text:
Talk:Pygmalion effect

Untitled
I removed the following from the article:
 * Translated into a wikipedian setting: Wikipedia users will behave because Wikipedia expects them to.

See Avoid self-references. fabiform | talk 02:31, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Itetaty.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:31, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect quote
"Whether you think you can or whether you think you can't, you're right" - -Nassa Merheb In 2004. Google it, it's from Henry Ford, you'll have millions of citations, not Nassa Merhed in 2004. Darrellx (talk) 06:07, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

page flow
it seems there are distinct separate sections to this article, but no flow between them. Precisely why George Bernhard Shaw's play is referenced is unclear; additionally, to one who understands the reference, it becomes apparent that the article illogically flows from etymology --> definition --> term explanation. There ought either be section headings denoting the shift or at least a better transition between the separate article parts. Also, we should mention that this is Cooley's (and to some extent Mead's) term. (references, Earl Babbie: "The Practice of Social Research" 10th Ed., page 235). Jxn 07:07, 2005 Apr 14 (UTC)

Why does it say that the effect is named after the Greek myth of Pygmalion, whereas the only example which clarifies the allusion is taken out of Bernard Shaw's work, with no direct connection between the example and the myth?

The statements above indicate their author has not read the original study by Rosenthal and Jacobson which describes the "connection" referenced in synpsis form in the Wikipedia article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.80.240.250 (talk) 13:24, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Incomplete description
There's a fuller description at the new Hawthorne effect article.

Also, the derivation of the name is less important then the effect itself.

And is this "effect" mainly speculation based on a single study, or what?

Last, but not least: what are the implications for teaching and learning in schools? If expectation is a significant factor, can it be managed to improve student achievement? Or can improper expectations be reduced?

I'm particularly interested in how the teacher's hopes affect the student. Given the materialistic view of human beings, one might expect that "only behavior" can be measured or studied. But simply deciding to "think about a matter" a certain way is possible.

 * I decided this wasn't going to work; i.e., that it was useless
 * Kelly decided that the best thing was for her to become a violinist; her grandfather said she had a talent for it.

Mark Twain said he could "live for two months on a compliment" (like it was a kind of food!).

And why do coaches or parents tell children, "You can do it!"? Does instilling confidence really have an effect on performance?

Why are some teachers or coaches significantly better than others? Some, spectacular so.

A related question is: why have teachers in many American cities formed labor unions which insist on contracts which adamantly refuse to allow any form of merit pay and insist on a pure seniority system? You get paid based on "qualifications", i.e., diplomas and certificates, but mostly on how many years you've been on the job. In NYC you start at around 35K and work up to around 90K.

But how well you teach is not measured or tracked, and has no bearing on you job assignments, your influence on curriculum, or your paycheck.

In private schools, a teacher will be paid, promoted or fired mainly on results. Entire schools are judged based on results: i.e., I send my child to Phillips Exeter Academy because he'll learn more there.

Perhaps the entire school uses the Pygmalion effect? You were chosen for this school because you're the best => the student feels the confidence teachers have in him, so really applies himself. Uncle Ed 11:26, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be wrong to say that a school or a teacher "uses the Pygmalion effect." It was not conceived of as a teaching method. It was conceived of as a social psychological phenomenon that takes place as a result of an expectancy induced in the mind of a teacher. Generally, the half-life of such expectancies is about two weeks. The reality of the student's performance usually enters the picture the teacher sees.

 * Students who attend Phillips Exeter are highly selected. If they come from disadvantaged homes, only the best students from disadvantaged homes are admitted (e.g., through the Prep-for-Prep program). Most of the other students come from very advantaged homes. The research indicates that children from very advantaged homes have many cognitive resources before they even enter elite private schools.

 * Of course, there are probably a few legacy admissions who are not as capable although many legacies are given the cognitive advantages their parents afford them. A number of legacies do not. And the teacher knows it. The daughter of a friend of mine remembers her Harvard economics professor, during an office visit, telling the daughter and a classmate who happened to have poor grades that the classmate can do better. Then for some reason the professor made an off-the-cuff derogatory comment about "legacy students," a comment that he should not have made. The classmate then told the professor that she is a legacy student.

 * My point is that the student's actual performance will more than overcome the expectations the teacher has about the student when the student first arrives in class. The evidence for the Pygmalion effect is just not there. Iss246 (talk) 17:13, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

Comment by Rosenthal
"The most surprising finding in our research," says Rosenthal, "has to do with what we called the 'psychological hazards' of unexpected intellectual growth." When so-called "lower track" students in the control group at Oak School (students who were not expected to shine) began to show marked improvement and growth, their teacher evaluations on such things as "personal adjustment," "happiness," "affectionate" declined. Says Rosenthal: "If the world thinks little of you, it's going to punish you if you begin to succeed."

Stanford

 * In 1968 Harvard professor, Robert Rosenthal published, Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development (1968; expanded edition 1992). The book caused quite a stir with its basic conclusion, "when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do; when teachers do not have such expectations, performance and growth are not so encouraged and may in fact be discouraged in a variety of ways."

Fiction
In Destry Rides Again the hero convinces the corrupt showgirl to stop helping the gang of murderers by expressing his expectation that she's "different", "better than that" - and then she lives up to his expectation. Uncle Ed 12:05, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Oak School study
In a study by two psychologists Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968), published in their book Pygmalion in the Classroom, the experimenters told teachers that twenty percent of the children in a certain school showed unusual potential for intellectual growth. The names of 20 percent of the students were selected randomly, and revealed to the teachers. Eight months later, the chosen children showed significantly greater gains in IQ than the children who had not been showered with attention. This seems follow more or less what the book says, I believe pg 181, so shouldn't it be cited as a paraphrase? The wording "The names of 20 percent of the students were selected randomly, and revealed to the teachers." needs to more clearly separate the word teachers more from the word random as it is completely necessary to establish that the teachers knew nothing of the randomness.

"than the children who had not been showered with attention."-I don't see any reference in the study that the children were consciously treated any different. "Showering attention" implies much more than just being told the child shows "unusual potential for intellectual growth" Thanks(Freetoheal (talk) 11:50, 24 February 2009 (UTC))

Future Earnings Potential
I heard about a study a few years ago that studied future earnings potential in 8th graders. They asked 8th graders a bunch of questions and looked back years later to compare their 8th grade answers with their wages. It turns out that high wages were more correlated to how much money the student expected to be earning than their grades, test scores, sex, race, etc. Unfortunately I am unable to find this study, but maybe someone else has heard of it.

Problems with Pygmalion
While Rosenthal's study is famous, there is no mention in the main article of the strong critiques his methodology later was subject to. In fact, the results of this entire study were called into serious question. That is not to say that the Pygmalion effect is not a true effect, but questions about the study should be mentioned here for balance.e

 * I added a section on criticism of the study. Iss246 (talk) 15:08, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

Proposed Merge
If there is any merge at all, this should be merged with "Self-fulfilling prophecy", as this is only one instance of that. Goldfritha 22:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

The pygmalion effect is very often cited as such in the literature (e.g. David Cooperider uses it as an argument pro appreciative inquiry. Therefor I think that the pygmallion effect should have a page of it own - i.e. no merger.

Clean up template
I added the clean up template because the second section is written in first person. IANAE on Wikipedia style guidelines, but I know an encyclopedia shouldn't be written in first person!

Is there a different pygmalion effect?
I don't really see how this relates to the original myth of pygmalion. Also, whenever I hear of the "pygmalion effect" it has always been described as a person trying to make a different person more like themselves; for instance: trying to get your girlfriend to like the same music as you do. Or, I suppose, in a greater sense, trying to get a person to think the same way you do. I heard this in literature class. Has anyone else heard this, and if so, does it go by a different name than "pygmalion effect"? Rebent 15:40, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In his influential poem Metamorphoses, a history of the world based on many myths, the Roman poet Ovid tells the story of Pygmalion, a Cypriot sculptor who makes a statue, Galatea, so beautiful that he wishes for a bride just as beautiful. Aphrodite, on her festival day, grants Pygmalion his wish by miraculously bringing Galatea to life.  The miracle with the Pygmalion effect is that students become how they are described by their teacher.   Vaughan Pratt (talk) 00:21, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it's not myth, but this Pygmalion, where Professor Higgins attempts to turn a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, into a refined society lady.

pov problems
This article completely omits the serious critiques of the paper. See Samuel S. Wineburg's "The Self-Fulfillment of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy" in Educational Researcher for a start. AaronSw 02:11, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Elliot's Exercise
I can't find much specific information on Elliot's study except that it occurred. Can someone who's more familiar with it please elaborate? I think there are several things that need to be clarified, including the validity of the exercise (in a scientific manner), whether external variables were accounted for (including content of the tests), and so forth. The current section is quite vague.  . V .  [Talk 12:25, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Not scientific
This article still sucks, and all my suggestions and questions from 3 years ago have been ignored. Has there only been one study on this so-called effect in 40 years? Has no one tried to replicate the results? Why are we changing the subject in midstream to how students rate teachers?

