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William Sulzer

William Sulzer (March 18, 1863 – November 6, 1941) was an American lawyer and politician, nicknamed Plain Bill Sulzer. He was the 39th governor of New York and a long-serving U.S. representative from the same state.

Sulzer was the first, and to date only, New York governor to be impeached and the only governor to be convicted on articles of impeachment. He broke with his sponsors at Tammany Hall, and they produced convincing evidence that Sulzer had falsified his sworn statement of campaign expenditures.

Personal
William Sulzer was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey on March 18, 1863, the son of Lydia (Jelleme), who was Frisian, and Thomas Sulzer, a German immigrant. He was the second in a family of eight children, and his siblings included Charles August Sulzer, who pursued a successful political career in Alaska. He was reared on his family farm and attended the public schools of Elizabeth. At age 12 he left home and sailed as a cabin boy aboard a brig, the William H. Thompson. He returned to the family home a year later and became a clerk in a grocery store.

Sulzer took night classes at Cooper Union before attending lectures at Columbia Law School and studying law with the New York City firm of Parish & Pendleton. He was admitted to the bar in 1884, and commenced practice in New York City. Even before beginning his law practice, he was a member of the Tammany Hall political machine serving as a popular stump speaker.

He married Clara Rodelheim in 1908.

Career
Sulzer's career in politics began in 1884 when he worked for the Tammany Hall political machine on New York's East Side as a stump speaker for various Democratic campaigns including the presidential campaign of then-Governor Grover Cleveland.

Sulzer was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1890, 1891, 1892 (all three New York Co., 14th D.), 1893 and 1894 (both New York Co., 10th D.). His participation in the machine helped assure that he was appointed to the Committee on General Laws in his first term. During his time in the Assembly he introduced bills seeking to abolish debtors' prisons, and to limit hours for workers. His popularity and loyalty to Tammany machine were such that in 1893, Tammany Boss Richard Croker selected Sulzer to be elected as Speaker of the New York State Assembly. The term was noted as being highly corrupt and highly partisan, as the Democratic machine dominated all committees, and with them the state budget. Sulzer himself declared during the term "[A]ll legislation came from Tammany Hall and was dictated by that great statesmen, Richard Croker."

During his time in the Assembly, Sulzer was a delegate to the 1892 Democratic National Convention, and returned as such to every national convention until 1912.

United States Congressman

Sulzer was elected to the 54th United States Congress in 1894, and served as a U.S. Representative in the eight succeeding Congresses, from March 4, 1895, to December 31, 1912, representing the 10th Congressional District.

In Congress he was known for his oratory. Declaring himself to be a "friend to all humanity and a champion of liberty", he supported the Cuban rebels during their War of Independence, and during the Second Boer War introduced a resolution supporting the Boer Republics and banning the sale of military supplies and munitions to the Great Britain. Repeatedly he called for resolutions condemning Czarist Russia over the issue of pogroms. In the Sixty-second United States Congress he chaired the Committee on Foreign Affairs, from which he proposed a resolution praising the Revolution of 1911. He also opposed United States intervention in the Mexican Revolution, and proposed a unanimously supported bill to annul the Treaty of 1832 with Russia due to a Russian refusal to recognize the passports of Jewish-Americans.

Sulzer during his time in Congress supported numerous Progressive goals in terms of popular democracy and efficiency. He was a supporter of the creation of the United States Department of Labor, the direct election of senators --- for which he proposed a resolution in support of --- and the eight-hour day. In the Election of 1896 he supported the nomination of and campaigned for William Jennings Bryan.

In 1896, for the first time he announced his candidacy for the governorship but was rejected by Tammany and the Democratic Party at large. In 1898 Richard Croker openly opposed his attempt for the Democratic nomination. For the next six elections Sulzer was continually rejected for the Democratic nomination for governor, losing to Tammany supported politicians such as William Randolph Hearst and John Alden Dix.

In 1912, however, the split between the Republicans and the Progressives meant that the Democratic nominee was likely to win. This in turn prompted a fight in the Democrats, as reformers disappointed in Governor Dix's support for Tammany moved to oust him from contention. The Empire State Democracy Party was even founded by reformers such as State Senator Franklin D. Roosevelt to run against Dix or any other clear Tammany candidate. In this crisis Sulzer found himself selected as a compromise candidate, acceptable to reform-minded and Tammany Democrats. With the party united, Sulzer went on to defeat Republican Job E. Hedges and Progressive Oscar S. Straus.

He resigned from Congress effective December 31, 1912, having been elected Governor of New York in November 1912 for the term beginning on January 1, 1913.

Governor of New York
Sulzer was elected with the support of William Jennings Bryan, William Randolph Hearst and Woodrow Wilson, as well as the reform and Tammany factions of the state Democratic Party. Upon taking office, a rift developed between Sulzer and Croker's successor "Silent Charlie" Murphy, as Sulzer claimed control of the state Democratic Party, rather than staying loyal to Tammany.

Attempts at reform
On taking office as governor, Sulzer in an initial move announced the renaming of the Executive Mansion "The People's House". The populist rhetoric of this move was followed by a campaign to "let the people rule", through a series of reforms, including a move to promote open primaries for party nominations, and investigations into corruption in the legislature and executive branches of state government. At the same time Sulzer refused to heed Tammany decisions for state appointments. These moves would damage the power of Tammany and other machines, Democratic and Republican throughout the state, and empower Sulzer. The campaign for direct primaries would win him the support of Theodore Roosevelt and his Progressives, but also moved Tammany to stand firmly against him.

Critics claimed that Sulzer was using the direct primary issue to build his own machine or to co-opt Tammany and assume control of it from Murphy, based on his populist appeal. Meanwhile, Sulzer and his supporters countered that the effort was necessary to promote fair government.

By the end of April, investigations against previously appointed Tammany officials had furthered the intraparty split. And then on the 26th as the Open Primaries Bill moved to a vote Sulzer declared "If any Democrat in this State is against the Democratic State platform, that man is no true Democrat, and as the Democratic Governor of the State I shall do everything in my power to drive that recreant Democrat out of the Democratic Party." In spite of the threat, both Machine and Independent Democrats voted against the bill overwhelmingly. The Machine delegates, led by Speaker Al Smith followed the orders of Murphy, while the Independent Democrats, mostly from rural Upstate New York opposed the bill fearing that Open primaries would silence their influence and power against the weight of the urban vote.

Sulzer's refusal to work with Tammany on appointments was a major threat to the organization, which had since its foundation been dependent on Civil Service work to develop its power. One of the appointments that Sulzer refused to make was that of James E. Gaffney, owner of the 1914 "Miracle" Braves, to State Commissioner of Highways.

Even after the defeat of the vote, Sulzer vowed to continue his fight with Murphy and the other bosses, and that there would be no compromise. In response, the Tammany-allied State Comptroller William Sohmer moved to freeze payrolls for state highway and prison projects, and the State Senate under the leadership of another Tammany officer Robert F. Wagner refused to approve the Governor's appointments to the New York Public Service Commission.

Impeachment
As the conflict between Sulzer and Tammany moved on, accusations of perjury arose against the governor, stemming from an 1890 lawsuit accusing him of involvement in fraudulent companies in Cuba while a Congressman. It was also rumored that he was sued by a Philadelphia woman for breaking a 1903 promise to marry her. He rejected all these claims and characterized the breach of promise lawsuit as a "frame-up."

In May 1913, the state legislature established a Joint Committee to investigate the financial conduct of state institutions, chaired by Senator James J. Frawley, a loyal Tammany Hall Democrat. In the summer of 1913 this committee, using Tammany-provided information, accused Sulzer of diverting campaign contributions to purchase stocks for himself and perjuring himself under oath. Sulzer and his supporters averred that the charges were made under instructions from Murphy in order to remove Sulzer as an obstacle to Tammany Hall. Some historians have corroborated Sulzer's version of events. Sulzer also questioned the constitutionality of the committee itself. But as evidence emerged regarding his use of campaign funds, he began to lose the support of the national Democratic Party.

On August 11, 1913, the Frawley committee announced its findings to the state legislature, and moves began towards impeachment, managed by Tammany Hall's legislative leaders, Al Smith and Robert Wagner. Sulzer's only support came from Progressive legislators, who were too few to slow the process down. Over the next two days, Sulzer attempted to obstruct the impeachment at every turn but was powerless to stop it, as Smith and Wagner maintained control of their respective houses. In a last-minute attempt to prevent impeachment, the Governor's wife admitted to having been responsible for the theft of campaign funds. The Governor's allies attempted to postpone proceedings based on the new evidence, but were unsuccessful and the decision came to a vote.

On August 13, the New York Assembly voted to impeach Governor Sulzer by a vote of 79 to 45. Sulzer was served with a summons to appear before the New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments, and Lieutenant Governor Martin H. Glynn was empowered to act in his place pending the outcome of the trial. However, Sulzer maintained that the proceedings against him were unconstitutional and refused to hand over power to Glynn. Beginning August 21, Glynn began signing documents as "Acting Governor" despite Sulzer's refusal.

On September 18, Sulzer's impeachment trial before the Impeachment Court began in Albany. Sulzer called upon Louis Marshall to head his defense team; Marshall agreed but confided in his wife that he was not enthusiastic about the outcome. The trial did not go well; Sulzer did not even testify in his own defense. On the afternoon of October 16, the court convicted Sulzer on three of the Articles of Impeachment: filing a false report with the Secretary of State concerning his campaign contributions, committing perjury, and advising another person to commit perjury before an Assembly committee. The court voted to remove Sulzer from office. On October 17, 1913, Sulzer was removed by the same margin, a vote of 43–12, and Lt. Gov. Glynn succeeded to the governorship.

According to the 1914 book The Boss or the Governor by Samuel Bell Thomas, a crowd of 10,000 gathered outside the Executive Mansion on the night Governor Sulzer left Albany, leading to an exchange as follows:

 * Mr. Sulzer: "My friends, this is a stormy night. It is certainly very good of you to come here to bid Mrs. Sulzer and me good-bye."
 * A voice from the crowd: "You will come back, Bill, next year."
 * Mr. Sulzer: "You know why we are going away."
 * A voice: "Because you were too honest."
 * Mr. Sulzer: "I impeach the criminal conspirators, these looters and grafters, for stealing the taxpayers' money. That is what I never did."
 * From the crowd: Cheers.
 * Mr. Sulzer: "Yes my friends, I know that the court of public opinion before long will reverse the judgement of Murphy's 'court of infamy.'"
 * From the crowd: Cheers.
 * Mr. Sulzer: "Posterity will do me justice. Time sets all things right. I shall be patient."
 * From the crowd: Cheers.

