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1945 in India

Events in the year 1945 in India.

Incumbents

 * Emperor of India – George VI
 * Viceroy of India – Viscount Wavell

Events

 * National income - ₹77,736 million
 * Detailed Wavell Plan: In May, Wavell visited London and discussed his ideas with the British Government. These London talks resulted in the formulation of a definite plan of action, officially made public simultaneously on 14 June, by L.S.
 * 8 May  – War ends in Europe, with only fighting left with the Japanese
 * 18 August – Subhas Chandra Bose, one of the Indian Freedom movement leaders, presumed dead in a plane crash in Taiwan
 * 2nd September – World War II officially ends, and Britain is bankrupt
 * 20 September – Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that British troops leave India, in vain.
 * 25 June – Muslim League and congress were invited to the Simla Conference
 * 29 November – Bajaj Auto comes into existence.
 * All India Council for Technical Education is established

Law

 * International Monetary Fund and Bank Act

Births

 * 14 January – Surjit Patar, writer and poet (died 2024).
 * 17 January – Javed Akhtar, political activist, poet, lyricist and screenwriter.
 * 13 February – Vinod Mehra, actor (died 1990).
 * 17 March – Esther David, author, artist, and sculptor.
 * 1 April – Ali Ahmed Aslam, chef (died 2022).
 * 4 May – N. Ram, journalist.
 * 20 May – Ibrahim Saeed, journalist, editor and scholar (died 2007).
 * 26 May – Vilasrao Deshmukh, politician and former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. (died 2012).
 * 16 June – Bikash Sinha, physicist (died 2023).
 * 17 June – P. D. T. Achary, civil servant.
 * 1 July – Susham Bedi, novelist, poet, and short story writer.
 * 2 July – S. A. Chandrasekhar, film director and father of Joseph Vijay.
 * 21 July – Ziona, religious leader, head of the largest living family (died2021)
 * 24 July – Azim Premji, businessman.
 * November – Subrahmaniam Nagarajan, wheat pathologist. (died2016)

Deaths

 * 18 August – Subhas Chandra Bose, the most prominent leader of the Indian independence movement (born 1897).

title: 1945 in India


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Heber Doust Curtis

Heber Doust Curtis (June 27, 1872 – January 9, 1942) was an American astronomer. He participated in 11 expeditions for the study of solar eclipses, and, as an advocate and theorist that additional galaxies existed outside of the Milky Way, was involved in the 1920 Shapley–Curtis Debate concerning the size and galactic structure of the universe.

Biography
Curtis was born on June 27, 1872, the elder son of Orson Blair Curtis and Sarah Eliza Doust.

He studied at the University of Michigan and at the University of Virginia, earning a degree in astronomy from the latter.

From 1902 to 1920 Curtis worked at Lick Observatory, continuing the survey of nebulae initiated by Keeler. He headed up the Lick southern station in Chile from 1905 until 1909, when he returned to take charge of the Crossley telescope. In 1912 he was elected president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

In 1918 he observed Messier 87 and was the first to notice the polar jet which he described as a "curious straight ray ... apparently connected with the nucleus by a thin line of matter."

In 1920 he was appointed director of the Allegheny Observatory. In the same year he participated in the Great Debate with Harlow Shapley (also called the Shapley–Curtis Debate) on the nature of nebulae and galaxies, and the size of the universe. Curtis advocated the now-accepted view that other galaxies apart from the Milky Way existed.

Curtis also invented a type of film plate comparator in about 1925, allowing 2 plates, each 8×10 in, to be compared using a set of prisms and placing the plates on stacked and aligned stages rather than next to one another as was the norm, this allowed the body of the device to measure just 60×51 cm. This device is packed in crates and resided at UCO Lick Observatory as of Aug 2011. His article describing the device appears in the Publications of the Allegheny Observatory, vol. VIII, no. 2.

In 1930 Curtis was appointed director of the University of Michigan observatories, but the shortage of funds following the Great Depression prevented the construction of a large reflector he had designed for the university at Ann Arbor. He contributed to develop the McMath–Hulbert private observatory at Lake Angelus.

Curtis was an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.

He died on January 9, 1942.

Legacy
The Heber Doust Curtis Memorial Telescope at the Portage Lake Observatory was dedicated in 1950 in Curtis' memory. It no longer operates, but remains as a memorial to Curtis. A small lunar crater east of the larger crater Picard in Mare Crisium received the official name Curtis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heber Doust Curtis


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Michael Skupin

Michael David Skupin (born January 29, 1962) is a convicted fraudster and child sex offender. Best known for competing on two seasons of the reality competition show Survivor, he became the first person ever to be medically evacuated from the game after falling into a fire on Survivor: The Australian Outback.

Early life
Skupin was born January 29, 1962, in Farmington Hills, Michigan. When he was four, his father died of cancer. His mother, Mary Louise Skupin, went on to marry Clarence Landry when Michael was ten. Michael then took his stepfather's last name, though Clarence had never officially adopted him.

While in high school, Michael Landry became an athlete, playing tight end for the football team at Brother Rice High School in Birmingham. During his junior year, Landry was expelled for throwing water balloons at some students at a neighboring all-girls high school. For his senior year, he transferred to St. Mary's Preparatory in Orchard Lake where, even before his expulsion, he was offered a spot on their football team playing both tight end and linebacker.

After high school, Landry tried to enroll at Western Michigan University (WMU), but he was initially denied acceptance due to the fact that no Social Security number existed for a "Michael Landry." He reapplied to WMU under his birth name, Michael Skupin, and was later accepted. In 1984, Skupin graduated with a B.B.A. degree.

Career
Skupin's first job after college was selling copiers for 3M. In 1992, he teamed up with a childhood friend, Greg Swan, to found Rhinosoft Interactive, a software company based out of Wisconsin. In 2000, Rhinosoft was involved in a controversy when some CD-ROM versions of the Bible, published by Skupin and Swan, were distributed into various boxes of cereal as part of a promotion by General Mills. The cereal company, which had been distributing computer games and dictionaries on CD-ROM as part of the same promotion, claimed that it was unaware of the presence of the Bible CD-ROMs. General Mills apologized for the move, stating that it was against company policy to "advance any particular set of religious beliefs," although Swan insisted that the company had indeed been aware of the disc-based Bibles all along.

Skupin, a Christian, is also the founder of Michael Skupin Ministries, which helps people combat addiction. He had also considered running for the United States Senate in 2002, but ultimately decided against it. In addition, he has written a book about his life, entitled Fireproof. The book was released in 2004.

The Australian Outback
In 2000, Skupin flew to Australia to film the second season of the TV series Survivor. He was one of 16 castaways competing for the $1 million prize and the title of Sole Survivor. Upon the start of the game, Skupin was placed on the Kucha tribe, and was almost immediately seen as the tribe's leader. At first, he disavowed the role of tribal leader, but later embraced being the tribe's main provider, catching fish for the tribe and even killing a wild pig for its meat.

On Day 17, Skupin was tending to a fire at camp, when he accidentally inhaled some of the fumes and passed out into the fire. Seconds later, he let out a scream, then ran frantically into the water as his hands were now burned severely. The medical team was called in, and they determined that his injuries were too severe to keep him in the game. He was then evacuated by helicopter to seek further medical treatment, making him the first Survivor player ever to be medically evacuated and the first to be eliminated from the game without being voted off first. Overall, he was the sixth contestant to exit the game, and finished in 11th place.

Philippines
In 2012, Skupin returned to Survivor for its 25th season. He was one of three previous medical evacuees returning to the game, along with Jonathan Penner (evacuated from Survivor: Micronesia) and Survivor: Samoa evacuee Russell Swan (no relation to Greg Swan, Skupin's friend and business partner). At the start, Skupin was assigned to the Tandang tribe. One of his tribemates was Lisa Whelchel, whom he recognized as one of the stars of the hit TV series The Facts of Life.

Initially, his alliance included fellow tribemates R.C. Saint-Amour, Pete Yurkowski, and Abi-Maria Gomes. No one in this alliance was eliminated prior to the merge, as Tandang did not lose one single tribal immunity challenge. After the merge, on Day 22, Skupin teamed up with Whelchel, and five days later, the two of them agreed to form a new alliance with Denise Stapley and Malcolm Freberg. At the Final Five Tribal Council, the four of them were planning on voting out Gomes, who repeatedly called Skupin a "moron" in an attempt to convince him and the others to take her to the end as a sacrificial lamb, as Gomes was perceived as having no shot at getting any jury votes. Gomes was sent to the jury anyway, and at the Final Four immunity challenge, Skupin won immunity, and went on to join Whelchel and Stapley in voting out Freberg.

