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List of convicts on the First Fleet

The First Fleet is the name given to the group of eleven ships carrying convicts, the first to do so, that left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. The ships departed with an estimated 775 convicts (582 men and 193 women), as well as officers, marines, their wives and children, and provisions and agricultural implements. After 43 convicts had died during the eight-month trip, 732 landed at Sydney Cove.

In 2005, the First Fleet Garden, a memorial to the First Fleet immigrants, friends and others was created on the banks of Quirindi Creek at Wallabadah, New South Wales. Stonemason Ray Collins researched and then carved the names of all those who came out to Australia on the eleven ships in 1788 on tablets along the garden pathways. The stories of those who arrived on the ships, their life, and first encounters with the Australian country are presented throughout the garden.

No single definitive list of people who travelled on those ships exists; however, historians have pieced together as much data about these pioneers as possible. In the late 1980s, a simple software program with a database of convicts became available for Australian school students, both as a history and an information technology learning guide. An on-line version is now hosted by the University of Wollongong.

Digitised images of the lists from the Orders in Council for the First Fleet are available on the Convict Indents Index.

The six ships that transported the First Fleet convicts were:
 * Alexander
 * Charlotte
 * Friendship
 * Lady Penrhyn
 * Prince of Wales
 * Scarborough

title: List of convicts on the First Fleet


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Tredecimal

Tredecimal, Tridecimal, and Triskadecimal (i.e., pertaining to the number 13) may refer to:

 * Base 13 number system
 * Limit (music), 13-limit tuning and intervals
 * A type of neutral third music interval

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tredecimal


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Leash

A leash (also called a lead, lead line or tether) is a rope or similar material used to control an animal by attaching it to a collar, harness, or halter. In British English, a leash is generally for a larger (possibly dangerous or aggressive) animal, with lead being more commonly used when walking a dog.

Types of leashes

Leashes take many forms; for example:
 * A simple metal chain.
 * Very short tab leashes; a clip attached to a loop handle or to a short piece of leather with a knot or similar short handle. Allows very close, tight control of a dog in certain competition or training situations.
 * Short, soft, braided leather leash with a loop handle and a clip to attach to the collar, usually about 4 feet in length, commonly used during obedience training. The softness enables the trainer to fold the leash into a shorter length and the braiding allows a firmer grip.
 * Nylon webbing leash, also known as a tracking/training leash in the UK, usually 4 to 6 feet, with a loop handle and clip, most commonly used for walking dogs casually.
 * Extended-length webbing leashes, 12 to 30 feet or more, also known as a tracking/training leash in the UK, usually with a loop handle and a clip, primarily for training at a distance or during tracking sessions.
 * Slip-leash, usually with a loop handle and an adjustable, slipping loop at the other end that goes around the dog's neck. Often used in work or competitions—such as dog agility—where the leash must be quickly removed and replaced.
 * Retractable, a hook on a thin rope that retracts automatically into a large plastic handle, allowing the dog to wander 15 or 25 feet away while keeping the leash taut (in theory preventing it from tangling around obstacles or the dog's legs) but still allowing the handler to reel in the dog for closer control.

There are also bicycle dog leashes, especially designed for people who enjoy taking their pet on a ride with the bike. The leash is an aluminum tube with a plastic coated cable which runs down through the tube. It extends out of the tube end a couple of feet to allow for ease of movement for the dog. One end connects to the bike and the other to the dog's collar. This keeps them safely away from the bike. While bicycle leashes might be suitable for some dogs, they aren't a good idea for all breeds. There are numerous safety considerations before attempting to bike with a dog.

Cat leashes and harnesses are also available on the market and are convenient for people who are not comfortable letting their pet free.

Leash laws in the United States

Many cities have passed legislation that requires dogs to be on leash in public areas; in some areas, cats are also required to be restrained (under control) on a leash, in a kennel, or in a cat-proof yard or house.

Purposes of a leash include: preventing animals from frightening or biting people or other animals, defecating and urinating in inappropriate places, endangering traffic, digging up lawns, causing other damage, getting lost, and getting away from owners. Leashes also provide a clear method of communication and ensure control during training of dogs.

In the United States, leash laws are different within each state. While some states do not have statewide leash laws and give localities power to make leash law, there are some other states in which leash laws apply statewide.

States that do not have statewide leash laws are Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.

In Connecticut, dogs are not permitted to run at large except in the situation of hunting. Still, if the dog has vicious propensities and the owner still allows it to run at large and a person is bitten, the owner can be fined for up to $1,000 and is also liable for 6 months of prison unless the victim has abused the dog and provoked the harmful behavior.

In Delaware, dogs are not allowed to run at large unless in situations when the owner is present and has control over the pet. An exception is for farm dogs. Also, during the night dogs must be kept in an enclosure from which they cannot escape, firmly secured with a collar or chain or other device, so they cannot stray from the premises, or are under the reasonable control of the owner or custodian. If an owner does not respect these laws and if the dog bites someone, the owner is subject to civil liability and for fines of up to $1,500.

Dogs in the District of Columbia must be kept on a leash as well. They are also not permitted on school grounds when school is in session or on any public recreation area without a leash.

Indiana is one of the states that has a restraint statute, which means that dogs must be restrained at all times. Otherwise, if the dog bites a person when not restrained the owner is subject to civil liability and criminal penalties.

Dogs are allowed to run at large during the night in Kentucky only if they are accompanied by and under control of their owner.

According to the leash laws of Louisiana, dogs are prohibited to run at large at all times of the day. The same law applies in Maine, where the only exception is for hunting dogs.

Missouri legislation requires that dogs are kept in leashes that are no longer than 10 feet when they are in state parks or on historic sites. Also, dogs that have rabies are not permitted to run at large.

In Nebraska, dogs may run at large only in counties where the population does not reach 80,000.

New Hampshire legislation does not allow dogs to run at large unless they are accompanied by their owner or custodian or when dogs are used for training or are trained for hunting, herding or exhibitions.

Illinois legislation prohibits owners from walking their dogs when they are not in a leash.

Dogs in New York must be restrained or confined at all times of the day. However, certain NYC parks allow dogs off leash at certain hours.

According to the North Carolina law, dogs are allowed to run at large during the night only if they are accompanied by their owner or a person who has received the owner's permission to do so.

Ohio law requires one to "keep the dog under the reasonable control of some person," but does not require a leash except for "any female dog … at any time the dog is in heat." There are additional provisions for "dangerous dogs" that have injured a person or killed another dog.

Some Oregon counties and cities have leash ordinances that can be used to hold dog owners responsible for injuries resulting from their animal attacking or biting a person while running at large. These ordinances expand upon Oregon law, under which dog owners have limited responsibility for injuries caused by their dogs unless the owner was aware that the animal is abnormally dangerous.

Pennsylvania legislation states that dogs must be confined or firmly secured or reasonably controlled by a person, within the property of the owner.

Tennessee law prohibits dogs to run at large except in cases in which dogs are engaged in legal hunting or herding.

West Virginia and Wisconsin are states that do not have a law that requires dogs to be leashed. Still, they do have laws that hold dog owners and keepers liable for all damages caused by dogs that are permitted to run at large.

Different law applies to dangerous dogs and female dogs as in different states they are prohibited to run at large at all times. Also, in states such as Connecticut and Louisiana, guide dogs must also be leashed.

Dog leashes
Dog leashes are used to walk the dog in public places. Having the dog wear a leash is a way of protecting the dog and other persons (e.g., if the dog runs away and bites someone). The length is one of the important aspects of the leash. The length of the leash must be chosen according to the size of the dog and it is important because it allows a good control. Leashes should not be either too long or too short. Too-long leashes do not provide good control of the pet whereas too-short leashes are uncomfortable for both the dog and the owner. The perfect leash can restrain the dog but at the same time is not viewed as a punishment for the pet.

High quality dog leashes have a good quality metal clip and they can be made of leather, nylon or even chain. The metal clip must securely fasten to a metal ring on the collar in order to maintain good control of the dog. The material of which the leash is made of is not of great importance as long as the leash does not show evidence of wear or fraying. Therefore, leashes should be periodically checked to ensure they are maintained in proper condition.

An important aspect of dog leashes is their sturdiness. Although rope leashes are quite cheap, they are vulnerable to chewing and fraying and are not amongst the most recommended types of leashes. Nylon leashes are recommended; this material provides a bit of elasticity which is meant to result in more comfort for the dog. On the other hand, nylon leashes can cause chafe or can cut into the skin of the dog.

Leather leashes are often preferred over the nylon ones because of the resistance of the material and because it becomes more flexible with age and it is softer. Leather is however more prone to be chewed when compared to nylon.

The retractable dog leash is one of the most dangerous leashes for the dogs because they allow them to go as far as they want. Retractable leashes are usually made of nylon and the retractable device is made of plastic or a stronger composite. Although these leashes can be convenient for both the dog and the owner as it allows some control, they make it difficult to keep a dog under control which can result in persons or other dogs being attacked. Aggressive dogs should not be walked with such a leash, and puppies should be kept closely to ensure their protection from various dangers such as cars. Dogs with a tendency to bolt without warning should be walked with caution, as a retractable lead can allow the dog to accelerate to significant speed before being stopped, presenting the possibility of injury to both dog and owner.

Some leashes are made of reflective materials and are suitable for walking the dog at night. They are convenient because they make the dog and the owner much more visible in the traffic, reducing the likelihood of accidents.

Cat leashes
Cat leashes are used with the purpose of preventing the cat getting lost. Unlike dogs, cats rarely attack persons on the street, so cat leashes are mainly a safety measure to protect the pet itself. Very often the collars are replaced with harnesses, because they avoid the dangers of collars which include escaping and running away or choking. Cats are more likely to not be willing to be walked in a harness than dogs are, and are considered to need up to months to be able to adjust to wearing a harness.

Cat leashes come in a variety of colors, designs and models and are made of different materials. There are cat leashes made of leather, nylon and rope. Whereas the leather leash is one of the best qualities because of the characteristics of the material, it is also one of the most expensive and not very comfortable for the cat at the same time. Nylon cat leashes and harnesses are, however, more elastic, and thus more comfortable and also provide more control.

