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Cavendish Professor of Physics

The Cavendish Professorship is one of the senior faculty positions in physics at the University of Cambridge. It was founded on 9 February 1871 alongside the famous Cavendish Laboratory, which was completed three years later. William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire endowed both the professorship and laboratory in honor of his relative, chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish.

Creation of the Cavendish Laboratory
Before the middle of the nineteenth century, science was largely pursued by individuals, either wealthy amateurs or academics working in their college accommodation. In 1869, a committee formed by the Senate reported that creating a dedicated Laboratory and Professorship would cost £6,300. The then chancellor of the university, William Cavendish met that cost privately 18 months later, and named the department in honor of his relative, the 18th century natural philosopher Henry Cavendish.

James Clerk Maxwell
The first Cavendish Professor was the then relatively obscure James Clerk Maxwell, who had yet to complete the work that would make him the most renowned physicist of the nineteenth century. His appointment was announced on 8 March 1871, and despite initial disappointment at his being offered the place, his inaugural lecture was looked forward to by his likely students as well as his future colleagues. However, it was poorly advertised, so it was only to his students that he laid out his plans for physics at Cambridge. When Maxwell began the actual course a few days later with a lecture on heat, it was attended by academics in formal dress, in the belief that it was the first lecture. Maxwell spent the next three years supervising the construction of the dedicated Cavendish Laboratory, and published in 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Maxwell's health deteriorated a short time into his tenure, and he died in 1879, aged 48.

Lord Rayleigh
Lord Rayleigh replaced Maxwell immediately upon his death, being universally agreed upon as the only successor. Raleigh spent £1500 updating the laboratory, and created a new practical course, revolutionising practical instruction, and in 1882 he allowed women to take the course as well. In his five years as Cavendish Professor, he published 50 papers and expanded the number of students to 48.

J. J. Thomson
J. J. Thomson was made Cavendish Professor in 1884 at the age of 28, leading one senior member of the University to comment that "Matters have come to a pretty pass when they elect mere boys Professors." In 1895, a change was made to the university regulations which allowed students who had not studied at Cambridge to receive a B.A. by submitting a thesis which was judged "of distinction as a record of original research." Among the students attracted by this change was future Cavendish Professor Ernest Rutherford. Whilst Thomson was Cavendish Professor, he discovered the electron and the existence of isotopes, and also fostered an atmosphere of friendliness and mutual helpfulness.

Ernest Rutherford
Rutherford returned to Cambridge in 1918, and spent the last 19 years of his life there. This was around the time of the change from classical to modern physics, and Rutherford was something of a contradiction, dressing as a Victorian gentleman but working on the cutting edge of physics. Rutherford died suddenly in 1937, marking the end of an era for the Cavendish.

William Lawrence Bragg
Sir Lawrence Bragg became Cavendish Professor just before the outbreak of the Second World War, which resulted in many staff joining various defence research establishments, notably to develop radar. Work on neutron physics performed at this time was translated into the Manhattan Project to build an atom bomb.

Nevill Francis Mott
Nevill Mott was appointed Cavendish Professor in 1954, bringing with him from Bristol, his expertise in the rapidly developing area of Solid State Physics. In 1971 the "Cavendish Professorship of Experimental Physics" was renamed the "Cavendish Professorship of Physics", implicitly acknowledging the broader role of both theory and experiment in Physics.

Alfred Brian Pippard
Brian Pippard became the first elected appointee to the newly retitled position in 1971. During his tenure as Cavendish Professor, Pippard strengthened the Teaching Committee and was proactive in the reform of undergraduate teaching in Cambridge, compiling the 1971 edition of the "Cavendish Problems in Classical Physics", since studied by generations of Cavendish students.

Until 1979, the holder of the Cavendish Professorship implicitly held the role of head of the Physics Department at the Cavendish Laboratory. The two positions were separated in 1979, when Alan Cook became the first explicitly appointed Head of Department.

List of Cavendish Professors
There have been nine Cavendish Professors since its inception:

 * James Clerk Maxwell (1871–1879)
 * Lord Rayleigh (1879–1884)
 * J. J. Thomson (1884–1919)
 * Ernest Rutherford (1919–1937)
 * William Lawrence Bragg (1938–1953)
 * Nevill Francis Mott (1954–1971)
 * Brian Pippard (1971–1984)
 * Sam Edwards (1984–1995)
 * Richard Friend (1995–2020)
 * Vacant (2020–present)

title: Cavendish Professor of Physics


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Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn

Lydia Selina Dunn, Baroness Dunn, (born 29 February 1940) is a Hong Kong-born retired British businesswoman and politician. She became the second person of Hong Kong origin (the first was Lawrence Kadoorie, Baron Kadoorie) and the first female ethnic Chinese Hongkonger to be elevated to the peerage as a life peeress with the title and style of Baroness in 1990.

Launching her career in British firms Swire Group and HSBC Group, she was an Unofficial Member and then the Senior Member of the Executive Council and Legislative Council of Hong Kong in the 1980s and 1990s, witnessing the major events of Hong Kong including the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. She is best known in Hong Kong for her part in (unsuccessfully) lobbying for the people of Hong Kong to have the right of abode in the United Kingdom after the Handover of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, and she remained influential until her retirement from Hong Kong politics in 1995.

From 1990 to 2010, she also served as a member of the House of Lords, the first person ethnic Chinese to assume such position. She resigned from the House of Lords in 2010 following the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 which effectively disallows "Non-Doms" from sitting in either House of the British Parliament.

Early life, business and public career
Dunn was born in Hong Kong to refugee parents from China. She was educated at the St. Paul's Convent School in Hong Kong, and at the College of the Holy Names and at the University of California, Berkeley. Upon her return to Hong Kong, she was hired by the Swire Group where she kept rising to the directorships of the John Swire and Sons (HK) Ltd., Swire Pacific Ltd., and Cathay Pacific Airways. In 1981, she became the first woman to sit on the director board of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank. From 1992 to 2008, she was the bank's deputy chairman.

Dunn also served on many public positions, including the chairmanship of the Trade Development Council from 1983 to 1991. In that capacity, she led missions abroad to promote Hong Kong textile and clothing products as well as stood firm against protectionism in her report for the Trade Policy Research Centre in 1983 on 'Protectionism and the Asian-Pacific Region'. She was also the director of the Mass Transit Railway Corporation from 1979 to 1985 and served as the chairman of the Prince Philip Dental Hospital from 1981 to 1987, during the formative years of the University of Hong Kong’s Faculty of Dentistry.

Political career
Dunn first entered Hong Kong politics when she was made an Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1976 by Governor Murray MacLehose. In 1982, she was made an Unofficial Member of the Executive Council by Governor Edward Youde.

During the Sino-British negotiations over the transfer of Hong Kong sovereignty to China in the early 1980s, Dunn participated as a member of the delegations of Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, led by Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive Council Sir Sze-yuen Chung, who travelled to London and Beijing to meet with Margaret Thatcher and Deng Xiaoping. The aims of the members were to raise the concerns of the Hong Kong people and to negotiate for a better deal for Hong Kong. However, Beijing authorities rejected their suggestion that Hong Kong people had an independent role to play in the negotiations. From 1985 to 1988, Dunn was the Senior Member of the Legislative Council. In 1988, she succeeded Chung to become the Senior Member of the Executive Council.

After the signing of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which ensured Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong after 1997, Dunn urged the British government to grant Hong Kong residents the right of abode in Britain. She is best remembered in Hong Kong for breaking down in tears while giving testimony before a British parliamentary committee that was examining the Hong Kong question in May 1989 amidst the tumultuous Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China. Dunn said the British government would be "morally indefensible" for surrendering "British citizens to a regime that did not hesitate to use its tanks and forces on its own people". Britain refused to change its restrictive nationality policy, but eventually allowed about 50,000 Hong Kong families to become British citizens through the British Nationality Selection Scheme in 1990 in the aftermath of the Tiananmen massacre. That year, Dunn was appointed to the House of Lords in 1989.

In May 1989, Dunn and several other Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils presented the Basic Law Drafting Committee with a proposal for an "OMELCO Consensus" model for the post-1997 process of electing the Chief Executive, providing a moderate alternative to those put forth by the pro-democracy camp and the conservative hardliners from the business and professional community. However, following Beijing's disapproval of the "OMELCO Consensus", Dunn softened her tone. In a House of Lords debate in 1992, Dunn described having more directly elected seats as "unwise" and talked of it as "reviving uncertainty, tension and discord in our community." She also said that "for the British Government to put a request to the Chinese Government, asking for democracy -- that, too, will be improper."

Following Chris Patten's arrival in Hong Kong as the colony's last governor in 1992, Dunn supported his proposal of separating the Executive Council from the Legislative Council so as to allow for more checks and balances. After a reshuffling of the Executive Council, Dunn became its sole remaining member. Subsequently, she became more outwardly discreet during the Patten governorship. It was widely speculated that she had lost her political influence due to her disagreement with the governor over his more confrontational approach in dealing with the Chinese as compared to her consensual approach. In 1995, Dunn announced that she was retiring from Hong Kong politics, fueling speculation in the media over whether she still believed in the territory's future after 1997.

While former British-appointed politicians found new favour with Beijing authorities in the run-up to 1997, Dunn bucked the trend by reinforcing her ties to Britain, retaining her seat in the House of Lords and maintaining high-profile positions in British companies, including HSBC Holdings. In 1996, she relocated to Britain with her British husband Michael Thomas, the former Attorney General of Hong Kong.

Dunn rarely sat or spoke in the House of Lords during her years as a peer. After the passage of the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, she resigned from the British upper house in 2010 to preserve her "Non-Dom" status.

Personal life
Dunn is married to Michael David Thomas, former Attorney General of Hong Kong in 1988. She has four stepchildren from Thomas's previous marriage. She has reportedly been living in London since 1996. In 2010, Dunn auctioned 160 items from her private art collection at Christie's, with lots reportedly valued at up to GBP30,000 (HK$354,000) each.

