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The Bone People

The Bone People, styled by the writer and in some editions as the bone people, is a 1984 novel by New Zealand writer Keri Hulme. Set on the coast of the South Island of New Zealand, the novel focuses on three characters, all of whom are isolated in different ways: a reclusive artist, a mute child, and the child's foster father. Over the course of the novel the trio develop a tentative relationship, are driven apart by violence, and reunite. Māori and Pākehā (New Zealand European) culture, myths and language are blended through the novel. The novel has polarised critics and readers, with some praising the novel for its power and originality, while others have criticised Hulme's writing style and portrayals of violence.

Hulme spent many years working on the novel, but was unable to find a mainstream publisher willing to accept the book without significant editing; it was eventually published by the small all-women collective of Spiral. After initial commercial success in New Zealand, the book was published overseas and became the first New Zealand novel and first debut novel to win the Booker Prize in 1985, although not without controversy; two of the five judges opposed the book's choice for its portrayals of child abuse and violence. Nevertheless, the novel has remained popular into the 21st century, continuing to sell well in New Zealand and overseas, and is widely recognised as a New Zealand literary classic.

Plot summary
Kerewin lives in a tower overlooking the sea on the coast of the South Island. She is isolated from her family and interacts little with the local community, but is able to live independently after winning a lottery and investing well. On a stormy afternoon, a young child, Simon, appears at the tower. He is mute and communicates with Kerewin through hand signals and notes. He is picked up the next morning by a family friend; later that evening Simon's foster father, Joe, visits Kerewin to thank her for looking after Simon. After a freak storm years earlier, Simon was found washed up on the beach with very few clues as to his identity. Despite Simon's mysterious background, Joe and his wife Hana took the boy in. Later, Joe's infant son and Hana both died, forcing Joe to bring the troubled and troublesome Simon up on his own.

Kerewin finds herself developing a tentative relationship with the boy and his father. Gradually it becomes clear that Simon is a deeply traumatised child, whose strange behaviours Joe is unable to cope with. Kerewin discovers that, in spite of the real familial love between them, Joe is physically abusing Simon. Horrified, she initially says nothing to Joe, but suggests they travel to her family's bach (holiday home) by the beach for a break. Early on in their stay she confronts Joe and asks him to go easier on Simon. Joe and Kerewin argue, and after Simon spits at Joe, she intervenes to stop Joe from beating him, using her aikido skills. Following the incident, Joe promises not to beat Simon without her permission. They spend the rest of their time at the beach fishing, talking and drinking.

After returning home from the holiday, Simon sees the aftermath of a violent death and seeks Kerewin out for support, but she is angry with him for stealing one of her prized possessions. Simon reacts by punching her; she instinctively hits him in the chest and in response he kicks in the side of her guitar, a gift from her estranged mother. Kerewin tells him to get out. Simon goes to the town and breaks a series of shop windows, and when he is returned home by the police Joe calls Kerewin, who gives Joe permission to beat the child (but tells him not to "overdo it"). Joe beats Simon severely, believing he has driven Kerewin away. Simon, who has concealed a shard of glass from a shop window, stabs his father. Both are hospitalised, with Simon falling into a coma. Joe is released quickly but sent to prison for three months for child abuse, and in the meantime Kerewin leaves town and demolishes her tower.

Simon eventually recovers, albeit with some loss of hearing and brain damage, and is sent to live in foster care against his wishes. He is unhappy and continually runs away, trying to get back to Joe and Kerewin. After Joe's release from prison, he travels aimlessly. He jumps off a cliff and nearly kills himself, but is rescued by a dying kaumātua (respected elder) who says he has been waiting for Joe. He asks Joe to take over guardianship of a sacred waka (canoe), containing the spirit of a god, which Joe accepts. In the meantime, Kerewin becomes seriously ill with stomach pains. Although she visits a doctor who says he is concerned it may be stomach cancer, she refuses to allow him to investigate further and insists he write her a prescription for sleeping pills. After several weeks in a mountain cabin, on the point of death, she is visited by a spirit of some kind and cured.

Kerewin returns to her community and takes custody of Simon. Joe also returns, bringing with him the sacred spirit. Without Kerewin's knowledge or permission, he contacts Kerewin's family, resulting in a joyous reconciliation. The final scene of the novel depicts the reunion of Kerewin, Simon and Joe, celebrating with family and friends back at the beach where Kerewin has rebuilt the old marae (communal meeting house) and rebuilt her home, not as a tower but in the shape of a shell with many spirals.

Themes and characters
The novel focuses on three main characters, all of whom are isolated in different ways. In the short prologue at the start of the novel, the then-unnamed characters are described as "nothing more than people by themselves", but together "the hearts and muscles and mind of something perilous and new, the instruments of change". The three characters are:
 * Kerewin Holmes – Kerewin lives in an isolated tower by the sea, estranged from her family and community. She is part-Māori, part-Pākehā, and asexual. She is skilled, knowledgeable and creative, but although seeing herself as a painter finds herself unable to paint. At the outset of the novel she spends her days fishing and drinking. She is often preparing food or eating, which links the novel to traditional Māori storytelling themes of food and its preparation. She has been described as a "clear stand-in for the author". Hulme said that Holmes began as an alter-ego character but "escaped out of my control and developed a life of her own".
 * Simon P. Gillayley – Simon is a mute child, aged six or seven, with an immense interest in details of the world around him. Simon has a deep attachment to both Joe and Kerewin, but he shows his love in odd ways. He exhibits a disregard for personal property. He is isolated from others by his inability to speak, and others mistake his muteness for stupidity. His life before meeting Joe is never described in detail, although it is hinted that he was abused before meeting Joe. He is Pākehā, with blonde hair and blue eyes.
 * Joe Gillayley – Joe is Simon's foster father. His alcoholism clouds his judgement, particularly in his raising of Simon, who he physically abuses. Joe seems to both love and respect Kerewin, but also to compete with her. He is deeply scarred and isolated by the death of his wife and infant child, and is disconnected from his Māori heritage.

The relationship between these three troubled characters is characterised by violence and difficulty in communicating. Violence, pain and suffering appear frequently in the novel, most notably through Joe's beating of Simon, but also through the characters' spiritual pain and isolation. Both Kerewin and Joe are estranged from their Māori heritage and identity, and both have lost their families. All three characters experience near-death experiences over the course of the novel. Some critics have described Simon as a Christ-like figure in his suffering and his salvation of Joe and Kerewin, although Hulme herself has rejected this comparison, saying "none of his suffering is for anyone else".

Over the course of the novel the three characters bond and become "the bone people". In Māori, the term iwi, usually referring to a tribal group, literally means "bone". Thus, in the novel, Simon imagines Joe saying the phrase "E nga iwi o nga iwi", which the book's glossary explains: "It means, O the bones of the people (where "bones" stands for ancestors or relations), or, O the people of the bones (i.e. the beginning people, the people who make another people)." Each character represents aspects of New Zealand's racial culture. Through their love of Simon and acceptance of Māori myth into their lives, Joe and Kerewin are able to transform themselves. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature describes the three as becoming "a new multicultural group, founded on Māori spirituality and traditional ritual, who offer transformative hope to a country stunted by the violence of its divided colonial legacy".

The relationship between Joe and Kerewin is not a sexual one, although Joe does consider Kerewin as a possible partner and the two form a close bond that is akin to a romantic relationship or a parental one with Simon. At the end of the book Joe and Simon take her last name, not for sentimental reasons but for what Kerewin describes as "good legal sense". Critic C.K. Stead has said he considers this to be the "imaginative strength" of the work: "that it creates a sexual union where no sex occurs, creates parental love where there are no physical parents, creates the stress and fusion of a family where there is no actual family".

The spiral form frequently appears as a symbol throughout the novel, and is linked to the koru as an "old symbol of rebirth" in Māori culture. An early review by New Zealand writer and academic Peter Simpson noted how particularly apt it was for the book to have been published by the Spiral collective, because "the spiral form is central to the novel's meaning and design; it is in effect the code of the work informing every aspect from innumerable local details to the overall structure". It represents the sense of community, cultural integration and open-endedness that gives the characters hope at the end of the novel.

Style
The novel is divided into four sections of three parts each, loosely covering the four seasons of a year. Much of the narration is from the perspective of Kerewin, and predominantly in the third-person, but some sections are told from the perspective of Joe or Simon, including those sections which relate to Joe's violent beating of Simon. The prose is often in a stream of consciousness or poetic style denoting characters' inner thoughts. It also incorporates use of the Māori language, usually untranslated in the text, but with a glossary at the back of the book. The novel frequently features the dreams of the three characters, and in the final section the narrative shifts from realism to mysticism.