Some in Albany maintained that he was impeached unfairly, as he had been the first person ever to have been impeached for acts committed before taking office. There have been several pieces of legislation introduced in the New York State Assembly and Senate to have his political record repaired. None have been successful to date.

Later life and political career
Sulzer was able to recover somewhat politically. Just a few weeks after the impeachment, he was elected on the Progressive ticket to the New York State Assembly, and was a member of the 137th New York State Legislature (New York Co., 6th D.) in 1914.

For the New York state election, 1914, he organized the American Party as a spoiler, to defeat Martin H. Glynn, his former lieutenant governor who had succeeded him as governor and was running for re-election. Sulzer also attempted to gain the Progressive Party nomination for governor, but was defeated in the primary, partly due to the intervention of Theodore Roosevelt who, in a letter to all members of the party, declared "the trouble with Sulzer is that he does not tell the truth." However, Sulzer found support in the Prohibition Party which, on the basis of a speech he gave denouncing rum, nominated him for governor in 1914. He came in third, behind Republican Charles S. Whitman, who was elected governor, and Glynn, who was unseated. Sulzer thus claimed that the result was a moral victory, as the Democrats who had impeached him were swept out of power.

In the Election of 1916 Sulzer was the Presidential nominee of the American Party.

Leaving politics, he engaged in the practice of law in New York City. He wrote and spoke in support of the Baháʼí Faith from the 1920s occasionally after having met ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during his visit including the United States in 1912. He died in New York on November 6, 1941, aged 78. He was buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Hillside, New Jersey.

In popular culture
The Great McGinty, Preston Sturges' 1940 film, was based in part on William Sulzer's story, per film historian Kevin Brownlow.

Bitten by the Tiger: The True Story of Impeachment, the Governor & Tammany Hall a 2013 book written by Jack O'Donnell and published by Chapel Hill Press, goes into depth about William Sulzer's political rise, achievements, and his impeachment.

title: William Sulzer


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Camp H. M. Smith

Camp H. M. Smith is a United States Marine Corps installation in the Halawa census-designated place on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, near the community of Halawa (ha-LA-va) Heights. It is the headquarters of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), Special Operations Command Pacific, and Marine Forces Pacific, the Marine service component command of INDOPACOM.

The camp, originally the Aiea Naval Hospital, was named for General Holland McTyeire Smith, the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force Pacific, on June 8, 1955. The initials H. M. also stood for his nickname which was "Howling Mad" referring to his temper and given to him by his Marines.

History
An Act of Congress on 17 March 1941 had approved purchase of the site, then a sugar cane field, for a Navy Hospital. In 1941, the investment for the 220½ acres of Camp Smith land, in fee simple (a term for owning both the land and the buildings), was $912,000, and improvements cost an additional $14 million. Work commenced in July and progressed slowly. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, construction of the planned 1,650-bed facility was rushed to completion. With Admiral Chester W. Nimitz in attendance, the hospital was commissioned on November 11, 1942, but continued expansion was necessary.

Throughout World War II, the Aiea Naval Hospital served as a stopping off place for thousands of wounded sailors and Marines on their way home from the war in the Pacific. Hospital activity peaked following the battle for Iwo Jima in February and March, 1945, when 5,676 patients received medical care simultaneously.

On June 1, 1949, the hospital was deactivated and Army and Navy medical facilities were consolidated at what is now the Tripler Army Medical Center. In 1950, the Territory of Hawaii began negotiations to obtain the Aiea facility for a tuberculosis sanitarium.

In 1955, however, the Marine Corps selected the site as the home of the Fleet Marine Force Pacific. The first Marines took up residence in October 1955; the headquarters staff placed the camp in full operation just two weeks before its dedication on January 31, 1956.

In October 1957, Camp Smith also became the headquarters for the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command, who formerly shared the headquarters of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, near Pearl Harbor. Both commands were headed by the same officer until 13 January 1958, when a separate officer was named to serve as Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet. In July 1992, FMFPac was further designated as the component command, Marine Forces Pacific. In April 1994, Marine Corps Base Hawaii assumed operational responsibility for Camp H. M. Smith.

Camp Smith today consists of 220 acre at Camp Smith proper, 137 acre at Puuloa Rifle Range in Ewa Beach, and 62 acre in Manana Housing. Camp Smith is unique in that it is the only Marine Corps installation that supports a unified commander, Commander, Indo-Pacific Command (CDRUSINDOPACOM).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Camp H. M. Smith


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Edward Wooster

Edward Wooster (1622 in England – July 8, 1689) was an English early settler of Colonial America, and "the first permanent settler in Derby", Connecticut.

In 1642, Wooster enters the record as one of the first colonists of Milford, Connecticut. In 1651, he received permission to settle an area known as "Paugusset". In 1669, he was appointed constable of Paugusset. He served the settlement in a variety of ways, but earned the nickname (and a bounty from the town) as the "wolf killer" for helping to drive the predators out of the area. In 1659, he petitioned the court in New Haven for pay for the seven wolves he had killed in or near "Paugassett" which was what Derby was called at that point. Ironically, Wooster lived in the area at a time when the court in New Haven was still having concerns about the future of the area and considering possibly removing Wooster and anyone else in the area because of the failure to make progress on settling the area.

Edward Wooster died on July 8, 1689. Wooster's tombstone in Derby states:

 *  In memory of Edward Wooster 1622–1689
 *  The first permanent settler in Derby — 1651 —
 *  "The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them
 *  and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose"

title: Edward Wooster


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Kaiapoi

Kaiapoi is a town in the Waimakariri District of the Canterbury region, in the South Island of New Zealand. The town is located approximately 17 kilometres north of central Christchurch, close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River. It is considered a satellite town of Christchurch and is part of the Christchurch functional urban area. The town is named after the nearby Kaiapoi Pā.

Kaiapoi suffered extensive damage in the 2010 Canterbury and also the February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, which rendered many homes uninhabitable and businesses inoperable. Large areas were condemned as part of a residential red zone covering uninhabitable areas.

Demographics
Kaiapoi is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a medium urban area and covers 14.65 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. The population experienced a large dip after the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, but has been growing rapidly, and is expected to continue to grow.

Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 14.33 km2. Using that boundary, Kaiapoi had a population of 11,841 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,367 people (25.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,239 people (11.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,602 households, comprising 5,796 males and 6,051 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female, with 2,022 people (17.1%) aged under 15 years, 2,217 (18.7%) aged 15 to 29, 5,178 (43.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,430 (20.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.1% European/Pākehā, 11.5% Māori, 2.3% Pasifika, 3.4% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.7% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,017 (10.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 2,544 (25.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,404 people (14.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,893 (49.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,440 (14.7%) were part-time, and 291 (3.0%) were unemployed.

Commerce
Kaiapoi is also known as the 'River Town' after the Kaiapoi River, a tributary of the Waimakariri River that flows through the centre of the town. This was originally the main arm of the Waimakariri River, but extensive flooding led to a diversion so the majority of the water travelled down the South arm of the Waimakariri.

Kaiapoi was well known for the woollen mill run by the Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company, and many woollen items produced at the mill can still be found throughout the world.

A freezing works (meat processing plant) was also a major employer in the town, and once this and the woollen mill had closed there was some economic turmoil in the town, and concern over its future. It, however, has survived and prospered, and although there is some local industry, a large percentage of the population works in the neighbouring city of Christchurch. One optimistic politician of the 1800s had even predicted that Kaiapoi would outsize its neighbour Christchurch. In some counts of the latter city's population, Kaiapoi is included as a suburb of Christchurch but most people from the area would maintain that it is a town in its own right.

Education
Kaiapoi has five schools: three primary schools, one high school, and a teen parent unit attached to the high school.
 * Kaiapoi Borough School is a state co-educational full primary school, with students (as of  The school opened in 1873, making it Kaiapoi's oldest school.
 * Kaiapoi North School is a state co-educational full primary school, with students (as of  The school opened in 1962.
 * St Patrick's School is a state-integrated co-educational full primary Catholic school, with students (as of
 * Kaiapoi High School is a state co-educational secondary school, with students (as of  The school opened in 1972.
 * Karanga Mai Young Parents College is the teen parent unit attached to Kaiapoi High School. It opened in 1992.

Recreation
Outdoor recreation options include the Kaiapoi River which is deep enough for boating, with multiple accessible boat-ramps. There is a paddle-boat that offers pleasure cruises for tourists. The nearby Waimakariri River Regional Park is popular for kayaking, fishing, cycling and off-roading. Kaiapoi is also close to The Pines Beach.

The Waimakariri District Council operates several public recreation facilities in Kaiapoi including a library, museum, and a swimming pool. The Darnley Club provides community recreational opportunities for the elderly and the Chris Ruth Centre provides community recreational opportunities for adults with severe disabilities.

Kaiapoi is represented by both rugby codes. The Kaiapoi Rugby Football Club was established in 1883 and has its home ground at Kaiapoi Park. It competes in the Canterbury Rugby Football Union. The Kaiapoi Rugby League Club (now playing as the Northern Bulldogs) began in 1957 and play in the local Canterbury Rugby League. The club has been based at Murphy Park since 1960. In 2007 — the club's jubilee 50th season — the Bulldogs won the Thacker Shield.

Kaiapoi is the location of St Bartholomew's Church, which is the oldest wooden church in the Anglican Diocese of Christchurch, built in 1855.

The dirt-surface Woodford Glen Speedway is only a short-distance south, between Kaiapoi and Kainga.

Transport
State Highway 1 bypasses the town to the west via the Christchurch Northern Motorway. Prior to the completion of the motorway in December 1970, State Highway 1 ran down the main street of Kaiapoi. A half-hourly bus service connects Kaiapoi to Rangiora and central Christchurch.

