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James A. Yorke

James A. Yorke (born August 3, 1941) is a Distinguished University Research Professor of Mathematics and Physics and former chair of the Mathematics Department at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Born in Plainfield, New Jersey, United States, Yorke attended The Pingry School, then located in Hillside, New Jersey. Yorke is now a Distinguished University Research Professor of Mathematics and Physics with the Institute for Physical Science and Technology at the University of Maryland. In June 2013, Dr. Yorke retired as chair of the University of Maryland's Math department. He devotes his university efforts to collaborative research in chaos theory and genomics.

He and Benoit Mandelbrot were the recipients of the 2003 Japan Prize in Science and Technology: Yorke was selected for his work in chaotic systems. In 2003 He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society. and in 2012 became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

He received the Doctor Honoris Causa degree from the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain, in January 2014. In June 2014, he received the Doctor Honoris Causa degree from Le Havre University, Le Havre, France. He received the Thomson Reuters Citations Laureate in Physics 2016.

Period three implies chaos
He and his co-author T.Y. Li coined the mathematical term chaos in a paper they published in 1975 entitled Period three implies chaos, in which it was proved that every one-dimensional continuous map

 * F: R →R

that has a period-3 orbit must have two properties:

(1) For each positive integer p, there is a point in R that returns to where it started after p applications of the map and not before.

This means there are infinitely many periodic points (any of which may or may not be stable): different sets of points for each period p. This turned out to be a special case of Sharkovskii's theorem.

The second property requires some definitions. A pair of points x and y is called “scrambled” if as the map is applied repeatedly to the pair, they get closer together and later move apart and then get closer together and move apart, etc., so that they get arbitrarily close together without staying close together. The analogy is to an egg being scrambled forever, or to typical pairs of atoms behaving in this way. A set S is called a scrambled set if every pair of distinct points in S is scrambled. Scrambling is a kind of mixing.

(2) There is an uncountably infinite set S that is scrambled.

A map satisfying Property 2 is sometimes called "chaotic in the sense of Li and Yorke". Property 2 is often stated succinctly as their article's title phrase "Period three implies chaos". The uncountable set of chaotic points may, however, be of measure zero (see for example the article Logistic map), in which case the map is said to have unobservable nonperiodicity or unobservable chaos.

O.G.Y control method
He and his colleagues (Edward Ott and Celso Grebogi) had shown with a numerical example that one can convert a chaotic motion into a periodic one by a proper time-dependent perturbation of the parameter. This article is considered a classic among the works in the control theory of chaos, and their control method is known as the O.G.Y. method.

Books
Together with Kathleen T. Alligood and Tim D. Sauer, he was the author of the book Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems.

title: James A. Yorke


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Harris

Harris may refer to:

Canada

 * Harris, Ontario
 * Northland Pyrite Mine (also known as Harris Mine)
 * Harris, Saskatchewan
 * Rural Municipality of Harris No. 316, Saskatchewan

Scotland

 * Harris, Outer Hebrides (sometimes called the Isle of Harris), part of Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides
 * Harris, Rùm, a place on Rùm, Highland

United States

 * Harris, Indiana
 * Harris, Iowa
 * Harris, Kansas
 * Harris Township, Michigan
 * Harris, Minnesota
 * Harris, Missouri
 * Harris, New York
 * Harris, North Carolina
 * Harris, Wisconsin

Elsewhere

 * Harris, Montserrat

Other places with "Harris" in the name

 * Harrisonburg, Louisiana
 * Harrisonburg, Virginia
 * Harris County (disambiguation)
 * Harris Lake (disambiguation)
 * Harris Mountain (disambiguation)
 * Harris Township (disambiguation)
 * Harrisburg (disambiguation)
 * Harrison (disambiguation)
 * Harrisville (disambiguation)

People

 * Harris (Essex cricketer)
 * Harris Jayaraj, an Indian music director
 * Harris (given name), including a list of people with the given name
 * List of people with surname Harris
 * Harris (surname), a family last name

Music

 * Harris (band), an American rock band

Titles

 * Baron Harris, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, created in 1815 for General Sir George Harris
 * Harris baronets, any of four Baronetcies created for persons with the surname Harris, two in the Baronetage of England and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
 * Harris is also the surname of the Earls of Malmesbury in the Peerage of Great Britain, created in 1800 for diplomat Sir James Harris

Buildings

 * Harris Building (disambiguation)
 * Harris Museum, Preston, Lancashire, England
 * Harris Theater (Chicago), United States
 * Harris Theater (Pittsburgh), United States
 * Harris & Ewing Photographic Studio, Washington, D.C., United States

Companies

 * BMO Harris Bank, an American subsidiary of Bank of Montreal
 * Harris Company, operators of a defunct American department store chain
 * Harris Corporation, an American defense contractor
 * Harris Farm Markets, an Australian grocery chain
 * Harris Interactive, an American market research company
 * Harris Performance Products, an English motorcycle racing manufacturer
 * Harris Publications, an American comic and magazine publishing company
 * Harris Ranch, an American Beef producer

United Kingdom

 * Harris Academy, a secondary school in Dundee, Scotland
 * Harris Church of England Academy, a secondary school in Rugby, England
 * Harris Federation, a federation of secondary school academies in South London, England. Consisting of the following schools:
 * Harris Academy Bermondsey
 * Harris Academy Chafford Hundred
 * Harris City Academy Crystal Palace, the flagship academy of the Federation
 * Harris Girls' Academy East Dulwich
 * Harris Boys' Academy East Dulwich
 * Harris Academy Falconwood
 * Harris Academy Merton
 * Harris Academy Peckham
 * Harris Academy Purley
 * Harris Academy South Norwood

United States

 * Harris–Stowe State University, Missouri

Other uses

 * Harris affine region detector, an algorithm
 * Harris energy functional, an approximation named after J. Harris (physicist) which is used in density functional theory of quantum mechanics
 * Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus, a bird of prey
 * Harris operator, a corner detection algorithm
 * Harris (train), a type of train on the Melbourne metropolitan railway
 * Harris City (disambiguation)
 * Harris Tweed (disambiguation)
 * Mrs. Harris, a 2005 television film

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harris


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Lion-sur-Mer

Lion-sur-Mer (, literally Lion on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
Lion-sur-Mer is located on the edge of the English Channel, more precisely on the Côte de Nacre (Mother of Pearl Coast), about 15 km North of Caen.

The beach is made of fine sand and is bordered, to the west, by middle-sized cliffs.

The town is served by 2 bus services : line No. 1 of the Bus Verts du Calvados and line No. 62 of Twisto. A ferry of Brittany Ferries links Ouistreham (5 km from Lion-sur-Mer) to Portsmouth in England.

History

 * 6 June 1944 : The D-Day of the Battle of Normandy during World War II. British soldiers landed on the beach of Lion-sur-Mer which was a part of the Sword Beach sector.

Sights

 * The beach, its promenade (La digue) and its villas from the beginning of the 20th century

The town is crossed by the EuroVelo 4 track.
 * The "le Castel Louis" or "la Villa Louis" house (listed building), ancient casino built in 1866–1868 and then transformed in the art nouveau style.

Events

 * "Les terrasses de l'été" ("The summer terraces") : about 40 free animations and concerts in July and August.
 * Flea markets several times per year.

Sport

 * Hermanville sporting club (8 tennis clay courts)
 * Municipal sailing school
 * Sport complex (Gymnasium, tennis courts and soccer field)

International relations
Lion-sur-Mer is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Kiebingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany

title: Lion-sur-Mer


text:
Talk:James A. Yorke

Creation
I created this page with a bit of information on Dr. Yorke after seeing that tbere was no article on him from a link on the Chaos Theory page.

title: Talk:James A. Yorke


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1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

The Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998 was a referendum held in Northern Ireland over whether there was support for the Good Friday Agreement. The result was a majority (71.1%) in favour. A simultaneous referendum held in the Republic of Ireland produced an even larger majority (94.4%) in favour.

The total number of people who voted (both referenda) was 2,499,078.

Party support
All the main UK political parties (Labour, Conservative, and Liberal Democrat) supported the Yes campaign, though the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservatives supported the No campaign. Of the local Northern Ireland parties represented in the Northern Ireland Peace Forum, the Ulster Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Sinn Féin, Alliance, Progressive Unionist Party, Ulster Democratic Party, Northern Ireland Women's Coalition and local "Labour" groups supported the proposals.

The only two parties in the Forum to campaign against the Agreement were the Democratic Unionist Party and the UK Unionist Party, though many prominent individuals in the Ulster Unionists also did so. Some minor parties campaigned against it. Republican Sinn Féin, which at the time did not run candidates in Northern Ireland, still opposes the agreement.

In the Republic of Ireland, all parties represented in the Oireachtas were in favour – Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, Labour, Progressive Democrats, Democratic Left, Green Party, Sinn Féin and the Socialist Party.

Northern Ireland
The referendum saw a large majority 'Yes' vote across the province on Friday 22 May 1998. The votes were counted the next day. A total of 1,738 ballots were spoiled. Turnout, at 81.1%, was very high for a developed country where voting is not compulsory. Turnout in the equivalent referendum in the Republic of Ireland was average for a constitutional referendum but returned almost universal approval (94.39%).

Republic of Ireland
The referendum in the Republic of Ireland was held on the same day but rather than explicitly seeking approval of the Agreement itself it sought endorsement of constitutional amendments required by the Agreement, and produced an overwhelming Yes vote.

Turnout
The turnout in Northern Ireland was noticeably high at 81.1% and also the turnout was quite high evenly throughout Northern Ireland, compared to many elections where turnout is highest in strong nationalist areas and significantly lower in unionist areas. It is estimated that approximately 147,000 people who do not normally vote in elections turned out to vote in the referendum, most of them in traditionally staunch unionist areas. In the Republic the turnout was lower, at 56.3%.

Legislative responses
The UK Parliament passed the Northern Ireland Act 1998, while in the Republic the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998 passed into law.


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Ivan Wyschnegradsky

Ivan Alexandrovich Wyschnegradsky (May 14 1893 – September 29, 1979), was a Russian composer primarily known for his microtonal compositions, including the quarter tone scale (24-tet: 50 cents) utilized in his pieces for two pianos in quarter tones. He also used scales of up to 72 divisions (mainly third (18-tet: 66.$\overline{6}$ cents), sixth (36-tet: 33.$\overline{3}$ cents), and twelfth tones (72-tet: 16.$\overline{6}$ cents)). For most of his life, from 1920 onwards, Wyschnegradsky lived in Paris.

Early life
Ivan Wyschnegradsky was born in Saint Petersburg on May 4, 1893. His father was a banker and his mother wrote poems. His grandfather was a celebrated mathematician who served as the Minister for Finance from 1888 to 1892. After his baccalaureate, Wyschnegradsky entered the School of Mathematics. He followed the courses of harmony, composition and orchestration (1911–1915) led by Nicolas Sokolov, professor with the Academy of Saint Petersburg. In 1912, he entered the School of Law.

Music career
The first public performance of Wyschnegradsky's Andante religioso and funebre was performed at the theatre Pavlovsk under the direction of Aslanov, in the presence of César Cui. At the end of the concert, Cui congratulated him "for his moderation".

In 1916, Wyschnegradsky composed The Day of the Brahma (which would later become The Day of Existence) for narrator, full orchestra and mixed chorus ad libitum. In 1917, the day before the revolution, Wyschnegradsky completed his law studies. In November, his father died. Ivan adhered to the ideals of the Russian Revolution and composed The Red Gospel, opus 8. In 1919, he elaborated on his first project on the notation of twelfth-tones.

