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Heriot-Watt University

Heriot-Watt University (Oilthigh Heriot-Watt) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was established in 1821 as the School of Arts of Edinburgh, the world's first mechanics' institute, and subsequently granted university status by royal charter in 1966. It is the eighth-oldest higher education institution in the United Kingdom. The name Heriot-Watt was taken from Scottish inventor James Watt and Scottish philanthropist and goldsmith George Heriot.

The annual income of the institution for 2022–23 was £259.5 million of which £33 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £266.7 million. Known for its focus on science as well as engineering, it is one of the 23 colleges being granted university status in the 1960s and sometimes considered a plate glass university similar to the likes of Lancaster and Warwick.

The university has three campuses in Scotland and one each in the UAE and Malaysia.

School of Arts of Edinburgh
Heriot-Watt was established as the School of Arts of Edinburgh (not to be confused with Edinburgh College of Art) by Scottish businessman Leonard Horner on 16 October 1821. Having been inspired by Anderson's College in Glasgow, Horner established the school to provide practical knowledge of science and technology to Edinburgh's working men. The institution was initially of modest size, giving lectures two nights a week in rented rooms and boasting a small library of around 500 technical works. It was also oversubscribed, with admissions soon closing despite the cost of 15 shillings for a year's access to lectures and the library.

The school was managed by a board of eighteen directors and primarily funded by sponsors from the middle and upper classes including Robert Stevenson and Walter Scott. It first became associated with the inventor and engineer James Watt in 1824, as a means of raising funds to secure permanent accommodation. Justifying the association, School Director Lord Cockburn said:

"'[The building] shall be employed for the accommodation of the Edinburgh School of Arts; whereby the memory of Watt may forever be connected with the promotion, among a class of men to which he himself originally belonged, of those mechanical arts from which his own usefulness and glory arose. '"

In 1837, the School of Arts moved to leased accommodation on Adam Square, which it was able to purchase in 1851 thanks to funds raised in Watt's name. In honour of the purchase, the School changed its name to the Watt Institution and School of Arts in 1852. The statue of Watt was added in front of the Adam Square school in 1854 and has thereafter moved as the premises moved.

Watt Institution and School of Arts
Heriot-Watt's time as the Watt Institution marked a transitional period for the organisation, as its curriculum broadened to include several subjects beyond mathematics and the physical sciences. While the School of Arts had catered almost exclusively to working-class artisans and technical workers, the Watt Institution admitted a large number of middle-class students, whom it attracted with new subjects in the sciences, social sciences and humanities. By 1885, the skilled working class were no longer the majority in an institution that had been created explicitly for them.

A shifting class make-up was not the only demographic change to affect the student body, as in 1869 women were permitted to attend lectures for the first time. This move put the Watt Institution some way ahead of Scottish universities, who were only permitted to allow women to graduate 20 years later following the Universities (Scotland) Act of 1889. The decision to admit women was made in large part owing to pressure from local campaigner Mary Burton, who later became the institution's first female director in 1874.

In 1870, the Watt Institution was forced to move following the demolition of Adam Square. After a brief period on Roxburgh Place, it relocated to the newly constructed Chambers Street near where its former site had stood. The move caused the institution severe financial difficulties, which were compounded by a combination of declining funds from subscribers and increased costs from its growing student body.

In 1873, the directors turned to George Heriot's Trust for support and agreed to a merger of the Trust's endowment with the institution's own. The proposed merger was provisional to changes in the structure of the Watt Institution, which would see the organisation become a technical college with representatives of the Trust in management positions. Accepting these changes, the Watt Institution officially became Heriot-Watt College in 1885 and was subsequently on far firmer financial ground.

The Watt Club
The Watt Club was founded at the Watt Institution on 12 May 1854, and is today the oldest alumni organisation in the UK. Following the unveiling of a statue of James Watt outside the institution, local jeweller J.E Vernon proposed that

"'[a club should be formed] whose object would be to sup together on the anniversary of the birth of James Watt…and also to promote the interests of the School, by raising a fund each year to provide prizes. '"

Watt Club Medals are still awarded by the organisation each year to Heriot-Watt's most highly achieving students, while the Watt Club Prize is awarded by The Watt Club Council to recognise student initiative and enterprise.

Heriot-Watt College

After the establishment of Heriot-Watt as a technical college, the new management committee set about extending the institution's buildings and strengthening its academic reputation. In its new form the college was one of only three non-university institutions in the UK with the power to appoint professors, and the first of these was appointed in 1887. In 1902 the college became a central institution, while in 1904 it introduced awards for graduating students which were similar to university degrees.

Expansion meant that the college made increasing demands on George Heriot's Trust throughout the first part of the 20th century, which ultimately led to the independence of the two bodies in 1927. While the Trust continued to pay Heriot-Watt a fixed sum each year, from then on the college was responsible for managing its own financial affairs. Heriot-Watt continued to expand after becoming independent, opening a new extension in 1935.

Both World Wars impacted on the speed of the college's expansion. During World War I, student numbers dropped as young men joined the army, while teaching in engineering stalled as the department was used for the manufacture of shells and munitions. During World War II, student numbers dropped again and the electrical engineering department became involved in training the armed services in the use of radar.

After the college introduced a postgraduate award in 1951, it offered awards equivalent to university degrees and doctorates in all practical respects. Recognising this, in 1963 the Robbins Report recommended that it should be awarded university status. On 1 February 1966 the recommendation was enacted, as the institution officially became Heriot-Watt University.

Heriot-Watt University
The first personal chair was appointed in 1974.

While Heriot-Watt continued to expand in the centre of Edinburgh after attaining university status, the institution had grown big enough that relocation was felt to be desirable. In 1966 Midlothian County Council gifted the Riccarton estate north of Currie to the university and in 1969 work began on transforming the site into a future campus. The process of relocation to Riccarton continued until 1992, with teaching and facilities divided between the new campus and the city centre until this time.

The university has continued to grow after completing its move to Riccarton, constructing additional student halls, a sports centre and a postgraduate centre on the site. The institution also expanded beyond Edinburgh, merging with the Scottish College of Textiles to create a campus in the Scottish Borders in 1998, opening a campus in Dubai in 2006 and a campus in Putrajaya, Malaysia, in 2012.

In recent years, the university's campus in Edinburgh has benefited from major infrastructural projects worth £60 million, with another £68 million worth investment announced. These include the UK's first purpose-built graduate centre (£6 million), Scotland's elite Oriam Sports Performance Centre facility (£33 million), and the UK's first FlexBIO flexible downstream bioprocessing centre (£2 million). It is also constructing a 5,000m² Watt Innovation Building supporting Global Research, Innovation and Discovery [GRID] to boost 'creativity and ideas generation' on the university's growing Edinburgh campus. The university has plans to host a major £65 million film studio and a £2.5 million academic partnership with the oil and gas firm Total. However, in 2017 it was also announced that a major budget shortfall and the impact of Brexit would result in Heriot-Watt shedding 100 jobs by voluntary redundancies.

Campuses

Heriot-Watt currently has five campuses, and also runs distance learning programmes through 53 approved learning partners to students around the world.

Edinburgh
Heriot-Watt's main campus is located in Riccarton in South West Edinburgh on 380 acre of parkland. The campus consists of: academic buildings, student residences, a postgraduate centre, shops, several library collections, childcare, healthcare, a chaplaincy, a variety of recreational and sports facilities, and a museum, as well as the Student Union's main premises. It is also home to the Edinburgh Conference Centre and Europe's oldest research park, Heriot-Watt University Research Park which opened in 1971. The university's Institute of Petroleum Engineering is based at its Edinburgh campus.

Scottish Borders

Heriot-Watt's Scottish Borders Campus in Galashiels is home to the university's School of Textile and Design. The school began life in 1883 when the Galashiels Manufacturer's Corporation began running classes in practical courses for its workers. The institution gradually grew both in terms of student numbers and the number of courses it offered, and it ultimately became known as the Scottish College of Textiles in 1968. In 1998 the college merged with Heriot-Watt, leading to the creation of the School of Textiles and Design in its modern form.

The school is one of the few fashion schools in the world which offers a menswear course at bachelor's degree level, and the only school in Scotland to offer a fashion communication course. It was ranked 11th place in the UK for art and design in the 2013 Complete University Guide, produced a winner and five other finalists for the Scottish Fashion Awards Graduate of the Year in June 2012.

While the Scottish Borders Campus shares some facilities and administrative functions with Edinburgh, it is largely self-contained. As well as its own library, accommodation and catering facilities, it has its own branch of the Student Union which runs events on the site and is home to a collection of textile records and artefacts. A new £12M student village opened at the Campus in September 2012.

The entire campus is shared with Borders College, whose students make up the majority of those who study at the site.

Marillion's 1985 song Kayleigh was inspired by an SCT student, and refers to the snow and college halls of Galashiels.

Dubai
Heriot-Watt's Dubai campus opened in 2005. It was the first British university to set up in Dubai International Academic City.

Offering a range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses similar to those found in Scotland, the campus facilitates student exchanges between Britain and the Gulf Emirates. It has facilities including a library, computer laboratory, cafes and restaurants. An expanded campus opened in the city on 3 November 2011, allowing double the number of students to study for a Heriot-Watt degree in the city.

In April 2019, Heriot-Watt's Dubai campus was crowned 'Best University' in the Middle East at the first ever Forbes Middle East Higher Education Awards.

The campus received a five-star rating for three consecutive years in 2019, 2020 and 2021 from the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA), the supreme educational quality assurance and regulatory authority of the Government of Dubai.

In 2021, the university relocated its Dubai campus to Dubai Knowledge Park. The new campus was officially opened by King Charles III on 30 November 2023, accompanied by Scotland’s First Minister, Humza Yousaf.

