text:
User talk:Korodzik

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! Glad to have you around, and thanks for your edits to DOOM. If you have any questions, you should check out FAQ or try the Tutorial. Or you can ask at Help desk. Glad to have you, and I hope to see you around. Meelar 17:43, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

The Hunting of the Snark - revealed
Hi, I saw your last post on the Talk:The Hunting of the Snark page, I uploaded an image which should help clear up all the insanity over the "interpretations". Carrol never divulged enough information regarding the Boojum, however I believe Henry Holiday added an easter egg by hiding his interpretation of the Boojum along with the fate of the Bake in his last illustrated lanel - see for yourself. Piecraft 11:19, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Wydawnictwo MON
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AfD nomination of Gog.com
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AfD nomination of Jones in the Fast Lane
An article that you have been involved in editing, Jones in the Fast Lane, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Jones in the Fast Lane. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Rogerb67 (talk) 23:18, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for your edit to Jones in the Fast Lane
I note you added a reference. Could you give an indication of the depth of coverage of the reference? It's hard to tell from where you've cited. A scan of the article would be ideal, otherwise whatever you can provide. Many thanks, --Rogerb67 (talk) 23:07, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

New messages!
The exact location of the thread is here. Thank you. Chevy monte  carlo  05:24, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Template
I saw that It's only two extra letters :-) –MuZemike 15:52, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Top Secret (magazine)

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title: User talk:Korodzik


text:
Montfiquet

Montfiquet is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Montfiquet


text:
Datuk

Datuk (or its variant Dato or Datu) is a Malay title commonly used in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia, as well as a traditional title by Minangkabau people in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

The title of the wife of Datuk is Datin.

Origin
The oldest historical records mentioning about the title datuk is the 7th century Srivijayan inscriptions such as Telaga Batu from Palembang, Indonesia, to describe lesser kings or vassalized kings. It was called dātu in Old Malay language to describe regional leader or elder, a kind of chieftain that rules of a collection of kampungs (villages) called Kedatuan. The Srivijaya empire was described as a network or mandala that consisted of settlements, villages, and ports each ruled by a datu that vowed their loyalty (persumpahan) to the central administration of Srivijayan Maharaja. Unlike the indianized title of raja and maharaja, the term datuk was also found in the Philippines as datu, which suggests its common native Austronesian origin. The term kadatwan or kedaton refer to the residence of datuk, equivalent with keraton and istana. In later Mataram Javanese culture, the term kedaton shifted to refer the inner private compound of the keraton, the residential complex of king and royal family.

Title of honours
In Brunei and Malaysia, Datuk or Dato is related to each country's orders (darjah kebesaran). In general, it is a title or the prefix of a title given to a person upon being conferred with certain orders of honour. The power to bestow the order, thus the title, lies with the country's sovereign (Sultan in Brunei, and Yang Di-Pertuan Agong in Malaysia for federal orders) as well as the ceremonial leaders of the states of Malaysia for state orders.

The usage of the variant spelling "Datuk" and "Dato" is differentiated in the following manner: "Datuk" is conferred by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Yang di-Pertua Negeri, the non-hereditary Malaysian state leader which is nominated by the state legislature. Meanwhile, "Dato" is conferred by a Sultan, the royal head of Brunei and some Malaysian states, as well as Yamtuan Besar which is the royal head of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan.

A woman conferred with the order in her own right may be given with the title in which the word "Datuk" or "Dato" is replaced with "Datin". Nevertheless, a woman may still be given the masculine form of the title.

The wife of a man conferred with Datuk or Dato is given the title "Datin". However, the husband of a woman who has been given such a title is not given any Datuk-related title.

Permission will not be given for a UK citizen to use any title associated with a foreign or Commonwealth award in the UK. Meaning that anyone with the title Datuk or Dato can not be referred to as "Sir" and can only be referred to by their given title.

In 1808 a principal advisor of Sultan Tajuddin of Songkhla in present-day Thailand had an advisor/chancellor by name of Datuk Maharaja. This shows the early use of the title.

Minangkabau tradition
In Indonesia, datuk refers to honorific title of traditional community, especially among Malay and Minangkabau people. It is functioned as a title reserved for community leader that deals with traditions and community affairs.

In Minangkabau tradition, Datuk (or Datuak) is a traditional, honorary title bestowed on a person by the agreement of a people or tribe in the Minangkabau language, spoken by the Minangkabau people. The title of Datuk was agreed upon by local, traditional leaders (Kerapatan Adat Nagari). The title engenders great respect, and is only used for Minangkabau men who have become stakeholders of traditional leaders or penghulu (noblemen) for a particular tribe. When the title is bestowed, it is celebrated with a traditional ceremony (Malewa Gala) and a banquet.

Unlike other Malay traditions, the title of datuk in Minangkabau is inherited according to the matrilineal system. When a datuk dies his title may pass to his brother or nephew, whoever is closest in the maternal line. If there is no maternal relative, it may be given to another tribal member with the agreement of the tribe.

In the tradition of the Toba Batak people, a datu is magician-priest who teach divination and magic via his book the pustaha.

title: Datuk


text:
Mormon History Association

The Mormon History Association (MHA) is an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the study and understanding of all aspects of Mormon history to promote understanding, scholarly research, and publication in the field. MHA was founded in December 1965 at the American Historical Association (AHA) meeting in San Francisco under the leadership of Latter-day Saint and historian Leonard J. Arrington. In 1972, MHA became an independent organization with its own annual conferences and publications. The Journal of Mormon History, the official biennial publication of the association, began publication in 1974. MHA also publishes the quarterly Mormon History Newsletter and is an affiliate of both AHA and the Western History Association.

MHA "welcome[s] all who are interested in the Mormon past, irrespective of religious affiliation, academic training, or world location." It is not formally affiliated with the LDS Church. Its members are composed of people both within and without the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and the Community of Christ, including those who reject Mormonism.

Presidents
MHA presidents are recognized contributors to the field of Mormon history and serve for one year.

Journal of Mormon History
Since 1974, MHA has produced the Journal of Mormon History, an academic journal in the field of Mormon studies. From the founding of MHA until 1974, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought was a principal venue for articles on Mormon History written by MHA members.

A DVD archive of past issues of the journal is available at MHA's web site.

Mormon History Association Awards
Among the awards presented by the association are: the Leonard J. Arrington Award "for distinguished and meritorious service to Mormon history" – named for the MHA's founder, and father of New Mormon history; Best Book Award; Best First Book; Best Documentary or Bibliography; Best Biography; an award for an outstanding International Mormon history; an award for an outstanding history of a Mormon family (or grouping of families in one community).

title: Mormon History Association


text:
Tooter Turtle

Tooter Turtle is a cartoon about a turtle that first appeared on TV in 1960, as a segment of the King Leonardo and His Short Subjects program. "Tooter Turtle" debuted on NBC, on Saturday, October 15, 1960, and ran for 39 original episodes through July 22, 1961. These episodes were later rerun as backups on other cartoon shows, but no more original episodes were made.

Plot
The plots followed the same general format. Tooter (voiced by Allen Swift) calls on his friend Mr. Wizard the Lizard (voiced by Sandy Becker), an anthropomorphic lizard wearing a wizard cone hat, a robe, and pince-nez eyeglasses. Mr. Wizard lived in a tiny cardboard box at the base of a tall tree. The introductory segment had Tooter knocking on the cardboard box, having "another favor to ask." From inside the box, Mr. Wizard would shrink Tooter small enough to enter through the box's front door and invite him in. Mr. Wizard has the magic to change Tooter's life to some other destiny, usually sending him back in time and to various locales.

As Tooter is fulfilling his destiny, Mr. Wizard narrates the story. When Tooter's trip finally became a catastrophe, Tooter would request help with a cry of "Help me, Mr. Wizard, I don't want to be X any more!" where X was whatever destiny Tooter had entered. Mr. Wizard would then rescue Tooter with the incantation, "Drizzle, Drazzle, Druzzle, Drome, time for this one to come home." Then, Mr. Wizard would always give Tooter the same advice: "Be just what you is, not what you is not. Folks what do this has the happiest lot."

Critical reception and impact
Mr. Wizard's phrase "Drizzle, Drazzle, Druzzle, Drome; Time for this one to come home" is echoed in the phrase "Razzle, dazzle, drazzle, drone, Time for This One to Come Home" that was used later by the band The Replacements as a lyric in Hold My Life from the album Tim.

Created and aired during the Vietnam War, although before the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the episode featuring Tooter traveling back to WW I as a fighter pilot ("Tailspin Tooter") includes what one historian has called some of "the most gruesome pro-war imagery" in cartoons of the period.

The 1984 novel Bright Lights, Big City includes childhood recollections of the cartoon series by a narrator while in a similar predicament.

In the 1999 film The Matrix, Neo (Keanu Reeves) calls his operator Tank for an exit from the Matrix, saying, "Mr. Wizard, get me the hell out of here!".

