text:
The Cat Concerto

The Cat Concerto is a 1947 American one-reel animated cartoon and the 29th Tom and Jerry short, released to theatres on April 26, 1947. It was produced by Fred Quimby and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with musical supervision by Scott Bradley, and animation by Kenneth Muse, Ed Barge and Irven Spence and uncredited animation by Don Patterson.

Plot
At a formal concert, Tom, dressed in a white tie, plays Franz Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" on the piano. Jerry, who lives inside the piano, disrupts Tom's performance by mock-conducting him. Tom tries to flick Jerry away but continues playing. Jerry emerges from under a piano key, and Tom tries unsuccessfully to hit him with the key and smash him. Jerry manipulates the piano's keys from inside, irritating Tom, who hits him with a tuning tool. In retaliation, Jerry slams the keyboard lid on Tom's fingers and tries to cut his finger with scissors. After several failed attempts, Jerry sets a mousetrap, catching Tom's finger.

Tom climbs onto the piano to chase Jerry, playing with his feet. Jerry dances on the felts, briefly changing the tune. Tom bounces Jerry with a chord, eventually catching him and throwing him into the piano stool. Jerry manipulates the seat controls, sending Tom crashing onto the keys. Tom, fed up, stuffs Jerry into the piano felts and goes wild on the piano. The felts bash Jerry around, but he emerges angry and retaliates by playing the rhapsody's finale with felts as drumsticks, causing Tom to collapse in exhaustion. The audience applauds, and Jerry takes credit for the performance as a spotlight shines on him.

Reception
Following its release, The Cat Concerto was met with critical acclaim, and is considered one of the best Tom and Jerry cartoons. With an early showing in 1946 it qualified for and won the 1946 Oscar for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. In 1994, it was voted #42 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of All Time by members of the animation field.

The short won the duo their fourth consecutive Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, tied with Walt Disney Productions' musical series, the Silly Symphonies. The short also appears in Empire magazine's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list as the number 434.

Film critic The Chiel of Australian newspaper The Age declared The Cat Concerto to be the best film of 1947, above Odd Man Out and Brief Encounter, stating that "in conception and animation I think that short reaches the highest level of screen fantasy and humor."

Plagiarism dispute
In the same year that MGM produced The Cat Concerto, Warner Bros. released a similar Bugs Bunny cartoon titled Rhapsody Rabbit, directed by Friz Freleng, featuring Bugs Bunny facing off against an unnamed mouse. Both cartoons shared nearly identical gags, featured the same piece by Franz Liszt, and had similar endings. The studios accused each other of plagiarism when both films were submitted for the 1947 Academy Awards ceremony. Technicolor was accused of sending a print of one cartoon to the competing studio, which allegedly plagiarized its rival's work. The details of this accusation remain uncertain, although Rhapsody Rabbit has an earlier MPAA certificate number and release date, while The Cat Concerto had a higher production number at #165, compared to the other shorts released around the same time in the 150s range.

Both films are currently owned by Warner Bros. through Turner Entertainment Co. following a series of mergers and acquisitions. This controversy was later explored in an episode of the Cartoon Network series ToonHeads.

Availability
VHS
 * Tom and Jerry's Greatest Chases Vol. 1

DVD Blu-ray Streaming
 * Tom and Jerry's Greatest Chases, Vol. 1
 * Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection: 15 Winners
 * Tom and Jerry: Deluxe Anniversary Collection Disc One
 * Tom and Jerry Golden Collection Volume One, Disc Two
 * Tom and Jerry's Musical Mayhem
 * Tom and Jerry Golden Collection Volume One, Disc Two
 * Amazon Prime Video (UK)
 * HBO Max (US)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Cat Concerto


text:
Hank Roberts

Hank Roberts (born March 24, 1954, Terre Haute, Indiana) is an American jazz cellist and vocalist. He plays the electric cello, and his style is a mixture of rock, jazz, avant-garde, folk, and classical influences. He emerged with the downtown New York City jazz scene of the 1980s and is associated with its post-modern tendencies.

Background
In the early 1980s, Roberts made a number of recordings for the defunct JMT label, was a featured member of the Bill Frisell Quartet, and was an important voice in many groups of saxophonist Tim Berne. Roberts also recorded three discs with the Arcado String Trio, an improvisational chamber group featuring Mark Feldman, violin, and Mark Dresser, double bass.

In the early 1990s, Roberts left Frisell's group and stopped touring widely. He continued to release recordings, if sporadically, including with the progressive folk group Ti Ti Chickapea. In 2008, he was again touring and performing regularly, releasing Green (with Jim Black and Marc Ducret) on Winter & Winter, Stefan F. Winters subsequent label to JMT. In December 2011, Winter & Winter released Roberts' Everything Is Alive, as well as re-releasing his entire JMT catalogue.

As leader

 * Black Pastels (JMT, 1987)
 * Birds of Prey (JMT, 1990)
 * Little Motor People (JMT, 1993)
 * 22 Years from Now (Level Green, 1997)
 * I'll Always Remember (Level Green, 1998)
 * Cause and Reflect (Level Green, 1998)
 * The Truth and Reconciliation Show (I Town, 2002)
 * Green (Winter & Winter, 2008) with Marc Ducret and Jim Black
 * Everything Is Alive (Winter & Winter, 2011) with Bill Frisell, Jerome Harris and Kenny Wollesen
 * Congeries of Ethereal Phenomena (Newvelle, 2019)
 * Science of Love (Sunnyside, 2021) with Hank Roberts Sextet

With Arcado String Trio
 * Arcado (JMT, 1989)
 * Behind the Myth (JMT, 1990)
 * For Three Strings and Orchestra (JMT, 1992)

With Miniature (Joey Baron, Tim Berne, Roberts)
 * Miniature (JMT, 1989)
 * I Can't Put My Finger on It (JMT, 1992)

With Buffalo Collision
 * Duck (Screwgun, 2008)

With Tim Berne and Aurora Nealand
 * Oceans And (Intakt, 2023)

As sideman
With Tim Berne
 * Fulton Street Maul (CBS, 1986)
 * Sanctified Dreams (Columbia, 1988)
 * Tim Berne's Fractured Fairy Tales (JMT, 1989)
 * Diminutive Mysteries (Mostly Hemphill) (JMT, 1993)

With Bill Frisell
 * Lookout for Hope (ECM, 1987)
 * Before We Were Born (Nonesuch, 1989)
 * Where in the World (Nonesuch, 1991)
 * Unspeakable (Nonesuch, 2004)
 * Richter 858 (Songlines, 2005)
 * History, Mystery (Nonesuch, 2008)
 * Disfarmer (Nonesuch, 2009)
 * Sign of Life: Music for 858 Quartet (Savoy, 2011)
 * Big Sur (Okeh, 2013)
 * Harmony (Blue Note records, 2019)

With Alex Cline
 * The Lamp and the Star (ECM, 1987)

With Marilyn Crispell
 * Santuerio (1993)

With Ti Ti Chickapea
 * Change of Worlds (2000)
 * Firestick (2002)

With Edmar Castañeda
 * Cuarto de Colores (2006)

With Donald Rubinstein
 * Martin (Motion Picture Soundtrack) (Varèse Sarabande, 1978)
 * When She Kisses the Ship on His Arm (Bare Bones, 2009)

title: Hank Roberts


text: User talk:64.222.38.165

title: User talk:64.222.38.165


text:
Supermultiplet

In theoretical physics, a supermultiplet is a representation of a supersymmetry algebra, possibly with extended supersymmetry.

Then a superfield is a field on superspace which is valued in such a representation. Naïvely, or when considering flat superspace, a superfield can simply be viewed as a function on superspace. Formally, it is a section of an associated supermultiplet bundle.

Phenomenologically, superfields are used to describe particles. It is a feature of supersymmetric field theories that particles form pairs, called superpartners where bosons are paired with fermions.

These supersymmetric fields are used to build supersymmetric quantum field theories, where the fields are promoted to operators.

History
Superfields were introduced by Abdus Salam and J. A. Strathdee in a 1974 article. Operations on superfields and a partial classification were presented a few months later by Sergio Ferrara, Julius Wess and Bruno Zumino.