Honours
For her services to Hong Kong, Dunn was made an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1978, and then a CBE (Commander) in 1983. In 1989, she was appointed DBE (Dame Commander), reportedly the first from Hong Kong to have such an honour. One year later, she became the first ethnic Chinese and the first woman Hongkonger to be elevated to the British peerage in the Queen Elizabeth II’s 1990 Birthday Honours. She was introduced to the House of Lords as Baroness Dunn, of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong and of Knightsbridge in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea on 24 August 1990. Dunn was also awarded the Prime Minister of Japan's Trade Award in 1987 and the United States' Secretary of Commerce award in 1988.

In 1984, she was conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In 1991, she was conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the University of Hong Kong. She also received Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Buckingham in 1995.

Publication

 * In the Kingdom of the Blind (1983)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn


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Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour

Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour (31 March 1740 – 4 December 1808) was a British nobleman in the 18th century. He married Mary Christina Conquest, in 1763.

Biography

Henry Arundell was born on 31 March 1740, to Henry Arundell and Mary Bellings-Arundell.

He married Mary Christina Conquest, the daughter of Benedict Conquest of Irnham Hall and Mary Ursula Markham, on 31 May 1763. They had a London home in Grosvenor Square. They had two daughters: Mary Christina (1764–1805), who married James Everard Arundell, 9th Baron Arundell of Wardour, and Eleanor Mary (1766–1835), who married Charles Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh.

An avid collector of art, he accumulated immense debts in building and furnishing New Wardour Castle, Wiltshire, designed in the Palladian style by Giacomo Quarenghi. A portrait was painted of him by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

He died on 4 December 1808, aged 68. After his death, his trustees were forced to sell off a portion of his lands in Dorset.


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David Truman

David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003) was an American academic who served as the 14th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969–1978. He is also known for his role as a Columbia University administrator during the Columbia University protests of 1968. Truman was an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Background and family
Truman was born and raised in Highpoint, NC. He received his B.A. from Amherst College and his doctorate from the University of Chicago.

Political science
Truman was a prominent political scientist and is known for his contributions to the theory of political pluralism.

Administrative roles
He taught at a number of institutions before joining Columbia University in 1950. There, in addition to teaching political science, he undertook a number of administrative roles, serving successively as head of the department of public law and government (1959–61), Dean of Columbia College (1962–67), and Vice-President and Provost (1967–69). In 1969, Truman "stepped down after a tumultuous year of student unrest. During the student-lead [sic] takeover of the University, Truman was continually mentioned as a University administrator who retained the student body's respect."

Truman became president of Mount Holyoke College in 1969 and stayed until 1978. Truman oversaw the decision to remain a woman's college in 1971.

His obituary from Mount Holyoke noted, "both at Columbia and Mount Holyoke, Truman was involved in dealing with the significant student unrest of the late 1960s and 1970s. At both campuses he faced student protests and takeovers regarding such difficult issues as race and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, which were common on college campuses during the Vietnam Era, Truman left a lasting legacy as a warm and caring leader."

Scholarship

 * Administrative Decentralization (1940)
 * The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. New York: Knopf, 1951
 * The Congressional Party (1959)

title: David Truman


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Lubaczów

Lubaczów (Любачів Liubachiv) is a town in southeastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine, with 12,567 inhabitants Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (since 1999), it is the capital of Lubaczów County and is located 50 km northeast of Przemyśl.

Other names
Lubaczów is also called (or misspelled as): Libatchov, Libechuyv, Liubachev, Lubachov, Lubatchov, Lubichuv, Lubachow, Lubatchow.

History
Lubaczow was first mentioned in written documents in 1214, when, following the Spis Treaty between Duke Leszek I the White and Andrew II of Hungary, the gord was placed under authority of Voivode of Sandomierz, Pakoslaw Lasocic. Until 1376, Lubaczow was spelled Lubacew or Ljubacew. Upon receiving its city charter (1376), the spelling of the name was changed into Lubaczow. Until 1462, Lubaczow was governed by the Dukes of Mazovia, a Polish fief. In that year, it was directly annexed into the Kingdom of Poland, as part of the newly created Belz Voivodeship, in which it remained until 1772. During the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76), the Battle of Niemirow took place near Lubaczow (October 7–8, 1672).

From 1772 until 1918 Lubaczow belonged to Austrian Galicia, as the town was annexed by the Habsburg Empire after the first partition of Poland. In 1868, the Austrian authorities moved the seat of the county to nearby Cieszanów, while in 1880, Lubaczow received a rail connection with Jarosław. in 1896 a hospital was built, but three years later, most of the town burned down in a large fire.

In 1918, Poland was declared an independent state: Lubaczów became part of Second Polish Republic’s Lwow Voivodeship. The Lubaczow Company of the Polish Army took part in the Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–1919). In mid-September 1939, during the Invasion of Poland, heavy fighting between the advancing Wehrmacht and retreating Polish 21st Mountain Infantry Division commanded by General Jozef Kustron. On September 16, the Battle of Oleszyce took place near Lubaczow, in which General Kustron was killed.

On September 7, 1939: Lubaczów was bombed by German planes, and five days later, the town was occupied by the Germans. On September 26, however, the Red Army seized Lubaczow (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). The town remained under Soviet occupation until June 22, 1941, while German occupation lasted until July 1944, when Lubaczow was recaptured by the Soviets.

After World War II, Lubaczów was one of few locations of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lwów to remain within Poland, when the national boundaries were redrawn in 1945. As a result, former parish church in Lubaczow was named a cathedral, and the part of Lwow Archiodiocese, which remained in Poland, was named the Lubaczow Archdiocese, as Communist government banned all traces of Polish presence of the city of Lwow. In 1984, an inventory of the parish records from the archdiocese of the church archive established there was drawn up. In 1992, the position of the Lubaczów area within the Polish diocesan structure was regularized and it became part of the Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów. There was still a church archive in Lubaczów. In 1999 Lubaczów became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.

Following World War II and the change of borders, several relics from Eastern Borderlands were transported to Lubaczow. Among them was the miraculous picture of Our Lady of Belz, relics of Blessed Jakub Strzemie, and the urn with heart of Archbishop Jozef Bilczewski. Furthermore, from 1946 until 1980, the miraculous painting of Our Blessed Lady from Latin Cathedral, Lviv was kept at Lubaczow. It was brought here by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak.

Jewish history

 * 1498: The Jews of Lubaczów are mentioned for the first time, when they were granted a lease to collect Lubaczów customs duties that year.
 * 1532: The Polish King forbade the Jews of Lubaczów to do any business with the population in the surrounding villages.
 * 1538: Tax records show that there were eighteen Jewish families living in Lubaczów who paid taxes to the King.
 * 1565: The lustration of this year mentions only three Jewish families living in the town.
 * 1621, 1633 & 1639: Lubaczów Jews were involved in trade and crafts, and also had the right to brew beer. They still held the lease for the collection of municipal fees, as well as the royal taxes from the entire starostwo (local administrative unit) in these years.
 * 1648–1649: The Cossacks and Ukrainian farmers led by Bohdan Chmielnicki opposed the Polish government. In their eyes the Jews were agents of the Polish rulers, and with barbaric methods they attacked the Jews. In Lubaczów the shops at the Rynek (town square) and in the surrounding streets were completely burnt down.
 * 1662: The lustration of that year does not mention any Jewish households, though by the early eighteenth century a relatively large community did exist there, as evidenced by the amount of taxes paid to the royal treasury.
 * 1670: There were only five Jewish families in Lubaczów.
 * 1765: According to the census of that year, there were 687 Jews obliged to pay taxes who were living in the town and surrounding villages.
 * 1787: Around thirty Jewish families in Lubaczów asked the Austrian government to give them land so that they could be farmers, but there was no response to their plea.
 * 19th century: The Jewish community in Lubaczów grew stronger and the Jews worked as traders in agricultural products, and peddling in the nearby villages.
 * 1880: The eastern and western railway lines in Poland were connected after a new railway was built from Jarosław, and Lubaczów became important after getting its own railway station. That year, the Jewish Community was about 1,300 people (approximately 30% of the total population).
 * 1891: A Business directory for Galicia is published, containing about 25000 names of people in the professions. It includes several people from Lubaczów.
 * 1899: There was a big fire in Lubaczów in 1899 and the town was largely damaged. Among those who lost their homes were 220 Jewish families comprising almost 1000 people.
 * 1906: The Address Directory for Galicia was published. It had 550 pages.
 * 1914–1918: During World War I, around 500 Jews left Lubaczów and many did not come back till the middle of the twenties.
 * 1931: According to most sources, this year there were 6291 citizens in the city of Lubaczów, out of whom 1794 were Jews. However, according to a table from the "Population of the Eastern Galicia in 1931", the locality of Lubaczów had a total population of 51,885, from where 23,686 (43.7%) were Polish, 24,470 (47.2%) were Ukrainian, 3,503 (6.8%) were Yiddish (probably referring to Jews) and 226 (0.4%) were of other descent.
 * 1933: The Jewish Cemetery in Lubaczów was closed by the Polish authorities, and was reopened only after a long public struggle.
 * 1939: According to "Where Once We Walked" there were 1,715 Jews in Lubaczów before the Holocaust. According to other sources, there were 2,300.
 * September 1 and September 17, 1939: Germany and Soviet Union invade Poland. Lubaczow is occupied by the Soviet Union, until June 1941,
 * April 1942: There were 2270 Jews in Lubaczów.
 * May 1942: 2000 Jews were brought by the Germans to Lubaczów from the surrounding villages.
 * October 1942: The Nazis gave the order that a Jewish Ghetto should be established in Lubaczów. Within 48 hours the Jews were overcrowded within the ghetto. Shortly after that the first transport of Jews was sent from Lubaczów to Belzec. Jews from Niemirów and Potilitz were brought to Lubaczów. At its peak, the Ghetto became home for 7000 Jews, who were kept in apartments located in the center of the town. About 5–6 families lived in each apartment.
 * November 1942: Most of the Jews from Oleszyce, about 2000, were brought to Lubaczów.
 * December 1942: The Germans promised there would be no further killing of Jews in Lubaczów because most of those who were still there were working for the Germans as slave laborers. The Nazis had already shipped 2500 Jews to the extermination camp at Belzec.
 * January 5, 1943: There was a great snowstorm that brought great cold. The Germans collected all finished and unfinished items from the Jewish tailors and shoemakers. A rumor spread that the Germans would kill all the Jews. Whoever had the possibility fled that night from the ghetto.
 * January 6, 1943: Around 8 a.m., the final mass execution of the Jews in Lubaczów started. The Germans and their Ukrainian auxiliaries murdered hundreds. The killings continued until January 14. Some were killed when found in their underground secret bunkers. Others were brought to the Jewish cemetery where an estimated 1200 Jews were killed and buried in a mass grave. Some were sent to Belzec extermination camp. The very few Jews who survived did so by fleeing into the forests and by joining the partisans. Only around 20 Lubaczow Jews survived the war.
 * July 21, 1944: The Germans finally withdrew and the Soviet Red Army re-occupied Lubaczów. Poland became a communist country aligned with the Soviet Union.

