture" on the developing brain. Saul Schanberg and other neuroscientists did a study on how important nurturing touch is to the developing brains in rats. They found that the rats who were deprived of nurture from the mother for just one hour had reduced functions in processes like DNA synthesis and hormone secretion.

Michael Meaney and his colleagues found that the offspring of mother rats who provided significant nurture and attention tended to show less fear, responded more positively to stress, and functioned at higher levels and for longer times when fully mature. They also found that the rats who were given much attention as adolescents also gave their offspring the same amount of attention and thus showed that rats raised their offspring similar to how they were raised. These studies were also seen on a microscopic level where different genes were expressed for the rats that were given high amounts of nurture and those same genes were not expressed in the rats who received less attention.

The effects of nurture and touch were not only studied in rats, but also in newborn humans. Many neuroscientists have performed studies where the importance of touch is shown in newborn humans. The same results that were shown in rats, also held true for humans. Babies that received less touch and nurture developed slower than babies that received a lot of attention and nurture. Stress levels were also lower in babies that were nurtured regularly and cognitive development was also higher due to increased touch. Human offspring, much like rat offspring, thrive off of nurture, as shown by the various studies of neuroscientists.

Neuroscientists awarded Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine

 * May-Britt Moser 2014.jpg, co-winner of 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]Thomas C. Südhof (2013) for the discovery of the precise neurotransmitters release control system.

 * Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1906) for the development of the silver staining method, revealing what would later be determined as individual neurons. Cajal's interpretations of the images produced by Golgi's staining technique led to the adoption of the neuron doctrine.
 * Charles Sherrington and Edgar Adrian (1932) for their discoveries of the general function of neurons, including excitatory and inhibitory signals, and the all-or-nothing response of nerve fibers.
 * Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi (1936) for the discovery of neurotransmitters and identification of acetylcholine.
 * Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser (1944) for discoveries illustrating the varied timing exhibited by single nerve fibers.
 * Walter Rudolf Hess and António Caetano Egas Moniz (1949) for discovery of the functional organization of the midbrain and for the controversial therapeutic value of leucotomy respectively.
 * Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and Sir John Eccles (1963) for discovering the ionic basis of the action potential and macroscopic currents through their use of the squid giant axon.
 * Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod (1970) for the discovery of the mechanisms responsible for neurotransmitter storage, release, and inactivation. Their work included the discovery of the synaptic vesicle and quantal neurotransmitter release.
 * Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally (1977) for discovering the production on the brain of the peptide hormone.
 * Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel (1981) for discoveries concerning the cerebral hemispheres specialization and the visual system respectively.
 * Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) for their discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as epidermal growth factor (EGF).
 * Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann (1991) for the development of the patch-clamp recording technique, allowing, for the first time, the observation of current flow through individual ion channels. Neher and Sakmann additionally characterized the specificity of ion channels.
 * Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel (2000) for the discovery of neural signal transduction pathways upon neurotransmitter binding, as well as the establishment of dopamine as a primary acting neurotransmitter.
 * Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck (2004) for their discoveries concerning the olfactory system
 * John O'Keefe, Edvard I. Moser and May-Britt Moser (2014) for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.
 * Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W, Young (2017) "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

Neuroscientists in popular culture

 * Victor Frankenstein, title character of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
 * Amy Farrah Fowler, Ph.D, main character in CBS's The Big Bang Theory. She is played by Mayim Bialik, who also holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience.
 * Dr. Cameron Goodkin, main character in Stitchers. Before his work at the NSA, he was a researcher at MIT.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neuroscientist


text:
Franciscan University of Steubenville

Franciscan University of Steubenville is a private Franciscan university in Steubenville, Ohio. The university has 3,656 students as of fall 2022, including 2,602 students on campus, in 40 undergraduate and 8 graduate degree programs. The student body is 97 percent Catholic, and Franciscan claims to have the largest number of students majoring in theology, catechetics, and philosophy of any Catholic university in the United States.

The school was established as the College of Steubenville in 1946 by the Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular at the request of Anthony John King Mussio, the first bishop of the Diocese of Steubenville. In 1974, Michael Scanlan became president and began a series of major reforms to restore the school to its Catholic heritage. The college changed its name to the University of Steubenville upon achieving university status in 1980 and adopted the current title Franciscan University of Steubenville in 1986.

History
In 1946, the first Bishop of Steubenville, Anthony John King Mussio, invited the Franciscan Friars of the Third Order Regular to establish a Catholic college in the diocese to serve local students and especially World War II veterans. In June 1946, the friars accepted the offer, purchased the Knights of Pythias Building in downtown Steubenville, and invested $350,000 in establishing the College of Steubenville. Enrollment grew, and more buildings were purchased, but the college was still cramped. The friars bought a 40-acre property overlooking the city, and accreditation was provided by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1960.

The College of Steubenville was successful during the early years, under the tenures of presidents Daniel W. Egan, Kevin R. Keelan, and Columba J. Devlin. By the end of Keelan's second term in 1974, the school was suffering from social upheaval and declining enrollment. For some time, it looked like the college would close. Michael Scanlan was chosen to fill the position of president. Incorporating knowledge from his experience in starting a charismatic renewal movement at St. Francis Seminary, Scanlan worked to institute a similar renewal at Steubenville. He took over the Sunday liturgy on the campus, incorporating charismatic praise and worship and more passionate preaching into the Mass. He instituted households, small groups of men and women devoted to personal and communal growth, and required students to join one. Scanlan also created a renewal center on the campus, which organized retreats and seminars to further instruct students in the Roman Catholic faith. The center began holding religious conferences in the summers, one benefit of which was attracting many young people to the college. Scanlan often spoke at these conferences.

Even with these changes, the college struggled to stay open. The first year after Scanlan instituted the changes, the incoming freshman class was the smallest in the college's history. Five of the top administrators at the college left or were dismissed, and the remaining faculty expressed discontentment with Scanlan's leadership. Despite this, Scanlan continued to make changes, especially to the curriculum. Scanlan reintroduced a theology program, which quickly became the top major at the college, and also oversaw the development of graduate programs in business and theology, which helped the college obtain the title of university in 1980. In addition, the nursing program rose to higher distinction. It was chartered by the state government of Ohio in 1984 and then received accreditation from the National League of Nursing in 1985.

Scanlan orchestrated many other changes at the university. He instituted an Oath of Fidelity to the Magisterium, which was required of the theology professors at the university. Under his guidance, the undergraduate theology program became the largest of any Catholic university in America. He also created the Human Life Studies minor, the only one of its kind in America. By 2000, Scanlan's leadership and changes had helped the university to increase dramatically in size; there were more than 2,100 students, nearly double the number in the early 1970s.

The university was granted an exemption from Title IX in 2014 that allows it to legally discriminate against LGBT students.

In 2022, David Morrier, a Franciscan friar who served as a campus minister until his removal in 2014, was sentenced to probation after being pleading guilty to sexual battery of a student whom he had been counseling, which took place over three years, from 2010 to 2013.

Academics
The university offers 41 majors (seven pre-professional programs), 34 minors, 10 special minor programs (not available as majors), and seven graduate degree programs. The university maintains a 14:1 student-faculty ratio. Undergraduate students need a minimum of 124 credits for graduation. The number of electives varies with each major program. The university operates on the semester system. Three summer sessions also are available.

Franciscan University of Steubenville participates in the Advanced Placement (AP) Program, the College Level Examination Program (CLEP), and Internationas.