Naming and classification
The most commonly used supermultiplets are vector multiplets, chiral multiplets (in $$d = 4,\mathcal{N} = 1$$ supersymmetry for example), hypermultiplets (in $$d = 4,\mathcal{N} = 2$$ supersymmetry for example), tensor multiplets and gravity multiplets. The highest component of a vector multiplet is a gauge boson, the highest component of a chiral or hypermultiplet is a spinor, the highest component of a gravity multiplet is a graviton. The names are defined so as to be invariant under dimensional reduction, although the organization of the fields as representations of the Lorentz group changes.

The use of these names for the different multiplets can vary in literature. A chiral multiplet (whose highest component is a spinor) may sometimes be referred to as a scalar multiplet, and in $$d = 4,\mathcal{N} = 2$$ SUSY, a vector multiplet (whose highest component is a vector) can sometimes be referred to as a chiral multiplet.

Superfields in d = 4, N = 1 supersymmetry
Conventions in this section follow the notes by.

A general complex superfield $$\Phi(x, \theta, \bar \theta)$$ in $$d = 4, \mathcal{N} = 1$$ supersymmetry can be expanded as

 * $$\Phi(x, \theta, \bar\theta) = \phi(x) + \theta\chi(x) + \bar\theta \bar\chi'(x) + \bar \theta \sigma^\mu \theta V_\mu(x) + \theta^2 F(x) + \bar \theta^2 \bar F'(x) + \bar\theta^2 \theta\xi(x) + \theta^2 \bar\theta \bar \xi' (x) + \theta^2 \bar\theta^2 D(x)$$,

where $$\phi, \chi, \bar \chi', V_\mu, F, \bar F', \xi, \bar \xi', D$$ are different complex fields. This is not an irreducible supermultiplet, and so different constraints are needed to isolate irreducible representations.

Chiral superfield
A (anti-)chiral superfield is a supermultiplet of $$d=4, \mathcal{N} = 1$$ supersymmetry.

In four dimensions, the minimal $$\mathcal{N}=1$$ supersymmetry may be written using the notion of superspace. Superspace contains the usual space-time coordinates $$x^{\mu}$$, $$\mu=0,\ldots,3$$, and four extra fermionic coordinates $$\theta_\alpha,\bar\theta^\dot\alpha$$ with $$\alpha, \dot\alpha = 1,2$$, transforming as a two-component (Weyl) spinor and its conjugate.

In $$d = 4,\mathcal{N} = 1$$ supersymmetry, a chiral superfield is a function over chiral superspace. There exists a projection from the (full) superspace to chiral superspace. So, a function over chiral superspace can be pulled back to the full superspace. Such a function $$\Phi(x, \theta, \bar\theta)$$ satisfies the covariant constraint $$\overline{D}\Phi=0$$, where $$\bar D$$ is the covariant derivative, given in index notation as
 * $$\bar D_\dot\alpha = -\bar\partial_\dot\alpha - i\theta^\alpha \sigma^\mu_{\alpha\dot\alpha}\partial_\mu.$$

A chiral superfield $$\Phi(x, \theta, \bar\theta)$$ can then be expanded as

 * $$ \Phi (y, \theta ) = \phi(y) + \sqrt{2} \theta \psi (y) + \theta^2 F(y),$$

where $$ y^\mu = x^\mu + i \theta \sigma^\mu \bar{\theta} $$. The superfield is independent of the 'conjugate spin coordinates' $$\bar\theta$$ in the sense that it depends on $$\bar\theta$$ only through $$y^\mu$$. It can be checked that $$\bar D_\dot\alpha y^\mu = 0.$$

The expansion has the interpretation that $$\phi$$ is a complex scalar field, $$\psi$$ is a Weyl spinor. There is also the auxiliary complex scalar field $$F$$, named $$F$$ by convention: this is the F-term which plays an important role in some theories.

The field can then be expressed in terms of the original coordinates $$(x,\theta, \bar \theta)$$ by substituting the expression for $$y$$:
 * $$\Phi(x, \theta, \bar\theta) = \phi(x) + \sqrt{2} \theta \psi (x) + \theta^2 F(x) + i\theta\sigma^\mu\bar\theta\partial_\mu\phi(x) - \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}}\theta^2\partial_\mu\psi(x)\sigma^\mu\bar\theta - \frac{1}{4}\theta^2\bar\theta^2\square\phi(x).$$

Antichiral superfields
Similarly, there is also antichiral superspace, which is the complex conjugate of chiral superspace, and antichiral superfields.

An antichiral superfield $$\Phi^\dagger$$ satisfies $$D \Phi^\dagger = 0,$$ where
 * $$D_\alpha = \partial_\alpha + i\sigma^\mu_{\alpha\dot\alpha}\bar\theta^\dot\alpha\partial_\mu.$$

An antichiral superfield can be constructed as the complex conjugate of a chiral superfield.

Actions from chiral superfields
For an action which can be defined from a single chiral superfield, see Wess–Zumino model.

Vector superfield
The vector superfield is a supermultiplet of $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ supersymmetry.

A vector superfield (also known as a real superfield) is a function $$V(x,\theta,\bar\theta)$$ which satisfies the reality condition $$V = V^\dagger$$. Such a field admits the expansion

 * $$V = C + i\theta\chi - i \overline{\theta}\overline{\chi} + \tfrac{i}{2}\theta^2(M+iN)-\tfrac{i}{2}\overline{\theta^2}(M-iN) - \theta \sigma^\mu \overline{\theta} A_\mu +i\theta^2 \overline{\theta} \left( \overline{\lambda} + \tfrac{i}{2}\overline{\sigma}^\mu \partial_\mu \chi \right) -i\overline{\theta}^2 \theta \left(\lambda + \tfrac{i}{2}\sigma^\mu \partial_\mu \overline{\chi} \right) + \tfrac{1}{2}\theta^2 \overline{\theta}^2 \left(D + \tfrac{1}{2}\Box C\right).$$

The constituent fields are
 * Two real scalar fields $$C$$ and $$D$$
 * A complex scalar field $$M + iN$$
 * Two Weyl spinor fields $$\chi_\alpha$$ and $$\lambda^\alpha$$
 * A real vector field (gauge field) $$A_\mu$$

Their transformation properties and uses are further discussed in supersymmetric gauge theory.

Using gauge transformations, the fields $$C, \chi$$ and $$M + iN$$ can be set to zero. This is known as Wess-Zumino gauge. In this gauge, the expansion takes on the much simpler form
 * $$ V_{\text{WZ}} = \theta\sigma^\mu\bar\theta A_\mu + \theta^2 \bar\theta \bar\lambda + \bar\theta^2 \theta \lambda + \frac{1}{2}\theta^2\bar\theta^2 D. $$

Then $$\lambda$$ is the superpartner of $$A_\mu$$, while $$D$$ is an auxiliary scalar field. It is conventionally called $$D$$, and is known as the D-term.

Scalars
A scalar is never the highest component of a superfield; whether it appears in a superfield at all depends on the dimension of the spacetime. For example, in a 10-dimensional N=1 theory the vector multiplet contains only a vector and a Majorana–Weyl spinor, while its dimensional reduction on a d-dimensional torus is a vector multiplet containing d real scalars. Similarly, in an 11-dimensional theory there is only one supermultiplet with a finite number of fields, the gravity multiplet, and it contains no scalars. However again its dimensional reduction on a d-torus to a maximal gravity multiplet does contain scalars.

Hypermultiplet
A hypermultiplet is a type of representation of an extended supersymmetry algebra, in particular the matter multiplet of $$\mathcal{N} = 2$$ supersymmetry in 4 dimensions, containing two complex scalars Ai, a Dirac spinor ψ, and two further auxiliary complex scalars Fi.

The name "hypermultiplet" comes from old term "hypersymmetry" for N=2 supersymmetry used by ; this term has been abandoned, but the name "hypermultiplet" for some of its representations is still used.

