text:
Talk:Skylab

Orphaned references in Skylab
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Skylab's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ntrs.nasa.gov": From Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100020234_2010020379.pdf From James Webb Space Telescope:  From Juno Radiation Vault:  From Rocketdyne F-1:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:08, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Skylab Orbital Inclination
I think the article should have something about the reason for a 50 degree orbit. The reason for the ISS 51.6 degrees orbital inclination is so that the Russians could launch to it. But for Skylab the original plan was a 28 degree orbit, an easier orbit for the US to get into. They increased to 50 degrees because at that time we didn't have much by way of Earth observation and the scientists pressed for a higher inclination so that it could photograph more of the Earth's surface. At least so it says here would be good to chase up cites and have a detailed discussion of this I think :).

""The Skylab orbit, originally planned for a 28° inclination, was increased to 50° after protests by many of the scientists involved. This higher inclination offered far more ground coverage than earlier orbits that were 32° or less. As Michael Collins has pointed out *, a 50° orbit covers 3/4ths of the Earth's surface and areas with 90% of its population. The high altitude ( 438 km; 270 miles), also increased coverage.""

Robert Walker (talk) 23:33, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

Lede rewrite
User:BilCat added a "Lede rewrite" template with the edit summary "Lead is recommended talk be 3-4 }paragraphs - this one has 7". Since he did not add this commentary to the Talk page, as specified by the wording of the template, I am doing so. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 00:47, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Rewritten Lede
The lede has been cut by 25% and reduced to 4 paragraphs, so I also cut out the notice about rewriting the lede. A few details were deleted that belong(ed) in the main text (sorry Perth). The entire article needs its own rewrite to better balance the mission details etc., (over 700 words about the failed shower, while almost nothing about some other station living and experiments -- really?) but that is another day. GeeBee60 (talk) 18:47, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

Rewrite shower section (etc.)
In that the shower was complicated, inconvenient and wasteful, the Skylab shower was a fail largely abandoned by the crews. But in its way it worked, it needed to be tried, and it taught us quite a bit about the properties of water in zero-G, and about comfort and hygiene needs of the crews. Showers are not used in current space stations.

I reduced the section by over a third, mainly by eliminating extraneous and redundant passages. In the process, I may have scrambled a reference or two, as I didn't read every ref, just tried to carefully follow what was there. This section is still out of scale related to the scope of Skylab. It could become part of a broader section related to health and hygiene, including toilet, sleep, and exercise.

I hope we can extend other sections of the article for balance. This might include more "lessons learned" stuff, and better acknowledgement of the dozens of experiments.

GeeBee60 (talk) 16:25, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

Mutiny
It would be encyclopaedic to make note of the Skylab mutiny in the Skylab article. DouglasHeld (talk) 22:16, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:51, 28 November 2018 (UTC)
 * SkyLab Isometric 2.tiff

First versus only US space station
We've actually been over this before, but a talk page discussion is better than an edit war. We have someone who strongly objects to calling Skylab the "first" US space station rather than the "only" one. I don't believe "first" carries any implication of a second. For example, the New Horizons flyby of Pluto is almost universally called the "first" flyby of Pluto, despite the lack of any plans for a second one. In any case, a second US space station would make the use of "only" to describe Skylab both dated and inaccurate. The Wikipedia manual of style encourages text which will not become dated and which will not require future edits to remain correct. So I'm all for using "first" to describe Skylab. What do other people think? Fcrary (talk) 20:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Support Additionally, the US has substantially contributed to the ISS instead of the cancelled Freedom station – while that definitely doesn't make the whole ISS American, a large part of it is actually US-made. --Zac67 (talk) 20:26, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per above. Also, the 2nd sentence clarifies that Spacelab has been "only space station operated exclusively by the United States." -Fnlayson (talk) 20:42, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I think WP:Don't feed the trolls; report them. In addition to the reasons given, we have a WP:RS which calls it such. JustinTime55 (talk) 21:36, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

 * This is really getting annoying. I'd love to report a troll, but I'm not sure how that would work with an IP editor. Is anyone familiar with the ways to partially lock down an article to prevent this sort of thing? I think there's a way to block edits from IP editors. I'm not overjoyed about invoking that, but I think that's what the mechanism is for. Fcrary (talk) 21:35, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, enough is enough. I believe we have to ask for protection so that only confirmed, signed editors can edit the article. I'm totally unfamiliar with the mechanics of how to request this. I also don't think it can hurt to report the IP as a troll. JustinTime55 (talk) 21:42, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I just looked up the process and put in a request for semi-protection (no IP edits.) As far as reporting a troll, IP addresses can change every time someone logs in through a different server. That means I don't know how to point to the disruptive editor we're having trouble with. Fcrary (talk) 22:14, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

Space Shuttle
Why is there any mention of the Space Shuttle ?

To my knowledge, the two --- Skylab and the Shuttle --- were never intended to be contemporary, compatible, nor reliant upon each other.

As such, I think the intro to the second paragraph in the lede that mentions the Shuttle needs to be removed.

Thoughts? 2600:8800:784:8F00:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 22:19, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

 * That just shows your ignorance of history. Read the entire article, including section 12.1. The delay in getting the Shuttle flying until 1981 was totally unplanned; it was hoped it would fly by 1979 or 1980, and also the solar flares which caused Skylab to reenter prematurely were unforseen. It was hoped that an early Shuttle flight could be used to raise the altitude of Skylab and extend its life. This doesn't make them "reliant upon each other". The article is just fine the way it is.
 * Also, please read MOS:SUMMARY to see how we begin well-written articles with summary-style introductions. JustinTime55 (talk) 22:37, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Reason for asymmetry
Should the article state more prominently why the solar panels are asymmetrical (the OWS was torn off during launch)? Cheers, cmɢʟee⎆τaʟκ 13:29, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skylab


text:
User:Tiram~enwiki

I've been lurking here at Wikipedia for a while. Expect more action from me soon:)

I have a home page of sorts ... Nothing much there yet, though.

Have Contributed To So Far

 * Lødingen
 * Artscape Nordland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tiram~enwiki


text:
Raffles Junior College

The Raffles Junior College (RJC) was a junior college in Singapore offering pre-university education. The college was founded in 1982, following a separation from the pre-university section of Raffles Institution (RI). Raffles Junior College was merged as the junior college section of Raffles Institution on 1 January 2009.

To date, the former junior college and the current Raffles Institution (Year 5-6) has produced 94 President's Scholars and the bulk of Public Service Commission scholars. RJC was recognised as one of the top feeder schools for the Ivy League universities.

