text:
Gomer Pyle

Gomer Pyle is a fictional character played by Jim Nabors and introduced in the middle of the third season of The Andy Griffith Show.

A naïve and gentle auto mechanic, he became a recurring character in the January 1963 episode "Man in a Hurry". Nabors played Pyle for 23 episodes, from 1962 to 1964.

After two seasons on The Andy Griffith Show, the character was spun off to Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. in 1964 which ran until 1969.

Character
Gomer is a naïve, extremely moral auto mechanic turned United States Marine Corps PFC, from Mayberry, North Carolina. The only apparent employee at Wally's Filling Station, he initially lived there in a back room; and, according to Andy, was "saving up for college" and wanted to be a doctor. Wide-eyed and slack jawed, he usually wore a service station uniform and a baseball cap with an upturned bill; a handkerchief dangled from his back pocket. He initially displayed scant knowledge of automotive mechanics: in "The Great Filling Station Robbery", for example, he thought a carburetor was a hood ornament. In the same episode, he admitted all he knew how to do was fill cars with gas, oil, water and air. However, he learned over time; in other episodes, he was able to diagnose mechanical problems for the average layperson. In his first appearance, the episode "The Bank Job", Gomer is shown operating a blow torch to cut through a bank's vault. In another episode, Gomer diagnoses a problem with a car belonging to an out of town visitor who is delayed by a mechanical breakdown. In "Barney's First Car", Andy calls Gomer to tow Barney's disabled car, implying that Gomer knows how to operate Wally's tow truck. In "Gomer The House Guest", Wally fires Gomer causing Gomer to move in with Andy. Wally's former customers then bring their cars to Andy's house so Gomer can diagnose mechanical problems and repair them. Realizing the success of his business depends on Gomer, Wally re-hires him.

Like his cousin Goober, Gomer provided comic relief, awestruck by the simplest of things, resulting in the exclamation of his catchphrases, "Shazam!", "Golly", "Sur-prise, sur-prise, sur-prise!", and "shame, shame, shame!", as appropriate.

Gomer was sometimes deputized by Deputy Barney Fife, when Sheriff Taylor was otherwise occupied. Though always compliant, Gomer's ineptitude usually made him more of a hindrance than a help in the line of duty. However, in the eyes of his friends, especially Sheriff Andy Taylor, his shortcomings were generally outweighed by his gentle, generous spirit.

In the last episode of the fourth season, Gomer tells Andy he has joined the Marines, because he realized he would eventually be drafted into military service.

Gomer's Mayberry roots were evident in the spin-off series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., where his countrified, backward nature served as the mainstay for the show's humor, making him a comic foil to the hard-nosed drill instructor (later platoon sergeant) Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter, played by Frank Sutton. Both series also included several episodes displaying Gomer's skill as a baritone singer. This skill ultimately takes Gomer to Washington, D.C., along with Sgt. Carter, in the 1967 episode "The Show Must Go On," in which Gomer, backed by the Marine Corps Band, performs for an audience that includes the President. In one episode, Gomer stated that his birthday was on Feb 26.

At first Sergeant Carter was rankled and extremely irritated by the slow-witted Pyle, and dreamed of ways to rid himself of the private's presence. Over the course of the series, however, Carter began to tolerate Pyle, and even grew to respect him. Pyle, though always unconventional, developed into a good Marine, yet never went an episode without causing some degree of irritation for Carter. In the 1967 episode "Gomer the Welsh Rarebit Fiend," Gomer's appetite for welsh rarebit induces sleepwalking, during which Gomer derides and berates Sgt. Carter in a reversal of roles. In the final episode, Gomer requests a transfer after realizing he is nothing but a source of constant anxiety for Carter. Carter, initially pleased with the request, later arranges for the transfer to be denied; and the episode ends with Carter insisting the two shake hands, not knowing Gomer's hand is covered in shellac.

Gomer’s dating life begins on The Andy Griffith Show in the December, 1963 episode “A Date for Gomer” when he agrees to take Thelma Lou’s cousin, Mary Grace, to a town dance. As a Marine, Gomer's romantic interest is Lou Ann Poovie, a fellow North Carolinian who came to California for a singing career, although she proves to be tone deaf. Like Gomer, Lou Ann is innocent and naive, and is a willing participant in many of Gomer's misadventures.

Both The Andy Griffith Show and Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. ended their runs by the late 1960s. While Mayberry R.F.D. continued from 1968 to 1971, where The Andy Griffith Show left off, the concept of returning Gomer to Mayberry was nixed, as the actor was given a CBS variety show of his own (which lasted two seasons). Gomer eventually returned, along with most of the original cast of The Andy Griffith Show, to the 1986 television movie Return to Mayberry. Gomer and Goober Pyle run a gas station/car repair shop called "G & G Garage", implying that Gomer's Marine career had, at some point, ended.

Jim Nabors briefly parodied his role in Cannonball Run II, playing a character named Homer Lyle.

On an episode of The Lucy Show, "Lucy Gets Caught Up in the Draft", Nabors has a cameo role as "Gomer Pyle".

When both The Carol Burnett Show and Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. were running on CBS first-run, there would be an annual crossover between the series – with a character played by Burnett appearing on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., and Nabors appearing on Burnett's variety show on the first episode of every season.

The Andy Griffith Show appearances
The following is a list of The Andy Griffith Show episodes featuring Gomer before his spinoff series:

Season 3

 * Episode 13: "The Bank Job"
 * Episode 16: "Man in a Hurry"
 * Episode 17: "High Noon in Mayberry"
 * Episode 22: "The Great Filling Station Robbery"
 * Episode 27: "Barney's First Car"
 * Episode 32: "The Big House"

Season 4

 * Episode 2: "The Haunted House"
 * Episode 4: "The Sermon for Today"
 * Episode 6: "Gomer the House Guest"
 * Episode 7: "A Black Day for Mayberry"
 * Episode 9: "A Date for Gomer"
 * Episode 11: "Citizen's Arrest"
 * Episode 13: "Barney and the Cave Rescue"
 * Episode 20: "The Song Festers"*
 * Episode 22: "Andy's Vacation"
 * Episode 23: "Andy Saves Gomer"
 * Episode 24: "Bargain Day"
 * Episode 26: "A Deal is a Deal"
 * Episode 27: "Fun Girls"
 * Episode 29: "The Rumor"
 * Episode 30: "Barney and Thelma Lou, Phfftt"
 * Episode 31: "Back to Nature"
 * Episode 32: "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C."

Cultural impact
The term "gomer" has entered the English lexicon, usually meaning "stupid person" or "fool," especially if a coworker or trainee. During the Vietnam War, it was used to refer to Vietnamese soldiers. The OED attributes the "stupid person" meaning to Gomer Pyle, though scholars note that "gomerel" meant "fool" in English dialects outside the United States long before Gomer Pyle appeared on television.

Cultural references

 * In the novel The Short-Timers by Gustav Hasford, the character Leonard Pratt is derisively nicknamed "Gomer Pyle" by Gunnery Sergeant Gerheim. Full Metal Jacket later used the nickname for similarly named characters.
 * In the film Full Metal Jacket by Stanley Kubrick, the nickname "Gomer Pyle" is derisively given to Private Leonard Lawrence (played by Vincent D'Onofrio) during boot camp, due to Gunnery Sergeant Hartman (played by R. Lee Ermey) taking umbrage to his real name.
 * "Gomer Pyle" has become U.S.M.C. slang for a recruit who continually messes up or needs extra training.
 * In the 1992 film White Men Can't Jump, Billy Hoyle (played by Woody Harrelson) refers to a rival basketball player as "Gomer Pyle" after being called "Opie Taylor".
 * In the cartoon TV series Futurama episode "Roswell That Ends Well", Fry meets someone he believes to be his grandfather whose character is based on Gomer Pyle.
 * In the film Evan Almighty, Evan Baxter references Gomer Pyle when he buys the eight lots next to his house in Washington, DC and tries to explain it to his wife by doing the voice and saying, "Surprise, surprise, surprise!".
 * In the 2007 horror film The Hills Have Eyes 2, the character David Napoli, part of a trainee squad, is referred to as "Gomer Pyle" by his superior.
 * On Pink Floyd's The Wall album (1979), on track 16 titled "Nobody Home", a television can be heard in the background. At just over the 3:00 mark, the voice of Gomer Pyle can be heard saying "Surprise, surprise, surprise!".
 * In the film Forrest Gump (1994), a television can be heard in the background when Tom Hanks (as the title character) is practicing table tennis after he'd been injured in the Vietnam War, and Gomer Pyle can be heard to say "Surprise, surprise, surprise!".
 * In the cartoon TV series The Simpsons episode "Monty Can't Buy Me Love", power plant owner Mr. Burns refers to Gomer Pyle's "heavenly" singing voice as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". In another episode, "Mad About the Toy", Grampa Simpson says, "Sorry, my friend, this Army man is as straight as Gomer Pyle".
 * In the cartoon TV series Pinky and the Brain episode "Plan Brain from Outer Space", the mice encounter Gomer Pyle manning the gate at Area 51.
 * In the film Good Morning Vietnam, Robin Williams plays a DJ in Saigon during the Vietnam war and apparently receives a call-in on his radio show by an individual sounding like Gomer Pyle. Williams responds by naming the caller as Gomer (no last name) and asking him what he is doing in Nam, to which the caller responds with Gomer Pyle's catchphrase, "Well, surprise, surprise, surprise!". All voices are of course by Robin Williams as DJ Adrian Cronauer

title: Gomer Pyle


text:
Henri de Man

Henri (Hendrik) de Man (17 November 1885 – 20 June 1953) was a Belgian politician and leader of the Belgian Labour Party (POB-BWP). He was one of the leading socialist theoreticians of his period and, during the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, played a limited role in collaboration.

World War I and the interwar period
A politically active socialist, he nevertheless fought with the Belgian army and supported the Allied cause in World War I. After the war, he taught sociology for a time at the University of Washington, then started a workers' education school in Belgium, before moving back to Germany where he taught for some years at the University of Frankfurt. He was at odds there with the predominant, leftwing and communist movements surrounding some of his colleagues. He was allied with Eugen Diederichs, a conservative publisher in Jena. Henri de Man's antisemitism, expressed openly in his memoir of 1941, Après Coup, developed during his years in Germany, although he lived in marriage with at least one Jewish woman (Après Coup, Brussels: Éditions de la Toison d'Or, 1941).