The Main North Line railway runs through Kaiapoi, and the town once served as the junction for the Eyreton Branch, which provided rail access to communities west of Kaiapoi such as West Eyreton (though it ran to the north of Eyreton itself). This branch line opened in 1875 and closed fully by April 1965. The old station has a NZHPT Category II listing.

The river used to have a port before the construction of the Waimakariri River bridge, and was an important point for the transport of goods to and from Christchurch. Bucking the trend of river ports dying off in the middle of the 20th century, the port actually reopened for a decade between 1958 and 1967, to allow smaller ships to bypass the congested Lyttelton wharves.

At one stage, a walnut tree on one resident's property, this being the former Presbyterian Manse in Sewell Street, was so large, it was used to act as a landmark for pilots approaching Christchurch International Airport to get their bearings, before being cut down by the owner and his sons.

Notable people

 * Matiaha Tiramōrehu (?–1881), Ngāi Tahu tribal leader
 * Jane Thomson (1858–1944), mountaineer born in Kaiapoi
 * Stella Henderson (1871–1962), feminist, university graduate and journalist
 * Henry Boddington (1863–1938), cricketer who played for Nelson and Otago
 * Isabel Button (1863–1921), horse driver, trainer and equestrian
 * Henare Uru (1872–1929), Reform Party politician
 * Thomas Bavin (1874–1941), Premier of New South Wales (born in Kaiapoi)
 * Morgan Williams (1878–1970), Labour Party MP for and mayor of Kaiapoi
 * Algy Whitehead (1885–1961), Anglican priest
 * Bruce Young (1888–1952), baker, policeman, unionist and police commissioner
 * Frank Smith (1893–1975), cricketer
 * Richard Moore (1849–1936), MP for and mayor of Kaiapoi
 * Norman Kirk (1923–1974), mayor of Kaiapoi and later prime minister of New Zealand
 * Azalea Sinclair (born 1930), netballer
 * Ian Shirley (1940–2019), academic
 * Frank Rapley (born 1937), cricketer
 * Sisters Erin Baker (born 1961) and Philippa Baker (born 1963), New Zealand athletes
 * Brian Ford (born 28 August 1970), cricketer
 * Bob Irvine (born 1940), rugby league player
 * Matt Todd (born 1988), Rugby Player – Kaiapoi RFC, Canterbury (72 caps), Crusaders (140) and All Blacks (25)

There were at least six test match All Blacks who were born in Kaiapoi, including William Balch, New Zealand teacher; George Maber, who had played for Wellington; Duncan McGregor, who also played league, as well as John Ashworth (born 1949), who played for them, although he had been born in Waikari.

title: Kaiapoi


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List of historical Camden County, New Jersey municipalities

This list of historical municipalities in Camden County, New Jersey includes cities, townships, and boroughs. It also includes the years they were formed as local administrative units, and years in which existing municipalities ceded land for the formation of new ones. Some municipalities listed have either been subsumed into other municipalities, or have changed their names.

Camden County was formed in 1844 from part of Gloucester County, containing the City of Camden along with Delaware, Gloucester, Newton, Union, Waterford, and Washington Townships.

There are 37 current municipalities in Camden County, each marked with an * below:

Cities

 * Camden* (1844) City became the county seat.
 * 1899: Camden annexed Stockton Town.

 * Gloucester City* (1868)

Townships

 * Berlin Township* (1910)
 * Centre Township (formed in 1855 from part of Union Township)
 * Cherry Hill Township* (renamed in 1961)
 * Clementon Township (1903) Township formed.
 * 1913: Township ceded land for formation of Laurel Springs.
 * 1925: Borough of Clementon formed from Clementon Township.
 * 1929: Borough of Pine Hill incorporated from Clementon Township.
 * 1941: Clementon Township was dissolved

 * Delaware Township (1844) Township was incorporated.
 * 1859: Township ceded land for formation of Stockton.

 * Gloucester Township* (1844)
 * 1845: Township ceded land for formation of Winslow.
 * 1903: Township ceded land for formation of Clementon.

 * Haddon Township* (1865)
 * Monroe Township (1859 - ceded to Gloucester County upon founding)
 * Newton Township (1844)
 * 1871: Newton Township was dissolved

 * Pennsauken Township* (1892) Township formed.
 * Stockton Township (1859) Township was incorporated.
 * 1874: Township ceded land for formation of the borough of Merchantville.
 * 1892: Township ceded land for formation of Pennsauken.
 * 1894: Stockton Township dissolved to form Stockton Town.
 * 1899: Stockton Town was dissolved, annexed into Camden City

 * Union Township (1844)
 * Voorhees Township* (1899)
 * Washington Township (1844)
 * 1871: Washington Township was ceded to Gloucester County

 * Waterford Township* (1844)
 * Winslow Township* (1845)

Boroughs

 * Audubon Borough* (1905)
 * Audubon Park Borough* (1947)
 * Barrington Borough* (1917)
 * Bellmawr Borough* (1926)
 * Berlin Borough* (1927)
 * Brooklawn Borough* (1924)
 * Chesilhurst Borough* (1887)
 * Clementon Borough* (1925)
 * Collingswood Borough* (1888)
 * Gibbsboro Borough* (1924)
 * Haddonfield Borough* (1875)
 * Haddon Heights Borough* (1904)
 * Hi-Nella Borough* (1929)
 * Laurel Springs Borough* (1913)
 * Lawnside Borough* (1926)
 * Lindenwold Borough* (1929)
 * Magnolia Borough* (1915)
 * Merchantville Borough* (1874) Borough formed from lands ceded by Stockton Township.
 * Mount Ephraim Borough* (1926)
 * Oaklyn Borough* (1905)
 * Pine Hill Borough* (1929)
 * Pine Valley Borough* (1929)
 * Somerdale Borough* (1929)
 * Stratford Borough* (1925)
 * Tavistock Borough* (1921)
 * Woodlynne Borough* (1901)


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Moanalua

Moanalua is a valley, a stream, an ahupuaa, and a residential neighborhood in Honolulu, Hawaii. The valley extends inland from behind Āliapaakai crater (Salt Lake) to the crest of the Koʻolau Range.

Neighboring areas include Māpunapuna and Salt Lake on the south, Fort Shafter on the east, and Red Hill and Hālawa Valley on the west.

Moanalua is a part of the 15th District of the Hawaii Senate, currently represented by State Senator Glenn Wakai. It is also a part of the 32nd District of the Hawaii House of Representatives, currently represented by Linda Ichiyama.

Location
The Moanalua neighborhood includes a portion that extends up Ala Aolani Street into the valley 21.36667°N, -157.89333°W, and another part that extends eastward along the lower slopes of the interfluve (slopes between valleys) to Fort Shafter and into the small valley of Manaiki Stream. The latter part includes Tripler Army Medical Center above the neighborhood and Moanalua Gardens below it.

History
Samuel Mills Damon inherited the ahupuaa (uplands-to-sea tract) of Moanalua in 1884 from Ke Alii, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, whose husband Charles Reed Bishop was a business partner of Damon. Before her, since the lands were won in battle by Kamehameha I they passed from a number of figures, then to Prince Lot Kapuāiwa (who became King Kamehameha V), and then to Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani after Kamehameha V's passing.

Damon later became one of the first trustees of the Kamehameha Schools established by the Bishops. The Damon estate sold much of Moanalua to commercial and residential developers in 1956. Moanalua Elementary School was established in the area in 1884.

Wai'apuka
1. Kamana Nui - Moanalua Gardens (S. M. Damon Estate) The Western tributary of Moana-lua Valley, O'ahu. Lit., large Ka-mana
 * Wai'apuka, or Waipuka, is a series of three ponds which are a small part of Kamanaiki stream. It is a picturesque site, and the water comes from an underground artesian spring. There is also a Heiau further beyond the ponds. It was once considered a bathing grounds for Aliʻi.
 * To get to the ponds there is a trail that takes about 15–30 minutes to hike located off of Onipa'a Street.
 * Excerpt from 'Sites of Oahu': "Up in the valley (Kamanaiki) are three streams called Wai-a-puka, seen with three pools; Pool one is a big one by its own hill side, pool two is a little smaller with its own hill side and pool three is still smaller. Your writer learned that this was where the chiefs bathed. The land before coming to it looked as though it was thickly populated for there were chiefs who ruled in this valley. This is proven by the stone walls that are still standing today (March 3, 1922)."
 * Excerpt from 'Place Names of Hawaii':

2. Kamana Iki - The eastern and smaller tributary of Moana-lua Valley, O'ahu. Lit., small Ka-mana.

3. Wai-puka - Pools near the mouth of Ka-mana Iki Valley, Moana-lua, O'ahu, where chiefs bathed after games and wrestling. Lit., issuing water.

Moanalua Gardens

Moanalua Gardens are inland from the Interstate H-201 which is known as the Moanalua Freeway, off Exit 3. One of its monkey pod trees is seen on Hitachi's Japanese TV commercials, and is occasionally referred to as Hitachi no ki (ja:日立の樹) in Japan.

The gardens were a gift to the public from Damon and maintained by a trust since his death in 1924. It was one of Hawaii's earliest public parks although has remained privately owned.

title: Moanalua


text:
Talk:Movement paradox

Relative clause as noun equivalent
I know that a relative clause can function as the object of a preposition ("[that she wasted paper] displeased me"), but "we talked about [that he was sick] for days" doesn't sound any more or less natural than "[that he was sick] we talked about for days." Both of them sound fishy and unnatural. Is there a more natural example that could go there instead?

Aren't I
I have removed the following: A more striking example of a movement paradox can be found in English morphology:

 * *I aren't allowed to do that
 * Aren't I allowed to do that?

In a transformational analysis, the question is formed by the movement of aren't to the front of the sentence, which does not explain why aren't is acceptable (in some dialects) as a contraction of am not only after movement. The problem may be alleviated if one assumes that morphological processes apply after movement, but this raises a further problem:

 * *Am not I allowed to do that?

