text:
Talk:Thomas Wolfe

Topics
Any point in including a dismbig. message directing to the hip fin-de-siecle journalist-novelist Tom Wolfe? Ellsworth 15:49, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No point in discussing that at all! Thomas Wolfe should not be confused with pedestrian pop-icon Tom Wolfe, the James Michener of the baby boomers, who thinks wearing a Colonel Sanders/ice cream salesman suit all the time-a stereotype of the pathetic post Civil War Southern gentry-is some kind of cachet cool.  He embodies exactly the type of respectable polite middle class society Thomas Wolfe had nothing but contempt for.

 * Absolutely, Ellsworth. Since no one has yet done it in 7 months, I'll Be bold and do it.  I'm curious about the quote "You can't go home again."  I think I've actually seen newspaper articles that seem to attribute that to Tom Wolfe, which is exactly why I cam here.  So I  will try to investigate and later include that fact in both articles.  I also want to include Tom Wolfe in List of notable eccentrics, since I remember him as the guy in the white suit.  Spalding 12:06, Nov 13, 2004 (UTC)

Aline Bernstein: why does she redirect here?
If you go to Tony Award for Best Costume Design, you will see that Aline Bernstein won an award in 1950. Click on her name -- Aline Bernstein -- and you end up on Thomas Wolfe's page.

Does this make sense? — Lawrence King ( talk ) 00:02, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Faulkner comment
It's a small point, but Faulkner was misquoted when he claimed that Wolfe was his generation's best writer. Not sure if it's really something worth altering though. Below is a letter from Faulkner that Richard Walser included in a book of his on Thomas Wolfe:

"I seem to have been misquoted... as apparently happens every time I open my mouth to newspaper people. I never said Wolfe was ‘the greatest American writer of modern times.’  I said, and this was several years ago, that among his and my contemporaries, I rated Wolfe first because we had all failed but Wolfe had made the best failure because he had tried hardest to say the most – a generalisation [sic] made rather in conversation than as a public statement, or so I thought at the time.  I still support the statement, of course.  Man has but one short life to write in, and there is so much to be said, and of course he wants to say it all before he dies.  My admiration for Wolfe is that he tried his best to get it all said; he was willing to throw away style, coherence, all the rules of preciseness, to try to put all the experience of the human heart on the head of a pin, as it were.  He may have had the best talent of us, he may have been ‘the greatest American writer’ if he had lived longer, though I have never held much with the ‘mute inglorious Milton’ theory; I believe it all gets said; that is, unless you are run down by a hit-and-run car, you say what you are capable of before you can persuade yourself to let go and die." (Walser, Richard (ed). The Enigma of Thomas Wolfe: Biography and Critical Seletions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. pg. vii.) - Alaaious 01:53, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Film Series?
I'm wondering why none of his works have been, to my knowledge, depicted in film or TV. Look Homeward Angel or Of Time and the River would be right up there with the best of them like Deadwood. I remember one of the opening scenes of Of Time and the River when our protaganist and an acquaintance are headed North towards the Mason-Dixon line with the character based on Wolfe headed to Harvard. They step out between the cars for a smoke as the train speeds along clickety clack down the rails. They go back into the parlor car and are confronted with the visage of two well healed gentlemen having their drinks and reading their papers with an eye to the stocks and enjoin them in a topical conversation about the upcoming Presidential election in which these gentlemen with pained condesencion relate that of course they're for Cox and Roosevelt but after all Harding and Coolidge aren't such a bad prospect;  Wolfe relates his and his comrade's naive perplexity at their dissembling.Tom Cod (talk) 03:26, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Peacock wording
Much as I dislike to enter what appears to be a domain reserved for Wolfe fans, I think that in the interests of NPOV there should be a little more balance in the article, and have flagged it accordingly. Right now it's a lovefest for its subject, but not everyone loves Wolfe's work. Flannery O'Connor is one notable author who didn't like Wolfe's stuff. I'm quoting from memory, but she once mentioned an interview with James Jones in which Jones was quoted as saying that he had read Thomas Wolfe while stationed overseas during WW2 and had realised then and there that he had been a writer all his life without even knowing it, and without having written anything. O'Connor went on to remark (or at least to approvingly quote the remark) that Wolfe had done a lot of this type of damage but that Jones was a particularly glaring example. So, Wolfe has been criticised, and quite brutally, by at least one notable source. I myself can take or leave his work. Lexo (talk) 23:12, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * There should be citations for some of the adjectives in the article, but since there is not a section on responses of critics, I don't think that it is necessarily a question of not having NPOV to not include negative critical responses (as no positive critical responses are included, either). From what I understand, Flannery O'Connor disliked more authors than she liked; if any critical reactions are included, perhaps Harold Bloom would be a more contemporary example of someone who doesn't care for Wolfe. Therefore, I'll add some citations and remove the peacock tag.--Gloriamarie (talk) 00:32, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

The article also makes the claim, in the section labeled "Death," that Wolfe had "a career less than half as long as Fitzgerald [or Hemingway, or Faulkner.]" Fitzgerald died at age 44, and the last novel published during his lifetime -- Tender is the Night -- came out six years earlier, when he was 38, the same age Wolfe was when he died. I don't see how Fitzgerald's can be calculated as a career that lasted more than twice as long as Wolfe's.Ken Kukec (talk) 22:09, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

Adaptations
I came here looking for information about his novella "A Portrait of Bascom Hawke", but I couldn't anything about it here. I am under the impression that it was one of his more important works, so I am curious as to why it is not mentioned in the article. On a related note, I was looking over his list of works and it struck me as rather odd that the dates for many of his works extend up to 50 years after his death. Are these all adaptations or works released about him (The Letters of Thomas Wolfe for instance)? At any rate, I find it confusing, and I think it's safe to assume that I'm not the only one. Sesamehoneytart (talk) 18:01, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

alcohol abuse
where is his addiction to beer (alcohol) mentioned in this writeup? -- mowglee 18:22, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

I agree. It is a serious omission that not one word is mentioned about his alcoholism, which certainly had a great effect on the quality of his work and contributed to his death. SamJohn2013 (talk) 05:31, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

The Face of a Nation
The Face of a Nation, a compilation, was also published posthumously in 1939.174.89.101.133 (talk) 08:25, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

""
The usage of is under discussion, see Talk:Thomas W. Wolf -- 70.50.151.11 (talk) 05:57, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How is the last name pronounced? With or without a final "e"? Can someone add a pronunciation widget? -- Dandv ( talk | contribs ) 05:35, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Thomas Wolfe


text:
User:Lucky13pjn

I am a former editor of Wikipedia. As I am no longer active, messages sent to me will probably not be seen.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lucky13pjn


text:
PSC

PSC may refer to:

Business

 * People with Significant Control, in United Kingdom company law
 * Personal service corporation, in United States tax law
 * Protein Sciences Corporation, an American biotech company
 * Public Service Commission (disambiguation), regulatory bodies, with competence varying by jurisdiction
 * Production sharing contract, a type of contract used in the resource extraction industry

Government

 * Public Safety Canada
 * Pacific Salmon Commission
 * Public Service of Canada

Education

 * Parkwood Secondary College, Ringwood North, Victoria, Australia
 * Parkdale Secondary College, Mordialloc, Victoria, Australia
 * Peter Symonds College, Winchester, UK
 * Pensacola State College, Pensacola, Florida
 * Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska
 * Philippine Science Consortium, an organization of tertiary schools in the Philippines
 * Photography Studies College, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * Polk State College, Polk County, Florida
 * Putonghua Proficiency Test, Mandarin proficiency test in Mainland China

Military

 * psc (military), "Principal Staff Course" (British Army, and Air Force), or "Passed Staff Course" (Royal Navy)
 * Polar Security Cutter program, a new ship class under deve for the United States Coast Guard
 * Private security contractor

Places

 * Constellation Pisces (Psc)
 * Palm Springs, California, USA
 * Pointe-Saint-Charles, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Politics

 * Centre démocrate humaniste, formerly known as the Christian Social Party (PSC)
 * Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct), a former Belgian party, now called Humanist Democratic Centre
 * Christian Social Party (Belgium), a Belgium party in the German-speaking community of Belgium
 * Palestine Solidarity Campaign, in the United Kingdom
 * Partido Social Conservador, a political party in Nicaragua
 * Partido Social Cristiano (disambiguation), name of two political parties, one in Ecuador and the other in Nicaragua
 * Partido Socialista de Chile, a Chilean party
 * Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya, or Socialists' Party of Catalonia, a Catalan party
 * Peace and Security Council, of the African Union
 * Political and Security Committee, a permanent body of the European Union
 * Social Christian Party (Brazil) (Partido Social Cristão), a party in Brazil
 * Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
 * Proportionality for Solid Coalitions, a criterion for ranked PR methods

Science and medicine

 * Pacific Science Center, a science museum in Seattle, Washington
 * Pancreatic stellate cell
 * Pediatric Symptom Checklist, a psychological assessment tool
 * Phylogenetic species concept
 * Pisces (constellation)
 * Pluripotent stem cell
 * Polar stratospheric cloud
 * Postsynaptic current
 * Premature stop codon, a type of DNA mutation
 * Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a liver disease

Sports

 * Partille Sport Club, Swedish field- and indoor hockey team
 * Philippine Sports Commission
 * Porsche Supercup, sports car racing series
 * Professional soccer club

Technology

 * Palestinian Satellite Channel, TV channel
 * Permanent split capacitor, a type of AC motor
 * Personal supercomputer, a high-performance computer system
 * Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, National Science Foundation funded Supercomputer center
 * PlayStation Classic, a game console by Sony
 * Polymer solar cell
 * Portable Single Crew (also Portable Single Camera), another way of referring to a single-camera setup
 * Prestressed concrete
 * Printer-Scanner-Copier, a term by Hewlett-Packard

Transport

 * Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company
 * Port State Control
 * Prescot railway station, England; National Rail station code PSC
 * Tri-Cities Airport (Washington), Pasco, Washington (airport code)

Other

 * PSC (musical group) or Pimp $quad Click, an American hip hop group
 * Power supply cabinet, a box for electric current delivering devices
 * President of the Supreme Court (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) - see pertinent subsections under Judge
 * PSC, Integrated Science Teacher

title: PSC


text:
Padiham

Padiham is a market town and civil parish on the River Calder, in the Borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England. It is located north west of Burnley, and north east of the towns of Clayton le Moors and Great Harwood. It is edged by the foothills of Pendle Hill to the north-west and north-east. The United Kingdom Census 2011 gave a parish population of 10,098, estimated in 2019 at 10,138.

History
Early forms of the name include "Padingham", with the last element probably from the Old English word hām, meaning home and ing in this sense meaning "of the". Its first is generally thought to be a personal name (Bede listed Padda as one of the priests who assisted Bishop Wilfrid in the late 7th Century).

No prehistoric or Roman sites have been found in the built-up area. Padiham, though a name of Anglo-Saxon origin, is not recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book. Padiham was never a separate manor, its lands largely being held by copyhold tenants of the Manor of Ightenhill, a part of the Honour of Clitheroe. In 1258 there was a single free tenant, one Gilbert de Padiham. The Lord of Clitheroe had established a water-powered corn mill here by 1311. It remained for centuries as a market town, where produce from Pendleside was bought and sold. The town expanded and was redeveloped during the Industrial Revolution. The centre is now a conservation area.

Padiham's population peaked around 1921 at about 14,000, declining to 10,000 in the early 1960s and 8,998 at the time of the 2001 census. This reflected how people were moving to the south of England in search of work, after the decline in the traditional cotton, coal and engineering manufacturing industries.

Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip first visited Burnley, Nelson and the old Mullard valve factory at Simonstone near Padiham on their post-Coronation tour of Lancashire in 1955.

Governance
Padiham, once a township in the parish of Whalley, became a civil parish in 1866. An urban district covered the town from 1894 until 1974, but over this time, some rural areas mainly to the north became a new civil parish, Northtown, as part of Burnley Rural District. The Padiham Green area, hitherto part of Hapton, joined Padiham, with another small area following in 1935. Since 1974 Padiham has formed part of the Borough of Burnley. Initially part of an unparished area, a new Padiham civil parish was formed in late 2001, covering a similar area to the old urban district. A Town Council was instituted in 2002. Further boundary changes in 2004 saw the parish gain more territory in the south from Hapton.

Councillors for Padiham on Burnley Borough Council are elected to the Gawthorpe Ward, which covers most of Padiham, but not Gawthorpe Hall, with southern and eastern areas covered by Hapton with Park Ward. The two wards each elect three councillors, John Harbour and Alun Lewis of the Labour Party and Karen Ingham (Conservative) currently serving Gawthorpe and Joanne Broughton, Alan Hosker, and Jamie McGowan, all of the Conservatives in Hapton with Park. The parish is represented on Lancashire County Council as part of the Padiham & Burnley West division, represented since 2017 by Alan Hosker. The Parliamentary Constituency, Burnley, is currently represented by Oliver Ryan for the Labour Party.

Demography
According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, the parish had a population of 10,098, an increase from 8,998 in the 2001 census. The town forms part of a wider urban area, which had a population of 149,796 in 2001. A similar but larger, Burnley Built-up area defined in the 2011 census had a population of 149,422.