Malaysia
Heriot-Watt University Malaysia's purpose-built campus opened in Putrajaya in September 2014, £35 million was invested in the Malaysian campus, which is the first 'green campus' in the country. It is situated in a lakeside location of 4+3/4 acre offering undergraduate as well as master's degree.

Orkney
Heriot-Watt's campus in Stromness, Orkney, is home to the International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT), part of the university's School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society. The Campus provides education to a small number of postgraduate students and is host to eight members of research staff.

Organisation
Heriot-Watt is divided into six schools and one institute that coordinate its teaching and research:
 * The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, incorporating geoenergy engineering and renewable energy technology, architectural engineering, civil & structural engineering, construction management & surveying, geography and urban studies
 * The School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, incorporating chemical engineering, chemistry, electrical, electronic and computing engineering, mechanical engineering and physics
 * The School of Social Sciences (formerly, School of Management and Languages), incorporating accountancy and finance, business management, economics and languages
 * The School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, incorporating actuarial mathematics and statistics, computer science and mathematics
 * The School of Textiles and Design
 * Edinburgh Business School, which offers postgraduate courses at MBA, MSc and DBA level
 * The Urban Institute, a research collaboration for urban studies between Heriot-Watt University and The University of Edinburgh

From 1 August 2016, the former School of Life Sciences was merged with other schools, with programmes transferred to the School of Management and Languages, the School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society and the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences.

Rankings and reputation
Heriot-Watt University was named International University of the Year by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2018. Heriot-Watt is known for the strong prospects of its students, with 80% in graduate-level jobs or further study six months after leaving the institution.

In 2011, Heriot-Watt was named as The Sunday Times Scottish University of the Year 2011–2012, with the paper emphasising the employability of the institution's graduates. In 2012, it was again Scottish University of the Year 2012–2013 for the second year running, and also became UK University of the Year for student experience. The same year it came 1st in Scotland and 4th in the UK in the 2012 National Student Survey.

Times Higher Education's 'Table of Tables' is the combined results of the three main UK university league tables – the Good University Guide (published by The Times and The Sunday Times), The Guardian and The Complete University Guide. In the Table of Tables 2015, Heriot-Watt was placed 27th in the UK and 3rd in Scotland. It is ranked 28th in the UK by The Complete University Guide 2018 and 26th in the UK by The Guardian University League Table 2018. In a 2015 detail report on UK universities, Durham academic Vikki Boliver placed Oxford and Cambridge in the first tier, and included Heriot-Watt in the second tier made of the remaining 22 Russell Group universities and 17 other "pre-92" universities.

In 2020, Heriot-Watt was ranked at 314 by QS World University Rankings and at 251–300 by Times Higher Education World University Rankings in the world. It was ranked 243rd in the world for engineering and technology by QS Rankings in 2019. It was ranked 143rd in the world for technical sciences in 2018 by Round University Ranking.

In 2017, Business Insider ranked Heriot-Watt the 3rd best UK university to study economics. It was ranked among 201-250 globally for Business and Economics by Times in 2019. In 2018, ARWU ranked Heriot-Watt globally among 51–75 for Telecom Engineering and 101–150 for Civil Engineering, Mathematics and Oceanography.

Nationally, the university is ranked highly for Planning and Building education. In 2019, the university was ranked 4th in UK and 1st in Scotland for Town & Country Planning and Landscape Design by The Complete University Guide. It was also ranked 9th in UK and 1st in Scotland for Building and Town & Country Planning by The Guardian in the same year. In the 2019 The Complete University Guide national subject rankings Heriot-Watt had the following rankings: 2nd (of 34) – Building education, 17th (of 104) – Accounting and Finance, 15th (of 81) – Art and Design, 14th (of 30) – Chemical Engineering, 23rd (of 60) – Chemistry, 1 (of 56) – Civil Engineering, 25th (of 110) – Computer Science, 22nd (of 77) – Economics, 23rd (of 68) – Electrical Engineering, 15th (of 72) – Mathematics, 14th (of 69) – Mechanical Engineering, and 25th (of 48) – Physics and Astronomy. The university has been constantly ranked among the top 10 universities in UK for Building education since 2010.

Admissions
As of February 2017, approximately 13,700 students are enrolled at one of Heriot-Watt's campuses: 66.6% in Scotland, 24.2% in Dubai and 9.2% in Malaysia. In the Scotland campus, the university has a female:male ratio of 41:59.

Masters in Strategic Project Management
Under the framework of the European Education system and as part of the Erasmus Mundus program Heriot-Watt University offers a Masters in Strategic Project Management jointly with Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and Umeå University (Sweden). Students in the program study at all three institutions over two years and at the conclusion receive degrees issued by all three. The program ranks number 11 in the Eduniversal Bests Masters Ranking and number 25 in the QS World University Rankings worldwide.

Student Union
The Student Union at Heriot-Watt is a student-led organisation headed by individuals elected from the student population. The association has represented students both locally and nationally since its foundation in 1966, and is a member of both the Edinburgh Students' Forum and the National Union of Students (NUS). It is also responsible for running the university's Student Union, which runs events for students and supports student societies. Over 50 societies currently exist, including the Brewing Society which organises an annual charity beer festival. In addition, the Student Union runs many services at the Edinburgh and Scottish Borders campuses including catering facilities, a nightclub, an advice centre and a student shop. The Student Union also works closely with the Heriot-Watt University Dubai Student Council and the Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Student Association. In 2018 the Student Union won the University Student Union of the Year and also Officer Team of the Year at the NUS Scotland Awards 2018.

Sports Union
The Sports Union is responsible for the university's 30 sports clubs. and runs annual social events for students involved in sport. As with the Students' Association, the organisation is headed by elected Heriot-Watt students.

Arts

 * Theodore S. Clerk, (1909–1965), city planner, first Ghanaian architect and developer of the port city of Tema
 * Sir James Dunbar-Nasmith (born 1927), conservation architect and head of ECA's Department of Architecture 1978–1988
 * Sir Nicholas Grimshaw (born 1939), architect of the Eden Project, president of the Royal Academy since 2004
 * Sir William Kininmonth (1904–1988), architect of Adam House and Pollock Halls, both in Edinburgh
 * Kygo, Norwegian DJ and record producer (did not graduate)
 * Sir Robert Matthew (1906–1975), designed the Royal Commonwealth Pool and founded RMJM
 * John McAslan, architect
 * Taqi Nazeer, Scottish born actor
 * John Notman (1810–1865), architect and landscape architect
 * Patrick Nuttgens (1930–2004), academic and writer on architecture
 * Nivetha Pethuraj, Indian actress
 * Dame Muriel Spark, British writer (took a course in commercial correspondence and précis writing at Heriot-Watt College)
 * Sir Basil Spence (1907–1976), architect of Coventry Cathedral and the New Zealand Parliament Building (nicknamed 'The Beehive') in Wellington, New Zealand
 * Douglas Stuart, British writer, fashion designer, winner of 2020 Booker Prize
 * John Thomson, pioneering photographer
 * Deepak Tripathi, historian and former journalist
 * Irvine Welsh, British writer of the novel Trainspotting
 * Greg Wise, British actor and producer
 * Joanne Yeoh, Malaysian violinist and music lecturer at Universiti Putra Malaysia
 * Gary Younge, writer and journalist
 * Casa Yuen, South Africa-born Hong Kong TVB actress

Academia and science

 * Le Hai An (1971–2019), Deputy Minister of Education and Training of Vietnam and rector of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology
 * Iain Baikie, physicist, winner of Swan Medal and Prize
 * Christina Miller, chemist
 * David A. B. Miller, applied physicist; winner of R. W. Wood Prize and Adolph Lomb Medal
 * James Nasmyth, inventor of the steam hammer
 * Evelyn Roxburgh (1896–1973), electrical engineer
 * Sarah Tabrizi, neurologist
 * Chris Whitty, physician; Chief Medical Advisor to the UK Government

Business

 * Robert Buchan, British/Canadian businessman, founder of Kinross Gold Corporation
 * Adam Crozier, British businessman, chief executive and television executives; Chief Executive of ITV
 * Roger Jenkins, British financier, former Chief Executive of Barclays Private Equity, Principal Investments and Structured Capital Markets
 * Bob Keiller, British businessman, Chief Executive of Wood Group
 * Michael Lombardi, Canadian businessman, founder of Lombardi Media Corporation
 * Ian Ritchie, British businessman, founder of OWL, missed WWW opportunity of Tim Berners-Lee
 * Maurice Tulloch (born 1969), British/Canadian businessman, CEO of Aviva
 * Per Valebrokk, Norwegian editor and business man, partner of Storm Communications

Politics

 * Nathif Jama Adam, Somali banker and politician
 * Sarah Boyack, former MSP and Minister for Transport of Scotland
 * Liam Burns, NUS UK president 2011–2013
 * Ingvald Godal, former Member of the Norwegian Parliament and former Chairman of the Norwegian Support Committee for Chechnya
 * Bernie Grant, British Labour Party politician, the Member of Parliament for Tottenham from 1987 to 2000; Britain's first Afro-Caribbean MP (did not graduate)
 * Fiona Hyslop MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs in the Scottish Government
 * Hassan Ali Khaire, Somali politician, Prime Minister of Somalia
 * Archy Kirkwood, Baron Kirkwood of Kirkhope, former Liberal Democrat MP
 * Mark MacGregor, Conservative Party politician
 * Gillian Mackay, Green Party MSP for Central Scotland
 * Henry McLeish, former First Minister of Scotland
 * Brian Monteith, former Conservative MSP
 * Henning Skumsvoll, member of the Norwegian Parliament
 * Teo Ho Pin, former member of the Singapore Parliament
 * Fiona Watson, political affairs officer
 * Graham Watson, former MEP; Leader of the European Parliament's Liberal Group 2002–2009 and president of the EU's Liberal Democratic Party 2011-15
 * Lord Mike Watson, Baron Watson of Invergowrie, former MP and MSP

Sports

 * Jock Clear, Formula One engineer
 * Luke Crosbie, Scotland national rugby union team player
 * Lee Jones, Scotland national rugby union team player
 * Shirley Robertson, TV presenter and double Olympic gold medallist
 * Jack Ross, British professional footballer
 * Gordon Shedden, British auto racing driver
 * Kirsty Smith, Scottish soccer player for the Scotland women's national football team and West Ham United F.C. Women.

