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Santa Ana River

The Santa Ana River is the largest river entirely within Southern California in the United States. It rises in the San Bernardino Mountains and flows for most of its length through San Bernardino and Riverside counties, before cutting through the northern Santa Ana Mountains via Santa Ana Canyon and flowing southwest through urban Orange County to drain into the Pacific Ocean. The Santa Ana River is 96 mi long, and its drainage basin is 2650 sqmi in size.

The Santa Ana drainage basin has a diversity of terrain, ranging from high peaks of inland mountains in the north and east, to the hot, dry interior and semidesert basins of the Inland Empire, to the flat coastal plain of Orange County. Although it includes areas of alpine and highland forest, the majority of the watershed consists of arid desert and chaparral environments. Due to low regional rainfall, the river carries only a small flow except during the brief winter season, when it is prone to massive flash floods. The San Jacinto River, which drains the southern half of the watershed, rarely reaches the Santa Ana except in extremely wet years. A wide variety of animal and plant communities depend on the riparian zones and remnant wetlands along the Santa Ana River.

Humans have lived on the Santa Ana River for at least 9,000 years. The villages of Lupukngna, Genga, Pajbenga, Totpavit, and Hutuknga were located along the river. The river was first seen by Europeans in 1769, when it received its name from members of the Spanish Portola expedition. Because it was one of the only reliable sources of water in a wide region, many large ranchos developed along the river and one of its major tributaries, Santiago Creek. After the area became part of the United States, the economy transitioned to agriculture, before urbanizing in the 20th century. Many cities established during this time including Santa Ana, Riverside and Anaheim derived their names from the river. In order to protect urban areas from the river's flood threat, major channelization and damming projects were undertaken, resulting in the loss of much of the natural river channel.

Course
The Santa Ana River rises in the southern San Bernardino Mountains, at the confluence of two tiny streams, Heart Bar Creek and Coon Creek, at an elevation of 6991 ft. Its highest sources are Dollar Lake, at 9288 ft, and Dry Lake, at 9068 ft, both on the northern flank of San Gorgonio Mountain, at the headwaters of the South Fork Santa Ana River. The river flows west through a wide, deep and heavily forested mountain valley. About 18 mi from its headwaters, it receives its first major tributary, Bear Creek, which enters from the north. Bear Creek receives its water from Big Bear Lake, a popular recreational mountain lake. The river turns south, passing through the Seven Oaks Dam, and reaches the arid Inland Empire lowland covering large parts of San Bernardino County and Riverside County. It receives Mill Creek from the south and passes to the south of San Bernardino, then receives City Creek from the north and San Timoteo Creek from the south. Due to water diversions for groundwater recharge, the river bed is usually dry in this stretch between Mill Creek and the outlet of the Veolia water treatment plant north of Riverside, which restores a year-round flow. From there to Prado Dam the river supports a riparian zone with considerable greenery.

Not far below the confluence with San Timoteo Creek, Lytle Creek enters from the north. Lytle Creek is one of the largest tributaries of the Santa Ana river, rising from three forks in the San Gabriel Mountains and flowing southeast, before emptying into the Santa Ana River as Lytle Creek Wash. From there, the river turns southwest, and after passing through western Riverside, it discharges into the normally dry flood control reservoir formed by Prado Dam. Two major tributaries of the river join in the reservoir area: Chino Creek from the north, and Temescal Creek from the south. Temescal Creek drains the largest area of all the tributaries, because it provides the outflow from Lake Elsinore, into which the San Jacinto River flows. It is also one of the longest, at 32 mi in length. Except during the wettest years when Lake Elsinore fills high enough to overflow, Temescal Creek contributes little to no water into the Santa Ana River.

Below Prado Dam, the Santa Ana River crosses into Orange County, and cuts between the Santa Ana Mountains and Chino Hills via the narrow Santa Ana Canyon. The river roughly bisects the county as it flows southwest towards the ocean. In Anaheim, the entire flow of the river (except during wet seasons) is diverted into spreading grounds for groundwater recharge of the north Orange County aquifer, providing about half of the county's municipal water supply. Downstream of there, the river is mostly confined to a concrete channel, serving only for flood control and urban runoff drainage, and is usually dry or a small trickle. At Orange it receives Santiago Creek from the east before entering Santa Ana. After crossing under Interstate 5 it passes through the River View Golf Course, one of its few non-concreted sections within Orange County, and then becomes a concrete channel again through most of Santa Ana and Fountain Valley to a point below the 405 Freeway, where the river bed becomes natural (though the banks remain concrete). The mouth of the river is located in a small tidal lagoon between Huntington State Beach in Huntington Beach and Newport Beach.

Watershed
The Santa Ana River drains the largest watershed of California's South Coast region, covering 2650 sqmi in parts of San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange and Los Angeles Counties. Although the river does not pass through Los Angeles County, some of its tributaries, including San Antonio Creek extend into it. The watershed consists mainly of high mountain ranges that surround and divide large, dry alluvial valleys. The San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains encircle the arid Inland Empire lowland on the north and east. The Santa Ana Mountains and Chino Hills divide the Inland Empire from the Orange County coastal plain; the Santa Ana Canyon is the only natural break in the range between the two lowlands. The southern part of the watershed, drained by the San Jacinto River into Lake Elsinore and via Temescal Creek into the Santa Ana River, constitutes some 45% of the total area and extend its boundaries as far south as the Colorado Desert at Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. The river has over 50 named tributaries, most of which are intermittent streams.

As of 2000, about 4.8 million people lived in the Santa Ana River watershed. Most of the population is concentrated close to the river in urban centers such as San Bernardino, Riverside, Anaheim and Santa Ana. The Inland Empire still has large areas dedicated to agriculture and ranching, although it is rapidly urbanizing. In Orange County, nearly all the valley lands are urbanized. Some major bodies of water in the watershed include Irvine Lake, Lake Mathews, Lake Perris, Diamond Valley Lake, Lake Skinner, and Big Bear Lake. All of these are water supply reservoirs constructed by county or state water agencies, and with the exception of Big Bear, much of the water is imported from other parts of California due to the arid local climate. Diamond Valley Lake, with a storage capacity of 800000 acre feet, is the largest and most recently constructed. Lake Elsinore is the only major natural lake in the watershed.

The Santa Ana River watershed shares boundaries with many adjacent river basins. In the northwest is the San Gabriel River, which empties into the Pacific at Long Beach. In Orange County, the San Diego Creek, Aliso Creek, and San Juan Creek watersheds border the Santa Ana watershed on the south. Further south, in San Diego County, the watershed is bordered by those of San Mateo Creek, the Santa Margarita River, and the San Luis Rey River. On the east the watershed shares borders with those of the Whitewater River and the Coachella Valley, flowing into the Salton Sea, and on the north with the Mojave River, which flows into the endorheic basin of the Mojave Desert.

In Orange County, the river flows across a vast, gently sloping alluvial fan created from its own sediments therefor its drainage basin is extremely narrow because the surrounding land slopes away from the river bed. In its natural state the river would frequently change course into one of many intermittent channels that fan out across the plain. Today, these auxiliary river-beds have been artificially disconnected from the Santa Ana River and converted into flood control channels, including the Talbert and Huntington Beach channels, which empty into the Pacific very near the mouth of the Santa Ana River. The combined Talbert-Huntington Beach watershed drains 21.4 sqmi of mostly suburbanized land. The river originally had many different outlets to the Pacific, one of which even extended as far north as the San Gabriel River. The original mouth of the river was located at Newport Bay, which drained into the Pacific Ocean, at what is today the entrance to Newport Harbor. Based on a U.S. Coastal Survey from 1878, Newport Bay was predominantly a river estuary with few open channels. The river flowed into the bay bringing with it heavy silt and making boating difficult. To eventually create Newport Harbor, sand deposited by the Santa Ana River had to be constantly dredged away. In 1920, the Bitter Point Dam was built to divert the river away from the bay and on its current course to the ocean at Huntington Beach. Stone jetties were built to form the new river mouth. All of the Islands in Newport Harbor are the product of dredging and man made forming from the sands and silt deposited over time by the Santa Ana River.

Geology
Ancient igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock underlie and form the geologic base of the Santa Ana River watershed. Most of the strata in the flat valleys and basins of the watershed are underlain by thousands of feet of sediment deposited by shallow seas that covered parts of Southern California in ancient times. Most of the mountains in and around the basin consist of granite batholiths about 75 million years old. However, above elevations of 8000 to 9000 ft ancient metamorphic rock up to 1.7 billion years old is exposed. This rock originally formed at the bottom of the ancestral Pacific Ocean and was uplifted to the highest peaks of the mountains by tectonic action. Even during the ice ages, Southern California mountains were not subjected to extensive glaciation, so the rock has remained for tens of millions of years without significant erosion.

Diverse and complex faulting and geologic instability have shaped the Santa Ana River watershed. The San Andreas Fault runs across the northern section of the watershed and is responsible for the formation of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains, part of the Transverse Ranges of Southern California. The Elsinore–Whittier Fault Zone crosses the Santa Ana River further downstream, near the Orange/Riverside County line. Tectonic action along this fault created the Santa Ana Mountains, Puente Hills, East Orange Hills, Chino Hills, Loma Ridge, and the other mountain ranges and ridges that run northwest–southeast across the lower section of the watershed – the coastal Peninsular Ranges. While the Transverse Ranges rise above 10000 ft in many places, the highest peaks of the Peninsular Ranges reach less than half that elevation.

The cutting of Santa Ana Canyon across the Peninsular Ranges is attributed to the wetter Southern California climate during the Wisconsinian Glaciation and earlier ice ages, during which rivers in Southern California were substantially bigger in volume. The Santa Ana River, which existed prior to the creation of the Peninsular Ranges, maintained its course as an antecedent stream due to its increased erosive power. The canyon was eroded through bedrock that today divides the groundwater basins of the Inland Empire and the coastal plain. Because groundwater in the watershed generally flows from east to west, it is forced to the surface at the bedrock "sill" of Santa Ana Canyon, resulting in a perennial stream that prior to development flowed freely across the coastal plain to the Pacific. During this period, the Santa Ana changed course multiple times, eroding now-dry wind gaps in the Peninsular Range and the coastal mesas around Huntington Beach and Newport Beach.

