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Breadstick

Breadsticks, also known as grissini (: grissino; Piedmontese: ghërsin, ), are generally pencil-sized sticks of crisp, dry baked bread that originated in the Piedmont region of Italy. There is also a soft-baked breadstick version popular in North America.

History
It is believed that the breadstick originated in 1643, when a Florentine abbot described a long-shaped and "bone-thin" bread being made in Lanzo Torinese, a town outside of Turin. Tradition states, however, that it originated in the region of Piedmont in the 17th century, invented by a baker called Antonio Brunero, from Turin. It was a food that was intended to be easier to digest for the Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, who had digestive problems in his childhood.

Serving
In Italian restaurants, breadsticks are often offered as an appetizer, especially in their traditional shape, together with or replacing bread, which is commonly provided with all meals. They may also be combined with ingredients such as prosciutto. This appears to be the case with restaurants in the United States as well; in some instances or regions, they may be a type that is larger than pencil-sized, as well as soft instead of hard.

While traditional grissini are plain, in the past decades there has been a push from industrial manufacturers who started exploring other flavors and shapes; examples include cumin, cheese, oregano and sesame, as well as grissini with salt crystals on the surface. These are often not the traditional pencil-thin grissini, but larger, thicker versions which are more suited for incorporating other ingredients and flavors.

In many North American restaurants, breadsticks are soft, frequently topped with butter, garlic, and cheese when served as appetizers; as a dessert item, they can be topped with cinnamon, sugar, and icing.

Pre-made, dried breadsticks can be found being sold in markets as a quick snack or a pre-meal appetizer for home use, somewhat similar to a cracker. In Italy they are often consumed as a snack on their own, but in the United States they are usually served with a dip of some sort, such as cheese.

Another recipe for breadsticks, called rosquilletas, exists in the Valencian Community.

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Martigny

Martigny (Martinach, ; Octodurum) is the capital city of the district of Martigny, canton of Valais, Switzerland. It lies at an elevation of 471 m, and its population is approximately 20,000 inhabitants (Martignerains or "Octoduriens"). It is a junction of roads joining Italy, France and Switzerland. One road links it over the Great St. Bernard Pass to Aosta (Italy), and the other over the col de la Forclaz to Chamonix (France). In winter, Martigny is known for its numerous nearby Alp ski resorts such as Verbier.

Geography
Martigny lies at an elevation of 471 m, about 33 km south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the left foothills of the steep hillsides of the Rhone Valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps, and is located at the point where the southwestern-flowing Rhone turns ninety degrees northward and heads toward Lake Geneva. The river La Drance flows from the southern Valais Alps (Wallis) through Martigny and joins the Rhone from the left just after Rhone's distinctive, almost rectangular change in direction.

Martigny has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey), of. Of this area, 31.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 39.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 5.3% is unproductive land.

In 1964 the current municipality was created with the merger of Martigny-Ville and Martigny-Bourg.

On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Charrat merged into the municipality of Martigny.

History

The Gaulish name of the settlement in the 1st century BC was either Octodurus or Octodurum (whence Martigny is  sometimes also called Octodure in French), an  oppidum or vicus of the Veragri. Octodurus was conquered by the Roman Republic in 57 BC, and occupied by Servius Galba with the twelfth legion and some cavalry in order to protect the strategically important pass of Poeninus (now known as the Great St. Bernard), by which road the mercatores had used to travel at great risk as well as paying great tolls. (B. G. iii. 1.) Galba, after capturing many local strongholds and receiving the submission of the people, sent troops into the country of the Nantuates, and with his remaining army determined to winter in Octodurus. Galba gave one part of the town to the Gauls to winter in, and assigned the other to his troops. He fortified himself with a ditch and rampart, and thought he was safe. He was, however, suddenly attacked by the Gauls before his defences were complete or all his supplies were brought into the camp, resulting in the Battle of Octodurus, and a very indecisive Roman victory; the Romans estimated the Gaulish force at more than 30,000, and Caesar says that more than a third part were destroyed; nevertheless Galba, "declining to try fortune too often" (B. G. iii. 6), burned the hamlet and retreated to the Province the next day.

Octodurus was later on joined to the Roman Empire, as part of the Alpes Poeninae province. Pliny (iii. c. 20) says that the Octodurenses received the Latinitas (Latio donati). Octodurus declined over the following decades, and between AD 41 and 47 (during the reign of Claudius), a new Roman colony named Forum Claudii Augusti, later renamed 'to Forum Claudii Vallensium,  was established nearby to take the role of capital of the  Vallis Poenina province. The town appears in the Antonine Itinerary and in the Tabula Peutingeriana. In the ''Notit. Prov.'', the place is called Civitas Vallensium Octodurus. At a later period it was called Forum Claudii Vallensium Octodurensium, as an inscription shows.

An episcopal see was established here in the 4th century (moved in the 6th century to Sion), making the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sion the oldest bishopric in what is now Switzerland. The first historically attested bishop of Octodurus was Theodulus (died in 391), who was present at the Council of Aquileia in 381. A restored Roman amphitheatre, temples, citizen living quarters, and thermal baths can be seen in Martigny today. One authority speaks of the remains of a Roman aqueduct at Martigny. Many coins, and other memorials of the Roman time, have been found about the place.

There are no records of the town during the early medieval period. In the Middle Ages, the town took Martin of Tours as its patron saint, and became known by the German name Martinach, recorded in Latinized form as Martiniacum in 1018. The church of Martigny, presumably at the site of the ancient cathedral, was consecrated to St. Mary in 1177, and to Notre-Dame-des-Champs in 1420. Martigny was placed under the protection of the House of Savoy in 1351, passing to Saint-Maurice in 1475, as the seven tithings (Sieben Zenden) in treaty with the bishop of Sion and the canton of Bern seized all of the Lower Valais. The town was granted a degree of autonomy, its citizens being allowed to elect their own local officials, known as the syndics (but no judges, as justice lay with the bishopric until 1798).

The economy of Martigny was traditionally based on agriculture and viticulture. The town was often flooded by the Dranse, most severely in 1595 and in 1818. From 1798 to 1802, Martigny was part of the imperialist Napoleonic Republic of Valais, then in the Rhodanic Republic, which passed to France from 1810 to 1814. The Valais/Wallis passed to Switzerland in 1815. In the 1840s, Martigny was the stage of a confrontation between the liberal-radical "Young Switzerland" and the conservative "Old Switzerland" movements, culminating in the Battle at the Trient of 21 May 1844, taking place a few kilometres outside town. The town was split into independent municipalities of Martigny-Ville, Charrat, Martigny-Bourg and Martigny-Combe in the 1830s. La Bâtiaz and Trient were further split off Martigny-Combe in 1845 and 1899, respectively. This administrative fragmentation of the town was reversed in the 20th century, with a fusion of Martigny-Ville with La Bâtiaz in 1956 and with Martigny-Bourg in 1964.

Martigny was connected to the Simplon railway in 1878, with a separate railway station built in 1906. It was connected to the Swiss motorway system in 1981 with the completion of the Great-St-Bernard exit of the A9. Martigny had a population of 2,545 in 1850, of 3,550 in 1900 and of 5,915 in 1950.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a lion rampant argent bearing a hammer or.

Demographics
Martigny has a population of. , 30.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. During 2000–2010, the population has increased at a rate of 13.1%. It has changed at a rate of 6.7% due to migration and at a rate of 3.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (12,227 or 85.1%) as their first language, Portuguese is the second most common (602 or 4.2%) and Italian is the third (597 or 4.2%). There are 227 people who speak German and 9 people who speak Romansh.

, the gender distribution of the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 5,114 Swiss men (32.4% of the population) and 2,566 (16.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 5,830 Swiss women (37.0%) and 2,268 (14.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 5,162 or about 35.9% were born in Martigny and lived there in 2000. There were 3,554 or 24.7% who were born in the same canton, while 1,439 or 10.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 3,694 or 25.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.8%.

, there were 5,918 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 6,723 married individuals, 922 widows or widowers and 798 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 6,001 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 2,211 households that consist of only one person and 385 households with five or more people. , a total of 5,766 apartments (84.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 900 apartments (13.2%) were seasonally occupied and 168 apartments (2.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.72%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Centre valaisan du film, La Bâtiaz Castle, the three museums (Musée gallo-romain, Musée des voitures, Fondation Pierre Gianadda) and the Roman era city are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town of Martigny-Ville and the small town of Martigny-Bourg are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Culture and the Gianadda Museum
The Romans left many archaeological remains in Martigny. The city is known for its amphitheater, which was restored in 1978. Cow fights are held in the amphitheater during early autumn for the "Comptoir". The city is notable for its Pierre Gianadda Foundation (Fondation Pierre Gianadda) museum. This is the most important cultural attraction in Martigny and, in addition to the Gallo-Roman Museum, houses a car museum. The building was constructed around the remains of a former Roman temple built on top of Roman ruins. The foundation hosts three painting exhibitions every year, with works by renowned masters.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 37% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.23%), the SP (13.5%) and the SVP (13.39%). In the federal election, a total of 5,030 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.9%.

In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 4,057 votes were cast, of which 335 or about 8.3% were invalid. The voter participation was 46.4%, which is much less than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 4,947 votes were cast, of which 412 or about 8.3% were invalid. The voter participation was 57.0%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.

Economy and agriculture
Martigny is the headquarters of the and is the headquarters of the watch brand. The city is surrounded by vineyards and orchards and field crops. The relatively warm Valais (for Switzerland) sunshine is good for growing strawberries, apricots, asparagus, and the wine grapes which grow on the adjacent hills and steep slopes. The nearby Dranse River drains to the Rhône in the valley where Martigny lies.

