text:
Billings (disambiguation)

Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana.

Billings may also refer to:

United States

 * Billings, Missouri
 * Billings, New York
 * Billings, Oklahoma
 * Billings, West Virginia
 * Billings County, Kansas
 * Billings County, North Dakota
 * Billings Field, a park located in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Billings Township, Michigan

Elsewhere

 * Billings, Hesse, Germany
 * Billings, Ontario, Canada
 * Billings, Russia
 * 73703 Billings, a minor planet
 * Billings Bridge, a bridge over the Rideau River in Ottawa, Canada, named after Braddish Billings
 * Billings Reservoir, a reservoir in São Paulo, Brazil
 * Billings Ward, former name of Southgate Ward
 * Cape Billings, a headland on the northern coast of Chukotka, Russian Federation

People with the name

 * Billings (surname)
 * Billings Learned Hand (1872–1961), an American judge

Historic sites

 * Billings estate (Manhattan) or Tyrone Hall, a 1903 mansion owned by American industrialist C. K. G. Billings
 * Billings-Cole House, an historic house in Malvern, Arkansas, U.S.

Military

 * Operation Billings, a search and destroy operation during the Vietnam War
 * USS Billings (launched 2017), a 2017 U.S. Navy littoral combat ship

Other uses

 * Billings, a business term for sales or revenue
 * Billings and Edmonds, an English school uniform supplier
 * Billings Computer Corporation, a defunct American computer manufacturer
 * Billings ovulation method, a form of natural family planning
 * Billings-Burns, English automobile built only in 1900
 * Camp Billings, a summer camp in Vermont, U.S.
 * Steve Billings, a fictional detective in The Shield

title: Billings (disambiguation)


text:
Provo (movement)

Provo was a Dutch counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait. It was preceded by the nozem movement and followed by the hippie movement. Provo was founded, on 25 May 1965, by Robert Jasper Grootveld, an anti-smoking activist, and the anarchists Roel van Duijn and Rob Stolk. The term was used for the movement as a whole and for individual members. Provo was officially disbanded on 13 May 1967.

Magazine
12 July 1965 the first Provo magazine was published. It contained the "Provo manifesto", written by Roel van Duijn, and reprinted recipes for bombs from a nineteenth-century anarchist pamphlet. The magazine was eventually confiscated.

In Provo #12, the magazine was described as

"a monthly sheet for anarchists, provos, beatniks, pleiners, scissors-grinders, jailbirds, simple simon stylites, magicians, pacifists, potato-chip chaps, charlatans, philosophers, germ-carriers, grand masters of the queen's horse, happeners, vegetarians, syndicalists, santy clauses, kindergarten teachers, agitators, pyromaniacs, assistant assistants, scratchers and syphilitics, secret police, and other riff-raff. Provo has something against capitalism, communism, fascism, bureaucracy, militarism, professionalism, dogmatism, and authoritarianism. Provo has to choose between desperation, resistance and submissive extinction. Provo calls for resistance wherever possible. Provo realises that it will lose in the end, but it cannot pass up the chance to make at least one more heartfelt attempt to provoke society. Provo regards anarchy as the inspirational source of resistance. Provo wants to revive anarchy and teach it to the young. Provo is an image."

The White Plans
The political wing of the Provos won a seat on the city council of Amsterdam, and developed the "White Plans". The most famous of those is the "White Bicycle Plan", which aimed to improve Amsterdam's transport problem. Generally the plans sought to address social problems and make Amsterdam more liveable.

List of the White Plans:

 * White Bicycle Plan: initiated by Luud Schimmelpenninck, the plan proposed the closing of central Amsterdam to all motorised traffic, including motorbikes, with the intention of improving public transport frequency by more than 40% and to save two million guilders per year. Taxis were accepted as semi-public transport, but would have to be electrically powered and have a maximum speed of 25 m.p.h. The Provos proposed one of the first bicycle sharing systems: the municipality would buy 20,000 white bikes per year, which were to be public property and free for everybody to use. After the plans were rejected by the city authorities, the Provos decided to go ahead anyway. They painted 50 bikes white and left them on streets for public use. The police impounded the bikes, as they violated municipal law forbidding citizens to leave bikes without locking them. After the bikes had been returned to the Provos, they equipped them all with combination locks and painted the combinations on the bicycles. (The song "My White Bicycle" by the English psychedelic rock band Tomorrow, later covered by Nazareth and by Nigel Planer, was inspired by the White Bicycle plan. )
 * White Chimney Plan: proposed that air polluters be taxed and the chimneys of serious polluters be painted white.
 * White Women Plan: proposed a network of clinics offering advice and contraceptives, mainly for the benefit of women and girls, and with the intention to reduce unwanted pregnancies. The plan was for girls of sixteen to be invited to visit the clinic, and advocated for schools to teach sex education. The White Women Plan also argued that it is irresponsible to enter marriage as a virgin.
 * White Chicken Plan: a proposal for the reorganization of the Amsterdam police (called "kip" in Dutch slang, meaning "chicken"). Under the plan, the police would be disarmed and placed under the jurisdiction of the municipal council rather than the burgemeester (mayor). Municipalities would then be able to democratically elect their own chief of police. The Provos intended for this revised structure to transform the police from guard to social worker.
 * White Housing Plan: sought to address Amsterdam's acute housing problem by banning speculation in house building, and by promoting the squatting of empty buildings. The plan envisioned Waterlooplein as an open-air market and advocated abandoning plans for a new town hall.
 * White Kids Plan: proposed shared parenting in groups of five couples. Parents would take turns to care for the group's children on a different day of the week.
 * White Victim Plan: proposed that anyone having caused death while driving would have to build a warning memorial on the site of the traffic collision by carving the victim's outline one inch deep into the pavement and filling it with white mortar.
 * White Car Plan: a car-sharing project proposed by Schimmelpennink featuring electric cars which could be used by the people. It was later realised in a limited fashion as the Witkar system from 1974 until 1986.

End
Tensions with the police peaked in June 1966, when the construction worker Jan Weggelaar died during a demonstration. A strike was called by construction workers and large numbers of workers and their sympathisers, including Provos, marched through Amsterdam. Demonstrators fought the police in the streets (on the Dam and Damrak) and attacked the offices and vehicles of De Telegraaf.

At the same time, the Provos participated in left-wing student protests against the Vietnam War. Demonstrations were banned, resulting in an increase in their size and popularity. The police responded with increasing force, and by mid-1966 hundreds of arrests were made every week. Police brutality led to increasing sympathy for the Provos and the anti-war demonstrators among the general public. An official investigation into the crisis was opened.

These events eventually led to the dismissal of Amsterdam's police chief, H. J. van der Molen, in 1966 and the resignation of mayor Gijsbert van Hall in 1967. After van Hall had been removed, Grootveld and Rob Stolk (printer of Provo magazine) decided to end Provo. Stolk said: "Provo has to disappear because all the Great Men that made us big have gone", a reference to Provo's two arch-enemies, Van Hall and Van der Molen.

Influence
Many Provo groups emerged in other cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and New York. Stockholm staged an anti-nuclear war happening/action under the name Provies. In London a "Death and Rebirth of International Times" happening, after a police raid of the first UK underground paper, was seen as a Provo event.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Provo (movement)


text:
Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

The following is a list of the 365 communes of the Eure-et-Loir department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Chartres Métropole
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Dreux (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Bonnevalais
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Beauce
 * Communauté de communes Entre Beauce et Perche
 * Communauté de communes des Forêts du Perche
 * Communauté de communes du Grand Châteaudun
 * Communauté de communes Interco Normandie Sud Eure (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Houdanais (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Perche
 * Communauté de communes des Portes Euréliennes d'Île-de-France
 * Communauté de communes Terres de Perche

title: Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department


text:
Formatting Objects Processor

Formatting Objects Processor (FOP, also known as Apache FOP) is a Java application that converts XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO) files to PDF or other printable formats. FOP was originally developed by James Tauber who donated it to the Apache Software Foundation in 1999. It is part of the Apache XML Graphics project.

FOP is open source software, and is distributed under the Apache License 2.0.

Current status
The latest version of Apache FOP is 2.9. This is the eleventh stable release.

Major limitations
Most important elements added in XSL-FO 1.1 (flow maps, table markers, indexes. etc.) are not available

In addition, older XSL-FO 1.0 features are still not fully supported including automatic table layout, floats and more.

