text:
Talk:Cluster of differentiation

(A note ... from a presumbly alleged well-informed colleague who dumped it, unsigned, above earlier talk)

 * Thus those interested (and sufficiently patient to deduce, from the edit history, which revision it applied to) are welcome to consult this talk page’s edit history, and reply to or comment on, any concerns that seem relevant. —JerzyA (talk) 13:54, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

A lot of the information on the sample cd molecules was simply wrong. Suggest checking out the other ones. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ? (talk • contribs) ?/?/? (UTC)
 * That which thou sowest, wilt thou also reap. Sarcastically yours, —JerzyA (talk) 13:54, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

(An (untitled, tho otherwise orderly) content discussion)
Yippee, finally some expansions, including common-sense explanations about some CD molecules. Will there ever be a page on CD117 (c-kit)? For now, most material is on gastrointestinal stromal tumor. JFW | T@lk  12:33, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure. But for now, a link/redirect to Tyrosine kinase would do. The last paragraph there on c-kit/CD117 looks pretty good. ;-)
 * PFHLai 03:02, 2004 May 10 (UTC)

You've made judicious use of the Edit History! JFW | T@lk  09:22, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Some important info is missing
The info about CD1, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8 is missing. Important because this relates to T cell development and function. Just wanted to remind. --Eleassar777 08:34, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * They were deliberately left out to not give the false impression that CD molecules are all about white cells. Only CD4 & CD8 were briefly mentioned.  The short list that followed is intended to show the diversity.  However, a complete list with the names (& mostly red-links for a while ...) of all two hundred or so CD molecules may be useful. It can be a new page List of clusters of differentiation, and linked from a yet-to-exist 'See also' section in the page Cluster of differentiation. IMO, T cell development & function deserve their own pages. Please consider 'beefing up' the page on T cells. -- PFHLai 21:24, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

 * I think at this point that the list of CD molecules has gotten beyond "prominent examples" and is beginning to constitute a list on its own. Should a new article List of clusters of differentiation be created? I think so and may go ahead and do this. People can revert my changes if they'd like. I would be happen to leave a few "prominent" examples though. JeffreyN 05:45, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

2005
Boys and girls, the Blood this week lists all CD molecules. See here. Sadly, this important document is not available for free. I'm considering mailing the editor. JFW | T@lk  10:22, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

The article in Blood only lists the newly classified CD factors (primarly those numberd 190 and above). Also, while it doesn't help now, it looks like Stanford University's Highwire will be making it available for free in October '06. MarcoTolo 17:39, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

List Name Change
Please note the change of the list from List of clusters of differentiation to List of human clusters of differentiation at the request of an anonymous user (see the history of the article). The original list however still links to the new article. Maybe someone would like to change this to a disambiguous page? Create a list with mouse and other organismal CD linked off the original page? JeffreyN 02:13, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Insufficient context
I think that this article is completely fine for anybody who would actually be interested in cluster of differentiation molecules, as this is really an artificial distinction of cell surface molecules that applies only to biologists. I'm going to delete the warning, and if you want to reinstate it, give reasons why.66.65.7.197 17:17, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

What are they?
The article doesn't tell us what CDs actually do! What is their role in the immune system?!

 * You should forward that complaint to the CD comitee because these names do in fact not say anything about the function of each molecule. I suspect that the comitee is populated by the same kind of people that likes to memorize telephone numbers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lassefolkersen (talk • contribs) 12:23, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

If you read the article, CDs have a wide variety of functions, the only thing they all have in common is that they are on the surface of cells allowing for labelling by antibodies. The CD nomenclature is just a method of naming and numbering.Philman132 (talk) 16:01, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Mistake on Diagram
In the diagram on the right of the page, a CD3+CD8+ cell is mis-labelled as a "Suppressor T-lymphocyte" when it should be a "Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte." Besides being incorrect (or am I missing something?), it also clashes with the table on the left of the article.

I'd fix it myself, but I'm not sure how. Photoshop and re-upload?

-tretcher — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.54.22.30 (talk) 14:31, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Suppressor T cells are also CD8+. I have asked the image creator to review the image. Revising the original, if deemed necessary, is generally superior to photoshopping. I have taken the liberty of removing the "tag" on this section because it is not wrong, it is cumbersome, and changing section titles can defeat links to sections. (I linked the section when I contacted the image creator.)Novangelis (talk) 15:39, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I've uploaded a modified version and credited the original author, though the diagram is now smaller. I understand that certain sub-populations of regulatory T-cells are indeed CD8 positive, but if you have a CD3+CD8+ cell, typically it's cytotoxic (or at least assumed to be initially). There are a couple of weird populations of suppressor T-cells, but including one in the diagram for the "Cluster of Differentiation" page seems confusing and potentially mis-informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.54.22.30 (talk) 15:51, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'm logged in now. I guess my primary concern is that the previous diagram presented three ultimate populations: Suppressor T-lymphocytes, Helper T-lymphocytes, and Activated T-lymphocytes. This seems misleading not because it is "wrong" per se, but because that is not generally how you would categorize T-cells (ie are T-cells primarily divided between CD4+ Helper T-cells and CD8+ Suppressor T-cells? What about to Cytotoxic T-cells? Why is one of the two primary categorizes of T-cells excluded?) As someone who's new to immunology, the diagram was confusing. I showed the diagram to members of my lab and all of them had the same initial reaction: this picture is wrong. For those reasons, I feel the image warranted changing. Tretcher (talk) 16:28, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Vector image is now updated/corrected. /Lokal_Profil 18:49, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Kudos!
I LOVE this page! doctorwolfie (talk) 11:39, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

CD15 outdated?
Dear all,

it seems the CD15 data may be outdated in the image. The Uniprot CD list http://www.uniprot.org/docs/cdlist does not show CD15 to be a valid protein.

I suggest editing the figure as it is misleading - what are other people's views ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.174.111.250 (talk) 12:13, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Rename proposed for CDnnn articles
Please visit Talk:List_of_human_clusters_of_differentiation to consider rename proposals for CD articles. -Kyle(talk) 02:50, 24 August 2014 (UTC)

Thrombocyte Megakaryocyte marker wrong
It js CD41 and not CD45. PLZ correct it. Or i will do But i dont have valid citations Drajaytripathi (talk) 18:36, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

Need further explanation of + and - designations
What is the point of the + desigation on a CD number? For example, CD8 means that the cell expresses CD8. What is the meaning/added value of including a + sign? "CD8" alone should be sufficient, shouldn't it?

Relatedly, what is the purpose of the - (minus sign) designation? Does it imply the absence of the molecule when it would otherwise be expected (for whatever reason)?

Could someone add the answers to these questions to the appropriate paragraph of the article? Thanks.

− 2603:9000:ac08:a600:48f7:d91e:4989:e04e - 18 April 2020

From my understanding, there are way too many CDs in a cell. They are also expressed in different quantities. So my guess this is not exactly to say all CDs that are present in a cell, this would be mostly to help a researcher identify a cell, if they just test two or tree of the most common CDs, they could already know which cell it is. This explain the minus sign (-). But I don't know why there is the plus sign in some, and there no sign at all on others.

There is a lost more info in this article that can be of some help:

−Arthurfragoso (talk) 17:23, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Cell in Cd
I don't know 2405:201:A426:D013:204C:B5DD:1DE1:7624 (talk) 13:05, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cluster of differentiation


text:
Frank Collin

Francis Joseph Collin (born November 3, 1944) is an American former political activist and Midwest coordinator with the American Nazi Party, later known as the National Socialist White People's Party. After being ousted for being partly Jewish (which he denied), in 1970, Collin founded the National Socialist Party of America. (N.S.P.A.) In the late 1970s, his planned march in the predominantly Jewish suburb of Skokie, Illinois was challenged; however, the American Civil Liberties Union defended Collin's group's freedom of speech and assembly in a case that reached the United States Supreme Court to correct procedural deficiencies. Specifically, the necessity of immediate appellate review of orders restraining the exercise of First Amendment rights was strongly emphasized in National Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 (1977). Afterward, the Illinois Supreme Court held that the party had a right to march and to display swastikas, despite local opposition, based on the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Collin then offered a compromise, offering to march in Chicago's Marquette Park (where Martin Luther King had been attacked in 1966) instead of Skokie. After Collin was convicted and sentenced in 1979 for child molestation, he lost his position in the party.

After being released early on parole from prison, Collin created a new career as a writer, publishing numerous books under the pen name Frank Joseph. He wrote New Age and hyperdiffusionist works supporting the pseudoarchaeological idea that Old World peoples had migrated to North America in ancient times and created its complex societies of indigenous peoples. This thesis is rejected by mainstream scholars.

Early life, family and education
Collin was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, where he attended local schools. His father, Max Frank Collin, was born Max Simon Cohn in Munich, Germany, on August 23, 1913, the son of Jewish parents who were murdered in The Holocaust, and was a survivor of Dachau concentration camp. Frank's mother, Virginia Gertrude née Hardyman, was born in Chicago on August 18, 1920, and was Catholic.

Adult life and career
As a young man, Collin in the 1960s joined George Lincoln Rockwell's National Socialist White People's Party. He became the Midwest coordinator. He broke with the NSWPP due to a disagreement with Rockwell's successor, Matt Koehl, who was elected as the party leader by popular vote after Rockwell was assassinated on August 25, 1967. The falling out stemmed in part from published accounts by Max Collin, Frank's father, who said that he was a Jewish Holocaust survivor and had changed his name from Cohen (or Cohn) to Collin. Frank Collin denied having Jewish roots and maintained that his father was not telling the truth.

In 1970, Collin formed another organization, the National Socialist Party of America (NSPA), later known as the American Nazi Party. It attracted other disaffected members of the NSWPP, as well as Michael Allen, Gary Lauck and Harold Covington. Covington helped buy a building for the group which they called Rockwell Hall, where Collin and some other members lived in a barracks in upper floor. Collin ran for alderman of Chicago in 1975 and pulled 16% of the vote.