The racial composition of the town in 2011 was 98.1% White (96.6% White British), 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Black, 0.5% Mixed and 0.1% Other. The largest religious groups were Christian (70.0%) and Muslim (0.6%). 68.3% of adults between the ages of 16 and 74 were classed as economically active and in work.

Economy
In the 19th century, Padiham's industry was based on coal-mining and weaving. Helm Mill on Factory Lane was the first mill built in 1807. By 1906 there were twenty cotton mills though the best preserved, now converted into flats, is Victoria Mill in Ightenhill Street, built in 1852–1853 and extended in 1873. Many cotton workers belonged to the Padiham Weavers' Association, whose membership peaked in 1907 at over 6,000.

Industrial development was helped by proximity to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, about 2 mi to the south. By 1848, Padiham had many coal pits around the town, including two large collieries and a number of smaller workings. Availability of coal and water nearby helped to boost the cotton industry. Industry benefited further from the arrival of the railway at Hapton in 1840 and Padiham itself in 1877. The last pit closed about 1870, although mining continued in areas outside the town into the 1950s, and open cast mining took place in the 1960s east of the town close to Gawthorpe Hall, north of the River Calder off Grove Lane.

Since the 1960s, the remaining cotton mills have continued a decline that began in the 1930s. So too has Padiham's role as a manufacturing base since the 1990s. The town's last major employer in the sector, Baxi, closed its factory in March 2007, with a loss of 500 jobs. A modern business park, Shuttleworth Mead, opened in 2001 on the western edge of the town where Padiham Power Station had stood until 1993. The business park has been supported by £2.2 million from the European Regional Development Fund and £2 million from the North West Development Agency. Tenants include Supanet, an internet service provider (ISP) and Graham & Brown, a wall coverings company.

In 2007 Fort Vale Engineering developed a new purpose-built factory, where the old Mullard/Philips site at Calder Vale Park, Simonstone had closed in 2004. Fort Vale Engineering employs some 280 local people and has brought business to other local employers.

Landmarks
There are five significant mansions in the local area: Huntroyde Hall, dating from 1576, and Simonstone Hall, dating from 1660, in nearby Simonstone, are still privately owned. Gawthorpe Hall was donated to the National Trust in 1970, but is jointly managed with Lancashire County Council under a 99-year lease. Gawthorpe is in the Ightenhill district. The National Trust also runs an office and a tearoom in the courtyard of the property. Gawthorpe was owned by the Shuttleworth family, which held Shuttleworth Hall near Hapton from the 12th century. The current building dates from 1639 and is still a working farm. Read Hall and Park is in the nearby village of Read, about 1 mi west of Padiham on the A671.

St Leonard's Parish Church dates from 1866 to 1869 and is a Grade II listed building. It occupies the site of earlier churches dating back to 1451 or earlier. The original churchyard was smaller in extent than today, being expanded to the northern edge in 1835.

Padiham Town Hall in Burnley Road, built in 1938 to designs by Bradshaw Gass & Hope, is a Grade II listed building.

Padiham Memorial Park at the top of Church Street, was designed by Thomas Mawson, a prolific landscape designer. It was officially opened in 1921 as a memorial to those of the town who gave their lives in the First World War. It now commemorates victims of the Second World War as well.

The park covers 12 acre on two sites divided by the River Calder. The upper section is mainly formal, dominated by Knight Hill House, currently used as an Age UK (formerly Age Concern) day centre, and has a rose garden, lawns and two memorials. The lower section, off Park Street, has two bowling greens, tennis courts, skate park and Padiham Leisure Centre. The park is a Green Flag award winner. The park still had remains of some Second World War air raid shelters in 2008. Another locally listed building is the former Padiham Building Society headquarters. A detached building over two storeys with large underground vault on Burnley Road, constructed between 1955-1958 and officially opened in 1959. The building was recently renovated by local businessman Liam Veitch and converted into individual office spaces.

Padiham War Memorial itself is at the main park entrance in Blackburn Road. There is a second memorial at All Saints' with St John the Baptist off the A671, Padiham Road, opposite the George IV pub. A local man, Thomas Clayton, funded the park in his will; public subscription provided additional money for the park's many features.

Near the war memorial, the Air Crash Memorial recalls several local young people killed on 3 July 1970, when a Dan Air de Havilland Comet deviated from its course and crashed into the high ground of the Montseny Range in north-eastern Spain – see: Dan-Air Flight 1903. The aircraft, destroyed on impact and by subsequent ground fire, contained three flight crew, four cabin crew and 105 passengers, all of whom died. It was the airline's first fatal accident involving fare-paying passengers. The tour operator, Clarksons Holidays, was at the time Britain's largest package holiday company.

Several other buildings in the area are also of historic interest. Hargrove can be seen from a public footpath off the Padiham by-pass just north of the town and the 1950s council housing estate north of Windermere Road. For over 400 years it was the home of the Webster family of yeoman farmers. The house is probably 17th century and part of the Huntroyed estate. Coal from a local outcrop heated the house for many years. Stockbridge House in Victoria Road was occupied by the Holts, a farming family, in 1802 and has a Jacobean chimney. High Whitaker Farm is north-east of Hargrove, accessible by public footpath from Higham Road and from Grove Lane. The building is 16th century and said to have been used to hide Catholics during the reign of Henry VIII. Other houses of note are Priddy Bank Farm and Foulds House Farm, both off Sabden Road, and Arbory Lodge on Arbory Drive.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill TV transmitter and the local relay TV transmitter located in the Forest of Pendle.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire, Heart North West, Smooth North West, Central Radio North West, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire and Capital Manchester and Lancashire (formerly 2BR).

The town is served by the local newspapers, Burnley Express and Lancashire Telegraph.

Rail
Padiham railway station was on a branch line (known as the Great Harwood loop) of the East Lancashire Line from Burnley to Blackburn. It opened in 1877, but was closed on 2 December 1957 and the station later demolished. The line was retained for deliveries of coal to Padiham Power Station until that closed in 1993. The nearest railway station now is at Hapton, about 2 mi south. The old line was converted into a footpath/bridleway/cycleway called Padiham Greenway, completed in June 2010.

Buses
The town is served by Burnley Bus Company services from Accrington, Burnley, Nelson, Colne and beyond, and by a Blackburn Bus Company service 152 from Burnley, Blackburn and Preston.

Road
Junctions 8 and 10 of the M65 are both some 2 mi from the town centre. Junction 8 of the M65 also gives access to the A56 dual carriageway leading to the M66 and access to the Manchester motorway network.

Air
The nearest airport, Manchester, is 50 minutes' drive. The best route by public transport is via Blackburn, then train. It takes some 2¼ hours.