Ecology
Hundreds of species of animals and plants characterize the Santa Ana River's diversity of climates and vegetation zones. There are over ten of these vegetation zones in the watershed—including the sparsely vegetated alpine and subalpine zones in the mountains, mid-elevation forests of pine, lodgepole and oak, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, the increasingly rare riparian forest and marshes along the river bed, lined with trees and rushes, and the thinly vegetated coastal areas virtually flush with sea level. The watershed supports up to 200 bird species, 50 mammal species, 13 reptile species, 7 amphibian species, and 15 fish species, including steelhead trout.

The largest portion of the watershed, the Inland Empire portion, is dominated by a hot, dry desert climate that supports sparse wildlife, while the climate and vegetation of the San Jacinto River and Temescal Creek watershed is similar to that of the southern Central Valley. Downstream of the desert was once the coastal sage scrub and dry grassland community of the Orange County coastal plain, but that region has been almost entirely lost to urbanization. Rimming the arid portions of the watershed are the chaparral zones, consisting of sclerophyllous, thick, low bushes and small trees. The chaparral generally is found between elevations of 1000 and 6500 ft, and occurs mainly closer to the coast on the windward side of the Peninsular Ranges. The scrub oak is one of the most common plants in chaparral regions, forming a dense groundcover that makes it difficult for humans and large animals such as mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats to traverse. Chaparral growth is determined by wildfires and droughts, and depends on the semi-arid climate of the region.

Perennial and seasonal streams often are lined with live oak and sycamore, which transition into the riparian zones of the main stem Santa Ana River. The largest unbroken riparian corridor is the 20 mi stretch between Riverside and Prado Dam, where the river has been largely left in its natural state despite pollution from urban runoff. In addition, the flood control basin behind Prado Dam contains 6600 acre of seasonal wetlands. The Santa Ana sucker, a small bottom-dwelling fish, was once found along most of the Santa Ana River, but is now rarely seen. Near the mouth, the river was once abundant in salt marshes, which stretched for miles on either side of the river, even near Upper Newport Bay, which has also served as an alternate mouth of the river.

The alpine and subalpine zones, despite their high elevation (above 9500 ft) and significant rainfall (at least 35 in per year, except in drought years), are sparsely vegetated. The windswept terrain of the alpine zone is primarily small brush and weeds, while trees—mostly small gnarled pines and junipers—occur in canyons and shielded depressions in the subalpine zone. Inland elevations above 5000 ft support much denser forest. Jeffrey pine, ponderosa pine, black oak, lodgepole pine, and willow constitute most of the forested lands. The mountain habitats of the watershed support many animals typical of Californian mountain regions, including squirrels, chipmunks, black bears, mule deer, and many species of migratory birds. In the canyons of the San Bernardinos, the river is abundant in rainbow trout and is lined with alders, willow and cottonwoods. Where the river and its large upper tributaries empty out of the mountain canyons into the Inland Empire basin, they are surrounded by the alluvial scrub zone, a mix of desert and upper riparian vegetation. Along the main stem, this zone begins at the base of Seven Oaks Dam and ends at the Lytle Creek confluence.

Historically, the Santa Ana was named "the best stream in Southern California [for steelhead trout habitat]". The steelhead is an anadromous fish, similar to salmon, that migrates up rivers and streams to spawn. Unlike salmon, which usually only reproduce once, steelhead may reproduce multiple times and have a much longer life span. Steelhead was once found along the entire main stem of the Santa Ana River, as well as on some of its main tributaries—Santiago Creek, San Antonio and Chino Creeks, Cucamonga Creek, Lytle Creek, City Creek, and Mill Creek. Few, if any, steelhead were present in Temescal Creek (although one of its tributaries was stocked in the 1930s ) and none inhabited the San Jacinto River, because it is disconnected from most of the Santa Ana River system. Up to the 1950s, significant numbers of steelhead trout still migrated in from the ocean. Because of pollution and modifications to the river, very few steelhead still use the river. There is a population of wild stream resident coastal rainbow trout upstream of Seven Oaks Dam and in the upper reaches of a few tributaries. Despite the rarity of steelhead, in recent years fin samples from 13 trout were collected from Harding Canyon in the Santiago Creek tributary of the Santa Ana River and genetic analysis has shown them to be of native and not hatchery stocks.

Invasive species—those that are not native to the region—have caused problems in the watershed for many years. One of the most troublesome invasive species is the giant reed, which plagues many coastal Southern California waterways. The giant reed is similar to a tall grass or thin bamboo, but grows quickly and can take over native stands of vegetation, block the streambed, hurts the habitat of native animals, and increases the hazard of wildfires. Perhaps the largest effect that giant reed has is its usage of water. To support its fast growth rate, the giant reed population in the Santa Ana River watershed can consume 56200 acre.ft of water per year.

Other invasive species also have affected the Santa Ana River. One of the most prominent is the brown-headed cowbird, which feeds off parasites and insects identified with cattle, which were brought to Southern California during the Spanish Rancho period. The brown-headed cowbird is a "brood parasite", or a bird that lays its eggs in another bird's nest. One of the most afflicted birds is the least Bell's vireo, whose population also suffers from the loss of riparian habitat. The least Bell's vireo is considered an endangered species, as is the southwestern willow flycatcher, whose habitat is often shared with the other bird. The saltcedar is another invasive large weed that also, like the giant reed, uses large amounts of water. Unlike giant reed, the saltcedar has deeper roots, not only making it more difficult to remove but allowing it to access and use up deep groundwater. However, the saltcedar is similar in that it also provides little usable habitat for native animals.

First peoples
Human habitation on the Santa Ana River dates back 9,000 to 12,000 years ago, close to the early stages of the Holocene period. The first Native Americans to live in the area were nomadic tribes that traveled from place to place, grazing animals on fertile grasslands and gathering fruits and seeds for food. The ancestors of these early people originated from the Shoshone and Uto-Aztecan people of the northwestern United States. Eventually, the human population of the watershed reached a peak of about 15,000. About 8,000 years ago, the climate experienced a change becoming more arid and the originally nomadic tribes began to stay in individual places longer, becoming semi-nomadic. However, they did not establish agriculture, nor did they raise animals or live in villages. Like many Native American tribes in California, acorns were a staple food of many of the inland valley people. People closer to the ocean often fished and hunted small animals, often from tide pools and coastal stream areas, for food.

Several major premodern Native American groups eventually gained control of lands along the river: the Yuhaviatam or Yuharetum people in the upper basin, the Payomkowishum in the southeastern basin, the Cahuilla in the desert areas of the watershed, and the Tongva people in the lower basin. The Yuhaviatam generally lived in the mountain headwaters of the Santa Ana River and its tributaries rimming the present-day Inland Empire basin, in present-day San Bernardino County, as well as in the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains. The Tongva lived on the flat coastal plains of present-day Orange County south of the Santa Ana Mountains. They were also the larger of the two groups, controlling all the coastal lands from the San Gabriel Mountains in the north to Aliso Creek in the south, including all of the Los Angeles Basin. These peoples established villages, some of which were multiethnic and multilingual, including Lupukngna, Genga, Pajbenga, Totpavit, and Hutuknga.

Spanish period
When Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sailed along the Southern California coast on his voyage of 1542, he passed the mouth of the Santa Ana River without noting it. Neither did any of the subsequent Spanish sea-borne explorers leave any written notice of the river mouth.

It was not until 1769 that Gaspar de Portolà led the first overland expedition northwards through coastal Southern California—still a largely unexplored part of the Alta California province of New Spain—and gave the river its name. On July 28, the party camped "about three leagues" from where the Santa Ana River exits the canyon through the northern Santa Ana Mountains, near present-day Olive. Fray Juan Crespí, one of the members of the expedition, wrote in his diary that he called the spot "Jesus de los Temblores", referring to an earthquake that struck while they were camped alongside there. Crespi also noted that the soldiers were calling the river "Rio de Santa Ana", probably because they had recently celebrated Saint Anne's Day. That name remains today (the second oldest place name in Orange County, after Santiago Creek), and the name of the mountain range and city were derived from the river.

Although no missions were actually located along the Santa Ana River or within the watershed, the river basin was nearly depleted of native people because the Spanish forced them to work at nearby missions, including Mission San Gabriel Arcangel and Mission San Luis Rey. The affected tribes were usually renamed after the missions, resulting in tribal names such as Gabrieliño and Luiseño. Difficult working and living conditions and European diseases such as smallpox killed much of the native population during the roughly 50-year-long Mission Period. The Secularization Act of 1833, passed by the newly independent country of Mexico, eventually brought an end to the Mission Period. The post-Mission Period native population was almost entirely devastated. The population was very little, their native religions were nearly lost, and most of their land had been taken by Spanish settlers. Although the Mexican government's original intention with the Secularization Act was to provide the Native Americans with their own land and property, most of the provisions made by the act never actually happened. Spanish settlers continued to press into the remaining tribal lands, and eventually, the tribes were forced into the surrounding desert lands or into the high mountains.

Following the Mission Period came the Rancho Period. This occurred when the enormous land holdings of the missions were subdivided into ranchos owned by individuals. Some of the new private ranchos were merely converted mission ranchos. The first private rancho along the Santa Ana River was Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, a 62500 acre rancho on the left bank of the lower Santa Ana River. This rancho was acquired by Don Juan Pablo Grijalva as early as 1801. Other ranchos on the river followed, including ones in inland areas that had not been exploited in the Mission Period. The ranchos (beginning with the missions) established the tradition of raising cattle in coastal Southern California, a custom upheld until the late 19th century. Agriculture, however, although established, was not yet a major industry. A flood that raged down the Santa Ana in 1825 caused the river's course to change temporarily to an outlet at Newport Bay, depositing sediment that partially created Balboa Island. Spread throughout the ranchos on the Santa Ana River were a few towns, military outposts and trading posts. The Santa Ana River valley was one of the most prosperous regions in Southern California for many decades.

American settlement
In the late 1840s, California fought for its independence from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. The Santa Ana river played an important part in the victory of the Americans over the Mexican army. In 1847, one year after the Bear Flag Revolt, a Mexican military force set out northwards to attack a smaller American force in the Los Angeles area. However, the Santa Ana River flooded, preventing the Mexicans from crossing the river to attack the Americans. When the river's flow finally subsided, the American forces had been reinforced enough to drive the Mexicans out of the region.