Leashes for large animals
Leashes are used on large animals—such as bovids, camelids, and equids—to lead them so that they will be forced to follow and come to a desired area—as well as to tether them to a specific area, such as to a fencepost or tree trunk, so that they will remain stationary and not run away. Oftentimes, leashes are used to tether such animals when they require separation, examination, or work to be done to them, such as grooming and tacking up.

title: Leash


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My Wife and Kids

My Wife and Kids is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from March 28, 2001, to May 17, 2005, with a total of 123 half-hour episodes spanning five seasons. The series, produced by Touchstone Television in association with Wayans Bros. Entertainment and Impact Zone, stars Damon Wayans (also creator alongside veteran television writer/producer Don Reo) as Michael Kyle, the patriarch of a black family in Stamford, Connecticut.

Synopsis
The show, set in Stamford, Connecticut, follows an upper middle class African American family, led by patriarch Michael Kyle Sr., who owns and operates his own trucking company. Michael thinks he commands his family, but his day-trader wife Janet, gangsta rap-worshipping son Michael Jr., and broody daughters: self-centered Claire and his favorite youngest Kady remind him every day that his dream is just... a dream.

Supporting

 * Andrew McFarlane as Tony Jeffers (originally called Roger) (seasons 1–5)
 * Phil Reeves as Dr. William Parks Klieger (seasons 1–2)
 * RuDee Sade as Erica Washington (seasons 1–2)
 * Cara Mia Wayans as Shante Bre (seasons 1–2)
 * Damon Wayans Jr. as John (seasons 2–4)
 * Liliana Mumy as Rachel McNamara (seasons 2–4)
 * Jessica Sara as Melissa (seasons 2–3)
 * DeRay Davis as R.J. (seasons 2–4)
 * Brian Holtzman as Brian (seasons 3–4)
 * Todd Lynn as Todd (seasons 3–4)
 * Ella Joyce as Jasmine Scott (seasons 4-5)
 * Lester Speight as Calvin Scott (seasons 4–5)
 * Sean Whalen as Larry (season 4)

Home media
Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons of My Wife and Kids on DVD in Region 1.

title: My Wife and Kids


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The Wanting Seed

The Wanting Seed is a dystopian novel by the English author Anthony Burgess, written in 1962.

Theme
Although the novel addresses many societal issues, the primary subject is overpopulation and its relation to culture. Religion, government, and history are also addressed. A significant portion of the book is a condemnation of war.

Burgess once said, "I have spent the last 25 years thinking that The Wanting Seed could, in my leisurely old age, be expanded to a length worthy of the subject."

Plot
The novel begins by introducing the two protagonists: Tristram Foxe, a history teacher, and his wife, Beatrice-Joanna, a homemaker. They have recently suffered through their young son's death.

Throughout the first portion of the novel, overpopulation is depicted through the limitation and reuse of materials, and extremely cramped living conditions.

There is also active discrimination against heterosexuals, homosexuality being encouraged as a measure against overpopulation. Self-sterilization is also encouraged.

One of the major conflicts of the novel is between Tristram and his brother, Derek. Very much alike at first, Derek chose a different path from Tristram and pretends to be homosexual while in public, to help his career as a government official. Derek has an affair with Beatrice-Joanna, and when she forgets to take her State-provided contraceptives she becomes illegally pregnant. She has sex with her husband, Tristram, and his brother, Derek, within a 24-hour time span, thus the paternity of her twin boys is uncertain.

Life changes as the largely homosexual police ('greyboys') become more repressive, and a mysterious blight spreads across the world threatening food supplies. Tristram is arrested after getting unintentionally mixed up in a protest and spends the next section of the novel in jail.

While he is imprisoned, formerly repressed religion begins to bloom, fertility rituals are endorsed, and the structure of society, as well as government, undergoes radical transformation. Cannibalism is openly practised in much of England. Beatrice-Joanna has run away, and is staying with her sister and brother-in-law in the countryside on their farm, where the blight is affecting even their chickens. She stays there until she delivers her twin sons, when members of the Population Police arrive to take her and her children to the city.

With the help of his cellmate, Tristram escapes and tries to rejoin his wife. He travels across England to his sister-in-law's farm. He is so desperate for food that he briefly joins "a dining club", a rather chaotic affair which provides food (composed of murdered human beings) and orgiastic behavior for its village membership.

His journey eventually takes him to a sort of soup kitchen, where he enlists in the newly recreated army, which has replaced the (largely eaten) greyboys and Population Police. This is the third section of the novel. In the army, Tristram is shipped to an unknown location to fight in the war, though the reader later discovers that he is in Ireland. In his first battle he discovers that there is no real enemy; the purpose of the "war" is population control by winnowing out the socially expendable. Companies, led by junior officers trained to recite patriotic verse, are sent to a made-up Western Front style battlefield to kill each other. Every other member of his unit is shot down as they emerge from their trench, but Tristram slips through the barbed wire surrounding the miniature war zone and begins his journey back to England.

Escaping back into general society, Tristram finds a new job. In his absence, Beatrice-Joanna has been moved to live with Derek. She has also brought the twins (it is implied that Derek is their father) and named them after her two brotherly lovers, Derek and Tristram Foxe.

At the last scene Tristram meets again his wife at Brighton pier.

The book closes with a translation of the final stanza of the French poet Paul Valéry's poem 'Le Cimetière marin'. The quotation clarifies the book's themes:

The wind rises... we must try to live. The immense air opens and closes my book. The wave, pulverised, dares to gush and spatter from the rocks. Fly away, dazzled, blinded pages. Break, waves. Break with joyful waters...

Cyclical history
Often repeated in the novel is the concept that history is cyclical. As Tristram explains in the first few chapters to his slumbering history class, there are three phases: Pelphase, Interphase, and Gusphase.

Pelphase is named after Pelagianism, the theology of Pelagius. The Pelphase is characterised by the belief that people are generally good. Crimes have slight punishment, and the government tries to improve the population. The government works through socialism. According to Tristram "A government functioning in its Pelagian phase commits itself to the belief that man is perfectible, that perfection can be achieved by his own efforts, and that the journey towards perfection is along a straight road." The novel begins – and ends – in Pelphase.

Interphase is the darkening of Pelphase into Gusphase – an "Intermediate" phase. As Tristram explains things, the government grows increasingly disappointed in its population's inability to be truly good, and thus police forces are strengthened and the state becomes Totalitarian. In many respects, Interphase is a finite version of George Orwell's 1984.

 * "'Brutality!' cried Tristram. ... 'Beatings-up. Secret police. Torture in brightly lighted cellars. Condemnation without trial. Finger-nails pulled out with pincers. The rack. The cold-water treatment. The gouging out of eyes. The firing squad in the cold dawn. And all this because of disappointment. The Interphase.'"

Gusphase is named after Augustinianism, the theology of St. Augustine of Hippo. In short, Gusphase involves the lifting of the Interphase. The leaders begin to realise how horrible they have become, and realise that they are being overly harsh. Therefore, the government relaxes its rules and creates havoc. Tristram describes the Gusphase:
 * "The orthodox view presents man as a sinful creature from whom no good at all may be expected... It eventually appears that human social behaviour is rather better than any Augustinian pessimist has any right to expect, and so a sort of optimism begins to emerge. And so Pelagianism is reinstated."

Characters

 * Tristram Foxe – a plodding but conscientious history teacher
 * Beatrice-Joanna Foxe – Tristram's unfaithful wife
 * Derek Foxe – Tristram's ambitious and opportunistic brother, becomes head of the Ministry of Infertility
 * Mr. Livedog – the term used for God, who is both good and evil. He makes masses of useless life and it is the job of Mr. Homo, his master, to eliminate it. The phrase 'god knows' is replaced by the phrase 'dogsnose'. Note that the first part of the name, "Live(d)", spelled backwards is "(D)evil" and the second part, "dog", spelled backwards is "God".
 * Roger Foxe – the deceased baby son of Tristram and Beatrice-Joanna.
 * Mavis – Beatrice-Joanna's sister.
 * Shonny – Mavis' husband and Beatrice-Joanna's brother-in-law: an insensitive rural radical.
 * The Blessed Ambrose Bayley – an unfrocked and alcoholic priest whom Tristam first meets in a bar, then shares a prison cell with.
 * The Right Hon. Robert Starling – the effete but harassed Prime Minister of the English-Speaking Union during the initial Pelphase and subsequent Gusphase eras. Retires to comfortable exile while awaiting the political and social wheel to turn again in his favor.
 * Captain Loosley – a bumbling Population Police officer who attempts to derail Derek Foxe's civil service career.
 * The Right Hon. George Ockham – the new Prime Minister following the entrance into Gusphase.

Reception
A review in Kirkus Reviews said that the novel's "starting pace is fast and pointed, but this slows to a crawl when wit becomes predictable silliness".

title: The Wanting Seed


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Alger, Michigan

Alger is an unincorporated community in Arenac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is located within Moffatt Township. As an unincorporated community, Alger has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own but does have its own post office with the 48610 ZIP Code.

History
Alger was established in 1883 as a station at the junction between the Michigan Central and Detroit, Bay City & Alpena railroads. A post office opened in the settlement on March 7, 1884. The settlement was platted in 1884 by John Stoughton Newberry and Russell A. Alger, the latter the namesake of the community and later the 20th Governor of Michigan.

Geography
Alger is located in the northwest of Arenac County, in Moffatt Township. The community is located in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan.

