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Fiesta (dinnerware)

Fiesta is a line of ceramic glazed dinnerware manufactured and marketed by the Fiesta Tableware Company of Newell, West Virginia since its introduction in 1936, with a hiatus from 1973 to 1985. Fiesta is noted for its Art Deco styling and its range of often bold, solid colors.

The company was known as the Homer Laughlin China Company (HLCC) until 2020, when it sold its food service divisions, along with the Homer Laughlin name, to Steelite, a British tableware manufacturer. HLCC in turn rebranded itself as the Fiesta Tableware Company, retaining its retail division, prominent Fiesta line, factories and headquarters in Newell, West Virginia.

Fiesta's original shapes and glazes were designed by Frederick Hurten Rhead, Homer Laughlin's art director from 1927 until his death in 1942. Fiesta products before 1986 were semi-vitreous pottery, and after 1986 were vitreous china allowing marketing it for food service applications. Several of the original shapes had to be modified due to this change in material and other new shapes were added by Jonathan O. Parry, who became Homer Laughlin's art director in 1984.

Since its inception, Fiesta has been sold in sets or from "open stock", where customers can select, mix and match pieces from the entire color range. Notably, certain early glazes resulted in pieces that were slightly radioactive.

According to the Smithsonian Institution Press, Fiesta's appeal lies in its colors, design, and affordability. In 2002, The New York Times called Fiesta "the most collected brand of china in the United States".

Popularity and marketing
Fiesta was introduced at the annual Pottery and Glass Exhibit in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in January 1936. It was not the first solid color dinnerware in the US; smaller companies, especially Bauer Pottery in California, had been producing dinnerware, vases, and garden pottery, in solid color glazes for the better part of a decade by the time Fiesta was introduced to the market. However, Fiesta was the first widely mass-promoted and marketed solid-color dinnerware in the US. When it was introduced, the decoration of dinnerware and kitchenware ceramics was still inspired by the Victorian era, based on full, predetermined sets of dinnerware, all decorated with the same decal designs. With its solid color glazes and mix-and-match concept, Fiesta represented something radically new to the general public. The forms and surfaces expressed an Art Deco influence. At introduction, the Fiesta line of dinnerware comprised some 37 different pieces, including such occasional pieces as candle holders in two designs, a bud vase, and an ash tray. A set of seven nested mixing bowls ranged in size, from the smallest at five inches in diameter up to a nearly twelve-inch diameter. The company sold basic table service sets for four, six and eight persons, made up of the usual dinner plate, salad plate, soup bowl, and cup and saucer. But, the promotion and presentation of Fiesta from the start was as a line of open-stock items from which the individual purchaser could choose to combine serving and place pieces by personal preference and need.

As an early Homer Laughlin Company brochure said:

"'COLOR! that's the trend today ...' and it went on to say, 'It gives the hostess the opportunity to create her own table effects ... Plates of one color, Cream Soups of another, contrasting Cups and Saucers ... it's FUN to set a table with Fiesta!'"

The Homer Laughlin Company quickly added several additional items to the line. During this period some items were modified, and several items were eliminated, including the covered onion soup bowl, and the mixing bowl covers. In the years up to 1940, the line was expanded by the production of more new items. At its most numerous, the Fiesta line comprised approximately 64 different items, including flower vases in three sizes, divided plates, water tumblers, carafes, teapots in two sizes, five part relish trays, and large chop plates in fifteen-inch and thirteen-inch diameters. In addition, it offered several unique promotional items for one dollar each, available only in a predetermined glaze color.

With World War II and the need for manufacturers to focus on production for that effort, non-war related production and public demand declined. Beginning in 1942, the number and variety of items in the Fiesta line began to be reduced. Over the next four years, the more unusual serving pieces were discontinued, and by 1946, the line's variety of items had been reduced by nearly one third. Overall sales of the more typical place-setting pieces of Fiesta remained strong and reportedly peaked around 1948. The popularity of Fiesta was due to its bright colors, durable construction, stylized art deco shapes and designs, and its promotion through mass marketing. From its first introduction in 1936 and for over a decade, Fiesta products were a widespread fad. The dinnerware became something of a status symbol for late 1930s and pre-war 1940s middle-class households. Today, vintage Fiesta trades briskly on auction websites and at other antique/vintage product sales venues.

1936–1969
The line name and design is still owned by the Fiesta Tableware Company formerly called the Homer Laughlin China Company of Newell, West Virginia, which was the original company that produced and marketed it. Except for minor adjustments due to manufacturing requirements, the design of the original shapes remained virtually unchanged from 1936 to 1969. As home decorating color styles changed, the company did change the solid color glaze assortment offered. The texture of the original glazes, and throughout the life of vintage Fiesta, was semi-opaque. This is smooth and glossy, but without any shining glare, rather more like an eggshell. The ware sometimes shows "glaze curtains", areas of uneven glazing where a heavier application meets a lighter one.

At its introduction in 1936, Fiesta was produced in five colors:
 * Red (orange red) (1936-1943,1959-1972),
 * Blue (cobalt) (1936-1950) [This color had the same name as a contemporary production color, but was lighter, bluer, less dark],
 * Green (light green) (1936-1950),
 * Yellow (deep golden) (1936-1969), [This color had the same name as a contemporary production color, now discontinued, but was much darker in tone],
 * Old Ivory (yellowish cream) (1936-1950).

By 1938, two years into production, a sixth color was added: With the exception of the Red, this color assortment remained in production until about 1950. The first known company price list showing the new colors is dated 1951. The original Red had been discontinued before 1944 (see below).
 * Turquoise (robin's egg blue) (1938-1969) [This color also had the same name as a contemporary production color but was less greenish].

The discontinuation of red, plus the general changes in society due to the United States' participation in World War II, caused a slump in sales of the larger serving pieces from the early 1940s. Prior to this reduction in the number of shapes offered, only one or two very specialized shapes had been discontinued such as covered onion soup bowls and covers for the nested mixing bowls and those had been discontinued by 1938. These early discontinued items, especially the covered onion soup bowls in the turquoise glaze and mixing bowl covers in any color, are today quite rare.

By 1950, after the end of the second World War and with the housing boom of returning GIs, home decorating styles and colors had changed. The manufacturer decided to retire some original glaze colors and replace them with four new modern colors in keeping with the changing decorative style.

The original Yellow and Turquoise of the prior decade remained in production but were augmented by four new colors: Thus the company continued to offer six colors as it had done through most of Fiesta's first decade.
 * Rose (dark brownish pink) (1950-1959),
 * Gray (medium) (1950-1959),
 * Forest (dark green) (1950-1959,
 * Chartreuse (bright yellowish green) (1950-1959).

Through the 1950s sales of Fiesta continued to decrease from its first boom years of the 1930s. The company reduced its offering of items. But when in 1959 the United States government released its block on uranium, which enabled the manufacturer to once again produce the original bright orange-red glaze (see below), the company saw an opportunity to revive sales. The company discontinued the four new glazes of the previous decade in favor of the re-introduced original bright orange-red color, which along with the original yellow and turquoise colors, and a newly introduced bright green color were the four glaze color assortment offered to the public in 1959. This new shade of green was officially simply called
 * Green (1959-1969) but has been nick-named "medium green" by collectors to distinguish it from the other earlier greens. The Medium Green is a bright, almost Kelly green. Some have described it as a "John Deere Tractor" green.

This final four color glaze assortment of original Fiesta continued in production until 1969.

Although this color assortment was available and sold for ten years (1959–1969), the popularity of Fiesta had fallen. Because overall sales of the line had decreased, this newest shade of green is seen as in very short supply on the secondary market relative to the other glaze colors. Both Yellow and Turquoise had been in continuous production since the earliest days, and Red had previously been in production, so on the secondary market those colors were more easily available. The last glaze color, called Medium Green was only produced during that decade, and so with less overall sales of the line, there was proportionally less product sold in this glaze color. As a consequence it has gained almost mythical status and, for certain pieces in this glaze, commands astronomical prices wholly disproportionate to the rest of the line.

The Yellow glaze is the one glaze that was in production throughout the life of vintage Fiesta. Turquoise, while not strictly an original color (having been introduced about a year into Fiesta's production) was otherwise also in continuous production until the end of the original vintage era in 1969. Red, while an original color at the line's introduction, was removed from the market before 1944 (see below). Although it was brought back into production from 1959 to 1969, this was after most of the unusual serving pieces had long been discontinued. Red pieces also usually command a premium price in the secondary market, both for its vibrancy in the mix of colors and for its scarcity due to limited years of production. While many collectors love all the colors, some only want those of the "Original 6" or "Fifties Colors".

Radioactive glazes

Brilliant red Fiesta (and indeed the red glazes produced by all U.S. potteries of the era) is known for having a detectable amount of uranium oxide in its glaze, which produced the orange-red color. During World War II, the government took control of uranium for development of the atom bomb, and confiscated the company's stocks. Homer Laughlin discontinued Fiesta red in 1944. The company reintroduced Fiesta red in 1959 using depleted uranium (rather than the original natural uranium), after the Atomic Energy Commission relaxed its restrictions on uranium oxide. In addition to pottery glazing, uranium oxide was used even more extensively in the tiling industry, producing uranium tile.

Red is not the only color of vintage ceramic glaze that is radioactive; it is detectable from other colors, including ivory. The level of radioactivity of vintage fiestaware has been published and is available online. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency warns consumers not to use radioactive glazed ceramics for food or drink use. Others recommend against using such pieces for food storage due to the possibility of leaching of uranium or other heavy metals (often present in some colored glazes) into food, especially acidic foods. Consumption of uranium from regular use of such dishware, estimated by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, amounted to potential doses of about 0.4 mSv per year.

