text:
Talk:Majdanek concentration camp

Number of victims: source
The number of victims I have put in comes from the page: http://majdanek.pl/en/oboz.htm

It is the official website of the Majdanek State Museum, so I think the numbers are reliable and up to date.

One can also consult http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/text/x15/xm1554.html

which contains the entry from Encyclopedia of the Holocaust published in 1990. Balcer 07:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Death toll
This is mostly for Phaedriel. New data necessitates new revisions. The new data is Tomasz Kranz's research. The source (Kranz's article) is listed. I will also add this article to the sources:

http://en.auschwitz.org/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=8

If you have any objections - make your own changes, don't revert. --84.167.24.211 22:54, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

BTW, Polish page already has this info. --84.167.24.211 23:03, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Surprised to see Kranz's work make it into wiki. However, reading his revised numbers I notice that he is very quite as to how the deaths accurred. In the cited article I assume the shaded info is not Kranz's but instead a zealot who "added" a bit = probably stuff that is uncitable. Kranz implies everything except gassing, etc ( murder) - any cite where he gives a fuller expounding of his research? His work is now a few years old - took some time to get to the mainstream - anyone know the reason, I would think this would be History Channel worthy at least. It appeared he used German sources(among others), which makes one wonder how many, where,extensive,.. etc these sources are for all the Polish "extermination" camps. This new revised data seems to be being released gradually to let us get used to the new reality. Any links to Kranz's original work?159.105.80.141 (talk) 20:55, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

There are clearly problems with the numbers. Supposedly the first 20,000 inmates all died (were not killed)- primarily due to typhus. Yet I presume that the sentence reading: "59,000 (of 78,000 altogether) were killed in Majdanek" means 19,000 died of "natural" causes, and 59,000 were murdered. As the camp operated for some years after the initial 20,000 died, the figures are wrong somewhere. In the absence of other estimates, I would suggest that the number killed is too high, and the number who died of natural causes is too low. Also, given the relatively low number killed - no more than 20% of all inmates - this has to be described as a concentration or labour camp, rather than as an extermination camp. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.53.194 (talk) 08:35, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

According to this researcher the death toll is about 45,000 based on 8 wartime documents: https://www.bitchute.com/video/giTlJmuAsMR5/.

Gas Chambers
I came to this page from the Zyklon B page which features a picture on the right of a Soviet soldier supposedly posing above the ceiling vent of a Majdanek gas chamber, yet this article makes no mention of a gas chamber in Majdanek or execution by gassing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.230.177.79 (talk) 14:25, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Move to 'Majdanek extermination camp'?
This article should be moved to Majdanek extermination camp, I think, to be consistent with the article titles for Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka and Chelmno, which are all redirects to '(name) extermination camp'. I understand that it started as a POW/concentration camp, but the single most notable thing about it (IMO) is that it was used for gassing, so should be titled as an extermination camp. Any objections? --Squiddy | (squirt ink?)  11:58, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * About renaming:
 * This is my first posing on something like this.
 * Just as you mentioned, Majdanek started as a POW/concentration camp and then later an extermination camp, makes labeling it as an extermination camp a journalistic "no no". By adding labels next to names we distort the readers mindset about a particular name and create a mental bias. For example look at CNN's sensation seeking headlines and spin when taling about Milosevic as "The Butcher of the Balkans" at http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/03/11/milosovic/index.html I don't know who came up with that tag line but that is not the way to report facts. Or how about the phrase "Axis of Evil", it takes away from facts about those countries and the conflict by labeling and name calling. That is why I would be against the labeling of Majdanek as "Majdanek extermination camp" it takes away from the name Majdanek and adds a preconcieved label to the name. If there were two Majdaneks and they could be a misunderstanding as to which one we are talking about then I would suggest Majdanek (Lublin). Take care. [Comment by Piatkowski on July 3, 2006, unsigned; attribution retrieved from page history]

 * Advise against: There is no requirement for consistency across articles, e.g. names of camps with similar purposes such as extermination camps. An article's name derives from its particular topic.Majdanek is a unique name for a Nazi camp, so no need to disambiguate for a place name. However, its having served several purposes — as indicated in the content — argues against additional qualification being added to the article's name. Doing so would cause more problems than it would solve, besides being inappropriate for the content. -- Hope this helps, Deborahjay 21:19, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Advise for: The issue is not one of consistency, but of accuracy. The camp was used to exterminate people.  This was the main use of the camp. In Majdanek people were not merely "concentrated", they were exterminated.  Therefore it is an extermination camp.   Calling it a concentration camp misrepresents the history of the place.

 * This is not up to us Wikipedians to decide, we have to go with what reputable sources say. The US Holocaust Museum website identifies Majdanek as a concentration camp (see here) .  JustSomePics (talk) 15:48, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * And it continues, viz., "We ask you, humbly, to help.", while there remains nothing humble about wiki. - 100.14.80.135 (talk) 15:12, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Memorial
It looks like a huge structure, I think there should be an article. --HanzoHattori 16:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It is massive, and interesting. Hope we can get a picture. It doesn't deserve its own article though. 131.94.169.118 04:51, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a photo of the memorial to the gallery. Signalhead 19:42, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
I've got a ton of pictures from my trip to Majdanek. Do we need any more?
 * I think it's worth putting in a picture of the soviet memorial there, or the camp and the memorial in one frame. I know some of my friends have this picture, I'll see if they'll release it under a free license.131.94.169.118 04:51, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

David Irving recently went here I believe. There is a picture showing him looking at the Prussian blue stains on the ceiling - which some researchers say are impossible because the blue is from paint ( I know it gets really confusing - Cracow Institute, Green, Rudolf, Leuchter, etc). The worst part of the picture is that he is standing next to a window - one pane glass - shoulder height. 159.105.80.141 17:42, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

The article says the crematorium was destroyed - the pictures show a totally intact building. Were there several?159.105.80.141 17:45, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * At the place itself, the furnaces are not labeled as being replicas, as they are at the one gas chamber at Auschwitz-I. I assume that means they are real, although some scholarly confirmation would be nice.131.94.169.118 04:51, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The wooden walls of the building were burnt down but the furnaces themselves were not destroyed. There are photos on the Internet showing the building in this condition. The building was subsequently rebuilt. Signalhead 23:40, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Sources?
Refreshing to see an encyclopedia article almost devoid of citations - 2 at the very end. Any further info on the death march and those left behind - there appears to have been little effort to "cover their tracks" but also almost no evidence - at least what I have been able to find ( help )- of much beyond a work camp. Any forensic work? etc If you want some documentation - maybe??? - look up Jolanta Gajowniczek ( a Polish historian). It appears the health conditions were falling to pieces there. TB patients had been shipped there, typhus was spreading, dysentary, ... A hospital was built, doctors were reasigned from other camps, the Red Cross vaccinated for typhus, .... 159.105.80.141 (talk) 18:22, 21 February 2008 (UTC) The article says that the camp was closed in April 1944 but people were being killed into July 1944 - I don't have any suggestion as to how but maybe someone can suggest something ( not critsizing this piece of info - it makes as much sense as the rest). This Jolanta's book is available on Amazon. It is somewhat self-contradictory but interesting anyhow. She is confused as to whether typhus vaccine came in the front door with the Red Cross ( she says yes in one place) or came in by the back door with the underground ressitance( she likes this way too). She gives a small try to prop up some extermination acticity but her documentation skills seem to collapse when she does so - but she does try ( a believer - well sort of, maybe - hey what the heck she has got to feed herself). I double checked - her work is not available on Amazon - only excerpta quoted in Jurgen Graf's(sp) book on Majdanek. As you would expect he, Graf, uses her data etxc to destroy her conclusions, though her conclusions are wandering, if that is the right word ( her facts seem to disagree with her emotions ). Her original work seems to not have a commericial market - Graf seems to be the only mention of her that I can find in print. -- 159.105.80.141 (talk) 21 February 2008

Soviet camp(s)
The article doesn't inform about the reusage of the camp as a POV camp and a camp for Polish underground soldiers deported to Soviet Union http://dzieje.pl/?q=node/4374, http://www.majdanek.pl/articles.php?acid=45&mref=1&lng=1.Xx236 (talk) 12:54, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 17:20, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

source: http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Kurz It shows he was part of the camp's structureValleyspring (talk) 06:45, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Death Camp Template
I removed it because the template did not exist, and it was standing alone on the page.

-Le Badger — Preceding unsigned comment added by Incredulousbadger (talk • contribs) 19:37, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

Sorry, I just realized what that was.

