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Western Port

Western Port, (Boonwurrung: Warn Marin) commonly but unofficially known as Western Port Bay, is a large tidal bay in southern Victoria, Australia, opening into Bass Strait. It is the second largest bay in the state. Geographically, it is dominated by two large islands; French Island and Phillip Island. At the time it was renamed, its position was west of other known ports and bays, but Western Port has become something of a misnomer as it lies just to the east of the larger Port Phillip and the city of Melbourne. It is visited by Australian fur seals, whales and dolphins, as well as many migratory waders and seabirds. It is listed under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international significance.

The area around the bay and the two main islands were originally part of the Boonwurrung nation's territory prior to European settlement. Western Port was first seen by Europeans in 1798 when an exploration crew in a whaleboat led by George Bass, journeyed south from Sydney to explore Australia's south eastern coastline. Due in most part to a lack of food, the expedition was halted, spending two weeks in Western Port before returning to Sydney. As it was the most westerly charted point at the time, it was named Western Port.

The bay is home to the three Marine National Parks—French Island, Churchill Island and Yaringa, while the land adjacent to the north is largely used for farming purposes including cattle and wineries. Today the bay is mostly used for recreation; however, there is also a military base (HMAS Cerberus), shipping and oil production facilities adjoining the bay. Western Port is around one hour from Melbourne by car and a small number of holiday villages with sandy swimming beaches lie on its shores.

History
Prior to European settlement, the Bunurong people lived around Warn Marin living off shellfish, mutton birds and plant life. The bay was first explored by Europeans in 1797, when George Bass received permission from Governor Hunter in Sydney to sail a whaleboat along the unexplored section of coast south of Botany Bay. On such a rough stretch of water, Bass could not get more than halfway through the strait now known as Bass Strait. This voyage led to the recording of Western Port, so named because of its situation relative to every other known harbour on the coast at that time (the area from Point Hicks to Cape Howe), even though it lies to the east of Port Phillip and the city of Melbourne. Seal hunting was conducted here in the 19th century.

Attempted colonisation
In the year 1826 it was reported that the French had resolved to found a settlement at some Australian harbour – probably King George's Sound or Western Port. The British Government at once sent instructions to Sydney for Governor Darling to immediately take possession of these places. As a result, Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, and Lieutenant Burchell were sent in HMS Fly (1813) (Captain Wetherall) and the brigs Dragon and Amity, with orders to proceed to Western Port, on 18 November 1826. They took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. The expedition landed at Settlement Point, on the eastern side of the bay near present-day Corinella, which was the headquarters until the abandonment of Western Port at the instance of Governor Darling about twelve months afterwards, as unfit for civilisation,

Samuel Anderson established the third permanent European settlement in Victoria, after Portland and Melbourne, at Bass in 1835.

It was only after the end of World War II that serious consideration was given to the development of the port, and its flat shores north of Stony and Crib Points have become a centre for heavy industry.

Geography
Formerly a major river drainage system, it was inundated together with Port Phillip by the rising sea in the Holocene period; the Western Port sunkland now forms an extensive tidal bay. The waters of Western Port cover an area of 680 km² of which 270 km² are exposed as mud flats at low tide. The topography of Western Port is dominated by two large islands: French Island and Phillip Island. The coastline, including that of the islands, is some 263 km. The bay and its islands are criss-crossed by seven seismically active fault lines and experiences numerous minor earthquakes every year.

In the northern reaches, several rivers and creeks drain into the bay and flow through extensive mangroves, mudflats and sand banks before being channelled either side of French Island and into the open water in the southern reaches around Phillip Island. Several natural river paths and channels provide access for boats to the northern reaches; however, this is highly dependent on the tides and local knowledge is essential. Some of the major tributaries of Western Port are Bunyip River, Lang Lang River, Bass River, Cardinia Creek, Redbill Creek, Mosquito Creek, Brella Creek and Tankerton Creek. Until the mid 20th century, the Koo-Wee-Rup Swamp adjoined the bay in the north, covering an area of 30–40 thousand hectares, extending inland to present-day Pakenham, prior to cultivation of the land by early settlers. The mangroves in the northern reaches are the only remnants of this swamp today.

Islands
Western Port contains two large islands and several small ones; in approximate order of size:
 * French Island - 170 km² (population: 116)
 * Phillip Island - 100 km² (population: 9,000)
 * Middle Spit - exposed at low tide
 * Quail Island
 * Tortoise Head Bank - exposed at low tide
 * Churchill Island - 57 ha
 * Chinaman Island
 * Elizabeth Island
 * Sandstone Island
 * Reef Island
 * Long Island
 * Snapper Rock
 * Pelican Island
 * Barrallier Island
 * Ram Island
 * Joe Island

Flora
Western Port supports a mosaic of habitat types including underwater seagrass beds, intertidal rock platforms, sandy beaches, intertidal mudflats, tidal channels, saltmarshes and mangroves. The coastline around Phillip Island is of State significance because of its remnant coastal tussock grasslands and dune scrub, a rare vegetation community in Victoria.

Fauna
Western Port consists of rocky platforms, sandy beaches and marine habitats. It is home to a diverse range of invertebrates including colonial ascidians, sponges and corals. Mudflats and mangrove swamps around the northern end of the bay support a large number of invertebrates that are an important food source for waders and visiting migratory birds. French Island is home to migratory waders, Australian pelicans, short-tailed shearwater rookeries, and many other significant fauna species. The bay has been identified as a 623 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it regularly supports small numbers of critically endangered orange-bellied parrots, over 1% of the world populations of Far Eastern curlews, red-necked stints and pied oystercatchers, and declining numbers of vulnerable fairy terns.

Phillip Island Penguin Reserve has the largest colony of little penguins in Victoria as well as a major colony of short-tailed shearwaters, with breeding hooded plovers and peregrine falcons. Seal Rock off Phillip Island is home to the largest colony of Australian fur seals and a breeding site of kelp gulls and sooty oystercatchers. San Remo's marine community is a rich assemblage of marine biota listed under the State Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, 1988. The bay is listed under the Ramsar Convention for its internationally important wetlands.

The Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park situated near the north western corner of the bay in Pearcedale offers a close up look at some of the indigenous mammals and birds of the region.

In recent years, the number of whale sightings (mostly southern right and humpback) has increased; local institutes conduct research of their presence in the bay and the neighbouring Port Phillip Bay and ask the public to report sightings.

Environment monitoring
Western Port's marine water is monitored by the Environment Protection Authority of Victoria and was considered Good over the 2021-2022 period.

Parklands

 * Land:
 * Coolart Wetlands and Homestead Reserve
 * French Island National Park
 * Langwarrin Flora and Fauna Reserve
 * Mornington Peninsula National Park

 * Marine:
 * French Island National Park - 2,800ha
 * Yaringa Marine National Park - 980ha
 * Churchill Island Marine National Park - 670ha

Recreation
Fishing, pleasure boating and yachting are some of the popular pastimes on the bay.

Recreation on Phillip Island

 * Penguin Reserve - visited at dusk to watch the penguins return to their burrows in the sand dunes
 * Seal Rocks - viewed through binoculars
 * Koala Conservation Centre
 * Bird watching
 * Scenic Flights from Philip Island Airport (Located on Cape Woolamai)

Recreation on French Island

 * Bushwalking or bird observing; bush orchid and fishing areas; horse riding, bike rides, and deep water fishing
 * Koala habitat
 * Camping

Shipping and boating
Deep channels lead from Bass Strait into the western section of the bay, giving access to the region's port facilities. The town of Hastings is the main boat landing in the bay with the Yaringa Marina at Somerville also offering boat harbor facilities.

There are boat launching ramps at:

Stony Point -Concrete 3 lane ramp, 2 holding jetties, All Tides

Blind Bight -Tarmac Single lane ramp, Holding Jetty, High Tide

Corinella -Concrete 2 lane ramp, 2 Holding jetties, All Tides

Hastings - Concrete 4 lane ramp, Holding Jetty, All Tides

There are also ramps at Tooradin, Newhaven, Cowes, Warneet, Lang Lang, Grantville, Flinders, and Rhyll (Phillip Island).

A ferry runs between Cowes, Tankerton And Stony Point at certain times ( Check timetable at destinations) during the year.

Accommodation is available on both Phillip Island and French Island.

The boundary between the coastal waters of Bass Strait and the enclosed waters of Western Port is defined on the western side by a line from West Head on the Mornington Peninsula to Black Rock, Phillip Island. Then from Black Rock to the tip of Point Grant at The Nobbies on Phillip Island. On the eastern side, it's a line from the southeastern tip of Cape Woolami, Phillip Island to Griffiths Point on the Bass Coast. Source: Western Port Recreational Boating Guide: sixth edition, June 2021.

Coast Guard Flotillas

 * Coast Guard Western Port

Industry
Western Port has several industrial complexes, including a BlueScope steel processing works and the major Royal Australian Navy training base, HMAS Cerberus. Holden Australia's proving ground is located just east of Western Port. The Westernport Oil Refinery was operated by BP at Crib Point from 1966 to 1985.

Current development plans for the Port at Hastings would see it become the major shipping port for container and bulk freight in and out of Victoria. Substantial opposition to the development has been raised by local communities concerned with the scale of the development and its impact upon the fragile ecosystem of the bay. Blue Wedges and Preserve Westernport Action Group provide a voice for many of the objections raised by concerned locals.

Regulations
For the protection of the marine environment, a number of activities are prohibited within the boundaries of Victoria's Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries. No fishing, netting, spearing, taking or killing of marine life. All methods of fishing, from the shore or sea, are prohibited. No taking or damaging of animals, plants and objects or artefacts. There are strong penalties under the National Parks Act for fishing in Marine National Parks and Sanctuaries. All offenses can by reported to the Department of Primary Industries.

