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Bill Rowling

Sir Wallace Edward Rowling (15 November 1927 – 31 October 1995), commonly known as Bill Rowling, was a New Zealand politician who was the 30th prime minister of New Zealand from 1974 to 1975. He held office as the leader of the Labour Party.

Before entering politics, Rowling worked as a teacher and briefly served in the army; he became a member of Parliament (MP) in the 1962 Buller by-election. Not long after entering parliament Rowling began to rise through Labour's internal hierarchy, and he was Party President from 1970 to 1973. He was serving as Minister of Finance (1972–1974) when he was appointed Prime Minister following the death of the highly popular Norman Kirk. His Labour Government's effort to retrieve the economy ended with an upset victory by the National Party in November 1975. Rowling continued to lead the Labour Party but lost two more general elections. Upon retiring from the party's leadership in 1983, he was knighted. He served as Ambassador to the United States from 1985 to 1988.

Early life
Rowling was born in a country suburb of Māriri neighbouring the town of Motueka, near Nelson. He was a member of a long-established farming family. His father, Arthur Rowling, started his own orchard and was the chairman of the Labour Representation Committee. Rowling's father was friends with many prominent Labour Party politicians including Michael Joseph Savage, Peter Fraser, Paddy Webb and Bob Semple. They were regular visitors to the family home and made an impression on Rowling during his youth. He was educated at the local primary school and later Nelson College. He left aged 17 and attempted to enlist in the New Zealand Army to serve in J Force during the occupation of Japan. However authorities discovered he was under 18 preventing him from going.

He attended the University of Canterbury, gaining a masters degree in economics. He also attended the Christchurch College of Education (currently, University of Canterbury), qualifying as a teacher. After completing his education, Rowling taught at several schools around the country, including at Motueka, Christchurch, Waverley and in Northland. In 1953 he joined the Maori Education Service, teaching at a school in Whangape. He became involved in local political organising and formed a new branch of the Labour Party in the area. In 1955–56 he was awarded a Fulbright fellowship to the United States and taught at a junior sigh school in Seattle. He returned to New Zealand and taught at Hūkerenui. He resumed his role as a political organiser and was elected chairman of the Labour Representation Committee.

In 1958, Rowling left teaching and joined the New Zealand Army for four years eventually gaining the rank of captain. He became assistant director of Army Education. He spent a short time serving abroad in Malaysia and Singapore, a deployment connected with the Malayan Emergency. While assistant director he also lectured economics part-time at Canterbury University as well as studying accountancy.

Member of Parliament
In the 1960 election, Rowling was selected as the Labour Party's candidate for the Fendalton electorate in Christchurch. Fendalton was regarded as a safe National seat, and Rowling was defeated by the National Party's Harry Lake (who was appointed Minister of Finance in the new National government). Two years later, however, Rowling successfully contested the by-election for Buller, which had been caused by the death of prominent Labour MP Jerry Skinner. Rowling, with a farming background, became Labour's spokesperson on Agriculture and Lands, portfolios previously held by Skinner. Rowling was to hold the Buller seat until the election of 1972, when the seat was dissolved – Rowling then contested successfully the new seat of Tasman, which he did travelling up and down the electorate by Commer campervan, which he lived in for the time.

Not long after entering parliament Rowling began to rise through Labour's internal hierarchy. At the 1966, 1967 and 1968 party conferences Rowling stood for the vice-presidency of the Labour Party, but was narrowly defeated by Henry May on each occasion, however he managed to defeat May in 1969. The following year he was elevated to party presidency. He was the first person to be elected to their first term as president unopposed in Labour history. While Labour was in opposition under Labour leader Norman Kirk Rowling was spokesperson for several portfolios including Overseas Trade, Marketing, Broadcasting, Mines, Planning Development and natural resources.

In the lead up to the 1972 election Kirk tried to persuade Rowling to transfer from the more marginal Tasman seat to the safe Christchurch seat of Avon. Kirk feared Rowling (by then party president) might lose his seat and did not want to lose his economics expertise. Rowling refused on the grounds that such a self interested move would not be befitting of a party president.

Minister of Finance
When the Labour Party won power under Norman Kirk in the 1972 election, Rowling was appointed Minister of Finance. This could be seen as a considerable promotion for someone without prior ministerial experience, though the government was inexperienced as a whole with Labour's deputy leader Hugh Watt the only minister with prior cabinet experience. His allocation of the finance portfolio was contrary to expectation, given Bob Tizard had been the finance spokesperson when in opposition. Both Warren Freer and Hugh Watt had favoured Tizard for the finance portfolio, but Kirk thought he was not steady enough for the role and was suspicious of him as an "intellectual". Rowling was New Zealand's first finance minister who was also a qualified economist.

As finance minister, Rowling imbued nationalistic sentiments, declaring his goal to make sure the country was developed "by New Zealanders for New Zealanders" and warned that New Zealanders were in danger of losing control of their own country and its industries. The Labour government enjoyed a record budget surplus in its first year and revalued the currency accordingly. However, the slowing global economy, an unprecedented rise in oil prices and a rapid rise in government expenditure led to soaring inflation by 1974.

The remainder of Rowling's term as Minister of Finance was somewhat turbulent; from late in 1973, a series of externally generated crises, of which the 'oil shocks' were the most serious, destabilised the New Zealand economy. These added to other problems, such as growing overseas debt and falling export prices. A major financial policy during Rowling's tenure was a comprehensive superannuation scheme.

Prime Minister (1974–1975)
When Norman Kirk died unexpectedly in 1974, Hugh Watt, his deputy, served as acting prime minister for several days while the Labour Party caucus chose a new leader. Rowling was one of several ministers speculated as potentially succeeding Kirk, though Watt was initially seen as the frontrunner. After several other possible candidates ruled themselves out, the field was narrowed to a two-way race between Rowling and Watt, with Rowling now being seen as the front-runner to win. However, the party's National Executive and the Federation of Labour still preferred Watt.

A caucus vote was held on 6 September 1974 where Rowling received a surprisingly large majority, beating Watt 44 votes to 9. At age 46, he became the youngest New Zealand Prime Minister since 1887. Rowling was officially confirmed as party leader and 30th Prime Minister on 6 September 1974. In the cabinet reshuffle following Kirk's death, Rowling took the foreign affairs portfolio. He was appointed to the Privy Council. Rowling had the option of replacing Kirk in the safe Labour seat of Sydenham but chose to remain in his (more marginal) home electorate of Tasman. Rowling considered the idea of holding a snap election under the guise of seeking a personal mandate for himself as Prime Minister. He was dissuaded from doing so to avoid looking opportunistic and due to Labour having trouble fundraising. Close colleagues in the cabinet were more keen on the idea, but the wider caucus (many of whom held marginal seats) were more reluctant. Agriculture minister Colin Moyle attempted, but failed, to convince Rowling to hold a snap election in October 1974 which he was convinced Labour would have won with the loss of only one or two seats.

Unlike the pro-life Kirk, Rowling was pro-choice. In 1974, he set up a commission to inquire into contraception, sterilisation and abortion. It issued a report in 1977, with recommendations that were incorporated into the Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act 1977.

Although Rowling also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Labour Government concentrated primarily on domestic affairs. While Rowling's deputy Bob Tizard had replaced him as Minister of Finance, the seriousness of the economic downturn required the Prime Minister's attention. The Government defended heavy overseas borrowing as necessary to protect jobs. In August 1975, the New Zealand dollar was devalued by 15% to assist local manufacturers and exporters. Overall the fiscal outlook during his premiership was overshadowed by the ongoing impacts of the 1973 oil crisis which constrained what could be done. Nevertheless, his government introduced a number of progressive measures, such as an expansion of spending on education by providing a standard bursary for all students in tertiary studies from 1975.

1975 general election
During the 1975 election campaign, Rowling was attacked by the Opposition led by Robert Muldoon, and was generally characterised as being weak and ineffective. Rowling supporters responded with a "Citizens for Rowling" campaign which enlisted high-profile New Zealanders such as Sir Edmund Hillary to praise Rowling's low-key consultative approach. The campaign was labelled as being elitist, and was generally regarded as having backfired on Rowling. While highlighting his strengths, the campaign did not play to them. According to biographer John Henderson, Rowling "...was averse to the public image grooming process − the play-acting side of politics repelled him."

The November election resulted in a surprise defeat for the Labour Party, and Rowling was unable to retain the premiership.

Rowling himself felt that he never had the opportunity to show his leadership capabilities while Prime Minister. Henderson stated that had Rowling been re-elected he had every intention of initiating the economic reform that was delayed by Muldoon and eventually became Rogernomics, albeit in a more planned manner and slower pace.

Leader of the Opposition
After resigning as prime minister, Rowling managed to retain the party leadership, though murmurs about the effectiveness of his leadership abounded. His first test as leader of the Opposition came soon when Labour had to defend one of its seats in early 1976 at a by-election in Nelson. The by-election was seen as crucial to Rowling's future as commentators were suggesting he could not withstand two losses in a row. Labour fought a strong campaign and not only retained the seat but increased their majority as well. The success in Nelson periodically quietened the speculation about Rowling's leadership.

Rowling then had to deal with two scandals involving two of his MPs, his approach to which, were regarded as heavy-handed and unnecessary in many circles. In 1976 Island Bay MP and party vice-president Gerald O'Brien was charged by police for allegedly indecently inviting two boys back to his motel room for a drink. Despite the charges being thrown out, O'Brien was subsequently deselected by Labour as its Island Bay candidate. O'Brien maintained that it was nothing but an attempt by political enemies to "get rid of me". He also stated that he got more sympathy from members of the National Party than from his own party.

This was followed by the 'Moyle Affair', in which Labour MP Colin Moyle was accused by Muldoon of having been 'picked up' by the police the previous year on suspicion of homosexual activities. A Commission of Inquiry ensued and Moyle eventually resigned from Parliament intending to vindicate himself by winning a by-election for his seat of Mangere. Rowling met with him and persuaded his close friend Moyle not to seek the nomination for the. Large numbers protested at the 1977 Labour Party Conference; many in the LGBT community never forgave him.

