text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/172

 * (172 | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct.

172 reverted Augusto Pinochet and History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953) nearly 50 times. This was done in an edit war with User:VeryVerily, whose actions have been listed on a separate RfC page
 * Description:

 * Evidence of disputed behavior (provide diffs and links):
 * Revert war on Soviet Union article
 * Revert war on Augusto Pinochet

 * Applicable policies:
 * How to revert a page to an earlier version, specifically the policy against more than 3 reverts in a day.

 * Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute (provide diffs and links):
 * Talk:Augusto Pinochet
 * Talk:History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953)
 * User talk:172

 * Users certifying the basis for this dispute (sign with ~ ):
 * Snowspinner 23:30, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Michael Snow 00:07, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Other users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * Sam [Spade] 03:02, 22 May 2004 (UTC) (172 has been a problem rather than a solution ever since I first encountered him. I have found him to behave in an unacceptably hostile and arrogant manner, defying policy and showing a complete lack of respect of a number of users. I frankly don't know what to do about him, but this seems a good step.)
 * VV 05:50, 22 May 2004 (UTC) 172 is a singular menace who does not belong on a community-oriented, consensus-based, neutrality-driven Wiki project. See my summary at my RFC page.
 * RickK 02:12, 24 May 2004 (UTC). I especially find the use of the abusive language below to show yet again more reason for 172 to be appropriately dealt with.  RickK 02:12, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Nat Krause 07:16, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Stan 05:56, 31 May 2004 (UTC) - 172 is painfully difficult to work with at best, abusive and bullying at worst. If no one speaks up about this, he has no incentive to improve.
 * Ilyanep 22:24, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC) I have had a problem with 172, and his conduct was very uncivil at best -- in that one problem...I do not claim to know all of 172's conduct though.
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor 172 is a problem user.
 * fvw 02:50, 2004 Oct 19 (UTC)

Response
It is no coincidence that most of the "other users who endorse [the above] summary" (Sam Spade, VeryVerily, Nat Krause) do nothing on Wikipedia except spew rightwing POV into articles, and never show any attempt toward serious scholarship. RickK, at least, is an overall productive user, but he seems to think that anyone to the left of Atilla the Hun is a Stalinist, explaining why he is always ready to attack me every chance he gets, even for things he blatantly does himself all the time. This isn't a statement of my contributions or personality attributes, but rather a listing of rightwing POV users. If others jump into this witch hunt, it'll say more about them than it does about me.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Support
 * 1) 172 22:41, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) G-Man 11:57, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Partial Support
 * 1) The premise of this inquiry seems to be a bit slanted, against 172, and 172 seems to be taking it a bit too seriously.  I dont entirely agree with the characterisation of the above people before, but it is indeed curious that as a collective they seem to function with some consensus on matters which boil down to a localized US-based POV. It is of course something that eloquence often fails to counter - and so I cannot fault 172 entirely for the conflicts. It takes two to tango, or more in this case. ...I have noticed a substantial improvement on the part of most of the parties involved, with respect to their behaviour and quality. Rather than focusing on people, we should instead focus on hard examples of deleition (omission, exclusion, obfuscation, censorship) as the prime symptom for diagnosing unwiki behaviour. That said, there exists a problem with the tendencies to edit quickly and shoot from the hip. "'Liberals' essentially means 'educated people'," and therefore it is little wonder that uneducated people have an easier time writing and editing material in a way that agrees with their views. -Stevertigo 18:10, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

While other users were wasting their time whipping up charges against me and mudsling, I was working on the History of Brazil series, upgrading the series box, getting started with a footer, and filling gaps in coverage in a couple of the articles. I suggest that other people find similarly constructive uses of their time.

It's one thing to come to the defense of someone who has been treated unfairly (and the support from Hephaestos and Dannny on this page means a lot to me goes a long way to cement my intentions to staying on Wiki), but what good comes out of launching biting attacks against someone you don't even know, when you don't even know what's going on? Since starting out as a user in 12/02 and a later sysop in 5/03, I've learned that the best way to handle these much-to-do-about nothing ad hominem attack fests is treating them as such. I'm not going to pay much attention to this, and I am not going to allow anyone to make me forget that we're here to write an encyclopedia. And to Michael Snow and Jamesday, you are charged with the power to protect pages. If edit wars bother you so much, spend a minute or two protecting pages as opposed to launching a lynch mob that'll squander a hell of a lot more time.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

 * 1) 172 07:48, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

I completely disagree. 172 has shown considerable restraint, given his professional expertise in this field. Meanwhile, I see little evidence that the other parties to the dispute really understand the content as well as him. I can only wonder if they are really interested in the quality of the encyclopedia or just having their own voices heard.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ): This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.
 * 1) Danny 00:05, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Hephaestos|§ 00:09, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) —No-One Jones 02:19, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Viajero 17:12, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Tannin 01:57, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Markalexander100 03:06, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) +sj +  07:06, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Eclecticology 07:08, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) G-Man 11:59, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Get-back-world-respect 01:44, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Looking at the articles I see:
 * that the History of the Soviet Union fight proximately started after this edit by VV. I find no fault with this edit - it was described as "rework p for bias" and did so, though there's useful material which the edit removed - a combination of material in both paragraphs seems to be better than either of the versions the revert war is being faught over. 172 then used a minor edit to revert it - not a good initial step when you should know that the change is likely to be controversial. The more remote origin appears to be this edit. I'm not much impressed by that edit - it seems to be more to try to advance a particular viewpoint held by 172 than to be neutral.
 * that the history of the Augusto Pinochet dispute goes back to this set of revisions, where the history shows some reluctance by some parties to recognise the now well documented US support for Pinochet in his rise to power and ample reason to accept that the US supported the coup, with those opposing the mention not apparently willing or able to effectively counter the cited reasons for that view. US support for Pinochet seems significant enough to merit an early mention. The proximate cause for the edit war appears to be this edit in which 172 undid an apparently discussed compromise. After a, comparatively, brief edit war the page was protected. On unprotection the edit ware promptly resumed. While I see merit in the desire to include the US aspect early, I don't see much merit in the removal of the longer introductory material and see even less in using an edit war to overturn a reasonably discussed possible resolution instead of further discussing the matter and presenting evidence to support different views. As with the history article I see minor edits being used by 172 for edits 172 clearly should have known were controversial.
 * overall, I'm unimpresed by 172s reluctance to discuss things instead of using edit wars in what appears to be effectively virtual bullying to get 172's way. While it's clear that the conduct of both is highly reprehensible, the comparative lack of respect for the use of discussion and use of minor edits for significant edits causes me to more greatly disfavor 172 in this pair of disputes.

-- user:Jamesday

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

 * 1) Sam [Spade] 02:10, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Cimon 03:39, May 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) *To clarify; let me state that I have absolutely nothing against the political viewpoint of 172. My own heroes of political and cultural historigraphy are Jürgen Habermas, Eric Hobsbawm and above all Sir Isaiah Berlin. These gentlemen are hardly right-wing icons. It should be very hard for 172 to demonstrate that my opposition to his behavioural poisoning of the wikipedia atmosphere is based on some fundamental political opposition. I am well meaning enough to suggest that wikipedia should welcome contributors much to the left of his viewpoints who act more civilly. We can hopefully stay receptive to contributors of widely varying views as long as they behave constructively. -- [User:Cimon avaro|Cimon]] 05:15, 19 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Stan 05:59, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Ilyanep 22:26, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/172


text:
User talk:Syedalimuslim

Your article Ayatollah Sayed Muhsin al-Hakim was blatantly copied from http://playandlearn.org/Scholars/514.htm in violation of their copyright.

It has been deleted. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:04, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

Hello "Syedalimuslim" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the Help desk.
 * Do not submit copyrighted text from elsewhere. Please do not type all in capital letters. Please do not create articles with no information but an external link. -- Infrogmation 20:33, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Imams
I have edited the text you added to Imam to make it more neutral in expression—this encyclopedia is read by people other than those that believe as you do. And the list is already at Shia Imams. Why repeat it here? —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 01:39, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Syedalimuslim


text:
The Washington Post (march)

"The Washington Post" (often called "The Washington Post March") is a march composed by John Philip Sousa in 1889. Since then, it has remained as one of his most popular marches throughout the United States and many other countries.