Sights

 * St. Nicolaus Orthodox church,
 * Historical town hall
 * Rail station (1880), with a water tower,
 * Jewish cemetery
 * Roman Catholic cemetery (19th century)
 * Castle hill with remains of a fortress, granary and park

Notable people

 * Aleksander Bandrowski (1860–1913), singer
 * Stanisław Dąbek (1892–1939), Colonel of the Polish Army, who in September 1939 commanded defence of the Polish Coast
 * Stanisław Dębicki (1866–1924), painter
 * Robert Korzeniowski (b. 1968), racewalker, Olympic golden medallist
 * Franciszek Misztal (1901–1981), engineer, co-creator of such planes, as PZL.23 Karas and PZL.38 Wilk
 * Józefina Szałańska (b. 1951), actress
 * Władysław Witwicki (1878–1948), psychologist, philosopher, translator and artist

Twin towns – Sister cities
Lubaczów is twinned with:

title: Lubaczów


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Sulejman Bargjini

Sulejman Pasha Bargjini (also known in Sylejman Pashë Mulleti, Berkinzâde Süleyman Paşa) was an ethnic Albanian general, nobleman and Governor of the Ottoman Empire. He was originally from Bargjin, but he settled in the village of Mullet, Albania and probably served as a Janissary, he was given the title Pasha. He had fought for the Ottomans against the Safavids in Persia. After that he had built a mosque (the Sylejman Pasha Mosque), a bakery and a hammam (Islamic sauna). He founded the settlement of Tirana, now the capital of Albania, in 1614 as an oriental-style town of those times. According to some local legends, he named the town he founded after Tehran, the capital of Persia (nowadays Iran). This, however, is a folk etymology without basis in fact, as Tirana was already mentioned in Venetian documents as early as 1418.

With Sulejman's foundations, Tirana soon became the center of Albanian art, culture and religion (especially with the Spread of Islam and the Bektashi Sufism), it became famous because of its strategic position at the heart of Albania.

His resting place, the Suleyman Pasha Tomb, got destroyed by the Communist government. A statue of Sulejman Pasha stands in the square named after him in downtown Tirana. A small street in another part of Tirana also bears his name.

title: Sulejman Bargjini


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Przeworsk

Przeworsk (Переворськ; פּרשעוואָרסק) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. Since 1999 it has been in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and is the capital of Przeworsk County. The ancient Przeworsk culture was named after the town.

Przeworsk was a settlement since the 10th century, though evidence of human settlement in the general area is even older. It is first mentioned in historical records from the 13th century, and was granted its town charter in 1394. From 1772 the town was part of the Habsburg monarchy where it remained until 1918 when an independent Poland returned. Przeworsk is located on European route E40. It also is an important railway junction, with trains going in three directions – east (towards Przemyśl), west (towards Rzeszów) and north (towards Stalowa Wola).

Przeworsk has some 60 historic buildings, including two fortified Gothic abbeys, a town hall, the Lubomirski Palace in classical style, a baroque monastery, and an open-air museum (skansen). The town covers an area of 22 km2.

Name variations
In 13th century Ruthenian documents, Przeworsk was spelt Pereworesk. In the 14th and 15th centuries, its name was subject to variation. It was called Preworsko, Przeworsko, Przeworszko, Przeworscho, Przeiworsko, Przyworsko and Prziborsko. Since the 15th century, the name Przeworsko was most often used.

Recorded history
In the early Middle Ages, a defensive gord existed there. The area was included in the emerging Polish state by its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. In 981 it was annexed from Poland by the Kievan Rus', and afterwards, in the High Middle Ages, it changed owners several times between Poland and the Rus', and even fell to the Mongol Empire in the mid-13th century. It was first mentioned in documents from 1280, when, after the Battle of Gozlice (23 February 1280) between Lesser Polish and Ruthenian-Tatar forces, Duke Leszek II the Black raided the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, then vassal of the Golden Horde, capturing and setting alight the city of "Perevoresk"

"'Въ лѣт̑ 6789 (1281) Иде Льстько на Лва и взѧ оу него городъ Переворескъ и исъсѣче и люди в нем̑ вси ѿ мала и до велика и город̑ зажьже и поиде назадъ во своӕси'"

"In the year 6789, (1281) Leszek attacked Leo I of Galicia, and took his city of Perevoresk and killed all in it, sparing neither young or old and having burnt the town to the ground he left."

After the Galicia–Volhynia Wars in mid-14th century, this territory of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, was reincorporated to the Kingdom of Poland by King Casimir III the Great and afterwards transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Soon Polish settlers came to the deserted border areas, and in November 1387, King Władysław II Jagiełło ceded Przeworsk to the Voivode of Sandomierz, Jan of Tarnow, Leliwa coat of arms. Przeworsk grew fast, and on 25 February 1393, Jagiełło granted it a town charter.

Until the 18th century, Przeworsk was a private town of several Polish noble families, as it passed through Tarnowski, Ostrogski and Lubomirski ownership. Since 1470, it was the seat of the Land court for the western territory of Przemyśl Land in the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Przeworsk became the second largest town in the area after Przemyśl, prospering in the period known as, the Polish Golden Age. It was situated on a round hill, 212 m above sea level. Its center was protected by a rampart with a moat. The town hall was built in the 15th century.

Since Crimean Tatars often raided the southeastern Poland, and sometimes even reached its south-central parts, in 1510 the construction of ramparts was started. The defences of Przeworsk consisted of three main elements: a fortified Bernardine monastery in the east, a fortified Order of the Holy Sepulchre monastery in the west, and the town with its three gates in the middle. These fortifications turned out to be inadequate, as both in 1612 and 1624, Przeworsk was captured by the Tatars. Later, the town was captured by the Cossacks (1672, 1677), Swedes (1702) and Russians during the Great Northern War. On 22/23 March 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden spent one night here, during his failed raid on south-central Poland. Przeworsk suffered in several successive fires (1712, 1717, 1739, 1740, 1759). All these events contributed to the town's steep decline.

In First Partition of Poland, in 1772, Przeworsk was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, remaining in Austrian Galicia until November 1918. In the late 18th century, the Austrian authorities pulled down the obsolete late-medieval ramparts and gates. The town remained in decline until the late 19th century, when it became a railway junction, and a center of sugar production, with the Przeworsk Sugar Refinery (1895). In 1859, Przeworsk was connected by rail with Kraków by the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis. In 1902 it had a new railroad to Rozwadów, and in 1904, a narrow gauge line to Dynów was completed. The population began to grow, new housing was built, together with a monument dedicated to King Władysław II Jagiełło (1910), but World War I brought destruction to the town.

In 1918 Poland regained independence, and in the Second Polish Republic Przeworsk was part of Lwów Voivodeship. In 1929, it became of a county seat and in 1930, several buildings burned down in a fire.

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, Germany conducted air raids on 3, 5 and 6 September 1939, in which several people were killed and many were wounded. Przeworsk was captured by the Wehrmacht on 9 September 1939, and then the Einsatzgruppe I entered the town to commit various atrocities against Poles. The German occupation lasted until 27 July 1944. During the Intelligenzaktion, on November 3, 1939, the Germans deceitfully gathered the local Polish intelligentsia for a formal meeting, then arrested 58 people and imprisoned them in Rzeszów. The Jewish community was decimated in German extermination camps.

The Pshevorsk Hasidic dynasty, which originated in Przeworsk, is now mainly located in Antwerp, Belgium.

Tourist attractions

 * Basilica of the Holy Spirit, built in the 15th century with a unique chapel – Tomb of Jesus Christ (the same as in Jerusalem)
 * Gothic Church of the Bernardine Order
 * Palace and park of Lubomirski family
 * Baroque Daughters of Charity monastery and Our Lady of the Snow church
 * Gothic defensive town walls
 * Monument of Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło at the Rynek (Market Square)
 * The only truly "vivid" open-air museum in Poland, with wooden houses from Przeworsk and the surrounding region.
 * The Wąskotorówka Train (narrow gauge railway) going from Przeworsk to Dynów.
 * Firefighting Museum

Sport
The local football team is. It competes in the lower leagues.

People associated with Przeworsk

 * Piotr Aigner – architect of the Lubomirski Palace
 * Fryderyk Bauman – architect, sculptor and designer of the Lubomirski Palace interiors
 * Andrzej Ćwierz – Member of the Sejm
 * Antoni Lubomirski – founder with his wife, Zofia Lubomirska, of the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul convent and church
 * Zofia Lubomirska – founder of the vast textile and silk factories
 * Izabela Maria Lubomirska – princess
 * Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski – prince
 * Paweł Miesiąc – Motorcycle speedway rider
 * Zygmunt Mycielski – composer and musicologist
 * Tadeusz Rut – athlete
 * Andrzej Sztolf – Olympic ski-jumper
 * Stanisław Żuk – creator of the Skansen Museum and shepherd

Twin towns – Sister cities
Przeworsk is twinned with:

title: Przeworsk


text:
Samuel D. Ingham

Samuel Delucenna Ingham (September 16, 1779 – June 5, 1860) was a state legislator, judge, U.S. Representative and served as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Andrew Jackson.