The question on the table is how much teacher expectation can affect student achievement. Science ought to be able to answer this question. If it has, then we should summarize the answer. --Uncle Ed (talk) 17:24, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

It seems the book "Reaching Higher By Rhona S. Weinstein" Is packed with more about this phenomena and studies surrounding it, I'm not up to reading it right now though.(Freetoheal (talk) 14:11, 24 February 2009 (UTC))

Incorrect date of Rosenthal-Jacobson study?
Many sources seem to indicate that the original Rosenthal-Jacobson study was in fact in 1966, not 1968. One such source is this published paper. Should this be changed? (This is my first contribution to a talk page.) Nabelekt (talk) 04:50, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson did their research in 1965, wrote it up in a 5-page paper in 1966 with Rosenthal as the first author, and expanded it to a 266-page book in 1968 with Jacobson as the first author, including a 26-page addendum by Rosenthal defending their research against the many attacks that had been made on their work during the preceding two years. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 00:49, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Example of Positive Feedback Loop
I attempted to add a reference to positive feedback loops to the introduction of this page, as I believe that the (a) Pygmalion effect is at least (theoretically) a clear example of such a dynamic and (b) it is unfortunate that so many terms have flourished as a reference to very similar concepts (e.g., Matthew effect, Pygmalion effect, Self-fulfilling Prophecy), which leads to a reduced ability to link findings across research areas, which I find somewhat saddening.

It is important to link to Positive feedback, because without such a link, we risk divorcing this particular example from the broader phenomenon.

User:Iss246, I am interested in your thoughts and whether we can find some common ground here. Also would be interested with regard to the evidence you mentioned in your edit summary.

BA Schuetze (talk) 00:00, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

 * User:BA Schuetze, you raise an interesting point. The Pygmalion effect could theoretically be an example of a positive feedback loop but the research supporting the Pygmalion effect is poor. To get an idea of how poor the research is, see Robert Thorndike's review of the book that introduced the concept (Thorndike, R.L. (1968). Reviewed work: Pygmalion in the classroom by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson. American Educational Research Journal, 5(4), 708–711.). In addition, to get an idea of how effective it has been to induce expectations in teachers about specific students, see Raudenbush's meta-analysis of teacher induction studies (Raudenbush, S. W. (1984). Magnitude of teacher expectancy effects on pupil IQ as a function of the credibility of expectancy induction: A synthesis of findings from 18 experiments. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 85–97. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.1.85). The research shows that the half-life of teacher inductions is about two weeks. Over the two weeks, the reality of the personality of the student who sits in front of the teacher takes hold.

 * I do believe positive feedback loops exist. My view is that the Pygmalion effect is a bad example of one. I don't want to give WP readers a bad example of one.

 * Finally, you may ask why the Pygmalion effect has survived in some psychology textbooks--I'm not sure if you read the original book. The research on textbook writing shows that many textbook authors recycle what has been published in earlier textbooks without reading the primary sources or the critics of primary sources. Of course, the Pygmalion effect is headline-grabbing and authors under deadline who have to write quickly don't have the time to investigate with thoroughness. The Pygmalion effect thus survives in some psychology textbooks but thankfully it has been fading from view. Iss246 (talk) 14:08, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

 * User:Iss246 Your argument seems to deal more with the legitimacy of the Pygmalion effect, than it does with regard the question of whether or not it constitutes a positive (reinforcing) feedback loop. I would urge you to google "Pygmalion effect" and look at the image results. This theory is clearly (and primarily) as represented as a feedback loop. I agree we should make a distinction between the theory and the results. With regard to the theory, we should point readers in the right direction for why social scientists might plausibly believe such an effect exists. As for whether this is a bad example of positive feedback, I note that this is not the page devoted to positive feedback loops, and I would never suggest this is a great example of the phenomenon. But the two ideas are related, and should be linked at least from Pygmalion effect -> Positive feedback (not vice-versa).

 * For reference, I agree that the evidence for inducing the Pygmalion effect is probably not very strong. In line with what you have written, I think it might make sense to add a separate header pointing to scholarly criticism, such as has been done with learning styles, Implicit-association test, and Theory of multiple intelligences (I am trained as an educational psychologist, so these are just a sample of the first controversial psychological theories that came to mind). BA Schuetze (talk) 21:00, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

If the Pygmalion effect were real, then I would agree that it should be mentioned as an example of both a positive and negative feedback loop. But it is not real. At least that is what the evidence suggests. The Pygmalion effect is barely a footnote in the Sweeney-Sterman Systems Dynamics Review article you cite, suggesting that the authors had only passing familiarity with the research.

Let's look at what Robert Thorndike, whom I cited above, had to write about Pygmalion in the Classroom. This expert on psychometric theory wrote that "If these pretest ["IQ"] data show anything, they show that the testing was utterly worthless and meaningless. The means and standard deviations for the total first and second grade classes were [calculated by combining sub-groups]. What kind of test, or what kind of testing is it that gives a mean 'IQ' of 58 for the total entering first grade of a rather run-of-the-mill school?"

Later Thorndike wrote that "We can only conclude that the pretest Reasoning Test at this age is worthless."

Still later he likened the test Rosenthal and Jacobson used to an ill-working clock, "When the clock strikes thirteen doubt is cast on the last stroke but also on all that have gone before." Finally, he wrote, "When the clock strikes 14, we throw away the clock."

In conclusion, I don't think the Pygmalion effect merits being called an example of a positive or negative feedback loop. The research underlying the Pygmalion effect is just too shoddy. Iss246 (talk) 22:17, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Here is what you wrote user:BA Schuetze. My comments are interlaced in the text and capitalized next to the sentence my comments criticize.

 * “Within sociology, the effect is often cited with regard to education and social class. The concept of stereotype threat could be considered an example of the Pygmalion effect, as it denotes a negative form of self-fulfilling prophecy.[3] [THIS IS A MAGAZINE ARTICLE, NOT A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL] Although evidence for the effect has been contested since the 1960s,[4][5][THE EVIDENCE FOR THE PYGMALION EFFECT IS MORE THAN CONTESTED; THE EVIDENCE IS MAINLY ABSENT; YOU NEGLECT TO MENTION THE RAUDENBUSH META-ANALYSIS THAT DEMONSTRATED ITS ABSENCE] the theoretical mechanism of the Pygmalion effect is a positive feedback loop connecting student achievement and teacher perceptions.[6][7][8]”[<--FINALLY, YOU BETRAYED YOUR OWN UNDERSTANDING BECAUSE IF THE PYGMALION EFFECT IS A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP, IT IS ALSO A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP.]

 * I AM GOING TO DELETE THE ADDITION. IT DOES NOT BELONG IN THE LEAD. Iss246 (talk) 21:58, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * user:BA Schuetze, you got it so wrong in another way. The Pygmalion effect is not just about garden variety student achievement. It concerns IQ test performance. Iss246 (talk) 22:02, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi Iss246, your last comment verges on bullying and I do not get the sense that you are willing to have calm, measured debate about this topic. As such, I will disengage from this conversation. Two last points. Firstly, I did not write the entire paragraph you have quoted above; the first sentence was written by someone else previously. Secondly, positive feedback loops are self-reinforcing, meaning they can be positive or negative in regards to their outcome's direction (a positive feedback loop does not always go up). — Preceding unsigned comment added by BA Schuetze (talk • contribs) 22:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

I am sorry if what I said looked like bullying. The Pygmalion effect can only be a true positive feedback loop if the Pygmalion effect is a true effect. The evidence bearing on the Pygmalion effect tends to be negative. Iss246 (talk) 01:47, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

Also if it a positive feedback loop then it can also be a negative loop. Tell the teacher that this boy or girl has a low IQ, then the child goes into a negative spiral. But the evidence is that such an induction largely doesn't happen. Iss246 (talk) 01:47, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

partially or completely undermined?
@Iss246 Look at the history of the wording in question: The original version has been softened, then I made it more neutral, but now your version is even stronger than the original one. According to your wording the view is no longer partially undermined, but has no credibility, which means that it is undermined not partially but completely. Are you sure? 85.193.252.19 (talk) 02:32, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) "a view that has been undermined partially by subsequent research"  = original version
 * 2) "a view which some in pedagogy believe has been undermined partially in other research." = softened
 * 3) "a view that has been partially undermined by other research." = mine
 * 4) "a view that has lost credibility as a result of other research findings" = yours
 * The expression "lost credibility" reflects the balance of research that followed. I was actually rather kind. The study was very poor. But don't take my word for it. Take the word of Robert L. Thorndike, the leading educational psychology researcher of his era, in his review of the Rosenthal-Jacobson book. "We can only conclude that the pretest on the so-called Reasoning Test at this age is worthless. And, in the words of a European colleague, 'When the clock strikes thirteen, doubt is cast not only on the last stroke but also on all that have gone before.'" [American Educational Research Journal vol. 5(4), Nov 1968]. Thorndike was referring to the pretest on the reasoning IQ test. The mean score of these first graders was 58.0, which put most of them in the mentally challenged range. The standard deviation of the scores of this group was 36.8, which put some of the class in the profoundly retarded range. These were normal first graders in a "run-of-the-mill" school.

 * Let's not quibble about "partially undermined" or "undermined partially." It was a poor study. Let's not give readers of WP the wrong idea by hedging our words. Iss246 (talk) 04:44, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * It makes sense. Thank you :-) 85.193.252.19 (talk) 22:22, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

I am going to have to buck the trend on this one and quibble about it. If you had said that the original study had lost credibility, I would have no objections. However, you said that the view had lost credibility, which I find to be a very questionable statement. To the best of my knowledge (which is almost certainly more limited than yours), this effect is still supported by evidence. The original study has been heavily questioned if not debunked, but the preponderance of evidence still supports the Pygmalion effect. Unfortunately, paywalls are preventing me from investigating this as thoroughly as I would like to, but I have edited the text in question to read "called into question." I would support the creation of a new sentence that states that the original study has lost credibility, but unless I am shown further evidence, I cannot in good conscience say that the effect has lost credibility. I'm always excited to learn if you have something to teach me on the subject. Warr40 (talk) 21:40, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Named after the 1913 play, not the Greek myth?
The article states that the effect is named after the Greek myth. Several online sources contradict this, saying the effect is named after the play that itself was named after the myth. 2601:140:947F:77D0:AE8:CFBB:BDFB:55FE (talk) 16:56, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pygmalion effect


text:
Eliezer

Eliezer (, "Help/Court of El") was the name of at least three different individuals in the Bible.