When the California Republic was assimilated into the United States in 1848, American settlers began to move into the Santa Ana River region in great numbers. The Mexican ranchos were divided into smaller individual properties, and irrigated agriculture began on a large scale. The city of Santa Ana Viejo, the original location of Santa Ana, was founded in this period. In 1854, Mormons settled in the upper Inland Empire area and started the city of San Bernardino, gaining prosperity by using water from the river, as well as Lytle Creek and Mill Creek, to irrigate crops. The cattle industry began to decline as farms began to replace ranches. Soon, white settlers in the region were more numerous than Hispanics as well. The California Gold Rush around this time was responsible for attracting many of these people to the state, but many remained in Southern California afterwards.

In 1860, a much closer gold rush occurred in the San Bernardino Mountains when prospector William Holcomb discovered significant deposits, just over the northern drainage divide of the Santa Ana River. This discovery exploded into a full-scale gold mining operation in days. The Santa Ana River served as a conduit for miners traveling to the region and many of the forests in the upper basin experienced clearcutting as a result of the high resource demands of the boom. Gold was also discovered in Lytle Creek in that same year. Following the gold rush, the cultivation of citrus became the mainstay of the economy of the lower Santa Ana River area. Through the late 19th century, citrus fields covered much of the coastal plain and led to the naming of Orange County.

Floods, droughts and legacy
Notwithstanding the increased prosperity in the 1860s, this decade was also the scene of a series of natural disasters. In the Great Flood of 1862, heavy rains dropped by a series of winter storms caused the Santa Ana to burst its banks, flooding thousands of acres of land and killing 20 to 40 people in the greatest flood it had experienced in recorded history. The levees along the river burst in many places, flooding part of the Inland Empire into a continuous body of water several miles wide stretching from the mouth of Santa Ana Canyon to where the river cuts through the Santa Ana Mountains. Downstream in Orange County, the river overwhelmed nearly all the existing floodworks and transformed the coastal plain into a transient inland sea. The flow, now calculated as a 1,000-year flood, peaked at roughly 9000 m3/s, over half the average flow of the Mississippi River. Even after the flood, detrimental conditions continued in the region. For the two years following the flood, an intense drought caused the deaths of tens of thousands of head of livestock. Despite all of the hardships experienced in the three years, after conditions finally returned to normal, the Santa Ana River watershed again became a prospering agricultural region. The cities of Santa Ana and Riverside were established in 1869 and 1870, respectively.

1934 and 1938 saw a further pair of devastating floods that in part brought an end to the area's citrus industry. In the Los Angeles flood of 1938, the Santa Ana again burst its banks and flooded Anaheim and Orange in up to 4 ft of water, stripping away thousands of acres of rich topsoil and destroying many of the citrus groves. Almost 60 people were killed in the disaster and about 68400 acre of land were flooded, despite the fact that the flow in the river was only one-third of that of the 1862 flood. With the extreme damage from the floods, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers made the decision to dam and concrete the river beginning in the 1940s, and declared it as the greatest flood hazard in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River. Prado Dam, built in 1941, was designed to capture floodwaters from the Inland Empire about 30 mi upstream from the river's mouth. The dam's impoundment, Prado Flood Control Basin, was designed to handle a 70-year flood.

With the increased flood protection afforded by the Prado Dam, major industrial development migrating south from the Los Angeles Basin, and the Southern California housing boom in the 1950s and 1960s, the Santa Ana River watershed began its third and final transition—from agricultural to urban. The population of the Santa Ana River basin increased dramatically, but brought with it the threat of greater damage from floods, somewhat compromising the protection afforded by Prado Dam. Because housing and urban areas encroached on the river's historic floodplain—an area once occupied by farms—and the river became confined to a narrow channel—a flood similar to the ones surrounding the turn of the 20th century would cause much more damage. The construction of roads and buildings also heightened the runoff that would flow into the river during rainfall, a process known as urban runoff. In fact, the river flooded again in 1969, and while much of the runoff from the Inland Empire was captured behind Prado Dam—probably saving Orange County from an even greater flood—Santiago Creek, a large tributary flowing from the Santa Ana Mountains, eroded its banks until it swept away portions of residential communities in the cities of Tustin and Orange.

In 1964, the Santa Ana River Mainstem Project, which involved concreting the lower 30.4 mi of the river, was first proposed. Construction work began in 1989, and today, through much of Orange County, the river's channel is essentially an enormous box culvert. The second dam, Seven Oaks Dam, was completed in 1999. This dam captures flood runoff from Santa Ana Canyon before it can enter the Inland Empire. The dam was designed to withstand a 350-year flood. Today, the river lies mainly between levees and concrete channels, and especially in its lower course, functions only as a flood drainage channel.

Pollution and restoration
As with many Southern California rivers, the Santa Ana is heavily polluted and used. The main stem above Seven Oaks Dam is free-flowing, as are many of its upper tributaries. Once the river enters the Inland Empire basin, however, much of its flow is diverted for municipal and agricultural water use. Most of the flow in the river below the city of San Bernardino consists of effluent from 45 wastewater treatment plants and dry season urban runoff, which is collected behind Prado Dam. Any flow that makes it downstream to Orange County is diverted by another pair of dams into approximately 1100 acre of groundwater recharge basins, providing approximately 218000 acre.ft of municipal water for the county every year, or one-third of its water supply. Downstream of that dam, the river gathers further urban runoff before finally making it into the Pacific. The Santa Ana River is included on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) list of "304 (l) 'toxic hot spots' list of impaired waterways".

In Orange County, the Orange County Water District, formed in 1932 to manage the county's groundwater, uses the treated water from upstream to recharge a massive reservoir, or aquifer, that runs roughly nine miles from Lakeview Avenue to Ball Road. The water percolates through layers of sand and gravel, which work to scrub, or purify it. There, it joins treated wastewater pumped from the Orange County Sanitation Department's state-of-the-art plant in Fountain Valley. Those two types of water account for 60 to 70 percent of the aquifer, which can hold 500,000 acre feet. Combined with water imported from Northern California and the Colorado River, the OCWD maintains that the aquifer could serve the water needs of all its clients for a year.

A number of organizations have been formed to try to gain public interest in restoring the river. One of the most prominent is the Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority (SAWPA), formed by five municipal water districts in the Santa Ana River area. A second one is the Santa Ana River Dischargers Association. Both have conducted studies as to what beneficial uses the Santa Ana River would have aside from water supply and flood control, as well as the removal of some of the concreted sections of the lower river. This set of studies is known as the "Use-Attainability Analysis", which was submitted to the state Congress, which approved it. However, upon submission to the EPA, it was rejected. As a result, little work has been done to repair the ecological damage that has been caused by urbanization along the river. Other projects include the Santa Ana Watershed Planning Advisory Committee, and the Santa Ana River Watershed Alliance (SARWA).

Recreation
There are many recreational opportunities along the Santa Ana River. The Santa Ana River watershed includes parts of the Cleveland National Forest, San Bernardino National Forest, Angeles National Forest, Mount San Jacinto State Wilderness Area, Chino Hills State Park, and Lake Perris State Recreation Area. Big Bear Lake, Lake Elsinore, and Lake Irvine are popular recreational lakes in the watershed. The river never actually flows through any of these lakes, but they each have drainage to the river via tributaries.

The Santa Ana River bicycle path which, when complete, will run from the river's mouth at Huntington Beach to near the San Bernardino Mountains, currently extends about 30 mi along the river to Prado Dam. The proposed distance along the trail is over 70 mi. In Riverside County, the Hidden Valley Wildlife Area also has 25 mi of recreational paths. Some entities have been opting for a Santa Ana River Park, which would encompass a strip of land on either side of the river for its entire course. The city of Redlands would like to develop riverside green space near the historic downtown district. The Santa Ana River Lakes, located near Anaheim, are a popular recreational fish farm fed with water from the river. Ultimately, the trail could link a network of river-bottom parks. In 2014, naturalists navigated the stretch of river flanked by Chino Hills State Park on the north and the Cleveland National Forest on the south. The rafts made it 2 miles before the vegetation was impenetrable but they were convinced there were possibilities of improving public access and recreational opportunities.

Crossings
The Santa Ana River has 70 significant crossings, bridges and dams. This list places them from mouth to source.

Orange County

 * California 1.svg State Route 1 (Pacific Coast Highway) (Newport Beach/Huntington Beach)
 * Victoria Street/Hamilton Avenue (Costa Mesa/Huntington Beach)
 * Santa Ana River bicycle path (Costa Mesa/Huntington Beach)
 * Adams Avenue (Costa Mesa/Huntington Beach)
 * I-405 (CA).svg Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway) (Costa Mesa/Fountain Valley)
 * Talbert Avenue/MacArthur Boulevard (Santa Ana/Fountain Valley)
 * Slater Avenue/West Segerstrom Avenue (Santa Ana/Fountain Valley)
 * Warner Avenue (Santa Ana/Fountain Valley)
 * Harbor Boulevard (Santa Ana)
 * Edinger Avenue (Santa Ana)
 * McFadden Avenue (Santa Ana)
 * Bolsa Avenue/1st Street (Santa Ana)
 * 5th Street (Santa Ana)
 * Former Pacific Electric Railway Railway Bridge (future OC Streetcar)
 * Fairview Street (Santa Ana)
 * Westminster Avenue/17th Street (Santa Ana)
 * Santa Ana River bicycle path (Santa Ana)
 * Garden Grove Boulevard/Memory Lane (Orange/Santa Ana)
 * California 22.svg State Route 22 (Garden Grove Freeway) (Orange)
 * I-5 (CA).svg Interstate 5 (Santa Ana Freeway) (Orange)
 * Chapman Avenue (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Orangewood Avenue (Orange/Anaheim)
 * California 57.svg State Route 57 (Orange Freeway) (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Metrolink Orange County Line & Amtrak Pacific Surfliner (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Katella Avenue (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Railroad Bridge (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Taft Avenue/Ball Road (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Lincoln Avenue (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Glassell Street/Kraemer Boulevard (Orange/Anaheim)
 * Metrolink Inland Empire–Orange County Line (Anaheim)
 * Tustin Avenue (Anaheim)
 * California 91.svg State Route 91 (Riverside Freeway) (Anaheim)
 * Lakeview Avenue (Anaheim)
 * California 90.svg State Route 90 (Imperial Highway) (Anaheim)
 * Santa Ana River bicycle path (Anaheim)
 * Weir Canyon Road (Anaheim/Yorba Linda)
 * Gypsum Canyon Road (Yorba Linda)