The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature observes that the novel requires active concentration from the reader, given the mixture of poetry and prose, New Zealand slang and Māori phrases, realistic and supernatural elements, and tonal shifts from ordinary and banal to lyrical and sacred. Judith Dale, in a review for Landfall, describes Hulme's writing as "highly idiosyncratic, often florid, with a wide lexical range"; the book "abounds with literary allusions, arcane references and a self-conscious use of language that depends on wide and esoteric reading". Merata Mita describes the writing as "reminiscent of musical patterns in jazz".

Publication history
As a teenager in the mid-1960s, Hulme began writing short stories about a mute child called Simon Peter. She continued to write about this character and develop the material which would eventually form a novel into adulthood, while working a series of short seasonal jobs such as tobacco-picking and later working as a journalist and television producer. The novel's two other key characters, Kerewin Holmes and Joe Gillayley, were developed at a later stage.

When Hulme began submitting her draft novel to publishers, she was told to trim it down and rewrite it; she reworked the manuscript seven times, with some assistance from her mother on editing the early chapters. In 1973 she moved to Ōkārito, on the West Coast of the South Island, where the book was completed. At least four publishers rejected the novel; at least two did not refuse it outright but required it to be edited significantly. Hulme refused, however, to allow them to "go through [her] work with shears". In rejecting the manuscript, William Collins, Sons wrote: "Undoubtedly Miss Hulme can write but unfortunately we don't understand what she is writing about."

Hulme had almost given up on publication when she met Marian Evans, a founder of the Women's Gallery and a member of the women's publishing collective Spiral. She later recorded that she had reached the point of deciding to embalm the manuscript in resin and use it as a doorstop. In 1981, Hulme sent Evans a copy of the manuscript, which Evans passed onto Māori leaders Miriama Evans (no relation to Marian) and Irihapeti Ramsden. Both Miriama and Ramsden saw the book as a Māori novel, with Ramsden comparing Hulme's writing to her childhood experiences of listening to Māori elders share oral traditions and stories. They decided to publish the work as a Spiral collective, on a limited budget but with help from other supporters and institutions. It was typeset by the Victoria University of Wellington Students' Association, and proofread by members of Spiral (Marian later acknowledged that the proofreading "was uneven, dependent on the skills of various helpers"). The novel's publication was also supported by a couple of small grants from the New Zealand Literary Fund.

The first edition, a print-run of 2,000 copies published in February 1984, sold out in weeks. After the second edition sold out similarly quickly, Spiral collaborated with English publishing house Hodder & Stoughton to co-publish the third edition. A further 20,000 copies were sold of this edition. The first American edition was published by Louisiana State University Press in 1985. The novel has been translated into nine languages (Dutch, Norwegian, German, Swedish, Finnish, Slovak, French, Danish and Spanish). In 2010 it was one of six novels comprising Penguin Books' Ink series, a subset of 75 titles re-released in celebration of the publishing house's 75th anniversary, each with jacket art "specially designed by some of the world's best artists working in the world of tattoos and illustration". The cover features art by New Zealand tattoo artist Pepa Heller.

Reception
The novel polarised readers and reviewers, receiving both critical acclaim and strong criticism. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature considers that the novel "must be acknowledged as one of contemporary New Zealand literature's most powerful rewritings of the ideology of nationalism and a prophetic vision of New Zealand's multicultural future." It was praised by authors such as Alice Walker, who said in a letter to Spiral that it "is just amazingly wondrously great", and fellow New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera, who said he "was totally amazed that a book that I knew had been put together by a small feminist publication company had made it to the top of the literary world". Publisher Fergus Barrowman said: "It was fantastic, unlike anything else. It completely enlivened and altered my sense of New Zealand literature."

On the other hand, some reviewers have criticised the book's style and Hulme's writing. Agnes-Mary Brooke, writing for The Press, called it "grandiose, inflated nonsense". Fleur Adcock said it was "hard to be sure whether this remarkable novel is a masterpiece or just a glorious mess"; in response, Judith Dale asked whether the novel's unsettled structure formed part of the appeal: "Mystery or muddle, mess or masterpiece, is it precisely the unresolved, unsettling, unsettled and dissolving strands of the bone people which make up its attraction for other readers as for me?" More recently, Sam Jordison, reviewing the book in 2009 for The Guardian, described Hulme's writing as a "morass of bad, barely comprehensible prose", and felt that by the end of the novel "the-all-too realistic story of abuse and trauma breaks down into absurd mysticism".

New Zealand academic and writer C. K. Stead suggested in a 1985 article that Hulme should not be identified as a Māori writer, on the basis that she was only one-eighth Māori. He praised the novel however for its "imaginative strength" and said it was at its core "a work of great simplicity and power"; years later he described the work as "New Zealand's finest novel". His views on Hulme's identity were controversial, with other critics at the time calling them racist and reactionary. Hulme said in response to Stead's comments on her racial identity that he was "wrong, on all counts". In 1991 Hulme and other authors withdrew stories from an anthology Stead was engaged to edit, with Hulme citing his "extensive history of insult and attack that surrounds [his] relations with Maori and Polynesian writers".

Stead and other critics have called attention to the way that the novel describes Simon being violently abused, yet also treats the perpetrator, Joe, as a sympathetic character. Stead criticised the novel for its portrayals of violence and child abuse; in his words, the book leaves "a bitter aftertaste, something black and negative deeply ingrained in its imaginative fabric". In response, other critics have said the child abuse in the novel is allegorical, and that the violence is condemned by characters in the novel including by Joe himself. Merata Mita observed that Joe's violence towards Simon reflects the colonial violence inflicted by the British on the Māori people. Hulme herself has said she wanted to draw attention to the problem of child abuse in New Zealand, which is often not spoken about.

The novel received praise from overseas publications. The Washington Post called it a novel of "sweeping power" and an "original, overwhelming, near-great work of literature, which does not merely shed light on a small but complex and sometimes misunderstood country, but also, more generally, enlarges our sense of life's possible dimensions". Peter Kemp in The Sunday Times concluded that "for all its often harrowing subject-matter, this first novel from a New Zealand writer radiates vitality ... New Zealand's people, its heritage and landscapes are conjured up with uncanny poetry and perceptiveness". Claudia Tate for The New York Times called the novel "provocative", and said it "summons power with words, as in a conjurer's spell".

Awards
In 1984, the novel won the New Zealand Book Award for Fiction. The following year it won the Pegasus Prize for Literature, which that year had been earmarked for Māori fiction, and subsequently became the first New Zealand novel and first debut novel to win the Booker Prize.

The judges of the 1985 Booker Prize were Norman St John-Stevas, Joanna Lumley, Marina Warner, Nina Bawden and Jack Walter Lambert. The judges were split on The Bone People as winner: Lumley and Bawden opposed it, with Lumley arguing that the book's subject matter of child abuse was "indefensible", "no matter how lyrically written". The other three were in favour; Warner considered it "a really extraordinary achievement, a very, very unusual piece of writing, the writing on every page springs surprises". St John-Stevas, who sat as chairman of the judging panel, said it was a "a highly poetic book, filled with striking imagery and insights".

Hulme was unable to attend the Booker Prize ceremony as she was in the United States at the time on a promotional tour following her receipt of the Pegasus Prize. She was called from the awards ceremony, and her response (broadcast live on television) was, "You're pulling my leg, aren't you? Bloody hell." Irihapeti Ramsden, Marian Evans and Miriama Evans of Spiral attended the ceremony itself on her behalf. They recited a karanga (Māori call) as they accepted the award, which led to Philip Purser of The Sunday Telegraph describing them as "a posse of keening harpies". The reaction to the win was generally one of surprise; it was described by Philip Howard for The Sunday Times as a "dark horse" and a "controversial choice", and by The Guardian as "the strangest novel ever to win the Booker".

When asked what the Booker Prize meant to her, Hulme said: "The difference will be having a large amount of money and being able to keep doing the things I like – reading, writing, painting, fishing and building." David Lange, prime minister at the time, sent her a congratulatory telegram, ending with: No reira, e te puawai o Aotearoa, e mihi aroha ki a koe ("And so, to you, a flower of Aotearoa, this loving greeting").

