text:
Symphony No. 2 (Prokofiev)

Sergei Prokofiev wrote his Symphony No. 2 in D minor, Op. 40, in Paris in 1924-25, during what he called "nine months of frenzied toil". He characterized this symphony as a work of "iron and steel".

Structure
Prokofiev modeled the symphony's structure on Ludwig van Beethoven's last piano sonata (Op. 111): a tempestuous minor-key first movement followed by a set of variations. The first movement, in traditional sonata form, is rhythmically unrelenting, harmonically dissonant, and texturally thick. The second movement, twice as long as the first, comprises a set of variations on a plaintive, diatonic theme played on the oboe, which provides strong contrast to the defiant coda of the first movement. The subsequent variations contrast moments of beautiful meditation with cheeky playfulness, yet the tension of the first movement is never far away and contributes an ongoing sense of unease. The last variation integrates the theme with the violence of the first movement, reaching an inevitable climax. The symphony ends with a touching restatement of the initial oboe theme, eventually dispelled by an eerie chord on the strings.

Premiere and public reaction
The piece was premiered in Paris on June 6, 1925, conducted by its dedicatee Serge Koussevitzky, and was not well received. After the premiere, Prokofiev commented that neither he nor the audience understood the piece. In a letter to Nikolai Myaskovsky, Prokofiev wrote:

"I have made the music so complex to such an extent that when I listen to it myself I do not fathom its essence, so what can I ask of others?"

Prokofiev later said that this symphony led him to have doubts about his ability as a composer for the first time in his life.

Prokofiev intended to reconstruct the piece in three movements, going so far as to assign the project the opus number 136, but the composer died before he could undertake the revisions. The symphony, little-known and rarely performed, remains among the least-played of Prokofiev's works. Despite the negative criticism, the contemporary composer Christopher Rouse called it "the best of all of them" in regards to Prokofiev's work, and composed his own Symphony No. 3 in homage to the piece.

Instrumentation
The work is scored for the following:

Woodwinds Brass Percussion
 * Piccolo
 * 2 Flutes
 * 2 Oboes
 * Cor Anglais
 * 2 Clarinets
 * Bass Clarinet
 * 2 Bassoons
 * Contrabassoon
 * 4 horns
 * 3 Trumpets
 * 3 Trombones
 * Tuba
 * Timpani
 * Bass drum
 * Cymbals
 * Snare drum
 * Castanets
 * Triangle
 * Tambourine

Keyboard
 * Piano

Strings
 * Violins (1st and 2nd)
 * Violas
 * Cellos
 * Double Basses

Movements
The symphony is in 2 movements, lasting 35–40 minutes:
 * Allegro ben articolato (12 minutes)
 * Theme and Variations (25 minutes)
 * Theme: Andante
 * Variation 1: L'istesso tempo
 * Variation 2: Allegro non troppo
 * Variation 3: Allegro
 * Variation 4: Larghetto
 * Variation 5: Allegro con brio
 * Variation 6: Allegro moderato
 * Theme

title: Symphony No. 2 (Prokofiev)


text:
Aces of the Deep

Aces of the Deep is a World War II submarine simulator game developed by Dynamix for MS-DOS in 1994. The game was re-released by Sierra On-Line for Windows in 1995 as Command: Aces of the Deep. Aces of the Deep was the last installment of Dynamix's Aces series, which included the flight simulators Red Baron, Aces of the Pacific, and Aces Over Europe. However, unlike its predecessors, Aces of the Deep simulates a Kriegsmarine U-boat during World War II.

A unique feature was that Aces of the Deep came with a realistic Kriegsmarine War Grid map in which the player used in reference to finding their patrol zones. There is also an extensive in-game manual that covers the development of the U-boat, time-line based maps that show kill-to-loss ratios, and, on the CD-ROM version, video interviews with former German U-boat captains.

Gameplay
The game includes single mission mode, where the player can choose to attack a convoy, a taskforce of warships (consisting of cruisers and/or battleships), or a carrier task-force in a variety of conditions. There are also several historical missions where the player can replay the role of some of Germany's greatest U-boat captains.

Alongside the single missions, Aces of the Deep includes a single player Career Mode where the player can choose which year of the war he wants to start his career, up until the end of the war. Career features the "Nightclub" for war news, scuttlebutt, and viewing the tonnage board. Within the Career Mode the player can receive promotions, medals, and opportunities to take command of newer U-boats. There are three models of U-boats in several variations for the player to choose from, each of which becomes available during its historical period.

The game includes a rich variety of ships, ranging from oil tankers and merchant ships to large troop ships, several different escorts such as corvettes, frigates and destroyers, and warships such as cruisers, battleships and carriers. It also includes a variety of aircraft on anti-submarine patrols. All these vessels are historically based, and their appearance in the game coincides with their historical appearance on the battlefield. The tactics and weapons used by the ships within the game are also historically based.

Command: Aces of the Deep updated the graphics to a higher resolution. This re-release also integrated an expansion that brought in the Type XXI and Type XXIII U-boats.

Expansions
An expansion package for either the floppy or CD versions of Aces of the Deep adds brand new missions, areas and a special prototype XXI U-boat submarine.

Some of the more interesting features are the six new historical missions as well as the ability to enter (but possibly not leave due to currents) the Mediterranean Sea. Also included are buoyancy gauges which allows a quicker reading of your depth in the ocean. Most amazing is the prototype Type XXI U-boat, which includes sonar and radar abilities as well as two kinds of torpedo types for its exclusive use.

Re-releases
In 1995, there also was an updated Windows version released on CD-ROM called Command: Aces of the Deep. While the gameplay is unchanged it adds new textures, voice acting and video interviews with German submariners. It also added the option, with a compatible sound card & microphone, to use voice control for certain submarine actions, like dive and fire, which is why the game received the expanded title. An on-line manual gives detailed information about the historical background and submarine tactics. It also features historical maps, movies, photos and articles.

Reception
In 1996 Computer Gaming World ranked Aces of the Deep as the 71st best game of all time, calling it "still unrivaled for creating an authentic atmosphere."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aces of the Deep


text:
Talk:Docking (dog)

Discussion
I wrote: "Show dogs of many breeds are still routinely docked in the UK." and miss-spelt "routinely". My spell checker corrected it to: "Show dogs of many breeds are still rottenly docked in the UK." - which sums up my views quite well I think ;)  Which is another way of saying - "please check for NPOV"

I've tried for a pro/anti balance in the links, but they are rather UK centred so some more worldwide links would also be useful

The article is rather dog based too (not surprising considering the first two authors). Maybe this needs more on docking in other animals too (sheep? pigs?) but most of the discussion on the subject relates to dogs so I'm not sure what we can say on that subject.

-- sannse (talk) 23:03, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just N-pov'd the 'criticisms' section and pegged it to two published sources. The preceding version asserted some of the critical argument's evidence as if to treat it as fact. Since all those claims about animal behaviour and physiology are reputably in dispute, I think it's fairest to 'outsource' the disagreement, with plenty of reference. Adhib 16:55, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work Adhib, that's nicely done, thanks -- sannse (talk) 17:19, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I also like the addition of the list by country. Very helpful. Elf | Talk 19:41, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Information for NZ is incorrect. Information on why some breeds of gundogs have tails docked is incorrect (fighting with other animals??) Simple to find the correct information, I'm surprised as this is an "encylopedia". souces UKCDB. NZCDB. Docking is carried out on a pup at 2-4 days of age when nervous system undeveloped (pups born blind, deaf, unable to toilet without help from mother) other animals like lambs which are docked at weeks of age are born with fully functional nervous system. [user MC]

My theory of a main reason for the popularity of docking the tails of dogs is that it became very popular in England over 200 years ago as a means of avoiding the dog tax. English laws were enacted at that time which stated that dogs that work for a living were not taxed, and "working dogs" were distinguished by docked tails. [user CG]

(In)Human Punishment?
What is the purpose of the (in)Human punishment section? Since the article is "docking (animals)" isn't ear cropping as a form of corporal punishment outside it's scope?
 * Man IS an animal, of the zoological order of Primates, and when he practices docking for such arbitrary reasons as esthetics a particularly 'beastly' one; when suffering similar maiming (or branding etc.), he's also treated like just another animal.

This section is clearly misplaced. I am not commenting on its validity, simply on its placement here where it clearly does NOT belong. Humans are not animals in the sense intended here. Surely there are much more appropriate Wikipedia articles? Anyone interested in cruel and unusual human punishments would NOT look here! Quill 06:02, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * We've had such emotional hickups before (cfr. supra), but the fact is man IS an animal and probably the only truely 'beastly' one, as shown precisely by such cruel mutilation which aimsexactly to humiliate and mark like cattle; my original section title was (IN)human punishment, but got edited away- feel free to reinstate it Fastifex 12:40, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * This is not an 'emotional hickup'(sic). The emotional argument is yours: you're mixing concepts, in this case human bestiality and animal husbandry---adding a non sequitur in a ridiculous manner in a ridiculous place.  Do not let your repugnance blind you to logic: the fact is that no one would reasonably look for your concepts in an article with this title.  This is why Wikipedia is not taken seriously. Quill 22:20, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

On the contrary, I directed it here because the same terms -such as the synynymous emaning of cropping- are exclicitly used in sources on the punishment, clearly recognizing the physical identity of the actions; obviously the reasons differ, but that goes just as well for other physical markings, e.g. brandingv(has two articles, but much larger ones). Fastifex 10:57, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Fastifex, what does this mean "such as the synynymous emaning of cropping- are exclicitly used in sources on the punishment"? Is English not your first language? Docking of animals and human ear mutilation ARE NOT THE SAME THING!!!