Incredulousbadger (talk) 19:40, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

"Carbon monoxide" bottles
The CO bottles pictured on the page are actually CO2. See 30:47 of this film: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47rbRNSGQUs&feature=youtu.be&t=30m47s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.28.136.108 (talk) 04:59, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Okay mister, you have a point. I can also see the "2" in the zoomed version of the cylinder pic on the wiki article page. I hope someone more knowledgeable person clears this up. Perhaps there is evidence the Nazis bottled CO in CO2 canisters? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8388:502:3D80:71E4:75DE:11A9:E465 (talk) 18:40, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

The CO2 bottles are only from a display created by the museum. They are not the bottles that the soviets found in the camp. The engravings do not match what we can see in the soviets photograph. You can judge for yourself by looking here. http://www.skepticforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=517591#p517591 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Denying-History (talk) 18:40, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

That's interesting, and I'm glad to see the phoney bottles haven't been added back to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.28.136.108 (talk) 20:14, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

 * That's fine then. As long as they're only what is presented as fact to the rubes who visit this theme park. 203.109.212.103 (talk) 11:49, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

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impossible dates for Nuremberg Trial
"The Soviets initially grossly overestimated the number of deaths, claiming at the Nuremberg Trials in July 1944..."

That is impossible. The Nuremberg Trials didn't happen until after the war, in 1946-47 according to the Wiki article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:CA10:18A0:0:0:0:6D6 (talk) 03:55, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 October 2020
Recent historians have concluded that Majdanek was not used as an extermination camp: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/killing-centers-an-overview. Note the paragraph titled "Majdanek." I recommend editing this page in light of this. Mdrewcaffin (talk) 03:57, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – Jonesey95 (talk) 05:43, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 January 2021
change "Lublin" to "Konzentrationslager Lublin, Vernichtungslager Lublin, Kriegsgefangenenlager Maydanek, KL Majdanek" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alycja (talk • contribs) 21:37, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. The word "Lublin" is used multiple times in this article. Please be more explicit as to where in the article you want to make the substitution(s). Thank you very much for your input!  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 05:32, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 14 September 2021
" claiming at the Nuremberg Trials in July 1944 that there were no fewer than 400,000 Jewish victims" error on '1944' ... should be 1945/1946 TGcoa (talk) 22:38, 14 September 2021 (UTC) TGcoa (talk) 22:38, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It's unclear to me whether it should be "at the Nuremburg Trials in 1946" (since that's the date of the transcript, though the figure in the transcript is a quote) or "in July 1944" (as that's when the camp was captured, and that's what was initially stated in the article). (relevant diff, courtesy ping ). (Note: I'm marking the edit request as answered for now as it is under discussion). — LauritzT (talk) 07:46, 15 September 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 17 October 2021
I think it would be worth mentioning and linking to the Wiki page for the Majdanek State Museum in the lead section, maybe in its last one or two sentences. We currently have mentions deep into the body but it seems like pertinent info to put up top — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sweetstache (talk • contribs) 05:44, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Just got extended-confirmed access and performed the edit myself. No comments for nearly a month, doesn't appear to be a controversial addition. Sweetstache (talk) 22:45, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

Inaccuracies Regarding the Killing Process
In this article, I have found inaccuracies pertaining to the use of gas chambers at Majdanek. The most reliable information comes from the Majdanek Museum and its director, Tomasz Kranz. I have requested permission to edit the page, but it is fine if someone else wishes to do so. All relevant sources are linked below.

“It had seven gas chambers” – Should be changed to read “three gas chambers.” The figure cited in the Britannica article is now regarded as outdated by historians. According to current historiography, three homicidal gas chambers were installed in the brick building behind barrack 41 (in two of these, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide were proven to be in regular use). The identification of the remaining four rooms as gas chambers by the Soviet Commission was made on highly spurious grounds.

“Executions were carried out in barrack 41 with the use of crystalline hydrogen cyanide released by the Zyklon B” - The following information should also be included. Two of the gas chambers were equipped with pipes, through which bottled carbon monoxide was released. Additionally, Zyklon B crystals were poured through a roof opening in the smaller chamber. In the opinion of the Dusseldorf Court, the chemical could have also been introduced into the larger chamber though its hot air installation. Some historians believe that the undressing room in barrack 41 was also used for limited Zyklon killings. However, the Museum points out that the chamber’s inward opening doors and adjoining rooms would tend to complicate such operations. For arguments in favour of this room’s homicidal function, consult the work of Pressac and Chocholatý.

“The same poison gas pellets were used to disinfect prisoner clothing in barrack 42” – It should be added that the disinfection of clothing also took place inside barrack 41.

“Majdanek was refurbished as a killing center around March 1942” – Should be changed to read that this decision was made around July 1942 - with three gas chambers having been constructed by October 1942.

“The gassing was performed in plain view of other inmates, without as much as a fence around the buildings” – It should be added that only inmates in the immediate vicinity of the bath barracks were in a position to see the gassings.

Further reading:

Gas Chambers at Majdanek: https://www.majdanek.eu/en/pow/gas_chambers_at_majdanek/57

The Role of Majdanek in “Aktion Reinhardt”: https://www.majdanek.eu/en/pow/the_role_of_majdanek_in____aktion_reinhardt/63

Extract from the Dusseldorf Trial judgement (30 June 1981): https://www.skepticforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=24902&start=1200

Jean-Claude Pressac (12 December 1988): https://phdn.org/negation/pressac-leuchter.html. Note: Some of his conclusions regarding Zyklon B usage are limited by his lack of access to good primary sources.

Michal Chocholatý (2012): https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/43117/BPTX_2010_2__0_288159_0_108365.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Michal Chocholatý (2017): https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/97344/1520464_michal_chocholaty_32-54.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

--IncongruousScholar (talk) 14:00, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Izno (talk) 17:25, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I linked two articles from the camp museum, three scholarly papers, and a section from a judicial judgement. In my opinion, these are all reliable sources. IncongruousScholar (talk) 17:57, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The issue is that you need to provide inline citations for the potentially contentious claims you make. For example, when you say that the notion it had seven gas chambers is "considered outdated", you need to provide a specific source for that specific claim. A list of general sources at the end is useful, but it does not really allow anyone to verify the claims made per WP:V. Actualcpscm (talk) 13:17, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 1 November 2021
SONSERINAMaior (talk) 22:33, 1 November 2021 (UTC) the number of deaths is considered a lot higher nowadays.Around 250.000 to 360.000

the number of deaths is considered a lot higher nowadays.Around 250.000 to 360.000 SONSERINAMaior (talk) 22:34, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 22:42, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Please add as a notable inmate
2603:7000:2143:8500:219C:CBA9:A16:EFFA (talk) 18:58, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Ilja Szrajbman (1907–1943), Polish Olympic freestyle swimmer

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 12 June 2023
Notable inmates [] - photographer 2A00:23C6:FB89:6401:2DFE:1F49:920B:5053 (talk) 09:39, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Coco bb8  (💬 talk to me! • ✏ my contributions) 15:37, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Cocobb8, Thank you for your reply. I would like Yva (Else Ernestine Neuländer-Simon) added to the notable inmates section of this page. The reliable source is the wikipedia page about her:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yva
 * Many thanks for your consideration of this matter. 86.158.250.213 (talk) 21:45, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅. However, I used this source. Usually, we don't use other Wikipedia articles to write other articles per WP:WINARS. What we do is we rely on secondary sources, like the one I provided. For example, a primary source would be a company who makes an announcement, a secondary source would be the news or YouTube videos analyzing that announcement, and a tertiary source, like Wikipedia, is a collection of the first two. I hope that makes sense!  Coco bb8  (💬 talk to me! • ✏ my contributions) 14:38, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

Buried Prayers documentary link Ref 40 corrupted
self explanatory 174.29.69.68 (talk) 21:19, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Typo in the 4th paragraph in the "Victims" section
...the crematoria capacitu.

[capacitu] instead of capacity Refael Ackermann (talk) 13:16, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Majdanek concentration camp


text:
Richard Simpkin

Brigadier Richard Evelyn Simpkin MC (1921–1986) was a British Army officer.

Bibliography (incomplete)

 * Antitank: An Airmechanized Response to Armored Threats in the 90s. Oxford: Brassey's, 1982. ISBN 0-08-027036-0.
 * (In association with John Erickson), Deep Battle: The Brainchild of Marshal Tukhachevskii. London: Brassey's Defence, 1987. ISBN 0-08-031193-8.
 * Broadmanship: A Guide to Safe Boating on the Norfolk Broads. Cartoons by Nicholas Walmsley, illustrations by Chas Emerson. London: Barrie and Jenkins, Bayard Books, 1976. ISBN 0-214-20285-2.
 * The Cruising Yachtsman's Navigator. Illustrated by John Bradley. London: S. Paul, 1978. ISBN 0-09-132830-6, ISBN 0-09-132831-4.
 * Human Factors in Mechanized Warfare. Oxford: Brassey's Publishers, 1983. ISBN 0-08-028340-3.
 * Race to the Swift: Thoughts on Twenty-first Century Warfare. Foreword by Donn A. Starry. London: Brassey's Defence, 1985. ISBN 0-08-031170-9.
 * Red Armour: An Examination of the Soviet Mobile Force Concept. Oxford: Brassey's Defence, 1984. ISBN 0-08-028341-1.
 * Seamanship for the Cruising Yachtsman. London: Paul, 1979. ISBN 0-09-138300-5.
 * Tank Warfare: An Analysis of Soviet and NATO Tank Philosophy. With a foreword by Robert W. Komer and an introduction by F. M. von Senger und Etterlin. London: Brassey's Publishers, 1979. ISBN 0-904609-25-1, ISBN 0-8448-1329-X.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Simpkin


text:
User:Jimeinstein

zh:user:jimeinstein fr:user:jimeinsteinen:user:jimeinstein

About me
Keywords: 1979. Capricorn. Husband. Gadgets lover. Bad photographer. Lazy blogger. Used to be a Senior editor at Sina Tech.