Eliezer of Damascus
Eliezer of Damascus (דַּמֶּשֶׂק אֱלִיעֶזֶר) was, according to the Targums, the son of Nimrod. Eliezer was head of the patriarch Abraham's household, as mentioned in the Book of Genesis (15:2).

And Abram said, "My Lord, Hashem/Elohim: What can you give me seeing that I go childless, and the steward of my house is the Damascene Eliezer?" — Lech-Lecha

Medieval biblical exegetes have explained the noun ben mešeq as meaning "butler; steward; overseer", while the name Damméseq Eliʿézer is explained by Targum Onkelos as meaning "Eliezer the Damascene." Others say that he was given the name "Damascus" by Abraham who purchased Eliezer from Nimrod, and had passed through the city of Damascus while returning with his servant from Babylonia. Other translations of Genesis describe Eliezer as Abraham's heir.

There is an interpretation in Bereshit Rabbah (43:2), cited by Rashi, that Eliezer went alone with Abraham to rescue Lot, with the reference to "his initiates" stated to be 318 in number being the numerical value of Eliezer's name in Hebrew, interpreted in tractate Nedarim (32a) as Abraham not wishing to rely on a miracle by taking only one individual.

The servant of Abraham
According to most interpretations, the unnamed "servant, the elder of [Abraham's] house, that ruled over all that he had," who obtained Rebeccah as a bride for Isaac, was the same Eliezer. This name is first found in the Bible in Genesis 15:2 when Abraham asks God about his promises of a Son while being childless, naming Eliezer being the current heir of his house.

The son of Moses
Eliezer was Moses's and Zipporah's second son. His name means "Help of my God". The verse in the Exodus 18:4 states, "[T]he other was named Eliezer, meaning, 'The God of my father’s [house] was my help, delivering me from the sword of Pharaoh.'" Gershom and Eliezer were born after Moses had taken refuge in Midian and married Jethro's daughter Zipporah.

Eliezer the prophet
A prophet called Eliezer, son of Dodavah, rebuked King Jehosophat for aligning himself with Ahaziah, the King of Israel. Jehosophat and Ahaziah built ships in Ezion-Geber which were to sail to Tarshish for trade. According to 2 Chronicles (20:37), the ships sank due to his not relying on the Lord: "Eliezer son of Dodavahu of Mareshah prophesied against Jehoshaphat, saying, "Because you have made an alliance with Ahaziah, the LORD will destroy what you have made." The ships were wrecked and were not able to set sail to trade."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eliezer


text:
Jubail

Jubail (الجبيل, Al Jubayl) is a city in the Eastern province on the Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, with a total population of 474,679 as of 2022. It is home to the largest industrial city in the world. It is also home to the Middle East's largest and world's fourth largest petrochemical company SABIC. It has the world's largest IWPP (Independent Water and Power Project) producing 2743.6 MW of electricity and 800,000 m3 of water daily. Jubail comprises the Old Town of Al Jubail (Jubail Balad), which was a small fishing village until 1975, and the Industrial Area. Jubail Industrial City is the largest civil engineering project in the world today.

In 1975, the Saudi government designated Jubail as the site for new industrial city, with rapid expansion and industrialization arising. The new industrial and residential areas were named Madīnat al Jubayl aṣ Ṣinā`īyah (Jubail Industrial City). The 2005 Census Report for Jubail Industrial City estimates the population at 224,430 residents.

History
The town of Al-Jubail, on the Arabian Gulf coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, has ancient roots. Human habitation dates back at least 7,000 years, when the people of Dilmun — whose civilization radiated up and down the coast of the Arabian Gulf — established a settlement there. Archaeological place: Crease Tower or Tuwayah Tower was constructed around 1928. It was key source of water for Jubail. In September 1933, Jubail gained a measure of fame as the landing site for the first team of geologists to explore for oil in Saudi Arabia.

Jubail Industrial City
It is the world's largest industrial city established in 1975. It covers 1,016 square kilometers and includes industrial complexes, major harbour and port facilities. It contributes to about 7% of Saudi Arabia's GDP.

Bechtel began work on the Jubail Industrial City project more than 40 years ago and is still working in Jubail now. Bechtel has managed the Jubail project since it began in the mid-1970s, and in 2004 the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu asked the company to manage Jubail II, a $3.8 billion expansion of the city's industrial and residential areas.

Highway
Jubail is directly connected with other cities by two major highways; Dhahran-Jubail Highway and Abu Hadriyah Highway.

One ongoing project is the Jubail-Qassim (Buraidah) Expressway 500 km, which will reduce the distance between Jubail and Qassim (Buraidah) to around 331 km from the current 831 km.

Railway
A branch of the Saudi Landbridge Project railway is proposed to connect Jubail to Dammam.

Seaport
There are two seaports in Jubail—the Jubail Commercial Seaport and the King Fahd Industrial Seaport. As of 2011, Jubail ranks 92nd in the world in terms of Total Cargo Volume with 44,700 tons.

Airport
The city is served by King Fahd International Airport.

Jubail Naval Airport is an airfield 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Jubail City, near the industrial area. Originally constructed by the Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu as part of Jubail project, it was meant to be used for commercial aviation until it was decided to utilize the large nearby King Fahd International Airport. Thus, it was handed over to the Ministry of Defence and has been used as a base for the naval aviation group/eastern fleet of the Royal Saudi Navy since then. The terminal in Dammam Airport is about 60 km drive from the suburbs of Jubail, 80 km from the city center and 100 km from the Royal Commission neighborhoods.

However it was recently announced that the airport will be opened for private aviation operations starting September 2014. A project to renovate the airfield was undertaken since some of the airfield's infrastructure was incomplete, as a result of the previous change for the use of airport from commercial to military. To date, the project and renovations have not been completed.

In addition, two other airfields are located in the city; Abu Ali Airport is located in the Island of Abu Ali while the other is located in King Abdulaziz Naval Base.

Main sights

Jubail has a robust market place, known as International Market. It also has several malls, such as Fanateer Mall, Galleria Mall, Jubail Center Mall, Fanateer Beach, City Max, Hyper-Panda, Panda, Banana Beach, Jubail Centre, Home Center, Red Tag, Centrepoint, Jalmudah Hills, Jubail Plaza, Jubail RTV Riding Arena and Jubail Mall.

Beaches

 * Jubail Beach 27.0094°N, 49.66776°W
 * Al Jubail Corniche 27.03673°N, 49.63723°W
 * Youth Beach 27.08662°N, 49.58867°W
 * Al Nakheel Beach 27.11769°N, 49.57227°W
 * Fanateer Beach 27.14439°N, 49.56713°W
 * Dareen Beach 27.17411°N, 49.56988°W
 * Banana Beach

The Jubail desalination plant

As part of the industrial city, Jubail has a desalination plant called Saline Water Conversion Corp. (SWCC). In 2019, SWCC hit Guinness World Record as the largest producer of desalinated water worldwide. The plant hit the record as it produces 5.6 million cubic meters every day.

Schools

 * Al Abna'a Schools
 * Mariya international School
 * Dunes International School
 * Al Moattasem International School
 * Hafeez International School
 * International Indian School, Al- Jubail (IIS Jubail)
 * ISG Jubail
 * Jubail Academy International School
 * King Fahd High School
 * Pakistan International School

 * Al Murjan Elementary School
 * Al Ahsa Secondary School
 * Andalus Elementary School
 * Dana Elementary School
 * Fanatir Elementary School
 * Fayha Elementary School
 * Khaleeg Intermediate School

 * Al Deffi Secondary School
 * Najd Secondary School
 * Umm Alqurra Secondary School
 * Zaid Bin Amr Elementary School

Universities and colleges

 * Jubail Industrial College
 * Jubail Technical Institute
 * Jubail University College

Hospitals, dispensaries and dental centers

 * Al Fanateer Hospital
 * Mohammed Suleiman Al Khonaini Medical Complex
 * Al Khonaini Medical Complex
 * Al-Fayadh Medical Clinic
 * Al-Hijailan Medical Clinic
 * Al-Shabani General Hospital
 * Al-Shifa Hospital
 * Almana General Hospital
 * Almana Medical Center
 * Al Naba Medical Complex
 * Ar Razi Clinic
 * Armed Forces Hospital
 * Badr Al Khaleej Medical Center
 * Danat Al Sahraa Medical Company (KIMS)
 * Dina Dispensary for Medical Services
 * Gulf Asian Medical Center
 * Huda Younis Dental Complex
 * Jubail General Hospital
 * Jubail Medical Center (Mutlaq Al Otaibi Medical Service Group)
 * Jubail National Dispensary
 * KIMS Medical Center
 * Kingdom Dental Medical Dispensary
 * Lulu Dispensary
 * Lulu Hospital
 * Mayo Dental Center
 * Mouwasat Hospital
 * Ram Dental Complex
 * Royal Commission Hospital

Eastern Province

 * Safwa city: 56 km
 * Qatif: 64 km
 * Ras Tanura: 71 km
 * Saihat: 76 km
 * Dammam: 96 km
 * Khobar: 104 km
 * Abqaiq: 160 km
 * Al-Ahsa: 222 km

Other provinces

 * Riyadh: 467 km
 * Buraydah: 768 km
 * Arar: 967 km
 * Ha'il: 938 km
 * Medina: 1,263 km
 * Mecca: 1,333 km
 * Jeddah: 1,418 km

Other cities of Eastern Arabia

 * 🇧🇭 Manama: 166 km
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait City: 342 km
 * 🇶🇦 Doha: 496 km
 * Abu Dhabi: 865 km
 * Dubai: 977 km
 * 🇴🇲 Muscat: 1,374 km

Climate
Jubail has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).

title: Jubail


text:
User talk:CharlieZeb

Hello CharlieZeb, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the Help desk or (if you want a broader audience) the village pump, or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
 * You can find lots more information, including open tasks and daily tips, at the Community Portal.
 * You can sign your name using four tildes, like this: ~.
 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show preview button to review your edits. Also, consider writing a summary for each edit.
 * The Tutorial is a great way to learn the basics in a more perspicuous fashion.

