text:
Talk:List of U.S. state fossils

NC/SC
North Carolina and South Carolina now have state fossils. Can this page get updated? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.159.210.82 (talk) 22:01, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

List of U.S. state fossils

 * California - Saber-Toothed Tiger - Smilodon californicus
 * Maine - Pertica quadrifaria
 * Montana - Maiasaura peeblesorum
 * New Jersey - Hadrosauras foulki

Rather than delete this partial list, I moved it here for discussion. The External link covers this list completely. Why don't we employ our energies in improving the Wikipedia entries for state fossils first? When we have entries for all the state fossils, then we might create a list of them. Wetman 15:14, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Removed "a precursor to the earliest fishes". Eurypterids are not vertebrates. Dlloyd 08:02, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Jaw drops
You don't find it even a tiny tiny bit odd that US States seem to think it a good idea to have a State Fossil? What about a State Bacterium? A State constellation? Humans are such odd things. --Tagishsimon
 * NPOV! NPOV! Perfect deadpan is the rule at Wikipedia. Much funnier that way too... Wetman 01:13, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * There actually are "state stars" now. —Ayuskoto (talk) 07:47, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

Having a State Fossil promotes tourism and visits from amateur paleontologists. Don't knock it. Take a gander at the bizarre Tully Monster, Illinois' State Fossil. Speciate 02:02, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Formatting
User:Cburnett gives good format! --Wetman 12:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Merge with List of U.S. state dinosaurs
I propose this merger because the overlap is obvious, and the other list is pretty sparse. There's no big deal if there are double listings because that can be simply handled as they have been at other lists of state emblems. I also think that this page needs to be moved to *List of U.S. state fossils* to match up with the other U.S. state emblem lists. —Elipongo (Talk|contribs) 23:51, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Strong yes to the rename, mild no to the merge. I think the two articles already do a good job of referring back and forth to each other, and they really are two distinct (if closely related) things. Having two separate pages helps dispel the confusion between the two, plus "list of U.S. state fossils" would be slightly inaccurate and a "list of U.S. state fossils and dinosaurs" is a bit unwieldy. Though there's really no reason to list every state on the dinosaur page; going back to just the states with state dinosaurs would be an improvement. | Pat 22:15, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I second all Pat's recommendations. Grika Ⓣ 22:34, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I tried to move the article to *List of U.S. state fossils* but was unable to because that redirect has a history (someone had nominated it for speedy deletion and that nomination failed). I've posted the requested move up at Requested moves and am adding the poll below per that page's procedure. —Elipongo (Talk|contribs) 22:14, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

I merged the two lists; they strongly overlapped, people were putting hoax entries into the dinosaur list, and finally there was the clear yet anti-intuitive instruction to only include "state dinosaurs" in the other list, not "dinosaurs that are also state fossils", which was technically correct but would leave out several dinosaurs that were state fossils but not state dinosaurs, and which was selectively ignored. If someone disagrees, go ahead and revert back; you'll at least have a revision of a merged version if you want it later. J. Spencer 22:05, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind and reverted back due to the many new redirects; it's still a lousy situation. Anyway, you'll still have the archived version should things change.  I'll take off that merge request, too. J. Spencer 22:09, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Request
Could someone please put Calymene celebra in the wisconsin section. I tried, but unfortunatly I am not a member. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Minnesota's is missing as well http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/unsym.aspx — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.29.94.47 (talk) 17:06, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

State fossil → List of U.S. state fossils — To conform with other lists of state emblems —Elipongo (Talk|contribs) 22:14, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ . Since this is not a vote, please explain the reasons for your recommendation.

 * Support. It is a list so why not have that in the name?  Vegaswikian 21:22, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * support. Makes sense. - UtherSRG (talk) 22:49, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 08:04, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Replacement of lead secn
I removed all of the old section:
 * Though every state in the United States has a State Bird and a State Flower, not every state in the United States has a State Fossil.

 * State fossils tend to be quite dramatic. California has chosen the Pleistocene saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis familiar from the La Brea Tar Pits, and Alaska has the Woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius. Of course there are plenty of dinosaurs (Colorado's Stegosaurus, New Jersey's duck-bill Hadrosaurus foulki or Montana's Maiasaura peeblesorum) and even sets of dinosaur footprints (both Connecticut and Massachusetts). Nevada recalls its days as beachfront property with a Triassic Ichthyosaur, Shonisaurus popularis. Idaho has chosen an early horse, Equus simplicidens. Alabama and Mississippi have a pair of Eocene archaeocete whales, and Vermont has the most recent fossil, Charlotte, the Vermont Whale, a Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from an arm of the sea that extended into Pleistocene Vermont. Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Ohio are represented by trilobites. New York has the less-familiar Eurypterid, and Maine has gone out on a limb with an early vascular plant from the Devonian, Pertica quadrifaria.

 * Some of the State Fossils are a little generic, like Georgia's unspecified shark's tooth, but Illinois is represented by the unique and mysterious Tully Monster Tullimonstrum gregarium from the Carboniferous swamplands.

The Georgia shark's tooth and the two dino-track examples may be worth mention when the meaning of "a little generic" (do they designate all fossilized sharks' teeth found in the state? a specific tooth? three specific teeth of two species?) and "sets of dinosaur footprints" (all those that ever may be found in CT's Dinosaur State Park, perhaps?) in CT and MA become known to us. (And similarly for the Florida agatized coral, not mentioned above.) But virtually all of the removed text is unencyclopedic fluff, rising to a peak with the rd-lk to "gone out on a limb" -- where the omission of the wink-emoticon is hard to understand.

A list does not necessarily need a text introduction longer than a defining sentence. I've included the new lead for a stub, more with the thot that it's worth reviving State fossil as an article (roughly my new lead, as the intial stub) that discusses, e.g.
 * 1) when the apparent trend toward state fossils began and took off,
 * 2) the rationales offered for it, especially in early-adopter states,
 * 3) the "styles" of insignia involved (e.g.,
 * 4) single specimen vs. all specimens of the species when found in the state vs. (if my suspicions are right) the specific tracks publicly displayed at CT DSP, regardless of species,
 * 5) organics-replacements fossils vs casts,
 * 6) plant vs animal
 * 7) drama vs scientific impact
 * 8) etc).

BTW, i've left out mentioning that the list already is not restricted to the 50 states; DC is in there, and tho i don't know the term to invoke -- probably not "state substitutes" -- we should include PR, USVI and the 3 or so non-state entities in the Pacific that are being used to extend the state-quarters series. --Jerzy•t 03:32, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Title & table format
I propose that, in tandem, we -- rename to List of fossils as U.S. state insignia (or insignias, which is completely acceptable in modern English and eliminates the amibiguity: this is not about cases where a fossil is the (principal) insignia -- or, in proper Latin, insigne -- of the state), and -- modify the table, which is already dealing with including state dinos and stones (but in a haphazard fashion), perhaps thus:
 * State -- Age -- Common name -- Binomial nomenclature -- Image -- Year & Citation

are current columns. I would Note that for Colorado, where the Stego does double duty (or so WP says), Y and dino both apply; in cases that have different dino and fossil, two sub-rows within the state's row are needed.
 * 1) ChangeBinomial nomenclature to Scientific name, since a genus, family, etc. may be more applicable
 * 2) Move Year & Citation somewhere to left, rather than being segregated at the margin by the pic or empty pic-space
 * 3) Add State fossil?, a column with Y (or X or a bullet) in most rows and N (or - or blank) in the rest, indicating whether the fossil the row represents is the state fossil, or something else
 * 4) Add Other , a column with "rock", "stone", "gemstone", or "dinosaur" as appropriate (bcz one of those is a designated state insignia that is a fossil but not the state fossil

Finally, in the table, i've removed the word "undetermined" from the GA, KY, LA, MA, and WV rows. If it means "WP doesn't know", it should be a blank waiting to be filled, not an implicit self-ref. If it means then language distinguishing those must be worked out to replace the ambiguous term "undetermined". (If no one comes forward saying "i filled those cells, and i meant X", i suppose i'll dig thru the history to identify the editor(s) responsible, in hopes of asking them.)
 * 1) the official statement was vague, or
 * 2) there are two species consistent with the specific specimens that are designated, or motivated the designation (by being found in the state, i suppose), and no scientific method for distinguishing them is yet known since, say, their tails are missing,

Altho it's another question, i think the dino and mineral/rock/stone/gemstone lists can continue to function as they already do -- or something similar to what i propose above may be desirable for them, to cover cases where there's a fossil that is a stone or dinosaur, but nothing explicitly designated as stone or dinosaur. --Jerzy•t 03:32, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * In contrast to Colorado, Wash has a mammoth as fossil and petrified wood as gemstone; other states have petrified wood or petrified coral as other than state fossil, but i'm not sure whether they have explicit fossils as well. --Jerzy•t 03:42, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Minnesota
Minnesota is blue on the map but does not have an entry. I'm confused! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.41.5.42 (talk) 19:56, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

From a quick search, it looks like Minnesota has no official state fossil, though legislation declaring one has been introduced but not signed. I imagine that was the source of confusion for whomever made the map. The giant beaver seems to be the lead contender; I wish they would make it official. Walkersam (talk) 03:55, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Louisiana
The picture shows a Palmoxylon from Dresden (Germany).--Einheit3 (talk) 21:39, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Texas on the map
Can someone change the map to show that Texas doesn't have a state fossil? It has a state dino, which was in the table, but I removed it since it's not officially the state fossil as well. —Ayuskoto (talk) 07:44, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

Map needs to change Indiana to blue as it added one on February this year as the chart states. Sorry but I was reluctant to mess that file up.
Map needs to change Indiana to blue as it added one on February this year as the chart states. Sorry but I was reluctant to mess that file up. The Master Guns (talk) 22:07, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of U.S. state fossils


text:
James Reilly

James Reilly may refer to:
 * James Reilly (Canadian politician) (1835–1909), Canadian businessman and Mayor of Calgary
 * James Reilly (Irish politician) (born 1955), Irish Fine Gael politician
 * James Reilly (swimmer) (1890–1962), American swimmer
 * James Bernard Reilly (1845–1924), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
 * James E. Reilly (1948–2008), American television scriptwriter
 * James F. Reilly (born 1954), American astronaut and geologist, director of the U.S. Geological Survey
 * James Marshall Reilly (born 1981), American entrepreneur, author and public speaker
 * James W. Reilly (1828–1905), American Civil War general in the Union Army and Ohio state representative
 * Jim Reilly (born 1957), drummer for punk band Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jim Reilly (American football) (1948–1994), American football player
 * Jim Reilly (Gaelic footballer) (1924–2013), Irish footballer
 * Jim Reilly (Illinois politician) (1945–2022), American politician from Illinois
 * Joe Reilly (baseball) (James Reilly, 1861–?), American baseball player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Reilly


text:
James F. Reilly

James Francis Reilly II (born March 18, 1954) is an American geologist, retired astronaut, and honorary United States Marshal who served as the 17th Director of the United States Geological Survey from 2018 to 2021. He flew on three Space Shuttle missions with the NASA Astronaut Corps: STS-89, STS-104 and STS-117.