Early life and education
Ingham was born in New Hope, Pennsylvania, on September 16, 1779. His parents were Dr. Jonathan Ingham, "a famous physician from Philadelphia," and his wife, the former Ann Welding.

After a pursuit of classical studies, he was an apprentice to a paper maker along Pennypack Creek, not far from Philadelphia.

Manufacturer
After completing his apprenticeship, Ingham became the manager of a paper mill at Bloomfield, New Jersey. It was while here he met Rebecca Dodd, whom he married in 1800. They had five children.

Also in 1800 Ingham returned to Pennsylvania and established a paper mill on his mother's farm (his father having died in 1793) that would be his main source of employment in the coming years.

Political career
He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1806 to 1808. Then, Ingham was appointed Justice of the Peace by the Governor of Pennsylvania.

He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1813 to July 6, 1818. He easily trounced his Federalist opponents in the first two elections and had no opposition at all in 1816. He resigned from Congress in 1818 because of his wife's ill health. He was appointed the Prothonotary (Chief Clerk, Notary and Registrar of the Court) of the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, after leaving Congress. In 1819 Rebecca Dodd Ingham died.

Ingham served as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1819 to 1820.

In 1822 Ingham married Deborah Hall of Salem, New Jersey. They would become the parents of three children.

Also in 1822 Ingham was elected to Congress where he would serve until 1829.

During the 13th Congress he was chair of the United States House Committee on Pensions and Revolutionary War Claims. During the 14th, 15th, 19th and 20th Congresses, he was chair of the House Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads, and he was chair of the House Committee on Expenditures in the Post Office Department during the 15th Congress.

Secretary of the Treasury
Ingham served as the ninth Secretary of the US Treasury from March 6, 1829, to June 21, 1831.

The Second Bank of the United States, viewed by Jackson and much of the nation as an unconstitutional and dangerous monopoly, was Ingham's primary concern as Secretary of the Treasury. Jackson mistrusted the Second Bank of the United States and all other banks.

Jackson thought that there should be no paper currency in circulation but only coins and that the US Constitution was designed to expel paper currency from the monetary system. Ingham believed in the Second Bank and attempted to resolve conflicts between Jackson, who wanted it destroyed, and the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle.

Despite being unable to reach any resolution between Jackson and Biddle, Ingham left office over an unrelated incident, which stemmed from his involvement in the social ostracism of Peggy Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton, by a group of Cabinet members and their wives. It was led by Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun and became known as the Petticoat affair. Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel, which Ingham did not accept. On June 20, 1831, Eaton recruited a posse to search for Ingham, and Ingham responded by arming himself and requesting Jackson's help. With no help forthcoming from the president, Ingham fled to Baltimore the following morning and then to Bucks County, thus likely saving his life.

Societies
During the 1820s, Ingham was a member of the prestigious Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, which counted among its members two eventual presidents, Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, and many other prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical, and other professions. In 1840, Ingham was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.

Later life
After resigning as Secretary of the Treasury, Ingham resumed the manufacture of paper, and engaged in the development of anthracite coal fields. He was involved with the organization of the Beaver Meadow Railroad Company (e. 1830 ), of which he was then made president for a time. He was connected with the organization of the Hazleton Coal Company. He worked to promote canals such at the Lehigh Navigation and the Delaware Canal. He moved to Trenton, New Jersey, in 1849, where he worked with that city's Mechanics Bank.

Ingham died on June 5, 1860, in Trenton, New Jersey, at the age of 80, and is interred in the Solebury Presbyterian Churchyard, Solebury, Pennsylvania. Ingham County, Michigan, one of several Cabinet counties named for members of Jackson's administration, is named in Ingham's honor. Ingham Avenue in Trenton, NJ is also named in his honor.

title: Samuel D. Ingham


text:
13th Congress

13th Congress may refer to:

 * 13th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1986)
 * 13th Congress of the Philippines (2004–2007)
 * 13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1924)
 * 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1987)
 * 13th National Congress of the Kuomintang (1988)
 * 13th National People's Congress (2018–2023)
 * 13th United States Congress (1813–1815)

title: 13th Congress


text:
15th Congress

15th Congress may refer to:

 * 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1927)
 * 15th Congress of the Philippines (2010–2013)
 * 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1997)
 * 15th National Congress of the Kuomintang (1997)
 * 15th People's Party of Kazakhstan Extraordinary Congress (2020)
 * 15th United States Congress (1817–1819)

title: 15th Congress


text:
14th Congress

14th Congress may refer to:

 * 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1925)
 * 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990)
 * 14th Congress of the Philippines (2007–2010)
 * 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (1992)
 * 14th National Congress of the Kuomintang (1993)
 * 14th National People's Congress (2023–present)
 * 14th United States Congress (1815–1817)

title: 14th Congress


text:
Brzozów

Brzozów (Березів, Bereziv; ברעזשוב Brezhov; lat. Brozovia, or Prozzow) is a town in south-eastern Poland, with 7,336 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (since 1999) and is the seat of both Brzozów County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Brzozów. It lies 50 km south of the city of Rzeszów.

History
Brzozów was founded in 1359, Brzozów took on the name of an earlier, adjacent settlement of the 14th century, which gradually over time came to be known as Stara Wieś (Old Village). A large Jesuit Basilica and Monastery, built in 1760, is found in Stara Wieś. Queen Mary donated Brzozów and four other villages to the Bishops of Przemyśl in 1384. From the middle 14th to the early 19th centuries, the Bishops of Przemyśl resided principally at Brzozów.

Tatar attacks took place in 1525, 1623–25, 1629 and with heavy losses in 1674. Afterwards, Brzozów declined commercially until the 19th century.

From the first partition of Poland in 1772 until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Austrian Galicia province (Crownland).

Before World War II there was a Jewish community of about 1300 in Brzozów. A large part was massacred on 10 August 1942 by the German SS. The remainder were sent to death camps or murdered by the Nazis during the war. Since then, there has been no Jewish presence in the town.

Economy
In 1550–1650, nineteen trades were practiced here including cloth-making, food processing, and leather-making as well as wood, metal, and ceramic trades. The first hospital of record is mentioned in 1518. A parish school was in existence in the early 16th century, and annual elections of mayors and judges, subject to approval of the bishop, commenced in 1410. The town for hundreds of years had been known for the manufacture of combs, but the industry disappeared by the 1960s. Manufacture of oils was another industry in Brzozów; walnut oil was a famous product reportedly supplied to the royal table in Kraków in the 16th century. Oils were also produced from plum core.

A post-office was opened in 1851.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Brzozów is twinned with:

title: Brzozów


text:
Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)

The Blue Mountains are a mountain range in the northwestern United States, located largely in northeastern Oregon and stretching into extreme southeastern Washington. The range has an area of about 15000 sqmi, stretching east and southeast of Pendleton, Oregon, to the Snake River along the Oregon–Idaho border.

The Blue Mountains cover ten counties across two states; they are Union, Umatilla, Grant, Baker, Wallowa and Harney counties in Oregon, and Walla Walla, Columbia, Garfield and Asotin counties in Washington. The mountains are unique as the home of the world's largest living organism, a subterranean colonial mycelial mat of the fungus Armillaria ostoyae. The Blue Mountains were named after the color of the mountains when seen from a distance and the blue hue imparted by the smoke of forest and range fires set by Indigenous people as management tools in the fall.

Geology
The Blues are uplift mountains cbgwma.org:The Columbia River Basalt Group | Continental flood basalt flows | cbgwma.org, accessdate: February 8, 2017 and contain some of the oldest rocks in Oregon. Rocks as old as 400 million years protrude through surrounding Columbia River Basalt flows and related volcanics of 16.7 million to about 6 million years ago. Geologically, the oldest rocks of the Blue Mountains (400+ to about 150 million years in age) were created as island arcs in the Pacific Ocean and accreted onto the North American plate. Today, this suture zone runs through Western Idaho (Riggins and McCall) Within these terranes are igneous intrusions, some of which have intruded after accretion. The Blue Mountains include several mountain ranges, from the Ochoco Mountains and Maury Mountains in the west near Prineville, Oregon, through the Greenhorn Mountains, the Aldrich Mountains, and the Strawberry Range, to the Elkhorn Mountains. The tallest peaks are Rock Creek Butte at 9106 ft in the Elkhorn Mountains, and Strawberry Mountain at 9042 ft in the Strawberry Range. The ranges of the Blue Mountains were uplifted by folding upward into the "Blue Mountain Anticline" by tectonic rotation that began about 14 million years ago. More limited faulting and extension in places that include Baker valley and the Grande Ronde valley also contributed to today's topography. The Wallowa Mountains are considered to be part of the Blues by many geologists because their geology includes the same accreted terranes as the Elkhorns, Greenhorns, and Strawberries., although their mechanism of uplift differs somewhat. Similarly, the geology of Hells Canyon and the Seven Devils Mountains is also composed of accreted terranes of a similar nature.

Habitation by Native Americans
The river valleys and lower levels of the range were occupied by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Historic tribes of the region included the Walla Walla, Cayuse people and Umatilla, now acting together as the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, located mostly in Umatilla County, Oregon. The southern portion of the Blue Mountains were inhabited by several different bands of the Northern Paiute, a Great Basin culture. Native American tribes originally migrated to the Blue Mountains for hunting and salmon runs. The Natives used to purposefully burn small parts of the forest in order to create pastures to attract game for hunting.

During westward expansion of the United States

In the mid-1800s, the Blue Mountains were a formidable obstacle to settlers traveling on the Oregon Trail and were often the last mountain range American pioneers had to cross before either reaching southeast Washington near Walla Walla or passing down the Columbia River Gorge to the end of the Oregon Trail in the Willamette Valley near Oregon City.

Modern travel
The range is currently traversed by Interstate 84, which crosses the crest of the range at a 4193 ft summit, from south-southeast to north-northwest between La Grande and Pendleton. The community of Baker City is located along the south-eastern flank of the range. U.S. Route 26 crosses the southern portion of the range, traversing the Blue Mountain Summit and reaching an elevation of 5098 ft.