Episode list
(Every Saturday from October 15, 1960 to July 22, 1961) • Two Gun Turtle

• Tailspin Tooter (Plane Failure)

• Sea Haunt

• Highway Petrolman (Road Block-Head)

• Knight of the Square Table

• Mish-Mash-Mush (Panting for Gold)

• The Unteachables (The Lawless Years)

• Kink of Swat (Babe Rube)

• One Trillion B.C. (Dinosaur Dope)

• Olimping Champion (Weak-Greek)

• Stuper Man (Muscle-Bounder)

• Buffaloed Bill (Custard's Last Stand)

• Moon Goon (Space Head)

• Robin Hoodwink (Thimple Thief)

• Steamboat Stupe (Captains Outrageous)

• Souse Painter (Brush-Boob)

• Railroad Engineer (Stupefied Jones)

• Quarterback Hack (Pigskinned)

• Drafthead (Overwhere?)

• Lumberjack (Topped)

• Jerky Jockey (Kenducky Derby)

• Fired Fireman (Hook And Batter)

• Sky Diver (Jump, Jerk, Jump!)

• Tuesday Turtle (Private Pie)

• Snafu Safari (Trackdown Tooter)

• Anti-Arctic (North Pole Nuisance)

• The Master Builder (Rivet Riot)

• Taxi Turtle (My Flag Is Down)

• Canned Camera (Peek-a-Boob)

• Slowshoe Mountie (One, Two, Buckle My Snowshoe)

• Duck Haunter

• Bull Fright (Olay Down)

• News Nuisance (Sub Scribe)

• The Sheep of Araby (Beau Geste Goes West)

• Waggin' Train (California Bust)

• Anchors Awry (Nautical Nut)

• Vaudevillain (Song and Dunce Man)

• Rod and Reeling (Field and Scream)

• The Man in The Blue Denim Suit (Hay! Hay!)

title: Tooter Turtle


text:
Treason's Harbour

Treason's Harbour is the ninth historical novel in the Aubrey-Maturin series by British author Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1983. The story is set during the Napoleonic Wars.

While with Captain Jack Aubrey awaiting repairs on his ship in Malta, Stephen Maturin discovers that the island is home to a ruthless network of French spies. An unwilling French informer needs help from Maturin, who discovers her predicament and helps her. Meanwhile, a new Admiral arrives at Malta. He sends Aubrey on three missions across the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, one on borrowed ships, and two of the missions are traps. Aubrey escapes the predicaments, but Admiral Harte dies when his ship of the line is destroyed in an ambush. The high level double agent whose existence Maturin begins to suspect does not succeed in undoing either Maturin or Aubrey, yet.

After the reissue of the novel in 1992, it received strong praise. In mentioning the dramatic fate of Mr Hairabedian, one reviewer wryly states that nothing happens in the novel, but the novels are "filled with real people doing real things, brilliantly imagined and conveyed in crisp, clear, strong writing." Another gives negative reviews to a particular narrator of an audio version by praising O'Brian's writing: "characters' voices lack consistency and sensitivity to the subtleties of O'Brian's pen"; and yet more strongly, "The narrative turns from nefarious intrigues in Malta to an amazing mission in the Red Sea and back again, but the drama is [not] conveyed . ..

Plot summary
The Surprises wait at Malta while their ship is slowly repaired after their successful mission on the Ionian coast. Aubrey and Maturin meet Mrs Laura Fielding at music parties she holds. She is waiting for news of her husband, a naval lieutenant who is a prisoner-of-war in France. One of the three groups of French intelligence agents in Malta uses Fielding's plight to manipulate her into spying for them. Aubrey saves her huge dog Ponto from a fall in the cistern. This endears Aubrey to Ponto, leading the gossips of Malta to assume he is carrying on an affair with Mrs Fielding. She asks Maturin to help her satisfy the French agents. They let it appear to the French spies as if they are conducting an affair, and Maturin prepares false materials for her to pass on. The new Commander of the Mediterranean fleet, Admiral Sir Francis Ives and acting second secretary Andrew Wray, arrive in Malta with their own advisor on Turkish affairs. Once Aubrey learns that an earlier prize was accepted by the board, he has money to speed up repairs on Surprise. Before he leaves Malta, Graham describes Lesueur, a French agent known to him. Unbeknownst to Maturin, Wray meets with Lesueur, receives payments from him and learns what Maturin has done to French spies. Maturin is delighted to receive his diving bell, built on Edmond Halley's design. He and Heneage Dundas test it out from Dundas’s ship. It travels with Maturin on the next mission.

Aubrey is dispatched on a secret mission by Admiral Ives to capture a Turkish galley laden with French silver in the Red Sea. They sail on the Dromedary to Tina, and then walk across the Sinai Peninsula to meet the HEI ship Niobe at Suez. Aubrey takes command of Niobe in the Red Sea, with Turkish troops to aid on land. They spot the galley and give chase. Aubrey notices that the galley is using a drag sail to artificially slow its speed. Realizing the trickery, Aubrey sinks the galley to deny the French its silver. Maturin and Aubrey use the diving bell to retrieve the cargo, but find it is lead not silver, a complete trap. The galley had been in the sea for a month awaiting them, to lure them under French cannons on land. They reverse the challenging journey, offloading the disappointed Turkish troops at Suez, then cross the desert with no escort. Bedouin horsemen steal their camel train, so they reach Tina exhausted. Only Aubrey’s chest, with his chelengk award and the dead dragoman’s papers, is saved by Killick’s diligent effort. They return to Malta on Dromedary.

Admiral Ives tells Aubrey the sad news that Surprise is to return to England to be sold out of the service. Maturin is in a mood to gamble at cards. Wray loses a large sum of money to Maturin playing piquet, and is unable to pay his debt. Maturin asks for naval favors in return, like a ship for recently-promoted Pullings. Before dispatching Surprise to England, Ives asks Aubrey to take the Adriatic convoy up to Trieste, where he meets Captain Cotton of HMS Nymphe. Nymphe has just rescued the escaped prisoner-of-war, Lieutenant Charles Fielding. Maturin removes a bullet from the brave and jealous man. He hears the rumour of Aubrey's liaison with his wife and refuses to return to Malta on Surprise, challenging Aubrey to a duel when they next meet on land. On the return journey Captain Dundas, on HMS Edinburgh, tells Aubrey of a French privateer, which Aubrey then captures with Dryad in convoy. The chase delays Surprise into Malta, so the news of Lieutenant Fielding's rescue has begun to circulate. Maturin speeds to Mrs Fielding's house, but she is not home. Lesueur and Boulay, a double agent on the Governor's staff, arrive to kill her, as she is of no more use to them, and have already killed Ponto. Maturin quietly listens to their conversation until they leave. When she arrives, he takes her aboard the Surprise, saving her life.

Admiral Ives orders Aubrey to sail to Zambra on the Barbary Coast to persuade the Dey of Mascara not to molest British ships, in convoy with HMS Pollux, which is returning Admiral Harte to England. While Pollux waits at the entrance of the Bay of Zambra, the French Mars with two frigates fire on her, with a fierce ensuing battle. Pollux blows up, killing all 500 aboard, but not before she severely damages Mars. The two frigates chase Surprise deep into the bay until the heavier frigate runs aground on a reef. Her smaller consort deserts the fight. On the political advice of Maturin, Aubrey sets sail for Gibraltar. This ambush on a voyage known to so few makes it clear that someone highly placed in the British command betrayed them to the French. Maturin hopes Wray will find the traitor out and destroy the French spy networks.

Characters
See also Recurring characters in the Aubrey–Maturin series

 * Jack Aubrey: Captain of HMS Surprise, in Malta for repairs. He sails the East India Company sloop Niobe in the Red Sea.
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, friend to Jack Aubrey, natural philosopher and an intelligence officer.
 * Sophia Aubrey: Wife of Jack Aubrey and mother of their three children. Introduced in Post Captain.
 * Diana Villiers Maturin: Wife of Stephen and first cousin to Sophia. Introduced in Post Captain.

 * Aboard HMS Surprise or Dromedary
 * Preserved Killick: Steward to Aubrey. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Barret Bonden: Coxswain to Aubrey. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * William Mowett: First lieutenant under Aubrey, now that Pullings is promoted. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Rowan: Second lieutenant under Aubrey, now that Pullings is promoted. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Peter Calamy: Young midshipman taken on by Aubrey in Worcester and carried to Surprise. He likes Maturin and is part of the mission to the Red Sea. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Williamson: Young midshipman taken by Aubrey in Worcester and carried to Surprise, where he lost half an arm in the battle with the Turkish ship Torgud. Part of the mission to the Red Sea. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Honey: Midshipman (master's mate) under Aubrey with enough years of service to take the examination for lieutenant.
 * Mr Maitland: Midshipman (master's mate) under Aubrey with enough years of service to take the examination for lieutenant.
 * Mr Gill: Master of the Surprise, good at laying a course, but a "melancholy, withdrawn, puritanical" man.
 * Faster Doudle: Foremast hand. Mentioned in The Fortune of War.
 * Davis: Foremast hand, very strong but often awkward; he follows Aubrey from ship to ship, on account of Aubrey once saving his life from drowning.
 * Mr Nathaniel Martin: Parson from HMS Berwick on leave in Malta, who stays too long on the troop ship with Maturin, thus joins Surprise crew as an assistant to Maturin for the Red Sea mission. He is a natural philosopher. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Hairabedian: Genial Turkish dragoman appointed by the Admiral to accompany Aubrey on the Red Sea mission. He likes to swim from the ship; when he does so in the Red Sea, a shark finds him, shocking even the seamen.
 * Major Pollock: Soldier aboard Surprise at her second visit to Kutali, now an English base, with the Adriatic convoy. He reveals to Aubrey that HMS Blackwater is sailing under another captain. (The ship had long been promised to Aubrey.)

