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List of extreme points of the United States

This is a list of points in the United States that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in the country. Also included are extreme points in elevation, extreme distances and other points of peculiar geographic interest.

Northernmost points

 * Point Barrow, Alaska 71.38889°N, -156.47917°W – northernmost point in the United States
 * Utqiaġvik, Alaska 71.29556°N, -156.76639°W – northernmost incorporated place in all U.S. territory, population about 5,000
 * Fairbanks, Alaska 64.83971°N, -147.72073°W – northernmost city of more than 20,000 residents, and northernmost incorporated city with public road access
 * Anchorage, Alaska 61.21783°N, -149.89255°W – northernmost city of more than 100,000 residents
 * Juneau, Alaska 58.2991°N, -134.42024°W – northernmost capital city in the United States
 * Northwest Angle Inlet in Lake of the Woods, Minnesota 49.38447°N, -95.15339°W – northernmost point in the 48 contiguous states
 * Sumas, Washington 49.00239°N, -122.26111°W – northernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states
 * Lynden, Washington 48.94528°N, -122.45278°W – northernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Bellingham, Washington 48.75531°N, -122.47876°W – northernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Everett, Washington 47.97806°N, -122.2075°W – northernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Spokane, Washington 47.66028°N, -117.42361°W – northernmost city of more than 200,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Seattle, Washington 47.60384°N, -122.33016°W – northernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States
 * Olympia, Washington 47.03778°N, -122.90083°W – northernmost capital city in the 48 contiguous states
 * Chicago, Illinois 41.88386°N, -87.63163°W – northernmost city of more than 1,000,000 residents in the United States
 * Alaska has the northernmost geographic center of all the states. North Dakota has the northernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.

Southernmost points

 * Rose Atoll, American Samoa -14.56972°N, -168.15278°W – southernmost point in the United States
 * Futiga, American Samoa -14.37299°N, -170.75974°W – southernmost town in the United States
 * Pago Pago, American Samoa -14.27382°N, -170.70126°W – southernmost capital city in the United States
 * Palmyra Atoll, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 5.88389°N, -162.07833°W – southernmost point in all U.S. incorporated territory
 * San Juan, Puerto Rico 18.46556°N, -66.10583°W – southernmost city of more than 250,000 residents in all U.S. territory
 * Ka Lae, Hawaii 18.91083°N, -155.68111°W – southernmost point in the 50 states
 * Discovery Harbour, Hawaii 19.03417°N, -155.63028°W - southernmost settlement in the 50 states
 * Nā'ālehu, Hawaii 19.06583°N, -155.5875°W – southernmost town in the 50 states
 * Hilo, Hawaii 19.69944°N, -155.08083°W – southernmost place with a population over 25,000 in the 50 states
 * City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii 21.30528°N, -157.85694°W – southernmost U.S. state capital and southernmost incorporated place in the 50 states (Hawaii's only incorporated place)
 * Western Dry Rocks, Florida Keys, Florida 24.44667°N, -81.92667°W – southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide
 * Ballast Key, Florida 24.52083°N, -81.96361°W – southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water
 * Key West, Florida 24.54409°N, -81.8049°W – southernmost incorporated place in the contiguous 48 states
 * Cape Sable, Florida 25.11833°N, -81.08639°W – southernmost point on the U.S. mainland
 * Florida City, Florida 25.44833°N, -80.4825°W – southernmost municipality in the contiguous U.S.
 * Miami, Florida 25.72778°N, -80.23389°W – southernmost major metropolitan city in the 48 contiguous states
 * Cameron County, Texas 25.83736°N, -97.39442°W – southernmost point on the Mexico–United States border.
 * San Antonio, Texas 29.4724°N, -98.5251°W – southernmost city of more than 1,000,000 residents in the United States
 * Austin, Texas 30.26722°N, -97.74306°W – southernmost capital city in the 48 contiguous states
 * Hawaii has the southernmost geographic center of all the states. Florida has the southernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.

Easternmost points

 * Pochnoi Point, Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska 51.96167°N, 179.77306°W – easternmost point in all U.S. territory by longitude
 * Point Udall, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 17.75528°N, -64.565°W – easternmost point in the United States, by direction of travel
 * Christiansted, U.S. Virgin Islands 17.7482°N, -64.7168°W – easternmost town in the United States, by direction of travel
 * Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands 18.34069°N, -64.93106°W – easternmost capital city in the United States, by direction of travel
 * San Juan, Puerto Rico 18.4655°N, -66.1057°W – easternmost major city of more than 250,000 residents in all U.S. territory
 * Sail Rock, Lubec, Maine 44.81256°N, -66.94703°W – easternmost point in the 50 states, by direction of travel and easternmost incorporated place in the 50 states
 * West Quoddy Head, Maine 44.81539°N, -66.94978°W – easternmost point on the U.S. mainland
 * Bangor, Maine 44.82167°N, -68.71833°W – easternmost city of more than 20,000 residents in the 50 states
 * Augusta, Maine 44.307°N, -69.782°W – easternmost U.S. state capital
 * Portland, Maine 43.7°N, -70.08667°W – easternmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 50 states
 * Boston, Massachusetts 42.332°N, -71.0202°W – easternmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States
 * New York City, New York 40.6635°N, -73.9387°W – easternmost city of more than 1,000,000 residents in the United States
 * Peacock Point, Wake Island 19.27033°N, 166.65731°W – first sunrise (at equinox) in all U.S. territory
 * Northern Islands Municipality, Northern Mariana Islands 16.0271°N, 146.0645°W – easternmost municipality in all U.S. territory, by longitude
 * Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands 15.18333°N, 145.75°W – easternmost capital city in the United States, by longitude
 * Maine has the easternmost geographic center of the 50 states.

Westernmost points

 * Point Udall, Santa Rita, Guam (13.4475°N, 144.61819°W) – westernmost point and westernmost town in the United States, by direction of travel
 * Hagåtña, Guam 13.47726°N, 144.74725°W – westernmost capital city in the United States, by direction of travel
 * Peaked Island, offshore from Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska 52.92056°N, 172.43778°W – westernmost point in the 50 states by direction of travel, and last sunset (at equinox) in all U.S. territories. West of it passes the International Date Line, after which come Russian territorial islands.
 * Amatignak Island, Alaska 51.26861°N, -179.14861°W – westernmost point in all U.S. territories by longitude
 * Adak, Alaska 51.8224°N, -176.7147°W – westernmost incorporated city in the 50 states
 * Pago Pago, American Samoa -14.27944°N, -170.70056°W – westernmost capital city in the United States, by longitude
 * Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska 65.64222°N, -168.11889°W – westernmost point on the North American continent
 * Unalaska, Alaska 53.88898°N, -166.52724°W – westernmost city of more than 2,500 residents in the 50 states
 * Honolulu, Hawaii 21.30694°N, -157.85833°W – westernmost U.S. state capital
 * Anchor Point, Alaska (59.77247°N, -151.86733°W) – westernmost point on the continuous road system of North America
 * Umatilla Reef, offshore from Cape Alava, Washington 48.185°N, -124.785°W – westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide
 * Bodelteh Islands, offshore from Cape Alava, Washington 48.17853°N, -124.77169°W – westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water
 * Cape Alava, Washington 48.16417°N, -124.73306°W – westernmost point on the U.S. mainland (contiguous)
 * Neah Bay, Washington 48.36556°N, -124.61556°W – westernmost town in the 48 contiguous states
 * Port Orford, Oregon 42.75407°N, -124.5126°W – westernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states
 * Brookings, Oregon 42.0553°N, -124.2875°W – westernmost city of more than 5,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Coos Bay, Oregon 43.3681°N, -124.2174°W – westernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Eureka, California 40.77167°N, -124.20333°W – westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Corvallis, Oregon 44.54333°N, -123.33667°W – westernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Eugene, Oregon 44.085°N, -123.20833°W – westernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
 * Salem, Oregon 44.93917°N, -123.03944°W – westernmost capital city in the 48 contiguous states
 * Portland, Oregon 45.59167°N, -122.83667°W – westernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States
 * San Jose, California 37.44833°N, -122.04667°W – westernmost city of more than 1,000,000 residents in the United States
 * Hawaii has the westernmost geographic center of all the states. Oregon has the westernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.
 * Diomede, Alaska, Little Diomede Island 65.75833°N, -168.95333°W - closest town to Russia Big Diomede

Interpretation of easternmost and westernmost
There are three methods for reckoning the eastern and western extremes of the United States.

One method is to use the Prime Meridian as the dividing line between east and west. This meridian running through Greenwich, London, is defined as zero degrees longitude and could be called the least eastern and least western place in the world. The 180th meridian, on the opposite side of the globe, is therefore the easternmost and westernmost place in the world.

Another method is to use the International Date Line as the easternmost–westernmost extreme. On the equinox, the easternmost place would be where the day first begins, and the westernmost is where the day last ends.

Still another method is to first determine the geographic center of the country and from there measure the shortest distance to every other point. All U.S. territory is spread across less than 180° of longitude, so from any spot in the U.S. it is more direct to reach the easternmost point, Point Udall, U.S. Virgin Islands, by traveling east than by traveling west. Likewise, there is not a single point in U.S. territory from which heading east is a shorter route to the westernmost point, Point Udall, Guam, than heading west would be, even accounting for circumpolar routes. The two different Point Udalls are named for two different men: Mo Udall (Guam) and Stewart Udall (Virgin Islands), brothers from the Udall family of Arizona who both served as U.S. Congressmen.