The NSPA began holding anti-black demonstrations in Chicago's Marquette Park. The Chicago authorities became concerned about violence and passed an ordinance which required demonstrations to post large insurance bonds. Collin went to the ACLU and they filed a suit. While the case was proceeding without public notice, Collin attempted to contact other cities about holding demonstrations. Skokie, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, responded with a notice that the group would need to post a bond, similar to the recently enacted ordinance in Chicago. Collin's plan for his neo-Nazi group to march in uniforms through Skokie, which was heavily Jewish with numerous residents who were Holocaust survivors, generated public outrage and the media attention which Collin sought.

Also in 1977, Koehl's NSWPP began a campaign in their paper White Power about Collin's father being Jewish, including publications of what they stated were Max Simon Cohn's naturalization records. Collin and the NSPA leadership continued to deny the claim and said the images were fakes.

Child molestation conviction
During this time, according to Jeffrey Kaplan, Covington found pictures in Frank Collin's desk that linked Collin to the sexual abuse of young boys. In what Kaplan described as a play for power in the organization, Covington and the other NSPA members turned the evidence on Collin over to the police. After Collin was arrested, Covington took over leadership of the NSPA and moved the headquarters from Chicago to North Carolina. A 1980 article in The New York Times reported that "Frank Collin was expelled from the American Nazi Party for illicit intercourse with minors and the use of Nazi headquarters in Chicago for purposes of sodomy with children. The report indicates that the Nazis "tipped" the police who arrested Collin. Collin was convicted of child molestation and sentenced to seven years in prison at the Pontiac Correctional Center in 1979. He served three years.

Author
Upon his release from prison, Collin "reinvented himself under the pseudonym of Frank Joseph, a New Age writer and pagan worshiper." His time in the Pontiac Correctional Facility in Illinois had coincided with the period when Russell E. Burrows worked there as a prison guard. He subsequently wrote many books and articles in support of Burrows Cave, an alleged cache of ancient treasure in an unrevealed location, supposedly discovered by Russell Burrows in southern Illinois." In 1987, he had his first New Age book published, The Destruction of Atlantis: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the Legendary Civilization.

He wrote articles for Fate magazine, and he was also the editor of The Ancient American magazine. The Ancient American focuses on what it says is evidence of ancient, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact between the Old World and North America, with the implication that all complex aspects of North America's indigenous cultures must have originated on other continents. The magazine's claims are similar to discredited nineteenth century theories, and as a result, they are considered dubious or exploitative by scholars.

Books (as Frank Joseph)

 * The Destruction of Atlantis: Compelling Evidence of the Sudden Fall of the Legendary Civilization (Atlantis Research Publishers, 1987)
 * Reprinted 2004, Bear and Co., ISBN 1-59143-019-4

 * Atlantis in Wisconsin: New Revelations About the Lost Sunken City (Galde Press, 1995) ISBN 1-880090-12-0
 * Edgar Cayce's Atlantis and Lemuria: The Lost Civilizations in the Light of Modern Discoveries (A.R.E. Press, 2001) ISBN 0-87604-434-8
 * Lost Pyramids of Rock Lake: Wisconsin's Sunken Civilization (Galde Press, 2002) ISBN 1-931942-01-3
 * The Lost Treasure of King Juba: The Evidence of Africans in America before Columbus (Bear and Co., 2003) ISBN 1-59143-006-2
 * Synchronicity & You: Understanding the Role of Meaningful Coincidence in Your Life, 2003, ISBN 1-84333-102-0
 * Last of the Red Devils: America's First Bomber Pilot (Galde Press, 2003) ISBN 1-880090-09-0
 * Survivors of Atlantis: Their Impact on World Culture (Galde Press, 2004) ISBN 1-59143-040-2
 * The Atlantis Encyclopedia (New Page Books, 2005) ISBN 1-56414-795-9
 * The Lost Civilization of Lemuria: The Rise and Fall of the Worlds Oldest Culture (Bear and Co., 2006) ISBN 1-59143-060-7
 * Opening the Ark of the Covenant: The Secret Power of the Ancients, The Knights Templar Connection, and the Search for the Holy Grail (New Page Books, 2007) ISBN 1-56414-903-X
 * Atlantis and Other Lost Worlds (Arcturus, 2008) ISBN 1-84837-085-7
 * Advanced Civilizations of Prehistoric America: The Lost Kingdoms of the Adena, Hopewell, Mississippians, and Anasazi (Bear and Co., 2009) ISBN 1-59143-107-7
 * Power of Coincidence: The Mysterious Role of Synchronicity in Shaping Our Lives (Arcturus, 2009) ISBN 1-84837-224-8
 * Mussolini's War: Fascist Italy's Military Struggles from Africa and Western Europe to the Mediterranean and Soviet Union 1935–45 (Helion & Company Ltd., 2009) ISBN 978-1906033569
 * Gods of the Runes: The Divine Shapers of Fate (Bear and Co., 2010) ISBN 1-59143-116-6
 * Atlantis and 2012: The Science of the Lost Civilization and the Prophecies of the Maya (Bear and Co., 2010) ISBN 978-1-59143-112-1
 * The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe (Praeger, 2011) ISBN 978-0313395901
 * Ancient High Tech: The Astonishing Scientific Achievements of Early Civilizations (Bear and Co., 2020) ISBN 978-1591433828
 * Military Encounters with Extraterrestrials: The Real War of the Worlds (Bear and Co., 2018) ISBN 978-1591433248

In popular culture

 * Collin was played by George Dzundza in Skokie, a 1981 television film about the planned march and court case.
 * A character based on Collin was played by Henry Gibson in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frank Collin


text:
Bury Grammar School

Bury Grammar School is a private day school in Bury, Greater Manchester, England, that has existed since c.1570. It is now part of a group of schools for preschool, junior, senior and sixth form studies.

Since 2017, when Bury Grammar School (Boys) and Bury Grammar School (Girls) amalgamated, Jo Anderson has been the first principal of the School and is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

History
There is evidence that a grammar school attached to Bury Parish Church existed as early as 1570 but the school was certainly well established by 1634 with Henry Dunster as its fourth recorded headmaster. Former headmaster, Rev'd Henry Bury, who was by then "aged eighty nine yeares or thereabout", wrote his will in that year. In it, he not only left the sum of twenty shillings to Dunster ("that studious and painfull minister") but also an endowment of £300 to the "ffree school" at Bury "for and towards the yearlie mentayninge of a school maister there, for to teach their children." Rev'd Roger Kay had gained his BA in 1688, his MA in 1691 and had become a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He also later became Rector of Fittleton in Wiltshire and was a prebendary of Salisbury until his death. In 1726, he left money in his will to support the library at St John's College, but also a substantial part of his estate to re-founding his alma mater in his home town of Bury. The building in which Kay's newly re-founded school educated the boys of Bury still stands today, known as Blackburn Hall, in the Wylde behind the Parish Church. (The hall is named after a former Rector of Bury, Ven. Foster Blackburne MA(Oxon), who was also Archdeacon of Manchester and Chairman of Governors of Bury G S. Archdeacon Blackburn was credited with producing the lyrics for a school song. It is not used as the official school song today.) The school outgrew its premises and, in 1903, the boys moved into the completed half of a new building on Tenterden Street, with playing fields across Bridge Road. The new buildings, of Accrington brick, were designed in a simple Neo-Renaissance style by William Venn Gough. (The playing fields were a bone of contention from the first. One writer noted in an early edition of "The Clavian" that "the young folks of Bury refused to recognize our right to the ground".

The boys were soon joined by the girls of the Bury Girls' High School, newly re-founded as Bury Grammar School for Girls. The two schools, whilst remaining separate entities, shared the same building until the erection of a more modern facility for the boys across Bridge Road in the 1960s. This new boys' school was built on the playing fields, so the Governors purchased c. 13.8 ha of land at Buckley Wells for new playing fields. When a new courthouse was completed on Tenters Street, the Magistrates' Court and County Court vacated their former building on Tenterden Street. The Prep Department of the boys' school moved across the road from the 1960s building into the refurbished old courthouse.

The school was a direct grant grammar school from 1944 until the abolition of the direct grant system in 1976, when it became fully independent once again. The school celebrated the 250th anniversary of its re-founding by Roger Kay with a visit from Prince Philip on 19 November 1976. Bury Grammar Schools celebrate their Founders' Day on the Friday closest to 6 May (the Feast of St John before the Latin Gate), the date on which Roger Kay specified the Trustees should meet annually to inspect the schools. The Eucharist is celebrated in the Parish Church and, later in the morning, a procession leads from the school through the main streets of Bury to the Parish Church, led by the Combined Cadet Force (CCF). Since the CCF (founded 1892) is attached to the Lancashire Fusiliers, a regiment with the Freedom of the Borough, the cadets are permitted to march with "swords drawn, drums beating and colours flying". After a commemoration service, the pupils are awarded a half-holiday. Services for younger pupils are held simultaneously in the boys' school hall, the boys' preparatory school and the Roger Kay Hall (in the girls' school).

Crest
The school's crest dates from c.1840. It depicts a swan holding a key in its beak, under which is the motto in sanctas clavis fores aperit (The key opens sacred doors). Both are considered to have been created by Rev'd Henry Crewe Boutflower, headmaster 1823–58. The tenacious swan was used by John, Duke of Berry in the manuscripts known as the Très Riches Heures. Berry may have been an ancestor of Henry Bury, but was more likely chosen due to the similarity in their names, whilst the key is believed to be a play on the name of the re-founder, Roger Kay.