Notable staff

 * Sir Thomas Hudson Beare, FRSE, RSSA, chair of mechanics and engineering, 1887–1889
 * George Murray Burnett, FRSE (1921–1980), served as principal, 1974–1980
 * Andrew John Herbertson, lecturer in industrial and commercial geography, 1896–1899
 * Sir Geoff Palmer, OBE, grain scientist and human rights advocate, 1977–2005

Principals

 * Sir Francis Grant Ogilvie, CB, FRSE, 1886–1900
 * Arthur Pillans Laurie, FRSE, 1900–1928
 * James Cameron Smail, OBE, FRSE, 1928–1950
 * Hugh Bryan Nisbet, CBE, FRSE, 1950–1967
 * Robert Allan Smith, CBE, FRS, PRSE, 1968–1974
 * George Murray Burnett, FRSE, 1974–1980
 * Thomas Lothian Johnston, PRSE, 1981–1988
 * Sir Alistair George James MacFarlane, CBE, FRS, FRSE, 1989–1996
 * John Stuart Archer, CBE, FRSE, 1997–2006
 * Sir Vito Antonio Muscatelli, CBE, FRSE, 2007–2009
 * Steven Kenneth Chapman, CBE, FRSE, 2009–2015
 * Richard Andrew Williams, OBE, FRSE, 2015–present

title: Heriot-Watt University


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Slidr River

In Norse mythology, Sliðr is a river in Hel, the land of the dead. Glaciers pour into it from the freezing well of Hvergelmir, its waters are full of knives and swords, and it flows through "valleys of venom", according to the Eddas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Slidr River


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Dependability

In systems engineering, dependability is a measure of a system's availability, reliability, maintainability, and in some cases, other characteristics such as durability, safety and security. In real-time computing, dependability is the ability to provide services that can be trusted within a time-period. The service guarantees must hold even when the system is subject to attacks or natural failures.

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), via its Technical Committee TC 56 develops and maintains international standards that provide systematic methods and tools for dependability assessment and management of equipment, services, and systems throughout their life cycles. The IFIP Working Group 10.4 on "Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance" plays a role in synthesizing the technical community's progress in the field and organizes two workshops each year to disseminate the results.

Dependability can be broken down into three elements:
 * Attributes - a way to assess the dependability of a system
 * Threats - an understanding of the things that can affect the dependability of a system
 * Means - ways to increase a system's dependability

History
Some sources hold that word was coined in the nineteen-teens in Dodge Brothers automobile print advertising. But the word predates that period, with the Oxford English Dictionary finding its first use in 1901.

As interest in fault tolerance and system reliability increased in the 1960s and 1970s, dependability came to be a measure of [x] as measures of reliability came to encompass additional measures like safety and integrity. In the early 1980s, Jean-Claude Laprie thus chose dependability as the term to encompass studies of fault tolerance and system reliability without the extension of meaning inherent in reliability.

The field of dependability has evolved from these beginnings to be an internationally active field of research fostered by a number of prominent international conferences, notably the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, the International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems and the International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering.

Traditionally, dependability for a system incorporates availability, reliability, maintainability but since the 1980s, safety and security have been added to measures of dependability.

Attributes

Attributes are qualities of a system. These can be assessed to determine its overall dependability using Qualitative or Quantitative measures. Avizienis et al. define the following Dependability Attributes:

 * Availability - readiness for correct service
 * Reliability - continuity of correct service
 * Safety - absence of catastrophic consequences on the user(s) and the environment
 * Integrity - absence of improper system alteration
 * Maintainability - ability for easy maintenance (repair)

As these definitions suggested, only Availability and Reliability are quantifiable by direct measurements whilst others are more subjective. For instance Safety cannot be measured directly via metrics but is a subjective assessment that requires judgmental information to be applied to give a level of confidence, whilst Reliability can be measured as failures over time.

Confidentiality, i.e. the absence of unauthorized disclosure of information is also used when addressing security. Security is a composite of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Security is sometimes classed as an attribute but the current view is to aggregate it together with dependability and treat Dependability as a composite term called Dependability and Security.

Practically, applying security measures to the appliances of a system generally improves the dependability by limiting the number of externally originated errors.

Threats
Threats are things that can affect a system and cause a drop in Dependability. There are three main terms that must be clearly understood:

 * Fault: A fault (which is usually referred to as a bug for historic reasons) is a defect in a system. The presence of a fault in a system may or may not lead to a failure. For instance, although a system may contain a fault, its input and state conditions may never cause this fault to be executed so that an error occurs; and thus that particular fault never exhibits as a failure.
 * Error: An error is a discrepancy between the intended behavior of a system and its actual behavior inside the system boundary. Errors occur at runtime when some part of the system enters an unexpected state due to the activation of a fault. Since errors are generated from invalid states they are hard to observe without special mechanisms, such as debuggers or debug output to logs.
 * Failure: A failure is an instance in time when a system displays behavior that is contrary to its specification. An error may not necessarily cause a failure, for instance an exception may be thrown by a system but this may be caught and handled using fault tolerance techniques so the overall operation of the system will conform to the specification.

It is important to note that Failures are recorded at the system boundary. They are basically Errors that have propagated to the system boundary and have become observable. Faults, Errors and Failures operate according to a mechanism. This mechanism is sometimes known as a Fault-Error-Failure chain. As a general rule a fault, when activated, can lead to an error (which is an invalid state) and the invalid state generated by an error may lead to another error or a failure (which is an observable deviation from the specified behavior at the system boundary).

Once a fault is activated an error is created. An error may act in the same way as a fault in that it can create further error conditions, therefore an error may propagate multiple times within a system boundary without causing an observable failure. If an error propagates outside the system boundary a failure is said to occur. A failure is basically the point at which it can be said that a service is failing to meet its specification. Since the output data from one service may be fed into another, a failure in one service may propagate into another service as a fault so a chain can be formed of the form: Fault leading to Error leading to Failure leading to Error, etc.

Means
Since the mechanism of a Fault-Error-Chain is understood it is possible to construct means to break these chains and thereby increase the dependability of a system. Four means have been identified so far:
 * 1) Prevention
 * 2) Removal
 * 3) Forecasting
 * 4) Tolerance

Fault Prevention deals with preventing faults being introduced into a system. This can be accomplished by use of development methodologies and good implementation techniques.

Fault Removal can be sub-divided into two sub-categories: Removal During Development and Removal During Use. Removal during development requires verification so that faults can be detected and removed before a system is put into production. Once systems have been put into production a system is needed to record failures and remove them via a maintenance cycle.

Fault Forecasting predicts likely faults so that they can be removed or their effects can be circumvented.

Fault Tolerance deals with putting mechanisms in place that will allow a system to still deliver the required service in the presence of faults, although that service may be at a degraded level.

Dependability means are intended to reduce the number of failures made visible to the end users of a system.

Persistence
Based on how faults appear or persist, they are classified as:

 * Transient: They appear without apparent cause and disappear again without apparent cause
 * Intermittent: They appear multiple times, possibly without a discernible pattern, and disappear on their own
 * Permanent: Once they appear, they do not get resolved on their own

Dependability of information systems and survivability
Some works on dependability use structured information systems, e.g. with SOA, to introduce the attribute survivability, thus taking into account the degraded services that an Information System sustains or resumes after a non-maskable failure.

The flexibility of current frameworks encourage system architects to enable reconfiguration mechanisms that refocus the available, safe resources to support the most critical services rather than over-provisioning to build failure-proof system.

With the generalisation of networked information systems, accessibility was introduced to give greater importance to users' experience.

To take into account the level of performance, the measurement of performability is defined as "quantifying how well the object system performs in the presence of faults over a specified period of time".

Papers

 * Wilfredo Torres-Pomales: Software Fault Tolerance: A Tutorial, 2002
 * Stefano Porcarelli, Marco Castaldi, Felicita Di Giandomenico, Andrea Bondavalli, Paola Inverardi An Approach to Manage Reconfiguration in Fault-Tolerant Distributed Systems

Conferences
More regionally focused conferences:
 * International Symposium on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN): Flagship conference of the community, annually held since 1970.
 * International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS): Its 40th offering is in 2021.
 * Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing (LADC): Its 10th offering is in 2021.
 * Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC): Its 25th offering is in 2021.