Early life and education
Reilly was born at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho on March 18, 1954, though considers his hometown to be Mesquite, Texas. He graduated from Lake Highlands High School in Dallas, Texas in 1972. He has received three degrees in geosciences from the University of Texas at Dallas: a Bachelor of Science in 1977, a Master of Science 1987, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1995.

Career
During graduate school, Reilly was selected to participate in the 1977–1978 scientific expedition to Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, as a research scientist specializing in stable isotope geochronology. In 1979, he started work as an exploration geologist with Santa Fe Minerals, in Dallas. From 1980 to the time he was selected for the astronaut program, Reilly was employed as an oil and gas exploration geologist for Enserch Exploration, in Dallas, rising to the position of Chief Geologist of the Offshore Region. At the same time, he was involved in applying new imaging technology for industrial applications in deep water engineering projects and biological research. Reilly spent approximately 22 days in deep submergence vehicles operated by Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution and the U.S. Navy.

NASA selected Reilly for the astronaut program in December 1994. He reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995 and completed a year of training and evaluation, and qualified for flight assignment as a mission specialist. Initially, he was assigned to work technical issues for the Astronaut Office Computer Support Branch. Reilly flew on STS-89 in 1998 and STS-104 in 2001. He has logged over 517 hours in space, including three spacewalks totaling 16 hours and 30 minutes. He has worked both on the ISS and Mir space stations. Reilly was next assigned as the Astronaut Office lead on Shuttle training. In 2007 was a member of the crew of STS-117. Concurrent with his crew assignment he is designated as Payloads and Procedures Operations lead for the Astronaut Office ISS Branch.

From January 2010 to May 2014, Reilly worked as the American Public University System's Dean of the School of Science and Technology.

In January 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump nominated Reilly to be the director of the U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. Senate confirmed him in April 2018.

After leaving government service in 2020, Reilly later joined defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton the following year as an executive adviser.

Organizations
Officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve. Member, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Naval Reserve Association, Tailhook Association, Reserve Officers Association, Association of Space Explorers.

Special honors
Antarctic Service Medal, 1978. US Navy ROTC scholarship, 1972. Seventh Honorary U.S. Marshal, 2001.

Criticism
After James Reilly was appointed by President Trump to lead the U.S. Geological Survey he then instructed his office to abandon the traditional practice of using climate models that stretch to the end of the century and instead to only use climate models projecting the impact of climate change through 2040.

His statements on the National Climate Assessment focused on scientific uncertainties rather than directly stating concurrence with opinions expressed by some scientists.

title: James F. Reilly


text:
Postgraduate diploma

A postgraduate diploma (PgD, PgDip, PGDip, PG Dip., PGD, Dipl. PG, PDE) is a postgraduate qualification awarded after a university degree, which supplements the original degree and awards them with a graduate diploma. Countries that award postgraduate diplomas include but are not limited to Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, Jamaica, Spain, Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, India, Israel, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Republic of Panama the Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago and Zimbabwe. Level of education and recognition differ per issuing country.

Australia and New Zealand
The Australian equivalent of a postgraduate diploma is called a Graduate Diploma (GDip or GradDip), situated at AQF (Australian Qualifications Framework) level eight. New Zealand universities offer postgraduate diplomas (PostGradDip). NZQA level of post graduate diploma is also eight. A postgraduate diploma (or Australian graduate diploma) indicates master's-level studies; a Graduate Diploma is generally equivalent to the first year of a two-year master's degree. Admission is typically based on past study such as via a university degree, although other factors can be taken into account.

Canada
In Canada, a postgraduate certificate program consists of two to three semesters, which can be completed in less than one year in some instances. A university's degree or a master's degree is required to be accepted in this type of program. It offers the advantage of not requiring to write a thesis and to focus on a concise subject. It is recommended for students wishing to enhance their professional skills as it concentrates on a more practical application in order to enter the labor market. Depending on the province, the title can vary: Post-Graduate Diploma, Graduate Diploma, Post-Graduate Certification, Post-Baccalaureate or D.E.S.S. (Quebec's Diplômes d'études supérieures spécialisées). See links to the Canadian education system, as the various regions can be quite different.

India
In India, there are a number of institutes and universities offering postgraduate diploma programs (PG Diploma). These post-graduate diploma programs are mainly one-year programs that are divided into two to four semesters, depending on hands-on training, field work, and credit requirements. These are master's level programs that only cover the essentials. These programs are mainly targeted to offer professional education and training to the candidates for the better employment opportunity and industry readiness. It is designed to provide in-depth exposure to concepts, scientific principles, implementation methodology of new approaches. Post-graduate diplomas in Management, Post-graduate diploma in Banking & Finance, Remote Sensing & GIS, Robotics, Industrial Maintenance Engineering and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, are examples of courses offered in India. Certain institutes provide postgraduate diploma programs which satisfies the credit requirement for a master's program with increased number of lower credit courses for 2 years, these programs are provisionally considered equivalent to a master's level. Postgraduate diploma programs are meant for those with a bachelor's degree to gain an advanced technical grasp and to those with a master's degree to enhance their interdisciplinary/translation grasp.

Ireland
Commonly referred to as PgD, the postgraduate diploma (Gaeilge: Dioplóma Iarchéime) has been awarded by the Higher Education and Training Awards Council (also known as QQI, Quality Qualifications Ireland, Gaeilge: Dearbhú Cáilíochta agus Cáilíochtaí Éireann), since June 2005 in institutions associated with and accredited by the council. This postgraduate qualification is awarded for a wide range of programmes in the sciences, engineering, and humanities, among others. Entry requirement is a Level 8 Honours Degree in line with EQF standards, including Bachelor's degree or vocational degrees, such as the Meister or Staatlich Geprüfter Betriebswirt in Germany. Most institutions operate under the Recognition of Prior Experiential Learning (RPEL) scheme meaning applicants who do not meet the normal academic requirements may be considered based on publications, relevant work or research experience, which will usually involve an assessment centre or interview process. In Ireland, the vast majority of postgraduate diplomas require the same duration and level of studies as a Master's degree, namely EQF Level 9, yet additional coursework or an independent research project replace the thesis. While progression to doctoral study is only possible at selected universities in Ireland, the Irish postgraduate diploma is widely accepted for entry to EQF Level 8 doctoral degree's in most countries.

Portugal
In Portugal a postgraduate diploma (in Portuguese Pós-graduação) can be awarded under two circumstances: 1) as part of an independent program of studies; 2) after the completion of the first year of study in a masters program.

Singapore
The postgraduate diploma is a postgraduate academic qualification taken after a bachelor's degree. It is usually awarded by a university or a graduate school. It usually takes two or more study terms to complete, a wide variety of courses are offered. It is also possible for graduate diploma holders to progress to a master's degree. Only postgraduate diplomas that are registered with the Ministry of Education (Singapore) are recognised by the industry.

Spain
The postgraduate diploma (PgDip) is awarded by a variety of Spain universities and follows the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) grading system.

For example, Pablo de Olavide University offers an English-language PgDip in the Integral Protection of Human Rights Defenders and Social Activists in cooperation with Protection International. The University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) offers an English-language PgDip in International Election Observation and Electoral Assistance, run in cooperation with many organisations in the field of election monitoring, such as The Carter Center, Electoral Reform International Services (ERIS), International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), National Democratic Institute (NDI), the Organization of American States (OAS) and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR).

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, a postgraduate diploma is a postgraduate academic qualification taken after a bachelor's degree.

United Kingdom
There is a vast number of postgraduate diplomas available in England and Wales. This could be a vocational course studied after an academic degree, such as the Legal Practice Course or the Bar Vocational Course; the resulting diplomas allow the student to enter legal training, relevant to either the solicitor or barrister professions, respectively. Postgraduate diplomas allow a graduate student to study a more advanced programme than at the bachelor's level. It is contrasted with a graduate diploma, where a student studies a new academic subject at degree level, but in a short space of time, such as the Graduate Diploma in Law (also known as the Common Professional Exam), which allows a postgraduate student to study the seven foundation subjects of a three-year undergraduate law degree, in a period of nine months. The City and Guilds of London Institute awards a post graduate diploma 9210 in engineering subjects that are endorsed by the professional engineering institutions, and count toward qualifying as a Chartered Engineer.

Postgraduate diplomas are considered by the National Qualification Framework (NQF) to be at a comparable level to a master's degree, however, they require fewer study credits to achieve (120 credits) when compared to a full master's degree (180 credits). They are typically classified into Distinction, Merit, and Pass, similar to most master's courses. Many schools of architecture commonly operate a 1 or 2-year postgraduate diploma course providing ARB part 3 education in this fashion.

