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Talk:Martinism

Intial version taken from SorceryForge
The initial version of this article was taken from the article at SorceryForge, http://sourceryforge.org/wiki.phtml?title=Martinism version of 02:47, 15 May 2004, with permission under the GNU Free Documentation Licence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Anome (talk • contribs) 06:33, May 19, 2004

A great deal of this seems to come verbatim from "The Esoteric Codex: Christian Mysticism" By Landon Hagopian, maybe I am wrong, perhaps it is a case of common source, if it is indeed so, it merits a credit. Waite's group, or at least an obviously adept successor honouring his legacy, was alive and well in Bristol in the eighties, but dispersed across the area from Swindon to the Bristol Channel. It was linked to many other individuals in related groups, and adopted a specific mission. I do not know if that changed with the death of it's master in '91, and subsequent dispersal. I will not write of the living naturally. This cannot be included of course as there is no written witness. Their practice was formal and included study of a broad range of ancient sources, from east and west, necessary for their mission. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.81.101.200 (talk • contribs)
 * No, Hagopian steals from us, not the other way around. Ian.thomson (talk) 10:36, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Much lacking in content
The article seems to expound the history of the Martinist movement in some detail. However, anyone who looks to this article to find out what Martinism is all about should be very disappointed as the article in its current state doesn't even touch upon that subject. Yes, it's mysticism, and then what...? __meco 12:20, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Am currently doing a major re-write of the article, which goes some way to indicating what Martinism actually is. Also the Sourceforge article was quite badly written, IMHO.

 * --Justificatus 16:10, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * PS: I was the one who added the construction category.

 * --Justificatus 16:19, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * What is 'profane business' anyway?
 * --Njsamizdat (talk) 16:16, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Technically "outside the temple(business)", a seeker should always have an etymological dictionary close at hand, and use it for more than stopping the door. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.81.101.200 (talk) 10:21, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

What is Martinism?
It doesnt say a whole lot other than its a mystical movement. What are their beliefs? Is there literature about them? Its good info. on their history but the article seems lacking to me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.98.127.45 (talk) 23:31, 14 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Papus in later years was associated through FUDOSI and Auguste Rodin with Aleister Crowley's OTO. By that time, the divergence from the Lyon roots of Martinism had become significant, as the latter was functionally satanic.

Clean-up finished. Clean-up tag removed
I have finished doing all I am going to do to this article. Only fragments of the Sourceforge article are now used. Have inserted links to Louis-Claude De Saint-Martin's books which can be used to give idea of Martinism. Also inserted work on Martinez De Pasqually and Willermoz which was lacking but is vital to understanding the history and character of Martinism.

--Justificatus 14:32, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Cleaned up the article to bring it closer to a NPOV
Additional work is needed to better integrate the comments from "Restivo." I will either handle this in the future, or another editor can feel free to jump on it.

If someone has enough Martinist scholarship to insert other Martinist viewpoints from other Martinist organizations, that would strengthen the article considerably.

I also regularized grammatical conventions, fixed multiple errors, and smoothed out stilted language.

Estéban (talk) 10:48, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Year of founding?
I just wikilinked "l'Ordre des Chevaliers Maçons Élus Coëns de l'Univers" on 1761 to this page, but the founding date listed here is 1765. Martinez_de_Pasqually also says 1761. I'm not familiar enough with the subject to know if there are conflicting sources or something of that nature, so I'm leaving it for someone who knows better to sort out. -PC-XT+ 05:48, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

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Questionable Article
I have some doubts about information presented in this article, particularly where a connection is made between Martinism and the Bavarian Illuminati, and between the Strict Observance and the Bavarian Illuminati. The Illuminati was not a branch of the Strict Observance. Pepe Oats (talk) 19:36, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
 * The phrasing's a little iffy in that they weren't an offshoot based on Strict Observance but they were one of the successor groups trying to grab up members after Strict Observance fell apart. Ian.thomson (talk) 00:03, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:36, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Pasqually.jpg

Why remove ALL the links to Martinist Orders?
Granted that the lists of links to Martinist Orders in the article as it stood for years were rather disorganized, especially being divided into "List of Martinist Orders" and "External Links", but why remove them altogether? On the English Wikipedia, links to Freemasonic Orders and Rosicrucian Orders (to name but two related currents) can be found in their respective places, and links to Martinist Orders can be found in the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian versions of Wikipedia (at least), so this seems like an unreasonable omission. I've found those lists to be a useful resource in the past, and I hope they're restored. (I'd do it myself, but it looks like it's been the subject of some editing war, so I'll just express my objection here.) Retroteric (talk) 21:12, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martinism


text:
Norman Lamm

Norman Lamm (December 19, 1927 – May 31, 2020) was an American Modern Orthodox rabbi, scholar, academic administrator, author, and Jewish community leader. He was the Chancellor of Yeshiva University until he announced his retirement on July 1, 2013.

Lamm served as the third President of Yeshiva University, the first to be born in the United States. He was a disciple of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (one of Orthodoxy's most influential modern scholars), who ordained him at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, Yeshiva University's rabbinical school in 1951.

Early life and education
Lamm was one of four siblings and grew up in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. His father, Samuel, had several different jobs, including as a kosher inspector for New York state. His mother, Pearl (née Baumol), was descended from a respected rabbinic family. In his youth, Lamm attended Mesivta Torah Vodaath in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. He attended Yeshiva College, the men's undergraduate school of Yeshiva University, and obtained a degree in chemistry in 1949 before working in a clandestine laboratory in upstate New York developing munitions for the newborn State of Israel. He was the secular studies valedictorian of his graduating class. In 1951, he was ordained as a rabbi at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, Yeshiva University's rabbinical school. He also took graduate courses at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now the New York University Tandon School of Engineering). He considered a career in medicine but was persuaded by Rabbi Dr. Samuel Belkin, the second President of Yeshiva University (successor of Rabbi Dr. Bernard Revel), to join the faculty at Yeshiva University. Lamm later earned a Ph.D. in Jewish philosophy from Yeshiva University.

Lamm's maternal grandfather was Rabbi Yehoshua Baumol (1880–1948), who authored the responsa entitled Emek Halakha. In that work, Baumol cited several insights from the then-young Lamm and responded to his questions. It was Baumol who encouraged Lamm to leave Mesivta Torah Vodaath to attend Yeshiva College, where Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik would become his mentor.

