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Mac OS X Tiger

Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4) is the 5th major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005 for US$129.95 as the successor to Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. Included features were a fast searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new 'Unified' theme, and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power Mac G5s. Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger also had a number of additional features that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance, such as fast file search and improved graphics processing.

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was included with all new Macs, and was also available as an upgrade for existing Mac OS X users, or users of supported pre-Mac OS X systems. The server edition, Mac OS X Server 10.4, was also available for some Macintosh product lines. Six weeks after the official release, Apple had delivered 2 million copies of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger, representing 16% of all Mac OS X users. Apple claimed that Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was the most successful Apple OS release in the company's history. At the WWDC on June 11, 2007, Apple's CEO, Steve Jobs, announced that out of the 22 million Mac OS X users, more than 67% were using Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

Apple announced a transition to Intel x86 processors during Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger's lifetime, making it the first Apple operating system to work on Apple–Intel architecture machines. The original Apple TV, released in March of 2007, shipped with a customized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger branded "Apple TV OS" that replaced the usual GUI with an updated version of Front Row.

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was succeeded by Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard on October 26, 2007, after 30 months, making Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger the longest-running version of Mac OS X. The last security update released for Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger users was the 2009-005 update. The latest supported version of QuickTime is 7.6.4. The latest version of iTunes that can run on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is 9.2.1. Safari 4.1.3 is the final version for Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

Despite not having received security updates since 2009, Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger remains popular with Power Mac users and retrocomputing enthusiasts due to its wide software and hardware compatibility, as it is the last Mac OS X version to support the Classic Environment – a Mac OS 9 compatibility layer – and PowerPC G3 processors.

System requirements
Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was initially available in a PowerPC edition, with an Intel edition released beginning at Mac OS X 10.4.4 Tiger. There is no universal version of the client operating system, although Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Server was made available on a universal DVD from version Mac OS X 10.4.7 Tiger. While Apple shipped the PowerPC edition bundled with PowerPC-based Macs and also sold it as a separate retail box, the only way to obtain the Intel version was to buy an Intel-based Mac bundled with it. However, it was possible to buy the 'restore' DVDs containing the Intel version through unofficial channels such as eBay, and officially through Apple if one could provide proof of purchase of the appropriate Intel Mac. These grey-colored 'restore' DVDs supplied with new Macs, are designed to only restore on the model of Mac that they are intended for. However, they can be modified to work on any Intel Mac. The retail PowerPC-only DVD can be used on any PowerPC-based Mac supported by Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

The system requirements of the PowerPC edition are:

 * Macintosh computer with a PowerPC G3, G4 or G5 family processor
 * Built-in FireWire
 * DVD drive for installation
 * 256MB of RAM
 * 3GB of available hard disk space (4GB if the user installs the developer tools)

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger removed support for older New World ROM Macs such as the original iMacs and iBooks that were supported in Mac OS X 10.3 Panther; however it is possible to install Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger on these Macs using third-party software (such as XPostFacto) that overrides the checks made at the beginning of the installation process. Likewise, machines such as beige Power Mac G3s and 'Wall Street' PowerBook G3s that were dropped by Mac OS X Panther can also be made to run both Mac OS X Panther and Mac OS X Tiger in this way. Also, Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger can be installed on unsupported New World ROM Macs by installing it on a supported Mac, then swapping hard drives. Old World ROM Macs require the use of XPostFacto to install Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.

Mac OS X Tiger was the last version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC G3 family of processors.

History
The name "Mac OS X Tiger" was reported by Mac Magazine on March 30, 2004; According to Mac Magazine, this information came from a safe source. Furthermore, Mac Magazine reported that the internal codename for Mac OS X Tiger had been "Merlot".

Apple mentioned Mac OS X Tiger by name in a press release published on May 4, 2004 for its upcoming WWDC 2004 event.

Apple CEO Steve Jobs first presented Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger in his keynote presentation at the WWDC on June 28, 2004. In October and December of 2004, several non-commercial developers' releases of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger leaked onto the internet via BitTorrent file sharers. Apple sued these file sharers. On April 12, 2005, Apple announced Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger's official, worldwide release would be April 29. All Apple Stores around the world held Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger seminars, presentations and demos.

On June 6, 2005 at the WWDC in San Francisco, Jobs reported that nearly two million copies had been sold in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger's first six weeks of release, making Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger the most successful operating system release in Apple's history. Jobs then disclosed that Mac OS X had been engineered from its inception to work with Intel's x86 line of processors in addition to the PowerPC, the CPU for which the operating system had always been publicly marketed. Apple concurrently announced its intent to release the first x86-based computers in June 2006, and to move the rest of its computers to x86 microprocessors by June 2007. On January 10, 2006, Apple presented its new iMac and MacBook Pro computers running on Intel Core Duo processors, and announced that the entire Apple product line would run on Intel processors by the end of 2006. Apple then released the Mac Pro and announced the new Xserve on August 8, completing the Intel transition in 210 days, roughly ten months ahead of the original schedule.

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the first version of Mac OS X to be supplied on a DVD rather than a CD, although the DVD could originally be exchanged for CDs for $9.95.

Reception
John Siracusa, writing for Ars technica, wrote that some features in Tiger were half-baked, such as filesystem metadata, Spotlight, and Dashboard. According to Siracusa, Spotlight in Tiger is confusing because it has two disparate interfaces which are kept separate, yet can accomplish the same task. Siracusa also wrote that some of Dashboard's UI choices were strange.

End-user features
Apple advertised that Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger had over 150 new and improved features, including:

 * Spotlight — Spotlight is a full-text and metadata search engine that can search everything on one's Mac, including Microsoft Word documents, iCal calendars and Address Book contact cards. The feature is also used to build the concept of 'smart folders' into the Finder. Spotlight will index files as they are saved, so they can be quickly and easily found through a search-as-you-type box in the menu bar. As a side-effect, it adds hidden folders and indexing files to removable media like USB flash drives.
 * iChat AV — The new iChat AV 3.0 in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger supports up to four participants in a video conference and ten participants in an audio conference. It also now supports communication using the XMPP protocol. An XMPP server called iChat Server is included on Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Server.
 * Safari RSS — The new Safari 2.0 web browser in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger featured a built-in reader for RSS and Atom web syndication that can be accessed easily from an RSS button in the address bar of the web browser window. An updated version of Safari, included as part of the free Mac OS X 10.4.3 Tiger update, can also pass the Acid2 web standards test.
 * Mail 2 — The new version of Mail.app email client included in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger featured an updated interface, "Smart Mailboxes", which utilizes the Spotlight search system, parental controls, as well as several other features.
 * Automator — A scripting tool to link applications together to form complex automated workflows (written in AppleScript, Cocoa, or both). Automator came with a complete library of actions for several applications that can be used together to make a Workflow.
 * VoiceOver — screen reader interface similar to Jaws for Windows and other Windows screen readers that offers the blind and visually impaired user keyboard control and spoken English descriptions of what is happening on screen. VoiceOver enables users with visual impairment to use applications via keyboard commands. VoiceOver is capable of reading aloud the contents of files including web pages, mail messages and word processing files. Complete keyboard navigation lets the user control the computer with the keyboard rather than the mouse, a menu is displayed in a window showing all the available keyboard commands that can be used.
 * A complete built-in Dictionary/Thesaurus based on the New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edition, accessible through an application, Dictionary, a Dashboard widget, and as a system-wide command (see below).
 * .Mac syncing — Though this was not a new feature, .Mac syncing in Tiger is much improved over Panther. Syncing tasks in Tiger are now accomplished through the .Mac system preferences pane rather than the iSync application.
 * QuickTime 7 — A new version of Apple's multimedia software has support for the new H.264/AVC codec, which offers better quality and scalability than other video codecs. This new codec is used by iChat AV for clearer video conferencing. New classes within Cocoa provide full access to QuickTime for Cocoa application developers. The new QuickTime 7 player application bundled with Tiger now includes more advanced audio and video controls as well as a more detailed Information dialog, and the new player has been rebuilt using Apple's Cocoa API to take advantage of the new technologies more easily.
 * New Unix features — New versions of cp, mv, and rsync that support files with resource forks. Command-line support for features such as the above-mentioned Spotlight is also included.
 * Xcode 2.0 — Xcode 2.0, Apple's Cocoa development tool now includes visual modelling, an integrated Apple Reference Library and graphical remote debugging.

New applications in Tiger

 * Dashboard — The Dashboard is a new mini-applications layer based on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, which returns the desk accessories concept to Mac OS. These accessories are known as widgets. It comes with several widgets such as Weather, World Clock, Unit Converter, Dictionary/Thesaurus, and others (full list). More are available to download for free online. Its similarity to the Konfabulator application caused some criticism.
 * Automator — Automator uses workflows to process repetitive tasks automatically
 * Grapher — Grapher is a new application capable of creating 2D and 3D graphs similar to those of Graphing Calculator.
 * Dictionary — A dictionary and thesaurus program that uses the New Oxford American Dictionary. It has a fast GUI for displaying the Dictionary, and allows the user to search the dictionary with Spotlight, to print definitions, and to copy and paste text into documents. Dictionary also provides a Dictionary service in the Application menu, and Cocoa and WebKit provide a global keyboard shortcut (ctrl-⌘-D by default) for all applications that display text with them. Its use was furthered in Mac OS X Leopard by providing definitions from Wikipedia. The Dictionary application is a more feature-filled version of the Dictionary widget.
 * Quartz Composer — Quartz Composer is a development tool for processing and rendering graphical data.
 * AU Lab — AU Lab is a developer application for testing and mixing Audio Units.