Highest points

 * Denali, Alaska 63.06917°N, -151.00639°W – highest summit in the United States, all US territories, and North America at 6190.5 m (known as Mount McKinley from 1896 to 2015)
 * Mount Whitney,  California 36.57861°N, -118.29194°W – highest point in the 48 contiguous states at 14505 ft
 * Grays Peak, Colorado 39.63361°N, -105.8175°W – highest point on the Continental Divide of North America at 14270 ft
 * Mauna Kea, Hawaii 19.82056°N, -155.46806°W – highest island summit in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13796 ft
 * Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico 36.59778°N, -105.445°W – highest village limits in all U.S. territory at 12,581 ft (No residents of Taos Ski Valley live above 10,350 ft)
 * Winter Park, Colorado 39.89278°N, -105.76194°W – highest city limits in all U.S. territory at 12060 ft (No residents of Winter Park live above 9550 ft)
 * San Juan County, Colorado 37.81667°N, -107.66667°W – highest U.S. county based on a mean elevation (11240 ft)
 * Alma, Colorado 39.28389°N, -106.06278°W – highest town in all U.S. territory at 10,355 ft; contiguous residential areas extend to 11680 ft.
 * Leadville, Colorado 39.24722°N, -106.29167°W – highest city in all U.S. territory at 10152 ft. (No residents of Leadville live above 10360 ft)
 * Woodland Park, Colorado 38.99833°N, -105.05639°W – highest city of more than 5,000 residents in all U.S. territory at 8465 ft.
 * Laramie, Wyoming 41.31111°N, -105.59361°W – highest city of more than 10,000 residents in all U.S. territory at 7165 ft.
 * Santa Fe, New Mexico 35.66722°N, -105.96444°W – highest city of more than 50,000 residents and highest capital city in all U.S. territory at 6989 ft.
 * Colorado Springs, Colorado 38.83389°N, -104.82528°W – highest city of more than 100,000 residents in all U.S. territory at 6035 ft.
 * Denver, Colorado 39.76194°N, -104.88111°W – highest major city of more than 500,000 residents in all U.S. territory at 5280 ft.
 * Phoenix, Arizona 33.44833°N, -112.07389°W – highest major city of more than 1,000,000 residents in all U.S. territory at 1085 ft.
 * Lake County Airport, Colorado 39.22028°N, -106.31667°W – highest airfield in all U.S. territory and North America at 9927 ft
 * New Mexico State Capitol, Santa Fe 35.68222°N, -105.93972°W – highest state capitol in the United States at 7005 ft
 * Colorado 39°N, -105.5°W – highest U.S. state based on an average elevation of 6800 ft
 * Mount Mitchell, North Carolina 35.76472°N, -82.265°W – highest point in eastern United States at 6684 ft
 * Mount Washington, New Hampshire 44.27028°N, -71.30333°W – highest point in northeastern United States at 6288 ft
 * Arikaree River, Yuma County, Colorado at Kansas state line 39.97833°N, -102.05167°W – highest U.S. state low point at 3317 ft
 * Beech Mountain, North Carolina 36.20639°N, -81.88306°W – highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River at an elevation of 5,506 feet (1,678 m).
 * Boone, North Carolina 36.21139°N, -81.66861°W – highest elevation (3,333 feet, 1015.9 m) east of the Mississippi River of any town of its size (over 10,000 population).
 * Eisenhower Tunnel, west of Denver, Colorado 39.6785°N, -105.92°W – highest point on the Interstate Highway System, at 11,158 ft.

Lowest points

 * Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California, 36.23972°N, -116.83472°W – lowest surface point in all U.S. territory and North America, at -85 m
 * Salton Sea, California, 33.33306°N, -115.83417°W – lowest lake in all U.S. territory and North America, at -226 ft
 * Furnace Creek Airport, California 36.46389°N, -116.88139°W – lowest airfield in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere, at -210 ft
 * Furnace Creek, California, 36.45806°N, -116.87083°W – lowest settlement in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere, at -190 ft
 * Calipatria, California, 33.12556°N, -115.51417°W – lowest city in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere, at -184 ft
 * 9th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana, 30.04444°N, -89.94639°W – lowest surface point in eastern United States, at -7 ft
 * New Orleans, Louisiana, 29.96667°N, -90.05°W – lowest city over 250,000 population in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere, with an average elevation of -1.5 ft
 * Delaware 39.00472°N, -75.54611°W – lowest state, with an average elevation of 60 ft
 * Britton Hill, Florida, 30.98833°N, -86.28194°W – lowest state high point, at 345 ft
 * Lake Superior bottom, Michigan, 46.90861°N, -86.59778°W – lowest freshwater point in all U.S. territory, at -732 ft
 * Puget Sound bottom, Washington, 47.74833°N, -122.42833°W – lowest seawater point in the interior of the United States, at -956 ft

Other points

 * Geographic center of the 50 states: approximately 20 mi north of Belle Fourche, South Dakota, 44.96667°N, -103.76667°W
 * Geographic center of the 48 contiguous states: approximately 4 mi west of Lebanon, Kansas, 39.83333°N, -98.58333°W
 * The geographic center of North America is at 48.16667°N, -100.16667°W, about 6 mi west of Balta, in Pierce County, North Dakota.
 * Closest to the equator: Baker Island is at 0.19472°N, -176.47944°W.
 * Most remote point in the 50 states: Ipnavik River, National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, 68.75°N, -156.68333°W; 120 mi from nearest habitation.
 * The North American pole of inaccessibility (distant from ocean access) is at 43.36667°N, -101.96667°W, about 11 miles (18 km) southeast of the town of Kyle, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, in Bennett County, South Dakota, 1025 mi from the nearest coastline.
 * The southwesternmost point of the contiguous United States is Border Field State Park, California.
 * The northwesternmost point of the contiguous United States is Cape Flattery, Washington.
 * The northeasternmost point of the contiguous United States is Van Buren, Maine, 47.23567°N, -68.02055°W

Islands

 * Island of Hawaii, Hawaii 19.82083°N, -155.46806°W – most extensive island in all U.S. territory at 4028 sqmi and tallest island in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13,796 ft.
 * Kodiak Island, Alaska 57.46667°N, -153.43333°W – most extensive Gulf of Alaska island at 3595.09 sqmi.
 * Island of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico 18.25°N, -66.5°W – most extensive island of U.S. Caribbean territory at 3515.1 sqmi.
 * Prince of Wales Island, Alaska 55.63194°N, -132.9075°W – most extensive island of the Alexander Archipelago at 2577 sqmi.
 * Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska 63.415°N, -170.39944°W – most extensive Bering Sea island at 1791.56 sqmi.
 * Unimak Island, Alaska 54.76833°N, -164.18667°W – most extensive Aleutian island at 1571.41 sqmi.
 * Long Island, New York 40.86944°N, -73°W – most extensive island of the U.S. Atlantic coast at 1,401 sqmi.
 * Padre Island, Texas 26.84444°N, -97.36778°W – most extensive Gulf of Mexico island at 209 sqmi and longest barrier island on Earth at 113 mi.
 * Isle Royale in Lake Superior, Michigan 48°N, -88.91667°W – most extensive island in a lake in all U.S. territory at 206.73 sqmi.
 * Whidbey Island, Washington 48.13639°N, -122.5825°W – most extensive island of Puget Sound at 168.67 sqmi.
 * Santa Cruz Island, California 34.00361°N, -119.72639°W – most extensive of the Channel Islands of California at 97 sqmi.
 * The most remote islands in the United States are within the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands (namely, islands such as Palmyra Atoll and Johnston Atoll).

Lakes

 * Lake Michigan-Huron 45.8°N, -84.75°W – largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, at 45,300 sqmi, of which 31507 sqmi is within the United States.
 * Lake Superior 47.7°N, -87.5°W – Lying along the Canada–United States border, it is the second largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, at 31,700 sq mi (82,100 km2), of which 53350 km2 is within the United States. It is also North America's largest lake by volume, at 2,900 cu mi (12,000 km3); it is commonly called the largest lake by surface area when Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are not considered one lake.
 * Great Salt Lake, Utah, 41.16667°N, -112.58333°W – most extensive endorheic lake, at 1,700 sqmi.
 * Crater Lake, Oregon, 42.95°N, -122.08333°W – deepest lake, at 1,943 ft.
 * Pacific Tarn, Colorado, 39.41972°N, -106.11972°W – Highest elevation lake at 13,420 ft.

Rivers

 * Mississippi River 29.15111°N, -89.25333°W – most extensive river basin at 1,151,000 sqmi.
 * Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson Rivers 29.15111°N, -89.25333°W – longest river system at 3,902 mi.
 * Missouri River 38.81361°N, -90.11972°W – longest main stem river at 2,341 mi.
 * Mississippi River 29.15111°N, -89.25333°W – longest Gulf of Mexico main stem river at 2,202 mi.
 * Yukon River 62.59861°N, -164.79444°W – longest Bering Sea main stem river at 1,979 mi.
 * Colorado River 31.81583°N, -114.80611°W – longest Gulf of California main stem river at 1,450 mi.
 * Columbia River 46.24417°N, -124.05806°W – longest Pacific Ocean main stem river at 1,243 mi.
 * Saint Lawrence River 49.66667°N, -64.5°W – longest Atlantic Ocean main stem river at 600 mi.
 * Bear River 41.45833°N, -112.29028°W – longest endorheic basin main stem river at 491 mi.

Extreme distances

 * Greatest east–west distance in the 48 contiguous states: 2,800 miles (4,500 km)
 * Greatest north–south distance in the 48 contiguous states: 1,650 miles (2,660 km).
 * Greatest distance between any two points in U.S. territory: 9,514 mi, from Point Udall, Guam, to Point Udall, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (formerly known as Orote Point and East Point, respectively).
 * Greatest distance between any two points in the 50 states: 5,859 mi, from Kure Atoll, Hawaii, to Log Point, Elliott Key, Florida.
 * Greatest distance between any two points in the contiguous 48 states: 2,901 mi, from North Farallon Island, California, to Sail Rock, east of West Quoddy Head, Maine.
 * Greatest driving distance between any US territory in contiguous lower 48 states (via US highway system): 3,689 mi, from Fort Zachary Taylor, Key West, Florida, to Cape Flattery, Washington.
 * Greatest distance between any two mainland points in the contiguous 48 states (linear distance): 2,892 mi, from Point Arena, California, to West Quoddy Head, Maine.
 * Greatest east–west distance in U.S. territory [?]: 5,823 mi, from Kure Atoll, Hawaii, to Riviera Beach, Florida.
 * Some map projections make diagonal lines appear longer than they actually are. The diagonal line from Kure Atoll, Hawaii, to West Quoddy Head, Maine, is 5,797 mi; and the diagonal from Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska, to Log Point, on Elliott Key, Florida, is 5,505 mi.