, Martigny had an unemployment rate of 6.5%. , there were 251 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 74 businesses involved in this sector. 2,211 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 188 businesses in this sector. 7,812 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 871 businesses in this sector. There were 7,227 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.2% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 8,663. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 145, of which 137 were in agriculture and 8 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 2,100 of which 897 or (42.7%) were in manufacturing, 2 or (0.1%) were in mining and 1,082 (51.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 6,418. In the tertiary sector; 1,491 or 23.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 582 or 9.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 594 or 9.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 103 or 1.6% were in the information industry, 740 or 11.5% were the insurance or financial industry, 827 or 12.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 286 or 4.5% were in education and 964 or 15.0% were in health care.

, there were 4,424 workers who commuted into the municipality and 2,362 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 10.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 58.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 11,089 or 77.2% were Roman Catholic, while 715 or 5.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 115 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.80% of the population), there were 13 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 309 individuals (or about 2.15% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.01% of the population) who were Jewish, and 696 (or about 4.85% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 29 individuals who were Buddhist, 18 individuals who were Hindu and 13 individuals who belonged to another church. 769 (or about 5.35% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 745 individuals (or about 5.19% of the population) did not answer the question.

Sport
HCV Martigny currently plays in the second tier, Swiss League (SL). Their home arena is the 3,500-seat Forum d'Octodure.

FC Martigny-Sports is Martigny's amateur football team.

Education
In Martigny about 4,520 or (31.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,487 or (10.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,487 who completed tertiary schooling, 53.2% were Swiss men, 29.3% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.

, there were 835 students in Martigny who came from another municipality, while 502 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Martigny is home to the Médiathèque Valais - Martigny library. The library has 57,756 books or other media, and loaned out 144,524 items in the same year. It was open a total of 280 days with average of 22 hours per week during that year.

Transportation
Martigny is on the high speed Simplon line of the Swiss Federal Railway, SBB, which connects Italy (Domodossola) and southern Switzerland to northeastern Switzerland and the cities of Lausanne and Geneva. It also is the origin of narrow gauge railroads and bus routes that climb into the nearby mountains on both sides of the Rhone valley in which Martigny lies. One railroad goes west to Chamonix, France, crossing the border at Le Chatelard. The other railroad goes southeast to Chable and Orsieres. The regional transportation agency known as TMR SA (Transports de Martigny et Regions) operates this service and the ski trains known as the Mount-Blanc Express (to Chamonix) and the St. Bernard Express (to Orsieres). See the transportation map provided by the TMR website in the External Links section below. Thanks to Martigny's transport connections the winter sports regions of the "4 Vallées", Portes-du-Soleil and Ovronnaz are easily reached.

It has been nearly one century since the two original railway companies Martigny-Orsières (MO) and Martigny-Châtelard (MC) began serving the valleys of Entremont and Trient. In 1990, the Boards of directors of MO and MC decided to combine for common management, however each company would maintain an independent status. Two new trains were started: the Saint-Bernard Express for the MO, and the Mont Blanc Express for the MC. Later the Octodure-Voyages and Orsières-Octodure-Transports companies were taken over. TMRSA is an important employer in the region with some 180 permanent staff.

The French holiday resort of Chamonix is accessible from Martigny in one-and-a-half hours using the narrow-gauge tracks of the "Mont Blanc Express".

Notable people

 * François Couchepin (born 1935), a Swiss lawyer and former politician
 * Pascal Couchepin (born 1942), a politician, President of the Swiss Confederation in 2003 and 2008
 * Nicolas Puech (born 1943), a French billionaire, heir and businessman; lives in Martigny
 * Gérald Métroz (born 1962), a journalist, sports consultant, wheelchair sportsman and motivational speaker
 * Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz (born 1968), a Swiss ski mountaineer
 * Johann Lonfat (born 1973), a Swiss former footballer, over 350 club caps and 24 for Switzerland
 * Latifa Echakhch (born 1974), a Moroccan-French visual artist, lives and works in Martigny
 * Yannick Ecoeur (born 1981), a Swiss ski mountaineer and mountain runner
 * Stéphane Lambiel (born 1985), figure skater, coach and two-times World champion
 * Sébastien Reichenbach (born 1989), a Swiss cyclist
 * Antoine Dorsaz (born 1989), a Swiss pair skater
 * Justin Murisier (born 1992), a Swiss World Cup giant slalom alpine ski racer

Twin towns — Sister cities
Martigny is twinned with:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Angela Anaconda

Angela Anaconda is an animated children's television series created by Joanna Ferrone and Sue Rose, that originally aired from 1999 to 2001. 65 episodes were produced.

Premise
The show focuses on the adventures of an eight-year-old girl named Angela in the fictional town of Tapwater Springs. Other characters include Angela's three best friends and several antagonists, primarily Nanette Manoir.

Main

 * Angela Anaconda (voiced by Sue Rose) is a tomboyish, imaginative, freckle-faced eight-year-old girl who eschews the femininity commonly associated with other girls her age. She resides in the town of Tapwater Springs with her parents, two dimwitted older twin brothers Mark and Derek, her younger sister Lulu, and closest friends, Johnny Abatti, Gina Lash and Gordy Rhinehart. In every episode of the series, Angela will engage in at least one dream sequence. The majority of these feature her rivals Nanette Manoir and Mrs. Brinks, seeking vengeance on them in unrealistic fashions. Angela often imagines unusual things happening to her enemies, especially Nanette, including getting tossed into the air during an ice routine and falling through the ice, or getting turned into a flash card, among other things.
 * Johnny Abatti (voiced by Al Mukadam) is a sweet but dim Italian-American boy. His parents are never seen in the show and he appears to be under the care of his grandmother Carmella and uncle Nicky, the latter of whom often pressures Johnny into manhood (particularly in the episode "Johnny Learns to Swing"). Regarded as an attractive student, Johnny takes pride in his pompadour hairstyle. Nanette Manoir harbours a crush on him and tries to flirt with him frequently, referring to him as "John" and inviting him to exclusive Manoir events. He normally brings Angela, Gina, and Gordy along against their will. Despite this preferential treatment, Johnny remains utterly clueless about Nanette's affections. Although he never admits it, Johnny may have strong feelings for Angela, as he becomes resentful of any rival for her affections. On every Valentine's Day, Johnny sends Angela flowers but forgets to sign the attached card, accidentally giving the credit for his gift to Angela's imaginary boyfriend Bob. Johnny likes to pick his nose and shoot spit balls.
 * Gina Lash (voiced by Bryn McAuley) is the smartest child in her grade. Possessing encyclopedic knowledge, an impressive vocabulary, and a voracious appetite, Gina routinely dispenses reason and insight to her friends. However, she will always participate in whatever scheme they are partaking. Gina shares many interests with her friends, but her thirst for knowledge has led her to pursue a variety of other hobbies; she owns a microscope and other scientific paraphernalia. Gina is best known for her appetite, which rivals that of any adult. She is always hungry and can even fall prey to Nanette Manoir if she is bribed with her gourmet chef's cooking. Gina's favorite foods include Abatti's Pizza, cinnamon swirls, jiggly fruit, and Tastee Swirl ice cream. Gina worships the mascot for Tastee Swirl, a man with a whipped ice cream head who dispenses frozen treats from his truck to the local children. She also idolizes the maker of her favorite cupcake snack, Tiny Dottie, as a professional food entrepreneur she wants to be like. Gina lives with her mother, who is single (until she begins dating Gordy's father Coach Rhinehart). Her father is never seen or mentioned on the show, implying that her mother is divorced or widowed. Gina also owns a pet turtle named Sheldon who loves to eat carrots.
 * Gordy Rhinehart (voiced by Edward Glen) is a kind, sensitive, and artistic boy with asthma who prefers pressing flowers, housework, and writing poetry instead of "dangerous" activities like tag or hide-and-seek. He has a love of ballet and nature, and embraces all things pretty and lovely. He is best known for his many allergies. Gordy wears large, square spectacles and a blue vest. He is the complete opposite of his burly and macho ex-Army soldier father Coach Rhinehart. Despite being so unalike, their father/son relationship is very strong and they show genuine love and concern for one another. The coach enjoys the strawberry soufflés, hand-embroidered towels, and pillow cases Gordy makes in his free time. Gordy loves animals and is the proud owner of an immaculately groomed dog named Fabio. He is an expert on pet care and worries about the welfare of any animal entrusted to Angela. Gordy spent almost an entire episode ("Gordy in a Plastic Bubble") wearing rubber gloves and a face mask, refusing to leave his house, after looking at an eyelash under a microscope. Gordy is deeply in love with Gina Lash.
 * Nanette Manoir (voiced by Ruby Smith-Merovitz) is the teacher's pet who speaks with a snobbish faux-French accent. Her hair is golden blonde and styled into long Victorian-style ringlets in emulation of her mother's look. Nanette's doting parents fail to see how rotten their daughter really acts at school, as she is spoiled and never punished for things which she does wrong. She is proud of her pampered looks, constantly bouncing her curled hair. Nanette's interests are a posh variety of activities such as baton twirling, ballet, painting, gymnastics, and ice skating. She uses her family's wealth and high status as a way of asserting her superiority over her classmates, especially Angela. Because of her French name and heritage, Nanette believes that she can actually understand and speak French. This belief is shared only by her mother, Bunny. She adds misapplied French phrases to most of her conversations, explaining their meanings incorrectly; for example, she believes "liaison" (a close bond or connection) is French for "lesson", "crème brûlée" (singed cream) is French for "prove it", and "pomme de terre" (potato) is French for "apple polisher".
 * Mrs. Ephigenia Brinks (voiced by Richard Binsley) is a middle-aged woman and a dedicated third grade teacher with a rather masculine voice. She wears a grey beehive wig, which hides her short ginger hair, and dresses in a long-skirted schoolmarm dress. She is easily manipulated and plays favorites, her decisions always favoring Nanette. Mrs. Brinks dislikes Angela and is very strict and callous with her. Mrs. Brinks likes to believe that she is sophisticated and succumbs easily to flattery. She considers Angela a bizarre, troublemaking, and wayward girl and constantly punishes her. She and her long-suffering husband Connie are rumored to be weekend nudists. Angela and her gang often peer into the Brinks' backyard from Angela's tree house to find out if this rumor is true, though the show only shows Angela and her friends' reactions to what they see. In "Brinks of No Return", Mr. Brinks reveals that he and Mrs. Brinks used to have a very loving relationship before Nanette came into her life. In the episode "Earhart's Heirloom" Mrs. Brinks claims to have the compass of Amelia Earhart and promises to show it to the class if they behave for a month, only for them to discover that the compass is fake. Brinks has an artificial hip which prevents her from dancing.