1969–1973
By 1969 home decorating tastes had again changed. The company restyled the shapes of Fiesta to try to modernize it. Finials on covers, handles on cups, bowl contours and shapes, were all modified to give Fiesta a more contemporary appearance. The glaze colors were also changed, with the choices being limited to three colors for the place-setting pieces, and one color for the five major serving pieces. These were the remainder of the 64-piece assortment of shapes. Although essentially the same Red glaze as had then been available since 1959, it was renamed Mango Red. Replacing Yellow, Turquoise, and Medium Green, were two new glaze colors. One was Turf Green, which nearly matched the popular Avocado color of the day. The second color was Antique Gold, a brownish-yellow which nearly matched the popular Harvest Gold of the era. The line's name was changed to "Fiesta Ironstone". The shape redesigns and color changes did not restore Fiesta's popularity, and in January 1973 the company discontinued the Fiesta line.

Decaled and decorated Fiesta shapes
As is common with many dinnerware shapes, the manufacturers add different decals to the shapes and give them new names. Throughout its long life (1936–1973), the item shapes of Fiesta were often decorated with decals and marketed under other names, or a name variation. One example was "Fiesta Casuals", which consisted of two patterns, one with yellow and brown florals and accented with solid color Fiesta yellow items, the other with turquoise and brown florals and accented with solid color Fiesta turquoise items.

As another example, in the late 1960s, the shapes of Fiesta were glazed in a dark 'bean-pot' brown, flat pieces were given an underglaze 'Mediterranean-style' geometric decal in black, and the line was marketed as "Amberstone" in a supermarket promotion. Later these shapes were glazed in Antique Gold, with a different stylized pattern under the glaze. This line was dubbed "Casualstone" for another supermarket promotion.

Collectors and the secondary market
During the 1970s, a new appreciation for Art Deco designs from the 1920s and 1930s flourished. Along with this, the baby boomers were establishing their own households. They made Fiesta popular once again. Almost immediately after Fiesta was discontinued in January 1973, collectors began buying heavily in second-hand shops and the newly popular garage sales. Another avenue for acquiring pieces, and sometimes entire collections, was through local auctions. Due to the enormous popularity of Fiesta in the secondary market, its prices skyrocketed. By the end of the 1970s and into the 1980s, some Fiesta items once costing pennies were commanding hundreds of U.S. dollars for scarcer items. By the mid-1980s, prices had climbed higher. Certain very rare pieces and colors were being traded for thousands of dollars.

Contemporary Fiesta from 1986
The Homer Laughlin China Company noticed the activity on the secondary market. After a production lapse of 13 years, in 1986 the company marked the 50th anniversary of Fiesta by its reintroduction. Prior to mass production and promotion, Laughlin used the original semi-vitreous clay body on shapes taken mostly from the last incarnation of vintage Fiesta (1969–1973). The company then changed the body to a fully vitrified clay, to enable marketing to the restaurant and service industry, as this clay was more durable. Many original shapes required a redesign because of shrinkage associated with the new clay. Although old and new runs appear similar, direct comparison demonstrates the newer pieces (made with the fully vitrified clay body) are noticeably smaller. In addition to redesigns, new shapes were added to the line.

In 1986, Laughlin offered five colors:
 * Rose (pink) (1986–2005) [This color changed significantly in the post-2000 firings but was still considered the same Rose],
 * Black (black) (1986–2015),
 * Cobalt (dark navy blue) (1986–2021),
 * White (bright stark white) (1986–),
 * Apricot (pale pinkish tan) (1986–1998).

The glaze texture on this new Fiesta is very smooth, hard and much more glossy than the original Fiesta. Since its introduction, new Fiesta has remained popular. In addition, it has increased collector interest in all the lines. Many people are collecting vintage pieces, as well as purchasing new items from department stores and catalog retailers. Fiesta collectors often add this new ware to existing collections of vintage Fiesta, while others concentrate on buying only from the new assortment. Early in Fiesta's second incarnation, the Homer Laughlin Company marketed it as a new collectible. The manufacturer has maintained interest in Fiesta and manipulated the collectors' market over the past 34 years by discontinuing glaze colors, and by limiting production quantities on some items, or controlling production time frames. Similar techniques have been used by numerous other housewares, china, silver, toy, ornament, etc. companies.

The Homer Laughlin China Company has produced new Fiesta in a total of 39 glaze colors, none of which matches exactly any of the thirteen colors of vintage Fiesta. As of early 2008, many Fiesta shapes exist in a total of 39 color glazes. In addition to the first five glazes, the names of the new color glazes, in order of introduction, are:
 * Yellow (pale custard/butter) (1987–2002),
 * Turquoise (more greenish than vintage Turquoise) (1988–),
 * Periwinkle (slightly lavenderish-blue) (1989–2006),
 * Sea Mist (pale mint green) (1991–2005),
 * Lilac (soft purple) (1993–1995),
 * Persimmon (pinkish-orange) (1995–2008),
 * Sapphire (medium bright blue) (Bloomingdale's exclusive 1996–1997),
 * Chartreuse (brighter and greener than vintage Chartreuse) (1997–1999),
 * Pearl Gray (light gray) (1999–2001),
 * Juniper (dark bluish-green) (2000–2001),
 * Cinnabar (brownish-burgundy) (2000–2010),
 * Sunflower (bright yellow) (2001–),
 * Plum (dark purple) (2002–2016),
 * Shamrock (bright deep green) (2002–2021),
 * Tangerine (bright orange) (2003–2018),
 * Scarlet (deep true red) (2004–),
 * Peacock (bright blue) (2005–2015),
 * Heather (dark reddish-purple) (2006–2009),
 * Evergreen (dark green) (2007–2009),
 * Ivory (egg shell/off white) (2008–),
 * Chocolate (brown) (2008–2012),
 * Lemongrass (yellowish chartreuse) (2009–2024),
 * Paprika (dark rust) (2010–2017),
 * Marigold (yellowish-orange), HLC's 75th Anniversary Fiesta color - limited 75-week run (2011–2012)
 * Flamingo (bright true pink) (2012–2013),
 * Lapis (denim blue) (2013–), announced March 2, 2013
 * Poppy (bright reddish-orange) (2014–), announced March 15, 2014
 * Sage (earthy green) (2015–2019), announced March 7, 2015
 * Slate (charcoal grey) (2015–2022), announced March 7, 2015
 * Claret (red wine) (2016–2018), announced March 5, 2016
 * Daffodil (vibrant golden yellow) (2017–), announced January 10, 2017
 * Mulberry (deep purple) (2018–2024), announced January 9, 2018
 * Meadow (deep mint green) (2019–), announced January 8, 2019
 * Butterscotch (orange yellow) (2020–2024), announced January 12, 2020
 * Twilight (deep cobalt blue) (2021–), announced January 13, 2021
 * Peony (blush pink) (2022-), announced January 11, 2022
 * Jade (dark green) (2023-), announced January 10, 2023
 * Sky (pale blue) (2024-), announced January 16, 2024

Special edition colors
Since the reintroduction of Fiesta in 1986, Homer Laughlin has introduced three colors which were each available for only two years: Lilac (1993–1995), Chartreuse (1997–1999) and Juniper (2000–2001). Sapphire was sold exclusively at Bloomingdale's from 1996 to 1997. In November 2008, Homer Laughlin released the limited-edition color, Chocolate. The color of milk chocolate, the new shade added a second neutral tone to Fiesta's color palette. It was available for a limited period of time and on a limited number of pieces.

In 1997, 500 limited-edition presentation bowls in an exclusive Raspberry (reddish maroon) colored glaze were made to commemorate the production of the 500 millionth piece of dinnerware carrying the name Fiesta produced by the Homer Laughlin China Company since 1936. In anticipation of Fiesta's 75th anniversary in 2011, Homer Laughlin announced its 75th anniversary color: Marigold. In addition, it introduced the first of a line of specially backstamped annual anniversary items, a set of three baking bowls, at the 2008 International Home and Housewares Show in Chicago, Illinois. This was followed by the introduction of a large serving platter in 2009 and a numbered soup tureen. Dinnerware and accessories were available in 2011–2012, with each introduction marketed for 75 weeks, beginning April 1, before being retired.

As an indication of its influence, Fiesta was featured in a design exhibit at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City in 1988.

Square Fiesta dinnerware
In 2009, a new line of square Fiesta dinnerware was introduced. Square is available as dinner, luncheon and salad plates, 19 oz. bowls and mugs, four-piece place settings, as well as a full line of accessories. Despite square silhouettes, pieces maintain a strong relationship to the company's established 'round' deco offering; coupe shape and height remain the same, along with the brand's signature concentric rings.

In October 2016, the Homer Laughlin Company announced the discontinuation of the square bowl (992) and the square mug (923).

In popular culture
American Fiesta, a one-man play, refers to the central character's obsession with collecting vintage Fiesta dinnerware.

title: Fiesta (dinnerware)


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The South End

The South End is the official student newspaper of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, published in print and online. It was founded in 1967, and its publication is funded partly from university funds and partly from advertising revenues. It is distributed free of charge.

The paper is published in print once a month during the fall and winter terms but produces an e-edition weekly and posts new online content daily. During the summer, The South End publishes content exclusively online, with the exception of its special editions: the Freshman Survival Guide, an informative publication for new students, and the Back to School issue, which is printed the first week of the fall semester. On the website, users can access The South End's previous editions in PDF format. The printed circulation is 8,000 and the online readership community is over 30,000. While the majority of contributing and staff writers for the paper are journalism majors, any Wayne State student may write articles for it.

