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Progressive Corporation

The Progressive Corporation is an American insurance company. In late 2022, Progressive became the largest motor insurance carrier in the U.S. The company was co-founded in 1937 by Jack Green and Joseph M. Lewis, and is headquartered in Mayfield, Ohio. The company insures passenger vehicles, motorcycles, RVs, trailers, boats, PWC, and commercial vehicles. Progressive also provides home, life, pet, and other insurance through select companies. Additionally, Progressive offers auto insurance in Australia.

The company ranked #88 on the 2023 Fortune 500 list of the top American corporations.

History
Progressive was formed in 1937 by Joseph Lewis and Jack Green as Progressive Mutual Insurance Company. In 1956, the company found a niche by insuring more risky drivers. In 1965, Peter B. Lewis, son of Joseph Lewis, and his mother borrowed $2.5 million, pledging their majority stake as collateral, and completed a leveraged buyout of Progressive. In 1987, the sum of the company's written premiums surpassed $1 billion, and by 2016 that number reached $20 billion. Progressive boasts being the first auto insurance company to have a website and to allow customers to purchase policies via that site. Later, Progressive would pioneer the use of mobile browsers and smartphone apps for rating and managing policies. It was also the first to offer 24/7 claims reporting.

Segments
The company operates in three segments: personal lines, commercial auto, and other indemnity.

 * The personal lines segment writes insurance for private passenger automobiles, motorcycles, boats, and recreational vehicles through both an independent agency channel and a direct channel.
 * The commercial auto segment writes primary liability and physical damage insurance for automobiles and trucks owned by businesses primarily through an independent agency channel.
 * The other-indemnity segment provides professional liability insurance to community banks, principally directors, and officers liability insurance. It also provides insurance-related services, primarily providing policy issuance and claims adjusting services in 25 states for Commercial Auto Insurance Procedures/Plans.

Industry information
Progressive is one of the largest auto insurers in the United States, with over 13 million policies in force, along with State Farm, Allstate, GEICO, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, Farmers Insurance Group, and USAA. Progressive primarily offers its services through the internet, by telephone or through independent insurance agents. Progressive’s Agency business sells insurance through more than 30,000 independent insurance agents and progressiveagent.com where customers can quote their own policies and then contact an agent to complete the sale.

In December 2009, Progressive announced it was selling car insurance in Australia. Initially called Progressive Direct, it rebranded as Progressive in 2011, and later rebranded as PD Insurance in 2019.

Marketing and operations
Progressive's marketing campaign is known for offering quotes of its competitors along with its own quote. It was the first major insurer to offer auto policies through the phone and through its web site. In September 2007 Progressive began to offer Pet Injury coverage, which provides coverage for dogs and cats that are injured in a crash and is included at no additional cost with Collision coverage.

Immediate Response Vehicles (IRVs) used by Progressive are specially modified Ford Explorers and Ford Escapes.

Advertising
Since 2008, many of Progressive's television advertisements have featured a woman named Flo (played by actress Stephanie Courtney), who explains the benefits of Progressive Insurance. In December 2010, the company introduced the "Messenger", as a complementary campaign. He was played by John Jenkinson. The Flo universe also includes Jamie (Jim Cashman), an awkward fellow Progressive employee; and Bill and Tom, rival insurance salesmen from the figurative straw man "A. Nother Insurance Company". Bill and Tom were largely discontinued after Allstate filed a claim with the Better Business Bureau alleging that Progressive was making a false claim that they offered discounts that Allstate and other insurance providers did not.

In 2012, Progressive introduced another character, a personified box (voiced by Chris Parnell) representing the company's products. It is portrayed as having an entourage (including a personal trainer). Progressive later added more characters like Flobot, Mara (Natalie Palamides), Dr. Rick, and Motaur to its advertising series. In 2019, Progressive began the At Home with Baker Mayfield ad campaign during the National Football League season. The campaign featured the Cleveland Browns quarterback living with his wife in FirstEnergy Stadium. After he was traded to the Carolina Panthers in the 2022 offseason, Mayfield stated that the advertisements will end, calling it a "missed opportunity".

In 2022, Jon Hamm appeared in several TV commercials, as himself, unsuccessfully pursuing a romantic relationship with spokesperson Flo.

Products
According to a February 2011 Wall Street Journal article, Progressive has a leg up on its rivals in Pay As You Drive insurance, a form of vehicle insurance also generically known as usage-based insurance. Progressive has seven U.S. patents covering usage-based insurance methods and systems, with more patents pending. Progressive began working on the concept in the mid-1990s and continues to refine the concept and bring it to the mass market.

Snapshot is Progressive's Pay As You Drive, or usage-based insurance program. Snapshot is a voluntary discount program where drivers can save money on their car insurance by sharing their driving habits with Progressive. According to Progressive, Snapshot is best for people who drive less, in safer ways and during safer times of day. Snapshot customers can make changes to their driving habits that will lead to bigger discounts by checking their driving data and projected discount on progressive.com over the course of their initial policy period.

Drivers plug a device the size of a garage door opener into the on-board diagnostic (OBD) port of their car. The device records and sends the driving data to Progressive, and Progressive uses that information to calculate the rate. After 30 days, customers find out if they're eligible for a discount based on that 30-day "snapshot" of their driving habits. At the end of a six-month policy period, Progressive calculates the customer's renewal discount and customers return the device to Progressive. The company doesn't take into account how fast the car goes although it does take into account how fast and frequently the vehicle operator brakes. Snapshot is voluntary and customers can opt out at any time. The customer is charged up to $50.00 if they do not return the snapshot device to Progressive should they decide not to engage in the program after receiving it.

Snapshot is currently available in 45 states plus the District of Columbia. Because insurance is regulated at the state level, Snapshot is currently not available in Alaska, California, Hawaii, and North Carolina.

Corporate sponsorship
On December 13, 2006, the company said earnings rose 58 percent in November as the company retained more of the premiums it collected because of comparisons to a month affected by Hurricane Katrina claims.

In 1999, Progressive Auto Insurance was the title sponsor of the Super Bowl XXXIII halftime show.

In January 2008, Jacobs Field in Cleveland, Ohio, home of the Cleveland Guardians, was renamed Progressive Field. Progressive signed a 16-year contract for the naming rights, as well as sponsorship rights to become the Official Auto Insurer of the Cleveland Indians. The agreement costs around $3.6 million per year. (Mayfield Village, Ohio, where the company is based, is a suburb of Cleveland.)

In March 2008, Progressive announced its title sponsorship of the Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE and their funding of the $10 million prize purse. The Progressive Automotive X PRIZE is an international competition designed to inspire a new generation of viable, super fuel-efficient vehicles. The competition is open to teams from around the world that can design, build, and bring to market 100 MPGe (miles per gallon energy equivalent) vehicles.

On December 14, 2010, the Gator Bowl Association announced that Progressive Insurance would become the title sponsor for the 2011 Gator Bowl college football bowl game.

On September 24, 2019, Progressive became the official sponsor of Friday Night SmackDown broadcast on Fox.

Starting in 2020, Progressive sponsored Roush Fenway Racing's Ryan Newman car at races at Atlanta and Pocono.

Starting in 2021, Progressive sponsored Sesame Street on PBS Kids replacing Blue Lizard Australian Sunscreen.

Motorcycle

 * Progressive has been the Title Sponsor of the International Motorcycle Shows (IMS) since 2010.
 * Progressive has been the Title Sponsor of Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in Sturgis, SD since 2017.
 * Bikes, Blues and BBQ: Title Sponsor, 2015 – Current
 * The Handbuilt Bike Show: Presenting Sponsor, 2018 – Current
 * Laconia Motorcycle Week: Title Sponsor, 2012 – Current
 * Leesburg Bikefest: Presenting Sponsor, 2014 – Current
 * Motoblot: Presenting Sponsor, 2015 – Current
 * Ohio Bike Week: Title Sponsor, 2016–Present

Boat
Progressive has been the Title Sponsor of the National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) boat shows since 2012, and will maintain title sponsorship through at least 2022.

 * Fred Hall Shows: Title Sponsor, 2016–Present
 * LEMTA (Lake Erie Marine Trades Association): Title Sponsor, 2016–Present

Outdoors

 * Hay Days: Official Insurance Sponsor, 2018 – Current
 * Quartzsite Sports, Vacation and RV Show: Official Insurance Sponsor, 2014 – Current

Controversies
In 2002, the company settled with the State of Georgia in a class action lawsuit over diminished value claims brought by policyholders. Five years later, the company apologized after it was revealed they hired private investigators to infiltrate a church group and pose as congregation members to collect information on litigants seeking redress from the company. Another lawsuit was filed by the litigants over the affair against the company for invasion of privacy and fraud.

In 2009, Progressive was sued for allegedly deceiving policyholders by employing illegally operated, unlicensed body shops to make repairs on vehicles for their clients in order to save money. The court ruled in the company's favor on two of the counts and the other four were dropped, pending appeal.

Also in 2009, the company was accused of ordering their advertisements off the air during the show broadcast of Glenn Beck on the Fox News Channel over comments made about President Obama. Progressive responded that they never authorized their ads to be aired during Beck's program and that they aired in that timeslot due to Fox's error.