It is also crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad's mainline between Portland, Oregon, and Pocatello, Idaho, which crests the summit at Kamela, Oregon. The summit lies on Union Pacific's La Grande Subdivision, which runs between La Grande and Hinkle, the latter of which is the site of a major UP yard.

Wildlife
Birds of the area include bald eagle, Lewis's woodpecker, Williamson's sapsucker, red-breasted nuthatch, golden-crowned kinglet and many migratory species, with the riverbanks important habitat for this birdlife. Mammals that move through the mountain grasslands include Rocky Mountain elk, Bighorn sheep and Mule deer. Native fish include Chinook Salmon, Steelhead, Redband Trout, Bull Trout, and Pacific Lamprey.

The Blue Mountains in Washington are home to one of 10 identified elk herds in the state, with a population of approximately 4,500 Rocky Mountain elk as of 2018 across the region. In 1989, in response to a decline in the elk population and a heavy female-biased population, the Washington Fish & Wildlife Department regulated elk hunting in the Washington Blue Mountains with a "spike-only" general hunting season, permitting hunting of only male elk with at least one visible non-branched antler. By the mid 1990s the area then became known for its mature males and trophy hunting. In 2018, Washington State proposed an updated elk management plan intended to improve the health of elk populations and habitats, reduce human conflict and agricultural damage, and managing elk populations for recreational, educational, scientific, and ceremonial purposes.

Land management
The lands in the Blue Mountains are managed not only by the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management public agencies, but also by private land owners and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.

Location
Much of the range is included in the Malheur National Forest, Umatilla National Forest, and Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. Several wilderness areas encompass remote parts of the range, including the North Fork Umatilla Wilderness, the North Fork John Day Wilderness, the Strawberry Mountain Wilderness, and the Monument Rock Wilderness, all of which are in Oregon. The Wenaha–Tucannon Wilderness sits astride the Oregon–Washington border.

Drainage
The range is drained by several rivers, including the Grande Ronde and Tucannon, tributaries of the Snake, as well as the forks of the John Day, Umatilla and Walla Walla rivers, tributaries of the Columbia. The southernmost portion of the Blue Mountains is drained by the Silvies River, in the endorheic Harney Basin.

title: Blue Mountains (Pacific Northwest)


text:
Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics

The Rouse Ball Professorship of Mathematics is one of the senior chairs in the Mathematics Departments at the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. The two positions were founded in 1927 by a bequest from the mathematician W. W. Rouse Ball. At Cambridge, this bequest was made with the "hope (but not making it in any way a condition) that it might be found practicable for such Professor or Reader to include in his or her lectures and treatment historical and philosophical aspects of the subject."

List of Rouse Ball Professors at Cambridge

 * 1928–1950 John Edensor Littlewood
 * 1950–1958 Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch
 * 1958–1969 Harold Davenport
 * 1971–1993 John G. Thompson
 * 1994–1997 Nigel Hitchin
 * 1998–2020 William Timothy Gowers
 * 2023–         Wendelin Werner

List of Rouse Ball Professors at Oxford
The chair at Oxford was established with a £25,000 bequest and was initially advertised by the University as a Chair in Mathematical Physics. The Rouse Ball Professor is now hosted at the university's Mathematical Institute, and holds a Fellowship at Wadham College.
 * 1928–1950 E. A. Milne
 * 1952–1972 Charles Coulson
 * 1973–1999 Roger Penrose, Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics
 * 1999–2020 Philip Candelas, Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics
 * 2020–    Luis Fernando Alday, presently Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics

title: Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics


text:
Samuel Ingham

Samuel Ingham (September 5, 1793 – November 10, 1881) was a two-term Congressman from Connecticut.

Early life
Samuel Ingham was born on September 5, 1793, in Hebron, Connecticut. He attended the common schools in Vermont, studied law with John Mattocks and Sylvester Gilbert, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Canaan, Vermont. He moved to Jewett City, Connecticut, and in 1819, to Essex (then part of Saybrook), Connecticut, and continued the practice of his profession.

Career
He served as state's attorney for Middlesex County, and was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1828, 1834, 1851 and 1852 (serving as speaker in 1833, 1835 and 1851). He served as judge of probate judge of the Middlesex County Court. He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1839). He was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs (Twenty-fifth Congress). He was defeated for re-election in 1839 to the Twenty-sixth Congress.

He served in the Connecticut Senate in 1842, 1846, and 1850. He served as President pro tempore of the Connecticut Senate and was four times the Democratic nominee for governor of Connecticut (1854–57). Although he finished in first place twice, winning a plurality of more than 10% both times (1854 & 1856), lacking a popular majority, the legislature chose a different candidate. He was also an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the United States Senate in 1854. He served as United States commissioner of customs from December 5, 1857, to May 14, 1861. He then resumed the practice of law.

Personal life
He lived in Saybrook and Essex. Ingham died in Essex on November 10, 1881. He was interred in River View Cemetery.

His daughter Lydia Ann Ingham was the wife of James Phelps, who also served in Congress. His daughter Mary Wilson Ingham married Edward Champlin Williams, a merchant sea captain.

title: Samuel Ingham


text: User talk:128.119.116.153

title: User talk:128.119.116.153


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/GrazingshipIV

'''As GrazingshipIV has removed the comment and Sam Spade has agreed on my Talk page (Danny), I hereby declare this dispute over and done with. The page has been archived. Time to move on with your lives. Danny 21:12, 15 May 2004 (UTC)'''

 * Note: This page was opened 23:43, 11 May 2004 (UTC) and was certified as of 19:22, 13 May 2004.

 * (User:GrazingshipIV | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
This is a summary written by users who dispute this user's conduct.

 * This user has repeatedly attacked User:Sam Spade. He has preserved and "protected" a mentioning of Sam Spade as being a "racist" on his page, then deleted Sam Spade's comments regarding it.
 * Apparant inability to respect or comprehend NPOV policy
 * He has declined mediation in regards to this matter with Sam
 * This user has behaved contentiously in the recent past, requiring temporary banning

 * Evidence of disputed behavior (provide diffs and links):

 * Edit summary on User:Lord Kenneth (history): (Sam Spade other than being a racist troll-has a conflict of interest in reverting this page-thus there must be a policy consesus among legitimate users before the "wall of shame" can be taken down)
 * From his talk page: -Sam is not African-american, he has sympathetic views towards white supremacy
 * From Talk:Racialism which is the intention of white separatists like Spade and Vogel
 * Edits to this page made by the user in question.
 * Request for Admin Dispute described by many as Trolling
 * Similar to above

 * Applicable policies:
 * No personal attacks
 * NPOV

 * Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute (provide diffs and links):
 * Mediation declined
 * Request for respect of policy declined
 * Request for an end to harassment by outside user declined

 * Users certifying the basis for this dispute (sign with ~ ):
 * Sam Spade 04:01, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a "blanket certification", i.e. I will certify this regardless of any changes made by Sam Spade, unless stated otherwise. ugen64 19:22, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Other users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

Unfortunetly Spade, (formally Jack Lynch) does have or at least has had racist views, as can be demonstrated on my talk page as he used a racial slur. Spade has also repeatedly defended others who espouse racists views such as Paul Vogel. He also vandalized and trolled my user page on many occasions which one can see from viewing the history. In the lordkeeneth situation Spade was trying to remove something from someone's user page without permission because it involved him.

I will continue to battle racist trolls like Sam Spade as I battled Vogel to keep wikipedia free from racist POV. In short, I will call a spade a spade.

Spade has made little to no attempt at compromise in fact he has engaged in a vandalism campaign against me. The best solution to the conflict would be if he would stop trolling my talk page.

I would find no reason to call sam racist if he stopped promoting a racist agenda, which has continually particularly when he tries to apologize or engage in disinformation campaigns as he has done in white seperatism and racialism.

'''I also would like to add that charge #2 is ridiculous. Please review my edit history to see that I can very well comprehend the NPOV policy.'''

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) GrazingshipIV 04:30, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Although I believe that Grazingship has behaved childishly in this, I think that his intentions are good and beneficial to Wikipedia, and that no censure of any sort is appropriate. Snowspinner 05:13, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) 172 05:43, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 4)  I don't know if Sam is racist but he does seem to spend a lot of time picking fights, holding grudges and acting out on them. Much of the problem seems to be that Sam made a comment on GrazingshipIV's talk page which he regrets and would like to disappear and Grazingship refuses to remove Sam's comment from his page. Sam shouldn't be removing material from someone else's talk page. That seems to be a more serious offence than anything Sam's accusing GrazingshipIV of having done. I suggest that both users refrain from commenting on each other's talk pages.  However, I have to add that I reject the argument that someone who defends a racist must be a racist himself as a guilt by association fallacy. This is an especially dubious contention given the poor quality of Sam's advocacy on behalf of Vogel, a performance that would have had him disbarred had he actually been a lawyer. AndyL 06:17, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) Bumm13 06:19, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) Node 17:39, 12 May 2004 (UTC) - Agree with Snowspinner, AndyL.
 * 7) Comrade Nick @)^-, I Happen to think Grazingship is a good contibutor.