Legacy
The novel's popularity has endured into the 21st century; in 2004, it remained in the New Zealand fiction bestseller list. In 2005, a public conference was held at the Stout Research Centre at Victoria University of Wellington to mark 20 years since the Booker Prize win. In 2006, the novel was voted New Zealand's favourite book in a public poll as part of the inaugural NZ Book Month. In 2018, it came third in two separate polls by The Spinoff of the favourite New Zealand books of readers and literary experts respectively. It is the favourite novel of New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern. In 2022, it was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Hulme died in December 2021. Her New York Times obituary reported that the book had at that time sold over 1.2 million copies. In July 2022, her family announced that the original novel manuscript would be sold at auction, with the proceeds to be used to support Māori authors, in accordance with Hulme's final wishes. The estimated sale price was NZ$35,000 to $50,000; it sold for $55,000.

title: The Bone People


text:
AIDS-related lymphoma

AIDS-related lymphoma describes lymphomas occurring in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A lymphoma is a type of cancer arising from lymphoid cells. In AIDS, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary cerebral lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease are all increased. There are three different varieties of AIDS-related lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma (small non-cleaved cell lymphoma).

Signs and symptoms
The histologic classification of the lymphoma, as well as the locations and severity of the disease, all influence the clinical presentation of HIV-related lymphomas. HIV-related lymphomas are more likely to present with advanced stage disease, constitutional symptoms (also known as "B" symptoms; fever, weight loss, and night sweats), extranodal involvement, or disease involving unusual locations (such as the body cavity or soft tissue) than lymphomas in the HIV-negative population.

HIV-related lymphomas can present with a variety of clinical symptoms, including organomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and/or constitutional symptoms. Unknown fever, cytopenias, tumor lysis syndrome (including lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase), and other isolated laboratory abnormalities (such as hypercalcemia) are observed in certain patients.

Causes
HIV-positive individuals' lymphomas vary widely and can be classified into several histologic subtypes. The two primary lymphoma types that develop in HIV-positive individuals are non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL).

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a highly aggressive type of B-cell lymphoma. It is distinguished by the widespread proliferation of large neoplastic B lymphocytes with nuclei that are equal to or larger than normal histiocytic nuclei. The illness manifests with B symptoms at an advanced stage of the illness. It mostly affects patients who are severely immunosuppressed and can occur at nodal or extranodal sites, with the gastrointestinal tract being the most common site. It makes up between 45 and 50 percent of all lymphomas seen in this group, making it the most prevalent AIDS-associated lymphoma subtype. All ages are affected by DLBCL, which typically manifests as a rapidly growing lymph node mass in the neck or abdomen. Up to 40% of patients have extranodal extramedullary disease, and about 30% of patients exhibit B symptoms.

The second most prevalent NHL subtype that affects HIV-positive individuals with a comparatively high CD4 cell count is Burkitt's lymphoma. Patients typically have elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels and poor performance status. The central nervous system is involved in 8 to 28% of cases, with extranodal involvement occurring more frequently. It usually manifests at a younger age and with CD4 cell counts greater than 200 cells/μL. It develops quickly and is a kind of tumor that starts from B cells. In addition, it is fatal if untreated. Burkitt's lymphoma is linked to a high incidence of oral cavity involvement and makes up 10-15% of AIDS-defining lymphomas. Three clinical subtypes of Burkitt's lymphoma have been identified: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-related. Thirty to forty percent of AIDS-related NHL cases are Burkitt's lymphoma subtype, which is most prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a subtype of NHL that impacts the eyes, brain, spine, and cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system. It appears in patients who have severe immune suppression; since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, its incidence has declined in these patients. The majority of PCNSL linked to HIV is Epstein-Barr virus positive. Furthermore, unlike HIV-negative PCNSL, patients typically present with multiple brain lesions and/or changes in mental status or focal neurologic symptoms. Changes in mental state, intracranial pressure symptoms (headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema), and local compression symptoms (epilepsy, memory loss, unstable gait, visual impairment, slurred speech) are the most common symptoms of PCNSL.

Primary effusion lymphoma is a distinct subtype of aggressive B-cell NHL. It is brought on by HHV8, commonly referred to as KSHV, or Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. It is uncommon, making up 0.3% of NHL in the general population and 4% of NHL linked to HIV. Between 60 and 90 percent of cases of primary effusion lymphoma have EBV co-infection, although its pathogenesis is unknown. There are malignant lymphomatous effusions in the pericardium, peritoneal cavity, and pleural space.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) originates from terminally differentiated, activated B-cells at the post-germinal center that are changing from immunoblasts to plasma cells. About 2% of all AIDS-associated lymphomas are PBL-associated lymphomas. HIV infection is closely associated with this uncommon form of lymphoma, which primarily affects the oral cavity. With a widespread proliferation of massive neoplastic cells that resemble B-cell immunoblasts but have the immunophenotype of plasma cells, it is incredibly aggressive.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common cancers that do not indicate AIDS, and since highly active antiretroviral therapy was introduced, its incidence has increased. It is a germinal center-derived cell that produces Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells. It is more common in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV. Compared to mild immune compromise, the incidence of HL is lower in states of extreme immunodeficiency. It's possible that there was insufficient immunological contact between non-neoplastic inflammatory cells and HRS cells.

Mechanism
HIV-positive patients have a higher incidence of malignancies for a variety of reasons. These consist of inflammation, cytokine dysregulation, and persistent antigenic stimulation. Moreover, oncogenic viruses are more likely to infect HIV/AIDS patients. Thus, a variety of factors, such as a compromised immune system, genetic changes, viral infection, and persistent B cell activation, contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS-associated lymphoma.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AIDS-related lymphoma


text:
Shimon Even

Shimon Even (שמעון אבן; June 15, 1935 – May 1, 2004) was an Israeli computer science researcher. His main topics of interest included algorithms, graph theory and cryptography. He was a member of the Computer Science Department at the Technion since 1974. Shimon Even was the PhD advisor of Oded Goldreich, a prominent cryptographer.

Books

 * Algorithmic Combinatorics, Macmillan, 1973.
 * Graph Algorithms, Computer Science Press, 1979. ISBN 0-7167-8044-5.

title: Shimon Even


text:
Debasement

A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value. A coin is said to be debased if the quantity of gold, silver, copper or nickel in the coin is reduced.

Roman Empire
In Roman currency, the value of the denarius was gradually decreased over time as the Roman government altered both the size and the silver content of the coin. Originally, the silver used was nearly pure, weighing about 4.5 grams. From time to time, this was reduced. During the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the denarius contained approximately 4 grams of silver, and then was reduced to 3.8 grams under Nero. The denarius continued to shrink in size and purity, until by the second half of the third century, it was only about 2% silver, and was replaced by the Argenteus.

Ottoman Empire
Weight of akçe in grams of silver and index.

Effects
Debasement lowers the intrinsic value of the coinage and so more coins can be made with the same quantity of precious metal. If done too frequently, debasement may lead to a new coin being adopted as a standard currency, as when the Ottoman akçe was replaced by the kuruş (1 kuruş = 120 akçe), with the para (1/40 kuruş) as a subunit. The kuruş in turn later became a subdivision of the lira.

Methods
An administrative method to debase currency is for the mint to start issuing coins of a certain face value, but with less metal content than previous issues. There will be an incentive to bring the old coins to the mint for re-minting – see Gresham's law. A revenue, called seigniorage, is made on this minting process.

When done by an individual, precious metal was physically removed from the coin, which could then be passed on at the original face value, leaving the debaser with a profit. This physical debasement was effected by several methods, including clipping (shaving metal from the coin's circumference) and sweating (shaking the coins in a bag and collecting the dust worn off).

Until the mid-20th century, coins were often made of silver or (rarely) gold, which were quite soft and prone to wear. This meant coins naturally got lighter (and thus less valuable) as they aged, so coins that had lost a small amount of bullion would go unnoticed. Modern coins used as currency are made of hard, cheap metals such as steel, copper, or a copper-nickel alloy, reducing wear and making it difficult and unprofitable to debase them.

Coin clipping
Clipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin for profit. Over time, the precious metal clippings could be saved up and melted into bullion or used to make new coins.

Coin clipping was usually considered by the law to be of a similar magnitude to counterfeiting, and was occasionally punished by death, a fate which befell English counterfeiters Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers in 1690. Even among pirates, clipping coins was considered a serious breach of trust. Henry Avery's pirate fleet attacked the treasure ship Gunsway in 1695 and netted one of the largest pirate captures in history. When fellow pirate William May's crew were found to have traded clipped coins to Avery's crew, Avery took back nearly all the treasure he had shared with May and his men and sent them away.