Career
Lamm spent almost 25 years as a pulpit rabbi. He was the Assistant Rabbi to Rabbi Joseph Lookstein of Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun in Manhattan, New York. His first pulpit was in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was appointed rabbi of the West Side Jewish Center (Congregation Beth Israel) in 1952; became an assistant rabbi at the Jewish Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in 1958; and then the senior rabbi of the Jewish Center from 1959 to 1976. In 1959, he also became a professor in Jewish philosophy at Yeshiva University.

In 1958, Lamm helped founded Tradition, an academic journal of Modern Orthodox thought. He also launched the Torah U-Madda Journal.

He obtained his Ph.D. in 1966 and was elected President of Yeshiva University in August 1976—succeeding Rabbi Samuel Belkin, YU's second president. When he took over the institution, he helped save it from looming bankruptcy, raised its endowments, and led the school to a national top-100 school ranking. Lamm also played important roles in Jewish scholarship. At a time when ArtScroll was in financial trouble, Lamm introduced the publisher to philanthropist Jerome Schottenstein. The introduction led to the financial support from Schottenstein, whose namesake was bestowed on the Schottenstein English translation of the Babylonian Talmud.

Upon the establishment of the Simon Rockower Memorial Writing Competition by the American Jewish Press Association in 1980, Lamm was named the competition's inaugural head.

Personal life
Lamm was married to Mindella, who died of COVID-19 on April 16, 2020, at the age of 88. At the time of his death in May 2020, Lamm had two sons, Shalom and Joshua, and a daughter, Chaye Warburg. He had a second daughter, Sara Lamm Dratch, who died in 2013. He was also survived by 17 grandchildren and numerous great-grandchildren.

Theology
As a Modern Orthodox Jew, Lamm's theology incorporated the corpus of classical rabbinic Jewish principles of faith. The faith that he preaches and teaches is consistent with these teachings. He believed that God exists, that God can reveal his will to mankind, and that the Torah (five books of Moses) is an exact transcription of God's revelation to Moses on Mount Sinai. He believed that Judaism's oral law, as recorded in the Mishnah and Talmud and subsequent rabbinical interpretation, represents an accurate and authoritative understanding of how God wants mankind to understand the Hebrew Bible. And, in accordance with standard Orthodox Jewish theology, he held that halakha, loosely translated as "Jewish law", is normative and binding on all Jews.

Torah Umadda
One of Lamm's major contributions was as a proponent of the idea of "Torah Umadda" - "Torah and modern culture, or more generally, the environing culture of our days" - a philosophical paradigm which aims at the confrontation of Torah learning and secular knowledge. He argued that the underlying philosophy of Torah Umadda is inspired by the work of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in the mid 19th century in response to the Enlightenment. He states that Torah Umadda and Hirsch's Torah im Derech Eretz are to a large extent complementary - both value the acquisition of secular knowledge and both demand adherence to halakha.

Centrist Orthodoxy
Lamm was a well-known voice of "Modern Orthodoxy" (which is also known as Centrist Orthodoxy), regarding itself as the "center" between the "left-wing" branches of Orthodox Judaism, such as Rabbi Avi Weiss's "Open Orthodoxy," and right-wing" movements such as Haredi Judaism. (Some writers have suggested a difference between the two terms "Modern" and "Centrist" Judaism — something Lamm dismissed as artificial.)

Relationship with non-Orthodox Judaism
Lamm was a strong critic of Reform Judaism's attempt to unilaterally redefine Jewishness. In response to their declaration that a person can be considered Jewish with only a Jewish father and not a Jewish mother (in contrast with Rabbinic Judaism's traditional stance that Judaism is passed on matrilineally, i.e., you are born Jewish if your mother is Jewish), Lamm stated that this was "The single most irresponsible act in contemporary Jewish history." Nonetheless, he has worked over the years to keep lines of communication open between Orthodox and Reform Judaism, in the hopes that Jewish unity can be maintained. Lamm was a proponent of working with Reform and Conservative Judaism in the now-defunct Synagogue Council of America.

In a lecture before Klal, a "mixed" group of rabbis, he maintained that non-Orthodox rabbis are "valid" spiritual leaders of their congregants, whereas the Orthodox are "legitimate" religious leaders. "Valid" comes from the Latin word validus which means powerful, strong–and they are certainly strong and influential Jewish leaders who should be respected for their efforts. But only Orthodox rabbis can lay claim to "legitimacy," a word which derives from Latin lex, law. Only one committed fully to the halakha can be considered Jewishly legitimate as a rabbi.

While strongly disagreeing with the theology and religious practices of non-Orthodox forms of Judaism, Lamm was one of the most outspoken leaders in Orthodoxy for cooperation with Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. In 1989 and 1990 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir asked Lamm to help defuse the crisis related to the "Who is a Jew?" issue, which had erupted when a Reform convert wanted to make aliyah (emigration to the State of Israel). Lamm devised a solution for the denominational crisis which required delicate diplomacy as well as goodwill on all sides. In response to Lamm's suggestion, Prime Minister Shamir appointed Israeli Cabinet Secretary Elyakim Rubenstein, later a member of the Supreme Court, who negotiated secretly for many months with rabbis from Conservative, Reform and Orthodox Judaism, including faculty at Yeshiva University, with Lamm as Rosh ha-Yeshiva. The plan called for the creation of a joint panel that interviewed people who were converting to Judaism and considering making aliyah (moving) to Israel, and would refer them to a beit din (rabbinic court of Judaism) that would convert the candidate following traditional halakha.

All negotiating parties came to an agreement that: (1) Conversions must be carried out according to halakha, (2) the beit din overseeing the conversion would be Orthodox, perhaps appointed by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and (3) there would be a committee consisting of representatives of all three groups to interview potential converts as to their sincerity. Many Reform rabbis took offense at the notion that the beit din must be strictly halakhic and Orthodox, but they acquiesced. However, when word about this project became public, a number of leading Haredi rabbis issued a statement denouncing the project, condemning it as a "travesty of halakha". Rabbi Moshe Sherer, then the Chairman of Agudath Israel World Organization, stated that "Yes, we played a role in putting an end to that farce, and I'm proud we did." Lamm condemned this interference by Sherer, stating that this was "the most damaging thing that he [Sherer] ever did in his brilliant forty-year career."