Major highways

 * is a major north–south freeway that passes the community to the west.
 * is a north–south state trunkline highway with its southern terminus at I-75 immediately northwest of the community.

title: Alger, Michigan


text:
Talk:Lists of flags with specified colors

At approximately what time do you think all 6 of these lists will be complete?? 66.32.132.150 01:36, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

List the lists by how many flags will be on the lists
It appears that if you list the lists by how many flags there will be on, List of flags with red will likely be the largest. Do you know the complete list from largest to smallest?? 66.32.144.73 01:59, 15 May 2004 (UTC)


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GGB

GGB may refer to:

 * Gerdau, a Brazilian steel company
 * GGB Bearing Technology, a global plain bearings manufacturer
 * Golden Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge in San Francisco, CA
 * Gornergrat railway (German: Gornergratbahn), in Switzerland
 * Governor-General of the Bahamas
 * Governor-General of Barbados
 * Governor-General of Belize
 * Green Garter Band, of the University of Oregon
 * Grupo Gay da Bahia, a gay rights organization in Brazil

title: GGB


text:
Brew

Brew may refer to:

People

 * Brew (surname)

Computing

 * Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (Brew or BREW), a development platform for mobile phones created by Qualcomm
 * command used by the package management software Homebrew

Organizations

 * Brew House Association, an artistic collective on the south side of Pittsburgh
 * Business Resource Efficiency and Waste programme, part of the UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Slang terms

 * A slang term for coffee
 * A slang term for beer
 * Northern English slang for a cup of tea
 * "Brew up", a term of British origin for the loss of a tank by a catastrophic kill

Other

 * Brew (horse), a Melbourne Cup winner in 2000
 * Drip brew, a method for brewing coffee
 * The Brew (band), a British rock band
 * The Brew (brand), the brand name of a Classic Rock music format

title: Brew


text:
Colleen Haskell

Colleen Marie Haskell (born December 6, 1976) is an American former reality show contestant, actress, and producer. She was a contestant on the first season of the American reality show Survivor in 2000. She also co-starred in the comedy film The Animal.

Borneo
Haskell was a contestant on the original season of Survivor in 2000. She was a castaway on the Pagong tribe alongside B.B. Andersen, Greg Buis, Gretchen Cordy, Ramona Gray, Joel Klug, Jenna Lewis and Gervase Peterson. Haskell initially formed a bond with Buis, which is sometimes cited as the shows first 'showmance'.

The two tribes merged into the Rattana tribe at the final ten, where the Tagi tribe had planned to vote out all the Pagong members systematically beforehand, where Haskell was the last remaining original Pagong member to be voted out, making her the fourth member of the jury.

At the final tribal council, Haskell had planned to vote for Richard Hatch but after Sue Hawk's infamous "rats and snakes" speech and disliking Hatch's answer to her question, she voted for Kelly Wiglesworth to win. Wiglesworth would go on to lose to Hatch in a 4-3 vote.

Post-show
Haskell was expected to reappear on Survivor during the All-Stars edition in 2004. Producer Mark Burnett later confirmed that Haskell was offered a spot on the show, but she turned down the offer, saying that she had "moved on with her life and just genuinely didn't want to go through that again".

Career
After competing on Survivor, In 2001 Haskell starred in the feature film comedy The Animal, playing Rianna, the love interest of Rob Schneider's character.

Haskell also appeared in an episode of That '70s Show as a love interest of Hyde. In 2002, Haskell appeared in the TV show Maybe It's Me. She worked as an assistant producer on The Michael Essany Show in 2003 before leaving the entertainment industry.

title: Colleen Haskell


text:
Xaver Scharwenka

Theophil Franz Xaver Scharwenka (6 January 1850 – 8 December 1924) was a German pianist, composer and teacher of Polish descent. He was the brother of Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (1847–1917), who was also a composer and teacher of music.

Life and career
Scharwenka was born in 1850 in Samter, Prussia (Polish: Szamotuły; until 1793 and since 1919 part of Poland). His paternal ancestors originally came from Prague, then moved to Frankfurt on the Oder in 1696 - probably for reasons of faith - and settled thereafter in Samter. His father, August Wilhelm, was a gifted master-builder but decidedly did not have an ear for music. His mother, née Golisch, was an ethnic Pole from a family of some means, who was musically inclined and early on instilled in her children a love of music. Although he began learning to play the piano by ear when he was 3, Scharwenka did not start formal music studies until he was 15, when his family moved to Berlin and he enrolled at the Akademie der Tonkunst. Under Theodor Kullak, his pianistic skills developed rapidly, and he made his debut at the Singakademie in 1869. He taught at the academy until entering military service in 1873. Upon his discharge in 1874, Scharwenka began touring as a concert pianist. Praised for the beauty of his tone, he became a renowned interpreter of the music of Frédéric Chopin.

In 1881 Scharwenka organized a successful annual series of chamber and solo concerts at the Singakademie in conjunction with Gustav Holländer and Heinrich Grünfeld. That October he founded his own music school in Berlin. In 1886, he conducted the first in a series of orchestral concerts devoted to the music of Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt and Ludwig van Beethoven while continuing to tour extensively and play his works in collaboration with other artists such as the conductor Hans Richter and the violinist Joseph Joachim. This triple role as pianist, composer and educator would occupy Scharwenka for the rest of his career.

In 1891, Scharwenka made his first tour of America. Deciding to emigrate, he opened a New York branch of his Scharwenka Music School. In 1893 the Berlin Scharwenka Conservatory was united with the Klindworth Conservatory, and in 1898 he returned there as Director, from New York. In 1914, with W. Petzet, he opened a School of Music with a piano teachers' seminary attached.

Among pianists who received some instruction from him were José Vianna da Motta, Fridtjof Backer-Grøndahl and Selmar Janson. His Methodik des Klavierspiels was published in Leipzig in 1907.

Sometime in the very early 1900s he conducted Felix Mendelssohn's G minor Concerto, at which the composer and pianist Marthe Servine made her debut.

Scharwenka made several recordings for Columbia Records in 1910 and 1913, including works of his own, as well as pieces by Chopin, Mendelssohn, Weber and Liszt: his account of Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu (Op. posth. 66) is admired. His playing is also preserved on Welte-Mignon and Hupfeld piano rolls, including the Chopin A-flat Waltz, Op 42, and the F minor Fantaisie (Op. 49), his performance of which was famous. Some of his Hupfeld rolls were also converted for the American Ampico reproducing piano.

Music
Scharwenka's own compositions include an opera (Mataswintha), a symphony, four piano concertos, chamber music (all with piano part) and numerous piano pieces; his piano idiom somewhat resembles Schumann and Rachmaninoff.

The four piano concertos are substantial works. The first, in B-flat minor, Op. 32, was completed in 1874 and premiered the following year. It was originally written as a solo piano fantasy, but Scharwenka was dissatisfied, and reworked it with orchestra into this form. Franz Liszt accepted the dedication and performed it in Berlin. Its first recording was made in 1968 with Earl Wild and the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Erich Leinsdorf. Wild had learned the concerto as a boy under Selmar Janson, who had studied it directly with the composer. When Leinsdorf asked Wild to record the concerto, he was able to say "I've been waiting by the phone for forty years for someone to ask me to play this".

The fourth concerto, in F minor, Op. 82 (1908), was premiered on 18 October 1908 in the Beethovensaal, Berlin, with Scharwenka's student Martha Siebold as the soloist and the composer himself conducting.

Scharwenka's works were neglected for some years after his death; however, his "Polish Dance No. 1" in E-flat minor, Op. 3, No. 1, remained popular. Since the mid-1990s, however, interest in his music has been rekindled, and recordings of most of his works are now commercially available.

The recording of his Fourth Piano Concerto played by Stephen Hough with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster was voted Record of the Year by the British music magazine Gramophone in 1996. His Symphony in C minor, Op. 60, received its CD premiere in 2004.

Concertos

 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 (1876)
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 56 (1881)
 * Piano Concerto No. 3 in C-sharp minor, Op. 80 (1889)
 * Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 (1908)

Orchestral

 * Overture in C minor, ScharWV 123 (1869)
 * Andante religioso, Op. 46a/ScharWV 120, the composer's arrangement of the Cello Sonata (1881)
 * Symphony in C minor, Op. 60/ScharWV 121 (1885)

Opera

 * Mataswintha, ScharWV 150 (1896), opera in 3 acts with libretto by Ernst Koppel after Felix Dahn

Chamber music

 * Piano Trio No. 1 in F-sharp minor, Op. 1 (1868)
 * Violin Sonata in D minor, Op. 2 (1868)
 * Piano Quartet in F major, Op. 37 (1876-1877?)
 * Cello Sonata in E minor, Op. 46 (1877)
 * Piano Trio No. 2 in A minor, Op. 45 (1878)
 * Serenade for violin and piano, Op. 70 (1895)

Piano

 * 5 Polish Dances, Op. 3
 * Scherzo in G major, Op. 4
 * Stories at the Piano, Op. 5
 * Piano Sonata No. 1 in C-sharp minor, Op. 6 (1872)
 * Polonaise in C-sharp minor, Op. 12
 * Barcarolle in E minor, Op. 14
 * Impromptu in D major, Op. 17
 * 2 Piano Pieces, Op. 22: Novelette, Melodie
 * Valse-Caprice in A major, Op. 31
 * Piano Sonata No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 36 (1878)
 * Dance Suites, Op. 41
 * Polonaise, Op. 42
 * Polish Dances, Op. 47
 * Theme and Variations, Op. 48
 * 4 Polish Dances, Op. 58: Moderato, Lento, Allegro non tanto, Moderato
 * Eglantine Waltz, Op. 84
 * 3 Piano Pieces, Op. 86: Nocturne, Serenade, Maerchen
 * Ballade in B Minor, Op. 8

Selected discography

 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by Earl Wild with the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Leinsdorf. Recorded in 1969. (As LP, RCA Red Seal SB 6815.) CD also contains Paderewski's Piano Concerto and Balakirev's Fantasia on Themes by Glinka (Elan Recordings no. 22660).
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by Marc-André Hamelin with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Stern. Recorded in 2005. CD also contains Anton Rubinstein's Piano Concerto No. 4 (Hyperion Records no. 67508).
 * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor, Op. 32 played by Seta Tanyel with the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Yuri Simonov. CD also contains Chopin's Piano Concerto No. 1 with the same orchestra conducted by Carlo Rizzi. The recording was made for the now defunct label Collins Classics (No. 12632).
 * Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 56 played by Michael Ponti with the Hamburg Symphony Orchestra conducted by Richard Kapp. Issued in 1971 as LP, VOX Candide STGBY 651. Also contains Scherzo Op. 4, Erzählung am Klavier No 2, Op. 5, Novelette Op. 22, No. 1, and Polonaise, Op 42.
 * Piano Concerto No. 3 in C-sharp minor, Op. 80 played by Seta Tanyel with the Radio Philharmonie Hannover conducted by Tadeusz Strugala. Recorded in 1996. CD also contains Piano Concerto No. 2 (Hyperion no. 67365). This recording is a rerelease of a Collins Classics CD.
 * Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 played by Stephen Hough with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster. Recorded in 1995. CD also contains Emil von Sauer's Piano Concerto No. 1 (Hyperion no. 66790).
 * Complete Piano Concertos played by Alexander Markovitch with the Estonian National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Neeme Järvi (Chandos CHAN 10814(2)) 2014.
 * Symphony in C minor, Op. 60 (1885). Gävle Symphony Orchestra conducted by Christopher Fifield (Sterling 1060-2).

title: Xaver Scharwenka


text: User talk:12.203.198.152

title: User talk:12.203.198.152


text:
Talk:Classical planet

What?
What exactly is this article supposed to be about? RedWolf 01:48, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

It's the planets that can be seen with the naked eye from earth. Weda 01:52, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Definitely merge with starry planets & seven heavenly objects. Basically the same content.

