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Arlington Memorial Bridge

The Arlington Memorial Bridge, often shortened to Memorial Bridge, is a Neoclassical masonry, steel, and stone arch bridge with a central bascule (or drawbridge) that crosses the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. First proposed in 1886, the bridge went unbuilt for decades thanks to political quarrels over whether the bridge should be a memorial, and to whom or what. Traffic problems associated with the dedication of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in November 1921 and the desire to build a bridge in time for the bicentennial of the birth of George Washington led to its construction in 1932.

Designed by the architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White, decorated with monumental statues depicting valor and sacrifice by sculptor Leo Friedlander, and cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence, Italy, Arlington Memorial Bridge defines the western end of the National Mall. The bridge's draw span was permanently closed in 1961 and replaced in 2018 by one that does not open.

Early memorial bridge proposals
Congress first proposed a bridge at the site of the current structure on May 24, 1886. The resolution required that the United States Department of War study the feasibility of a bridge at the site, and a 24 ft wide design was proposed later that year. The following year, the War Department suggested a "Lincoln-Grant Memorial Bridge". The Washington Post supported the idea of naming the bridge after both Robert E. Lee and Grant. Congress again passed a resolution requesting another design, and in late 1887 the department proposed a "General Ulysses S. Grant Memorial Bridge". The new bridge would be a suspension bridge 105 ft high, with 98 ft of clearance below it. Designs for the bridge at this time included a bare steel truss bridge, a low masonry arch bridge, and a Romanesque Revival structure by Paul J. Pelz with two massive central towers, two barbicans on each end, and exuberant ornamentation. Senator John W. Daniel sponsored legislation in 1897 funding a survey of the bedrock in the Potomac River. Congress approved the legislation the same year, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers began the survey in July. The survey was delivered in March 1898.

Because the bridge was conceived as a memorial to Grant, Congress repeatedly blocked funding for the bridge. But after the Corps' survey was complete, Congress authorized the Secretary of War to expend $5,000 ($0 in dollars) on a bridge design competition. To help improve the prospects for a bridge, a "National Memorial Bridge Association" was formed. In July, four prominent bridge engineers from New York City — George S. Morrison, Leffert L. Buck, William H. Burr, and William R. Hutton — were invited to submit designs for a memorial bridge to honor American war dead. A five-member board appointed by the Secretary of War selected a design by William H. Burr and architect Edward P. Casey (designer of the Taft Bridge). Their design, based on the 1887 winning plan, called for a drawbridge made of steel and stone with 36 arches. A "classical" tower sat over each end of the draw span, on top of which would stand bronze statues of Victory. Statues of famous generals and statesmen (in either bronze or granite) would line both sides of the bridge.

Senator George F. Hoar blocked the bridge from being built in June 1900 because he opposed the design. The National Memorial Bridge Association began pushing again for a bridge in October 1900, and commissioned Connecticut architect George Keller to design plans. Keller's design went on display in Washington in November. Contrary to almost all previous designs, his bridge was low to the water and eliminated a draw span. His design featured a monumental Romanesque Revival arch for the D.C. approaches and a memorial column celebrating the Union on the Virginia side, both to be placed in traffic circles. Keller's design was published in architectural magazines, and by 1901 was widely seen as the appropriate design for the bridge.

In 1901, the American Institute of Architects proposed that the bridge extend New York Avenue NW (which then ended at 23rd Street NW) over the Potomac to Arlington National Cemetery. But once more, Congress did not act.

McMillan Plan proposal
In 1900, the U.S. Senate created the Senate Park Commission to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D.C., and especially the National Mall and nearby areas. Popularly known as the McMillan Commission after its chairman, Senator James McMillan of Michigan, the commission issued its report (commonly referred to as the "McMillan Plan") on January 15, 1902.

The McMillan Plan proposed siting a major new bridge and memorial at the western end of the National Mall, an area also known as West Potomac Park. Almost none of the National Mall west of the Washington Monument grounds and below Constitution Avenue NW existed prior to 1882. After terrible flooding inundated much of downtown Washington, D.C., in 1881, Congress ordered the Army Corps of Engineers to dredge a deep channel in the Potomac and use the material to fill in the Potomac shoreline (creating the current banks of the river) and raise this and much of the land near the White House and along Pennsylvania Avenue NW by nearly 6 ft to prevent future flooding. This "reclaimed land" — which included West Potomac Park, East Potomac Park, the Tidal Basin — was largely complete by 1890, and designated Potomac Park by Congress in 1897. Congress first appropriated money for the beautification of the reclaimed land in 1902, which led to the planting of sod, bushes, and trees; grading and paving of sidewalks, bridle paths, and driveways; and the installation of water, drainage, and sewage pipes.

Although Congress did not formally adopt the McMillan Plan, it began to implement it piecemeal over the next several years. In 1910, Congress enacted legislation establishing the United States Commission of Fine Arts, a body of federally-appointed architects, landscape architects, and others who began to formally push for construction of the bridge envisioned by the McMillan Plan. On March 4, 1913, Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act which, among other things, created and funded an Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission whose purpose was to settle on a design for the bridge and report back to Congress. Its members included the President of the United States, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the chairs of the committees on public grounds and buildings of the House and Senate (or their designees). But Congress appropriated no money for the commission's operation due to the onset of World War I, and it remained inactive.

Construction: 1922–1932
On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding traveled to the dedication ceremony for the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery. He became caught in a three-hour traffic jam because Highway Bridge (on which he traveled) could not handle the traffic. Resolving to prevent that from happening again, Harding sought an appropriation of $25,000 in 1922 to fund the work of the bridge commission. Congress approved his request on June 12, 1922.

Initially, the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission proposed a site for the bridge at the New York Avenue site, upstream from its current position. But the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), which had legislative authority to approve the siting and design of memorials, opposed the plan. With President Harding presiding, the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission held a joint meeting with Vice President Calvin Coolidge and the Commission of Fine Arts on December 18, 1922, at which time it was unanimously decided to adhere to the McMillan Plan and site the bridge on a line of sight between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery. The parties also agreed to seek to construct a low (rather than monumental) bridge with a bascule (drawbridge) in the center to permit ship traffic to reach the Georgetown waterfront.

Bridge design considerations
The bridge commission asked the Commission of Fine Arts whether there should be an open design competition (as in the past) or whether the bridge commission should pick a designer itself. The CFA recommended a direct selection, and provided the names of three firms: Charles A. Platt, who designed the Freer Gallery of Art; Paul Philippe Cret, who designed the Pan-American Union Building; and the firm of McKim, Mead and White. The bridge commission chose a direct selection, and picked the firm of McKim, Mead and White on April 4, 1923. Architect William Mitchell Kendall was the lead designer.

Members of the D.C. business community immediately pressed for resolution on whether the bridge would have a draw span. Merchants in Georgetown wanted their small harbor to be reachable by large ships. On February 17, 1923, Colonel C.O. Sherrill of the Army Corps of Engineers stated that the Corps would only approve a bridge with a draw span.

Kendall's first design, submitted to the CFA in May 1923, was generally well received. His plan envisioned a low, Neoclassical arch bridge. Two statues stood atop each pier on both sides of the bridge. The D.C. approaches consisted of a traffic circle around the Lincoln Memorial linked to the Potomac River by a plaza and monumental steps (the "watergate"). Two memorial columns were placed in this plaza. On the Columbia Island landing, Kendall envisioned a gigantic crossarm circumscribed by a grassy ellipse, with traffic circles at the terminus of the north and south arms. The traffic circles would accommodate Lee Highway and the Mt. Vernon Memorial Parkway. Within the ellipse were placed two 181 ft tall memorial columns. Two circular Greek Revival temples were planned for the western shoreline. The commission was especially pleased that Kendall had the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway linked to the traffic circle around the Lincoln Memorial rather than passing beneath the bridge via an arch. (Kendall had, in fact, intended to pass it through one of the bridge's arches but forgot to make the change.) However, CFA members asked that he consider widening the bridge to 100 ft from the proposed 80 ft. The CFA also discussed at length its long-standing proposal for a major traffic circle on Columbia Island, within which would be placed a memorial to Robert E. Lee. There was also concern whether enough space had been allotted to permit the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, Lee Highway, and Memorial Drive (which was planned to cross the Boundary Channel via the Boundary Channel Bridge into Virginia and link with the main gate to Arlington National Cemetery). When the CFA gave its preliminary approval to the bridge design (but withheld a resolution on the approaches), models of the bridge went on public display in February 1924.

Legislative approval
A bill authorizing construction of Arlington Memorial Bridge was introduced in the U.S. Senate on April 25, 1924, by Senator Bert M. Fernald. The Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds reported out the bill in mid-May. But the legislation languished. With Congress due to adjourn on March 4, 1925, the Senate finally passed the bridge bill on December 30, 1924. Senator William Borah made a motion to reconsider the bill in late January 1925, Borah's motion did not ask the House to return the Senate-passed bill, so his motion would not affect the bill's passage either way.

The bridge authorization faced a far more difficult time in the U.S. House of Representatives. The House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds speedily approved the bill and reported it on January 27, 1925, less than a month after receiving it from the Senate. But with a legislative logjam in the House and only about 30 days left in the legislative session, the bill's chances for approval seemed slim. Floor managers helping to guide the bill through the final approval process tried to bring the bill up for approval on January 30, believing they had the necessary two-thirds majority to suspend the rules to allow the bill to be considered. Instead, the House voted to suspend the legislative calendar — blocking all legislative except for appropriations bills.