Founding years
In 1982, Raffles Institution's pre-university section was transferred from Grange Road to a temporary campus at Paterson Road. There, Raffles Junior College was established to offer the GCE A Level curriculum. It was the first junior college to be established with both JC1 and JC2 students, with the JC2 students having just completed their first pre-university year in the pre-university section of RI.

Raffles Junior College moved into a purpose built campus on 53 Mount Sinai Road in 1984 which provided better facilities and a larger site to cater to junior college education.

Introduction of the Raffles Programme
In 2004, the integrated programme of Raffles Institution, Raffles Girls' School, and Raffles Junior College, branded the Raffles Programme, was rolled out. On the same year, RJC was relocated to its new Bishan campus at 1 Raffles Institution Lane, adjacent to Raffles Institution. The two schools ran an open campus, allowing students to share facilities between the two institutions. This laid the foundation for the development of the Raffles Programme. A moving ceremony was held on 29 December 2004.

On 1 January 2005, the college became an independent institution. In the same year, RJC became the first junior college to be awarded the School Excellence Award, the highest award in the MOE Masterplan of Awards. The new campus was officially declared open by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong on 8 April 2006, in conjunction with the college's 25th anniversary celebrations.

Reintegration with Raffles Institution
On 1 January 2009, Raffles Junior College re-merged into Raffles Institution to facilitate running of the Integrated Programme. The college section (Year 5–6) kept the name as Raffles Institution (Junior College) until 2010, after which it was officially renamed as Raffles Institution. This administrative merger allowed the new institution to function as a single educational organisation on the foundation of a shared campus.

Principals

 * Rudy Mosbergen (1982–1987)
 * Lee Fong Seng (1988–2000)
 * Winston James Hodge (2001–2007)
 * Lim Lai Cheng (2008–2009)

College anthem
Raffles Junior College shared the same anthem, Auspicium Melioris Aevi, with Raffles Institution. The anthem was written by E W Jesudason in 1961, who served as headmaster of Raffles Institution from 1963 to 1966.

Coat of arms
Raffles Junior College shared its crest with Raffles Institution, a modified version of the Raffles coat of arms, permission for use of which was granted by his family. This replaces the original erminois portion of the field with gold and the purpure of the gryphon crest with gules.

The gryphon on the crest is a stately creature, majestic and strong, symbolising stability and success for the school. The double-headed eagle on the shield signifies the looking back onto the past and onto the future, symbolising the institution's tradition of drawing strength and experience from the past to excel in the future.

The motto "Auspicium Melioris Aevi", displayed at the base of the shield, is officially translated as "Hope of a Better Age". While a mistranslation, this has become the standard version. It is also the motto of the Order of St Michael and St George.

House system
RJC had a faculty system in place before May 2005. Under the faculty system, students belonged to one of the five faculties, namely: Arts (red), Commerce (black), Computing and Pure Science (green), Engineering (blue) and Medicine (yellow). To facilitate the Raffles Programme from 2005, students of Raffles Junior College were divided into five Houses, the name of which is an amalgamation of its counterparts in RI and RGS: Bayley-Waddle (yellow); Buckle-Buckley (green) ; Hadley-Hullett (purple/black); Morrison-Richardson (blue); Moor-Tarbet (red).

Students from the Raffles Programme remained in the same House for the entire six years, while students enrolled into RJC via the Joint Admissions Exercise (JAE) were assigned to a House upon admission. Houses compete in Inter-House Competitions (IHC) annually. Organised by the Students' Council, the events span across disciplines and challenge participants both physically and mentally. The IHC Remix is generally held earlier in the year and comprises the non-Sports events whilst IHC Sports is held later in the year.

This arrangement is retained with the merger of RJC into RI in January 2009.

Affiliation

Between 2005 and 2009, Raffles Junior College co-ran the Raffles Programme (Integrated Programme) with Raffles Institution and Raffles Girls' School (RGS). In the programme, boys receive their first four years of secondary education in RI and girls in RGS, before completing their pre-university studies in the co-educational Raffles Junior College.

Campus

The most recent campus of the former RJC, currently RI's Year 5–6 campus consists of 11 blocks and three fields. Facilities include six lecture theatres, a Performing Arts Centre, the Singapore Pools Indoor Sports Hall and the Shaw Foundation Library.

Raffles Academy
Started in 2007 in Raffles Institution, prior to the 2009 RI-RJC merger, the Raffles Academy was a talent development programme designed to meet the learning needs of students exceptionally gifted in a particular subject. The programme originally spanned Years 3 and 4 but in 2009 was expanded to Years 5 and 6.

The Year 5–6 Raffles Academy offers four subjects, Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics, of which students can offer up to two, although Mathematics may be offered only with Physics and Biology with Chemistry. Students in the Raffles Academy attend pull-out lectures and tutorials as well as a weekly enrichment session, although they follow the H2 curriculum.

At the end of Year 4, students may apply for the Year 5–6 Raffles Academy by submitting a personal statement and portfolio, and sitting for a selection test. Approximately 100 students per batch are selected for the Raffles Academy.

Raffles Humanities Programme
The Humanities Scholarship Programme is the Arts equivalent of the Raffles Academy for sciences, accepting exceptionally gifted humanities students who take the Arts subjects (including but not limited to Literature, Economics, History, Geography, English Language and Linguistics). Students can enter this elite programme either through internal interviews or via the Ministry of Education (MOE) Scholarship route. Students accepted into the programme are placed in separate classes from the mainstream Arts classes and occupy a distinct Humanities building within the school, complete with their own lecture hall and classrooms. Lessons conducted under the programme aim to be more interactive, involving students in discussions to a greater extent so as to promote critical thinking skills. Over the course of the programme, Humanities Programme (HP) students benefit from various enrichment activities including weekly guest speakers and humanities workshops. Apart from that, students also have to opportunity to embark on overseas trips to Asia countries such as Japan and South Korea.

Achievements
Raffles Junior College / Raffles Institution (Junior College) has produced 94 President's Scholars since Singapore's independence in 1965, a notable record among Singapore schools.