Input support
Apache FOP supports embedding a number of image formats in the XSL-FO (through the  element). These include:

 * SVG
 * PNG
 * Bitmap BMP
 * PostScript (as EPS)
 * JPEG
 * Some TIFF formats.

Apache FOP implements the  element with some limitations. In versions prior to 2.0, external graphics objects were limited to being drawn inline or in a block with no wrapped text.

Output formats
Apache FOP supports the following output formats:

 * PDF (best output support), including PDF/X and PDF/A with some limitations
 * ASCII text file facsimile
 * PostScript
 * Direct printer output (PCL)
 * AFP
 * RTF
 * Java2D/AWT for display, printing, and page rendering to PNG and TIFF

In progress:
 * MIF
 * SVG

title: Formatting Objects Processor


text:
Ronald Cohn

Ronald Herbert Cohn (November 11, 1943 – September 16, 2022) was an American zoologist who was a long-time research collaborator of psychologist Francine Patterson in her work in training Koko the gorilla in the use of American sign language. He documented much of Koko's life on film and on camera, and is credited as the illustrator for the children's books Koko's Kitten, Koko-Love!: Conversations With a Signing Gorilla, and Koko's Story. One of his photos of Koko was featured on the cover of National Geographic in 1978 and 1985.

At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he received his bachelor's degree in 1965, his master's degree in zoology in 1967, and his Ph.D. in biology in 1971.

After receiving his PhD, Cohn worked as a cell biologist at the Stanford Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics. He did research in genetic engineering and membrane structure. He is credited with discovering that adult cells make hyaluronic acid from glucosamine, which led the way to glucosamine being used to treat arthritis.

Cohn co-founded The Gorilla Foundation with Patterson and Barbara F Hiller in 1971.

Cohn died at his home in Redwood City, California, on September 16, 2022, at the age of 78.

title: Ronald Cohn


text:
Tapwave Zodiac

The Tapwave Zodiac is a mobile entertainment console and personal digital assistant. Tapwave announced the system in May 2003 and began shipping in October of that same year. The Zodiac was designed to be a high-performance mobile entertainment system centered on video games, music, photos, and video for 18- to 34-year-old gamers and technology enthusiasts. By running an enhanced version of the Palm Operating System (5.2T), Zodiac also provided access to Palm's personal information management software and many other applications from the Palm developer community. The company was based in Mountain View, California.

The Zodiac console was initially available in two models, Zodiac 1 (32MB) for US$299, and Zodiac 2 (128MB) for US$399. Some of the game titles for the product included Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 (Activision); Mototrax (Activision); SpyHunter (Midway); Madden NFL 2005 (EA/MDM); Doom II (id Software); Golden Axe III and Altered Beast (Sega); Warfare Incorporated (Handmark); and Duke Nukem Mobile (3D Realms/MachineWorks).

Due to insufficient funding and strong competitive pressure from the PlayStation Portable (PSP) from Sony (which was pre-announced at E3 on May 16, 2003, and shipped in North America on March 24, 2005), and the DS from Nintendo (released on November 21, 2004), Tapwave sold the company to an undisclosed multibillion-dollar corporation in Asia in July 2005.

The Zodiac console garnered strong product reviews and received many industry awards including Popular Sciences Best of What's New Award, Stuff magazine's Top 10 Gadgets of the Year, Wired magazine's Fetish Award, CNET's Editor's Choice Award, PC Worlds 2004 Next Gear Innovations Award; PC Magazine's 1st Place Last Gadget Standing at CES; Handheld Computing magazine's Most Innovative PDA of 2003; Time magazine Best Gear of 2003; and the Business Week Best Products of 2003.

History of Tapwave

 * May 2001: Tapwave was founded by former Palm executives
 * May 2002: Tapwave closed initial Series-A funding
 * May 2002: Tapwave signed Palm OS licensing agreement with PalmSource
 * May 2003: Company was formally launched at Palm Developers Conference & E3
 * September 2003: Zodiac entertainment console launched at DEMO conference
 * October 2003: Zodiac console began shipping to customers directly from livescribe.com
 * November 2003: Tapwave announced that “over 1200 game developers” had signed up for the Tapwave developer program
 * February 2004: PalmGear and Tapwave announced partnership to launch an online store to feature the best applications, game titles and ebooks available on the Palm OS platform
 * April 2004: Synchronization between Zodiac and Mac OS X desktops enabled by MarkSpace
 * June 2004: Zodiac launched into United States retail distribution with CompUSA
 * October 2004: Zodiac launched in United Kingdom and sold through PC World, Dixons, and Currys
 * October 2004: Zodiac launched in Singapore and distributed by ECS
 * November 2004: Zodiac launched in South Korea and co-branded with Sonokong (OEM)
 * December 2004: Audible announces audio book support for the Zodiac
 * December 2004: Tapwave announces Wi-Fi SD card for the Zodiac with “enhanced mail application and web browser”
 * January 2005: Tapwave and Virgin Digital announced strategic alliance for audio download and subscription services
 * July 2005: Tapwave discontinued the sale of the Zodiac mobile entertainment console and sold substantially all of its assets to an undisclosed multibillion-dollar corporation in Asia and wound down operations

Primary features
Music, images, and video

An MP3 music player is included in the system's applications, and allows the creation of custom playlists using drag-and-dropping of files. MP3 music files can be played from either SD slot, or the internal memory of the device. MP3 files can also be used as alarms, along with conventional Palm OS alarms.

Photos (JPEG or PNG format) could be downloaded to the device using the Palm Desktop software or loaded onto SD cards, and could be shared and made into a slideshow (with background music) on the device.

The bundled video player on the device, Kinoma, would only play videos in a proprietary format, converted using the Kinoma Producer software (which supported conversion of MPEG1, MPEG4, QuickTime, AVI and DivX). The software however was limited in its conversion abilities, enticing users to pay for the full version. It has been suggested that this difficulty in converting video for the device diminished the Zodiac's success. Several aftermarket DivX and XviD players have been developed (such as the TCPMP), and, at the time of bankruptcy, Tapwave were working on an update to supply MPEG-4 hardware decoding.

Device design

Due to the metal construction of the Zodiac, the device was seen to be more solid than other PDAs. However, on some models the adhesive on the shoulder buttons failed, and occasionally the screen was scratched by the screen cover when grit entered. Furthermore, due to the insecure clip holding the stylus, they could be knocked loose and potentially lost. Some alternative cases solved this problem with their own stylus holder.

Compatibility

The Zodiac is a Palm OS 5-compatible device, and most software compatible with Palm OS 5 runs without issue. In particular, most Palm OS 5-compatible games play on the Zodiac. Tapwave also provided proprietary APIs to allow developers to take advantage of the Zodiac's graphics and sound hardware. A great deal of freeware and shareware games and emulators are therefore available. For example, there are versions of Doom, Quake, Hexen, Hexen II, and Heretic as well as versions of emulators such as UAE, ScummVM, and LJZ/LJP, a multi-system emulator. There have also been attempts to emulate PlayStation games onto the Zodiac, the most successful emulator being PPSX. It is, however, nowhere near completion and many games are not playable yet.

Battery

The device has a total battery life of about 3 hours when using video, backlight+screen and CPU-intensive tasks, and while running as a dedicated audio player it is closer to 6 hours. The original battery was a 1500mAh Li-Ion; third party replacements with 2000mAh capacity are still available from some manufacturers.

Software

The Zodiac used a modified version of the Palm OS, designated version 5.2T. The main navigation menus consisted of 8 radially-arranged choices selected using either the touchscreen or thumbstick. It also came with the Palm OS Productivity Suite (containing a calendar, to do list etc.), an eBook reader, the Wordsmith word processor and the powerOne graphing application. It came bundled with two games, AcidSolitare (by Red Mercury) and Stunt Car Extreme (by Vasara Games).

Models

The Zodiac console was initially available in two models, Zodiac 1 (32MB), and Zodiac 2 (128MB). The Zodiac 2 was $100 more expensive than the original Zodiac.

Games
Games which utilized some or all of the Zodiac's hardware/software are incompatible with standard Palm OS devices. This does exclude platforms outside of Palm OS (e.g., Doom II is also out for PC, but the Zodiac version listed here won't run on standard Palm OS handhelds). This list also excludes standard Palm OS games which are also available for Zodiac handhelds, which were either identical or slightly improved on Zodiac, called "Zodiac tuned" (e.g. a game available for standard Palm OS only has the extra features of vibration and shoulder buttons as extra usable buttons when played on Zodiac).