Another Merge
I have found yet another page repeating most of this information. It is Classical Planets. I recommend another merge since so much of the content overlaps. Maestlin 02:55, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Definitely merge.

Merge, and remove the information about Sailor Moon :)

 * I would like to see info. on symbolism of "classical planets" and their effect on culture have its own section, actually. with links to entries on planets in astrology and alchemy -- that kind of thing. this and the more technical-scientific part at the beginning don't mesh well together and the current arrangements seems to me unwieldy. straddles two somewhat different concerns. ***Ria777 14:27, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Japanese mythology
Should articles be written for earth star, fire star, wood star, and metal star as well as for water star, or is there something unique about Mercury in Japanese mythology?66.24.224.205 04:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There is an anime show called Sailor Moon with a Mercury character. That could be the "unique" something. Maestlin 22:40, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case, it seems that the connetion between suisei and Sailor Murcury should be put on the character's page, and the page "Suisei (mythology)" should be deleted altogether.66.24.224.205 19:09, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Five naked-eye planets?

 * There are five naked-eye planets? How hard exactly is it to see the earth from the surface of the earth? Someone needs to clarify the definition. . . . 71.102.144.27 06:31, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree - Earth should be considered a naked-eye planet, LOL. 204.52.215.107 02:31, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the rest of the definition is a bit vague, too. What is meant by 'without much difficulty'?  When it says Uranus is visible 'in principle', does this mean people actually have seen it with the naked eye, or that it is in theory bright enough that they might do on rare occasions?  Actually, thinking about it, if you use some strange philosophical definition of visible, you could say that Earth is not visible from Earth (you know, some kind of "can't see the woods for the trees" kind of thing). Bistromathic 14:35, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have seen Uranus naked-eye, at Coonabarabran in Australia. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:20, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

The 7 Classical Planets were/are moving objects in the heavens seen with the naked eye. This is clearly established in the opening paragraph, therefore, it's NOT appropriate to include Earth; the ancients did NOT. Uranus is very difficult to see with the naked eye and when it is, it's movement is so slow as to not appear to be moving. - Benjamin Franklin 75.74.130.115 (talk) 15:56, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Stephen Uitti made this point on his website, although probably as a joke: The Earth is clearly and easily visible with the naked eye. You have to look down. Double sharp (talk) 06:46, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Unsourced editor's opinions
This article is rife with 'perhaps', 'may be' etc. These are weasel words for unverified editor's opinion and need sources to avoid removal. Ashmoo (talk) 13:52, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

MesoAmerican Astronomy
Should reference to the MesoAmerican interpretation of the visible planets not constitute a section? The Maya had a highly developed calendar and knowledge of planetary periods and behaviour, timing sacrifice and war to Venus' cylce. I think without more non-EurAsian references this article lacks cultural NPOV. Ready to add if nobody objects. Shamanchill (talk) 16:30, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Brihaspati.jpg
The image Image:Brihaspati.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * Image:Surya planet.jpg
 * Image:Surya Yantra.jpg
 * Image:Shukra planet.jpg
 * Image:Shukra Yantra.jpg
 * Image:Shani yantra.jpg
 * Image:Shani planet.jpg
 * Image:Mars yantra.jpg
 * Image:Mangal.jpg
 * Image:Ketu.jpg
 * Image:Guru Yantra.jpg
 * Image:Chandra img.jpg
 * Image:Chandra Yantra.jpg
 * Image:Budh°planet.jpg
 * Image:Budha Yantra.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --23:21, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Bad article name
As mentioned above there are six naked-eye planets: Mercury-the-planet, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The trouble is that the article doesn't treat naked-eye planet at all, the article treats the "planet" concept from antiquity and before: "planet" of today is a ball of matter orbiting the Sun in the solar system ― "planet" of antiquity is a heavenly light that hasn't a fixed position in reference to the stellar sky, but instead wanders around on it. That verily includes Sun and Moon, while by current knowledge neither Sun nor Moon orbits Sun in the normal sense. The article treats Planet (of antiquity), not naked-eye planets. This is about an obvious article move, making it itch in my fingers. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 09:03, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree, bad article name. It should be the Seven Classical Planets or something.--Michael C. Price talk 09:50, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I've put in a request to move it to "Classical planet". --Michael C. Price talk 16:12, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Rursus: The ancients, obviously, did NOT recognize Earth as a planet: wandering star. The 7 Classical Planets would be a much better name for this article. Because of the 7 moving objects in the heavens and the 4 lunar phases of about 7 days (~7.4 days) each, the ancients regarded the #7 as sacred and we find it all over the Bible and elsewhere. - The Messenger 75.74.55.230 (talk) 13:22, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Glypths
I tried adding the planet glyphs to the section on metals, but they distort the next section. I've left them in for the moment.--Michael C. Price talk 09:50, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Move?
move to Classical planet. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:46, 6 August 2009 (UTC) This started out as a request to move Naked-eye planet to Classical planet, but as it turns out it is a lot more complicated than that. —harej (talk) (cool!) 00:37, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I think we'll have to get relisted on the move request page. --Michael C. Price talk 05:58, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Naked-eye planet →  — The sun and moon are not naked eye planets; discussed on talk page - no objection — Michael C. Price talk 16:10, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The term "classical planet" is ambiguous and has 2 meanings:
 * The 7 planets according to the Ptolemaic system: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.
 * The objects which have been called planets for the last several decades: Mercury, Moon, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
 * The page Classical planet already has history: see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=history . Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:31, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The page was created as an unnecessary fork of the 2006 defintion of planet article... The history does not impact other articles. 76.66.192.64 (talk) 06:47, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

 * 20th century usage hardly justifies the term "classical", a fact acknowledged on the solar planet template:solar planets, which uses the term "classical planet" in a way consistent with this move request. --Michael C. Price talk 17:57, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Which planets are officially naked-eye? In 1984 at Coonabarabran in the Australian outback I saw Uranus naked-eye easily.
 * Good point. So Uranus is a naked-eye planet but not a classical/ptolemaic planet, whereas the Sun and Moon are classical/ptolemaic planets but not naked-eye planets.--Michael C. Price talk 22:09, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Move to something. "Naked-eye" planet is clearly a bad name for what the article describes, but I'm not sure that "classical planet" is either. Why not "[seven] planets of antiquity", as that seems the most common phrase? (Yes it's plural, but that's ok.) Shreevatsa (talk) 23:11, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed about "naked-eye". Does not the term "classical" cover all pre-modern cultures? Do we want seven?  The Indian entry seems to be 9. Incidently, googling "planets of antiquity" gives me 90 hits, "classical planets" gives 8460 hits. --Michael C. Price talk 08:26, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * You're right, the name shouldn't say seven. Where did you Google? For a normal web search, "planets of antiquity" gives 180,000 results and "classical planets" 60,300. On Google Books (not sure if it's sufficiently representative to be used, but anyway) they give 162 and 202 results respectively. More importantly, it seemed as if "planets of antiquity" always referred to the concept described here, while "classical planet" often meant other things. Shreevatsa (talk) 14:22, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Am I doing something really stupid? Can't see what.  Here's my "classical planets" search and here's the "planets of antiquity" search.  Do you get the same numbers now? --Michael C. Price talk 16:41, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * No, it seems that the difference between google.com and google.co.uk (or the &num=100 parameter) is doing something strange. Here are the searches for "classical planets" and "planets of antiquity". I cannot imagine how the latter can say 91 results with one search and 180,000 with another. :-) Anyway, the more important point — than simple counts — is usage. It seems that some of the results for "classical planet" refer to the pre-2006 definition of planet (i.e., including Pluto), some say "eight classical planets" (i.e., everything except Pluto), some say "five classical planets" (i.e., Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, but not Sun, Moon or Earth), or even "ten classical planets" (including Pluto and Sun and Moon but not Earth!). See search. I'm not sure that "planets of antiquity" is a good name, but it does seem that "classical planets" can mean many things. (And the fact that the IAU uses it in press releases to mean the modern definition (everything except Pluto) means it's probably not a good idea for us to use it.) Shreevatsa (talk) 17:56, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I still get many more hits for classical planets than planets of antiquity, even using google.com rather than google.co.uk. Could we go for a disambiguation?  Classical planets (modern) and Classical planets (ancient)?--Michael C. Price talk 19:19, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Did you click the links above, or just go to google.com? Anyway, the so-called 180,000 results thin out to 93 if you go to page 10, so it's just Google miscounting, as usual. That clears up the count bug. As for usage — if you think "classical planet" is fine, then I have no objection. I only pointed out the other intersecting meanings so that the article wouldn't get rewritten into something else later based on its name. Shreevatsa (talk) 04:54, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

The 2nd definition of 'Classical Planet' above is clearly wrong! 7 Classical Planets applies to the 7 moving objects in the heavens that the ancients were observing with the naked eye. - The Messenger 75.74.55.230 (talk) 13:28, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

RFC
I don't think this will get solved with a simple page move. Really, we need to hammer down what is what and then write the appropriate articles. —harej (talk) (cool!) 00:37, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I'm biased :-) but I thought my last suggestion was the perfect solution: a disambiguation page from Classical Planet to Classical planet (modern) and Classical planet (ancient). No reason why an RFC can't solve it, but it seems a bit like taking a sledgehammer to crack a nut. I think we should wait for feedback from Shreevatsa before concluding we have a real problem here. --Michael C. Price talk 03:41, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Well if we're close to a solution then that's great! The idea to disambiguate this page seems best, and I think we should move ahead with it assuming there are no objections or better ideas. —harej (talk) (cool!) 04:57, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Great, looks like we have a consensus. What happens now? Do we remove the tags and wait?  (I might be offline for a few days.) --Michael C. Price talk 05:40, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Move request - Oops
Thanks.
 * Okay, I relisted our request as an uncontroversial move request and removed the move request tag, which was a tag for the discussion we were having, since that has now closed. Hopefully something will happen quite soon now.... --Michael C. Price talk 22:56, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Moved. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:47, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