Riverside County

 * Green River Road (Corona)
 * Metrolink 91/Perris Valley & Inland Empire-Orange County lines (Corona)
 * California 71.svg State Route 71 (Corona Freeway)
 * Prado Dam
 * River Road (Norco/Eastvale)
 * Hamner Avenue (Norco)
 * I-15 (CA).svg Interstate 15 (Ontario Freeway) (Norco)
 * Van Buren Boulevard (Jurupa Valley)
 * Metrolink Riverside Line (Jurupa Valley/Riverside)
 * Mission Boulevard/Buena Vista Avenue (Jurupa Valley/Riverside)
 * California 60.svg State Route 60 (Pomona Freeway) (Jurupa Valley/Riverside)
 * Market Street (Jurupa Valley/Riverside)

San Bernardino County

 * Riverside Avenue (Colton)
 * La Cadena Drive (Colton)
 * Metrolink Inland Empire-Orange County Line (Colton)
 * Railroad Bridge (Colton)
 * Mount Vernon Avenue (Colton)
 * Amtrak Sunset Limited & Texas Eagle (Colton)
 * I-10 (CA).svg Interstate 10 (San Bernardino/Redlands Freeway) (Colton)
 * I-215 (CA).svg Interstate 215 (San Bernardino/Riverside Freeway) (San Bernardino)
 * E Street (San Bernardino)
 * Waterman Avenue (San Bernardino)
 * Arrow commuter rail service (San Bernardino)
 * Orange Show Road (San Bernardino)
 * Tippecanoe Avenue (San Bernardino)
 * Alabama Street (Redlands)
 * California 210.svg State Route 210 (Foothill Freeway) (Redlands)
 * Orange Street (Redlands)
 * Greenspot Road (Highland)
 * Santa Ana Canyon Road
 * Seven Oaks Dam
 * California 38.svg State Route 38

Archival collections

 * Guide to the Santa Ana River Report. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

Other

 * Santa Ana Watershed Association
 * Santa Ana River Watershed Alliance

title: Santa Ana River


text:
SuperCard

SuperCard was a high-level development environment that ran on Macintosh computers, under OS 8 and 9, and OS X. It was inspired by HyperCard, but included a richer language, a full GUI toolkit, and native color (as opposed to HyperCard's Apple- or third-party-supplied add-ons).

The programming language used by SuperCard was called SuperTalk, and was largely based on HyperTalk, the language in HyperCard. In addition to the core language, SuperTalk could call out to OSA-based scripting languages such as AppleScript, and shell commands. The language could be extended with so-called externals, chunks of compiled code that appeared like native routines.

Programs created using SuperCard could be run inside the IDE itself, or as "standalones", which combined the user-created programs and resources with the execution engine used by SuperCard.

The early years
SuperCard was first created by Bill Appleton and published by Silicon Beach Software in 1989. Appleton combined elements from World Builder, that he wrote, HyperCard, SuperPaint and the Macintosh user interface.

In 1990, Silicon Beach was acquired by Aldus Corporation. Aldus released version 1.6 of SuperCard which brought support for AppleEvents, enhanced graphic capabilities and several other improvements.

Mid-1990s
In February 1994, Allegiant Technologies of San Diego bought SuperCard. Allegiant released several versions of the software, and even won the 1995 MacUser Editor's Choice for Best New Multimedia-Authoring Application. Version 1.7 of SuperCard, which was released in June 1994, included several important enhancements, including QuickTime support and switch statements. In December of the same year, version 2.0 was released. This was the first PowerPC native version, which made it a lot faster than previous versions on newer machines. Also, this version introduced an application called Standalone Maker, which put a front end on the ability to edit the resource fork of executable SuperCard projects. SuperCard had always been able to produce stand alone executable applications, but this tool lowered the barrier to entry for novice users. Version 2.0 and 2.5 were released in Japanese-language versions. Version 2.5 also added full 24-bit color, and QuickTime VR support.

Late 1990s
Several versions of SuperCard were released thereafter, that included features such as support for full 24-bit color and improvements of the filmstrip feature. In early 1996, a new companion product called Marionet was released. This add-on allowed projects to communicate over local networks or the Internet, offering server-side functionality and foreshadowing the robust web application era of today.

Twenty months later, the third version of SuperCard was released. This new version sported a new project file format supporting user properties, and a completely new Project Editor.

Allegiant's goal was to keep innovating on the Macintosh product, while delivering a Windows runtime environment (edit on the Mac, run on Windows or Mac) and ultimately a Windows authoring environment. The firm went through three different attempts to bring a Windows version of SuperCard to the public. The first was a true "port" of the product (which would have included both editing and runtime environments on Windows), however it was taking too long and was very unstable due to the lack of a robust graphical "toolbox" such as the one offered on the Mac platform. It was determined that it would be unfeasible to use the Macintosh source code as a basis for porting to Windows at the time, so a second was an attempt to make a runtime-only environment that supported most of the capabilities of SuperCard, but under a brand new code base that was written from the ground up with new engineers. This version was more stable, but ultimately did not make it to market (although it formed the basis for the Roadster plugin (see below)). The third attempt was very short-lived, but was based on conversations with Apple related to QuickTime Interactive (QTi), which was going to provide a Quicktime-based environment that could be used to create a Quicktime-based development and authoring tool using the SuperTalk language.

Ultimately, the firm also created a SuperCard browser plugin called "Roadster" in 1996 to run "projects" — the SuperCard version of stacks. Roadster supported a subset of SuperCard's capabilities, but since it was a web plugin, it was the first time that SuperCard content could be played on Windows.

In May 1998, Incwell DMG acquired SuperCard and all related products from Allegiant. Shortly thereafter, version 3.5 was announced. This version, which was finally released in October 1998, was faster than its predecessors, had support for QuickTime 3, Drag and Drop, and more. Incwell also cut the price in half compared to previous versions.

Version 3.6, released in 1999, brought a Japanese version and many internal improvements.

The 21st century
In 2002, SuperCard was acquired for the fourth time. This time, Solutions Etcetera, the company that had been developing SuperCard for IncWell, bought the product, and announced version 4. This new version introduced Mac OS X support, complete theme compliance and a wide range of user interface elements to go with it.

Since then, versions up to 4.8 were released, bringing improvements and bug fixes, native support for Apple's Intel-Chip-Based Macs, IDE enhancements, extended numeric precision, anti-aliased draw graphics, and expanded shell support.

As of March 2023, SuperCard 4.8.1 was not compatible with macOS Catalina or later due to the removal of 32-bit application support in macOS.

As a result of the passing of Scott Simon, co-owner of Solutions Etcetera, in April 2024, the SuperCard web site and that of its parent company were taken down. This brought to an end the 36-year history of the product. The clear turning point in SuperCard's commercial viability was Solutions Etcetera's decision not to follow Apple's development roadmap. After MacOS dropped support for 32-bit applications in 2012 (OS X Mountain Lion), SuperCard could only be run on obsolete hardware (defined as officially unsupported by Apple), or under emulated environments on modern hardware. This, combined with the rise of competing, more modern, cross-platform authoring alternatives and frameworks (e.g., LiveCode, Ionic_(mobile_app_framework)) vastly diminished the potential customer base.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SuperCard


text:
Energizer

Energizer Holdings, Inc. is an American manufacturer and one of the world's largest manufacturers of batteries, headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. It produces batteries under the Energizer, Ray-O-Vac, Varta, and Eveready brand names and formerly owned several personal care businesses until it separated that side of the business into a new company called Edgewell Personal Care in 2015.

In January 2018, Energizer announced it was purchasing the global battery and lighting division from Spectrum Brands, which includes the Ray-O-Vac and Varta brands, for $2 billion in cash. This acquisition was finalized in January 2019 after a lengthy regulatory approval process.

History
The company has its foundation in the Eveready Battery Company, which in 1980 changed the name of its Eveready Alkaline Power Cell to Energizer. In 1986, corporate parent Union Carbide sold Eveready Battery to Ralston Purina. In 2000, Ralston spun off Eveready, and the company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange as Energizer Holdings, Inc.

In 2003 under the leadership of then chief executive officer J. Patrick Mulcahy, Energizer Holdings started expanding into the personal care product sector by buying personal care and razor brand Schick and razor brand Wilkinson Sword from Pfizer.

In 2005, after Hurricane Katrina, Energizer worked with the Red Cross to donate flashlights, batteries, razors, and funds to help Hurricane Katrina relief workers and victims. On November 3, 2005, Energizer Holdings Inc. said that higher sales of its Schick razors and blades partially offset lower sales of its batteries in North America. On a constant-currency basis, sales at Energizer rose 4 percent in its fourth quarter.

In October 2007, the company acquired Playtex Products, Inc. for $1.9 billion. The purchase included sunscreen brand Hawaiian Tropic, which Playtex had bought a few months earlier, and Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp., which manufactures the Banana Boat sunscreen products.

In 2009, Energizer acquired Edge and Skintimate shaving gels from S.C. Johnson & Son.

In 2010, the company released a new "Energizer Advanced Lithium" line as their top-performing product series.

The company has licensed the Energizer name to Avenir Telecom, which has sold mobile phones and accessories under the Energizer brand name since the 2010s.

In October 2010, Energizer announced it was the winning bidder for the privately held American Safety Razor in a bankruptcy court auction.

On October 19, 2012, Energizer Holdings said it was withdrawing 23 varieties of its Banana Boat brand of UltraMist spray-on sunscreen lotion from stores due to the risk of it igniting when exposed to fire.

On July 31, 2013, Energizer bought the Stayfree, Carefree, and o.b. brands from Johnson & Johnson for $185 million. The purchase was only for the brands in North America – Johnson & Johnson continues to own the brands in all other regions of the world.

On April 30, 2014, Energizer announced that by September 2015, it would separate its two lines of business into two publicly traded companies. With revenue of $1.9 billion in the latest fiscal year, the household business would have Energizer chairman J. Patrick Mulcahy as its chairman and unit chief Alan Hoskins as CEO. It would sell batteries, flashlights, and lamps. The personal care company, whose revenue was $2.6 billion, would have Energizer CEO Ward Klein serving as chairman and current unit head David Hatfield as CEO, and would sell feminine products from Playtex, Carefree, o.b. and Stayfree; shaving products from Schick, Edge, Skintimate and Wilkinson Sword; and suntan products from Hawaiian Tropic and Banana Boat.