However, you may carry fin-fish on board your boat within park boundaries if you caught the fish outside the parks and you may also carry but not use, a fishing rod or spear gun. You may also have abalone or rock lobster associated equipment on board the boat provided that you are travelling straight through the park by the shortest practicable route.

title: Western Port


text:
Talk:Johann Joachim Winckelmann

Untitled
As one would guess from a 1911 source, there is nothing about him being homosexual - which led to his murder.

The evidence of Winckelmann's homosexuality is substantial. His correspondence alone (over a thousand letters, many to confidantes) allows the scholar to document a life rich in friendship and love, supplemented by sexual encounters with Italian youths.

Winckelmann repeatedly acknowledges that he was never attracted to women. His sole affair with a woman occurred late in his life and under the most peculiar circumstances: The woman in question was Mengs's wife, the initiator Mengs himself.

Third-person accounts confirm the homosexual contours of Winckelmann's life. Perhaps the most interesting is that of Casanova, who claims to have caught Winckelmann in the act. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.141.61.48 (talk) 23:06, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
 * As well as his correspondence. Frimoussou (talk) 02:16, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Just because a man was homosexual and was murdered doesn't mean he was murdered in connection with his homosexuality. For this, the motive of robbery seems to remain the most logical explanation.--2001:A61:260D:6E01:A865:1FCA:DA8A:D95E (talk) 14:27, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Someone messed up some details of this page: 'he attended a meeting at the white house...'
 * now corrected

The writing in the article is absolutely appalling - somebody needs an editor. I'm doing some high-school research on Winckelmann and I really got very little from it. 1/10 wikipedia - I'm going to have to actually read some of his books now!

reply:internet gives information not knowledge.. go do your research....

Merging
Copied the other article's text, needs to be merged. --Matthead 05:53, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Changes, present & future
I've cleaned up some of the grammar (a lot of this article gives the impression of having been translated, and poorly, from a German source), deleted the theory that W.'s murderer was his "lover" (no longer seriously entertained -- a simple case of robbery), provided translation of a couple of Italian phrases, deleted digressions on David and the influence of Herculaneum & Pompeii on "taste," inserted reference to Goethe's Winkelmann und sein Jahrhundert in response to an earlier query, and inserted some queries of my own as "hidden comments." The most problematic entry at present is that on W.'s sexuality & lifestyle; i.e. what exactly is the relationship btw. W.'s asceticism and his sexuality supposed to be? I hesitate to delete this section altogether, since the question of W.'s sexuality is, for better or worse, a significant component of his later reception & present interest. But there is good, recent scholarship on the subject that has left no trace on the entry as it stands -- i.e. Alex Potts, Flesh and the ideal: Winckelmann and the origins of art history (New Haven, 1994); Whitney Davis, "Winckelmann's 'homosexual' teleologies," in N.B. Kampen, ed., Sexuality in ancient art (Cambridge, 1986); Whitney Davis, "Winckelmann divided: mourning the death of art history," in W. Davis, ed., Gay and lesbian studies in art history (New York, 1994). --Javits2000 11:36, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Took orders?
"...in 1754 Winckelmann joined the Roman Catholic Church". Was he a cleric of some kind, perhaps without consecration? I see in some French publications he is called "abbé" ("Lettre de M. l'abbé Winckelmann, antiquaire de Sa Sainteté, a monsieur le comte...") and an Italian text  refers to him as "l'abate tedesco". Perhaps the entry could add a few words about this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Campolongo (talk • contribs) 08:57, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
 * On the one hand, I haven't ever heard that (but then I read on the German wikipedia the suggestion that he might convert, suggested to him by the nuncio [to Saxony I guess] but only on the English one the statement that he actually did convert). That being said, judging only from intrinsical possibilities, he was 1. a Catholic who 2. had had some instruction in theology at the least, 3. was unmarried, 4. intended to stay that way (though not necessarily to bind himself by vow to do so) and 5. was in a somewhat important ecclesial office (though without cure of souls) - it is quite imaginable that such a one would be ordained up the way to acolyte (though not subdeacon).--2001:A61:260D:6E01:A865:1FCA:DA8A:D95E (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:34, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * That being said, it is just as imaginable that the French just took the suggestion "unmarried Catholic in the Pope's service" and said abbé without further ado, just as today the Germans say "doctor" without further ado to all physicians whether or not the possess the title. The Italians seem to have copied from them: Abbé is originally "abbot", then was used for the commendentary abbots appointed by the king who were not abbots, and then for all secular clergy including the lower one (many of whom had such titles). (To extend it to a Catholic unmarried layman in the Pope's service is thus not that far a stretch). Abate, in Italian, however, as far as I know still exclusively means an actual "abbot", which Winckelmann certainly was not; probably a mistranslation from a French source.--2001:A61:260D:6E01:A865:1FCA:DA8A:D95E (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:41, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Winckelmann (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:20, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Johann Joachim Winckelmann


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David Brunt

Sir David Brunt, KBE, FRS (17 June 1886 – 5 February 1965) was a Welsh meteorologist. He was Professor of Meteorology at Imperial College, London from 1934 to 1952. He was vice-president of the Royal Society from 1949 to 1957. The Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica is named after him.

He was born in Staylittle, Montgomeryshire, Wales, the youngest of the nine children of farmworker John Brunt. His father moved the family to the mining district In Monmouthshire to work as a coal miner. David attended the local Abertillery School from 1899 to 1904. In 1904 he secured a scholarship to enter the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth, where he studied mathematics, physics and chemistry, gaining a first class honours degree in mathematics in 1907. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge and in 1909 was elected to the Isaac Newton studentship at the National Solar Physics Observatory.

After leaving Cambridge he spent a year as a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Birmingham and two years in a similar post at the Monmouthshire Training College, Caerleon. In 1916 he enlisted in the Royal Engineers (meteorological section) and during the war years did important work related to atmospherical conditions at low levels in chemical warfare. He later became meteorologist to the Air Force. After demobilisation he joined the Meteorological Office which in 1921 became the Air Ministry. He continued his personal research and accepted Sir Napier Shaw's invitation to join him as part-time professor of meteorology at the Imperial College, London. After the retirement of Sir Napier Shaw, Brunt became the first full-time professor of meteorology in Britain, holding the chair from 1934 to 1952. Two years later was elected a Fellow of the college. He independently co-discovered the Brunt–Väisälä frequency.

Between 1936 and 1939 he contributed to a theoretical understanding of fog dispersal, information used in the development of the FIDO fog dispersal system.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1939 and was awarded their Royal Medal in 1944. He went on to serve as their secretary from 1948 to 1957 and as their vice-president from 1949 to 1957.

He served as president of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1942 to 1944 and received both their Buchan prize and their 1947 Symons Gold Medal. He was also president of the Physical Society from 1945 to 1947.

He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1949 and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1959.

Private life
While he was working at Caerleon in 1915, he married Claudia Mary Elizabeth Roberts of Nant-y-glo, Monmouthshire, who had been a fellow student both at Abertillery and Aberystwyth. They had one son who died unmarried.

title: David Brunt


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Leonel Fernández

Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna (born 26 December 1953) is a Dominican lawyer, academic, and was the 50th and 52nd President of the Dominican Republic from 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2012. From 2016 until 2020, he was the President of the EU–LAC Foundation.

Fernández became the first elected president of the Dominican Republic under his political party, the Dominican Liberation Party (Partido de la Liberación Dominicana, or PLD), although party founder Juan Bosch was also sworn in as president in 1963 after the first democratic elections held in roughly four decades in the country. Fernández's administrations have focused much on technological and infrastructural development and macroeconomic and monetary stability. He has served as the party president of the Dominican Liberation Party from 2001 until his resignation on 20 October 2019. He later founded the People's Force and nominated himself as its party's presidential nominee.

He is a native of Villa Juana, Distrito Nacional and lived for much of his childhood and early adulthood in New York City.

Leonel Fernández is the President of the World Federation of United Nations Associations and a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.

Early life
Fernandez is the son of sergeant major José Antonio Fernández Collado and Yolanda Reyna Romero. His family moved to New York City in the United States. They lived most of the time in the Washington Heights neighborhood, a dense Manhattan neighborhood, home to many Dominican New Yorkers.

After he finished high school, Fernandez returned to his country and started law studies in the Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo. He joined the Dominican Liberation Party when it was founded in 1973 by former Dominican President Juan Bosch, leaving the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) to do so. Fernández was known as a close pupil of Bosch. He accompanied him as a vice-presidential candidate in the 1994 presidential election.

First presidential term (1996–2000)

The 1994 presidential election results, which resulted in a reelection of President Joaquín Balaguer, were widely opposed by runner-up opposition leader José Francisco Peña Gómez and his party. In the meantime, the international community rose their concerns on the tightening of the political tensions and fear the country was on the verge of a civil uprising. Upon an official agreement widely known as "Pact for Democracy" ("Pacto por la Democracia" in Spanish) a special election was scheduled for May 1996 and President Balaguer acceded to not run in this election as part of the arranged treaty. PRSC opted to present Vice-president Jacinto Peynado as their candidate, however PRSC supporters feared he was not properly endorsed by their historical leader, therefore creating a vast independent mass of electors.

In the first-round election on 16 May 1996 Fernández received 38.9% of the votes in the first round achieving second place behind José Francisco Peña Gómez and PRD. Peynado obtained 15% of the votes, the lowest outcome in Balaguer's party history which initiated a long-term downfall. After 2010 Presidential election, PRSC lost briefly its official recognition as a majority party, but regained it after an alliance with PLD was announced by Leonel Fernández for 2010 mid-term elections, in where both parties achieved 100% of Senate positions and obtained over 2/3 of the seats on the Chamber of Deputies. In the run-off election, held on 30 June 1996, the "Patriotic Front" integrated, and Fernández thus secured 51.2% of the votes to win the election. He was sworn in as president on 16 August 1996, succeeding Balaguer.