Removed section- Make a Human docking article if you want to-and rewrite it, it is not very clear. FancyPants 16:10, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Fastifex, you are either incredibly confused or in blatant violation of WP:POINT. Either way, please cease from adding nonsense to articles and pushing POV about the beastial nature of man. The title (In)Human Punishment in and of itself is a blatant WP:NPOV violation, to say nothing of how off-topic your supposed content is. --tjstrf 16:19, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

You're the confused one. My punishment section says nothing about man in general, it treats only the use of docking on man, just as on animals, but for other, intentinally cruel reasons. It is quite impossibe to push a POV, even if there were one, by a title which leaves it to the reader to fill in either Human or Inhuman. Nor is bestiality -non even mentioned a no sensical concept, but a common word specifically constructed to brand some of the worst human behovior as at least as bad as what zoological 'beasts' sometimes do that seems cruel to ignorant human observers. Fastifex 09:37, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This section has a large amount of dispute on this talk page. It should not be in the article until agreement is reached here.  The first thing I would suggest is to show some source where the term "docking" is used to refer to the items disscussed in this section. Please do not add this section back to the article without such sources.-- Birgitte§β  ʈ  Talk  22:41, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Wrong
Reading this made me feel sick, how the fuck can people do that too dogs??? What the fuck is wrong with the Paris Hiltons of this fucking world! 58.107.175.127 04:58, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

A small note
At least in the case of boxers, the tails are docked to prevent them from injuring themselves-- boxer tails are very thin and thus if left undocked could easily be broken. Jtrainor 11:30, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This is mainly because breeders always docked the tails of this breed so there was never a reason to breed for a stronger tail... if breeders start selectively breededing dogs which are not so prone to fractures in the tail then within relatively few generations this problem would be reduced. It would of course be difficult to simultaneously select for both "a strong tail" and "reduced chance of hip displasure" (along with whatever characteristics are already in the registers interests)Garrie 21:00, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Dog vs agricultural docking
throughout most of the article it seems as though it is assumed the topic is Docking (dogs) rather than Docking (animals). Especially in regards to the legal status section - which is most likely a list of the legal status of docking dogs tails (certainly in Australia it is legal to dock sheep and pigs). This bias needs extensive reworking to remove, or most of the content could be moved to Docking (dog) leaving a more general article behind.Garrie 02:49, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I have a second proposal: Move /*Docking in Agriculture*/ to just below /*History of Docking*/, then below that make a section /*Docking of Dogs*/ and downgrade every heading relating to dogs by one level.Garrie 21:05, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * In the absence of dissenting comment - I will follow on with my first proposal. It is easier to implement (will move the article to Docking (dogs), recreate Docking (animals), move required content back to this article)Garrie 04:26, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

I have moved this article (obviously!) - if you look at Docking (animals) you will see it is quite a small article and no noticable content has been removed from this one. Yet everything on this article relates to Dogs, not other agricultural animals.Garrie 04:38, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

New UK Status
Hi there. I will do this myself this weekend if no one else does, but is someone aware that this article talks about the UK laws on docking very incosistantly? The Animal Welfare Act (which has now come into force) has been mentioned, and the country's stance has been changed in the list, but no one as altered the main sub text which covers it in more detail (it currently says docking is allowed under certain loose conditions, which was the status before and has now changed). Also, a small point, but its the Animal Welfare Act *2007* not 2006. --The Wizard of Magicland 09:24, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Unclear wording
"The few hunting breeds that are not docked, including English Pointers and the Setter breeds, may have chronic injuries to the tips of their tails. Such injuries cause continuing pain and discomfort and are at risk of infection throughout their lives."

Does this mean that undocked hunting dogs may sustain chronic injuries because their tails are long, or that they are not docked because docking may cause chronic injuries? —Michael Z. 2007-08-13 19:11 Z

 * It means that these breeds are at greater risk for chronic injury because their tails are not docked. That statement could use a reference. --Joelmills 01:34, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't have sources to cite, but I have to say as a veterinarian who's been practicing for almost 15 years with a patient group that includes a lot of hunting dogs that this statement is not consistent with my experience. I don't see an inordinate number of tail injuries in hunting dogs with undocked tails. NotThatKat (talk) 02:49, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

"Nepal: Unbanned"

Does this mean "unrestricted"? The inconsistent term implies that a previous ban was lifted. —Michael Z. 2007-08-13 19:14 Z

Removed paragraph
I've removed the following paragraph:

Some people believe that docking a dog's tail is a cruel practice. They believe that if a dog is performing its job—such as hunting—then it is fine to dock the tail; if the dog of the same breed is in a home where it doesn't do the job, however, then docking is not necessary. Some people believe that, if a newborn puppy's tail is docked without the use of anesthesia, the puppies are put through much pain. The newborn can't express pain clearly, so most breeders seem to think the puppies don't feel a thing.

It had very little to do with the "History of docking and cropping" and uses weasel words. The criticisms are addressed in the "Current status" section anyway. Benstrider (talk) 01:28, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't understand
surely the simplest solution would be to just breed dogs with short tails from birth? Then everyones happy. --86.144.102.226 (talk) 00:57, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It would make a portion of current "breedable" dogs become unsuitable for breeding. Everyone happy, but breeders.--165.21.154.89 (talk) 15:34, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It would presumably take many generations. The current dogs would form the original stock, but by the time it's finished that original stock would have all short tailed descendents. --86.135.178.19 (talk) 17:24, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Check this out. Naturally docked boxers bred by crossing boxers with corgis. Might be worth adding something about it to the article. The articles are supposedly published in Dog World Magazine (UK), so would probably satisfy wp:rs. --220.255.7.247 (talk) 11:32, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

What do they do with the animal parts?
do they feed them to cats? do they feed them to little shrimp heads? do they put them in big stew pots (little boys are made of..)? do they regenerate them? wheres that book? Why don't they answer the question? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.17.239.230 (talk) 11:39, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

2 Republic of Ireland sections in the law list
There are two Rep of Ireland sections. One says "Unrestricted", the other says, "Unrestricted in dogs". Neither section is referenced so question is which is it. ~ R . T . G  22:56, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Drdtgty. Fkjg 2605:B100:911:BA50:0:19:1BFB:A001 (talk) 01:12, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Include breeds that are docked for medical reasons?
Some of the countries have banned docking if done for cosmetic purposes. Some breeds, however, are docked for medical purposes, such as Vizslas, whose tail tapers too thinly past about 70% the length of the tail, or as was mentioned up higher, Boxers, who often have a thin tail. Perhaps a mention could be made within the article of some more medical reasons for docking, for a more neutral point of view within the article. While some people oppose docking and some people advocate it, some more still support it only for medical purposes, where docking inarguably prevents more harm than it has been argued to cause. 99.146.100.166 (talk) 18:03, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Not enough references
The whole page seems to be lacking references, especially the 'Legal Status' section which only has one citation (not including the 'Legal status of dog tail docking and ear cropping by country' table). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.100.248.117 (talk) 01:54, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Reverting edit.
My edit got reverted by Montanabw, as all my edits usually are. The edit was quite all rigth and was NOT poor quality. I think the reversion was of poor quality. The picture sowed a poor, but not poor quality picture about a puppy, and the damage that the docking did to the dog. Hafspajen (talk) 20:58, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

 * POV, you present no evidence FOR your edits, only a whine. The puppy photo was too dark to be clear, the boxer photo shows each type of ear clearly. As for the rest, some may be useful, but justify the other material you wanted to add.   Montanabw (talk) 01:10, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
 * The edit was quite all rigth, puppy photo is not too dark to be clear, (only the puppy is dark) and calling my comments to whine is clearly not Civility. Civility is part of Wikipedia's code of conduct and one of Wikipedia's five pillars. The civility policy is a standard of conduct that sets out how Wikipedia editors should interact. Stated simply, editors should always treat each other with consideration and respect. It applies to all editors and all interaction on Wikipedia, including on user and article talk pages, in edit summaries, and in any other discussion with or about fellow Wikipedians. Editors are expected to be reasonably cooperative, to refrain from making personal attacks. Try to treat your fellow editors as respected colleagues with whom you are working on an important project. Do not make personal attacks anywhere in Wikipedia. Comment on content, not on the contributor. Personal attacks do not help make a point; they only hurt the Wikipedia community and deter users from helping to create a good encyclopedia.

 * I can't even tell there are two puppies in the photo, it's dark and it's small.  The boxer photo in the article is far more clear about what docked ears are and are not.  And the above is not germane to article improvement, it is just more whining; that isn't a personal attack, it's honesty; sorry your feelings are hurt, but time to move on.  Now, let's discuss the other content edits, some of which had some validity had they been phrased neutrally.   Montanabw (talk) 03:09, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

 * OK; move on. We don't put the picture in the article. But, are you sure that, I mean, and this is really NOT meant as an offence, please belive me, and don't missunderstand this, but when my aunt got problems with her vision, she could not see any more the details in dark pictures. I mean, this picture is not that difficult to see. Hafspajen (talk) 17:57, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Maybe not on a big monitor, but on my laptop, about all I can tell is that it's a very small puppy being held with its tummy up, it's black on black. I had to blow it up 3x or more to see the tail stub had an open wound.   Montanabw (talk) 03:06, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok, I got that now. Hafspajen (talk) 00:07, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Inconsistency in restricted/banned application
The table (and associated image) seem to be inconsistent in their use of banned/restricted. For example, England and Wales are listed as restricted (working dogs may be docked by a vet) and Germany is listed as banned (except gun dogs). Would there be objections to changing England and Wales to the banned with few exceptions? Previous discussion of the status in the UK issue in talk: seems to be many years out of date, it certainly isn't considered normal now. MatthewWilkes (talk) 01:10, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

...

There is also the issue of countries with a mishmash of bans. Canada should definitely not be listed as "unrestricted" as the veterinary associations in seven provinces have banned docking for non medical reasons. I think we need a better graph. Beyond my abilities. Thank you. --Tallard (talk) 21:27, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100125121912/http://www.avma.org/issues/policy/animal_welfare/tail_docking.asp to http://www.avma.org/issues/policy/animal_welfare/tail_docking.asp
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Naturally Occurring Bob Tails
Proposed new section or new page "Naturally Occurring Bob Tails in Dogs" which occur as a homozygous embryonic lethal dominant mutation in some of the breeds that have been historically docked when born normal-tailed.24.129.225.118 (talk) 00:05, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

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Ear docking
Hi, wondering if we should add a paragraph about Ear Docking of dogs, not just tail docking? What do you think? Blockhouse321 (talk) 17:28, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

Docking a tail so it can be pulled on?
"terriers can become stuck underground, necessitating being pulled out by the tail, in which case the docked tail protects the dog from spinal injury or trauma."