The following year, Wyschnegradsky and his family moved to Paris. The Pleyel house manufactured a pneumatic-transmission piano for him, but he was not entirely satisfied (1921). Wyschnegrasky wished to build a true quarter-tone piano and thought that he would only be able to in Germany. He ordered a Möllendorf-type quarter-tone harmonium from Straube. In 1922 and 1923, he went to several revivals in Germany where he met R. Stein, Alois Hába, J. Mager and W. Möllendorf. The following year, he married Hélène Benois and fathered a son, Dimitri (1924, later Dimitri Vicheney, who used the pen-name Jacques Demêtre). Wyschnegradsky and Benois divorced in 1926.

He ordered a quarter-tone piano from Foerster (1927). The Vandelle quartet performed the Prelude and Fugue, opus 15. In 1929, the piano made by Foerster arrived in Paris. He met Lucille Markov (Gayden), his future wife. He also published the Manual of Quarter-tone Harmony (1932). In 1934, he composed Twenty-four Preludes in All the Tones of the Chromatic Scale Diatonicized with Thirteen Sounds, for two pianos in quarter tones (1934).

On January 25, 1937, he attended the first concert devoted entirely to his music. He met Olivier Messiaen, and later Henri Dutilleux and Claude Ballif. He recorded the slow movement of the Symphony Thus Spoke Zarathustra for four pianos in quarter tones.

In 1942, Wyschnegradsky was arrested by the Germans and transferred to Compiègne, where he remained for two months. His wife (of American nationality) was also arrested and transferred to Vittel.

On November 11, 1945, Gisèle Peyron and Mady Sauvageot, sopranos, Lili Fabrègue, viola, Yvette Grimaud, Yvonne Loriod, Pierre Boulez and Serge Nigg, pianos gave a concert of works of Wyschnegradsky. Contracting tuberculosis, he rested at the sanatorium of St. Martin-du-Tertre. In 1947, André Souris gave the première in Belgium of the Symphony Thus Spoke Zarathustra for four pianos in Brussels. In 1951, Pierre Boulez, Yvette Grimaud, Claude Helffer and Ina Marika gave a performance of the Second Symphonic Fragment, opus 24 in Paris. The Revue Musicale published a special issue on Ivan Wyschnegradsky and Nicolas Obouhow.

In 1977, Martine Joste organized a concert at Radio France. In Canada, Bruce Mather did the same. In 1978, Alexandre Myrat, at the head of the Philharmonic Orchestra of Radio France, performed the Day of Existence. Ivan Wyschnegradsky was invited by the DAAD as composer-in-residence at Berlin. He could not go, due to ill health. Radio France commissioned a string trio by him.

Wyschnegradsky died at the age of 86 in Paris on September 29, 1979. His son Dimitri, known professionally as Jacques Demêtre, was an influential supporter and historian of blues music.

Wyschnegradsky appears in Paul Auster's novel The Locked Room (1986), part of the New York Trilogy, in a fictionalized account of Auster´s meeting with the composer as a young man in Paris.

Recordings

 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Ainsi Parlait Zarathoustra, opus 17. Monique Haas, Ina Marika, Edouard Staempfli, Max Vredenburg, pianos sous la direction du compositeur. LP 78 tours 1938, L'Oiseau-Lyre Editions.
 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Méditation sur 2 thèmes de la Journée de l'Existence opus 7, Prélude et fugue opus 21, Vingt-quatre préludes opus 22 (extraits), Troisième Fragment symphonique opus 32, Etude sur le carré sonore magique opus 40, Etude sur les mouvements rotatoires opus 45, Prélude et Etude opus 48, Entretien du compositeur avec Robert Pfeiffer. S. Billier, M. Joste, Jean-François Heisser, J. Koerner, pianos, J. Wiederker, violoncelle sous la direction de M. Decoust. Editions Block, Berlin, 2 LP, EB 107/108.
 * Piano Duo. Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Concert Etude opus 19, Fugue opus 33, Integration opus 49. Bruce Mather : Sonata for two pianos. Bengt Hambraeus : Carillon. Bruce Mather and Pierrette Le Page, pianos. Mc Gill University Records 77002.
 * Music for three pianos in sixths of tones. Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Dialogue à trois opus 51, Composition opus 46, Prélude et Fugue opus 30. Bruce Mather : Poème du Délire. Jack Behrens : Aspects. Louis-Philippe Pelletier, Paul Helmer, François Couture, pianos sous la direction de Bruce Mather. Mc Gill University Records 83017.
 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Vingt-quatre Préludes opus 22, Intégrations opus 49. Henriette Puig-Roget and Kazuoki Fujii, pianos. Fontec records, Tokyo, FOCD 3216.
 * Between the Keys, Microtonal Masterpieces of the 20th century. Charles Ives : Three Quarter-tone Pieces for Two Pieces, Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Meditation on Two Themes from the Day of Existence opus 7, transcription for bassoon and piano by Johnny Reinhard, Harry Partch : Yankee Doodle Fantasy, John Cage : Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano, The American Festival of Microtonal Music Ensemble, dir. Johnny Reinhard, Newport Classic, NPD 85526.
 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky : String Quartet # 1, opus 13, String Quartet # 2, opus 18, String Quartet #3, opus 38bis, Composition for String Quartet opus 43, Trio for strings opus 53. Arditti Quartet. Edition Block, Berlin, CD-EB 201
 * Hommage à Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Transparences I opus 36, Transparences II opus 47, Composition en quarts de ton pour quatuor d'ondes Martenot, Cosmos opus 29. Serge Provost Ein Horn. Bruce Mather Yquem. Jean Laurendeau, ondes, Pierrette Lepage, Bruce Mather, Marc Couroux, François Couture, Paul Helmer, pianos, Ensemble d'Ondes Martenot de Montréal. Société Nouvelle d'Enregistrement, SNE-589-CD
 * Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Etudes sur les mouvements rotatoires opus 45c, Sonate pour alto et piano opus 34, Dialogue opus posthume, Etudes sur les densités et les volumes opus 39bis, Deux chants sur Nietzsche opus 9, Dithyrambe opus 12. Jacques Bona, baryton-basse, Teodor Coman, alto, Sylvaine Billier, Martine Joste, Gérard Frémy, Yves Rault, pianos et l'Ensemble 2e2m sous la direction de Paul Méfano. 2e2m Collection.
 * Lyrische Aspekte unseres Jahrhundert. Martin Gelland, violon et Lennart Wallin, piano. Othmar Schoeck : Sonate pour violon et piano, opus 22. Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Chant douloureux opus 6, pour violon et piano. Chant nocturne opus 11 (Klaus-Georg Pohl et Ute Gareis, pianos à quarts de ton). Allen Sapp : And the Bombers Went Home pour violon et piano. Willy Burkhard : Sonate pour violon et piano opus 78. Richard Strauss : Allegretto pour violon et piano. Hanns Jelinek : Zehn Zahme Xenien opus 32 pour violon et piano. Dieter Acker : Sonate pour violon solo. Vienna Modern Masters, VMM 2017
 * 50 Jaar Stichting Huygens-Fokker. Peter Schat : Collages voor 31-toonsorgel. Henk Badings : Sonate 3 voor twee violen, Reeks van kleine klankstukken. Ivan Wyschnegradsky : Etude Ultrachromatique. Jos Zwaanenburg : Cherubs' Chirrup. Rafael Reina : Drag on ... Claustrophobia. Stichting Huygens-Fokker, 1999.
 * L'Evangile rouge (The Red Gospel). Ivan Wyschnegradsky : L'Evangile Rouge opus 8, Deux chants sur Nietzsche opus 9, Deux chants russes opus 29, A Richard Wagner opus 26 . Bruce Mather : Un cri qui durerait la mer, Des laines de lumière. Michel Ducharme, baryton-basse, Pierrette Lepage et Bruce Mather, pianos accordés en quarts de ton. Société Nouvelle d'Enregistrement, SNE-647-CD.
 * La Journée de l'existence, confession de la vie devant la vie pour orchestre, chœur ad libitum et récitant, shiiin 4 CD  2009.

Writings

 * Liberation of sound (in Russian). Nakanounié. Berlin, 7 janvier 1923.
 * Liberation of rhythm (en russe). Nakanounié, Berlin, 18 et 25 mars 1923.
 * Quelques considérations sur l'emploi des quarts de ton en musique. Le monde musical, Paris, 30 juin 1927.
 * Quartertonal music, its possibilities and organic Sources, Pro Musica Quarterly, New York, 19 octobre 1927, pp 19–31.
 * Musique et Pansonorité. La revue Musicale IX, Paris, décembre 1927, pp 143.
 * Manuel d'harmonie à quarts de ton, La Sirène Musical, Paris, 1932, republished by Ed. Max Eschig, Paris, 1980. English translation with audio realizations published by Underwolf Editions, New York, 2017. ISBN 978-0-692-88374-7.
 * Etude sur l'harmonie par quartes superposées. Le Ménestrel 12 juin 1935, p 125 et 19 juin 1935, p 133.
 *  La musique à quarts de ton et sa réalisation pratique. La Revue Musicale 171, 1937.
 * L'énigme de la musique moderne. La Revue d'esthétique, Janvier-mars 1949, pp 67–85 et avril-juin 1949, pp 181–205.
 * Préface à un traité d'harmonie par quartes superposées. Polyphonie 3,1949, p 56.
 * Problèmes d'ultrachromatisme. Polyphonie 9–10, 1954, pp 129–142.
 * Les Pianos de J. Carrillo. Guide du concert et du disque, Paris, 19 janvier 1959.
 * Continuum électronique et suppression de l'interprète. Cahiers d'études de Radio Télévision, Paris, Avril 1958, pp 43–53.
 * L'ultrachromatisme et les espaces non octaviants, La Revue Musicale # 290–291, pp. 71–141, Ed. Richard-Masse, Paris, 1972.
 * La Loi de la Pansonorité (Manuscript, 1953), Ed. Contrechamps, Geneva, 1996. Preface by Pascal Criton, edited by Franck Jedrzejewski. ISBN 2-940068-09-7.
 * Une philosophie dialectique de l'art musical (Manuscript, 1936), Ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2005, edited by Franck Jedrzejewski. ISBN 2-7475-8578-6.

title: Ivan Wyschnegradsky


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Margaret Fairley

Margaret Adele Fairley born Margaret Adele Keeling (1885–1968) was a British-born Canadian writer, educator, and political activist. From 1936 until her death, she was a member of the Communist Party of Canada (CPC). She was deported from the USA for her politics and there is a park named for her in Toronto.

Life
Margaret was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, UK Her mother was Henrietta Frances (born Gedge) and her father was the Reverend William Hulton Keeling who transformed Northampton and Bradford Grammar School. Her elder sister was Dorothy Keeling a leading social worker.

At a time when the university did not grant degrees to women, she studied at Oxford and finished with a "first" in English. She became tutor in English at St Hilda's College, and in 1912 was appointed advisor to women students at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. She held this position only for a year, before marrying Barker Fairley, a fellow Yorkshireman and professor of modern languages. The U of A granted her a Bachelor of Arts degree. After the birth of Joan (Hall) and Tom, the family moved to Toronto, where they had Elizabeth, William and Ann (Schabas) where she lived until her death 1968.