I'm from Hunan, China. I and my wife live in Beijing. We have no kids by now.

ps. Jimeinstein is my old nickname, the new one is bfishadow.

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title: User:Jimeinstein


text:
Penstemon palmeri

Penstemon palmeri, known by the common name Palmer's penstemon, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the genus Penstemon that is notable for its showy, rounded flowers, and for being one of the few scented penstemons. The plant, in the family Plantaginaceae, is named after the botanist Edward Palmer.

Distribution
Penstemon palmeri is native to desert mountains from the eastern Mojave Desert in California, to eastern Nevada, northeastern Arizona, and New Mexico, and north through areas in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and eastern Washington.

Penstemon palmeri is a drought-tolerant perennial plant, preferring well draining drier soils. It grows in washes and bajadas, roadsides, canyon floors, creosote bush scrub, and juniper woodlands, from 1100 - 2300 m.

Description
Penstemon palmeri, Palmer's penstemon, grows erect and may reach 2 m height. The leaves are generally oppositely arranged and have toothed margins. The inflorescence is a panicle or raceme with small bracts.

The flower has a five-lobed calyx of sepals and a cylindrical corolla which may have an expanded throat. The staminode is partially hairy. The showy, rounded flower has large pink to violet to blue-purple petals and is fragrant, which distinguishes it from other, similar-looking penstemon. Occasional specimens are red, yellow, or white flowered.

Varieties
There are three Penstemon palmeri varieties:
 * Penstemon palmeri var. palmeri - Palmer's penstemon, most occurrences of this species are this variety.
 * Penstemon palmeri var. macranthus - scented beardtongue, is endemic to the Great Basin Desert in Nevada
 * Penstemon palmeri var. eglandulosus - scented beardtongue, is limited to Utah and Arizona

Ecology
It is evergreen, and it is a larval host to both the Arachne checkerspot and the variable checkerspot.

title: Penstemon palmeri


text:
Mallet

A mallet is a tool used for imparting force on another object, often made of rubber or sometimes wood, that is smaller than a maul or beetle, and usually has a relatively large head.

General overview
The term is descriptive of the overall size and proportions of the tool, and not the materials it may be made of, though most mallets have striking faces that are softer than steel.

Mallets are used in various industries, such as upholstery work, and a variety of other general purposes. It is a tool of preference for wood workers using chisels with plastic, metal, or wooden handles, as they give a softened strike with a positive drive.
 * Wooden mallets are usually used in carpentry to knock wooden pieces together, or to drive dowels, chisels and to apply pressure on joints. A wooden mallet will not deform the striking end of a metal tool, as most metal hammers would. It is also used to reduce the force driving the cutting edge of a chisel, giving better control. Hardwood mallets are also used to knock in cricket bats.
 * Copper, brass and leaden mallets are typically used on machinery to apply force to parts with a reduced risk of damaging them, and to avoid sparks. As these metals are softer than steel, the mallet is deformed by any excessive force, rather than any steel object it is hitting.
 * Meat mallets tenderise or flatten meat. Made from wood or metal, they are typically two-sided, one flat or with slight bumps, and the other with more pronounced protrusions. Their use has been reduced with the invention of cube steak machines and other electric tenderisers, but they can still be readily found at cookery stores and in professional use.

Less common mallets include:
 * Rawhide mallets, which may employ rawhide covering a steel head, or simply consist of rolled-up rawhide, are used for leatherwork, jewellery, and assembling electric motors and delicate machinery.
 * Plastic mallets, made of nylon, polycarbonate, or polystyrene are used especially in leatherwork and jewellery.
 * Split head mallets have removable faces which can be changed to an appropriate material for the job.
 * Beetle mallets, also called a persuader or commander, are large mallets with a wood  or plastic head, with rounded ends about 15 to 18 in in diameter, and a handle about 3 ft long. It is used by paviours for tapping paving stones into position when bedding them. Beetles are used in jobs such as timber framing to shift the bases of large wooden posts, to fit joints, to drive in pegs, to split wood or rails.
 * Dead blow mallets typically have an internal cavity partially filled with steel shot, lead shot, or loose sand. This modification evens out the time-impulse curve of the impact, enabling a more powerful blow to be delivered without risk of marring the target.
 * Carver's mallets feature heads where the axis of rotation is in line with the handle (so the hitting surface is always round) in a shape like a cylinder on its end, or a conical frustum, or half of a capsule (see images of "stonemason's mallets" to the right). The round striking surface is designed to drive a chisel or wedge and allows for a face to strike when swinging from any angle.

Mallets of various types are some of the oldest forms of tools, and have been found in Stone Age gravesites.

Musical instruments
Mallets used as drumsticks are often used to strike a marimba, xylophone, glockenspiel, metallophone, or vibraphone, collectively referred to as mallet percussion. The sticks usually have shafts made of rattan, birch, or fiberglass. Rattan shafts are more flexible than the other materials. Heads vary in size, shape, and material; they may be made of metal, plastic, rubber, or wood, and some are wrapped with felt, cord, or yarn. Heavier heads produce louder sounds, while harder heads produce sharper and louder sounds, with more overtones.

Toys
Mallets are commonly used as children's toys. Lightweight wooden mallets are used for peg toys. Toy mallets are also used in games such as Whac-A-Mole. Another type of toy mallet is a plastic mallet made of soft, hollow vinyl, with bellows and a built-in whistle, so that when the mallet is struck, it produces a sharp, chirping sound.

title: Mallet


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User:Kostyel

I replied to your query at Talk:Economy of Romania. Thanks, 203.109.249.137 07:28, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Kostyel


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User:Hgfernan

I am Hilton Garcia Fernandes, from São_Paulo_(city), Brazil.

I have an MsC degree in Computer engineering from University of S. Paulo.

I'm beginning to understand WikiPedia. I do like to receive advices from older Wikipedia users about editing standards.

title: User:Hgfernan


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Talk:Bradford

2021 Census
Since the 2021 Census in England and Wales came out some months ago, we should update the "Demographics" part of the page to show the data from it Tunisia1945lolz (talk) 14:08, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Feel free to do so. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 14:10, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Would be a good time to sort out the tag and include only settlement statistics here, moving any district statistics to the City of Bradford article. Keith D (talk) 20:47, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Didn't the official 2021 census statistics only give official demographic figures for district's in all cases throughout the whole country? Beautifulscarlet (talk) 12:39, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

On a closely related topic, the population is variously given as 349,561 (2011 census, Top Section), 546,976 (Borough, Top Section) and 522,452 (2011 census, 'Demography'). I presume there are different definitions of what constitutes 'Bradford' but could this be made a little clearer? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.123.36.6 (talk) 15:49, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