Floor managers won a major victory, however, when the House quickly passed the appropriations legislation and allowed the bridge bill to be considered on February 18. There was significant opposition to the bill on the House floor. Many Democrats opposed the bill, and several Republicans felt it went against President Calvin Coolidge's budgetary restraint program. Many members of Congress received feedback from their constituents, who did not want their tax dollars to pay for a bridge in the District of Columbia. Representative Louis C. Cramton offered an amendment to the District of Columbia pay an "equitable amount" of the bridge's cost. (The amount was to be established by Congress at a future date.) His amendment passed by a vote of 103–89. Amendments to make the city pay 60 percent of the cost, to make the state of Virginia pay half the cost, and require the Army Corps of Engineers to build the bridge were defeated. Finally, the House approved the Arlington Memorial Bridge bill by a vote of 204–125.

The Senate agreed to the House amendments on February 20, and President Coolidge signed it into law on February 24, 1925. In 1926 Comptroller General John R. McCarl voided contracts for the construction of the $12.5 million bridge because they called for the hiring of a general contractor and not specific individuals, as he believed the law required. In 1927, Congress changed the law so the contracts could proceed.

Bridge construction
The Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission oversaw the design and construction of the bridge. Arlington Memorial Bridge informally opened on January 16, 1932. The dedication ceremony was headed by President Herbert Hoover who became the first person to drive across it, leading a small party of 12 cars down the George Washington Parkway to Mt. Vernon as a kick-off for Washington's 200th birthday celebration. Due to a lack of lights, ongoing construction and poor connections on the Virginia side, the bridge and highway were only open during daylight hours on Saturday and Sunday. Weekend-only operations ended on March 16, 1932. Though temporary lights were added in time for the 200th birthday, the bridge wasn't opened for day and night use until both the bridge and highway were officially illuminated on May 6, 1932.

Designed by architectural firm McKim, Mead, and White, the neoclassical bridge is 2163 ft long. The bridge cost $7.25 million to build, of which $900,000 was attributed to the center draw span.

Construction of the Virginia approaches to the bridge took six years. The National Capital Parks Commission (NCPC) had authority to plan and approve regional transportation plans, and wanted the Virginia approaches to the bridge to be new roads. This would help stimulate housing and economic growth in Arlington County. The state of Virginia (which would provide some of the funding for the approaches) and Arlington County officials wrestled with the problems of cost and development. New roads and approaches would be the most costly (largely due to the need to obtain rights-of-way), a major consideration in the Great Depression. Yet, connecting the bridge to existing roadways would not stimulate development. The choice of a route also had political considerations, as neighborhoods vied to be the recipient of this economic stimulus. The construction of Lee Boulevard (now known as Arlington Boulevard) and Washington Boulevard eastward both provided an opportunity for economic stimulus. The state and county eventually agreed to push Lee Boulevard north around Arlington National Cemetery. When this project ran into rights-of-way problems, the state and county constructed Washington Boulevard south around the cemetery. When the Lee Boulevard problems were resolved, and with the addition of large amounts of new federal dollars, the state and county resumed construction of the Lee Boulevard approaches. The Lee Boulevard approach finally opened in October 1938. The construction of The Pentagon in 1941 and extensive war-related building south of the cemetery in 1942 led the federal government to approve a second connection by extending Washington Boulevard past Arlington National Cemetery and over Boundary Channel as well.

At the time it opened, the Arlington Memorial Bridge bascule span was the longest, heaviest (3000 ST), and fastest-opening bascule span in the world.

About the bridge
The bridge's northeastern approaches frame, in part, the Lincoln Memorial, while the bridge's southwestern landing is on Columbia Island. The northeastern end of the bridge marks the western edge of the National Mall. The southwestern end connects with Memorial Drive, which crosses the Boundary Channel Bridge into Virginia and travels to Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County.

In 2011, the bridge carried about 54,000 vehicles a day.

Architecture
The northeastern entrance to the Arlington Memorial Bridge features The Arts of War sculptures, Sacrifice and Valor, which were completed by Leo Friedlander in 1951. One of which was cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence, Italy. On the pylons of each pier of the bridge are large circular discs with eagles and fasces designed by sculptor Carl Paul Jennewein.

The closest Metro station to the bridge is Arlington Cemetery. The bridge connects, both literally and symbolically, the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington House, the former home of Civil War General Robert E. Lee. This placement was done intentionally to represent the reunification of the North and the South.

At the southwestern terminus on Columbia Island, the bridge and its connecting roadways connect with the George Washington Memorial Parkway, State Route 27 and State Route 110. At the northeastern terminus, the bridge and its connecting roadways connect with Constitution Avenue, Independence Avenue, the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, and the District of Columbia segment of Interstate 66.

A peculiarity of the traffic circle at the southwestern terminus is that traffic already in the circle must yield to traffic entering the circle — the opposite of the standard rule. During morning rush hour, a portion of the traffic circle is closed to prevent mergers that would otherwise tie up rush hour traffic.

The center portion of the bridge was originally a metal draw span, intended to allow large vessels to pass upriver to Georgetown. However, with the construction of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge immediately upstream, which has no such provision, the draw mechanism was abandoned. It was opened for the last time on February 28, 1961. The bascule leaves were to be counterbalanced with scrap steel embedded in concrete, but during the Great Depression there was not enough scrap available for the project. A ship load of Swedish iron ore eventually provided the 2400 ST needed for the counterweights.

Arlington Memorial Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1980.

Renovation history
The bridge was damaged during floods in March 1936 when water infiltrated and caused shorts in the bridge's electrical equipment. Repairs were made in late 1938 and early 1939. The Electrical Underground Construction Co. of New York City received $9,245 to replace damaged electrical equipment and wiring, install new electrical conduits, and install two sump pumps. In October 1936, a gear and a crankshaft in the drawbridge broke. The bridge was closed for nine hours while crews rushed to repair the span, which was open and unable to permit traffic. The closing, the Washington Post reported, was the longest since the bridge opened.

Major maintenance and repair work on the bridge first occurred in 1939. The draw span was repainted, the bridge repaved, the west engine room heated, and the granite on the Virginia abutments repointed and cleaned. This led to complete six-hour closures on August 30, August 31, and September 1.

In 1945, the bridge closed for two hours while workers attended to a jammed draw span. The bridge closed again on the evening of August 2, 1947, and most of the day on August 3 while workers replaced a gear and shaft that kept the draw span from vibrating when crossed by traffic. The National Park Service (NPS) said it was the second-longest closing in the bridge's history.

Major work occurred again in 1951. The granite blocks on the roadway surface were removed, and the bridged replaced with asphalt (a safer material) in a $207,000 repaving project. The work began on July 16, 1951. Several of the bridge's six lanes were closed during the work week, and the entire bridge closed to traffic on weekends for four weeks in a row. The Corson and Gruman Co. performed the work. Minor repaving occurred again in July 1957.

Beginning in March 1964, at least one lane of the six-lane bridge was closed every day while repairs were made to the draw span. However, the bridge never fully closed.

Additional work on the bridge occurred in November 1976. The draw span was immobilized and sealed, and the approaches on both ends of the bridge repaired. Three lanes in the direction of heaviest traffic flow were kept open during rush hour, but only one lane in the opposite direction. At all other times, only one lane in each direction was open. These repairs lasted several weeks.

A major repair effort occurred in the summer of 1985. The work involved resurfacing the bridge and renovating some of its safety and other features. The $4.7 million construction project, which involved the closure of two lanes in each direction, was conducted by A.A. Beiro Construction Co. To help speed work, the company received a $4,000-a-day bonus for each day it finished ahead of schedule.

Work began the first week of April 1985 and ended September 25.

Preservation and repair work was performed on the bridge's sidewalks in January 2011, which led to the closure of two lanes in each direction during daytime non-rush hours. The center lanes were closed for a few days in March 2012 for additional rehabilitation work. In June 2012, Cianbro Corp. oversaw an eight-week, $788,000 project to repair the bridge's deck, restore granite curbs, and replace sidewalks at both approaches. At least one lane (and sometimes two) in each direction was closed in September, October, and November.

Despite these various projects, as of 2012 the bridge had never had a major overhaul. That year, a report by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) called for a complete overhaul of Arlington Memorial Bridge.

2013 and 2015 inspections
In February 2013, the FHWA launched a major inspection of the bridge's deck. In April, National Park Service transportation division head Charles N. Borders II declared, "The bridge ... is really at the end of, and beyond, its life cycle". The inspection was performed on April 24, 2013, by the Federal Lands Bridge Office, an arm of the FHWA. In its post-inspection report, the FHWA declared the bridge to be "in poor condition overall due to continuing problems related to corrosion of the steel in the bascule span, deterioration of the concrete in the arch spans, and deterioration of the sidewalks and wearing surface." Among the problems noted in the report: moderate amounts of rusting were found on all the bridge's load-bearing beams, there were moderate to widespread cracks in the reinforced concrete arch spans, metal flakes (or "spalls") were coming off the steel beams on the road deck's underside, and the drainage system was clogged in many places by debris or rust.

The Washington Post reported that without immediate action, truck and bus traffic over the bridge could be banned within five years. However, the park service had yet to budget for any repairs. Borders suggested that if Congress were to immediately fund the bridge's complete overhaul, a two- to four-year reconstruction could begin as early as 2016. Repair options, which ranged from $125 million to $250 million in cost, included replacing the draw span with a fixed span and either closing the bridge completely for 40 to 100 days or keeping it partially open for four years.

