text:
Talk:Object-relationship modelling

For more information feel free to contact me at --Onesys 23:39, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I moved the above comment to the talk page from the article space. SWAdair | Talk 10:07, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure what Object-relationship modeling is, it could be this. I do know that Terry Halpin is involved in Object Role Modeling and it is nothing like what is described in this article. jMM

This seems identical to Object-relational_mapping. They should be differentiated or merged. Troublekit 08:17, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Object-relationship modelling


text:
Talk:Dublin 4

Headline text
Bold textThe examples of D4-speak are poor. "Bored Gosh" or "Bored Gawsh" is a pretty good approximation of the pronunciation of Bord Gáis, and "unpussed" or "unpust" is similarly good for An Post.

 * Fool Content 125%

Moreover, the point usually made about D4 is that it is the home of the chattering classes, the affluent liberal pseudo-intellectuals who want to force divorce, abortion and atheism on the good bungalow building folk of Connemara.

The strangled speech of south Dublin (feud for food, core for car, etc, well documented in the backpages of the Turbine, IIRC) belongs mostly further south, in the vast residential wastelands of Foxrock, Blackrock, Stillorgan, Dundrum and so on. BrendanH 10:20, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Fool Content 150%

UCD isn't located in Dublin 4, but Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, the border is just before Belfield Bridge on the Stillorgan Dual Carriageway which is where Dublin 4 and the Dublin City Council district ends and Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown begins. I also agree with the point on accents already posted, it is not nessesarly a Dublin 4-only thing, but or upper-middle-class southsiders in general, from locations more southern than Dublin 4.

 * I beg to differ - UCD may 'administratively' be in Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, but the postal address is most definitely UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4. Jlang

Dublin postal districts have nothing to do with the administrative divisions AFAIK. UCD is definately D4, you can check their website; I don't know if it is in DL-Rathdown or not; it is possible that you cross back into Dublin city when you go through the entrance. The Montrose hotel is still D4 but almost certainly in DL-Rathdown, however. Blorg 16:42, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Ucd is clearly in D14, make no bones about it. Think about it like, Clonskeagh road borders one side, Fosters Avenue another side, then Roebuck Road too. All of these are in D14.

Come on... UCD not in Dublin 4??? I go to the university so i'm perfectly aware of the monumental 'crossing of the void' from out of D4, when taking the 'nomber 10' to college. So technically you may be right... or i suppose technically you may be wrong - as the postal address does appear to be Dublin 4...

So let's just leave the technicalities aside. Culturally, socially, economically, (some might say 'annoyingly') - everything about the university smacks of D4. It wafts through the air like a bad vending-machine cologne, emanating odourously from herds of cotton track-suit clad blondes, whose faces hide under a dense veil of tan-in and whose make-up would make an aging ##### blush.

 * Fool Content 110%

 * According to UCD's home page, at the bottom of the page, it's Dublin 4. Discussion over. 213.94.243.213 14:32, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed - the address on the home page of UCD should be definitive. Autarch 12:17, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * In complete disagreement with this. An Post are the ones who define the boundaries of the postal districts, not UCD. According to An Post, UCD is not in D4. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.120.235.122 (talk) 15:08, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

IPA please
Could someone please convert the examples to IPA? It's impossible to tell exactly what sounds they are with these approximate spellings. —Keenan Pepper 07:09, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

POV

 * While "D4" is a short-hand in some Irish circles for liberal-minded progressives <- debatable ,
 * residents of the post-code are also seen as an Irish pastiche of the British 'stiff upper lip' type
 * but are more akin to moneyed American suburbanites of the OC persuasio

The POV Runs from start to finish, this is just worst of it. (Gnevin 23:59, 10 February 2006 (UTC))

Dublin 4 is a mentality
It may be a postal area, but in common usage a mentality is being referred to. The Ross O Carroll Kelly part is one aspect, but there is also the West Brit and culturally English side. For many if not most Irish outside Dublin, D4 is synonymous with West Brit.El Gringo 21:07, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed... In fact it's nearly more an accent than anything else. I'm from Bray, and yet people would still term me D4 - merely because I speak with a sort of middle-class accent, and in spite of the fact that I'm a passionate Gaeilgeoir who is as un-West-Brit as they come, and who lives 8 miles outside the realms of the postcode. Perhaps a discussion of the different types of D4-head would be useful... the West Brit, the person with the accent, the jock, the person who actually lives there. Also, some mention of the term "D4-head"!NaLaochra 02:51, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Anybody care to clarify the following... ROCK seems to hail from Foxrock which is D18 not D4, and his overall mindset would be quite different from the one being discussed here as typical of D4... What is the correct resolution to this? elpincha 13:57, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a lazy a sloppy shorthand for "South Dublin" - which includes Tallaght, an area that is supposed to be the diametric opposite of Dublin 4. Cliches aren't always accurate. Autarch (talk) 19:29, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

True D4 honest

however it is common knowledge that these west brits constantly want to portray themselves as somehow Better than the rest of us, particularly people of the D24 area, but we can all rest assuradly in the knowledge that they secretly are jealous of the fact that elsewhere in dublin we have a culture and dont need to keep up with the latest episode of the OC to give us our lastest life direction and alone fashion tips. By the way do any of these west brits ever actually have some fun, it seems your obsessive nature does not allow you to relax enjoy a few drinks with the rest of us, imagine one seen with a north-sider? that would be like so whatever. I suppose you can alway fall back on your drug abuse then complain at how barbaric life is in tallaght, but whats new eh?

so if you read this and happen to be from a so called bastion a liberal ideas, like blackrock or one other of this upper class lot, ask yourself why do most people take a real dislike to you. its obvious that you would use a jealousy arguement, but its something about your personalities as a whole, sure i might as well tell you people i know how you dont like to be kept waiting, particularly while shopping in Dunnes, couldn't be cought shopping there now could you? its because in general people just dont like ponces, and fascists.

Ahwell, cherio darling, i have to be at annebells soon, but you just dont know i could pop into lillies later for a glass of white wine and a chat.
 * Fool Content 30%

Could someone please teach this person basic spelling and basic grammar!

Could someone XPLAIN to the above gentleman that the gramer of 'that person' is totallly irevelennnt to the point he is making?

Whereas I have discovered some quite down to earth, friendly, and even 'sound' affluent people on my travels, I most certainly agree that there is among some members of the Dublin bourgeoise a superiority complex, coupled with the fact that despite their expensive education they seem quite incapable of engaging in civil intercourse and seemingly have no desire to do so. The simple fact is that these 'D4' poshies (and they DO exist) enjoy the fact that they stand out, relish their affiliation with the jock American subculture, and positively climax at the thought that they don't really have to work hard like the rest of us, they can always rely on 'daddy' to sort them out in the future. So there.