Improvements

 * An upgraded kernel with optimized kernel resource locking and access control lists, and with support for 64-bit userland address spaces on machines with 64-bit processors.
 * An updated libSystem with both 32-bit and 64-bit versions; combined with the aforementioned kernel change, this allows individual applications to address more than 4 GB of memory when run on 64-bit processors, although an application using Apple libraries or frameworks other than libSystem would need to have two processes, one running the 64-bit code and one running the code that requires other libraries and frameworks.
 * A new startup daemon called launchd that allows for faster booting.
 * The printing dialog in Tiger now features a drop down menu for creating PDFs, sending PDFs to Mail, and other PDF related actions. However, the user interface was criticized for creating a hybrid UI element that looks like a plain button but acts like a pop-up menu. This is one of only three places in the entire Mac OS X interface where such an element appears.
 * Dock menus now have menu items to open an application at login, or to remove the icon from the dock.
 * The Window menu in the Finder now features a "Cycle Through Windows" menu item.
 * The Get Info window for items in the Finder now includes a "More Info" section that includes Spotlight information tags such as Image Height & Width, when the file was last opened, and where the file originated.
 * Early development of resolution independence. Apple notes that this will be a user-level feature in a future version of Mac OS X. Among the changes, the maximum size of icons was increased to 256x256. However, the Finder does not yet support this size.

Technologies

 * Core Image: A graphics processing API that allows programmers to leverage programmable GPUs for fast image processing for special effects and image correction tools. Some of the included Image Units are Blur, Color Blending, Generator Filters, Distortion Filters, Geometry Filters, and Halftone features.
 * Core Data: A data persistence API that makes it easier for developers to handle structured data in their applications. Core Data provides undo, redo, and save functions for developers without them having to write any code.
 * Core Video: A video graphics API that leverages Core Image to provide real-time video processing. Apple’s Motion real-time video effects program takes advantage of Core Video in Tiger. Core Video lets developers easily integrate real-time video effects and processing into their applications.
 * Core Audio: Integrates a range of audio functionality directly into the operating system.

In addition to these APIs, Tiger introduces a new window theme, often described as 'Unified'. A variation on the standard, non-brushed metal theme used since the introduction of Mac OS X, this theme integrates the title bar and the toolbar of a window. A prominent example of an application that utilizes this theme is Mail.

Tiger is also the first version of Mac OS X to include the "Zoom" screen magnifier functionality.

Tiger trademark lawsuit
Shortly before the release of Mac OS X Tiger, the computer retailer TigerDirect.com, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Apple, alleging that Apple infringed TigerDirect.com's trademark with the Mac OS X Tiger operating system.

The following is a quotation from TigerDirect.com's court memorandum:

 * Apple Computer's use of its infringing family of Tiger marks to expand sales of products besides its operating system software is already evident — for example, Apple Computer is offering free iPods and laptops as part of its Tiger World Premiere giveaway. In short, notwithstanding its representation to the PTO that it would only use Tiger in connection with their unique computer operating system software, Apple Computer has in recent weeks used a family of Tiger marks in connection with a substantially broader group of products and services, including the very products and services currently offered by Tiger Direct under its famous family of Tiger marks.

In 2005 TigerDirect was denied a preliminary injunction that would have prevented Apple from using the mark while the case was decided. Apple and TigerDirect reached a settlement in 2006, after which TigerDirect withdrew its opposition.

Support for Intel processors
At Apple's 2005 Worldwide Developers Conference, CEO Steve Jobs announced that the company would begin selling Mac computers with Intel x86 processors in 2006. To allow developers to begin producing software for these Intel-based Macs, Apple made available a prototype Intel-based Mac ("Developer Transition Kit") that included a version of Mac OS X v10.4.1 compiled to run on x86 processors.

This build included Apple's Rosetta compatibility layer — a translation process that allows x86-based Macs to run software built only for PowerPC, with a moderate performance penalty. This is contrasted with the contemporary Mac OS 9 Classic mode, which used comparably larger amounts of system resources.

Soon after the Developer Transition Kits began shipping, copies of Tiger x86 were leaked onto file sharing networks. Although Apple had implemented a Trusted Computing DRM scheme in the transition hardware and OS in an attempt to stop people installing Tiger x86 on non-Apple PCs, the OSx86 project soon managed to remove this restriction. As Apple released each update with newer safeguards to prevent its use on non-Apple hardware, unofficially modified versions were released that circumvented Apple's safeguards. However, with the release of 10.4.5, 10.4.6, and 10.4.7 the unofficially modified versions continued to use the kernel from 10.4.4 because later kernels have hardware locks and depend heavily on EFI. By late 2006, the 10.4.8 kernel had been cracked.

At MacWorld San Francisco 2006, Jobs announced the immediate availability of Mac OS X v10.4.4, the first publicly available release of Tiger compiled for both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based machines. This version was the first version, other than the version provided with the Developer Transition Kits, to include Rosetta.

title: Mac OS X Tiger


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hardball

Delete, strange nonsense. Since Topbanana changed this into a nice disambig page, I now vote to keep it. --Stormie 03:35, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well no, but not much more than a grossly extended and poorly written dicdef, whose only fate is to be deleted. Denni 06:13, 2004 May 8 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the confusing stub with a disambig page. - TB 11:04, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is this really a disambig? It only actually links to a single article (the movie Hardball), which doesn't exist. So isn't it really still a dicdef? Doesn't a disambig need to refer to more than one article? Andrewa 11:31, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Could well be. None of the meanings described seem to be overwhelmingly the most popular, hence the disambig.  If it's the case that fewer than two of the meanings described have the potential to become articles then the disambig is unecessary.  To me though, that sounds like a challenge :)  - TB 11:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's the name of (or even series of) video games. Given the popularity of documenting computer games in Wikipedia I'd suggest some youth will get around to creating a listing for it at some point.  Google for Hardball video game gets thousands of hits.  --bodnotbod 13:10, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Also a 1989 TV series on NBC now that I google further. - TB 14:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And MSNBC talk show (Hardball with Chris Matthews). Andris 14:55, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, an important disambigBurgundavia 07:35, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as disambiguation. --Zigger 18:48, 2004 May 13 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Suzy Rice

New by only an hour to what is titled as "an Encyclopedia," I attempted listings in the three areas of professional activities and credits, and, editing, seem to have received a caution by someone called "Hadal" about "vanity."

Is this not an Encyclopedia? Perhaps I misperceived "Wikipedia" as a literary and resource site, when, in fact, it is a "morality" forum? Please advise, I'd be interested in knowing why entering content here is being misperceived through someone's moral code of numbering entries, versus the actual content attempted to be provided here.

 * Whoa there. I never said there was anything wrong with vanity, but we should try to keep it at a minimum (IMHO). ;) Your article was moved to Suzy Rice/Susan Elizabeth Rice by another user, presumably because of your varying name. You overwrote the redirect and created two articles with the same content; I merely fixed the problem. And at the moment, your "encyclopedic article" reads like a resume. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not monster.com. This doesn't necessarily mean you don't deserve an entry in Wikipedia.

 * Furthermore, some people may disagree with the practice of writing about oneself simply on principle. I'm not here to make a judgment on this, however. -- Hadal 05:24, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

=
=================

If I wanted the features and characteristics available through "monster.com" I would use "monster.com" and participate there.

Why do "credits" read "like a resume" to you?

They're credits. People work long enough, they accrue credits that are more extensive than others. Doesn't make it "a resume" to list "credits" and, from what I can read on your "user I.D." page, you've pretty well capitalized on a "resume" format there.

This is a very offensive start to a site that's SUPPOSEDLY about information.

And, the last place I'd ever list "a resume" was on the Internet. Defining work credits defines a person, and listing four of my main credits in life hardly represents "a resume."

You've applied some personal resistence to my very sparse entry -- deeming it "vanity" -- which tells me that's your reference about the site use. Mine was to include information.

I'm very sorry I ever attempted to participate here. I have since CORRECTED the poor grammar used in that "rewrite" of my entry, by whoever it was and if there's any more issue about this one, harmless stop here by me, I'd be very grateful to have my entry deleted.

This has been a bad experience for me. To use your word, "whoa."

-

I also accessed the feature that your site makes available, an image include, and said image is now removed.

Why? Why provide the image include tool if it's deleted afterward? The image is a representation of who I am as an artist, so why delete it?

You know, it's not looking too conducive to actual "information" availability here, from this one dismal beginning.

Very disillusioning.

 * ''For any third parties reading this, please see for Suzy's original article

 * Firstly, I sincerely apologise again if I've offended you. You have met no opposition, unless you see turning two duplicate articles into one article as opposition. Wikipedia does not like duplicate articles; as there was nothing to merge, I redirected the duplicate. This is all I have done. None of your other edits have been redirected or reverted (and aside from this article, changed in any way). The image you uploaded is still there: see Image:475wde_Title_SuzyRice_SusanElizabethRice_HorizontalAqua.jpg. I do not recommend re-adding it to your article, but you are welcome to add it to your userpage.