Rowling gradually managed to improve public perceptions of him which were ironically assisted by the Moyle and O'Brien 'affairs' where his public reputation for timidity turned around. The Evening Post reporter Mike Nicolaidi stated "He [Rowling] is considered by some to be 'a mouse' in public, but his roar is being increasingly heard within the party machine." At the 1978 election Rowling led a strong campaign which saw a huge turnaround in Labour's fortunes, actually winning more votes than National. The election night result had National with more seats, but many seats had small majorities and it was conceivable that if special votes overturned enough electorates Labour could form a government. Ultimately this did not eventuate and Labour remained in opposition. Rowling's leadership was credited with the turnaround in public opinion.

Following the 1978 election Rowling alienated some Māori after removing Matiu Rata, the party's experienced and well-regarded Māori Affairs spokesman, from the Opposition front bench. Earlier, Rowling had replaced Rata with himself as convenor of Labour's Māori Affairs Committee. Rata complained about the insensitivity of Labour's Māori policy and went on to form his own Māori rights party, Mana Motuhake. Rata resigned his seat in fought a by-election for his constituency but Labour's candidate Bruce Gregory retained the electorate for Labour.

Labour suffered ructions after Shadow Minister of Transport and Communications Roger Douglas released an "Alternative Budget" against Rowling's wishes. The proposals were not official Labour policy and their publication was seen by Rowling as a challenge to his authority and Douglas was sacked from the shadow cabinet on 30 June 1980. Douglas then became an agitator against Rowling. Throughout 1980, Labour's poll rating steadily declined eventually reaching the point where they were barely ahead of the Social Credit Party (a minor party). In response to this he was subjected to a leadership challenge at the end of the year. Rowling narrowly survived by one vote (his own). He was visibly angered by the challenge, calling his challengers (known as the Fish and Chip Brigade) "nakedly ambitious rats" to the press, a comment which he refused to retract.

At the 1981 election Labour once again secured more votes than the National Party but still failed to gain a majority of seats. Rowling (as in 1978) claimed a moral victory.

Following the election loss there were serious discussions regarding the future of affiliated trade unions in the Labour Party. Labour was frequently attacked for being the 'party of unions' despite only 15% of unions being affiliated and providing just 8% of the annual party funds. In February 1982 Rowling gave a speech at a Labour regional conference in Timaru where he suggested Labour should sever formal links with trade unions, citing the party's public perception being too closely associated with unions and that there had been a large demographic shift in members from the working class to middle-class liberals. Rowling was supported by his Shadow Minister for Labour, Fred Gerbic, and several leading union figures such as national secretary of the New Zealand Electrical and Related Trades Union Tony Neary and secretary of the Wellington Clothing Workers Union Frank Thorn who stated their belief that their affiliation fees were too high and offered little benefit in return. Others such as Jim Knox, the secretary of the New Zealand Federation of Labour and Jim Anderton, the president of the Labour Party, were opposed and argued for a continuing union presence in the party. By March the debate heated up with Rowling and Gerbic publicly expressing another concern that some affiliated unions had members of other parties, in particular the Socialist Unity Party (SUP). Anderton publicly disagreed with Rowling stating that the SUP had no influence in the Labour Party and that "The entire membership of the SUP could be written on the back of a postage stamp." At Labour's annual conference in May 1982 the conference delegates rejected Rowling's proposal and union affiliation remained. As a result of this failure Douglas publicly questioned Rowling's leadership qualities and lack of direction. Rowling did not respond though Anderton staunchly defended Rowling from Douglas' comments.

While Rowling had largely managed to undo his negative image, many people in the Labour Party nevertheless believed that it was time for a change and he announced his retirement from the leadership to the Labour caucus in late 1982. In February 1983 Rowling was succeeded as leader by the charismatic David Lange, who went on to defeat Muldoon in the 1984 election. After relinquishing the leadership he remained on the front bench as Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs. Rowling retired from parliament at the 1984 election.

Later life and death
After leaving politics, Rowling was appointed by Lange as Ambassador to the United States, serving from 1985 to 1988. He held that position when the issue of nuclear weapons and ANZUS flared up between the United States and New Zealand, and he travelled extensively across the country explaining the policy. He later became president of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs.

Exasperated at Labour's free-market Rogernomics economic platform initiated by his successor, Rowling eventually let his party membership lapse, expressing dismay at policies undertaken by both the Fourth Labour and Fourth National governments. He was disappointed that the Labour government had disintegrated and led to Lange's resignation as Prime Minister. He felt the caucus made a significant error in re-electing Douglas (who had been a thorn in Rowling's side years earlier) to cabinet which caused Lange to quit. Rowling stated that the vote indicated caucus was "bent on its own political destruction." He was supportive of Helen Clark replacing Mike Moore for the leadership of the Labour Party in 1993. He stated he felt Clark's style of leadership would be better suited to working with other parties such as the Alliance.

Rowling later became highly involved in a number of community organisations, charities and trusts. He was chairman of the 1992 commemorations of Abel Tasman's mapping of New Zealand. He also played a prominent role at the Museum of New Zealand, and is considered to have been the "driving force" behind the eventual establishment of Te Papa despite drastic public spending cutbacks. In 1988 the government had appointed him as chairman of the Museum Project Development Board. In 1992 he was appointed to the Museum of New Zealand board and he became chairman of the board in 1994. Rowling resigned from the board on 9 October 1995 citing ill-health. His family did not disclose the nature of the illness to media, only stating it was "serious."

Later in that same month, Rowling died of cancer in Nelson on 31 October 1995.

Personal life
While teaching near Lake Rotoiti he met Glen Reeves. They married in 1951 at Waverley Anglican Church. They had five children. The couple's second child died when she was five months old in 1957; another daughter, Kim, committed suicide at the age of 18. Rowling was a practising Anglican. In retirement he took up jogging and participated in several marathons.

Honours and awards
In the 1983 Queen's Birthday Honours, Rowling was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. He was conferred an honorary law doctorate by the University of Canterbury in 1987, and he was honoured by the Netherlands as a Commander in the Orde van Oranje-Nassau.

In the 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours, Glen, Lady Rowling, was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service.

title: Bill Rowling


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Prunella (plant)

Prunella is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Lamiaceae, also known as self-heals, heal-all, or allheal for their use in herbal medicine.

Habitat
Most are native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, but Prunella vulgaris (common self-heal) is Holarctic in distribution, occurring in North America as well, and is a common lawn weed. Prunellas are low-growing plants, and thrive in moist wasteland and grass, spreading rapidly to cover the ground. They are members of the mint family and have the square stem common to mints.

Biological descriptions
The common name "self-heal" derives from the use of some species to treat a range of minor disorders. Self-heal can be grown from seed, or by dividing clumps in spring or autumn.

 * Species
 * 1) Prunella albanica Pénzes – Albania
 * 2) Prunella × bicolor Beck – parts of Europe (P. grandiflora × P. laciniata)
 * 3) Prunella × codinae Sennen – Spain (P. hyssopifolia × P. laciniata)
 * 4) Prunella cretensis Gand. – Crete
 * 5) Prunella × gentianifolia Pau – Spain (P. hyssopifolia × P. vulgaris)
 * 6) Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler – central + southern Europe from Caucasus to Russia; Caucasus
 * 7) Prunella hyssopifolia L. – Spain, France, Italy, Morocco
 * 8) Prunella × intermedia Link – central + southwestern Europe (P. laciniata × P. vulgaris)
 * 9) Prunella laciniata (L.) L – central + southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East
 * 10) Prunella orientalis Bornm. – Turkey, Syria
 * 11) Prunella prunelliformis (Maxim.) Makino – Japan
 * 12) Prunella × surrecta Dumort. – central + southwestern Europe (P. grandiflora × P. vulgaris)
 * 13) Prunella vulgaris L. – widespread in Europe, North Africa, Asia, North America; naturalized in New Zealand, parts of South America

Subspecies are
 * Prunella vulgaris ssp. aleutica (Fernald) Hultén – Aleutian selfheal
 * Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata (W. Bartram) Hultén – lance selfheal
 * Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (L.) – common selfheal

Traditional medicine
In the Pacific Northwest, its juice was used by the Quinault and the Quileute on boils. They also used the whole plant to treat cuts and inflammations. Ointments can be made by fixing the plant with grease. Dried Prunella is used to make a herbal drink. Prunella is also used for halitosis, especially when combined with other herbs (e.g. perilla, field mint, etc.). Herbal tea for treating ozostomia caused by oral local lesion

Food uses
The mildly bitter leaves are also good as salad greens. Prunella species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora albitarsella.

As a health supplement
Prunella vulgaris is used as an ingredient in some bodybuilding supplements.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Prunella (plant)


text:
User talk:Thparkth

New mailing list for Wikimedia Canada
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Rvt
My apologies. I clicked the link and it sent me to the one that was closed. ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 21:29, 13 September 2022 (UTC)
 * No sweat :) Thparkth (talk) 21:30, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

Queen Elizabeth II Formal photograph
Hi I would like to ask for your help to correct a mistake in the article

Queen Elizabeth II Formal photograph is written as 1958 in the article but this photo was taken in 1959

Hope you can help fix this error 61.216.108.177 (talk) 01:42, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi @61.216.108.177,
 * I don't personally know if this is true or not but there seems to be a consensus that the image we are using was part of this photoshoot meaning that it was published in 1959, but actually photographed in 1958. In my opinion, without a source definitively saying that our image is from 1958, we probably should go with the what the Libraries and Archives Canada record says, which is 1959... so I do agree with you, but I don't feel strongly enough to pick a fight over it! Can I suggest you start a friendly discussion on the article talk page?
 * Thparkth (talk) 02:19, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg
 * I saw the information in this link and thought he was in 1959 2401:E180:88E0:2978:72F0:63D1:3F33:8140 (talk) 10:32, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Speedy deletion contested: Kenwood Mews Apartments
Hello Thparkth. I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of Kenwood Mews Apartments, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: Buildings are not eligible for A7. Thank you. BangJan1999 23:42, 21 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi @ that's understood - but this building is also a corporation. Thparkth (talk) 00:07, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, although I'm not sure if the article makes this point clear. BangJan1999 00:18, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

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Prunella

Prunella may refer to:

 * Prunella (bird), also known as accentors or dunnocks
 * Prunella (plant), also known as self-heal
 * Prunella (grape), French wine grape also known as Cinsaut
 * Prunella (fairy tale), an Italian fairy tale
 * Prunella (film), 1918 silent film starring Marguerite Clark
 * Prunella (given name)
 * Prunella (horse), a Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare
 * Bargnolino, or sometimes prunella, Italian sloe gin
 * Prunella (cloth), an 18th-century worsted fabric.

title: Prunella


text:
Mark Strand

Mark Strand (April 11, 1934 – November 29, 2014) was a Canadian-born American poet, essayist and translator. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1990 and received the Wallace Stevens Award in 2004. Strand was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University from 2005 until his death in 2014.