 * In Malta
 * Tom Pullings: Promoted to commander in the Royal Navy on account of the success against two Turkish ships in The Ionian Mission. He is not assigned a ship, but is very happy despite the cruel scars he sustained in the boarding. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Mrs Laura Fielding: Young, pretty Neopolitan woman, wife of Charles, a prisoner of war to the French; she was pressed to spy for the French in hopes of his release.
 * Ponto: Mrs Fielding's huge Illyrian mastiff in Malta, so friendly to Aubrey for pulling him out of a well, that Malta gossips invent another story to account for the friendliness. Dies by poison from a French spy.
 * Andrew Wray: Acting Second Secretary of the Admiralty, husband of Fanny Harte, come to Malta to investigate dockyard corruption. Maturin observes that, although married, Wray is likely a pederast. Introduced in Desolation Island.
 * André Lesueur: A French intelligence agent posing as a wealthy merchant on Malta.
 * Giuseppe: One of Lesueur's agents.
 * Admiral Sir Francis Ives KB: Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, replacing the late Admiral Thornton in naval and diplomatic matters.
 * Admiral Harte: Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, father-in-law to Andrew Wray, and recently a wealthy man by an inheritance. He is sent home to England aboard Pollux in company with Surprise. When Pollux explodes in the ambush, he dies at age 67 with all hands. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Sir Hildebrand: British Governor of Malta.
 * Boulay: Works in Sir Hildebrand's staff, a double agent. He is from the Channel Islands.
 * Admiral Hartley: Aubrey's former Admiral in the West Indies, now retired in Malta.
 * Ebenezer Graham: Professor, expert on Turkish affairs and language, a diplomat and spy in the British service. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Mr Figgins Pocock: Assistant to the new Admiral on Turkish affairs, pushing Graham back to England.

 * Met at sea
 * Henry Cotton: Once a midshipman with Jack on the Resolution, he is now captain of the Nymphe.
 * Charles Fielding: Prisoner-of-war in the worst French prison Bitche, husband of Laura, and lieutenant in the Royal Navy. He escapes Bitche and is rescued by HMS Nymphe.
 * Heneage Dundas: Captain based in Malta and a close friend to Aubrey. He and Maturin are the first to use the diving bell, off Dundas's ship Edinburgh. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * William Babbington: Captain of the Dryad, sailing in company with Surprise back from the Adriatic Sea. Introduced in Master and Commander
 * Dawson: Captain of HMS Pollux, who dies along with all aboard his ship along the Barbary Coast.

Ships

 * British
 * HMS Surprise – frigate
 * HMS Worcester (condemned to be a sheer hulk)
 * HMS Dromedary
 * HMS Edinburgh
 * HMS Pollux
 * HMS Nymphe
 * HMS Dryad
 * Store-ship Tortoise
 * HEI sloop Niobe
 * French
 * Mars 80 gun ship of the line
 * 38 and 28 gun Zealous and Spitfire (named in The Far Side of the World)

Series chronology
This novel references actual events with accurate historical detail, like all in this series. In respect to the internal chronology of the series, it is the third of eleven novels (beginning with The Surgeon's Mate) that might take five or six years to happen but are all pegged to an extended 1812, or as Patrick O'Brian says it, 1812a and 1812b (introduction to The Far Side of the World, the tenth novel in this series). The events of The Yellow Admiral again match up with the historical years of the Napoleonic wars in sequence, as the first six novels did.

Title
The title is drawn from a line in Shakespeare's play, Henry VI: 'Smoothe runnes the Water, where the Brooke is deepe. And in his simple shew he harbours Treason.' (It is also written: Smooth runs the water where the brook is deep / And in his simple show he harbours treason. ) 2 Henry VI, a speech by Suffolk.

Reviews
Publishers Weekly, reviewing an inadequate audio book narrator, commends the series in the highest terms, and is sharply critical of the narrator's inability to properly convey the main characters. They said of the series and the novel "what is certainly the greatest series about the British Navy ever written--indeed, one of the most successful of its magnitude ever written in any genre". Of the reader of this audio book, they said "Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre actor Pigott-Smith has an appropriately English accent, but his characters' voices lack consistency and sensitivity to the subtleties of O'Brian's pen.", a rather sharp criticism. Further, readers of this series "will despair at hearing how this production tramples upon his genius in portraying shockingly real characters in an utterly foreign, far-off time."

Patrick Reardon, writing in the Chicago Tribune when the paperback was issued in the US, mentions the incident of Mr Hairabedian's abrupt demise. In assessing that shocking scene and the crew's reaction to it, Reardon says that "Not much happens in O`Brian`s books, not much, that is, in the sense of battles and great drama. But his novels are filled with real people doing real things, brilliantly imagined and conveyed in crisp, clear, strong writing."

Narrative style
Most of the novels in the series tell the story exclusively from the point of view of Maturin or Aubrey, either through descriptions through their eyes, direct conversations, their internal thoughts, or their letters and diary entries. In essence, the reader usually knows only what one or both of the two main characters know.

In Treason’s Harbour, however, O'Brian tells some of the story through conversations between the French agent Lesueur and Andrew Wray or other confederates in Malta, conversations that the protagonists neither hear nor overhear. Thus from the opening pages of the novel, the reader is aware that Wray, the acting second secretary of the British Admiralty, is secretly accepting money and taking orders from France. When Aubrey's mission to the Red Sea is a total failure, and again when Aubrey, Maturin, and Admiral Harte are sent on a suicide mission to the Barbary Coast, Aubrey begins to quietly doubt his luck, but the reader knows that he has been a victim of Wray's plots.

As the plot unfolds, Maturin gradually realizes that there must be a traitor in the upper echelons of the British Admiralty. But again unlike the reader, he does not know the traitor's identity as the novel comes to a close. In fact, one of his last actions in the book is to write a letter to Wray detailing his suspicions and describing the French spy network in Malta.

Publication history

 * 1983 UK Collins hardback first edition ISBN 0-00-222169-1
 * 1984, April UK Fontana paperback ISBN 978-0-00-616815-7
 * 1992 USA W W Norton & Company paperback ISBN 978-0-393-30863-1
 * 1997, March UK, HarperCollins paperback ISBN 978-0-00-649923-7
 * 2003, July USA Chivers Windsor Paragon & Co large print paperback ISBN 978-0-7540-9148-6
 * 2007 UK HarperCollins paperback ISBN 978-0-00-725591-7
 * 2011, December USA W W Norton & Company e-book ISBN 978-0-393-06381-3

The books in this series by Patrick O'Brian were re-issued in the US by W. W. Norton & Co. in 1992, after a re-discovery of the author and this series by Norton, finding a new audience for the entire series. Norton issued Treason's Harbour nine years after its initial publication, as a paperback in 1992. Ironically, it was a US publisher, J. B. Lippincott & Co., who asked O'Brian to write the first book in the series, Master and Commander published in 1969. Collins picked it up in the UK, and continued to publish each novel as O'Brian completed another story. Beginning with The Nutmeg of Consolation in 1991, the novels were released at about the same time in the USA (by W W Norton) and the UK (by HarperCollins, the name of Collins after a merger).

Novels prior to 1992 were published rapidly in the US for that new market. Following novels were released at the same time by the UK and US publishers. Collins asked Geoff Hunt in 1988 to do the cover art for the twelve books published by then, with The Letter of Marque being the first book to have Hunt's work on the first edition. He continued to paint the covers for future books; the covers were used on both USA and UK editions. Reissues of earlier novels used the Geoff Hunt covers.

External sources

 * Maps for Treason's Harbour
 * Maps for Treason's Harbour

title: Treason's Harbour


text:
Quantum optics

Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have been used to test many of the counter-intuitive predictions of quantum mechanics, such as entanglement and teleportation, and are a useful resource for quantum information processing.

History
Light propagating in a restricted volume of space has its energy and momentum quantized according to an integer number of particles known as photons. Quantum optics studies the nature and effects of light as quantized photons. The first major development leading to that understanding was the correct modeling of the blackbody radiation spectrum by Max Planck in 1899 under the hypothesis of light being emitted in discrete units of energy. The photoelectric effect was further evidence of this quantization as explained by Albert Einstein in a 1905 paper, a discovery for which he was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Niels Bohr showed that the hypothesis of optical radiation being quantized corresponded to his theory of the quantized energy levels of atoms, and the spectrum of discharge emission from hydrogen in particular. The understanding of the interaction between light and matter following these developments was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics as a whole. However, the subfields of quantum mechanics dealing with matter-light interaction were principally regarded as research into matter rather than into light; hence one rather spoke of atom physics and quantum electronics in 1960. Laser science—i.e., research into principles, design and application of these devices—became an important field, and the quantum mechanics underlying the laser's principles was studied now with more emphasis on the properties of light, and the name quantum optics became customary.

