text:
Wonder What's Next

Wonder What's Next is the second studio album by American rock band Chevelle, released on October 8, 2002 by Epic Records. Spawning the singles "The Red", "Send the Pain Below", and "Closure", it proved to be Chevelle's breakthrough album, landing them high-profile tour slots including the main stage of Ozzfest 2003. Having sold over two million copies in the United States alone, Wonder What's Next remains the band's most successful album.

Background and recording
After experiencing label troubles, Chevelle's management set up a showcase in New York. The group received three offers, ultimately choosing Epic. After debating between GGGarth and Ben Gross, they enlisted Garth to produce their sophomore album. Recording was scheduled at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver to begin the day following the September 11 attacks. With a tragic event having just taken place in the band's home country, they were met with an unsettling start to the recording process. The band spent nine weeks at the spacious studio.

Wonder What's Next would feature a heavier, more textured sound than its predecessor, which, according to frontman Pete Loeffler, was "more indie" and didn't effectively capture the band's intensity. While Chevelle's debut album was recorded in standard D tuning, the band switched to drop B, with some songs written in standard D♭ tuning. The band also spent much more time adjusting tones and preparing before recording, as opposed to the less refined studio process of working with Steve Albini. Ben Kaplan, the Pro Tools editor, also took a liberal approach to adding textures underneath much of the music. The band was at first uneasy with this approach but came to appreciate the influence it had on the overall sound. However, the track "One Lonely Visitor" breaks from this with its bare-bones approach; a demo was recorded in a home studio, but after rerecording it with Garth in Vancouver, Loeffler still favored the original, less-produced version for its more natural feel and convinced the label to use it. The same method would be used on the final track of their follow-up album in 2004.

Touring and promotion
"The Red" served as the album's lead single. It had an accompanying music video depicting an anger management seminar and gained heavy rotation on MTV2. "Send the Pain Below" provided an even more successful follow-up single by reaching No. 1 on two charts. It, too, had an accompanying video revolving around a snowboarder. A final single was released in September 2003 with "Closure." The moody track landed spots in the top 20 of both aforementioned charts and had a video featuring concert footage from live version of the song.

Leading up to the album's release, Chevelle toured the United States with Local H and Burning Brides from March through May 2002. They then joined Ozzfest from July through September. For the remainder of the year, Chevelle continued touring the US with Stone Sour and Sinch. Chevelle also performed "The Red" on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn on November 8.

The band toured Europe with Audioslave in early 2003 before returning to the US. In the spring, they played on Music as a Weapon II with fellow Chicago-based headliners Disturbed. Chevelle later appeared on the tour compilation album Music as a Weapon II, featuring the songs "The Red" and "Forfeit." The band appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to perform "Send the Pain Below" on May 20.

From June through August, Chevelle performed on the main stage of Ozzfest, where they recorded and later released the live album Live from the Road and the live DVD Live from the Norva. Starting in November, the band performed radio gigs until the end of the year, when they took a several-month break from touring to begin writing their next album.

Critical reception
Reviews for Wonder What's Next were generally positive. Brian O'Neill of Allmusic noted how the band demonstrates an "indie rock mindset" in spite of the album's slick production. He added "Chevelle managed to retain its credibility yet still put out 11 tracks that, while still catchy, offer uniqueness not often heard in more commercial fare, no mean feat." MusicOMH's Tom Day described the band's sound as comparable to the likes of Helmet, Tool, and Deftones and summed up by stating, "there are no qualms with the high calibre, heavy rock that Chevelle have served up here."

Commercial performance
The album's first single "The Red" was released far in advance in July 2002. It met with significant radio airplay and charted highly on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts. Its music video also gained significant TV rotation. In October, the album debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200. Its second single "Send the Pain Below" attained even greater success than its predecessor in January 2003, reaching number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts. To round off promotion of Wonder What's Next, "Closure" was released as the third and final single far later in September to substantial success.

By mid-2003, Wonder What's Next had sold over one million copies in the US alone. The following year, it had reached 1.3 million. By mid-2020, it has sold over two million copies.

Personnel
Credits taken from the CD liner notes.

Chevelle
 * Pete Loeffler – guitar, vocals
 * Joe Loeffler – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Sam Loeffler – drums

Technical personnel
 * Garth Richardson – producer
 * Michael "Elvis" Baskette – engineering
 * Dean Maher, Amber Gislason – assistant engineers
 * Ben Kaplan – digital editing
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering

Chart positions
Album Singles

title: Wonder What's Next


text:
Talk:Wonder What's Next

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 19:16, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ChevelleWonderWhatsNext.jpg
Image:ChevelleWonderWhatsNext.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 19:12, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A4tkbu3eaanok

Handy reference
http://chevelleonline.net/main/content/media/Print-Interviews/low_g1_jan05.htm

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Wonder What's Next. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100708145721/http://www.blender.com:80/guide/new/50860/wonder-what146s-next.html to http://www.blender.com/guide/new/50860/wonder-what146s-next.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:37, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Alternative Metal
--164.58.27.93 (talk) 15:28, 3 May 2016 (UTC)Chevelle is a Alternative Metal band not a Nu Metal. Not even a little bit Nu Metal. Seriously, change it.--164.58.27.93 (talk) 15:28, 3 May 2016 (UTC)
 * ❌ A reliable source should be provided for whatever genres are present. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:47, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wonder What's Next


text:
1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention

The 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention is considered the watershed political event in the modern State of Hawaii. It was convened on July 5, 1978. The convention established term limits for state office holders, provided a requirement for an annual balanced budget, laid the groundwork for the return of federal land such as the island of Kahoolawe, and most importantly created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs in an effort to right the wrongs done towards native Hawaiians since the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893. The event also created an ambitious project of preservation of the Hawaiian culture including the adoption of Hawaiian diacritical marks for official usage, use of Hawaiian names, etc. The Hawaiian language became the official state language of Hawaii for the first time since the overthrow.

Based upon language the US Supreme Court had used to legalize abortion and birth control, the convention added the text: "the right of the people to privacy is recognized and shall not be infringed without the showing of a compelling state interest." This text makes the state constitution one of only five in the US that explicitly define a right to privacy.