 * Secondly, just because I think it's vanity does not mean it does not belong in Wikipedia. My userpage reads like a resume because userpages can read however you like. My userpage is not an article, and this article should not be your userpage. I was not the one who rewrote your article, but I do not see any grammatical errors in Hephaestos's version (which, IMO, was far closer to an encyclopedic entry than the original). Be that as it may, if you feel I've wronged you there are avenues to express your distaste. See Dispute resolution (although I very much hope this won't go that far). If there's anything else you're upset with, please tell me. -- Hadal 10:24, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm having a little trouble understanding why someone who clearly should understand design and layout is unable to spot the difference between the original version of the article and the wikified version, and to understand why it has been edited as it has been. With the very best will in the world, I find Ms. Rice's comments a little offensive, and vastly lacking any insight whatsoever; which is a shame. My experience is that users of Wikipedia positively bend over backwards to be courteous and helpful to new users.

Not like my listing(s) isn't(aren't) professional, well done, interesting to read and look over, linked well and accurately, to the point, generally O.K. In the five minutes I've spent looking at things, no, your first article was not well written - in terms of the ordinary style of entries in Wikipedia. Nor do I think your reversion of the Lucasfilm link represents "linked well" ... neither was your original article linked well, in terms of Wikipedia's house style.

You know, I just don't know where the online negativity comes from. I dunno. You don't find your own journal article crashingly negitive? Perhaps it comes from you, just as much as from others. Just a thought.

What is wearing down the Internet is too much negativity, too many critiques, not enough content. Uh-huh. Am I to presume that we make an exception for your critique of Wikipedia, and your dismissal, after minimal research and thought, of the tens of thousands of person hours that have gone into providing better than 250k pages of content? It's all really just not adding up for me right now.

I live in hope that you'll stick around, at least to the point of improving your own entry to the point that it becomes a biographical listing more close in format to many others on the wikipedia, rather than the stub that it currently is. --Tagishsimon

=
========================================

To User:Tagishsimon:

"Wikipedia" is billed and titled as an "Encylopedia."

It isn't a blog or a journal, or a public bulletin board, or usenet group, or online otherwise personality pickapart, at least, not be definition of "encyclopedia". Although I can read here that there is much confusion by some about what constitutes "definitions" and information.

Meaning, we could all begin some "new internet definition" of information to include the fact that "HTML is vain because it has too many characters," or, perhaps, "information is ugly because the word is spelled with too many alpha characters."

I haven't seen a site entry by me -- to which you refer -- anywhere in Wikipedia, an "Encyclopedia," so critiqueing on your emotional terms something I've authored elsewhere in the world of words isn't relevant to a Wikipedia ENCYCLOPEDIA entry.

I placed a brief and correctly worded, spelled and grammatical defining entry in Wikipedia that defines me as an individual within a professional capacity: briefest, most recognizable, "public" level information that equates with my name in print and media, and that was done to draw distinction between me as one individual and other individuals in our human culture who share the same name as I do, and who are also public figures -- that I took initiative and placed the entry on Wikipedia instead of paying a Public Relations employee or personal manager or whomever to do so, isn't an emotional issue so it's strange that someone else would so project negatives upon that fact (that I authored the original and correct entry and that was later negated by whomever based upon their applied value judgements about that, which included in retort some wrongful changes to my original entry, making that origianl entry incorrect afterward, due to someone else's value judgement about the fact that the correct entry was authored by me -- the two issues make no reasonable or logical sense to my way of thinking, however, and that's the ongoing point that renders Wikipedia content unreliable in the perceptions of others).

Perhaps Wikipedia is still growing to such an extent that "public" means "graffitti" to some, as per your foolish language here, of the personally derogative kind, which is what I was earlier defining as "too much...negativity." You do not include any kind or constructive addition to the information that defines my person as reflected in this entry of definitions (what have you likewise "contributed" or not to the information by and about others?), so you write about your grousing emotions.

My entry was "edited" after I placed it on this site by someone or others to include misspellings, poor grammar and incorrect information, and, included someone also adding that the credits I'd originally written represented "vanity" and equated the contents of that origianl entry as representing "a resume."

Then your comments appear, which amplify the level of misinformation, concentrate an entry about a random individual to you as being something related to your own emotive interpretations of information, and then reveal your own animositities as a writer about...what? It's a mystery to me.

I'm curious how you FEEL about Van Gogh? Does his missing ear make you angry? Does it make you laugh? Do you resent him? Do works of art and creative credits represent assaults to you? Are you generally concerned and "made angry" when you read facts and figures? Why not write a webpage about all those emotions and spare the personal invective about me in Wikipedia. I would appreciate it, as I am sure, many millions of others would, likewise.

However, as to Wikipedia, the fact that a briefly defining set of professional accomplishments by me, written here in such a brief format as to be efficient as possible -- correctly spelled, grammatically accurate, factually correct -- should not at all, not in the least, be further gunked up by anyone's feelings and interpretations about their own emotional state. I emphasis, "should not be" because I read here that Wikipedia with it's "wiki" interactivity is simply a usenet forum wearing a nice logo.

I hope it grows to become a better resource than what is at present.

Signed: Susan Elizabeth (Suzy) Rice October 16, 2004

Date of birth is needed.--109.252.95.217 (talk) 08:51, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suzy Rice


text:
Talk:Suzy Rice/Susan Elizabeth Rice

There's no information easily locatable about "merging" comments here. My first attempt to create a listing in one category, later received a "redirect" notice, with a caution that I should "merge" comments (but which wasn't possible, given no link availalbe to do that, other than an additional, ongoing "edit" function, which I completed).

Feel free to delete any "redirect" listing, if that's disallowed here. It wasn't created intentionally by me, but by the site upon an entry edit.

title: Talk:Suzy Rice/Susan Elizabeth Rice


text:
Robert Casey (journalist)

Robert Joseph Casey (1890-1962) was a decorated combat veteran and distinguished Chicago-based newspaper correspondent and columnist.

Casey was born March 14, 1890, in Beresford, South Dakota, and attended St. Mary's College in St. Marys, Kansas from 1907 to 1911. Casey enlisted in the Army in 1918 and served at Verdun and Meuse-Argonne as an artilleryman. He earned three citations for bravery in combat before his discharge as a captain in 1919. Casey later wrote (anonymously) The Cannoneers Have Hairy Ears: A Diary of the Front Lines about his wartime experiences, and this book was acclaimed for its gritty and realistic depictions of an American soldier in World War I.

In 1920, Casey joined the Chicago Daily News, where he worked as a columnist and foreign correspondent for twenty-seven years. Casey wrote features, chronicled the Chicago gang wars of the era, and compiled "slice of life" stories, which were published in the paper under column titles "Vest Pocket Anthology," "Such Interesting People," and "More Interesting People."

During the 1920s and 1930s, Casey traveled through Indochina, Cuba, Pitcairn Islands and Easter Island, and many other sites, and wrote about his adventures in newspaper columns and books. In 1940, Casey covered the blitz in London and its aftermath; he was also in Hawaii and the Pacific right after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December, 1941.

After his coverage of World War II in France, Africa, and the Pacific, Casey came back to Chicago to write. He had been married to Marie Driscoll, who died in 1945; in 1946 Casey married Hazel MacDonald, a reporter and fellow Chicago-based foreign correspondent he first met in 1933. After Casey's retirement from the Daily News in 1947, he continued to write books and freelance newspaper articles. In 1955, he was named Press Veteran of the Year by the Chicago Press Veterans Association.

After being under treatment for several years for a heart condition and high blood pressure, Casey died of a stroke on Dec. 5, 1962 in Evanston, Illinois at the age of 72.

Works
Source:
 * The Lost Kingdom Of Burgundy (1923)
 * The Cannoneers Have Hairy Ears [published anonymously] (1927)
 * Four Faces Of Siva (1929)
 * The Secret Of 37 Hardy Street (1929)
 * The Voice Of The Lobster (1930)
 * The Secret Of The Bungalow (1930)
 * Cambodian Quest (1931)
 * Easter Island, Home Of The Scornful Gods (1931)
 * News Reel (1932)
 * Hot Ice (1933)
 * The Third Owl (1934)
 * I Can't Forget (1941)
 * Torpedo Junction (1942)
 * Such Interesting People (1943)
 * Battle Below: The War Of The Submarines (1945)
 * This Is Where I Came In (1945)
 * More Interesting People (1947)
 * The Texas Border And Some Borderliners (inc: The Guide) (1950)
 * Bob Casey's Grand Slam (1962)

title: Robert Casey (journalist)


text:
Mushroom poisoning

Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general morphology of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. Some toxins, such as amatoxins, are thermostable and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking.

Signs and symptoms
Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset to organ failure resulting in death. Serious symptoms do not always occur immediately after eating, often not until the toxin attacks the kidney or liver, sometimes days or weeks later.