I've seen some of your work, such as Meadowlands Sports Complex, and I am impressed. You appear to be very knowledgeable about sports in New Jersey. Keep up the good work!

Maximus Rex 02:34, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

NJ Communities
Thanks for note regarding my contributions. I appreciate it. I'm aware of the problem you indicate. Many communities in New Jersey lack proper articles because of it, simply because they aren't official municipalities. Over time, it's a good bet someone will make them, as you did for Newfoundland. I'm afraid I'm a bit too impatient to track down what township something is really in. Leaving a red link is sometimes good thing, as it alerts people to what needs to be filled in. Agains thanks, and welcome to Wikipedia. -- Decumanus | Talk 06:03, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

''Thanks for the note. Your point about leaving red links is well taken. CharlieZeb 13:15, 3 May 2004 (UTC)''

White Sox-Cubs rivalry
I changed it because I didn't think White Sox fans would object to it, but you're right--I'm sure there's a better way to write that. "Often" would work well. Meelar 03:33, 4 May 2004 (UTC) ''Thanks for the feedback. CharlieZeb 03:39, 4 May 2004 (UTC)''

Extra innings
Well, I noted the previously listed game was in the NL, to make the distinction for the AL game I added. MLB is 30 teams, as you noted. MisfitToys 04:06, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

John Taylor (Taylor Ham)
Thanks for the comments! I've been meaning to write a bit more about Mr. Taylor -- looks like an interesting historical personality, and we definitely need a Taylor Ham article! My hubby grew up Cherry Hill, New Jersey before emigrating to the Left Coast, and talks of Taylor Ham and McMillan's sticky buns with great fondness....

And it's little details like the Waterfront Park outfield wall advertisment that will never show up in Encyclopedia Britannica, but which really do mean something to locals who might come to look at the Taylor Ham article.

And yes, I really only meant to disambiguate John Taylor (Duran Duran) from John Taylor (jazz), and did a bit of Googling, and here I am, the author of articles (or stubs at least) on 26 distinct and interesting JTs from the 1300s to the present day... and have learned a fair bit about British politics, Mormonism, triplets, Trenton history, rugby, and Thames boatmen along the way. Gawd, I love Wikipedia!

Keep up the good work on all the baseball articles, etc. (I miss Mike Piazza....the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes are much more fun to watch than the Dodgers anymore.)  Cheers, Catherine - talk 03:06, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply; I'll have to get on a Taylor ham article. Nothing like Taylor ham, egg and cheese to start a Saturday morning! User:CharlieZeb 19:46, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Nice article! :) Catherine - talk 03:27, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Ballparks
Yes, Charlie, we have talked before, and yes, it was about your Big Baseball Parks page. :) Glad to find you here!  Dale Arnett 04:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)  PS: I think splitting the stadiums page up by major and minor leagues was a VERY GOOD idea.

Holman Stadium
> A friend of mine spoke to someone from your competitor in Manchester, who said, "We're not covering the Pride anymore."
 * He neglected to add that they didn't cover the Pride at all until last year, apparently out of fear that they might drain away enough baseball attention to hurt Manchester's minor-league aspirations.

My guess would be the Pride will switch to a short-season league to avoid head-to-head competition ... and/or die completely, of course. As for your query about post-Fisher Cat success, check out the Telegraph's story today http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040510/NEWS01/40510003

Bob Murphy (announcer)
You're welcome. RickK 05:21, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

2004 World Series
to avoid editing conflicts i suggest we either alternate innings or stick to one team only. and dont worry about tense or spelling errors. lets get it down and sort that stuff out afterwards. Alkivar 01:11, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * if you want to do it then feel free ... i'll drink a few frosty beverages instead :) and add my 2 cents worth later. Alkivar 01:17, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

fine by me on the Hank Aaron move. Just try to keep the significance of who he is. It's fitting that such a significant player in the history of baseball be at such a significant game. Looks like the Curse Ends/Lunar Eclipse/and almost a completed 4 Game Sweep, what more can a guy ask for :) Alkivar 02:23, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

glad to be of assistance... hey YANKEES ... SUCK MY CURSE! Alkivar 03:48, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Rolando Viera
Hello, I noticed that you were the last person to edit the Newark Bears article and I was hoping you could help me with a question. Are you familiar at all with Rolando Viera? He played for the Bears in at least their 2003 and 04 seasons, though he is not on the present roster. I know that he was originally signed to the Red Sox and played for their farm teams, but that the Bears are unaffiliated. Does this necessarily mean that the contract ended, or would a MLB team allow a signed player to temporarily play for an unaffiliated team? Do you know what Viera might be doing now? Thanks! Postdlf 00:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

John Rutherfurd
Thanks for the note Charlie. I enjoy writing articles about politicians past and present, and I am glad that you have found one of my articles useful. Academic Challenger 04:23, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

S-5 etc
I tried emailing this to you, but the email on your site was dead.

How much do you know about the early days of the state highways in Bergen County, specifically 1927-1931? There seems to be a lot of confusion about S-5 (now 93, not S-51 as the SLD and your site says). Specifically, it was defined in 1927 as:

connecting Route No. 5 with Route No. 1 in Ridgefield and Fairview overpassing Northern Railroad at Ridgefield.

http://www.jimmyandsharonwilliams.com/njroads/1920s/images/1927_routes.gif shows that 5 was to run with 6 from roughly the connection at Palisades Park to Little Ferry. 1 would have been built along a new alignment north of roughly the county line, coming into Fort Lee separate from 6. S-5 would have been what actually became 1, as well as what actually became S-5, connecting 1 in Fairview to 5/6 on the Ridgefield/Fairview line. However, there's one problem with this - there's no crossing of the Northern Railroad. The bridge on Hendricks Causeway was built around that time, replacing the grade crossing on pre-1927 10, but that doesn't make sense as part of a through S-5. It's possible that the legislature intended for all of old 10 to become 5, and S-5 would head over the new bridge and end at Hendricks Causeway and Edgewater Avenue. That still doesn't make much sense though, as they'd want to reroute 5 over the new bridge. Are there any state highway markings on the bridge?

Then in 1929, 5 was truncated to Ridgefield-Edgewater, and the text about the railroad overpass was removed from S-5. There is still a problem though - S-5 no longer intersected 5, but that could just have been an error.

Thanks for any help. --SPUI (talk | don't use sorted stub templates! ) 08:24, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Madison Square Garden
Hi, since you have written on the Madison Square Garden Talk page before, I want to know if you can comment on the current debate on whether a sentence I wrote, about WWE blocking WCW from ever having a show in the garden, belongs in the article. My opinion is that the fact is as important to MSG history as it was to the WWE. Milchama 10:52, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

File:Njmap-0201.png listed for deletion
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File:Njmap-0202.png listed for deletion
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NowCommons: File:Yereance-Berry house 1938.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Njmap-0203.png
Thanks for uploading File:Njmap-0203.png. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

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If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 14:03, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

''Go ahead, delete it. This file and the other 55 I created in 2005 have apparently all been replaced by other images, and a few have already been deleted. CharlieZeb (talk) 03:26, 20 February 2013 (UTC)''

The Sandcastle
Hello. Please note that the link on your user page to "The Sandcastle" is out of date. The stadium was renamed in 2006, and the novel is now the primary topic with that name. The article about the stadium is now at Bernie Robbins Stadium (and there is currently a pending move request suggesting to move the article to "Surf Stadium"). —BarrelProof (talk) 18:13, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Njmap-0221.png

The file File:Njmap-0221.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 01:26, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Njmap-0222.png

The file File:Njmap-0222.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 01:26, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:CharlieZeb


text:
User:Wguynes/Sandbox

Some matrix testing.

$$ \begin{bmatrix} a & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{b}} & c \\ d & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{e}} & f \\ g & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{h}} & i \end{bmatrix} $$

title: User:Wguynes/Sandbox


text:
Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth

Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth (5 September 1649 – 14 November 1734) was a French mistress of King Charles II of England. She was also made Duchesse d'Aubigny in the peerage of France.