At the Final Tribal Council, Skupin was berated by the jury for his perceived strategic and social ineptitude. In particular, he was asked by Jeff Kent whether he was the type of person who makes things happen, watches things happen, or wonders what happened. In addition, Carter Williams asked Skupin to tell the jury why he had decided to vote Williams out. In the end, Skupin received only one jury vote, from Williams. Whelchel also received one vote, while Stapley won the title of Sole Survivor with six votes.

Criminal background
On February 23, 2013, Skupin was arrested for driving on a suspended license, having an improper license plate, and lacking proof of insurance. His driver's license was revealed to have been suspended approximately 20 times dating back to 1999.

In December 2013, Rob Wolchek, an investigative reporter for WJBK in Detroit, inducted Skupin into his "Hall of Shame" for an alleged Ponzi scheme involving Skupin's financial business, called Pay It Forward. Wolchek alleged that Skupin never paid his investors any of the promised dividends.

On February 5, 2016, Skupin was arrested for his alleged role with Pay It Forward, being charged with five counts of larceny by conversion and one count of racketeering. Unrelated to these accusations, he was also charged with six counts of possession of child pornography, as such images, allegedly belonging to him, were discovered on his laptop while police were searching it during the Ponzi scheme investigation. Skupin's bond was set at US$350,000. On November 18, he was found guilty of four out of the six child pornography counts. A separate trial for his involvement with Pay It Forward took place November 21, during which he pleaded no contest to a single count of larceny by conversion, as part of a plea deal. He was sentenced to serve one to four years in prison for possession of child pornography, and four years' probation plus $31,800 in restitution for larceny. He was released on parole, on December 19, 2017, after serving a year in prison. His parole formally ended on January 3, 2021.

title: Michael Skupin


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Onimusha

Onimusha (鬼武者) is a series of video games developed and published by Capcom. It makes use of the historic figures that shaped Japan's history, retelling their stories with supernatural elements. Most of the games are of the action-adventure genre, a combination of third-person hack-and-slash combat and puzzle elements. The player protagonist wields the power of the Oni, enabling them to fight the Genma, the main enemy in the series. As of June 2023, the series has sold a total of 8.6 million copies worldwide, making it Capcom's tenth best-selling franchise, behind Resident Evil, Monster Hunter, Street Fighter, Mega Man, Devil May Cry, Dead Rising, Dragon's Dogma, Ace Attorney, and Marvel vs. Capcom.

A high-definition remaster of the first game, Onimusha: Warlords, was released in December 2018 for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. A Windows version was released in January 2019.

Games
The series originated in 1997, with Yoshiki Okamoto's idea to create Sengoku Biohazard, a ninja version of Capcom's own 1996 Resident Evil (known as Biohazard in Japan), set in the Sengoku period and featuring a "ninja house" filled with booby traps, similar to the mansion from Resident Evil, where battles are fought using swords and shuriken. The project was originally intended for the Nintendo 64's 64DD.

Onimusha: Warlords was originally being developed for the original PlayStation, but the project was eventually moved to the PlayStation 2. The half-finished original PlayStation version of Onimusha was scrapped and never released.

The central character of the series, Samanosuke Akechi, is modeled after Takeshi Kaneshiro, who also voiced the character. People were used as models for other characters in the series, including Yūsaku Matsuda in Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny and Jean Reno in Onimusha 3: Demon Siege. Character movements throughout the series were created using motion capture.

The series was initially planned to be only a trilogy, but a fourth installment, Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams was released in 2006. Keiji Inafune said that Onimusha 3: Demon Siege is the end of the Nobunaga storyline, and Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams is a new storyline.

Shin Onimusha: Curtain Of Darkness, a mobile phone game, was released in Japan in 2005. Onimusha Soul, a browser-based game, was released on June 28, 2012. The game was also released for mobile phones in July 2013 and for PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network on February 25, 2014. The mobile version was shut down on May 13, 2015.

Gameplay
Although the protagonist changes in every Onimusha title, he is always a skilled swordsman who embarks on a set mission which involves slaying demons and fearsome enemies during the waning years of the Sengoku period of feudal Japan. In each game, the protagonist has the ability to absorb Genma souls from defeated enemies, which help to restore health, infuse power in weapons and armor, and provide power for the elemental attacks of special weapons.

The player controls their character using the D-pad (although later games such as Onimusha 3: Demon Siege and Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams introduced analog stick control) and travels in a fairly linear method, able to rotate slowly with the input of an opposing direction. Characters tend to move slowly and can only slightly increase their speed with the dash maneuver by tapping twice in any direction. Actions common to many action-oriented games, such as jumping, grabbing, and climbing over obstacles, cannot be performed in Onimusha games.

Onimusha is very action-oriented with an emphasis on combat, and employing some horror elements. The player has an arsenal of weaponry, ranging from katana to elemental-based broadswords. The player possesses a limited supply of spiritual energy which can be used for magical attacks. These magical attacks, which vary depending upon which weapon is equipped and other offensive attributes, can be improved throughout the game by accumulation of souls from defeated enemies.

Plot
Based primarily throughout the Japanese Sengoku period, Onimusha: Warlords starts with the feudal lord Nobunaga Oda being killed during a battle. One of the prominent fighters, Hidemitsu Samanosuke Akechi, receives a letter from his cousin Princess Yuki who is concerned about servants from her castle disappearing. Samanosuke joins with the kunoichi Kaede to rescue Yuki and discover demonic creatures known as Genma. In order to defeat the Genma, the Oni clan grant Samanosuke powers from their kind. Across his fights Samanosuke discovers the Genma have resurrected Nobunaga into serving their needs while intending to sacrifice Yuki and an orphan named Yumemaru to grant him more powers. Samanosuke manages to save Yuki and Yumemaru and kills the Genma Lord, the God of Light Fortinbras. Samanosuke's group then takes different paths.

The sequel, Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny, has Nobunaga using the Genma in his forces to unify Japan, wiping out Yagyu village whose clan are Genma exterminators. The clan's only survivor, Jubei Yagyu, goes on a quest to avenge his clan while learning he inherited Oni powers from his mother as he uses them alongside the Oni's five orbs to battle Nobunaga's soldiers. Across his journey, Jubei meets several allies who also seek Nobunaga's life. Jubei manages to infiltrate Gifu castle and confronts Nobunaga alone. Although Jubei kills Nobunaga, the warlord's soul escapes and later reconstitutes himself. The spin-off Onimusha: Blade Warriors has the cast from Warlords and Samurai's Destiny in a new battle against Nobunaga's forces.

The third game, Onimusha 3: Demon Siege, has Samanosuke's clan attacking the Oda forces again. Before confronting Nobunaga, Samanosuke is transported to Modern Paris as a result of an experiment made by the Genma scientist Guildernstern to enable his kin to conquer more lands. In the meantime, service agent Jacques Blanc is a victim of Guildernstern while transported to Japan's Sengoku period. There, Jacques is granted oni powers by an oni who tells him to join forces with this timeline's Samanosuke and defeat Nobunaga if he wishes to return home. While Jacques aids Samanosuke in the past, in the future Samanosuke is helped by Jacques' family to investigate the Genma. In the end the two oni warriors are successful in stopping the invasion and return to their respective times. Samanosuke manages to slay Nobunaga and seal his soul within the Oni Gauntlet to avoid another resurrection.

The fourth game, Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams, had Nobunaga's servant Hideyoshi Toyotomi unified Japan with the Genma whom he supported in their actions. His illegitimate son, Hideyasu "Soki" Yuki, goes on a quest to defeat Hideyoshi and stop the Genma. He is aided by several other warriors including an elder Samanosuke who recognizes him as the Black Oni, the God of Darkness. After mastering his oni powers, Soki joins with his friends to defeat Hideyoshi's army. In the aftermath it is revealed that Hideyoshi was a puppet of the Genma Triumvirate who wish to resurrect Fortinbras at his full power as the Genmas' God of Light. Although the Genma Triumvirate and Hideyoshi are defeated, Fortinbras resurrects with Soki using the Oni Gauntlet to destroy the Genma and restore the country's peace at the cost of his life. Soon after, Samanosuke embarks on a quest to seal away the Oni Gauntlet to prevent Nobunaga from being released.

Main characters
Samanosuke Akechi (明智 左馬之介 秀満 Akechi Samanosuke Hidemitsu), later also known under the moniker Tenkai Nankōbō during his appearance in Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams, is the main protagonist of the first and third installments in the Onimusha series: Onimusha: Warlords for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Windows, and Onimusha 3: Demon Siege for the PlayStation 2 and Windows. He also appears as a supporting playable character in the fourth game Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams, and as one of the combatants in Onimusha: Blade Warriors, both on the PlayStation 2. He is loosely based on the historical figure, Akechi Hidemitsu. His in-game model is based and voiced by Takeshi Kaneshiro. Samanosuke is the only character to appear in all four mainline Onimusha games. He appears in Onimusha 2 in a flashback drawing.