Returning to Belgium after the Reichstag fire (his books were not popular with Hitler, and de Man was always a maverick relative to others' ideologies) he became Vice President of the Belgian Labour Party (POB-BWP). Upon the death of Emile Vandervelde in 1938, he assumed its presidency. He was Minister of Finance from 1936 to 1938.

His views on socialism and his revision of Marxism were controversial. His promotion of the idea of "planisme", or planning, was widely influential in the early 1930s, in particular among the Non-Conformist Movement in France, a movement also called the Third Way; he was connected briefly to the Personalist Emmanuel Mounier, and even thought of himself as something of a "13th century Thomist".

The doctrine of Henri de Man intended to overcome the successive crises of capitalism by the nationalization of bank credit and an elevation of the degree of authority of the State in financial affairs, while preserving the structures of a capitalist economic system. The “planism” refuted the socialization of the means of production and the construction of a classless society, but on the contrary sought to encourage the private sector by freeing it from certain monopolies entrusted to the State and making it the protector of free competition and individual initiative. From a tactical point of view, marked by the crushing of the German Social Democrats by Hitler, which he attributes to the defection of the middle classes towards the NSDAP, de Man thought it necessary to move towards a rapprochement with liberal parties.

Plan de Man

In 1933 de Man produced a plan which some say was devised to halt the rise of fascism in Belgium, but which most other historians regard as part of his own turn toward fascism — as even de Man's own memoirs attest. This became overwhelmingly clear when he served as de facto prime minister of Belgium directly under the Nazi occupation from June 1940. The plan became widely known as 'Het Plan de Man' and was an example of planism. While some see the plan as comparable to Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, others point out that it was quite unlike the New Deal, proposing not a safety net of welfare and other benefits, but an anti-democratic prescription invented by a man disillusioned with democracy and the working class. The de Man Plan would have removed political power from the workers and their unions, leaving them only the appearance of representation, and would have vested power instead in owners and government. When he proposed it on the floor of the parliament, his opponents shouted, "That is pure fascism" in a debate that caused de Man to suffer a stroke on the spot, and paralyzed him for almost three months. Freedom of the press was also to be curtailed by Henri de Man.

Collaboration
De Man was an adviser to King Leopold III and his mother, Queen Elisabeth. Having lived extensively in Germany, and "loving" the country as he said, throughout the 1930s in Belgium he advocated accommodating Hitler's expansionist policies to save Belgium from the crushing fate it had previously suffered in World War I, the policy that was called appeasement by other democratic nations. After the "capitulation" of the Belgian Army in 1940, he issued a manifesto to POB-BWP members, welcoming the German occupation as a field of neutralist action during the war: "For the working classes and for socialism, this collapse of a decrepit world, far from being a disaster, is a deliverance."

He was involved in setting up an umbrella trade union, the Unie van Hand- en Geestesarbeiders/Union des Travailleurs Manuels et Intellectuels (UHGA-UTMI) which would unify the existing trade unions and moreover aim at the integration of manual and intellectual workers. That was branded by longtime socialists a fascist plan, and UHGA-UTMI was considered a fascist organization because workers had little or no control of this "union". As de Man moved steadily to the right, he also opposed a free press, as he wrote himself in his memoire, entitled Après Coup.

During several months, he was (at least in his own eyes) the de facto prime minister of Belgium, serving under the German generals Alexander von Falkenhausen and Eggert Reeder, the actual Belgian ministers having all fled the country during the Battle of Belgium to form the Belgian government in exile. Nevertheless, he eventually was mistrusted both by Flemish Nazi collaborators (for his Belgicist views) and by the Nazi authorities, who forbade him to give any more public speeches after Easter 1941. Seeing he had lost his grip on events, he went into self-imposed exile.

Exile and death
After leaving Belgium, de Man lived for years in German-occupied Paris seeing his mistress Lucienne Didier; with her in occupied Paris he was part of the circle surrounding Ernst Jünger. However, with the advance of the Allied troops in May 1945, fearing capture, he fled to an Alpine cottage in La Clusaz, in the Haute Savoie region of France. After the liberation, he crossed the border to Switzerland and lived in the Grison mountains near Austria.

He died with his young wife in 1953 in a collision between his car and a train, a death that his son Jan de Man and others thought was probably a suicide. Henri de Man had been depressed and immobilized in Switzerland for years, prevented from returning to Belgium by the threat of trial and imprisonment for treason.

He was convicted in absentia of treason after the war. His nephew, the literary theorist Paul de Man, became famous in the United States as a leading proponent of literary deconstructionism. After his death in 1983, Paul de Man was found to have written articles for a collaborationist newspaper in Belgium, some of which expressed antisemitic themes. This discovery prompted a broader re-evaluation of Paul de Man's work, as well as his relationship to Hendrik, who had been a fatherlike figure to him.

Publications

 * Au pays du Taylorisme, Bruxelles, éd. "Le Peuple", 1919.
 * Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus, Jena, E. Diederichs, 1927.
 * Au-delà du marxisme, Bruxelles, L'Églantine, 1927. (Rééd., Paris, Alcan, 1929; Seuil, 1974)
 * Socialisme et marxisme, Bruxelles, L'Églantine, 1928.
 * Joie du travail, enquête basée sur des témoignages d'ouvriers et d'employés, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1930.
 * Réflexions sur l'économie dirigée, Bruxelles et Paris, L'Églantine, 1932.
 * Nationalisme et socialisme, Paris, [éditeur non indiqué], 1932.
 * Marx redécouvert, [Der neu entdeckte Marx], traduction de l'allemand par Michel Brélaz, Genève, Association pour l'étude de l'œuvre d'Henri de Man, 1980 [1932].
 * Le Socialisme constructif, traduit de l'allemand par L. C. Herbert, Paris, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1933.
 * Pour un plan d'action, Paris, M. Rivière, [1934].
 * Le Plan du travail, Bruxelles, Institut d'économie européenne, 1934. Éditions Labor, 1935.
 * L'exécution du plan du travail, Anvers, de Sikkel, 1935.
 * L'idée socialiste suivi du Plan de travail, traduction d'Alexandre Kojevnikov et Henry Corbin, Paris, Bernard Grasset, [1935].
 * Corporatisme et socialisme, Bruxelles, Éditions Labor, 1935.
 * Masses et chefs, Bruxelles, La Nouvelle églantine, 1937.
 * (avec Lucovic Zoretti, Léo Moulin, M. Somerhausen et Georges Lefranc, Les problèmes d'ensemble du fascisme, semaine d'études d'Uccle-Bruxelles, 10–15 juillet 1934, Paris, Centre confédéral d'éducation ouvrière, [1939].
 * Après coup, mémoires, Bruxelles et Paris, Éditions de la Toison d'or et PUF, [1941] (plusieurs rééditions).
 * Herinneringen, Antwerpen, de Sikkel, Arnheim, van Loghum Slaterus, 1941.
 * Réflexions sur la paix, Paris et Bruxelles, Éditions de la Toison d'Or, 1942.
 * Cahiers de ma montagne, Bruxelles, Éditions de la Toison d'or, 1944.
 * Au-delà du nationalisme. Vers un gouvernement mondial, Genève, Éditions du Cheval ailé, 1946.
 * Cavalier seul. 45 années de socialisme européen, Genève, Éditions du Cheval ailé, 1948.
 * Jacques Cœur, argentier du Roy, [Jacques Cœur, der konigliche kaufmann Paris, 1950], Tardy, 1951.
 * L'Ère des masses et le déclin de la civilisation, [Vermassung und Kulturverfall], traduit de l'allemand par Fernand Delmas, Paris, Flammarion, 1954.
 * Le "dossier Léopold III" et autres documents sur la période de la seconde guerre mondiale, édité par Michel Brélaz, Genève, Éditions des Antipodes, 1989.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henri de Man


text:
Dolabella (gastropod)

Dolabella is a genus of sea slugs or sea hares, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Aplysiidae, the sea hares.

Description
In the sea hares of the genus Dolabella the back end of the body has turned into a slanted disc-like shield, with a large, calcified shell buried inside. The color is variable, with specks of green and brown.

There are fossil records of † Dolabella aldrichi from the Early Miocene, found in the Chipola Formation in Florida

Species
Species within the genus Dolabella include:

 * † Dolabella aldrichi
 * Dolabella auricularia Lightfoot, 1786 or Wedge Sea Hare
 * Dolabella gigas Rang, 1828
 * Distribution : Indian Ocean.
 * Description : The internal shell has a saucer-shaped extension; armed penis
 * Species brought into synonymy:
 * Dolabella aldrichi Dall, 1890 †: synonym of Floribella aldrichi (Dall, 1890) † (original combination)
 * Dolabella andersoni Allan, 1941 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella callosa Lamarck, 1801 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella cheni Sun, 1960 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella dolabrifera Rang, 1828 : synonym of Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828)
 * Dolabella ecaudata (Rang, 1828) : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella fragilis Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791
 * Dolabella gigas (Rang, 1828) : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella hasselti Férussac in Rang, 1828 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella laevis Blainville, 1819 : synonym of Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791
 * Dolabella lepus Risso, 1826 : synonym of Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791 (dubious synonym)
 * Dolabella rumphii Blainville, 1819 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
 * Dolabella scapula O'Donoghue, 1929 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) (non-binomial)
 * Dolabella variegata Pease, 1860 : synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)

title: Dolabella (gastropod)


text:
User:Hemanshu/How popular is Wikipedia?

so we are gonna break into the top 500 soon and I beleive we are more popular than the Brittanica site....

but we are not listed as popular site in the encyclopedia category of Yahoo! Directory

http://dir.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/?sort=lf

So I am going to check what Alexa thinks of the "popular" encyclopedias

Wikipedia.org reaches... ...400 times as many people as Brittanica.com ...more than 5 times as many people as encyclopedia.com ...more than 3 times as many people as infoplease.com ...a comparable number of users at best to encarta.msn.com (less than 1% of people visiting msn.com go to encarta.msn.com)

title: User:Hemanshu/How popular is Wikipedia?


text:
Frank Sutton

Frank Spencer Sutton (October 23, 1923 – June 28, 1974) was an American actor best remembered for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter on the CBS television series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C..

Early life
Born in Clarksville, Tennessee, Sutton developed an interest in acting, playing his first role at age nine and also starring in the drama club at East Nashville High School, where he graduated in 1941. He later said, "The first time I walked out on a stage, I had a warm feeling. I knew then I wanted to be an actor."