Politicians

 * Chan Chun Sing, Minister for Education
 * Darryl David, former television personality and Member of Parliament
 * Desmond Lee Ti-Seng, Minister for National Development
 * Desmond Tan, Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office
 * Vikram Nair, Member of Parliament
 * Ong Ye Kung, Minister for Health
 * Rahayu Mahzam, Member of Parliament
 * Christopher de Souza, Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore, Member of Parliament
 * Tan Chuan-Jin, former Speaker of Parliament
 * Josephine Teo, Minister for Communications and Information
 * Edwin Tong, Minister for Culture, Community and Youth, Second Minister for Law and Member of Parliament
 * Zaqy Mohamad, Senior Minister of State for Manpower and Defence, Deputy Leader of the House, Member of Parliament
 * Dennis Tan, Member of Parliament
 * He Ting Ru, Member of Parliament
 * Jamus Lim, Member of Parliament
 * Leong Mun Wai, Non-constituency Member of Parliament
 * Carrie Tan, Member of Parliament
 * Mariam Jaafar, Member of Parliament

Entertainment and media personalities

 * Kit Chan, singer
 * Kaira Gong, singer
 * Corrinne May, singer-songwriter
 * Rui En, actress and singer

Writers

 * Alfian Sa'at, writer, poet and playwright
 * Alvin Pang, poet, editor and writer

Academics

 * Boon Thau Loo, Professor of Computer Science and Associate Dean at University of Pennsylvania
 * Andrew Ng, former chief scientist of Baidu, co-founder of Coursera

Religious leaders

 * Kong Hee, former City Harvest Church pastor

title: Raffles Junior College


text:
Sembawang

Sembawang is a planning area and residential town located in the North Region of Singapore. Sembawang planning area is bordered by Simpang to the east, Mandai to the south, Yishun to the southeast, Woodlands to the west and the Straits of Johor to the north.

Despite the relatively large development in the Sembawang New Town, the area remains largely suburban, with military, industrial and recreational facilities at its periphery. It hosted a major naval base and port facilities since the early 20th century, and continues to handle regular shipping traffic today along its wharves.

Etymology
The earliest reference to Sembawang is found in Franklin and Jackson's 1830 Map of Singapore, which refers to the River Tambuwang. The place is said to have got its name from the pokok sembawang (Malay for the kayae ferruginea), which has been renamed Mesua ferruginea from 1980. This tree can be seen at Sembawang Park.

History
The Sembawang area in the early twentieth century was the site of the Nee Soon Rubber estate. During colonial times, Sembawang was home to a major British naval base, the construction of which began in 1928 and was completed in 1938. The base included dockyards, wharves and workshops, as well as supporting administrative, residential and commercial areas. The Naval Base has since been handed over to the Singapore government, which in 1968 converted it into a commercial dockyard (as Sembawang Shipyard, now part of Singapore Exchange-listed SembCorp Marine) that went on to become SembCorp, a major state-owned industrial conglomerate.

Extensive land reclamation throughout Singapore has left Sembawang with one of the country's last natural beaches, the Wak Hassan Beach located at Sembawang Park. Today, the vegetable farms, rubber plantations and Chinese graveyards surrounding the former naval base have given way to modern housing, especially in the 1990s during the development of a New Town by the Singapore Housing and Development Board. The town remains a major port, with Sembawang Wharves handling a high volume of bulk commodities cargo, such as timber and rubber.

The planning of Sembawang New Town started in 1996 where the Woodlands MRT Extension was opened, and Sembawang MRT station was also opened at the same time. When the station was opened, the area was undeveloped except the Canberra Road and the then-developing Sembawang New Town. This was resolved in 1998 because of the accelerating development of Sembawang New Town, which was completed in 2004. These HDB flats were within Sembawang, Canberra and Gambas division.

In late 2022, Sembawang had their first hawker centre and polyclinic at Bukit Canberra, which opened progressively from July 2022 onwards.

Politics
Sembawang once begun as a constituency named Seletar but later carved out forming a dedicated Sembawang Single Member Constituency beginning in the 1955, then resized to a smaller constituency leaving only the northern areas.

Sembawang has always been held by the People's Action Party since its formation and has been expanded to include subregions of Admiralty and Canberra since it became a Group Representation Constituency. Former President of Singapore Tony Tan Keng Yam was one of the notable Members of Parliament of Sembawang, and was succeeded by former Tanjong Pagar GRC Member of Parliament and former Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan beginning in the General Election 2006, followed by Health Minister Ong Ye Kung beginning in General Election 2015 who was then joined by Poh Li San beginning in General Election 2020.

Military

The completion of Royal Navy's Singapore Naval Base (also known as HMS Sembawang) in 1938 and RAF Sembawang (also known as HMS Simbang) in March 1940 marked the start of military presence in Sembawang. In February 1942, both bases were partially torched and wrecked by the retreating British forces during the Battle of Singapore to deny their use by units of the advancing Imperial Japanese Army. After the end of World War II in 1945, both bases were reverted to British control and would eventually go on to play an important part in Britain's continued military presence in the Far East (along with the three other RAF bases in Singapore: RAF Changi, RAF Seletar and RAF Tengah) during the critical period of Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), the Brunei Revolt in 1962 and during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1962–1966).

Despite the withdrawal of British forces from Singapore in 1971 and the handover of the Singapore Naval Base to the Singapore Government in 1968, the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) continues to maintain a small logistics base at Sembawang wharf to control most of the foreign military activities there, which includes repair, refuel and resupply for ships of the Australian, British and New Zealand navies as well as those from other Commonwealth countries under the auspices of Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA). This special arrangement was also extended to the United States Navy since early 1960s to support the American involvement in the Vietnam War.

As part of a 1990 agreement between Singapore and the United States, American military forces (primarily naval and air force) have been making use of Sembawang's base facilities. The Task Force 73 (and Commander Logistic Group Western Pacific), part of US 7th Fleet, has been headquartered in Sembawang since 1992.

Sembawang Camp
The Sembawang Camp is a Singapore Armed Forces military base on Admiralty Road, open only to military personnel on official business. The camp houses the 1st and 3rd Transport Battalion of the Singapore Army, as well as the Republic of Singapore Navy's Naval Diving Unit (NDU). Also, the compound housing the Naval Diving Unit was previously known as Terror Camp in deference to the old admin and Officers club section of the Royal Naval facility which was called HMS Terror.

Transportation facilities
Sembawang Road is one of the key roads built to connect the naval base to the city centre in the South. This road began as a track in the 1920s and was officially named Sembawang Road in 1938. Buses operated by various private companies were then the main mode of transport. The thoroughfare was also dotted with many villages along its length: Chye Kay Village, Sungei Simpang Village, Chong Pang Village, Sembawang Village. Most of these villages were cleared during the 1970s–1990s to make way for Yishun and Sembawang New Towns. The last of the villages, Kampong Wak Hassan, was cleared in 1998. Present day Sembawang Road is a major arterial road linking the Northern and Central portion of Singapore.

Many other roads in Sembawang are named after various Royal Navy dockyards, warships, admirals, countries and cities. Examples include Wellington, Canberra, Canada, Gibraltar, Kenya and Falkland. These names were given during the previous British administration, and reflect the town's history as a British naval base.

