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Mainline Protestant

The mainline Protestant churches (sometimes also known as oldline Protestants) are a group of Protestant denominations in the United States and Canada largely of the theologically liberal or theologically progressive persuasion that contrast in history and practice with the largely theologically conservative Evangelical, Fundamentalist, Charismatic, Confessional, Confessing Movement, historically Black church, and Global South Protestant denominations and congregations. Some make a distinction between "mainline" and "oldline", with the former referring only to denominational ties and the latter referring to church lineage, prestige and influence. However, this distinction has largely been lost to history and the terms are now nearly synonymous.

Mainline Protestant churches have stressed social justice and personal salvation, and both politically and theologically, tend to be more liberal than non-mainline Protestant churches. Mainline Protestant churches share a common approach that often leads to collaboration in organizations such as the National Council of Churches, and because of their involvement with the ecumenical movement, they are sometimes given the alternative label of "ecumenical Protestantism" (especially outside the United States). While in 1970 the mainline Protestant churches claimed most Protestants and more than 30 percent of the American population as members, they are a minority among American Protestants, claiming approximately 15 percent of American adults. Some have criticized the term mainline for its alleged White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ethnocentric and elitist assumptions, and its erroneous association with the term "mainstream", since the term mainline almost exclusively described White, non-fundamentalist and non-evangelical Protestant Americans from its origin to the late twentieth century.

Terminology
The term mainline Protestant was coined during debates between modernists and fundamentalists in the 1920s. Several sources claim that the term is derived from the Philadelphia Main Line, a group of affluent suburbs of Philadelphia; most residents belonged to mainline denominations. Today, most mainline Protestants remain rooted in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler define the term as follows: "the term 'mainline Protestant' is used along with 'mainstream Protestant' and 'oldline Protestant' to categorize denominations that are affiliated with the National Council of Churches and have deep historical roots in and long-standing influence on American society."

In the US, Protestantism is generally divided between mainline denominations and evangelical or theologically conservative denominations. In other parts of the world, the term mainline Protestant is not used. Instead, the term "ecumenical" is used to distinguish similar churches from evangelical denominations. Some have criticized the term mainline for its alleged White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ethnocentric and elitist assumptions, and its erroneous association with the term "mainstream" since it almost exclusively described White American, non-fundamentalist and non-evangelical Protestant Americans from its origin to the late twentieth century.

Mainline vs. mainstream
The term mainstream Christian in academic usage is not equivalent to mainline Protestant and is often used as an attempt to find impartial sociological vocabulary in distinguishing orthodoxy and heresy. Hence in Christological and doctrinal reference mainstream Christianity is often equivalent to Trinitarianism. Mainline Protestantism should not be confused with Nicene Christianity which is more widely accepted as having the "mainstream Christianity" designation that also includes Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox believers, and non-Mainline Protestants such as Evangelical, Fundamentalist, Charismatic, Confessional, Confessing Movement, the historically Black church, and Global South Protestants. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term mainline Protestant is not used, and mainstream does not mean progressive Protestant. Although some supporters and adherents, do claim that Mainline Protestant is synonymous with Mainstream Protestant.

Denominations
The largest mainline churches are sometimes referred to as the "Seven Sisters of American Protestantism," a term apparently coined by William Hutchison. The "Seven Sisters" are:
 * United Methodist Church (UMC) is the largest mainline Protestant denomination among the "Seven Sisters" with 5.4 million members in the United States in 2022.
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is the second largest mainline denomination with approximately 2.9 million members and 8,600 congregations at the end of 2022.
 * Episcopal Church (TEC) is third largest, with 1.6 million active baptized members, of whom 1.4 million members are located in the United States in 2022.
 * Presbyterian Church (USA) (PC-USA) is the fourth largest mainline denomination, with 1.1 million active members in 8,700 congregations (2021).
 * American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA) is fifth in size, with approximately 1.1 million members (2017).
 * United Church of Christ (UCC) is the sixth and has about 710,000 members in 2022.
 * Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (DOC) is the seventh and has about 278,000 members as of 2022.

The term 'mainline' has also been applied to Canadian Protestant churches that share common origins with their US counterparts such as the:
 * United Church of Canada 388,363 members (2018), 1.2 million adherents according to 2021 Canadian Census
 * Anglican Church of Canada 294,931 members (2022), 1.1 million adherents according to 2021 Canadian Census
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada 111,570 members (2015)
 * Canadian Baptist Ministries 81,685 members
 * Presbyterian Church in Canada 79,961 members (2019)
 * Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in Canada 2,606 members

The Association of Religion Data Archives, Pew Research, and other sources also consider these denominations, listed with adherents and members, to be mainline: These same sources also consider "Mainline" other denominations outside the US, including:
 * Cooperative Baptist Fellowship 700,000 members
 * Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) 350,000 members
 * Reformed Church in America 104,921 members (2022)
 * Mennonite Church USA 100,000 members
 * Church of the Brethren 87,181 members (2021)
 * International Council of Community Churches 69,276 members (2009)
 * National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 65,392 members (2002)*
 * Alliance of Baptists 65,000 members
 * Moravian Church in North America 60,000 members
 * Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches 15,666 members (2006)
 * Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 12,000 members (2007)
 * Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church Abroad 8,000 members
 * Hungarian Reformed Church in America 6,080 members
 * Anglican Church of Mexico 100,000 members
 * Mennonite Church Canada 31,000 members
 * The term is also occasionally used to refer to historic Protestant churches in Europe, Latin America, and South Africa.

Historically African American denominations are usually categorized differently from evangelicals or mainline. However, in 2014 the Christian Century identified that these groups "fit the mainline description."
 * African Methodist Episcopal Church 2.5 million
 * African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 1.4 million
 * Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 858,670 members

Though not listed as mainline in either the Association of Religion Data Archives or the Pew Research classifications, two groups also appeal to this label.
 * The practices of the Community of Christ (Latter Day Saint movement) [with 250,000 adherentes] ) are typified as congruent with mainline Protestantism.
 * While no longer exclusively Christian, the Unitarian Universalist Association [with 211,000 adherents] considers itself to be mainline.

Some denominations with similar names and historical ties to the Seven Sisters mainline groups are not considered mainline: The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) [13.2 million], Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) [1.8 million], the Churches of Christ and Christian churches [1.1 million each], the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) [0.4 million], the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA) [0.13 million], and the Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC) [0.04 million]. After the recent split of the UMC, the Global Methodist Church (GMC) could be added to this list, though no official census is currently known. Since these groups are too theologically conservative to be considered mainline, those strictly adhering to historical rules of faith are grouped as confessional, while those without are grouped as evangelical.

* The National Association of Congregational Christian Churches is considered to be evangelical by Pew Research while the Association of Religion Data Archives considered it to be mainline.

Variation
Mainline Protestantism is characterized by theological and ideological pluralism. While doctrinal standards and confessional statements exist, these are not usually interpreted in ways to exclude people from membership. Richard Hutcheson Jr., chairman of the Office of Review and Evaluation of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, observed that clergy candidates were more likely to be rejected due to "excessive narrowness" than for violating confessional standards.

Mainline churches hold a range of theological orientations—conservative, moderate and liberal. About half of mainline Protestants describe themselves as liberal. Mainline Christian groups are often more accepting of other beliefs and faiths, affirm the ordination of women, and have become increasingly affirming of gay ordination. Nearly one-third of mainline Protestants call themselves conservative, and most local mainline congregations have a strong, active conservative element. Mainline denominations are historically Trinitarian and proclaim Jesus Christ as Lord and Son of God.

In practice, mainline churches tend to be theologically moderate and influenced by higher criticism, an approach used by scholars to separate the Bible's earliest historical elements from perceived later additions and intentional distortions. Mainline denominations generally teach that the Bible is God's Word in function, but that it must be interpreted both through the lens of the cultures in which it was originally written, and examined using God-given reason. A 2008 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that only 22 percent of the 7,500 mainline Christians surveyed said the Bible is God's Word and is to be interpreted as literally true, word for word. Thirty-eight percent thought that the Bible is God's Word but is not to be taken literally, word for word. Twenty-eight percent said the Bible was not the Word of God but was of human origin.

It has been noted, even by members of mainline churches, that the leadership of denominational agencies and bureaucracies has often been more theologically and socially liberal than the overall membership of the mainline churches. This gap has caused feelings of alienation among conservative mainline Protestants. This dissatisfaction has led to the formation of various Confessing Movements or charismatic renewal movements which are more conservative in tone.

Social justice
The mainline denominations emphasize the biblical concept of justice, stressing the need for Christians to work for social justice, which usually involve politically liberal approaches to social and economic problems. Early in the 20th century, they actively supported the Social Gospel.

Mainline churches were basically pacifistic before 1940, but under the influence of people such as Reinhold Niebuhr they supported World War II and the Cold War. They have been far from uniform in their reaction to issues of gender and sexuality, though they tend to be more accepting than the Catholic Church or the more conservative Protestant churches.

Social issues
Many mainline denominations are active in voicing perspectives on social issues. Almost all mainline denominations are gender-inclusive and ordain women. On abortion issues, the Episcopal Church (TEC), Presbyterian Church (USA) (PCUSA), Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), and United Church of Christ (UCC) are members of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. The United Methodist Church (UMC) and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) support exceptions, when abortion may be necessary, but do not endorse the procedure. Other denominations, such as the Church of the Brethren and Mennonite Church USA, are against abortion.

Regarding human sexuality, TEC, the ELCA, PC(USA), Society of Friends (Quaker), UUA, and UCC recognize same-gender marriages. Also considered mainline, the Anglican Church of Canada, Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and United Church of Canada bless or marry same-gender couples. In 2015, the Mennonite Church Canada saw its first same-gender marriage in one of its congregations. The American Baptist Churches USA does not perform same-gender marriages, but allows each congregation the freedom to decide for itself. Including the aforementioned denominations, the Mennonite Church USA, Metropolitan Community Church, and Moravian Church Northern Province license or ordain openly gay clergy. While the UMC does not nationally ordain gay or lesbian clergy, the New York Annual Conference, a regional body of the UMC, has ordained the denomination's first openly gay and lesbian clergy. The Western Jurisdiction of the UMC also elected the denomination's first openly gay bishop. Some congregations of the Church of the Brethren have also voted to perform same-gender marriages although the national denomination opposes this practice.

Most of the above denominations also ordain openly transgender clergy. While the national church has not approved of gay or lesbian clergy, the UMC has allowed transgender pastors.

Politically, mainline churches are also active. While no particular candidate can be endorsed, mainline churches often invite political speakers. At the 2016 General Conference for the African Methodist Episcopal Church, a historically Black denomination but also identified as mainline, Hillary Clinton was invited to offer an address for the delegates and clergy.