NUMBEO Data
Hello, I have gone over the Numbeo topic discussed last year. After examining Numbeo's brand itself, I would consider it a credible source of information as the data collected by Numbeo is used by the BBC, The New York Times, Wall Street Journal and many other news outlets to report on issues regarding the cost of living, quality of life and crime. Also considering the professional background of Numbeo's owner at Google, the data collected could also be considered high quality due to these accolades. As such, I believe it would be appropriate to include its data regarding high levels of crime in Bradford. Please let me know your thoughts on this - before doing this, refer to the link referring to Numbeo's press releases. YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 06:13, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Also, referring to the previous discussion. It remains highly unlikely anyone from Bradford or elsewhere manipulated the current crime statistics gathered by Numbeo for the past 3 years - considering the city has had the highest crime index between 2021-2023, despite other city entries in the list moving up and down potentially due to data manipulation (e.g. Coventry moving up and down from 2nd rapidly). Therefore, it seems more likely that this data is correct, thoughts? YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 06:19, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, regarding other data sources that people like to cite. Many of these sources only include the crime rate for the general West Yorkshire areas, meaning the data isn't distributed per city (i.e. Leeds and other areas would be included, lowering the crime rate). The ONS itself, the most credible source, does not publish crime data for individual cities, meaning it's harder to determine crime levels on a per city basis. Finally, the final nearest credible source of data from police.uk is hard to understand and navigate, there is no clear indication as to when the data was acquired (i.e. the timeframe of the data) meaning this data could also have been manipulated in some way as well, potentially. The data is also difficult to navigate, as you cannot select an individual city, it simply selects your area depending on your current IP address.
 * Regardless, the Numbeo data is essentially a public research project, data is collected similarly to how data is collected for research projects in academics, the only issue with it is how public it is - leading to data manipulation when used maliciously. Regardless, the city of Bradford has been ranked number 1 for crime for the past 3 years now, meaning it's highly unlikely that this data was manipulated and represents data consistency.
 * From a personal standpoint, I think this data is more meaningful than other data sources and is collected adequately - essentially it's free public research (similar to how tech companies like Google, YouTube or Tiktok collect data through user experience surveys), that's why I decided to include it. I think the only problem with the Numbeo data as it is right now is the sample size, which is a big issue for me personally, it's too small. YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 06:45, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * YorkshireiteAcademic Plumplot Danstarr69 (talk) 14:19, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting, any ideas where/how they have gathered their data? Or if anyone has referenced their data in studies/news articles? YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 18:01, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * YorkshireiteAcademic When I first heard about them 5+ years ago, I heard that they got their crime statistics from the official Police statistics. I wasn't sure where they got their other information from, however they list all their sources at the bottom of their pages.
 * For example, the Bradford crime page says:
 * Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right 2012, Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2012, Postal Boundaries © GeoLytix copyright and database right 2012, Royal Mail data © Royal Mail copyright and database right 2012. Data sources: UK police data.
 * And from the news section of Google (which doesn't display all news stories since around 2017), Plumplot information has been used in 1 Australian news story, and 8 British news stories. Danstarr69 (talk) 20:55, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting, I'll give it a further look as it seems interesting and credible. Is all/most of the data from 2012? YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 21:03, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * YorkshireiteAcademic It gets updated constantly, as shown by the dates at the top of the page, although Bradford is nearly always number 1 for violent crime.
 * I used to check it around once or twice a year and assumed it was updated every 6 months, however I'm fairly sure (but not certain), that the last few times I checked it (usually in arguments with people on Youtube about crime), I noticed that it was getting updated around every 3 months.
 * The last crime statistics were updated in June 2023, and can be filtered by region, county, or postcode area. Danstarr69 (talk) 23:10, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It's unfortunate in Bradford sadly, I wish the city was better sometimes. I used to work in Candy when I was at university there and the stuff I saw was really sad and brutal on some nights.
 * I remember one night was awful, just awful, there was even a news article in the T&A regarding it . I worked that night and honestly, you could feel the danger in the air, it felt genuinely dangerous.
 * I hope the new investments and city of culture bid make the city a lot better, there's so much potential in the city. YorkshireiteAcademic (talk) 03:19, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

Bradfordians
Guitarist Allan Holdsworth is a BIG miss. 68.142.60.101 (talk) 14:43, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Holdsworth is on the List of people from the City of Bradford. The section in this article would be huge if we included everyone. Sorry. The joy of all things (talk) 16:37, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The joy of all things it does however need to include more modern people.
 * 99% of the people listed are from 75+ years ago, and are mainly from the Victorian era.
 * I have a head full of massive film, TV, music, sport etc Bradfordians from the last 50 years who could be added to that section.
 * However it would take some narrowing down.
 * Most of Bradford's biggest names, the majority of people don't even realise are from Bradford, like Michael Hirst the creator of Vikings, and Rory Haines the writer of Black Adam. Danstarr69 (talk) 22:19, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree somewhat, so be bold and change it - however, I would state that the two names you put forward are not very well known outside of certain circles. And my point still stands, if Holdsworth goes in, one of the lesser-known should come out, like Oastler, say, who is a bit of an unknown outside of, again, certain circles. The joy of all things (talk) 22:29, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Ethnic demography of Bradford
The new Ethnic demography of Bradford graph seems to be slanted in favour of the Asian population. Surly if all Asians are lumped into one section then all the white's who live in Bradford should also be lumped in the white section. I'm proposing the graph is not a true reflection of the demographic of Bradford as it is and should be removed until all the white population is included in one section as is the Asian part of the graph.Epicforest (talk) 13:57, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It uses the standard breakdown as used in most such representations. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 14:05, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I've removed the graph as it doesn't correspond with the figures given in the 2011 census which has all whites in one section. Epicforest (talk) 14:14, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Huh? The 2011 census does not have White's in one section, the reason as to why Asian's are aggregated in the graphic is to make it easier for viewing so that I don't have twenty different ethnic categories as is standard on the census all crammed on a pie chart (as that would be chaotic to view over time). In this special instance I have gone ahead and split it into Pakistani and Other Asian due to one groups significant dominance within the pop (that being Pakistanis) Tweedle (talk) 17:45, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The census population information in the demographic section of the Bradford page does lump both White and Asian into one section each which was the point I was making in regards to your graph. The change you've made represents the demographic much better. Epicforest (talk) 18:27, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

New montage of Bradford
I like the new Bradford montage except for the Manningham Mills photo. It seems to me that a better photo should be used. As it is, only the chimney and the very top of the building can be seen on the left and on the right of the building only the apartment pods and antenna can be seen, most of the photo is taken up by rooftops of houses. Anyone else got any thoughts on this? My preference would be to remove the Manningham Mills photo altogether and replace it with a Odeon building image. Epicforest (talk) 17:16, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Is it better now? Also shows a bit of countryside. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 17:22, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That looks much better. What a great photo, best I've seen of the mill. Epicforest (talk) 17:28, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bradford


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The New York Observer

The New York Observer was a weekly newspaper printed from 1987 to 2016, when it ceased print publication and became the online-only newspaper Observer. The media site focuses on culture, real estate, media, politics and the entertainment and publishing industries.

History
The Observer was first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, as a weekly alternative newspaper by Arthur L. Carter, a former investment banker. The New York Observer had also been the title of an earlier weekly religious paper founded 164 years before by Sidney E. Morse in 1823.

After almost two decades, in July 2006, the paper was purchased by the American real estate figure Jared Kushner, then only 25 years old. The paper began its life as a broadsheet, and was then printed in tabloid format every Wednesday, and currently has an exclusively online format on an internet website. It is headquartered at 1 Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan.

Previous prominent writers for the publication include Joe Conason, Doree Shafrir, Hilton Kramer, Andrew Sarris, Richard Brookhiser, Michael Tomasky, Azi Paybarah, Ross Barkan, John Heilpern, Robert Gottlieb, Nicholas von Hoffman, Simon Doonan, Anne Roiphe, Terry Golway, Ron Rosenbaum, Michael M. Thomas, Philip Weiss, and Steve Kornacki.

The paper published Candace Bushnell's column "Sex and the City" about Manhattan's social life and emotional relationships on which the trend-setting popular television series Sex and the City (later also with two successful feature films) is based.

It was visually distinctive because of its use of sketch illustrations and salmon-colored newsprint, with the latter compared to the similar physical appearance of the Financial Times from Britain. Henry Rollins once described it as "the curiously pink newspaper". The paper switched in 2014 to using regular white newsprint for its last two years on paper.

The fourth and longest-serving editor for the newspaper, Peter Kaplan, left the publication on July 1, 2009. Interim editor Tom McGeveran was replaced by Kyle Pope later that year in November 2009. Two years later, Elizabeth Spiers then served as editor for a year from 2011 to 2012, followed by interim editor Aaron Gell. In January 2013, publisher Jared Kushner named his longtime friend Ken Kurson, a political consultant, journalist, and author, as the Observer's next editor.

Publication of the weekly print edition ended with the November 9, 2016 issue. Observer Media, the publication's parent company, has continued to publish content on an online website under the masthead title of the "Observer" (dropping "New York" from the name).

The discontinuation of the print Observer came the day after editor Kushner's father-in-law, Donald Trump (Trump's daughter Ivanka is Kushner's wife), won the 2016 presidential election; becoming the 45th President of the United States, serving one term to 2021. Kushner served as a senior adviser in the Trump administration. Kushner transferred his ownership of Observer Media's remaining online assets into a Trump family trust, through which his brother-in-law Joseph Meyer took over his former role as publisher during that time.

Ownership
The publisher and original owner, Arthur Carter, has had other publishing interests, including the Litchfield County Times. At one time, he was a part‑owner in The East Hampton Star. Carter received a B.A. in French literature from Brown University and an M.B.A. in finance from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. He spent 25 years in investment banking until 1981, when he founded the Litchfield County Times in New Milford, Connecticut. He owned it for twenty years until selling to Journal Register Company, later also selling his 50‑percent interest in The East Hampton Star in 2003. He has been an adjunct professor of philosophy and journalism at New York University and is a trustee.