In January 2015, the FHWA and NPS released an Arlington Memorial Bridge rehabilitation environmental assessment. It declared the bridge safe for all traffic, but warned that deterioration "continues to progress at a rapid pace." The report cautioned that the bascule span was in particularly bad shape: "Overall, the superstructure of the bascule span of Arlington Memorial Bridge is in fair to poor condition with areas of severe deterioration."

2015 lane closures
On May 15, 2015, the National Park Service suddenly closed one lane of the bridge for an indeterminate amount of time to conduct a critical corrosion inspection of the bridge.

The inspection uncovered corrosion to the bascule span. FHWA engineers determined that it was no longer safe for traffic to pass along the outer lanes of the bascule span; consequently, these two lanes were closed to traffic on the evening of May 28, 2015. Moreover, experts discovered that corrosion had so affected secondary support beams throughout the rest of the bridge that they imposed a limit of 10 ST per vehicle, essentially barring most buses from crossing. Law enforcement agencies with jurisdiction over the bridge said they would begin stopping overweight vehicles to educate drivers about the new load limits, but would not ticket drivers for several weeks to give the "education period" time to work. Engineers also closed a 4 ft strip of sidewalk on either side of the bridge out of structural concerns.

While the weight limit was indefinite (pending full rehabilitation of the bridge), NPS officials said the lanes and sidewalks would be closed six to nine months to allow workers to shore up the corroded beams and bascule span. The Department of Transportation issued a call for bids on May 26, 2015, and said a contractor will be chosen on June 18. The $5 million project is to cover repair or replacement of expansion joints, steel, structural concrete; drainage improvements; concrete sidewalk repair; restoration of the asphalt atop the bridge deck; and debris removal. Cianbro Corp. of Maine, which rehabbed the bridge a decade earlier, won a $2.5 million contract to begin the repairs, which were estimated to take about six months to complete. (The work was only to allow lane re-openings, but not remove the 10-ton weight limit.) Work was to begin on the bridge in late August or early September 2015.

In a July 2016 statement issued jointly by the offices of Senators Mark Warner and Tim Kaine; Representatives Don Beyer, Gerald Connolly, and Barbara Comstock; and Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton, the NPS planned to repair the bridge in two phases. The first phase, which addressed the bridge's most urgent repairs, refurbished and reinforced the approach spans on either end of the bridge at a cost of $166 million. These repairs will permit the bridge to stay open until 2030. The second phase, whose cost was estimated at $94 million, were to replace the bascule span and make other repairs to the bridge.

On July 5, 2016, the U.S. Department of Transportation awarded a $90 million grant from its Fostering Advancements in Shipping and Transportation for the Long-term Achievement of National Efficiencies (FASTLANE) program to the National Park Service and the District of Columbia to permit repairs to the bridge to begin. The grant was conditional on finding an additional $36 million in matching funds for project, funds which can come from other federal non-transportation funds or from local funds. A joint statement by the group of congresspeople said the FASTLANE grant would enable NPS to begin engineering planning and issue contracts, with an eye toward beginning construction in early 2017.

2018 major renovation

On November 30, 2017, a major renovation of the bridge was announced by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The $227 million ($0 in dollars) project was paid for from a wide range of federal funding sources, including a $30 million appropriation. The Federal Highway Administration said that Kiewit Infrastructure had received the contract for the work, which involved replacing the draw span, repairing the approaches, and replacing the deck. Construction began in 2018, and the renovated bridge fully reopened on December 4, 2020.

In popular culture
Memorial Bridge is commonly depicted in films, television shows, and books set in the Washington, D.C. area. Among the films in which it makes an appearance include Argo, A Few Good Men, Evan Almighty, Airline Disaster, and Wedding Crashers.

title: Arlington Memorial Bridge


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Parliament railway station

Parliament railway station is a commuter railway station on the Burnley, Caulfield, Clifton Hill and Northern group lines, serving the Melbourne CBD and the suburb of East Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Parliament is an underground premium station on the City Loop, featuring four platforms, two island platforms on two floors connected to street level via two underground concourses. It opened on 24 January 1981.

Parliament station opened in 1983, and it was named after the Parliament House, which is located just east of the station. During the station's construction, the platforms of the station were built through tunneling. When the station opened, it had the longest escalator in the Southern Hemisphere but, in 2022, the escalators at Airport Central station in Perth exceeded that.

Parliament is one of the three underground stations on the City Loop, which is served by eleven lines organised into four groups. The station is also served by two tram routes on Bourke Street, four tram routes on Macarthur Street, and three tram routes on Spring Street.

Description

Parliament station is on the border of the Melbourne CBD and the suburb of East Melbourne. East of the main entrance is Macarthur Street and Spring Street, and Collins Street is to the south. The station is near Parliament House, hence the station's name. Parliament station is owned by VicTrack, a state government agency, and is operated by Metro Trains Melbourne. The station is approximately 4.3 km, or around a 7-minute train journey, from Flinders Street.

Parliament station has two island platforms in a two-level configuration. The platforms are approximately 160 m long, which can accommodate a 7-car HCMT. In addition to the two platform levels, there are two underground concourses. The northern concourse is connected to street level via an exit on Lonsdale Street, and the southern concourse is connected to street level via an exit on Macarthur Street and two exits on Spring Street.

The station is compliant with the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 as there are lifts linking the concourse with both the platforms and street level. It has no parking facilities.

History

Parliament station was one of three underground stations included in the construction plan of the new City Loop, overseen by the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Authority (MURLA), formed in 1971.

The station platforms were constructed using tunnelling methods. A pilot tunnel was made, enabling the walls to be constructed ahead of the main excavation. Each platform is an individual tunnel and is linked to the other platforms at the same level by several cross tunnels. That choice of design mean that the remaining pillar of rock between the tunnels too weak to support the required loads, so it was replaced with concrete.

The booking hall to the south was constructed "upside down", with the support columns being dug with augers from ground level, then filled with concrete. The roof was constructed over the piles from ground level, during a series of staged road closures. Once complete, the excavation of the booking hall was carried out underneath, while road traffic continued overhead. During construction, the fence around Parliament House had to be removed and stored, then re-erected.

The station opened on 22 January 1983. At the time of opening, the station had the longest escalators in the Southern Hemisphere, but they have since been surpassed by Airport Central railway station in Perth, opened in October 2022.

On 31 January 2021, a major timetable revision occurred to allow for the operation of the High Capacity Metro Trains, as well as more frequent services on both the Northern and Caulfield Groups. That included the removal of Frankston, Sandringham and Werribee lines from the City Loop., However, the Victorian State Government intends that the Frankston line will recommence operations through the City Loop in 2025, once the new Metro Tunnel is opened.

In 2022 and early 2023, works began to upgrade safety features at the three city loop stations. In 2022, a new intruder alarm system was installed. On 6 February 2023, early works commenced for stage 2 at Parliament station, which were expected to be complete by late 2023. The improvements include:
 * Upgrading ventilation shafts
 * Replacing existing ceiling panels
 * Upgrading fire sprinkler systems
 * Installation of new fire detection systems

Platforms and services
Parliament station is served by 11 lines which are separated into four groups and are operated by Metro Trains Melbourne.

Platform 1 is served by the Clifton Hill group, which consists of the Hurstbridge and Mernda lines. Services run clockwise, first stopping at Jolimont and then travelling together until Clifton Hill where the line splits into two.

Platform 2 is served by the Caulfield group, which consists of the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines. Services operate anticlockwise through the City Loop, first travelling towards Flinders Street before travelling together towards Dandenong where the line splits into two. Services on both lines run express between South Yarra and Caulfield (Malvern during off-peak). From 2025, the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines will be removed from the City Loop and will be rerouted through the Metro Tunnel. Services on the Frankston line will serve the Loop instead.

Platform 3 is served by the Northern Group, which consists of the Craigieburn, Sunbury and Upfield lines. Service patterns alternate during the day between clockwise and anticlockwise operation. Services run through the loop together before splitting off at North Melbourne. From 2025, the Sunbury line will not run through the City Loop and will be rerouted through the Metro Tunnel.

Platform 4 is served by the Burnley Group, which consists of Alamein, Belgrave, Glen Waverley and Lilydale lines. Service patterns alternate during the day between clockwise and anticlockwise operation. Services on the Burnley group split off three times, first at Burnley where the Glen Waverley line branches off, then at Camberwell where the Alamein line branches off, and Ringwood where the Belgrave and Lilydale lines split into two.

Transport links
Parliament station is served by seven tram routes, departing from three different tram stops. Route 35 serves the tram stop on Spring Street, routes 86 and 96 serve the tram stop on Bourke Street, and routes 11, 12, 48 and 109 serve the tram stop on Macarthur Street.

Spring Street

 * Melbourne tram route 35 icon.svg: City Circle

Bourke Street

 * Melbourne tram route 86 icon.svg: Waterfront City (Docklands) – Bundoora RMIT
 * Melbourne tram route 96 icon.svg: St Kilda Beach – East Brunswick

Macarthur Street:
 * Melbourne tram route 11 icon.svg: Victoria Harbour (Docklands) – West Preston
 * Melbourne tram route 12 icon.svg: St Kilda – Victoria Gardens
 * Melbourne tram route 48 icon.svg: Victoria Harbour (Docklands) – North Balwyn
 * Melbourne tram route 109 icon.svg: Port Melbourne – Box Hill

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parliament railway station


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2C-D

2C-D (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine or 2C-M) is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family that is sometimes used as an entheogen. It was first synthesized in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences, and its activity was subsequently investigated in humans by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, Shulgin lists the dosage range as being from 20 to 60 mg. Lower doses of 10 mg or less have been explored for microdosing.