Jūbei Yagyū is the main hero of Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny. As the first leader of the Yagyū clan seen in the series and originator of Shin-in style sword combat, he was born as Sougen but later given the name Jūbei as a child, a tradition which would continue as seen with his granddaughter. His father was the late Head of the Yagyū clan, who was seduced and had a child by a woman who disappeared shortly thereafter. Jūbei never knew his mother, but does meet his mother during the events of Samurai's Destiny. His in-game character is modeled after late Japanese actor Matsuda Yusaku.

Hideyasu "Sōki" Yūki is the main protagonist in Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams. He is the biological son of Ieyasu Tokugawa and a warrior who possesses the dark power of the Oni. He goes by many names besides Sōki and Hideyasu Yuki: Blue Demon and Oni of the Ash. Having Lamentation, his prized broadsword he learned about Hideyoshi's insidious scheme, he sets out on a journey to burn the Genma trees and defeat the Genma running rampant across the land. He is the first Onimusha main character to not be modeled after an actor. He is also the only main character to be killed, dying at the end of Dawn of Dreams after sacrificing himself to destroy the Oni Star. Soki has appeared as a playable character in Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All-Stars.

Jacques Blanc is one of two main protagonists (the other being Samanosuke Akechi) in Onimusha 3: Demon Siege. He is the first Westerner who wields the Oni Power, originating from France. He is modeled after French actor Jean Reno.

Nobunaga Oda (織田信長) is the main antagonist in the first three Onimusha games, in particular Onimusha 2: Samurai's Destiny and Onimusha 3: Demon Siege, where he is the final boss in those two games. In real world history, Nobunaga is viewed culturally as both a hero and as a villain for respectively trying to unite his nation during the Sengoku Period and the horrific lengths he took to achieve his goal. In this timeline he forms an alliance with the demons for power and to conquer Japan. Despite being killed at the beginning of Onimusha: Warlords, he returns as a demon. He battles Jubei at the end of Samurai's Destiny but due to Jubei not having an Oni Gauntlet to seal his soul, his death was only temporary. He returns in Demon Siege after being revived by the demons again. He is finally killed by Samanosuke and sealed in his Oni Gauntlet.

Fortinbras (フォーティンブラス), also referred to as the "God of Light", is the king and most powerful of all Genma. He appears as the final boss in Onimusha: Warlords and Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams. In Dawn of Dreams he is revealed to have two forms, a human form and a serpent form. He is finally killed by Soki after Soki sacrifices himself to stop the Oni Star.

Hideyoshi Toyotomi (豊臣 秀吉) is an antagonist who has appeared in every main game of the Onimusha series. Historically, Hideyoshi is the most famous peasant-samurai in Japan as he rose from being a vassal of Nobunaga Oda to the man who united Japan with his short-lived reign as regent. He is the main antagonist of Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams.

Reception
The Onimusha series has received overall positive reviews with most of the main games on the PlayStation 2, receiving average scores of more than 80%. As a comparison, most spin-offs from the series have not been as successful. The titles have influenced other games from the company including Devil May Cry, Shadow of Rome and Resident Evil 4. The samurai game Genji: Dawn of the Samurai was cited by Inafune as an "Onimusha clone" although its designer Yoshiki Okamoto denied such statement.

The series has often been compared with the Resident Evil series and has been praised for its focus in action. However, the first two games were criticized for forcing the player to use the Directional Pad rather than the left analogue to make the playable character to move. This issue was solved with the third release which generated a good response. Another subject of criticism is the length of each game with opinions sometimes differing due to the replay value they offer. Yoshinori Ono acknowledged the third game's short length and thus made Dawn of Dreams become the series' longest title.

The original game was a major hit on the PS2, becoming the console's first game to sell over a million copies. While Onimusha 2 was also a best-selling title Capcom noticed how it did poorly in European regions. The third and fourth titles received less favorable sales with Keiji Inafune addressing people's concerns about how the former game did not feel like a samurai story while various gaming journalists noted the latter was overshadowed by next generation consoles. As of March 2024 the series has sold 8.6 million copies to date.

Canceled film
In May 2003, Paramount Pictures, Davis Films and Gaga Productions announced its joint venture to adapt the Onimusha game series into a $50 million live-action feature film. According to Paramount and Davis Films' Samuel Hadida: "It's samurai fighting against demons – it's very close to this simple pitch. There's also a love story woven in. It's a big adventure movie with lots of special effects". He also proposed the possibility of a film franchise.

In December 2006, director Christophe Gans said that he had Onimusha lined up to film. The film, budgeted at over $70 million, was to begin production in China in February 2008 for a December 2009 release. Takeshi Kaneshiro was rumored to be in the film, reprising his role as Samanosuke. Hadida had to delay the filming of Onimusha, which has resulted in the film's Japanese cast working on other film projects during the delay, and being unavailable to start filming Onimusha. These factors meant that Gans would direct an adaptation of Leo Perutz's novel The Swedish Cavalier first. Satomi Ishihara and Tsuyoshi Ihara remained attached to the project. There has been no further news regarding this film since 2007, and any plans for a live-action film were quietly canceled.

Anime series
An anime series adaptation was released on November 2, 2023. It was produced by Sublimation and directed by Shin'ya Sugai, with Takashi Miike as chief director. The main character, Musashi Miyamoto, is modeled after Toshiro Mifune and voiced by Akio Otsuka, who previously portrayed Nobunaga Oda in the video games.

title: Onimusha


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Margaret Wise Brown

Margaret Wise Brown (May 23, 1910 – November 13, 1952) was an American writer of children's books, including Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny, both illustrated by Clement Hurd. She has been called "the laureate of the nursery" for her achievements.

Life and career
Brown was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the middle child of three children of Maude Margaret (Johnson) and Robert Bruce Brown. She was the granddaughter of politician Benjamin Gratz Brown. Her parents had an unhappy marriage. She was initially raised in Brooklyn's Greenpoint neighborhood, and later attended Chateau Brilliantmont boarding school in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1923, while her parents were living in India and Canterbury, Connecticut. In 1925, she attended The Kew-Forest School. She began attending Dana Hall School in Wellesley, Massachusetts, in 1926, where she did well in athletics. After graduation in 1928, Brown went on to Hollins College in Roanoke, Virginia.

Brown was an avid, lifelong beagler and was noted for her ability to keep pace, on foot, with the hounds.

Following her graduation with a B.A. in English from Hollins in 1932, Brown worked as a teacher and also studied art. While working at the Bank Street Experimental School in New York City she started writing books for children. Bank Street promoted a new approach to children's education and literature, emphasizing the real world and the "here and now". This philosophy influenced Brown's work; she was also inspired by the poet Gertrude Stein, whose literary style influenced Brown's own writing.

Brown's first published children's book was When the Wind Blew, published in 1937 by Harper & Brothers. Impressed by Brown's "here and now" style, W. R. Scott hired her as his first editor in 1938. Through Scott, she published the Noisy Book series among others. As editor at Scott, one of Brown's first projects was to recruit contemporary authors to write children's books for the company. Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck neglected to respond, but Brown's hero, Gertrude Stein, accepted the offer. Stein's book The World is Round was illustrated by Clement Hurd, who had previously teamed with Brown on W. R. Scott's Bumble Bugs and Elephants, considered "perhaps the first modern board book for babies". Brown and Hurd later teamed on the children's book classics The Runaway Bunny and Goodnight Moon, published by Harper. In addition to publishing a number of Brown's books, under her editorship, W. R. Scott published Edith Thacher Hurd's first book, Hurry Hurry, and Esphyr Slobodkina's classic Caps for Sale.

The New York Public Library initially banned Good Night Moon due to the influence of retired librarian Anne Carrol Moore, who reportedly "hated" the book. It wasn't until 1972 that the book was finally made available to patrons.

From 1944 to 1946, Doubleday published three picture books written by Brown under the pseudonym "Golden MacDonald" (coopted from her friend's handyman) and illustrated by Leonard Weisgard. Weisgard was a runner-up for the Caldecott Medal in 1946, and he won the 1947 Medal for Little Lost Lamb and The Little Island. Two more of their collaborations appeared in 1953 and 1956, after Brown's death. The Little Fisherman, illustrated by Dahlov Ipcar, was published in 1945. The Little Fur Family, illustrated by Garth Williams, was published in 1946. Early in the 1950s, she wrote several books for the Little Golden Books series, including The Color Kittens, Mister Dog, and Scuppers The Sailor Dog.

Personal life and death
While at Hollins she was briefly engaged. She dated, for some time, an unknown "good, quiet man from Virginia," had a long-running affair with William Gaston, and had a summer romance with Preston Schoyer. In the summer of 1940, Brown began a long-term relationship with Blanche Oelrichs (pen name Michael Strange), poet/playwright, actress, and the former wife of John Barrymore. The relationship, which began as a mentoring one, eventually became romantic and included co-habiting at 10 Gracie Square in New York beginning in 1943. As a studio, they used Cobble Court, a wooden house later moved to Charles Street. Oelrichs, who was almost 20 years Brown's senior, died in 1950.