The main river running through Sembawang, the 4 km long Sungei Sembawang, flowed along a winding route and ended to the west of Sembawang Shipyard. Its middle section was diverted in the 1920s to provide the land needed for the British Naval Base. During the 1970s, the Northern portions of the river was straightened and canalized. The Southern portions of the river, which consisted of mangroves, ponds and grassland, was filled in during the 1990s in preparation for the development of Sembawang New Town.

Rail
Two MRT stations are located in the area. They are Sembawang MRT station and Canberra MRT station.

Bus services
The Sembawang Bus Interchange, located next to Sun Plaza, was completed on 20 November 2005. This replaced the old bus terminals located at the Northern tip of Sembawang Road, just next to Sembawang Park and the other located along Admiralty Road West.

Education
Sembawang has a total of five primary schools and two secondary schools.

 * Five primary schools, including Sembawang Primary School, Canberra Primary School, Endeavour Primary School, Wellington Primary School, and Northoaks Primary School.
 * Two secondary schools, including Sembawang Secondary School and Canberra Secondary School.

Commercial
Three shopping centres, including Sembawang Shopping Centre, Canberra Plaza and Sun Plaza next to the Sembawang MRT station.

Parks, recreational and sport venues
Sembawang Public Library, which is managed by the National Library Board and situated within the Sun Plaza shopping centre.

 * Bukit Canberra, an integrated sports and community hub with amenities such as a hawker centre, polyclinic, a senior care centre, a childcare centre, and several parks, which officially opened on 17 December 2022.
 * Sembawang Park, a 15 hectare tranquil park developed in the 1970s and maintained by the National Parks Board, is situated at the Northern tip of Sembawang Road. One of the few parks in Singapore with a natural beach, the Wak Hassan Beach, this park is a heaven for city dwellers who are tired of the never-ending concrete buildings and skyscrapers. It is a popular spot for campers as well as families who wish to spend an idyllic day by the beach. One can dine at the Beaulieu House, built in 1910, which was the residence of Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton (Commander-in-Chief British Eastern Fleet, 1940–1942). A wide range of fauna and flora awaits visitors, ranging from the spectacular cannonball tree (Couroupita guianensis) to the many species of birds which have made the park their nesting grounds. Within the park is a Battleship-themed outdoor playground that pays tribute to the area's naval history.
 * Sembawang Hot Spring Park is the only hot spring park found in Singapore. It is located along [Gambas Avenue] near the junction with Sembawang Road. It reopened on 4 January 2020 after upgrading works, and now features a cascading pool and cafe. Main attractions here are dipping your feet in the spring water and cooking eggs in the spring water.
 * The Sembwang Park Connector is part of the Park Connector Network managed by the National Parks Board. As their name imply, these connectors aim to form a continuous loop which would hopefully connect all the major parks is a planning area and residential town located the North Region of Singapore. Sembawang planning area is bordered by Simpang to the east, Mandai to the south, Yishun to the southeast, Woodlands to the west and the Straits of Johor to the north.

title: Sembawang


text:
Talk:Acrylamide

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Karoleoblena.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:21, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

health risk
Also, If Most of our acrylamides come from coffee, than why has there been no demonstrable link between coffee and cancers? In fact, a study conducted in Japan on consumption of 2 cups non-decaf coffee per day found a nearly 50% reduction in liver cancers over the control group.

Are our foodstuffs such as cows, being tested for cancer before being sold?
 * IANAD (I Am Not A Doctor), but can cancer spread via foodstuffs that way? I don't believe it can? - Jugalator 01:27, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)

Is Acrylamide a neurotoxin??? AFAIK, it is a neurotoxin. (I have been taught of this since I learnt how to cast SDS-PAGE Gel.) --Herbal Lemon 16:55, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've updated the article with more information about direct acrylamide exposure, and the negative results from recent cancer research. The former may answer your question somewhat better than before. :-) After doing that research, yes, it seems like it has effects similar to a neurotoxin in very large doses to me, as among others it can cause nausea, slurred speech, and paresthesia (disorders in your nervous system). - Jugalator 01:27, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)

It's a neurotoxin - my biochem lecturer spilt some on his hand once and it was numb for over a week. Don't know how it works but I believe it's worth wearing gloves when preparing polyacrylamide gels. Meconium 01:01, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

So, uh, how is it that the article states that the amount of acrylamide found in food is safe, but then many of the "external links" to newssites state that it is not? 65.24.24.173 01:35, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

I agree that this article is too complacent about the possible cancer risk from acrylamides. (Aside - research may not have found a differential consumption for people with/without cancer because everyone is already stuffed to the gills with it. ) droid

I had added some additional information about acrylamide in the diet and adjusted the article to give a more balanced view of the possible dangers (I guess that perhaps someone with a business interest in selling fried or baked food may have been trying to gloss over the potential dangers?). And by the way - there are many other food dangers in commonly eaten foods - eg. carcinogens in herbs and spices, and especially in nitrites (or is it nitrates?) used to preserve meat. I read a book about this recently, but have, er, forgotten what it is called. I wish someone would write an article on food risks if there is not one already. droid.

I have re-instated the improved version of the page after someone changed it back without explaination. The new version is the same as the version I found but has more information about acrylamides from food and cooking, gives a more balanced and fairer treatment of the possible health dangers (as the above user comments, the texts glossing over of the potential dangers was contradicted by the content of the links), and has one additional link. I am a post-graduate who has studied the dietry issues for a long time, so I think I know what I'm writing about. [Then you should know how to properly cite the sources of your information. Individual claims should refer to footnotes or annotated with an inline citation. A collection of links at the end is not helpful by itself. Note: I have not made any changes to the article; that was someone else.] I would appreciate it if the person who changed it back could provide an intelligent and rational justification for doing so. Thanks. droid.