Lamm wanted this to be only the beginning of a solution to Jewish disunity. He stated that had this unified conversion plan not been destroyed, he wanted to extend this program to the area of halakhic Jewish divorces, thus ending the problem of mamzerut.

In 1997 the issue of "Who is a Jew?" again arose in the State of Israel, and Lamm publicly backed the Neeman Commission, a group of Orthodox, Conservative and Reform rabbis working to develop joint programs for conversion to Judaism. In 1997 he gave a speech at the World Council of Orthodox Leadership, in Glen Springs, New York, urging Orthodox Jews to support this effort.

 * Rabbi Lamm told his listeners that they should value and encourage the efforts of non-Orthodox leaders to more seriously integrate traditional Jewish practices into the lives of their followers. They should welcome the creation of Conservative and Reform day schools and not see them as a threat to their own. In many communities, Orthodox day schools, or Orthodox-oriented community day schools, have large numbers of students from non-Orthodox families. The liberal movements should be appreciated and encouraged because they are doing something Jewish, even if it is not the way that Orthodox Jews would like them to, he said. "What they are doing is something, and something is better than nothing," he said in his speech. "I'm very openly attacking the notion that we sometimes find in the Orthodox community that 'being a goy is better'" than being a non-Orthodox Jew, he said in an interview.

In his speech Seventy Faces, Lamm warns his listeners that there will be an "unbridgeable and cataclysmic rupture within the Jewish community" unless Jews from all the denominations, including Orthodoxy, listen to each other and try to find a way to work together. In this speech (now an essay) he rejects maximal ideas of religious pluralism, especially relativism. He denies that non-Orthodox Jews have halakhic legitimacy, explaining that their views on halakha do not have normative status. However, he goes on to affirm a moderate form of religious pluralism, and holds that Orthodox Jews must accept that non-Orthodox rabbis are valid Jewish leaders, and possess spiritual dignity. He holds that marriages that are officiated at by non-Orthodox Jews can be halakhically-valid if conducted in accordance with Jewish law, but not so non-Orthodox divorces (which require a beit din). Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews must find ways to work together.

Views on abiogenesis, evolution and science
Originally trained as a scientist, Lamm maintained an interest in the interface between science and Judaism. In his 1971 essay "The religious implications of extraterrestrial life," Lamm writes about scientific developments concerning abiogenesis and evolution, the creation of life on Earth, and the then-developing scientific consensus that life could possibly evolve on other planets outside of the Solar System (i.e. extraterrestrial life). He writes:

 * ... the fact remains that most of the highly respected scientists of our day, eminent in their fields, do believe that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe...

 * No religious position is loyally served by refusing to consider annoying theories which may well turn out to be facts. Torah is "a Torah of truth," and to hide from the facts is to distort that truth into a myth. Of course, it must be repeated that the theories here under discussion have not (yet) been established as true. But they may be: and Judaism will then have to confront them as it has confronted what men have considered the truth throughout the generations.

 * Maimonides, over eight centuries ago, was faced with the widely accepted Aristotelian theory of the eternity of the universe, which ostensibly contradicted the Biblical conception of creation in time. Maimonides demonstrated that Aristotle had not conclusively proved the eternity of matter and that since eternity and creation were philosophically equally acceptable alternatives, he preferred to accept creation since this theory was the one apparently taught in Genesis. Nevertheless, Maimonides averred, were the Aristotelian theory convincingly proven, he would have accepted it and reinterpreted the verses in Genesis to accommodate the theory of the eternity of matter.

 * It is this kind of position which honest men, particularly honest believers in God and Torah, must adopt at all times, and especially in our times. Conventional dogmas, even if endowed with the authority of an Aristotle – ancient or modern – must be tested vigorously. If they are found wanting, we need not bother with them. But if they are found to be substantially correct, we may not overlook them. We must then use the newly discovered truths the better to truly understand our Torah – the "Torah of truth."

Lamm's writings on this subject are prominently featured in the "What Is Out There?" featurette, on disk two of the two-disc special edition of 2001: A Space Odyssey. This featurette offers the views of various scientists and philosophers on the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

Writings
Lamm was the author of 10 books, and edited or co-edited over 20 volumes.

In 1971 Lamm wrote Faith and Doubt: Studies in Traditional Jewish Thought, which was released in a second edition in 1986 and a third and up-dated edition in 2006. This book is a personal examination of his religious beliefs.

In the 1980s many in Modern Orthodox Judaism felt battered by criticism from Orthodoxy's theological right-wing. Many Orthodox Jews, notably HaRav Nissim Cahn, began to perceive Modern Orthodoxy as less compelling, and possibly less authentic, than Haredi Judaism. As such, Lamm wrote a principled theological defense of Modern Orthodoxy in Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition and its theology of Torah in confrontation with Madda or "Western Civilization".

In 1989, his doctoral thesis examining the theological-kabbalistic differences in the Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism was published as Torah Lishmah: Torah for Torah's Sake in the Works of Rabbi Hayyim of Volozhin and His Contemporaries. Influences on Lamm came from both camps, with Rav Soloveitchik descended from Hayim Volozhin, main Mitnagdic theorist, who is compared with Hasidism's theorist Schneur Zalman of Liadi.

In accompaniment, in 1999 Lamm published The Religious Thought of Hasidism: Text and Commentary, which offered an in-depth development of formative Hasidic thought, the mystical teachings of the movement founded in the 18th century by the Baal Shem Tov. Through examination of primary sources, Lamm illustrates the development of Hasidic theology in the 18th and 19th centuries. The book won the National Jewish Book Award in Jewish Thought.

In 2000 Lamm wrote The Shema: Spirituality and Law in Judaism for a general audience not familiar with Jewish theology; this work focused on how a proper understanding of Judaism would lead a practitioner to spirituality. This work was a rejoinder to the viewpoint that religious, observant Judaism was dry and legal, as opposed to spiritual and meaningful.

In addition to these, Lamm has written many essays on contemporary Jewish issues which were published in the journals Tradition, founded in 1958 by Lamm, and the Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society.