Sections of the paper
The South End primarily covers Wayne State's campus and Midtown Detroit. It has news, arts & entertainment, features, sports and multimedia sections.

Other features of The South End include columns, editorials, occasional cartoons and stories from The Associated Press News Wire. On its website, The South End offers up-to-date stories, photo galleries, videos, online polls and links to its weekly PDF issues.

News
In most cycles, the South End's news section operated under two news editors. While the majority of coverage centers on the WSU campus and Midtown neighborhood, the newspaper has also covered events in downtown Detroit, Corktown and Southwest Detroit. In recent years, The South End has covered a number of major events, including the 2011 protests outside Catherine Ferguson Academy after it was slated to close, the 2011 shooting death of WSU football player Cortez Smith and the beginnings of the Occupy Detroit movement.

Arts & Entertainment
The A&E section of The South End covers Detroit and WSU theaters, galleries, music/dance performances, concerts and fashion events. Movie reviews have become popular in the paper, as well as regular columns from writers.

Sports
The South End sports section predominantly focuses on WSU teams, including men's baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, swimming/diving and tennis. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, softball, swimming/diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. In 2011, The South End covered the WSU football team as it made its run at the NCAA Division II championship.

Features
After having lapsed for a couple of years, the features section is once again a regular part of The South End. The section covers profiles of businesses and people around campus, as well as general feature pieces on a variety of topics.

History of the paper
Copies of The South End and its predecessors (from 1917 to present) are housed in the Wayne State University Archives at the Walter P. Reuther Library, 5401 Cass Avenue.

The 1960s
Before The South End, the paper was called The Daily Collegian. Prior to that, it was The Wayne Collegian and The Detroit Collegian. The last year of The Daily Collegian was Volume 57, while the first year of The South End was Volume 58, in 1967. William Rea Keast, the university president at the time, objected to the name, which was intended to reflect the newspaper office's location on the south end of the campus, a working-class area that was the focal point of leftist politics at the time. The logo of the paper then consisted of the name in lowercase over a drawing of a city skyline. In its first few years, The South End published a lot of poetry.

On September 26, 1968, when John Watson took over as editor-in-chief, the paper changed radically, both in design and in editorial policy. What had been a more or less ordinary student newspaper became a radical broadside, with a more casual approach to layout, spelling, and some would maintain, accuracy. A drawing of a small black panther facing to the right was added on both sides of the logo, which remained the same. From October 15 to the end of the year, the black panther on the right was flipped to face left, for symmetry. This symbolized the paper's ties with the Black Panthers and the League of Revolutionary Black Workers. The LRBW was an organization founded by Watson with other black radicals, including Ken Cockrel, that aimed to link the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement (DRUM) and other auto plant Revolutionary Union Movements associated with the Panthers that were active in Southeast Michigan in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During this era, the newspaper also ran a standing quotation under its masthead stating, "One class-conscious worker is worth 100 students."

The 1980s
Twice during the late 1980s, left-leaning editors refused to run advertising from branches of the U.S. military. This resulted in at least one case in which the editor, Patricia Maceroni, was removed by the SNPB. She later resumed her editorship following a court challenge to the firing.

The 1990s
Much of the 1990s was spent upgrading the paper's notoriously lax standards with in-house style and grammar guides; adding strict editorial policies banning opinions from articles and a coherent editorial page featuring opinions from both sides of the political spectrum; and introducing the Associated Press wire to allow editors the use of AP stories in what was a steadily growing newspaper. Many of these standards fell by the wayside in subsequent years due to the high turnover in staff common at university newspapers.

In 1995, the newspaper won a gold medal from the College Newspaper Critique of Columbia University. In 1996, it featured exclusive interviews with the state's gubernatorial candidates and firsthand coverage of the national election. In 1998, The South End changed from a tabloid to a broadsheet format and added color pages. Weekday papers averaged 16–20 pages each, and special issues approached 72 pages. Distribution was extended as far as restaurants and bars downtown to the south and the New Center area to the north.

The 2000s
The 21st century brought considerable change to the paper, not all of it positive. Circulation of The South End spiked when guest columnist Joe Fisher wrote a controversial column entitled "Islam Sucks" in the February 26, 2002 issue. The column was mentioned by noted journalist Jack Lessenberry in his Metro Times column, saying that it should have been titled "Fundamentalist Islam sucks." The South End received so much mail about Fisher's column that they were printing letters for days, including letters from anti-defamation leagues.

Following the controversy, the paper often went in an ideologically opposite direction, reflecting its lack of a coherent editorial philosophy at the time. When a student group consisting mostly of Arab-American women got together on campus to protest the 2003 occupation of Iraq on April 13, 2004, the paper reported on the protest the next day with a distinctly slanted headline reading "Students Rally for Justice." On January 19, 2006, the paper also provided an objective report on one of the Five Pillars of Islam with a headline reading "Performing The Hajj." When the controversy over the Muhammad cartoons erupted later on, The South End consciously decided not to reprint the cartoons even though other student newspapers around the country did.

From 2003 to 2004, the circulation was highly unreliable and spotty when the task was entrusted to WSU's interoffice mail. It was during that school year that a gray line drawing of a tower of Old Main (a campus building) was added to the paper's name atop the front page.

In April 2004, the Conservative Union, a student group at Wayne State, started a biweekly newspaper, The Wayne Review without university funding to counter what they considered to be South End radical left-wing bias with a conservative viewpoint. Wonetha Jackson, then editor-in-chief of The South End, wrote a column extending good wishes to the new paper. The Wayne Review often included a section called "The Back End," an obvious parody of The South End, on its last page. Wayne Review editors often wrote letters to The South End. In 2004, the Knight Ridder wire horoscope was occasionally replaced by the Warrior Spirit Horoscope, with predictions meant for WSU students made using features invented by Johannes Kepler.

For the April 1, 2005 issue, the paper ran a satire issue called The Rear End, which printed the date as "March 32, 2005" and ran fake news stories such as "WSU partiers conquer, reign," "Raisin mistaken for roach, student still catches buzz" and "Warriors Basketball awarded National Championship." The issue was code-named "Onion", after the satirical newspaper The Onion. For that issue, the paper had a color logo of a humorously anthropomorphic Old Main tower with its rear end exposed.

After that issue, the old gray line drawing was replaced by a color photo of the facade of Old Main with a blue sky, though the blue sky was removed after three issues. In summer 2005, the Fusion (science and technology) and Campus Life sections were cancelled to make more room for prepared full pages from the KRT wire service.

The paper did not recover from the usual summer advertising slump. As a consequence, the vast majority of issues of the Fall 2005 semester were six pages, with eight-page issues being the exception rather than the norm (compared to the fall 2004 semester, when most issues were eight to 10 pages, and sometimes even 12).

A major redesign of the surface details of the paper took place with the first issue of the winter 2006 semester. Justified paragraphs, a constant source of layout problems in the past, were discarded completely in favor of ragged right margins like the Detroit News uses in many of its sections. The picture of Old Main on the front page was removed, and the listing of the staff was moved to a less prominent position on the second page using a smaller font.

The June 15, 2006, issue marked a three-year record low number of pages, with just four. The May 7, 2007, issue showed another redesign of surface details, including the use of lowercase in the masthead.

In September 2007, the paper changed from a daily to a weekly, distributed on Wednesdays (the same day as the Metro Times and Real Detroit Weekly). The change from broadsheet to tabloid scheduled for October took place with the October 3-9 issue.

The 2010s
Starting in May 2013, The South End's budget was cut by nearly 50 percent. Although the newspaper continues to employ students as editors, it publishes in print only once per month, although a PDF version is published on its website weekly. In addition, the positions of multimedia and design editor were merged, one news editor position was terminated, and one copy editor position was transformed into that of online editor.

Administration
The editor-in-chief is a student, usually an upperclassman, who is selected annually and traditionally enjoys some autonomy in staffing and editorial decision-making. The editor-in-chief appoints his or her own managing editor, section editors, copy editors, design editor and multimedia editor; choices must be approved by the university's Student Newspaper Publication Board.

This board consists of six student members appointed by the Student Senate and three members appointed by the university president. According to the SNPB charter, the administration's appointees include one working journalist, preferably an alumnus/a of the WSU journalism program, a faculty member from the Department of Communication, and a financial professional from the university's operations division. The advisor to the paper and the editor-in-chief serve in (non-voting) ex-officio capacity. The board is responsible for oversight of the paper, particularly its budget and major expenditures and contracts, and for selecting its editor each year. A board chair (and vice chair) are elected by the members from the student members. The university administration hired a full-time professional general manager for the paper in 2004 but decided to discontinue the service for FY 2008.

Currently, advertising is handled by a student ad manager in the Dean of Students Office.

Online
The South End's website is run by TownNews.com and is updated daily with new content. Readers may subscribe to daily emails to receive news added to the website in the last 24 hours. The South End is also on Twitter and Facebook.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The South End


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Willie Wells

Willie James Wells (August 10, 1906 – January 22, 1989), nicknamed "the Devil", was an American baseball player. He was a shortstop who played from 1924 to 1948 for various teams in the Negro leagues and in Latin America.

Wells was a fast base-runner who hit for both power and average. He was at his finest with his glove, committing almost no errors and having the speed to run down anything that came in his direction. He is widely considered the best black shortstop of his day. He also taught Jackie Robinson how to turn a double play.