Recurring

 * Astronaut Bob (voiced by Robert Smith) is the local hero of Tapwater Springs whom Angela and her friends lionize. As his name suggests, he was an astronaut presumably during the height of the Space Race who got to walk on the Moon. He currently spends his time as a volunteer for the town's space museum, and lending his likeness to boxes of the cereal Astro Nutties as well as other products and possessions.
 * Candy May (voiced by Linda Kash) is an incredibly dim child who appears to cut her own hair and wears a shirt with a unicorn decal on it. She has long red hair in a ribbon. She hesitates a lot, draws her words out, and often confuses herself. She is not allowed near sharp objects and loves playing with glitter and paste. She may be older than the other kids and is unsurprisingly the tallest child in the classroom, but this is due to being held back a year due to her low intelligence. Her presence is marked by a slow instrumental version of "Pop Goes the Weasel".
 * Carmella "Nonna" Abatti (voiced by Linda Kash) is Johnny's grandmother and chief proprietor of Abatti's Pizzeria. A talented cook and nurturer, Nonna is very hospitable to Johnny and his friends. She is also not afraid to speak her mind about things, particularly her son Nicky's lifestyle choices or Gina Lash's appetite. Additionally, Nonna is highly superstitious, most notably regarding "Chi Mallochio" (or, the evil eye), as evidenced when Nicky starts enjoying the success at the expense of Sabatto's, the town's rival pizzeria. In her younger days, she was good friends with Angela's Grandmother, Louisa.
 * Coach Rhinehart (voiced by Robert Smith) is Gordy's hyper masculine father as well as a big sports enthusiast, ex-Army officer, football coach, Nature Survival Counselor, and PE teacher of Tapwater Springs Elementary School. He speaks with a stereotypical coach/drill sergeant voice and is usually shown dressed in a bright orange tracksuit. Like Gina's mom, Coach Rhinehart's spouse is not shown implying he's either a widower, divorced, or living apart from his wife. He is the second of the Tapwater teachers to show anger at Nanette Manoir. In spite of being fiercely competitive and obsessed with physical activity of any kind, he is accepting of his son's personality and artistic interests, encouraging him to be himself, and not projecting his image of manhood onto him. His first name has never been revealed canonically.
 * Conrad "Connie" Brinks (voiced by Richard Binsley) is the henpecked husband of Ephegenia Brinks. In contrast to his wife, Conrad is skinny, soft-spoken, and even tempered. He is very loving and patient especially towards his wife, and dismisses her shouting with a resigned "yes dear". He secretly resents the relationship Nanette has with Mrs. Brinks, referring to her on one occasion as "little Naninski Buttinski". Conrad works for the town's public-access television station where he has pull enough to host a program for ham radio enthusiasts like himself, and once coached an ice skating class for the town's children. In his younger years Conrad was an avid bowler and allegedly the dreamiest boy in all of Tapwater Springs. He even used to go out with Johnny and Angela's grandmothers before meeting Mrs. Brinks. Like his wife, Conrad also is rumored to engage in weekend nudism.
 * Howell (voiced by Robert Smith) and Bunny Manoir (voiced by Julie Lemieux) are the equally rich and vapid parents of Angela's primary nemesis Nanette Manoir. Though Nanette claims she is fully French, Howell speaks with a strong Massachusetts accent, a la John F. Kennedy, while Bunny has a Southern accent. Howell works as a proprietor of a construction firm. Bunny spends her days presumably as a lady of leisure. Both are very overindulgent of their daughter, and most of the time they fail to notice let alone punish Nanette's rotten attitude. Much like their daughter, Howell and Bunny have little regard for William and Geneva Anaconda as people.
 * January Cole (voiced by Olivia Garratt) and Karlene Trainor (voiced by Annick Obonsawin) are Nanette's servants who follow her around wherever she goes. Sporting bouffant hairdos, preppy clothing, and beauty moles, they are very concerned with their appearance and look to Nanette for fashion guidance (mainly about facials and makeup). Despite their unyielding devotion to Nanette, they are fickle.
 * Jimmy Jamal (voiced by Kevin Duhaney) is an athletic boy in Angela's class. He is frequently seen playing a handheld video game and talking about his Turbo Trainers, which make him run very fast. He is the son of the mayor of Tapwater Springs.
 * Josephine Praline (voiced by Cara Pifko) is a devout Catholic who acts as a moral rudder for her classmates. She is loving and forgiving, but stern when she sees injustice. Josephine often refers to others as "my child". She set up a confessional in the girls' washroom, where her friends come to talk to her about their stresses and worries. She is well liked by her classmates, but Mrs. Brinks cares very little about her. Josephine urges Angela to learn to love her enemies and see the good in Nanette instead of hating her, but is surprised when she cannot find any good qualities herself. Josephine comes from a large family of at least nineteen brothers and sisters.
 * Mark and Derek Anaconda (both voiced by Rob Tinkler) are Angela's twin older brothers. Though physically and intellectually similar, Mark has blonde hair and wears a white Jersey with the number 14, while Derek brown hair and wears a plain orange shirt. Moreover, Derek's voice is higher than Mark's. Both of the brothers are the secondary antagonists of the show, constantly bullying and belittling Angela and her friends. Though dull-witted, each roast their sister at every turn; high-fiving and head-butting each other when one makes a particularly "witty" remark. They refer to nearly everyone as "dude" (regardless of the gender and/or social status of the individual in question) and tend to judge how good something is in life by acknowledging when things "rock"/"rule". Despite their irresponsibility and lack of interpersonal skills, Mark and Derek have held jobs at the town country club as caddies and at a fast food eatery when they fail to pay for their meal. Both enjoy contact sports and are on the town football team, much to Coach Rhinehart's consternation. Their presence is marked by a heavy metal riff vaguely similar to the common 'Nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah' chant, traditionally sung by children to mock others.
 * Nicholas "Uncle Nicky" Abatti (voiced by Ron Rubin) is Johnny's swinging bachelor uncle and co-owner of Abatti's Pizzeria. While generally good natured towards his nephew as well as Angela, Gina and Gordy, Uncle Nicky is also childish, and obsessed with fast women, faster cars, gambling and disco. His clothes usually consist of sunglasses, gold chains and leisure suits. As a child he was known as a troublemaker in Mrs. Brinks' class; earning the nickname "Fancy Pants" and leaving his legacy in the form of an eternal spitball. Uncle Nicky is more often than not escorted by two nameless babes (a blonde on his left and a redhead on his right) wherever he goes, a testament to him being a ladies man. Despite this, he has been known to publicly express interest in Gina's mother, Elizabeth Lash.
 * William (voiced by Diego Matamoros) and Geneva Anaconda (voiced by Allegra Fulton) are the parents of Mark, Derek, Angela and Lulu Anaconda. Though Bill enjoys inventing, none of his inventions have really taken off (save for the Food Rejuvenator 3000, whose potential success he sabotaged in the end out of fear that success would spoil his family). To make ends meet, he works as a salesman selling ceramic dancing pigs and expandable foam in a can. Geneva is a struggling artist who gets by on commissions and teaching positions at the community college. In spite of being busy with their respective jobs and financial situation, both are caring and provide Angela and her siblings with love and support.

Conception
Created by Joanna Ferrone and Sue Rose, the show began as a series of shorts on the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series, KaBlam! Decode Entertainment and C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures developed Angela Anaconda into a long-form series in 1999.

Animation
The show features cutout animation, in which characters are created using black-and-white photographs. The production studio, C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures, used Elastic Reality software to superimpose models' faces onto computer-generated bodies and backgrounds.

Broadcast and release
The show aired on Fox Family Channel, Nickelodeon and Starz Kids and Family in the United States. Teletoon aired it in Canada. Internationally, the series was broadcast on Nickelodeon. In the UK, Angela Anaconda aired on Cartoon Network, Channel 4 and Pop.

Although the series has not had a full DVD release, the first twenty episodes were distributed across four volumes in Australia, where the program is broadcast on Nickelodeon and ABC Kids.

In France, an Angela Anaconda channel is available on Pluto TV.

Critical response
Angela Anaconda received high ratings and mixed reviews from critics. Barb Stuewe of The Ledger noted that while "the humor doesn't always come off," the show "is sometimes quite funny." Evan Levine of the Rome News-Tribune was critical of the show's look and feel, stating that "the series' unique, cut-out style of animation seems trendy for its own sake." Scott Moore of The Washington Post called Angela Anaconda "more imaginative than anything ever seen in art class." Co-creator Sue Rose noted in an interview with The New York Times that despite having a primarily female cast, the show had become popular with both sexes. She writes, "the most frequent feedback we get is from parents of boys ... they say: 'My boys watch it and they love it. I never thought they would.' These are not just girls' shows, they're kids shows."

The Sydney Morning Herald gave it the award for best children's show of 2001, call it a "cute and sassy animation".