Deletion
I dont believe the section on the D4 stereotype should have been removed as it was an accurate description of the stereotypical D4. And if you actually live in Dublin you will know that you encounter people almost daily who pronounce guys as goiys to give one example. I think the article should be reverted to the 03:05, 26 January 2007 Ezhiki revision. thanks

Igorndhaswog 22:12, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * A stereotype is an accurate description of a stereotype - that's an interesting way of putting it. Autarch (talk) 19:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

PS: NOTE: I AM AFRAID I DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENT OF "DUBLIN 4" INCLUDING IRISH TOWN AND HALF OF RINGSEND. I SHALL POLITICALLY NAME THE NEW DUBLIN 4 TO INCLUDE : DONNYBROOK, SANDYMOUNT, RANELAGH , BLACKROCK ALSO KNOWN AS "ROCK" , AND SANDYFORD AND BALLSBRIDGE! THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

CAKE IT ON CAKE IT ON PUT UR CANTOS ON PUT UR CANTOS ON HIGHLIGHT IT HIGHLIGHT IT DONTCHA THINK UR THE #### DONTCHA THINK UR THE #### PUT UR DECKS ON PUT UR DECKS ON PUT UR UGGS ON PUT UR UGGS ON PUT UR ABERCROMBIE ON OUT UR ABERCROMBIE ON AND POP! THE COLLAR POP! THE COLLAR PUT UR A EAGLE ON PUT UR A EAGLE ON AND POP......... WHATS WITH ALL THESE BITCHIN WORDS LOIKE LEDGE AND ROOOYSH LEDGE AND RROOOOYSSHH STRAIGHTEN THE HAIR STRAIGHTEN THE HAIR PUT IT UP IN A MESSY BUN GO ON STRAIGHTEN THE HAIR STRAIGHTEN THE HAIR PUT IT UP IN A MESSY BUN HUNNI ARE YOU A ##### OH NO NO UR A D4!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! WWWWWOOOOOOOO GO D4 WOOO RRRRRRRRRRRRRROOOOOOOOOOOYYYYYYYYYYYYYSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSHHHHHHHHH

THANK YOU FOR UR TIME
 * The map linked to here disagrees with you. This is an encyclopedia, not a graffiti wall. Autarch (talk) 19:23, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

1980s

 * "That should go down well with the Minister of State's friends in Dublin 4." Mr. Noonan 10-04-1986

 * "It covers Dublin 2, 4 and 6 and, because of the writings of a journalist who hails from the west but has chosen to live in Dublin, the connotation Dublin 4 has a very salubrious image which suggests considerable affluence. The reality is that many of the population in the catchment area of this hospital are not affluent." Mr. Quinn 21-05-1987

1990s

 * "As Senator Murphy knows, Ireland is not confined to Dublin 4 or Dublin 6. There is a different way of life in many parts of the country." Dr. O'Connell 15-07-1992

 * "Will the Minister agree that judges tend to be if not of the Dublin 4 postal district certainly of the Dublin 4 type?" Mr. G. Mitchell 30-03-1993

 * "Arising from the Minister's reply, can we take it that his clear and concise exposition of the role and function of headage payments is a direct warning by the Minister to his colleague, the socialist yuppie Deputy for Dublin 4, Minister of State, Deputy Eithne Fitzgerald, to keep her hands off the headage payments and that there is no intention of perverting the use of headage payments to relieve Government expenditure on Social Welfare?" Mr. Dukes 07-04-1993

 * "Sadly, RTÉ has a perception of being Dublin based, particularly in its news output, and news executives in RTÉ would be the first to admit that their efforts to regionalise news coverage has not met with great success. In defence of the news editors in RTÉ, their contribution to this perception is more by omission than any conspiracy by the Dublin 4 set to ignore anything that happens outside the confines of that much maligned Dublin district." Mr. Mooney 22-02-1996

 * "It has become a joke to suggest that everyone who resides in Dublin 4 is rich and that it contains absolutely no areas of social deprivation. However, the statistics relating to St. Brigid's are quite frightening." Dr. Henry 23-11-1999

2000s

 * "It is not an exaggeration to say that the loss of one teacher will cause havoc in the school which is in a disadvantaged area. One should not be fooled by the Dublin 4 address – I have always said there is Dublin 4 and Dublin 4B, and many of these children are drawn not from Dublin 4 but from the inner city and Dublin 2. Many are from Ringsend where I live." Mr. Gormley 15-06-2000

 * "We will have no sniping from Dublin 4." Mr. Mooney 26-10-2004

 * "I seek the adjournment of the Dáil under Standing Order 31 to raise a matter of national importance, namely, the revelation by the Council of Europe that Ireland now has the highest rate of amphetamine use and the second highest rate of cocaine use in Europe; the need for more effective action to increase enforcement against drug traffickers and the right of this House to hold the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform to account for his failure to prioritise this issue because it does not either suit his ideological agenda or affect the elite in Dublin 4." Aengus Ó Snodaigh 26-01-2005

 * "This is always met by the accusations of so-called Dublin 4 voices. It is not just Dublin 4 voices. I hear it now from people who have lived in the countryside all their lives." Mr. Norris 01-11-2006

 * I added the aforementioned quotes in case anybody finds them useful - they were retrieved using the advanced search facilities of Google limiting the search to the historical-debates.oireachtas.ie subdomain. Autarch 19:40, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Recent POV additions
I have reverted the recent POV additions made by an anon editor to this article. I spent quite a while trying to salvage SOMETHING of the additions, but the POV/unsourced commentary/original research and essay tone was so deeply ingrained that salvaging the content was impossible. And so a revert was the only option. By way of example of the problems:
 * Describing Charlie McCreevy as being of "humble social background" and "a declared enemy of middle class Dublin" is commentary and POV in the extreme.
 * Describing the district's "relationship" with the Catholic Church as "schitzophrenic" is both wholly unnecessary in an encyclopaedic article, and ridiculous generalisation.
 * Apart from being a misuse of the word "schizophrenic", there was a survey showing the area was slightly more religious than the average - I don't have a source to hand and I can only guess that it may be due to an older population than areas like, Tallaght. Autarch (talk) 19:26, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Stating that "Middle class Dublin has always been the most likely social element to introduce new political philosophies" is a ridiculously ludicrous (and totally unsourced) claim.
 * The claim that Dublin 4 residents have some kind of monopoly in the city/country on "good manners, tidyness, cleanliness, and an acute sense of social graces" is also outrageous
 * The repeated juxtaposition of the mores of "provincial Ireland" and D4 attitudes/outlook are also inappropriate in the extreme.

Apologies if any (valuable) intervening edits were reverted in the process. Guliolopez 12:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

