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St Margaret's, Westminster

The Church of St Margaret, Westminster Abbey is in the grounds of Westminster Abbey on Parliament Square, London, England. It is dedicated to Margaret of Antioch, and forms part of a single World Heritage Site with the Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey.

History and description
The church was founded in the twelfth century by Benedictine monks, so that local people who lived in the area around the Abbey could worship separately at their own simpler parish church, and historically it was within the hundred of Ossulstone in the county of Middlesex. In 1914, in a preface to Memorials of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, a former Rector of St Margaret's, Hensley Henson, reported a mediaeval tradition that the church was as old as Westminster Abbey, owing its origins to the same royal saint, and that "The two churches, conventual and parochial, have stood side by side for more than eight centuries – not, of course, the existing fabrics, but older churches of which the existing fabrics are successors on the same site."

St Margaret's was rebuilt from 1486 to 1523, at the instigation of King Henry VII, and the new church, which largely still stands today, was consecrated on 9 April 1523. It has been called "the last church in London decorated in the Catholic tradition before the Reformation", and on each side of a large rood there stood richly painted statues of St Mary and St John, while the building had several internal chapels. In the 1540s, the new church came near to demolition, when Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, planned to take it down to provide good-quality materials for Somerset House, his own new palace in the Strand. He was only kept from carrying out his plan by the resistance of armed parishioners.

In 1614, St Margaret's became the parish church of the Palace of Westminster, when the Puritans of the seventeenth century, unhappy with the highly liturgical Abbey, chose to hold their Parliamentary services in a church they found more suitable: a practice that has continued since that time. An additional detached burial ground was added in 1625 at what is now Christchurch Gardens.

Between 1734 and 1738, the north-west tower was rebuilt to designs by John James; at the same time, the whole structure was encased in Portland stone. Both the eastern and the western porch were added later, with J. L. Pearson as architect. In 1878, the church's interior was greatly restored and altered to its current appearance by Sir George Gilbert Scott, although many Tudor features were retained.

In 1863, during preliminary explorations preparing for this restoration, Scott found several doors overlaid with what was believed to be human skin. After doctors had examined this skin, Victorian historians theorized that the skin might have been that of William the Sacrist, who organized a gang that, in 1303, robbed the King of the equivalent of, in modern currency, $100 million (see Richard of Pudlicott). It was a complex scheme, involving several gang members disguised as monks planting bushes on the palace. After the stealthy burglary 6 months later, the loot was concealed in these bushes. The historians believed that William the Sacrist was flayed alive as punishment and his skin was used to make these royal doors, perhaps situated initially at nearby Westminster Palace. Subsequent study revealed the skins were bovine in origin, not human.

By the 1970s, the number of people living nearby was in the hundreds. Ecclesiastical responsibility for the parish was reallocated to neighbouring parishes by the Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret Westminster Act 1972, and the church was brought under the authority of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey.

An annual new year service for the Coptic Orthodox Church in Britain takes place in the church in October, and in 2016 Bishop Angaelos gave the sermon.

The Rector of St Margaret's is often a canon of Westminster Abbey.

Commemorative windows
Notable windows include the east window of 1509 of Flemish stained glass, created to commemorate the betrothal of Catherine of Aragon to Henry VIII. This has had a chequered history. It was given by Henry VII to Waltham Abbey in Essex, and at the Dissolution of the Monasteries the last Abbot sent it to a private chapel at New Hall, Essex. That came into the possession of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, the father of Anne Boleyn, then Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, next George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, after him Oliver Cromwell, from whom it reverted to the second Duke of Buckingham, next General Monk, Duke of Albemarle, and after him John Olmius, then Mr Conyers of Copt Hall, Essex, whose son sold the window to the parish of St Margaret's in 1758, for four hundred guineas. The money came from a grant of £4,000 which parliament had made to the parish that year for the renovation of the church and the rebuilding of the chancel.

Other windows commemorate William Caxton, England's first printer, who was buried at the church in 1491, Sir Walter Raleigh, executed in Old Palace Yard and then also buried in the church in 1618, the poet John Milton, a parishioner of the church, and Admiral Robert Blake.

Weddings
As well as marrying its own parishioners, the church has long been a popular venue for society weddings, as Members of Parliament, peers, and officers of the House of Lords and House of Commons can choose to be married in it. Notable weddings include:

 * 5 July 1631: Edmund Waller and Anne Banks, who was an heiress and a ward of the Court of Aldermen, were married at the church in defiance of orders of the Court and the Privy Council of England. Waller had previously carried the bride off and been forced to return her. On a complaint being made to the Star Chamber, Waller was pardoned by King Charles I.
 * 13 May 1654: Lady Mary Springett (William Penn's mother-in-law) and Isaac Pennington
 * 1 December 1655: Samuel Pepys and Elisabeth Marchant de St. Michel
 * 12 November 1656: John Milton and Katherine Woodcock
 * 12 June 1895: William Hicks and Grace Lynn Joynson
 * 12 September 1908: Winston Churchill and Clementine Hozier
 * 21 April 1920: Harold Macmillan, and Lady Dorothy Cavendish
 * 18 July 1922: Lord Louis Mountbatten, and Edwina Ashley
 * 8 October 1993: David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley, and the Hon. Serena Stanhope

Other notable weddings include some of the Bright Young People.

Baptisms

 * Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland, 19 May 1639
 * Barbara Villiers, only child of Lord Grandison and a future royal mistress of King Charles II, was christened in the church on 27 November 1640.
 * Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, was christened in the church on 12 May 1661
 * Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland, eldest son of Barbara Villiers, was christened in the church on 16 June 1662, when the father's name was given as her husband, Lord Castlemaine, instead of as the King, who later acknowledged the child as his. In October 1850 The Gentleman's Magazine reported this entry and claimed it as "an untruth" and "a new fact in the secret history of Charles II".
 * Thomas Pelham-Clinton, 3rd Duke of Newcastle, 28 July 1752
 * Olaudah Equiano, a slave who bought his freedom, becoming a key abolitionist, was christened as Gustavus on 9 February 1759, when he was described in the parish register as "Gustavus Vassa a Black born in Carolina 12 years old".

Burials

 * William Caxton, 1491
 * John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley, "Lord Quondam", 18 September 1553; and his wife Lady Cicely Grey, 28 April 1554
 * Nicholas Ludford, 1557
 * John Sheppard, December 1558, composer
 * Blanche Parry, 1590
 * Thomas Churchyard, 1604, Elizabethan poet, soldier and courtier
 * Sir Walter Raleigh, 1618
 * William Murray, 2nd Earl of Tullibardine, 30 July 1627
 * Edward Grimeston, 14 December 1640
 * Following the Restoration of the Monarchy, in 1661 several Parliamentarians who had been buried in Westminster Abbey, Admiral Robert Blake, Denis Bond, Nicholas Boscawen, Mary Bradshaw, Sir William Constable, Admiral Richard Deane, Isaac Dorislaus, Anne Fleetwood, Thomas Hesilrige, Humphrey Mackworth, Stephen Marshall, Thomas May, John Meldrum, Admiral Edward Popham, John Pym, Humphrey Salwey, William Strong, William Strode, and William Twisse, were all disinterred from there and reburied in an unmarked pit in St Margaret's churchyard, on the orders of King Charles II. A memorial to them is set into the external wall to the left of the main west entrance.
 * Mary [Davies] [Born 1675] Widow of Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet; she is buried in the courtyard close to the north porch of the church
 * Wenceslas Hollar, March 1677
 * Thomas Blood, 1680
 * John West, 6th Baron De La Warr, 1723
 * Bishop Nicholas Clagett, 1746
 * Elizabeth Elstob, scholar and early feminist, 1756.
 * Ignatius Sancho, composer, writer, slavery abolitionist, 1780
 * Henry Constantine Jennings, 1819

Funerals and memorial services

 * Jeremy Thorpe, ex-leader of Liberal Party
 * Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon
 * Lady Elizabeth Shakerley

Other notable events
On Easter day 1555 in the reign of Mary I a Protestant ex-Benedictine monk, William Flower inflicted wounds to the administerer of the sacrament. He repented for the injuries but would not repent his motive which was rejection of the doctrine of transubstantiation. He was thus sentenced for heresy and a week later severed of his hand and burned at the stake outside the church.

During the First World War, Edward Lyttelton, headmaster of Eton, gave a sermon in the church on the theme of "loving your enemies", promoting the view that any post-war treaty with Germany should be a just one and not vindictive. He had to leave the church after the service by a back door, while a number of demonstrators sang Rule Britannia! in protest at his attitude.

Choirs
The treble choristers for St Margaret's are supplied by Westminster Under School. The church also hosted the first performance by the UK Parliament Choir under Simon Over in 2000.