 * The change was mine, and the change involved ONLY wikilinking some terms and specifying the content of compensatory anticancer chemicals in coffee (see the diff). I reinstated that version. What else did I change, according to you? --Shaddack 13:46, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Hello, I updated the section on cancer, and then adding a reference section created a table of contents, and as it was kinda weird having a toc in the lower third of the page I had to add other titles ... please adjust if you have a better idea Christian.B 02:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC) --68.149.171.39 10:45, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

The part about "isn't coffee boiled?" bothers me. I don't think that it takes into account the roasting process which, because of the high roasting temperatures, could produce acrylamides. So coffee beans that had not been brewed would show presence of acrylamides upon analysis. However, could the process of brewing change the structure so that acrylamides are no longer present in brewed coffee? This needs research.Amber r07 (talk) 17:38, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Next, California lawyers are going to go after parents, bakers, coffee drinkers, olive makers, dried fruit and prune juice makers everywhere. You too will get sued for millions of dollars. Why? Because a very small something in the food that people have been making and eating for thousands of years has been found to cause cancer in rats when congested in very high levels 'by itself' for months on end.76.215.47.190 (talk) 17:07, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Seriously? The above statement is ridiculous. There is no evidence CA lawyers will sue any "users" of products! Also, the statement "because a very small something in the food that people have been making and eating for thousands of years..." is both incorrect and deceptive. First, deceptive by implying that it is somehow less harmful with the words "a very small amount". Second, incorrect by implying what we ingest in the past 10 years is remotely similar to what humans ingested "for thousands of years"...The article includes the statement: "Acrylamide may be a natural decay product of the polyacrylamide used as a thickening agent in some commercial herbicides." I don't think synthetic chemical fertilizers were around one hundred years ago, much less one thousand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.82.99.236 (talk) 03:11, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

SMILES inconsistency
I'm not a chemist. It's disconcerting to me that the SMILES string in the main text differs than the one in the sidebar overview. Is this due to discrepancy, or non-canonical notation? MaxEnt 23:25, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It's simply that the molecule can be notated in more than one way, similar to how comounds can have more than one IUPAC name depending on where you start. A species is in brackets to show that its a self contained group, anything after the brackets is attached to the atom before them. While I'm sure one or the other is deprecated, theyre both comprehensible. GeeJo  (t)⁄(c) • 13:35, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

More possible content
Long article about Acrylamide in food - havnt had time to read all of it. http://v3.espacenet.com/textdes?DB=EPODOC&IDX=WO2004039174&QPN=WO2004039174

Via Google News: Nature.com (subscription) Enzyme cuts out acrylamide Nature.com (subscription), UK - 30 Aug 2006 ... Acrylamide is produced by the Maillard reaction — the chemical process by which carbohydrates transform, under heat, to golden-brown deliciousness. ... from http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060828/full/060828-2.html

“I estimate that acrylamide causes several thousand cancers per year in Americans,” said Clark University research Professor Dale Hattis. Hattis, an expert in risk analysis, based his estimate on standard EPA projections of risks from animal studies and limited sampling of acrylamide levels in Swedish and American foods. from http://www.lifeware.us/Healthy_Cookware_Science/Acrylamide_Report.pdf#search=%22%22mallard%20reaction%22%20acrylamide%22

When smoking was first identified as being carcinogenic, some people scoffed at it being dangerous, and I imagine a few journalists would write reassuring articles about how it wasnt particularly dangerous, or accuse others of scaremongering. I wonder if we're at that stage with acrylamide now.

I would like to have clarified the connection with the Maillard reaction. And the article currently claims acrylamide is produced in two ways in food - by browning, and by prunes (which are dried - and hence browned - plums) and olives (which are processed to remove the bitter taste of raw olives) - which two chemical reactions are relevant here?

Doctors web page that I am working on indicates that this cancer causing agent is also found in corn chips under the same heating / frying issue. Helen Pensanti, MD's TV Shownotes: http://www.askdrhelen.com/shownotes/Dr-pensanti-food-toxins.html

I am not a scientist, but can follow most of the information. I am very confused by a lot of seemingly contradictory statements. The article states: "Though researchers are still unsure of the precise mechanisms by which acrylamide forms in foods, many[12] believe it is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction.  In fried or baked goods, acrylamide may be produced by the reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars (fructose, glucose, etc.) or reactive carbonyls at temperatures above 120 °C (248 °F)." And then goes on to state farther down: "On August 1, 2008, four food manufacturers – H.J. Heinz Co., Frito-Lay, Kettle Foods Inc., and Lance Inc. – agreed to reduce levels of acrylamide in their products (such as potato chips and French fries) over a three-year period…" Okay, so what I'm reading is they are not completely sure how this ends up in food, but it may be part of this Maillard reaction which sounds natural. However, is it that a natural browning reaction is creating carcinogens BECAUSE the food has somehow absorbed this byproduct of fertilizer and industry??? In other words, would browning have caused this 2000 years ago before we were creating this decay product of herbicides? Since “Acrylamide is prepared on an industrial scale by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile by nitrile hydratase.” Is this just a byproduct of modern industry that is somehow contaminating food, but, in the case of potatoes, not showing up until the food is heated? On the one hand, the article sounds almost like this is some natural reaction during browning, but then goes on to say that those manufacturers agreed to REDUCE levels of acrylamide in their products. HOW??? The main question the article does NOT answer is HOW can these levels be reduced? Also, a statement saying there is less danger in home prepared foods than industrial prepared foods… yet there were statements relating the danger to the heat level. I make homemade french fries at 375-425 degrees… certainly above 248. How can the claim be made that home preparation is safer when no correlation to temperature is made? HOW or WHY is home preparation safer??? I appreciate the information in the article, but some glaring questions remain to be answered. 108.82.99.236 (talk) 03:48, 31 October 2012 (UTC) mmazzi

In response to the above:

"Though researchers are still unsure of the precise mechanisms by which acrylamide forms in foods, many[12] believe it is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction."

I actually think that's quite weak wording and could be revised. Maillard reaction is THE main source of acrylamide formation where it is found in food and its formation is well described. There are a handful of other formation pathways that have been described, and there is also a very small perecentage of acrylamide formation food in some foods which cannot be accounted for by the Maillard or these formation methods. However, breakdown of fertilisers doesn't account for the levels found in products.

"...is it that a natural browning reaction is creating carcinogens BECAUSE the food has somehow absorbed this byproduct of fertilizer and industry???". "Is this just a byproduct of modern industry that is somehow contaminating food, but, in the case of potatoes, not showing up until the food is heated?" No, not at all. This is a natural occurrence related to high temperatures(cooking) in the presence of reducing sugars and amino acids in the raw material and is UNRELATED to the commercial production of acrylamide or even breakdown or fertilisers. If you test a raw potato you won't detect acrylamide in it, but it will be present at some level if for example you roasted that same potato. '...manufacturers agreed to REDUCE levels of acrylamide in their products..' Once acrylamide had been found in foods and the main formation mechanism had been identified manufacturers were able to develop various techniques to reduce average levels. These are available to view in the FoodDrinkEurope Acrylamide Toolbox (google it). However every product is different and different tools need to be applied to reduce levels. Manufacturers have to trial different tools to work out what is best for their own products. Examples would be lowering cooking temperatures and times or perhaps remove reducing sugars from the raw materials. Any agreement to reduce levels is probably based upon theoretical reduction levels from a baseline, and based upon mitigation techniques that were known at the time. The last part : "...statement saying there is less danger in home prepared foods than industrial prepared foods… yet there were statements relating the danger to the heat level. I make homemade French fries at 375-425 degrees… certainly above 248.  How can the claim be made that home preparation is safer when no correlation to temperature is made?  HOW or WHY is home preparation safer???..."