this line makes literally 0 sense, and reads like some really brain dead justification of this practice. They need to be able to pull on the tail in emergencies, and don't want to cause injury.... So they cut it off beforehand? Is this magic? 47.54.237.189 (talk) 21:22, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Docking (dog)


text:
Symphony No. 2

Symphony No. 2 may refer to:
 * Symphony No. 2 (Akses) by Necil Kazım Akses, 1978
 * Symphony No. 2 (Albert) by Stephen Albert, completed by Sebastian Currier
 * Symphony No. 2 (Alwyn) by William Alwyn, 1953
 * Symphony No. 2 (Arel) by Bülent Arel, 1952
 * Symphony No. 2 (Arnold) (Op. 40) by Malcolm Arnold, 1953
 * Symphony No. 2 (Balakirev) in D minor by Mily Balakirev, 1900–08
 * Symphony No. 2 (Asia) (Celebration) by Daniel Asia, 1988–90
 * Symphony No. 2 (Balakirev) by Mily Balakirev, 1900–1908
 * Symphony No. 2 (Barber) (Op. 19) by Samuel Barber, 1944
 * Symphony No. 2 (Bax) in E minor and C major by Arnold Bax, 1924–26
 * Symphony No. 2 (Beethoven) in D major (Op. 36) by Ludwig van Beethoven, 1801–02
 * Symphony No. 2 (Berkeley) by Lennox Berkeley, 1958
 * Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein) (The Age of Anxiety) by Leonard Bernstein, 1948–49, revised 1965
 * Symphony No. 2 (Berwald) in D major (Capricieuse) by Franz Berwald, 1842
 * Symphony No. 2 (Borodin) in B minor by Alexander Borodin, 1869–76
 * Symphony No. 2 (Brahms) in D major (Op. 73) by Johannes Brahms, 1877
 * Symphony No. 2 (Brian) in E minor (Man in his Cosmic Loneliness or Götz von Berlichingen) by Havergal Brian, 1930–31
 * Symphony No. 2 (Bruch) in F minor (Op. 36) by Max Bruch, 1870
 * Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner) in C minor (Symphony of Pauses) by Anton Bruckner, 1872
 * Symphony No. 2 (Brustad) by Bjarne Brustad, 1951
 * Symphony No. 2 (Chávez) (Sinfonía india) by Carlos Chávez, 1935–36
 * Symphony No. 2 (Ching) (The Imp of the Perverse) by Jeffrey Ching, 1992
 * Symphony No. 2 (Clementi) in D major (WoO 33) by Muzio Clementi
 * Symphony No. 2 (Copland) (Short Symphony) by Aaron Copland, 1933
 * Symphony No. 2 (Corigliano) by John Corigliano, 2000
 * Symphony No. 2 (Cowell) (Anthropos) by Henry Cowell, 1938
 * Symphony No. 2 (Davies) in B minor by Peter Maxwell Davies, 1980
 * Symphony No. 2 (Diamond) by David Diamond, 1942–43
 * Symphony No. 2 (d'Indy) in B-flat (Op. 57) by Vincent d'Indy, 1902–03
 * Symphony No. 2 (Dohnányi) in E (Op. 40) by Ernő Dohnányi, 1944
 * Symphony No. 2 (Draeseke) in F major (Op. 25) by Felix Draeseke, 1876
 * Symphony No. 2 (Dutilleux) (Le double) by Henri Dutilleux, 1959
 * Symphony No. 2 (Dvořák) in B flat major (Op. 4, B. 12) by Antonín Dvořák, 1865
 * Symphony No. 2 (Elgar) in E-flat major (Op. 63) by Edward Elgar, 1911
 * Symphony No. 2 (Enescu) in A major (Op. 17) by George Enescu, 1912–14
 * Symphony No. 2 (English) in D minor (Op. 5) by George English, 1933
 * Symphony No. 2 (Ficher) (Op. 24) by Jacobo Ficher, 1933
 * Symphony No. 2 (Furtwängler) in E minor by Wilhelm Furtwängler, 1945–46
 * Symphony No. 2 (Geißler) by Fritz Geißler, 1962–64
 * Symphony No. 2 (in One Movement)(Gipps), Op. 30 by Ruth Gipps 1945
 * Symphony No. 2 (Glass) by Philip Glass, 1994
 * Symphony No. 2 (Glazunov) in F-sharp minor (Op. 16) by Alexander Glazunov, 1884–86
 * Symphony No. 2 (Glière) in C minor (Op. 25) by Reinhold Glière, 1907
 * Symphony No. 2 (Goldmark) in E-flat (Op. 35) by Karl Goldmark
 * Symphony No. 2 (Górecki) (Op. 31, Copernican) by Henryk Górecki, 1972
 * Symphony No. 2 (Hanson) in D-flat major (Opus 30, W45, Romantic) by Howard Hanson, 1930
 * Symphony No. 2 (Harbison) by John Harbison, 1987
 * Symphony No. 2 (Hartmann) by Karl Amadeus Hartmann, 1946
 * Symphony No. 2 (Haydn) in C major (Hoboken I/2) by Joseph Haydn, 1757–61
 * Symphony No. 2 (Michael Haydn) in C major (MH 37, Perger 2, Sherman 2) by Michael Haydn, 1761
 * Symphony No. 2 (Henze) by Hans Werner Henze, 1949
 * Symphony No. 2 (Honegger) in D (Symphony for strings) by Arthur Honegger, 1937–42
 * Symphony No. 2 (Hovhaness) (Op. 132, Mysterious Mountain) by Alan Hovhaness
 * Symphony No. 2 (Ivanovs) in D minor by Jānis Ivanovs, 1937
 * Symphony No. 2 (Ives) by Charles Ives, 1897–1902
 * Symphony No. 2 (Khachaturian) in E minor (The Bell) by Aram Khachaturian, 1943–44
 * Symphony No. 2 (Liebermann) (Op. 67) by Lowell Liebermann, 1999
 * Symphony No. 2 (Lilburn) by Douglas Lilburn, 1951
 * Symphony No. 2 (Lutosławski) by Witold Lutosławski, 1965–67
 * Symphony No. 2 (MacMillan) by James MacMillan, 1999
 * Symphony No. 2 (Madetoja) in E-flat major (Op. 35) by Leevi Madetoja, 1916–18
 * Symphony No. 2 (Magnard) in E (Op. 6) by Albéric Magnard, 1893
 * Symphony No. 2 (Mahler) (Resurrection) by Gustav Mahler, 1888–94
 * Symphony No. 2 (Marco) (Espacio cerrado) by Tomás Marco 1985
 * Symphony No. 2 (Martinů) (H. 295) by Bohuslav Martinů, 1943
 * Symphony No. 2 (Méhul) in D major by Étienne Méhul, 1808–09
 * Symphony No. 2 (Melartin) in E minor (Op. 30 No. 2) by Erkki Melartin, 1904
 * Symphony No. 2 (Mendelssohn) in B-flat major (Op. 52, MWV A 18, Lobgesang) by Felix Mendelssohn, 1840
 * Symphony No. 2 (Milhaud) (Op. 247) by Darius Milhaud, 1944
 * Symphony No. 2 (Moore) in A major by Douglas Moore, 1945
 * Symphony No. 2 (Mozart) in B-flat major, KV 17, possibly by Leopold Mozart
 * Symphony No. 2 (Myaskovsky) in C-sharp minor (Op. 11) by Nikolai Myaskovsky, 1911
 * Symphony No. 2 (Natra) (Symphony for String Orchestra No. 2) by Sergiu Natra, 1959
 * Symphony No. 2 (Nielsen) (Op. 16, FS 29, The Four Temperaments) by Carl Nielsen, 1901–02
 * Symphony No. 2 (Paine) in A major (Op. 34, In Spring) by John Knowles Paine, 1879
 * Symphony No. 2 (Pärt) by Arvo Pärt, 1966
 * Symphony No. 2 (Penderecki) (Christmas) by Krzysztof Penderecki, 1979–80
 * Symphony No. 2 (Piston) by Walter Piston, 1943
 * Symphony No. 2 (Prokofiev) in D minor (Op. 40) by Sergei Prokofiev, 1924–25
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff) in E minor (Op. 27) by Sergei Rachmaninoff, 1906–07
 * Symphony No. 2 (Raff) in C major (Op. 140) by Joachim Raff, 1866
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rautavaara) by Einojuhani Rautavaara, 1957/1984
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rimsky-Korsakov) (Op. 9, Antar) by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, 1868
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rochberg) by George Rochberg, 1955–56
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rouse) by Christopher Rouse, 1994
 * Symphony No. 2 (Roussel) in B-flat major (Op. 23) by Albert Roussel, 1919–21
 * Symphony No. 2 (Rubbra) in D (Op. 45) by Edmund Rubbra
 * Symphony No. 2 (Saygun) (Op. 30) by Ahmed Adnan Saygun, 1958
 * Symphony No. 2 (Say) (Op. 38, Mesopotamia) by Fazıl Say, 2011
 * Symphony No. 2 (Scherber) in F minor by Martin Scherber, 1951–52
 * Symphony No. 2 (Schmidt) in E flat major by Franz Schmidt, 1911–13
 * Symphony No. 2 (Schnittke) (St. Florian, Invisible Mass) by Alfred Schnittke, 1979
 * Symphony No. 2 (Schubert) in B-flat major (D. 125) by Franz Schubert, 1814–15
 * Symphony No. 2 (Schumann) in C major (Op. 61) by Robert Schumann, 1845–47
 * Symphony No. 2 (Scriabin) in C minor (Op. 29) by Alexander Scriabin, 1901
 * Symphony No. 2 (Sessions) by Roger Sessions, 1944–46
 * Symphony No. 2 (Shostakovich) in B major (To October) by Dmitri Shostakovich, 1927
 * Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius) in D major (Op. 43) by Jean Sibelius, 1901–02
 * Symphony No. 2 (Simpson) by Robert Simpson, 1956
 * Symphony No. 2 (Strauss) in F minor (Op. 12, TrV 126) by Richard Strauss, 1883–84
 * Symphony No. 2 (Suk) in C minor (Op. 27, Asrael) by Josef Suk, 1905–06
 * Symphony No. 2 (Svendsen) in B-flat major (Op. 15) by Johan Svendsen, 1874
 * Symphony No. 2 (Szymanowski) in B-flat major (Op. 19) by Karol Szymanowski, 1909–10
 * Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky), in C minor (Op. 17, Little Russian) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 1872
 * Symphony No. 2 (Tippett) by Michael Tippett, 1956–57
 * Symphony No. 2 (Ustvolskaya) (True and Eternal Bliss) by Galina Ustvolskaya, 1979
 * Symphony No. 2 (Vaughan Williams) (A London Symphony) by Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1913, rev. 1920
 * Symphony No. 2 (Villa-Lobos) (Ascensão) by Heitor Villa-Lobos, 1917–44
 * Symphony No. 2 (Walton) by William Walton, 1957
 * Symphony No. 2 (Weill) by Kurt Weill, 1934
 * Symphony No. 2 (Wellesz) (Op. 65 The English) by Egon Wellesz, 1947–48
 * Symphony No. 2 (Wetz) in A major (Op. 47) by Richard Wetz, 1921
 * Symphony No. 2 (Williamson) (Pilgrim på Havet) by Malcolm Williamson, 1968
 * Symphony No. 2 (Wingate) (Kleetüden) by Jason Wright Wingate, 2009
 * Symphony No. 2 (Zemlinsky) in B-flat major by Alexander von Zemlinsky, 1897

title: Symphony No. 2


text:
Talk:Andy Kaufman

Punishing the audience
The article says, 'In the fictionalized version of Kaufman's life, Man on the Moon, Kaufman would punish such audiences by reading the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald to them. The film depicted audiences laughing at this, not realizing that he was serious, with Kaufman proceeding to read the entire book to them in passive-aggressive frustration, despite most of the audience members' departure.'