Extended supersymmetry (N > 1)
This section records some commonly used irreducible supermultiplets in extended supersymmetry in the $$d = 4$$ case. These are constructed by a highest-weight representation construction in the sense that there is a vacuum vector annihilated by the supercharges $$Q^A, A = 1, \cdots, \mathcal{N}$$. The irreps have dimension $$2^\mathcal{N}$$. For supermultiplets representing massless particles, on physical grounds the maximum allowed $$\mathcal{N}$$ is $$\mathcal{N} = 8$$, while for renormalizability, the maximum allowed $$\mathcal{N}$$ is $$\mathcal{N} = 4$$.

N = 2
The $$\mathcal{N} = 2$$ vector or chiral multiplet $$\Psi$$ contains a gauge field $$A_\mu$$, two Weyl fermions $$\lambda, \psi$$, and a scalar $$\phi$$ (which also transform in the adjoint representation of a gauge group). These can also be organised into a pair of $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ multiplets, an $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ vector multiplet $$W = (A_\mu, \lambda)$$ and chiral multiplet $$\Phi = (\phi, \psi)$$. Such a multiplet can be used to define Seiberg–Witten theory concisely.

The $$\mathcal{N} = 2$$ hypermultiplet or scalar multiplet consists of two Weyl fermions and two complex scalars, or two $$\mathcal{N} = 1$$ chiral multiplets.

N = 4
The $$\mathcal{N} = 4$$ vector multiplet contains one gauge field, four Weyl fermions, six scalars, and CPT conjugates. This appears in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory.

title: Supermultiplet


text:
User:Justinw

Justin Peter Sebastian Walters
http://google.com/+JustinWalters

title: User:Justinw


text:
User talk:Justinw

uh... discussion page?

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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title: User talk:Justinw


text:
Biotic Baking Brigade

The Biotic Baking Brigade is a loosely connected group of activists famous for throwing pies in the faces of such figures as Bill Gates, San Francisco mayors Willie Brown and Gavin Newsom, anti-gay preacher Fred Phelps, economist Milton Friedman, Swedish King Carl Gustaf, former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, conservative journalist William F. Buckley, right-wing Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, former WTO head Renato Ruggiero, and Ann Coulter, among others.

The group espouses a left-wing philosophy, with members also active in ecology, social justice, gay rights, animal rights, and feminist movements, with connections to groups like Earth First!, Food Not Bombs, and ACT UP. It opposes corporate neoliberalism as well as any institution or individual who commits "crimes against people and the land."

Concerning the group, popular activist Jim Hightower has stated "The BBB's pies are the Boston Tea Party of our modern day, sending a serious message softly to the corporate oligarchy." Jello Biafra has similarly asked, "Is well placed humor one of the best protest tactics there is? The proof is in the pudding! Or should I say – pie cream."

Members have been tried for battery and assault as a result of their pieing.

title: Biotic Baking Brigade


text:
User talk:Ahmand

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Ahmand


text:
Braid statistics

In mathematics and theoretical physics, braid statistics is a generalization of the spin statistics of bosons and fermions based on the concept of braid group. While for fermions (Bosons) the corresponding statistics is associated to a phase gain of $$\pi$$ ($$2 \pi$$) under the exchange of identical particles, a particle with braid statistics leads to a rational fraction of $$\pi$$ under such exchange or even a non-trivial unitary transformation in the Hilbert space (see non-Abelian anyons). A similar notion exists using a loop braid group.

Plektons
Braid statistics are applicable to theoretical particles such as the two-dimensional anyons and their higher-dimensional analogues known as plektons.

A plekton is a hypothetical type of particle that obeys a different style of statistics with respect to the interchange of identical particles. That is, it would be neither a boson nor a fermion, but subject to a braid statistics. Such particles have been discussed as a generalization of the braid characteristics of the anyon to dimension > 2.

title: Braid statistics


text:
User talk:GPHemsley

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Thanks a lot. :D

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Nomination of List of songs named after dates for deletion
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I notice that you did a lot of the work on infobox currency but I don't know if you are still watching it. Have you seen template talk:infobox currency? Do you think you might be free to implement the request? Or if I do a draft, would you review? (My template skills are limited to "monkey see monkey do" but it doesn't seem that it would be difficult to do, to imitate an existing parameter.) 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:17, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

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Talk:Human variability

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Untitled
''I moved a couple of paragraphs here that seemed awkwardly un-integrated. The business about misconception of the biological basis of race is only tangentially relevant to illustrating the extremes of social valuation put on human difference (whether easy or hard to define biologically). I'm sure it was not the intent of the author but it almost implied that the major Nazi sin was their ignorance of the science. If someone wants to tweak and reintegrate them feel free:''
 * There are several misconceptions which have historically misled people about human variability. In Europe, where extensive intermixing over centuries, even millennia, has produced a more or less homogeneous population, minor differences in language and culture have misled certain people (e.g. the Nazis) to believe that significant differences exist between different national populations. With respect to the peoples of Africa, where modern man (Homo sapiens) originated about 80,000 years ago, the surface characteristic of skin color has masked the extensive variabilty which has built up over the tens of millennia with respect to numerous other characteristics.

 * Many genetic variations which are considered undesirable are governed by recessive genes, and therefore arise from matings of people who do not display the characteristic. In modern times many of these variations have been identified and in some cases can be detected before conception of a child or while the child is still in vitro, raising the possibility of abortion.

''This is an interesting and important article and deserves additional contributions from a variety of perspectives. Alteripse 01:10, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)''

Question: Under "Other aspects of human physical appearance", would it be worth including things like supernumerary nipples and polydactylism, or is that going into more detail than necessary for what is obviously a general discussion leading to more detailed topics? Also: Where would you put those seemingly unimportant and often not obvious differences such as the ability to roll your tongue, the ability to smell musk, etc. gK [[User talk:GK|¿?]] 10:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The variations you mention would seem all to be heritable, so it would make sense to me to give a list of such factors with links to the appropriate articles. P0M 16:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Some such variations may depend on inherited genetic material but may not be heritable in the usual sense. There may be developmental problems that recur from time to time, and there may be extra chromosomes present in some individuals. See, e.g., http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/9/3396 for examples of the latter. It begins to look like we need to have a little breakdown to give readers a better idea not only of variability but also of causes for the variability. P0M 17:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't think there would be anything wrong with greatly expanding our list, so that it included more examples of these minor variations. I agree with Patrick that most of them that you mentioned are probably genetic. There are a zillion genetic syndromes consisting of major and minor differences, most of which we would without hesitation lump under "diseases" rather than variation. I probably would adding those to the list, but even that is of course sometimes a controversial value judgement. And Patrick you have to have found the most obscure endocrine syndrome I have ever seen cited in a public forum. I subscribe to JCEM and don't remember ever seeing that one. And did you wonder why that unfortunate young lady with "mild to moderate mental retardation" "required" surgical equalization of her breasts? alteripse 03:12, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I suspect that she required surgical treatment because of discomfort -- the discomfort that she caused to people in her immediate community.

 * Actually, I was looking at some of the thing like "supernumerary nipples" mentioned by GK and wondering whether they were the results of abnormal conditions during gestation or whether they had some genetic basis. At that point it hadn't occurred to me to think about extra chromosomes, etc. It looks like the situation that I am seeing over and over again in all these issues, that it is important to show both what the ordinary (statistically normal) way is, and then what the "fan-out" is from that point. Have we included the Fugates with the blue skin? Do we need to? I suspect that the educational value of an article like this will be to show how ordinary facts of reproduction (and not being "spawned by the devil") account for extra fingers and toes, freemartins, and other "departures from God's will."