During his term in office, Fernández's political agenda was one of economic and critical reform. He helped enhance Dominican participation in hemispheric forums, such as the Organization of American States and the Summit of the Americas. The Dominican economy enjoyed an average growth rate of seven percent, the highest in Latin America for that period, and was among the highest in the world along with South Korea's and the People's Republic of China's. Inflation was stabilized in the low single digits, also among the lowest of Latin America.

Fernández also began a visionary plan to run the Dominican Republic. When developers proposed the country's first modern port during his first term, he said that "We could be the Singapore of the Caribbean". In Santo Domingo and Santiago, which comprised 40% of the country's population, he favored "mega-projects", building numerous highways and tunnels which improved transit across the greater extent of these cities and created OMSA (Metropolitan Office of Autobus Services in English). His administration also gave incentives for foreign direct investment.

In 2000, Fernández was unable to run for a consecutive term as the 1994 constitution prohibited it. His party held primaries to elect a presidential nominee, which were won by Danilo Medina with 52% of the votes against Vice-president Jaime David Fernández Mirabal. Medina, who was sworn as the PLD candidate for the 2000 presidential election, was defeated by the PRD candidate, Hipólito Mejía. Mejia did not satisfy the 50% rule to avoid a feared run-off election, but Medina, who placed second, recognized Mejia's win immediately.

Second presidential term (2004–2008)
Fernández was elected to a second term of office in the presidential election held on 16 May 2004 with an absolute majority and the second highest percentage ever in Dominican history of 57%. He was sworn in on 16 August 2004. His victory was due in large part to the collapse of the Dominican economy. This collapse has been attributed to skyrocketing oil prices and a slumping international economy post-9/11, excessive borrowing under the Mejía administration and the failure of three banks in the country: Banco Intercontinental (Baninter), Bancrédito and Banco Mercantil. In an effort to avoid further economic chaos, the Mejía administration effectively underwrote all three banks, repaying their customers but generating even greater public debt. Some of the bankers involved have been or are on trial, yet the extent of their fraud is hard to measure as their widespread largess with officials within both the Fernández and Mejía administrations has made it nearly impossible to achieve a true accounting of what conditions led to the bank's demise.

According to local sociologist José Oviedo, "The country trusts him with the economy, but he doesn't seem to pay that much attention to social issues." The economic prosperity which his government prided itself on seemed to fail in reaching enough people. According to The Wall Street Journal, the economy situation worsened during his last term.

The presidents of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela shook hands during the Rio Group summit, and agreed to end the dispute caused by a Colombian raid against FARC on Ecuadorian territory, for a special request from summit host Dominican Republic President Leonel Fernandez at 7 March 2008. Such Honored act let Fernández received World Peace Culture Award on 6 April 2008.

Third presidential term (2008–2012)
During the Mejía administration, the constitution was changed to again allow the immediate re-election of presidents. Although Mejía was ultimately unsuccessful in his bid for re-election, this opened the door for Fernández to attempt a similar run. On 7 May 2007, despite great controversy over whether the PLD party should support the concept of re-election, Fernández won the PLD primary election with a 72% voting percentage against his former Chief of Staff and confidant, Danilo Medina.

As a result, Fernández became the official PLD candidate for the presidency in the May 2008 General Election.

Fernández was declared the victor of the 2008 election, defeating six others, including the PRD candidate and former president Mejía's right-hand man, Miguel Vargas, and the PRSC's candidate, Amable Aristy. Fernández defeated Vargas 53% to 41%. Vargas accepted the defeat the same day, 16 May. Fernández was sworn in for his third term on 16 August 2008, with the traditional ceremony at the National Congress. An ongoing international economic crisis which occurred during this time did not prevent the Dominican Republic from remaining the fastest growing economy in Latin America, with a growth rate of 3.5 percent in 2009 and a projected growth rate of 6.5 to 7 percent in 2010.

Corruption cases
Leonel Fernández has been accused of corruption on several occasions during his time as president of the Dominican Republic. In 2001, he was accused of embezzling $100 million from the Temporary and Minimal Employment Program, a fund intended to create jobs and quell strikes. He was also accused of awarding government contracts to his friends and family members without following proper procedures.

In 2009, Fernández was again accused of corruption, this time for his role in the construction of a new airport in Santo Domingo. The airport was built by a Chinese company that had close ties to Fernández's government. The company was accused of overcharging the government for the construction of the airport, and Fernández was accused of accepting bribes from the company in exchange for awarding it the contract.

Fernández has denied all of the corruption allegations against him. He has said that he is the victim of political persecution by his opponents. However, the allegations have damaged his reputation and have led to calls for his resignation.

In 2017, Fernández was indicted on charges of money laundering and bribery. The charges stem from his alleged involvement in a scheme to embezzle money from the Dominican government. Fernández has denied the charges and has said that he is the victim of a political witch hunt. The trial is still ongoing, and it is not clear when a verdict will be reached.

In addition to the criminal charges, Fernández has also been the subject of a number of civil lawsuits alleging corruption. In 2016, he was sued by a group of Dominican citizens who accused him of embezzling money from the government. The lawsuit is still pending.

Civil society engagement
In 2000, Leonel Fernandez founded the Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo (FUNGLODE), headquartered in Santo Domingo, as a think tank as well as a resource and training centre. In 2002, he founded a sister organisation, the Global Foundation for Democracy and Development, dedicated to promoting collaboration between organizations in the United States and the Dominican Republic.

On 20 October 2018, the 42nd Plenary Assembly of the World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA) unanimously elected him president of the global body for a 3-year renewable term thus succeeding to South Korea's senior Ambassador Park Soo-gil and former International Atomic Energy Agency Director General, Hans Blix.

Family and personal life
Fernández married for the first time to Rocío Domínguez Quezada in 1987 (the daughter of Juan Domínguez and the mayoress of Jarabacoa Josefa Piedad Quezada), and had two children, Omar and Nicole. They divorced in 1996. In 2003, Fernández married Margarita Cedeño Lizardo, his former Presidential Legal Adviser and an associate attorney of his law firm, having another child, Yolanda América María. The couple divorced in 2022.

As of Fall 2022, Fernández' daughter, Nicole, was dating baseball superstar Albert Pujols.

In addition to Spanish, his mother tongue, Fernández is fluent in English and French.

Leonel Antonio Fernandez graduated with honours in law from the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo. For a while he worked as a teacher and a journalist before getting into politics. His interest in politics derived from his outstanding student leader abilities, and his dominant role in the General Secretariat of the Students' Association University of Santo Domingo. Moreover, Leonel Antonio Fernandez partook in many protests against the Balaguer regime, was a member of the Central and Political Committees of the Party of Dominican Liberation, which was founded by Juan Bosch. He began expanding his political interests and won Presidency in the Dominican Republic in 1996.

title: Leonel Fernández


text:
Te Kauparenui / Gowan River

Te Kauparenui / Gowan River is in the South Island of New Zealand. Its source is at Lake Rotoroa and travels 11 kilometres before feeding into the Buller River. Mixed farming and forestry occurs on both banks of the river. The river has introduced trout which attracts recreational fishing.

In 2001 a Water Conservation Order was placed on the river to recognise the value of it in an unmodified state. An application was made by Majac Trust to change the Order so that a hydroelectric electricity scheme could be constructed on the river. This was rejected by the Environment Court in August 2007.

In August 2014, the name of the river was officially altered to Te Kauparenui / Gowan River. In 1843, Charles Heaphy named the river after James Robert Gowen, one the New Zealand Company directors, but misspelled the name as Gowan in his 1846 journal, and the latter spelling has since prevailed.

title: Te Kauparenui / Gowan River


text:
Talk:Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.

Untitled
I think that the Windows Taskbar was actually based/ripped off from the NextStep Dock, and as we all know NextStep became "as one" with Apple and OS X inherited the Dock.

Xerox's technicality
If I remember the story correctly, the 'technicality' was that the Xerox people didn't get it properly copyrighted before showing it to Apple. As the article stands, it leaves an aching feeling for what that technicality was, so can anyone modify the article and say for sure? --Calamari 03:25, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You can read some history of Apple, Xerox, and Microsoft here. Apple paid a lot of money to see (a small subset of) Xerox's development.  There is no technicality here.  It was a simple quid pro quo.BU

Headline text
Apple. v. Microsoft Corp. is the most complicated software copyright lawsuit to date"==

the most complicated... what about SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit???

 * In spite of much public armwaving and bellicosity on SCO's part, in reality that suit is not nearly as complex on technical matters since SCO has been able to provide the court with practically zero proof of their claims, even prompting the Judge at one point to comment on SCO's "astonishing lack of evidence."

NeXTSTEP
Mac OS dock is derived from the NeXTSTEP dock. But NeXT, Inc. was purchased by Apple (long before OS X) in 1996.

Other GUI borrowing
This section included the statement:

"many features of the Macintosh and Windows GUIs have been incorporated into the windowing environments of unrelated third-parties, such as OpenWindows, X11, and Solaris."

I removed the "such as..." clause since there are no examples given of borrowing by any of these. None of them seems to be candidates for this claim in any event: OpenWindows used the OPEN LOOK L&F, co-developed by AT&T, Sun and Xerox, which predates the lawsuit. X11 does not have a specific L&F; rather, it's the underlying foundation for many different GUIs. Solaris' GUI environment is not unique to Solaris -- it's either CDE or GNOME, so unless there's some Solaris-specific modification to either of those that is in question, it would be more appropriate to call out which one has the borrowed elements, and what those elements are.