Does it mean that he didn't really do this in real life, is it partially true, or completely true? The text is unclear.--86.173.213.247 (talk) 15:35, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Not only are you correct that it was confusingly written, but the cited source says nothing at all about "punishing" the audience, and it was was POV about audiences laughing when they were purportedly being punished. Best I can tell, that was an overzealous fan adding his personal interpretation. Good catch. I've removed it. --Tenebrae (talk) 00:27, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

Fan site
Why are we using the fan site Andykaufman.jvlnet.com. as a reference source? The site's owner, B.K. Momchilov, is not a published or otherwise recognized authority on Kaufman, and if the material is simply taken from publicly available sources, then we should go to those sources. I don't know if we need to go to the trouble of an RfC since this fan site violates WP:RS, but anyone wanting to discuss the issue in the next few days please do, because I'm planning to go through its claims one-by-one and if RS sources don't confirm the claims, I'm removing them. --Tenebrae (talk) 00:24, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

I removed the Note statement.
I removed the following statement, "Note, however, that Simon's association with Taxi did not begin until the show's third season, and he was not a witness to the Tony Clifton appearance described below." It doesn't sound encyclopedic, and it doesn't matter when Simon was on Taxi. It's Simon's statement that's important. Paige Matheson (talk) 20:58, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

Mental Illness Section
This section appears to be an inserted link for the last reference's book sales. All but one reference is just links to other general Wiki pages such as Mental Illness, just coded to appear as a numeric reference, and the one "source" is to a fictional book that randomly assigns mental illness to famous people in the view of an 8 year old child. At no time has any sourcing noted (other than casual discussion in retrospect of 40 years later), nor any biographies or any other sources stated Kaufmnan was at all mentally ill, let alone a laundry list of mental health diagnosis.

This page has gone through a lot of editing in the last several months, particularly for someone deceased for so long. Probably should be watched for other odd editing in the recent wars/erroneous info. Seola (talk) 05:02, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

Removal of father's middle name
I've removed Andy's father's middle name, which biographer Bill Zehme purports to be Robert. His conscription records from World War II lists a middle initial of L., which I've been told stood for Lawrence. With only one source claiming Robert, and a primary source contesting that, I've removed it. -- Zanimum (talk) 22:50, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

New Infobox picture
So I saw I got my Public Domain pics were reverted for the infobox, there's I found on an Ebay listing that I've already checked that wasn't registered by ABC during the 5 year Period that was required for Copyrights during 78-89.

p.d.:Why does it need to be consensus to replace a "Fair Use" image to one that's free? Hyperba21 (talk) 21:18, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

 * A freely licensed image is always superior to fair use, except in cases where the former is illegible noise. No clue why anyone would undo that. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 21:26, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andy Kaufman


text:
Symphony No. 3

Symphony No. 3 may refer to:

 * Symphony No. 3 (Alwyn) by William Alwyn, 1955–1956
 * Symphony No. 3 (Arnold) (op. 63) by Malcolm Arnold, 1957
 * Symphony No. 3 (Badings) by Henk Badings, 1934
 * Symphony No. 3 (Baird) by Tadeusz Baird, 1969
 * Symphony No. 3 (Bax) by Arnold Bax, 1929
 * Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) in E-flat major (Op. 55, Eroica) by Ludwig van Beethoven, 1802–04
 * Symphony No. 3 (Bentoiu) (Op. 22) by Pascal Bentoiu, 1976
 * Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein) (Kaddish) by Leonard Bernstein, 1963
 * Symphony No. 3 (Berwald) in C major (Singulière) by Franz Berwald, 1845
 * Symphony No. 3 (Brahms) in F major (Op. 90) by Johannes Brahms, 1883
 * Symphony No. 3 (Brian) in C-sharp minor by Havergal Brian, 1931–32
 * Symphony No. 3 (Bruch) in E major (Op. 51) by Max Bruch, 1887
 * Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner) in D minor (WAB 103, Wagner) by Anton Bruckner, 1872–1889
 * Symphony No. 3 (Chávez) by Carlos Chávez, 1951–54
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ching) (Rituals) by Jeffrey Ching, 1997–98
 * Symphony No. 3 (Clementi) in G major (WoO 34, The Great National) by Muzio Clementi
 * Symphony No. 3 (Copland) by Aaron Copland, 1944–46
 * Symphony No. 3 (Corigliano) (Circus Maximus) by John Corigliano, 2005
 * Symphony No. 3 (Cowell) (Gaelic) by Henry Cowell, 1942
 * Symphony No. 3 (Davies) by Peter Maxwell Davies, 1984
 * Symphony No. 3 (Diamond) by David Diamond, 1945
 * Symphony No. 3 (Draeseke) in C major (Op. 40, Symphonia Tragica) by Felix Draeseke, 1885–86
 * Symphony No. 3 (Dvořák) in E major (Op. 10, B. 34) by Antonín Dvořák, c.1872
 * Symphony No. 3 (Elgar/Payne), by Anthony Payne, 1997, from sketches by Edward Elgar, c. 1934
 * Symphony No. 3 (Enescu) in C major (Op. 21) by George Enescu, 1916–18
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ficher) (Op. 36) by Jacobo Ficher, 1938–40
 * Symphony No. 3 (Finney) by Ross Lee Finney, c. 1960
 * Symphony No. 3 (Furtwängler) in C-sharp minor by Wilhelm Furtwängler, 1951–54
 * Symphony No. 3 (Garayev) by Gara Garayev, 1964
 * Symphony No. 3 (Gerhard) (Collages) by Roberto Gerhard, 1960
 * Symphony No. 3 (Giannini) by Vittorio Giannini, 1958
 * Symphony No. 3 (Gillis) (A Symphony for Free Men) by Don Gillis, 1940–41
 * Symphony No. 3 (Glass) by Philip Glass, 1995
 * Symphony No. 3 (Glazunov) in D major (Op. 33) by Alexander Glazunov, 1890
 * Symphony No. 3 (Glière) in B minor (Op. 42, Ilya Muromets) by Reinhold Glière, 1911
 * Symphony No. 3 (Goeb) by Roger Goeb, 1950
 * Symphony No. 3 (Górecki) (Op. 36, Symphony of Sorrowful Songs) by Henryk Górecki, 1976
 * Symphony No. 3 (Guarnieri) by Camargo Guarnieri, 1952
 * Symphony No. 3 (Hanson) by Howard Hanson, 1936–38
 * Symphony No. 3 (Harbison) by John Harbison, 1991
 * Symphony No. 3 (Harris) by Roy Harris, 1939
 * Symphony No. 3 (Harrison) by Lou Harrison, 1982
 * Symphony No. 3 (Hartmann) by Karl Amadeus Hartmann, 1948–49
 * Symphony No. 3 (Haydn) in G major (Hoboken I/3) by Joseph Haydn, 1760–62
 * Symphony No. 3 (Michael Haydn) in G major (Sherman 3, MH 26, Divertimento) by Michael Haydn, 1763
 * Symphony No. 3 (Henze) by Hans Werner Henze, 1949–50
 * Symphony No. 3 (Honegger) (Liturgique) by Arthur Honegger, 1945–46
 * Symphony No. 3 (Hovhaness) (Op. 148) by Alan Hovhaness, 1956
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ichiyanagi) (Inner Communications) by Toshi Ichiyanagi, 1995
 * Symphony No. 3 (Imbrie) by Andrew Imbrie, c.1973
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ince) (Siege of Vienna) by Kamran Ince, 1995
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ives) (S. 3, K. 1A3,The Camp Meeting) by Charles Ives, 1908–10
 * Symphony No. 3 (Kabalevsky) (Op. 22, Requiem) by Dmitry Kabalevsky, 1933
 * Symphony No. 3 (Khachaturian) (Symphony–Poem) by Aram Khachaturian, 1947
 * Symphony No. 3 (Kilar) (September Symphony) by Wojciech Kilar, 2003
 * Symphony No. 3 (Killmayer) (Menschen-Los) by Wilhelm Killmayer, 1972–88
 * Symphony No. 3 (Krenek) (Op. 16) by Ernst Krenek, 1922
 * Symphony No. 3 (Lilburn) by Douglas Lilburn, 1961
 * Symphony No. 3 (Lloyd) by George Lloyd, 1933
 * Symphony No. 3 (Lutosławski) by Witold Lutosławski, 1973–83
 * Symphony No. 3 (Lyatoshynsky) in B minor by Borys Lyatoshynsky, 1951
 * Symphony No. 3 (MacMillan) (Silence) by James MacMillan, 2003
 * Symphony No. 3 (Madetoja) in A major (Op. 55) by Leevi Madetoja, 1925–26
 * Symphony No. 3 (Magnard) in B-flat minor (Op. 11) by Albéric Magnard, 1895–96
 * Symphony No. 3 (Mahler) by Gustav Mahler, 1896
 * Symphony No. 3 (Malipiero) by Gian Francesco Malipiero, 1945
 * Symphony No. 3 (Marco) by Tomás Marco, 1985
 * Symphony No. 3 (Martinů) (H. 299) by Bohuslav Martinů, 1944
 * Symphony No. 3 (Melartin) in F major (Op. 40) by Erkki Melartin, 1906–07
 * Symphony No. 3 (Mendelssohn) in A minor (Op. 56, Scottish) by Felix Mendelssohn, 1829–42
 * Symphony No. 3 (Mennin) by Peter Mennin, 1946
 * Symphony No. 3 (Milhaud) (Op. 271 Te Deum) by Darius Milhaud, 1946
 * Symphony No. 3 (Mozart) in E-flat major (K. 18), now attributed to Carl Friedrich Abel, c. 1764
 * Symphony No. 3 (Myaskovsky) in A minor (Op. 15) by Nikolai Myaskovsky, 1914
 * Symphony No. 3 (Natra) by Sergiu Natra
 * Symphony No. 3 (Nielsen) (Op. 27, FS 60, Espansiva) by Carl Nielsen, 1910–11
 * Symphony No. 3 (Nørgård) by Per Nørgård, 1972–75
 * Symphony No. 3 (Panufnik) (Sacra) by Andrzej Panufnik, 1963
 * Symphony No. 3 (Pärt) by Arvo Pärt, 1971
 * Symphony No. 3 (Penderecki) by Krzysztof Penderecki, 1988–95
 * Symphony No. 3 (Piston) Walter Piston, 1946–47
 * Symphony No. 3 (Popov) (Heroic or Spanish) by Gavriil Popov, 1939–46
 * Symphony No. 3 (Price) in C minor by Florence Price, 1938–40
 * Symphony No. 3 (Prokofiev) in C minor (Op. 44) by Sergei Prokofiev, 1928
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rachmaninoff) in A minor (Op. 44) by Sergei Rachmaninoff, 1935–36
 * Symphony No. 3 (Raff) in F major (Im Walde) by Joachim Raff, 1869
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rautavaara) by Einojuhani Rautavaara, 1959–60
 * Symphony No. 3 (Riegger) (Op. 42) by Wallingford Riegger, 1946–47
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rochberg) by George Rochberg, 1966–69
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rorem) by Ned Rorem, 1959
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rouse) by Christopher Rouse, 2011
 * Symphony No. 3 (Roussel) in G minor (Op. 42) by Albert Roussel, 1929–30
 * Symphony No. 3 (Rubbra) (Op. 49) by Edmund Rubbra, 1938-39
 * Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns) in C minor (Op. 78, Organ) by Camille Saint-Saëns, 1866
 * Symphony No. 3 (Sallinen) (Op. 35) by Aulis Sallinen, 1974–75
 * Symphony No. 3 (Say) (Universe) by Fazıl Say, 2012
 * Symphony No. 3 (Scherber) in B minor by Martin Scherber, 1952–55
 * Symphony No. 3 (Schnittke) by Alfred Schnittke, 1981
 * Symphony No. 3 (Schubert) in D major (D. 200) by Franz Schubert, 1815
 * Symphony No. 3 (Schuman) by William Schuman, 1941
 * Symphony No. 3 (Schumann) in E-flat major (Op. 97, Rhenish) by Robert Schumann, 1850
 * Symphony No. 3 (Scriabin) in C minor (Op. 43, The Divine Poem) by Alexander Scriabin, 1902–04
 * Symphony No. 3 (Sessions) by Roger Sessions, 1957
 * Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) in E-flat major (Op. 20, The First of May) by Dmitri Shostakovich, 1930
 * Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius) in C major (Op. 52) by Jean Sibelius, 1907
 * Symphony No. 3 (Simpson) by Robert Simpson, 1962
 * Symphony No. 3 (Spohr) in C minor (Op. 78) by Louis Spohr
 * Symphony No. 3 (Szymanowski) (Op. 27, Song of the Night) by Karol Szymanowski, 1914–16
 * Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky) in D major (Op. 29, Polish) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 1875
 * Symphony No. 3 (Tippett) by Michael Tippett, 1970–72
 * Symphony No. 3 (Toch) (Op. 75) by Ernst Toch, 1955
 * Symphony No. 3 (Tubin) in D minor (Heroic) by Eduard Tubin, 1940–42
 * Symphony No. 3 (Ustvolskaya) (Jesus Messiah, Save Us) by Galina Ustvolskaya, 1983
 * Symphony No. 3 (Valen) (Op. 41) by Fartein Valen, 1944–46
 * Symphony No. 3 (Vaughan Williams) (Pastoral) by Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1922
 * Symphony No. 3 (Vieru) (Earthquake) by Anatol Vieru, 1978
 * Symphony No. 3 (Villa-Lobos) (War) by Heitor Villa-Lobos, 1913
 * Symphony No. 3 (Wagenaar) by Bernard Wagenaar, 1936
 * Symphony No. 3 (Williams) in F major (Op.58. The Sacred Forest) by Alberto Williams, 1911
 * Symphony No. 3 (Williamson) (The Icy Mirror) by Malcolm Williamson, 1972