Organ
An organ was installed in 1806 by John Avery. The current organ is largely built by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Rectors
Mackenzie Walcott lists the following as officiating clergymen:

 * c. 1503 Sir John Conyers, curate
 * c. 1509 Sir John Symes, curate
 * c. 1519 Mr. Hall, curate
 * c. 1521 Sir Robert Danby, curate
 * c. 1530 William Tenant, curate
 * 1594 William Drap
 * c. 1610 William Murrey
 * c. 1621 Prosper Styles, curate
 * c. 1622 Isaac Bargrave, minister
 * c. 1638 Gilbert Wymberly, minister
 * 1640 Stephen Marshall, lecturer
 * 1642 Samuel Gibson
 * 1644 Mr. Eaton, minister
 * 1649 John Binns
 * 1657 Mr. Wyner / Mr. Warmstree, lecturer
 * 1661 William Tucker, curate
 * c. 1670 William Owtram (also minister in 1664 )
 * 1679–1683 Thomas Sprat
 * 1683–1724† Nicholas Onley
 * 1724–1730† Edward Gee
 * 1730–1734 James Hargrave
 * 1734–1753† Scawen Kenrick
 * 1753–1784† Thomas Wilson
 * 1784–1788† John Taylor
 * 1788–1796† Charles Wake
 * 1796–1827† Charles Fynes-Clinton
 * 1828–1835 James Webber

Under the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840, this rectory was annexed to the canonry of Westminster Abbey then held by Henry Hart Milman, such that he and his successors as Canon would be Rector ex officio. This arrangement continued until 1978. The Rector was often (and continuously from 1972 to 2010) also the Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

 * 1835–1849 Henry Hart Milman
 * 1849–1864† William Cureton
 * 1864–1876† William Conway
 * 1876–1895 Frederic Farrar (also Speaker's Chaplain from 1890)
 * 1895–1899 Robert Eyton
 * 1899–1900 Joseph Armitage Robinson
 * 1900–1912 Hensley Henson
 * 1912–1936† William Hartley Carnegie (also Speaker's Chaplain from 1916)
 * 1936–1940† Vernon Storr
 * 1941–1946 Alan Don (also Speaker's Chaplain since 1936)
 * 1946–1956 Charles Smyth
 * 1957–1969 Michael Stancliffe (also Speaker's Chaplain from 1961)
 * 1970–1978 David Edwards (also Speaker's Chaplain from 1972)
 * 1978–1982 John Baker (also Speaker's Chaplain)
 * 1982–1987 Trevor Beeson (also Speaker's Chaplain)
 * 1987–1998 Donald Gray (also Speaker's Chaplain)
 * 1998–2010 Robert Wright (also Speaker's Chaplain)
 * 2010–2016 Andrew Tremlett
 * 2016–2020 Jane Sinclair
 * 2020 – date Anthony Ball

† Rector died in post

Organists
Organists who have played at St Margaret's include:

 * Robert Whyte 1570–1574
 * John Egglestone
 * John Parsons 1616–1621 (then organist of Westminster Abbey)
 * John Hilton 1628 – 1657(?)
 * John Blow, 1695–????
 * Bernard Smith, 1676–1708
 * Henry Turner 1708–????
 * John Illam ????–1726
 * Edward Purcell, son of Henry Purcell, 1726–1740
 * James Butler 1740 – 1772
 * William Rock 1774 – 1802
 * Michael Rock 1802 – 1809
 * John Bernard Sale 1809 – 1838
 * T.G. Baines around 1864
 * Walter Galpin Alcock ???? – 1896
 * Edwin Lemare 1897 – 1902
 * Reginald Goss-Custard 1902 – 1914
 * Edwin Stephenson 1914 – 1922 (formerly organist of St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham)
 * Edgar Stanley Roper ? - 1929 (Also Organist & Composer to His Majesty's Chapel Royal, St. James' Palace)
 * Herbert Dawson 1929 – 1965
 * Martin Neary 1965 – 1972
 * Richard Hickox 1972 – 1982
 * Thomas Trotter 1982-
 * Zoe Ryan 1995 – Present

title: St Margaret's, Westminster


text: User talk:192.128.133.68

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:192.128.133.68


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Henry Coppée

Henry Coppée (October 13, 1821 – March 22, 1895) was an American educator and author. From 1885 to 1887 he was a vice president, from 1887 to 1888 he was president of the Aztec Club of 1847.

Early life and education
Coppée was born in Savannah, Georgia. His family was initially from France and settled in Haiti.

Coppée studied at Yale University for two years, and then worked as a civil engineer. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, in 1845.

Career
Coppée served in the Mexican–American War as a lieutenant and was brevetted captain for gallantry at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. During the American Civil War, he edited the United States Service Magazine.

He was assistant professor of French at West Point from 1848 to 1849, and then principal assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics from 1850 to 1855.

After resigning from the U.S. Army, he was the professor of English literature and history at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, from 1855 to 1866. In 1856, Coppée was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Lehigh University
In 1866, Coppée was selected by Asa Packer to serve as the first president of Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; he held this position for nine years, until 1875. He also served as the university's president pro tempore twice. Following the resignation of Lehigh's second president John M. Leavitt in 1880, he served in this capacity for several months. Later, following the death of Robert A. Lamberton in September 1893, he again served in this capacity until his own death on March 22, 1895.

During Coppée's tenure, the university underwent extensive development, including the construction of a number of new buildings and the expansion of the campus. A Moravian church on Packer Avenue was remodeled into Christmas Hall, a house for the president was erected, and Packer Hall, the university center, was built. Coppée lectured in history, logic, rhetoric, political economy, and Shakespeare.

Lehigh University's Coppee Hall, built in 1883, was named for him; it was first a gymnasium, later the home of the Department of Arts and Science, and now houses the university's Journalism and Communication Department.

Selected works

 * Elements of Logic; Designed as a Manual of Instruction (Philadelphia: E.H. Butler & Co., 1858)
 * Elements of Rhetoric; Designed as a Manual of Instruction (Philadelphia: E.H. Butler & Co., 1859)
 * Gallery of Famous English and American Poets (Philadelphia: E.H. Butler & Co., 1859)
 * A Gallery of Distinguished English and American Female Poets (Philadelphia: E.H. Butler & Co., 1860)
 * The Field Manual for Battalion Drill (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862)
 * Grant and His Campaigns: A Military Biography (New York: Charles B. Richardson, 1866)
 * Elements of Logic; Designed as a Manual of Instruction, Revised Edition (New York: American Book Company, 1872)
 * A History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1875)
 * History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1881)
 * General Thomas (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893)

title: Henry Coppée


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Talk:Ulster Democratic Party

Untitled
Do we really need separate pages for this and Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party? Surely it's one and the same thing with a name change? Timrollpickering 20:55, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ulster Democratic Party


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New York State Route 32

New York State Route 32 (NY 32) is a north–south state highway that extends for 176.73 mi through the Hudson Valley and Capital District regions of the U.S. state of New York. It is a two-lane surface road for nearly its entire length, with few divided sections. From Harriman to Albany, it is closely parallel to Interstate 87 (I-87) and U.S. Route 9W (US 9W), overlapping with the latter in several places.

NY 32 begins at NY 17 on the outskirts of the New York metropolitan area in Woodbury just outside Harriman, and ends at NY 196 east of Hudson Falls just south of the Adirondacks. In between, the road passes through the cities of Newburgh, Kingston, Albany, Cohoes, and Glens Falls. Outside of the cities, it offers views of the Hudson Highlands, Shawangunk Ridge, Catskill Mountains, and, during an overlap with US 4 north of Albany, the Hudson River.

The roads now making up the highway were originally part of several privately maintained turnpikes, which fostered settlements along the corridor. Once part of the former NY 58, it has been NY 32 since 1930. Only one of three letter-suffixed spur routes remains.

Route description
Maintenance of NY 32 is split between the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) and the highway departments of several different jurisdictions. Within the cities of Newburgh and Watervliet, the route is entirely city-maintained. In four other cities—Albany, Cohoes, Glens Falls, and Kingston—NY 32 is mostly locally maintained. The piece of the route in the city of Mechanicville, meanwhile, is city-maintained north of Frances Street, a local street four blocks south of NY 67. One last locally maintained section exists in the Albany suburb of Bethlehem, where the route is county-maintained between Feura Bush Road and the Delmar Bypass. This section is co-signed as County Route 52 (CR 52), which continues northwest of NY 32 to a junction with NY 140 near Slingerlands.

Harriman to Newburgh
NY 32 begins where NY 17 leaves the Quickway overpass west of the New York State Thruway toll barrier, just north of the Harriman village line in Woodbury. To the east is Woodbury Common Premium Outlets, across from Central Valley Elementary School of the Monroe–Woodbury Central School District. Beyond the mall, site of many major traffic jams, NY 32 descends into downtown Central Valley. 2 mi north is another of the Town of Woodbury's hamlets, Highland Mills. Beyond the Rushmore Memorial Library at the north end of the hamlet the road bends slightly east upon reaching the southeastern foot of Orange County's highest peak, Schunemunk Mountain.

Shortly after Highland Mills, the Port Jervis Line, operated by Metro-North Railroad, crosses over on a high trestle. After crossing over Woodbury Creek and under the Thruway, NY 32 runs along the eastern side of the narrow valley between Schunemunk and the Hudson Highlands. This section of highway runs through mostly wooded terrain as it leaves Woodbury for Cornwall.