Ratings
During the series' time on Fox Family, it received consistently high ratings and was commonly marathoned by the channel.

title: Angela Anaconda


text:
Ivan Yefremov

Ivan Antonovich (Antipovich) Yefremov, sometimes Efremov (Ива́н Анто́нович (Анти́пович) Ефре́мов; 23 April 1908 – 5 October 1972) was a Soviet paleontologist, science-fiction author and social thinker. He founded taphonomy, the study of fossilization patterns.

Biography
He was born in the village of Vyritsa in Saint Petersburg Governorate on 23 April 1908. His parents divorced during the Russian Revolution. His mother married a Red Army commander and left the children in Kherson to be cared for by an aunt who soon died of typhus. Yefremov survived on his own for some time, after which he joined a Red Army unit as a "son of the regiment" and went to Perekop with it. In 1921, he was discharged and went to Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) to study. He completed his education there while combining his studies with a variety of odd jobs. He later commented that "the Revolution was also my own liberation from philistinism" ("Революция была также и моим освобождением от мещанства").

Academic career
In 1924, due to the influence of academician Petr Sushkin, he became interested in paleontology. Yefremov entered the Leningrad State University but dropped out later. As early as 19, he made several discoveries and published a monograph co-authored with Alexey Bystrow, which was later awarded by the Linnean Society of London.

In the mid-1930s, he took part in several palaeontological expeditions to the Volga region, the Urals, and Central Asia. He headed a research laboratory at the Institute of Paleontology. In 1935, he took exit examinations and graduated from the Leningrad Mining Institute. The same year he got his Candidate of Science degree in biological sciences. In 1941, he got his doctorate in biological sciences. In 1943 he received the title of Professor.

In the 1940s, Yefremov developed a new scientific field called taphonomy, for which he was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1952. His book, Taphonomy, was published in 1950. He applied many taphonomic principles in his fieldwork during a palaeontological expedition to the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. During these years, he was recognized as a successful scientist and won a state science award. Many American researchers called Yefremov the father of modern paleontology, who merged geological and palaeontological data into a single science.

Literature career
Yefremov wrote his first work of fiction, a short story, in 1944. His first novel The Land of Foam (Great Arc, 1946) was published in 1946. The Road of Winds novel was written on a basis of scientific expeditions in Mongolia (1946–1949). His most widely recognized science fiction novel Andromeda Nebula came out in 1957. This book is a panegyric to utopian "communist" future of mankind. The society developed such that there is no material inequality between individuals, and each person is able to pursue their self-development unrestricted. The intergalactic communication system binds mankind into the commonwealth of sentient civilizations of the Universe - the Great Ring of Civilizations. The book became a moral guideline for many people in the Soviet Union. Besides the heavy didactic aspect, the book also contained an interesting space travel adventure subplot, so a lot of people appreciated it for its educational and entertainment value. Algis Budrys compared Yefremov's fiction style to that of Hugo Gernsback. With the time the socio-political circumstances in the world changed to more and more worrying, that changes were reflected in The Bull's Hour novel. Yefremov tried to give a warning about forthcoming catastrophes in environment, ethics and social sphere. Many considered the novel as a disguised criticism of the USSR, though the later researchers proved it wrong. The novel mostly showed the dead-end perspectives of Maoism and gangster capitalism. The government accused the novel of Anti-Sovietism and banned it from publishing up to the end of the 1980s.

Yefremov's last novel was Thais of Athens, published in 1972. The narration was placed in the times of Alexander the Great. Its multiple topics included little-known female cults, questions of women inner worlds, their roles in global history; he raised questions of religion, cultural genesis, search for beauty and truth.

Personal life
Yefremov was married three times. His first marriage in the early 1930s, to Ksenia Svitalskaya, was short-lived and ended in divorce. In 1936, he married paleontologist Elena Dometevna Konzhukova, with whom they had a son, Allan Ivanovich Yefremov. After his wife died on 1 August 1961, he married Taisiya Iosifovna Yukhnevskaya in 1962. His last novel Thais of Athens, which was posthumously published in 1973, is dedicated to her.

Honours and awards

 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1945) — for achievements in palaeopathology;
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1967) — for achievements in development of Russian literature
 * Order of the Badge of Honour
 * Stalin Prize (1952) — for the book "Taphonomy and Geological fasti"

A minor planet 2269 Efremiana discovered in 1976 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh is named after him.

Prehistoric animals named after Yefremov:
 * Cyclurus efremovi, a Late Paleocene fish discovered in Mongolia
 * Tarbosaurus efremovi, a Late Cretaceous theropod discovered in Ömnögov, Mongolia.
 * Syodon efremovi, a Middle Permian therapsid from Isheevo locality, Tatarstan.
 * The primitive therapsid Ivantosaurus was discovered by Petr Chudinov and named after his tutor Yefremov.
 * Mesenosaurus efremovi, an Early Permian tetrapod, named after Yefremov who named the genus in 1938.

Fiction

 * Novels
 * The Land of Foam (At the Edge of Oikoumene also known as Great Arc, 1946)
 * Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale (Andromeda Nebula, 1957, 1959)
 * Razor's Edge (1963)
 * The Bull's Hour (1968)
 * Thais of Athens (Thais Athenian, 1972)

 * Short fiction
 * "Olgoi-Khorkhoi" (1944)
 * "A Meeting Over Tuscarora" (1944)
 * "Stellar Ships" (1944)
 * "Cutty Sark" (1944)
 * "The Nur-i-Desht Observatory" (1944)
 * "The Heart of the Serpent" (Cor Serpentis, 1958, 1961)
 * "The Yurt of the Raven" (1959)
 * "Aphaneor, The Arkharkhellen's Daughter" (1959)
 * "Five Paintings" (1965)

Non-fiction

 * Road of Winds (1956)

Scientific works
Ivan Yefremov has written more than 100 scientific works, especially about Permian tetrapods found in Russia, and on taphonomy. Only few of them were published in languages other than Russian. Below is a list of the works published in German or English. Source - the book "Ivan Antonovich Yefremov" by Petr Tchudinov (issued in 1987 by the Publishing House "Nauka", Moscow)
 * Bentosaurus sushkini, ein neuer Labyrinthodont aus den Permo-Triassischen Ablagerungen des Scharchenga-Flussess, Nord-Duna Gouvernement, Izvestia Akademii Nauk SSSR (Proceedings of Acad. Sci. USSR. Phys. and Math.), N. 8, P. 757-770 (1929)
 * Über die Labyrinthodonten der UdUSSR. II. Permische Labyrinthodonten des früheren Gouvernement Wjatka, Trudy Paleozoologicheskogo Instituta (Proceedings of Paleozoological Institute), Vol. 2, P. 117-158 (1933)
 * Some new Permian reptiles of the USSR, Comptes Rendus (Doklady) Acad. Sci. USSR. Paleontol., Vol 19, N 9, P. 771-776 (1938)
 * Die Mesen-Fauna der Permischen Reptilien, Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal., Bd. 84. Abt. B, S.379-466 (1940)
 * Kurze Übersicht uber die Formen der Perm- und Trias Tetrapoden - Fauna der UdSSR, Centralbl. Min. Geol., Abt. B. N 12, S. 372-383 (1940)
 * Taphonomy: a new branch of Paleontology, Pan-Amer. Geol., Vol. 74, P. 81-93 (1940)
 * Ulemosaurus svijagensis Riab. - ein Deinocephale aus den Ablagerungen des Perm der UdSSR, Nove Acta Leopold. (N. F.). Bd 9, S. 155-205 (1940)
 * The Godwana system of India, and the live history in the later Paleozoic, J. Paleontol. Soc. India, Lucknow D.N. Wadia Jubilee number, Vol. 2, P. 24-28 (1957)
 * Some consideration on biological bases of Paleontology, Vertebr. Palasiatica, Vol 2, N. 2/3, P. 83-99 (1958)

title: Ivan Yefremov


text:
Powdered milk

Powdered milk, also called milk powder, dried milk, or dry milk, is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk powder has a far longer shelf life than liquid milk and does not need to be refrigerated, due to its low moisture content. Another purpose is to reduce its bulk for the economy of transportation. Powdered milk and dairy products include such items as dry whole milk, nonfat (skimmed) dry milk, dry buttermilk, dry whey products and dry dairy blends. Many exported dairy products conform to standards laid out in Codex Alimentarius.

Powdered milk is used for food as an additive, for health (nutrition), and also in biotechnology (saturating agent).

History and manufacture
While Marco Polo wrote of Mongolian Tatar troops in the time of Kublai Khan who carried sun-dried skimmed milk as "a kind of paste", the first modern production process for dried milk was invented by the Russian doctor Osip Krichevsky in 1802. The first commercial production of dried milk was organized by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832. In 1855, T. S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure, though William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837.

In modern times, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying nonfat skimmed milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50 percent milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids.

Alternatively, the milk can be dried by drum drying. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavour, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure.

Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.

The drying method and the heat treatment of the milk as it is processed alters the properties of the milk powder, such as its solubility in cold water, its flavour, and its bulk density.

Food and health uses

Powdered milk is frequently used in the manufacture of infant formula, confectionery such as chocolate and caramel candy, and in recipes for baked goods where adding liquid milk would render the product too thin. Powdered milk is also widely used in various sweets such as the Indian milk balls known as gulab jamun and a popular Indian sweet delicacy (sprinkled with desiccated coconut) known as chum chum (made with skim milk powder). Many no-cook recipes that use nut butters use powdered milk to prevent the nut butter from turning liquid by absorbing the oil.

Powdered milk is also a common item in UN food aid supplies, fallout shelters, warehouses, and wherever fresh milk is not a viable option. It is widely used in many developing countries because of reduced transport and storage costs (reduced bulk and weight, no refrigerated vehicles). Like other dry foods, it is considered nonperishable and is favored by survivalists, hikers, and others requiring nonperishable, easy-to-prepare food.