Her first book was an edition of poems (Coleridge Poems, 1794-1807, published in 1910). It includes a 49-page biographical essay introducing Coleridge "as a Poet of Nature and Romance." She was editor from 1952 to 1956 of New Frontiers, a journal published by the Labor-Progressive Party of Canada, and two other books:
 * The Spirit of Canadian Democracy (1945)
 * Selected Writings of William Lyon Mackenzie (1960)

She moved in the same intellectual circles as historian Stanley Ryerson and poet Dorothy Livesay.

In 1949, while attending the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City, she was deported from the United States. She died in Toronto, Ontario, Canada at the age of 82.

On June 23, 1972, the City of Toronto named a park after her at the corner of Brunswick Avenue and Ulster Street. The City provided a plaque with her name on a granite boulder. Later, family and friends raised the money to erect a bronze bust.

Some of her manuscripts are in the collection of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto.

Her son-in-law is a musician Ezra Schabas and her grandson is an academic William Schabas as is her granddaughter Margaret Schabas.

title: Margaret Fairley


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Richard A. Proctor

Richard Anthony Proctor (23 March 1837 – 12 September 1888) was an English astronomer. He is best remembered for having produced one of the earliest maps of Mars in 1867 from 27 drawings by the English observer William Rutter Dawes. His map was later superseded by those of Giovanni Schiaparelli and Eugène Antoniadi and his nomenclature was dropped (for instance, his "Kaiser Sea" became Syrtis Major Planum).

He used old drawings of Mars dating back to 1666 to try to determine the sidereal day of Mars. His final estimate, in 1873, was 24h 37m 22.713s, very close to the modern value of 24h 37m 22.663s.

The crater Proctor on Mars is named after him.

Biography
Richard Proctor's father died in 1850 and his mother attended to his education. He was sent to King's College London and subsequently earned a scholarship at St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1860 as 23rd wrangler.

Proctor then read for the bar, but turned to astronomy and authorship instead, and in 1865 published an article on the Colours of Double Stars in the Cornhill Magazine. His first book Saturn and its System was published in the same year, at his own expense. This work contains an elaborate account of the phenomena presented by the planet; but although favourably received by astronomers, it had no great sale. He intended to follow it up with similar treatises on Mars, Jupiter, Sun, Moon, comets and meteors, stars, and nebulae, and had in fact commenced a monograph on Mars, when the failure of a New Zealand bank deprived him of an independence which would have enabled him to carry out his scheme without anxiety as to its commercial success or failure.

Being thus obliged to depend upon his writings for the support of his family, and having learned by the fate of his Saturn and its System that the general public are not attracted by works requiring arduous study, he cultivated a more popular style. He wrote for a number of periodicals; and although he has stated that he would at this time willingly have turned to stone-breaking on the roads, or any other form of hard and honest but unscientific labour, if a modest competence had been offered him in any such direction, he attained a high degree of popularity, and his numerous works had a wide influence in familiarising the public with the main facts of astronomy.

Proctor's earlier efforts were not always successful. His Handbook of the Stars (1866) was refused by Messrs Longmans and Messrs Macmillan, but being privately printed, it sold fairly well. For his Half-Hours with the Telescope (1868), which eventually reached a 20th edition, he received originally £25 from Messrs Hardwick. Although teaching was uncongenial to him he took pupils in mathematics, and held for a time the position of mathematical coach for Woolwich and Sandhurst.

Proctor's literary standing meantime improved, and he became a regular contributor to The Intellectual Observer, Chamber's Journal and the Popular Science Review. In 1870 appeared his Other Worlds Than Ours, in which he discussed the question of the plurality of worlds in the light of new facts. This was followed by a long series of popular treatises in rapid succession, amongst the more important of which are Light Science for Leisure Hours and The Sun (1871); The Orbs around Us and Essays on Astronomy (1872); The Expanse of Heaven, The Moon and The Borderland of Science (1873); The Universe and the Coming Transits and Transits of Venus (1874); Our Place among Infinities (1875); Myths and Marvels of Astronomy (1877); The Universe of Stars (1878); Flowers of the Sky (1879); The Poetry of Astronomy (1880); Easy Star Lessons and Familiar Science Studies (1882); Mysteries of Time and Space (1883) - Digital Copy; "The Great Pyramid" (1883) - Digital Copy; The Universe of Suns (1884); The Seasons (1885); Other Suns than Ours and Half-Hours with the Stars (1887).

In 1881 Proctor founded Knowledge, a popular weekly magazine of science (converted into a monthly in 1885), which had a considerable circulation. In it he wrote on a great variety of subjects, including chess and whist.

Proctor was also the author of the articles on astronomy in the American Cyclopaedia and the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was well known as a popular lecturer on astronomy in England, America and Australia.

Proctor was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866. He became honorary secretary in 1872, and contributed eighty-three separate papers to its Monthly Notices. Of these the more noteworthy dealt with the distribution of stars, star clusters and nebulae, and the construction of the sidereal universe. He was an expert in all that related to map-drawing, and published two star-atlases. A chart on an isographic projection, exhibiting all the stars contained in the Bonner Durchmusterung, was designed to show the laws according to which the stars down to the 9–10th magnitude are distributed over the northern heavens. His Theoretical Considerations respecting the Corona (Monthly Notices, xxxi. 184, 254) also deserve mention, as well as his discussions of the rotation of Mars, by which be deduced its period with a probable error of 0.005. He also vigorously criticised the official arrangements for observing the transits of Venus of 1874 and 1882. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1874.

Proctor's largest and most ambitious work, Old and New Astronomy, left unfinished at his death, was completed by Arthur Cowper Ranyard and published in 1892 with a second edition in 1895. He settled in America some time after his second marriage in 1881, and died of yellow fever at New York City on 12 September 1888. A monument was later erected in his memory. Mary Proctor, his daughter by his first marriage, became an astronomer and a successful lecturer and writer.

title: Richard A. Proctor


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Hernando

Hernando is a common Spanish given name, equivalent to Fernando and the English Ferdinand. It may refer to:

Places

 * Argentina
 * Hernando, Córdoba
 * Canada
 * Hernando Island, British Columbia
 * United States
 * Hernando, Florida
 * Hernando County, Florida
 * Hernando, Mississippi

People

 * Hernando de Soto (economist)
 * Hernando de Soto (explorer)
 * Hernando de Lerma
 * Hernando Cortes, alternate spelling of Hernán Cortés
 * Alejandro Hernando (born 1976), Argentine taekwondo practitioner
 * Ana María Hernando (born 1959), Argentine visual artist
 * Mila Hernando (1957–2017), Spanish diplomat

Horse

 * Hernando (horse) (1990-2013), French-trained racehorse, winner of the 1993 Prix du Jockey Club

title: Hernando


text:
Longarm (book series)

The Longarm books were a series of western novels featuring the character of Custis Long, who is nicknamed Longarm, a U.S. Deputy Marshal based in Denver, Colorado in the 1880s. The series was written by "Tabor Evans", a house pseudonym used by a number of authors at Jove Books. Lou Cameron helped create the character and wrote a number of the early books in the series. The first book was published in 1978 and new ones were added at a rate of approximately one a month through 2015. In addition to the regular series, there was a series of "giant editions" which were longer novels.

The Longarm series was a mainstay of the "adult western" genre which arose in the 1970s. These books are distinguished from classical westerns by the inclusion of more explicit sex and violence. In addition to Cameron, other authors known to have written books in the series include Melvin Marshall, Will C. Knott, Frank Roderus, Chet Cunningham, J. Lee Butts, Gary McCarthy, James Reasoner, Jeffrey M. Wallmann, Peter Brandvold and Harry Whittington.

