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Lee Westwood

Lee John Westwood (born 24 April 1973) is an English professional golfer. Noted for his consistency, he is one of the few golfers who has won tournaments on five continents – Europe, North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania – including victories on the European Tour and the PGA Tour. He has also won tournaments in four decades, the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s and 2020s. He was named European Tour Golfer of the Year for the 1998, 2000, 2009 and 2020 seasons. He has won the 2000 European Tour Order of Merit, and the renamed 2009 and 2020 Race to Dubai. He has frequently been mentioned as one of the best golfers without a major championship victory, with several near misses including three runner-up finishes.

Westwood has represented Europe in ten Ryder Cups. In October 2010, he became the world number one in the Official World Golf Ranking, ending the reign of Tiger Woods, and becoming the first British golfer since Nick Faldo in 1994 to hold that position. He held the number one position for a total of 22 weeks. Westwood and fellow countryman Luke Donald share the distinction of reaching the number one world ranking despite never winning a major. He holds the record of playing in the most major championships without winning one. He is sometimes referred to by his nickname Westy.

Early life
Born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, Westwood attended Sir Edmund Hillary Primary School and Valley Comprehensive School (now an Outwood Grange Academies Trust school) in his youth. He has family and heritage in South Wales. Westwood began to play golf aged 13 with a half set bought by grandparents. His father John, a mathematics teacher, took up the game at the same time to encourage his son. A talented sportsman at school, Lee played rugby, cricket and football.

Westwood had a later start at the game than many future tournament professionals, but less than two years later he was the junior champion of Nottinghamshire. He played for England in the Boys Home Internationals in August 1989, and played for Great Britain and Ireland boys team in the Jacques Léglise Trophy in both 1990 and 1991. In 1991 he won his first important amateur tournament, the Peter McEvoy Trophy. In 1993 he won the British Youths Open Amateur Championship and turned professional.

Professional career
In 1996, Westwood won his first professional tournament, the Volvo Scandinavian Masters, closely followed by the Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters in Japan. His success continued in 1997, defending his Japanese title and winning the Malaysian Open, the Volvo Masters in Spain, and the Holden Australian Open, beating Greg Norman in a playoff. He also partnered with Nick Faldo in the Ryder Cup that year.

Westwood has won 25 events on the European Tour and has also won tournaments in North America, Africa, Asia and Australia. His most successful year to date has been 2000 when he won seven tournaments worldwide and was ranked first on the European Order of Merit, ending Colin Montgomerie's long run of European Tour dominance. His win on the Sunshine Tour's Dimension Data Pro-am in 2000 made him the first golfer to win events on all 6 of the International Federation of PGA Tours. Ernie Els (2005) and Justin Rose (2017) are the only golfers to have joined him on this list. Westwood took a significant break from the game following the birth of son Samuel Bevan in 2001, and together with a restructuring of his swing under David Leadbetter, led to him being out of contention in tournaments until his 2003 victory in Germany, his 25th worldwide.

Westwood returned to the winners circle in 2007 by winning both the Valle Romano Open de Andalucía and the Quinn Direct British Masters to bring his total European Tour wins to 18. As a result, he moved back into the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. Westwood finished the 2007 season with five top 10 finishes in the last five events. He carried this form into the 2008 season, starting with two tied second places and a fifth, moving back into the top 20 in the world rankings. At the Masters, Westwood finished tied for 11th and he narrowly missed out on becoming the first European in 38 years to win the U.S. Open, finishing 3rd on level-par.

In 2009, Westwood had two further 3rd-place finishes at major championships, in the Open and the PGA Championship. In October 2009, Westwood ended his two-year wait for a tournament win by winning the Portugal Masters. This was followed the next month with a win at the Dubai World Championship, which also brought with it the inaugural Race to Dubai title. Westwood has played in the Gary Player Invitational charity event several times to assist Player raise money for children in need around the world. Westwood earned a career-best second place at the 2010 Masters Tournament, leading by one shot going into the final day before being overtaken by eventual champion Phil Mickelson. Westwood came through with his 2nd tour victory at the St. Jude Classic the week before the U.S. Open. Westwood claimed another second-place finish at the 2010 Open Championship, although he was a distant runner-up to Louis Oosthuizen. Despite the two 2nd-place finishes at the season's first three majors, Westwood did not compete in the PGA Championship due to injury.

In May 2011, Westwood contested a playoff at the BMW PGA Championship with fellow Englishman and at the time world number two Luke Donald. On the par five 18th, Donald hit his approach shot into the green leaving six feet for birdie. Westwood attempted to follow him in close to the hole but got too much backspin on his pitch and the ball spun back into the water hazard. Westwood eventually chipped up from the drop zone and went on to make double bogey. Donald then holed his birdie putt to win the championship and in the process became the new world number one.

In June 2011, Westwood equalled his best performance at the U.S. Open finishing in a tie for third place at Congressional CC, an event which was dominated by Rory McIlroy. This was the fourth time in his career that Westwood had finished third in a major. In December 2011, Westwood shot the lowest round of his career, a 60, at the Thailand Golf Championship. He followed that up with a 64 to equal the lowest 36-hole total on the Asian Tour and won the tournament by seven shots.

Westwood rejoined the PGA Tour for the 2012 season, stating that "It felt right in a Ryder Cup year" and intimated that he would like to experience the challenge for the FedEx Cup in the end of season playoffs for the first time. In February 2012, Westwood recorded his best ever performance at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship when he reached the semi-finals for the first time. In all eleven previous attempts he had never once made it past the second round. He beat Nicolas Colsaerts, Robert Karlsson, Nick Watney and Martin Laird en route before falling, 3&1, to Rory McIlroy in the semi-finals. He finished in 4th place after losing the consolation match to American Mark Wilson, 1 up. Had he won the tournament, he would have regained the number one ranking.

Westwood continued his fine run of performances in the major championships with a tied third finish at the Masters in April 2012. He finished two strokes behind Bubba Watson and Louis Oosthuizen and bemoaned his putting performance as the reason he did not win the tournament. This was the seventh occasion that he had recorded a top three finish at a major without actually winning one. In April 2012, he successfully defended his title at the Indonesian Masters on the Asian Tour, winning by two strokes. In June 2012, Westwood won the Nordea Masters for the third time, the week prior to the U.S Open, with a five stroke victory over Ross Fisher. This was Westwood's 22nd victory on the European Tour and moved him into ninth place alone on the all time European Tour winners list.

At the 2012 U.S. Open, Westwood was in contention again after firing a three-under-par round of 67 in the third round to position himself three strokes behind the leaders. During the final round, Westwood lost his ball in a tree on the par-four fifth hole after his drive clattered into the pines. The ball was declared lost and he had to play his third shot from the tee, resulting in a double-bogey six which effectively ended his challenge. He finished in a tie for 10th.

In the 2013 Open Championship, Westwood led after 54 holes by two strokes over Hunter Mahan and Tiger Woods. They were the only three players in the field under par for the tournament. Westwood shot a four-over-par 75 in his final round to finish in a tie for third, four strokes back at one-over-par. Phil Mickelson went on to win the tournament with a total of three-under-par, the only player to complete the tournament under par. This was the second time Westwood had taken the lead into the final round of a major championship, with the other being in the 2010 Masters, which Mickelson also won. Westwood has now finished in the top-three eight times in majors without ever winning one.

In April 2015, Westwood won the CIMB Niaga Indonesian Masters for the third time in his career. He won in a sudden-death playoff over Chapchai Nirat, having held a five-stroke lead at the 54-hole stage. This was Westwood's ninth victory in Asian Tour events.

At the 2016 Masters, Westwood finished joint runner-up with Jordan Spieth, three strokes behind winner Danny Willett. He was briefly only one stroke off the lead during the final round following an eagle on the par five 15th, but bogeyed the 16th to end his chances. This was the third time Westwood has finished as runner-up in a major championship. At the 2016 U.S. Open, Westwood was again near the top of the leaderboard after the first three rounds, but playing in the penultimate group during the final round he fell away badly shooting a round 80 (+10) to finish T32.

Westwood holds the record for most major championship appearances without winning, surpassing Jay Haas at the 2021 Open Championship, his 88th major.

In an interview with CNN in November 2017, Westwood spoke of his desire to go into the golf course design industry once he had finished playing, saying he would vow to make courses "more playable and enjoyable".

On 11 November 2018, Westwood fired an eight-under 64 to storm to a three-shot victory in the Nedbank Golf Challenge. Westwood's win in Sun City, South Africa claimed his 24th European Tour victory and his first since the 2014 Malaysian Open. The victory was worth $1,250,000. The Nedbank was his first Rolex Series title and third victory at Gary Player Country Club following wins in 2010 and 2011 before the tournament joined the European Tour international schedule. He also won the Dimension Data Pro-Am in 2000 also played at the Gary Player Country Club.

In July 2019, Westwood finished tied for fourth in the 2019 Open Championship at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Northern Ireland. He has now finished 12 times in the top five of a major without actually winning. This was his best finish at the Open since 2013 and it earned him entry into the 2020 Masters Tournament. "It's brilliant," said Westwood. "Augusta is a very special place. I've played great there in the past and had a chance to win it. It is another course like Royal Portrush Golf Club that I don't strictly think is a bomber's paradise, although I think it helps. If you've played it a lot and you play it well, there are a lot of repeat winners. It will be lovely to go back."