After high school, Sutton returned to Clarksville to become a radio announcer. During World War II, he volunteered for service in the U.S. Marine Corps, but he was medically rejected due to his color blindness. He then enlisted in the U.S. Army and served in the South Pacific, taking part in 14 assault landings. Sutton was a sergeant who served from 1943 to 1946 in the 293rd Joint Assault Signal Company. He was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.

Acting career
Honorably discharged after the war as a sergeant, he began acting on stage. He attended the Columbia University School of General Studies, graduating cum laude with a bachelor's degree in drama in 1952.

Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Sutton played small roles in television shows such as Decoy, Route 66, Naked City, The Greatest Show on Earth, The Fugitive, The Goldbergs, 87th Precinct, Gunsmoke, Target: The Corruptors, Empire, The Twilight Zone, and The Untouchables. He had a continuing role as Cadet Eric Rattison, the great rival of the Polaris Unit manned by the series' heroes, in Tom Corbett, Space Cadet from 1950 to 1955. In 1955, he received his big break in the Academy Award-winning movie Marty, in which he played the title character's friend, Ralph. He also had a role in The Satan Bug, a 1965 spy thriller. He returned to the stage in The Andersonville Trial in the early 1960s. Having primarily acted in dramas, Sutton's breakthrough role was on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., a 1964 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, in which he played the cynical and easily exasperated Gunnery Sergeant Vince Carter opposite Jim Nabors' character Gomer Pyle. This episode was the pilot for a spin-off TV comedy, Gomer Pyle, USMC, where Sutton continued the role for five seasons, until the show ended its run in 1969. He also appeared in public service announcements in the role of Gunnery Sergeant Carter. After Gomer Pyle ceased production, Sutton appeared regularly on Nabors' variety show The Jim Nabors Hour with Gomer Pyle co-star Ronnie Schell. Sutton played the brother-in-law of Nabors' character in comedy sketches. Sutton performed in dinner theater, playing, among other roles, the father in Norman, Is That You? and made guest appearances on other television programs.

Personal life and death
In 1946, Sutton married soap-opera writer Toby M. Igler, with whom he had two children, Joe Sutton and Amanda.

On June 28, 1974, while preparing for a performance in the comedy play Luv at the Beverly Barn Dinner Playhouse in Shreveport, Louisiana, Sutton died of a heart attack. He is buried in the Greenwood Cemetery in his hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee.

title: Frank Sutton


text:
Forceps

Forceps (: forceps or considered a plural noun without a singular, often a pair of forceps;  the Latin plural forcipes is no longer recorded in most dictionaries)    are a handheld, hinged instrument used for grasping and holding objects. Forceps are used when fingers are too large to grasp small objects or when many objects need to be held at one time while the hands are used to perform a task. The term "forceps" is used almost exclusively in the fields of biology and medicine. Outside biology and medicine, people usually refer to forceps as tweezers, tongs, pliers, clips or clamps.

Mechanically, forceps employ the principle of the lever to grasp and apply pressure.

Depending on their function, basic surgical forceps can be categorized into the following groups:
 * 1) Non-disposable forceps. They should withstand various kinds of physical and chemical effects of body fluids, secretions, cleaning agents, and sterilization methods.
 * 2) Disposable forceps. They are usually made of lower-quality materials or plastics which are disposed after use.

Surgical forceps are commonly made of high-grade carbon steel, which ensures they can withstand repeated sterilization in high-temperature autoclaves. Some are made of other high-quality stainless steel, chromium and vanadium alloys to ensure durability of edges and freedom from rust. Lower-quality steel is used in forceps made for other uses. Some disposable forceps are made of plastic. The invention of surgical forceps is attributed to Stephen Hales.

There are two basic types of forceps: non-locking (often called "thumb forceps" or "pick-ups") and locking, though these two types come in dozens of specialized forms for various uses. Non-locking forceps also come in two basic forms: hinged at one end, away from the grasping end (colloquially such forceps are called tweezers) and hinged in the middle, rather like scissors. Locking forceps are almost always hinged in the middle, though some forms place the hinge very close to the grasping end. Locking forceps use various means to lock the grasping surfaces in a closed position to facilitate manipulation or to independently clamp, grasp or hold an object.

Thumb forceps
Thumb forceps, known simply as forceps in surgical specialties, are commonly held in a pen grip between the thumb and index finger (sometimes also the middle finger), with the top end resting on the first dorsal interosseous muscle at the webspace between the thumb and index finger. Spring tension at the top end holds the grasping ends apart until pressure is applied. This provides an extended pinch and allows the user to easily grasp, manipulate and quickly release small objects or delicate tissue with readily variable pressure. Thumb forceps are used to hold tissue still when applying sutures, to gently move tissues out of the way during exploratory surgery and to access confined cavities that are hard to reach with hands and fingers.

Thumb forceps can have smooth tips, cross-hatched tips or serrated tips (often called "mouse's teeth"). Common arrangements of teeth are 1×2 (two teeth on one side meshing with a single tooth on the other), 7×7 and 9×9. Serrated forceps are used on tissue; counter-intuitively, teeth will damage tissue less than a smooth surface because one can grasp with less overall pressure. Smooth or cross-hatched forceps are used to move dressings, remove sutures and similar tasks.

Locking forceps
Locking forceps, sometimes called clamps, are used to grasp and firmly hold objects or body tissues, or to apply external compression onto tubular structures such as blood vessels or intestines. When they are specifically used to occlude an artery to forestall bleeding, they are called hemostats. Another form of locking forceps is the needle holder, used to guide a suturing needle through tissue. Many locking forceps use finger rings/loops to facilitate handling (see illustration, below, of Kelly forceps). The finger loops are usually grasped by the thumb and middle or (more often) ring finger, while the index finger is placed on the pivot to help stabilize and guide the instrument.

The most common locking mechanism is a handle ratchet, which consists of an asymmetrically serrated short protrusion near the finger loop of one of the handles, and a corresponding hook on the other. As the forceps are closed, the opposing teeth engage and interlock, keeping the handles adducted and the jaw surfaces clamped constantly. To unlock, a simple shearing push by the fingers is all that is needed to disengage the teeth and allow the grasping ends to move apart.

Kelly forceps
Kelly forceps are a type of hemostat usually made of stainless steel. They resemble a pair of scissors with the blade replaced by a blunted grip. They also feature a locking mechanism to allow them to act as clamps. Kelly forceps may be floor-grade (regular use) and as such not used for surgery. They may also be sterilized and used in operations, in both human and veterinary medicine. They may be either curved or straight. In surgery, they may be used for occluding blood vessels, manipulating tissues, or for assorted other purposes. They are named for Howard Atwood Kelly, M.D., first professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. The "mosquito" variant of the tool is more delicate and has smaller, finer tips. Other varieties with similar, if more specialized, uses are Allis clamps, Babcocks, Kochers, Carmalts, and tonsils; all but the last bear the names of the surgeons who designed them.

Other medical forceps
Other types of forceps include:

 * Alligator forceps
 * Anesthesia forceps, often with smooth jaw surface for clamping tubes such as a double-lumen tube
 * Artery forceps, also known as a hemostat
 * Atraumatic forceps, Debaker forceps
 * Biopsy forceps
 * Bone-cutting forceps
 * Bone-reduction forceps
 * Bone-holding forceps
 * Bulldog forceps
 * Catheter forceps
 * Cilia forceps
 * Curettes forceps
 * Debaker forceps
 * Dermal forceps & nippers
 * Dressing forceps
 * Ear forceps
 * Eye forceps
 * Gallbladder forceps
 * Gerald forceps
 * Harvey forceps
 * Hemostatic forceps
 * Hysterectomy forceps
 * Intestinal forceps
 * Magill forceps
 * Microsurgery forceps
 * Nasal forceps
 * Needle holder
 * Obstetrical forceps
 * Postmortem forceps
 * Splinter forceps
 * Sponge forceps
 * Spreading forceps
 * Sterilizer forceps
 * Suture sundries forceps
 * Tenaculum forceps
 * Thoracic forceps
 * Thoracic surgical forceps
 * Thumb forceps
 * Tissue forceps
 * Tongue forceps
 * Tooth extracting forceps
 * Tubing forceps
 * Uterine forceps
 * Vulsellum forceps - used to grasp cervical lips to visualize the cervix.

title: Forceps


text:
MOLPRO

MOLPRO is a software package used for accurate ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. It is developed by Peter Knowles at Cardiff University and Hans-Joachim Werner at Universität Stuttgart in collaboration with other authors.

The emphasis in the program is on highly accurate computations, with extensive treatment of the electron correlation problem through the multireference configuration interaction, coupled cluster and associated methods. Integral-direct local electron correlation methods reduce the increase of the computational cost with molecular size. Accurate ab initio calculations can then be performed for larger molecules. With new explicitly correlated methods the basis set limit can be very closely approached.

History
Molpro was designed and maintained by Wilfried Meyer and Peter Pulay in the late 1960s. At that moment, Pulay developed the first analytical gradient code called Hartree-Fock (HF),  and Meyer researched his PNO-CEPA (pseudo-natural orbital coupled-electron pair approximation) methods. In 1980, Werner and Meyer developed a new state-averaged, quadratically convergent (MC-SCF) method, which provided geometry optimization for multireference cases. By the same year, the first internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (IC-MRCI) program was developed by Werner and Reinsch. About four years later (1984), Werner and Knowles developed on a new generation program called CASSCF (complete active space SCF). This new CASSCF program combined fast orbital optimization algorithms with determinant-based full CI codes, and additional, more general, unitary group configuration interaction (CI) codes. This resulted in the quadratically convergent MCSCF/CASSCF code called MULTI,  which allowed modals to be optimized a weighted energy average of several states, and is capable of treating both completely general configuration expansions. In fact, this method is still available today. In addition to these organizational developments, Knowles and Werner started to cooperate on a new, more efficient, IC-MRCI method. Extensions for accurate treatments of excited states became possible through a new IC-MRCI method. In brief, the present IC-MRCI will be described as MRCI. These recently developed MCSCF and MRCI methods resulted in the basis of the modern Molpro. In the following years, a number of new programs were added. Analytic energy gradients can be evaluated with coupled-cluster calculations, density functional theory (DFT), as well as many other programs. These structural changes make the code more modular and easier to use and maintain, and also reduces the probability of input error.

title: MOLPRO


text:
Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament

The men's football tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held in Sydney and four other cities in Australia from 15 to 30 September. It was the 22nd edition of the men's Olympic football tournament.