Historic maps
The 1845 map (1) shows the town of Padiham in the early days of the Lancashire cotton industry in Victorian times, with three mills marked. Most of the town at that stage was north of the river. The top left-hand corner shows part of the Huntroyde Demesne. The River Calder, on the right of the map, flows to the north, having been diverted in the early 19th century from its original route, away from Gawthorpe Hall (shown in pink), because of pollution. In the 1960s the river was re-routed to its original course to accommodate open-cast coal mining.

The 1890 Ordnance Survey map (2) shows the cotton-industry growth of the cotton industry in the later 19th century. The 1–25,000 scale OS map (3) is a partial extract from the two maps indicated. Several historic locations shown include Read Hall (A2) and Read (B2); Martholme, just east of Martholme Viaduct (A3); Simonstone and Simonstone Hall (C3); Huntroyd and grounds (D1–D2); Padiham Power Station (D3) with the connecting line for fuel; post-war housing north of the town off Slade Lane (E2); High Whitaker (F1); the River Calder on the old course from Gawthore Hall and grounds (F2); Pendle Hall (G1); Ightenhill Manor House (G2); and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Burnley (J1). The railway line through Padiham also appears.

Notable people

 * Bill Blackadder (1899–1977), professional footballer
 * William Blezard (1921–2003), composer born in Padiham, who worked with Joyce Grenfell and others
 * Thomas Birtwistle (1833–1912), trade unionist involved in Padiham weavers' strikes in 1859
 * Richard Bradshaw (fl. 1900s) footballer born in Padiham, played for Blackpool F.C.
 * Maurice Green (1906–1987), editor of The Financial Times and The Daily Telegraph, was born in Padiham.
 * Cyril Harrison (1901–1980), managing director of English Sewing Cotton Company, was educated at Padiham Wesleyan School.
 * Harry Hastie (fl. 1920), footballer
 * Harry Hill (1916–2009), born in Padiham, was a bronze medallist at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Too poor to get to London any other way, Hill cycled the 200 miles from Sheffield on the bike he used in the Olympics.
 * Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet (1804–1877), husband of Janet Kay-Shuttleworth of Gawthorpe Hall, founded teacher training and independent school inspection in England and what is now the University of St Mark & St John.
 * Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baron Shuttleworth (1844–1939), Liberal politician, son of Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth. Under-Secretary of State for India and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster under William Gladstone in 1886 and Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty under Gladstone and Lord Rosebery in 1892–1895. He inherited Gawthorpe on his mother's death in 1872.
 * Charles Kay-Shuttleworth, 5th Baron Shuttleworth (born 1948), Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire for 1997
 * John Starkie (1830–1888), landowner at Ashton Hall, Thurnham, Lancashire
 * Le Gendre Starkie (1799–1865) and Le Gendre Starkie (1828–1899), landowners at Huntroyde
 * William Thompson (1866–1920), cricketer
 * Alfred Tysoe (1874–1901), Padiham-born athlete and winner of two gold medals in the 800m and 5,000m team races at the 1900 Olympic Games
 * Andy Payton (born 1967), professional footballer, nicknamed the Padiham Predator.

Freedom of the Town
The following have received the Freedom of the Town of Padiham.

Individuals

 * Robert "Bob" Clark: 29 June 2021.

title: Padiham


text:
Richard Cementarius

Richard Cementarius (a.k.a. Richard the Mason) was a 13th-century Scottish architect and became the first Provost of Aberdeen in 1272. He held the title of Kings Master Mason to King Alexander III of Scotland.

He is believed to have designed the old tower of Drum Castle and is known to be the architect of the nearby Brig o' Balgownie, both of which contain distinctive pointed arches characteristic of his work.

title: Richard Cementarius


text:
Internet Connection Sharing

Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) is a Windows service that enables one Internet-connected computer to share its Internet connection with other computers on a local area network (LAN). The computer that shares its Internet connection serves as a gateway device, meaning that all traffic between other computers and the Internet go through this computer. ICS provides Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and network address translation (NAT) services for the LAN computers.

ICS was a feature of Windows 98 SE and all versions of Windows released for personal computers thereafter.

Operation
ICS routes TCP/IP packets from a small LAN to the Internet. ICS provides NAT services, mapping individual IP addresses of local computers to unused port numbers in the sharing computer. Because of the nature of the NAT, IP addresses on the local computer are not visible on the Internet. All packets leaving or entering the LAN are sent from or to the IP address of the external adapter on the ICS host computer.

Typically, ICS can be used when there are several network interface cards installed on the host computer. In this case, ICS makes an Internet connection available on one network interface to be accessible to one other interface that is explicitly designated as the private network. ICS can also share dial-up (including PSTN, ISDN and ADSL connections), PPPoE and VPN connections.

Starting with Windows XP, ICS is integrated with UPnP, allowing remote discovery and control of the ICS host. It also has a Quality of Service Packet Scheduler component. When an ICS client is on a relatively fast network and the ICS host is connected to the Internet through a slow link, Windows may incorrectly calculate the optimal TCP receive window size based on the speed of the link between the client and the ICS host, potentially affecting traffic from the sender adversely. The ICS QoS component sets the TCP receive window size to the same as it would be if the receiver were directly connected to the slow link. ICS also includes a local DNS resolver in Windows XP to provide name resolution for all network clients on the home network, including non-Windows-based network devices.

When connected to a Windows domain, the computer can have a Group Policy to restrict the use of ICS, but when at home, ICS can be enabled.

Limitations
The service is not customizable in terms of which addresses are used for the internal subnet, and contains no provisions for bandwidth limiting or other features. ICS was initially designed to connect only to Windows computers: computers on other operating systems required different steps to utilize ICS. On Windows XP, the server, by default, gets the IP address 192.168.0.1. (This default can be changed within the interface settings of the network adapter or in the Windows Registry.) It provides NAT services to the entire 192.168.0.x subnet, even if the address on the client was set manually, not by the DHCP server. Since Windows 7, the 192.168.137.x subnet has been used by default.

Alternatives
Alternatives to ICS include hardware home routers and Wireless access points with integrated Internet access hardware, such as broadband over power lines, WiMAX or DSL modems.

title: Internet Connection Sharing


text:
Allmendingen bei Bern

Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Besides the village of Allmendingen, the municipality includes the settlement of Märchligen.

History
Allmendingen is first mentioned in 1256 as Alwandigen under the control of Rudolf von Alwandingen.

Until the end of 1992, Allmendingen was a part of Rubigen, which it separated from on 1 January 1993 to become a separate municipality.

Some traces of a prehistoric settlement and High Medieval fortifications were discovered in the Hüenliwald. The fortifications were abandoned by 1256, when the village was first mentioned. During the High Medieval period, Allmendingen Castle was built in the village. The castle was later abandoned and fell into ruin. The ruins were still visible in the village in 1729, but have since vanished.