In July 2006, Jared Kushner, a 25‑year‑old law student and son of a wealthy New Jersey developer, Charles Kushner, purchased the paper for just under $10million.

In January 2017, Jared Kushner announced he would sell his stake to a Kushner family trust, when he became a senior advisor to President Donald Trump. Kushner's brother-in-law, Joseph Meyer, who has been the CEO of Observer Media Group since 2013, replaced him as publisher.

Political stance
In 2016, the Observer became one of only a handful of newspapers to officially endorse United States presidential candidate Donald Trump in the Republican Party presidential primaries. The newspaper's owner and then publisher, Jared Kushner, is Trump's son-in-law and was an advisor to the Trump presidential campaign. The Observer did not repeat its endorsement after Trump became the Republican nominee for President.

title: The New York Observer


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Tyler Yates

Tyler Kali Yates (born August 7, 1977) is an American police officer and former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the New York Mets, Atlanta Braves, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Oakland Athletics/New York Mets
Yates attended the University of Hawaii at Hilo before being drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 23rd round of the 1998 Major League Baseball Draft. Yates pitched in the Athletics organization until being traded to the New York Mets with Mark Guthrie in December 2001, for David Justice. His 2002 season was limited by Tommy John surgery.

Yates split the 2003 season between three minor league teams. He participated in spring training the next year, and debuted against the Montreal Expos on April 9, 2004. Ten days later, Yates earned his first major league victory in another appearance against Montreal. By May, Yates had returned to the minor leagues to pitch as a reliever. Yates underwent rotator cuff surgery and did not pitch during the 2005 season.

Atlanta Braves/Pittsburgh Pirates
Yates was released by the Mets at the conclusion of the 2005 season, and joined the Baltimore Orioles before the 2006 season, participating in spring training as a non-roster invitee. He was subsequently released from the Orioles, and signed with the Atlanta Braves on May 3, 2006. Yates recorded the first save of his career on July 14, 2006, in a 15–12 extra-inning win over the San Diego Padres. He made the Braves Opening Day roster in 2007, and agreed to terms with the team prior to the start of the 2008 season, then was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates on March 26, 2008, in exchange for minor league pitcher Todd Redmond.

Yates missed the second half of the 2009 season after having a second Tommy John procedure, performed by James Andrews, in July. He was re-signed to a minor league deal on January 4, 2010, but not expected to pitch until May or June. He returned to the Pirates organization for the 2011 season, and participated in spring training, until being cut from major league camp in March.

Personal
Tyler is the eldest of three brothers, including Spencer and Kirby Yates. Tyler and Kirby were the second pair of brothers from Hawaii to play Major League Baseball, after Bronson and Dane Sardinha. Since retiring from baseball, Tyler became a police officer in Kauai. Tyler dated Liesel throughout his professional baseball career. The two later married and had two children.

title: Tyler Yates


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Talk:Deryck Cooke

Untitled
Thanks for your Mahler article! Deryck Cooke produced two performance versions of the 10th. The first version had its world premier at the Proms in 1964 and was recorded by Eugene Ormandy and the Philidelphia Orchestra (on Columbia, I believe, though it could have been RCA - I don't have this recording) in the late sixties. He then revised this version with the help of a young Mahler scholar and this version was recorded by Wynn Morris and the Philharmonia Orchestra on Philips in the early seventies. It is this beautifully recorded version that introduced me to the work and it is still my sentimental favorite. I do greatly admire Rattle as well and heard him perform the complete 10th in 1979 or 1980 in San Francisco and own the recording you mention as well as the later Berlin redo. He is my favorite Mahlerian (live and in person) going now. I've heard hin conduct both a second and fourth over the years. Unfortunatley, the sound quality that EMI produces is very disappointing. I still love that old Phillips analog recording. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.206.89.237 (talk • contribs).

 * Actually, Cooke produced four performing versions of the 10th, the first of them incomplete, cf. Symphony No. 10 (Mahler). --FordPrefect42 15:04, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

"Deeply regrettable"
Although most people would agree that someone's death at age 57 is "deeply regrettable", this doesn't seem like the sort of opinion that ought to be in an encyclopedia article. I suggest changing it to more neutral language. 64.95.16.243 (talk) 18:52, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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DOD
DOD October 27th came in here unsourced. I cannot find reliable external support for this. Obituaries in The Gramophone and International Music Guide, BNF catalogue entry, Grove Music Online and MGG agree that he actually died october 26th. I am changing the article. --FordPrefect42 (talk) 14:17, 9 July 2019 (UTC) - PS: obituary in Musical Times likeweise. --FordPrefect42 (talk) 14:21, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deryck Cooke


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Shinzo Maeda

Shinzo Maeda (前田真三) was a Japanese photographer famous for landscape photographs and movies.

He published 46 photography books in Japan, and founded the Tankei Photo Agency Co. The Shinzo Maeda Photo Art Gallery in Biei, Hokkaidō, opened in 1987, and exhibits a number of his Hokkaidō photographs.

One of his movies, Tower on the Hill of Japan's Biei region, is often shown in HDTV format.

title: Shinzo Maeda


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Zips

Zips (also Siggies or Geeps) is a slang term in the United States that was especially in use in the early 20th century. It was often used as a derogatory slur by Italian American and Sicilian American mobsters in reference to newer immigrant Sicilian and Italian mafiosi. The mobsters in the US were said to have difficulty understanding the Sicilian dialects of the new immigrants, in which words appeared to "zip" by. Other theories include pejorative uses, such as Sicilians' preference for homemade zip guns. According to another theory, the term is a contraction of a Sicilian slang term for "hicks" or "primitives". The older Sicilian mafiosi of the pre-Prohibition era, known as "Mustache Petes", were also referred to as "zips". They were deposed by American-born mobsters during the Castellammarese War.

Arrival in the United States
With increasing violence and government presence in Italy, Sicilians and Neapolitans alike found positions in the growing drug trafficking market of New York City's Five Families in the early 20th century. The Pizza Connection, a heroin-trafficking operation involving Salvatore Catalano, a capo of the Bonanno crime family, and Gaetano Badalamenti, a Sicilian mafioso, was largely organized by Zips. The Zips were effective because they were unknown in the United States and had no police records. They generally congregated in the Knickerbocker Avenue area.

The younger Sicilian mafiosi became known for their reckless and undisciplined behavior, which gained unwanted attention for New York's homegrown crime families. The Zips had no qualms about murdering people who had been considered off-limits by the American Mafia, such as police officers, judges, and women and children. They were also known for using bombs to kill their targets. Although bombings were commonly used by the Sicilian Mafia, American mafiosi have usually shied away from bombs out of concern that they could put innocent people at risk. Zips were also known to have killed enemies who were already on their deathbeds. In the Sicilian Mafia, when someone is marked for death, that person cannot be allowed to die of natural causes.

The group was tolerated because they earned millions of dollars for the families, specifically the Bonanno and Gambino families. Both Carmine Galante and Carlo Gambino used zips for drug-running and contract killing. Galante's two personal bodyguards, Cesare Bonventre and Baldo Amato, were Zips.

Many Italian-American mobsters distrusted the Zips. Bonanno soldier Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero explained in a conversation to undercover FBI agent Joseph "Donnie Brasco" Pistone: "Lots of people hate him [Galante]... There's only a few people he's close to. And that's mainly the Zips... Those guys are always with him. He brought them over from Sicily, and he uses them for different pieces of work and for dealing all that junk [drugs]. They're as mean as he is. You can't trust those bastard Zips. Nobody can. Except the Old Man." On another occasion, Ruggiero told Pistone, "They hate the American people. They hate the American wiseguys." Bonanno soldier Anthony Mirra told Pistone, "The Zips are clannish and secretive. They are the meanest killers in the business".

title: Zips


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Roger Trinquier

Roger Trinquier (20 March 1908 – 11 January 1986) was a French Army officer during World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War, serving mainly in airborne and special forces units. He was also a counter-insurgency theorist, mainly with his book Modern Warfare.

Early life
Roger Trinquier was born on 20 March 1908 in La Beaume, a small village in the Hautes-Alpes department, to a peasant family. He studied at a one-room village school in his home village until 1920, when he entered the Ecole Normale of Aix-en-Provence. He graduated in 1928 at twenty and was called up for 2 years' compulsory military service, being sent to the French Army's reserve officers’ school, where unlike most of his classmates he became interested in the military.