One last call before we split into two pages. It is suggested we have Classical planet (ancient) and Classical planet (modern)

Any other suggestions? What about :

Classical planet (antiquity) or Classical planet (Hellenistic)

&

Classical planet (20th century) or Classical planet (recent)

Any thoughts? If no objections/further thoughts I'll go with the ancient/modern split. --Michael C. Price talk 07:09, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * What is there to split? Everything in this article is about the "ancient" definition. So as long as we clarify at the beginning that we don't mean the IAU definition or whatever, there shouldn't need to be any splitting. Shreevatsa (talk) 22:17, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. No split. --Michael C. Price talk 22:18, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Egyptian Planets?
Why isn't there any information on what the Egyptians thought about the planets? The Dark Peria (talk) 00:45, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The Greeks were much more influenced by Mesopotamia than Egypt in astrology/astronomy. However, the 7-day astrological week (not necessarily originally the same as the Jewish 7-day Sabbath week) originated in Hellenistic Egypt... AnonMoos (talk) 11:26, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

'Babylonians grouped the stars in companies of seven' - reference needed
"Babylonians grouped the stars in companies of seven. References are made to the seven Tikshi, the seven Lumashi, and the seven Mashi<ref]citation needed</ref]." Can anyone HELP! - Benjamin Franklin 75.74.130.115 (talk) 14:57, 15 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Although I can source it that statement appears so rarely it should be removed per WP:UNDUE. It's from Donald Alexander Mackenzie's Myths of Babylonia and Assyria,. Dougweller (talk) 15:14, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

"theory"/"mythological cosmology"
It is false to imply that the classical notion of "planet" is obsolete because the Sun and the Moon "are not planets". What happened here is that the meaning of the term "planet" was changed. You cannot say a statement is "wrong" if you first change the dictionary definition of its terms.

The classical notion of "planet" simply means "a celestial object which moves relative to the fixed stars". Therefore it certainly isn't "wrong" to say that the Sun and the Moon are planets in this sense. Also, this isn't a "mythological cosmology" or something. The concept of a year and of a month (lunation) is directly based on the fact that the Sun and Moon move relative to the fixed stars. Unless you want to argue that the modern Gregorian calendar qualifies as an "obsolete theory" or a "mythological cosmology", there is no reason to imply that this is the case here.

Of course there is the "obsolete" view of geocentrism that can be discussed in this context, but it is in no way necessary to adhere to geocentrism before one may use a celestial coordinate system. --dab (𒁳) 09:12, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

I'm wary of the 1915 Sumerian reference
I've never seen any source that suggests the Sumerians had names for all five classical planets. The earliest records of this were Babylonian, not Sumerian.  Serendi pod ous  14:24, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

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Days of the week
I modified the table by adding the French names, and moving the English names to the other side, so both names are next to their gods, making the connection clearer.

Is there any reason for the Greek gods to be in that table? KevinBTheobald (talk) 02:10, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Classical planet


text:
Anita Baker

Anita Denise Baker (born January 26, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for her soulful ballads, particularly from the height of the quiet storm period in the 1980s.

Starting her career in the late 1970s with the funk band Chapter 8, Baker released her first solo album, The Songstress, in 1983. In 1986, she rose to fame following the release of her Platinum-selling second album, Rapture, which included the Grammy-winning single "Sweet Love". , Baker has won eight Grammy Awards and has four Platinum albums, along with two Gold albums. Baker is a contralto with a wide range of octaves.

1958–82: Early life, career beginnings and Chapter 8
Anita Baker was born on January 26, 1958, in Toledo, Ohio. When she was two, her mother abandoned her and Baker was raised by a foster family in Detroit, Michigan. When Baker was 12, her foster parents died and her foster sister raised her afterwards. By the time Baker was 16, she began singing R&B at Detroit nightclubs. After one performance, she was discovered by bandleader David Washington, who gave her a card to audition for the funk band, Chapter 8.

Baker joined Chapter 8 in 1975 and the group toured until securing a deal with Ariola Records in 1979. The group's first album, Chapter 8, was released that year and featured the singles "Ready for Your Love", a duet between Baker and bandmate Gerald Lyles, and the Baker-led "I Just Want to Be Your Girl." After Ariola was bought out by Arista Records in 1979, Chapter 8 was dropped by the label who were convinced that Baker, as the group's lead singer, didn't have "star potential." Baker returned to Detroit, working as a waitress and a receptionist until, in 1982, Otis Smith, a former associate of Ariola, convinced Baker to start a solo career under his Beverly Glen label.

1983–88: The Songstress, Rapture and Giving You the Best That I Got
Baker released her debut solo album, The Songstress, in May 1983. The album produced four singles: "No More Tears" and its B-side, "Will You Be Mine", "Angel" and "You're the Best Thing Yet". "Angel" became Baker's first top ten single, reaching number five on the R&B charts in late 1983. "You're the Best Thing Yet" followed it in the R&B top 40 early the following year.

Despite this early success, Baker later complained that she had not received any royalties from the work. In addition, the label delayed work on Baker's follow-up of The Songstress. By 1984, after two years, Baker sought to leave the label but was sued by Smith for breach of contract in 1985. After months in court debating the matter, it was concluded that Baker should be allowed to record for other labels, winning the case against Beverly Glen label owner Otis Smith. Baker then signed with the Warner Music Group-associated Elektra Records label in 1985 and began working on her next album. Her Elektra contract allowed the singer to have creative control and produce her own music.

In March 1986, Baker released her second album, Rapture. While sales were initially slow following the release of the album's debut single, "Watch Your Step", Elektra released the mid-tempo ballad, "Sweet Love", which became her first pop hit, reaching number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and also reaching the UK Top 20. The album eventually launched three further hit singles, including "Caught Up in the Rapture", "No One in the World" and "Same Ole Love (365 Days a Year)".

Throughout 1986 and 1987, Baker promoted the album by touring, headlining her first tour, The Rapture Tour, a show from which was later released on home video as A Night of Rapture. By 1988, the album had sold over 8 million copies worldwide, 5 million of which were sold in the United States alone. The album resulted in Baker's winning two Grammy Awards at the 1987 ceremony.

In 1987, Baker collaborated with The Winans on their song, "Ain't No Need to Worry", which gave Baker a third Grammy, this time in the Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus category.

Baker's follow-up album, Giving You the Best That I Got, was released in October 1988 and immediately became a success, topping the Billboard 200 and selling 5 million copies worldwide, 3 million of which sold alone in the United States. The title track reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the R&B and adult contemporary charts, becoming her most successful charted single. The follow-up, "Just Because", reached the top 20 on the pop chart while also becoming an R&B chart-topper, while a third single, "Lead Me Into Love", became a top ten R&B hit. The album resulted in three more Grammy Awards for the singer.

1990–02: Compositions, motherhood, Rhythm of Love and tour
In 1990, Baker released Compositions, which had Baker more involved in the songwriting and production process and the first in which she began incorporating more jazz elements than in previous albums. The album launched the singles "Talk to Me", "Soul Inspiration" and "Fairy Tales", and eventually sold over a million copies.

After the end of the album's touring and promotion schedule in 1991, Baker took a break from the business to settle down with her husband at the time, later having two children with him. Meanwhile, Elektra bought the rights to, and reissued, her first album, The Songstress.

After appearing on Frank Sinatra's Duets album, Baker returned to the charts with Rhythm of Love in 1994. The album featured "Body and Soul", her first top 40 pop hit since 1989. The second single, the mid-tempo "I Apologize", won Baker an eighth Grammy. The album eventually sold over two million copies: her fourth consecutive platinum-selling album. Baker undertook the Rhythm of Love World Tour from December 14, 1994 to November 14, 1995. Baker was transferred to another label within the Warner Music Group, Atlantic Records, in 1996.

Taking a hiatus after the end of the Rhythm of Love Tour to care for her two sons, Baker returned to the studio in 2000. In May 2001, she filed a lawsuit against Zomba Recording and its Dreamhire division for alleged damage to her recordings by a hired 24-track tape machine. Due to a label restructuring, Baker was let go from Atlantic that November without releasing any material with the company. During this hiatus, Rhino Records released the compilation, The Best of Anita Baker (named Sweet Love: The Very Best of Anita Baker in the UK) in June 2002. The album eventually was certified platinum by the RIAA, denoting sales in excess of 1,000,000 units in the US.

2004–08: My Everything, Christmas Fantasy and tour
That year, Baker returned to live performing, signing with Blue Note Records in March 2004. That September, Baker released the album, My Everything. The album peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and number-one on the R&B charts, eventually being certified gold.

In 2005, Baker released Christmas Fantasy, winning a Grammy nomination for the song, "Christmas Time Is Here". In May 2005, Baker was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. Starting in 2007, Baker embarked on a two-year concert tour titled An Evening with Anita Baker. She occasionally sang the American national anthem at sports events. "I met Anita at the Grammy Awards in 2007," said Mary J. Blige. "I told [her] how much she meant to me. She said, 'I'm glad that you picked up the ball where I left off.' That meant a lot."

2010–present: New music, tour, brief retirement, and comeback
Baker had been working on a new album featuring the single, "Only Forever", since 2010. In August 2012, Baker released her version of Tyrese's hit, "Lately". The song made headlines for Baker after the song was played every hour, on the hour, throughout the day on urban adult contemporary radio, making her the first artist to make this kind of debut. Though Blue Note set release dates for the album in October and December 2012, Baker decided she still needed to work on the album, causing delays. The album never materialized.

In February 2013, Baker returned to the national spotlight, performing "Lately" and "Same Ole Love" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. That same month, she appeared at the Grammys where "Lately" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance. In January 2017, Baker confirmed she had retired. She emerged from retirement in 2018.