Coin clipping is why many coins have the rim of the coin marked with stripes (milling or reeding), text (engraving) or some other pattern that would be destroyed if the coin were clipped. This practice is attributed to Isaac Newton, who was appointed Master of the Royal Mint 1699. Although most modern fiat coins have no value, modern milling can be a deterrent to counterfeiting, an aid to the blind to distinguish different denominations, or purely decorative.

Sweating
In the process of sweating, coins were placed in a bag and shaken. The bits of metal that had worn off the coins were recovered from the bottom of the bag. Sweating tended to wear the coin in a more natural way than clipping, and so was harder to detect.

Plugging
If the coin was large, a hole could be punched out of the middle, and the face of the coin hammered to close up the hole. Or the coin could be sawn in half, and a plug of metal extracted from the interior. After filling the hole with a cheaper metal, the two halves would be welded back together again. Verbal references to plugged quarters and plugged dimes eventually yielded the common phrase "not worth a plugged nickel" (or 'plug nickel', or even a plugged cent), emphasizing the worthlessness of such a tampered coin.

Related uses

 * "Debasement" is also sometimes used to refer to the tendency of silver or gold coins to be "shaved", that is, to have small amounts shaved off the edges of the coins by unscrupulous users, thereby reducing the actual precious metal content of the coin. In order to prevent this, silver and gold coins began to be produced with milled edges, as many coins still do by tradition, although they no longer contain valuable metals. For example, the U.S. quarter and dime have milled edges. Coins that have traditionally been made purely of base metals, such as the U.S. nickel or the penny, are more likely to have unmilled edges.
 * By analogy, "debased currency" is sometimes used for anything whose value has been reduced, such as "Stardom is an utterly debased currency"

title: Debasement


text:
Women's FA Cup

The Women's FA Challenge Cup Competition is the top annual cup tournament for women's clubs in English football. Founded in 1970, it has been named the WFA Cup, FA Women's Cup, and now Women's FA Cup (currently known as the Adobe Women's FA Cup for sponsorship reasons).

Designed as an equivalent to the FA Cup in men's football, the competition began in 1970–71 as the Mitre Challenge Trophy, organised by the Women's Football Association (WFA). There were 71 entrants, including teams from Scotland and Wales.

The WFA ran the competition for the first 23 editions, during which time Southampton won the cup eight times. The Football Association (FA) began administering English women's football in mid-1993.

Arsenal holds the record for most titles overall, having won fourteen times. The current cup holders are Manchester United, who defeated Tottenham Hotspur 4–0 in the 2024 final to win their first FA Cup title.

Name
The competition, founded in 1970, was sponsored as the Mitre Challenge Trophy until April 1976.

As a Women's Football Association competition until 1992–93, it was known as the WFA Cup or more informally as the Women's FA Cup. After the running of the competition passed to the FA in 1993–94, the Association renamed it as the FA Women's Cup, until 2015. The name was officially reworded as the Women's FA Cup in June 2015, before that year's final. The tournament rules, as in the men's FA Cup, name it the Challenge Cup Competition.

History
Previous national cup competitions included the English Ladies Football Association Challenge Cup in 1922, won by Stoke Ladies.

The first women's Mitre Challenge Trophy matches were played in 1970, and the first final was held on 9 May 1971 at Crystal Palace National Sports Centre. The WFA was initially named the Ladies Football Association of Great Britain, and Scottish clubs were successful in reaching the first three finals of this tournament (albeit as runners-up). Two of these clubs were runners-up in England while also winning the Scottish Women's Cup in the same season, Stewarton Thistle in 1971 and Westthorn United in 1973.

Southampton Women's F.C. won eight of the first 11 WFA Cup competitions.

Doncaster Belles reached nearly every final between 1982–83 and 1993–94, and won the trophy six times.

Format
The current entry points as of the 2019–20 season:

 * the Second Qualifying round for FA Women's National League Division One teams (47 teams)
 * the Second Round Proper for FA Women's National League North & South Premier Division teams (24 teams)
 * the Fourth Round Proper for FA WSL and FA Women's Championship teams (33 teams)

All other clubs in the fifth tier or below are drawn to either play in the Extra Preliminary Round or have a bye to the Preliminary Round. After the initial preliminary rounds, there are three qualifying rounds before the First Round Proper. All rounds until the FA WSL and Championship teams enter in the Fourth Round are played on a geographical basis (north and south regions).

Trophies
The original Mitre Challenge Trophy has "disappeared", according to the WFA History records. This cup was replaced in May 1979 when the Football Association donated a new trophy for the competition's winners, to mark the WFA's tenth anniversary.

1970–71 cup winner Sue Lopez said it was suspected that a player "tucked it away somewhere in a trophy cabinet", and she was trying to locate the original cup for the National Football Museum in 2015.

The current Women's FA Cup trophy was one of the first prestigious trophies to be made in the Thomas Lyte silver workshop.

List of finals
The following is a list of Women's FA Cup seasons and final results.

 * Finalists are primarily clubs from England, unless denoted with for Scotland.
 * Where a season's Final is marked in bold, it has a specific article for the match.

United Kingdom
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, television coverage of the WFA final was provided by Channel 4.

Between 2001 and 2008, the final of the tournament was covered by the BBC and presented by Celina Hinchcliffe, Rebecca Lowe, Ray Stubbs and Jake Humphrey; the punditry team was usually current players like Sue Scott and commentary usually by Steve Wilson and Lucy Ward or Faye White and always played on the May Day bank holiday. The final was also simulcast on BBC Radio 5 Live. In 2009, the final was moved to ITV1, with commentary from Jon Champion and Lucy Ward. Sky Sports secured a three-year deal for live coverage from 2010 until 2012.

Sponsorship
Sponsors of the original WFA competition (1970–1993) included Mitre, Pony wines and Mycil.

In the FA competition, the sponsors have been UK Living (1995–1998), AXA (1998–2002), Nationwide Building Society (2002–2006) and E.ON (2006–2011). From 2007, Tesco obtained additional branding and advertising rights through their partnership agreement with the FA.

Despite sponsorship by these major companies, entering the tournament has actually cost clubs more than they often get in prize money. In 2015 it was reported that even if Notts County had won the tournament outright the paltry £8,600 winnings would leave them out of pocket. The winners of the men's FA Cup in the same year received £1.8 million, with teams not even reaching the first round proper getting more than the women's winners. In September 2020, the FA announced that health and life insurance and investment company VitalityHealth had signed a deal to become the sponsor of the competition until July 2023.

In November 2023, after three years with Vitality, the FA announced that Adobe Inc. would become the sponsor of the competition for three years, through to July 2026. The partnership would focus on "increasing fan engagement and raising the profile of the competition". In addition, all 460 clubs that participate in the competition would gain access to, and training on Adobe Express, a graphic design tool.

title: Women's FA Cup


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Chichester Canal

The Chichester Canal is a ship canal in England, currently navigable at either end, save for two low-level modern bridges obstructing the middle of the route. Its course is essentially intact, 3.8 mi from the sea at Birdham on Chichester Harbour to Chichester through two locks. The canal (originally part of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal) was opened in 1822 and took three years to build. The canal could take ships of up to 100 long ton. Dimensions were limited to 85 ft long, 18 ft wide and a draft of up to 7 ft. As denoted by the suffix -chester, Chichester is a Roman settlement (Noviomagus Reginorum), and 300 Denarii were unearthed when Chichester Basin was formed in the 1820s.

Planning, construction and early operation

Proposals for a canal linking Chichester directly to the sea go back as least as far as 1585 when an act of parliament was passed allowing a cut linking Chichester with the sea. Further proposals were made in the early 19th century, with schemes being proposed in 1801, 1802, 1803 and 1811, but none of these came to pass and as a result the first link to the sea was via a branch of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal opened in 1822. In 1817 it had been decided that the section between Chichester and Chichester Harbour, unlike the rest of the canal, would be built large enough to carry boats of 100 tons. Putting this into practice required a new act of parliament which was obtained in 1819. In the same year the construction of the Chichester branch began. In digging out of the basin a hoard of 300 Denarii was found. The section of the canal that would become the Chichester Canal was formally opened on 9 April 1822

The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal was conceived as part of a bigger plan to provide a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, but by the time the route was completed, the war with France had ended. With the reason for its construction removed, the canal was not a commercial success, and apart from the Chichester section, it had fallen into disuse by 1847.