An article should not be a collection of quotes
Read WP:QUOTE and then decide whether to place them into context or move them to Wikiquote. Hohenloh +01:31, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Des Fennell
This claimed Desmond Fennell is a "conservative" commentator. He is nothing of the sort. I deleted this. 86.44.57.55 (talk) 18:24, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It's possible to see why, though. If someone assumes the cliché that Dublin 4 equals liberal, then they might assume that Desmond Fennell is a conservative. Others might argue that his views on Irish nationalism might be conservative compared to other Irish nationalists - see Starkadders comment - number 18 at this blog entry for an example.Autarch (talk) 21:04, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Fair point, but Starkadders above, on a "left wing" (if I'm not mistaken) board, termed Fennell a "conservative" seemingly because Fennell advocated what he viewed as a two-nations theory. Such a proposition to my mind would be radical in a nationalist context, and conservative in a unionist context. As Fennell is from a nationalist background he is surely being "radical" with such a proposal? Similarly, although having excellent Irish and a great grá for the language his proposals as long ago as 30 years ago on the Gaeltacht were fairly radical for their day. 86.44.57.55 (talk) 00:04, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Desmond Fennell is on record as being opposed to homosexuality, feminism and abortion. In a letter to the Irish Times, Fennell has stated ""the rules of Western civilisation are well known. Massacre and abortion are grievous crimes. Christian morality guides the making of laws. Men's work and women's work are different. Chastity and frugality are admirable virtues. Homosexual relationships are an unnatural vice. Women are legally subordinate to men". (Desmond Fennell, "The American Century" (Letter). The Irish Times, September 27th 1999, p.17). Fennell also wrote in an article for the IT in 8th August 2008 that attacked social changes since the 1960s, (with the problematic title "Grim reality of why the West's white race is now a dying breed") which stated " if the reality were different, and white westerners could act in their own long-term interest, they would institute an authoritative, critical examination of their prevailing rules system. And that would begin - but only begin - by scrutinising the prevailing, "politically correct" rules that bear on women's lives, and particularly on motherhood." Most political scientists I know of would class Fennell's ideas above as those of a "conservative commentator". I know of no liberal,socialist or libertarian capitalist commentators so strongly opposed to feminism and homosexuality. Indeed, in a discussion of Irish issues, Carol Coulter has claimed Fennell is an advocate of a "conservative nationalism fed on pre-capitalist communalist ideas" (Feminist Review, Summer 1993). As for Fennell's advocacy of the "two-nations theory",this has been advocated by but left-wing and right-wing groups (it was promoted by the Irish nationalist Arthur Clery, who seems to have been on the political right. So I state Fennell's opposition to feminism and homosexuality place him on the political right. 176.61.94.25 (talk) 22:25, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Change in meaning
During the 1990s, the term was widened to refer more to the wealth and posh life-style of many residents.[2], and the life of the the fictional jock Ross O'Carroll-Kelly was described in this context. - slight problem with this - the wealth and posh life-style of many residents asserts that many residents live like this - bear in mind that the phrase refers to two different things - the actual area defined by the postcode, which includes Ringsend and Irishtown and the cliché. Perhaps it would be better to keep the two notions further apart. Indeed, the Kim Bielenberg article says ''The postcode, which came into being in the 1960s, was long used as a slur to describe an elite with liberal views. But over the past decade the Dublin 4, or D4, tag has shifted in meaning. It now has connotations of a pampered generation of brats, sheltered from economic realities and dependent on daddy's credit card for €20 Champagne Mojitos and holidays in the Bahamas.'', which doesn't mention widening.Autarch (talk) 20:11, 1 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Have edited it slightly to take above into account.Autarch (talk) 20:27, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Liberal?
Some references support the use of the word "liberal" even only in reference to the cliché:,.

A reference with a different point of view:.

The term "liberal" probably was applied as a result of the referenda of the 1980s and 1990s.

Autarch (talk) 12:26, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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A possible inconsistency
According to the article use of the term "D4" as an adjective emerged in the 1990s yet the Ruari Quinn quote on the same page (also on talk) and the Michael Noonan quote from further up the talk page are examples from the 1980s. There may be a WP:RS out there that would put this use as far back as the 1980s. Autarch (talk) 22:32, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dublin 4


text:
John Davenport (minister)

John Davenport (April 9, 1597 – May 30, 1670) was an English Puritan clergyman and co-founder of the American colony of New Haven.

Early life
Born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England to a wealthy family, Davenport was educated at Oxford University. He matriculated at Merton College in 1613 but migrated to Magdalen Hall two years later, probably because of its reputation at the time for its Calvinist and Puritan sympathies. However, Davenport did not complete his degree during this time, returning to Oxford in 1625 when he took the degrees of BD and MA.

His father was Henry Davenport (1567 – May 29, 1627), draper, alderman, and mayor of Coventry, son of Edward Davenport, mayor of Coventry (1551-2). His mother was Winifred Barnaby (1569 - April 12, 1597).

His brother was the Catholic theologian Francis Davenport, chaplain to Queens Catherine of Braganza and Henrietta Maria de Bourbon.

Career
After serving as chaplain of Hilton Castle, he became curate of St Lawrence Jewry in London. In 1624, he was chosen vicar of St. Stephen's Church, in Coleman Street, London. He became an associate of John Preston, a leading Puritan teacher and scholar, and edited his works for posthumous publication. His efforts to organize the re-purchase of "lay-impropriations" for the support of rural clergy were frustrated by Bishop William Laud and condemned by the Court of Exchequer, as were also his efforts for the relief of Reformed clergy displaced by war in the Electorate of the Palatinate. In 1633 he resigned from the established church to become a Nonconformist pastor and moved to Holland.

While in Holland, it was believed that he was the model for several portraits by Rembrandt, though these are now thought to be self-portraits of Rembrandt.

In 1637, he acquired the patent for a colony in Massachusetts and sailed with much of his congregation for Boston. While staying in Boston with Reverend John Cotton in March 1638, he sat during the church trial of Anne Hutchinson which resulted in her excommunication from the Boston church, ending the Antinomian Controversy. Later that month he co-founded the Colony of New Haven along with his classmate, Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant from London who became the colony's first governor. He was a large proponent of education in his colony and is often credited with the co-founding of Hopkins School. As a burgess, he was an important figure in the colony up until his departure to Boston in 1668. He unsuccessfully opposed the incorporation of the New Haven colony into the reorganized colony of Connecticut under a royal charter in 1667.

Davenport was a lifelong advocate of the rigorous Puritan standards for church membership and for the strict qualifications for infant baptism, which he believed should be administered only to the children of full church members. His time in Holland had been disrupted by a controversy with his supervising pastor John Paget over this issue, and it led to his withdrawal from the Puritan church in Amsterdam. In New England, he was a staunch opponent of the recommendations made by the Synod of 1662, known as the Half-Way Covenant, which proposed that the children of "half-way" members (those who had been baptized as infants but who had not given evidence of a "conversion" and been admitted to full membership) be allowed to receive baptism.

In September 1667, after the death of their pastor, John Wilson, the First Church in Boston invited Davenport to be their new pastor. A minority in that church opposed the invitation, objecting to his rejection of the compromise on infant baptism. Convention required that Davenport secure a release from his former congregation before accepting a new post, and the church in New Haven was reluctant to let him go. Still, he moved to Boston in the spring of 1668, and eventually produced excerpts of a letter from the New Haven church that appeared to grant his release. He was installed as pastor of the First Church in December 1668, but a faction opposed to his appointment sought to withdraw from the church to form a new congregation. A council of clergy from local churches endorsed their request, and they formed the Third (or Old South) Church in May 1669. On May 19, 1669, Davenport preached the Election Sermon before the General Court in Boston, using the occasion to condemn the actions of "Councils" that interfered with the liberty and administration of individual congregations. Perhaps instigated by this sermon, the Deputies (the lower house of the General Court) named a commission to investigate the actions of the founders of the Third Church and the ministers who had endorsed the separation. However, the Assistants (the upper house) blocked any action, including the publication of Davenport's sermon at public expense. Later that summer, it was discovered that the release letter from New Haven had been severely redacted to give an impression that was not perhaps warranted, though Davenport's First Church rejected charges that they had been misrepresented.

Davenport's appointment to the leading church in New England and his inflammatory election sermon brought to a head the simmering disagreements over the compromise settlement of the Half-way Synod. But Davenport died the following year; Increase Mather, the other leading Anti-Synodist, experienced a change of heart; and Synodist deputies swept the election of 1671, ending the temporary crisis.

Davenport died in Boston of apoplexy on March 15, 1670, and was buried in the same tomb as John Cotton in King's Chapel Burying Ground, Boston.

Legacy
Yale University was envisioned by Davenport, although his proposal for it would not be realized until some 30 years after his death. Davenport College is named in his honor and an oil portrait of him (above) is in the Yale collection. He was also instrumental in the founding of Hopkins School, a grammar school, in 1660.