Just north of Mountainville and the north end of Schunemunk, the road crosses Moodna Creek downstream from the Woodbury Creek confluence. The intersection with Angola Road 0.25 mi to the south was once the beginning of the former NY 307; it is now the west end of CR 107. Across the creek from CR 107 is Orrs Mills Road, another county road that leads to Storm King Art Center.

The road climbs gently out of the creek valley and enters development. At 1.6 mi north of Angola Road, it crosses the New Windsor town line and reaches the complicated five-way intersection at the center of Vails Gate, intersecting NY 94 and the beginning of NY 300. The next 2 mi include a middle turn lane as NY 32 becomes New Windsor's main commercial strip. This section ends at Temple Hill Avenue, with Snake Hill to the west. The road remains heavily commercial as it enters the city of Newburgh as the wide Lake Street. At Broadway (NY 17K), Newburgh's main street, NY 32 turns east. The brief, unsigned concurrency ends where 17K terminates at US 9W (Robinson Avenue), at the former Broadway School. NY 32, however, turns north again, beginning the first of several concurrencies with US 9W.

The two highways remain joined for the next 1.2 mi as they pass the Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux-designed Downing Park and reach the city limit, where I-84 and NY 52 cross the highway heading towards the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge. Immediately beyond that junction, NY 32 separates from US 9W and heads northwest.

Newburgh to New Paltz
Newburgh has a commercial strip north of the city, featuring the Mid-Valley Mall and another large shopping plaza built around a supermarket anchor. This development ends after 1 mi when 32 passes the Town of Newburgh's Cronomer Hill Park on the south, near a short drive to the summit observation tower. 2 mi more brings NY 32 to the center of the hamlet of Cronomer Valley and an unusual junction with NY 300. At what seems to be a conventional four-way intersection regulated by a traffic light, both highways turn, and it is necessary to turn to the northeast to stay on NY 32 headed north. Traffic that goes straight at this intersection flows onto NY 300. From this intersection, NY 32 passes Chadwick Lake, the town's reservoir, and continues straight north through much less-developed, mostly wooded countryside for 4 mi to the Ulster County line, almost the point at which the woods diminish. Barely 1 mi into Plattekill, the highway crosses the Thruway again. It curves northwards shortly thereafter, retaining a slightly westward trend through mostly open fields near the Shawangunk Ridge. At 4.5 mi from the Thruway, NY 32 intersects US 44 and NY 55 in the center of another Town of Plattekill hamlet, Modena. A short distance beyond, the highway crosses into Gardiner, taking a wide bend around Locust Lawn, the Federal-style home of early 19th-century politician Josiah Hasbrouck.

North of Modena, the surrounding area becomes slightly more wooded near where NY 32 crosses into the Town of New Paltz. The highway curves before entering the village next to the campus of State University of New York at New Paltz. Two blocks north of campus, at New Paltz Middle School, it turns west at a traffic signal to join NY 299 as the village's Main Street.

New Paltz to Kingston
While NY 32 officially remains concurrent with NY 299 all the way to the traffic light at the northern terminus of NY 208, a sign at the Elting Memorial Library, just before the center of downtown, directs northbound traffic on the highway down North Front Street. This shortcut allows that traffic to skip an often busy intersection and head out of the village on North Chestnut Street. Once past the village, the Ulster Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) building comes up on the west and the town hall along the east. NY 32 then becomes mostly rural again.

Over the next 5 mi, the road trends easterly until NY 213 joins it from the east right before the bridge over the Wallkill. Now concurrent, 32 and 213 bend away from the Thruway and pass through the hamlet of Tillson and then descend to cross Rondout Creek at the former village of Rosendale. Just after the crossing, at the Stewart's, NY 213 leaves to the west along the creek, ending a 2.5 mi concurrency.

From Rosendale, NY 32 climbs up out of the Rondout valley and veers east into the hamlet of Maple Hill, where it crosses over the Thruway once again. It resumes a northerly course through Bloomington, and several miles further on crosses the Kingston city line. This entire segment of NY 32 is also concurrent with New York State Bicycle Route 32.

Kingston and Saugerties
On its route through Kingston, NY 32 frequently changes streets and directions. It enters town as Boulevard and meanders to just past Washington Avenue, where it splits onto the more easterly Greenkill Avenue and Fair Street for several blocks. NY 213 returns, merging from the south as Wilbur Avenue. The joined routes then turn onto Clinton Avenue for two blocks, then east onto Henry Street for about 0.5 mi to Broadway, where NY 32 turns north and NY 213 ends.

Another 0.5 mi brings Broadway to the wide junction where I-587 and NY 28 both terminate. NY 32 follows Albany Avenue northeast to Flatbush Avenue, where it turns to assume an eastward course. This finally bends slightly north to East Chester Street near the city limit, where US 9W again comes in to begin a brief wrong-way concurrency in which NY 32 north is US 9W south. It ends, unsigned, after 1500 ft with US 9W's turn onto Frank Koenig Boulevard.

Continuing as Flatbush Road into the Town of Ulster, NY 32 is for the first time along its route east of US 9W and closer to the river. It encounters NY 199 at an interchange immediately west of the Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge. Soon after, it passes Kingston–Ulster Airport. It remains on a northerly heading until 1 mi south of Saugerties, where it veers west and merges with US 9W again. The two routes cross Esopus Creek and enter the village, where Partition Street gives way to Main Street. At that T intersection, US 9W turns to continue north, while NY 32 picks up the new NY 212 and heads west out of town.

The Catskills to Albany
After one block of Main Street, NY 32 and NY 212 turn onto Market Street, then east onto Ulster Avenue after another block. As it crosses the railroad tracks and leaves the village, the road widens and becomes a commercial highway just before reaching a Thruway exit. This, the fourth time NY 32 has crossed the Thruway, is the first time it does so at an exit. Beyond the overpass, the concurrency ends when NY 32 turns and heads north once again. A tight nearby on-ramp provides access to the southbound Thruway. NY 32 does not enter the Catskills but provides access to them along this stretch. At this point, the distance between NY 32 and the Thruway begins to widen. At the junction with Malden Turnpike (CR 34), NY 32 turns westward, toward the Catskill Escarpment, and starts climbing through some rock cuts. When Blue Mountain Road (CR 35) comes in from the south, NY 32 resumes heading north, parallel to the ridge. 1 mi from that junction, its only suffixed route, NY 32A, splits off to the west to provide direct access via NY 23A and Kaaterskill Clove to Tannersville and Hunter.

After crossing into Greene County, the road intersects NY 23A at an undeveloped junction. NY 32 remains in its straight course through the lowlands below the escarpment, passing through mostly woodlands and the hamlet of Kiskatom, then winding around the north side of Cairo Roundtop before it joins with NY 23 at Cairo. After 1.5 mi, NY 32 leaves the divided highway to once again strike north as a two-lane route. It trends west to its westernmost point until turning to the north-northeast just south of Freehold.

North of Freehold the road begins to climb. Views south to the Catskills appear as it nears the center of Greenville, where it crosses NY 81. 1 mi further on, NY 32 enters Albany County via Westerlo near the Basic Creek Reservoir. The climbing stops another mile after the county line, where NY 32 reaches its highest elevation, 1060 ft, on the plateaus south of the Helderberg Escarpment. The road starts to curve back east as the surrounding landscape opens up, with larger fields surrounding it and a slow descent to the Hudson beginning. After sharing 2 mi of road with NY 143, crossing the northern end of Alcove Reservoir and descending the southern end of the Helderberg Escarpment, the road veers eastward toward Albany. To get there, it crosses into New Scotland just after the hamlet of Feura Bush and crosses a long bridge over the northern end of the busy rail yard northwest of Selkirk, where freight trains bound for New York City wait before crossing the Hudson at the Alfred H. Smith Memorial Bridge.

The landscape becomes more developed, though still rural, as the highway winds past a SABIC plant and other development accompanying the rail yard, entering the town of Bethlehem. At the southern corner of Delmar, NY 32 turns more to the east becomes a divided highway with grade intersections, the only non-concurrent segment of NY 32 to take this form. This segment continues, largely undeveloped, as it intersects NY 335 and crosses under the Thruway for the last time before reaching its final concurrency with US 9W. 0.5 mi east of the Thruway, NY 32 again breaks from 9W and follows residential Corning Hill Road downhill to River Road, where it turns to the north again and crosses the Normans Kill into Albany, becoming South Pearl Street, and then paralleling I-787 for a short distance past the Port of Albany–Rensselaer before crossing underneath it.