Statistical decline
The term "mainline" once implied a certain numerical majority or dominant presence in mainstream society, but that is no longer the case. Protestant churches as a whole have slowly declined in total membership since the 1960s. As the national population has grown these churches have shrunk from 63% of the population in 1970 to 54% by 2000, and 48% in 2012, ceasing to be the religious category for the majority of Americans. This statistic may be inaccurate due to the number of former or historically mainline Protestants who continue to espouse mainline Protestant values without active church attendance. American affiliation with mainline denominations declined from 55% of all Protestants in 1973 to 46% in 1998. The number of mainline congregations in the U. S. declined from more than 80,000 churches in the 1950s to about 72,000 in 2008.

Various causes of mainline decline in population have been cited. Much analysis has taken place both from those within and outside mainline denominations. Key factors indicate that all types of churches can and do grow, regardless of hymnody or contemporary music, type of liturgy, average age of worshiper, or location On average, however, churches in rural areas, churches with older congregants, and churches with fewer young people involved struggle most to add members and grow churches. For example, of all churches founded since 1993, 54% are experiencing growth, while that is true for only 28% of congregations founded prior to 1900. As demographics change, the churches founded by earlier generations often struggle to adapt to changing conditions, including the declines or shifts in the age and ethnicity of local populations. Says David Roozen, Director of Hartford Seminary's Hartford Institute for Religion Research, "Location, Location, Location used to be the kind way that researchers described the extent to which the growth or decline of American congregations was captive to the demographic changes going on in their immediate neighborhoods." Age demographics cannot be overlooked as a real factor in congregational decline, with the birthrate for mainline Protestants well below what is needed to maintain membership numbers.

The Barna Group, an Evangelical surveyor, has noted, Protestant pastors who serve mainline churches serve on average half as long as Protestant pastors in non-mainline churches. This may contribute to decline and may be influenced in part by the United Methodist Church practice of Itinerancy, where clergy are intentionally moved from one church to another as often as yearly in an effort to support and encourage the United Methodist tradition of strong lay ministry. Mainline churches have also had difficulty attracting minorities, particularly Hispanics. Hispanics comprise 6 percent of the mainline population but 16 percent of the US population. According to the Barna Group report, the failure of mainline Protestants to add substantial numbers of Hispanics is portent for the future, given both the rapid increase of the Hispanic population as well as the outflow of Hispanics from Catholicism to Protestant churches in the past decade, most of whom are selecting evangelical or Pentecostal Protestant churches.

In general, however, decline can be a difficult thing to statistically quantify. Many older Protestant churches lived a vibrant lifetime and continue to evidence vital ministry and faith regardless of declining populations or birthrates. For example, giving and engagement with need and justice, both indicators of strong Christian faith, have increased despite the aging and loss of congregational members.

Contrast with other Protestant denominations
While various Protestant denominations have experienced declining membership, the most pronounced changes have occurred among mainline churches. Demographic trends for evangelical and historically African-American churches have been more stable. According to the Pew Research Center, mainline churches could claim 14.7 percent of all US adults compared to 25.4 percent who belonged to evangelical churches in 2014.

Demographers Hout, Greeley, and Wilde have attributed the long-term decline in mainline membership and the concomitant growth in the conservative Protestant denominations to four basic causes: birth rates; switching to conservative denominations; departure from Protestantism to "no religion" (i.e. secularization); and conversions from non-Protestant sources. In their analysis, by far the main cause is birth rates—low for the mainline bodies, and high for the conservatives. The second most important factor is that fewer conservatives switch to mainline denominations than before. Despite speculation to the contrary, Hout, Greeley, and Wilde argue that switching from a mainline to a conservative denomination is not important in accounting for the trend, because it is fairly constant over the decades. Finally, conservative denominations have had a greater inflow of converts. Their analysis gives no support for the notion that theological or social conservatism or liberalism has much impact on long-term growth trends.

Evidence from the General Social Survey indicates that higher fertility and earlier childbearing among women from conservative denominations explains 76% of the observed trend: conservative denominations have grown their own. Mainline denomination members have the lowest birthrate among American Christian groups. Unless there is a surge of new members, rising death rates are predicted to diminish their ranks even further in the years ahead.

Trends
Some other findings of the Barna Group:
 * From 1958 to 2008, mainline church membership dropped by more than one-quarter to roughly 20 million people—15 percent of all American adults.
 * From 1998 to 2008, there was a 22 percent drop in the percentage of adults attending mainline congregations who have children under the age of 18 living in their home.
 * In 2009, nearly 40 percent of mainline church attendees were single. This increase has been driven higher by a rise in the number of divorced and widowed adherents.
 * From 1998 to 2008, volunteerism dropped 21 percent; adult Sunday school participation decreased 17 percent.
 * The average age of a mainline pastor in 1998 was 48 and increased to 55 by 2009.
 * Pastors on average remain with a congregation for four years compared to twice that length for non-mainline church leaders.

Recent statistics from the Pew Forum provide additional explanations for the decline.
 * Evangelical church members are younger than those in mainline denominations. Fourteen percent of evangelical congregations are between 18 and 29 (compared to 2 percent), 36 percent between 30 and 49, 28 percent between 50 and 64, and 23 percent 65 or older.

Not paralleling the decline in membership is the household income of members of mainline denominations. Overall, it is higher than that of evangelicals:
 * 25% reported less than a $30,000 income per year.
 * 21% reported $30,000–$49,999 per year.
 * 18% reported $50,000–$74,999 per year.
 * 15% reported $75,000–$99,999 per year.
 * 21% reported an income of $100,000 per year or more, compared to only 13 percent of evangelicals.

History
While the term "mainline" was not applied to churches until the 20th century, mainline churches trace their history to the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. The largest and most influential Protestant denominations in Britain's Thirteen Colonies were the Anglicans (after the American Revolution called Episcopalians) and the Congregationalists (from which the Unitarians would later split). These were later surpassed in size and influence by the evangelical denominations: the Baptists, Presbyterians and Methodists. Sharing a common Reformation heritage with Episcopal and Congregational churches, these denominations together created the mainline. It was, according to historian Jason Lantzer, "the emerging evangelical movement that would help forge the Seven Sisters and which provides a core to the wide variety of theological and doctrinal differences, shaping them into a more coherent whole."

The Great Awakening ignited controversy within Protestant churches between Old Lights and New Lights (or Old Side and New Side among Presbyterians). Led by figures such as the Congregationalist minister Charles Chauncy, Old Lights opposed the evangelical revivalism at the heart of the Awakening, while New Lights, led by fellow Congregationalist minister Jonathan Edwards, supported the revivals and argued for the importance of having a conversion experience. By the 1800s, Chauncy's followers had drifted toward forms of theological liberalism, such as Universalism, Unitarianism and Transcendentalism.

The Second Great Awakening would inaugurate a period of evangelical dominance within American mainline Protestantism that would last over a century. The Second Great Awakening was a catalyst for the reform of society. Efforts to improve the rights of women, reforming prisons, establishing free public schools, prohibiting alcohol, and (in the North) abolishing slavery were promoted by mainline churches.

After the Civil War, however, tensions between evangelicals and non-evangelicals would re-emerge. As the practice of historical criticism spread to the United States, conflict over biblical inspiration erupted within Protestant churches. Conservative Protestants led by A. A. Hodge, B. B. Warfield and other Princeton theologians argued for biblical inerrancy, while liberal theologians such as Charles A. Briggs of Union Theological Seminary were open to using historical criticism to understand the Bible.

As 19th–century evangelicals embraced dispensational premillennialism and retreated from society in the face of mounting social problems caused by industrialization, urbanization and immigration, liberal Protestants embraced the Social Gospel, which worked for the "regeneration of society" rather than only the conversion of individuals.

The Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy of the 1920s widened the division between evangelical and non-evangelical Protestants as the two sides fought for control over the mainline denominations. The fundamentalists lost these battles for control to the modernists or liberals. Since the 1920s, mainline churches have been associated with liberal Protestantism.

Episcopalians and Presbyterian WASPs tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups in America, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, and for many years were especially dominant in the Republican Party. Numbers of the wealthiest and most affluent American families, such as the Vanderbilts and Astors, Rockefeller, who were Baptists, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Fords, Mellons, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Episcopalian and Presbyterian families.

Through the 1940s and 1950s, neo-orthodoxy had become the prevailing theological approach within the mainline churches. This neo-orthodox consensus, however, gave way to resurgent liberal theologies in the 1960s and to liberation theology during the 1970s.

Recent history
Mainline Protestants were a majority of Protestants in the United States until the mid-20th century. A dip in membership across all Christian denominations was more pronounced among mainline groups, with the result that mainline groups no longer comprise the majority. In 2020, Public Religion Research Institute conducted a religious census, based on self-identification, finding that an estimated 16% of U.S. Americans identified as non-Hispanic white mainline Protestants, slightly outnumbering non-Hispanic white evangelical Protestants who were 14% of the American population. In 2014, Pew Research completed and published the Religious Landscape Survey in which it was estimated that 14.7% of Americans identified as mainline Protestant, excluding historically Black and African American denominations, while 25.4% identified as evangelical Protestants, also excluding membership in historically Black denominations.

Mainline churches share an active approach to social issues that often leads to cooperation in organizations such as the National Council of Churches. Because of their involvement with the ecumenical movement, mainline churches are sometimes (especially outside the United States) given the alternative label of ecumenical Protestantism. These churches played a leading role in the Social Gospel movement and were active in social causes such as the civil rights movement and the women's movement. As a group, the mainline churches have maintained religious doctrine that stresses social justice and personal salvation. Members of mainline denominations have played leadership roles in politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They were involved in the founding of leading institutes of higher education. Marsden argues that in the 1950s, "Mainline Protestant leaders were part of the liberal-moderate cultural mainstream, and their leading spokespersons were respected participants in the national conversation."

Some mainline Protestant denominations have the highest proportion of graduate and post-graduate degrees of any other denomination in the United States. Some also include the highest proportion of those with some college education, such as the Episcopal Church (76%), the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) (64%), and the United Church of Christ (46%), as well as most of the American upper class. compared with the nationwide average of 50%. Episcopalians and Presbyterians also tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups, and they were disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of US business and law until the 1950s.

In the 1990s four of the US Supreme Court Justices were Mainline Protestants: Sandra Day O'Connor, John Paul Stevens, William Rehnquist and David Souter.

From 1854 until at least 1964, Mainline Protestants and their descendants were heavily Republican. In recent decades, Republicans slightly outnumber Democrats.