Journals

 * IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC) is the flagship journal that comes under the purview of the IEEE Technical Committee on Fault Tolerant Computing (TCFTC).
 * Prognostics Journal is an open access journal that provides an international forum for the electronic publication of original research and industrial experience articles in all areas of systems dependability and prognostics.
 * International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems

Books

 * J.C. Laprie, Dependability: Basic Concepts and Terminology, Springer-Verlag, 1992. ISBN 0-387-82296-8
 * Daniel P. Siewiorek, Robert S. Swarz, Reliable Computer Systems : Design and Evaluation, A K Peters/CRC Press, 1998. ISBN 978-1568810928

Research projects

 * DESEREC, DEpendability and Security by Enhanced REConfigurability, FP6/IST integrated project 2006–2008
 * NODES, Network on DEpendable Systems
 * ESFORS, European security Forum for Web Services, Software, and Systems, FP6/IST coordination action
 * HIDENETS HIghly DEpendable ip-based NETworks and Services, FP6/IST targeted project 2006–2008
 * RESIST FP6/IST Network of Excellence 2006–2007
 * RODIN Rigorous Open Development Environment for Complex Systems FP6/IST targeted project 2004–2007
 * SERENITY System Engineering for Security and Dependability, FP6/IST integrated project 2006–2008
 * Willow Survivability Architecture, and STILT, System for Terrorism Intervention and Large-scale Teamwork 2002–2004
 * ANIKETOS Dependable and Secure Service Composition, FP7/IST integrated project 2010–2014

title: Dependability


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OCONUS?

 * Keep Acronyms are useful to keep as people may only the know the acronym and wish to find out about it (ie. NASA). Burgundavia 19:40, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no more than a dictionary definition. - SimonP 20:15, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Can it be expanded? See talk:OCONUS. Andrewa 20:20, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Possibly. If not, it should be sent to the dictionary. - Lucky 6.9 21:03, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/OCONUS?


text:
Fairford

Fairford is a market town in Gloucestershire, England. The town lies in the Cotswold hills on the River Coln, 6 mi east of Cirencester, 4 mi west of Lechlade and 9 mi north of Swindon. Nearby are RAF Fairford and the Cotswold Water Park.

Iron Ages
There was a major roundhouse settlement in Horcott (on the south side of the town), and the Welsh Way, which passed through Fairford, was used during this period as a trade route.

Middle Ages
Evidence of settlement in Fairford dates back to the 9th century and it received a royal market grant in the 12th century. An estate in Fairford, which seemingly belonging to Gloucester Abbey, was bequeathed to Burgred of Mercia in the mid 9th century. At the time of the Norman conquest, Brictric, a large landowner in the West Country, held a manor in Fairford. Matilda of Flanders came to own the land which became property of the Crown. In 1100, Robert Fitzhamon, the first Norman feudal baron of Gloucester, is recorded as owning the land which would be passed down to subsequent barons of Gloucester for the next 200 years, along with the manor of Tewkesbury.

In the Domesday Book, Fairford was listed as Fareforde. In 1066 there were three mills in the town, one of which was still used in the wool trade by the 13th century. The mill that survives today was built in the 17th century.

Both Edward I and Henry VIII were royal visitors to the town in 1276 and 1520 respectively.

Fairford is recorded as having a prison in 1248. Hundred courts were held by the lord of the manor and borough.

By the 15th century the land of Fairford was managed by wool merchants John Twynyho and John Tame after George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence was forced to give up his lands after being tried for treason.

17th and 18th century
In 1608, the inhabitants of Fairford were mostly agricultural labourers or artisans.

Fairford Park, to the north of the town, was made part of the manor house grounds, built by Andrew Barker in the 1660s. It would later be turned into a deer park by James Lambe, with an obelisk built to mark the edge of the grounds. The park remained in the Barker family until it was sold to Earnest Cook in 1945.

In 1755, seven innkeepers were licensed in Fairford. The first recording of an inn had been in 1419 and this grew over the centuries owing to Fairford's location as a connecting town between larger metropolitan areas. Stagecoach routes often called at Fairford before travelling on to Gloucester, Cirencester, Bristol, Oxford and London.

19th and 20th century
The first outbreak of the 1830-1831 Swing Riots withinin Gloucestershire, happened in Fairford on 26th November 1830. Farming machinery which was being manufactured in the town was destroyed by protestors who then joined forces with those from the surrounding villages of Quenington, Hatherop, Coln and Southrop.

By this time there were pounds in the town as well as a village lock-up that had been around since at least 1809.

RAF Fairford was constructed in 1944 as a joint British and American base.

From 1947 to 1959, Fairford housed 1,200 Poles in The Displaced Persons Camp who had been displaced due to the Second World War. The site had originally been an American Air Force hospital that was built during the war. The buildings were then repurposed for the camp before being demolished in 1977.

Iraq War
In March 2003 'Flowers to Fairford' was held as a protest against the use of RAF Fairford as the base for the 14 B-52 bombers aircraft which were used to bomb Iraq as part of Operation Desert Storm. Several thousand people attended and there was a large police presence, but the event passed off peacefully. A coach load of people intending to protest was stopped in Lechlade under Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and searched by police and sent back to London. Ninety of the detained demonstrators formed Fairford Coach Action and sought legal recourse against Gloucestershire constabulary. The group stated that:"'On 22 March 2003, the police used surprisingly extreme tactics to prevent more than 120 activists from reaching [the] legally sanctioned anti-war demonstration in Fairford, (Gloucestershire, UK). The demonstration outside a US Airforce Base in Fairford was well attended with estimates of up to 5,000 activists attending. Among the scheduled speakers on the day were writer George Monbiot and Caroline Lucas (MEP). The people who police prevented from attending were a diverse group with a broad range of affiliations. The main thing that they had in common was the desire to travel from London by coach and the intention of joining the legal protest in Fairford. Two of the four main scheduled speakers for the Fairford demonstration were travelling on these coaches from London. After the coaches had travelled two and a half hours from London, the coaches were stopped by police just miles from the demonstration. Using section 60 powers (of the Public Order and Criminal Justice Act 1994) police searched the coaches for weapons for one and a half hours. The passengers cooperated with this search, and they were invited to reboard the coaches when the search concluded. No arrests were made and no items found. After all the passengers boarded, the coaches were escorted immediately back to London under a continuous 9–12 vehicle police escort.'"In 2013, after appeal, Gloucestershire police's actions were found to be unlawful, and included breaching "protesters' rights to freedom of expression and freedom of peaceful assembly." Some of the demonstrators involved were awarded upwards of £4,000 in compensation by a judge after taking their claim to court.

Flooding
In July 2007 Fairford suffered unseasonably high rainfall which led to major flooding of 64 homes on Milton Street and London Street as well as in some other surrounding areas. This meant that many of the annual events had to be cancelled.

Archaeological find
In 2013, a female skeleton was found in the River Coln and was later discovered to be of Sub-Saharan origin. The remains were estimated to be around 1000 years old and it is thought that the woman was around 18-24 when she died.

St Mary's Church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary is renowned for its complete set of medieval stained glass, stone carvings and misericords. Rebuilt in the early 1490s by the wool merchant John Tame (d.1500), the church is an example of late Perpendicular Gothic architecture that is characterised by slim stone window mullions and light but strong buttresses. The style enabled larger windows than previously, allowing much more light into the building. Grade 1 listed by English Heritage, its structure and details remains unaltered since built.

Stained glass, St Mary's Church
St. Mary's is of national historical and architectural importance because it houses the most complete set of mediaeval stained glass windows in the country, attributed to Barnard Flower. The glass survived the Reformation when many images in English churches were destroyed. In 1642, during the Civil War, they narrowly avoided destruction when the Roundhead army was marching on the nearby town of Cirencester.

Some of the panes were damaged during a storm in November 1703 and those were repaired and modified or replaced. A conservation and restoration programme began in 1988 and finished in 2010. Clear glass now protects the old glass.

Churchyard, St Mary's Church
The churchyard includes a stone memorial to Tiddles, the church cat who fell off the church roof. There is also a stone grotesque to commemorate a young boy who climbed up the walls of the church and jumped, falling to his death. The churchyard contains eight Commonwealth war graves; three British Army soldiers, a Royal Navy seaman and a Royal Air Force airman of World War I and two British soldiers and a Home Guardsman of World War II.

St Thomas' of Canterbury
Fairford has a 19th-century Catholic church of St Thomas of Canterbury. Following the closure of the recusant chapel at Hatherop Castle in 1844, a church was built at Horcott the following year at a cost of £700. The first Mass was celebrated in 1845, five years before the Restoration of the Hierarchy in England and before the creation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton. The stained glass window behind the altar depicts St. Thomas of Canterbury in the centre panel, showing the date 1845. The adjoining Presbytery was built 20 years later to designs by Benjamin Bucknall, the architect of Woodchester Mansion. The church contains an organ by Hill and stained glass by William Wailes, Hardman and Geoffrey Robinson. The two windows in the porch were added to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the first Mass. The left window depicts the crest of the de Mauley family; that on the right depicts the Eucharist.

Fairford United Church
In 1981 a group of local Methodists approached the local Congregational Church to use the chapel for their services as there was no Methodist Church in Fairford. They were officially united into one congregation in 1986 and the present church follows the traditions of both the Methodist Church and the Congregational Federation.

The churches in and around Fairford are represented by the organisation Churches Together Around Fairford (CTAF) which has meetings and organises services of unity.

Governance
Fairford was part of the Cirencester Rural District until the Local Government Act 1972, when it became part of the Cotswold District.

Fairford has a Parish Council with 13 members. The mayor is James Nicholls.

After a boundary review implemented for the 2015 local elections, Fairford was split into two District Council electoral wards called Fairford North Ward (single member) and Lechlade, Kempsford and Fairford South Ward (two member). On Cotswold District Council Fairford North Ward is represented by Liberal Democrat Andrew Doherty and Lechlade, Kempsford and Fairford South Ward is as of May 2023 represented by Liberal Democrats Councillors Clare Muir and Helene Mansilla.

As of 2021, the town is represented on Gloucestershire County Council by Conservative Councillor Dom Morris who represents the Fairford and Lechlade on Thames Division.

The ward population at the 2011 census was 4,031.