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Talk:Latria

[Untitled]
This article presupposes the Roman and Eastern Catholic view. It should be changed to say that Protestants have rejected the sacrifice of the Mass as a later innovation unknown to the Primitive Church, not that they left behind a dimension of Christianity (as if their view of the Primitive Church was incorrect).

Think I will change it myself.

Hello. You have written/edited: "[This distinction can be seen in St. Thomas, Summa, II II, 84, 1], citing adoration of angels by Abraham in Gn XVIII:2 and of King David by the prophet Nathan in I Kg I:23. Thomas de Aquina is not considered an authority by Protestants and others, and his reasoning in this instance is countered in that one of this angels is clearly a theophany, presumably the Son itself, and that Nathan bowed to David as one does courtesy to an European king, not as adoration."

You don't seem to have understood the St. Thomas passage. The purpose of the quote is simply to show a history of distinction among the three, latria, hyperdulia, and dulia. Tangentially, in refuting the notion that adoration is not an act of religion (note, then, that St. Thomas is proving here that adoration is an act of religion, which is not the point here, but rather to show simply there is a long-running distinction among latria, hyperdulia, and dulia), St. Thomas notes that "it was with the reverence due to an excellent creature that Nathan adored David" -- precisely the point you made, thinking you were refuting St. Thomas. Also, St. Thomas himself, again in II II 84 1, agrees with your dispute: "though we may understand them to have adored, with the adoration of latria, God Who appeared and spoke to them in the guise of an angel." In other words, St. Thomas is perfectly content with the facts that you put forward to "refute" St. Thomas. You have not understood.

The purpose of these quotes, again, and I have expanded them, is to show that there is a long history of a clear distinction among latria, hyperdulia, and dulia. I have removed, therefore, your attempted refutation of St. Thomas, but I have kept the spirit of your contribution, to say that Protestants do not accept St. Thomas. I have also kept your various comments on the Mass, as they help to explain the point that the distinction among latria, hyperdulia, and dulia is not something Protestants consider true or important. It is almost the case that discussion of the Mass is not proper for this page, but the Mass is so wrapped up in latria that the Mass should be mentioned; since Protestants dispute latria their dispute with the Mass becomes relevant.

I also took out the bit about Catholics etc. believing that they hold final authority because that gets away from whether latria is a clear term in theology, and who accepts it as a term, and begins to get too much into the Mass, and what it should be or is. The subject here is, what does latria mean, and why do Catholics feel it and why do Protestants reject it as a distinct term. Less is more in some sense.

Please note that I am not at all reluctant to have a Protestant viewpoint presented on the Latria or on any other Wiki page. Indeed, I consider it essential. There is no sense in which I am eager to suppress the Protestant theology. I am only concerned that an argument made be a cogent and meaningful one: your argument against (II II 84 1) simply failed to connect with what St. Thomas was saying, and with what I was doing with the quote. But as you can see I am not trying to keep out the Protestant dispute with the Mass nor the rejection of St. Thomas as an authoritative theologian. If you want to refute this page, perhaps the best way is to explain from Protestant theology why latria, hyperdulia, and dulia are not meaningfully distinguished. That would be a refutation, and a very important point of view to establish.

207.192.130.197 05:09, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Criticism
this has been placed:
 * and rebut that they do not "repeat" the sacrifice of the Cross but merely re-present it to God and the people.

Well, what the phrase implies is exactly wrong. The mass for Catholics is not a "Theater" about past events so as to, by means of some sort of oral tradition, pass on the new generations the information of what happened. What It is, indeed, is the Transubstantiation of bread and wine into Real Flesh and Real Blood of Jesus physically in the Altar in that moment, and then offered thereafter in Sacrifice to God; The Offering is indeed united to the One performed by Jesus in the Cross that's why the Priest of the offering is in reality Jesus Himself. This is The Highest and most infallible Dogma of them All. 190.251.134.213 (talk) 21:48, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

I have a criticism, so I guess I will leave it here. This page should be about the religious concept of latria (and possibly dulia), from a scholastic point of view. Of course, it should examine both the catholic and protestant views, but it should source scholars, not the different denominations. It should source linguists and bible scholars, not theologians. Or rather, there should be different articles separating the two.

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Tokyo Mew Mew

Tokyo Mew Mew (東京ミュウミュウ) is a Japanese manga series created and written by Reiko Yoshida and illustrated by Mia Ikumi. It was originally serialized in Kodansha's shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from September 2000 to February 2003, with its chapters collected in seven tankōbon volumes by Kodansha. It focuses on five girls infused with the DNA of endangered animals which gives them special powers and allows them to transform into "Mew Mews". Led by Ichigo Momomiya, the girls protect Earth from aliens who wish to "reclaim" it.

The series was adapted into a fifty-two episode anime series produced by TV Aichi, We've Inc., Tokyu Agency and Studio Pierrot. The anime aired in Japan from April 6, 2002, to March 29, 2003 on TXN affiliates. A two-volume sequel to the manga, Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode, was serialized in Nakayoshi from April 2003 to February 2004. The sequel introduces a new character, Berry Shirayuki, who becomes the temporary leader of the Mew Mews. The series would inspire two video games: a puzzle adventure game for Game Boy Advance, and a role-playing video game for the PlayStation.

Tokyopop originally licensed Tokyo Mew Mew for English-language publication in North America, and would release both the original series and à la Mode. Kodansha Comics would publish a newly translated version of the manga in September 2011. 4Kids Entertainment licensed the anime series for North American broadcast under the title Mew Mew Power, and produced an edited English-language localization. The first twenty-three episodes of the series would air on 4Kids TV in the United States, with three additional episodes airing on YTV in Canada. 4Kids was unable to license the remaining 26 episodes of the series or release the series on home video.

Tokyo Mew Mew was well received by English-language readers, with critics praising the manga for being a "cute and entertaining" series with "free-flowing style and character designs". Several volumes of the manga series appeared in the Top 50 sales lists for graphic novels in their respective months of release. The anime series received high ratings in Japan, while Mew Mew Power would become 4Kids' highest-rated show during its American broadcast, and be licensed for regional release in several other countries.

In 2020, a second, two-chapter sequel called Tokyo Mew Mew 2020 Re-Turn was released, featuring the main characters with updated designs; and as well as a spinoff, titled Tokyo Mew Mew Olé!, which features a new team of male Mew Mews. In addition, a new anime adaptation of the series, Tokyo Mew Mew New, was announced; the series aired from July to September 2022. A second season premiered in April 2023.

Plot
In Tokyo, Japan, a young girl named Ichigo Momomiya attends an endangered species exhibit with her "crush" Masaya Aoyama. After an earthquake, Ichigo and four other girls are bathed in a strange light. A cat appears before Ichigo, then merges with her. The next day, she begins acting like a cat and making cat puns. After meeting Ryou Shirogane and Keiichirou Akasaka, Ichigo learns that she was infused with the DNA of the Iriomote cat. Ryou and Keiichirou explain that this allows her to transform into Mew Ichigo, a powerful heroic cat girl. She is ordered to defeat Chimera Animas—alien parasites which infect animals and turn them into monsters. Ryou and Keiichirou instruct Ichigo to find the four other girls from the exhibit—the remaining Mew Mews.

The first Mew Mew Ichigo encounters are Minto Aizawa, a spoiled, wealthy girl and ballerina who is infused with the genes of the blue lorikeet; Retasu Midorikawa, a shy but smart girl who endures constant bullying from three girls and absorbs the genes of the finless porpoise; a hyper and yet young girl named Bu-Ling Huang who receives the genes of the golden lion tamarin; and Zakuro Fujiwara, a professional actress and model infused with the genes of the gray wolf.

The five Mew Mews battle the Chimera Animas and their alien controllers Quiche, Pie and Tart. Quiche falls in love with Ichigo where he tries to gain her love despite the fact that he is trying to eliminate the other Mew Mews. Pie and Tart later join Quiche in trying to destroy the Mew Mews.

As the fighting intensifies, the Mew Mews are tasked with finding "Mew Aqua", a material created from pure water that contains immense power for combating the alien attacks and can be sensed by the Mew Mews. During a battle with Quiche at an aquarium, Ichigo is in danger of losing when the mysterious Blue Knight appears and rescues her. He returns periodically throughout the series, protecting Ichigo from various dangers. It is later revealed that the Blue Knight is in fact Masaya. Shortly after this discovery, Masaya collapses and transforms again. This time, he transforms into Deep Blue, the alien leader who wants to destroy humanity. After explaining to Ichigo that Masaya was a false form for temporary use, Deep Blue attacks the Mew Mews. Pie and Tart try to stop the other mew mews while Ichigo goes after Deep Blue. He and Quiche battle and Deep Blue wins.

Masaya's personality briefly reappears and he uses the Mew Aqua inside Deep Blue to save Ichigo and Tokyo, killing himself in the process. Devastated over his loss, Ichigo pours her power into Masaya to save his life, losing her own in the process. Masaya kisses her, changing her back to a human and revives her. Ryou gives Pie the remaining Mew Aqua to save the aliens' world, after which Quiche, Pie, and Tart say their goodbyes and return to their own world.

Tokyo Mew Mew à La Mode
Ichigo and Masaya move to England to study endangered species. The remaining Mew Mews continue to eliminate the Chimera Animas left behind by the aliens. They face a new threat in the form of the Saint Rose Crusaders: Humans with supernatural abilities who desire to conquer the world and create a "utopia" while taking over the remaining Chimera Animas.

Berry Shirayuki becomes the sixth Mew Mew and temporarily takes Ichigo's place as the leader. Berry is the first Mew Mew to be infused with the DNA of two endangered species, the Andean mountain cat and the Amami rabbit. As one of the strongest Mew Mews, Berry is targeted by two of the Crusaders, who attack her at school. Ichigo returns to provide assistance during this battle. For their final attack, two Crusaders hypnotize the citizens of Tokyo and set them against the Mew Mews. Berry and her childhood friend Tasuku Meguro use their newfound feelings of love to reverse the hypnosis and cause a change of heart in the Crusaders.

Production
Mia Ikumi spent a year designing the Tokyo Mew Mew manga before the release of the first volume in February 2001. The story she originally presented to her editors, Tokyo Black Cat Girl, featured a heroine named Hime Azumi. An intergalactic police officer named Masha gave her the ability to transform into a cat-girl and asked her to aid him in defeating alien invaders called the Bugs. After the production team decided to focus on five female superheroes, Ikumi was asked to reconstruct the lead character. She had reservations about the changes, as the character was originally designed for a more dramatic series.