Brown went by various nicknames in different circles of friends. To her Dana Hall and Hollins friends she was "Tim," as her hair was the color of timothy hay. To Bank Street friends, she was "Brownie." To William Gaston she was "Goldie," in keeping with the use of Golden MacDonald as the author of The Little Island.

In 1952, Brown met James Stillman 'Pebble' Rockefeller Jr. at a party, and they became engaged. Later that year, while on a book tour in Nice, France, she died at 42 of an embolism, shortly after surgery for a ruptured appendix. Kicking up her leg to show her nurses how well she was feeling caused a blood clot that had formed in her leg to dislodge and travel to her heart.

A 1992 profile in the New Yorker "The Radical Woman Behind 'Goodnight Moon,'" featured a trip through Brown's "Only House" island cottage in Vinalhaven, Maine, which still retains elements of her picture books. The profile includes an interview with Rockefeller, noting that he was one of the few living people who'd known Brown well. They had planned to marry in Panama and honeymoon aboard his boat, the Mandalay, but she did not recover.

"She was so full in her own life," Rockefeller told the interviewer. "And yet there must have been a lack, somewhere along the line. But whether she would like an ordinary marriage, with children—I just couldn't really see her in that."

In 2018, Rockefeller released a memoir called Wayfarer, about his own long life of adventure, including his memories of Brown.

By the time of Brown's death, she had authored well over one hundred books. Her ashes were scattered at her island home, "The Only House," in Vinalhaven, Maine.

Legacy
Brown bequeathed the royalties to many of her books including Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny to Albert Clarke, the son of a neighbor who was nine years old when she died. In 2000, reporter Joshua Prager detailed in The Wall Street Journal the troubled life of Clarke, who squandered the millions of dollars the books had earned him and who believed that Brown was his mother, a claim others dismiss. Clarke passed away in 2018. His four children now hold the royalty rights, which will expire in 2043.

Brown left behind over 70 unpublished manuscripts. After unsuccessfully trying to sell them, her sister Roberta Brown Rauch kept them in a cedar trunk for decades. In 1991, a future biographer, Amy Gary of WaterMark Inc., rediscovered the paper-clipped bundles, more than 500 typewritten pages in all, and set about getting the stories published.

Many of Brown's books have been re-issued with new illustrations decades after their original publication. Many more of her books are still in print with the original illustrations. Her books have been translated into several languages. Full-length biographies on Brown have been written by Leonard S. Marcus (Harper Paperbacks, 1999), and by Amy Gary (Flatiron Books, 2017). There are also several biographies for children, including by Carol Greene (Rookie Biographies, 1994), Jill C. Wheeler (Checkerboard Books, 2006), Mac Barnett (HarperCollins, 2019), and Candice Ransom (William B Eerdmans, 2021). Claudia H. Pearson published a Freudian analysis of Brown's "classic series" of bunny books, entitled Have a Carrot (Look Again Press, 2010).

Selected works

During her lifetime, Brown essentially had four publishers: Harper & Brothers, W. R. Scott, Doubleday, and Little Golden Books. The books written for Doubleday were published under the pseudonym "Golden MacDonald". All were unpaged picture books illustrated by Leonard Weisgard. Two appeared after her death.

 * When the Wind Blew, illus. Rosalie Slocum (Harper & Brothers, 1937); re-issued by HarperCollins in 1986 illus. Geoffrey Hayes
 * Bumble Bugs and Elephants: a Big and Little Book, illus. Clement Hurd (W. R. Scott, 1938)
 * The Little Fireman, illus. Esphyr Slobodkina (W. R. Scott, 1938)
 * Noisy Book series
 * The Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (W. R. Scott, 1939)
 * The Country Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (W. R. Scott, 1940)
 * The Seashore Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (W. R. Scott, 1941)
 * The Indoor Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (W. R. Scott, 1942)
 * The Noisy Bird Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (W. R. Scott, 1943)
 * The Winter Noisy Book, illus. Charles Green Shaw (W. R. Scott, 1947)
 * The Quiet Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Harper, 1950)
 * The Summer Noisy Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Harper, 1951)
 * Baby Animals, illus. Mary Cameron (Random House, 1941)
 * The Runaway Bunny, illus. Clement Hurd (Harper, 1942)
 * Don't Frighten the Lion, illus. H. A. Rey (Harper, 1942)
 * Big Dog, Little Dog, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1943) ‡
 * Horses, illus. Dorothy F. Wagstaff (Harper, 1944), as by "Timothy Hay" and "Wag",
 *  Red Light Green Light, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, 1944) ‡
 *  A Child's Good Night Book, illus. Jean Charlot (W. R. Scott, 1944)
 * They All Saw It, illus. Ylla (Harper, 1944)
 * The Little Fisherman, illus. Dahlov Ipcar (W. R. Scott, 1945). Reissued 2015.
 * Little Lost Lamb, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, 1945) ‡
 * The Little Island, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, 1946) ‡
 * Little Fur Family, illus. Garth Williams (Harper, 1946)
 * The Man in the Manhole and the Fix-It Men, illus. Bill Ballantine (New York: W. R. Scott, 1946), written by Brown and Edith Thacher Hurd as "Juniper Sage",
 * Goodnight Moon, illus. Clement Hurd (Harper, 1947)
 * The Golden Egg Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Little Golden Books, 1947)
 * The Sleepy Little Lion, illus. Ylla (Harper, 1947)
 * The Golden Sleepy Book, illus. Garth Williams (Golden Classic, 1948)
 * The Little Cowboy, illus. Esphyr Slobodkina (W. R. Scott, 1948)
 * The Little Farmer, illus. Esphyr Slobodkina (W. R. Scott, 1948)
 * Wait till the Moon is Full, illus. Garth Williams (Harper, 1948)
 * The Important Book, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Harper, 1949)
 * The Color Kittens, illus. Alice and Martin Provensen (Little Golden Books, 1949)
 * Two Little Miners, with Edith Thacher Hurd, illus. Richard Scarry (Little Golden Books, 1949)
 * My World, illus. Clement Hurd (Harper, 1949)
 * A Pussycat's Christmas, illus. Helen Stone (Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1949)
 * O Said the Squirrel, illus. Ylla (London: Harvill Press, 1950)
 * Fox Eyes, illus. Garth Williams (Pantheon Books, 1951)
 * The Duck, illus. Ylla (Harper; Harvill, 1952)
 * Mister Dog: The Dog Who Belonged to Himself, illus. Garth Williams (Little Golden Books, 1952)
 * Doctor Squash, The Doll Doctor, illus David Hitch (Random House, 1952)

Published posthumously

 * Little Frightened Tiger, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, 1953) ‡
 * Scuppers The Sailor Dog, illus. Garth Williams (Little Golden Books, 1953)
 * Big Red Barn, illus. Rosella Hartman (W. R. Scott, 1956); re-issued by HarperCollins in 1989 illus. Felicia Bond
 * The Little Brass Band, illus. Clement Hurd (Harper & Brothers, 1955)
 * Three Little Animals, illus. Garth Williams (Harper, 1956)
 * Home for a Bunny, illus. Garth Williams (Golden Press, 1956)
 * Whistle for the Train, illus. Leonard Weisgard (Doubleday, 1956) ‡
 * The Dead Bird, illus. Remy Charlip (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1958), re-issued in 2016 with illustrations by Christian Robinson
 * Under the Sun and the Moon and Other Poems, illus. Tom Leonard (Hyperion, 1993)
 * Sleepy ABC, illus. Esphyr Slobodkina (HarperCollins, 1994)
 * Another Important Book, illus. Christopher Raschka (Joanna Cotler Books, 1999)
 * Bunny's Noisy Book, illus. Lisa McCue (Hyperion, 2000)
 * The Fierce Yellow Pumpkin, illus. Richard Egielski (HarperCollins, 2003)
 * The Fathers Are Coming Home, illus. Stephen Savage (Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2010)
 * Count to 10 with a Mouse, illus. Kirsten Richards (Parragon, 2012)
 * Goodnight Little One, illus. Rebecca Elliott (Parragon, 2012)
 * Away in My Airplane, illus. Henry Fisher (Parragon, 2013)
 * The Diggers, illus. Antoine Corbineau (Parragon, 2013)
 * Sleep Tight, Sleepy Bears, illus. Julie Clay (Parragon, 2013)
 * One More Rabbit, illus. Emma Levey (Parragon, 2014)
 * The Noon Balloon, illus. Lorena Alvarez (Parragon, 2014)
 * Goodnight Songs, multiple illustrators (Sterling Children's Books, 2014)
 * Goodnight Songs: a Celebration of the Seasons, (Sterling Children's Books, 2014)
 * Love Song of the Little Bear, illus. Katy Hudson (Parragon, 2015)
 * The Find It Book, illus. Lisa Sheehan (Parragon, 2015)
 * Goodnight Little One, illus. Rebecca Elliot (Parragon, 2016)
 * Good Day, Good Night, illus. Loren Long (HarperCollins, 2017)
 * Be Brave, Little Tiger!, illus. Jeane Claude (Parragon, 2017)
 * The Happy Little Rabbit, illus. Emma Levey (Parragon, 2017)

‡ Published under the pen name "Golden MacDonald."