In a letter to the editor in the first edition of the Bury Grammar School Magazine of September 1881, a correspondent asked: "Will you kindly inform me what creature owns the head that figures as the school crest? Is it an ostrich, swan, snake, or do you think it is a mythical bird? Also, can you tell me why it was adopted as the school crest? Truly yours, PUZZLED" The following edition carried a reply: "In answer to the query of Puzzled in your last issue, I may state, that I have it on the authority of a celebrated local ornithologist that the creature with the key between its teeth is a faithful representation of the head and part of the neck of the once famous Irwell Duck. This rara avis, which in days gone by was found on the banks of that clear and crystal stream from which it takes its name, was celebrated for its pilfering habits. The engraving represents the identical duck, which, it is supposed, abstracted the key from the lock of the Sacred Door; it subsequently alighted on the Island where, quite overcome by the weight of its burden, it was captured in a fainting condition and borne off to the Grammar School, where it immediately expired, still however gripping the key with a death-like tenacity. So struck were theassembled trustees by the determination of the noble bird, that they forthwith resolved that the present arms should be adopted. Yours respectfully, O. K." Thus began references to the tenacious swan of Bury as The Irwell Duck.

Houses
The school has four houses, whose colours are reflected in the colour of the badge and the stripes of the tie in the school uniforms. Three houses were created in 1905 by Rev'd W H Howlett to re-introduce some of the camaraderie of a boarding school into the academic and sporting life of what was, by this time, a day school. The three houses were:

Derby; named after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, donor of the land upon which the school stands and of considerable sums of money for the erection of the present girls' school building.

Hulme; named after the Manchester lawyer and landowners, William Hulme and his Hulme Trust which helped to fund the new building.

Kay; named after Rev'd Roger Kay, re-founder of the school.

In 1919, an additional house was introduced:

Howlett; named after Fr Howlett himself.

Curriculum
Boys in the prep school, housed in its own building across Tenterden Street, study the subjects of the National Curriculum – the core subjects of English, mathematics and general science, together with art, DT, geography, history, ICT, French, music, PSHEE and RS. In addition, all boys have PPE, Swimming and Games on their timetable.

All boys study English language, English literature, maths and chemistry, biology and physics as individual subjects. Boys must also take either French, German or Spanish. Latin used to be compulsory in the first, second and third forms. In addition to these compulsory subjects, boys opt for a combination of other subjects from a range including art, business studies, electronics, geography, history, ICT, music, PE and RS.

GCSE examinations are taken in the 5th Year, including French, German and Spanish. Pupils sit the IGCSE mathematics, English language and English literature examinations, administered by Edexcel. Subsequently, the media report the school as having a 0% pass rate at GCSE in maths and English, since IGCSEs are not counted as GCSE passes by the Office for National Statistics.

Having successfully completed their GCSEs in the 5th year, boys may opt to stay on into the 6th form for a further two years. Sixth form teaching offers study towards 'A' level in all of the subjects offered at GCSE, along with geology, economics, further maths, philosophy, politics and psychology (which is taught in the girls' school).

Sport
PE and games lessons are part of every boy's timetable, but there is a range of opportunities for extra curricular sport in the school. Sports offered include Association football, athletics, badminton, basketball, cricket, fencing, hockey, gymnastics, Rugby football and tennis. The school has a swimming pool and a large sports hall with weights room. Summer 2016 saw the addition of a series of all-weather playing surfaces between the sports hall and the river. Boys play competitively both in inter-house competitions and in extramural matches, as well as sending representatives to regional and national teams, such as the ISFA.

Performing arts
The school has a long tradition of musical and dramatic performance, with performances of Oliver Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer noted in The Clavian of 1912 whilst a "little musical programme was put together" for a "Kay House Social" in July of the same year. The 1974 production of Dry Rot, starring John Darling and Piggy Hyde, was the favourite of that decade. Today, the school has a full spectrum of musical groups including a brass ensemble, senior and junior choirs, a concert band, an orchestra and a percussion group. The CCF has a corps of drums. Dramatic productions include both junior and senior plays, and musical productions; such performances are often produced in conjunction with the girls' school, and in recent years have included Guys and Dolls, Les Miserables, Little Shop of Horrors and Jesus Christ, Superstar.

Clubs and societies
The first debating society was established at the school in 1907. There is a range of societies available to the Clavian of today including the ever-present chess club, photography club and debating society.

Publications and alumni activities
There are extant copies of a school magazine dating back as far as 1881. The current magazine (The Clavian) began as a termly in-house pamphlet in 1906 and is now an annual publication. "The Key" is a magazine produced for Alumni and friends of the school by the Development Office.

There is an active alumni group run by the Development Office and membership of the Bury Grammar Schools' Alumni Group on LinkedIn is open to Old Clavians (and Old Claviennes) who are LinkedIn members.

The Old Boys' Society has long held an Annual Dinner; the first recorded such dinner took place on 12 September 1881, after the Old Clavians -v- 1st XI cricket match. (Toasts included "The Bishop and Clergy", "The Army, Navy and Auxiliary Forces" and "The Masters".) The OBS today still organises an annual dinner, held at the school on Founders' Day each year. The Old Boys' Society (London Branch) organises an annual dinner in London for Home Counties-based Old Boys. Previously held on 6 May annually, in recent years it has moved to a Friday later in May.

The society also runs several sports teams for Old Clavians, including an association football club that fields four teams; 1st XI, Reserves, 3rd XI and Veterans.

Inter school co-operation
There is a single board of governors for the boys' and girls' schools. They are also served by a single Bursar/Clerk to the Governors and development office. There is a tradition of boys and girls uniting for dramatic productions and musical concerts and, since 1992, membership of the boys' school CCF has been open to members of the girls' school. The imminent completion of a joint sixth form centre will mean that some 'A' level subjects can be taught jointly across the two schools.

Link with Harvard College and the Henry Dunster Society
The Henry Dunster Society, an organisation inaugurated at Harvard University in September 2008, is intended to bring together former pupils of the Bury Grammar Schools and to support initiatives for the schools. Henry Dunster was a pupil of Bury Grammar School, and then a student at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He became the curate of Bury Parish Church, and then the fourth headmaster of the school. He emigrated to Massachusetts in 1640 and was appointed the first president of Harvard College, now Harvard University.

School fees
The school fees in 2021 were £10,992 p.a. for senior pupils and £8,193 p.a. in the junior school.

Notable masters

 * Henry Dunster (1609–1659), first president of Harvard College. A native of Bury and Old Clavian, he was the fourth headmaster of the school prior to his emigration to Massachusetts in 1640.
 * John Just (1797–1852), Second Master 1832–52. A noted botanist, he lectured at the Royal Manchester School of Medicine and Surgery, and was honorary professor of botany at the Royal Manchester Institution.

title: Bury Grammar School


text:
Neomugicha incident

The Neomugicha incident (ネオむぎ茶事件), also known as the Nishi-Tetsu busjacking incident (西鉄バスジャック事件) is the name given to the hijacking of a Japanese bus by a user of the internet forum 2channel on May 3rd, 2000.

Incident

An hour after posting a cryptic threat in a 2channel thread under the name "Neomugicha" (ネオむぎ茶; lit. 'Neo-Barley Tea'), an unnamed 17-year-old hijacked a bus managed by Nishi-Nippon Railroad in Dazaifu, Fukuoka at 1:35p.m. Armed with a chef's knife, he stabbed one passenger to death and injured two.

The hijacking was reported by 2:47p.m. by a 40year old female passenger after she was able to escape from the bus.

The Special Assault Team's Osaka and Fukuoka teams stormed the hijacked bus and captured the teenager alive. The teenager was arrested under the Firearm and Sword Control Law and the Law for the Punishment of Extortion Involving Hostage-Taking. Due to the self-defense requirements as stipulated in the Law Concerning Execution of Duties of Police Officials, it took more than 15hours for the hostage crisis to end.

The incident was resolved on May4 at 5:03a.m.

Aftermath
In 2006, the suspect was officially released from a medical reformatory facility. This action led to calls to reform the Juvenile Act, which had been law since 1948.

The Hiroshima Prefectural Police established the Hostage Rescue Team in the Hiroshima Prefectural Police's Criminal Investigation Department as part of lessons learned from the incident.

Copycat crimes
A poster named "Neoūroncha" (ネオ烏龍茶; lit. 'Neo-Oolong Tea') attempted to imitate "Neomugicha" by plotting to blow up the Odakyu Electric Railway in Japan and posting warnings about it on 2channel. Soon after the incident, however, the Japanese police were keeping a close eye on 2channel, so he was identified and arrested before his plan could be carried out. A poster called "Neobīru" (ネオビール; lit. 'Neo-Beer') also attempted to imitate the incident, planning a terrorist attack on a railway company, but he was also arrested.

title: Neomugicha incident


text:
Evaporated milk

Evaporated milk, known in some countries as "unsweetened condensed milk", is a shelf-stable canned cow’s milk product for which approximately 60% of the water has been removed from fresh milk. It differs from sweetened condensed milk, which contains added sugar and requires less processing to preserve, as the added sugar inhibits bacterial growth. The production process involves the evaporation of 60% of the water from the milk, followed by homogenization, canning and heat sterilization.

Evaporated milk consumes half the space of its nutritional equivalent in fresh milk. When the liquid product is mixed with a proportionate amount of water (150%), evaporated milk becomes the rough equivalent of fresh milk. This allows the product to have a shelf life of months or even years, depending upon the fat and sugar content, which made evaporated milk very popular before the age of refrigeration as a safe and reliable substitute for perishable fresh milk, as it could be shipped easily to locations lacking the means of safe milk production or storage.

As infant formula
In the 1920s and 1930s, evaporated milk became widely commercially available at low prices. The Christian Diehl Brewery, for instance, entered the business in 1922, producing Jerzee brand evaporated milk as a response to the Volstead Act. Several clinical studies from that time period suggest that babies fed evaporated milk formula thrived as well as did breastfed babies. However, modern guidelines issued by the World Health Organization consider breastfeeding, in most cases, to be healthier for the infant because of the colostrum in early milk production, as well as the specific nutritional content of human breast milk.

Production
Evaporated milk is made from fresh, homogenised milk from which 60% of the water has been removed. After the water has been removed, the product is chilled, stabilised, sterilised and packaged. It is commercially sterilised at 240–245 °F (115–118 °C) for 15 minutes. A slightly caramelised flavor results from the high heat process (Maillard reaction), and it is slightly darker in colour than fresh milk. The evaporation process concentrates the nutrients and the food energy (kcal); unreconstituted evaporated milk contains more nutrients and calories than does fresh milk per unit volume.