From 1965 to 1988, mainline church membership declined from 31 million to 25 million, then fell to 21 million in 2005. While in 1970 the mainline churches claimed most Protestants and more than 30 percent of the population as members, today they are a minority among Protestants; in 2009, only 15 percent of Americans were adherents. A Pew Forum statistic revealed the same share in 2014.

title: Mainline Protestant


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Jungle myna

The jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus) is a myna, a member of the starling family. It is found patchily distributed across much of the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent but absent in the arid zones of India. It is easily recognized by the tuft of feathers on its forehead that form a frontal crest, a feature also found in the closely related Javan myna and the pale-bellied myna which were treated as a subspecies in the past. The eyes are pale, yellow or blue depending on the population and the base of the orange-yellow bill is dark. It has also been introduced either intentionally or accidentally into many other parts of the world including Fiji, Taiwan, the Andaman Islands, and parts of Japan. The species has also spread out on its own to some islands in the Pacific.

Description
Jungle mynas are 23 cm long and have grey plumage, darker on the head and wings. The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage. A large white wing patches on the base of the primaries becomes conspicuous in flight, and the tail feathers are broadly tipped in white. There is a tuft of feathers on the forehead arising at the base of the bill. The bill and legs are bright yellow, and there is no bare skin around eye as in the common myna and the bank myna. The base of the beak is dark in adults with a shade of blue at the base of the lower mandible. The southern Indian population has a blue iris. The northeastern Indian populations have a smoky dark belly and vent. Juveniles are browner with a pale throat and along the median of the underside.

Abnormal leucistic plumages have been recorded. The calls of the jungle myna are higher pitched than those of the common myna. Foraging flocks make clipped cheeping contact calls.

The jungle myna is part of the Acridotheres clade which is thought to have speciated in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene Periods. Unlike the starlings in the genus Sturnus, they do not have well-developed adaptations including the musculature required for prying or open bill probing (which need muscles to open the beak apart forcefully). The nominate population A. f. fuscus was described from Bengal by Wagler as Pastor fuscus in 1827. It has a pale creamy vent. This population with a yellow iris extends south of the Brahmaputra into Burma and the Malay Peninsula. A. f. fumidus of eastern India, mainly east of the Brahmaputra in Assam and Nagaland (although movements are known), was described by Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1950, although he placed it as a subspecies of cristatellus based on the prevailing treatment of the time. It has a darker smoky grey vent and can appear similar to the syntopic great myna, but the latter is darker and does not have a pale iris.. The peninsular Indian population mahrattensis described by W.H. Sykes in 1832 is identifiable by the blue iris. The population in the Malay Peninsula, torquatus, was described by W.R. Davison in 1892. It has a white throat and a half-collar extending around the neck. The species has a diploid chromosome number of 74 (80 in the common myna).

Distribution and habitat
The jungle myna is a common resident breeder in tropical southern Asia from Nepal, Bangladesh, India. Subspecies fuscus is found across northern India west from Mount Abu, east to Puri in Orissa. It has also been introduced into the Andaman Islands and Fiji where it was introduced around 1890 to control insect pests in sugarcane. They have expanded on their own into some Pacific Islands such as Niuafo'ou where they are a threat to native bird species such as lories (Vini) with whom they compete especially for nest holes. In many parts of Asia, they are kept as pets and feral populations have established in many places such as in Taiwan. Breeding populations have established in Japan and Western Samoa. The population torquatus of Malaysia is on the decline and is possibly being outcompeted by Javan mynas with which it form hybrids.

This common passerine is typically found in forest and cultivation and often close to open water. They may disperse outside their range particularly after the breeding season.

Behaviour and ecology
Jungle mynas are omnivorous feed mainly on insects, fruit and seeds, for which they forage mainly on the ground often in the company of other myna species. They also take berries from low bushes such as Lantana and take nectar from large flowers borne on trees such as Erythrina (which they may also pollinate with their tuft feathers acting as brushes) and water collected in the flowers of introduced trees such Spathodea campanulata. They also perch on large grazing mammals, picking ectoparasites off their bodies, and capturing insects that may be disturbed into flight from vegetation. Flocks may also follow farmers in fields that are being ploughed. They also forage on kitchen waste in urban areas. They may take larger prey including small mice to feed their young. In Fiji, they have been noticed anting using a millipede.

The breeding season is in summer and before the rains, February to May in southern India and April to July in northern India. They are secondary cavity nesters, using both holes in trees and in man-made constructions such as walls, embankments, and in houses from 2 to 6 metres above the ground. As secondary tree hole nesters, they compete with other hole-nesters. They have also been recorded using the axils of fronds of palm trees in Malaysia. They sometimes use sloughed snake skins to line the inside of the nest hole. In the Himalayan foothills, they use dry pine needles to line the nest. The usual clutch consists of 4 to 6 turquoise blue eggs. Both sexes take part in nest building, incubation and feeding the young.

They roost communally along with other mynas, sometimes in sugarcane fields and reed beds.

Species of Haemoproteus are known from the blood of mynas and they have also been found to host Plasmodium circumflexum when artificially infected in the lab. Other parasites that have been found in the jungle myna include Dorisa aethiopsaris in the intestine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jungle myna


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Isigny-sur-Mer

Isigny-sur-Mer (, literally Isigny on Sea) is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France.

It is part of the communauté de communes Isigny-Omaha Intercom, the 59 communes of which have a combined population of 27,181.

Geography and economy
Situated in the fertile grassland region – known as the Baie des Veys – which constitutes the joint estuary of four rivers, Isigny is an important centre of the dairy industry. The town is famous for its AOC butter and cream, as well as for the production of Mimolette, Pont-l'Évêque, Camembert, and Trésor d'Isigny cheeses, among others, made by the Isigny Sainte-Mère co-operative. Oysters have been extensively cultivated in the nearby waters of the Baie des Veys since the mid 20th century. A major river, the Vire, passes through the commune.

History

The name of the town is proposed to have derived from Latin "Isiniacum", based on Germanic name "Iso" and Latin ending -iacum.

The town is well positioned and owes its significance to its industrial history. The industrialisation of milk processing began at the start of the 19th century: many factories were built, especially by the Dupont d'Isigny family, which then diversified and created the famous Isigny caramels. More recently, the co-operative Isigny dairy has dominated. Meanwhile, the agricultural fairs and markets have also contributed to Isigny's reputation.

The d'Isigny family traces back to before the Norman conquest of England, and William The Conqueror (1028–82) had military commanders named d'Isigny. In 1924, Isigny was renamed Isigny-sur-Mer.

The port was important in facilitating inshore navigation, allowing commercial and industrial activity to be developed and maintained (import of wood from the North; export coal from the mine at Littry and butter). Fishing was important until the end of the 1970s (mussel fishing and small vessels crewed by fishermen from the Hogues quarter). The famous "Caïeu d'Isigny" is a hymn to Isigny's sailors and fishermen, created in 1869 by Alfred Rossel (1841–1926).

Isigny was more than 60% destroyed by two bombardments on 8 June 1944 and has since been almost entirely rebuilt. Isigny played its part in the D-Day landings: Twenty small Dutch schuyts were employed by the Americans to bring stores and equipment inland from the larger cargo ships that were moored off-shore. Charles de Gaulle paid its inhabitants visits on 14 June 1944 and 16 June 1946.

The Disney surname is derived from the town. The earliest known ancestor of Walt Disney, with a similar name, was Jean-Christophe d'Isigny ("of Isigny"), the branch settled in what is today called Norton Disney in England.

On 1 January 2017, the commune was extended by being merged with the former communes of Castilly, Neuilly-la-Forêt, Les Oubeaux, and Vouilly. Until 2015, Isigny-sur-Mer was the seat of the canton of Isigny-sur-Mer, which included 24 communes and had a population of 9,935.

Economy
Isigny is famous for local products made from milk, such as butter and cream and caramels. Several agro-food companies manufacture these products, including Isigny-Sainte-Mère (butter and cream) and Dupont d'Isigny (caramels).

International relations
The commune is twinned with Weilerbach, 🇩🇪 Germany.

A twinning arrangement with Kingsbridge in Devon, England, ended in 2019 after 58 years.

title: Isigny-sur-Mer


text:
List of satirists and satires

This is an incomplete list of writers, cartoonists and others known for involvement in satire – humorous social criticism. They are grouped by era and listed by year of birth. Included is a list of modern satires.

Early satirical authors

 * Aesop (c. 620–560 BCE, Ancient Greece) – Aesop's Fables
 * Diogenes (c. 412–323 BCE, Ancient Greece)
 * Aristophanes (c. 448–380 BCE, Ancient Greece) – The Frogs, The Birds, and  The Clouds
 * Gaius Lucilius (c. 180–103 BCE, Roman Republic)
 * Horace (65–8 BCE, Roman Republic) – Satires
 * Ovid (43 BCE – 17 CE, Roman Republic/Roman Empire) – The Art of Love
 * Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Hispania/Rome) – Apocolocyntosis
 * Persius (34–62 CE, Roman Empire)
 * Petronius (c. 27–66 CE, Roman Empire) – Satyricon
 * Juvenal (1st to early 2nd cc. CE, Roman Empire) – Satires
 * Lucian (c. 120–180 CE, Roman Empire)
 * Apuleius (c. 123–180 CE, Roman Empire) – The Golden Ass
 * Various authors (9th century CE and later) – One Thousand and One Nights, أَلْفُ لَيْلَةٍ وَلَيْلَةٌ

Medieval, early modern and 18th-century satirists

 * Godfrey of Winchester (died 1107, England)
 * Ubayd Zakani (عبید زاکانی, died 1370, Persia) – Akhlaq al-Ashraf (Ethics of the Aristocracy)
 * Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375, Italy) – The Decameron
 * James Bramston (1694–1743, England) – satirical poet
 * Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400, England) – The Canterbury Tales
 * Sebastian Brant (also Brandt) (1458 – 1521, Strasbourg) – Das Narrenschiff (Ship of Fools)
 * Gil Vicente (c. 1465–1536, Portugal)
 * Erasmus (1466–1536, Burgundian Netherlands/Switzerland) – The Praise of Folly
 * François Rabelais (c. 1493–1553, France) – Gargantua and Pantagruel
 * Various authors (16th century CE and later, Italy) – Talking statues of Rome
 * Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616, Spain) – Don Quixote
 * Luis de Góngora (1561–1627, Spain)
 * William Shakespeare (1564–1616, England) – Sonnet 130
 * Francisco de Quevedo (1580–1645, Spain)
 * Juan de Tassis, 2nd Count of Villamediana (1582–1622, Spain)
 * Martin Marprelate (true identity unknown, fl. 1588–1589, England) – Marprelate tracts
 * Samuel Butler (1612–1680, England) – Hudibras
 * Molière (1622–1673, France) – Le Malade imaginaire
 * Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1623–1673, England)
 * John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1647–1680, England)
 * Jonathan Swift (1667–1745, Ireland/England) – Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Tale of a Tub
 * Alicia D'Anvers [née Clarke] (baptised 1668 – 1725, England) – Academia, or, The Humours of the University of Oxford, 1691; The Oxford-Act, 1693
 * John Gay (1685–1732, England) – The Beggar's Opera
 * Alexander Pope (1688–1744, England)
 * Voltaire (1694–1778, France) – Candide
 * James Bramston (1694–1744, England)
 * William Hogarth (1697–1764, England) – Beer Street and Gin Lane
 * Nicholas Amhurst (1697–1742, England)
 * David Raphael ben Abraham Polido
 * Henry Fielding (1707–1754, England)
 * Laurence Sterne (1713–1768, Ireland/England) – The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
 * James Beresford (1764–1840, England) – The Miseries of Human Life
 * Ivan Krylov (1769–1844, Russia)
 * Jane Austen (1775–1817, England) –
 * Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866, England) – Nightmare Abbey, Crochet Castle
 * Eaton Stannard Barrett (1786–1820, Ireland) – The Heroine
 * Charles Etienne Boniface (1787–1853, France/South Africa) – De Nieuwe Ridderorde of De Temperantisten (in Dutch, The New Knighthood or the Temperance Societies)
 * Giuseppe Gioachino Belli – (1791–1863, Italy)
 * Benjamin Franklin - (1706-1790, US) - Silence Dogood Letters, On Titles of Honor, The Busy-Body Letters, A Witch Trial at Mount Holly, Poor Richard's Almanack, Join, or Die, Felons and Rattlesnakes, The Speech of Polly Baker, On the Slave-Trade