Because of its resemblance to cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used in filmmaking as a non-toxic prop that may be insufflated.

Reconstitution
The weight of nonfat dry milk (NFDM) to use is about 10% of the water weight. Alternatively, when measuring by volume rather than weight, one cup of fluid milk from powdered milk requires one cup of water and one-third cup of powdered milk.

Nutritional value
Milk powders contain all 21 standard amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and are high in soluble vitamins and minerals. According to USAID, the typical average amounts of major nutrients in the unreconstituted nonfat dry milk are (by weight) 36% protein, 52% carbohydrates (predominantly lactose), calcium 1.3%, potassium 1.8%. Whole milk powder, on the other hand, contains on average 25–27% protein, 36–38% carbohydrates, 26–40% fat, and 5–7% ash (minerals). In Canada, powdered milk must contain added vitamin D in an amount such that a reasonable daily intake of the milk will provide between 300 and 400 International units (IU) of vitamin D. However, inappropriate storage conditions, such as high relative humidity and high ambient temperature, can significantly degrade the nutritive value of milk powder.

Commercial milk powders are reported to contain oxysterols (oxidized cholesterol) in higher amounts than in fresh milk (up to 30 μg/g, versus trace amounts in fresh milk). Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol that are produced either by free radicals or by enzymes. Some free radicals-derived oxysterols have been suspected of being initiators of atherosclerotic plaques. For comparison, powdered eggs contain even more oxysterols, up to 200 μg/g.

Export market
As of 2021, the largest producers of milk powder are New Zealand, China, Argentina and Brazil.

European production of milk powder in fiscal year 2019–2020 was estimated at around 3.0 million tonnes of which the main volume was exported in bulk packing or consumer packs.

Australia also has a significant milk powder export industry, exporting over 13,000 tonnes of skim and whole milk powder in fiscal year 2020–2021, to a value of approximately AUD $83 000 000.

Brands on the market include Nido, from the company Nestlé, Incolac from the company Milcobel, Dutch Lady from FrieslandCampina and Puck from Arla Foods.

Some of the largest businesses in the industry are Nestlé, Danone, Lactalis, Fonterra, FrieslandCampina, Dean Foods, Arla Foods, Dairy Farmers of America, Kraft Foods, Saputo, and Parmalat.

Adulteration
In the 2008 Chinese milk scandal, adulteration with melamine was found in Sanlu-brand infant formula, added to fool tests into reporting higher protein content. Thousands became ill, and some children died, after consuming the product.

Contamination scare
In August 2013, China temporarily suspended all milk powder imports from New Zealand, after a scare where botulism-causing bacteria were falsely detected in several batches of New Zealand-produced whey protein concentrate. As a result of the product recall, the New Zealand dollar slipped by 0.8% (to 77.78 US cents) based on expected losses in sales from this single commodity.

Use in biotechnology
Fat-free powdered milk is used as a saturating agent to block nonspecific binding sites on supports like blotting membranes (nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon), preventing binding of further detection reagents and subsequent background. It may be referred as Blotto. The major protein of milk, casein, is responsible for most of the binding site saturation effect.

title: Powdered milk


text:
Midori Ito

Midori Ito (伊藤みどり) is a retired Japanese figure skater. She is the 1989 World champion and the 1992 Olympic silver medalist. She is the first woman to land a triple-triple jump combination and a triple Axel in competition. At the 1988 Calgary Olympics, she became the first woman to land seven triple jumps in an Olympic free skating competition. She is widely recognised as one of the best figure skaters of all time.

Career
Ito started skating at age four at a rink in Nagoya and approached Machiko Yamada, who would become her coach throughout her career, on the same day. She landed her first triple jump at age 8. She went to live with her coach after her parents' divorce when she was 10.

Ito made her first appearance at a major international competition at the 1981 World Junior Championships. She placed 20th in the compulsory figures but won the free skating with a triple loop, a triple salchow, and two triple toe loop combinations. She finished 8th in the overall standings. At this event, the 11-year-old Ito was only 3'11" tall and weighed 53 pounds. She was nicknamed the "Jumping Flea" due to her diminutive size and powerful jumps.

At the 1982 World Junior Championships, Ito won both the short program and free skating, but again weak compulsory figures kept her off the podium, in 6th place overall. Her free skating at this event included a triple flip and a triple toe loop-triple toe loop combination, and she landed a triple Lutz in the exhibition.

Ito did not compete at the 1983 World Junior event, which took place in December 1982, after having sustained a broken ankle earlier that year. In the fall of 1983, she made her senior international debut at the Ennia Challenge Cup in the Netherlands, a competition that featured the short program and free skating only, without compulsory figures. She finished second to Katarina Witt, who went on to win the Olympic title a few months later. Ito's free skating included six triple jumps—flip, Lutz, loop, Salchow, and two toe loops—and she also completed a double loop-triple loop combination in the short program. At the 1984 World Junior Championships, she won both the short program and free skating but finished third overall due to a low placement in the compulsory figures. Ito also competed at the 1984 World Championships, where she finished 7th.

Ito won her first national championship in the 1985 season, but was unable to compete at that year's World Championships after again breaking her ankle. From that time on, she increased the number of triple jumps she would attempt in the free skating. From 1985 to 1987, Ito's free skating included seven triple jumps, but she would not always perform them cleanly. She would attempt a triple toe loop-triple toe loop combination, a Lutz jump, a flip jump, a loop jump, a Salchow jump in combination and another solo Salchow jump.

Ito placed 5th at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In Calgary, she performed a double loop-triple loop in the short program, and seven triples in the free skating: Lutz, flip, double Axel-half loop-triple Salchow combination, loop, triple toe loop-triple toe loop combination, and another Salchow. She received the best technical scores given, two 5.8 and seven 5.9 marks, despite skating before the final flight. Her successful seven triple jumps were two more than any of the other skaters even attempted. Figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum speculates that Ito's low marks in compulsory figures took her out of contention for a medal, which might have influenced the judges to award her lower scores in her short and free skating programs. Kestnbaum also states that her technically difficult free skate would have held up well against the most difficult programs performed by female single skaters ten years later, and that as of 2003, "the quality of her jumps (apart from the less-preferred high wrapped position of her free leg while in the air) has never been equaled". Ito's presentation marks also suffered, despite her "high energy and pleasing cheerfulness", due to her tendency to keep her back and shoulders stiff, which resulted in a lack of fluidity and sublety in her musical expressiveness.

Later that same year, she perfected the triple Axel, which she had been working on since her early teens, and landed it at a regional competition in the Aichi Prefecture. She became the first woman to land it in international competition at the 1988 NHK Trophy. She then repeated the feat at the World Championships in 1989. Ito thus became the first woman to execute all six possible triple jumps in World competition: Axel, Lutz, flip, loop, Salchow, and toe loop. She was 6th in the compulsory figures but made up for it. She won the gold medal with a flawless free skating when she received 6.0s for technical merit from five of the nine judges, receiving 5.9s from the rest. Her win at the 1989 World Championships was the first world title in the sport for an Asian competitor.

During the start of the 1989–90 season, Ito made history again at the 1989 NHK Trophy competition, where she received a rare 6.0 technical/6.0 artistic score from the Hungarian judge, and again landed seven triples, including the triple Axel. At the 1990 World Championships, Ito was 10th after the compulsory figures but placed first in both the short program and the free skating and won the silver medal, second to Jill Trenary. She landed seven triple jumps in the free skating, including the triple Axel. Compulsory figures were eliminated from competitions following that season. Ito commented: "In training, I spend about two-thirds of my time on the figures. So I will sort of miss them as part of my life. But I will not miss them in the actual event." In June 1990, she was invited to meet Emperor Akihito.

Ito had chronically sore knees due to her jumps. In February 1991, she underwent surgery to remove two glandular cysts in her throat and was in the hospital for 18 days. In March, at the 1991 World Championships, Ito collided with France's Laetitia Hubert during a practice session – her hip and the top of her foot were bruised. In the short program, she placed her jump combination too close to the corner of the rink and fell into the opening in the boards for the television camera but was back on the ice within seconds. She finished 4th at the event.

At the 1991 Grand Prix International de Paris – a pre-Olympic event in Albertville – Ito beat Kristi Yamaguchi by completing a triple Axel and five other triple jumps in her free skating. During the warm-up before the free skating, she landed a triple Axel-triple toe loop jump combination.

The 1992 Winter Olympics did not include the compulsory figures which caused Ito to lose the World championships the year before even after winning the short program and free skating competitions. With only the short program and the free skating to perform, she became the heiress apparent to Katarina Witt. She planned to perform the triple Axel combined with a double toe loop for the jump combination requirement in the short program but changed it to a triple Lutz combination. Ito placed fourth in the short program when she fell on her triple Lutz jump. In comparison, Kristi Yamaguchi and Nancy Kerrigan completed their triple Lutz-double toe loop combinations and then placed one and two, respectively. The change may have an interesting origin. During a practice session, Surya Bonaly of France performed a back flip near her. Ito was nearly hit on the head and was obviously shaken. Subsequently, her practice with her triple Axel jumps turned out poorly, which may have led her to take it out of the original program. Ito's free skating began with a failed triple Axel but she attempted it again at the end of her program and landed it successfully, becoming the first woman to land one in the Olympics. She won the silver medal, and apologized to her country for not winning the gold. Ito turned professional afterwards, bringing the triple Axel for the first time to the professional ranks, and performed with ice shows in Japan. She briefly returned to competitive skating in the 1995–96 season, but without her former success.