Early life

Louise was the daughter of Guillaume de Penancoët, Seigneur de Kéroualle, and his wife, Marie de Plœuc, Dame de Timeur et de Kergorlay. The Kérouaille family were nobles in Brittany, and their name was so spelt by themselves. The form "Quérouaille" was commonly used in England. All are derivations of the original Breton name Kerouazle, which is the most common form in Brittany. Louise had a sister, Henriette Mauricette de Penancoët de Kérouaille, who married firstly in 1674 Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, and secondly in 1685 Jean-Timoléon Gouffier, Marquis de Thais. Her paternal aunt, Suzanne de Penancoët married Claude Le Veyer; their daughter Catherine became the matriarch of the Breton noble family de Saisy de Kerampuil of Carhaix, Brittany.

Mistress to Charles II
De Kéroualle was introduced early to the household of Henrietta Anne Stuart, Duchess of Orléans, sister of King Charles II of Great Britain, and sister-in-law of King Louis XIV of France. The diarist Saint-Simon asserts that her family threw her in the way of Louis XIV in the hope that she would become a royal mistress. In 1670, she accompanied Henrietta on a visit to Charles II at Dover. The sudden death of Henrietta left her unprovided for, but Charles appointed her as a lady-in-waiting to his own queen, Catherine of Braganza. Unlike Charles' previous mistress Barbara Palmer, who had openly insulted the Queen, de Kéroualle was careful to show her every respect, and relations between the two women were never less than amicable. One of the possible reasons for that was the fact that Louise shared the queen's Roman Catholic faith.

It was later said that de Kéroualle had been selected by the French court to fascinate Charles, but there seems to be no evidence for that. Yet when there appeared a prospect that Charles would show her favour, the intrigue was vigorously pushed by the French ambassador, Colbert de Croissy, who was aided by the English secretary of state Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, and his wife.

De Kéroualle, who concealed cunning and ambition under an appearance of languor and a rather childlike beauty (diarist John Evelyn speaks of her "baby face"), yielded to Charles' romantic advances only after she had established a strong hold on his affections.

In 1672, de Kéroualle gave birth to Charles II's son. The following year, on 19 August 1673, the titles of Baroness Petersfield, Countess of Fareham and Duchess of Portsmouth were granted to her for life. Her pensions and money allowances were enormous, £136,000 in 1681 alone. The French court gave her frequent presents and, in December 1673, at the request of Charles II, conferred upon her the title Duchess of Aubigny in the Peerage of France. Her son by the king, Charles (1672–1723) was created Duke of Richmond in 1675.

At about that time, the new Duchess of Portsmouth introduced a young Frenchman who proposed a solution to the longitude problem. While the proposal was ineffective, it led Charles to establish the Greenwich Royal Observatory and appoint John Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal.

The support Portsmouth received from the French envoy was given on the understanding that she should advance the interests of her native sovereign. The bargain was confirmed by gifts and honours from Louis XIV and was loyally carried out by Portsmouth, but she was much disliked by the English public. Louis XIV gave her a pair of earrings worth the astonishing sum of eighteen thousand pounds, his most expensive gift to England that year and more lavish than anything he had ever given Charles' queen.

Louise is mentioned in "A Satyr on Charles II", a 1673 poetical lampoon at the King's expense, written by John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, in which she is referred to with her last name spelt Carwell. At that time Charles II himself happened to request a specific piece by Rochester — who, upon delivery, discerned that he had delivered directly into the hands of the King the impudent satire aimed at his person instead of the sought-after text. This led to Rochester's abrupt flight from Court. Despite this incident, there appears to be evidence of the King's continued friendship, as he acquired two coveted offices at the royal court. He did not finally meet with a prolonged banishment from Court until 1675, when he was condemned by Portsmouth and remained in banishment for the remaining five years before his death.

Portsmouth was openly distrusted and even hated in England due to her religion and nationality as well as her sinful role as mistress. Her work to secure alliances with and favours for France provoked strong resentment. Nell Gwynne, another of Charles' mistresses, called her "Squintabella" and, when mistaken for her, replied, "Pray good people be civil, I am the Protestant whore."

Portsmouth's thorough understanding of Charles' character enabled her to retain Charles' affections to the end. She contrived to escape uninjured during the crisis of the "Popish Plot" in 1678, and found an unexpected ally in Queen Catherine, who was grateful for the kindness and consideration which Portsmouth had always shown her. She was strong enough to maintain her position during a long illness in 1677, and even after a visit to France in 1682. One of Charles' nicknames for her was 'Fubbs', meaning the plumpness thought ideal for the female form at the time; in 1682, Charles built the royal yacht HMY Fubbs. According to the French ambassador, she assisted in having Charles II received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed in 1685. That Charles was truly attached to her is shown by his dying instruction to his brother to "do well by Portsmouth", making her one of three women in his life, along with the Queen and Nell Gwynne, who were in his thoughts at the end.

After Charles II's death
Soon after the death of Charles II, Portsmouth quickly fell from favour. She retired to France, where she remained except for a short visit to England during the reign of James II and her attendance at the coronation of George I. Her attendance at George I's coronation was remarked upon by the Countess of Dorchester when they met the Countess of Orkney ("we three whores"). Between them, they had been in turn the maîtresse en titre for successive kings for over 20 years. Her pensions and a grant on the Irish revenue given her by Charles II were lost either during the reign of James II or at the Revolution of 1688.

During her last years, Portsmouth lived at Aubigny under mounting debt, but she received a pension and protection against her creditors from king Louis XIV and later the regent Philippe II. Portsmouth died in Paris on 14 November 1734, aged 85.

In literature

 * Louise figures, together with Barbara Villiers and Nell Gwyn, in Bernard Shaw's late play In Good King Charles's Golden Days (1939) and Jessica Swale's Nell Gwynn (2015).
 * Louise briefly appears in Kathleen Winsor's Forever Amber.
 * Louise is mentioned in the children's novel, Eliza Rose, by Mary Hooper, as a minor role.
 * Louise appears in Dark Angels by Karleen Koen, although her character goes by the name of Renee.
 * Louise is the primary character in The French Mistress by Susan Holloway Scott.
 * Louise is a major character in The Empress of Ice Cream by Anthony Capella.
 * Louise, and the Royal Yacht were mentioned in the film England, My England. Of Louise, a character notes that she was "squat, and broad of beam."


text:
Talk:Uncompahgre River

Untitled
I love the highlighting pictures, but would it be possible to have the highlight color be something that stands out a little more? It's okay on large rivers like the Colorado, but on small ones like the Uncompahgre, it's a little hard for me to find the section that's highlighted. Thanks. -Rwv37 02:38, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

I would like to know the origin and meaning of the name.

Wrong link
The link in the template to lake Como sends us to Italy. אביהו (talk) 17:26, 26 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Fixed using WP:NOWIKI around the name...Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:59, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uncompahgre River


text:
Ground Control (video game)

Ground Control is a real-time tactics video game developed by Massive Entertainment and published by Sierra Studios, released for Microsoft Windows in 2000. The game focuses on a conflict between two factions vying for control of a planet and a series of alien artefacts contained on its surface, in which players take the role of an officer for each faction, working to achieve their objectives through using a variety of futuristic style of troops, engaging different tactics that make use of their units, the terrain and careful planning.

An expansion for the game was released later that year, before both it and the game were re-released together as a bundle pack called Ground Control Anthology, the following year. The game itself spawned a sequel titled Ground Control II: Operation Exodus in 2004, which improved upon the game's graphics and game mechanics.

Gameplay
The game features full control over the camera, allowing the player to freely view each mission's battlefield from any angle, from a bird's-eye view to the perspective of one of their units at ground level. Because it is a real-time tactics game, Ground Control does not use the mechanics of resource and economic management as found in some real-time strategy games (such as Command & Conquer), discouraging players from conducting tank rush strategies. Instead, proper use of tactics with the units they have available is necessary in order to complete the objectives set out for them on each mission.

Before starting with a mission, players must first decide on what troops to bring to the battlefield, which are divided up into squads that must be loaded onto orbital dropships available to them so that they can be transported and deployed onto the battlefield once a mission starts (with some exceptions). As reinforcements cannot be called for during a mission, proper troop selection is important for each mission. Each dropship that can be loaded out with troops, up to a maximum of three depending on progress in the single player campaign, can carry a maximum of four squads each, with each squad consisting of units picked from one of four unit categories - vehicles, support, aircraft, and infantry - and of a specific role within the chosen category; one exception to the load out is the Command APC, which must be brought along on each mission, but does not take space away from another squad.

Because each type of unit type has its own strengths and weaknesses, as well as a distinct role, various unit combinations are required in order to achieve success; a player could choose to lead squads of heavy armour to punch through enemy defences, but would need to co-ordinate support from infantry and anti-air to protect them from heavy fire, thus players can determine what role a squad plays by the type of unit they chose for it; a player could tactically choose to use heavy armour to punch a hole through enemy defences, while protecting the units with squads of anti-air support, or use scout units to recon and spot targets for artillery support to strike at. While most units of the game's two factions have similarities in function to their equivalent on the other side, some units have notable differences between them. For example, while the Crayven Corporation has hardier units that rely on heavy armour, traditional ballistics and movement, the Order of the New Dawn's units rely on a hover propulsion system for increased speed and mobility and use energy weaponry that give them more damage potential. In addition, each faction's specialist troops are different to each other; while the Order's Templar Infantry consist of an all-female squadron equipped with powerful anti-tank missile launchers who cannot attack infantry, the Crayven's Jaeger Infantry consist of a four-man squad of snipers useful for scouting.