History
In 1888, the recent purchasers of The Washington Post newspaper—Frank Hatton, a former Postmaster General, and Beriah Wilkins, a former Democratic congressman from Ohio—requested that Sousa, the leader of the United States Marine Band, compose a march for the newspaper's essay contest awards ceremony, in conjunction with a campaign to promote the newspaper under new ownership. Sousa obliged; "The Washington Post" was introduced at a ceremony on June 15, 1889, "with President Benjamin Harrison in attendance" before "a huge crowd on the grounds of the Smithsonian Museum". It quickly became quite popular in both the United States and Europe as the standard musical accompaniment to the two-step, a late 19th-century dance craze. This led to a British journalist dubbing Sousa "The March King". Sousa is honored in The Washington Post building for his contribution to the newspaper and his country.

The composition is in the public domain in the US, as its copyright has expired, due to Sousa having been dead for more than 70 years and it having been published before the early 1920s.

During the award ceremony the young essay-contest winners were presented with gold medals that were hand-crafted by local jewelers Galt & Bro., with each having unique designs and custom engravings.

Music
This recognizable march is written in standard form: IAABBCCDCDC. Written in compound duple meter, it is suited as an accompaniment to the two-step, a new dance introduced at that time.

The opening strain of the march is famous and familiar to many. Typically, the march is played at a tempo of 110 to 120 beats per minute, rarely any faster.

March enthusiasts have argued that the trio sections' mellow and moving phrases are among Sousa's most musical. Six sudden eighth notes move the melody along. Its unusually calm break strain is a simple adaptation of the trio melody. It then moves on to the first trio repeat, where the low brass begins an even more mellow countermelody.

Scoring

 * Woodwinds: 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
 * Brass: 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba
 * Percussion: timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, triangle
 * Strings: violins I and II, violas, cellos, double basses

Dance
The "two-step" became so strongly identified with Sousa's march that the dance was often called "The Washington Post". In addition, many performance arts groups around the world dance to the famous song.

Recordings
Although many recordings of this march have been made over the years, the original recording of the march played by the United States Marine Band, conducted by Sousa's concertmaster, was made on Graphophone cylinder for the fledgling Columbia Records company in Washington, D.C., in 1890, catalogue Columbia Cylinder Military #8. It has been reissued in the compact disc era in 1999 by Legacy International as March King: John Philip Sousa Conducts His Own Marches, and as the earliest track of its 26-disc compendium of the history of the Columbia label, Sony Music 100 Years: Soundtrack For A Century. In 1893, this march was recorded on North American Phonograph Company cylinder #613 by Foh's 23rd Regiment Band of New York. This acoustical recording, unlike many others, has audible, clear, well-recorded drums.

title: The Washington Post (march)


text:
Imperial guard

An imperial guard or palace guard is a special group of troops (or a member thereof) of an empire, typically closely associated directly with the emperor or empress. Usually these troops embody a more elite status than other imperial forces, including the regular armed forces, and maintain special rights, privileges and traditions.

Because the head of state often wishes to be protected by the best soldiers available, their numbers and organisation may be expanded to carry out additional tasks. Napoleon's Imperial Guard is an example of this.

In heterogeneous polities reliant on a greater degree of coercion to maintain central authority the political reliability and loyalty of the guard is the most important factor in their recruitment. In such cases the ranks of the guard may be filled with on the one hand royal kinsman and clansman with a stake in the survival of the ruling family, and on the other with members socially and culturally divorced from the general population and therefore reliant on imperial patronage for their survival, for example the Varangian Guards (recruiting solely foreigners), and the Janissaries (Christian children taken as slaves from childhood, to serve the Muslim sultan).

In the post-colonial period, the term has been used colloquially and derisively to describe the staff of a person, usually a politician or corporate executive officer, that acts to prevent direct communication with the person.

Africa

 * Mehal Sefari and Kebur Zabagna of the Ethiopian Empire
 * Esho of the Oyo Empire

Americas

 * Imperial Guard of the Archers, Brazilian Imperial bodyguards during the Empire of Brazil

Asia

 * Chinese
 * The 8,000 Terracotta Warriors protecting the Emperor of China in the afterlife.
 * The Northern Army of the Han dynasty was the standing professional army branch of the Han Empire, garrisoned around the capital. Several units from this army would be given the honor of guarding the emperor in the capitol.
 * The Feathered Forest (imperial guards unit composed of primarily or entirely cavalry) [Elite Yulin] of the Army of the Han dynasty
 * The Rapid as Tigers (imperial guards unit) [Elite Huben] of the Army of the Han dynasty
 * Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty), formed initially as honour bodyguards of the emperor and garrison of the capital, and evolved to reflect the era's transition of reliance on professional soldiery over non-professional volunteers and conscripts.
 * Shìwèi, in the Qing dynasty of China
 * Imperial Guards Brigade of Manchu Banner soldiers, entrusted with guarding the person of the Emperor of China and the Forbidden City during the Qing dynasty
 * Imperial Guard of Manchukuo

 * Japanese
 * Imperial Guard (Japan) in service protection of the Emperor of Japan. Later part of the Japanese Army and since 1947, part of the National Police of Japan.
 * Imperial Guard of the National Police Agency, in Japan

 * Iranian
 * The 10,000-strong Immortals, an elite heavy infantry unit of the Achaemenid Empire from 550 BC–330 BC, functioning as both an Imperial Guard and a faction of the Achaemenid army
 * The Immortals, the Iranian Imperial Guard, existing in Iran in the 20th century under the Imperial State of Iran

 * Indian
 * ValaShahis, in Mughal Empire
 * Sikh Akali-Nihang (Immortal Crocodiles) warriors who have played the pivotal role in Sikh military history were also the guards of the Sikh Gurus, who are considered as Sache Patishah (True Emperors).

 * Elsewhere
 * Janissaries and Baltadji of the Ottoman Empire
 * Kheshig of the Mongol Empire

Europe

 * Austro-Hungarian
 * Arcièren-Leibgarde (Lifeguard of Halberdiers), in the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1700-1918
 * Hofburgwache (Palace Bodyguard) in the Austrian Empire. Became the Leibgarde-Infantrerie-Kompanie (Guard Infantry Company) in 1802.
 * Leibgarde-Reiter-Eskedron (Bodyguard Mounted Squadron) in the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918
 * Trabanten Leibgarde (Gentlemen at Arms), in the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918

 * French
 * Imperial Guard (Napoleon I) and Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard of the First French Empire.
 * Imperial Guard (Napoleon III) of the Second French Empire

 * Roman and Byzantine
 * The Praetorian Guard of the Imperial Roman Army in Ancient Rome, from 27 BC – 312 AD.
 * The Equites singulares Augusti, Imperial Horse Guards of the Roman Emperors
 * Jovians and Herculians, elite Guards legions during the Tetrarchy
 * Scholae Palatinae, late Roman Imperial Guards in both Western and Eastern Empires. Established in ca. 312, in the West until the 490s, in Byzantine service until ca. 1080.
 * Excubitors, Byzantine imperial guards established under the Byzantine emperor Leo I the Thracian
 * Spatharioi, Byzantine palace guards in the 5th-8th centuries
 * Tagmata, elite Byzantine guard units in the 8th-11th centuries
 * Hetaireia, Byzantine mercenary guard composed of men from Eastern Europe and Central Asia in the 9th-12th centuries
 * Varangian Guard, Byzantine palace guards and elite soldiers in the 10th-15th centuries

 * Elsewhere
 * Alemannic Guard of Emperor of the Serbs Stefan Uroš IV Dušan the Mighty.
 * The Guards Corps of the Prussian, and later of the Imperial German Army
 * The Imperial Guard (also known as the Leib Guard) of the Russian Tsars.