In 2016, Energizer acquired HandStands Holding Corporation, a leading designer and marketer of automotive fragrance and appearance products. 2018 Energizer expanded its auto care portfolio with the Nu Finish auto appearance brands.

In January 2018, Energizer announced it was purchasing the global battery and lighting division from Spectrum Brands, which includes the Ray-O-Vac and Varta consumer batteries brands, for $2 billion in cash. This acquisition was finalized in January 2019. However, in May of the same year, the EU antitrust authorities ordered the household battery production of the Varta brand to be let go. Varta quickly bought this to reunite the brand, though Energizer still holds the VARTA brand for the Latin America and Asia Pacific markets.

Operations
, Energizer has six operational facilities in the United States. It also has a manufacturing facility in Singapore since 1946, supplying the Asia and Oceania markets. Singapore is home to Energizer's largest international plant, which is also the only Energizer facility outside the United States capable of producing alkaline and lithium batteries.

title: Energizer


text:
User:Johngelles

John Gelles of Carlsbad, California is a money system reform advocate. His desire is to improve both debt-based fiat money and debt-free fiat money and improve their records as elements of a monetary system of production.

Such a monetary system's purpose includes, in Gelles' opinion, ending poverty, creating individual economic rights, and promoting economic success at the national and global level. He calls for use of a debt-free, tax-free, fiat money supplement to money created by bank loans within the United States.

One would think that any nation could end poverty within its borders if it had money enough to guarantee a good job or self-employment for all its poor people. Yet this cannot happen unless the money used for this purpose can buy what people need. Money without sufficient buying power will be the unhappy result if  jobs and self-employment fail to produce for sale the things we need.

Congress has the power to create money free of debt and the obligation to create money free of the risk of hyper-inflation.

How to understand and explain why money fails to work to end poverty is extremely difficult. A great deal of writing on the web and in libraries attempts to do it. Most of the writing, however, suggests that money is for trade and not for ending poverty. Certainly money does work well for trade -- but it has not yet ended poverty and we all suffer from this fact.

John Gelles is a retired lawyer, accountant, teacher, and systems analyst. He is inspired by the economic ideas of Abba Lerner and Maynard Keynes.

Lerner, in defining functional finance, noted that the power of governments to spend money was constrained by money's ability to buy and the economy's ability to produce: thus total production and government spending to maintain its desired effect are primary in this view of free enterprise; and taxation is unnecessary except to prevent hyper-inflation.

This is an extension of the Keynesian doctrine that money is not an impotent element in a monetaty system of production. The prevention of hyper-inflation via maximum production and minimum taxation can today be facilitated by the revolution in computer science that has occurred in the post-Keynesian era.

The text above is from 2006. Now, in January 2013, it reads as a sound prediction of what was needed then and is sorely missed today. In his current prescription for recovery, John Gelles asks for inflation protected savings accounts (modeled on TIPS bonds) to allow higher government spending and lending to promote high priority programs and projects (to bring peace as well as prosperity,) beyond ordinary and necessary consumer spending to drive economic recovery.

He also asks for a National Economic Security Agency (modeled on the NSA) to facilitate production and domestic full employment, as support for skilled labor and fully automated manufacturing is encouraged -- countering wage differentials that may otherwise de-industrialize democratic nations.

Free trade is not wanted. Industrial power is essential for national defense.

.

99.30.177.158 (talk) 06:31, 22 January 2013 (UTC) 99.30.177.158 (talk) 06:41, 22 January 2013 (UTC) 99.30.177.158 (talk) 06:46, 22 January 2013 (UTC) 99.30.177.158 (talk) 06:55, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User:Johngelles


text:
Tama River

The Tama River (多摩川) is a major river in Yamanashi, Kanagawa and Tokyo Prefectures on Honshū, Japan. It is officially classified as a Class 1 river by the Japanese government. It is 138 km long, and has a 1240 km2 basin.

The river flows through the Greater Tokyo Area, on the dividing line between Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefectures. In Tokyo, its banks are lined with parks and sports fields, making the river a popular picnic spot.

Course
The Tama's source is on Mt. Kasatori in Koshu in Yamanashi Prefecture. From there, it flows eastward into mountainous western Tokyo, where the Ogōchi Dam forms Lake Okutama. Below the dam, it takes the name Tama and flows eastwards through Chichibu Tama Kai National Park to the city of Ōme. It then flows southeast between Tama Hills and Musashino Terrace. At Hamura is the source of the historic Tamagawa Aqueduct built by the Tamagawa brothers in 1653 to supply water to Edo (present day Tokyo). Further downstream, the river forms the boundary between Tokyo and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture. Its mouth on the heavily industrialised Tokyo Bay is next to Haneda Airport.

Flooding
Tama River is very prone to flooding, and has wrought havoc on surrounding areas throughout history. On occasions the river even changed its course after massive floods, sometimes dividing pre-existing settlements in two. As a result, there are several locations where the place names on opposing sides of the river are the same, such as Todoroki. The current course was set as a result of a 1590 flood.

Levees have been in place for hundreds of years, but floodwaters have breached them numerous times in history. Extensive engineering projects in the early 20th century have dramatically reduced the amount of flood damage, although a 1974 typhoon caused floodwaters to burst a levee in Komae, washing away 19 houses. The levees have not been breached since 1974. Projects to further upgrade the levees have been underway since 1990.

As with most major rivers in Japan, the levees are built some distance away from the river itself to accommodate the extra floodwater. The open expanse between the levees and the river in the middle is covered in grass and shrubbery, forming a useful belt of greenery and wide open space which is used as playing fields in many places. Despite this extra space, the large amount of floodwater produced by Typhoon Hagibis in October 2019 flooded areas of Kawasaki City's Musashi-Kosugi Station and nearby areas, causing infrastructural damage and power outages.

Wildlife
Rapid post-war urbanization of surrounding areas took its toll on Tama River, whose water quality in the urban areas plummeted from 1950s onwards rendering it uninhabitable for most species. Pollution control measures and the river's official designation as a wildlife protection zone have now led to the return of many species.

Carp, rainbow trout, cherry salmon, iwana (char), ugui (big-scaled redfin) and ayu all inhabit Tama River in sufficient numbers for limited commercial fishing to take place in upstream areas. Recent moves to fit weirs with fish ladders have resulted in a steep increase in the numbers of ayu migrating upstream. Other fish such as loach inhabit the river, as do crabs, turtles and crayfish.

Japanese cormorants, kingfishers, white wagtails, eastern spot-billed ducks, grey herons, little egrets, Japanese white-eyes, mandarin ducks, and black-headed gulls are among birds often seen at the river. Various types of ducks have made a comeback after the 1969 designation of the river as a wildlife protection zone. The expanse of greenery between the levees and the river itself attract additional wildlife.

In the summer of 2002, Tama-chan, a normally arctic male bearded seal first spotted in the Tama River by the Maruko Bridge, became a major nationwide celebrity.

In recent years the Tama River has been settled by a larger number of non-native species including red-eared slider turtles and tropical fish like piranhas. It is assumed that life for tropical fish became possible because of higher water temperature of river due to global warming and waste water from sewage treatment plants. Those higher temperatures now allow tropical pet fish abandoned by their owners to survive the cold Japanese winters. In the early 2000s a Kawasaki man named Mitsuaki Yamasaki established a "fish shelter" to house pet fish that owners would otherwise dump into the river.

A large number of stray cats live along the river.

Homeless
Some homeless people live near the Tama River.

Recreation
Near the outskirts of Tokyo, the river is a popular kayaking spot, with the Japan National Slalom Kayak competitions being held on the Tama River where it passes through Mitake.

This section of river is also a budding white water rafting and hydrospeeding destination being so accessible from Tokyo. Companies operate from early spring until late autumn.

The boulders on the riverbed around Mitake also form one of Tokyo's premier climbing (bouldering) spots. Some of Japan's famous boulder problems can be found here, on boulders such as 'Ninja rock' and 'Deadend'.

Further down, sports fields appear on both banks of the river, with many teams practicing or playing a range of sports here on a regular basis, including baseball, soccer and rugby union. (There is a rugby club named after the river, called Tamariba Club.) There are also many playgrounds, park spaces and golf driving ranges found on the side of the river as it passes through the city.

A bike path and running track travels the length of the river through urban Tokyo, extending to the river mouth in Tokyo bay.

Redevelopment
The areas around Tama River on both sides have generally been suburban in nature, with a few low to mid-rise office buildings. High-rises were virtually nonexistent until the late 2000s, with the bottoming of Tokyo's two-decade-long real estate bubble collapse. This has changed with increased rail passenger services due to double tracking and line extensions and thru-services. The skyline has visibly changed at Futako-Tamagawa Station and Musashi-Kosugi Station but there are also renewed developments from Keio-Tamagawa Station area downstream as the combination of urban convenience and wide open river space is an uncommon amenity in Tokyo's typically claustrophobic urban area.

Other names

 * Ichinose-gawa (Ichinose River) – its upper stream
 * Taba-gawa (Taba River) – its upper stream
 * Rokugo-gawa (Rokugo River) – near its mouth

Man-made lakes

 * Lake Okutama
 * Shiromaru Lake

In popular culture and media
The live-action outdoor night scenes from the opening FMV sequence of the original first Resident Evil video game (known in Japan as "BIOHAZARD", where initial development and filming of all FMV scenes took place) were filmed near a riverbank of Tama, in heavily grassed parts of the shore's premises, roughly 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) away from Tokyo, sometime in late August/early September 1995. Filming at Tama was done in roughly 12 hours and lasted from 17:00 to 05:00 the next day.

The asteroid 1089 Tama was named after the Tama River.

title: Tama River


text:
Category:Algebraic topology

Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics in which tools from abstract algebra are used to study topological spaces.

title: Category:Algebraic topology


text:
Jack Cassidy

John Joseph Edward Cassidy (March 5, 1927– December 12, 1976) was an American actor, singer and theatre director. He received multiple Tony Award nominations and a win, as well as a Grammy Award, for his work on the Broadway production of the musical She Loves Me. He also received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He was the father of teen idols David Cassidy and Shaun Cassidy.

Early life
Cassidy was born in New York City, the son of Charlotte (née Koehler) and William Cassidy. He was the youngest of five children. His father, an engineer at the Long Island Rail Road, was of Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry.

