text:
Granville Elliott

Major-General Granville Elliott, 1st Count Elliott (7 October 1713 – 10 October 1759), was a British military officer who served with distinction in several other European armies and subsequently in the British Army. He fought at the Battle of Minden where he was wounded, dying of his injuries several weeks later.

Early life
Elliott was born on 7 September 1713 at Byfeld House, Church Road, Barnes, Surrey to Major-General Roger Elliott (c. 1665 – 15 May 1714) and his wife Charlotte (née Elliot, c. 1692 – c. 1753). A member of the Eliot military family, he was baptised on 27 October 1713 at St Mary the Virgin's Church, Barnes. His godparents were George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne and Mrs Killigrew.

When Elliott was less than one year old, his father died and his sister, Catherine Elliott (1714–1755) was born soon after. Both siblings were brought up by their widowed mother and her new husband, Captain Thomas Burroughs. Later that decade, he was made a ward of his mother's younger brother Colonel William Elliot (c. 1704 – 1764). In 1725, Elliott was admitted to Dr Dunster's Academy in Little Marlborough Street, London, and in 1730 he matriculated as a Law Student at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.

Continental European military career
By 1732, Elliott was in the service of the HM Karl Philipp von Pfalz-Neuburg, Elector Palatine of the Rhine. On 7 March 1735, ahead of his marriage on 15 March 1735 at Mannheim to Jeanne Thérèse du Han, Comtesse de Martigny and lady of honour to the Empress of Germany (30 October 1707–7 May 1748), he was created a Chamberlain to his Majesty Charles VI and raised to the title of Comte de Morhange in the Moselle region. To facilitate the marriage, Elliott converted to Catholicism, and took the forename Joseph, which caused him problems with his mother's Calvinist relatives.

In August 1736, he and his mother swore oaths at the College of Arms in London that the Elliott family descended from a legal marriage of Richard Eliot (b. 1614–unknown)—the wayward second son of Sir John Eliot (1592–1632)—to Catherine Killigrew (c.1617–1689), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew (1580–1633) and Mary Woodhouse (c. 1584–1655). Although it remains probable that George Elliott was the illegitimate son of Richard and Catherine, the two oaths differed in some details, and no independent evidence for any marriage of Richard and Catherine has ever come to light. Moreover, Catherine Killigrew was still described as spinster when she executed her mother's will in 1656, and Richard appears in visitations as ob cael (i.e. died a bachelor). As a result, Granville was not recognised by the College of Arms as a legitimate relative of the then Lord Eliot of Port Eliot in Cornwall, ancestors of the present Earls of St Germans. Nevertheless, he spent much time and trouble trying to prove Catherine had married Richard prior to George's birth, making him a legal heir. He had a pedigree drawn up (which survives today) and formally presented to him in Paris by the British ambassador / plenipotentiary. As a result of this device, Elliott became known at the Elector's Court as Comte Eliot de Port-Eliot, and Graf Eliot von Port-Eliot, effectively Count Elliott, an Imperial Count.

On 29 October 1736, Elliott was promoted to the rank of colonel, taking over the colonelcy of the Carabinier Regiment on 1 February 1737, and the Dragoons Regiment on 10 July 1738. In 1737, Elliott was appointed cavalry general of the States General of the Netherlands, the legislature of the Dutch Republic. A few years later, he was working at Lunéville, at the court of the exiled King Stanislaus I of Poland who had become Duke of Lorraine and Bar. On 22 April 1745, he was promoted to major-general of cavalry for the Elector Palatine; on 24 June 1746, to lieutenant-general of cavalry, and, on 2 November 1748, to lieutenant-general of cavalry for the States General of the Netherlands.

Elliott and his wife appeared regularly in the Madame de Graffigny correspondence, usually under his baptised name Joseph or his familiar name Cotoco. His wife died on 7 May 1748, and this caused a substantial change of direction for Elliott. He left his grown-up family with their French relatives, returned to Britain, forsook his Catholicism and repaired the bridges with his mother's relatives. It appears that Elliott did not subsequently contact his French family, although there was no known ill-will between them.

British military career
Back in England, he remarried, on 3 September 1750, to Elizabeth Duckett (25 June 1724 – October 1804) at St. Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street, London. However, he soon returned to the service of the States General of the Netherlands, and was appointed major-general of the Scotch Brigade. The first child of his second marriage was born in the Netherlands although later children were born at their home in Kew.

On 21 April 1758, Elliott was made major-general in the British Army, and appointed colonel of the 61st Regiment of Foot – The Glorious Glosters. That summer, he was a staff officer on the army expedition to St Malo, and, from 5 July 1758 to 31 August 1758, he received a short-term commission as colonel and lieutenant-general in the Dutch Army.

The Seven Years' War had arrived, and Elliott's knowledge of continental warfare was significant. In early 1759, he returned to continental Europe, as part of a massive British army deployment. At the Battle of Minden, on 1 August 1759, he commanded the Cavalry Regiment under John Manners, Marquess of Granby. Manners was himself second in command to Sir George Sackville, who was later cashiered for his inaction at the battle. Despite this chain of command, Elliott saw significant action in battle, and was seriously wounded. He retired to convalesce at army headquarters in Rodheim an der Bieber, Gießen, Hesse, Germany, but died there nine weeks later on 10 October 1759 from the wounds incurred. He was buried with military honours in the local 13th century church at Krofdorf on 12 October; Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick attended the funeral. A brass commemorative plaque was erected during the 20th century by his British descendants in the church.

Light Cavalry was introduced into the British Army as a direct result of advice from General Granville Elliott.

Family
Granville Elliott married twice.

Firstly, on 15 March 1735 at Mannheim, to Jeanne Thérèse du Han, Comtesse de Martigny (30 October 1707 – 7 May 1748), by whom he had at least six sons and a daughter.
 * 1) Marie Charlotte Elliott (23 May 1736 – 3 February 1785)
 * 2) Stanislaus François Xavier Elliott (6 July 1737 – after 1752)
 * 3) Amable Gaspard Antoine Elliott (4 September 1738 – 14 June 1814), 2nd Count Elliott
 * 4) Charles Phillippe Elliott (1 December 1740 – unknown)
 * 5) Paul Antoine Elliott (12 June 1741 – 25 July 1741)
 * 6) François Maximillian Elliott (12 June 1741 – unknown)
 * 7) Jean-Baptiste-François Elliott (25 June 1747 – unknown)

Secondly, on 3 September 1750 at St. Mary Magdalen Old Fish Street, to Elizabeth Duckett (25 June 1724 – October 1804), by whom he had at least three sons and three daughters. Elizabeth was the daughter of Colonel William Duckett MP (died 1749) and a niece of Sir George Duckett.
 * 1) Mary Frances Elliott (28 May 1751 – 26 September 1752)
 * 2) William Roger Elliott (10 May 1753 – before 26 June 1753)
 * 3) Francis Perceval Eliot (September 1755 – 23 August 1818)
 * 4) Catherine Frances Elliott (20 January 1757 – 10 March 1757)
 * 5) John Lewis Elliott (29 June 1758 – December 1819)
 * 6) Elizabeth Georgiana Elliott (21 July 1759 – 22 November 1759)

Of the children of his second marriage, Francis Perceval Eliot and his descendants continued the family's close connection with British armed forces. Francis also re-established contact with his French half-siblings.

Upon Elliott's death in 1759, his titles passed to his oldest living son Amable Gaspard Antoine Elliott. Amable chose his half-brother Francis Perceval Eliot to succeed him on his 1814 death as Count Eliot. However, Francis thought this was not proper and died in 1818 without assuming the title.

title: Granville Elliott


text:
Phoenix Memo

The Phoenix Memo is a letter sent to FBI headquarters on July 10, 2001, by FBI Special Agent Kenneth Williams, recommending the assembling of a worldwide listing of civil aviation schools. Williams, then stationed in Phoenix, Arizona, was investigating students at some of these schools for possible terrorist links.

Content
According to Williams, the purpose of the memo was to:

"advise the Bureau and New York of the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges. Phoenix has observed an inordinate number of individuals of investigative interest who are attending or who have attended civil aviation universities and colleges in the State of Arizona."

The recommendations outlined by Williams were ignored or put aside because of other concerns. The memo was seen by at least one dozen officials of the FBI, including John P. O'Neill, but it was never passed to acting director Thomas J. Pickard, his successor Robert Mueller or the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, the existence of the memo was not made known to President George W. Bush and his senior national security staff until May 2002.

Mueller told the U.S. Congress in an emotional hearing in May 2002 that failure to act on the memo was the result of deficits in the FBI’s analytical capabilities.

Coleen Rowley (2002)
The memo became the subject of another communiqué in June 2002, when FBI Agent Coleen Rowley took advantage of the federal Whistleblower Protection Act provisions to inform FBI Director Robert Mueller that his public statements about lack of “advance knowledge” by the bureau had no basis in fact. In her memo, Rowley wrote about the alleged suppression of the investigation concerning Zacarias Moussaoui.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phoenix Memo


text:
Beacons at Bealtaine

"Beacons at Bealtaine" is a poem by Irish poet Seamus Heaney which was composed for the EU Enlargement on May 1, 2004. "Bealtaine" is a Gaelic holiday celebrated on this day, marking the beginning of summer.