The final, played at the Olympic Stadium in Sydney, Australia, attracted the Olympic Games Football attendance record of 104,098 which broke the previous record of 101,799 set at the Rose Bowl for the gold medal match of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Cameroon won the gold medal with a victory over Spain.

Competition schedule
The match schedule of the tournament.

Qualification
The following 16 teams qualified for the 2000 Olympic men's football tournament:

Four countries competed for the first time in 2000: the Czech Republic and Slovakia (previously champions together as Czechoslovakia at the 1980 Summer Olympics), South Africa and Honduras.

Venues
Six venues were used during the tournament, four of them outside of Sydney at cities around Australia. Olympic stadium hosted the Final.

Match officials

 * Africa
 * 🇹🇳 Mourad Daami
 * 🇸🇳 Falla N'Doye
 * Felix Tangawarima

 * Asia
 * 🇨🇳 Lu Jun
 * Saad Mane

 * North and Central America
 * 🇯🇲 Peter Prendergast
 * 🇲🇽 Felipe Ramos

 * South America
 * Mario Sánchez Yantén
 * 🇧🇷 Carlos Simon

 * Europe
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphane Bré
 * 🇩🇪 Herbert Fandel
 * 🇸🇰 Ľuboš Micheľ

 * Oceania
 * 🇦🇺 Simon Micallef
 * 🇳🇿 Bruce Grimshaw

Seeding
The draw for the tournament took place on 3 June 2000. Australia, South Korea, the United States and Brazil were seeded for the draw and placed into groups A–D, respectively. The remaining teams were drawn from four pots with teams from the same region kept apart.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage
Note: Extra time periods were played under the golden goal rule.

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

Goalscorers
With six goals, Iván Zamorano of Chile is the top goalscorer in the tournament. In total, 103 goals were scored by 62 different players, with six of them credited as own goals.

 * 6 goals
 * Iván Zamorano

 * 4 goals

 * 🇨🇲 Patrick M'Boma
 * Reinaldo Navia
 * David Suazo

 * 3 goals

 * 🇨🇲 Lauren
 * 🇯🇵 Naohiro Takahara
 * Victor Agali
 * 🇪🇸 Gabri
 * 🇪🇸 José Mari
 * 🇺🇸 Peter Vagenas

 * 2 goals

 * 🇧🇷 Alex
 * 🇧🇷 Edu
 * 🇨🇿 Lukáš Došek
 * 🇮🇹 Gianni Comandini
 * Khalaf Al-Mutairi
 * Faraj Saeed
 * 🇸🇰 Andrej Porázik
 * Siyabonga Nomvethe
 * 🇪🇸 Xavi
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Albright
 * 🇺🇸 Josh Wolff

 * 1 goal

 * 🇦🇺 Hayden Foxe
 * 🇦🇺 Kasey Wehrman
 * 🇧🇷 Ronaldinho
 * 🇨🇲 Nicolas Alnoudji
 * 🇨🇲 Samuel Eto'o
 * 🇨🇲 Modeste M'bami
 * Pablo Contreras
 * Rafael Olarra
 * Rodrigo Tello
 * 🇨🇿 Marek Heinz
 * 🇨🇿 Roman Lengyel
 * Julio César de León
 * 🇮🇹 Massimo Ambrosini
 * 🇮🇹 Andrea Pirlo
 * 🇯🇵 Junichi Inamoto
 * 🇯🇵 Hidetoshi Nakata
 * 🇯🇵 Atsushi Yanagisawa
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Dong-gook
 * 🇰🇷 Lee Chun-soo
 * Jamal Mubarak
 * Bader Najem
 * 🇲🇦 El Houssaine Ouchla
 * Bright Igbinadolor
 * Pius Ikedia
 * Garba Lawal
 * 🇸🇰 Juraj Czinege
 * 🇸🇰 Ján Šlahor
 * Quinton Fortune
 * Steve Lekoelea
 * Benni McCarthy
 * 🇪🇸 Miguel Ángel Angulo
 * 🇪🇸 Jesús Lacruz
 * 🇪🇸 Raúl Tamudo
 * 🇪🇸 Toni Velamazán
 * 🇺🇸 Danny Califf
 * 🇺🇸 Landon Donovan

 * 1 own goal

 * 🇨🇲 Patrice Abanda (playing against Chile)
 * Jaime Rosales (playing against Australia)
 * 🇮🇹 Gianni Comandini (playing against Honduras)
 * Samuel Okunowo (playing against Italy)
 * 🇸🇰 Marián Čišovský (playing against Brazil)
 * 🇪🇸 Iván Amaya (playing against Cameroon)


text:
Shaniwar Wada

Shaniwar Wada is a historical fortification in the city of Pune, India. Built in 1732, it was the great seat of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire until 1818. Following the rise of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the center of Indian politics in the 18th century. The fort itself was largely destroyed in 1828 by an unexplained fire, but the surviving structures are now maintained as a tourist site.

History
The Shaniwar Wada was normally the seven-story capital building of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made entirely of stone. However, after the completion of the base floor or the first story, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to the Chhatrapati Shahu I (Emperor) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and built only by the emperor himself and not the Peshwas. Following this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone.

By 1758, at least a thousand people lived in the fort. In 1773, Narayanrao, who was the fifth and ruling Peshwa then, was murdered by guards on orders of his uncle Raghunathrao and aunt Anandibai. A popular legend has it that Narayanrao's ghost still calls for help on full moon nights. Various people, working around the area, have allegedly reported the cries of "Kaka mala vachava" (Uncle, save me) by Narayanrao Peshwa after his death.

In June 1818, the Peshwa, Bajirao II, abdicated his Gaadi (throne) to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company and went into political exile at Bithoor, near Kanpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. On 27 February 1828, a great fire started inside the palace complex. The conflagration raged for seven days. Only the heavy granite ramparts, strong teak gateways and deep foundations and ruins of the buildings within the fort survived.

According to Haricharitramrutsagar, a biographical text of Bhagwan Swaminarayan, he had visited Shaniwarwada on the insistence of Bajirao II in 1799.

Construction
Peshwa Baji Rao I, prime minister to Chattrapati Shahu, laid the ceremonial foundation of his own residence on Saturday, 10 January 1730. It was named Shaniwar Wada from the Marathi words Shaniwar (Saturday) and Wada (a general term for any residence complex). Teak was imported from the jungles of Junnar, stone was brought from the nearby quarries of Chinchwad, and Lime (mineral) was brought from the lime-belts of Jejuri. Shaniwarwada was completed in 1732, at a total cost of Rs. 16,110, a very large sum at that time.

The opening ceremony was performed according to religious customs, on 22 January 1732, another Saturday chosen for being a particularly auspicious day.

Later the Peshwas made several additions, including the fortification walls, with bastions and gates; court halls and other buildings; fountains and reservoirs. Currently, the perimeter fortification wall has five gateways and nine bastion towers, enclosing a garden complex with the foundations of the original buildings. It is situated near the Mula-Mutha River, in Kasba Peth.

Gates
Shaniwar Wada has five gates:
 * Delhi Darwaza
 * The Delhi Darwaza is the main gate of the complex, and faces north towards Delhi. In fact, Shaniwar Wada is the only fort structure in India to have its main gate facing Delhi, the medieval imperial capital of Mughal Empire. Even Chhatrapati Shahu is said to have considered the north-facing fort an indication of Baji Rao's ambitions against the Mughal Empire, and suggested that the main gate should be made of chhaatiiche, maatiche naahi! (Marathi for "of the chests of brave soldiers, not made of mud").

 * The strongly built Delhi Darwaza gatehouse has massive doors, large enough to admit elephants outfitted with howdahs (seating canopies). To discourage elephants charging the gates, each pane of the gate has seventy-two sharp twelve-inch steel spikes arranged in a nine by eight grid, at approximately the height of the forehead of a battle-elephant. Each pane was also fortified with steel cross members, and borders were bolted with steel bolts having sharpened cone heads. The bastions flanking the gatehouse has arrow-loops and machicolation chutes through which boiling oil could be poured onto offending raiders. The right pane has a small man-sized door for usual entries and exits, too small to allow an army to enter rapidly. Shaniwar Wada was built by a contractor from Rajasthan known as 'Kumawat' of the Vadar Sub-caste, after completing construction they were given the name 'Naik' by the Peshwa.

 * Even if the main gates were to be forced open, a charging army would need to turn sharply right, then sharply left, to pass through the gateway and into the central complex. This would provide a defending army with another chance to attack the incoming army, and to launch a counterattack to recapture the gateway.

 * As the ceremonial gate of the fort, military campaigns would set out from and be received back here, with appropriate religious ceremonies.

 * Mastani Darwaza (Mastani's Gate) or Aliibahadur Darwaja, facing north
 * This gate was the entrance leading to Bajirao I's wife Mastani's palace and was used by her while travelling out of the palace's perimeter wall.

 * Khidki Darwaza (Window Gate), facing east
 * Khidki Darwaja Shaniwar Wada.jpg Khidki Darwaja is named for an armoured window it contains.

 * Ganesh Darwaza (Ganesh Gate), facing south-east
 * Named for the Ganesh Rang Mahal, which used to stand near this door. It was used by ladies at the fort to visit the nearby Kasba Ganapati temple.

 * Jambhul Darwaza or Narayan Darwaja (Narayan's Gate), facing south
 * This gate was used by concubines to enter and leave the fort. It obtained its second name after Narayanrao Peshwa's corpse was removed from the fort for cremation through this gate. He is said to have been assassinated at this gate.

Palaces
The important buildings in the palace includes the Thorlya Rayancha Diwankhana (Marathi: the court reception hall of the eldest royal, meaning Baji Rao I), Naachacha Diwankhana (Dance Hall), and Juna Arsa Mahal (Old Mirror Hall).

Since the buildings were destroyed in the fire of 1828, only descriptions of the living areas of the fort are available. All the state halls in the buildings are said to have doorways with exquisitely carved teak arches, with ornamental teardrop teak pillars shaped like Suru (cypress tree) trunks supporting the ceilings, which were covered with beautiful teak tracery, carved creepers and flowers. Exquisite glass chandeliers hung from the ceilings. The floors were made of highly polished marble, arranged in a mosaic pattern and adorned with rich Persian rugs. The walls contained paintings with scenes from the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

The buildings are said to have been designed and constructed by well-known artisans, including Shivaram Krishna, Devaji Sutar, Kondaji Sutar, Morarji Patharwat Bhojraja (an inlay-work expert from Jaipur) and Ragho (a painter).