In 2012, the company was widely criticized online for how it handled the claims filed by the family of Kaitlynn Fisher. The 24-year-old died when the car she was driving was hit by another that had run a red light in Baltimore. Progressive fought to avoid payment due to Fisher's estate. Fisher's insurance policy with Progressive included coverage in the event of an accident with an underinsured driver. The underinsured driver was found to be negligent in a jury trial brought by the Fisher family, with the Fisher family contending that Progressive provided legal assistance to the defense. In two followup statements, Progressive explained that they did not "serve as the attorney for the defendant in this case" and then clarified that "[a]s a defendant in this case, Progressive participated in the trial procedures on our own behalf." The company's position was that fault for the accident had not been clearly established, since three witnesses (the driver of the other car, that car's passenger, and Ms. Fisher's passenger) believed that Fisher had run a red light, and filed a motion to intervene to assert that she had been at fault, and therefore was not liable to pay the underinsured motorist claim. The lawyer for the Fisher family countered by noting that two of the three witnesses were not independent, saying "I have an issue with how they examined the evidence to abandon their insured" and introduced the idea the state insurance commissioner could find Progressive had acted in bad faith. As noted, Progressive lost the case and was ordered to pay the underinsured motorist claim in addition to a separate settlement with the Fisher family "to avoid a hearing before the state insurance commissioner".

Index memberships

 * S&P 500
 * S&P 1500 Super Comp

title: Progressive Corporation


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Talk:Max Amann

My last name is Amann
. What are the probabilities that he and I could be related? Just curious.(as an answer) Amann is a common name meaning "Mayor" or something equivalent. That said, i'm related to him, He was the talk of the family in 1930's and then the shame of the family after the war started. Do you have any connection to Dundalk MD USA in 1930's?

What Crime was he convicted for?
For what crime was he convicted for his 10-year sentence? Kent Wang 18:03, 28 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The German wiki article says he was classified as being a Hauptschuldiger or a Prominant Guilty Party, which is what got him his 10-year sentence. I added that into the article here. - Maaya 04:22, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Amann's arm
Someone wrote to the article, that Amann lost his arm in Grenade attack during Great War, but this is false. Amann lost his arm on 4th September 1931, while he was on hunt with general Franz Ritter von Epp. Then his arm was amputated in shoulder. If he lost his arm in combat, the he will be one of recipients of Wound badge...probably German Wound Badge in Gold, because it was very serious wound.

Regards --AntonyZ (talk) 22:23, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Was it not Adolf Wagner, Gauleiter of Munich, who lost his arm in the Great War?

Taff — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.56.51.175 (talk) 09:40, 9 May 2015 (UTC) }}

This articles is in poor shape with lot’s of inconsistencies and discrepancies. Improvement needed
What is the basis for the reverting? All I’ve done is reviewing and correcting (where needed) the material to improve accuracy, readability, and fitness for its purpose, and to ensure that it has less errors, inconsistency, and repetition. I am ready to hear your concerns about my edit.
 * Your edits have a certain POV writing tone to them and your changes are not WP:RS cited; so, they may be challenged freely. I agree the article is in pretty poor shape and this weekend I will try to make time to improve it with RS citing. Kierzek (talk) 19:13, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I do not agree. They’re POV issues with prose. I had rewritten two material to improve the article and enhancing it. I changed the header from “Max Amann (24 November 1891 – 30 March 1957) was a German Nazi Party politician during the Nazi era.” to “Max Amann (24 November 1891 – 30 March 1957) was a German politician and businessman and a member in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.” because it appears to be pointy & amateurish as well as wrong since Amann was already a politician during the Weimar era as NSDAP Munich city council. The second with Reich Media and Press leader in the last paragraph as it was written in a rant and incomprehensible way that is not deemed of encyclopedic material. I added infobox material such as birth place and death place and changed the occupation from Gauleiter NSDAP to Business manager since he was never a Gauleiter but most sources describe him as a business manager from attending business school, becoming the business manager of the Nazi Party and later the mogul of the German Press. It will be good if you can improve it with RS citations as well as expand some points in his life, not in a essay-like, argumentative, or opinionated way but in a straightforward, fact base style. It looks like some material is taked from Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany but is not cited in the bibliography. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.255.77.47 (talk) 22:26, 7 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I have done copy edit work and added some detail, cites and the WP:RS books cited. Kierzek (talk) 02:42, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Hitler and Fuchsl.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Max Amann


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Dunsville

Dunsville is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England, in the civil parish of Hatfield. It lies on the A18 road between Hatfield and Edenthorpe.

Geography
It was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and it was very close to the historic border of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.

title: Dunsville


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The Wetlands Institute

The Wetlands Institute is a non-profit organization started in 1969 by the executive director of WWF, Herbert Mills. The Wetlands Institute sits on 6,000 acres (24 km2) of protected wetlands in Stone Harbor, New Jersey. It hosts educational tours and courses and is a base for research on wetlands ecology.

It is home to the annual Wings 'n Water art festival.

title: The Wetlands Institute


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Shaw Prize

The Shaw Prize refers to three annual awards presented by the Shaw Prize Foundation in the fields of astronomy, medicine and life sciences, and mathematical sciences. Established in 2002 in Hong Kong by Hong Kong entertainment mogul and philanthropist Run Run Shaw (邵逸夫), the awards honour "individuals who are currently active in their respective fields and who have recently achieved distinguished and significant advances, who have made outstanding contributions in academic and scientific research or applications, or who in other domains have achieved excellence." The prize has been described as the "Nobel of the East".

Award
The prize consists of three awards in the fields of astronomy, life science and medicine, and mathematical sciences; it is not awarded posthumously. Nominations are submitted by invited individuals beginning each year in September. Winners are announced in the summer and receive the award at a ceremony in early autumn. Each award consists of a gold medal, a certificate and USD$1.2 million (USD$1 million before 2015). The front of the medal bears a portrait of Shaw and the name of the prize in English and Traditional Chinese characters; the back bears the year, category, laureate's name and a quotation from the Chinese philosopher Xunzi "制天命而用之" (translated to English as "Grasp the law of nature and make use of it").

As of 2022, there have been 99 Shaw Laureates. 16 Nobel laureates - Jules A. Hoffmann, Bruce Beutler, Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, Shinya Yamanaka, Robert Lefkowitz, Brian Schmidt, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss, Jim Peebles, Michel Mayor, Reinhard Genzel, and David Julius - are Shaw Laureates. The inaugural laureate of the Shaw Prize in Astronomy was Jim Peebles, honored for his contributions to cosmology. Two inaugural prizes were awarded for the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine: Stanley Norman Cohen, Herbert Boyer and Yuet Wai Kan jointly won one of them for their research in DNA while physiologist Richard Doll won the other for his contribution to cancer epidemiology. Shiing-Shen Chern was awarded the inaugural Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences for his work on differential geometry.

title: Shaw Prize


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Gavin Maxwell

Gavin Maxwell FRSL FZS FRGS (15 July 1914 – 7 September 1969) was a British naturalist and author, best known for his non-fiction writing and his work with otters. He wrote the book Ring of Bright Water (1960) about how he brought an otter back from Iraq and raised it in Scotland. The otter was of a previously unknown sub-species which was subsequently named after Maxwell. Ring of Bright Water sold more than a million copies and was made into a film starring Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna in 1969.

Biography

Gavin Maxwell was the youngest son of Lieutenant-Colonel Aymer Maxwell and Lady Mary Percy, fifth daughter of the seventh Duke of Northumberland. His paternal grandfather, Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet, was an archaeologist, politician and natural historian.

Maxwell was born at The House of Elrig near the small village of Elrig, near Port William, in Wigtownshire, south-western Scotland. Maxwell's relatives still live in the area and the family's ancient estate and grounds are in nearby Monreith.

Maxwell's education took place at a succession of preparatory and public schools, including the sporty Heddon Court School at East Barnet, St Cyprian's School, where he found encouragement for his interest in natural history, and Stowe School. In The Rocks Remain, he relates how family pressure led him to take a degree in Estate Management at Hertford College, Oxford, where he spent his time pursuing sporting and leisure activities instead of studying. He cheated his way through the intermediate exams but passed the final examinations honestly, having crammed the entire three-year course in six weeks.

During World War II, Maxwell served as an instructor with the Special Operations Executive. He was invalided out with the rank of Major in 1944. After the war, he purchased the Isle of Soay off Skye in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. According to his book Harpoon at a Venture (1952), bad planning and a lack of finance meant his attempt to establish a basking shark fishery there between 1945 and 1948 proved unsuccessful and the island was sold on to his business partner, Tex Geddes. He became a close friend of Elias Canetti.

In 1956, Maxwell toured the reed marshes of southern Iraq with explorer Wilfred Thesiger, Maxwell's wife's first cousin once removed. Maxwell's account of their trip appears in A Reed Shaken By The Wind, later published under the title People of the Reeds. It was hailed by The New York Times as "near perfect".