Fiction
The term has been used in fiction:
 * Imperial Guard, a group of alien warriors in the Marvel Comics universe that are charged with the duty of serving the Shi'ar Empire.
 * Emperor's Royal Guard, Darth Sidious's personal protectors in the Star Wars universe.
 * The Imperial Guard is the standing army of the Imperium in the Warhammer 40,000 universe. However, the Adeptus Custodes (rather than the Guard, despite their name) actually plays the role of the Emperor's privileged personal guards.
 * The Crimson Brigade, the Empire of Izmir's elite fighting unit in the 2000 film titled: Dungeons & Dragons.
 * The Sardaukar of the Padishah Emperor and the Fremen Fedaykin of Paul Muad'dib, plus their successors the Fish Speakers both serve as imperial guards in Frank Herbert's Dune saga.
 * In Star Trek the Imperial Guard are the Armed Forces of the Andorian Empire as seen on the TV series Star Trek: Enterprise.

title: Imperial guard


text:
Area codes 905, 289, 365, and 742

Area codes 905, 289, 365, and 742 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the Golden Horseshoe region that surrounds Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises (clockwise) the Niagara Peninsula, the city of Hamilton, the regional municipalities of Halton, Peel, York, Durham, and parts of Northumberland County, but excludes the City of Toronto.

The four area codes form an overlay numbering plan for the same geographic region, where area code 905 was established in October 1993 in an area code split from area code 416. When 289 was overlaid on June 9, 2001, all local calls required ten-digit dialing. On April 13, 2010, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) introduced another overlay code, area code 365, which became operational on March 25, 2013. Area code 742 was added to the overlay on October 16, 2021.

The numbering plan area surrounds the city of Toronto (area codes 416/647/437), leading locals to refer to the primarily suburban cities surrounding Toronto as "the 905" or "905 belt". It is bound by the 519/226/548/382 overlay area in the west, 705/249/683 in the north, 613/343/753 in the east, and Western New York State's 716/624 area on the eastern prong of the Niagara Peninsula. The incumbent local exchange carrier is Bell Canada.

History
From the 1960s, area code 905 was assigned for special call routing arrangements to Mexico City during the time when Mexico was expected to join the North American Numbering Plan. After establishing its own numbering plan with country code +52, these arrangement were continued into the 1980s. The assignment of 905 was finally officially withdrawn by February 1, 1991.

By October 1991, area code 905 had been assigned to relieve exchanges in the Golden Horseshoe, which was and still is Canada's largest toll-free calling zone. The Golden Horseshoe's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century and the corresponding expansion of telecommunications service would have made another area code necessary in any event. However, the timetable was advanced because Canada's system of number allocation does not use number pooling as a relief measure. Instead, each competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) is assigned blocks of 10,000 numbers, which correspond to a single three-digit prefix, for every rate centre in which it plans to offer service. Most rate centres do not need that many numbers, but excess numbers cannot be reassigned elsewhere once they are assigned to a rate centre. The problem was not as severe in the Golden Horseshoe as in the rest of Canada since, numbers have tended to be used up fairly quickly. However, the number allocation system did not allow number blocks to be reassigned from smaller rate centres to the Toronto rate centre. The proliferation of cell phones, pagers, fax machines, and dial-up Internet connections made it obvious that the Golden Horseshoe needed another area code.

Automatic number identification (ANI) in some central office switching systems in the numbering plan area started operation on October 11, 1992. The new area code entered service on October 11, 1993. Permissive dialing of 416 continued across the Golden Horseshoe until January 1, 1994. However, portions of the 905 territory have remained ever since a local call to Toronto.

The creation of area code 905 was intended as a long-term solution. However, five years after its introduction, area code 905 was close to exhaustion far sooner than anticipated, again due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. By 1999, the CRTC had established an ad hoc committee to study code relief planning for area code 905. A split of the NPA was considered, with various options being presented:
 * a geographic split by municipality (either two-way or three-way)
 * a geographic split of concentric rings around Toronto
 * a realignment of NPA boundaries
 * a distributed overlay

The overlay option was chosen because it would cause the least disruption and was supported by all of the carriers. A split would have forced customers to change their numbers for the second time in less than a decade and forced the reassignment of cellphone numbers. For the same reason, Toronto was overlaid with area code 647 (and later 437).

NPA 289 was approved by the CRTC on August 15, 2000 in Order CRTC 2000–772. The order had the CRTC direct Bell Canada to implement a ten-digit local dialing plan. Permissive seven-digit or ten-digit dialing for 905-customers began on April 7, 2001, before the in-service date for 289 of June 9, 2001.

The Golden Horseshoe's continued growth caused area code 365 to be assigned for further relief on March 25, 2013. Also, area code 742 was assigned on October 16, 2021.

A numbering plan exhaust analysis of 2020 projected an exhaust date of March 2023 for the numbering plan area.

Area code 537 was reserved as a fifth area code for the region in November 2022.

In popular culture
The term the 905 or the 905 belt is used to describe the suburban areas of the Greater Toronto Area, while Toronto proper is referred to as the 416. The term 905er is often used pejoratively by Toronto residents to refer to suburban residents outside the city. Canadian rapper Maestro rendered homage to the area code in his song "416/905 (TO Party Anthem)"; "TO" (pronounced "T" "O") is an abbreviation or nickname locals use when referring to the city of Toronto. In June 2015, Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced the formation of an NBA Development League team for the Toronto Raptors based in Mississauga called Raptors 905.

The term has been used in the context of Canadian politics, where the 416 is a stronghold of Liberals and NDP, whereas the 905 (excluding Hamilton) historically had strong ties to the Progressive Conservative Party. The region has, however, backed opposition parties as a protest vote, including both the NDP in the 1990 provincial election and the Liberals in the 2003 provincial election, as a backlash to the incumbent government. In both cases, the opposition party was elected to government with strong backing of the 905 region. The 2011 federal election saw the 905 region become predominately represented by candidates of the Conservative Party of Canada, while one third of the 416 ridings were won by Conservatives, many through vote splitting between the Liberals and NDP. In the 2019 federal election, the Liberals successfully held all 25 ridings in the 416, which they won in 2015. However, the parties were fighting over control over the 905 as historically, winning the 905 is key to parties forming government and the region has become a political bellwether. In the end, most 905 ridings were won by the Liberals over the Conservatives. The Liberals ultimately beat the Conservatives and formed a minority government with the support of the 905.