Rankings
The university was ranked in the top tier in its category (Masters Colleges in the Midwest) in the 2011 U.S. News & World Report's list of America's Best Colleges. In 2013, Young America's Foundation rated Franciscan as one of the top 10 conservative colleges in the nation, three years after the Cardinal Newman Society ranked it as one of the 21 top Catholic colleges and universities in The Newman Guide to Choosing a Catholic College. In 2014, Franciscan was featured for the first time in Forbes's college rankings, receiving a national ranking of 364 out of 4,500 colleges and universities. It placed 266th in private colleges and 87th among Midwest colleges and universities. The school's average SAT score is 1221, and its average ACT score is 25.5.

Honors program
There is also an honors program in the Great Books of Western Civilization. The Honors Program open to qualified undergraduate students of any major.

Priestly Discernment Program
The Priestly Discernment Program offers human, academic, spiritual, pastoral and fraternal formation for men considering the Catholic priesthood.

Engineering dual degree program
In 2014, Franciscan University introduced a dual-degree undergraduate engineering program, partnering with the University of Notre Dame, Gannon University and University of Dayton to offer an array of different engineering disciplines. Through the dual-degree program, students matriculate into Franciscan's quantitative and liberal arts curriculum for the first two years of undergraduate study and are able to directly transfer into engineering programs at any of the partner schools for an additional two to three years. Upon culmination of the program, the student will obtain a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts from Franciscan University (contingent on the program and credits elected) and a Bachelor in Science from one of the partner schools.

Franciscan University also offers a "2+2" program in which students can earn an Associate of Science degree in Natural and Applied Science from Franciscan before transferring to another school to complete a Bachelor of Science in engineering.

Doctor of Pharmacy dual degree program
In 2016, Franciscan University announced an agreement with D'Youville College which created a 3+4 dual degree program between the two schools. Under the current arrangement, undergraduate students may enroll at Franciscan to begin studies in chemistry or biology and, after three years, may transfer directly into a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy program at D'Youville College's School of Pharmacy. Upon completion of the seven-year program, the graduate receives a Bachelor of Science degree from Franciscan and a Doctor of Pharmacy degree from D'Youville.

In 2017, the university entered into a similar articulation agreement with Duquesne University, which grants Franciscan University students preferred admission in the Mylan School of Pharmacy upon completion of an Associate of Arts degree.

3+3 Dual degree law program
The university maintains a partnership with a number of Catholic law schools which allows undergraduate students to complete three years of undergraduate study in Steubenville, then, pending LSAT scores and other admissions criteria, matriculate directly into a three-year Juris Doctor program at either the Catholic University of America School of Law, University of St. Thomas School of Law, Ave Maria School of Law, or the Duquesne University School of Law.

Canon Law, First Cycle
In conjunction with the School of Canon Law at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., Franciscan University offers a course of study that fulfills the requirements for the First Cycle of studies in Canon Law. Graduates of Franciscan University who complete this course of study are allowed to proceed directly to the Licentiate in Canon Law program at the Catholic University of America.

Academic treatment of homosexuality
In 2012 the Social Work curriculum included a course called SWK Deviant Behavior 314, which examined behaviors such as: murder, rape, robbery, prostitution, homosexuality, mental illness and drug use. Noting that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) had removed homosexuality as an illness, two Franciscan graduates tried to get the course description changed. In a written statement to NPR, the school said, "Franciscan University follows Catholic Church teaching in regard to homosexuality and treats homosexual persons with 'respect, compassion, and sensitivity' ... while holding homosexual acts as 'intrinsically disordered.' " In an interview with Inside Higher Ed, university vice president Daniel Kempton stated, "that principles of academic freedom apply to the course and that the view that homosexuality is deviant is a legitimate perspective for the course."

Campus
The academic buildings on campus include Egan Hall, Stafford Hall (attached to Egan Hall), Saints Cosmas and Damian Hall, and the Saint Joseph Center. Engineering classes are held in Saint Junipero Serra Hall, which also serves as a residence hall

Egan Hall houses classrooms, a theater, television and radio studios, special laboratories for the education and psychology departments, and computer workstations on each floor.

In the newly remodeled Stafford Hall, there are classrooms, offices, and a simulated clinic for nursing students on the first floor, and faculty offices on the second floor.

Saints Cosmas and Damian Hall, the main science building, houses biology and chemistry laboratories, classrooms,  the campus' largest lecture hall, and two computer science labs equipped with advanced software for programming.

Starvaggi Hall is the main administrative building on campus housing Admissions, Financial Aid, Career Services, and the registrar.

The St. John Paul II Library's collection includes more than 230,000 books and bound periodicals, and more than 390 current periodicals. The OPAL Catalog and OhioLINK Network provide access to many research databases and more than 7 million books and journals.

There are 14 residence halls on campus: Saint Francis Hall, Trinity Hall, Marian Hall, Saint Thomas More Hall, Saint Louis Hall, Saint Elizabeth Hall, Kolbe Hall, Clare Hall, Padua Hall, Saint Bonaventure Hall, Vianney Hall, Saint Junipero Serra Hall (which also houses engineering classes), Scotus Hall, and Saint Agnes Hall. Assisi Heights, a small neighborhood of apartments, is also available for upperclassman and graduate student housing.

Franciscan University of Steubenville has two soccer fields, a rugby field, a baseball field, and a field designated primarily for intramural sports. In 2007, the university purchased the golf course which borders the main campus from the city of Steubenville for future development. It is currently used by the cross country team for practice.

Christ the King Chapel is the center of the spiritual life of the campus. There are four Masses every weekday while classes are in session, five Masses on Sundays, vespers on Sunday evening, praise & worship every Tuesday, and confessions held at least four times per week. Weekday Masses are routinely standing room only, while Sunday Masses during the school year require extra chairs to be arranged in the foyer and the Marian chapel.

The Portiuncula chapel, a replica of St. Francis' original chapel, sits on the edge of the main campus. It is home to perpetual adoration (at least two students volunteer to be present and adore the Blessed Sacrament during every hour of the week throughout the fall and spring semesters). Outside of this chapel are the Tomb of the Unborn Child, which contains the remains of seven aborted fetuses, a Creche, Stations of the Cross, and Marian Grotto. In 2009 the Vatican designated the Portiuncula as a place of pilgrimage where the faithful can obtain a plenary indulgence on five certain days through the year and under certain conditions of prayer and a detachment from sin.

The J.C. Willams Center is the student center, which houses the Tom and Nina Gentile Gallery containing numerous works of art donated to the university.

The Finnegan Fieldhouse is home to a basketball court, two racquetball courts, a weight room, one room for aerobic classes, a cardiovascular room, and the campus health and counseling center, as well as classrooms.

At the far north end of campus is the Steel Cross. This cross, made of two steel I-beams, is 35 feet tall and visible from afar.

Austrian program
Since 1991, up to 180 students per semester study at the university's program in Gaming, Austria. The campus is located in a renovated fourteenth-century Carthusian monastery, known as the Gaming Charterhouse, in the foothills of the Austrian Alps.

The old monastery serves as a hotel during summer months.

The Austrian Program features a four-day class schedule, Monday through Thursday, so students may spend extended time visiting religious, cultural, and historical sites throughout Europe. The program sponsors trips throughout Europe.

In 2011 Franciscan University launched a summer mini program in Austria. The session lasted from May 21 to June 30, 2011.

Student life
Originally, campus life consisted of fraternities and sororities starting at Franciscans' founding in 1946. Under the leadership of Father Michael Scanlan, households (small groups of men and women devoted to personal and communal growth) were instituted and a once blossoming Greek life began to wilt, ending in 2016 when the final chapters, Theta Phi Alpha and Alpha Phi Delta were excluded from campus life. Though not recognized by the school, Alpha Phi Delta a nationally recognized fraternity, has remained active (as of 2019).