Maxwell next moved to Sandaig (which he called Camusfeàrna in his books), a small community opposite Isleornsay on a remote part of the Scottish mainland. This is where his "otter books" are set. After Ring of Bright Water (1960), his newfound fame did not sit well with him:

"He couldn't cope with it. He wasn't a strong man that way, so he couldn't deal with it. But he didn't want anyone to know that, so he started drinking more; he started smoking more. And the pressures became more because we started spending more money. Next thing, agent was on the phone: 'We're broke; we need a sequel.' So, he wrote The Rocks Remain, the sequel to Ring of Bright Water, which was a disaster because it was written in a hurry. It didn't have the same beauty, it didn't have the same anything as Ring of Bright Water. That was the beginning of the end really. — Terry Nutkins, 2010"

In The Rocks Remain (1963), the otters Edal, Teko, Mossy and Monday show great differences in personality. The book demonstrates the difficulty Maxwell was having, possibly as a result of his mental state, in remaining focused on one project and the impact that had on his otters, Sandaig and his own life.

In 1966, he travelled to Morocco, tracing the dramatic lives of the last rulers of Marrakech under the French. His account of the trip was published as Lords of the Atlas: The Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893–1956. During the Moroccan Years of Lead, the regime there considered his book subversive and banned its importation.

In The House of Elrig (1965), Maxwell describes his family history and his passion for the calf-country, Galloway, where he was born. It was during this period that he met ornithologist Peter Scott and the young Terry Nutkins, who later became a children's television presenter. Privately homosexual, Maxwell married Lavinia Renton (daughter of The Right Honourable Sir Alan Lascelles and granddaughter of Viscount Chelmsford, Wilfred Thesiger's uncle) on 1 February 1962. The marriage lasted little more than a year and they divorced in 1964. Maxwell also lived in Paultons Square in London.

In 1968, Maxwell's Sandaig home was destroyed by fire, in which Edal perished, and he moved to the lighthouse keepers' cottages on Eilean Bàn (White Island), an island between the Isle of Skye and the Scottish mainland by Kyleakin. He invited John Lister-Kaye to join him on Eilean Bàn and help him build a zoo on the island and work on a book about British wild mammals. Lister-Kaye accepted the invitation, but both projects were abandoned when Maxwell died from lung cancer in a hospital in Inverness the following year.

Eilean Bàn now supports a pier of the Skye Bridge, built during the 1990s. Despite modern traffic a hundred feet or so above it, the island is a commemorative otter sanctuary and houses a museum dedicated to Maxwell. Another memorial is a bronze otter erected at Monreith near to St Medan's Golf Club.

According to Douglas Botting, Maxwell suffered from bipolar disorder throughout his life. Maxwell's literary agent was Peter Janson-Smith, who was also agent for James Bond author Ian Fleming.

Gavin Maxwell's otter
Maxwell's book Ring of Bright Water describes how, in 1956, he brought a smooth-coated otter back from Iraq and raised it in "Camusfearna" at Sandaig Bay on the west coast of Scotland. He took the otter, called mijbil, to the London Zoological Society, where it was decided that this was a previously unknown subspecies of smooth-coated otter. It was therefore named Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli (or, colloquially, "Maxwell's otter") after him. While it was thought to have become extinct in the alluvial salt marshes of Iraq as a result of the large-scale drainage of the area that started in the 1960s, newer surveys suggest large populations remain throughout its range.

In his book The Marsh Arabs, Wilfred Thesiger wrote:

"[I]n 1956, Gavin Maxwell, who wished to write a book about the Marshes, came with me to Iraq, and I took him round in my tarada for seven weeks. He had always wanted an otter as a pet, and at last, I found him a baby European otter which unfortunately died after a week, towards the end of his visit. He was in Basra preparing to go home when I managed to obtain an otter, which I sent to him. This, very dark in colour and about six weeks old, proved to be a new species. Gavin took it to England, and the species was named after him."

The otter became woven into the fabric of Maxwell's life. The title of his book Ring of Bright Water was taken from the poem "The Marriage of Psyche" by Kathleen Raine, who said in her autobiography that Maxwell had been the love of her life. Raine's relationship with Maxwell deteriorated after 1956 when she indirectly caused the death of Mijbil. Raine held herself responsible not only for losing Mijbil but for a curse she had uttered shortly beforehand, frustrated by Maxwell's homosexuality: "Let Gavin suffer in this place as I am suffering now." Raine blamed herself thereafter for all Maxwell's misfortunes, beginning with Mijbil's death and ending with the cancer that took his 55-year-old life on 7 September 1969.

Maxwell's ashes were placed beneath a boulder at the former site of his house Camusfeàrna. The boulder marks the position of his writing desk.

Biography

 * Island of Dreams: Stalking Gavin Maxwell's Ghost by Dan Boothby, Cork Street Books (2014)
 * republished as Island of Dreams: A Personal History of a Remarkable Place, Picador (2015) ISBN 978-1509800759
 * The White Island by John Lister-Kaye (about the author's time working with Maxwell) Longman (1972) ISBN 0-582-10903-5
 * Maxwell's Ghost - An Epilogue to Gavin Maxwell's Camusfearna by Richard Frere, Victor Gollancz (1976) ISBN 0-575-02044-X
 * reissued (1999) ISBN 1-84158-003-1
 * reissued (2011) ISBN 978-1780270111
 * Gavin Maxwell, A Life by Douglas Botting, HarperCollins (1993) ISBN 0-246-13046-6 (authorized biography)
 * republished as The Saga of Ring of Bright Water - The Enigma of Gavin Maxwell Neil Wilson Publishing (2000) ISBN 1-897784-85-6

title: Gavin Maxwell


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Talk:Osirak

old comments
This article is somewhat biased as it claims that the reactor, because it was under IAEA supervision, was harmless yet the Iraqis always threatened to use it against Israel.

Gotta get used to it. Wikipedia (and most of the users) are anti-Israel. (I, however, am not.) GreatGatsby 19:53, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(Unrelated)If anybody disagrees with the correction I made to the part about how the aircraft avoided detection by flying close together, let me know. Raid on the Sun seems to be a pretty accurate account, but you never know. Interesting book, actually. Check it out if you get the chance. RDL-5

Naming
The spelling is muddle between Osirak and Osiraq. In pretty much all reporting I have seen it's Osirak with good search (while not perfect, indicative) showing Osirak at 113,000 and Osiraq 30,000. I am going to change spellings to what the title is and if there is any objection please raise it here -- however, consistency is key. gren グレン 05:18, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Hmm, it is not so simple... when I read about how the name came about it said from Osiris and the spelling of Iraq. For the English it's Iraq and for the French it's Irak. The article seemed to imply that Osirak was the French seplling, which I don't believe is true (NYT has 50 results for Osirak and 3 for Osiraq)... so, I will try to make my edits accordingly but, it does seem to be more complex than I had thought. gren グレン 05:22, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

Khidir Hamza
Since the United States failed to find any evidence for the Iraqi nuclear program described by Khidir Hamza (see Iraq Survey Group), why does Wikipedia still have the February 7, 2003 quote from Khidir Hamza in the Osirak article? --JWSchmidt 04:16, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Seconded. Removed the quote, kept the summary, and added that nothing had been found in the end. David.Monniaux 07:18, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Minor point on the F-117 attack

 * The facility, one of Iraq's most fortified targets, was not fully destroyed until another raid, when 48 F-117s targeted the facility 7 more times for over a month as well as 17 F-111Fs weeks later.

Can someone provide a source for this? Only 55 F-117s were made, so I think it's more likely that there were 48 strikes rather than 48 aircraft. Tempshill 20:21, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Iranian attack

 * The Iranian attack on the site on September 30, 1980 had little success.

Wow, this attack, predating the Israeli attack, was news to me. Is there an article on the Iranian attack, or a source somewhere? It ought to be described with more than a single sentence. Tempshill 20:22, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The earlier Iranian attack was not that big of a deal. It did no damage to the reactor.  The bombs bounced off the dome and set some nearby petrol tanks on fire.  The real significance of the Iranian attack is what the Israelis learned from it, that is, that they would have to dedicate on average 3 bombs per floor of the site in order to adequately penetrate and destroy.  24.193.49.117 18:04, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

What happened to the U-235?
I've never heard a satisfactory answer to the fate of the HEU supplied by France. I remember news reports stating Saddam Hussein claimed it was destroyed in the Israeli attack. But U-235 cannot be destroyed by non-nuclear means and traces of it in the desert should be easy to detect. --agr 20:27, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Suspicious paragraph
"However, the plant was under IAEA supervision and was regularly inspected, and there were also French technicians in constant attendance. The supply of HEU as fuel was carefully staggered, and used fuel had to be returned to France, making a diversion of fuel into a weapons program obvious and therefore unlikely; any noticed diversion would have meant an immediate end to further supplies. Similarly, the clandestine irradiation of uranium could not have taken place undetected; the repeated, slow, and costly changing of uranium rods would have been obvious."

This paragraph doesn't sound plausible. The article contains statements by Iraqi scientists that it "got out the immediate danger out of the way. But it created a much larger danger in the longer range", confirming that it was intended for use in a nuclear weapons program. The article also states that that losing the reactor "was a serious blow to the Iraqi nuclear program".

In other words, the paragraph, by suggesting it wasn't possible to use the plant for nuclear weapons, directly contradicts the rest of the article.