Political legacy
A major outgrowth of the constitutional convention was the launching of the political careers of those who would later dominate Hawaiian politics. Delegates to the convention included:

 * Carol Fukunaga, future legislative leader
 * Helene Hale, future legislative leader
 * Jeremy Harris, future Mayor of Honolulu
 * Les Ihara, Jr., future legislative leader
 * Barbara Marumoto, future legislative leader
 * Joseph M. Souki, future Speaker of the House
 * John David Waiheʻe III, future Governor
 * Charlene Hoe, Windward Oʻahu delegate and founder of Hakipuʻu Learning Center


text:
User:P G Henning

sv:Användare:P g henning

Hi all !

My name is Pär Henning, and I'm from Sweden. Interested in everything, from motor sport, through literature, to photography.

Some contributions:
 * Jeff Wall
 * Hasselblad Award

My photos:
 * Fontaine Stravinsky, sculpture by Saint Phalle

title: User:P G Henning


text: User talk:65.88.163.195

title: User talk:65.88.163.195


text: User talk:65.93.89.86

title: User talk:65.93.89.86


text: User talk:209.68.149.252

title: User talk:209.68.149.252


text:
Talk:Victoriano Huerta

Untitled
could someone add specific examples of his terror? i recall reading something about him burning villages in the south... --Tothebarricades.tk 21:15, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Image
-image previously illustrating the article moved to talk

Comments by 68.227.243.157

 * (moved from article)

Victoriano Huerta was never arrested, he never comitted any crime against the USA, and he left Mexico, because Col. Plutarco Elias Calles and Venustiano Carranza turn against him, and they wanted to murder him, and so Col. Plutarco Elias Calles would become President. Victoriano Huerta also left with all the Government of Mexico's money, escaped to south America,Europe and died in California where some of his family resided, and he is burried there too!

He is my great...cousin. Enedina Walden Celaya	 e_celayas@yahoo.com 	Adolfo de La Huerta is Victoriano Huerta's cousin too!

I am wondering if anyone knows the name of Victoriano Huertas brothers. My father and grandfather look just like him. Yes my last name is Huerta and my fathers family is from Jalisco. I was born and raised in the U.S. and do not know my fathers family history. I do remember as a child going to visit my fathers cousin in Mexico and I was told that his father had been very important in the government at one time. My father has since passed on he was born in 1911. Coinsidently my name is Victoria. My fathers cousin was Jose Huerta. I have found on encyclopedia.com Jose Victoriano Huerta Marquez was     the presidents full name. I feel like this has to be my great uncle.

 * Now the article ontradicts itself, in one section he is name Victoriano Huerta Ortega, and in another he is Victoriano Huerta Marquez. Which is correct? Please provide a link to an online reference, until then, I am reverting back to Ortega. Thank you.--165.95.228.4 17:04, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * His name and birthdate are incorrect in many purportedly scholarly sources. However, the baptism registry of San Luis Parish in Colotlan is a primary source and must be the authoritative source for this.  See his baptism (Jose Victoriano Huerta Marquez) of December 23, 1850 on familysearch.org or the following biography printed in the town of Colotlan's official website .  I am reverting his name to Marquez.Arturoramos (talk) 06:25, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Comments moved here from the article page
Victorian de La Huerta Marquez

He was not of mestizo descent, his family was from Navarra, Spain the Basque (Spanish Vacones = Basque), he is a French Magar (Hungarian), he was born in Mexico. This is true because he is my cousin, we only married family by arranged marriages, and our family is very strict upon this arrangement, period!!!

Also, he is buried in California, he never died in no Texas Prison. He left for Europe (Family) went into New York (Family), returned to other family in Europe, and went into hiding in Argentina (Family) then he came to California with his family lived out the rest of his life. PERIOD!!!

Adolfo de La Huerta is his cousin!!!

Enedina Diana Walden Celaya (Nini) e_walden_celaya@yahoo.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rbraunwa (talk • contribs) 15:57, 11 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Sorry, but until you can provide some documentary evidence or cite a reliable online source, I'm afraid your version of his life and background falls under the category of family legend. Common reference sources all contradict everything you claim, so I am reverting.--189.156.188.96 08:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)...um, period, or something...

Dispute re: Maternal Surname
There has been previous discussion and more recently repeated vandalism changing the maternal surname from Marquez to Ortega. Most recently by an unlogged user (IP 85.1.44.122) claiming that parish baptism documents showing his birth date, parish marriage documents as well as State of Texas death certificate showing his mother's name are supposedly ex-post apocryphal and falsified. However, such documents appear in films by the U.S. National Archives and the Genealogical Society of Utah of documents written in official church registries at the time of the events.

No source is given for the claim that Mexican government has determined such records to be false and even if the Mexican government did determine as much, that would not make such a determination a definitive fact.

Several reputable sources, including the official government website of the town of Colotlan, Jalisco, his birthplace, recognize his maternal surname as Marquez and his birth date as December 22, 1850:

 * Digital image of baptism record
 * Colotlan website
 * Estudios Históricos No. 33
 * Historia de la política mexicana by Remberto Hernández Padilla
 * NNDB Entry for Victoriano Huerta

Huerta, Victoriano
I also am trying to fine out information about V. Huerta MY father died 7-1-06 and never found out much about his side of the family would like to compare notes if possable —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.111.235.100 (talk) 02:06, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Birthdate
You chose a different one from in Wikipedia in Spanish. --JFCochin (talk) 15:38, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Barbara Tuchman's Quote
Does anyone think Barbara Tuchman's quote about Huerta is too prominent on this page? Tuchman isn't exactly a historian of Mexico and she didn't ever meet Huerta so I'm not sure that her physical description of Huerta should even be on this page, much less be in one of the first paragraphs of the Wikipedia article. Edgar (talk) 03:47, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victoriano Huerta


text:
NPI

NPI may refer to:

Institutes

 * Non-profit institution
 * Nationaal Pop Instituut: the Dutch Rock & Pop Institute
 * National Policy Institute, an American white supremacist think tank
 * New Policy Institute, a British think tank focusing on poverty
 * Nordic Patent Institute, a patent search organisation for Nordic countries
 * Northwest Progressive Institute, a liberal American think tank concerned with social policy
 * Norwegian Polar Institute, performs environmental research in the polar regions

Other uses

 * Narcissistic Personality Inventory, a standard personality test for evaluating self-centredness
 * National pollutant inventory
 * National Provider Identifier
 * Negative polarity item, grammatical form used during negation
 * New Politics Initiative
 * New product introduction
 * Nickel pig iron
 * Non-pharmaceutical intervention, health measures that are not centred on drug treatments
 * Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology), measures such as social distancing, face masks etc. to prevent COVID-19 etc.
 * Nonpublic personal information (Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act)
 * No pun intended
 * Nottingham Prognostic Index
 * NP-intermediate, a complexity class in computational complexity theory
 * Numbering plan indicator

title: NPI


text: User talk:147.145.40.43

title: User talk:147.145.40.43


text:
Buggane

In Manx folklore, a buggane (or boagane) was a huge ogre-like creature native to the Isle of Man. Some have considered them akin to the Scandinavian troll.