Rate centres and central office codes

 * Ajax-Pickering: (289)-200 224 229 255 275 277 314 315 372 387 388 403 417 422 423 460 482 484 533 539 545 591 608 624 631 660 733 734 744 882 892 913 915 923 980 986 987 988, (365)-275 300, (905)-231 239 250 391 409 420 421 422 423 424 426 427 428 492 509 550 619 621 622 626 683 686 706 744 767 831 837 839 903 995 999
 * Aurora: (289)-221 258 380 466 552 614 648 796 802 840 879 894 984 995, (365)-500 803, (905)-222 395 503 713 717 726 727 750 751 758 841 900
 * Beeton: (289)-415 899 970, (365)-560 901, (905)-724 729 748 801 909
 * Bethesda: (289)-262 615, (365)-501, (905)-504 888
 * Blackstock: (289)-702, (365)-408, (905)-986
 * Bowmanville: (289)-223 276 513 626 703, (365)-401, (905)-419 623 697
 * Bradford: (289)-464 831, (365)-266 900 (905)-551 775 778
 * Brampton is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Brampton (289)-201 233 298 323 325 401 406 410 418 498 499 505 541 544 569 632 654 720 747 748 752 764 801 864 889 900 901 946 948, (905)-216 226 230 291 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 463 487 488 494 495 497 499 500 595 598 654 759 781 782 783 789 790 791 792 793 794 796 798 799 840 846 861 863 866 867 872 874 901 965 970
 * Castlemore: (289)-324 749 916, (365)-201, (905)-200 204 794 913 915
 * Snelgrove: (289)-954, (365)-203, (905)-843 996
 * Burlington: (289)-208 230 245 266 288 293 313 337 348 419 427 598 635 636 707 714 741 745 787 798 812 816 828 861 938 962 977 983, (365)-999, (905)-220 315 319 320 331 332 333 335 336 340 407 592 630 631 632 633 634 635 637 638 639 681 802
 * Caledon is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Bolton: (289)-206 461 487 503 616 651 875 906, (365)-502, (905)-533 857 951
 * Caledon: (289)-824 908 961 966, (365)-200, (905)-584 586 587 588 757 838 843 860 996
 * Palgrave: (289)-546 594, (365)-516, (905)-583 880
 * Victoria: (289)-955 967, (365)-204, (905)-838 998
 * Caledonia: (289)-284 285 523 528 751 757 960, (905)-765
 * Campbellville: (289)-458 630 692, (365)-304, (905)-854
 * Castleton: (905)-344
 * Cayuga: (289)-370 516 603 736, (905)-772
 * Claremont: (289)- 462, (365)-503 650, (905)-408 490 649
 * Cobourg: (289)-215 251 252 435 677 691 771 829, (365)-400, (905)-207 269 372 373 375 376 377 396
 * Colborne: (289)-265, (905)-355
 * Cold Springs: (905)-342
 * Dunnville: (289)-209 330 331 332 369 377 381 433 518 604 738 761 972 973, (365)-651, (905)-229 701 774
 * East Gwillimbury is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Mount Albert: (289)-465 534 662, (365)-510, (905)-473 557
 * Queensville: (289)-549, (365)-529, (905)-478 589
 * Fisherville: (289)-601, (905)-779
 * Fort Erie is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Fort Erie (289)-250 303 320 321 322 476 599 762 (365)-801, (905)-871 991 992 993 994
 * Ridgeway: (289)-876 (905)-894
 * Stevensville: (289)-397, (905)-382
 * Garden Hill: see Port Hope
 * Georgetown: (289)-344 349 428 642 694 790 839 890 891 924 935, (365)-302, (905)-702 703 873 877
 * Gormley: (289)-486 746, (365)-504, (905)-284 400 534 887 927
 * Grafton: (905)-349
 * Grimsby: (289)-205 235 336 447 455 493 754 770 797, (905)-309 945
 * Hagersville: (289)-282 283 524 758 784, (905)-768
 * Hamilton is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Ancaster: (289)-204 239 346 443 445 450 495 515 735 739 855 902, (905)-304 648
 * Binbrook: (289)-286 287 424 522 568 743 756, (905)-692
 * Dundas: (289)-238 345 446 494 517 737 753 858, (905)-627 628
 * Freelton: (289)-609 679 693, (365)-301, (905)-659
 * Hamilton: (289)-237 244 246 253 260 263 308 309 335 339 358 382 389 391 396 408 425 426 439 440 441 442 456 489 492 520 527 551 556 639 659 667 674 678 680 682 683 684 689 698 700 750 755 766 768 769 773 774 775 776 778 779 780 788 799 808 827 860 877 880 887 919 920 921 922 925 931 933 941 949 975 978 994, (365)-317 888, (905)-218 253 296 297 308 312 314 317 318 379 381 383 385 387 388 389 390 393 481 496 512 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 531 536 537 538 540 541 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 560 561 570 572 573 574 575 577 578 581 645 661 667 719 730 741 745 746 769 777 807 818 865 869 870 902 906 912 920 921 923 928 929 961 962 963 966 971 972 973 974 975 977 978 979 981
 * Mount Hope: (289)-280 281 491 525 759 791 866, (905)-679
 * Stoney Creek: (289)-203 448 490 526 656 760 765 792 965, (905)-594 636 662 664 930
 * Waterdown: (289)-352 431 619 718 767 895, (905)-689 690
 * Winona: (289)-649 794, (905)-643
 * Hampton: (289)-706, (365)-403, (905)-263 445
 * Keswick: (289)-528, (365)-505, (905)-476 535 656 700 989
 * King Township is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * King City: (289)-207 467 530 618 621 874 907, (365)-506, (905)-539 833
 * Nobleton: (289)-463 542 620 658 664, (365)-514, (905)-558 859
 * Schomberg: (289)-318 557 592, (365)-520, (905)-590 939
 * The Town of Lincoln is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Beamsville: (289)-432 566 602, (905)-563
 * Vineland: (289)-567 605, (905)-562
 * Markham is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Markham: (289)-301 306 307 378 451 469 507 554 661 666 800 818 846 859 872, (365)-509 654 655, (905)-201 202 205 209 294 350 471 472 554 910
 * Thornhill: (289)-390 459 472 502 510 514 561 588 597 695 807 843 857 982, (365)-523, (905)-326 370 418 482 530 532 593 597 660 669 695 707 709 731 738 739 747 760 761 762 763 764 771 879 881 882 886 889 907
 * Unionville: (289)-333 392 473 563 577 584 789 806 844 884, (365)-525, (905)-248 258 300 305 307 316 413 415 470 474 475 477 479 480 489 513 604 752 754 917 940 943 944 946 947 948 968 969
 * Milton: (289)-230 270 350 409 412 429 627 655 670 728 862 851 878 930 971, (365)-303 355, (905)-299 462 514 636 691 693 699 749 805 864 875 876 878
 * Mississauga is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Clarkson: (289)-299 326 373 420 628 727 825 826 849 898 945, (905)-254 403 491 822 823 855 916 919
 * Cooksville: (289)-232 261 327 360 362 374 421 444 454 497 521 565 628 633 722 724 777 785 805 883 951, (905)-206 210 212 214 219 232 238 241 247 267 268 270 272 273 275 276 277 279 281 282 283 290 306 361 366 402 501 502 507 566 568 602 614 615 624 625 629 712 755 756 766 803 804 848 890 896 897 949
 * Malton: (289)-247 328 359 384 548 562 623 625 721 729 804 865 904 944 988, (905)-234 255 256 293 298 362 364 405 461 564 565 612 670 671 672 673 676 677 678 694 696 698 740 795 908 956
 * Port Credit: (289)-297 329 643 822 847 953, (365)-202, (905)-221 271 274 278 486 891 990
 * Streetsville: (289)-290 305 334 375 457 540 652 719 726 814 848 896 914 957 997 998 999, (905)-236 285 286 288 301 302 363 369 412 542 567 569 593 600 601 603 606 607 608 609 785 812 813 814 816 817 819 820 821 824 826 828 858 997
 * Newcastle: (289)-629 708, (365)-404, (905)-446 987
 * Newmarket: (289)-231 264 279 319 338 340 366 383 395 453 470 500 504 535 663 716 730 763 803 841 903 909 926 934, (365)-340 512, (905)-235 251 252 392 657 710 715 716 806 830 836 853 868 895 898 952 953 954 955 960 967
 * Newtonville: (289)-709 964, (365)-405, (905)-786
 * Niagara Falls: (289)-248 257 271 292 294 296 302 341 361 402 477 547 932, (365)-666, (905)-262 295 351 353 354 356 357 358 371 374 394
 * Niagara-on-the-Lake: (289)-272 413 646 672 868, (365)-667, (905)-468
 * Oakville: (289)-218 219 242 243 259 291 295 300 351 363 386 400 430 529 644 681 715 725 740 772 795 813 815 817 834 835 837 838 856 881 885 888 863 910 936 937 940 952 981 993, (365)-777, (905)-208 257 287 330 334 337 338 339 399 464 465 466 467 469 483 484 510 580 582 599 616 617 618 808 815 825 827 829 842 844 845 847 849 901
 * Orono: (289)-710, (365)-406, (905)-485 983
 * Oshawa: (289)-222 240 254 274 312 316 355 356 385 404 405 481 512 600 634 658 671 675 676 685 688 701 712 731 830 869 886 918 927 928 939 943 979 991 992 996, (365)-800, (905)-213 215 233 240 242 243 244 245 259 260 261 404 410 429 431 432 433 434 435 436 438 439 440 441 442 443 447 448 449 498 571 576 579 644 674 675 718 720 721 723 725 728 743 809 914 922 924 925 926
 * Pelham: (289)-650 897, (905)-892
 * Port Colborne: (289)-478 836, (905)-834 835
 * Port Hope is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Garden Hill: (905)-797
 * Port Hope: (289)-436, (905)-800 885
 * Port Perry: (289)-225 354 485 653 713 912, (365)-407, (905)-982 985
 * Richmond Hill is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Oak Ridges: (289)-210 234 471 543 573 665 854, (365)-515, (905)-223 313 398 505 506 559 773
 * Richmond Hill: (289)-269 317 353 379 399 452 475 496 506 537 538 550 637 666 699 809 819 833 842 867, 870, 947, (905)-224 237 292 508 737 770 780 784 787 881 883 884 918
 * Roseneath: (905)-352
 * Selkirk: (905)-776
 * St. Catharines-Thorold is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Port Robinson: (289)-376, (905)-384
 * St. Catharines-Thorold: (289)-213 214 219 228 241 267 273 362 364 398 407 434 438 460 479 501 606 668 669 686 687 690 696 697 723 781 782 783 786 929 931 968 969 974 990, (365)-383 653 668 880, (905)-225 227 228 246 280 321 322 323 324 325 327 328 329 341 345 346 347 348 359 360 378 380 397 401 641 646 650 651 658 680 682 684 685 687 688 704 708 931 932 933 934 935 937 938 941 964 980 984 988
 * Stouffville: (289)-212 508 558 612 617 853, (365)-521, (905)-591 640 642
 * Sutton: (289)-559 576 871, (365)-522, (905)-596 722
 * Toronto (former Pickering Township only): (905)-509
 * Tottenham: (289)-850, (365)-540 (905)-406 936
 * Uxbridge: (289)-394 564 595 640 852, (365)-444 526, (905)-852 862 904
 * Vaughan is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Kleinburg: (289)-202 216 531 873, (365)-507, (905)-552 893
 * Maple: (289)-217 304 342 357 463 468 532 553 832 917 963, (365)-508, (905)-303 417 553 585 653 832
 * Woodbridge: (289)-236 245 256 268 371 393 474 536 596 622 641 657 845, (365)-527, (905)-264 265 266 417 605 652 663 850 851 856 893 553
 * Wainfleet: (905)-899
 * Welcome: (905)-753
 * Welland: (289)-347 414 449 480 488 673 820 821 823, (365)-652, (905)-414 714 732 733 734 735 736 788
 * West Lincoln: (289)-560 793 956, (905)-957
 * Whitby is divided into the following local rate centres:
 * Brooklin: (289)-227 645 704, (365)-402, (905)-425 620 655
 * Whitby: (289)-220 278 483 509 638 717 732 893 985 989, (905)-217 430 444 493 556 665 666 668