Not much information is known about the toxicity of 2C-D, as no major studies have been conducted. According to Shulgin, the effects of 2C-D typically last for 4–6 hours. Shulgin himself referred to this substance as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning that when mixed with other substances, it can extend or potentiate their effects without coloring the experience too much, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with. Hanscarl Leuner, working in Germany, explored the use of 2C-D under the name LE-25 in psychotherapeutic research.

China
As of October 2015 2C-D is a controlled substance in China.

Canada
As of October 31, 2016; 2C-D is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.

Denmark
2C-D is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.

Finland
Listed in the government decree on psychoactive substances banned from the consumer market.

Germany
2C-D is an Anlage I controlled drug.

Sweden
Sveriges riksdags health ministry Statens folkhälsoinstitut classified 2C-D as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health) as of Mar 1, 2005, in their regulation SFS 2005:26 listed as "2,5-dimetoxi-4-metylfenetylamin (2C-D)", making it illegal to sell or possess.

United States
2C-D became a Schedule I Controlled Substance in the United States as of July 9, 2012, with the signing of Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act. On a state level, both Oklahoma and Pennsylvania list 2C-D under schedule I.

title: 2C-D


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Seward Park (Seattle)

Seward Park is a municipal park in Seattle, Washington, United States. Located in the city neighborhood of the same name, it covers 300 acre. The park occupies all of Bailey Peninsula, a forested peninsula that juts into Lake Washington. It contains one of the last surviving tracts of old-growth forest within the city of Seattle. The park is named after U.S. Secretary of State William Seward.

Geography
The park is accessible from the north by Lake Washington Boulevard S, from the south by Seward Park Avenue S., and from the west by S Orcas Street. The main parking lot and a tennis court are located in the southwest corner. The most commonly used trail is a car-free loop around the park. It is flat and 2.4 mi in length. The perimeter trail was repaved in 2007. Other trails run through the interior, including a few car-accessible roads that lead to amenities including an amphitheater and picnic area. Seward Park features numerous small beaches, the largest one on its southwest side, as well as a playground and an arts center.

The 300 acre of Seward Park have roughly 120 acre of surviving old growth forest, providing a glimpse of what some of the lake shore looked like before the city of Seattle was founded. With trees older than 250 years and many less than 200, the Seward Park forest is relatively young (the forests of Seattle before the city was fully mature were usually 1,000–2,000 years old).

History
The area has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8000 BCE—10,000 years ago). The (who is today a subgroup of the Duwamish people) traditionally conducted resource gathering in the area. The Lushootseed word for Bailey Peninsula is, specifically referring to the rocky points, or "noses," at the north and south ends evident before the completion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal in 1916, which lowered the level of Lake Washington. The marshy isthmus connecting the peninsula to the mainland is called , meaning "neck".

The purchase of the park was suggested as early as 1892, but was sidelined due to its distance from what was then the city. However, the Olmsted Brothers assimilated it into its plan for Seattle parks, and the city of Seattle bought Bailey Peninsula in 1911 for $322,000, and named the park after William H. Seward, former United States Secretary of State, who was known for negotiating the Alaska Purchase

At the entrance to the park, in a wooded island filled with flowers between the circular entrance and exit road, there is a little-known monument: a taiko-gata stone lantern (tōrō), a gift of friendship from the City of Yokohama, Japan, which was given to the city in 1931 in gratitude to Seattle's assistance to Yokohama after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

Originally built for Seattle's Potlatch festival in 1934, a Japanese style wooden torii stood near the entrance to Seward Park from 1936 to the mid 1980s, when it was removed due to decay. It was designed by Kichio Allen Arai, the first Asian American architect in Seattle to be credited for his work. A replacement made with stone columns and timber cross beams was completed by early 2021 and formally dedicated in 2022.

Since at least July 2004, the park has become a home to wild rabbits and a growing colony of feral Peruvian conures (parrots, either the Chapman's mitred or the scarlet-fronted), who were released into the wild by their owners (or some escaped). They fly between Seward Park and Maple Leaf in northeast Seattle. The park is also home to two nesting pairs of bald eagles, who can frequently be seen flying over Lake Washington and diving to the water's surface to catch fish and ducks.

Renovation on the Tudor-style house at the entrance to Seward Park—originally the Seward Park Inn, a Seattle city landmark—was completed early in 2008. It is now home to the Seward Park Audubon Center. Programs at the Center and in the park include school, youth, community, arts in the environment, and special events. The Center also includes exhibits, an extensive library, a laboratory, and a small gift shop.

On April 22, 2022, President Joe Biden visited Seward Park and signed an executive order to create an inventory of "mature and old-growth trees" for conservation purposes.

Description

Seward Park offers at least five distinct areas, including the beach on Andrews' Bay, which is flanked by a broad lawn and other facilities. It is one of several lakeshore beaches in Seattle's parks system.

On the other side of this beach is a playground, tennis courts, and several large parking lots. The parking lots often feature neighboring residents sometimes throw impromptu parties in this area of the park. The upper area of the park includes a large picnic area and an outdoor amphitheater, where civic events are held. The amphitheater also has views of the old-growth forest, which is bisected by a trail with granite markers.

The paved perimeter of the park is home to a multi-use path for walking, hiking, running, bicycling, and rollerblading. It includes views of Mount Rainier, Lake Washington, Mercer Island, and Leschi/Mount Baker Ridge, among other areas. To the west of the park are several rows of homes on a nameless ridge, sometimes referred to as "Graham Hill".

title: Seward Park (Seattle)


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Ryan Atwood

Ryan Francis Atwood (born March 19, 1988) is a fictional character on the Fox television series The O.C., portrayed by Ben McKenzie. Atwood is an outcast and troubled teenager from Chino, California, who is given a second chance when the wealthy Cohen family takes him in.

Casting
The O.C.'s casting director Patrick Rush found the role of Ryan particularly hard to cast. Chad Michael Murray refused the role in favor of playing Lucas Scott on One Tree Hill. Rush invited Benjamin McKenzie to audition after Warner Bros. introduced him following an unsuccessful audition for a UPN sitcom. McKenzie, who had spent two years in New York City and Los Angeles seeking acting work, lacked experience and later described his selection as "a tremendous leap of faith" on the producers' part. Show creator Josh Schwartz said in 2014, "[McKenzie] took it really seriously, and brought a lot of integrity, and integrity is not always required in a Fox teen drama".

Background
The character Ryan was physically abused by his biological father Frank and some of his mother Dawn's boyfriends. He has a complicated, love-hate relationship with his older brother Trey. Both parents struggled with alcohol – Frank became physically abusive, while Dawn neglected and verbally abused him – and it left a deep impression on him, as shown by his aversion to strong alcoholic drinks. Coined from his own statements, Ryan never had a father figure for much of his life, before being adopted by the Cohens due to Frank's prison sentence and his mother's revolving door of boyfriends. The Atwoods lived in Fresno but moved to Chino after Frank was imprisoned.

In season 4, it is stated that Ryan had not seen Frank in eight years. Regarding Ryan's biological family, a major recurring theme revolved around abandonment. His mother abandoned him twice, his brother left for Las Vegas without telling him and his father left the brothers and their mom "with nothing" after serving his prison sentence. This is contrasted by the character's adopted family—the Cohens—who stood by Ryan despite his juvenile record, vocal criticisms and disdain from the other "Newpsies" about his adoption and his multiple attempts to run away from them. Although he does not address Mr. and Mrs. Cohen (Sandy and Kirsten respectively) as Dad or Mom, he makes it clear that he considers them to be his parents.

Ryan generally dislikes speaking about his biological family and hints during Christmas and Thanksgiving that the holidays bring up painful memories for him. During his first Chrismukkah in Newport Beach, he tells the Cohens that his holidays mainly consisted of him "getting [his] ass kicked" and sums up his Christmas memories in three words: drinking, crying and cops.

Personality
Ryan was born to and then raised in a working class family, as such he knew the lifestyle and attitudes of people from his neighborhood of Chino, California, as well as the dangers that occurred in cases where outsiders are influenced by its environment. His abusive past enabled him to develop an extremely high pain threshold, and he displays an impassive expression after being physically abused. He is tough, cynical and quick-tempered, yet compassionate and empathetic toward people in trouble and those less fortunate than himself.

During his first months in Newport, he expressed his anger physically after incessant teasing from his schoolmates, which led them to intentionally goad him more. Ryan gradually calmed, after a lecture from Sandy and a stint at an anger management counseling session. He at times appears burdened by an almost compulsive need to rescue others at the expense of his own well-being, and as a result, is overly protective of Marissa, who is his main love interest on the show. Ryan displays intimacy issues—an inability to form close relationships—due to his birth family's collective problems. He is extremely loyal to his family (both biological and adopted) and those he cares about. He is quiet and rarely smiles, which is a running joke among other members of the Cohen household. Early in the first season when he first moves in with the Cohens, he avoids making eye contact, and would stiffen when hugged, but by the final season, he moves past these issues with his adoptive family. Despite his reticent nature and emotionless exterior, Ryan is transparent, often "convey[ing] everything with just a look", and is virtually incapable of lying. Dad Sandy proved this in the episode "The O.Sea" when he caught Ryan trying to cover up for Seth but Ryan's "guilty face" gave it away.