I don't know who wrote that home preparation is safer. Quite frankly there is no evidence for that. The varieties of potato that a French fry manufacturer will use are specific for French fry production. They are chosen because of their taste, appearance, the fact that they are resistant to certain pests and diseases, and because they have good yields. Most importantly they choose varieties based upon low sugar. These potatoes will be carefully stored at the right temperature to avoid increases in sugar over time and will undergo mitigation techniques in the factory.

By contrast most people will make their own French fries with whatever potatoes are to hand, and won't necessarily know for example whether the variety has high sugar levels or whether they have been stored correctly.

Ultimately the most important step is the cooking step. If you are cooking the fries at home (whether they are a frozen French fry or fresh home-made) then you should look at the colour and ensure that they are no more than a light golden colour. The colour level has a strong correlation to sugar levels and therefore ultimately to acrylamide levels. If you make homemade fries which are dark they will almost certainly contain more acrylamide than factory fries cooked to a lighter colour. Most consumers aren't making their own fries - they buy in ready-made product - same with coffee, bread, cakes, biscuits and chips etc and therefore the emphasis has correctly been on manufacturers to control as much as possible at their factories but if someone is making all these products at home they are almost certainly consuming much higher levels.

Sleepysod (talk) 15:01, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Correction of the structure image for Acrylamide
The correct structure for Acrylamide should show as -CONH2 (rather than CONH) - please help edit.

Regards Mehtapm 11:34, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Weasel words
The first paragaph of the 'cancer link' chapter contains a lot of weasel words: 'Some sources claim', 'accounts for a significant number', 'no consensus among the scientific and medical community', 'actively researched and investigated by government bodies', 'several different countries', 'Some research'. this should be clarified or removed. Update: paragaph removed.Sciencefact 00:04, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

ambiguity in intro
What does 'Acrylamide is incompatible with' in the initial paragraph mean? How & why is it incompatible unless this is obvious or excplained it prob shouldn't be there esp in the intro --Nate1481 11:09, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I am also dissatisfied with the intro. It needs a heavier usage of the inverted pyramid. The health effects need at least a mention, especially since the research gets mentioned without any context given until well down the article. It would be better if the Swedish research were moved down-article and the context given first.--24.6.198.12 11:31, 17 September 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.198.12 (talk) 11:25, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Acrylamide in Olives
Has anyone a reference for this claim ? Nothing is said about this in the article on Olives.

Ditto prunes. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.157.183.213 (talk) 00:26, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

UK Food Standards Agency report on acrylamide - includes olives http://www.foodbase.org.uk//admintools/reportdocuments/752-1-1328_acrylamide-furan-survey_FINAL.pdf Sleepysod (talk) 15:06, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Acrylamide in Potatoes
How does the storage-temperature issue tie in with the commonly used frozen potatoes ? One suspects that once freezing takes place, the fructose formation is stalled, but what are the facts ? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.157.177.139 (talk) 02:49, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

Non-thermal decomposition
Does anyone have a reference to the non-thermal decomposition producing dimethylamine? I don't see any good mechanism for this. If non-thermal means hydrolysis, the product should be ammonia, which I've changed the article to say. ChemGardener 19:32, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Yep, it DOES cause cancer says EU
See for example this article http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2007/12/03/sciacril103.xml Its late at night for me, no time to do anything more tonight. 80.0.118.134 01:35, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

IUPAC name
Two different options currently given by the article. This can't be right. —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 09:24, 28 December 2007 (UTC))

For further confusion see IUPAC amide nomenclature and amide naming conventions. By the way, I like the option in the table better. —DIV (128.250.80.15 (talk) 09:35, 28 December 2007 (UTC))

Heating
I find the following sentence somewhat confused: "they found the chemical in starchy foods, such as potato chips, French fries, and bread that had been heated (production of acrylamide in the heating process was shown to be temperature-dependent).[2] It was not found in food that had been boiled[2][3] or in foods that were not heated" Particularly I don't understand what is meant by heating. All of the foods given as examples have been cooked/heated, so perhaps better wording would be: "in fried and baked goods such as potato chips, French fries, and bread." Also, boiling is a form of heating, and hence the second sentence does not really make sense as a continuation from the first. Perhaps better wording would be: "Neither boiled nor cooked foods were found to contain acrylamide."Jimjamjak (talk) 08:55, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I read somewhere that acrylamide is not formed at temperatures up to a little beyond boiling point. Cannot recall the reference. Frying, baking, and boiling are all ways of cooking food; but cooking by boiling does not produce acrylamide. 92.28.246.175 (talk) 11:28, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Acrylamide in milk
If you have something for this teme please you subscribe, thank you.

Imbalance in article
This article seems to be extremely imbalanced. 95% of the content is now about trace amounts of acrylamide found in food and the health effects. Yet there is almost no information on the synthesis of acrylamide, its industrial uses, or its toxicity and carcinogenicity in worker-exposure doses (which has been well known for several decades). If nothing else, the section on toxicity in food needs cleaning up and organising. -Kieran (talk) 16:52, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

The section entitled "Toxicity and carcinogenicity" has no mention of carcinogenicity within the section, just the title, though there are various passages throughout the article related to carcinogenicity. I get the impression the facts mentioned in this article need to be better organized as well, this way it will be possible to add more facts without the article becoming overloaded. Encyclopedias mustn't oversimplify but they differ from text books in that they must allow a layperson to find all the facts needed to understand something specific without having to look through every technical detail in order to find it, structure is very important in complex subjects where more and more background knowledge is needed.86.131.24.133 (talk) 00:04, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

60% increase in kidney cancer
The French fries article says "A 13 year long observation performed by the University of Maastricht, the Netherlands, on 120,000 subjects between 55 and 70, has shown that increased intake of acrylamide (formed when potatoes are baked or fried) is correlated with a 60% higher rate of kidney cancer." ""Frieten zijn nu officieel kankerverwekkend". University of Maastricht Holland. Retrieved 8 November 2010." http://www.gva.be/nieuws/wetenschap/frieten-zijn-nu-officieel-kankerverwekkend.aspx?cmt=all

Be interested to see something about this in english, particularly the original paper.