I'm removing it unless someone comes up with a source. Ken Arromdee 14:30, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it is up to you to find a source that will justify removing this text (above) from the article. Many of the IAEA reports are now available online, you could start there. You seem to be suggesting that the IAEA plan would have let enriched urainium be diverted to bomb making. Does that really make sense? Their job was to do exactly what is described in the text you want to delete. If you have evidence that the IAEA was not doing this job, then share that evidence. You seem to be ready to interpret "statements by Iraqi scientists" as indicating that IAEA was not doing its job or that IAEA would not have been allowed to continue doing its job once the reactor was started up. I think you have to be careful in what you read into the quoted statements. I think the article should describe IAEA plans to monitor the fuel cycle of the reactor (hopefully preventing diversion of fuel to bombs) but also say something like, "It was feared that IAEA control over the reactor fuel might be lost, so the decision was made to destroy the reactor before fuel was loaded into the core." --JWSchmidt 15:45, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't make sense to have quotes from Iraqi scientists describing it as a nuclear weapons program, yet simultaneously say that the reactor could not be used for nuclear weapons. These are contradictory.  I don't really know enough to know how to reconcile them, but they obviously have to be reconciled somehow.

 * I don't think your suggested addition works, because it doesn't address the issue of the scientists. Ken Arromdee 17:29, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we need to question both the sources mentioned in the article and the evidence to support the claim that the reactor could have been used to make bombs. Khidir Hamza and Imad Khadduri --JWSchmidt 05:02, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm deleting the paragraph again. It's unsourced, and it contradicts what was said by the Iraqi scientists, which *is* sourced.  "Find the source yourself" isn't acceptable.  I'm not required to go find a source myself before removing unsourced material, especially when it contradicts sourced material.

 * And if you do find a source for it, it needs to be described as a claim by a source, not as an undisputed fact, since it obviously isn't a fact. Maybe something like "Before Iraqi scientists confirmed that the reactor was used for weapons, IAEA claimed that the reactor could not be used for weapons because...." Ken Arromdee 16:17, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It does little good for Wikipedia editors to push a single point of view that is based on highly questionable sources while mis-representing another point of view. Wikipedia must present all views. I do not understand the demand that sources must be found to support that idea that "IAEA claimed that the reactor could not be used for weapons". Nobody claimed that. The point is that the IAEA had a system for monitoring the fuel cycle. There is no reason not to include that fact in the article. You seem intent on refusing to let that important fact even be introduced into the article. --JWSchmidt 17:00, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

You seem to be saying that the IAEA wasn't a source for the claim that the reactor couldn't be used for weapons. Instead the article was itself arguing that the reactor couldn't be used for weapons and presented the IAEA's monitoring system as proof. If that's so, then you can't include the paragraph. Arguing for a conclusion is original research and is prohibited.

And if you do have some reason to believe the scientists' quotes are unreliable, please add that to the article (with appropriate sources). Ken Arromdee 04:56, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Source verification

 * "Israeli intelligence agencies confirmed to Menachem Begin Iraq's intent to use the reactor to produce weapons"

 * "It is now known that during the strike preparations, the important question that affected its timing was the estimated time in which the reactor would become "live" and a strike would cause radiation fallout on nearby civilians - that date was assumed to be just a few weeks later. The original plan called for a strike several months earlier."

 * "The loss of the reactor was a serious blow to the Iraqi nuclear program."

 * "When tensions in the Persian Gulf flared up in September 1990, following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the Iraqi government made efforts to recover components from the site. During the Gulf War several months later, the Iraqi nuclear program was put into high gear in order to create a weapon by using radioactive fuel. The site was then targeted by Coalition forces on January 17, 1991, halting the weapons program."

What is a source(s) to support these statements?

increasing the country's involvement  Is this http://cns.miis.edu/ website still working?

--JWSchmidt 18:43, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The reason I removed the paragraph was not just that it was unsourced but that it contradicted statements that *were* sourced.

 * If you want to take out statements like "The loss of the reactor was a serious blow to the Iraqi nuclear program" because they contradict the sources too, feel free. However, if they contradict one source but are supported by another, there's a problem--it'd be better to include the statements and refer to both sources.   Ken Arromdee 22:34, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It would not surprise me that, "The loss of the reactor was a serious blow to the Iraqi nuclear program," is true. I just want to find the best available source to support the claim. I can again access http://cns.miis.edu/ . --JWSchmidt 22:58, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Power station or research reactor
I've changed the category. There's no evidence it was a power station, and it seems extremely unlikely. It seems to have been a research reactor. Andrewa 05:42, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Uranium
According to the german wiki the used uranium was supposed to be shipped back to France once removed from the reactor. Does anyone have information about that? Nevfennas 10:49, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Date Links need cleaned up
Currently, the year portion of the dates in this article are in a seperate link from the rest of the date. Jon 14:14, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

"Gotta get used to it. Wikipedia (and most of the users) are anti-Israel."

I doubt that somehow. Most probably dont care either way and just take what they read in the press. However in the face of a typically pro israel media its good to see some alternate positions to the " white western people and jews are good and democratic  and can have a nuclear capability and do whatever the hell they want  - everyone else = corrupt terrorist comunist crazy bad". Oh and only Americans can sell dangerous highly expensive profitable stuff to foreign powers in exchange for cheap oil not those terrible French.

 * Ummm, except for the fact that one F-14 without replacement parts is no where near as bad as a nuclear reactor that could easily be used to make nuclear weapon materials. Especially to a potential enemy. Whereas the USA will usually only sell to people we are currently friendly with (even though some of those went enemy later). Ergzay 03:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality
I suggest that a "the neutrality of this article has been questioned" to this page. It seems that the general opinion of the article is against the bombing, when in fact that is just the "public opinions" of the politicians. Many of them were quite happy about this, INCLUDING the french prime minister, Chirac, among others. Now I was just watching a Military Channel one hour documentary on the Israeli strike, while I realize this is going to be skewed in the other direction, it seems of a vastly different opinion than this page. One question I have is, why are we taking the opinion of a physicist about this issue, why would he know anything about it, even if he had visited the site. I see attempts at the page of neutrality but it still seems these are just stick-ins to try and make it look neutral. There are no arguments FOR the destruction of the reactor. Of interesting note is how the show says that Suddam had already started the building of a facility to convert the spent nuclear fuel into plutonium. The show notes how most politicians were against it publicly but widely for it privately. If any want to see this it is going to be on military channel again on the 25th Thursday. The show is titled "Raid on the Reactor." The page might also note that when the strike was done it was done purposely on a Sunday when most of the french scientists were off duty and also how the nuclear fuel supply was undamaged so as to not spread it all over and irradiate the site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ergzay (talk • contribs) 09:10, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Reactor power level
I've reverted a recent edit. The article now shows that the reactor was 40 MW. I've seen academic sources in support of both 70 and 40 MW, but I think the consensus is that the Israeli's overestimated the reactor's power level. I have sources if anyone objects to this change. Dchall1 (talk) 05:32, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't you just include the sources anyways, regardless of what you're changing, whether people object to your changes or not? Put them in. -- Vedexent (talk) - 18:55, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Better yet, as you've " seen academic sources in support of both 70 and 40 MW", mention the fact that there is disagreement as to the reactor design's possible output, and put references for both views in, plus references for the "consensus ... that the Israeli's overestimated the reactor's power level" (consensus implies more than one person agrees to this, so that shouldn't be hard). -- Vedexent (talk) - 18:57, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Reactor design, plutonium production, factual & neutrality issues
The materials test reactor (MTR) was a French design of a type called Osiris [...note this is not sourced...] Despite Iraqi claims that the plant was for peaceful use, it was an unusual choice — an MTR design is useful for countries with established nuclear reactor construction programs, being used to test and analyse the effects of neutron flux upon metals used in reactor components. However, MTR is not particularly useful to countries which have no established reactor programs, unless they are interested in transmuting U238 to Pu239 to make a bomb, via the high neutron flux characteristic of an MTR.5 However, 5 does not exactly say that; just that Osiraq could "conceivably supply" weapons-grade material by "the irradiation of targets of natural or depleted uranium inside the reactor."