2017 Cotswold district Council by-election results
Fairford North Ward

Education
The town's secondary school is Farmor's School, an 11-18 co-educational academy. The school was judged to be of outstanding standard, having achieved Grade 1 in its Ofsted inspection in 2010. After becoming an academy it achieved lower grades from the board over the years: "Good", "Requires Improvement" and "Good" again in 2013, 2017 and 2021 respectively.

There is also a primary school (Fairford Primary), and a playgroup. Coln House School was a 9-16, residential/day, state special school. After being put into special measures following a 2016 Ofsted report, the school closed in March 2017. Built in 1822 by Alexander Iles as a private asylum called The Retreat, it closed in 1944 before becoming a school in 1949.

Transport
Fairford was formerly linked to Oxford by the Witney Railway and its extension the East Gloucestershire Railway. The route was active between 1873 and 1962. There have been reports that part of the old track could be cleared of accumulated mountains of detritus and overgrown trees to be re-opened as a cycle path. There is a bus service to Cirencester and Lechlade, from where travellers can transfer to another bus and travel onwards to Swindon.

Media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Oxford TV transmitter.

The town is served by both BBC Radio Wiltshire and BBC Radio Gloucestershire. Other radio stations including Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio South West, Cotswolds Radio, community based radio station and Air Tattoo Live, a RSL station which broadcast coverage during the Royal International Air Tattoo.

Fairford is served by the weekly local newspaper, Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard.

Air Tattoo
For three days every year RAF Fairford hosts one of the world's largest military air shows – the Royal International Air Tattoo. The event usually takes place in July and brings a boost to the economy of the town and surrounding areas.

Ploughing Championship
The Fairford, Faringdon, Filkins and Burford Championship and Country Show held every year since 1948.

Steam Rally
The Ernest Cook Trust used to host the annual Fairford Steam Rally and Show. The Show closed in 2015 after running for 46 years.

Sport and leisure
Fairford has a non-league football team Fairford Town F.C. who play and train at Cinder Lane. Fairford have their own rugby team FRFC, playing in green and black strip. Fairford also has a women's netball team, competing in the nearby Swindon league. The town also has the Walnut Tree Field: a large playing field and park, a cricket club (dating back to the early 1900s), a bowling, sailing and water skiing club. Fairford had a leisure centre until 2019 which had been managed by Farmor's School since 2013.

Fairford also has a youth football club, based at Horcott Road which caters for children between the ages of 5 and 15 years old. The club, established in 1976, is a FA Chartered Club, run by volunteers for the benefit of local children from Fairford and surrounding villages. Teams from U8 and above play in the North Wiltshire Youth Football Leagues.

Literature
The Secret Diary of Sarah Thomas, 1860 – 1865, is a published journal by a Victorian diarist living in Fairford. It features local landmarks.

Notable residents

 * Kenton Cool - (1973 – ) Mountaineer
 * Paul Cornell - (1967 – ) Writer
 * Frank Cadogan Cowper - (1877 – 1958) Artist
 * Sharron Davies - (1962 – ) Competitive swimmer and sports presenter
 * Mary Bathurst Deane - (1843 – 1940) Novelist
 * Barbara Dockar Drysdale - (1912 – 1999) Psychotherapist
 * Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire - (1718 – 1793) Politician
 * Sir Arthr Hirtzel - (1870 – 1937) Civil servant
 * John Keble - (1792 – 1866) Anglican priest and poet
 * Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes - (1878 – 1956) Socialite, who survived the Titanic disaster
 * Mike Winters (1926 – 2013) Comedian

title: Fairford


text:
Karl Nesselrode

Karl Robert Reichsgraf von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven, also known as Charles de Nesselrode (Карл Васильевич Нессельроде; 14 December 1780 – 23 March 1862), was a Russian diplomat of German descent. For 40 years (1816–1856), Nesselrode guided Russian policy as foreign minister. He was also a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance.

Early life
Karl von Nesselrode was born at sea near Lisbon, Portugal into the Uradel House of Nesselrode which originated in the Bergisches Land near the Rhine. His father Count Wilhelm Karl von Nesselrode (1724 - 1810), a count of the Holy Roman Empire, served at the time as the ambassador to Portugal for the German-born Russian empress. His mother was Louise Gontard (1746-1785), whose family belonged to Huguenot noble families from Dauphiné that fled from France to Germany in 1700. In deference to his mother's Protestantism he was baptized in the chapel of the British Embassy, thus becoming a member of the Church of England.

Biography
After his father became the Russian ambassador to the Prussian court about 1787, Nesselrode's education in a Berlin gymnasium re-inforced his Germanic roots. Even though Nesselrode would work for the Russians for the next few decades of his life, he could neither read nor write Russian and spoke it only brokenly.

In 1788, at the age of 8, he officially entered the Imperial Russian Navy. With his father's influence, he secured the position of naval aide-de-camp to Emperor Paul ((r. 1796 – 1801)).

He then transferred to the Imperial Russian Army, and entered diplomatic service under Paul I's son and successor, Emperor Alexander I. He was attached to the Russian embassy at Berlin, and transferred thence to The Hague.

In August 1806 Nesselrode received a commission to travel in southern Germany to report on the French troops there; he was then attached as diplomatic secretary to General Mikhail Kamensky, and then to (ethnic German) generals Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden and Levin August von Bennigsen in succession.

He was present at the inconclusive Battle of Eylau in January 1807, fought by Count von Bennigsen, and assisted at the negotiations of the Peace of Tilsit (July 1807), for which he was commended by Spanish Bonapartist Diego Fernandez de Velasco, 13th Duke of Frías (who in 1811 would die in exile in Paris). During negotiations he was seated at the table with Napoleon I.

Following the Congress of Erfurt in 1808, Nesselrode was secretly accredited by Alexander to serve as his unofficial channel of information between himself and Talleyrand.

Nesselrode became State Secretary in 1814 and was the head of Russia's official delegation to the Congress of Vienna, but for the most part Alexander I acted as his own foreign minister. In 1816, Nesselrode became Russian foreign minister, sharing the position with Count Ioannis Kapodistrias until the latter's retirement in 1822.

For forty years, Nesselrode guided Russian policy and was a leading European conservative statesman of the Holy Alliance. He was a key contributor in the construction of the peaceable congress system after the Napoleonic Wars. Between 1845 and 1856, he served as Chancellor of the Russian Empire. As Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1824, he was a plenipotentiary during negotiations with the United States in defining the boundary between Russian America and the American claims known as the Oregon Country, which were resolved with the Russo-American Treaty of 1824, and a parallel treaty with Britain concerning British claims which overlapped with those of the U.S. A century later in 1924, Mount Nesselrode in the Boundary Ranges of the Alaska-British Columbia boundary was named for him.

Nesselrode is credited as the person who first coined the name "Tournament of Shadows", which was the Russian name for the long rivalry that existed between the Russian Empire and the British Empire beginning in the late 18th and lasting well into the 19th centuries, caused primarily by border tension in Central Asia and India.

In 1849 Nesselrode sent Russian troops to aid Austria in putting down the Hungarian Revolution led by Lajos Kossuth.

One frequently-overlooked facet of Nesselrode's activity involved his attempts to penetrate Japan's self-isolation. In 1853 he dispatched Yevfimiy Putyatin with a letter to the shōgun; Putyatin returned to Saint Petersburg with the favorable Treaty of Shimoda (signed 1855).

Nesselrode's efforts to expand Russia's influence in the Balkans and Mediterranean led to conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, which all became allies opposing Russia in the Crimean War (1853–1856). Britain and France, unhappy with Russia's growing influence, determined to support Turkey and so restrict Russia.

Nesselrode's autobiography was published posthumously in 1866.

Marriage and issue
He was married to Russian noblewoman Maria Guryeva (1786–1849) and had issue:

 * Countess Elena von Nesselrode (1815–1875) married Count Michail Chreptowicz (1809–1892); didn't have issue
 * Count Dimitri von Nesselrode (1816–1891) married Countess Lydia Zakrevskaya (1826–1884); had issue
 * Countess Marie von Nesselrode (1820–1888) married Count Albin Leo von Seebach (1811–1884); had issue

Honours

 * Knight of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of Saint Vladimir.
 * Knight of the Order of the Elephant.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Crown.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order.
 * Knight grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity.
 * Knight of the Order of the White Eagle.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Ghost.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of Charles III.
 * Knight grand Cross of the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit.
 * Grand Cross in the Legion of Honour.

Cuisine legacy
Foods named in his honour but devised by his chef M. Jean Mouy using chestnut puree are-
 * Nesselrode Pudding (Pouding à la Nesselrode), a thick custard cream with sweet puree of chestnut, raisins, candied fruit, currants, cherry liquor and whipped cream molded and served chilled as a bombe with maraschino custard sauce.
 * Nesselrode Pie, a chestnut custard cream pie

title: Karl Nesselrode


text:
Élivágar

In Norse mythology, Élivágar (Old Norse: ; "Ice Waves") are rivers that existed in Ginnungagap at the beginning of the world. The Prose Edda relates:

"The streams called Ice-waves, those which were so long come from the fountain-heads that the yeasty atter upon them had hardened like the slag that runs out of the fire,-these then became ice; and when the ice halted and ceased to run, then it froze over above. But the drizzling rain that rose from the venom congealed to rime, and the rime increased, frost over frost, each over the other, even into Ginnungagap, the Yawning Void. Gylfaginning 5."

The eleven rivers traditionally associated with the Élivágar include the Svöl, Gunnþrá, Fjörm, Fimbulþul, Slíðr, Hríð, Sylgr, Ylgr, Við, Leiptr and Gjöll (which flows closest to the gate of Hel and is spanned by the bridge Gjallarbrú), although many other additional rivers are mentioned by name in both Eddas.