As laser science needed good theoretical foundations, and also because research into these soon proved very fruitful, interest in quantum optics rose. Following the work of Dirac in quantum field theory, John R. Klauder, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, and Leonard Mandel applied quantum theory to the electromagnetic field in the 1950s and 1960s to gain a more detailed understanding of photodetection and the statistics of light (see degree of coherence). This led to the introduction of the coherent state as a concept which addressed variations between laser light, thermal light, exotic squeezed states, etc. as it became understood that light cannot be fully described just referring to the electromagnetic fields describing the waves in the classical picture. In 1977, Kimble et al. demonstrated a single atom emitting one photon at a time, further compelling evidence that light consists of photons. Previously unknown quantum states of light with characteristics unlike classical states, such as squeezed light were subsequently discovered.

Development of short and ultrashort laser pulses—created by Q switching and modelocking techniques—opened the way to the study of what became known as ultrafast processes. Applications for solid state research (e.g. Raman spectroscopy) were found, and mechanical forces of light on matter were studied. The latter led to levitating and positioning clouds of atoms or even small biological samples in an optical trap or optical tweezers by laser beam. This, along with Doppler cooling and Sisyphus cooling, was the crucial technology needed to achieve the celebrated Bose–Einstein condensation.

Other remarkable results are the demonstration of quantum entanglement, quantum teleportation, and quantum logic gates. The latter are of much interest in quantum information theory, a subject which partly emerged from quantum optics, partly from theoretical computer science.

Today's fields of interest among quantum optics researchers include parametric down-conversion, parametric oscillation, even shorter (attosecond) light pulses, use of quantum optics for quantum information, manipulation of single atoms, Bose–Einstein condensates, their application, and how to manipulate them (a sub-field often called atom optics), coherent perfect absorbers, and much more. Topics classified under the term of quantum optics, especially as applied to engineering and technological innovation, often go under the modern term photonics.

Several Nobel prizes have been awarded for work in quantum optics. These were awarded:
 * in 2022, Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".
 * in 2012, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring & manipulation of individual quantum systems".
 * in 2005, Theodor W. Hänsch, Roy J. Glauber and John L. Hall
 * in 2001, Wolfgang Ketterle, Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman
 * in 1997, Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips

Concepts
According to quantum theory, light may be considered not only to be as an electro-magnetic wave but also as a "stream" of particles called photons which travel with c, the vacuum speed of light. These particles should not be considered to be classical billiard balls, but as quantum mechanical particles described by a wavefunction spread over a finite region.

Each particle carries one quantum of energy, equal to hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the light. That energy possessed by a single photon corresponds exactly to the transition between discrete energy levels in an atom (or other system) that emitted the photon; material absorption of a photon is the reverse process. Einstein's explanation of spontaneous emission also predicted the existence of stimulated emission, the principle upon which the laser rests. However, the actual invention of the maser (and laser) many years later was dependent on a method to produce a population inversion.

The use of statistical mechanics is fundamental to the concepts of quantum optics: light is described in terms of field operators for creation and annihilation of photons—i.e. in the language of quantum electrodynamics.

A frequently encountered state of the light field is the coherent state, as introduced by E.C. George Sudarshan in 1960. This state, which can be used to approximately describe the output of a single-frequency laser well above the laser threshold, exhibits Poissonian photon number statistics. Via certain nonlinear interactions, a coherent state can be transformed into a squeezed coherent state, by applying a squeezing operator which can exhibit super- or sub-Poissonian photon statistics. Such light is called squeezed light. Other important quantum aspects are related to correlations of photon statistics between different beams. For example, spontaneous parametric down-conversion can generate so-called 'twin beams', where (ideally) each photon of one beam is associated with a photon in the other beam.

Atoms are considered as quantum mechanical oscillators with a discrete energy spectrum, with the transitions between the energy eigenstates being driven by the absorption or emission of light according to Einstein's theory.

For solid state matter, one uses the energy band models of solid state physics. This is important for understanding how light is detected by solid-state devices, commonly used in experiments.

Quantum electronics
Quantum electronics is a term that was used mainly between the 1950s and 1970s to denote the area of physics dealing with the effects of quantum mechanics on the behavior of electrons in matter, together with their interactions with photons. Today, it is rarely considered a sub-field in its own right, and it has been absorbed by other fields. Solid state physics regularly takes quantum mechanics into account, and is usually concerned with electrons. Specific applications of quantum mechanics in electronics is researched within semiconductor physics. The term also encompassed the basic processes of laser operation, which is today studied as a topic in quantum optics. Usage of the term overlapped early work on the quantum Hall effect and quantum cellular automata.

title: Quantum optics


text:
The Reverse of the Medal

The Reverse of the Medal is the eleventh historical novel in the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1986. The story is set during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812.

Returning from the far side of the world, Aubrey meets his unknown son, and proceeds home to England, where he is embroiled in the most difficult challenge of his career, and all on dry land. Maturin is his close and valuable friend at every hard reverse.

This novel was read by Starling Lawrence of American publisher W W Norton in 1989. By fall of 1990, W W Norton began publishing paperbacks of the prior novels, at the urging of Mr Lawrence, thus introducing the series to a new and larger audience.

Plot summary
Jack Aubrey and his crew make their way in a much knocked-about Surprise from the small island near the equator in the Pacific Ocean to the West Indies Squadron at Bridgetown with their American prisoners in a recaptured whaler. Aubrey learns that Sally Mputa was pregnant when they parted over twenty years earlier, at the moment of meeting his grown son, Samuel Panda, who appears to meet him and seek his blessing. Samuel is on his way to the Brazils with Catholic missionaries. Aubrey and Maturin like the young man, and Maturin promises to aid him in his wish to become a priest, as his being illegitimate is a barrier to taking orders. After the court martial for the British mutineers among Aubrey's prisoners, Aubrey leaves quickly for home. The voyage home is enlivened by a chase of the privateer Spartan, which slips away in fog through the blockade to Brest. Finally ashore in England, Aubrey hears a rumour from a stranger he meets in Dover that peace is coming soon, creating an opportunity to make money in the stock exchange. Mr Palmer claims familiarity with Maturin. Aubrey makes the transactions, and shares the advice with his father, General Aubrey. The General makes large stock transactions and spreads the rumour of peace farther. The transactions prove profitable in the short term, but values fall when the rumour is shown to be false. Aubrey does not sell quickly enough and loses money, though others prosper. Aubrey is arrested for manipulating the market. He is taken to the Marshalsea prison to await trial. General Aubrey flees, leaving his son to fend for himself.

Maturin finds that his wife Diana has gone to Sweden with Jagiello, and that The Grapes, an Inn in the liberties of the Savoy where he has kept rooms for years, has burnt down. Maturin shows Sir Joseph Blaine the brass box full of valuable paper from Danaë and he makes a list of the contents; Blaine will watch to see who tries to cash any of it. Maturin then gives the box to Wray at the Admiralty. Maturin learns that his godfather Ramon d'Ullastret has died, and left him sole heir to an enormous fortune. Pained by the absence of his wife, Maturin returns to the use of laudanum.

Maturin and Blaine find an attorney and an investigator to defend Aubrey from the charges against him at his trial. Maturin advertises a large reward (the gambling debts paid back to him by Wray) for word of Mr Palmer, which proves an error. Palmer is found murdered and mutilated, thus useless for Aubrey's defense. Aubrey, who is unfamiliar with politically motivated trials, expresses confidence in British justice. His career is at stake, but he remains calm, even stoic, accepting the help Maturin gives him, and his wife's support. The trial is completed in two days, one day going on without rest for eighteen hours. The judge, Lord Quinborough, and jury convict him. The punishment is a fine of £2,500 and one hour on the pillory. His name is stricken from the Navy List, not by law but by practice, the worst blow. The pillory is delayed a few days, so word spreads to all his mates. The public square is filled with seamen, who in a display of their support for a beloved and respected captain, push away anyone come to throw stones.

On the day before the trial begins, the Surprise is put up for auction. Maturin, with the aid of Tom Pullings, makes the successful bid. With Blaine's aid, Maturin obtains letters of marque so she can operate as a private man-of-war. Aubrey takes Surprise out immediately. Blaine tells Maturin that there is interest in a mission to Chile, and that Maturin is the preferred agent. Maturin receives a message to meet someone who mentions the Blue Peter, the diamond that Diana gave up to gain Maturin's release in France. He again meets M. Duhamel, who returns the diamond, as was long ago agreed, and supplies Maturin with information on the double agents in London. Duhamel knew the late Palmer only by that alias, and the pair in government is Ledward and Andrew Wray, who also mounted the stock exchange fraud. Maturin is chagrined when he realizes what he did not understand in Malta when dealing with Wray. In return, Duhamel wants to leave Europe for Canada, as he is tired of the war. Maturin arranges for him to sail on HMS Eurydice under Captain Dundas, leaving in a few days. As proof, Maturin watches as Duhamel gives money in exchange for an information packet from Ledward and Wray. Maturin seeks Blaine to share with him this vital information.