A postgraduate diploma is commonly awarded to students who have completed the master's programme and continuing a one-year advanced course similar to the first year of a PhD program.

A postgraduate diploma typically represents 120 credits of postgraduate courses (whereas a full master's degree is usually 180 credits). Postgraduate diplomas are usually abbreviated as PGDip, PG Dip, PgD, PgDip, and, similar to a PgCert, diploma holders are permitted to use 'PgDip' or 'PgD' as a post-nominal, which is usually listed after all other academic degrees in ascending order, but before any professional qualifications.

Nigeria
In Nigeria PGD is used as a required supplement for students seeking to apply for another postgraduate program (e.g. PhD, Master's degree e.t.c) who have a Higher National Diploma (HND), other lower degrees, a degree in a course that is not connected to the one for which seek a postgraduate admission for, or graduated with very low score from a university.

title: Postgraduate diploma


text:
The View (talk show)

The View is an American talk show created by broadcast journalist Barbara Walters. Currently in its 27th season, the show has aired on ABC as part of the network's daytime programming block since August 11, 1997. It features a multi-generational panel of women, who discuss the day's "Hot Topics", such as sociopolitical and entertainment news. In addition to the conversation segments, the panel also conducts interviews with prominent figures, such as celebrities and politicians. Production of the show was held in ABC Television Studio 23 in New York City until 2014, when it relocated to ABC Broadcast Center, also in New York City.

Throughout its run, The View has had 24 permanent co-hosts of varying characteristics and ideologies, with the number of contracted permanent co-hosts ranging between four and eight women per season. The original panel comprised Walters, broadcast journalist Meredith Vieira, lawyer Star Jones, television host Debbie Matenopoulos, and comedian Joy Behar, while the current lineup consists of Behar, entertainer Whoopi Goldberg, lawyer Sunny Hostin, television host Sara Haines, television personality Ana Navarro, and political strategist Alyssa Farah Griffin. In addition, the show often makes use of male and female guest panelists.

The View has won Daytime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Talk Show, Outstanding Informative Talk Show, and Outstanding Talk Show Host. The show has received praise from the Associated Press, Entertainment Weekly, the Los Angeles Times, Slate, as well as The New York Times, which deemed it "the most important political TV show in America". Beginning in its tenth season, the series became subject to on-air controversies and media criticism involving its panel of co-hosts. It was transferred from the helm of ABC's entertainment division to that of ABC News in 2014 following a decline in ratings. By 2021, The View had become the most-viewed news and talk program in daytime television.

Format
The original opening credits for The View featured a voice-over from the show's creator and executive producer, broadcast journalist Barbara Walters, explaining the show's premise as well as its co-hosts' credentials: I've always wanted to do a show with women of different generations, backgrounds, and views: a working mother (broadcast journalist Meredith Vieira); a professional in her 30s (lawyer Star Jones); a young woman just starting out (television host Debbie Matenopoulos); and then somebody who's done almost everything and will say almost anything (comedian Joy Behar). And in a perfect world, I'd get to join the group whenever I wanted…

Walters described it as "a talk show featuring four or five women 'of different backgrounds, different generations, and different opinions,' who would discuss the topics of the day, mixing humor with intelligent debate." The show begins with a segment that features the panel engaging in a discussion pertaining to subjects ranging from politics to social issues as well as pop culture, commonly referred to as "Hot Topics". Every episode features multiple "Hot Topics" segments, which take up to most–if not all–of the day's show. The discussions are frequently followed by interviews with guests. The show also periodically conducts audience giveaways. Every broadcast concludes with the closing remarks: "Have a great day, everyone, and take a little time to enjoy the view."

The 12th season of The View heavily focused on the events surrounding the 2008 United States presidential election and featured politicians John McCain, Hillary Clinton, and Barack Obama as guests. Its 13th season saw the introduction of male guest moderators; among them were television personality Tom Bergeron, actor D. L. Hughley, journalist Bryant Gumbel, and television host Joe Scarborough. Male personalities have since begun serving as guest co-hosts more frequently, specifically on Fridays, dubbed "Guy Day Friday". In 2013, the show was speculated to be "trying to become less political." It began refocusing on politics leading to the 2016 United States presidential election and has reincorporated it back into "Hot Topics" discussions since. During the 25th season, the series introduced weekly episodes that each feature a former co-host as a guest co-host, titled "Flashback Fridays".

Seasons 1–10 (1997–2007)
The View premiered with four co-hosts: Meredith Vieira as moderator, Star Jones, Debbie Matenopoulos, and Barbara Walters. Joy Behar, who was announced to be filling in as the fourth co-host when Walters was unavailable, soon became a full-time co-host. The five women were the first group that auditioned for the panel, with Behar describing them as having immediately clicked. Following Matenopoulos's firing in December 1998, broadcast journalist Lisa Ling was brought on as a new co-host in 1999. Ling departed the show in December 2002 to host the series National Geographic Explorer. Former Survivor: The Australian Outback castaway Elisabeth Hasselbeck replaced Ling beginning November 24, 2003, after Hasselbeck, television personality Rachel Campos-Duffy, and actress Erin Hershey Presley each received a week-long on-air tryout.

In April 2006, Vieira announced that she was leaving the show to become co-anchor of the NBC morning program Today; her final episode aired on June 9. That same month, Jones announced her departure on air but stated that she would remain on the show through July. Despite this, Walters stated the following day that Jones would no longer appear, publicly claiming feeling "betrayed" by Jones for unexpectedly making the announcement two days ahead of schedule. She also said ABC executives had decided not to renew Jones' contract due to diminished approval for Jones through their market research. Jones later claimed the decision to leave was not hers and that producers informed her that they would not be renewing her contract in April.

During the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards in April 2006, it was announced that entertainer Rosie O'Donnell would be co-hosting the show for its tenth season; she made her debut as the new moderator on September 5. In April 2007, O'Donnell announced she would be leaving the show when her contract expires due to failed renewal negotiations. The following month, ABC stated that O'Donnell had asked to be let out of her contract three weeks before its expiration and that she had been granted permission to depart immediately.

Seasons 11–18 (2007–2015)
In August 2007, Walters announced that entertainer Whoopi Goldberg would be replacing O'Donnell as moderator for season 11. Goldberg debuted during the season premiere on September 4. Actress Sherri Shepherd joined as a permanent co-host beginning September 10. Hasselbeck went on maternity leave from October 2007 to January 2008 and again from August to October 2009, with rotating guest co-hosts filling in during the latter. In August 2009, Walters, Behar, Hasselbeck, Goldberg, and Shepherd won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host. Walters took a hiatus after undergoing open-heart surgery in May 2010 and returned on September 7 during the season 14 premiere broadcast.

In March 2013, Behar announced that she was leaving the series at the end of season 16. That same month, Hasselbeck was reported to be departing alongside Behar due to market research finding both of their views too "polarizing", which Walters denied. Walters announced in May that she would be retiring in May 2014. Despite Walters' earlier denial, Hasselbeck announced on July 10 that she was indeed departing to join the Fox News morning program Fox & Friends and that it was her last day on the show. Behar's final episode, a This Is Your Life-style tribute to her, aired on August 9. Actress Jenny McCarthy became a co-host the following season and debuted on its premiere broadcast on September 9. Walters made her final appearance as co-host on May 16, 2014. Shepherd and McCarthy announced their departures the following month and made their final appearances on August 11.

After making guest appearances during the previous season, actress Rosie Perez as well as former White House Communications Director Nicolle Wallace permanently joined the series in its 18th season, establishing Perez as the series' first Latina co-host; the two debuted as co-hosts alongside O'Donnell, who permanently returned, and Goldberg during the season premiere on September 15, 2014. Perez took a hiatus at the end of the year to rehearse for her role in the play Fish in the Dark and returned on February 3, 2015. That same month, representatives for O'Donnell confirmed that she would once again exit the panel due to "personal reasons"; her final appearance aired on February 12. Actress Raven-Symoné joined the series full-time in June after frequently guest co-hosting, and the following month, comedian Michelle Collins, who had also frequently guest co-hosted, was announced as a permanent addition for the following season. Perez and Wallace exited at the conclusion of the 18th season in August.

Seasons 19–27 (2015–present)
The 19th season saw the return of Behar as well as the addition of actress Candace Cameron Bure and broadcast journalist Paula Faris as co-hosts alongside Goldberg, Raven-Symoné, and Collins, the lattermost of whom departed in June 2016. The following season began with eight rotating co-hosts: Behar, Goldberg, Raven-Symoné, Bure, Faris, television host Sara Haines, lawyer Sunny Hostin, and television personality Jedediah Bila. Additionally, Behar began moderating on Fridays in Goldberg's place. On October 27, Raven-Symoné announced her exit from the series to star in a spin-off of the sitcom That's So Raven. On December 8, Bure announced that she was leaving the program, citing the commute between coasts and her commitments to other television projects as reasons; her final episode as co-host aired the following day.

While Goldberg initially considered leaving after season 20, she remained as moderator for season 21, with Behar, Faris, Haines, Hostin, and Bila all returning as co-hosts. On September 18, 2017, Bila announced her exit from the show on air. Television personality Meghan McCain subsequently joined the show after leaving her position at Fox News, debuting as co-host on October 9. After giving birth to a daughter in December 2017, Haines returned from maternity leave in March 2018. Faris departed in July. In the same month, Haines announced on air that she would be exiting to co-host ABC's new third hour of its morning program Good Morning America; she made her final appearance during the season's penultimate broadcast on August 2.