The underlying point is that any statement of borrowing needs to be backed by an example of which elements were borrowed, rather than just making an unsubstantiated blanket statement.--NapoliRoma 19:37, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to remove the entire section. It seems to debate with itself whether Apple borrowed the Dock idea starting with NeXTSTEP. I've added the fact that Apple bought NeXT, so there is no question of borrowing there. Even if the section did make a point it would be tangential to the article, which is about the lawsuit, not whether Apple ever copied anything. Any objectins?--agr 03:38, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The lawsuit concerns supposed copying of GUIs that goes on in the computer industry. The section basically gives context as well as some idea of the long term repurcussions, suggesting that despite Apple's protestations, it's always been the case that GUI work has been built upon by others, with even modern-day Apple borrowing features that are traceable all the way back to Windows 1.0 (the Dock.)

 * As such, I see it as relevant and useful. It might be better reworded, but even in its present form the article is better for its inclusion. --Squiggleslash 13:16, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Move page ?
Should the page be moved to reflect Apple Computer, Inc.'s name change to Apple, Inc. ? Dravick 15:21, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Only if the associated court case is similarly renamed, which I doubt will happen in a million years. Squiggleslash 15:23, 26 March 2007 (UTC) Wikipediea is cools
 * I know this is old, but I agree with Squiggleslash. The title of the article is not to identify the companies involved, but is the name of the court case: Metromoxie (talk) 01:37, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Users asked to restrict their use of Windows during lawsuit?
Someone tell me if I am suffering from False Memory Syndrome... Did not Microsoft (presumably at the behest of Apple's lawyers) put rather absurd notices in the press asking users of Windows to refrain from moving or resizing windows until the suit was settled?Moletrouser (talk) 09:02, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

This article is inconsistent with PARC_(Company) article
The PARC_(Company) article says:

The lawsuit was dismissed because the presiding judge ruled "that Xerox's complaints were inappropriate for a variety of legal reasons," although apocryphal revisionist history insists that Xerox simply waited too long to file suit, and the statute of limitations had expired. This was not actually true; the dismissal of Xerox' legal complaint was not based simply on late filings, but rather a lack of legal merit to Xerox' case as it was presented.[3]

Therefore the PARC_(Company) article is saying that this article is part of the "revisionist history". I don't know which article is correct, but it would be nice if they were consistent.

Hlovatt (talk) 07:48, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Impact section - minor correction
The quoted section below was removed from the end of the "Impact" section of the article. If one reads the article, expressions (like the Aqua GUI components) are covered under copyright and do get protection, so this is not an example of what's claimed in the removed quote.

"In recent years, Apple has resumed threats of litigation in this area. Before the release of the Aqua GUI for Mac OS X, Apple threatened litigation against a Windows skin named WinAqua which was meant to emulate Apple's GUI based on a Mac OS X beta release. Similarly, Stardock released a desktop enhancement program for customizing the theme in Windows, named DesktopX, which had a theme that was similar to Aqua. Apple, however, demanded the company remove "anything that even remotely looks like Aqua." " —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.214.40.164 (talk) 18:39, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Background section - minor excise
Though interesting, the quoted section below was removed from the last paragraph of the Background section. That the stock was "purchased as an investment and then later sold" has no relevancy. Certainly it doesn't improve on the "legendariness" of the story. Also the "story" referred to in the quote is not relevant, though still interesting. Should be good here in the discussion tab. There's already a link here in the discussion to a much fuller treatment of the Mac GUI thing, but for anyone interested in these details I'm linking it again here for reference: http://www.mackido.com/Interface/ui_history.html.

"(the story that Apple had given Xerox Board members stock in exchange for access to the research performed at PARC is a legend because the truth is that Xerox did, at one time, own stocks in Apple but they were purchased as an investment and sold later); " —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.214.40.164 (talk) 18:55, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Kilsyth (disambiguation)

There are several places named Kilsyth:

There are also 2 towns named Kilsyth in the United States.
 * Kilsyth, Scotland
 * Kilsyth, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * Electoral district of Kilsyth, a former electoral district in Victoria, Australia
 * Kilsyth, Ontario in Canada
 * Kilsyth, West Virginia
 * Kilsyth, Tennessee

title: Kilsyth (disambiguation)


text:
AM stereo

AM stereo is a term given to a series of mutually incompatible techniques for radio broadcasting stereo audio in the AM band in a manner that is compatible with standard AM receivers. There are two main classes of systems: independent sideband (ISB) systems, promoted principally by American broadcast engineer Leonard R. Kahn; and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) multiplexing systems (conceptually closer to FM stereo).

Initially adopted by many commercial AM broadcasters in the mid to late 1980s, AM stereo broadcasting soon began to decline due to a lack of receivers (most "AM/FM stereo" radios only receive in stereo on FM), a growing exodus of music broadcasters to FM, concentration of ownership of the few remaining stations in the hands of large corporations and the removal of music from AM stations in favor of news/talk or sports broadcasting. By 2001, most of the former AM stereo broadcasters were no longer stereo or had left the AM band entirely.

History
Early experiments with stereo AM radio involved two separate stations (both AM or sometimes one AM and one FM) broadcasting the left and right audio channels. This system was not very practical, as it required the listener to use two separate receivers. Synchronization was problematic, often resulting in "ping-pong" effects between the two channels. Reception was also likely to be different between the two stations, and many listeners used mismatching models of receivers.

After the early experiments with two stations, a number of systems were invented to broadcast a stereo signal in a way which was compatible with standard AM receivers.

FM stereo was first implemented in 1961. In the United States, FM overtook AM as the dominant broadcast radio band in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Timeline

 * 1924: WPAJ (now WDRC) broadcast in stereo from New Haven, Connecticut, using two transmitters: one on 1120 kHz and the other on 1320 kHz. However stereo separation was poor, to preserve compatibility for mono listeners.
 * In the 1950s, several AM stereo systems were proposed (including the original RCA AM/FM system which later became the Belar system in the 1970s) but the FCC did not propose any standard as AM was still dominant over FM at the time.
 * 1960: AM stereo first demonstrated on XETRA-AM, Tijuana, Mexico, using the Kahn independent sideband system.
 * 1963: WHAZ runs a stereo program on eight AM stations, four on each channel.
 * 1980: After five years of testing the five systems, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) selected the Magnavox system as the official AM stereo standard. The FCC's research is immediately accused of being flawed and incomplete.
 * 1982: After a series of lawsuits and accusations, the FCC decides to let the marketplace decide and revokes the Magnavox certification as the AM stereo standard for political reasons. Belar had dropped out of the AM stereo race due to receiver distortion problems, leaving Motorola C-QUAM, Harris Corporation, Magnavox, and the Kahn/Hazeltine independent sideband system.
 * 1984: General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, and a number of import automakers begin installing C-QUAM AM stereo receivers in automobiles, beginning with the 1985 model year. Harris Corporation abandons its AM stereo system and puts its support behind C-QUAM (Harris continues to manufacture C-QUAM equipment today).
 * 1985: AM stereo broadcasting officially begins in Australia, with the C-QUAM standard.
 * 1988: Canada and Mexico adopt C-QUAM as their standard for AM stereo.
 * 1992: Japan adopts C-QUAM as its standard for AM stereo.
 * 1993: The FCC makes C-QUAM the AM stereo standard for stations in the U.S., and also grants "stereo preference" for radio stations requesting to move to the AM expanded band (1610–1700 kHz), although such stations have never actually been required to transmit in stereo.
 * 1993: The AMAX certification program begins. This was to set an official manufacturing standard for high-quality AM radio receivers, with a wider audio bandwidth for higher fidelity reception of strong signals, and optionally C-QUAM AM stereo. Despite the availability of AMAX receivers from companies like Sony, General Electric, Denon, and AMAX-certified car radios from the domestic and Japanese automakers, most electronics manufacturers did not wish to implement the more costly AMAX tuner design in their radios, so most AM radios today remain in mono with limited fidelity.
 * 2006 to present: AM stereo gains new life through the support for C-QUAM decoding in most receivers designed for HD Radio. These new digital radios receive AM stereo signals, although the AM transmitters are now limited to 10 kHz audio bandwidth and the HD receivers flip left and right channels in decoding C-QUAM stereo.

Broadcasting systems
The Magnavox PMX, Harris Corporation V-CPM, and Motorola C-QUAM (Compatible—Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) were all based around modulating the phase and amplitude of the carrier, placing the stereo information in the phase modulated portion, while the standard mono (L+R) information is in the amplitude modulation. The systems all did this in similar (but not completely compatible) ways. The original Harris Corporation system was later changed to match the Motorola C-QUAM pilot tone for indicating the station was in stereo, thus making it compatible with all C-QUAM receivers.

Harris System
This system, known as V-CPM for Variable Angle Compatible Phase Multiplex, was developed by Harris Corporation, a major manufacturer of radio/TV transmitters. It incorporated a left minus right component which was frequency modulated by about 1 kHz. Harris is the successor to the pioneer Gates radio line, which has changed its name in 2014 to Gates-Air. The Harris system eventually changed their pilot tone to be compatible with C-QUAM, after C-QUAM became the more popular and eventually, the FCC approved standard. CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, Canada (also serving nearby Detroit, Michigan) was among the first stations to broadcast in Harris AM stereo. The Harris system is currently no longer used in its original form.

Magnavox System
This system was developed by electronics manufacturer, Magnavox. It is a phase modulation system. It was initially declared the AM stereo standard by the FCC in 1980, but the FCC later declared that stations were free to choose any system. As with the Harris system, it was popular in the 1980s, but most stations stopped broadcasting in stereo, or downgraded to the C-QUAM system as time went on. 1190 WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana was the (then) 50,000-watt clear channel Magnavox flagship station.