The poem was read by Heaney at a ceremony for the 25 leaders of the enlarged EU arranged by the Irish EU presidency.

title: Beacons at Bealtaine


text:
François le Métel de Boisrobert

François le Métel de Boisrobert (1 August 1592 – 30 March 1662) was a French poet, playwright, and courtier.

Life
He was born in Caen. He trained as a lawyer, later practising for a time in Rouen. He traveled to Paris in 1622 and established employment at court, for he had a share in the ballet of the Bacchanales performed at the Louvre in February. In 1630 visited Rome, where he won the favour of Pope Urban VIII and was made a canon of Rouen.

He was introduced to Cardinal Richelieu in 1623, and became one of five poets to inspire Richelieu's works. It was Boisrobert who suggested to Richelieu the plan of the Académie française, and he was one of its earliest and most active members. These efforts resulted in him becoming quite wealthy. After the death of Richelieu, he became affiliated with Mazarin, whom he served faithfully throughout the Fronde. In his later years, he dedicated much of his time to his duties as a priest.

He wrote a number of comedies and contributed to numerous others, including La Belle Plaideuse and Molière's L'Avare. Contes, published under the name of his brother D'Ouville, is also often largely attributed to him.

Works

 * Pyrandre et Lisimène ou l'Heureuse tromperie (1633)
 * Les Rivaux amis (1639)
 * Les Deux Alcandres (1640)
 * La Belle Palène (1642)
 * Le Couronnement de Darie (1642)
 * La Vraie Didon ou Didon la chaste (1643)
 * La Jalouse d'elle-même (1650)
 * Les Trois Orontes (1652)
 * L'hiver de Paris
 * La Folle gageure ou les divertissements de la comtesse de Pembroc (1653) (from Lope de Vega
 * Cassandre, comtesse de Barcelone (performed for the first time at the Hôtel de Bourgogne on 31 October 1653)
 * L'Inconnue (1655)
 * L'Amant ridicule (1655)
 * Les Généreux ennemis (1655)
 * La Belle plaideuse (1655)
 * La Belle invisible ou les Constances éprouvées (1656)
 * Les Apparences trompeuses (1656)
 * Les Coups d'Amour et de Fortune (1656)
 * Théodore, reine de Hongrie (1658)

title: François le Métel de Boisrobert


text:
St. John's South—Mount Pearl

St. John's South—Mount Pearl (St. John's-Sud—Mount Pearl; formerly St. John's South) is a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Demographics
Ethnic groups: 99.2% White

Languages: 98.7% English

Religions: 52.8% Catholic, 42.4% Protestant, 3.6% no affiliation

Average income: $25 379

Geography
The district includes the south end of the City of St. John's, the City of Mount Pearl, and the Town of Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove.

The neighbouring ridings are Avalon and St. John's East.

According to Elections Canada, the geographic boundaries of this riding for the 39th General Election are:

 * "All that area consisting of:

 * (a) that part of the City of St. John's lying southeasterly of the southeasterly limits of the towns of Conception Bay South and Paradise, and southeasterly of a line described as follows: commencing at the intersection of the westerly limit of the City of St. John's with Kenmount Road immediately north of the northwesterly limit of the City of Mount Pearl; thence northeasterly and easterly along said road, Freshwater Road and Longs Hill to Gower Street; thence northeasterly along said street to Kings Bridge Road; thence northerly along said road to Rennie's River; thence generally easterly along said river, Quidi Vidi Lake and the channel known locally as Quidi Vidi Gut to Quidi Vidi Harbour;

 * (b) the City of Mount Pearl; and

 * (c) the Town of Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove. Including all islands adjacent to the shoreline of the above-described area."

See also Elections Canada's map of the riding (.PDF).

History
The electoral district was created in 2003: 95.1% of the population of the riding came from St. John's West, and 4.9% from St. John's East ridings. As of the 2012 electoral redistribution, 5% of this riding would be moved to St. John's East, and it would gain 3% from Avalon.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of St. John's South—Mount Pearl should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections. The redefined St. John's South—Mount Pearl had its boundaries legally defined in the 2013 representation order which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for 19 October 2015.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, most of this riding will be moved to the new riding of Cape Spear. It gains Paradise from Avalon and St. John's East; loses Witless Bay, Bay Bulls and the Southlands and Goulds areas of St. John's to Avalon; and loses the remainder of St. John's Harbour, the Wishingwell Park area and the Ayre Athletic Field area to St. John's East.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Student vote results
Results of the Canadian student vote.

title: St. John's South—Mount Pearl


text:
Andrzej Gwiazda

Andrzej Gwiazda (born 14 April 1935 in Pińczów) is an engineer and prominent opposition leader, who participated in Polish March 1968 Events and December 1970 Events; one of the founders of Free Trade Unions, Member of the Presiding Committee of the Strike at Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk in August 1980, Vice President of the Founding Committee of Solidarity, then Vice President of Solidarity in 1980 and 1981; in December 1981 interned and next imprisoned with six other Solidarność leaders (see Martial Law in Poland). His wife, Joanna Duda-Gwiazda (they married in 1961) also was a prominent member of the anticommunist opposition in the 1970s and 1980s.

Life and activism
Gwiazda's father was a sailor of the Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy, stationed in Pińsk (now Belarus), where the family moved in 1939, a few months before the outbreak of World War II. His father Stanisław fought in the Polish September Campaign, as a soldier of Independent Operational Group Polesie. After capitulation of Poland he was caught by the Germans, and spent the war in Oflag II-C in Woldenberg. Young Andrzej, together with mother Zofia (née Zamojska) and grandmother, was in 1940 deported by the Soviets (see Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)) to Kazakhstan, where they stayed until 1946. After the return and reuniting with Stanisław Gwiazda, the family first settled in Upper Silesia, then they moved to Gdańsk, where Andrzej studied electronics at Gdańsk University of Technology, graduating in 1966. After graduation, he worked at Cybernetics Institute of the University, and in 1973 took a job at Power Supplies Factory Elmor in Gdańsk.

Gwiazda married Joanna Duda-Gwiazda in 1961. After marriage, Andrzej and Joanna became more active in anticommunist movements. In 1968, Andrzej was involved in student protests in opposition to the Polish government. In December 1970, he participated in demonstration protesting the dramatic rise in food prices. In 1976, together with his wife, he wrote a letter to the Polish Parliament, in which he expressed support of Workers' Defence Committee. Soon afterwards, the Gwiazdas were officially banned from leaving the People's Republic of Poland, they were also under the surveillance of Służba Bezpieczeństwa. In 1978, Gwiazda was one of the founders of Free Trade Unions of the Coast (WZZ), publishing and delivering "Worker of the Coast", a bulletin of the WZZ. On 16 August 1980, he initiated an industrial action at Elmor. He then became a member of the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee, and co-authored the famous 21 demands of MKS. However, he did not sign the Gdańsk Agreement, claiming that the workers, upon advice of their legal experts, agreed for too many concessions to the government. Arrested on 13 December 1981 (see Martial law in Poland, he was transported to a prison camp in Strzebielinek. Later on, Gwiazda was transferred to a jail in Warsaw’s district of Białołęka. Finally, Gwiazda was released on 22 July 1984, after an amnesty. On 16 December 1984, he was arrested again, after a scuffle with ZOMO officers, and sentenced to five months. After spending time in prisons in Gdańsk and Zabrze, he was released on 15 May 1985. In 1986 - 1989, Gwiazda was one of leaders of Working Group of National Commission of Solidarity. The group was opposed to any forms of negotiations with Communist authorities. Unlike Lech Wałęsa, Gwiazda did not participate in creation of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee, nor in the negotiations of Polish Round Table Talks. He remains a firm skeptic about Wałęsa, saying that "from the beginning of the strike at the Gdańsk Shipyard, he was acting to the detriment of Solidarity". Also, he says that Wałęsa should never have been made "a symbol of Poland".