Along with choosing the right troops for a mission, each unit, except for the Command APC, has a choice of specialised weapons and pieces of equipment to choose from, although only one special weapon and one special piece of equipment can be loaded out on a squad for a mission, with both types having a finite number of uses available. Special weapons range from infantry mortars and anti-tank rockets to improved missiles and tactical nuclear warheads, which can either improve a squad's effectiveness in its specialized role, or allow it to defeat targets which it would otherwise be virtually ineffective against. Meanwhile, special equipment can include medkits, repair kits, image intensifiers, afterburners, various stationary turrets, or, for one faction, repair stations. While most specials can usually be used two or three times by a squad during a mission, most of the powerful special abilities are limited to a single use.

Once troop selection is done and the units are deployed onto the battlefield, careful use of tactics needs to be employed by the player to ensure that they get the most out of the units they are using in a battle. The use of flanking maneuvers is a useful tactic to use, especially when facing against armoured units, which are much weaker to attacks from the sides, rear and from above, rather than a frontal assault. Taking advantage of high ground offers units a more tactical vantage point to strike at the topside weakness of armoured units, while increasing accuracy and sight range of units from such a position, which is a tactical bonus for artillery. Suppressive fire is also simulated by the game, in which units being suppressed will fire less accurately, thus it can be a useful tactic to weaken stronger opponents with; infantry units can effectively suppress heavy units such as tanks, even if the target is not taking any damage due to armor. Stealth can also be used on the battlefield; units can take advantage of shadows cast by higher terrain to camouflage themselves, while infantry can also use foliage to hide, thus scouting ahead to preempt any ambushes is often essential to protecting armoured units. Friendly fire is also taken into account, as units firing behind the front lines can shoot friendlies in their lines of fire, causing them damage, thus careful attention to squad placement is required. If a player uses wise tactics to preserve their troops, any squads that survive a mission are rewarded with experience upon its completion, which can also include the awarding of medals awarded for a squad's combat performance, granting them with improved abilities that can make them more efficient later on in the campaign. Any losses taken by a squad are replenished at the end of a mission, but if the whole squad is wiped out, they will not be replaced unless the player is playing on easier difficulty levels; if so, the new squad will start inexperienced.

Plot
Following the aftermath of the Third World War (known in the game as "The Sixteen-Minute War") in the 25th century, mankind successfully rebuilds and begins colonization of several planets across the galaxy, while the Earth becomes ruled by the Global Central Command (GCC) - a council of elected representatives, including those from mega corporations that rose to power following the fall of Terran nations. Despite treaties set out by the GCC, conflict between the various powers spearheading colonization occurs daily, often over resources and trade routes. By the time the game begins, two powers assisting in colonization efforts, the Crayven Corporation and a religious sect known as the Order of the New Dawn, begin vying for total control over a distant world known as Krig 7-B.

"Today we know only that The Order of the New Dawn was founded by a small coalition of men and women of Faith, who united in common cause during the dark days of the latter 21st century. Foreseeing the coming cataclysm, these early cultists dedicated themselves to preserving as much technology and knowledge as possible, in order to bring about a New Dawn after the inevitable holocaust. Many analysts have observed that without the Sixteen Minutes' War, the Order would have been just another apocalyptic cult.

But the End of the Civilized World did indeed come, and the proto-Order was ready for it - and even the corporations, no matter what they may think of the Order in the present day, do not deny the debt all of humanity owes them. The greatest prize saved by the Order was the Liber Aurorae Novae, the Book of the New Dawn: millions of digitally stored books, recordings, and images, which members of the Order chose to save from the coming holocaust. Of course, critics are quick to point out that this treasure was not saved merely for the benefit of humanity. Since 2177, the works collected in the L.A.N. have been protected under the existing salvage laws of the GCC, and are no longer considered to be "in the Public Domain". Many irreplaceable classics of human art and literature are thus copyrighted to the Church in perpetuity, and every reader of Charles Dickens, William Butler Yeats and Joseph Conrad must pay royalties to the church.

...

...

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Major Parker's Commando unit was stationed at firebase Zulu on the main continent of Sigma Draconis when it was attacked by the Order of the New Dawn, who had declared the planet sacred ground and filed Jihad against any corporate holding which did not immediately evacuate."

Major Sarah Parker, an officer for the Crayven Corporation, is assigned by Enrica Hayes, a director in the company working aboard one of their starships, the CSS Astrid, to lead ground operations on Krig 7-B. During her assignments, Parker fails to rescue a defector from the Order called Bishop Delondre, but receives a data disk from him concerning an Order operation known only as "Project Garm". Later into her operations while protecting an important Crayven facility, her team successfully secure an alien relic called a "Xenofact", which prompts Hayes to order the destruction of Order bases that have secured other Xenofacts. Eventually, after the Order's warship, the WCS Clergy, is driven from the planet's orbit, Crayven forces successfully destroy the Order's last remaining base in the planet's northern polar region, and gain control over a Xenofact far larger than had been seen in their campaign. Satisfied with Parker's efforts, Hayes orders Crayven forces to begin mopping up any Order stragglers left on the planet.

Seeking to prevent the corporation from achieving total victory on Krig 7-B, two officers of the Order, Deacon Jarred Stone and Paladin Magnus, Stone's CO and an old friend, rally surviving troops in order to conduct a series of daring, guerrilla-styled hit and run missions, against high value targets of the Crayven, despite concerns that they fight a losing battle without the assistance of the Clergy. During their strikes, Stone and Magnus recover important data, which details more about Project Garm, providing insight on Delondre's motive for defecting. Magnus soon disappears shortly after Aegeri, a "Great Cardinal" of the Order, arrives on board the WCS Retribution, with much needed reinforcements. While Aegeri questions some of the targets that Magnus chose, he soon directs Stone into continuing his strikes against Crayven forces. During an assault on a Crayven airbase, Magnus contacts Stone for a secret meeting, passing on Delondre's ID code, among other codes, so that he can fully access all of the Project Garm data. After the mission, Stone discovers that both the Order and the Crayven seek control over the planet's Xenofacts.

Shortly after a well organized Crayven assault is countered, resulting in the Order securing a Xenofact, Aegeri and Hayes meet and declare a ceasefire, forging an alliance between the two powers and creating a joint task-force aimed at unlocking the secrets of the Xenofacts. Angered and feeling betrayed, Stone reunites with Magnus to stop the alliance gaining full control over the Xenofacts, but their hidden base is soon besieged by a large Crayven force, leading Magnus to sacrificing himself in order for Stone and their troops to be safely extracted by Parker, who had discovered that Aegeri and Hayes had met up weeks before the ceasefire was announced. Working together alongside Magnus' friend Cole, a Crayven operative, they quickly discover that the Xenofacts found on the planet were among many created by an alien civilisation more than a million years ago, as part of an ancient, galaxy-wide fail-safe system designed to counter an invasion, in which each Xenofact contains a powerful war machine within it that can only be activated from Krig 7-B. The group quickly realise that both the Crayven and the Order sought control over the system so as to use it to gain complete control over the galaxy, and that Aegeri and Hayes now plan to carry this out together.

Seeking to stop this, Stone, Parker and Cole launch a desperate assault on the huge Xenofact, killing Aegeri while successfully destroying the artifact with DXT charges, which destroys the Retribution and sends both Hayes and the Astrid elsewhere in the system. While Parker, Cole and Stone celebrate their victory and saving millions of lives while trying to figure out how to leave Krig 7-B, Hayes contacts her boss in the Crayven Corporation and reports her failure at utilizing the Xenofacts, to which her employer remarks that there are still other ways to win control of the galaxy, as the Astrid drifts through space.

Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jim Preston of NextGen was positive to its gameplay and graphics, and called the game "gorgeous", "intuitive", and "simple".

The staff of Computer Games Magazine nominated it for their 2000 "Real-time Strategy Game of the Year" award, whose winner remains unknown. It was a runner-up for GameSpy's "2000 Strategy Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to The Sims. The staff wrote: "Great graphics, great sound, and great multiplayer -- what's not to like?" The game was nominated for the "Best Graphics, Technical" and "Strategy Game of the Year" awards at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2000 Awards, both of which went to Giants: Citizen Kabuto and Shogun: Total War. It was also nominated for the RTS Game of the Year award at the CNET Gamecenter Computer Game Awards for 2000, which went to Sacrifice.

In 2003, writer Mark H. Walker reported that the game "didn't sell". He placed its sales at "a few tens of thousands of copies".

Legacy
Following its release in 2000, Sierra announced in August of that same year, that an expansion pack called Ground Control: Dark Conspiracy, was being developed by both Massive Entertainment and High Voltage Software, which was released a few months later in October. The expansion continued the original storyline by focusing on Sarah Parker in the aftermath of the conflict, introducing a brand new campaign of 15 new missions and a new faction called the Phoenix Mercenaries who came with unique units and specialised in using incendiary-based weaponry and abilities. In addition, it also included some new units to existing factions, additional terrain types, new multiplayer maps, and fully rendered cutscenes that didn't use the in-game engine. The following year, both the expansion and the main game were bundled together in a pack, entitled Ground Control Anthology.

In 2004, a sequel titled Ground Control II: Operation Exodus was developed by Massive and released by Vivendi. While the sequel featured improvements and updates to the game's graphical engine and story, it also brought about faster-paced game mechanics that were more in line with contemporary real-time strategy games. In addition, a new game mechanic was introduced in the form of an economy system tied which gave players points to spend on fielding new unit and calling in support weapons for one of the game's factions, when destroying enemies and gaining control of control points, another game mechanic that was also introduced. Prior to its release, Vivendi released Ground Control to the public as freeware, as a promotion for the sequel's release.