By contrast, according to Harvard physicist Richard Wilson, in a paper presented to the World Federation of Scientists, "The nuclear research reactor OSIRAK was NOT like the DIMONA reactor, which was a heavy water cooled reactor and a near copy of the French OSIRIS reactor but was a light water cooled reactor explicitly designed to be unsuited for making plutonium.(7) This view was held by many authorities.(8) (9) (10) Jafar had written a report on the subject which confirms this view(11). I was convinced when I visited the bombed reactor in 1982(12). This point should not be a matter of dispute for any nuclear physicist or engineer who can easily do the calculations for him(her)self. Indeed, I know of no calculation, accurate or otherwise, that claims differently. 7.  Yves Girard, 'Un neutron entre les Dents' (1997) Editions Rives Droite, Paris, France. Girard explained this point in more detail to Paul Lochak and myself at a private dinner on 1995 8. Report to UN Security Council by Dr Ecklund, Director-General of IAEA. 19th June 1981 9. Paper by Dr Gruemm, IAEA Bulletin, December 1981 10. Testimony in US Congress by Dr Herbert Koutz and Dr Eugene Weinstock, nuclear proliferation experts from Brookhaven National Laboratory July 1981 11. Jafar D Jafar and Imad Khaddouri 'The possible production of Pu239 from the IRT 2000 (OSIRAK) reactor' Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission report October 1978 made public in 1983 12. Richard Wilson 'A visit to the bombed nuclear reactor at Tuwaitha, Iraq,' Nature, 302, March 31, 1983"http://www.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/OSIRAK(2)#N_7_ <eleland/talkedits> 15:15, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * At the graduation of Yeshiva University in 1982, Senator Mark Hatfield, not particularly known for his support of Israel, was the speaker. He said he was interested in why the condemnation was so light, and did further research. The part I remember was that he asked the Library of Congress what a country like Iraq would use a reactor like that for, and they said, basically, "a bomb". This is all OR (I attended thay year, which was the year prior to my graduation), but perhaps there are published accounts of that address. P.S. Was it called Tammuz 1 or Tammuz 17? Mzk1 (talk) 15:17, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Jordan
"The strike force flew 680 miles (1,100 km) across Jordan, Saudi Arabia and into Iraq to bomb the target". Did they fly over Jordan? The map seems to show that they specifically went out of their way to avoid Jordan... probably because they were at war with Jordan at the time. Any confirmation with this? gren グレン 05:07, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Inspection by Dr. Richard Wilson
I added back the reference to the inspection by Richard Wilson in 1983. This was deleted by Jkp1187, who said "Removing questionable reference to Nature magazine. Cite to the magazine itself (if you've checked it), not to a secondary source." Point taken, so I removed the reference to Nature and just cited the book it came from. My original intent was to balance out the uncited claim that the strike was a "serious blow to the Iraqi nuclear program". Since my sentence is backed up by someone's published research, I believe it is valid and should remain. Zatoichi26 (talk) 01:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * A published book is better. Thanks.  Did Wilson publish his findings in a report someplace?  Would much prefer to cite to that if possible.  Jkp1187 (talk) 23:19, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry for long delay in responding. Chomsky's book says the report was published in the journal Science, however I don't have access to it.Zatoichi26 (talk) 18:43, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oops - Make that "Nature", not "Science". Zatoichi26 (talk) 18:43, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Never inaugurated
The article writes:"Osirak, also spelled Osiraq, (French: Osirak; Iraqi: Tammuz 1, اوسیراک), was a 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of Baghdad in 1977. " Well, this reactor never was really inaugurated.The construction begans in 1977?Reading the article I think so.201.8.242.50 (talk) 01:46, 27 April 2009 (UTC)agre22

Merge proposal: Operation Opera to Osirak article
Both articles are pretty much on the same subject, and duplicate most information (aftermath, debate over Osirak's capabilities, etc.). I suggest merging them. Alternatively, wiki can prune both articles (e.g. leave discussion of Osirak's capabilities in the Osirak article and discussion of Opera's aftermath at the Opera article?), but these are IMHO so intertwined I feel a merge is more appropriate. 79.176.8.207 (talk) 04:49, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Having duplicated essentially all necessary information from the Osirak article, and added it to this article, I definitely think a merge should be made. Shoplifter (talk) 07:32, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

I've duplicated the sourced content merged the articles. Shoplifter (talk) 16:53, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Excellent. I'd rather have had the merge in the opposite direction, but it's your call as you did the work... 79.176.35.39 (talk) 08:30, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osirak


text:
West End

West End most commonly refers to:
 * West End of London, an area of central London, England
 * West End theatre, a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London, England

West End may also refer to:

Anguilla

 * West End, Anguilla
 * West End Pond
 * West End (Anguilla House of Assembly Constituency)

Australia

 * Fremantle West End Heritage area, a designated heritage precinct in Fremantle, Western Australia
 * West End, Queensland, an inner-city suburb of southern Brisbane
 * West End, Queensland (Townsville), an old suburb of Townsville
 * West End, Adelaide, a precinct between the western ends of North Terrace and Hindley Streets in Adelaide city centre, South Australia
 * West End, Western Australia, a western suburb of Geraldton

Bahamas

 * West End, Grand Bahama

Canada

 * West End, Saskatchewan, a resort village
 * West End, Kamloops, British Columbia
 * West End, Vancouver, British Columbia
 * West End, Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * West End, Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * The West End, New Westminster, British Columbia

Finland

 * Westend, Espoo, a district near the seashore and the eastern border to Helsinki

Germany

 * Westend, Berlin, a borough of Charlottenburg in Berlin
 * Westend, Frankfurt am Main, a district of Frankfurt am Main, Hesse

New Zealand

 * West End, a suburb of Palmerston North
 * West End, a suburb of Timaru

Norway

 * East End and West End of Oslo

Spain

 * West End, San Antonio, Ibiza

England

 * River Westend, Derbyshire
 * West End, the former name of West Hampstead, London
 * West End, Bedfordshire
 * West End, Esher, Surrey
 * West End Lane, a street in Hampstead, London
 * West End, Hampshire
 * West End, a suburb of Morecambe, Lancashire
 * West End, a suburb of Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire
 * West End, North Somerset, North Somerset
 * West End, Sheffield
 * West End, a small village near Hatfield, Hertfordshire
 * West End, a small village near Hatfield, South Yorkshire
 * West End, Surrey
 * West End of Derby
 * West End of Leicester
 * West End of London
 * West End (Westminster ward), a ward in the City of Westminster

Scotland

 * West End, Aberdeen, an area of Aberdeen
 * West End, Dundee, an area of the city of Dundee, Scotland
 * West End, Edinburgh, of Edinburgh, Scotland, forms a large part of the city centre
 * West End, a district of Glasgow

Wales

 * West End (Caldicot ward), an electoral ward of Caldicot, Monmouthshire

United States
listed by state then city

 * West End, Mobile, Alabama, the westernmost section of the midtown neighborhood in Mobile
 * West End-Cobb Town, Alabama, a census-designated place in Calhoun County
 * West End, Alameda, California, neighborhood of Alameda, California
 * West End, district in Downtown Santa Ana, California
 * West End, Hartford, Connecticut
 * West End (Florida)
 * West End (Atlanta), Georgia, neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in Atlanta, Georgia
 * West End (MARTA station), Atlanta, Georgia, a passenger rail station located in the West End neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia
 * West End, Davenport, Iowa
 * West End, Lexington, Kentucky, an urban neighborhood
 * West End, New Orleans, Louisiana park, entertainment, residential, marina district on Lake Pontchartrain, New Orleans, Louisiana
 * West End, Boston, a district of Boston, Massachusetts
 * West End (Portland, Maine), an urban neighborhood in Portland, Maine
 * West End Street, a main road in the industrial neighborhood of Delray, Detroit, Michigan
 * West End, Jersey City
 * West End, Monmouth County, New Jersey, neighborhood in Long Branch
 * West End, Trenton, New Jersey, neighborhood
 * In New York City:
 * BMT West End Line of the New York City Subway, connecting to Coney Island
 * West End Avenue, a major north-south road on the west side of Manhattan
 * West End Bar, a bar serving Columbia University on Broadway in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City
 * West End (New Rochelle), a neighborhood of New Rochelle, Westchester County, New York
 * West End Beach, a section of Jones Beach State Park, Long Island, New York
 * West End, New York
 * West End, North Carolina
 * West End, High Point, North Carolina
 * West End, Cincinnati, a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * West End (Pittsburgh), a neighborhood that was known as Temperanceville before being annexed by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * West End, Providence, Rhode Island, a neighborhood in the southwestern part of Providence, Rhode Island
 * West End, Nashville, Tennessee, an urban neighborhood where Vanderbilt University is located
 * West End (Houston), a neighborhood in Houston, Texas
 * West End Historic District, Dallas, Texas, an area of downtown Dallas
 * West End, Alexandria, Virginia, an area annexed by Alexandria, Virginia
 * West End (Richmond, Virginia), a suburban region of Richmond, Virginia
 * West End, Roanoke, Virginia, an area in central Roanoke, Virginia
 * West End, Washington, D.C., an area in Northwest Washington
 * West End, West Virginia

Other uses

 * Eddie Gordon (born 1959), English music producer known professionally as "West End"
 * West End (club), a nightclub in Chicago, United States
 * West End Brewery (Hindley Street) (1859–1980), an Adelaide brewer in the colony of South Australia
 * Its premises in Hindley Street, Adelaide, after the takeover by the South Australian Brewing Company
 * Different premises in Thebarton, after the sale of the Hindley Street building in 1980, rebadged by the Lion company as West End
 * West End Draught, a beer brewed in South Australia
 * "West End Girls", a song by Pet Shop Boys from their 1985 album Please
 * "West End Riot", a 1999 song by The Living End from their debut self-titled album
 * West End Games, a publisher of wargames and role-playing games, including Paranoia and Star Wars
 * WestEnd City Center, a shopping centre in Budapest, Hungary
 * West End Records, a disco record label from New York, United States
 * West End Rowing Club, a rowing club based in Auckland, New Zealand
 * West End station (disambiguation), train stations of the name

title: West End


text:
Jökulsárlón

Jökulsárlón (literally "glacial river lagoon") is a large glacial lake in southern part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. Situated at the head of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, it developed into a lake after the glacier started receding from the edge of the Atlantic Ocean. The lake has grown since then at varying rates because of melting of the glaciers. The glacial front is now about 8 km away from the ocean's edge and the lake covers an area of about 18 km2. In 2009 it was reported to be the deepest lake in Iceland, at over 284 m, as glacial retreat extended its boundaries. The size of the lake has increased fourfold since the 1970s.

The lake can be seen from Route 1 between Höfn and Skaftafell. It appears as "a ghostly procession of luminous blue icebergs".