Manx folklore
A shapeshifter, the buggane is generally described as a malevolent being that can appear as a large black calf or human with ears or hooves of a horse. It was large enough to tear the roof off a church. Its natural form is described as "covered with a mane of coarse, black hair; it had eyes like torches, and glittering sharp tusks". Another tale describes it as a huge man with bull's horns, glowing eyes and large teeth.

As magical creatures, bugganes were unable to cross water or stand on hallowed ground.

St Trinian's Church
The most famous story recounts a buggane who found himself an inadvertent stowaway on a ship bound for Ireland. Determined to return to the Isle of Man, he caused a storm and guided the ship towards the rocky coast of Contrary Head. His plan was interdicted through the intervention of St. Trinian. Invoked by the captain with a promise to build a chapel in his honour, the saint guided the ship safely into Peel Harbour. Incensed, the buggane screamed, "St. Trinian should never have a whole church in Ellan Vannin." When the chapel came to be built, three times the local people put a roof on, and three times the buggane tore it off.

The Buggan ny Hushtey lived in a large cave near the sea and was known for having no liking for lazy people. However, it should not be confused with the Cabbyl-ushtey, the Manx water horse.

Bugganes were occasionally called upon by the fairies to punish people that had offended them. The buggane of Glen Maye would have pitched a lazy housewife into a waterfall for putting off baking until after sunset, had she not cut loose the strings of her apron to escape. The buggane from Gob-na-Scuit was known for tearing the thatch off the haystacks, puffing the smoke down chimneys, and pushing sheep over the edge of the brooghs (a steep bank or grassy cliff).

Finn MacCool and the Buggane
In Manx legend, the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn MacCool) crossed over to Mann and settled near Cregneash. The buggane from Barrule came to do battle, but Fionn did not want to fight. Fionn's wife, Oonagh, disguised Fionn as a baby and tucked him into a cradle. When the buggane saw the size of the 'baby', he thought that its father, Fionn, must be a giant among giants, and so he left. They eventually met near Kirk Christ Rushen and fought from sunrise to sunset. Fionn had one foot in the Big Sound, and so made the channel between the Calf of Man and Kitterland, and the other foot was in the Little Sound, and so he made the narrow channel between Kitterland and the main island. The buggane was standing at Port Erin. He came off victorious and slashed Fionn awfully, so that he had to run to Ireland. Fionn could walk on the sea, but the buggane could not, so he tore out a tooth and threw it at Fionn. It hit him on the back of the head, and then it fell into the sea and became what is now called Chicken Rock. Fionn turned round and roared a mighty curse, "My seven swearings of a curse on it!" "Let it lie there for a vexation to the sons of men while water runs and grass grows!" And so it has. The Irish version of the story has Fionn's adversary a giant from Scotland.

In popular culture

 * Bushys (Mount Murray Brewing) of Douglas, Isle of Man brews a light brown English bitter called "Bushy's Buggane".
 * Stories from the Isle of Man: The Buggane of St. Trinian's, featured in Season 6 (8 August 1969) of the BBC children's television series Jackanory.
 * In the Spook's series by Joseph Delaney, a buggane features prominently in the seventh book, The Spook's Nightmare (UK title)/Rise of the Huntress (US title).
 * Buggane is featured in the fantasy novel The Road To Fero City by Morat, in which he is imprisoned for vandalising churches.
 * In the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, Buggane make an appearance in the Bestiary 4 as a race of blind giants distantly related to ogres. Their appearance is inspired by that of the naked mole-rat.
 * In the 2009 Lemon Demon song "Eighth Wonder" (about Gef the talking mongoose) on the 2016 album Spirit Phone, buggane are referenced in the lyrics as they both originate on the Isle of Man.

title: Buggane


text:
Brokopondo District

Brokopondo is a district of Suriname. Its capital city is Brokopondo; other towns include Brownsweg and Kwakoegron.

The district has a population of 15,909, and an area of 7,364 square kilometres.

History
The Brokopondo district was established in 1959 out of the former Suriname District. The establishment of the district was related to the 1958 Brokopondo Agreement between the Government of Suriname and Alcoa for the creation of the Brokopondo Reservoir. The Brokopondo Reservoir is a large reservoir near Afobaka which was built between 1961 and 1964, and produces hydroelectric power that provides approximately half of the domestic electrical need.

The plan was very controversial, and involved transmigrating many villages that were located in the area and flooded after the construction of the Afobaka Dam. The transmigration concerned 5,000 people which were almost exclusively Maroons. In 1960, the Avobakaweg was constructed to link the reservoir with Paramaribo and the rest of the country. In 1983, the Districts were redrawn, and most of the tribal interior of Suriname was moved into the Sipaliwini District.

The Brokopondo Development Plan has designated the town of Brokopondo and Brownsweg as the two major centres in the region with a focus on tourism. Both towns lack a proper city centre, and will be redevelopment in the early 21st century.

Nature
The district has several waterfalls, including the Irene Falls and Leo Falls. In the rainforest of Brokopondo, there are large reserves where a diverse variety of wildlife exists. Brownsberg Nature Park is a 12,250 hectares nature park in the area which was founded in 1969. About 8,400 hectares are allocated for scientific research. The 60 square km Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve is also located in the District and was established in 1966. Berg en Dal is a former wood plantation located near the Avobakaweg. In 2008 the plantation was transformed into the Berg en Dal Eco & Cultural Resort, a luxury holiday resort for ecotourism. Berg en Dal is home to the Blauwe Berg, a mountain overlooking the Suriname River.

Agricultural
Most of the District is not suitable for large scale agriculture. The main crops are maize, soya, pineapples, and peanuts. The former plantation Phedra is the agricultural centre of the resort. In 1960, a palm oil plantation was based in Phedra, however the Surinamese Interior War and lethal yellowing resulted in the closure of the factory in Victoria, Klaaskreek in 1996.

Economy
Recently, gold has been discovered in the Brokopondo district, and this has led to many new settlers arriving in the district, both from other parts of Suriname and from the rest of the world. In 2011, a large scale concession was given to the Suparna Gold Corporation in Sarakreek.