In January 2020, Westwood won the Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship on the European Tour. This tournament was part of the Rolex Series. This win meant he had won titles in four different decades on the European Tour. Westwood finished on 19 under par, two shots ahead of Tommy Fleetwood, Matt Fitzpatrick and Victor Perez. The 46-year-old shot a five-under-par 67 at the Abu Dhabi Golf Club to win the event for the first time. In December of that year, Westwood claimed his third Race to Dubai by finishing solo second in the season-ending DP World Tour Championship, Dubai. At 47 years of age, he became the oldest winner of the title.

In March 2021, Westwood held the 54-hole lead at the Arnold Palmer Invitational. He eventually missed out by one shot to Bryson DeChambeau. This was his best result on the PGA Tour since his tied for second place at the 2016 Masters. The following week, Westwood again held the 54-hole lead at a PGA Tour event; The Players Championship. He shot an even-par 72 and finished second by one shot to eventual champion Justin Thomas. He won more than $1.6 million for this finish, the largest official cheque of his career to date.

In June 2022, Westwood was suspended from the PGA Tour for playing in a LIV Golf event. In May 2023, the European Tour announced that he had resigned his membership of the tour.

In April 2023, Westwood turned 50 and became age eligible for senior golf. He applied for entry to the 2023 Senior Open Championship, to be played in late July and for which he had fulfilled several exemption categories. However, in June he was denied entry due to outstanding fines to the European Tour, related to breaching conflicting tournament regulations.

World ranking
Westwood first reached the top 10 in the Official World Golf Ranking in July 1998 and spent a total of 160 weeks in the top 10 between then and August 2001.

Westwood dropped out of top 100 in mid-2002. Returning to the top 100 in late 2003, Westwood's ranking remained in the 20 to 80 range from 2004 and 2007. Early in 2008 he returned to the top 20 where he has remained since. He returned to the top 10 briefly at the end of the 2008 season and again after the 2009 PGA Championship.

On 31 October 2010, Westwood became the World number one golfer, ending the reign of Tiger Woods. He remained World number one for 17 weeks, before being replaced by Martin Kaymer who held the top spot for 8 weeks. Westwood regained the number one spot after winning the Indonesian Masters on 24 April 2011 and held it for 5 weeks before being replaced by Luke Donald. He spent over 350 weeks in the top-10.

Ryder Cup
Westwood made his Ryder Cup debut in 1997 where he partnered fellow Englishman Nick Faldo in both sets of fourballs and foursomes. In the 1999 Ryder Cup, he partnered Darren Clarke for the fourballs and foursomes, picking up 2 points. At The Belfry in 2002 he teamed up with Sergio García in a successful partnership in which they won 3 and lost 1 of their four matches.

In the 2004 Ryder Cup, Westwood sank the putt which took Europe's points tally to 14 and thereby ensured that they retained the Cup. Europe eventually won 18½–9½. It was his first victory in singles. He and Darren Clarke were the wildcard selections in 2006 and Westwood justified his selection by not losing a game, a feat he had also achieved in 2004. He is the eighth most successful European golfer on points scored, with the second highest scoring rate.

During the 2008 Matches, Westwood sat out for the first session in his Ryder Cup career during the matches after a controversial decision by captain Nick Faldo. The European Team ended up losing to the U.S. 16½–11½. In October 2010, Westwood was a member of the European team that won the 2010 Ryder Cup with a one-point win over the USA.

For the 2012 and 2014 tournaments, Westwood was once again a member of winning teams, with Europe beating USA at Medinah Country Club and Gleneagles. In 2016, his friend Darren Clarke was captain and he was once again chosen as a wildcard, this time part of a losing team for the first time since 2008.

In 2018, Thomas Bjørn selected Westwood as one of his five vice-captains for the 2018 Ryder Cup at Le Golf National, alongside Graeme McDowell, Luke Donald, Pádraig Harrington and Robert Karlsson.

In September 2021, Westwood played on the European team in the 2021 Ryder Cup at Whistling Straits in Kohler, Wisconsin. The U.S. team won 19–9 and Westwood went 1–2–0 including a win in his Sunday singles match against Harris English.

He is the European player who has the greatest number of appearances in Ryder Cup winning teams (7 wins, 4 losses).

 * Singles: played 11, won 4, lost 7, halved 0
 * Foursomes: played 20, won 9, lost 7, halved 4
 * Fourballs: played 16, won 8, lost 6, halved 2

Personal life
Westwood married Laurae Coltart, the sister of Scottish Ryder Cup player Andrew Coltart, in January 1999. The couple have two children, Samuel Bevan and Poppy Grace. The two divorced in 2017. After his divorce, Westwood moved back to Europe from his residence in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Westwood now lives in Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne with his wife, Helen Storey, who also caddies for him on tour. The pair married in Las Vegas in June 2021.

He is good friends with fellow Ryder Cup star Darren Clarke and from April 2006 he co-owned a private jet with him.

In 2007, Westwood was presented with an Honorary degree of Doctor of Science by Nottingham Trent University. The University named its sports hall after the golfer in October 2010. He announced the creation of the Lee Westwood Golf School in 2010, which offers young golfers the ability to combine golf training with their education as part of their school life. In addition, since 2010 Westwood has created a Junior Lee Westwood Golf Tour and Lee Westwood Golf Camps. In recognition of his work with young golfers, he was awarded with the Golf Foundation's 'Spirit of Golf' Award just before the Open Championship, an award which was previously held by Gary Player and Tony Jacklin.

Westwood's major passion is horse racing, in which he has had an interest in several successful horses, including Hoof It which won the Stewards Cup twice. Other interests include films, snooker and cars. He is a keen football fan who supports Nottingham Forest. He also supports and sponsors his local semi professional side Worksop Town FC. Westwood is a follower of Dumfries based football club Queen of the South, most likely due to having Andrew Coltart as a former brother-in-law, who himself is a passionate supporter of the Scottish club.

Westwood was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours.

Amateur wins

 * 1991 Peter McEvoy Trophy
 * 1992 Lagonda Trophy
 * 1993 British Youths Open Amateur Championship, Leven Gold Medal

PGA Tour wins (2)
PGA Tour playoff record (1–0)

European Tour wins (25)
* Note: The 1997 Volvo Masters was shortened to 54 holes due to weather. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour 2Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour

European Tour playoff record (2–6)

PGA of Japan Tour wins (4)
* Note: The 1996 Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters was shortened to 54 holes due to fog.

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (1–0)

Asian Tour wins (8)
1Co-sanctioned by the European Tour 2Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour

Asian Tour playoff record (2–0)

Asia Golf Circuit wins (1)
Asia Golf Circuit playoff record (0–1)

PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1)
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (1–0)

Other wins (2)
Other playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
Results not in chronological order in 2020. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (2014 PGA – 2018 Open)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (twice)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place C = Cancelled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Results in World Golf Championships
Results not in chronological order before 2015. 1Cancelled due to 9/11 2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied WD = Withdrew NT = No tournament Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Note that the Championship and Invitational were discontinued from 2022.

Career earnings and year-end ranking by year
* As of 2021 seasons.

†Non-member earnings.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * European Boys' Team Championship (representing England): 1990, 1991
 * Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1990 (winners), 1991 (winners)

Professional
 * Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 1997 (winners), 1999, 2002 (winners), 2004 (winners), 2006 (winners), 2008, 2010 (winners), 2012 (winners), 2014 (winners), 2016, 2021

 * Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing England): 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
 * Seve Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2000, 2002 (winners), 2003 (winners), 2011 (winners)
 * Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2007 (winners)
 * EurAsia Cup (representing Europe): 2016 (winners)

title: Lee Westwood


text:
Talk:James Wolfe

Mother
what was james wolfe mothers name?

Henrietta, daughter of Edward Thompson, and she was from Marsden, Yorkshire.

End NPOV Dispute
Since no-one has spoken up with any specific concerns about the NPOV of the article, I have removed the NPOV tag. I would suggest that the entire song "bold wolfe" is not required for the article. It should maybe have its own page, with the name of the composer, years, maybe a sheet of the music?Easter rising 16:20, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't even think that's necessary. The song/poem is non-notable and adds nothing to the article, apart from more anecdotal, uncited claims.  Speaking of which, the trivia is also uncited, and should either be backed up with citation or removed, imho. Fishhead64 21:06, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My bad. I'll remove it till I dig up that source... an ex-prof of mine wrote the book in question... I'll have to find it first! Easter rising 12:18, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute
"Obvious inhumanity" etc. etc. Also no references for various claims. Clear anti-Wolfe sentiment. 195.194.199.50 12:20, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

I'd say the whole Wolfe Legend paragraph needs rewriting. A clear POV case.130.237.175.198 10:16, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

The POV in this section is astounding, and uncited. There's been no defence of it since the NPOV tag was posted, so I'm editing out uncited sections. Fishhead64 18:58, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

I have read quite a bit of material that would back up some of the claims from the section that was removed. Specifically:

 * It has also been suggested that Wolfe's chronic, and possibly terminal, illness led him to take the potentially disastrous risks he did. Always frail, Wolfe appears to have suffered diseases of the kidney and bladder, rheumatism, and possibly even scurvy. "If I say I am stupider," he reported to a friend, "you will imagine me a shadow or a skeleton in motion." Some historians have suggested that Wolfe knew he was dying in the summer of 1759 and was determined to die in battle, whether he won or not. This would explain his daring final assault on Quebec, and makes sense in light of his earlier comment that "In particular circumstances and times the loss of 1,000 men is rather an advantage to a nation than otherwise, seeing that gallant attempts raise its reputation and make it respectable."