Some of the games were never released due to the discontinuation of the Zodiac in July 2005. However, the testing builds of some of these games were leaked and are playable.

Zodiac exclusive titles
 * Acedior
 * Altered Beast
 * Animated Dudes
 * Anotherball
 * Atari Retro
 * Avalanche
 * Bike or Die
 * Billiards
 * Bubble Shooter 2
 * Colony
 * Crossword Puzzles
 * Daedalus 3D – The Labyrinth
 * Dreamway
 * Firefly: Pacman clone
 * FireHammer
 * Fish Tycoon
 * Frutakia
 * Galactic Realms
 * Gloop Zero by AeonFlame: (was shareware, but is now freeware) puzzle game where you direct the flow of liquid slime material to its goal by drawing platform lines and using other tools.
 * Golden Axe
 * Interstellar Flames
 * Jet Ducks
 * Kickoo's Breakout
 * Legacy
 * MegaBowling
 * MicroQuad
 * Orbz (was shareware, but is now freeware as of September 2006)
 * Paintball
 * Pocket Mini Golf
 * Pocket Mini Golf eXtra
 * RifleSLUGS-W: Wild Web Wars
 * Stunt Car Extreme: 3D, 1st-person or 3rd-person racing game. Comes with the Zodiac CD.
 * Table Tennis 3D
 * The Green Myste
 * Tots ‘n’ Togs
 * Xploids
 * ZapEm

Zodiac exclusive titles, also available on SD card
 * Doom II
 * Duke Nukem Mobile
 * GTS Racing Challenge
 * SpyHunter
 * Tiger Team: Apache vs Hind
 * Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
 * Z Pak: Adventure
 * Z Pak: Fun

"Zodiac tuned" titles
 * Madden NFL 2005 (CD-ROM; uploaded from PC)
 * Warfare Incorporated

Unreleased but leaked games
 * Street Hoops, tech demo
 * MTX: Mototrax, complete
 * Hockey Rage 2004, complete, but crash on exit
 * Neverwinter Nights, tech demo
 * Terminator 3: Complete game, few sound elements missing.
 * Tomb Raider, complete original first and second game

Ports
Several homebrew (freeware) games were released on ports.
 * ZDoomZ, a ZDoom port to Palm/Zodiac
 * ZHeretic, a Heretic port to Palm/Zodiac
 * ZHexen, a Hexen port to Palm/Zodiac
 * ZHexen2, Hexen II port to Palm/Zodiac
 * Little John Palm (LJP), a multisystem emulator for Palm/Zodiac
 * LJZ, the old version of LJP, discontinued.
 * pPSX, Emulates psx games at limited speed without sound. Low compatibility. Incomplete.
 * ReverZi, an Othello/Reversi clone for Zodiac
 * ZodMAME, a MAME port to the Zodiac
 * ZodNEO, a NeoGeo port to the Zodiac
 * ZodSCUMM, ScummVM port to the Zodiac
 * ZSpectrum, a ZX Spectrum port to the Zodiac
 * REminiscence, a Zodiac port of Flashback
 * Thruster, a fast-paced cave flyer.
 * Noiz2sa
 * Orbital Sniper, Look down from high above and shoot hostiles in a city grid layout while protecting innocent lives. (Freeware)
 * Zodtris, Zodiac only version of Tetris. (Freeware)
 * Zap 'Em, a close conversion of Zoop for PC (Freeware)
 * ZoT
 * Zyrian
 * Another World
 * ZodTTD, an OpenTTD port to the Zodiac
 * TCPMP, a media player that could play back many codecs that the Zodiac did not originally support

Hardware specifications
Two versions of the Zodiac are available, differing only in the amount of memory and case colour.
 * CPU: Motorola i.MX1 ARM9 processor (200 MHz)
 * Memory: Zodiac 1 had 32 MB. Zodiac 2 had 128 MB. Both have 10 MB Dedicated to the System Dynamic RAM
 * Graphic Accelerator: ATI Imageon W4200 2D graphics accelerator (with 8 MB dedicated SDRAM)
 * Controls: Analog controller (or joystick) with 360 degrees of motion, built-in triggers and action button array similar to other gaming consoles.
 * Display: 3.8 inch transflective 480×320 (half VGA), 16-bit colour backlit display (65,536 colours)
 * Sound: Yamaha sound and stereo speakers, 3.5 mm earphone plug
 * External Connectors: 2 expansion slots (both are MMC / SD capable, one is also SDIO capable), Zodiac Connector, 3.5 mm headphone jack
 * Wireless: Infrared, Bluetooth (Compatible with some Wifi SDIO cards depending on drivers)
 * Battery: Rechargeable Lithium Batteries – Dual totaling to 1540 mA·h
 * Size and Weight: 5.6 x, 6.3 oz
 * Compare to the Palm TX which is smaller at 78×15×121 mm due to fewer buttons, but includes WiFi
 * Colors: Zodiac 1: Slate Gray, Zodiac 2: Charcoal Gray
 * Casing: Synthetic rubber, anodized aluminum, plastic

Peripherals and accessories

 * 5V regulated DC switch mode battery charger, using proprietary connector
 * USB PC synchronization cable, incorporating pass-through female charger connector (allowing charging from mains while synchronizing)
 * Car battery charger
 * Cradle attachment for sync cable (poorly designed, unreliable electrical contacts)
 * Folding Keyboard (some 3rd party Bluetooth & IR models, unknown whether dedicated keyboard capable of using sync cable connector existed)
 * Some SDIO cameras could be used, such as the Veo Camera

title: Tapwave Zodiac


text:
Communes of the Finistère department

The following is a list of the 277 communes of the Finistère department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2022):
 * Brest Métropole
 * CA Concarneau Cornouaille Agglomération
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Landerneau-Daoulas
 * CA Morlaix Communauté
 * Communauté d'agglomération Quimper Bretagne Occidentale
 * CA Quimperlé Communauté
 * Communauté de communes Cap Sizun - Pointe du Raz
 * CC Douarnenez Communauté
 * Communauté de communes de Haute Cornouaille
 * CC Haut-Léon Communauté
 * Communauté de communes du Haut Pays Bigouden
 * CC Communauté Lesneven Côte des Légendes
 * CC Monts d'Arrée Communauté
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Bigouden Sud
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Landivisiau
 * Communauté de communes du Pays des Abers
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Fouesnantais
 * Communauté de communes du Pays d'Iroise
 * Communauté de communes Pleyben-Châteaulin-Porzay
 * CC Poher communauté (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Presqu'île de Crozon-Aulne maritime

title: Communes of the Finistère department


text:
Königsberg Cathedral

Königsberg Cathedral (Кафедральный собор в Калининграде; Königsberger Dom) is a Brick Gothic-style monument in Kaliningrad, Russia, located on Kneiphof island in the Pregolya river. It is the most significant preserved building of the former city of Königsberg, which was largely destroyed in World War II.

Dedicated to Virgin Mary and St. Adalbert of Prague, it was built as the see of the Prince-Bishops of Samland in the 14th century. Upon the establishment of the secular Duchy of Prussia, it became the Lutheran Albertina University church in 1544. The spire and roof of the cathedral burnt down after two RAF bombing raids in late August 1944; reconstruction started in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

14th century to World War II
A first smaller Catholic cathedral was erected in the Königsberg Altstadt between 1297 and 1302. After the Samland bishop Johann Clare had acquired the eastern part of Kneiphof island from the Teutonic Knights in 1322, he and his cathedral chapter had a new see built at the site and ensured its autonomy by a 1333 treaty with Grand Master Luther von Braunschweig.

The construction is considered to have begun about 1330. The original building in Altstadt was subsequently demolished and materials from it were used to build the new cathedral on Kneiphof. The soil on which the cathedral was built was marshy, and so hundreds of oak poles were put into the ground before the construction of the cathedral could begin. After a relatively short period of almost 50 years, the cathedral was largely completed by 1380, while works on the interior frescoes lasted until the end of the 14th century.

The choir contained murals from the 14th and 15th centuries, late Gothic wood carvings, and medieval monuments in the Renaissance style, the chief of which was a statue of Albert, Duke of Prussia, carved by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt in 1570.