The most common consequence of mushroom poisoning is simply gastrointestinal upset. Most "poisonous" mushrooms contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause vomiting and diarrhea (sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. However, there are a number of recognized mushroom toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects:

The period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as mushroom poisoning.
 * Alpha-Amanitin: For 6–12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea). This stage is caused primarily by the phallotoxins and typically lasts 24 hours. At the end of this second stage is when severe liver damage begins. The damage may continue for another 2–3 days. Kidney damage can also occur. Some patients will require a liver transplant. Amatoxins are found in some mushrooms in the genus Amanita, but are also found in some species of Galerina and Lepiota. Overall, mortality is between 10 and 15 percent. Recently, Silybum marianum or blessed milk thistle has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells.
 * Orellanine: This toxin generally causes no symptoms for 3–20 days after ingestion. Typically around day 11, the process of kidney failure begins, and is usually symptomatic by day 20. These symptoms can include pain in the area of the kidneys, thirst, vomiting, headache, and fatigue. A few species in the very large genus Cortinarius contain this toxin. People having eaten mushrooms containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the mushrooms often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine. A related toxin that causes similar symptoms but within 3–6 days has been isolated from Amanita smithiana and some other related toxic Amanitas.
 * Muscarine: Muscarine stimulates the muscarinic receptors of the nerves and muscles. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, tears, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in high doses, respiratory failure. Muscarine is found in mushrooms of the genus Omphalotus, notably the jack o' Lantern mushrooms. It is also found in A. muscaria, although it is now known that the main effect of this mushroom is caused by ibotenic acid. Muscarine can also be found in some Inocybe species and Clitocybe species, in particular Clitocybe dealbata, and some red-pored Boletes.
 * Gyromitrin: Stomach acids convert gyromitrin to monomethylhydrazine (MMH). It affects multiple body systems. It blocks the important neurotransmitter GABA, leading to stupor, delirium, muscle cramps, loss of coordination, tremors, and/or seizures. It causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, liver failure has been reported. It can also cause red blood cells to break down, leading to jaundice, kidney failure, and signs of anemia. It is found in mushrooms of the genus Gyromitra. A gyromitrin-like compound has also been identified in mushrooms of the genus Verpa.
 * Coprine: Coprine is metabolized to a chemical that resembles disulfiram. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which, in general, causes no harm, unless the person has alcohol in their bloodstream while ALDH is inhibited. This can happen if alcohol is ingested shortly before or up to a few days after eating the mushrooms. In that case, the alcohol cannot be completely metabolized, and the person will experience flushed skin, vomiting, headache, dizziness, weakness, apprehension, confusion, palpitations, and sometimes trouble to breathe. Coprine is found mainly in mushrooms of the genus Coprinus, although similar effects have been noted after ingestion of Clitocybe clavipes.
 * Ibotenic acid: Decarboxylates into muscimol upon ingestion. The effects of muscimol vary, but nausea and vomiting are common. Confusion, euphoria, or sleepiness are possible. Loss of muscular coordination, sweating, and chills are likely. Some people experience visual distortions, a feeling of strength, or delusions. Symptoms normally appear after 30 minutes to 2 hours and last for several hours. A. muscaria, the "Alice in Wonderland" mushroom, is known for the hallucinatory experiences caused by muscimol, but A. pantherina and A. gemmata also contain the same compound. While normally self-limiting, fatalities have been associated with A. pantherina, and consumption of a large number of any of these mushrooms is likely to be dangerous.
 * Arabitol: A sugar alcohol, similar to mannitol, which causes no harm in most people but causes gastrointestinal irritation in some. It is found in small amounts in oyster mushrooms, and considerable amounts in Suillus species and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the "false chanterelle").

Causes
New species of fungi are continuing to be discovered, with an estimated number of 800 new species registered annually. This, added to the fact that many investigations have recently reclassified some species of mushrooms from edible to poisonous has made older classifications insufficient at describing what now is known about the different species of fungi that are harmful to humans. It is now thought that of the approximately 100,000 known fungi species found worldwide, about 100 of them are poisonous to humans. However, by far the majority of mushroom poisonings are not fatal, and the majority of fatal poisonings are attributable to the Amanita phalloides mushroom.

A majority of these cases are due to mistaken identity. This is a common occurrence with A. phalloides in particular, due to its resemblance to the Asian paddy-straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea. Both are light-colored and covered with a universal veil when young.

Amanitas can be mistaken for other species, as well, in particular when immature. On at least one occasion they have been mistaken for Coprinus comatus. In this case, the victim had some limited experience in identifying mushrooms, but did not take the time to correctly identify these particular mushrooms until after he began to experience symptoms of mushroom poisoning.

The author of Mushrooms Demystified, David Arora cautions puffball-hunters to beware of Amanita "eggs", which are Amanitas still entirely encased in their universal veil. Amanitas at this stage are difficult to distinguish from puffballs. Foragers are encouraged to always cut the fruiting bodies of suspected puffballs in half, as this will reveal the outline of a developing Amanita should it be present within the structure.

A majority of mushroom poisonings, in general, are the result of small children, especially toddlers in the "grazing" stage, ingesting mushrooms found on the lawn. While this can happen with any mushroom, Chlorophyllum molybdites is often implicated due to its preference for growing in lawns. C. molybdites causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous.

A few poisonings are the result of misidentification while attempting to collect hallucinogenic mushrooms for recreational use. In 1981, one fatality and two hospitalizations occurred following consumption of Galerina marginata, mistaken for a Psilocybe species. Galerina and Psilocybe species are both small, brown, and sticky, and can be found growing together. However, Galerina contains amatoxins, the same poison found in the deadly Amanita species. Another case reports kidney failure following ingestion of Cortinarius orellanus, a mushroom containing orellanine.

It is natural that accidental ingestion of hallucinogenic species also occurs, but is rarely harmful when ingested in small quantities. Cases of serious toxicity have been reported in small children. Amanita pantherina, while containing the same hallucinogens as Amanita muscaria (e.g., ibotenic acid and muscimol), has been more commonly associated with severe gastrointestinal upset than its better-known counterpart.

Although usually not fatal, Omphalotus spp., "Jack-o-lantern mushrooms", are another cause of sometimes significant toxicity. They are sometimes mistaken for chanterelles. Both are bright-orange and fruit at the same time of year, although Omphalotus grows on wood and has true gills rather than the veins of a Cantharellus. They contain toxins known as illudins, which causes gastrointestinal symptoms.

Bioluminescent species are generally inedible and often mildly toxic.

Clitocybe dealbata, which is occasionally mistaken for an oyster mushroom or other edible species contains muscarine.

Toxicities can also occur with collection of morels. Even true morels, if eaten raw, will cause gastrointestinal upset. Typically, morels are thoroughly cooked before eating. Verpa bohemica, although referred to as "thimble morels" or "early morels" by some, have caused toxic effects in some individuals. Gyromitra spp., "false morels", are deadly poisonous if eaten raw. They contain a toxin called gyromitrin, which can cause neurotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and destruction of the blood cells. The Finns consume Gyromitra esculenta after parboiling, but this may not render the mushroom entirely safe, resulting in its being called the "fugu of the Finnish cuisine".

A more unusual toxin is coprine, a disulfiram-like compound that is harmless unless ingested within a few days of ingesting alcohol. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for breaking down alcohol. Thus, the symptoms of toxicity are similar to being hung over—flushing, headache, nausea, palpitations, and, in severe cases, trouble breathing. Coprinus species, including Coprinopsis atramentaria, contain coprine. Coprinus comatus does not, but it is best to avoid mixing alcohol with other members of this genus.

Recently, poisonings have also been associated with Amanita smithiana. These poisonings may be due to orellanine, but the onset of symptoms occurs in 4 to 11 hours, which is much quicker than the 3 to 20 days normally associated with orellanine.

Paxillus involutus is also inedible when raw, but is eaten in Europe after pickling or parboiling. However, after the death of the German mycologist Dr. Julius Schäffer, it was discovered that the mushroom contains a toxin that can stimulate the immune system to attack its red blood cells. This reaction is rare but can occur even after safely eating the mushroom for many years. Similarly, Tricholoma equestre was widely considered edible and good, until it was connected with rare cases of rhabdomyolysis.

In the fall of 2004, thirteen deaths were associated with consumption of Pleurocybella porrigens or "angel's wings". In general, these mushrooms are considered edible. All the victims died of an acute brain disorder, and all had pre-existing kidney disease. The exact cause of the toxicity was not known at this time and the deaths cannot be definitively attributed to mushroom consumption.

However, mushroom poisoning is not always due to mistaken identity. For example, the highly toxic ergot Claviceps purpurea, which grows on rye, is sometimes ground up with rye, unnoticed, and later consumed. This can cause devastating, even fatal effects, which is called ergotism.

Cases of idiosyncratic or unusual reactions to fungi can also occur. Some are probably due to allergy, others to some other kind of sensitivity. It is not uncommon for a person to experience gastrointestinal upset associated with one particular mushroom species or genus.

Some mushrooms might concentrate toxins from their growth substrate, such as Chicken of the Woods growing on yew trees.

Poisonous mushrooms
Of the most lethal mushrooms, five—the death cap (A. phalloides), the three destroying angels (A. virosa, A. bisporigera, and A. ocreata), and the fool's mushroom (A. verna)—belong to the genus Amanita, and two more—the deadly webcap (C. rubellus), and the fool's webcap (C. orellanus)—are from the genus Cortinarius. Several species of Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe also contain lethal amounts of amatoxins. Deadly species are listed in the List of deadly fungi.