Biography
Strand was born in 1934 at Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Raised in a secular Jewish family, he spent his early years in North America and much of his adolescence in South and Central America. Strand graduated from Oakwood Friends School in 1951 and in 1957 earned his B.A. from Antioch College in Ohio. He then studied painting under Josef Albers at Yale University, where he earned a B.F.A in 1959. On a U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission scholarship, Strand studied 19th-century Italian poetry in Florence in 1960–61. He attended the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa the following year and earned a Master of Arts in 1962. In 1965 he spent a year in Brazil as a Fulbright Lecturer.

In 1981, Strand was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and Letters. He served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress during the 1990–91 term. In 1997, he left Johns Hopkins University to accept the Andrew MacLeish Distinguished Service Professorship of Social Thought at the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago. From 2005 to his death, Strand taught literature and creative writing at Columbia University, in New York City.

Strand received numerous awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship in 1987 and the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, for Blizzard of One.

Strand died of liposarcoma on November 29, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York.

Poetry
Many of Strand's poems are nostalgic in tone, evoking the bays, fields, boats, and pines of his Prince Edward Island childhood. He has been compared to Robert Bly in his use of surrealism, though he attributes his poems' surreal elements to an admiration of the works of Max Ernst, Giorgio de Chirico, and René Magritte. Strand's poems use plain and concrete language, usually without rhyme or meter. In a 1971 interview, he said, "I feel very much a part of a new international style that has a lot to do with plainness of diction, a certain reliance on surrealist techniques, and a strong narrative element."

Academic career
Strand's academic career took him to various colleges and universities, including:

Teaching positions

 * University of Iowa, Iowa City, instructor in English, 1962–1965
 * University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Fulbright lecturer, 1965–1966
 * Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, assistant professor, 1967
 * Columbia University, New York City, adjunct associate professor, 1969–1972
 * Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York City, associate professor, 1970–1972
 * Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, Bain-Swiggett Lecturer, 1973
 * Brandeis University, Hurst professor of poetry, 1974–1975
 * University of Utah, Salt Lake City, professor of English, 1981–1993
 * Johns Hopkins University, Elliot Coleman Professor of Poetry, 1994–c. 1998
 * University of Chicago, Committee on Social Thought, 1998 – ca. 2005
 * Columbia University, New York City, professor of English and Comparative Literature, ca. 2005–2014

Visiting professor

 * University of Washington, 1968, 1970
 * Columbia University, 1980
 * Yale University, 1969–1970
 * University of Virginia, 1976, 1978
 * California State University at Fresno, 1977
 * University of California at Irvine, 1979
 * Wesleyan University, 1979
 * Harvard University, 1980

Awards
Strand was awarded the following:
 * 1960–1961: Fulbright Fellowship
 * 1979: Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets
 * 1987: MacArthur Fellowship
 * 1990–1991: Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress
 * 1992: Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry
 * 1993: Bollingen Prize
 * 1999: Pulitzer Prize, for Blizzard of One
 * 2004: Wallace Stevens Award
 * 2009: Gold Medal in Poetry, from the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Poetry

 * 1964: Sleeping with One Eye Open, Stone Wall Press
 * 1968: Reasons for Moving: Poems, Atheneum
 * 1970: Darker: Poems, including "The New Poetry Handbook", Atheneum
 * 1973: The Story of Our Lives, Atheneum ISBN 9780689105760
 * 1973: The Sargentville Notebook, Burning Deck
 * 1975: From Two Notebooks, No Mountains Poetry Project
 * 1976: My Son, No Mountains Poetry Project
 * 1978: Elegy for My Father, Windhover
 * 1978: The Late Hour, Atheneum
 * 1980: Selected Poems, including "Keeping Things Whole", Atheneum
 * 1990: The Continuous Life, Knopf ISBN 9780679738442
 * 1990: New Poems
 * 1991: The Monument, Ecco Press (see also The Monument, 1978, prose)
 * 1993: Dark Harbor: A Poem, long poem divided into 55 sections, Knopf
 * 1998: Blizzard of One: Poems, Knopf winner of the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for poetry
 * 1999: Chicken, Shadow, Moon & More, with illustrations by the author, Turtle Point Press
 * 1999: "89 Clouds" a single poem, monotypes by Wendy Mark and introduction by Thomas Hoving, ACA Galleries (New York)
 * 2006: Man and Camel, Knopf ISBN 9780375711268
 * 2007: New Selected Poems
 * 2012: Almost Invisible, Random House, ISBN 9780307957313
 * 2014: Collected Poems, Knopf ISBN 9780385352512

Prose

 * 1978: The Monument, Ecco (see also The Monument, 1991, poetry) ISBN 9780880012744
 * 1982: Contributor: Claims for Poetry, edited by Donald Hall, University of Michigan Press
 * 1982: The Planet of Lost Things, for children
 * 1983: The Art of the Real, art criticism, C. N. Potter
 * 1985: The Night Book, for children
 * 1985: Mr. and Mrs. Baby and Other Stories, short stories, Knopf ISBN 9780880013864
 * 1986: Rembrandt Takes a Walk, for children
 * 1987: William Bailey, art criticism, Abrams
 * 1993: Contributor: Within This Garden: Photographs by Ruth Thorne-Thomsen, Columbia College Chicago/Aperture Foundation
 * 1994: Hopper, art criticism, Ecco Press ISBN 9780307957108
 * 2000: The Weather of Words: Poetic Invention, Knopf
 * 2000: With Eavan Boland, The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms, Norton (New York)

Poetry translations

 * 1971: 18 Poems from the Quechua, Halty Ferguson
 * 1973: The Owl's Insomnia, poems by Rafael Alberti, Atheneum
 * 1976: Souvenir of the Ancient World, poems by Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Antaeus Editions
 * 2002: Looking for Poetry: Poems by Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Rafael Alberti, with Songs from the Quechua
 * 1993: Contributor: "Canto IV", Dante's Inferno: Translations by Twenty Contemporary Poets edited by Daniel Halpern, Harper Perennial
 * 1986, according to one source, or 1987, according to another source: Traveling in the Family, poems by Carlos Drummond de Andrade, with Thomas Colchie; translator with Elizabeth Bishop, Colchie, and Gregory Rabassa) Random House

Editor

 * 1968: The Contemporary American Poets, New American Library
 * 1970: New Poetry of Mexico, Dutton
 * 1976: Another Republic: Seventeen European and South American Writers, with Charles Simic, Ecco
 * 1991: The Best American Poetry 1991, Macmillan
 * 1994: Golden Ecco Anthology, Ecco Press
 * 1994: The Golden Ecco Anthology
 * 2005: 100 Great Poems of the Twentieth Century, W. W. Norton

title: Mark Strand


text:
Drift ice

Drift ice, also called brash ice, is sea ice that is not attached to the shoreline or any other fixed object (shoals, grounded icebergs, etc.). Unlike fast ice, which is "fastened" to a fixed object, drift ice is carried along by winds and sea currents, hence its name. When drift ice is driven together into a large single mass (>70% coverage), it is called pack ice. Wind and currents can pile up that ice to form ridges up to dozens of metres in thickness. These represent a challenge for icebreakers and offshore structures operating in cold oceans and seas.

Drift ice consists of ice floes, individual pieces of sea ice 20 m or more across. Floes are classified according to size: small – 20 m to 100 m; medium – 100 m to 500 m; big – 500 m to 2000 m; vast – 2 km to 10 km; and giant – more than 10 km.

Drift ice affects:
 * Security of navigation
 * Climatic impact (see Polar ice packs)
 * Geological impact
 * Biosphere influence (see Ecology of sea ice)

Drift ice can exert tremendous forces when rammed against structures, and can shear off rudders and propellers from ships and strong structures anchored to the shore, such as piers. These structures must be retractable or removable to avoid damage. Similarly, ships can get stuck between drift ice floes.

The two major ice packs are the Arctic ice pack and the Antarctic ice pack. The most important areas of pack ice are the polar ice packs formed from seawater in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs significantly change their size during seasonal changes of the year. Because of vast amounts of water added to or removed from the oceans and atmosphere, the behavior of polar ice packs has a significant impact on global changes in climate.

Seasonal ice drift in the Sea of Okhotsk by the northern coast of Hokkaidō, Japan, has become a tourist attraction, and is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. The Sea of Okhotsk is the southernmost area in the Northern Hemisphere where drift ice may be observed.

title: Drift ice


text:
Bat Ye'or

Gisèle Littman (born Gisèle Orebi, 1933), better known by her pen name Bat Ye'or (בת יאור, Daughter of the Nile), is an Egyptian-born British-French author, who argues in her writings that Islam, anti-Americanism and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics.

Ye'or has also written about the history of Christian and Jewish religious minorities living under Islamic governments, as part of which Ye'or has popularised the term dhimmitude to define the treatment of religious minorities in such contexts.

Early life and education
Bat Ye'or was born into a wealthy Jewish family in Cairo, Egypt in 1933. Her father was Italian and had fled Italy during Mussolini's rule, and her mother was from France. She and her parents fled Egypt in 1957 after the Suez Crisis of 1956, arriving in London as stateless refugees.