Ryan's personality is the opposite of the socially awkward, sheltered and sometimes naïve adopted brother Seth, and Ryan frequently uses his street-savvy skills to get Seth out of trouble. Seth often jokes about how he knew both Summer and Marissa since elementary school despite having never spoken to them.

As a student, Ryan is described as highly intelligent despite his behavior problems (he was suspended multiple times for fighting and truancy). In the pilot episode, the audience learns that he took his SATs (the only sophomore doing so) and scored in the 98th percentile. According to his mother Dawn, Ryan was always "the smart one, the good one" in the family.

Ryan's favorite fruit is peaches, and his favorite band is Journey and he suffers from acrophobia. Athletically, he plays football (safety) and soccer (striker) in school. Despite the generosity of his adoptive family, Ryan earns money at various part-time jobs around town—as a busboy at the Crab Shack, a construction worker, an intern at the Newport Group, and a barback position. Ryan is an ex-smoker.

Of the characters in the show, Ryan is closest to his adoptive brother Seth, and their respective love interests—Marissa and Summer. This "core four" group of friends is the basis of Seth's Atomic County comic series. Ryan and Seth often finish each other's sentences, according to Summer, "like they're composing a lie on the spot", and they also read each other's body language and facial expressions.

title: Ryan Atwood


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2C-T-21

2C-T-21 (4-(2-fluoroethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family sometimes used as an entheogen. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

Dosage
In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), Shulgin lists the dosage range as 8–12 mg.

Effects
2C-T-21 is generally taken orally and effects typically last 7 to 10 hours. The potential psychotherapeutic applications of this chemical were explored by Myron Stolaroff.

Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-21's hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been established; however, it may result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.

Dangers
On March 9, 2004, a 22-year-old quadriplegic man named James Edwards Downs in St. Francisville, Louisiana, consumed an unknown dose of 2C-T-21 by sticking his tongue into a vial of powder he had purchased online. He developed a temperature of 108 F, had a tonic-clonic seizure, and slipped into a coma. Four days later, on March 13, Downs died at Lane Memorial Hospital in Zachary, LA.

This death became part of a two-year DEA investigation called Operation Web Tryp which was launched in 2002. On July 22, 2004, the owners of American Chemical Supply were arrested on federal charges relating to distribution of controlled substance analogues and the death of James Edwards Downs. Little is known about the toxicity of 2C-T-21 beyond this incident.

Legality
2C-T-21 is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, but possession and sales of 2C-T-21 would probably be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to 2C-T-7 and its known potential to cause death. In the wake of Operation Web Tryp in July 2004, at least one distributor faced charges as a consequence of the death of James Downs from 2C-T-21 overdose.

Canada
As of October 31, 2016, 2C-T-21 is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada.

title: 2C-T-21


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Marissa Cooper

Marissa Cooper is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., portrayed by Mischa Barton. Marissa was among the original "core four" characters on The O.C. She is a privileged California native born into a wealthy family, residing next to the Cohen family's house. Throughout The O.C. ' s storyline, Marissa is introduced to new characters who influence her perspective on life and her personality.

Personality
Marissa Cooper is characterized as the privileged yet troubled girl next door. Her designer-label-packed wardrobe masks her turbulent mood swings and hard-partying ways. Although Marissa is tall, thin and pretty, sadly, she is not much else. She is afforded all the privileges of a Newport Beach lifestyle, yet she fails to show any interest or engagement with the world around her. Like many of her peers, she is emotionally distant from her mother and becomes disillusioned with her mother's materialistic ways. As a result, she, like her sister Kaitlin, often rebelled against her mother. She is closer to her father, whom she stated was the "last thing keeping [her] sane" through the tumult of the first two seasons. Marissa was the social chair of The Harbor school. She organized the debutante ball rehearsals, school dances, carnivals, and other charity events. Simultaneously engaging in problematic romance and risky behavior, which in her case often go together.

Marissa's risky behavior was a factor in her on-off relationship with Ryan Atwood. For example, during Ryan's first Christmas in Newport Beach, he was furious to find her drunk due to his painful experiences as the child of alcoholic parents, but she did not understand his aversion to alcohol and thought that he was overreacting.

Storyline
Marissa is introduced as a wealthy, beautiful socialite in Newport Beach, California, whose family (mother Julie, father Jimmy, and younger sister Kaitlin) go through dramatic changes over the seasons. She is a troubled person before the series begins, with a history of substance abuse and rebellious behavior. This is evident from a scene in the pilot where she is left on her front door by her friends, passed out from drinking. The backstory on her friendship with Summer Roberts showcases it as a powerful bond, forged during second grade. One of her most profound connections, the friendship is a central element on the show for three seasons. The show significantly focuses on Marissa's on-and-off again relationship with Ryan Atwood.

Sexuality
Viewers of the series have debated Marissa's sexuality. When she hooked up with Alex Kelly, her heterosexual identity became the source of speculation. Fans questioned whether Marissa was bisexual or just bi-curious. The question became one of the top queries that viewers wanted The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz to answer.

Schwartz insisted that the relationship between Marissa and Alex was not a rating stunt and that Marissa developed real feelings for Alex. Sarah Warn of AfterEllen.com said that despite Schwartz's statements, "Marissa's predominantly heterosexual past, the huge fan support for the Marissa and Ryan (Benjamin McKenzie) pairing, and the controversy The O.C. would court by making one of its principal characters bisexual, it's likely that her 'real feelings' for Alex will only last a few episodes." Within the series, Marissa refers casually to Alex as her ex-girlfriend.

Marissa's sexual orientation, other than her known heterosexual identity, was never confirmed by the series, and was reported to be "Marissa just experimenting with the fairer sex and not committing to a full-on romantic, sapphic relationship." The executives did, however, cite her relationship with Alex as an important one, and one that was successful with viewers.

Schwartz said that the network was "nervous" about the storyline and wanted it "wrapped up as fast as humanly possible and Alex moving on out of the OC."

Character's exit
The decision to kill Barton's character came from the producers. Josh Schwartz relays that it was entirely a creative decision: "It had as much to do with creatively feeling like this was always in the cards for this character and she was an inherently tragic heroine, and part of the Ryan/Marissa story was him trying to save her from a fate that she couldn't be rescued from." Commenting on her character's death, Barton said: "My character has been through so, so much and there's really nothing more left for her to do." She added, "I was really excited that I get to die, to be honest. [...] It was better than one of those lame farewells."

Season 1
Marissa's father is caught committing fraud and eventually files for bankruptcy. The first episode sees sparks from between Marissa and Ryan Atwood. "Who are you?" asks Marissa. "Whoever you want me to be," replies Ryan. Luke Ward, Marissa's long-term boyfriend, shows animosity towards Ryan from the moment he steps foot into Orange County. Soon after, on vacation in Tijuana with Ryan, Seth Cohen and best friend Summer Roberts, Marissa discovers that her parents are separating. In the aftermath, she catches Luke cheating on her with one of her best friends, Holly Fischer. Marissa then separates from her friends and overdoses on painkillers. Ryan finds her unconscious in an alleyway in Tijuana and summons help just in time. After this, Marissa battles with her mother, who wants to send her to rehab. She eventually gets through to Julie but has to agree to see a therapist in Newport Beach after she is caught shoplifting. She meets Oliver Trask during her first session, and they soon become good friends, much to Ryan's displeasure.

Throughout the first season, Marissa is involved in an on-again, off-again relationship with Ryan, with the relationship jeopardized by Luke and Oliver. Oliver is initially discovered by Ryan to be mentally unstable and harboring an unhealthy obsession for Marissa. Ryan and Marissa break up because of his interference. Oliver is arrested after he keeps Marissa as a hostage and threatens to kill himself if she does not leave Ryan for good. After Oliver's arrest, Marissa attempts reuniting with Ryan, he refuses and they remain friends.

During this time, her mother is romantically involved with Kirsten Cohen's father, Caleb Nichol. During a brief breakup with Caleb, Marissa's mother has a fling with Luke, which causes Marissa to run away to Chino, California, to Ryan's ex-girlfriend Theresa Diaz's house. This leads to Ryan and Marissa again becoming romantically involved. Marissa uses the affair between Julie and Luke as blackmail to get out of counseling or living with her mother because Julie does not want anyone to find out.

Marissa and Ryan's relationship is strained once more when Theresa comes to Newport Beach towards the end of the season after suffering domestic abuse from her boyfriend Eddie. Theresa reveals to Marissa that she is pregnant and does not know whether the baby's father is Ryan or Eddie. In the season finale, Ryan leaves Marissa to move back to Chino and help Theresa raise the baby. Marissa moves into Caleb Nichol's home after he and her mother marry in the season finale. Marissa's grief over Ryan's departure makes her turn back to alcohol.

Season 2
During the second season, Marissa struggles with alcohol and depression, caused largely by Ryan's departure from her life. When Ryan returns, it looks as though they may have rekindled their relationship, but after finding out about her relationship with D.J., the "yard guy," Ryan decides that they should just be friends, which they remain throughout most of the season. Marissa's relationships in the interim period seem somewhat specifically chosen to take stabs at her mother—first with D.J. and then a lesbian romance with Alex Kelly. Her relationship with her parents sinks to an all-time low when she discovers that they were back together again. At Jimmy's farewell party, she confronts her parents in public and loudly calls Julie a whore and herself "the daughter of a thief and a slut."