List of Longarm novels

 * 1) Longarm (1978)—Lou Cameron
 * 2) Longarm on the Border (1978)—Melvin Marshall
 * 3) Longarm and the Avenging Angels (1978)—William C. Knott
 * 4) Longarm and the Wendigo (1979)—Lou Cameron
 * 5) Longarm in the Indian Nation (1979)
 * 6) Longarm and the Loggers (1979)—William C. Knott
 * 7) Longarm and the High Graders (1979)—Lou Cameron
 * 8) Longarm and the Nesters (1979)
 * 9) Longarm and the Hatchet Men (1979)—William C. Knott
 * 10) Longarm and the Molly Maguires (1979)—Lou Cameron
 * 11) Longarm and the Texas Rangers (1979)
 * 12) Longarm in Lincoln County (1979)—William C. Knott
 * 13) Longarm in the Sand Hills (1979)—Lou Cameron
 * 14) Longarm in Leadville (1979)
 * 15) Longarm On the Devil's Trail (1979)
 * 16) Longarm and the Mounties (1979)—Lou Cameron
 * 17) Longarm and the Bandit Queen (1980)
 * 18) Longarm On the Yellowstone (1980)
 * 19) Longarm in the Four Corners (1980)—Lou Cameron
 * 20) Longarm at Robber's Roost (1980)
 * 21) Longarm and the Sheepherders (1980)
 * 22) Longarm and the Ghost Dancers (1980)—Lou Cameron
 * 23) Longarm and the Town Tamer (1980)
 * 24) Longarm and the Railroaders (1980)
 * 25) Longarm On the Old Mission Trail (1980)—Lou Cameron
 * 26) Longarm and the Dragon Hunters (1980)—William C. Knott
 * 27) Longarm and the Rurales (1980)
 * 28) Longarm On the Humboldt (1981)—Harry Whittington
 * 29) Longarm On the Big Muddy (1981)—Lou Cameron
 * 30) Longarm South of the Gila (1981)
 * 31) Longarm in Northfield (1981)
 * 32) Longarm and the Golden Lady (1981)—Harry Whittington
 * 33) Longarm and the Laredo Loop (1981)—Lou Cameron
 * 34) Longarm and the Boot Hillers (1981)
 * 35) Longarm and the Blue Norther (1981)—Harry Whittington
 * 36) Longarm on the Santa Fe (1981)
 * 37) Longarm and the Stalking Corpse (1981)—Lou Cameron
 * 38) Longarm and the Comancheros (1981)—William C. Knott
 * 39) Longarm and the Devil's Railroad (1981)—Melvin Marshall
 * 40) Longarm in Silver City (1982)—Harry Whittington
 * 41) Longarm on the Barbary Coast (1982)—Lou Cameron
 * 42) Longarm and the Moonshiners (1982)
 * 43) Longarm in Yuma (1982)
 * 44) Longarm in Boulder Canyon (1982)—Harry Whittington
 * 45) Longarm in Deadwood (1982)—Lou Cameron
 * 46) Longarm and the Great Train Robbery (1982)
 * 47) Longarm in the Badlands (1982)
 * 48) Longarm in the Big Thicket (1982)—Harry Whittington
 * 49) Longarm and the Eastern Dudes (1982)—Lou Cameron
 * 50) Longarm in the Big Bend (1982)
 * 51) Longarm and the Snake Dancers (1983)
 * 52) Longarm On the Great Divide (1983)—Lou Cameron
 * 53) Longarm and the Buckskin Rogue (1983)—Frank Roderus
 * 54) Longarm and the Calico Kid (1983)
 * 55) Longarm and the French Actress (1983)
 * 56) Longarm and the Outlaw Lawman (1983)
 * 57) Longarm and the Bounty Hunters (1983)
 * 58) Longarm in No Man's Land (1983)
 * 59) Longarm and the Big Outfit (1983)
 * 60) Longarm and Santa Anna's Gold (1983)
 * 61) Longarm and the Custer County War (1983)
 * 62) Longarm in Virginia City (1984)
 * 63) Longarm and the James County War (1984)
 * 64) Longarm and the Cattle Baron (1984)
 * 65) Longarm and the Steer Swindlers (1984)
 * 66) Longarm and the Hangman's Noose (1984)
 * 67) Longarm and the Omaha Tinhorns (1984)
 * 68) Longarm and the Desert Duchess (1984)
 * 69) Longarm On the Painted Desert (1984)
 * 70) Longarm On the Ogallala Trail (1984)
 * 71) Longarm On the Arkansas Divide (1984)
 * 72) Longarm and the Blind Man's Vengeance (1984)
 * 73) Longarm at Fort Reno (1984)
 * 74) Longarm and the Durango Payroll (1985)
 * 75) Longarm: West of the Pecos (1985)
 * 76) Longarm on the Nevada Line (1985)
 * 77) Longarm and the Blackfoot Guns (1985)
 * 78) Longarm on the Santa Cruz (1985)
 * 79) Longarm and the Cowboy's Revenge (1985)
 * 80) Longarm On the Goodnight Trail (1985)—Melvin Marshall
 * 81) Longarm and the Frontier Duchess (1985)
 * 82) Longarm in the Bitterroots (1985)
 * 83) Longarm and the Tenderfoot (1985)
 * 84) Longarm and the Stagecoach Bandits (1985)
 * 85) Longarm and the Big Shoot Out (1986)
 * 86) Longarm in the Hard Rock Country (1986)
 * 87) Longarm in the Texas Panhandle (1986)
 * 88) Longarm and the Rancher's Showdown (1986)
 * 89) Longarm and the Inland Passage (1986)
 * 90) Longarm in the Ruby Range Country (1986)
 * 91) Longarm and the Great Cattle Kill (1986)
 * 92) Longarm and the Crooked Railman (1986)
 * 93) Longarm On the Siwash Trail (1986)
 * 94) Longarm and the Runaway Thieves (1986)
 * 95) Longarm and the Escape Artist (1986)
 * 96) Longarm and the Bone Skinners (1986)—Lou Cameron
 * 97) Longarm and the Mexican Line-Up (1987)
 * 98) Longarm and the Trail Drive Sham (1987)
 * 99) Longarm and the Desert Spirits (1987)
 * 100) Longarm On Death Mountain (1987)—Lou Cameron
 * 101) Longarm and the Cottonwood Curse (1987)
 * 102) Longarm and the Desperate Manhunt (1987)
 * 103) Longarm and the Rocky Mountain Chase (1987)
 * 104) On the Overland Trail (1987)—Lou Cameron
 * 105) Longarm and the Big Posse (1987)
 * 106) Longarm on Dead Man's Trail (1987)
 * 107) Longarm in the Bighorn Basin (1987)—Lou Cameron
 * 108) Longarm and the Blood Harvest (1987)
 * 109) Longarm and the Bloody Trackdown (1988)
 * 110) Longarm and the Hangman's Vengeance (1988)—Lou Cameron
 * 111) Longarm on the Thunderbird Run (1988)
 * 112) Longarm and the Utah Killers (1988)—Lou Cameron
 * 113) Longarm in the Big Burnout (1988)
 * 114) Longarm and the Quiet Guns (1988)
 * 115) Longarm in the Valley of Death (1988)
 * 116) Longarm and the Blood Bounty (1988)
 * 117) Longarm and the Treacherous Trial (1988)
 * 118) Longarm and the New Mexico Shoot Out (1988)
 * 119) Longarm and the Renegade Sergeant (1988)
 * 120) Longarm in the Sierra Madres (1988)
 * 121) Longarm and the Medicine Wolf (1989)
 * 122) Longarm and the Indian Raiders (1989)
 * 123) Longarm in a Desert Showdown (1989)
 * 124) Longarm and the Mad Dog Killer (1989)
 * 125) Longarm and the Hangman's Noose (1989)
 * 126) Longarm and the Doomed Witness (1989)
 * 127) Longarm and the Outlaw Sheriff (1989)
 * 128) Longarm and the Day of the Death (1989)
 * 129) Longarm and the Rebel Killers (1989)
 * 130) Longarm and the Hangman's List (1989)
 * 131) Longarm in the Clearwaters (1989)
 * 132) Longarm and the Redwood Raiders (1989)
 * 133) Longarm and the Deadly Jailbreak (1989)
 * 134) Longarm and the Pawnee Kid (1990)
 * 135) Longarm and the Devil's Stagecoach (1990)
 * 136) Longarm and the Wyoming Bloodbath (1990)
 * 137) Longarm in the Red Desert (1990)
 * 138) Longarm and the Crooked Marshal (1990)
 * 139) Longarm and the Texas Rangers (1990)
 * 140) Longarm and the Vigilantes (1990)
 * 141) Longarm in the Osage Strip (1990)
 * 142) Longarm and the Lost Mine (1990)
 * 143) Longarm and the Longley Legend (1990)
 * 144) Longarm and the Dead Man's Badge (1990)
 * 145) Longarm and the Killer's Shadow (1991)
 * 146) Longarm and the Montana Massacre (1991)
 * 147) Longarm in the Mexican Badlands (1991)
 * 148) Longarm and the Bounty Huntress (1991)
 * 149) Longarm and the Denver Bustout (1991)
 * 150) Longarm and the Skull Canyon Gang (1991)
 * 151) Longarm and the Railroad to Hell (1991)
 * 152) Longarm and the River of Death (1991)
 * 153) Longarm and the Gold Hunters (1991)
 * 154) Longarm and the Colorado Gundown (1991)
 * 155) Longarm and the Grave Robbers (1991)
 * 156) Longarm and the Arkansas Ambush (1991)
 * 157) Longarm and the Arizona Showdown (1992)
 * 158) Longarm and the Ute Nation (1992)
 * 159) Longarm in the Sierra Oriental (1992)
 * 160) Longarm and the Gunslicks (1992)
 * 161) Longarm and the Lady Sheriff (1992)
 * 162) Longarm On the Devil's Highway (1992)
 * 163) Longarm and the Cimarron City Sellout (1992)
 * 164) Longarm and the Cheyenne Kid (1992)
 * 165) Longarm and the Rebel Brand (1992)
 * 166) Longarm and the Double Eagles (1992)
 * 167) Longarm and the Fool Killer (1992)
 * 168) Longarm and the Shoshoni Silver (1992)
 * 169) Longarm and the Night Branders (1993)
 * 170) Longarm and the Taos Terror (1993)
 * 171) Longarm and the Nevada Swindle (1993)
 * 172) Longarm on the Butterfield Spur (1993)
 * 173) Longarm and the Diamond Snatchers (1993)—Chet Cunningham
 * 174) Longarm and the Border Showdown (1993)
 * 175) Longarm and the Carnival Killer (1993)
 * 176) Longarm and the Captive Women (1993)
 * 177) Longarm in the Cross Fire (1993)
 * 178) Longarm and the Golden Death (1993)—James Reasoner
 * 179) Longarm and the Rebels Revenge (1993)
 * 180) Longarm and the Dead Ringers (1993)
 * 181) Longarm and the Bounty of Blood (1994)
 * 182) Longarm and the Train Robbers (1994)
 * 183) Longarm on the Fever Coast (1994)
 * 184) Longarm and the Last Man (1994)
 * 185) Longarm and the Drifting Badge (1994)—James Reasoner
 * 186) Longarm and the High Rollers (1994)
 * 187) Longarm and the Bounty Hunters (1994)
 * 188) Longarm and the Gallagher Gang (1994)
 * 189) Longarm and the Apache Plunder (1994)
 * 190) Longarm and the Barbed Wire Bullies (1994)
 * 191) Longarm and the Texas Hijackers (1994)
 * 192) Longarm and the Man-Eaters (1994)—James Reasoner
 * 193) Longarm and the San Angelo Showdown (1995)
 * 194) Longarm and the Jerkwater Bustout (1995)
 * 195) Longarm and the Yuma Prison Girls (1995)
 * 196) Longarm and the Helldorado Kid (1995)
 * 197) Longarm and the Silver Mine Marauders (1995)
 * 198) Longarm and the Deadly Thaw (1995)
 * 199) Longarm and the John Bull Feud (1995)
 * 200) Longarm and the Kansas Killer (1995)
 * 201) Longarm and Big Trouble in Brodie (1995)
 * 202) Longarm and the Shivaree Riders (1995)
 * 203) Longarm and the Saddle Rock Spook (1995)
 * 204) Longarm and the Arizona Ambush (1995)
 * 205) Longarm and the Daughters of Death (1996)
 * 206) Longarm and the Desert Damsel (1996)
 * 207) Longarm and the Brazos Devil (1996)—James Reasoner
 * 208) Longarm and the Angel of Inferno (1996)—James Reasoner
 * 209) Longarm and the Grand Slam Heist (1996)
 * 210) Longarm and the Deadly Prisoner (1996)
 * 211) Longarm and the Big Fifty (1996)
 * 212) Longarm and the Counterfeit Corpse (1996)
 * 213) Longarm and the Minute Men (1996)
 * 214) Longarm and the Racy Ladies (1996)—James Reasoner
 * 215) Longarm and the Hostage Woman (1996)
 * 216) Longarm and the Secret Assassin (1997)
 * 217) Longarm and the Whisky Woman (1997)
 * 218) Longarm and the Boarding House Widow (1997)
 * 219) Longarm and the Crying Corpse (1997)
 * 220) Longarm and the Indian War (1997)
 * 221) Longarm and the Dead Man's Reward (1997)
 * 222) Longarm and the Backwoods Baroness (1997)—James Reasoner
 * 223) Longarm and the Double-Barrel Blowout (1997)
 * 224) Longarm and the Maiden Medusa (1997)
 * 225) Longarm and the Dead Man's Play (1997)