Works currently unavailable in English

 * Outside the System (Poza układem) (2008)

title: Andrzej Gwiazda


text:
Talk:Scarborough, Ontario

Requested move 11 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved per consensus. The opposers have no policies or guidelines behind them, and I give them very little weight. Thanks. (closed by non-admin page mover)  echidnaLives  -  talk  -  edits  03:35, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

Scarborough, Toronto → Scarborough, Ontario – Per WP:CANPLACE, formerly autonomous municipalities which have been amalgamated, but have kept a distinct municipal address, can be disambiguated as "Neighbourhood, Province". 162 etc. (talk) 18:08, 11 December 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. Tol  (talk | contribs) @ 05:18, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment Article was moved from Scarborough, Ontario to Scarborough, Toronto in 2015, apparently undiscussed. 162 etc. (talk) 18:11, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * support per nom. We might as well talk about moving York, Toronto to York, Ontario as well—blindlynx 20:32, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, that one was moved around the same time, by the same user. 162 etc. (talk) 20:41, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support both of these.--Ortizesp (talk) 21:46, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support both as well. -- Earl Andrew - talk 00:30, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support all. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Huliva 01:40, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. I've seen no evidence that either of the 2015 page moves actually took into account the real rule — which is that city neighbourhoods which are still recognized as distinct mailing addresses in their own right stay at the province level rather than being moved to the city level. For a person who lives in Scarberia, even to this day their mailing address is still Scarborough, ON rather than Toronto, ON. Bearcat (talk) 14:53, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The rule is that they CAN stay with the Ontario disambiguator. Not that they must. Should every possible postal community be X, Province? No obviously.Alaney2k (talk) 00:06, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Don't support - While the rule says that articles CAN stay at the province level, I don't see a rationale FOR the move. Just because it is possible, is not a reason. There are literally dozens of former municipalities in Toronto. Carlton, Weston, Toronto Junction, Parkdale, Mimico, New Toronto, North York, East York, Islington, Rexdale, Downsview, Humber Bay, Etobicoke, York, and there were even villages within Scarborough. Just because you can address a letter to Scarborough, ON, doesn't mean it makes ANY sense to change the article title. People will think that Scarborough is separate from Toronto and it HAS NOT BEEN SEPARATE for over 20 ! years. The first line of the article will still say that Scarborough is a district of Toronto. Alaney2k (talk) 17:13, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Don't support - Editors of articles about neighborhoods in the 905 cities need to read this: They're full of neighborhoods that use the"Neighbourhood, Ontario" format because nearly everyone has a poor sense of municipal identity and still thinks of these places as towns or villages without question and don't even think of opening discussions like this.Transportfan70 (talk) 19:15, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * A merger of municipal governments does not mean that the municipal identity disappears. I think you'd be hard pressed to find any secondary sources using Bolton, Caledon rather than Bolton, Ontario; or Keswick, Georgina rather than Keswick, Ontario. The "postal address" rule makes sense to me; but feel free to bring it up at WT:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles if you disagree. 162 etc. (talk) 20:36, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * For "standalone" places like Bolton or Keswick you're right, but I'm talking places like Woodbridge, Unionville, and Buttonville, which are fully urbanized areas within cities. Even the infoboxes for these areas are of a town style, and some even have "Climate" sections.Transportfan70 (talk) 06:02, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * They're still thought of and talked about like distinct towns. I honestly didn't even thing about those places being fully urbanized until you mentioned it—blindlynx 19:36, 13 December 2022 (UTC)
 * York and Toronto's suburbs are different from Toronto. There are municipalities within York. And these former municipalities are spread apart. Not so in Toronto. Scarborough is nothing more than a division on a map now. A somewhat distinct district maybe. But drive up Vic Park Ave. Both sides look the same. All of the services are Toronto. From the perspective of a reader outside Toronto, and anywhere in the world, Scarborough is part of Toronto. Alaney2k (talk) 23:55, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * By that metric most of the GTA can be thought of as part of Toronto from the perspective of certain outsiders, the Canada Post test is a decent metric for where to drawn the line especially given that people in southern Ontarioincluding Torontoniansstill think in terms of preamalgamation municipalities—blindlynx 23:47, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * That is a bit silly. Of course, if you mention Mississauga or Woodbridge to someone outside Ontario, etc. you would still want to give them something to reference that is known internationally. We've gone over this several times. There is not benefit to renaming it. Simply because you can and some (an undefined number) think of it differently is not a rationale to rename the article. The common name is Scarborough. Adding the Toronto is for disambiguation, and is the closest upper level of governance. It is informative in that way. What benefit does changing it to Scarborough, Ontario bring? A sense of nostalgia fulfilled? I've occasionally thought that Scarborough, Ontario could be an article about the place that was. But then what would the new article be? And why divide it? People think of it as Scarborough, so don't split it, keep it an article about the current Scarborough. That is what Wikipedia is about after all, being current. If there is interest, then make a history of Scarborough, Ontario article. It dates back to just before 1800 after all. Alaney2k (talk) 07:20, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Of course it's silly that's why we have the Canada Post test in WP:CANPLACE! Scarborough, Ontario is a more intuitive and natural way of thinking about it even now.  There's no nostalgia in it, people still think in terms of these divisions—blindlynx 20:13, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Woodbridge, Unionville, and Buttonville aren't municipalities anymore (in fact, they ceased to be long before Scarborough did), and Buttonville never was, nor did Buttonville ever have an identifiable "village" save for a few houses. And they're no longer spread apart. They're suburban districts that extend far from their original sites, just like their Toronto counterparts.Transportfan70 (talk) 03:56, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Scarborough, Ontario already redirects here. Scarborough hasn't been it's own city since late last century, and is now a major subdivision of the City of Toronto, with some limited self-government under the auspices of Toronto City Council, as documented in Scarborough, Toronto. Reverting to archaic Canada Post postal codes (?!?) doesn't reflect common usage - good grief, doesn't Canada Post still recognize Willowdale, Ontario, which never existed. Perhaps this system works for Ghosttown, Ontario ... but not for distinct Toronto neighbourhoods; there are many many similar articles, such as Swansea, Toronto. Nfitz (talk) 02:34, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This argument about using Canada Post offices is wrong. Canada Post delivers by postal code anyway. You could probably leave off the city on any piece of mail, and as long as you put the code on, it would get delivered. If you receive mail, as I do, you notice that they sort by postal code by marks on the envelope. And the city already renamed streets in all municpalities to disambiguate them. It has been recognized this is one big city. Alaney2k (talk) 07:20, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * To be fair, that last bit was due to the amalgamation of the 911 systems of each municipality. - Floydian τ ¢ 18:01, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Your issue seems to be with MOS:CANADA not with this particular move—blindlynx 17:51, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Is it though? MOS says "may" not "must". And in the case of a former city, where the name is no longer used in many contexts, that may be appropriate. But given that Scarborough not only remains a prominent neighbourhood, it's also a subpolitical unit of the City of Toronto. Nfitz (talk) 03:46, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry i don't follow, how is it more appropriate when it's no longer used in in many contextsunlike Scarborough—blindlynx 20:13, 20 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support - as someone who was born and raised in Scarborough, I really don't care about which disambiguator is used. Scarborough, Ontario is still very much common vernacular (nobody will say "Scarborough, Toronto", though they will acknowledge it is part of Toronto). What I do think may matter here is the fact that Scarborough isn't a neighbourhood. Cedarbrae, Malvern, Agincourt... Those are neighbourhoods. Scarborough is nothing now but a memory and a reference. It's a former place in Ontario, not a current place in Toronto... at least that's how I see it. I wouldn't agree to "East Whitby, Oshawa", and I feel the same idea applies here. - Floydian τ ¢ 17:39, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No-one describes Scarborough as a neighbourhood, and several neighbourhoods as you describe were former postal villages too. It's best to leave out personal feelings and be objective. Alaney2k (talk) 00:06, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Weak support using the least precise geographical entity is probably best though Toronto may well be better known than Ontario. Fulwood, Lancashire (a former district, now in Preston district) is similarly disambiguated by "state" rather than district/city and Pinewood, Suffolk is also a municipality in Babergh district but in the town of Ipswich but is disambiguated by "state" rather than town.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:04, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

Scarborough, Ontario → Scarborough, Toronto
As the article itself states, Scarborough is a DISTRICT of Toronto. Hence, the name Scarborough, Ontario is misleading and counter-productive as it indicates that Scarborough is its own municipality, which it is not. Postal codes under the letter M all count as Toronto, which includes all postal codes in Scarborough. Similarly, the Mayor of Toronto rules over Scarborough as well. The City of Toronto, Toronto Public Libraries, and Toronto Transit commission all operate in Scarborough, which means Toronto funding goes towards Scarborough. Not to mention, it is Toronto's largest district by land. Overall, Scarborough is not it's own city, and does not need to be considered so under this Wikipedia title, especially considering its role towards the Toronto economy, culture, and people. Canadiancorrections (talk) 16:29, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Support: I agree with the points raised and believe the name of the article should be reverted to "Scarborough, Toronto." The current title, "Scarborough, Ontario", is misleading as was discussed because it implies that Scarborough is an independent municipality within Ontario. However, this is not the case and hasn't been so since the amalgamation of Scarborough into Toronto in 1998. Furthermore, Scarborough residents are represented by Toronto City Councillors and Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) who serve the Scarborough area within the larger Toronto electoral district. We can even consider the category of federal electoral districts of Toronto for this conversation. Take the areas of:
 * - Scarborough Centre
 * - Scarborough North
 * - Scarborough Southwest
 * - Scarborough—Agincourt
 * - Scarborough—Guildwood
 * - Scarborough—Rouge Park
 * - Scarborough—Rouge River
 * Each district listed lie under Toronto for the census division and subdivision. We can see a similar pattern when it comes to the electoral districts of Ontario.
 * Even beyond electoral districts, just looking at the breakdown of what the Greater Toronto Area is, Scarborough is not listed anywhere in the Municipalities in Greater Toronto Area and related CMAs table. Since Scarborough has been "Scarborough, Toronto" since the amalgamation, we don't see it designated as its own municipality in that table. It does not have its own "standing" when thinking about the GTA because it is part of Toronto. Ashenafee (talk) 17:34, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The ", Ontario" suffix is not just for municipalities, it can be for any valid mailing address. For example, there are lots of communities that aren't in any municipality, as they're in unorganized areas. Also, due to amalgamations, you have lots of large municipalities in the province that have several distinct communities within them. I think it would be ridiculous to have the article on Lindsay, Ontario be moved to Lindsay, Kawartha Lakes just because it's not a municipality anymore. And I think the same applies to Scarborough. -- Earl Andrew - talk 17:42, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * SUPPORT Thank you for bringing up mailing addresses! Those in Scarborough often receive mail that says "Toronto, ON." Both Scarborough and Toronto are valid to write for postal codes ending in M. As for Lindsay, small towns operate a bit differently than large metropolitan cities (in terms of public transport, community centres, etc.), hence why the amalgamation of Toronto plays a crucial role in this title. Canadiancorrections (talk) 01:32, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. First and foremost, "Scarborough, Toronto" fails WP:COMMONNAME.  See also WP:CANPLACE, and the 2022 RM above. 162 etc. (talk) 01:30, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scarborough, Ontario