Jökulsárlón has been a setting for four Hollywood movies: A View to a Kill, Die Another Day, Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, and Batman Begins, as well as the reality TV series The Amazing Race. In 1991, Iceland issued a postage stamp, with a face value of 26 kronur, depicting Jökulsárlón.

The tongue of the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier is a major attraction for tourists.

Lagoon
The Jökulsárlón lake provides outstanding views of the ice cap, a vast dome of ice that rises to a height of 3000 ft. It spills to the lagoon 12 mi away from the jagged glacier hill to the edge of the water line. The lake developed only about 60 years ago (1948 is mentioned), when the entire area was less than 100 ft of glacier, which was only 250 yard from the Atlantic Ocean, and 2 mi away from Vatnajökull. Vatnajökull was at the shore line of the ocean and dropped icebergs into the ocean. However, it started drifting inland rapidly every year, leaving deep gorges en route, which got filled with melted water and large chunks of ice. These icebergs gather at the mouth of the lake's shallow exit, melt down into smaller ice blocks, and roll out into the sea. In summer, icebergs melt and roll down the channel into the sea. The lake does not freeze in winter. Ice water and soil make a unique ecological phenomenon. Jökulsárlón Lake, the "glacier lake", was reported to have doubled in size in the 15-year period before 2007. The huge blocks of ice that calve from the edge of Vatnajökull are about 30 m high, which fills the lagoon stocked with icebergs. Some icebergs appear naturally sculpted on account volcanic ash from ancient eruptions that partly covers them.

Icebergs
The icebergs that calve from the glacier edge move towards the river mouth and get entrenched at the bottom. The movement of the icebergs fluctuates with the tide currents, as well as being affected by wind. However, they start floating as icebergs when their size is small enough to drift to the sea. These icebergs are seen in two shades: milky white and bright blue, which depends on the air trapped within the ice and is an interplay of light and ice crystals.

Glacier - Breiðamerkurjökull
The outlet glacier that feeds the lagoon is called Breiðamerkurjökull.

Out-wash plains - Breiðamerkursandur
The glacier is responsible for the formation of a large outwash plain called Breiðamerkursandur. It has a breadth of around 25 km and serves as bird habitat in the summer month. This outwash plain is constantly changing. The shoreline of the glacial lagoon used to be advancing, but is now retreating as there is a decrease in glacial rivers depositing material. However, as the glaciers melt, the land rises around 2–4 cm each year somewhat balancing out the retreating shoreline.

Fauna
The lake is filled with fish that drift in from the sea along with the tides. Seals gather in large numbers at the mouth of the lake to catch fish during the winter. Large numbers of seabirds, particularly Arctic terns, which nest nearby, gather to catch herring, trout, salmon, krill and other fish. Breiðamerkursandur (the large sand deposits in the area) is the main habitat of the Arctic skua (Stercorarius parasiticus). During the summer season, the gull-like skuas have their nests on the lake's shores. The skuas, fat and dark in colour with white wingtips, are said to be aggressive "pirates of the seas", which harass other birds as big as gannets. They also kill and eat smaller birds such as puffins. Great skuas are not afraid of human beings and also do not tolerate human beings close to their nests. These birds are reported to migrate from their wintering grounds off the coasts of Spain and Africa. Seals are seen either swimming in the lagoon or lying on icebergs. Many times, the tides carry shoals of herring or capelan into the lagoon by the tide and the birds feast on them.

Land Settlement and Farms
The first settlers arrived in Iceland around AD 870, when the edge of the tongue of Breiðamerkurjökull glacier was about 20 km further north of its present location. During the Little Ice Age between 1600 and 1900, with lower temperatures prevailing in these latitudes, the glacier had grown by up to about 1 km from the coast at Jokulsá River, by about 1890. When the temperatures rose between 1920 and 1965, the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier tongue rapidly retreated, continually creating icebergs of varying size, thus creating a lagoon in its wake around 1934–35. The lake is over 200 m deep where the glacier snout originally existed. Glacial moraines became exposed on both sides of the lake. In 1975, the lake was about 8 km2 in area and now it reportedly stands at 18 km2 at the edge of the glacier tongue.

Current Ownership
In 2017 the Icelandic State bought the farm Fell which includes Jökulsárlón. Later that same year Fell and other public land surrounding Jökulsárlón got protected as a part of Vatnajökull National Park.

The Jökulsárlón Landowners Association represented the owners of the land property Fell. This property was leased out for filming or any other commercial activity as required.

Einar Björn Einarsson is the operator of the boat trips on Jökulsárlón. The Landowners Association leased out the site at the lagoon front to this operator to ply the boats on the lagoon.

Nature Protection
Jökulsárlón and the surrounding area are a part of Vatnajökull National park. The size of the park is 14,707 km2Which is approximately 14% of Iceland, making it Europe's second largest national park in terms of area after Yugyd Va in Russia. On 5 July 2019, Vatnajökull National Park was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The unique qualities of Vatnajökull National Park are primarily its great variety of landscape features, created by the combined forces of rivers, glacial ice, and volcanic and geothermal activity. The National Park aims to preserve unimpaired the natural beauty of the park for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations.

Protective measures for the bridge
A coffer dam was constructed near the Glacial River Bridge that spans Jökulsárlón to build a row of protective measures of stone boulders to prevent any erosion of the foundation of the pillars of the bridge. This coffer dam enabled the Icelandic road administration to create workable access for the power shovel digger to place the row of stone protective measures, which would also divert the icebergs from hitting the bridge pillars, thus avoiding damage to the structure.

Given the current retreat rate of Vatnajökull, likely a deep fjord will develop where Jökulsárlón is now. This retreat is also posing a threat to the National Highway Route 1 of Iceland. The lagoon is 75 km to the west of Höfn town and 60 km east of Skaftafell. It is accessible by the ring road, Route 1, that goes across the lake, and where parking facilities have been provided for visitors. It is also known as the "tourist conveyor belt". Isolated large blocks of icebergs can be seen on the black sand beach, sometimes called "diamond beach" because of ice chunks scattered on the sand. The name of the beach is actually Eystri-Fellsfjara.

Activities
There are many activities available to guest at Jökulsárlón. There are lagoon tours provided by several different companies in boats or kayaks. In the winter there are ice cave tours that leave from the lagoon parking lot. There are hiking trails around the area that offer guests an opportunity to explore the area.

Boat tours on the glacier lake
In 1985, the premiere of the James Bond movie A View to a Kill marked the start of commercial boat tours on the lake. Guðbrandur Jóhannesson started the tours on Jökulsárlón. Jóhannesson, who today owns and operates the company Vatnajökull Travel, operated the tours for the first two years. In summer 1987, about 5,000 passengers sailed on the company's two small vessels. The next year, an amphibious vehicle, the LARC-V, joined the fleet. By 1995, the number of passengers per year had multiplied and the company then operated three amphibious vehicles. In 1999, Einar Björn Einarsson, a local from the nearby town of Höfn, bought the company. In 2006, the company added a fourth amphibian.

The company Jökulsárlón ehf now employs about 30 seasonal employees. For the past few years, the company has carried 60,000 to 70,000 passengers annually; since the first commercial boat tour, about 900,000 tourists have taken the excursion.

Services
There are park rangers working in the area all year round. During the summer months park rangers offer free educational walks for park visitors.

In popular culture
Jökulsárlón and the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier have been part of the James Bond films A View to a Kill (1985) and Die Another Day (2002), Batman Begins (2005), Beowulf and Grendel (2005), Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001) and Dilwale

The popularity of the lake has been further boosted by the TV coverage provided live from Jökulsárlón on the American TV program Good Morning America in southeast Iceland, on 13 November 2006. The live broadcast is reported to have been watched by four million people.

In 2014, Swedish electronic multimedia project, iamamiwhoami, filmed their music video "vista" in Jökulsárlón.

In October 2014, scenes of French singer Indila's music video "Love Story" were filmed at the lagoon.

title: Jökulsárlón


text:
Fjallsárlón

Fjallsárlón is a glacier lake at the south end of the Icelandic glacier Vatnajökull. Fjallsjökull which is part of the bigger glacier reaches down to the water of the lake and some ice-bergs are drifting by on its surface.

The glacier calving into the lagoon is a part of Vatnajökull National Park and the better known glacier lake Jökulsárlón is not far from there. From the glacier lake Breiðárlón a little river flows into the Fjallsárlón.

Above, there is looming the volcano Öræfajökull.

At its shore, in the summertime, it is better to beware of the skúas, big seagulls which have their nests on the ground around the lake.

title: Fjallsárlón


text:
Frederick Burnaby

Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby (3 March 1842 – 17 January 1885) was a British Army intelligence officer. Burnaby's adventurous spirit, pioneering achievements, and swashbuckling courage earned an affection in the minds of Victorian imperial idealists. As well as travelling across Europe and Central Asia, he mastered ballooning, spoke a number of foreign languages fluently, stood for parliament twice, published several books, and was admired and feted by the women of London high society. His popularity was legendary, appearing in a number of stories and tales of empire.

