text:
Talk:Afyonkarahisar

=Comments=

Old article
Here is the old article for reference (nowiki to eliminate links):

Afium-Kara-hissar  (afium, opium), the popular name of Kara-hissar Sahib, a city of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Brusa, nearly 200 m. E. of Izmir, and 50 m.  S.S.E. of Kutaiah. Pop. 18,000 (Moslems, 13,000; Christians, 5000). Called Nicopolis (Greek: Victory City) by Leo III after his victory over Arab besiegers in 740, its name was changed by the Seljuk Turks to Kara-hissar. It stands partly on level ground, partly on a declivity, and above it rises a precipitous trachytic rock (400 ft.) on the summit of which are the ruins of an ancient castle. From its situation on the route of the caravans between Smyrna and western Asia on the one hand, and Armenia, Georgia, &c., on the other, the city became a place of extensive trade, and its bazaars are well stocked with the merchandise of both Europe and the East. Opium in large quantities is produced in its vicinity and forms the staple article of its commerce; and there are, besides, manufactures of black felts, carpets, arms and saddlery. Afium contains several mosques (one of them a very handsome building), and is the seat of an Armenian bishop. The town is connected by railway with Izmir, Konya, Angora and Istanbul.

See V. Cuinet, Turquie d'Asie (Paris, 1894), vol. iv.

Is this the same as Kara-Hissar Sharki?
Does anyone know if this town is the same as Kara-Hissar Sharki? If so, they should be merged. Tocharianne 02:43, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 one external links on Afyonkarahisar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=idari_yapi_09sonrasi.RDF&p_il1=3&p_yil=2010&p_dil=2&desformat=html
 * Added tag to https://fco-stage.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073133/http://tcmb.gov.tr:80/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm to http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E1/18.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131007054501/http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/poppy.pdf to http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/poppy.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090130105921/http://en.infoturkey.net:80/category/cities/afyonkarahisar/ to http://en.infoturkey.net/category/cities/afyonkarahisar/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051105050738/http://www.afyon.gov.tr:80/ to http://www.afyon.gov.tr/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080414125933/http://www.afyon.cc:80/ to http://www.afyon.cc/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081015020606/http://www.afyonblog.com:80/ to http://www.afyonblog.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081021104437/http://dailyphoto.afyonblog.com:80/ to http://dailyphoto.afyonblog.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203850/http://www.aku.edu.tr:80/indexen.php to http://www.aku.edu.tr/indexen.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061022012108/http://www.afyon-cevreorman.gov.tr:80/ to http://www.afyon-cevreorman.gov.tr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:12, 5 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Afyonkarahisar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5hFIaQq0J?url=http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ to http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://en.infoturkey.net/category/cities/afyonkarahisar/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.afyon.gov.tr/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.afyon.cc/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.afyonblog.com/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://dailyphoto.afyonblog.com/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.aku.edu.tr/indexen.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.afyon-cevreorman.gov.tr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:24, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Afyonkarahisar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160812141921/http://www.tzob.org.tr/Bas%C4%B1n-Odas%C4%B1/Haberler/ArticleID/1619/ArtMID/470 to http://www.tzob.org.tr/Bas%C4%B1n-Odas%C4%B1/Haberler/ArticleID/1619/ArtMID/470
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070621171101/http://frigvadisi.org/index.php?l=en to http://www.frigvadisi.org/index.php?l=en
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043436/http://www.zafer.k12.tr/ to http://www.zafer.k12.tr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:28, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Afyonkarahisar


text:
This Is Where I Came In

This Is Where I Came In is the twenty-second and final studio album by the Bee Gees. It was released on 2 April 2001 by Polydor in the UK and Universal in the US, less than two years before Maurice Gibb died from a cardiac arrest before surgery to repair a twisted intestine.

It is the only album of all-new material released by them on the Universal Music label (which had acquired the rights to the group's releases on Polydor Records when they bought that label's parent PolyGram). The album peaked at No. 6 in the UK, while the single, "This Is Where I Came In", reached No. 18. In the US, the album peaked at No. 16. The group appeared on the A&E concert series Live by Request in April 2001 to promote the new album.

The brothers saw the album as a return to the original Bee Gees formula as well as a new beginning. The album marked the fifth decade of recording for the band. It was one of the first Bee Gees albums to be re-released on Reprise Records in 2006, when the brothers regained the rights to all of their recordings.

Background
The album features main vocals from all three of the brothers, and employs a variety of musical styles. "This Is Where I Came In" recalls the rock theme more commonly found on 1960s Bee Gees songs. "She Keeps on Coming" and "Voice in the Wilderness" have strong rock themes, while "Sacred Trust", "Just in Case" and "Wedding Day" continue the Bee Gees' trend for love songs. Maurice plays the Epiphone guitar given to him by John Lennon on "She Keeps On Coming" Two of Robin's songs, "Embrace" and "Promise The Earth" are Europop dance songs, while Barry's "Technicolor Dreams" is an exception to the rule, as it is an homage to the typical 1930s Tin Pan Alley melody. Maurice Gibb provides lead vocals for two songs, "Man in the Middle" and "Walking on Air". In the United Kingdom, two bonus tracks were published, "Just in Case" and "Promise the Earth" as well as other countries issued the album with 14 tracks.