This info certainly has supporting documents... I'll do my best to find them and place citations. Untill then I would suggest we remove the Neutrality dispute and place the section above with some *citation needed*s.Easter rising

Too Much was edited out
I read the POV part and although it was well, POV, it had information that was valuable. At the moment the image that is given on this page is positive, rather than neutral. Also the notes on his health were deleted. I don't know Wolfe enough to write about him, though. --A Sunshade Lust 10:30, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Need more info! Too much edited out!

Agreed! There was to much editing done.--Stephen C Wells (talk) 21:01, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Small Spelling Alteration
The church in Greenwich, London, SE10 which contains the monuments to Wolfe is the church of Saint Alfege, not Saint Alfrege as previously stated. I have ammended the spelling accordingly. Only a small thing but it's better to get it right, I think. My source? I've lived in Greenwich for the last 24 years. JGB —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 202.147.217.201 (talk) 16:22, 9 April 2007 (UTC).

Bravo!--Stephen C Wells (talk) 21:02, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Don't worry, I wasn't being sarcastic when I said "Bravo!" That is just the way I talk.--Stephen C Wells (talk) 19:07, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Inadequate introductory information
The "Birth and early military career" section needs to be clarified. In the second sentence it states that his regiment was recalled to Britain, but does not say from where. The entire section reads as if it were, indeed, written by committee. 72.75.47.144 (talk) 19:28, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, someone should have paid attention to the 72's observation earlier. A vandal deletion remained unreverted for almost a year. --Anonymous44 (talk) 22:15, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree. This is not a good area to make mistakes, you know.--Stephen C Wells (talk) 21:05, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Extra wording?
Why does it say "You are fat. I hate you"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doverjeff67 (talk • contribs) 18:53, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Because some sneaky bugger of a vandal snuck one through. Sorted now. Tony Fox (arf!) 18:56, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Because of James Wolfe's importance to the history of Canada, it is unfortunately a target of high-volume vandalism. The cost of accuracy is eternal vigilance!  Watchlist this page!  fishhead64 (talk) 22:45, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Listen to Fishhead64! Wolfe is also an important figure in British history! Beware of vandals who wish to ruin this great general's article!--Stephen C Wells (talk) 19:38, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Attack on the full moon?
I remember reading in an article in Maclean's magazine where General Wolf attack Quebec on a full moon were the tide was highest. Is there anyone out there that could write that article in here? Denis July 28 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.166.168.71 (talk) 22:45, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Character section
"Nearly half his forces at Quebec included militiamen from New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, although they behaved bravely in battle, outperforming what was expected of soldiers of their rank."

Firstly, why the "although"? Sorry, it just bugs me. Secondly, why is this in the section on Wolfe's character? I fail to see how militiamen performing well reflects on the man himself. I'm going to remove it, but change it back with some added explanation if there's some reason to have it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.107.214.98 (talk) 03:42, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

I think the "although" is intended to say that Americans don't fight well. Canadians do fight better than Americans (that's a fact of life) but the middle of the section on James Wolfe's character is not the place to put it. --Stephen C Wells (talk) 19:49, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I realise this is an old discussion, but just to have it said, the "although" is of course not because of the provincial regiments' national origin, but because they were militiamen—that is, amateur soldiers who enlisted only for a single campaign season and maintained extremely light standards of discipline. There are exceptions (the Revolutionary War being the most famous, though the idea of the Continental Army being a plucky, ill-disciplined army made up entirely of skirmishers shouldn't be overplayed), but on the whole, militia were far inferior to regulars (professional soldiers).  Any commander would have been particularly worried about the militia in his line at the Plains of Abraham, since for the first time in the North American war, two European armies were about to fight a pitched battle (all previous engagements had been raids or sieges), in which his army would have to deliver and receive volley fire and advance upon the enemy in line, all things that regulars excelled at but militia were particularly poor at.  (Witness, for instance, the French army they were facing, where the Canadian militia in the line lost all semblance of cohesion from the simple act of marching toward the British lines at the start of the battle.)  Binabik80 (talk) 13:54, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

General Wolfe's House, Bath
There is a General Wolfe's House in Bath. Is this our General Wolfe? What was he doing in Bath? Was it his family home? 86.147.161.190 (talk) 11:45, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

I doubt it. James Wolfe was from Westerham, Kent. It might just have been a summer home.--Stephen C Wells (talk) 19:42, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * His parents had a house at 5 Trim Street, Bath, at which he stayed, and where he was when Pitt sent him to Quebec. DuncanHill (talk) 15:14, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Wolfe's Manifesto
Wolfe's Manifesto should not be inside Wikipedia. I have already uploaded a copy of the said manifesto (from a different source though) to Wikisource right here: Manifesto Addressed to the Canadians. -- Mathieugp (talk) 15:30, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

New files
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POV?
Because of this he has been regarded as a hero by many Canadians. It may be an over-patriotic French Canadian feelings... but is this really necessary to state? I don't know about how well known he is outside of the Province of Québec, but I know not many people likes him here.

Believe me, Wolfe is a Canadian hero. Many Canadians thank him since he is the reason they speak English, no offence intended to the French-speaking people of Canada.--Stephen C Wells (talk) 19:45, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Royal Highland Fusiliers
It is not correct to say that he commanded the Royal Highland Fusiliers in North America. There was no regiment of that name until 1957, when the Royal Scots Fusiliers merged with the Highland Light Infantry. You would need to name the unit he actually commanded, and then show how it became part of today's RHF. 86.181.153.30 (talk) 02:02, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

From where is "Peter" sourced?
We state that it is Peter in the name of "James 'Peter Wolfe". The histories and sources that I have read, and checking some of the attached references don't mention Peter. So can someone please identify that source, and we probably should justify its use. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:43, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:29, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Children and spouse
Was he married? Did James Wolfe have any children? 199.235.87.251 (talk) 18:14, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:James Wolfe


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Theresa Knott

 * I am protesting the recent vandalism done by User:Mirv to this request for comment which has deliberately destroyed my work of several hours. This is not what I wrote. This is not the format that I used.  I find the new layout totally confusing. And, I object to being forced to waste more of my valuable time while you people are going out of your way to let administrators personally attack and harass editors. -- John Gohde 15:39, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This layout is a lot more clear, and summarises everything neatly, providing specific areas for comments. I don't see what the problem is -- Jim Regan 15:45, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I do, and that is all that counts. I do not recognize my own request for comment. And, I find it extremely confusing!!! -- John Gohde 16:06, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It is not your request for comment. RfCs are unsigned. Although you may have made the request, you have no ownership of it. Snowspinner 06:08, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Veritatis Splendor
We'll live and we'll see. Theresa and the cabal had done too much harm in medical articles, in maintaining their lies and their NPOVs, in smearing and libeling practicing medical doctors to remain active Wiki editors. They have a place under the sun, like in parochial police departments, but not between generous, idealistic, competent editors - you know, average Wiki contributors. They only lose their time in the process, never their stamina. This happens because truth has this habit of  always  remaining visible in its full splendour :O) - irismeister 20:16, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

 * I have single handedly succeeded in making alternative medicine or CAM a collective of articles (See category:alternative medicine). It is no longer only a few isolated articles on kooky topics. CAM is now a collective maintained by a collective of editors.  The science trolls have officially lost control over CAM. And, they now know that it is too late to reverse the situation.  Time moves on and stops for nobody.  Once a person locates just one article on  CAM they are now tied in to the collective of over 200 articles. -- John Gohde 09:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * A perfect job which I'll see that you carry on, John, if it's the last thing I do before my next impending ban - this time for ever :O) - irismeister 19:31, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * At the risk of being labelled a troll, would you care to explain the apparent contradiction between "I have single handedly succeeded" and "a collective of editors"?--   ALargeElk | Talk 13:36, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * This is simple,    ALargeElk | Talk. John did that despite tremendous and coordinated trolling activity from a bunch of "editors". Liked your stress on apparent though :O) - irismeister 19:31, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * Once this whole issue gets a broader public and Mr Natural Health's abuse of the edit summary box is exposed, along with his unwillingness to learn how categories work you'll learn that this is not co-ordinated trolling, but a simple resistence to poor editing. --bodnotbod 00:59, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

explain the apparent contradiction between I have single handedly succeeded" and "a collective of editors"?
Tiring of doing daily never ending battles with all the little people, trolls, bigots, and morons that populate Wikipedia, my approaching retirement to sanity grows nearer. No sooner do I clean up palliative care than do the fools endeavor to make it more bigoted than ever being the naturally born bigots with limited IQ and education that they are. Any fool who cannot figure out what is going on here in Wikipedia deserves their fate. I run a successful website, and I will be covering alternative medicine extensively as history. Facts, my dear trolls and bigots, are undisputable in the real world. And, on my website I always have the final word.

How many times, dear morons, do I really have to point out the perfectly obvious? Geniuses have no duty to educated the moronic masses. Just thought that you might want to know.

I have single handedly succeeded -- Why the project/talk side, of course, dear trolls, bigots, and morons.