In 1256 the Lords of Allmendingen sold both Allmendingen and the village of Märchligen to Interlaken Monastery. In 1528, the city of Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and began imposing it on the Bernese Oberland. The monastery and its villages rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the new faith. After Bern imposed its will on the monastery, they secularized it and annexed all its lands, including Allmendingen.

Starting in the 17th century, Bernese patricians, trying to escape the city, built country manor houses in Allmendingen. These included the 1607 Neue Schloss for Kaspar von Graffenrieds and the 1723 Märchligen Estate for Samuel Morlot, both of which were used as summer residences. Other nobles built country estates and became gentleman farmers, including the Alter Sandacker estate (which was built before 1794) and the Hübeli estate from 1846.

During the early 20th century agriculture remained the major source of income in the village, while Bern grew around the village. In 1972 a number of zoning restrictions were lifted which finally allowed new construction. The municipality is located outside Bern but has easy access to the city along the old Bern-Thun highway, the Bern-Thun railway line from 1859, the Bern-Langnau-Lucerne railway from 1864 to 1875 and the A6 motorway which was built in 1973.

Geography
Allmendingen has an area of. Of this area, 2.47 km2 or 65.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.81 km2 or 21.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.37 km2 or 9.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.06 km2 or 1.6% is either rivers or lakes and 0.07 km2 or 1.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.9%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 47.4% is used for growing crops and 14.7% is pastures, while 2.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

It consists of the village of Allmendingen and the hamlet of Märchligen.

On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Konolfingen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per Chevron embowed Sable and Argent.

Demographics
Allmendingen has a population of. , 6.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of -0.6%. Migration accounted for 0.4%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.3%.

Most of the population speaks German (471 or 95.2%) as their first language, French is the second most common (7 or 1.4%) and English is the third (7 or 1.4%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

, the population was 52.0% male and 48.0% female. The population was made up of 249 Swiss men (48.3% of the population) and 19 (3.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 231 Swiss women (44.9%) and 16 (3.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 115 or about 23.2% were born in Allmendingen and lived there in 2000. There were 253 or 51.1% who were born in the same canton, while 70 or 14.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 39 or 7.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.8%.

, there were 209 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 258 married individuals, 17 widows or widowers and 11 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 46 households that consist of only one person and 11 households with five or more people. , a total of 198 apartments (90.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 18 apartments (8.3%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (0.9%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.44%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Noble's Manor House, the Alter Sandacker and the Villa at Bergliweg 11 are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 31.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the BDP Party (21.7%), the SPS (13.9%) and the FDP (12.3%). In the federal election, a total of 256 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 63.5%.

Economy
, Allmendingen had an unemployment rate of 1.49%. , there were a total of 215 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 47 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 18 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 150 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector.

there were a total of 171 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 34, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 16 of which 2 or (12.5%) were in manufacturing and 14 (87.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 121. In the tertiary sector; 76 or 62.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 9 or 7.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 13 or 10.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 4 or 3.3% were in education.

, there were 99 workers who commuted into the municipality and 223 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.3 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 23.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 46.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 51 or 10.3% were Roman Catholic, while 371 or 74.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.61% of the population), and there were 31 individuals (or about 6.26% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6 (or about 1.21% of the population) who were Islamic. 32 (or about 6.46% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 16 individuals (or about 3.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Allmendingen about 230 or (46.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 108 or (21.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 108 who completed tertiary schooling, 66.7% were Swiss men, 25.9% were Swiss women, 4.6% were non-Swiss men.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 35 students attending classes in Allmendingen. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 9 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 11.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 22.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 2 primary classes and 26 students. Of the primary students, 3.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 3.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were 8 students in Allmendingen who came from another municipality, while 41 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Allmendingen bei Bern


text:
Newfoundland, New Jersey

Newfoundland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP)  covering portions of both West Milford in Passaic County, and Jefferson Township in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located along Route 23 and is the mailing address of Green Pond, a private lake in Rockaway Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the CDP's population was 1,145.

Newfoundland was a popular resort destination at the turn of the 20th century. Several resort hotels including Brown's Hotel and Idylease Inn relied on the railroad to bring guests for the resort season. The New Jersey Midland Railway developed the Newfoundland station in 1872. New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway provided passenger service until the 20th century and still travels through the area carrying freight. The 2003 independent film The Station Agent was set and filmed largely in Newfoundland, with the train station featured in the film.

Newfoundland is also the home of a nationwide food waste program called AmpleHarvest.org, which was launched in 2009 to end hunger and food waste by helping millions of gardeners nationwide donate excess food to thousands of local food pantries. The program came out of a local program that started donating food from its community garden to food pantries in Newfoundland and other nearby areas.

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,145.

title: Newfoundland, New Jersey


text:
Part

Part, parts or PART may refer to:

People

 * Part (surname)
 * Parts (surname)

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Part (music), a single strand or melody or harmony of music within a larger ensemble or a polyphonic musical composition
 * Part (bibliography), a sub-division of a volume or journal
 * Parts (book), a 1997 children's book by Tedd Arnold
 * Character (arts), in acting, a person or other being in a performed narrative

Transportation

 * Pottstown Area Rapid Transit (PART), Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Putnam Area Rapid Transit (PART), New York, U.S.
 * Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation (PART), North Carolina, U.S.

Other uses

 * Part (mathematics) or Mereology, the study of parts and the wholes they form
 * Part-of, the semantic relation of a part to the whole specific to linguistics
 * Spare part, an interchangeable part used for repair
 * Part number, identifier of a particular part design in engineering
 * Part (haircut), a hairstyle
 * Parts of Lincolnshire, geographic divisions of the English county
 * Primary age-related tauopathy, a neuropathological designation

title: Part


text:
Indian scimitar babbler

The Indian scimitar babbler (Pomatorhinus horsfieldii) is an Old World babbler. It is found in peninsular India in a range of forest habitats. They are most often detected by their distinctive calls, which include an antiphonal duet by a pair of birds. They are often hard to see as they forage through dense vegetation. The long, curved yellow, scimitar-shaped bills give them their name. It has been treated in the past as a subspecies of the white-browed scimitar babbler which is found along the Himalayas but now separated into two species, the peninsular Indian species and the Sri Lanka scimitar babbler (Pomatorhinus melanurus).

Description
The most distinctive feature of this 22 cm long bird is the long down-curved yellow bill which is blackish at the base of the upper mandible. It has a striking head pattern, with a long white supercilium above a broad black band through the eye. The white throat and breast contrast with the dark greyish brown on the upperside and dark grey to black on most of the underside. The tail is broad, long and graduated. They have short, round wings and being weak fliers are rarely seen flying in the open.