And, although it may be personal research or speculation, perhaps people's diets are sufficiently saturated with acrylamide so that a little more or less has effects that are difficult to detect, rather as the Romans were said to have shortened lives due to taking in lead from lead-lined drinking-vessels, water pipes, and lead additives to wine. 92.28.246.175 (talk) 11:21, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

INSTANT Coffee
There is no info about instant coffee in this article.

If you Google or PudMed "instant coffee" Acrylamide you will find it contains MUCH more Acrylamide than ordinary coffee.

Can you find any comparison of different INSTANT coffee brands? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ee1518 (talk • contribs) 07:08, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * You can try adding the informationHardkhora (talk) 17:07, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Thoughts About Article Status
Can we remove the ? It seems the article has grown a lot since then. Thoughts?Hardkhora (talk) 17:08, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Opinions of health organizations
“In February 2009, Health Canada …. Currently, they are collecting information on the properties and prevalence of acrylamide in order to make their assessment.”

Once again we have a time-based statement (currently ...) with no reference to the time itself. This is a trap frequently fallen into in Wikipedia and one of which contributors should be aware by now. The statement made sense at the time it was written, but loses all meaning now without a date being attached. Dawright12 (talk) 10:23, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not so bad since the consultation referenced is still ongoing (until September 20 2014) - but yeah "currently" is a hostage to fortune; for time-based statements the asof template is safer. Alexbrn talk 10:52, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Acrylamide
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Acrylamide's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "PGCH": From Diethyl ether:  From Chloroform:  From DDT:  From Carbon monoxide:  From Chlorpyrifos:  From Formaldehyde:  From Malathion:  From Carbon dioxide: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 04:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

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Is Acrylamide remotely dangerous to Humans?
Unlike rats and other laboratory animals, humans have a history of 200,000 to 1.7 million years of using fire to cook food. It is not unlikely that this history of exposure has resulted in evolutionary pressure to enable humans to better tolerate the effects of acrylamide. Indeed, these effects may have even had broader effects on the evolutionary development of modern humans ,. Food for thought?Stub Mandrel (talk) 12:12, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * This isn't a page for general discussion, but AIUI the situation at the moment (as summarized here) is that in lab animals it is carcinogenic, and human intake of acrylamide can be sufficiently large for scientists to advise caution. Alexbrn (talk) 12:39, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Not intended to start a debate, but my aim was to query why this article does not appear to contain any of the counter arguments against what, in some parts of the media, is almost a moral panic over acrylamide. I'm well aware of the 'precautionary principle' approach followed by many agencies, and it's probably the right thing to do. But in the interests of NPOV the article should at least mention the theory that the lack of hard evidence for carcinogenic effects in humans is because they have evolved a tolerance for acrylamide in cooked food. It also sits better with an evidence based approach to medicine.Stub Mandrel (talk) 15:53, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * In the lede we have "As of 2016 it is still not clear whether acrylamide consumption affects people's risk of developing cancer." I think that's a fair summary of scientific consensus ATM. Alexbrn (talk) 15:58, 23 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Just heard a report that CRUK are saying very clearly 'the case is not proven'. My point is that the evolution theory is both fascinating and interesting and should be included in the body of the article to help explain WHY it may be less dangerous to humans than other animals. Stub Mandrel (talk) 16:03, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * this link http://anthropology.as.nyu.edu/objec/anthroalumni.joandgarey is dead. The 2nd is a textbook which is great, but the box that is linked to is nothing I would cite in WP. It is the abysmal kind of evolutionary speculation where people think about evolution on the one hand and about some issue on the other, and then bring them together and completely make shit up, with zero basis in actual biology (like oh, an allele humans developed that actually provides resistance to acrylamide carcinogenicity).  It is as sloppy and pseudo-sciencey as the often-repeated speculation that men are (supposedly) more attracted to women with wider hips "because" such women are more robust breeding partners, so it was "selected" for.   ugh.   So no, we will not add made up shit like that to this article (and it is not a "theory" it is a hypothesis, and a weak one at that, and no it has nothing' to do with evidence-based medicine.  it is the opposite).  If there is a review on the carcinogenicity of acrylamide in humans that actually talks about the biology of acrylamide digestion in humans that notes differences between humans and other species, that could be useful. Jytdog (talk) 18:20, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

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Heat-generated food toxicants (HEATOX) study
Hi,

Current text says "(...) pointing out that home-cooked food tends to contribute far less to overall acrylamide levels than food that was industrially prepared" citing HEATOX final report https://web.archive.org/web/20081217145945/http://www.slv.se/upload/heatox/documents/Heatox_Final%20_report.pdf. The wording suggest that same food home-cooked would contain less acrylamide that one processed industrially. This is not supported at all in the report, which just says "Due to the fact that a large number of foods contributing to acrylamide intake are industrially produced the contribution from home cooking is probably quite small in the general population." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bartekbosowiec (talk • contribs) 10:50, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Surprise, surprise! Apropos recent edit battles. It's toxic to primates too.  Reminder: Humans are primates.
200 mg/kg orally kills a monkey in 3 days. RudolfoMD (talk) 13:58, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Reminder: WP:NOR, WP:MEDRS. Bon courage (talk) 14:15, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acrylamide


text:
Talk:Ethiopia

Culture Coffee Ceremony
This was just redone, but it had said "The most common recognized culture observed is coffee ceremony." The source didn't seem to back that up. The coffee ceremony is currently the main aspect of culture listed in that section. Should that be moved to the Culture of Ethiopia article?

What do you all think? Vajzë Blu (talk) 02:34, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

 * As there was no objection, I moved the section to Culture of Ethiopia. Vajzë Blu (talk) 03:53, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Ethiopian plateau's old coffee woods are the source of coffee that is grown all over the world. It is said that Kaldi, a goat herder, first saw the potential of these well-loved beans there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:197:C80:F230:7C40:AF28:36A8:138A (talk) 21:42, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Expanding on Human Rights Section
I think it is important to expand on the human rights section as this is something that is important for people to know. I will take some of the information from the "Human trafficking in Ethiopia" page, however that page relies largely on one single source, so I will fix that by using multiple credible sources, while expanding on the Human Rights Section. Ishikan (talk) 18:44, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