Retirement
Lamm stepped down as president in 2003, and was succeeded by Richard Joel, who became the fourth President of Yeshiva University and the first layman to hold the office. Joel is a former attorney who also led the Bnai Brith's international Hillel student organization. Joel had previously been associate dean and professor at Yeshiva University's Cardozo Law School, and was an assistant district attorney in New York City.

Upon his retirement as president, Lamm was given the position of Chancellor of Yeshiva University. He maintained his title as Rosh HaYeshiva ("head of the yeshiva") of Yeshiva University's rabbinical school, RIETS for an additional ten years.

In July 2013, Lamm announced his retirement as chancellor and Rosh HaYeshiva after more than 60 years at Yeshiva University, and apologized for not responding more assertively when students at Yeshiva University High School for Boys said that two rabbis there had sexually abused them. After retirement Lamm left the spotlight of communal life. According to a family member Lamm suffered from an illness that affected his memory. Lamm died on May 31, 2020, in Englewood, New Jersey.

Awards
1999: National Jewish Books Award in the Jewish Thought category for The Religious Thought of Hasidism: Text and Commentary

Works by Lamm

 * Menachem Mendel Kasher, Norman Lamm, Leonard Rosenfeld (Editors). Leo Jung Jubilee Volume Essays in Honor on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday. N.Y.: The Jewish Center Synagogue, 1962.
 * Norman Lamm, The Royal Reach, (Feldheim, 1970)
 * Norman Lamm, A Hedge of Roses: Jewish Insights Into Marriage, (Feldheim, 1977)
 * Norman Lamm The Religious Implications of Extra-Terrestrial Life, Chapter 5 of Faith and Doubt - Studies in Traditional Jewish Thought, (New York, Ktav, 1971)
 * "תורה לשמה במשנת ר חיים מוולוזין ובמחשבת הדור" Mossad Horav Kuk, Jerusalem, 1971.
 * Norman Lamm, Faith and Doubt: Studies in Traditional Jewish Thought, Ktav; 2nd edition 1986, ISBN 0-88125-000-7; 3rd Augmented Edition, 2006.
 * Norman Lamm, Seventy Faces: Divided we stand, but its time to try an idea that might help us stand taller, Moment Vol. II, No. 6, June 1986 - Sivan 5746
 * Norman Lamm, Torah Lishmah: Torah for Torah's Sake : In the Works of Rabbi Hayyim of Volozhin and His Contemporaries, (Ktav, 1989).
 * Norman Lamm, Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition, Jason Aronson, 1990 ISBN 0-87668-810-5.
 * Norman Lamm, 'Halakhot Va-halikhot', Mosad ha-Rav Kuk, 1990.
 * Norman Lamm, The Religious Thought of Hasidism: Text and Commentary, Michael Scharf Publication Trust of Yeshiva University, 1999, ISBN 0-88125-440-1.
 * Norman Lamm, The Shema: Spirituality and Law in Judaism, Jewish Publication Society of America, 2000, ISBN 0-8276-0713-X.
 * Lamm's response to Noah Feldman's July 22, 2007, New York Times Magazine essay "Orthodox Paradox" was published on August 2, 2007. Lamm's article, "A Response to Noah Feldman," was published at the website: http://www.forward.com/articles/11308/
 * Norman Lamm, Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition, 20th Anniversary Edition with a New Preface and an Afterword by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, Maggid Books (a division of Koren Publishers Jerusalem), 2010 ISBN 978-1-59264-309-7.
 * Norman Lamm, "The Royal Table: A Passover Haggadah", (OU Press, New York, 2010) ISBN 978-1-60280-139-4.
 * Norman Lamm, "Festivals of Faith: Reflections on the Jewish Holidays", (Ou Press & Yeshiva University Press, New York, 2011) ISBN 978-1-60280-174-5.

Articles by Lamm

 * HaPardes, No. 28, Vol. 11 August 1954: בדין מצות עשה להתפלל בכל יום
 * HaDarom, No. 23 1966: הערה לענין תשעה-באב בימי בית שני
 * HaDarom, No. 32 : בענין מצות קידוש
 * HaPardes, November 1977: ברירה ורשות
 * HaPardes, October 1983: דיני ממונות בשלשה
 * HaPardes, No. 58 Vol. 5 February 1984: החסיד המעולה וראש הישיבה (Eulogy for Rabbi Yerucham Gorelick)
 * Bais Yitzchok, 1985: בדין לבישת בגדי כהונה שלא בשעת עבודה
 * HaPardes, March 1985: ברוך שם כבוד לעולם מלכותו ועד
 * Sermon anthology of the RCA Vol. 44 (1986): Notes of An Unrepentant Darshan
 * Sermon anthology of the RCA Vol. 44 (1986): There Is A Prophet in Israel
 * Sermon anthology of the RCA Vol. 44 (1986): The Leaning Jews of America
 * HaPardes, May 1986: לענין ספירת העומר
 * Bais Yitzchok, 1987: קריאת שם הולד על שם אדם חי
 * HaPardes, May 1987: אין קידוש אלא במקום סעודה
 * HaPardes, April 1988: צדקה וחסד
 * HaPardes, July 1992: כעס בהלכה ובמוסד היהדות
 * HaPardes, November 1993: הכרת הטוב בהלכה
 * HaPardes, June 1994: מודה במקצת הטענה ישבע
 * HaPardes, April 1995: כהן בעל תשובה שהרג את הנפש ועע"ז
 * HaPardes, May 1995: דין כהן שהרג את הנפש אם ומתי מותר לו לישא

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User talk:Willhsmit

Thank you for editing the eliminations of the Football World Cup 2006 - African Qualification Groups. I didn't notice that either (Guinea, Burkina Faso; Groups 2 and 5) were eliminated, and neglected to italicize. Thank for your work!! IanManka 17:50, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: Nanavati query
Hi, with respect to your query on the talk page, the text of the judgement answers the query & I will add it soon as soon as I read the judgement in its entirety. Specifically, the Supreme Court of India said the following: ''There is no  conflict  between  the  general burden that  lies on the prosecution in a criminal case and the special burden imposed on the accused under s.  105 of  the Evidence Act where he pleads any of	the General  Exceptions mentioned  in  the Indian Penal Code. The presumption of innocence in the favour  of the  accused continues  all through and the	 burden that  lies on  the prosecution to prove his guilt, except where the statute provides otherwise, never shifts. Even if the accused fails to prove the Exception the  prosecution  has to discharge its own burden and the evidence adduced, although insufficient  to establish the Exception, may be	sufficient to  negative one or more of the ingredients of the offence.'' BTW, although you blanked out your query in good faith, its not recommended and in this, it actually helps others who have the same query. regards -- Pamri • Talk 03:31, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

U.S. presidential elections
I just wanted to thank you for all the work you've done with the U.S. presidential election articles.