As Tokyo Mew Mew became a viable project, Kodansha hired Reiko Yoshida to be the series' scenario writer and story supervisor. Yoshida and two other editors determined each volume's plot, created a scenario by adding stage directions and dialogue, and presented it to Ikumi. Ikumi added her own ideas and changes, creating the manuscript's first draft, which was taken to the publishers for final review and approval. This differs from most manga series, in which the manga writer also creates the scenarios and stories before submitting to their editor for approval.

After the first volume's release, a two-day Tokyo Mew Mew festival was held during the Golden Week holiday—a week-long span in late April and early May during which four public holidays occur —to promote the series. Events included a Tokyo Mew Mew art gallery and the release of new merchandise. Ikumi, the series' artist, created a special poster for the event, featuring all twelve characters. She also cosplayed as characters from the series, as Minto Aizawa on one day and Retasu Midorikawa on the other.

Manga
Written by Reiko Yoshida and illustrated by Mia Ikumi, Tokyo Mew Mew was first serialized in Nakayoshi magazine between September 2000 and February 2003. The twenty-nine chapters were then compiled into seven tankōbon volumes by Kodansha. The first volume was released on February 1, 2001, with the final volume released April 4, 2003. In April 2003, a sequel called Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode premiered in Nakayoshi. Running until February 2004 and written solely by Mia Ikumi, the sequel was published as two volumes. In December 2019, an additional spinoff called Tokyo Mew Mew Olé! made by Madoka Seizuki began running in Nakayoshi. The spinoff focuses on a new team of male Mew Mews. The manga ended in August 2022, and was compiled into seven volumes. A short, 2-chapter manga sequel of the original series made by the original creators titled Tokyo Mew Mew 2020 Re-Turn was published between December 2019 and January 2020. It was Ikumi's final manga before her death in March 2022.

Tokyo Mew Mew and Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode are licensed for an English-language release in North America by Tokyopop. The first volume of the main series was released on June 1, 2004, with volumes released subsequently until the seventh volume was published on December 15, 2005. The two volumes of Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode were released on June 7 and September 13, 2005, respectively. Unlike the Japanese releases, each Tokyopop chapter is named. The main series is licensed for an English language release in Singapore by Chuang Yi. Carlsen Comics has licensed the series, through its regional divisions, and released the series in German, Danish and Swedish. The series is also licensed for regional language releases in French by Pika Édition, in Polish by Japonica Polonica Fantastica, and in Finnish by Sangatsu Manga. Tokyo Mew Mew was one of the first manga series released in Spanish in North America by Public Square Books. Kodansha Comics released an omnibus version of the series, featuring a new translation in September 2011.

Anime
Pierrot, TV Aichi, Tokyu Agency and We've Inc. adapted Tokyo Mew Mew into a fifty-two episode anime series, directed by Noriyuki Abe. Broadcast on TXN affiliates, the series premiered on April 6, 2002, and aired weekly until its conclusion on March 29, 2003. Most of the music for the series was produced by Shin Yoshimura and composed by Takayuki Negishi. Two pieces of theme music were also used for the anime series. "My Sweet Heart", performed by Rika Komatsu, was the series opening theme. The ending theme "Koi wa A La Mode" is performed by the five voice actors who play the Mew Mews. In Japan, the series was released across nine Region 2 DVD volumes. The ninth volume included a bonus DVD containing extra content. At some point during the TV broadcast, AEON changed its name to We've.

Tokyo Mew Mew was later licensed for an English-language dubbed release by 4Kids Entertainment. In its announcement about the series, 4Kids originally noted that the show would be renamed to Hollywood Mew Mew and that they would be heavily editing and localizing episodes so that viewers would not recognize its Japanese origins. Subsequent 4Kids press releases about the series referred to the new series as The Mew Mews and its original name Tokyo Mew Mew. When the series premiered on 4Kids TV on February 19, 2005, it aired under the name as Mew Mew Power. Characters and episodes were renamed, scenes were cut and storylines were modified. The music was replaced with a new score provided by Bear in the Big Blue House and The Book of Pooh composer, Julian Harris, and the opening theme was replaced with the song "Team Up", performed by Bree Sharp and Mollie Weaver. Twenty-six episodes of Mew Mew Power aired on 4Kids TV in the United States because 4Kids was unable to get a merchandising deal for the series and the English dub had stopped production. The 4Kids episodes aired on YTV in Canada and on the Pop Girl satellite television channel in the United Kingdom; these included three dubbed episodes not broadcast in the United States.

Although Mew Mew Power has not been released to home video in North America, ten of the 4Kids episodes have been released to Region 4 DVD in Australia and New Zealand by Magna Pacific and all twenty-six 4Kids episodes were released to Region 2 DVD in South Africa. Mew Mew Power was licensed for regional airing in French by Arès Films, which released nine dubbed 4Kids episodes to DVD in February 2006 as a single volume through Warner Home Vidéo France. The French dub aired on Télétoon as part of their Code F block. The company also licensed the remaining twenty-six episodes of the series that 4Kids had not obtained, releasing them in two DVD box sets through AK Vidéo.

A new anime adaptation titled Tokyo Mew Mew New was announced to commemorate the manga's 20th anniversary. It was later revealed that the adaptation will be animated by Yumeta Company and Graphinica, and directed by Takahiro Natori, with Yuka Yamada handling the series' scripts, Satoshi Ishino designing the characters, and Yasuharu Takanashi composing the music. New cast members were chosen to play the Mew Mews through a public audition held in Q2 2020, and they will also be promoting as an idol group named Smewthie as their characters. The new series premiered on July 6, 2022, on TV Tokyo. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the series outside of Asia and was streamed on Hidive.

A second season of Tokyo Mew Mew New was announced at the end of the final episode on September 21, 2022. It premiered in April 2023.

Video games

Two video games based on the Tokyo Mew Mew series were launched in 2002 by Takara. The first, Hamepane Tokyo Mew Mew (はめパネ 東京ミュウミュウ), a puzzle adventure game for the Game Boy Advance, was released in Japan on July 11, 2002.

The second title, Tōkyō Mew Mew – Enter the New Mew Mew! – Serve Everyone Together (東京ミュウミュウ 登場 新ミュウミュウ！みんないっしょにご奉仕するにゃん), was released in Japan on December 5, 2002. It is a PlayStation turn-based role-playing video game in which the player controls a new Mew Mew, Ringo Akai (赤井 りんご), as well as the original five heroines. They must defend Ringo's island from Quiche, the Chimera Animas and a new alien named Gateau du Roi (ガトー·デュ·ロワ). Both Ringo Akai and Gateau were created by the manga's artist, Mia Ikumi, following design specifications from Takara. The game uses voice actors from the anime series, with the two new characters voiced by Taeko Kawata and Ryōtarō Okiayu, respectively. Ikumi was pleased with how both characters turned out and expressed a desire to use Ringo as a regular character in a future manga series. Ringo later joined the other Mew Mews in the Petite Mew Mew bonus story in the second volume of Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode.

CDs
Multiple music and character CDs have been released for the Tokyo Mew Mew series by King Records. The first, a CD single, contained the full and karaoke versions of "Koi wa A La Mode", performed by the five voice actors who played the Mew Mews, and a second song performed by Saki Nakajima, who voices Ichigo.

On July 24, 2002, a five-disc limited edition collector's box set was released containing character songs for each of the Mew Mews, performed by their respective voice actors and a remix of "Koi wa A La Mode". The individual character song discs were released as standalone CDs on September 4, 2002. An additional character CD set, containing remixed versions of two songs from each individual album, followed on December 25, 2002. A second character CD for Ichigo, containing five new tracks performed by Nakajima, was released on February 26, 2003.

The first full anime soundtrack, Tokyo Mew Mew Original Soundtrack was released on September 25, 2002, by NEC. The CD included the series opening and ending themes and twenty-seven pieces of series background music. NEC released a second soundtrack on January 22, 2003; it contains the opening and closing themes, along with an additional twenty-nine tracks of background music. On March 26, 2003, two "best of" CDs were released for the anime series: Tokyo Mew Mew Super Best Hit – Cafe Mew Mew side and Tokyo Mew Mew Super Best Hit – Tokyo Mew Mew side. Each CD includes ten of the series' "most popular" musical pieces.

Reception
The Tokyo Mew Mew manga series was well received by English-speaking audiences. In March and April 2003, the first volume sold an estimated 1,597 and 1,746 copies respectively. This put the volume at the low end of the top 50 sales for each month. By 2004, with most of the series released, it became a mild success for licensor Tokyopop. It was ranked 16th on the list of Manga Top 50 for the first quarter of 2004 in the ICv2 Retailers Guide to Anime/Manga, based on sales from both mainstream bookstores and comic book shops. Sales of the sixth and seventh volumes dropped slightly; however, both were among the top 100 best-selling graphic novels in March and May 2004. The first volume of Tokyo Mew Mew à la Mode debuted 63rd on the list of top 100 best-selling graphic novels of May 2005, with nearly double the sales figures of the last volume of the main series. On the Nielsen Bookscan charts, the volume debuted at rank 39 before quickly climbing to the 14th spot. The second volume of à la Mode saw similar success, debuting in the 69th slot before advancing to the 12th position, a result of the Mew Mew Power show appearing on 4Kids TV.

Tokyo Mew Mew was generally well received by reviewers, who described it as cute and entertaining. Though AnimeFringe Patrick King notes that it is not a very intellectual series and that it avoids complex plot points, he lauded it as engrossing "brain candy" and an "endearing action-romance" that has no "delusions of grandeur". Critics praised the artwork in both Tokyo Mew Mew and the sequel Tokyo Mew Mew à La Mode. Ikumi's "free flowing" style and character designs were seen as a perfect fit for the series. Criticism of Ikumi's art focused on images which regularly spilled out of panel borders and speech bubbles with ambiguous speakers. Patrick King of Animefringe stated: "one of the most attractive aspects of Tokyo Mew Mew is easily Mia Ikumi's ultra-cute artwork. Big eyes, cat ears, fuzzy tails, and short skirts all come together in a cuteness combo that's hard to resist." According to Carlo Santos of Anime News Network, "Mia Ikumi's artwork is perfectly suited to the story, and it is not even all that wispy and frilly compared to other shōjo material. Like many budding manga artist, Ikumi's greatest strength is in carefully posed character portraits, and her prolific use of tones creates unique effects while also sidestepping the challenge of backgrounds."