 * 226) Longarm and the Lady Faire (1997)
 * 227) Longarm and the Rebel Executioner (1997)
 * 228) Longarm and the Voodoo Queen (1997)—James Reasoner
 * 229) Longarm and the Border Wildcat (1998)—James Reasoner
 * 230) Longarm and the Wyoming Wildwomen (1998)—Lou Cameron
 * 231) Longarm and the Durango Double-Cross (1998)
 * 232) Longarm and the Whiskey Creek Widow (1998)
 * 233) Longarm and the Branded Beauty (1998)
 * 234) Longarm and the Renegade Assassins (1998)
 * 235) Longarm and the Wicked Schoolmarm (1998)—Lou Cameron
 * 236) Longarm and the River Pirates (1998)—Lou Cameron
 * 237) Longarm and the Hatchet Woman (1998)
 * 238) Longarm and the Blossom Rock Banshee (1998)—Lou Cameron
 * 239) Longarm and the Grave Robbers (1998)
 * 240) Longarm and the Nevada Nymphs (1998)
 * 241) Longarm and the Colorado Counterfeiter (1999)
 * 242) Longarm and the Red-Light Ladies (1999)—James Reasoner
 * 243) Longarm and the Kansas Jailbird (1999)
 * 244) Longarm and the Devils Sister (1999)
 * 245) Longarm and the Vanishing Virgin (1999)—James Reasoner
 * 246) Longarm and the Cursed Corpse (1999)
 * 247) Longarm and the Lady from Tombstone (1999)
 * 248) Longarm and the Wronged Woman (1999)
 * 249) Longarm and the Sheep War (1999)
 * 250) Longarm and the Chain Gang Women (1999)—James Reasoner
 * 251) Longarm and the Diary of Madame Velvet (1999)
 * 252) Longarm and the Four Corners Gang (1999)
 * 253) Longarm in the Valley of Sin (1999)—James Reasoner
 * 254) Longarm and the Redhead's Ransom (2000)
 * 255) Longarm and the Mustang Maiden (2000)
 * 256) Longarm and the Dynamite Damsel (2000)—James Reasoner
 * 257) Longarm and the Nevada Belly Dancer (2000)—Lou Cameron
 * 258) Longarm and the Pistolero Princess (2000)—James Reasoner
 * 259) Longarm and the Black Widow (2000)
 * 260) Longarm and the Church Ladies (2000)—Lou Cameron
 * 261) Longarm and the Golden Goddess (2000)—James Reasoner
 * 262) Longarm and the Sins of Sister Simone (2000)—Lou Cameron
 * 263) Longarm on a Bloody Vendetta (2000)
 * 264) Longarm and the Love Sisters (2000)
 * 265) Longarm and the Mad Bomber's Bride (2000)—Lou Cameron
 * 266) Longarm and the Wayward Widow (2001)—James Reasoner
 * 267) Longarm and the Mountain Bandit (2001)
 * 268) Longarm and the Nevada Slasher (2001)
 * 269) Longarm and the Horse Thief (2001)
 * 270) Longarm and the Lady Bandit (2001)—Lou Cameron
 * 271) Longarm and the Scorpion Murders (2001)
 * 272) Longarm and the Six-Gun Senorita (2001)—James Reasoner
 * 273) Longarm and the Texas Tiger Lady (2001)
 * 274) Longarm and the Gunshot Gang (2001)—Lou Cameron
 * 275) Longarm and the Denver Executioners (2001)
 * 276) Longarm and the Widow's Spite (2001)
 * 277) Longarm and the Yukon Queen (2001)—James Reasoner
 * 278) Longarm and the Sidesaddle Assassin (2001)—Lou Cameron
 * 279) Longarm on a Witch-Hunt (2002)—James Reasoner
 * 280) Longarm On the Border (2002)
 * 281) Longarm and the Lady Lawyer (2002)—James Reasoner
 * 282) Longarm and Big Lips Lilly (2002)
 * 283) Longarm and the Ozark Angel (2002)—James Reasoner
 * 284) Longarm and the Haunted Whorehouse (2002)—Lou Cameron
 * 285) Longarm and the Mysterious Mistress (2002)
 * 286) Longarm and the Druid Sisters (2002)
 * 287) Longarm and the Blackmailers (2002)—James Reasoner
 * 288) Longarm and the Amorous Amazon (2002)—Lou Cameron
 * 289) Longarm in Paradise (2002)
 * 290) Longarm and the Desert Rose (2003)—James Reasoner
 * 291) Longarm and the Rancher's Daughter (2003)
 * 292) Longarm and the Lady Hustlers (2003)—Lou Cameron
 * 293) Longarm and the Poisoners (2003)
 * 294) Longarm and the Arizona Flame (2003)—James Reasoner
 * 295) Longarm and the Sinful Sisters (2003)
 * 296) Longarm and the Bad Girls of Rio Blanco (2003)—Lou Cameron
 * 297) Longarm and Town-Taming Tess (2003)—Lou Cameron
 * 298) Longarm and the Kissin' Cousins (2003)
 * 299) Longarm and Maximilian's Gold (2003)
 * 300) Longarm and the Dead Man's Tale (2003)—Lou Cameron
 * 301) Longarm and the Bank Robber's Daughter (2003)—James Reasoner
 * 302) Longarm and the Golden Ghost (2003)—James Reasoner
 * 303) Longarm and the Grand Canyon Gang (2004)
 * 304) Longarm and the Great Milk Train Robbery (2004)—Lou Cameron
 * 305) Longarm and the Talking Spirit (2004)
 * 306) Longarm and the Pirate's Gold (2004)—James Reasoner
 * 307) Longarm and the Outlaw's Shadow (2004)
 * 308) Longarm and the Montana Madmen (2004)
 * 309) Longarm in the Tall Timber (2004)—James Reasoner
 * 310) Longarm Sets the Stage (2004)—Lou Cameron
 * 311) Longarm and the Devil's Bride (2004)—James Reasoner
 * 312) Longarm and the Two-Bit Posse (2004)
 * 313) Longarm and the Boys in the Back Room (2004)—Lou Cameron
 * 314) Longarm and the Comstock Lode Killers (2005)
 * 315) Longarm and the Lost Patrol (2005)—James Reasoner
 * 316) Longarm and the Unwelcome Woolies (2005)—Lou Cameron
 * 317) Longarm and the Paiute Indian War (2005)
 * 318) Longarm and the Lunatic (2005)
 * 319) Longarm and the Sidekick from Hell (2005)—Lou Cameron
 * 320) Longarm and the Texas Treasure Hunt (2005)—James Reasoner
 * 321) Longarm and the Little Lady (2005)
 * 322) Longarm and the Missing Mistress (2005)
 * 323) Longarm and the Scarlet Rider (2005)—James Reasoner
 * 324) Longarm and Kilgore's Revenge (2005)
 * 325) Longarm and the Horses of a Different Color (2005)
 * 326) Longarm and the Bad Break (2006)
 * 327) Longarm and the Ungrateful Gun (2006)—Lou Cameron
 * 328) Longarm and the Railroad Murders (2006)
 * 329) Longarm and the Restless Redhead (2006)—James Reasoner
 * 330) Longarm and the Apache War (2006)
 * 331) Longarm and the False Prophet (2006)
 * 332) Longarm and the Owlhoots' Graveyard (2006)—James Reasoner
 * 333) Longarm and the Sweetheart Vendetta (2006)
 * 334) Longarm and the Deadly Lover (2006)
 * 335) Longarm and the Missing Marshal (2006)
 * 336) Longarm and the Midnight Mistress (2006)
 * 337) Longarm and the Panther Mountain Shoot-Out (2006)
 * 338) Longarm and the Sabotaged Railroad (2006)
 * 339) Longarm and the Tascosa Two-Step (2007)
 * 340) Longarm and the Holy Smokes Gang (2007)
 * 341) Longarm and the Wolf Women (2007)
 * 342) Longarm and the Bayou Treasure (2007)—James Reasoner
 * 343) Longarm and the Dwarf's Darling (2007)
 * 344) Longarm Meets Blackbeard (2007)
 * 345) Longarm and the Hell Riders (2007)—James Reasoner
 * 346) Longarm and the Ghost of Black Mesa (2007)
 * 347) Longarm and the Guns of Fort Sabre (2007)
 * 348) Longarm and the Dirty Doin's in Hell's Half Acre (2007)
 * 349) Longarm and the Colorado Manhunt (2007)—Frank Roderus
 * 350) Longarm and the Hangtree Vengeance (2007)—James Reasoner
 * 351) Longarm and the Heiress (2008)
 * 352) Longarm and the Pine Box Payoff (2008)—James Reasoner
 * 353) Longarm and the Tiny Thief (2008)
 * 354) Longarm and the Diablo Gold (2008)—Gary McCarthy
 * 355) ''Longarm and the Mysterious Mr
 * 356) Longarm and the Diamond Sisters (2008)
 * 357) Longarm and the Happiness Killers (2008)
 * 358) Longarm and the Wyoming Woman (2008)—Gary McCarthy
 * 359) Longarm and Lovin' Lizzy (2008)—Gary McCarthy
 * 360) Longarm and the Pecos Promenade (2008)
 * 361) Longarm in Devils River (2008)
 * 362) Longarm and the Crooked Madam (2008)
 * 363) Longarm and the Palo Duro Monster (2009)
 * 364) Longarm and the Missing Bride (2009)
 * 365) Hell Up North (2009)
 * 366) Longarm and the Tin Cup Trouble (2009)
 * 367) Longarm and the Val Verde Massacre (2009)
 * 368) The Gun Trail (2009)
 * 369) Longarm and the Gila River Murders (2009)
 * 370) Longarm and the Shotgun Man (2009)
 * 371) Longarm and Sierra Sue (2009)
 * 372) Longarm and the Pleasant Valley War (2009)
 * 373) Longarm and the Arizona Assassin (2009)
 * 374) Longarm and the Sand Pirates (2009)—James Reasoner
 * 375) Longarm and the Skull Mountain Gold (2010)
 * 376) Longarm and the Innocent Man (2010)
 * 377) Longarm and the Howling Maniac (2010)
 * 378) Longarm and Shotgun Sallie (2010)
 * 379) Longarm and the Deadly Flood (2010)—James Reasoner
 * 380) Longarm and the One-Armed Bandit (2010)
 * 381) Longarm and the Santiago Pistoleers (2010)
 * 382) Longarm on a Monument Valley Manhunt (2010)
 * 383) Longarm and the Killer Countess (2010)
 * 384) Longarm and the Mark of the Cat (2010)
 * 385) Longarm Faces a Hangman's Noose (2010)
 * 386) Longarm in the Lunatic Mountains (2010)
 * 387) Longarm and the Panamint Panic (2011)—James Reasoner
 * 388) Longarm and the Betrayed Bride (2011)
 * 389) Longarm and the Killer Couple (2011)
 * 390) Longarm and the Bloody Relic (2011)—James Reasoner
 * 391) Longarm and the Cross-Fire Girl (2011)
 * 392) Longarm and the Cold Case (2011)
 * 393) Longarm and the Runaway Nurse (2011)
 * 394) Longarm and the Horsewomen of the Apocalypse (2011)—Peter Brandvold
 * 395) Longarm and the Santa Fe Widow (2011)
 * 396) Longarm and the Castle of the Damned (2011)
 * 397) Longarm and the Doomed Beauty (2011)—Peter Brandvold
 * 398) Longarm and the Range War (2011)
 * 399) Longarm and the Grand Canyon Murders (2012)
 * 400) Longarm and the 400 Blows (2012)
 * 401) Longarm and the Night Raiders (2012)
 * 402) Longarm and the Hell Creek Lead Storm (2012)
 * 403) Longarm and Lucky Lucy (2012)e
 * 404) Longarm and Naughty Nellie (2012)
 * 405) Longarm and the Deadly Double-Cross (2012)
 * 406) Longarm and the Mountain Manhunt (2012)
 * 407) Longarm and the Vanishing Lady (2012)
 * 408) Longarm and the Sins of Laughing Lyle (2012)
 * 409) Longarm and the Banker's Daughter (2012)
 * 410) Longarm and the Deadly Restitution (2012)
 * 411) Longarm And The Deadwood Shoot-Out (2013)
 * 412) Longarm and the Cry of the Wolf (2013)
 * 413) Longarm and "Kid" Bodie (2013)
 * 414) Longarm in the Dark (2013)
 * 415) Longarm and Senorita Revenge (2013)
 * 416) Longarm and the Town Full of Trouble (2013)
 * 417) Longarm and The Diamondback Widow (2013)
 * 418) Longarm and the Horse Thief's Daughter (2013)
 * 419) Longarm and The Arapaho Hellcats (2103)
 * 420) Longarm and The Lying Ladies (2013)
 * 421) Longarm and the War Clouds (2013)
 * 422) Longarm and the Star Saloon (2013)
 * 423) Longarm and the Dime Novelist (2014)
 * 424) Longarm and the Great Divide (2014)
 * 425) Longarm and the Yuma Prison (2014)
 * 426) Longarm and the Sonora Siren (2014)
 * 427) Longarm and the Coldest Town in Hell (2014)
 * 428) Longarm and the Death Cave (2014)
 * 429) Longarm and the Lady Lawbreaker (2014)
 * 430) Longarm and the Deadly Sisters (2014)
 * 431) Longarm and the Sharpshooter (2014)
 * 432) Longarm and the Whiskey Runners (2014)
 * 433) Longarm and the Stagecoach Robbers (2014)
 * 434) Longarm and the Rock Springs Reckoning (2014)
 * 435) Longarm and the Missing Husband (2015)
 * 436) Longarm and the Model Prisoner (2015)