Towards the end of the season, Marissa gets back together with Ryan and becomes friends with his brother, Trey, who was recently let out of jail. After Trey snorts cocaine, he tries to rape Marissa. Marissa does not want to tell Ryan because she did not want him to worry, and Trey does not want her to tell him because he and Ryan were getting along again. Marissa breaks down and tells Summer, who tells Seth. Seth is initially reluctant to tell his foster brother, knowing Ryan's volatile temperament and tendency to physically lash out when it comes to people he cared about. When Ryan finds out, he and Trey get into a fist fight at Trey's apartment. The scene ends with Marissa shooting Trey in order to save Ryan, who is pinned on the floor.

Season 3
As the series' third season opens, Marissa is under investigation regarding the shooting of Trey Atwood, who is in a coma as a result of the wound. When he awakens, Julie threatens to smother Trey if he does not tell the authority that Ryan shot him, in order to keep Marissa out of trouble. Marissa finds out and convinces Trey to tell the truth. Ryan is let free, and Marissa faces no legal liability as she was defending another person's life using proportional force in the circumstances.

Despite a lack of legal repercussions, the event results in Marissa's expulsion from the prestigious Harbor School, as it is cited along with her past of flagrant shoplifting and substance abuse. Following her expulsion, she attends the local public school Newport Union and has difficulty fitting in. She befriends one of her schoolmates, a local surfer named Johnny Harper. Johnny causes rifts in her relationship with Ryan, who ironically befriends Johnny due to their similar backgrounds, initially because Marissa feels she cannot talk to Ryan about what happened with Trey and later because Johnny falls in love with her. She is readmitted to Harbor after a campaign led by Ryan, Seth, Summer, and Marissa's former rival for power at Harbor, Taylor Townsend. Marissa confirms her commitment to Ryan and writes Johnny a letter saying that while he is her friend and she cares for him, she will never love him. This results in Johnny falling to his death from a cliff after a drinking binge, and the tragedy causes Ryan and Marissa's final breakup.

In the wake of Johnny's death, Marissa struggles to find closure, as well as her own place and purpose in Newport Beach. She develops a relationship with Kevin Volchok after she and Ryan break up, which causes her to go back to her rebellious ways. She begins to abuse alcohol again and tries cocaine. Marissa distances herself from Ryan, Summer, and Seth and becomes argumentative again with her mother. After some time, she comes to her senses and decides to leave Kevin. But when she finds him watching The Sound of Music, she realizes he has a sensitive side and decides she may be able to have a relationship with him. During their senior prom, though, she catches him cheating on her and breaks things off.

In the season finale, Marissa receives a letter from her father inviting her to live for a year on a boat with him in Greece, and she accepts. The day she graduates from Harbor along with her friends Summer, Ryan, Seth, and Taylor, Kevin begins calling her and asks to see her, but she declines. Marissa pays Kevin to get out of town and to leave her and Ryan alone. She says her goodbyes to her family and friends and prepares to leave for Greece. After their time together, Ryan drives her to the airport. On the way to the airport, a drunken Kevin begins hitting their car, causing them to go off the road.

The car flips over several times and lands upside down on another street. Marissa is unconscious, but Ryan pulls her out of the car, which begins to drip gasoline. Ryan takes Marissa into his arms and away from the car as it explodes. He tells her that he will need to go get help, but knowing that nothing can be done, she asks him to stay. After a few moments of looking into each other's eyes, she dies while in Ryan's arms.

Season 4
In "The Avengers," Summer believes she sees Marissa - as a ghost - when she returns to the adjoining bedrooms they shared together for the first time since Marissa's death. This causes Summer to fast track her trip back to Brown and leave Newport Beach. Moreover, many characters throughout Season 4 catch glimpses of Marissa, whether they be similar-looking girls in passing or a ghostly imagination of Marissa while reminiscing about her in a familiar place.

Marissa's death has a significant impact on the fourth season, as various characters, particularly her mother Julie and Ryan, struggle to deal with their grief over her death. In the episode "The Cold Turkey", Julie decides that it was time to move on after learning that Volchok turned himself over to the police and had been arrested. Later in the episode, during Thanksgiving dinner, Ryan reminisces to Julie about the first time he saw Marissa out on the driveway and thought that "she was really hot". Marissa's death is most explicitly examined in the episode "The Chrismukk-huh?" where Ryan and Taylor Townsend, both in comas, enter into an alternate universe where he has never moved to Newport Beach, and the lives of most major characters are completely changed.

While trying to find out what is happening in this reality, Taylor stumbles into Marissa's bedroom. She surprises Julie's maid, who tells Taylor that "Miss Cooper's" plane arrives at 3 o'clock from Berkeley. Taylor then sees a photograph of Marissa and Julie on her desk, which leads her to believe that Marissa is still alive in this alternate universe.

After Taylor tells Ryan the news, he immediately wants to go to the airport to see Marissa. Taylor does not want him too, in fear that Ryan, who is still recovering from Marissa's death, would be willing to spend the rest of his life in a coma if he could be with Marissa. At the airport, Ryan catches a glimpse of a girl with a pink Berkeley sweatshirt tied around her waist. The sweatshirt resembles the one worn by Marissa in "The Day After Tomorrow." Ryan grabs her shoulder and realizes that it is not Marissa, but her sister, Kaitlin. Kaitlin then explains to Ryan that her sister died three years ago in an overdose in Tijuana (a parallel of her non-fatal overdose in the episode "The Escape").

Ryan then returns to Newport Beach, realizing that he can never be with Marissa again, alternate universe or not. At first, Ryan and Taylor believe they need to restore the relationships that existed before Marissa's death in order to wake up. However, it becomes apparent that both Ryan and Taylor need to battle their internal demons instead. For Taylor, her demon is her mother (whom she confronts along with her alternate male self at the Christmas party), and for Ryan, it is getting over Marissa.

Back in the real world, Kirsten finds a letter from Marissa addressed to Ryan but does not read it. She hands it over to Julie, who reads the letter. Marissa wrote that she still loved Ryan, but would be leaving Newport Beach because she knew that it was the best thing to do, so that they could both move on. She stated that when she got back, they might try again, as they would both be older and wiser. The letter is eventually placed right beside Ryan, which allows the letter to be "delivered" to Ryan in the alternate universe.

Ryan then goes to the beach, and upon discovering the letter, reads it. He finally says goodbye to Marissa and exits the alternate universe.

In the final episode, Marissa appears as Ryan's final flashback as he reflects on his life in Newport Beach. As he backs out of the driveway, Ryan remembers seeing Marissa standing on the corner watching as he and Sandy drive away when Ryan thought he was not coming back to Newport Beach (as seen in "The Premiere").

Ryan Atwood
Ryan Atwood is Marissa's second boyfriend on The O.C. Although extremely on-and-off-again throughout the show's course - their relationship originated as a platonic friendship in the pilot episode, which later escalated into romantic feelings. By the 10th episode of the first season, the couple officially began their romantic relationship. The beginning of this relationship sees its first end when Marissa feels that Ryan has overreacted to Marissa and Oliver Trask's friendship. The second course of Marissa and Ryan's relationship fails because of Theresa Diaz and Ryan's illegitimate child together, whom Ryan agrees to help raise – returning to Theresa's arms and leaving Marissa to return to her alcoholic behavior. The third attempt of Marissa and Ryan's relationship terminates after the suicide of Johnny Harper where they struggle to mourn him and need a break from each other. The couple's last attempt at a relationship ends when Marissa is killed by a drunken Kevin Volchok who sends Ryan and Marissa's car off the road, sending her to her death.

Julie Cooper
The overall relationship between Marissa and her mother, Julie Cooper, is full of angst, rebellion, misunderstanding and miscommunication. Beginning with the fling between Julie and Marissa's ex-boyfriend Luke Ward, the strain in the two's relationship increases throughout the course of the show. After Marissa's father Jimmy Cooper and Julie divorce, Julie treats Marissa as second tier to her many wealthy, successful boyfriends and fiancés in an attempt to save her own social and monetary status. The troubled Marissa is then left to deal with her friendship, alcoholic, and depression issue alone, without the help of Julie. The mother-daughter duo move from their home neighboring the Cohens, to Caleb Nichol's home, to a mobile home during their time of financial hardship.

Summer Roberts
Summer Roberts, Marissa's best friend, is a girl that Marissa often leans on in both happy and sad times. Marissa's nickname for Summer, “Sum,” emphasizes the two's bond. Together, Marissa and Summer are the popular girls at school: Summer the socialite, and Marissa the over-achieving, beautiful girl many long to be. The friendship between Summer and Marissa is further strengthened by the boyfriends they often have: best friends, and “brothers,” Seth Cohen and Ryan Atwood, as many group hang-outs and double dates occur. After every fight between Marissa's on-and-off-again boyfriend, Ryan, Summer is the first by Marissa's side – a supportive and comforting friend asking what went wrong. Summer becomes a positive force in Marissa's life. For instance, Summer helps Marissa out of the hospital in episode 8, is open to Marissa's fluid sexuality in episode 24, and has enough faith in Marissa despite her problematic behavior that she buys her a Berkeley sweatshirt in episode 71. Their friendship offers strong signs of female solidarity and is unique in that it is shown as a source of support and a catalyst for empowerment.