In March 2021, Baker entered into a conflict with Elektra Records over rights to her master recordings, which she claimed were supposed to return to her after the expiration of her contract, according to copyright law. She asked fans to stop buying and streaming her music until the rights to her music were given to her. In September 2021, she announced that the dispute had been settled and that she owned her masters.

Baker performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at Philadelphia's Lincoln Financial Field prior to the 2022 NFC Championship Game between the Eagles and San Francisco 49ers.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Baker at number 92 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

Personal life
Baker married Walter Bridgforth, Jr. on December 24, 1988 at their home in Detroit. In the following year, Baker had a miscarriage. The couple separated in 2005 and finalized their divorce two years later. They have two sons, Walter Baker Bridgforth (born January 1993) and Edward Carlton Bridgforth (born May 1994). Baker currently lives in Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan.

More than five years after her divorce, Baker filed for a legal last name change from Bridgforth to her maiden name in her private life.

Baker publicly endorsed presidential candidate Andrew Yang in the 2020 Democratic presidential primary.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * The Songstress (1983)
 * Rapture (1986)
 * Giving You the Best That I Got (1988)
 * Compositions (1990)
 * Rhythm of Love (1994)
 * My Everything (2004)
 * Christmas Fantasy (2005)

Tours

 * The Rapture Tour (1986–87)
 * The Heat: Luther & Anita Live! (with Luther Vandross) (1988)
 * Anita Baker in Concert (1989)
 * Compositions World Tour (1990)
 * Rhythm of Love World Tour (1994–95)
 * Anita Live! (2002–04)
 * An Evening with Anita Baker (2007–09)
 * Anita Baker: Farewell Concert Series (2018–19)
 * The Songstress Tour (2023)

Awards and honors
In 2013, Anita Baker was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.

BET Awards
The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate African Americans in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment over the past year. The awards are presented annually, and are broadcast live on BET.

 * 2018
 * Anita Baker
 * Lifetime Achievement Award
 * Won
 * Won

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Baker has received eight awards from 18 nominations.

 * rowspan="2"| || Rapture || Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female || Won
 * "Sweet Love" || Best Rhythm & Blues Song || Won
 * || "Ain't No Need to Worry" (with The Winans) || Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo, Group, Choir or Chorus || Won
 * rowspan="4"|
 * rowspan="4"| "Giving You the Best That I Got" || Record of the Year || Nominated
 * Song of the Year || Nominated
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female || Won
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song || Won
 * || Giving You the Best That I Got || Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female || Won
 * rowspan="2"| || Compositions || Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female || Won
 * Compositions || Best Album Package || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| || "Body and Soul" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * Rhythm of Love || Best R&B Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| || "When You Love Someone" (with James Ingram) || Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals || Nominated
 * "I Apologize" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || Won
 * rowspan="2"| || "You're My Everything" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * My Everything || Best R&B Album || Nominated
 * || "Christmas Time Is Here" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated
 * Compositions || Best Album Package || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| || "Body and Soul" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * Rhythm of Love || Best R&B Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| || "When You Love Someone" (with James Ingram) || Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals || Nominated
 * "I Apologize" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || Won
 * rowspan="2"| || "You're My Everything" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * My Everything || Best R&B Album || Nominated
 * || "Christmas Time Is Here" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated
 * "I Apologize" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || Won
 * rowspan="2"| || "You're My Everything" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * My Everything || Best R&B Album || Nominated
 * || "Christmas Time Is Here" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated
 * || "Christmas Time Is Here" || Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated
 * || "Lately" || Best Traditional R&B Performance || Nominated

American Music Awards
The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973. Baker has received four awards from nine nominations.

 * rowspan="2"| ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated
 * Rapture || Favorite Soul/R&B Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * Rapture || Favorite Soul/R&B Album || Won
 * rowspan="3"|
 * rowspan="2"| Anita Baker
 * Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist || Nominated
 * Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * "Just Because" || Favorite Soul/R&B Single || Nominated
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated
 * Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist || Nominated
 * Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * "Just Because" || Favorite Soul/R&B Single || Nominated
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Won
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated
 * ||| Anita Baker || Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist || Nominated

Soul Train Music Awards
The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show aired in national broadcast syndication that honors the best in African American music and entertainment established in 1987.

 * rowspan="3"| 1987
 * rowspan="2"| "Sweet Love"
 * Best Single, Female
 * Won
 * Best Music Video
 * Nominated
 * Rapture || Album of the Year, Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 1989
 * rowspan="2"| "Giving You the Best That I Got"
 * Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Song of the Year
 * Won
 * Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single, Female
 * Won
 * Giving You the Best That I Got || Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album of the Year, Female
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 1991
 * "Talk to Me" || Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Single, Female
 * Nominated
 * Compositions || Best R&B/Urban Contemporary Album of the Year, Female
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| 1995
 * rowspan="2"| "Body and Soul"
 * Best R&B/Soul or Rap Music Video
 * Nominated
 * Best R&B/Soul Single, Female
 * Won
 * Rhythm of Love || R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Female
 * Won
 * 2010
 * Anita Baker
 * Legend Award, Female
 * Won
 * Nominated
 * Best R&B/Soul Single, Female
 * Won
 * Rhythm of Love || R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Female
 * Won
 * 2010
 * Anita Baker
 * Legend Award, Female
 * Won
 * Anita Baker
 * Legend Award, Female
 * Won

title: Anita Baker


text:
Peter Westbrook

Peter Jonathan Westbrook (born April 16, 1952) is an American former sabre fencing national and Pan American Games champion, Olympic bronze medalist, and founder of the Peter Westbrook Foundation (PWF), a 501(c)(3) non-profit that uses fencing as a vehicle for developing life and academic skills of young people from under-served communities of New York City.

Biography
Westbrook's father, Ulysses, was a G.I. stationed in Japan during the Korean War when he met Mariko, a Japanese woman. Soon after their marriage they returned to the United States, eventually settling in Newark, New Jersey, where Peter and his younger sister Vivian were born.

Peter was 4 when his father left, leaving his mother to raise the family. Raising the children Catholic, Mariko bartered with priests at the local parochial school (St. Peters/Queen of Angels) in exchange for schooling for Peter and Vivian.

Harassed by the other children because of his mixed race and taught by his mother to "not cry, to work hard, to be ethical, and to fight to achieve our goals; And if we should survive the fight, she said, we should get up and fight some more," the young Westbrook became a very good fighter. His fencing career started at fencing powerhouse Essex Catholic High School, only because of his mother's $5 bribe. Mariko knew that fencing would keep Peter out of trouble and, if he had any ability, bring him into contact with people who would expose him to a different world than the one he had been born into.

Early fencing career
Under the tutelage of Dr. Samuel D'ambola, a medical doctor and the founder of the Essex Catholic High School fencing program, his talent was discovered and nurtured. Despite experiencing some incidents of racism, he excelled. Recognizing his abilities, D'ambola started Westbrook with the sabre. Used predominantly as a cutting and slashing weapon, he was thrilled to be training on a sword that childhood hero Zorro had also used.

I quickly became attached to sabre fencing ... [it] satisfied my constant need to be quick with everything I did. Fencing was just like street boxing, only not as brutal. And here was a kind of fighting that my mother not only allowed, but actually encouraged." [Harnessing Anger, pg 33]

By his senior year he was the best fencer for a high school team.

College
Westbrook didn't consider college until he received a recruitment call from New York University's Hugo Castello, the multi-championship-winning fencing coach for one of the best fencing programs in the country. Under the tutelage of coaching greats like Hugo and James Castello, Westbrook's abilities entered a new level. In addition to talented coaching, he would regularly spar with teammates like Steve Kaplan.

"NYU was like a tributary that lead out into the great ocean—you could get there from here." [Harnessing Anger, page 41]

While at NYU Westbrook switched from the School of Education to the New York University Stern School of Business, falsely believing that working in an office would be easier than teaching having to "stand in front of a bunch of people and look them in the eyes and convey a message!" [Harnessing Anger, page 42]

Westbrook credits therapist Mildred Klingman with helping him lose his fears and inhibitions and teaching him how to "read" people and communicate with them.

In 1972 he began training with Csaba Elthes, a Hungarian sabreur at the New York Fencers Club. Physically and verbally abusive behavior led Westbrook to leave Csaba after one semester. In 1973, he won the NCAA sabre championship. Recognizing that his short time with Csaba has advanced his skill significantly, Westbrook returned to Csaba, who also realized that Westbrook, unlike other fencers, didn't require abuse in order to focus and learn because he was a very good listener.

In 1974 as a college senior, Westbrook placed first at the Amateur Fencers League of America's (now known as USA Fencing) National Championships, beating world-class fencers like Alex Orban and Paul Apostol.

National championships
Westbrook won the U.S. National Men's Sabre Championship 13 times (1974–'75, '79–'86, '88–'89 and '95). Winning the Nationals made him an internationally recognized fencer.

Pan American Games
In 1975, Westbrook won a silver team medal and a bronze individual medal at the Pan American Games in Mexico City. In 1979, he won a silver team medal. These wins were soon accompanied by his 1983 gold individual medal and silver team medal. From 1987 to 1995, Westbrook won additional silver medals for individual performance (1987); two silver medals for team performance (1987, 1991) and gold medals for individual and team performances (1995).

Olympics
In 1976, Westbrook attended his first Olympic Games. During pre-competition sparring with another European fencer, Westbrook tore two ligaments. He optimistically saw it as an opportunity to do his best without feeling pressures that comes with being a rising star. He ended the competition ranked 13th among the world's best sabre fencers.

The highlights of his Olympic team career include membership on five Olympic teams and being chosen as flag bearer for the closing ceremonies of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. This honor is conferred by a vote by that year's Olympians.

His greatest moments came when he won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He describes the match in his book Harnessing Anger this way:

"When I walked onto the strip in Los Angeles for my final match against the Frenchman Hervé Granger-Veyron, my adrenaline is pumping ... As the match begins, I get the first touch. I get the second touch. I make it to four, My touches appear to me to be so skillful, so beautiful, that I say to myself, 'I think I'm in the Zone, but I'm not sure. Let me not think about it. ... '. Soon enough, as soon as the thought crosses my mind, the Frenchman gets two points on me. But I snatch the game right back. I get another touch and it's 8-2. Then he gets 8-3, and 8-4. Even as he is gaining, I know the game is mine. All I gotta do is keep riding the tide, keep going with it. I get 9-4, and I finish him off 10-4. The Frenchman falls to his knees crying. When I looked out at the crowd, I could see that the Hungarians, the Italians, and the rest of the Europeans had all turned around. They went from not wanting my win to happen, to being forced to say in their hearts and souls, 'Bravo. Bravo'. That, to me, was incredible."