Indian scimitar-babblers have long down-curved yellow bills, used to work through the leaf litter and bark in search of their food which is mainly insects and berries. They can be difficult to observe in the dense vegetation they prefer, but like many other babblers, these are noisy birds, and the characteristic bubbling calls are often the best indication that these birds are present. The call itself consists of a loud fluty oop-pu-pu-pu followed immediately by a krukru. The second note is produced by the female and the duet is accurately synchronized. Leucistic plumages have been recorded.

Distribution
It is the only scimitar babbler in Peninsular India. This species is found south of a line between Rajasthan and Orissa.

Taxonomy and systematics
The Old World babblers are a large family of passerine birds characterised by soft fluffy plumage. They are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in southeast Asia. This species is very close to the Sri Lanka scimitar babbler which has in the past been treated as a subspecies. In the past, this species has been considered as a subspecies of the white-browed scimitar babbler (Pomatorhinus schisticeps) which is found along the Himalayan foothills. Molecular studies confirm this relatedness.

There are several races that have been noted, race travancoreensis is found in the Western Ghats south of Goa and is darker (see Gloger's rule). The nominate horsfieldii is found in the plains in the southern part of the peninsula. The race obscurus of the dry zone in the northwest (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat; possibly Orissa ) is lighter and greyer. Race maderaspatensis of the Eastern Ghats is intermediate in plumage between the nominate form and obscurus. Race maderaspatensis lacks the black base to the upper mandible and the bill is shorter. It has been recorded from the Palkonda Hills, Nallamalai Hills, Kurumbapatti and Shevaroy Hills.

The Sri Lankan form that was considered as a subspecies, melanurus, has been elevated to a full species by some works that note the geographic isolation and distinctive calls. The Sri Lankan form, however, responds to playback of the call of the Indian form.

Behaviour and ecology
The Indian scimitar babbler is a resident breeder (non-migratory) bird. Its habitat is forest and secondary growth mainly in the hilly regions. They feed on insects on the ground or on vegetation. Hopping on the ground, they may turn over leaves or probe in leaf litter for prey. They may sometimes join mixed-species foraging flocks.

They breed from December to May. The nest is a large and loose globular mass of foliage concealed in a bush on the ground or low down. They usually lay three eggs (but varies from two to four) which are pure white in colour.

title: Indian scimitar babbler


text:
Talk:Worth

Dic-def
This sounds dic-def. 66.245.80.142 16:03, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh? No, it's a disambiguation page.  —Lowellian (talk)   02:01, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

worthy
What is worthy 41.122.77.206 (talk) 06:12, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Worth


text:
Talk:Comedy

Mapeh
Name 1 of the 3 division of comedy 180.191.36.124 (talk) 13:53, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 July 2023
change "In a segment on President Obama's trip to China Stewart remarks..." in Studies on comic theory to "In a segment on President Obama's trip to China, Stewart remarks...". There must be a comma after 'China'. Jordanbkatz (talk) 19:29, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thank you for pointing this out.—Anita5192 (talk) 20:21, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Lead section
Excuse this potentially stupid question, but should really be such a large focus on ancient greek comedy in the lead section? Seems like something that should be in a section of its own. I don't really want to change it myself, so here. SynthGuard (talk) 13:04, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't see a large focus on ancient greek comedy in the lead. There are a few sentences describing how comedy originated in Greece. To me this seems concise and necessary. There is already a section of its own elaborating upon Greek contributions to comedy.—Anita5192 (talk) 13:39, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comedy


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HMS Invincible (1907)

HMS Invincible was the lead ship of her class of three battlecruisers built for the Royal Navy during the first decade of the twentieth century and the first battlecruiser to be built by any country in the world. During the First World War, she participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight in a minor role, as she was the oldest and slowest of the British battlecruisers present. During the Battle of the Falkland Islands, Invincible and her sister ship HMS Inflexible (1907) sank the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau almost without loss to themselves, despite numerous hits by the German ships.

She was the flagship of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron during the Battle of Jutland in 1916. The squadron had been detached from Admiral Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet a few days before the battle for gunnery practice with the Grand Fleet and acted as its heavy scouting force during the battle. She was destroyed by a magazine explosion during the battle after the armour of one of her gun turrets was penetrated.

Design and description
Invincible was significantly larger than her armoured cruiser predecessors of the Minotaur-class cruiser (1906). She had an overall length of 567 ft, a beam of 78.5 ft, and a draft of 30 ft at deep load. She displaced 17250 LT at load and 20420 LT at deep load, nearly 3000 LT more than the earlier ships.

The Invincible-class ships were formally known as armoured cruisers until 1911 when they were redesignated as battlecruisers by an Admiralty order of 24 November 1911. Unofficially a number of designations were used until then, including cruiser-battleship, dreadnought cruiser and battle-cruiser.

Propulsion
Invincible had two paired sets of Parsons turbines, each of which was housed in a separate engine-room and drove an outboard and inboard shaft. The high-pressure ahead and astern turbines were coupled to the outboard shafts and the low-pressure turbines to the inner shafts. A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft; these were not used often and were eventually disconnected. Her three-bladed propellers were 11 ft in diameter on the inner shafts while the outer propellers were 10 ft in diameter. The turbines were powered by thirty-one Yarrow water-tube boilers in four boiler rooms, and were designed to produce a total of 41000 shp, but reached nearly 46500 shp during trials in 1908. She was designed for 25 kn, but reached 26.64 kn during trials.

Invincible carried 2997 LT of coal, and an additional 738 LT of fuel oil that was to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. At full fuel capacity, she could steam for 3090 nmi at a speed of 10 kn. Her electrical power was provided by four 200 kW turbo-generators and motor generators with capacity of 100 kW.

Armament
Invincible carried eight BL 12 in Mk X guns in four twin turrets. For evaluation purposes these were electrically driven BIX and BX turrets, two each built by Vickers and Armstrongs. They proved to be a failure despite two lengthy refits in 1909 and 1911 and were converted to hydraulic power during her refit in early 1914 at a cost of £151,200. The situation was so bad during her gunnery trials in October 1908 that the captain of HMS Excellent (shore establishment), the Royal Navy's chief gunnery school, described their operation in the following manner: "When the order was given to train the turret, elevate or run a gun in or out, it was only necessary to push a button, or move a switch, but the result was often a flash of blue flame which seemed to fill the turret."

Her secondary armament consisted of sixteen 4 in QF Mk III guns. During 1915 the turret roof guns were transferred to the superstructure and the total number of guns was reduced to twelve. All of the remaining guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields at that time to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of a single QF 3 inch 20 cwt AA gun on a high-angle MkII mount at the aft end of the superstructure that was carried between October–November 1914 and from April 1915 onwards. A 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun on a high-angle MkIc mounting with a maximum elevation of 60° was also mounted in November 1914. Five 18 in (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes were fitted on the Invincibles, two on each side and one in the stern. Fourteen torpedoes were carried for them.