Under the ownership of the Corporation of Chichester
The canal was transferred to the Corporation of Chichester by the  (55 & 56 Vict. c. cxxxviii). In November of that year the City Surveyor gave a figure of £1,000 to put the canal back into full working order; key tasks were repair of locks, bridges and the removal of weeds and mud from the channel. By 1898 only 704 tons of goods were carried – tolls for the year were £18. The last recorded commercial traffic was in 1906 when a load of shingle was carried from the Harbour to the basin. In the same year it was found that the swing bridge at Donnington and Birdham needed to be repaired or replaced. Westhampnett Rural District Council wanted to replace them with fixed bridges (which would have blocked the canal) but the Corporation of Chichester wanted to keep the canal open to traffic. By 1923 the Corporation appears to have accepted that there would be no further great loads; it authorised and funded fixed bridges.

The canal was officially open for trade until June 1928 before being formally abandoned.

In 1932 the section of the canal between Cutfield Bridge and Salterns lock was reopened to allow yachts to be berthed there. The open section was initially leased by D.S. Vernon but in 1934 he transferred it to the Chichester Yacht Company.

World War II
In Britain in World War II the canal towpath was made an anti-tank and anti-barge route by the 4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) to militate against a German invasion. This entailed dismantling 4 swing bridges, diversion of some of the Lavant to raise the water by 3 ft (thus over the towpath) and a low dam above Cutfield bridge. The partial diversion proved hard to control and the fluctuations damaged the canal and a houseboat; argument as to the duty to compensate lasted until June 1947.

Post war
In 1953 the canal and surrounding lands were sold to West Sussex County Council for £7,500. The council let plans be known to use part of the canal for road improvement, on opposition and with higher priority issues for funds, these never took place. The section below Cutfield Bridge continued to be leased to the Chichester Yacht Company while the upper part of the canal was leased to Chichester Canal Angling Association.

In January 1994 floodwaters in lower Chichester were diverted into the canal. A 2009 restoration of Casher's Lock was halted due to the presence of water voles. This is not necessarily an insurmountable obstacle; see ecology work on the Stroudwater Navigation, where in partnership with Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust, new wetland habitats alongside canal construction are helping to extend the range of endangered species.

As of 2021 the sea lock is no longer in working order and is beginning to collapse at the harbour end.

title: Chichester Canal


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Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon

Emmanuel Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Aiguillon (31 July 1720 – 1 September 1788), was a French soldier and statesman, and a nephew of Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, 3rd Duke of Richelieu. He served as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under King Louis XV.

Early life and intrigue
He was the son of Armand-Louis de Vignerot du Plessis, duc d'Aiguillon (1683–1750) and Anne-Charlotte de Crussol de Florensac and so the grandson of Hortense Mancini, and until the death of his father, he was known at court as the duc d'Agénois. He entered the army at the age of seventeen, and at the age of nineteen was made colonel of the Régiment de Brie, which he would hold until 1748. His marriage in 1740 with Louise-Félicité de Bréhan, daughter of the Comte de Plélo, coupled with his connection with the Richelieu family, gave him an important place at court.

Upon the death of King Louis XV's mistress, Madame de Vintimille, in childbirth in 1741, the king's best friend (and the duc d'Agénois' uncle), the manipulative Duke of Richelieu, began to cast about for another candidate to fulfil his royal friend's desires, as he did not want Madame de Vintimille's older sister, Madame de Mailly, to regain the king's affections. He eventually decided upon the younger sister of both Madame de Mailly and Madame de Vintimille, Marie Anne, the widow of the marquis de La Tournelle.

At a masked ball on Shrove Tuesday, 1742, Richelieu led Marie Anne up to the king and introduced them. The beautiful marquise, however, at first rejected the royal advances. She already had a lover, the young duc d'Agénois, and was not inclined to give him up even for the king's sake. As a result, the king conspired with Richelieu, who was the duc d'Agénois' uncle, to rid himself of the young suitor. Richelieu was quite anxious to do anything to bring about a liaison between the king and Madame de La Tournelle, because he knew that Madame de Mailly did not view him in a kindly light. The result of their deliberations was that the king, in imitation of the biblical David, sent his rival to fight the Austrians in Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession. The young duke was seriously wounded at the siege of Château-Dauphin (1744). Unlike the husband of Bathsheba, however, the duc d'Agénois recovered from his injuries and returned to the court in glory.

The king was in despair, but Richelieu, who was a resourceful man, was not one to accept defeat lightly. He sent his nephew to Languedoc, where a beautiful young lady had been instructed to seduce him. This she did most effectively; letters of a very passionate nature were exchanged; the lady despatched those which she received to Richelieu, and in due course they were brought to the notice of Madame de La Tournelle, who, furious at the young duke's deceitfulness, turned her attentions to the king.

The duke was later taken prisoner in 1746 and was made a maréchal de camp in 1748. He was a member of the so-called parti devot, the faction opposed to Madame de Pompadour, to the Jansenists and to the parlement, and his hostility to the new ideas drew upon him the anger of the pamphleteers.

Upon the death of his father in 1750, he became the duc d'Aiguillon. In 1753, he was appointed commandant (governor) of Brittany and soon became unpopular in that province, which had retained a large number of privileges called "liberties." He first came into collision with the provincial estates on the question of the royal imposts (1758).

Invasion of Britain
In 1759, the duc d'Aiguillon was hand-picked by the French foreign minister Choiseul to take part in a large-scale invasion of Great Britain. He was to command a force that would land in Scotland to support a Jacobite rising against the Crown. He would then lead his troops southwards, trapping the British defenders in a pincer between themselves and another French force that would land in southern England. The plan was eventually abandoned following the French naval defeat at Quiberon Bay.

The duc d'Aiguillon finally alienated the parlement of Brittany by violating the privileges of the province (1762). In June 1764, the king, at the instance of d'Aiguillon, quashed a decree of the parlement forbidding the levying of new taxes without the consent of the estates, and refused to receive the remonstrances of the parlement against the duke.

On 11 November 1765, La Chalotais, the procureur of the parlement, was arrested, but whether at the instigation of d'Aiguillon is not certain. The conflict between d'Aiguillon and the Bretons lasted two years. In the place of the parlement, which had resigned, d'Aiguillon organised a tribunal of more or less competent judges, who were ridiculed by the pamphleteers and termed the bailliage d'Aiguillon. In 1768, the duke was forced to suppress this tribunal, and returned to court, where he resumed his intrigue with the parti devot and finally obtained the dismissal of the minister Choiseul (24 December 1770).

Foreign Secretary
When Louis XV, acting on the advice of Madame du Barry, reorganised the government with a view to suppressing the resistance of the parlements, d'Aiguillon was made Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, with Maupeou and the Abbé Terray (1715–1778) also obtaining places in the ministry. The new ministry, albeit one of reform, was very unpopular and was styled the "triumvirate." All the failures of the government were attributed to the mistakes of the ministers. Thus, d'Aiguillon was blamed for having provoked the coup d'état of Gustavus III, King of Sweden, in 1772, although the instructions of the comte de Vergennes, the French ambassador in Sweden, had been written by the minister, the Duc de la Vrillère.

D'Aiguillon, however, could do nothing to rehabilitate French diplomacy; he acquiesced in the first division of Poland, renewed the Family Compact, and, although a supporter of the Jesuits, sanctioned the suppression of the society. After the death of Louis XV, he quarrelled with Maupeou and with the young queen, Marie Antoinette, who demanded his dismissal from the ministry (1774).

Legacy
He died forgotten in 1788. The announcement of his death was worded as follows in Annonces Affiches Avis Bibliothèque nationale Arsenal 8 H 26195  n° 64 septembre-décembre 1788: 4 septembre 1788 (probably date of the burial, other sources mention a date of death of 1 September) Emmanuel-Armand Duplessis-Richelieu, duc d'Aiguillon, pair de France, noble génois, chevalier des ordres du roi, lieutenant général de ses armées, ancien lieutenant de la compagnie des chevau-légers de la garde ordinaire de Sa Majesté, gouverneur général de la haute et basse Alsace, gouverneur particulier des ville, citadelle, parc et château de La Fère, ancien lieutenant général de la province de Bretagne, ancien commandant pour Sa Majesté de ladite province, ancien ministre et secrétaire d'État des affaires étrangères et de la guerre. Décédé rue de l'Université, présenté à Saint-Sulpice et transporté à la Sorbonne.