Characters

 * Jack Aubrey: Captain of HMS Surprise and now, the letter of marque Surprise.
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, physician, natural philosopher, intelligence officer and good friend to Aubrey.
 * Sir Joseph Blaine: Maturin's associate in the intelligence service, entomologist and confidant.
 * Sophia Aubrey: Wife of Jack Aubrey and mother of their three children, Charlotte, Fanny and George. She meets Sam Panda before her husband does, telling him where her husband is stationed, making no fuss about it.
 * Mrs Williams: Mother of Sophia and her two married sisters.
 * Diana Villiers: Wife of Stephen Maturin, not at home in London when he returns.
 * Gedymin Jagiello: Young handsome Lithuanian cavalry officer. He was prisoner of war with Aubrey and Maturin in Paris (The Surgeon's Mate), and is good friends with them in England. He returned to Sweden, and Diana Villiers is with him.

 * At the West Indies station
 * Sir William Pellew: Admiral of the West Indies Squadron.
 * Mr Waters: Surgeon on HMS Irresistible. Maturin operates on him to remove benign tumor, but Waters dies following the surgery, of infection.
 * William Richardson: Flag lieutenant on Irresistible, former midshipman under Aubrey, when he was called Spotted Dick.
 * Samuel Panda: Son of Jack Aubrey and Sally Mputa, from a liaison in their youth. He is educated, a Roman Catholic raised by Irish missionaries in Lourenço Marques, who is now in minor orders, wants to be a priest. He is headed to the Brazils with a group of priests. He looks like his father, except with black hair and dark skin.
 * William Mowett: First lieutenant on HMS Surprise.
 * Barret Bonden: Coxswain to Jack Aubrey since his first command.
 * Bob Bonden: Sailmaker on the Irresistible and brother to Barret, who meets him at the West Indies station.
 * Joe Plaice: Elderly able seaman on the Surprise and cousin to Barret Bonden.
 * Awkward Davies: Able Seaman on the Surprise, who falls into the sea during the chase of the Spartan, and is once again rescued by Aubrey.

 * In England
 * Mr Martin: Royal Navy chaplain, friend of Maturin and natural philosopher, now engaged to marry Polly. After the voyage, he writes a pamphlet critical of the Navy.
 * Tom Pullings: Commander needing a ship to captain after bringing the packet Danaë to England. He helps Maturin purchase the Surprise at auction, and keep her safe after the purchase.
 * Padeen Colman: Irish-speaking servant to Stephen Maturin.
 * Ramon d'Ullastret i Casademon: Wealthy Catalan colonel and Stephen Maturin's godfather, who died while Maturin was at sea. He named Maturin as his sole heir. He was introduced in The Surgeon's Mate.
 * Sir John Barrow: Second Secretary of the Admiralty, recuperated and returned to his position.
 * Mr Lewis: Functionary in the Admiralty who gains the full force of Maturin's wrath for condescension when Maturin attempts to return the brass box: hears a full flow of words and has his nose pulled.
 * Mr Ellis Palmer: Carriage passenger who gives Aubrey false information about purchasing shares, and is later killed by arrangement of Wray, his confederate. He was also a contact to M Duhamel. Alias of Paul Ogle.
 * General Aubrey: Father of Jack Aubrey and a Radical MP who speaks up too often and usually to his son's detriment. He buys stocks from unregistered brokers and sells too soon, but he cannot be found when his son is in court.
 * Edward Ledward: High level double agent in British government, the mentor to Wray. Sometimes known as Smith in intelligence work.
 * Andrew Wray: High level Treasury staff involved in intelligence but a double agent, favoring Napoleon. Revealed as part of stock scam and carrying a long grudge against Aubrey. He gambles and loses, so is in debt, a dangerous situation for an agent. Introduced in Desolation Island.
 * Fanny Harte Wray: Wife of Andrew Wray by marriage arranged by her late father, who prefers Babbington. Inherited her father's wealth, which is tied to her and her children, not under the control of her husband.
 * William Babbington: Commander who is Captain of the Tartarus. He wants to marry Fanny Wray. He and ship's crew played cricket against former Surprises at Ashgrove Cottage. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Mr Pratt: Private investigator ("thief taker") and former Bow Street Runner who traces Ellis Palmer.
 * Mr Bill Hemmings: Assistant taken on to aid Pratt in the search for Ellis Palmer, now known to be Paul Ogle (sought by his lady friend).
 * Mr Lawrence: Defence lawyer for Aubrey, and a fellow Trinity College man to Maturin.
 * Lord Quinborough: Judge at the trial for those charged with stock exchange fraud; he is also a Cabinet minister.
 * Monsieur Duhamel: Disillusioned French secret agent in London who first aided Maturin and Aubrey to escape France as prisoners of war in The Surgeon's Mate. He is in London, and quite tired of this long war and his role in it.
 * Heneage Dundas: Captain of the Eurydice and a close friend of Aubrey; also younger brother of Lord Melville, Head of the Admiralty.

Ships

 * British
 * HMS Surprise (a frigate)
 * HMS Irresistible (Admiral's Flag; possibly the third rate ship of the line of 74 guns, launched in 1782 and broken up in 1806)
 * HMS Eurydice
 * William Enderby (recaptured whaler)
 * French
 * Diane
 * American
 * Spartan (a privateer, approximating a frigate in size)
 * Portuguese
 * Nossa Senhora das Necessidades caravel carries the missionaries

Series chronology
This novel references actual events with accurate historical detail, like all in this series. In respect to the internal chronology of the series, it is the fifth of eleven novels (beginning with The Surgeon's Mate) that might take five or six years to happen but are all pegged to an extended 1812, or as Patrick O'Brian says it, 1812a and 1812b (introduction to The Far Side of the World, the tenth novel in this series). The events of The Yellow Admiral again match up with the historical years of the Napoleonic wars in sequence, as the first six novels did.

Reviews
This novel is the one read by Starling Lawrence of W W Norton, after urging by his cousin in 1986 and then visiting the London office of Vivien Green in 1989, the literary agent for Patrick O'Brian. He picked up a copy of this novel, read it and liked it. By fall of 1990. W W Norton began issuing paperbacks of the earlier novels, which is a distinctly positive review of The Reverse of the Medal.

Allusion to real events and persons
O'Brian bases the story of the stock exchange fraud and many of the details of Captain Aubrey's trial on the experiences of Thomas Cochrane, Lord Cochrane. In the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814, Lord Cochrane was tried before Lord Ellenborough at the Guildhall and similarly convicted. Lord Cochrane was sentenced to prison, the pillory and fined £1,000. The pillory portion of Cochrane's sentence was rescinded, for fear of a public backlash.

By contrast, in the novel, the pillory sentence is carried out, but there is no prison time, so that Aubrey will be free to be a privateer, captain of a letter of marque, in a mission that government wants Maturin to carry out. The pillory scene is an opportunity for the seamen, including officers, to show their support of Aubrey, protecting him from Wray's never-ending wrath.

According to O'Brian's Author's Note, Lord Cochrane and his defendants always passionately maintained that he was not guilty and that Lord Ellenborough's conduct of the trial was grossly unfair. Lord Ellenborough and his descendants, however, took the opposite view. One of Lord Ellenborough's descendants (not named in the Author's Note) wrote again about the trial, asking a Mr Attlay (sic) of Lincoln's Inn to address the legal issues. The title or year of the book is not mentioned in the Author's Note, but is the source to which Patrick O'Brian referred for describing "the structure and the curious timetable" of the original trial, for Jack Aubrey's trial in the novel. The book and author are "The trial of Lord Cochrane before Lord Ellenborough" by J.B. Atlay, London 1897.

Adaptations
In July 2009, Russell Crowe told the Associated Press that this book would make up the bulk of a second Master and Commander film. As of July 2014, no second film has been produced. At the time of Crowe's comment, there was no word on a director or cast.

Publication history

 * 1986 UK William Collins & Co hardback ISBN 0-00-222733-9
 * 1992 July USA W W Norton, paperback, ISBN 0393309606 / 9780393309607
 * 1994 November USA W W Norton, hardback, ISBN 0393037118 / 9780393037111
 * 1994 USA A Borders Audio Exclusive Presentation audio cassette ISBN 1402570694 / 9781402570698 reissued 2006 by Recorded Books, LLC, Unabridged Audio edition on CD narrated by Patrick Tull ISBN 1-4025-7827-X
 * 1997 May UK Harper paperback ISBN 0006499260 / 9780006499268
 * 2002 June USA Thorndike Press hardback ISBN 0786219319 / 9780786219315
 * 2002 UK Chivers Press paperback ISBN 0754091821 / 9780754091820
 * 2006 UK Blackstone Audiobooks unabridged narrated by Simon Vance.
 * 2011 5 December USA W W Norton & Company ISBN 978-0-393-06383-7) e-book edition

The paperback reissue by W W Norton in the USA in 1992 marked a resurgence in interest in the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian. Starling Lawrence of that publishing house discovered the novels in 1989, and proceeded to reissue all earlier novels, and then publish following novels in the US when HarperCollins published in the UK. Norton issued The Reverse of the Medal six years after its initial publication, as a paperback in 1992. Ironically, it was a US publisher, J. B. Lippincott & Co., who asked O'Brian to write the first book in the series, Master and Commander published in 1969. Collins picked it up in the UK, and continued to publish each novel as O'Brian completed another story. Beginning with The Nutmeg of Consolation in 1991, the novels were released at about the same time in the USA (by W W Norton) and the UK (by HarperCollins, the name of Collins after a merger).