I gave birth to the Wikiproject on Alternative Medicine, single handedly from conception, to implementation, and finally to perfection. The supporters of alternative medicine refuse to organize on Wikipedia and thus deserve their fate. They do not call in 24x7, like the science trolls and bigots do and reverse the vandalism done by trolls, bigots, and morons. Maybe these people, unlike you, actually have a life?

a collective of editors -- Why the article side, of course, dear trolls, bigots, and morons.

See category:Alternative medicine and more specifically: category:alternative medicine is clearly being worked on and will be maintained forever by a collective of editors who have made hundreds of edits, to date. -- John Gohde | [[User talk:Mr-Natural-Health|Talk]] 18:02, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * branches of alternative medicine
 * philosophy of alternative medicine
 * famous people in alternative medicine

 * Which is great. Everybody wants editors.  It is only edit wars that nobody wants. --bodnotbod 18:35, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.35.40.141

title: User talk:68.35.40.141


text:
Talk:Dubingiai

Historical demographics
About Dubingiai. I haven't found data, how much Poles lived in in the village itself. It had about 300 inhabitants before WW II. But the situation there was something like this: Dubingiai parish consisted of approx. 3600 catholics (so, Poles and Lithuanians;- Jews and others are not included). In this region to South West from Vilnius ~50% of catholics considered themselves Poles and the rest ~50% - Lithuanians. However data from different sources vary, plus to it there was big percent of undecided men (till 1918-20).

I can't say it's NPOV, what you wrote, but we must accept, that all this situation was not specific exclusively to a little village, Dubingiai, - it was common for all Central Lithuania (if we look at Central Lithuania, as I proposed in its talk page, as at cultural unit, not only short-aged political). For example, conflicts in churches were typical of quite the all Vilnius region both on Polish side and on Lithuanian.

I think it's better to disambiguate sentence about priests. Studies in priest seminaries in Lithuania till 1918 (and in Vilnius also later) were in Polish language. So, before WW II quite all priests in Lithuania knew polish language. These conflicts mostly were (I speak generally, not specifically) for time and frequency of (sacred) services in one or another language.

But I haven't found data specifically on Dubingiai. Even I doubt, if such data exist in some encyclopedic non-archival form. So I think, its better in this case use more abstract sentences, avoiding concrete statements, which can be incorrect. Some statements must be fined down too. For example, statement about Polish inhabitants and massacre of Lithuanians are not contradictory, when we know, that its spoken about the village with 300 inh. in the first case, and about all parish in the second.

But I afraid, this revising concerns all the article and even its structure. I'd like to pay more attention to it; I think I'll do it a bit later. Linas 15:13, 2004 May 20 (UTC)

Kazimieras GARŠVA
Kazimieras GARŠVA is a philologist. Would you be so kind to quote a historian instead? Xx236 14:19, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * What does it matter? If he has red documents and done research on this topic, he's reliable source. there is no license that distinguish historians and linguists.--Lokyz 14:46, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "Historian : a student or writer of history; especially : one who produces a scholarly synthesis" --Merriam Webster. So he is historian. Sigitas 18:37, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A PhD in history is nice, but we have the sources we have. I suggest noting in article that KG is a philologist and moving on, unless sb can provide souces to cast his reliability in doubht (per WP:RS).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:13, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Kazimieras GARŠVA is a philologist. One needs two minutes to check it. You may do it if I have myself. Xx236 13:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

'He's Ph.D. in Humanitarian disciplines - i.e. skilled enough to make conclusions from documents.--Lokyz 13:41, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

From which documents? Where does he quote any?Xx236 13:30, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Take a look here this is Polish author, historian.--Lokyz 13:53, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Are you sure you are proud of the facts? Xx236 14:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you sure what we are talking about? Where did I say something about being proud? This is encyclopedia, not beauty contest.
 * So do you believe now that massacre did exist? --Lokyz 14:19, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Town or village
With 260 inhabitants it sounds more like a village to me...--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:04, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * A "fortified" village (whatever it means). --Lysytalk 16:39, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a town. Lithuania has this city - town - village classification, and most of the time it's all based on history and not present-day population. The smallest offcial city has only 325 residents. Renata 01:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, then this one with 260 would be the smallest, wouldn't it?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 02:38, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, three different things: 1. cities (miestas, 103 as in the list), 2. towns (miestelis, ca. 235), and all sorts of 3. villages (kaimas). Very clear classification. Dubingiai is a miestelis, therefore a town. Renata 02:59, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

A monument
Is there a monument or are the victims commemorated in another way in the village ? --Lysytalk 20:29, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Lithuanian references
Would it be possible to provide exact page numbers in the Lithuanian references ? Right now the page ranges span whole chapters of individual authors. --Lysytalk 05:26, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Explanation of Lysy's removal of the number of victims of the massacre
I have removed the number of victims of the massacre in order to avoid the need for a longer discussion in this article. This is discussed in detail in Dubingiai massacre. Various numbers are given by different authors and should not be quoted without proper explanation of what they mean. Most authors give the number of victims in range of 20-27. The two hundred is not the number of the victims in Dubingiai but an estimate of the total number of victims in a number of towns and villages, span over longer timeframe, and executed by a number of different units. This number does not really belong to the article about Dubingiai but is explained in Dubingiai massacre. --Lysytalk 13:29, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Provided explanations not merit justification of removal up to date encyclopedic information. Provided "argument" that most authors give 20-27, should be noted that it refer to Polish authors. So by using this argument basic POV line is not met. Contributors are not in position do denounce at least Lithuanian historiography tradition, which regard that under Dubingiai name there were number of 200 victims and similar. Number of killed civilians must be presented without doubt. Looking to the Paneriai, which gives not even unbalanced by NOV killed people but also encompassing  several year (!) developments, which was carried out not even by different units but also by different ethic people, including and Poles. And yet again removal of enciclopedic information solely driven by only one contributors POV is not justify. In regards I will restore this information, do not remove this information again, until clear consensus on talk is reached among different contributors (and not only by Polish editors) to include numbers or not, however you are free to add apropriate tag on article main page, if needed. M.K. 14:04, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You have first to show that Lithuanian historiography differs. You have failed to do so, thus Lysy's version, as more NPOV, should remain.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 14:47, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * ? What? I presented the source; you presented your own speculation. What contributors should be trusted - a personal driven POV or source. I choose source, as WP policies required. M.K. 11:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

The above discussion shows exactly the reason why I have removed the figures. This particular article is about Dubingiai town, and does not need to be the place to demonstrate the POV difference on the massacre, since this can be (and is) much better done in the Dubingiai massacre article, where different POVs are discussed in detail. I would not mind providing the number of victims here, had it not been for the known controversies around these numbers, which require a wider explanation. There reason not to provide the number of victims here is exactly to avoid such disputes as the one above in this article. They belong to Talk:Dubingiai massacre. I'd be interested to hear the opinion of other Lithuanian editors on this approach. --Lysytalk 16:50, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Exactly this situation could been avoided if before making almost fork article Dubingiai massacre, you placed splitting tag to demonstrate good editing practices and wait for others to make input. This was not done. Exactly this situation would be avoided if before reducing article forking  was asked on article talk which info to leave or which remove. This was not done. So it is not surprisingly that article was adjusted to certain POV frame rather then NPOV version as required. Not surprisingly.  M.K. 11:04, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I think we should note the most common numbers: correct me if I am wrong, but the 20-27 range of victims in the village is not often questioned, is it? Any wider estimates, with their relevant time/place/POV issues, do indeed belong only to the detailed subarticle.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:22, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Commemoration
Is there a monument or other commemoration of the victims of the massacre in Dubingiai ? --Lysytalk 13:30, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

200 victims?
What is the source for the 200 victims? Who or what is "Panorama" (some kind of magazine? Who wrote the article, how reliable is the magazine and article's author)? Our previous numbers were 20-27 in the village, and 70-100 elsewhere around that period.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:58, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Can we discuss this in Talk:Dubingiai massacre please ? --Lysytalk 16:51, 5 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Perhaps we should move all threads related to that event there, leaving notices here?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:21, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Per request, translation of source info sounds like this: “By Polish historians’ calculations, at that time from AK hands died 27 Lithuanians, while Lithuanian ones calculate up to 200”. This publication was distributed by 40 000 circulation pieces, provides eyewitnesses accounts, as well as observers, including Polish ones.M.K. 14:42, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Dubingiai


text:
Domingo Santos

Domingo Santos (December 15, 1941 – November 2, 2018) was the pseudonym of Spaniard science fiction author Pedro Domingo Mutiñó. He is among the best-known science fiction authors in Spain. Together with Sebastián Martínez and Luis Vigil he founded the Spanish science fiction magazine Nueva Dimensión. A science fiction prize, awarded annually at the national science fiction convention HispaCon, is named in his honor.

He has also used the pseudonyms Peter Danger and Peter Dean.

Works (incomplete)

 * Gabriel, historia de un robot (Novela, 1963)
 * Burbuja (Novela, 1965)
 * Meteoritos (short stories, 1965)
 * Futuro imperfecto (short stories, 1981)
 * No lejos de la Tierra (short stories, 1986)

title: Domingo Santos


text:
Palos de la Frontera

Palos de la Frontera is a town and municipality located in the southwestern Spanish province of Huelva, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is situated some 13 km from the provincial capital, Huelva. According to the 2015 census, the city had a population of 10,365. It is most famous for being the place from which Columbus set sail in 1492, eventually reaching America.