The rivers seem to act as borders between differing lands whether between the gods and the giants or between the mythological world and mortal world.

The Élivágar also figure in the origin of Ymir, the first giant. According to Vafthrúdnismál, Ymir was formed from the poison that dripped from the rivers.

In Gylfaginning, Snorri expands upon this notion considerably. As quoted above, when the venomous yeast from the Élivágar froze to ice and overspread its banks it fell as rain through the mild air of Ginnungagap. The rime, infused with the cold of Niflheim from which the Élivágar find their source in the wellspring Hvergelmir, began to fill the void. It then combined with the life-giving fire and heat of Muspelheim, melting and dripping and giving form to Ymir, progenitor of the rime giants or frost giants.

Elsewhere, Gylfaginning says that, "So many serpents are in Hvergelmir with Nídhögg that no tongue can tell them." These serpents are presumably the source of the venom or poison referred to in the myth.

A reference to the river Leiptr appears in Helgakviða Hundingsbana II, where the Valkyrie Sigrún puts a curse on her brother Dagr for having murdered her husband Helgi Hundingsbane despite him having sworn a holy oath of allegiance to Helgi on the "bright water of Leiptr" (ljósa Leiftrar vatni):

title: Élivágar


text:
Vimur River

In Norse mythology, the Vimur is the largest of the Elivagar rivers that were formed at the beginning of the world.

In Skáldskaparmál 18, part of the Norse Edda written by Snorri Sturluson, the Vimur river is mentioned in the tale of Thor and Geirrod. Thor needed to cross the Vimur on his way to Geirrod's abode. The force of the river threatened to sweep Thor away. Geirrod's daughter, Gjalp, tried to drown them by urinating in the river and causing it to rapidly overflow. Thor hurled a rock into the river, effectively stopping the flow. This, together with the help of a rowan tree, allowed Thor to cross the river.

title: Vimur River


text:
User:Nerdwell

No one.

title: User:Nerdwell


text:
User talk:Johanboie~enwiki

Hello; unfortunately, WordPerfect documents aren't compatible with the Wikipedia software. It would be necessary to put the information in a different format. Thanks. - Hephaestos|§ 19:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Johanboie. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Johanboie~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:55, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:32, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johanboie~enwiki


text:
Junior school

A junior school is a type of school which provides primary education to children, often in the age range from 8 and 13, following attendance at an infant school, which covers the age range 5–7. Since both infant and junior schools provide primary education, pupils are commonly placed in a unified building – a primary school.

Australia
In Australia, a junior school is usually a part of a private school that educates children between the ages of 2 and 5.

In South Australia a junior primary school, it is where a child will begin their education, usually in or before the year level preceding Year 1. Depending on the school, a child will move to the main primary school between the ages of 3 in 8

In most primary schools, the junior primary is located within the same buildings and grounds as the primary school, although some junior schools are located on an adjacent or separate site.

Canada
In Canada, mostly in Toronto, the term junior school is used by the former Etobicoke Board of Education to refer to public schools from kindergarten to grade 5. Most of the schools in the former Scarborough Board of Education and the Toronto Board of Education use the term junior public school for schools from kindergarten to grade 6.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a junior school is usually a small school serving a particular locality, and is also used by independent schools to refer to the nursery and primary school services they offer.

A junior school forms part of the local pattern of provision for primary education. Most junior schools cater for pupils moving from infant schools from the September following their seventh birthday, after they have taken their Key stage 1 SATs. Pupils join in Year 3, and stay at the school for four years, leaving at the end of Year 6 when most pupils are aged 11. These four years form Key Stage 2 in the English education system. At the end of this time, most pupils will move to a secondary school.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a significant number of junior schools were abolished in favour of 9-14 middle schools, and while some of these remain open today the majority of them have been abolished in favour of a return to traditional 7–11 junior schools.

In some London boroughs, a JMI is a "junior mixed infant school" which caters to children aged 4 to 11. Some have been renamed to the more common "primary school".

title: Junior school


text: User talk:67.175.2.247

title: User talk:67.175.2.247


text: User talk:129.174.150.133

title: User talk:129.174.150.133


text:
Robyn Regehr

Robyn Regehr (born April 19, 1980) is a Brazilian-born Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He was a first-round draft pick of the Colorado Avalanche, selected 19th overall at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, but was traded to the Calgary Flames prior to the start of his professional career, and has also played for the Buffalo Sabres in an NHL career that has spanned 1,089 games. Regehr won his first Stanley Cup in 2014 with the Kings, his 15th year in the NHL. He was a member of the Canadian team at the 2006 Winter Olympics, and has won silver medals at the World Junior and Senior championships, as well as the championship at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey.

Regehr was born in Brazil and spent his early childhood in Indonesia before his parents settled back in Canada. At 19, he was the youngest nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy in NHL history after he made his debut less than four months after suffering two broken legs in a serious automobile accident. He is best known for his strong defence and physical ability. His younger brother Richie briefly played with him on the Flames. Regehr announced his retirement from the NHL on April 11, 2015.

Early life
Regehr was born in Recife, Brazil, the second son of Canadian Mennonite missionaries Ron and Edith Regehr. Regehr only lived in Brazil for the first nine months of his life. From three to seven years old he lived in Indonesia, where his younger brother, Richie was born. He also has an older brother and a sister. The family finally settled back in Canada, at Rosthern, Saskatchewan around the time he turned seven. Regehr quickly picked up the game of hockey, but was held back in his first year of minor hockey as he was starting the game three years behind other kids his age. He helped his father operate the natural surface ice rink in Rosthern, often spending hours manually preparing the ice.

Despite being born in Brazil, Regehr cannot speak Portuguese and has very few connections with the country. He declared himself a fan of football and the Brazilian soccer team, and has expressed interest in returning to visit his country of birth.

Junior
The Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League (WHL) selected Regehr with their first pick, 17th overall, in the 1995 WHL Bantam Draft. He played as a 15-year-old with the Prince Albert Mintos of the Saskatchewan Midget AAA Hockey League where he was named the team's top defenceman. He then joined the Blazers for the 1996–97 WHL season. Two years later, the Colorado Avalanche drafted him in the first round, 19th overall, at the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. Regehr broke out following the draft, scoring 12 goals and 32 points in 1998–99, and helped the Blazers reach the WHL championship where they lost to the Calgary Hitmen. He was named a Western Conference All-Star by the WHL and a third-team All-Star by the Canadian Hockey League, and represented Canada at the 1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning a silver medal.

Late in that season, the Calgary Flames dealt all-star forward Theoren Fleury, along with Chris Dingman, to the Avalanche for Rene Corbet, Wade Belak, a draft pick and their choice of a prospect from a list provided by Colorado. Impressed with his defensive potential, the Flames later chose Regehr to complete that trade. His professional career nearly ended before it started, as he was seriously injured in an automobile accident near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 4, 1999. Regehr, who was driving home from a summer trip with his elder brother Dinho (Ronald) and two female friends, was struck head-on by another vehicle that crossed into his path. He suffered two broken legs in the crash that killed two people in the other vehicle. Doctors initially feared that he would never play hockey again.

Calgary Flames
Following operations to repair the damage to Regehr's legs, doctors gained optimism, but expected he would be unable to skate before the end of the year. He far exceeded doctors' expectations; he was skating by the beginning of September and was back playing hockey less than four months following the accident. He played a five-game conditioning stint with the Saint John Flames of the American Hockey League in late October before being recalled by the Flames on October 28, 1999. That night, he made his NHL debut against the Ottawa Senators and was praised by his coach, Brian Sutter, for playing a mistake free game. He scored his first NHL goal on November 10 against the San Jose Sharks. Regehr played 57 games for the Flames in 1999–2000, scoring five goals and 12 points. He was the Flames nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy, which recognizes perseverance, sportsmanship and dedication to hockey. At the age of 19, he was the youngest nominee in NHL history. The Flames also presented him with the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award in honor of his perseverance.

Regehr struggled in 2001–02, finishing with a team worst −24 plus/minus while occasionally being left out of the lineup as a healthy scratch. Unhappy with his season, he focused on improving his game. He overcame rib, abdominal and wrist injuries in 2002–03 to establish himself as a top defender with the team and earned a second Masterton Trophy nomination for his dedication. The Flames rewarded him with a five-year contract extension prior to the 2003–04 season. They also named him an alternate captain, a position he continuously held for the remainder of his stay in Calgary.

Not known for his offensive ability, Regehr ended a 100-game goal scoring drought early in the season, finishing with four for the season. He set a career high with 18 points, and was a key player in the Flames improbable run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals facing top opposition players. He played the final two games of the Stanley Cup Finals despite tearing ligaments in his foot in game five. His performance in the post season earned him the praise of his opponents.

While the 2004–05 season was cancelled due to a labor dispute, Regehr played in a European charity tour that saw NHL players form a "Worldstars" team that played ten games in seven countries in December 2004. While he enjoyed the tour, Regehr stated that he was not interested in joining the many other NHL players who signed on with European teams during the lockout. He was also critical of the position of the league in the lockout, and took on a greater role within the National Hockey League Players Association (NHLPA) when he succeeded Jarome Iginla as the Flames player representative following the lockout.

While the NHL returned to action in 2005–06, he missed the first month of the season after suffering a knee injury in a pre-season game. Doctors considered Regehr fortunate, believing that a knee brace he had been wearing prevented a more severe injury that would have seen him miss up to six months. Despite missing 14 games, he set career highs in goals (6), assists (20) and points (26). He continued to quietly lead the Flames defence and earned a spot on the Canadian Olympic team in 2006. Regehr briefly played with his brother, Richie, who made his NHL debut with the Flames on December 29, 2005. He played the full season in 2006–07, including his 500th career game on March 15, 2007, against the Dallas Stars and scored his 100th career point on March 31 against the Vancouver Canucks. However, he was again forced out of the lineup due to a knee injury after only one game in the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs.