In 1958, she attended the UCL Institute of Archaeology and moved to Switzerland in 1960 to continue her studies at the University of Geneva, but never finished her master's degree and has never held an academic position.

She was married to the British historian and activist David Littman from September 1959 until his death in May 2012. Many of her publications and works were in collaboration with Littman. Her British citizenship dates from her marriage. They moved to Switzerland in 1960 and together had three children.

She has provided briefings to the United Nations and the United States Congress and has given talks at major universities such as Georgetown, Brown, Yale, Brandeis, and Columbia.

Eurabia conspiracy theory
Ye'or's books Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis (2005) and Europe, Globalization, and the Coming of the Universal Caliphate (2011) originated the Eurabia conspiracy theory, which alleged a relationship from the 1970s onwards between the European Union (previously the European Economic Community) and the Arab states.

Reception
The notion of "Eurabia" has been dismissed as a conspiracy theory by academics and other commentators. For example, writing in Race & Class in 2006, author and freelance journalist Matt Carr states, "In order to accept Ye'or's ridiculous thesis, it is necessary to believe not only in the existence of a concerted Islamic plot to subjugate Europe, involving all Arab governments, whether 'Islamic' or not, but also to credit a secret and unelected parliamentary body with the astounding ability to transform all Europe's major political, economic and cultural institutions into subservient instruments of 'jihad' without any of the continent's press or elected institutions being aware of it."

Carr argues that Bat Ye'or is the "main inspiration" for many conspiracy theories current on the far-right. Furthermore, Carr notes that "[s]tripped of its Islamic content, the broad contours of Ye'or's preposterous thesis [in Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis] recall the anti-Semitic conspiracy theories of the first half of the twentieth century and contemporary notions of the 'Zionist Occupation Government' prevalent in far-right circles in the US". He notes further that Bat Ye'or's analysis is driven by a contempt of "Islam's celebrated cultural achievements" and a view of Islam as a "perennially barbaric, parasitic and oppressive religion".

In a The Jerusalem Post interview, referring to Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis the Jewish British historian Martin Gilbert stated "I've read Bat Yeor's book. I know her and have a great respect for her sense of anguish… I'm saying that her book – which is 100 percent accurate – is an alarm call that will ultimately prevent what she's warning about from taking place."

Bruce Bawer, writing in The Hudson Review on Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, wrote that "[n]o book explains the European Muslim situation, in all its complexity, more ably," "[i]t's hard to overstate this book's importance… Eurabia is eye-opening and required reading for anyone seriously interested in understanding Europe's current predicament and its probable fate."

According to Daniel Pipes, "Bat Ye'or has traced a nearly secret history of Europe over the past thirty years, convincingly showing how the Euro-Arab Dialogue has blossomed from a minor discussion group into the engine for the continent's Islamization. In delineating this phenomenon, she also provides the intellectual resources with which to resist it.

According to historian Niall Ferguson, "future historians will one day regard her coinage of the term 'Eurabia' as prophetic. Those who wish to live in a free society must be eternally vigilant. Bat Ye'or's vigilance is unrivalled." Jewish British writer David Pryce-Jones called her a "Cassandra, a brave and far-sighted spirit."

Ye'or's Eurabia theory gathered additional media attention when it was quoted and praised by the perpetrator of the 2011 Norway massacre Anders Behring Breivik in his manifesto released on the day of the attacks. Ye'or expressed regret that Breivik took inspiration from her writings. Breivik has later admitted that he in reality is a neo-Nazi, who only in later years exploited counter-jihad writings.

In a Haaretz profile, Adi Schwartz likened her book on Eurabia to the Protocols of the Elders of Brussels.

"Eurabia: The Euro Arab Axis" has been cited as a probable inspiration for Renaud Camus's Great Replacement conspiracy theory.

Dhimmitude
Ye'or is credited for employing the neologism dhimmitude which she discusses in detail in Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. The word dhimmitude, which purposefully bears a phonetic resemblance with the word servitude, was intentionally used and popularized by Bat Ye'or. In her writings she has credited assassinated Lebanese president-elect and Phalangist militia leader Bachir Gemayel with coining the term: later she claimed that she invented it herself and inspired him to use it through a friend. The term itself is derived from "dhimmi", the adjectival form of the word dhimma, which means "protection" in Arabic and refers to the historical notion of an "indefinitely renewed contract through which the Muslim community accords hospitality and protection to members of other revealed religions, on condition of their acknowledging the domination of Islam".

Ye'or describes dhimmitude as the "specific social condition that resulted from jihad," and as the "state of fear and insecurity" of "infidels" who are required to "accept a condition of humiliation." She believes that "the dhimmi condition can only be understood in the context of Jihad," and studies the relationship between the theological tenets of Islam and the hardships of Christians and Jews under Islamic rule in different times and places. The cause of jihad, she argues, "was fomented around the 8th century by Muslim theologians after the death of Muhammad and led to the conquest of large swathes of three continents over the course of a long history."

Bat Ye'or acknowledges that not all Muslims subscribe to so-called "militant jihad theories of society," while arguing that the role of sharia in the 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam demonstrates that what she calls a perpetual war against those who won't submit to Islam is still an "operative paradigm" in Islamic countries.

Reception
According to journalist Adi Schwartz from Haaretz, the fact that she is not an academic and has never taught at any university, but has worked as an independent researcher, has, along with her opinions, made her a controversial figure. He quotes professor Robert S. Wistrich, head of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, who notes:"Up until the 1980s, she was not accepted at all. In academic circles they scorned her publications. Only when Bernard Lewis published the book 'Jews of Islam' with quotations from Bat Ye'or did they begin to pay any attention to her. A real change toward her emerged in the 1990s, and especially in recent years." Lewis on another occasion, called the notion of Jewish "dhimmi"-tude, i.e., of their "subservience and persecution and ill treatment" under Islamic rule, a "myth", which, just as the myth "of a golden age of equality, of mutual respect and cooperation", "contain[s] significant elements of truth," with the "historic truth" being "in its usual place, somewhere in the middle between the extremes."

British historian Martin Gilbert in his book A History of the Twentieth Century has called her "the acknowledged expert on the plight of Jews and Christians in Muslim lands" who "brought the issue of [their] continuing discrimination to a wide public."

Hans Jansen, Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at Utrecht University and MEP for Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom, wrote in Middle East Quarterly that "In 1985, Bat Ye'or offered Islamic studies a surprise with her book, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, a convincing demonstration that the notion of a traditional, lenient, liberal, and tolerant Muslim treatment of the Jewish and Christian minorities is more myth than reality."

Mark R. Cohen said that Bat Ye'or "has made famous" the term dhimmitude, which he says is "misleading". He states that "[w]e may choose to employ" it keeping in mind that it "connotes protection (its meaning in Arabic) and that it guaranteed communal autonomy, relatively free practice of religion, and equal economic opportunities, as much as it signified inferior legal status."

Michael Sells, John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the University of Chicago, argued that "by obscuring the existence of pre-Christian and other old, non-Christian communities in Europe as well as the reason for their disappearance in other areas of Europe, Bat Ye'or constructs an invidious comparison between the allegedly humane Europe of Christian and Enlightenment values and the ever-present persecution within Islam. Whenever the possibility is raised of actually comparing circumstances of non-Christians in Europe to non-Muslims under Islamic governance in a careful, thoughtful manner, Bat Ye'or forecloses such comparison."

In a review of The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude, the American historian Robert Brenton Betts commented that the book dealt with Judaism at least as much as with Christianity, that the title was misleading and the central premise flawed. He said: "The general tone of the book is strident and anti-Muslim. This is coupled with selective scholarship designed to pick out the worst examples of anti-Christian behavior by Muslim governments, usually in time of war and threats to their own destruction (as in the case of the deplorable Armenian genocide of 1915). Add to this the attempt to demonize the so-called Islamic threat to Western civilization and the end-product is generally unedifying and frequently irritating."

Sidney Griffith, the head of the department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures at the Catholic University of America wrote in a review of Decline of Eastern Christianity that Ye'or has "raised a topic of vital interest"; adding, however, that the "theoretical inadequacy of the interpretive concepts of jihad and dhimmitude, as they are employed here", and the "want of historical method in the deployments of the documents which serve as evidence for the conclusions reached in the study" serve as dual barriers. He goes on to say "[quotations] are presented out of context, with no analysis or explanation. One has the impression that in their bulk they are simply meant to undergird the contentions made in the first part of the book", concluding that thus Ye'or has "written a polemical tract, not responsible historical analysis."

In a review of The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, City University of New York Distinguished Professor of History Chase F. Robinson writes, "[R]eaders interested in a dispassionate account of confessional relations or a nuanced discussion of the widely diverse experience of Jews and Christians in the dar al-Islam will need to look elsewhere: [...] this is a work of polemic -- scholarly polemic, but polemic just the same. To list errors of fact would probably fill this entire number of the Bulletin."

According to the American scholar Joel Beinin, Bat Ye'or exemplifies the "neo-lachrymose" perspective on Egyptian Jewish history. According to Beinin, this perspective has been "consecrated" as "the normative Zionist interpretation of the history of Jews in Egypt."

Robert Spencer, an American anti-Islamic polemicist, described her as "the pioneering scholar of dhimmitude, of the institutionalized discrimination and harassment of non-Muslims under Islamic law". He argued that she had turned this area, which he believed the "Middle East studies establishment" has hitherto been afraid of or indifferent to, into a field of academic study.

Irshad Manji describes her as "a scholar who dumps cold water on any dreamy view of how Muslims have historically dealt with the 'other'."

Counter-jihad
The international counter-jihad movement developed in the 2000s, influenced by Ye'or's Eurabia thesis. In 2007, she held the keynote speech at the inaugural international counter-jihad conference in Brussels. Ye'or also sits on the board of advisors of the International Free Press Society, identified as a "key organization" of the counter-jihad movement.