Recording
One song in the album, "Sacred Trust" was recorded in early 1998 in Miami Beach. Around 1999, the Bee Gees recorded "I Will Be There" but only as a demo as they sent it to Tina Turner and she recorded it for her album Twenty Four Seven that same year. Maurice Gibb was busy producing songs for the band Luna Park. Also in 1999, three new Barry Gibb compositions "Technicolor Dreams", "Loose Talk Costs Lives" and "Voice in the Wilderness" were recorded as well as four new Maurice Gibb compositions, but only "Walking on Air" and "Man in the Middle" were released. Also in 1999, the new Robin Gibb composition, "Embrace" was recorded. In October that year, the group recorded "Wedding Day". The next year 2000, the group recorded five more songs including the title track, "This Is Where I Came In".

Track listing
All songs written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb, except where noted.

Personnel
Bee Gees
 * Barry Gibb – lead vocals (1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12) ; harmony vocals (1 - 4, 8, 11) ; backing vocals (1 - 5, 7, 9, 11, 12) ; acoustic guitar (3, 4, 9) ; drum programming (3, 11)
 * Robin Gibb – lead vocals (1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11) ; harmony vocals (1 - 4, 6, 8, 11) ; backing vocals (1 - 4, 6, 10, 11)
 * Maurice Gibb – lead vocals (5, 8) ; harmony vocals (1 - 4) ; backing vocals (1 - 5, 8) ; acoustic guitar (1, 3 - 5) ; electric guitar (2, 3, 5, 8, 9) ; keyboards (3 - 5, 8) ; bass programming (5, 8) ; drum programming (5, 8)

Additional musicians
 * Alan Kendall – electric guitar (1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11-13)
 * Robbie McIntosh – electric guitar (6)
 * Ben Stivers – piano (7) ; organ (12) ; keyboards (4, 7, 9) ; programming (4, 9, 12)
 * Mark Evans – keyboards (10, 14) ; programming (6, 10, 14)
 * Peter-John Vettese – keyboards (10, 14) ; programming (6, 10, 14) ; backing vocals (14)
 * Roger Lyons – keyboards (10, 14) ; programming (10, 14)
 * George "Chocolate" Perry – bass guitar (1–3, 9, 11, 13)
 * Matt Bonelli – bass guitar (4, 7, 12) ; additional bass guitar (9)
 * Steve Rucker – drums (1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11-13)
 * John Merchant – drum programming (3, 5, 8, 11)
 * Neil Bonsanti – clarinet (7)

Orchestra on "The Extra Mile"

 * Peter Graves – arrangements
 * Larry Warrilow – orchestrations
 * Alfredo Olivia – concertmaster
 * Horns
 * Joe Barati, Jon Hutchinson and John Knicker – trombone
 * Jason Carder and Ken Faulk – trumpet
 * Jim Hacker – piccolo trumpet solo
 * Dwayne Dixon, Eric Kerley and Cheryl Naberhaus – French horn
 * Strings
 * David Cole and Chris Glansdorp – cello
 * Tim Barnes and Chauncey Patterson – viola
 * Hui Fang Chen, Gustavo Correa, Orlando Forte, Mel Mei Luo, Alfredo Olivia and Mariusz Wojtowics – violin

Production

 * Bee Gees – executive producers
 * Barry Gibb – producer (1-4, 7, 9, 11-13)
 * Robin Gibb – producer (1-4, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14)
 * Maurice Gibb – producer (1-5, 8, 11, 13)
 * Peter-John Vettese – producer (6, 10, 14)
 * John Merchant – recording (1-5, 7-9, 11-13), mixing (1-5, 7-9, 11-13), mastering assistant, technical production
 * Mark Evans – engineer (6, 10, 14), mixing (6, 10, 14)
 * Ashley Gibb – assistant engineer (1-4, 7, 9, 11-13)
 * Geraldine Dubernet – assistant engineer (5, 7, 8)
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
 * Dick Ashby – project coordinator
 * Pat Gulino – project coordinator
 * Cheryl Engels – quality control
 * Unit – design
 * Randee St. Nicholas – photography
 * Alex Delves – stylist
 * Left Bank Organization – management

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: This Is Where I Came In


text:
LPH

LPH may refer to

 * La Palma Intercommunity Hospital, in La Palma, California.
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Landing platform helicopter (LPH)
 * Left posterior hemiblock, a cardiovascular disease
 * Liberal Party of Honduras
 * β-lipotropin, a hormone
 * Ankh wedja seneb, often abbreviated as L.P.H. in Egyptological translation
 * Locality-preserving hashing
 * Los Pollos Hermanos, a fictional fast-food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken operating across the southwestern United States in the AMC crime dramas, Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul
 * Low pressure hydrocephalus

title: LPH


text:
Ansegisel

Ansegisel (c. 602 or 610 – murdered before 679 or 662) was the younger son of Saint Arnulf, bishop of Metz.