text:
Wet T-shirt contest

A wet T-shirt contest is a competition involving exhibitionism, typically featuring young female contestants at a nightclub, bar, or resort. Wet T-shirt contestants generally wear thin white or light-colored T-shirts without bras, bikini tops, or other garments beneath. Water (often ice water) is then sprayed or poured onto the participants' chests, causing their T-shirts to turn translucent and cling to their breasts. The comparatively rarer male equivalent is the wet boxer contest, sometimes held at gay bars.

Contestants may take turns dancing or posing before the audience, with the outcome decided either by crowd reaction or by judges' vote. In racier contests, participants may tear or crop their T-shirts to expose their midriffs, cleavage, or the undersides of their breasts. Depending on local laws, participants may be allowed to remove their T-shirts or strip completely naked during their performance.

History
In the United States, skiing filmmaker Dick Barrymore claims in his memoir Breaking Even to have held the first wet T-shirt contest at Sun Valley, Idaho's Boiler Room Bar in January 1971, as part of a promotion for K2 skis. The contest was promoted as a simple "T-shirt contest" in which airline stewardesses would dance to music wearing K2 promotional T-shirts. However, the first contestant to appear was a professional stripper who danced topless and the amateur contestants responded by drenching their T-shirts before competing. Barrymore held a second "K2 Wet T-Shirt Contest" in the Rusty Nail at Stowe Mountain Resort, Vermont in order to film it, despite the fact that Stowe City Council had passed a resolution banning nudity at the event. He held another promotional contest for K2 on 10 March 1971 at Aspen, Colorado's The Red Onion restaurant and bar, and the contests were featured in a pictorial in the March 1972 issue of Playboy.

The first known mention of the term wet T-shirt contest in the press occurred in 1975 in The Palm Beach Post, describing the contest's appearance at New Orleans discotheques. The contest subsequently became established at spring break events in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with some bar owners being fined under public indecency laws for holding one. Despite a lack of clarity as to their legal status, contests began to take place elsewhere in the United States. A contest in a Milwaukee tavern in 1976 was subject to a police raid, despite contestants wearing Scotch Tape under their T-shirts as required by the police.

Jacqueline Bisset's appearance in the 1977 film The Deep, where she swam underwater wearing only a T-shirt for a top, helped to bring the wet T-shirt contest to broader public awareness. On Frank Zappa's 1979 album Joe's Garage the track "Fembot in a Wet T-Shirt" tells of Mary from Canoga Park who takes part in a wet T-shirt contest in order to raise money to return home after being abandoned by a rock group in Miami.

The 2003 American reality film The Real Cancun included a wet T-shirt contest.

The Spanish festival of La Tomatina, a large public tomato fight where participants become soaked with juice from tomatoes, has been suggested as another possible origin of the wet T-shirt contest, although La Tomatina began in 1945.

Law firm
In 1983, the King & Spalding law firm in Atlanta asked female summer interns attending that firm's annual picnic to participate in a wet T-shirt contest. The proposed contest was replaced with a swimsuit competition and the winner was promised a permanent job on graduation. Some participants said they felt humiliated but did not protest because they were candidates for jobs with the firm. The Wall Street Journal included details of the event in a front-page article on sex discrimination in large law firms. The fact that a wet T-shirt contest was proposed led to the case being used to demonstrate institutional sexism in law firms.

In-flight contest
In 1998, teenagers from Portland, Oregon, celebrating the completion of high school held a wet T-shirt contest on a Boeing 727 en route to a Mexican resort, with a flight attendant encouraging the activity. An FAA investigation followed, as pilots supposedly judged the contest on the flight deck, disregarding rules that passengers are not allowed in the cockpit. A video showed contestants emerging from the cockpit wearing wet T-shirts. The FAA disciplined the pilots for sexual misconduct.

Underage contestants
Lawsuits have been filed on behalf of underaged contestants who lied about their age to participate in wet T-shirt contests.

In 2002, the parents of teenager Monica Pippin brought a federal lawsuit against Playboy Entertainment, Anheuser-Busch, Deslin Hotels, Best Buy, and other companies relating to her appearance the previous year in a Daytona Beach wet T-shirt contest, at which time she had been a 16-year-old high school student. Pippin had danced topless during the contest and had allowed men to pour jugs of water over her bare breasts. After footage of her performance began to appear in videos and on cable television, a neighbor alerted Pippin's parents, who retained a lawyer. Although Pippin admitted in court that she had lied to contest organizers about her age, her attorney claimed that, as a minor, she was unable to give informed consent to perform or be filmed topless. Pippin settled with Anheuser-Busch and Playboy in April 2006.

In a similar suit in 2007, two women sued Deslin Hotels, Girls Gone Wild, and various websites that published footage of their appearance in another 2001 Daytona Beach contest. The two girls, who were both sixteen at the time, had been filmed exposing their breasts, buttocks, and pubic areas. Like Pippin, they had lied about their age to gain admission to the contest.

title: Wet T-shirt contest


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Port Union, Toronto

Port Union, also known as Centennial Scarborough is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the south-east corner of Toronto, within the former suburb of Scarborough. The neighbourhood is bounded by Kingston Road to the north, Port Union Road to the east, the Lake Ontario shoreline to the south, and Highland Creek to the west.

The neighbourhood originated as the small lakefront town of Port Union in the 19th century, within the area now known as West Rouge, until 1974 part of the Township of Pickering. It was later developed as a suburban bedroom community after the Second World War. Since the 1990s, the industrial lands along the waterfront have been transformed into new subdivisions, along with a paved walkway and bike path along the shore of Lake Ontario. The neighbourhood has many mature trees, parkland and waterfront. It is an affluent neighbourhood with 93% home ownership.

History
The area was settled in Charles Annis (1793) and by Thomas Adams (1808), but a community did not emerge until the 1830s. The original village of Port Union was founded in the early to mid-1800s immediately south-east of the current-day intersection of Port Union Rd and Lawrence Avenue. While currently part of Toronto, the original area of the community was within Pickering Township. By 1865 the community had a post office.

In 1974, as part of the municipal government reforms that introduced the Regional Municipality of Durham, the West Rouge area of Pickering (bordered by Port Union Rd in the west, the Rouge River in the east, and Twyn Rivers Drive in the north) was annexed by Scarborough, which in turn was amalgamated into Toronto in 1998.

Education
Three public school boards operate within the neighbourhood of Port Union, the secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB), and the separate Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir (CSCM), and the Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB).

TDSB operates three public elementary and secondary schools  (One of which called Charrletown junior public school )in the neighbourhood. Elementary schools in Port Union include Centennial Road Junior Public School and Charlottetown Junior Public School. Sir Oliver Mowat Collegiate Institute is a TDSB secondary school established in 1970.

In addition to TDSB, the neighbourhood is also home to elementary schools operated by the CSCM, and TCDSB, two separate school boards. St. Brendan Catholic School is a public elementary school operated by TCDSB, whereas École élémentaire catholique Saint-Michel is a French-language public elementary school operated by CSCM.

Recreation
Port Union is home to several municipal parks operated by the Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division. Major parks in the neighbourhood include Adams Park, which is located on Lawson road. It is a very popular park. Adams Park has a toboggan hill in the winter, a soccer field in the summer, and two playgrounds. It also includes two baseball diamonds that are regularly used by neighborhood youth.

Centennial Park, a park that contains a grassy area with a children's playground, located next to the sports fields at Centennial Road Junior Public School at 225 Centennial Road. This should not be confused with the major recreational facility located in the former city of Etobicoke.

title: Port Union, Toronto


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Malpeque (electoral district)

Malpeque is a federal electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. Its population in 2011 was 35,039.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, at the first election held after April 22, 2024. It will gain the remainder of North Shore and the North Shore Fire District, plus everything west of Highway 6 between them from Cardigan, lose the Bedeque area plus some areas east and southeast of Summerside, and lose newly annexed territory by the City of Charlottetown in the Marshfield area to Charlottetown.