 * Your listing of freemartin here suggests that a human form has been reported. Have you an example or a report in mind? alteripse 06:27, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Freemartins occur when the female twin is masculinized due to male hormones secreted by the testes of the male twin and transmitted via anastomosed blood vessels in the fused chorions of the twins. It is my understanding that this fusing does not occur in the case of humans. I mentioned only because it is a common enough phenomenon to have a colloquial designation, and it is easy to understand how the behavior of a genetically female mammal could be masculinized. It is likely to be persuasive to most people that heiffers identified as freemartins (almost?) always have a male twin. Once you understand that bit of general knowledge, it may be easier for readers to understand and accept the idea that abnormal hormonal states in the mother's body during a critical window during gestation can have profound effects on the individual in later life. P0M 06:51, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * While we are on this topic, one ethical problem for me is how we treat people who are uncommon in ways that may make them a danger to other human beings. I do not hate tigers, rattlesnakes, or any other creature that might kill me if our paths crossed too abruptly. On the other hand, if a black widow makes her web under my bed I will probably ask her to go outside. But many people hate these animals. They also may hate people like Jeffrey Dahmer. You may know that his father wrote a book about him in which he indicated that, in retrospect, he not only saw signs of differences between his son and average male children, but he also saw in himself things that bore a disquieting resemblance to behaviors that took a more ominous turn in the development of his son. So he seemed to me to be suggesting that something more than nurture was amiss. In the Zhuang Zi there is a description of a ruler who was regarded as malevolent by the ordinary people of China. Mencius would have said that buried somewhere within this person were all of the eu-social motivations that account for humans being a gregarious species. Mencius had a picture of humans much like that of Karl Menninger (Menninger Institute, Kansas, USA), a picture that said that no human motivations were instrinsically bad. (Menninger pointed out that ordinarily aggressiveness is regarded as a bad thing -- until we get cancer and want an oncologist that will use aggressiveness in pursuit of a desirable social goal, the destruction of the cancerous tissue and preservation of the life of his patient.) But Zhuang Zi saw a bell curve. On one end of it were small numbers of human beings who were nothing like what Mencius imagined. Of the ruler whose people were killed in droves Zhuang Zi said, "Qi2 de2 tian1 sha1 ye3." -- "His virtue by nature is to kill."

 * Ethically it makes me uncomfortable to think of ending the life of some creature just because 'e happens to pose a danger to my life and to the lives of others like me. If it were a grizzly bear that showed up when I put my garbage out, then I would not like to kill him. I'd call a game warden to tranquilize him and move him somewhere far from human habitations. But if it were a creature with human intelligence and human appearance but no conscience or affection for other human beings, somebody who would kill me as easily as I would kill a rat, it wouldn't work to move him where I moved the grizzly bear. He would be back in contact with human beings sooner or later (unless the move was to an environment that he couldn't survive in). So it looks like the most humane course of action would be life in a prison for the "criminally insane." P0M 07:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh, what are wars for?

Common human variations
Psychic Ability? Seriously? Tombrabbin (talk) 00:43, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Separate Topic of Human Variability
There is a separate topic--a topic I do not feel is adequately addressed here--of human variability which deals with the degree or amount of randomness that is present in any human performance or behavior. While the range of human diversity is logically related to human variability, they are not equivalent concepts.

The concept of diversity discusses how many distinctions can be made on any dimension of measurement on humans (whether biological, psychological, behavioral, and others), but variability deals with the randomness or non-randomness among the range of potential diversities. Something can be more diverse yet less variable, or more variable but also less diverse, or some other combination. — Preceding unsigned comment added by YosefLevi (talk • contribs)

Citations list useful for updating this article and related articles
You may find it helpful while reading or editing articles to look at a bibliography of Anthropology and Human Biology Citations, posted for the use of all Wikipedians who have occasion to edit articles on human genetics and related issues. I happen to have circulating access to a huge academic research library system at a university with an active research program in these issues (and to other academic libraries in the same large metropolitan area) and have been researching these issues sporadically since 1989. You are welcome to use these citations for your own research. You can help other Wikipedians by suggesting new sources through comments on that page. It will be extremely helpful for articles on human genetics to edit them according to the Wikipedia standards for reliable sources for medicine-related articles, as it is important to get these issues as well verified as possible. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 01:35, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Split
Article scope is almost comically out of bounds. The page appears to propose to list everything conceivable associated with humans that may be quantifiable and then discuss how anything measurable will exhibit variability. This is not a viable approach to writing an encyclopedia article. Please WP:TNT and split into existing pages on notable types of variability. --dab (𒁳) 10:08, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * It's a terrible article. I'm not sure how to salvage it. Improving the resources would be a start, but it needs so much more than that. GBFEE (talk) 18:55, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human variability


text:
People to People Student Ambassador Program

The People to People Student Ambassador Program was a travel service based in Spokane, Washington, offering domestic and international travel opportunities to middle and high school students. The group was founded in 1956, during the Eisenhower administration, and reincorporated in 1995. It converted in 2002 to a for-profit company, Ambassadors Group. It ceased student travel operations in 2015.

Since its founding, nearly half a million students, adults and athletes participated in the ambassador programs. From 2002 to 2015, the services offered were operated by Ambassadors Group, a for-profit company. Though open to international primary and secondary school students, programs were primarily for American students aged 10 through 18. In the late 20th century, the typical length of a program was three weeks for a group of thirty to forty students. Ambassadors Group ceased operations for student travel on July 13, 2015.

History
In 1956, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sought diplomatic alternatives to the wars he witnessed as a soldier, general and Allied Commander. On September 11, 1956, he called a White House conference of 100 top American leaders, who joined him in creating the People to People initiative, focused on creating cultural exchange programs. This conference followed a Geneva summit, at which Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev expressed enthusiasm for exchange programs as a means to ease Cold War tensions. Participants in this conference included Joyce Hall, founder of Hallmark Cards; comedian Bob Hope; and creative entertainer Walt Disney. He became one of the founding directors of People to People and later drew inspiration from the initiative to create the "It's a Small World" attraction at Disneyland in 1964.

The program was originally sponsored by the U.S. Information Agency, of the Federal government. In 1961, Eisenhower decided that it should be carried on by private citizens and asked Joyce Hall to facilitate the privatization. That same year, the nonprofit People to People International began a contractual relationship with Ambassador Programs, Inc. to administer People to People travel programs for adults and students. In 1962, the first delegation of university students traveled overseas and stayed with families across Europe.

Regular annual programs began in 1967. Until expansion in the 1980s, the organization sent only a few hundred students abroad each year. In 2002, People to People International granted a license to operate student programs under the People to People Student Ambassador Program name to Ambassadors Group, which had been formed as a separate company from the Ambassadors Education Group. The Company closed in 2015.

Programs
People to People Ambassador Programs offered four types of ambassador travel, including international student ambassador travel, domestic leadership ambassador summits and forums, international collegiate ambassador travel, and international citizen ambassador travel for industry professionals.

Countries visited included Germany, France, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malta, Italy, Greece, Fiji, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Russia. Experienced students who were alumni of the program and wanted to travel again were given the chance to choose more exotic destinations for subsequent trips such as South Africa, or Antarctica. Programs typically departed between June and August, rather than during the academic year, in groups of between thirty and forty students. The target student-teacher ratio was 10-to-1.

Trips usually were composed of students from a given city or county, not from a specific school. Tuition – the fees charged for a trip – ranged from $4,500 for trips to Canada, to more than $7,999 for trips to Australia and South Pacific destinations. A trip to Antarctica was available for $12,500, however this fee was not listed on their website in 2014.

During the trips, students attended various educational activities, and had the chance to meet local leaders and dignitaries. Trips also featured such outdoor activities as hiking, snorkeling, zip-lining or rappelling. Longer itineraries included a 2- to 3-day home stay with a local family.

Each student ambassador travel program included a service component in which ambassadors participated in hands-on community service projects. Participants could earn high school or college credit for classes through the Washington School of World Studies (operated by People to People), and through Eastern Washington University.

People to People Ambassador Programs also offered domestic student trips for grade school, middle school and high school students through Leadership Ambassador Programs. These programs were focused on leadership development, community involvement, civics education and college preparation. Leadership Ambassador Programs included student trips to various U.S. destinations, including Washington D.C., New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles, to hear from speakers and industry experts, and exchange ideas with their peers from around the world. On these four- to ten-day programs, delegates engaged in leadership curriculum, team-building and personal development exercises.

Applications
Any student (5th grade or older) could apply to travel on a program. All students must complete an application and an interview process before they can go on a trip to ensure that they possess the maturity and social skills needed for extended travel.

The nomination process was open to any applicant. Some parents complained in 2006 that the program's marketing made it appear that their child was exclusively selected or nominated to participate. The Iowa Attorney General investigated the program's operator in 2006 after an invitation was accidentally sent to the long-deceased child of a family. The operator modified the invitation and presentation process. In another case, a family received a People to People solicitation claiming under the name of their late family pet, that it had been selected as an ambassador.