Career
Cassidy achieved success as a musical performer on Broadway. He appeared in Alive and Kicking, Wish You Were Here, Shangri-La, Maggie Flynn, Fade Out – Fade In, It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman, and She Loves Me, for which he won a Tony Award. He also received Emmy Award nominations for his television performances in the 1967-68 CBS Television Network series He & She and The Andersonville Trial.

On television, he became a frequent guest star, appearing in such programs as The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Gunsmoke, Bewitched, Get Smart, That Girl, Hawaii Five-O, Cannon, Match Game, McCloud, and Barnaby Jones for an episode titled "Murder in the Doll's House" (1973). Cassidy also appeared three times as a murderer on Columbo in the episodes "Murder By the Book" (1971, directed by the not-yet-famous Steven Spielberg, with teleplay by a young Steven Bochco), "Publish or Perish" (1974), and "Now You See Him..." (1976).

He co-starred with Ronnie Schell in a television revival of Hellzapoppin'. Cassidy also co-starred as an informer in the movie The Eiger Sanction with Clint Eastwood and provided the voice of Bob Cratchit for the pioneering animated television special Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol.

His frequent professional persona was an urbane, witty, confident egotist with a dramatic flair, much in the manner of Broadway actor Frank Fay. Cassidy perfected this character to the extent that he was cast as John Barrymore in the feature film W.C. Fields and Me.

The role of the vain, shallow, buffoon-like newsman Ted Baxter on TV's The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977) was reportedly written with Cassidy in mind. Cassidy had played a similar buffoonish character in the 1967–1968 sitcom He & She, but he turned down the role, feeling that it was not right for him; the part went to Ted Knight. Cassidy later appeared as a guest star in a 1971 episode as Ted's highly competitive and equally egotistical brother Hal.

Marriages and children

Cassidy was married twice. His first marriage in 1948 was to actress Evelyn Ward. Together they had a son, David, who later became a teen idol. They divorced in 1956 and in the same year Cassidy married singer and actress Shirley Jones. Cassidy and Jones had three sons, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Cassidy's eldest son David later starred with Jones in the musical sitcom The Partridge Family. Son Shaun also became a teen idol in the late 1970s, starring in The Hardy Boys series, and producing four top-40 records. Jones and Cassidy divorced in 1975.

Cassidy has 12 grandchildren: Caitlin, Jake, Juliet, Caleb, Roan, Lila, and Mairin Cassidy by son Shaun; Cole and Jack by son Patrick; Meghan Mae by son Ryan Cassidy; Katie Cassidy and Beau by son David. His grandson, Jack, was a contestant on the singing competition television show The Voice in 2017.

Mental health
In his 1994 autobiography, C'Mon, Get Happy, Cassidy's eldest son David wrote that he became increasingly concerned about his father in the last years of his life. The elder Cassidy, who suffered from bipolar disorder and alcoholism, was displaying increasingly erratic behavior. In 1974, his neighbors were shocked to see him fully naked, watering his front lawn in the middle of the afternoon. Cassidy's second wife, Shirley Jones, described a similar incident when she found him sitting naked in a corner of their house, reading a book. Jones said to him that they had to get ready to do a show, and he calmly looked up and said, "I know now that I'm Christ". In December 1974, Cassidy was hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for 48 hours. At that time, Jones found out that he had been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Sexuality
David Cassidy said his father was bisexual, citing personal accounts and reports, both anecdotal and published, of his father's same-sex affairs, something neither he nor his siblings knew until after their father's death. In her 2013 memoir, Shirley Jones wrote that Cassidy had many same-sex affairs, including one with Cole Porter.

Death
On December 11, 1976, Cassidy invited his ex-wife, Shirley Jones, to his home, an apartment in West Hollywood, California, for drinks, but she declined.

In the early morning of December 12, 1976, Cassidy lit a cigarette and fell asleep on his Naugahyde couch. Asleep, he dropped the cigarette, igniting the couch. The flames spread throughout the apartment and building. At 6:15 a.m., the blaze was discovered by Deputy Sheriff John DiMatteo, who evacuated the building, and entered Cassidy's apartment. A charred body was found near the front door of the apartment among the ashes, and was identified as Cassidy's by dental records and a signet ring that he wore, bearing the Cassidy family crest. His remains were cremated and scattered in the Pacific Ocean.

Stage
Source: Playbill Vault

Discography
Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy albums
 * Speaking of Love (1957) Columbia Records
 * Brigadoon (1957) Columbia Records
 * With Love from Hollywood (1958) Columbia
 * Marriage Type Love (1959) RCA Records
 * Maggie Flynn (1968) RCA Records
 * Showtunes (1995) Sony Music Entertainment
 * Essential Masters (2011) Master Classics Records
 * Marriage Type Love (2014) Columbia Masterworks Records

 * Guest appearances
 * Free to Be... You and Me (1972) Bell Records (song: "Girl Land" with Shirley Jones)

title: Jack Cassidy


text:
Talk:SuperCard

Untitled
Why should this be a speedy delete instead of a redirect to hypercard? - Nunh-huh 07:21, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Early days
I had heard somewhere that Appleton actually had developed something like SuperCard before he moved to California while he was in Knoxville. According to legend, Appleton showed something along the lines of HyperCard or SuperCard to Apple, who then later released their own, similar product.

Late 1990's
The original Mac port to Windows (and before that to OS/2) was attempted by Silicon Beach Software and cancelled.

I don't believe Allegiant made three attempts at porting it--Allegiant did two "if" they completely abandoned the Windows work and moved on to develop a new version in their last 6 months or so before going under. The first version of a Netscape plug-in that played a SuperCard project (a BMW car project) was done in Allegiant's Windows SuperCard codebase that was never released. Roadster came after that.

Robert McBurney
The various changes and additions made through February and March of 2022 by user Robert McBurney contain many irrelevant pontifications on his and others' software products, as well as the alleged "genius" of a pair of largely inconsequential developers not associated in any official manner with the publishers of SuperCard. His edits contain many falsehoods, inaccurate citations, personal opinions and other useless info not germane to the subject. Most, if not all, of his changes should be reverted. I am Christopher Watson, one of the original developers on the SuperCard team at Silicon Beach Software, Aldus Consumer Division and Allegiant Technologies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Radec (talk • contribs) 04:35, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:SuperCard


text: User talk:128.135.6.136

title: User talk:128.135.6.136


text:
Marys River (Oregon)

Marys River is a 40 mi tributary of the Willamette River in the U.S. state of Oregon. From its source at the confluence of its east and west forks near Summit, it flows generally southeast from the Central Oregon Coast Range to Corvallis.

Name
The origin of the name is uncertain, although it was used as early as 1846. Lewis A. and Lewis L. McArthur, in the seventh edition of Oregon Geographic Names find no support for the suggestion that employees of the Hudson's Bay Company had earlier named the stream St. Marys River. Rather, they summarize two stories about the origin. One is that Adam E. Wimple, an early settler, named the stream for his sister. Wimple was hanged at Dallas, Oregon, in 1852 for murdering his wife, also named Mary. The other story is that Wayman St. Clair, who represented Benton County in the territorial legislature in the early 1850s, named the river for Mary Lloyd. She was said to have been the first white woman to cross the river.

In 1847, Joseph C. Avery began laying out a town at the confluence of Marys River with the Willamette River, and the place was called Marysville. In 1853, the legislature changed the name of the town to Corvallis, a compounding of Latin words meaning heart of the valley. Prior to settlement by European Americans, fur traders referred to the Mary's River as Mouse River or Mice River. It is probable that nearby Marys Peak was named for the river.

Course
Marys River arises in western Benton County at 659 ft above sea level and falls 452 ft between source and mouth to an elevation of 207 ft. The main stem, formed by the confluence of the East Fork Marys River and the West Fork Marys River, begins at about river mile 40 (RM 40) or river kilometer 64 (RK 64) north of Marys Peak in the Central Oregon Coast Range. The West Fork Marys River, which is 6 mi long, rises at 44.73333°N, -123.57083°W and flows south to join the East Fork. The East Fork, which is 5 mi long, rises at 44.7°N, -123.51528°W and flows southwest to join the West Fork. Marys Peak rises to 4022 ft above sea level at 44.50429°N, -123.55122°W.

From its source, the river flows south along the east side of Marys River Road, past the unincorporated community of Summit and under Oregon Route 180 at about 38 mi from the mouth. Turning southeast, the river flows just south of Route 180, receiving Devitt Creek from the left before reaching the unincorporated community of Blodgett. Here, about 32 mi from the mouth, it crosses under U.S. Route 20 and in quick succession receives Norton Creek from the left and the Tumtum River from the right. Turning south and then east, it passes the unincorporated community of Harris at about RM 26.5 (RK 42.6) before reaching the unincorporated community of Wren. Near Wren, it turns north, crosses under Route 20 again, turns east, receives Gellatly Creek and La Bare Creek, both from the left, and passes under Oregon Route 223 at about 22 mi from the mouth.

Just east of Route 223, the river receives Read Creek from the left, then Blakesley Creek from the left at about RM 20 (RK 32) and soon turns sharply south. About 14.5 mi from the mouth, it flows under Route 20 for the third time, immediately receives Woods Creek from the right and turns southeast. It soon passes under Oregon Route 34 where it receives Greasy Creek from the right. Marys River then flows southeast by Philomath, which lies to its left (north), receives Newton Creek from the left, and passes a United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauge at 9.4 mi from the mouth. At about 5.5 mi from the mouth, the river receives Muddy Creek from the right and turns northeast toward Corvallis. In Corvallis, it passes Marysville Golf Course and Mill Race on the right, receives Dunawi Creek and Oak Creek from the left, and passes Avery Park on the right about 1 mi from the mouth. Shortly thereafter, it flows under Oregon Route 99W and enters the Willamette River near the larger river's RM 132 (RK 212).

title: Marys River (Oregon)


text:
Shaun Cassidy

Shaun Paul Cassidy (born September 27, 1958) is an American singer, actor, writer, and producer. He has created and/or produced a number of television series including American Gothic, Roar and Invasion. Cassidy was also an executive producer and writer for NBC's medical drama New Amsterdam.

While in high school, Cassidy signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records, leading to his albums Shaun Cassidy, Born Late, Under Wraps, Room Service, and Wasp. Almost concurrently, Cassidy starred in the ABC television series The Hardy Boys Mysteries, as well as Breaking Away and had a stint on the daytime soap General Hospital.