Wells was also notable as being the first player to use a batting helmet, after being hit and receiving a concussion while playing with the Newark Eagles (his first helmet was a construction helmet).

Wells is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

On February 5, 2022 the baseball field at Anderson High School (8403 Mesa Dr., Austin, TX 78759) was dedicated in Willie's honor. The celebration included members of the Wells' family with the keynote presentation by Bob Kendrick, President of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum.

Early life
Wells was born in Austin, Texas. He attended Anderson High School in Austin. Wells first played professional baseball in 1923, playing one season for the Austin Black Senators of the Texas Colored League, a minor league for the Negro National League. He briefly attended Samuel Huston College in Austin before he was called up to the St. Louis team in the NNL.

Negro league career
After a short stint with the St. Louis Giants, he entered the NNL with the St. Louis Stars in 1924, playing for the Stars through 1931, when both the team and league folded after the 1931 season. In 1926 he hit 27 home runs, a Negro leagues single-season record. In 1930, he led the Negro National League in home runs (seventeen), runs batted in (114), and batting average (.411) to win the batting Triple Crown; he was the fourth player to achieve the distinction. From 1932 to 1935 he played for the Chicago American Giants and played for the Newark Eagles from 1936 to 1939. While with the Eagles, Wells was part of the "Million Dollar Infield," consisting of Wells, Ray Dandridge, Dick Seay, and Mule Suttles.

He played in Mexico in 1940 and 1941, where he said he experienced democracy, acceptance and freedom. Wells was nicknamed El Diablo by Mexican fans for his extraordinary intensity and the English translation ("The Devil") followed him as a nickname in the United States. He returned to the Negro leagues in 1942 as a player-manager for the Eagles and then went back to Mexico for the 1943 and 1944 seasons.

Returning to the U.S. in 1945, Wells played for various Negro league teams through the 1950 season, including the Memphis Red Sox where he played alongside his son Willie Wells Jr. in 1948. He then went to Canada as a player-manager for the Winnipeg Buffaloes of the Western Canadian Baseball League, remaining there until his retirement from actively playing baseball in 1954. Wells returned to the U.S. and continued as the manager of the Birmingham Black Barons.

Later life and legacy
After his baseball career, Wells was employed at a New York City deli before returning to his birthplace of Austin to look after his mother. He died of congestive heart failure in Austin in 1989. Wells was originally buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Austin, Texas, but was re-interred in the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1997 for his play in the Negro leagues. He has also been inducted into the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame and Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame.

Known statistics: .319 career batting average, .510 slugging percentage, 98 home runs, 644 runs scored, 399 runs batted in, and 756 games played.

Stella Lee Wells, Willie's daughter, created a scholarship fund honoring her father, called the Stella and Willie Wells Scholarship Fund. The fund awards scholarships at Huston–Tillotson University in Austin, Texas.

title: Willie Wells


text:
Probability of error

In statistics, the term "error" arises in two ways. Firstly, it arises in the context of decision making, where the probability of error may be considered as being the probability of making a wrong decision and which would have a different value for each type of error. Secondly, it arises in the context of statistical modelling (for example regression) where the model's predicted value may be in error regarding the observed outcome and where the term probability of error may refer to the probabilities of various amounts of error occurring.

Hypothesis testing
In hypothesis testing in statistics, two types of error are distinguished.
 * Type I errors which consist of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true; this amounts to a false positive result.
 * Type II errors which consist of failing to reject a null hypothesis that is false; this amounts to a false negative result.

The probability of error is similarly distinguished.
 * For a Type I error, it is shown as α (alpha) and is known as the size of the test and is 1 minus the specificity of the test. This quantity is sometimes referred to as the confidence of the test, or the level of significance (LOS) of the test.
 * For a Type II error, it is shown as β (beta) and is 1 minus the power or 1 minus the sensitivity of the test.

Statistical and econometric modelling
The fitting of many models in statistics and econometrics usually seeks to minimise the difference between observed and predicted or theoretical values. This difference is known as an error, though when observed it would be better described as a residual.

The error is taken to be a random variable and as such has a probability distribution. Thus distribution can be used to calculate the probabilities of errors with values within any given range.

title: Probability of error


text:
Wikipedia talk:Meetup/London 1

Moved from main page, so we can finalize plans. -- Fuzheado | Talk 22:15, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Original announcement as it stood by the time of the event
Main discussion previously listed here moved to User talk:Jimbo Wales/2004-06-05.

We had been talking about a London meetup anyway, and Jimbo Wales trip might be a good catalyst.

When: Saturday June 5, 2004, 3 p.m.

Where: Meet at 3pm at the entrance to Inn the Park, a cafe bar in St James' Park (review) (home page) (map) (nearest tubes Green Park oh no it isn't, St. James's Park — St James's Park is shut for District Line engineering works — Charing Cross tube station — about as close as Green Park station to Inn The Park, possibly closer.

How: We will recognize each other because... (see Bodnotbod, below, for a tentative suggestion in the absence of any other)
 * How about wearing newspaper hats? (Suggested by Fuzheado)
 * Are you just concealing a tin foil desire here? --bodnotbod 00:31, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, pseudo-paranoia, knowing newsprint will only shield us from the most basic brainwave scans. Fuzheado | Talk 01:59, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I like the Guardian-carrying idea. - MykReeve 19:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I should say, the Saturday Guardian is quite a big beast, though nowhere near as crippling as the Sunday Times. I suppose you can always jettison a couple of sections in the nearest bin.  I thought this would be a particular problem since the last forecast I saw said temperatures were going to hit 29C on Saturday.  But now the forecast is saying it will only be 21C with black clouds looming.  Bah! --bodnotbod 19:42, Jun 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ooh! I'm just working my way down looking at the user pages.  You all look really scary and intimidating.  I will be carrying The Guardian.  But I think you'll all recognise me by virtue of my smallest frontal lobe and lack of a science degree. --bodnotbod 23:06, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC)

Who:

Wikipedians who might be in the area and interested? (starting the list randomly)

 * Angela
 * Arkady Rose Just look for the pink fringe. I'll be the shy one hiding behind David!
 * Bodnobod I'll be wearing black rimmed specs and carrying the Guardian newspaper. Everyone could, I suppose, carry the Guardian newspaper?  Yeah, I'm a terrible old lefty.  Sorry about that. --bodnotbod 23:34, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert - I vaguely resemble the picture on my user page, though I'll probably be looking more lost and less drunk (at least initially). I'll be heading off at about seven to get my train back.
 * Charles Matthews (Cambridge-based)
 * ChrisO
 * David Gerard - I'll have my camera with me
 * Enchanter
 * Evercat - I'd have to fly down. Highly improbable now...
 * Fuzheado - flying from Hong Kong via Paris (90% chance)
 * G-Man Probably wont be there, but I'll make my mind up at the last minute. Trains are an absolute pain you see (coach from Rugby to Kettering to get a train to London) If I'm not there tell me how it went.
 * James F. (talk)
 * JPF]] -- definitely possible
 * Lumos3 - a possible
 * Máirtín
 * Matt Crypto -- quite possibly
 * Morwen --
 * Martin clashes with a band booking - sorry!
 * MykReeve - bringing laptop in red and grey shoulder bag, and I look the photograph on my user page.
 * Nommo - I'll be coming, otherwise Camembert will get lost.
 * Nsh (train: Lowestoft -> Norwich -> London, but could go through Camb.)
 * Oliver P.
 * Pete/Pcb21 Unable to wriggle out of another event that I expected to be able to. I echo Rob Brewer's comments below.
 * rbrwrˆ A family crisis has intervened. I am very sorry to miss this chance to meet so many fellow Wikipedians, and hope you all have a great time.
 * sannse (talk) - maybe next time (and not because of the cameras ;)
 * Secretlondon - probable
 * Tagishsimon
 * theresa knott Working (Down with work! and other four letter words ending in k)
 * Timwi
 * VampWillow - possible (if people don't mind a normal user attending
 * Don't worry, you're distinctly odd - David Gerard
 * Coming from you dear, that is distinctly worrying ;-) VampWillow
 * Warofdreams

 * Arno Lagrange ✉ flying especially from Toulouse, France to talk about ESTU esperanto-project inside the Wikipedia. I need an hour or two to talk seiously about it. It could be on Friday at 1:00 PM. Every interested wikipedian welcome !  Arno Lagrange  ✉ 06:47, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Comments, ideas
I started this comments section without having a clue what Jimbo's schedule is, so refactoring may be required. Pete/Pcb21 (talk). <- Hadn't read Jimbo's user page!

 * Presumably it will be simply a social occasion? Any ideas for a location?
 * To maximize the chances of people around the country being able to attend, and given the notorious fickleness of the British railway system at weekends, I recommend an afternoon start. (Morning people can't get there in time, Evening it is last train home time very early for many places)
 * Minimizing the average distance to major train stations, I unilaterally propose 3pm at Piccadilly Circus. There is very wide mix of price and style bars/pubs very nearby (although inevitably London will seem outrageously expensive to non-locals) including Cafe Royal, Tiger Tiger, The Cheers Bar (had to throw that one in... Jimbo may be homesick by the Saturday) through to Wetherspoons. If the weather is good, Jimbo's proposal of a picnic would be possible in Green Park. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 20:50, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I'm travelling with my wife and little girl, so afternoon stuff is best for us. Kira (3 years old) is the most sociable of us, too, ha ha. [...] it sounds great. 3PM Picadilly, very good Jimbo Wales 03:28, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S. I restored Jimbo's basic approval for the above as it got lost in the date correction tidy up. However I would re-iterate that I am sure more ideas are welcome from newcomers to the page! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 22:09, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Should we have a plan?
If only 3-4 people were going to show up, we could just meet somewhere and hang out. But if it looks like more people are coming, perhaps we need a more specific plan, like reservations in a room/pub/restaurant? Perhaps SecretLondon can take us all to some mysterious abandond bomb shelters. :-)

Here's an absolutely astounding fact that might be hard to even imagine -- after more than 3 years of doing this, and nearly 2 years of Nupedia before that -- this meeting in London will be the very first time that I've ever met any Nupedians/Wikipedians in person!