Controversies
In 2007, student ambassador Tyler Hill died of complications following his group's hike on Mount Fuji in Japan. The family sued the program and its parent company, reaching a settlement in 2009.

In 2008, People to People invested more than $3 million to support health and safety initiatives for participants. The company also hired a full-time Senior Director of Health and Safety and began a Safe Travel 24/7 blog. In 2010, People to People Ambassador Programs launched the FindMe program with Cellhire that allowed a mobile phone to be tracked using GPS or cell tower triangulation. Parents of students could also rent the FindMe phone and have text conversations with their children through the FindMe website.

In July 2011, CBS News reported that People to People had retained a for-profit marketing company, AmbassadorsGroup to solicit participants. Among their reportedly questionable tactics: solicitations to long-deceased children citing their "exceptional academic performance" as the reason for the solicitation, and the signed endorsement of a Virginia State Senator without her endorsement or knowledge.


text:
Bond Hill, Cincinnati

Bond Hill is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. Founded as a railroad suburb and temperance community in 1870 in northeastern Millcreek Township, it is one of a number of neighborhoods lining the Mill Creek. The population was 7,002 at the 2020 census.

Early History
Bond Hill began as a commuter suburb connected to Cincinnati via the Marietta-Cincinnati Railroad. It was founded by a cooperative building association, the Cooperative Land and Building Association No.1 of Hamilton County, Ohio, the first post-Civil War housing cooperative in Cincinnati and the first building association to be organized along ideological and not ethnic lines. The cooperative was organized in 1870 by five men including several teetotallers from nearby Cumminsville. The cooperative initially planned on building in Cumminsville but for unknown reasons, the co-op changed the site of their development to the area, which they renamed Bond Hill. The change was likely suggested by a founding member of the cooperative, Henry Watkin, an utopian socialist and expatriate English printer.

For at least 11 years after its founding in 1870, the sale of liquor was prohibited in Bond Hill according to the Constitution and By-Laws of the Cooperative. In the early 1880s, a disagreement centered on Bond Hill's church, considered by some to be non-denominational and by others to be Presbyterian, likely caused a schism within the early community and the cooperative. The role of Watkin and the early founders in the leadership of the community declined after the schism, and Bond Hill incorporated as the Village of Bond Hill in 1886.

The origin of the name Bond Hill remains something of a mystery. Newspaper articles documenting the founding and naming of the railroad suburb by the cooperative indicate that Bond Hill was the name of the area in the 1830s: "This was the name of that particular locality forty years ago, and carries with it associations not easily forgotten by the oldest inhabitants," (January 10, 1871, Cincinnati Daily Enquirer). An oral history transcribed in 1961 by George E. Patmor, one of the village's earliest residents, indicates that the name was first given by visitors to a sawmill operated by a man named Bond: "In these days the people of St. Bernard and Cincinnati would use a footpath through the woods 'for a shortcut from St. Bernard to Bond’s sawmill to work or transact business.' It got to be a common saying that they were going up on Bond Hill, so this is how we got the name 'Bond Hill'." Local historian, Aharon Varady, speculates that like other mills in upper Millcreek Township, Bond's Mill may have been a gathering site for gambling and traveling teamsters—associations which nearby residents may have wished to be forgotten.

Annexation and Development
The village was annexed by Cincinnati in 1903. Until the mid-1930s, Bond Hill was largely rural and surrounded by orchards and dairy farms. New parkways, such as Bloody Run (later Victory) Parkway, replaced the Miami-Erie Canal as the main route into and out of the neighborhood. As a result, residential and industrial developments replaced the agricultural zones. In the north, a regional high school, parking lot and shopping complex were built in the 1950s. Further development occurred in the 1960s due to the construction of the Interstate 75 Millcreek Expressway in western Bond Hill and the Norwood Lateral (State Route 562) extension in southern Bond Hill. Community residents opposed these developments but were largely ignored.

The environmental degradation and urbanization of the neighborhood presaged the exit of whites from Bond Hill in the 1960s and 1970s. Realtors and local banks actively encouraged the demographic transition of the neighborhood through redlining, blockbusting, and racial steering. The Bond Hill-Roselawn Community Council was founded in 1965 to combat this change. Throughout the next twenty years the Bond Hill Community Council attempted to develop a community plan and to halt white flight. Their achievements included the creation of a Bond Hill Community Master Plan in 1977 and the recognition of the "Old Bond Hill Village" Historic District in 1982.

In 2016, the 1977 Community Master Plan was superseded by the publication of the Bond Hill + Roselawn Community Plan, created by the Bond Hill + Roselawn Collaborative, which replaced the Bond Hill-Community Council. The BH+R Community Plan was finalized after two years of input from community volunteers and leaders, business owners, pastors and parishioners.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 7,002 people living in the neighborhood. There were 3,581 housing units. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 6.7% White, 87.0% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from some other race, and 4.0% from two or more races. 3.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,243 households, out of which 51.5% were families. 45.3% of all households were made up of individuals.

25.7% of the neighborhood's population were under the age of 18, 54.1% were 18 to 64, and 20.2% were 65 years of age or older. 48.6% of the population were male and 51.4% were female.

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the neighborhood was $39,637. About 20.4% of family households were living below the poverty line. About 18.0% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

The Bond Hill Bella Vista Historic District
On October 16, 2019, The Cincinnati City Council unanimously voted to designate The Bond Hill Bella Vista Historic District the city's 25th historic district. The Bond Hill Bella Vista Historic District runs east of Reading Road, for the entirety of Bella Vista Street, which is a one-block, no outlet road with all underground utilities. The Bond Hill Bella Vista Historic District is Cincinnati's first predominantly Tudor Revival historic district as well as its first predominantly 1920s–1930s historic district.

title: Bond Hill, Cincinnati


text: Category:Chess openings

title: Category:Chess openings


text:
Tom Cora

Thomas Henry Corra (September 14, 1953 – April 9, 1998), better known as Tom Cora, was an American cellist and composer, best known for his improvisational performances in the field of experimental jazz and rock. He recorded with John Zorn, Butch Morris, and the Ex, and was a member of Curlew, Third Person and Skeleton Crew.

Biography
Tom Cora was born in Yancey Mills, Virginia, United States. He made his musical debut as drummer on a local television program and in the mid-1970s he played guitar for a Washington, D.C. jazz club house band. He took up the cello while an undergraduate at the University of Virginia and studied with cellist Pablo Casals' student Luis Garcia-Renart and later with vibraphonist Karl Berger. During this time he formed his own group, the Moose Skowron Tuned Metal Ensemble and began constructing instruments for it.

In 1979 Cora moved to New York City, where he worked with Shockabilly guitarist Eugene Chadbourne, introducing the cello to the honky tonk circuits of North America. He performed at improvising clubs and venues in New York with John Zorn, Fred Frith, Andrea Centazzo, Butch Morris, Wayne Horvitz, David Moss, Toshinori Kondo and others. Cora also collaborated with George Cartwright and Bill Laswell which led to the formation of the art rock band Curlew in 1979. Cora remained with Curlew for over ten years and appeared on five of their albums.

In 1982 Tom Cora and Fred Frith formed Skeleton Crew, an improvising rock and jazz band best known for their live performances where they played various instruments simultaneously. Cora and Frith were each one-man bands on stage and for their act, Cora constructed musical contraptions he could play with his feet. The band existed for five years during which time they toured Europe, North America and Japan extensively. They made two studio albums, Learn to Talk (1984) and The Country of Blinds (1986), the latter with Zeena Parkins who had joined the band in 1984. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin.

Cora was also a member of the improvising trio Third Person, formed in 1990 as a live collaboration with percussionist Samm Bennett and a "third person" who changed from concert to concert. Two CDs of some of their performances were released, The Bends in 1991 (with "third persons" Don Byron, George Cartwright, Chris Cochrane, Nic Collins, Catherine Jauniaux, Myra Melford, Zeena Parkins, and Marc Ribot) and Luck Water in 1995 (with "third person" Kazutoki Umezu).