Motorola C-QUAM
C-QUAM was developed and promoted primarily by Motorola, a longtime manufacturer of two-way radio equipment. It became the dominant system by the late 1980s, and was declared the official standard by the FCC in 1993. While many stations in the USA have since discontinued broadcasting in stereo, many still have the necessary equipment to do so. C-QUAM is still popular in some other parts of the world where it was declared the official standard such as Canada, Japan, and Australia.

The C-QUAM exciter replaces the crystal stage in an AM transmitter. The C-QUAM signal, consists of a phase modulated portion which is made up of both the L+R and L-R audio information and a conventional L+R (mono) portion, which is amplitude modulated. C-QUAM is a modified form of quadrature modulation in that the phase modulated audio consists of both the L+R and L-R portions, modulated 90 degrees out of phase with each other.

Including the L+R audio in the phase modulated portion of the signal is the very reason the C-QUAM method of AM Stereo is, as the name implies, 100% compatible with mono AM radios. This technique resolves a distortion issue which arises when left only or right only audio is transmitted using a basic L-R quadrature modulation approach.

C-QUAM had been long criticized by the Kahn-Hazeltine system's creator, Leonard Kahn as being inferior to his system. First generation C-QUAM receivers suffered from "platform motion" effects when listening to stations received via skywave. Later improvements by Motorola minimized the platform motion effect and increased audio quality and stereo separation, especially on AMAX-certified receivers in the 1990s.

Kahn-Hazeltine
The Kahn-Hazeltine system also called ISB was developed by American engineer Leonard R. Kahn and the Hazeltine Corporation. This system used an entirely different principle—using independently modulated upper and lower sidebands. While a station using the system would sound best with proper decoding, it was also possible to use two standard AM radios (one tuned above and the other below the primary carrier) to achieve the stereophonic effect, although with poor stereo separation and fidelity compared to a proper Kahn system AM stereo receiver. One of the best known stations to use the Kahn system was 890/WLS, Chicago. WLS later used the Motorola C-QUAM system instead before reverting to mono.

However, the Kahn system suffered from lower stereo separation above 5 kHz (reaching none at 7 kHz whereas FM stereo has 40 dB or more separation at 15 kHz) and the radio antenna array on directional AM (common on a lot of nighttime and some daytime stations) had to have a flat response across the entire 20 kHz AM channel. If the array had a higher reactance value (leading to a higher Standing wave ratio) on one side of the frequency vs the other, it would affect the audio response of that channel and thus the stereo signal would be affected. Also, Kahn refused to license any radio receivers manufacturers with his design, although multi-system receivers were manufactured by various companies such as Sony, Sansui, and Sanyo, which could receive any of the four AM stereo systems.

Nonetheless, this system remained competitive with C-QUAM into the late 1980s and Kahn was very vocal about its advantages over Motorola's system. Kahn filed a lawsuit claiming that the Motorola system did not meet FCC emission bandwidth specifications, but by that time, C-QUAM had already been declared as the single standard for AM stereo in the USA.

Kahn's AM stereo design was later revamped for monaural use and used in the Power-Side system, in which a decreased signal in one sideband is used to improve coverage and loudness, especially with directional antenna arrays. Power-Side became the basis for CAM-D, Compatible AM Digital, a new digital system being promoted by Leonard Kahn and used on several AM stations.

Kahn receiver chips have also been used as an inexpensive method for providing high frequency (world band) receivers with synchronous detection technology.

Belar System
The Belar system was used in limited number of stations, such as WJR. The Belar system, originally designed by RCA in the 1950s, was a simple FM/AM modulation system, with an attenuated L-R signal frequency modulating the carrier (with a 400 μs pre-emphasis) in the extent of +/- 320 Hz around the center frequency, and the L+R doing the normal "high level" AM modulation (usually referred to as plate modulation in transmitters using a tube in the final stage, where the audio is applied to the plate voltage of the tube; in solid state transmitters, various different techniques are available that are more efficient at lower power levels). The Belar system (by the company of the same name) was dropped due to issues with its design though it was much easier to implement than the other systems. It and the Kahn system did not suffer from platform motion (platform motion is where the stereo balance would shift from one side to the other and then back to center) but the use of low level frequency modulation did not permit a high separation of L and R channels.

Adoption in the United States
In 1975, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) started a series of five-year tests to determine which of the five competing standards would be selected. By the end of the testing period, the Belar system was dropped. In 1980, the FCC announced that the Magnavox system would become the standard. This announcement was met with harsh criticism and a series of lawsuits. On March 4, 1982, the FCC revoked their endorsement to the Magnavox standard and let the marketplace decide, meaning that all four standards were allowed. After the 1982 decision, many stations implemented one of the four standards. Initially, all systems remained competitive, but by the later 1980s, Motorola C-QUAM had a clear majority of stations and receivers. Around this same time, Harris Corporation dropped their system and instead endorsed C-QUAM. During this time, radio manufactures either made receivers which decoded just one system, or decoded all four. The multiple systems used greatly confused consumers and severely impacted consumer adoption. As a result of this confusion, and the continued growth of the FM band, interest in AM stereo dwindled.

In 1993, the FCC declared Motorola's C-QUAM system the standard. To ensure that all AM stereo receivers maintained the same sound quality, the National Association of Broadcasters and the Electronic Industries Association started the AMAX certification program.

Global adoption
In the early 1980s, other countries, most notably Canada, Australia and Japan approved and implemented AM stereo systems. Most governments approved a single standard, usually Motorola's C-QUAM, which greatly reduced confusion and increased user adoption.

Following the launch of the American-owned, ship-based pirate radio station Laser 558 off the British coast, there were announcements that another such station, provisionally called Stereo Hits 576, would soon follow, using AM stereo on an adjacent frequency to Laser. Nothing ever came of this project and 576 kHz was adopted by Radio Caroline instead.

In many countries where the AM band was still dominant, AM stereo radios continued to be manufactured and marketed, and stations still broadcast stereo signals; the last C-QUAM compatible models to be produced were Sony Japan's SRF-A300 portable model, discontinued in 2011, and Pioneer's F-D3 tuner for component audio, discontinued in 2013.

Current status
Globally, interest in and use of AM stereo has been declining steadily since the 1990s, as many music stations have continued to move to the FM band. As a result, the vast majority of AM stations broadcast news/talk or sports/sports talk formats. Many of the stations that initially implemented AM stereo are clear-channel 50,000-watt stations, and are more concerned with listening range than stereo sound (although there is no proof that use of AM stereo affects listening range). As a result, these stations still have the necessary equipment to broadcast in stereo, but it is left unused (or converted to HD Radio). Also, many former AM stereo stations were bought up by broadcasting conglomerates, which generally discourage AM stereo broadcasting. In the United States, most stations currently using AM stereo are small, independently owned and broadcast a variety of music format.

 * United States: For a list of stations, see (Template:AM Stereo radio stations in the United States).
 * Japan: Between 1992 and 1996, 16 commercial broadcasting companies in Japan adopted C-QUAM because of the narrow Japanese FM band, which at the time covered only 14 MHz (76-90 MHz), as opposed to the 20.5 MHz used in the rest of the world (87.5-108 MHz). However, it is now quite rare to see AM radios with the stereo function at appliance stores in Japan because of the decline in AM stereo stations and the limited available area, mainly in densely populated areas. 14 of the 16 stereo stations have since reverted to mono, 12 since the start of 2010 (ja:AMステレオ放送), leaving only 2 stations, Radio Osaka and Wakayama Broadcasting System (ja:和歌山放送), broadcasting in stereo on AM. Also, it was decided in 2021 to transition most AM commercial stations to FM by 2028, due to an expansion of the FM band by 5 MHz (90-95 MHz) to provide for FM relays of those stations.
 * Australia: AM stereo was popular in Australia because AM covers a wide geographic area compared to FM, in addition to the government's adoption of a single standard (Motorola C-QUAM) several years sooner than the USA, and Australia's relatively late adoption of FM (the frequencies in the FM band were originally allocated for TV). As of June 2008 no Melbourne AM stations broadcast C-QUAM AM stereo. At its peak popularity in the late 1980s the majority of stations did. Currently, 4WK is the only station that broadcasts AM stereo in Australia.
 * Europe: After some experiments in the 1980s, AM stereo was deemed to be unsuitable for the crowded band conditions and narrow bandwidths associated with AM broadcasting in Europe. However, Motorola C-QUAM AM stereo remains in use today on a handful of stations in Italy and Greece. France Bleu broadcast in AM stereo until the closure of its AM network in 2019.
 * Canada: AM stereo was more widely adopted in Canada than in the USA. This may have been due to the Canadian government's decision to use a single standard, and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) licensing stations by format and their hit/non-hit rules for FM (hence, more music stations on AM). However, unlike in the USA, some former AM stereo stations have moved to the FM band and left the AM band altogether instead of simply reverting to mono.
 * Brazil: AM stereo was considered in the 90s, however it never was implemented because of economic reasons.

Surround sound
On February 26, 2010, KCJJ (AM 1630) in Coralville, Iowa, aired a four-hour quadraphonic radio broadcast of the Robb Spewak show. The show spotlighted music from the quadraphonic era on the 40th anniversary of the format's release in America and was engineered by Tab Patterson. All the music was from discrete 4-channel tapes, then encoded into Dolby Pro-Logic II and transmitted using their stereo C-QUAM transmitter.

Decline in use
Radio stations around the world are converting to various systems of digital radio, such as Digital Radio Mondiale, DAB or HD Radio (in the United States). Some of these digital radio systems, most notably HD Radio have "hybrid modes" which let a station broadcast a standard AM signal along with the digital information. While these transmission modes allow standard AM, they are not compatible with any AM stereo system (meaning both cannot be broadcast at the same time).

title: AM stereo


text:
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court recognized the power of the U.S. government to detain enemy combatants, including U.S. citizens, but ruled that detainees who are U.S. citizens must have the rights of due process, and the ability to challenge their enemy combatant status before an impartial authority.