Over all Tokyo Mew Mew à La Mode had more mixed reviews. Critics praised it for being a modern manga that typifies the magical girl formula, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. Mike Dungan, of Mania Entertainment, considered the original series to be "quite charming" and felt that à la Mode was a good continuation of the series with the "same fun and excitement" as its predecessor. Others felt Berry was an overly shallow heroine and that the sequel offered nothing new for readers with the Saint Rose Crusaders' costumes and plans being nothing more than concepts borrowed from Sailor Moon. Janet Crocker, Shannon Fay and Chris Istel of Animefringe criticized à la Mode for having the character Duke, the main villain of the arc, dressed in a white robe similar to those used by the white supremacy group, the Ku Klux Klan. Garrity felt à La Mode was a vehicle for referencing Tokyo Mew Mew fandom and merchandise and that Berry was a "transparent wish-fulfillment protagonist".

The anime adaptation has been compared to Sailor Moon and Yes! PreCure 5 due to both having female protagonists, five original team members with signature colors and powers, and similar plot lines, as have many magical girl series. Tokyo Mew Mew received high ratings in Japan with extensive merchandizing tie ins and marketing events to promote the series. The announcement of 4Kids licensing the anime series drew negative reactions from English-speaking in the U.S. fans, due to 4Kids' practice of removing cultural elements from their English-dubbed adaptations. Several fans would campaign to have the company to release an uncut version of the anime series. Overall viewer reception to Mew Mew Power would be mixed, but the show would become the block's highest-rated program at the start of the Fall 2005 season. Despite this, the series was never released to DVD in North America. Mew Mew Power would be licensed for broadcast in France, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal, Brazil, Albania, Serbia, Croatia, Turkey, Greece, South Africa, Denmark, the Netherlands, Bulgaria and Israel.

title: Tokyo Mew Mew


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Mister (disambiguation)

Mister, abbreviated as Mr., is a common English language honorific.

Mister may also refer to:

 * "Mister" (song), a song by South Korean girl group Kara
 * "Mr." (Yoasobi song), a song by Japanese duo Yoasobi
 * Mister (film), a 2017 Telugu film
 * Mr. (artist) (born 1969), Japanese contemporary artist
 * Mr. (band), Hong Kong pop rock band, or their 2008 EP, Mister
 * MiSTer, a collaborative open source project to implement various retro video games systems on a FPGA
 * A misting system, a type of evaporative cooler

title: Mister (disambiguation)


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Mayer Amschel de Rothschild

Baron Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (29 June 1818 – 6 February 1874) was an English businessman and politician of the English branch of the Rothschild family. He was the fourth and youngest son of Hannah (Barent-Cohen) and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). He was named Mayer Amschel Rothschild, for his grandfather, the patriarch of the Rothschild family.

Life
Known to his family as "Muffy", he was born in New Court, London. After studying at the University of Leipzig and Heidelberg University he became the first member of his family to receive an education at an English university, spending time at both Magdalene and Trinity College, Cambridge. Although apprenticed in the family's various banking houses in Europe, he never became a major part of the banking empire. He became High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire in 1847, and was elected Liberal MP for Hythe in 1859. In 1847 he served on the committee of the British Relief Association.

Mayer's mother, Hannah ( Barent-Cohen) began the Rothschild acquisitions in Buckinghamshire. Thinking her sons unhealthy, she began to purchase parcels of land around Aylesbury in prime hunting country, where they could take outdoor exercise. By the middle of the 19th century, two of her four sons had large estates and mansions in the Vale of Aylesbury: Anthony Nathan de Rothschild at Aston Clinton; and Mayer at Mentmore. Mayer built Mentmore Towers, the most sumptuous of the English Rothschild houses at the time. Twenty years later, two of his nephews were to follow: Ferdinand James von Rothschild at Waddesdon and Alfred de Rothschild at Halton. Mayer’s brother, Lionel de Rothschild bought another nearby estate at Tring, which he gave as a belated wedding present to his son, Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild.

In 1873, Baron Mayer bought 90 acres (36 hectares) of land at Ascott, two miles from Mentmore. This was given to his nephew Leopold de Rothschild who enlarged the existing Ascott House to the Neo-Tudor structure seen today.

Mayer Rothschild was a keen horseback rider and hunter, in spite of his weight of 101 kg (just over 15 stones), and was a fan of thoroughbred horse racing. He established a stud farm at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, and was a member of the Jockey Club. In 1871, his horses won four of the five "classic" races: Favonius won The Derby and "Hannah" won The Oaks, the 1,000 Guineas and the St. Leger Stakes.

Family
Mayer de Rothschild and his wife Juliana (née Cohen) had one child, a daughter, Hannah, later Countess of Rosebery. She was his sole heiress, and through her, Mentmore Towers passed to the Earl of Rosebery, who served as Prime Minister from 1894 to 1895.

Mayer Amschel de Rothschild died in 1874 and was buried in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in Beaconsfield Road, Willesden, London.

title: Mayer Amschel de Rothschild


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University of Nigeria

The University of Nigeria, commonly referred to as UNN, is a federal university located in Nsukka, Enugu State, Eastern part of Nigeria. Founded in 1955 by Nnamdi Azikiwe  who was the Governor General of Nigeria between 1960 and 1963, and first President of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966. The University of Nigeria Nsukka was formally opened on 7 October 1960. The University of Nigeria has three campuses in Enugu State–Nsukka, Enugu, and Ituku-Ozalla – and the Aba campus in Abia State.

The University of Nigeria is the first full-fledged indigenous and first autonomous university in Nigeria, modelled upon the American educational system. It was the first land-grant university in Africa and one of the five most reputed universities in Nigeria. The university has 15 Faculties and 102 academic departments. The university offers 108 undergraduate programs and 211 postgraduate programmes.

History
A law to establish a university in the Eastern Region of Nigeria was passed on 18 May 1955. Advice was sought from educationists in the UK and the US to help in the planning of the physical and educational aspects of the proposed university.

Under the joint auspices of the Inter-University Council for Higher Education and Overseas and the International Co-operation Administration (now the United States Agency for International Development), J.W. Cook, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Exeter, Dr John A. Hannah, President of Michigan State University and Dr. Glen L. Taggart, Dean of International Programs at the same university, came to Nigeria in 1958. The team surveyed the site at Nsukka and extensively investigated a great variety of factors pertinent to the establishment of a new university.

The results of their efforts were contained in a white paper issued by the Eastern Nigeria Government on 30 November 1958. They had recommended, "that the development of the University of Nigeria based upon the concept of service to problems and needs of Nigeria, is a desirable project and one that should receive support from any source which could help to make it a sound endeavour".

They further recommended that a provisional council be established to "draw upon the technical and consultative resources available throughout the world for help in planning the institution".

The provisional council, authorized by the Eastern Nigeria Legislature, was appointed by the Governor in Council in April 1959, and given the necessary financial and administrative powers to build a sound university. It reflected the spirit of international co-operation which has given birth to the institution. It consisted of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, chairman, Dr T. Olawale Elias and Dr Okechukwu Ikejiani from the Federation of Nigeria, J. S. Fulton from the United Kingdom, Dr. Marguerite Cartwright and Dr. Eldon Lee Johnson from the United States. The university was formally opened on 7 October 1960, as the climax to the Nigerian independence celebrations in the country's Eastern Region, by Princess Alexandra of Kent. Classes began on 17 October 1960 with an enrollment of 220 students and 13 members of the academic staff. The opening convocation addresses were delivered by the Chairman of the Provisional Council, Nnamdi Azikiwe, the first President of the Federation of Nigeria, and by John A. Hannah, president of Michigan State University.

The university was fully autonomous, with the power to grant its own degrees. Technically speaking, therefore, it became the first fully-fledged university in Nigeria, since Ibadan was still at that time a university college granting London degrees. It also became the first university established by a Nigerian Regional Government. The University College Ibadan, the oldest degree-awarding institution, cut its umbilical cord with London in January 1963, becoming the University of Ibadan. In July 1967, it turned out the first graduates holding Ibadan (rather than London) degrees, by which time Nsukka had produced two crops of graduates and taken all the publicity for turning out the first graduates of an autonomous Nigerian university.

Campuses of University of Nigeria
The university has four campuses:
 * University of Nigeria, Nsukka, UNN,
 * University of Nigeria Enugu campus, UNEC.
 * University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, UNTH - Ituku-Ozalla
 * University of Nigeria Aba campus, UNAC Aba.

The main campus of the university is located on 871 hectares of hilly savannah in the town of Nsukka, about eighty kilometres north of Enugu, and enjoys a very pleasant and healthy climate. Additionally 209 hectares of arable land are available for an experimental agricultural farm and 207 hectares for staff housing development. There is regular road transport between Nsukka and Enugu, and Nsukka is also quite easily accessible from all parts of Nigeria. There are modern shopping facilities and a large market in Nsukka town.

The Nsukka campus houses the Faculties of Agriculture, Arts, Biological Sciences, Education, Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, and Veterinary Medicine

The former Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology, Enugu, was incorporated into the university in 1961, and its buildings now form the Enugu Campus (200 hectares) of the university located in the heart of Enugu, the administrative capital of Enugu State of Nigeria. Enugu is a modern city, accessible by air, rail and road. The Faculties of Business Administration, Environmental Studies, Law and Health Sciences are located at the Enugu Campus.

The teaching hospital (UNTH) attached to the university is presently sited at Ituku-Ozalla (25 kilometres south of Enugu) on a 500 hectare site. It also hosts the Faculty of Dentistry/Dental Surgery and Medical Sciences. The Aba campus (UNAC) hosts the National Institute for Nigerian Languages.

A former campus was opened in October 1973 in Calabar, Cross River State. The campus at Calabar became a full-fledged University of Calabar in October 1977.