Cora performed with a number of other bands, including Nimal with Momo Rossel and post-rock quartet Roof. In 1990, he played two concerts with Dutch anarcho-punk band, the Ex, and the success of this collaboration resulted in Cora performing hundreds of concerts with the Ex and appearing on two of their CDs. In 1995 in The Netherlands, Cora and Frith collaborated, as Skeleton Crew, on Etymology, a CD-ROM sound sample library of sonic sounds and wire manipulations.

Tom Cora died of malignant melanoma at the age of 44 in a hospital in the south of France, where he lived with his wife, singer Catherine Jauniaux, and their son, Elia Corra.

A month after Cora's death, a benefit concert in aid of his family was held at the Knitting Factory with appearances by Catherine Jauniaux, Fred Frith, George Cartwright, Zeena Parkins and others. A CD of this concert, It's a Brand New Day – Live at the Knitting Factory, produced by John Zorn, was released on Knitting Factory Records in 2000. But the good intentions of all concerned were never realised when Knitting Factory Records was bought out and Jauniaux received no royalties from the sale of the CD.

John Zorn also compiled Hallelujah, Anyway – Remembering Tom Cora, a two-CD set featuring a selection of recordings by Cora and some of the groups he recorded with, plus new recordings of Cora's compositions.

Cora appeared in Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary film on Fred Frith, Step Across the Border, in which Cora and Frith are filmed rehearsing at The Kitchen, New York City in February 1989.

Solo work
In addition to performing with other bands and musicians, Cora began a solo concert career in 1986. The prospect of managing a concert-length performance single-handedly was a challenge with risks, but he learned to balance risk with intention and the results were solo performances across North America, Europe and Japan. Two live albums from some of these performances were released in 1987 and 1991.

While in The Netherlands, Cora spent two months at STEIM, the electro-acoustic research centre in Amsterdam, where he tailored a live sampling and triggering system to be played with his feet. He unveiled the system in a 25 concert solo tour in 1992. Unfortunately, the unique tailor-made instrument constructed at STEIM was later lost, forgotten on a train from Neuchâtel to La Chaux-de-Fonds while touring Switzerland.

Besides performing, Cora composed music for the National Film Board of Canada, choreographer Donna Uchizono (for which he received a New York Dance and Performance Award in 1990), and a solo cello film score for Dziga Vertov's, Man with the Movie Camera, commissioned by the American Museum of the Moving Image. In 1994 Cora was awarded a Meet the Composer Commissioning Grant to compose an ensemble score for Man with the Movie Camera. It was performed at several North American venues and in Europe in 1996.

Technique
Tom Cora's cello was prepared, electronically modified and highly amplified. He developed the style of playing sawed chords and percussive riffs as if his cello was an electric guitar. He banged, scraped and twisted it and did whatever else was necessary to produce the sounds he wanted.

Cora explored non-idiomatic improvising and studied Turkish and Eastern European folk music. The influence of this folk music is evident in much of his work. Skeleton Crew once devoted an entire concert to playing only Eastern European folk tunes.

On the stage, his presence was striking. Ed Baxter noted in his biography of Tom Cora: With his saturnine good looks and gaunt demeanour, he brought a hint of American Gothic to the ever-shifting cartoon soundtrack of the downtown scene. Poised over his instrument and more often than not with all four limbs busy playing something, his was a compelling stage presence.

Discography
Solo
 * Live at the Western Front (1987, No Man's Land)
 * Gumption in Limbo (1991, Sound Aspects)

Curlew
 * Curlew (1981, Landslide)
 * North America (1985, Moers)
 * Live in Berlin (1988, Cuneiform)
 * Bee (1991, Cuneiform)
 * A Beautiful Western Saddle (1993, Cuneiform)

Skeleton Crew
 * Learn to Talk (1984, Rift)
 * The Country of Blinds (1986, Rift)
 * Learn to Talk / Country of Blinds (1990, RecRec)
 * Etymology (1997, Rarefaction)
 * Free Dirt (Live) (2021, Klanggalerie)

The Ex
 * Scrabbling at the Lock (1991, RecRec)
 * And the Weathermen Shrug Their Shoulders (1993, RecRec)

Roof
 * The Untraceable Cigar (1996, Red Note)
 * Trace (1999, Red Note)

Third Person
 * The Bends (1991, Knitting Factory)
 * Lucky Water (1995, Knitting Factory)

With others
 * Andrea Centazzo: Environment for Sextet (1979, Ictus)
 * Eugene Chadbourne: 2000 Statues and the English Channel (1979, Parachute)
 * John Zorn: Archery (1982, Parachute)
 * Tom Cora and David Moss: Cargo Cult Revival (1983, Rift)
 * Ferdinand Richard: En Avant (1983, RecRec)
 * Duck and Cover: Re Records Quarterly Vol.1 No.2 (1985, Recommended)
 * Tom Cora and Hans Reichel: Angel Carver: Live in Milwaukee and Chicago (1989, FMP)
 * Rene Lussier: Le tresor de la langue (1989, Ambiances Magnétiques)
 * Nimal: Voix de Surface (1990, RecRec)
 * The Hat Shoes: Differently Desperate (1991, RecRec)
 * Tetsuhiro Daiku: Yunta & Jiraba (1993, Disc Akabana)
 * Richard Teitelbaum: Cyberband (1994, Moers)
 * Kazutoki Umezu: First Deserter (1995, Off Note)
 * Fred Frith: Allies (Music for Dance volume 2) (1996, RecRec)
 * Butch Morris: Testament: A Conduction Collection (1996, New World)
 * Tom Cora and various artists: Hallelujah, Anyway – Remembering Tom Cora (1999, Tzadik)
 * Tom Cora, Chris Cutler and Fred Frith: Live in Tel Aviv and Aubervilliers (2021, Fred Records)
 * Buga Up (band with Tom Cora, Guigou Chenevier and Chris Cohade): A Quick Morsel of Energy (Live à Vandoeuvre 1987) (2021, Thödol Records)

title: Tom Cora


text:
New York City Subway rolling stock

The New York City Subway is a large rapid transit system and has a large fleet of electric multiple unit rolling stock. , the New York City Subway has cars on the roster.

The system maintains two separate fleets of passenger cars: one for the A Division (numbered) routes, the other for the B Division (lettered) routes. All A Division equipment is approximately 8 ft wide and 51 ft long. B Division cars, on the other hand, are about 10 ft wide and either 60 ft or 75 ft long. The A Division and B Division trains operate only in their own division; operating in the other division is not allowed. All rolling stock, in both the A and B Divisions, run on the same 4 foot standard gauge and use the same third-rail geometry and voltage. A typical revenue train consists of 8 to 10 cars, although in practice they can range between 2 and 11 cars.

The subway's rolling stock have operated under various companies: the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT), Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit (BMT), and Independent Subway System (IND), all of which have since merged into the New York City Transit Authority. Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and for the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number. Various kinds of cars are also used for maintenance work, including flatcars and vacuum trains.

Total fleet
, the New York City Subway has cars on the roster. The system maintains two separate fleets of passenger cars: one for the A Division routes, the other for the B Division routes. All A Division equipment is approximately 8 ft wide and 51 ft long. B Division cars are larger, about 10 ft wide and either 60 ft or 75 ft long. The 75-foot cars, the R44s, R46s, R68s, and R68As, are not permitted on BMT Eastern Division – the J, L, M, and Z trains – because of sharper curves on those tracks.

All rolling stock, in both the A and B Divisions, run on the same 4 foot standard gauge and use the same third-rail geometry and voltage. However, trains operate only in their own division; operating in the other division is not allowed. A Division sections have narrower tunnel segments, tighter curves, and tighter platform clearances than the B Division sections, so B Division trains cannot fit in the A Division tunnels and stations, while A Division trains would have an unacceptably large gap between the platform and train if they were allowed in service on B Division lines. Also, the safety train stop (trip cock) mechanism is not compatible between divisions, being located on opposite sides of the track and train in each division. However, service and maintenance trains are composed of A Division-sized cars, so they can operate with either division's clearances and have safety train stops installed on both sides of the trucks.

A typical revenue train consists of 8 or 10 cars. The exceptions are the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, which runs 2-car trains; the Rockaway Park Shuttle, which runs 4-car trains; the 42nd Street Shuttle, which runs 6-car trains; the, which runs 5-car trains; and the , which runs 11-car trains.