Books

 * Understanding Dhimmitude, 2013, RVP Press, ISBN 978-1-61861-335-6 (paperback).
 * Europe, Globalization, and the Coming of the Universal Caliphate, 16 September 2011, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 1-61147-445-0
 * Verso il Califfato Universale: Come l'Europa è diventata complice dell'espansionismo musulmano, Lindau, Torino: May 2009. ("Toward the Universal Caliphate: How Europe Became an Accomplice of Muslim Expansionism")
 * Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, 2005, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-4077-X
 * Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide, 2001, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3942-9; ISBN 0-8386-3943-7 (with David Littman, translated by Miriam Kochan)
 * The Decline of Eastern Christianity: From Jihad to Dhimmitude;seventh-twentieth century, 1996, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3678-0; ISBN 0-8386-3688-8 (paperback).
 * The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, 1985, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3233-5; ISBN 0-8386-3262-9 (paperback). (with David Maisel, Paul Fenton and David Littman; foreword by Jacques Ellul)
 * Les Juifs en Egypte, 1971, Editions de l'Avenir, Geneva (in French, title translates as "The Jews in Egypt")

Book chapters

 * 17 chapters in Robert Spencer (ed.), The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims, Prometheus Books, 2005. ISBN 1-59102-249-5.
 * "The Dhimmi Factor in the Exodus of Jews from Arab Countries" in: Malka Hillel Shulewitz (ed.), The Forgotten Millions. The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands, Cassell, London/New York 1999; Continuum, 2001, ISBN 0-8264-4764-3 (pp. 33–51).
 * "A Christian Minority. The Copts in Egypt" in W. A. Veehoven (ed.), Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. A World Survey. 4 vols. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976, ISBN 90-247-1779-5.

title: Bat Ye'or


text:
Super Scope

The Super Scope (スーパースコープ), known as the Nintendo Scope in Europe and Australia, is a first party light gun peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The successor to the NES Zapper, the Super Scope was released in North America and the PAL region in 1992, followed by a limited release in Japan in 1993 due to a lack of consumer demand. The peripheral consists of two devices: the wireless light gun itself, called the "Transmitter", and a "Receiver" that connects to the second controller port of the Super NES console. The Transmitter has two action buttons, a pause button, a power switch and is powered by six AA batteries.

Design
The Transmitter is a bazooka-shaped device, just under 2 ft long. Located about midway on top of the barrel are two buttons, the purple "Fire" button (colored orange in Japanese and European models) and the gray "Pause" button, and a switch used to turn the Super Scope off or select regular or turbo fire. In the middle on either side are two clips for attaching the sight. On the far end of the gun, on the bottom, is a six-inch (15-cm) grip with another button labeled "Cursor".

On the end is the infrared receiver lens, approximately 1 in in diameter, which picks up the light from a TV. The sight mount is shaped like a wide, very shallow "U", about five inches long. The end that faces toward the shoulder mount end of the Super Scope has a round open cylinder holder, where the eyepiece goes. The other end has a short, narrow tube, which forms the sight when one looks through the eyepiece that is in-line across from it. The end of the eyepiece is very simple: it is a cylinder with the diameter of a quarter, with a removable rubber piece through which the shooter looks. The sight is designed so that the aim will be correct at a distance of 3 m. The Receiver is a small box, 2.5 x, with a standard Super NES controller cord attached. On the front is an oval-shaped black area, receding back from the two sides to an infra-red transmitter about the size of a dime.

All of the Super Scope games made by Nintendo have a soft-reset to the game's main title. This is accomplished by pausing the game, then, while holding CURSOR, the FIRE button must be pressed twice.

Hit detection
The Super Scope makes use of the scanning process used in cathode ray tube monitors, as CRTs were the only widely-used TV monitors until the early 2000s. In short, the screen is drawn by a scanning electron beam that travels horizontally across each line of the screen from top to bottom. A fast photodiode will see any particular area of the screen illuminated only briefly as that point is scanned, while the human eye will see a consistent image due to persistence of vision.

The Super Scope takes advantage of this in a fairly simple manner: it simply outputs a 0 signal when it sees the television raster scan and a 1 signal when it does not. Inside the console, this signal is delivered to the PPU, which notes which screen pixel it is outputting at the moment the signal transitions from 1 to 0. At the end of the frame, the game software can retrieve this stored position to determine where on the screen the gun was aimed. Most licensed Super Scope games include a calibration mode to account for both electrical delays and maladjustment of the gunsight.

The Super Scope ignores red light, as do many guns of this type because red phosphors have a much slower rate of decay than green or blue phosphors. Since the Super Scope depends on the short persistence and scan pattern of CRT pixels, it will not function with modern displays (such as plasma screens or LCDs) that continuously light each pixel.

Compatible games
Per GamePro:

 * Battle Clash
 * Bazooka Blitzkrieg
 * The Hunt for Red October (used for bonus games)
 * Lamborghini American Challenge (features a Super Scope-exclusive mode)
 * Lemmings 2: The Tribes (secret easter egg allowing the super scope to destroy lemmings)
 * Metal Combat: Falcon's Revenge
 * Operation Thunderbolt
 * Super Scope 6 (bundled with the hardware)
 * T2: The Arcade Game
 * Tin Star
 * X-Zone
 * Yoshi's Safari (required for play)

Legacy
The Super Scope is a recurring item in the Super Smash Bros. series, appearing in every game since Super Smash Bros. Melee. When picked up, it acts as a projectile weapon that fires a continuous stream of small shots when the attack button is tapped repeatedly, or fires one large shot if the attack button is held down.

The S-BLAST '92 and S-BLAST '91 weapons in the Nintendo Switch game Splatoon 3 have designs heavily based on the Super Scope. The S-BLAST '92 uses the original's gray and orange color scheme, while the S-BLAST '91 uses gray and purple colors based on the North American Super Nintendo console.

title: Super Scope


text:
List of chewing gum brands

This is a list of chewing gum brands in the world. Chewing gum is a type of gum made for chewing, and dates back at least 5,000 years. Modern chewing gum was originally made of chicle, a natural latex. By the 1960s, chicle was replaced by butadiene-based synthetic rubber which is cheaper to manufacture. Most chewing gums are considered polymers. This list contains both chewing gum and bubblegum.

Key:

title: List of chewing gum brands


text:
Tata Steel

Tata Steel Limited is an Indian multinational steel-making company, based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand and headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a part of the Tata Group.

Formerly known as Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO), Tata Steel is among the largest steel producing companies in the world, with an annual crude steel capacity of 35 million tonnes. It is one of the world's most geographically diversified steel producers, with operations and commercial presence across the world. The group (excluding SEA operations) recorded a consolidated turnover of US$31 billion in the financial year ending 31 March 2023. It is the largest steel company in India (measured by domestic production) with an annual capacity of 21.6 million tonnes after Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL). Tata Steel, SAIL, and Jindal Steel and Power, are the only three Indian steel companies that have captive iron-ore mines, which gives the three companies price advantages.

Tata Steel operates in 26 countries with key operations in India, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and employs around 80,500 people. Its largest plant (10 MTPA capacity) is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. In 2007, Tata Steel acquired the UK-based steel maker Corus. It was ranked 486th in the 2014 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world's biggest corporations. It was the seventh most valuable Indian brand of 2013 according to Brand Finance.

Tata Steel was listed amongst India's Best Workplaces in Manufacturing by Great Place to Work for the fifth time in 2022.

History
Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was founded by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and established by Sir Dorabji Tata on 26 August 1907. TISCO started pig iron production in 1911 and began producing steel in 1912 as a branch of Jamsetji's Tata Group. The first steel ingot was manufactured on 16 February 1912. During the First World War (1914–1918), the company made rapid progress.

In 1920, The Tata Iron & Steel Company also incorporated The Tinplate Company of India Ltd (TCIL), as a joint venture with then Burmah Shell to manufacture Tinplate. TCIL is now Tata Tinplate and holds 70% market share in India.

By 1939, it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a major modernisation and expansion program in 1951. Later, in 1958, the program was upgraded to 2 million metric tonnes per annum (MTPA) project. By 1970, the company employed around 40,000 people at Jamshedpur, and a further 20,000 in the neighbouring coal mines.

In November 2021, Tata Steel was the most profitable company in the Tata Group. In July 2019 Tata Steel Kalinganagar (TSK) was included in the list of the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Lighthouse Network.

The Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) at Tata Steel Limited India are Koushik Chatterjee as CFO (KMP) and Parvatheesam Kanchinadham as Company Secretary. Koushik Chatterjee, Mallika Srinivasan, Chandrasekaran Natarajan and 7 other members are presently associated as directors.

Nationalisation attempts
There have been two attempts to nationalise Tata Steel, one attempt in 1971 and another in 1979, both were unsuccessful. In 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi tried to nationalise the company, but failed. In 1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nationalise TISCO (now Tata Steel), spurred by Minister for Industries George Fernandes, and Minister of Steel, Mines, and Coals Biju Patnaik. However, union protests prevented such nationalisation efforts.

In 1990, the company expanded and established a subsidiary, Tata Inc., in New York. The company changed its name from TISCO to Tata Steel Ltd. in 2005.

Labour welfare
Tata Steel was among the first Indian companies to provide various labour welfare benefits, such as eight-hour workdays since 1912, free medical care since 1915, school facilities for the children of employees since 1917, paid time off since 1920, formation of a provident fund and accident compensation in 1920, vocational training since 1921, maternity benefits since 1928, profit sharing bonuses since 1934, and retiring gratuity since 1937.

Acquisitions
NatSteel in 2004: Tata Steel agreed to acquire the steel making operations of the Singapore-based NatSteel for $486.4 million in cash. NatSteel had ended 2003 with turnover of $1.4 billion and a profit before tax of $47 million. The steel businesses of NatSteel would be run by the company through a wholly owned subsidiary called Natsteel Asia Pvt. Ltd. The acquisition was completed in February 2005. At the time of acquisition, NatSteel had a capacity of about 2 million tonnes per annum of finished steel.