It reversed the dismissal by a lower court of a habeas corpus petition brought on behalf of Yaser Esam Hamdi, a U.S. citizen who was being detained indefinitely as an illegal enemy combatant after being captured in Afghanistan in 2001. Following the court's decision, on October 9, 2004, the U.S. government released Hamdi without charge and deported him to Saudi Arabia, where his family lived and he had grown up, on the condition that he renounce his U.S. citizenship and commit to travel prohibitions and other conditions.

Early life and capture
Yaser Esam Hamdi was born in Louisiana as a citizen of the United States in 1980. That same year, he and his family moved to Saudi Arabia.

According to his father, Hamdi went to Afghanistan in the late summer of 2001 as a relief worker. He was then captured less than two months after his arrival by the Afghan Northern Alliance. They turned him over to U.S. military authorities during the U.S. invasion. He was classified as an enemy combatant by the U.S. armed forces and detained in connection with ongoing hostilities.

Hamdi's father claimed that Hamdi had gone to Afghanistan to do relief work and was trapped there when the U.S. invasion began, citing his young age and lack of travel experience as reasons for his being trapped.

Detention and legal challenge
After his capture in 2001, Hamdi was detained and interrogated in Afghanistan. In January 2002, the Americans transferred Hamdi to Guantanamo Bay. In April 2002, when officials discovered that he held U.S. (as well as Saudi) citizenship, they transferred him to a Naval brig in Norfolk, Virginia and finally to the Naval Consolidated Brig in Charleston, South Carolina. In June 2002, Hamdi's father, Esam Fouad Hamdi, filed a habeas corpus petition in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia to challenge his detention.

The Bush administration claimed that because Hamdi was caught in arms against the U.S., he could be properly detained as an enemy combatant, without any oversight of presidential decision making, and without access to an attorney or the court system. The administration argued that this power was constitutional and necessary to effectively fight the War on Terror, declared by the Congress of the United States in the Authorization for Use of Military Force passed after the September 11 terrorist attacks. The government used its detention authority to ensure that terrorists were no longer a threat while active combat operations continued and to ensure suspects could be fully interrogated.

District case
Judge Robert G. Doumar ruled that Hamdi's father was a proper "next friend" having standing to sue on behalf of his son, and ordered that a federal public defender be given access to Hamdi. On appeal, however, the Fourth Circuit reversed the District Court's order, ruling that the District Court had failed to give proper deference to the government's "intelligence and security interests," and that it should proceed with a properly deferential investigation.

The case was sent back to the District Court, which denied the government's motion to dismiss Hamdi's petition. Judge Doumar found the government's evidence supporting Hamdi's detention "woefully inadequate," and based predominantly on hearsay and bare assertions. The District Court ordered the government to produce numerous documents for in camera review by the court that would enable it to perform a "meaningful judicial review," such as the statements by the Northern Alliance regarding Hamdi's capture, the dates and circumstances of his capture and interrogations, and a list of all the officials involved in the determination of his "enemy combatant" status.

Appellate case
The government appealed Judge Doumar's order to produce the evidence, and the Fourth Circuit again reversed the District Court. Because it was "undisputed that Hamdi was captured in a zone of active combat in a foreign theater of conflict," the Fourth Circuit said that it was not proper for any court to hear a challenge of his status. It ruled that the broad warmaking powers delegated to the President under Article Two of the United States Constitution and the principle of separation of powers prohibited courts from interfering in this vital area of national security.

After the Fourth Circuit denied a petition for rehearing en banc, Hamdi's father appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. It granted certiorari review and reversed the Fourth Circuit's ruling. Hamdi was represented before the Court by the late Federal Public Defender Frank W. Dunham, Jr., and the Government's side was argued by the Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Paul Clement.

Opinion of the Court
Though no single opinion of the Court commanded a majority, six of the nine justices of the Court agreed that the executive branch does not have the power to hold a U.S. citizen indefinitely without basic due process protections enforceable through judicial review.

Plurality opinion
Justice O'Connor wrote a plurality opinion representing the Court's judgment, which was joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Breyer and Kennedy. O'Connor wrote that although Congress had expressly authorized the detention of enemy combatants in its Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) passed after 9/11, due process required that Hamdi have a meaningful opportunity to challenge his enemy combatant status.

Justice O'Connor used the three-part test of Mathews v. Eldridge to limit the due process to be received. This required notice of the charges and an opportunity to be heard, though because of the burden of ongoing military conflict upon the executive, normal procedural protections, such as placing the burden of proof on the government or the ban on hearsay, need not apply. O'Connor suggested the Department of Defense create fact-finding tribunals similar to the AR 190-8 to determine whether a detainee merited continued detention as an enemy combatant.

In response, the United States Department of Defense created Combatant Status Review Tribunals, modeling them after the AR 190-8. O'Connor did not write at length on Hamdi's right to an attorney, because by the time the Court rendered its decision, Hamdi had been granted access to one. But O'Connor wrote that Hamdi "unquestionably has the right to access to counsel in connection with the proceedings on remand." The plurality held that judges need not be involved in reviewing these cases, rather only that an "impartial decision maker" was required. Justice O'Connor also limited the reach of the Court's conclusion regarding the executive authority to detain enemy combatants:

"For purposes of this case, the enemy combatant that [the government] is seeking to detain is an individual who, it alleges, was part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners in Afghanistan and who engaged in an armed conflict against the United States there. We therefore answer only the narrow question before us, whether the detention of citizens falling within that definition is authorized."

The plurality asserted that the Judiciary must not defer to the executive with respect to detentions. Instead the constitution empowers the judiciary to act as a check on executive power in this realm. Justice O'Connor wrote:

"[W]e necessarily reject the Government's assertion that separation of powers principles mandate a heavily circumscribed role for the courts in such circumstances. Indeed, the position that the courts must forgo any examination of the individual case and focus exclusively on the legality of the broader detention scheme cannot be mandated by any reasonable view of separation of powers, as this approach serves only to condense power into a single branch of government. We have long since made clear that a state of war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the Nation's citizens. 'Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer,' 343 U. S., at 587. Whatever power the United States Constitution envisions for the Executive in its exchanges with other nations or with enemy organizations in times of conflict, it most assuredly envisions a role for all three branches when individual liberties are at stake. ... Likewise, we have made clear that, unless Congress acts to suspend it, the Great Writ of habeas corpus allows the Judicial Branch to play a necessary role in maintaining this delicate balance of governance, serving as an important judicial check on the Executive's discretion in the realm of detentions. ... it would turn our system of checks and balances on its head to suggest that a citizen could not make his way to court with a challenge to the factual basis for his detention by his government, simply because the Executive opposes making available such a challenge. Absent suspension of the writ by Congress, a citizen detained as an enemy combatant is entitled to this process."

Souter concurrence and dissent
Justice David Souter, joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, concurred with the plurality's judgment that due process protections must be available for Hamdi to challenge his status and detention, providing a majority for that part of the ruling. However, he dissented from the plurality's ruling that AUMF established Congressional authorization for the detention of enemy combatants.

Scalia dissent
Justice Antonin Scalia's dissent, joined by Justice John Paul Stevens, went the furthest in restricting the executive power of detention. Scalia asserted that based on historical precedent, the government had two options to detain Hamdi: Congress could suspend the right to habeas corpus, or Hamdi could be tried under normal criminal law. Scalia wrote that the plurality, though well-meaning, had no basis in law for trying to establish new procedures that would be applicable in a challenge to Hamdi's detention – it was only the job of the Court to declare it unconstitutional and order his release or proper arrest, rather than to invent an acceptable process for detention. Scalia and Stevens also suggested that there is a time-limited exception to the ancient right of habeas corpus: "Where the commitment was for felony or high treason, the [Habeas Corpus Act 1679] did not require immediate release, but instead required the Crown to commence criminal proceedings within a specified time…. [T]he practical effect of this provision was that imprisonment without indictment or trial for felony or high treason under §7 would not exceed approximately three to six months."

Thomas dissent
Justice Clarence Thomas was the only justice who sided entirely with the executive branch and the Fourth Circuit's ruling, based on his view of the security interests at stake and the President's broad war-making powers. Thomas wrote that the Court's rationale would also require due process rights for bombing targets: "Because a decision to bomb a particular target might extinguish life interests, the plurality's analysis seems to require notice to potential targets." Thomas also wrote that Congress intended that the AUMF authorize such detentions. Thomas would later make use of this dissent in Turner v. Rogers in 2011.

Subsequent developments
Although by the terms used in the Court's holdings, they were apparently limited to "citizen-detainees," the last paragraph of section III, D of the O'Connor plurality (four justices: O'Connor, Rehnquist, Kennedy, and Breyer) relies on the Geneva Convention and states that habeas corpus should be available to an "alleged enemy combatant."

On the same day, the Court held in Rasul v. Bush (2004) that U.S. courts have jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions filed by the Guantanamo detainees, and other foreign nationals.

The government conceded that some very limited due process rights, allowing for hearings to determine the detainees' status as enemy combatants and the right to legal counsel, would be extended to all of the Guantanamo detainees, citizen and non-citizen alike. The application of the Court's decisions in these cases is consistent with the fact that the other two justices in the Hamdi majority, as well as two of the dissenting justices (Scalia and Stevens), were more restrictive in their willingness to concede any of the detention powers requested by the government for Guantanamo detainees in the Hamdi case.