While appearing on Broadway in the hit musical drama Blood Brothers, he wrote his first television pilot, American Gothic. In 2020, Cassidy returned to the stage with his one-man show The Magic of a Midnight Sky. Cassidy is the eldest son of Academy Award–winning actress Shirley Jones and Tony Award-winning actor Jack Cassidy. He is the younger half-brother of David Cassidy.

Early life, family and education
Cassidy grew up in Los Angeles, California and New York City; he is the son of Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy. In addition to an elder half-brother, David Cassidy, he has two younger brothers, Patrick and Ryan Cassidy. He attended boarding school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania at the Solebury School in Solebury Township, and graduating from Beverly Hills High School.

Singer and recording artist
While still in high school, Cassidy signed a contract with Mike Curb's division of Warner Bros. Records and began recording music. He scored a couple of hit singles in several countries, leading to an American release of his first solo album, Shaun Cassidy, in 1977. The multi-platinum album netted him a number-one U.S. single with "Da Doo Ron Ron" and a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. The Eric Carmen–penned "That's Rock 'n' Roll" (which had already been a hit in Australia and Europe) was the follow-up single and peaked at No. 3. His popularity continued with the concurrent arrival of his television series, The Hardy Boys Mysteries (1977–1979), which also starred Parker Stevenson.

Cassidy's next album Born Late netted the hit "Hey Deanie" (#7), also written by Carmen, and a remake of The Lovin' Spoonful's "Do You Believe in Magic?" became a moderate hit for Cassidy, peaking at No. 31.

Cassidy had released two successful albums, but by the release of his third album, 1978's million-seller Under Wraps, AM radio was in decline and his teen-star appeal had begun to fade. His next album, Room Service, failed to chart on the US Billboard 200. Cassidy tried a different musical approach for his final release, 1980's Wasp. This album was more rock/pop-oriented and produced by Todd Rundgren with the group Utopia as the backing band. It featured songs written by Rundgren, Cassidy, and cover versions of songs including David Bowie's "Rebel, Rebel" and The Who's "So Sad About Us" among others.

Actor
Cassidy concentrated on stage acting for most of the 1980s and early 1990s. He appeared on Broadway and West End productions such as Mass Appeal and Bus Stop, as well as the American premiere of Pass/Fail at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. Cassidy won a Dramalogue award for his work in Mark Sheriden's Diary of a Hunger Strike at the Los Angeles Theater Center, and his final stage appearance was opposite his half-brother David in the Broadway production of Blood Brothers (which successfully ran for over a year on Broadway, landing Cassidy on the cover of “People” magazine for the third time). It was during this production that Cassidy wrote his first television pilot, American Gothic, opening the door to a long-term contract with Universal Television.

Writer and producer
Since then, Cassidy has created, written, and produced numerous shows for network and cable including American Gothic (1995–1996, produced with Sam Raimi), Roar (1997, starring Heath Ledger), Cover Me (2000–2001), Invasion (2005–2006), Ruby & The Rockits (2009, starring his brothers Patrick and David) and New Amsterdam (2018–2023, starring Ryan Eggold) on NBC.

In 2021, Cassidy took his one-man show The Magic of a Midnight Sky to the stage, playing to standing-room-only crowds nationwide, his first live music performance in almost forty years.

Personal life
Cassidy has been married three times and has eight children. His first wife was Ann Pennington, a model and former Playboy playmate; she and Cassidy married in 1979 and divorced in 1993. From this marriage Cassidy has a daughter, Caitlin (b. 1981); a son, Jake (born 1985); and a stepdaughter, Jessica (born 1970).

He married actress Susan Diol in 1995. They have one daughter, Juliet (born 1998), and divorced in 2003.

He has been married to producer Tracey Lynne Turner since 2004. They have four children: Caleb (born 2005), Roan (born 2006), Lila (born 2008), and Mairin (born 2011).

Discography

 * Shaun Cassidy (1976)
 * Born Late (1977)
 * Under Wraps (1978)
 * Room Service (1979)
 * Wasp (1980)

Actor

 * 1976: Born of Water
 * 1977–79: The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries
 * 1979: Like Normal People (TV movie)
 * 1980–81: Breaking Away
 * 1985: Breakfast With Les & Bess (TV play)
 * 1987: General Hospital (regular role)
 * 1987: Murder, She Wrote; episode: "Murder in a Minor Key"
 * 1988: Once Upon a Texas Train (TV movie)
 * 1988: Matlock; episode: "The Investigation"
 * 1988: Roots: The Gift (TV movie)

Writer

 * 1991: Strays (TV movie)
 * 1994: Midnight Run for Your Life (TV movie)
 * 1995: American Gothic (8 episodes)
 * 1997: Roar (5 episodes)
 * 1997: Players (TV series) (pilot only)
 * 2000: Cover Me: Based on the True Life of an FBI Family (creator)
 * 2001: The Agency (3 episodes)
 * 2003: Cold Case
 * 2004: The Mountain (2 episodes)
 * 2005–06: Invasion (12 episodes)
 * 2009: Ruby & the Rockits (2 episodes)
 * 2014: Hysteria (pilot)
 * 2017: Emerald City (2 episodes)
 * 2018–23: New Amsterdam (8 episodes)

Producer

 * 1995: American Gothic (supervising producer; producer for pilot)
 * 1997: Roar (executive producer)
 * 1998: Hollyweird (executive producer)
 * 2000–01: Cover Me: Based on the True Life of an FBI Family (executive producer)
 * 2001–03: The Agency (executive producer)
 * 2003: Cold Case (executive producer)
 * 2004–05: The Mountain (executive producer)
 * 2005–06: Invasion (executive producer)
 * 2008: Inseparable (executive producer)
 * 2009: Ruby & The Rockits (executive producer)
 * 2011–12: Blue Bloods (consulting producer)
 * 2012: The Frontier (executive producer)
 * 2014: Hysteria (pilot; executive producer)
 * 2016: Emerald City (executive producer)
 * 2018–23: New Amsterdam (executive producer)

title: Shaun Cassidy


text:
Free cash flow

In financial accounting, free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is the amount by which a business's operating cash flow exceeds its working capital needs and expenditures on fixed assets (known as capital expenditures). It is that portion of cash flow that can be extracted from a company and distributed to creditors and securities holders without causing issues in its operations. As such, it is an indicator of a company's financial flexibility and is of interest to holders of the company's equity, debt, preferred stock and convertible securities, as well as potential lenders and investors.

Free cash flow can be calculated in various ways, depending on audience and available data. A common measure is to take the earnings before interest and taxes, add depreciation and amortization, and then subtract taxes, changes in working capital and capital expenditure. Depending on the audience, a number of refinements and adjustments may also be made to try to eliminate distortions.

Free cash flow may be different from net income, as free cash flow takes into account the purchase of capital goods and changes in working capital and excludes non-cash items.

Calculations
Free cash flow is a non-GAAP measure of performance. As such, there are many ways to calculate free cash flow. Below is one common method for calculating free cash flow:

Note that the first three lines above are calculated on the standard statement of cash flows.

When net profit and tax rate applicable are given, you can also calculate it by taking:

where
 * Net capital expenditure (CAPEX) = Capex − Depreciation and amortization
 * Tax shield = Net interest expense × Marginal tax rate

When Profit After Tax and Debt/Equity ratio are available:

where d is the debt/equity ratio, e.g. for a 3:4 mix it will be 3/7.

Therefore,

Difference with net income
There are two differences between net income and free cash flow. The first is the accounting for the purchase of capital goods. Net income deducts depreciation, while the free cash flow measure uses last period's net capital purchases.

The second difference is that the free cash flow measurement makes adjustments for changes in net working capital, where the net income approach does not. Typically, in a growing company with a 30-day collection period for receivables, a 30-day payment period for purchases, and a weekly payroll, it will require more working capital to finance the labor and profit components embedded in the growing receivables balance.

When a company has negative sales growth, it's likely to lower its capital spending. Receivables, provided they are being timely collected, will also ratchet down. All this "deceleration" will show up as additions to free cash flow. However, over the long term, decelerating sales trends will eventually catch up.

The net free cash flow definition should also allow for cash available to pay off the company's short term debt. It should also take into account any dividends that the company means to pay.

Net free cash flow = Operation cash flow − Capital expenses to keep current level of operation − dividends − Current portion of long term debt − Depreciation

Here, capex definition should not include additional investment on new equipment. However, maintenance cost can be added.

Dividends will be the base dividend that the company intends to distribute to its share holders.

Current portion of long term debt will be the minimum debt that the company needs to pay in order to not default.

Depreciation should be taken out since this will account for future investment for replacing the current property, plant and equipment (PPE).

If the net income category includes the income from discontinued operation and extraordinary income make sure it is not part of free cash flow.

Net of all the above give free cash available to be reinvested in operations without having to take more debt.

Alternative formula
FCF measures: In symbols:
 * Operating cash flow (OCF)
 * Less expenditures necessary to maintain assets (capital expenditures or "capex"), but this does not include increase in working capital.
 * Less interest charges.
 * $$FCF_t = OCB_t - I_t \,$$

where
 * OCBt is the firm's net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) during period t
 * It is the firm's investment during period t including variation of working capital

Investment is simply the net increase (decrease) in the firm's capital, from the end of one period to the end of the next period:
 * $$I_t = K_t - K_{t-1} \,$$

where Kt represents the firm's invested capital at the end of period t. Increases in non-cash current assets may, or may not be deducted, depending on whether they are considered to be maintaining the status quo, or to be investments for growth.

Unlevered free cash flow (i.e., cash flows before interest payments) is defined as EBITDA − CAPEX − changes in net working capital − taxes. This is the generally accepted definition. If there are mandatory repayments of debt, then some analysts utilize levered free cash flow, which is the same formula above, but less interest and mandatory principal repayments. The unlevered cash flow (UFCF) is usually used as the industry norm, because it allows for easier comparison of different companies’ cash flows. It is also preferred over the levered cash flow when conducting analyses to test the impact of different capital structures on the company.