— DLJessup (talk) 15:30, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Us senate result 2004.PNG
The copyright tag on this image you've created is now obsolete. Could you please change it to conform with Wikipedia's new guidelines in the matter? Thanks jcarkeys 20:28, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Sambyeolcho Rebellion
Thank you for fixing the dates of Sambyeolcho Rebellion. They are now OK. --Nanshu 22:26, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Congress Maps
Just showing off, this is my 2006 Congressional results map

2002 Bundestag graph
I'm curious about how you made the 2002 Bundestag elections results graph. What software did you use? What do the inner and outer rings mean?

Thanks. Johndodd 17:25, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I used Microsoft Excel to make the Bundestag graph as a pie chart -- I can send you an example spreadsheet or describe the process if you are thinking of making something similar for another article or project.
 * The inner ring represents the pre-election party balance for comparison (the number in parentheses). I use a half-circle for both rings because I've seen more examples like that in the past, I think. Willhsmit 18:33, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I thought it was Excel, but I wasn't 100% sure.  I would never have guessed before and after the election, though.  Johndodd 19:29, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

US House of reps maps
Thats a great series of maps you have done for the house of reps! I have made a template for them so that you can click between them easily. Are you going to do maps for the first 24 which dont seem to be there? --Astrokey 44 04:50, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Info
I was wondering, where do you get your sources for the US House election results, especially for those in the 1940's to 1980's? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Unckate7 (talk • contribs) 23:37, 5 December 2006 (UTC).

French Revolutionary Wars
What a brilliant idea to set up those little chronologies year by year. (At Least, as far as I can work out it was you, back in 2004.)  Thank you. It helps to simplify an inherently complicated subject, and also is seriously useful for linking across to, when one wants to refer from another article in relation to some consequence of the fighting, without landing the reader with a 34 page half hour read - fascinating though that half hour might be when (s)he had the time. Success. Charles01 12:28, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

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Edits to United States House of Representatives elections, 1932
I'm sorry I made changes while you were working on United States House of Representatives elections, 1932. I didn't notice you were doing that. I'll leave it alone. Good work, by the way!!—GoldRingChip 16:51, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

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Election links
You're doing a great job with those House elections. While you're at it, can you make the links to "First elected" more specific?

For example,  1942 .

Don't worry about the red links. I'll take care of them. I've been working on United States House of Representatives elections, 2004. I've got a template I use to redirect to the general election:  .—GoldRingChip  21:31, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't know what to do with the odd year Elections, but I suggest linking them even though it'll create a red link. What do you think?  (Answer here).—GoldRingChip  01:37, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I'll turn the odd links on for now, then. Willhsmit (talk) 02:01, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

error in 1932 Senate election map
Hey there--I happened to notice that you created long, long ago for the United States Senate elections, 1932 has a small error in it. Oregon should be shaded light red, not gray, as they had a Senate election that year which resulted in a Republican hold. Hope you can fix it! --Esprqii (talk) 23:32, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Fixed (in new SVG file with colors consistent with 1970-on SVG images). Willhsmit (talk) 01:41, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Looks great, thanks! --Esprqii (talk) 18:43, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

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Excessive creation of stubs of stars
Hi Willhsmit,

I see you are creating lots of stubs about stars. Note that there is a guideline on the topic at Notability (astronomical objects). We would expect that there would be two substantial references on the star before it can get an article here. SIMBAD does not count as such a source. However if the star is visible to the eye, ie magnitude 6.0 or smaller numbers then an article will meet the guideline. Otherwise they may be nominated for deletion. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 12:19, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Agreed. At the very least each new stub should demonstrate non-trivial coverage in at least two reliable sources; just reproducing entries in a database (e.g. SIMBAD) is not enough (WP:INDISCRIMINATE). Modest Genius talk 10:29, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Cool. I will start a talk thread on NASTCRIT to see whether there's a consensus for improving the existing text on criterion 1. Willhsmit (talk) 18:21, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

 * See also WP:MASSCREATION. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 16:27, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

 * All right. Is anyone supportive of redirects to 'List of stars in (constellation)' for the already created stubs (This would connect linked stars in templates like Template:Stars_of_Aries somewhere useful, but on the other hand an explicit link to the list is already on the left side of the template), or should I just go straight to db-author? Willhsmit (talk) 19:15, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Redirects are probably more desirable than deletions. You've created a lot of currently low-ish value stubs, but what's currently there could serve as a good starting point for an expanded version of these stars, if they're found notable / later found more desirable as their own articles. No sense in losing that effort. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 00:41, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

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AfC notification: Draft:HD 137366 has a new comment
<div style="border:solid 1px #9accf6;background:#f1f9ff;padding:1em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:1em;color:black;margin-bottom: 1.5em;"> I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:HD 137366. Thanks! Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 21:08, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: HD 137366 (July 31)
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title: User talk:Willhsmit


text:
British Columbia Highway 101

British Columbia Highway 101, also known as the Sunshine Coast Highway, is a 156 km long highway that is the main north–south thoroughfare on the Sunshine Coast in British Columbia, Canada.

Highway 101, which first opened in 1962, is divided into two separate land segments, with a ferry link in between. The highway is maintained by Capilano Highway Services. Despite its location on the mainland, the highway is unique for not being connected to the rest of the British Columbia highway system. Access to the highway can only be obtained by taking ferries from Horseshoe Bay to the south end in Gibsons or Comox to Powell River. Highway 101 between Langdale and Powell River is designated as a feeder route of the Canadian National Highway System. The highway is sometimes considered by locals to be an extension of the much more famous U.S. Route 101 that runs all the way to Los Angeles, however there is a 300 km gap between the two highways and the origin of the BC-101's number may not be related to US 101.