Peter Westbrook Foundation

In 1987, at the suggestion of Westbrook's friend, Tom Shepard, fencing clinics for inner-city kids were offered.

The Peter Westbrook Foundation (PWF) is a 501(c)(3), non-operating foundation dedicated to using the sport of fencing as a vehicle to develop life skills in young people from under-served communities. With a specific focus on engaging New York City's low and moderate-income youth, PWF seeks to teach young people good sportsmanship, and to develop their critical thinking skills, strengthen their self-confidence, encourage their maintenance of an active and healthy lifestyle, and support their academic achievement. The foundation was launched in February 1991 at the New York City Fencers Club, which was located on West 71st Street in Manhattan. The first class for the PWF Saturday Fencing Program consisted of six kids, "all of them our own relatives or those of our friends." Within two years the program grew to 40 youth, then 100. In the 2009/10 school year, the PWF served over 400 youth from under-served New York City communities.

The program's staff has included world-class coaches (Csaba Elthes, Boris Lieberman, Yury Gelman, and Aladar Kogler), medalists and Olympians (Michael Lofton, Robert Cottingham, and Eric Rosenberg) and PWF students (Keeth Smart and his sister Erinn Smart, Kamara James, Ivan Lee, Benjamin Bratton, and Nzingha Prescod).

The PWF Elite Athlete Program
In 2000 the Foundation was represented internationally for the first time when Ahki Spencer-el, Keeth Smart, and Keeth Smart's sister Erinn Smart qualified for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. In 2004 four of their students, Keeth Smart, Erinn Smart, Kamara James, and Ivan Lee represented the United States in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In 2008, Keeth Smart and Erinn Smart represented the United States in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, and both returned home with silver medals.

Ivan Lee won the 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, and 2008 sabre US national championships, and Keeth Smart won the 2004 and 2002 national championship titles and was ranked # 1 in the world in 2003 (the first-ever American to hold this rank). Erinn Smart won the 1998, 2002, 2004, 2007, and 2008 women's foil national championships, and Kamara James was ranked # 1 in the world in women's épée in 2004.

Other notable fencers trained by the foundation are Akhi Spencer-El, Benjamin Bratton, Ibtihaj Muhammad, and Curtis McDowald.

The PWF Academic Enrichment Program
The Academic Enrichment Program provides one-on-one tutorial support, literacy assistance, SAT, PSAT, and specialized high school exam preparation, along with group workshops and productivity seminars on core academic skills, time management, motivational techniques, and homework habits. From October through June, students and tutors meet for 6 to 12 hours each month and receive extra academic support.

Writing
In 1997, Westbrook published his memoirs, Harnessing Anger: The Way of an American Fencer in which he describes turning his childhood experiences into a drive to succeed at his sport and the inception of the Peter Westbrook Foundation.

In Harnessing Anger, Westbrook tells how he came to be the first African American to win a national gold title in sabre fencing along with reaching international levels of success. Westbrook describes how as the son of an African-American father and a Japanese mother, he was aided by his mother alone in poverty in a Newark ghetto. Becoming a fencer at an early age gave him the confidence and the discipline to use an ancient martial art to his advantage both in swordplay and when facing the vicissitudes of daily life in the inner city.

The autobiography of this 6-time Olympian, 13-time U.S. National champion is the only book on his amazing life. Harnessing Anger tells us how Westbrook has overcome strong adversaries on and off the fencing strip.

Harnessing Anger: The Way of an American Fencer (1997) was nominated by the American Library Association for its Book of the Year Award.

Television
Westbrook has appeared on the following television programs: Oprah Winfrey Show, Charlie Rose, 60 Minutes, Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel.

Hall of Fame and other honors
Westbrook was inducted into the New York University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1985. Westbrook was inducted into the USFA Hall of Fame in 1996. He was also inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame of New Jersey in 2002. In 2021, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.

title: Peter Westbrook


text:
Allegan State Game Area

Allegan State Game Area is a 50000 acre forest attracting campers, hikers, bikers snowmobilers, cross-country skiers, horse trail riders and hunters. It is located in west-central Allegan County, Michigan, with one gateway just west of the city of Allegan. It is more commonly referred to as Allegan Forest.

Camping
It has two primitive campgrounds, one owned by the state of Michigan but operated by Allegan County. Ely Lake Campground is on Ely Lake, a small inland lake while the Silver Creek Campground is owned and operated by Allegan County. They both have picnic tables and fire pits at each campsite and vault toilets and water pump stations. Ely Lake, a non-motorized boat lake has a swimming beach and Silver Creek has a shallow spring-fed creek. They both welcome tent and hammock camping, as they are located in a heavily forested area. There are camping fees and reservations can be made. Silver Creek Campground also has a pavilion for day use with picnic tables and fire pits. Silver Creek Campground is in a good location for road biking as all the roads leading to Silver Creek are paved country roads, even though within the campground the roads are dirt.

The forest is a mixture, but largely hardwood. The Kalamazoo River flows through the northern portion. It is popular with canoeists and fisherman. Behind the Calkins Bridge Dam the Kalamazoo becomes the large, but shallow, Lake Allegan.

Geography
During hunting season, many come to hunt whitetail deer, Canada geese and wild turkeys.

Trails are laid out for hikers and horse riders in the summer and snowmobilers and cross-country skiers in the winter.

The forest is broken up by private ownership with sections of woods and sections of homes. The state occasionally buys private land to add to the forest and fill in the gaps.

title: Allegan State Game Area


text:
Theodor Kullak

Theodor Kullak (12 September 1818 – 1 March 1882) was a German pianist, composer, and teacher.

Background
Kullak was born in Krotoschin (Krotoszyn) in the Grand Duchy of Posen. He began his piano studies as a pupil of Albrecht Agthe in Posen (Poznań). He progressed sufficiently to excite the interest of the artistic Prince Anton Radziwill in his eighth year. This early ability to attract noble patronage was an art he continued to deploy to advantage for many years to come. In 1829 the prince used his influence to secure a Berlin court concert. He appeared with soprano singer Henriette Sontag. The usually undemonstrative King Frederick William IV was so delighted that he presented young Kullak with thirty Friedrichs d'or. Six weeks in Berlin was a real adventure which was topped off with a concert in Breslau that was received with gratifying applause. The kindly Prince Radziwill then saw to a rounded education for Kullak, sponsoring his school fees in Sulechów (now in Poland).

Kullak eventually lost Radziwill's patronage and from the age of thirteen to eighteen had to make do with just occasional access to a piano. At age nineteen, at his father's behest, he opted for a sensible profession and went to study medicine in Berlin. A new aristocratic friend, Count von Ingenheim, provided a small stipend which allowed him music studies with Siegfried Dehn and Wilhelm Taubert. Ingenheim was also instrumental in providing him with several pupils of rank. Medicine was not close to Kullak's heart. Music was a more pressing vocation and in 1842 Hermine von Massow interceded on his behalf in the right places, and Frederick William IV placed 400 thaler at Kullak's disposal, specifically for piano studies.

Musical career
The 24-year-old opted for a Viennese education. Carl Czerny happily took over his pianistic schooling, and Otto Nicolai and Simon Sechter, the theoretical side of things. Franz Liszt and Adolf von Henselt were also highly revered influences. Kullak played a little in Austria that year but in 1843 returned to Berlin where Fraulein von Hellwig secured him the post of pianoforte instructor to Princess Anna, the daughter of Prince Karl. This was just the beginning. Kullak seemed subsequently to make a speciality of teaching princes and princesses of the Royal house, as well as the offspring of many upper-class families who became aware of his excellent professorial qualifications, connections and, presumably, his unimpeachable manners.

In 1844 Kullak founded the Tonkünstler-Verein in Berlin and presided over it for many years. Two years later, at the age of twenty-eight, he was made Pianist to the Prussian Court, and four years after that founded the Berliner Musikschule (also known as the Kullak Institute) in partnership with Julius Stern and Adolf Bernhard Marx. However, due to dissension in the ensuing five years, Kullak retired from his institute, which then became known as the Stern Conservatory, with Hans von Bülow as a director.

In 1855 Kullak established a new school, the Neue Akademie der Tonkunst, which proved a lasting success and was affectionately referred to as "Kullak's Academy". It specialised in the training of pianists and became the largest private music school in the whole of Germany. By the time of its twenty-fifth anniversary it boasted a hundred teachers and eleven hundred students. Kullak was made professor in 1861 and was also elected to honorary membership of the Royal Academy of Music in Florence. Many other distinctions were also accorded him.

His son Franz (1844–1913) received his musical education at his father's Akademie; he and completed his studies under Karl Wehle and Henry Litolff in Paris, but abandoned a concert career because of a nervous complaint, and instead taught at the Neue Akademie where he succeeded his father as director upon his father's death in 1882.

Kullak wrote a large amount of instructional piano music. His Die Schule des Oktavenspiels (The School of Octave Playing), published in 1848 and edited in 1877, is especially well known. His other music, including a piano concerto in C minor, and two sonatas, is very rarely played today.

Theodor Kullak edited and annotated a 13-book edition of the piano works of Frédéric Chopin that was published by Schlesinger and co-issued by G. Schirmer Inc. and others in the 1880s. He also edited the complete piano works of Felix Mendelssohn, including Songs Without Words, published by C. F. Peters.

Among Kullak's many pupils were August Arnold, Alfred Grünfeld, Agathe Backer Grøndahl, Heinrich Hofmann, Alexander Ilyinsky, Leonard Liebling, Moritz Moszkowski, Silas Gamaliel Pratt, Julius Reubke, Nikolai Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka, Otto Bendix, Hans Bischoff, Amy Fay, James Kwast and Fred Werner. Noted Bohemian pianist and composer Franz Bendel taught at the academy.