The cathedral originally had two spires. The spires (one north and one south) overlooked the entrance (west side) of the cathedral. In 1544, the two spires were destroyed by fire. The south spire was rebuilt, but the north spire was replaced by a simple gable roof. In 1640, a clock was built underneath the rebuilt spire, and from 1650 the famous Wallenrodt Library, donated by Martin von Wallenrodt, was situated underneath the gable roof.

In 1695, an organ was installed in the cathedral. In the 19th century, the organ was restored and then renewed.

On 27 September 1523, Johann Briesmann gave the first Lutheran sermon in the cathedral. From then on, until 1945, the cathedral remained Protestant. Also Polish-language church services were held there from the 16th to the 18th century.

Albert, Duke of Prussia, and some of his relatives, as well as other dignitaries, were buried in the cathedral.

World War II
Königsberg was the capital of East Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1945, and the easternmost large German city until it was conquered by the Soviet Union near the end of World War II.

In late August 1944, British bombers carried out two-night raids on Königsberg. The first raid, on 26/27 August, largely missed the city, but the second raid, on 29/30, destroyed most of the old part of Königsberg (including Kneiphof), and the cathedral was hit. The part of the cathedral directly underneath the spire (today's Lutheran chapel) is where 20 to 25 citizens of Königsberg survived during the second air raid. During reconstruction in 1992, hundreds of skeletons, mostly of children, were discovered under tons of rubble in that area. The predominance of children and the circumstances of their interment cast doubt on whether the remains were in fact victims of the air raid.

Post–World War II
After the war, the cathedral remained a burnt-out shell and Kneiphof was made into a park with no other buildings. Before the war, Kneiphof had many buildings. One of the buildings was the first Albertina University building, where Immanuel Kant taught, which was situated next to the east side of the cathedral. New construction nearby includes the House of Soviets.

Shortly after Kaliningrad was opened to foreigners in the early 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union, work began to reconstruct the cathedral. In 1994, a new spire was put in place using a helicopter. In 1995, a new clock was put in place. The clock has four bells (1,180 kg, 700 kg, 500 kg & 200 kg), all cast in 1995. The clock chimes every quarter of an hour. On the hour, the clock chimes by playing the first notes of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, followed by monotonic chiming to indicate the hour. Between 1996 and 1998, work was done to construct the roof. Work was also done to put in stained glass windows.

One problem during the reconstruction was the subsidence of the cathedral which had happened over time. Even during German times, the subsidence had been evident.

In 2007–2008, a marble epitaph of 17th-century Polish princely magnate Bogusław Radziwiłł and his wife Anna Maria was renovated with funds from the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.

Today, the cathedral has two chapels—one Lutheran, the other Russian Orthodox—as well as a museum. The cathedral is also used for concerts.

Kant's tomb

The tomb of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, the "Sage of Königsberg", is today in a mausoleum adjoining the northeast corner of the cathedral. The mausoleum was constructed by the architect Friedrich Lahrs and was finished in 1924 in time for the bicentenary of Kant's birth. Originally, Kant was buried inside the cathedral, but in 1880 his remains were moved outside and placed in a neo-Gothic chapel adjoining the northeast corner of the cathedral. Over the years, the chapel became dilapidated before it was demolished to make way for the mausoleum, which was built on the same spot, where it is today.

On 27 November 2018, Kant's tomb and statue near Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University were vandalised with pink paint by unknown assailants, who also scattered leaflets glorifying Rus' and denouncing him as a "traitor". The incident was apparently connected with a vote to rename Khrabrovo Airport, where Kant was in the lead for a while, prompting Russian nationalist resentment.

Other burials

 * Heinrich Reuß von Plauen
 * Johann von Tiefen
 * Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen
 * Stanislovas Rapolionis
 * Luther von Braunschweig
 * Ludwig von Erlichshausen
 * Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg
 * Albert, Duke of Prussia
 * Bogusław Radziwiłł

title: Königsberg Cathedral


text:
Communes of the Gers department

The following is a list of the 461 communes of the Gers department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Grand Auch Cœur de Gascogne
 * Communauté de communes d'Aire-sur-l'Adour (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Armagnac Adour
 * Communauté de communes d'Artagnan de Fezensac
 * Communauté de communes Astarac Arros en Gascogne
 * Communauté de communes du Bas Armagnac
 * Communauté de communes Bastides de Lomagne
 * Communauté de communes Bastides et Vallons du Gers
 * Communauté de communes Cœur d'Astarac en Gascogne
 * Communauté de communes des Coteaux Arrats Gimone
 * Communauté de communes des Deux Rives (partly)
 * Communauté de communes de la Gascogne Toulousaine (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Grand Armagnac
 * Communauté de communes de la Lomagne Gersoise
 * Communauté de communes du Savès
 * Communauté de communes de la Ténarèze
 * Communauté de communes Val de Gers

title: Communes of the Gers department


text:
Talk:List of telecommunications companies

IDT
I don't see how IDT really fits in this list. Niteowlneils 06:16, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

shouldn't telcel be lited under mexico as well?

Great Page
But network operator shouldn't redirect here, it should go to it's own article, with a prominent link here. Mathiastck 13:49, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Linkfarm
Most of the external links should be removed per WP:EL, WP:SPAM, & WP:NOT --Ronz 03:34, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed. --Ronz 19:44, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

List Inclusion Criteria
I propose all entries that do not have their own article be removed per WP:LIST, at least until we come up with better list inclusion criteria. --Ronz (talk) 22:36, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the fact that these companies are in business is a strict enough criteria to provide some limit to length. Most countries have oligopolies in the telecom industry. I agree that external links aren't helpful most of the time and wouldn't mind having them removed for reasons previously stated. —Tokek (talk) 01:30, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, apparently the list can be long for some companies, e.g. List of Canadian telephone companies, but long ones can be made into sub-articles. I think this article can serve a purpose as a catch-all for countries whose lists are are too short to warrant an article of its own. Basically, I don't think we should apply your list inclusion criteria (must have a Wikipedia article) just yet. —Tokek (talk) 01:39, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've started cleanup. --Ronz (talk) 18:27, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Needs to Counter Check
It's bugging me that incomplete data with .... in them are listed. Could someone please hook up the ITU Operator code numbering so we know who the operators are (at least GSM/Mobile/CDMA/AMPS)

thanks Dr R Azrin (talk) 20:07, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I am going to countercheck the details on ITU GSM Codes to ensure the GSM, CDMA and 4G services are added on properly.

Dr R Azrin (talk) 15:34, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Should this list include mobile virtual network operators at all?
Being a service provider only, should Mobile virtual network operator companies be listed? I'm leaning toward removing them. --Ronz (talk) 17:00, 13 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree. JFDI. --Biker Biker (talk) 17:17, 13 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm going ahead with removing them and the fixed virtual operators, which I assume are similar enough. --Ronz (talk) 21:01, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
 * What about VoIP providers? --Ronz (talk) 21:03, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

Subsidiaries of Notable Operators
I'm inclined to keep subsidiaries of notable operators as I did with Nedjma. Any objections or alternatives? --Ronz (talk) 15:21, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Number of Fixed & Mobile Users in Each Country
These statistics for each country are outdated (from as far back as 2010) and unsourced. I'll give these a few weeks, if nothing is improve they should all be removed. Ajf773 (talk) 04:27, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

Sort Order of Telecom Companies
Although it is common to rate relative size of companies in any industry by annual revenue, that causes problems with this list. First, probably biggest problem is, the revenue data for all these companies in all these countries are not reported regularly in respect to each other. That makes keeping this list nearly impossible to maintain accuracy. Second problem is comparing companies based on revenue when services offered are different and monetary values from country to country are different. A better way to gauge size and lend to accuracy is to count number of subscribers of specific communication types. For instance, a telecom that has more landline subscribers is not necessarily larger than a company with more VoIP or Broadband subscribers. The list would be more accurate if it were subdivided by service type and then size comparisons by number of subs in that service type. My guess is, in that case, China and India might move up on the list significantly while AT&T might move down significantly. Thoughts??? TadgStirkland401 (TadgTalk) 04:30, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi - I realize you posted this last year but I just read your comment now. You make great points but getting that kind of reliable data is even more challenging than revenues, and since the services and technologies are changing so fast in this industry (landline, mobile, cloud, etc.) it that trying to rank them by below-the-line attributes would ultimately lead to dead-ends or stats that are not meaningful. Especially since the perceived value is no longer so much the connection itself as what you do with it but there remains undeniable real-world value in those connections (there's still much consolidation happening to capture them). The markets sort these companies by revenues because it's a tried-and-true summary measure of all the chaos, jockeying and services underneath. If you can figure out how to hunt it down reliably, perhaps the kind of data you're thinking of could be on other Wiki pages... e.g., a listing of leading UCaaS/VoIP players in that page/section, etc.??? Just my two cents. Technutt (talk) 17:24, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Replace Tata Group with Tata Teleservices
Tata Teleservices is the telecom company, Tata Group is the name of the larger conglomerate company with presence in steel, automobile, energy, hospitality and whatnot.

MegaPath Removal from list
There were two companies in the list of prominent US telecom companies that did not have wiki profiles. MegaPath in the $100M+ carrier set and Granite in the $1B+ carrier set. I have been working on a page for Granite that I should have up soon and came back to look at MegaPath. The company was acquired by Fusion, which was acquired by Birch (which already is in the listing), so I deleted that entry. Technutt (talk) 16:46, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Companies by Total Revenue Table Update
Added Granite to table and realized a lot of other data in the table is dated as well. Starting an update on the table. Technutt (talk) 17:47, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Notes:

 * To address currency exchange fluctuations, any entry that could not be found translated to US dollars by a reliable source was translated to $USD based on the closing exchange rate on December 31, 2018 - this is noted at the bottom of the table.
 * Telefonica's revenues in the original table entry were incorrect - hence, the large change in revenues between the two entries — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technutt (talk • contribs) 18:47, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Singapore Telecom - the original table had a revenue double-count for Singapore Telecom that both consolidated revenues for Singtel and Optus under Singtel and broke Optus out separately as well. It should be either-or to avoid counting twice. An argument could be made to eliminate Optus and show on the combined revenues under Singtel, however, since the spirit of this article is aimed at identifying the largest players by region as well as total revenues, the two are broken out as part of this update, separating Singtel's results from those of Optus so Optus is reflected properly as a major provider in Australia.
 * Belgacom is now Proximus (name change) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technutt (talk • contribs) 16:09, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptcl was removed from the table for revenues. PTCL revenue is <US$600M and the table lists companies at ≥ US$1 billion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technutt (talk • contribs) 19:12, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Since the table cutoff is $1B+ companies, and some were added in the article below but not transferred to the table, I did quick audit against the table and then quick revenue verifications (sources provided). When revenue as confirmed providers that belong in the table were added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technutt (talk • contribs) 21:47, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
 * A slow crawl is underway to find other very large providers missing from the table. This will take time - the US providers were easier because someone had broken them into tiers (making it easy to see the table errors). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Technutt (talk • contribs) 22:16, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Possible Geographical-related Article Split
Could this article be split into say List of telecommunications companies in Europe and List of telecomminications companies in Asia & Oceania like the List of mobile network operators article(s)? I think it would make it easier to actually edit AND read when it's broken down like that, obviously the World's largest telecom companies by total revenue section would be kept on the central article with the current name.

Who knows, if this all was to happen then perhaps List of mobile network operators could be merged into this article and the "subarticles." Just an idea, would like to hear people's thoughts on it. Professional Adriazeri (talk) 00:00, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

List vs Categories
This list page seems very long which causes a multitude of problems. First and foremost, keeping all of the entries, links and citations accurate and timely is an enormous effort for editors. Secondly, readability and usefulness to any typical reader is questionable at best. So, I have 2 different suggestions.

Proposal 1: Break this article into smaller articles, grouped either by continent, region or country. This proposal would initially be a huge task for anyone.

Proposal 2: Several of the regions or countries already have Wikipedia Category pages, some with subcategories. Maybe these categories could be entered as links on this article under the appropriate country, and those phone companies listed here could be removed. Benefit: Category pages are auto-generated lists, which would remove the necessity to keep editing this page. Also, if the main article for any company is moved due to corporate mergers/acquisitions/rebranding and such, the category page would keep up with those automatically.

Thoughts about either proposal? — TadgStirkland401  (TadgTalk) 05:15, 11 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Plestiodon callicephalus

This article uses text from the public domain BISON fact sheet given as an external link. Lupo 06:17, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Picture
It seems strange that the image for this article is of a dead and partially eaten specimen. Wouldn’t a live one be preferable? 2600:1011:B19C:20BC:C37:A67A:2F0:DC6 (talk) 18:02, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plestiodon callicephalus


text:
Talk:Battle of the Wilderness

Mistake
I'm afraid the Image in the middle of the article (left hand) is referring to the Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1864), not to the Battle of the Wilderness (July 1864). Bye. --Cloj 20:53, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Mmmm... Sorry! The mistake was mine. The above image is correct (not my brain in effect...). Any way I can't see it normally. --Cloj 21:23, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

No, the image is incorrect because Stonewall had died a year ago before the Battle of the Wilderness. It is an imgae of the Battle of Chancellorsville, I believe.Znitrx 20:50, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * What image are you discussing? Hal Jespersen 22:27, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Walmart supercenter in the middle of the map!?
Whats with the walmart supercenter thing in the middle of the map!? Some one should fix that.I don't know how.Zanerobinette (talk) 19:18, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That map is there specifically to show the proposed Walmart location as part of the battlefield preservation section. If you mean how to fix Walmart's proposal, contact the CWPT. Hal Jespersen (talk) 22:17, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Battle Results
I just noticed something a little odd. Please look at the results listed in each of these battles on their respective wiki pages:

1. Antietam - Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory

2. Chancellorsville - Confederate victory

3. Wilderness - Inconclusive (Union offensive continued)

In my opinion, the results for Battle of the Wilderness should either be Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory (i.e, the same as Antietam), or the results for Antietam should be Tactically inconclusive (Confederate offensive stopped).

And if the latter, then the Battle of Chancellorsville should read, Tactically inconclusive (Union offensive stopped). Personally, I would go with the following:

1. Antietam - Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory

2. Chancellorsville - Tactically inconclusive; strategic Confederate victory

3. Wilderness - Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory

I think this would make more sense, especially since the only difference between Chancellorsville and Wilderness was whether or not the Union offensive continued or was stopped. Also, since Grant (at Wilderness) suffered more casualties than Hooker (at Chancellorsville), what we call the former should also be applied to the latter (i.e., in terms of language). What do you all think? Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 21:34, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory for the reasons explained in the article -- although the battle was essentially a draw, it not only ended Lee's first invasion of the North, it gave Lincoln the confidence to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Some authors, notably James M. McPherson, consider Antietam to be the turning point of the war because of that. Chancellorsville was a clear-cut victory in the opinion of virtually every historian, even given the severe losses in Lee's smaller army. And I know of no historian who would consider the Wilderness to be a Union strategic victory. It was the first important battle in a campaign that was itself inconclusive. The Overland Campaign positioned Grant for his eventual victory, but that was two campaigns (in Virginia, that is) and 11 months later. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:42, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hey Hal. You said, "Antietam is considered a strategic Union victory for the reasons explained in the article -- although the battle was essentially a draw".  Yes, I very much agree.  No problem there. :)

 * Then you said, "Chancellorsville was a clear-cut victory in the opinion of virtually every historian...."

 * Once again, I agree that the BOC was a "victory" for the Confederates. But - and this is the important part - was it a tactical victory, a strategic victory, or a mix?  If the BOC was a Confederate tactical victory, on what basis do historians say that?  The number of casualties?  No.  Grant suffered greater loses in the Battle of the Wilderness (BOTW) as a %, so wouldn't that mean that the BOTW was a confederate tactical victory (as the article itself says in the Aftermath section, but yet says it was inconclusive in the summary section at the top-right)?  Consider this:

 * Union casualties at the BOTW: 17.3%
 * Confederate casualites at the BOTW: 12.3%

 * This tells me that the BOTW was a Confederate tactical victory, but a Union strategic victory because it did not force Grant to retreat. Grant moved forward. Yet...

 * Union casualties at Chancellorsville: 12.8%
 * Confederate casualties at Chancellorsville: 22%

 * This tells me that the BOC was tactically inconconclusive (since Hooker wasn't forced to retreat for military reasons; he lost his nerve), but a strategic Confederate victory (since Hookers offensive was stopped). After all, if the result of the Battle of Antietam is described as "Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory", then the BOC cannot logically use different language.  That is, the BOC was tactically inconclusive; Confederate strategic victory.

 * Let me add that I'm not disputing ANYTHING that the majority of historians are saying with regards to victory/loss. I'm only trying to set ground rules for the language of victory/loss in wiki ACW articales on two levels: tactical and strategic.

 * Therefore, let me again propose the following language in regards to a battle victory/loss:

 * I. Simple Results

 * a. Union victory (e.g., Battle of Champions Hill, Malvern Hill, Shiloh)
 * b. Union decisive victory (e.g., Battle of Nashville)
 * c. Confederate victory (e.g., Battle of Chickamauga, Fredericksburg)
 * d. Confederate decisive victory (e.g., Battle of 2nd Bull Run? Jackson's valley campaign?)

 * II. Mixed Results

 * a. Tactical Union victory; Confederate strategic victory (e.g., Battle of Franklin)
 * b. Tactical Confederate victory; Union strategic victory (e.g., BOTW, for reasons mentioned above, )
 * c. Tactically inconclusive; Union strategic victory (e.g, the Battle of Antietam)
 * d. Tactically inconclusive; Confederate strategic victory (e.g., the Battle of Chancellorsville, for reasons mentioned above) Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 03:02, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Historians rarely use numbers or percentages of casualties to determine the victor of a battle. They examine the goals of the two armies and see which one achieved the goals. Hooker's goal at Chancellorsville was to double-envelop Lee's army and destroy it, then to march on Richmond and end the war. He failed and withdrew. Lee succeeded, although at a relatively high cost. Chancellorsville was an unambiguous Confederate victory. (Whether it was a strategic victory or not is arguable, which is one of the reasons we rarely use that term in these information boxes. The victory at Chancellorsville ultimately did nothing to advance the strategic position of the Confederacy.) At the Wilderness, Grant's objective was to destroy Lee's army and Lee's objective was to avoid that and force Grant to withdraw behind the Rappahannock, as his predecessors had. Neither general succeeded and therefore the battle was inconclusive. The use of the term "strategic victory" can be justified for Antietam because historians can show a direct link between the aftermath of that battle and the ultimate end of the war. Hal Jespersen (talk) 15:25, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * A tactical victory is described here: [].
 * A decisive victory is described here: [].
 * A strategic victory is described here []  (note, especially, what this article says about the Battle of Antietam).

 * Therefore, your statement that:

 * Historians rarely use numbers or percentages of casualties to determine the victor of a battle.

 * is not valid. Sorry. Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 05:14, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies says this battle was "inconclusive", so does the NPS, even Lee said the results were mixed (The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864 by Gordon C. Rhea), The Civil War: A Visual Encyclopedia also says inconclusive, as does the Encyclopedia of the Civil War. This parsing of battles as "tactically fooian, strategically fooish" is exactly NOT what is needed in infoboxes, the template documentation points this out, and I strongly discourage editors from trying to implement this as a pattern in ACW articles. If the result of this battle was actually in question or complex (which it isn't), we would go with something like "See Aftermath" and explain it in that section. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 22:32, 8 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm a big ACW buff, and yeah, the definite weight of RS is to an inconclusive outcome. Hog Farm Bacon 22:58, 8 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment ''The Battle of the Wilderness has been described as inconclusive in every history that I have read on the battle. This is a reach at best. Keep the infobox simple and stay in line with the general historical consensus. We are not rewriting history here.Tirronan (talk) 00:40, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment Agree with others that "inconclusive" is the best summary. We have previously included the parenthetical "Union offensive continued", but this seems unnecessary. "Strategic Union victory" is an overstatement. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 03:26, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment per PM67 and WP:MILMOS keep the infobox simple. Don't engage in WP:OR and try to figure it out yourself. The sources appear fairly consistent in describing it as "inconclusive". Regards, Cinderella157 (talk) 09:51, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment: I note that the source cited in the infobox in support of "Strategic Union Victory" dates from 1932. This does not inspire confidence. Gog the Mild (talk) 22:09, 9 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment "Inconclusive" or "Indecisive" seems to be the best fit. -Indy beetle (talk) 02:00, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Aftermath section
I added a quote from McPherson to the Aftermath section in order to explain the significance of the battle results. Please let me know how it looks. Thanks. Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 00:16, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Regarding comment from Kresock about the quote from McPherson: "it's pretty big; do we need all of it, as some of this is already in the main text?"

 * I tried to make the quote as brief as possible. However, I don't think the significance of the quote can be condensed any more than it already is.  What Grant did after the battle was never done before May 1864, and the effect it had on the Army of the Potomatc (which was lacking in the previous version), as well as the course of the campaign and the war itself cannot be understated.  I mean, it was huge, and it's like not mentioning the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation in the Battle of Antietam article.

 * The second paragraph can be condensed, perhaps, but in my opinion, it breaks up the context. I'm open to suggestions though.  Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 02:03, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. Not too long, very pertinent and exact in what it says. Let's keep the whole thing.  Ratagonia (talk) 15:10, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Bill the Cat 7 (talk) 00:52, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

GA review
This article IMHO is nowhere near GA standard. While the references are adequate for B Class, more in line citations are required for GA. It would be better for the nominator to remove the nomination to work on the article, than to have it failed.Jim Sweeney (talk) 15:39, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I am not the nominator, but as the principal author and maintainer of the article, I also recommend withdrawing the nomination or failing the proposal, whichever is easier. Hal Jespersen (talk) 22:57, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Nomination withdrawn, it can of course be resubmitted when ready.Jim Sweeney (talk) 08:54, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

How many references would be needed to bring this up to GA-class? Wild Wolf (talk) 20:05, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Every point and statement would need a cite to a reliable source. Jim Sweeney (talk) 20:51, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Gen. J.H. Hobart Ward
This general isn't mentioned in this article, though his own wikipedia article says he was discharged for misconduct during this battle. Yet his article also mentions he received a head wound at the subsequent battle of Spottsylvania. I don't have the time (nor am I in a location) to do the research, but IMHO either his name needs clearing or a link could be added to explain ptsd/head injury treatment during the Civil War.Jweaver28 (talk) 14:30, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I checked Gordon Rhea's book on the Wilderness and Ward only warrants a footnote, so I don't think it's appropriate to include anything in this article about the incident, but he was accused of running from the enemy without any attempt to rally his retreating men, until one of Hancock's aides persuaded him to do so. It is unclear from the various sources exactly why he was relieved on May 12. The simple biographic references, such as Ezra Warner's, suggest that he was relieved because of his action and drunkenness at the Wilderness, but Rhea cites Francis Walker's History of the Second Army Corps as stating that David B. Birney relieved him on May 12 when he discovered him drunk on that day. Perhaps it was a combination of both. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:50, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

The Wilderness
From the article it is unclear to me if the Wilderness is a name of an actual geographical place or if it is the wilderness with the meaning "an unsettled and uncultivated tract of land left in its natural state", as Wiktionary puts it. If it is a geographical place I suggest a link to be added the first time it is used to highlight that fact (even if no article exists yet). Best, Jopparn (talk) 21:20, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

What state did the Battle of the Wilderness take place in? I can't find it, and I don't have time to read through a long comprehensive article to discover where that important detail is buried. Linstrum (talk) 01:17, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

In what state did the Battle of the Wilderness take place?
I very specifically went to this article to find out, and I can't find it. If the name of the state is buried somewhere deep in the text, please put it right up front where it belongs with the other information of major over-all importance. Linstrum (talk) 01:34, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

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wiikkkki what wiki eho — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.198.183.170 (talk) 21:47, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

"Lance Weller" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Lance Weller. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 20 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 01:46, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Liz Cheney concession speech August 16, 2022
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/17/us/politics/liz-cheney-concession-speech.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-apADgOr4U

U.S. Rep Liz Cheney referenced the Battle of the Wilderness in her concession speech on August 16, 2022 with these words:

"Our duty as citizens of this republic is not only to defend the freedom that's been handed down to us. We also have an obligation to learn from the actions of those who came before, to know the stories of grit and perseverance of the brave men and women who built and saved this union. In the lives of these great Americans, we find inspiration and purpose.

"In May of 1864, after years of war and a string of reluctant Union generals, Ulysses S. Grant met General Lee's forces at the Battle of the Wilderness. In two days of heavy fighting, the Union suffered over 17,000 casualties. At the end of that battle, General Grant faced a choice. Most assumed he would do what previous Union generals had done and retreat. On the evening of May 7, Grant began to move. As the fires of the battle still smoldered, Grant rode to the head of the column. He rode to the intersection of Brock Road and Orange Plank Road. And there, as the men of his army watched and waited, instead of turning north back towards Washington and safety, Grant turns his horse south toward Richmond and the heart of Lee's army. Refusing to retreat, he pressed on to victory. Lincoln and Grant and all who fought in our nation's tragic Civil War, including my own great-great-grandfathers, saved our Union. Their courage saved freedom. And if we listen closely, they are speaking to us down the generations. We must not idly squander what so many have fought and died for." SAshevilleNC (talk) 18:30, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

Casualty Table
Can we add the casualty table back? I recall there used to be a table of casualties from the different sources as different reliable sources (The National Parks Service and the WP Atlas) disagree substantially on casualties. I know this is a settled issue on this article -- but I would like to exhibit that even though there is a scholarly majority that there is not unanimity (the Nat'l Parks service puts the casualties for the Union higher than on this article by about 1,000). 35.2.147.173 (talk) 16:57, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Here is the last revision that contained it. @TwoScars may want to jump in about why they removed it. I thought it was neat too but maybe it doesn't fit well within the article. I don't know much about the West Point Atlas but it is interesting how much lower their Confederate casualties are versus the National Park Service. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 17:14, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The article, in the casualties section, covers various estimates and discusses why they are good or bad estimates. Some of this is discussed in footnotes. Read Note 24 that begins with "Confederate casualties are difficult to list because only 112 of 183 regiments engaged reported." Yes, the Union casualties may be low, as noted by Rhea and in Note 22. One problem with the NPS estimates is that there are no discussions on their estimates. One might also notice that the National Parks CSA number of 11,400 in the old table does not match what the National Parks Battle Detail uses (10,800). Young's numerical study appears to be the most accurate figure for CSA casualties, and that is why it is used in the InfoBox. The 17,666 total for the Union appears most often, although (as mentioned in the text and notes) that number is probably low. Perhaps the unnamed user would like to create a separate list page that has the old table (with corrections), but also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each source's estimate. Much of that information could be copied from the footnotes. A "Further information" underneath the Casualties section header could link to the list/table. TwoScars (talk) 18:05, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I wish I knew how to do any of that -- I would perhaps include a section about the debate about casualty numbers rather than a whole table for it since it seems like it was removed for good reason. Mentioning the influence that lost cause or lost cause lite (Foote) have had on the portrayal or representation of the casualties, or the incomplete nature of modern results would seem to be enlightening for the readers. If I was to create a new page it might be called "Controversies on the Battle of the Wilderness" which could be extensive covering casualties and narratives about the battle. 35.2.147.173 (talk) 22:47, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Wilderness


text:
Talk:Carnegie Hall

Joke
I don't get the joke. Courier new 06:31, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello Courier,

 * Here is the explanation.

 * Decades ago, great numbers of young people in America aspired to become successful concert pianists, violinists, etc. To "get to Carnegie Hall" was a common phrase that meant "to achieve a level of skill so fine as to produce an invitation to perform in Carnegie Hall."  Young people were often told that they would never get to Carnegie Hall unless they practiced a lot.

 * So, the basis of the joke is that a simple request for directions is answered with a moral exhortation.

 * I hope this helps.

 * Opus33 16:38, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I get the joke now. Thanks. Courier new 02:50, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Quick edit made re: Spartk reference to joke = "How Do I Get To Carnegie Hall was from the 2002 album "Lil' Beethoven", not 2006's "Hello Young Lovers" as had been listed.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.220.35.82 (talk) 18:54, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Dunfermlne
What about Carnegie Hall in Dunfermline, why is this not documented on Wikipedia...? Adw2000 13:56, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * - The Carnegie Hall in Dunfermline is mentioned in the Dunfermline article. J. Van Meter 14:05, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Tenants??
Carnegie Hall apparently has living spaces. story here. another story.

51 studios. Bernstein was one of the tenants. This should be made part of the article, but I lack time at the moment. Nodekeeper 20:37, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

I found a picture to the interior of one here not bad digs. Nodekeeper 20:52, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Isaac Stern or Main Hall
Should the Main Hall be listed as just that, or as "Isaac Stern Auditorium"?

Pictures
We should probably get some pictures of the interior of the main hall. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TheFinalSay (talk • contribs) 21:51, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Rock & Roll "ban"
What is the source for this claim of a ban on rock and roll performers (see quoted passage below)? Is it the footnoted Schaffner book, or is it simply Sid Bernstein making this assertion within that book? I ask because I am one of the archivists at Carnegie Hall, and I have never heard of this apparent "ban" before, and given the large numbers of rock and rhythm & blues artists that appeared here, including Bill Haley and others before 1955, I find it highly unlikely that such a ban ever existed. One particularly potent example would be the appearance here in 1962 of Johnny Cash, whose drug problems were no secret by that point, and which would seemingly be cause to have invoked such a “ban” to prevent controversy (which would seem to be the point of banning certain acts or genres).

If it is simply Sid making that claim, then I think this falls under the heading of hearsay, unless a second source can be located. There has always been a fairly "open door" policy here (and I say this with absolutely no intended bias -- if there indeed WAS such a ban, we'd like to know about it for reasons of history!). Note this: Robert Simon, Jr., the owner of Carnegie Hall from 1935 to 1960, has stated to us (as recently as last week) that there was absolutely no such “ban” in effect, ever. I think that for these reasons, references to this ban should be removed, since they create a false historical context for the 1964 Beatles concert. Rhudson (talk) 19:11, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

"Although Bill Haley and the Comets appeared at Carnegie Hall in 1955, in the late fifties and early sixties, the theater refused to allow rock acts like Elvis Presley and Chubby Checker. The ban on rock and roll concerts at Carnegie Hall was finally broken by the Beatles, who performed in the storied hall on February, 12 1964 during their first-ever trip to the United States. The Beatles were able to break the concert hall's long-standing ban on rock music when promoter Sid Bernstein convinced Carnegie officials that a Beatles concert at the venue "would further international understanding" between the United States and Great Britain. ref: Nicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever (New York: Cameron House, 1977), 14."

 * Easy: Can anyone identify a rock and roll act that played at the hall between 1955 and 1964? Markhh (talk) 00:32, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * There were blues/R&B performers (Muddy Waters, for one), but not many "rock and roll" acts (depends upon how you draw that definition, and whether it really makes a big difference), but even if there were not any at all, it still doesn't prove there was an outright "ban." Any number of other factors (such as concert promotors simply believing the venue wasn't right for their acts; tour schedules; etc.) could account for the lack just as easily.  It just seems to me that a claim of an outright ban is strong enough that it needs be substantiated. Rhudson (talk) 21:20, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Richard Schulze
For information on how Richard Schulze saved the Carnegie Hall Building, a [web site] provides a vast historical archive and brings the researcher back to relive those exciting moments which enabled the Carnegie Hall Building to be saved.

The demolition of the Carnegie Hall Studios and the eviction of its artist tenants represents a cultural apostasy. It makes the work of Richard Schulze, the savior of the Carnegie Hall Building, meaningless. (For more information: http://www.carnegiehallfund.org). The financial ramifications of this ill-advised move endangers the venerable Carnegie Hall by stripping the corporation of its financial viability. This is because the Carnegie Hall Building was saved by recognizing the monetary value of the studio rental incomes and their ability to enable the Carnegie Hall Corporation to operate in the black even if no concert dates in the Hall proper could be had. The Carnegie Hall Building was in danger of demolition beginning in the late 1950s due to the announcement that the New York Philharmonic was moving all its concerts to Lincoln Center. When that happened, plans were being made to reduce the Carnegie Hall Building into a Kinney Parking Lot. At this point, Richard Schulze stepped in and opposed and prevented it from happening (keeping the issue alive in the press for a three year period and stopping the wrecking ball several times), writing a feasibility study and operating plan that enabled the building to be saved. These work products were given to Isaac Stern when Stern expressed grave doubt that anything could save the building. Stern had heard a recording made by Richard Schulze that outlined Schulze's operating plan and feasibility study. Upon receipt of Schulze's work, Stern utilized Schulze's ideas and financial projections in order to enable Albany to pass enabling legislation to save the building. Rheesmusic (talk) 18:44, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

History
As it stands the History section is a mixture of physical history, ownership history and musical history. Each surely deserves its own sub-section? The musical history could certainly be developed and expanded, particularly with regard to African-American music. This link could provide a lot of useful source material, especially from its timeline of significant concerts by African-American performers. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:56, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Finances
"The hall's employee who oversees props at the New York was paid $530,000 in salary and benefits..."

The New York what?Syzygos (talk) 02:43, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Vandalism
There is vandalism, shown by clicking on the Jazz show line at the top, featuring photos of two women. I do not know how it is done, or how to fix it. Perhaps some other editor can remove it.

access in main hall
The article states:

"The Main Hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator"

So, to get the top level you take the lift and then climb 137 steps. Why is there such a huge gap between the top and penultimate level? Markb (talk) 12:05, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

Reason he built it
How about adding that he built it because he felt a little "bad" that he sorta caused the Johnstown Flood or so I heard on History "The Men who Built America."Hillmon7500 (talk) 00:22, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

Street Address vs. Location
For GPS and car service reservation purposes, it would be useful to know the (entirely theoretical) street address ("house number") on West 57th Street. I called Carnegie Hall and they would only give out the legal, Postal Service address of their business office lobby near the corner of West 56th Street, 881 Seventh Avenue. This address is not the physical location of any of the three auditoriums to which patrons might drive or be dropped off. In that sense, the "Location" in the main page here is misleading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stagehand (talk • contribs) 15:48, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

sounds like Carnegie Hall handout
NO mention of the controversies over the artists' studios or CH's trashing of archival & historical materials, furnishings, musical instruments etc74.12.125.129 (talk) 05:05, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carnegie Hall


text:
Talk:Inner light

Star Trek
Can't we keep the Star Trek episodes on Memory Alpha? http://www.memory-alpha.org/ -- Skyfaller 06:22, 2004 May 3 (UTC)

 * No. Cburnett 00:32, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Might it be a good idea to put the Star Trek reference at the end of the article, as in the main article on the Religious Society of Friends? --MaxHund 15:23, 2005 Jun 18 (UTC)
 * No. --Ahc 00:59, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

silent meditation
I thought most Friends agreed that meeting for worship is not silent "meditation". It is waiting and listening, but not meditating. --MaxHund 15:18, 2005 Jun 18 (UTC)
 * That's true. However, this article needs lots of work, so don't be surprised if other things change as well. --Ahc 00:57, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

POV
I think there is a subtle POV in this article. It is slanted toward the ideas of Friends who are Universalist and non-evangelical. I did a search of Quaker Faith and Practices of various yearly meetings and found the terms "inner light" and "inward light" used almost interchangeably. There is no doubt in my mind that Fox and some of the early Friends considered the light to be within each person but something separate from the person and transcendent. What do others think? I'm not suggesting removing the material here but just balancing it with other views to make it NPOV. Logophile 12:15, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree -- for the early Quakers, the "light" was something separate and transcendent shining on them, inward, not something completely within them. "Inner light" appears just a handful of times in Fox. It's true that most modern liberal Friends don't make much distinction, but I've met some Friends that do. I think the inner vs. inward discussion deserves it's own section in the article, and eventually it's own page. (Or maybe a neutral title is possible -- "Inner/inward light" or "Light (Quaker)"?) Zach (wv) (t) 23:23, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I should have written an update. I worked on the article a good bit, expanding it and trying to make it NPOV.  I think I did pretty well, but it could use even more expansion and revising, I'm sure.  I think that the title is good, as that is the term used most often in various Faith and Practice's.  The article still explains that "inward light" is a synonym. Logophile 04:35, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the article and title are great for the short and medium term, but I still think it might be best to eventually either make a separate article or change the title to a more neutral term, precisely because I'm not sure that they actually are synonyms, even though most 21st/late 20th-century Friends use them as such. I think we're just starting to re-understand the difference (with books like Rex Ambler's). But in the more near term, yes, let's keep it as is, and if anything just expand on this issue in the article itself. Zach (wv) (t) 02:10, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I was very happy to see this POV question here; I was just wondering about the "inward/inner" difference as I worked on this. One way out might be to rename this page to "Light within," which seems neutral to me, and is traditional, at least according to NYYM F&P glossary.  There could be redirects from both inward/inner. DAllen\talk 02:04, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge Spirit of Christ into Inner Light
The Spirit of Christ article contains little or no information that can't be found at Inner Light. It is merely an aspect of the latter article, and can have little extra added to it. I see no reason for this page to exist, other than for it to serve as a redirect page. Thoughts on this? I suggest a merger into Inner Light Ian Goggin 21:05, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge. see discussion at talk:Spirit of Christ. by Cgmusselman 19:47, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Spirit of Christ merged
I saw no real value in the content of the article,so my only addition was to include it in the list of alternative names. Should anybody wish to use some of the text from Spirit of Christ I have saved it for the moment at User:Ian Goggin/Spirit of Christ text/. Any objections or whatnot, just drop me a note on my talk page. Ian Goggin 20:30, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Please allow a newbie to Wikipedia some leeway in style and etiquette but I hope some expansion is possible because I think it is an important point to modern Quakerism. I have no problem with the redirection or inclusion of "Spirit of Christ" with "Inner Light" but I do think the way modern Quakers use the terms is interesting. As an Elder in a dynamic and liberal Meeting in Britain Yearly Meeting I know that some Friends use the term "Spirit of Christ" while others use "Inner Light" and these really do mean different things. I believe it is something to do with the idea that for some Friends, the Spirit of Christ is limited (compared to "The Spirit") and exclusive to Christians (or Universalist Christians) whilst others use it in a more historical sense. Others do indeed use them interchangeably which may reveal an individual Friend's desire to be accommodating or a kind of agnosticism. I am interested in this distinction and it seems to me that it is important to the discussion (or is that debate or argument?) about Christocentricity and universalism. I would be happy to hear argued feedback that this is POV or different elsewhere Buzzilla (talk) 21:06, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This sounds interesting information and may well be worth including but bear in mind it is not enough to "know it to be true because I was there", you must provide citations to demonstrate that reputable sources have reported and discussed such usages of these words. Good luck. Abtract (talk) 21:30, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

What Inner Light Is
Inner Light is something that can be seen within anyone, even the blind. To see your Inner Light, in a forced way, can be accomplished by squeezing your eyes closed. The tighter you do this the more white your Inner Light will be. To see your Inner Light naturally is accomplished by covering your eyes with a black sleeping mask, so no external light enters your eyes, then close your eye lids while looking straight ahead, as if you can still see. You can do this as a meditation practice to steady your looking. Eventually your Inner Light will be front and center where it will at first appear as a head light in the distance. The more you want to see it the brighter it will become. This light is naturally a tuned to the vibration of God, so it is when seeing this light that you are more easily able to communicate with God. So the more you see your inner light the more in contact with God you will be as well as more radiant. Also the more you process your thoughts and experiences through this light the more enlightened you will become.

 * This entry is not broadly representative of how Friends understand or experience the Inner or Inward Light. It may be one person's authentic experience, but it is not generally understood in this way. For most Friends the Inward or Inner Light is an experience of spiritual Light, which may be interpreted internally as a light, a felt presence, a physical sensation, a calming sensation, a sound, or a myriad of other metaphors. The Inward Light is the light of the Spirit or of God which both "convicts" a person, revealing the person's shortcomings (or "sins" in the language of early Friends), and sets a person free from those same shortcomings. When the Inner Light is truly experienced, Friends have been known to tremble or quake. Hence the name "Quakers," used as a pejorative term by a judge of the 17th century while trying Quakers for blasphemy.--Merrywood (talk) 21:43, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

 * "Each Quaker has a different idea of what they mean by 'inner light'". Has this wild claim been verified? The Real Walrus (talk) 22:25, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Closed no need to move please see naming conventions. Zoo Pro  11:57, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Inner light → Inner Light –
 * proper noun, per usage throughout article. Latter redirects to former. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 08:36, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Is it a proper-name? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:08, 30 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the case that this is a proper noun has not been made. Many things are capitalized by communities which feel they are important, but that doesn't mean that we should do so at WP. — kwami (talk) 23:59, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose it is not clearly a proper noun, but rather ascribed this title for emphasis as per common practice in various religious communities. Tiggerjay (talk) 06:01, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

only christian meaning?
Maybe this page must be moved to Inner Light (christianity) or something similar. The concept of Inner Light is not just a christian concept, it exists also in Sant Mat (or Surat Shabd Yoga for example. There are lots of India-related spiritual paths that talk about Inner Light! --GurDass (talk) 12:31, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

The Inner Light
The usage of The Inner Light is under discussion, see Talk:The Inner Light (song) -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 23:57, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inner light