Resorts
Brokopondo is divided into 6 resorts (ressorten):
 * Brownsweg
 * Centrum
 * Klaaskreek
 * Kwakoegron
 * Marshallkreek
 * Sarakreek

Villages

 * Afobaka
 * Baikutu
 * Berg en Dal
 * Brokopondo
 * Brownsweg
 * Lebidoti
 * Nieuw-Koffiekamp
 * Nieuw-Lombe
 * Zoewatta

title: Brokopondo District


text:
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte

The Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte is a Portuguese Catholic shrine in Tenões, outside the city of Braga, in northern Portugal. Its name means Good Jesus of the Mount.

This sanctuary is a notable example of Christian pilgrimage site with a monumental, Baroque stairway that climbs 116 meters (381 feet). It is an important tourist attraction of Braga.

On 7 July 2019, the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
Many hilltops in Portugal and other parts of Europe have been sites of religious devotion since antiquity, and it is possible that the Bom Jesus hill was one of these. However, the first indication of a chapel over the hill dates from 1373. This chapel - dedicated to the Holy Cross - was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1629 a pilgrimage church was built dedicated to the Bom Jesus (Good Jesus), with six chapels dedicated to the Passion of Christ.

The present Sanctuary started being built in 1722, under the patronage of the Archbishop of Braga, Rodrigo de Moura Telles. His coat of arms is seen over the gateway, in the beginning of the stairway. Under his direction the first stairway row, with chapels dedicated to the Via Crucis, were completed. Each chapel is decorated with terra cotta sculptures depicting the Passion of Christ. He also sponsored the next segment of stairways, which has a zigzag shape and is dedicated to the Five Senses. Each sense (Sight, Smell, Hearing, Touch, Taste) is represented by a different fountain. At the end of this stairway, a Baroque church was built around 1725 by architect Manuel Pinto Vilalobos.

The works on the first chapels, stairways and church proceeded through the 18th century. In an area behind the church (the Terreiro dos Evangelistas), three octagonal chapels were built in the 1760s with statues depicting episodes that occur after the Crucifixion, like the meeting of Jesus with Mary Magdalene. The exterior design of the beautiful chapels is attributed to renowned Braga architect André Soares. Around these chapels there are four Baroque fountains with statues of the Evangelists, also dating from the 1760s.

Around 1781, archbishop Gaspar de Bragança decided to complete the ensemble by adding a third segment of stairways and a new church. The third stairway also follows a zigzag pattern and is dedicated to the Three Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity, each with its fountain. Overall the staircase has 583 steps. The old church was demolished and a new one was built following a Neoclassic design by architect Carlos Amarante. This new church, began in 1784, had its interior decorated in the beginning of the 19th century and was consecrated in 1834. The main altarpiece is dedicated to the Crucifixion.

In the 19th century, the area around the church and stairway was expropriated and turned into a park. In 1882, to facilitate the access to the Sanctuary, the water balance Bom Jesus funicular was built linking the city of Braga to the hill. This was the first funicular to be built in the Iberian Peninsula and is still in use.

The Sanctuary has been classified as Property of Public Interest since 1970.

Significance
The design of the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus, with its Baroque nature emphasised by the zigzag form of its stairways, influenced many other sites in Portugal (like Lamego) and colonial Brazil, like the Sanctuary of Congonhas. As the pilgrims climbed the stairs, (by tradition encouraged to do so on their knees) they encountered a theological programme that contrasted the senses of the material world with the virtues of the spirit, at the same time as they experienced the scenes of the Passion of Christ. The culmination of the effort was the temple of God, the church on the top of the hill. The presence of several fountains along the stairways give the idea of purification of the faithful.

The new church (built 1784–1834) by Carlos Amarante was one of the first Neoclassic churches of Portugal.

This church was elevated to a Minor Basilica status on 5 July 2015 by Pope Francis.

title: Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte


text:
Carlos Enrique Díaz de León

Carlos Enrique Díaz de León was the provisional President of Guatemala from 27 June to 29 June 1954. He was replaced by a military junta led by Elfego Monzón. Carlos Enrique Díaz was previously Chief of the Guatemalan Armed Forces under President Jacobo Árbenz.

Early career
Díaz had befriended Árbenz while they were both at the military academy. Díaz served in the Guatemalan army, and eventually attained the rank of Colonel. Árbenz and Díaz remained friends after Árbenz became president in 1951, and served as his chief of armed forces. In 1954 the CIA intensified operations against the Árbenz government. During this phase, an attempt was made to bribe Díaz: he was offered 200,000 US dollars to act against Árbenz. He refused, possibly because the offer was made when he was visiting Caracas with his mistress.

1954 Guatemalan coup
On 18 June 1954, Carlos Castillo Armas led an invasion of Guatemala with a small force of Guatemalan exiles, as part of the US Central Intelligence Agency's "Operation PBSUCESS" to overthrow Árbenz. The invasion was accompanied by an intense campaign of psychological warfare presenting Castillo Armas' victory as a fait accompli, with the intent of forcing Árbenz to resign. Árbenz' initial intention was to repel an invasion force led by Carlos Castillo Armas by arming the military-age populace, the workers' militia, and the Guatemalan Army. However, Díaz, as chief of the Guatemalan armed forces, informed Árbenz that arming the civilians would be unpopular within the army, and that "the army [would] do its duty."

Due to this advice, Árbenz instead asked Díaz to select officers to lead a counter-attack. Díaz selected a corps of officers known to be men of personal integrity, and who were loyal to the president. Árbenz also tried to use diplomatic methods to put an end to the invasion. Outside Zacapa, a small garrison of 30 Guatemalan soldiers defeated a rebel force of 180, making Árbenz believe that a military victory was possible. In reality, however, the threat of a US intervention, and the psychological warfare employed by the CIA, had left the army demoralized, and unwilling to fight. Árbenz was informed of the unwillingness of the army to fight by various means, and on 25 June decided to arm the civilian population of the capital. Díaz agreed to cooperate, along with several union leaders, but no volunteers appeared to take up arms. Seeing this, Díaz backed out of his agreement, and began to confer with other military leaders, including Elfego Monzón and Jose Angel Sanchez, about seizing power. On 26 June Díaz told Árbenz that he had tried to distribute weapons, but that he did not have the cooperation of troop leaders. The plotters spoke to US ambassador John Peurifoy, who agreed to contact Castillo Armas to arrange a cessation of hostilities: Díaz and his allies were unwilling to deal with Castillo Armas themselves. Peurifoy learned from them that they were planning on seizing power on 27 June.