History
The official date of foundation for Palos is 1322, when the town was granted to Alonso Carro and Carro's wife Berenguela Gómez by Alfonso XI of Castile, although the town may have been occupied during earlier centuries by Paleolithic, Tartessian, Roman, Visigothic, and Muslim inhabitants. Palos's name is derived from the Latin word palus (“lagoon”). It acquired its “surname” as Palos de la Frontera in May 1642.

At the time of its establishment as a town by Alfonso XI, Palos was part of the Almohad kingdom of Niebla, and was a small nucleus whose population subsisted on fishing and took advantage of the area's geographic protection against pirates and storms.

Álvar Pérez is considered the city's real founder. He was only fourteen when Juan I of Castile granted him the towns of Palos and Villalba del Alcor in 1379 to make up for the fact that Pérez de Guzmán was forced to give up Huelva and Gibraleón, which had become part of the county of Medinaceli. Álvar Pérez de Guzmán received from Juan I the right to tax the first fifty families who settled at Palos, and he began utilizing the lands around Palos for the cultivation of olive trees and production of olive oil. After the death of Álvar Pérez de Guzmán, his widow, Elvira de Ayala, daughter of the Chancellor of Castile, continued her husband's work until her death in 1434.

Palos's Golden Age is considered to have occurred in the 15th century (especially between 1470 and 1479), when it increased its population to 2,500 inhabitants and its economy, based on fishing and seafaring expeditions to Guinea, flourished. Palos took advantage of the War of the Castilian Succession, which became a war between Castile and Portugal, to challenge Portuguese domination of the Atlantic trade. Castilian naval forces always included natives of Palos, who were considered navigational experts:

Nevertheless, the war ended in defeat for the Castilian forces, and Ferdinand and Isabella, in the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) gave up all rights to Atlantic and African lands and seas, with the exception of the Canary Islands, which remained Castilian. Many natives of Palos nevertheless violated the agreement and encroached upon Portuguese sea routes in the Atlantic.

On August 3, 1492, the Pinta, Niña, and Santa María sailed from Palos. On board were the Spanish crew of Christopher Columbus and the Pinzón Brothers, who were natives of Palos. Palos is also the site of the Rábida Monastery where Columbus consulted with the Franciscans about his plans for organizing an expedition of discovery. The three Spanish ships landed in America on October 12, 1492. The Santa María foundered in American waters, but the other two ships returned to Palos on March 15, 1493.

Palos would play a pivotal role in the settlement and Christianization of the New World in succeeding centuries. La Rábida would play a central part in the Christian evangelization of the Americas. As La Rábida was a Franciscan monastery, that order would play a dominant role in this Christianization, and some of the first missionaries were natives of Palos, including Juan Izquierdo, Juan de Palos, Juan Cerrado, Pedro Salvador, Alonso Vélez de Guevara,, Thomás de Narváez, and Francisco Camacho.

With the establishment of the Casa de Contratación at Seville in 1503, Palos suffered a decline. Natives of Palos emigrated to America or to Seville, and Palos soon had few sailing vessels of its own. By the 18th century, the town had only about 125 inhabitants. However, during the same century, Catalan investors established a viticultural industry centered at Palos, and the population slowly reached its pre-1492 levels. Palos also transformed itself into a center of the shrimp industries, and also became a center for the cultivation of the “fresón de Palos” (Palos-grown garden strawberries), which are now exported to the European Union.

On June 22, 1926, the first hydroplane to cross the Atlantic, the Plus Ultra flying boat, took off from Palos. The journey, done in six stages, ended at Buenos Aires, Argentina. Alfonso XIII of Spain gave the Plus Ultra to the Argentine Navy, in which it served as a postal service airplane; the Argentines donated to Spain a statue of Icarus, which is situated at La Rábida. Alfonso XIII also granted to Palos the status as a city during this time.

John Paul II visited Palos on June 14, 1993, the only time a pope has visited the city. John Paul symbolically crowned the Palos's patron saint, the Virgin of Miracles (Virgen de los Milagros).

There is a station in the Madrid Metro named after this town.

In 1850 the small town of Trenton, Illinois, located southwest of Chicago, changed its name to Palos. This recommendation was made by M. S. Powell, the local postmaster, whose ancestor Pedro Alonso Niño sailed with Christopher Columbus from Palos de la Frontera. When it incorporated as a Village in 1914, Palos officially became Palos Park. The neighboring communities of Palos Hills and Palos Heights incorporated at later points. All three municipalities lie within Palos Township.

Sister Cities

 * 🇨🇴 Cali, Colombia
 * 🇮🇹 Latina, Italy
 * Lagos, Portugal

title: Palos de la Frontera


text:
Palos

Palos may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Two drums, the palos major and palos menor, used in the music of the Dominican Republic
 * Palo (flamenco), a flamenco musical forms
 * Palos (TV series), a 2008 Philippine TV series

Military

 * Battle of Cape Palos (1815), battle of the Second Barbary War
 * Battle of Cape Palos (1938), battle of the Spanish Civil War

Places

 * Palos de la Frontera, a municipality in Spain, from where Columbus sailed in 1492
 * Palos Verdes, a place in Los Angeles, California, U.S.
 * Cape Palos, cape on the Mediterranean coast of Spain
 * Palos, Illinois (disambiguation), several communities within Palos Township
 * Paloș (disambiguation), several places in Romania
 * Palos Site, Native American archaeological site in Illinois

People

 * Enrique Palos (born 1986), Mexican football goalkeeper

title: Palos


text:
User:Ben Zealley

22-M-UK, married, and a Cambridge University graduate in biochemistry).

My main interest is in life extension. I created the now defunct Cambridge University Life Extension and Rejuvenation Society to increase awareness of life extension research among junior members of the University. Now that I'm finally free of academic duties, I work as a full-time theoretical researcher for the Methuselah Foundation.

I am also interested in other branches of transhumanism, particularly uploading and molecular nanotechnology. On a less scientific front I have interests in video games (both designing and playing), cooking and outdoor sports like climbing and caving.

I have an occasionally updated blog at.

title: User:Ben Zealley


text:
Ed Derwinski

Edward Joseph Derwinski (September 15, 1926 – January 15, 2012) was an American politician who served as the first Cabinet-level United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs, serving under President George H. W. Bush from March 15, 1989 to September 26, 1992. He previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1983, representing south and southwest suburbs of Chicago.

Early life
He was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 15, 1926, to Sophia Zmijewski and Casimir Ignatius Derwinski, who died in 1947. Derwinski attended Loyola University of Chicago. Derwinski served in the United States Army in the Pacific Theater during World War II and in the postwar U.S. occupation of Japan. He graduated from Loyola University Chicago in 1951. He was a celebrated member of Alpha Delta Gamma National Fraternity.

Legislative career
In 1957, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, where he served one term before winning election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1958. He served 12 terms as a Republican representative from the 4th District of Illinois, a suburban region south and west of Chicago, eventually becoming ranking member of the House Foreign Relations Committee. He also served as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly 1971-1972 and as chairman of the U.S. delegation to the Interparliamentary Union from 1970–1972 and 1978-1980.

Executive career
A Democratic redistricting plan after the 1980 Census carved up the 4th District, with only about 15% of its territory being retained and added to various territory from other districts; Derwinski and fellow Republican congressman George M. O'Brien were placed in the same district, and O'Brien won the 1982 primary on the strength of having more of his previous district included in the new configuration. After Derwinski's loss, President Ronald Reagan appointed him Counselor to the State Department. In 1987, Reagan appointed him Under Secretary of State for Security Assistance, Science and Technology, where he served until the end of Reagan's term, shortly after which he was appointed Administrator of Veterans Affairs, in charge of the Veterans Administration, which was elevated to cabinet-level status as the Department of Veterans Affairs in 1989, making Derwinski the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

Advocacy
A Polish American, Derwinski was noted for his efforts on behalf of Eastern Europe throughout his career. Notably, he aided in the rehabilitation of the Serbian Royalist general Draža Mihailović. Mihailović had received the Legion of Merit for his resistance efforts against the Axis—but this information was marked "secret" at the behest of the State Department so as not to harm relations with Marshal Tito, the current ruler of Yugoslavia in 1967. Tito was Mihailović's rival in World War II, and after Tito's forces emerged triumphant, Mihailović was accused of collaboration with the Nazis and executed. At the urging of airmen involved in Operation Halyard who had been saved by Mihailović's forces and had heard rumors of the award to him, Derwinski insisted that the State Department make the text of President Truman's citation public, confirming that Mihailović had not collaborated. Derwinski served as head of "Ethnic Americans for Dole/Kemp" during the 1996 presidential election.

Post-politics
Derwinski resided in Glen Ellyn, Illinois with his wife, the former Bonita Hickey, known as Bonnie. He had two adult children, Maureen and Michael, from his first marriage to Patricia Derwinski.

Derwinski died in a nursing home from Merkel cell carcinoma, on January 15, 2012, at age 85. Derwinski was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

On learning of his death, former United States Senator Peter Fitzgerald (R-IL) described Derwinski as "a giant in Illinois politics [...] [H]e had incredible connections in all the different ethnic neighborhoods in Chicago, he was really loved by everybody on both sides".

title: Ed Derwinski


text:
Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar

Encoding
We need something other than iso-8859-1 for this page. How do we do that? Preferably UTF-8...