Modern satirists (born 1800–1900)

 * Evan Bevan (1803–1866, Wales) – satirical poetry in Welsh
 * Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852, Russia) – The Government Inspector, Dead Souls
 * Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849, US) – The Man That Was Used Up, A Predicament, Never Bet the Devil Your Head
 * William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863, England) – Vanity Fair
 * Charles Dickens (1812–1870, England) – Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities
 * Eugène Edine Pottier (1816–1887, France)
 * James Russell Lowell (1819–1891, US) – A Fable for Critics
 * George Derby, also known as John P. Squibob and John Phoenix (1823–1861, US)
 * Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889, Russia)
 * Lewis Carroll (1832–1898, England) – Alice in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass
 * Samuel Butler (1835–1902, England) – Erewhon
 * Mark Twain (1835–1910, US) – Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
 * W. S. Gilbert (1836–1911, England)
 * Narushima Ryūhoku (成島柳北, 1837–1884, Japan)
 * Thomas Nast (1840–1902, US)
 * Ambrose Bierce (1842 – c. 1914, US) – The Devil's Dictionary
 * Anatole France (1844–1924, France)
 * José Maria de Eça de Queirós (1845–1900, Portugal)
 * Oscar Wilde (1854–1900, Ireland/England) – The Importance of Being Earnest
 * George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950, England)
 * Jerome K. Jerome (1859–1927, England) – Three Men in a Boat, Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow
 * Anton Chekhov (1860–1904, Russia) – The Lady with the Dog
 * O. Henry (1862–1910, US) short story writer known for surprise endings, namesake of the O. Henry Award
 * Jalil Mammadguluzadeh (1866–1931, Azerbaijan)
 * Lakshminath Bezbaroa (1868–1938, India, writing in Assamese)
 * Saki, also known as H. H. Munro (1870–1916, England)
 * Trilussa (1873–1950, Italy)
 * Alfred Jarry (1873–1907, France) – Ubu Roi
 * Radoje Domanović (1873–1908, Serbia)
 * Iraj Mirza (ایرج میرزا, 1874–1926, Iran)
 * Karl Kraus (1874–1936, Austria)
 * Will Rogers (1879–1935, US)
 * James Branch Cabell (1879–1958, US)
 * Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda (علی‌اکبر دهخدا, 1879–1959, Iran)
 * H. L. Mencken (1880–1956, US) – cultural critic and author
 * Arkady Averchenko (1881–1925, Russia)
 * P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975, England/US)
 * Wyndham Lewis (1882–1957, England)
 * Jaroslav Hašek (1883–1923, Austria-Hungary/Czechoslovakia) – The Good Soldier Švejk
 * Oscar Cesare (1885–1948, Sweden/US)
 * Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977, England) – Modern Times, The Great Dictator, Monsieur Verdoux
 * Kurt Tucholsky (1890–1935, Germany)
 * Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940, Russia/Soviet Union) – Heart of a Dog, The Master and Margarita
 * Dorothy Parker (1893–1967, US) satirical writer of humorous short stories, poetry and book reviews
 * Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930, Russia/Soviet Union)
 * Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) – Point Counter Point, Brave New World
 * James Thurber (1894-1961, US) – "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty"
 * Mikhail Zoshchenko (1894–1958, Soviet Union)
 * Josep Pla (1897–1981, Spain [ Catalonia])
 * Ilf and Petrov: Ilya Ilf (1897–1937, Soviet Union) and Yevgeni Petrov (1903–1942, Soviet Union) – The Twelve Chairs, The Little Golden Calf
 * Yury Olesha (1899–1960, Soviet Union) – Three Fat Men, Envy

Modern satirists (born 1900–1930)

 * Stella Gibbons (1902–1989, England) – author of comic novel Cold Comfort Farm
 * Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966, England) – Brideshead Revisited, Decline and Fall, Scoop
 * George Orwell (1903–1950, England) – Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty-Four
 * Malcolm Muggeridge (1903–1990, England)
 * Dr. Seuss (1904–1991, US) – The Lorax (1971), The Butter Battle Book (1984)
 * Kurt Kusenberg (1904–1983, Germany)
 * Daniil Kharms (1905–1942, Russia/USSR)
 * H. F. Ellis (1907–2000, England) – The Papers of A. J. Wentworth, B.A., 1949
 * Jean Effel (1908–1982, France) – cartoonist, author of the cartoon cycle The Creation of the World
 * Al Capp (1909–1979, US)
 * Arkady Raikin (1911–1987, Russia/USSR) – stand-up comedian
 * Aubrey Menen (1912–1989, Britain, India) – satirist, novelist and philosopher
 * Walt Kelly (1913–1973, US)
 * Anthony Burgess (1917–1993, England) – A Clockwork Orange
 * Warrington Colescott (1921–2018, US)
 * Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007, US) – Slaughterhouse-Five, Breakfast of Champions, Cat's Cradle
 * Lenny Bruce (1925–1966, US) – stand-up comedian
 * Joseph Heller (1923–1999, US) – Catch-22
 * Art Buchwald (1924–2007) – political humor column in The Washington Post
 * Terry Southern (1924–1995, US) – The Magic Christian, Dr. Strangelove
 * Günter Grass (1927–2015, Germany) – The Tin Drum, Cat and Mouse
 * Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999, US) – Dr. Strangelove
 * Harvey Kurtzman (1924–1993, US)
 * Tom Lehrer (born 1928, US) – That Was the Year That Was
 * Jules Feiffer (1929, US) – satirical cartoonist who wrote the original play and screenplay for Little Murders
 * Ray Bradbury (US)
 * William S. Burroughs (US) – Naked Lunch
 * Dario Fo (Italy)
 * Flannery O'Connor (US)
 * C. Northcote Parkinson (England)
 * Anna Russell (England/Canada)
 * Gore Vidal (US) – Myra Breckinridge
 * Mel Brooks (US) – The Producers, Blazing Saddles, Young Frankenstein
 * Erma Bombeck (1927, US)
 * Allan Sherman (1924–1973, US) – musician, parodist, television producer, voice actor
 * Stan Freberg (1926, US) – musician, parodist, voice actor
 * Brian O'Nolan (1911–1966, Ireland) – At Swim-Two-Birds (as Flann O'Brien)
 * Ephraim Kishon (1924, Israel)
 * Jerry Lewis (1926-2017) (US) – comedian, screenwriter, director

Contemporary satirists (born 1930–1960)

 * Mordecai Richler (1931–2001, Canada)
 * Tom Wolfe (born 1931, US) – The Bonfire of the Vanities
 * Vladimir Voinovich (born 1932, Soviet Union/Russia) – The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin, Moscow 2042
 * Robert Anton Wilson (1932–2007, US) – The Illuminatus! Trilogy
 * Barry Humphries (1934–2023, Australia) – My Gorgeous Life, The Life and Death of Sandy Stone, stage shows
 * Jonathan Miller (1934–2019, England)
 * Alan Bennett (born 1934, England)
 * Mykhailo Zhvanetskyi (born 1934, Soviet Union/Russia)
 * Dudley Moore (1935–2002, England)
 * David Lodge (born 1935, US) – author of "Campus Trilogy"
 * Woody Allen (born 1935, US)
 * Thomas Pynchon (born 1937, US) – V., The Crying of Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow
 * Richard Ingrams (born 1937, England)
 * John Kennedy O'Toole (born 1937, US)
 * George Carlin (1937–2008, US) – stand-up comedian
 * Peter Cook (1937–1995, England) – of the Satire boom, Beyond the Fringe
 * Eleanor Bron (born 1938, England)
 * David Frost (1939–2013, England)
 * Grigori Gorin (1940–2000, Soviet Union/Russia)
 * Frank Zappa (1940–1993, US) – We're Only in It for the Money, Cruising with Ruben and the Jets
 * Sergei Dovlatov (1941–1990, Soviet Union/Russia)
 * Kioumars Saberi Foumani (کیومرث صابری فومنی, 1941–2004, Iran)
 * Randy Newman (born 1943, US) - Sail Away, Good Old Boys
 * Neil Innes (1944–2019, England) – former Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band founder and member of The Rutles. Writer of satirical songs and books
 * Gennady Khazanov (born 1945, Soviet Union/Russia) – stand-up comedian
 * Luba Goy (born 1945, Canada)
 * Roger Abbott (born 1946, Canada) – sketch comedian.
 * Lewis Grizzard (born 1946, US)
 * Sue Townsend (1946–2014, England) – Adrian Mole
 * Don Ferguson (born 1946, Canada)
 * Jonathan Meades (born 1947, England) – writer, broadcaster and satirist
 * P.J. O'Rourke (1947-2022, US)
 * Terry Pratchett (1948–2015) – humorist and fantasy novelist, The Discworld book series
 * Lewis Black (born 1948, US) – stand-up comic, The Daily Show
 * Mikhail Zadornov (born 1948, Soviet Union/Russia)
 * Garry Trudeau (born 1948, US)
 * Jaafar Abbas (living, Sudan)
 * Christopher Guest (born 1948, US) – This Is Spinal Tap, Waiting for Guffman
 * Georg Schramm (born 1949, Germany) – Scheibenwischer, Neues aus der Anstalt, kabarett artist
 * Gary Larson (born 1950, US) – cartoonist
 * Fran Lebowitz (born 1950, US) – The Fran Lebowitz Reader, Public Speaking (film) – NYC public intellectual
 * Bailey White (born 1950, US)
 * Joe Queenan (born 1950, US)
 * Steve Bell (born 1951, England)
 * Bill Bryson (born 1951, US)
 * Al Franken (born 1951, US)
 * Douglas Adams (1952–2001, England) – The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 * Mary Walsh (born 1952, Canada)
 * Phil Hendrie (born 1952, US) – radio host of The Phil Hendrie Show
 * Robert Zubrin (born 1952, US)
 * Christopher Buckley (born 1952) – Thank You for Smoking, The White House Mess
 * Carl Hiaasen (born 1953) – Tourist Season, Double Whammy, Basket Case, Skinny Dip
 * Stoney Burke (born 1953, US)
 * Louis de Bernières (born 1954, UK) – Latin America Trilogy: The War of Don Emmanuel's Nether Parts, Señor Vivo and the Coca Lord, The Troublesome Offspring of Cardinal Guzman
 * Matt Groening (born 1954, US) – The Simpsons, Futurama
 * George C. Wolfe (born 1954, US) – The Colored Museum
 * Howard Stern (born 1954, US)
 * Jaspal Bhatti (1955–2012, India)
 * Cathy Jones (born 1955, Canada)
 * Bill Maher (born 1956, US) – Real Time with Bill Maher
 * Percival Everett (born 1956, US)
 * Ziad Rahbani (زياد الرحباني, born 1956, Lebanon)
 * David Sedaris (born 1956, US) – Naked, Me Talk Pretty One Day
 * Craig Brown (born 1957, UK)
 * Scott Adams (born 1957, US) – Dilbert
 * Stephen Fry (born 1957, England)
 * Christopher Moore (born 1957, US)
 * Victor Shenderovich (born 1958, Russia)
 * Ebrahim Nabavi (سید ابراهیم نبوی, born 1958, Iran), winner of Prince Claus Award (2005)
 * Bill Watterson (born 1958, US) – cartoonist, Calvin and Hobbes
 * Jello Biafra (born 1958, US)
 * George Saunders (born 1958, US) – author of CivilWarLand In Bad Decline, Tenth of December and Lincoln in the Bardo.
 * Wayne Federman (born 1959, US)
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic (born 1959, US)
 * Hugh Laurie (born 1959, England)
 * Jeffrey Morgan (living, Canada) – CREEM, Metro Times
 * Denis Leary (born 1957, US)