The following species may cause great discomfort, sometimes requiring hospitalization, but are not considered deadly.
 * Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) – Contains the psychoactive muscimol and the neurotoxin ibotenic acid. Ibotenic acid decarboxylates into muscimol upon curing of the mushroom, rendering it relatively non-toxic, though death via respiratory depression is possible. Muscimol intoxication is often considered unpleasant and undesirable, however, and as such has seen little recreational use compared to the unrelated psilocybin mushroom, though it has been used as an entheogen by the native people of Siberia.
 * Amanita pantherina (panther mushroom) – contains similar toxins as A. muscaria, but is associated with more fatalities than A. muscaria.
 * Chlorophyllum molybdites (greengills) – causes intense gastrointestinal upset.
 * Entoloma (pinkgills) – some species are highly poisonous, such as livid entoloma (Entoloma sinuatum), Entoloma rhodopolium, and Entoloma nidorosum. Symptoms of intense gastrointestinal upset appear after 20 minutes to 4 hours, caused by an unidentified gastrointestinal irritant.
 * Many Inocybe species such as Inocybe fastigiata and Inocybe geophylla contain muscarine
 * Inosperma erubescens has caused death.
 * Some white Clitocybe species, including C. rivulosa and C. dealbata – contain muscarine.
 * Tricholoma pardinum, Tricholoma tigrinum (tiger tricholoma) – gastrointestinal upset due to an unidentified toxin, begins in 15 minutes to 2 hours and lasts 4 to 6 days.
 * Tricholoma equestre (man-on-horseback) – until recently thought edible and good, can lead to rhabdomyolysis after repeated consumption.
 * Hypholoma fasciculare/Naematoloma fasciculare (sulfur tuft) – usually causes gastrointestinal upset, but the toxins fasciculol E and F could lead to paralysis and death.
 * Paxillus involutus (brown roll-rim) – once thought edible, but now found to destroy red blood cells with regular or long-term consumption.
 * Rubroboletus satanas (Devil's bolete), Suillellus luridus, Rubroboletus legaliae, Chalciporus piperatus, Neoboletus luridiformis, Rubroboletus pulcherrimus – gastrointestinal irritation. Of these, only R. pulcherrimus has been implicated in a death. Many books list N. luridiformis as edible, but Arora lists it as "to be avoided".
 * Hebeloma crustuliniforme (known as poison pie or fairy cakes) – causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
 * Russula emetica (the sickener) – as its name implies, causes rapid vomiting. Other Russulas with a peppery taste (Russula silvicola, Russula mairei) will likely do the same.
 * Agaricus hondensis, Agaricus californicus, Agaricus praeclaresquamosus, Agaricus xanthodermus – cause vomiting and diarrhea in most people, although some people seem to be immune.
 * Lactifluus piperatus, Lactarius torminosus, Lactarius rufus – these and other peppery-tasting milk-caps are pickled and eaten in Scandinavia, but are indigestible or poisonous unless correctly prepared.
 * Lactarius vinaceorufescens, Lactarius uvidus – reported to be poisonous. Arora reports that all yellow- or purple-staining Lactarius are "best avoided".
 * Ramaria gelatinosa – causes indigestion in many people, although some seem immune.
 * Gomphus floccosus (the scaly chanterelle) – causes gastric upset in many people, although some eat it without problems. G. floccosus is sometimes confused with the chanterelle.

Evolution
Many different species of mushrooms are poisonous and contain differing toxins that cause different types of harm. The most common toxin that causes severe poisoning is amatoxin, found in various mushroom species that cause the most fatalities every year. Amanita, or “ the death cap”, is a type of mushroom named for its substantial amount of amatoxin, which has about 10 mg per mushroom, which is the lethal dose. Amatoxin blocks the replication of DNA, which leads to cell death. This can affect cells that replicate frequently, such as kidneys, livers, and eventually, the central nervous system. It can also cause the loss of muscle contraction and liver failure. Despite the severe and dangerous symptoms, amatoxin poisoning is treatable given quick, professional care.

Mushrooms have also been found to have evolved toxicity independently from each other. Researchers have found that different mushroom species share the same type of amatoxin called amanitin. They specifically looked at three of the deadliest species, Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. Through genome sequencing, a scientific process that determines the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, closely related mushrooms obtained genetic information via horizontal gene transfer. Once assimilated, it can then be passed down to an offspring. The researchers also concluded that there is “an unknown ancestral fungal donor ,” that allowed for horizontal gene transfer.

Mushroom toxins have appeared and disappeared many times throughout their evolutionary history. Many scientists believe that the toxins evolved in mushrooms are used to deter predation, either from fungivores or mammals. If mushrooms are consumed, it can negatively affect their ability to disperse spores, survive, and reproduce. Snails and insects are fungivores and many have learned or evolved to avoid eating poisonous mushrooms. However, it is believed that mammals pose a higher threat to mushrooms than fungivores, as larger body sizes mean they are more capable of eating an entire fungus in one sitting.

Some phenotypes, or observable characteristics, may co-occur with toxicity, and therefore act as a warning signal. The first potential warning sign is aposematism, which is an adaptation that warns off predators based on a physical trait of an organism. In this case, the researchers were interested in observing whether the color of a mushroom deters predators. This would suggest that toxic mushrooms are of different colors than non-poisonous ones. The visual cue of some colors should be enough for predators to know not to consume the mushroom. The second possible warning sign is olfactory aposematism, a similar concept, but instead of focusing on color, the odor of the mushroom would be what deters predation. This would again indicate that poisonous mushrooms would emit a different odor than non-poisonous ones. Alternatively, is the ability of organisms to learn from other organisms. This would suggest that avoidance of toxic mushrooms is a learned behavior. Organisms may avoid toxic mushrooms if they observed other organisms of the same species consume the fungus. Learned behavior is when an organism learns how to behave based on previous experiences. Some researchers believe that if an organism got sick or observed another organism get sick from consuming a poisonous mushroom, then they would know not to continue consuming it for fear of getting sick again.

An analysis of 245 North American mushroom species and 265 from Europe, revealed 21.2% of the North American species and 12.1% of the European ones as poisonous. After collecting this information, and using a neural network to classify all of the mushrooms based on color and odor, the researchers concluded that there was no correlation between cap color and mushrooms containing toxins. The cap is the top, rounded part of a mushroom and comes in different colors. This proposes that the cap color does not act as a warning sign to deter predators, providing no evidence that poisonous mushrooms may not signal their toxicity through visual or chemical traits. The three deadly mushrooms listed above, Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota, are all of different colors, consisting of reds, yellows, browns, and whites. A possible theory as to why color is not a factor in determining whether a mushroom is poisonous is the fact that many of its predators are nocturnal and have poor vision. Therefore, viewing the different colors is difficult, and could result in inaccurate consumption. The study, however, did suggest that poisonous mushrooms do emit a smell that is unpleasant and therefore discourages consumption. Despite this result, there is no definitive evidence to suggest if the odor is a result of the production of the toxin or if it is intended as a warning signal. Additionally, many of the odors are not picked up by humans. This could suggest that there is another characteristic difference between poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms to avoid predation from larger mammals or that there is another purpose for some mushrooms being poisonous that is not dependent on predators.

Prognosis and treatment
Some mushrooms contain less toxic compounds and, therefore, are not severely poisonous. Poisonings by these mushrooms may respond well to treatment. However, certain types of mushrooms contain very potent toxins and are very poisonous; so even if symptoms are treated promptly, mortality is high. With some toxins, death can occur in a week or a few days. Although a liver or kidney transplant may save some patients with complete organ failure, in many cases there are no organs available. Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of amanitin-containing mushrooms have a mortality rate of only 10%, whereas those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50–90% mortality rate. In the United States, mushroom poisoning kills an average of about 3 people a year. According to National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports published by America's Poison Centers, the average number of deaths occurring over a ten-year period (2012–2020) sits right at 3 a year. In 2012, 4 out of the 7 total deaths that occurred that year, were attributed to a single event where a "housekeeper at a Board and Care Home for elderly dementia patients collected and cooked wild (Amanita) mushrooms into a sauce that she consumed with six residents of the home.". Over 1,300 emergency room visits in the United States were attributed to poisonous mushroom ingestion in 2016, with about 9% of patients experiencing a serious adverse outcome.

Folk traditions
Many folk traditions concern the defining features of poisonous mushrooms. However, there are no general identifiers for poisonous mushrooms, so such traditions are unreliable. Guidelines to identify particular mushrooms exist, and will serve only if one knows which mushrooms are toxic.