Route description
The total distance of Highway 101, including the ferry link, is approximately 156 km. The vast majority of the highway is an exceptionally curvy undivided 2 lane route with few passing opportunities. In general the highway experiences low traffic volumes due to its rural nature and lack of connection to other highways. However much of Highway 101s daily traffic comes in waves timed to when the ferries arrives as a large amount of vehicle suddenly unload onto the highway. The speed limit on the Highway is 80–60 km/h in rural areas and 50 km/h in towns.

South Section
The highway begins in the south at the BC Ferries terminal at Langdale, which connects the Sunshine Coast to Vancouver via a ferry route across Howe Sound to Horseshoe Bay. The southern land section of Highway 101 is 80 km long. Immediately after leaving the Langdale Ferry terminal Highway 101 follows the Gibson's Bypass, a 2 km long stretch of 4 lane divided highway that forms the only improved section of Highway 101. The Gibsons Bypass was built in 1995 and was originally intended to entirely bypass the town of Gibsons but the bypass currently abruptly terminates at a T intersection where Highway 101 traffic is forced to turn left onto a 2 lane route though the narrow streets and many signal lights of Gibsons's small commercial area. After leaving Gibsons the highway travels a busy 2 lane route for 20 km though Roberts Creek, until arriving in the Sechelt, the only other major municipality in the area. In Sechelt the highway travels on a 4 lane Main Street before turning onto several other smaller community roads. North of Sechelt traffic on the highway thins out dramatically. For the next 60 km to the Earls Cove Ferry Terminal the highway curves though granite outcrops, past lakes and patches of rainforest mixed with small farms. Towns along the way include Halfmoon Bay and Pender Harbour and many smaller hamlets located on the ocean. Near the ferry terminal a small paved side road branches off to Skookumchuck Narrows. The ferry link across the Jervis Inlet lasts 9.5 nmi between Earls Cove to the south and Saltery Bay to the north.

North Section
The 59 km northern land section of Highway 101 curves its way along the Malaspina Strait through the hamlets of Stillwater and Lang Bay. It then enters the small city of Powell River forming its main street. It then crosses a narrow bridge over Powell Lake and soon enters the Tla'amin Nation Reservation. From there the highway downgrades to nothing more than a small rural road for the last 15 km to the community of Lund, where the highway ends at a boat ramp and dock for the Savary Island water taxi.

Fixed link proposals
The provincial government has conducted several feasibility studies on connecting Highway 101 to the Lower Mainland, as well as replacing the Earls Cove–Saltery Bay ferry. A study launched by the BC Liberal government in 2015 identified four proposals costing between $2.1 billion and $4.4 billion:

 * A 58 km extension of Highway 101 along the west shore of Howe Sound that would connect to Highway 99 near Squamish.
 * A 22 km extension of Highway 101 across Howe Sound on a pair of suspension bridges via the Anvil Island, with a connection to Highway 99 near Lions Bay. The Islands Trust opposes this option.
 * A new 200 km highway connecting Powell River to Squamish with a pair of tunnels under the Coast Mountains.
 * A 19 km highway link between the two sections of Highway 101 eliminating the ferry between Saltery Bay and Earls Cove via a pair of suspension bridges.

All four options were considered feasible, with positive cost to benefit ratios for the two bridge options. The study was inconclusive and recommended further analysis of the four options. The NDP government announced in December 2017 that the study would not move forward due to technical and financial issues.

Major intersections
From south to north:

title: British Columbia Highway 101


text:
Talk:Bell–LaPadula model

Cleanup Request August '06
I put in the 'cleanup request for the following reasons:

 * 1) The article doesn't distinguish between the abstract mathematical model and the implementation. The article probably needs separate sections to talk about them.
 * 2) The "See Also" section points to some other models, but the article may need some discussion of how the other models are related.
 * 3) Having a section on "Strong * Property" suggests that the article should talk more specifically about BLP extensions of all kinds. I think the only reason Strong * Property is in there is because some deluded person in the CISSP training world included it in study materials, despite its relative unimportance. But we can't talk about extensions unless we distinguish between those that extend the theoretical model (System Z for example) and those that seem more implementation related (Strong * Property).

If the cleanup doesn't happen otherwise I might get to it in a month or two. Cryptosmith (Rick Smith) 15:50, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This article desperately needs a section on criticisms of the Bell-LaPadula model. One of the most serious criticisms is that the *-property, by requiring "high" processes to only communicate with other "high" processes, forces many processes by to labelled higher than they would otherwise need to be, and that this works directly against the Principle of Least Authority. Other criticisms of BLP and skepticism about its real-world relevance are discussed in these threads:
 * http://www.eros-os.org/pipermail/cap-talk/2005-December/004597.html
 * http://www.eros-os.org/pipermail/cap-talk/2006-January/004712.html
 * http://www.eros-os.org/pipermail/cap-talk/2006-July/005501.html
 * --DavidHopwood 15:17, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

--Mattpalmer1086 13:53, 2 March 2007 (UTC) Matt Palmer: I second that this article be cleaned up... can I suggest whoever does so actually reads the original paper by Bell and LaPadula? Especially on the topic of the *-property, which is stated in the original as "in any state, a current access (subject, object, attribute) implies: level(object) dominates current-level (subject) if attribute is a; level (object) equals current-level (subject) if attribute is w; and level (object) is dominated by current-level (object) if attribute is r." The * property does NOT prevent high level subjects from writing to low level objects. It merely prevents an access state existing that would allow downwards information flow. A high level subject, if he doesn't hold any observe access at a high level, is free to operate at a lower level, and write to a low level object. It's all in the original - this extra stuff seems to be a bit like chinese whispers (even the way I was taught it was actually wrong by the terms of the original paper that * property implies level(object) >= level(subject).). It doesn't - it just says no alter access can be granted lower than current observe access, and no observe access higher than current alter access. This implies that a subject can only write at a single leve, as the write operation in BLP implies both observe and alter. The single level requirements follows from the * property - a write at two levels would involve an observe access dominating an alter access - which is prohibited.

I may have a go at rewriting myself if I get time. By the way, the links to the capability section is interesting (eros), but they aren't the best people to criticise MLS approaches. Personally, I love capabilities and the E language stuff - but it's a million miles away from MLS. Finally, the article as it stands does not do justice to security levels - some more examples would be nice.