General bibliography

 * "Beyond the Top 50: Toddler Tales", USA Today (September 12, 1996).
 * "Brown, Margaret Wise 1910-1952". Something About the Author vol. 100 (1999), pp. 35–39.
 * Churnin, Nancy. "Goodnight and Sweet Dreams", The Dallas Morning News (January 5, 2001).
 * Fleischman, John. "Shakespeare of the Sandbox Set", Parents vol. 63 (July 1988), pp. 92–96.
 * Gary, Amy. The Great Green Room: The Brilliant Bold Life of Margaret Wise Brown, Flatiron Books (2017) ISBN 978-1-25006536-0
 * Gaston, Bibi. The Loveliest Woman in America: A Tragic Actress, Her Lost Diaries, and Her Granddaughter's Search for Home, William Morrow (2008). ISBN 978-0-06-085770-7
 * Groth, Chuck. "An Heirloom for Fans of Goodnight Moon", St. Louis Post-Dispatch (February 19, 1995).
 * Hurd, Clement. "Remembering Margaret Wise Brown", Horn Book (October 1983).
 * Marcus, Leonard S., Margaret Wise Brown: Awakened by the Moon, Beacon Press (February 1992). ISBN 978-0-8070-7048-2
 * Mainiero, Lina. "Margaret Wise Brown." American Women Writers: Volume 1. Frederick Unger Press. (1979), pp. 254 - 257.
 * Mitchell, Lucy Sprague Mitchell. "Margaret Wise Brown, 1910-1952", Bank Street (1953).
 * Pate, Nancy. "Good Gosh: Goodnight Moon is 50", Orlando Sentinel (February 24, 1997).
 * Pichey, Martha. "Bunny Dearest", Vanity Fair (December 2000), pp. 172–87.
 * Pichey, Martha. "Bunny Dearest", Vanity Fair (December 2000), pp. 172–87.

title: Margaret Wise Brown


text:
List of geological features on 951 Gaspra

This is a list of named geological features on asteroid 951 Gaspra.

Regiones
Gaspran regiones (geologically distinct areas) are named after astronomers and scientists closely associated with the asteroid.

See a labeled map here.

Craters
Gaspran craters are named after famous spa towns.


text:
Talk:The Oregonian

OregonLive.com
Was there an article for OregonLive.com at one point? I thought I saw it previously, but see that OregonLive now links to The Oregonian. Are they not considered separate companies? Perhaps OregonLive does not satisfy a notability requirement. -- Another Believer ( Talk ) 06:04, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Deleted content
This edit, which made some good updates and changes, also eliminated a little material that might be considered unfavorable to the Oregonian -- about shutting down the Oregon Journal, and about the WW scooping them on the Goldschmidt story. Might bear some looking into. -Pete (talk) 04:58, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Photos
Here's an image that might merit inclusion, from Joseph Gaston's 1911 history of Portland. -Pete (talk) 20:30, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

New "Political stance" section needed
I don't have time to write it at the moment, but I just wanted to make a note that a "Political stance" section is definitely needed. Even though accusations of political bias are mentioned at times throughout other parts of the article, many other newspapers have such a section broken out (some even have "Political stance" as a list item in the box to the right). Here is one resource that will be helpful in talking about the politics of the Oregonian over time: http://crosscut.com/2013/06/oregonians-cutbacks-newspapers-layoffs-delivery/ And it should be noted that the Willamette Week has done a ton of great reporting on the O. --Thfump (talk) 00:50, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Second reference
The second reference, for the staff count, is a dead URL. --  Satanic Santa '' 22:38, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Presidential endorsement
This article implies by omission that The Oregonian first declined to endorse a U.S. presidential candidate in 2016. In fact, the paper hasn't endorsed a presidential candidate since 2008, when it endorsed Barack Obama. In any case, a citation is needed.

67.169.200.54 (talk) 00:46, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for providing these sources. I've rephrased the article to clarify that the 2016 election wasn't the first time The Oregonian/OregonLive's editorial board didn't make a presidential endorsement. Feel free to tweak the new wording or post another message here if you think it still needs improvement. — Lord Bolingbroke (talk) 07:36, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Circulation
http://www.orenews.com/portland-oregonian the data on this site is more detailed, but no date.. Graywalls (talk) 16:55, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Portland Reporter
Wow, I thought we had an article on this spinoff, also described (laughably) as a "throwaway", paper, but apparently not. Parking this source here for the time being: -Pete Forsyth (talk) 20:17, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Oregonian


text:
Patrick Kavanagh

Patrick Kavanagh (21 October 1904 – 30 November 1967) was an Irish poet and novelist. His best-known works include the novel Tarry Flynn, and the poems "On Raglan Road" and "The Great Hunger". He is known for his accounts of Irish life through reference to the everyday and commonplace.

Early life
Patrick Kavanagh was born in rural Inniskeen, County Monaghan, in 1904, the fourth of ten children of James Kavanagh and Bridget Quinn. His grandfather was a schoolteacher called "Kevany", which a local priest changed to "Kavanagh" at his baptism. The grandfather had to leave the area following a scandal and never taught in a national school again, but married and raised a family in Tullamore. Patrick Kavanagh's father, James, was a cobbler and farmer. Kavanagh's brother Peter became a university professor and writer, two of their sisters were teachers, three became nurses, and one became a nun.

Patrick Kavanagh was a pupil at Kednaminsha National School from 1909 to 1916, leaving in sixth class at the age of 13. He became apprenticed to his father as a shoemaker and worked on his farm. He was also goalkeeper for the Inniskeen Gaelic football team. He later reflected: "Although the literal idea of the peasant is of a farm labouring person, in fact a peasant is all that mass of mankind which lives below a certain level of consciousness. They live in the dark cave of the unconscious and they scream when they see the light." He also commented that, although he had grown up in a poor district, "the real poverty was lack of enlightenment [and] I am afraid this fog of unknowing affected me dreadfully."

Writing career
Kavanagh's first published work appeared in 1928 in the Dundalk Democrat and the Irish Independent. Kavanagh had encountered a copy of the Irish Statesman, edited by George William Russell, who published under the pen name AE and was a leader of the Irish Literary Revival. Russell at first rejected Kavanagh's work but encouraged him to keep submitting, and he went on to publish verse by Kavanagh in 1929 and 1930. This inspired the farmer to leave home and attempt to further his aspirations. In 1931, he walked 80 miles (abt. 129 kilometres) to meet Russell in Dublin, where Kavanagh's brother was a teacher. Russell gave Kavanagh books, among them works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Victor Hugo, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Robert Browning, and became Kavanagh's literary adviser. Kavanagh joined Dundalk Library and the first book he borrowed was The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot.

Kavanagh's first collection, Ploughman and Other Poems, was published in 1936. It is notable for its realistic portrayal of Irish country life, free of the romantic sentiment often seen at the time in rural poems, a trait he abhorred. Published by Macmillan in its series on new poets, the book expressed a commitment to colloquial speech and the unvarnished lives of real people, which made him unpopular with the literary establishment. Two years after his first collection was published he had yet to make a significant impression. The Times Literary Supplement described him as "a young Irish poet of promise rather than of achievement," and The Spectator commented that, "like other poets admired by A.E., he writes much better prose than poetry. Mr Kavanagh's lyrics are for the most part slight and conventional, easily enjoyed but almost as easily forgotten."

In 1938 Kavanagh went to London. He remained there for about five months. The Green Fool, a loosely autobiographical novel, was published in 1938 and Kavanagh was accused of libel. Oliver St. John Gogarty sued Kavanagh for his description of his first visit to Gogarty's home: "I mistook Gogarty's white-robed maid for his wife or his mistress; I expected every poet to have a spare wife." Gogarty, who had taken offence at the close coupling of the words "wife" and "mistress", was awarded £100 in damages. The book, which recounted Kavanagh's rural childhood and his attempts to become a writer, received international recognition and good reviews. However, it was also claimed to be somewhat 'anti-Catholic' in tone, to which Kavanagh reacted by demanding that the work be prominently displayed in Dublin bookshop windows.

The Emergency
The outbreak of World War II (known as The Emergency in the Republic of Ireland) had a damaging effect on the emerging careers of some Irish writers, including Flann O'Brien as well as Kavanagh as they lost access to their publishers in London and reprints of their books could not be arranged. The Republic, which was neutral during the war, shared a border with Northern Ireland (which, as part of the United Kingdom was involved on the Allied side). There were smuggling opportunities on the border, especially in County Monaghan, which would have been more lucrative than writing at this time.