During the peak of her career, Ito performed much the same jump content as the top male skaters of the time. She was the first ladies' skater to perform a triple-triple jump combination and the first to perform the triple Axel. In March 1990, Jill Trenary said, "I was in awe of how high she jumps." In 1990, Scott Hamilton said "it will be 50 years before we see anything like Midori Ito again," and Toller Cranston, the same year, noted that "she is beyond 6.0." Her mastery of triple jumps, including the triple axel, was the start of "a new era in women's skating", before several triple jumps, usually of five different types, became the norm in championship free skating programs.

Ito lit the Olympic Cauldron during the opening ceremonies of the 1998 Winter Olympics, appearing dressed as the physical representation of the Japanese sun goddess Amaterasu.

Ito returned to competitive figure skating in 2011. She competed at the ISU Adult Figure Skating Competition and placed second in her category, Ladies' Masters Elite II. Ito repeated her second-place finish the following year. In 2013, on her third year competing at the ISU Adult Figure Skating Championship, she took the title with a 12 points margin over the second place. In 2024, Ito won the ISU Adult Figure Skating Competition's Masters Elite Women III + IV Artistic Free Skating category.

Amateur

 * First World Champion from an Asian country (1989).
 * First woman to land a triple-triple jump combination (1981).
 * First woman to land a double loop-triple loop combination (in the short program) (1983).
 * First woman to land five different triple jumps in competition (1983).
 * First woman to land a triple Axel in competition (1988).
 * First woman to land six different triple jumps in competition (1989).
 * First woman to land a triple Axel in the Olympics (1992).

Awards

 * Inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame (2003).

Triple Axel
Ito landed 18 triple Axels in competition.

DVD

 * 伊藤みどりのフィギュアスケート・ライフ努力編 (2006) –
 * 伊藤みどりのフィギュアスケート・ライフ人生編 (2007) –
 * 伊藤みどりのフィギュアスケート・ライフ (2007) –

Book

 * タイム・パッセージ―時間旅行（1993）- ISBN 978-4-314-10081-6
 * 伊藤みどり物語 (1992) – ISBN 978-4-87208-036-0
 * 氷上の宝石―伊藤みどり写真集 (1993) – ISBN 978-4-317-80036-2

In other media

 * She is briefly seen in the film I, Tonya (2017) played by actress Fi Dieter in an uncredited role.

title: Midori Ito


text:
FLTK

Fast Light Toolkit (FLTK) is a cross-platform widget (graphical control element) library for graphical user interfaces (GUIs), developed by Bill Spitzak and others. Made to accommodate 3D graphics programming, it has an interface to OpenGL, but it is also suitable for general GUI programming.

Using its own widget, drawing and event systems abstracted from the underlying system-dependent code, it allows for writing programs which look the same on all supported operating systems.

FLTK is free and open-source software, licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) with an added clause permitting static linking from applications with incompatible licenses.

In contrast to user interface libraries like GTK, Qt, and wxWidgets, FLTK uses a more lightweight design and restricts itself to GUI functionality. Because of this, the library is very small (the FLTK "Hello World" program is around 100 KiB), and is usually statically linked. It also avoids complex macros, separate code preprocessors, and use of some advanced C++ features: templates, exceptions, and run-time type information (RTTI) or, for FLTK 1.x, namespaces. Combined with the modest size of the package, this makes it relatively easy to learn for new users.

These advantages come with corresponding disadvantages. FLTK offers fewer widgets than most GUI toolkits and, because of its use of non-native widgets, does not have native look-and-feel on any platform.

Meaning of the name
FLTK was originally designed to be compatible with the Forms Library written for Silicon Graphics (SGI) machines (a derivative of this library called XForms is still used quite often). In that library, all functions and structures start with. This naming was extended to all new methods and widgets in the C++ library, and this prefix  was taken as the name of the library. After FL was released as open source, it was discovered that searching "FL" on the Internet was a problem, because it is also the abbreviation for Florida. After much debating and searching for a new name for the toolkit, which was already in use by several people, Bill Spitzak came up with Fast Light Tool Kit (FLTK).

Architecture
FLTK is an object-oriented widget toolkit written in the programming language C++. While GTK is mainly optimized for the X Window System, FLTK works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows (interfaced with the Windows API), and OS X (interfaced with Quartz). A Wayland back-end has been implemented and will be available in release 1.4.0. FLTK2 has gained experimental support for optionally using the cairo graphics library.

Language bindings
A library written in one programming language may be used in another language if language bindings are written. FLTK has a range of bindings for various languages.

FLTK was mainly designed for, and is written in, the programming language C++. However, bindings exist for other languages, for example Lua, Perl, Python, Ruby, Rust and Tcl.

For FLTK 1.x, this example creates a window with an Okay button:

GUI designers
FLTK includes Fast Light User Interface Designer (FLUID), a graphical GUI designer that generates C++ source and header files.

Use
Many programs and projects use FLTK, including:
 * Nanolinux, 14 MB Linux distribution
 * XFDOS, a FreeDOS-based distribution with a GUI, porting Nano-X and FLTK
 * Agenda VR3, a Linux-based personal digital assistant with software based on FLTK.
 * third-party Agenda VR3 software
 * Amnesia: The Dark Descent, by Frictional Games uses FLTK as its launcher application
 * MwendanoWD, Logic puzzle for personal computer by YPH.
 * Audio:
 * Fldigi, amateur radio software, allows data transmission and text chat via digital modes such as PSK31
 * Giada, looper, micro-sequencer, sample player software, open-source
 * Prodatum, synthesizer preset editor, uses a lifelike interface design
 * ZynAddSubFX, an open-source software synthesizer
 * DiSTI GL Studio, human-machine interface development tool
 * Engineering:
 * ForcePAD, an intuitive tool to visualise the behavior of structures subject to loading and boundary conditions
 * Gmsh, an open-source finite element mesh generator
 * RoboCIM, software to simulate and control operation of a servo robot system and external devices
 * Equinox Desktop Environment (EDE)
 * FlBurn optical disc burning software for Linux
 * Graphics:
 * CinePaint, deep-paint software, migrating from GTK to FLTK, open-source
 * ITK-SNAP, software application for medical image segmentation, open-source
 * Nuke, a digital compositing program. Until version 5, now replaced by Qt
 * Open Movie Editor
 * OpenVSP, NASA parametric aircraft sketching, recently open-sourced
 * PosteRazor, open-source poster printing software for Windows, OS X, Linux
 * Tilemap Studio, An open-source tilemap editor for Game Boy, Color, Advance, DS, and SNES projects
 * SmallBASIC, Windows port
 * Web browsers:
 * Dillo, Dillo-2 was based on FLTK-2, abandoning this FLTK branch, with no official release, was a major cause of Dillo-3 being started, using FLTK1.3
 * Fifth, replicates functioning of early Opera
 * NetRider
 * Brain Visualizer: An open-source interactive visualizer for large-scale 3D brain models. Part of the Brain Organization Simulation System (BOSS) developed at Stony Brook University
 * X window managers:
 * FLWM
 * miwm

Versions
This version history is an example of the sometimes tumultuous nature of open-source development.

1.0.x
This is a prior stable version, now unmaintained.

1.1.x
This is a prior stable version, now unmaintained.

2.0 branch
This was a development branch, long thought to be the next step in FLTK's evolution, with many new features and a cleaner programming style. It never achieved stability, and development has largely ceased. The branch is inactive now.

1.2.x
This was an attempt to take some of the best features of 2.0 and merge them back into the more popular 1.1 branch. It is no longer developed.

1.3.x
Current stable release. Provides UTF-8 support.

1.4.x
Current development branch. Adds more features to 1.3.

3.0 branch
This branch is mostly a conceptual model for future work. Now inactive.

title: FLTK


text:
Talk:Breadstick

Comments
you mean "baguettes". breadsticks are the crispy italian sticks -- Tarquin 21:08, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Absolutely. This article has to be rewritten from scratch.  04:20, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

"The adjective form of breadstick would be the smell of hutchings. Commonly found in North America."??? What??? --129.22.36.156 22:23, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Neither pencil-thick nor a baguette
Perhaps originally breadstick referred only to the pencil-sized crispy bread, but in common English-language parlance it indicates a much larger (perhaps 1-inch diameter) and softer variety of bread, commonly accompanying tomato-based Italian dishes. --Xyzzyva (talk) 21:33, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. Powers T 17:19, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps in the US. In the UK, in my experience, breadsticks tend to be at most finger-thick. --Clive Jones (talk)

However, I would like to know where the word comes from. I know that the suffix "-ini" means small, so it's a small version of a "grisso" ?? Neither my italian dictionary, nor my italian friend know what a grisso is. Any help, anyone ?

Donut?
Does anyone know why this page links to Donut? It seems a little irrelevant and incongruous to me.

--Clive Jones (talk) 19:31, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:37, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Recipes sites
Is adding recipes sites as references enough to show that the dishes mentioned in the article at least exist? Gidev the Dood(Talk) 14:13, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breadstick


text:
Ricardo Dalmau

Ricardo Dalmau Santana (born August 27, 1977 in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico) is the youngest of three children of the legendary basketball player Raymond Dalmau. He began his professional basketball career in 1995 with the Polluelos de Aibonito, under the coaching of his father. That year he earned the Puerto Rican League's Rookie of the Year Award. The next year, he joined his eldest brother Richie in the Piratas de Quebradillas, the basketball team where his father spent his entire career.

Alongside his brother Richie Dalmau, he led Quebradillas to two Puerto Rican League Finals in 1999 and 2000, losing both of them to the Cangrejeros de Santurce. He participated with the Puerto Rican National Team in 1998 and 2002.