Features section
The article is not mentioning the property called the Strong * Property value. According to this property, the subject can only read/write at the same security level (clearance and classification must be equal). In some resources, this property is cited instead of the The Discretionary Security Property.

Please refer to:

Chapter 5 - Security Models and Architecture

CISSP: All-in-One Exam Guide, Third Edition by Shon Harris McGraw-Hill/Osborne © 2005

--Rygar81 22:08, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This appears to be a bogus term, even if it shows up in a CISSP Study Guide (yes, even such writers are human). A Google search uncovered two references - one to that Study Guide itself, and one to Rob Slade (he reviews a lot of security books) who argues that the term is bogus. I've seen systems implement such a property, but it's usually because the system has no way of allowing write only access to objects, so they need to make the shortcoming sound like a feature. Certainly it is not part of the classic BLP model. I know of no formal mathematical arguments that rely on defining a strong * property (anyone else know of one?). If Rygar81 would like to include a description in the BLP entry, go ahead, but be sure to cite the source (which I don't have) and note that the term is not widely used. Rick Smith 18:41, 7 August 2006 (UTC) (PhD, CISSP, ISSAP, ISSEP).
 * I did a bit more poking around with Google (search: bell la padula "strong * property") and I can't find any primary references that use the term. I can find two sources: CISSP Exam Prep Guides of various sorts, a book Secured Computing published in '02 by one Carl Endorf, and reviews by Rob Slade of said books (including a suggestion that Endorf's book is essentially a prep guide, too). The definition is, as I said above, somewhat plausible, but I suspect it's a marketing term introduced by a vendor rather than a serious term used in the industry. I've been dealing with mulitlevel models and technology for a long time, and I can say that I've never used it myself. Rick Smith 19:21, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I've found a link that appears to be to a relevant chapter of the 2nd edition of the Shon Harris book. On page 213 Harris illustrates a total lack of understanding of the BLP model, by claiming that it consists of 3 parts: the Simple Security Property, the * Property, and the Srong * Property, with the latter defined as above (write to current level only!!!). In fact, you only need one of those * properties, not both. So Harris is not a reliable source and should not be used as a reference for defining the Strong * Property, assuming it really exists. Rick Smith 19:21, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Rick, I have also made some researches.

From:

Chapter 5 - Security Architecture and Models The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the CISSP and ISSEP Exams, Second Edition by Ronald L. Krutz and Russell Dean Vines John Wiley & Sons © 2004

"In some instances, a property called the Strong * Property is cited. This property states that reading or writing is permitted at a particular level of sensitivity but not to either higher or lower levels of sensitivity."

This is another source which talks about this property. I infer it is not a bogus term. I agree with you that Shon Harris book is confusing about BLP model. However this term seems to exist. Rygar81 00:20, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Let me say that Shon Harris is not confusing so much as she is wrong. I haven't been able to find the term anywhere except in CISSP study guides. I find that very suspicious, but I will go ahead and add something about it, based on my research on the subject. Cryptosmith (Rick Smith) 20:15, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Success! I found a reference to a paper by Ravi Sandhu that defines the Strong * Property. The article will be edited accordingly. Cryptosmith (Rick Smith) 21:27, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

That's great! I completely agree with your last change about Strong * Property. Rygar81 21:29, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

--Mattpalmer1086 13:23, 2 March 2007 (UTC) The Strong *-Property is a complete red-herring. It's not used by anyone who does work on MLS models as far as I'm aware (and I've built database systems based on BLP). The paper by Ravi Sandhu states that "It is motivated by integrity considerations.  The (weak) star-property allows a U user to write S-data.  This can result in overwriting...". This is just not true by the terms of BLP, but may be true in other mandatory models. In BLP, a U user can never write to S data - they can only append - which is an alter without an observe. So no data can be overwritten. He is talking specifically in the context of database systems that are mandatory and multi-level secure. Although a better reference for MLS databases is the work on SeaView by Dorothy Denning. Anyway, at best it's an almost unheard of security property that no-one in the industry uses. It would be far better to spend time getting the actual *-property right. We must make the general distinction between mandatory multi-level secure systems in general - whether database oriented or not - and the specific BLP model.

Philomorph (talk) 18:31, 5 January 2018 (UTC) The third security property is an incomplete sentence that doesn't sensibly describe the property. I'm not familiar enough with the model to correct the problem - can someone else? The Discretionary Security Property states that use of an access matrix to specify the discretionary access control.

Merge High watermark
High watermark was introduced in Clark Weissman's Security controls in the ADEPT-50 timesharing system that appeared in the AFIPS Conference Proceedings, volume 35, pages 119--133. FJCC, 1969. As such it preceded the Bell-La Padula work. Volume 1 appeared in 1972. It is not appropriate to include as part of the BLP. David Bell 21:31, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Proposing that High watermark be merged into Bell-LaPadula model as it is an extension of that model & the current article is very short. Dthvt 04:45, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

--Mattpalmer1086 13:30, 2 March 2007 (UTC) But it has nothing specifically to do with the actual BLP model! It's related by the more general concept of multi-level secure systems, but BLP doesn't work like this. A link would be OK, but it has no direct relevance.

Well, I don't see any reason to leave the merge tag on this page, so removing it... Dthvt 22:42, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Jclemens (talk) 22:59, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Bell-La Padula model → Bell-LaPadula model — LaPadula is not spelt La Padula (see, e.g. http://www.albany.edu/acc/courses/ia/classics/belllapadula1.pdf). Benl (talk) 23:43, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Review
·       What is the article's overall status?

o  I believe the article is informative and gives the reader a great starting point for researching the subject. The links also are a great place to research the subject matter as well.

·       What are the article's strengths?

o  The article does a great at clearly conveying the topic. It also gives enough detail to understand the full concept that’s being presented.

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o  The article could address its limitation such as covert channels being expanded upon.

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o  After the updates from the community I think the article is well developed and in a mature state.

Abrown106 (talk) 03:23, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bell–LaPadula model


text:
List of ambassadors of Canada to Burkina Faso

The ambassador of Canada to Burkina Faso is the official representative of the Canadian government to the government of Burkina Faso. The official title for the ambassador is Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada to Burkina Faso. The current Canadian ambassador is Lee-Anne Hermann who was appointed on the advice of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on December 20, 2021.