In 1939 Kavanagh settled in Dublin. In his biography John Nemo describes Kavanagh's encounter with the city's literary world: "he realized that the stimulating environment he had imagined was little different from the petty and ignorant world he had left. He soon saw through the literary masks many Dublin writers wore to affect an air of artistic sophistication. To him, such men were dandies, journalists, and civil servants playing at art. His disgust was deepened by the fact that he was treated as the literate peasant he had been rather than as the highly talented poet he believed he was in the process of becoming".

During this time he met John Betjeman who was based in Dublin during the Emergency nominally as a press attaché but also working for British intelligence. Betjeman, impressed by Kavanagh's wide range of social contacts in, his ability to get invited to events, and his political ambiguity, tried to recruit him as a British spy.

In 1942 he published his long poem The Great Hunger, which describes the privations and hardship of the rural life he knew well. Although it was rumoured at the time that all copies of Horizon, the literary magazine in which it was published, were seized by the Garda Síochána, Kavanagh denied that this had occurred, saying later that he was visited by two Gardaí at his home (probably in connection with an investigation of Horizon under the Special Powers Act). Written from the viewpoint of a single peasant against the historical background of famine and emotional despair, the poem is often held by critics to be Kavanagh's finest work. It set out to counter the saccharine romanticising of the Irish literary establishment in its view of peasant life. Richard Murphy in The New York Times Book Review described it as "a great work" and Robin Skelton in Poetry praised it as "a vision of mythic intensity".

Post-war
Kavanagh worked as a part-time journalist, writing a gossip column in the Irish Press under the pseudonym Piers Plowman from 1942 to 1944 and acted as film critic for the same publication from 1945 to 1949. In 1946 the Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, found Kavanagh a job at the Catholic magazine The Standard. McQuaid continued to support him throughout his life. Tarry Flynn, a semi-autobiographical novel, was published in 1948 and was banned for a time. It is a fictional account of rural life. It was later made into a play, performed at the Abbey Theatre in 1966.

In late 1946 Kavanagh moved to Belfast, where he worked as a journalist and as a barman in a number of public houses in the Falls Road area. During this period he lodged in the Beechmount area in a house where he was related to the tenant through the tenant's brother-in-law in Ballymackney, County Monaghan. Before returning to Dublin in November 1949 he presented numerous manuscripts to the family, all of which are now believed to be in Spain.

Kavanagh's personality became progressively quixotic as his drinking increased over the years and his health deteriorated. Eventually becoming a dishevelled figure, he moved among the bars of Dublin, drinking whiskey and displaying his predilection for turning on benefactors and friends.

Later career
In 1949 Kavanagh began to write a monthly "Diary" for Envoy, a literary publication founded by John Ryan, who became a lifelong friend and benefactor. Envoy's offices were at 39 Grafton Street, but most of the journal's business was conducted in a nearby pub, McDaid's, which Kavanagh subsequently adopted as his local. Through Envoy he came into contact with a circle of young artists and intellectuals including Anthony Cronin, Patrick Swift, John Jordan and the sculptor Desmond MacNamara, whose bust of Kavanagh is in the Irish National Writers Museum. Kavanagh often referred to these times as the period of his "poetic rebirth".

In 1952 Kavanagh published his own journal, Kavanagh’s Weekly: A Journal of Literature and Politics, in conjunction with, and financed by, his brother Peter. It ran to some 13 issues, from 12 April to 5 July 1952.

The Leader lawsuit and lung cancer
In 1954 two major events changed Kavanagh's life. First, he issued libel proceedings against a magazine called The Leader for publishing an anonymously-written profile of him as an alcoholic sponger. Kavanagh had made numerous enemies in his film and literary criticism and had written diatribes against the Civil Service, the Arts Council, the Irish Language movement so there were many possible authors of the piece. Based on his previous experience of libel, he believed he would get an out-of-court settlement. However, the magazine hired former (and future) Taoiseach and Attorney General (1926–1932) John A. Costello as their barrister, who won the case when it came to trial.

Second, shortly after Kavanagh lost this case, he was diagnosed with lung cancer and was admitted to hospital, where he had a lung removed. It was while recovering from this operation by relaxing on the banks of the Grand Canal in Dublin that Kavanagh rediscovered his poetic vision. He began to appreciate nature and his surroundings, and took his inspiration from them for many of his later poems.

Costello and Kavanagh eventually became good friends, with Kavanagh remarking that he voted for him after the trial.

Turning point: Kavanagh begins to receive acclaim
In 1955 Macmillan rejected a typescript of poems by Kavanagh, which left the poet very depressed. Patrick Swift, on a visit to Dublin in 1956, was invited by Kavanagh to look at the typescript. Swift then arranged for the poems to be published in the English literary journal Nimbus (19 poems were published). This proved a turning point and Kavanagh began receiving the acclaim that he had always felt he deserved. His next collection, Come Dance with Kitty Stobling, was directly linked to the mini-collection in Nimbus.

Between 1959 and 1962 Kavanagh spent more time in London, where he contributed to Swift's X magazine. During this period Kavanagh occasionally stayed with the Swifts in Westbourne Terrace. He gave lectures at University College Dublin and in the United States, represented Ireland at literary symposiums, and became a judge of the Guinness Poetry Awards.

In London, he often stayed with his publisher, Martin Green, and Green's wife Fiona, in their house in Tottenham Street, Fitzrovia. It was at this time that Martin Green produced Kavanagh's Collected Poems (1964) with prompting from Patrick Swift and Anthony Cronin". In the introduction Kavanagh wrote: "A man innocently dabbles in words and rhymes, and finds that it is his life."

Marriage and death
Kavanagh married his long-term companion Katherine Barry Moloney (niece of Kevin Barry) in April 1967 and they set up home together on Waterloo Road in Dublin. Kavanagh fell ill at the first performance of Tarry Flynn by the Abbey Theatre company in Dundalk Town Hall and died a few days later, on 30 November 1967, in Dublin. His grave is in Inniskeen adjoining the Patrick Kavanagh Centre. His wife Katherine died in 1989; she is also buried there.

Legacy
Nobel Laureate Séamus Heaney is acknowledged to have been influenced by Kavanagh. Heaney was introduced to Kavanagh's work by the writer Michael McLaverty when they taught together at St Thomas's, Belfast. Heaney and Kavanagh shared a belief in the capacity of the local, or parochial, to reveal the universal. Heaney once said that Kavanagh's poetry "had a transformative effect on the general culture and liberated the gifts of the poetic generations who came after him." Heaney noted: "Kavanagh is a truly representative modern figure in that his subversiveness was turned upon himself: dissatisfaction, both spiritual and artistic, is what inspired his growth.... His instruction and example helped us to see an essential difference between what he called the parochial and provincial mentalities". As Kavanagh put it: "All great civilizations are based on the parish". He concludes that Kavanagh's poetry vindicates his "indomitable faith in himself and in the art that made him so much more than himself". The actor Russell Crowe has stated that he is a fan of Kavanagh. He commented: "I like the clarity and the emotiveness of Kavanagh. I like how he combines the kind of mystic into really clear, evocative work that can make you glad you are alive". On 24 February 2002, after winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in A Beautiful Mind, Crowe quoted Kavanagh during his acceptance speech at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. When he became aware that the Kavanagh quote had been cut from the final broadcast, Crowe became aggressive with the BBC producer responsible, Malcolm Gerrie. He said: "it was about a one minute fifty speech but they've cut a minute out of it". The poem that was cut was a four-line poem: To be a poet and not know the trade, To be a lover and repel all women; Twin ironies by which great saints are made, The agonising pincer-jaws of heaven.

When the Irish Times compiled a list of favourite Irish poems in 2000, ten of Kavanagh's poems were in the top 50, and he was rated the second favourite poet behind W. B. Yeats. Kavanagh's poem "On Raglan Road", set to the traditional air "Fáinne Geal an Lae", composed by Thomas Connellan in the 17th century, has been performed by numerous artists as diverse as Van Morrison, Luke Kelly, Mark Knopfler, Billy Bragg, Sinéad O'Connor, Joan Osborne and many others.

There is a statue of Kavanagh beside Dublin's Grand Canal, inspired by his poem "Lines written on a Seat on the Grand Canal, Dublin": O commemorate me where there is water canal water preferably, so stilly greeny at the heart of summer. Brother commemorate me thus beautifully. This statue is featured in the short film Yu Ming Is Ainm Dom, about a Chinese man who learns Irish in order to live in Ireland.