It is said that the Shaniwarwada complex was seven storeys high. On the top floor was the residence of the Peshwa which was called Meghadambari. It is said that the spire of Jñāneśvar temple at Alandi, 17 km away, could be seen from there.

The Fountain
The complex had an impressive lotus-shaped fountain: the Hazari Karanje (Fountain of a thousand jets). It was constructed for the pleasure of the infant Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao. It was designed as a sixteen petal lotus; each petal had sixteen jets with an eighty-foot arch. It was the most complicated and intricate fountain of its time.

Shrimant Anandrao Rudrajirao Dhulap-More (an admiral of Maratha navy in 18th century) who visited the Shaniwarwada in 1791 described it as "very magnificent. A hundred dancers can dance here at a time. In one corner is a marble Ganapati statue and the palace is flanked by a fountain and a flower garden.".

Popular culture

 * In 2008, Shaniwar Wada was featured on The Amazing Race Asia 3. In the game show, one participant from each team of two had to find the correct pheta (turban) from among those worn by 50 men within the Wada.
 * It was featured in 2014 Marathi historical drama Rama Madhav.
 * Shaniwar Wada featured in the 2015 Hindi historical film Bajirao Mastani.
 * Shaniwar Wada featured in the 2019 Hindi historical film Panipat.
 * Shaniwar Wada featured in 2019 Marathi TV Series Swamini on Colors Marathi where grand set of Shaniwar wada was constructed in Mumbai Film City.

title: Shaniwar Wada


text:
Talk:Courteney Cox

She identifies as an Irish-American?
Do we have a source that can back that up! I'm sure it was just added because of her fiancee being Irish. It doesn't work that way!198.11.218.38 (talk) 18:06, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

Misleading statement
Currently there is this in the Friends section: "According to the Guinness Book of World Records (2005), Cox (along with her female costars) became the highest paid TV actress of all time with her US$1 million-per-episode paycheck for the final two seasons of Friends." It's rather misleading, since Helen Hunt was the first $1,000,000 an episode actress the 3 years before during the last season of Mad About You. __209.179.0.121 (talk) 04:00, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 one external links on Courteney Cox. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/191575/Courteney_Cox_Arquette_Biography
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/191575/Courteney_Cox_Arquette_Biography
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/courteney-cox-arquette.1/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090217143417/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2008/07/exclusive-court.html to http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2008/07/exclusive-court.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.moono.com/news/news00752.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/05/29/courteney-cox-david-arquette-divorce-is-final/2370165/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://wif.org/past-recipients

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:46, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Courteney Cox. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121102063153/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,365163,00.html to http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,365163,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090217143417/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2008/07/exclusive-court.html to http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2008/07/exclusive-court.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140303043203/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Courteney-Cox-New-35013.aspx to http://www.tvguide.com/News/Courteney-Cox-New-35013.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:27, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Courteney Cox. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011942/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,640639,00.html to http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,640639,00.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:57, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

King Edward II and William the Conqueror are too old for mentioning genealogic links here
The article as of today says « On the Season 9 premiere episode of the American genealogy documentary show Who Do You Think You Are?, it was discovered that Cox is descended from several key players involved in the deposing and likely murder of King Edward II of England, and also a direct descendant of William the Conqueror (her 26x great-grandfather) ».

However Courteney Cox was born in 1964, King Edward II's assassination was in 1327, William the Conqueror died in 1087.

So (assuming 30 years for a generation, which is probably much longer than average reality), at the time of Courteney Cox birth, the descent of King Edward II was about 2 millions people (1964-1327=637 years, 637/30 = 21 generations, 2^21=2 millions), and the descent of William the Conqueror was about 500 millions. The multiple descendants would lessen these figures but not that much. So the genealogic link to King Edward II is not so significant (2 millions shared it in 1964, 8 millions in 2017), and the link to William the Conqueror could be seen simply as irrelevant.

Notice that e.g. King Henry VIII having died much nearer from us (1547), his descent was only 8,000 people in 1964 (30,000 in 2017), hence a genealogic link to him would be much more meaningful. Michel Merlin (talk) 23:23, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

Update her Wikipedia Page
I was watching the Celebrity Escape Room TV special and Jack Black said someone should update her Wikipedia page and went here to see if someone did and noticed no one has yet, so will someone edit it. CarverSindile (talk) 04:11, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Scream
Scream ended 9 years ago...and I can't fix it because the page is locked — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dbutler1986 (talk • contribs) 03:53, 4 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Scream 5 is in production; hence the franchise is not "ended".  General Ization Talk  03:58, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 January 2021
Dianerys88 (talk) 19:51, 3 January 2021 (UTC)I suggest to change "The couple have a daughter together named Coco, born in June 2004.[68][69] Cox revealed that she suffered from postpartum depression six months after the birth of her child.[70] Jennifer Aniston is the godmother.[71]" to "The couple have a daughter together named Coco, born in June 2004.[68][69] Jennifer Aniston is Coco's godmother.[71] Cox revealed that she suffered from postpartum depression six months after the birth of her child.[70] "

The way the paragraph is structured at the moment is unclear as sentence 1 is about Coco, sentence 2 About Cox and sentence 3 is again about Coco, but her name is not mentioned and by this point, the reader would have to think about what sentence 3 is on about as Coco is not mentioned and the focus of the sentence has changed in the meantime.
 * ✅. ◢  Ganbaruby!   (Say hi!) 11:59, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

non-rs
I would suggest that the Showbiz411 ref be deleted, as Showbiz411 is not an RS, per USERGENERATED and WP:SELFPUB. --2603:7000:2143:8500:9908:4467:7D2D:5F71 (talk) 05:04, 19 February 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ - I replaced it with a Variety source. Thanks for the input. ‡ Єl Cid of Valencia  talk  13:41, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 November 2021
People's magazine most beautiful woman 1995 2001:8F8:1471:30A1:944B:E9D9:D0B3:122E (talk) 20:17, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 21:59, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2022
This edit is minor and can be added in the personal life section as one sentence towards the end similar to the note about her karate.

Add, "Courteney Cox has also proven the ability to tell time as demonstrated during a Red Nose Day charity event that included Ben Stiller, Adam Scott, and Lisa Kudrow."

Yes, I know this is kind of funny, but here is the source of a YouTube video where Jack Black, the host of the event, literally said somebody should update her Wikipedia page after she proved she could do that. I'm just following what Almighty Jack Black told me to do. The minute marker is at about minute 26.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTTkuzYnN6c Jenniffffffer1987 (talk) 14:43, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

 * No. ‑‑ El Hef  ( Meep? ) 15:38, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

First roles
she also played the bride on Murder She wrote season 3 episode 1 Death stalks the Big Top part 1 and 2 70.117.245.119 (talk) 15:18, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