If morphological processes applied after movement then the sentence above would presumably be the one from which "Aren't I allowed to do that" would derive, but it is clearly ungrammatical. Since "aren't/amn't/ain't I" is a sui generis anomaly, I don't see the value of using it to illustrate a general point. jnestorius(talk) 20:33, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't see it that way. I think "aren't I" is anomalous precisely because "I aren't" isn't possible in standard English. Why do you think it's an anomaly of its own kind? -- UKoch (talk) 00:28, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I tend to view this as a irregularity in the use of the particular verb. It is encapsulated and recognised explicitly in: I am, aren't I? 78.33.185.122 (talk) 22:27, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Movement paradox


text:
The Grand Inquisitor

"The Grand Inquisitor" is a story within a story (called a poem by its fictional author) contained within Fyodor Dostoevsky's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov. It is recited by Ivan Fyodorovich Karamazov, during a conversation with his brother Alexei, a novice monk, about the possibility of a personal and benevolent God. "The Grand Inquisitor" is an important part of the novel and one of the best-known passages in modern literature because of its ideas about human nature and freedom.

In a long diatribe directed at Jesus Himself, who has returned to Earth in Seville at the height of the Inquisition, the Grand Inquisitor defends the following ideas: only the principles of the devil can lead to mankind's unification; give man bread, control his conscience, and rule the world; Jesus limited himself to a small group of chosen ones, while the Catholic Church improved on his work and addresses all people; the church rules the world in the name of God, but with the devil's principles; Jesus was mistaken in holding man in high esteem. Jesus remains silent throughout the Inquisitor's speech.

Scholars cite Friedrich Schiller's play Don Carlos (1787) as a major inspiration for Dostoevsky's Grand Inquisitor, while also noting that "The sources of the legend are extraordinarily varied and complex."

Synopsis
The tale is told by Ivan with brief interruptive questions by Alyosha. In the tale, Christ returns to Earth in Seville at the time of the Inquisition. He performs a number of miracles (echoing miracles from the Gospels). The people recognize him and adore him at the Seville Cathedral, but he is arrested by Inquisition leaders and sentenced to be burnt to death the next day. The Grand Inquisitor visits him in his cell to tell him that the Church no longer needs him. The main portion of the text is devoted to the Inquisitor explaining to Jesus why his return would interfere with the mission of the Church.

The Inquisitor founds his denunciation of Jesus on the three questions that Satan asked Jesus during the temptation of Christ in the desert. These three are the temptation to turn stones into bread, the temptation to cast Himself from the Temple and be saved by the angels, and the temptation to rule over all the kingdoms of the world. The Inquisitor states that Jesus rejected these three temptations in favor of freedom, but the Inquisitor thinks that Jesus has misjudged human nature. He does not believe that the vast majority of humanity can tolerate the freedom that Jesus has given to them. The Inquisitor thus implies that Jesus, in giving humans freedom to choose, has excluded the majority of humanity from redemption and doomed it to suffer.

Despite declaring the Inquisitor to be a nonbeliever, Ivan also has the Inquisitor saying that the Catholic Church follows "the wise spirit, the dread spirit of death and destruction." He says: "We are not with Thee, but with him, and that is our secret! For centuries have we abandoned Thee to follow him." For the Inquisitor, it is the Devil who provided the tools to end human suffering and unite humanity under the banner of the Church. With the church thus correctly organized, the multitude is guided by the few who are strong enough to take on the burden of freedom. The Inquisitor says that under him, all mankind will live and die happily in ignorance. Though he leads them only to "death and destruction", they will be happy along the way, for he and his representatives in the church will relieve them of the terrible burden of freedom of conscience: "The most agonizing secrets of their consciences – all, all will they bring to us, and we shall resolve it all, and they will attend our decision with joy, because it will deliver them from the great anxiety and fearsome torments of free and individual decision."

The Inquisitor advances this argument by explaining why Christ was wrong to reject each temptation by Satan. Christ should have turned stones into bread, as men will always follow those who will feed their bellies, and will also follow him whom they see is capable of producing miracles. The Inquisitor recalls how Christ rejected this, saying "man cannot live on bread alone", and explains to Christ: "Feed men, and then ask of them virtue! That's what they'll write on the banner they'll raise against Thee and with which they will destroy Thy temple." Casting himself down from the temple to be caught by angels would cement his godhood in the minds of people, who would follow him forever. Ruling over all the kingdoms of the Earth would ensure their salvation, the Grand Inquisitor claims.

The segment ends when Christ, who has remained silent throughout, kisses the Inquisitor on his "bloodless, aged lips". The Inquisitor releases Christ but tells him never to return. Christ, still silent, leaves into "the dark alleys of the city". Ivan concludes: "The kiss burns in his heart, but the old man adheres to his idea".

After relating the tale, Ivan asks Alyosha if he "renounces" Ivan for his views. Alyosha responds by giving Ivan a soft kiss on the lips, to which the delighted Ivan replies: "That's plagiarism... Thank you, though". The brothers part soon afterward.

Background
For Dostoevsky, the character of the Grand Inquisitor represents a prototypical expression of an ideology that denies Christ's true spiritual and historical significance and affirms its opposite. The Grand Inquisitor's anti-Christian philosophy is ironically accentuated by its appearance within an institutionally Christian context, but Dostoevsky identifies this same negation at the root of the socialist, nihilist and materialist doctrines of his contemporaries. In a letter to his publisher, he writes that Ivan, through the Grand Inquisitor, openly "declares himself in favour of what the devil advocates". The Grand Inquisitor speaks the same doctrine as Russian socialism, except that the socialists would never admit it openly. Ivan, however, is "a sincere person who comes right out and admits that he agrees with the Inquisitor's view of humanity and that Christ's faith elevated man to a much higher level than where he actually stands." For the socialists, according to Dostoevsky, Christ's law is "burdensome and abstract, too heavy for weak people to bear—and instead of the law of Freedom and Enlightenment, they offer them the law of chains and enslavement through bread." Dostoevsky's notes contain passages that are more extreme than those eventually used. According to Edward Wasiolek, it is emphatically asserted in these notes that "it is Christ who is guilty and cruel, and it is the Grand Inquisitor who is kind and innocent. It is Christ who demands that men suffer for Him, whereas the Grand Inquisitor suffers for men."

According to Joseph Frank, the prototype for the character of the Inquisitor can be found in Schiller's Don Carlos: "The play shares the same justification for the existence of evil in the world, the same answer to the problem of theodicy, that is at the heart of Dostoevsky's legend."

Significance within the novel
Dostoevsky's intention with "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor" was to unmask the fundamental idea that lay behind the entire movement in Russia toward atheism, nihilism, rationalism and materialism, and away from the true Christian faith that was the spiritual heart of the nation. Within the novel as a whole, this idea is expressed most rigorously and eloquently through the character of Ivan Fyodorovich: the 'poem' is Ivan's composition, and the ideas, dogmas, assertions, suggestions and equivocations expressed in the Inquisitor's monologue are the same ones at work within Ivan's tormented intellect and personal struggle for faith and identity. Though the poem's outward form is that of a monologue, a close analysis reveals its essentially dialogic nature, as an artistic representation of Ivan's idea in its encounters with other voices, both in the world and within himself. According to Mikhail Bakhtin, detailed analysis of the Legend reveals "a profound participation of all elements of Ivan's worldview in his internal dialogue with himself and in his internally polemical interrelations with others. For all its external proportionality, the 'Legend' is nevertheless full of interruptions; both the very form of its construction as The Grand Inquisitor's dialogue with Christ and at the same time with himself, and, finally, the very unexpectedness and duality of its finale, indicate an internally dialogic disintegration at its very ideological core."

Influence

 * The composer Bernd Alois Zimmermann used this tale, along with Book of Ecclesiastes, in his oratorio Ecclesiastical Action.
 * The poem was filmed as Inquisition in 2002 for Channel 5 in the UK, starring Sir Derek Jacobi as the Cardinal Grand Inquisitor.
 * Peter Brook produced a play based on "The Grand Inquisitor" starring Bruce Myers, performed at The Barbican, London, in February 2006.
 * Louis Althusser cites "The Grand Inquisitor" as the original 'anticipatory' anti-socialist/anti-totalitarianism ideological work, in the chapter "On Ideology" in On the Reproduction of Capitalism.
 * Orhan Pamuk transfers the story into an Islamic context in chapter 14 of his novel The Black Book, with a conversation between the Mahdi and the Great Pasha.

title: The Grand Inquisitor


text:
User:Gerald Farinas

Gerald Farinas

 * Editor-in-Chief of a Chicago-area LGBT newspaper
 * Minority owner of a Chicago-area publishing company
 * Social worker

title: User:Gerald Farinas


text: User talk:64.78.123.32

title: User talk:64.78.123.32


text:
Pancake ice

Pancake ice is a form of sea ice that consists of round pieces of ice with diameters ranging from 30 centimetres (12 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and thicknesses up to 10 centimetres (3.9 inches), depending on the local conditions. It forms as a result of wave action on slush or ice rind.

Characteristics
Pancake ice features elevated rims formed by piling of frazil ice or slush onto the edges of pancakes when they collide, both due to random bumping into each other and because of periodic compressions at wave troughs. These rims are the first indication of the onset of the formation of the pancake ice from less consolidated forms of ice.

Formation
Pancake ice forms in conditions of high wave activity, in contrast to other types of sea ice formed under calm conditions. Pancake ice can form in two processes: (1) on water covered to some degree in slush, shuga or grease ice, or (2) from breaking of ice rind, nilas or even gray ice in agitated conditions. If the waves are strong enough, pancakes can raft over each other, creating an uneven top and bottom surface on the ice. At this point, the pancake ice will fuse together and amalgamate into an ice sheet. This ice sheet will continue to grow over the winter. This process increases pancake ice's resilience, resulting in characteristic length scales less than ocean wavelengths and causing waves passing through pancake ice not to scatter.

Arctic Ocean
A notable example of pancake ice occurs in the Arctic Ocean, where a new prevalence of pancake ice is occurring, particularly along the ice edge, as a result of increasing Arctic wave activity.

title: Pancake ice


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for Deletion/Moanalua High School

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Moanalua High School.

This page is kept as an historic record.

'''Consensus of the discussion was to delete the article. However, the page underwent a massive expansion in the time between the last comment and the evaluation of the article's status.'''

'''In addition, the discussion's result is in conflict with proposed policy and consensus at Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy/schools. As a result, the article was kept.'''