Armour
The waterline belt was 6 inches thick roughly between the fore and aft 12-inch gun turrets, but was reduced to four inches from the fore turret to the bow, and did not extend aft of the rear turret. The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 7 in of armour, except for the turret roofs which used 3 in of Krupp non-cemented armour (KNC). The thickness of the main deck was 1 - 2 in and the lower deck armour was 1.5 - 2.5 in. Mild steel torpedo bulkheads of 2.5-inch thickness were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms.

Construction and career
The ship was built at Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., Ltd on Tyneside. She was laid down on 2 April 1906, and launched at 15:00 on 13 April 1907 by Lady Allendale. On 28 December 1907, while still fitting out, she was hit by the Swedish collier Oden, which resulted in the buckling of beams and frames in the hull and five bottom plates being stove in. She was officially completed on 16 March 1909. On 18 March, she sailed from the Tyne to Portsmouth, where she would be commissioned. On the way, she collided with the brigantine Mary Ann, and stood by until the lifeboat John Birch arrived from Yarmouth to take the brigantine in tow.

She was commissioned into the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet on 20 March 1909 and participated in fleet manoeuvres in April and June 1909, the Spithead Review on 12 June 1909, and the Fleet Review off Southend on 2 July. She was refitted between 17 August and 17 January 1910 in an attempt to cure the electrical problems with her turrets, but they were still unsatisfactory. Another attempt was made to bring her turrets to working order during a refit in the spring of 1911, but this too was unsuccessful and the decision was made the following year to convert her turrets to hydraulic power. This was delayed until after her deployment to join the Mediterranean Fleet in August 1913. On 17 March 1913, she collided with the submarine HMS C34, but the collision was ruled the fault of the submarine. She returned to the UK in December 1913 in preparation for a major refit that would finally give her turrets hydraulic power and make her battle-worthy.

First World War
Her refit at Portsmouth Dockyard began in March 1914 and was interrupted by the declaration of war on Germany on 4 August. She'd been formally recommissioned the day prior, but the turret work required another week to complete. Invincible was the first battlecruiser to be fitted with a new fire-control director, but this could not be completed in the allotted time and would remain inoperable until she was refitted after the Battle of the Falkland Islands. She was declared operational on 12 August, when Rear-Admiral Sir Archibald Gordon Moore, commanding the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron, hoisted his flag in her. He was ordered to the Humber, along with the battlecruiser HMS New Zealand (1911), where he could better support the British ships patrolling the Broad Fourteens.

Battle of Heligoland Bight
Invincible's first action was as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral Beatty during the Battle of Heligoland Bight operation on 28 August 1914. Beatty's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks. They turned south at full speed at 11:35 when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the Jade estuary. The brand-new light cruiser HMS Arethusa (1913) had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Cöln (1909) when Beatty's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12:37. Strassburg was able to duck into the mists and evade fire, but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron. Beatty was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser SMS Ariadne directly to his front. He turned in pursuit and reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at close range (under 6000 yd). At 13:10, Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire. At this time, Invincible, trailing the main body of battlecruisers, opened fire on Cöln. She fired 18 rounds, all misses, before Beatty's main body encountered the crippled Cöln shortly after turning north and she was sunk by two salvos from HMS Lion (1910).

Battle of the Falklands
The West Indies Squadron of Rear-Admiral Christopher Cradock was destroyed by the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee during the Battle of Coronel on 1 November 1914. In response, the Admiralty ordered that a squadron be sent to destroy the Germans. The squadron, under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee, consisted of Invincible (flag) and Inflexible. They departed on 11 November and rendezvoused with several other cruisers under Rear Admiral Stoddard at Abrolhos Rocks, off the coast of Brazil on the 26th. They departed the following day and reached Port Stanley in the Falklands on the morning of 7 December.

Spee, making a leisurely voyage back to the Atlantic, wanted to destroy the radio station at Port Stanley and sent the armoured cruiser SMS Gneisenau and the light cruiser SMS Nürnberg (1906) to see if the harbour was clear of British warships on the morning of 8 December. They were spotted at 07:30, although the pre-dreadnought HMS Canopus (1897), grounded in Stanley Harbour to defend the town and its wireless station, did not receive the signal until 07:45. Sturdee was not expecting an engagement and most of his ships were coaling – and hence temporarily defenceless. The armoured cruiser HMS Cornwall (1902) and the light cruiser HMS Bristol (1910) had one or both of their engines under repair. The armed merchant cruiser Macedonian was patrolling the outer harbour entrance while the armoured cruiser HMS Kent (1901) was anchored in the outer harbour, scheduled to relieve the Macedonian at 08:00. The German ships were not expecting resistance and the first salvo from Canopus's guns at 09:20 caused them to sheer off from their bombardment of the wireless station and fall back on Spee's main body.

Sturdee's ships did not sortie from the harbour until 09:50, although they could see the retreating German ships on the southwest horizon. The Invincibles, fresh out of dry dock, had a 5 kn advantage over Spee's ships, which all had fouled bottoms that limited their speeds to no more than 20 kn. The light cruiser SMS Leipzig (1905) lagged behind the other ships and Inflexible opened fire when the range dropped to 17500 yd at 12:55. Invincible opened fire shortly afterward and both ships began straddling Leipzig as the range closed to 13000 yd. At 13:20, Spee ordered his squadron to separate and ordered his light cruisers to turn to the southwest, while his armoured cruisers turned north east to cover their retreat. The German ships opened fire at 13:30 and scored their first hit at 13:44 when SMS Scharnhorst struck Invincible, though the shell burst harmlessly on the belt armour. Both sides fired rapidly during the first half-hour of the engagement, before Sturdee opened up the distance to put his ships outside the effective range of the German guns. British gunnery was very poor, scoring only four hits out of 210 rounds fired. The primary cause was the smoke from the guns and funnels, since the British were upwind of the Germans, though one gun of Invincible's 'A' turret jammed at 13:42 and was out of action for thirty minutes.