Kids
Courtney Cox has 5 kids. Bella Cox: May 20, 2014 Coco Cox: July 18, 2004 47.223.58.89 (talk) 02:36, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Other encyclopedias
The encyclopedia of the word Kourtney and other encyclopedias are. It's a little different. The following is the translation.There may be a translation.The most typical thing about this is that his stepfather said who's uncle. I'm too lazy to look at who, but I put what.There's a big problem between Courteney Cox and the other Lilies, about his early life and his first film and about spiritual construction, and there's a lot of things, including some pictures, that have some differences, about the identity of his stepfather and stepfather, who said who said I'm too lazy to look at this, but what is it, otherwise what is it, it doesn't matter. Touch or not, touch or not.About the spiritual scream part 2 and some other things, that's Kirkenny Cox and his his holy father's his. The identity of the stepfather, said who is who's uncle, this is nothing, I want me to do, I am too lazy to control me, I want I can also find my supervisor, so this is this is nothing.I have known the identity of the driver who has been tested by you. I have known it for a long time. It means that I already know what it is. It means that I don't care what it is. I already know what it is. I don't care what it is. I don't care what it is. If you can't get it, don't.What does Wikipedia say about the identity of her stepfather? What about the identity of her stepfather? Uncle, I already know who he is, but it's okay to mark it. I already know.Always need to rework, always need to rework, say his uncle is how, I have long known, what can not be done, do not do not do nothing.What about his uncle? What about his uncle? This is the ID card. I've known this for a long time. What can't be done without collapse.I know what his uncle is, but what does it matter? What does his uncle do? Because his uncle wants me to do what I want to do. What does his uncle do? I have known it for a long time. can't hang it out. I can't hang it out. If it's nothing, why isn't it can't, can't collapse.What uncle already knows how uncle, you hang out also useless, want to do again what to hang out to do? He hangs out the sign to appear fierce, that is, I have long known that hanging out is useless, drawing out can also write what, what can not write has long been known, only can not write step by step.I knew it for a long time. How was my father? I knew who my father's uncle was. I knew it for a long time. But it was useless to hang it out, because I knew it for a long time. It burned badly. Why didn't it jump.It's no use for him to hang out, because I already know who he is. I'm not saying I won't pick him. He said he couldn't get me. I've known what happened to his uncle for a long time. It's useless to release him to show what he has. Because I've known for a long time that it's useless to release him first to show that you are very powerful. It's useless to choose what to release. I've known for a long time that I can't measure those Yin Li. I can't be idle. It's nothing to say who the uncle is. It's nothing to burn badly. It's nothing to say that his father said that he bullied his uncle. I've known for a long time. It's not salty. You're very powerful. I can't imagine that you can't get a pump. How many years? I have known it for a long time. What's good about it? I have known it for a long time. Why did the meal hang out? You can't be idle. I've known for a long time that he can't show his face. I can't imagine that he can't do it.His uncle and his father's uncle have known for a long time. How can you write the method? It's useless to hang it out. Now I can't imagine that you are very powerful. I can't get anything to hang. I've known it for a long time. I can't think of what to hang when I'm old enough. I can't think of you even if you say whose uncle his father is. You know that you love me long ago. What does it mean that you are idle? You can't be idle, and you can't be idle to move the pump.If I had known it was almost someone's uncle, you wouldn't have thought that someone would hang it out and deliberately get one out. What's the big deal? I can do it, too. I'm just too lazy to do it. So I didn't expect you to tell me that his uncle couldn't write a book with a lot of time. You couldn't write you at all. You couldn't get it. Before you came, I could also find out whose uncle his father was. I was lazy and just didn't bother to do it. I didn't think you were shameless first. I didn't think I didn't do it. I said I also knew whose uncle my father was. It was just that I couldn't show his power. I couldn't write it. He was very powerful, so I couldn't dislike him at all. I couldn't dislike his power. Why did I release it? What are you doing there? I can't be idle. You are very powerful. I can't be idle at all. I can do whatever I want. I write a dance from the oblique side.I already knew who his father was bullying. I knew who didn't know. I knew that I had deliberately made one. Because who was his uncle? What's the big deal? I also, I also, what's the big deal. Why can't we get a pump.It means you can't get it. It means you can't get it Can't get me.What is it? His father lost. His father was his uncle when he left. What's the big deal about putting that? I don't care about it. I can't get it. I don't have a hand pump.What is it? Come here and do what I do. Have you done enough.What? Whose uncle is his father? I knew early that my father was an uncle. What does it matter if I put it there? It's nothing. It's nothing in my eyes. It's just a sign on purpose. You can't do it first. It's no big deal. You can't be idle. What do you want to do? What do I want to do when it's not my turn to fall in love? Why don't you see me? No, no, no.What is it? Said his father was the uncle of his stepfather. I already knew whose uncle his father was. Well, I knew who didn't know. I already knew what it was. I already knew it was crazy. He didn't have any feelings for me at all. I didn't have any feelings for myself. I couldn't stand any stimulation. I didn't have any feelings. Her father didn't know who could do it. No, what does his father and uncle have? I have to get a father's father is an uncle. I have known for a long time that my father is an uncle. The number that he said to his father is nothing at all. So there is nothing at all. It seems that you are very powerful. Then I put it on and add this. It seems that you are very powerful. In fact, it is nothing at all. Why can't you get a pump? I don't have anything. I've known it for a long time. For me, I don't know what is a thing at all. So I can't write it at all. At the end of the year, I can't write it. So can't get it.That's not what I said about you. I already knew who he was. This is nothing new to me at all. So you can't write this at all. You are amazing. I can't think of it. So you can't get it. It's nothing to say who his father is. It's nothing to say who his uncle is. I can do it if I want. It's nothing exciting to me. It's nothing new. Of course, there is nothing new if you can't receive it and say you can't, so this. It doesn't matter who his father is because of something, so you can't write the face or get it, and you can't get the pump.What does that mean by not making that jump? I've known who his father is for a long time. It's up to you to get a great one. Why did you say that? I already knew who his father was, and I said who his father was, and who her skin was. I already knew that the family you asked was great. It was nothing. I had nothing. I couldn't get it. I could do it. If his father was someone, I already knew who his father was bullying. If he bullied someone, what was the big deal? If you give it to him, it's almost nothing. Because I want it, I'm not nothing at all. So what's the matter? can't get it.I'm talking about his father. Whose uncle is his stepfather. I've known it for a long time. I don't have much confidence, so I can't write it there at all. What's so great about you? I can't write that. It's nothing great. I can do it if I want it. I can't be idle. You're great. So it's not a big deal to put that again. It's not a big deal to you. So there's nothing you can't get. It's not a big deal to you. So you can get a thirst for knowledge. Why can't you get this thing.If you can't get me, it's okay. If you can't get my brother, you can't get me. So it's okay if you can't get me. So it's okay if you can't get my face. I don't need it. I can do it if I want. It's nothing. I'm ready. You can add it. I'm too lazy to care about a lot of his books. Who doesn't have anything at all? It's nothing.Do you hear it? It's no big deal. I can do it if I want to. I can say one at any time. So I can't get it. I can do it if I can't get it. I can add it at any time. I'm just too lazy to add it. So it's no big deal. I can do it if I want to. It's no big deal. I can add it to you at any time. So it's no big deal to get an idle one. It's no big deal to get a pump.So it's no big deal. I want Wechat. I can add one for you at any time. It's no big deal. So I can add one at any time. His father has nothing at all. I can't get it. I can't get it. I didn't say no. No, no.So you can't get it at all. I can add it at any time. So you're not great at all. You can't get it at all. What the government said on the Internet, he can't get me at all, because I can do whatever I want. So why do you want that? It's no big deal. If you can't get it, I won't do itIf what I said in the morning is no big deal, I can do it if I want. I'll get you an uncle who his father is. But I'm too lazy to do it, because it's nothing. I've known it for a long time. It's nothing. So you're awesome. It's no big deal if you get it. It's nothing if you don't get me. You'll never get me, because I know it all the time. So you'll never get me. You're no big deal. Get one of those. Why can't y get it? youcan't get itSo you're no big deal.'m not saying that,So what's so great about you? I can make that suggestion. I can also say what he said about who the father is. I'm just too lazy to do it. I'm too lazy to care so much. So you don't have a great certificate at all. All of them are like this. It's nothing. you can't get it. No, no,So it's not a big deal at all. If you can't get it, it has nothing to do with me. I can't get it As I said above, you'll never get me, because I already know that it's not a big deal to say whose uncle his father is. I already know that it's not a big deal. I can do it if I want to. If I can't get it, I won't do it Fucghu (talk) 20:00, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

JACQUIE
JACQUIE KAREN CLARKE JACQUIE KAREN CLARKE 2001:8003:3C12:4100:7D3A:F07:38BF:5B54 (talk) 05:00, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

JACQUIE CLARKE
HATE CARROT HATE PUMPKIN HATE ZUCCIWI HATE BROCOLI HATE CAULIFOWER HATE MEATLUAF HATE PAT CLARKE HATE COOKING HATE DISHWASHER HATE WASH UP HATE COMPUTER HATE SWEART 2001:8003:3C12:4100:AD1D:C764:B3F6:B98C (talk) 10:00, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Courteney Cox


text:
Wikipedia:Awards

The Wikipedia Awards comprise the honour system of Wikipedia. Many of them are considered part of the Kindness Campaign and are meant to promote Civility and WikiLove throughout Wikipedia.

Traditionally, those considered of the highest esteem are those bestowed honoris causa personally by Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia. Ordered by number of inductees, these are the Order of the Day (5), founded in 2001, followed by Wikimedian of the Year (7), founded in 2011.

Participators of the Wikipedia community may reward vigorous Wikipedia contributors for their hard work and due diligence by awarding them a fitting barnstar, or other award.

In addition to these virtual awards honour system, editors may nominate someone to receive a gift in the mail as Merchandise giveaways from the Wikimedia Foundation.

If you have questions, WikiProject Wikipedia Awards is a group of volunteers who help guide these pages.

Order of the Day
The Order of the Day, founded in 2001, may be awarded to a Wikimedia developer or technical person for exceptional service to the community. It is seldom awarded and may only be bestowed by Jimbo.

Wikimedian of the Year
Wikimedian of the Year (formerly known as Wikipedian of the Year) is an annual award established in 2011 by Wikipedia's founder Jimmy Wales, traditionally presented at Wikimania to highlight major achievements for Wikipedia by an individual Wikipedian. In addition to the main award, "Honorable mentions" has been conferred to selected Wikipedians.

Editor of the Week
WikiProject Editor Retention/Editor of the Week is a recognition award to thank editors for excellent work, established by the Wikipedia community in 2013. The Editor of the Week recognition is intended to demonstrate appreciation of an editor's positive behaviours and collaborative spirit.

Barnstars
Barnstars are used on Wikipedia to reward users who make outstanding contributions in a particular area. To give someone an award, all you have to do is copy the code from the table onto the talk page of the person you want to give the award to, and tell them why you have given it to them. There are many types of barnstars to choose from; if you are sure your choice is appropriate — don't be shy!

Service awards
Service awards may be self-awarded dependent upon number of contributions and the length of service.

WikiProject awards
A WikiProject award is awarded for substantial contributions towards a particular WikiProject.

Other related awards
Other related awards In addition to barnstars, there are several other awards as well. While barnstars are generally reserved for a long-standing pattern of excellence, the following awards are more often given to honor specific actions or events.

Personal user awards
In the Personal user awards, there is a wide range of awards to choose from, from the "Golden Wiki" award, for users who have made outstanding contributions, to the "Son of Jimbo" award, for users with the last name "Wales". So the next time you think a user has made a significant contribution, or basically anything else, why don't you give them a reward to show your gratitude?

User-sponsored awards

 * The WikiCup is an annual competition where points are awarded for contributions to Wikipedia.
 * The Triple Crown Awards recognize editors who have excelled in WP:FA, WP:GA, and WP:DYK.
 * The Four Award is awarded to those that work on the same article, all the way from its humble beginnings as a new article to its days of glory as a Featured Article.
 * The Golden W Award is awarded to those that have content they worked on featured in every area of the Main Page: Today's featured article, In the news..., Did you know..., On this day..., and Today's featured picture.

Utilities

 * WikiProject Wikipedia Awards
 * Award templates

Essays

 * WikiLove
 * A nice cup of tea and a sit down

Other
Recognition given to all Wikipedians:
 * Reward board
 * Wikipedia Did you know awards
 * Trivializing and misuse of awards ('Declined award' userbox)
 * 2006 Time Person of the Year (Userbox)
 * 2015 Erasmus Prize (Userbox)

Merchandise giveaways
Merchandise giveaways is bestowed by the Wikimedia Foundation upon request by the Wikipedia community: "In addition to sending WikiLove or Barnstars, you can now nominate an editor to receive an extra special gift in the mail to thank them for their spectacular contributions and help them show off their love of the projects to those around them."

de:Wikipedia:Preise

title: Wikipedia:Awards


text:
Chad Pennington

James Chadwick Pennington (born June 26, 1976) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. He played college football for the Marshall Thundering Herd, winning the Sammy Baugh Trophy as a senior, and was selected by the New York Jets in the first round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Pennington spent his first eight seasons with the Jets and was a member of the Miami Dolphins in his last three.

During his career, Pennington led the league twice in completion percentage and once in passer rating. He helped clinch a division title with the Jets in 2002 and the Dolphins in 2008, both of which are the most recent for either franchise. Pennington is also the only player to win NFL Comeback Player of the Year multiple times, receiving the award in 2006 and 2008. At the time of his retirement, he held the NFL record for completion percentage.

Early life
Pennington is a native of Tennessee. His father, Elwood, was a physical education teacher and football coach at Halls High School, and his mother, Denise, a teacher at the Webb School of Knoxville, both in Knoxville. Both of Pennington's parents are of English descent. Pennington's first sport was basketball, which he began playing in the third grade. He began playing football in his freshman year in high school. His parents decided to have him repeat the eighth grade when he was enrolled at the Webb School of Knoxville due to the school's intense academic program. He played basketball and football at Webb, but knew he had a better chance at getting into college via football.