Presidency
On 27 June 1954 Jacobo Árbenz met with Díaz, and informed him that he was resigning. Historians have variously suggested either that at the urging of Peurifoy, Díaz actually persuaded Árbenz to resign, or that Díaz delivered Árbenz an ultimatum from senior army officers, demanding that he resign. Historian Jim Handy has stated that Árbenz made Díaz promise to protect the reforms of the Guatemalan Revolution; nonetheless, his resignation represented the end of the revolution for practical purposes. Árbenz left office at 8 PM, after recording a resignation speech that was broadcast on the radio an hour later. Immediately afterward, Díaz made an announcement that he would be taking over the presidency in the name of the Guatemalan Revolution, and stated that the Guatemalan army would still fight against Castillo Armas' invasion. Nonetheless, Díaz also ordered operation against known communists even before he formally took power. The military junta which took over consisted of Carlos Enrique Díaz, Colonel H. Elfego Monzón, and Colonel Jose Angel Sánchez.

US ambassador John Peurifoy had encouraged Díaz to accept Árbenz' resignation, and had promised to contact Castillo Armas to arrange a ceasefire once Árbenz had resigned. However, he had not expected Díaz, who still supported the Guatemalan Revolution, to form a military junta and keep fighting. This action had made him a target of Allen Dulles, director of the CIA, and John Foster Dulles, the US secretary of state, who decided that they needed a "better" army officer as president.

A few hours later, Peurifoy, who had played a role in the organization of the coup, informed Díaz that he would have to resign; according to the CIA officer who spoke to Díaz, this was because he was "not convenient for American foreign policy." Witnesses later stated that Díaz' removal took place at 4 AM in Díaz' home. According to eyewitnesses, Peurifoy wore a shoulder-holster to the meeting, as was his wont at the time. Peurifoy harshly criticized Díaz for letting Árbenz criticize the United States in his resignation speech. At the same time, a U.S.-trained pilot bombed the Guatemalan army's main powder magazine, to try and intimidate Díaz. Díaz said much later that Peurifoy had given him with a list of names, claiming that the people on it were all communists, and demanded that all of them be shot by the next day. Díaz said that he had refused, and that this had further antagonized Peurifoy. After being berated at the meeting, he told Peurifoy that he would resign, and that he and Sanchez would withdraw from the junta. Monzón then entered and announced that he was forming the new junta. The other members of Monzón's junta were José Luis Cruz Salazar and Mauricio Dubois. Life magazine described Monzón as having "a more impressive anti-Communist record" than Díaz.

title: Carlos Enrique Díaz de León


text:
HEPA

HEPA (, high-efficiency particulate air) filter, also known as high-efficiency particulate absorbing filter and high-efficiency particulate arrestance filter, is an efficiency standard of air filters.

Filters meeting the HEPA standard must satisfy certain levels of efficiency. Common standards require that a HEPA air filter must remove—from the air that passes through—at least 99.95% (ISO, European Standard) or 99.97% (ASME, U.S. DOE) of particles whose diameter is equal to 0.3 μm, with the filtration efficiency increasing for particle diameters both less than and greater than 0.3 μm. HEPA filters capture pollen, dirt, dust, moisture, bacteria (0.2–2.0 μm), viruses (0.02–0.3 μm), and submicron liquid aerosol (0.02–0.5 μm). Some microorganisms, for example, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis are captured by HEPA filters with photocatalytic oxidation (PCO). A HEPA filter is also able to capture some viruses and bacteria which are ≤0.3 μm. A HEPA filter is also able to capture floor dust which contains bacteroidia, clostridia, and bacilli. HEPA was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered trademark and later a generic trademark for highly efficient filters. HEPA filters are used in applications that require contamination control, such as the manufacturing of hard disk drives, medical devices, semiconductors, nuclear, food and pharmaceutical products, as well as in hospitals, homes, and vehicles.

Mechanism
HEPA filters are composed of a mat of randomly arranged fibers. The fibers are typically composed of polypropylene or fiberglass with diameters between 0.5 and 2.0 micrometers. Most of the time, these filters are composed of tangled bundles of fine fibers. These fibers create a narrow convoluted pathway through which air passes. When the largest particles are passing through this pathway, the bundles of fibers behave like a kitchen sieve which physically blocks the particles from passing through. However, when smaller particles pass with the air, as the air twists and turns, the smaller particles cannot keep up with the motion of the air and thus they collide with the fibers. The smallest particles have very little inertia and they always move around the air molecules like they are bombarded by these molecules (Brownian motion). Because of their movement, they end up crashing into the fibers. Key factors affecting its functions are fiber diameter, filter thickness, and face velocity. The air space between HEPA filter fibers is typically much greater than 0.3 μm. HEPA filters in very high level for smallest particulate matter. Unlike sieves or membrane filters, where particles smaller than openings or pores can pass through, HEPA filters are designed to target a range of particle sizes. These particles are trapped (they stick to a fiber) through a combination of the following three mechanisms:

 * 1) Diffusion; particles below 0.3 μm are captured by diffusion in a HEPA filter. This mechanism is a result of the collision with gas molecules by the smallest particles, especially those below 0.1 μm in diameter.  The small particles are effectively blown or bounced around and collide with the filter media fibers.  This behavior is similar to Brownian motion and raises the probability that a particle will be stopped by either interception or impaction; this mechanism becomes dominant at lower airflow.
 * 2) Interception; particles following a line of flow in the air stream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it. Mid size particles are being captured by this process.
 * 3) Impaction; larger particles are unable to avoid fibers by following the curving contours of the air stream and are forced to embed in one of them directly; this effect increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity.

Diffusion predominates below the 0.1 μm diameter particle size, whilst impaction and interception predominate above 0.4 μm. In between, near the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) 0.21 μm, both diffusion and interception are comparatively inefficient. Because this is the weakest point in the filter's performance, the HEPA specifications use the retention of particles near this size (0.3 μm) to classify the filter. However it is possible for particles smaller than the MPPS to not have filtering efficiency greater than that of the MPPS. This is due to the fact that these particles can act as nucleation sites for mostly condensation and form particles near the MPPS.

Gas filtration
HEPA filters are designed to arrest very fine particles effectively, but they do not filter out gasses and odor molecules. Circumstances requiring filtration of volatile organic compounds, chemical vapors, or cigarette, pet or flatulence odors call for the use of an activated carbon (charcoal) or other type of filter instead of or in addition to a HEPA filter. Carbon cloth filters, claimed to be many times more efficient than the granular activated carbon form at adsorption of gaseous pollutants, are known as high efficiency gas adsorption filters (HEGA) and were originally developed by the British Armed Forces as a defense against chemical warfare.