Instead, students are encouraged to join in faith households, groups of three or more students of the same sex, whose members study, recreate, and pray with one another. These student groups are attached to a particular residence hall on campus with a meeting space or common room within the hall where they hold their commitments or spend time together in community. Household members can apply to live “on wing” (the part of the residence hall where the common room is located) during housing periods. These households are centered around particular devotions or charismatic gifts. As of March 2015, there were 24 men's households and 26 women's households. In 2014, Franciscan University celebrated 40 years of household life on campus.

The campus is known for its liturgies, retreats, and spiritual talks. Most students make a weekly commitment to Eucharistic adoration in the Portiuncula chapel, and Masses are well-attended. Masses have standing room only, even on weekdays.

There is a 28-member student government.

Varsity
The university sponsors 20 sports, nine for men and eleven for women. The athletics teams, nicknamed the Barons, compete in NCAA Division III as members of the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) after completing a transition from the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference in July 2020. The Barons started their PAC transition by joining for men's and women's lacrosse in 2018–19. For 2019–20, Franciscan added women's golf, plus indoor and outdoor track & field for both men and women, to its PAC membership. Finally, the school became a full PAC member in 2020–21.

The mascot of the university's sports teams is Baron von Steuben, modeled after Prussian military officer Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.

The men's rugby team is a member of the National Collegiate Rugby and competes in the Allegheny Rugby Union Conference. In 2001 Franciscan became the second college in the nation, of any division, to have a varsity rugby club. In July 2011, Franciscan signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with Adidas.

Men's

 * Baseball

 * Basketball
 * Cross Country
 * Lacrosse
 * Rugby. The Men's rugby club has made it to the Conference Championship match every year for the past five years, winning three conference titles and qualifying for post-season play three times. In 2010–2011, they were conference champions and Midwest Territory Runners-up finishing 13th in the nation overall. In 2011–2012, Franciscan Rugby had its most successful season in history when they won their conference as well as the Central regional tournament, going on to compete at the NSCRO National Championship and placing third nationally. In 2012–2013, the team was Conference Champions runners-up.  In 2013–2014, Franciscan won their conference yet again earning a spot in the Central regional tournament finishing third place and earning the tenth position in the NSCRO national rankings. In the fall of 2014 FUS Rugby had a nine-game winning streak and finished with another Conference Championship appearance, taking second place in the conference. In the fall of 2015 FUS Rugby went 5–2 in the regular season and again finished with another Conference Championship appearance, taking second place in the conference, falling to Robert Morris University for the second year in a row. In the fall of 2016, FUS Rugby won their conference with a 6–4 record earning a spot in the Central regional tournament finishing fourth place and earning the tenth position in the NSCRO national rankings for a second time in four years.  In 2019–2020 season, Franciscan Rugby continued its success with the team going undefeated in regular and post-season play with an 11–0 record.  They qualified for NSCRO's National Championship with a #2 ranking, the team's highest ranking since 2011–2012 season.  They had 3 All-Americans named to NSCRO's All-American squad- Josh Leatherby, David Prezzia and PJ Ernst.  However, the COVID pandemic canceled the National Championship.  In the fall of 2021, Franciscan joined a new conference, the ARU Collegiate Conference. They started the season ranked #3 but could not retain the rankings as the season went on. They finished runners-up in the ARU championship and were relegated to the Play-in qualifying match which they won to advance to the Central Regionals.  They lost 34–31 but won the consolidation match to finish 8–4–1 on the year and a final ranking of #13.
 * Soccer
 * Tennis. The 2012–2013 Men's tennis team earned entry into the NCAA DIII national tournament, making them first Baron team in any sport to qualify for NCAA postseason play. This was followed by successive trips back to the postseason from 2013 to 2015. The Woman's tennis team also made it to the NCAA DIII National tournament during the 2014–2015 season, making them the first Woman's Baron team to qualify for the NCAA postseason play. Recognizing the strength of tennis program, and also in the spirit of Michael Scanlan who was an avid tennis player, the university hopes to bring a tennis facility to campus in the near future in order to ensure a year-round practice place, and to further solidify the teams recent success.
 * Track & field (indoor). The men's indoor track and field team competes from December through late February, with the season culminating at the Presidents AC Indoor Track and Field Championships. The 2022 season concluded with the team placing 2nd at PAC Championships.
 * Track & field (outdoor). The Barons finished off the 2022 outdoor season by placing 5th in the PAC Outdoor Championships.

Women's

 * Basketball
 * Cross country
 * Golf
 * Lacrosse
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Swimming & Diving
 * Tennis
 * Track & field (indoor)
 * Track & field (outdoor)
 * Volleyball

Intramurals
The university offers intramural sports throughout the academic year. The main sports played include sand volleyball, indoor volleyball, flag football, and 5 on 5 basketball. Other leagues throughout the year include kickball, badminton, Spikeball, softball, futsal, and dodgeball.

Notable alumni

 * Andrew Bremberg – Former Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Office of the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Geneva
 * Jeff Cavins – Catholic evangelist, author, and biblical scholar
 * Regina Doman – Catholic fiction writer
 * Jason Evert – Founder of the Chastity Project, Totus Tuus Press, and prominent chastity speaker
 * Jeff Fortenberry – Politician, economist, and convicted felon who served in the United States House of Representatives from 2005 to 2022, representing NE's 1st congressional district
 * Roger Joseph Foys – Bishop of Covington, Kentucky
 * Michael Gielen – Auxiliary bishop of Auckland, New Zealand
 * Gintaras Grušas – Archbishop of Vilnius, Lithuania
 * Jonathan Morris – Contributor and analyst for the Fox News Channel
 * Michael Rodak, Jr. – Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Cornelius Sim – Cardinal and bishop of Brunei
 * Anna Song – California politician
 * Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg

title: Franciscan University of Steubenville


text:
Zip line

A zip-line, zip line, zip-wire, flying fox, or death slide     is a pulley suspended on a cable, usually made of stainless steel, mounted on a slope. It is designed to enable cargo or a person propelled by gravity to travel from the top to the bottom of the inclined cable by holding on to, or being attached to, the freely moving pulley. It has been described as essentially a Tyrolean traverse that engages gravity to assist its speed of movement. Its use is not confined to adventure sport, recreation, or tourism, although modern-day usage tends to favor those meanings.

History
Ropeways or aerial cables have been used as a method of transport in some mountainous countries for more than 2,000 years, possibly starting in China, India and Japan as early as 250 BC, remaining in use in some remote areas in China such as Nujiang (Salween) valley in Yunnan as late as 2015 before being replaced by bridges. Not all of these structures were assisted by gravity, so not all fitted the definition of the zip-line.

Various technological advances in Europe in the Middle Ages improved the power-line's ropeways, some of which were still assisted by gravity.

The first recorded use of the zip-line as a form of entertainment was possibly in 1739, when Robert Cadman, a steeplejack and rope slider, died when descending from Shrewsbury's St Mary's Church when his rope snapped. In literature, one appears in H. G. Wells's 1897 novel The Invisible Man as part of a Whit Monday fair: "On the village green an inclined string, down which, clinging the while to a pulley-swung handle, one could be hurled violently against a sack at the other end, came in for considerable favour among the adolescent..."

Some sources attribute the development of zip-lines used today as a vacation activity to the Tyrolean traverses developed for mountaineering purposes.