Albany to Hudson Falls
NY 32 follows South Pearl Street between the Mansion and Pastures neighborhoods, intersecting US 20 (Madison Avenue) near the approach to the Dunn Memorial Bridge, and then becoming one of the two main streets of downtown Albany. At Clinton Square and the Palace Theatre it intersects US 9 along Clinton Avenue. Near the city limits, NY 32 passes under I-90. Upon crossing into the neighboring village of Menands, NY 32 bears onto Wolfert Avenue to access Broadway. Broadway, a business thoroughfare originating in downtown Albany, is designated NY 910C, an unsigned reference route, for 0.06 mi south of Wolfert Avenue to the Albany city line. NY 32 occupies Broadway north of Wolfert Avenue, right at the former headquarters of Albany International, paralleling I-787. I-787's exit 6 ramps meet NY 32 in Menands, then NY 32 crosses over railroad tracks and soon leaves the village. NY 32 enters the hamlet of Schuyler Heights in the town of Colonie. After a short stretch the road enters the city of Watervliet where the name changes from Broadway to Third Avenue. The Watervliet Arsenal forces NY 32 to curve northeasterly as Ninth Street. Then at a traffic signal NY 32 turns left onto Broadway. At 13th Street, NY 32 leaves Broadway and follows 13th two blocks west to an intersection with 2nd Avenue. Here, NY 155 begins and occupies 13th Street to the west of 2nd Avenue while NY 32 turns north onto 2nd. NY 32 continues in the vicinity of I-787 and its continuation, NY 787, through Watervliet and back into the town of Colonie, this time it is through the hamlet of Maplewood, to Cohoes, where NY 787 ends at NY 32 near the convergence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers at New Courtland Street. Past NY 787, NY 32 crosses the Mohawk River into Saratoga County and the town of Waterford, after crossing into the village of Waterford NY 32 crosses the Erie Canal before intersecting US 4 in the heart of the village. The two routes merge, forming an overlap northward along the Hudson River.

In Mechanicville, US 4 and NY 32 briefly overlap NY 67. Farther north, the two routes split north of Stillwater at the southern edge of the Saratoga National Historical Park. While US 4 straddles the park to the east, NY 32 follows the southern and western extents of the park before rejoining US 4 south of Schuylerville. In Schuylerville, the two routes are concurrent with NY 29 for a short distance before exiting the village. To the north of the village in Northumberland, NY 32 separates from US 4 and heads northwest to Gansevoort, where it meets NY 50. NY 32 continues north on the right-of-way of NY 50 to South Glens Falls, where US 9 joins NY 32 northward across the Hudson River into Glens Falls.

Shortly after entering the city, NY 32 turns onto Warren Street, splitting from US 9 and following the Hudson River east toward Hudson Falls. At Highland Avenue, NY 32 turns east, following Highland past Quaker Road (NY 254) to Dix Avenue, where it merges east onto Dix. NY 32 remains on Dix into Hudson Falls, intersecting US 4 one last time north of the village before continuing through the intersection onto Burgoyne Avenue. The route follows Burgoyne Avenue southward around the northeastern portion of Hudson Falls to NY 196, where NY 32 terminates. Burgoyne Avenue continues southwestward as CR 37 to US 4 in Fort Edward.

Old roads
South of Mountainville, NY 32 was part of the New Windsor and Cornwall Turnpike, which stretched from the Orange Turnpike at Southfields to New Windsor. The turnpike became NY 17 south of Harriman. North of Newburgh, the road follows the Newburgh and Sullivan Turnpike to the NY 300 junction and the old Plattekill Turnpike from NY 300 to Ulster County. South of Newburgh, the road became part of the West Shore Route auto trail; from Albany to Watervliet, the road was the northern extension of the New York-Albany-Troy Post Route trail.

Designation
The segment of modern NY 32 between Albany and Mechanicville was designated as part of NY 6 in 1924. From Mechanicville to Hudson Falls, the current routing of NY 32 became part of NY 30. By 1926, the portion of what is now NY 32 from Harriman to Newburgh was designated NY 58. From Newburgh to Albany, NY 32 remained unnumbered at the time. When U.S. Routes were first assigned in New York in 1927, the portion of NY 6 from Albany to Waterford was designated as the northernmost portion of US 9W. In Waterford, US 9W merged with US 9E and continued north as US 9 to Mechanicville, where US 9 turned west onto modern NY 67.

In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, US 9W was truncated to Albany while US 9 was rerouted to follow a new stretch between Albany and Round Lake. The former routing of both routes along the Hudson River between Albany and Mechanicville, as well as the entirety of NY 58 and the portion of NY 30 from Schuylerville to Glens Falls was integrated into the new NY 32, which followed its current routing between Harriman and the Stillwater community of Bemis Heights and from Schuylerville to Glens Falls. Between Bemis Heights and Schuylerville, NY 32 followed what is now US 4 along the Hudson River while the former routing of NY 30 between the two locations became NY 32A. At the same time, US 4, which previously ended in Glens Falls, was rerouted south of Hudson Falls to end in East Greenbush. From Northumberland to Waterford, the route used what is now NY 32.

Reroutings
NY 32 has been realigned in several locations since its inception in 1930. When the route was initially assigned, it passed through Palenville instead of bypassing it to the east as it does today. In the early 1940s, NY 32 was rerouted to follow a new highway east of the hamlet. NY 32's former routing into Palenville was redesignated as NY 32A. The original NY 32A in Saratoga County—which was redundant to US 4—was supplanted at this time by a rerouted NY 32. The Bemis Heights–Schuylerville portion of the overlap between US 4 and NY 32 was eliminated in the 1950s when the original routing of NY 32 between the two locations was upgraded. Construction on the highway began in the mid-1950s and was completed by 1958, at which time US 4 was rerouted to follow the riverside roadway.

In Bethlehem, a southern suburb of Albany, NY 32 was originally routed on Feura Bush Road between the hamlets of Feura Bush and Glenmont. North of Glenmont, NY 32 followed what is now NY 144. In 1956, the Albany County Board of Supervisors asked the state of New York to develop a highway that would reduce the amount of traffic on NY 43 (now NY 443) in Bethlehem. The original plans released by the state in 1959 called for a four-lane divided highway between NY 85 in New Scotland and US 9W in Bethlehem. The new road, known as the Delmar Bypass, would run south of the hamlets of Slingerlands, Delmar, and Elsmere, and loosely parallel Feura Bush Road to the north between Elm Avenue and US 9W.

By February 1961, however, the state favored a new alignment that brought the bypass north from Elm Avenue to Slingerlands, where it would connect to the proposed Slingerlands Bypass north of NY 85. As a result, the road would run through the western part of Delmar and the eastern section of Slingerlands. The change in plans was met with stiff opposition from area residents at a February 8 public hearing, and the Bethlehem Town Board unanimously voted to oppose the altered route at a meeting one week later. Both actions eventually led the state to cancel the portion of the route west of Elm Avenue in January 1963. The 3.37 mi portion east of Elm Avenue was completed in December 1963 and became part of a realigned NY 32 in the 1970s. Part of the right-of-way for the Delmar Bypass near Slingerlands was eventually used for a realignment of NY 140 named Cherry Avenue Extension. NY 32's former routing along Feura Bush Road is still state-maintained as NY 910A, an unsigned reference route.

NY 32 ended in downtown Glens Falls until January 1, 1949, when the highway was extended east to US 4 in Hudson Falls by way of Warren Street, Boulevard, and Feeder Street. On April 1, 1980, ownership and maintenance of Boulevard between Highland Avenue and the Washington County line was transferred from the state of New York to Warren County in exchange for control over Highland and Dix avenues between Warren Avenue and the Washington County line. In Hudson Falls, Boulevard and the segment of Feeder Street south of Boulevard were given to Washington County on April 1 of the following year in return for ownership and maintenance over all of Dix and Burgoyne avenues north of NY 196. NY 32 was rerouted to follow Highland, Dix, and Burgoyne avenues shortly afterward.

Rondout Creek bridge rehabilitation
In June 2008, NYSDOT began a rehabilitation project of the bridge over Rondout Creek in Rosendale. The 1/2 mi project involved rehabilitating the bridge one half at a time. The project was slated to have the 74-year-old bridge up to standards by the fall of 2009. It also included improvements to the road leading up to the bridge. Having only one lane open at a time congested traffic in the area. The total cost of the project was $5.5 million. The bridge had been refurbished before, in 1970.

Future
In several locations, traffic congestion along NY 32 has led to suggestions to change or modify the road. The problems are most severe at the southern terminus, but it is not the only section of the road with issues.

Woodbury Commons
The road's southern terminus at Woodbury Commons is the most frequent topic of discussion, especially since Black Friday in 2001, when heavy traffic from holiday shoppers along adjacent sections of not only 32 but routes 6 and 17 and the Thruway came to a complete standstill. "This should have been planned for and it wasn't", complained one local official. "Now you're trying to close the door and the horse is already out". Despite several efforts and the presence of state police on later Black Fridays, a similar traffic jam occurred on Labor Day weekend 2006, when a break in bad weather led to an increase in shoppers so marked that US 6 and the Thruway were backed up as far as the Palisades Interstate Parkway and Newburgh, respectively. The Woodbury police chief cited the blockage created by drivers making the left turn from NY 32 to the Thruway as the cause. Plans to build an exit ramp that would allow that traffic to go directly to the tollbooth have been expedited.

On the weekend of August 17–18, 2009, another serious traffic jam occurred, in which it took some drivers two hours to get to the Thruway from the mall. Officials cited several factors: the heavy traffic on NY 17 that weekend for both the 40th anniversary of the Woodstock Music Festival in Sullivan County and the observances of the anniversary of Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum's death in Kiryas Joel, a few miles to the west. A traffic light that had been malfunctioning after a recent lightning strike may also have contributed.