Novels prior to 1992 were published rapidly in the US for that new market. Following novels were released at the same time by the UK and US publishers. Collins asked Geoff Hunt in 1988 to do the cover art for the twelve books published by then, with The Letter of Marque being the first book to have Hunt's work on the first edition. He continued to paint the covers for future books; the covers were used on both USA and UK editions. Reissues of earlier novels used the Geoff Hunt covers.

title: The Reverse of the Medal


text:
User talk:Yoirm

What are you using the votes for deletion for so quick?! My new page passes the Google test. It had only been around seconds before you recommended it. And I was still in the process of updating it while you put it up for a vote of deletion. Don't be so trigger happy, man.

The Google test? If you want to test articles go to the sand box not on Wikipedia.

Do you know what the Google test is? It's one of the Wikipedia's standards for deciding if a page should be deleted. And I wasn't "testing" an article, I was in the process of starting a new one. If you expect all articles to be fully baked on first post, you don't know what the Wikipedia is about.
 * Don't talk to me about what wikipedia is about i was just doing my Job and i felt that your article was a candidate for vfd so dont get so upset if your article will stay it will stay.---Yoirm 11:55, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yoirm


text:
User talk:Hrance

Hello "Hrance" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.
 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 17:53, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hrance


text:
Montigny

Montigny is the name, or part of the name, of several places:

 * Belgium
 * Montigny-le-Tilleul, a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut

 * Several communes in northern France:
 * Montigny, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Montigny, Cher, in the Cher département
 * Montigny, Loiret, in the Loiret département
 * Montigny, Manche, in the Manche département
 * Montigny, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Montigny, Sarthe, in the Sarthe département
 * Montigny, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Montigny-aux-Amognes, in the Nièvre département
 * Montigny-devant-Sassey, in the Meuse département
 * Montigny-en-Arrouaise, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-en-Cambrésis, in the Nord département
 * Montigny-en-Gohelle, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Montigny-en-Morvan, in the Nièvre département
 * Montigny-en-Ostrevent, in the Nord département
 * Montigny-l'Allier, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-la-Resle, in the Yonne département
 * Montigny-le-Bretonneux, in the Yvelines département
 * Montigny-le-Chartif, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Montigny-le-Franc, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-le-Gannelon, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Montigny-le-Guesdier, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Montigny-Lencoup, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Montigny-Lengrain, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-lès-Arsures, in the Jura département
 * Montigny-lès-Cherlieu, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Montigny-lès-Condé, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-lès-Cormeilles, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Montigny-les-Jongleurs, in the Somme département
 * Montigny-lès-Metz, in the Moselle département
 * Montigny-les-Monts, in the Aube département
 * Montigny-lès-Vaucouleurs, in the Meuse département
 * Montigny-lès-Vesoul, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Montigny-Montfort, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Montigny-Mornay-Villeneuve-sur-Vingeanne, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Montigny-Saint-Barthélemy, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Montigny-sous-Marle, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-sur-Armançon, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Montigny-sur-Aube, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Montigny-sur-Avre, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Montigny-sur-Canne, in the Nièvre département
 * Montigny-sur-Chiers, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Montigny-sur-Crécy, in the Aisne département
 * Montigny-sur-l'Ain, in the Jura département
 * Montigny-sur-l'Hallue, in the Somme département
 * Montigny-sur-Loing, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Montigny-sur-Meuse, in the Ardennes département
 * Montigny-sur-Vence, in the Ardennes département
 * Montigny-sur-Vesle, in the Marne département

title: Montigny


text:
Michael Freedman

Michael Hartley Freedman (born April 21, 1951) is an American mathematician at Microsoft Station Q, a research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1986, he was awarded a Fields Medal for his work on the 4-dimensional generalized Poincaré conjecture. Freedman and Robion Kirby showed that an exotic R4 manifold exists.

Life and career
Freedman was born in Los Angeles, California, in the United States. His father, Benedict Freedman, was an American Jewish aeronautical engineer, musician, writer, and mathematician. His mother, Nancy Mars Freedman, performed as an actress and also trained as an artist. His parents cowrote a series of novels together. He entered the University of California, Berkeley, but dropped out after two semesters. In the same year he wrote a letter to Ralph Fox, a Princeton University professor at the time, and was admitted to the university's graduate school, where in 1968 he continued his studies and received a Ph.D. in 1973 for his doctoral dissertation titled Codimension-Two Surgery, written under the supervision of William Browder. After graduating, Freedman returned to Berkeley, where he was a lecturer in the department of mathematics until 1975. He left Berkeley to become a member of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton. In 1976 he was appointed assistant professor in the department of mathematics at the University of California, San Diego. He spent the year 1980/81 at IAS, then returned to UCSD, where in 1982 he was promoted to professor. He was appointed the Charles Lee Powell chair of mathematics at UCSD in 1985.

Freedman has received numerous awards and honors including Sloan and Guggenheim Fellowships, a MacArthur Fellowship, and the National Medal of Science. He is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Mathematical Society. In addition to winning a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 1986 in Berkeley, he was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in 1983 in Warsaw and at the ICM in 1998 in Berlin. He currently works at Microsoft Station Q at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where his team is involved in the development of the topological quantum computer.

Publications

 * Michael H. Freedman and Frank Quinn, Topology of 4-manifolds, Princeton Mathematical Series, vol 39, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1990. ISBN 0-691-08577-3
 * Freedman, Michael H.: Z2-systolic-freedom. Proceedings of the Kirbyfest (Berkeley, California, 1998), 113–123, Geom. Topol. Monogr., 2, Geom. Topol. Publ., Coventry, 1999.
 * Freedman, Michael H.; Meyer, David A.; Luo, Feng: Z2-systolic freedom and quantum codes. Mathematics of quantum computation, 287–320, Comput. Math. Ser., Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002.
 * Freedman, Michael H.: Z2-systolic-freedom. Proceedings of the Kirbyfest (Berkeley, California, 1998), 113–123, Geom. Topol. Monogr., 2, Geom. Topol. Publ., Coventry, 1999.
 * Freedman, Michael H.; Meyer, David A.; Luo, Feng: Z2-systolic freedom and quantum codes. Mathematics of quantum computation, 287–320, Comput. Math. Ser., Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002.

title: Michael Freedman


text:
The Letter of Marque

The Letter of Marque is the twelfth historical novel in the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1988. The story is set during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812.

Aubrey faces life off the Navy List, as the captain of a letter of marque, finding heart to endure and train yet another ship's crew, but of volunteers, with no Marines aboard. Maturin travels to meet his wife.

This novel received strongly positive reviews, for the characterizations and the naval actions. "O'Brian is a brilliant stylist of sea-historicals" in this "authentic and engaging" novel. The two principal characters, "bluff, hearty Aubrey and reedy, intellectual Maturin", return for an exciting story with accurate historical depictions. "Jack's seamanship and heroism are complemented by Stephen's absent-minded brilliance . . . in this swift, witty tale of money and love." Richard Snow called it a "self-contained and satisfying story."

Plot summary
Jack Aubrey, now a civilian, prepares the Surprise to sail as a letter of marque. The loss of his place on the Navy list is the hardest blow. He is stoic, but appears harsh to his new crew. His reputation brings him a full crew, and he takes the men on liking. He runs the Surprise on Royal Navy lines, including regular pay to the men, in addition to any prizes they might take. He is supported by his crew of old Surprises, privateers and smugglers, the latter groups recruited in Shelmerston, on the western coast of England. It is let out that a group of his friends purchased the ship at the auction, as Stephen Maturin, who is the sole owner, wants to play his same role of surgeon and natural philosopher on the ship. Aubrey takes the new crew on a short cruise in the Atlantic, which proves unexpectedly profitable.

The downfall of the traitors Wray and Ledward restores order in British intelligence circles, returning Sir Joseph Blaine to his position in the Admiralty. The traitors fled England, so they still have a friend in the government. Duhamel, the French agent who gave them away, never did reach Canada, as he died in a fall boarding Eurydice. Blaine says it will be difficult to restore Aubrey to the Navy, even with solid evidence left behind by Wray showing how he profited in the stock market scheme and set Aubrey up. Maturin's servant Padeen becomes a secret laudanum addict after a painful burn, where he learned its benefit, followed by an infected painful tooth that Maturin could not treat. Padeen dilutes the ship's supply with brandy. Maturin is thus unknowingly weaned off his own addiction.

During the short cruise, the Surprise captures the Merlin, the consort of the Spartan. They learn that American/French privateer Spartan seeks its next quarry, the Spanish barque Azul with quicksilver aboard. Surprise sails to intercept them. Azul is struck on rocks, with Spartan adjacent following a fierce battle between the two; Surprise meets them and boards first Azul and then Spartan. Aubrey then tricks the Spartan's five prizes out of Horta harbour, making him and his crew wealthy, improving his reputation, and earning him a gift of silver plate from the merchants who had been so harried by Spartan. Blaine tells Maturin of the frigate Diane, a French navy ship ready to voyage to South America. Aubrey plans the attack at night in ship's boats, cooperating with the Navy, specifically William Babbington of HMS Tartarus, who has made post Captain, thus removing pressure on him to take credit for success. Surprise takes the Diane and all other vessels in the French port of Saint Martin the night before Diane plans to sail. Maturin imprisons the intelligence agent aboard, taking his papers, but the agent slips away dressed as a woman. In the short clash on the Diane, Maturin kills her captain while Aubrey is wounded by a bullet near his spine. The second success makes Aubrey a popular hero.