When Trinquier's two years of compulsory military service came to an end, he decided to remain in the army and was transferred to the active officers’ school of Saint-Maixent, from which he graduated in 1933 as a second lieutenant. He now joined the colonial infantry. After some time with the 4th Senegalese Tirailleur Regiment at Toulon, he embarked on a ship bound for Indochina on 11 May 1934. He was first stationed at Kylua, near Lang Son, in Tonkin (Northern Vietnam). He then took command of a French outpost at Chi Ma on the Chinese border. Trinquier returned to France in 1936 and was assigned to the 41st Colonial Infantry Machine-gun Regiment (41e Régiment de Mitrailleurs d’Infanterie Coloniale, 41e RMIC) at Sarralbe, where he commanded a company until he was sent to China in early August 1938.

He served in the French concessions in China, first in Tianjin, then Beijing and finally Shanghai in January 1940. While stationed there he also learned Chinese. Promoted to captain he commanded a company of the French military detachment there until 3 January 1946. The detachment's circumstances became increasingly difficult during the Japanese invasion and occupation of large parts of China, as the Japanese confined the French troops to their barracks and confiscated their weapons. When Japan surrendered, the French recovered the weapons that had escaped search and resumed a degree of autonomy, living on credit until the arrival of the "Gaullist" authorities. Trinquier was under the authority of Vichy France in China for five years. Under suspicion as "collaborators" with the Japanese, the battalion's officers had to fill in a detailed questionnaire about their activities during the 40/46 period... He didn't play any role in the Liberation of France, a situation which hindered him in his later career.

Indochina
He arrived at Saigon in early 1946 and was assigned to Commando Ponchardier, a combined army and navy commando unit named after its commander Captain Pierre Ponchardier. Trinquier became commander of B4, one of the sub-units of the commando, recruited from the colonial infantry.

He returned to France in the summer of 1946, charged with the responsibility of recruiting and training volunteers for a colonial parachute battalion that was being formed for combat in Indochina against the Viet Minh. Trinquier returned to Indochina with the 2nd Colonial Commando Parachute Battalion (2e BCCP), during November 1947. The battalion was assigned to Lai Thieu, a refuge for the 301st Viet Minh Regiment, located around 20 km from Saigon. He took part, as second-in-command, in operations in Cambodia and on the Plain of Reeds in southern Vietnam. He took command of the battalion when its commander, Major Dupuis, was killed in action on 9 September 1948, and was promoted to Major on 1 October. Leading the battalion in combat in central Annam and the area around Saigon, he became aware of the inefficiency of the operations launched by the French high command and proposed to General Pierre Boyer de Latour du Moulin, the commander of the French forces in southern Vietnam, a new approach to pacifying areas with strong Viet Minh presence. Trinquier's troops occupied the terrain and laid ambushes against the Viet Minh at night instead of the normal policy of taking a few positions, where refuge could be taken at night and then reopening the roads in the morning. Trinquier's tactics proved effective, reassured people and pacified the Laï Thieu area. On 12 December 1949, after thirty airborne operations and numerous ground operations, Trinquier and the battalion embarked on Pasteur, a French transport ship, and returned to France.

In late December 1951, Trinquier was again in Indochina for his third tour – this time in the newly formed Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA) (Composite Airborne Commando Group) commanded by Edmond Grall. Trinquier took over the command of the GCMA in early 1953 and directed the fighting behind Viet Minh lines, creating a maquis in the Tonkinese upper region and in Laos, totaling around 30,000 men. Trinquier's maquis contributed to the successful evacuation of the fortified airhead at Na San, in August 1953, and the reoccupation of the Phong Saly and Sam Neua provinces. After the French withdrawal following the defeat of Dien Bien Phu, Trinquier's maquis was left behind and hunted down by Ho Chi Minh's forces.

Algeria
Trinquier returned to France in January 1955, being promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned to the staff of General Gilles, commander of the airborne troops. He was posted to Algeria in August 1956 at the airborne base of French North Africa as the war against the FLN was becoming more intense. He then served as second-in-command to General Massu, commander of the 10th Parachute Division, during the Battle of Algiers, where he was one of the leading figures behind the creation of the DPU (Dispositif de Protection Urbain).

After a brief stay in France as a director to the airborne school, Trinquier returned to Algeria in March 1958 to take over command of the 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment, soon to be the 3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment, when its commanding officer, Marcel Bigeard, was recalled to France. He became a member of the committee for public safety formed by Generals Massu and Salan during the May 1958 crisis, which brought Charles de Gaulle back to power; Trinquier resigned from the committee on 11 June and returned to his regiment. He led it during the fighting in southern Algeria and in the Kabylie, where he captured Si Azzedine, a senior FLN leader. Trinquier had been the field superior and mentor of Capt. Paul-Alain Léger, the mastermind and executor of the "Bleuite", an "intoxication" campaign (disinformation spread by subverted FLN agents of lists & rumors about supposed traitors) which triggered widespread internal purges within the FLN.

During the first half of 1959, Trinquier led the regiment during the Challe Offensive, proposed by the French commander in Algeria, Maurice Challe, to cripple the FLN. In March 1959, he handed over the command of the regiment to Louis Bonnigal and in July, took command of the El Milia sector in Constantine department. He was recalled to France in July 1960 and in December assigned to Nice and the staff of the general commanding that group of sub-divisions.

Later life
On 26 January 1961, Trinquier asked for early retirement from the army into the reserve. He was then hired by Moise Tshombe, the leader of the State of Katanga rebellion in Congo, to train his forces. Trinquier only stayed a few weeks in Congo before being thrown out by the United Nations. Returning from Congo, when staying in Athens, he learned of the failed Algiers putsch against de Gaulle, after which he asked to be retired from the reserve as well. In retirement he devoted himself to viniculture and writing about his career and experiences.

With Colonel Buchoud, he was one of the founders of the National Union of Paratroopers (Union Nationale des Parachutistes, UNP), for veterans of the French airborne force. Trinquier was also its first president from 1963 to 1965, before stepping down for General Jean Gracieux.

Modern Warfare
Trinquier is a theorist on the style of warfare he called Modern Warfare, an "interlocking system of actions – political, economic, psychological, military – which aims at the overthrow of the established authority in a country and its replacement by another regime." (Modern Warfare, Ch. 2). He was critical of the traditional army's inability to adapt to this new kind of warfare. These tactics included the use of small and mobile commando teams, torture, the setting-up of self-defense forces recruited in the local population, and their forced relocation in camps, as well as psychological and educational operations.

Perhaps his most original contribution was his study and application of terrorism and torture as it related to this Modern Warfare. He argued that it was immoral to treat terrorists as criminals, and to hold them criminally liable for their acts. In his view terrorists should be treated as soldiers, albeit with the qualification that while they may attack civilian targets and wear no uniform, they also must be tortured for the very specific purpose of betraying their organization. Trinquier's criteria for torture was that the terrorist was to be asked only questions that related to the organization of his movement, that the interrogators must know what to ask, and that once the information is obtained the torture must stop and the terrorist is then treated as any other prisoner of war. (See Chapter 4 of Modern Warfare).

The French Army applied Trinquier's tactics during the Algerian War. In the short run these tactics resulted in a decisive victory in the Battle of Algiers. These tactics were exposed by the press, with little or no effect at the time, as they were generally regarded as a necessary evil. In the longer term the debate on the tactics used, particularly torture, would re-emerge in the French press for decades to come (with the trial of Paul Aussaresses).

Popular culture
The character of Julien Boisfeuras in the novels The Centurions and The Praetorians by Jean Larteguy was according to Larteguy not based on anyone, but believed by many to be at least partially inspired by Trinquier and Paul Aussaresses. The character of Colonel Jean-Marie la Roncière in another of Larteguy's novels, The Hounds of Hell (Les chimères noires), was certainly based on Trinquier and his activities during the Katanga rebellion. Larteguy's fiction is rather critical of Trinquier's theories on subversive war which clearly could not be applied in the Congo. The colonel la Roncière seems rather clumsy and unprepared for the situation he faces in Elisabethville where his total lack of knowledge of the post-colonial situation in Central Africa soon puts him in trouble with his European and African mentors. He is forced to flee the Katangese capital after helping Secessionists win the first round of fighting against UNO troops.

title: Roger Trinquier


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Shirokiya

Shirokiya (白木屋) was a chain of department stores and other retail establishments founded in Japan and later located in Honolulu under the ownership of Shirokiya Holdings, LLC, a United States-based corporation. The company's last location closed in 2020.

Company overview
Shirokiya, Inc. (the store) is overseen by a seven-person board, all of whom own a part of Shirokiya's parent company, Shirokiya Holdings, LLC. The CEO and President is Japanese native Koji Hayashi, who also oversees the few functions of the company that still remain in Japan. Director and Store Manager Walter Watanabe, as well as the remaining directors, oversee the bulk of the operations, also serving as store senior management.

History

Hikotaro Omura opened a dry goods store at Nihonbashi in Edo, (now Tokyo) in August 1662. Omura called the store Shirokiya Gofukuten, a name that would last until the 20th century. Over the next few hundred years, the store slowly expanded, and as Japan entered the Meiji era, Shirokiya and its main rival at the time, Mitsukoshi, expanded into selling clothing and other goods in 1886. In 1903, Shirokiya opened a western-style department store, followed by the creation of a larger store down the street eight years later.