Larry Sanger doesn't count, obviously, because I knew him before Wikipedia/Nupedia. Michael Hardy doesn't count, because I knew him before Wikipedia/Nupedia. In terms of purely meeting people who I know only from Wikipedia, this is the first.

Wild, isn't it?

Jimbo Wales 19:18, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * We should probably arrange to meet in a pub and to stay there for some time, so people can arrive early or late and its no big deal. My experience of internet meetups suggests booking anything will be tricky as the number of people on the list may bear no resemblance to the number of people who actually turn up.  Morwen 19:23, Apr 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * The other logistical question is how do we recognise each other? Phoning each other up and asking what table we are at doesn't really scale... Morwen 19:27, Apr 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * We need to consider Jimbo's daughter if we are meeting in a pub. As for recognising each other - I did consider bringing my Wikipedia canvas bag, but maybe that would just be too sad ;)  Maybe once we have decided a venue the best way to recognise each other will be easier work out. -- sannse (talk) 20:08, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Are 3 year olds allowed to go into a pub? If not, maybe we could meet somewhere more family-friendly.  Are any other people bringing family members? Christine Wales 22:24, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It depends on the pub. We should be able to find a family-friendly one, or another suitable venue. -- sannse (talk) 23:00, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I am relatively unlikely definitely not going to be there myself (find me here -- no electricity!), so only give this suggestion any weight if you want to. But if you are not booking anything, and it turns out to be a nice summer day, you could do worse than a picnic in the park.  You will be a shortish walk from either Green Park or St James's Park.  Check the weather forecast a day or two before, and if it looks good then post a request for people to bring some things to eat and drink (and maybe something to sit on). --Trainspotter 12:03, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Following myself up -- a variant suggestion... you could plan to meet at Hyde Park Corner, and go into Hyde Park. There is a cafe (not a pub) approximately here for if the weather is poor, or picnic somewhere if it's nice.  (The one small disadvantage is that it is an extra change of underground trains for people coming from Paddington or Waterloo main line stations.) --Trainspotter 12:12, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm a London based newbie. I stumbled on this page on my 2nd day but thought "nah, I'm too new". However, in 4 days I've racked up about 40hours on here and I figure I'll feel old by early June ;o)  The debate at the moment seems to be the choice between pub and picnic.  It may be worth keeping an eye on this page in the coming weeks Long term weather forecast from the BBC.  I may attend.  But my sociability is very much booze fuelled.  My confidence might crumble on lemonade and frisbees... --bodnotbod 15:11, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * No reason not to have a glass of wine or six with the picnic :) -- sannse (talk) 16:03, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Personally I had every intention of bringing alcohol to the picnic.I hope you do come along bod, I've already made the snap decision that i like you based only apon what you've written above. theresa knott 14:07, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, well, I could certainly go for a bottle of plonk. We can hiccup and talk about Fight Club and, can't believe I'm saying this, Scum: And, on that Theresa K., I should tell you your film link points to an album of that name, at present.  The film needs a new page, I think. Who's the daddy? --bodnotbod 14:28, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * On h2g2 meetups people wear name badges and h2g2 T-shirts. Then again, h2g2 might have a somewhat more eclectic mix of people, which makes it easier - on my last meet I just looked for the three foot fairy wings. But phones also work well. Martin 21:03, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Supporting the picnic idea. St James's Park is the easier park to get to from Piccadilly Circus... the walk being downhill and involving fewer crowded pavements en route. Having said that, I voice mild concerns about choosing one of the busiest tourist locations in London as a meeting point for a Summer afternoon though. - MykReeve 22:45, 27 Apr 2004 (UTC)

OK then does anyone have a clear plan? this really isn't very helpful at the moment G-Man 16:47, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a month to go. But if folk need to make plans early then a weather-proof venue seems the way to go. --bodnotbod 18:06, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * No need to settle the venue just yet. A week or so beforehand should be plenty long enough IMO. theresa knott 14:07, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Just a quick travel note: if anyone is planning on getting a Silverlink train to London, there aren't any on this Saturday (June 5) between Watford Junction and Coventry/Stafford, but there will be a replacement coach service (see this page for more) Tom- 15:54, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

The plan
I've assembled this from the most recent suggestions. Please edit all of it, especially the parts with ? to establish a plan! Warofdreams 17:35, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Meet at 3pm at the entrance to Inn the Park, a cafe bar in St James' Park. We will recognise each other because ?.
 * Because we will be wearing labels or carrying signs saying "WP" or "WIKIPEDIA" or something? - David Gerard 14:11, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * It would less unbearably geeky if just one person volunteered to be there prior to 3, have some sort of sign and give out their mobile number to co-ordinate as necessary. (I would volunteer to be that person but I can not say with 100% certainty I am going to be there just yet.) Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 14:56, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would similarly volunteer, but I can't guarantee my presence either. COULD SOMEONE PLEASE VOLUNTEER! - David Gerard 11:17, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Have a quiz.
 * Perhaps some other planned activities.
 * Chat to other Wikipedians.
 * Buy User:warofdreams a drink.
 * People will start heading off from about ?, but others might be around all evening.

 * One suggestion - there's a rather nice new cafe that's recently opened in St James's Park called Inn The Park - http://www.innthepark.com/ - which might be a pleasant place to relax and chat. No idea how busy it'll get in the summer, but it remains fairly quiet at the moment. Perhaps a wet-weather alternative to picnicking?

 * Oh, and I've done a little simplified map of the Piccadilly Circus area, which might be useful for people not familiar with London... I've marked the locations of the five exits to Piccadilly Circus tube. Don't let the white square fool you - in a rare effort to save bandwidth I've saved it as a black-and-white PNG file, which doesn't resize so well. - MykReeve 19:07, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

It seems to me to be a bit silly to meet in Piccadilly Circus then walk to st James Park. Why don't we just meet in the park just in front of the cafe? theresa knott 13:36, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Inn The Park is nowhere near Piccadilly Circus! - David Gerard 23:51, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is why I separated the "raw" talk, so we can make firm our plans. I'm leaving tonight and won't have Internet access until the event, so I want to make sure I actually meet up with you folks! Fuzheado | Talk 23:55, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll be coming from either from Paddington or Liverpool Street, so meeting at St. James's Park would be better for me than Piccadilly Circus. Angela. 07:30, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I second Myk's suggestion of "Inn the Park", as a cafe-bar rather than pub Jimbo's socialable three-year old is sure to be welcome, but yet it will still be licenced for those who could do with a spot of social lubricant.

 * I also second Theresa's suggestion just to meet at the cafe. There are several natural tube stations for the park depending where you are coming from. And also the entrance to a cafe is less ambigious than an entrance to a tube station.

 * Oh and finally, Angela, Liverpool Street or Paddington... you're not giving much away are you!? :-) Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:15, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It depends on whether I sit here editing Wikipedia or get on with moving house. :) Angela. 00:53, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * yep, meeting at the cafe sounds good to me too. -- sannse (talk) 11:42, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ok, I've changed "The Plan". Does this mean no picnics?  Or can people eat just outside? Warofdreams 17:09, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm happy either way, picnic or no. theresa knott 20:31, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I'm not so sure that a picnic's really the best idea. If it rains, we might have difficulties finding somewhere that we can go that will allow us to eat the picnic there, which would be a pain, to put it mildly...
 * James F. (talk) 22:18, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Current forecasts suggest the day will be a scorcher. But Inn the Park sounds great.  --bodnotbod 12:51, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * The forecast does indeed look excellent (see ). (Though being British we should now prepare to have to complain about the godawful heat :-). I reckon we'll probably end up outside, though there are gazillion places to buy sandwiches etc around there so it doesn't matter it people bring food/drink or not, at their preference. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:10, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Er, anyone taken a look at those reviews of Inn the Park on the user page?   The service is, apparently, terrible.  So, I think I'll take an emergency bottle so I can self-start ;o) --bodnotbod 23:24, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

The quiz
There could be a Wikipedia-based quiz or two. Perhaps one on general knowledge gleaned from Wikipedia articles, and another on Wikipedians? Martin 14:16, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * 250,000 articles is a lot of general knowledge... but I like the idea... are you volunteering to be Magnus Magnusson and gather some questions? Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 22:09, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

It was Martin who suggested the quiz, and he's not coming anymore. is anyone else willing to compile it? theresa knott 20:31, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * How about a quiz related to Wikipedia rather than a general knowledge quiz? I'd be happy to compile it if people think it's a good idea. How many questions should it be? Angela. 21:52, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh gods, it'd be full of questions such as the limits on the powers of the Arbitration Committee, which would be, err, politically untenable for me to get wrong... ;-)
 * Seriously, it sounds like an interesting thing for us to do.
 * James F. (talk) 22:18, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, sorry about that folks. I might be able to get there for later on, and stay the night in a hotel or something, but it'd be touch and go, so I won't be doing any Magnus impressions. Some possible ideas, though, might be:

 * 1) Picture matching - match names to photos: include some facebook images, and some illustrations of Wikipedia articles of celebrities (and minor celebrities).
 * 2) Know your Wikipedians - match the Wikipedian to the description. Gossip heaven. Include some folks no longer here to please the oldbies.
 * 3) Obscurity - Take some facts from some of the more stato-orientated articles, and ask "nearest guess" or multiple choice questions. Eg: "According to Wikipedia, how many people in Stoke-on-Trent listed their religion as Jedi?", "According to Wikipedia, track number sevenon the album "The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste is (A) Oxygen (B) Breathe (C) Test (D) Scum". The more obscure the better - just hit "Random Page" a few times.
 * 4) Illustrations - produce images to illustrate a variety of Wikipedia articles, to be uploaded later. Photos, sketches, etc. For example, Drunkenness is woefully unillustrated... ;-)
 * If it weren't possibly copyright, I'd be tempted to illustrate it with this picture. Looks like, at a guess, first-year university students, experiencing lack of parental control for the first time, and deciding to celebrate it with a good ol' three-legged-pub-crawl, complete with a graceful display of synchronised vomiting. Bless 'em... Of course, the photo could have been taken a while ago, so maybe by now one of them is an insurance broker and the other one is your bank manager...  --Trainspotter 13:49, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Workability may vary somewhat... *shrug* Martin 23:53, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

I don't have a printer, so I can't do any questions based on images. It would be good if someone else did that. I can do questions on general knowledge/Wikipedia though. I was planning on putting together something which would last about half an hour and be done in teams if that sounds ok to everyone. However, if it's raining, I don't think it'll work. I can't imagine running a quiz in a crowded cafe. Angela. 18:26, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Filming
Rumor has it this meeting is being filmed for a documentary about our community. I'm sorry if this was supposed to be a secret, but I think it is only fair the people attending are aware of, and agree to, this. Angela. 13:14, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * You have surely done the right thing by letting people know. Do you know who's doing the filming?
 * Also I think we should use British English on this page, as it is primarily an UK topic page, see Manual_of_Style. ;-). Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:49, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ars Electronica as far as I know, but again that is only a rumour. Angela. 16:08, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well that could be a very cool rumor if its true... Jimbo visiting lots of sections of the Wikipedia community (London, Berlin, South Tyrol...) just before Wikipedia collects a Best Community award... awesome "I am sorry I couldn't be with you but.." speech potential. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 19:14, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll be taking pictures at a fantastic rate. Particularly if User:Irismeister does show up - David Gerard 14:00, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Humm - I'll be thinking about this - I may decide to back out -- sannse (talk) 22:06, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That would be a tragedy if the filming kept people away, after all the effort to get together. Perhaps we can have a "privacy safe" time after a certain hour when folks can be sure filming will stop and privacy protected?  (There is a chance I might see you all there.) Fuzheado | Talk 11:11, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Although I can't speak for Sannse, the filming itself may well not much of a problem per se... it's just that those of us who've expressed an interest in coming along have heard about the filming from a circuitous route from another wikipedia. We don't know what for sure if it is happening and what it's purpose is. We are not sure if anything is expected of us or whether it would be happending silently in the background as Jimbo gets entirely sozzled due to 15 people buying him a drink for hosting such a great project. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 16:58, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

(Copied from user talk:Angela) I had only just heard about it when I mentioned it to a couple of people on IRC, and that must be how you heard about it. The story is this: the people from the Golden Nica awards want to do a short film about each winner, and so they wanted to know if they could come here and film me doing my work.

But of course, me doing my work here is a very boring thing to watch. :-)

So I suggested that they film some of our meetings in Europe, as these will be the first time many of us meet, and it's really a big deal for our community as community. They liked the idea, and there you go.

They were planning to meet me at the airport and film me arriving, but the schedule did not work out. But I guess they will be filming me some at Cherry Court Hotel, and then going to our meetup.

You are right that people should know before they show up, in case they are fugitives or whatever. ;-) But I think that almost no one will ever see the film, it's just for the awards ceremony I think. Jimbo Wales 10:10, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Hey Sannse are you on the run from the old Bill? ;-) theresa knott 10:38, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope, just overly shy :) - sannse (talk) 17:05, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh but it's much more fun to think of you as a desperate criminal, on the run after pulling off the biggest robbery this decade. Or even better - a spy, yes an exotic beautiful foreign agent, who has infiltrated wikipedia in order subvert us to the will of your controllers. Your orders are to come to the London Meetup, influence everyone there, especially Jimbo, plant sime kind of tracking device on him and under no account allow yourself to be photographed! theresa knott 18:37, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * shhh, don't blow my cover, the password is Kumquat -- sannse (talk) 19:16, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll be the big blond Australian with the tiny camera. Alert me so I know to keep you out of the shots :-) - David Gerard 17:41, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks David, I'm still thinking about it, maybe I'll see you there :) -- sannse (talk) 19:16, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

If y'all had been meeting in New York, I wouldn't have minded coming. Rickyrab 19:21, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * New York isn't really the optimum place for a UK meetup. However, you might be interested in User:Jimbo Wales/Boston... at least one other user is planning to take the train from NYC and presumably make a weekend of it. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:58, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yes, someone from the Golden Nica awards will be filming our meeting. I do not think this should discourage anyone from attending, as I will insist that we segregate things for anyone who doesn't want to be filmed. I'm sorry this became public via rumor, it's just that I casually mentioned it to someone before it was firmly fixed as a plan, and there you go. I apologize for that, it wasn't meant to be secret or anything. Jimbo Wales 12:31, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

NOTCON
Not directly related, but I thought I might mention to the techies that the following day (6th June), the NTK-sponsored "inappropriate uses of technology" conference takes place at Imperial College in London.

Info here and here. Guest speakers include Boing Boing's Cory Doctorow and the BBC's Bill Thompson. - MykReeve 21:14, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Cambridge
Apparently quite a number of people in the above list are in or around Cambridge. I wonder if we should meet in Cambridge and go to London together? Any suggestions? — Timwi 20:47, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Have a good time!
To those who are going (which won't include me as I have to slave for money): hope it goes well, hope the weather holds up and that you find each other! Cheers, Tom- 00:21, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Photos
Could someone more expert at layouts, please give me a hand. Finding names for those portrayed would also be useful. JPF 12:33, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Are there no photos of me? I'm not that ugly you know ;-) G-Man 20:47, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know about that, I've seen what you look like ;-P Actually there is a photo of you in the external links. See here (you need to scroll down the page) theresa knott 07:44, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

2nd London meetup
Jimbo is in London again on Tuesday 31 August. See Meetup for details. Angela. 00:46, Aug 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Meetup/London 1


text:
4065 Meinel

4065 Meinel, provisional designation, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, California. The asteroid was named for American astronomer Aden Meinel.

Orbit and classification
The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,247 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1953, extending Meinel's observation arc by 7 years prior to its discovery.

Rotation period
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Meinel measures 3.87 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.270. As of 2016, the asteroid's composition, shape and rotation period remains unknown.

Diameter and albedo
The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.

Naming
This minor planet was named in honor of the American physicist and astronomer Aden Meinel (1922–2011). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 February 1992 (M.P.C. 19695).

title: 4065 Meinel


text:
Category:Root-finding algorithms

A root-finding algorithm is a numerical method or algorithm for finding a value x such that f(x) = 0, for a given function f. Here, x is a single real number. Root-finding algorithms are studied in numerical analysis.

title: Category:Root-finding algorithms


text:
User:Jimbo Wales/monobook.js

document.write("\"); document.write("\");

importScript( 'User:Pediapress/collection.js' );

title: User:Jimbo Wales/monobook.js


text:
Talk:La Recoleta Cemetery

2009 comment
Juan Domingo Perón is buried in the Cemetery of La Chacarita, not in La Recoleta.

Susan Barrantes is buried on El Pucara estate in Argentina, not in La Recoleta. Cjc13 (talk) 23:21, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051205/http://www.arteycoleccion.com.ar/fichas2.php?artista_id=468&lista=m to http://www.arteycoleccion.com.ar/fichas2.php?artista_id=468&lista=m

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:22, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Buenos Aires - Cementerio de la Recoleta - 20090104-13.jpg

title: Talk:La Recoleta Cemetery


text:
Free dance

Free dance is a 20th-century dance form that preceded modern dance. Rebelling against the rigid constraints of classical ballet, Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis (with her work in theater) developed their own styles of free dance and laid the foundations of American modern dance with their choreography and teaching. In Europe, Rudolf Laban, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze and François Delsarte developed their own theories of human movement and methods of instruction that led to the development of European modern and Expressionist dance.

Free dance was prolific in Central and Eastern Europe, where national schools were created, such as the School of Musical Movement (Heptachor), in Russia, and the Orkesztika School, in Hungary.

Josh Owings added much to the style of Free dance in North America. His style revolved around swift body movements combined with passionate facial expressions.

Another pioneer of the sport was Andrew Saah. He created the "flying chinaman" move that introduced a distinct sect of Asian males to Free dance liberation movement.

Characteristics
Compared to other dance styles, free dance is regarded by artists, including Isadora Duncan, as a natural dance style.

title: Free dance


text:
User talk:World4health

Do not post commercial links to websites here - this is regarded as spamming. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising.

You may be blocked from editing if you continue.

Thanks Dysprosia 22:19, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding your website to every page. External links are meant to link to important webpages relevant to the subject, not every small page that repeats the info in the article itself.