Notable descendants include James Davenport (clergyman); Abraham Davenport (of John Greenleaf Whittier's "Dark Day" poem); brothers John and James Davenport, who were Congressmen; ; Archibald Cox, the Watergate Special Prosecutor; and Maxwell Perkins, the editor.

title: John Davenport (minister)


text:
Sortavala

Sortavala (Сортавала; Finnish and Sortavala; Sordavala), previously known as Serdobol (Сердоболь) until 1918, is a town in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located at the northern tip of Lake Ladoga near the Finnish border, 246 km west of Petrozavodsk, the capital city of the Republic of Karelia. The closest city on the Finnish side of the border is Joensuu, which is located 136 km from Sortavala. In 2021, the population of Sortavala was 19,215.

History
The district of Sortavala was first recorded in Swedish documents dating to 1468. Russian documents first mention it as Serdovol or Serdobol in 1500. It was ceded to Sweden after the Ingrian War.

With the 1721 Treaty of Nystad, the settlement was joined to Russia along with the rest of Old Finland and was given the Russian name Serdobol. It became known for its marble and granite quarries which provided materials necessary for construction of imperial palaces in St. Petersburg and its neighborhood. In 1812, along with the rest of Viipuri Province, it was joined to the newly formed Grand Duchy of Finland.

In 1917, the town remained a part of independent Finland. It suffered extensively from mass Soviet bombardment during the Winter War, and through the Moscow Peace Treaty Finland was forced to cede the town to the Soviet Union. All of the population of the town was evacuated for the first time. Like the rest of Finnish Karelia, Sortavala was retaken by Finland during 1941–1944 (the period of the Continuation War) and most evacuees returned to rebuild their homes. However, after the armistice of 1944, the Finns were evacuated again and the town was ceded back empty of population. After the war, the town was resettled by the Russian and Karelian population.

Until 1940, the Ladoga shore southwest of Sortavala had been one of the very few relatively densely populated areas north of the Karelian Isthmus populated by Karelians.

Features

 * Paasonvuori, 79.2 m. hill near Sortavala

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two urban-type settlements and forty-seven rural localities, incorporated as the town of republic significance of Sortavala—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Sortavala is incorporated as Sortavalsky Municipal District; the town of Sortavala and ten rural localities are incorporated within it as Sortavalskoye Urban Settlement. The remaining urban-type settlements and rural localities are incorporated within the municipal district into two urban settlements and two rural settlements.

Transportation
Sortavala is a railway station on the Khiytola-Matkaselkä railway.

Architecture
The central part of the city consists mainly of stone 3-4-storey buildings built at the beginning of the XX century (until the 1930s). As a rule, these are buildings in the style of Northern Art Nouveau (national Romanticism), neoclassicism, the most recent — functionalism, their authors are the most famous Finnish architects Uno Werner Ullberg, Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen, Johan Jacob Arenberg, etc. In addition, a large number of wooden buildings built in the middle of the XIX century, usually in the Empire style, have been preserved. The most notable buildings are:

 * The building of the Bank of Finland (arch. Uno Ulberg, 1915)
 * The building of the United Bank of the Nordic Countries (architect firm GLS, 1905)
 * Lyceum building (arch. Johan Jacob Arenberg, 1901)
 * The gymnasium building (arch. Johan Jakob Arenberg, 1911)
 * The administration building of the Orthodox Church of Finland and the Church of St. John the Apostle (arch. Juhani Viiste, 1935)
 * The house of the merchant Siitonen (arch. Ustin).
 * Wing of the Evangelical Community house

Industry
Urban development enterprise - Karelian Industrial Complex.

Notable people

 * Alexander Semyonovich Belyakov (born 1945), Russian politician
 * Aarne Juutilainen (1904–1976), Finnish army captain, also known as nickname "The Terror of Morocco"
 * Martti Kosma (1927–1999), former manager of the Finland national football team

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇫🇮 Joensuu, Finland
 * 🇫🇮 Kitee, Finland
 * 🇩🇪 Bogen, Germany
 * 🇷🇺 Serdobsk, Russia

title: Sortavala


text:
Talk:1824

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

 * This number 1824 is an even number to the seed I'm planting for discussion. Tho, being 19 years ago was the last time it was mentioned. An update of the figure could have solid facts to unspecified questions that could arise from our new beginning in the present tense. 2600:1700:76A0:4320:1CD2:5831:2154:8BA3 (talk) 02:48, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

Impossible claim
In the article, it reads "March 11 - The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Ely Parker of the Seneca tribe becomes its first director."

However, if you look at the article for Ely Parker, you discover that he was not born until 1828. A bit precocious of him to become the first director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs four years prior to his birth?

Trade Unions were legalized in UK
In 1824 trade unions were "legalized" in UK, see History of trade unions in the United Kingdom, should be added to this article --Cholo Aleman (talk) 03:52, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1824


text:
Talk:1823

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:38, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk) the only thing i wanted to mention is that in the year 1823, 31st of august (nowhere mentioned) was the date when the french army invaded the south of spain and "occupied???" the forteresse of trocadero. trocadero is still a very famous place in paris near the champ de mars. is it politically correct to name a place after a "victory" of the french army in the neighbouring country of spain ????????????. i think : NO —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.162.40.79 (talk) 12:05, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:1823


text:
Talk:1822

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:39ser talk:BozMo|(talk)]]

Chippewas
"July 8 - Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.": This is not mentioned in  - is this a mistake?

Liberia
Was Liberia founded in 1822 or in 1820, as History of Liberia states?

Indians
Also in 1822 there was an ad calling for men and they were to live and trade like the indians did —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.234.25.35 (talk) 00:39, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:1822


text:
Talk:1820

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

=
== The Falkland Islands were not owned by the "Buenos Aires Republic" because it never existed. See History of the Falkland Islands 24.232.7.209 12:21, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

leroy is very nature like.

title: Talk:1820


text:
Talk:1819

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

1819 in USA?
I have nothing against the USA as such but this list reflects a one nation contribution. A more accurate balance from recorded history would perhaps be 50% Europe, 30% Asia/Middle east, 20% Africa, Oceania, Americas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.34.65.216 (talk) 09:51, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

1819
1819 41.109.105.70 (talk) 09:08, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1819


text:
Talk:1818

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Obaki
Should his death be included? 146.200.180.251 (talk) 20:27, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

Nevermind, he is from a book. Sorry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.200.180.251 (talk) 20:32, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1818


text:
Talk:1817

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.tngenweb.org/tnland/intruders/claim-537
 * In 1810s on 2011-05-25 02:02:16, 404 Not Found
 * In 1810s on 2011-06-01 22:31:34, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 22:35, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:1817


text:
Talk:1816

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131216121544/https://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm to http://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:51, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Francisco de Miranda by Tovar y Tovar.jpg

title: Talk:1816


text:
Talk:1815

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:40, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:56, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1815


text:
Talk:1814

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:41, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

title: Talk:1814


text:
Talk:1813

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:41, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

title: Talk:1813


text:
Talk:1811

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:42, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

To whomever removed my reference to the first Breslov pilgrimage to Uman, Ukraine (in September -- do not know exact common date, the Jewish calendar is different): This is a major event in Hasidic Jewish history. The pilgrimage continues to this day. Over 10,000 people went last year. It is as important in the Hasidic world as Lourdes is in the Catholic world. So I think it should be here. rooster613

 * On X-mas eve, December 24., 1811, the two English warships, St. George and Defence were shipwrecked in very bad weather on the sandbanks outside the town of Thorsminde on the west coast of Jutland. 1.391 crew lost their lives with only 18 survivors. This catastrophe - comparable in loss of lives to Titanic - that took place almost within reach of the coast, made a tremendous impression in Denmark (despite the fact that admiral Nelson had destroyed the Danish fleet only 10 years before!) and influenced heavily on the decision to establish rescue stations on the coast of Jutland. Maybe this should be researched a bit and comments added to the year. --Sir48 04:19, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 07:01, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1811


text:
Talk:1810

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:43, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1810


text:
Talk:1809

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:43, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:56, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

 * Hi Wikid77 see below that resulted from your message - I mistakenly contacted BozMo, instead of yourself -

Opposed to merging all Years by Country into Year
Hi BozMo - no objection to making each year consistent (as per 1850), but do not see why Years by County have to be merged into the year (eg 1809 in France) and the many hundreds of other years by country articles. A lot of us have spent substantial time ensuring we have Years by country articles (eg Ireland is very comprehensive) and these articles form a vital part of History by country.