Life
He served King Sigebert III of Austrasia (634–656) as domesticus. He was killed sometime before 679, slain in a feud by his enemy Gundewin. Through his son Pepin, Ansegisel's descendants would eventually become Frankish kings and rule over the Carolingian Empire.

Marriage and issue
He was married to Begga, the daughter of Pepin the Elder, sometime after 639. They had the following children:
 * Pepin the Middle (635 or 640 – December 16, 714), who would later become Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia
 * Martin of Laon (647 - 680) (though this is disputed)
 * Clotilda of Herstal (650–699), married King Theuderic III of Neustria

title: Ansegisel


text:
Template talk:Monarchies

Americas
Canada?--Юе Артеміс (talk) 06:30, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Several missing European monarchies
Why are Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Monaco omitted from the list of European monarchies? The article for European monarchies explicitly states that there are currently 12 sovereign monarchies in Europe, which doesn't include the Order of Malta in its article. So, why is the Order of Malta included in this template? 108.38.97.130 (talk) 03:52, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

Edit request
Change
 * Monarchy of Greenland should be added to the Americas section
 * group5 = Americas
 * list5 =
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Canada
 * Grenada
 * Jamaica
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

to

 * group5 = Americas
 * list5 =
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Canada
 * Greenland
 * Grenada
 * Jamaica
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

-- 65.94.42.219 (talk) 07:36, 18 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done L293D (☎ • ✎) 12:10, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

SMOM
Regarding this edit by. How is it not a monarchy? PPEMES (talk) 11:24, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Discussion is at Talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta. DrKay (talk) 17:07, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Middle East Monarchy as a separate region
Should we make a separate grouping on the list for Middle Eastern Region. Doremon764 (talk) 03:01, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 June 2022
Kingdon of England should be added to the list of Former Monarchies in Europe as it, like the Kingdom of Scotland, ceased to exist in 1707 following the Union of the Crowns. 185.186.207.96 (talk) 08:15, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * See Constitutional monarchy . - AdmiralAckbar1977 (talk) 15:06, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 October 2023
I'm unsure if Tavolara should be included considering that there are no contemporary documents, only memoirs published during years later by the Bertoleoni themselves and foreign articles written in the 19th century which seems to simply have took them as true without questioning, which confirm that Charles Albert really did recognize and give to Giuseppe the title of King, only that he visited the island and did recognize him as having property on the island. The only contemporary document is by Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, a contemporary of the visit of Charles Albert to the island, who confirmed indeed the visit of the island made by Charles Albert and wrote that when he visited the island he became friends with Giuseppe and jocking called him a King since he was the first permanent inhabitant of the island which was uninhabited before his settling of the island, and also recognize his properties on the islands, not sovereignty. Here a link to more information on it: https://www.transformationsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Trans35_02_Farinelli.pdf. Also that de facto Sardinia and then Italy always controlled the territory anyway, and indeed Italy also operates a lighthouse on the island by many years currently, which would make this only a micronation and not a country of the past and so for this I'm unsure if it should be included in the list. 82.84.2.195 (talk) 11:40, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Philroc  (talk) 08:12, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Basically, I noticed in the former monarchies I noticed it's included also Tavolara as a former kingdom, but I'm unsure if it should be included as a former monarchy of Europe since, at least from what I know, it never really was independent or a sovereign state ruled by Bertoleoni, he and his family simply were the first to permanently settle the islands and when the King of Sardinia visited the island he simply recognized his properties here, not his sovereignty over the island, and only jokingly called him a "King". Which would make I think the Kingdom of Tavolara at most what is called today a micronation.
 * For this I think, at least from what I know, that Tavolara shouldn't be included and removed from the list. Of course, if I'm wrong, I'm sorry. 82.84.2.195 (talk) 18:29, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Putting aside the futility of the concept of a list of former monarchies in Europe, I agree that Tavolara does not belong in the current list. CMD (talk) 02:04, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 February 2024
I suggest relocating Ottoman Empire to the Asia section, as that empire was predominantly located in the Middle East. 198.30.180.104 (talk) 20:22, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template.  The Ottoman Empire spanned parts of several continents, and which direction it expanded in varied a lot over time, so I don't see this being an entirely non-controversial change. LittlePuppers (talk) 02:27, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

Scotland listed as former monarchy
Why is Scotland listed as a former monarchy but not England? Surely either both counties should be listed or neither of them. The English and Scottish monarchies have been in personal union since 1603. Philip Stevens (talk) 15:16, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Monarchies


text:
Nelson Park

Nelson Park may refer to:

 * Nelson Park, Kent, United Kingdom
 * Nelson Park, Napier, a cricket ground in Napier
 * Nelson Park Township, Marshall County, Minnesota, United States
 * Nelson Park, Vancouver, Canada

title: Nelson Park


text:
Mexico–United States border wall

The  Mexico–United States border wall (muro fronterizo Estados Unidos–México) is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border intended to reduce illegal immigration to the United States from Mexico. The barrier is not a continuous structure but a series of obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".

Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings. In May 2011, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that it had 649 mi of barriers in place. An additional 52 mi of primary barriers were built during Donald Trump's presidency. The total length of the national border is 1,954 mi, of which 1,255 mi is the Rio Grande and 699 mi is on land. On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. He further announced in October 2023, that he is restarting wall construction due to the surge of migrant crossings, constructing an additional 20 miles of border wall.

Description
The 1954 mi border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The border from the Gulf of Mexico to El Paso, Texas, follows along the Rio Grande forming a natural barrier. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California, and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 27 feet (4.8 and 8.1 meters)) that divides the border towns of Nogales, Arizona, in the U.S. and Nogales, Sonora, in Mexico.

97% of border apprehensions (foreign nationals who are caught being in the U.S. illegally) by the Border Patrol in 2010 occurred at the southwest border. The number of Border Patrol apprehensions declined 61% from 1,189,000 in 2005 to 723,842 in 2008 to 463,000 in 2010. The decrease in apprehensions is the result of numerous factors, including changes in U.S. economic conditions and border enforcement efforts. Border apprehensions in 2010 were at their lowest level since 1972. Total apprehensions for 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 415,517, 521,090, 977,509 respectively. This shows a recent increase in apprehensions. And while the barrier is along the Mexico-United States border, 80% of the apprehended crossers are non-Mexican.

As a result of the barrier, there has been a significant increase in the number of people trying to cross areas that have no fence, such as the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such immigrants must cross fifty miles (80 km) of inhospitable terrain to reach the first road, which is located in the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.

Geography
The Mexico–United States border stretches from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. Border states include the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. U.S. states along the border are California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.

Origins
Territorial exchanges in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and the Gadsden Purchase (1853) would largely establish the current U.S.–Mexico border. Until the early 20th century, the border was open and largely unpatrolled, with only a few "mounted guards" patrolling its length. However, tensions between the United States and Mexico started to rise with the Mexican Revolution (1910) and World War I, which also increased concerns about weapons smuggling, refugees and cross-border espionage. The first international bridge was the Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. (a barbed wire fence to prevent the movement of cattle across the border) was built in Ambos Nogales between 1909 and 1911, which was expanded in 1929 with a "six foot–high chain-link fence". The first barrier built by Mexico was likely a 6 ft-tall wire fence built in 1918 explicitly for the purpose of directing the flow of people, also in Ambos Nogales. Barriers were extended in the following decades, with barriers becoming a common feature in border towns by the 1920s. In the 1940s, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service built chain-link barriers along the border.

The U.S. Congress approved a $4.3 million request by Immigration and Naturalization Service, in 1978, to build a fence along the border to replace an existing 27 mile fence near San Ysidro, California, and El Paso, Texas, and then build an additional 6 mile of new fence. Anchor Post Products was contracted to build the new fence in a project inherited from Richard Nixon, who was the first president to propose building a border fence. The proposed construction received press coverage after the company's George Norris, described the fence as a "razor-sharp wall", leading to negative responses in Mexico. The proposed wall, dubbed the "Tortilla Curtain" by critics,   was condemned by Mexican politicians such as then-president José López Portillo, and it was raised as an issue during President Jimmy Carter's state visit to Mexico in February 1979. Fencing was ultimately constructed, but had a limited length and did not have razor wire.

U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved the initial 14 miles (22.5 km) of fencing along the San Diego–Tijuana border. In 1993, President Bill Clinton oversaw initial border fence construction which was completed by the end of the year. Starting in 1994, further barriers were built under Clinton's presidency as part of three larger operations to taper transportation of illegal drugs manufactured in Latin America and immigration: Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, which authorized further barriers and the reinforcement of the initial border fence. The majority of the border barriers built in the 1990s were made out of leftover helicopter landing mats from the Vietnam War.

Bush administration
The Real ID Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, attached a rider to a supplemental appropriations bill funding the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which went into effect in May 2008:"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall have the authority to waive all legal requirements such Secretary, in such Secretary's sole discretion, determines necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads."

In 2005, there were 75 mile of fencing along the border. In 2005, the border-located Laredo Community College obtained a 10 ft fence built by the United States Marine Corps. The structure led to a reported decline in border crossings on to the campus. U.S. Representative Duncan Hunter of California proposed a plan on November 3, 2005, calling for the construction of a reinforced fence along the entire United States–Mexico border. This would also have included a 100 yd border zone on the U.S. side. On December 15, 2005, Congressman Hunter's amendment to the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) passed in the House, but the bill did not pass the Senate. This plan called for mandatory fencing along 698 mile of the 1954 mile-long border. On May 17, 2006, the U.S. Senate proposed the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611), which would include 370 mi of triple-layered fencing and a vehicle fence, but the bill died in committee.