The turning point for Shirokiya was a series of natural, financial and man-made disasters that devastated the company's fortunes. The first was the Tokyo earthquake of 1923 that completely destroyed the original department store building (it was then reconstructed using modern architecture ). This was followed a few years later by a major fire on December 16, 1932, which destroyed the larger building and caused 14 fatalities. Finally, Shirokiya's assets, centered mainly in Tokyo, were devastated during World War II and the subsequent occupation of Japan, whereas Mitsukoshi, spread throughout the nation, fared better.

By 1958, Shirokiya was clearly on the downturn; despite the use of innovative marketing techniques common in the west but unheard of in Japan, Mitsukoshi continued to have a commanding lead in Japan's retail industry.

Tokyu era
In 1958, in order to protect itself from a hostile takeover, Shirokiya agreed to be absorbed into the Tokyu Group, a railway company expanding into the retail industry at that time. In a move to unite all Japanese stores under the Tokyu Department Store chain, the Shirokiya brand progressively disappeared from Japanese life, culminating with the renaming of the Nihonbashi site in 1967.

However, the fusion with Tokyu also resulted in an overseas expansion using the Shirokiya branding. On October 29, 1959, the first branch of Shirokiya outside Japan opened in Hawaii's then brand-new Ala Moana Center. In 1966 the department store moved to a different location in Ala Moana across from Liberty House (now Macy's) where it would remain for 50 years. A branch store was opened in Maui in November 1973. A second branch was opened up at Pearlridge, near Pearl Harbor, on April 2, 1981.

Though the three stores were popular with both local residents and tourists, the stores had an uneven profit record. By the 1990s, as the Japanese economy collapsed, the Tokyu Group went heavily into debt. By 2001, the company was already $470 million in debt, and in 1999, it was forced to close its 330-year-old flagship location in Nihonbashi. In order to further cut costs, Tokyu began to shed its overseas businesses, either selling them off or closing them outright. Eventually, attention turned to the Shirokiya stores, with the Pearlridge store closing in March 2001 and the Maui store shuttering in May of that same year.

Customer outcry was immense. Led by Senator Daniel Inouye, a petition signed by 30,000 residents of Hawaii and Japan was sent to Tokyu, in the hopes that Tokyu would find a fitting end to the "Shirokiya crisis". News reports both in Japan and Hawaii began to report that Tokyu would simply close all of its retail outlets and sell off its other properties and focus only on its Japanese businesses. This was compounded when Tokyu declined to renegotiate its leases for all the stores.

Modern era
In a surprise move, Tokyu opted to sell the Shirokiya company to the seven highest-ranking executives of the Hawaiian store for the amount of $1, taking a $23 million loss. The deal, which included the rights to build a future expansion at Tokyu's lone remaining Hawaii asset, the Shirokiya Department Store at Ala Moana Center, ensured the survival of Shirokiya, though there were some reports in the Japanese media about the loss of one of Japan's oldest companies to the U.S.

The newly formed Shirokiya Holdings acted immediately, streamlining operations and assets, and renegotiating the lease on the remaining store. On November 17, 2002, Shirokiya reopened its doors, with then-Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano declaring the day to be "Shirokiya Day". The following year, on July 14, 2003, Shirokiya Holdings reported net sales of $35 million.

On March 31, 2016, Shirokiya closed its Ala Moana Center department store location, and on June 25, 2016 opened the Shirokiya Japan Village Walk at a new street-level location in the same shopping center. Themed after a traditional Japanese town reminiscent of old Kyoto, the Japan Village Walk consisted of four main themes: Yataimura (food court & beer garden), Zeppin Plaza (shopping alleys), Omatsuri Hiroba (festival and event square) and Guardian Spirits Sanctuary (good luck deities). The former Shirokiya space above the Vintage Cave Club was converted into another Ala Moana Center food court called "The Lanai."

Shirokiya's Japan Village Walk and its adjacent Vintage Cave restaurant closed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Ala Moana's parent company sued Shirokiya Holdings Inc. over almost $8 million in back rent for its locations which had never reopened following the 2020 closure. Shirokiya countersued claiming that Ala Moana had illegally terminated its leases and had not given the company opportunity to succeed due to pandemic closures and the move to the new location. Following a legal battle over access to equipment and property left in the shuttered locations, mediation attempts failed in November 2021.

title: Shirokiya


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Lou Gerstner

Louis Vincent Gerstner Jr. (born March 1, 1942) is an American businessman, best known for his tenure as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of IBM from April 1993 until 2002, when he retired as CEO in March and chairman in December. He is largely credited with turning IBM's fortunes around.

Gerstner was formerly CEO of RJR Nabisco, and also held senior positions at American Express and McKinsey & Company. He is a graduate of Chaminade High School (1959), Dartmouth College (1963) and holds an MBA from the Harvard Business School.

Gerstner was formerly the chairman of the board of directors of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and is currently chairman emeritus of the board of the Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.

Gerstner is the author of Who Says Elephants Can't Dance, the best-selling account of IBM's transformation; and he is the co-author of the book Reinventing Education: Entrepreneurship in America's Public Schools.

American Express
Lou Gerstner joined American Express in 1978 and headed its Travel Related Services unit. Under his leadership, the company's market share increased significantly by 1985. He achieved this by finding new uses and users for the card, such as college students, physicians, and women, as well as persuading corporations to adopt the card as a more effective way of tracking business expenses. He also created exclusive versions of the card for higher-end clients, such as the Gold Card and the Platinum Card.

As sales and profits rebounded, Gerstner was promoted to chairman and chief executive officer of AmEx's Travel Related Services in 1982, and president of the parent company in 1985. Although he claimed the position at the age of 43, Gerstner dismissed the speculation that his success was the product of being a workaholic. Gerstner told Leslie Wayne, "I hear that and I can't accept that. A workaholic can't take vacations and I take four weeks a year."

As chairman and chief executive officer of the Travel Related Services division, Gerstner spearheaded its successful "membership has its privileges" promotion. Not only was the division continually the most profitable in the company, but it also led the entire financial services industry. Despite these successes, Gerstner hit a ceiling at American Express, as chief executive James D. Robinson III was not expected to retire for another 12 years. During Gerstner's 11-year tenure at American Express, membership had increased from 8.6 million to 30.7 million. He left AmEx in 1989 to succeed Ross Johnson as chairman and chief executive officer of RJR Nabisco following its $25 billion leveraged buyout by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

IBM
Gerstner was hired as chairman and CEO of IBM in April 1993. Under pressure from investors, his predecessor John Akers was forced to resign. The board initially looked within the computer industry for his successor. However Apple's John Sculley, Motorola chairman George Fisher, and Bill Gates of Microsoft were not interested (other rumored candidates included Eckhard Pfeiffer of Compaq and Scott McNealy of Sun Microsystems). IBM then turned to Gerstner, an outsider with a record that suggested success whose older brother Richard had run the company's PC division until retiring due to health issues four years earlier. Gerstner was the first IBM CEO who was hired from outside the company.

Upon becoming chief executive of IBM, Gerstner declared: "the last thing IBM needs right now is a vision", as he instead focused on execution, decisiveness, simplifying the organization for speed, and breaking the gridlock. Many expected heads to roll, yet Gerstner initially changed only the CFO, the HR chief, and three key line executives.

In his memoir, Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?, he describes his arrival at the company in April 1993, when an active plan was in place to dis-aggregate the company. The prevailing wisdom of the time held that IBM's core mainframe business was headed for obsolescence. The company's own management was in the process of allowing its various divisions to rebrand and manage themselves — the so-called "Baby Blues." Then-CEO John Akers decided that the logical and rational solution was to split IBM into autonomous business units (such as processors, storage, software, services, printers,) that could compete more effectively with competitors that were more focused and agile and had lower cost structures. Gerstner reversed this plan, realizing from his previous experiences at RJR and American Express that there remained a vital need for a broad-based information technology integrator. He discovered that the biggest problem that all major companies faced in 1993 was integrating all the separate computing technologies that were emerging at the time, and saw that IBM's unique competitive advantage was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers – a company that could represent more than piece parts or components—something he only learned by going beyond just listening to the proponents of different technologies within IBM. His choice to keep the company together was the defining decision of his tenure, as these gave IBM the capabilities to deliver complete IT solutions to customers. Services could be sold as an add-on to companies that had already bought IBM computers, while barely profitable pieces of hardware were used to open the door to more profitable deals.