title: Area codes 905, 289, 365, and 742


text:
Municipalities of Sonora

Sonora is a state in Northwestern Mexico that is divided into 72 municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it is the eighteenth most populated state with inhabitants and the 2nd largest by land area spanning 179354.7 km2.

Municipalities in Sonora are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (regidores y síndicos). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.

The largest municipality by population is Hermosillo, with 936,263 residents (31.79% of the state's total), while the smallest is Onavas with 365 residents. The largest municipality by land area is also Hermosillo which spans 15724.3 km2, and the smallest is San Felipe de Jesús with 151.3 km2. The newest municipalities are Benito Juárez and San Ignacio Río Muerto, established in 1996.

title: Municipalities of Sonora


text:
Talk:Berlekamp–Massey algorithm

update history
The link points to error 404. 217.98.142.167 00:14, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know. I've replaced it.  4pq1injbok 03:21, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Berlekamp Massey algorithm - needs a description
Currently the article only includes two example code fragments with no explanation of why or how the algorithm works. If I get time, I'll add a reasonable explantion to the article. Rcgldr (talk) 03:13, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Main article suggested change, Berlekamp Masey was not the key to practical applciation of Reed Solomon
The aricle includes this statement:

The algorithm became the key to practical application of the now ubiquitous Reed–Solomon code.

However, the key to practical application of Reed Solomon code was establishing a relationship between the coefficients of the error locator polynomial and the syndromes that result in a set of linear equations which can be solved through conventional methods, as described in Peterson_decoder. Berlekamp Massey and other methods like the Euclidean algorithm are just optimized methods used to solve the same set of linear equations.

I recommend simply deleting this statement, or just stating that Berlekamp Massey algorithm optimizes the process of solving the set of linear equations as decribed in Peterson_decoder.

Rcgldr (talk) 03:39, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Berlekamp–Massey algorithm. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150607035849/http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/BerlekampMasseyAlgorithm.html to http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/BerlekampMasseyAlgorithm.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:51, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

someone had already changed the wayback link to a useful one. so even though the bot botched it, the link is good on the article page. John Comeau (talk) 04:51, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

code formatting
the indents show correctly in the editor, but not so in the actual page. I'll see if I can figure it out. John Comeau (talk) 06:42, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

it was because of a mix of hard tabs ('\t') and spaces. duh. John Comeau (talk) 06:50, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

looking over the whole article, it becomes clear that the origin of the problematic variable names were in the pseudocode preceding the Java source. the original Java code matched more closely the naming in the rest of the article. I'm going to edit the pseudocode, then change the Java source to match. then the whole article will use the same standard, hopefully making everything clearer. John Comeau (talk) 03:36, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

 * While I appreciate your efforts, I reverted them. The initial code changes replaced int arrays with a string type, added housekeeping functions that were not about the algorithm, and put in  as a test. The effort on WP is not about programming but rather algorithms.  I ultimately delete the Java code section because WP is not a code repository, and psuedocode algorithms are preferred over specific languages. Glrx (talk) 20:43, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

code bug
I believe that there's a bug in the pseudo-code, and the loop should start from n=L. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.226.10.63 (talk • contribs) 12:37, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I have working code that starts the loop with n = 0. Since L is initialized to 0, the loop could start with n = L, since L = 0, but that could be confusing. The "psuedocode" is supposed to be the one used in a book, but I don't have that book, so I can't confirm this. I recall early variations of the algorithm in other texts that were more complicated than needed, but the one shown in the Wiki article is essentially the same as the more recent variations. Rcgldr (talk) 17:24, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berlekamp–Massey algorithm


text:
SNDMSG

SNDMSG was an early electronic mail program, chiefly notable because it was used to send what is considered the first networked email.

SNDMSG was originally the electronic mail program for a single multi-user time-sharing computer running the TENEX operating system. It allowed all users of the machine to send a simple form of email to each other. The program was extended by Ray Tomlinson in 1971 to allow sending to users on other computers accessible over the ARPANET, addressing them by appending the other system's host name after an "@" sign. SNDMSG along with READMAIL were the key components of networked mail on TENEX.

title: SNDMSG


text:
Victoria, Seychelles

Victoria is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Seychelles, situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, the archipelago's main island. The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government. In 2010, the population of Greater Victoria (including the suburbs) was 26,450 (26.66%) out of the country's total population of 99,202. The port is known as Port Victoria.

History
The area that would become Victoria was originally settled in 1778 by French colonists after they claimed the island in 1756. The town was called L'Établissement until 1841 when it was renamed to Victoria by the British, after Queen Victoria.

Economy
Tourism is an important sector of the economy. The principal exports of Victoria are vanilla, coconuts, coconut oil, fish and guano.

Education
The Mont Fleuri campus of the University of Seychelles is in Victoria.

Culture
Attractions in the city include a clocktower modelled on Little Ben in London, the courthouse, the Botanical Gardens, the National Museum of History, the Natural History Museum and the Sir Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Market. Victoria Market and the brightly coloured fish and fruit markets is the local hot spot for the Seychellois people.

Places of worship
There are two cathedrals in Victoria, Immaculate Conception Cathedral (Roman Catholic) and St Paul's Cathedral (Anglican). There are also Baptist and Pentecostal churches, mosques and Hindu temples.

Sports
Stade Linité, the national stadium, is in Victoria. It is mostly used for football matches.