Giant editions

 * 1. Longarm and the Lone Star Legend (1982)—Fred Feldman
 * 2. Longarm and the Lone Star Vengeance (1983)
 * 3. Longarm and the Lone Star Bounty (1984)
 * 4. Longarm and the Lone Star Rescue (1985)
 * 5. Longarm and the Lone Star Deliverance (1985)
 * 6. Longarm and the Lone Star Showdown (1986)
 * 7. Longarm and the Lone Star Mission (1987)
 * 8. Longarm and the Lone Star Frame (1988)
 * 9. Longarm and the Lone Star Rustlers (1989)
 * 10. Longarm and the Lone Star Captive (1991)
 * 12. Longarm and the San Joaquin War (1992)
 * 13. Longarm and the Navaho Drums (1993)
 * 14. Longarm on the Santee Killing Grounds (1994)
 * 15. Longarm and the Unwritten Law (1995)
 * 16. Longarm and the Lusty Lady (1996)
 * 17. Longarm and the Calgary Kid (1998)—Lou Cameron
 * 18. Longarm and the Danish Dames (1999)
 * 19. Longarm and the Blue-Eyed Squaw (2000)
 * 20. Longarm and the Hangman's Daughter (2001)—Lou Cameron
 * 21. Longarm and the Contrary Cowgirls (2002)—Lou Cameron
 * 22. Longarm and the Deadly Dead Man (2003)—Lou Cameron
 * 23. Longarm and the Bartered Brides (2004)—Lou Cameron
 * 24. Longarm and the Undercover Mountie (2005)
 * 25. Longarm and the Outlaw Empress (2006)—James Reasoner
 * 26. Longarm and the Golden Eagle Shoot-Out (2007)—James Reasoner
 * 27. Longarm and the Valley of Skulls (2008)—James Reasoner
 * 28. Longarm and the Lone Star Trackdown (2009)—James Reasoner
 * 29. Longarm and the Railroad War (2010)—James Reasoner
 * 30. Longarm and the Ambush at Holy Defiance (2013)—Peter Brandvold

Note: there is no 11th book in this series.

 * Double editions

These editions reprint two of the earlier books in the series in a single volume

 * 1) Deputy U.S. Marshall (2008) reprints Longarm and Longarm on the Border
 * 2) Longarm of the Law (2008) reprints Longarm and the Avenging Angels and Longarm and the Wendigo
 * 3) Frontier Justice (2011) reprints Longarm in the Indian Nation and Longarm and the Loggers
 * 4) Legend with a Six-Gun (2012) reprints Longarm and the High Graders and Longarm and the Nesters

TV movie
In 1988, a TV movie titled Longarm was made, loosely based on the novels. The TV movie was intended to serve as a pilot for a series, but the series was not picked up.

title: Longarm (book series)


text:
Empress Masako

Masako (雅子) is Empress of Japan as the wife of Emperor Naruhito.

Born in Tokyo, Masako was educated at Belmont High School in Massachusetts before attending Harvard College and earning a B.A. magna cum laude in economics. She also studied law at the University of Tokyo and international relations at Balliol College, Oxford. She then worked for Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat.

Masako met Crown Prince Naruhito in 1986. They married in 1993; their only child, Aiko, Princess Toshi, was born in 2001. The birth fueled the ongoing Japanese imperial succession debate, which had resulted in some politicians holding a favorable view on rescinding agnatic primogeniture imposed by World War II allies on the constitution of Japan. However, with the birth of a son to Naruhito's brother, Prince Fumihito, in 2006, no amendments were made and Aiko remains ineligible to inherit the throne, so she cannot succeed her father.

The pressure to produce a male heir affected Masako's health. She was diagnosed with adjustment disorder in 2004, which forced her to withdraw from public life periodically. As crown princess and empress, Masako has accompanied her husband on official visits to foreign countries and at ceremonies within the imperial court.

Early life and education
Masako Owada (小和田雅子) was born on 9 December 1963 at Toranomon Hospital in Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo. She is the eldest daughter of Yumiko Egashira (b. 1938) and Hisashi Owada (b. 1932), a senior diplomat and former president of the International Court of Justice. She has two younger sisters, twins named Setsuko and Reiko (b. 1966).

Masako went to live in Moscow with her parents when she was two years old, where she attended Detskiy Sad (kindergarten in Russian) No. 1127 daycare. At the age of five, Masako's family moved to New York City, where she attended kindergarten at Public School 81 in Riverdale.

In 1971, the Owadas returned to Japan, moving in with Masako's maternal grandparents in Meguro while Hisashi returned to the Foreign Ministry office. She entered Futaba Gakuen, a private Roman Catholic girls' school in Den-en-chōfu, Tokyo. Established by the Congregation of the Holy Infant Jesus in 1872, Masako's mother and maternal grandmother had graduated from this school as well. It was here that Masako learned to play piano and tennis, joined a handicrafts club, and became interested in animals, tending several after school and deciding to become a veterinarian. Masako also studied her fourth and fifth languages, French and German. With a school friend, Masako revived Futaba's softball team, serving as third base and after three years bringing her team to the district championships.

In 1979, her second year of senior high school, Masako and her family moved to the United States and settled in the Boston suburb of Belmont, Massachusetts, where her father became a guest professor of international law at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs. In 1981, she graduated from Belmont High School, where she was president of the National Honor Society and participated in the school's math team and French club. Masako joined the school's softball team and won a Goethe Society award for her German poetry. Masako participated in a production of M*A*S*H.

Masako's father was posted to Moscow after her high school graduation, but Masako remained in Boston to continue her education; In 1981 she enrolled at Harvard College, where she chaired the school's Japan Society, "became quite close friends with the then Japanese consul in Boston, and volunteered as a kind of self-appointed diplomat and cultural ambassador" in the wake of mounting Japan–United States trade tension. Masako liked to ski and traveled overseas during vacations, staying with a host family in France and studying at the Goethe-Institut. Masako is fluent in English and in French, which she learned in 1983 at the University Center for French Studies at Université Grenoble Alpes. Masako worked with Jeffrey Sachs to obtain a B.A. magna cum laude in economics in March 1985.

Professional career

After graduation Masako moved back to Japan, where for six months (April to October 1986) she studied law at the University of Tokyo to prepare for the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs's entrance examination. Out of 800 applicants only 28 passed; Masako was one of them, along with two other women.

"She was assigned, first, to the oddly named Second International Organizations Division which deals with Japan's relations with international agencies, such as the OECD, a club of 30 rich countries committed to free trade and development. Her assignments included dealing with the OECD's environmental affairs committee ... by all accounts she acquitted herself well—her command of spoken languages, so rare in Japan, was a huge advantage—and was popular with most of her workmates." During her free time, Masako attended cooking classes to, according to interviews with her instructor, "be able to cook proper Japanese dishes when she was entertaining [foreigners]."

Two years later, in 1988, Masako was chosen by the Ministry to be sponsored for two years' postgraduate study overseas with full pay, just as her father Hisashi had been years earlier. Masako "desperately wanted to go back to Harvard to do her master's". According to her former Harvard adviser Oliver Oldman, she "tried to re-enroll to work towards ... a Juris Doctor. However, Harvard's bureaucrats would not give her credit for her study-time at the University of Tokyo." Therefore, Masako enrolled in her second choice, studying international relations under Sir Adam Roberts at Balliol College, Oxford. However, for unclear reasons Masako did not finish her thesis and instead returned to Japan in 1990.

Courtship and marriage
Masako first met Prince Naruhito at a tea for Infanta Elena of Spain, in November 1986, during her studies at the University of Tokyo. The prince was immediately captivated by her and arranged for them to meet several times over the next few weeks. Because of this they were pursued relentlessly by the press throughout 1987. However, Masako's name disappeared from the list of possible royal brides due to controversy about her maternal grandfather, Yutaka Egashira, who while working for the Industrial Bank of Japan was assigned to take over management of one of its creditors the Chisso Corporation to prevent it from financial collapse. Chisso, built in the 1930s, dumped the methylmercury used to make acetaldehyde (a chemical in plastic) into the water surrounding Minamata and other towns, causing the infamous Minamata disease and the resulting scandal.

Despite this controversy and Masako's travelling to Oxford University's Balliol College for the next two years, Naruhito remained interested in her. Masako refused to marry the prince because it would force her to give up her promising career in diplomacy and severely restrict her independence and freedoms. Masako finally accepted his third proposal on 9 December 1992. It was reported that he argued that serving as Crown Princess of Japan would only be "another form of diplomacy" before she finally accepted this third proposal. The Imperial Household Council formally announced the engagement on 19 January 1993; the engagement ceremony was held on 12 April 1993. Although many were surprised at the news, as it was believed that the prince and Masako had separated, the engagement was met with a surge of renewed media attention directed toward the Imperial family and their new princess.

Masako married Crown Prince Naruhito in a traditional wedding ceremony on 9 June 1993. By virtue of the marriage, Masako Owada assumed the formal style Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess of Japan. As tradition dictates, upon her entry into the imperial family and like other members, she received the blossom of the endemic curly-leaved Japanese Ramanas rose (o-shirushi (お印)): Rosa rugosa (hamanasu, beach aubergine (ハマナス))  for an imperial personal emblem, which is mauve-lilac to crimson or white (rarely with cultivars to full or burst yellow), while her insignia as Crown Princess bear the forms of the imperial household's antique gold-traced white chrysanthemum. In addition, she was placed in the Japanese Imperial Order of Precedence (used for the most formal occasions) behind her mother-in-law, Empress Michiko, and her grandmother-in-law, Empress Dowager Nagako. The orchid flower Dendrobium cultivar Masako Kotaishi Hidenka was named in her honour to celebrate the wedding.

Masako became the third commoner to marry into the imperial family, after her mother-in-law, Empress Emerita Michiko (Michiko Shōda) and her sister-in-law, Crown Princess Kiko (Kiko Kawashima).

Children
Masako's first pregnancy was announced in December 1999, but she miscarried.

The Emperor and Empress have one daughter: Aiko, Princess Toshi (敬宮愛子内親王).

Succession crisis
Their daughter's birth, which occurred more than eight years after their marriage, sparked lively debate in Japan about whether The Imperial Household Law of 1947 should be changed from that of agnatic primogeniture to either cognatic or absolute primogeniture, which would allow a woman to succeed to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

A government-appointed panel of experts submitted a report on 25 October 2005, recommending that the Imperial Succession Law be amended to permit absolute primogeniture. On 20 January 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi used part of his annual keynote speech to address the controversy when he pledged to submit a bill to the National Diet letting women ascend to the throne in order that the imperial throne be continued in a stable manner. Koizumi did not announce a timing for the legislation to be introduced nor did he provide details about the content, but he did note that it would be in line with the conclusions of the 2005 Government Panel.

Plans to change the male-only law of Imperial succession were shelved after it was announced in February 2006 that Masako's brother-in-law and his wife, Prince and Princess Akishino, were expecting their third child. On 6 September 2006, Princess Akishino gave birth to a son, Hisahito, who was third-in-line to the Chrysanthemum Throne under the current law, after his uncle, the Emperor, and his father, Prince Akishino.