Additives
Evaporated milk generally contains disodium phosphate (to prevent coagulation) and carrageenan (to prevent solids from settling), as well as added vitamins C and D.

Reconstitution and substitution
Evaporated milk is sometimes used in its concentrated form in tea or coffee, or as a topping for desserts. Reconstituted evaporated milk, roughly equivalent to normal milk, is mixed one part by volume of evaporated milk with 1 1/4 parts of water.

In the United States
According to the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Chapter 1, Part 131, Sub part B, Section 130 "Evaporated milk", (April 2006): (a) Description. Evaporated milk is the liquid food obtained by partial removal of water only from milk. It contains not less than 6.5 percent by weight of milk fat, not less than 16.5 percent by weight of milk solids not fat, and not less than 23 percent by weight of total milk solids. Evaporated milk contains added vitamin D as prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section. It is homogenized. It is sealed in a container and so processed by heat, either before or after sealing, as to prevent spoilage. ... Sections (b)–(f) of the code regulate vitamin addition, optional ingredients, methods of analysis, nomenclature and label declaration.

Canada
Evaporated milk in Canada is defined to be milk from which water has been evaporated and contains at least 25% milk solids and 7.5% milk fat. It may contain added vitamin C if a daily intake of the product contains between 60 and 75 milligrams, and may also contain vitamin D in an amount no less than 300 international units and no more than 400 international units. Disodium phosphate or sodium citrate (or both) may be added, as well as an emulsifying agent.

Shelf life
The shelf life of canned evaporated milk varies according to both its added content and its proportion of fat. For the regular unsweetened product, a shelf life of 15 months may be expected before any noticeable destabilization occurs.

Notable producers
Evaporated milk is sold by several manufacturers:

 * Carnation Evaporated Milk (now owned by Nestlé and licensed to Smuckers in Canada)
 * Dairy Isle (Canada by ADL)
 * PET Evaporated Milk (now owned by Smuckers)
 * Magnolia evaporated milk - (now produced by Eagle Family Foods )
 * Viking Melk (Norway) - invented by Olav Johan Sopp in 1891, a Nestlé brand since 1897
 * F&N Evaporated Milk
 * California Farms Evaporated Milk
 * Rainbow Milk, a brand of Royal Friesland Foods
 * Nordmilch AG (Now DMK Deutsches Milchkontor) - Germany
 * Jerzee Evaporated Milk (purchased in 2006 from Diehl Food Products)
 * O-AT-KA Evaporated Milk
 * Ferdi Evaporated Milk (Malaysia)
 * Vitalait Evaporated Milk (Senegal)
 * Luna Evaporated Milk (Saudi Arabia)
 * Gloria Evaporated Milk (Peru)

title: Evaporated milk


text:
Urban district (England and Wales)

In England and Wales, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an elected urban district council (UDC), which shared local government responsibilities with a county council.

In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) as subdivisions of administrative counties. A similar model of urban and rural districts was also established in Ireland in 1899, which continued separately in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland after 1921.

They replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts (based on poor law unions) whose functions were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had wider powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries and local planning. An urban district usually contained a single parish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have more problems with public health than rural areas, and so urban district councils had more funding and greater powers than comparable rural districts.

Urban districts normally covered smaller towns, usually with populations of fewer than 30,000. When the 1894 Act came into force on 31 December 1894 there had been 753 urban districts, of which 692 had previously been local government districts, 30 had been improvement commissioners districts and 31 were places newly given urban powers in 1894. The number of urban districts initially increased after 1894 as more places sought urban powers, but implementation of the recommendations of a series of county reviews as established by the Local Government Act 1929 saw a net decrease of 159 between 1932 and 1938. In many instances smaller urban districts were merged with their surrounding rural districts, with the result that new districts emerged covering rural as well as urban parishes. At the same time, a number of larger urban districts became municipal boroughs (as already created, in 1835 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835): these had a slightly higher status and the right to appoint a mayor.

Urban districts in the outer London area were absorbed into London Boroughs in 1965 as a consequence of the London Government Act 1963. All remaining urban districts in England and Wales were abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, and replaced with a uniform system of larger districts – see Districts of England and Districts of Wales – which often covered both urban and rural areas. Many parish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts and, as a result of subsequent legislation, all urban and rural areas in Wales are today covered by 870 communities as sub-entities of 22 unitary authorities (or principal areas).

title: Urban district (England and Wales)


text:
Talk:Viking ring fortress

I think it´s wrong to call it "Castles"
Because Castles isn´t made of wood. Should´t be called "The Ring Fortresses"?

--Comanche cph 18:22, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Replied on your talk page. Valentinian (talk) 21:01, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there a reason to link the word Trelleborg to slave or is that sentence merely misleading? Rmhermen 12:52, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

It must be the senntence that's misleading, Træl is the root-word of Trelleborg, and it is danish, meaning slave.

I removed this link because it didn't work: http://www.vikingeborg.dk

Is there an obvious source-supported reason why this article connect to vikings? Dan Koehl 15:57, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, the Danes was one of the three Viking peoples. In Danish history, this era is known as "Vikingetiden" (the Viking Age). Valentinian (talk) 21:01, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

These trelleborgs must have been important in those days. Are any of the trelleborgs mentioned in any of the Viking Sagas? 85.166.242.148 (talk) 19:02, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Exactly that is the problem. None of them are mentioned anywhere, not in any sagas or in any other hisorical report or legend. There is absolutly no mentioning of any hint anywhere as to who build them, when they where built, for what purpose or even exactly what their name was at the time. The reference to a fire at Aggersborg is thought to refer to a neighboring royal manor of the same name and the references to the old castle at Nonnebakken are from several centuries later and refer to the ruins, when nuns where allowed to build a church on the hill named after them on land belonging to the crown. We do know the ones that have been found until now, some by pure chance, there may have been more. The dating of some wood has yielded the exact felling year of 980 but it is not even clear which king really had the power over the region at that time (father Bluetooth or son Forkbeard). And yet they are there - a perfect mistery - that can be touched, seen and even walked on. The saga of the Jomsvikings may illustrate what an "Exclusive Viking Warrior Club with an own clubhouse fortress" at the time may have looked like but the Jomsborg is described as laying further east on the coast of modern day Poland presumely within the boundaries of the modern town of Wolin.--T.woelk (talk) 21:08, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Re: the similar castle in Walcheren

There are five geometrical ring-shaped ramparts from the 'Viking Age' in towns on the island/peninsula of Walcheren, and most of them have been well-researched: Oost Souburg (also written Oost Souburgh, carbon-dated to before 900), Middelburg (carbon-dated to 884-892), Domburg (carbon-dated to 881-887), Oostburg (not researched), Burgh bij Haamstede (carbon-dated to before 900 and/or 912-963).

There is a good quality satellite image for Oost Souburg in Google Earth (see 51 27'47.50N 03 36'14.00E). It used to be inhabited in the 10-11th century, but later the village moved outside of the rampart. In Burgh bij Haamstede people also live outside it, but the satellite image is very bad (and the location pointer in Google Earth is in the wrong place as usual).

Domburg is the biggest one (identified as Walacria/Walichrum in Frankish sources), and Middelburg is the present capital of the area (Zeeland). In Middelburg they built an abbey on top of it in the 12th century. The inhabitants of Walcheren mostly raised horses, and sheep for making textiles. Walcheren is mentioned several times in Frankish sources as the origin of a 'Viking raid', sometimes on horses, but this is not taken as evidence that Scandinavians therefore built the fortifications. The population of Walcheren also has a historical reputation for piracy of its own, and the fortifications may have just as well been built against the Vikings (corroborated by Frankish mention of castella recens facta).

The perfect circular shape has been explained by the 'principle of the tied goat': the shape is optimal from both the point of view of minimal construction effort and defense (the shortest interior lines) in those days, in Denmark, Northern Germany, the Netherlands, and Flanders there are usually few features of the terrain to take into account that may suggest an irregular shape, and there were no existing Roman or other ruins to use.

comment on todo list
I don't think just to delete the list is such a good idea. It holds more information than the links at the bottom and other than the table. Maybe it could be merged with the comparism table if that doesn't disturb the readability of it. The list is the easiest part to edit though and thats where new stuff is added first. As done with Borgeby and Rygge, of which there simply is hardly any good information yet. Exactly that is the problem with the information asked for in the Expand section. Most of the points are not known and might never be. There is a lot of speculation, some more or less convincing, but there is only little evidence. Even the question what sort of people lived there is not an easy question to answer with full proof. One must read the individual articles to get the full picture. Maybe the article could do with more information from the excavated sites but this may generate a lot of redundance. Maybe we need a speculations section to make clear how little we really know about these sites.--T.woelk (talk) 11:28, 14 December 2008 (UTC)

Correct name
Ring fortress, ring castle or ring fort - which is it? The article uses all three. The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology only has two terms: ringfort and ringwork, of which the former seems more apt looking at the definitions. --Bermicourt (talk) 18:41, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Well this is not a dictionary. And it is specifically not a dictionary of the English language as spoken in Britain. I am not aware of the actually differences between fortress, castle or fort and it would of course be an improvement if it was clarified to some extent. However this has already been discussed above and it is not of great concern to the subject of this article IMO. Boxing and categorizing real world phenomena can be difficult and not always possible. But as said, see the discussion above please. RhinoMind (talk) 15:43, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

More speculation
At this bearing calculator, you can display a line on a map between two coordinates. If you enter 62N 1.2195E and 20N 33.371E, you get a line (curved on the map in Google's projection, but straight on the Earth's surface) that cuts from the North Sea to Africa, through the centre of Aggersborg and Slagelse, passes less than a mile west of Fyrkat, and half a mile east of Eskeholm. The line cuts through Norway, Falster, and Germany, and it would be exciting if more historic sites were found along the same line. --LA2 (talk) 23:25, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello there. Yes that is all very interesting, but as this is your personal speculation, we cannot put it in the article. When you have published a book about it or your speculation has become notable otherwise, we can consider putting it in. RhinoMind (talk) 22:47, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Important tasks
As I was working on this general article I discovered several flaws and would like to publish them here, so everybody can see it to:

 * There is no article up on Trelleborgen in Trelleborg, Sweden although this ring castle has been heavyly reconstructed. I believe there is more than enough material for a whole article on this castle. See the refs here on this page as a starting point fx.
 * The Borgeby castle miss solid refs. Has it been confirmed as a former ring castle? The only ref on it, is a private homepage and it should be replaed with a solid ref in time. As Trelleborgen, this might also need its own page or at least be described on the Borgeby-page.
 * The ring castle suggested to be situated in Rygge, Norway appears to be mere speculation according to the ref given. If no solid ref can be found/provided, we should either remove it or mention it along with the Helsingborg castle.