When the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company entered into agreements to operate some of the new subway lines, they decided to design a new type of car, 10 ft wide and 67 ft long. The subject of several patents, the car's larger profile was similar to that of steam railroad coaches, permitting greater passenger capacity, more comfortable seating, and other advantages. The BRT unveiled its design, designated BMT Standard, to the public in 1913 and received such wide acceptance that all future subway lines, whether built for the BRT, the IRT, or eventually the IND, were built to handle the wider cars.

When the R44s and R46s were rebuilt, the rollsigns on the side of the cars were replaced with electronic LCD signs while the front service sign remained as a rollsign. In sharp contrast, the rebuilt R32s and R38s retained rollsigns on the sides, but a flip-dot display was placed in the front. The MTA has been incorporating newer subway cars into its stock in the past two decades. Since 1999, the R142s, R142As, R143s, R160s, R179s, R188s, and R211s have been added into service. All cars built since 1992 (including the now out-of-service R110As and R110Bs) are equipped with digital signs on the front, sides, and interior (except for the R110Bs, which had rollsigns on the front).

Old cars, some from the original companies (IRT, BMT, and IND), are preserved at the New York Transit Museum, while others have been sold to private individuals and/or other railway/trolley museums. Private companies include Railway Preservation Corp., whose equipment is often used on New York Transit Museum-sponsored excursions.

Between 1984 and 1989, some of the IRT trains were painted red, giving them the name Redbirds. By January 2022, various older B Division cars, such as the entire fleets of R32s, R38s, R40s, R40As, R42s, and NYCT R44s, were similarly retired and replaced by newer models, including the R160s and R179s.

General Overhaul Program
The General Overhaul Program (GOH) was a mid-life overhaul program for neglected subway cars, which involved a thorough rebuilding of the fleet. Since the completion of the GOH program, the new Scheduled Maintenance System (SMS) program has replaced the GOH program by ensuring that trains do not reach a state in which they would need such an overhaul. The car types, which were part of the MTA NYCT GOH program, are the IRT Redbirds (R26, R28, R29, R33, R33S, R36), as well as IND/BMT cars (R30 GE, R32, R38, R40, R40A, R42, R44, and R46). These cars were rebuilt between 1985 and 1993. Some cars in various classes from R10 to R46 were also given lighter overhauls during this period.

"R"-prefixed orders
Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and for the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter "R" followed by a number, e.g., R46. This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g., R1 through R9, or R21 through R36, or R143 through R179) may be virtually identical, simply being purchased under different contracts.

The New York City Board of Transportation settled on a system of documentation that is still in place under MTA New York City Transit. This included a prefix letter or letters that indicated the department that the specific documentation, followed by a series of numbers of a length defined by the specific department concerned. For example, the Surface Department used the letter "S", while the Rapid Transit Department used the letter "R". A new R- number is assigned for any vehicle purchase involving a bidding process. Since the 1970s, the system has suffered from "R- inflation" going through only 46 R- numbers in its first 40 years, but over 114 in its subsequent 30. Possible reasons include an increased number of specialized maintenance vehicles that were previously made in house or a lower floor for requiring a formal bidding process to reduce waste and abuse.

Disposal at sea
In 2001, the New York City Transit Authority started disposing of retired subway cars by dumping them at sea to create artificial reefs, with the intention of promoting marine life. This option was chosen because it was less expensive than removing asbestos from the cars; the asbestos was determined to not be a hazard in the ocean.

The artificial reefs would provide environmental and economic benefits, such as providing shelter for marine animals and creating new fishing opportunities. The first reef constructed was Redbird Reef in Delaware. Eventually, multiple states received retired subway cars for reefs. The program was discontinued in 2010, after more than 2,500 cars were reefed, because newer cars contained more plastic, which was too expensive to economically remove before reefing.

Maintenance vehicles
Various kinds of cars are used for maintenance work, including flatcars and vacuum trains.

Track geometry car
There are four track geometry cars on the New York City Subway that measure the system's track geometry to ensure that safe train operation is maintained. The cars are numbered TGC1–TGC4. TGC1 was ordered under contract R59 in 1984 for $1.4 million, TGC2 was ordered under contract R63 and cost $2.5 million,. Contract R-34152 purchasing TGC3 was awarded on December 29, 2004, for $9,610,963, and after additional funding was later authorized by the Board, Modification 1 exercising the Option for TGC4 was awarded on January 18, 2006, for $9,622,858. Subsequent modifications added newer equipment, such as a more advanced laser scanner, to TGC4 prior to its delivery to NYCTA. The cars use sensors, measuring systems, and data management systems to get a profile of the tracks. The train crew consists of two-track equipment maintainers, one maintenance supervisor, and two to three engineers. The trains typically operate during off-peak weekday daytime hours so as to not interfere with more frequent rush hour service. A single car weighs 45 tons. The cars measure:
 * Alignment – "Alignment is the projection of the track geometry of each rail or the track center line onto the horizontal plane," (FRA Definition). Also known as the "straightness" of the tracks.
 * Crosslevel – The variation in the cant of the track over the length of a predetermined "chord" length (generally 62 ft). On straight or tangent track, ideally, there should be no variation, while on curves, a cant is generally desired.
 * Curvature – The amount by which the rail deviates from being straight or tangent. The geometry car checks the actual curvature (in Degree of curvature) of a curve versus its design curvature.
 * Rail gauge – The distance between the rails. Over time, rail may become too wide or too narrow. In North America and most of the world, standard gauge is 4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm).
 * Rail profile – Looks for rail wear and deviations from standard profile.
 * Warp – The maximum change in crosslevel over a predetermined chord length (generally sixty-two feet).
 * Corrugation of running rail surface
 * Tunnel and station platform clearances
 * Third rail height and gauge
 * Vertical gap between third rail and protective board

The track geometry car typically checks each stretch of track about 6 times a year; the car is manually operated, and there are no plans to automate inspection of the track geometry, which is done manually with the help of high-tech equipment aboard the car.

Miscellaneous

 * Air conditioning is standard on all cars R42 and later. R38s 4140–4149 and R40s 4350–4549 were also delivered with A/C, and all cars not equipped with A/C from classes R26–R40 (with the exception of the R27, R30, and R33S) were later retrofitted with A/C. All active cars are equipped with air conditioning, and cars with malfunctioning air conditioning are not supposed to be put into service.
 * During World War II, a group of late-19th-century New York elevated cars was sent west to the San Francisco Bay Area by the United States Maritime Commission for use by the Shipyard Railway, a temporary wartime electric line transporting workers to the Kaiser Shipyards. After the war, most were sold to be used as units in a local motel, but their whereabouts afterward is unknown. Two of them, however, were acquired and have been restored by the Western Railway Museum in Rio Vista, California.
 * There are many examples of rolling stock built under contract that are not intended for revenue services, such as the R95 money train, R65 pump train, R127/R134 garbage train, and R156 work locomotive.
 * After the September 11th attacks, an American flag decal was added to every active subway car in the system. This practice continued with new car orders through the early 2020s.
 * The table below shows what year the TA had expected to retire several car models in 1981.

title: New York City Subway rolling stock


text:
User talk:Carpo~enwiki

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title: User talk:Carpo~enwiki


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Talk:Omarion

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Vocal Profile...
This article needs a vocal profile...

is marquis houston really his brother ? w~i~k~i~l~u~v

he is his half brother PrincessOfHearts 22:47, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No, this is an urban legend. --Yamla 23:22, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Where is the source that he was born on 84? It doesnt make sense then that his album is named after his birthday as of 2006, he would be 22 not 21.