Moanalua High School is a non-notable secondary school. I believe our present policy is that such articles are deleted. UninvitedCompany 21:54, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * You are wrong about our present policy. Keep. Everyking 22:15, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Everyking is quite right. Our present policy is to include all manners of nonsense which should be summarily deleted.  RickK 22:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, the page where policy is being discussed is Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy/schools, but I don't see any clear consensus. My own thoughts are at User:Dpbsmith/schools Dpbsmith 00:05, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm far from a deletionist, but secondary schools are where I draw the line. I would support a change of policy--I think I missed this one. Meelar 23:02, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I generally vote against secondary schools, but because this article at least mentions one reasonably notable alumna, a Miss America winner on which there is an OK article (by same author, User:Gerald_Farinas)... and because in Wikipedia_talk:Deletion_policy/schools I said that in the case of a school that is mentioned in another article, for some reasonably significant reason, like the biography of an actor, politician or scientist who merits inclusion, I'd "keep if created, don't encourage creation"... I'm going to say keep. I think a Miss America winner is just barely notable enough for a separate article and I think one just barely notable alumna isn't really quite enough to warrant an article on a secondary school, but, "keep if created, don't encourage creation" is what I said so "keep if created, don't encourage creation" is how I'll vote. I just looked at User:Gerald_Farinas's contribution list. He appears to have started today, and in one day appears to have originated five or six short articles. It looks to me as if he's probably writing about things he knows personally (good) which are marginally notable (not so good), and doing a workmanlike job (good). Dpbsmith 00:05, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Miss America isn't significant enough to spark off creation of pages related to her. If she goes on to be elected as state governor, or wins a Nobel prize, then we can create the page. Average Earthman 15:27, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable. Agreed w/ Average Earthman. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:41, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be directed to User talk:Cyrius. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BigUp

Big up - Slang dicdef, not otherwise informative. UninvitedCompany 21:54, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BigUp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Questionable Content

Update: I've removed this item from VfD without deleting the article as I see a consensus to keep. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:59, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Questionable content - Ad for a comic strip. UninvitedCompany 21:54, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Meets proposed webcomic inclusion guidelines at Web comics (3-month Alexa rank:177,392). However, it is in need of work. I'll probably take a stab at it in a bit. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:22, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see it with a dab, since someone coming across the title would wonder about the name. RickK 22:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the stub, since it meets the established guidelines; but move to Questionable Content. -Sean 05:48, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * After a quick run through the comic's archives, I've got a somewhat improved version up. I also moved it to the correct capitalization. -- Cyrius|&#9998 06:02, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I vote to keep, as more article content has just been added making it less Ad-ish, I hope. And I see Questionable content only redirects to it now.  --AquaRichy 21:11, 2004 May 22 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Def (1st nomination)

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Def.

This page is kept as an historic record.

Consensus was not reached, so the article was kept.

 * Def - Slang dicdef. UninvitedCompany 21:55, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful content. Rhymeless 00:30, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dicdef/Slang. --Starx 03:43, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it's gone beyond a dicdef now. The info about Def Jam records makes it worth keeping, I think.  RickK 03:45, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's barely worth keeping as is, but I guess it has potential. Reluctantly keep. -- Jmabel 08:38, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Even with the additions, Wiktionary and delete. Rossami 22:01, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Cascades Rapids

The Cascades Rapids (sometimes called Cascade Falls or Cascades of the Columbia) were an area of rapids along North America's Columbia River, between the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. Through a stretch approximately 150 yd wide, the river dropped about 40 ft in 2 mi. These rapids or cascades, along with the many cascades along the Columbia River Gorge in this area of Oregon and Washington, gave rise to the name for the surrounding mountains: the Cascade Range.

In 1896 the Cascade Locks and Canal were constructed to bypass the rapids. In the late 1930s, the construction of the Bonneville Dam led to the submerging of the rapids and most of the 1896 structures.

Fishing site
The rapids were an important fishing site for Native Americans, who would catch salmon as they swam upriver to spawn.

Obstacle on Oregon Trail
They also posed a major obstacle to the development of the Oregon Trail; initially, pioneers would gather at The Dalles to await small boats to carry them to the Willamette Valley; in 1845, Sam Barlow and his associates built a road around the south side of Mount Hood, which allowed travelers along the Trail to bypass the rapids on the last leg of their journeys.

We concluded to take our canoes first to the head of the rapids, hoping that by evening the rain would cease and afford us a fair afternoon to take our baggage over the portage. This portage is two thousand eight hundred yards along a narrow rough and slipery road. ... a few men were absolutely necessary at any rate to guard our baggage from the War-clel-lars who crowded about our camp in considerable numbers. These are the greates[t] thieves and scoundrels we have met with. ... the canoes were much damaged by being driven against the rocks in despite of every precaution which could be taken to prevent it. ... many of the natives crowded about the bank of the river where the men were engaged in taking up canoes; one of them had the insolence to cast stones down the bank at two of the men who happened to be a little detached from the party at the time. On the return of the party in the evening from the head of the rapids they met with many of the natives on the road, who seemed but illy disposed…

Boat portage
Boat travelers were required to either portage boats and supplies or pull boats up with ropes.

Conflicts over portage rights
Conflicts continued thereafter between the Chinookan natives and Europeans and Americans, who generally refused to recognize the natives' authority over passage through the area. By 1813–14, fur traders passing through were resorting to violent force against the Indians. Although more diplomatic approaches eventually prevailed, a malaria outbreak in the 1830s so reduced the populations of the Cascade and other Indian tribes, that they ceased to be a powerful force along the river.

However, three forts, Fort Cascades, Fort Raines and Fort Lugenbeel were constructed between present day Stevenson, Washington and North Bonneville over 1855–6 to protect the portage road around the rapids. Natives burned Fort Cascades in 1856, but it was rebuilt. This attack prompted the construction of Fort Lugenbeel.

Steamboat navigation
The Cascades were a significant barrier to river navigation. Steamboats could not go upriver through the rapids, and could be brought downriver only at great risk, although this was done a number of times by highly skilled captains. A canal and lock around the rapids was completed in 1896 at what is now Cascade Locks, Oregon. By 1938 the rapids were gone, submerged under the Bonneville Reservoir as it formed behind Bonneville Dam. Bonneville Lock at the dam, completed in 1937, replaced the old Cascade Locks around the rapids.

title: Cascades Rapids


text:
New Bedford (disambiguation)

New Bedford is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

New Bedford may also refer to:

Places

 * New Bedford, Illinois
 * Relating to New Bedford, Massachusetts:
 * New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park
 * New Bedford, New Jersey
 * New Bedford, Ohio
 * New Bedford, Pennsylvania

Events

 * 1928 New Bedford Textile Strike

Ships

 * USS New Bedford, more than one United States Navy ship

title: New Bedford (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Straw purchase

Geographical Bias
The article only deals with very narrowly defined cases in North America, and mostly the USA, while Straw purchasing has as many implications in the European continent, Asia, Russia, Africa and South America, among other places. 84.13.142.27 (talk) 09:06, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I've just added the tag for that reason. Si Trew (talk) 14:27, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

First of all that sentence does not make any sense: 'it has as many implications;' assuming you mean 'has many,' but sentence still lacks content and offers no discussion of the implications: explanations why or specific examples where treatment of SPs is broadly considered different across other continents.§

Bias
This article declares that buying a car for someone with poor credit is unscrupulous. Does this comply with Wikipedia's policy of neutrality?

Contraction?
Straw purchase is more than likely a contraction of "Straw Man" purchase. I guess I'd need some cites before fixing it.

 * The reason I named the article "straw purchase" is because that is the standard term used by the BAFTE. --"D ICK " C HENEY 00:59, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Etymology
Can anyone clarify etymology of the term? I tried to dig the Internet, googled here and there, but all the same -- to no avail. --195.225.129.10 07:13, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

This entry tells me nothing. can anyone please clarify the term?

Impression
My impression is that the term derives from "straw man"–that the person making the purchase is a kind of "straw man" in the purchase in the sense that the person is simply a stand-in for the real purchaser. To make the image more vivid, imagine the real purchaser brings an actual straw man–a scarecrow–and sets it up at the counter, stands behind it, and plays the voice of the straw man, moving the straw man's arms at the right time to conduct the transaction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.72.245.120 (talk) 16:20, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

?
The article makes a false distinction that straw purchases require that they be done for someone who can not legally own a gun. According to Form 4471 and my understanding as an FFL, a straw purchase is any purchase done expressly on the behalf of someone else. It does not have to be done for someone who can't legally own a gun.

Before making the change, I want to make sure nobody objects.

Ottomaton

Straw purchases were made illegal with the intent to prevent purchase by prohibited persons. This includes any purchase by a person ("straw man") not the actual buyer (whether actual buyer is a prohibited person or not) OR bad faith purchase as a "gift" especially for a known prohibited person. The good faith purchaser of a bona fide gift to another person is considered the actual buyer. The question mark is very appropriate--this subject is not clear and there were different rulings in different federal court districts. See writeup below which I copied from BATFE on this subject. Naaman Brown (talk) 20:13, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

At least one district court did overturn a conviction on a straw purchase because the "actual" buyer was not a prohibited person. Naaman Brown (talk) 20:24, 30 September 2009 (UTC)(Added: That was a matter of that court interpreting the intent of Congress from the debates and hearings. The letter of the law is that the sales record must reflect the name, address, D.O.B. of the actual buyer. Only in the case of a bona fide gift may the actual buyer be someone other than the recepient of the gun.)

Signs Section
The signs section should be deleted. First, it does not cite a single source, and qualifies as original research. More importantly, under WP:NOT, an official policy, it states that Wikipedia articles should not include instructions, advice (legal, medical, or otherwise) or suggestions, or contain "how-to"s I will delete this section if no one objects here. (Cyb3rdemon 21:41, 27 June 2007 (UTC))

The signs section has been updated with a reference in the external links section the ATF online learning theater.