RhinoMind (talk) 22:59, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The best,most important or most easily accessible sources or articles for Borgeby Ring Castle (online as well as offline) seem to be these:

 * L. Salminen, Grävning för VA i Borgeby, Arkivrapport8/2008, Regionmuseet i Kristianstad

 * F. Svanberg og B. Söderberg, Den vikingatida borgen i Borgeby. Malmö, Copy Quick (1999).

 * Svanberg, F. & Soderberg, B. 1999.Arkeologiska studier kring Borgeby och Löddeköpinge. I. Den vikingatida borgen i Borgeby. Lund: Riksantikvarieämbetet.

 * Margareta Weidhagen-Hallerdt:
 * CURRENT SWEDISH ARCHAEOLOGY, VoL 17, 2009
 * A POSSIBLE RING FORT FROM THE LATE VIKING PERIOD IN HELSINGBORG

 * Poul Erik Lindelof:
 * To skånske ringborge fra vikingetiden
 * Oleryhlolsson (talk) 17:08, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello and thanks for the good refs Ole. I will not talk more about Poul E. L.'s web-page now. Magareta W. H. only mention other sources on Borgeby and states that Svanberg & Söderberg 1999 is the best source on Borgeby. I have not checked what they write about it, but this ref should be checked to see if they are classifying it as a ring castle. Still we need to write some information on this structure overall.

 * PS. I have highlighted Borgeby in your post Ole, to emphasize to other readers what we are talking about here. Hope you are ok with that? RhinoMind (talk) 15:59, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

 * And there should also be this title: A Ödman: Borgeby - mer än 10000 år. Del 1, Borgebys historia. Borgeby 2002. (pp. 18-22). Oleryhlolsson (talk) 20:38, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I've just heard today, that there should be a new comprehensive book about Borgeby and it's history just "around the corner" (the publishers should have been very reluctant to disclose any of the content in advance). Oleryhlolsson (talk) 20:10, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

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Requested move 6 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 20:36, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

Viking ring fortress → Trelleborg-type fortress – Or perhaps "Trelleborgs" or similar name, The concept "viking" has little to do with this subject. Norse people may have, but not "vikings". In fact, you could even argue than many if not all of these ring fortresses were erected precisely to defend against various Norse pirates - "vikings", that is - and other foreign invaders. Compare what this article is called in Scandinavian language versions. Chicbyaccident (talk) 19:56, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per the first sentence of the page: "a type of circular fort of a special design, built by the Vikings in the Viking Age." Viking is the common term in English. Is there a link to pages on what you call the Viking controversy? I haven't run across this term. Not wanting to be an obstructionist to your good faith comments and requested moves on Viking-named pages, I just don't understand why the common name in English should be changed. Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:35, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I'd very much question the precurrent "built by the Vikings" assertion, as indicated in my request statement above. Well, no problem, this misconception has been replicated on and on, and for quite understandable reasons, even in fairly recent academic verbiage. Here are two starters: Vikings, Norsemen. Please let me know if I can help you out further. See also: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Norse_history_and_culture. Chicbyaccident (talk) 20:55, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Randy Kryn. : I strongly suggest you slow down, and make sure you understand what words and terms mean in English (which often differs from what the same words and terms mean in Scandinavian languages...), before making any more move or merge proposals. Also please read WP:COMMONNAME... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 18:30, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

number
the text starts saying that there are 7 forts, then lists 8 but the main table has only 7 entries.

later the texts says "all five"

pietro151.29.178.90 (talk) 18:57, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viking ring fortress


text:
Billy Williams

Billy Leo Williams (born June 15, 1938) is an American former left fielder and coach in Major League Baseball (MLB) who played from 1959 to 1976, almost entirely for the Chicago Cubs. A six-time All-Star, Williams was named the 1961 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year after hitting 25 home runs with 86 runs batted in (RBI). A model of consistent production, he went on to provide the Cubs with at least 20 home runs and 80 RBI every year through 1973, batting over .300, hitting 30 home runs and scoring 100 runs five times each. Along with Ernie Banks and Ron Santo, Williams was one of the central figures in improving the Cubs' fortunes in the late 1960s after the club had spent 20 years in the bottom half of the league standings. His 853 RBI and 2,799 total bases in the 1960s were the most by any left-handed hitter in the major leagues.

In 1970, Williams was the runner-up in voting for the NL Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) after leading the major leagues with 137 runs, 205 hits and 373 total bases, also hitting 42 home runs with 129 RBI, all career highs; excepting his run total, each remains the team record for left-handed hitters. In 1972, he was again the runner-up in MVP voting after winning the NL batting title with a .333 average, adding 37 home runs and 122 RBI while leading the major leagues in total bases and slugging percentage; in both years, he lost the award to Johnny Bench of the Cincinnati Reds. Williams played 1,117 consecutive games between September 1963 and September 1970, holding the NL record from 1969 to 1983. He was traded to the Oakland Athletics after the 1974 season, becoming a designated hitter in the American League (AL), and contributed 23 home runs and 81 RBI to finally reach the postseason as the team won their fifth consecutive division title.

When he retired, Williams' 426 career home runs and 4,599 total bases each ranked eighth in major league history among left-handed hitters; his 302 home runs as a left fielder trailed only Ralph Kiner in NL history. His 392 home runs, 2,510 hits, 1,353 RBI and 4,262 total bases with the Cubs are all team records for left-handed hitters, as were his 402 doubles until Mark Grace passed him in 1999. He led NL left fielders in assists and double plays four times each, and in putouts and fielding percentage three times each; at the end of his career, he ranked fifth in NL history in games in left field (1,737), and fourth in fielding percentage (.974), sixth in putouts (2,811) and total chances (3,005), and ninth in assists (116) in the NL after 1900. He later became a coach with the Cubs for nearly two decades. Williams was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987, and was selected as a member of the Cubs All-Century Team in 1999.

Early life
Billy Williams was born in Whistler, Alabama. His father Frank was a stevedore who had also played first base for the semipro Whistler Stars. Williams grew up in a segregated neighborhood, and attended Whistler High School. Entering professional baseball in 1956, Williams started his minor league career with the Ponca City Cubs of the Sooner State League. After returning to Ponca City in 1957 and hitting 17 home runs, Williams split 1958 between the Burlington Bees and Pueblo Bruins.

In his autobiography, Williams recalled that he had never experienced overt racial discrimination until his 1959 promotion to the Class AA San Antonio Missions in San Antonio, Texas. He was so discouraged that he left the team and went home. Buck O'Neil, the Cubs scout who had originally discovered Williams, was dispatched to Whistler, and he persuaded Williams to return to the team. During the 1959 season, he advanced to the Class AAA Fort Worth Cats and played 18 games for the Cubs after being called up in August. In 1960, he hit 26 home runs for the Class AAA Houston Buffs and played in 12 major league games after joining the Cubs in September.

Chicago Cubs
Williams joined a Chicago Cubs team that by the early 1960s featured stars such as Ernie Banks, Ferguson Jenkins, and Ron Santo. Rogers Hornsby (winner of seven NL batting titles), who by 1960 was serving as a scout and coach in the Cubs organization, predicted Williams would someday win a batting title.

Williams debuted with the Cubs on August 6, 1959 in a 4-2 win over the Philadelphia Phillies; as an indication of the expectations placed on him, he batted third, ahead of Banks. In his first plate appearance, he grounded out but drove in a run for his first RBI. Williams picked up his first two hits three days later after being moved up to second in the order, getting a pair of singles in a 10-inning, 5-3 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates. However, he never raised his average above .200 in 18 games, batting just .152 (5-for-33), and failing to drive in a run in his last 15 appearances. He returned to the Cubs in late September 1960, with decidedly better results. He raised his average as high as .368, with hits in his first seven games, before settling to a final .277 mark, and hit his first home run on October 1, a 2-run shot off Stan Williams in a 14-inning, 10-8 road win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. In 1961, Williams played in 146 games and was selected as the NL Rookie of the Year. That year, he hit 25 home runs and drove in 86 runs, batting .278. In 1962, 1964, and 1965, he was named an NL All-Star. On May 1, 1964, Williams had an RBI single and then capped off a 10-run 1st inning with a grand slam in the Cubs' 11-3 road win over the Houston Colt .45s; the five RBI in one inning set a team record. He won the NL Player of the Month Award for May with a .455 average, 8 home runs, and 22 RBI. Williams struggled defensively in the first few years of his career, leading NL outfielders in errors as a rookie. By the mid-1960s, his defense was no longer seen as a serious weakness. He returned to the All-Star Game in 1968, 1972, and 1973.

