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Ed Brubaker

Ed Brubaker (born November 17, 1966) is an American comic book writer, cartoonist and screenwriter who works primarily in the crime fiction genre. He began his career with the semi-autobiographical series Lowlife and a number of serials in the Dark Horse Presents anthology, before achieving industry-wide acclaim with the Vertigo series Scene of the Crime and moving to the superhero comics such as Batman, Catwoman, The Authority, Captain America, Daredevil and Uncanny X-Men. Brubaker is best known for his long-standing collaboration with British artist Sean Phillips, starting with their Elseworlds one-shot Batman: Gotham Noir in 2001 and continuing with a number of creator-owned series such as Criminal, Incognito, Fatale, The Fade Out and Kill or Be Killed.

He is also known for co-creating the Winter Soldier identity of Bucky Barnes with Steve Epting.

Brubaker has won numerous awards for his comics work, including seven Eisner Awards, two Harvey Awards, an Ignatz Award, and a GLAAD Media Award.

In addition to his work in comics, Brubaker served as the executive producer and co-writer of the 2019 Amazon series Too Old to Die Young, directed by Nicolas Winding Refn.

Early life
Brubaker, the child of a Navy intelligence officer, spent much of his childhood in Guantánamo Bay, reading comics that included Captain America and his sidekick Bucky Barnes, which were seminal in the storyline he would one day write when creating the Winter Soldier. Describing his affinity for Captain America's sidekick thus, he has stated, "I was a Navy brat, and he was an Army brat." As Bucky had been killed off before Brubaker began reading comics, he assumed that the character had met his demise in an elaborate, dramatic story, only to find that he had been unceremoniously killed in a single page of The Avengers #4, which Brubaker saw as an injustice, commenting, "I was a 9-year-old kid, and I was horrified." His uncle was screenwriter John Paxton.

Early work
Brubaker began his career in comics as a cartoonist, writing and drawing Pajama Chronicles for Blackthorne Publishing, Purgatory U.S.A. for Slave Labor Graphics and several short stories for various small-press anthologies. His most well-known work of the period is Lowlife, a semi-autobiographical series first published by Caliber and later moved to Aeon Press. For Caliber, Brubaker also co-edited an anthology publication titled Monkey Wrench.

In 1991, Brubaker wrote one of his earliest crime stories for the Dark Horse anthology series Dark Horse Presents, which he would continue to contribute to intermittently throughout the decade. Among those contributions were the three-part serial "An Accidental Death", a collaboration between Brubaker and artist Eric Shanower which garnered the two an Eisner Award nomination in 1993, a Godzilla short story and another tale under the "Lowlife" title, this time a romantic triangle explored through three stories with each depicting a different participant's point-of-view. The latter story was collected by Alternative Comics into a standalone publication titled At the Seams, which in turn was nominated for Outstanding Graphic Novel or Collection at the 1997 Ignatz Awards. His other work for Alternative Comics, the humorous and experimental Detour #1, was to be the first issue of a series, though only one issue was published. Detour was nominated for the "Best New Series" Harvey Award in 1998.

Brubaker's last work for Dark Horse Presents was "The Fall", a five-part story illustrated by Berlin creator Jason Lutes about a convenience store clerk who gets involved in a ten-year-old murder mystery after he uses a stolen credit card. In 2001, all five parts were collected into a one-shot by Canadian publisher Drawn & Quarterly. In 2004, IDW Publishing announced the first creator-owned project by Brubaker and artist Sean Phillips, a pirate-themed series titled Black Sails. The creators eventually decided to shelve the series in favor of Criminal (published under Marvel's Icon imprint), and "The Fall" remained Brubaker's last independent comics work until his move to Image in 2012.

DC Comics
In 1995, Brubaker was contacted by DC Comics to write a story about Prez for its "mature readers" imprint Vertigo, after being recommended to the editors by his "An Accidental Death" collaborator Eric Shanower (who was already attached to the project as the artist). The result—Brubaker's first work for one of the two major American comic book publishers—was a one-shot titled Vertigo Visions: Prez, a broad political satire revamping the obscure 1970s Joe Simon creation. Brubaker continued to pitch various ideas to Vertigo but kept getting rejected until Shelly Roeberg asked him to pitch "something [he] didn't think Vertigo would publish", which ended up being Scene of the Crime. The 1999 series marked Brubaker's first collaboration with two artists who would frequently work with him in later years: Michael Lark and Sean Phillips (who joined the project as the inker for issues #2–4). A slacker detective story set in San Francisco, Scene of the Crime was critically acclaimed and brought Brubaker to the attention of Hollywood producers for the first time.

In late 2000, Brubaker signed an exclusive contract with DC Comics. That same year, he wrote his first mainstream superhero work, taking over Batman with issue #582 (Oct. 2000). Brubaker would continue writing various series starring Batman and his ancillary characters until late 2003, including contributions to inter-title crossover storylines such as "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive", as well as a stint on Detective Comics that was cut short due to an unspecified dispute with the editors. Also in 2000, Brubaker launched his second creator-owned property at Vertigo, the science fiction series Deadenders with artist Warren Pleece, which lasted 16 issues before its cancellation in 2001. Brubaker's last work for Vertigo was Dead Boy Detectives, a four-issue The Sandman spin-off limited series illustrated by artist Bryan Talbot.

In 2001, Brubaker teamed up with artist Darwyn Cooke to revamp Catwoman, redesigning and redeveloping the character's costume, supporting cast and modus operandi. The pair's stint started with a four-part serial "Trail of the Catwoman", published in Detective Comics #759–762, in which private detective Slam Bradley attempts to investigate the death of Selina Kyle, a.k.a. Catwoman, and continued into the new Catwoman series which launched in late 2001. Brubaker stayed on the series until #37 (Jan. 2005). During this time, Brubaker and Marvel writer Brian Michael Bendis discussed co-writing a team-up tale between DC's Batman with Marvel's Daredevil. The two writers were enthusiastic about their ideas, which included a fight between Batman and Marvel villain Bullseye as well as another fight between Catwoman and Elektra. DC editors Matt Idelson and Bob Schreck were also enthusiastic, but DC Publisher Paul Levitz objected to the project due to a prior disagreement with Marvel's Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada.

In 2002, Brubaker did his first work for Wildstorm, another DC imprint, penning the five-issue Wildcats spin-off Point Blank. The series, drawn by New Zealand artist Colin Wilson and starring Wildcats' member Grifter, took existing characters and concepts from the Wildstorm Universe and used them to set up Brubaker's Sleeper series which debuted later that year. A collaboration with artist Sean Phillips, Sleeper starred Holden Carver, a secret agent who goes undercover in a supervillain's powerful organization only to have his only contact in law enforcement fall into a coma. With the authorities believing him a dangerous criminal, Carver is caught between the two warring sides with unclear allegiances. Although Sleeper was a success with critics and fans on the Internet, the series underperformed commercially. In December 2003, in a unique publicity stunt conceived to help promote the first trade paperback collection of Sleeper, Brubaker organized an arm wrestling competition at San Francisco's Isotope Comics. If participants were able to beat Brubaker at arm wrestling, they were awarded free signed comic books. According to Brubaker, he wrestled around 40–50 people and won most of the time, losing only to eight or nine contestants.

During the series' run, Sleeper also took part in the line-wide crossover "Coup d'Etat", with Brubaker scripting the first issue of the eponymous limited series. "Coup d'Etat" featured a series of events that led the Authority, a powerful team of superhumans in the Wilstorm Universe, to take over the United States. Following the crossover, Brubaker and artist Dustin Nguyen produced the 12-issue The Authority: Revolution series which explored the ramifications of the team's actions, while Sleeper was relaunched with the Season Two subtitle under the first volume's creative team.

Brubaker's last major project at DC was Gotham Central, co-created by Brubaker, writer Greg Rucka and artist Michael Lark. The series focused on the activities of the Gotham City Police Department, with writers either co-scripting storylines or alternating between the arcs. After Brubaker and Lark left the series due to their newly-signed exclusive contracts with Marvel, Rucka decided to discontinue the title, and Gotham Central was cancelled with issue #40 (Apr. 2006).

Marvel Comics
Brubaker's first work for Marvel was volume five of the Captain America series. Paired with artist Steve Epting, Brubaker introduced new villains and resurrected the long-dead supporting character Bucky Barnes as "the Winter Soldier". The relaunch was a commercial and critical success from its first issue, with its most well-known storyline involving the assassination of Steve Rogers and subsequent passing of the Captain America mantle to Bucky Barnes. Brubaker wrote Captain America for eight full years, from November 2004 to October 2012, alongside several spin-off titles and associated series based around the character, including the 2009 mini-series Captain America: Reborn, which featured the return of Rogers, the eight-issue The Marvels Project limited series, as well as Secret Avengers, an ongoing series that followed the adventures of the eponymous team formed in the aftermath of the company-wide crossover storyline "Siege".

Brubaker's workload at Marvel increased in 2006. He wrote two limited series, Books of Doom with artist Pablo Raimondi, retelling and expanding on the origin of Doctor Doom, and X-Men: Deadly Genesis with artist Trevor Hairsine, retconning the origins of the All-New, All-Different X-Men team that debuted in 1975. After finishing Deadly Genesis in July 2006, Brubaker became the regular writer of Uncanny X-Men, working with artists Billy Tan and Clayton Henry. In addition to that, he also took over Daredevil, having already planned his run with outgoing writer Brian Michael Bendis. Once again teaming up with his Scene of the Crime and Gotham Central collaborator Michael Lark, Brubaker explored the ramifications of the character's imprisonment which occurred at the close of Bendis' run. Another notable launch of the year was The Immortal Iron Fist, an ongoing series co-written by Brubaker and Matt Fraction which started in November 2006.

Also in 2006, Brubaker and artist Sean Phillips launched their first creator-owned series Criminal, published under Marvel's Icon imprint. The title received generally positive reviews and its first arc, "Coward", won the 2007 Eisner Award for Best New Series. In 2008, after two volumes of Criminal, Brubaker and Phillips took a break from the series to launch another Icon title, Incognito, which Brubaker described as being "about a completely amoral guy with super-powers forced to pretend he's a normal law-abiding citizen, because he's in Witness Protection, and how that shapes what he becomes. It's also a brutal noir twist on the super-hero/super-villain genre that delves more into their roots in the pulps, and it's going to be pretty over-the-top and action-packed."

In February 2010, a controversy arose around Captain America #602, which depicted a group of anti-tax protesters, understood by some readers to be a Tea Party, which was characterized by the Falcon as exclusively white and racist group. Brubaker and Marvel's Editor-in-Chief Joe Quesada apologized for the matter, explaining that, although Brubaker did not intend the protesters to represent any particular real-life group, one of the signs depicted in the scene read, "Tea Bag The Libs Before They Tea Bag YOU!". The slogan was not in Brubaker's script and was instead added by letterer Joe Caramagna, who, under deadline pressures, used messages from signs he found online at the last minute. Quesada further assured that the error would not appear in future reprints of the issue. In an interview following the controversy Brubaker stated, "I had to shut down my public email because I started getting death threats from, y'know, peaceful protesters."

Image Comics
In January 2012, Brubaker and Phillips launched Fatale at Image. The series was initially announced as a twelve-issue maxi-series but was upgraded to an ongoing title in November 2012. Jesse Schedeen of IGN stated that "You can't go wrong with a Brubaker/Phillips collaboration. Even so, Fatale is making a strong case for being the best of their projects." In October 2013, Brubaker signed a five-year contract to produce comics exclusively for Image. Under the terms of the deal, Image would publish any comic Brubaker brought to them without having to pitch it. Brubaker stated this arrangement was something he has always wanted. The first series released under this contract was The Fade Out, a Hollywood period piece made with frequent collaborator Sean Phillips.

Brubaker's other projects for Image include Velvet, a spy series illustrated by his Captain America collaborator Steve Epting.

Film and television work
In March 2009, Brubaker premiered his web series Angel of Death on Crackle.

Brubaker made a cameo appearance in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier, playing the Winter Soldier's handler.

In 2016, Brubaker joined the writing staff for HBO's Westworld. He co-wrote the episode "Dissonance Theory" with Jonathan Nolan.

In 2019, Brubaker partnered with Nicolas Winding Refn to produce Too Old to Die Young, a 10-part neo-noir miniseries for Amazon.

In 2022, it was announced that Brubaker would serve as head writer and executive producer on the animated series Batman: Caped Crusader.

Personal life
Brubaker lives in Seattle, with his wife, Melanie.

Awards

 * 2003 Prism Award ("Disguises" from Catwoman #17–19)
 * 2004 GLAAD Media Awards – Outstanding Comic Book (Catwoman by Ed Brubaker)
 * 2006 Harvey Award Winner – Best Writer (Captain America)
 * 2007 Eisner Award – Best Writer (Daredevil, Captain America, Criminal), Best New Series (Criminal with Sean Phillips)
 * 2007 Harvey Award – Best Writer (Daredevil)
 * 2008 Eisner Award – Best Writer (Captain America, Criminal, Daredevil and Immortal Iron Fist)
 * 2010 Eisner Award – Best Writer (Captain America, Criminal, Daredevil, The Marvels Project, Incognito), Best Single Issue (Captain America #601 with Gene Colan)
 * 2011 Scream Award – Best Comic Book Writer (Captain America, Captain America: Reborn, The Marvels Project, Steve Rogers: Super Soldier)
 * 2012 Eisner Award – Best Limited Series or Story Arc (Criminal: The Last of the Innocent with Sean Phillips)
 * 2015 Eisner Award – Best New Series (The Fade Out with Sean Phillips)
 * 2016 Eisner Award – Best Limited Series (The Fade Out with Sean Phillips)
 * 2019 Eisner Award – Best Graphic Album—New (My Heroes Have Always Been Junkies with Sean Phillips)

Nominations

 * 1993 Eisner Award nominee – Best Writer-Artist Team ("An Accidental Death")
 * 1997 Ignatz Award nominee – Outstanding Graphic Novel or Collection (At the Seams)
 * 1998 Harvey Award nominee – Best New Series (Detour)
 * 2000 Eisner Award nominee – Best Writer (Scene of the Crime) and Best Mini-Series (Scene of the Crime)
 * 2007 Eisner Award nominee – Best Continuing Series (Daredevil with Michael Lark and Stefano Gaudiano, Captain America with Steve Epting)
 * 2010 Eisner Award nominee – Best Limited Series or Story Arc (Incognito with Sean Phillips)
 * 2013 Eisner Award nominee – Best Continuing Series (Fatale with Sean Phillips)
 * 2013 Eisner Award nominee – Best New Series (Fatale with Sean Phillips)
 * 2013 Eisner Award nominee – Best Writer (Fatale)

Early work

 * Blackthorne Publishing:
 * Pajama Chronicles (script and art, one-shot, 1987)
 * Gumby 3-D #4 (as artist — among others; written by Art Clokey, 1987)
 * Purgatory U.S.A. (script and art, one-shot, Slave Labor Graphics, 1989)
 * Rip Off Press:
 * Rip Off Cоmix #28: "Love and Fear" (script and art, anthology, 1990)
 * All Shook Up: "Reflecting on an Earthquake" (script and art, anthology one-shot, 1990)
 * Caliber:
 * Lowlife #1–2 (script and art, 1991)
 * Three more issues (written and drawn by Brubaker) were published by Aeon Press as Lowlife #3–5 (1993–1996)
 * Stories from all five issues in rearranged order are collected as A Complete Lowlife (tpb, 112 pages, Black Eye, 1997, ISBN 1-891830-20-1)
 * Monkey Wrench: "Almost Like Wisdom" (with Brian Sendelbach, anthology one-shot co-edited by Brubaker and Josh Petrin, Iconografix, 1992)
 * Dark Horse Presents (Dark Horse):
 * "Burning Man" (with Mike Christian, in #50, 1991) collected in The Best of Dark Horse Presents Volume 3 (tpb, 120 pages, 1993, ISBN 1-8785-7481-7)
 * "An Accidental Death" (with Eric Shanower, in #65–67, 1992) reprinted in the form of a one-shot as An Accidental Death (Fantagraphics Books, 1993)
 * "Here and Now" (with Stefano Gaudiano, in #96–98, 1995)
 * "Bird Dog" (with Patrick McEown, in #100-4, 1995)
 * "Godzilla's Day" (with Dave Cooper, in #106, 1996) collected in Godzilla: Age of Monsters (tpb, 272 pages, 1998, ISBN 1-569-71277-8)
 * "Lowlife" (script and art, in #113–115, 1996) reprinted in the form of a one-shot as At the Seams (Alternative Comics, 1997)
 * "The Fall" (with Jason Lutes, in #131–135, 1998) reprinted in the form of a one-shot as The Fall (Drawn & Quarterly, 2001)
 * Real Stuff (as artist, written by Dennis Eichhorn, anthology, Fantagraphics Books):
 * "Sixth Player" (in #9, 1992)
 * "The Guy Who Wanted to Be Friends" (in #13, 1993)
 * Madman Adventures (as artist — among others; jam cover for the collected edition, tpb, 66 pages, Tundra, 1993, ISBN 1-56862-014-4)
 * Wiindows #21 (cover illustration, Cult Press, 1994)
 * Northwest Cartoon Cookery: "Food, Glorious Food" (as artist, written by Dennis Eichhorn, anthology one-shot, Starhead Comix, 1995)
 * Oh That Monroe: "The Homo Test" (co-written by Brubaker and Jon Lewis, art by Sam Henderson, anthology one-shot, Wow Cool, 1995)
 * Alternative Comics:
 * Detour #1 (of 3 — discontinued after the debut issue) (script and art, 1997)
 * Urban Hipster #1–2 (as "continuity editor"; written and drawn by Greg Stump with David Lasky, 1998)
 * Small Press Expo '97: "Mysteries?" (script and art, 1-page story in the anthology one-shot, CBLDF, 1997)
 * Oni Double Feature #5 (script and art, untitled 1-page story in the anthology, Oni Press, 1998)
 * Astronauts in Trouble: Cool Ed's (as "assistant editor"; written by Larry Young, drawn by Charlie Adlard, one-shot, AiT/Planet Lar, 1999)

Vertigo

 * Vertigo Visions: Prez (with Eric Shanower, one-shot, 1995) collected in Prez: The First Teen President (tpb, 224 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-40126-317-8)
 * Gangland #3: "Small Time" (with Eric Shanower, anthology, 1998) collected in Gangland (tpb, 112 pages, 2000, ISBN 1-56389-608-7)
 * Scene of the Crime (with Michael Lark):
 * Scene of the Crime (tpb, 112 pages, 2000, ISBN 1-56389-670-2; hc, 128 pages, Image, 2012, ISBN 1-6070-6632-7) collects:
 * Vertigo: Winter's Edge #2: "God and Sinners" (anthology, 1999)
 * Scene of the Crime #1–4: "A Little Piece of Goodnight" (1999)
 * 9-11 Volume 2: "Still Life" (anthology graphic novel, 224 pages, 2002, ISBN 1-56389-878-0)
 * Deadenders (tpb, 392 pages, 2012, ISBN 1-4012-3480-1) collects:
 * Vertigo: Winter's Edge #3: "The Morning After" (with Warren Pleece, anthology, 2000)
 * Deadenders #1–16 (with Warren Pleece, 2000–2001)
 * The Sandman Presents: The Dead Boy Detectives #1–4 (with Bryan Talbot, 2001) collected as The Sandman Presents: The Dead Boy Detectives (tpb, 104 pages, 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1855-5)

DC Universe

 * Batman (with Scott McDaniel, James Tucker + Stefano Gaudiano (#600) and Sean Phillips (#603); issues #606–607 are co-written by Brubaker and Geoff Johns, 2000–2002) collected as:
 * Batman by Ed Brubaker Volume 1 (collects #582–586 and 591–597, tpb, 320 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-4012-6065-9)
 * Includes the Batman: Our Worlds at War one-shot (written by Brubaker, art by Stefano Gaudiano, 2001)
 * Batman by Ed Brubaker Volume 2 (collects #598–607, tpb, 288 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-401-26485-9)
 * Batman: Bruce Wayne — Murderer? (includes #599–602, tpb, 624 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-4012-4683-4)
 * Batman: Bruce Wayne — Fugitive (includes #603–607, tpb, 432 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-4012-4682-6)
 * Batman: Turning Points #2 (with Joe Giella) and #3 (with Dick Giordano, 2001) collected in Batman: Turning Points (tpb, 128 pages, 2007, ISBN 1-4012-1360-X)
 * Batman: Gotham Adventures #33: "World without Batman" (with Brad Rader, 2001)
 * Batman: Gotham Noir (with Sean Phillips, one-shot, Elseworlds, 2001)
 * Robin vol. 2 #86 (with Pander Brothers, 2001) collected in Batman: Officer Down (tpb, 168 pages, 2001, ISBN 1-5638-9787-3)
 * Detective Comics:
 * "History Lesson" (with Steve Lieber, co-feature in #758, 2001)
 * "Dead Reckoning" (with Tommy Castillo, in #777–782, 2003)
 * "Made of Wood" (with Patrick Zircher, in #784–786, 2003) collected in Batman: The Man Who Laughs (hc, 144 pages, 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1622-6; tpb, 2009, ISBN 1-4012-1626-9)
 * Catwoman vol. 3 (with Darwyn Cooke (#1–4), Brad Rader, Cameron Stewart, Javier Pulido (#17–19), Guy Davis (#23–24), Paul Gulacy, Sean Phillips (#32) and Diego Olmos (#33), 2002–2005) collected as:
 * Trail of the Catwoman (collects #1–9, tpb, 336 pages, 2012, ISBN 1-4012-3384-8)
 * Includes "Trail of the Catwoman" co-feature serial (art by Darwyn Cooke) from Detective Comics #759–762 (2001)
 * No Easy Way Down (collects #10–24, tpb, 400 pages, 2013, ISBN 1-4012-4037-2)
 * Includes the Catwoman Secret Files & Origins one-shot (written by Brubaker, art by Michael Avon Oeming, Cameron Stewart and Eric Shanower, 2002)
 * Under Pressure (collects #25–37, tpb, 312 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-4012-4592-7)
 * Catwoman of East End Omnibus (includes #1–37, Detective Comics #759–762 and Catwoman Secret Files & Origins, hc, 1,064 pages, 2022, ISBN 1-779-51503-0)
 * Gotham Central (with Michael Lark, Brian Hurtt (#11), Greg Scott (#16), Jason Shawn Alexander (#26–27) and Kano (#33–36), 2003–2005) collected as:
 * Issues #1–2, 12–15 and 33–36 are co-written by Brubaker and Greg Rucka.
 * In the Line of Duty (includes #1–5, hc, 240 pages, 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1923-3; tpb, 2011, ISBN 1-4012-2037-1)
 * Jokers and Madmen (includes #11–16 and 19–22, hc, 288 pages, 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2521-7; tpb, 2011, ISBN 1-4012-2543-8)
 * On the Freak Beat (includes #26–27, hc, 224 pages, 2010, ISBN 1-4012-2754-6; tpb, 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3232-9)
 * Corrigan (includes #33–36, hc, 224 pages, 2011, ISBN 1-4012-3003-2; tpb, 2012, ISBN 1-4012-3194-2)
 * Omnibus (includes #1–5, 11–16, 19–22, 26–27, 33–36, hc, 957 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-4012-6192-2)
 * Batman: Gotham Knights #41: "I'll Be Watching" (with Ryan Sook, co-feature, 2003) collected in Batman: Black and White Volume 3 (hc, 288 pages, 2007, ISBN 1-4012-1531-9; tpb, 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1354-5)
 * Hawkman vol. 4 #27: "The Black Bird" (with Sean Phillips, 2004)
 * Batman: The Man Who Laughs (with Doug Mahnke, one-shot, 2005)
 * Catwoman: 80th Anniversary 100-Page Super Spectacular: "The Art of Picking a Lock" (with Cameron Stewart, anthology one-shot, 2020) collected in Batman: 80 Years of the Bat Family (tpb, 400 pages, 2020, ISBN 1-7795-0658-9)

Wildstorm

 * The Sleeper Omnibus (hc, 720 pages, Vertigo, 2013, ISBN 1-401-23803-3) collects:
 * Point Blank #1–5 (with Colin Wilson, Eye of the Storm, 2002–2003) also collected as Point Blank (tpb, 128 pages, 2003, ISBN 1-4012-0116-4)
 * Sleeper #1–12 (with Sean Phillips, Eye of the Storm, 2003–2004) also collected as Sleeper: Season One (tpb, 288 pages, 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2360-5)
 * Coup d'Etat:
 * Coup d'Etat #1 (of 4) (with Jim Lee, Eye of the Storm, 2004) also collected in Coup d'Etat (tpb, 112 pages, 2004, ISBN 1-4012-0570-4)
 * Coup d'Etat: Afterword: "Sleeper Prelude" (with Sean Phillips, co-feature in one-shot, 2004) also collected in Sleeper: Season Two (tpb, 296 pages, 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2493-8)
 * Sleeper: Season Two #1–12 (with Sean Phillips, 2004–2005) also collected as Sleeper: Season Two (tpb, 296 pages, 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2493-8)
 * Masks: Too Hot for TV!: "Introduction" (with Doug Mahnke, anthology one-shot, Eye of the Storm, 2004)
 * Tom Strong #29–30 (with Duncan Fegredo, America's Best Comics, 2004–2005) collected in Tom Strong Book Five (hc, 136 pages, 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0624-7; tpb, 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0625-5)
 * The Authority: Revolution #1–12 (with Dustin Nguyen, 2004–2005) collected as The Authority by Ed Brubaker and Dustin Nguyen (tpb, 328 pages, 2019, ISBN 1-40-128842-1)
 * The Razor's Edge: RedBird (with Jason Pearson, unreleased 5-issue limited series — initially announced for 2005)
 * Three issues were solicited before the series was pulled off schedule.

Marvel Comics

 * Captain America:
 * Captain America vol. 5 (with Steve Epting, Michael Lark, John Paul Leon (#7), Lee Weeks (#10), Mike Perkins, Butch Guice, Roberto de la Torre (#39), Luke Ross, Mitch Breitweiser (#600, 607, 615.1, 619), David Aja + Rafael Albuquerque + Howard Chaykin (#600), Gene Colan (#601), Daniel Acuña (#611), Travis Charest + Ed McGuinness (#616), Mike Deodato, Jr. (#616–617), Chris Samnee (#617–624) and Francesco Francavilla (#625–628); after issue #619, the series was rebranded as Captain America and Bucky with issues #620–624 co-written by Brubaker and Marc Andreyko and #625–628 co-written by Brubaker and James Asmus, 2005–2012) collected as:
 * Ultimate Collection: Captain America — The Winter Soldier (collects #1–9 and 11–14, tpb, 304 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-785-14341-6; hc, 2014, ISBN 0-78518794-4)
 * House of M: Wolverine, Iron Man and Hulk (includes #10, hc, 352 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-3882-X)
 * Ultimate Collection: Captain America — Red Menace (collects #15–21, tpb, 216 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5617-8)
 * Includes Captain America 65th Anniversary Special (written by Brubaker, art by Mike Perkins, Javier Pulido and Marcos Martín, 2006)
 * The Death of Captain America: The Complete Collection (collects #22–42, tpb, 568 pages, 2013, ISBN 0-7851-8379-5)
 * Includes the Winter Soldier: Winter Kills one-shot (written by Brubaker, art by Lee Weeks and Stefano Gaudiano, 2007)
 * Captain America: The Man with No Face (collects #43–48, hc, 168 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3153-1; tpb, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3163-9)
 * Captain America: Road to Reborn (collects #49–50 and 600–601, hc, 176 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-4174-X; tpb, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4175-8)
 * Captain America: Reborn (hc, 232 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-3998-2; tpb, 2010, ISBN 0-785-14073-5) collects:
 * Captain America: Reborn Prelude (with Luke Ross, free digital mini-comic, 2009)
 * Captain America: Reborn #1–6 (with Bryan Hitch, 2009–2010)
 * Captain America: Two Americas (collects #602–605, hc, 128 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4510-9; tpb, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4511-7)
 * Includes the Captain America: Reborn — Who Will Wield the Shield? one-shot (written by Brubaker, art by Butch Guice and Luke Ross, 2010)
 * Captain America: No Escape (collects #606–610, hc, 120 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4512-5; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4513-3)
 * Captain America: The Trial of Captain America (collects #611–615 and 615.1, hc, 144 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5119-2; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5120-6)
 * Captain America: Prisoner of War (collects #616–619, hc, 144 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5119-2; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5120-6)
 * Captain America and Bucky: The Life Story of Bucky Barnes (collects #620–624, hc, 112 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5123-0; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5124-9)
 * Captain America and Bucky: Old Wounds (collects #625–628, hc, 128 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6083-3; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6084-1)
 * Captain America by Ed Brubaker Omnibus (collects #1–25, Captain America 65th Anniversary Special and Winter Soldier: Winter Kills, hc, 744 pages, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2866-2)
 * The Death of Captain America Omnibus (collects #26–42, hc, 464 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3806-4)
 * Captain America Lives! Omnibus (collects #43–50, 600–601, Captain America: Reborn Prelude and #1–6, hc, 560 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4514-1)
 * The Trial of Captain America Omnibus (includes #602–619, 615.1, Captain America: Reborn — Who Will Wield the Shield? and Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier #1–4, hc, 928 pages, 2014, ISBN 0-7851-9272-7)
 * Return of the Winter Soldier Omnibus (includes #620–628, Fear Itself: Book of the Skull, Fear Itself #7.1 and Winter Soldier #1–14, hc, 752 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-785-19271-9)
 * Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier #1–4 (with Dale Eaglesham, 2010) collected as Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier (hc, 112 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4878-7; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4879-5)
 * Fear Itself: Book of the Skull (with Scot Eaton, one-shot, 2011) collected in Fear Itself (hc, 240 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5662-3; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5663-1)
 * Captain America vol. 6 (with Steve McNiven (#1–5), Alan Davis (#6–10), Patrick Zircher (#11–14), Scot Eaton (#15–18) and Steve Epting (#19); issues #15–18 are co-written by Brubaker and Cullen Bunn, 2011–2012) collected as:
 * Captain America by Ed Brubaker Volume 1 (collects #1–5, hc, 120 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5708-5; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5709-3)
 * Captain America by Ed Brubaker Volume 2 (collects #6–10, hc, 112 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5710-7; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-5711-5)
 * Captain America by Ed Brubaker Volume 3 (collects #11–14, hc, 112 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6075-2; tpb, 2013, ISBN 0-7851-6076-0)
 * Captain America by Ed Brubaker Volume 4 (collects #15–19, hc, 120 pages, 2013, ISBN 0-7851-6077-9; tpb, 2013, ISBN 0-7851-6078-7)
 * The Trial of Captain America Omnibus (includes #1–10, hc, 928 pages, 2014, ISBN 0-7851-9272-7)
 * Return of the Winter Soldier Omnibus (includes #11–19, hc, 752 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-785-19271-9)
 * Winter Soldier by Ed Brubaker: The Complete Collection (tpb, 344 pages, 2014, ISBN 0-785-19065-1) collects:
 * Fear Itself #7.1 (with Butch Guice, 2012)
 * Winter Soldier #1–14 (with Butch Guice and Michael Lark (#6–9), 2012–2013)
 * What If... Aunt May Had Died Instead of Uncle Ben? (with Andrea Di Vito, one-shot, 2005) collected in What If... Why Not? (tpb, 152 pages, 2005, ISBN 0-7851-1593-5)
 * Wha... Huh? (with Jim Mahfood, among other writers, one-shot, 2005) collected in Secret Wars Too (tpb, 208 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-3029-0211-3)
 * Books of Doom #1–6 (with Pablo Raimondi, 2006) collected as Fantastic Four: Books of Doom (hc, 144 pages, 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2271-0; tpb, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-1704-0)
 * X-Men:
 * X-Men: Deadly Genesis #1–6 (with Trevor Hairsine and Pete Woods, 2006) collected as X-Men: Deadly Genesis (hc, 200 pages, 2006, ISBN 0-7851-1961-2; tpb, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-1830-6)
 * Uncanny X-Men (with Billy Tan, Clayton Henry (#477, 480, 483), Salvador Larocca (#487–491), Mike Choi (#495–499), Terry Dodson (#500) and Greg Land (#500–503), 2006–2008) collected as:
 * The Rise and Fall of the Shi'ar Empire (collects #475–486, hc, 312 pages, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2515-9; tpb, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-1800-4)
 * The Extremists (collects #487–491, tpb, 120 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-1982-5)
 * X-Men: Messiah Complex (includes #492–494, hc, 352 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2899-9; tpb, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2320-2)
 * Includes the X-Men: Messiah Complex one-shot (written by Brubaker, art by Marc Silvestri, 2007)
 * Divided We Stand (collects #495–499, tpb, 120 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-1983-3)
 * Manifest Destiny (includes #500–503, hc, 208 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3817-X; tpb, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-2451-9)
 * Issues #500–503 are co-written by Brubaker and Matt Fraction.
 * Daredevil vol. 2 (with Michael Lark, David Aja (#88 and 116), Lee Weeks (#94), Leandro Fernández (Annual), Stefano Gaudiano, Paul Azaceta (#103–106), Clay Mann (#111) and Tonči Zonjić (#115), 2006–2009) collected as:
 * Annual #1 is co-written by Brubaker and Ande Parks; issues #107–110 are co-written by Brubaker and Greg Rucka.
 * Daredevil by Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark Omnibus Volume 1 (collects #82–105, hc, 608 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3785-8)
 * Daredevil by Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark Omnibus Volume 2 (collects #106–119, 500 and Annual #1, hc, 472 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4520-6)
 * Includes the Daredevil: Blood of the Tarantula one-shot (co-written by Brubaker and Ande Parks, art by Chris Samnee, 2008)
 * Ultimate Collection: Daredevil by Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark Volume 1 (collects #82–93, tpb, 304 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-785-16334-4)
 * Ultimate Collection: Daredevil by Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark Volume 2 (collects #94–105, tpb, 304 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6335-2)
 * Ultimate Collection: Daredevil by Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark Volume 3 (collects #106–119 and 500, tpb, 384 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6336-0)
 * Criminal (with Sean Phillips, Icon):
 * Volume 1 (hc, 432 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-4229-0) collects:
 * Criminal Preview (free 5-page "trailer", 2006)
 * Criminal (2006–2007) also collected as:
 * Coward (collects #1–5, tpb, 128 pages, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2439-X)
 * Lawless (collects #6–10, tpb, 128 pages, 2007, ISBN 0-78512-816-6)
 * Criminal vol. 2 #1–3 (2008) also collected as Criminal: The Dead and the Dying (tpb, 104 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-785-13227-9)
 * Liberty Comics #1: "No One Rides for Free" (anthology, Image, 2008) also collected in CBLDF Presents: Liberty (hc, 216 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-6070-6937-7; tpb, 2016, ISBN 1-6070-6996-2)
 * Volume 2 (hc, 432 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6584-3) collects:
 * Criminal vol. 2 #4–7 (2008) also collected as Criminal: Bad Night (tpb, 120 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-78513-228-7)
 * Noir: A Collection of Crime Comics: "21st Century Noir" (anthology graphic novel, sc, 104 pages, Dark Horse, 2009, ISBN 1-59582-358-1; hc, 2020, ISBN 1-5067-1686-5)
 * Criminal: The Sinners #1–5 (2009–2010) also collected as Criminal: The Sinners (tpb, 144 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-3229-5)
 * Criminal: The Last of the Innocent #1–4 (2011) also collected as Criminal: The Last of the Innocent (tpb, 112 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5829-4)
 * The Immortal Iron Fist (co-written by Brubaker and Matt Fraction):
 * The Last Iron Fist Story (hc, 160 pages, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2854-9; tpb, 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2489-6) collects:
 * Civil War: Choosing Sides: "The Immortal Iron Fist" (with David Aja, anthology one-shot, 2006)
 * "The Last Iron Fist Story" (with David Aja, Travel Foreman, John Severin, Russ Heath and Sal Buscema, in #1–6, 2007)
 * The Seven Capital Cities of Heaven (hc, 216 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2992-8; tpb, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2535-3) collects:
 * "Men of a Certain Deadly Persuasion" (with Howard Chaykin, Dan Brereton and Jelena Kevic-Djurdjević, in Annual, 2007)
 * "The Seven Capital Cities of Heaven" (with David Aja, Roy Martinez, Scott Koblish, Kano, Javier Pulido, Tonči Zonjić and Clay Mann, in #8–14, 2007–2008)
 * The Book of Iron Fist (hc, 160 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2993-6; tpb, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-2536-1) collects:
 * "The Pirate Queen of Pinghai Bay" (with Travel Foreman, Leandro Fernández and Khari Evans, in #7, 2007)
 * Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death (with Russ Heath, Mitch Breitweiser, Nick Dragotta and Lewis LaRosa, one-shot, 2008)
 * The Origin of Danny Rand (with Kano, two-page framing sequence for a reprint of Marvel Premiere #15–16, one-shot, 2008)
 * "The Story of the Iron Fist Bei Bang-Wen (1827–1860)" (with Khari Evans, in #15, 2008)
 * "Happy Birthday Danny" (with David Aja, in #16, 2008)
 * Omnibus (collects #1–16, Annual, Civil War: Choosing Sides, Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death and The Origin of Danny Rand, hc, 560 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3819-6)
 * The Complete Collection Volume 1 (collects #1–16, Annual, Civil War: Choosing Sides, Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death and The Origin of Danny Rand, tpb, 496 pages, 2013, ISBN 0-78518-542-9)
 * What If...? Civil War: "The Stranger" (with Marko Djurdjević, framing sequence in the one-shot, 2008) collected in What If: Civil War (tpb, 168 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-3036-5)
 * Young Avengers Presents #1: "Patriot" (with Paco Medina, 2008) collected in Young Avengers Presents (tpb, 144 pages, 2008, ISBN 0-7851-2975-8)
 * Incognito: The Classified Edition (hc, 368 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6574-6) collects:
 * Incognito #1–6 (with Sean Phillips, Icon, 2008–2009) also collected as Incognito (tpb, 176 pages, 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3979-6)
 * Incognito: Bad Influences #1–5 (with Sean Phillips, Icon, 2010–2011) also collected as Incognito: Bad Influences (tpb, 144 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-5155-9)
 * The Marvels Project #1–8 (with Steve Epting, 2009–2010) collected as The Marvels Project: Birth of the Super Heroes (hc, 208 pages, 2010, ISBN 0-7851-4630-X; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4061-1)
 * Secret Avengers (with Mike Deodato, Jr., David Aja + Michael Lark (#5) and Will Conrad (#9–12), 2010–2011) collected as:
 * Mission to Mars (collects #1–5, hc, 136 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4599-0; tpb, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4600-8)
 * Eyes of the Dragon (collects #6–12, hc, 168 pages, 2011, ISBN 0-7851-4601-6; tpb, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-4602-4)
 * Secret Avengers by Ed Brubaker: The Complete Collection (collects #1–12, tpb, 304 pages, 2018, ISBN 1-3029-1219-4)
 * Avengers vs. X-Men:
 * Marvel Point One: "Behold the Watcher" (with Javier Pulido, anthology one-shot, 2012) collected in Original Sin (hc, 392 pages, 2014, ISBN 0-7851-9069-4; tpb, 240 pages, 2015, ISBN 0-7851-5491-4)
 * Avengers vs. X-Men #3 (with John Romita, Jr.) and #10 (with Adam Kubert, 2012) collected in Avengers vs. X-Men (hc, 568 pages, 2012, ISBN 0-7851-6317-4; tpb, 384 pages, 2013, ISBN 0-7851-6318-2)

Image Comics

 * Fatale (with Sean Phillips, 2012–2014) collected as:
 * Volume 1 (collects #1–10, hc, 312 pages, 2014, ISBN 1-6070-6942-3)
 * Volume 2 (collects #11–24, hc, 432 pages, 2015, ISBN 1-6321-5503-6)
 * Velvet #1–15 (with Steve Epting, 2013–2016) collected as Velvet (hc, 416 pages, 2017, ISBN 1-6321-5915-5)
 * The Fade Out #1–12 (with Sean Phillips, 2014–2016) collected as The Fade Out (hc, 384 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-632-15911-2; tpb, 2018, ISBN 978-1-53430-860-2)
 * Criminal (with Sean Phillips):
 * Volume 3 (hc, 400 pages, 2020, ISBN 1-5343-1706-6) collects:
 * Criminal: The Special Edition (2015) also collected in Criminal: Wrong Place, Wrong Time (tpb, 112 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-6321-5877-9)
 * Criminal: Tenth Anniversary Special Edition Magazine (2016) also collected in Criminal: Wrong Place, Wrong Time (tpb, 112 pages, 2016, ISBN 1-6321-5877-9)
 * My Heroes Have Always Been Junkies (graphic novel, hc, 72 pages, 2018, ISBN 1-5343-0846-6; sc, 2019, ISBN 1-5343-1515-2)
 * Criminal vol. 3 #1–4 (2019)
 * Issues #2–3 are presented as a standalone story with expanded scenes; previously reprinted as Bad Weekend (hc, 72 pages, 2019, ISBN 1-5343-1440-7)
 * Criminal vol. 3 #5–12 (2019–2020) collected as Cruel Summer (hc, 288 pages, 2020, ISBN 1-534-31643-4; tpb, 2022, ISBN 1-5343-2189-6)
 * Image! #9: "Teeg's Christmas Carol" (anthology, 2022)
 * Kill or Be Killed #1–20 (with Sean Phillips, 2016–2018) collected as Kill or Be Killed (hc, 624 pages, 2019, ISBN 1-534-31360-5)
 * Pulp (with Sean Phillips, graphic novel, hc, 72 pages, 2020, ISBN 1-5343-1644-2; sc, 2021, ISBN 1-53431-885-2)
 * Reckless (with Sean Phillips, series of graphic novels):
 * Reckless (hc, 144 pages, 2020, ISBN 1-5343-1851-8)
 * Friend of the Devil: A Reckless Book (hc, 144 pages, 2021, ISBN 1-5343-1836-4)
 * Destroy All Monsters: A Reckless Book (hc, 144 pages, 2021, ISBN 1-5343-1924-7)
 * The Ghost in You: A Reckless Book (hc, 144 pages, 2022, ISBN 1-53432-208-6)
 * Follow Me Down: A Reckless Book (hc, 144 pages, 2022, ISBN 1-53432-342-2)
 * Night Fever (with Sean Phillips, graphic novel, 120 pages, 2023, ISBN 1-53432-609-X)
 * Where the Body Was (with Sean Phillips, graphic novel, 144 pages, 2023, ISBN 1-5343-9826-0)
 * Houses of the Unholy (with Sean Phillips, graphic novel, 144 pages, 2024, ISBN 1-5343-2742-8)

Other publishers

 * IDW Publishing:
 * Black Sails (with Sean Phillips, unreleased 3-issue limited series — initially announced in 2004 but abandoned in favor of Brubaker and Phillips' Criminal)
 * Richard Stark's Parker: The Martini Edition — Last Call: "Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow" (with Sean Phillips, story created for the collection; hc, 360 pages, 2022, ISBN 1-6840-5698-5)
 * In addition to this short story, Brubaker provided commentary for the section of Darwyn Cooke's preliminary and promotional art for the Parker series and the section commemorating Cooke.
 * The Spirit Centenary Newspaper (with Sean Phillips, untitled 1-page story in the tabloid-sized anthology, LICAF, 2017)
 * Friday (with Marcos Martín, digital, Panel Syndicate, 2020–2024) collected in print via Image as:
 * The First Day of Christmas (collects #1–3, tpb, 120 pages, 2021, ISBN 1-5343-2058-X)
 * On a Cold Winter's Night (collects #4–6, tpb, 120 pages, 2022, ISBN 1-5343-2459-3)
 * Christmas Time is Here Again (collects #7–9, tpb, 128 pages, 2024, ISBN 1-5343-2459-3)

title: Ed Brubaker


text: User talk:212.24.80.231

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:212.24.80.231


text: User talk:81.136.158.158

title: User talk:81.136.158.158


text:
Greg Rucka

Gregory Rucka (born November 29, 1969) is an American writer known for the series of novels starring his character Atticus Kodiak, the creator-owned comic book series Whiteout, Queen & Country, Stumptown and Lazarus, as well as lengthy runs on such titles as Detective Comics, Wonder Woman and Gotham Central for DC Comics, and Elektra, Wolverine and The Punisher for Marvel. He has written a substantial amount of supplemental material for a number of DC Comics' line-wide and inter-title crossovers, including "No Man's Land", "Infinite Crisis" and "New Krypton".

Rucka made his debut as a screenwriter with the screenplay for the 2020 film The Old Guard, based on his comic book series of the same name.

Early life
Greg Rucka was born in San Francisco and raised on the Monterey Peninsula of California, in an area known to the locals as "Steinbeck Country". Rucka is Jewish. He first discovered comics at the Nob Hill Market in Salinas, California, where at age five, he first saw digest-sized black and white reprints of Stan Lee and Jack Kirby's work on The Incredible Hulk, which he convinced his mother to buy. He began writing at a young age, and at age 10, he won a county-wide short story contest. He graduated from Vassar College with a BA in English. He then enrolled in the University of Southern California's Master of Professional Writing program, graduating with a Master of Fine Arts. He names Douglas Adams as his biggest influence.

Before becoming a professional fiction writer he worked in a number of other occupations, including house painting, restaurant work, emergency medical technician, security guard, technical writer, and fight choreographer.

Career
Rucka's writing career began with the Atticus Kodiak series. Kodiak is a bodyguard whose jobs are rarely as uncomplicated as they at first appear. The series to date consists of Keeper, Finder, Smoker, Shooting at Midnight, Critical Space, Patriot Acts, and Walking Dead. These works garnered Rucka much critical acclaim and comparisons to the elite writers of crime/suspense fiction. The "Atticus" novels are notable for their realism and attention to detail, which is partly a product of Rucka's fight training and experience as an EMT. He has written six non-Atticus books: Fistful of Rain, Alpha, Bravo, A Gentleman's Game, Private Wars, and The Last Run; the latter three are tie-ins to his comic book series Queen & Country.

In 1998, Rucka entered the comics industry with Whiteout, published through Oni Press. Whiteout focuses on a murder in an Antarctic base. It was followed by a sequel, Whiteout: Melt.

The majority of Rucka's work throughout the 2000s was for DC Comics, where he was involved with their main trinity of characters: Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman. Rucka wrote Batman on a regular basis in the Detective Comics series following the events of "No Man's Land'". He wrote the novelization of the year-long arc. While writing Detective Comics, he created a number of background characters that led to the co-creation of Gotham Central with co-writer Ed Brubaker. His Batman work includes such story arcs as "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive". as well as the Batman: Death and the Maidens limited series. From October 2003 to April 2006 he wrote Wonder Woman after having previously written the character in the Wonder Woman: The Hiketeia original graphic novel.

From 2002 to 2004, he did some work for Marvel, including the start of the third volume of Wolverine, Elektra and the mini-series Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra. He has worked for Image Comics. The first volume of his series Queen & Country concluded in July 2007 with issue #32.

He co-wrote Countdown to Infinite Crisis, a one-shot and the official start of the Infinite Crisis storyline, with Geoff Johns and Judd Winick. Rucka's work on both Wonder Woman and Gotham Central ended in 2006. Although he was not involved in the main storyline of Infinite Crisis, he did write The OMAC Project which built towards the event, focusing on Batman's distrust of other superheroes. This led to the revival of Checkmate, a UN authority that oversaw superheroes including Sasha Bordeaux, an integral character of The OMAC Project. He was a co-writer on the weekly series 52, which he co-wrote with Geoff Johns, Grant Morrison, and Mark Waid. This series chronicled in real-time the year following Infinite Crisis, and saw Rucka focus on Renee Montoya of Gotham Central and the creation of the new Batwoman, Kate Kane. Rucka returned to the Batwoman character frequently over the years in a 52 sequel The Crime Bible and Final Crisis: Revelations before returning to the character in Detective Comics with artist J. H. Williams III, as well as reviving Renee Montoya in the book's second feature with artist Cully Hamner.

Rucka wrote the screenplay for the "Crossfire" segment in the direct-to-DVD anime Batman: Gotham Knight, in which Crispus Allen, a character he created, appears. In 2009, Rucka and artist Eddy Barrows took over Action Comics as the title moved its focus from Superman to Kryptonian heroes Nightwing and Flamebird in the aftermath of the "New Krypton" story arc. As well as writing Action Comics, Rucka co-wrote the main New Krypton 12 part series with Superman writer James Robinson.

At Wondercon 2010 Rucka announced he would part ways with DC Comics to focus on his own projects, in part because of DC's failure to keep him on as writer of Wonder Woman: Earth One as promised. Rucka then wrote The Punisher for Marvel Comics.

On July 11, 2011, Rucka launched the webcomic Lady Sabre and the Pirates of the Ineffable Aether, a steampunk adventure series illustrated by Rick Burchett. New installments appear every Monday and Thursday. In May 2013, Rucka launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the publication of a print edition of Lady Sabre, and achieved their initial funding goal of $27,500 within eight hours.

He wrote the creator-owned series, Black Magick, which was drawn by Nicola Scott and published by Image Comics. The Rucka/Scott creative team produced a new Wonder Woman series for DC Comics in June 2016 as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch. Rucka concluded his run on Wonder Woman as of issue #25.

In 2017, Rucka wrote the creator-owned series The Old Guard, which was drawn by Leandro Fernandez, colored by Daniela Miwa and published by Image Comics. In March 2017, Skydance Media picked up the rights to adapt the comic into a film with the same name. Rucka wrote the film's script. The film was released on Netflix in July 2020.

In July 2019, Rucka began writing the Lois Lane 12-issue limited series with artist Mike Perkins. In December 2019, Rucka began writing a second volume of The Old Guard called The Old Guard: Force Multiplied.

In August 2023 Netflix released Heart of Stone, an action-thriller starring Gal Gadot whose story was conceived by Rucka, and whose script was written by Rucka and Allison Schroeder.

Appearances in media
Rucka was featured as a character in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation comic book mini-series Dying in the Gutters, where he accidentally killed comics gossip columnist Rich Johnston while attempting to kill Joe Quesada over his perceived role in the cancellation of Gotham Central.

Rucka is one of several professional comics whose names were used for characters in an episode of the ninth season of the BBC police drama New Tricks.

Personal life
Rucka, his wife, author Jen Van Meter, and their two children, lived in Eugene, Oregon, and live in Portland, Oregon.

Rucka names The Conversation, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and The Silence of the Lambs as his favorite films. He enjoys the music of Dexter Gordon, Lester Bowie, Joe Jackson, Warren Zevon, and Melissa Ferrick. His other hobbies include role-playing games, computer games, playing the guitar and collecting action figures.

Wins

 * 2000 Eisner Award for Best Limited Series (for Whiteout: Melt)
 * 2002 Eisner Award for Best New Series (for Queen & Country, with Steve Rolston)
 * 2004 Eisner Award for Best Serialized Story (for Gotham Central #6-10: "Half a Life", with Michael Lark)
 * 2004 Harvey Award for Best Single Issue or Story (for Gotham Central #6-10, with Michael Lark; tied with Gilbert Hernandez and Jaime Hernandez for Love and Rockets #9)
 * 2010 GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book (for Detective Comics)
 * 2011 Eisner Award for Best Short Story (for "Post Mortem" from I Am An Avenger #2, with Michael Lark).

Nominations

 * 1999 Eisner Award
 * Best Limited Series (for Whiteout, with Steve Lieber)
 * Best Writer (for Whiteout)
 * 2000 Eisner Award
 * Best Graphic Album: Reprint (for Whiteout, with Steve Lieber)
 * Best Writer (for Whiteout: Melt)
 * 2002 Eisner Award
 * Best Continuing Series (for Queen & Country, with Steve Rolston)
 * Best Serialized Story (for Queen & Country #1-4: "Operation: Broken Ground", with Steve Rolston)
 * Best Writer (for Queen & Country)
 * 2003 Eisner Award
 * Best New Series (for Gotham Central, with Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark)
 * Best Serialized Story (for Queen & Country #8-12: "Operation: Crystal Ball", with Leandro Fernández)
 * Best Writer (for Queen & Country and Wonder Woman: The Hiketeia)
 * Best Writer (for Queen & Country)
 * 2003 Harvey Award for Best Writer (for Gotham Central, with Ed Brubaker)
 * 2004 Eisner Award
 * Best Continuing Series (for Gotham Central, with Ed Brubaker, Michael Lark, Brian Hurtt, and Stefano Gaudiano)
 * Best Continuing Series (for Queen & Country, with Jason Alexander, Carla Speed McNeil, and Mike Hawthorne)
 * Best Serialized Story (for Queen & Country #13-15: "Operation Blackwall", with Jason Shawn Alexander)
 * Best Writer (for Queen & Country, Wonder Woman and Wolverine)
 * 2005 Eisner Award for Best Writer (for Queen & Country and Gotham Central)
 * 2007 Harvey Award for Best New Series (for 52, with Geoff Johns, Grant Morrison, Mark Waid, and Keith Giffen)
 * 2011 Eisner Award for Best Limited Series (for Stumptown, with Matthew Southworth)
 * 2014 Eisner Award for Best New Series (for Lazarus, with Michael Lark)

Video games

 * AR-K: The Great Escape (writer)
 * Syphon Filter: Logan's Shadow (story designer)

title: Greg Rucka


text:
Pavlov's Dog (band)

Pavlov's Dog is a 1970s progressive rock/AOR band formed in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1972. The name is a reference to the animal(s) used by Ivan Pavlov in his experimentation into classical conditioning.

Early years and split
Pavlov's Dog was composed originally of vocalist David Surkamp, guitarist Steve Levin, keyboardists David Hamilton and Doug Rayburn, bassist Rick Stockton, drummer Mike Safron, and violinist Siegfried Carver (born Richard Nadler). Levin left the band during their inaugural year and was replaced by Steve Scorfina (formerly of REO Speedwagon). Carver departed the band following the release of the band's debut album Pampered Menial. Pampered Menial was briefly released in 1975 on ABC Records but then quickly re-issued by Columbia Records. The result was that two versions appeared in stores at roughly the same time. The album was produced by Sandy Pearlman and Murray Krugman, who had found success earlier in the decade producing Blue Öyster Cult.

For their second album At the Sound of the Bell (1976), Tom Nickeson was added to the line-up on guitar; he switched to keyboards following the departure of Hamilton. A raft of guest artists contributed to the album, including jazz saxophonist Michael Brecker and Roxy Music's Andy Mackay. Bill Bruford played the drums on this album, due to the absence of Safron, and when Safron did not receive a promised credit on the album sleeve, he departed the band permanently and was replaced by Kirk Sarkisian. This line-up of the band remained until their dissolution in 1977.

The band recorded a third album in 1977, but due to poor sales of the first two albums, Columbia refused to release it, hastening the band's split. The third album appeared as a bootleg in the 1980s, a limited edition pressed from stolen master tapes. It was released under the name The St. Louis Hounds, without Pavlov's Dog being credited on the sleeve. The third album finally was titled Has Anyone Here Seen Sigfried?, remastered, appended with 10 bonus tracks of unreleased material from the 1970s, and released legally in 2007 by German label Rockville Music. The German label TRC bootlegged the album, under the title Third, but this version does not include the bonus tracks.

When the band split up in the late 1970s, Surkamp was rumored to be dead, although in fact he was working with Ian Matthews on a band named Hi-Fi. While living in Seattle, this group was successful on the club scene and recorded a 5-track live 12" EP in 1981 entitled Hi-Fi Demonstration Record, a studio album in 1983 entitled Moods for Mallards, and a Christmas single "It's Almost Christmas". Records were released on the First American label and distribution was mostly limited to the Pacific Northwest. Label owner Jerry Dennon got into legal trouble with the US Justice Department as part of a master tape tax shelter scam. He pled guilty to tax fraud in May 1985, while continuing to proclaim his innocence.

Reformation and return to music
In 1990, Surkamp and Rayburn reformed the band and recorded Lost in America for US label Telectro Records, which was re-released worldwide by Rockville Music in 2007, after TRC had also bootlegged it in the late 1990s. Scorfina performed on some of the sessions for this album.

On June 26, 2004, a reunion concert featuring Surkamp, Safron, Rayburn, Stockton, Hamilton, and Scorfina took place in St. Louis, and in 2005 Surkamp and Safron reformed the band with Surkamp's wife, Sara, on vocals and guitar, Ray Schulte on lead guitar, Royal Robbins on keyboards, Tim Duggen on bass, and Andrea Young on violin. This line-up toured Europe annually in 2005 and 2006, playing the 2006 Arrow Rock Festival in the Netherlands in front of 54,000 people.

After the 2006 tour, Schulte, Robbins and Duggen were replaced, and the new line-up was then: David Surkamp (vocals and guitar), Mike Safron (drums), Sara Surkamp (vocals and guitar), "Bongo" Bill Costello (mellotron), Bill Franco (lead guitar), David Karns (bass), Michael McElvain (keyboards) and Andrea Young (violin). This line-up played two tours in 2007, including the first tours in Greece and Crete in March 2007, and then touring Europe in the summer of 2007 playing venues such as Spirit of 66 in Verviers, BE as well as headlining both the Burg Herzberg Festival in 2007 (25,000 people). This coincided with the 2007 release of a solo album by Surkamp, Dancing on the Edge of a Teacup, by Rockville Music. The Burg Herzberg performance had also been filmed and recorded, but has not been released in any but bootlegged formats.

In 2008, David Karns, Bill Franco, Michael McElvain and Andrea Young were unable to return due to previous commitments (Karns and Franco playing with Anthony Gomes, Young playing with the Reverse Cowgirls and McElvain finishing his graduate music studies). To fill the spots, the Surkamps hired Phil Gomez (keyboards), Randy Hetlage (lead guitar), Abbie Hainz Steiling (violin), and saw the return of Rayburn, playing bass. This lineup again toured throughout Europe in 2008 playing many venues as well as the Woodstock Festival in Dornstadt (Germany) in 2008 (5,000 people).

In 2009 Doug Rayburn was unable to return, and Rick Steiling was brought in on bass. Also not returning were Phil Gomez and Randy Hetlage. Bill Franco was asked back on lead guitar and Nick Schlueter was brought in to handle keyboards and mellotron parts, reducing the lineup to seven members. This lineup toured Europe from 2009 through 2012, playing its most extensive tours to date including the band's first dates in the U.K. and the Fiesta City Festival in Verviers, BE in 2012, sharing the stage with the legendary Blues Brothers Band (Steve Cropper, "Blue" Lou Marini, Donald "Duck" Dunn, et al.). During this time, Pavlov's Dog recorded two shows in 2009 (Augsberg and Karlsruhe, the latter filmed), with the Augsberg show being released for the album Live and Unleashed. Also released was the studio album Echo & Boo in 2010.

Bill Franco exited the band in May 2013, and after auditions, Amanda McCoy was brought in on lead guitar. Pavlov's Dog again toured Europe in 2013, backing a re-release of Has Anyone Here Seen Sigfried? with the addition of live bonus tracks of the band with the lineups from 2007, 2011 and 2012. There was no Pavlov's Dog tour in 2014, though David and Sara Surkamp went on a brief solo acoustic tour in the U.K. and Germany. During this time, Nick Schlueter exited the band, and after auditions, Nathan Jatcko was brought in on keyboards for the 2015 tour through Europe.

The Pekin Tapes, a collection of demos recorded in Pekin, Illinois, in 1973, was assembled from master tapes and released in 2014, also by Rockville Records. It was intended to be the band's official debut album until ABC made them record Pampered Menial. The tapes were lost when the studio burned down, but surviving copies were discovered in a private inheritance.

Siegfried Carver died on May 30, 2009; he was 60 years old. Doug Rayburn died on September 21, 2012. Stockton died on February 17, 2015. Nathan Jatcko, the latter day keyboardist with the band, committed suicide on January 17, 2018. On January 31, 2021, the band announced the death of their former drummer and manager Manfred Ploetz. On October 3, 2022, the death of lead guitarist David Malachowski was announced. Subsequently, the "Hair of the Dog" 2022 fall tour which was to start in the same month in Europe, was postponed.

Band members

 * Current members
 * David Surkamp - vocals, guitar (1972–1977, 1990, 2004, 2005–present)
 * Sara Surkamp - vocals, guitar (2005–present)
 * Abbie (Hainz) Steiling - violin, mandolin (2008–present)
 * Rick Steiling - bass (2009, 2011–present)
 * Mark Maher - keyboards (2018–present)
 * David Malachowski - lead guitar (2018-2022, died 2022)
 * Steve Bunck - drums (2019–present)

 * Former members
 * David Malachowski - lead guitar (2018-2022, died 2022)
 * Mike Safron - drums (1972–1976, 2004, 2005–2014)
 * Doug Rayburn - keyboards, flute, percussion, bass (1972–1977, 1990, 2004, 2005–2008; died 2012)
 * Rick Stockton - bass (1972–1977, 2004; died 2015)
 * David Hamilton - keyboards (1972–1976, 2004)
 * Siegfried Carver - violin, viola (1972–1975; died 2009)
 * Steve Levin - lead guitar (1972)
 * Steve Scorfina - lead guitar (1972–1977, 2004)
 * Tom Nickeson - keyboards, guitar (1976-1977)
 * Kirk Sarkisian - drums (1976–1977)
 * Ray Schulte - lead guitar (2005-2006)
 * Timothy Duggen - bass (2005-2006)
 * Andrea Young - violin (2005-2007)
 * Royal Robbins - keyboards (2005–2006)
 * "Bongo" Bill Costello - mellotron (2006–2009)
 * David Karns - bass (2006-2007)
 * Bill Franco - lead guitar (2006-2007, 2009–2013)
 * Michael McElvain - keyboards (2007)
 * Randy Hetlage - lead guitar (2008)
 * Nick Schlueter - keyboards (2009-2013)
 * Amanda McCoy - lead guitar (2013-2017)
 * Nathan Jatcko - keyboards (2015-2018; died 2018)
 * Manfred Ploetz - drums (2010, 2013–2018; died 2021)

Studio albums

 * Pampered Menial (1975) - AUS #23
 * At the Sound of the Bell (1976) - AUS #37
 * Lost in America (1990)
 * Has Anyone Here Seen Sigfried? (bootlegged in 1977, officially released in 2007 )
 * Echo & Boo (2010)
 * The Pekin Tapes (2014)
 * Prodigal Dreamer (2018)

Live albums

 * Live and Unleashed (2011)
 * House Broken (2016, DVD/CD)

Compilations

 * The Best of Pavlov's Dog (1995)

title: Pavlov's Dog (band)


text:
Skiddaw

Skiddaw is a mountain in the Lake District National Park in England. Its 931 m summit is the sixth-highest in England. It lies just north of the town of Keswick, Cumbria, and dominates the skyline in this part of the northern lakes. It is the simplest of the Lake District mountains of this height to ascend (as there is a well-trodden tourist track from a car park to the north-east of Keswick, near the summit of Latrigg) and, as such, many walking guides recommend it to the occasional walker wishing to climb a mountain. This is the first summit of the fell running challenge known as the Bob Graham Round when undertaken in a clockwise direction.

The mountain lends its name to the surrounding areas of Skiddaw Forest and Back o' Skidda, and to the isolated Skiddaw House, situated to the east, formerly a shooting lodge and subsequently a youth hostel. It also provides the name for the slate derived from that region: Skiddaw slate. Skiddaw slate has been used to make tuned percussion musical instruments or lithophones, such as the Musical Stones of Skiddaw held at the Keswick Museum and Art Gallery.

Topography
The Northern Fells make up a roughly circular upland area approaching 10 mi in width. At the centre is the marshy depression of Skiddaw Forest, a treeless plateau, or valley, at an elevation of about 400 m; flowing outwards from here are the rivers that divide the area into three sectors. "Forest" is used here in its original sense, meaning land used for hunting, rather than a woodland. The south-western sector, between the Glenderaterra Beck and Dash Beck, contains Skiddaw and its satellites.

Skiddaw itself takes the form of a north–south ridge about 1/2 mi long, with steep slopes to east and west. The ridge continues northwards over Broad End to Bakestall, a fell overlooking the Whitewater Dash waterfall. Further ridges fan out east and west from the southern end of Skiddaw. To the south-east are Skiddaw Little Man, Lonscale Fell and Latrigg, an easily accessible viewpoint for Keswick and Derwentwater. Beyond these fells are the Glenderaterra Beck and the Blencathra group. The south-western ridge curves round through 180 degrees to run north above the shore of Bassenthwaite Lake. This gives Skiddaw an 'outer wall', comprising Carl Side, Long Side and Ullock Pike, collectively referred to as Longside Edge. The final member of the Skiddaw Group is Dodd, a satellite of Carl Side.

Between Skiddaw and Longside Edge are the quiet valleys of Southerndale and Barkbethdale, separated by the spur of Buzzard Knott. These drain the western flanks of the fell to Bassenthwaite Lake. The eastern side of Skiddaw drains into Skiddaw Forest, much of the water reaching Candleseaves Bog. This marsh is the source of both the Dash Beck flowing north west to Bassenthwaite and the River Caldew, beginning its long journey north-eastward to the Solway Firth via Carlisle. Two smooth spurs on this eastern flank of Skiddaw, Sale How and Hare Crag, are listed in separate tops in some guidebooks. Sale How is also a Nuttall.

Skiddaw's slopes are generally rounded and convex, looking from a distance as though a thick velvet blanket has been draped over a supporting frame. On the ridges the general terrain is of loose stones, but elsewhere all is grass and heather. Wainwright noted that "Its lines are smooth, its curves graceful; but because the slopes are steep everywhere, the quick build-up of the “massif” from valley levels to central summit is appreciated at a glance — and it should be an appreciative glance, for such massive strength and such beauty of outline rarely go together."

Geology
The bedrock of Skiddaw, commonly known as Skiddaw Slate, is the Kirkstile Formation. This Ordovician rock is composed of laminated mudstone and siltstone with greywacke sandstone. At the summit this is overlain by scree and to the south are areas where the underlying Loweswater Formation surfaces.

Summit
The summit ridge bears a number of tops, which from north to south are known as North Top, High Man (the summit), Middle Top and South Top. All now bear cairns and a number of stone windshelters have been erected. Skiddaw has a subsidiary summit, Little Man, which lies about 1.5 km south-south-east of the main peak. Despite its limited independence, Wainwright listed it as a separate fell in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, a convention which is often followed. Skiddaw Little Man has its own subsidiary summit, known as Lesser Man.

The view is as panoramic as might be expected, given Skiddaw's topographic prominence. From High Man the north east quadrant is filled by the quiet fells of Back o'Skiddaw, with the Border hills, the Cheviots and the North Pennines behind them. To the south east are Blencathra, the Far Eastern Fells and the Helvellyn range; behind these are vistas of the Yorkshire Dales and Forest of Bowland. The Coniston Fells are visible directly to the south. On the other side of South Top is a fine view of the Scafells, Western and North Western Fells, with a portion of Snowdonia visible between Kirk Fell and Pillar. The Isle of Man is visible 60 mi away, as are the Mourne Mountains 120 mi away (on exceptionally clear days). The final quarter is taken up by the coastal plain and the distant Solway Firth, backed by the hills of Galloway such as Merrick and Criffel, and Broad Law in the Scottish Borders. Goat Fell on Arran can be seen at an angle of 313 degrees, 105 mi away.

The most distant view is of Slieve Meelmore in the Mountains of Mourne in County Down, Northern Ireland, 120 mi distant.

By moving to South Top a superb view of Borrowdale can be brought into sight.

Ascents
Many routes of ascent have been devised for Skiddaw; indeed, it is hard to devise a challenging approach in good conditions. The most popular tourist route starts from Keswick and first ascends behind Latrigg, before the climb continues over the slopes of Little Man to the summit. About 200 m of ascent can be saved by driving to the top of Gale Road and beginning from the public car park just behind the summit of Latrigg.

Another popular route (and the one recommended by Wainwright ) is to follow Longside Edge, first ascending Ullock Pike, Longside and Carl Side before making the steep climb up from Carlside Col. Also from the north, a somewhat tougher alternative is to walk up Buzzard Knott between Southerndale and Barkbethdale: after crossing to the southern edge of the shoulder above Randel Crag ascend due east to the summit. Rather easier than either of these is the compass-walk due south from Cock Up (505 m); reversing this route provides a safe descent, especially in bad weather. Scramblers may prefer simply to walk up Southerndale and climb Longside via a distinctive crevice seen easily from Skiddaw summit.

From the south-west at Millbeck, Carlside Col can be reached directly. A start from nearby Applethwaite can also be used to provide a variation to the tourist route. From the north-west a tough but picturesque ascent can be made to the northern end of Longside Edge before following the ridge route to the summit. Finally, ascents from due east are possible for the walker who first makes for Skiddaw House, a good distance from either Keswick, Threlkeld or Peter House. Once Skiddaw House is reached a fairly direct line is possible, climbing over either Sale How or Hare Crag.

From the north-east an unmarked but quite easy and fairly well-worn path starts at Whitewater Dash waterfall (on the Cumbrian Way) where the walker can follow the fence (along Birkett Edge just south of Dead Crags) past the Bakestall outcrop, and follow the fence until just before the unnamed top at 831 m. From the 831m top, a path leads directly to Skiddaw Man.

Etymology
Early forms of the name from the include Skythou in c.1260 and Skydehow in 1247. According to Eilert Ekwall, Skiddaw's name is derived from the Old Norse elements skyti or skut + haugr meaning either "archer's hill" or "jutting crag hill". Diana Whaley likewise interprets it as "the mountain with the jutting crag", but also offers the alternative that the first element may be a personal name or Old Norse skítr 'dung, filth, shit'. Richard Coates suggests that "it is possible that a Cumbric solution is to be sought."

Skiddaw House
Below Sale How is Skiddaw House, a stone building which has variously served as a shooting lodge, a shepherd's bothy and a Youth Hostel. Its windbreak comprises the only trees in Skiddaw Forest, and it is reached by a long access track up the Dash Valley.

Built around 1829 by the Earl of Egremont, it was originally a keeper's lodge: a base for grouse shooting and for the gamekeepers who managed the extensive land owned by Egremont in Skiddaw Forest.

Little is known of the house in the 19th century, but it was used by both gamekeepers and shepherds beyond 1860 and there were rooms for Egremont and the shooting parties. Canon Rawnsley, a founder of the National Trust, visited in about 1900 and mentions in one of his books the hospitality of the shepherd's family at that time. Sir Hugh Walpole, author of the Lake District novel Rogue Herries, was a visitor in the 1920s and 30s and used the house as the scene, set in 1854, of the murder by Uhland.

These arrangements for accommodation continued until the early 1950s. Several families brought up their children there until they were able to go to school, but the longest tenure was possibly that of Pearson Dalton, a shepherd and bachelor from the Caldbeck area, who came to stay for a month in 1952 and left in 1969 aged 75. He lived there alone for five days a week, only going home for long weekends with his sister in Caldbeck, then returning on the Monday to resume his duties. By that time farming practices had changed and the house was no longer needed; it declined, although there was intermittent use by various schools and outdoor groups.

In 1986 the house was leased by John Bothamley, who had created the YHA Carrock Fell Hostel a few miles away; and eventually the building was handed over to the YHA. It closed in 2002 following a disagreement over the lease. In 2007 it re-opened as an independent hostel run by the Skiddaw House Foundation, under the YHA's Enterprise franchising model.

Civil parish
Skiddaw was a civil parish, in 1931 the parish had a population of 5. On 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished and merged with Underskiddaw.

In literature
In "A Stranger Minstrel" (published 1800), Samuel Taylor Coleridge remarks on Skiddaw's characteristic "helm of cloud", and observes atmospheric effects and the play of sunlight across the landscape: "yon small flaky mists that love to creep / Along the edges of those spots of light, / Those sunny islands on thy smooth green heights." Coleridge also mentioned Skiddaw in the valediction of his mnemonic poem "Metrical Feet," which he addressed to his son Derwent, who had been born nearby; he wrote, "Could you stand upon Skiddaw, you would not from its whole ridge / See a man who so loves you as your fond S.T. Coleridge."

Skiddaw is mentioned in the fourth book of John Keats's poem Endymion: "…with all the stress / Of vision search'd for him, as one would look […] from old Skiddaw's top, when fog conceals / His rugged forehead in a mantle pale, / With an eye-guess towards some pleasant vale / Descry a favourite hamlet faint and far."

Skiddaw is also mentioned in the final lines of the poem The Armada by Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord Macaulay:
 * "Till Skiddaw saw the fire that burned on Gaunt's embattled pile,
 * And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle."

title: Skiddaw


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rosario Poidimani

Rosario Poidimani
Somebody is spamming the articles Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza and Duke of Braganza with information about this Italian man, a pseudo-claimant of the Portuguese throne. Google gives 43 hits, either from his supporters or people making fun at him. Wikipedia is the only credible source for it. And we are not an advertising media for adventurers. I moved the text from Duarte's page to a new one and I request its deletion. Muriel 12:26, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hm. Doesn't seem relevant, but is he the only other claimant? IOW, is this Dom Duarte's claim tenuous. Do I really care? No. Delete. Alcarillo 14:50, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - unverifiable? -- Cyrius|&#9998 15:41, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It is impossible that he becomes king (it is possible that Portugal becomes again a Monarchy, there are many supporters and it is popular, so he's interrested). It would be more possible to the Brazilian Empire hair to be rather than him (a complete forogner), but even the Brazilian prince can not be, because he did not born in Portugal, like him, what is a condition to be king. In fact, there was held a referendum in Brazil, for that country to return to monarchy, but it lost, in Portugal that was not done, some years ago, a statistic data showed that 60% supported it. Only Duarte Pio and his son can be kings; and many question it, when the prince gets older, he's only 8 yrs old. He's being raized to be one. That italian said that the illigitimate daughter of king Carlos, passed the title to him (?!). Nobody in Portugal knowns this, he is not known, I've just read what he wrote. Pedro 16:17, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If anyone wants to know the facts on this, see, which exposes this as basically a fraud. Now, a notable fraud probably deserves an article - the so-called Prince Michael of Albany, for instance, who claims to be the Jacobite claimant (but is clearly not), would be worthy of an article.  I'm not sure this guy qualifies. john 03:53, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:17, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

So Maria Pia Bragança was the unique legitimate and constitutional representative of the Royal House of Portugal and with her powers of Head of Royal House she abrogated the article 100 of Monarchic Constitution in order to abdicate in favour of her italian blood relation Dom Rosario that became the XXII Duke of Bragança and so was possible to continue the legitimate line of Saxonia Coburg Bragança.(see the official Abdication documents : www.theroyalhouseofportugal.org/html/framesetintro1.html ) Instead Duarte Pio descends from colleteral miguelist line of the Orleans Bragança and he and all his discendents are perpetually excluded from succession of Portuguese Crown(article 98 of the Monarchic Constitution of 1838, never revoked in Monarchic period). Duarte Pio have supports and sympathies but he can’t be a pretender of Portuguese Crown because the Monarchic Constitution and the Portoguese History prohibit it. It’s important to note that Maria Pia’s personal lawyer for 25 years was Mr. Mario Soares who became prime minister after the fall of the fascist dictatorship in 1975 and after was the President of Portuguese Repubblic.(Mario Soares official letters are published in the web-site of Royal House of Portugal-Constitutional line). In last years Duarte Pio was asked from Portuguese TV and press to confront with Dom Rosario about the pretension of Portuguese Crown but Duarte Pio refused it. (http://www.theroyalhouseofportugal.org/html/press/diariopop_11ago88a.htm ). Hardly a nod merits to remember how the claimed Pact of Paris (the will to recognise the legitimacy of the descendants of Dom Miguel which is supposed to be manifested by HM Dom Manuel before his death) is just a vulgar mystification, for which, in fact, nobody could cause any proper document, because of a simple fact that it does not exist. Regarding all defamations published in the web site  www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/fantasy/portugal-false.htm  there is a civil pending suit in Vicenza Court (Italy), against Stair Sainty, promoted by H.R.H. Dom Rosario of Bragança. The Duarte Pio pretension is based only on talk while Dom Rosario pretension is based on official documents that anyone can see in the web-site: www.theroyalhouseofportugal.org. I have added in the page “Duke of Bragança” because in a free encyclopaedia is not corrected to define Duke Bragança only Duarte Pio (that belongs to usurper miguelist line) but is corrected to add also Dom Rosario that belongs to constitutional line of the Royal House and for his monarchic followers is the legitimate XXII Duke of Bragança. No Portuguese repubblican Autorithy or monarchic Representative of another State can decide about legal and constitutional arguments regarding the claims of Portuguese Crown and less than ever symphaties and popularity that a person has can influence this.Also Stair Sainty in the forum of Google, newsgroup “rec.heraldry”, re:Maria Pia and her Successor(24-02-2004  12:55:04)affirms:”While I am unqualified admirer of Dom Duarte, in a recent correspondence with a high Portuguese government official on this very subject, I was assured that the Portuguese republic does not recognize any one individual as head of the Royal House of Braganza, nor any title or Order given byany such claimant. I would be very interested and grateful to see clear evidence to the contrary and to support the assertion that the Parliament has legalised the use of the styles of royal highness, etc, since I am presently being sued by Mr Poidimani, aka Duke of Braganza, for disputing his particular claims”.
 * keep.Maria Pia Saxe Coburg Bragança was the natural daughter of King Charles I of Portugal and for unquestionable will of her Father assumed all the honours,privileges and rights of the Infants of Portugal (this original document named”Documento Unico”is at disposition in parish of Alcalà in Madrid where Maria Pia was baptised according to the will of her Father. (See: www.theroyalhouseofportugal.org/html/framesetintro1.html).

Com. Manuel de Sousa

 * The above paragraph is written by the author of the article. I wrote a reply in this talk page if somebody is interested. MvHG 14:45, 11 May 2004 (UTC)


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Neofunctionalism

Neofunctionalism is a theory of regional integration which downplays globalisation and reintroduces territory into its governance. Neofunctionalism is often regarded as the first European integration theory developed by Ernst B. Haas in 1958 as part of his PhD research on the European Coal and Steel Community. Neofunctionalism seeks to explain the European integration process and why states accept to become a part of supranational organization. Jean Monnet's approach to European integration, which aimed at integrating individual sectors in hopes of achieving spillover effects to further the process of integration, is said to have followed the neofunctional school's tack.

Ernst B. Haas, later declared the theory of neofunctionalism obsolete, a statement he revoked in his final book, after the process of European integration started stalling in the 1960s, when Charles de Gaulle's "Empty Chair" politics paralyzed the institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community, European Economic Community, and European Atomic Energy Community. The theory was updated and further specified namely by Wayne Sandholtz, Alec Stone Sweet, and their collaborators in the 1990s and in the 2000s (references below). The main contributions of these authors was an employment of empiricism.

Today, neofunctionalism is one of the best-known theories of European integration. In the last decades Haas' theory has been revived by several authors, who describe the neofunctionalist theoretical legacy left by him as able to speak directly to current EU studies and comparative regionalism, if it is seen as a dynamic theory that corresponds to established social scientific norms with disciplinary openness.

Key theoretical arguments
Neofunctionalism describes and explains the process of regional integration with reference to how three causal factors interact:

 * Growing economic interdependence between nations
 * Organizational capacity to resolve disputes and build international legal regimes
 * Supranational market rules that replace national regulatory regimes

Early neofunctionalist theory assumed a decline in importance of nationalism and the nation-state; it predicted that, gradually, elected officials, interest groups, and large commercial interests within states would see it in their interests to pursue welfarist objectives best satisfied by the political and market integration at a higher, supranational level. Haas theorized three mechanisms that he thought would drive the integration forward: positive spillover, the transfer of domestic allegiances and technocratic automaticity.
 * Positive spillover effect is the notion that integration between states in one economic sector will create strong incentives for integration in further sectors, in order to fully capture the perks of integration in the sector in which it started.
 * Increased number of transactions and intensity of negotiations then takes place hand in hand with increasing regional integration. This leads to a creation of institutions that work without reference to "local" governments.
 * The mechanism of a transfer in domestic allegiances can be best understood by first noting that an important assumption within neofunctionalist thinking is of a pluralistic society within the relevant nation states. Neofunctionalists claim that as the process of integration gathers pace, interest groups and associations will transfer their allegiances away from national institutions towards the supranational European institutions. They will do this because they will, in theory, come to realise that these newly formed institutions are a better conduit through which to pursue their material interests.
 * Greater regulatory complexity is then needed and other institutions on regional level are usually called for. This causes integration to be transferred to higher levels of decision-making processes.
 * Technocratic automaticity described the way in which, as integration proceeds, the supranational institutions set up to oversee that integration process will themselves take the lead in sponsoring further integration as they become more powerful and more autonomous of the member states. In the Haas-Schmitter model, size of unit, rate of transactions, pluralism, and elite complementarity are the background conditions on which the process of integration depends.
 * Just as Rosamond put it, political integration will then become an "inevitable" side effect of integration in economic sectors.

Neofunctionalism was modified and updated in two important books that helped to revive the study of European integration: European Integration and Supranational Governance (1998) by Wayne Sandholtz and Alec Stone Sweet, and The Institutionalization of Europe (2001) by Sandholtz, Stone Sweet, and Neil Fligstein. Sandholtz and Stone Sweet describe and assess the evolution of Neofunctionalist theory and empirical research in their 2009 paper, Neo-functionalism and Supranational Governance.

Empirical level
Despite its profound insights in regional integration, neofunctionalism is widely criticized at an empirical level for failing to account the reality of the European Communities. Neofunctionalism predicts a progressive political integration, but such a development did not occur in the 1970s. The absence or the slow pace of regional integration in Western Europe throughout the 1970s and early 1980s has been the focus of the critique. The French boycott of the European institutions in the mid-1960s, led by then French President Charles de Gaulle's "Empty Chair" policy, had led to recognize the importance of political leaders as constraints on the integration process. The neofunctionalists have acknowledged that "de Gaulle has proved us wrong".

Haas also talked about "spillback", a disintegrative equivalent to spillover. Brexit can be regarded as an example of spillback process in the EU. Neofunctionalist framework does not predict that a major country chooses to leave the EU. However, neofunctionalism scholars may argue that spillback processes are often followed by spillovers, that crises are opportunities to further integrate in the long run. As Jean Monnet famously puts in his memoirs, "Europe will be forged in crises and will be the sum of the solutions adopted for those crises".

Theoretical level
On theoretical grounds, Intergovernmentalism is a theory on European integration which rejects the neofunctionalist mechanisms of integration. Intergovernmentalism is an alternative theory of political integration that also aims to explain the integration process, where power in international organizations is possessed by the member-states and decisions are made unanimously. Independent appointees of the governments or elected representatives have solely advisory or implementational functions. Intergovernmentalism is used by most international organizations today. An alternative method of decision-making in international organizations is supranationalism.

The theory, initially proposed by Stanley Hoffmann (classical intergovernmentalism) and refined by Andrew Moravcsik (liberal intergovernmentalism) suggests that governments control the level and speed of European integration. Any increase in power at supranational level, Moravcsik argues, results from a direct decision by governments who make decisions based on a domestic agenda. The theory rejects the spillover-effect argument and the idea that supranational organisations wield political influence on par with that of national governments.

Neofunctionalists have criticized intergovernmentalism on theoretical grounds as well as on the basis of empirical evidence, which they claim demonstrates that intergovernmentalism is incapable of explaining the dynamics and trajectory of European integration.

title: Neofunctionalism


text:
Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth

William Manuel Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth, OJ, DL (born 19 October 1938) is a former British trade union leader. He was General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union from 1992 to 2003, and the first black leader of a major British trade union.

Morris sat in the House of Lords, under the Labour Party whip, from 2006 to 2020.

Early life
Bill Morris was born in Manchester Parish, Jamaica. After the death of his father, William, a part-time policeman, his mother, Una, emigrated to England to find work settling in Handsworth, Birmingham. Morris joined her in the UK in 1954, finding work at a local car parts manufacturer, Hardy Spicer Engineering Ltd.

Morris married Minetta in 1957. His wife died in 1990. They have two sons.

Trade union career
Morris joined the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1958, and became a shop steward in 1962. After serving on the TGWU General Executive Council (GEC) from 1972 to 1973, Bill Morris joined the union as a full-time official. He served as district officer of the Nottingham District from 1973 to 1976 and district secretary of the Northampton District from 1976 to 1979. In 1979, he became national secretary of the Passenger Services Trade Group, which was responsible for staff working for bus and coach companies. He was elected deputy general secretary on the 18 September 1985, working under general secretary Ron Todd.

Morris was elected general secretary when Ron Todd retired in 1992. He was re-elected in 1995, ahead of Jack Dromey. He remained in the post until his retirement on his 65th birthday, 19 October 2003, when he was succeeded as general secretary by Tony Woodley.

Morris was a member of the TUC General Council and executive committee from 1988 to 2003. He was appointed a non-executive director of the Bank of England in 1998. He was also a member of the Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords from 1999 to 2000. He is a member of the Board of Governors of London South Bank University, a Trustee of the Open University Foundation, and the member of the Courts of the University of Northampton and the University of Bedfordshire. He was appointed as the first Chancellor of the University of Technology, Jamaica in 1999 and as Chancellor of Staffordshire University in 2004. He has been a member of the advisory councils of the BBC and IBA and a Commissioner of the Commission for Racial Equality. He chaired the Morris Inquiry into professional standards in the Metropolitan Police in 2004. He sits as a member of the Employment Appeal Tribunal. He is also a patron of the Refugee Council. In 1995 he refused to give union backing to 500 Liverpool dock workers who were sacked, claiming that it was an unofficial strike even though the union had failed to act on concerns relayed to the union in the lead up to the dispute, in effect leaving the dock workers to fight the cause themselves.

Morris is an independent non-executive Director of the England and Wales Cricket Board.

House of Lords
Morris was awarded the Order of Jamaica in 2002 and received a knighthood in the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours. On 11 April 2006, it was announced that Morris would take a seat in the House of Lords as a working life peer, and he was gazetted as Baron Morris of Handsworth, of Handsworth in the County of West Midlands in June 2006. He served on the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights.

In August 2014, Morris was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.

He retired from the House of Lords on 21 July 2020.

title: Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth


text:
Khufu and Khafre

In cryptography, Khufu and Khafre are two block ciphers designed by Ralph Merkle in 1989 while working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. Along with Snefru, a cryptographic hash function, the ciphers were named after the Egyptian Pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Sneferu.

Under a voluntary scheme, Xerox submitted Khufu and Khafre to the US National Security Agency (NSA) prior to publication. NSA requested that Xerox not publish the algorithms, citing concerns about national security. Xerox, a large contractor to the US government, complied. However, a reviewer of the paper passed a copy to John Gilmore, who made it available via the sci.crypt newsgroup. It would appear this was against Merkle's wishes. The scheme was subsequently published at the 1990 CRYPTO conference (Merkle, 1990).

Khufu and Khafre were patented by Xerox; the patent was issued on March 26, 1991.

Khufu
Khufu is a 64-bit block cipher which, unusually, uses keys of size 512 bits; block ciphers typically have much smaller keys, rarely exceeding 256 bits. Most of the key material is used to construct the cipher's S-boxes. Because the key-setup time is quite time consuming, Khufu is not well suited to situations in which many small messages are handled. It is better suited to bulk encryption of large amounts of data.

Khufu is a Feistel cipher with 16 rounds by default (other multiples of eight between 8 and 64 are allowed). Each set of eight rounds is termed an octet; a different S-box is used in each octet. In a round, the least significant byte of half of the block is passed into the 8×32-bit S-box. The S-box output is then combined (using XOR) with the other 32-bit half. The left half is rotated to bring a new byte into position, and the halves are swapped. At the start and end of the algorithm, extra key material is XORed with the block (key whitening). Other than this, all the key is contained in the S-boxes.

There is a differential attack on 16 rounds of Khufu which can recover the secret key. It requires 243 chosen plaintexts and has a 243 time complexity (Gilbert and Chauvaud, 1994). 232 plaintexts and complexity are required merely to distinguish the cipher from random. A boomerang attack (Wagner, 1999) can be used in an adaptive chosen plaintext / chosen ciphertext scenario with 218 queries and a similar time complexity. Khufu is also susceptible to an impossible differential attack, which can break up to 18 rounds of the cipher (Biham et al., 1999).

Schneier and Kelsey (1996) categorise Khafre and Khufu as "even incomplete heterogeneous target-heavy Unbalanced Feistel Networks".

Khafre
Khafre is similar to Khufu, but uses a standard set of S-boxes, and does not compute them from the key. (Rather, they are generated from the RAND tables, used as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".) An advantage is that Khafre can encrypt a small amount of data very rapidly — it has good key agility. However, Khafre probably requires a greater number of rounds to achieve a similar level of security as Khufu, making it slower at bulk encryption. Khafre uses a key whose size is a multiple of 64 bits. Because the S-boxes are not key-dependent, Khafre XORs subkeys every eight rounds.

Differential cryptanalysis is effective against Khafre: 16 rounds can be broken using either 1500 chosen plaintexts or 238 known plaintexts. Similarly, 24 rounds can be attacked using 253 chosen plaintexts or 259 known plaintexts.

title: Khufu and Khafre


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Khufu (disambiguation)

Khufu or Cheops was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh.

The word Khufu can also refer to:
 * Great Pyramid of Giza, sometimes called Khufu's Pyramid or the Pyramid of Khufu
 * Khufu The Mummy is a video board game, part of the Atmosfear series
 * Khufu is a character in the Atmosfear (series)
 * Khufu: The Secrets Behind the Building of the Great Pyramid, a 2006 book by Jean-Pierre Houdin
 * Khufu (cipher), a block cipher
 * The Khufu branch of the Nile river, a former tributary, now dry

title: Khufu (disambiguation)


text:
TMA-4

TMA-4 may refer to:
 * TMA-4 mine
 * Soyuz TMA-4, a Russian space exploration mission
 * 2,3,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine, a hallucinogenic drug

title: TMA-4


text:
TMA-3

TMA-3 may be:
 * TMA-3 mine
 * Soyuz TMA-3, a Russian space exploration mission
 * 2,3,4-Trimethoxyamphetamine, a hallucinogenic drug

title: TMA-3


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Talk:Infoganda

Us vs. them
It seems like use is more like "Propoganda" is done by "them" (The communists, the Koreans, the germans etc.) and Infoganda is "Propoganda" done by our side "US Government"

 * The idea is that it is propoganda in a infomercial format. Who does it doesn't matter.  The infomercial format is key; the sales techniques used on infomercials is consistent and distinct from other forms of sales methods.

User:justanyone|user talk:justanyone weds 5 may 2004 3:40 pm cdt

Cleanup
This article has problems. The wording is composed of too much unencyclopedic prose currently; I buy relevance, but we have some original research, weasel words, awkward sentences, lack of citations, etc, etc. It needs a good cleanup and citation. I doubt a rewrite will be necessary, but shortening for brevity would help, too. Also, link it out where relevant (seriously lacking backlinks). 65.112.197.16 01:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Infoganda


text:
TMA-2

TMA-2 may be:
 * TMA-2 mine
 * Soyuz TMA-2, a Russian space exploration mission
 * 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine, a hallucinogenic drug
 * Tycho Magnetic Anomaly-2, from 2001: A Space Odyssey

title: TMA-2