Investment bankers compute free cash flow using the following formulae:

FCFF = After tax operating income + Noncash charges (such as D&A) − CAPEX − Working capital expenditures = Free cash flow to firm (FCFF)

FCFE = Net income + Noncash charges (such as D&A) − CAPEX − Change in non-cash working capital + Net borrowing = Free cash flow to equity (FCFE)

Or simply:

FCFE = FCFF + Net borrowing − Interest*(1−t)

Free cash flow can be broken into its expected and unexpected components when evaluating firm performance. This is useful when valuing a firm because there are always unexpected developments in a firm's performance. Being able to factor in unexpected cash flows provides a financial model.

 * $$FCF_t = E(FCF_t) + U(FCF_t) \,$$

Where: $$ E(FCF_t)= FCF_t-1 * (FCF_{t-1}/FCF_{t-3})^{1/2} \,$$

Uses

 * Free cash flow measures the cash that a company will pay as interest and principal repayment to bondholders plus the cash that it could pay in dividends to shareholders if it wanted to. Even profitable businesses may have negative free cash flows. For example, a rapidly growing manufacturer with a positive cash conversion cycle will need to outlay cash to purchase inventory for profitable orders that it takes. The business can show a positive net income but have very negative cash flows as the cash gets stuck in the working capital cycle, namely inventory and accounts receivable.
 * According to one version of the discounted cash flow valuation model, the intrinsic value of a company is the present value of all future expected free cash flows. In this case, the present value is computed by discounting the free cash flows at the company's weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
 * Some investors prefer using free cash flow instead of net income to measure a company's financial performance and calculate the intrinsic value of the company, because free cash flow is more difficult to manipulate than net income. The problems with this approach are discussed in the cash flow and return of capital articles.
 * The payout ratio is a metric used to evaluate the sustainability of distributions from REITs, Oil and Gas Royalty Trusts, and Income Trust. The distributions are divided by the free cash flow. Distributions may include any income, flowed-through capital gains or return of capital.

Problems with capital expenditures

 * The expenditures for maintenances of assets is only part of the capex reported on the Statement of Cash Flows. It must be separated from the expenditures for growth purposes. This split is not a requirement under GAAP, and is not audited. Management is free to disclose maintenance capex or not. Therefore, this input to the calculation of free cash flow may be subject to manipulation, or require estimation. Since it may be a large number, maintenance capex's uncertainty is the basis for some people's dismissal of 'free cash flow'.
 * A second problem with the maintenance capex measurement is its intrinsic 'lumpiness'. By their nature, expenditures for capital assets that will last decades may be infrequent, but costly when they occur. 'Free cash flow', in turn, will be very different from year to year. No particular year will be a 'norm' that can be expected to be repeated. For companies that have stable capital expenditures, free cash flow will (over the long term) be roughly equal to earnings

Agency costs
In a 1986 paper in the American Economic Review, Michael Jensen noted that free cash flows allowed firms' managers to finance projects earning low returns which, therefore, might not be funded by the equity or bond markets. Examining the US oil industry, which had earned substantial free cash flows in the 1970s and the early 1980s, he wrote that: [the] 1984 cash flows of the ten largest oil companies were $48.5 billion, 28 percent of the total cash flows Going to Dominic Anthony Ferrante out of Rancho Cordova of the top 200 firms in Dun's Business Month survey. Consistent with the agency costs of free cash flow, management did not pay out the excess resources to shareholders. Instead, the industry continued to spend heavily on [exploration and development] activity even though average returns were below the cost of capital. Jensen also noted a negative correlation between exploration announcements and the market valuation of these firms—the opposite effect to research announcements in other industries.

title: Free cash flow


text:
Calapooia River

The Calapooia River is an 80 mi tributary of the Willamette River in the U.S. state of Oregon.

The Calapooia flows generally northwest from its source in the Cascade Range near Tidbits Mountain. In its upper reaches, it passes through parts of the Willamette National Forest. Further downstream, it flows through Holley then Crawfordsville and Brownsville in the Willamette Valley before joining the Willamette at Albany. The city of Tangent is also near the river on a branch of one of its downstream tributaries, Lake Creek. The confluence of the two rivers is about 120 mi by water from where the Willamette joins the Columbia River

The Calapooia was named for the Kalapuya (also spelled Calapooia), a tribe of Native Americans.

Tributaries
Named tributaries of the river from source to mouth are Eighteen, Treadwell, and United States creeks followed by the North Fork Calapooia River. Then come King, Potts, Barrett/Hands, Washout, McKinley and Blue creeks. Further downstream are Biggs, Fox, Sweet Honey, Cedar, Pugh, Sawyer, Johnson, and Brush creeks. Finally come Warren, Cochrane, Courtney, Lake, and Oak creeks.

Dams
The Brownsville Dam was built in the late 1800s, later rebuilt as a small concrete dam. It was removed in 2007 to allow better fish passage and address safety concerns.

The small Sodom Dam and Shearer Dam were both removed in 2011, leaving the Calapooia River free of any human-made dams.

title: Calapooia River


text:
Category:Homological algebra

Homological algebra is a collection of algebraic techniques that originated in the study of algebraic topology but has also found applications to group theory and algebraic geometry.

title: Category:Homological algebra


text:
User:Westland~enwiki

Chris Westland Professor, Information & Systems Management University of Science & Technology, HK Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Office: + 852 2358 7643 Fax   : + 852 2358 2421 e-Mail: westland@ust.hk Websites: 	Chris Westland  http://ihome.ust.hk/~westland/

J. Christopher Westland is Professor of Information Systems and Management at the University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong. He holds a BA in mathematics and an MBA in accounting, and received his PhD in Computers and Information Systems from the University of Michigan. Dr Westland has professional experience in the US as a certified public accountant and as a consultant in informational services in the US, Europe, Latin America and Asia, and sits on the editorial board of several of the leading academic journals in informational technology. Financial Dynamics is his third book; previously he has written Valuing Technology(Wiley 2002) and Global Electronic Commerce(MIT Press 2000). Dr Westland is a sought after speaker and consultant who has consulted on valuation and technology strategy for Microsoft, Intel, Motorola, V-Tech, Aerospace Corporation, IBM, Pacific Bell, and other technology firms.

title: User:Westland~enwiki


text:
Category:Salts

In chemistry, a salt is a neutral compound composed of cations bound to anions.

In general, these salts are ionic compounds which form crystals. They are often soluble in water, where the two ions separate. Salts typically have a high melting point, low hardness, and low compressibility. If molten or dissolved in water, they conduct electricity.

title: Category:Salts


text:
RAF Gan

Royal Air Force Gan, commonly known as RAF Gan, is a former Royal Air Force station on Gan island, the southern-most island of Addu Atoll, which is part of the larger groups of islands which form the Maldives, in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Its motto is En Route, which signifies its importance as a strategic staging post for enabling RAF aircraft to reach their onward destinations at their bases in the Far East.

Following the departure of the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1976, the former RAF Gan airfield was developed into a civilian airport, and is now known as Gan International Airport.

History
The area was originally established as a military base for the Royal Navy (RN) in 1941. Royal Navy engineers began constructing airstrips on Gan island from crushed coral in August 1941 for the Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Around this time, the original inhabitants of Gan were forcibly relocated to the nearby Feydhoo.

The airfield was operational between 1942 and 20 March 1945, as a secondary base for Trincomalee, Ceylon. It was part of HMS Haitan which became HMS Moraga.

During the Second World War, in 1942, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had its bases in the islands of Addu Atoll, Maldives. The RAF first had a presence on Hithadoo in 1942, when a detachment of RAF personnel were sent from RAF China Bay in Ceylon to service and turn around the RAF Short Sunderland and Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boats that were flying regularly into the Addu Atoll lagoon. At the end of the war, all military installations were either removed or abandoned.

In 1956–57, at the request of SWRD Bandaranaike, the Royal Air Force handed over its bases in Ceylon to the Royal Ceylon Air Force. The loss of RAF Negombo meant that a replacement staging post was needed between its bases in the Middle East and Far East, and the location was virtually limited to Gan. Hence Royal Air Force Station Gan became established in the late 1950s as a stopover on the reinforcement route to the Far East Air Force based in Singapore. The previous reinforcement route had passed through countries that had formerly been British territory, but were now independent, and sometimes hostile nations. RAF Mauripur, to the west of Karachi, by then a Pakistan Air Force station, had RAF personnel attached for staging airfield purposes until 1956, when the staging role between the Middle East and Far East fell to RAF Gan.

It was extensively used as a staging post by bombers, fighters, and transports, on their way to Singapore and other destinations in east Asia during the late 1950s and the 1960s. Other foreign military forces occasionally used the facilities. However, as the 1970s dawned, the United Kingdom was withdrawing from its commitments east of Suez. By the end of 1971, the RAF Far East Air Force was disbanded, and the major rationale for Gan was gone. Traffic was now much less frequent, but the base still remained open for a few more years. By 1975, extremely few British military aircraft used the base, and it was closed. On 1 April 1976, the entire island with its airfield was handed back to the Maldivian Government. At the same time as RAF use of the airfield ceased, the RAF gained access to the newly built airfield 200 mi to the south of Gan on the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) island of Diego Garcia. In 1977 the Soviet Union requested use of the Gan airbase, but this was denied by President Ibrahim Nasir, who wanted the Maldives to remain neutral.

The base was used by No. 1125 Marine Craft Unit between 1 May 1970 and 29 March 1976.

RAF Gan today
Following the handover back to the Maldivian Government, the island was left to fall into disrepair for many years, but as funds allowed the airfield was subtly developed into a civil airport now known as Gan International Airport. Most of the base is now a tourist resort called Equator Village: the former military buildings remain and have been converted into rooms and other facilities on the resort. The former military hospital is now a dive centre.

title: RAF Gan


text: Category:Inorganic compounds

title: Category:Inorganic compounds


text: Category:Oxides

title: Category:Oxides


text:
Category:Alloys

Alloys are materials made up of more than one chemical element, at least one of which must be a metal. The combination of elements has metallic properties that differ from those of the base, component elements.

title: Category:Alloys


text: User talk:203.122.32.22

title: User talk:203.122.32.22


text:
User:Spizzwink

I first learned of the Wikipedia in April, 2004. This is a truly profound opportunity to contribute to the betterment of all human kind. I will continue to look for ways to make this a more useful service.

Yes, I used to be a Spizzwink(?) :-)

Cheers,

Your Fellow Wikipedi-ist

Matt

title: User:Spizzwink


text:
Category:Category theory

Category theory is a mathematical theory that deals in an abstract way with mathematical structures and relationships between them.

title: Category:Category theory