This article is incomplete and needs updating.
This is the redirect page for a Wiki search for "straw buyer"...a term currently being bandied around when discussing the current mortgage crisis. For example, the Feds are beginning to indict mortgage brokers who they believe participated as straw buyers. I would appreciate it if someone who understands this concept (from the mortgage angle) would please help out by adding information about it to this article. Thank you kindly. Tell someone (talk) 23:53, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

BATFE on gun straw purchase
today 30 Sep 2009, I downloaded this from http://www.atf.gov/pub/fire-explo_pub/2005/p53004/index.htm
 * Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, ATF P 5300.4 -
 * Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide 2005 (Revised - 9/05)] Page 165

15. STRAW PURCHASES Questions have arisen concerning the lawfulness of firearms purchases from licensees by persons who use a "straw purchaser" (another person) to acquire the firearms. Specifically, the actual buyer uses the straw purchaser to execute the Form 4473 purporting to show that the straw purchaser is the actual purchaser of the firearm. In some instances, a straw purchaser is used because the actual purchaser is prohibited from acquiring the firearm. That is to say, the actual purchaser is a felon or is within one of the other prohibited categories of persons who may not lawfully acquire firearms or is a resident of a State other than that in which the licensee's business premises is located. Because of his or her disability, the person uses a straw purchaser who is not prohibited from purchasing a firearm from the licensee. In other instances, neither the straw purchaser nor the actual purchaser is prohibited from acquiring the firearm.

In both instances, the straw purchaser violates Federal law by making false statements on Form 4473 to the licensee with respect to the identity of the actual purchaser of the firearm, as well as the actual purchaser's residence address and date of birth. The actual purchaser who utilized the straw purchaser to acquire a firearm has unlawfully aided and abetted or caused the making of the false statements. The licensee selling the firearm under these circumstances also violates Federal law if the licensee is aware of the false statements on the form. It is immaterial that the actual purchaser and the straw purchaser are residents of the State in which the licensee's business premises is located, are not prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms, and could have lawfully purchased firearms from the licensee.

An example of an illegal straw purchase is as follows: Mr. Smith asks Mr. Jones to purchase a firearm for Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith gives Mr. Jones the money for the firearm. If Mr. Jones fills out Form 4473, he violates the law by falsely stating that he is the actual buyer of the firearm. Mr. Smith also violates the law because he has unlawfully aided and abetted or caused the making of false statements on the form.

Where a person purchases a firearm with the intent of making a gift of the firearm to another person, the person making the purchase is indeed the true purchaser. There is no straw purchaser in these instances. In the above example, if Mr. Jones had bought a firearm with his own money to give to Mr. Smith as a birthday present, Mr. Jones could lawfully have completed Form 4473. The use of gift certificates would also not fall within the category of straw purchases. The person redeeming the gift certificate would be the actual purchaser of the firearm and would be properly reflected as such in the dealer's records.

Naaman Brown (talk) 19:47, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Alcohol (and not worldwide) - the offence may be the seller, the buyer, the straw man, or a combination
I've added a tag to this because the examples are all from North America.

In particular, other jurisdictions may have many other age- or qualification-restricted purchases (e.g. fireworks, tobacco products, prescription-only medicines) besides alcohol. I don't see why alcohol is called out especially, and I would discourage creating an exhaustive list. There is also a grey market in goods intended to be purchased by middlemen at a discount to the retail price. I am not sure that any of these really belong in this article.

It should also be noted that in some jurisdictions it is an offence for the seller to sell something (to some class of people) but not an offence for those people to buy, or attempt to buy, it. For example, in England and Wales it is illegal to sell cigarettes to somebody under the age of 18, but not an offence for an over-18 straw man to buy it for someone under 18:

And according to Gloucestershire Trading Standards, it is not illegal for anyone to buy cigarettes:

but Sefton Trading Standards say it has been illegal to buy it under the age of 16 since 1908, rising to under 18 since 1 October 2007:

(The Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991 covers cases when underage purchase is not illegal when under the direction of a police officer or trading standards officer.)

Conversely, in that jurisdiction until about a decade ago it was an offence to buy, or attempt to buy, alcohol if under the age of 18 (except for consumption on licenced premises when purchased with a meal) but was not an offence to sell it. (It is now also an offence to sell it.)

As this shows, different jurisdictions will vary on whether the law is being broken by the straw man or the ultimate consumer or both, and even within that jurisdiction will vary on different goods or services. Si Trew (talk) 15:12, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

There has been no evidence presented here that straw purchases made for people who are legally allowed to purchase are illegal anywhere, and one example of a jurisdiction where they can be made even for people who cannot legally purchase. The article therefore should present the reality of general legality of straw purchases, rather than be anymore focused than it currently is on citing illegal examples and throwing straw purchase legality into doubt. Previous versions have wrongly implied straw purchases to be illegal and have consisted mostly of illegal examples and of citations of irrelevant US regulations. Unless more examples of departure from the norm of legality are cited, it would be better to simply mention and cite the one case of unqualified legality (i.e. legal even if end user cannot legally acquire) in the ocean of qualified legality (i.e. legal as long as end user can legally acquire) than to wrongly suggest that straw purchases are treated in a pluralistic variety of ways.

In fact, there may be more reason to believe that unqualified legality (such as in the UK case cited above) is the norm, since I do not see any evidence of a norm of qualified legality other than civil lawsuits settled out of court, and non-legislation regulatory code from ATF and other agencies that requires increased disclosure of information about the purchase but does not alter in any way the practice of straw purchasing itself.

The above-referenced ATF regulations do not even say that straw firearms purchases are illegal in cases when the end user is a felon or out-of-state resident. It would seem that as long as the straw buyer did not knowingly make false statements under penalty of perjury that his straw buying would be totally legal, although in such cases the end user might be charged with illegally acquiring firearms, independent of the fact that the acquisition happened through a straw purchaser.192.166.203.4 (talk) 18:15, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Why supreme court ruling is irrelevant to this article
In Abramski vs US the SC ruled that since Abramski had agreed beforehand with his uncle to purchase the gun and then transfer it to his uncle, Abramski misrepresented the purchase as a sale when it was in fact a straw purchase. If it had been either a sale with the initial acquisition not made at the direction of the uncle, or an actual, uncompensated gift and had been given to his uncle without prior agreement that the uncle was going to be the end user of the firearm and that the uncle was going to fully compensate Abramski for the purchase price, Abramski would not have been lying by saying he was the end user. Because of the fact that he said on the ATF form that he was going to be the end user and that the uncle and he had at that time agreed to the transfer, the SC ruled 5-4 that it was a straw purchase made under false pretenses, a transfer between straw purchaser and end user, and not a legitimate sale. If it was a gift, a sale, or if it was a straw purchase and Abramski had indicated on the ATF form that it was a straw purchase, there would be no question of legality. Abramski claimed it was a sale and that he was not acting as an agent for his uncle. The affirming justices opined that he was indeed an agent. The dissenting justices argued not only that the affirming justices did not have basis to construe the transfer as a straw purchase rather than a sale and that there was not sufficient evidence to prove that Abramski and his uncle entered into an agency relationship, but also that the underlying intent or agreements of Abramski and his uncle were immaterial to the facts that Abramski purchased the gun and then sold it to his uncle, that the law was not written with a broad scope of exploring the underlying intent of purchasers, and therefore that Abramski did not make a false statement. None of the justices even touched upon the inherent legality of straw firearms purchasing nor on the legality of gifting firearms. It is a misrepresentation of the opinion to say that it made straw gun purchases illegal; in fact it had no bearing on straw purchase legality at all. The decision had no effect on gun purchasing law or purchasing law and the only outcome to speak of was that Abramski was brought up on charges of making false statements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.166.203.4 (talk) 17:32, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Straw purchase


text:
Talk:National Assembly of Quebec

Comments
A few MNAs from the Quebec general election, 2007 don't have articles yet. You can find them by looking for redlinks at 37th National Assembly of Quebec. A list used to be posted here, but is just a duplicate. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 00:55, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

The following comment dates from when the list was still posted here:
 * I have taken the liberty of replacing Daniel Bernard (the late French ambassador) with Daniel Bernard (politician) in the above list, as I assume the ambassador is not who was intended. Thank you. — the Sidhekin (talk) 18:03, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Pagename?
Why was this page moved to the French name? Is there a general consensus that Legislures be called by their native names? 68.39.174.238 01:47, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

The National Assembly uses "National Assembly of Quebec" in English, so there is no reason for the English version of Wikipedia to use the French name. See the National Assembly of Quebec website. I have moved the page back. Ground Zero | t 04:27, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * When the page was moved unilaterally on Feb. 20, I left a message on the editor's talk page asking why. Never got a response.  Skeezix1000 11:48, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Article not centered properly
This article does not open up well. Peter Horn 01:13, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Legislative assembly.
If we go according to the French Language Charter, or bill 101 as it is also called, there is no official English name to anything that concerns the Québec Government. So "English Canada" which includes many english people in Québec can actually call it what ever they want. Also no matter what the official name of the assembly is, it is still a legislative assembly. --Mrboire (talk) 14:57, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The issue of use in English Canada is a red herring. Nor is there any question that the National Assembly is a  l egislative  a ssembly (in the lower-case, generic & common sense, not as a proper noun) - I don't think anyone disputes that the National Assembly is a legislative assembly.  The issue is whether or not the term " L egislative  A ssembly of Quebec" remains in current use, in English or French, notwithstanding the 1968 name change. In my opinion, the entire sentence should be deleted, as the reference in the one source (the Speaker of the House of Commons website) is insufficient to show that the term remains in any kind of current usage (a random example does not provide evidence of common usage - it only shows that the term has been used once, possibly in error).  Moreover, the Speaker's site also incorrectly refers to the Houses of Assembly of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland & Labrador as "Legislative Assemblies", leading me to believe that the source is either not reliable, or it mistakenly uses capital letters when the intent was to use the generic, lower-case, " l egislative a ssembly" to refer to all of the provincial legislatures, regardless of their individual proper names. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 16:05, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Bearcat has changed it to "...though the original appellation is also occasionally still used". Given that the Speaker's website gets the names wrong for three of the provincial assemblies, I'm less inclined to believe that the usage of the term on this site is evidence of the occasional use of a former name, and perhaps more inclined to believe that the website writer was either very sloppy or had intended to use the term in the generic sense.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 17:18, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Believe me, I agree, but until this discussion is actually resolved, "occasionally still used" at least has the benefit of being closer to reality than the previous claim was, because it's certainly not in any sort of common or standard use. We can't let a complete falsehood stand in the article just because a discussion about it is ongoing, obviously. Bearcat (talk) 17:33, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Absolutely I agree, and well said. I'm sorry if it sounded like I didn't think your edit was a step in the right direction.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 17:44, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Personaly I don't beleive that the sentence should be in the paragraph, I was just trying to stop the back and forth undoing of the two parties involved. Yes the National Assembly is a legislative assembly, and yes Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and labrador have legislative assemblies, but are they refered to as the "Legislative Assembly" of X is the question here. I do not know, I have not seen either way. The intro should probably read "NA of Q is the legislative body or assembly ..." I believe that people who do not have full mastery of the language should not edit the encyclopedia, intentions might be honorable but it causes more confusion.--Mrboire (talk) 18:30, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I will remove the sentence. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 13:35, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removing of this sentence. The name of the legislative assembly of Quebec is National Assembly of Quebec. These subtleties are important. Sincerely, Jimmy Lavoietalk 20:40, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

To me the question is the word "national" which does not mean the exact same thing in English and in French. I would like to know if there is an official English version of "assemblee nationale" - a reference to that or an acknowledgement that this is unofficial but standard usage by the Assembly itself would save it from being original research. Richardson mcphillips (talk) 15:02, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Renaming
I removed the following sentence, which had no source and which is furthermore completely inaccurate: "The renaming was a view by separatists has a way to promote sovereignty for the province."