Pennington was recruited by only two colleges, Middle Tennessee State University and the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. In 1995, he went to a training camp at Marshall University, his parents' alma mater, where he was noticed by head football coach Jim Donnan and offered a scholarship.

College career
Originally the Thundering Herd's fourth-string quarterback in 1995 and slated to be redshirted, Pennington led Marshall to the 1995 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game, which Marshall lost to Montana, 22–20. The following year, Pennington was redshirted in favor of Eric Kresser, a transfer from the Florida Gators, who guided the Herd's return to the I-AA Championship game (a victory) in 1996. Pennington returned to play in 1997 as Marshall moved from Division I-AA to Division I-A. He led Marshall to the school's first bowl game victory in a 48–29 rout of Louisville in the 1998 Motor City Bowl. Pennington was named the game's MVP. In his senior year (1999), Marshall went undefeated at 13–0 as Pennington led the team to its third consecutive Mid-American Conference championship. Pennington and Marshall returned to Pontiac, Michigan for the 1999 Motor City Bowl, where they won, 21–3, over BYU, capping Pennington's undefeated senior season.

Pennington set school records in several passing categories. He finished fifth in 1999 Heisman Trophy voting. Randy Moss was Pennington's top receiver at Marshall. Pennington finished his career at Marshall with 1,026 of 1,619 completions for 13,423 yards and 115 touchdowns with only 45 interceptions.

In addition to his success on the football field, Pennington excelled academically, graduating with a degree in journalism, a 3.83 grade point average and becoming a finalist for the Rhodes Scholarship. He wrote frequently for Marshall's newspaper The Parthenon and was a broadcaster for the school's radio station WMUL, although he used a pseudonym on air so as not to be distracting.

College statistics
Does not include statistics from 1995, when Marshall competed in Division I-AA.

2000–2003
Pennington was selected by the New York Jets in the first round of the 2000 NFL Draft, 18th overall and the first quarterback taken.

After making only three appearances during his first two seasons, Pennington emerged as the Jets' starting quarterback after filling in for Vinny Testaverde during the fifth game of the 2002 season. Pennington helped reverse the Jets' fortunes by leading the 1–4 team to an eventual 9–7 record and an AFC East division championship. Despite starting less than a full season, Pennington threw for 3,120 yards with 22 touchdowns and six interceptions. His 104.2 quarterback rating set a team record. In the Wild Card game, Pennington threw for a 142 QB rating, leading the Jets over Peyton Manning and the number four passing offense of the Indianapolis Colts.

After their 2002 performance, Pennington and the Jets were given lofty expectations entering the 2003 pre-season; however, in the fourth pre-season game against the New York Giants, Pennington endured a fracture-dislocation on his left (non-throwing) hand after suffering a hit from linebacker Brandon Short. The injury forced him to miss the first six games of the season. Due to the severity of the injury, and a rushed rehab process, Pennington's wrist would never be the same, and his once outstanding play-fake became thoroughly ordinary. Without their starting quarterback, the Jets began the season 1-4. Despite his return, the Jets only won five more games to finish 6-10.

2004 season
Into the 2004 season, the Jets signed Pennington to a team-record contract for seven years and $64.2 million and Pennington led the Jets to a 5–0 record. However, during a Week 9 game against the Buffalo Bills, Pennington injured his rotator cuff and subsequently missed three games. Second string quarterback Quincy Carter was 2-1 in Pennington's absence. After returning to action with a rout of the Houston Texans. Despite a scuffle with the New York media and losses to the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams, the Jets earned a wild card berth with a 10–6 record. Pennington then led the Jets to a first-round, 20–17 overtime win against the AFC West Champion San Diego Chargers, as he went 23–33, for 279 yards and two touchdowns. Pennington and the Jets then faced the 15–1 Steelers at Pittsburgh. Despite the Jets' offensive struggles and facing a 10–0 deficit, the Jets defense and special teams rallied to score 17 unanswered points. However, Pennington and the Jets would see their season end with kicker Doug Brien missing two potential game-winning field goals. The Steelers went on to win in overtime.

Pennington feuded with the local New York media throughout the season. During a news conference on December 20, 2004, Pennington scolded the assembled media, telling them it was 'not (their) right' but a 'privilege' of theirs to cover the Jets, 'to be around a bunch of professional athletes every day and do your job'.

2005 season
Pennington underwent surgery on his right shoulder in Birmingham, Alabama on February 4, 2005. It was later revealed that he had suffered a substantial tear in the right rotator cuff, as well as a large bone spur on that shoulder. A dismal performance against the Kansas City Chiefs in September and a lackluster one against the Miami Dolphins the following week led to speculation that the shoulder had yet to fully heal, but both Pennington and Jets coach Herman Edwards denied this, citing a lack of pre-season practice and Pennington's less-than-full grasp of new offensive coordinator Mike Heimerdinger's plays. On September 25, 2005, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Pennington once again suffered an injury, although he re-entered the game later and almost led the Jets to victory despite not throwing well. However, tests later showed another tear in his rotator cuff.

On October 6, 2005, Pennington once again underwent surgery to repair his right shoulder. Pennington and the Jets expected that with more rehabilitation time than his first surgery, he would have better strength and control with his throws entering the 2006 season. In the midst of the eventually-resolved labor talks of February–March 2006, Pennington restructured his contract with the New York Jets to ensure he remained with the team for at least the 2006 season. Pennington was reported to have taken a significant cut in pay, with the amounts lost recoverable by way of achievable incentives; however, the Jets organization did not comment on contractual issues.

2006 season
Entering the 2006 season, Pennington trained with new throwing coaches, and worked significantly on the strength of his torso and throwing mechanics. During training camp, new head coach Eric Mangini told players and the press that the quarterback position was still uncertain, and that all four Jets quarterbacks (Chad Pennington, Patrick Ramsey, Brooks Bollinger, and Kellen Clemens) had a chance to be the starter. The Jets medical staff limited Pennington's throws to ensure the safety of his shoulder.

Pennington won the Jets pre-season quarterback competition, and started the 2006 season in pre-injury form. In the first two weeks of the season, and for the first time in his career, Pennington posted back-to-back 300-yard passing games. Pennington's Week One performance against the Tennessee Titans earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors. In Week 15 in Minnesota, Pennington passed for a career-high 339 yards.

Pennington reached career highs for completions, passing attempts, and passing yardage with 3,352 yards, starting all sixteen games.

Although his lack of arm strength was often criticized, Pennington's abilities fit well with the new offense instituted by offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer. Using a short passing game and taking advantage of the "yards after catch" ability of wide receivers Laveranues Coles, Jerricho Cotchery, and running back Leon Washington, Pennington led the Jets to a 10–6 record and a playoff berth as a wild card team, a significant improvement over their 4-12 mark in 2005.

The Jets took on the New England Patriots in their lone playoff game. The Jets lost 37–16, with Pennington passing for 300 yards and a touchdown. With the start, Pennington also became the Jets' all-time leader in postseason starts by a quarterback with five.

For his stellar season, Pennington was awarded the Comeback Player of the Year Award, just one year after tearing his rotator cuff. He received 27 of the 50 votes cast, finishing far ahead of the 8.5 votes received by second-place finisher Drew Brees.

2007 season
The 2007 season was a tumultuous one for Pennington. In the first game of the season, against the Patriots, Pennington suffered a high ankle sprain that kept him out of game two. In the third game, against the Miami Dolphins, he led the Jets to a 31–28 victory, throwing two touchdowns and running for a third. After a 17–14 loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, he threw three interceptions against the New York Giants in Week 5, giving him five interceptions in two games. Two weeks later, he threw a costly interception late in the fourth quarter against the Cincinnati Bengals. After leading the Jets to a dismal 1–7 start, coach Eric Mangini decided to bench Pennington for second-year quarterback Kellen Clemens. Clemens suffered a rib injury during a Week 15 matchup against the Patriots, resulting in Pennington's return to game action. Pennington finished the game completing 25 of 38 pass attempts for 184 yards. He also threw for more yards and fewer interceptions than opposing quarterback Tom Brady, who was on his way to an MVP season, but that day was 14–27 for 140 yards with one interception. Pennington started the next week at Tennessee, where the Jets lost 6–10. Clemens replaced Pennington for the final game of the season against the Kansas City Chiefs. Pennington finished the 2007 season with 1,765 yards, 10 touchdowns, 9 interceptions and a passer rating of 86.1.

In 2008, upon entering training camp, Eric Mangini announced a competition for the starting quarterback position between Pennington and Clemens. However, on August 7, 2008, the Jets acquired veteran and former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre, leading to Pennington's release later that day.

2008 season
Upon his release from the Jets, it was reported that at least six teams were interested in Pennington. However, only the Minnesota Vikings and the Miami Dolphins were considered as serious contenders. On August 8, Pennington signed a two-year, $11.5 million deal with the Dolphins. Dolphins head coach Tony Sparano said that Pennington would have to compete for the starting job. He was later announced as the starting quarterback as the Dolphins moved into the regular season. His 67.4 completion percentage led the NFL and broke Miami’s single-season record of 64.2 set by Dan Marino in 1984. He finished the season with a passer rating of 97.4, started all sixteen games for the Dolphins, and led them to an 11–5 record (including winning 9 of their last 10 games) and the third seed in the playoffs with an AFC East Championship. The Dolphins went on to lose to the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the playoffs, 27–9. He was the first Dolphins quarterback since Hall of Famer Dan Marino to throw for 3,500 yards. For his role in the Dolphins' ten-win turnaround, Pennington received notable MVP consideration from several major media outlets. He received four votes, and finished tied for second with running back Michael Turner for the 2008 AP NFL MVP. The winner of the award, Peyton Manning, received 32 votes.

At the completion of the regular season, Pennington was awarded his second Comeback Player of the Year Award.

2009 season
Pennington was the starter for the Miami Dolphins 2009 season, with Pat White as the second string, and Chad Henne as the third string. On September 27, 2009, against the San Diego Chargers, during the third quarter Pennington injured the same shoulder on which he had two previous surgeries. Chad Henne served as his replacement in the 23–13 loss.

On September 28, Pennington went in for an MRI amidst speculation of a season-ending injury. On September 29, 2009, it was announced that initial results show a torn capsule in his throwing shoulder. After seeking a second opinion, Pennington decided to go with a third surgery on the shoulder. Pennington later said that although he was not sure if he would play again, he would try and rehabilitate the shoulder and work on getting back to the NFL. He was officially placed on injured reserve and the Dolphins acquired Tyler Thigpen from the Chiefs for an undisclosed 2010 draft pick.