Secure Fence Act of 2006

The Secure Fence Act of 2006, signed into law on October 26, 2006, by President George W. Bush authorized and partially funded the potential construction of 700 mile of physical fence/barriers along the Mexican border. The bill passed with supermajorities in both chambers. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff announced that an eight-month test of the virtual fence he favored would precede any construction of a physical barrier.

The government of Mexico and ministers of several Latin American countries condemned the plans. Governor of Texas Rick Perry expressed his opposition, saying that the border should be more open and should support safe and legal migration with the use of technology. The barrier expansion was opposed by a unanimous vote by the Laredo, Texas, City Council. Laredo Mayor Raul G. Salinas said that the bill would devastate Laredo. He stated "These are people that are sustaining our economy by forty percent, and I am gonna close the door on them and put [up] a wall? You don't do that. It's like a slap in the face." He hoped that Congress would revise the bill to better reflect the realities of life on the border.

Secretary Chertoff exercised his waiver authority on April 1, 2008, to "waive in their entirety" the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act to extend triple fencing through the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve near San Diego. By January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and Homeland Security had spent $40 million on environmental analysis and mitigation measures aimed at blunting any possible adverse impact that the fence might have on the environment. On January 16, 2009, DHS announced it was pledging an additional $50 million for that purpose, and signed an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior for utilization of the additional funding. In January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than 580 mi of barriers in place.

Obama administration
On March 16, 2010, DHS announced that there would be a halt to expand the virtual fence beyond two pilot projects in Arizona. Contractor Boeing Corporation had numerous delays and cost overruns. Boeing had initially used police-dispatching software that was unable to process all of the information coming from the border. The $50 million of remaining funding would be used for mobile surveillance devices, sensors, and radios to patrol and protect the border. At the time, DHS had spent $3.4 billion on border fences and had built 640 mi of fences and barriers as part of the Secure Border Initiative.

In May 2011, President Barack Obama stated that the wall was "basically complete", with 649 mi of 652 planned miles of barrier constructed. Of this, vehicle barriers comprised 299 mi and pedestrian fence 350 mi. Obama stated that:"We have gone above and beyond what was requested by the very Republicans who said they supported broader reform as long as we got serious about enforcement. All the stuff they asked for, we've done. But ... I suspect there are still going to be some who are trying to move the goal posts on us one more time. They'll want a higher fence. Maybe they'll need a moat. Maybe they want alligators in the moat. They'll never be satisfied. And I understand that. That's politics."

The Republican Party's 2012 platform stated that "The double-layered fencing on the border that was enacted by Congress in 2006, but never completed, must finally be built." The Secure Fence Act's costs were estimated at $6 billion, more than the Customs and Border Protection's entire annual discretionary budget of $5.6 billion. The Washington Office on Latin America noted in 2013 that the cost of complying with the Secure Fence Act's mandate was the reason that it had not been completely fulfilled.

A 2016 report by the Government Accountability Office confirmed that the government had completed the fence by 2015. A 2017 report noted that "In addition to the 654 mile of primary fencing, [Customs and Border Protection] has also deployed additional layers of pedestrian fencing behind the primary border fencing, including 37 mile of secondary fencing and 14 mile of tertiary fencing."

Trump administration
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it". Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto maintained that his country would not pay for the wall. On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although construction did not begin at this time because a formal budget had not been developed.

Trump's campaign promise has faced a host of legal and logistical challenges since. In March 2018, the Trump administration secured $1.6 billion from Congress for projects at the border for existing designs of approximately 100 mile of new and replacement walls. From December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down because of Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.

On May 24, 2019, federal Judge Haywood Gilliam in the Northern District of California granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Trump administration from redirecting funds under the national emergency declaration issued earlier in the year to fund a planned wall along the border with Mexico. The injunction applies specifically to money the administration intended to allocate from other agencies and limits wall construction projects in El Paso and Yuma. On June 28, Gilliam blocked the reallocation of $2.5 billion of funding from the Department of Defense to the construction of segments of the border wall categorized as high priority by the Trump administration (spanning across Arizona, California and New Mexico). The decision was upheld five days later by a majority in the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court but was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 26. On September 3, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper authorized the use of $3.6 billion in military construction funding for 175 mile of the barrier. The House and Senate have twice voted to terminate Trump's emergency declaration, but the president vetoed both resolutions. In October, a lawsuit filed in El Paso County produced a ruling that the emergency declaration was unlawful, as it fails to meet the National Emergencies Act's definition of an emergency. On December 10, a federal judge in the case blocked the use of the funding, but on January 8, 2020, a federal appeals court granted a stay of the ruling, freeing $3.6 billion for the wall.

, the Trump administration's barrier construction had been limited to replacing sections that were in need of repair or outdated, with 60 mile of replacement wall built in the Southwest since 2017. As of September 12, 2019, the Trump administration plans for "Between 450 and 500 miles (724–806 kilometers) of fencing along the nearly 2,000-mile (3,218-kilometer) border by the end of 2020" with an estimated total cost of $18.4 billion. Privately owned land adjacent to the border would have to be acquired by the U.S. government to be built upon.