Transport
Victoria is served by Seychelles International Airport, completed in 1971. The inner harbour lies immediately east of the town, where tuna fishing and canning is a major industry. One of the largest bridges in Victoria was destroyed by tsunami waves from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Districts
Four of the districts of Seychelles are in Victoria:
 * English River (La Rivière Anglaise), the central district
 * Saint Louis
 * Mont Fleuri
 * Bel Air

Twin towns and sister cities
Victoria is twinned with:

Climate
Victoria features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) with high temperatures throughout the course of the year. The capital does have noticeably wetter and drier periods during the year, with June and July being its driest months and December through February being the city's wettest months. However, since in no month does the average monthly precipitation falls below 60 mm in Victoria, the city does not have a true dry season month. This lack of a true dry season month is a primary reason why the climate falls under the tropical rainforest climate category. The capital averages about 2,300 mm of rainfall annually. Although being very rainy, skies are usually clear to partly clear and completely cloudy days remain scarce throughout the year even during the rainiest months.

title: Victoria, Seychelles


text:
Talk:Snail

Picture removed
Yes, the picture was removed, we'll have to find one not protected by copyright. With the lifespan indicated by the book, this if for freshwater aquatic snails, not land snails. Marine gastropods live considerably shorter than land ones. When you say 'numerous other errors' can you give some examples? By the way, once again, this is a refferal to LAND snails, I'll fix the title to indicate that. And I think you'll find that the words feelers and tentacles are synonymous in this case. If anything, feelers might be preffered as the term tentacles might make someone think of octopus/squid/nautilus/etc appendages. That's an interesting suggestion you have raised on parasites, I'm more of an expert on behaviour than this sort of thing. If anyone can find the information, I encourage them to write a section on it. --User:Crazy drunk hobo

How many species?
How many families, genera, species?

Everything.com
http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=49253 is interesting, and includes some information that's not here.

The author, "Tem42", says:

All my factual WUs are copyleft. Or copyless, anyway. I would like someone more motivated than I to port them to www.wikipedia.org

So there you go.

Snail mating
Snails mate in a few ways, such as mating asexually or with another snail.

Snails have the ability to impregnate themselves without the need of another Snail. Although if a snail does impregnate themselves, there is a high chance of the baby snails turn out with defects and other problems. This happens because when a snail mates with itself, it's technically considered incest.

When a snail mates with another, they will start off with "foreplay," Durring this time, the Snails will rub each other's face and genitalia. Snails will then get close to the others genitalia and shoot a "love dart" at them. The love dart has semen in it. Once the love dart punctures the Snails skin, it releases the semen and the snail will become pregnant.

Snail Anatomy?
This page lacks a proper discussion of snail anatomy. There are brief descriptions in the Overview section, but many aspects of snail anatomy and physiology are missing. No mention of eyestalks, foot, mantle, and many other things. 021120x (talk) 20:42, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snail


text:
Wake turbulence

Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. It includes several components, the most significant of which are wingtip vortices and jet-wash, the rapidly moving gases expelled from a jet engine.

Wake turbulence is especially hazardous in the region behind an aircraft in the takeoff or landing phases of flight. During take-off and landing, an aircraft operates at a high angle of attack. This flight attitude maximizes the formation of strong vortices. In the vicinity of an airport, there can be multiple aircraft, all operating at low speed and low altitude; this provides an extra risk of wake turbulence with a reduced height from which to recover from any upset.

Definition
Wake turbulence is a type of clear-air turbulence. In the case of wake turbulence created by the wings of a heavy aircraft, the rotating vortex-pair lingers for a significant amount of time after the passage of the aircraft, sometimes more than a minute. One of these rotating vortices can seriously upset or even invert a smaller aircraft that encounters it, either in the air or on the ground.

In fixed-wing level flight
The vortex circulation is outward, upward, and around the wingtips when viewed from either ahead or behind the aircraft. Tests with large aircraft have shown that vortices remain spaced less than a wingspan apart, drifting with the wind, at altitudes greater than a wingspan from the ground. Tests have also shown that the vortices sink at a rate of several hundred feet per minute, slowing their descent and diminishing in strength with time and distance behind the generating aircraft.

At altitude, vortices sink at a rate of 90 - 150 m per minute and stabilize about 150 - 270 m below the flight level of the generating aircraft. Therefore, aircraft operating at altitudes greater than 600 m are considered to be at less risk.

When the vortices of larger aircraft sink close to the ground — within 100 - 200 ft — they tend to move laterally over the ground at a speed of 2 - 3 knot. A crosswind decreases the lateral movement of the upwind vortex and increases the movement of the downwind vortex.

Helicopters
Helicopters also produce wake turbulence. Helicopter wakes may be significantly stronger than those of a fixed-wing aircraft of the same weight. The strongest wake will occur when the helicopter is operating at slower speeds (20 to 50 knots). Light helicopters with two-blade rotor systems produce a wake as strong as heavier helicopters with more than two blades. The strong rotor wake of the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor can extend further and has contributed to a crash.

Hazard avoidance
Wingtip devices may slightly lessen the power of wingtip vortices. However, such changes are not significant enough to change the distances or times at which it is safe to follow other aircraft.

Wake turbulence categories
ICAO mandates wake turbulence categories based upon the maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of the aircraft. These are used for separation of aircraft during take-off and landing.

There are a number of separation criteria for take-off, landing, and en-route phases of flight based upon wake turbulence categories. Air Traffic Controllers will sequence aircraft making instrument approaches with regard to these criteria. The aircraft making a visual approach is advised of the relevant recommended spacing and are expected to maintain their separation.

Parallel or crossing runways
During takeoff and landing, an aircraft's wake sinks toward the ground and moves laterally away from the runway when the wind is calm. A 3 to(-) crosswind will tend to keep the upwind side of the wake in the runway area and may cause the downwind side to drift toward another runway. Since the wingtip vortices exist at the outer edge of an airplane's wake, this can be dangerous.

Warning signs
Uncommanded aircraft movements (such as wing rocking) may be caused by wake. This is why maintaining situational awareness is critical. Ordinary turbulence is not unusual, particularly in the approach phase. A pilot who suspects wake turbulence is affecting his or her aircraft should get away from the wake, execute a missed approach or go-around and be prepared for a stronger wake encounter. The onset of wake can be subtle and even surprisingly gentle. There have been serious accidents (see the next section) where pilots have attempted to salvage a landing after encountering moderate wake only to encounter severe wake turbulence that they were unable to overcome. Pilots should not depend on any aerodynamic warning, but if the onset of wake is occurring, immediate evasive action is vital.

Plate lines
In 2020, researchers looked into installing "plate lines" near the runway threshold to induce secondary vortices and shorten the vortex duration. In the trial installation at Vienna International Airport, they reported a 22%-37% vortex reduction.

Incidents involving wake turbulence

 * 8 June 1966 – an XB-70 collided with an F-104. Though the true cause of the collision is unknown, it is believed that due to the XB-70 being designed to have enhanced wake turbulence to increase lift, the F-104 moved too close, therefore getting caught in the vortex and colliding with the wing (see main article).
 * A DC-9 crashed at the Greater Southwest International Airport while performing "touch and go" landings behind a DC-10. This crash prompted the FAA to create new rules for minimum following separation from "heavy" aircraft.
 * 16 Jan 1987 – A Yakovlev Yak-40 crashed just after take-off in Tashkent. The flight took off just one minute fifteen seconds after an Ilyushin Il-76, thus encountering its wake vortex. The Yakovlev Yak-40 then banked sharply to the right, struck the ground, and caught fire. All nine people on board Aeroflot Flight 505 died.
 * 15 December 1993 – A chartered aircraft with five people on board, including In-N-Out Burger president Rich Snyder, crashed several miles before John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California. The aircraft was following a Boeing 757 for landing when it became caught in its wake turbulence, rolled into a deep descent, and crashed. As a result of this and other incidents involving aircraft following behind a Boeing 757, the FAA now employs the separation rules of heavy aircraft for the Boeing 757.
 * 8 September 1994 – USAir Flight 427 crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This accident was believed to involve wake turbulence, though the primary cause was a defective rudder control component which caused the aircraft to react abnormally to the pilots' control inputs prompted by the wake encounter.
 * 20 September 1999 – A JAS 39A Gripen from Airwing F 7 Såtenäs crashed into Lake Vänern in Sweden during an air combat maneuvering exercise. After passing through the wake vortex of the other aircraft, the Gripen abruptly changed course. Before the Gripen impacted the ground, the pilot ejected from the aircraft and landed safely by parachute in the lake.
 * 12 November 2001 – American Airlines Flight 587 crashed into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens, New York, shortly after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport. The accident was attributed to the first officer's misuse of the rudder in response to wake turbulence from a Japan Airlines Boeing 747, resulting in the overstressing and separation of the vertical stabilizer.
 * 8 July 2008 – A United States Air Force PC-12 trainer crashed at Hurlburt Field, Fla., when the pilot tried to land too closely behind a larger AC-130U Spooky gunship and was caught in the gunship's wake turbulence. Air Force rules require at least a two-minute separation between slow-moving heavy planes like the AC-130U and small, light planes, but the PC-12 trailed the gunship by only about 40 seconds. As the PC-12 hit the wake turbulence, it suddenly rolled to the left and began to turn upside down. The instructor pilot stopped the roll, but before he could get the plane upright, the left wing struck the ground, sending the plane skidding 669 ft across a field before stopping on a paved overrun.
 * 3 November 2008 – The wake turbulence of an Airbus A380-800 caused temporary loss of control to a Saab 340 on approach to a parallel runway during high crosswind conditions.
 * 4 November 2008 – In the 2008 Mexico City plane crash, a Learjet 45 carrying Mexican Interior Secretary Juan Camilo Mouriño crashed near Paseo de la Reforma Avenue when turning for final approach to runway 05R at Mexico City International Airport. The airplane was flying behind a 767-300 and above a heavy helicopter. According to the Mexican government, the pilots were not told about the type of plane that was approaching before them, nor did they reduce to minimum approach speed.
 * 9 September 2012 – A Robin DR 400 crashed after rolling 90 degrees in wake turbulence induced by the preceding Antonov An-2. Three were killed and one was severely injured.
 * 28 March 2014 – An Indian Air Force C-130J-30 KC-3803 crashed near Gwalior, India, killing all five personnel aboard.  The aircraft was conducting low level penetration training by flying at around 300 ft when it ran into wake turbulence from another C-130J aircraft that was leading the formation, causing it to crash.
 * 7 January 2017 – A private Bombardier Challenger 604 rolled three times in midair and dropped 10000 ft after encountering wake turbulence when it passed 1000 ft under an Airbus A380 over the Arabian Sea. Several passengers were injured, one seriously. Due to the G-forces experienced, the plane was damaged beyond repair and was consequently written off.
 * 14 June 2018 – At 11:29 pm, Qantas passenger flight QF94, en route from Los Angeles to Melbourne, suffered a sudden freefall over the ocean after lift-off as a result of an intense wake vortex. The event lasted for about ten seconds, according to the passengers. The turbulence was caused by the wake of the previous Qantas flight QF12, which had departed only two minutes before flight QF94.