Broadcast journalist Abby Huntsman joined the panel in season 22, making her debut during the season premiere on September 4, 2018. Following an absence due to the death of her father, McCain returned on October 8. Television personality Ana Navarro joined the show as a weekly guest co-host the following month. Goldberg began a hiatus from co-hosting on February 7, 2019, due to pneumonia and sepsis, and returned on March 14. Huntsman took maternity leave beginning in May. Behar, Goldberg, Hostin, McCain, and Huntsman all returned for the 23rd season, which premiered on September 3. In January 2020, Huntsman announced her departure to become a senior advisor to her father's 2020 Utah gubernatorial election campaign; she made her final appearance as co-host on January 17.

Haines returned as a guest co-host beginning in March 2020 and permanently rejoined the panel for the 24th season. McCain gave birth to a daughter in September 2020 and returned in January 2021 after a three-month maternity leave. After four years on the series, McCain departed at the end of the 24th season. She attributed her decision to her desire to raise her daughter in Washington D.C., to which she had relocated. McCain later cited the "toxic, direct and purposeful hostility" she experienced at the show as the reason for her exit. In April 2022, Goldberg took an extended hiatus from co-hosting to film the Amazon Prime Video series Anansi Boys. Starting in season 26, Navarro, who has been a weekly guest co-host since 2018, and political strategist Alyssa Farah Griffin joined the show permanently. With the additions, the panel comprises six co-hosts.

Production
During its first 17 seasons, The View was filmed in ABC Television Studio 23 in New York City. The original set for the first four seasons was a leftover set from canceled soap opera The City. The panelists conduct discussions around a table or on a sofa and wear IFB earpieces through which producers communicate with them. Bill Geddie, Barbara Walters' longtime producing partner, and Mark Gentile respectively served as showrunner and director for 17 years. Walters remained an executive producer until her death.

The View's 18th season brought significant changes in a "creative overhaul" as well as a "new direction" for the show. In August 2014, ABC announced Geddie's exit and named Bill Wolff, who had served as vice president of primetime programming at MSNBC and as executive producer of the news and opinion program The Rachel Maddow Show, the new executive producer. Production of the show relocated to the ABC Broadcast Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. During the season premiere on September 15, 2014, the series unveiled its new studio featuring a coffee table-style desk with low-arm chairs, a large video wall, in-the-round audience seating, and an on-camera social media station. Subsequent tweaks included a glass desk and high stools at center stage, as well as color adjustments in backgrounds and graphics.

In October 2014, ABC announced that responsibilities for production oversight on The View would shift from ABC's daytime entertainment division to Lincoln Square Productions, an ABC News subsidiary, where the show will be grouped under the division's non-fiction programming umbrella. The move allowed the show to leverage ABC News' resources toward news-related segments. In August 2015, former late-night talk show Late Show with David Letterman producer Brian Teta joined the show as co-executive producer. Later in the month, executive producer Wolff departed the show. In February 2016, along with the show's 20th season renewal, Candi Carter was promoted to executive producer after serving as interim showrunner for season 19, becoming the first African-American executive producer in the show's history.

During the 20th-season premiere on September 6, 2016, the show debuted an updated set design with muted colors, retooled opening titles with footage of the co-hosts in a loft-like space, as well as a new theme song entitled "World's Gone Crazy", written by Diane Warren and performed by Mary J. Blige. Hilary Estey McLoughlin was named senior executive producer in January 2017 after she was brought on as a consultant for season 19. In September, Teta was promoted to executive producer ahead of the 21st-season premiere. Sarah de la O serves as director, as of September 2019. In March 2020, the series began airing without a live studio audience as a precaution in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Carter departed that same month to become the showrunner of the daytime talk show Tamron Hall. During the pandemic, the co-hosts broadcast from different locations, with Joy Behar, Whoopi Goldberg, Sunny Hostin, Meghan McCain, and Ana Navarro filming remotely, while Sara Haines remained in the studio, where Teta also still produced. McLoughlin exited in February 2021.

For the series' 25th season, which began in September 2021, the co-hosts returned to filming in front of a live studio audience for the first time since March 2020. The show also presented a new theme song entitled "For My Girls", written by Warren and performed by Brandy Norwood and Nicole Scherzinger.

Notable episodes
In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama appeared as a guest on the show during the July 29 broadcast, marking the first appearance on a daytime talk show by a sitting U.S. president. The episode also saw the return of Barbara Walters following her open heart surgery in May before she resumed her hiatus. On February 22, 2012, Star Jones came on as a guest and discussed her contentious exit from the show, marking her first appearance since said exit in 2006. On February 7, 2014, Rosie O'Donnell returned as a guest for the first time since quitting the show in 2007. All eleven co-hosts in the show's history appeared during Walters' penultimate episode as co-host on May 15 to celebrate her retirement. Walters' final appearance as co-host aired the following day; it featured several guests, including Hillary Clinton and television host Oprah Winfrey.

On March 27, 2015, the show celebrated its 4,000th broadcast, with Walters and Joy Behar returning for the celebration. On September 5, 2016, prior to the premiere of season 20, ABC aired a documentary entitled The View: 20 Years in the Making, which featured notable moments from the show and several personalities involved in its history, hosted by Behar. On November 8, Behar, Jedediah Bila, Candace Cameron Bure, Sara Haines, and Sunny Hostin hosted a primetime Election Night special of the show, which aired on Lifetime. On November 11, the series aired a "Flashback Friday" episode, which featured the original panel of co-hosts comprising Behar, Jones, Meredith Vieira, and Debbie Matenopoulos as well as a Veteran's Day tribute.

In March 2017, the show had its first remote broadcast from Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. Five episodes were filmed in front of the Tree of Life at Disney's Animal Kingdom, featuring pre-recorded segments with Behar, Bila, Haines, Hostin, Paula Faris, and Whoopi Goldberg exploring Epcot, Magic Kingdom, and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Film director James Cameron came on as a guest on March 9, giving a preview of the themed area Pandora – The World of Avatar. Other guests included Sherri Shepherd, Tom Bergeron, actresses Ariel Winter, Audra McDonald, and Mandy Moore, actors John Stamos and Eric Stonestreet, and chefs Masaharu Morimoto and Art Smith, with musical performances by singer Andy Grammer and rock band Train.

On August 11, 2017, ABC re-aired the first episode of The View, which originally aired on the same date 20 years prior. On November 7, 2019, the series celebrated the airing of its 5,000th episode, with Bill Geddie, businessman Donald Trump Jr., and television personality Kimberly Guilfoyle appearing as guests. The following month, singer Darlene Love performed her song "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" alongside singer Jason Derulo on the December 20 broadcast, which Love has done annually since 2015. On March 11, 2020, the series aired its first broadcast without a live studio audience since its debut due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On September 24, 2021, Hostin and Ana Navarro were removed from the show mid-broadcast due to testing positive for COVID-19 before a planned in-person interview with U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris. The rest of the episode saw Behar and Haines answering audience questions and Harris appearing from a separate room in the studio building via a video stream during the last ten minutes. Hostin and Navarro returned the following week and said further testing indicated the two had received false positive results.

On June 2, 2022, the show aired a taped segment of Behar, Matenopoulos, Jones, and Vieira reuniting to reminisce at Essex Hall, where the original auditions for co-hosts took place. On January 3, 2023, the show aired a tribute special for Walters following her death on December 30, 2022. Former co-hosts Matenopoulos, Shepherd, and Ling appeared live on the show with former co-hosts Jones and Hasselbeck appearing virtually and Vieira calling into the show. The series aired its 6,000th episode in July 2024.

Controversies
The show's tenth season was embroiled in controversies, such as O'Donnell "speaking in mock Chinese" as well as her public feud with businessman and later U.S. president Donald Trump. On May 17, 2007, O'Donnell sparked accusations of "equating American soldiers with terrorists" in relation to the Iraq War by asking, "655,000 Iraqi civilians are dead. Who are the terrorists?" Following frequent debates involving O'Donnell and Elisabeth Hasselbeck, a confrontation ensued between the two on May 23 due to O'Donnell's issue with Hasselbeck's lack of willingness to defend her right to criticize the war. O'Donnell also stated that the media would portray her as "big, fat, lesbian, loud Rosie attacking innocent, pure, Christian Elisabeth" and that Republican pundits were mischaracterizing her statements; Hasselbeck responded by telling O'Donnell to defend her own insinuations. O'Donnell exited the series two days later, three weeks earlier than scheduled. She later attributed her early exit to the use of a split screen during the confrontation.

During a discussion about the 89th Miss America pageant on September 14, 2015, Michelle Collins called contestant Kelley Johnson's monologue about her occupation as a registered nurse "hilarious", stating that Johnson "read her emails out loud", while Behar referenced Johnson's attire and questioned why she had on "a doctor's stethoscope". The remarks resulted in an immediate social media backlash from the nursing profession, including the hashtag #NursesUnite. Two days later, Collins and Behar addressed the controversy on air. Consequently, pharmaceutical corporation Johnson & Johnson and egg company Eggland's Best pulled their sponsorships from the series, later followed by food company McCormick & Company, laundry brand Snuggle, and party store chain Party City.

On February 13, 2018, while analyzing television personality Omarosa's comments in regards to U.S. Vice President Mike Pence's religiosity, Behar stated: "It's one thing to talk to Jesus, it's another thing when Jesus talks to you. That's called mental illness, if I'm not correct, hearing voices." Content analysis organization Media Research Center subsequently launched a campaign demanding an apology from Behar and urging viewers to do the same, resulting in 40,000 calls to ABC as well as 6,000 complaints to the show's advertisers. Pence himself responded and accused the show of expressing "religious intolerance". The Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger later stated that Behar has directly apologized to Pence. On March 13, Behar issued an apology on air and said: "I think Vice President Pence is right; I was raised to respect everyone's religious faith, and I fell short of that. I sincerely apologize for what I said."

In February 2022, president of ABC News Kim Godwin suspended Goldberg from the show for two weeks after she stated during an episode that the Holocaust was "not about race".