In 2007, New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) officials announced their long-term plan to prevent further traffic jams. They will create a series of loops and overpasses allowing traffic to go directly from southbound NY 32 to the Thruway and remove some traffic lights in front of the mall. The changes were expected to be complete by 2011, as part of improvements to convert the NY 17 expressway into I-86. However, in 2009 they were postponed due to funding constraints. Work was slated to begin in 2013, but just before it could start Governor Andrew Cuomo redirected the money to repair projects elsewhere in the state. The project was put on indefinite hold in 2014 until it could be funded.

In 2016, NYSDOT announced a new five-year capital spending plan that included the exit 131 project. Construction is not expected to begin until 2018 at the earliest. Before beginning, the agency says it must acquire 7.4 acre, permanent easements over another 1.1 acre and temporary easements over 28 acre. The revised plan, DOT says, will allow it to shorten the timetable and complete the project in one phase instead of the two originally planned. It was expected to cost $115 million.

Late in 2017, Cuomo revealed details of NYSDOT's new plan at a news conference. The main element would include converting the interchange into a diverging diamond, where traffic would switch sides of the road on the overpass so both left and right turns onto NY 17 would not have to be made against opposing traffic; in order to meet 16.5 ft federal clearance requirements for Interstate Highway standards, NY 17, gradually being converted into I-86, will be lowered by 4 ft beneath the new overpass. Nininger Road (CR 64), which currently ends at NY 32 just north of the interchange, would also be extended to the east and grade separated as well, passing underneath NY 32 in a new overpass to connect to a roundabout where it would meet a new access road to the mall and an offramp from northbound NY 32. Cuomo said the new plan would cost $150 million and be completed by November 2019.

Vails Gate
The "Five Corners" intersection of NY 32 and NY 94 at Vails Gate was a four-way junction until World War II, when the Army extended Temple Hill Road, later NY 300, southeast to the junction so that troops and materiel could get between West Point and the airbase at what was then Stewart Field more quickly. It did not become a traffic problem until the 1990s, when gas stations, supermarkets, strip malls and fast-food restaurants had been built on every corner.

By the end of the 20th century, the intersection was handling 30,000 drivers a day, from increasingly developed Cornwall, Newburgh and New Windsor. NYSDOT expanded the intersection with middle-turn lanes and overhead signs on all approaches. Many drivers still felt it was a confusing intersection and that the confusion slowed traffic down as much as the many cars' stopping to enter and exit nearby businesses. In 2001 state officials said they had done everything possible to improve traffic flows through the Five Corners. Continuing congestion was attributable to insufficient or nonexistent planning.

Downtown New Paltz
Another choke point has been Main Street in New Paltz, a section shared by NY 32 and NY 299. This is the main route back to the Thruway and downstate from the heavily used hiking and climbing areas at Mohonk Preserve and Minnewaska State Park Preserve in the Shawangunks. It is also a well-developed commercial area in a college town, with ample street parking.

Traffic through the village has been so heavy on weekends during summer and peak leaf peeping weekends in early autumn that many residents have proposed making Main Street one-way, carrying traffic only to the west, while diverting eastbound traffic onto either of two parallel streets. Other villages that have made such changes found making streets one-way decreased business at their retailers.

After four years of studying and reviewing the issue, the town and the village agreed to make the change. In 2007, however, the village's new mayor, who had supported the plan while a trustee, changed his mind and said the village's support was "on hold". While campaigning, he said, few village residents had expressed support for the plan. What he learned since taking over as mayor had only further convinced him that it was mostly town residents who wanted the street changes. He also believed that making Main Street one-way would reduce the total amount of routes available to vehicles passing through the village and would adversely route traffic away from the businesses along Main.

Suffixed routes
Originally, NY 32 had two suffixed routes, NY 32A and NY 32B, that were absorbed by other routes. The NY 32A designation has since been revived for a short connector in the Hudson Valley.
 * The NY 32A designation has been used for two distinct highways:
 * The first NY 32A was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to the segment of modern NY 32 between Bemis Heights and Schuylerville in Saratoga County. At the time, NY 32 was routed on what is now US 4 between the two locations. The route was supplanted by a realigned NY 32 in the early 1940s.
 * The current NY 32A is a 1.92 mi connector between NY 32 and NY 23A in Ulster and Greene counties. It was assigned in the early 1940s.
 * NY 32B was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering to an alternate route of NY 32 between Northumberland and Glens Falls in Saratoga, Washington, and Warren counties. It was truncated northward to Hudson Falls in the early 1940s and mostly replaced by NY 254 c. 1965.

title: New York State Route 32


text:
Talk:Conscientious objection

This could probably be merged with conscientious objector

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Conscientious objector which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:32, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Conscientious objector which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:03, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conscientious objection


text:
Ostwind

The Flakpanzer IV "Ostwind" (East Wind in English) was a German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun based on the Panzer IV tank. It was developed in 1944 as a successor to the earlier Flakpanzer IV/2 cm Vierling Wirbelwind.

The Panzer IV's turret was removed and replaced with an open-top, hexagonal turret that housed a 3.7 cm Flak 43. In addition to its intended role as an anti-aircraft weapon, the fast-firing gun was highly effective against light vehicles and minor fortifications. A closed-top design would have been preferable, but this was not possible due to the heavy smoke generated by the gun.

The Ostwind's main improvement over the Wirbelwind was the FlaK 43's increased range and stopping power over the 2 cm Flakvierling 38 and slightly better armor on its turret, albeit it had a lower fire rate. To solve this problem a project was undertaken to arm the Ostwind with two 37 mm cannons, known as the Ostwind II. A single prototype was built but the war ended before anything truly became of it.

Although an order for 100 vehicles was placed in August 1944, only 44 vehicles were completed (22 converted from existing Panzer IVs and 22 new production vehicles) from December 1944 to March 1945.

Comparable vehicles

 * Möbelwagen
 * 40M Nimród
 * M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage
 * Crusader Mk. III Anti-Aircraft Tank Mk. I
 * ZSU-37
 * 40 mm cannon armed AMX-13

title: Ostwind


text:
Semacode

Semacode is a software company based in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It is also this company's trade name for their machine-readable ISO/IEC 16022 Data Matrix barcodes, which are used to encode Internet URLs.

Semacodes are primarily aimed at being used with cellular phones which have built-in cameras, to quickly capture a Web site address for use in the phone's web browser. Semacodes are in fact DataMatrix encoded URLs.

The Semacode website states that Semacode tags are an "open system" and that tag creation is "completely unrestricted," with the SDK software tools being free of charge for non-commercial use.

Potential uses for Semacode tags are still being explored, and will complement development of the concept of using mobile phones as devices for information gathering and exchange. Suggestions from the Semacode.org website included:

 * placing Semacode tags on posters, such as those for concerts and public performances. Those interested could use their mobile phone to take a photo of the tag, which could link them directly to the web page where they could order tickets.
 * using Semacode tags and mobile phones to enable multilingual museum exhibits—a tag photographed at the exhibition entrance could set a language cookie in the phone's web browser, and subsequent Semacode tags displayed at each exhibit could then link the phone's browser directly to a web page about the item, displayed in the user's language of choice.
 * placing Semacode tags on name tags given to conference attendees. These tags could provide the corporate web address of each attendee's company, or their biography and contact details.

title: Semacode


text:
Parliament Square

Parliament Square is a square at the northwest end of the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster in central London, England. Laid out in the 19th century, it features a large open green area in the centre with trees to its west, and it contains twelve statues of statesmen and other notable individuals.

As well as being one of London's main tourist attractions, it is also the place where many demonstrations and protests have been held. The square is overlooked by various official buildings: legislature to the east (in the Houses of Parliament), governmental executive offices to the north (on Whitehall), the judiciary to the west (the Supreme Court), and the church to the south (with Westminster Abbey).

Parliament Square features all of the British flags, the flags of the United Kingdom, its four countries, the county flags and the three flags of the Crown Dependencies and the sixteen heraldic shields of the British Overseas Territories.

Location
Buildings looking upon the square include the churches Westminster Abbey and St Margaret's, Westminster, the Middlesex Guildhall which is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Government Offices Great George Street serving HM Treasury and HM Revenue and Customs, and Portcullis House.

Roads that branch off the Parliament Square are St Margaret Street (towards Millbank), Broad Sanctuary (towards Victoria Street), Great George Street (towards Birdcage Walk), Parliament Street (leading into Whitehall) and Bridge Street (leading onto Westminster Bridge).

History

Original layout
Parliament Square was laid out in 1868 in order to open up the space around the Palace of Westminster and improve traffic flow, and featured London's first traffic signals. A substantial amount of property had to be cleared from the site. The architect responsible was Sir Charles Barry. Its original features included the Buxton Memorial Fountain, which was removed in 1949 and placed in its present position in nearby Victoria Tower Gardens in 1957.

In 1949, the design for the replanning of the Parliament Square area, Westminster, London was carried out by the architect, George Grey Wornum (1888–1957)

Post Second World War changes
The plans to redesign the Square predated the Second World War as the Ministry of Transport suggested:

"that a larger central island was necessary to allow traffic more room in Great George Street. If the northern side of the central island were lengthened it was expected that the frequent traffic blocks at the junction of Parliament Street and Bridge Street with Parliament Square would be greatly reduced."