Support 1850 format, but not merging of Years by country articles which stand very much in their own right. Ardfern (talk) 14:28, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

1809
Have had to restore 1809 in France as it had been merged befiore any discussion completed. If this goes on many hundreds of articles will be lost that are part of History by country. Ardfern (talk) 15:31, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

1809
Hi Ardfern, we got a request on the helpchannel that the data was copied into 1809, and the page should be a redirect, and i didn't notice the merger was opposed, so sorry for that, the user requesting it in IRC is named IngerAlHaosului. Cheers. Mion (talk) 15:45, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Hi Mion - ok as long as article reverted. Why are you taking requests on the helpchannel (whatever that is} to merge articles from people who are not registered and cannot be involved in discussion? Even if merging was right, I should have been consulted as the author of this and a large series of similar articles. Happy that info is now in 1809, but 1809 in France remains a legitimate article in its own right as part of the History by year/by country series. Ardfern (talk) 15:50, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes i took for granted that the discussion was followed, which wasn't, the 1809 page is also reset to 3 mar, to prevent double data. Cheers. Mion (talk) 15:58, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:1809


text:
Talk:1808

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:43, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

question about astronomical event
'' It was the pre-last occultation of a planet by an other planet until now. There are no observation records.'' What does pre-last mean? -FZ 00:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:57, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1808


text:
Talk:1807

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:57, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1807


text:
Talk:1806

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:58, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

Napoleaon Coste
also listed as having been born in 1805, on the wiki 1805 births page Oniscoid (talk) 09:16, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

George Bush?
Listed for January 1, 1806 was the entry "George Bush helps with the financial crisis of Russia." I can't find any source to substantiate this and it's unclear who is being referred to, so I've removed the entry. Noir~enwiki (talk) 19:43, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:1806


text:
Talk:1805

Layout
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:58, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:53, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Friedrich Schiller by Ludovike Simanowiz.jpg

title: Talk:1805


text:
Talk:1804

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:45, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1804


text:
Talk:1803

Untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:45, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 06:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1803


text:
Sangiran

Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoudian (China), Willandra Lakes (Australia), Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and Sterkfontein (South Africa), and more fruitful in finds than any of these."

The area comprises about 56 km2 (7 km x 8 km). It is located in Central Java, about 15 kilometers north of Surakarta in the Solo River valley. Administratively, Sangiran area is divided between 2 regencies: Sragen (districts of Gemolong, Kalijambe, and Plupuh) and Karanganyar (district of Gondangrejo). An important feature of the site is the geology of the area. Originally a dome was created millions of years ago through tectonic uplifts. The dome was then eroded exposing beds within the dome which are rich in archeological records.

History

 * 1883: The Dutch paleoanthropologist Eugène Dubois undertook preliminary fieldwork at Sangiran. However, Dubois did not find many fossils of interest so he shifted his attention to Trinil in East Java where he found significant discoveries.
 * 1934: The anthropologist Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald started to examine the area. During excavations in the next years fossils of some of the first known human ancestors, Pithecanthropus erectus ("Java Man", now reclassified as part of the species Homo erectus), were found here. About 60 more human fossils, among them the enigmatic "Meganthropus", have since been found. Sangiran 2, for example, was discovered by von Koenigswald at the site. In addition, there are considerable numbers of remains of the animals that these primitive humans hunted, and of others that merely shared the habitat.

 * 1977: The Indonesian Government designated an area of 56 km2 around Sangiran as a Daerah Cagar Budaya (Protected Cultural Area).
 * 1988: A modest local site museum and conservation laboratory were set up at Sangiran.
 * 1996: UNESCO registered Sangiran as a World Heritage Site on the World Heritage List as the Sangiran Early Man Site.
 * 2011: The current museum and visitors' centre was opened by the Minister for Education and Culture on 15 December.
 * 2012: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited the museum in February accompanied by 11 cabinet ministers.

Over time, following the initial work by Dubois and von Koenigswald at Sangiran, other scholars including Indonesian archeologists undertook work at the site. Indonesian scholars included Teuku Jacob, Etty Indriati, Sartono, Fachroel Aziz, Harry Widianto, Yahdi Zaim, and Johan Arif.

Sangiran museum
A modest museum existed at Sangiran for several decades before a modern, well-functioning museum and visitors' centre was opened in December 2011. The new building, a modern museum, contains three main halls with extensive displays and impressive dioramas of the Sangiran area as it was believed to be around 1 million years ago. Several other centres are under construction as well (early 2013) so that by 2014 it is expected that there will be four centres at different places within the overall Sangiran site. The four planned centres are:

 * Krikilan: the existing site with the main visitors centre and museum.
 * Ngebung: to contain a history of the discovery of the Sangiran site.
 * Bukuran: to provide information about the discovery of prehistoric human fossils at Sangiran.
 * Dayu: to present information about the latest research.

The current museum and visitors' centre has three main halls. The first hall contains several dioramas that provide information about the early humans and animals which existed at the Sangiran site around 1 million years ago. The second hall, which is more extensive, presents much detailed material about the wide variety of fossils found at Sangiran and about the history of exploration at the site. The third hall, in a separate impressive presentation, contains a large diorama which provides a sweeping view of the overall area of Sangiran, with volcanoes such as Mount Lawu in the background and humans and animals in the foreground, as it is imagined to have been around 1 million years ago. Several of the presentations in this third hall draw on the work of the internationally known paleontological sculptor Elisabeth Daynes.

Access
Access to the Sangiran museum is gained by travelling around 15 km north from Surakarta along the main road towards the central Java town of Purwodadi. The turnoff to the museum, just past the small market town of Kalioso, leads along a sealed road that winds through a relatively poor rural area for around 4 km before reaching the final short entry road to the visitors centre to the right. Total travel time from Surakarta, depending on traffic conditions along the crowded Surakarta-Purwodadi road, is about 45-60 mins. There are frequent buses along the route from Surakarta to Purwodadi which will drop passengers off at the turnoff on request. Local informal motorcycle taxi drivers will ferry visitors along the remaining 4 km for a modest charge. The museum can be reached conveniently by Trans-Java Toll Road. (The museum is open from 8.00am to 4.00pm each day except for Mondays when the museum is closed.)

Social and other issues
Development of the overall Sangiran site has not been without controversy. Uncontrolled digging and illegal trade in fossils have occurred on various occasions since the site was first discovered. For a considerable period, villagers in the area frequently dug up and sold fossils to local buyers. Following the enactment of National Law No. 5 of 1992 on cultural heritage objects, there were stronger controls on these activities. However, illegal activities have sometimes continued to occur in recent years. In 2010, for example, an American citizen claiming to be a scientist was arrested near Sangiran while travelling in a truck containing 43 different types of fossils in boxes and sacks with an estimated market value of $2 million.