He was the father of Armand-Désiré de Vignerot du Plessis-Richelieu, who succeeded him as Duke of Aiguillon.


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User talk:Xabigranja

Welcome to Wikipedia! Please note that Wikipedia is intended to be an encyclopedia, not a collection of links to other resources. (See What Wikipedia is not for more details). Please feel free to write articles on any of these topics! -- The Anome 12:27, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xabigranja


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Thomas Ley

Thomas John Ley (28 October 1880 – 24 July 1947) was an Australian politician who was convicted of murder in England. He is widely suspected to have been involved in the deaths of a number of people in Australia, including political rivals.

Early life
Ley was born on 28 October 1880 in Bath, Somerset, England, one of four children born to Elizabeth (née Bryant) and Henry Ley. His father, who worked as a butler, died in 1882.

In 1886, Ley's mother moved the family to Australia along with his maternal grandmother. They settled in Sydney, where he attended Crown Street Public School until the age of 10. He began working as a young boy, initially as a paper-boy and messenger, then later as an assistant in his mother's grocery store and as a farm labourer at Windsor. Ley learned shorthand while living in Windsor and at the age of fourteen secured a position as a junior clerk and stenographer with a solicitor on Pitt Street. He joined the office of Norton, Smith & Co. in 1901 and in 1906 became an articled clerk. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1914.

Ley married Emily Louisa (known as "Lewie") Vernon in 1898, the year she emigrated to Australia from England. Both husband and wife were active in politics: she in the international suffrage movement, and he as a state and federal politician from 1917 to 1928.

State politics
Ley served in the lower house of the New South Wales parliament (1917–25) as member for Hurstville from 1917 to 1920, representing the Nationalist Party, and St George from 1920 to 1925, representing the Progressive Party until 1922. He was a prominent and vocal advocate of proportional representation, which the state adopted in 1919. Both of his electorates were in Sydney's southern suburbs.

As a teetotaler, Ley acquired the nickname "Lemonade Ley", but the temperance movement accused him of betrayal when he supported legislation which eased requirements for the sale of alcohol. It later emerged that Ley was being paid by the brewery lobby. Despite this, he was appointed as New South Wales Minister for Justice from 1922 to 1925 – in the cabinet of Premier Sir George Fuller – and gained a reputation for harsh decisions.

Shortly after he became Minister for Justice, Ley made an official visit to Western Australia and was introduced to Maggie Evelyn Brook, a magistrate's wife. Shortly afterwards the magistrate died; Ley acted for her and her daughter in various financial and legal matters.

Federal politician
In 1925, Ley stood for the seat of Barton in the federal House of Representatives. He unsuccessfully tried to bribe his Labor opponent, Frederick McDonald, with a £2,000 share in a property at Kings Cross in return for withdrawing from the ballot. McDonald instead publicly revealed the attempted bribe. Despite that, Ley won the election on a large swing as part of the decisive Coalition victory that year.

Conventional wisdom would have suggested that Ley, as a former senior member of the New South Wales government, would have been considered for a post in the federal cabinet. However, Ley's fellow conservatives, including Prime Minister Stanley Bruce, began to have doubts about him after the election. As a result, Ley was not considered for ministerial preferment.

McDonald took the matter of the bribe to court, but disappeared in mysterious circumstances. The case against Ley collapsed for lack of evidence when McDonald failed to appear. While the disappearance may have been a coincidence, later events put the matter in a more sinister light. In 1928, state legislator Hyman Goldstein, another of Ley's public critics, was found dead after apparently falling from "Suicide Point" on the cliffs of Coogee. Then a group of businessmen, concerned at Ley's reputation for dubious business dealings, appointed Keith Greedor, a former Ley associate turned opponent, to investigate. Travelling to Newcastle by boat, Greedor fell overboard and drowned.

Return to England
After his defeat in the 1928 election, Ley returned to England with Brook, leaving his wife in Australia. Little is recorded of Ley's life during the 1930s. About all that can be said for certain is that he used his move to England to start afresh in dubious business ventures, and during the Second World War he was arrested and convicted for black marketeering.

The Chalk-pit Murder
In 1946, Brook was living in Wimbledon, and Ley had his house at 5 Beaufort Gardens, London, converted into flats. Ley falsely believed that Brook and a barman called John McMain Mudie were having an affair. Ley persuaded two of his labourers that Mudie was a blackmailer, and together they tortured and killed him. The case became known as the "Chalk-pit Murder" because Mudie's body was dumped in a chalk pit on Woldingham Common in Surrey, thirty miles away from Ley's home.

With Lawrence John Smith, Ley was tried at the Old Bailey; both were sentenced to death in March 1947. However, both Smith and Ley escaped the noose: Smith's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, while Ley was declared insane and sent to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane. He died there soon after of a cerebral haemorrhage. He is said to have been the wealthiest person ever to be imprisoned at Broadmoor. He left an estate in New South Wales valued for probate at £744.

Ley's wife had followed him to England in 1942. From Broadmoor, Ley wrote letters and poems, and protested his innocence to his wife and children. After his death, his widow returned to Australia. She died at Bowral, New South Wales in 1956.

title: Thomas Ley


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Schizophrenia (disambiguation)

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior and misinterpretation of reality.

Schizophrenia or Schizophrenic may also refer to:

Music

 * Schizophrenia (Sepultura album), 1987
 * Schizophrenia, a re-recorded Sepultura album, by Cavalera Conspiracy, 2024
 * Schizophrenia (Wayne Shorter album), 1967
 * Schizophrenic (JC Chasez album), 2004
 * Schizophrenic, an album by Wayne Wonder, 2001
 * "Schizophrenia", a song by Sonic Youth from Sister, 1987
 * "Schizophrenic", a song by Bizzy Bone from The Gift, 2001
 * "Schizophrenia", a song by XXXTentacion from ?, 2018
 * "Schizophrenic", a song by Mumzy Stranger from Journey Begins, 2010

Other uses

 * Schizophrenia (film), a 1997 Russian crime film
 * Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), a complication of delegation in object-oriented programming

title: Schizophrenia (disambiguation)


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James Laidlaw Maxwell

James Laidlaw Maxwell Senior (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Má Ngá-kok; ; born 18 March 1836 in Scotland – March 1921) was the first Presbyterian missionary to Formosa (Qing-era Taiwan). He served with the English Presbyterian Mission.

Maxwell studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, completing his degree in 1858 with the thesis The Chemistry and Physiology of the Spleen. He worked in London at Brompton Hospital and at the Birmingham General Hospital. He was an elder in the Broad Street Presbyterian Church, Birmingham before being sent to Taiwan by the Presbyterian Church of England (now within the United Reformed Church) in 1864. He donated a small printing press to the church which was later used to print the Taiwan Church News.

On 16 June 1865, at the urging of missionaries H. L. Mackenzie and Carstairs Douglas, he established the first Presbyterian church in Taiwan, this date now celebrated by the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan as its anniversary. First his mission centred in the then-capital Taiwan Fu (now Tainan City); in 1868 he moved near Cijin (now part of Kaohsiung) where his work, both medical and missionary, became more welcomed. In early 1872 he advised Canadian Presbyterian missionary pioneer George Leslie Mackay to start his work in northern Taiwan, near Tamsui.

He married Mary Anne Goodall (died January 1918) of Handsworth on 7 April 1868 in Hong Kong. They had two sons, John Preston and James Laidlaw Maxwell Jr., both of whom later also became medical missionaries. He retired in London in 1885 where he formed and became the first secretary of the Medical Missionary Association. He and his sons oversaw the construction of Sin-lâu Hospital in Tainan, the first western-style hospital in Taiwan. The younger J. L. Maxwell served in the Tainan hospital from 1900 to 1923, during Taiwan's Japanese era.

Archives
Papers of James Laidlaw Maxwell are held at the Cadbury Research Library (University of Birmingham) along with papers of his son, John Preston Maxwell.

title: James Laidlaw Maxwell


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User talk:Ragusa~enwiki

Why did you take out the link to Rothschild properties in Buckinghamshire from the Mentmore Towers article? This is a valid link for the subject at hand. -- Graham :) | Talk 12:38, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ragusa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ragusa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ragusa~enwiki


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John Preston Maxwell

John Preston Maxwell (5 December 1871 – 25 July 1961), son of James Laidlaw Maxwell, was a Presbyterian obstetric missionary to China.