Following the war, London County Council submitted a revised plan that was agreed by the Ministry of Transport and legislated for by Parliament with the Parliament Square (Improvements) Act 1949.The Act was required due to the mixed ownership of the land. The redesign included putting new roads, pavement and gardens in the area.

As St George Street was widened and an existing road was moved, the Buxton Memorial Fountain had to be removed. Because Victorian style architecture was unpopular at the time, some in Parliament argued it should never be re-erected: at least one parliamentarian said it had "no artistic merit whatever" The Act provided that the fountain could be removed, but required its re-erection.

The central garden of the square was transferred from the Parliamentary Estate to the control of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It has responsibility to light, cleanse, water, pave, and repair the garden, and has powers to make bylaws for the garden.

Public demonstrations
The east side of the square, lying opposite one of the main entrances to the Palace of Westminster, has historically been a common site of protest against government action or inaction. On May Day 2000 the square was transformed into a giant allotment by a Reclaim the Streets guerrilla gardening action. Most recently, Brian Haw staged a continual protest there for several years, campaigning against British and American action in Iraq. Starting on 2 June 2001, Haw left his post only once, on 10 May 2004 – and then because he had been arrested on the charge of failing to leave the area during a security alert – and returned the following day when he was released. The alleged disruption caused by Haw's protest led Parliament to insert a clause into the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 making it illegal to protest in Parliament Square (or, indeed, in a large area reaching roughly half a mile in all directions) without first seeking the permission of the Metropolitan Police Commissioner.

The provisions of that Act relating to Parliament Square were repealed by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, which provides for a different regime of "prohibited activities".

As well as sparking a great deal of protest from various groups on the grounds of infringement of civil liberties including the European Convention on Human Rights, the Act was initially unsuccessful in accomplishing its goals: Brian Haw was held to be exempt from needing authorisation in a High Court ruling, as his protest had started before the Act came into effect (though any new protests would be covered); Haw remained in Parliament Square. Later, the Court of Appeal overturned this ruling, forcing Haw to apply for police authorisation to continue his protest.

Statues
The square is home to twelve statues of British, Commonwealth, and Anglosphere political figures. They are listed here in anti-clockwise order, beginning with Winston Churchill's statue, which faces Parliament.

Demonstrations
The Parliament Square Peace Campaign was a peace campaign started by Brian Haw in 2001 and carried on by Barbara Tucker until 2013.

In May 2010, a peace camp known as Democracy Village was set up on the square to protest (initially) against the British government's involvement in invasions in the Middle East, which became an eclectic movement encompassing left-wing causes and anti-globalisation protests.

The Mayor of London Boris Johnson appealed to the courts to have them removed and, after demonstrators lost an appeal in July 2010, Lord Neuberger ruled that the protesters camping on the square should be evicted. The final tents were removed in January 2012.

title: Parliament Square


text:
Otis Worldwide

Otis Worldwide Corporation (branded as the Otis Elevator Company, its former legal name) is an American company that develops, manufactures and markets elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and related equipment.

Based in Farmington, Connecticut, U.S., Otis is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transportation systems, principally focusing on elevators, moving walkways, and escalators. The company pioneered the development of the "safety elevator", invented by Elisha Otis in 1852, which used a special mechanism to lock the elevator car in place should the hoisting ropes fail.

The Otis Elevator Company was acquired by United Technologies in 1976, but it was spun off as an independent company 44 years later in April 2020 as Otis Worldwide Corporation.

Its slogan is "Made to move you".

The booming elevator market
In 1852, Elisha Otis invented the safety elevator, which automatically comes to a halt if the hoisting rope breaks. After a demonstration at the 1853 New York World's Fair, the elevator industry established credibility. The Otis Elevator Company was founded in Yonkers, New York, in 1853 by Elisha Otis. When Elisha died in 1861, his sons Charles and Norton formed a partnership and continued the business. During the American Civil War, their elevators were in high demand due to the shipment of war materials. Businesses throughout the United States purchased them. In 1864, with the partnership of J.M. Alvord, the company became known as Otis Brothers & Co. In 1867, Otis opened a factory in Yonkers, New York, the city where the company was founded.

In 1925, the world's first fully automatic elevator, Collective Control, was introduced. In 1931, the company installed the world's first double-deck elevator at 70 Pine Street in New York City.

In the early 1950s, the company introduced "Autotronic", an electromechanical computer system for running a bank of high speed elevator cars, which could predict the traffic flows within a building at specific times of the day and therefore deploy the cars in the most efficient manner.

Otis opened a factory in Bloomington, Indiana, in 1965.

Fayette S. Dunn became president of the company in 1964, succeeding the late Percy Douglas.

1977 saw the introduction of "Elevonic" - the successor to Autotronic - which was the first solid state, microprocessor based elevator control system which replaced the older electromechanical relay-based systems which had been at the heart of elevator controls since the 1920s.

1980s changes
Otis was acquired by United Technologies in 1976 and became a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1981, the Yonkers factory closed, and was later purchased by Kawasaki for use as a rail car assembly plant. Also in 1981, Otis signed a business agreement with an elevator company in China and Francois Jaulin became president. In 1989 Karl J. Krapek became president of the company and was replaced in 1991 by Jean-Pierre van Rooy.

During the 1980s, Otis developed the Remote Elevator Monitoring (REM) system that collected behavioral data from 300,000 elevators.

Otis has also dabbled in horizontal automated people-mover "shuttle" systems, such as the Otis Hovair. In 2020, Otis formed a joint venture called "Poma-Otis Transportation Systems" with the French company Pomagalski to promote these products. That partnership has since ended.

1990s acquisitions
Otis Elevator Company purchased Evans Lifts in the UK when Evans Lifts Ltd went bankrupt in 1997 during its merge with Express Lift Company with the name ExpressEvans. It was the oldest and largest manufacturer of lift equipment in the UK, and was based in Leicester, England. Otis's Customer Care Centre is still based in the old Evans Lifts building in Leicester. The building has since been extended by Otis. There are some installations of Evans Lifts in use today. Few lifts made by Otis are branded as Evans. Notably, an original Evans Lift is still in the Silver Arcade in Leicester. It formerly transported people to the upper floors. The upper floors are no longer occupied: the lift is no longer used.

In 1997, Steve Page became president of Otis Elevator Co.

In 1999, Otis acquired CemcoLift, Inc, located in Hatfield, Pennsylvania. The operation was later closed in October 2012, with the remaining business being sold to Minnesota Elevator Inc.

South Korea divisions
In 1910, Otis installed the first hydraulic elevator for transporting money at the Bank of Chosun, and installed the first elevator for passengers on the Korean Peninsula at a railway hotel. Since then, almost all elevators in the Korean Peninsula have been installed before the liberation, and even after liberation, they were the first to land in the Korean market, occupying about 80% of the elevators imported from Korea.

In 1982, it re-entered the Korean market through a technological alliance with Dongyang Elevator, and in 1991 took over the elevator manufacturer Korea Engineering and launched 'Korea OTIS Elevator'. The elevators supplied at this time were brought to Korea in the form of direct imports from overseas factories.

At the time, apart from OTIS Korea, the actual predecessor of Otis Elevator was LG Industrial Systems Elevator. In 1968, Youngjin Electric and Goldstar established elevator manufacturing plants in Juan, Incheon and Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, respectively. After forming an alliance, Hitachi Elevator entered the Korean market in 1979 through a joint venture with Goldstar. At that time, the Juan plant had the name 'Shin Yeong Electric' and the Changwon plant had the name 'Geumseong Sa', but in 1987, Geumseong Sa changed its name to 'Geumseong Sanjeon' and Shin Yeong Electric's changed its name to 'Geumseong Sanjeon', which combined the Geumseong Electrician and Geumseong Sanjeon. It was called 'Goldstar Elevator'. In February 1995, Goldstar Industrial Systems changed its name to 'LG Industrial Systems', and in September of the same year, LG Industrial Systems merged Goldstar Industrial Systems and Geumseong Industrial Systems(Korea). Afterwards, Otis established 'Otis Korea' in a joint venture with Dongyang Heavy Industries in February 1998.

Otis also took over the shares of LG Industrial Systems Elevator in December 1999 and changed the name of LG Industrial Systems Elevator to LG-OTIS. At the same time, the existing Korea OTIS was merged with it. In 2000, LG-OTIS founded Sigma Elevator and used Sigma brand to replace LG-OTIS,LG and Goldstar Brand at Overseas (International). The company name was also changed back to OTIS-LG. After the acquisition of shares was completed in 2005, LG Industrial Systems was separated into LS Industrial Systems and the 'LG' trade name was removed to become 'Otis Elevator Korea'.

21st century
In 2002, Ari Bousbib became president of Otis.

Didier Michaud-Daniel became president of the company in 2008. In 2011, Otis acquired its competitor Marshall Elevator for an undisclosed amount. Beginning in 2011, Otis cut its manufacturing operations in Nogales and supply-chain operations in Tucson, Arizona, as part of a consolidation of manufacturing operations in Florence, South Carolina, where Otis purchased a former Maytag facility on 92 acres. As part of the consolidation, Otis shut down its Bloomington facility in 2012.