Demographics

 * Ethnic groups: 98.8% White
 * Languages: 95.7% English, 2.5% French, 1.4% Other
 * Religions: 53.2% Protestant, 36.4% Catholic, 2.9% Other Christian, 7.3% no affiliation
 * Average income: $24,005

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census

 * Most common mother tongue languages (2016) : 95.5% English, 2.0% French, 0.6% Dutch, 0.3% German, 0.3% Mandarin, 0.2% Spanish, 0.2% Tagalog

Geography
The district includes the extreme eastern part of Prince County and most of Queens County except the extreme eastern portion and the City of Charlottetown. Communities include Cornwall, Kensington, Miltonvale Park, Borden-Carleton, North Rustico and Clyde River. The area is 1,663 km2.

History
The electoral district was created in 1966 from parts of Prince and Queen's ridings.

There were no boundary changes as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Members of parliament
This riding has elected the following members of parliament:

2011
In 2011, a student vote was conducted at participating Canadian schools to parallel the 2011 Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Malpeque (electoral district)


text: User talk:161.112.232.22

title: User talk:161.112.232.22


text: User talk:150.135.161.104

title: User talk:150.135.161.104


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Turnbuckle

A turnbuckle, stretching screw or bottlescrew is a device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods, and other tensioning systems. It normally consists of two threaded eye bolts, one screwed into each end of a small metal frame, one with a conventional right-hand thread and the other with a left-hand thread. The tension can be adjusted by rotating the frame, which causes both eye bolts to be screwed in or out simultaneously, without twisting the eye bolts or attached cables.

Uses
Turnbuckles are most commonly used in applications which require a great deal of tension; they can range in mass from about 10 g for thin cable used in a garden fence, to tonnes for structural elements in buildings and suspension bridges.

Aircraft
Turnbuckles have been used in aircraft construction, especially during the early years of aviation. Historically, biplanes might use turnbuckles to adjust the tension on structural wires bracing their wings. Turnbuckles are also widely used on flexible cables in flight control systems. In both cases they are secured with lockwire or specifically designed wire clips to prevent them from turning and losing tension due to vibration.

Shipping
Turnbuckles are used for tensioning a ship's rigging and lashings. A variant of the turnbuckle called a bottle screw features an enclosed tubular body.

Sports
Turnbuckles are used to tension the ropes in professional wrestling rings and boxing rings, where they serve as the attachment between the ring ropes and ring posts, and are padded.

Entertainment industry
Turnbuckles are used in nearly all rigging performed in the entertainment industry, including theatre, film, and live concert performances. In entertainment rigging, turnbuckles are more commonly used to make small adjustments in line lengths. This is generally to make a flown (hoisted) unit sit parallel to the stage. Another way a turnbuckle could prove helpful is with making very minor height or angle adjustments.

Pipe systems
Turnbuckles are used in piping systems as a way to provide minor adjustments for field inconsistencies. This also allows for a minimum amount of resistance when transferring the load to the support components.

Orthopaedics
A type of splint is used for upper limb to produce gradual stretching over contracted joint by its turn buckle mechanism. Used to treat stiff elbow and Volkmann Ischemic Contracture.

title: Turnbuckle


text: User talk:212.159.56.117

title: User talk:212.159.56.117


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Severn River (New South Wales)

The Severn River, a perennial river that forms part of the Border Rivers group, is part of the Macintyre catchment of the Murray–Darling basin, located in the Northern Tablelands and North West Slopes regions of New South Wales, Australia.

Course and features
The river rises on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, north of Glen Innes and flows generally northwest, joined by eleven tributaries, including Beardy Waters, and impounded by Lake Pindari, near Ashford. The river reaches its confluence with the Macintyre River, north of Wallangra; descending 825 m over its 205 km course.

Recreation
The Severn River flows through Kwaimbal National Park. A rare plant, the Severn River heath-myrtle is restricted to the Severn River Nature Reserve and an adjacent property, about 60 km north-west of Glen Innes.

Excellent fishing can be found along the river and is regularly stocked with native fingerlings, Murray Cod and Golden Perch.

The Severn River Rail Bridge on the now disused Main North Railway Line, 6 km west-south-west of Dundee has been placed on the Register of the National Estate. This bridge consists of a series of timber trusses completed in 1886 and is long, with fifteen spans totalling 159 m. When completed it was the longest timber truss bridge in Australia.

title: Severn River (New South Wales)


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2004–05 FA Premier League

The 2004–05 FA Premier League (known as the FA Barclays Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the 13th season of the Premier League. It began on 14 August 2004 and ended on 15 May 2005. Arsenal were the defending champions after going unbeaten the previous season. Chelsea won the title with a then record 95 points, which was previously set by Manchester United in the 1993–94 season, and later surpassed by Manchester City in the 2017–18 season (100), securing the title with a 2–0 win at the Reebok Stadium against Bolton Wanderers. Chelsea also broke a number of other records during their campaign, most notably breaking the record of most games won in a single Premier League campaign, securing 29 wins in the league in home and away matches, which was later surpassed by themselves in the 2016–17 season.

Season summary
Arsenal were the favourites to defend their title after finishing the previous season unbeaten, but they also faced competition in the form of regular challengers Manchester United and Chelsea, the latter under the new management of Portuguese José Mourinho, who had just won the UEFA Champions League with Porto. Liverpool also had a new manager in Spaniard Rafael Benítez, who had just won La Liga and the UEFA Cup with Valencia and were expected to challenge for the title too. Another managerial change at a club aiming for the top was at Tottenham Hotspur, who appointed Jacques Santini, who had just led France to the quarter-finals of the 2004 European Championship.

At the other end of the table, amongst those tipped for relegation were Norwich City, Crystal Palace and West Bromwich Albion, having all just been promoted from the First Division (rebranded this season as the Championship). Everton, Manchester City, Blackburn Rovers and Portsmouth were also tipped to struggle, the first three finishing just outside the relegation places the previous season and Portsmouth being in their second season.

Arsenal's record-breaking unbeaten streak of 49 games ended on 24 October 2004, when Manchester United beat them 2–0 at Old Trafford.

Relegation
For the first time since the advent of the Premier League in 1992, no team was relegated before the final day of the season. In each of the last three weekends of the season, the team that was bottom of the table at the start of the weekend finished it outside the drop zone. The final round of the season began with West Bromwich Albion at the bottom, Southampton and Crystal Palace one point ahead and Norwich City a further point ahead, in the last safe spot. West Brom, who had been bottom of the table and eight points from safety on Christmas Day, did their part by beating Portsmouth 2–0. Norwich, the only side to have their fate completely in their own hands, lost 6–0 to Fulham and went down. Southampton took the lead against Manchester United within 10 minutes through a John O'Shea own goal, but ultimately lost the match 2–1 and were also relegated. Crystal Palace, away to Charlton Athletic, were leading 2–1 after 71 minutes, but with eight minutes to go, Jonathan Fortune equalised for Charlton to send their South East London rivals down. Had Palace won they would have stayed up; instead they became the first team to be relegated from the Premier League four times. As a result, West Brom stayed up, becoming the first club in Premier League history to avoid relegation after being bottom of the table at Christmas.

As all four matches ended, cameras focused on West Brom's home ground, The Hawthorns, as confirmation of other results began to filter through. Once the realisation dawned on the players and fans that survival had been achieved, a mass pitch invasion was sparked, with huge celebrations. The Portsmouth fans joined in the celebrations as, through losing, they had "helped" relegate arch-rivals Southampton.

Teams
Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Norwich City, West Bromwich Albion and Crystal Palace, returning to the top flight after an absence of nine, one and six years respectively. The promoted teams replaced Leicester City, Leeds United and Wolverhampton Wanderers, who were relegated to the newly branded Championship. Leicester City and Wolverhampton Wanderers were both relegated after a season's presence, while Leeds United ended their top flight spell of fourteen years.

PFA Players' Player of the Year
The PFA Player's Player of the year award was won by Chelsea captain John Terry.

The shortlist for the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, in alphabetical order, was as follows:
 * Petr Cech (Chelsea)
 * Steven Gerrard (Liverpool)
 * Thierry Henry (Arsenal)
 * Andrew Johnson (Crystal Palace)
 * Frank Lampard (Chelsea)
 * John Terry (Chelsea)

PFA Young Player of the Year
Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney was the recipient for this award.

PFA Fans' Player of the Year
Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard won this award for the first time.

PFA Team of the year
Goalkeeper – Petr Čech

Defenders – Gary Neville, John Terry, Rio Ferdinand, Ashley Cole

Midfielders – Shaun Wright-Phillips, Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, Arjen Robben

Strikers – Thierry Henry, Andy Johnson

FWA Footballer of the Year
Chelsea midfielder Frank Lampard won this award.

Premier League Player of the Season
Chelsea's midfielder Frank Lampard won the Premier League Player of the Season award.

Premier League Golden Boot
Arsenal and French striker Thierry Henry won the Premier League Golden Boot award for the third time in his career with 25 goals.