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

 * 1) I think this dispute is most easily resolved if GrazingshipIV would remove the text that Sam finds offensive and Sam backs off. This is not, however, an endorsement of Sam, who has made several comments that I, at least, find contentious and sometimes offensive. I just don't think that Granzingship's strategy is the best way to deal with that. Danny 04:20, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) —No-One Jones 05:15, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) 172 05:44, 12 May 2004 (UTC) Concur with Danny
 * 3) If he removed the statement (not the one I made BTW, I don't mind that) and refrained from accusing me of racism, etc.. I would find this matter resolved to my satisfaction. Sam Spade 04:48, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Since Grazingship clears material from his talk page regularly, remove both Sam's statement and Grazingship's comment, and end this dispute. --Michael Snow 17:52, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) I think it's fair for Grazingship to keep the comment Sam made about being a "negro" but should move on and remove the response. Sam's statement speaks for itself (as does the fact he finds it "funny"), there's no need to retain the accusation that he's a racist since once can deduce whether Sam's a racist from his own statement ie he hangs himself. I don't think it's necessary to have any wiki intervention in this, the matter is a mountain in a molehill but I think Grazingship should consider making a move on his own.-- AndyL 07:18, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 6) UninvitedCompany 20:33, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) This is most reasonable. However, Grazingship refuses to do this -- I inquired twice on IRC about it. The first time, he called Sam a "neo-nazi son of a *****" so I stopped the conversation, and the second time, he simply refused to remove his statement. ugen64 00:46, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) I have followed Danny's course of action GrazingshipIV 19:29, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Second Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

 * 1) I think that both Sam and Grazingship have behaved childishly in this matter, and that they should both be censured. That said, typically one's own wishes are considered to be the guiding rule on one's own talk and user pages. Sam is known to bury things quickly on his page, making tracking down context and history difficult there too. Furthermore, I confess, I do find many of Sam's edits questionable, and I find him to be the Wikipedian I most often have a difficult time working with. I think that Grazingship is quite justified in feeling the frustration he feels towards Sam. I wish that he would find a more mature way of expressing it, however. That said, I also wish that Sam would stop provoking such frustration in people. And if I had to pick which of the two to get, I would pick Sam being less frustrating.
 * I firmly reject, however, the second charge, that Grazingship has difficulty with the concept of being NPOV. The charge seems ludicrous in the extreme, and I would like to see some evidence of it, lest the charge also be taken as a personal attack of its own. Snowspinner 05:12, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) —No-One Jones 05:15, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) UninvitedCompany 20:30, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Third outside view: ignore this and let's get back to work!
I do not always agree with GrazingshipIV, but this page seems to be much-to-do-about-nothing. From my experiences, I never take Sam Spade's frequent campaigns on the request for comments pages seriously. As a user, Sam's work is rarely, if ever, informed and scholarly. Although he's usually at the center (or the source) of disputes over articles on politics, he rarely shows attempt toward serious scholarship that would stand up in one of my colleagues' political science classrooms. Because his end goal is contributing unencyclopedic content to an encyclopedia, he has been using intimidation to keep competent users from getting in his way. That's the real reason behind one passive aggressive campaign after another by Sam Spade on the requests for comments pages. When I tried to stop him from mucking up articles on fascism with his wacky extreme libertarian POV fiction, Sam Spade cooked up one of his many ad hominem attack campaigns against me. And BTW, this works. Speaking for myself, I don't have the patience to deal with him, and I just ignore him and the serious damage he is doing to article after article.

Until a more credible user steps forward with complaints about GrazingshipIV, let's leave him alone, ignore this bullshit, get back to work. 172 05:41, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) AndyL 06:20, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) —No-One Jones 06:40, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) GrazingshipIV 19:33, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Fourth outside view
Both users are trolls. Grazingship has also maintained from the first day that he appeared here that I vandalized his User page, and has refused to provide proof, to retract the allegation, or to apologize. RickK 05:45, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Comment:
 * (Not a statement of support/opposition to any summary) I'm not familiar enough with GrazingshipIV's entire user history, but if one considers him a troll, he's a friendly troll. Sam Spade is a mean troll plotting against his 'enemies' at every step (e.g., aside from me, there's Danny and John). In contrast, I've never seen GrazingshipIV deliberatively act in a spiteful and vindicate way. If he's pissing someone off, he's just acting rashly at the whim of the moment. From my experiences, it's the passive aggressive trolls (e.g., Lir and his dozens of incarnations, Sam Spade, Veriverily, Cantus, and Jor) you have to watch out for. 172 05:57, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * (Not a statement of support/opposition to any summary) No proof or evidence has been presented to back up this claim of Grazingship maintaining RicKK is a vandal. Without proof, this user is smearing Grazingship's good name.172.193.147.211 18:00, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * How about this? and this?.  And it's entirely possible that the actual vandal is the anon poster who posted this "smear" accusation. above.  RickK 01:14, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It is probably worth noting that GrazingshipIV has now appologized to RiclK, and that RickK accepted the apology on Grazingship's talk page. Snowspinner 13:48, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was coming here to post this. Grazingship has apologized.  I will await further proof of his committment to Wikipedia.  RickK 01:58, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Fifth outside view
''Note: this is intended only to shed light on the dispute over GrazingshipIV's talk page. Though I must ask that Sam and Grazingship refrain from editing it, anyone else should feel free to rework any distortions, omissions, errors in chronology, or other mistakes. Thank you. —No-One Jones 18:38, 14 May 2004 (UTC)''

Prelude to the dispute can be found in the discussion at Talk:Racialist, most of which was written in the minutes leading up to the initial post by Sam on Grazingship's talk page.

The dispute begins at 07:20, 20 Apr 2004, when Sam Spade posts the following to User talk:GrazingshipIV: ''I am not a racist, dumass. For all you know I'm a freakin' negro. Graz responds Somehow I doubt it ;) and yes you are.'', and then things get childish:

 * [S] am not. I'm Irish-German, and I have black friends and stuff. My one buddies wife is black, and he's a big white bastad, so there. :)
 * [G] No I was saying your not black, your in fact a white racist as you have admitted too. thanks ;)
 * [S] I may not be a racist, but you seem to insist apon being a dumass.
 * [G] It's "dumbass" dumbass! And you are a racist idiot who everyone hates.
 * [G] Talk about being a dumbass. Your a loser and we all know it. Get a life racist.
 * [S] stop talkin about yo moms like that, foo ;)

GrazingshipIV then puts up Sam's first statement and his disputed response thereto: -Sam is not African-american, he has sympathetic views towards white supremacy.

Three days later (April 23), Sam returns and removes both his original statement and Graz's response:. Graz reverts and then tacks on aka Jack Lynch to Sam's signature:. Sam removes aka Jack Lynch and replaces it with rm trolling. Graz reverts:. Sam then adds the following: ''	ah, so your a scok puppet then. care to enlighten me as to your previous incarnation, oh green and scaly one?''. Graz replies: Mr. Lynch your an idiot and stop commenting or editing my page or your going to get a vandal listing., then removes the exchange. All remains quiet. On May 1, Graz notes that his exchange with Sam "Will be removed Jan. 2005"

Later (May 4) Sam posts the following on Graz's talk page (edit summary: Piss off, you hoser): ''Stop being such a bastard, or I'm gonna have to start focusing my time on the wiki complaining about you thru the proper channels (RFC, RfM etc..) instead of working hard improving articles, like I should be. Piss off, you hoser.'' In doing so, he erases the previous dialog between him and Graz. Graz then reverts (edit summary: more spade vandalism) and replaces Sam Spade's talk page with ''Stop advancing a racist agenda, and furthermore stop vandalizing my talk page. thanks jack.''

Two days pass. On May 6, Sam requests that Graz stop making personal attacks: ''Calling me a racist is a personal attack. That is against policy. Stop violating policy, please.''. Graz reverts (edit summary: removing racist troll comments). He then pushes back his previous deadline for removal to Feb. 2005. He responds on Sam's talk page: ''Actually I called you a white seperatist which according to you is not racist. You are no one to talk about policy. Eitherway, please stop editing my user page. thanks.''

On May 9, Graz adds a note to the exchange at the top of his talk page: Note: everytime this user [i.e Sam Spade] edits this talkpage the date will be pushed back a month. Sam Spade replaces that message with the following: Note: everytime Graz acts like a troll he loses just a little bit more respect. Graz reverts (edit summary: adding time due to racist troll vandalism) and changes the date to March 2005. Sam then changes the date to Dec. 20th 2012. Graz reverts (edit summary: trolling as usual by Sam Slur) and adds another month, bringing the date of removal up to April 2005. Sam changes Grazingship's note so that it says note: everytime Jack edits this page this date will be pushed forward one month. Graz reverts (edit summary: Spade rampage) and adds another month. Ugen64 then adds Wow, grazingship, just leave him the heck alone., which Graz removes (edit summary: ??).

At this point Sam shifts his focus to Requests for mediation, adding himself to an ongoing request for mediation between Graz and Hcheney: I would like mediation w GrazingshipIV myself, due to repeated slander, harassment and abuse, most clearly evident on his talk page.. Bcorr moves this into its own separate section:. Sannse contacts Graz about this request ; Graz declines. The date is now May 10.

On May 11, Sam Spade opens up this RfC page, and the rest is history.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

 * 1) —No-One Jones 18:38, 14 May 2004 (UTC) I believe that these exchanges demonstrate very well what Snowspinner said about the childishness of all involved.
 * 2) Jwrosenzweig 19:27, 14 May 2004 (UTC) I'm afraid this does look accurate to me, and I hope it serves to remind Grazing and Sam, both of whom can do much better than this, of why this sort of thing wastes everyone's time and serves no purpose.
 * 3) GrazingshipIV 22:12, May 14, 2004 (UTC) I agree with most of the timeline that I can remember. I agree, the best solution is to drop the whole matter and keep on working. Neither Sam nor I will be able to change our opinion of each other (not that it really matters). This RFC page is a waste of time.
 * 4) Michael Snow 22:58, 14 May 2004 (UTC) I still think part of dropping the matter, as indicated by quite a few people above, is for Grazingship to remove the comment Sam objects to, or allow someone else to remove it. I have a standing offer to delete this RfC page if Grazingship will agree to that.
 * 5) Sam [Spade] 04:47, 15 May 2004 (UTC) Calling me a racist is a personal attck, see for yourself. Sam [Spade] 04:47, 15 May 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.66.80.220

title: User talk:69.66.80.220


text:
The Drifters (novel)

The Drifters is a novel by Pulitzer Prize-winning author James A. Michener, published in 1971 by Random House. The novel follows six young characters from diverse backgrounds and various countries as their paths meet and they travel together through parts of Spain, Portugal, Morocco and Mozambique. The story is told from the perspective of the narrator, George Fairbanks, who is an investment analyst for the fictional company World Mutual Bank in Switzerland. Mr. Fairbanks is connected with nearly every character in some way, and they all seem to open up to him throughout the novel in one way or another.