Every 17 March, after the St Patrick's day parade, a group of Kavanagh's friends gather at the Kavanagh seat on the banks of the Grand Canal at Mespil road in his honour. The seat was erected by his friends, led by John Ryan and Denis Dwyer, in 1968. A bronze sculpture of the writer stands outside the Palace Bar on Dublin's Fleet Street. There is also a statue of Patrick Kavanagh located outside the Irish pub and restaurant, Raglan Road, at Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney in Orlando, Florida. His poetic tribute to his friend the Irish American sculptor Jerome Connor was used in the plaque overlooking Dublin's Phoenix Park dedicated to Connor.

The Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award is presented each year for an unpublished collection of poems. The annual Patrick Kavanagh Weekend takes place on the last weekend in September in Inniskeen, County Monaghan, Ireland. The Patrick Kavanagh Centre, an interpretative centre set up to commemorate the poet, is located in Inniskeen.

Kavanagh Archive
In 1986, Peter Kavanagh negotiated the sale of Patrick Kavanagh's papers as well as a large collection of his own work devoted to the late poet to University College Dublin. The purchase was enabled by a public appeal for funds by the late Professor Gus Martin. Peter included in the sale his original hand press which he had built. The archive is housed in a special collections room in UCD's library, and the hand press is on loan to the Patrick Kavanagh Centre, Inniskeen.

The contents include:
 * Early literary material containing verses, novels, prose writing and other publications; family correspondence containing letters to Cecilia Kavanagh and Peter Kavanagh; letters to Patrick Kavanagh from various sources (1926–40).
 * Later literary material containing verses, novels, articles, lectures, published works, galley page proofs, Kavanagh’s Weekly, and adaptations of Kavanagh’s work (1940–67).
 * Documents concerning libel case of Kavanagh v The Leader (1952–54).
 * Personal correspondence, including with his sisters, Peter Kavanagh, Katherine Barry Moloney (1947–67).
 * Printed material, press cuttings, publications, personal memorabilia, and tape recordings (1940–67).

Peter Kavanagh's papers include thesis, plays, autobiographical writing, and printed material, personal and general correspondence memorabilia, tape recordings, galley proofs (1941–82) and family memorabilia (1872–1967).

Copyright
Ownership of the copyright is vested in the Trustees of The Patrick and Katherine Kavanagh Trust by virtue of the terms of the will of the late Kathleen Kavanagh, widow of the poet, who in turn became entitled to the copyright on the death of her husband. The proceeds of the trust are used to support deserving writers. The Trustees are Patrick MacEntee, Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin, and Eunan O'Halpin. This was disputed by the late Peter Kavanagh who continued publishing his work after Patrick's death. This dispute led some books to go out of print. Most of his work is now available in the UK and Ireland but the status in the United States is more uncertain.

Poetry

 * 1936 – Ploughman and Other Poems
 * 1942 – The Great Hunger
 * 1947 – A Soul For Sale
 * 1958 – Recent Poems
 * 1960 – Come Dance with Kitty Stobling and Other Poems
 * 1964 – Collected Poems (ISBN 0 85616 100 4)
 * 1972 – The Complete Poems of Patrick Kavanagh, edited by Peter Kavanagh
 * 1978 – Lough Derg
 * 1996 – Selected Poems, edited by Antoinette Quinn (ISBN 0140184856)
 * 2004 – Collected Poems, edited by Antoinette Quinn (ISBN 0-713-99599-8)

Prose

 * 1938 – The Green Fool
 * 1948 – Tarry Flynn (ISBN 0141183616)
 * 1964 – Self Portrait – recording
 * 1967 – Collected Pruse
 * 1971 – November Haggard a collection of prose and poetry edited by Peter Kavanagh
 * 1978 – By Night Unstarred. A conflated novel, completed by Peter Kavanagh
 * 2002 – A Poet's Country: Selected Prose, edited by Antoinette Quinn (ISBN 1843510103)

Dramatisations

 * 1966 – Tarry Flynn, adapted by P. J. O'Connor
 * 1986 – The Great Hunger, adapted by Tom Mac Intyre
 * 1992 – Out of That Childhood Country John McArdle’s (1992), co-written with his brother Tommy and Eugene MacCabe, is about Kavanagh’s youth loosely based on his writings.
 * 1997 – Tarry Flynn, adapted by Conall Morrison (modern dance and play)
 * 2004 – The Green Fool, adapted by Upstate Theatre Project

title: Patrick Kavanagh


text:
Álamos

Álamos is a town in Álamos Municipality in the Mexican state of Sonora, in northwestern Mexico.

Historically an important center of silver mining, the town's economy is now dominated by the tourist sector. Designated a pueblo mágico due to its architecture, the town is host to several arts festivals, most notably the Festival Cultural "Alfonso Ortíz Tirado". It also hosts the Alamos Alliance, a yearly summit of economic policy makers, academics and business leaders founded and led by Arnold Harberger that has led to the town being called the "Little Mexican Davos".

Name
The Municipality of Álamos derives its name from the álamo (poplar or cottonwood) tree. Several impressive specimens are found in one of its two principal plazas, the Alameda. The nearby hamlet, El Sabinito, located within the municipality, also derives its name from a tree, the sabino ("Montezuma cypress").

History
The area was named by the conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. His expedition of 1540 camped at the confluence of the two major arroyos (Escondido and the Aduana) of present-day Álamos and made reference to local geographical landmarks, including two large rock formations on Mount Alamos known as Los Frailes, 'the monks' in English.

As historian David Leighton explained, “Its first known name was Real de los Frailes or “Mining Camp of the Friars,” a designation taken from some tall white rocks that appeared like hooded monks near the village.”

The church records of Álamos date to 1682, but it was founded on December 8, 1685, by the Spanish soldier, Domingo Terán de los Ríos, after the discovery of the silver mines at Promontorios, La Aduana, Las Cabras, La Quintera, and others of lesser importance nearby. Rios in 1686 became governor of Sonora and Sinaloa, where he was successful in quelling Indian disturbances.

A major expedition led by Juan Bautista de Anza II departed Álamos in 1775 to discover a route to Alta California. The Anza expedition had nearly 300 members, of which about half were from Álamos. The trek was financed by the wealthy silver mine owners of Álamos, and it established the Presidio of Monterey.

Álamos became the capital of what was then the state of Occidental in the early 1800s. Occidental encompassed today's state of Sonora, the northern portion of the state of Sinaloa, and some of Baja California and southern Arizona. Álamos was the northernmost “Silver City” in Mexico. While it has much in common, architecturally, with Mexico's other “Silver Cities,” Álamos has not succumbed to large-scale commercialism and has managed to retain the charm and pace of earlier times.

Álamos is known as “La Ciudad de los Portales” (portales are tall, arched, covered verandas or walkways fronting many of the cobble-stoned streets or calles). Álamos boasts numerous buildings exhibiting classic Andalusian architecture from Mexico's Colonial period, including numerous mansions, the Plaza de Armas, the Church of La Purísima Concepción, La Capilla and the Palacio Municipal (“city hall”).

The great wealth created by the silver mines from the surrounding mining towns of La Aduana, Minas Nuevas, and others enabled the founders and residents of Álamos to build scores of colonial Spanish mansions throughout the town; most of them went into ruin in the early 20th century but in the late 1940s, a number of Americans and Canadians began buying and restoring the houses.

Most notably, William Levant Alcorn, an American farmer, bought one of the decaying mansions there, restored it and opened a hotel. The publicity he brought to Alamos breathed new life into this once prosperous city, which in turn attracted further investment in the years ahead.

By 1955, the city had electricity running from dusk to about midnight and in 1960 electrical power began to run 24 hours a day, being generated at a dam on a nearby river.

In the 1980s, a study was done by the students at the University of Sinaloa, which resulted in 185 structures in town being listed as historic monuments.

The Alamos Alliance was started in 1993 by Arnold Harberger as a small gathering among friends to discuss economic policy.

Geography
Álamos is located in the southeastern part of Sonora, and 396 km from state capital Hermosillo, 54 km from Navojoa via Sonora State Highway 162, and 663 km from the northern border town of Nogales. The State of Chihuahua is on the east, and the State of Sinaloa on the south. The population of the municipality is 24,493 and its area is 6,947.27 km².

Climate
Álamos has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) bordering on a tropical savanna climate, with three seasons: a hot, dry season from April to June, a hot, humid wet season from July to October, and a warm, generally dry “winter” from November to March. Occasionally the dry winter pattern is interrupted by the passage of frontal cloudbands: 220 mm fell during January 1981, including 168 mm between the fifth and the seventh of that month, and over 120 mm in January 1979. During the hot early summer, temperatures can reach extreme heights; the record being 49.5 C on 16 June 1976.