Luke Ward
Marissa's first romantic relationship on the show is with water polo player Luke Ward. Their relationship begins prior to the Premiere. Marissa and Luke's relationship stems back to the fifth grade on a class trip to the Museum of Tolerance. After much hesitation, Marissa decides to lose her virginity to Luke. Issues in Marissa and Luke's relationship constantly arise, making the viewer question if they really are in love. On a trip to Tijuana, Marissa discovers Luke cheating on her with one of her friends, Holly Fischer, on the dance floor in a club. Marissa breaks up with Luke, who later begins an affair with her mother, Julie Cooper. Luke and Marissa's tumultuous relationship evolves into a mature friendship by the second season. The two realize that they may not be the most compatible couple but can benefit from each other's friendship and support.

title: Marissa Cooper


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Talk:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 31 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mirtingz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Will not sink
Will not "sink beneath the waves" if they are south of the Darwin Point - Marshman 07:55, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

history?
Were these islands part of or claimed by the Kingdom of Hawaii, or were they made part of Hawaii after annexation to the US? --Jfruh 23:58, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Signed into law?
It's a bit awkward, I think, to say that the president "signed into law the creation" of the national monument. Also, it's legally misleading. Saying "signed into law" implies that he granted his approval to an act of Congress which created the monument. This is untrue. The President exercised his power under the Antiquities Act to create a National Monument. This power does not require Congressional approval, neither is it reviewable by the courts. The President created the Monument entirely by his own power, granted to him by Congress in 1906.

It would be better, I think, to say "the president issued Executive Order [number], creating the monument." That's less awkward and makes clearer the legal intricacies of the situation.

Executive Order
A quick mea culpa: the President creates a National Monument by public proclamation, not by executive order. I've changed the text. --Gradient 15:39, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Kaula?
I'm not sure that Kaula belongs in the island group. It is located to the southwest of Niihau and is part of Kauai County. It would seem to me more logical for it to belong to the Windward Islands group. Does anyone have any evidence to prove this one way or the other? Backspace 09:33, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Actually, I agree with you. I don't know why, but some sources on the web say that it is part of that group. The books that I've read about the NWHI never mention Kaula, though, so I don't think it is part. If you wan to remove it from the page, that's fine by me. Sean MD80 talk 12:53, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
This statement here does not make sense:

"The islands had been protected since 1909 with a designation as an 'ecosystem reserve' by President Bill Clinton since 2000,"

Were they protected since 1909 or 2000? (Obviously Clinton didn't make any designation of the islands in 1909, not having been born yet, much less yet been president yet). I assume they had some sort of protected status from 1909 to 2000, and Clinton changed the status to give them more protection in 2000, but I on't have the necessary facts to make a clarification here. Anyone know a good way to clarify this statement so it makes sense and is accurate?

I'm trying to clarify it... if the way I did it caused the statement to be inaccurate please correct it, but I'm changing it to "The islands had been protected since 2000 with a designation as an 'ecosystem reserve' by President Bill Clinton."

In 1909 Theodore Roosevelt had declared the islands a national bird sanctuary, and that was the status of protection from 1909 to 2000. Tried to clarify that; if anyone can find a better way to make the sentence less akward but still accurate please do so. From 2000 to 2006, it was an ecosystem reserve; from 2006 to the present it is a national park. 67.190.124.18 17:03, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Monument, national monument, but good otherwise. Sean MD80 talk 20:32, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:32, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Curently human-occupied?
Do only Midway and French Frigate Shoqals have current populaions? Would be nice to include this. Acwilson9 (talk) 03:14, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I came here to ask this as well. Rachel 519 (talk) 19:05, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands


text:
User talk:Kiteinthewind/Archive (2004-2006)

Hello there Arbiteroftruth, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump.
 * I noticed you are creating ariticles on people in Television. Check out these 2 links if you feel you want some more info: Criteria for inclusion of biographies and Wikiproject_Television_Episodes Burgundavia 07:56, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

See Talk:Pat Buchanan. Please take other people's reverting your edit seriously, and don't keep changing it back without offering discussion or explanation. -- Infrogmation 21:50, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Agrred. If you really feel that you need to indicate allegations of racism, please provide examples and sources. Rick'''K 22:54, Jul 3, 2004 (UTC)

I have removed the VfD tag from Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe. He's clearly notable, and you clearly don't understand how VfD works. If you feel this admonition is in error, please feel free to raise the matter on my talk page, or on the article's talk page. Thank you and best wishes, Mackensen (talk) 20:25, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Quite all right, we all make mistakes. I apologize for being so harsh. Mackensen (talk) 00:52, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

RE: Civility
Well, mr Arbitar, sir, I'd be glad to do whatever was neccessary to increase civility on here, but if you could state what article you are referring to...that would help. Not just confuse me--Dudeman5685 11:02, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Danny and Oswald, Amazing Race 2
They're only partners in the sense of "team partners". They're both gay, but they don't have a romantic relationship; they're just friends. --Madchester 23:14, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Mark Young.gif
Thank you for uploading Mark Young.gif. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags for a list of copyright tags that you can use. Thank you. Zeimusu | (Talk page) 06:23, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Hk22.gif
Thank you for uploading Image:Hk22.gif. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags, for a list of copyright tags, that you can use. If you created this/these image(s) yourself, you can use the tag. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

''This photo is widely used on the internet, so I don't think there is any copyright issues. Besides, I do believe these pictures are in the public domain now.''

Hi, thanks for your response. In order for Wikipedia to cover itself, all images have to have some type of copyright tag. If you believe it is fairuse, then please place the appropriate copyright tag on the image. You can do this either when you upload it or by using the edit tab later. It is mostly to cover Wiki, and all images that do not have tags, have a chance at being deleted. Also, if you wish to sign your comments, you may do so by using ~, this way we can see who left the message and when. If you have any more questions, feel free to contact me. Thanks again. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 As for the signatures, please do understand that my computer's performance is sub-par right now.

Thats very understandable, I don't personally mind, its just a bit easier to see who left the message, w/o checking history. Thanks for the tag, and have a good day/night. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. Thanks for your contributions to some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 05:01, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Hong Kong collaboration
My pleasure~ :-D — Instantnood 17:27, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Hk22.gif
--Fibonacci 07:40, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Hhk22.gif
''You mind telling me why you are going to delete that picture without an explanation? --Arbiteroftruth 03:36, 2 August 2005 (UTC)''

 * Because it has been replaced with a PNG version, as is clearly stated in the page Images and media for deletion. --Fibonacci 05:58, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 *  Didn't catch it at first. I apologize for my lack of respect. --Arbiteroftruth 21:43, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Apologies accepted. --Fibonacci 00:08, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Antonysilhouette07.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Antonysilhouette07.gif. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Could you add a tag to let us know its copyright status? (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. Alphax τεχ 09:57, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

CLOSE
Hi,

I noticed you reverted the redirect on CLOSE. Please see Talk:CLOSE to see why I have reinstated it. Fourohfour 11:11, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Actually, while the hurricane season is over, the next three storms to form this year would still be named Zeta, Eta and Theta. NSLE ( T + C + CVU ) 02:33, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Evan Mecham
I noticed that you made a recent addition to the article on Evan Mecham claiming that he was responsible for Arizona's loss of a Super Bowl and giving an estimate to the total economic impact of his time as Governor at over $500 million. Do you have any sources for this information? I have searched for similar information in the past and was unable to find any (my sources indicate rumors of the Super Bowl being moved due to the lack of a MLK Day, not due to Mecham directly, and I have not found any estimates as to total economic impact just lost conventions). As the rest of the information in the article is fairly well sourced I would like to know were this information came from to maintain the same level of verifiability through the entire article. --Allen3 talk 21:41, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You do not have to tell me what a wonder job Mecham did in office. I grew up in Tucson, and signed one of the recall petitions during my time as an undergraduate at the UofA.  The issue is not if the information is true (I personally believe the substance of the material you added), but what can be backed up by credible sources.  This is all in an effort to make sure the article complies with the core policy at Verifiability. --Allen3 talk 01:11, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Adminship
By chance, I just stumbled on your question on User talk:KittenKlub about your potential candidacy for adminship. Although I am happy that one of your goals for Wikipedia is to clean the place up a bit, I reccomend you take a look at users' standards for adminship before you run. Based on a count of your edits, I find it extremely unlikely that you would be supported by many users. Although I'm sure you write very well, adminship is about more than just the face of Wikipedia, it is about all the nuts and bolts behind the scenes, and most users look for more participation on, and experience with talk pages, project namespaces, and others. Furthermore, now that you have asked someone else to nominate you, you have essentially subjected yourself to self-nominated status for many users, which means you will have harsher demands made on your record. I highly reccomend you ask User:KittenKlub not to nominate you, but at the same time, I am completely willing to help you with anything you need on Wikipedia. If you would like to know more about project namespaces (like articles for deletion, categories for deletion, administrator intervention against vandalism, etc.), I can get you started on that. Just leave a message on my talk page, and I will answer any question you have as soon as I can. Thanks JHMM13 (T | C)  07:15, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I just noticed you're working on your user page and it's starting to come together nicely. If you need any help with graphics and layout, you can go around Wikipedia, find something you like, and use it (if you source who you took it from!). You can take anything you like from my page if you see what you like, though. Remember, if you have any questions, if you would like to become more involved, or if you simply would like to know how to warn vandals (for example), just leave me a message on my talk page! JHMM13 (T | C) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px| ]] [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px|  ]] 08:29, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Catching vandalism
This is an area I'm pretty familiar with. Usually, the best way to catch vandalism is by just patrolling the recent changes page which is accessable from the navigation menu. Although everyone is capable of vandalizing Wikipedia, 99% of it comes from users that are not logged in (the IP address guys) or users with red links for their user pages and talk pages (indicating that they have just joined up and don't know the rules yet. When patrolling recent changes (See: Recent Changes Patrol), really the only thing you can do is monitor edits made by those types of users because there are simply too many changes made to Wikipedia to monitor every one of them. While you are getting used to counter-vandalism, you might want to limit your recent changes search to only IP users (anons, as they are often called) by adding "/hideliu" (liu stands for logged in users) to the recent changes URL like this. You can click on those pages, click "history," see the changes made by the anon's edit/edits, and if you feel they are actually vandalism (and it is important to tell the difference between vandalism, good-faith (but messed-up) edits, POV edits, or things that are disputed on the talk page), you can click on the link to the article with the last good-faith edits. The line you are looking to click on will look like this:
 * (cur) (last) 03:23, January 6, 2006 24.80.118.62 (→History)
 * (cur) (last) 03:36, January 5, 2006 24.6.218.157 (→Sport)
 * (cur) (last) 03:35, January 5, 2006 24.6.218.157 (→Sport)
 * (cur) (last) 17:12, January 4, 2006 Elephantus (rv random number changes)
 * This was taken from an actual page I reverted yesterday titled Split (which happens to be some city, apparently). I have bolded the area you want to click on when you notice that not only were 24.80.118.62's edits bad, but also 24.6.218.157's. However, if 24.6.218.157's edits were good, you should only revert back to his most recent edit. Anyway, just click on the part of the history page that I bolded, which will take you back to what that page looked like during that edit, click "edit this page" inside that page, scroll down to the edit summary where you can type in anything from "reverted anon edits" or "rvv" or, what I always do, "Revert to Elephantus," check it off as a minor edit, and save the page. Then when you look in the history of the page, you will see this line added to the top, except with your user name:
 * (cur) (last) 03:24, January 6, 2006 JHMM13 m (Revert to Elephantus)