The renaming was proposed, undertaken and ratified by a Federalist government. The Premier of the day, Jean-Jacques Bertrand was an overt Federalist. Moreover, there was not a single PQ member in the Assembly at the time, since the party would not even exist until later that year.

A Wikipedia article is no place for this type of speculation.

And while I was at it, I also deleted this piece of nonsense:

"The Quebecian Broadcasting was formerly the maslow of Quebec's legislature and was then called the Housings of Nation Leg ;standing for Legislation. In 1966, the lower house, the Legislative Council, was demolished by angry citizens and the remaining house was renamed."

Seriously, some people need to get a life.184.163.86.47 (talk) 01:40, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Assemblé nationale du Québec (2000). What is the National Assembly?, Québec: Assemblée nationale, 58 p. (ISBN 2-550-30165-X)
Is this: or
 * Assemblé nationale du Québec (2000). What is the National Assembly?, Québec: Assemblée nationale, 58 p. (ISBN 2-550-30165-X)
 * Assemblée nationale du Québec (2000). What is the National Assembly?, Québec: Assemblée nationale, 58 p. (ISBN 2-550-30165-X) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.199.97.30 (talk) 17:53, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

Full name
Following up on the discussion of the full name of the Assemblée, the Quebec statute uses both "Assemblée nationale" and "Assemblée nationale du Québec." The name of the Act is "Loi sur L’Assemblée nationale", but the implementation clause uses "Assemblée nationale du Québec": "Sa Majesté, de l’avis et du consentement de l’Assemblée nationale du Québec, décrète ce qui suit:". The Act therefore is not determinative. The "Règlement et autres Règles de procédure" (downloadable here), one of the key documents for the Assembly, also uses both terms: "Assemblée nationale du Québec" at the top of the cover, and "Assemblée nationale" thereafter. Similarly, the National Assembly on its webpages uses "Assemblée nationale du Québec" on the headers, and then "Assemblée nationale" in the text. It seems to me that we should follow that same style: since the Assemblée uses the "Assemblée nationale du Québec" at the beginning of its documents, and "Assemblée nationale" thereafter, we should do the same for this article. However, if it is determined that the official name is "Assemblée nationale", then the same style should be used in English, to match the French style, and the article would have to be re-named: "National Assembly (Quebec)". Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 15:45, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:22, 6 March 2022 (UTC)
 * CM 2019-08 024.jpg

title: Talk:National Assembly of Quebec


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sonnesyn Elementary School

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Sonnesyn Elementary School.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was that the article was kept due to lack of consensus to delete.

Just another non-notable elementary school. - Lucky 6.9 21:56, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, same as the other schools. This one has a lot of good info waiting to be made into a fine article. Everyking 22:13, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Advert now, but could be kept and made into a short article.Beelzebubs 22:33, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This is part of a series of schools gazeeter-style dumped here. How is a small school not encyclopedic? I get hits of Google. If some If we run into a conflict with name we can disambig it. Burgundavia 23:04, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - potential for a useful factual article. Disk is cheap. - TB 06:18, 18 May 2004 (UTC)@
 * Delete. I will vote to delete on any school article that does not include some reasonable explanation of why the school is notable. See User:Dpbsmith/schools for rationale. Dpbsmith 15:48, 18 May 2004 (UTC) P. S. If anyone makes it into a reasonable article before the comment period expires, I'll change my vote. The problem I have with comments such as those of Everyking, Burgundavia, and TB is: who is going to improve the article? I certainly can't do it. I don't know the school, and Google doesn't have anything interesting on it. (it's within 2.5 miles of a nuclear waste transportation route... fascinating...). If the author of the article didn't know anything interesting or notable about the school, it's very unlikely that anyone else will. If one of the people who thinks it can be improved will step up to the plate and improve it, I will, of course, change my vote.Dpbsmith 15:55, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As of this writing, It doesn't seem to have improved noticeably. Dpbsmith 23:29, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There exists no clear consensus on what to do with school articles, but as there is no suggestion of why this school is any more notable than any average school given in the article, I personally see no particular reason why Wikipedia should turn into a planet-wide version of Yellow Pages and include this. Average Earthman 16:10, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: We need a policy on this, see Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy/schools but note that this is just a talk page, there is no corresponding policy page yet. Andrewa 20:59, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Let's start a "Wikischools" for these articles. And store the database on /dev/null. Dpbsmith 22:43, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Primary schools are generally not encyclopedic. Who reads this anyway? Universities, yeah, those qualify. JFW | T@lk  23:30, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:39, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete on general principle. Primary schools are not notable. Isomorphic 19:28, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Eigenface

To do

 * handling variations in facial expression and lighting conditions
 * other applications of eigenimaging- e.g., handwriting, voice, medical

As a mathematician, I think the first line is nonsense:

"Eigenfaces are eigenvectors in the high-dimensional vector space of possible faces of human beings."

You can't have eigenvectors without first defining an operator for which they are eigenvectors, see eigenvector. Without an operator, saying that a vector is an eigenvector has exactly zero meaning. - Andre Engels 22:01, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, eigenfaces are more a basis than eigenvectors.

I hope what I've done with that secon paragraph is ok. I understand eigenvectors and I've heard of eigenfaces before, but I didn't understand that first paragraph at all. My explanation is very hand-wavy, so feel free to make it more accurate (but keep it readable for non-mathematicians). - G 16:10, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree; the first paragraph as it now appears is somewhat vague. Maybe I'll do something with it at some point. Michael Hardy 21:34, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Number of Eigenfaces
Is the following explanation completely right?

 * For instance, if we are working with a 100 x 100 image, then this system will create 10,000 eigenfaces. Since most individuals can be identified using a database with a size between 100 and 150, most of the 10,000 can be discarded, and only the most important should remain.

Instead, shouldn't we give an explanation such as:

If we have a set of 100x100 images, and the set contains M such images, we can imagine any other image data as a point in a 100x100=10,000=N dimensional space. Thanks to the eigenface decomposition, we do not need all these dimensions, and we can fully represent data that already belongs to the set in terms of M (=number of images) eigenfaces. We can even further reduce the number of dimensions to M' with a reasonable loss, where M' can be down to 0.1M, that is, if we have 300 images with 10,000 pixels each, we can have reasonable results with only 300/10= 30 eigenvectors.

I am not an expert in the subject, so I did not change the article, but the explanation there looks unclear or incorrect to me.

--spAs 12:41, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Number of Eigenfaces
I agree with User:Spas, putting it as "If we are working with a 100X100 image, then this system will have 10,000 dimensions resulting in 10,000 eigen vectors" will make it more clear for the technically uninitiated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.170.25.146 (talk) 15:51, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Issues
I think (I'm no expert) the article has the following problems: 146.50.8.103 (talk) 16:16, 20 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It talks about the mean matrix A, as though the images are represented as matrices. In fact, the images are represented as vectors and you should subtract the mean vector A (Although something like $$\bar{x}$$ would be more appropriate for vectors).
 * Since the dimension of the data, (ie. the collection of image-vectors) is 10000, computing the covariance matrix would cost far too much memory (to the order of 50Gb). The actual algorithm uses a different way to find the eigenvectors.
 * They are faces, 2-D not 1D. A vector is a linear series of terms, to me, where a matrix has dimension 2: NxM . Can you clarify? --Ancheta Wis (talk) 16:48, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The vector is the set of pixel values in order. If there are 10,000 pixels, you get a 10,000 element vector. The image is not represented in 2D internally, it is just a long series of pixels. Visualizing them in rows as an image has nothing to do with the way the algorithm works. - Rainwarrior (talk) 17:06, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Content of matrix T
In the section Practical Implementation, the matrix T is defined as having the flattened images in its rows, meaning each row represents an image. In the next section Computing the eigenvectors, this assumption however is suddenly changing: Now the matrix T has the images in its columns. For a reader that is new to the subject (such as me). This can be rather confusing if one doesn't read very attentively. Would it be possible to unify the definitions for T? --131.152.224.31 (talk) 12:40, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Use in facial recognition
The statistics in the Use in facial recognition are completely meaningless without some sort of context (i.e. how big was the data set). 81.98.54.232 (talk) 19:43, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eigenface


text:
Haddad

Haddad (Arabic: حداد) is an Arabic surname meaning blacksmith, commonly used in the Levant and Algeria.

Hadad is the name of an ancient Semitic storm-god.