Examples of erroneous folklore "rules" include:
 * "Poisonous mushrooms are brightly colored." – Indeed, fly agaric, usually bright-red to orange or yellow, is narcotic and hallucinogenic, although no human deaths have been reported. The deadly destroying angel, in contrast, is an unremarkable white. The deadly Galerinas are brown. Some choice edible species (chanterelles, Amanita caesarea, Laetiporus sulphureus, etc.) are brightly colored, whereas most poisonous species are brown or white.
 * "Insects/animals will avoid toxic mushrooms." – Fungi that are harmless to invertebrates can still be toxic to humans; the death cap, for instance, is often infested by insect larvae.
 * "Poisonous mushrooms blacken silver." – None of the known mushroom toxins react with silver.
 * "Poisonous mushrooms taste bad." – People who have eaten the deadly Amanitas and survived have reported that the mushrooms tasted quite good.
 * "All mushrooms are safe if cooked/parboiled/dried/pickled/etc." – While it is true that some otherwise-inedible species can be rendered safe by special preparation, many toxic species cannot be made toxin-free. Many fungal toxins are not particularly sensitive to heat and so are not broken down during cooking; in particular, α-Amanitin, the poison produced by the death cap (Amanita phalloides) and others of the genus, is not denatured by heat.
 * "Poisonous mushrooms will turn rice red when boiled." – A number of Laotian refugees were hospitalized after eating mushrooms (probably toxic Russula species) deemed safe by this folklore rule and this misconception cost at least one person her life.
 * "Poisonous mushrooms have a pointed cap. Edible ones have a flat, rounded cap." – The shape of the mushroom cap does not correlate with presence or absence of mushroom toxins, so this is not a reliable method to distinguish between edible and poisonous species. Death cap, for instance, has a rounded cap when mature.
 * "Boletes are, in general, safe to eat." – It is true that, unlike a number of Amanita species in particular, in most parts of the world, there are no known deadly varieties of the genus Boletus, which reduces the risks associated with misidentification. However, mushrooms like the Devil's bolete are poisonous both raw and cooked and can lead to strong gastrointestinal symptoms, and other species like the lurid bolete require thorough cooking to break down toxins. As with another mushroom genera, proper caution is, therefore, advised in determining the correct species.

Notable cases

 * Siddhartha Gautama (known as The Buddha), by some accounts, may have died of mushroom poisoning around ~479 BCE, though this claim has not been universally accepted.
 * Roman Emperor Claudius is said to have been murdered by being fed the death cap mushroom. However, this story first appeared some two centuries after the events, and it is debatable whether Claudius was murdered at all.
 * The best-selling author Nicholas Evans (The Horse Whisperer) was poisoned (but survived) after eating Cortinarius rubellus.
 * The parents of the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, who created the Fahrenheit temperature scale, died in Danzig on 14 August 1701 from accidentally eating poisonous mushrooms.
 * The composer Johann Schobert died in Paris, along with his wife, all but one of his children, their maidservant, and four acquaintances after insisting that certain poisonous mushrooms they had gathered were edible despite the express warning of cooks at two separate restaurants to which he had taken the mushrooms.
 * July 2023 Leongatha mushroom poisoning − Four people in Leongatha, Australia were taken to hospital after consuming beef Wellington suspected to have contained death cap mushrooms. Three of the four guests subsequently died and one survived, later receiving a liver transplant. The woman who cooked the meal, Erin Patterson, was charged with murder in November 2023. Patterson has pleaded not guilty and the Supreme court will hear her case on 23 May, 2024.
 * In August 2023, Professor Vitaly Melnikov, 77, who had headed the Moscow Department of Rocket and Space Systems at RSC Energia (Russia's leading spacecraft manufacturer), became suddenly seriously ill and subsequently died after eating inedible mushrooms.

title: Mushroom poisoning


text:
Talk:Mushroom poisoning

Initial article based on Anurel Dermek's Handbook Guide on Mushrooms (1981, trans. 1984). --Menchi 05:17, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

NPOV?
It may be more magazine-like in tone this article but how can one have a non-NPOV on mushroom poisoning? I for one found the contents to be both useful and fascinating. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.119.152.47 (talk) 16:31, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Reform
I'm thinking there's a LOT of information that this page could contain, but doesn't. Doesn't appear to be anywhere else on Wikipedia either. In no particular order:

List of known mushroom toxins

Information on prevalence of mushroom toxicity, and "typical cases" of toxicity for the common toxic mushrooms

Brief overview of treatment/prevention of mushroom toxicity

Brief discussion of "poisoning" from "non-toxic" mushrooms: usually food poisoning or indigestion.

Brief discussion of "allergies" or "intolerance" - the sporadic cases of "poisoning" from normally edible species

Also, the "Guidelines" are duplicated and more detailed on the page on Mushroom Hunting. We should probably have them in one place or the other and link them, not duplicate the same information in two places.

The section on Folklore is good, and should be linked from the Mushroom Hunting page, and expanded if possible.

Also, the note that saying Amanitas in the photo are "too young to be identified" simply isn't true. At that stage all the important features should be readily visible. In the "egg" stage they closely resemble puffballs (I've even been fooled until I actually picked it up), and shortly after that they superficially resemble Agaricus spp. I think I've got a good photo of the "amanita egg" somewhere, if I do I'll post it.

Lots of other small errors - milk thistle seems to protect liver tissue from damage but has not (yet) been shown to do anything in restoring damaged liver tissue. I think my reference is still in my desk at my old job but I'll dig something up.

I'll probably tackle this article sometime in the next few weeks. I'll be checking here for comments, suggestions, and corrections... Revdrace 19:34, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Bye bye guidelines
You've probably noticed that "Guidelines" is gone, replaced by "Causes of mushroom poisoning." Why? Because an encyclopedia article on mushroom poisonings should give facts about mushroom poisonings, not an opinion on the best ways to avoid becoming a victim. The truth is that I haven't removed the "guidelines" at all, but they are now transformed into cases that I think drive home the point "be SURE of your identification!" far better than some WikiGnome warning you to do so. It also, I think, gives the article that sought-after encyclopaedic tone.

I removed the warning, "Alcohol consumption should be limited when eating wild mushrooms positively identified as edible, but not consumed before" There is one unsubstantiated article reporting a problem with alcohol and morels from 1968, otherwise there seems to be no more problem with heavy drinking and wild mushrooms than there is with heavy drinking and anything else (apart from Coprinus of course). I also left out the warning about mixing toxic and edible mushrooms due to possible fragments of toxic mushrooms in with the edibles, because I couldn't think of a good way to work it in.

And I finally replaced the photo at the top. Those mushrooms in the "immature mushroom" photo are readily identifiable as Amanita spp., and with the large fluffy warts visible on the specimen to the upper right, we can safely say that they would've been clearly identifiable. I thinik the appropriate photo for the top of the mushroom toxicity page is the mushroom responsible for most (some say 90%) of the mushroom-related deaths worldwide. The "immature mushroom" photo is recycled to compare with the photo of shaggy manes below.

This page has come a *long* way since I posted in December. Great work, everyone! Can the WikiWizards take another look at this page and see if it can get its "cleanup needed" tag removed? (Revdrace (talk) 21:34, 4 August 2008 (UTC))

 * Great new additions to this entry! They've really improved it a lot, and I concur that "guidelines" have no place in an encyclopedia, so doing away with them is the way to go. I also think that the clean-up tag can be removed now. Thanks!!Malljaja (talk) 13:45, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Symptoms and Toxins
Thanks Malljaja! This is the second half of the major revisions I've been planning for a while.

Toxins and their symptoms belong together. There isn't really a list of "general" symptoms of mushroom poisoning any more than there is a "general" list of symptoms for "household chemical poisoning" The symptoms depend on what kind of mushroom was eaten. I liked having a short, readable list of toxins, so I've kept that up top. I have not tried to make a complete profile of each toxin, just a short, relatively simple explanation of what happens to you when you eat one of these things.

I have a couple of minor revisions still in mind, but that's the major ones. Thanks to the WikiGnomes for fixing my typos too... I'm a terrible speller. Revdrace (talk) 17:24, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

PS: can we just remove the (Magazine) tag, or does some WikiAuthority have to do that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Revdrace (talk • contribs) 18:19, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Changes to the List, etc
Rearranged folklore section to be a list of myths and examples which establish that they are not true. I think this reads better.

Comments on the effects of the toxins moved from "List of Poisonous Mushrooms" to "Toxins and their symptoms." This list seems to have trouble deciding if it is or isn't a list of deadly fungi. Since Wiki already has a "List of Deadly Fungi," I suggest that it should NOT list the deadly species, and stick to the poisonous (but usually not deadly) mushrooms. Changed title to "Poisonous mushrooms" so as to avoid the temptation to include all toxic fungi (ergot, molds, Aspergillus, etc.)

Removed from A. muscaria: "poisonings rare, possibly because its unique and obvious appearance make it easily identifiable;" This is not true. Several cases are reported every year in the NAMA Toxicology Committee report, which is not at all "rare" by mushroom poisoning standards. In button form they are easily mistaken for puffballs, and the species ranges in color from pallid yellow to olive brown to the familiar apple red. This polymorphism makes it surprisingly difficult to identify, for all its familiarity.

Removed "but in higher quantities" from A. pantherina: my understanding is that the problem is NOT that pantherina simply contains more ibotenic acid, it simply seems to be more toxic than hallucinogenic. Perhaps it contains more muscarine, but I have not seen an explanation for the effect.

Entoloma: Note that some sources say muscarine is the toxin, but the symptoms don't fit. Most sources say "a gastrointestinal irritant."

Tricholoma tigrinum: arguably the same mushroom as Tricholoma pardinum and almost certainly the same toxin. Removed "no lasting effect after 2 to 6 hours of great pain" : very poetic but not very specific. Symptoms taken from Wiki page on Tricholoma pardinum, I don't have access to the references to check them.

Boletus pulcherrimus: the Wiki reports and references the death associated with this fungus. I don't have access to the reference to check it.

Removed B. rhodoxanthus from the list, as I can find no references to its edibility or toxicity. Same problem with Agrocybe -- I think that Agrocybe themselves are not toxic, but are easily confused with toxic species such as Hebelomas. If these are toxic species, please provide a reference.

There are lots of other mushrooms that belong on this list, particularly the toxic Agaricus, Russula, and Lactarius species.