In February 2012, Pedro Sainz de Baranda was named president of the company, replacing Michaud-Daniel. In October 2013, Otis won its biggest ever contract to date, to supply 670 elevators and escalators to the Hyderabad Metro. Its second biggest contract had been in 2012, to supply 349 elevators for the Hangzhou metro. In 2015, Otis had to slow its expansion in Asia after orders in the region started to drop.

On October 9, 2017, Judy Marks was named president of Otis Elevator Company, replacing Philippe Delpech. In January 2018, Otis inaugurated the installation of the world's longest double-deck elevator (30 elevators) in the 555-meter Lotte World Tower in Seoul. The "sky shuttle" can take 54 passengers from the 2nd floor to the 121st floor in 1 minute. On November 26, 2018, United Technologies announced it would spin off Otis Elevator into an independent company. Its headquarters are to remain in Connecticut. In 2019, Otis geared up its artificial intelligence technology by capitalizing on predictive technologies.

In July 2022, Otis elevator company sold its business in Russia to S8 Capital holding. The holding received equipment, technologies and staff. In addition, the American side guaranteed uninterrupted supplies of the necessary spare parts. In early August, a new production line was launched. Since the end of January 2023, the company has been manufacturing products under the Meteor Lift brand.

Notable installations

Otis has installed elevators in some of the world's most famous structures, including:
 * Eiffel Tower
 * Empire State Building (modernization partnership signed in 2011 )
 * The original World Trade Center
 * The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Attractions (including ride mechanisms)
 * Petronas Twin Towers
 * Burj Khalifa
 * CN Tower
 * Winchester Mystery House
 * Hotel del Coronado
 * Demarest Building (first electric elevator)
 * The Singing Tower at Bok Tower Gardens
 * Skylon Tower
 * 30 Hudson Yards
 * Willis Tower (modernization)
 * Raj Bhavan (India's first elevator)
 * University of Wisconsin-Madison Memorial Union

Incidents & controversies
In 1992, an Otis trainee died on the job due to orders to violate workplace safety protocols. OEEU organised protests in response, forcing the company to permanently take on 98 temporary workers and to stop their recruitment for permanent jobs. This had been a problem for several years at that point.

In 1998, two Otis workers died on the job in separate incidents in Mumbai, India. This led to a public discussion about the lack of safety training for contract workers at the company and an investigation by the Lokshahi Hakk Sanghatana Maharashtra, a democratic rights organization, which demanded that company management should be prosecuted for their negligence.

In 2001, due to a dated design flaw, 8-year-old Tucker Smith from Bel Air, Maryland was crushed to death by an Otis Elevator after becoming trapped in the gap between the outside door and the inside gate.

On August 14, 2002, Neil Raymond Ricco tripped while exiting an Otis Elevator while working at a Comerica Bank building in San Diego. He said it malfunctioned, causing the elevator to stop a foot below the floor level. Ricco was diagnosed with a concussion and a controversial investigation ensued.

In February 2007, European Union regulators fined Otis Elevator €225 million (US$295.8 million) for being part of a price-fixing cartel in the Belgian, Dutch, Luxembourg, and German markets. Competitors ThyssenKrupp, Schindler Group, KONE, and Mitsubishi Elevator Europe were also fined for participating in the same cartel.

On July 24, 2009, a group of eight people were trapped for eight hours in an Otis elevator in Toronto. A repair man who tried to fix the elevator fell 10 floors to his death.

On December 14, 2010, an Otis escalator installed in the International Trade station of Shenzhen Metro Line 1 reversed direction without notice, triggering a stampede that injured 25 passengers.

On July 5, 2011, an Otis 513MPE escalator installed at Beijing Subway Line 4 Zoo Station changed direction without notice, causing 30 people to fall. One boy was killed and 27 people injured, prompting China to halt the use of the escalator model. A Beijing official said the 513MPE escalator had "defects in design, manufacturing and maintenance", and that Otis had "unavoidable responsibility for the accident". Shenzhen Metro authorities confirmed that the cause of the accident was also similar to the Shenzhen accident on December 14.

In March 2017, eighteen people suffered injuries at Hong Kong's Langham Place shopping mall when an escalator maintained by Otis reversed direction from up to down.

On July 9, 2018, a one-year-old Otis escalator at Stockholm City Station changed direction from up to a rapid descent, in what local officials called a "free fall", causing minor injuries. Inspection of the gear boxes of several Otis escalators revealed unexpected rust and heavy wear. This led to the newly built train stations Stockholm City Station and Stockholm Odenplan being temporarily closed on July 13, 2018, for security reasons until the problems were understood and resolved.

title: Otis Worldwide


text:
Talk:Robert Peel

Catholic Emancipation
I've got the impression from other sources that Peel changed his stance on emancipation in the 1830s and acted in favour of it. This is noted on certain pages, Ultra-Tories is one of them, but not on Robert Peel. Does anyone know why? 81.105.137.65 (talk) 18:36, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * According to Douglas Hurd's biography, Peel concluded that Ireland would simply be ungovernable unless emancipation was passed. LastDodo (talk) 15:30, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Old talk page post
In George Square in Glasgow, there is a statue of the man, with his birth and death dates being 2nd July 1788 and 5th July 1850 respectively, yet these are not the dates on wiki? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.63.243 (talk) 22:40, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * This Google search reveals many hits for a 5 February birth and a 2 July death, and none for any other permutations. I suggest the makers of that statue got their facts wrong.  --  JackofOz (talk) 22:59, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Father confusion
I'm confused by the following sentence: "More importantly, his sponsor for the election—as well as his father—was Arthur Wellesley, ..." When I read it I thought Arthur Wellesley was Peel's father. That's not the case, is it? Could someone who knows whether his father sponsored him or not or whatever was meant please reformulate this bit?

 * His father (also called Robert Peel) did sponsor his campaign, as well as the Duke of Wellington. But Wellington was not peel's father (otherwise he'd have been known as Robert Wellesley!)

I don't think we should move someone like Peel to this page. "Robert Peel" is fairly sufficient to identify him. john 21:09, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. Any objections to getting him moved back? Timrollpickering 17:36, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * None from me. Keep this as a redirect, though.  Mackensen 17:43, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Extra picture
There's another shot of Peel on Wikipedia, but so far only Politics of the United Kingdom is using it. Here it is if anyone wants to find it easily:

Timrollpickering 20:18, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't think Peel should be identified as a member of the "Conservative Party," Peel was known for being something of an independent. Also, his followers weren't known after his death as Peelites for nothing.

 * Peel was the acknowledged leader of the party between 1834 and 1846. He is considered by many to be the founder. He may have left the party but should be identified here as a Conservative as much as Ramsay MacDonald should be identified as Labour. Timrollpickering 20:48, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Peel virtually refounded the party, and certainly was responsible for making the term 'conservative' popular. He was the first true Conservative, in that sense, and thus should be accorded recognition of the fact. Polocrunch 11:21, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

I'd also suggest breaking Peel's life up, to make it easier to read, and including more detail on the actions of the governments in which he took part, particularly those actions for which he was mostly responsible. Polocrunch 11:21, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Clean up Request
I added the clean up request after noticing that the article is one great block. It should be divvyed up into section to make it less daunting. -- Benn M. 03:21, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * I gave cleaning it up a shot. -- ILFoxtrot 19:23 hrs. July, 19, 2005.
 * Thanks. Clean-up request removed. --Benn M. 07:30, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

The Irish connection
The fact that he helped set up a police force in Ireland and that he was nicknamed "Orange Peel" IS actually true. Someone from my class edited this into Wikipedia as we are studying about that period in Irish history at the moment. I know that it seems a little weird and perhaps they should have cited sources but this is true as far as I am aware and so I think it was a mistake to edit it out. XYaAsehShalomX 18:06, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The IP contributing that also added a great deal of vandalism to Wikipedia, which is why I thought that this was vandalism (well, that, and the fact that it's pretty weird). I've restored the contribution. Thanks for your help, and apologies for my itchy trigger finger. :) --Ashenai (talk) 18:12, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Peelers
In the main article it mentions policemen being nicknamed Peelers or Bobbies which it claims are still in use today. I've honestly never heard a policeman called a Peeler, but have regularly used the term Bobby - has the prior term gone out of usage? And if so perhaps the article should be updated? TheMoog 22:08, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree, I still hear it used regularly, maybe it varies regionally.
 * (e.g. busies seems to be used only on Merseyside)
 * Wnjr (talk) 14:29, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

The term 'peelers' can be seen used in a an irish play by j.m Synge called 'the playboy of the western world'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.97.177.189 (talk) 16:09, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Technically there were 2 police forces that pre date Robert Peels police. There was a temporary police force in Edenborough a few decades before and the Westminster and Yorkminster hade their own police for centuries! It says this on their website! Yokminster police! In the ottoman Empire as far as I gather the janissaries were sort of an army/ police force of their time!

Peel Tower / Statue
I think somebody should include & cross reference this with Peel Tower which was built on Holcombe Hill as a dedication, see Bury and Ramsbottom pages on the wiki. Also the statue of Sir Robert Peel outside the Robert Peel pub in the town centre.