Premier League Golden Glove
Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech won the Premier League Golden Glove, for 25 clean sheets, in his debut season as he set a remarkable record of 10 consecutive clean sheets, as Chelsea won the title.

Premier League Manager of the Season
José Mourinho was awarded the Premier League Manager of the Season award after he led Chelsea to their first Premier League title, second Top division title in their history. During his first season at the club, Chelsea won the Premier League title (their first league title in 50 years) and the League Cup. The season was also notable for the number of records set during the season: Fewest goals against in a Premier League season (15), most clean sheets kept in a season (25), most wins in a season (29), most consecutive away wins (9) and the most points in a season (95).

Premier League Fair Play Award
The Premier League Fair Play Award is merit given to the team who has been the most sporting and best behaved team. Arsenal won the award for the second year in a row, ahead of Tottenham. The least sporting side for 2004–05 was Blackburn Rovers, who achieved a significantly lower fair play score than any other side.

title: 2004–05 FA Premier League


text:
Glen Innes, New South Wales

Glen Innes is a parish and town on the Northern Tablelands, in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the centre of the Glen Innes Severn Shire Council. The town is located at the intersection of the New England Highway and the Gwydir Highway. At the 2016 census, Glen Innes had a population of 6,155.

History
The original owners of Glen Innes and surrounding areas are the Ngarabal people. The Ngarabal name of the township of Glen Innes is Gindaaydjin, meaning "plenty of big round stones on clear plains". The arrival of European settlers saw the significant disruption of the life of Ngarabal people. Many Ngarabal people continue to live in the Glen Innes area, still practising many aspects of their traditional culture and way of life.

In about 1838 Archibald Boyd registered the first run in the Glen Innes district. Two stockmen known as "the Beardies" because of their long beards took Boyd to this area to establish his run. The Beardies later introduced other squatters to the best runs in the area to become known as the Land of the Beardies or Beardie Plains. Furracabad Station was suggested by John James Galloway as an alternative to Wellingrove for a new town. However Furracabad Station was sold in the 1840s depression and passed to Major Archibald Clunes Innes, then to the Bank of Australasia, then to John Major, who sold it to Archibald Mosman. The name Glen Innes is believed to be bestowed by Mosman in honour of Innes. Glen Innes was gazetted as a town in 1852 and the first lots were sold in 1854. The post office was established in August 1854 and the court in 1858 when they replaced the Wellingrove offices. In 1866 the population was about 350, with a telegraph station, lands office, police barracks, courthouse, post office and two hotels. There was still no coach service at this time, but in the 1870s a road was constructed to Grafton.

Tin was first discovered at Emmaville in 1872 and Glen Innes became the centre of a mining bonanza during the late 19th century. In 1875, the population had swelled to about 1,500 and the town had a two-teacher school, three churches, five hotels, two weekly newspapers, seven stores and a variety of societies and associations. On 19 August 1884 the new Main North railway from Sydney opened. The arrival of the rail service and the expansion of mining contributed a new prosperity in the town, which is reflected in some of the beautiful buildings there.

The centre of the town retains some of its federation buildings and the owners have painted these buildings in the traditional colours. Many of these buildings have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.

The town boasts a railway station that was once part of the Main North Line. Today, the line is closed so the station is not in use and the buildings have been repurposed.

Heritage listings
Glen Innes has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bourke Street: Glen Innes Showground
 * Grey Street: Glen Innes Post and Telegraph Office
 * Main Northern railway: Glen Innes railway station
 * Main Northern railway, 694.371 km: Yarraford Rail Bridge over Beardy River

Demographics
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 6,219 people in Glen Innes.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 6.8% of the population.
 * 82.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 2.0%.
 * 88.0% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Anglican 29.0%, Catholic 21.0% and No Religion 19.5%.

Industries
The Glen Innes district has been a producer of wool, sheep and beef cattle since it was first settled. Sapphires are mined in the creek valleys immediately west of town, and while tin is no longer commercially mined, mineral exploration is ongoing. The town holds regular livestock sales in the local sale-yards. The town contains all of the regular service industries required by the community. Notable individual businesses include a photographic processing facility, an exporter of waste material balers, a large cattle feedlot, and transport depots. Sawmilling was historically a major industry of the district, but is now only conducted on a reasonable scale by the local minimum-security prison. The conversion of State Forests into National Parks has led to tourism becoming an important employer.

Climate
Glen Innes is 1062 m AHD with an average annual rainfall of 857 mm. The climate is officially classed as a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). The area records some of Australia's coldest minimum temperatures outside the Snowy Mountains and Tasmania, with mild to warm summers and cold, windy winters with regular frosts and occasional snowfalls, though many snowfalls do not settle. Glen Innes's highest recorded temperature was 37.3 °C on 22 December 2019, and its coldest was -12.8 °C on 8 July 2002. Rainfall is heaviest in late spring, owing to the effects of the surrounding mountains, causing uplift which in turn causes frequent, heavy storms during this period. At 6:33AM on 19 July 2019, the town registered a temperature of -12.3 °C, making it the coldest place in Australia in that year.

Culture and tourism
Among the many attractions of this area are the extensive Land of the Beardies History Museum with its collection of biographical and historical records, the town parks, fishing, fossicking areas, Gibraltar Range National Park, several waterfalls, the Australian Standing Stones, which are large monoliths and the World Heritage listed Washpool National Park.

There are several Christian churches, including the Cameron Memorial Uniting Church and St Andrews Presbyterian Church, which hail from the town's Scottish roots; as well as the Holy Trinity Anglican and St Patrick's Catholic Churches, Baptist, Assembly of God, Seventh Day Adventist and other smaller congregations.

Annual events include: Minerama, a gem and fossicking festival; the Australian Celtic Festival, Land of the Beardies Festival, Pastoral and Agricultural Show and also horse racing, the Glen Innes Cup.

The Glen Innes Arts Council produces their own theatrical productions throughout the year and presents travelling productions and film screenings. It is the longest continuously running arts council in Australia, housed in their venue, The Chapel Theatre. The chapel is equipped with a state-of-the-art, 3D Digital Cinema system with Dolby 7.1 Sound. Information on Glen Innes Arts Council productions and screenings can be found at their website - http://www.gleninnesartscouncil.com

The town also has a thriving arts and crafts community, with a public art gallery, the Glen Innes Art Gallery that hold regular and changing exhibitions each year.

Sport
The most popular sport in Glen Innes is rugby league. The town's team, the Glen Innes Magpies, play in the Group 19 Rugby League A-Grade competition. However due to non interest and a lack of numbers to make a team, the Glen Innes Magpies had to withdraw from the group 19 competition in 2022.

Glen Innes has annual competitions and representative teams in the following: Golf, Rugby League, Rugby Union, Soccer, Lawn Bowls, Tennis, Netball, Basketball, Cricket, Squash, Touch Football, Tent Pegging, Campdrafting, Shooting, Sheepdog trials, Roller Skating and Roller Hockey.

Media
The district also has its own community radio station, 2CBD FM. As well as broadcasting on two local FM frequencies 91.1 Deepwater and 105.9 Glen Innes, it has a live 24/7 feed via the internet. The station is the only radio station with studios in Glen Innes and is run by volunteers and presents local information and a diverse mix of music.

Notable residents
Glen Innes was the birthplace of writer D'Arcy Niland, High Court judge Edward McTiernan and architects Colin Madigan and Nancy Allen. Notable Former Residents: Bishop Thomas Absolem McCabe, the first bishop of Wollongong whose grave is in St Francis Xavier Cathedral grounds, Wollongong, Margaret Fulton, Australia's first and most famous real-food cookbook author and Garry McDonald of "Norman Gunston" and "Mother and Son" fame. Other prominent families in this district include the Gaden, Rodgers, Williams, Cameron, Donnelly, McIntyre, Williamson and Newsome families.

The district has produced several sportsmen and women who have represented Australia. These include two Olympians (Debbie Wells and David Cooper), Rugby League players Reg O'Keefe and John Ferguson, pistol shooters Bruce Favell and Robert Landers, masters athletics world champion Neville McIntyre and Andrew McIntyre (Tentpegging).

Two of the more highly decorated armed servicemen that still have family in the district were Peter Turnbull and Charles Curnow Scherf. Another major contributor to the wars from Glen Innes was Edward (Ted) Kinsella who was a soldier and army official who was stationed in Greece, Gallipoli and France.

Glen Innes and Scotland
Archibald Clunes Innes, from Thrumster, Caithness was a captain in the Third Regiment (Buffs), when he arrived in Australia in 1822 on the Eliza in charge of 170 convicts. He held a number of New England properties including Glen Innes Station and Dundee station.

Glen Innes has a number of street signs in Scottish Gaelic (though no residents speak the language). There is also a "Crofter"'s cottage.

The Australian Standing Stones are based on the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney (a non-Gaelic speaking area) or Calanais in Lewis.

Pitlochry is Glen Innes' twin town in Scotland.