Crown Princess of Japan

In 1994, the couple visited Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain. They visited Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Jordan in 1995, and again traveled to Jordan in 1999. In 1999, they also went to Belgium to attend the wedding of Prince Philippe, Duke of Brabant. In 2002, they paid a visit to New Zealand and Australia. In 2006, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess went to the Netherlands with their daughter, Princess Aiko, at the invitation of Queen Beatrix for a private visit.

On 30 April 2013, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess were present at the inauguration of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, which was the Crown Princess's first official overseas appearance in eleven years. In October 2014, she was present at a banquet held in honour of King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, which was her first appearance in such a ceremony in eleven years. She welcomed the couple during an official ceremony at the palace which was her first appearance in a welcoming ceremony after five years. In July 2015, Princess Masako traveled to Tonga with the Crown Prince in order to attend the Coronation of King Tupou VI. Over 40 members of the Japanese media covered the event, during which the happy-looking Crown Princess was warmly welcomed.

Empress of Japan
Upon the abdication of Masako's father-in-law, Emperor Akihito of Heisei era on 30 April 2019, his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito became the 126th Emperor of Japan, and his wife, Masako became empress consort on 1 May. The Emperor and Empress of Reiwa era were enthroned (Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi) at the Tokyo Imperial Palace on 22 October 2019.

Naruhito and Masako's first trip abroad as emperor and empress took place in September 2022, to the United Kingdom to attend the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. They visited Indonesia in June 2023, their first state visit.

In March 2024, Masako and Naruhito visited Wajima and Suzu, two cities affected by the Noto earthquake. The couple later visited an evacuation center in Anamizu on 12 April.

Masako and Naruhito embarked on a three-day state visit to the United Kingdom in late June 2024, at the invitation of King Charles III. The imperial couple had originally planned to visit in 2020 as guests of Queen Elizabeth II, but the state visit was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rescheduled visit went ahead despite concerns of postponement due to the British general election campaign that began in late May. It was the first state visit in modern times to take place during an active election campaign.

Health
Masako has periodically been out of the public eye, largely between 2004 and 2014, reportedly due to emotional disorders speculated to be caused by the pressure to produce a male heir and adjusting to life in the Imperial Family. In July 2004, she was diagnosed as suffering from adjustment disorder and was reported to be seeking treatment.

On 11 July 2008, Naruhito sought public understanding for his ailing wife. He was on an eight-day trip to Spain without her: "I would like the public to understand that Masako is continuing to make her utmost efforts with the help of those around her. Please continue to watch over her kindly and over the long term." Pressures to produce a male heir, to conform with the ancient traditions and a 1947 Imperial Household Law are perceived to be behind her illness, as well as negative media coverage of her behavior, the stress of royal responsibility and public life, and turf battles among the Imperial Household Agency.

In December 2012, at the time of her 49th birthday, Masako issued a statement thanking the Japanese people for their support and saying that she was still receiving treatment for her illness. The Japanese Constitution does not allow the members of the Imperial Family to engage in political activities. Naruhito made controversial comments about discourtesies and pressures placed on his wife by the Imperial Household Agency and his wife's desire to pursue the life of a diplomat.

In 2019, Masako accompanied her husband at official events and at his accession ceremonies. During the state visit of U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump to Japan in April, Masako and Naruhito conversed with them without interpreters; the imperial couple are both fluent in English. Her doctors stated that she has not fully recovered but a strong sense of duty has helped her fulfill her responsibilities.

Titles and styles

 * 9 June 1993 – 30 April 2019: Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess (皇太子妃殿下 Kōtaishi-hi Denka)
 * 1 May 2019 – present: Her Majesty The Empress (皇后陛下 Kōgō Heika)

Foreign

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2000)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (2012)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (29 October 2014)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (2 December 1992)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 November 2008)

Honorary positions

 * Honorary President of the Japanese Red Cross Society (formerly vice president as the Crown Princess)

Honorary degrees

 * Doctor of Civil Law, University of Oxford (2024)

Ancestry
Her father Hisashi is descended from the Owada clan, whose head Shinroku—Masako's 4th-great-grandfather —was called to Murakami in 1787 to serve the Naito clan that the Tokugawa shōgun had installed as the city's rulers 67 years earlier. After the fall of the shogunate, the Owadas participated in a salmon-fishing cooperative, the proceeds of which provided schooling for many local children, including Hisashi and his father Takeo.

Her mother Yumiko is descended from the Egashira clan which served the Saga clans near Nagasaki on the island of Kyushu. One of the Egashiras, Yasutaro, went on to command a battleship in the Russo-Japanese War. Yumiko's father was a wealthy banker who was at the time of her marriage the managing director of the Industrial Bank of Japan.

title: Empress Masako


text:
BDB

BDB may refer to:

Science and technology

 * 1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine (also BDB), an entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine chemical class
 * Berkeley DB, a discontinued embedded database software library for key/value data
 * Bharat Diamond Bourse, the world's largest diamond bourse
 * Big dumb booster, a general class of launch vehicle

Media and publications

 * "B D B", the seventh song on Duke Ellington and Count Basie 1961 album First Time! The Count Meets the Duke
 * Brown–Driver–Briggs, a standard reference for Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic

Companies and organizations

 * Banc De Binary, an Israeli financial firm with a history of regulatory issues on three continents
 * Bundesverband deutscher Banken, the Association of German Banks in the private sector

Other uses

 * Bundaberg Airport, IATA airport code "BDB"

title: BDB


text:
Santa María la Antigua del Darién

Santa María la Antigua del Darién—turned into Dariena in the Latin of De Orbo Novo —was a Spanish colonial town founded in 1510 by Vasco Núñez de Balboa, located in present-day Colombia approximately 40 mi south of Acandí, within the municipality of Unguía in the Chocó Department. It was the first city founded by conquistadors in mainland America. After Pascual de Andagoya, a Spanish-Basque conquistador under the direction of Panama governor Pedrarias Dávila, founded Panama City in 1519, Santa María la Antigua del Darién was abandoned and in 1524 was attacked and burned by the indigenous people.

In 2012 the lost site of the town was rediscovered, and in 2019 the government of Colombia opened the Parque Arqueológico e Histórico de Santa María de Belén la Antigua del Darién.

title: Santa María la Antigua del Darién


text:
The Grey Lady

(The) Grey Lady or (The) Gray Lady may refer to:

Films

 * The Grey Lady (film), 1937 German film also known as Sherlock Holmes: The Grey Lady
 * Grey Lady (film), 2017 American film directed by John Shea

Folklore

 * Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Rufford Old Hall, Lancashire, England
 * Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Theatre Royal, Bath, England
 * Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Fort St. Angelo, Birgu, Malta
 * The Grey Lady, a spirit reputed to haunt Cumberland College, in Dunedin, New Zealand
 * The Gray Lady Ghost, reputed to haunt the old parsonage in Sims, North Dakota, United States
 * The Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt the Dark Hedges, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
 * The Grey Lady, a ghost reputed to haunt Gainsborough Old Hall, Lincolnshire, England

Entertainment

 * The Gray Lady, a spirit from Ghostbusters
 * The Grey Lady, a character in The Good Witch
 * The Grey Lady, a character in Harry Potter; see Hogwarts staff

Other uses

 * MV Grey Lady, American catamaran ferry
 * A member of the Gray Ladies, volunteers working with the American Red Cross in WWII
 * The Gray Lady, a nickname for The New York Times

title: The Grey Lady


text:
Batman (unit)

The batman was a unit of mass used in the Ottoman Empire and among Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire. It has also been recorded as a unit of area in Uyghur-speaking regions of Central Asia. The name is Turkic (Ottoman Turkish بطمان; Chagatai bātmān), but was also sometimes used for the equivalent unit in Persia (من man). The equivalent unit in British India was anglicized as the maund (Bengali: মন and Hindustani: من). The value of the batman (or maund) varied considerably from place to place.

Origins
The man as a unit of weight is thought to be of at least Chaldean origin, with Sir Henry Yule attributing Akkadian origins to the word. The Hebrew maneh (מנה) and the Ancient Greek mina (μνᾶ) are thought to be cognate. It was originally equal to one-ninth of the weight of an artaba of water, or approximately four kilograms in modern units. İnalcık believes the ancient Persian patimāna may have come from the late Assyrian word for 'mana of the king'. The man or batman spread throughout Arabia and Persia: it was adopted by the Ottoman Empire, and brought to India by the Mughal Empire. The first attestation which gives a comparison to European weights was by Pegolotti in his Pratica della mercatura, written about 1340. He reported the batman as the main unit of mass in Ayasluğ ("Altoluogo di Turchia" to Pegolotti; modern Selçuk, in western Turkey), equivalent to 32 Genoese pounds (libbre).

Ottoman Empire
The batman (or bateman) was first recorded in English in 1599, in Babylon (probably modern Baghdad), where it was said to be equal to "7 pound and 5 ounces English weight". In the central Ottoman system of weights, the batman was equal to six okas, as is attested in 1811 in Aleppo, 1821 in Baghdad and in 1850 in Constantinople. At this point, the batman was equal to 16 lb 8 oz avoirdupois (7.484 kg).

Arabia
The mann ( مَنّ ) had doubtless formed a part of the Arabian system of weights before the arrival of the Ottomans. It was divided into uqiyyas (the number varying with the location), while ten mann made one frazil. A still larger unit of mass was the bahar, of ten to forty frazils. The Arabic mann was smaller than the Ottoman batman at about 2–3 lb av. (1–1½ kg), except in Basra where there were two maunds in use, both much larger than either the Arabic mann or the Ottoman batman.

Turkey
The Turkish system of weights and measures was metricated in 1931. The oka was redefined as exactly one kilogram, while the batman became ten okas (10 kg).

Central Asia
The batman was used in Central Asia up until at least the 18th century. In Khiva in 1740, there were said to be two batmans (as in Persia): the "great batman" of 18 Russian pounds (фунт, funt; approx. 7.4 kg) and the "lesser batman" of 9¼ Russian pounds (approx. 3.8 kg).

In Uyghur, the batman was also a measure of land area, the area that could be sown with one batman (in mass) of seed.

Idel-Ural
The Tatar batman is an equivalent to 4 pood or 65.5 kg.

Persia
The two main commercial weights in Persia were the tabrézy man ( من تبریز ), literally the man of Tabriz, and the sháhy man ( من شاء ), literally the Shah's man, which was twice as large. The sháhy man was particularly used in Shiraz and Isfahan. Kelly also distinguishes a man used for copra and "provisions" at Gamron (modern Bandar-Abbas) of 7 lb 12 oz av. (3.5153 kg).

The United Nations Statistical Office found a wide range of values for the man in Iran in 1966, from 3 kg to 53 kg. The man was divided into mithqals (the number depending on the locality): larger subdivisions included the abbassi and the ratl. The term batman appears to be reserved for the tabrézy man, approximately 2.969 kg in 1966.

Afghanistan
The mann (من) was and still is also used as a unit of mass in Afghanistan, but varied widely between different localities. In Kandahar it was about 8 lb av. (3½ kg), while in Peshawar it was 80 lb av. (35 kg).

title: Batman (unit)


text:
Auto Club Speedway

Auto Club Speedway (known as California Speedway before and after the 2008–2023 corporate sponsorship by the Automobile Club of Southern California ) was a 2.000 mi, D-shaped oval superspeedway in unincorporated San Bernardino County, California, near Fontana. It hosted National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) racing annually from 1997 until 2023. It was also previously used for open wheel racing events. The racetrack was located 47 mi east of Los Angeles and was near the former locations of Ontario Motor Speedway and Riverside International Raceway. The track was last owned and operated by NASCAR. The speedway was served by the nearby Interstates 10 and 15 freeways as well as a Metrolink station located behind the backstretch.