Joeljkp 15:23, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Obsolete letters
I've separated out the obsolete letters, to avoid confusion. By the way on my browser the digamma and sampi show up only in upper case, and qoppa and san don't show up at all, even with the font specification. rossb 12:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Greek alphabet letter images
Hello! I've added images, sans serif and serif, for all letters of the Greek alphabet. I'm unsure if this can – but should! :) – be incorporated into this table, but I thought it neat to clearly show visitors what each of these letters looked like, as each of the letters for the English alphabet (Latin alphabet) do. Thoughts? Thanks! E Pluribus Anthony 18:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Size
Can't this template be made smaller? Something like Template:Hebrew alphabet. In my opinion, the current version is too big - it takes up too much space on articles. Latinus 16:35, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It looks fine on my screen. The size is apparently defined by the top image, which is typically no larger than a well-size thumbnail. I'll try to tweak (e.g., use of smaller fonts).

 * Beyond this, retrofitting it as suggested might be problematic: as with the English template, note that the Greek template includes images, upper/lower case renditions, and (unlike the English one) letter names. Arguably, the Hebrew template should be retrofitted to incorporate more and closely resemble these, not to pare down others to exhibit less. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 18:34, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Table ordering -- across or down?
Hello. I find the table hard to read; I want to read down the columns, but the table is ordered across the rows. I believe it is generally more common to order items in a table across if the table is wider than it is deep, and order items down if it is deeper than it is wide. Does anyone object to reordering the table so that beta is below alpha instead of beside it? Thanks for your comments. 64.48.193.172 19:14, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Stigma image?
I don't know a lot about this subject, but I think that it's sure there should be an image from Stigma letter. Why it isn't in the template?

An image is available on the stigma page.

--Nethac DIU 12:09, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Table ordering -- across of down? answer
Now you say that, I think same - maybe we should do a voting about this subject. If there's already a votation, please put a link to it here. --Nethac DIU 12:12, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I came here with the same thought - that this current version is clunky and difficult to read. Barring any objections, I'll be bold and rearrange it and see what works. Perhaps something similar to Template:AZ. Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note? ) 22:01, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed new template
I made some small changes to the template - its shorter, but not wider, making it simply smaller. No content is changed, except that i added the "lower" case and "upper" case things at the top (to show which is which. The only reason I thought of doing this is that on the page for Mu, the picture could confuse people slightly, because showing capitol Mu and lower mu next to eachother look like "M" and "u" (Mu). When I first saw that I thought it might have just been a title as in "this is the character Mu", but its actually showing the way the capitol and lowercase letters look

Here it is:

Fresheneesz 22:48, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm just going to replace it till someone changes it back. Fresheneesz 12:10, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've restored the prior template: the revised one looks horrid, IMO, and takes up far too much space horizontally. E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 15:46, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * On my browswer, it takes up no more space horizontally and is simply shorter. I don't know why it would be different on yours.Fresheneesz 02:07, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It takes up more space horizontally on my monitor (in more than just one resolution) because, in the revised version, the text is spread across three columns, not two. This might not be an issue if we were dealing with the English alphabet (for which letters are simply known, without names alongside), but alas ... E Pluribus Anthony | talk | 02:19, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thats interesting, because when I view it, the picture of the letters on top is thing that determines the tables width. Perhaps there would be a way to condense it so it worked on your system too? Fresheneesz 10:34, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Lunate sigma
Do we really need variant forms on the main table? Probably all of them have a variant form of two, only some of which are encoded in unicode. --Ptcamn 11:20, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I notice that the lunate sigmas break the layout, so we might want to remove one. But frankly, there is a reason why lunate sigma is encoded in Unicode (as opposed to being considered a font variant). We might consider dropping final sigma instead, which is really just an automatic word-final variant. I wouldn't know that any other Greek letters have true (named) variants. dab (ᛏ) 11:34, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * btw, there are in fact encoded variants, such as ϐ, ϑ, ϵ, ϰ, ϱ, ϕ which I wouldn't dream of adding here, precisely because they are just font variants which got their own codepoints merely because of their use as technical/scientific symbols. I am unsure about ϖ. dab (ᛏ) 11:39, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * How's lunate sigma not a font variant? The article as it is, at least, doesn't describe any special usages. --Ptcamn 11:44, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Lunate sigma is on the verge of belonging to a different alphabet. Are Α and A font variants? "Greek alphabet" conventionally refers to both the Eastern and Western Greek alphabets. In principle, there would be nothing to stop us from cleanly disambiguating them as two different alphabets. I do not suggest that we do that of course, and I recognize this is a minor point. If you don't like it, I won't open an rfar about it :) dab (ᛏ) 11:54, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Columns instead of rows
I saw this template and thought it really needed to read correctly as you go down the columns, rather than across each row. I saw here on the talk page that several people had made this same point before, but nothing had ever been done. So I did it.

I didn't change the "obsolete letters" section; if those should be changed too, that should be easy enough. —Bkell (talk) 20:49, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Image parameter
I've added another parameter to this template, 'image' — it lets one specify the image to be used, in case the default naming convention 'Greek alphabet .png' doesn't apply (such as in Psi, which now uses an svg graphic). ~ Booya Bazooka 02:48, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Stigma image
For some reason, the image for stigma doesn't show up. -- Wol F ox  ( ★ Talk ★ ) Contribs 16:39, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Stigma didn't appeared correctly in template. Thus I fixed this image appropiately by replacement: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stigma_uc_lc.svg Now it displays correctly in template. Wikinger 19:03, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

San image
The letter San was not showing up properly in the table, either in Internet Explorer 7 or in Netscape 7.2. I've replaced it with an image, as used on the Greek version of this table. --rossb 12:27, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

And of course the image is not underlined (not linked) which perhaps improves legibility and might be extended to the other letters. I might add that I'm extremely dubious about including the letter Sho, and might make a case for including the ΟΥ ligature instead. --rossb 12:35, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Removed image at top of box
I have removed image at top of box because all of the images are broken on the pages. Note: Most of the Greek Letter pages have the image shown in a separate frame. Thanks,  Monkeyblu e  02:16, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Stigma
Stigma is not a "letter" -- it's a medieval ligature also used as a number in place of old digamma... AnonMoos (talk) 08:01, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Heta
Heta redirects to Eta. It makes sense (I think), but having what appear to be separate links that both go to the same place isn't ideal. Voxii (talk) 16:44, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Uppercase-only stigma & digamma
I realize that Future Perfect has been doing a lot of maintenance here--much appreciated! In, however, I disagree with the substitution of images for some of the characters that depend on images. In particular, it seems absurd that stigma and digamma, usually encountered in the real world in their lowercase forms, are here represented only by capitals. I'd prefer to keep both, or, if there is some kind of space issue I don't understand, the lower-case letters only. Wareh (talk) 16:25, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Unicode
Should we use Unicode for the "other characters" section? (see right) I also added lowercase forms of Heta and San, and the uppercase form of Stigma. I wasn't sure what to do about Koppa (I renamed it from "Qoppa" because that's how it is in Unicode and the article title) and Sampi, as they each have two archaic and two modern forms. In the current version, Koppa is uppercase archaic, lowercase modern ("Ϙϟ"); and Sampi is lowercase modern, uppercase archaic ("ϡͲ"). As you can see, I decided to separate the archaic and less-significant modern forms, labeling the modern forms as "modern Ϙ/Ͳ." I'm sure that someone can come up with a better way to separate these forms, or make the way it was in the images make more sense. Doggitydogs (talk) 17:20, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, here's how the above displays in the web-browser on my system; I don't have the latest software versions, but I do have the Arial Unicode font...