Early life

Frederick Burnaby was born in Bedford, the son of the Rev. Gustavus Andrew Burnaby of Somerby Hall, Leicestershire, and canon of Middleham in Yorkshire (d. 15 July 1872), by Harriet, sister of Henry Villebois of Marham House, Norfolk (d. 1883). His sister Mary married John Manners-Sutton. He was a first cousin of Edwyn Burnaby and of Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck. Fred was educated at Bedford School, Harrow, Oswestry School, where he was a contemporary of William Archibald Spooner, and in Germany. Legend has it he could carry two boys under both arms up the stairs of school house. Burnaby was a huge man for his times: 6 ft 4in tall and 20 stone when fully grown. His outsize personality and strength became the literary legend of imperial might. Lionised by the press for his outlandish expeditious adventures across Central Asia, Burnaby at 6 ft 4 ins tall with broad shoulders was a giant amongst men, symbolic of a Victorian celebrity, feted in London society.

He entered the Royal Horse Guards in 1859. Finding no chance for active service, his spirit of adventure sought outlets in balloon ascents and in travels through Spain and Russia with his firm friend, George Radford. In the summer of 1874 he accompanied the Carlist forces in Spain as correspondent for The Times, but before the end of the war he was transferred to Africa to report on Gordon's expedition to the Sudan. This took Burnaby as far as Khartoum.

Military adventures
Returning to England in March 1875, he formulated his plans for a journey on horseback to the Khanate of Khiva through Russian Asia, which had just been closed to travellers. War had broken out between the Russian army and the Turcoman tribesmen of the desert. He planned to visit St. Petersburg to meet Count Milyutin, the Minister of War to the Tsar. Travelling at his own expense carrying an 85 lb pack, he departed London Victoria station on 30 November 1875. The Russians announced they would protect the soldier along the route, but to all intents and purposes this proved impossible. The accomplishment of this task, in the winter of 1875–1876, with the aim of reciprocity for India and the Tsarist State, was described in his book A Ride to Khiva, and brought him immediate fame. The city of Merv was inaccessible, but presented a potential military flashpoint. The Russians knew that British Intelligence gathered information along the frontier. Similar expeditions had taken place under Captain George Napier (1874) and Colonel Charles MacGregor (1875). By Christmas, Burnaby had arrived at Orenburg. In receipt of orders prohibiting progress into Persia from Russian-held territory, he was warned not to advance. A fluent Russian speaker, he was not coerced; arriving at a Russian garrison, the officers entertaining the former Khan of Kokand.

Hiring a servant and horses his party trudged through the snow to Kazala, intending a crossing into Afghanistan from Merv. Extreme winter blizzards brought frostbite, treated with "naphtha", a Cossack emetic. Close to death, Burnaby took three weeks to recover. Having received conflicted accounts of the dubious privilege of Russian hospitality it was a welcome release, he later told his book, to be cheered with vodka. It was another 400 miles south to Khiva, when he was requested to divert to Petro Alexandrovsk, a Russian fortress garrison. Lurid tales of wild tribesmen awaiting his desert travails ready to "gouge out his eyes" were intended to discourage. He ignored the escort, believing the tribes more friendly than the Russians. Intending to go via Bokhara and Merv, he deviated, cutting two days off the journey. Leaving Kazala on 12 January 1876 with a servant, guide, three camels and a kibitka, Burnaby bribed the servant with 100 Roubles a day to avoid the fortress where he would be bound to be delayed. A local mullah wrote an introduction note to the Khan, and clad in furs they traversed the freezing desert. On the banks of River, 60 miles from the capital, he was met by the Khan's nobleman, who guided the escort into the city. Burnaby's book outlined in some detail the events of the following days, the successful outcome of the meetings, and the decision he took to evade the Russian army. The Khanate was already at war, his possessions seized; the Russians intended a march from Tashkent to seize Kashgar, Merv and Herat. Protestations of neutrality were a sham. Burnaby gained respect from the population, who bowed in homage at a soldier en passant. But on return to his quarters he received a note of orders from Horse Guards to return via Russia. Frustrated Burnaby learnt of the overwhelming numerical superiority the Tsarists presented. To his great surprise he was received as a brother officer at Petro Alexandrovsk. Colonel Ivanov was smug and proud declared the fate of Merv "must be decided by the sword." Released by the Khan's Treasurer he travelled for nine days with Cossacks across the snowy plains of Kazala. Hard-bitten and hungry he sat on a small pony for 900 miles. En route he heard of what later was described in parliament as the Bulgarian Horrors, and a forthcoming campaign against Yakub Beg in Kashgaria.

On arrival back in England, March 1876, he was received by Commander-in-Chief, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, whose praise marvelled at Burnaby's feats of derring-do and impressive physique. Burnaby's fame grew celebrated in London society, in newspaper and magazines. His guest appearances flattered to deceive, when he learnt that he had travelled with the ringleaders of the Cossack Revolt. The rising of the Eastern Question in parliament was sparked in a village in Hercegovina and spread to Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria. Outraged by the pogroms the Prime Minister ordered immediate diplomatic efforts, while W. E. Gladstone demanded an aggressive clear out of the Sultanate from Europe. It was in the crucible of this crisis that Burnaby planned a second expedition. At Constantinople he had planned to meet Count Ignatiev, the Russian ambassador, whom he missed on his journey across Turkey on horseback, through Asia Minor, from Scutari to Erzerum, with the object of observing the Russian frontier, an account of which he afterwards published. He was warned the Russian garrison had issued an arrest warrant; turning back at the frontier he took ship on the Black Sea via the Bosphorus and the Mediterranean. In April 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey. The inexorable conclusion was drawn in Calcutta and London that Russia would not avoid, but wanted war; planning more attacks still. Eager for Russian rule, Colonel N L Grodekov had built a road from Tashkent to Herat via Samarkand, anticipating a war of conquest. Burnaby's warnings that the bellicose Russians posed a serious threat to India were confirmed later by Lord Curzon, and an expedition much later under the Arabist Colonel Francis Younghusband, witnessed by the genesis of a Cossack invasion.

See main article: Russo-Turkish War of 1877

Burnaby (who soon afterwards became lieutenant-colonel) acted as travelling agent to the Stafford House Red Cross Committee, but had to return to England before the campaign was over.

In 1879 he married Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed, who had inherited her father's lands at Greystones, Ireland. The previously named Hawkins-Whitshed estate at Greystones is known as The Burnaby to this day. At this point began his active interest in politics, and in 1880 he unsuccessfully contested Birmingham in the Tory-Democrat interest, which was followed by a second attempt in 1885.

On 23 March 1882 he crossed the English Channel in a gas balloon. Having been disappointed in his hope of seeing active service in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, he participated in the Suakin campaign of 1884 without official leave, and was wounded at El Teb when acting as an intelligence officer for his friend General Valentine Baker.

Death
The aforementioned events did not deter Burnaby from a similar course when a fresh expedition started up the Nile. He was given a post by Lord Wolseley, involved first in the skirmish at El Teb, until he met his death in the hand-to-hand fighting of the Battle of Abu Klea. As a gap in the lines opened up the Colonel rushed out to rescue a colleague and was wounded outside the square. Corporal Mackintosh went to his rescue driving his bayonet into the assailant. Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Binning rushed out to give him some water, twice. On the last occasion he came across a private crying, holding the dying man's head. He had been struck again by a Mahdist spear through the neck and throat. The young soldier was tearful because Burnaby was revered as one of the great Victorian heroes. A courageous man of charm and supreme self-sacrifice, who was admired and respected in equal measure. Lord Binning recalled "that in our little force his death caused a feeling akin to consternation. In my own detachment many of the men sat down and cried". Private Steele who went to help him won the Distinguished Conduct Medal. There are two memorials erected to his memory in Holy Trinity Garrison and Parish Church in Windsor, the first by the officers and men of the Royal Horse Guards and the second, a privately funded memorial from Edward, Prince of Wales.

Cultural references
Henry Newbolt's poem "Vitaï Lampada" is often quoted as referring to Burnaby's death at Abu Klea; "The Gatling's jammed and the Colonel's dead...", (although it was a Gardner machine gun which jammed). It was, perhaps, because of an impromptu order by Burnaby (who, as a supernumerary, had no official capacity in the battle) that the Dervishes managed to get inside the square. Yet the song "Colonel Burnaby" was written in his honour and his portrait hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London. There are two contradictory accounts:

 * 1) The report in The Times, says that Burnaby fell while re-forming a broken British square, this being one of only two recorded cases of a British square breaking in the 19th century.
 * 2) Another account says that the square did not break, but men were ordered to pull aside temporarily to let the Gardner gun and then the Heavy Camel Corps get out and attack the enemy. Some Dervishes got inside before the gap closed, but the back ranks of the square faced-about and made an end of the intruders.

Burnaby's Ride to Khiva appears in Joseph Conrad's 1898 short story, "Youth," when the young Marlow recounts how he "read for the first time Sartor Resartus and Burnaby's Ride to Khiva," preferring "the soldier to the philosopher at the time."

Burnaby appears as a balloonist in Julian Barnes's memoir Levels of Life (2014), where he is portrayed as having a (fictional) love affair with Sarah Bernhardt.

It has been suggested that Burnaby may have been (in part) an inspiration for the creation of George MacDonald Fraser's fictional anti-hero Harry Flashman.