In regard to the detention of detainees without charge, in section I of the O'Connor plurality opinion, the plurality relied on the time-honored traditions of war, the Geneva Convention, and a long list of other international treaties, to hold that the government had authority under the Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001) to hold any enemy combatants, provided enemy combatants had been seized on the battlefield participating in active hostilities, for the sole objective of preventing an enemy combatant from returning to the battlefield, and then only so long as there continued to be "active hostilities." The plurality held that such protective detention could be applied to both citizen and non-citizen enemy combatants.

The plurality opinion stated:

"There can be no doubt that individuals who fought against the United States in Afghanistan as part of the Taliban, an organization known to have supported the al Qaeda terrorist network responsible for those attacks, are individuals Congress sought to target in passing the AUMF. We conclude that detention of individuals falling into the limited category we are considering, for the duration of the particular conflict in which they were captured, is so fundamental and accepted an incident to war as to be an exercise of the "necessary and appropriate force" Congress has authorized the President to use. ... A citizen, no less than an alien, can be "part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners" and "engaged in an armed conflict against the United States," ...; such a citizen, if released, would pose the same threat of returning to the front during the ongoing conflict [as an alien].... Because detention to prevent a combatant's return to the battlefield is a fundamental incident of waging war, in permitting the use of "necessary and appropriate force", Congress has clearly and unmistakably authorized detention in the narrow circumstances considered here. ... Under the definition of enemy combatant that we accept today as falling within the scope of Congress' authorization, Hamdi would need to be "part of or supporting forces hostile to the United States or coalition partners" and "engaged in an armed conflict against the United States" to justify his detention in the United States for the duration of the relevant conflict."

The U.S. government had argued that it had the right to detain enemy combatants indefinitely for the two purposes of interrogation and to prevent a return to the battlefield. Justice O'Connor rejected the first purpose by stating definitively that "indefinite detention for the purpose of interrogation is not authorized." With regard to the second purpose, the plurality held "Necessary and appropriate force" amounted to authorization to detain "for the duration of the relevant conflict," in order to prevent enemy combatants from rejoining the fight.

Of the four justices outside the plurality, Justices Ginsburg and Souter limited their opinions to their position that Section 4001(a) of Title 18 of the United States Code (the Non-Detention Act; enacted to prevent the sort of detention that occurred when the United States placed Japanese-American citizens in concentration camps during World War II), prevented the detention of U.S. citizens. Justice Scalia (whose opinion was joined by Justice Stevens), restricted his holding to citizen-detainees and implied that anyone held outside of United States' territory might be beyond the reach of the Court altogether. Again, the Rasul case did not directly address the detention issue, and any hearings would be limited to the determination of enemy combatant status.

 * In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Court decided that the "military commissions" created to try unlawful combatants for war crimes suffered from certain fatal procedural defects under the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Convention, and were without other legal authority to proceed. They overruled Congress' attempt to deprive the Court of jurisdiction to decide that issue by passing the Detainee Treatment Act. Justices in the majority (particularly Justices Kennedy and Breyer) disagreed with Justice Stevens as to whether the "charge" of conspiracy could be maintained to justify the determination of unlawful combatant status.  Although the Court struck down the military commissions as created by the Executive Branch, they did not provide the detainees with direct access to the federal courts, but only with access to a fair and impartial hearing to a tribunal constitutionally authorized by Congress and proceeding with certain due process guarantees (such as one operated under terms similar to those provided by Article I courts under the UCMJ or according to the terms of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949).
 * On October 17, 2006, the president signed the Military Commissions Act, passed by Congress and authorizing a type of military tribunal to be used at Guantanamo Bay detention camp, as requested by the Bush administration. That fall, the administration transferred fourteen high-value detainees to Guantanamo Bay from black sites overseas.
 * In Boumediene v. Bush (2008), the Court ruled that detainees, and other foreign nationals, do have the right to direct access to federal courts to challenge their detentions.

title: Hamdi v. Rumsfeld


text:
Laramie (disambiguation)

Laramie, Wyoming is a city in the United States.

Laramie may also refer to:

Places

 * Laramie (CTA Blue Line station), a former station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system
 * Laramie (CTA station), a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system
 * Laramie County, Wyoming
 * Missionary District of Laramie, later known as the Episcopal Diocese of Western Nebraska
 * Laramie Mountains, a range of peaks in the Rocky Mountains in the states of Wyoming and Colorado in the United States
 * Laramie River
 * North Laramie River

People

 * Laramie Dean, American guitarist
 * Jacques La Ramee (alt. spelling Jacques LaRamie), French fur trapper, who was killed near the river bearing his name

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Laramie (film), 1949 western starring Charles Starrett
 * Laramie (TV series), television series

Brands and enterprises

 * Laramie (cigarette), a brand of cigarette tube
 * Laramie, a version of the Dodge Ram pickup
 * Beretta Laramie, a revolver, replica of the Smith & Wesson Model 3

Ships

 * USNS Laramie (T-AO-203), a United States Navy fleet replenishment oiler in service with the Military Sealift Command since 1996
 * USS Laramie (AO-16), a fleet replenishment oiler in commission in the United States Navy from 1921 to 1922 and from 1940 to 1945

title: Laramie (disambiguation)


text:
Henry Arthur Jones

Henry Arthur Jones (20 September 1851 – 7 January 1929) was an English dramatist, who was first noted for his melodrama The Silver King (1882), and went on to write prolifically, often appearing to mirror Ibsen from the opposite (conservative) viewpoint. As a right-winger, he engaged in extensive debates with left-wing writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells.

Biography
Jones was born at Granborough, Buckinghamshire, to Silvanus Jones, a farmer. Until he was 13, he attended Grace's Classical and Commercial Academy in Winslow, where he inherited property on his father's death in 1914. He began to earn his living early, his spare time being given to literary pursuits.

Career overview
He was twenty-seven before his first piece, It's Only Round the Corner, was produced at the Exeter Theatre, but within four years of his debut as a dramatist he scored a great success with The Silver King (November 1882), written with Henry Herman, a melodrama produced by Wilson Barrett at the Princess's Theatre, London. Its financial success enabled the author to write a play "to please himself".

Saints and Sinners (1884), which ran for two hundred nights, placed on the stage a picture of middle-class life and religion in a country town, and the introduction of the religious element raised considerable outcry. The author defended himself in an article published in the Nineteenth Century (January 1885), taking for his starting-point a quotation from the preface to Molière's Tartuffe. His next serious pieces, The Middleman (1889) and Judah (1890), established his reputation.

His plays have been given a total of 28 productions on Broadway, the most recent in 1928 (Mrs Dane's Defence).

A uniform edition of his plays began to be issued in 1891. His views of dramatic art were expressed from time to time in lectures and essays, collected in 1895 as The Renaissance of the English Drama.

He also published essays on patriotism and on education, and in the early 1920s some vigorous political polemics, described below.

Works

 * It's Only Round the Corner (1878).
 * Hearts of Oak (1879, revised and published as Honour Bright).
 * Elopement (1879).
 * A Clerical Error (1879).
 * An Old Master (1879).
 * His Wife (1881).
 * Cherry Ripe (1881).
 * Home Again (1881).
 * A Bed of Roses (1882).
 * The Silver King (1882, written in collaboration with Henry Herman).
 * Breaking a Butterfly (1884, adapted from A Doll's House, written in conjunction with Henry Herman).
 * Chatterton (1884, written in collaboration with Henry Herman).
 * Saints and Sinners (1884).
 * Hoodman Blind (1885, written in conjunction with Wilson Barrett).
 * The Lord Harry (1886, written in conjunction with Wilson Barrett).
 * The Noble Vagabond (1886).
 * Hard Hit (1887).
 * Heart of Hearts (1887).
 * Wealth (1889).
 * The Middleman (1889).
 * Judah (1890).
 * Sweet Will (1890).
 * The Deacon (1890).
 * The Dancing Girl (1891).
 * The Crusaders (1891).
 * The Bauble Shop (1893).
 * The Tempter (1893).
 * The Masqueraders (1894).
 * The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894, revived at the Orange Tree Theatre 1994).
 * The Triumph of the Philistines (1895).
 * Michael and his Lost Angel (1896).
 * The Rogue's Comedy (1896).
 * The Physician (1897).
 * The Liars (1897).
 * The Manoeuvres of Jane (1898).
 * Carnac Sahib (1899).
 * The Lackeys' Carnival (1900).
 * Mrs Dane's Defence (1900).
 * The Princess's Nose (1902).
 * Chance the Idol (1902).
 * Whitewashing Julia (1903).
 * Joseph Entangled (1904).
 * The Chevalier (1904)
 * The Hypocrites (1906 New York, 1907 London)
 * The Lie (1915 George H. Doran Company New York; The Margaret Illington Edition – illustrated)
 * The Ogre (1911)
 * ''The Divine Gift (1913)
 * Mary Goes First (Playhouse, London 1913, New York 1914, revived at the Orange Tree Theatre 2008).
 * The Lie (1914); both this and the next were produced in the United States.
 * Cock o' the Walk (1915).
 * The Pacifists (1917), a war play produced at the St James's Theatre.

In his lifetime
"There are three rules for writing plays," said Oscar Wilde. "The first rule is not to write like Henry Arthur Jones; the second and third rules are the same." This comic belittling is prompted by Wilde's aloof attitude in distancing himself from the foibles of the middle and higher classes, as opposed to Jones' method of realistic observations (from his viewpoint) on the way ordinary people act, though mainly emphasizing faults and weaknesses.