Spee turned to the south in an attempt to disengage while the British had their vision obscured, but only opened the range to 17000 yd before his course change was spotted. The British battlecruisers gave chase at 24 kn. Forty minutes later, the British opened fire again at 15000 yd. Eight minutes later Spee turned again to the east to give battle. His strategy was to close the range so he could bring his 15 cm secondary armament into play. He was successful and the 15 cm guns were able to open fire at 15:00 at maximum elevation. The smoke bothered both sides, but multiple hits were scored. Those of the German ships either failed to detonate or hit armoured areas. However, Gneisenau's starboard engine room was put out of action. Sturdee ordered his ships at 15:15 to cross their own wakes to gain the windward advantage. Spee turned to the northwest, as if to attempt to cross the British T, but actually to bring Scharnhorst's undamaged starboard guns to bear as most of those on his port side were now out of action. The British continued to hit Scharnhorst and Gneisenau regularly and Scharnhorst ceased fire at 16:00 before capsizing at 16:17 with no survivors. Gneisenau had been slowed by earlier damage and was battered for another hour and a half by Inflexible and Invincible at ranges down to 4000 yd. Despite the damage her crew continued to fire back until she ceased firing at 16:47, her ammunition exhausted. Sturdee was ready to order 'Cease fire' at 17:15 when an ammunition hoist was freed up and she made her last shot. The British then pounded her until 17:50, after her captain had given the order to scuttle her at 17:40. She slowly capsized at 18:00 and the British were able to rescue 176 men from the freezing waters. Invincible had fired 513 shells from her main guns during the battle, but had been hit twenty-two times. Two of her bow compartments were flooded, and one hit on her waterline abreast 'P' turret had flooded a coal bunker and temporarily given her a 15° list. Nevertheless, only one man had been killed and five wounded aboard the battlecruisers.

After the battle, Invincible made temporary repairs at Port Stanley and headed for Gibraltar, where she could be drydocked for more permanent repairs. This took a month, and the opportunity was taken to extend the height of her fore funnel by 15 ft to reduce the amount of smoke blocking visibility from the bridge and spotting top. Invincible sailed to England on 15 February 1915 and joined the Grand Fleet. On 21 February, the British battlecruiser force was organised into three squadrons of the Battlecruiser Fleet, with the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron (BCS) that was to consist of the three Invincible-class ships once Inflexible arrived from the Mediterranean. She was refitted between 25 April and 12 May to have four worn-out 12-inch guns replaced and the secondary armament reduced and given casemates. Rear-Admiral Horace Hood took command of the 3rd BCS on 27 May 1915 and hoisted his flag in Invincible.

The 1st and 3rd BCS had sortied in response to the German bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April 1916, but failed to locate the German ships in heavy weather. During the return home, Invincible was rammed by the patrol yacht Goissa at 23:07. Goissas bow was embedded in Invincibles side which partially stove-in. Invincible's speed was reduced to 12 kn through flooding and she was forced to haul out of line and proceed independently to Rosyth for repairs which lasted until 22 May 1916.

Battle of Jutland
At the end of May 1916, the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron was temporarily assigned to the Grand Fleet for gunnery practice. On 30 May, the entire Grand Fleet, along with Admiral Beatty's battlecruisers, had been ordered to sea to prepare for an excursion by the German High Seas Fleet. In order to support Beatty, Admiral Hood took his three battlecruisers ahead of the Grand Fleet. At about 14:30, Invincible intercepted a radio message from the British light cruiser HMS Galatea (1914), attached to Beatty's Battlecruiser Force, reporting the sighting of two enemy cruisers. This was amplified by other reports of seven enemy ships steering north. Hood interpreted this as an attempt to escape through the Skagerrak and ordered an increase in speed to 22 kn at 15:11 and steered East-Southeast to cut off the fleeing ships. Twenty minutes later, Invincible intercepted a message from Beatty reporting five enemy battlecruisers in sight and later signals reporting that he was engaging the enemy on a south-easterly course. At 16:06, Hood ordered full speed and a course of south-southeast in an attempt to converge on Beatty. At 16:56, with no British ships in sight, Hood requested Beatty's course, position and speed, but never received a reply.

Hood continued on course until 17:40, when gunfire was spotted in the direction to which his light cruiser HMS Chester (1915) had been dispatched to investigate other gunfire flashes. Chester encountered four light cruisers of Hipper's 2nd Scouting Group and was badly damaged before Hood turned to investigate and was able to drive the German cruisers away from Chester. At 17:53, Invincible opened fire on SMS Wiesbaden and the other two Invincibles followed two minutes later. The German ships turned for the south after fruitlessly firing torpedoes at 18:00 and attempted to find shelter in the mist. As they turned Invincible hit Wiesbaden in the engine room and knocked out her engines while Inflexible hit SMS Pillau once. The 2nd Scouting Group was escorted by the light cruiser SMS Regensburg and 31 destroyers of the 2nd and 9th Flotillas and the 12th Half-Flotilla which attacked the 3rd BCS in succession. They were driven off by Hood's remaining light cruiser HMS Canterbury (1915) and the five destroyers of his escort. In a confused action, the Germans only launched 12 torpedoes and disabled the destroyer HMS Shark (1912) with gunfire. Having turned due west to close on Beatty's ships, the three Invincible-class battlecruisers were broadside to the oncoming torpedoes, but Invincible turned north, while Inflexible and Indomitable turned south to present their narrowest profile to the torpedoes. All the torpedoes missed, although one passed underneath Inflexible without detonating. As Invincible turned north, her helm jammed and she had to come to a stop to fix the problem, but this was quickly done and the squadron reformed heading west.

At 18:21, with both Beatty and the Grand Fleet converging on him, Hood turned south to lead Beatty's battlecruisers. Hipper's battlecruisers were 9,000 yards (8.2 km/5.1 mi) away and the Invincibles almost immediately opened fire on Hipper's flagship SMS Lützow and SMS Derfflinger. Indomitable hit Derfflinger three times and Seydlitz once, while the Lützow quickly took 10 hits from HMS Lion (1910), Inflexible and Invincible, including two hits below the waterline forward by Invincible that would ultimately doom her. At 18:30 Invincible abruptly appeared as a clear target before Lützow and Derfflinger. The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at Invincible and sank her in 90 seconds. At least one 305 mm (12-inch) shell from the third salvo struck her midships 'Q' turret. The shell penetrated the front of 'Q' turret, blew off the roof and detonated the midships magazines, which blew the ship in half. The explosion possibly ignited 'A' and 'X' magazines. Of her complement, 1026 officers and men were killed, including Rear-Admiral Hood. There were only six survivors picked up by the destroyer HMS Badger (1911). Five of the six were stationed in the fore-control top located on the tripod foremast, including the gunnery officer Commander Hubert E. Dannreuther; the other man was stationed in the rangefinder atop 'Q' turret itself. When the magazine exploded he was somehow thrown clear of the ship.

Wreck site
After the war, the Invincible was located by a Royal Navy minesweeper lying on a sandy bottom at a depth of 180 ft at 57.04444°N, 6.12083°W. The battlecruiser's stern is right-side up and the bow upside-down.

Examination of the wreck has found that the 12 inch guns in the aft turret remain loaded although its roof is missing. A contemporary photograph of the explosion that destroyed Invincible shows flame and smoke erupting from 'X' turret. Coupled with the aft turret's missing roof, it implies that 'X' magazine also caused a low-order explosion within the ship.

Invincible is a protected site under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. Mount Invincible in the Canadian Rockies was named after the battlecruiser in 1917.

title: HMS Invincible (1907)