Other media
In 2016, VH1 picked up Daytime Divas, a television series adaptation of Star Jones' book Satan's Sisters, which revolves around a fictional daytime talk show named The Lunch Hour featuring five female co-hosts. Jones, who was also one of the series' executive producers, and then-View co-hosts Joy Behar, Jedediah Bila, Sara Haines, and Sunny Hostin all made guest appearances on the series. It was canceled in 2017 after one season.

In September 2018, The View began a podcast that saw the release of each episode in the show after its original televised broadcast. In September 2021, the series launched a companion podcast titled Behind the Table, which features conversations between former and current co-hosts. ABC began releasing episodes of Behind the Table daily in September 2023.

In April 2019, Thomas Dunne Books published a non-fiction book entitled Ladies Who Punch by journalist Ramin Setoodeh, which chronicles the entire history of the show. It features interviews with various current and former View co-hosts. The book is set to be adapted into a television miniseries.

Critical response
A New York Times review, published ten days after the show premiered, describes what critic Caryn James thought was distinctive about the show: The idea of women talking to one another on daytime television is not exactly radical. The idea that those women should be smart and accomplished is still odd enough to make The View seem wildly different. It actively defies the bubbleheads-'R'-us approach to women's talk shows.

In a 2001 profile of Barbara Walters for Vanity Fair, James Wolcott called The View a "genius bit of television." The following year, Virginia Heffernan of Slate complimented the chemistry between Walters, Meredith Vieira, Star Jones, and Joy Behar, writing that the women "have eased completely into the stock sensibility of middle-aged talk shows, embracing the imperatives that one be healthy, careful, temperate, charitable, and moderately cutesy while at the same time skeptical, ribald, and world-weary." Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised the show in 2007, writing that it "does for daytime what The Daily Show does for nighttime: It reflects the pent-up frustrations, pleasures, and hostilities its audience has toward pop and political culture."

Despite being credited for helping the show achieve higher ratings, Rosie O'Donnell received criticism from "viewers and interest groups" that disagreed with her viewpoints. The Atlantic's Kevin O'Keefe deemed O'Donnell's hiring as moderator "somewhat curious" due to her being "such an outspoken individual". Conversely, Helena Andrews of Politico praised O'Donnell for making the show "actually watchable—something no longer relegated to the ether of TiVo or sneaked through head phones at work when we should be watching CNN." In 2014, Michael Schulman of The New Yorker highlighted O'Donnell's first tenure, elaborating that she "pushed the limits of what cheery daytime chatter could sustain, and The View became more heated and more interesting as a result."

Jenny McCarthy's appointment as a co-host attracted backlash due to her anti-vaccination views. Writing as a senior science editor for HuffPost, David Freeman referenced science communicator Bill Nye's concern that McCarthy would "encourage parents to prevent their kids from getting vaccinated" as well has his hope that her views would be "discredited." Alex Pareene of Salon criticized the decision, writing that McCarthy "isn't just quirky—she spreads lies that hurt people." Jill Filipovic remarked on The Guardian that McCarthy "has no record of political activism or even serious engagement with the world" other than her anti-vaccination stance. The New Yorker's Michael Specter asserted that ABC executives "should be ashamed of themselves for offering McCarthy a regular platform on which she can peddle denialism and fear to the parents of young children who may have legitimate questions about vaccine safety" and that her hiring was a "strike against reason and progress and hope."

Following Walters' retirement, the show became known for constant changes in its lineup of co-hosts, including the brief tenures of O'Donnell, McCarthy, Rosie Perez, Nicolle Wallace, and Michelle Collins. In July 2015, Daniel D'Addario of Time suggested that it was time for ABC to end The View, citing the show's inability to sustain a consistent panel as a factor. The following year, Deadline Hollywood's Lisa de Moraes wrote that the series was "gaining a reputation as one of the riskier gigs for on-air talent."

In 2017, David Bauder of the Associated Press attributed the series' resurgence in viewership to its political discussions. HuffPost's David Hinckley opined that The View has been successful in implementing its original premise and maintaining "a balance in areas like ethnicity and ideology" in regards to its co-hosts. Writing for The New York Times in May 2019, Amanda FitzSimons cited the fascination with the co-hosts as what sets the show apart from other entertainment and news programs and noted that it "remains one of the few places on TV where audiences can watch authentic human drama." Lorraine Ali of the Los Angeles Times praised the series for being "one of the few places left on TV where liberal, conservative and moderate voices pose questions that real folks might ask" and generating "raw moments that are as authentic as they are viral." In July 2021, Variety columnist Daniel D'Addario found that the show had lost its "crackling electricity" and that the co-hosts had "veered into a place that wasn't even good TV" due to the limitations of taping remotely in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

U.S. television ratings
The tenth season of The View averaged 3.5 million viewers per episode, with the season premiere being the series' most watched at 4.4 million viewers. In November 2008, the show's post-election day telecast garnered the biggest audience in its history at 6.2 million in viewers, becoming the week's most-watched program in daytime television. It was surpassed by the broadcast on July 29, 2010, which featured President Barack Obama's first appearance as a guest and garnered 6.6 million viewers. In 2013, the show averaged 3.1 million daily viewers, which outpaced rival talk show The Talk. It averaged 4.1 million viewers during Walters' final week in May 2014, with the episode featuring a farewell to Walters on May 16 garnering 5.2 million viewers and ranking as the show's fourth most-watched broadcast.

The season 18 premiere in September 2014 drew the show's second largest season premiere audience to date of 3.902 million viewers. The ratings declined following the premiere, with those in the demographic of women 25–54 "pacing downward for the fourth straight season" and being 30 percent lower from five years prior. The ratings in the same demographic in January 2015 were down nine percent from the year prior. Season 19 averaged 2.757 million viewers per episode. The show averaged 2.94 million viewers during the first week of November 2016. Its viewership during season 20 had been up five percent from the previous season by April 2017.

The 21st season attained the show's highest ratings since Walters' retirement, averaging 2.9 million viewers per episode. Its 5,000th episode, which aired in November 2019, garnered 3.021 million viewers. The series was one of the top five daytime talk shows in the U.S., with an average of 2.5 million daily viewers, as of January 2020. During the November 2020 sweeps period, it averaged 3.048 million viewers. The View was the daytime talk or news program to obtain the highest number of total viewers during its 24th season, averaging 2.743 million viewers. As part of the 2022–2023 television season, the 26th season averaged 2.375 million viewers and ranked No. 1 in total viewers amongst all daytime talk programs. It was the series' third consecutive year in the position.

Accolades
Since debuting in 1997, The View has garnered various awards and honors, among them are 30 Daytime Emmy Awards (as of 2017), which include Outstanding Talk Show, Outstanding Informative Talk Show, and Outstanding Talk Show Host for Walters, Behar, Whoopi Goldberg, Elisabeth Hasselbeck, and Sherri Shepherd, and three NAACP Image Awards. In addition, the show has received nominations for People's Choice Awards,  GLAAD Media Awards,   and a Critics' Choice Television Award.

title: The View (talk show)


text:
The Benefactor (TV series)

The Benefactor is an American reality television show broadcast for one season on ABC in 2004. The premise involved 16 contestants vying to win US$1 million from billionaire entrepreneur and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban.

title: The Benefactor (TV series)


text:
Mario Runco Jr.

Mario Runco Jr. is a former United States Naval officer and NASA astronaut. He was selected as an astronaut with in 1987. He flew three Space Shuttle missions, performed a spacewalk on his second mission, and is now retired both from NASA and the U.S. Navy.

Early life and education
Mario Runco, Jr. was born on January 26, 1952, in The Bronx, New York, to Mario and Filomena Ragusa Runco. Raised in the Highbridge neighborhood of The Bronx, his family moved to Yonkers, New York, in his early teen years. Runco graduated from Sacred Heart School, in the Bronx, NY in 1966 and Cardinal Hayes High School, the Bronx, NY in 1970. He earned a bachelor of science degree in meteorology and physical oceanography from the City College of New York in 1974 and a master of science degree in meteorology from Rutgers University in 1976. He played intercollegiate ice hockey on the City College of New York and Rutgers University teams.

Special honors
He was awarded the Defense Superior Service Medal, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, NASA Exceptional Service Medal, Navy Achievement Medal and Navy Pistol Expert Medal. He was also awarded three NASA Space Flight Medals (STS-44, STS-54 and STS-77), two Navy Sea Service Ribbons (USS NASSAU [LHA-4] and USNS CHAUVENET [T-AGS-29]), and the Navy Battle Efficiency Ribbon (USS NASSAU [LHA-4]). He received a Rotary National Space Achievement Stellar Team Award (2002) for his work on the International Space Station’s (ISS’s) Science Window and the Window Observational Research Facility (WORF), He was also the recipient of the City College of New York's Townsend Harris Medal (1993), and the Cardinal Hayes High School Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman Award (1993). As an undergraduate, he received the City College of New York Class of 1938 Athletic Service Award and is believed to be the first person of Italian origin to fly in space, being decorated accordingly by the president of Italy in 1999. He received an honorary doctor of science degree from the City College of New York in 1999.