title: Symphony No. 3


text:
Symphony No. 2 (Mozart)

The piece of music once known as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 2 in B♭ major, K. 17, is now considered to be not by him, but by possibly his father, Leopold Mozart. This symphony has been given the number Anhang C 11.02 in the sixth edition of Ludwig Ritter von Köchel's catalogue of Mozart's music, and is now also catalogued as Eisen B♭ 6 (LMV VII:B6) in Cliff Eisen's catalogue of Leopold Mozart's symphonies. It was written for 2 oboes, 2 horns in B♭, and a string section.

The symphony is in four movements in the usual quick–slow–minuet–quick pattern:

The publication of this symphony in the Alte Mozart-Ausgabe, the first collected edition of Mozart's music, shows several points at which smaller, editorially-supplied notes are given, suggesting an unfinished composition. For instance, in "Menuetto I", only the first violin and cello/double bass parts are completed; the second violin and viola parts in their entirety in this movement are editorial additions.
 * 1) Allegro
 * 2) (Andante)
 * 3) Menuetto I & II
 * 4) Presto

Since K. 17 is now believed not to be by W. A. Mozart, the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe does not include this symphony as part of its edition.

title: Symphony No. 2 (Mozart)


text:
Football in Brazil

Football is the most popular sport in Brazil and a prominent part of the country's national identity. The Brazil national football team has won the FIFA World Cup five times, the most of any team, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. Brazil and Germany are the only teams to succeed in qualifying for all the World Cups for which they entered the qualifiers; Brazil is the only team to participate in every World Cup competition ever held. Brazil has also won an Olympic gold medal, at the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro and at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Pelé won three World Cups (he was injured during most of the 1962 World Cup). Some of the most prominent players in football come from Brazil, including Garrincha, Ronaldo, Roberto Carlos, Romário, Ronaldinho, Nilton Santos, Djalma Santos, Taffarel, Falcão, Rivaldo, Zico, Kaká and Neymar in men's game and Marta in the women's game.

The governing body of football in Brazil is the Brazilian Football Confederation.

History
Football was introduced to Brazil by Scottish immigrant Thomas Donohoe. The first football match played in Brazil was in April 1894, played on a pitch marked out by Donohoe next to his workplace in Bangu.

In the 1870s, like many other British workers, a Scottish expatriate named John Miller worked on the railroad construction project in São Paulo with other European immigrants. In 1884, Miller sent his ten-year-old son Charles William Miller to Bannister School in Southampton, England, to be educated. Charles was a skilled athlete who quickly picked up the game of football at the time when the Football League was still being formed, and as an accomplished winger and striker Charles held school honors that gained him entry into the Southampton F.C. team, and later into the county team of Hampshire.

In 1888, the first sports club was founded in the city, São Paulo Athletic Club. In 1892, while still in England, Charles was invited to play a game for Corinthian F.C., a team formed of players invited from public schools and universities. On his return to Brazil, Charles brought some football equipment and a rule book with him. He then taught the rules of the game to players in São Paulo. On December 14, 1901, the "Liga Paulista de Foot-Ball" was founded, organising its own championship, "Campeonato Paulista", first held in 1902. Therefore, Campeonato Paulista became the oldest official competition in Brazilian football. Another important club, called Società Sportiva Palestra Itália club, that was founded in 1914 played a big role in helping Italian immigrants get accustomed to Brazilian society. The club's goal was to promote "Italian identity and allegiance, helping the immigrant community to cultivate a sense of discrete ethnicity".

São Paulo Athletic Club won the first three years' Paulista championships. Miller's skills were far above his colleagues at this stage. He was given the honor of contributing his name to a move involving a deft flick of the ball with the heel "Chaleira" (the "tea-pot"). The first match played by one of Miller's teams was six months after Donohoe's.

Another competition, Campeonato Carioca, was first held in 1906 as the Rio de Janeiro State football championship, being contested up to present days.

Charles Miller kept a strong bond with English football throughout his life. After a tour of English team Corinthian F.C. to Brazil in 1910, Corinthians was established on September 1, taking on the name of the British side after a suggestion from Miller. In 1913 there were two different editions of the Campeonato Paulista. One was organized by the Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos (APEA) while the other one was organized by the Liga Paulista de Foot-Ball (LPF).

The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) was founded in 1914, but the current format for the Campeonato Brasileiro was only established in 1959.

Football style

Brazil plays a very unfundamental and distinctive style. For example, dribbling is an essential part of their style.

After the third title in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Brazilian football experienced a drought of World Cup titles, which would only end in 1994. In the meantime, despite playing flashy football that enchanted the world (like the 1982 FIFA World Cup squad), the Seleção started to prioritize results-based football. Thus, since the mid-1990s, Brazilian football began to lose its characteristics. For Tostão, Brazilian football has become outdated: "The most classic example of this is that in the last 20 years Brazil has not had a single great midfield player. And this happened because there was a division in the midfield between the midfielders, who play scoring further back, and two midfielders, who play up front, close to the opponent's area. The game lost exchange of passes in that environment. The Spanish and Germans do this very well. That was the best Brazil had in my time and disappeared. We had Gérson, Rivellino, Clodoaldo, then Falcão, Toninho Cerezo. This is what Iniesta, Rakitic, Modric and Kroos did, for example, and what Xavi and Schweinsteiger did. This characteristic that the Europeans encouraged most, the Brazilians devalued. We created many area dribblers. This is just one example of how Brazilian football has gone down the wrong path."

The great exodus of players in recent years to European competitions has generated a great debate in the country, especially about the consequences this would have on the style of Brazilian football, as it could "Europeanize" the way players act.

Brazilian team

The Brazil national football team is one of the main national football teams in the world. The biggest winner of the FIFA World Cup, with five titles, Brazil is known for its yellow and green shirt, with blue shorts and white socks, the four colors of the national flag. Because the shirt is predominantly yellow, the Brazilian team is also treated as the Canarinho team.

Founded on July 21, 1914, the 12th anniversary of Fluminense Football Club, the Seleção played its first game at the Laranjeiras Stadium, against the English team Exeter City. The Brazilian team is widely considered the most relevant team in world football.

The Brazilian national team also won the Copa América on eight occasions, the Confederations Cup on four, and in 2016 and 2020 won the gold medal, awarded to football champions at the Olympic Games, in the edition of the games held in Rio de Janeiro, having won three silver medals for runners-up and two bronze medals for third places.