Millennium Steel in 2005: Tata Steel acquired a majority stake in the Thailand-based steelmaker Millennium Steel for a total cost of $130 million. It paid US$73 million to Siam Cement for a 40% stake and offered to pay 1.13 baht per share for another 25% of the shares of other shareholders. Millennium Steel has now been renamed to Tata Steel Thailand and is headquartered in Bangkok. On 31 March 2013, it held approx. 68% shares in the acquired company.

Corus in 2006: Tata Steel signed a deal with Anglo-Dutch company, Corus to buy 100% stake at £4.3 billion ($8.1  billion) at 455 pence per share. On 19 November 2006, the Brazilian steel company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) launched a counter offer for Corus at 475 pence per share, valuing it at £4.5 billion. On 11 December 2006, Tata pre-emptively upped its offer to 500 pence per share, which was within hours trumped by CSN's offer of 515 pence per share, valuing the deal at £4.9 billion. The Corus board promptly recommended both the revised offers to its shareholders. On 31 January 2007, Tata Steel won their bid for Corus after offering 608 pence per share, valuing Corus at £6.7 billion ($12  billion). In 2005, Corus employed around 47,300 people worldwide, including 24,000 in the UK. At the time of acquisition, Corus was four times larger than Tata Steel, in terms of annual steel production. Corus was the world's 9th largest producer of Steel, whereas Tata Steel was in the 56th position. The acquisition made Tata Steel the world's 5th largest producer of Steel.

Tayo Rolls in 2008, formerly Tata-Yodogawa Limited is a metal fabrication and processing company headquartered in Jamshedpur, India. It was founded in 1968 as a joint venture between Tata Steel and the Japan-based Yodogawa Steels. In 2008, the company made the rights issue which was subscribed for only about 50% of its total value – Rs 60 crore. Due to undersubscription, the promoters acquired them, and as a result, Tayo Rolls became a Tata Steel Subsidiary. Tata Steel owns 55.24% of the Tayo Rolls.

Steel Engineering and Vinausteel in 2007: Tata Steel through its wholly owned Singapore subsidiary, NatSteel Asia Pte Ltd, acquired a controlling stake in both rolling mill companies located in Vietnam: Structure Steel Engineering Pte Ltd (100% stake) and Vinausteel Ltd (70% stake). The enterprise value for the acquisition was $41 million. With this acquisition, Tata Steel got hold of two rolling mills, a 250,000 tonnes per year bar/wire rod mill operated by SSE Steel Ltd. and a 180,000 tonnes per year reinforcing bar mill operated by Vinausteel Ltd.

Bhushan Steel in 2018: Tata Steel acquired the entire company in 2017–18 when Insolvency proceedings were initiated against the former company on 26 July 2017 under IBC. Tata Steel emerged as the highest bidder and took over the company through its wholly-owned subsidiary Bamnipal Steel Ltd. The company was renamed as Tata Steel BSL. Later in 2021 Tata Steel amalgamated Bamnipal Steel Ltd. and Tata Steel BSL thereby the latter became a direct subsidiary of Tata Steel (72.65%).

Usha Martin (Steel division) in 2019: Tata Sponge Iron Limited, a subsidiary of Tata Steel Limited, acquired the steel business of Usha Martin Limited in 2019 for Rs.4,094 crore. The acquisition involved UMLs 1.0 MnTPA specialty steel plant in Jamshedpur that makes alloy-based long products, a functional iron ore mine, a coal mine under development, and captive power plants.

Nilachala Ispat Nigam Ltd in 2022: Tata Steel through its wholly owned subsidiary, Tata Steel Long Products (TSLP), acquired controlling stake in NINL. It beat Jindal Steel and JSW Steel to acquire Odisha-based Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd (NINL) for inr 121000000000.

Joint Ventures
In 2006, Tata Steel and BlueScope Steel launched Tata BlueScope Steel Ltd, a joint venture for the manufacturing of pre-engineered steel products.

In 2014, Tata Steel launched Jamshedpur Continuous Annealing and Processing Company Pvt Ltd (JCAPCPL), a joint venture with Nippon Steel to produce continuous annealed products intended for the automotive industry. The plant had a capacity of 600,000 tonnes and was setup with an investment of 2,750 Crores. Tata Steel held 51% of the joint venture.

Amalgamation
In 2022, Tata Group moved the amalgamation of seven metal companies of the group into Tata Steel. Seven metal companies of Tata Group that will be merged with Tata Steel are Tata Steel Long Products Limited (TSLP), The Tinplate Company of India Limited (TCIL), Tata Metaliks Limited (TML), TRF Limited, The Indian Steel & Wire Products Limited (ISWPL), Tata Steel Mining Limited (TSML) and S & T Mining Company Limited.

Sports
Tata Steel has traditionally played a key role in the development of sports in India. They have been involved in the inception of Tata Football Academy, TSAF Climbing Academy, Tata Archery Academy, Naval Tata Hockey Academy – Jamshedpur and Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High-Performance Centre.

Operations
Tata Steel is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and has its marketing headquarters at the Tata Centre in Kolkata, West Bengal. It has a presence in around 50 countries with manufacturing operations in 26 countries including India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, UAE, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, France and Canada.

Tata Steel primarily serves customers in the automotive, construction, consumer goods, engineering, packaging, lifting and excavating, energy and power, aerospace, shipbuilding, rail, and defence and security sectors.

Upcoming plans
Tata Steel has set a target of achieving an annual production capacity of 100 million tons by 2015; it is planning for capacity expansion to be balanced roughly 50:50 between greenfield developments and acquisitions. Overseas acquisitions have already added an additional 21.4 million tonnes of capacity, including Corus (18.2 million tonnes), NatSteel (2 million tonnes) and Millennium Steel (1.2 million tonnes). Tata plans to add another 29 million tonnes of capacity through acquisitions. Major greenfield steel plant expansion projects planned by Tata Steel include:

 * A six million tonne per annum capacity plant in Kalinganagar, Odisha, India;
 * An expansion of the capacity of its plant in Jharkhand, India from 6.8 to 10 million tonnes per annum;
 * A five million tonnes per annum capacity plant in Chhattisgarh, India (Tata Steel signed a memorandum of understanding with the Chhattisgarh government in 2005; the plant is facing strong protest from tribal people);
 * A three million tonne per annum capacity plant in Iran;
 * A 2.4 million tonne per annum capacity plant in Bangladesh;
 * A 10.5 million tonnes per annum capacity plant in Vietnam (feasibility studies are underway); and
 * A six million tonne per annum capacity plant in Haveri, Karnataka.
 * Acquisition of Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd in Odisha, India

Issues with Europe business
Since Tata Steel's Corus acquisition in 2007, Tata Steel's Europe unit faced issues from oversupply in the market, labor unions, inexpensive imports from Chinese steel makers, and pressure from regulators for decarbonisation (green taxes) which forced Tata Steel to consolidate its businesses in Europe.

In 2015, Tata Steel was looking to sell its facilities in Port Talbot, Hartlepool, Rotherham, and Stocksbridge, which was put on hold due to Brexit. In April 2016, Tata Steel's Long Products Europe Division located in Scunthorpe, England was sold to Greybull Capital LLP. The unit was renamed as British Steel Limited.

In February 2017, the company decided to sell its specialty division to Liberty House Group.

In September 2017, ThyssenKrupp of Germany and Tata Steel announced plans to combine their European steel-making businesses. The deal will structure the European assets as Thyssenkrupp Tata Steel, an equal joint venture. The announcement estimated that the company would be Europe's second-largest steelmaker, and listed future headquarters in Amsterdam. However, in 2019, antitrust regulators of EU refused to accept deals citing reduction in competition. In 2019 Tata Steel decided to sell some of its non-core business units in UK.

In June 2020, the company requested £500 million in UK government support. Later in July media houses reported that the company has proposed to give away 50% of its stake in Port Talbot Steelworks to the UK Government in return for capital injections amounting to £900 million.

In November 2020, SSAB of Sweden announced its intention to buy Tata Steel's unit in IJmuiden, Netherlands. However, in 2021, SSAB backed out citing technical and cost issues involved with the deal.

In October 2021, Tata Steel Europe officially split its businesses into two independent entities Tata Steel Netherlands and Tata Steel UK.

In April 2022, Tata Steel announced that they had to find alternative sources of coal for their steel production plants in the UK and Netherlands after European nations stopped doing business with Russia because of its invasion of Ukraine.

Issues with South East Asia Business
In January 2019, citing debt issues and consistent losses Tata Steel, decided to sell a 70 percent stake in its S.E. Asia business (NatSteel and Tata Steel Thailand) to China's state-owned HBIS Group for $327 million. But the deal fell through citing regulatory issues.

Later in 2019, Tata Group signed a memorandum of understanding with the Private Equity firm, Synergy Metals and Mining Fund for divestment of 70% shareholding in Tata Steel (Thailand) Public Company Ltd. (excluding NatSteel)

In 2021, Tata Steel decided against divesting the South East Asian businesses citing improvement in financials, including reduction in total debt and increase in the cash flow. This was confirmed through its regulatory filing where Tata Steel reclassified its S.E. Asians assets from 'held for sale' to 'continuing operations'.

In October 2021, Tata Steel announced the sale of its subsidiary Natsteel Holdings Pte. Ltd to TopTip Holding Pte, a Singapore-based steel and iron ore trading company. The deal was valued at $172 million (₹1,275 crore). The deal included two Singapore facilities and one Malaysian facility excluding the wire business in Thailand.

Shareholding
As on 29 September 2023, Tata Group held 33.90% shares in Tata Steel. Over one million individual shareholders hold approximately 10% of its shares. Life Insurance Corporation of India is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 10.89% shareholding.

The equity shares of Tata Steel are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty, the Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.

Mjunction
Mjunction, a Tata Steel and SAIL joint venture, India's Largest B2B E-Commerce company. Founded in February 2001, it is today not only India's largest eCommerce company (having eTransacted worth over Rs. 900 billion till date) but also runs the world's largest eMarketplace for steel.