More recently, there has been discussion in the Indonesian media about the way that the development of the Sangiran site has failed to bring any significant tangible benefits to the rural communities in the local area.

title: Sangiran


text:
Talk:1800

untitled
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:46, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

קסמים הועבת   אני
Should the reference to "27 June - Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down." actually be a declaration of war with the United States. The article on Pasha Jussuf certainly seems to suggest so. If thi isn't an innacuracy then perhaps the declaration against the united states should also be added. -[Piersy 14:12, 1 June 2006]

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:38, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

Births, section 2.2
Where are the births of the second half of this year?? De Jaren (talk) 14:43, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Leap Year?
The pages for Leap Year and Century Leap Year say that 1800 was not a leap year. This page says it was. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.200.93.68 (talk) 18:27, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

9 days in February
If the year is divisible by 200 but not by 400, then February has 9 days and there is 346 days in a year.

February 9, 1800 (a valid date)

February 10, 1800 (an invalid date)

So the day after  would be   rather than.

February 29th only occurs in leap years, where as February 10th through the 28th occurs every year unless if the year is divisible by 200 but not by 400.

1800, 2200, 2600, 3000, 3400, 3800, 4200, 4600, 5000, 5400, and 5800 will have 9 days in February

1700, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2700, 2900, 3100, 3300, 3500, 3700, 3900, 4100, 4300, 4500, 4700, 4900, 5100, 5300, 5500, 5700, and 5900 will have 28 days in February

1600, 2000, 2400, 2800, 3200, 3600, 4000, 4400, 4800, 5200, 5600, and 6000 will have 29 days in February

So the day after February 9, 2200 will be March 1, 2200. --98.31.29.4 (talk) 16:10, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Are there any sources to prove this? Nigos (t@lk • Contribs) 02:05, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

1800
1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 800th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 18th century, and the 1st year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. 190.213.232.105 (talk) 05:17, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Talk 103.14.88.152 (talk) 06:51, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

why exceptional?
just curious. you state the year was "an exceptional common year" 70.31.165.30 (talk) 17:07, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello. An exceptional common year is any year divisible by 100 (thus by 4), but not by 400. --NicoScribe (talk) 21:22, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1800


text:
Arden, Warwickshire

The Forest of Arden is a former forest and culturally defined area located in the English West Midlands, that in antiquity and into the Early Modern Period included much of Warwickshire, and parts of Shropshire,  Staffordshire, the West Midlands, and Worcestershire. It is associated with William Shakespeare as a territory of his youth, and the setting of some of his drama.

The Forest of Arden area was first mapped according to the Roman roads which conceptually bounded it: in the West by the Icknield Street, in the South by the Salt Road (the modern Alcester to Stratford Road), in the East by the Fosse Way, and in the North by the Watling Street. The Gough Map shows this traditional extent of the forest.

More recently the shorter term  'Arden' has been used to describe a smaller area primarily concentrated in the historic county of Warwickshire and parts of the modern West Midlands metropolitan county.

Early history
Believed to be derived from a Brythonic word ardu- "high" (cf. ardd), by extension "highland", the area was formerly thickly forested and known as the Forest of Arden. Located near the geographical centre of England, the Forest of Arden, through which no Roman roads were built, was bounded by the Roman roads Icknield Street, Watling Street, Fosse Way, and a prehistoric salt track leading from Droitwich. It included the north-western half of the traditional county of Warwick, stretching from Stratford-upon-Avon in the south to Tamworth in the north, and as well as areas that are now the large settlements of Birmingham, Coventry and Shrewsbury, in addition to areas that are still largely rural with numerous areas of woodland. A significant settlement in the forest was the town Henley-in-Arden (in a valley of the River Alne, approximately 15 miles southeast of Birmingham), the site of an Iron Age hillfort.

Wide lands in this district were held in the time of Edward the Confessor by Alwin, whose son Thurkill of "of Arden," founded the family of this name. The Domesday book reveals that in 1086 the Forest of Arden was comparatively lightly settled, and poor in terms of agricultural wealth.

An ancient mark stone known as Coughton Cross is still present at the southwestern corner of the forest, at the junction of Icknield Street (now A435) and the salt track, now the southern end of the frontage of Coughton Court, and is owned by the National Trust. According to local tradition, travellers prayed here for safe passage through the forest. Thorkell of Arden, a descendant of the ruling family of Mercia, was one of the few major English landowners who retained extensive properties after the Norman conquest. His progeny, the Arden family, remained prominent in the area for centuries, by the 14th century, under Sir Henry de Arden, the most prominent Ardens had their primary estate at Park Hall, Castle Bromwich, Solihull. Connection to this ancient family was important in the identity work of the Dudley family in the sixteenth century.

Mary Arden, mother of William Shakespeare, was a member of this prominent West Midlands family, who had also had a prominent centre of power in Stockport in the 1500s.

From around 1162, until the suppression of their order in 1312, the Knights Templar owned a preceptory at Temple Balsall in the middle of the Forest of Arden. The property then passed to the Knights Hospitaller, who held it until the Reformation during the 16th century.

During the medieval era it is believed the forest began to become enclosed and deforested.

Early modern period
Robert Catesby, leader of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, was a native of Lapworth, a village in Arden. It is believed that many local families across the Arden area had resisted the Reformation and retained Catholic sympathies, possibly including the family of Shakespeare, whose paternal ancestors were from the Balsall area.

Many of the key engagements of English Civil War of 1642 – 1651 were fought in the Arden area, such as the Battle of Camp Hill.

Shakespeare
Shakespeare's play As You Like It is set in the Forest of Arden, but it is an imaginary version incorporating elements from the Ardennes forest in Thomas Lodge's prose romance Rosalynde; Or, Euphues' Golden Legacy and the real forest (both as it was when the play was written, i.e. subjected to deforestation and enclosure, and the romanticized version of his youth).Lodge was familiar with the English Forest of Arden via the ownership and occupation by the family of the manor Soulton by his father, Sir Thomas Lodge.

This manor is located on the boundaries of the English Forest of Arden in a territory in which the Tudor Statesman Sir Rowland Hill was active, furnishing a possible inspiration for Shakespeare's character Old Sir Rowland.

Shakespeare's Arden seems to have promulgated a vision of the forest that fits in with the English nostalgic autostereotype of Merry England, and inspired subsequent artists such as Pre-Raphaelite John Collier.

Myths and legends
The status of Coventry as an isolated settlement surrounded by the thick Forest of Arden has been cited by some historians as a cause for the prospering of a cult of the pagan goddess Cofa after the rest of the country had been Christianised.

It is believed that in the 12th century, this localised cult had transferred its veneration from the goddess Cofa to Lady Godiva, an Anglo Saxon Countess of the area. The warping of the myths with the real historical figure of Godiva, could explain many of the legends associated with her.

According to the legend, the hero Sir Guy of Warwick set up his hermitage at Guy's Cliffe in the Forest of Arden, overlooking the River Avon.

In other fiction

Moseley Bog is a remnant of the Forest of Arden, now a local nature reserve that inspired the Old Forest in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings books.

Court offices
In 1758 the Earl of Aylesford and five others founded (or possibly refounded) the Woodmen of Arden. This is an exclusive archery club that takes its offices from the medieval Royal Forest court positions, such as Verderer and Warden.

The organisation claims to be a successor to an older organisation of woodmen, however there is scant evidence that forest law ever applied in the Forest of Arden.