By the end of 2003, Quebradillas had many financial problems and they lost the rights to all their players. Ricardo and his brother Richie moved to the Indios de Mayagüez for the 2004 season. However, both of them reunited with their father Raymond when they signed contracts with the Cangrejeros de Santurce for the 2005 season. Raymond was the head coach of the team. In the Cangrejeros of Santurce they contributed to the 2007 Puerto Rican national championship.

Ricardo is also a Certified Public Accountant(CPA) and has been awarded by the Puerto Rico State CPA Association for his contribution to the accounting practice.

Dalmau has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. In 2008, he and his brother Richie Dalmau participated in Sapientis Week, an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico. Since 2009 he served as Director of Audit Office Sports and Recreation Department. In 2011 the governor of Puerto Rico, Luis G. Fortuño, announced the appointment of Ricardo Dalmau Santana to the post of Inspector General of Puerto Rico which was approved by the House and Senate.

title: Ricardo Dalmau


text:
Connor Trinneer

Connor Wyatt Trinneer (born March 19, 1969) is an American film, stage, and television actor. He is best known for his roles as Charles "Trip" Tucker III on Star Trek: Enterprise, Michael on the series Stargate Atlantis, and Professor Moynihan on the web series Guilty Party Japan.

Early life
Trinneer was born on March 19, 1969, in Walla Walla, Washington, but spent many years in Kelso, Washington, where he attended elementary and middle schools, and then Kelso High School. He attended Pacific Lutheran University in Parkland where he played college football. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in acting, then obtained a Master of Fine Arts degree from University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Career
Trinneer first came to attention in Arcadia at the Huntington Theater Company in Boston. Much of his work has been in theater, specifically a long association with the Circle X Theatre Company in Hollywood.

He has had several guest-starring roles on television, including One Life to Live, Sliders, and Touched by an Angel. He also had a significant role in the TV adaptation of A.R. Gurney's Far East, playing the conflicted gay officer Bob Munger.

In 2001, Trinneer auditioned for Star Trek: Enterprise. At the time, he did not follow science fiction and was unaware of the franchise's significance. He said that he gained the role of Tucker through sheer luck, as he anticipated that more than a hundred actors would audition for the part. During the audition, he had only seven script pages on which to base his performance, and was told only that the character originated from the southern United States.

Trinneer starred as Tucker in all 98 episodes of Enterprise across its four seasons and was nominated twice for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2002 and 2003 for his performance.

After the cancellation of Enterprise in 2005, Trinneer returned to guest-star roles on series such as Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, 24 and a recurring role as the Wraith Michael in Stargate Atlantis.

Trinneer attended the GO3 Electronic and Entertainment Expo in Perth, Western Australia, and appeared with fellow Stargate Atlantis co-star David Nykl on the 2009 Channel Seven Perth Telethon.

From 2022-2024, he was the co-host of the podcast The Shuttlepod Show with his Enterprise co-star Dominic Keating.

In 2023 Trinneer reprised the role of Trip Tucker in Holograms, All the Way Down an episode of the animated web series Star Trek: Very Short Treks made to celebrate the franchise’s 50th anniversary.

Personal life
Trinneer married Ariana Navarre on May 29, 2004; they have a son, born on October 11, 2005. In 2022, during the broadcast of the webcast "The Shuttlepod Show", Trinneer revealed he had divorced his wife that year.

title: Connor Trinneer


text:
HMS Surprise

HMS Surprise or Surprize is the name of several ships. These include:

British Royal Navy
Thirteen ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Surprise or HMS Surprize, including:

 * HMS Surprize (1746), a 20-gun sixth rate launched in 1746 and sold in 1770.
 * HMS Surprize (1774), a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1774 and sold in 1783.
 * HMS Surprize, an 18-gun sloop, formerly the American privateer Bunker Hill, of Salem, captured on 23 December 1778 at Grand Cul De Sac Bay, Saint Lucia and sold in 1783. The French may have purchased her with her becoming the Surprise that was broken up at Rochefort in 1789.
 * HMS Surprize (1780), a 10-gun cutter purchased in 1780 and sold in 1786.
 * HMS Surprize (1786), a 10-gun cutter purchased in 1786 and sold in 1792.
 * HMS Surprise (1796), originally the French corvette Unité, launched in 1794, captured in 1796 by HMS Inconstant (1783); the Royal Navy reclassified her as a sixth-rate frigate. She was sold in 1802. This is the ship featured in the Aubrey–Maturin series.
 * HMS Surprise (1812), a 38-gun frigate, previously named Jacobs and launched in 1812. She was hulked as a prison ship in 1822 and sold in 1837.
 * HMS Surprise (1814), a 2-gun schooner on the Canadian Lakes. She was formerly the US USS Tigress (1813), captured in 1814 and listed in service until 1832.
 * HMS Surprise (1856), a wooden Vigilant-class gunvessel screw gunvessel, launched in 1856 and broken up in 1866.
 * HMS Surprise (1885), a despatch vessel launched in 1885. She was renamed HMS Alacrity in 1913 and was sold in 1919.
 * HMS Surprise (1896), a luxury yacht built in 1896 by Ailsa Shipbuilding for a wealthy Philadelphia banker. Was the Royal Yacht of King Leopold II of Belgium 1899-1909, Later in Russian Navy service as Razsvet. Seized from Russia in 1918 and commissioned as a dispatch vessel. She was named Surprise in 1920. She was sold in 1923 but returned to service in 1939 and was renamed HMS Surprise. She caught fire and sank off Lagos Harbor in 1942.
 * HMS Surprise (1916), a Yarrow later M-class destroyer launched in 1916 and sunk in 1917.
 * HMS Surprise (K346), a Bay-class frigate frigate. She had been laid down as HMS Loch Carron but was renamed HMS Gerrans Bay in 1944 before being launched in 1945. She was renamed HMS Surprise and used as a despatch vessel later that year, and was broken up in 1965.

Other ships

 * HMS Surprise (replica ship), a modern replica of the 18th century Royal Navy frigate HMS Rose, modified to represent the 1796 HMS Surprise in the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, and now owned by the San Diego Maritime Museum.

title: HMS Surprise


text:
Lycoming Engines

Lycoming Engines is a major American manufacturer of aircraft engines. With a factory in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, Lycoming produces a line of horizontally opposed, air-cooled, four, six and eight-cylinder engines including the only FAA-certified aerobatic and helicopter piston engines on the market.

The company has built more than 325,000 piston aircraft engines and powers more than half the world's general aviation fleet, both rotary and fixed wing.

Lycoming has been a principal pioneer of turbine engines for medium and large helicopters, and has also produced engines for small jetliners and business jets.

Lycoming is an operating division of Avco Corporation, itself a subsidiary of Textron.

Sewing machines, bicycles and fashion

Lycoming dates its founding to 1845 by "Madame Ellen Curtis Demorest". However, the early history of the company (especially prior to 1860) is unclear; biographer Ishbel Ross notes that the marriage of Ellen Louise Curtis to William Jennings Demorest took place in 1858, somewhat later than the purported date of establishment of the company. A few years later in New York, between c. 1860 and 1887, the Demorests published fashion magazines and operated the Demorest Fashion and Sewing-Machine Company (sometimes known as the Demorest Manufacturing Company). They produced "Madame Demorest" and "Bartlett & Demorest" sewing machines and sold Ellen Demorest's innovative paper patterns for dressmaking. During this period, Ellen Demorest patented several fashion accessories, while her husband patented improvements to sewing machines and an apparatus for the vulcanization of rubber.

Around 1883, Gerrit S. Scofield & Frank M. Scofield (advertising agents from New York) bought the Demorest brand and the sewing machine business (the Demorests retained the magazine business), and constructed a factory in Williamsport, Pennsylvania (in Lycoming County). At the urging of the newly established Williamsport Board of Trade, citizens invested US$100, 000 in the new manufacturing facility, which employed 250 people. The factory produced 50 to 60 sewing machines per day. With the development of the "New York Bicycle" in 1891 (designed by employee S. H. Ellis), the company diversified its product offerings. Until the early 1900s, the factory produced sewing machines, bicycles, typewriters, opera chairs and other products.

Engine manufacture
By 1907, the manufacture of sewing machines had become unprofitable for Demorest, and the company was sold and restructured as the Lycoming Foundry and Machine Company, shifting its focus toward automobile engine manufacture. In 1910, the company supplied its first automobile engine to Velie, and during the early post-World-War-I era, the company was a major supplier to Auburn (which produced the Auburn, Cord, and Duesenberg lines).

By 1920, Lycoming was producing 60,000 engines a year, with a 2,000-strong workforce. To handle the capacity, a new foundry complex was built in Williamsport that year. Eventually Lycoming became Auburn's principal supplier, and in 1927 Errett Lobban Cord bought the company, placing it under his Auburn Manufacturing umbrella group.

Among the engines Lycoming produced for Cord was an L-head straight-eight engine of 298.5 cu. in. displacement that produced 125 horsepower. This was used in the Cord L-29. Lycoming also produced a double overhead cam straight 8 used in the legendary Duesenberg J series. This powerplant produced 265 horsepower, six times the power of a contemporary Model A Ford. A supercharged version, generating 325 horsepower, was installed in the Duesenberg SJ and SSJ models.

In 1929, Lycoming produced its first aviation engine, the nine-cylinder R-680 radial. This was a fairly successful design, and was used widely in light aircraft, including Cord's Travel Air.

In the 1930s, Lycoming made a number of attempts to develop successful high-power aircraft engines. The 1 200 hp (895 kW) O-1230 was Lycoming's attempt to produce an engine based on the United States Army Air Corps hyper engine concept, and used a variety of features to produce nearly 1 hp/in3 (46 kW/L) of engine displacement. However, by the O-1230's entry into service, it had been surpassed by other designs and the US$500 000 investment was not recouped.