Following the season, the Flames signed Regehr to another five-year contract extension worth a total of US$20-million. The deal was considered to be worth less than he could have gotten as an unrestricted free agent the following year, but he chose to take less to stay in a city his family enjoyed and on a team he felt was competitive. Regehr played all 82 games for the Flames in 2007–08 despite being hit in the face by the puck in a game, and suffering a deep bruise on his foot while blocking a shot that was initially feared to be a broken bone.

Off the ice, Regehr was named to an NHLPA committee formed in 2007 to find a replacement for ousted Executive Director Ted Saskin. The union hired Paul Kelly in October 2007, however he was controversially dismissed less than two years later. Regehr defended the firing, though he and all player representatives were criticized for how they handled Kelly's dismissal.

Another knee injury ended his 2008–09 season after 75 games and left him unavailable for the playoffs. He expressed his frustrations with coach Mike Keenan, who was fired by the team after failing to advance past the first round of the playoffs, criticizing Keenan's lack of structure and expressing optimism for the team's chances under a new coach. After failing to score a goal in 2008–09 and the first half of the 2009–10 season, Regehr scored his first goal in 141 games on January 18, 2010, against the San Jose Sharks. He finished with 2 goals and 17 points that season and matched those totals in 2010–11. Upon playing his 804th game late in the season, Regehr surpassed Al MacInnis as the team's all-time leader in games played by a defenceman.

Buffalo and Los Angeles
After missing the playoffs in the two previous seasons and needing to clear salary cap space to sign Alex Tanguay, the Flames dealt Regehr to the Buffalo Sabres on June 25, 2011. He was sent to Buffalo, along with Aleš Kotalík and a second round selection at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Paul Byron and Chris Butler. According to Flames' general manager Jay Feaster, the deal "surprised" Regehr, who initially was unsure he would waive his no-trade clause and agree to the deal. Regehr accepted the deal after speaking with Sabres' management.

In his first season with Buffalo, 2011–12, Regehr led the Sabres with 172 hits and finished second with 112 blocked shots. His one-goal on the season ended another lengthy scoring drought that lasted nearly 11 months. His tenure with the Sabres ended 21 games into the 2012–13 season. In the final year of his contract and with Buffalo out of playoff contention, he was dealt to the Los Angeles Kings on April 1, 2013, in exchange for two second round draft picks. The Kings acquired Regehr to add a veteran presence and aid the team's penalty kill. He appeared in 41 games during the season, split between the two teams, and recorded four assists. Shortly after the Kings reached the third round of the 2013 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Regehr and the team agreed to a two-year, $6 million contract extension. After the Kings were eliminated from the post-season by the Chicago Blackhawks, Kings' coach Darryl Sutter revealed he had played the entire playoffs with an elbow injury that required off-season surgery to repair.

In the 2013–14 season, Regehr begun his 15th year in the NHL, and played his 1,000th game on February 1, 2014, against the Philadelphia Flyers. At the 2014 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Regher only played the first round against the San Jose Sharks before being sidelined with a knee injury. Once the Kings won the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals, captain Dustin Brown finished his victory lap by handing the Stanley Cup to Regehr, thanking the veteran for his off-ice presence.

Following the last regular season game for the Kings and the last day of the 2014–15 regular season, Regehr announced that he would retire from professional hockey.

International play
Regehr joined the Canadian junior team for the 1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, playing all seven games for the silver medal winning Canadians. He made his first appearance with the senior team following his rookie season in the NHL, playing six games in the 2000 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. His emergence in the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs earned him consideration for Canada's entry at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. He was named to the team by executive director Wayne Gretzky as he looked to bring a younger team to this tournament than played at the 2002 Winter Olympics. The decision worked, as Regehr and the Canadians won the championship.

He played in his second world championship in 2005, where he won a silver medal after Canada lost the final to the Czech Republic 3–0. The following year, he was named to the Canadian Olympic team for the 2006 Winter Olympics. He recorded one assist in six games, though Canada was unable to defend its 2002 gold medal, failing to medal entirely. Regehr participated in team Canada's orientation camp for the 2010 Games in the hopes of earning a second opportunity to win an Olympic medal.

Personal life
Regehr married his wife Kristina in late 2007, and the couple have two sons. While in Calgary, they were active in the community, serving as honorary co-chairs of the Impact Foundation, an organization that aims to help kids deal with the challenges of growing up. Regehr donated $75 to the organization for every bodycheck he was credited with during the NHL season. He is also active with Right to Play, an athlete driven organization that aims to improve the lives of the world's most impoverished children through sport. He made a trip to Mozambique in the summer of 2008 as an ambassador to the organization, and has participated in charity events for the organization. The Flames named him the inaugural recipient of the J. R. "Bud" McCaig Award in 2006 in honor of his contributions to society. He is an avid outdoorsman; his favorite winter activity is snowmobiling. He favours wakeboarding in the summer, and has spent time teaching kids outdoor safety.

title: Robyn Regehr


text:
Neon Hunk

Neon Hunk was a husband/wife noise music duo from Milwaukee, composed of Jennifurmium (Mothmaster) - vocals and analog synthesizer/ring modulator, and Pink Diamond (Mossmaster) - Drums, Vocals, and Modular Digital Synthesizer. Neon Hunk formed in the summer of 2000 under the name Abracadaver, but changed their name to Neon Hunk in 2001. Neon Hunk disbanded in 2004. Both members of Neon Hunk have continued to record music independently after halting activity with the band.

The music of Neon Hunk featured sparse, drum and synthesizer arrangements, generally non-tonal, and often in non-standard and frequently changing time signatures. Neon Hunk's vocals were processed with a vocoder with a noise source as the carrier, and were often likened to the sound of a cougar.

Their sound combined aspects of progressive and experimental rock, punk, avant-garde electronic/noise music, and at times, free-improvisation. The music is held together with a quirky, cartoonish pop sensibility. Typical Neon Hunk songs rarely exceeded two minutes, though live shows sometimes featured longer improvised jam-sessions (as documented on their tape-only release Neyan Honkies and the self-released tour only release, SECRETS OF THE HUNK).

Neon Hunk sited diverse influences including Black Sabbath, Melvins, Ruins, Rush, Blue Cheer, early Devo, and Kraftwerk, as well as musical contemporaries such as many of their Load Records peers and many other artists within the underground noise and punk community.

The twosome was known for their lively, high energy shows, disjointed dance moves, and scrapped-together, bright, home-modified masks and costumes.

Neon Hunk toured the US and Canada several times in summers and winters from 2001 to 2003 including partial or whole tours with Hair Police, Mammal, Wolf Eyes, The Locust, Chinese Stars, Kites, and Black Coitus Family.

Neon Hunk's final performance was in 2004 at the De Stijl festival in Minneapolis, MN alongside The Dream Aktion Unit (Thurston Moore/Chris Corsano/Paul Flaherty/Jim O’Rourke), Devendra Banhart, Wooden Wand and the Vanishing Voice, Dead Machines, and other noise/freak weirdos.

Since the dissolution of Neon Hunk, Mossmaster and Mothmaster have continued recording music under various names. Mossmaster has self-released several solo CDr's, and as of 2009 is working on a full-length album and recording music for various film and video related media.

Discography

 * AbraCadaver 7-inch EP (Liquid Death/Hello Pussy Records 2001)
 * Split 7-inch EP with My Name is Rar Rar (Liquid Death/Hello Pussy Records 2002)
 * SECRETS OF THE HUNK (Self-Released tour only release - two versions with different packaging 2002 & 2003)
 * Neyan Honkies Cassette (Heresee 2002)
 * Smarmymob (Load Records 2003)
 * Split 10-inch EP as Crystal Fantasy with Hair Police (Liquid Death/Hello Pussy Records ??)

title: Neon Hunk


text:
Talk:Salix × fragilis

Untitled
Facts for this article were taken from. The previous version gave completely different data and is probably a joke. Andris 20:03, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Salix fr. bullata
In Finland I see lots of Salix fragilis bullata - any info about those. I am sure about the names as Some of them were freshly planted with their labels still on. Ensonic (talk) 16:43, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * While reminding myself of the nomenclatural status of the name Salix fragilis I found a statement that 'Bullata' is a clone of Salix euxina. Lavateraguy (talk) 12:52, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 23 July 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 15:56, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