Then, if you want to verify that you really did revert back to Elephantus (there is no reason to do this, I'm just showing you how), if you check his edit with the left radio button (those little circle check boxes in the history page) and your edit (the top one) with the right radio button, then hit the big button that says "Compare selected versions," you'll be taken to this page where you can see that the versions are exactly the same. Once you've reverted the vandalism, then you can start warning the actual vandal, but for the time being, I have to run out to play some hockey. In the meantime, if you feel like you need to warn a vandal, please do your best to be very, very, very kind in correspondence with our policy on not biting the newcomers. In fact, right now, all you should copy onto a vandal's talk page if you see one is exactly this text: ~. I'll come back later on today to explain that and all the other templates you can use for vandalism. But until then, happy editing!...and remember that the biggest reason to be here is to gain knowledge, even if vandal-hunting gets to be much like heroin addiction ;-) JHMM13 (T | C)  16:33, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Phelps
I did explain on the talk page. It was in the section titled "Sources"... right above the section that questioned why the tag was placed on the page, ironically enough. Jibbajabba 07:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

note
Just in case you have any knowledge of this as an Arizonan. Articles for deletion/Spider Ranch.

Stubs
Hello,

Thank you for your stub submission. You may wish to note that it is preferable to use a stub template from WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types instead of using simply, if you can.

Thanks!

Anguis 07:42, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Article creation
I have been looking through the list of unwatched pages (available only to administrators) and found (Reach Up For The) Sunrise. I see that you created this but were not watching it. You may want to go to your preferences and under the "editing" tab turn on "Add pages you edit to your watchlist". This will enable you to keep an eye out for any edits that are made to pages you create and help to revert vandalism. Thanks. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 23:01, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Also if you decide to can you leave me a note on my talk page. Thanks. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 19:22, 6 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 19:42, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

RFC / MarkSweep

 * Please stop by Requests_for_comment/MarkSweep regarding user's recent actions. Thank you! Sct72 00:49, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

In response to the comment on "War and Beauty"
Hello, Arbiteroftruth. It seems that I am a little bit too skeptical and too sensitive about the discrimination against mainland Chinese. I am sorry if my wording has offended you. I agree with your point that Commonwealth spelling should be used for British figures. But it seems that the characters in the drama are all from non-Cantonese speaking region. I think it is a common practice to transliterate the names with Hanyu Pinyin. What do you think? - Alanmak 05:05, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Ident-1993-d.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ident-1993-d.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 19:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Ngo Dinh Diem
I am very sure his last name is "Ngo" - a lot of people like to propagate their middle names within their family, I do not see how this implies that their last name is their "surname" + "middle" name. For example, George Bush (43) is George Walker Bush and his father (41) is George Herbert Walker Bush. I don't think we can infer that because people propagate their middle names that the surname then becomes "Ngo Dinh". The fact that the chinese wikipedia uses this, I feel does not mean that it is correct - although the article is about an extremely prominent politician, none of it is sourced and it is basically all speculation. All of the males on my mother's side of the family have the format "SURNAME MIDDLENAME" with the same middle name, and they call themselves the "PHI" family, and this is the case for all purposes, official and unofficial, even in Anglophonic format "MIDDLENAME SURNAME" .Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 01:14, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you should make a note that his ancestors like to preserve their middle names to separate their "Ngo" family, but I think that he is still definitely a "Ngo". My mother's family however, do not justify that the preservation of the middle name is due to any "separateness", it's just a hereditary thing. Regards, Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 02:01, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism?
You said that I have vandalised - which is a load of rubbish. I don't understand what you're on about Foxearth (Logged out due to computer errors)

Thanks
The promo section for "News@6" was sloppy. Thanks. Thanks. -Tracker <sup>([[User talk:TrackerTV|>talk)</sup>]] 04:55, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Hey I just got a message from you, was that a general statement or was it in reference to a specific edit I have made? -dmstewar

Thanks for the advice, also Sun Devils suck, USC rules, we beat you last two games. Dmstewar 11:02, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Anson Chan
Thanks for removing the extremist comments on the page. I have been trying to get it removed only for it to be added again. If you've any ideas for helping manage people who insist on putting extremist comments do let me know! Thanks again. --mintchocicecream 13:38, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

On the other hand some political analysts (who?) ''note that Anson Chan did not fight against the British control of the Hong Kong nor against the non-democratic methods of forming its government. Thus, according to her opponents, she belongs to the Pro-Colonial, Pro-British crowd.''
 * I do not think that edits by User:WangFeihung/User:WangFeiHung amounts to a vandalism (or even simple vandalism). It just a highly POV edits that could be annoying. I do not know much about the Hong Kong history, but I believe the government of it was indeed unelected democratically and I guess Anson Chan indeed did not fight against this undemocratic rules. Is it possible to enter something like:
 * If it is unacceptable you probably should go to some sort of WP:DR process. abakharev 05:08, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand it is perfectly well that Hong Kong was a paradise comparing with the PRC and obviously AC did not the luxury to fight London and Beijing simultaneously. I also understand that WangFeihung is producing the far-left edits. On the other hand the leftists are people too and state their opinion ( as an attributed opinion not as a fact) might be OK. I do not know how common are WangFeihung-like opinions. If they are as common as the Flat Earth, they should not be mentioned. In this case we need a WP:RfC or something. abakharev 05:35, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I understand your feelings and indeed share them, but I can not just consider WeiFenghung's edits as vandalism without RfC or something showing that there his edits are against the consensus. Alternatively you could just revert him now and then (it does not seem he is inserting his edits very often). If you would find another admin who would agree to handle his edits as vandalism, it is fine with me. abakharev 05:56, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have blocked the later account indefinetly. abakharev 07:10, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Request
I will look into it as you have requested via Rcpaterson. I've read your comments. No need to repeat them on my talk page. Tyrenius 23:09, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Administration
Usually the requirement is to have at least 2-3 thousands edits overall. You only have a half of that. The low edit count is a problem that tend to disappear by itself in a few months. Maybe it is worth to do some Recent Change and New Article patrols, check categories, etc. A good admin is supposed to be interested not only in it is own but in the other people's articles as well. Always remember not only revert vandalism and unhelpful edits, but warn the vandals and discuss the peoblems with the other editors. You have very low count of edits in Wikipedia space, many people see it as a low involvement into the procedural part of wiki - try to be more active with AfD and other *fD. Village pump and policies discussions, etc. Otherwise you seems to be a "good admin material". Good luck. abakharev 07:56, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Re. A Desperate Plea.
Hello. I'm so sorry to learn of your problems: I hate any attempts to manipulate and distort the truth to serve particular political ends. However, I can offer no direct help in the particular matter you raise, which is beyond my area of expertise. I have no administrative powers myself, but I have alerted some other people who have. I wish you the very best of luck. Rcpaterson 23:05, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Ident-1993-d.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Ident-1993-d.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Lim Kim San.jpg
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text:
Art Institute of Seattle

Art Institute of Seattle may refer to:

 * The Art Institute of Seattle, a for-profit institution offering associate and bachelor's degrees in various fields, which took that name in 1982
 * The institution formed in 1917 by the merger of the Seattle Fine Arts Society and the Washington Arts Association, which donated its collection to the Seattle Art Museum in 1933.

title: Art Institute of Seattle


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians/Transcribers

I'm not sure what music transcription is intended to cover here. Transcribing an orchestration of Mozart's Requiem is well beyond my abilities, but I have transcribed pop music (multi-part harmony and lyrics) for personal use. Is there a specific musical need that this page is looking for? -- Jeff Q 07:59, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians/Transcribers