Piano
Piano Solo
 * Two Etudes de Concert, Op. 2
 * Grand Valse brillante, Op. 3
 * Le Reve, Pièce de Salon, Op. 4
 * Danse des Sylphides, Op. 5
 * 12 Transcriptions, Op. 6
 * Grand Sonata in F-sharp minor, Op. 7
 * 12 Transcriptions ou Paraphase, Op. 9
 * Fantaisie de Concert sur Freischütz, Op. 11
 * Grande Fantaisie sur '‘La Fille du Régiment'’, Op. 13
 * Grande Fantaisie sur ‘'Preciosa’', Op. 14
 * Grande Fantaisie sur '‘Jessonda’', Op. 15
 * Grande Fantaisie sur La Fille du Régiment de Donizetti, Op. 16
 * Die Kunst des Anschlags, Fingerübungen, Op. 17
 * Fantaisie de Caprice, Op. 19
 * Portfeuille de Musique #1, Op. 20
 * La Gazelle, Op. 22
 * Une Fleur de Pologne, Polonaise brilliant, Op. 24
 * 6 Solis de Piano, Op. 25
 * Symphonie-Sonate in E-flat major, Op. 27
 * Le Danaides, Fantaisie, Op. 28
 * Nord et Sud, 2 Nocturnes, Op. 29
 * Grande Fantaisie sur '‘L'Etoile du Nord’', Op. 30
 * Paraphrase du 4me acte de ‘'Dom Sébastian’', Op. 31
 * 3 Mazurkas, Op. 34
 * Notturno, Op. 35
 * Chant d'Ossian, Op. 36
 * Perles d'écume, Fantaisie, Op. 37
 * Libella, Thème et Etude, Op. 38
 * Rayons et Ombres, 6 Pieces, Op. 39
 * Caprice-Fantaisie sur ‘L'Etoile du Nord’, Op. 40
 * 2 Paraphrases sur Verdi's Ernani, Op. 43
 * La belle Amazone, Rondeau à la Polacca, Op. 44
 * Pieces, Op. 45
 * Fleurs du Sud, 6 Pieces, Op. 46
 * School of Octave playing, Op. 48
 * Saltarello di Roma, Op. 49
 * Rotkäppchen, Op. 50
 * Portfeuille de Musique #2, Op. 51
 * Impromptu, Op. 52
 * Etincelles, Thème et Etude, Op. 53
 * Ballade, Op. 54
 * Bouquet de 12 Mélodies russes, Op. 56
 * Les Fleurs animées, Op. 57
 * Romance variée, Op. 58
 * Allegro di Bravoura, Op. 59
 * Le Prophète, 7 Transcriptions de Concert, Op. 60
 * Schule der Fingerübungen, Op. 61
 * Scenes of Childhood, Op. 62
 * Galop de Salon, Op. 63
 * Valse de Salon, Op. 64
 * Romance de Dargomijski, Op. 65
 * Romance de Glinka, Op. 66
 * Improvisation sur ‘'La Fée aux Roses'’, Op. 67
 * 2 Mélodies hongroises, Op. 68
 * 2 Pieces, Op. 71
 * Airs nationaux bohémiens, Op. 72
 * Ratschläge und Studien, Op. 74
 * 5 Idylles, Op. 75
 * Shéhérazade, Op. 78
 * Lieder aus alter Zeit, Op. 80/1
 * Improvisation dramatique sur '‘L'Etoile du Nord’', Op. 80/2
 * Leonore, Ballade, Op. 81/1
 * Scenes of Childhood, Op. 81/2
 * Paraphrase du Siège de Corinthe, Op. 82
 * Petrarca an Laura, 3 Pieces, Op. 84
 * Hymne, Op. 85
 * Bolero di Bravoura, Op. 86
 * Valse de Salon, Op. 87
 * Psyché, Etude fantastique, Op. 88
 * In Wald und Flur, Pieces, Op. 89/1
 * Les Arpèges, Etude de Concert, Op. 89/2
 * Im Mai, Impromptu, Op. 90
 * Au Clair de la Lune, 2 Nocturnes, Op. 91
 * 2 Chansonnettes, Op. 92
 * Violen, Pieces, Op. 93
 * Zwiegespräch, Op. 94
 * St. Gilgen, Barcarolle-Prière, Op. 95
 * Scherzo, Op. 96
 * Impromptu-Caprice, Op. 97
 * Airs nationaux italiens, Op. 98
 * 2 Valse-Caprices, Op. 99
 * Sang und Klang, 4 Pieces, Op. 100
 * 2 Polonaises caractéristiques, Op. 101
 * Romance in G major, Op. 102
 * Hommage à S.A.R. la Princesse royale de Prusse, 3 Pieces, Op. 103
 * 4 Solostücke, Op. 104
 * Im Grünen, Pieces, Op. 105
 * Gracieuse, Impromptu, Op. 106
 * Airs nationaux russes, Op. 108
 * Polonaise et Valse-Impromptu, Op. 109
 * Mazurka-Caprice, Op. 110
 * Lieder aus alter Zeit, Op. 111
 * Ondine, Op. 112
 * 6 Pieces, Op. 113
 * Valse-Caprice, Op. 115
 * Bolero, Op. 116
 * Marche de Couronnement de Meyerbeer, Op. 117
 * Valse mignonne, Op. 118
 * Soldatenlieder, Op. 119
 * Arcadien, Pieces, Op. 120
 * Konzert-Etüde für die Klavierschule von Lebert und Stark, Op. 121
 * Concert Etude, Op. 122
 * Barcarole, Op. 123
 * Fantasiestück, Op. 124
 * Scherzo in G major, Op. 125
 * Mazurka de Concert, Op. 126
 * Cavatine de Robert le Diable de Meyerbeer
 * Scherzo
 * Romanze by Warlamoff (transcription of Varlamov)

Orchestral

 * Piano Concerto in C Minor, Op. 55 (Piano and Orchestra) (composed around 1850)

Chamber music

 * Andante for Violin and Piano, Op. 70
 * Piano Trio in E, Op. 77

Lieder

 * 4 songs, Op. 1

Discography

 * Kullak, Theodor: Klavierkonzert c-moll op. 55, Hyperion Records 1999 (series: 'The Romantic Piano Concerto' Vol. 21. Piano: Piers Lane. Glasgow BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra)

title: Theodor Kullak


text:
Jan Brueghel

Jan Brueghel can refer to two Flemish painters:

 * Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625)
 * Jan Brueghel the Younger (1601–1678)

title: Jan Brueghel


text:
Talk:List of flags with red

This list is getting large. Try putting it into sub-lists titled by the continent the country is located, such as:

North America
66.32.144.73 01:56, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

The list is adoubtful asset. I don't know why I put so many on there Weda 01:58, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of flags with red


text:
Sada Jacobson

Sada Molly Jacobson (born February 14, 1983) is an American Olympic fencer. She is the 2008 Olympic Individual Sabre silver medalist in women's sabre (one of three Olympic medals), the 2004 Olympic Individual Sabre bronze medalist in women's sabre, and the 2003 Pan American Games champion in women's sabre. In 2016, she was inducted into the United States Fencing Hall of Fame.

Background
Jacobson was born in Rochester, Minnesota, and is Jewish. Her parents are David Jacobson, a member of the 1974 U.S. National fencing team in saber who was an All-American fencer at Yale University and now an endocrinologist, and Tina Jacobson, who also fenced competitively. She is the sister of fellow U.S. Olympic team fencer and Junior World Champion Emily Jacobson, and fencer Jackie Jacobson.

Jacobson swam competitively for two years in high school. She postponed her college career to train full-time for the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Her hometown is Dunwoody, Georgia, and she has lived in Atlanta, Georgia. She graduated from The Westminster Schools in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2000. She graduated with a history degree from Morse College, Yale University. She studied history at Yale University.

Fencing career
She trained at Nellya Fencers from a young age. She has been coached by Arkady Burdan of Nellya Fencers, and Henry Hartunian at Yale.

College & Under-19 career
Jacobson was a 2-time NCAA sabre champion for Yale University (2001 and 2002). She won an NCAA Championship and earned 1st-team All-America honors as a freshman at Yale, after a 30–0 regular season. Jacobson was 29–1 as a sophomore, and repeated as NCAA champion. In addition, she was the 2001 Under-19 National Champion. In 2003, she won the World Junior Fencing Championships in women's saber.

Senior World Championships
Jacobson is a 4-time Senior World Championships team member (2000–03). She was a member of the gold-medal 2000 Women's Sabre World Championship team at the age of 17. She won another bronze medal at the 2006 World Fencing Championships sabre competition.

In her first individual World Championships in 2001, Jacobson placed 12th. She placed 5th in 2002 and 2003.

Pan American Games
Jacobson won the gold medal in sabre at the 2003 Pan American Games.

National Championships
Jacobson won the US women's sabre championship in 2004 (beating her sister in the final) and 2006.

She was ranked # 1 in the US from June 2003 through October 2005.

Number 1 World Ranking
In 2004, at 19 years of age she became the first U.S. woman to be ranked No. 1 in the world in sabre, and only the second U.S. athlete to claim the title, after male fencer Keeth Smart.

Olympic medals
Jacobson won the bronze medal in women's sabre at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the first year that event was hosted at the Olympics. Her match took place before the gold-silver match, and therefore Jacobson became the first women's sabre Olympic medalist. She won the silver medal in individual sabre and bronze in the team sabre event at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Post-fencing career
Jacobson indicated that she intended to retire from competitive fencing after the 2008 Olympic competitions concluded, and focus on law school, and starting life with her fiancé. She graduated with a J.D. degree from the University of Michigan Law School in 2011. She and Brendan Brunelle Bâby, who graduated from Pennsylvania State University where he competed in épée and was a member of three NCAA championship teams, were married in May 2009 in Atlanta at the Nellya Fencers Club, where she had trained for both the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics. As of 2015, she practiced commercial litigation for McKenna Long & Aldridge.

Awards

 * Jacobson, who is Jewish, received the Marty Glickman Award for the Outstanding Jewish Scholastic Athlete of the Year in both 2002 and 2005.
 * She was named Academic All-Ivy League for 2002.
 * In 2003 Jacobson was named the U.S. Fencer of the Year.
 * Also in 2003, she was inducted in the U.S. National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, which recognizes outstanding Jewish athletes.
 * In 2012, she was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.
 * In 2016, she was inducted into the United States Fencing Hall of Fame.

title: Sada Jacobson