In each season from 1961 to 1973, Williams hit at least 20 home runs and drove in 84 or more runs. His batting swing was smooth and efficient, with quick wrist action that allowed him to hit for both average and power despite his slender frame. Early in his career, this earned him the nickname "Sweet-Swinging Billy Williams", sometimes shortened to "Sweet Williams" or "Sweet Billy". His nickname was later referenced in the subtitle of his autobiography. He was also nicknamed "Sweet-Swinging Billy from Whistler", in reference to his birthplace in Alabama. On July 17, 1966, in the second game of a road doubleheader against the St. Louis Cardinals, Williams hit for the cycle in the Cubs' 7-2 win, scoring after each hit; it was the seventh cycle by a Cubs player, the first natural cycle, and the second by a left-handed hitter. On May 21, 1968, he set a major league record by playing his 695th consecutive game in the outfield. On July 4, in a 7-4 loss to the Phillies, he broke Bill Nicholson's team record of 205 home runs by a left-handed hitter. On August 21, in the second game of a doubleheader against the Atlanta Braves, he had a career-high seven RBI in the Cubs' 13-5 win. On September 10, Williams had the only three-home-run game of his career in an 8-1 win over the New York Mets, with the last coming off Nolan Ryan; the previous day, he had had four hits, including a double and a pair of home runs, in a 10-3 win over the Phillies. The five home runs in consecutive games tied a major league record. On April 9, 1969, Williams had a career-high four doubles, tying another major league record, in the Cubs' 11-3 win over the Phillies. On June 29, in the second game of a doubleheader against the Cardinals, Williams played in his 896th consecutive game, breaking Stan Musial's NL record; he belted four hits including a double and a pair of triples in the Cubs' 12-1 victory. On September 5, his two home runs and two doubles accounted for all of the Cubs' hits in their 9-2 loss to the Pirates.

In 1970, Williams batted .322 with 42 homers and 129 RBI and finished second in the Most Valuable Player voting; surprisingly, despite batting .319 with 26 home runs and 80 RBI at the All-Star break, he was left off the All-Star team. On July 24, he had the only two hits in the Cubs' 9-0 loss to the Braves; it was the fourth time in his career that he had all of the team's hits. Williams set an NL record for consecutive games played with 1,117 from 1963 to 1970 (this record was later eclipsed by Steve Garvey with 1,207 games played from 1975 to 1983). As his consecutive games streak began to accumulate, he was dubbed "Iron Man" by some writers. He co-authored a 1970 children's book called Iron Man, about his childhood. On May 12, 1971, he became the fifth player to drive in 1,000 runs for the Cubs with his 2-run home run in a 9-4 road win over the Phillies. Three days later, Williams hit his 300th career home run in a 6-4 win over the San Diego Padres, joining Banks as the second Cub to do so, and on August 17 he picked up his 2,000th hit, an 8th-inning single in a 5-4 road loss to the Braves; he was the fifth player to reach that total with the Cubs. In 1972, he was the NL batting champion and named the Major League Player of the Year by The Sporting News. He paced the major leagues in batting average with a .333 mark, and posted a .606 slugging percentage with 37 home runs and 122 RBI. On July 11, Williams went 8-for-8 in a doubleheader against the Houston Astros at Wrigley Field, raising his batting average at that time from .310 to .328. In August, he won his second and final NL Player of the Month Award (.438 average, 9 home runs, 29 RBI); on August 26, he broke Stan Hack's team record of 2,193 hits by a left-handed hitter, tying his career high with five hits including a pair of home runs in a 10-inning, 10-9 win over the San Francisco Giants. For the second time, he was the MVP runner-up that year to Johnny Bench of the Cincinnati Reds. On June 15, 1973, in an 8-3 road loss to the Braves, he became the fourth player to appear in 2,000 games with the Cubs. On August 15, 1974, Williams became the third Cub to reach the 2,500 hit mark with an 8th-inning single in a 5-3 win over the Houston Astros.

Oakland Athletics
In 1974 the Cubs finished in last place, with their worst record since 1966; after two years of declining production, with the lowest home run and RBI totals of his career, Williams was traded in October to the American League's Oakland Athletics for second baseman Manny Trillo and two pitchers. He helped lead Oakland to the 1975 AL West championship as a designated hitter, hitting 23 homers with 81 RBI, and on June 12 became the 16th player to hit 400 career home runs when he homered in a 9-7 road loss to the Milwaukee Brewers. In the postseason, the three-time defending World Series champions were swept in three games in the AL Championship Series by the Boston Red Sox, with Williams going hitless in 7 at bats. In 1976, Williams played in 120 games and hit only .211. He retired after playing his last major league game on October 2, picking up a single in his final plate appearance in a 14-inning, 9-8 win over the California Angels.

Career statistics
In 2,488 games over 18 seasons, Williams posted a .290 batting average with 2,711 hits in 9,350 at bats, 1,410 runs, 434 doubles, 88 triples, 426 home runs, 1,475 RBI, 90 stolen bases, 1,045 walks, a .361 on-base percentage and a .492 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a combined .976 fielding percentage, including games at all three outfield positions and first base.

Later years
Williams credited a grade-school teacher with encouraging him to always try to improve, citing the old saying, "Good, better, best / Never let it rest / Until the good is better / And the better is best."

Williams was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987. Two weeks later on August 13, Williams' uniform number 26 was retired at Wrigley Field. His was the second number to be retired by the Cubs, the first being Ernie Banks' number 14. Following his departure from the Cubs, the number was reassigned to other players from time to time, most notably Larry Biittner; Williams reclaimed it during several intervals of coaching with the Cubs after his playing days had ended.

In 1999, he was selected to the Cubs All-Century Team and was named as one of 100 finalists to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. During the 2010 season, the Cubs honored Williams with a statue outside Wrigley Field. The statue was unveiled in a pre-game ceremony before their home game on September 7 against the Astros.

In 2011, Williams was appointed as a member of the Hall of Fame's 16-member Golden Era Committee (part of the Veterans Committee), which considers ten Golden Era candidates every three years for the Hall of Fame. The ten candidates from the 1947 to 1972 era are first identified by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) appointed Historical Overview Committee (10-12 BBWAA members) every three years. Former Cubs third baseman Ron Santo was the only candidate elected to the Hall of Fame by the committee (including 8 members of the Hall of Fame) during their winter meetings in December 2011 (and 2014).

title: Billy Williams


text:
Environmental gradient

An environmental gradient, or climate gradient, is a change in abiotic (non-living) factors through space (or time). Environmental gradients can be related to factors such as altitude, depth, temperature, soil humidity and precipitation. Often times,        a multitude of biotic (living) factors are closely related to these gradients; as a result of a change in an environmental gradient, factors such as species abundance, population density, morphology, primary productivity, predation, and local adaptation may be impacted.

Abiotic influence
The species distribution along environmental gradients has been studied intensively due to large databases of species presence data (e.g. GBIF). The abiotic factors that environmental gradients consist of can have a direct ramifications on organismal survival. Generally, organismal distribution is tied to those abiotic factors, but even an environmental gradient of one abiotic factor yields insight into how a species distribution might look. For example, aspects of the landscape such as soil composition, temperature, and precipitation all factor in to an accurate idea of habitable territory a plant species might occupy; information on one of those factors can help form an environmental gradient by which a proximate species distribution may be generated. Similarly, along the upstream-downstream gradient of a river, fish assemblages (groupings) can vary in species and trait diversity; upstream habitats, which tend to be at higher elevations, have been observed to develop greater species and trait diversity. With elevated regions most intensely feeling the effects of climate change and these effects being linked to increased species diversity in impacted regions, this is a key consideration in prioritizing habitats for conservation efforts. At an ecotone, species abundances change relatively quickly compared to the environmental gradient.

Biotic interactions
Although environmental gradients are comprised gradually changing and predictable patterns of an abiotic factor, there is strong interplay between both biotic-biotic factors as well as biotic-abiotic factors. For example, species abundance usually changez along environmental gradients in a more or less predictable way. However, the species abundance along an environmental gradient is not only determined by the abiotic factor associated with the gradient but, also by the change in the biotic interactions, like competition and predation, along the environmental gradient.

Local adaptation along environmental gradients
Depending on the size of the landscape and the gene flow between populations, local adaptation could arise between populations inhabiting two extremes of the landscape. The opposing extremes in abiotic conditions that are faced between populations and the lack of homogenizing gene flow could present conditions where two populations are able to differentiate. Often times when comparing fitness or phenotypic values across an environmental gradient, the data are fixated into a reaction norm framework. In this way, an individual can directly assess the changes across a landscape of a particular species' phenotype or compare fitness and phenotypes of populations within a species across environmental gradients (particularly when performing reciprocal transplant studies).

Impact of climate change
Current models predict that as climate change intensifies, certain environmental gradients may experience the effects as changing rates of natural processes or impacts on distribution and characteristics of species within them. Given the interconnectedness of abiotic factors, long-term disturbances of one gradient have the possibility of affecting other gradients.

Soil characteristics
Soil respiration, the process of soil naturally releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, acts as an example of this. In areas where soil moisture is not limiting (with moisture being a key part of the respiration process), soil respiration increases with rising temperatures; thus, respiration patterns form the gradient, and higher emissions are observed in warmer ecosystems. Similarly, rate of precipitation has a positive correlation with respiration (as moisture no longer becomes a limiting factor). Thus, it not only is its own gradient (average precipitation across a range), but also connects with the respiration gradient and impacts it.

Altitude
Altitude gradients are a key consideration in understanding migration patterns due to the effects of global warming. As temperatures increase, trees adapted to warmer climates will migrate uphill for access to sunlight, and thus populations of temperate or cold-adapted trees and the habitats suitable for them will shrink.

Environmental gradients in society
Environmental gradients are not limited to naturally occurring variations in environmental factors across a range; they have also been created by human activity and industrialization. Air pollution is present as an environmental gradient in areas containing power plants, factories, and other pollutant-emitting facilities, as are environmental toxins, such as heavy metals, radiation, and pesticides; generally speaking, concentration decreases as distance from origin site increases. Differences in exposure to these elements across populations due to proximity to the origin site has become a major concern of environmental and public health activists, who cite health disparities linked to these gradients as an environmental justice concern.

title: Environmental gradient


text:
Rural district

A rural district was a type of local government area – now superseded – established at the end of the 19th century in England, Wales, and Ireland for the administration of predominantly rural areas at a level lower than that of the administrative counties.