When offered the opportunity to request a free pardon, he angrily declines on the grounds that he is innocent. Aubrey's father, a fugitive since his part in the stock-jobbing affair, is found dead in a ditch. Aubrey organizes the funeral for him, which takes him to his boyhood home of Woolcombe, now his by inheritance. After the funeral, Edward Norton (a friend of Aubrey's grandfather) offers Aubrey a seat in Parliament, from the borough of Milport. This gain in position leads Lord Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty, to assure Aubrey of his restoration. Aubrey is a changed man.

Maturin travels to Sweden to speak to his wife Diana Villiers. Aubrey agrees to meet him there for the return voyage. In Stockholm, Maturin purchases a bottle of full-strength laudanum and some coca leaves from a well-stocked apothecary. He meets Diana near her home in Stockholm. He learns Wray lied about not finding Diana in London to deliver the letter; she saw Wray, and no letter was given her. Maturin explains why he was seen with Laura Fielding. Villiers assures him she has not been unfaithful with Jagiello, who is soon to be married. He gives her the Blue Peter, the diamond she gave up to save him, which pleases her greatly. He tells her of his sudden increase in wealth. Maturin takes two doses of laudanum and becomes disoriented. He is seriously injured in a fall, breaking his leg. Diana nurses him and they are reconciled. Surprise returns from a stop in Riga to buy poldavy. Martin tells Maturin that he caught Padeen diluting the laudanum supply with brandy, and that Padeen is addicted and in irons. They carry Maturin out to the ship in style, accompanied by Colonel Jagiello's escort, and Diana embarks with him for home.

Characters

 * Jack Aubrey: Captain of the Surprise, a letter of marque sold out of the Royal Navy, and he is off the Navy List.
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, natural philosopher, friend to Jack and an intelligence officer. He owns the Surprise.
 * Sophia Aubrey: Wife of Jack Aubrey and mother of their three children. Introduced in Post Captain.
 * Charlotte, Fanny and George Aubrey: The three children of Jack and Sophia.

 * On Surprise or other ships
 * Captain Tom Pullings: He is First Mate on the letter of marque Surprise and half pay commander in the Royal Navy. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Mr West: Second Mate the letter of marque Surprise. He had been a Royal Navy lieutenant.
 * Mr Davidge: Third Mate in the letter of marque Surprise. He attended Trinity College in Dublin like Maturin, and knew the same amount of duelling in those years. He had been a Royal Navy lieutenant
 * Mr Nathaniel Martin: Recently married parson and natural philosopher whom Maturin takes on as his assistant on the Surprise, now a letter of marque. Prize money gives him sufficient income to live on.
 * Mr Standish: Newly hired purser for Surprise, a friend of Martin. Sophia Aubrey teaches him, double checks his sums. He trained for a parson, but he wants to be at sea.
 * Preserved Killick: Steward to Aubrey. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Barret Bonden: Coxswain to Aubrey. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Joe Plaice: Able seaman, older cousin to Bonden. He falls overboard on Surprise but is saved by someone from the Merlin, a captured vessel under Pullings's command. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Padeen Colman: Stephen's Irish servant; loblolly-boy on the Surprise. He was introduced in The Far Side of the World
 * Slade: Crew member of the Surprise and one of nine who is a Sethian (a religious group); after the first successful voyage, they painted Seth on the side of Surprise.
 * William Mowett: Aboard Tartarus en route to his position as first lieutenant of HMS Illustrious, oddly called James by Maturin when they meet aboard Tartarus; waiting for his book of poems to be printed, has a new poem. Pullings, Babbington and Mowett had been midshipmen on Aubrey's first command. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Captain William Babbington: Captain of HMS Tartarus; commander of the St Martin blockading squadron; made Post Captain; lover of Fanny Wray. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Fanny Wray: Daughter of Admiral Harte and wife of Andrew Wray, now sailing with Babbington. Introduced in The Ionian Mission.
 * Heneage Dundas: Friend to Aubrey, captain of HMS Eurydice, brother to Lord Melville. He talks to Aubrey after the latter gains his seat in Parliament, and assures his brother that Aubrey has no intention of speaking up in the way his father did. Introduced in Master and Commander.
 * Paul Ségura: French agent and sea officer aboard the Diane, taken prisoner by Maturin. He escapes. He is also known as the Red Admiral among intelligence agents.

 * In England
 * Mrs Broad: Landlady of The Grapes, now rebuilding. She was introduced in Post Captain.
 * Sir Joseph Blaine: In the Admiralty and restored to his position; entomologist; active in intelligence. He was introduced in Post Captain.
 * Mr Pratt: Private investigator who seeks General Aubrey, and does find him in the north of England. Pratt aided Jack Aubrey's case in The Reverse of the Medal.
 * Edward Norton: Owner of neighboring lands to Aubrey's boyhood home of Woolcombe, and a friend to his grandfather. In childhood, Aubrey called him cousin Edward. Norton owns all the land for the borough of Milport, thus he can assure who will be the member of Parliament from there.
 * Philip Aubrey: Jack's much younger half-brother, who comes home from school for the funeral of their father. His birth was noted in Post Captain.
 * Monsieur Duhamel: French intelligence agent who dies during the boarding of HMS Eurydice, by a fall in rough waters, weighted down by all his money in gold wrapped around his body. He kept the promise he made to Maturin in The Surgeon's Mate.
 * The Duke of Clarence: The Prince Regent's younger brother.
 * Lord Melville: First Lord of the Admiralty and brother to Heneage Dundas.

 * The traitors
 * Andrew Wray: He once worked in the Admiralty and the Treasury under the tutelage of Ledward; a French agent who has fled the country. Introduced in Surgeon's Mate.
 * Edward Ledward: Once worked in the Treasury; a French agent who has fled the country with Wray.

 * In Sweden
 * Diana Villiers: Stephen's estranged wife. Introduced in Post Captain.
 * Gedymin Jagiello: Lithuanian, recently promoted to Colonel in the Swedish army, who works with the foreign office in Stockholm, soon to be married. He was introduced in Surgeon's Mate.
 * Countess Tessin: Jagiello's grandmother.
 * Mersennius: Doctor who treats Maturin after his fall, dealing with the laudanum addiction.

Ships

 * British
 * Surprise - a private man-of-war or letter of marque
 * HMS Tartarus
 * In convoy with Tartarus
 * HMS Dolphin
 * HMS Camel - a transport ship
 * HMS Vulture - sloop
 * HMS Leopard - a transport ship
 * Spanish
 * Azul
 * American
 * Spartan privateer
 * Merlin consort ship
 * USS Constitution
 * French
 * Diane frigate

Series chronology
This novel references actual events with accurate historical detail, like all in this series. In respect to the internal chronology of the series, it is the sixth of eleven novels (beginning with The Surgeon's Mate) that might take five or six years to happen but are all pegged to an extended 1812, or as Patrick O'Brian says it, 1812a and 1812b (introduction to The Far Side of the World, the tenth novel in this series). The events of The Yellow Admiral again match up with the historical years of the Napoleonic wars in sequence, as the first six novels did.

Continuity
The events of The Letter of Marque follow directly from the events of The Reverse of the Medal, the prior novel in the series. In The Reverse of the Medal, Aubrey is found guilty of manipulating the stock exchange. By custom, the finding of guilt puts him off the list of Royal Navy captains, in order by seniority. Further, Maturin's godfather died, leaving his fortune to Maturin, who finds the large amount of wealth to change his ways in small things, and in large. The first use of his new wealth is to bid for the ship Surprise as the ship is not wanted in Navy service, and like nearly all his efforts, it is meant to help his friend Aubrey survive the blow of the court verdict. Ledward and Wray were exposed as spies for France by Duhamel, who returns the valued diamond, the Blue Peter, to Maturin as was long ago promised. Duhamel is tired of his life in intelligence and wants to retire to Canada, away from this long war. All the Surprises were paid off when the ship was put up for auction, so Aubrey needs to start again with his crew.

Reviews
Reviews of this novel in 1990 were enthusiastic and specific as to the most valued aspects of O'Brian's writing.

Kirkus Reviews finds the novel "authentic and engaging", and O'Brian "a brilliant stylist of sea-historicals". The personal worries of Aubrey (his family's finances are in shambles at the start) and Maturin (who wants to win back his estranged wife) "add fiber to the characterizations". This review notes Aubrey's triumph over the French in taking their frigate and all ships in one harbor, and his deceptions for the enemy. As to O'Brian's writing, they found "his every sentence sensuous and emerging from saltwater as naturally as the leap of a flying fish."

Library Journal finds this long-awaited sequel (in the US) to be an "exciting sea story with good character development." O'Brian "created two wonderfully contrasting characters in bluff, hearty Aubrey and reedy, intellectual Maturin."