Salix fragilis → Salix euxina – The name Salix fragilis is obsolete and other Wikipedia articles are already reflecting this (e.g. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_babylonica#Horticultural_selections_and_related_hybrids). Salix × fragilis is the name for what used to be (now a synonym) S. × rubens, that means the hybrid between Salix euxina and Salix alba. See https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757021 Please note that the proposal for nomen conservandum Salix fragilis auct. did not pass in 2005. Vladimír Fuka (talk) 14:14, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Seems pretty uncontroversial to me; Kew agrees on this usage . -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:38, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * This would need some cleanup of the text after the move. But POWO accepts Salix ×fragilis (syn Salix ×rubens). I suspect that this has been moved to the wrong place - while the species has been renamed as Salix euxina, that may not have been the subject of the article. Lavateraguy (talk) 12:12, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
 * To the degree that the subject is identifiable the article is about Salix ×fragilis. See this. Lavateraguy (talk) 12:39, 6 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The move was wrong. Sources, and the article section referred to (Salix babylonica) are clear that Salix × fragilis and Salix euxina are distinct, and this article is supposed to be about the former. I will move the article to Salix × fragilis and clean it up a bit. Peter coxhead (talk) 05:49, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've made the move and created a stub at Salix euxina. Some more work is needed. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:22, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Now expanded. The taxonomy is ok, but the description still needs some work, because older sources may be describing either this species or S. euxina. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:53, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not so sure about that, the name that used to be applied to the hybrid used to be Salix rubens. Salix fragilis was really always commonly used for the pure species that is now named Salix euxina. The renaming of the taxons made a lot of confusion because it was thought that L. described the pure species. Indeed, you will commonly find the common name "brittle willow" together with the name Salix euxina. The species was previously undescribed (legally, because people thought it was described by L.) but not unknown. The hybrid nature of many specimens was well understood and the hybrid was well-known and named Salix rubens. Only later it was find out that L. actually used the name Salix fragilis to what was commonly known as Salix rubens and hence he has the priority and Salix rubens has to be renamed to Salix fragilis. Vladimír Fuka (talk) 11:07, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * My understanding is the Salix x rubens was named from the backcross with Salix alba, and that most of the plants outside the native range of Salix euxina are the hybrid; the problem was not just that people thought that Linneaus described the full species, but also that the line between the species and the hybrid was drawn in the wrong place. The 3rd edition of Stace says that 3 out of the 4 varieties of Salix fragilis, including the type, are the hybrid. Lavateraguy (talk) 16:28, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * the problem was not that many botanists weren't aware that there was a pure species and a hybrid, but, as Belyaeva discovered, was that many herbarium specimens, including those underlying Flora Europaea, were a mixture of the pure species and the hybrid – mostly the latter – with the result that many descriptions were confused/confusing. This confusion is independent of which name was or should be used for each.
 * Thank you for the more detailed explanation. I think some of the explanations I read (and the now available descriptions for our local flora) were a bit simplified. I would like just want to stress that S. euxina is not limited to the Black sea as might appear to some. The selected specimens in Belyayva 2009 are from all over Central and Western Europe - including the British Isles (but not Scandinavia).Vladimír Fuka (talk) 12:38, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * The taxonomy section could be expanded to discuss the decision not to conserve Salix fragilis for the pure species, but to accept a newly designated lectotype which was clearly the hybrid. It's a matter of judgement as to how far very technical taxonomic issues like this should be explained in Wikipedia; I have been criticized in the past for going into too much taxonomic detail. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:58, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I've put Stace's view on var. decipiens not being the hybrid in the article, but it contradicts Belyaeva and PoWO. I wonder what his source is, or whether it's his personal view. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:58, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * He had the same position in the 3rd edition (2010), which may have been written before Belyaeva published. It is conceivable that var. decipiens auct. Brit. is not the same as var. decipiens W.D.J.Koch. (There's a paper in the last issue of British and Irish Botany which says that there's been inconsistent application of variety names in Betula pubescens.) Sell & Murrell follow Belyaeva. They also write "Continental authors believed what British authors called var. decipiens was typical Salix fragilis. British authors believed that the typical Salix fragilis was a different plant based on John Ray's Salix folio longo latoque splendente, fragilis ... cited by Linnaeus." This is at least consistent with a difference of application, as is giving Salix fragilis auct. and Salix decipiens auct. as the synonymy of Salix euxina, and consequently rejecting var. decipiens as a distinct taxon. I would have hoped that Belyaeva addressed this point. Sell & Murrell also add vars. rubens and basfordiana.
 * Sell & Murrell give Salix euxina as the parent of several hybrids; one wonders whether the parentage of "fragilis hybrids" has been fully disentangled. Lavateraguy (talk) 21:43, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

Broken link - may not be correct
The link to http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/crack-willow.pdf title 'USFS—United States Forest Service: Salix fragilis — "Weed of the Week"' is broken, although the ref is used repeated. There's a copy at archive.org, but I'm not sure that it's about the right species. It says that it forms hybrids with Salix alba, has leaves which are "pale to white-hairless below", and grows readily from seed. This fits much better with Belyaeva's description of Salix euxina.

as you've looked at this article, do you have a view? Peter coxhead (talk) 09:26, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * archive.org is timing out. One would expect that taxon in North America to be the hybrid, and forming hybrids with Salix alba could be a reference to Salix x rubens. But in the absence of access to the document one doesn't know where they sourced their information from. Lavateraguy (talk) 16:45, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salix × fragilis


text:
Tano River

The Tano or Tanoé River is a river in Ghana. It flows for 400 kilometres from a town called Traa a suburb of Techiman the capital town of Bono East Region of the Republic of Ghana to Ehy Lagoon, Tendo Lagoon and finally Aby Lagoon in Ivory Coast where it enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river forms the last few kilometres of the international land boundary between Ghana and Ivory Coast.

Indigious local beliefs of Bono hold that Taakora, the highest of the Bono gods on Earth lives at the source of the river.

The last few individuals of Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius waldronae), one of the world's most threatened primates, are believed to live in the forest between the river and Ehy Lagoon. As of mid-2008, this area is slated for logging by Unilever, with the aim to replace it with oil palm plantations.

In January of 2020, a truck with loads of sulfuric acid plunged into the Tano river. On January 13 the people were advised to not drink the water because of contamination. The river has since been restored to its natural state.

title: Tano River


text:
Yasu River

The Yasu River (野洲川) is located in Shiga Prefecture, Japan; it is the largest river to flow into Lake Biwa. It rises from Mount Gozaisho and flows through Kōka, Konan, Rittō, Moriyama and Yasu. It forked at the lower reaches and made a delta region, but they were combined in 1979.

History
The Tōkaidō, one of the Edo Five Routes which connected east and west Japan during the Edo period, paralleled the river. Post towns along the river included Tsuchiyama-juku, Minakuchi-juku and Ishibe-juku. The Yasu River also crossed the Nakasendō, another one of the Edo Five Routes, separating Moriyama-juku and Musa-juku.

title: Yasu River


text:
Tettnang

Tettnang is a town in the Bodensee district in southern Baden-Württemberg in Swabia region of Germany.

It lies 7 kilometres from Lake Constance. The region produces significant quantities of Tettnang hop, an ingredient of beer, and ships them to breweries throughout the world.

History
Tettinang or Tettinac was first mentioned in 882 in a document of the Abbey of St. Gall. In the beginning of the 10th century the castle of the Counts of Montfort was built near the town. The town privileges were granted in 1294 by King Adolf of Nassau. The reign of the Counts of Montfort ended 1780 when they sold the county to Austria, along with Tettnang Castle to pay debts. The county became part of Further Austria under the house of Habsburg. In the Peace of Pressburg of 1805 it became Bavarian property which gave it to Württemberg five years later. With the merge of Baden, Hohenzollern and Württemberg in 1952 it became part of the new formed state Baden-Württemberg. Until 1973 it was capital of the district Tettnang which was merged with parts of district of Überlingen to form the Bodenseekreis.

Trivia
The second release of the Linux operating system Fedora was named "Tettnang" because of the hops grown in Tettnang being used for making beer. The release was preceded by the beer-related name "Yarrow" (an early substitute for hops) and followed by "Heidelberg" (a German city and the name of a distributor of beer).

The anti-virus software vendor Avira, a company with around 100 million customers and 500 employees all over the world, has its headquarters in Tettnang. Based near Lake Constance, the security specialist is one of the biggest regional entrepreneurs.

Notable people

 * Antje von Dewitz (born 1972), business woman
 * Juliane Banse (born 1969), soprano
 * Winfried Brugger (1950-2010), legal scientist
 * Marco Mathis (born 1994), cyclist
 * Sascha Rösler (born 1977), footballer
 * Thiemo Storz (born 1991), racing car driver
 * Gregor Traber (born 1992), athlete

Other personalities associated with Tettnang

 * Eduard Adorno (1920-2000), landowner and politician (CDU)
 * Ivan Shekov (born 1942), composer and concert pianist
 * Thom Barth (born 1951), painter, graphic artist and installation artist

title: Tettnang


text:
User:Burschenschafter

Wondering what the Burschenschaft is?

English

(by whom?)

 * By whom what? Burschenschafter

You keep adding the 'by whom? thing to the Erika Steinbach article, so I thought you like it. Don't you?
 * It wasn't me who added it in the first place. I'm restoring Irridenta's edits. But I agree that it is a legitimate question which none of you Polish guys actually have answered yet. Burschenschafter
 * By Polish Politicians, for instance. Note that this question belongs to the discussion, not to the main body of the article - and that's where my sarcasm comes from. Too bad you don't use the discussions lists too often, you'd know. Halibutt 10:39, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree that it belongs to the discussion page. And if the claim is not substantiated, that her "suitability to head the Federation of Expellees, has been questioned", it will be removed. Burschenschafter

 * But it was sustained in a variety of ways. Just read the discussion. Even one of the German contributors quoted Steinbach replying to such accusations by saying that one doesn't have to be a whale... and so on. If she replied to such accusations then such accusations must've existed. Halibutt 16:59, Jul 22, 2004 (UTC)

logic, consistency etc.
Oh, are you saying that Poles (=Polish speakers which considered themselves to be Poles) born inside Germany, Austria or Russia before the Polish state was created after WWI were not Poles at all, but Germans, Austrians and Russians? Burschenschafter

And the same applies to Czechs, sorry, I mean Austrians? Burschenschafter

There is a big difference between German families immigrating out of Germany, for generations living outside of Germany and Polish people, whose country has been invaded and partitioned, I mean robbed and stolen.Space Cadet 23:07, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I do not see the difference. A country called Germany didn't exist before 1871, so it wasn't "outside of Germany" at all. Burschenschafter

title: User:Burschenschafter