Tata Steel Thailand
Tata Steel's subsidiary Tata Steel (Thailand) Public Company Limited (set: TSTH), (formerly Millennium Steel Public Company Limited) is listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. Tata Steel Limited directly holds 67.90% through its investment arm T S Global Holdings Pte. Ltd.

Tata Tinplate
The Tinplate Company of India Limited (TCIL) is a subsidiary of Tata Steel. Founded in 1920, TCIL is India's oldest and current largest tinplate manufacturer. The company is described as having "pioneered the tinplate industry in India". TCIL has a 70% market share in India and exports a fourth of its products outside India.

In January 1920, the Burmah Oil and The Tata Iron & Steel Company (TISCO) jointly incorporated The Tinplate Company of India Limited (TCIL) to cater to the demand for tinplate that arose following World War I. Burmah contributed two-thirds of the starting capital and Tata the remainder. Burmah required a tinplate for the cans used to hold the kerosene it produced.

By November 1921, structural steel for the plant and machinery had been imported from the US and UK, and the plant was established at Golmuri, Jamshedpur near the Tata Steelworks. The design was based on an Indiana rolling plant. In December 1922, the first hot dip tinning plant started rolling out finished tinplate. By 1924, a total of six mills were in production and the company was producing almost 40 percent of India's tinplate needs. In 1926, the level of production exceeded the country's imports for the first time. The company's main competition was from tinplate imported from South Wales. In its early years, the Company relied to a large extent on European 'covenanted' labor for supervisory and skilled roles, but this lessened over time as the skills of Indian workers developed. Just under 3,000 workers were employed in the late 1920s, and early 1930s.

With the outbreak of World War II, TCIL diversified into the manufacturing of un-tinned black plates used in Jettison tanks for the Royal Air Force. Also, TCIL took over the processing of steel from the sheet mills of Tata Steel to augment production.

TCIL entered into an agreement with Wean United Canada to switch to the Electrolytic Tinning Process. In 1973, an Electrolytic Tinning Line was commissioned with a capacity of 90,000 tonnes per annum to produce tinplate and tin-free steel. In 1996, TCIL established its first Cold Rolling Mill Complex with a capacity of 110,000 tonnes per annum, as part of a backward integration to reduce dependency on imported uncoated sheet steel coils, known as tin mill black plate (TMBP). In 2005, a printing and lacquering line was introduced as part of a forward integration to reduce supply chain inefficiencies. In 2007, mill capacity was more than doubled to 379,000 tonnes by the commissioning of a second Tinning Line; a second Cold Rolling Mill facility was added a year later. Production and sales reached 360,000 tons in 2018–19.

In 2012, Tata Steel increased its shareholding in TCIL to 73.44% which currently stands at 74.96%

Through volumes, TCIL holds 70% market share in India and exports 25% of the production to Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

In August 2021, announced its expansion plans, an additional capacity of 3,00,000 tons per annum.

In September 2022, it was announced that the company would be merged into Tata Steel.

Carbon footprint
Tata Steel Group reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 March 2021 at 25,790 Kt (−1,820 /-6.6% y-o-y). There is little evidence of a consistent declining trend as yet.

Controversies

 * Environment protection at Dhamra Port: The Dhamra Port, a joint venture between Larsen & Toubro and Tata Steel near Dhamra river in Bhadrak district of Odisha has come in for criticism from groups such as Greenpeace, Wildlife Protection Society of India and the Orissa Traditional Fishworkers' Union for environment protection. The port is being built within five kilometers of the Bhitarkanika National Park, a Ramsar wetland of international importance, home to an impressive diversity of mangrove species, saltwater crocodiles and an array of avian species. The port will also be approximately 15 km. from the turtle nesting of Gahirmatha Beach, and turtles are also found immediately adjoining the port site. Aside from potential impacts on the nesting and feeding grounds of the turtles, the mudflats of the port site itself are breeding grounds for horseshoe crabs as well as rare species of reptiles and amphibians.  The port began commercial production in May 2011. In response, the company website informs that it has been working with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for guidance and assistance in the implementation of environmental standards and designing mitigation measures for potential hazards during construction and operation of the Port.
 * Job cuts in Europe: In 2019 citing surplus capacity and high costs the company announced plans to cut 3,000 jobs in Europe, including the UK (Port Talbot Steelworks), Netherlands, and other units. The decision was made after the failed attempt to consolidate with German Steelmaker Thyssenkrupp.

Documentaries

 * Tata Steel: Seventy Five Years of the Indian Steel Industry, directed by Shyam Benegal in 1983.
 * Crucible of Fire, directed by Stephen Alter and narrated by Victor Banerjee in 2008.

title: Tata Steel


text:
John Mowlem

John Mowlem (12 October 1788 – 8 March 1868) was an English stonemason, builder and founder of the quarrying and construction company "Mowlem, Burt and Freeman".

Career
Mowlem was born in Swanage, Dorset, the son of a quarryman. As a young man, he worked in the quarries of the Isle of Purbeck: he was reputedly one of the last people to work in the quarry at Tilly Whim and, as a stonemason, on the Isle of Wight.

He travelled to London in 1807 where he started working for Henry Westmacott, the Government mason and builder, as a general foreman: Mowlem personally worked on Nelson's Tomb in St Paul's Cathedral, Somerset House and the Royal Mews at Charing Cross.

In 1812 he married Susannah Manwell, the daughter of another Swanage man. In 1822 he set up business as a paving contractor and stone merchant, building up a large business and paving Blackfriars Bridge amongst other areas. In 1839 Mowlem moved briefly to Guernsey, which was the source of much of the granite used by his business. He left the London side of the business in the care of George Burt (his wife's nephew), and Joseph Freeman (Burt's brother-in-law). By 1845 the two men had joined Mowlem as partners, and the company (aided by Mowlem's purchase and management of Guernsey quarries) had won several large contracts, including the maintenance of the masonry of all government property in the London district.

Once Burt and Freeman had been taken on as partners, Mowlem moved back to Swanage, but maintained an interest in the business as well as acting philanthropically within the town of his birth. He died in 1868, childless, and the business, which ultimately became known simply as Mowlem passed on to Burt.

title: John Mowlem


text:
Talk:Amiodarone

Untitled
Ksheka, you're fantastic. Btw, I've uploaded a new version of the image that is actually 275px wide, to it will render better in the browser. You mention the ARREST trial, but I get the impression you're confusing the study quoted with another trial in The Netherlands (this one is American) which used similar methodology (police cars with defibrillators). I actually worked in the hospital where Dr Koster was running the ARREST trial, and one of my colleauges was a data collector there. JFW | T@lk  11:04, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment. I really want to spruce up the different uses of amiodarone, and eventually talk about the use of amiodarone in individuals instead of a defibrillator... Ksheka

 * I'm pretty sure I got the correct study - I wanted to talk about the use of amiodarone to improve survival in a cardiac arrest situation. When I did a medline search for "Koster arrest", I only got one relevant result, which isn't what I was looking for. A search for "Koster amiodarone" gives a single hit which isn't relevant.  If you can find a better study, please point me to it. Ksheka 13:24, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

No, I meant that the amiodarone trial wasn't called ARREST (I skimmed through the NEJM fulltext, but the word wasn't mentioned anywhere!) The ARREST (later also ARRESUST) trial in Amsterdam was published in the BMJ in 2003 (here). JFW | T@lk  14:26, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ahh...I understand the confusion now. You're saying that the ARREST trial has nothing to do with amiodarone.  I got that name from "Cardiovascular Trials Review, 6th Edition" by Kloner & Birnbaum (The local Pfizer rep gave me a copy).  I guess it's just one of those times when multiple trials have the same acronym.  This article refers to the one I cited as ARREST.  Ksheka 14:57, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Okay, this explains everything. I'm still wondering, though, why the Kudenchuk article does not contain ARREST (in capitals) in its whole fulltext! Never mind... PS the Pfizer rep can't be wrong :-) JFW | T@lk  19:55, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

ARREST and ALIVE, where two trials used to analyze resuscitation rates in pre-hospital setting; which tested the efficacy of amiodarone in v-fib/v-tach pulseless patients, refractory to defibrillation.

Amiodarone
Amiodarone. This page has many errors embedded into it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.132.88.132 (talk) 17:05, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

What an excellent drug. I took it for about three years then developed Hyperthyroidism. Not the safest way to loose weight.

When I first started taking the drug I had to go through the "loading" period. I was miserable and going into 240+ bpm VT in the morning and evening like clockwork.

I didn't seem to have any problem with Amiodarone orally so we tried to run it in through IV for faster loading. I felt the chemicals go in and immediately started to go into anaphylactic shock.

My fear is that I will be in a situation where I cannot direct emergency services to use something like lidocain instead of Ammiodarone IV. in fact it already happened once. Fortunatley my wife was there.

In any of the studies you mentioned, where there any other instances of patients having a hard time with Amiodarone IV?

I am suspecting it is not actually the ammiodarone but the solution it is suspended in. Do you have any idea what that is? I noticed they always come in glass containers.

What can I do to insure that this does not happen to me? I have a Medic alert necklace that I wear but the Emergency services and hospitals don't seem to notice it.

Are there ay other drugs or combinations of them that I can use to replace the amiodarone?

Currently I take Flecainide and Toprol but my life has not been as good as it was with Amiodarone.

Any more news with dronaderone or Azimalide?

Thanks,

Ben

AF
Peter Zimetbaum has reviewed the use in AF -. JFW | T@lk  00:07, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Amiodarone may be a useful drug, but it's not without it's dangers. My Father died from liver failure - pseudo-alcoholic cirrhosis caused by taking ARATAC (the brand name for amiodarone in Australia). I'm going to document the information about this,  so I'm building a website as a warning to others.