Works
(both with an introduction by Peter Hopkirk)
 * Practical Instruction of Staff Officers in Foreign Armies, published 1872
 * A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia (1876) ISBN 1590480198
 * On Horseback Through Asia Minor (1877) ISBN 1590480317
 * A Ride across the Channel, published 1882
 * Our Radicals: a tale of love and politics, published 1886
 * Journals
 * Regular contributions as roving correspondent to The Times in Egypt and the Sudan
 * Vanity Fair
 * Punch from 1872 onwards.
 * Letters
 * edited by Dr. John W. Hawkins, Fred: The Collected Letters and Speeches of Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby. Vol. 1 1842-1878 (Helion & Co., 2013)
 * ed. Dr. John W. Hawkins, Fred: The Collected Letters and Speeches of Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby. Vol. 2 1878-1885 (Helion & Co., 2014)

Legacy

A tall Portland stone obelisk in the churchyard of St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham commemorates his life. Besides Burnaby's bust, in relief, it carries only the word "Burnaby", and the dated place names "Khiva 1875" and "Abu Klea 1885". The obelisk was unveiled by Lord Charles Beresford on 13 November 1885.

There is a memorial window to Burnaby at St Peter's Church, Bedford. There is also a public house, The Burnaby Arms, located in the Black Tom area of Bedford. The organ at Oswestry School Chapel was given in his memory.

William Kinnard, who was instrumental in acquiring a post office for a tiny settlement at the base of Morgan's Point on Lake Erie's North Shore in Ontario, Canada, "suggested the name Burnaby" for the settlement after an article he had read in The Globe newspaper about a Colonel who had been killed in the Egyptian War.

title: Frederick Burnaby


text:
Breiðárlón

Breiðárlón is a glacier lake at the south end of the Icelandic glacier Vatnajökull. Formed at the terminus of one of Vatnajökull's biggest outlets, Breiðamerkurjökull, Breiðárlón lies in between Fjallsárlón and Jökulsárlón glacier lagoons.

The glacier calving into the lagoon is a part of Vatnajökull National Park and the better known glacier lake Jökulsárlón is not far from there. From Breiðárlón a little river flows into the Fjallsárlón.

title: Breiðárlón


text:
List of United States insurance companies

This is a list of insurance companies based in the United States. These are companies with a strong national or regional presence having insurance as their primary business.

History
In 1752, Benjamin Franklin founded the first American insurance company as Philadelphia Contributionship. In 1820, there were 17 stock life insurance companies in the state of New York, many of which would subsequently fail. Between 1870 and 1872, 33 US life insurance companies failed, in part fueled by bad practices and incidents such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. 3,800 property-liability and 2,270 life insurance companies were operating in the United States by 1989.

Property and casualty insurance
• 21st Century Insurance

• Acuity Insurance

• Aflac

• Allianz Life

• Allied Insurance

• Allstate

• American Automobile Association (AAA)

• American Family Insurance

• American Income Life Insurance Company

• American International Group (AIG)

• American National Insurance Company

• American Strategic Insurance (ASI)

• Ameriprise Auto & Home Insurance

• Ameriprise Financial

• Ameritas Life Insurance Company

• Amica Mutual Insurance

• Amtrust Financial Services

• Applied Underwriters

• Arbella Insurance Group

• Assurant

• Assurity Life Insurance Company

• Auto-Owners Insurance

• AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company

• Bankers Life and Casualty Company

• Berkshire Hathaway

• Brotherhood Mutual Insurance Company

• CareSource

• Chubb Corp

• Citizens Property Insurance Corporation

• CNA Financial

• CNO Financial Group

• Colonial Life & Accident Insurance Company

• Combined Insurance

• Commerce Insurance Group

• Country Financial

• Delta Dental

• Encompass Insurance Company

• Erie Insurance Group

• Esurance

• Evergreen USA RRG

• Farmers Insurance Group

• Federated Mutual Insurance Company

• First Insurance Company of Hawaii

• FM Global

• Fortegra Group

• GAINSCO

• GEICO

• General Re

• Genworth Financial

• Gerber Life Insurance Company

• Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company

• GMAC Insurance

• Gracy Title Company

• Grange Mutual Casualty Company

• The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America

• GuideOne Insurance

• Hagerty Insurance Agency

• Hanover Insurance

• The Hartford

• HCC Insurance Holdings

• Hiscox Small Business Insurance

• Horace Mann Educators Corporation

• Ironshore

• K&K Insurance

• Kansas City Life Insurance Company

• Kemper Corporation

• Knights of Columbus

• Lemonade (insurance)

• Liberty Mutual

• Lincoln National Corporation

• Manhattan Life Insurance Company

• Markel Corporation

• MassMutual

• Merchants Insurance Group

• Mercury Insurance Group

• MetLife

• Metromile

• Modern Woodmen of America

• Mutual of Omaha

• National Flood Insurance Program

• Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company

• New Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Company

• New York Life Insurance Company

• NJM Insurance Group

• The Norfolk & Dedham Group

• Northwestern Mutual

• Omega

• Oxford Health Plans

• Pacific Life

• PEMCO

• Penn Mutual

• Penn National Insurance

• Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire

• Philadelphia Insurance Companies

• Physicians Mutual

• Primerica

• Principal Financial Group

• Progressive

• ProSight Specialty Insurance

• Protective Life

• Prudential Financial

• Pure Insurance

• QBE

• The Regence Group

• Reliance Insurance Company

• Reliance Partners

• RLI Corp.

• Safe Auto Insurance Company

• Safeco

• Safeway Insurance Group

• Securian Financial Group

• Sentry Insurance

• Shelter Insurance

• Society Insurance

• Southern Aid and Insurance Company

• SquareTrade

• Standard Insurance Company

• State Automobile Mutual Insurance Company

• State Farm Insurance

• Sun Life Financial

• Symetra

• The General

• The Travelers Companies

• TIAA

• Titan Insurance Company

• Transamerica Corporation

• Tricare

• Trupanion

• UPC Insurance

• Unum

• USAA

• West Coast Life

• Western & Southern Financial Group

• Western Mutual Insurance Group

• Westfield Insurance

• White Mountains Insurance Group

• W. R. Berkley Corporation

• XL Catlin

• Zurich Insurance Group

Life and annuity

 * Aflac
 * Allianz Life
 * Allstate
 * American Family Insurance
 * American Fidelity Assurance
 * American Income Life Insurance Company
 * Ameritas Life Insurance Company
 * Amica Mutual Insurance
 * Assurity Life Insurance Company
 * AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company
 * Bankers Life and Casualty
 * Banner Life Insurance Company
 * Colonial Life & Accident Insurance Company
 * Colonial Penn
 * Conseco
 * Farmers Insurance Group
 * Garden State Life
 * Genworth Financial
 * The Great-West Life Assurance Company
 * Gerber Life Insurance Company
 * Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company
 * The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America
 * Horace Mann Educators Corporation
 * ING Group
 * Jackson National Life
 * John Hancock Life Insurance
 * Kansas City Life Insurance Company
 * Lincoln National Corporation
 * Manhattan Life Insurance Company
 * MEGA Life and Health Insurance
 * MetLife
 * Mutual of Omaha
 * National Life Group
 * National Western Life Insurance Company
 * Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
 * New York Life Insurance Company
 * Ohio National Financial Services Company
 * Pacific Life
 * Physicians Mutual
 * Primerica
 * Protective Life
 * Prudential Financial
 * Securian Financial Group
 * Standard Insurance Company
 * State Farm Insurance
 * Thrivent
 * TIAA-CREF
 * Transamerica Corporation
 * UNIFI Companies
 * United of Omaha
 * Western & Southern Financial Group

Health insurance (major medical insurance)

 * AARP
 * Aetna
 * American National Insurance Company
 * Amerigroup
 * Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association
 * Bright Health
 * CareSource
 * Cambia Health Solutions
 * Centene Corporation
 * Cigna
 * Compass Rose Benefits Group
 * Delta Dental
 * Elevance Health
 * EmblemHealth
 * Fallon Health
 * Geisinger
 * Golden Rule Insurance Company
 * Harvard Pilgrim Health Care
 * Health Net
 * HealthMarkets
 * HealthPartners
 * Highmark
 * Humana
 * Independence Blue Cross
 * Kaiser Permanente
 * Kaleida Health
 * MassHealth
 * Medical Mutual of Ohio
 * Molina Healthcare
 * Oscar Health
 * Oxford Health Plans
 * Premera Blue Cross
 * Principal Financial Group
 * Shelter Insurance
 * State Farm
 * Thrivent Financial for Lutherans
 * UnitedHealth Group
 * Unitrin
 * WellCare

Medicare

 * Aetna
 * American Family Insurance
 * Bankers Life and Casualty
 * CareSource
 * Conseco
 * Fidelis Care
 * Kaiser Permanente
 * Mutual of Omaha
 * Physicians Mutual
 * Premera Blue Cross
 * Thrivent Financial for Lutherans
 * United American Insurance Company

Workers' compensation

 * Accident Fund Insurance Company of America
 * American International Group (AIG)
 * AmTrust Financial Services
 * Cincinnati Financial Corporation
 * Erie Insurance Group
 * GUARD Insurance Group
 * Hanover Insurance
 * The Hartford
 * Liberty Mutual
 * Merchants Insurance Group
 * Missouri Employers Mutual
 * Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company
 * New York State Insurance Fund
 * The Norfolk & Dedham Group
 * Penn National Insurance
 * Puerto Rico State Insurance Fund
 * Sentry Insurance
 * Society Insurance
 * State Farm Insurance
 * State Compensation Insurance Fund
 * United Heartland
 * Zenith Insurance Group