In the Australian outback, zip-lines were sometimes used for delivering necessities to people working in or on the other side of a valley, and they may have been used in conflicts by Australian troops to deliver food, mail and even ammunition to forward positions.

As a means of transport
Yungas, Bolivia, features a system of zip-lines used for transporting harvested crops, mainly coca, across a valley 200 m below. They can also be seen in the Ladakh region of India.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the use of aerial ropeways for transporting cargo, partly due to their low energy requirements and environmental impact. Gravity-fed types, i.e. zip-lines, have been built in Nepal, Latin America and India.

Ziplines have also been used as a means of transporting items in Australian regions in the past. These may include ammunition, weapons, tools, food, and mail.

Children's adventure playgrounds

Zip-lines may be designed for children's play and found on some adventure playgrounds. Inclines are fairly shallow and so the speeds kept relatively low, negating the need for a means of stopping. The term "flying fox" is commonly used in reference to such a small-scale zip-line in Australia, New Zealand, and Scotland. With playground equipment, the pulleys are fixed to the cable, the user typically hanging onto a handgrip underneath, but occasionally including a seat or a safety strap. Return of the grip or seat is usually done by simply pushing or pulling it via a short wire back to the top of the hill on foot.

Canopy tours and adventure zip-lining

Longer and higher rides are often used as a means of accessing remote areas, such as a rainforest canopy. In the 1970s, wildlife biologists set up zip-lines as a way to study and explore the dense rainforests of Costa Rica without disturbing the environment. The business idea for zip-line canopy tours developed from these. Darren Hreniuk, a Canadian citizen who moved to Costa Rica in 1992, around the same time that a scene in the film Medicine Man incorporated the treetop rides, with the goal of using canopy tours to help raise awareness for reforestation, education and socio-economic development in the surrounding areas. In October 1998, the Costa Rican Patent Office granted patent No. 2532 for an "Elevated Forest Transport System Propelled by Gravity, Using Harness and Pulley Through a Simple Horizontal Line" to Hreniuk. The patent was later annulled, bringing uncertainty to zip-line businesses, before being reinstated after twenty years.

A canopy tour (sometimes called a zip-line tour) provides a route through a wooded, and often mountainous, landscape, making primary use of zip-lines and aerial bridges between platforms built in trees. Tourists are harnessed to a cable for safety, and many are restricted to adults. Heights vary from near to the ground to near the treetops. Canopy tours are largely marketed under the banner of ecotourism, although the environmental impact of any type of zip-line is a disputed topic.

The terminology varies (canopy tour, zip-lining, flying fox), and the distinction between using zip-lines for ecotourism and zip-lining as an adventure sport is often not clear. Zip-line tours are now popular vacation activities, found both at upscale resorts and at outdoor adventure camps, where they may be an element on a larger challenge such as a hike or ropes course.

Mechanism

A type of pulley with a grooved wheel known as a sheave is used in zip-lines, and the pulley turns as it travels along, thus reducing friction and enabling greater speed than would otherwise be possible.

The zip-line trolley ("zipliner") is the frame or assembly together with the pulley inside that run along the cable. Zip-lines also have some kind of device to allow the cargo or rider to attach to the pulley system. This could include a harness, seat, a cabin or often just a handhold in smaller playground applications, that attaches to the pulley by a pivoting link or carabiner which secures the load, allowing the person or cargo to travel down the line.

Braking

To be propelled by gravity, the cable needs to be on a fairly steep slope. Even then, the rider or cargo will often not travel completely to the end (although this will depend on the load), and some means of safely stopping the car at the bottom end is usually needed with the larger zip-lines. Users of zip lines must have some means of stopping themselves. Typical mechanisms include:

 * Friction created between the pulley against the cable.
 * Thick, purpose-built leather gloves.
 * A mat or netting at the lower end of the incline.
 * A passive arrester system composed of springs, pulleys, counterweights, bungee cord, tire or other devices, which slows and then stops the trolley's motion.
 * A "capture block" which is a block on the cable tethered to a rope controlled by a person who can manually apply friction on the rope to slow the user down.
 * Gravity stop, exploiting the sag in the cable, where the belly of the cable is always lower than the termination point. The amount of net incline in a zip-line system affects the speed at which the user arrives at the termination point.
 * Hand brake at the end of the zip-line.

Safety
There are certain precautions that can be taken. Riders are physically attached to the cable by a harness which attaches to a removable trolley. A helmet is required on almost all courses of any size. All zip-line cables have some degree of sag, so the proper tensioning of a cable is important and allows tuning the ride of a zip-line.

Longest
The world's longest zip-line as of 31 January 2018 is the 'Jebel Jais Flight' from one of the peaks of the Jebel Jais mountain in Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, with a single unbroken span of 2,831.88 m. The ride was temporarily closed pending the outcome into an investigation into the crash of an Agusta 139 rescue helicopter on 29 December 2018, killing all on board. It is believed to have clipped one of the cables. The ride has since re-opened.

The "Parque de Aventura Barrancas del Cobre" at 2545 m in Copper Canyon, Mexico, is the second-longest span, with "El Monstruo" at Orocovis in Puerto Rico coming in third, at 2530 m.

The Skywire at Bluewater in Kent is the longest in England at 725 m. The longest zip-line in Europe, at 2300 m, is the Sternsauser in Hoch-Ybrig, Switzerland.

The Zip World Bethesda line in Penrhyn Quarry, Bethesda, Wales holds the world record for attaining the fastest zip-line travel speed.

Steepest
Zip-lines with the steepest inclines include:
 * Saint Martin's Rockland Estate Rainforest Adventures zip-line (opened 24 November 2017), dropping 320 m across the 853 m of cable.
 * The Letalnica bratov Gorišek zip-line, on the ski jumping hill in Planica, Slovenia (opened 19 September 2015). It is 566 m long with a 202 m vertical drop. It has an average 38.33% and a maximum 58.6% incline.
 * ZipFlyer in Nepal (run by HighGround Adventures – 2012), with a maximum incline of 56%, claims to be the world's steepest zip-line. It has a vertical drop of 610 m.

Oldest person to ride a zip-line

 * On his 106th birthday, British great-grandfather Jack Reynolds became the oldest person to ride a zip-line, on 6April 2018, at Go Ape in Grizedale Forest, Cumbria.

Highest elevation zipline
The La Tyrolienne in Val Thorens, France is the highest altitude zipline, at 10,600 feet.

title: Zip line


text:
Joypad

Joypad may refer to:

 * Gamepad, a type of game controller held in two hands, where the fingers (especially thumbs) are used to provide input
 * D-pad, a flat, usually thumb-operated, directional control on most modern gamepads, handheld game consoles, and remote controllers
 * Joypad (magazine), a monthly French gaming magazine published since 1991

title: Joypad


text:
Talk:List of operettas

Merger with Opera Corpus list?
Should this list be merged with the Opera Corpus list, now at the WikiProject Opera, but shortly to be made into a public page?

I understand that operetta is treated by Wikipedia (as indeed it is by Grove) as a genre of opera.

Kleinzach 19:28, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I would favour a merger, for the following reasons:

 * The List has to be altered by hand, as does the Opera Corpus, and one list is better than two. This argument also applies to the List of operas.

 * There is no clear dividing-line between opera and operetta, even if there are works which clearly fall into one category and not the other.

 * Anyone wanting a list of operettas could find one at Category:Operettas.