In 2008, Vivendi retained ownership of the Ground Control franchise, shortly after its merger with Activision Blizzard led to Massive Entertainment being sold to Ubisoft in November, until July 2009 when they sold the franchise over to Rebellion Developments who revealed the plans to release a new game for the series, although no official news since then has confirmed that a sequel is being developed.

In 2009, both Ground Control Anthology and Ground Control II were re-released by the digital distributor GOG.com, while Rebellion re-released both titles onto Steam in 2015.

title: Ground Control (video game)


text:
DJ Spinderella

Deidra Muriel Roper (born August 3, 1970), known professionally as DJ Spinderella or simply Spinderella, is an American DJ, rapper and producer. She is best known as a member of the hip-hop group Salt-N-Pepa. Roper occasionally appeared in The Salt-n-Pepa Show, a reality TV series focusing on reforming the group and which aired on the VH1 network in 2008.

Early life
Deidra Muriel Roper was born August 3, 1970,  and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, as one of five children. Her early influence in music began as a child, fascinated by her father's record collection growing up. Roper began her career as a DJ at age 14. During her sophomore year in high school, she began dating a local DJ who she learned DJ techniques from. Shortly thereafter, she began marketing herself as a DJ in the area around Brooklyn. At age 16, Roper was approached in school by a classmate who asked her would she be interested in joining an all-female rap group. The classmate knew Hurby "LuvBug" Azor, the producer of the group, and arranged for Roper to audition for him.

Career
Roper was introduced to Salt-N-Pepa producer Hurby Azor just before the group was due to appear at the Westchester Music Festival in 1986. The group's original DJ, Latoya Hanson, had missed several rehearsals and group appearances, and the group was looking for a replacement. Future radio and TV personality Wendy Williams had also auditioned as the DJ. Roper was selected as the group's DJ by Azor (taking the name Spinderella) around the time the group's first album was being released. Since she was 16 at the time of joining, her parents had to give permission for her to travel around the country. The trio became one of the most successful female hip-hop acts of all time. They released five studio albums and saw several platinum and gold singles. Spinderella has produced several songs on the group's albums as well. In 1993, she was featured as a rapper on Big Daddy Kane's album Looks Like a Job For... on the second single, "Very Special", which would go on to become Big Daddy Kane's only top 40 hit. Salt-N-Pepa disbanded in 2002, then reformed in 2007 – eventually firing Spinderella in 2019.

From 2003 to 2006, Spinderella worked as a radio personality on the now-defunct KKBT 100.3 in Los Angeles, co-hosting The BackSpin, a nationally syndicated weekly radio show featuring old school hip-hop. She appeared in several episodes of the VH1 series The Salt N Pepa Show. From September 2010 to March 2011, she did mid-days at KSOC-94.5 "K-Soul" in Dallas, Texas. Spinderella is part of the American Diabetes Association Celebrity Cabinet, a TV ONE UnSung Ambassador, supporter of Saving Our Daughters Mentoring Program, and founder of the Spinderella DJ Academy. She appeared briefly on VH1's first annual Hip Hop Honors in November 2004, with her group members, but they did not perform. All three members performed on the second Hip Hop Honors on September 22, 2005. This was the trio's first performance as Salt-N-Pepa since 1999. In 2007, she acted as DJ for The Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav. In October 2008, the group performed their hit singles "Shoop", "Push It", and "Whatta Man" at the 2008 BET Hip Hop Awards. When the group appeared on The Wendy Williams Show to perform "Push It" on December 18, 2015, host Wendy Williams tried her hand at DJ'ing before Spinderella came out to continue in the role. On May 3, 2019, Spinderella announced in an Instagram post that she had been "terminated" from Salt-N-Pepa as of January 2019, and had broken her silence after the band hadn't made a public announcement regarding their parting of ways.

Personal life
In 1992, Spinderella appeared in the film Stay Tuned. The same year, she had her first and only child, a daughter named Christy, with NBA basketball player Kenny Anderson. In 1996, she appeared in the film Kazaam, which starred Shaquille O'Neal. She opened her own beauty salon on October 21, 1997, the same year that the group released their final album Brand New. After this album, she was to have released a solo album, but this never materialized as Red Ant, Salt-N-Pepa's record label, ceased operations. Her daughter Christy later appeared in an episode of My Super Sweet 16. May 2021, Roper married long time boyfriend, Quenton Q Coleman. Quenton is a comedian, a poet, and an event promoter.

title: DJ Spinderella


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Allelopathy

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms and the community. Allelopathy is often used narrowly to describe chemically-mediated competition between plants; however, it is sometimes defined more broadly as chemically-mediated competition between any type of organisms. The original concept developed by Hans Molisch in 1937 seemed focused only on interactions between plants, between microorganisms and between microorganisms and plants. Allelochemicals are a subset of secondary metabolites, which are not directly required for metabolism (i.e. growth, development and reproduction) of the allelopathic organism.

Allelopathic interactions are an important factor in determining species distribution and abundance within plant communities, and are also thought to be important in the success of many invasive plants. For specific examples, see black walnut (Juglans nigra), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), Casuarina/Allocasuarina spp., and nutsedge.

It can often be difficult in practice to distinguish allelopathy from resource competition. While the former is caused by the addition of a harmful chemical agent to the environment, the latter is caused by the removal of essential resources (nutrients, light, water, etc.). Often, both mechanisms can act simultaneously. Moreover, some allelochemicals may function by reducing nutrient availability. Further confounding the issue, the production of allelochemicals can itself be affected by environmental factors such as nutrient availability, temperature and pH. Today, most ecologists recognize the existence of allelopathy, however many particular cases remain controversial. Furthermore, the specific modes of action of allelochemicals on different organisms are largely open to speculation and investigation.

History
The term allelopathy from the Greek-derived compounds allilon- (αλλήλων) and -pathy (πάθη) (meaning "mutual harm" or "suffering"), was first used in 1937 by the Austrian professor Hans Molisch in the book Der Einfluss einer Pflanze auf die andere - Allelopathie (The Effect of Plants on Each Other - Allelopathy) published in German. He used the term to describe biochemical interactions by means of which a plant inhibits the growth of neighbouring plants. In 1971, Whittaker and Feeny published a review in the journal Science, which proposed an expanded definition of allelochemical interactions that would incorporate all chemical interactions among organisms. In 1984, Elroy Leon Rice in his monograph on allelopathy enlarged the definition to include all direct positive or negative effects of a plant on another plant or on micro-organisms by the liberation of biochemicals into the natural environment. Over the next ten years, the term was used by other researchers to describe broader chemical interactions between organisms, and by 1996 the International Allelopathy Society (IAS) defined allelopathy as "Any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, algae, bacteria and fungi that influences the growth and development of agriculture and biological systems." In more recent times, plant researchers have begun to switch back to the original definition of substances that are produced by one plant that inhibit another plant. Confusing the issue more, zoologists have borrowed the term to describe chemical interactions between invertebrates like corals and sponges.

Long before the term allelopathy was used, people observed the negative effects that one plant could have on another. Theophrastus, who lived around 300 BC noticed the inhibitory effects of pigweed on alfalfa. In China around the first century CE, the author of Shennong Ben Cao Jing, a book on agriculture and medicinal plants, described 267 plants that had pesticidal abilities, including those with allelopathic effects. In 1832, the Swiss botanist De Candolle suggested that crop plant exudates were responsible for an agriculture problem called soil sickness.

Allelopathy is not universally accepted among ecologists. Many have argued that its effects cannot be distinguished from the exploitation competition that occurs when two (or more) organisms attempt to use the same limited resource, to the detriment of one or both. In the 1970s, great effort went into distinguishing competitive and allelopathic effects by some researchers, while in the 1990s others argued that the effects were often interdependent and could not readily be distinguished. However, by 1994, D. L. Liu and J. V. Lowett at the Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, wrote two papers in the Journal of Chemical Ecology that developed methods to separate the allelochemical effects from other competitive effects, using barley plants and inventing a process to examine the allelochemicals directly. In 1994, M.C. Nilsson at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Umeå showed in a field study that allelopathy exerted by Empetrum hermaphroditum reduced growth of Scots pine seedlings by ~ 40%, and that below-ground resource competition by E. hermaphroditum accounted for the remaining growth reduction. For this work she inserted PVC-tubes into the ground to reduce below-ground competition or added charcoal to soil surface to reduce the impact of allelopathy, as well as a treatment combining the two methods. However, the use of activated carbon to make inferences about allelopathy has itself been criticized because of the potential for the charcoal to directly affect plant growth by altering nutrient availability.

Some high profile work on allelopathy has been mired in controversy. For example, the discovery that (−)-catechin was purportedly responsible for the allelopathic effects of the invasive weed Centaurea stoebe was greeted with much fanfare after being published in Science in 2003. One scientist, Dr. Alastair Fitter, was quoted as saying that this study was "so convincing that it will 'now place allelopathy firmly back on center stage.'" However, many of the key papers associated with these findings were later retracted or majorly corrected, after it was found that they contained fabricated data showing unnaturally high levels of catechin in soils surrounding C. stoebe. Subsequent studies from the original lab have not been able to replicate the results from these retracted studies, nor have most independent studies conducted in other laboratories. Thus, it is doubtful whether the levels of (−)-catechin found in soils are high enough to affect competition with neighboring plants. The proposed mechanism of action (acidification of the cytoplasm through oxidative damage) has also been criticized, on the basis that (−)-catechin is actually an antioxidant.