Contemporary satirists (born 1960–present)
In alphabetical order (many birth dates not known):
 * Jacob M. Appel (US, born 1973) – playwright (Causa Mortis, Arborophilia)
 * Michael "Atters" Attree (born 1965, UK)
 * Max Barry (born 1973, Australia) – author
 * Paul Beatty (born 1962, US) – (The White Boy Shuffle, The Sellout)
 * Nigel Blackwell (living, UK) – Half Man Half Biscuit
 * Jan Böhmermann (born 1981, Germany)
 * Charlie Brooker (born 1971, UK) – Nathan Barley
 * Bo Burnham (born 1990, US) – comedian and musician
 * Dave Chappelle (born 1973, US) – stand-up comedian, Chappelle's Show
 * David Cross (born 1964, US) – Mr. Show, Arrested Development
 * Sacha Baron Cohen (born 1971) – Borat, Da Ali G Show
 * Stephen Colbert (born 1964, US) – The Colbert Report, The Daily Show
 * Sarah Cooper (born 1977, US) – blogger, vlogger, author, comedian
 * Douglas Coupland (born 1961, Canada) – Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
 * Scott Dikkers (born 1965, US) – comedy writer and speaker
 * Bret Easton Ellis (born 1964, US) – screenwriter and director
 * Ricky Gervais (born 1961, UK) – comedian, creator of The Office (British TV series)
 * Sabina Guzzanti (born 1963, Italy) – satirist and writer
 * Bill Hicks (1961–1994, US) – stand-up comedian
 * Mishu Hilmy (living, US) – Good Morning Gitmo
 * Ian Hislop (born 1960, UK) – Private Eye
 * Jessica Holmes (born 1973, Canada) – comedian and actress
 * Armando Iannucci (born 1963, UK) – Brass Eye, The Day Today
 * Mike Judge (born 1962, US) – creator of Beavis and Butt-Head and King of the Hill
 * Elnathan John (born 1982, Nigeria) — Be(com)ing Nigerian: A Guide
 * Kennedy (born 1972, US) – radio personality and author
 * Hari Kondabolu (born 1982, US) – stand-up comic and film-maker
 * Erik Larsen (born 1962, US) – "Savage Dragon" comic book
 * Craig Lauzon (living, Canada) – comedian and caricaturist
 * Stewart Lee (born 1968, UK) – stand-up comedian and director
 * Victor Lewis-Smith (living, UK) – TV Offal
 * Chris Lilley (born 1974, Australia) – Summer Heights High, We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year
 * Daniele Luttazzi (born 1961, Italy) – satirist and songwriter
 * Maddox (born 1978, US) – website The Best Page in the Universe
 * Seth MacFarlane (born 1973, US) – Family Guy
 * Aaron McGruder (US) – The Boondocks (comic strip), The Boondocks (TV series)
 * Rick Mercer (born 1969, Canada) – Rick Mercer Report
 * Tim Minchin (born 1975, Australia) – comedian and musician
 * Mark Morford (living, US) – Notes and Errata, San Francisco Chronicle, SF Gate
 * Chris Morris (born 1965, UK) – Brass Eye, The Day Today
 * Gregory Motton (born 1961, UK) – playwright and author
 * The Moustache Brothers (Myanmar) – screwball comedy and dance
 * Bob Odenkirk (born 1962, US) – Mr. Show, Saturday Night Live, The Larry Sanders Show
 * John Oliver (born 1977, England) – Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
 * Chuck Palahniuk (born 1962, US) – Fight Club and Choke
 * Alan Park (born 1962, Canada) – comedian and satirist
 * Trey Parker (born 1969, US) – South Park, Team America: World Police, The Book of Mormon
 * Alexandra Petri (born 1988, US) – author and columnist
 * Mark A. Rayner (living, Canada) – satirist and fiction writer
 * Pablo Reyes Jr. (born 1989, US) – website The Daily Currant and Huzlers
 * Celia Rivenbark (living, US) – columnist and author
 * Joe Rogan (born 1967, US) – comedian and podcast pioneer
 * Eric Schwartz (living, US) – folk singer and satirist
 * Andrew Shaffer (living, US) – author
 * Amy Sedaris (born 1961, US) – actress and comedian
 * Sarah Silverman (born 1970, US) – stand-up comedian, The Sarah Silverman Program
 * Martin Sonneborn (born 1965, Germany) – political jokester and satirist
 * Jon Stewart (born 1962, US) – The Daily Show
 * Matt Stone (born 1971, US) – South Park, The Book of Mormon
 * Vermin Supreme (born 1961, US) – performance artist, comedian and political satirist
 * Greg Thomey (born 1961, Canada) – comedian and playwright
 * David Thorne (living, Australia) – humorist and satirist
 * Andrew Unger, (living, Canada) – Mennonite satirist
 * Jhonen Vasquez (born 1974, US) – Johnny the Homicidal Maniac, Squee
 * Oliver Welke (born 1966, Germany) - heute-show
 * Mark Whitney (born 1959, US) – satirist and comedian
 * Howard X, (living, Hong Kong, Australia) – political satirist, musician, professional impersonator of Kim Jong-un
 * Bassem Youssef (باسم رأفت محمد يوسف, born 1974, Egypt) – comedian
 * Rucka Rucka Ali (born 1987, Israel) – political satirist, song parody maker
 * Ramchandra Shukla (born 1981, India) – humorist and satirist.

Notable satires in contemporary popular culture
In modern culture, much satire is often the work of several individuals collectively, as in magazines and television. Hence the following list.

Print

 * Astérix (French comic strip, satirizing both the Roman Empire era as well as 20th century life)
 * Benchley (US comic strip created by Mort Drucker and Jerry Dumas, satirizing Ronald Reagan and American culture)
 * Bone (US comic strip)
 * The Boondocks (US comic strip, satirizing African-American culture)
 * Le Canard enchaîné (weekly French satirical newspaper)
 * Charlie Hebdo (weekly French satirical paper)
 * The Chaser (Australian newspaper and TV shows)
 * Cho Ramaswamy (Thuglak – Tamil magazine)
 * Craposyncrasies (Persian book)
 * Dilbert (US comic strip)
 * The Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge comics by Carl Barks
 * Doonesbury (US comic strip)
 * The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers (US comic strip)
 * Faux Faulkner contest (annually published in Hemispheres magazine until 2005)
 * Fritz the Cat by Robert Crumb
 * Humor Times (monthly US magazine)
 * Idées noires (Belgian comic strip)
 * Li'l Abner (US comic strip)
 * Life in Hell (US comic strip)
 * Mad (satirical comic book and magazine)
 * The Medium (weekly newspaper printed by students of Rutgers University)
 * Mr. Natural by Robert Crumb
 * Nero (Belgian comic strip)
 * The New Yorker (Shouts and Murmurs)
 * The Onion (US magazine)
 * Peanuts (US comic strip)
 * Pogo (US comic strip)
 * Private Eye (UK magazine)
 * The Inconsequential (UK magazine)
 * The Second Supper (US magazine)
 * The Tart (Fortnightly UK newspaper)
 * The Adventures of Tintin (Belgian comic strip)
 * Titanic (German magazine)
 * Tom Puss (Dutch comic strip)
 * Watchmen (American comic book series)