Pre-filter and HEPA filter
A HEPA bag filter can be used in conjunction with a pre-filter (usually carbon-activated) to extend the usage life of the more expensive HEPA filter. In such setup, the first stage in the filtration process is made up of a pre-filter which removes most of the larger dust, hair, PM10 and pollen particles from the air. The second stage high-quality HEPA filter removes the finer particles that escape from the pre-filter. This is common in air handling units.

Specifications
HEPA filters, as defined by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) standard adopted by most American industries, remove at least 99.97% of aerosols 0.3 micrometers (μm) in diameter. The filter's minimal resistance to airflow, or pressure drop, is usually specified around 300 Pa at its nominal volumetric flow rate.

The specification used in the European Union: European Standard EN 1822-1:2019, from which ISO 29463 is derived, defines several classes of filters by their retention at the given most penetrating particle size (MPPS): Efficient Particulate Air filters (EPA), High Efficiency Particulate Air filters (HEPA), and Ultra Low Particulate Air filters (ULPA). The averaged efficiency of the filter is called "overall", and the efficiency at a specific point is called "local":

See also the different classes for air filters for comparison.

Specifications for Respirators
For respirators, MSHA and NIOSH define HEPA as filters blocking ≥ 99.97% of 0.3 micron DOP particles, under 30 CFR 11 and 42 CFR 84. Since the transition to 42 CFR 84 in 1995, use of the term HEPA has been deprecated except for powered air-purifying respirators.

Marketing
Some companies use a marketing term known as "True HEPA" to give consumers assurance that their air filters meet the HEPA standard, although this term has no legal or scientific meaning. Products that are marketed to be "HEPA-type," "HEPA-like," "HEPA-style" or "99% HEPA" do not satisfy the HEPA standard and may not have been tested in independent laboratories. Although such filters may come reasonably close to HEPA standards, others fall significantly short.

Efficacy and safety
In general terms (and allowing for some variation depending on factors such as the air-flow rate, the physical properties of the particles being filtered, as well as engineering details of the entire filtration-system design and not just the filter-media properties), HEPA filters experience the most difficulty in capturing particles in the size range of 0.15 to 0.2 μm. HEPA filtration works by mechanical means, unlike ionic and ozone treatment technologies, which use negative ions and ozone gas respectively. So, the likelihood of potential triggering of pulmonary side-effects such as asthma and allergies is much lower with HEPA purifiers.

To ensure that a HEPA filter is working efficiently, the filters should be inspected and changed at least every six months in commercial settings. In residential settings, and depending on the general ambient air quality, these filters can be changed every two to three years. Failing to change a HEPA filter in a timely fashion will result in it putting stress on the machine or system and not removing particles from the air properly. Additionally, depending on the gasketing materials chosen in the design of the system, a clogged HEPA filter can result in extensive bypassing of airflow around the filter.

Biomedical
HEPA filters are critical in the prevention of the spread of airborne bacterial and viral organisms and, therefore, infection. Typically, medical use HEPA filtration systems also incorporate high-energy ultraviolet light units or panels with anti-microbial coating to kill off the live bacteria and viruses trapped by the filter media.

Some of the best-rated HEPA units have an efficiency rating of 99.995%, which assures a very high level of protection against airborne disease transmission.

Vacuum cleaners
Many vacuum cleaners also use HEPA filters as part of their filtration systems. This is beneficial for asthma and allergy sufferers, because the HEPA filter traps the fine particles (such as pollen and house dust mite feces) which trigger allergy and asthma symptoms. For a HEPA filter in a vacuum cleaner to be effective, the vacuum cleaner must be designed so that all the air drawn into the machine is expelled through the filter, with none of the air leaking past it. This is often referred to as "Sealed HEPA" or sometimes the more vague "True HEPA". Vacuum cleaners simply labeled "HEPA" may have a HEPA filter, but not all air necessarily passes through it. Finally, vacuum cleaner filters marketed as "HEPA-like" will typically use a filter of a similar construction to HEPA, but without the filtering efficiency. Because of the extra density of a true HEPA filter, HEPA vacuum cleaners require more powerful motors to provide adequate cleaning power.

Some newer models claim to be better than the earlier ones with the inclusion of "washable" filters. Generally, washable true HEPA filters are expensive. A high-quality HEPA filter can trap 99.97% of dust particles that are 0.3 microns in diameter. For comparison, a human hair is about 50 to 150 microns in diameter. So, a true HEPA filter is effectively trapping particles several hundred times smaller than the width of a human hair. Some manufacturers claim filter standards such as "HEPA 4," without explaining the meaning behind them. This refers to their Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) rating. These ratings are used to rate the ability of an air cleaner filter to remove dust from the air as it passes through the filter. MERV is a standard used to measure the overall efficiency of a filter. The MERV scale ranges from 1 to 16, and measures a filter's ability to remove particles from 10 to 0.3 micrometer in size. Filters with higher ratings not only remove more particles from the air, but they also remove smaller particles.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is technology that uses air filters, such as HEPA filters, to remove pollutants from the air either indoors or in vehicles. Pollutants include smoke, viruses, powders, etc., and can originate either outside or inside. HVAC is used to provide environmental comfort and in polluted cities to maintain health.

Airlines
Modern airliners use HEPA filters to reduce the spread of airborne pathogens in recirculated air. Critics have expressed concern about the effectiveness and state of repair of air filtering systems, since they think that much of the air in an airplane cabin is recirculated. Almost all of the air in a pressurized aircraft is, in fact, brought in from the outside, circulated through the cabin and then exhausted through outflow valves in the rear of the aircraft. About 40 percent of the cabin's air goes through a HEPA filter and the other 60 percent comes from outside the plane. Certified air filters block and capture 99.97 percent of airborne particles.

Motor vehicles
In 2016, it was announced that the Tesla Model X would have the world's first HEPA-grade filter in a Tesla car. Following the release of the Model X, Tesla has updated the Model S to also have an optional HEPA air filter.

History
The idea behind the development of the HEPA filter was born from gas masks worn by soldiers fighting in World War II. A piece of paper found inserted into a German gas mask had a remarkably high capture efficiency for chemical smoke. The British Army Chemical Corps duplicated this and began to manufacture it in large quantities for their own service gas masks. They needed another solution for operational headquarters, where individual gas masks were impractical. The Army Chemical Corps developed a combination mechanical blower and air purifier unit, which incorporated cellulose-asbestos paper in a deeply-pleated form with spacers between the pleats. It was referred to as an "absolute" air filter and laid the groundwork for further research to come in developing the HEPA filter.