The Great Famine
'As an aside in reference to the Repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. To criticise Peel for acting too late in repealing the Corn Laws, or for not giving enough subsidies to the Irish, shows a misunderstanding of the historical context.' No Englander did enough for the Irish before, during or after the Great Famine were more than ONE MILLION People died.

--

I found a reference for the sentence stating that Peel thought about repealing the Corn Laws before the Great Famine. I am not sure how to put in a citation, maybe someone else could insert it: Evans, Eric J. (1996) The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 2nd ed., London and New York: Longman, 264 (C.U.)

-- I read that Peel wanted to solve the problems in Ireland but met with heavy resistance from his own party. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.203.96 (talk) 16:48, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Disraeli
What is the picture of Disraeli doing in the "Corn laws and after" section? Granted, he was a successor of sorts, but the text does not actually mention him as it stands... 13:28, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Wrong PM
Why is there a picture of Lord John Russell in this article, citing him as PM for the dates Peel was Prime Minister? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.45.127 (talk) 19:00, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

I agree - the picture of Disraeli appears to have been removed, butt he article is still illustrated with pictures of Wellington, Lord John Russell and Lord Grey. I think these pictures could be removed without any loss to the article, and perhaps some gain in terms of keeping the focus on Peel. It could be illustrated with any number of other pictures illustrative of Peel's career (eg a pic of an original Met Police bobby) Bronxrichie (talk)bronxrichie —Preceding undated comment added 16:18, 21 September 2010 (UTC).

Should it be Ministry or ministry?
Bazuz (talk) 00:22, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Vidocq
Eugène François Vidocq created the Sûreté in 1812. This predates the founding of the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829. Surely this should be mentioned in the article lest it be accused of anglocentrism. 82.171.40.25 (talk) 22:55, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

The Factory Act of 1844 was reform in any century
Under "Factory Act", you say it: "...was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The Factory Act 1844 acted more against these industrialists than it did against the traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the landed gentry,..." I imagine that laborers, including women and children, experienced this absolutely as reform. I don't think they cared about disempowering a bunch of gentlemen farmers on the way out. Industrialists, however, as I recall, worked them hard, what - 12? 14? - hours a day? 7 days a week? With poor safety precautions? And you call them reformers? -lifeform (talk) 05:23, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Namesakes - suggested deletions
I notice under namesakes 'Elsewhere' you list:

 * Peel Regional Police
 * Peel Regional Paramedic Services
 * Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
 * Peel District School Board

I propose them for deletion because they are named for the locality they serve rather than after Peel himself.Cloptonson (talk) 09:25, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Intro in need of a trim
Far too much detail. As per other articles, 3-4 paragraphs should be our target. - Snori (talk) 14:58, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * agreed-- I trimmed it to 4 paragraphs. Of course as one of the most famous men in British history he is available for Wiki's use of exceptions regarding space limits. Rjensen (talk) 15:20, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

I think you have got the wrong MP
Why is there a picture of Lord Russell This needs to be fixed ASAP

Involvement in slave trade and abolition
Should this page have more detail and clarity on Peel’s stance on slave trade and abolition? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.93.55.139 (talk) 06:36, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Peel was only 19 at the time the slave trade was abolished in 1807, so his views on that are not of much interest, even if they can be established. Slavery itself is a different matter, since he actually led the opposition in Parliament at the time of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. As far as I know he did not have strong feelings on slavery and his speeches in Parliament seem to be more concerned with 'doing emancipation right' than doing it or not doing it. For example he writes of the need

 * "to amalgamate two distinct and separate races and supply a better stimulus to negro labour, than the old base and degrading stimulus of the whip. The object would be, not to create a dominion of free blacks content with the mere necessaries of life, but to train the present slaves into a taste for the comforts and even for the luxuries of existence, to accustom them in that manner to the habits of honest industry, and to place them in that state of moral discipline which would enable the House, in unloosing their fetters, to feel that it was not acting inconsistently with the safety of the whites, or the happiness of the negroes themselves."

 * But he is also concerned the plantation owners are not hard done by. My impression is his views are not straightforward and thus I think it will require an expert to portray his position accurately and fairly. LastDodo (talk) 15:56, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Did he have any children
IT DOES NOT SAY 2A02:C7E:326F:5D00:B582:5644:90F3:6A81 (talk) 16:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It gives considerable detail on his 7 children. TRY READING THE ARTICLE! Johnbod (talk) 16:43, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

I am so sorry
I have said things I regret and I am sorry for that and thanks for all the people who fixed my wrongs I appreciate them a lot and it would mean a lot if you would forgive me thank you for your precious time Sincerely anonymous 2A02:C7E:326F:5D00:A59E:FE64:F735:5DB1 (talk) 17:55, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

photograph
The article states that he was the first sitting prime minister to be photographed. Does it still exist? and if so, why isn't it in the article?Notwisconsin (talk) 11:38, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

 * That is a good question and one I'd like to know the answer to. Douglas Hurd actually says "Peel was the last Prime Minister not to be photographed." I can't access the sources in the article, so what is the truth? TrottieTrue (talk) 01:02, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

Opium War section needs an edit
This is how it currently opens. Terrible grammar. Someone who knows the subject should edit it. I've capitalised the worst bits.

"In 1838, before Peel became prime minister, there HAVE been growing tensions between the British East India Company and the Chinese Empire during the past years over the importation and trade of opium, which had been occurring for nearly a century. And when the trade of this particular product, DUE TO IT BEING SMUGGLED UNLAWFULLY BY MERCHANTS, IT become a serious political and economic problem, was IT was largely controversial. " AidanMcCaffery (talk) 21:23, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. — SamX [talk · contribs] 17:55, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Peel


text:
São Vicente, São Paulo

São Vicente (after Saint Vincent of Saragossa, the patron Saint of Lisbon, Portugal) is a coastal municipality in southern São Paulo, Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 329,911 (2022 est.) in an area of 148,151 km².

Founded in 1532, by the Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator Martim Afonso de Sousa, it is the first permanent village (colonial settlement) established in the Americas, and the first election on the American continent also took place there. Because of this, it is considered the "cradle of American democracy".

São Vicente is one of the 15 municipalities in São Paulo considered seaside resorts by the state of São Paulo, as they meet certain prerequisites defined by State Law. This status guaranteed the municipality a larger budget from the State to promote regional tourism. Furthermore, the municipality acquires the right to add, next to its name, the title of "Estância Balneária" (Balneary Resort), a term by which it is designated both by official municipal records and by state references. Historical tourism and beach tourism are among the most relevant sectors of its economy.

History
It was the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the Americas and the first capital of the Captaincy of São Vicente, roughly the present state of São Paulo. Established as a proper village in 1532 by Martim Afonso de Sousa on what was then the Porto dos Escravos ("Port of the Slaves"), operated by three Portuguese colonists who trafficked on slaves captured by allied tribes, São Vicente is titled Cellula Mater (Mother Cell) of Brazil for being the first organized town in the country. The first City Council of all the Americas was democratically elected and established in São Vicente on August 22, 1532.

A battle took place here on 3 February 1583 when three English warships attempting to trade with the Portuguese, was set upon by three Spanish galleons. The Spanish ships were repelled and retreated leaving one galleon sunk.

Geography
São Vicente is located on the western half of coastal São Vicente Island, being mostly a bedroom community for the larger and wealthier neighbouring port and commercial city of Santos on the island's eastern half. A small north–south hill range separates for the most part the two cities' urban areas, but they are contiguous in the north and on a narrow beach strip in the south. A narrow strip of land of the basin of the small Cubatão River extends west out of the central area of São Vicente, north and parallel to the municipality of Praia Grande.

São Vicente Suspension Bridge, linking the island to Praia Grande on the mainland, was constructed in 1914; a second link, the Mar Pequeno Bridge, was opened in 1981. São Vicente is linked to the capital city of São Paulo by the Imigrantes Highway and to the southern coast by the Manuel da Nóbrega Highway. São Vicente has a small fishing industry in its portion on the mainland, where there are a few small settlements.

Noted places
The Monument of 500 years of Brazil (Monumento dos 500 anos do Brasil) is a viewing platform on Porchat Island, an islet which extends from the south of São Vicente Island. The platform was designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer (1907–2012). It faces roughly north in an imaginary line to the National Congress in Brasília, completed by Niemeyer and others in 1960. The municipality contains part of the 901 ha Xixová-Japuí State Park, created in 1993.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Notable people

 * Wlamir Marques, basketball player, Olympic medallist and World Champion
 * Cosmo Alexandre, kickboxer and mixed martial artist
 * Larissa Pimenta, judoka
 * Jefferson, footballer

International relations
São Vicente is twinned with:
 * 🇯🇵 Naha, Okinawa, Japan

title: São Vicente, São Paulo


text:
User talk:Jhulten

Common Internet pseudonym for Jeffrey Hulten of Seattle, Washington, USA

New Zealand and Washington
Hello, Jeffrey, and welcome to WP! I used to have some relatives in the Seattle area, which is why I take a bit of interest in the Zeal categories for the State. You may find your User page is handy for listing links and things to do. Best wishes from Middle Earth! Robin Patterson 09:30, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jhulten