 * I think that lower-case forms of most of the "other characters" should be omitted from the template, since they were only added to Unicode somewhat recently, and they often have had very little real use... AnonMoos (talk) 22:44, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * In fact all four of these characters which the average reader of ancient texts actually sees on occasion (digamma, stigma, sampi, qoppa) are more commonly used in lower-case. So I say we should keep the images as a kludge before discarding the lower-case. As for your regrettable display result, the problem can only be (1) absence of fonts or (2) old browsing software that will not automatically find the right fonts to display anything covered in your installed fonts. If it's just (1), I think if you install a couple of fonts like New Athenian Unicode and Cardo, you'll have the problem licked. That doesn't mean we can expect the median viewer of this template to go to such lengths, but anyone interested in Greek will benefit from having such fonts installed. (There are better fonts for display purposes, but these stand out for including lots of odd characters.) Wareh (talk) 00:30, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * However, in the use of numeral characters, and in actual ancient inscriptions, the distinction of upper-case vs. lower-case was irrelevant, which means that the whole distinction between upper-case vs. lower-case is fairly recent (and in some cases seems to owe as much to Michael Everson as anything -- see http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/numerals.html ).  Also, it's reasonable to expect people to download fonts for certain scripts (such as Cuneiform or Hieroglyphs) which are unlikely to be pre-installed on their system, and without which everything will display as empty boxes or question marks. However, this is much less true for Greek... -- AnonMoos (talk) 01:32, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * If we wanted archaic/classical authenticity, we wouldn't be giving lower-case forms at all. But I feel pretty sure that, well before Michael Everson was born, the lower-case forms of these letters were already far more widespread, because the modern editions that printed them as numerals and letters were read (and still are) by many more readers, in many more copies, than facsimiles & faithful transcriptions of ancient inscriptions etc. (the only places to see such typographical rarities as upper-case qoppa and digamma). If Michael Everson's generation was responsible for an appalling barbarism, it was that e.g. we need an upper-case form for stigma. I've never seen upper-case used in an edition for a numeral. Are we misunderstanding each other, or is it clear enough why "lower-case forms...should be omitted" seemed as bizarre to me as I believe it would have seemed to a 1962 version of myself? Wareh (talk) 01:49, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Whether the forms that existed before case differentiation should be properly considered upper-case or lower-case is a matter that could be discussed, but in Unicode they seem to have mainly been assimilated to upper-case (whether rightly or wrongly). I still don't think we need to include both upper- and lower-case forms on the template, since the distinction is often semi-artificial or recently-created, and the Unicode-defined lower-case forms will not display on many people's systems... AnonMoos (talk) 07:26, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Late comment: about the casing pairs, I largely agree with AnonMoos. Each of these cases is rather different: So, to Wareh: no, of course I wouldn't say "lowercase forms should be omitted". But we should still just list one single form for most of these letters – uppercase style where uppercase is the only form in real use, and lowercase style where lowercase is the only form in real use.
 * Digamma has a legitimate, well established tradition of cased typesetting in modern print, and should therefore be presented in both forms.
 * Epigraphical/textual Koppa also has something of a tradition of cased typesetting, but the two forms are essentially identical, differing only in vertical alignment, so listing them both here offers the reader no addition value in recognizing and identifying the letter (which is the only thing this box is made for).
 * The numerals, i.e. stigma, numeric Koppa and numeric Sampi, essentially are lowercase forms, both according to their historical origin and according to their usage in modern print. Separate uppercase forms have been historically marginal and, where they existed, typographically inconsistent. To the extent that there is any coherent, recognizable tradition of uppercase letters at all with any of these, they are again just stretched variants of the lowercase (or, if you will, caseless) default forms. So, again no extra benefit in listing them separately. (The fact that Unicode decided to first define the default/lowercase/caseless forms as "uppercase" codepoints, and then added an extra set of "lowercase" codepoints as an afterthought, causing a chaos of inconsistencies across fonts, doesn't help matters.)
 * Epigraphical Sampi, San, and "Tsan", have never had any tradition of cased typesetting at all. Here, the lowercase versions are purely artifacts of the Unicode encoding process; I have yet to see any of them anywhere in print.

About the question of whether to use characters or images, I'm for images, because of the confusion in the fonts. Epigraphic Sampi and Heta were encoded so recently that most systems won't have them; the implementation of numeral Sampi is botched due to Unicode's casing vagaries (old fonts have only the uppercase codepoint, while new fonts have the real thing at the lowercase codepoint and some ugly concoction at the uppercase); implementation of Koppa is botched owing to confusion between epigraphic and numeral forms (see File:Greek Stigma and Koppa font design.svg). Images are the only thing that guarantees readers will see what we want them to see. Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:32, 23 September 2011 (UTC) Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:32, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

By the way, some of the above comments about what will display in people's browsers are now obsolete or semi-obsolete, due to the advent of dynamically-loaded fonts... AnonMoos (talk) 19:31, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Sho (letter)
I see that this oddity was included in the template in 2006. Is it correct to exclude it at this point? Varlaam (talk) 21:43, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

 * User:Wikinger/CBMIBM (now banned) attached great theological significance to it, but it was never actually used in Greece or to write the Greek language, so it's difficult to see why it has greater claim to inclusion than the Coptic letters do... AnonMoos (talk) 01:44, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't have a personal stand either way. But if I might play devil's advocate for a moment.
 * Looking at a different alphabet, we have "Russian" vs. "Cyrillic" where Russian can be narrowly inclusive and "Cyrillic" can be broadly inclusive, with all the assorted oddities.
 * In our present case, we happen to call these two variants "Greek" and "Greek", don't we?
 * So you are favouring Greek (narrow) over Greek (broad).
 * Is there a case for set and subset?
 * Is there a reason to have a distinct Greek (broad) template that invokes Greek (narrow)?
 * I happen to have looked at this template a number of times over the past few years since I think it's rather interesting, so I was surprised today while looking at Thorn (letter) to suddenly discover yet another "Greek" letter.
 * Eureka!™ if I might coin an expression here.
 * Devilishly advocating whilst expressing no opinion whatsoever, Varlaam (talk) 03:22, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * However endearing some of the "extras" may be, useful prioritizing means that everything outside the Ionian 24 must be subordinated to the Ionian 24, and things that are only of real interest to a rather small number of scholars must not be given undue prominence.  Again, Coptic (which is still the liturgical language for 10% of the population of Egypt today) would seem to have far greater claims than sho (which is basically only attested on some coins of a 2000 year-old dynasty), so I'm not sure why sho is being pushed ahead of Coptic if you're interested in "Greater Greek script"... AnonMoos (talk) 04:25, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree the Coptic symbols are much more interesting. But we don't currently have individual character articles for them anyway (and we wouldn't have "Sho" either, if it hadn't been for W., of course.) What we could do is include links not to the individual letters, but to articles on the scripts. Something like: "Use in other languages: Bactrian · Coptic · Albanian". How about that? Fut.Perf. ☼ 11:49, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Graphics versus Unicode chars, again
About this recent edit, inserting standard Unicode characters in place of the inline graphics we used previously for the archaic characters: while I can obviously see the motivation behind this change, are we really certain this will now be okay for our readers? The last time I looked (in 2011), there seemed to be still some massive problems about font coverage on common computer systems, making textual characters problematic: How reliably can we make readers see what we want them to see? Fut.Perf. ☼ 14:02, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Archaic epigraphic "sampi" (U+0372, Ͳ), "heta" (U+0370, Ͱ) and "tsan" (U+0376, Ͷ) were only added to Unicode in 2008 and were not yet widely supported in 2011 except in some rare specialist fonts. Has this changed significantly by now? Moreover, in almost all fonts I've seen, "tsan" is significantly ugly (historically, it should not be a straight reverse N as usually shown, but slanted as in Greek Sigma 01.svg.)
 * 2) The two shapes of Koppa were still not reliably distinguished in widely available and popular Greek fonts. Even though the "epigraphic" set of codepoints has been officially around in Unicode since 2002, many fonts were still showing "epigraphic" (closed) glyphs at the codepoint(s) were the numeral (lightning-bolt-shaped) glyph should be.
 * 3) Lower-case "digamma" (ϝ) tends to be uɡly in many existing fonts. The glyph I'm seeing right now (with a long s-curved shape, similar to a crossed "∫") is very much not the kind of glyph that you'll find in older printed works, where something like Digamma et stigma.png is much more likely.
 * I'd rather we've all of them in epigraphic form (images). Serif sampi, heta and tsan (reverse N) look hideous. — Lfdder (talk) 14:44, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Are you calling Arial and Times New Roman “specialist”? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ï¿½ (talk • contribs) 14:36, 2 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Since when have those fonts had these characters, and what percentage of our readers' machines can we assume are by now properly equipped with them? Please see a few threads further up here, where one of our most regular editors in this topic area reported that he was seeing question marks on his computer, just two years ago. Fut.Perf. ☼ 14:40, 2 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Please see version history and distribution table of Arial font across various MS products here: . If I'm not quite mistaken, Windows XP shipped with versions of these fonts that still didn't have these characters. According to our Windows XP article, market share of Windows XP computers was still around 37% some time earlier this year. Fut.Perf. ☼ 14:49, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Sidebar or infobox
I recently became aware of a problem arising out of the use of this template. It is a sidebar, so it's not displayed on mobile view. This shouldn't normally be an issue because sidebars only provide links to related topics, and so are not essential for understanding the article they appear on. The trouble is that in addition to links to related articles, this template does provide one essential bit of content – the image of the letter. So anyone who access articles on Greek letters on a mobile (that's about one out of two readers), will not be able to see how these letters look. We need to move the image out of this template and display it either on its own, or as part of a newly added instance of infobox grapheme (as is done for example at Q). – Uanfala (talk) 02:39, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this up. Personally, I'd be quite strongly opposed to using infobox grapheme, which is one of the most ill-designed, most cluttered and least readable infoboxes I've encountered (at least the way it's been implemented for the Latin letters, Q being an illustrative example of how utterly horrible it is). I wouldn't mind moving the image to just an old-fashioned standalone image above the box. Or could we just redefine the box formatting to use the "infobox" rather than the "sidebar" class, so it would simply behave like an infobox? Finally, I'm not sure if the image as such is really such an "essential bit of content" – all of the articles naturally contain the character in question right at the beginning of the lead sentence, where it should be accessible to all readers, just not quite as large as in the image. Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:58, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

Graphics vs Unicode, episode 3 (November 2021)
The discussions above on graphics vs Unicode are about 10 years old; at this point I expect every significant browser / OS pair to have support for archaic Greek letters, so I think we should make the change.