England and Wales
In England and Wales rural districts were created in 1894 by the Local Government Act 1894 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) along with urban districts. They replaced the earlier system of sanitary districts (themselves based on poor law unions, but not replacing them).

Each rural district had an elected rural district council (RDC), which inherited the functions of the earlier sanitary districts, but also had wider authority over matters such as local planning, council housing, and playgrounds and cemeteries. Matters such as education and major roads were the responsibility of county councils.

Until 1930 the rural district councillors were also poor law guardians for the unions of which they formed part. Each parish was represented by one or more councillors.

Originally there were 787 rural districts in England and Wales, as they were based directly upon the sanitary districts and poor law unions which had preceded them. Gradual urbanisation over the following decades led to some rural districts being redefined as urban districts or merging with existing urban districts or boroughs. Other rural districts proved to be too small or poor to be viable, and under the Local Government Act 1929, 236 rural districts were abolished and merged or amalgamated into larger units. Further mergers took place over following decades and by 1965 the number of districts had been reduced to 473.

The typical shape of a rural district was a doughnut-shaped ring around a town (which would be either an urban district or a municipal borough). A good example of this is Melton and Belvoir Rural District, which surrounded the town of Melton Mowbray. Some rural districts were fragmented, consisting of a number of detached parts, such as Wigan Rural District. Some rural districts had a more rounded shape and had a small town or village as the administrative centre.

A few rural districts consisted of only one parish (for example, Tintwistle Rural District, Alston with Garrigill Rural District, South Mimms Rural District, King's Lynn Rural District, Disley Rural District and Crowland Rural District). In such districts there was no separate parish council, and the rural district council exercised its functions.

All rural districts in England and Wales were abolished in 1974 (by the Local Government Act 1972) and were typically merged with nearby urban districts or boroughs to form "districts", which included both urban and rural areas.

See Rural districts formed in England and Wales 1894–1974 for the districts created in 1894; List of rural and urban districts in England, and List of rural and urban districts in Wales for a list of rural districts at abolition in 1974.

Ireland
Rural districts were created in Ireland in 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. They were subdivided into district electoral divisions.

In 1921, Ireland was partitioned with Northern Ireland remaining within the United Kingdom, and the rest of the country leaving as the Irish Free State in 1922. In the Irish Free State, rural districts outside of County Dublin were abolished in 1925 under the Local Government Act 1925 amid widespread accusations of corruption. Their functions were transferred to the county councils The remaining rural districts in County Dublin were similarly abolished in 1930 by the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930. The former boundaries of the rural districts in the Republic of Ireland continue to be used for statistical purposes and defining constituencies.

In Northern Ireland, rural districts continued to exist until 1973 when they were abolished (along with all other local government of the old pattern) and replaced with a system of unitary districts.

Newfoundland
Rural districts also existed in the Canadian province of Newfoundland to govern certain rural communities. Under Newfoundland's Local Government Act, rural districts and towns together formed the province's municipalities. Under the Municipalities Act, effective April 1, 1980, rural districts where abolished and automatically turned into towns.

title: Rural district


text:
DDG

DDG may refer to:

 * IATA code for Dandong Langtou Airport, China
 * Danish demining group
 * DuckDuckGo, an internet search engine
 * Duck, duck, goose, a traditional children's game
 * Dried distillers' grain, a cereal byproduct of the distillation process
 * Hull classification symbol for NATO guided-missile destroyers
 * Drop Dead, Gorgeous, a post-hardcore band
 * DDG (rapper) (born 1997), stage name of American musician Darryl Granberry Jr.
 * David de Gea (born 1990), Spanish goalkeeper
 * DDG Hansa, Deutsche Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft Hansa, German Steamship Company Hansa
 * ddg, the ISO 639-3 code for the Fataluku language

title: DDG


text:
Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group

The Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG; المجموعة الفلسطينية لمراقبة حقوق الإنسان) was a human rights group led by Bassem Eid, a former fieldworker for B'Tselem. It was active from 1996 to 2011 and largely focused on monitoring human rights violations by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).

According to B'Tselem, PHRMG "monitors human rights violations by both Israel and the Palestinian National Authority." However, the Encyclopedia of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, edited by Cheryl Rubenberg, points out that despite the potential of PHRMG for that larger scope of reporting according to its official mandate, "in practice, the group has dedicated most of its work to monitoring human rights violations committed by the PNA." In April 2006, the group published its final regular bulletin on human rights, and it closed it doors officially in 2011 due to lack of funding.

PHRMG was founded by Eid when he quit B'Tselem over the organization's decision, as an Israeli NGO, to focus on Israeli human rights violations rather than those committed by Palestinian groups. In 1997, The Washington Post described PHRMG as "defying a taboo" among human rights organizations against criticizing violations of human rights by Palestinian governing authorities.


text:
Charles Ernest Beulé

Charles Ernest Beulé (29 June 1826 – 4 April 1874) was a French archaeologist and politician.

Biography
Born in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, he was educated at the École Normale, and after holding the professorship of rhetoric at Moulins for a year, was sent to Athens in 1851 as one of the professors in the École Française.

While in Athens, he discovered the Beulé Gate leading to the propylaea of the acropolis, and his work, L'Acropole d'Athènes, was published by order of the minister of public instruction. On his return to France, promotion and distinctions followed rapidly upon his first successes. He was made a doctor of letters, chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, professor of archaeology at the Bibliothèque Impériale, member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and perpetual secretary of the Académie des Beaux-Arts.

He took great interest in political affairs, with which the last few years of his life were entirely occupied. Elected a member of the National Assembly in 1871, he zealously supported the Orleanist party. Between May and November 1873, he was Minister of the Interior in the Broglie ministry.

He committed suicide on 4 April 1874, aged 47.

Works
His other important works are: Études sur le Peloponnese (2nd edition 1875); Les Monnaies d'Athenes (published in 1858); L'Architecture au siècle de Pisistrate (published in 1860); and Fouilles à Carthage (published in 1861).

Beulé was also the author of high-class popular works on artistic and historical subjects: Histoire de l'art grec avant Pericles, the second edition of which was published in 1870, and Le Proces des Cesars published in four parts between 1867 and 1870.

title: Charles Ernest Beulé


text:
Three Pagodas Pass

Three Pagodas Pass (Phlone MY ကၠံင်သိုင့်ဖၠုံးလါင့်ဆေါတ်ဖိုင်သာ့; ဘုရားသုံးဆူ တောင်ကြားလမ်း, Paya Thon Zu Taung Za Lang, ; ด่านเจดีย์สามองค์,, ) is a pass in the Tenasserim Hills on the border between Thailand and Myanmar (Burma), at an elevation of 282 m. The pass links the town of Sangkhla Buri in the north of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, to the town of Payathonsu in the south of Kayin State, Myanmar.

Etymology
The pass is named after three small, crumbling stupas or chedis which were probably built at the end of Ayutthaya period as a symbol of peace. The pagodas are now on the Thai side of the border in the village of Phra Chedi Sam Ong. Parts of the border are still disputed. These three chedis appear in the provincial seal of Kanchanaburi Province in stylized form. The pass gives its name to the Three Pagodas Fault.

History
The pass has been the main land route into western Thailand since ancient times. It is one of the few passes in the Tenasserim Hills, and is believed be the point at which Buddhist teachings reached the country from India in the 3rd century.

During the Ayutthaya period in Thai history (14th–18th centuries), the pass was the main invasion route for the Burmese, but at times was also used against them by Siamese armies. The first Burmese invasion through the pass occurred in 1548 during the Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549).

During World War II, Japan built the infamous Death Railway (officially Taimen – Rensetsu Tetsudo) through the pass. There is a memorial to commemorate the thousands of British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, and Asian forced labourers who died during the construction of the railway.

The region is home to several hill tribes, including Karens and Mons, who are unable or unwilling to obtain citizenship from either country. Separatist armies have repeatedly tried to seize the pass from Myanmar, with the Mons in effective control until 1990, when Burmese troops regained it. There is still occasional fighting in the area.

Tourism
Three Pagodas Pass is popular with tourists, who are allowed to obtain a one-day visa from the Thai side to visit Payathonsu. Attractions on the Burmese side include wooden furniture, jade carvings, and textiles. Thai tourists are allowed in as of 2011, while other tourists are not, due to its status as a temporary border checkpoint which only allows day trips between the two neighbouring countries.

Festivals
With the rambling strutting roosters of the Buddhist temple of Wat Suwankhiri on a Payathonsu cliff near by, during April, Three Pagodas Pass becomes a site of the Songkran Festival with cockfights, Burmese kickboxing and various folk dancing.

title: Three Pagodas Pass


text:
FFG

FFG may refer to:
 * Austrian Research Promotion Agency (German: Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft), an Austrian government agency concerned with industrial research
 * Fairmount Food Group, an American food industrial company
 * Fallen from Grace, an album by American hip hop group Insane Poetry
 * Fantasy Flight Games, an American game company
 * FBL Financial Group, an American financial services holding company
 * Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael together, historically the two largest political parties in Ireland
 * First Floor Gallery Harare, a contemporary art gallery based in Harare, Zimbabwe
 * Flensburger Fahrzeugbau, a German vehicle manufacturer
 * Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, Victoria, Australia
 * Friderico-Francisceum-Gymnasium, a German secondary school
 * Friedberg station, in Germany
 * French Federation of Go (French: Fédération Française de Go)
 * Fur-Fish-Game, an American outdoors magazine
 * Fundamental Fysiks Group, an American quantum mysticism group
 * Fukuoka Financial Group, a Japanese financial company
 * Guided missile frigate
 * FFg, a grade of black powder used in medium and small-bore firearms

title: FFG


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine/Archive 1

General talk
''Start new topics for discussion here. (please introduce new topics with and a header on level 3 (e.g. ===Recombinant amyloid=== )''

Proposal to create a formalised group of wiki docs

 * I think getting a formal WikiDoc group, with ideas about naming convention, who to target articles towards, and a consensus on the blue boxes is enough for now. That group will eventually hold this Doctor's Mess, as well. Ksheka

 * As for the proposal, regarding who should be a member of the group - I think we're trying to be too exclusive if we limit ourselves to physicians. Anyone who is interested in health-related topics should be able to write any of the topics, and many topics will need non-physicians to help edit (ie: pharmacists will have useful insight into a lot of the pharmacologic agents we write about, medical students will be pretty good about the general physiology and anatomy aspects, and never underestimate a well-read individual ;-) ).  As for leaders for the group, how about just doing it on an achievement-based view (number of pages edited, quality of the edits, etc.), rather than the actual level of training of individuals.  Leaders are needed, to settle any disputes amongst the members (ie: what should be in a blue box). Ksheka 11:54, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Gedday... Yes, very embryonic - possibly even an 8 cell zygote! Wikipedia is fantanstic because everybody from all backgrounds chips in. The proposal is certainly not intended to be restrictive, but merely to enable clear labelling. I may just be influence by a few days I wasted on somebody who was claiming to be a doctor… but certainly didn’t act like one. To be honest it put me off Wikipedia a bit: “why am I wasting my time... here this is chaos”. So the thrust of the proposal is really about allowing doctors to identify themselves in the community.