Haddad

 * Aaron Haddad (born 1982), American professional wrestler best known as Damien Sandow
 * Abd al-Masih Haddad (1890–1963), writer of the Mahjar movement and journalist
 * Amir Haddad (born 1984), Israeli French singer
 * Amir-John Haddad (born 1975), German-Spanish flamenco guitarist and multi-instrumentalist
 * Antoine Haddad (born 1954), Lebanese politician
 * Andreas Haddad (born 1982), Assyrian Swedish footballer
 * Beatriz Haddad Maia (born 1996), Brazilian tennis player
 * Benjamin Haddad (born 1985), French politician
 * Brendha Haddad (born 1986), Brazilian actress
 * Caroline Haddad, Canadian competitive pair skater
 * Dany Haddad (born 1960), Lebanese fencer
 * Diana Haddad (born 1976), Lebanese singer
 * Drew Haddad (born 1978), American football player
 * Eddie Haddad (1928–1978), Canadian boxer
 * Fairuz (born 1935), birth name Nouhad Wadie' Haddad, Lebanese singer
 * Fawwaz Haddad (born 1947), Syrian novelist
 * Fernando Haddad (born 1963), Brazilian academic and politician
 * Fouad Haddad (1927–1985), Egyptian poet
 * George Ibrahim Haddad, Jordanian writer, poet, and journalist
 * Hubert Haddad (born 1947), Tunisian poet, playwright, and writer
 * Humberto Hernandez-Haddad (born 1951), Mexican lawyer, Senator, and Federal Congressman
 * Ibrahim Haddad (born 1938), Syrian politician and minister
 * Ilias Haddad (born 1989), Dutch-Moroccan footballer
 * Isaac Haddad (died 1755), Tunisian Talmudic scholar
 * Jamey Haddad (born 1952), American jazz percussionist
 * Jerrier A. Haddad (1922–2017), computer engineer
 * John G. Haddad Jr, American endocrinologist after whom the IBMS John G. Haddad Jr. Award was named
 * Joumana Haddad (born 1970), Lebanese poet, translator, journalist, and women's rights activist
 * Karim Haddad (born 1962), Lebanese composer
 * Kasia Haddad (born 1979), British actress
 * Lahcen Haddad (born 1960), Moroccan politician
 * Lawrence Haddad (born 1959), British economist
 * Line Haddad (born 1978), French-Israeli pair skater
 * Maria Ziadie-Haddad (born 1955), Jamaican airline pilot
 * Malek Haddad (1927–1978), Algerian poet and writer
 * Michel Haddad (born 1902), Egyptian boxer
 * Mohammed Haddad (born 1975), Bahraini composer and music critic
 * Musue Noha Haddad, Liberian journalist and photojournalist
 * Nabil Haddad, Jordanian Arab priest of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church
 * Óscar Bitar Haddad (born 1942), Mexican politician
 * Paul Haddad (1963–2020), English-born Canadian actor
 * Qassim Haddad (born 1948), Bahraini poet
 * Radley Haddad (born 1990), American baseball coach
 * Rudy Haddad (born 1985), French-Israeli football player
 * Saad Haddad (1936–1984), Lebanese militant
 * Sami Haddad (born 1950), Lebanese businessman, politician, and government minister
 * Sami Ibrahim Haddad (1890–1957), Lebanese physician and writer
 * Shai Haddad (born 1987), Israeli footballer
 * Sonya Haddad (1936–2004), American translator and surtitler
 * Soraya Haddad (born 1984), Algerian judoka
 * Tahar Haddad (1899–1935), Tunisian author, scholar, and reformer
 * Vico Haddad (born 1960), Israeli footballer and sports manager
 * Wadie Haddad (1927–1978), Palestinian former head of the armed wing of the PFLP
 * Wassim Michael Haddad (born 1961), Lebanese-Greek-American mathematician, scientist, and engineer
 * William J. Haddad (1915–2010), Canadian lawyer and jurist
 * Yoseph Haddad (born 1985), Israeli Arab activist
 * Yvonne Haddad, Syrian professor

Hadad

 * Amir Hadad (born 1978), Israeli tennis player
 * Astrid Hadad (born 1957), Lebanese-Mexican actress
 * Aviv Hadad (born 1984), Israeli footballer
 * Daniel Hadad (born 1961), Argentine telecommunication businessman
 * Haneh Hadad (1919–2020), Israeli Arab politician and Member of the Knesset
 * Mauricio Hadad (born 1971), Colombian tennis player
 * Sarit Hadad (born "Sarah Hodadetova" 1978), Israeli singer

Al Haddad

 * Abdallah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720), Yemeni Islamic scholar
 * Abdulrahman Al-Haddad (born 1966), Emirati footballer
 * Muayad Al-Haddad (born 1960), Kuwaiti footballer
 * Saleh Al-Haddad (born 1986), Kuwaiti track and field athlete

El Haddad

 * Andre El Haddad (born 1971), Lebanese football referee
 * Laila el-Haddad, Palestinian freelance journalist, author, and media activist
 * Mahmoud El-Haddad (born 1986), Egyptian weightlifter
 * Saad El-Haddad, birth name of Baba Saad or just Saad, German rapper of Lebanese descent
 * Essam El-Haddad (born 1953), Egyptian politician

Other

 * Camilo Haddad station, a monorail station in São Paulo, Brazil
 * Estádio Anísio Haddad, usually known as Rio Pretão, multi-purpose stadium in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil

title: Haddad


text:
King of Dragon Pass

King of Dragon Pass is a 1999 strategy simulation fantasy video game published by A Sharp. Set in the fictional world of Glorantha, the player controls the fate of a barbarian clan settling in the dangerous frontier region of Dragon Pass.

Originally released for PC, the game was a commercial failure. It was ported for iOS in 2011, and was later released for Android and re-released for PCs. The iOS versions were much more commercially successful than the original PC release, leading to a sequel, Six Ages: Ride Like The Wind, being released in 2018.

Plot
The player controls a clan of Orlanthi (worshipers of the Storm God Orlanth) across several generations. Orlanthi clans bear some similarities to the Iron Age Nordic peoples, such as lawspeakers, fyrds, the worship of a thunder god and a reliance on raiding, as well as Bronze Age Celtic and Italic peoples aesthetically, with the appearance of many of the tribesmen reflecting these origins.

At the beginning of the game the clan has fled its home of Heortland after a foreign magician known as Belintar or 'the Pharaoh' usurps the throne. Along with dozens of other Orlanthi clans, the clan seeks to build a new home in Dragon Pass, a previously populated area left deserted after the Dragonkill War hundreds of years ago. With the Orlanthi clans variously feuding, allying, trading with and raiding each other, and a host of inhuman presences such as elves, dwarves and trolls, Dragon Pass is a free but dangerous frontier society compared to the tyrannical rule of the Pharaoh in Heortland. To the west, a persistent danger is the 'Horse-Spawn,' a society of nomadic mounted warriors.

As time passes by the clans form into 'tribes,' loose confederations of half a dozen clans. A prophet visits the player's clan to inform them of a great destiny. The player must guide the clan through seven heroquests (ritual re-enactments of feats of the gods) and successfully manage a number of events, including co-operating with other clans to build a town and making peace with the Horse-Spawn by marrying their queen (or, if the player's chieftain is female, their king). If the player is successful, the clan's chieftain unites the Orlanthi tribes and the Horse-Spawn into a kingdom, becoming King of Dragon Pass.

Gameplay
The player controls the seven-member clan ring leading the clan, providing leadership to the clan in all aspects of its life, such as trading, warfare, agriculture and diplomacy. The player can make two macro-level decisions per each of the five seasons in the Gloranthan year. Random events are drawn from a pool of hundreds, ranging from mundane law disputes to spiritual or demonic incursions. They are often influenced by previous decisions and outcomes. In battle, the player determines the goals and preparations, and possibly chooses the actions of his nobles at pivotal moments.

To succeed, a player must balance the various needs of survival and prospering, as well as manage the problems presented by the setting or the clan individuals - a lack of food might be solvable by clearing more farmland, but when the forest responds by sending a talking fox to urge leaving the trees alone, a wrong choice could bring the clan hunters to war with their environment. Likewise, should a member of the clan act in a selfish and foolish manner, action needs to be taken to stabilize and defuse the situation, if necessary.

King of Dragon Pass contains no animation, instead depicting people and events with hand-drawn artwork. The game has elements of strategy, construction and management simulation, and role-playing video games.

Production and release
King of Dragon Pass was conceived and developed by David Dunham, using his friend Greg Stafford's setting of Glorantha. At peak development, the A Sharp production team consisted of 12 people. The game cost $500,000 to make but only sold 8,000 boxed copies, rendering it a commercial failure. It sold disproportionately well in Finland thanks to a glowing review in Pelit.

King of Dragon Pass had initially been conceived for the Apple Newton. Following Apple's announcement of the iPhone in 2007, Dunham was drawn back to the potential of the game for a handheld platform, and an updated version of the game was released for iOS on September 8, 2011. This version was updated to be a universal iOS app for compatibility with the iPad on September 6, 2012. The original Windows version was re-released by GOG.com in 2012. Dunham announced in March 2013 that the iOS version had sold 30,000 copies.

HeroCraft ported the iOS version to Android and released it on August 12, 2014. A Windows Phone version, also by HeroCraft, was released a month later on September 23. A new PC version based on the Android version was released July 29, 2015; it runs on Windows or Mac OS X.

Sequel
A sequel, Six Ages: Ride Like The Wind, was announced in 2014, released for iOS on June 28, 2018, and PC and Mac in 2019. A second sequel, Six Ages 2: Lights Going Out, was released for PC, Mac, and iOS in 2023.

Reception
The game's hand painted watercolor artwork won the Best Visual Art prize in the 2000 Independent Games Festival. Rock, Paper, Shotgun described the game in retrospective in 2017 as "a management game, yes, but at its heart is an ongoing RPG chronicle." In 2016, the game placed 5th on Rock Paper Shotgun's The 50 best strategy games on PC list. Reviewing the iPhone version at TouchArcade, Eli Hodapp described it as "one of the most in-depth and strategic gameplay experiences I've had so far on my iPhone," describing the game as a conglomeration of Civilization and Choose Your Own Adventure.

title: King of Dragon Pass


text:
Xero

Xero may refer to:

 * Xero (band), an Australian punk band
 * Xero (company), a New Zealand financial software company
 * Xero (film), an experimental 2010 German film
 * Xero (Linkin Park), an early name for the band Linkin Park, as well as a demo tape of the same name
 * Xero (SF fanzine), American fanzine published from 1960 to 1963
 * Xero Shoes, a brand of minimalist footwear

title: Xero