On June 23, Trump visited Yuma, Arizona, for a campaign rally commemorating the completion of 200 mi of the wall. U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that almost all of this was replacement fencing. By the end of Trump's term on January 21, 2021, 452 mi had been built at last report by CBP on January 5, much of it replacing outdated or dilapidated existing barriers.

Contractors and independent efforts
As of February 2019, contractors were preparing to construct $600 million worth of replacement barriers along the south Texas Rio Grande Valley section of the border wall, approved by Congress in March 2018. In mid-April 2019, former Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach visited Coolidge, Arizona, to observe a demonstration by North Dakota's Fisher Industries of how it would build a border fence. The company maintained that it could erect 218 mile of the barrier for $3.3 billion and be able to complete it in 13 months. Spin cameras positioned atop the fence would use facial-recognition technology, and underground fiber optic cables could detect and differentiate between human activity, vehicles, tunneling, and animals as distant as 40 ft away. The proposed barrier would be constructed with 42 mile near Yuma and 91 mile near Tucson, Arizona, 69 mile near El Paso, Texas, and 15 mile near El Centro, California—reportedly costing $12.5 million per mile ($7.8 million per kilometer). In April 2019, U.S. Senator Bill Cassidy said that he traveled with the group of politicians and administration officials over the Easter recess to Coolidge (120 mile north of the Mexico border) because he felt that insufficient barrier and border enhancements had been erected since Trump became president. U.S. senator Kevin Cramer was also there, promoting Fisher Industries, which demonstrated the construction of a 56 ft fence in Coolidge.

A private organization founded by military veteran Brian Kolfage called "We Build the Wall" raised over $20 million beginning in 2018, with President Trump's encouragement and with leadership from Kobach and Steve Bannon. Over the 2019 Memorial Day weekend, the organization constructed a 0.5 mile to 1 mile-mile "weathered steel" bollard fence near El Paso on private land adjoining the US–Mexico border using $6–8 million of the donated funds. Kolfage's organization says it has plans to construct further barriers on private lands adjoining the border in Texas and California. On December 3, 2019, a Hidalgo County judge ordered the group to temporarily halt all construction because of its plans to build adjacent to the Rio Grande, which a lawyer for the National Butterfly Center argues would create a flooding risk. On January 9, 2020, a federal judge lifted an injunction, allowing a construction firm to move forward with the 3 mile project along the Rio Grande. This ended a month long court battle with both the Federal Government and the National Butterfly Center which both tried to block construction efforts.

Biden administration
President Joe Biden signed an executive order on his first day of office, January 20, 2021, ordering a "pause" in all construction of the wall no later than January 27. The government was given two months to plan how to spend the funds elsewhere and determine how much it would cost to terminate the contracts. There are no plans to tear down parts of the wall that have been built. The deployment of 3,000 National Guard troops along the border will continue. The Biden administration has continued to seize land for construction of the border wall. By December 2021, many contracts had been cancelled, including one requiring the possession of the land of a family represented by the Texas Civil Rights Project.

In June 2021, Texas governor Greg Abbott announced plans to build a border wall in his state, saying that the state would provide $250 million and that direct donations from the public would be solicited. On June 29, the Republican Study Committee organized a group of two dozen Republican House members to visit a gap in the border where Central Americans were crossing into the country. Representative Mary Miller (R-IL) stated that "obviously our president has advertised this and facilitated this invasion". Rep. Jim Banks (R-IN) praised the effectiveness of Trump's wall and said that because of the halted construction, "thousands of migrants [pass] through this area on a regular basis ... because there's an open door that allows them to do that". In reference to wristbands on migrants used by Mexican cartels and smugglers to track them, Rep. Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) stated, "They're basically treating people like Amazon products. ... There is no care that that is a human being, someone who has a soul, someone who has unalienable rights that predate any government."

On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings.

In October 2023, Biden announced he is restarting wall construction due to the surge of migrant crossings, while White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre stated that Biden believes that the border wall is "not effective". In order to expedite production, the Biden Administration will be waiving more than two dozen laws that "protect air, water and endangered species" such as the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act and the National Historic Preservation Act. The administration claimed that the money for the wall construction was "allocated during Trump's term in 2019." In 2021, the congress controlled by the Democratic Party ignored Biden's request to rescind the funds. The decision was praised by former President Donald Trump and criticized by Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador as "a step backwards" and Jonathan Blazer, director of border strategies for the American Civil Liberties Union as "doubling down on the failed policies of the past."

Binational River Park
In 2021, in collaboration with the United States and Mexican ambassadors, as well as businessmen, a binational park was proposed along the Rio Grande between the border towns of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Supported by the No Border Wall Coalition, the park aims to create a shared recreational space instead of a border wall. Earthjustice estimated that the decision to not build a border wall in Laredo saved 71 mile of river from destruction and over $1 billion in taxpayer dollars.