The Embassy of Canada is located at 318 Professeur Joseph KIZERBO avenue, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.

History of diplomatic relations
Diplomatic relations between Canada and Burkina Faso was established on April 27, 1962. Bruce MacGillivray Williams was appointed as Canada's first Ambassador to Burkina Faso on April 12, 1962.


text:
Biba Model

The Biba Model or Biba Integrity Model developed by Kenneth J. Biba in 1975, is a formal state transition system of computer security policy describing a set of access control rules designed to ensure data integrity. Data and subjects are grouped into ordered levels of integrity. The model is designed so that subjects may not corrupt data in a level ranked higher than the subject, or be corrupted by data from a lower level than the subject.

In general the model was developed to address integrity as the core principle, which is the direct inverse of the Bell–LaPadula model which focuses on confidentiality.

Features
In general, preservation of data integrity has three goals:

 * Prevent data modification by unauthorized parties
 * Prevent unauthorized data modification by authorized parties
 * Maintain internal and external consistency (i.e. data reflects the real world)

This security model is directed toward data integrity (rather than confidentiality) and is characterized by the phrase: "read up, write down". This is in contrast to the Bell-LaPadula model which is characterized by the phrase "read down, write up".

In the Biba model, users can only create content at or below their own integrity level (a monk may write a prayer book that can be read by commoners, but not one to be read by a high priest). Conversely, users can only view content at or above their own integrity level (a monk may read a book written by the high priest, but may not read a pamphlet written by a lowly commoner). Another analogy to consider is that of the military chain of command. A General may write orders to a Colonel, who can issue these orders to a Major. In this fashion, the General's original orders are kept intact and the mission of the military is protected (thus, "read up" integrity). Conversely, a Private can never issue orders to his Sergeant, who may never issue orders to a Lieutenant, also protecting the integrity of the mission ("write down").

The Biba model defines a set of security rules, the first two of which are similar to the Bell–LaPadula model. These first two rules are the reverse of the Bell–LaPadula rules:

 * 1) The Simple Integrity Property states that a subject at a given level of integrity must not read data at a lower integrity level (no read down).
 * 2) The * (star) Integrity Property states that a subject at a given level of integrity must not write to data at a higher level of integrity (no write up).
 * 3) Invocation Property states that a process from below cannot request higher access; only with subjects at an equal or lower level.

Implementations

 * In FreeBSD, the Biba model is implemented by the mac_biba MAC policy.
 * In Linux, the Biba model is implemented in the General Dynamics Mission Systems PitBull product.
 * In XTS-400, the Biba model is implemented in the BAE Systems's XTS-400 operating system.

title: Biba Model


text:
Talk:Biba Model

Untitled
Page added; verified against http://www.itsecurity.com/dictionary/biba.htm. joey h. May. 19, 06:52:05 UTC

Need to add the additional behavioral rules and subsequent proofs. Dthvt 20:49, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I'm recommending that Biba Integrity Model be merged to Biba Model since the other related models all follow the "Inventor-Name Model" title convention. Dthvt 21:16, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

I second this. In most security textbooks and literatures the model is simply known as the "Biba Model". Atholas 04:52, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've started some merger work. Need someone to review or help. Luis F. Gonzalez 05:17, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

"Monk" example
How about adapting the "monk" example to a "secret researcher" example like in Bell-LaPadula model? Seems more logic to me.

 * Actually I think the monks analogy is very easy to understand and remember (learning for exam right now) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.128.196.95 (talk) 19:29, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually it's very confusing, since why would a high priest not be able to read what a monk writes? The example does imply a hierarchy and a directed link, but the semantics of the metaphor don't map to reality under experiential analysis. 192.31.106.34 (talk) 13:41, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

I have added another analogy which further illustrates it. I think someone should pick one or the other in the long run. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.124.188.243 (talk) 08:02, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biba Model


text:
Donations of Alexandria

The Donations of Alexandria (autumn 34 BC) was a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia among Cleopatra's children and gave them many titles, especially for Caesarion, the son of Julius Caesar. This was the second of two such donations; a similar donation ceremony had taken place two years earlier at Antioch in 36 BC, at which time the donations enjoyed Octavian's full approval of the Antonine strategy of dominating the East by exploiting Cleopatra's unique royal Seleucid lineage in the donated territories. Ultimately, the Donations (of 34 BC) caused a fatal rupture in Antonine relations with Rome and were one of the causes of the final war of the Roman Republic.

Background
The donations followed the failure of Antony's military campaign in Parthia. Antony tried to play up his military success against Armenia and downplay his defeat by Parthia by staging a festival imitating a Roman triumph to celebrate his victory over the Armenian leader Artavasdes, who was led through the city of Alexandria in captivity. Antony then held a public banquet at which he dressed up as the god Dionysus. The captured Armenian royal family were brought before Cleopatra VII to prostrate themselves, but they refused to do so, incurring her wrath.

Donations
For the finale of the festivities, the whole city was summoned to the gymnasium of Alexandria, where Antony and Cleopatra, dressed as Dionysus-Osiris and Isis-Aphrodite, sat on golden thrones. Caesarion was depicted as Horus, son of Isis. The children were similarly in the attire of their new kingdoms. Antony confirmed Cleopatra as queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya and central Syria.

The Donations themselves included:
 * Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia;
 * his twin Cleopatra Selene II got Cyrenaica and Libya;
 * the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria, Phoenicia and Cilicia;
 * Cleopatra was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Julius Caesar)
 * Caesarion was proclaimed the son of the deified Julius Caesar (son of god), King of Kings and King of Egypt; Caesarion was declared the legitimate heir of Julius Caesar, despite the fact that Caesar himself had adopted Octavian (later known as Augustus) in his will and left him most of his fortune.

Consequences
Antony sent an announcement of the donations to Rome, hoping that the Senate would approve them, but they refused. Octavian's political position was threatened by the recognition of Caesarion as the legitimate heir to Caesar's name. Octavian's base of power was his connection to Caesar through adoption, which gave him much-needed popularity and the loyalty of the legions. Octavian stepped up his personal attacks on Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and the Second Triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC, not to be renewed. Thus began the last war of the Roman Republic, with Octavian's victory ushering in the Imperial era.

title: Donations of Alexandria


text:
User:Highwind

My Homepage

title: User:Highwind