Other towns nearby with Scottish names include Armidale, Ben Lomond and Glencoe. The name of nearby Inverell is also of Scottish Gaelic origin, meaning "meeting place of the swans" in reference to the black swans once typically seen on the Macintyre River.

Twin towns
Glen Innes has twin town status with Pitlochry in Scotland, and Mosman in Sydney.

Wind farm
Glen Innes is home to a turbine wind farm (White Rock Wind farm) which the New South Wales Government approved 23 km west of the town. There are 70 turbines standing 150 metres high. Stage 2, consisting of another 49 turbines and a Solar Farm have also received approval from the NSW Government.

title: Glen Innes, New South Wales


text:
Akeroidea

Akeroidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the clade Anaspidea.

Akeridae is the only family in this superfamily.

title: Akeroidea


text:
User talk:Apparelguy

hello everybody,

this is apparel guy from india.

pls contact for yr latest  news, technical details,merchandising,designs, pattern making and all other related details about apparels and textiles.

bye!

apparel guy

title: User talk:Apparelguy


text:
Mafia (video game)

Mafia is a 2002 action-adventure game developed by Illusion Softworks and published by Gathering of Developers. The game was released for Windows in August 2002, and later ported to the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2004. It is the first installment in the Mafia series. Set within the fictional city of Lost Heaven, Illinois, during the 1930s, the story follows the rise and fall of taxi driver-turned-mobster Tommy Angelo within the Salieri crime family.

Mafia received critical acclaim for the Windows version, with critics praising the game for its complex narrative and realism, while the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions both received mixed reviews. A sequel, Mafia II by 2K Czech, was released in August 2010, and a third game, Mafia III by Hangar 13, was released in October 2016. A remake of the game, Mafia: Definitive Edition, also developed by Hangar 13, was released in September 2020.

Gameplay
Mafia's storyline gameplay consists of driving, mainly easy city cruises between different locations, as well as chases and races; the rest of the game is based on third-person on-foot navigation and shooting - all inter-connected with cutscenes. In addition to the city and countryside, detailed interiors like the city's airport, a museum, a church, a hotel, an abandoned prison, restaurants, and Don Salieri's bar are included. Weather changes and day/night cycles are in use, though missions take place at a set time and the weather is fixed during the duration of the level.

51 cars around the city can be driven in Mafia, plus nineteen bonus cars (five of which are racing models) unlockable after the main mode and the opening of a new game mode. Cars are introduced periodically - in the beginning of the game, early 1920s models drive on the streets of the city, while models from the early 1930s begin appearing in later game stages. All of the vehicles are based on real-world cars from the era, albeit renamed and redesigned due to trademark issues.

Police book players for minor offenses such as speeding or running a red light, and car accidents cause physical harm to the driving player. While other forms of transport are available, such as streetcars and the elevated rails of the Lost Heaven Railroad, they are only ridable and not drivable by the player.

Mafia is noted for having comprehensive damage physics on nearly all vehicles, even going so far as to make use of real-time deformation, compared to vehicles in other games that used pre-made damage models. While substantially more robust than their real counterparts, smaller and weaker vehicles stand less abuse before breaking down and finally exploding, than large armored vehicles. More realism is added here compared to other games in the same genre, such as the ability to puncture the fuel tank, overheat the engine, and the ability to break transmission gears. Many exterior components (such as windows, tires, headlights, and bumpers) can be removed from most vehicles with physical means such as crash-driving, hitting with blunt weapons (fists, baseball bat) as well as firing weapons at them.

Finishing the main storyline unlocks the "Freeride Extreme" mode, which is essentially the same as Freeride, but with the added benefit of stunt jumps, side quests, and the lack of police patrols. Side missions in this mode range from the trivial, such as carrying packages or killing gangsters, to the extreme and sometimes outlandish, like chasing an alien spaceship or driving an explosive-rigged truck at a certain speed.

Major and minor offense system
The police department in Lost Heaven uphold the various laws that have been set. When these laws are broken in view of the police, they will respond by booking the player with offenses that can be "minor" or "serious". Minor offenses (such as speeding in a vehicle or running a red light) will end up with the player being fined (-$1,000 in Freeride mode; no monetary value in campaign mode), and serious offenses (such as physical assault, or visible display of a weapon) can lead to the player being arrested for the first offense, or a shootout with the police. A series of four successive minor offenses qualify as a "serious" offense. Police force increases with the severity of the player's disregard of the law to a point where police, now well armed, form blockades with tire spike strips in attempt to defeat the player while firing from behind their cars.

Setting
Mafia takes places within the fictional U.S. city of Lost Heaven, Illinois, during the final years of Prohibition in the 1930s. The West and East River divides the city it into three boroughs: West Side (on the Saint Peter Coast), consisting of industrial buildings, the main port, and residential communities inhabited by Chinese and Italian immigrants; Central Island, dividing the river and consisting of the city's commercial district and municipal buildings; and East Side (on the Saint Paul Coast), consisting of both residential suburbs and slums, a bustling downtown district, and the city's local armory and stadium. The city features surrounding countryside that includes a hydroelectric dam, international airport, and a race circuit. The game's main story involves two major mafia families—the Salieri family, and the Morello family—who fight for control over the city's rackets in the wake of the demise of a third mafia family. Alongside the two groups, the city features a variety of smaller street gangs.

Much of the city's design, including the architectural styles, public transportation and landmarks, are inspired from real-life American cities of the period, including New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. The overall size of the setting encompasses around 4.63 sqmi.

Plot
In 1930, taxi driver Tommy Angelo is strong-armed by Paulie and Sam, two members of the Salieri crime family, into helping them escape an ambush by the rival Morello family. Tommy is compensated for his help and offered a position in the organization of Don Salieri. He is forced to accept the offer the following day, when two Morello gangsters track him down and destroy his cab in an act of revenge. Tommy is welcomed into the Salieri family and begins assisting with running their rackets across the city, overseen by Salieri's trusty consigliere Frank Colletti. Tommy befriends Sam and Paulie as they carry out various jobs together, while earning Salieri's respect for thwarting Don Morello's attempts to interfere in his business.

In 1932, Tommy enters a relationship with Sarah, the daughter of Salieri's bartender, after protecting her from a gang of street thugs. On Salieri's orders, Tommy and Paulie retaliate against the gang, but learn that their leader, whom Paulie killed, was the son of a corrupt city councillor, who vows revenge. Tommy is ordered to destroy a brothel for switching its loyalties to Morello, and kill an informant working there. Discovering them to be Sarah's friend Michelle, who needed money to pay for her brother's medical care, Tommy begins to question his morality and lets Michelle go. He covers up his actions and assists Sam on a hit against a witness to the councillor's son's murder.

In 1933, Morello begins using corrupt police officers to ambush Salieri's operations, and gains support from the councillor. Following an ambush on a bootlegging operation, Salieri discovers that Frank has been supplying information on his money laundering activities to the authorities, and reluctantly orders Tommy to kill him. Discovering he was forced to do so for his family's safety, Tommy allows Frank to leave the country with his family and again covers up his actions, before retrieving the evidence against Salieri. Tommy later marries Sarah and starts a family with her.

In 1935, the Salieri and Morello families begin branching out into new rackets following the end of prohibition. Learning that Salieri is making moves to gain control over law enforcement, Morello attempts to have him killed. After Tommy saves him, Salieri declares open war on his rival. Tommy helps to weaken Morello's position by assassinating the councillor, to reduce Morello's control over city politics, and Morello's brother Sergio, to reduce his control on the port unions. The war comes to an end after Tommy, Sam and Paulie kill Morello himself as he tries to flee the city.

By 1938, the Salieri family is in full control of Lost Heaven's rackets, and is ruthlessly eliminating anyone who opposes them. When Tommy, Paulie and Sam agree to recover a shipment of impounded cigars with diamonds hidden inside, they are shocked to discover a stash of drugs hidden instead. Realizing Salieri was deceiving them, Tommy and Paulie decide to rob a bank without telling Salieri. Although the job is a success, Tommy finds Paulie dead in his apartment the following day and the bag of stolen money missing. When he meets with Sam to discuss the matter, he learns that Salieri ordered him to kill Tommy and Paulie for going behind his back, and that Michelle and Frank were murdered by Salieri's men after Tommy's past cover-ups were exposed. Tommy survives Sam's ambush and manages to kill him, but is forced to go into hiding with his family. Fearing for their safety, he contacts Detective Norman, who has been investigating Salieri, for help. After relaying his story to him, Tommy offers to testify against the Salieri family in exchange for a reduced prison sentence and protection for his family. Norman agrees, and the resulting investigation and trials lead to most of the Salieri family, including the Don, being convicted and sentenced.

After serving eight years in prison, Tommy is reunited with his family as they are all placed under witness protection and relocated to the city of Empire Bay. Years later, when Tommy's past catches up to him, two hitmen kill him on his front lawn on Salieri's behalf. The game ends with a monologue narrated by Tommy, explaining how the world really works and lamenting over how he and his friends only wanted the good life but ended up with nothing at all; he concludes that it is important to keep balance in everything, as life can both give and take away.