Publishers Weekly finds this a "swift, witty tale of money and love." They proffer the notion that "If Jane Austen wrote Royal Navy yarns, they might read like this" novel. The writing evokes the period both as to manner of speech and the life aboard ship in the early 19th century.

Richard Snow cites a scene in this novel when the two seek and find the "true line" of a piece by Mozart as illustrating that the "only intellectual common ground the friendship enjoys is the mutual love of music" in an article about the re-issue of the series by W W Norton. Their understanding of each other is "warm and instinctual" and he goes on to say that, "On the foundations of this friendship, O'Brian reconstructs a civilization." He found this novel to be a "self-contained and satisfying story."

Allusions to science and history
Whilst in Stockholm, Stephen Maturin visits an apothecary's shop to buy laudanum. He inquires about the coca or cuca leaf from Peru, which he learned about in a previous mission, detailed in The Far Side of the World and the apothecary replies, "It is said to dissolve the gross humours and do away with appetite." Maturin buys a pound and the coca leaf eventually comes to replace his opium habit in later novels. He carries the leaves in a pouch and lime in a small silver box. When he feels the need for it, he rolls the leaves into a ball and pops them into his cheek with lime.

The book also discusses the nascent science of ballooning, contrasting hot air and gaseous balloons and with many descriptions thereof. Stephen has an extended dream sequence, while recovering from his fall, involving a balloon and his wife.

Aubrey wanted to be in Riga to get poldavy, which was a coarse canvas favoured for making sails.

Allusion to real events
Ships in private ownership were privateers, doing some of the tasks of a national navy vessel. For permission to take enemy ships with full authority, the government issues a letter of marque. That is a legal document from the British government which gives the private vessel the right to capture ships from enemy nations.

Publication history

 * 1988 Collins hardback first edition
 * 1989 Fontana Paperback Edition ISBN 0006177042
 * 1990 W W Norton hardback edition ISBN 978-0393028744
 * August 1990 W. W. Norton Paperback Edition ISBN 0393309053 / 978-0393309058 (USA edition)
 * 1994 HarperCollins Paperback edition
 * 1997 HarperCollins B-format paperback edition
 * 2003 HarperCollins Paperback edition ISBN 978 0 00 649927 5
 * Recorded Books Audio edition narrated by Patrick Tull ISBN 1402578334
 * 2006 Blackstone Audio Audio CD narrated by Simon Vance ISBN 0-7861-7184-7 / 978-0-7861-7184-2 (USA edition)
 * 2011 W. W. Norton & Company e-book edition ISBN 9780393063653

In August 1990, The Letter of Marque was the first of the series novels to be issued by W W Norton in hardback and in paperback in the US, two years after the first edition was published in the UK, and it was an instant success. This drew a new, large audience to the series, and new attention to the author, as well as positive reviews such as in Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, and one by Richard Snow in the New York Times shown above. Novels prior to this were published rapidly in the US for that new market. Following novels were released at the same time by the UK and US publishers. Collins (name of UK publisher in that year) asked Geoff Hunt in 1988 to do the cover art for the twelve books published by then, with The Letter of Marque being the first book to have Hunt's work on the first edition. He continued to paint the covers for future books; the covers were used on both USA and UK editions. Reissues of earlier novels used the Geoff Hunt covers.

title: The Letter of Marque


text:
Kents Cavern

Kents Cavern is a cave system in Torquay, Devon, England. It is notable both for its archaeological and geological features (as a karst feature in the Devonian limestone). The cave system is open to the public and has been a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1952 and a Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1957.

Prehistory
The caverns and passages were formed in the early Pleistocene period in Devonian limestone by water action and have been occupied by one of at least eight separate, discontinuous native populations to have inhabited the British Isles. The other key paleolithic sites in the UK are Happisburgh, Pakefield, Boxgrove, Swanscombe, Pontnewydd, Paviland, Creswell Crags and Gough's Cave.

Kents Cavern 4
A prehistoric upper jawbone (maxilla) fragment was discovered in the cavern during a 1927 excavation by the Torquay Natural History Society and named Kents Cavern 4. The specimen is on display at the Torquay Museum.

In 1989, the fragment was radiocarbon dated to 36,400–34,700 years BP, but a 2011 study that dated fossils from neighbouring strata produced an estimate of 44,200–41,500 years BP. The same study analysed the dental structure of the fragment and determined it to be Homo sapiens rather than Homo neanderthalensis, which would have made it the earliest anatomically modern human fossil yet discovered in northwestern Europe. In a response to this paper in 2012, the authors Mark White and Paul Pettitt wrote, "We urge caution over using a small selected sample of fauna from an old and poorly executed excavation in Kent's Cavern to provide a radiocarbon stratigraphy and age for a human fossil that cannot be dated directly, and we suggest that the recent dating should be rejected."

As an archæological site
Kents Cavern is first recorded as Kents Hole Close on a 1659 deed when the land was leased to John Black. The earliest evidence of exploration of the caves in historic times is two inscriptions, "William Petre 1571" and "Robert Hedges 1688" engraved on stalagmites. The first recorded excavation was that of Thomas Northmore in 1824. Northmore's work attracted the attention of William Buckland, the first Reader in Geology at the University of Oxford, who sent a party including John MacEnery to explore the caves in an attempt to find evidence that Mithras was once worshipped in the area. MacEnery, the Roman Catholic chaplain at Torre Abbey, conducted systematic excavations between 1824 and 1829. When MacEnery reported to the British Association the discovery of flint tools below the stalagmites on the cave floor, his work was derided as contrary to Bishop James Ussher's Biblical chronology dating the Creation to 4004 BC.

In September 1845, the recently created Torquay Natural History Society requested permission from Sir Lawrence Palk to explore the caves to obtain fossils and artefacts for the planned Torquay Museum, and as a result, Edward Vivian and William Pengelly were allowed to conduct excavations between 1846 and 1858. Vivian reported to the Geological Society in 1847, but at the time, it was generally believed that early humans had entered the caves long after the formation of the cave structures examined. This changed when, in the Autumn of 1859, following the work of Pengelly at the Brixham Cavern and of Jacques de Perthes in France, the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries, and the British Association agreed that the excavations had established the antiquity of humanity.

In 1865, the British Association created a committee, led by Pengelly, to fully explore the cave system over the course of fifteen years. It was Pengelly's party that discovered Robert Hedges' stalagmite inscription, and from the stalagmite's growth since that time deduced that human-created artefacts found under the formation could be half a million years old. Pengelly plotted the position of every bone, flint, and other artefact he discovered during the excavations and afterward continued working with the Torquay Natural History Society until his death in 1892 at his home less than 2 km from the caves.

As a tourist attraction
In 1903, Kents Cavern, then part of Lord Haldon's estate, was sold to Francis Powe, a carpenter who originally used the caves as a workshop while making beach huts for the Torquay sea front. Powe's son, Leslie Powe, turned the caves into a tourist attraction by laying concrete paths, installing electric lighting, and building visitor facilities that later were improved, in turn, by his son John Powe. The caves, now owned by Nick Powe, celebrated 100 years of Powe family ownership on 23 August 2003 with special events including an archæological dig for children and a display by a cave rescue team. A year later, a new £500,000 visitor centre was opened, including a restaurant and gift shop.

Attracting 80,000 tourists a year, Kents Cavern is an important tourist attraction, and this was recognised in 2000 when it was awarded Showcave of the Year award and later in November 2005 when it was awarded a prize for being Torquay's Visitor Attraction of the year.

Kents Cavern is one of the most important geosites in the English Riviera Geopark, one of over 170 UNESCO Global Geoparks.

In 2023, Kents Cavern was put up for sale for up to £2,500,000 and bought by The Tudor Hotel Collection.

Kents Cavern in fiction
"Hampsley Cavern" in Agatha Christie's 1924 novel The Man in the Brown Suit is based on Kents Cavern. The 2011 science fiction romance Time Watchers: The Greatest of These, by Julie Reilly, uses Kents Cavern as a principal setting in three different time periods.

title: Kents Cavern


text:
CFB

CFB may refer to:
 * College football
 * Canadian Forces base, military installation of the Canadian forces
 * Caminho de Ferro de Benguela, railway in Angola
 * Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District
 * Cipher feedback, a block cipher mode in data encryption
 * Clube de Futebol «Os Belenenses», a football club in Portugal
 * Continental flood basalt, large volumes of dominantly tholeiitic basalt on continents
 * Complement factor B, a protein
 * Compact fluorescent bulb
 * Current feedback, a type of electronic feedback used in some operational amplifiers
 * Circulating fluidized bed, a type of fluidized bed used in power plants
 * Commission fédérale des banques (Swiss Federal Banking Commission)
 * CFB, the IATA code for Cabo Frio International Airport
 * CFB, the National Rail station code for Catford Bridge railway station
 * CFB is acronym for Call Forwarding when Busy telecom service
 * Circulating fluidized bed combustion
 * Cfb, one of four symbols for the Oceanic climate under the Köppen climate classification system
 * Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides group, a previous name for the current Bacteroidota phylum
 * Change From Baseline, a tool used in clinical trials to measure the safety and efficacy of therapeutic interventions
 * Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training

title: CFB