I've made a copy of the template with Unicode letters so people can preview the change. MattF (talk) 17:12, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I've made the chanɡe, for now, thouɡh I'm still a bit skeptical whether this is going to get correct output for all readers. Unfortunately there's probably no way of knowing, unless people complain. Fut.Perf. ☼ 08:25, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you! MattF (talk) 02:46, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 January 2023 - fix Greek Stigma incorrectly labelled as Digamma
ϛ (6) + 2604:3D09:1482:200:9947:A1C1:D878:E79D (talk) 09:59, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for flagging this, but ❌, using the digamma article as the link target for that entry was actually intentional. The stigma (ligature) article is about the use of the identical-looking sign as a graphical ligature for σ+τ; its use as a numeral is covered primarily under digamma. (There once was a discussion if those two article shouldn't actually be merged, which I was in favour of, but some other editors weren't.) Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:14, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Internet 2603:8001:2240:BA28:BC34:6B50:FF0F:A64E (talk) 19:26, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 December 2023
The link to the archaic letter Digamma goes to the wrong place. It goes to San when it should go to here: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CD%B6 38.59.172.79 (talk) 16:34, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅, added link to the Pamphylian digamma on Wikipedia instead, as no other letters link to Wiktionary. I will not remove the existing link to, as it states: Let me know if you would like this to be changed further.  TG  HL ↗  🍁 22:28, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Discussion on updating History section
Since there are lowercase versions of archaic Greek letters, I've revamped the formatting for the history section in my sandbox. If this change could be added to make the archaic letters section more readable, that would be great. » PKMNLives  --  Talk   18:01, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The lower-case versions of at least some of those letters were basically invented by Unicode (or by Michael Everson for Unicode). Case variation of these letters is not very important in terms of the overall history of the Greek alphabet... AnonMoos (talk) 23:22, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah. Okay, I've been working on it a bit, so I've simply left the uppercase versions of archaic letters and removed the lowercase versions of said archaic letters. Also, the diacritics are demonstrated using characters that take said diacritics. » PKMNLives  --  Talk   00:23, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Lowercase digamma used to write a [w] sound occurs in a number of printed books, and could be OK (though the fact that it was invented by non-Greeks in a philological context in recent centuries might be a little awkward). An upper-case vs. lower-case distinction in the symbols used to write the numbers 6, 90, and 900 would seem to be of little value (if you want, you can search and download the PDF of document "N1743: Additional Greek characters for the UCS" by Michael Everson, some details of which were controversial). AnonMoos (talk) 02:36, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I do think it is a little strange then to include uppercase stigma. For context, this is what came up for N1743: . This PDF doesn't cover heta (Ͱͱ) or tsan (Ͷͷ), but the reasoning as to why small sampi or small qoppa might not be useful in an infobox remains the same: The letter forms are basically identical for the case variants and the lowercase forms are irrelevant outside of historical linguists trying to avoid camel casing Arcadian and Cypriot dialects of Ancient Greek.
 * Looking through unicode.org got me to the proposal for uppercase kai: . Proposal N3122 proposes a bunch of obscure Latin letters... and uppercase kai, present due to its frequent usage, particularly on signage. With lowercase archaic letters, those are used primarily for making ancient texts less typographically awkward to deal with. Ϗ and ϗ have noticeably different forms, relative to, say, Ͷ and ͷ, or Ϛ and ϛ, and since Ϗ is actually used in signage instead of being primarily a philological convention, including capital kai in the template is fully reasonable in my opinion. » PKMNLives  🖛  Talk   06:02, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't remember that there was a discussion about this in 2011 above on this page. Michael Everson has done a lot of good, unglamorous work to get obscure or difficult scripts encoded, but he definitely has some quirks (in my opinion, his peak quirkiness was the almost worthless "Proposal to add the Hebrew Tetragrammaton to ISO/IEC 10646", submitted just two weeks before N1743), while in N1743 he put the weight of his influence behind enshrining the lowercase 6, 90, 900 numerics into Unicode, despite the doubts of a number of people, including the official Greek government standards authority... AnonMoos (talk) 17:22, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah. Okay, so I will use the most common case for each ligature (i.e. their lowercase forms). I do think uppercase kai is likely to be encountered, but it is fairly obvious that the uppercase kai ligature is still kai, and ditto for lowercase forms of archaic letters. Uppercase for archaic letters and lowercase for ligatures makes sense, then. » PKMNLives  🖛  Talk   20:41, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Here, I've updated my draft to match your recommended changes (and therefore avoid headaches associated with listing recently invented or otherwise rare case forms ϝ, ϻ, ͱ, ϙ, ͳ, ͷ, Ϛ, and Ϗ in an infobox). I've also simplified the "Use in other languages" section to Bactrian · Coptic · Albanian · Old Italic scripts for simplicity. » PKMNLives  🖛  Talk   21:01, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar


text:
User:Gleam~enwiki

&

User:Gleam living in Yokohama,Japan, is a sysop in jawp.

title: User:Gleam~enwiki


text:
Shamit Kachru

Shamit Kachru (born 1970) is an American theoretical physicist, a professor emeritus of physics at Stanford University, and a former Wells Family Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. He served as the Stanford Physics Department Chair from 2018 to 2021. He retired in 2023.

Career
Kachru's research has explored a broad range of topics in string theory and quantum field theory, and their applications in cosmology, condensed matter physics, and elementary particle theory. He has made central contributions to the study of compactifications of string theory from ten to four dimensions, especially in the investigation of mechanisms which could yield string models of dark energy or cosmic inflation. He has also made notable contributions to the discovery and exploration of string dualities, to the study of models of supersymmetry breaking in string theory, and to the construction of calculable dual descriptions of strongly coupled particle physics and condensed matter systems. More recently, his work has focused on connections between geometry, number theory, and string theory. His research has also moved into theoretical questions in evolutionary biology and ecology.

Kachru is a recipient of a Department of Energy Outstanding Junior Investigator Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, the Bergmann Memorial Award, a David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship, and a Simons Investigator Award. He was elected as a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2022.

In 1986, Kachru attended the prestigious Research Science Institute. He graduated from University High School in Urbana, Illinois and from Harvard University before obtaining a doctorate in physics from Princeton University under the supervision of Edward Witten. Kachru was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows. In 2017 he received a Simons Investigator Award.

Kachru is best known for his extensive research on flux compactifications (including work with Steve Giddings and Joseph Polchinski), which can stabilize the extra dimensions of string theory. In collaboration with Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde, and Sandip Trivedi, he found the first models of accelerated expansion of the universe in low energy supersymmetric string compactifications (see KKLT mechanism). He made notable contributions to string theory duality (with Cumrun Vafa), the AdS/CFT correspondence (with Eva Silverstein), and to the construction of models of cosmic inflation. He has also done significant work on the holographic description of finite density quantum matter, the theory of non-Fermi liquids, and the understanding of moonshine and its connections to physics and geometry.

As of September 2023, Kachru is working with PDT Partners, and according to his website his "current scientific research is focused on understanding dynamics of various liquid global financial markets".

He is the son of Braj Kachru and Yamuna Kachru, and is married to fellow Stanford professor Eva Silverstein.

title: Shamit Kachru


text:
Eva Silverstein

Eva Silverstein (born October 24, 1970) is an American theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and string theorist. She is a professor of physics at Stanford University and director of the Modern Inflationary Cosmology collaboration within the Simons Foundation Origins of the Universe initiative.

Life, education, and work
Raised in Spokane, Washington, Silverstein is the daughter of Harry S. and Lorinda Knight Silverstein and graduated from Lewis and Clark High School. Her father is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Washington State University in Pullman. Silverstein earned her bachelor's degree in physics from Harvard University in 1992 and her doctoral degree from Princeton University four years later.

Silverstein's primary research areas include cosmic inflation, namely the creation of predictive and testable new mechanisms which have enabled systematic understanding of the process and the role of ultraviolet-sensitive qualities in observational cosmology (including string-theoretic versions of large field inflation and novel mechanisms involving inflation interactions); implications of long-range interactions in string theory for black hole physics; and mechanism development for breaking super-symmetry and stabilizing the extra dimensions of string theory. In her work on early-universe cosmology, she makes extensive contributions to string theory and gravitational physics. Her early work included control of tachyon condensation in string theory and resulting resolution of some spacetime singularities (with Joseph Polchinski and others). Other significant research contributions include the construction of the first models of dark energy in string theory, some basic extensions of the AdS/CFT correspondence to more realistic field theories (with Shamit Kachru), as well as the discovery of a predictive new mechanism for cosmic inflation involving D-brane dynamics (with David Tong) which helped motivate more systematic analyses of primordial non-Gaussianity.

Silverstein is married to fellow string theorist Shamit Kachru; both were doctoral students of Edward Witten.

Academic appointments

 * Postdoctoral associate, Rutgers University, 1996–1997
 * Assistant professor, SLAC, Stanford, 1997–2001
 * Associate professor, SLAC and Stanford Physics Department, Stanford, 2001–2006
 * Professor, SLAC and Stanford Physics Department, Stanford, 2006–2016
 * Professor, Stanford Physics Department, Stanford, 2006–Present
 * Professor, University of California Physics Department

Awards and honors

 * MacArthur Fellow, 1999
 * DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator, 1999–2001
 * Sloan Fellowship, 1999–2003
 * Bergmann Memorial Award, 2000
 * APS Fellow, 2016 "For fundamental contributions to quantum gravity and early universe cosmology."
 * Simons Investigator, 2017
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) Elected Fellow, 2020

title: Eva Silverstein


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User talk:Ben Zealley

Hello Ben, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: How to edit a page, Tutorial, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should probably read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

You may have already noticed that you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is mostly useful, and is considered good wikiquette, on talk pages. Actual wikipedia articles should never be signed - they belong to the community, rather than the individual who created them.

Again, welcome - and good luck with the exams! --ALargeElk 15:30, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ben Zealley