Plants
Many invasive plant species interfere with native plants through allelopathy. A famous case of purported allelopathy is in desert shrubs. One of the most widely known early examples was Salvia leucophylla, because it was on the cover of the journal Science in 1964. Bare zones around the shrubs were hypothesized to be caused by volatile terpenes emitted by the shrubs. However, like many allelopathy studies, it was based on artificial lab experiments and unwarranted extrapolations to natural ecosystems. In 1970, Science published a study where caging the shrubs to exclude rodents and birds allowed grass to grow in the bare zones. A detailed history of this story can be found in Halsey 2004.

Garlic mustard is another invasive plant species that may owe its success partly to allelopathy. Its success in North American temperate forests may be partly due to its excretion of glucosinolates like sinigrin that can interfere with mutualisms between native tree roots and their mycorrhizal fungi.

Allelopathy has been shown to play a crucial role in forests, influencing the composition of the vegetation growth, and also provides an explanation for the patterns of forest regeneration. The black walnut (Juglans nigra) produces the allelochemical juglone, which affects some species greatly while others not at all. However, most of the evidence for allelopathic effects of juglone come from laboratory assays and it thus remains controversial to what extent juglone affects the growth of competitors under field conditions. The leaf litter and root exudates of some Eucalyptus species are allelopathic for certain soil microbes and plant species. The tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima, produces allelochemicals in its roots that inhibit the growth of many plants. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea) is considered an invasive plant that also utilizes allelopathy.

Another example of allelopathy is seen in Leucaena leucocephala, known as the miracle tree. This plant contains toxic amino acids that inhibit other plants’ growth but not its own species growth. Different crops react differently to these allelochemicals, so wheat yield decreases, while rice increases in the presence of L. leucocephala.

Capsaicin is an allelochemical found in many peppers that are cultivated by humans as a spice/food source. It is considered an allelochemical because it is not required for plant growth and survival, but instead deters herbivores and prevents other plants from sprouting in its immediate vicinity. Among the plants it has been studied on are grasses, lettuce, and alfalfa, and on average, it will inhibit the growth of these plants by about 50%. Capsaicin has been shown to deter both herbivores and certain parasites’ performance. Herbivores such as caterpillars show decreased development when fed a diet high in capsaicin.

Applications
Allelochemicals are a useful tool in sustainable farming due to their ability to control weeds. The possible application of allelopathy in agriculture is the subject of much research. Using allelochemical producing plants in agriculture results in significant suppression of weeds and various pests. Some plants will even reduce the germination rate of other plants by 50%. Current research is focused on the effects of weeds on crops, crops on weeds, and crops on crops. This research furthers the possibility of using allelochemicals as growth regulators and natural herbicides, to promote sustainable agriculture. Agricultural practices may be enhanced through the utilization of allelochemical producing plants. When used correctly, these plants can provide pesticide, herbicide, and antimicrobial qualities to crops. number of such allelochemicals are commercially available or in the process of large-scale manufacture. For example, leptospermone is an allelochemical in lemon bottlebrush (Callistemon citrinus). Although it was found to be too weak as a commercial herbicide, a chemical analog of it, mesotrione (tradename Callisto), was found to be effective. It is sold to control broadleaf weeds in corn but also seems to be an effective control for crabgrass in lawns. Sheeja (1993) reported the allelopathic interaction of the weeds Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odoratum) and Lantana camara on selected major crops.

Many crop cultivars show strong allelopathic properties, of which rice (Oryza sativa) has been most studied. Rice allelopathy depends on variety and origin: Japonica rice is more allelopathic than Indica and Japonica-Indica hybrid. More recently, critical review on rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management reported that allelopathic characteristics in rice are quantitatively inherited and several allelopathy-involved traits have been identified. The use of allelochemicals in agriculture provide for a more environmentally friendly approach to weed control, as they do not leave behind residues. Currently used pesticides and herbicides leak into waterways and result in unsafe water qualities. This problem could be eliminated or significantly reduced by using allelochemicals instead of harsh herbicides. The use of cover crops also results in less soil erosion and lessens the need for nitrogen heavy fertilizers.

title: Allelopathy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Superfantasmic

Quite funny article from a new user (who has been nicely welcomed, not bitten). Since this only gets one google hit, I guess it's a BJAODN candidate, rather than ripe for transwikying to wiktionary. fabiform | talk 02:50, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * BJAODN and delete. -- Seth Ilys 02:52, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You failed to use all caps when typing it. Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 03:03, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. BJAODN. Alcarillo 16:14, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --bodnotbod 21:04, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Like the style, and the content was a chuckle. Too bad there's no spot for it. Delete. Denni 07:45, 2004 May 4 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not funny enough for BJAODN. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:12, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


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National Labor Union

The National Labor Union (NLU) is the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL (American Federation of Labor). It was led by William H. Sylvis and Andrew Cameron.

Organizational history
The National Labor Union (NLU) followed the unsuccessful efforts of labor activists to form a national coalition of local trade unions. The NLU sought instead to bring together all of the national labor organizations in existence, as well as the "eight-hour leagues" established to press for the eight-hour day, to create a national federation that could press for labor reforms and help found national unions in those areas where none existed. The new organization favored arbitration over strikes and called for the creation of a national labor party as an alternative to the two existing parties.

The NLU drew much of its support from construction unions and other groups of skilled employees but also invited the unskilled and farmers to join. On the other hand, it campaigned for the exclusion of Chinese workers from the United States and made only halting, ineffective efforts to defend the rights of women and Black people. African-American workers established their own Colored National Labor Union as an adjunct, but their support of the prevalent racism of the citizens of the United States limited its effectiveness.

The NLU achieved early success, but one that proved less significant in practice. In 1868, Congress passed the statute for which the Union had campaigned so hard, providing the eight-hour day for government workers. Many government agencies, however, reduced wages at the same time that they reduced hours. While President Grant ordered federal departments not to reduce wages, his order was ignored by many. The NLU also obtained similar legislation in a number of states, such as New York and California, but discovered that loopholes in the statute made them unenforceable or ineffective.

In early 1869, the Chicago Tribune boasted that the NLU had 800,000 members; Sylvis himself put the figure at only 600,000. Both of these figures turned out to be greatly exaggerated. The organization was spectacularly unsuccessful at the polls and lost virtually all of its union supporters, many of whom moved on to the newly formed Knights of Labor. The depression of the 1870s, which drove down union membership generally, was one of the final factors contributing to the end of the NLU, the other being the dismantling of policies instituted during Radical Reconstruction.

National Labor Reform Party
By the 1870s the organisation increasingly relied on political action to meet its goals and in 1872 transformed itself into the National Labor Reform Party.

The NLRP nominated David Davis of Illinois, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, as its presidential candidate for the upcoming presidential election. Davis later, however, withdrew his candidacy and the party made a poor showing at the polls. After holding one last convention in 1873, the National Labor Union collapsed and dissolved.

title: National Labor Union


text:
Talk:Pērkons (band)

Untitled
An attempt to do a compare between versions on this page caused Wikipedia to show me P. The nonstandard characters in the title are messing things up. I'm going to move this to Parkons. RickK 02:53, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

"Elm Dance"
Especially within the spiritual community, one song known as "Elm Dance" has become popular. http://www.joannamacy.net/theelmdance/words-and-translation.html I would like to know how that song is originally titled and where it was published! O doubt that it's actually called "Elm Dance" since the respective dance was not invented by the band and the song is not in English. Does anybody know more? 85.179.18.250 (talk) 15:43, 10 July 2011 (UTC) Hans

 * To answer my own question: That song is called "Kā Man Kājās?" from Ieva Akurātere's solo album "Spogulis". 85.177.90.38 (talk) 12:08, 17 June 2014 (UTC) Hans

title: Talk:Pērkons (band)


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Scrumpy and Western

Scrumpy and Western refers humorously to music from England's West Country that fuses comical folk-style songs, often full of double entendre, with affectionate parodies of more mainstream musical genres, all delivered in the local accent/dialect. The name, taken from the title of the 1967 Scrumpy & Western EP by Adge Cutler and the Wurzels, refers to scrumpy, strongly alcoholic cider produced in the West Country; it is a play on the American genre of country and western music.

Styles vary by band or musician, and very few are known outside their native county. The main exceptions to this are the Wurzels (originally "Adge Cutler and the Wurzels"), a Somerset group who had a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart with "The Combine Harvester" in 1976. This followed an earlier UK hit single with "Drink Up Thy Zider", an unofficial West Country anthem, especially among supporters of Bristol City Football Club. This gained notoriety when the BBC refused to play its B-side song, "Twice Daily", due to concern about the unseemly subject matter (a shotgun wedding). "Combine Harvester" itself was a reworded version of Melanie's "Brand New Key". Other songs borrowed the style and made fun of the themes of Country and Western, and other US and British popular music.

Other artists whose music is Scrumpy and Western in flavour include The Yetties from the village of Yetminster in Dorset, The Golden Lion Light Orchestra from Worcestershire, Fred Wedlock, Who's Afear'd (also from Dorset), the Skimmity Hitchers (a group that includes former members of Who's Afear'd), the Surfin Turnips (more punky folk), Trevor Crozier, the Yokels (from Wiltshire), Shag Connors and the Carrot Crunchers, and the Pigsty Hill Light Orchestra.

title: Scrumpy and Western


text:
Talk:Compassionate conservative

This should be merged with compassionate conservatism...this article is longer so I didn't just redirect it. Adam Bishop 02:54, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

I combined Compassionate Conservative and Compassionate Conservatism pages, so I deleted this page and put a redirect phrase in its place. by: Chandler

title: Talk:Compassionate conservative