Development
The game had been in development since the end of 1998. It was codenamed Gangster and was originally intended to be a driving game similar to Driver. Multiplayer modes were also planned and announced during development, but were eventually cut in the final release. The release date was scheduled for 2000. Illusion Softworks initially utilised the engine used in Hidden and Dangerous but was replaced by LS3D as the previous engine did not fulfill the developer's requirements. Due to the change of the engine, the game was released two years later than planned.

Mafia was ported to PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2004. Some of the features of the PC version do not exist in the console port, such as police patrols around the city in Free Ride, and some aspects of the game's realism and graphics.

The Italian version of the game on PC features alternative artwork.

Mafia: Special Edition, released exclusively to the German market and is limited to 5,000 copies. It includes the base game, official Prima strategy guide, replica copy of the Lost Heaven Courier, poster, ball-point pen, notepad, postcard and sticker sheet.

Story and theme development
The original cinematic inspirations of Mafia were films like Goodfellas and The Godfather, aiming for a more serious and mature tone for the game. Wanting to create a rich story line, director Daniel Vavra tried to mix drama, action and humour to heighten the game's realism. The development team originally intended to put players in the role of a police officer taking on the mafia; this was reversed when Daniel Vavra took in charge of writing the game's script.

Re-release
Mafia was made available for digital download via Steam on September 7, 2010, under the 2K label, but was discontinued sometime in 2012. A DRM-free re-release of Mafia was released on GOG.com in 2017, as well as being reinstated on Steam. The 2017 re-release is essentially unchanged from the original game, albeit lacking the soundtrack due to licensing issues.

Reception
Mafia was well received by critics upon release as more realistic and serious than a usual Grand Theft Auto-styled game. It was compared to Grand Theft Auto III in a positive way, at the time Game Informer wrote "This is a lot like GTA III. Awesome!" and "There's no shame in taking a proven gameplay formula and changing it a little bit" in its review. Mafia contains a much bigger city to explore than most video games of the time, with multiple forms of available transport in addition to an expansive countryside. Dan Adams of IGN gave the game a rating of 9.2/10, while GameSpot described the PC version as "one of the best games of the year" and rated it at 9.3/10. Game Informer compared it favorably to Grand Theft Auto III, and wrote that "from the living city in which you reside, to the incredibly realistic vehicles, this title has the heart and soul of a blockbuster."

While the original PC game received widespread acclaim, the versions for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox were considered inferior by many critics, and received lower scores as a result. In the Czech Republic, the country where the game's developers come from, the game received universal acclaim from critics. Mafia was elected the best video game developed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in a survey by Czech server BonusWeb when it received 3866 votes out of 13,143 as every reader could choose three games to vote for.

Awards
Mafia won GameSpot's annual "Best Music" award among computer games, and was nominated in the "Best Single-Player Action Game on PC", "Biggest Surprise", "Best Sound", "Best Graphics (Technical)", "Best Graphics (Artistic)", "Best Story" and "Game of the Year" categories.

Sales
In the United States, Mafia debuted in sixth place on the NPD Group's weekly sales rankings for computer games, a position it held for another two weeks. It was absent from the weekly charts after four weeks. Ultimately, it was NPD's ninth-best-selling computer game of September 2002. In the United Kingdom, the computer version of Mafia received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), for sales of at least 100,000 copies.

Mafia had a successful start in the German market, where it premiered as September's top-selling full-price computer game, according to Media Control. After one week on German shelves, Mafia achieved sales between 40,000 and 50,000 copies. The Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) gave the game a "Gold" certification on November 20, indicating at least 100,000 units sold across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Mafia maintained an unbroken streak in Media Control's monthly top 30 through May 2003, by which point its sales in the region totaled roughly 150,000 copies. Despite its early success, Mafia's momentum at retail had declined in the German market by May. This was common for popular action games at the time; distributor Markus Biehl attributed it to widespread illegal copying.

According to Take-Two Interactive, Mafia had sold more than 2 million copies worldwide by August 2007.

Legacy
A sequel, Mafia II, was announced on August 22, 2007. The game was released for Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on August 24, 2010. The third installment, Mafia III, was announced on July 28, 2015, and was released on October 7, 2016.

On May 13, 2020, a remake of Mafia was announced by 2K Games, to be titled Mafia: Definitive Edition. The remake was the main focus of the Mafia: Trilogy collection, which features a remastered version of Mafia II and a version of Mafia III comprised with its additional story packs, all developed by Hangar 13. Mafia was rebuilt from the ground-up, with developers focusing on expanding the storyline, altering the setting to provide a new look to Lost Heaven, doing a major overhaul of the gameplay (including the introduction of motorbikes), and creating a new "original score". Mafia: Definitive Edition was released on September 25, 2020, for Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Windows, both individually and as part of the Mafia: Trilogy. The remake received generally positive reviews.

In August 2021, part one of Mafia Titanic Mod was released. It is a mod to Mafia that recreates RMS Titanic. It started development in 2006. Four parts are planned to be released.

title: Mafia (video game)


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Gaspard Gourgaud

Gaspard, Baron Gourgaud (14 September 1783 – 25 July 1852), also known simply as Gaspard Gourgaud, was a French soldier, prominent in the Napoleonic wars.

Biography
He was born at Versailles; his father was a musician of the royal chapel. At school he showed talent in mathematical studies and later joined the artillery. In 1802 he became junior lieutenant, and thereafter served with credit in the campaigns of 1803-1805, being wounded at the Battle of Austerlitz. He was present at the siege of Saragossa in 1808, returned to service in Central Europe and took part in nearly all the battles of the Danubian campaign of 1809.

In 1811 he was chosen to inspect and report on the fortifications of Gdańsk. Thereafter he became one of the ordnance officers attached to the emperor, whom he followed closely through the Russian campaign of 1812; he was one of the first to enter the Kremlin and discovered there a quantity of gunpowder which might have been used for the destruction of Napoleon. For his services in this campaign he received the title of baron, and became first ordnance officer. In the campaign of 1813 in Saxony he again showed courage and prowess, especially at Leipzig and Hanau; but it was in the first battle of 1814, near to Brienne, that he rendered the most signal service by killing the leader of a small band of Cossacks who were riding furiously towards Napoleon's tent.

Wounded at the Battle of Montmirail, he recovered in time to be involved in several of the conflicts which followed, distinguishing himself especially at Laon and Reims. Though enrolled among the royal guards of King Louis XVIII of France in the summer of 1814, he embraced the cause of Napoleon during the Hundred Days (1815), was named general and aide-de-camp by the emperor, and fought at Waterloo.

After the second abdication of the emperor (June 22, 1815), Gourgaud retired with him to Rochefort. It was to Gourgaud that Napoleon entrusted the letter of appeal to George, Prince of Wales and Prince Regent, for asylum in England. Gourgaud set off in HMS Slaney, but was not allowed to land in England. Determined to share Napoleon's exile, he sailed with him on HMS Northumberland to Saint Helena.

His extreme sensitivity and vanity soon brought him into collision with Napoleon's other companions, Las Cases and Montholon, in their exile at Longwood. The former he styles in his journal a Jesuit and a scribbler who went there only to become famous. The friction with Montholon, his senior in rank, was so acute that he challenged him to a duel, for which he was sharply rebuked by Napoleon himself. Tiring of the life at Longwood, he decided to leave the island. The comments he made to his English captors helped to convince Hudson Lowe that Napoleon was feigning illness, that he should not be moved from Longwood, and they led indirectly to the expulsion of Napoleon's doctor, Barry Edward O'Meara. Once in London, Gourgaud quickly demonstrated his support for Napoleon by sending letters to the Empress Marie-Louise and to the Emperors of Austria and Russia. In 1840, he joined other survivors of the captivity who returned to St. Helena to bring back Napoleon's remains for burial in Paris. He also sharply criticised Sir Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon.

He soon published his Campagne de 1815, in the preparation of which he had had some help from Napoleon. However, Gourgaud's Journal de Ste-Hélène was not published till the year 1899. Entering the arena of letters, he wrote, or collaborated in, two well-known critiques. The first was a censure of Count P de Ségur's work on the campaign of 1812, with the result that he fought a duel with that officer and wounded him. He became a deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1849.

Works
Gourgaud's works are:
 * La Campagne de 1815 (London and Paris, 1818);
 * Napoléon et la Grande Armée en Russie
 * Examen critique de l'ouvrage de M. le comte P. de Ségur (Paris, 1824)
 * Refutation de la vie de Napoleon par Sir Walter Scott (Paris, 1827)

He collaborated with Montholon in the work entitled Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de France sous Napoleon (Paris, 1822–1823), and with Belliard and others in the work entitled Bourrienne et ses erreurs (2 vols., Paris, 1830). Gourgaud's most important work is the Journal inédit de Ste-Hélène (2 vols., Paris, 1899), which is a remarkably lifelike record of life in exile at Longwood. See also

 * Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff Officer, by Basil Jackson (London, 1904).
 * "Le général Gourgaud", by Jacques Macé (Éditions Nouveau Monde/Fondation Napoléon, 2006).

title: Gaspard Gourgaud