Early career
Working at various positions even through his school years, Runco worked continuously from age nine until his retirement on December 31, 2017, eventually accumulating 57 years of continuous employment and almost 48 years of federal service with four different federal agencies (USPOD/USPS, USGS, USN, and NASA). After graduating from Rutgers University, he worked for a year as a research hydrologist conducting ground water surveys for the United States Geological Survey on Long Island, New York. In 1977, he joined the New Jersey State Police and, after completing training at the State Police Academy, he worked as a New Jersey State Trooper until he entered the United States Navy in June 1978. Upon completion of Navy Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island, in September 1978, he was commissioned and assigned to the Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory then known as the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility (NEPRF) in Monterey, California, as a research meteorologist. From April 1981 to December 1983, he served as the Meteorological Officer aboard the amphibious assault ship USS NASSAU [LHA-4]. It was during this tour of duty that he earned his designation as a Naval Surface Warfare Officer. From January 1984 to December 1985, he worked as a laboratory instructor at the Naval Postgraduate School, specifically the Geophysics Technical Readiness Laboratory, in Monterey, California. From December 1985 to December 1986, he served as Commanding Officer of Oceanographic Unit 4 embarked in the naval survey vessel USNS CHAUVENET [T-AGS-29], conducting hydrographic and oceanographic surveys of the Makassar and Sunda Straits and the Flores and Java Seas, Indonesia. His last assignment within the Navy before being assigned to NASA was as Fleet Environmental Services Officer at the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command's Naval Western Meteorology and Oceanography Center, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He joined NASA in 1987 and remained on active duty as a NASA astronaut until 1994 after which he continued his NASA career as a civilian astronaut until his retirement.

NASA tenure
Selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in June 1987, Runco qualified for assignment as an astronaut mission specialist in August 1988. A veteran of three space flights (STS-44 in 1991, STS-54 in 1993, and STS-77 in 1996), Runco has logged over 551 hours in space which includes a 4.5 hour spacewalk during his STS-54 mission. His technical assignments included serving in Operations Development, where he assisted in the design, development and testing of the Space Shuttle crew escape system after the Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle {OV}-099) accident; in Mission Support, at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL, OV-095) as a SAIL Commander, performing test and evaluation of Space Shuttle mission-specific flight software; at the Kennedy Space Center, as an Astronaut Support Person (ASP or "cape Crusader"), where he assisted in preparing Space Shuttle missions for launch supporting missions STS-81, 82, 83, 84, 94, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91, and in the Johnson Space Center's Mission Control Center as a Capsule (Spacecraft) Communicator (CAPCOM) supporting missions STS-60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, & 109 as the Lead CAPCOM for the last Hubble Space Telescope repair mission. He was served as an Earth and planetary scientist and the lead for Spacecraft Window Optics and Utilization for the International Space Station's (ISS's) windows, including the U.S. Laboratory Destiny Module Nadir Science Window, the Window Observational Research Facility (WORF), and the ISS's Cupola windows, all of which he helped design.

STS-44
On his first flight, Runco served as a Mission Specialist (MS-3) on the crew of STS-44 aboard the Space Shuttle ATLANTIS (OV-104) which launched from the Kennedy Space Center's (KSC's) launch pad 39A on the night of November 24, 1991. The primary mission objective was accomplished with the successful deployment of a Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite. In addition, the crew conducted two Military Man-in-Space Earth Observation experiments (M88-1, on which he was the lead, and Terra Scout), three radiation monitoring experiments, and numerous life sciences experiments in support of long duration space flights. STS-44 was originally scheduled as a 10-day mission; however, the oxygen loading for the mission was not sufficient to last 10 days due to the weight of the primary payload so the crew would need to drastically conserve power to be able to make the oxygen last through the full mission duration. The crew’s power conservation efforts paid off on flight day 6 when it appeared there finally was enough oxygen to last the rest of the mission; however, the mission was cut short as Minimum Duration Flight (MDF) when a second navigational Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was powered up for redundancy and immediately failed and (CAPCOM) and fellow classmate Jan Davis dejectedly called the Commander Fred Gregory with the bad news, "“Fred, we’ve run out of ideas on IMU-2. We see problems both with the attitude and the velocity. We have declared IMU-2 failed.” ATLANTIS (OV-104) returned with only 2 of 3 IMU’s (#'s 1 and 3) operating to a contingency landing the next day on lakebed runway 05 at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 1, 1991, completing 110 orbits of the Earth.

STS-54
Even before launching for his first mission, Runco was assigned as a Mission Specialist (MS1) to his second flight, STS-54, which would fly on the Space Shuttle ENDEAVOUR (OV-105). STS-54 launched from KSC’s launch pad 39B launch pad 39B on January 13, 1993, and landed at the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) runway 33 at KSC in Florida on January 19, 1993, completing 96 orbits of the Earth. The six-day mission’s primary objective was accomplished with his deployment of a NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-F) on flight day 1. Also carried in the payload bay was the Diffuse X-Ray Spectrometer (DXS). This astronomical instrument for studying stellar evolution scanned the local vicinity of our Milky Way galaxy and recorded the low-energy X-ray emanations believed to originate from the plasma remnants of an ancient supernova. Crewmate Greg Harbaugh (EV1) and Runco (EV2) also became the 47th and 48th Americans to walk in space during a 4.5-hour spacewalk designed to evaluate the limits of human performance during extravehicular activities (EVA) in anticipation of the construction of the ISS. Included in these EVA evaluations was the first and only attempt thus far at ingressing a personal foot restraint (PFR) without the use of handholds, which Runco accomplished successfully and is still the only person to have done so. Of Runco, his spacewalking crew mate commented, “Mario was the most naturally skilled EVA guy I ever saw. He moved with ease and was able to accomplish everything he was challenged to do. He ingressed the Personal Foot Restraint (PFR) without handholds, a task ground controllers were taking bets on as to whether it could be accomplished or not, look like he’d done it his whole life, and even did it a second time when disbelieving ground controllers asked him to do it again, which he did. Early in the EVA, he even caught a small tool case when it came loose after my tether hook failed to close (that’s my story and I’m sticking to it) as we were transferring the tool items we needed to take with us from the payload bay’s EVA tool box or Personnel Support Assembly (PSA) to our portable mini-work stations. Mario had large strong hands, which are a huge asset for EVA, and he was a hockey player so he had tremendous endurance. I find it curious that he never got a chance to display his skills on HST or ISS.” Lastly, in what was called the "Physics of Toys In Space", which has since become a popular children's educational video, the crew also demonstrated how everyday toys behave in space to an interactive audience of elementary school students across the United States. Mission duration was 5 days, 23 hours and 38 minutes.

STS-77
On his last mission he served as a Mission Specialist (MS-3) on the crew of STS-77 aboard the Space Shuttle ENDEAVOUR (OV-105). Launching from KSC’s launch pad 39B on May 19, 1996, STS-77 carried a number of technology development experiments as well as a suite of microgravity science experiments. STS-77 also featured the fourth flight of a SpaceHab module, in this case a double module, as an experiment laboratory carried in ENDEAVOUR’s payload bay. The technology development experiments included two deployable satellites both of which were deployed by Runco. For the deploy of the Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN)-207/Inflatable Antenna Experiment Runco was the Remote Manipulator System (Robotic Arm) operator. The other deployable was a small Satellite Test Unit (STU) which was designed to use the drag from the rarified atmosphere present in low Earth orbit and the Earth’s magnetic field for attitude control and stabilization. His foresight in having high resolution and low light level photography equipment and a high intensity spotlight added to the mission’s suite of photography equipment and insisting that a second overhead window rather than a blank be installed in the second of the twin SpaceHab modules, salvaged this experiment when its laser Attitude Measuring System (AMS), also installed in the payload bay, failed shortly after deploy of the satellite. He used these assets and his photographic expertise to capture video of the STU as Endeavour tracked and flew astern of it for several days. Principal investigators were able to use the video retrieved by Runco in lieu of the AMS data to complete their evaluations. A clip from this video of the STU have even been posted on the internet as proof of the existence of UFO’s. He also captured some additional "Physics of Toys" scenes for a sequel to the original STS-54 educational video and subsequently made several appearances on the children’s television show Sesame Street (Episodes 3696**, 3698, 3731, 3776, and 3785) in 1998 for the “Slimey to the Moon” series during Season 29 (1997-98). STS-77 landed at KSC’s SLF runway 33 on May 29, 1996, completing 161 orbits of the Earth. Mission duration was 10 days and 39 minutes.

Post-spaceflight
Upon leaving the astronaut office, Runco became the JSC lead for spacecraft window optics and utilization endeavouring to have optical quality windows installed in the ISS and all future spacecraft. As such, he assisted with the design of the ISS’s U.S. Laboratory Destiny Module Nadir Science Window and Cupola Windows. He also was a key designer of the WORF installed over the Destiny science window and was a co-principal investigator on the University of North Dakota’s ISS Agricultural Camera (ISS AgCam/ISSAC), which operated from the WORF. In addition, he helped with the design and facilitated the integration of several other WORF payloads including EarthKAM, IMAX for the filming of Toni Myers’ last film, “A Beautiful Planet", Nanoracks, ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System (I-SERV), and Chiba University’s (Japan) “Meteor” observation study.

Personal life
Runco married the former Susan Kay Friess of Sylvania, Ohio. They have two children. He is also a former New Jersey state trooper and USGS research hydrologist.

Publications
1. Schultz, Christopher J., Timothy J. Lang, Skye Leak, Mario Runco, & William Stefanov. A Technique for Automated Detection of Lightning in Images and Video from the International Space Station for Scientific Understanding and Validation. American Geophysical Union (AGU), Earth and Space Science, 8, e2020EA001085, 02/12/2021.