The official name of the university is University of Nigeria and the official acronym of the name UNN. "UN" stands for University of Nigeria while the last "N" stands for Nsukka. This acronym is also shared by the main campus of the university, Nsukka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka). Thus technically, the name University of Nigeria, Nsukka refers to the main campus at Nsukka only while the name University of Nigeria refers to all the campuses of the university. References may be made to the location of the other campuses by mentioning the names of the cities where they are situated rather than a blanket description with the name Nsukka. Students at the Enugu Campus prefer to write the name of their school as University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC) if they must add the location of their school. Students from other campuses of the school also prefer same. Official documents of the school describes the school as simply University of Nigeria. They also make this dichotomy when referring to different campuses of the school.

Faculties in the University of Nigeria
Nsukka campus which serves as the main campus of the University has the following faculties listed below:

 * Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Faculty of the Biological Sciences
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Faculty of Physical Sciences
 * Faculty of the Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
 * Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Enugu campus has the following facilities listed below:

 * Faculty of Business Administration
 * Faculty of Environmental Sciences
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Medical Sciences

University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Ituku-Ozalla Campus has the following faculties listed below :

 * Faculty of Dentistry
 * Faculty of Health, Science and Technology

Aba Campus has only one faculty which is listed below:

One of the departments under the Faculty of Education is the Department of Library and Information Science.
 * Institute of Nigerian Languages

Religious bodies in the University of Nigeria Nsukka campus
Christ Church Chapel, University of Nigeria, Nsukka is an interdenominational chapel founded on 14 January 1965.

St. Peter's Chaplaincy, University of Nigeria, serves the needs of the Catholic parishioners within the university.

Academics
Novelist Chinua Achebe held research and teaching appointments at the university, beginning in the early 1970s. He worked in the faculty of arts with critic and African literature scholar Donatus Nwoga. Astrophysicist Sam Okoye founded the Space Research Center in 1972. The Centre for Basic Space Research remains one of the few institutions in Africa that carries out research and offers courses in astronomy at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

The first open heart surgical operation in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken in 1974 at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. The team was led by visiting Magdi Yacoub from the UK and others in the team included Professors Fabian Udekwu and Anyanwu. The College of Medicine has since evolved into the centre for cardiothoracic surgery and tropical cardiology excellence for the West Africa region with the siting of the National Cardiothoracic Center at UNTH Enugu. Much medical research is also being carried out in the college.

The Department of Fine and Applied Arts is known for the Nsukka group – seven artists associated with a system of traditional Igbo designs and styles known as uli.

The Law Faculty of the university is the oldest in Nigeria; it was established in 1960.

The Department of Electronic Engineering was named a Center of Excellence in Electronics by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1982. The department was established in 1981 under the faculty of engineering after the previous department of electronic engineering was split into two separate department. The department offers a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronic Engineering to undergraduates, as well a MSC and Doctoral degree program in relevant specializations under Electronic Engineering. The Department has produced the highest number of first-class graduate than any other department in the university. The department has also produced many overall best graduating students more than any department in the university. It has produced overall university best for the three consecutive academic session in 1995/1996 1996/1997 1997/1998.

Library
The University of Nigeria, Nsukka Libraries consist of the Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, the Enugu Campus Main Library and the Medical Library located at the College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla. On 8 March 2009, the multi-complex Nnamdi Azikiwe Library of University of Nigeria, Nsukka was officially opened by the then minister of Education, Dr Sam Egwu. The library has embraced information technology to provide an effective library service to users and this was why it was one of the three leading academic libraries in Nigeria where TINLIB software was introduced in the 90s After so many failed attempts to automate the library using a well robust integrated library management software, the library finally settled for KOHA Integrated library management software to automate its activities. The library collection is unique because it contains an Africana section that houses rare books such as Biafrana and Achebeana. It has a total holding of 350,000 book titles and about 5000 serials titles.

Alumni and faculty
University of Nigeria Nsukka alumni are made up of numerous politicians, like the state governors as well as senators and ministers in the Nigerian and other African governments, academics, actors, artists and business people.

Vice-Chancellors

The Vice-Chancellor is supported by two deputy vice-chancellors. Former and current persons who have fulfilled the position are:
 * Professor Charles Arizechukwu Igwe: June 2019–Present
 * Professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba: June 2014–June 2019
 * Professor Bartho Okolo: 2009 – June 2014
 * Professor Osita Chinedu Nebo: June 2004 – June 2009
 * Professor Ginigeme Francis Mbanefoh: 1999 – 2004
 * Professor Umaru Gomwalk: May 1994 – (appointed as the Sole Administrator)
 * Professor Oleka K. Udeala:1992 – 1995
 * Professor Chimere Ikoku: 1985 – 1992
 * Professor Frank Nwachukwu Ndili: 1980 – Oct. 1985
 * Professor Umaru Shehu: 1978 – 1979
 * Professor James O. C. Ezeilo: 1975 – 1978
 * Professor Herbert C. Kodilinye: 1971 – 1975
 * Professor Eni Njoku: July 1966 – 1967; 1967 – 1970
 * Professor Glen L. Taggart: 1964 – 1966
 * Dr. George Marion Johnson: 1960 – 1964

Affiliate institutions
Below are some approved affiliate institutions of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka by the National Universities Commission (NUC).
 * Assemblies of God Divinity School, Old Umuahia
 * College Of Education, Ikere-Ekiti (Regular)
 * College of Education, Nsugbe
 * Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
 * Spiritan International School of Theology, Attakwu, Enugu
 * Spiritan School of Philosophy, Issienu, Nsukka
 * St. Paul's College, Awka
 * Trinity Theological College, Umuahia
 * West Africa Theological Seminary, Ipaja, Lagos
 * Yaba College of Technology Lagos

title: University of Nigeria


text:
Radio ballad

The radio ballad is an audio documentary format created by Ewan MacColl, Peggy Seeger, and Charles Parker in 1958. It combines four elements of sound: songs, instrumental music, sound effects, and, most importantly, the recorded voices of those who are the subjects of the documentary. The latter element was revolutionary; previous radio documentaries had used either professional voice actors or prepared scripts.

Original radio ballads
The original radio ballads were recorded for the BBC. MacColl wrote a variety of songs especially for them, many of which have become folk classics. The trio together made eight radio ballads between 1958 and 1964. They were:

 * 1) The Ballad of John Axon (1958), about an engine driver who died trying to stop a runaway freight train
 * 2) Song of a Road (1959), about the men who built the London-Yorkshire motorway, the M1
 * 3) Singing the Fishing (1960), about the men and women of the herring fishing fleets of East Anglia and Northeast Scotland
 * 4) The Big Hewer (1961), about the miners of the Northumberland, Durham, South Wales and East Midlands coalfields
 * 5) The Body Blow (1962), about people suffering from polio
 * 6) On the Edge (1963), about teenagers in Britain
 * 7) The Fight Game (1963), about boxers
 * 8) The Travelling People (1964), about the nomadic peoples of Ireland and Britain.

Singing the Fishing won the Prix Italia for radio documentary in October 1960. All eight radio ballads were released on LP, by Argo Records, and later on CD. They are also available via Listen Again on the BBC Radio 2 website.

A book about the making of the radio ballads was published on the fiftieth anniversary of the first broadcast of John Axon. Set into Song: Ewan MacColl, Charles Parker and the Radio Ballads was written and researched by Peter Cox, published by Labatie Books ISBN 978-0-9551877-1-1 and has an extensive website which carries the first two pages of each chapter, the complete transcripts and cast lists for each programme, bibliography, footnotes and reviews.

Transmission dates

 * The Ballad of John Axon - 2 July 1958
 * Song Of A Road - 5 November 1959
 * Singing The Fishing - 16 August 1960
 * The Big Hewer - 18 August 1961
 * The Body Blow - 27 March 1962
 * On The Edge - 13 February 1963
 * The Fight Game - 3 July 1963
 * The Travelling People - 17 April 1964

Missing ballads
In an unpublished letter to The Guardian, in 1999, Ian Campbell detailed a further two programmes made a year apart, by Parker, with music by Campbell (and John Chapman in the former case), without the involvement of MacColl or Seeger, and broadcast, according to Campbell, "to critical acclaim", then "consigned… to permanent oblivion".

 * The Jewellery - about Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter. No programme with this title appears in the Radio Times but an episode of People Today broadcast on the Home Service on 12 April 1962 was produced by Charles Parker so may have been a source of material.
 * Cry from the Cut - about the Midlands canal network, broadcast on BBC Home Service Midland, 13 February 1962.

2006 radio ballads
In 2006, BBC Radio 2 broadcast six new radio ballads using the same format, with musical direction by John Tams, and contributions from Karine Polwart, Jez Lowe and Cara Dillon among others.

The following ballads were broadcast between February and April 2006: The Song of Steel on the decline of the Sheffield and Rotherham Steel Industry (27 February); The Enemy That Lives Within, on HIV/AIDS (6 March); The Horn of the Hunter, on Foxhunting (13 March); Swings and Roundabouts, on Travellers who run fairgrounds (20 March) Thirty Years of Conflict; on The Troubles in Northern Ireland (27 March); and The Ballad of the Big Ships, on the shipyards of the Tyne and the Clyde, (3 April).

All were later released on CD, and a separate CD was also released containing a selection of the songs drawn from across the series.

2010 Ballad of the Miners' Strike
In 2010, to mark the 25th Anniversary of the 1984-85 Miners' Strike, the BBC broadcast a new Radio Ballad, the Ballad of the Miners' Strike.

2012 Olympic Games radio ballads
In 2012 BBC Radio 2 broadcast a series of six new radio ballads on the subject of the Olympic Games with original songs from Nancy Kerr, Jez Lowe, Julie Matthews, Martin Simpson and Boo Hewerdine amongst others.

The following ballads were broadcast in July and August 2012: Olympia on the origins of the Olympic Games; Berlin which focused on the 1936 Summer Olympics; Munich on the 1972 Summer Olympics; Controversies; Going for Gold; and The Marathon.

Raidió Teilifís Éireann
On 13 September 2020 RTE broadcast The Ballad of the Stolwijk Rescue, possibly the first Irish radio ballad, based around an interview with the last eyewitness to a dramatic rescue from a Dutch shipwreck and the music of Brían Mac Gloinn.