Economy
After a heyday lasting from the late 1600s until the early 1900s, when the silver mines closed, the economy of Alamos went into a serious decline. Only a few hundred people remained in the once vibrant city due to a major decline in silver prices, ongoing unrest in the country with a revolution in progress, and the exodus of business owners and people of wealth. Vacant mansions went into disrepair until foreigners began restoring homes in 1946 after three decades of abandonment, bringing employment to locals with building and housekeeping skills. The area's top industries for decades were ranching and tourism. The present-day economy includes copper and silver mines. About 16 km to the northwest is the Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez Dam and Reservoir known as “El Mocúzarit”, whose waters irrigate 80,000 acre. Cattle ranching is seasonal and declining due to impoverished grazing lands. Numerous chicken and pig farms, called “granjas,” contribute substantially to the economy.

Tourism
Álamos was named a “Pueblo Mágico” in 2005. “Pueblo Magico” is a designation given by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism to towns that offer a 'magical' experience by reason of their natural beauty, cultural riches and historical relevance. Álamos has many festivals and fiestas year-round. Most notable is the Festival of Dr. Alfonso Ortiz Tirado (“FAOT”), attended by many national and international musicians and celebrities. Dr. Alfonso Ortiz Tirado, born in this community in 1894, achieved recognition for being “El Tenor de las Américas.” An impressive exhibit of Ortiz Tirado is found in the Museo Costumbrista, located in front of and to the east of the Plaza de Armas. The annual Festival Alfonso Ortiz Tirado is a nine-day event that takes places in Álamos annually in late January. The annual film festival is usually held in March. Several professional hunting lodges operate in the Alamos area, attracting dove hunters from various areas of the world. Álamos has more recently been the location for film production, including a European Endemol production and more than 180 episodes of the 'novela' (soap opera) La Fuerza del Destino

The Sierra de Álamos–Río Cuchujaqui Biosphere Reserve offers serious “birding” opportunities. The creek of Cuchujaqui, which is in the ecological reserve is the most species-rich subtropical area in the Northern Hemisphere. Cuchujaqui is the subject of international scientific study and the southern migration destination of hundreds of different species of birds.

The presence of a jet-rated airport in Alamos (XALA) attracts aviators from Mexico, the U.S. and Canada. There is also charter service available to some areas of the Copper Canyon. The village has more than 20 hotels and B&B's.

Government
You can see a list of municipal presidents of Álamos

Notable people

 * María Félix, film actress
 * Gloria Fonda, silent film actress (died in Álamos in 1978)
 * Arturo Márquez, composer
 * Alfonso Ortiz Tirado, physician, tenor, and philanthropist
 * Félix María Zuloaga, former President of Mexico
 * José Rafael Campoy, Mexican Jesuit, teacher, scholar, and theologian
 * Álvaro Obregón, a general in the Mexican Revolution and President of Mexico
 * José Vicente Feliz, early settler of Los Angeles and namesake of Los Feliz, born in Álamos around 1741
 * Leopoldo Verdugo Quiroz, politician, inaugural Senator for Baja California
 * David Zepeda, actor

Sister City

 * 🇺🇸 Scottsdale, Arizona, United States

Planet Mars
The name Álamos has been used for a crater on the planet Mars by the International Astronomical Union, although not specifically commemorating the town.

title: Álamos


text:
Sterling Allen Brown

Sterling Allen Brown (May 1, 1901 – January 13, 1989) was an American professor, folklorist, poet, and literary critic. He chiefly studied black culture of the Southern United States and was a professor at Howard University for most of his career. Brown was the first Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia.

Early life and education
Brown was born May 1, 1901, on the campus of Howard University in Washington, D.C., where his father, Sterling N. Brown, a former slave, was a prominent minister and professor at Howard University Divinity School. His mother Grace Adelaide Brown, who had been the valedictorian of her class at Fisk University, taught in D.C. public schools for more than 50 years. Both his parents grew up in Tennessee and often shared stories with Brown and his sister Mary Edna Brown (a founder of Delta Sigma Theta sorority) about famous leaders such as Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington.

Brown's early childhood was spent on a farm on Whiskey Bottom Road in Howard County, Maryland. He was educated at Waterford Oaks Elementary and Dunbar High School, where he graduated as the top student. He received a scholarship to attend Williams College in Massachusetts. Graduating from Williams Phi Beta Kappa in 1922, he continued his studies at Harvard University, receiving an MA in English a year later. That same year of 1923, he was hired as an English lecturer at Virginia Theological Seminary and College in Lynchburg, Virginia, a position he held for the next three years. He never pursued a doctorate degree, but several colleges gave him honorary doctorates. Brown won the Graves Prize for his essay "The Comic Spirit in Shakespeare and Moliere" during his senior year at Williams.

Marriage and family
Brown married Daisy Turnbull in 1927 and they adopted a son, Johnathon L. Dennis. Daisy was an occasional muse for Brown; his poems "Long Track Blues" and "Against That Day" were inspired by her.

Academic career
Brown began his teaching career with positions at several universities, including Lincoln University and Fisk University, before returning to Howard in 1929. He was a professor there for 40 years. Brown's poetry used the South for its setting and chronicled the experiences of enslaved African-American people. In his creative work, Brown often imitated southern African-American speech, using "variant spellings and apostrophes to mark dropped consonants". He taught and wrote about African-American literature and folklore. He was a pioneer in the appreciation of this genre. He had an "active, imaginative mind" when writing and "a natural gift for dialogue, description and narration".

Brown was known for introducing his students to concepts in jazz, which, along with blues, spirituals and other forms of black music, formed an integral component of his poetry. He was a speaker at the famous From Spirituals to Swing concerts, and his introduction can be heard on the recordings made of the performances.

In addition to his career at Howard University, Brown served as a visiting professor at Vassar College, New York University, Atlanta University, and Yale University. Some of his notable students include Toni Morrison, Kwame Ture (a.k.a. Stokely Carmichael), Kwame Nkrumah, Thomas Sowell, Ossie Davis, and Amiri Baraka (a.k.a.  LeRoi Jones).

In 1969, Brown retired from his faculty position at Howard and turned full-time to poetry.

Literary career
In 1932, Brown published his first book of poetry Southern Road. It was a collection of poems, many with rural themes, and treated the simple lives of poor, black, country folk with poignancy and dignity. Brown's work included pieces of authentic dialect and structures as well as formal work. Despite the success of this book, he struggled to find a publisher for the follow-up, No Hiding Place.

His poetic work was influenced in content, form and cadence by African-American music, including work songs, blues and jazz. Like that of Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes and other black writers of the period, his work often dealt with race and class in the United States. He was deeply interested in a folk-based culture, which he considered most authentic. Brown is considered part of the Harlem Renaissance artistic tradition, although he spent the majority of his life in the Brookland neighborhood of Northeast Washington, D.C.

Civil rights work
As a member of the fight for racial equality, Brown stuck to the belief that "the pen is mightier than the sword." As a member of the NAACP, Brown served on the organization's advisory board and worked with other notable Harlem Renaissance writers including W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, and Walter White.

In his work, Brown explores topics including the unethical restrictions of Jim Crow, the inferiority of public schools serving black communities, and the political and social activities of black churches. Working tirelessly in the fight for racial equality, Brown used his platform as a journalist to include his own personal commentaries that appealed to the conscience of white America in the face of a spreading democracy. One quote from Brown exemplifies his stance in the fight for racial equality: "If America is to indoctrinate the rest of the world with democracy, it is logical to expect that the American Negro will share it at home.… [S]egregation must be abolished before there will be true democracy at home."

Honors
In 1979, the District of Columbia declared May 1, his birthday, Sterling A. Brown Day.

His Collected Poems won the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize in the early 1980s for the best collection of poetry published that year.

In 1984, the District of Columbia named him its first poet laureate, a position he held until his death from leukemia at the age of 88.

The Friends of Libraries USA in 1997 named Founders Hall at Howard University a Literary Landmark, the first so designated in Washington, DC.

The home where Brown resided is located in the Brookland section of Northeast Washington, DC. An engraved plaque and a sign created by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities are featured in front of the house.

Works
"Old Lem" was put to music by Carla Olson with the permission of Sterling Brown's estate. The resulting song is called "Justice" and was recorded by Olson, backed by former member of The Rolling Stones Mick Taylor and former member of the Faces Ian McLagan along Jesse Sublett on bass and Rick Hemmert on drums.
 * Southern Road, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932 (original poetry)
 * Negro Poetry (literary criticism)
 * The Negro in American Fiction, Bronze booklet - no. 6 (1937), published by The Associates in Negro Folk Education (Washington, D.C.)
 * Negro Poetry and Drama: and the Negro in American fiction, Bronze booklet no. 7 (1937), published by The Associates in Negro Folk Education (Washington, D.C.)
 * The Negro Caravan, 1941, co-editor with Arthur P. Davis and Ulysses Lee (anthology of African-American literature)
 * The Last Ride of Wild Bill (poetry)
 * (1st edition 1980)
 * The Poetry of Sterling Brown, recorded 1946–1973, released on Smithsonian Folkways, 1995
 * Old Lem (Poem)
 * Old Lem (Poem)

title: Sterling Allen Brown