Television and radio

 * The Simpsons and Futurama (Matt Groening)
 * Howard Stern (radio personality "The Howard Stern Show")
 * The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (US Talk Show)
 * The Colbert Report (US Talk Show)
 * The Day Today (UK TV news parody by Chris Morris)
 * Brass Eye (UK current affairs TV-show parody by Chris Morris)
 * On the Hour (UK news radio parody by Chris Morris)
 * TV Offal (UK TV critique show by Victor Lewis-Smith)
 * This Hour Has 22 Minutes (Canadian TV show)
 * South Park (Trey Parker and Matt Stone)
 * The Chaser (Australian newspaper and TV shows)
 * Facelift (New Zealand Political show)
 * Spitting Image (UK TV show famous for its puppets of celebrities)
 * Yes Minister (also "Yes, Prime Minister" – UK TV show satirising government)
 * Kukly (Dolls, 1994–2002) – Russian satirical puppet show
 * Fitil (Fuse) – Soviet television satirical/comedy short film series
 * Nip/Tuck (Ryan Murphy)
 * Have I Got News For You – Long running UK TV panel show
 * Nathan Barley – 2005 UK TV satire by Chris Morris and Charlie Brooker.
 * The Chaser's War on Everything – Australian satire with an emphasis on attacking 'everyone'.
 * Seinfeld (Jerry Seinfeld)
 * Royal Canadian Air Farce (1993–2007) (Don Ferguson, Roger Abbott, Luba Goy)
 * Air Farce Live (2007–present) (Don Ferguson, Roger Abbott, Luba Goy)
 * Monty Python's Flying Circus
 * Phil Hendrie (radio personality "The Phil Hendrie Show")
 * Mock the Week – UK TV comedy panel show
 * The Larry Sanders Show – (Garry Shandling)
 * 30 Rock – (Tina Fey)
 * Glenn Martin, DDS – A Nick@Nite show
 * Episodes – David Crane
 * Better Off Ted – (Victor Fresco)
 * Onion News Network
 * The Boondocks – (Aaron McGruder)
 * heute-show (German TV series)
 * Servant of the People (2015 TV series) — Ukrainian political satire comedy TV series starring Volodymyr Zelensky
 * The Amazing World of Gumball – Ben Bocquelet
 * Family Guy – (Seth MacFarlane)
 * On Cinema at the Cinema – (Tim Heidecke), Gregg Turkington)
 * The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air – (Andy Borowitz and Susan Borowitz)

Music

 * The Cover of "Rolling Stone" a satirical lament by Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show.
 * "White America" is a satirical song by Eminem It is about his impact in rap and the impact of rap in the white communities.
 * "Mercedes Benz" is a McClure-Joplin song sung by Janis Joplin
 * Culturcide's album Tacky Souvenirs of Pre-Revolutionary America overdubbed new, satirical lyrics onto such pop hits as "We Are the World".
 * Vaporwave, a satirical music genre with anarcho-capitalist and cyberpunk overtones dedicated to (anti-)consumerism.
 * Mark Russell is an American political satirist known for his many appearances on PBS
 * Peter Gabriel's song The Barry Williams Show satirizes talk shows which showcase domestic topics of a taboo or shocking nature (and the viewing public's fascination with such content).
 * Chumbawamba have consistently used satire to make political points throughout their musical career.
 * Pink Floyd's albums Animals and The Dark Side of the Moon are conceptual and satirical albums.
 * The Lonely Island is a satirical music group known for their work on Saturday Night Live.
 * Trey Parker, Robert Lopez and Matt Stone's Tony-sweeping Broadway show The Book of Mormon (musical) satirizes the applicability of first-world religion to third-world problems.
 * The Dead Milkmen is a satirical punk rock/cowpunk band from the early 1980s.
 * Ben Folds, a rock pianist, and his group, Ben Folds Five, have multiple songs including satirical elements. Some of them being, "Underground", "Sports and Wine", and "Rock Star".
 * Dead Kennedys, an American punk band, often used satire in their songs, most notably Kill the Poor.
 * Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention's We're Only in It for the Money.

Film

 * Blazing Saddles, a 1974 comedy movie directed by Mel Brooks, satirizing racism
 * Casino Royale, a 1967 surrealistic satire on the James Bond series and the entire spy genre.
 * Get Out
 * This Is Spinal Tap, a satire on heavy metal culture and "rockumentaries"
 * The Very Same Munchhausen, a 1979 satire of the late Soviet society
 * Clueless
 * American Beauty, a 1999 satire of life in the suburbs
 * Thank You for Smoking
 * Team America: World Police is a 2004 film satirizing Hollywood action flicks as well as post-9/11 American foreign policy.
 * Wag the Dog
 * The Rules of Attraction
 * Best in Show
 * I Heart Huckabees
 * Starship Troopers
 * Scary Movie
 * Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie
 * Dr. Strangelove
 * Planet of the Apes
 * South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, a film satirizing censorship
 * Network
 * Otaku no Video, a 1993 anime satirizing the otaku subculture
 * Adaptation.
 * Brazil
 * S.O.B., a satire on Hollywood.
 * Election
 * Not Another Teen Movie, a satire of the teen film genre
 * Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle
 * Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay
 * Citizen Ruth
 * The Hospital
 * Weapons of Mass Distraction
 * Little Children
 * Bulworth
 * Man Bites Dog
 * The Simpsons Movie
 * Smile, a satire of beauty pageants and small-town life
 * Bob Roberts
 * War, Inc.
 * Britannia Hospital
 * Fight Club, a dark satire on consumerism, cults, and extremism
 * American Psycho
 * Tropic Thunder
 * Simon, satirical commentary on the effects of mass media in pop culture
 * American History X satirizes race/racism in a contemporary setting
 * They Live
 * Land of the Dead, a satire of post-9/11 America state and of the Bush administration
 * The Wicker Man, a satire on cults and religion
 * The Great Dictator, a satire on Adolf Hitler
 * Monty Python's Life of Brian, a satire on miscommunication, religion and Christianity
 * The Player, a satire of Hollywood, directed by Robert Altman
 * In the Loop, a satire of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Elvis Gratton, a French Canadian/Québécois series depicting a satirical federalist
 * Fubar
 * The Man Who Knew Too Little

Video games

 * Fallout
 * Fallout 2
 * Fallout 3
 * Fallout: New Vegas
 * Fallout 4
 * Dead Rising (デッドライジング), a satire on US consumer culture
 * Dead Rising 2: Off the Record (デッドライジング2 オフ・ザ・レコード), a satire on US consumer culture
 * Grand Theft Auto
 * Crash: Mind over Mutant

Internet

 * Adequacy.org
 * The Babylon Bee (Christian satire)
 * BBspot
 * The Best Page In The Universe
 * BuyTigers.com
 * Coconut Kelz (South African satirical video blogger)
 * The Daily Mash (U.K. satirical news website)
 * The Daily Bonnet (Mennonite satire website)
 * Faking News (Indian news satire website)
 * The Hard Times
 * Huzlers
 * Landover Baptist Church (US website satirizing Fundamentalist Christians)
 * Latma
 * McSweeney's Internet Tendency
 * The Montgonion
 * National Report
 * Jeremy Nell (South African cartoonist)
 * NewsBiscuit
 * The Onion
 * Pat Condell
 * Reductress
 * ScrappleFace
 * The Second Supper
 * The UnReal Times (Indian news satire website)
 * Uncyclopedia (satirical parody of Wikipedia)
 * Vote for the Worst

title: List of satirists and satires


text:
Les Isles-Bardel

Les Isles-Bardel is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. The commune is where the Baize joins the river Orne.

Geography
The commune of Les Isles-Bardel is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Les Isles-Bardel, La Courbe and La Bardellière.

The commune is where the river Baize feeds into the river Orne.

title: Les Isles-Bardel


text:
Janville

Janville is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 * Janville, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Janville, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Janville, Oise, in the Oise département
 * Janville-sur-Juine, in the Essonne département

title: Janville


text:
Raoul Walsh

Raoul Walsh (born Albert Edward Walsh; March 11, 1887 – December 31, 1980) was an American film director, actor, founding member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), and the brother of silent screen actor George Walsh. He was known for portraying John Wilkes Booth in the silent film The Birth of a Nation (1915) and for directing such films as the widescreen epic The Big Trail (1930) starring John Wayne in his first leading role, The Roaring Twenties starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart, High Sierra (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and White Heat (1949) starring James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien. He directed his last film in 1964. His work has been noted as influences on directors such as Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Jack Hill, and Martin Scorsese.

Biography
Walsh was born in New York as Albert Edward Walsh to Elizabeth T. Bruff, the daughter of Irish Catholic immigrants, and Thomas W. Walsh, an Englishman. Walsh was part of Omega Gamma Delta in high school, as was his younger brother. Growing up in New York, Walsh was also a friend of the Barrymore family. John Barrymore recalled spending time reading in the Walsh family library as a youth. Later in life, Walsh lived in Palm Springs, California. He was buried at Assumption Cemetery Simi Valley, Ventura County, California.

Film career
Walsh was educated at Seton Hall College. He began acting in 1909, first as a stage actor in New York City and later as a film actor. In 1913 he changed his name to Raoul Walsh. In 1914 he became an assistant to D. W. Griffith and made his first full-length feature film as an actor, The Life of General Villa, shot on location in Mexico with Pancho Villa playing the lead, and with actual ongoing battles filmed in progress as well as battle recreations. Walsh played Villa as a younger man. Walsh played John Wilkes Booth in Griffith's epic The Birth of a Nation (1915) and also served as an assistant director. This movie was followed by the critically acclaimed Regeneration in 1915, the earliest feature gangster film, shot on location in Manhattan's Bowery district.

Walsh served as an officer in the United States Army during World War I. He later directed The Thief of Bagdad (1924), starring Douglas Fairbanks and Anna May Wong, and Laurence Stallings' What Price Glory? (1926), starring Victor McLaglen and Dolores del Río.

In Sadie Thompson (1928), starring Gloria Swanson as a prostitute seeking a new life in Samoa, Walsh starred as Swanson's boyfriend in his first acting role since 1915; he also directed the film. He was then hired to direct and star in In Old Arizona, a film about O. Henry's character the Cisco Kid. While on location for that film Walsh was in a car crash when a jackrabbit jumped through the windshield as he was driving through the desert; he lost his right eye as a result. He gave up the part and never acted again. Warner Baxter won an Oscar for the role Walsh was originally slated to play. Walsh would wear an eyepatch for the rest of his life. In the early days of sound with Fox, Walsh directed the first widescreen spectacle, The Big Trail (1930), an epic wagon train western shot on location, across the West. The movie starred John Wayne, then unknown, whom Walsh discovered as prop man named Marion Morrison, and he was renamed after the Revolutionary War general Mad Anthony Wayne; Walsh happened to be reading a book about him at the time. Walsh directed The Bowery (1933), featuring Wallace Beery, George Raft, Fay Wray and Pert Kelton; the energetic movie recounts the story of Steve Brodie (Raft), supposedly the first man to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge and live to brag about it.

An undistinguished period followed with Paramount Pictures from 1935 to 1939, but Walsh's career rose to new heights after he moved to Warner Brothers, with The Roaring Twenties (1939), featuring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart; Dark Command (1940), with John Wayne and Roy Rogers (at Republic Pictures); They Drive By Night (1940), with George Raft, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino and Bogart; High Sierra (1941), with Lupino and Bogart again; They Died with Their Boots On (1941), with Errol Flynn as Custer; The Strawberry Blonde (1941), with Cagney and Olivia de Havilland; Manpower (1941), with Edward G. Robinson, Marlene Dietrich and George Raft; and White Heat (1949), with Cagney. Walsh's contract at Warners expired in 1953.