 * The article already mentions liver damage. JFW | T@lk  07:34, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Review
(JAMA 2007) reviews indications and followup. JFW | T@lk  07:34, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well-written article. Most accents in right places. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gor n bein (talk • contribs) 19:15, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

You mean the Wikipedia article or ? And which accents are not in the right place?JFW | T@lk  19:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Drug Interactions: P-GP Inhibition
This drug inhibits P-glycoproteins, so it has interactions with any drugs that are substrates for P-glycoproteins. I'm sure there are plenty of sources available to demonstrate this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.250.51.176 (talk) 09:50, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Metabolism-excretion
The section on excretion contains many apparent references to "package insert". Are these citations, and if so is there a better way to document these? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.25.128.135 (talk) 02:24, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Gleb von Anrep
Gleb von Anrep is quoted as being Lebanese. It seem to bo be Russian with german ascent. (see "Anrep effect" or "Anrep familly" in WP). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.83.38.167 (talk) 13:59, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:36, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Contradictory content
I have removed the following text from the article until the contradiction can be resolved. In 1995, amiodarone was approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation as an injection for intravenous use. Amiodarone was not approved by any regulatory authority for the treatment of atrial fibrillation neither in intravenous nor oral form. The reference doesn’t support the statement. I don't have access the the reference, so I can't verify it one way or another. Perhaps someone else can have a look. -- Ed (Edgar181) 16:08, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amiodarone


text:
List of districts in Northern Ireland by religion or religion brought up in

This is a list of districts in Northern Ireland by religion or religion brought up in.

In the 2001 decennial census, the Census Office for Northern Ireland (CONI) asked a new question to attempt to achieve a more accurate depiction of the balance of the mainly unionist Protestant and mainly nationalist Catholic communities across Northern Ireland.

As well as asking the traditional question of "Religion?" – to which over 13% of respondents gave no answer – it also asked "Religion brought up in?" to capture those who no longer identify with a religion. The combination of the two questions gave a community background by religion for over 97% of the population. In the 2011 census the same process could only assign a religion to 94% of the population and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ceased to call the measure "community background" and instead called it "religion or religion brought up in".

These figures are presented here as an approximation of the community balance, without implying any particular significance to the absolute figures. Not all Protestants are unionists, and not all Catholics are nationalist. For information on recent communal conflicts in Northern Ireland, see the Troubles. The census reports do not distinguish between Protestant and other non-Catholic Christian faiths. The number of Orthodox Christians in Northern Ireland is estimated at 3000 followers.

These figures based on the 2021 census at district level mask wide variations on smaller scales. In the Belfast City Council and Derry and Strabane District Council areas, the figures at ward level vary from 99% Protestant to 92% Catholic.

Following the reform of local government in Northern Ireland the twenty-six districts created in 1973 were replaced with eleven "super districts". The first election using these districts took place on 22 May 2014, electing councillors who sat in shadow form until 1 April 2015. The breakdown of religion or religion brought up in within these new boundaries at the time of the 2021 census was as follows.


text:
Château Mouton Rothschild

Château Mouton Rothschild is a wine estate located in the village of Pauillac in the Médoc region, 50 km (30 mi) north-west of the city of Bordeaux, France. Originally known as Château Brane-Mouton, its red wine was renamed by Nathaniel de Rothschild in 1853 to Château Mouton Rothschild. In the 1920s it began the practice of bottling the harvest at the estate itself, rather than shipping the wine to merchants for bottling elsewhere.

The branch of the Rothschild family owning Mouton Rothschild are members of the Primum Familiae Vini.

History
In 1718, Château Mouton and Château Calon-Ségur were acquired by Nicolas-Alexandre de Ségur, who already owned Château Lafite and Château Latour. With the death of Nicolas-Alexandre Ségur in 1755, his estate was divided among four daughters.

The Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 was based entirely on recent market prices for a vineyard's wines, with one exception: Château Mouton Rothschild. Despite the market prices for their vineyard's wines equalling that of Château Lafite Rothschild, Château Mouton Rothschild was excluded from First Great Growth status, an act that Baron Philippe de Rothschild referred to as "the monstrous injustice". It is believed that the exception was made because the vineyard had recently been purchased by an Englishman and was no longer in French ownership.

In 1973, Mouton was elevated to "first growth" status after decades of intense lobbying by its powerful and influential owner, the only change in the original 1855 classification (excepting the 1856 addition of Château Cantemerle). This prompted a change of motto: previously, the motto of the wine was Premier ne puis, second ne daigne, Mouton suis. ("First, I cannot be.  Second, I do not deign to be. Mouton I am."), and it was changed to Premier je suis, Second je fus, Mouton ne change. ("First, I am. Second, I used to be. Mouton does not change.")

Vineyards
Château Mouton Rothschild has its vineyards on the slopes leading down to the Gironde Estuary, in the Bordeaux region, mainly producing grapes of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. Today, Château Mouton Rothschild has 222 acre of grape vines made up of Cabernet Sauvignon (81%), Merlot (15%), Cabernet Franc (3%) and Petit Verdot (1%). Their wine is fermented in oak vats (they are one of the last châteaux in the Médoc to use them) and then matured in new oak casks. It is also frequently confused with the widely distributed generic Bordeaux Mouton Cadet.

Labels
Baron Philippe de Rothschild came up with the idea of having each year's label designed by a famous artist of the day. In 1946, after the success of the 1945 label, this became a permanent and significant aspect of the Mouton image with labels created by some of the world's great painters and sculptors.

Artists such as Salvador Dalí, Francis Bacon, Picasso and Miró designed labels for bottles of Mouton Rothschild.

Few exceptions are to point:

To celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of Château Mouton, the portrait of Baron Nathaniel de Rothschild appeared on the 1953 label.

The 1973 label was dedicated to Pablo Picasso who died April the 8th the same year.

In 1977, the Queen Mother Elizabeth visited the Château and a special label was designed to commemorate the visit.

In 1978 when Montreal artist Jean-Paul Riopelle submitted two designs. Baron Philippe de Rothschild liked them equally so he split the production run and used both designs.

In 1987 Baroness Philippine de Rothschild dedicated the label to her father Baron Philippe de Rothschild died on January 20, 1988.

The 1993 Mouton label, a pencil drawing of a nude reclining nymphet by the French painter Balthus was rejected for use in the United States by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. As such, for the U.S. market the label was made with a blank space where the image should have been and both versions are sought after by collectors.

An unusual gold enamel bottle was made for the 2000 vintage.

The 2003 label marks the 150th anniversary of Mouton's entry into the family. Baron Nathaniel is depicted on the label in a period photograph. The background shows part of the deed of sale.

The popularity of the label images results in auction prices for older and more collectible years being far out of sync with the other first growths, whose labels do not change year to year.

The 2013 vintage has the work of Korean artist Lee Ufan.

Price
The grand vin, Château Mouton Rothschild, is one of the world's most expensive and highly rated wines, with the average price of a 750ml bottle reaching $604.

Business dealings
In 1978, the company Baron Philippe de Rothschild officially announced their joint venture with Robert Mondavi to create Opus One Winery in Oakville, California. The 1990s saw large-scale expansion in the Americas under the leadership of President Cor Dubois, with the region eventually contributing almost half of the company's turnover. In 1998, Baron Philippe de Rothschild SA teamed up with Concha y Toro of Chile to produce a quality premium red wine in a new winery/bodega built in Chile's Maipo Valley: Almaviva. The same year saw the launch of Escudo Rojo, a fine Chilean branded wine.

In June 2003, the vineyard hosted La Fête de la Fleur at the end of Vinexpo to coincide with their 150th anniversary.

2013 : new range of three Chilean varietal wines (Sauvignon blanc, Carmenere and Cabernet Sauvignon) was launched in 2013 under the name Anderra. In the same time, in order to secure grape supplies and ensure the development of its Chilean branded wines business, Baron Philippe de Rothschild acquired 960 hectares from Viña Villavicencio.

Judgment of Paris
The 1970 vintage took second place, and was the highest ranked French wine, at the historic 1976 Judgment of Paris wine competition.

In popular culture
In John Updike's 1954 short story "Friends from Philadelphia", first published by The New Yorker, the protagonist, John, attempts to buy a bottle of wine for his parents's dinner party, but he is denied, being too young to purchase alcohol. His parents are college educated, though not necessarily very wealthy. He seeks the help of his friend's parents at a nearby house as his home is about a mile up the road. His friend's parents are not college educated, though they have a good deal of money. They agree to accompany him to the store and to purchase the wine for him. He has $2.00, which his mother gave him, with which to purchase the wine, and, after a car ride in a brand new Buick during which he becomes embarrassed when questioned about what kind of car his father drives, John gives his friend's father the money. His friend's father, in what seems to be an active gesture of financial superiority signifying his internal struggle with the inferiority of his own education, purchases a bottle of Château Mouton Rothschild 1937, and gives it to John along with $1.26 in change. John goes home to the dinner party somewhat dismayed, for the wrong reason, that he failed to follow his mother's instructions to buy a bottle that is "inexpensive but nice."

Château Mouton Rothschild wine plays a brief, but important part in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. After Bond (Sean Connery) tastes a glass of Mouton Rothschild 1955, he casually remarks that he had expected a claret with the grand dinner he has been served. When the villain Mr. Wint (Bruce Glover) replies that the cellars are poorly stocked with clarets, Bond exposes Wint's ignorance, pointing out that Mouton Rothschild, in fact, is a claret.

Roald Dahl cites it as one of the world's greatest wines in his short story "The Butler", from More Tales of the Unexpected.

In the film Weekend at Bernie's, a bottle of Mouton Rothschild 1982 is visible on the table during the scene where Bernie (Terry Kiser) proposes having his two employees killed and framed for his insurance fraud.

In Agatha Christie's short story "The Labors of Hercules", the story opens with Hercule Poirot speaking with Dr. Burton over a glass of Chateau Mouton Rothschild. Dr. Burton describes the wine as "Very good wine, this. Very sound."

In The Spy (TV series) approximately 5 minutes from the start of the episode #3 Alone in Damascus, the Israeli spy Eli Cohen (Sacha Baron Cohen) orders a bottle of Mouton Rothschild 1945 during the scene in the restaurant on his marine trip from Buenos Aires: "I'll have the '45 Château Mouton Rothschild". He does so just to show off his wealth and become noticed by a wealthy Syrian businessman from Damascus, Sheikh Majid Al-Ard.

title: Château Mouton Rothschild