The next phase of the HEPA filter was designed in the 1940s and was used in the Manhattan Project to prevent the spread of airborne radioactive contaminants. The US Army Chemical Corps and National Defense Research Committee needed to develop a filter suitable for removing radioactive materials from the air. The Army Chemical Corps asked Nobel Laureate Irving Langmuir to recommend filter test methods and other general recommendations for creating the material to filter out these radioactive particles. He identified 0.3 micron size particles to be the "most penetrating size"—the most difficult and concerning.

It was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered trademark and later a generic trademark for highly efficient filters.

Over the decades filters have evolved to satisfy the higher and higher demands for air quality in various high technology industries, such as aerospace, pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, health care, nuclear fuels, nuclear power, and integrated circuit fabrication.

title: HEPA


text:
Chick Gandil

Charles Arnold "Chick" Gandil (January 19, 1888 – December 13, 1970) was an American professional baseball player. He played for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, and Chicago White Sox of the American League. He is best known as the ringleader of the players involved in the 1919 Black Sox scandal. Described by his contemporaries as a "professional malcontent", he was physically well-built at 6 ft and 195 lb, and had a stern and challenging demeanor. He used both to display his toughness, and also did not hesitate to use sheer strength to get his point across.

Early years
He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, to Swiss immigrants Louise Bechel and Christian Gandil. He was their only child. The Gandil family migrated west and the 1900 census (taken June 8) has their address registered as Seattle, King County, Washington. After 1900, the Gandils moved to California, settling in Berkeley. The young Gandil soon showed an interest in playing baseball. He joined the Oakland High School baseball team in 1902 and played all positions except first base.

After two years at Oakland High School, Gandil left home to make it on his own. He took a train to Amarillo, Texas, and played catcher in the local semi-pro baseball league for the Amarillo team. In 1907, he migrated to Humboldt, Arizona, and worked as a boilermaker in the copper mines. He played catcher for the semipro team that was sponsored by the local smelting company. The Humboldt baseball club experienced financial problems in 1906, and Gandil moved on to a team in Cananea, Mexico, 40 mi from the United States. "I caught on with an outlaw team in Cananea, Mexico, just across the Arizona border. Cananea was a wide-open mining town in those days, which suited me fine. I was a wild, rough kid. I did a little heavyweight fighting at $150 a fight. I also worked part-time as a boilermaker in the copper mines." It was with the Cananea, Mexico, team that Gandil became a first baseman.

Professional baseball career
Gandil entered professional baseball in 1908. He spent the season with Shreveport (Louisiana) in the Texas League and batted a solid .269. That same year, he met 17-year-old Laurel Fay Kelly (a Mississippi native), and they were soon married.

After the 1908 season, Gandil was drafted by the St. Louis Browns. Failing to make the club in the spring of 1909, the Browns ordered him back to Shreveport. Gandil refused to report, though. He headed back west with his new bride and joined the Fresno team in the outlaw California State League. For this offense, Gandil faced blacklisting by organized baseball. He reconsidered his decision and joined Sacramento of the Pacific Coast League for the remainder of 1909 season. He was arrested, however, for having stolen $225 from the Fresno team coffers.

Gandil was successful in Sacramento. He batted .282, and late in the 1909 season, was sold to the Chicago White Sox. He was not required to report to Chicago until the following season.

Gandil made his major league debut on April 14, 1910, with the White Sox, which was a disaster. He appeared in just 77 games and batted just .193. It was reported that he had trouble hitting the curveball. He was sold to Montreal in 1911 and spent the season in the Eastern League. He had a solid season (batting .304), and several major league clubs wanted to draft him. The rules at the time stated that only one player could be drafted from each team, so Gandil returned to Montreal to begin the 1912 season. He hit over .300 in the first 29 games and was sold to the Washington Senators. He was now better prepared to play major league baseball, and in 117 games, he batted .305 and was the American League leader for first basemen in fielding percentage.

From 1912 to 1915, Gandil led the Senators in runs batted in three times and batted .293. In the field, he paced American League first basemen in fielding percentage four times and assists three times. Gandil remained with the Senators through the 1915 season and played the 1916 season for the Cleveland Indians.

Early on in his major league career, Gandil was considered a top-notch first baseman, both for his play on the field and his solid work ethic. In 1916, a Cleveland newspaper described Gandil as "a most likeable player, and one of excellent habits." During Gandil's first season with the Senators he met bookie and gambler, Joseph "Sport" Sullivan. Sullivan later become a key figure in conspiring with Gandil to fix the 1919 World Series.

On February 25, 1917, he was reacquired by the White Sox for $3,500. That season, Chicago defeated the New York Giants in the World Series. It was later revealed that Gandil and his teammate, Charles "Swede" Risberg, had allegedly collected $45 from each member of the White Sox and paid off the Detroit Tigers in two crucial doubleheaders late in the season. When Tigers pitcher Bill James agreed that his team would go easy, the Tigers lost all four games, allowing the White Sox to win the American League pennant. This incident was officially investigated by Commissioner Landis in 1927, but due to contradictions, no action was taken.

Black Sox scandal
Gandil claims that Sullivan approached him with the idea to fix the 1919 World Series.

I had only social contacts with gamblers until that September day in 1919 when Sullivan walked up to Eddie Cicotte and me as we left our hotel in Boston. As I recall, we were four games in front the final week of the season, and it looked pretty certain that the pennant was ours. I was kind of surprised when Sullivan suggested that we get a "syndicate" together of seven or eight players to throw the Series to Cincinnati. As I say, I never figured the guy as a fixer but just one who played for the percentages. The idea of taking seven or eight people in on the plot scared me. I said to Sullivan it wouldn’t work. He answered, 'Don’t be silly. It's been pulled before and it can be again.' He had a persuasive manner which he backed up with a lot of cash. He said he was willing to pay $10,000 each to all the players we brought in on the deal. Considering our skimpy salaries, $10,000 was quite a chunk, and he knew it."

Sullivan assured Gandil that the fix was on, and that $100,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) in total would be paid to the players. In addition to serving as the contact for the gamblers, Gandil was responsible for recruiting and paying the players involved in the fix. Gandil received $35,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) for his role in throwing the World Series – nearly nine times his 1919 salary of $4,000.