2. Schultz, Christopher J., Timothy J. Lang, Skye Leake, Mario Runco, Jr., and Richard J. Blakeslee. Utilizing ISS Camera Systems for Scientific Analysis of Lightning Characteristics and Comparison with ISS-LIS and GLM (NASA Document ID 20170011711 NASA Report MSFC-E-DAA-TN50229). American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA, December 11, 2017. (Approved for Public Release) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170011711>

3. Runco Jr., Mario, and Karen P. Scott. NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard, Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health (NASA Technical Standard 3001, Vol. 2),  Baseline ed. Vol. 2 of 2. Washington, D.C. 20546-0001:  NASA, 1-10-2011. pp. 11-12, 100, 104-07, 173-194 (Appendices A-C). 2 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058-3696. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

4. Runco Jr., Mario, and Karen P. Scott. Human Integration Design Handbook (NASA Handbook - NASA/SP-2010-3407), Baseline ed. Washington, D.C. 20546-0001: NASA, 1-27-2010. pp. iii, 9-10, 592-624, 969-997 (Appendix A), 1066-1127 (Appendices C and D). 1 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 77058-3696. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

5. Runco Jr., Mario, and Karen P. Scott. Optical Performance Requirements for Windows in Human Space Flight Applications (NASA/SP-2010-3407 - Human Integration Design Handbook, Appendix D). Baseline ed. Washington, D.C. 20546-0001: NASA, 1-27-2010. pp. 1089-1127. 1 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 77058-3696. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

6. Scott, Karen P. and Mario Runco Jr. Basic Optical Theory Applied to Windows (NASA/SP-2010-3407 - Human Integration Design Handbook, Appendix C), Baseline ed. Washington, D.C. 20546-0001: NASA, 1-27-2010. pp. 1066-1078. 1 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 77058-3696. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

7. Scott, Karen P. and Mario Runco Jr. Optical Design Guidelines for Good Windows (NASA/SP-2010-3407 - Human Integration Design Handbook, Appendix C), Baseline ed. Washington, D.C. 20546-0001: NASA, 1-27-2010. pp. 1079-1088. 1 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 77058-3696. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

8. Runco Jr., Mario and Karen P. Scott. Requirements for Optical Properties for Windows Used in Crewed Spacecraft (JSC-63307), Baseline ed. Houston, Texas 77058-3696: NASA, 6-28-2007. pp. 1-11, A1-A3. 1 vols. NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Web. 10 May 2011. (Approved for Public Release)

9. Runco Jr., Mario, and Karen P. Scott (cataloged under Dory, Jonathan). Constellation Program Human-System Integration Requirements, (CxP70024, JSC-CN-26834), Baseline-Revision E, Houston, TX 77058-3696: NASA, November 19, 2010, Requirements Section 3.4-Architecture, Subsection 3.4.4-Hatches, Paragraph 3.4.4.2.1.4 and Subsection 3.4.5-Windows, pp. 95-98; Verification Requirements Section 4.4-Architecture, Subsection 4.4.4-Hatches, Paragraph 4.4.4.2.1.4 and Subsection 4.4.5-Windows, pp. 243-247; Appendix M; and optical/window related portions of Appendices A and J. (Approved for Public Release)

10. Runco, Mario, Dean B. Eppler, Karen P. Scott2, & Susan K. Runco. Earth Science and Remote Sensing from the International Space Station utilizing the Destiny Laboratory’s Science Window and the Window Observational Research Facility. Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE), Information for Risk Management and Sustainable Development, Pages 737-740; Honolulu, Hawaii; November 10-14, 2003 (Symposium organized by the East-West Center [EWC], Honolulu, Hawaii; the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing [ISPRS], Bethesda, Maryland [American Chapter]; and the International Center for Remote Sensing of Environment, Tucson, Arizona) [ISBN 0-932913-10-5].

11. Scott, Karen P., Leonard W. Brownlow, & Mario Runco. International Space Station Cupola Scratch Pane Window Optical Test Results (The Aerospace Corp. Assessment JA3138, Publication #: ATR-2003(7828)-1), Houston, TX  77058:  NASA-JSC Contract No. NAS9-00090, Flight System Safety and Mission Assurance Division, NASA - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 77058-3696, January 17, 2003. (Approved for Public Release) < NASA-JSC Scientific and Technical Information Center Library>

12. Vaupel, D.E., and Prince, K.R., Koehler, A.J., and Runco, Mario, 1977, Potentiometric surfaces of the upper glacial and Magothy aquifers and selected streamflow statistics, 1943-1972, on Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-528, 23 p. (Approved for Public Release) http://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_m/M-references.html

title: Mario Runco Jr.


text:
Roman Romanenko

Roman Yurievich Romanenko (Роман Юрьевич Романенко; born 9 August 1971) is a Russian retired cosmonaut at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. He is also a politician, sitting in the State Duma since 2021 representing the Chertanovo constituency.

Personal life
Romanenko was born in Shchyolkovo, near Moscow. His parents, Yuri Victorovich Romanenko and Aleftina Ivanovna Romanenko, live in Star City. He is married to Yulia Leonidovna Romanenko (Danilovskaya). They have a son and a daughter. His hobbies include underwater hunting, tennis, car repairs, tourism, yachting, volleyball and music.

Sanctioned by the United Kingdom from 11 March 2022 in relation to Russia's actions in Ukraine.

Education
After when he graduated from Star City high school in 1986, Romanenko entered the Leningrad Suvorov military school, from which he graduated in 1988. In 1988, he entered the Chernigov High Air Force School for pilots, from which he graduated in 1992 as a pilot-engineer.

Experience
Following graduation from pilot school Romanenko served as a second commander in the Air Force. He flew L-39 and Tu-134 aircraft. Romanenko has logged over 500 hours of flight time. He is a Class 3 Air Force pilot.

Awards
On 6 May 2010 Romanenko was awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation medal by the decree of the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. He was also awarded the honorary title Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation.

Cosmonaut career
Romanenko was selected as a cosmonaut candidate at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Cosmonaut Office in December 1997. From January 1998 to November 1999 he undertook his basic training course. In November 1999 he was qualified as a Test Cosmonaut.

He served as the backup to Oleg Kotov as the Commander of Soyuz TMA-10 and Fyodor Yurchikhin as Commander of Expedition 15.

Expedition 20/21
On 27 May 2009 Romanenko was launched into space as the commander of the Soyuz TMA-15 spacecraft from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. He was part of the Expedition 20 and Expedition 21 crews and was the third second-generation space traveller after Sergey Volkov and Richard Garriott. Romanenko served as a Flight Engineer aboard the ISS during the two long duration missions.

After spending 187 days and 20 hours in space, Romanenko returned to Earth along with astronauts, Robert Thirsk and Frank de Winne on 1 December 2009.

Expedition 34/35
On 19 December 2012, Romanenko was launched to space on Soyuz TMA-07M along with Chris Hadfield and Thomas Marshburn. He was a part of the crews of Expedition 34 and Expedition 35 aboard the ISS. He served as a Flight Engineer.

Romanenko returned to Earth on 14 May 2013 spending 145 days and 14 hours in space.

First Spacewalk
On 19 April 2013 Romanenko completed his first spacewalk with fellow cosmonaut Pavel Vinogradov, a 6-hour 38 minute EVA to conduct repairs to the ISS.

title: Roman Romanenko


text:
Westside (Los Angeles County)

The Los Angeles Westside is an urban region in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. It has no official definition, but sources like LA Weekly and the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times place the region on the western side of the Los Angeles Basin south of the Santa Monica Mountains.

LA Weekly
According to the LA Weekly, there are different perspectives on where the Westside ends and the Eastside begins. Generally, the Westside is the area south of the Santa Monica Mountains and Sepulveda Pass, and west of either:

 * Downtown Los Angeles – a historic definition supported by UCLA urban and cultural historian Eric Avila. Most of the number streets and big boulevards get a “west” before their names west of Main Street and an east if they are “east” of Main Street.
 * The 110 Freeway
 * La Cienega Boulevard
 * The 405 Freeway

Mapping L.A. boundaries
Los Angeles Times readers submitted more than 300 maps, with borders ranging from Lincoln to La Brea and beyond. The most common east/west dividing lines were: Downtown, La Cienega Boulevard (the most common street cited), and the 405 freeway (the most common answer).

The Times analyzed the results and no one definition approached a majority. Ultimately, the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project settled on a definition comprising 101.28 sqmi, encompassing not only districts in the city of Los Angeles but also two unincorporated neighborhoods, plus the cities of Beverly Hills, Culver City, and Santa Monica, but excluding all of the city of West Hollywood – even areas west of La Cienega Boulevard.

Neighborhoods and districts

According to the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times the Westside includes all of the below neighborhoods that are part of the city of Los Angeles:

 * Bel Air
 * Beverly Crest
 * Beverlywood
 * Beverly Grove
 * Brentwood
 * Century City
 * Del Rey
 * Cheviot Hills
 * Mar Vista
 * Marina Peninsula
 * Pacific Palisades
 * La Cienega Heights
 * Palms
 * Pico-Robertson
 * Playa Vista
 * Rancho Park
 * Sawtelle
 * Venice
 * West Los Angeles
 * Westwood

Other cities

 * Beverly Hills
 * Culver City
 * Malibu
 * Santa Monica

Unincorporated areas

 * Ladera Heights
 * Marina del Rey
 * Alsace

Population
In the 2000 census, the Westside (as defined by the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project) had a population of 529,427. In 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 63% of the population. The areas within the city of Los Angeles that Los Angeles Almanac recognized as part of the Westside had a population of 413,351.

Education
Fifty-three percent of West Los Angeles residents aged 25 and older had earned a 4-year degree (or higher) by 2000, according to Census Bureau figures quoted by the Los Angeles Times. They included 89,620 people with master's degrees or higher and 117,695 with bachelor's degrees. In addition, 95,187 people in that age range had some college experience. There were 46,823 with high school diplomas but 40,451 who had dropped out before graduating. As of 2019, the median income of the neighborhood was about $96,300.

The Westside is home to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), a public research university in the Westwood neighborhood. It is the second-oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California system. UCLA is considered a flagship campus of the University of California system, along with UC Berkeley. It offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. With an approximate enrollment of 28,000 undergraduate and 12,000 graduate students, UCLA is the university with the largest enrollment in the state of California and the most popular university in the United States by number of applicants.