Oh, yeah, and I removed the "magazine" tag. The Wiki Rules seem to say that anyone can add it, so presumably anyone can also remove it. Revdrace (talk) 11:00, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Russula, Agaricus, Lactarius, etc.
Added a few to the List. Apologies for the repetitive references, but if the list gets rearranged I want it to be clear which species are from which reference. Revdrace (talk) 18:58, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Very misleading
The article says Psilocybin and psilocin are the active toxins in the Psilocybe genus. Niether drug is toxic, their LD50 is greater than that of caffeine (higher LD50=Lower toxicity). This should really be adressed.--Metalhead94 (talk) 18:36, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Most "toxins" aren't fatal. Coprine is very unlikely to kill you, either.  I get your point - that many people consider the effects of psilocybin (and caffeine) to be pleasant, but both would be considered "toxins" from a medical standpoint.  Whether it is a "toxin" or not from a layman's standpoint depends really on two things: whether the individual who ingested it did so on purpose, and whether or not they enjoyed it.  My inclusion of it on the list of mushroom toxins doesn't mean that most people won't have a thoroughly wonderful time during their "intoxication" - just that these mushrooms contain a chemical with a notable physiologic effect. Revdrace (talk) 18:41, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

I know what you are saying. I doubt a psilocybin "trip" would be very enjoyble if one ingested it by accident.--Metalhead94 (talk) 10:07, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

The entry in Toxins of Amanita Muscaria claims muscimol is toxic and can cause death. But the North American Mycological Association states there are “no reliably documented cases of death from toxins in these mushrooms in the past 100 years.” Ibotenic acid may be toxic, but is changed to muscimol by the process of decarboxilation initiated by drying. By all means caution casual use, but don't spread falsehoods by conflating hallucinogenic with toxic or state a substance can cause death when it doesn't.

Your doubt that a 'psilocybin "trip" would be very enjoyble if one ingested it by accident' is opinion, it may well be enjoyable to someone who has already experienced it, or even if the person hadn't but had read about it and was open to this experience. Psilocybin mushrooms are not the type of fungus that anyone seeking mushrooms for food would bother to pick anyway, since they are tiny and can be hidden in short grass. PetePassword (talk) 11:20, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Folk traditions
Hi! I know a folk tradition that poisonous mushrooms have a skirt.--MathFacts (talk) 23:41, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

- Interesting. Most of the lethal species do, as do several delicious edibles, but the skirt can be easily lost. As far as these guidelines go, it's SLIGHTLY more in touch with reality than the others, but those rings fall off easily enough that this one could claim a victim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.107.95.223 (talk) 09:16, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

It is stated in this section that a.muscaria is narcotic. This is not the case, narcotics are drugs from the opiate family that can treat moderate to severe pain. Too many people misuse the word narcotic, largely as part of the misinformation of the 'war on drugs' in which they claim marijuana is a narcotic. It isn't, and neither is cocaine or any mushroom. PetePassword (talk) 11:36, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Milk thistle and alpha-amanitin
Does anyone have access to the 2004 PDR For Herbal Medicines referenced for the statement "...including a study in which 60 patients exposed to death cap poison were given 20 mg/kg of milk thistle seeds per day within 48 hours of consuming the deadly mushrooms. None of the patients died."

I have a problem with this statement as it doesn't seem to me like a PDR would be the right place for publishing this sort of research. What does "...exposed to death cap poison..." mean, exactly? Was it people who presented at a hospital with amanitin poisoning symptoms, or instead people exposed to tiny doses of it? It sounds like pseudoscience. I have no problems with the previous, properly referenced paragraph, which states that "Recently, Silybum marianum or blessed milk thistle has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells..." MFdeS (talk) 03:05, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok, since there's been no comment for 6 weeks I'll remove the paragraph.MFdeS (talk) 03:30, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

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Missing important information
Why aren't the descriptions and images for most lethal mushrooms (the death cap, destroying angels, deadly webcam, and fool's webcam) not included? Nfaulk2 (talk) 07:58, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mushroom poisoning


text:
Ignacy Mościcki

Ignacy Mościcki (1 December 1867 – 2 October 1946) was a Polish chemist and politician who was the country's president from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving president in Polish history. Mościcki was the President of Poland when Germany invaded the country on and started World War II.

Early life and career
Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum, where he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, Proletariat.

Upon graduating, he returned to Warsaw but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896, he was offered an assistantship at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. There, he patented a method for cheap industrial production of nitric acid.

In 1912, Mościcki moved to Lviv (Lwów), in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in Austria-Hungary, where he accepted a chair in physical chemistry and technical electrochemistry at the Lviv Polytechnic. In 1925, he was elected rector of the Lwów Polytechnic (as it was then called), but soon moved to Warsaw to continue his research at the Warsaw Polytechnic. In 1926, he became an Honorary Member of the Polish Chemical Society.

Presidency
After Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 coup d'état on 1 June 1926, Mościcki, once an associate of Piłsudski in the Polish Socialist Party, was elected President of Poland by the National Assembly on the recommendation of Piłsudski, who had refused the post for himself.

As president, Mościcki was subservient to Piłsudski and never openly showed dissent from any aspect of the Marshal's leadership. After Piłsudski's death in 1935, his followers divided into three main factions: those supporting Mościcki as Piłsudski's successor, those supporting General Edward Rydz-Śmigły and those supporting Prime Minister Walery Sławek.

With a view to eliminating Sławek from the game, Mościcki concluded a power-sharing agreement with Rydz-Śmigły, which had caused Sławek to be marginalised as a serious political player by the end of the year. As a result of the agreement, Rydz-Śmigły would become the de facto leader of Poland until the outbreak of the war, and Mościcki remained influential by continuing in office as president.

Mościcki was the leading moderate figure in the regime, which was referred to as the "colonels' government" because of the major presence of military officers in the Polish government. Mościcki opposed many of the nationalist excesses of the more right-wing Rydz-Śmigły, but their pact remained more or less intact.

Mościcki remained president until September 1939, when he was interned in Romania after the German invasion of Poland and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favour of Władysław Raczkiewicz.

Later life
Mościcki was planning to leave for Switzerland after leaving office as president. From 1908 to 1920, he was a citizen of Switzerland; he was also an honorary citizen of Fribourg. The Romanian authorities gave their provisional consent to his departure, but Germany opposed it. Mościcki was offered to United States President Franklin Roosevelt, who was determined to have Mościcki go to Switzerland. The intervention of the US government forced the Romanian authorities to agree. General Sikorski also ordered the Polish embassy in Bucharest to provide all assistance to Mościcki. The president stayed in Romania until December 1939.

Mościcki came to Switzerland through Milan, where he met with Wieniawa-Długoszowski. Initially, he lived in Fribourg, where he was allowed to continue his scientific work. During this period, among others, he wrote down his memories, which were published by the New York City magazine Independence. Mościcki donated money to soldiers of the Polish Army in France, Warsaw residents in prisoner-of-war camps, concentration camps and labour camps. For five months, he taught at the University of Fribourg. Later, he was forced to take up paid work. In 1940, he moved to Geneva, where he worked in the Hydro-Nitro Chemical Laboratory.

Mościcki's health deteriorated rapidly after 1943. He died on 2 October 1946, in Versoix, near Geneva.

Legacy
In 1984, his descendants requested for the remains of Mościcki and his wife to be moved from Switzerland to Poland. The relevant Polish authorities agreed that a funeral was to be held in Warsaw and be completely private, without any state ceremonies. However, the authorities of the Canton of Geneva in Switzerland withdrew their agreement for political reasons after protests related to Solidarity from emigrants. In 1993, Mościcki's remains were transported, on behalf of incumbent President Lech Wałęsa, to Poland and deposited in the crypt of St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw. Mościcki's symbolic grave is located in the Avenue of Merit at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw, where his second wife is buried next to him.

title: Ignacy Mościcki


text:
User:Tristanb/list

Here is a list of articles i have marked as a major edit. It may include redirects, and other stuff i forgot to mark as minor.