The Brazilian team's biggest rivals are Argentina and Uruguay on the American continent. In addition to these, the Europeans, England, Italy and the Netherlands, are traditional opponents, due to the clashes held, mainly in World Cups.

CBF
The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) is the highest sports entity in the country. It organizes all championships in the national territory and represents Brazil in international competitions between countries with the Brazilian team. It is headquartered in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

State federations
State Federations are responsible for regulating football in each State within its jurisdiction. They are inferior bodies linked to the CBF, having their own autonomy to organize championships, elect president, sign contracts and recognize clubs and associations linked to the sport.

Sports justice
The Superior Court of Sports Justice (STJD, in Portuguese) is a legal body in the field of sports in Brazil. He is responsible for judging cases involving clubs and athletes. It is common for them to participate in the daily life of Brazilian football through trials of cases of suspension due to red and yellow cards, cases of aggression or even doping. Its lower body is the Sports Justice Court (TJD, in Portuguese), which operates at state level.

Main clubs

In Brazil, historically 12 clubs are considered "big", although some others are also occasionally identified as big clubs, notably in their states of origin, including Atlético Paranaense. Those named in the lists with 12 clubs are: São Paulo, Palmeiras, Corinthians and Santos, all from the State of São Paulo; Fluminense, Flamengo, Vasco and Botafogo, all from the state of Rio de Janeiro; Internacional and Grêmio, from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Atlético Mineiro and Cruzeiro, from the state of Minas Gerais. In addition to these thirteen mentioned, Brazilian champion clubs are Bahia, Coritiba, Guarani and Sport, a total of 17 Brazilian Championship champion clubs, with Atlético Paranaense having had enormous growth in assets and income in the 21st Century, therefore being considered one of the greats of Brazilian football by much of the national press.

Calendar and competitions
A source of great controversy in Brazil, the football calendar has over time been the target of criticism from fans, specialized journalists and even club directors. With the approval of the "Football Fan Statute" by the National Congress, changes began to transform the national calendar. According to the CBF, the intention is to make the Brazilian calendar compatible with those of European countries, to reconcile the interests of national and international football organizations.

The Brazilian season traditionally starts in January. Today, the first competition to be played by professional squads is the state championships. Previously, between the mid-1990s and 2002, regional competitions, such as the Rio-São Paulo Tournament, the Copa Sul-Minas and the Copa Nordeste, for example, were held at the beginning of the year. They involved teams from different states. However, they were extinguished, as they overwhelmed the big teams in the first half. The Copa do Brasil, played in the first half of the year, grew and gained importance. This is the only national competition that involves clubs from all states in Brazil, classified based on state tournaments from the previous year. By decision of the CBF, the Copa do Brasil now also includes the participation of teams qualified for the Libertadores da América, also played in the first half of each year. Bahia team was the first Brazilian champion, in 1959.

The Brazilian Football Championship, also popularly known as Brasileirão, has been held between May and December normally, since 2003. As it starts before the middle of each year, the championship suffers with the opening of the foreign market between July and August, causing many players move to other countries. Furthermore, its beginning takes place during the decisive phase of the Copa Libertadores and its completion is in competition with the Copa Sudamericana.

In total, a Brazilian club can end up playing around 70 matches throughout the year. There are 20 more compared to the representatives of the main European leagues, or 22 compared to their South American neighbors. First division games in the country usually take place in rounds on Wednesday and Thursday, in the evening, and Saturday and Sunday, in the afternoon.

In the past, the state and national championships, since they were created, divided the Brazilian football calendar. One competition for each semester. Furthermore, in parallel to the state competitions, there were municipal and regional competitions and, in some places, the Home Tournament, which had all its matches in just one day.

Football culture
Football is a significant part of the Brazilian identity. It is considered the country's most significant socio-cultural activity. In this way, football is not only a sport, but also an essential part of Brazil's cultural identity. It is the most popular sport in Brazil, and Brazilians passion for the sport makes them often refer to their country as "o País do Futebol" ("the country of football").

The integration of the sport in different segments of society marked the beginning of the Brazilian football identity. The sport became part of Brazilians daily life, and with time, it also became part of the popular culture.

The biggest evidence of the importance that football has on Brazilian culture is the World Cup. Every four years, Brazilians dominate the streets, cheering and celebrating their country. The sport brings people together.

However, in recent years, with the rise of the internet, which makes it easier to follow any sport, and with Brazil's evolution in Olympic sports (the country became one of the 15 strongest in the world at the Olympic Games), the Brazilian population has been changing their tastes, and begins to become more interested in sports such as surfing, skateboarding, tennis, swimming, judo, volleyball and others, reducing the importance of football.

Women's soccer
Women's soccer, unlike men's, has little popularity in the country. Although there are attempts by the media to promote women's football as a new product, it has been rejected by the population as it is a technically very weak sport compared to men's football. In some friendlies, women's teams from some countries were defeated by teenage male teams. In 2021, the Brazil women's team played a training match with the Grêmio men's under-16 team and the boys won 6-0.

The Brazilian women's team managed to become Olympic runner-up in 2004 and 2008 and world runner-up in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, when there were still few strong teams worldwide, such as the United States and Germany. With the evolution of other countries, Brazil stagnated and no longer achieved relevant results, reaching the point of being eliminated by the Jamaican amateur team in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Brazilian football in television
Football is broadcast in television in the following channels:

Free television

 * Rede Globo — Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Copa do Brasil, Supercopa do Brasil, Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, Copa América, FIFA World Cup, FIFA Women's World Cup, FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro, FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL), Campeonato Paulista, Campeonato Mineiro, Campeonato Gaúcho, Campeonato Catarinense, Campeonato Pernambucano, Campeonato Goiano, Campeonato Mato-Grossense.
 * SBT — Copa Libertadores, Copa do Nordeste, Campeonato Paranaense, Campeonato Piauiense, UEFA Champions League.
 * RecordTV / Record News — Campeonato Carioca, Campeonato Sergipano.
 * Band — Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Campeonato Brasileiro Feminino, Campeonato Brasileiro U-20, Copa do Brasil U-20, Serie A, Bundesliga, DFL-Supercup, Russian Premier League, Campeonato Alagoano, Campeonato Potiguar.
 * TV Cultura — Copa Verde, Campeonato Paraense.
 * TV Brasil — Campeonato Brasileiro Série D, Copa Verde.
 * TVE Bahia — Campeonato Baiano.
 * Facebook Watch (Streaming) — Copa Libertadores, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup.
 * YouTube (Streaming) — UEFA Nations League, Copa do Nordeste, Campeonato Carioca, Campeonato Baiano.
 * OneFootball (Streaming) — Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga, Ligue 1, Austrian Bundesliga, UEFA Champions League qualifying, UEFA Europa League qualifying.

Paid television

 * SporTV — Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Campeonato Brasileiro U-20, Copa do Brasil, Copa do Brasil U-20, Copa do Brasil U-17, Supercopa do Brasil, Florida Cup, Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, Taça BH, Serie A, Taça de Portugal, Copa América, U-20 South American Championship, FIFA World Cup, FIFA Women's World Cup, FIFA U-20 World Cup, FIFA U-17 World Cup, FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro, FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL), Campeonato Paulista, Campeonato Paulista Série A2, Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino, Campeonato Mineiro, Campeonato Gaúcho, Campeonato Pernambucano.
 * ESPN / ESPN Brasil — Campeonato Brasileiro Feminino, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Women's Champions League, La Liga, Copa del Rey, Supercopa de España, Copa de la Reina, Supercopa de España Femenina, Premier League, EFL Championship, EFL Cup, Women's FA Community Shield, DFB-Pokal, Eredivisie, Primeira Liga, Chinese Super League, J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship, Major League Soccer, U.S. Open Cup, Audi Cup, Joan Gamper Trophy, UEFA Champions League qualifying.
 * Fox Sports Brasil – UEFA Europa League, Copa Libertadores, Coupe de France, Copa do Nordeste, Premier League, EFL Championship, La Liga, DFB-Pokal, Primeira Liga, Eredivisie, Chinese Super League.
 * TNT Sports (TNT / Space) — Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, UEFA Champions League, Serie A, UEFA Nations League, UEFA Euro qualifying.
 * BandSports — Serie A, Russian Premier League, FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL), Copa Paulista.
 * Premiere (Pay-per-view) — Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Copa do Brasil, Campeonato Paulista, Campeonato Mineiro, Campeonato Gaúcho, Campeonato Pernambucano.
 * Conmebol TV (Pay-per-view) — Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, Recopa Sudamericana.
 * FERJ TV (Pay-per-view) — Campeonato Carioca.
 * Copa do Nordeste (Pay-per-view) — Copa do Nordeste.
 * DAZN (Streaming) — Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Premier League, FA Cup, FA Community Shield, Coppa Italia, Supercoppa Italiana, Süper Lig, Major League Soccer, Liga MX, Africa Cup of Nations, CONCACAF Gold Cup.
 * Estádio TNT Sports (Streaming) — Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, UEFA Champions League, Serie A, UEFA Nations League, FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA), FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL), UEFA Euro qualifying.
 * PlayPlus / R7.com (Streaming) — Campeonato Carioca.
 * Nordeste FC (Streaming) — Copa do Nordeste, Campeonato Cearense.
 * Paulistão Play (Streaming) — Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, Campeonato Paulista Série A2, Campeonato Paulista Série A3, Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão, Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino, Copa Paulista
 * TV Walter Abrahão — Campeonato Catarinense.

League system
Brazilian football clubs are affiliate to their state federations and state federations are themselves federate to Brazilian Football Confederation. As such, each state has its own league pyramid (see State Championships), Campeonato Paulista (the oldest and most traditional), Campeonato Carioca, Campeonato Mineiro, Campeonato Gaúcho being the most prominent.

There's a parallel federal pyramid. That means each club plays its state championships and only some biggest clubs play on the federal championships. Those two systems run in parallel there's no direct rank or relegation-promotion from one to the other besides state federations being responsible for appointing one to four clubs each to form each year Campeonato Brasileiro Série D. Each state set its own rule for those appointments but it's usually done through best position of the clubs on the top state tier that does not play any federal league or by a qualifying tournament, e.g. Copa Paulista is a tournament to select the fourth qualified from São Paulo (state) to Série D.

The federal system is composed of four tiers: State top tiers run from January to April and federal leagues from May to December, so clubs on federal leagues can handle their state schedule without conflict. Lower state tiers run from February to November.
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - 20 clubs (relegates 4 to Série B)
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série B - 20 clubs (relegates 4 to Série C, promotes 4 to Série A)
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série C - 20 clubs (relegates 4 to Série D, promotes 4 to Série B)
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série D - 64 clubs (promotes 4 to Série C, other 60 demised). Despite the 4 relegated from last year Série C, all other 60 spots are designated by state federations by their own criteria.