Measurement
Wake turbulence can be measured using several techniques. Currently, ICAO recognizes two methods of measurement, sound tomography, and a high-resolution technique, the Doppler lidar, a solution now commercially available. Techniques using optics can use the effect of turbulence on refractive index (optical turbulence) to measure the distortion of light that passes through the turbulent area and indicate the strength of that turbulence.

Audibility
Wake turbulence can occasionally, under the right conditions, be heard by ground observers. On a still day, the wake turbulence from heavy jets on landing approach can be heard as a dull roar or whistle. This is the strong core of the vortex. If the aircraft produces a weaker vortex, the breakup will sound like tearing a piece of paper. Often, it is first noticed some seconds after the direct noise of the passing aircraft has diminished. The sound then gets louder. Nevertheless, being highly directional, wake turbulence sound is easily perceived as originating a considerable distance behind the aircraft, its apparent source moving across the sky just as the aircraft did. It can persist for 30 seconds or more, continually changing timbre, sometimes with swishing and cracking notes, until it finally dies away.

In popular culture
In the 1986 film Top Gun, Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, played by Tom Cruise, suffers two flameouts caused by passing through the jetwash of another aircraft, piloted by fellow aviator Tom "Ice Man" Kazansky (played by Val Kilmer). As a result, he is put into an unrecoverable spin and is forced to eject, killing his RIO Nick "Goose" Bradshaw. In a subsequent incident, he is caught in an enemy fighter's jetwash, but manages to recover safely.

In the movie Pushing Tin, air traffic controllers stand just off the threshold of a runway while an aircraft lands in order to experience wake turbulence firsthand. However, the film dramatically exaggerates the effect of turbulence on persons standing on the ground, showing the protagonists being blown about by the passing aircraft. In reality, the turbulence behind and below a landing aircraft is too gentle to knock over a person standing on the ground. (In contrast, jet blast from an aircraft taking off can be extremely dangerous to people standing behind the aircraft.)

title: Wake turbulence


text:
How to Start a Fire

How to Start a Fire is the second album by the Pompano Beach, Florida rock band Further Seems Forever, released in 2003 by Tooth & Nail Records. It was the band's only album with vocalist Jason Gleason, who had replaced original singer Chris Carrabba when the latter left the band to focus on his new project Dashboard Confessional. Gleason would leave the band the following year due to interpersonal tensions and be replaced by former Sense Field singer Jon Bunch. How to Start a Fire was also the band's first album with guitarist Derick Cordoba, replacing original guitarist Nick Dominguez.

Background and production
Frontman Chris Carrabba left Further Seems Forever as his side project Dashboard Confessional was becoming popular. He returned briefly to record the group's debut album The Moon Is Down (2001), but left before its eventual release. Following this, the group enlisted former Affinity vocalist Jason Gleason as their frontman. His earliest recorded performances appeared on the Rock Music: A Tribute to Weezer (2001) and Punk Goes Pop (2001) compilations. Guitarist Nick Dominguez was replaced by Derick Cordoba.

Recording for How to Start a Fire started in June 2002, with sessions taking place at Wisner Productions. James Paul Wisner and Further Seems Forever served as producers; Wisner handled recording, engineering and mixing. Halfway through recording, the band toured as part of the Warped Tour in mid-2002, and later embarked on an east coast and midwestern US tour with Breaking Pangaea. After returning home, they spent another month recording. Alan Douches mastered the tracks at West West Side Mastering.

Composition
Musically, the sound of How to Start a Fire has been described as emo and indie rock, drawing comparisons to the Juliana Theory, Taking Back Sunday, Jimmy Eat World and early Manic Street Preachers. The band operated in two modes for the album: louder tracks with angular guitar lines and harsh rhythm parts with catchy chorus sections, as displayed in the title-track and "The Sound"; and the softer mode, as shown in "A Blank Page Empire" and "I Am". It introduces string and piano instrumentation into the group's sound and showcases Gleason's vocal style, which was similar to Carrabba's albeit grainer. The lyrics focused on poetic imagery to convey the tone; Gleason offered a darker perspective, in comparison to Carabba, which was mainly pessimistic with overtones of hope. Wisner provided keyboard and additional guitar parts to the recordings.

The opening track "How to Start a Fire" starts with the sound of a struck match, shifting into a hardcore punk-indebted song. "The Sound" bounces between post-hardcore verse sections and harmony-infused chorus sections in the vein of Cheap Trick. "A Blank Page Empire" is an alternative blues shuffle track about dealing with the loss of a loved one, and was compared to The Moon Is Down track "Snowbirds and Townies". "I Am" is about questioning the viability of a strained relationship. It starts off partially acoustic before building to an electric ending, in the vein of "For Evangeline" by the Juliana Theory and The Moon Is Down number "Monachett". "Pride War" tackles the theme of egotism. "On Legendary" opens with an acoustic guitar intro. "Insincerity as an Artform" features the use of guitar harmonics. "The Deep" showcased Gleason's wider vocal abilities. The closing track "Aurora Borealis (In Long Form)" incorporates a string section alongside the loud guitars. Over the course of the near-five minute song, Gleason's voice changes from singing to screaming and back again.

Release
In August 2002, Further Seems Further went on a tour of Germany. In October and November 2002, the band went on tour across the US alongside New Found Glory, Something Corporate and Finch. How to Start a Fire was made available for streaming on January 14, 2003, before released through Tooth & Nail Records on February 11. In February and March, the band embarked on a headlining US tour, with support from Elliott, the Early November, the Rise, the Beautiful Mistake, Open Hand, and Twothirtyeight. The music video for "The Sound" was posted on MP4.com on March 10. Following this, they toured with the Ataris and the Juliana Theory on a two-month tour of the US. The band went on The Made Tour, which ran from June to August; they played alongside the Movielife, Autopilot Off, and Anberlin. In September, the band participated in the Take Action Tour. How to Start a Fire was released in the UK on October 13. Gleason left the band in early 2004, citing that they "spent too much time" together "packed in a box".