Reordering of Subheaders
When clicking in on the page, I think history should come before Etymology. I think then it should be geography, demographics, culture, and then government and politics. I think this is important as people should understand the perspective and culture of those that live their before learning about how the government is organized and why politics and the economy is the way it is. [User:Ishikan|Ishikan]] (talk) 18:52, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Pls review WikiProject Countries Moxy 🍁 01:20, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Adding current information to Politics and Government Sections
On the politics and government section of this article, there is not much current information in this politics section, and the earliest date for information was in 2020. There have been conflicts between Ethiopia and Somalia, and there are definitely gaps in this article in the politics and government sections to provide this new information. The reference I will include in this article to improve the politics section is: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/6/why-is-somalia-angry-about-neighbouring-ethiopias-new-port-deal Ishikan (talk) 19:04, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

Correcting Stats Information on the Religion Section
The statistics presented about the representation of religions in the country seems to be slightly incorrect. Currently it says "muslims make up 62.8% of the country's population, christians 33.9%, practitioners of traditional faiths 2.6%, and other religions 0.6%". I tried to double check the referenced source and couldn't access the link. However, a verified source based on the 2007 censes shows that "Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodoxy, P'ent'ay, Roman Catholic) totaling at 67.3%, followed by Islam at 31.3%". So, I'm updating this information. Nuredinali (talk) 16:19, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Adding Background to the Religion Section
As the religion history of Ethiopia is rich and it's where the first place where Islam was introduced to the whole continent of Africa, where the 'First Hijra' which is a historical moment in the religion. Where even the Prophet Mohammed, pbuh (from Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasulillah) said to his companions “If you have to migrate, migrate towards Habash.”. So, adding this information would show the rich historical value Ethiopia holds in the history of the religion. Nuredinali (talk) 16:25, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

 * This is iincoherent. Moxy 🍁 18:08, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Can you please explain what is incoherent about this? Nuredinali (talk) 20:45, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Adding Education Section
As of 2022, there are 83 private universities, and 42 public universities, and more than 35 institution of higher learning. With a large young population, integrating this information to the page would give a high level understanding of the education structure in Ethiopia. In this section, we will discuss the education structure, starting high school, how students get into Natural and Social Sciences studies, how students are assigned to Universities, how they choose field of studies, etc. As it's different from most Universities in the Western countries and being relatively similar to the education systems of like India. Nuredinali (talk) 16:33, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Adding Prominent Ethiopian Scientists to the Science and Technology Section
Ethiopia has several of prominent figures shaping the field of Computer Science, particularly Artificial Intelligence in the world stage. These include Dr. Timnit Gebru (who have been named Times 100 Most Influential People 2022, among many other recognitions), Professor Jelani Nelson, etc. Who are decendants of Ethiopia. Adding these names besides the existing scientists who made significant contributions could be useful. Nuredinali (talk) 16:39, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

 * pls dont ... Caution should be taken to ensure that the sections are not simply a listing of names or mini biographies of individuals accomplishments. Good example Canada. Moxy 🍁 18:07, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I totally agree with this point. I'll retract these additions and it's better to keep it clean, since it's hard and unnecessary to include all individuals. Nuredinali (talk) 20:43, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Adding Slight Information about Tigray War
As you all might know Ethiopia has been in a war between end of 2020 to end of 2022. This war was among the deadliest ones that in the 21st centuries claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands people. However, the current page on doesn't have single information about this historical moment. Hence, I'll be discussing this briefly and add a reference to the "Tigray War" Wikipedia Page. However, it's critical the information is mentioned here for people when they read about Ethiopia in the current page. Nuredinali (talk) 16:44, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Its here....what more do we need to add? Moxy 🍁 18:11, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Population size?
Currently the infobox shows 129M based on worldometers.info. But the table in "List of countries and dependencies by population" says 107M, based on some official document (though the source site is now dead). A reliable source, cia.gov, estimates 118M.

What's considered authoritative in Wikipedia? And shouldn't different Wikipedia articles use a unified figure or source? galenIgh 14:26, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethiopia


text:
Financial analysis

Financial analysis (also known as financial statement analysis, accounting analysis, or analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of a business, sub-business or project.

It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios and other techniques, that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. Financial analysis may determine if a business will:

 * Continue or discontinue its main operation or part of its business;
 * Make or purchase certain materials in the manufacture of its product;
 * Acquire or rent/lease certain machineries and equipment in the production of its goods;
 * Issue shares or negotiate for a bank loan to increase its working capital;
 * Make decisions regarding investing or lending capital;
 * Make other decisions that allow management to make an informed selection on various alternatives in the conduct of its business.

Firm-level analysis
Financial analysts often assess the following elements of a firm:

 * 1) Profitability - its ability to earn income and sustain growth in both the short- and long-term. A company's degree of profitability is usually based on the income statement, which reports on the company's results of operations;
 * 2) Solvency - its ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other third parties in the long-term;
 * 3) Liquidity - its ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfying immediate obligations;
 * 4) Stability - the firm's ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a company's stability requires the use of both the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators.

Both 2 and 3 are based on the company's balance sheet, which indicates the financial condition of a business as of a given point in time.

Techniques
Financial analysts often compare financial ratios (of solvency, profitability, growth, etc.):

 * Past Performance - Across historical time periods for the same firm (the last 5 years for example),
 * Future Performance - Using historical figures and certain mathematical and statistical techniques, including present and future values, This extrapolation method is the main source of errors in financial analysis as past statistics can be poor predictors of future prospects.
 * Comparative Performance - Comparison between similar firms

Comparing financial ratios is merely one way of conducting financial analysis. Financial analysts can also use percentage analysis which involves reducing a series of figures as a percentage of some base amount. For example, a group of items can be expressed as a percentage of net income. When proportionate changes in the same figure over a given time period expressed as a percentage is known as horizontal analysis.

Vertical or common-size analysis reduces all items on a statement to a "common size" as a percentage of some base value which assists in comparability with other companies of different sizes. As a result, all Income Statement items are divided by Sales, and all Balance Sheet items are divided by Total Assets.

Another method is comparative analysis. This provides a better way to determine trends. Comparative analysis presents the same information for two or more time periods and is presented side-by-side to allow for easy analysis.

Theoretical challenges
Financial ratios face several theoretical challenges:

 * They say little about the firm's prospects in an absolute sense. Their insights about relative performance require a reference point from other time periods or similar firms.
 * One ratio holds little meaning. As indicators, ratios can be logically interpreted in at least two ways. One can partially overcome this problem by combining several related ratios to paint a more comprehensive picture of the firm's performance.
 * Seasonal factors may prevent year-end values from being representative. A ratio's values may be distorted as account balances change from the beginning to the end of an accounting period. Use average values for such accounts whenever possible.
 * Financial ratios are no more objective than the accounting methods employed. Changes in accounting policies or choices can yield drastically different ratio values.

title: Financial analysis