Although uncommon it's possible for a 'big' club to be relegated to its state second-tier league while still playing a federal league. It happened for instance to Criciúma who was relegated to 2022 Campeonato Catarinense Série B, the second-tier league on Santa Catarina pyramid, while still playing Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. They resolved the problem of schedule conflict fielding a junior team in 2022 Campeonasto Catarinense Série B. Many of the states championships have their own promotion/relegation system.

Largest Brazilian football stadiums
Stadiums with a capacity of 40,000 or higher are included.

title: Football in Brazil


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Baron Fauconberg

Baron Fauconberg (also Falconberg or Falconbridge) is an hereditary title created twice in the Peerage of England.

First created in 1295 when Sir Walter de Fauconberg, an Anglo-Norman, was summoned to parliament. Between 1463 and 1903 the peerage title fell abeyant until its abeyance was terminated in favour of Marcia Lane-Fox, Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers, who succeeded her father, Sackville Lane-Fox.

After the abeyance of 1463 the right to the barony of Fauconberg which resulted in the termination of 1903 was held jointly with the barony of Conyers; and, since then the two baronies have followed the same line of succession, including further abeyancies between 1948 and 2012 and from 2013.

The Countess of Yarborough predeceased her husband in 1926 when her family titles were inherited by her eldest surviving son, Lord Conyers (later 5th Earl of Yarborough). On his death in 1948 these ancient baronies again fell abeyant, between his two daughters as co-heirs, whilst the earldom was inherited by his brother.

Following the death of the younger of Lord Yarborough's daughters in 2012, the titles were called out of abeyance in favour of his surviving daughter, Lady Diana Miller (later Countess of Mértola), 9th holder of the barony of Fauconberg and 16th of Conyers. Since Diana, Countess of Mértola's death in 2013, both titles have fallen back into abeyance.

A descendant of the 1st Baron Fauconberg (by Writ), Sir Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Baronet, was elevated to the peerage as Baron Fauconberg, of Yarm in the County of York, in 1627; his grandson was advanced as Earl Fauconberg in 1689. For more information on this creation, see Viscount Fauconberg.

Barons Fauconberg; first creation (1295)

 * Walter de Fauconberg, 1st Baron Fauconberg (d. 1304)
 * Walter de Fauconberg, 2nd Baron Fauconberg (1264–1314)
 * John de Fauconberg, 3rd Baron Fauconberg (1290–1349)
 * Walter de Fauconberg, 4th Baron Fauconberg (1319–1362)
 * Thomas de Fauconberg, 5th Baron Fauconberg (1345–1407)
 * Joan de Fauconberg, 6th Baroness Fauconberg (1406–1490) (abeyance terminated 1429 for her husband, William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent, who d. 1463; abeyant on her death)
 * Marcia Amelia Mary Pelham, 7th Baroness Fauconberg (1863–1926) (abeyance terminated 1903)
 * Sackville George Pelham, 5th Earl of Yarborough, 8th Baron Fauconberg (1888–1948) (abeyant 1948)
 * Diana Miller, 11th Countess of Mértola, 9th Baroness Fauconberg (1920–2013) (abeyance terminated 2012 until 2013)

The co-heiresses to the title are the two daughters of Lady Diana Miller, also Baroness Fauconberg and Conyers, Marcia Anne Miller now Anthea, Countess of Mértola (born 1954), and Beatrix Diana Miller now Mrs Armstrong (born 1955), who married in 1991 Simon Armstrong; they have two sons.

Barons Fauconberg; second creation (1627)

 * see Viscount Fauconberg (extinct 1815)

title: Baron Fauconberg


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Jesse L. Greenstein

Jesse Leonard Greenstein (October 15, 1909 – October 21, 2002) was an American astronomer. His parents were Maurice G. and Leah Feingold.

He earned a Ph.D, with thesis advisor Donald H. Menzel, from Harvard University in 1937, having started there at age 16. Before leaving Harvard, Greenstein was involved in a project with Fred Lawrence Whipple to explain Karl Jansky's discovery of radio waves from the Milky Way and to propose a source. He began his professional career at Yerkes Observatory under Otto Struve and later went to Caltech. With Louis G. Henyey he invented a new spectrograph and a wide-field camera. He directed the Caltech astronomy program until 1972 and later did classified work on military reconnaissance satellites.

With Leverett Davis, Jr, he demonstrated in 1949 that the magnetic field in our galaxy is aligned with the spiral arms. His theoretical work with Davis was based on the conclusion just reached by William A. Hiltner that the recently detected polarization of starlight was due to dichroic extinction by interstellar dust grains aligned with the ambient magnetic field.

For the 1965 book Galactic Structure, edited by Blaauw and Schmidt, Greenstein wrote an important chapter on subluminous blue stars.

Greenstein did important work in determining the abundances of the elements in stars, and was, with Maarten Schmidt, among the first to recognize quasars as compact, very distant sources as bright as a galaxy. The spectra of the first quasars discovered, radio sources 3C 48 and 3C 273, were displaced so far to the red due to their redshifts as to be almost unrecognizable, but Greenstein deciphered 3C 48 shortly before Schmidt, his colleague at the Hale Observatories worked out the spectrum of 3C 273.

Honors
Awards
 * Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society (1970)
 * Bruce Medal (1971)
 * Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1975)
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1980)

Honors

 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1954)
 * Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1957)
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1968)

Named after him
 * Asteroid 4612 Greenstein

title: Jesse L. Greenstein


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69th Academy Awards

The 69th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) took place on March 24, 1997, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented the Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1996. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates, and directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fifth time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990 and had last hosted the 65th ceremony held in 1993. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on March 1, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Helen Hunt.

The English Patient won nine awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Fargo with two awards and Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark O'Brien, Dear Diary, Emma, Evita, The Ghost and the Darkness, Independence Day, Jerry Maguire, Kolya, The Nutty Professor, Quest, Shine, Sling Blade, and When We Were Kings with one.

Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 69th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 1997, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Arthur Hiller, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino. The English Patient received the most nominations with twelve; Fargo and Shine came in second with seven apiece.

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 24, 1997. Saul Zaentz became the third person to produce three Best Picture winners, having previously produced One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Amadeus. He also became the seventh individual to receive an Oscar and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in the same year. Best Actress winner Frances McDormand was the first person to win for a role in a film directed by their spouse. Best Original Musical or Comedy Score winner Rachel Portman became the first female winner for composing a musical score.

Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger (‡).

Academy Honorary Award

 * Michael Kidd

Irving G. Thalberg Award

 * Saul Zaentz

Films with multiple nominations and awards
The following seventeen films received multiple nominations:

The following two films received multiple awards:

Presenters and performers
The following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.

Ceremony information

After taking a year off, Gil Cates was selected by AMPAS in November 1996 to oversee production of the ceremony for the seventh time. Immediately, he chose actor and comedian Billy Crystal to host the 1997 telecast, stating, "Billy is quick and agile and bright, and he plays the unexpected events of the live telecast like a Stradivarius. He's become the standard against which all other hosting performances are measured." Crystal expressed his excitement on hosting the ceremony for the fifth time joking, "Once Barry Scheck turned it down, I had a feeling they'd come to me." Furthermore, he set up a website with the address www.whyistheshowsolong.com asking the public to send in jokes that would eventually be used during the gala.

As with previous ceremonies he produced, Cates centered the show around a theme. This year, he christened the show with the theme "Togetherness of Moviegoing" commenting, "The thing that's kind of wonderful about movies is that you watch them with other people. The only other areas where you do that, when you think about it, are religion and sports." He concluded by noting that the movie theater is "a wonderful place where you come together to laugh, to cry." In tandem with the theme, actress Winona Ryder presented a montage featuring film clips from Casablanca (1942), Matinee (1993), and A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) depicting audiences inside a movie theater.

Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Documentary filmmaker Arnold Schwartzman designed the official ceremony poster featuring the titles of the previous 68 Best Picture winners superimposed in the shape of an Oscar statuette. Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director of the ceremony. Choreographer Otis Sallid supervised the "That Thing You Do!" musical number. Michael Flatley and the cast of the musical Lord of the Dance performed a dance number during a montage saluting the art of Film Editors. Pianist David Helfgott, whom Best Actor winner Geoffrey Rush portrayed in the film Shine, played a rendition of "Flight of the Bumblebee" by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov during the telecast.

Natalie Cole was initially scheduled to sing the nominated song "I Finally Found Someone" from The Mirror Has Two Faces on the show after its songwriter and original performer Barbra Streisand declined to do so. However, after Cole contracted the flu, she withdrew for her performance duties and was eventually replaced by Celine Dion who also sang "Because You Loved Me" later in the broadcast.

Box office performance of nominees
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 11, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $209 million, with an average of $41.9 million per film. Jerry Maguire was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $121.5 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by The English Patient ($42.3 million), Shine ($16.1 million), Fargo ($24 million) and finally Secrets & Lies ($5.9 million).

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 37 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only Jerry Maguire (9th), Primal Fear (27th) and The English Patient (35th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Independence Day (1st), Twister (2nd), The Rock (4th), The Nutty Professor (7th), The Birdcage (8th), Eraser (13th), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (14th), Star Trek: First Contact (15th), Sleepers (29th), Dragonheart (30th), The Preacher's Wife (32nd), Evita (36th), The Ghost and the Darkness (39th), and Daylight (48th).

Critical response
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Joanne Ostrow of The Denver Post commented "Billy Crystal had a smashing first 10 minutes at the Oscars last night," but she later went on to say that inevitable sweep by The English Patient created a dull atmosphere that even sucked the energy out of Crystal's performance. Columnist Brian Lowry wrote in Los Angeles Times, "This year the mystery far outweighed the magic, in a telecast that proved less compelling--indeed, during stretches more downright dull--than recent predecessors." He also quipped that even though Crystal was mildly entertaining, some of his jokes "felt a bit forced and stale." The Star-Ledger's Alan Sepinwall noted, "Crystal was a bundle of energy, but his jokes had less zing than in the past." He also observed that the Film Editing dance number and "That Thing You Do" musical performance were hideously bloated.

Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Film critic Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote, "Crystal sparkled as the host of the annual awards at the Shrine Auditorium." She also noted, "The mood of the evening was elegant and gracious." Chicago Tribune columnist Steve Johnson commented, "Billy Crystal returned as host of the Academy Awards on Monday night and proved that even if mainline Hollywood is nearly shut out in the trophy dispensing, one of its representatives can at least make a television broadcast entertaining." Television critic Kinney Littlefield of the Orange County Register quipped, "In his fifth stint as host, Crystal served up the sense of inclusive, insider movie community that had been missing during his three-year absence." In addition, she observed, "For most of the evening, Oscar seemed newly energized, upbeat and full of splashy fun."

Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 40.08 million people over its length, which was a 9% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. An estimated 73.83 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards. The show also drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 27.49% of households watching over a 46.31 share. In addition, it also drew a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 16.55 rating over a 34.32 share among viewers in that demographic. It was the least watched ceremony in a decade and the lowest rated telecast since the 58th awards gala held in 1986.

In July 1997, the ceremony presentation received seven nominations at the 49th Primetime Emmy Awards. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special (Edward J. Greene, Tom Vicari, Robert Douglass).

In Memoriam
The annual In Memoriam tribute, presented by actress Angela Bassett, honored the following people to the score of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde (1995):

 * Jo Van Fleet
 * Tupac Shakur
 * Brigitte Helm
 * Dorothy Lamour
 * Stirling Silliphant – Writer
 * Saul Bass – Designer
 * Steve Tesich – Writer
 * Juliet Prowse
 * Murray Spivack – Sound
 * Joseph Biroc – Cinematographer
 * Howard E. Rollins Jr.
 * Jack Weston
 * Krzysztof Kieślowski – Director
 * Fred Zinnemann – Director
 * Ben Johnson
 * Gene Nelson
 * Edward C. Carfagno – Art Director
 * Joanne Dru
 * John Alton – Cinematographer
 * Greer Garson
 * Albert R. 'Cubby' Broccoli – Producer
 * Lew Ayres
 * Pandro S. Berman – Producer
 * Sheldon Leonard
 * Claudette Colbert
 * Marcello Mastroianni

title: 69th Academy Awards


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Viscount Fauconberg

Viscount Fauconberg, of Henknowle in the Bishopric of Durham, was a title in the Peerage of England held by the head of the Belasyse family. This family descended from Sir Henry Belasyse, High Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1603 to 1604, who was created a Baronet, of Newborough in the County of York, in the Baronetage of England in 1611. His son, Sir Thomas, the second Baronet, was created Baron Fauconberg, of Yarm in the County of York, in the Peerage of England in 1627. In 1643 he was further honoured when he was made Viscount Fauconberg, of Henknowle in the Bishopric of Durham, also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his grandson, Thomas, the second Viscount, the son of Henry Belasyse. Thomas was created Earl Fauconberg in the Peerage of England in 1689. He was childless and the earldom became extinct on his death in 1700. He was succeeded in the remaining titles by his nephew and namesake, Thomas, the third Viscount, the son of Sir Rowland Belasyse. The third Viscount was succeeded by his son, Thomas, the fourth Viscount, who in 1756 was created Earl Fauconberg, of Newborough in the County of York, in the Peerage of Great Britain. The Earl's son Thomas, the second Earl, had no sons and the earldom became extinct on his death in 1802. He was succeeded in the remaining titles by his second cousin Rowland Belasyse, the sixth Viscount, the grandson and namesake of Rowland Belasyse, younger brother of the third Viscount. The sixth Viscount was succeeded by his younger brother, Charles the seventh Viscount, on whose death in 1815 all the titles became extinct.

John Belasyse, second son of the first Viscount, was created Baron Belasyse in 1645. For more information on this branch of the family, see the latter title.

Belasyse Baronets, of Newborough (1611)

 * Sir Henry Belasyse, 1st Baronet (1555–1624)
 * Sir Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Baronet (1577–1652) (created Baron Fauconberg in 1627 and Viscount Fauconberg in 1643)

Viscounts Fauconberg of Henknowle (1643)

 * Thomas Belasyse, 1st Viscount Fauconberg (1577–1652)
 * Henry Belasyse (1604–1647)
 * Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Viscount Fauconberg (1628–1700) (created Earl Fauconberg in 1689)

Earls Fauconberg; First creation (1689)

 * Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg (1628–1700)

Viscounts Fauconberg of Henknowle (1643; Reverted)

 * Thomas Belasyse, 3rd Viscount Fauconberg (d. 1718)
 * Thomas Belasyse, 4th Viscount Fauconberg (1699–1774) (created Earl Fauconberg in 1756)

Earls Fauconberg, second creation (1756)

 * Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg (1699–1774)
 * Henry Belasyse, 2nd Earl Fauconberg (1743–1802)

Viscounts Fauconberg (1643; Reverted)

 * Rowland Belasyse, 6th Viscount Fauconberg (1745–1810)
 * Charles Belasyse, 7th Viscount Fauconberg (1750–1815)

title: Viscount Fauconberg


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Bookend

A bookend is an object tall, sturdy, and heavy enough that is placed at either end of a row of upright books to support or buttress them. Heavy bookends—made of wood, bronze, marble, and even large geodes—have been used in libraries, stores, and homes for centuries; the simple sheetmetal bookend (originally patented in 1877 by William Stebbins Barnard) uses the weight of the books standing on its foot to clamp the bookend's tall brace against the last book's back; in libraries, simple metal brackets are often used to support the end of a row of books. Elaborate and decorative bookends are common as elements in home decor.

The word "bookend" is also used metaphorically to refer to any pair of items which frame and define a significant or noteworthy event or place. For example, regarding the practice in the United States whereby Memorial Day and Labor Day demarcate the traditional beginning and end of summer, those two holidays could be referred to as bookends. Bookends are usually made of metal and plastic.

title: Bookend


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Talk:Bookend

Untitled
Maybe it's just me but that picture feels too dark, and because of the unusual angle, it's hard to see the structure of a bookend. I don't want to be too critical, but could we get a better lit picture from an angle that makes the bookend's standard structure a little easier to see? Just a thought, Jwrosenzweig 23:21, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation?
Bookends is an article about an album and song by Simon and Garfunkel, which has a disambiguation notice leading to this article. This article has a disambiguation notice leading to framing device, a literary device with a similar element at both the beginning and end of a book. I don't know if three different uses of a similar term is enough for a disambiguation page, but I'm leaning toward making this article into one, unless bookends are worthy of a greater quantity of informative prose than is currently in the article. Otherwise, the notices at the top of each page should each have links to the other two articles. B7T (talk) 04:50, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I made a new article at Bookend (disambiguation). B7T (talk) 05:20, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bookend


text:
Fred F. Fielding

Fred Fisher Fielding (born March 21, 1939) is an American lawyer. He held the office of White House Counsel for US Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush in addition to serving as an Associate and Deputy White House Counsel for Richard Nixon under John Dean. Fielding was also of counsel to the presidential transition of Donald Trump and a member of the 9/11 Commission. An alumnus of Gettysburg College, he is the namesake of that school's Fielding Center for Presidential Leadership Study.

Personal life
Fielding was born in Philadelphia and raised in Mechanicsville, Pennsylvania. He attended Central Bucks High School West, graduated cum laude from Gettysburg College in 1961, and received his J.D. degree from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1964. He married Maria Dugger and had two children, Adam and Alexandra. At Gettysburg College, he is the namesake of the Fielding Center for Presidential Leadership Study.

Law firms
Fielding began his career as a summer associate at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius in 1963.

Fielding was a senior partner at Wiley Rein LLP (formerly Wiley Rein & Fielding), a Washington, D.C. law firm, and in 2009, Fielding joined Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP as a partner in the firm's Washington office. In 2007, he represented, along with others, Blackwater Worldwide, a private military company. Following the Blackwater Baghdad shootings, Henry Waxman's House Oversight Committee subpoenaed its chief executive officer Erik Prince to testify. The climate of opinion among politicians and the public at large jeopardized its contracts to provide security for State Department personnel in Iraq.

Richard Nixon
Fielding served as Associate Counsel for President Richard Nixon from 1970 to 1972, where he was the deputy to John Dean during the Watergate scandal. He then returned to Morgan, Lewis & Bockius.

Deep Throat speculation
In April 2003, a team of journalism students taught by William Gaines conducted a detailed review of source materials, leading them to conclude that Fielding was Deep Throat, the unnamed source for articles written by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. Many years previously, former White House Chief of Staff for Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, also speculated that Fielding was Deep Throat. That speculation ended after former Associate Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Mark Felt announced in May 2005 that he was Deep Throat, as later confirmed by Woodward, Bernstein and Executive Editor Ben Bradlee in a statement released through The Washington Post.

Ronald Reagan
He was the Counsel to the President for President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1986.

George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton
Fielding served on the Tribunal on the U.S.-UK Air Treaty Dispute (1989–1994), George H. W. Bush's Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform (1989), and Secretary of Transportation Rodney E. Slater's Task Force on Aviation Disasters (1997–1998).

9/11 Commission
In 2002, Fielding, became one of ten bipartisan members of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (also known as the 9/11 Commission), where he was credited with helping to persuade the Bush administration to be more transparent with the commission than the administration had initially planned to be.

George W. Bush
Fielding returned to government on January 8, 2007 by President George W. Bush to replace outgoing White House Counsel Harriet Miers. Fielding was responsible for approving the pardon issued by President Bush to convicted real estate fraudster Isaac Toussie. When the New York Daily News reported that Toussie had made large contributions to the Republican Party, the White House revoked the pardon the next day. According to Time magazine in July 2009, Fielding opposed Vice President Dick Cheney's request that President Bush issue a full pardon to convicted vice presidential aide Scooter Libby. Following Fielding's advice, Bush ended up not pardoning Libby.

Donald Trump
Fielding served on president-elect Donald Trump's legal team. Fielding's work for Trump was announced by his Morgan, Lewis colleague, Sheri Dillon, when she spoke at Trump's January 11, 2017, a day after a leaked document alleged the Trump campaign's long suspected collusion with Russian efforts to derail his presidential campaign competitor Hillary Clinton.

Russia
Fielding has published legal articles on the topics of presidential counsel and Russia and Ukraine matters in his role at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP. The firm was named 2016 Russia Law Firm of the Year by Chambers and Partners The awards are based on research and, "substantial feedback from clients". The firm's Moscow office has won previous honors for its high-profile work in Russia. Including a Tier 1 rank from The Legal 500 EMEA for Corporate/M&A Law Firm, Russia and a rank in Bank 1 from Chambers Global for Energy & Natural Resources Law Firm, Russia.

title: Fred F. Fielding