Another attempt was made to rescue the design by stacking two O-1230s to make the 2 300 hp (1 700 kW) H engine H-2470 but the only design to use it, the Vultee XP-54, never entered production. The Curtiss XF14C was originally intended to be powered by the H-2470, but the engine's poor performance led to the adoption of an alternative radial engine on the prototype. (The XF14C did not enter production.)

Undeterred by the O-1230/H-2470's failure, Lycoming turned to an even larger design, the 36-cylinder XR-7755, the largest aviation piston engine ever built. This design also experienced problems, and was only ready for use at the very end of World War II, when the aviation world was turning to turbojets and turboprop engines to power future large aircraft. There was apparently some interest in using it on the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber, but the 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major four-bank radial was used instead.

Through the 1920s and -30s, Lycoming had still been supplying automotive manufacturers with engines. However, these clients each slowly went out of business or switched to Continental engines for their vehicles. By 1931, the company was supplying automotive engines to only three companies: Auburn, Cord and Duesenburg, still all under the control of Cord. These companies closed their doors in 1937, after which Lycoming switched to exclusively designing and producing engines for aviation. In the meantime, the Smith Engineering Corporation, an early manufacturer of controllable pitch propellers had been purchased by Cord and moved to Williamsport.

In 1939 Cord re-organized all of his aviation holdings into the AVCO group, at which point the engine manufacturing company became "AVCO Lycoming". It also leased the government-owned Stratford Army Engine Plant in Stratford, Connecticut, and produced Wright radials under license. After the war, this plant was converted to produce the T53 turboshaft engine, one of its more successful designs. From this point on the piston and turbine engine lines remained separate, with the piston lines being built in the original Williamsport factories, and turbines in Stratford.

By 1961, Lycoming produced 600 to 700 engines per month. Its most successful post-war products were a series of air-cooled flat-4 and flat-6 general aviation engines. Most famous among these are the O-320 and O-360 four-cylinder engines, and the O-540 six-cylinder engine. Many light aircraft are powered by versions of these engines, with power ratings in the 100–360 hp (75–270 kW) range. Engines in this series also include the O-235 four-, O-580 six- and O-720 eight-cylinder engines, and the advanced turbocharged and fuel-injected 450 hp (340 kW) TIGO-541 variant of the venerable (carbureted) O-540.

In the early 1980s, the general aviation market suddenly diminished and Lycoming's piston engine business was significantly impacted. Attempts were made to move some of the turbine production to Williamsport, but this led to a series of quality control problems and eventually it was abandoned.

Another attempt to rescue Williamsport was made in introducing the "radical" SCORE engine, a Wankel engine originally developed through a joint venture between Curtiss-Wright and John Deere. Curtiss-Wright lost interest in the design just as it was maturing and sold its interests in the project to Deere, which brought in Lycoming to sell the developed engine into the aviation markets. It was guaranteed a startup run by Cessna, also owned by Textron. Just as production was ready to start, Cessna announced it was halting its small-aircraft business for an indefinite period, and SCORE was cancelled. The remains of the Deere licenses were later purchased by Rotary Power International, which briefly produced a 340 hp (254 kW) version.

Textron purchased the company in 1985. In 1994, Textron sold the Lycoming Turbine Engine Division, located in Stratford, Connecticut, to AlliedSignal, who merged it with the Garrett Engine Division of AlliedSignal as part of AlliedSignal Aerospace, later becoming part of Honeywell Aerospace in 1999. Textron retained piston engine production in Williamsport.

Lycomings continue to power new light aircraft by fellow Textron division, Cessna Aircraft, and by Piper, Cirrus, Diamond, and others. Lycomings remain the most popular line of engines for U.S. Experimental / Amateur-Built (E/A-B) aircraft, surpassing the 5 next-most-popular brands, combined.

Products
The aircraft piston engine prefixes are:

 * A—Aerobatic (dry sump)
 * AE—Aerobatic (wet sump)
 * E—Electronic
 * G—Geared (reduction gear)
 * H—Helicopter
 * I—Fuel injected
 * L—Left hand rotation crankshaft
 * M—Designed for unmanned drone
 * O—Opposed cylinders
 * R—Radial cylinders
 * S—Supercharged
 * T—Turbocharged
 * V—Vertical installation (usually for helicopters)
 * X—X-type engine
 * Y—Experimental

Turbine engines

Lycoming was one of the principal pioneers of turbine engines -- turboshaft to be precise—for medium- and heavy-lift helicopters, some of which have found other applications as well. Its 1400 hp T53 hybrid free turbine / shaft turbine engine initially powered the Bell UH-1 "Huey", and Lycoming's 4000 hp T55 is the main power for the twin-turbine, twin-rotor Boeing CH-47 Chinook. Lycoming turbines have powered other helicopters, also.

Variants and derivatives have powered various turboprop and turbofan aircraft, as well, including the OV-1 Mohawk military aircraft, BAe 146 jetliner, Canadair Challenger business jet, and others.

title: Lycoming Engines


text:
Quintuplets

Quintuplets is an American sitcom that aired 22 episodes on Fox from June 16, 2004 to January 12, 2005. The program starred Andy Richter and Rebecca Creskoff and shared some of their experiences parenting teenage quintuplets.

Synopsis
The series is set in Nutley, New Jersey, and looks like a typical family sitcom. Much of the storyline focuses on the difficulty of supporting a large family of teens, both financially and emotionally, as they grapple with the reality that they're no longer as cute as when they were babies.

The house is a typical three-bedroom family home. The three male siblings share a room with bunk beds, the two females share another room. The kitchen contains a double-wide beer cooler as a refrigerator, and the basement contains a walk-in freezer, both to store the large amounts of food such a large family requires. The situation may be seen to parallel and parody the old sitcom The Brady Bunch, by highlighting the impracticality of the large family.

The theme song, "Suck or Shine," was performed by Chris and Tad.

Cast and characters

 * Bob Chase (Andy Richter) – The father sells office cubicles and barely makes enough money to support his large family. Most of his time is spent trying to save money, and he only occasionally provides parenting for his five teens, but he'd prefer to get away whenever he has the chance. He also opines that he thinks half his children are freaks, blaming this and the fact that there were so many at once, on the fact that they were artificially inseminated.
 * Carol Chase (Rebecca Creskoff) – The mother maintains the large family and house in "typical sitcom homemaker" mode. In one episode she attempts to go back to work, but nobody wants her because she's been raising kids for 15 years. She goes back to being a homemaker and remains one for the rest of the show. She enforces the house rules.
 * Parker Chase (Jake McDorman) – The popular boy. Tallest of the children, good-looking, successful in academics and sports. He teases his brothers mercilessly, especially Pearce, but is also quick to defend them. The male quints share a deep bond, probably from sharing the womb. At one point the youngest and shortest, Patton, says that Parker took all the good genes and left him with the short ones and Pearce with the weird ones.
 * Pearce Chase (Johnny K. Lewis) – The curly-haired weirdest quint. He boldly shares with anyone his strange perspective on just about any subject, and is so odd that he no longer responds to rejection.
 * Penny Chase (April Matson) – The intellectual, who is vigorously nonconformist. Her taste in clothing and hairstyle frequently gets her mistaken for the typical goth. She enjoys reading and sometimes feels inadequate to Paige.
 * Paige Chase (Sarah Wright) – The beautiful girl. She spends most of her time thinking of and attending to her appearance. She's not the brightest of the family, but she's bubbly and kind.
 * Patton Chase (Ryan Pinkston) – The youngest of the children, and the shortest at 4'10". This is a source of amusement to the family and shame to the father, and the mother is often overly-nurturing. He takes growth hormones. He is girl-crazy and his typical line to girls (and, in one episode, a guy when he was pretending to be gay to avoid being pulverized) is, "Yes I am, you likey?." It usually works, but his sisters often find it disgusting.

title: Quintuplets


text:
Liang Kai

Liang Kai (c. 1140 - c. 1210) was a Chinese painter of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was also known as Madman Liang because of his very informal pictures. He was born in Shandong and worked in Lin An (later Hangzhou). He is known to have studied with the master Jia Shigu. He was awarded the rank of Painter-in-Attendance at the court of Jia Tai (1201-1204 CE, Southern Song Dynasty) where he was known for mastery in painting figures, landscapes, and other minor subjects. He was also awarded the Golden Belt, however he left it behind when he left his position at court to practise Chan Buddhism.

Painting style
Liang Kai is most famous for originating or developing the "Xie Yi" (sometimes translated as "sketch style") of painting, where the objective is to evoke the subject or atmosphere with minimal use of detail; it requires a profound mastery of painting technique and perfect concentration, but also allows for the beauty of accidental effects. The Xie Yi style is closely associated with the "sudden enlightenment", "mindfulness", and "spontaneity" aspects of this school of Buddhism. Works generally attributed to Liáng Kǎi include: painting of the poet Li Bai, the Drunken Celestial (A Sage), The Sixth Patriarch Cutting Bamboo, and in a more academic style, a series called the Eight Eminent Monks paintings.

The Sixth Chan Patriarch in particular exemplifies Chan Buddhism. It depicts Huineng, a Chan master, crouching as he chops bamboo. This follows the idea of mundane tasks taking on spiritual value in accordance with the philosophy. The painted scene shows the patriarch's "Chan moment" in which he finally attains enlightenment through the resonating sound of the blade. The holy figure is drawn scruffy and almost caricature-like. This was meant to suggest that he is free from worldly concerns like appearance and social status/expectation. In this deceptively simple painting, Liang uses pale and wet brushstrokes. However, several dark lines are scattered throughout, as seen in the vine growing around the tree on the left side of the image, and accents on Huineng's clothing. Liang's style of abbreviated, expressive painting, along with his ability to casually create compelling images is what made him famous among Chan monks.

title: Liang Kai