 * It could have been titled that because that was how old he was when we was working on it. Please provide a reliable source (not original research) indicating his birth year.  --Yamla 20:06, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

uhmmmm well isnt marques houston his brother cause that what it says on his cd oh

Marques Houston aint his bro...jus read da page..and another thang he is 22 his album is name 21 BECAUSE he was actually 21 when he made the album! its 2007 not 2006 dont ya think his b'day has already passed?!! (shakes head) lawd jesus.. Pretty Ricky aint breakin up yall! yay!! Tam` Tam` =] 02:36, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

He was 21 =P! Album : Released 26 December 2006 (U.S) taken frum: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%28album%29 =] <<dis shows he was 21 when he recored the album and 22 when he released. Push It Baby!! ..Dats Muh Song!!..=] (Tay) 12:31, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Omarion's actual age
You all are saying that Omarion is 22. He's not 22, he is 21. That is why he named his album 21! Only a FOOL would think he is 22! So the date his birthday is that you have is dead WRONG!! Thank you very much!- {NAMELESS}

Actually, he said he was 22 when he was invited on 106&Park for the video release of "Ice Box". I am sure we get that taping from youtube  Superstar 11 February 2007(UTC)

its all the website telling us things cause 1 website said that he was born in 1984 and another in 1985 whichy one is it.also the websites are saying that marques houston is his cousin, half brother or brother and some r saying they r not even related at all magla

the ignoramus who said he is currently 21 is sooooo wrong. omarion is 22 presently, and the album is called "21" because at the time he was 21, and he also wanted to make a statement about the age of 21. that it's sumthing new and different and shares his own experiences. Oh yh he was born in 1984. do tha math. ~L1L M!z LyriK@L~ aka DC(=daring child) aka Kirah 16:48, 12th april 2007.

 * This is why we require reliable citations for disputed information. --Yamla 19:03, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Well which one iz it Dam!!!! Please tell Netty

Netty Omarion was born in 1984 and he is 22...yall jus man i don kno..=] Pretty Ricky aint breakin up yall! yay!! Tam` Tam` =] 02:33, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Prayer
worldwide, omarion is most widely known for asking people to pray for him when he (and about 10 million other people) was in the same city as a small bomb that went off. where's the mention in the wiki? that's like an article on george washington that doesn't mention that he was president of the usa. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.139.127.53 (talk) 17:40, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

The only reason anyone over the age of 12 knows who he is is because of his Pray for me press release. And even that is clouded in controversy as the PR representative was either fired because of this release or before depending on which story you believe.

With all the recent stories, it is apparent that Wiki's integrity is in question. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.104.22.73 (talk) 05:48, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

I had to go to urban dictionary to find out that the Omarion from "Pray for Omarion" was indeed this Omarion.... Seems someone's claim to fame ought to be part of the wiki-article about them... 134.161.227.84 (talk) 21:15, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

London bombings 7/7/2005
It was reported by Reuters that Omarion was in London when the bombs went off (killing 52 and injuring over 700 more) - Omarion was nowhere near the attacks at the time but said he had suffered 'no inconvenience' and asked for fans to pray for him, a stunning piece of callous self-regard if true. Omarion's people deny this:. The phrase *prays for Omarion* appears regularly on British website Popbitch whenever a popstar says or does anything particularly stupid and self-regarding, over-inflating their own importance at the expense of others, and has become an internet meme. It is the only way he is known in the UK. No-one's heard his music here. Jasper33 (talk) 16:11, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

The only reason he is known is because he asked for people to pray for him after several victims were actually hurt or killed by a bomb. There was also an interesting backlash in which he blamed a renegade and recently fired publicist for the comments. This should be in the article, though Wiki has losts its backbone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.144.35.164 (talk) 14:34, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Agreed, this is the only reason many have ever heard of the guy. 74.7.138.54 (talk) 15:55, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Accurate Pic
This page could use an accurate pic of him..becuz ppl who come on the page and have no clue what he looks like without clicking the links..=] Pretty Ricky aint breakin up yall! yay!! Tam` Tam` =] 06:22, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Sexuality
Singer Omarion has come out as Bisexual apparently. It's been added to his page. I believe this press release is the source they must have read Press release ... Is it reliable? It needs citing any how I guess until someone makes the decision, he is quoted as identifing with the label. RAIN..the..ONE  HOTLINE 23:26, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The website hosting the press release does not appear to be WP:RS. We have to wait until the news is picked up by the mainstream media per WP:BLP. Dr.K. λogosπraxis 00:17, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought, but not being familiar with all the press agengies beyond the widley used PA, I wasn't too sure. RAIN..the..ONE  HOTLINE 00:36, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * That's to be expected. There are too many news outlets, Wordpress websites, blogs etc. Recognising the reliable sources is sometimes difficult, especially in the early stages of a news release. Dr.K. λogosπraxis 00:50, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * He stated that the rumors were false. Hours ago, although only minor websites are picking up this rumor. AJona1992 (talk) 04:12, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you. It is good to know. This reinforces my belief in following WP:RS and WP:BLP in these cases. Dr.K. λogosπraxis 04:19, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You're welcome, however though, if in time this false rumor spreads throughout news channel, the article should include the false accusation and it being widespread. But if not then we can just ignore it. AJona1992 (talk) 06:37, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

The smooth harmony singing that formed an integral part of the band B2K, helped him establish a solo career.
This sentence structure and wording makes no sense. --p4 (talk) 07:37, 27 January 2012 (UTC)p4poetic

Semi-protected edit request on 30 January 2017
June 14, 2016, B2K was featured on the show, BET Life of: This show showcases artist that have had a tremendous music career over the years. B2K story was on this week episode as it told the story of their wonderful success and their devastating break-up. All members weren't of attendance when it came to the interviews, but all members are still very cool with one another. In the episode, we learn that the real reason B2K broke up was because at the time manager, Chris Stokes had raped former member, Raz-B and issues over money. Lil Fizz, J-Boog, and Raz-B all wanted to have another manager, however, Omarion wasn't on board for the new change of managers. KeKe Stacks (talk) 17:37, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — JJMC89  (T·C) 03:32, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

You gotta be crazy I hate your fuckguts you crazy fuck
I am never gonna be able to fuck you up like a giant I hope you shir on your self asswhole 1billion and more fuckingasswhole I hope you hang yourself bitchitsrealistic I wish I never know your ass 174.251.64.217 (talk) 04:20, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

What is the missy code for getting missy a. To bring my car to the gas station that is near the spring hill and Greensboro metro station
Hey you all never desired what happened to missy a. And you and my cars this is realistic Lisa I never 174.251.64.217 (talk) 12:23, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

What did you bring to the table of gearing
Rings watches you remember youtube tubi you remember you all need to meet me at my house and pick out a car to do that 8641 and Lawrence please stop forgetting how to be a grown up kid you and missy a. Should remember its really about what we own let's go to work on that 174.251.64.217 (talk) 12:28, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

I'm still waiting for my folks to stop pretending I have them to find
I did let's groove tonight with redland music I know you and missy a. Was there in the closet ok I am still the same. I did infatuation at steve carrs house I seen you I remember im just use to not being a distraction recently I did principles we got a lot to loose I did im a soldier that b and Kelly and Solange don't wanna give up I did the most I did gears I did beyoncay in my house and Solange got made I did Wendy Williams and who got mad about it I did will and grace I did baywatch recently I did ateam recently I did the cartoons for kids movies at Universal studios California I have a house in California that la LA was in Carmelo is in my house in clifton 174.251.64.217 (talk) 12:36, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

What i know is serious work
Like when we worked for the gas station in south Carolina very doon is what someone called it I will be doing panhandling for my sports contract to catch up to my injury from oxen hill I never abandoned our deals know that I am not wanting you to shit on yourself either just wanna wake you and missy a. Up about everything 174.251.64.217 (talk) 12:40, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

We gotta roll out of here and handle it with the grammy
We gotta roll out of here in spring hill and fairfax and keep a schedule like you know how to do yes I am a full degree attorney for appeals and lawsuits and acquittal and a full licensed police officer that was asked to buy 30 squad cars this is your realistic 174.251.64.217 (talk) 12:45, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 June 2022
Request to update photo to more recent picture of Omarion. Change Omarion_2018.png to Omarion KHRISSYLANDPHOTO MT2021.jpg Edit Infobox musical artist, Owwinfo22 (talk) 23:44, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You cannot download copyrighted images and upload them for use. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 23:58, 26 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I have written permission from the owner of the photo stating that we can update the picture on Wikipedia. What steps should I take to send proof of the approved use? Owwinfo22 (talk) 22:24, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

Hi hope you got my message 2600:1700:3310:A7D0:F40F:4AAD:E385:21D2 (talk) 04:40, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omarion