One of the strategic visions that Gerstner set for IBM in 1993 was to make e-business its heart and soul. He believed in the potential of B2B e-commerce and wanted to expand the application of the internet to more than just web-page browsing and consumer marketing. He argued that a network-centric approach would shift the workload from personal computers to larger enterprise-systems and allow the internet to be embedded into all aspects of business operations. IBM's initial vision for how e-business could transform the world included electronic debit services that would allow customers to place orders online and eventually shop at virtual stores, creating virtual databases of movies, books, and music that would be available from anywhere in the world, and more. Soon after, Gerstner announced e-business as IBM's growth strategy and formed the IBM Internet Division, led by Irving Wladawsky-Berger. In 1996, IBM's marketing department established the term e-business for any kind of business or commercial transaction conducted over the internet. Under Gerstner, e-business transformed IBM and within six years, they became the market leader in providing the products and services needed to transform any of their customers businesses into a network-centric e-business.

While IBM had been credited with turning the personal computer (PC) into a mainstream product, the company could no longer monopolize its market. A proliferation of cheaper IBM-compatible PC clones that used the same Intel chips and Microsoft operating system software simply undercut it and eroded market share. Outgoing IBM chairman and CEO Akers, a company lifer, was excessively immersed in its corporate culture, remaining loyal to traditional ways that masked the real threats. As an outsider, Gerstner had no emotional attachment to long-suffering products IBM had developed to try to regain control of the PC market. Gerstner wrote that in spite of OS/2's technical superiority to the dominant Microsoft Windows 3.0, his colleagues were "unwilling or unable to accept" that it was a "resounding defeat" as it "was draining tens of millions of dollars, absorbing huge chunks of senior management's time, and making a mockery of our image". By the end of 1994, IBM ceased new development of OS/2 software. IBM withdrew from the retail desktop PC market entirely, which had become unprofitable due to price pressures in the early 2000s. Three years after Gerstner's 2002 retirement, IBM sold the PC division to Lenovo.

In his memoir, Gerstner described the turnaround as difficult and often wrenching for an IBM culture that had become insular and balkanized. After he arrived, over 100,000 employees were laid off from a company that had maintained a lifetime employment practice from its inception. Long allowed by their managers to believe that employment security had little reference to performance, thousands of IBM employees had grown lax, while the top-performing employees complained bitterly in attitude surveys. In the goal to create one common brand message for all IBM products and services around the world, under Gerstner's leadership the company consolidated its many advertising agencies down to just Ogilvy & Mather. Layoffs and other tough management measures continued in the first two years of his tenure, but the company was saved, and business success has continued to grow steadily since then.

From 1993 to Gerstner's retirement in 2002, IBM's market capitalization rose from $29 billion to $168 billion. Despite his success Gerstner also presided over the company's decline, relative to newer rivals, as it lost its once-dominant position in the IT industry. Microsoft grew beyond just PC software in the 1990s, hardware companies Apple and Dell expanded their market share, and entirely new entities such as the Google search engine emerged and created new computer-based business empires. Gerstner was also the first highly-paid IBM CEO relative to his home-grown predecessors, earning a personal fortune of hundreds of millions in his role. His philosophy, quoted as "The importance of managers being aligned with shareholders—not through risk-free instruments like stock options, but through the process of putting their own money on the line through direct ownership of the company—became a critical part of the management philosophy I brought to IBM" has been criticized for IBM's management in the late 2000s becoming "fully isolated and immune from the long-term consequences of their decisions".

== Post-IBM ==

In January 2003, Gerstner assumed the position of chairman of The Carlyle Group, a Washington, D.C. global private equity firm. He served as chairman from January 2003 until October 2008 and upon retiring from that position, he continued as a senior advisor to Carlyle through September 2016.

Gerstner held the position of chairman of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard from January 2013 - through May 2021.

Gerstner established the Gerstner Family Foundation in 1989 and serves as the chairman. The Foundation primarily supports biomedical research, educational opportunities, environmental sustainability initiatives, and emergency assistance programs for people who have suffered a temporary setback and could use a “helping hand” to restore their equilibrium. Gerstner Philanthropies, which encompasses all of Gerstner's philanthropic giving, has made over $230 million in grants to date. Most recently, in 2023, over $29 million was granted across all program areas. In June 2023, Gerstner published an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal, highlighting the impact of the Foundation's Helping Hands program and its approach to preventing homelessness.

Honors
In 1991, Gerstner received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Gerstner was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1999 for technical leadership in enhancing the competitiveness of U.S. industry.

In recognition of his work on behalf of public education, as well as his business accomplishments, Gerstner was awarded the designation of honorary Knight of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in June 2001.

He has received numerous awards for his work in education, among them the Cleveland E. Dodge Medal for Distinguished Service to Education from Teachers College, Columbia University, and the Distinguished Service to Science and Education award from the American Museum of Natural History. In 2008, Gerstner received the Legend in Leadership Award from the Yale School of Management.

title: Lou Gerstner


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Waitaki River

The Waitaki River is a large braided river in the South Island of New Zealand. It drains the Mackenzie Basin and runs 209 km south-east to enter the Pacific Ocean between Timaru and Oamaru on the east coast. It starts at the confluence of the Ōhau and Tekapo rivers, now at the head of the artificial Lake Benmore, these rivers being fed by three large glacial lakes, Pukaki, Tekapo, and Ōhau at the base of the Southern Alps. The Waitaki flows through Lake Benmore, Lake Aviemore and Lake Waitaki, these lakes being contained by hydroelectric dams, Benmore Dam, Aviemore Dam and Waitaki Dam. The Waitaki has several tributaries, notably the Ahuriri River and the Hakataramea River. It passes Kurow and Glenavy before entering the Pacific Ocean. The River lends its name the Waitaki District on the south side of the river bank.

The river's flow is normally low in winter, with flows increasing in spring when the snow cloaking the Southern Alps begins to melt, with flows throughout the summer being rainfall dependent and then declining in the autumn as the colder weather begins to freeze the smaller streams and streams which feed the catchment. The median flow of the Waitaki River at Kurow is 356 m3/s.

The first major infrastructure improvements to the river were made between 1881 and 1914 with the construction of road and rail bridges at Kurow and Waitaki Bridge.

The middle of the river bed formed a traditional political boundary between Canterbury and Otago. The term "south of the Waitaki" is often used to refer to the Otago and Southland regions as one common area (the two regions share historical and ethnic relationships which make them distinct from the regions to the north of them).

The river is popular for recreational fishing and jetboating.

Toponymy
Waitaki translates from southern Māori as "weeping waters" (wai = "water", taki = "to weep, mourn"). The equivalent in standard (northern) Māori is Waitangi.

Electricity generation
The river is the site of many hydroelectricity projects. The Waitaki Hydro Scheme, which includes several large dams, is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the nation.

The Waitaki dam was built first, between 1928 and 1934, and without earth-moving machinery, followed by the development of the Aviemore Dam which created Lake Aviemore, and then Benmore Dam which created Lake Benmore. Lake Pukaki was initially dammed at this stage to provide storage and flow control. A small station was also installed on Lake Tekapo, with water taken through a 1.6 km tunnel to a power station below the level of the lake.

The original Waitaki power stations discharge water back into the Waitaki River which then forms a storage lake for the next station in the chain.

The three power stations are (commissioned/capacity/annual output):
 * Waitaki (1935/105 MW/500 GWh)
 * Benmore (1965/540 MW/2200 GWh)
 * Aviemore (1968/220 MW/940 GWh)

In the 1960s, work was started on the Upper Waitaki project. This project consisted of taking the discharge from the original Tekapo (A) station through the Tekapo Canal, to Tekapo B station at the edge of Lake Pukaki. The dam at Pukaki was increased in height. Water from Pukaki is then transferred into the Pukaki Canal which meets the Ohau Canal from Lake Ōhau into Ōhau A station and Lake Ruataniwha. The Ohau Canal continues beyond Lake Ruataniwha to Ōhau B midway along, before emptying through Ōhau C into Lake Benmore.

The stations are (commissioned/capacity/annual output):

 * Tekapo A (1955/25 MW/160 GWh)
 * Tekapo B (1977/160 MW/800 GWh)
 * Ōhau A (1980/264 MW/1150 GWh)
 * Ōhau B (1984-85/212 MW/970 GWh)
 * Ōhau C (1984-85/212 MW/970 GWh)

Later proposals
In 2001 a proposal for a new series of canals and dams was made by Meridian Energy for irrigation and electricity generation on the river. This scheme, known as Project Aqua, planned to divert up to 77 percent of the lower river's flow to create a hydroelectric scheme, but these plans were dropped in March 2004. Lack of commercial viability was given as the major reason for the scheme's shelving, although strenuous public protest may also have been a major contributing factor. A more modest successor scheme, the North Bank tunnel looked likely to proceed, with water rights being granted in 2009, but land access negotiations were suspended in January 2013 due to flat demand for electricity forecast for the next five years.

title: Waitaki River