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Watson Jana Novotna Joey Scarbury John Lovelock Justin Timberlake Karsch Neugebauer syndrome Kenny Rogers Kim Milford Konstantin Feoktistov Krahn La Bamba (movie) Laboratory Lacandon Lamotrigine Latissimus dorsi Leukocyte Levy-Jennings chart Liberia Limb Lipoprotein List of famous suicides List of muscles of the human body List of New Zealanders List of ski areas List of supermarkets List of SWIFT codes List of trees of New Zealand Liver Liver function tests Lobster hand Looting Loperamide Lower limb Lumbrical muscle Lung volumes Luther Vandross Lymphocytosis Lymphopenia Macrophage Macroprolactin Mammography Maori language MARPOL MARPOL 73/78 Mars, Incorporated Massey University Matrix Reloaded ME Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Median nerve Medical ethics Medical ultrasonography Medication Medulla oblongata Melanocyte Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Melanotan Melée Meninges Methaqualone Methcathinone Michael Barrymore Mineral (StarCraft) Minesweeper Mobius syndrome Moebius syndrome Molecules with silly or unusual names Monocytosis Mount Taranaki Mousetrap Murmur Muscle relaxant Muscles Muscular dystrophy Music critics Myalgic encephalitis Myalgic encephalomyelitis Narcotics Anonymous Nashi pear Neomycin Nephrotic syndrome Neutropenia Neutrophilia New World (supermarket) New Zealand flax New Zealand Kennel Club New Zealand Prostitutes' Collective New Zealand Public Service Association New Zealand State Highway network Newborn baby Nicoleta Alexandru Nictating membrane Nictitating membrane Normal range Oakley (fashion) Occipital horn syndrome Oral contraceptive Order of magnitude - length Ornithine transcarbamoylase Os coxae Osmolality Otago, New Zealand Otolith organ Ova Pacemaker Pacifier (rock band) Pak'n Save Palmerston North Palpitation Paraprotein Pathologist Peabo Bryson Pelvis Pepsinogen Peroneus longus muscle Peter Blake (actor) Peter Blake (yachtsman) Piccolo (dragonball) Pineapple guava Piper methysticum Pitcairn Islands Plantar reflex Platelet Pneumoconiosis Politics of New Zealand Pollen Pond Potassium Powelliphanta snail Precipitate Precipitation Precipitation (chemistry) Premature labour Priapism Profunda femoris Prolactin Pronator quadratus Propanolol Prostate specific antigen Prostitution in New Zealand Protein sequencer Prothrombin ratio Prothrombin time PSA Public Service Association Pus Pyramidal motor system Pyramidal tract Pyrus bretschneideri Pyrus pyrifolia Quackery Radial nerve Radiation therapy Radiotherapy Raes Junction Railgun RAST test Reference range Reference ranges for common blood tests Renin Renin-angiotensin system Reovirus Respiratory tract Reticulocyte Rimu Ringworm Ripening Riverton Rotator cuff Rough ER Sacral vertebrae Sacrum Saiyan Salicylate Salivary gland Samuel Doe Sarcoidosis Sartorius Scalpel Scapula Scarface (1983 movie) Scarface (1983) Sciatic nerve Seminal vesicle Serum Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase Sesamoid bone Sevenum Sexual slang Shad Moss Ship Pollution Shipyard Sickle cell disease Silkworm missile Silver nitrate Simone De Beauvoir Sleepy Cod Slope Point Soerabaja Solvent abuse Spacer Spermatazoa Spermatozoa Spinal cord Spinal nerve Spinothalamic tract SPISPOPD Spliceosome Sputum Stanley Kaoni Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus Starbucks Sterilisation (microbiology) Sterilization (microbiology) Stomach Stool Sugar Sun bathing Sun tanning Sunbed Suntan Surabaya Surabaya, Indonesia Suture Swear word Sysmex Sysmex Corporation Sysmex XE-2100 T cell Tampon Tangerine Tanzanite Taranaki Taste bud T-bone steak T-cell Telecom Telecom New Zealand Terbutaline Teri Hatcher Tetany Thalidomide Thallobacteria The Generation Game Thenar eminence Thigh Thorax Thrombin Thyroid gland cell Thyroid hormone Thyroid hormones Tidal volume TOA Corporation Toa Medical Electronics Toilet paper Tonga Tongue Totara Trans Trans fat Transportation in Libya Transportation in New Zealand Trapezius Trapezius muscle Triiodothyronine Tugboat Tyrannosaurus bataar Ulcerative colitis Ulna Ulnar nerve Ultrasound imaging Union Union Carbide University of Leipzig Urea Ureterosigmoidostomy Urethra Uridine monophosphate synthetase Uridine monophosphate synthetase deficiency Vacutainer Vageta Vegemite Vegeta Vena cavae Venipuncture Ventricle (heart) Ventricles of the heart Vertebra Vertebrae Virkon Virtual hosting Vladimir Meciar Volatile substance abuse Warfarin White blood cell Whois Whole blood Wild Things Xenical Xylometazoline Ya pear Yasser Arafat Yoga Sutra Yoga Sutras Yorkton, Saskatchewan Yugoslav military Zarbon Zinc blende Zinc finger Zolpidem Zygomatic bone

title: User:Tristanb/list


text:
Winston Churchill (novelist)

Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American best-selling novelist of the early 20th century.

He is nowadays overshadowed, even as a writer, by the more famous British statesman of the same name, to whom he was not closely related.

Early life
Churchill was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Edward Spalding Churchill by his marriage to Emma Bell Blaine. He attended Smith Academy in Missouri and the United States Naval Academy, where he graduated in 1894. At the Naval Academy, he was conspicuous in scholarship and also in general student activities. He became an expert fencer and he organized at Annapolis the first eight-oared crew, which he captained for two years. After graduation he became an editor of the Army and Navy Journal. He resigned from the U.S. Navy to pursue a writing career. In 1895, he became managing editor of the Cosmopolitan Magazine, but in less than a year he retired from that, to have more time for writing. While he would be most successful as a novelist, he was also a published poet and essayist.

Career
His first novel to appear in book form was The Celebrity (1898). However, Mr. Keegan's Elopement had been published in 1896 as a magazine serial and was republished as an illustrated hardback book in 1903. Churchill's next novel—Richard Carvel (1899) — was a phenomenal success. The novel was the third best-selling work of American fiction in 1899 and eighth-best in 1900, according to Alice Hackett's 70 Years of Best Sellers. It sold some two million copies in a nation of only 76 million people, and made Churchill rich. His other commercially successful novels included The Crisis (1901), The Crossing (1904), Coniston (1906), Mr. Crewe's Career (1908) and The Inside of the Cup (1913), all of which ranked first on the best-selling American novel list in the years indicated.

Churchill's early novels were historical, but his later works were set in contemporary America. He often sought to include his political ideas into his novels.

In 1898, Churchill commissioned Charles Platt to design a mansion in Cornish, New Hampshire. Churchill moved there the following year and named it Harlakenden House. From 1913 to 1915, he leased it to Woodrow Wilson, who used it as his summer residence. Churchill became involved in the Cornish Art Colony and went into politics, winning election to the state legislature in 1903 and 1905. In 1906, he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for governor of New Hampshire. In 1912, he was nominated as the Progressive candidate for governor but did not win the election and did not seek public office again. In 1917, he toured the battlefields of World War I and wrote his first non-fiction work about what he saw.

Sometime after the move to Cornish, he took up painting in watercolors and became known for his landscapes. Some of his works are in the collections of the Hood Museum of Art (part of Hopkins Center for the Arts at Dartmouth College) in Hanover, New Hampshire, and the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site in Cornish, New Hampshire.

In 1919, Churchill decided to stop writing and withdrew from public life. He was gradually forgotten by the public. In 1923, Harlakenden House burned down. The Churchills moved to an 1838 Federal estate, part of the Cornish Colony called Windfield House (now called Hillside) at 23 Freeman Road in Plainfield, furnishing it with items saved from the fire. In 1940, The Uncharted Way, his first book in twenty years, was published. The book examined Churchill's thoughts on religion. He did not seek to publicize the book and it received little attention. Shortly before his death, he said, "It is very difficult now for me to think of myself as a writer of novels, as all that seems to belong to another life."

Death
Churchill died in Winter Park, Florida, in 1947 of a heart attack. He was predeceased in 1945 by his wife of fifty years, the former Mabel Harlakenden Hall. He is featured on a New Hampshire historical marker (number 16) along New Hampshire Route 12A in Cornish.

Churchill and his wife had three children. Their son John Dwight Winston Churchill was married to Mary Deshon Hand, daughter of Judge Learned Hand. Another son Creighton Churchill was a well-known writer on wines. Journalist Chris Churchill of Albany, New York is his great-grandson.

The British statesman
In the 1890s, Churchill's writings first came to be confused with those of the British writer with the same name. At that time, the American was the much better known of the two, and it was the Englishman who wrote to his American counterpart about the confusion their names were causing among their readers.

They agreed that the British Churchill should adopt the pen name "Winston Spencer Churchill", using his full surname, "Spencer-Churchill". After a few early editions this was abbreviated to "Winston S. Churchill"—which remained the British Churchill's pen name. The two men arranged to meet on two occasions when one of them happened to be in the other's country, but were never closely acquainted.

Their lives had some other coincidental parallels. They both gained their tertiary education at service colleges and briefly served (during the same period) as officers in their respective countries' armed forces (one was a naval officer, the other an army officer). Both Churchills were keen amateur painters, as well as writers. Both were also politicians, although the British Churchill's political career was far more illustrious.

Novels

 * Mr. Keegan's Elopement in magazine format (1896)
 * The Celebrity (1898)
 * Richard Carvel (1899)
 * The Crisis (1901)
 * Mr. Keegan's Elopement in hardback (1903)
 * The Crossing (1904)
 * Coniston (1906)
 * Mr. Crewe's Career (1908)
 * A Modern Chronicle (1910)
 * The Inside of the Cup (1913)
 * A Far Country (1915)
 * The Dwelling-Place of Light (1917)

Other writings

 * Richard Carvel; Play produced on Broadway, (1900–1901)
 * The Crisis; Play produced on Broadway, (1902)
 * The Crossing; Play produced on Broadway, (1906)
 * The Title Mart; Play produced on Broadway, (1906)
 * A Traveller In War-Time (1918)
 * Dr. Jonathan; A play in three acts (1919)
 * The Uncharted Way (1940)

Filmography

 * The Crisis (dir. Colin Campbell, 1916)
 * The Dwelling Place of Light (dir. Jack Conway, 1920)
 * The Inside of the Cup (dir. Albert Capellani, 1921)

title: Winston Churchill (novelist)