John Preston Maxwell was born on 5 December 1871 in Birmingham, where his father Dr James Laidlaw Maxwell, practised medicine. He attended University College School and University College London, before taking his clinical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital, from which he emerged with a gold medal in obstetrics and went on to work as a resident at St Bartholomew's. Then, following his devout Presbyterian faith, Maxwell became a Medical missionary for the English Presbyterian Church and, in about 1898, went to Fujian in China, where he spent the majority of his professional life. He worked at Yungchun Hospital, Fujian, from 1899 to 1919, and Changpoo, Amoy.

He specialised in obstetrics and was a leading authority on foetal osteomalacia. He became a Director of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Union Medical College in Beijing (a teaching hospital funded by the Rockefeller Foundation), President of the Chinese Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and worked as secretary to the medical committee of the Lord Mayor's Fund for the Relief of Distress in China. He was awarded the Army and Navy Medal by the Chinese Republic and was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1929. Maxwell returned to England at some point after 1935 (possibly as a result of the invasion of Beijing by the Japanese in 1937) and lived at Brinkley, Cambridgeshire. He was elected consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the nearby Newmarket General Hospital. He married Edith Lilly Isaacson in 1899 (who, as a proficient artist, illustrated some of her husband's research papers) and they had one daughter, Marjorie Gordon Maxwell (later Steen), born in 1908. John Maxwell died suddenly near his home on 25 July 1961, at the age of 89, his wife having predeceased him on 14 October 1954.

A species of Chinese snake, Opisthotropis maxwelli, is named in his honor.

Archives
Papers of John Preston Maxwell are held at the Cadbury Research Library (University of Birmingham) along with papers of his father, James Laidlaw Maxwell.

title: John Preston Maxwell


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User talk:Ragussa

Proposed deletion of Plans and interiors of Mentmore

The article Plans and interiors of Mentmore has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced since written, tagged since 2008, near orphan.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Will Beback   talk    22:24, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ragussa


text: Talk:Marquette University

title: Talk:Marquette University


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Veliko Tarnovo Province

Veliko Tarnovo (Област Велико Търново) is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it is known as the capital of the Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into ten municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395.

Other towns in the province include Gorna Oryahovitsa, which is within 10 km of Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov, set on Danube River and famous for its Tsenov Academy of Economics, and Suhindol, the hometown of Lovico — an internationally recognised label for fine wines and spirits. Another notable place is the village of Arbanasi, set between Veliko Tarnovo and Gorna Oryahovitsa. The combination of old style and modern architecture, as well as its churches and monasteries, present the spirit of Bulgaria. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country.

Municipalities
The Veliko Tarnovo oblast contains 10 municipalities (общини, obshtini). The following table shows the names of each municipality in English and Cyrillic, the main town (in bold) or village, and the population of each as of December 2009.

Demographics
The Veliko Tarnovo province had a population of 293,294 (293,172 also given) according to a 2001 census, of which 48.3% were male and 51.6% were female. As of the end of 2009, the population of the province, announced by the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 275,395 of which 26.0% are inhabitants aged over 60 years.

Ethnic groups
Total population (2011 census): 258 494

Ethnic groups (2011 census): Identified themselves: 233,992 persons: A further 25,000 persons in the Province did not declare their ethnic group at the 2011 census.
 * Bulgarians: 211 353 (90,32%)
 * Turks: 15 709 (6,71%)
 * Romani: 3 875 (1,65%)
 * Others and indefinable: 3 055 (1,31%)

Religion
Religious adherence in the province according to 2001 census:

title: Veliko Tarnovo Province


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Presbyterian Church of England

The Presbyterian Church of England was a late-19th century and 20th century Presbyterian denomination in England. The church's origins lay in the 1876 merger of the English congregations of the chiefly Scottish United Presbyterian Church with various other Presbyterian congregations in England. In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England merged with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to become the United Reformed Church.

title: Presbyterian Church of England


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Talk:University of Sunderland

Gormley Doctorate
Was a sculptor really given a doctorate in business administration?--Oxonian2006 02:13, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Doesn't matter. Universities can give out all the Hon Docs they like, and some do so like confetti. I don't think this sort of info belongs in an encyclopaedia. Ohconfucius 05:35, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I was right to be sceptical. He was acutally given an Hon Doctorate of Letters --Oxonian2006 (talk) 14:40, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

University ratings
(I'm posting this to all articles on UK universities as so far discussion hasn't really taken off on WikiProject Universities.)

There needs to be a broader convention about which university rankings to include in articles. Currently it seems most pages are listing primarily those that show the institution at its best (or worst in a few cases). See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Universities. Timrollpickering 23:34, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Agreed, we need a more objective standard, even if it only applies to each country individually. Ohconfucius 05:35, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 16 years later and this remains a problem with educational institutions. British polyversities in particular are very keen on marketing, and their PR people fill their WP articles with all sorts of dubious guff supposedly illustrating how wonderful they are. I don't have a solution.--Ef80 (talk) 15:48, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Student Union
I left in 1991 as it was becoming a University. I can't help wondering if the legendary Dave Dobbie is still hanging around the Student Union? ;-) User:Anonymous 11.00, 25 January 2011 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.105.165.198 (talk) 11:01, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

University status
Surely dating university status to the F&HE Act 1992 is four years too late? When I resigned in 1989, Sunderland Poly/Uni was no longer administered by the local authority. It had acquired university status and was busy reorganising its finances accordingly. I read at the top of p3 of University of Sunderland, Report and financial statements for the year ended 31 July 2012 http://docushare.sunderland.ac.uk/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-8166/Accounts2012PDDF.pdf "The University of Sunderland is a Higher Education Corporation established by order of the Secretary of State under Section 121 of the Educational Reform Act 1988". Quacksalber (talk) 22:19, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Sunderland


text:
Congregational Union of Scotland

The Congregational Union of Scotland was a Protestant church in the Reformed tradition.

The union was established in 1812, by 53 churches in Scotland. Its aim was to conduct missions in Scotland, and to support the existing Congregational churches. Much of the impetus for its formation came from Greville Ewing, who formed numerous congregations, and also the Glasgow Theological Academy. The union grew rapidly, with 72 member churches by 1824, and more than one hundred by the end of the decade.

In 1841, James Morison of the United Secession Church was accused of Arminianism, and was expelled. In 1843, he led four United Secession churches in forming the new Evangelical Union. Two years later, this was joined by nine Congregational Union churches who supported John Kirk. Initially strongly Calvinist, the Evangelical Union moved away from this, and focused its activity on promoting abstentionism. By 1896, it had 98 member churches, and it decided to rejoin the Congregational Union.

The Congregational Union first discussed a possible merger with the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1929, but it ultimately preferred to remain independent. It was a founder member of the Scottish Churches Council, and later supplied the secretary of the multilateral church conventions which ran from the 1960s to the 1990s. The church also played a leading role in Christian Aid Scotland.

In 1928, the Congregational Union appointed the first woman minister of any Scottish church, Vera Finlay.

In 2000, the union merged into the United Reformed Church, with a minority of churches dissenting and instead joining the Congregational Federation.

title: Congregational Union of Scotland


text:
Lerp

Lerp or LERP may refer to:

 * Lerp (biology), a structure produced by larvae of psyllid insects as a protective cover
 * Linear interpolation (Lerp), a method of curve fitting in mathematics
 * Emil Lerp (1886-1966), German inventor of first gasoline transportable chainsaw
 * Liberia Equal Rights Party
 * Lyari Expressway Resettlement Project

title: Lerp


text:
Marion and Geoff

Marion and Geoff is a BBC television mockumentary in video-diary format, produced by Baby Cow Productions and screened on BBC Two in 2000, with a second series following in 2003. The series starred Rob Brydon as Keith Barret, a naïve taxi driver going through a messy divorce from his wife, Marion, who, though he fails to realise it, has had a long-standing affair with her colleague, Geoff. Each episode is presented as a monologue, filmed by a fixed camera in the confines of his car.

The series were written by Brydon and Hugo Blick, and produced and directed by Blick. The associate producer was Steve Coogan.

The script is written in such a way that the viewer can pick up on clues that Keith has not himself realised. Numerous references are made to one of his children not resembling him very strongly, an obvious hint that one of the children he loves so dearly is not his own, but in fact Geoff's. Keith also gives clues in the first series about his wife's activities—the viewer knows about Marion's affair long before he works it out himself.