Construction of the track, on the site of the former Kaiser Steel Mill, began in 1995 and was completed in late 1996. The speedway's main grandstand had a capacity of 68,000, additionally it featured 28 skyboxes and had a grand total capacity of 122,000. In 2006, a fanzone was added behind the main grandstand. Lights were added to the speedway in 2004 with the addition of a second annual NASCAR weekend. From 2011 to 2023, the track hosted only one NASCAR weekend each year.

A 500-mile American open-wheel car race was held under Championship Auto Racing Teams sanctioning from 1997 to 2002. The current IndyCar sanctioning body ran a 400-mile race from 2002 to 2005 and a 500-mile race from 2012 to 2015, which was usually the season finale. Its last IndyCar race was the 2015 MAVTV 500.

In 2023, the track was closed for reconstruction as part of the Next Gen California project and demolition started in October 2023.

Early history and construction
On April 20, 1994, Roger Penske and Kaiser Steel announced the construction of a racetrack on the site of the abandoned Kaiser Steel Mill in Fontana, California. A day after the announcement, Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) announced it would hold an annual race at the speedway. Three months later NASCAR president Bill France Jr. agreed to sanction NASCAR Cup Series races at the speedway upon completion, marking the first time NASCAR made a commitment to run a race at a track that had yet to be built. Community meetings were held to discuss issues related to the construction of the track and the local effects of events held. The local community largely supported construction of the speedway citing potentially increased land values and rejuvenation of the community. In April 1995, after having toured the sister track Michigan International Speedway, the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors unanimously approved the project. The California Environmental Protection Agency gave Penske permission to begin construction after Kaiser agreed to pay US$6 million to remove hazardous waste from the site. Construction on the site began on November 22, 1995, with the demolition of the Kaiser Steel Mill. The 100 ft water tower, a landmark of the Kaiser property, was preserved in the center of the track to be used as a scoreboard. 3000 cuyd of contaminated dirt was removed and transported to a toxic waste landfill. To prevent remaining impurities from rising to the surface, a cap of non-porous polyethylene was put down and covered with 2 ft of clean soil. Construction of the track was completed in late 1996.

On January 10, 1997, Marlboro Team Penske's driver Paul Tracy became the first driver to test on the new speedway. NASCAR held its first open test session on at the track from May 5–7. The official opening and ribbon cutting ceremony was held on June 20, 1997, with the first race, a NASCAR West Series race, being held the next day.

Auto Club Speedway
The track was named the California Speedway from the time it was built through February 21, 2008, when the Automobile Club of Southern California purchased the naming rights in a 10-year deal; thus the track became Auto Club Speedway and has remained as of 2023, as the deal was renewed. The sponsorship was discontinued after March of 2023.

Expansion and additions
With early success following the opening of the track, the speedway began to expand reserved grandstand seating along the front stretch with an additional 15,777 seats. In May 1999, an additional 28 skyboxes were added to the top of the main grandstand. In 2001 the Auto Club Dragway, a 0.250 mi dragstrip, was built outside of the backstretch of the main speedway. That same year, the infield of the speedway was reconfigured to hold a multipurpose road course. On April 24, 2003, The San Bernardino County Planning Commission approved the changing of the speedway's conditional use permit to allow the installation of lights around the track. Later that year NASCAR announced a second annual NASCAR Cup Series race at the track for the 2004 season, with the second race being run "under the lights". NASCAR ran two weekends of racing annually until the 2011 season, when the track returned to a single annual race weekend.

In 2006, the speedway's midway, located behind the main grandstand, was overhauled. The new midway, called the "Discover IE FanZone", included the addition of Apex (a Wolfgang Puck restaurant), additional shade and lounge areas, a retail store and an entertainment stage.

In March 2014, the Las Vegas-based company Exotics Racing expanded to California by opening a new 1.2 mile road course at the Auto Club Speedway.

Attendance problems
Upon the addition of a second NASCAR weekend at the track in 2004, attendance at the races dropped off dramatically, by as much as 20,000. With such a large attendance swing, drivers and media began to doubt if the track deserved two dates, even if the track was near Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest media market. Weather also became a concern with either extremely hot days or with rain threatening the races. All of this factored into NASCAR's decision to remove a second race from the track with the realignment of the 2011 NASCAR schedule. Former track owner Roger Penske said the track may be located in a one-race market. Track president Gillian Zucker cited bad weather windows and fans having other entertainment options as reasons for the attendance decline.

Effective in the 2014 racing season, the grandstand capacity was reduced from 92,000 to 68,000. This was accomplished by removing approximately 12,000 seats near turn 1 and installing a hospitality area and a digital display showing speeds along the straightaway. In addition, seats were further reduced as a result of modifying average seat width from 18 inches to 23 inches. The capacity quoted does not include luxury boxes and infield seating, which when added up reaches a capacity of approximately 100,000.

Name change
On February 21, 2008, the Automobile Club of Southern California (ACSC) became the title sponsor of the raceway, making Auto Club Speedway the track's official name. The naming rights deal was for ten years and is worth an estimated $50 to $75 million. In addition to naming rights, the ACSC was to have use of the facility for road tests for Westways magazine and other consumer tests. The money was used for capital improvements to the track.

In popular culture
The track was often used for filming television shows, commercials and films. In 2000, portions of Charlie's Angels were filmed at the speedway, and in 2005, portions of Herbie: Fully Loaded were filmed there. In 2007, The Bucket List saw Jack Nicholson and Morgan Freeman drive a vintage Shelby Mustang and Dodge Challenger around the 2 mi speedway. The track was used as Daytona International Speedway in the 2019 film Ford v Ferrari.

A parody of the track was used in the 2006 Disney/Pixar animated film Cars in the end of the film. It is the venue for the Piston Cup tiebreaker race between the movie's main character Lightning McQueen (voiced by Owen Wilson), retiring veteran Strip "The King" Weathers (voiced by Richard Petty) and perennial runner-up Chick Hicks (voiced by Michael Keaton). The race is held at the Los Angeles International Speedway, which is a conglomeration of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Arroyo Seco in Pasadena where the Rose Bowl is located, as well as the Auto Club Speedway.

Fatalities
During the 1999 Marlboro 500 CART race, Canadian driver Greg Moore died in a crash along the backstretch of the track. It was determined that after sliding along the infield grass, Moore's car hit the edge of oncoming pavement, which caused the car to flip into a concrete retaining wall. The incident prompted the track owners, ISC, to pave the backstretch of both Auto Club Speedway and its sister track Michigan International Speedway in an attempt to prevent a similar accident. Shortly after the crash, CART mandated the use of a head-and-neck restraint system on all ovals. The rule eventually became mandatory on all tracks.

On April 5, 2002, Ricky Lundgren was killed in a qualifying session for a motorcycle race.

On August 7, 2004, a police officer from San Diego, John Barr, died during an open track event after coming off his motorcycle.

On June 2, 2005, two men died while participating in an event sponsored by the San Diego Chapter of the Ferrari Club of America.

On October 15, 2010, a 24-year-old woman died while participating in a driving school at the track. The woman was driving a replica Indycar as part of the Mario Andretti Racing Experience when she lost control and hit the inside wall of the track.

Planned reconstruction
On September 8, 2020, it was revealed that documents for the reconstruction of the facility as a half-mile high banked oval had been filed with San Bernardino County. As first reported by The Insider, the new short track layout would feature long straightaways like Martinsville Speedway and high banked turns like those featured at Bristol Motor Speedway. According to the published preliminary site plan, the new layout would fit inside the footprint of the current layout's trioval, and utilize much of the existing infrastructure such as the garages (which would be outside the new track), main grandstand and pit road suites (which would overlook the relocated backstretch). The work was scheduled to start after the 2021 Auto Club 400, and to be completed in time for the 2022 season.

In December 2020, it was announced that the 2021 race weekend had been cancelled due to complications surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. On February 27, 2022, Auto Club Speedway president Dave Allen announced on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio that plans to convert the speedway had been put on hold. With the Busch Light Clash now being held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum beginning in 2022, there was now no official commitment from NASCAR to follow through with plans to convert the speedway. In early 2023, following the Busch Light Clash at The Coliseum, NASCAR chief operating officer Steve O'Donnell made mention that NASCAR was, "evaluating the market as a whole and what's the best place for us to race within the totality of 2024 and beyond."

In 2023, the track was closed for reconstruction as part of the Next Gen California racing project. Demolition began in October 2023.

Transportation
The Auto Club speedway was served by a special Metrolink station, opened only on race days.

Former races

 * NASCAR Cup Series:
 * Pala Casino 400 (1997–2020, 2022–2023)
 * Pepsi Max 400 (2004–2010)
 * NASCAR Xfinity Series:
 * Production Alliance Group 300 (1997–2020, 2022–2023)
 * NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
 * San Bernardino County 200 (1997–2009)
 * NASCAR West Series (1997–2006)
 * CART
 * Marlboro 500 (1997–2002)
 * IndyCar Series
 * MAVTV 500 (2002–2005, 2012–2015)
 * Rolex Sports Car Series
 * Grand American 400 (sports car course) (2002–2005)
 * IROC (1997–1998, 2002)
 * All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (2004, exhibition race)
 * Shell Eco-marathon Americas
 * ChampCar Endurance Series
 * The Wilwood Grand Prix at Auto Club Speedway

Other events

 * Red, White and Cruise — A July 4 festival consisting of a car show, various family-friendly entertainment and a fireworks show.
 * Epicenter 2010 at the speedway's midway
 * Cardenas Festival — The annual Cardenas Festival is held in the parking lot. This is a festival where all the companies that sell food at the Cardenas supermarket chain give out free samples of new or upcoming food. There are also performances from many artists.
 * Hard (music festival) was held in 2016, 2018, and 2019 in the midway and parking lot of the speedway.

Track length of paved oval
The original track length was disputed by CART and NASCAR that ran at Auto Club Speedway. The NASCAR timing and scoring previously used a length of exactly 2.000 mi. The IRL timing and scoring also used a length of exactly 2.000 mi. CART measured the track as 2.029 mi and used this length for timing and scoring between 1997 and 2002.

Track records
The closed-course practice and qualifying lap records Arie Luyendyk had set in the run-up to the 1996 Indy 500 at 239.260 mi/h and 237.498 mi/h respectively were improved by Maurício Gugelmin at the 1997 Marlboro 500. He was clocked at 242.333 mi/h and 240.942 mi/h respectively, based on a CART-recognized track length of 2.029 mi.

After Juan Pablo Montoya had narrowly missed Gugelmin's practice record, Gil de Ferran set a new one-lap qualifying record of 241.428 mi/h at the 2000 Marlboro 500, a CART event. As of August 2023, this is the fastest qualifying lap speed ever recorded at an official race meeting.

The 2003 Toyota Indy 400 was the fastest circuit race ever in motorsport history, with an average speed of 207.151 mph over 400 mi, based on an IndyCar-recognized track length of 2.000 mi, topping the previous record average of 197.995 mph over 507.25 mi the 2002 CART race had produced.

Lap records
As of March 2018, the fastest official race lap records at Auto Club Speedway (formerly California Speedway) are listed as:

NASCAR Cup Series stats
(As of 3/1/20) * from minimum 5 starts

NASCAR Cup Series race winners
* – Race extended due to green-white-checker finish ** – Race shortened due to rain

title: Auto Club Speedway