Forest law
Unlike other forests of the era it does not appear that the Forest of Arden was ever subject to forest law. It is unclear why this is, however it is possibly because wide-scale settlement of the area did not occur until comparatively late, and thus the forest still represented something of a frontier.

This may have been due to the density and size of the forest – which overlies a large area of clay resulting in natural vegetation of dense broad-leaved woodland like oak and lime – as well as the dangers within such as bears and wolves, which did not become extinct in Great Britain until the sixth and seventeenth centuries respectively. No Roman road penetrated the forest; Icknield Street, Watling Street, and Fosse Way all went around it instead, and a salt track bounded the south side.

The Domesday book indicates that the area was still little settled by 1086, with a handful of former Iron Age hill forts, Roman forts, and Anglo-Saxon settlements at places like Henley-in-Arden, Coleshill and Ulverlei. A medieval era wayside cross known as the Coughton Cross sits at the southern boundary of the forest, and was allegedly a site where travelers would pray for safe passage through the forest prior to entering. The first major wave of settlement of assarts occurred from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century, as a result of "peasant land hunger" from settlements south of Arden and "seignorial encouragement" and lords desiring to expand their holdings and political power. Even so, settlers had to be enticed to colonise the area. In the planted borough of Solihull the Lord of the Manor offered free burgage tenure in which residents were free, rent-paying burgesses, rather than villeins owing service to the Lord of the Manor. In Tanworth in Arden the Earl of Warwick pursued a policy as overlord that unusually saw over 60 per cent of the income from this manor derived from free rents.

Royal forests subject to forest law were established on wooded land adjoining the Forest of Arden, at Sutton Park in the Anglo-Saxon era, and Feckenham Forest in the early Norman era, both much smaller and more manageable than the vast untamed land of Arden.

Despite the lack of evidence that the Forest of Arden was ever under forest law, the Woodmen of Arden, founded (or refounded) in 1758, claim to be a revival of a body who traditionally exercised the role of crown forestry officials in the area.

Geography
The area is punctuated by a large number of settlements – such as Bearley, Shirley and Henley – ending with 'ley', meaning 'a clearing'. There are also a large number of areas with references to woodland, such as Kingswood, Nuthurst, Packwood, Hollywood, Earlswood, Four Oaks, and so on.

It is not known exactly when deforestation began, but even in the 16th century it was understood that the forest of Arden had been diminished from what it had been due to enclosure and later logging, due amongst other things to the demands of the navy for wood.

The forest itself is today mostly reduced to individual oaks, hedgerows and occasional pockets of ancient woodland, such as the former Royal Forest of Sutton Park and Rough Wood. Ecologist Steven Falk, undertaking research with Warwickshire County Council, conducted a survey of the oldest trees in the Arden area and found over 500 examples of ancient Quercus robur (common oak), including examples exceeding 1000 years old. The oldest trees are believed to be in Ryton Woods where Tilia cordata (small-leaved lime) has been coppiced for so long that individual coppice stools have become difficult to distinguish from clustered ones. Falk estimates these trees are well over 1000 years old.

The fauna is typical for the wider area, however before emparkment would have included traditional game species such as wild deer, boar and White Park cattle. Many species of deer still roam the region, however the cattle have long since been lost to emparkment. Wild boar were extinct in Great Britain in the 17th century, however they were accidentally reintroduced in the 1970s and sightings have been made in the Arden area.

A number of rivers run through the Arden area including the River Cole and the River Blythe.Given the history and natural geography of the area, tourism supports some of the local economy. Towns in the area include Hampton-in-Arden, Henley-in-Arden, and Tanworth-in-Arden. The name 'Arden' is used prominently across the region, such as Arden Academy and the Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club.

The Arden Way is a waymarked UK National Trail that traces old paths and routes through rural areas of the ancient Forest of Arden.

Government protections
The Stratford-on-Avon District allocated the Arden area within its borders as a Special Landscape Area in 1996.

Although the Arden area itself is not recognized as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, it borders the Cannock Chase AONB to the north, and Cotswolds AONB to the south.

Arden Sandstone
Arden Sandstone is a distinctive Triassic white heterolithic sandstone quarried from the Arden area and used in local buildings. The sandstone contains a large amount of calcium carbonate ('lime') originating from the shells of creatures that lived in the water in which the sandstone formed, which over time develops a reddish hue due to a type of algae (Trentepohlia jolithus) that grows only on such lime-bearing stone.

The stone varies in colour from a muddy brown-red to a brighter orange or red ochre depending on factors such as how long it has been exposed. It is a common building material across the Arden area, and many prominent and famous buildings use it, such as Kenilworth Castle, Maxstoke Castle, St Alphege Church, Solihull, Stoneleigh Abbey Gatehouse, and numerous others.

The stone features prominently in villages across Arden, such as Temple Balsall and Knowle.

Forest restoration and rewilding
Deforestation and emparkment has reduced the woodland cover, but it should be kept in mind that "forest" meant a legal and governance territory before it described the tree cover as it does to modern ears.

The area remains largely rural, and pockets of trees, a few ancient woodlands, field boundaries and ancient oaks remain as the heritage of the once much larger forest.

Most of the trees and woodland that made up the forest and still remain are today protected, and there are a number of listed buildings across the area, noted for their history. Many of the buildings are operated by the National Trust and can be visited by tourists.

Heart of England Forest
Publisher Felix Dennis planted substantial areas of woodland in the area. He created a charity, the Heart of England Forest, to carry on this work. On his death in 2014 he left most of his fortune to be used for this purpose. 3,000 acres (12.1 km2) have been planted in Spernall, Dorsington and Honeybourne, and at the Lenches in Worcestershire.

Arden Forest scheme
In 2021 it was announced that a new 'Arden Forest' scheme was being established in the borough of Solihull, to create a continuous wildlife corridor across the region, in an effort to restore and rewild some of the forest. The aim is part of a wider project seeking to plant a quarter of a million trees within ten years across the area.

National forest proposal
The Countryside Commission considered creating a new national forest in the area in 1989, but the proposal was not taken up. A Community Forest was established in the 1990s to the north of the forest of Arden called the Forest of Mercia, and a national forest has since been established between Leicester and Swadlincote in the East Midlands, however.

title: Arden, Warwickshire


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Hougoumont

Château d'Hougoumont (originally Goumont) is a walled manorial compound, situated at the bottom of an escarpment near the Nivelles road in the Braine-l'Alleud municipality, near Waterloo, Belgium. The site served as one of the advanced defensible positions of the Anglo-allied army under the Duke of Wellington, that faced Napoleon's Army at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.

Hougoumont, which had become dilapidated, was fully restored in time for the 200th anniversary of the battle and opened to the public on 18 June 2015.

Etymology
The first mention of Hougoumont is found on the 1777 map of the Austrian Netherlands created by Comte Joseph de Ferraris, marked as "Chateau Hougoumont". This is believed to be a corruption of "Chateau Goumont", a name first recorded in an act of the allodial court of Brabant in 1358. Also, in 1356, there is mention of the "tenure and house of Gomont" in the seigneury of Braine-l'Alleud.

According to Sir Walter Scott who visited the battlefield in January 1816, "Hougoumont (a name bestowed, I believe, by a mistake of our great commander [Wellington], but which will certainly supersede the more proper one of Chateau-Goumont) is the only place of consideration which was totally destroyed".

History

In 1474 the Order of Saint John (later to become the Order of Malta) bought 30 acre of forest, Le Goumont, and another 30 acre of adjacent heathland for 100 golden crowns. The deed of sale did not mention any building on the grounds.