Keith's character is affectionately portrayed as a gentle dunce and draws a great deal of sympathy as the series progresses. He is in denial about his divorce, and somehow always manages to look on the positive side of even the most awful situation. Although he doesn't understand it, his life revolves around Marion and her new partner Geoff, and his love for his "little smashers" (his sons, Rhys and Alun). Despite his faults, Keith is a hard-working and good man.

Series one
Series one consists of ten episodes all around nine minutes long. It was first broadcast in 2000. The series was later repeated, with the original segments combined into 30-minute episodes, though episode 7, "The Monkeys", was not included in this format.

 * 1) "The Presents"
 * 2) "The Gun"
 * 3) "The Homecoming"
 * 4) "The Tunnel"
 * 5) "The Phone"
 * 6) "The Second Hottest Day"
 * 7) "The Monkeys"
 * 8) "The Birthday"
 * 9) "The Divorce"
 * 10) "The Girlfriend"

Series two
Series two consists of six episodes all 30 minutes long. It was first broadcast in 2003.

 * 1) "The Services"
 * 2) "The Boys"
 * 3) "The Wife"
 * 4) "The Husband"
 * 5) "Geoff"
 * 6) "Keith"

Other Keith Barret appearances

 * Comic Relief Special—a 2001 special eight-minute episode for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day, available on the Marion and Geoff Series 1 DVD.
 * A Small Summer Party—a 2001 50-minute special based around Keith's initial discovery of Marion and Geoff's affair, and thus a prequel to the series proper, although produced between the first and second runs. This was the first time on-screen appearance of Geoff and Marion, played by Steve Coogan and Tracy-Ann Oberman respectively. It is available on the Marion and Geoff Series 2 DVD.
 * The Keith Barret Show—a 2004 spoof chat/debate show tackling the subject of relationships, hosted by "Keith Barret", who interviewed a different celebrity couple on each show.

title: Marion and Geoff


text:
Gary Bartz

Gary Bartz (born September 26, 1940, in Baltimore) is an American jazz saxophonist. He has won two Grammy Awards.

Biography
Bartz was first exposed to jazz as the son of the owners of a jazz nightclub in Baltimore. In 1958 he left Baltimore to study at the Juilliard School. In the early 1960s, he performed with Eric Dolphy and McCoy Tyner in Charles Mingus' Jazz Workshop. He worked as a sideman with Max Roach and Abbey Lincoln before joining Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. In 1968, he was a member of McCoy Tyner's band, Expansions.

In mid-1970, he joined Miles Davis' band, performing live at the Isle Of Wight festival in August; and at a series of December dates at The Cellar Door club in Washington, D.C. Portions of these shows were initially released on the 1971 Live-Evil album, with the entire six performance/four night run eventually released in full on the 2005 Cellar Door Sessions box set. He later formed the band Ntu Troop, which combined jazz, funk, and soul.

Bartz was awarded a Grammy for "Best Latin Jazz Performance" for his work on Roy Hargrove's "Habana" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards, and for "Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group" for For McCoy Tyner's Illuminations at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards.

Bartz was awarded the BNY Mellon Jazz 2015 Living Legacy Award, which was presented at a special ceremony at The Kennedy Center.

In 2019, Revive Music and Bartz celebrated the 50th Anniversary of his Another Earth album at Winter Jazzfest in New York City, alongside original member Pharoah Sanders. Later that year, in collaboration with Moon31,

He is Professor of Jazz Saxophone at Oberlin College.

As sideman
With Joe Chambers
 * Urban Groove (441 Records 2003 )Gary Bartz 02.jpg at Jazz Alley, Seattle, in 2012]]

With the Rance Allen Group With Gene Ammons With Roy Ayers With Cindy Blackman With Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers With Donald Brown With Kenny Burrell With Donald Byrd With George Cables With Norman Connors With Miles Davis With Ray Drummond With Antonio Hart With Louis Hayes With Heads of State With Phyllis Hyman With Barney McAll With Jackie McLean With Grachan Moncur III With Alphonse Mouzon With Rare Silk With Max Roach With Wallace Roney With Pharoah Sanders With Woody Shaw With Sphere
 * Say My Friend (1977)
 * Goodbye (Prestige, 1974)
 * Stoned Soul Picnic (Atlantic, 1968)
 * The Oracle (Muse, 1995)
 * Soul Finger (Limelight, 1965) Bartz recording debut
 * Hold On, I'm Coming (Limelight, 1966) on one track left over from Soul Finger sessions
 * Sources of Inspiration (Muse, 1989)
 * Ellington Is Forever Volume Two (Fantasy, 1975)
 * Stepping into Tomorrow (1974)
 * Caricatures (1976)
 * Shared Secrets (MuseFX, 2001)
 * Looking for the Light (MuseFX, 2003)
 * Invitation
 * Slewfoot
 * This is Your Life
 * Love from the Sun
 * Dance of Magic: Live at the Nemu Jazz Inn
 * Romantic Journey
 * Saturday Night Special
 * On the Crest of the Airwaves (Discs 1 & 2: Live in August & October 1970)
 * The Cellar Door Sessions (1970)
 * Live-Evil
 * Bitches Brew Live (2011)
 * Miles Davis at Newport 1955-1975: The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 (2015)
 * ''Live in Europe: Volume One - recorded October 21/22 1971 - released September 2023
 * Vignettes (Arabesque, 1996)
 * Don't You Know That I Care (1992)
 * The Crawl (Candid, 1989)
 * Search for Peace (Smoke Sessions, 2015)
 * Four in One (Smoke Sessions, 2017)
 * You Know How to Love Me
 * Phyllis Hyman
 * Can't We Fall in Love Again?
 * Release the Day (2001)
 * Precious Energy (2022)
 * Precious Energy Re-UP (2023)
 * Ode to Super (SteepleChase, 1973)
 * Exploration (2004)
 * Virtue (1976)
 * New Weave
 * Members, Don't Git Weary (Atlantic, 1968)
 * A Place in Time (HighNote, 2016)
 * Deaf Dumb Blind (Summun Bukmun Umyun) (Impulse!, 1970)
 * Blackstone Legacy (Contemporary, 1970)
 * For Sure! (Columbia, 1979)
 * United (Columbia, 1981)
 * Sphere (Verve, 1998)

With Charles Tolliver
 * Paper Man (Freedom, 1968 [1975])

With Bob Thiele Collective With Leon Thomas With Malachi Thompson With McCoy Tyner
 * Lion Hearted (1993)
 * Precious Energy (Mapleshade Records, 1987)
 * Rising Daystar (Delmark, 1999)
 * Blue Jazz (Delmark, 2003)
 * Expansions (Blue Note, 1968)
 * Cosmos (Blue Note, 1970)
 * Extensions (Blue Note, 1970)
 * Asante (Blue Note, 1970)
 * Sama Layuca (Milestone, 1974)
 * Focal Point (Milestone, 1976)
 * Looking Out (Milestone, 1982)
 * Dimensions (Elektra/Musician, 1984)
 * McCoy Tyner and the Latin All-Stars (Telarc, 1999)
 * Illuminations (Telarc, 2004)

With Robert Walter
 * Spirit of '70 (1996)

With Chip White
 * Harlem Sunset with Steve Nelson, Robin Eubanks, Claudio Roditi (Postcards)

With John Lee & Gerry Brown
 * Infinite Jones with Chris Hinze (Keytone, 1974)

With The Midnight Hour (with Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammed)
 * Jazz Is Dead 001, Distant Mode (2020)

title: Gary Bartz


text:
Coimage

In algebra, the coimage of a homomorphism

 * $$f : A \rightarrow B$$

is the quotient

 * $$\text{coim} f = A/\ker(f)$$

of the domain by the kernel. The coimage is canonically isomorphic to the image by the first isomorphism theorem, when that theorem applies.

More generally, in category theory, the coimage of a morphism is the dual notion of the image of a morphism. If $$f : X \rightarrow Y$$, then a coimage of $$f$$  (if it exists) is an epimorphism $$c : X \rightarrow C$$ such that
 * 1) there is a map $$f_c : C \rightarrow Y $$ with $$ f =f_c \circ c $$,
 * 2) for any epimorphism $$z : X \rightarrow Z$$ for which there is a map $$f_z : Z \rightarrow Y $$ with $$ f =f_z \circ z $$, there is a unique map $$ h : Z \rightarrow C $$ such that both $$ c =h \circ z $$ and $$ f_z =f_c \circ h $$

title: Coimage