 * On further thought... a formal committee would only aim to restrict editing to a single page… and that would be the 'Wiki Medical Register'. And then the rest would be wiki as normal... in some ways this is about establishing a brand and attempting to carrying the reputation we have in the community into Wikipedia. bascially because I think we can achieve more that way - especially in controversial areas - as the world medical community is only now making inroads into smoking - we're still not going to be able to influence content to an enormous extent. but if the community trusts us as a group we our 'health warnings' are likely to be respected. --Erich gasboy 19:42, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * now fun stuff! naming suggestions (es):

 * Wikipedia Medical Association (WMA) (my current vote):
 * Wikipedia Association of Medical Practitioners (WAMP)
 * Wikipedia Association of Doctors (WAD)
 * Wikipedia Doctors Group (WDG)
 * Wikipedia Medical School (WMS)  JFW |  T@lk
 * add here and please vote! above

 * Re Leadership my personal view is that at least while membership is below ~16 then all decisions of the group should be made be consensus. This will tend to make the group conservative but I think that is Ok. Individual members or subgroups can always try to push their own agends - it's just until they cannot use the 'brand' WMA or whatever unless they achieve consensus. (ie most of us are members of our own Medical Associations but, it is rare for one of us to act as its spokesmen. Once membership gets above 16 consensus is likely to be impossible so that's why I put in the idea of the executive committee and voting).

 * would all this be a lot of work? - well I don't think so. If somone comes, says they are a doctor, acts like a doctor, contributes like a doctor they are very welcome ('Gedday' we all shout in unision!) and we add them to the list (register). If they want to be able to veto consensus decisions then they just need to (in confidence) reveal their true identity (send us an email, or if their home e-mail is DrX@hotmail, ask the secretary at the hospital they work at to confirm their address) and we can just check out their registration/licence on the web. ooh gotta go kids need me!--Erich gasboy 07:56, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Are we moving?
Angela suggested (see my talk page) that we move all WikiDoc stuff to a WikiProject page. I suggest starting a new WikiProject to supersede the old and defunct ones, and to call it "WikiProject CLINICAL MEDICINE". I will probably write a new introduction to "Clinical medicine" and include our "agenda" as discussed on the WikiDoc page. We can also use the associated Talk page as a springboard for an in-depth discussion on page nomenclature (Heart attack vs Myocardial infarction). Please give your views and other points that need to be incorporated into the "Clinical medicine" proposal. (I will be cross-posting this on the Talk pages of all WikiDoc participants.)  JFW |  T@lk  12:19, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea, and a step in the right dirrection. Ksheka 15:53, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is nice to have one place rather than all around Wikipedia. We're still talking about doing this all in Wikipedia, right?   We ae not starting a new wiki.  Kd4ttc 17:02, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

This project will be firmly Wikipedia. Erich's plans are still decidedly embryological. JFW | T@lk  18:20, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes.. pre-embryological... dunno about anybody else but wikipedia seem big enough for all of us... so i for one am not proposing we go anywhere!! although I wonder if (one day) a 'wiki-book' dedicated to information for patient's could be good? also wonder if a highly formalised future wiki could seriously compete with medical textbooks. but that is just pie in the sky thinking. btw i too think the 'mess' is fantastic... I guess we should all recruit new members! I claim Alteripse as my recruit (gedday Alteripse!) - still have a long way to catch up with JFDW tho! the proposal i've made is really just an add on suggestion to the good work already done you all.--Erich gasboy 20:59, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In other words, if this were a pyramid scheme, you're claiming a percentage of my production? You'll probably try to skim the vowels or something... Alteripse 13:07, 4 May 2004 (UTC) just as well it's not a pyramid scheme - if it were, i'm sure you wouldn't miss the lower half of the fullstops ;-) --Erich gasboy 15:13, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Naming issue
I've raised the "naming issue" again, this time on a widely-read page: Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions. I hope it will get some more response and lead to some form of consensus. JFW | T@lk  12:14, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Good on you! --Erich gasboy 19:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Feeling assertive???
should we put JFDW's beautifull box on Wellness? he he --Erich gasboy 19:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Man, I've had a fight over putting it on abdominal pain!
 * I just looked at it. I'd vote for letting the person who writes an article decide whether to feature it in a series with a box. On the other hand, I like Erich's suggestion that common symptoms/signs/complaints might deserve their own different box theme rather than the disease one. Or you might consider my opinion worth what I'm charging you for it. P.S., I wouldn't have been tempted to add a couple words to your article if not for that missing comma. Alteripse 01:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * But seriously, I try to stay away from the CAM pages, however oxymoronic some statements may sound to us skeptical, "narrow-minded" pathophysiological hardliners. Erich, you ought to do something about this red link!  JFW |  T@lk  20:01, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * btw JFW.. had a quick look at the abdo pain debate, user:num nuts may have a point about the blue box not being quite right there. should we have a box for common symptoms and health complaints or some such?? Erich gasboy 00:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC) I agree, see above (and no quid pro quo changed hands here).Alteripse 01:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

uh oh... now you've done it! ;-) I guess Cam is part of my motivation for the 'proposal'. (Psychoneuroimmunology would be more Alteripse's area wouldn't it?) --Erich gasboy 20:20, 5 May 2004 (UTC)  In my humble opinion, psychoneuroimmunology is about as relevant to alt med as quantum mechanics is to the homeopaths (and as well understood, too).Alteripse 01:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * As I've stated on John's talk page, I think it would be a shame if the WikiDocs started flaming the CAMmers and vice versa. My strategy so far has been to stay out of ridiculous edit/reversal wars, and I'm not planning to change it... JFW |  T@lk  21:51, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Rashness bows to your experience and wisdom. I'll stay away. Reading the arguments is sort of like looking at gruesome accident pictures though, sort of draws you in despite yourself... Alteripse 22:32, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * JFW, Alteripse, agree completely! am still nagged by the thought that wellness probably needs to have 0 or 2 boxes though (?) have you had a look? (now Alteripse, as a latin proponent, I am sure we should all be rightly bowing your experience and wisdom not the other way around!) --Erich gasboy 00:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * So what kind of boxes would you add to wellness? I thought the article was pretty unobjectionable, and not really "alternative," though part of the disputability of alt med is that any thing that sounds rational and reasonable doesn't seem to deserve being called "alt" to me, or argued about, which leaves its defenders only the nonsense. Their definition of course is quite different and they keep trying to insist that lots of perfectly sensible things that wouldn't raise a skeptic's eyebrow deserve to be called "alt", ---I guess they think approving or claiming a few rational things makes the rest of the silliness less obvious.Alteripse 01:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * well personally I wouldn't have any boxes, but I'm uneasy about the advertisment for CAM at the bottom of a page which I agree is not alt at all! If we were to add another box then I'm thinking something focussed on health science which I think is a fantastic inclusive term encompassing all our allied health and nursing colleagues believing in a scientific approach to improving health.
 * I've picked up on some comments about health, that i think are worth exploring... IMHO..., I think there is much to be gained by medicine and the wikidocs by snuggly sheltering in with health science and conceptualising medicine as part of health. Health science also rightly aligns us with all wikipedians who believe in science... and there seem to be many excellent scientists here. There are too few of us otherwise. Also in my experience Medicine is generally classified as part of health (I work for Queensland Health for example and, of course UK has the 'National Health Service'. So I think we should graciously subsume ourselves under health science and be proud that although our field is medicine, we aim to improve and maintain health using science right now that's off my chest! do I make any sense? Erich gasboy 02:27, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That is why we have more than one infobox. I especially designed that project namespace for articles only tangential to CAM or as it says related to alternative postions on health, healing, and illness.  If you were to take a close look at page history the talk name space is actually a replacement of the see also link list that I added a while back with a more complete list of articles. We could have placed a much more prominent infobox right on top of the article.  CAM is a total package. I am personally not remotely interested in {revolting alternative treatment} but it is part of the total package.  There are many modern areas of CAM that actually do work. There are many articles that are related to alternative postions on health, healing, and illness such as Syndrome X which figures prominently into questions of diet and exercise. Feel free to add you own infobox at the bottom of the page. -- John Gohde 06:34, 6 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
AAW

AAW may refer to:

Aviation & military

 * Afriqiyah Airways, an airline based in Tripoli, Libya, by ICAO airline code
 * Anti-aircraft warfare
 * X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing

Other uses

 * Ad-Aware
 * All American Wrestling independent professional wrestling company in Berwyn, Illinois
 * Against All Will, an American rock band
 * American Association of Woodturners
 * Arts Academy in the Woods in Fraser, Michigan, United States
 * Solong language, a language of Papua New Guinea, by ISO 639-3 language code

title: AAW