Other post-secondary schools in the Westside are as follows:
 * Otis College of Art and Design
 * Santa Monica College, first opened in 1929 as Santa Monica Junior College. Current enrollment is over 30,000 students in more than 90 fields of study.
 * West Los Angeles College, which offers associate degrees, vocationally oriented programs and transfer programs to four-year universities.

title: Westside (Los Angeles County)


text:
Valery Ryumin

Valery Victorovich Ryumin (Валерий Викторович Рюмин; 16 August 1939 – 6 June 2022) was a Soviet cosmonaut.

Biography
In 1958, he graduated from the Kaliningrad Mechanical Engineering Technical College with the specialty "Cold Working of Metal." In 1966, he graduated from the Department of Electronics and Computing Technology of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute with the specialty "Spacecraft Control Systems."

From 1958 to 1961, Ryumin served in the army as a tank commander.

From 1966 onwards he was employed at the Rocket Space Corporation Energia, holding the positions of Ground Electrical Test Engineer, Deputy Lead Designer for Orbital Stations, Department Head, and Deputy General Designer for Testing. He helped develop and prepare all orbital stations, beginning with Salyut 1.

In 1973, he joined the RSC Energia cosmonaut corps. Ultimately he became a veteran of four space flights and logged a total of 371 days in space.

In 1977, he spent two days aboard Soyuz 25, in 1979, he spent 175 days aboard Soyuz vehicles 32 and 34 and the Salyut 6 space station, and in 1980, he spent 185 days aboard Soyuz vehicles 35 and 37 and the Salyut 6 space station.

From 1981 to 1989, Ryumin was flight director for the Salyut 7 space station and the Mir space station. Since 1992, he was the Director of the Russian portion of the Shuttle-Mir and NASA-Mir program.

In January 1998, NASA announced Ryumin's selection to the crew of STS-91. Ryumin served aboard STS-91 Discovery (2–12 June 1998) the 9th and final Shuttle-Mir docking mission, concluding the joint U.S./Russian Phase I Program. The STS-91 mission was accomplished in 154 Earth orbits, traveling 3.8 million miles in 235 hours and 54 seconds.

Married to fellow cosmonaut Yelena Kondakova, he had two daughters and a son. His hobbies included tennis, angling, hunting, walking through forests, and travel.

Ryumin died on 6 June 2022, and was buried in the Federal Military Memorial Cemetery on 9 June.

Awards

 * Twice as Hero of the Soviet Union (19 August 1979 and 11 October 1980)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
 * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 4th class
 * Three Orders of Lenin (USSR)
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
 * Hero of the Republic of Cuba
 * Hero of Socialist Labour (Vietnam)
 * Order of Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)

In popular culture
In the 2017 Russian film Salyut 7, a character Valery Shudin, played by Aleksandr Samoylenko, was based on Ryumin.

title: Valery Ryumin


text:
Bécancour Regional County Municipality

Bécancour is a regional county municipality in the Centre-du-Québec region of Quebec, Canada. Its seat is Bécancour.

Subdivisions
There are 12 subdivisions and one native reserve within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (1)
 * Bécancour

 * Municipalities (8)
 * Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent
 * Fortierville
 * Lemieux
 * Manseau
 * Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets
 * Saint-Sylvère
 * Sainte-Françoise
 * Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford

 * Parishes (3)
 * Parisville
 * Sainte-Cécile-de-Lévrard
 * Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard

 * Native Reserves (1) (not associated with RCM)
 * Wôlinak

Demographics
Mother tongue from 2016 Canadian Census

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

title: Bécancour Regional County Municipality


text:
Winston E. Scott

Winston Elliott "Win" Scott (born August 6, 1950) is a retired United States Navy Captain and former NASA astronaut. He served as a mission specialist on STS-72 in 1996 and STS-87 in 1997 logged a total of 24 days, 14 hours and 34 minutes in space, including three spacewalks totaling 19 hours and 26 minutes. Often known by his nickname of "Win", he was also a Naval Aviator and initially flew helicopters and later transitioned to fighter aircraft.

Education
Scott attended George Washington Carver Senior High School until integration occurred in Dade County Schools, and he entered Coral Gables Senior High School, from which he graduated in 1968. He was a member of the Coral Gables High band and is remembered as one of the school's best trumpet players. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music from Florida State University in 1972, where he joined Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1980.

Experience
Scott entered Naval Aviation via Aviation Officer Candidate School after graduating from Florida State University in December 1972. He completed flight training in fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft and was designated a Naval Aviator in August 1974. He then served a four-year tour of duty with Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light 33 (HSL-33) at the Naval Air Station North Island, California, flying the SH-2F Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helicopter.

In 1978 Scott was selected to attend the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, California, where he earned his master of science degree in aeronautical engineering with an emphasis in avionics.

After completing jet training in the TA-4J Skyhawk, Scott served a tour of duty with Fighter Squadron 84 (VF-84) at NAS Oceana, Virginia, flying the F-14 Tomcat. In June 1986 he was designated an Aerospace Engineering Duty Officer (AEDO). He then served as a production test pilot at Naval Aviation Depot Jacksonville at NAS Jacksonville, Florida, flying the F/A-18 Hornet and the A-7 Corsair II aircraft. He was also assigned as Director of the Product Support (engineering) Department. He was next assigned as the Deputy Director of the Tactical Aircraft Systems Department at the Naval Air Development Center at Warminster, Pennsylvania. As a research and development project pilot, he flew the F-14, F/A-18 and A-7 aircraft.

Scott has accumulated more than 5,000 hours of flight time in 20 different military and civilian aircraft, and more than 200 shipboard landings.

Additionally, Scott was an associate instructor of electrical engineering at Florida A&M University and Florida Community College at Jacksonville. He currently serves as the Vice President of Florida Institute of Technology.

NASA career
Scott was selected by NASA in April 1992, and reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1992. He served as a mission specialist on STS-72 in 1996 and STS-87 in 1997, and logged a total of 24 days, 14 hours and 34 minutes in space, including three spacewalks totaling 19 hours and 26 minutes.

Scott retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy at the end of September 1999 to accept a position at his alma mater, Florida State University, as Vice President for Student Affairs. He then served as Executive Director of the Florida Space Authority. His responsibilities included the development of space-related industry and economic initiatives. He represented the State of Florida's interests in the development of space policies and programs and advised the governor and lieutenant governor on all civil, commercial and military space matters. Scott urged then-Governor Jeb Bush to combine the three state space organizations; the Florida Space Authority, the Florida Aerospace Finance Corp and the Florida Space Research Institute, into a single organization. The combination became what is now Space Florida.

Scott subsequently served as the dean of the College of Aeronautics and senior vice president for External Relations and Economic Development at the Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne, FL. Scott is semi-retired and of this writing serves as the senior advisor to the president of the university.

Spaceflight experience
STS-72 Endeavour (January 11, 1996 – January 20, 1996) was a nine-day flight during which the crew retrieved the Space Flyer Unit satellite (launched from Japan 10-months earlier), deployed and retrieved the OAST-Flyer satellite, and conducted two spacewalks to demonstrate and evaluate techniques to be used in the assembly of the International Space Station. The mission was accomplished in 142 orbits of the Earth and traveled 3.7 million miles. Scott logged a total of 214 hours and 41 seconds in space on the mission, including his first EVA of 6 hours and 53 minutes.

STS-87 Columbia (November 19, 1997 – December 5, 1997) was the fourth US microgravity payload flight, and focused on experiments designed to study how the weightless environment of space affects various physical processes, and on observations of the Sun's outer atmospheric layers. Scott performed two spacewalks; the first, a 7-hour 43 minute EVA, featured the manual capture of a Spartan satellite, in addition to testing EVA tools and procedures for future Space Station assembly. The second spacewalk lasted five hours and also featured space station assembly tests. Testing of the AERCam Sprint was conducted during his EVA. The mission was accomplished in 252 Earth orbits, traveling 6.5 million miles in 376 hours and 34 minutes.

Scott has written a book about his experiences in space, Reflections From Earth Orbit, published by Apogee Books.

Organizations
Scott belongs to the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, National Naval Officers Association, Naval Helicopter Association, Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity, Shotokan Karate Association, Association of International Tohgi Karate-Do, and Bronze Eagles Association of Texas.

In 2007, he received an honorary degree from Michigan State University for his work in space, which is regarded as a case study in leadership and expert communications. He also spoke at the 2007 commencements at Michigan State, encouraging students to believe in themselves and follow their dreams.

Personal life
Scott was born August 6, 1950, in Miami (Coconut Grove), Florida. He is married to the former Marilyn K. Robinson; they have two children, one of whom has followed in his footsteps as a Naval Aviator and currently serves as the commander of Carrier Air Wing Two. Scott enjoys martial arts and holds a second-degree black belt in Shotokan karate. He also enjoys music, and plays trumpet with a Houston-based big band. In addition to flying general aviation aircraft, he is an electronics hobbyist.

title: Winston E. Scott


text:
Brome-Missisquoi Regional County Municipality

Brome-Missisquoi is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. It lies in the Eastern Townships area. The seat is Cowansville. In 2021, it was transferred to the Estrie region from Montérégie.

In Parliament it is covered by the Brome—Missisquoi federal electoral district.

History
In the 1980s, the RCM was formed from municipalities of historic Brome and Missisquoi counties. On January 1, 2010, the city of Bromont moved from La Haute-Yamaska Regional County Municipality to Brome-Missisquoi.

Subdivisions
There are 21 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (7)
 * Bedford
 * Bromont
 * Cowansville
 * Dunham
 * Farnham
 * Lac-Brome
 * Sutton

 * Municipalities (11)
 * Bolton-Ouest
 * Brigham
 * East Farnham
 * Frelighsburg
 * Notre-Dame-de-Stanbridge
 * Pike River
 * Saint-Armand
 * Saint-Ignace-de-Stanbridge
 * Sainte-Sabine
 * Stanbridge East
 * Stanbridge Station

 * Townships (1)
 * Bedford

 * Villages (2)
 * Abercorn
 * Brome

Highways
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * (planned)
 * (planned)

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes