text:
Talk:Jack Johnson (boxer)

Should the lede say he was "embroiled... in controversy for his relationships, including marriages, with white women"?
Sounds weird. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 17:44, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

Reports of his fights
I have a few newspaper reports for his earlier fights.

Hank Griffin Vs Jack Johnson Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXIX, Number 36, 6 November 1901 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19011106.2.91&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-jack+johnson+griffin---1

Jack Johnson draws with Hank Griffin The San Francisco call., December 28, 1901, Page 5, Image 5 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1901-12-28/ed-1/seq-5/#words=+hank+griffin

Jack Johnson KOs Joe Kennedy The San Francisco call., March 08, 1902, Image 5 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1902-03-08/ed-1/seq-5/#words=Jack+johnson+Joe+Kennedy+jack+johnson+joe+kennedy+jack+johnson+joe+kennedy

Jack Johnson on upcoming fight with Hank Griffin Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXIX, Number 261, 19 June 1902 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19020619.2.78&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-Jack+johnson+hank+griffin---1

Jack Johnson Draws with Hank Griffin Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXIX, Number 263, 21 June 1902 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19020621.2.87&srpos=4&e=--190-en--20--1--txt-txIN-johnson+griffin1902---1

Jack Johnson Vs Frank Childs Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXX, Number 13, 15 October 1902 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19021015.2.90&txq=jack+johnson+frank+childs+

Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXX, Number 18, 20 October 1902 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19021020.2.84&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-jack+johnson+frank+childs+---1

Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXX, Number 25, 27 October 1902 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19021027.2.102&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-jack+johnson+frank+childs+---1

Jack Johnson Vs Denver Ed Martin Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXX, Number 124, 6 February 1903 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19030206.2.68&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-jack+johnson+Denver+Ed+Martin---1

Jack Johnson Vs Sam McVea The San Francisco call., February 27, 1903, Image 13 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1903-02-27/ed-1/seq-13/#words=mcvey+mckee+Mcvey+mckee

Jack Johnson Vs Sam McVea Los Angeles Herald, Volume XXXI, Number 27, 28 October 1903 https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19031028.2.125&e=---en--20--1--txt-txIN-jack+johnson+mcvey---1

Jack Johnson KOs Sam McVea The San Francisco call., April 23, 1904, Image 11 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1904-04-23/ed-1/seq-11/#words=jack+johnson+sam+mcvey+Jack+johnson+sam+mcvey

Jack Johnson Vs Young Peter Jackson from Daily press., December 02, 1905, Image 1 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045830/1905-12-02/ed-1/seq-1/#words=Jack+johnson+peter+jackson+jack+johnson+peter+jackson+jack+johnson+peter+jackson

Jack Johnson beat Joe Jeannette The Washington times., March 15, 1906, Last Edition, Image 10 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1906-03-15/ed-1/seq-10/#words=jack+johnson+joe+jeannette++Jack+johnson+joe+jeannette+ Hope this is helpfull, a few may not be in the right order, so check the dates, and there are plenty more out there. Bitplayervesti (talk) 17:24, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Main image should be changed — it is heavily (and crudely) doctored
The main image is taken from a book published in 1909, but the image used in that book is based on this image https://i2.wp.com/www.ipwatchdog.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/jack-johnson.jpg. I don't have any secondary sources to reference here, but it's obviously the same image except the one in the book just drew a shirt on his torso. It's pretty poorly done too IMO – the color's way too uniform, it's way too dark compared to the rest of the image, you can see on his chest the direction marks from the coloring tooling they used, and there's a light spot just under his arms. The main image used should not be so heavily (and poorly) edited. Stephs758 (talk) 13:05, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with changing it. Never noticed that it had been altered. There's a ton of photos within his common category. Feel free to pick one to change it to. I like File:Jack Johnson1.jpg --Meanderingbartender (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I also like Jack Johnson1. I've created a reedited version of the picture. I assumed the light spots below his right elbow are scars. Wiki name (talk) 22:06, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Boxing record
Boxrec says 54-11-9 with 34 KOs, IBHOF says 77-13-14 with 48 KOs. The numbers in the infobox are different from the boxing record section and don't match either source. What should the article use?- Jahalive (talk) 19:12, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Legacy section has different numbers and doesn't match the ThoughtCo article referenced (79 wins, 44 KO's).--Jahalive (talk) 09:16, 14 March 2023 (UTC)
 * And why are the dates in the record table in DMY format?--Jahalive (talk) 01:22, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Died in Franklinton or Raleigh?
Place of death listed as Franklinton, but article says he died later at the hospital in Raleigh. 165.89.114.112 (talk) 12:47, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * We should change the infobox to Raleigh.--Jahalive (talk) 16:57, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

"Jack Johnson (boxer" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Johnson_(boxer&redirect=no Jack Johnson (boxer] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 18:18, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jack Johnson (boxer)


text:
Departments of the Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo is divided into twelve departments (départements, singular département). These departments replaced former regions (régions, singular région) in 2002:

These regions are subdivided into 86 districts and 7 communes; which are further subdivided into urban communities (communautés urbaines) and rural communities (communautés rurales); which are further subdivided into quarters or neighborhoods (quartiers) and villages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
List of Women's National Basketball Association players

The following is a list of Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) players.

A

 * 🇸🇪🇸🇴 Farhiya Abdi
 * Tajama Abraham
 * 🇷🇺 Svetlana Abrosimova
 * 🇨🇦 Natalie Achonwa
 * 🇺🇸 Jessica Adair
 * 🇺🇸 Danielle Adams
 * 🇨🇦 Jordan Adams
 * 🇪🇸 Elisa Aguilar
 * 🇱🇷 Matee Ajavon
 * 🇺🇸 Bella Alarie
 * 🇺🇸 Marcie Alberts
 * 🇺🇸 Markita Aldridge
 * 🇺🇸 Erin Alexander
 * 🇨🇦 Kayla Alexander
 * 🇺🇸 Tawona Alhaleem
 * 🇺🇸 Charel Allen
 * 🇦🇺 Rebecca Allen
 * 🇺🇸 Ameryst Alston
 * 🇳🇬 Mactabene Amachree
 * 🇺🇸 Monique Ambers
 * 🇨🇦 Laeticia Amihere
 * 🇺🇸 Ambrosia Anderson
 * 🇺🇸 Chantelle Anderson
 * 🇺🇸 Jolene Anderson
 * 🇺🇸 Keisha Anderson
 * 🇨🇻 Mery Andrade
 * 🇺🇸 Yvette Angel
 * 🇺🇸🇬🇧 Kristine Anigwe
 * 🇺🇸 Nicky Anosike
 * 🇺🇸 Jayne Appel
 * 🇧🇷 Janeth Arcain
 * 🇺🇸 Anne Marie Armstrong
 * 🇺🇸 Katasha Artis
 * 🇩🇪 Marlies Askamp
 * 🇺🇸 Ariel Atkins
 * 🇺🇸 La'Tangela Atkinson
 * 🇺🇸 Morenike Atunrase
 * 🇦🇺 Amy Atwell
 * 🇺🇸 Seimone Augustus
 * 🇺🇸 Shakira Austin
 * 🇫🇷 Valériane Ayayi
 * 🇺🇸 Angela Aycock
 * 🇨🇦 Miranda Ayim
 * 🇺🇸 Leigh Aziz
 * 🇺🇸 Jennifer Azzi

B

 * Tricia Bader Binford
 * Sherill Baker
 * Alison Bales
 * Rhonda Banchero
 * Rachel Banham
 * Elena Baranova
 * LaQuanda Barksdale
 * Adia Barnes
 * Quacy Barnes
 * Mistie Bass
 * 🇦🇺 Suzy Batkovic-Brown
 * Jacqueline Batteast
 * Ashley Battle
 * Cass Bauer-Bilodeau
 * Vicki Baugh
 * Alana Beard
 * Ryneldi Becenti
 * Kimberly Beck
 * Kenisha Bell
 * Kierstan Bell
 * Evgeniya Belyakova
 * 🇧🇪 Hind Ben Abdelkader
 * Jenni Benningfield
 * Alex Bentley
 * Valeriya Berezhynska
 * Grace Berger
 * Lucienne Berthieu
 * Morgan Bertsch
 * 🇦🇺 Tully Bevilaqua
 * Tiffany Bias
 * 🇦🇺 Jessica Bibby
 * Agnieszka Bibrzycka
 * Sue Bird
 * 🇦🇺 Abby Bishop
 * Nina Bjedov
 * Angie Bjorklund
 * Tera Bjorklund
 * Chante Black
 * Debbie Black
 * Rhonda Blades
 * Cindy Blodgett
 * Nikki Blue
 * Octavia Blue
 * Shannon Bobbitt
 * Whitney Boddie
 * Ruthie Bolton
 * LaToya Bond
 * Kelsey Bone
 * Susanna Bonfiglio
 * DeWanna Bonner
 * Karen Booker
 * Aliyah Boston
 * Jenny Boucek
 * Kelly Boucher
 * Lindsay Bowen
 * Brittany Boyd
 * 🇦🇺 Carla Boyd
 * Crystal Bradford
 * Gennifer Brandon
 * Albena Branzova
 * Gergana Branzova
 * Cierra Bravard
 * Janice Braxton
 * Kara Braxton
 * Angie Braziel
 * Jessica Breland
 * Reshea Bristol
 * 🇦🇺 Michelle Brogan
 * 🇦🇺 Sandy Brondello
 * Cindy Brown
 * Coretta Brown
 * Edwina Brown
 * Kalani Brown
 * Kiesha Brown
 * La'Shawn Brown
 * Leigha Brown
 * Lesley Brown
 * Rushia Brown
 * Marla Brumfield
 * Jessica Brungo
 * Rebekkah Brunson
 * Adut Bulgak
 * Vicky Bullett
 * Cierra Burdick
 * Rae Burrell
 * Heather Burge
 * Heidi Burge
 * Linda Burgess
 * Kennedy Burke
 * Alisa Burras
 * Janell Burse
 * Veronica Burton
 * Heather Butler
 * Tasha Butts
 * Latasha Byears

C

 * Kelley Cain
 * 🇦🇺 Elizabeth Cambage
 * Edna Campbell
 * Michelle Campbell
 * Michelle Campbell
 * Dominique Canty
 * Jamie Carey
 * Bridget Carleton
 * DiJonai Carrington
 * Essence Carson
 * Amisha Carter
 * Arica Carter
 * Chennedy Carter
 * Deborah Carter
 * Swin Cash
 * Jamie Cassidy
 * Iziane Castro Marques
 * Tamika Catchings
 * LaNeishea Caufield
 * Maite Cazorla
 * Elisabeth Cebrian
 * Keri Chaconas
 * 🇦🇷 Florencia Chagas
 * Cori Chambers
 * Quianna Chaney
 * Jill Chapman-Daily
 * Daedra Charles
 * Tina Charles
 * Sonia Chase
 * Joy Cheek
 * Felicia Chester
 * Kaayla Chones
 * Kayte Christensen
 * Karima Christmas
 * Shameka Christon
 * Kristi Cirone
 * Layshia Clarendon
 * Alysha Clark
 * Margold Clark
 * 🇦🇺 Michelle Cleary
 * Courtney Clements
 * Stacy Clinesmith
 * Natasha Cloud
 * Nia Clouden
 * Claire Coggins
 * Monique Coker
 * Courtney Coleman
 * Marissa Coleman
 * Nadia Colhado
 * Katrina Colleton
 * Charli Collier
 * Napheesa Collier
 * Sydney Colson
 * Megan Compain
 * Maria Conde
 * Andrea Congreaves
 * Cara Consuegra
 * Zia Cooke
 * Camille Cooper
 * Cynthia Cooper-Dyke
 * Te'a Cooper
 * Kahleah Copper
 * Carla Cortijo
 * Lauren Cox
 * Sylvia Crawley
 * Willnett Crockett
 * Danielle Crockrom
 * Katie Cronin
 * Shanna Crossley
 * Cassandra Crumpton-Moorer
 * Anna Cruz
 * Lorela Cubaj
 * Beth Cunningham
 * Davalyn Cunningham
 * Sophie Cunningham
 * Monique Currie
 * Edniesha Curry

D

 * 🇷🇸 Ana Dabović
 * 🇨🇦 Stacey Dales-Schuman
 * Grace Daley
 * Crystal Dangerfield
 * Damiris Dantas
 * Helen Darling
 * Jessica Davenport
 * Brandi Davis
 * Dee Davis
 * Tanae Davis-Cain
 * Clarissa Davis-Wrightsil
 * 🇧🇷 Erika de Souza
 * Anna DeForge
 * Elena Delle Donne
 * Jennifer Derevjanik
 * Diamond Deshields
 * Keitha Dickerson
 * Blake Dietrick
 * Skylar Diggins
 * Cierra Dillard
 * Tai Dillard
 * Tamecka Dixon
 * 🇭🇷 Ivana Dojkić
 * Stefanie Dolson
 * Nadine Domond
 * Bethany Donaphin
 * 🇮🇱 Shay Doron
 * Scholanda Robinson Dorrell
 * 🇧🇷 Cintia dos Santos
 * Clarissa dos Santos
 * Katie Douglas
 * Kathleen Doyle
 * 🇲🇪 Jelena Dubljević
 * Megan Duffy
 * Celine Dumerc
 * Victoria Dunlap
 * Candice Dupree
 * Asia Durr
 * 🇵🇱 Margo Dydek

E

 * Michelle Edwards
 * Simone Edwards
 * Teresa Edwards
 * Tonya Edwards
 * Queen Egbo
 * Frida Eldebrink
 * Aaryn Ellenberg
 * Shyra Ely
 * Emily Engstler
 * Shalonda Enis
 * Summer Erb
 * Lauren Ervin
 * Dana Evans
 * Dawn Evans

F

 * 🇦🇺 Trisha Fallon
 * Dulcy Fankam Mendjiadeu
 * Kelly Faris
 * Barbara Farris
 * Jamierra Faulkner
 * Allison Feaster
 * Sui Feifei
 * Marie Ferdinand-Harris
 * Marta Fernandez
 * Marina Ferragut
 * Nirra Fields
 * Ukari Figgs
 * 🇫🇷 Isabelle Fijalkowski
 * Olga Firsova
 * Milena Flores
 * Tye'sha Fluker
 * Kristin Folkl
 * Cheryl Ford
 * Kisha Ford
 * Stacey Ford
 * Toni Foster
 * Sylvia Fowles
 * Desiree Francis
 * A'Quonesia Franklin
 * Megan Frazee
 * Stacy Frese
 * La'Keshia Frett
 * Trina Frierson
 * 🇩🇪 Linda Frohlich
 * Sam Fuehring
 * Candace Futrell

G

 * Katryna Gaither
 * Travesa Gant
 * Begona Garcia
 * Kerri Gardin
 * Andrea Gardner
 * Andrea Garner
 * Pietra Gay
 * Cornelia Gayden
 * Katie Gearlds
 * Jacki Gemelos
 * 🇦🇺 Cayla George
 * Kim Gessig
 * Kelley Gibson
 * Briana Gilbreath-Butler
 * Jennifer Gillom
 * Usha Gilmore
 * Kamela Gissendanner
 * Chrissy Givens
 * Emile Gomis
 * Sasha Goodlett
 * Angel Goodrich
 * Adrienne Goodson
 * Bridgette Gordon
 * Gillian Goring
 * Shaunzinski Gortman
 * Margo Graham
 * Erin Grant
 * Bashaara Graves
 * Denique Graves
 * Chelsea Gray
 * Reshanda Gray
 * Alexis Gray-Lawson
 * Michelle Greco
 * Kalana Greene
 * Nikki Greene
 * Cisti Greenwalt
 * 🇭🇷 Vedrana Grgin-Fonseca
 * 🇦🇺 Kelsey Griffin
 * Yolanda Griffith
 * Brittney Griner
 * Lady Grooms
 * Gordana Grubin
 * 🇫🇷 Sandrine Gruda
 * Megan Gustafson
 * Wanda Guyton
 * Jazmon Gwathmey

H

 * Mikiko Hagiwara
 * Kamesha Hairston
 * Amber Hall
 * Vicki Hall
 * Angie Hamblin
 * Ruth Hamblin
 * Dearica Hamby
 * Becky Hammon
 * Keisha Hampton
 * Kym Hampton
 * Jennifer Hamson
 * Romana Hamzova
 * Alex Harden
 * Lindsey Harding
 * Laura Harper
 * Donna Harrington
 * Amber Harris
 * Fran Harris
 * Tyasha Harris
 * Isabelle Harrison
 * Lisa Harrison
 * 🇦🇺 Kristi Harrower
 * Bria Hartley
 * Jasmine Hassell
 * Tianna Hawkins
 * Vanessa Hayden
 * Tiffany Hayes
 * Kristin Haynie
 * Dena Head
 * 🇦🇺 Shyla Heal
 * Ruthy Hebard
 * Destanni Henderson
 * Nekeshia Henderson
 * Tracy Henderson
 * Sonja Henning
 * Aneika Henry
 * Mikiah Herbert Harrigan
 * Amy Herrig
 * 🇦🇺 Katrina Hibbert
 * Jessie Hicks
 * Natisha Hiedeman
 * Allison Hightower
 * E. C. Hill
 * Tayler Hill
 * Naz Hillmon
 * Korie Hlede
 * Roneeka Hodges
 * Ebony Hoffman
 * Chamique Holdsclaw
 * Kedra Holland-Corn
 * Quanitra Hollingsworth
 * Rachel Hollivay
 * Bria Holmes
 * Sequoia Holmes
 * Joyner Holmes
 * Joy Holmes-Harris
 * Amber Holt
 * Jordan Hooper
 * Andrea Hoover
 * Kym Hope
 * Chelsea Hopkins
 * Susie Hopson-Shelton
 * Alexis Hornbuckle
 * Jordan Horston
 * Charde Houston
 * Ashley Houts
 * Anriel Howard
 * Jennifer Howard
 * Natasha Howard
 * Rhyne Howard
 * Brittany Hrynko
 * Megan Huff
 * Lexie Hull
 * Tasha Humphrey

I

 * 🇳🇬 Ify Ibekwe
 * 🇺🇸 Sabrina Ionescu
 * 🇺🇸 Sandora Irvin
 * 🇭🇺 Dalma Ivanyi
 * 🇺🇸 Niele Ivey

J

 * Angela Jackson
 * Chloe Jackson
 * Deanna Jackson
 * Gwen Jackson
 * 🇦🇺 Lauren Jackson
 * Tamicha Jackson
 * Tammy Jackson
 * Tia Jackson
 * Tiffany Jackson
 * Amber Jacobs
 * Jasmine James
 * Tamara James
 * Briann January
 * 🇦🇺 Rachel Jarry
 * Moriah Jefferson
 * Janeesa Jeffery
 * Anete Jekabsone-Zogota
 * Cathy Joens
 * Pollyanna Johns Kimbrough
 * Adrienne Johnson
 * Chandra Johnson
 * Glory Johnson
 * Jaclyn Johnson
 * LaTonya Johnson
 * Leslie Johnson
 * Niesa Johnson
 * Shannon Johnson
 * Shenise Johnson
 * Temeka Johnson
 * Tiffani Johnson
 * Vickie Johnson
 * Kellie Jolly Harper
 * Asjha Jones
 * Chandi Jones
 * Haley Jones
 * Jameka Jones
 * Jazmine Jones
 * Jonquel Jones
 * Larecha Jones
 * Marion Jones
 * Merlakia Jones
 * Carolyn Jones-Young
 * Pauline Jordan
 * Dorka Juhász

K

 * Aneta Kausaite
 * Paris Kea
 * Shae Kelley
 * Crystal Kelly
 * Brianna Kiesel
 * Susan King Borchardt
 * 🇦🇺 Jae Kingi-Cross
 * Lynetta Kizer
 * Zuzi Klimesova
 * Whitney Knight
 * Ewelina Kobryn
 * Laurie Koehn
 * Ilona Korstin
 * Greta Koss
 * Anastasia Kostaki
 * Tanja Kostic
 * Cathrine Kraayeveld
 * Nicole Kubik
 * Awak Kuier
 * Andrea Kuklova

L

 * 🇦🇺 Alison Lacey
 * Jennifer Lacy
 * Natasha Lacy
 * Venus Lacy
 * 🇦🇺 Annie La Fleur
 * Monica Lamb
 * Sheila Lambert
 * Betnijah Laney
 * MerleLynn Lange-Harris
 * Crystal Langhorne
 * Krystyna Lara
 * Erlana Larkins
 * Amanda Lassiter
 * Ivory Latta
 * Jantel Lavender
 * Kara Lawson
 * Edwige Lawson-Wade
 * Katarina Lazic
 * Shalee Lehning
 * Betty Lennox
 * Kiara Leslie
 * Lauren Klem
 * Lisa Leslie
 * Yelena Leuchanka
 * Nicole Levesque
 * Doneeka Lewis
 * Takeisha Lewis
 * Tynesha Lewis
 * Nancy Lieberman-Cline
 * Miao Lijie
 * Taylor Lilley
 * Jasmine Lister
 * Tricia Liston
 * Camille Little
 * Andrea Lloyd Curry
 * Rebecca Lobo
 * Samantha Logic
 * Stacey Lovelace
 * Jewell Loyd
 * Maggie Lucas
 * Pat Luckey
 * Helen Luz
 * Sancho Lyttle

M

 * Mwadi Mabika
 * Marina Mabrey
 * Victoria Macaulay
 * Laura Macchi
 * Clarisse Machanguana
 * Tess Madgen
 * 🇦🇺 Ezi Magbegor
 * Megan Mahoney
 * Shea Mahoney
 * 🇲🇱 Hamchetou Maiga-Ba
 * Nadine Malcolm
 * 🇦🇺 Anneli Maley
 * Sonja Mallory
 * Ally Malott
 * 🇬🇷 Evanthia Maltsi
 * Kristen Mann
 * Sharon Manning
 * Rhonda Mapp
 * Michelle M. Marciniak
 * 🇷🇴 Gabriela Marginean
 * Maylana Martin
 * 🇪🇸 Nuria Martinez
 * 🇮🇹 Raffaella Masciadri
 * A'dia Mathies
 * Caity Matter
 * Katie Mattera
 * Anita Maxwell
 * Monica Maxwell
 * Kelly Mazzante
 * Kayla McBride
 * Brandi McCain
 * Tiffany McCain
 * Rashanda McCants
 * Janel McCarville
 * Suzie McConnell Serio
 * Angel McCoughtry
 * Teaira McCowan
 * Danielle McCray
 * Nikki McCray
 * Nicky McCrimmon
 * Danielle McCulley
 * Aari McDonald
 * Pamela McGee
 * Imani McGee-Stafford
 * Carla McGhee
 * Nadirah McKenith
 * Shanece McKinney
 * Taj McWilliams-Franklin
 * Emma Meesseman
 * Jade Melbourne
 * Chasity Melvin
 * Giuliana Mendiola
 * Britany Miller
 * Coco Miller
 * Diamond Miller
 * Kelly Miller
 * Macy Miller
 * Teana Miller
 * Tausha Mills
 * Jelena Milovanovic
 * DeLisha Milton-Jones
 * 🇦🇺 Leilani Mitchell
 * Liz Moeggenberg
 * 🇧🇷 Adriana Moises
 * Chanel Mokango
 * Jacinta Monroe
 * Anna Montanana
 * Alex Montgomery
 * Renee Montgomery
 * Jackie Moore
 * Jessica Moore
 * Lindsey Moore
 * Loree Moore
 * Maya Moore
 * Navonda Moore
 * Penny Moore
 * Tamara Moore
 * Yolanda Moore
 * Carolyn Moos
 * Darxia Morris
 * Jene Morris
 * 🇨🇱 Ziomara Morrison
 * Bernice Mosby
 * Brene Moseley
 * Judy Mosley-McAfee
 * Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis
 * Jenny Mowe
 * Razija Mujanović
 * Naomi Mulitauaopele
 * Shay Murphy

N

 * Christelle N'Garsanet
 * 🇭🇺 Andrea Nagy
 * 🇨🇳 Chen Nan
 * 🇸🇳 Astou Ndiaye-Diatta
 * 🇫🇷 Emmeline Ndongue
 * 🇪🇸 Astou Ndour
 * 🇺🇸 Olivia Nelson-Ododa
 * 🇨🇿 Eva Nemcova
 * 🇧🇷 Claudia Neves
 * 🇺🇸 Chelsea Newton
 * Bernadette Ngoyisa
 * 🇺🇸 Tina Nicholson
 * 🇳🇱 Marlous Nieuwveen
 * 🇷🇸 Mila Nikolić
 * 🇸🇪 Chioma Nnamaka
 * 🇺🇸 🇷🇺 Deanna Nolan
 * 🇺🇸 Natalie Novosel
 * 🇺🇸 Vanessa Nygaard

O

 * Leaonna Odom
 * 🇦🇺 Jenna O'Hea
 * Jennifer O'Neill
 * Kristen O'Neill
 * Yuko Oga
 * Arike Ogunbowale
 * Chiney Ogwumike
 * Nneka Ogwumike
 * Nicole Ohlde
 * Abi Olajuwon
 * Michaela Onyenwere
 * Inga Orekhova
 * Irina Osipova
 * Heather Owen
 * Shantia Owens

P

 * 🇷🇸 Danielle Page
 * Murriel Page
 * Yolanda Paige
 * Sabrina Palie
 * Wendy Palmer-Daniel
 * Courtney Paris
 * Candace Parker
 * Cheyenne Parker
 * Florina Pascalau
 * Tia Paschal
 * Michaela Pavlickova
 * Kate Paye
 * Kayla Pedersen
 * Ticha Penicheiro
 * Jocelyn Penn
 * 🇷🇸 Jasmina Perazić-Gipe
 * Jia Perkins
 * Erin Perperoglou
 * Kim Perrot
 * Devereaux Peters
 * Haley Peters
 * 🇷🇸 Sonja Petrović
 * Bridget Pettis
 * 🇦🇺 Erin Phillips
 * Porsha Phillips
 * Ta'Shia Phillips
 * Tari Phillips
 * Plenette Pierson
 * Theresa Plaisance
 * Jeanette Pohlen
 * Khayla Pointer
 * Catarina Pollini
 * Cappie Pondexter
 * Chelsea Poppens
 * Angie Potthoff
 * Elaine Powell
 * Nicole Powell
 * Aerial Powers
 * Samantha Prahalis
 * Armintie Price
 * Franthea Price
 * Lynn Pride
 * Epiphanny Prince

Q

 * 🇺🇸 Brooke Queenan
 * 🇺🇸 Allie Quigley
 * 🇺🇸 Noelle Quinn
 * 🇺🇸 Texlin Quinney

R

 * 🇲🇪 Hajdana Radunović
 * Felicia Ragland
 * Semeka Randall
 * Kristen Rasmussen
 * Brittainey Raven
 * Stephanie Raymond
 * Jamie Redd
 * Katelan Redmon
 * Brandy Reed
 * Chastity Reed
 * Michelle Reed
 * Tracy Reid
 * Tammi Reiss
 * Kathrin Ress
 * DiDi Richards
 * Andrea Riley
 * Ruth Riley
 * Jennifer Rizzotti
 * Nyree Roberts
 * Angel Robinson
 * Ashley Robinson
 * Caliya Robinson
 * Crystal Robinson
 * Danielle Robinson
 * Renee Robinson
 * Sugar Rodgers
 * Jannon Roland
 * Waltiea Rolle
 * Leticia Romero
 * Adrienne Ross
 * Tierra Ruffin-Pratt
 * Iliana Rupert
 * Leah Rush
 * Mercedes Russell
 * Eugenia Rycraw

S

 * Nyara Sabally
 * Satou Sabally
 * Nykesha Sales
 * Ángela Salvadores
 * Sheri Sam
 * Charisse Sampson
 * Katie Lou Samuelson
 * Isabel Sanchez
 * Amy Sanders
 * LaToya Sanders
 * Nakia Sanford
 * Olayinka Sanni
 * Kelly Santos
 * Alessandra Santos de Oliveira
 * Rankica Sarenac
 * Paige Sauer
 * Jaynetta Saunders
 * Audrey Sauret
 * Laure Savasta
 * Shoni Schimmel
 * Kelly Schumacher
 * Georgia Schweitzer
 * Olympia Scott
 * Raegan Scott
 * Elena Shakirova
 * K.B. Sharp
 * Chay Shegog
 * Jessica Shepard
 * Aisha Sheppard
 * Ashley Shields
 * Adrienne Shuler
 * Maddy Siegrist
 * Meighan Simmons
 * Dymond Simon
 * Odyssey Sims
 * 🇫🇷 Kadi Sissoko
 * Madinah Slaise
 * Gwen Slaughter
 * Gergana Slavtcheva
 * Destiny Slocum
 * Aiysha Smith
 * 🇦🇺 Alanna Smith
 * Brooke Smith
 * Charlotte Smith
 * Charmin Smith
 * Christy Smith
 * Crystal Smith
 * Jennifer Smith
 * Katie Smith
 * Kim Smith
 * LaCharlotte Smith
 * Nalyssa Smith
 * Tangela Smith
 * Tyresa Smith
 * Wanisha Smith
 * 🇦🇺 Belinda Snell
 * Michelle Snow
 * Leila Sobral
 * Taylor Soule
 * Sidney Spencer
 * 🇦🇺 Rachael Sporn
 * Trisha Stafford-Odom
 * Dawn Staley
 * Tiffany Stansbury
 * Kate Starbird
 * Katy Steding
 * Maria Stepanova
 * Rehema Stephens
 * Stacy Stephens
 * Mandisa Stevenson
 * Breanna Stewart
 * Jackie Stiles
 * Valerie Still
 * Andrea Stinson
 * Shanele Stires
 * Tamara Stocks
 * Kiah Stokes
 * Jurgita Streimikyte
 * Shekinna Stricklen
 * Ann Strother
 * Tora Suber
 * 🇦🇺 Laura Summerton
 * Jung Sun-Min
 * Sug Sutton
 * Tammy Sutton-Brown
 * Ketia Swanier
 * Sheryl Swoopes
 * Carolyn Swords
 * April Sykes
 * Brittney Sykes

T

 * 🇦🇺 Stephanie Talbot
 * Zane Tamane
 * Sonja Tate
 * Diana Taurasi
 * Asia Taylor
 * Lindsay Taylor
 * 🇦🇺 Penny Taylor
 * Nikki Teasley
 * Kasha Terry
 * Alyssa Thomas
 * Carla Thomas
 * Christi Thomas
 * Jasmine Thomas
 * Krystal Thomas
 * LaToya Thomas
 * Stacey Thomas
 * Alicia Thompson
 * Amanda Thompson
 * Tina Thompson
 * Shona Thorburn
 * Erin Thorn
 * Kayla Thornton
 * Robin Threatt
 * Iciss Tillis
 * 🇦🇺 Michele Timms
 * Joslyn Tinkle
 * Ramu Tokashiki
 * Penny Toler
 * Kristi Toliver
 * 🇦🇺 Marianna Tolo
 * Elena Tornikidou
 * Levys Torres
 * Tiffany Travis
 * Chantel Tremitiere
 * Trena Trice
 * Morgan Tuck
 * Barbara Turner
 * Brianna Turner
 * Molly Tuter
 * Slobodanka Tuvic
 * Polina Tzekova

U

 * 🇳🇬 Mfon Udoka
 * 🇭🇺 Petra Ujhelyi
 * 🇺🇸 Itoro Umoh-Coleman

V

 * 🇪🇸 Amaya Valdemoro
 * 🇺🇸 Michele Van Gorp
 * 🇺🇸 Courtney Vandersloot
 * 🇳🇱 Alexandra Van Embricqs
 * 🇺🇸 Kia Vaughn
 * 🇺🇸 Krystal Vaughn
 * 🇦🇺 Kristen Veal
 * 🇨🇿 Jana Vesela
 * Danielle Viglione
 * 🇷🇸 Daliborka Vilipić
 * 🇨🇿 Kamila Vodichkova
 * 🇷🇺 Natalia Vodopyanova
 * 🇷🇸 Milica Vukadinović

W

 * Ashley Walker
 * Ayana Walker
 * DeMya Walker
 * Jasmine Walker
 * Marcedes Walker
 * Megan Walker
 * Shatori Walker-Kimbrough
 * 🇦🇺 Kristy Wallace
 * Maren Walseth
 * Avery Warley
 * Coquese Washington
 * Tonya Washington
 * Ann Wauters
 * Teresa Weatherspoon
 * Umeki Webb
 * Martina Weber
 * Kendra Wecker
 * Jamie Weisner
 * Lindsay Whalen
 * Erica Wheeler
 * 🇦🇺 Sami Whitcomb
 * DeTrina White
 * Erica White
 * Stephanie White
 * Tan White
 * Val Whiting-Raymond
 * Tamika Whitmore
 * Khadijah Whittington
 * 🇦🇺 Jenny Whittle
 * Davellyn Whyte
 * Sue Wicks
 * Jamila Wideman
 * Candice Wiggins
 * Brittany Wilkins
 * Angelina Williams
 * Beverly Williams
 * Christyn Williams
 * Courtney Williams
 * Debra Williams
 * Elizabeth Williams
 * Gabby Williams
 * Kamiko Williams
 * Kiana Williams
 * Kim Williams
 * Lenae Williams
 * Natalie Williams
 * Riquna Williams
 * Rita Williams
 * Shaquala Williams
 * Tamika Williams
 * Tara Williams
 * Toccara Williams
 * Adrian Williams-Strong
 * Le'coe Willingham
 * Lisa Willis
 * Wendi Willits
 * Jocelyn Willoughby
 * A'ja Wilson
 * Christina Wirth
 * Lindsay Wisdom-Hylton
 * Sophia Witherspoon
 * Julie Wojta
 * Kara Wolters
 * Angelina Wolvert
 * Lynette Woodard
 * Tiffany Woosley
 * Monica Wright
 * Shereka Wright
 * Tanisha Wright
 * Brooke Wyckoff
 * Dana Wynne

X

 * 🇪🇸 Marta Xargay
 * 🇨🇳 Han Xu

Y

 * 🇺🇸 Lindsey Yamasaki
 * 🇺🇸 Corissa Yasen
 * 🇹🇷 Nevriye Yılmaz
 * Jackie Young
 * 🇺🇸 🇻🇨 Sophia Young
 * 🇺🇸 Tamera Young
 * 🇺🇸 Toni Young
 * Li Yueru

Z

 * 🇸🇪 Amanda Zahui B.
 * 🇷🇺 Oksana Zakaluzhnaya
 * Francesca Zara
 * 🇭🇷 🇺🇸 Shavonte Zellous
 * 🇨🇳 Haixia Zheng
 * 🇸🇰 Zuzana Žirková
 * 🇺🇸 Sharnee Zoll


text:
Talk:WNBA

WNBA-AM
Are there any radio or television stations with call letters WNBA?? Please do not simply say "no" just because there are none you know. 66.32.145.143 01:11, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * According to this list WNBA is an AM station operating on 1440 AM from Forest Park, Illinois. —Morven 01:20, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone just reverted it to a re-direct. 66.245.85.1 14:56, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

There is no reason to have a disambiguation page here.

 * 1) The Women's National Basketball Association is clearly, clearly the most prominent and important use of the four letters WNBA.
 * 2) Per Disambiguation, "if one meaning is clearly predominant, it remains at the general title."
 * 3) There is no article for WNBA-AM (and probably never will be), so there really doesn't need to be a disambiguation page.
 * 4) I can't even find any information on this WNBA-AM anywhere.  A search for "WNBA AM" at Google returns no information about this station.
 * That's because broadcast stations that don't share callsign with others usually like to leave out their suffix. On Wikipedia, however, it is necessary to keep the suffix according to Radiojon. 66.245.68.185 22:47, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

You can keep going on and on about the need for disambiguation here, anon, but it just isn't needed. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  22:39, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

See Articles for deletion/WNBA (disambiguation) for why "WNBA-AM" is a dead issue. (Short version: WNBA (AM) hasn't existed since 1929.) --Closeapple 12:40, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:WNBA


text:
Ahuntsic (federal electoral district)

Ahuntsic was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1988 to 2015.

Geography
The district included the neighbourhoods of Ahuntsic and Bordeaux-Cartierville and the western part of the neighbourhood of Sault-au-Recollet in the Borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville.

Prior to being abolished, its neighbouring ridings were Papineau, Mount Royal, Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, Laval, Alfred-Pellan, Bourassa, and Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel.

History
The electoral district of Ahuntsic was created in 1966 from Saint-Denis and Laval ridings. In 1976, it was abolished when it was redistributed into Saint-Michel riding.

In 1987, the new district of Ahuntsic was created from Saint-Michel—Ahuntsic and Saint-Denis.

From 1993 to 2008 Ahuntsic was usually a competitive seat between Bloc Québécois and the Liberals. However, in 2011 Bloc Québécois incumbent Maria Mourani narrowly won reelection against a New Democratic surge that swept through Montreal and Quebec in general. Ahuntsic was the sole seat retained by Bloc Québécois in the Montreal area and one of only four won by the party overall at the 2011 federal election.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Ahuntsic, 1988–2015

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| -9.6
 * align="right"|

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Ahuntsic, 1968–1979
Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.

title: Ahuntsic (federal electoral district)


text:
Ahuntsic

Ahuntsic (French pronunciation ) is a district in the northern part of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Originally an independent village, Ahuntsic was first annexed by Montreal in 1910, then merged into the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville in 2002.

It is home to Collège Ahuntsic and Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard.

History
The municipality of the Village of Ahuntsic was founded on January 21, 1897, by a proclamation of the Quebec provincial government. The council of the new village operated until 1910, when the province passed laws creating the charter of the City of Montreal. It was then annexed and later combined with Nouveau-Bordeaux, forming the district of Ahuntsic-Bordeaux. The city of Cartierville and Sault-au-Récollet were added in 1918.

In 1952, following a land exchange, Ahuntsic took over part of Saint-Laurent. During the municipal merger-demerger under Bernard Landry administration, the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough was created on January 1, 2002 together with the district of Cartierville.

Education
The Collège Ahuntsic is a CEGEP in Ahuntsic.

The Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) operates French-language public schools in Ahuntsic.
 * École primaire Ahuntsic

The English Montreal School Board (EMSB) operates English-language schools.

The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates the Ahuntsic library.

Noted residents

 * Mélanie Joly (b. 1979), MP for Ahuntsic-Cartierville, former Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages, current Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Julie Payette (b. 1963), former astronaut and 29th Governor General of Canada
 * Maurice Richard (1921-2000), NHL player for the Montreal Canadiens

title: Ahuntsic


text:
Departments of Ivory Coast

Departments of Ivory Coast (départements de Côte d'Ivoire) are currently the third-level administrative subdivision of the country. Each of the 31 second-level regions of Ivory Coast is divided into two or more departments. (The autonomous districts are containing departments, but have a specific status.) Each department is divided into two or more sub-prefectures. Since 2020, there are 109 departments of Ivory Coast.

Departments were first created in 1959. During their existence, they have been first-, second-, and third-level administrative subdivisions.

Current departments
There are currently 111 departments of Ivory Coast. The departments are as follows: • Abengourou

• Abidjan

• Aboisso

• Adzopé

• Agboville

• Agnibilékrou

• Bangolo

• Béoumi

•
Biankouma

•
Bondoukou

•
Bongouanou

•
Bouaflé

•
Bouaké

•
Bouna

•
Boundiali

•
Dabakala

•
Daloa

•
Danané

•
Daoukro

•
Dimbokro

•
Divo

•
Duékoué

•
Ferkessédougou

•
Gagnoa

•
Grand-Lahou

•
Guiglo

•
Issia

•
Katiola

•
Korhogo

•
Lakota

•
Man

•
Mankono

•
M’Bahiakro

•
Odienné

•
Oumé

•
Sakassou

•
San-Pedro

•
Sassandra

•
Séguéla

•
Sinfra

•
Soubré

•
Tabou

•
Transua

•
Tengréla

•
Tiassalé

•
Touba

•
Toumodi

•
Vavoua

•
Yamoussoukro

•
Zuénoula

•
Adiaké

•
Alépé

•
Bocanda

•
Dabou

•
Grand-Bassam

•
Jacqueville

•
Tiébissou

•
Toulépleu

•
Bloléquin

•
Akoupé

•
Didiévi

•
Kouibly

•
Nassian

•
Prikro

•
Sikensi

•
Zouan-Hounien

•
Madinani

•
Minignan

•
Kounahiri

•
Koun-Fao

•
Arrah

•
Attiégouakro

•
Bettié

•
Botro

•
Dikodougou

•
Doropo

•
Fresco

•
Guéyo

•
Guitry

•
Kani

•
Kaniasso

•
Koro

•
Kouto

•
M’Batto

•
Niakaramadougou

•
Ouangolodougou

•
Ouaninou

•
Samatiguila

•
Sandégué

•
Sinématiali

•
Téhini

•
Tiapoum

•
Tanda

•
Yakassé-Attobrou

•
Zoukougbeu

•
Buyo

•
Dianra

•
Djékanou

•
Facobly

•
Gbéléban

•
Kong

•
Kouassi-Kouassikro

•
M’Bengué

•
Méagui

•
Séguélon

•
Sipilou

•
Taabo

•
Taï

•
Ouellé

•
Bonon

•
Gohitafla

•

1961–69
Departments were established in 1961 and were the original first-level administrative subdivision of independent Ivory Coast. Initially, there were just four departments: Centre, Nord, Sud-Est, and Sud-Ouest. In 1963, two more departments were created: Est was created by dividing Sud-Est, and Centre-Ouest) was created by dividing Sud-Ouest. As a result of the divisions, Sud-Est was renamed Sud and Sud-Ouest was renamed Ouest.

1969: 24 new departments
In 1969, the six departments were abolished and in their place 24 new departments were created. The following table illustrates how the old departments were divided into the new departments:

Due to a lack of government resources, the 1969 changes were not fully implemented until 1974.

Subsequent divisions and relegation to second-level
From 1974 onward, new departments were occasionally created through division of pre-existing departments. New departments were created in 1974 (2), 1980 (8), 1988 (15), and 1995 (1). In 1997, when there were 50 departments, regions were created, which supplanted departments as the first-level administrative subdivision. As a result, the 50 departments became second-level divisions.

More departments were created in 1998 (8), 2005 (12), 2008 (11), and 2009 (9). By the time of the late-2011 reorganisation of the subdivisions of Ivory Coast, there were 90 departments in 19 regions.

2011 subdivision reorganisation
In the 2011 reorganisation of the subdivisions of Ivory Coast, five new departments were created, bringing the total to 95. More significantly, however, districts were created as a new first-level division. As a result, regions became second-level subdivisions and the 95 departments became third-level subdivisions.

Post-2011 changes
Since the 2011 reorganisation, 14 more departments have been created, bringing the total number to 109. Twelve departments were created in 2012, one in 2013, and one was created in 2020.

Names and governance
Departments are named after the city or town that serves as the seat of the department. In most cases, this is the most populous settlement in the department.

Each department is headed by a prefect, who is appointed by the council of ministers (cabinet) of the national government. For departments that house regional capitals, the prefect of the department is the same individual as the prefect of the region, though the two offices of prefect remain distinct.

Each department is divided into two or more sub-prefectures, which serve as fourth-level administrative subdivisions. There are currently 510 sub-prefectures in the country.

Current departments by district and region
Below are the departments divided by district and region with the establishment year of the departments in parentheses.

Abidjan Autonomous District

 * Abidjan Department (1969)

Yamoussoukro Autonomous District

 * Attiégouakro Department (2009)
 * Yamoussoukro Department (1988)

Defunct departments
There are six departments of Ivory Coast that have been eliminated. • Centre Department (1961–69)

• Centre-Ouest Department (1963–69)

• Est Department (1963–69)

• Nord Department (1961–69)

• Ouest Department (1961–69)

• Sud Department (1961–69)

title: Departments of Ivory Coast


text:
David Nixon (magician)

David Porter Nixon (29 December 1919 – 1 December 1978) was an English magician and television personality. At the height of his career, Nixon was among the best-known magicians in the UK.

Early life
Born in Muswell Hill, London, Nixon attended the Westcliff High School for Boys in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. His father was a lawyer whose hobby was magic and who took Nixon to watch performers such as Nevil Maskelyne and David Devant. One magician who made an early impression on the young boy was Stanley Collins, who had a gentlemanly image which influenced Nixon's later performing style. Nixon started performing magic himself after an aunt bought him an Ernest Sewell Magic Box for Christmas. On leaving school he gained a job with the Henley Telegraph, the in-house magazine of the W. T. Henley Telegraph company, a publication which had been founded by Alfred Hitchcock. In 1938 he joined The Magic Circle. He also became an accomplished double bass player and performed with a local band.

Entertainment career
With the advent of the Second World War, Nixon joined ENSA, the organisation that was set up to provide entertainment for British troops. He had been prevented from serving in a front line role as a result of suffering from pneumonia when he was a teenager. In summer 1946, after leaving ENSA, he joined the Fol de Rols, a touring variety troupe based in Scarborough and in addition to his conjuring act he acted as compere in their shows. In July 1948, he was in the cast of the "Out of the Blue" revue at the Spa Theatre, Scarborough and he was joined on stage by the actor and comedian Norman Wisdom, who wreaked havoc with his act. The partnership was a success and the two men subsequently appeared at the London Casino in September 1948.

In addition to his magic act, Nixon sang, danced and worked front of house. In 1947, he married a singer named Margaret Burton. The same year he gained his first opportunity on television in a show called Café Continental. Nixon's big break came in 1954 when he was invited to be a panelist on the British version of the television quiz show What's My Line?, appearing in 150 editions between 1954 and 1963. He presented series such as the British version of Candid Camera, Comedy Bandbox (1962) (later David Nixon's Comedy Bandbox (1966) and was Basil Brush's first partner.

Nixon was in demand for private society parties and frequently performed at the soirees of Mayfair hostess, Dorothy Hartman, owner of Lendrum & Hartman Limited, in Berkeley House, Hay Hill in the 1950s. His magic shows included Trix n Nixon (1962) Tonight with David Nixon (1969), David Nixon's Magic Box (1970-71) and The David Nixon Show (1972-77) as well as David Nixon's Christmas Magic (1974) that featured a classic magic trick where Lynsey de Paul appeared to disappear from a glass casket while leaving behind a still warm dress. He also appeared as a panelist in the BBC radio comedy panel game, Many a Slip.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1973 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the Magic Circle Headquarters in London. He then presented an episode of the programme the following year, in which the subject was the series' regular British host, Eamonn Andrews. A keen chess player, Nixon presented Checkmate, an ATV series teaching the basics of the game.

Alongside his skills as a magician, Nixon liked to use television technology for humour and entertainment. In the 1970s, when the technology of colour separation overlay became available, he developed a way to interact with a recording of himself apparently on the other side of a mirror. Not only was the conversation perfectly coordinated, he also used sleight-of-hand to appear to pass objects back and forth to himself.

David Nixon has been recognised as an influence on future UK magicians as diverse as Wayne Dobson and Jerry Sadowitz.

With a rich and mellow speaking voice, Nixon was in demand as a compere and narrator; he was a narrator in the show Emil and the Detectives, at the Mermaid Theatre, London.

David Nixon made his final television appearances posthumously, as a guest on Basil Brush's Magical Christmas, broadcast on BBC1 on 23 December 1978, Celebrity Squares, broadcast on ITV on 24 February 1979 and on Give Us a Clue, also broadcast on ITV on 27 March 1979.

Mellotron
Among Nixon's lesser known activities was his involvement in backing the development and manufacture of the Mellotron, an electro-mechanical musical instrument, and the company Mellotronics. He appeared in a 1965 Pathé newsreel feature to demonstrate the instrument.

Death
Nixon died of lung cancer in Surrey in 1978. He was a heavy smoker and was first found to have cancer in 1976. He underwent treatment, which appeared to have been successful, but the disease returned a couple of years later and he died just short of his 59th birthday.

Private life
Nixon married Margaret Burton in 1947; the couple divorced in 1952. Later the same year, Nixon married his second wife, Paula Marshall (Pauline E. Youngs), who worked with him in his act. Paula died aged 28 in a car crash in 1956, the year after the birth of their son Nicholas. Nixon remarried in 1961 to Vivienne Nichols, the step-daughter of the bandleader Eric Robinson. The couple had a daughter, Mandy (Amanda E Nixon), in 1961.

Selected filmography

 * The Spider's Web (1960)

title: David Nixon (magician)


text:
Talk:Treatise on Man

[Untitled]
It isn't at all clear from this article how its title relates to its content. I'm guessing that "Description of the Human Body" is a book or something by Descartes, but I don't know that for sure. The article needs an opening sentnece which makes this clear. --Camembert

wow
oh my god this a good

 -wtf is the point writting this useless crap!? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.144.32.165 (talk) 01:51, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Harvey
(This was brought further by William Harvey. Harvey developed the idea of the circulation of the blood.)

How can this be if Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals was written in 1628, before Descartes began The Description of the Human Body?

Make an article with The Man ?
This posthumous treatise was published with another more important manuscript, L'Homme, in 1664. I think they can be analyze together due to their thematic unity and editorial history. Zythème (talk) 14:26, 22 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I took a decision after discussion, see there. Don't hesitate to share your opinion. Zythème (talk) 19:48, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treatise on Man


text:
Batting (cricket)

In cricket, batting is the act or skill of hitting the ball with a bat to score runs and prevent the loss of one's wicket. Any player who is currently batting is, since September 2021, officially referred to as a batter regardless of whether batting is their particular area of expertise. Historically, "batsman" and "batswoman" were used, and these terms remain in widespread use. Batters have to adapt to various conditions when playing on different cricket pitches, especially in different countries; therefore, as well as having outstanding physical batting skills, top-level batters will have quick reflexes, excellent decision-making skills, and be good strategists.

During an innings two members of the batting side are on the pitch at any time: the one facing the current delivery from the bowler is called the striker, while the other is the non-striker. When a batter is out, they are replaced by a teammate. This continues until the end of the innings, which in most cases is when 10 of the team members are out, whereupon the other team gets a turn to bat.

Batting tactics and strategy vary depending on the type of match being played as well as the current state of play. The main concerns for the batters are not to lose their wicket and to score as many runs as quickly as possible. These objectives generally conflict—to score quickly, risky shots must be played, increasing the chance that the batter will be dismissed, while the batter's safest choice with a careful wicket-guarding stroke may be not to attempt any runs at all. Depending on the situation, batters may abandon attempts at run-scoring in an effort to preserve their wicket, or may attempt to score runs as quickly as possible with scant concern for the possibility of being dismissed. Unlike various other bat-and-ball sports, cricket batters may hit the ball in any direction to score runs, and can use creative shots to do so.

As with all other cricket statistics, batting statistics and records are given much attention and provide a measure of a player's effectiveness. The main statistic for batting is a player's batting average. This is calculated by dividing the number of runs they have scored by the number of times they have been dismissed (not by the number of innings they have played).

Don Bradman is widely regarded as the greatest batter of all time, and he set many batting records during his career in the 1930s and 1940s which remain unbeaten. He achieved a career Test average of 99.94, 38 more than any other batter. Sachin Tendulkar set many modern-day batting records, including being the first player to score 100 international centuries across all three formats of the game. Brian Lara holds the record for the highest individual score in a first-class match (501 not out), and in a Test innings, with 400 not out. Mithali Raj is widely regarded as the greatest batter of all time in women's cricket. She set many modern-day records, including being the highest run-scorer in women's international cricket.

Terminology
Any player, regardless of their area of special skill, is referred to as a "batter" (historically as a "batsman" or "batswoman") while they are batting. The batter's act of hitting the ball is called a "shot" or "stroke". A player who is selected for the team mainly for their batting skill is often referred to as simply a batter, regardless of whether they are currently batting, or sometimes as a specialist batter. A specialist bowler or wicket-keeper, on the other hand, would only be referred to as a batter when they are actually batting.

In 2021 the Laws of Cricket were amended to officially use the term "batter" for gender neutrality, and this is increasingly the preferred term in some media outlets.

Orthodox technique and stroke play
Over time a standard batting technique has been developed which is used by most batters. Technique refers to the batter's stance before the ball is bowled as well as the movement of the hands, feet, head, and body in the execution of a cricket stroke. Good technique is characterized by quickly getting into the correct position to play the shot, especially getting one's head and body in line with the ball, one's feet placed next to where the ball would bounce and then swinging the bat at the ball to make contact at the precise moment required for the particular stroke being played.

The movement of the batter for a particular delivery depends on the shot being attempted. Front-foot shots are played with the weight on the front foot (left foot for a right-hander) and are usually played when the ball is pitched up to the batter, while back-foot shots are played putting the weight onto the back foot, usually to bowling that is pitched short. Shots may also be referred to as vertical or straight-bat shots, in which the bat is swung vertically at the ball (e.g. when playing a drive or leg glance), or horizontal or cross-bat shots, in which the bat is swung horizontally at the ball (e.g. when playing the pull or cut shot).

While a batter is not limited in where or how they may hit the ball, the development of good technique has gone hand in hand with the development of a standard or orthodox cricket shots played to specific types of deliveries. These "textbook" shots are standard material found in many coaching manuals.

The advent of limited overs cricket, with its emphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typically—but not always—more high-risk than orthodox shots due to some aspects of good batting technique being abandoned.

Stance
The stance is the position in which a batter stands to have the ball bowled to them. An ideal stance is "comfortable, relaxed and balanced", with the feet 40 cm apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder should be pointing down the wicket, the head facing the bowler, the weight equally balanced and the bat near the back toe. A slight crouch is adopted in order to be in a more effective striking posture whilst also isometrically preloading the muscles; this allows the stroke to be played more dynamically. As the ball is about to be released, the batter will lift their bat up behind in anticipation of playing a stroke and will shift their weight onto the balls of their feet. By doing this they are ready to move swiftly into position to address the ball once they see its path out of the bowler's hand.

Although the textbook, side-on stance is the most common, a few international players, such as Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Steve Smith, use an "open" or "square on" stance.

Backlift
Backlift is how a batter lifts his bat in preparation for hitting the ball. While the bat should be raised as vertically as possible, coaching manuals often suggest that correct technique is for the bat to be slightly angled from the perpendicular; a common instruction is to point the face of the bat in the direction of first or second slip. Some players (notably, in recent times, Brian Lara, Virender Sehwag) have employed an exaggerated backlift. Others, who have employed the more unorthodox open stance, such as Peter Willey, had a more abbreviated backlift.

Forward and back
Depending upon the path of the ball, the batter will either move forward or back in his attempt to intercept it. A forward movement is designated a front foot shot, whereas a backward movement is designated a back foot shot. A front foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between ankle and thigh height. The batter will step forward towards the ball, bending their front knee to bring the bat down to the anticipated height of the ball. By moving forward, the batter is also able to intercept the ball immediately after it has pitched, thus nullifying any potentially dangerous lateral movement. A back foot shot is typically used to address a ball arriving at between thigh and head height. The batter will step back and, if necessary, stand on their tiptoes to raise the bat to the height of the ball. By stepping back towards the wicket, the batter also receives the advantage of having an extra small amount of time to react to any unexpected lateral movement or variation in bounce.

Vertical-bat strokes
Vertical-bat or straight-bat shots can be played off either the front foot or the back foot depending upon the anticipated height of the ball at the moment it reaches the batter. The characteristic position of the bat is a vertical alignment at the point of contact. Vertical-bat shots are typically played with the batter's head directly above the point of contact so he is able to accurately judge the line of the ball. At this point, the bat can either be stationary and facing straight back down the wicket – known as a block or defensive shot; angled to one side – known as a glance or deflection; or travelling forwards towards the bowler – known as a drive.

Defensive shot
A block stroke is usually a purely defensive stroke designed to stop the ball from hitting the wicket or the batter's body. This shot has no strength behind it and is usually played with a light or "soft" grip (commentators often refer to "soft hands") and merely stops the ball moving towards the wicket. A block played on the front foot is known as a forward defensive, while that played on the back foot is known as a backward defensive. These strokes may be used to score runs, by manipulating the block to move the ball into vacant portions of the infield, in which case a block becomes a "push". Pushing the ball is one of the more common ways batters manipulate the strike.

Leaving and blocking are employed much more often in first-class cricket (including Test matches), as there is no requirement to score runs as quickly as possible, thus allowing the batter to choose which deliveries to play.

A leg glance is a delicate straight-batted shot played at a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick the ball as it passes the batter, and requiring some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is played "off the toes, shins or hip". It is played off the front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or shin of the batter, or off the back foot if the ball bounces at waist/hip height to the batter. Although the opposite term off glance is not employed within cricket, the concept of angling the bat face towards the offside to deflect the ball away from the wicket for the purpose of scoring runs through the off side is a commonly used technique. This would commonly be described instead as "running (or steering) the ball down to the third man".

Leave
The leave is sometimes considered a cricket shot, even though the batter physically does not play at or interfere with the ball as it passes him. The leave is often used by a batter during the first few balls he receives, to give himself time to judge the conditions of the pitch and the bowling before attempting to play a shot. Leaving a delivery is a matter of judgement and technique. The batter still has to watch the ball closely to ensure that it will not hit him or the wicket; he also has to ensure that his bat and hands are kept out of the path of the ball so that it cannot make accidental contact and possibly lead to him being out caught. Batters only leave the ball when they are certain that it will not hit the stumps.

Straight Drive.
A drive is a straight-batted shot, played by swinging the bat in a vertical arc through the line of the ball, hitting the ball in front of the batter along the ground. It is one of the most common shots in a batter's armory and often the first shot taught to junior cricketers. Depending on the direction the ball travels, a drive can be a cover drive (struck towards the cover fielding position), an off drive (towards mid-off), straight drive (straight past the bowler), on drive (between stumps and mid-on) or square drive (towards point). A drive can also be played towards midwicket, although the phrase "midwicket drive" is not in common usage. Drives can be played both off the front and the back foot, but back-foot drives are harder to force through the line of the ball. Although most drives are deliberately struck along the ground to reduce the risk of being dismissed caught, a batter may decide to play a lofted drive to hit the ball over the infielders and potentially even over the boundary for six.

Flick
A flick shot is a straight-batted shot played on the leg side by flicking a full-length delivery using the wrists. It is often also called the clip off the legs. The shot is played with the bat coming through straight as for the on drive, but the bat face is angled towards the leg side. It can be played both off the front foot or the back foot, either off the toes or from the hips. The shot is played between the mid-on and square leg region. Typically played along the ground, the flick can also be played by lofting the ball over the infield.

Horizontal-bat shots
The second class of cricket stroke comprises the horizontal-bat shots, also known as cross-bat shots: the cut, the square drive, the pull, the hook, and the sweep. Typically, horizontal bat shots have a greater probability of failing to make contact with the ball than vertical bat shots and therefore are restricted to deliveries that are not threatening to hit the stumps, either by dint of being too wide or too short. The bat is swung in a horizontal arc, with the batter's head typically not being perfectly in line with the ball at the point of contact.

Cut
A cut is a cross-batted shot played at a short-pitched ball, placing it wide on the off side. The batter makes contact with the ball as it draws alongside or passes him and therefore requires virtually no effort on his part as he uses the bowler's pace to divert the ball. A square cut is a shot hit into the off side at near to 90 degrees from the wicket (towards point). A late cut is played as or after the ball passes the batter's body and is hit towards the third man position. The cut shot is typically played off the back foot but is also sometimes played off the front foot against slower bowling. The cut should be played with the face of the bat rolling over the ball to face the ground thus pushing the ball downwards. A mistimed cut with an open-faced bat (with the face of the bat facing the bowler) will generally lead to the ball rising in the air, giving a chance for the batter to be caught.

Square drive
Although confusingly named a drive, the square drive is actually a horizontal bat shot, with identical arm mechanics to that of the square cut. The difference between the cut and the square drive is the height of the ball at contact: the cut is played to a ball bouncing waist high or above with the batting batter standing tall, whereas the square drive is played to a wide ball of shin height with the batter bending his knees and crouching low to make contact.

Pull and hook
A pull is a cross-batted shot played to a ball bouncing around waist height by swinging the bat in a horizontal arc in front of the body, pulling it around to the leg side towards mid-wicket or square leg. The term hook shot is used when the shot is played against a ball bouncing at or above chest high to the batter, the batter thus "hooking" the ball around behind square leg, either along the ground or in the air. Pull and hook shots can be played off the front or back foot, with the back foot being more typical.

Sweep
A sweep is a cross-batted front foot shot played to a low bouncing ball, usually from a slow bowler (However, players like Mal Loye also play the sweep against fast bowlers), by kneeling on one knee, bringing the head down in line with the ball and swinging the bat around in a horizontal arc near the pitch as the ball arrives, sweeping it around to the leg side, typically towards square leg or fine leg. A paddle sweep shot is a sweep shot in which the ball is deflected towards fine leg with a stationary or near-stationary bat extended horizontally towards the bowler, whereas the hard sweep shot is played towards square leg with the bat swung firmly in a horizontal arc. Typically the sweep shot will be played to a legside delivery, but it is also possible for a batter to sweep the ball to the leg side from outside off stump. Attempting to sweep a full straight delivery on the stumps is generally not recommended because of the risk of lbw.

Unorthodox strokeplay
Since a batter is free to play any shot to any type of delivery as he wishes, the above list is by no means a complete list of the strokes that batters choose to play. Many unorthodox, typically high-risk, shots have been used throughout the history of the game. The advent of limited overs cricket has seen the increased use of unorthodox shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders placed. Unorthodox shots are rarely used in first-class cricket as the pace of the game is slower and it is relatively more important to keep one's wicket than to try to score runs off every ball.

A few unorthodox shots have gained enough popularity or notoriety to have been given their own names and entered common usage.

Reverse sweep
A reverse sweep is a cross-batted sweep shot played in the opposite direction to the standard sweep, thus instead of sweeping the ball to the leg side, it is swept to the off side, towards a backward point or third man. The batter may also swap his hands on the bat handle to make the stroke easier to execute. The batter may also bring his back foot to the front, therefore, turning the shot into a switch-hit and making it more like a traditional sweep. The advantage of a reverse sweep is that it effectively reverses the fielding positions and thus is very difficult to set a field to. It is also a risky shot for the batter as it increases the chance of lbw and also is quite easy to top edge to a fielder.

It was first regularly played in the 1970s by the Pakistani batter Mushtaq Mohammad, though Mushtaq's brother Hanif Mohammad is sometimes credited as the inventor. Cricket coach Bob Woolmer has been credited with popularising the stroke. The most famous example of a reverse sweep backfiring was in the case of Mike Gatting of England against Allan Border of Australia in the 1987 Cricket World Cup Final. With England on course for victory, Gatting attempted a reverse sweep off the first delivery bowled by Border, top-edged the ball and was caught by wicketkeeper Greg Dyer. England subsequently lost momentum and eventually lost the match.

Because of the unorthodox nature of hand and body position, it is often difficult to get a lot of power behind a reverse sweep; in many situations, the intention is to glance or cut the ball to the back leg area. However, on rare occasions, players have been able to execute reverse sweeps for a six. Kevin Pietersen, who pioneered switch-hitting, is adept at this, but one could argue that the resulting shot is basically a sweep rather than a reverse sweep. A more classic example of such a shot would be Yusuf Pathan's six off Robin Peterson. South Africa's AB de Villiers is well known for his ability to hit sixes with the reverse sweep at ease and Glenn Maxwell also often plays the reverse sweep.

Slog and slog sweep
A slog is a powerful pull shot played over mid-wicket, usually, hit in the air in an attempt to score a six. A shot would be referred to as a slog when it is typically played at a delivery that would not ordinarily be pulled. A slog can also be described as hitting the ball to "cow corner". This phrase is designed to imply that the batter is unsophisticated in their stroke play and technique by suggesting they would be more at home playing on more rudimentary cricket fields in which there may be cows grazing along the boundary edge. The slog can be an effective shot because all the batter's power and body weight can be put into swinging the bat at the ball.

A slog sweep is a slog played from the kneeling position used to sweep. Slog sweeps are usually directed over square-leg rather than to mid-wicket. It is almost exclusively used against reasonably full-pitched balls from slow bowlers, as only then does the batter have time to sight the length and adopt the kneeling position required for the slog sweep. The front leg of the shot is usually placed wider outside leg stump to allow for a full swing of the bat.

Upper cut
An upper cut is a shot played towards third man, usually hit when the ball is pitched outside the off stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable players to hit upper cut include Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor.

Switch hit
A switch hit is a shot where a batter changes their handedness and posture to adopt a stance the mirror image of their traditional handedness while the bowler is running in to bowl. As a fielding team cannot manoeuvre fielders while the bowler is in their run-up, the fielding side is effectively wrong-footed with the fielders out of position. The shot was pioneered by Kevin Pietersen, first performed off the bowling of Muttiah Muralitharan in England's 2006 home series against Sri Lanka. It was subsequently used in the New Zealand series in England in 2008 when Pietersen performed the shot twice in the same over against Scott Styris on his way to making an unbeaten century. David Warner, the Australian opener, is also a frequent user of the switch hit and used it to great effect against the Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin in the first Twenty20 of the Indian cricket team's tour to Australia 2012. Glenn Maxwell and Ben Stokes also play the switch hit.

The legality of the switch hit was questioned when first introduced but cleared by the International Cricket Council as legal. The shot is risky because a batter is less proficient in the other handedness and is more likely to make a mistake in the execution of the shot.

Scoop / ramp
A scoop shot has been used by a number of first-class players. It is played to short-pitched straight balls that would traditionally be defended or, more aggressively, pulled to the leg side. To play a scoop shot, the batter is on the front foot and aims to get beneath the bounce of the ball and hit it directly behind the stumps, up and over the wicket-keeper.

This shot, though risky in the execution, has the advantage of being aimed at a section of the field where a fielder is rarely placed – particularly in Twenty20 and One Day International cricket where the number of outfielders is limited. However, the Marillier shot is played over the batter's shoulder to fine leg, but the basis of the scoop stroke is for the batter to go down on one knee to a good length or slightly short-of-length delivery off a fast or medium paced bowler and scoop the ball over the head of the wicket-keeper. The scoop shot is a risky shot to play as the improper execution of this shot may lead to a catch being offered. A version of the scoop stroke called the Dilscoop was developed by Sri Lankan right-handed batter Tillakaratne Dilshan during the 2009 ICC World Twenty20.

Helicopter shot
The helicopter shot is the act of hitting the ball by means of a wristy flick, using the bottom-hand as the dominant force. The shot gets its name from the flourish completing the stroke, with the bat being circled overhead. It has been considered an unconventional and innovative stroke which, when hit executed effectively, can be used to score boundaries, even against good yorkers or fuller-length deliveries, which have traditionally been used by faster bowlers towards the end of limited-overs matches because it is difficult to hit such balls to the boundary. The shot got its fame through MS Dhoni, who played it on a regular basis as a way to score boundaries against full and yorker length deliveries.

French cut
The French cut is a stroke where the ball is hit with the inside edge of the bat, meaning it is directed between the batter and the stumps, and moves away in the direction of the fine leg fielding position. The stroke is very difficult to play intentionally, and is more often a mistake by the batter. It is a risky stroke, and can easily result in the batter playing on to their stumps, resulting in the batter being dismissed as bowled.

Strategy of batting
The fundamental aim of each batter is to find a means of safely scoring runs against each bowler he faces. To do this, the batter must take into consideration the bowler's strategy, the position of the fielders, the pitch conditions, and his own strengths and weaknesses. The strategy he will decide on will incorporate a number of preconceived attacking responses to the various deliveries he may anticipate receiving, designed specifically to score runs with minimal risk of being dismissed. The success of this strategy will be dependent upon both the accuracy of its conception and the technical ability with which it is carried out. A key aspect of the strategy of batting is the trade-off between the level of aggression (trying to score) and the risk involved of being dismissed. An optimal batting strategy balances several considerations: the number of wickets left, the target that has been set (if batting last) and how the risk of losing a wicket increase when increasing the strike rate. These strategies depend on the match situation and on the match format. Strategies therefore vary greatly between the three forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International and T20 cricket.

Test cricket
In Test cricket, the usual aim is to score as high a total as possible. As the overs are unlimited, a batter can take his time to score runs. In general, 90 overs have to be bowled per day in Test match cricket. The openers or the starting players in Test cricket are often chosen for their sound technique and ability to defend their wicket, because the first 1–2 hours of an innings, especially if it begins in the morning, are usually characterized by good conditions for bowling, specifically in terms of the pace and bounce of the pitch and the lateral movement of the ball in the air.

The first-drop batter is usually also chosen for his sound technique, so as to stabilize his end in case an opener gets out. The middle order of a batting team in Test matches usually includes its most skilled batters in terms of shot-playing ability, because during the middle overs of a day batting is relatively easier than in the initial stages of the innings. If the batting innings of a team begins after the last half-hour of the day, the team might employ a nightwatchman to bat after a dismissal.

The nightwatchman is usually a lower-order player, able to protect his wicket primarily by defending dangerous balls and leaving non-dangerous ones rather than looking to produce a large number of runs for his team, but not a complete rabbit, liable to expose other players late in a day. This move prevents a regular players from having to face the last few overs left in the day or bat early the following morning; however, some teams do not employ nightwatchmen for various reasons, including a belief that middle-order player should be able to protect their wicket in poor conditions as well as good, or a lack of defensively minded lower-order batters.

In the third innings, the batting team may score quickly to set a large target to the opposition. This scenario usually occurs on the fourth day's play. The batting captain decides how many overs he is prepared to allow the opposition to chase the batting team's total in their fourth innings. The captain usually declares his team's innings at a predetermined time on the fourth day so they can bowl at least 20 overs on that day and 90 overs on the last day. A good number of overs to bowl at the opposition team in the fourth innings is essential because usually on the fourth and fifth days of a Test match conditions are good for bowling (especially slow bowling), with the pitch having experienced a fair degree of wear and tear. Thus, to make the target as difficult as possible, the batting side speeds up the run rate (runs per over) until the captain declares.

If, however, a batting team is significantly behind the opposition in terms of runs going into the fourth day of a Test match, a typical strategy by the batting team involves playing defensively to avoid losing their wickets. This ensures that they occupy the most time until the match draws to a close on the fifth day, because if a team's innings does not end on the fifth day then the match is drawn, or a stalemate is reached. However, in trying to do so, if the batting team manages to overhaul its deficit and gain a substantial lead (an excess of runs) over the opposition, the captain may consider declaring the innings so they can "force" a victory on the final day, depending on the size of the lead, the readiness of the bowlers, and the state of the pitch.

One-Day International cricket
As One Day International matches have a limited set of overs, batters try to score quickly. Doing so, batters should aim for a higher run rate than the one which would maximize their expected personal score. It is optimal for batters to take the risk of being dismissed and being replaced by another teammate. This higher risk strategy makes the best of the limited number of overs. Scoring quickly typically means trying to score at least one run per ball bowled. Most batter manage to score at an average of four runs an over (i.e. four runs in the six ball over). The optimal level of risk should vary depending on different factors. It should be higher when the team has more wickets left as they provide of a cushion of security (against the risk of ending all out). It should be higher when the pitch provides good conditions for batting, making it easier to score without great risk of being dismissed. It should increase towards the end of the innings when the number of overs left is small (there is not much to lose in taking the risk of ending all out). Research has shown that teams broadly follow these principles. A noticeable exception is when batters face the possibility of scoring a personal milestone (e.g. century), in that case, they tend to decrease their risk-taking below what is optimal for the team in order to increase their chance of reaching the milestone. When a team goes out to bat, the best players bat first. The first three batters (number 1, 2, 3) are known as the top order; the next four (numbers 4, 5, 6 and possibly 7) form the middle order, and the last four (numbers 8, 9, 10 and 11) are the lower order or tail.

The specialist batters of a team usually bat near the top of the order, so as to score more runs. The openers or opening batter are the first two players to take the crease. They are not necessarily the best batters, but are expected to negotiate the new ball and not lose wickets until the shine on the ball is considerably diminished (a hard and shiny ball bounces and swings more and is more difficult for the batter to face). In addition, they are supposed to play quick innings (more runs in fewer balls), reflecting the fact that the fielding side is subject to restrictions on the placement of fielders in the first 15 overs which makes it easier to score runs. In a recent amendment to the rules of ODI cricket, fielding captains are given mandatory fielding restrictions for the first 10 overs and then two chunks of 5 overs each, also known as power-play overs, which they may impose at any stage of their choice within the stipulated 50 overs.

Following the openers is the No. 3 or first-drop batter. Their job is to take over from the openers and typically play a careful and prolonged innings, effectively tying up one end of the batting. This brings in some stability in the batting, as new batters find it difficult to settle down and it helps to have a settled player at the other end. The best batter of the team is usually put at number 3 or 4, to protect them from the difficulties of batting against the best bowlers on a fresh pitch and to allow them to play long innings.

The middle order is often considered the most valuable asset of a batting line-up in One-Day Internationals because its members are responsible for consolidating the batting team's position through the middle part of the 50 overs. Characteristic of middle-order batting is the practice of taking many singles (or ones) and 'twos', with only the occasional boundary (a four or a six), as opposed to the more flamboyant openers who score primarily in boundaries. This is because the fielding restrictions on the opposition are lifted in the middle overs so that the percentage of boundaries scored decreases. Middle-order players are often chosen for the ability to run hard and fast between the wickets (to maximize the number of runs not scored from boundaries) and for their endurance and patience. The middle order typically sets the stage for an aggressive assault on the bowling in the final 10 overs of the match. To achieve this assault, two things are necessary – a number of hard-hitting players yet to bat or not out and a number of wickets in hand (since aggression means a greater likelihood of losing wickets). The last 10 overs of a one-day cricket match innings is often the most exciting part of the innings, because of a large number of boundaries scored and wickets taken. During the last ten overs of an ODI, batters often use shots that are riskier than shots played at the beginning of the innings.

Examples of risky shots include the reverse sweep and the paddle-scoop. These shots are used to achieve a boundary which would not be possible when playing a safer, more orthodox shot. Finally, the lower order consists of the bowlers of the team, who are not known for their batting prowess and so bat as low down the order as possible.

However, there are no real restrictions to the batting positions. Captains have been known to experiment with the batting line-up to gain specific advantages. For example, a lower-order player is sometimes sent in at number 3 with instructions to pinch-hit (playing aggressively in an attempt to score more runs in fewer balls – a term borrowed from baseball) to score quick runs and shield better players, as their wicket (as a less accomplished, lower-order, player) is less valuable anyway.

Running between the wickets
When batting, a batter has to balance opportunities to score runs by running between the popping creases with the risk of being run out (or even stumped, if batting outside his crease). Batting partners must agree on each run they take, or else one of them is likely to be out of their ground and thus run out.

Sometimes batters take risks by running even when the fielder has the ball in hand, and is in a position to throw the ball at the wicket; this is known as "taking on the arm of the fielder". This can occasionally lead to overthrows.

Batters often slide headfirst with their bat outstretched to make their ground. Being able to run faster to score more runs, as well as improve endurance so as to not be fatigued by running a lot throughout a long innings (which could disrupt the concentration or strength needed for batting), is part of the athletic training for batters.

title: Batting (cricket)


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Batting

Batting may refer to:

 * Batting (baseball), the act of attempting to hit a ball thrown by the pitcher with a baseball bat, in order to score runs
 * Batting (cricket), the act of defending one's wicket with the cricket bat while attempting to score runs
 * Padding, a layer of insulation between a top layer of patchwork and a layer of backing material in quilting

title: Batting


text:
Balto

Balto (1919 – March 14, 1933) was an Alaskan husky and sled dog belonging to musher and breeder Leonhard Seppala. He achieved fame when he led a team of sled dogs driven by Gunnar Kaasen on the final leg of the 1925 serum run to Nome, in which diphtheria antitoxin was transported from Anchorage, Alaska, to Nenana, Alaska, by train and then to Nome by dog sled to combat an outbreak of the disease.

Balto lived in ease at the Cleveland Zoo until his death on March 14, 1933, at the age of 14. Following his death, his body was mounted and displayed in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, where it remains to this day.

1925 serum run
In January 1925, doctors realized that a potentially deadly diphtheria epidemic was poised to sweep through the young people of Nome, Alaska. The only serum that could stop the outbreak was in Anchorage, Alaska. The engine of the only aircraft that could quickly deliver the medicine was frozen and would not start. After considering all the alternatives, officials decided to move the treatment via multiple dog sled teams. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana, where the first musher embarked as part of a relay aimed at delivering the serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part, facing a blizzard with −23 F temperatures and strong winds. News coverage of the event was worldwide.

On February 2, 1925, the Norwegian Gunnar Kaasen, a family friend of Leonhard Seppala driving a team of Seppala's dogs which he had left behind in case they would be needed, led by Fox and including Balto among others, was handed off the serum package by Charlie Olson in Bluff. They arrived in Port Safety shortly thereafter, where the final leg of the relay was to begin. The last team and its driver, Ed Rohn, had believed Kaasen and the relay were halted in nearby Solomon due to inclement weather, and so were asleep when Kaasen and Balto made it to this final relay point – Kaasen decided to continue on, in order to save time it would take to change sleds and hitch up a new team. He traveled the remaining 25 mi to Nome and arrived at Front Street at 5:30a.m. All ampules of the antitoxin were intact, and Kaasen handed them over to be thawed for use by mid-day.

Aftermath
Considerable controversy surrounded Balto's use as a lead dog on Kaasen's team as well, including many mushers and others at the time doubting the claims that he truly led the team, based primarily on the dog's track record; no records exist of Seppala ever having used him as a leader in runs or races prior to 1925, and Seppala himself stated Balto "was never in a winning team", and was a "scrub dog". Because the pictures and video of Kaasen and Balto taken in Nome were recreated hours after their arrival once the sun had risen, speculation still exists as to whether Balto's position as lead dog was genuine, or was staged or exaggerated for media purposes due to Balto being a more newsworthy name than Fox. While historians note that it is possible Balto led Kaasen's team, he at most likely ran co-lead with Fox, rather than running single-lead by himself as is commonly held by the media. Many decorated mushers and others in the surrounding area also believed, including Rohn based on conversations the two men had before leaving Nome, that Kaasen's decision to not wake Rohn at Port Safety was motivated by a desire to grab the glory for himself.

After the mission's success, Balto and Kaasen became celebrities to Seppala's great displeasure, as Togo had gone through by far the longest and most dangerous part of the serum run. Seppala stated:

"I hope I shall never be the man to take away credit from any dog or driver who participated in that run. We all did our best. But when the country was roused to enthusiasm over the serum run driver, I resented the statue to Balto, for if any dog deserved special mention it was Togo.[...] At the time I left [for the run] I never dreamed that anyone could consider these dogs [the second string] fit to drive even in a short relay.[...] As to the leader, it was up to the driver who happened to be selected to choose any dog he liked, and he chose Balto."

Balto has remained more famous to the general public despite there being many misconceptions about his and Kaasen's fame. The contribution of Alaska Natives, whose teams "covered nearly two thirds of the run," is also heavily obscured. According to The New York Times, "the overlooking of Togo still infuriates mushers".

A statue of Balto, sculpted by Frederick Roth, was erected in New York City's Central Park on December 17, 1925, ten months after Balto's arrival in Nome. Balto himself was present for the monument's unveiling. The statue is located on the main path leading north from the Tisch Children's Zoo. In front of the statue, a low-relief slate plaque depicts Balto's sled team, and bears the following inscription: "Dedicated to the indomitable spirit of the sled dogs that relayed antitoxin six hundred miles over rough ice, across treacherous waters, through Arctic blizzards from Nenana to the relief of stricken Nome in the Winter of 1925.

Endurance · Fidelity · Intelligence"

Balto could not be used for breeding because he was neutered at a young age, so he was relegated to the vaudeville circuit along with his team. When Kaasen wished to return home to Alaska, the dogs were sold to the highest bidder by the company who sponsored his tour. The dogs ended up chained in a small area in a novelty museum and freak show in Los Angeles. While visiting Los Angeles, George Kimble, a former prizefighter turned businessman from Cleveland, Ohio, was shocked to discover the dogs were unhealthy and badly treated. Kimble worked together with the Cleveland newspaper The Plain Dealer to bring Balto and his team to Cleveland. On March 19, 1927, Balto and six companions were brought to Cleveland and given a hero's welcome in a triumphant parade. The dogs were then taken to the Brookside Zoo (now the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo).

After Balto died in 1933, his body was mounted by a taxidermist and donated to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. In 1998, the Alaska Legislature passed HJR 62 - "Bring Back Balto" resolution. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History declined to return Balto; however, in October 1998, Balto left for a five-month stay at the Anchorage Museum of History and Art, which drew record crowds. Balto was part of another exhibit at the Anchorage Museum of History and Art in 2017.

Genetic analysis
DNA testing on Balto's taxidermied remains found that his genome is more diverse with fewer unhealthy variants than modern purebred dogs and more similar to today's Alaskan huskies who are often outcrossed to promote better fitness and health. Balto shared part of his ancestry with modern Siberian huskies (39%) as well as Greenland dogs (18%), Chinese village dogs (17%), Samoyeds (6%) and Alaskan malamutes (4%). Balto had several DNA adaptations that promoted Arctic survival, including a thick double coat, the ability to digest starch, and bone and tissue development.

Cultural references and film depictions

 * Alistair MacLean's 1959 novel Night Without End includes a sled dog named Balto, a fictional descendant and namesake of the original Balto.
 * In 1965, Carl Barks introduced a hero dog named "Barko" as a character in an Uncle Scrooge comic book, North of the Yukon, as an homage to Balto.
 * In January 1977, Margaret Davidson wrote Balto: The Dog Who Saved Nome, a children's book containing a telling of Balto's deeds.
 * Balto, an animated movie produced by Universal, was released in December 1995. The film's story is similar to the 1925 serum run, though with significant differences from actual historical events. The film portrays the fictional version of Balto as a brown-and-gray wolfdog (voiced by Kevin Bacon). The film was followed by two sequels, Balto II: Wolf Quest and Balto III: Wings of Change.
 * Balto appears briefly in Togo, a 2019 Disney film depicting the 1925 serum run which focuses on Leonhard Seppala and his dog, Togo. Unlike previous depictions, Balto and his contribution to the serum run are shown more accurately, and it is made clear that Balto got most of the credit, despite Togo having completed the longest and most perilous stretch.
 * Another 2019 film, The Great Alaskan Race (from P12 Films), also depicts the heroics of both teams and shows both Balto and Togo (in this depiction Balto is represented by a large black-and-white Alaskan Malamute), but focuses primarily on Seppala. The film is accurate to an extent (and more so than some other depictions) but does still deviate from reality and also does not include a few major events, notably the sled tip and Ed Rohn falling asleep, which affected Gunnar and Balto's efforts.
 * Balto is mentioned in an episode of the PBS Kids TV series Molly of Denali, where protagonist Molly Mabray wants to make a statue of him in Nenana.

title: Balto


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Shuang Wen School

PS 184M Shuang Wen School, a public school in New York City also known as PS 184 , is a Dual Language elementary and middle school located in Lower Manhattan. The school teaches students from Pre-Kindergarten to 8th grade. It is a part of the New York City Department of Education and located in Manhattan District 1 which includes the Lower East Side and East Village. A major $1.7 million renovation of the school playground and soccer field was completed in 2019 by the Trust for Public Land and DEP. In the elementary school, the school teaches in Traditional Chinese and utilizes the zhuyin phonetic system popular in Taiwan. During the typical school day, one day is taught in English and other day is in Mandarin. As a Dual Language school, classes in both languages are a mandatory part of the curriculum.

History
Upon opening in 1998, the school was described as a new type of school, and one of the first English-Mandarin bilingual schools in the country. Because this school defies some stereotypes about race, wealth, and educational achievement, this school has been written about in the newspaper and television media. While up to 70% of students have family incomes low enough to qualify for free lunch, many receive support from parents and school to excel on citywide tests and maintain near-perfect school attendance. While the school has consistently high test scores, until around 2011 the school was embroiled in scandals regarding fees, admissions and the integrity of parent reviews.

The eighth graders of 2007 were the first graduating class of Shuang Wen. The first graduating class consisted of two eighth grade class (about 40-50 students in total). In prior years, the graduating classes took a graduation trip to China, but the last class to go was the graduating class of 2010. The second graduating class trip caused some controversy and was reported on China's television channel, CCTV.

Afterschool
After dismissal from public school, students may choose to enroll in either free or fee-based on-site after-school programs provided by a number of different non-profit organizations, or to participate in programs offered elsewhere. Afterschool programs include debate club, chess club, soccer, volleyball, and community service club. In some after-school programs, students may continue to learn how to speak, write, and read Mandarin Chinese for extra-curricular enrichment.

Shuang Wen Academy Network
For many years, from 1996 until 2018, the after-school and summer dual language English-Chinese program was run by the Shuang Wen Academy Network (SWAN), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is the "development of proficiency in Mandarin Chinese, and a greater understanding of Chinese culture, so participants can become better global citizens in an increasingly competitive and demanding international environment." During the period that SWAN provided the after-school program, the program earned a Federal Blue Ribbon Award, demonstrating program excellence and positive impacts as assessed by the No Child Left Behind Act. Over 70% of the students served by SWAN's programming came from economically disadvantaged families. SWAN was founded by Jacob Wong, a retired principal and Chairperson of the New York Chinese Educators Committee, and other members of Chinatown. SWAN began its first after-school Chinese Immersion Program with a class of 40 students in 1998. Initially, the SWAN after-school program was mandatory for all PS184 Shuang Wen students and free of charge, funded initially by grants. This changed in 2009, when parents were charged $600 and the program was made optional. However, the school sent a letter threatening to leave children unsupervised in the cafeteria if they didn't pay. The fee was later refunded once funding to the program became available. In 2010, the program raised the fee to $1,000. Beginning in 2011, SWAN's summer program began to enroll students from a number of different schools. Despite the school's claim that the program was no longer mandatory, parents complained that students couldn't succeed in the regular school hours without the after school program due to the lack of Mandarin education during the regular school day. Parents complained that the school constantly asked for more money. This, among other issues, prompted an investigation by New York City schools as to whether these afterschool tuition fees were legal. In 2018, SWAN's afterschool and summer programs moved out of the PS184m Shuang Wen School building to a number of different locations.

Admissions
In prior years, admission was by lottery to the dual language Chinese program. Admissions priority was given to the school's local area, known as District 1. Despite high numbers of black and Hispanic students in this district, the school consistently had an 80% Asian make-up. In addition, the black portion of the student body dropped from 10% in 2002 to 5% in 2009. Critics claimed the school was admitting Asian students outside the proper process while discouraging black and Hispanic students from attending. In addition, reports stated that blacks and Hispanics left the school due to widespread racism.

Nowadays, as with all NYC public schools, applications are handled by a centralized process at NYC DOE. As part of a school diversity initiative that started in 2018, admissions priority for elementary school students at PS184m goes to "applicants living in temporary housing, who are English Language Learners, and/or eligible for Free and Reduced Lunch (based on family income) for a percentage of seats based on the applicant pool. Students who do not fall into any of these groups will get a priority for the remaining percentage of offers."

Over the last ten years, the PS184 population of Asian students has decreased from around 80% to 69%, and the second largest ethnic group among students is Hispanic or Latino (11%). There are more than thirty public schools in District 1, where the overall student demographic is: 42% Hispanic or Latino, 22% Asian, 18% white, 15% Black or African-American, 3% Multi-Racial, 1% Native American (2018).

Statistics
In 2008 the US Department of Education awarded Shuang Wen the Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence. The city received straight As on its city report card in 2010. Contributing to the school's reputation for dual language and academic excellence, SWAN provided after-school programming to PS184 Shuang Wen for many years during which time the school was ranked one of the highest performing public schools in New York City, so in 2011:

From 2012 through 2019, PS184 Shuang Wen school continued to rank consistently among the top schools in New York State, while continuing to serve a majority low-income population.
 * Reading scores: 83.5%
 * Math scores: 97.7%
 * Enrollment: 683
 * Attendance: 99%
 * Free lunch: 78%
 * Overcrowding: 64%
 * Admissions: unzoned; priority to District 1
 * Ethnicity: 8% White, 5% Black, 5% Hispanic, 80% Asian (2011)

In 2019, in the midst of a controversial proposal by Mayor de Blasio to implement a "top 7%" quota system to distribute seats for selective SHSAT highschools more widely across New York city, among those PS184 Shuang Wen students who participated in the competitive NYC SHSAT entrance exam, 40% received an offer to one of the specialized highschools. One of the most popular high school choices for Shuang Wen school graduates is Brooklyn Technical High School.

title: Shuang Wen School


text:
Carel Struycken

Carel Struycken (born 30 July 1948) is a Dutch actor. He is known for playing the Giant/Fireman in the television series Twin Peaks (1990–1991, 2017), the occasional guest role of Mr. Homn in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–1992), and the household butler Lurch in the 1990s Addams Family films. He also appeared in the films Gerald's Game (2017) and Doctor Sleep (2019).

Early life
Struycken was born on 30 July 1948 in The Hague. When he was four years old, his family moved to Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles. There, at age 15, he composed several Caribbean waltzes. At 16, he returned to his home country, where he finished secondary school. He graduated from the directing program at the film school in Amsterdam. After that, he spent a year at the American Film Institute, in Los Angeles.

Career
In 1978, Struycken was discovered as an actor at the corner of Hollywood and Vine in Los Angeles by a woman who had abandoned her car in the middle of the street, calling after him: "We need you for a movie!". The film was Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Struycken played Terak in the 1985 TV film Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, a spin-off to the original Star Wars trilogy.

Struycken appeared as Fidel, Jack Nicholson's manservant, in the 1987 film The Witches of Eastwick. That same year, he appeared as Mr. Homn in "Haven", an episode of the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, a role he would reprise in four more episodes until 1992.

In 1991, he starred as butler Lurch in the feature film The Addams Family. He reprised the role in the 1993 sequel, Addams Family Values, and the TV film Addams Family Reunion. Director Barry Sonnenfeld also picked Struycken for a small role in Men in Black.

He portrayed the mystical guide-character "The Giant" in David Lynch and Mark Frost's hit 1990–91 ABC television series Twin Peaks. He also appears in the 2017 sequel series, Twin Peaks: The Return. He appears as the "Moonlight Man" in the 2017 film Gerald's Game.

Struycken collaborated on several projects with writer and director Rene Daalder, including the 1986 punk rock musical Population: 1, which featured Tomata du Plenty, of The Screamers, and which was released on DVD in October 2008.

Personal life
At age 20, he was diagnosed with acromegaly, which explains his tall height of 2.13 m (7 feet) and distinctive facial features.

He and his wife have two children. They reside in the Los Angeles area. His brother Peter Struycken won the 2012 Heineken Prize for Arts of the Royal Netherlands Academy for Sciences.

Struycken is an avid photographer. He maintains a website devoted to his spherical panoramas and shares a photography blog with Josh Korwin.

Music videos

 * 1983 "Mexican Radio" by Wall of Voodoo
 * 1996 "A.D.I.D.A.S." by Korn

title: Carel Struycken


text:
Talk:Octet

Octo

 * Eight humans sharing the same gestational period are called octuplets and are usually all born within a short period of time.

 * The month of [[October was in the early Roman calendar the eighth month.

 * An octopus is an eight legged cephalopod.

This material is not about octet per se. Move it somewhere else. —Herbee 01:20, 2004 May 23 (UTC)

 * Will do soon - let me think about where to put it. Any suggestions are welcome - these are Octo- prefix words, so I will put them there for now. I am a newebee to WP, so am still finding my way. Thanks for the feedback, best wishes Leonard G. 01:28, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, Wikipedia is not a dictionary. If your interest is in definitions and etymology, consider moving your material to the Wiktionary companion project.
 * —Herbee 19:13, 2004 May 23 (UTC)

Both of you can stop clogging up the internet with your tripe. —R. Truitt 16:01, 2006 March 24 (Chicago)

Split the article
I believe that we should split the article into:

 * Octet (music)
 * Octet (computers and networking)
 * Octet (chemistry)

That way, it is easier for people to search. --Mozart2005 02:58, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octet