2021 The Song of the Golden Road
In 2021, west-wales based community arts organisation SPAN Arts, working with community development charity PLANED, and using a grant from the National Lottery Heritage Fund, produced a new radio ballad entitled The Song of the Golden Road (in Welsh, Cân y Ffordd Euraidd). The hour-long piece in English and in Welsh focusses on the bilingual rural communities of the Preseli Hills in north Pembrokeshire.

21st Century Folk
In January 2023 the BBC released a set of folk songs about five people from the north-east of England, under the title "21st Century Folk". They were described as a "modern take" on the radio ballad.

title: Radio ballad


text:
FastTracker 2

FastTracker 2 (also referred to as FastTracker II) is a music tracker created by Fredrik "Mr. H" Huss and Magnus "Vogue" Högdahl, two members of the demogroup Triton (who later founded Starbreeze Studios) who set about releasing their own tracker after breaking into the scene in 1992 and winning several demo competitions. The source code of FastTracker 2 is written in Pascal using Borland Pascal 7 and TASM. The program works natively under MS-DOS.

History
In 1993, Triton released FastTracker. This tracker was able to load and save standard four channel MOD files, as well as extended MOD files with six or eight channels (identical to standard MOD files, aside from the extra channel data and ID markers "6CHN" or "8CHN"). It was only compatible with Creative Labs' SoundBlaster series of sound cards, which were most popular on the PC at that time. The whole editor was a single 43 KiB DOS executable.

Through 1994, the musicians in Triton released some songs in a new multichannel "XM" format, accompanied by a pre-release, standalone player. In November 1994, FastTracker 2 was released to the public, with support for the Gravis Ultrasound sound card.

Discontinuation
The last stable release of FastTracker 2 was version 2.08, released in August 1997. A newer version 2.09 was under test as closed beta and became available to the public by Andreas Viklund's website in 1999. This version had a few new usability additions, such as the possibility to exit previously "stuck" windows by only using the mouse, but broke support for the Gravis Ultrasound card. While not an official release it was made later available also from Starbreeze's website.

On May 23, 1999, Starbreeze productions announced on their website that "FT2 has been put on hold indefinitely. [...] If this was an ideal world, where there was infinite time and no need to make a living, there would definitely be a multiplatform Fasttracker3. Unfortunately this world is nothing like that," signed by Vogue.

Legacy
After the announcement that support and development for FT2 would be stopped, Ruben Ramos Salvador (BakTery) started working on a FastTracker 3 that is now known as Skale Tracker, available for both Windows, Linux and online. In later years many other trackers tried to follow up on the legacy of FT2, a notable example being MilkyTracker, with special playback modes available for improved Amiga Protracker 2/3 compatibility. See also the Clone section below.

After development of FT2 was discontinued, a project led by developer Olav Sørensen to accurately re-implement FT2 in C for modern platforms using SDL 2 was started. Sørensen stated that he based his clone partly on the original FT2 source code. On April 22, 2017, an alpha build of the FastTracker II clone was released on the author's homepage for Windows and macOS. In July 2018, he released the source code of his FT2 continuation, later under the 3-clause BSD license, along with compile instructions for Linux on his website. Shortly after the release, an official FreeBSD port was created. The code is now available for collaboration on GitHub

Architecture and features
The FT2 interface is largely inspired by the looks of Amiga's Protracker. The screen consists of a pattern editor in the lower half, while the upper half features an instrument selector on the right, and the general module settings and some oscilloscopes. The pattern editor can be switched to sample/instrument editors. The program also features a little Nibbler clone and in-software documentation for all the features.

Patterns
Patterns are essentially sheets of music where the musician is able to arrange the actual musical score. A pattern consists of several rows (64 by default, 1024 maximum) and is divided to columns ("tracks"). Each row can have one note in every track. A note can look like the following:

C#4 02 20 R11

This means the note is a C#-note on the chromatic scale, played at the 4th octave (according to the scientific pitch notation), with instrument number 2. The next column is the volume setting on a 00H-40H hexadecimal scale, and the last column enables a variety of effects to be applied to the sound (in this case, retriggering).

A song consists of a collection of different patterns which can be played in a user-defined order to create the final song structure.

Samples
Samples are raw PCM sound data to be played back at various frequencies, much the way normal musical samplers do. Samples can have a loop start and end point, either repeated continuously or a "ping-pong loop", which essentially means the sample plays in reverse as soon as it hits the loop start or end (this is also called a "bidirectional loop"). The musicians are able to either record samples or load existing ones, manipulate them by cutting and/or pasting parts, or just draw them by hand. There's also a feature to crossfade the sample, thus allowing the loop points to appear seamless.

Instruments
Instruments are essentially arrays of samples with additional convenience features. A musician can assign different samples to different pitches of the sound, thus eliminating the possibility of a sample sounding bad if played too high or too low. Instruments support various loopable envelopes to be set on either the sound volume or the stereo panning, as well as built-in vibrato. It is also possible to set the generic settings of the instrument here: fine-tuning, default volume, default panning and relative starting note to C-4.

FT2 can get input from a normal PS/2 keyboard and make a live record with it (in the QWERTY keyboard layout, "q" would map to C, "2" would map to C#, "w" would map to D, etc.). FT2 was popular with many musicians who didn't have MIDI-compatible keyboards as they could experience live recording without any equipment other than a PC running DOS.

Effects
Each track has an "effects column" which allows the addition of effects such as arpeggio, portamento, vibrato and volume slides. Some control over the song structure can be handled in this column too, with commands for looping and breaking from and delaying patterns, or retriggering, cutting and delaying notes. In addition, a "volume column" allows additional control over volume slides, vibrato, panning and tone portamento.

Full list of Effect types (.MOD/.XM) and compatibility with trackers:

Files
FastTracker 2 supports a variety of file formats, though often only two were used by musicians: XM (Extended Module) and XI (Extended Instrument). XM was and still is one of the most popular module formats nowadays, because of its compact and well compressible file structure.

MOD format supported 4 channels maximum in a song, XM format, 32 channels maximum in a song, though there could be multiple instrument on one channel. ( from Channel n°0 to channel n°31 )

Some players — such as ModPlug Player — support the zip-compressed .XMZ and .MDZ formats, which are simple ZIP archives that contain a .XM or .MOD file respectively.

The ADPCM-compressed XM extension is an XM subformat introduced in ModPlug tracker and player. It has the same XM file format structure, except that at least one of the samples is compressed in 4-bit ADPCM format. An ADPCM-compressed sample is almost two times smaller than its uncompressed equivalent. The drawback is the sound quality – significant distortion may arise when using ADPCM.

Another known extension is OXM – Vorbis-compressed XM. It preserves the original XM file structure, except the samples, which are compressed using the Vorbis codec.

The Stripped XM file format is another XM subformat. It was introduced in uFMOD in 2006. A Stripped XM file is smaller than a regular XM, because it uses a more compact set of headers. The audio content of the XM file is left untouched.

Even more non-standard XM extensions exist. For example, some trackers introduce undocumented effect commands used as triggers for software events, Text2Speech (TTS) metadata, watermarks and so on.

Compatibility
FT2 ran with a custom made DOS 32-bit extender and it supports the Gravis Ultrasound, Sound Blaster, Covox, and the simple PC speaker. This rendered the software rather flaky to use nowadays, as the recent Windows versions generally do not allow DOS applications to access hardware directly, let alone the fact that most of those compatible cards are built for ISA slots, which are absent from recent motherboards. Due to this, hardcore musicians who still want to use FT2 often build "old school" PCs with the optimal (and nowadays rather cheap) hardware for the tracker, just to be able to track with it again.

An alternative way of getting FT2 to run is by using DOSBox — this, however, as accurate as is, has speed and latency problems, and one needs quite a muscular PC to be able to use it as comfortably as on a native environment. The release of DOSBox 0.7 in March 2007 substantially improved speed/performance problems. Other methods of usage include GUSEMU or VDMSound.

Reception and impact
FT2 got broadly popular in the demoscene and among tracker musicians in the late 1990s. FT2's biggest "rivals" in the scene were Scream Tracker and, in later years, Impulse Tracker. "FT2 vs IT" is a common and still ongoing debate among musicians, usually involving IT users complaining about FT2's mouse interface, while FT2 users praise that same interface, and point out that every mouse feature has a keyboard shortcut as well.

Clones
The FT2 inspired multiple later trackers in UX, design and technical capabilities and became therefore the starting point of a family of clones. Notably here, Ruben Ramos Salvador's clone FastTracker 3 (which later became Skale Tracker) and MilkyTracker. MilkyTracker is cross platform software and provides nearly all functionality available in the original FT2, with various other features. The GUI looks close, but intentionally different from the original. The shareware program Renoise also takes a portion of FT2's basic GUI and featureset-design, even though there are various major changes in its concept. Another early FastTracker 2-compatible tracker for windows was ModPlug Tracker (later OpenMPT), a tool which was also compatible with many other contemporary DOS trackers. SoundTracker (not to be confused with Ultimate Soundtracker) is a free (GPL-licensed) FT2-style tracker program for Unix-like operating systems. For many years, it was one of the very few mature Unix-based tracker programs.

Recently, a modern clone named "FastTracker II clone" was released; it is written in C and uses SDL 2 to allow for easier porting. Though it runs on modern operating systems, it is otherwise nearly identical in functionality, with hotkeys and visuals accurate to the original.

Professional usage
Video game developer Nicklas Nygren used Fast Tracker 2 (e.g. Knytt Stories ) to compose his early video game music. Demoscener and video game soundtrack composer Matthias Le Bidan used FT2 for the music of the free and open source video games Frozen Bubble and Pathological. The FT2-based soundtrack of Frozen Bubble won The Linux Game Tome's Best Sound/Music Award in 2003. Lee Jackson used FT2 to compose the MOD files used in the Apogee Software game, Stargunner.

Several commercial computer games by Epic Games like Unreal and Unreal Tournament used the FastTracker 2 XM format (additionally to other mod formats) encapsulated in a "UMX" Container, supported by the used Galaxy Sound Engine. Jarkko Rotstén also uses the XM format for 3D Realms's Ion Fury soundtrack.