He directed several films afterwards, including three with Clark Gable: The Tall Men (1955), The King and Four Queens (1956) and Band of Angels (1957). Walsh retired in 1964. He died of a heart attack in 1980.

Outside interests
Raoul Walsh was a breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses. For a time, his brother George Walsh trained his stable of horses. Their horse Sunset Trail competed in the 1937 Kentucky Derby won by War Admiral who went on to win the U.S. Triple Crown. Sunset Trail finished sixteenth in a field of twenty runners.

Some of Walsh's film-related material and personal papers are contained in the Wesleyan University Cinema Archives.

Selected filmography
• The Pseudo Prodigal (1913 short, director, directorial debut)

• The Mystery of the Hindu Image (1914, director, uncredited)

• The Banker's Daughter (1914)

• The Great Leap; Until Death Do Us Part (1914)

• The Dishonored Medal (1914) – The Adopted Son

• The Life of General Villa (1914) – Villa as a young man

• The Old Fisherman's Story (1914) - Ben

• The Birth of a Nation (1915) – John Wilkes Booth (uncredited)

• Regeneration (1915, director)

• Carmen (1915, director)

• The Outlaw's Revenge (1915) – The outlaw

• Blue Blood and Red (1916, director)

• The Silent Lie (1917, a.k.a. Camille of the Yukon, director)

• Betrayed (1917, director)

• The Conqueror (1917, director)

• The Innocent Sinner (1917, director)

• The Honor System (1917, director)

• On the Jump (1918, director)

• The Woman and the Law (1918, director)

• The Prussian Cur (1918, director)

• Evangeline (1919, director, with his wife Miriam Cooper)

• The Strongest (1920, director)

• The Deep Purple (1920, director)

• The Oath (1921, director)

• Kindred of the Dust (1922, director)

• The Thief of Bagdad (1924, director, produced by and starring Douglas Fairbanks)

• The Wanderer (1925, director)

• What Price Glory (1926, director, his most successful silent movie)

• The Lucky Lady (1926, director)

• The Loves of Carmen (1927, director)

• The Monkey Talks (1927, director)

• Sadie Thompson (1928, director)

• The Red Dance (1928, director)

• Me, Gangster (1928, director, debut of Don Terry)

• The Cock-Eyed World (1929, director)

• The Big Trail (1930, director, with John Wayne in his first leading role)

• The Man Who Came Back (1931, director)

• Women of All Nations (1931, director)

• The Yellow Ticket (1931, director)

• Wild Girl (1932, director)

• Me and My Gal (1932, director)

• Sailor's Luck (1933, director)

• The Bowery (1933, director)

• Big Brown Eyes (1936, director)

• Klondike Annie (1936, director)

• O.H.M.S. (1937, director)

• Jump for Glory (1937, director)

• St. Louis Blues (1939, director)

• The Roaring Twenties (1939, director)

• Dark Command (1940, director)

• They Drive by Night (1940, director)

• High Sierra (1941, director)

• The Strawberry Blonde (1941, director)

• They Died with Their Boots On (1941, director)

• Manpower (1941, director)

• Desperate Journey (1942, director)

• Gentleman Jim (1942, director)

• Background to Danger (1943, director)

• Action in the North Atlantic (1943, director, uncredited)

• Uncertain Glory (1944, director)

• Objective, Burma! (1945, director)

• The Man I Love (1947, director)

• Pursued (1947, director)

• Cheyenne (1947, director)

• Silver River (1948, director)

• Fighter Squadron (1948, director)

• White Heat (1949, director)

• Colorado Territory (1949, director)

• The Enforcer (1951, director, uncredited)

• Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951, director)

• Along the Great Divide (1951, director)

• Distant Drums (1951, director)

• Blackbeard the Pirate (1952, director)

• The World in His Arms (1952, director)

• Gun Fury (1953, director)

• A Lion Is in the Streets (1953, director)

• The Lawless Breed (1953, director)

• Sea Devils (1953, director)

• Saskatchewan (1954, director)

• Battle Cry (1955, director)

• The Tall Men (1955, director)

• The Revolt of Mamie Stover (1956, director)

• The King and Four Queens (1956, director)

• Band of Angels (1957, director)

• The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw (1958, director)

• The Naked and the Dead (1958, director)

• Esther and the King (1960, director)

• Marines, Let's Go (1961, director)

• A Distant Trumpet (1964, director)

Miscellaneous

 * The Conqueror (writer, 1917)
 * The Big Trail (story contributor, uncredited, 1930)
 * Captain Horatio Hornblower R.N. (producer, uncredited, 1951)
 * The Lawless Breed (producer, uncredited, 1953)
 * Esther and the King (screenplay, 1960)
 * The Men Who Made the Movies: Raoul Walsh (TV documentary)
 * Himself (1973)

title: Raoul Walsh


text:
Earl of Sunderland

Earl of Sunderland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England. The first creation came in 1627 in favour of Emanuel Scrope, 11th Baron Scrope of Bolton. The earldom became extinct on his death in 1630 while the barony became either extinct or dormant (see Baron Scrope of Bolton for more information on this title). The second creation came in 1643 in favour of the Royalist soldier Henry Spencer, 3rd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton. The Spencer family descended from Sir John Spencer (d. 1522) who acquired the Wormleighton estate in Warwickshire and the Althorp estate in Northamptonshire. His grandson Sir John Spencer (d. 1586) was a Knight of the Shire for Northamptonshire. The latter's grandson Sir Robert Spencer represented Brackley in Parliament in the late 16th century. In 1603 Sir Robert was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Spencer of Wormleighton. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, William, the second Baron. He had previously represented Northamptonshire in Parliament. His eldest son was the aforementioned third Baron. In July 1643 he was created Earl of Sunderland in the Peerage of England. Lord Sunderland was killed at the Battle of Newbury in September of the same year. He was succeeded by his two-year-old only son, Robert, the second Earl. He later gained great distinction as a statesman and notably served four times as Secretary of State for the Southern Department.

His eldest surviving son, Charles, the third Earl, also gained prominence as a statesman. He was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Privy Seal, Secretary of State for both the Northern and Southern Departments, Lord President of the Council and First Lord of the Treasury. However, his political career was ruined by the South Sea Bubble of 1720. Lord Sunderland married as his second wife Lady Anne Churchill, second daughter of the distinguished soldier John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Sarah Jennings. The dukedom of Marlborough was allowed to descend to the Duke's daughters and their sons after a special Act of Parliament was passed in 1716. Sunderland was succeeded by his eldest surviving son by his second wife, Robert, the fourth Earl. He died unmarried in 1729 at the age of 27 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles, the fifth Earl. In 1733 he succeeded his maternal aunt Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough as third Duke of Marlborough. The barony of Spencer of Wormleighton and earldom of Sunderland have remained subsidiary titles of the dukedom ever since. Earl of Sunderland has been used as the courtesy title by the Duke's grandson.

John Spencer, fourth son of the third Earl of Sunderland by his second wife, succeeded to the family estates in Northamptonshire in 1733 after his elder brother inherited the dukedom of Marlborough. His son John was created Earl Spencer in 1765. Robert Spencer, second son of the second Baron, was created Viscount Teviot in 1685.

Earls of Sunderland; First creation (1627)

 * Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland (d. 1630)

Barons Spencer of Wormleighton (1603)

 * Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (1570–1627)
 * John Spencer (1590–1610)
 * William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (1592–1636)
 * Henry Spencer, 3rd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton (1620–1643) (created Earl of Sunderland in 1643)

Earls of Sunderland; Second creation (1643)

 * Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (1620–1643)
 * Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland (1640–1702)
 * Robert Spencer, Lord Spencer (1666–1688)
 * Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland (1675–1722)
 * Robert Spencer (1700–1701)
 * Robert Spencer, 4th Earl of Sunderland (1701–1729)
 * Charles Spencer, 5th Earl of Sunderland (1706–1758) (succeeded as Duke of Marlborough in 1733)

For further succession, see Duke of Marlborough (title).

title: Earl of Sunderland


text:
Janville, Calvados

Janville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Janville, Calvados


text:
Jort

Jort is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Jort


text:
Jurques

Jurques is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Dialan sur Chaîne.

title: Jurques


text:
Talk:Jodie Sweetin

Please add movie
Jodie will be in Finding Santa in November 2017 as Jessica in Hallmark movie http://www.hallmarkchannel.com/christmas/2017-holiday-movies-preview/10. 68.231.27.254 (talk) 05:52, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added. However, didn't state her role, as the source provided doesn't directly state "Jessica" as Sweetin's role - it is in the film's description at Hallmark Channel, but we'll need another reliable source to connect the dots to avoid WP:OR. MPFitz1968 (talk) 07:24, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 6 March 2018
Jodie sweetin number (redacted) 2600:8805:5A01:DA70:9546:9833:8538:17D (talk) 19:58, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. qwerty6811 :-) Chat Ping me 20:57, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

"Recovered" or "recovering"
I've seen several edits in recent weeks in the Substance abuse section, like this one, changing it from "Sweetin is a recovered drug addict" to "Sweetin is a recovering drug addict". I'm reverting it each time, as "recovering" doesn't appear to be the right word, from what I'm reading from one of the cited references here. In the ABC News article, from 2006 (, found at the end of the third sentence, which ends in "bored"), it reads Sweetin has been clean and sober since March of last year [2005] and now wants to get back into acting. I can't say 100% that this means "recovered", but it's even less likely that it means "recovering". MPFitz1968 (talk) 08:56, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The theory goes that you're never a "recovered" addict, you're always "in recovery"... The issue here is that the source actually uses neither word, so I'm thinking to avoid issues like "recovered" vs. "recovering" we should actually reword that to avoid use of the word as the source doesn't use it. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 13:26, 5 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I have decided to remove the sentence in dispute altogether. It could be seen as like a paragraph's topic sentence, which generally expresses an opinion, with the other sentences in the paragraph supporting that sentence with facts. I'm not sure whether sentences of this nature are encyclopedic, and at this point, I think that just removal of the sentence is sufficient for now, but if others want to chime in as to how to improve the Substance abuse section, please do. MPFitz1968 (talk) 22:34, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Name changes
Name changes must be well sourced. Specifically it is not automatic on marriage, particularly for people with a notable career in their original name. Also if it does change, the source must be clear on what it was changed to, there are a lot of options. Geraldo Perez (talk) 15:56, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jodie Sweetin


text:
User:Miforbes

Hi! I am Michael Forbes, currently a student at MIT.

I have contributed to the Inscribed_angle article, adding the explanation for the third case.

My homepage is http://www.mit.edu/~miforbes/

title: User:Miforbes


text:
Juvigny-sur-Seulles

Juvigny-sur-Seulles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Juvigny-sur-Seulles


text:
Laize-la-Ville

Laize-la-Ville is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Laize-Clinchamps.

title: Laize-la-Ville


text:
Continuously variable slope delta modulation

Continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD or CVSDM) is a voice coding method. It is a delta modulation with variable step size (i.e., special case of adaptive delta modulation), first proposed by Greefkes and Riemens in 1970.