How to Start a Fire was pressed on vinyl in 2008 through Tooth & Nail and Broken Circles Records; it was re-pressed by Tooth & Nail and Universal Music Special Markets in 2017. Four of the album's tracks – "Pride War", "Against My Better Judgement", the title-track and "The Sound" – later appeared on the group's compilation album Hope This Finds You Well (2006). In 2016, the group went on tour playing How to Start a Fire with Gleason.

Reception
How to Start a Fire would go on to sell over 100,000 by 2013. Exclaim! ranked it at number six on their Best Punk Album of the year list. Christianity Today included the album at number 11 on their best Christian albums of the year list. Jesus Freak Hideout ranked it at number 18 on their list of the top 100 Tooth & Nail releases.

Cross Rhythms writer Tony Cummings said due to the "smouldering vocals" from Gleason, the "exceptional light-and-shade dynamics" from the group, combined with the "inventive arrangements", it stood as "every bit the equal" to The Moon Is Down. Christianity Today Andy Argyrakis said it was "a fitting follow-up that presents the band in a tighter, more cohesive environment." AllMusic reviewer Johnny Loftus said Gleason aided the band in making "a focused and fiery sophomore effort" with "a greater understanding of formula." Jesus Freak Hideout staff member Sherwin Frias said Gleason carried "the same emotional style as his forebear", which allowed the group "to pick up right where it left off." The record "has proven itself strong enough to stand apart from its predecessor's imposing shadow." Post-Bulletin found Gleason's "more mature voice ... a much better fit for the band's music than Carrabba's whiny squeak." With the album, the group "took a risk and the result is 10 great songs" with them being "finally poised to make a name with their music, not with their past." Rolling Stone reviewer Kristin Roth said it "burns with incendiary power-pop guitar riffs and smolders with intensely emotive vocals", with Gleason incorporating "both a harder edge and a softer underbelly to the band's sound".

musicOMH contributor Vik Bansal complimented the group's "louder" mode, "although these songs definitely rock, they are never overbearingly aggressive". The group infrequently "over-elaborate with the rhythms and guitar patterns, and every now and again a little more rage would not go amiss." Stuart Green of Exclaim! said that while Gleason lacked Carrabba's lyricism, "his contribution to this disc cannot be ignored. His torment and lovelorn angst is sincere and affecting." He found the tracks "a little less complex" than those on The Moon Is Down, "although no less interesting." In a review for Punknews.org, staff member Scott Heisel asked the question "So how did the band do?" before answering himself with: "Not bad. Not amazing, not great, but not bad." He elaborated that it was "spotty" with a "feeling of deja vu tends to creep up throughout the album". Arizona Daily Wildcat writer Adam Pugh said the addition of Gleason "changed the whole concept of what the band was" negatively, as they lacked "the intensity of the first album and just sticks with mediocre lyrics and an endless barrage of cry-alongs." The Pitch Geoff Harkness criticized the band for "rely[ing] on paint-by-numbers chord progressions" with "remedial lyrics ... that are scarred from a terminal case of hackney." He said the group "might be able to overcome the loss of its original singer, but a second record that continues Fire trite tradition might as well be titled How to Extinguish a Career."

Track listing
All songs written by Further Seems Forever.

 * 1) "How to Start a Fire" – 2:51
 * 2) "The Sound" – 3:41
 * 3) "A Blank Page Empire" – 4:09
 * 4) "Against My Better Judgement" – 3:41
 * 5) "I Am" – 3:24
 * 6) "Pride War" – 3:04
 * 7) "On Legendary" – 3:40
 * 8) "Insincerity as an Artform" – 3:44
 * 9) "The Deep" – 3:46
 * 10) "Aurora Borealis (In Long Form)" – 4:50

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

Further Seems Forever
 * Jason Gleason – vocals
 * Josh Colbert – guitar
 * Derick Cordoba – guitar
 * Chad Neptune – bass
 * Steve Kleisath – drums

Additional musicians
 * James Paul Wisner – keys, additional guitar

Production
 * James Paul Wisner – producer, recording, engineer, mixing
 * Further Seems Forever – producer, art direction, design
 * Alan Douches – mastering
 * Brandon Ebel – executive producer
 * Bill Power – executive producer
 * David Rankin – illustrations
 * Alan Ferguson – band photography
 * Kris McCaddon – design

title: How to Start a Fire


text:
Ampelius

The male first name Ampelius may refer to:

 * Lucius Ampelius, early 3rd-century Latin author of the Liber Memorialis
 * Ampelius (bishop of Milan), fl. in the 7th century

title: Ampelius


text:
London Pavilion

The London Pavilion is a building on the corner of Shaftesbury Avenue and Coventry Street on the north-east side of Piccadilly Circus in London. It is currently a shopping arcade and part of the Trocadero Centre.

Early history
The first building bearing the name, a music hall formed from roofing the yard of the Black Horse Inn, was built in 1859 for Emil Loibl, and Charles Sonnhammer. A gallery was constructed for the hall but it could not utilize the full width, because one part of the premises was used by Dr. Kahn's "Delectable Museum of Anatomy". In 1885, Shaftesbury Avenue was built through part of the site, and a new London Pavilion Theatre was constructed. This opened on 30 November 1885 with a popular revue. The new theatre was the first 'music hall deluxe', with marble-topped tables for dining in the auditorium. According to Charles Stuart and A. J. Park in The Variety Stage (1895) the rebuilding signaled a new era of variety theatre:"Hitherto the halls had borne unmistakable evidence of their origins, but the last vestiges of their old connections were now thrown aside, and they emerged in all the splendour of their new-born glory. The highest efforts of the architect, the designer and the decorator were enlisted in their service, and the gaudy and tawdry music hall of the past gave way to the resplendent 'theatre of varieties' of the present day, with its classic exterior of marble and freestone, its lavishly appointed auditorium and its elegant and luxurious foyers and promenades brilliantly illuminated by myriad electric lights"

20th century
The success of the venture led its owner, Villiers, to form a limited company; this became the first combine of music halls, Syndicate Halls Ltd. Lupino Lane made his London début here in 1903, as "Nipper Lane".

Between 1912 and 1936, the theatre presented a regular programme of musicals; these included Noël Coward's first success, On With the Dance in April 1925. There were appearances by Sir Harry Lauder; in October 1921, the American actor and vocalist Clifton Webb appeared here in Fun of the Fayre and again in October the following year as Phidas in Phi-Phi. In 1923, electric billboards were erected for the first time on the side of the building.

In 1934, the building underwent significant structural alteration, and was converted into a cinema at a cost of £70,000 by F. G. M. Chancellor, of Frank Matcham and Co. Intended as London outlet to premiere films released by United Artists, the first film to be screened at the Pavilion was the Alexander Korda release The Private Life of Don Juan which was shown from 5 September 1934; Korda had recently signed an agreement with the American company to release his films. For the première of The Curse of Frankenstein in May 1957, the foyer was revamped to look like Frankenstein's laboratory, complete with the Monster in a tank. In October 1962 it premiered Dr. No, the first James Bond film, and in July 1964 was the venue for the premiere of A Hard Day's Night. The cinema closed on 26 April 1981 and the site remained in limbo for some years.

In 1986, the interior of the building was gutted and converted into a shopping arcade, preserving only the 1885 façade and the outer walls and roof. A wax figure exhibition opened in the building that same year, run by the Madame Tussauds Group, called Rock Circus. The exhibition consisted of waxworks of rock and pop musicians. The Rock Circus exhibition closed in September 2001.

Twenty-first century
In 2000, the building became part of the Trocadero Centre, and signage on the building was altered in 2003 to read London Trocadero. The basement of the building connects with Piccadilly Circus tube station and the rest of the Trocadero Centre.

The London Pavilion housed Ripley's Believe It or Not!, a visitor attraction dedicated to the weird and unusual, which was open from August 2008 until 25 September 2017. On 6 October 2018, Body Worlds London opened in the London Pavilion; the exhibition displayed more than 200 real human bodies and organ specimens preserved through the method of Plastination.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp. 123 (Theatres Trust, 2000) ISBN 0-7136-5688-3
 * Who's Who in the Theatre, edited by John Parker, 10th edition revised, London, 1947, p. 1429.

title: London Pavilion