FastTracker 2 has also been used in the "dance" music scene of the 1990s and early 2000s: Gabber, Speedcore and breakcore producers were using it, including Deadnoise, Noisekick, Neophyte.

title: FastTracker 2


text:
Harry Pidgeon

Harry Clifford Pidgeon (August 31, 1869 – November 4, 1954) was an American sailor, a noted photographer, and was the second person to sail single-handedly around the world (1921-1925), 23 years after Joshua Slocum. Pidgeon was the first person to sail a yacht around the world via the Panama Canal and the Cape of Good Hope, the first person to solo-circumnavigate by way of the Panama Canal, and the first person to solo circumnavigate the world twice (the second time was 1932–1937). On both voyages, he sailed a 34-foot yawl named Islander, which Pidgeon built himself on a beach in Los Angeles. Prior to his first trip, Pidgeon had no sailing experience and was referred to in the press as the "Library Navigator". He accounts for his adventure in his book, Around the World Single-Handed: The Cruise of the "Islander" (1932).

Biography
Harry Clifford Pidgeon was born 31 August 1869 on a farm in Iowa. His father, Isaac Marion Pidgeon, was married 3 times and had a total of 12 children. The family were Quakers. At the age of 15, he set out for California where he found work on a ranch. Before long, he traveled north to Alaska, where he took a raft down the Yukon River and spent some time sailing among the small islands of the southeastern Alaskan coast. Later, he returned to California and traveled and worked in the Sierra Nevada mountains, taking up a career in photography.

Islander
In 1917, Pidgeon started constructing the Islander in the Port of Los Angeles from plans he copied from Rudder magazine. The Islander cost $1,000 in materials and took a year and a half to build. Upon completion, he tested the yawl with trips to Catalina Island and then to Hawaii and back. Because all of his initial knowledge of seafaring and boatbuilding came from reading, he was dubbed the "Library Navigator" in the press.

Solo circumnavigations
After he gained confidence in his boat and his abilities, Pidgeon set out for the Marquesas Islands on November 18, 1921. This began his first four-year circumnavigation. His leisurely trip included stays in the Marquesas, Samoa, Fiji, New Hebrides, New Guinea, the Torres Strait, Christmas Island, the Cocos Islands, Mauritius, Cape Town, St. Helena, Ascension Island, Trinidad Island, Cristobal, the Panama Canal, and his return to Los Angeles on October 31, 1925. He published an account of the voyage in his 1932 book, Around the World Single-Handed.

In 1926 he was awarded the Blue Water Medal.

In 1932, Pidgeon embarked on another solo circumnavigation, this one lasting five years.

Later life and the demise of the Islander
He met his wife, Margaret Dexter Gardner, in Byram, Connecticut. They were married 6 May 1944. Of his marriage, Pidgeon said, "I have never been married, but now that I was 72 years old, I considered myself sufficiently ripe to give it a try." His wife was the daughter of an oceangoing sea captain and was born aboard the "J.H. Dexter".

In 1947, he and Margaret and one crewman set out for yet another circumnavigation. On this trip, on January 23, 1948, the Islander was damaged by rough weather and then broken up on some rocks in Hog Harbour on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands. Only some navigation equipment and the sails were salvageable.

Pidgeon died of pneumonia on November 4, 1954, at the age of 85 at the San Pedro Community Hospital in San Pedro, California.

Photography
Pidgeon's photographs are highly valued for their ethnographic significance. He left over 1,500 negatives of his trips with the Mohle family (Commander Robert Mohle of Manhattan Beach, CA). These are now in the collection of the California Museum of Photography at the University of California, Riverside.

There is also a collection of his work from the Sierras, documenting the everyday life in the logging community, at the California State University, Fresno.

Another small collection, including glass plate negatives of both Pidgeon's time in Yosemite's Sugar Pine logging camps and his circumnavigation along with maps, books and other artifacts Pidgeon collected during his travels has remained in the family, and now belongs to Mr. Michael McKinney, Pidgeon's great-great-nephew.

Legacy
Pidgeon donated items from his voyages to the Cabrillo Museum in Los Angeles.

Pidgeon was somewhat unusual in that his trips were not done as tests of his bravery, publicity stunts, or any reason other than interest in seeing the world. Moreover, Pidgeon had no previous experience with ocean navigation, boat-building, or long-distance sailing.

At the end of his book he wrote: "My voyage was not undertaken for the joy of sailing alone. It was my way of seeing some interesting parts of the world....Just the same, any landsman who builds his own vessel and sails it alone around the world will certainly meet with some adventures, so I shall offer no apology for my own voyage. Those days were the freest and happiest of my life."

Book

 * Around the World Single-Handed: The Cruise of the "Islander" ISBN 978-0-486-25946-8

title: Harry Pidgeon


text:
Evert Taube

Axel Evert Taube (12 March 1890 – 31 January 1976) was a Swedish author, artist, composer and singer. He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century.

Early life
Evert Taube was born in 1890 in Gothenburg, and brought up on the island of Vinga, Västergötland, where his father, Carl Gunnar Taube, a ship's captain, was the lighthouse keeper. His mother was Julia Sofia Jacobsdotter. Taube belongs to an untitled branch of the Baltic German noble Taube family, introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility in 1668 as noble family No. 734.

Career
Having spent two years (1907–1909) sailing around the Red Sea, Ceylon and South Africa, Taube began his career as a singer-songwriter and collector of sailors' songs, and on Christmas Eve 1908, on board the Norwegian ship SS Bergen headed for Spain, he performed "Turalleri, piken fra Hamburg".

Following a five-year stay (1910–1915) in Argentina, he developed an interest in Latin American music and introduced the Argentinian tango to Sweden in the twenties. Contrary to widespread perceptions, Taube did not work as a gaucho (cowboy) on the Pampas but as a foreman supervising workers who were digging canals designed to prevent flooding on the vast plains.

He is perhaps best known as a depictor of the idyllic, with motifs from the Swedish archipelagoes and from the Mediterranean, from a perspective every Swedish four-week holiday tourist could recognize. But he also wrote the most hard-hitting anti-fascist anti-war poem in the Swedish language, "Målaren och Maria Pia", about the Italian war in Abyssinia, from the late 1930s. He also composed the anthem of the budding environmental movement in the 1970s, "Änglamark" (originally written for the successful 1971 Hasse & Tage film The Apple War).

Taube's literary secretary Inga-Britt Fredholm was from the late 1950s working as a secretary at the Park Avenue Hotel in Gothenburg. There, in 1962, Evert Taube met her and this led to her becoming his literary secretary for more than ten years. During the 1964–1965 period she undertook travel for work, along with Taube, going to the Antibes in France and to the Pampas in Argentina. She collaborated with Astri Taube on "Vid tiden för Astri och Apollon: okända dikter och berättelser", published in 1964.

During the 1960s Fredholm collected Evert Taube's stories and published them in eight volumes at Albert Bonniers Förlag under the shared title of "Samlade berättelser med tillhörande visor och ballader", released 1966–1967. In the 1970s she produced two pictorial biographies of Taube: ”När jag var en ung caballero: en bildbiografi" (1970) and ”Kom i min famn: Evert Taube 1920-1971 : en bildbiografi" (1972).

Among Taube's most famous songs are "Calle Schewens vals", "Min älskling (du är som en ros)", "Dans på Sunnanö", "Brevet Från Lillan", "Flickan i Havanna", "Änglamark", "Sjösala vals", "Fritiof och Carmencita", "Så skimrande var aldrig havet" and "Så länge skutan kan gå".

In 1976 he released an album of songs (on SR Records) about and by Sweden's 18th-century bard, Carl Michael Bellman, performing 9 of Bellman's Fredman's Epistles including the ever popular Vila vid denna källa, Ulla! min Ulla! säj, får jag dig bjuda, and Solen glimmar blank och trind.

Taube has been translated into English by Helen Asbury, Paul Britten Austin, Emily Melcher and others. His songs have been recorded in English by Roger Whittaker, Sven-Bertil Taube, Martin Best, Roger Hinchliffe and Emily Melcher.

Personal life
In 1925, he married Astri Bergman Taube, a painter and sculptor.

Taube is the father of Sven-Bertil Taube who also is a well known musician and actor in Sweden. Sven-Bertil along with covering his fathers songs also covered other poets and artists such as Carl Michael Bellman and Nils Ferlin.

Taube died in Stockholm and is buried on the churchyard of Maria Magdalena Church on Södermalm.

Taube had a summer house called Sjösala, located in Stavsnäs, which was burned down by Mona Wallén-Hjerpe in 1969.

Honors
On his 60th birthday in 1950, Taube received the Bellman Award from the Swedish Academy and in 1960 he received an honorary doctorate from Gothenburg University. He was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1970.

Taube is regarded as one of the finest troubadours in Sweden. There is a complete pavilion, "Evert Taube's World" opened in 2008, dedicated to him at Liseberg Theme Park in Gothenburg.

On 25 March 2010, Norwegian Air Shuttle's (Norwegian.com) new Boeing 737-8FZ LN-NOV (msn 31713) was accepted at the Oslo (Gardermoen) base with the tail image of Evert Taube.

On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Taube's portrait will feature on the 50 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–15.

On 12 March 2013, a Google Doodle was dedicated to him.

Children

 * 1) Per-Evert Arvid Joachim Taube (1926–2009)
 * 2) Rose Marie Astrid Elisabet Taube (1928–1928)
 * 3) Ellinor Gunnel Astri Elisabeth Taube (1930–1998)
 * 4) Sven-Bertil Gunnar Evert Taube (1934–2022)

Publications

 * Sjösalaboken (1942), with illustrations by Roland Svensson.

Biography in English

 * I Come From A Raging Sea 1967
 * A History of Swedish Literature 1989
 * A History of Swedish Literature 1996

title: Evert Taube


text:
User:Kevin Saff/Games

 * For example, we could have:

 * This might make sense if we made a taxobox for all games. But now consider if someone is primarily interested in abstract strategy games.  In this case, the category, genre, and players above will all be constant, so we could replace them with things perhaps more interesting for abstracts:

 * Of course, what we really want is to look specifically at mancala games. We get something like:

 * Putting this all together, maybe we get:

title: User:Kevin Saff/Games