CVSD encodes at 1 bit per sample, so that audio sampled at 16 kHz is encoded at 16 kbit/s.

The encoder maintains a reference sample and a step size. Each input sample is compared to the reference sample. If the input sample is larger, the encoder emits a 1 bit and adds the step size to the reference sample. If the input sample is smaller, the encoder emits a 0 bit and subtracts the step size from the reference sample. The encoder also keeps the previous N bits of output (N = 3 or N = 4 are very common) to determine adjustments to the step size; if the previous N bits are all 1s or 0s, the step size is increased. Otherwise, the step size is decreased (usually in an exponential manner, with $$\tau$$ being in the range of 5 ms). The step size is adjusted for every input sample processed.

To allow for bit errors to fade out and to allow (re)synchronization to an ongoing bitstream, the output register (which keeps the reference sample) is normally realized as a leaky integrator with a time constant ($$\tau$$) of about 1 ms.

The decoder reverses this process, starting with the reference sample, and adding or subtracting the step size according to the bit stream. The sequence of adjusted reference samples are the reconstructed waveform, and the step size is adjusted according to the same all-1s-or-0s logic as in the encoder.

Adaptation of step size allows one to avoid slope overload (step of quantization increases when the signal rapidly changes) and decreases granular noise when the signal is constant (decrease of step of quantisation).

CVSD is sometimes called a compromise between simplicity, low bitrate, and quality. Common bitrates are 9.6–128 kbit/s.

Like other delta-modulation techniques, the output of the decoder does not exactly match the original input to the encoder.

Applications
12 kbit/s CVSD is used by Motorola's SECURENET line of digitally encrypted two-way radio products.

16 and 32 kbit/s CVSD were used by military TRI-TAC digital telephones (DNVT, DSVT) for use in deployed areas to provide voice recognition quality audio. 16 kbit/s rates were typically used by US Army forces to conserve bandwidth over tactical links. 32 kbit/s rates were typically used by US Air Force forces for improved voice quality.

64 kbit/s CVSD is one of the options to encode voice signals in telephony-related Bluetooth service profiles; e.g., between mobile phones and wireless headsets. The other options are PCM with logarithmic a-law or μ-law quantization, as well as mSBC codec featuring 16 kHz sample rate and best quality.

Numerous arcade games, such as Sinistar and Smash TV, and pinball machines, such as Gorgar or Space Shuttle, play pre-recorded speech through an HC-55516 CVSD decoder.

SBS application 24 kbit/s delta modulation
Delta modulation was used by Satellite Business Systems or SBS for its voice ports to provide long-distance phone service to large domestic corporations with a significant inter-corporation communications need (such as IBM). This system was in service throughout the 1980s. The voice ports used digitally implemented 24 kbit/s delta modulation with voice activity compression (VAC) and echo suppressors to control the half second echo path through the satellite. Listening tests were conducted to verify that the 24 kbit/s Delta Modulator achieved "full voice quality" with no discernible degradation as compared to a high quality phone line or the standard 64 kbit/s μ-law companded PCM. This provided an 8:3 improvement in satellite channel capacity. IBM developed the Satellite Communications Controller and the voice port functions.

The original proposal in 1974 used a state-of-the-art 24 kbit/s Delta Modulator with a single integrator and a Shindler compander modified for gain error recovery. This proved to have less than full phone line speech quality. In 1977, one engineer with two assistants in the IBM Research Triangle Park, NC laboratory was assigned to improve the quality.

The final implementation replaced the integrator with a predictor implemented with a two-pole complex-pair low-pass filter designed to approximate the long-term average speech spectrum. The theory was that ideally the integrator should be a predictor designed to match the signal spectrum. A nearly perfect Shindler compander replaced the modified version. It was found the modified compander resulted in a less than perfect step size at most signal levels and the fast gain error recovery increased the noise as determined by actual listening tests as compared to simple signal to noise measurements. The final compander achieved a very mild gain error recovery due to the natural truncation rounding error caused by 12-bit arithmetic.

The complete function of delta modulation, VAC, and echo control for 6 ports was implemented in a single digital integrated circuit chip with 12-bit arithmetic. A single DAC was shared by all 6 ports providing voltage compare functions for the modulators and feeding sample and hold circuits for the demodulator outputs. A single card held the chip, DAC, and all the analog circuits for the phone line interface including transformers.


text:
Talk:Batman (military)

Comments
Why is a Batman called a Batman? Jdavidb 18:06, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's French: "bât" means "pack" (as in saddle-pack), so a "Batman" is someone who looks after an officer's luggage ~ Mmartins 16:43, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Are these still common practice in the british armed forces?
 * No. -- Necrothesp 14:40, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Errr... Yes brigadiers have one, at least when in charge of a brigade, I've met some. I don't know about further up in the ranks though.94.172.135.224 (talk) 15:00, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Batting staff for most RAF officers (up to the rank of Wing Commander) resident in messes were disestablished during the early 1990s, by which time time they were mostly civilian employees. Station Commanders (usually Group Captains or Air Commodores) and senior Air rank officers still usually have a batman(woman) if they require one. 21st CENTURY  GREENSTUFF 19:25, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

In popular culture
Any comments? Yes, no, revert? The section is currently uncited (though some items are reasonably self-sourcing), and WP:TRIVIA would seem to apply. - 2/0 (cont.) 06:09, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
 * They're simply not important. The notion of "self-citing" may be sufficient for the articles about the characters mentioned, but that does not make them significant to the overall position of batman. There have no doubt been many people who have filled this position, and forcing a long fictional list distract from the focus of the article. Mintrick (talk) 13:32, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Should probably have disambiguation notice
How does this entry not start with a disambiguation notice? I would add one myself, but I don't know how. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.121.6.113 (talk) 00:31, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

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US Enlisted Aides
In the US Army, aides can be either officers or enlisted, although officers are by far more commonly seen. The enlisted aide program was alive and well in 2017. Get more info at https://www.army.mil/article/192259/enlisted_aide_program_offers_career_broadening_experience_for_ncos

When I was attached to the German Army as a young officer in the early 1980s, a German soldier was assigned to sign for my bedding, arrange my accommodations, and clean my rifle and field gear. I objected to the latter, but ended up having to do it because I didn't have time to do it myself. The also had an orderly in a white jacket in the dining facility to bring us food and clear away the dishes. CsikosLo (talk) 18:19, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batman (military)


text:
Landelles-et-Coupigny

Landelles-et-Coupigny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Landelles-et-Coupigny


text:
Juaye-Mondaye

Juaye-Mondaye is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is most notable for its abbey.

title: Juaye-Mondaye


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European Communities Act 1972

European Communities Act 1972 can refer to:
 * European Communities Act 1972 (UK) which was repealed in 2020 consequential to Brexit
 * European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland)

title: European Communities Act 1972


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Morus alba

Morus alba, known as white mulberry, common mulberry and silkworm mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m tall. It is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be more than 250 years old. The species is native to China and India and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (including United States, Mexico, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, and many others).

The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at greater than half the speed of sound. Its berries are edible when ripe.

Description
On young, vigorous shoots, the leaves may be up to 30 cm long, and deeply and intricately lobed, with the lobes rounded. On older trees, the leaves are generally 5-15 cm long, unlobed, cordate at the base and rounded to acuminate at the tip, and serrated on the margins. Generally, the trees are deciduous in temperate regions, but trees grown in tropical regions may be evergreen.

The flowers are single-sex catkins; male catkins are 2-3.5 cm long, and female catkins 1-2 cm long. Male and female flowers are usually found on separate trees although they may occur on the same tree. The fruit is 1-1.5 cm long. In the wild it is deep purple, but in many cultivated plants it varies from white to pink. It is sweet but bland, unlike the more intense flavor of the red mulberry and black mulberry. The seeds are widely dispersed in the droppings of birds that eat the fruit.

The white mulberry is scientifically notable for the rapid plant movement involved in pollen release from its catkins. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 μs. The resulting movement is approximately 380 mph, about half the speed of sound, making it the fastest known movement in the plant kingdom.

Taxonomy
Two varieties of Morus alba are recognized:
 * Morus alba var. alba
 * Morus alba var. multicaulis

Cultivation
Cultivation of white mulberry to nourish silkworms began more than 4,700 years ago in China and has since been introduced in other countries. The Ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated the mulberry for silkworms. At least as early as 220 AD, Emperor Elagabalus wore a silk robe. It was introduced into other parts of Europe in the twelfth century and into Latin America after the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century. In 2002, 6,260 km2 of land were devoted to the species in China.

It has been grown widely from the Indian subcontinent west through Afghanistan and Iran to southern Europe for more than a thousand years for leaves to feed silkworms.

More recently, it has become widely naturalized in disturbed areas such as roadsides and the edges of tree lots, along with urban areas in much of North America, where it hybridizes readily with the locally native red mulberry (Morus rubra). There is now serious concern for the long-term genetic viability of the red mulberry because of extensive hybridization in some areas.

The species is now extensively planted and widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate world and in subarctic regions as well, and would survive in elevations as high as 4000 m. They thrive in mildly acidic, well drained, sandy loam and clayey loam soils, though they can withstand poor soils as well.

Toxicity
Tests on laboratory rats have not found mulberry extract to present significant toxicity.

According to a coroner's report, Lori McClintock, wife of US politician Tom McClintock, died in December 2021 from dehydration due to gastroenteritis caused by "adverse effects of white mulberry leaf ingestion"; the leaf is used as a dietary supplement or herbal remedy for weight loss and diabetes.

Uses

White mulberry leaves are the preferred feedstock for silkworms, and are also cut for food for livestock (cattle, goats, etc.) in areas where dry seasons restrict the availability of ground vegetation.

The leaves are prepared as tea in Korea. The fruit are also eaten, often dried or made into wine.

For landscaping, a fruitless mulberry was developed from a clone for use in the production of silk in the U.S. The industry never materialized, but the mulberry variety is now used as an ornamental tree where shade is desired without the fruit.

White mulberry, Morus alba 'Pendula', is used as an ornamental plant. It was planted at several grand stations built along the Lackawanna Railroad in New Jersey during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The species is a lawn tree across the desert cities of the southwestern United States, prized for its shade and also for its cylindrical berry clusters composed of sweet, purplish-white fruits. The plant's pollen is problematic in some cities where it has been blamed for an increase in hay fever.

title: Morus alba


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Landes-sur-Ajon

Landes-sur-Ajon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Landes-sur-Ajon


text: User talk:80.201.198.9

title: User talk:80.201.198.9