Arizona container wall
In August 2022, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey ordered the erection of a makeshift wall of shipping containers on the border with Mexico in Cochise County, Arizona. The construction began in the Coronado National Forest without authorization from the U.S. Forest Service, which operates the land. Ecologists at the Center for Biological Diversity argue that the construction, which imperils at-risk species including the ocelot and jaguar, violates the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and have sued to halt its construction. Governor-elect Katie Hobbs stated that she would remove the containers after taking office, and the U.S. Justice Department sued the state to remove the containers and "compensate the [U.S.] for any actions it needs to take to undo Arizona's actions". Deconstruction of the container wall had begun by January 2023.

Effectiveness
Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband. In mid-April 2019, U.S. Senator Martha McSally said that a barrier will not resolve the border crisis. Authors of books on the effectiveness have said that aside from the human crossings, drugs among other things will still be making their way to the United States illegally. However, US Customs and Border Protection has frequently called for more physical barriers on the Mexico–United States border, citing their efficacy. Smugglers in 2021 used demolition tools and power saws on pieces of wall in Arizona.

Divided Indigenous land
Tribal lands of three indigenous nations are divided by a proposed border fence.

On January 27, 2008, a Native American human rights delegation in the United States, which included Margo Tamez (Lipan Apache-Jumano Apache) and Teresa Leal (Opata-Mayo) reported the removal of the official International Boundary obelisks of 1848 by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in the Las Mariposas, Sonora-Arizona sector of the Mexico–U.S. border. The obelisks were moved southward approximately 20 m, onto the property of private landowners in Sonora, as part of the larger project of installing the 18 ft steel barrier wall.

The proposed route for the border fence would divide the campus of the University of Texas at Brownsville into two parts, according to Antonio N. Zavaleta, a vice president of the university. There have been campus protests against the wall by students who feel it will harm their school. In August 2008, UT-Brownsville reached an agreement with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the university to construct a portion of the fence across and adjacent to its property. On August 20, 2008, the university sent out a request for bids for the construction of a 10 ft high barrier that incorporates technology security for its segment of the border fence project. The southern perimeter of the UT-Brownsville campus will be part of a laboratory for testing new security technology and infrastructure combinations. The border fence segment on the campus was substantially completed by December 2008.

The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site was shown on a map of the Department of Homeland Security with the barrier cutting through the 50 acre in Boca Chica, Texas.

Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge
On August 1, 2018, the chief of the Border Patrol's Rio Grande Valley sector indicated that although Starr County was his first priority for a wall, Hidalgo County's Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge had been selected instead for initial construction, because its land was owned by the government.

National Butterfly Center
The proposed border wall has been described as a "death sentence" for the American National Butterfly Center, a privately operated outdoor butterfly conservatory that maintains a significant amount of land in Mexico. Filmmaker Krista Schlyer, part of an all-woman team creating a documentary film about the butterflies and the border wall, Ay Mariposa, estimates that construction would put "70 percent of the preserve habitat" on the Mexican side of the border. In addition to concerns about seizure of private property by the federal government, center employees have also noted the local economic impact. The center's director has stated that "environmental tourism contributes more than $450m to Hidalgo and Starr counties."

In early December 2018, a challenge to wall construction at the National Butterfly Center was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court. According to the San Antonio Express-News, "the high court let stand an appeals ruling that lets the administration bypass 28 federal laws", including the Endangered Species Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

Mexico's condemnations
In 2006, the Mexican government vigorously condemned the Secure Fence Act of 2006. Mexico has also urged the U.S. to alter its plans for expanded fences along their shared border, saying that it would damage the environment and harm wildlife.

In 2012, Enrique Peña Nieto was campaigning in Tijuana at the Playas de Monumental, less than 600 yd from the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to Border Field State Park. In one of his speeches he criticized the U.S. government for building the barriers and asked for them to be removed, referencing President Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech from Berlin in 1987.

Migrant deaths
Between 1994 and 2007, there were around 5,000 migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border, according to a document created by the Human Rights National Commission of Mexico, also signed by the American Civil Liberties Union. Between 43 and 61 people died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert from October 2003 to May 2004; three times that of the same period the previous year. In October 2004, the Border Patrol announced that 325 people had died crossing the entire border during the previous 12 months. Between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the Mexico–U.S. border. Since 2004, the bodies of 1,086 migrants have been recovered in the southern Arizona desert.

U.S. Border Patrol Tucson Sector reported on October 15, 2008, that its agents were able to save 443 illegal immigrants from certain death after being abandoned by their smugglers. The agents also reducing the number of deaths by 17% from 202 in 2007 to 167 in 2008. Without the efforts of these agents, hundreds more could have died in the deserts of Arizona. According to the same sector, border enhancements like the wall have allowed the Tucson Sector agents to reduce the number of apprehensions at the borders by 16% compared with 2007.