Posterity

Although often treating similar subjects and with a similar realistic style as Henrik Ibsen, Jones is much less well known. One reason is his lack of deep psychological insight characteristic of the Norwegian master. Jones' dramatic characters are mostly one-sided. Another factor is Jones' conservative-minded attitude, as opposed to the liberal-minded Ibsen. Jones' comedies such as The Liars and Joseph Entangled have a slack construction, both tediously drawn out from a premise whereby a non-adulterous couple is caught in a compromising situation. In contrast, his dramas such as The Hypocrites, The Lie, and Mrs Dane's Defence have a tight construction with some striking scenes. The action in either style mostly represents ordinary people in conflict over amorous relations. Men often appear selfish, narrow-minded, and brutish, but sometimes uncompromising and brave. Women often appear frightened, especially whenever threatened to be exposed to social ostracism, but most often loyal and sensitive. Either sex often loses their heads whenever in the throes of love. There is often a male authoritative figure who sums up the situation in the final act, whose views are rarely or never challenged, such as Sir Daniel in Mrs Dane's Defence and Sir Richard in The Case of Rebellious Susan. The latter advises in this way a feminist who has incited female workers to strike: "At her own fireside, there is an immense future for women as wives and mothers, and a very limited future for them in any other capacity. While you ladies without passions – or with distorted and defeated passions – are raving and trumpeting all over the country, that wise, grim, old grandmother of us all, Dame Nature, is simply laughing up her sleeve and snapping her fingers at you and your new epochs and new movements. Go home!" Occasionally, there is a character who defies the views of most of the rest, such as Mr Linnell, the curate in The Hypocrites, which concerns the conflict between religious principles and money.

His criticisms of other people's plays
In his old age, Jones remarked that A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen should have ended with Helmer 'pouring himself a stiff glass of whisky and water and lifting it reverently toward Heaven exclaiming "Thank God I'm well rid of her"'.

Political writings
Later in his life Henry Arthur Jones wrote a series of non-fiction articles "arguing from the right against H.G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw". Jones' non-fiction also expressed his opposition to Communism and the Soviet Union.

One such work was My Dear Wells: a Manual for Haters of England (1921), a collection of open letters to H. G. Wells originally published in The New York Times. A sample of this work: "You unreservedly condemn and ridicule the cardinal Marxian doctrines. In this matter I congratulate you upon being in the company of thinkers of a higher cast than your usual associates and disciples. You tell us that although Marxian communism is stupidly, blindly wrong and mischievous, you have an admiration and friendship for the men who have imposed it upon the Russian people to the infinite misery and impoverishment of the land."

Wells repeatedly declined to respond, as in this letter to The New York Times, in 1921: "I do not believe that Mr. Jones has ever read a line that I have written. But he goes on unquenchably, a sort of endless hooting. I would as soon argue with some tiresome, remote and inattentive foghorn"; and later, in 1926, in the preface to Mr Belloc Objects: "For years I have failed to respond to Mr. Henry Arthur Jones, who long ago invented a set of opinions for me and invited me to defend them with an enviable persistence and vigour. Occasionally I may have corrected some too gross public mis-statement about me – too often I fear with the acerbity of the inexperienced."

Another sample of Henry Arthur Jones' political writing is his response to George Bernard Shaw's anti-war manifesto Common Sense About the War: "The hag Sedition was your mother, and Perversity begot you. Mischief was your midwife and Misrule your nurse, and Unreason brought you up at her feet – no other ancestry and rearing had you, you freakish homunculus, germinated outside of lawful procreation."

Personal life
On 2 September 1875 Henry Arthur Jones married Jane Eliza Seeley (1855–1924) at St. Andrews Church, Holborn. They had six children:

 * Winifred Amy (1880–1956), who married and divorced actor Leslie Faber.
 * Ethelwyne Sylvia (1883–1948), became an actress and performed in some of her father's plays, married and divorced M. V. Leveaux, and married Angus McDonnell (1881–1966), son of the Earl of Antrim, in 1913.
 * Gertrude (Jill) Mary, (1884–1967) married Irving Albery (1879–1967) a Conservative MP and the son of actress and theatrical manager Mary Moore (later Lady Wyndham) and dramatist James Albery. Their daughter Jessica Mary Albery (1908–90) was one of Britain's first female professional architects; they also two sons Michael James Albery (1910–75), a barrister, father of chemist Wyndham John Albery; and Peter James Albery (1912–79)
 * Jenny Doris Thorne (1888–1947) became her father's biographer; she married and divorced William Hobart Houghton Thorne.
 * Lucien David Silvanus (1894–1947)
 * Oliver Stacey Arthur (1899–1977); married Louisa Ena Ackerman in 1929.

title: Henry Arthur Jones


text:
Xue

Xue is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname 薛 (Xuē). It is romanized as Hsüeh in Wade-Giles. In Hong Kong and Macau it is usually romanized through its Cantonese pronunciation Sit. In Korean, it corresponds to Seol (설), in Japanese to Setsu and in Vietnamese to Tiết. in Indonesia and Netherlands, it is commonly spelled as Siek. According to the 2010 Chinese Census, it is the 76th most common surname in China, a sharp decline from 48th in 1982. In a study by geneticist Yuan Yida on the distribution of Chinese surnames, people who carry the name Xue are dispersed throughout the country and is most heavily concentrated in Shanxi. It is the 68th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.

Origin
The surname traces back to the State of Xue in what is modern day Shandong. Yu the Great (大禹), founding emperor of the Xia dynasty, bestowed upon his minister Xi Zhong the title Marquis of Xue in gratitude for his invention of the Chinese chariot; Xi Zhong's descendants subsequently bore Xue as their clan name.

Sinicized descendants of various non-Han Chinese peoples also adopted Xue as their surname, including the Turkic Tiele Xueyantuo tribe, the Xianbei Chigan clan and several Manchu clans such as Sakda Hala, Sue Hala, Sunit Hala etc.

In literature
In the classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin, the Xue family is one of the four noble families of Jinling. The socially graceful debutante Xue Baochai, a literary embodiment of ideal traditional Chinese femininity, is one of the principal characters in the novel.

Academics and science

 * Xue Juzheng, Song Dynasty historian and scholar
 * Xue Muqiao, Chinese economist

Arts, media and entertainment

 * Xue Fei, former China Central Television news anchor
 * Xue Ji, Tang dynasty calligrapher
 * Nancy Sit Ka Yin, Hong Kong actress
 * Xue Jiye, Chinese painter and sculptor
 * Xue Jinghua, the prima ballerina of the ballet Red Detachment of Women
 * Fiona Sit Hoi Kei, Hong Kong actress/singer
 * Xue Tao, Tang dynasty poet
 * Xue Xiaolu, Chinese director and screenwriter
 * Xue Xinran, British-Chinese broadcaster, journalist and author
 * Xue Yongjun, Chinese artist
 * Xue Zhi Qian (Joker Xue), Chinese Singer and actor
 * Francis Hsueh and Steven Hahn, film-making duo
 * Amy Sit Ying Yi, Hong Kong actress

Athletics

 * Xue Bing, Chinese canoe sprinter
 * Xue Changrui, Chinese pole vaulter, Asian Champion 2013
 * Xue Chen, Chinese professional beach volleyball player
 * Xue Haifeng, archer who competed in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Xue Juan, Chinese javelin thrower
 * Xue Ming, Chinese volleyball player
 * Xue Ya'nan, Chinese footballer
 * Xue Yuyang, Chinese basketball player

Business

 * Xue Manzi (Charles Xue), Chinese American entrepreneur, son of Xue Zizheng
 * ShaoLan Hsueh, entrepreneur born in Taiwan who developed a new method to teach Chinese characters.
 * Albino SyCip (Xue Minlao), co-founder of Filipino bank, Chinabank
 * Alfonso SyCip (Xue Fenshi) Chairman, Philippine Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, 1934–41.

Criminals

 * Sek Kim Wah (1964–1988), Singaporean convicted serial killer who was sentenced to death for five murders in Singapore
 * Seet Cher Hng, Singaporean convicted murderer who killed his wife in 2018

Government, politics, law and military

 * Hsueh Hsiang-chuan (1944-), politician in Taiwan
 * Hsueh Jui-yuan, Vice Minister of Health and Welfare
 * Hsueh Ling (1954-), member of the Democratic Progressive Party, in Taiwan
 * Xue Daoheng, official in Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui dynasty
 * Xue E, Tang dynasty general, grandson of Xue Rengui
 * Xue Feng, American geologist held in China on espionage charges
 * Xue Fucheng, Qing dynasty diplomat
 * Xue Hanqin, judge at International Court of Justice
 * Xue Ji, Tang dynasty chancellor, great-grandson of Xue Daoheng
 * Xue Ju, founding emperor of a short-lived state of Qin at the end of the Sui dynasty
 * Xue Ping, Tang dynasty general, son of Xue Song
 * Hsueh Chi, Taiwanese economist and politician
 * Xue Ne, early Tang dynasty general, son of Xue Rengui,
 * Xue Rengao, emperor of the short-lived state of Qin before surrendering to the founder of the Tang dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Tang
 * Xue Rengui, early Tang dynasty general, most known for his campaigns against Goguryeo, the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the Tibetan Empire
 * Xue Song, Tang dynasty general, grandson of Xue Rengui
 * Xue Wanche, early Tang dynasty general
 * Xue Wenjie, Min official
 * Xue Xu, Eastern Wu official, son of Xue Zong
 * Xue Yiju, Tang dynasty and Later Liang dynasty chancellor
 * Xue Ying, Eastern Wu official, son of Xue Zong
 * Xue Yuanchao, Tang dynasty chancellor
 * Xue Yue, Kuomintang army general during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War
 * Xue Zizheng, former Deputy Head of the United Front Work Department
 * Xue Zong, Minister of State of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms
 * Alfred Sit Wing Hang, former Secretary for Innovation and Technology in Hong Kong
 * Kingsley Sit Ho Yin, Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Fiction

 * Xue Baochai, one of the protagonists of the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber

title: Xue