Rasmus (talk) 20:30, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You might want to read this :When should I link externally. One example from the guidelines: The article on Donald Knuth could link to his homepage. Normally, slightly less relevant pages are accepted; but links that only contain a single screen of information and contains ads are removed on sight. One rule you might keep in mind: link to a site in order to improve the article, not to improve the page-rank of the site.
 * Rasmus (talk) 20:50, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:World4health


text:
Talk:Michael Badnarik

Good to be King
The statement that he asserted in the book that "anyone with an "Esquire" after their name, such as lawyers and attorneys, are forbidden from holding public office" was removed because it is misleading. In the book, as in his class, he argues that there are in fact three thirteen amendments, one of which was that anyone with a title appended to their name, such as esquire, md, etc, could not hold office.

Outdated
It needs to be updated. "He has written a book" clearly doesn't apply do a person deceased. Nicmart (talk) 05:58, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Did he write Good To Be King: The Foundation of our Constitutional Freedom?
"Libertarians" are not unknown to have their supposed writings ghostwritten. Ron Paul's newsletters, for instance, and maybe some or all of his books. James Bovard was the ghostwriter of fake author Bob Barr’s Lessons in Liberty, which was created for his LP presidential campaign in 2008. We know that because Bovard sued Barr's campaign for not paying the full bill, which is confirmed in a filing with the Federal Election Commission. Nicmart (talk) 06:08, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Badnarik


text: Category:Alice Cooper albums

title: Category:Alice Cooper albums


text:
East Belfast Observer

The East Belfast Observer first appeared on 4 March 2004, and after failing to increase circulation above 2000 copies per week, ceased publication following the edition published on Thursday 16 June 2005. The paper was distributed through newsagents throughout east Belfast and North Down, costing 50p per copy.

Published weekly by East Belfast Publishing Ltd, the newspaper was relatively weak on news in comparison to regional papers. The news agenda was focussed on local issues in the various communities of east Belfast with a particular focus on politics and followed a broadly unionist editorial.

The paper covered local sport under sports editor, Chris Holt. Coverage of the local football team Glentoran F.C. was particularly strong. Other sport covered by the newspaper included golf, rugby, hockey, pool and notable support of youth sport.

Funding of approximately £250,000 had been raised to launch the newspaper, from the EU sponsored Peace & Reconciliation funding, but when this funding came to an end, and with the business not generating enough income from sales and advertising to meet costs, the newspaper closed. Attempts had been made to save the paper, firstly by cutting costs including staff, and then by seeking further investment, but this was not forthcoming.

The East Belfast Observer was owned by East Belfast Partnership.

Staff

 * Maurice Kinkead, editor
 * Geoffrey Ready, deputy editor
 * Chris Holt, sport editor
 * Alex Crumlin, reporter
 * Josephine Long, reporter
 * Thomas Slattery, advertising sales manager

title: East Belfast Observer


text:
North Belfast News

The North Belfast News is a weekly newspaper published by the Belfast Media Group in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

title: North Belfast News


text:
Arromanches-les-Bains

Arromanches-les-Bains (or simply Arromanches) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

Geography
Arromanches-les-Bains is 12 km north-east of Bayeux and 10 km west of Courseulles-sur-Mer on the coast where the Normandy landings took place on D-Day, 6 June 1944. Access to the commune is by the D514 road from Tracy-sur-Mer in the west passing through the town and continuing to Saint-Côme-de-Fresné in the east. The D87 road also goes from the town south to Ryes. The D65 road goes east to Meuvaines. About a third of the commune is the urban area of the town with the rest farmland.

History
Arromanches is remembered as a historic place of the Normandy landings and in particular as the place where a Mulberry harbour artificial port was installed. This artificial port allowed the disembarkation of 9,000 tons of materiel per day.

It was on the beach of Arromanches that, during the Invasion of Normandy immediately after D-Day, the Allies established an artificial temporary harbour to allow the unloading of heavy equipment without waiting for the conquest of deep water ports such as Le Havre or Cherbourg. Although at the centre of the Gold Beach landing zone, Arromanches was spared the brunt of the fighting on D-Day so the installation and operation of the port could proceed as quickly as possible without damaging the beach and destroying surrounding lines of communication. The port was commissioned on 14 June 1944.

This location was one of two sites chosen to establish the necessary port facilities to unload quantities of supplies and troops needed for the invasion during June 1944, the other being built further west at Omaha Beach. The British built huge floating concrete caissons which, after being towed from England, then had to be assembled to form walls and piers forming and defining the artificial port called the Mulberry harbour. These comprised pontoons linked to the land by floating roadways. One of these ports was assembled at Arromanches and even today sections of the Mulberry harbour still remain with huge concrete blocks sitting on the sand and more can be seen further out at sea.

Some key figures: by 12 June 1944 more than 300,000 men, 54,000 vehicles, 104,000 tons of supplies had been landed. During 100 days of operation of the port 2.5 million men, 500,000 vehicles, and 4 million tons of materiel were landed. The best performance of the port was in the last week of July 1944: during those seven days the traffic through Arromanches exceeded 136,000 tons or 20,000 tons per day.

Today, Arromanches is mainly a tourist town. Situated in a good location for visiting all of the battle sites and war cemeteries, there is also a museum at Arromanches with information about Operation Overlord and in particular, the Mulberry harbours.

On 21 September 2013 Bradford-based sand sculpting company Sand in Your Eye created a tribute called "The Fallen 9,000". It was a temporary sculpture project—a visual representation of 9,000 people drawn in the sand which equates the number of civilians, German forces and Allies that died during the D-day landings. It coincided with Peace Day, and was washed away with the tide at the end of the day.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arromanchais or Arromanchaises in French.

Civil heritage
The commune has many buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:

 * Houses (19th century)
 * The Notre-Dame-des-Flots Monument at Rue du Calvaire (1911)
 * The Grand Hotel at 22 Rue du Maréchal Joffre (20th century)
 * The old Radar Station at Le Callouet (20th century)
 * The Château du Petit Fontaine (1764)
 * An Orientation table (20th century)
 * The Artificial Harbour and Winston Churchill Harbour (20th century)
 * The 6 June 1944 Museum (1954)
 * A Lavoir (Public laundry) (1896)
 * The Town Hall and Boys' Primary School (1884)
 * The Village (Antiquity)
 * Houses and Hotels (18th-20th century)

 * Other sites of interest
 * The Museum of the Landings
 * Arromanches 360 degrees

Religious heritage
The commune has several religious buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:

A Presbytery at 4 avenue de l'Amiral Mountbatten (1836)

A Monumental Cross at Rue du Calvaire (1901)

A Cemetery (1857)

The Parish Church of Saint Peter (19th century) The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

 * Stained glass windows (19th-20th century)
 * Ciboria (19th century)
 * A Paten (19th century)
 * A Monstrance (19th century)
 * A Chalice (19th century)
 * A Box for Oil for the sick (20th century)
 * An Ex-voto Painting: Fishermen in danger (19th century)
 * A Painting: Saint Peter (19th century)
 * A Painting: Saint Paul (19th century)
 * A Cross: Christ on the Cross (19th century)
 * A Table (17th century)
 * 34 Pews (19th century)
 * The Choir bench and wood panelling (19th century)
 * A Pulpit (19th century)
 * A Baptismal font (19th century)
 * An Altar, Tabernacle, and Retable (19th century)
 * An Altar (1976)
 * An Altar (1) (18th century)
 * The Furniture in the Church

Notable people linked to the commune

 * Jules Carpentier, French inventor. A main street is named in his honour.
 * François Carpentier, son of Jules Carpentier, French architect and mayor of the commune. He created the Museum of the Landings in Arromanche.
 * Sylvie Joly owned a villa in the commune. Her father was mayor of the commune from 1947 to 1963.
 * The Boisgelin family owned a large part of the commune and still have a large house.

title: Arromanches-les-Bains


text:
Steerpike

Steerpike is a fictional character in Mervyn Peake's novels Titus Groan and Gormenghast.

Character
Steerpike might be called the antagonist of the Gormenghast trilogy, but in truth he is more of an anti-hero; the first book for example is largely focused on him, only covering the first year of the eponymous hero Titus's life. Steerpike could also be considered an archetypal Machiavellian schemer: a highly intelligent, ruthless character willing to justify any and all means to reach his end. In the books, Mervyn Peake describes his personality as follows: "if ever he had harboured a conscience in his tough narrow breast he had by now dug out and flung away the awkward thing — flung it so far away that were he ever to need it again he could never find it. High-shouldered to a degree little short of malformation, slender and adroit of limb and frame, his eyes close-set and the colour of dried blood, he is climbing the spiral staircase of the soul of Gormenghast, bound for some pinnacle of the itching fancy — some wild, invulnerable eyrie best known to himself; where he can watch the world spread out below him, and shake exultantly his clotted wings."

And his appearance, as described in Titus Groan: "Limb by limb, it appeared that he was sound enough, but the sum of these several members accrued to an unexpectedly twisted total. His face was pale like clay and save for his eyes, mask-like. These eyes were set very close together, and were small, dark red, and of startling concentration."

Escape from the kitchen
Steerpike first appears as a youth of seventeen years with an unclear past, working in Gormenghast's Great Kitchen under the chef Abiatha Swelter, whom he hates. On the day that Titus, 77th Earl of Gormenghast, is born, Steerpike escapes from the kitchen after Swelter collapses from drink. He is discovered by the chief retainer of the castle, Flay, and locked in a small room. Steerpike escapes through the window and climbs over the vast roofscape of Gormenghast, spending the night in a great stone square, before arriving by accident in the attic of Fuchsia, daughter to the Earl of Gormenghast.