Chapter I: Joe
In the first chapter, Joe is introduced as a disenfranchised twenty-year-old youth who is enrolled at the University of California during the Vietnam War. After Joe realizes that with his grades he is going to get drafted, he hitchhikes to Yale University, where he gets the name of a professor who may be able to get him across the border into Canada. After being referred to a woman in Boston named Gretchen, she helps him get into Canada, and he eventually goes to Torremolinos, Spain. While looking for a job and a place to stay, he takes over the ownership of a bar called The Alamo, and a man named Jean-Victor finds him a place to stay in Torremolinos.

Chapter II: Britta
In keeping with the theme throughout the book, the second chapter is about the character Britta, an 18-year-old girl from Tromsø, Norway. After finishing school, she finds a job in an office at the docks, but eventually becomes curious about the world beyond Tromsø, and goes to vacation in Torremolinos, Spain for fifteen days. Once in Torremolinos, she loves it and finds a job as a waitress in a bar called The Alamo. Here, a man named Jean-Victor finds her a place to stay, where another newcomer to Torremolinos, Joe, is already staying.

Chapter III: Monica
Of the main characters in the book, Monica goes through trials and tribulations as she transitions from living as royalty in a foreign country to being forced out and finally finding her way to Torremolinos to join the rest of the cast in the book. She is introduced as living with her father in the Republic of Vwarda, where Monica becomes rebellious and begins to cause a stir in Vwarda's Royal Family. She is forced out of the country and runs away with an airline pilot to Torremolinos, where she can live on her monthly allowance from her grandmother. She meets a man named Jean-Victor, who finds her a place to live with a woman from Norway and a man from the United States.

Chapter IV: Cato
The fourth character of the book is Cato; he is introduced as the son of the Reverend Claypool Jackson, a local minister in the area trying to salvage his community through his church. Cato Jackson is a sophomore at University of Pennsylvania, whom the narrator meets at a drugstore where he stumbles upon a shooting of a local drugstore owner. After meeting Mr. Fairbanks, he and Cato talk all night and the next day, after Cato's girlfriend is stabbed and killed. Cato then runs off to Torremolinos, where he finds shelter in an apartment with a few other runaways of his own age.

Chapter V: Yigal
In the fifth chapter of the book, the character Yigal is introduced as the son of a dean at a college in Haifa, Israel. He is struggling to identify with either his parents and their life in Israel, or with his grandfather and his American life in Detroit, Michigan in the United States, and his other grandfather in England. He is shuffled between Israel and America throughout his youth, and even fights and becomes a hero in the Six-Day War, before finally enrolling in Technion University in Haifa. After a few months he moves back to England with his other grandfather and begins to engage in a lot of reading and in conversations with his grandfather. Eventually his grandfather suggests that he needs to spend some time away, and he suggests the south of Spain, and Torremolinos, as a place to go.

Chapter VI: Gretchen
Gretchen is introduced as a very intelligent girl from Boston who, at the age of 19, has already completed her bachelor's degree, and is working for senator Eugene McCarthy's presidential campaign. After campaigning across the United States for McCarthy's nomination in Chicago at the Democratic Convention, during the riots she and the people she is with are falsely arrested. During the process she is sexually assaulted, but the policemen who did it deny it, and nothing is ever done about it. After fighting with her parents and the police over the issue of what happened, she decides to go to school in Besançon, France, where one of her professors tells her about an excellent language school. Upon enrolling at the University of Besançon and living with her peers for a little while, she decides to travel. Someone suggests Torremolinos, so she buys a yellow pop-top van and begins to live out of it in Torremolinos.

Chapter VII: Torremolinos
At the beginning of chapter seven, the whole set of characters are all in Torremolinos, and everyone is getting settled in with their various living conditions. Cato and Monica begin a relationship, and some of the characters begin to experiment with drugs such as LSD; they continue to smoke large amounts of marijuana and drink regularly. During this time, they go to Paxton Fell's house, a man whom a few of the characters were referenced to see in case of an emergency. Everyone, including Mr. Fairbanks, who is in Torremolinos to supervise a real estate deal, end up partying with Mr. Fell and a few of his guests throughout the night. Eventually, during their stay, the characters are approached by a woman, Susan Elgerton, who tries to convince Cato and Gretchen to join her in the name of starting a violent revolution back in America. As time goes on, Torremolinos begins to lose its luster; Monica is partying too much for her own good and Gretchen starts to look for something else to entertain her, and the characters leave Torremolinos in Gretchen's yellow pop-top and head towards Portugal.

Chapter VIII: Algarve
As they drive towards the Algarve, the characters begin to notice that not everywhere in Europe is so nice as Torremolinos. They eventually find a small town by the name of Alte. Here, Yigal meets a local girl whom he kisses, upsetting the rest of the village, and Monica and Cato keep on going to the nearby town of Albufeira to take doses of LSD with a local bar owner, where Gretchen also tries it for the first time and unfortunately has a really bad trip. Eventually the group moves on to the seaside town of Algarve. After living in Algarve for a while, Monica tries to run away to Nepal, but Joe, Yigal and Cato end up getting into a fight with the people with whom she was going to run away. She returns, and the crew heads off to Pamplona, Spain with Mr. Fairbanks.

Chapter IX: The Tech Rep
In the ninth chapter, a new character is introduced by the name of Harvey Holt. He works as a technical representative on radars in remote locations. He is an old friend of Mr. Fairbanks, and has been everywhere; from Afghanistan to Sumatra to Thailand. He is a fan of old music and movies. He is very old-fashioned, and in a break from the rest of the characters in the book, he isn't vehemently anti-war, as he had served in World War II. He very much disapproves of how Joe dodged the draft to travel the world. Harvey's old music tapes include the vocalist Bea Wain; her recording of "My Reverie", discussed in two separate chapters, serves as a symbol of the generation gap.

Chapter X: Pamplona
Pamplona is known for its Running of the Bulls, an event characters come to see. They stay in the same hotel as Mr. Fairbanks and Harvey Holt, and there are many conversations between Mr. Holt and Joe about commitment to one's country. Here, Gretchen starts to show her feelings for Clive, a recurring character throughout the book who brings news from the outside world as well as new music from his homeland in England. For a week, everybody enjoys themselves, and Joe begins to think that he also wants to run with the bulls with Harvey at some point. During the week, Yigal's American grandfather tracks him down and tries to bring him back to Detroit with him, although he is torn because he doesn't like America, although something in it still has him interested. In the end, he leaves to go to school at Case Western Reserve in Ohio. During the run, Harvey gets gored by a bull but survives. Joe and even Mr. Fairbanks run, and the gang decides next to leave Europe and head to Mozambique for the next leg of their journey.

Chapter XI: Mozambique
In Mozambique things begin to go downhill for Monica: she has moved beyond LSD, begins to use heroin regularly, starts to bring Cato down with her, and gets Joe to try heroin on occasion. Cato hangs around the local historians in the area, and begins to learn about the history of Africa, and the effect slavery has had on the continent. As quick as Cato is to point out how badly the Christians have treated the Arabs, Mr. Fairbanks and Gretchen are quick to point out how much the Arabs used slavery against their own people in the past. The group also explores some of the natural beauty of Mozambique, and starts to reconnect with that side of the world, which is something they have not explored thus far on their journey. The group then decides to head to Marrakesh, Morocco, where there is a man who could help out Joe with some papers, so he could re-enter the United States at some point, and not be considered a criminal.

Chapter XII: Marrakesh
In the final destination of the journey, the remainder of the group ends up in Marrakesh, Morocco, where the marijuana trade is booming, a town where young people could get lost very easily. The group finds a place to stay at a hotel, where on the top floor there is a man who can help out Joe with his papers, and helps out people who become addicted to heroin, which makes it a good fit for Monica. Monica is becoming more addicted to heroin, and things are starting to look bad for her. Her father has all but given up hope for her, and the rest of the group is beginning to split up; Britta and Harvey fly off to Ratmalana, and Monica runs away more often than before. Eventually, Monica dies from an infection caused by her heroin use, Britta leaves with Harvey, Cato begins his trip to Mecca hoping to return to Philadelphia, Joe goes off to Tokyo and Gretchen returns home to Boston.

Fictional and real places
One of the most important aspects of the book is the places to which the characters travel; some of the places that the characters travel to, and originate from, are fictional.

Fictional places

 * Republic of Vwarda
 * Qarash Pass
 * Zambela Game Sanctuary
 * The Alamo in Torremolinos
 * Bar Vasca in Pamplona
 * World Mutual Bank in Switzerland

Real places

 * Torremolinos, Spain
 * Pamplona, Spain
 * Silves, Portugal
 * Besançon, France
 * Alte, Portugal
 * Algarve, Portugal
 * Mozambique Island, Mozambique
 * Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
 * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
 * Marrakesh, Morocco
 * Ratmalana, Sri Lanka.

Real events

 * Vietnam War
 * 1968 Democratic National Convention and related protest activity
 * Six-Day War

Main characters

 * Joe
 * Britta
 * Monica
 * Cato
 * Yigal
 * Gretchen
 * George Fairbanks
 * Harvey Holt

Secondary characters

 * Reverend Claypool Jackson
 * Jemail
 * Sir Charles Braham
 * Jean-Victor
 * Big Loomis
 * Clive
 * Mr. Melnikoff
 * Mr. Clifton
 * Hajj
 * Akbar Muhammad

Reception
The book was a commercial success, ranking as one of the ten best-selling novels of 1971.

The New York Times' book critic Thomas Lask found the novel superficial and lacking in character insight, stating that Michener "...is not investigating the states of mind of those suffering from existential anxiety, of those fundamentally alienated from the world. He is setting down the log of a number of people who think they may be able to solve some problems by postponing consideration of them...those interested in knowing how a sympathetic member of the older generation views some of the shenanigans of the younger will find “The Drifters” a tolerable interlude, especially as it is spiced with travelogue evocations of foreign climes."