Environmental impact

In April 2008, the Department of Homeland Security announced plans to waive more than 30 environmental and cultural laws to speed construction of the barrier. Despite claims from then Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff that the department would minimize the construction's impact on the environment, critics in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, asserted that the fence endangered species and fragile ecosystems along the Rio Grande. Environmentalists expressed concern about butterfly migration corridors and the future of species of local wildcats, the ocelot, the jaguarundi, and the jaguar.

By August 2008, more than 90% of the southern border in Arizona and New Mexico had been surveyed. In addition, 80% of the California–Mexico border has been surveyed. About 100 species of plants and animals, many already endangered, are threatened by the wall, including the jaguar, ocelot, Sonoran pronghorn, Mexican wolf, a pygmy owl, the thick-billed parrot, and the Quino checkerspot butterfly. According to Scott Egan of Rice University, a wall can create a population bottleneck, increase inbreeding, and cut off natural migration routes and range expansion.

In 2008 a resolution "based on sound and accurate scientific knowledge" expressing opposition to the wall and the harmful impact on several rare, threatened, and endangered species, particularly endangered mammals such as the jaguar, ocelot, jaguarondi, and Sonoran pronghorn, was published by The Southwestern Association of Naturalists, an organization of 791 scientists specializing in the zoology, botany, and ecology of southwestern United States and Mexico. A decade later in 2018, well over 2500 scientists from 43 countries published a statement opposing the Border Wall, affirming it will have "significant consequences for biodiversity" and "Already-built sections of the wall are reducing the area, quality, and connectivity of plant and animal habitats and are compromising more than a century of binational investment in conservation."

An initial 75 mile wall for which U.S. funding has been requested on the nearly 2000 mile border would pass through the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge in California, the Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, and Mexico's Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that the U.S. is bound by global treaty to protect. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection plans to build the wall using the Real ID Act to avoid the process of making environmental impact statements, a strategy devised by Chertoff during the Bush administration. Reuters said, "The Real ID Act also allows the secretary of Homeland Security to exempt CBP from adhering to the Endangered Species Act", which would otherwise prohibit construction in a wildlife refuge.

Polling
A Rasmussen Reports poll from August 19, 2015, found that 51% supported building a wall on the border, while 37% opposed.

In a January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". The survey found that while Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16 percent of Democrats and Democratic leaners."

A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border". 7% of agents disagreed.

A poll conducted by CBS on June 21 and 22, 2018, found that 51% supported the border wall, while 48% opposed.

A poll conducted by the Senate Opportunity Fund in March of 2021 found that 53% supported finishing construction of the border wall, while 38% opposed.

title: Mexico–United States border wall


text:
Nelsonville

Nelsonville can refer to several places in the United States:

 * Nelsonville, Augusta Township, Michigan
 * Nelsonville, Charlevoix County, Michigan
 * Nelsonville, Missouri
 * Nelsonville, New Jersey
 * Nelsonville, New York
 * Nelsonville, Ohio
 * Nelsonville, Wisconsin, a village
 * Nelsonville, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, a ghost town

title: Nelsonville


text:
Begga

Saint Begga (also Begue, Beghe, Begge) (615 – 17 December 693) was the daughter of Pepin of Landen, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, and his wife Itta of Metz. She is also the grandmother of Charles Martel, who is the grandfather of Charlemagne.

Life
The daughter of Pepin of Landen and his wife, Itta, Begga was the older sister of St Gertrude of Nivelles. She married Ansegisel, son of Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, and had three children: Pepin of Heristal, Martin of Laon, and Clotilda of Heristal, who married Theuderic III of the Franks. Ansegisel was killed sometime before 679, slain in a feud by his enemy Gundewin. Begga made a pilgrimage to Rome and upon her return, she took the veil, she had seven churches built at Andenne on the Meuse. There she spent the rest of her days as abbess. She was buried in Saint Begga's Collegiate Church in Andenne.

Veneration
She is commemorated on 17 December.

Some hold that the Beguine movement which came to light in the 12th century was actually founded by St Begga; and the church in the beguinage of Lier, Belgium, has a statue of St Begga standing above the inscription: St. Begga, our foundress. The Lier beguinage dates from the 13th century.

Another popular theory, however, claims that the Beguines derived their name from that of the priest Lambert le Bègue, under whose protection the witness and ministry of the Beguines flourished.

title: Begga


text:
Weston Lullingfields

Weston Lullingfields is a village in Shropshire, England. It is located about 15 km north west of Shrewsbury. The population as taken at the 2011 census can be found under Baschurch.

Etymology
The village name 'Weston' is a common one in England. It is Anglo Saxon in origin and means 'west farm'.

Canal
Weston Lullingfields was a terminus of a branch of the Ellesmere Canal known as the Weston Branch. The canal was originally intended to continue on to Shrewsbury, but was never completed as intended. At Weston Lullingfields the canal company built a wharf, four lime kilns, a public house, stables, a clerk's house and weighing machine. These were opened in 1797 and closed in 1917 when the Weston branch was closed following a breach of the canal.

title: Weston Lullingfields