2010 season
On March 5, 2010, Pennington was re-signed by the Dolphins to a one-year deal. The deal would pay him $5.75 million if he had started, $4.2 million if he had been traded by the team, or $2.5 million as a back-up to Chad Henne.

On November 10, 2010, Pennington was named the starting quarterback for the November 14 game against the Titans. On his first play, Pennington suffered a severe shoulder injury. The injury was considered potentially career-ending.

2011 season
Pennington attempted another comeback to the NFL in 2011. However, on March 31, 2011, he tore his ACL while playing a game of pick-up basketball. Pennington announced that he would work for Fox Sports as an analyst during the 2011 NFL season. On February 9, 2012, he announced he would retire rather than attempt a comeback following his fourth shoulder surgery.

Awards and highlights

 * 2× AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2006, 2008)
 * 2× PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year (2006, 2008)
 * PFWA Most Improved Player of the Year (2002)
 * 2× NFL Pass Completion Percentage Leader (2002, 2008)
 * NFL Passer Rating Leader (2002)
 * 47th "Perfect Game" in NFL History (on November 16, 2003, vs Indianapolis Colts)

Personal life
Pennington married his college girlfriend, Robin Hampton, on March 1, 2001. He famously brought his Jets' playbook on his honeymoon. The couple have three sons together, one of which, Cole, is currently a quarterback on the Marshall football roster. Pennington and his family currently reside in Woodford County, Kentucky.

1st and 10 Foundation
Chad and Robin Pennington created the 1st and 10 Foundation in 2003 with the mission to build stronger communities by funding programs and institutions that seek to improve quality of life throughout West Virginia, Tennessee, and the New York metropolitan area. Since its inception in 2003, the foundation has given more than half a million dollars to different charitable organizations.

Stock contractor
Pennington created #10 Bucking Bulls with partner JW Hart. He hauled bulls to the PBR Finals several times, with the most famous being #121, Cat Man Do.

High school football coaching
He was hired in 2018 to be coach of Lexington, Kentucky's Sayre School's new football team. In his first year of coaching, he led the team to a 3–5 record.

title: Chad Pennington


text:
Everton, Liverpool

Everton is a district of north Liverpool, England, and part of the Liverpool Walton constituency. It is bordered by Vauxhall to the west, Kirkdale to the north, and Anfield to the north-east. Historically in Lancashire, at the 2011 Census the population was 14,782.

Toponymy
The name Everton is derived from the Saxon word eofor, meaning wild boar that lives in forests. In 1830, local historian Robert Syers proposed an alternative origin for Everton's name. He noted that earlier residents called it 'Yerton', a claim supported by James Stonehouse, his near contemporary, some thirty years later. Syers contended that in the Domesday Book of 1086, Everton was labelled Hiretun, meaning higher-town, signifying its elevated position. He suggested 'Yerton' could be a corruption of Hiretun or Oureton (higher-town or over-town respectively).

History
Everton is an ancient settlement and, like Liverpool, was one of the six unnamed berewicks of West Derby. For many centuries, Everton was a small township. An early type of census conducted in 1327 recorded nineteen heads of household, suggesting a population of approximately ninety-five individuals. By 1692, only 135 people lived in Everton, and by 1714, the population had not exceeded 140 inhabitants. Before the middle of the eighteenth century, the residents were primarily individuals of modest means, engaged in agricultural activities as landowners and cultivators. Occasionally wealthier settlers, along with their families, who had withdrawn from commercial pursuits, chose to reside in Everton. During this time, the distinction between the upper classes and the middle or lower classes was minimal, in terms of both demeanour and lifestyle.

Until the late 18th century Everton was a small rural parish of Walton-on-the-Hill, but the rise in prosperity of nearby Liverpool pushed its wealthier merchants towards Everton and further afield. The population of the township experienced significant growth during this period. By 1769, the population had risen to 253 individuals, reaching 370 by 1790, 499 by 1801, and 913 by 1811. A record of citizens from 1815 reveals a substantial change in the character of the township, with a disproportionately large number of its population listed as merchants or gentlemen not engaged in trade. Writing of this period in 1869, James Stonehouse recalled that 'Fifty years ago Everton was a courtly place, wherein resided the richest merchants, the most distinguished citizens, and the most fashionable and leading families. Indeed, so high did the inhabitants hold their heads, in consequence of their wealth, stability, and position, that they were termed “Everton nobles.”’

In his History of Everton, published in 1830, Robert Syers wrote of the merchants, 'It is this class of persons, principally, that has made Everton what it is; their wealth and attention have transformed a spot which, not long ago, was little better than an unsightly common – a neglected waste – into a modern arcadia…’ Prominent in this context was James Atherton, a Liverpool merchant and real estate developer. Having acquired a substantial amount of land on Everton Hill and its surroundings, he embarked on the transformation of the north-west district of the township. Atherton laid-out several well-known streets, including Albion Crescent (now Albion Street), Northumberland Terrace, York Terrace, and Grecian Terrace, embellishing them with 'handsome mansions and delightful villas.' Additionally, he donated the land for the construction of St. George’s Church. Notably, James Atherton's impact extended beyond Everton, founding the seaside resort of New Brighton in 1830. He was laid to rest at St George's Church.

Before 1803, the site of St George's Church was occupied by the Everton beacon, one of the area's most famous landmarks. It was a modest square tower built from local red sandstone. Standing at approximately 25 feet, the two-storied tower featured a ground floor serving as a kitchen, an apartment above for the guard, and a flat roof or terrace for the beacon fire. A turret at the northwest corner provided shelter for the watchman. The interior had a stone staircase leading to the upper room, and a similar flight to the roof, which offered views of up to thirty miles, or fifty miles if conditions were optimal. Over time, the tower's square-headed windows became frameless and exposed to the elements and its only inhabitants were the cattle grazing in beacon-field. By December 1802, the beacon was in a dilapidated state with an earth and clay floor, a deteriorated fireplace, and its upper apartment described as 'bare, cheerless, and dungeon-like'. Debate surrounds the beacon's construction date, with suggestions generally ranging from pre-Armada to post-1327. Its fate was sealed in 1803 when, during a stormy night, the structure collapsed. Speculation persists that it might have been deliberately undermined by someone viewing it and its visitors as a nuisance. Notably, during the English Civil War, the beacon served as a venue for marriages following the expulsion of loyal clergy from Liverpool, foreshadowing the future use of the site for a church.

By the early 19th century Liverpool's demand for housing saw Everton begin to be built up. In 1821 the population was 2109 and by 1829 it had risen to an estimated 3763 (calculated from 579 inhabited houses). Everton became part of Liverpool in 1835. Commenting on the transformation of Everton in 1869, Stonehouse noted that 'Within the last fifteen years…the process of metamorphosis has gone on until one of the pleasantest suburbs of Liverpool has become as life-teeming, cottage-bearing, and street-streaming as the densest part of Liverpool itself. Hosts of cottages now swarm up the hill sides, scramble over the top, and flood the plain on its summit.

Along with neighbouring Vauxhall, Everton housed a very large Irish population. Sectarianism was one negative consequence of religious differences with tensions between Catholics and Protestants existing well into the 20th century. St Domingo Road in Everton was the intended site for the building of the Metropolitan Cathedral, but this was abandoned owing to financial constraints. The cathedral was eventually located in the city centre near to the southern edge of Everton.

Urban clearance during the 1960s and 1970s, followed by the creation of Everton Park, changed the face of the area and some parts have never recovered. The population has plummeted by over 100,000 since the 1960s; Everton Park has replaced the densely packed streets with fields and trees. The landscape of Everton is now mainly non-urban with the loss of so many people and many hundreds of buildings.

A new district centre on Great Homer Street was opened in 2017, code named 'Project Jennifer' it was advertised as a scheme to breathe new life into the rundown parts of Everton centred on Great Homer Street including a revamped 'Greaty' (branded Greatie) market. The project suffered numerous delays and setbacks through the proposal and construction stages, but was ultimately opened in June 2017, with the opening of a Sainbury's supermarket. The NSPCC Hargreaves Centre (named after locally born benefactor John Hargreaves) was opened in May 2007 on the site of the former indoor market.

Notable residents

 * James Atherton, merchant and founder of New Brighton
 * William Connolly (VC), soldier
 * Thomas de Quincey, 19th-century author
 * Bill Dean, Liverpool actor
 * Gordon Elliott, Australian journalist and talk-show host
 * Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester, soldier, Military Commander of the North West District
 * William Gawin Herdman, author and painter
 * Paul Aloysius Kenna, cavalry officer and VC recipient
 * Paul McCartney, musician
 * George Mahon (Everton F.C. chairman), an Everton F.C. founding father
 * Prince Rupert of the Rhine, soldier
 * Anne Sharp, teacher and close friend of novelist Jane Austen
 * Robert Tressell, author
 * Robb Wilton, English comedian and actor

Landmarks

 * Everton Lock-Up
 * Everton Road drill hall, TA Centre used by the 9th Kings during the Second Boer War and the First World War
 * Everton water tower, listed building
 * St George's Church, Everton
 * Everton Library

Sport
The football club Everton F.C. (originally called St. Domingo F.C.) is named after the area (St. Domingo Methodist Chapel was in Everton). The district is also the location of a building on the club's crest, Everton Lock-Up, known locally as Prince Rupert's Tower. Barker and Dobson, a local sweet manufacturer, introduced 'Everton Mints' to honour Everton Football Club.

Ironically, Everton F.C. has never actually played in the area. Its first three homes were located in Anfield, including Stanley Park; the club has played at Goodison Park in the area of Walton since 1892. In addition, Everton Cemetery is also not located in Everton, it lies further north-east in the district of Fazakerley.

The football club Liverpool F.C. was originally founded as 'Everton Football Club and Athletic Ground Company, Ltd', or 'Everton Athletic', on 26 January 1892, as a consequence of the Everton F.C. split that resulted in Everton F.C.'s move to Goodison Park in 1892. The former Evertonians who founded 'Everton Athletic' to play at Anfield renamed the club 'Liverpool F.C.' on 3 June 1892.

Schools

 * Beacon Church of England Primary
 * Campion Catholic High School (demolished 2006)
 * Notre Dame Catholic College
 * Our Lady Immaculate Catholic Primary
 * Whitefield Primary School

title: Everton, Liverpool