A review in The Hartford Courant stated that "Overall, Michener has produced a fine work, a lively and entertaining examination of the New Society's would-be solutions to old society problems", while noting that "the drifters never launch into meaningless diatribes against society, as expatriates are wont to do...instead, they fly into carefully controlled rages, which at times seem highly unrealistic."

title: The Drifters (novel)


text:
Blue Mountain

Blue Mountain may refer to:

Canada

 * Blue Mountain (British Columbia), in the city of Coquitlam
 * Blue Mountain, Kings County, Nova Scotia
 * Blue Mountain, Pictou County, Nova Scotia

India

 * Phawngpui, Mizoram, India, also known as Blue Mountain; home of Blue Mountain National Park
 * Nilgiri mountains of south India

Jamaica

 * Blue Mountain Peak, in the Blue Mountains range

United States

 * Blue Mountain (Arkansas)
 * Blue Mountain (California)
 * Blue Mountain (Missouri)
 * Blue Mountain (Montana), in Missoula
 * Blue Mountain (Nevada), near Winnemucca
 * Blue Mountain (New Jersey), a prominence of Kittatinny Mountain
 * Blue Mountain (New York)
 * Blue Mountain (Pennsylvania)
 * Blue Mountain (Washington), in Olympic National Park
 * West Blue Mountain (New Mexico)

Australia

 * Blue Mountain, Queensland, a locality in the Isaac Region
 * Blue Mountain Heights, Queensland, a locality in the Toowoomba Region

United States

 * Blue Mountain, Alabama, former town in the United States mostly annexed by Anniston, Alabama in 2003
 * Blue Mountain, Arkansas, town in the United States
 * Blue Mountain, California, former settlement in the United States
 * Blue Mountain, Mississippi, town in the United States
 * Blue Mountain Lake (hamlet), New York, hamlet in the United States

Water bodies

 * Blue Mountain Lake (New York lake) a lake in the United States
 * Blue Mountain Lake (Arkansas), artificial lake in Arkansas, United States
 * Blue Mountain Creek, in New South Wales, Australia

Other places

 * Blue Mountain (ski resort), a ski resort in Ontario, Canada
 * Blue Mountain Resort, a ski resort in Pennsylvania, United States
 * Blue Mountain Formation, a geological formation in Ontario, Canada
 * Blue Mountain College, in Blue Mountain, Mississippi, United States

Australia

 * Blue Mountain Road, a road in Queensland

Music

 * Blue Mountain (band), an alt-country musical group
 * Blue Mountain (Blue Mountain album), 1993
 * Blue Mountain (Brandon Heath album), 2012
 * Blue Mountain (Bob Weir album), 2016

Other uses

 * Blue Mountain Arts, a greeting card company founded by poet Susan Polis Schutz and physicist/illustrator Stephen Schutz in 1971
 * Blue Mountain, a logo used by Paramount Pictures and its companies
 * Blue Mountain Pottery, a Canadian company
 * Blue Mountain State, an American comedy series
 * ASCI Blue Mountain, decommissioned supercomputer at Los Alamos National Laboratory
 * Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee
 * Blue Mountain (film), a 1997 Swiss film

title: Blue Mountain


text:
Bamfield

Bamfield is a community that is surrounded by Crown Land, First Nation Lands belonging to the Huu-ay-aht Nations, and portions of the Pacific Rim National Park, located on Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island in British Columbia. The community, with a population of 179 as of 2016, is divided by Bamfield Inlet.

History
Bamfield was populated by Huu-ay-aht of the Nuu-chah-nulth, the local Indigenous people. Europeans founded a small fishing community sometime in the late 1800s. Most of the Indigenous people now live in the neighbouring village of Anacla about 5 kilometres from Bamfield.

Bamfield was named after the first government agent of the area, William Eddy Banfield. The name "Bamfield" with an "m" is said to have occurred either because of how the Huu-ay-aht had pronounced the agent's name, or it was a mistake made by the postal organization. In 1902, the Bamfield cable station was constructed as the western terminus of a worldwide undersea telegraph cable called the All Red Line by some, as it passed only through countries and territories controlled by the British Empire, which were coloured red on maps of the time. The cable initially went to Fanning Island, a tiny coral atoll in the mid-Pacific, and from there continued to Fiji, New Zealand, and Australia. On May 16, 1915, American newspapers reported that an enemy Demo team had tried to land at Bamfield but was scared off by the military guards.

A second building, made of concrete, was built on the site in 1926 to replace the old wood structure. This building, designated a historic site in 1930, is now used by the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre. During the early years of World War II, Cable & Wireless' cable station was shelled by an Imperial Japanese Navy submarine from nearby Barkley Sound without any major damage being inflicted, however the Canadian Government arranged for a company of troops to be based there until the end of that conflict.

A Marine and Fisheries lifesaving station on the Pacific coast was established at Bamfield in 1907. It was the first lifesaving station on Canada's Pacific Coast.

In 1953 the cable was extended up the Alberni Inlet to Port Alberni and the local station was closed on June 20, 1959. Following the closure, only the large concrete building, two cable storage tanks and an adjacent building survived, as all the rest were demolished.

In 1968, the National Research Council asked five western Canadian universities (University of British Columbia, University of Victoria, University of Calgary, University of Alberta and Simon Fraser University) to propose the best location for a marine biology station on the Pacific Coast. Although Victoria was the earlier winner, a feasibility study tendered in 1969 recommended Bamfield as the better location. The former cable station property was purchased in 1969 and a formal structure for the management and development of the station was created in 1970 when the five universities ratified a Constitution and joined the Western Canadian Universities Marine Biological Society. In 1971, development began to convert the site into a research station. With most of the physical facilities completed, the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre began operations by the end of 1972. It became the largest employer in the community since. Commercial fishing was based in Bamfield up to the mid-1980s. Bamfield is now home to several sport fishing lodges, which pursue primarily salmon and halibut. Bamfield is also the northern terminus of the West Coast Trail, a hiking trail built in 1907 along the west coast of Vancouver Island to help survivors of the area's many shipwrecks find their way back to civilization. The trail runs 77 km along extremely rugged terrain.

Today Bamfield is primarily a tourist destination, either for the West Coast Trail, ocean kayaking or sport fishing. The research activities at the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre attracts hundreds of researchers every year. The Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre also offers credited university courses through its five associated universities. An out reach program, which provides multi-day immersion field trips for school, college and adult learners, also bring thousands of visitors to the community every year.

The town is featured in the first episode of CBC Television's 2015 comedy/reality series Still Standing.

Climate
Bamfield experiences an oceanic climate.

Gallery
 File:CCG motor lifeboat, 1907.jpg|The motor lifeboat stationed at Bamfield in 1907 File:Bamfield.jpg| Bamfield dock File:Princess Norah (steamship) at Bamfield, 1929.jpg|SS Princess Norah at Bamfield, 1929 File:Frances Barkley at Bamfield 6.jpg|MV Frances Barkley stopping in Bamfield, 2016

title: Bamfield


text:
Kolbuszowa

Kolbuszowa (קאלבאסאוו) is a small town in south-eastern Poland, with 9,190 inhabitants (02.06.2009). Situated in the Sandomierz Forest in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (since 1999), it is the capital of Kolbuszowa County. Kolbuszowa belongs to historic Lesser Poland, near its border with another historic region, Red Ruthenia.

History
The name of the town comes from the land owner Kolbusz. It appeared for the first time in 1503 in place where Poręby Wielkie used to exist. The town, which belonged to Sandomierz Voivodeship, was probably founded before 1683, when it was mentioned in a trade regulating document of Józef Karol Lubomirski. Kolbuszowa was located on an important trade route from Sandomierz to Przemyśl. As the owners of the area were the Leliwa Tarnowski, Kolbuszowa belonged to Sandomierz County. With regard to the Roman Catholic Church, Kolbuszowa was within the diocese of Kraków, but in 1786 it was moved under the jurisdiction of the diocese of Tarnów.

During the partitions of Poland the town was in the Rzeszów district of the Austrian Galicia and in 1867 it became the seat of its own county (powiat). Before World War II, half of Kolbuszowa's population was Jewish. The coat of arms of the city features a Christian cross and a Star of David with hands shaking between them to symbolize the friendship between Jewish and Christian Poles in Kolbuszowa.

During the war, German troops burned down part of the town and about half of the Jewish population perished. In September 1941 Germans established a ghetto and interned 2500 people. In September 1942 the ghetto was emptied and its entire population was moved to a ghetto in Rzeszów.

On September 9, 1939, a 2-day battle between the Polish Army (121st light tank company) and the German 2nd Panzer Division took place here. During the war units of Polish Armia Krajowa (AK) and BCh (Polish Peasants' Battalions) operating in this area discovered testing sites for the German V-1 and V-2 rockets in the nearby towns of Blizna/Pustkow. The Red Army entered Kolubuszowa in July 1944 and local Polish AK units (as part of Operation Tempest) attacked retreating German units; several dozen partisans died in the operation.

After World War II, Kolbuszowa was rebuilt. New school districts were created, as well as a library and Museum of Culture. In 1964, a new rail link was established: Rzeszów – Głogów Małopolski – Kolbuszowa. In 1971, it was extended to Nowa Dęba and Tarnobrzeg. This connected Kolbuszowa to all the major cities in Poland including the capital, Warsaw. It was a culmination of decades of preparations which started when this part of Poland was under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In popular culture
The 2023 Netflix series 1670 was filmed in the open-air Muzeum Kultury Ludowej w Kolbuszowej in Kolbuszowa.

Notable people

 * Jan Bytnar (1921–1943), Polish Scoutmaster and Scouting resistance activist and Second Lieutenant of Armia Krajowa.
 * Marian Krzaklewski (born 1950), Polish politician and former presidential candidate, was born in Kolbuszowa.
 * Hadassah (née Bluth) and Eliezer Birnbaum (parents of American comedian/actor George Burns).

Twin towns — Sister cities
Kolbuszowa is twinned with:

title: Kolbuszowa