The fire
Steerpike uses his charm and fast tongue to insinuate himself with the castle's physician Dr Prunesquallor, and acts for a time as his apprentice. From there Steerpike uses the doctor's connections to gain access to the upper hierarchy of Gormenghast. Shortly afterwards he starts to work for the simpleton sisters of the Earl, the twins Cora and Clarice, manipulating them with appeals to their vanity and desire for power (they believed that the Countess had usurped their rightful position beside their brother). He persuades them to set fire to Sepulchrave's Library and uses the circumstances to play the hero in rescuing those trapped inside (including all the surviving members of the House of Groan). Sourdust, the Master of Ritual, dies and Steerpike hopes to take his place, but like so many offices in the castle the position is hereditary and is succeeded by Sourdust's son Barquentine, a crippled and fiercely traditional man.

Banishment of Flay
The library was Sepulchrave's only joy in life and its loss breaks his spirit, leading to madness and eventual suicide. During this period, Steerpike unintentionally causes the removal of the Earl's manservant, Mr. Flay, who had always been suspicious of him. Steerpike enrages the manservant, who throws one of the Countess's precious white cats at the youth; Flay is subsequently banished. His resultant vendetta against Steerpike becomes a key factor in Steerpike's eventual downfall.

The Twins
Deciding to remove the twins, Steerpike convinces them to move into a distant and abandoned region of the castle by confabulating an epidemic of "Weasel Plague", which they must be quarantined from. He then explains their disappearance to the inhabitants of the castle with a suicide note (including a confession to arson) and wax models of the Twins (helped by the fact that the half-paralyzed twins were hardly more animated than wax-works in real life).

Master of Ritual
Steerpike then insinuates himself into Barquentine's work, acting as apprentice and doing his best to make himself indispensable. When he considers the time ripe, he attempts to kill Barquentine by fire, but botches the attempt, underestimating the seemingly frail and disabled old man. Although aflame and dying, Barquentine clings to Steerpike in an attempt to take his murderer with him. Steerpike jumps from the nearest window into the moat below and drowns Barquentine. Steerpike nearly loses his own life in the process, but uses this to his advantage, claiming that the jump into the moat was a desperate attempt to save his master from the fire. The incident, however, leaves Steerpike permanently scarred; his face now red and blotched. The fire and injury also appears to cause changes in his personality, namely a distinct fear of fire and an increasing loss of rationality. The plan succeeds, however, and the death of Barquentine leads to him being appointed Master of Ritual.

Discovery
At approximately this time the Twins die of starvation in their remote room; locked away they were completely dependent on Steerpike for supplies, but he ceased to visit them when they attempted to kill him and escape. Steerpike of course realizes that they must have died, but it is only after several years as Master of Ritual that he finds time to bother to confirm their deaths (during which time, among other things, he attempts to woo Fuchsia). Unfortunately for him he is followed to their room by Flay, Doctor Prunesquallor, and Titus and is discovered with the corpses. His behaviour at this point shows evident signs of madness, in stark contrast to the cool and rational mastermind he once was.

With his crimes exposed, Steerpike flees and for a short while terrorizes the castle, using his intimate knowledge of its layout and extensive passageways to evade capture. Matters are brought to a head when a huge rainstorm floods the castle, submerging the lower levels and forcing the inhabitants (and Steerpike) higher and higher. Although he evades the Countess's forces, Titus, who blamed Steerpike for his sister's death, eventually finds and kills him.

Appearances in other media
Stefan Vinzberg portrayed the character in the opera adaptation, and he was played by Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers in the BBC miniseries.

Sting played Steerpike in 1984 radio adaption of the first two Gormenghast novels on BBC Radio 4.

Reception
The Daily Telegraph has described Steerpike as one of the greatest villains in English literature. They also proposed that post-war readers were not prepared to fully appreciate the character upon his initial appearance.

title: Steerpike


text:
List of protected areas of Illinois

Illinois has a variety of protected areas, including over 123 state-protected areas, dozens of federally protected areas, hundreds of county-level and municipal park areas. Illinois also contains sites designated as internationally important protected areas. These multiple levels of protection contribute to a statewide network of numerous recreation opportunities and conservation schemes, sometimes in a small area. For example, DeKalb County contains a 1000 acre forest preserve system and a 1500 acre state park (Shabbona Lake State Park); within DeKalb County, the DeKalb Park District in the City of DeKalb has a 700 acre park system.

State protected areas
Illinois state-owned protected areas include state parks, state forests, state recreation areas, state fish and wildlife areas, state natural areas, and one state trail. These areas are all administered by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. In addition, dozens of state historic sites are administered by the Illinois Historic Preservation Division.

State historic sites
State historic sites are typically protected for their historic and cultural importance but may include a nature preservation component, such as at Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site and Lincoln's New Salem. For a list, see Illinois Historic Preservation Division.

State parks
State parks are owned by the state and generally administered by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Specifically, “State Park” refers to sites “exhibiting exceptional scenic and natural features and terrain” and that “offer a wide range of recreational opportunities for the public to enjoy”.

State fish and wildlife areas
Areas whose primary purpose is to “reserve land and water areas for production and conservation of fish or wildlife and to provide hunting, fishing, trapping, observation, and other forms of compatible recreational use.”

State natural areas
Areas of land which “either retains or has recovered to a substantial degree its original natural or primeval character, though it need not be completely undisturbed, or has floral, faunal, ecological, geological or archaeological features of scientific, educational, scenic or esthetic interest.”

Federally protected areas
Illinois contains one national forest, the Shawnee National Forest, one national grassland, Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, and several other sites administered by the National Park Service, including portions of National Trails. There are also National Wildlife Refuges.

National Forest Service Areas

 * Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie - 25,000 acre
 * Shawnee National Forest - 500,000 acre

U.S. Wilderness Areas
The following U.S. Wilderness areas are located within the Shawnee National Forest and are administered by the U.S. Forest Service: Crab Orchard Wilderness is located within Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge
 * Bald Knob Wilderness
 * Bay Creek Wilderness
 * Burden Falls Wilderness
 * Clear Springs Wilderness
 * Garden of the Gods Wilderness
 * Lusk Creek Wilderness
 * Panther Den Wilderness

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Areas

 * Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge
 * Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge - 43500 acre including the 4050 acre Crab Orchard Wilderness
 * Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge
 * Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge
 * Hackmatack National Wildlife Refuge
 * Kankakee National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area
 * Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge Complex
 * Great River National Wildlife Refuge, portions in Pike and Adams Counties, Illinois
 * Port Louisa National Wildlife Refuge, portion in Mercer County, Illinois
 * Meredosia National Wildlife Refuge
 * Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge
 * Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge
 * Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, portions in Jo Daviess, Carroll, Whiteside, and Rock Island Counties, Illinois

National Park Service
The National Park Service operates the federally owned Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, the Pullman National Historical Park in Chicago, and the New Philadelphia National Historic Site in Pike County in rural western Illinois. The Chicago Portage National Historic Site is a National Park Service-affiliated site which is located in the Forest Preserve District of Cook County. In addition, the National Park Service partners with the Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

 * Carlyle Lake - 26000 acre of water and 11000 acre of public land
 * Illinois Waterway
 * Lake Shelbyville - 11100 acre lake and 23000 acre of land
 * Rend Lake - 18900 acre of water and 20000 acre of land

Internationally recognized protected areas
One UNESCO World Heritage Site in Illinois, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, is protected and listed as a state-owned historic site. Two of the eight World Heritage Site structures exemplifying the 20th-Century architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright are also located in Illinois: Unity Temple and the Robie House, and are protected by local and federal schemes.

In addition to cultural sites, Illinois contains five wetland areas designated as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention:
 * Cache River-Cypress Creek Wetlands (including Cypress Creek National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Chiwaukee Prairie Illinois Beach Lake Plain (shared with Wisconsin)
 * The Emiquon Complex (including Emiquon National Wildlife Refuge)
 * Sue and Wes Dixon Waterfowl Refuge
 * The Upper Mississippi River Floodplain Wetlands (shared with Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin)

Local level parks
A variety of county and town protected areas exist in Illinois, including city park districts and county-wide Forest Preserve or Conservation Districts, as well as land owned by private conservation organizations. One of the largest systems is the Forest Preserve District of Cook County, which includes Brookfield Zoo and the Chicago Botanic Garden as well as 70000 acre of open land, or 11.6 percent of Cook County's land area. Under Illinois law, counties may set up a conservation land holding district, after approval by county voters. Although most of the 102 counties have not established such a public landholding agency, below are the approved county districts:

 * Boone County Conservation District - 4000 acre
 * Byron Forest Preserve District - 1708 acre
 * Champaign County Forest Preserve District - 4000 acre
 * Forest Preserve District of Cook County - 70000 acre
 * DeKalb County Forest Preserve - 4000 acre
 * Forest Preserve District of DuPage County - 26,000 acre
 * Forest Preserve District of Kane County - 20,000 acre
 * Forest Preserves of the Kankakee River Valley - 465 acre
 * Kendall County Forest Preserve District - 2663 acre
 * Lake County Forest Preserve - 31,000 acre
 * Macon County Conservation District - 3490 acre
 * McHenry County Conservation District - 24000 acre
 * Putnam Country Conservation District - 1100 acre
 * Rock Island Forest Preserve District - 2529 acre
 * Vermilion County Conservation District - 6600 acre
 * Forest Preserve District of Will County - 21,966 acre
 * Winnebago County Forest Preserve District - 11,500 acre

title: List of protected areas of Illinois