A building had apparently been erected on the land as it was sold in 1536 to Pierre du Fief, attorney-general to the Council of Brabant, who subsequently enlarged the property considerably. In 1562 the estate became the property of Pierre Quarré and stayed in the Quarré family until 1637 when it was bought by Arnold Schuyl, Lord of Walhorn. It was around this time that the present building was erected.

After 1671 the domain became the property of Jan Arrazola de Oñate, chamberlain of Archdukes Albert and Isabella. It remained in the hands of these Lords of Gomont and Tiberchamps until 1791 when Jan-André Arrazola de Oñate died childless at the age of 73. His wife remarried with Phillipe Gouret de Louville, a major in the service of Austria.

Ridder de Louville did not live in the chateau in 1815 but left the management to Antoine Dumonceau who laid out a splendid French formal garden. After the battle, the then 86 years old Ridder de Louville did not have the funds for much-needed repairs and sold the chateau to François de Robiano.

Through successive marriages and inheritances within the de Robiano family the estate eventually became the property of the d'Oultremont family in 1917. In 2003 it was sold by Count Guibert d'Oultremont to the Belgian Region of Wallonia through an intercommunal cooperative society, Bataille de Waterloo 1815.

The Defence of Hougoumont
In June 1815 the chateau became an epicenter of fighting in the Battle of Waterloo as it was one of the first places where British and other allied forces faced Napoleon's Army.

June 1815

Napoleon planned to draw Wellington's reserve to Wellington's right flank in defence of Hougoumont and then attack through the centre left of the British and allies' front near La Haye Sainte.

Before the battle started, Hougoumont and its gardens, located on the allies' right flank, were garrisoned and fortified by the 1st Battalion, 2nd Nassau Regiment, with additional detachments of jägers and landwehr from von Kielmansegge's 1st (Hanoverian) Brigade. The light company of the 2nd Battalion, Coldstream Guards under the command of Lt-Colonel Henry Wyndham, was also stationed in the farm and chateau, and the light company of the 2nd Battalion, Third Guards, under Lt-Colonel Charles Dashwood in the garden and grounds. The two light companies of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, First Guards were initially positioned in the orchard, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Saltoun. Lieutenant-Colonel James Macdonell, Coldstream Guards, had overall command of Hougoumont. (The Guards units were all drawn from General John Byng's 2nd (British) Brigade.)

Wellington recorded in his despatches "at about ten o'clock [Napoleon] commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont". Other sources state that this attack was at about 11:30. The historian Andrew Roberts notes that "It is a curious fact about the battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began".

The initial attack by Maréchal de Camp Bauduin's 1st Brigade of the 6th Division emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire and cost Bauduin his life. The British guns were distracted into an artillery duel with French guns and this allowed a second attack by Maréchal de Camp Baron Soye's 2nd Brigade of the 6th Division. They managed a small breach on the south side but could not exploit it. An attack on the north side by elements of the 1st Brigade of the 6th Division was more successful.

This attack led to one of the most famous skirmishes in the Battle of Waterloo — Sous-Lieutenant Legros, wielding an axe, managed to break through the north gate. A desperate fight ensued between the invading French soldiers and the defending Guards. In a near-miraculous attack, Macdonnell, a small party of officers and Corporal James Graham fought through the melee to shut the gate, trapping Legros and about 30 other soldiers of the 1st Legere inside. All of the French who entered were killed expect a drummer boy in the desperate hand-to-hand fight.

The British and German Garrison were running low on ammunition and a Driver of the Royal Waggon Train distinguished himself by driving an ammunition cart through the French lines to resupply the troops despite his horses receiving wounds. The French attack in the immediate vicinity of the farm was repulsed by the arrival of the 2nd battalion Coldstream Guards and 2/3rd Foot Guards. Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon with its surroundings heavily invested with French light infantry and coordinated cavalry attacks sent against the troops behind Hougoumont.

Wellington's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it. In the afternoon Napoleon personally ordered the shelling of the house to cause it to burn, Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost, resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel. Du Plat's brigade of the King's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way, which they had to do without any senior officers, who were then relieved by the 71st Foot, a Scottish light infantry regiment. Adam's brigade, further reinforced by Hugh Halkett's 3rd (Hanoverian) Brigade, successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille and maintained the occupation of Hougoumont until the end of the battle.

The battle's significance
The Hougoumont battle has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to cause Wellington to move reserves to his threatened right flank to protect his communications, but this then escalated into an all-day battle which drew in more and more French troops but just a handful of Wellington's, having the exact opposite effect to that intended. In fact there is a good case that both Napoleon and Wellington thought Hougoumont was a vital part of the battle. Certainly, Wellington declared afterwards that "the success of the battle turned upon the closing of the gates at Hougoumont".

Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon (33 battalions in all, 14,000 troops). The French forces sent in to attack Hougoumont included:
 * nearly the entire II Corps under the command of General Count Honore Reille, consisting of detachments of the 6th Division under the command of Jerome, (Napoleon's brother), the divisions of Comte Maximilien Foy (9th), Guilleminot and Joseph Bachelu (5th)
 * Kellermann's cavalry corps

Similarly, though the house never contained a large number of troops, Wellington devoted 21 battalions (12,000 troops) over the course of the afternoon to keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to be admitted to the house. He also moved several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed centre to support Hougoumont.

Bodies in wells
In his novel Les Misérables, Victor Hugo describes how 300 bodies were thrown down a well at Hougoumont. Several historians have noted that an archaeological dig of the well by Derick Saunders in 1985 turned up no human remains in a well rediscovered at the site. In doing so, they state that it debunks a myth made popular by Hugo.

A popular account of the battle by John Booth published in London shortly after the battle includes a diary entry by an early gentleman tourist to the site. The tourist records that he was shown around that battlefield by the well known guide, Jean-Baptiste Decoster, and that 16 July 1815 (one month after the battle) he saw two wells, one that contained eight men and another that contained 73 men. The first well was at La Belle Alliance "wherein we saw the bodies of eight men of the Imperial Guard of Napoleon; they had jumped down with their arms"; and the second probably at Hougoumont, "The French formed a battery by making holes in the garden-wall; here is another well, in which were found 73 men; the trees in the orchard were peppered very much; the ditch around this orchard was used as a battery, and hundreds killed; saw 84 other pieces of cannon taken from the enemy; they took home only 12 guns; counted 40 graves, containing English officers, in one acre of ground, resembling dung-heaps".

Decay and restoration
Hougoumont remained an active farm until the end of the 20th century. In 2003 a settlement was reached between Count Guibert d'Oultremont, owner of the farm, and the Regional Authority after which it became the property of the Intercommunale (1815). By June 2006, the farm appeared to be derelict. The walls, which were once near pristine white, had become a dirty yellow. Several walls were cracked and parts were clearly damaged, most notably the right-hand door post of the north side gate.

Project Hougoumont, supported by, amongst others, the then-current Duke of Wellington, writer Bernard Cornwell and the late historian Richard Holmes, was set up to oversee funding to restore and preserve Hougoumont for the long-term future. The project was completed in June 2015 at a cost of £3m, with organisations including the Landmark Trust contributing to the funds in return for being allowed to rent part of the property (the Game Keeper's Cottage). Charles, Prince of Wales, unveiled a memorial at Hougoumont on 17 June 2015 dedicated to the British soldiers who fought in the battle. The memorial by Vivien Mallock stands next to the north gate and shows two life-size soldiers struggling to close the critical gates of the farm to save it from being overrun by the French. The next day (18 June 2015) Hougoumont was opened to the public on the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo.

title: Hougoumont