 * --GuillaumeTell 17:30, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I also vote for a merger. Guillaume Tell's second reason (the lack of a clear dividing line between the genres) is particularly compelling. Marc Shepherd 14:07, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have started implenting the merger. Obviously it will take some time. - Kleinzach 00:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Italian operettas
Dear Sir, I would like to see listed some of the italian operettas. You may go to :Casa Musicale Lombardo for more informations. With all my regards, CARLA

Good idea, Carla. Please could you add them for us, since you seem to be more familiar with them than we are. -- Derek Ross | Talk 17:41, 2004 Jul 16 (UTC)

Sometimes, is very hard to translate the names of operettas, if they are orginally in german or hungarian. My english is not very good, and I am not sure, if I should translate them. Because of my bad english, I have problem to write the plot to the operettas, eventhough I can lot of them. I can try, but I really welcome some correction of my text. Thank You. Peter

 * We have some rules for titles of operas, please see WikiProject Opera. Briefly, we do not invent English titles for German works unless they are in common use. For East European works, however we do try to use English as long accented names can be impractical in Czech or Hungarian.

 * Kleinzach 16:29, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Merger completed
The merger is now completed and this page will become a redirect. - Kleinzach 19:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm pinging you (since I see you edited this year) to let you know that almost 14 years later, I have restored this page. Please see the edit summary for the explanation. Steel1943  (talk) 21:13, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of operettas


text:
Radial keratotomy

Radial keratotomy (RK) is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia (nearsightedness). It was developed in 1974 by Svyatoslav Fyodorov, a Russian ophthalmologist. It has been largely supplanted by newer, more accurate operations, such as photorefractive keratectomy, LASIK, Epi-LASIK and the phakic intraocular lens.

Procedure
When performing RK, incisions are made with a diamond knife. The incisions relax the steep central cornea in patients with myopia in order to achieve a decreased need for correction. The original technique – consisting of incisions from periphery to center – was called the "Russian technique", while the later advances of performing controlled incision from center to periphery was called the "American technique".

RK may be performed with different types, numbers, and patterns of incisions. Typically, between 4 and 24 radial incisions are made in a number of patterns and orientations based on refractive errors, surgeon style and surgeon training. RK with 8 incisions is most common.

Incisions that penetrate only the superficial corneal stroma are less effective than those reaching deep into the cornea, and consequently, incisions are made quite deep. One study cites incisions made to a depth equivalent to the thinnest of four corneal-thickness measurements made near the center of the cornea. Other sources cite surgeries leaving 20 to 50 micrometres of corneal tissue unincised (roughly equivalent to 90% of corneal depth, based on thickness norms).

Results
The procedure results in a decrease in nearsightedness. According to the PERK study, 58% of eyes were corrected within 1.00D of goal 3 years after surgery. Additionally, 76% of eyes had uncorrected vision of 20/40 or better at 3 years. From 2 to 10 years post-operatively 43% of eyes had an increase in farsightedness by 1.00D or more. Despite this, 70% of patients reported not requiring corrective lenses for distance vision 10 years after surgery.

Postsurgical healing
The healing corneal wounds consist of newly abutting corneal stroma, fibroblastic cells, and irregular fibrous connective tissue. Closer to the wound surface lies the epithelial plug, a bed of the cells that form the normal corneal epithelium which have fallen into the wound. Often this plug is three to four times as deep as the normal corneal epithelium layer. As the cells migrate from the depth of the plug up to the surface, some die before reaching it, forming breaches in the otherwise healthy epithelial layer. This, consequently, leaves the cornea more susceptible to infections. The risk is estimated to be between 0.25% and 0.7% Healing of the RK incisions is very slow and unpredictable, often incomplete even years after surgery. Similarly, infection of these chronic wounds can also occur years after surgery,  with 53% of ocular infections being late in onset.

Complications

 * Visual phenomenon: Large epithelial plugs may cause more scattering of light, leading to the appearance of visual phenomena such as flares and starbursts – especially in situations such as night driving, where the stark light of car headlights abounds. These dark conditions cause the pupil to dilate, maximizing the amount of scattered light that enters the eye. In cases where large epithelial plugs lead to such aggravating symptoms, patients may seek further surgical treatment to alleviate the symptoms.
 * Progressive hyperopia: RK enjoyed great popularity during the 1980s, and was one of the most studied refractive surgical procedures. Its 10-year data was published as the PERK (Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy) study, which proved the onset of progressive hyperopia – often found a decade after the original surgery – is due to continued flattening of the central cornea.
 * Infectious keratitis: There is a risk of corneal infection after RK. Approximately half of infections occur within 2 weeks of surgery, but delayed infection do occur up to a year after surgery. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly identified bacteria for rapid onset and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common identified bacteria for delayed onset.
 * Refractive changes at high altitude: Changes in refractive power of post RK corneas at high altitude has been well documented. There is a significant increase in the cycloplegic refraction as well as corneal thickness measurements in RK corneas exposed to high altitude. This was famously experienced by mountaineer Beck Weathers (who had undergone RK) during the 1996 Mount Everest disaster.
 * Diurnal fluctuation: in a majority of patients who have undergone RK the cornea will steepen throughout the day. This can lead to variation in visual quality throughout the day.

Visual rehabilitation and cataract surgery after RK
The PERK study demonstrated that people who undergo RK continue to drift toward hyperopia ("farsightedness"). Additionally, many of these people have reached the age where presbyopia occurs. Some also develop cataracts. Their vision can still be restored with Epi-LASIK, photorefractive keratectomy, LASIK or phakic lens extraction, or cataract surgery. The corneal curvature has to remeasured and modified by history, central keratometry, or contact lens method.

Selecting intraocular lenses for cataract surgery in patients who have undergone any refractive surgery has proven challenging and is associated with decreased accuracy in lens selection. RK is associated with increased inaccuracy compared to other refractive procedures such as LASIK and PRK. This is due to difficulty measuring the corneal curvature of post-RK corneas as well as difficulty identifying an effective lens position using standard lens calculations. Additional methods have been introduced to improve the accuracy of IOL calculations.

Multifocal IOL insertion in eyes that have undergone RK have not been associated with good outcomes and are generally not recommended.

History
Beginning in 1936, Japanese ophthalmologist Tsutomu Sato conducted research in anterior and posterior keratotomy, an early form of refractive surgery that attempted to treat keratoconus, myopia and astigmatism by making incisions in the cornea. Enhanced flattening was noted with longer and deeper incisions. At first successful, Sato's technique resulted in bullous keratopathy in up to 70% of patients related to endothelial damage.

In 1974, Svyatoslav Fyodorov removed glass from the eye of a boy who had been in an accident. The boy, who required eyeglasses for correction of myopia caused by astigmatism, fell off his bicycle. His glasses shattered on impact, and glass particles lodged in both eyes. To save the boy's vision, Fyodorov performed an operation which consisted of making numerous radial incisions extending from the pupil to the periphery of the cornea in a radial pattern like the spokes of a wheel. After the glass was removed by this method and the cornea healed, Fyodorov found that the boy's visual acuity had improved significantly.

title: Radial keratotomy


text:
Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service

The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass) is a non-departmental public body in England set up to promote the welfare of children and families involved in family court. It was formed in April 2001 under the provisions of the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 and is accountable to Parliament through the Ministry of Justice. Cafcass is independent of the courts, social services, education, health authorities and all similar agencies.

Activities
Court proceedings for which Cafcass may provide support include: Cafcass' function is set out in Section 12(1) Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 which states:
 * Parental applications under Section 8 of the Children Act 1989 for a Child Arrangements Order, including where a child lives, spends time, or otherwise has contact with each parent
 * Other parental applications under Section 8 of the Children Act 1989, such as a Prohibited Steps Order or a Specific Issue Order
 * Adoption cases
 * Children who are subject to a social services application for a care and/ or supervision order.

"“In respect of family proceedings in which the welfare of children is or may be in question, it is a function of [Cafcass] to:

(a) safeguard and promote the welfare of the children

(b) give advice to any court about any application made to it in such proceedings

(c) make provision for the children to be represented in such proceedings

(d) provide information, advice and other support for the children and their families.”"

History
The provisions of court welfare services were the subject of two reviews. The Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) and a subsequent review conducted jointly by the Home Office, the Lord Chancellor’s Department and the Department of Health concluded that a new integrated service subsuming these functions could improve service to the courts, better safeguard the interests of children, reduce wasteful overlaps and increase efficiency.

The services spanned England and Wales and included: Family Court Welfare (FCW) (54 areas); the Guardian ad litem and Reporting Officer (GALRO) Service (59 panels) and the children’s work of the Official Solicitor’s (OS) Department.

The Home Office stated: ""The review announced by the Home Secretary on 16 July 1997 into the relationship between the Prison Service and probation service may herald important changes to the structure, organisation, management, working practices, human resources and funding of the probation service. Both the prison-probation review and the Comprehensive Spending Review should result in steps which should improve public confidence in community penalties.""

The Home Office Prison-Probation review consultation paper did not mention family court welfare given that family court welfare was to move to a new unified family court welfare service.

The government then announced the setting-up of a unified family court welfare service. Among many key areas to be addressed were ensuring: Cafcass's statutory basis; funding to cover start-up, transitional and ongoing costs; change management of the merger of 114 autonomous bodies into a single organisation; maintenance of current casework. These were addressed by a project team, drawn from the three relevant government departments and supplemented by consultants dealing with, for example, IT, payroll, estates and finance.

The Criminal Justice and Court Services Bill was led by the Home Office as most of the Bill’s provisions concerned the establishment of a National Probation Service for England and Wales. A few parts concerned Cafcass arrangements.

The Bill completed its parliamentary stages in autumn 2000. The Act’s Cafcass provisions were set to commence on 1 April 2001. The short timeline created problems that took Cafcass years to resolve.

Cafcass's functions were to “(a) safeguard and promote the welfare of the children, (b) give advice to the court about any application made to it in such proceedings, (c) make provision for children to be represented in such proceedings, (d) provide information, advice and other support for the children and their families.” Subordinate legislation set out the duties of Cafcass practitioners.

In 2004 Cafcass published a policy and procedure concerning domestic violence.

In 2005/06 Cafcass produced the consultation document Every Day Matters that led to a draft set of National Standards. These standards set out what service users, partner agencies and practitioners in the family justice system could expect. The standards updated the 2003 Cafcass Service Standards and Principles, and after piloting in the North-East Region, were phased in from 1 April 2007. The standards noted the importance of service-user feedback and the active engagement and participation of children in their case planning process. Cafcass asserted the importance of including children's views in the decision making processes involved in court proceedings. Young people could offer a "Needs, Wishes and Feelings" statement directly to the judge. However, Cafcass admitted that they do not conform to any National Standards.

The Children's Rights Team spearheaded the formation of a Young People's Board for Cafcass. This board consists of 12 young people with experience of Cafcass's services. Since the board's formation in August 2006 they helped to shape Cafcass policies and procedures.

In 2011 the Family Justice Review, in its final report, stated the following about the Young People’s Board:

‘''We have been impressed by the valuable work undertaken by the Cafcass Young People’s Board. They provide an important perspective on the work of the family justice system and offer an intelligent and energetic challenge to the board of Cafcass. We believe that this work should be maintained through a Young People’s Board for the Family Justice Service, with a remit to consider issues in both public and private law and to report directly to the service.’''

The Young People’s Board was expanded to cover the family justice system on a national scale and is now called The Family Justice Young People's Board. The Family Justice Young People’s Board (FJYPB) is a group of over 40 children and young people aged between 8 and 25 years old who live across England. All members have either had direct experience of the family justice system or have an interest in children’s rights and the family courts. The FJYPB is a permanent sub-group of the national Family Justice Board (FJB) and is responsible to this board. Two members of the FJYPB regularly attend FJB meetings.

In 2012 Cafcass published its Operating Framework which sets out how Cafcass meets its responsibilities as a family court social work service to children and young people, to courts and to family members, as required by legislation.

Wales
As of 1 April 2005, responsibility for the functions of Cafcass in Wales, known as CAFCASS Cymru, became the responsibility of the National Assembly for Wales. Following the changes within Welsh Government in 2007, CAFCASS Cymru became part of the Department for Health and Social Services.

Governance
On 1 April 2014, responsibility for Cafcass in England transferred from the Department for Education to the Ministry of Justice.

Edward Timpson CBE is the current Chair of the Cafcass Board, which includes eleven other members. . The Cafcass Board is made up of non-executive members appointed in accordance with the Membership, Committee and Procedure Regulations 2005. The Cafcass Board establishes the overall strategic aims and objectives for Cafcass consistent with the strategic policy objectives determined by the Secretary of State. It meets quarterly to monitor the performance of Cafcass and is accountable for Cafcass fulfilling its functions.

The work of the Board is supported by three main sub-committees chaired by Board members: There is also a Remuneration Committee which is convened as and when needed.
 * The Audit and Risk Assurance Committee (ARAC) which gives assurance to the effectiveness of the internal control and risk management systems.
 * The Quality Committee which scrutinises the quality of safeguarding practice and casework.
 * The Performance Committee which monitors national performance against KPIs and Cafcass’ impact on the whole family justice system key performance measures (KPMs).

The Chief Executive and Accounting Officer for Cafcass is responsible and accountable to Parliament for the day-to-day operations, management and leadership of Cafcass and its handling of public funds administered to it. Jacky Tiotto became Chief Executive in autumn 2019. She was previously Director of Children’s Services at the London Borough of Bexley. The Chief Executive is supported by the Corporate Management Team.

DNA scheme Regulations came into effect on 23 November 2015 with Cafcass and Cafcass Cymru funding a new DNA scheme under section 20 of the Family Law Reform Act 1969.

Performance
During 2015–16, Cafcass worked with 116,104 children and young people across England. Cafcass is asked by family courts to become involved in public and private law cases as the independent voice of the child, advising the court on the issues children are facing, usually through recommendations they set out in reports to court. The primary aim is to reduce the risks to a child’s health and wellbeing and to promote their welfare and development. Cafcass has published a strategic plan for 2015–2020 ‘a stronger voice for the child’ which sets out its strategic priorities and its programmes to deliver these.

Cafcass is set Key Performance Indicator (KPI) targets by their sponsor department, the Ministry of Justice. The table below shows the KPI figures for 2015/16.

Public law: Between April 2015 and March 2016, Cafcass received 12,741 care applications. This figure is 14.2% (1,582 applications) higher than the same period the previous year and 20% (2,121 applications) higher when compared with the same period in 2013. On average Cafcass has received in excess of 1,000 new care applications per month during 2015–16.

Private law: Cafcass received a total of 37,649 private law cases between April and March. This figure is 10.3% higher (3,530 cases) than 2014–15. On average Cafcass received in excess of 3,100 new private law cases per month during 2015–16.

Ofsted has a duty to inspect Cafcass under section 143 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 which requires the Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills to inspect the performance of Cafcass functions. The current Cafcass inspection framework replaced the previous tri- annual inspection of each of the 17 Cafcass service areas with one annual national inspection. Cafcass had its first national Ofsted inspection in March 2014 and the overall judgement was ‘good’ with an ‘outstanding’ judgement for leadership and governance. Cafcass had its second national Ofsted inspection in March 2018 and Ofsted rated Cafcass as 'outstanding'.

Cafcass publishes an annual report of its activities together with its audited accounts after the end of each financial year. Cafcass provides to the Ministry of Justice its finalised (audited) accounts in line with HM Treasury guidelines.

Cafcass is represented on the national Family Justice Board and chairs 10 out of 42 local Family Justice Boards.

Criticism
In 2008, an Ofsted inspection of Cafcass service users in South Yorkshire concluded that case records often did not show how Cafcass had come to its conclusions. In a post-inspection review in 2009, Ofsted found that in four of nine recommendations, progress was inadequate.

In 2009, Ofsted inspected Cafcass: Lancashire and Cumbria service area (including Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool). They found Cafcass to be inadequate in equality, diversity, value for money, complaints handling, service responsiveness, performance management, self-evaluation, safeguarding children and improving outcomes for children. The report stated that:

"the service area does not ensure that consistent consideration of the impact of family breakdown on outcomes for children is embedded in all aspects of case planning and reporting to court. The impact of ... the service in ensuring that all children are safe or feel safe is inadequate."

In 2009/10 The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills found that "(Cafcass) is performing poorly, with four out of the five service areas inspected judged to be inadequate."

In November 2010 a parliamentary Commons Public Affairs Committee found that "Cafcass as an organisation is not fit for purpose" and that it did not make "child-based decisions".

In 2011, presenters to a Justice Select Committee said that Cafcass was "beyond reform" and "should be abolished".

A High Court judge said in 2014 that it appeared to be a practice "widespread across the country" that children were taken into foster care based on reports which family courts "cut and pasted" into their own rulings, without giving the parents the opportunity to view the reports or respond to them.

Similar organisations in other countries

 * Bureau Jeugdzorg and Raad voor de Kinderbescherming Netherlands
 * Child Protective Services USA
 * Jugendamt Austria and Germany
 * CISMAI Italy


text:
Adam Rodriguez

Adam Michael Rodriguez (born April 2, 1975) is an American actor, screenwriter and director. He became known for his role as Eric Delko on CSI: Miami. He also portrayed Task Force Agent Luke Alvez in Criminal Minds.

Early life
Rodriguez was born in Yonkers, New York, the son of Janet, an airline ticket agent, and Ramon Rodriguez, an executive with the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce.

His father is of half Puerto Rican and half Cuban descent, and his mother is of Puerto Rican ancestry.

He attended Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York, graduating in 1993. Rodriguez initially hoped to be a professional baseball player, but after a high school injury, he turned his attention to acting and performed in a children's theater in New York.

Before full-time acting, he was a stockbroker.

Career
Rodriguez has appeared in commercials, including one for Coca-Cola. His first film appearance was as an extra in The X-Files. He later appeared on Brooklyn South, Law & Order, Felicity, Roswell, and NYPD Blue.

He appeared in a number of music videos, including Jennifer Lopez's 1999 video "If You Had My Love"; Busta Rhymes' "Respect My Conglomerate"; Lionel Richie's "I Call It Love"; Melanie Fiona's "It Kills Me"; 50 Cent's "Many Men"; and Wisin & Yandel's "No Dejemos Que Se Apague". He was a participant in the pro-Barack Obama video "Yes We Can".

He starred in 18 episodes of Roswell (Season 3)

He was part of the original cast of CSI: Miami, which premiered in 2002. He later directed and wrote the episode "Hunting Ground" (season 9, episode 16). He left the main cast five episodes into season 8 and was credited as a recurring cast member for eight episodes. He returned to the main cast in season 9 and remained on the show until it ended with season 10 in 2012.

Rodriguez starred in the 2009 Tyler Perry movie I Can Do Bad All by Myself as Sandino. He co-starred in a smaller film, Love and Debate. He played Bobby, Hilda's love interest, in season 4 of Ugly Betty.

He appeared in Let the Game Begin (2010), Magic Mike (2012), Magic Mike XXL (2015), and Magic Mike's Last Dance (2023).

In 2015, he was cast in the recurring role of Dr. Chavez in the second season of The Night Shift.

Rodriguez was on the cover of H mag on April 2012, photographed by Joey Shaw. .

In 2016, Rodriguez was cast as Luke Alvez, an FBI Fugitive Task Force Agent who joins the Behavioral Analysis Unit in season 12 of Criminal Minds, replacing Shemar Moore.

In 2021, Rodriguez was cast as Bobby Diaz in a recurring role in the NBC drama series Ordinary Joe.

Personal life
Rodriguez married model Grace Gail, the daughter of actor Maxwell Gail, in 2016. They have three children, including son Bridgemont Bernard Rodriguez, who was born on March 16, 2020.

title: Adam Rodriguez


text:
Pound Scots

The pound (Modern and Middle Scots: Pund) was the currency of Scotland prior to the 1707 Treaty of Union between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. It was introduced by David I, in the 12th century, on the Carolingian monetary system of a pound divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. The Scottish currency was later devalued relative to sterling by debasement of its coinage. By the time of James III, one pound Scots was valued at five shillings sterling.

Silver coins were issued denominated in merk, worth 13s.4d. Scots (two-thirds of a pound Scots). When James VI became King James I of England in 1603, the coinage was reformed to closely match sterling coin, with £12 Scots equal to £1 sterling. No gold coinage was issued from 1638 to 1700, but new silver coinage was issued from 1664 to 1707.

With the Acts of Union 1707, the pound Scots was replaced by sterling coin at the rate of 12:1 (£1 Scots = twenty pence  sterling), although the pound Scots continued to be used in Scotland as a unit of account for most of the 18th century.

Today there is no distinct Scots currency; but Scotland's three largest clearing banks (the Royal Bank of Scotland, the Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank) issue banknotes denominated in sterling. These notes may be accepted as payment throughout the United Kingdom, but are much more commonly seen in Scotland; their value is backed by non-circulating large denomination notes issued by the Bank of England (the "giants" and "titans").

List of coins of the pound Scots

 * Pistole – Gold, 12 pounds Scots
 * Dollar – Replacement for the ryal, 60 shillings Scots (James VI)
 * Ryal – Gold, 1565
 * Crown or Lion – Gold (James I)
 * Half-crown, Demi-Lion or Demys – Gold (James I)
 * Ducat or "bonnet" – 40 shillings, 1539 (James V)
 * Mark or merk – Gold (giving rise to the term markland)
 * Noble – Gold, worth half a mark, 1357 (David II, reintroduced by Robert III)
 * Unicorn – Gold, 18 shillings Scots, 1484–85 (James III)
 * Half-unicorn – Gold, 9 shillings Scots (James IV)
 * Testoun – silver, 1553. Was produced in France with the new process of mill and screw, being the first milled coinage of Scotland.
 * Bawbee – Billon, six pence from 1537
 * Shilling
 * Groat – Silver, equivalent to four pence, from 1357 (giving rise to the term groatland)
 * Half-groat – Silver, equivalent to two pence, from 1357
 * Turner – Billon, two pence (James VI), later copper.
 * Bodle – Copper, two pence (Charles II)
 * Hardhead – also called Lion, billon coin circulated in the reigns of Mary and James VI
 * Penny – Billon, one of the earliest coins, dating from David I. Later made of copper, giving rise to the term pennyland.
 * Halfpennies – Initially literally half of a penny, these became minted coins in their own right in c.1280. Later made of copper.
 * Farthing or quarter-penny – These were originally quarters of pennies, but as with Halfpennies, became coins in their own right in c.1280. Later made of copper.
 * Plack – value of four pence Scots or by 1707 one-third of a penny sterling.

title: Pound Scots


text:
Talk:Heron

Reverts
I re-added various context-appropriate images of blue herons (for example, eating various prey in the Diet section, etc) after JimfBleak (for the second time) removed the image gallery. David.margrave (talk) 03:33, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Jimfbleak wrote: (not sure how relevant this link is -may delete when I've thought about it).
 * Many texts wrote that phoenix looks like heron. Moreover, in Heron (disambiguation), some guy added heron as name of Egyptian god; probably from some vague memories. That's why I added this link: to relieve these possible vague memories of hearing somewhere something mythological about heron. Mikkalai 17:00, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have changed the Phoenix link to Bennu, which is the bird really referred to. Dysmorodrepanis 18:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I've moved this page back to heron because
 * 1) The bird is by far the most important and common use of the word, should not have to go through disamb
 * 2) Whoever moved to Ardeidae did not change all the many links from heron to Ardeidae|heron
 * 3) Articles should be at English name

All the 300 links are fixed now as direct or single redirect through Ardeidae. Cleared herons, egrets and bitterns jimfbleak 07:11, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added the bitterns to the listing here, because there seems to be no page with a phylogenetically correct listing of Ardeidae. This was intolerable ;-) Threw in some refs for good measure. But there is no need to alter the bittern page. We have a separate one for egrets and night-herons too. Besides, I put the fossil and other extinct taxa up, as I have outlined below the species listing. Dysmorodrepanis 18:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Why was my adding of rabbits to the paragraph discussing prey reverted? These images: http://img.waffleimages.com/68b1315657c10f98dfa1e0bedbde3617a1979ec2/heron1.jpg http://img.waffleimages.com/bb726bf0b2e0be40ff4ffdfb158028138038d84f/heron2.jpg clearly show a heron preying on a rabbit. 68.198.8.85 (talk) 19:16, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * no original reserch —Preceding unsigned comment added by ColaDude (talk • contribs) 22:28, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

It's not a matter of original research, it's a matter of plain, obvious fact - where's your source that says they eat fish? Frogs? An image is a source, not original research. 68.198.8.85 (talk) 05:36, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Either way, I think it's pretty clear that herons eat rabbits, and I've added it back to the article. REGULAR-NORMAL (talk) 21:18, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Central Maldivian Heron
I have seen the picture of this heron in Maldivian Environment research center's official website. Its Dhivehi name is (މެދުރާއްޖެތެރޭ ރާބޮނދި). Also states that the english name for it is Central Madivian Heron. But it seems that there is no such heron named as so. This bird is one of the protected birds in Maldives. So i request a fellow wikipedian to see this picture and identify its english name. Any help is appreciated. --~GlaCiouS~ (talk) 09:45, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Or is it Butorides striatus??

--~GlaCiouS~ (talk) 09:45, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Which kinds live where?
Could the ranges of the various members of the group be given?--SilasW (talk) 18:42, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I've been thinking about expansion of this, and distribution would certainly be covered. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  18:45, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

removed text
''In February 2005, the Canadian scientist Dr. Louis Lefebvre announced a method of measuring avian IQ based on their innovation in feeding habits. Herons were named among the most intelligent birds based on this scale, reflecting a wide variety, flexibility and adaptiveness to acquire food. '' Statement unsupported by reference. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  19:36, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Errors
60 paces per SECOND (see article) is nonsensical. Should be MINUTE or HOUR. Who is knowledgeable and can indicate the correct unit? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.17.179.134 (talk) 10:11, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Dger (talk) 21:15, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Identification
If it looks like 'an ordinary heron' but is white, what species is it? 108.171.128.162 (talk) 11:28, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Probably Egret. Dger (talk) 21:14, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Great blue heron?
I'm curious why Great blue heron isn't listed here? Tom Ruen (talk) 03:06, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The Great Blue Heron is a species in the genus Ardea, which is mentioned. Not all species will or should be mentioned in a general article about a large group of animals. Dger (talk) 17:26, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

Cranes
Why does this article have a link "See also: Crane (bird)" at the beginning? This makes it look like these are synonymous, or ambiguous, or in some way related. Well yes, they are both birds, and they both have long legs, but that's about it. You might as well have "See also: Chicken" at the top of the article. Same thing vice versa in the Crane article. --93.212.250.139 (talk) 17:04, 3 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I've removed it. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  20:42, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Heron. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155611/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Hilaludin-CattleEgrets.pdf to http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Hilaludin-CattleEgrets.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060907220949/http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/mbe-17-437.pdf to http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/mbe-17-437.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:48, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

Eat: Squirrels?
Surely the predominant prey listed after eat: on the front/leading wiki intro for herons should read : fish. 24.104.178.228 (talk) 09:55, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Subfamily articles
Is there a reason the subfamily articles don't exist? Any objection to them being created? - UtherSRG (talk) 18:03, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heron


text:
Talk:Shelley v. Kraemer/Archive 1

So did they get the house or not? Rmhermen 17:03, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shelley v. Kraemer/Archive 1


text:
Anthony Tether

Anthony J. Tether (born ca. 1941) served as Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) from June 18, 2001, until February 20, 2009. As Director, Dr. Tether was responsible for management of the Agency's projects for high-payoff, innovative research and development. In 2020, he became a consultant with MISTRAS Group, USA.

Early life
Dr. Tether received his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1964, and his Master of Science (1965) and Ph.D. (1969) in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University.

Career
In 2009, Dr. Tether re-formed The Sequoia Group, which serves government and industrial clients. The Sequoia Group provides program management and strategy development services to government and industry. Dr. Tether is on several Advisory and Corporate Boards, and is a Distinguished Fellow with the Council on Competitiveness located in Washington DC. He is also on the fund management team for Ellington Healthcare Partners, which invests in start-up and early stage companies with unique therapeutic products and devices; other fund managers include former Governor Tommy Thompson.

From 1996 to 2001, Dr. Tether held the position of CEO and President of The Sequoia Group, which he founded in 1996. From 1994 to 1996, Dr. Tether served as CEO for Dynamics Technology Inc. From 1992 to 1994, he was vice president at Science Applications International Corporation's (SAIC) Advanced Technology Sector, and then Vice President and General Manager for Range Systems at SAIC. Prior to this, he spent six years as vice president for Technology and Advanced Development at Ford Aerospace, which was acquired by Loral Corporation during that period.

He has held other positions in the Defense Department, serving as director of DARPA's Strategic Technology Office from 1982 to 1986, and as Director National Intelligence in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 1978 to 1982. He served as Vice President of Systems Control Inc., a company he helped start after receiving his Ph.D., where he applied stochastic estimation and control theory to military and commercial problems with concentration on development of algorithms to perform real-time resource allocation and control.

Dr. Tether has served on the Army, Navy and Defense Science Boards, and on the Office of National Drug Control Policy Research and Development Committee. He is a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and is listed in several Who's Who publications.

Dr. Tether is notable for initiating the series of DARPA Grand Challenges which marked the resurgence of research in autonomous vehicles. As of September 8, 2009, Tether is a member of the SSCI Scientific Advisory Board.

Awards
In 1986, Director Central Intelligence Bill Casey honored him with the National Intelligence Medal and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger with the Department of Defense Civilian Meritorious Service Medal respectively. In 2008, he received the founders award from Council of Competitiveness. In 2009, Secretary of Defense Gates honored him with the Department of Defense Outstanding Public Service Medal. In 2013, AIAA awarded him the Aerospace Communications Award for aerospace communication contributions.

title: Anthony Tether