In the spring of 1920, Gandil demanded that the White Sox raise his salary to $6,500 per year. Owner Charles Comiskey would not relent, and he decided to remain in California. Gandil retired from the majors. According to Gandil, "Instead, I played semipro ball twice a week for the Elks Club in Bakersfield, Calif. I earned $75 a game." He was far from Chicago as investigations into the 1919 World Series began during the fall of 1920.

Gandil and his seven White Sox teammates were indicted, and he came back to Chicago in July 1921 to stand trial for fixing the series. The jury found the eight players not guilty. Following the players' acquittal, Gandil said, "I guess that'll learn Ban Johnson he can't frame an honest bunch of ball players." However, the players' joy was short lived. Gandil and the others were permanently banned from organized baseball by new commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis.

Career statistics
In 1,147 games over nine seasons, Gandil posted a .277 batting average (1176-for-4245) with 449 runs, 173 doubles, 78 triples, 11 home runs, 556 RBI, 151 stolen bases, 273 bases on balls, .327 on-base percentage and .362 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .992 fielding percentage as a first baseman. In the 1917 and 1919 World Series, he batted .245 (13-for-53) with 10 RBI and 2 stolen bases.

After the scandal and later years
After 1921, he continued to play semi-pro ball on the west coast. He contacted Joe Gedeon, Swede Risberg, Joe Jackson and Fred McMullin and attempted to put together a team in Southern California. In 1925, he played with Hal Chase and other banished players in the Frontier League in Douglas, Arizona. While presiding over the Douglas team in 1927, he reportedly had team manager Buck Weaver banned from the league. It was believed that Gandil did this because he had felt betrayed by his former White Sox teammate's lack of support during the 1921 investigation of the 1917 White Sox/Tigers situation. He ended his playing career with semi-pro clubs in the copper mining towns of Bayard and Hurley, New Mexico.

After he ended his baseball career, Gandil settled in his childhood residence (Berkeley, California) with Laurel and his daughter Idella. His primary occupation was as a plumber. His mother and father still lived in Berkeley (his father Christian died in 1941 and his mother Louise in 1952). There is no official record of contact between them. He remained in the area until he retired to Calistoga in 1954 and spent the last part of his life in the Napa Valley region of Northern California. Gandil died at age 82 on December 13, 1970, in a convalescent hospital. He had been suffering from heart disease and emphysema, and the official cause of death was heart failure.

Laurel, who had been married to Gandil for 62 years, followed him in death just three months later. Gandil is interred at St. Helena Public Cemetery.

Gandil was portrayed by Michael Rooker in the 1988 film Eight Men Out and by Art LaFleur in 1989's Field of Dreams.

1956 Sports Illustrated article
In 1956, Gandil told his version of the events of the 1919 World Series to sportswriter Melvin Durslag. Durslag's account of Gandil's story was published in the September 17, 1956 edition of Sports Illustrated.

In the story, Gandil admitted to leading the plot to throw the Series and expressed guilt and remorse over having done so. However, he claimed that after an initial payment was made, the players actually abandoned the plan and had ultimately tried their best to win. According to Gandil's story, the rumors which had spread about the Series being fixed (triggered by a sudden influx of money being bet on the Reds) caused the players to conclude that they could never get away with throwing the Series, as their every move would be closely scrutinized. Instead, they decided to betray the gamblers and keep the cash. While he believed that Landis' decision to ban them all was draconian, he felt they deserved to be banned just for talking to the gamblers.

In his account, Gandil suggested that the players were under intense pressure from both observers suspicious of their every move and the gamblers expecting them to go along with the plan. He said this may have contributed to their making poor plays despite their decision to abandon the fix. However, he was firm in his insistence that all of the players were trying their best throughout all eight games of the Series. Gandil also said that the original deal called for the conspirators to play the first game straight, since a White Sox win would drive the price up further; the White Sox were shelled in that game 9-1. Gandil further claimed in his story that he never received his share of any of the money paid by the gamblers, and that he had no idea what happened to that money.

...I never did get any part of Rothstein's $10,000 and I don't know who did. Since Rothstein probably won his bets anyway, he never gave us any trouble. Naturally, I would have liked to have had my share of that ten grand, but with all the excitement at the Series' end and with Comiskey's investigation, I was frankly frightened stiff. Besides, I had the crazy notion that my not touching any of that money would exonerate me from my guilt in the conspiracy. I give you my solemn word I don't know to this day what happened to the cash. During the next two months, after returning to my winter home in Los Angeles, I heard some wild reports about the killing I made on the World Series. One account said I was flashing around a bankbook with a $25,000 entry. Another said I had been paid off in diamonds. And still another had me plunking down cash for a house. The truth was, I did buy a house—with $2,500 I had borrowed from the bank for down payment. The loan was repaid when I finally got my World Series check from the White Sox."

In an interview with Dwight Chapin, published in the Los Angeles Times on August 14, 1969, Gandil again denied that he threw the Series stating, "I'm going to my grave with a clear conscience."

title: Chick Gandil


text:
Total station

A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.

Robotic or motorized total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. In theory, this eliminates the need for an assistant staff member, as the operator holds the retroreflector and controls the total station from the observed point. In practice, however, an assistant surveyor is often needed when the surveying is being conducted in busy areas such as on a public carriageway or construction site. This is to prevent people from disrupting the total station as they walk past, which would necessitate resetting the tripod and re-establishing a baseline. Additionally, an assistant surveyor discourages opportunistic theft, which is not uncommon due to the value of the instrument. If all else fails, most total stations have serial numbers. The National Society of Professional Surveyors hosts a registry of stolen equipment which can be checked by institutions that service surveying equipment to prevent stolen instruments from circulating. These motorized total stations can also be used in automated setups known as "automated motorized total station".

Angle measurement
Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles within a standard deviation of 0.5 arc-seconds. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles within standard deviations of 5 or 10 arc-seconds.

Angle measurement is typically performed by the operator first occupying a known point, aiming the head of the instrument at a target or prism which exists at either another known point or along an azimuth, which is to be held as a backsight — sighting with the reticle inside the eyepiece — then holding that line as an angle of 00°00‘̣00“̣. The operator then will turn the head of the instrument at a target or feature that is to be observed as a foresight and record the AR (Angle Right) from the backsight measured by the instrument in which a horizontal angle is produced. Angular error in the instrument as well as collimation error can be mitigated in many total stations by performing a set collection. This entails witnessing any angles recorded an equal number of times in both "direct" and "reverse" modes by sighting the observed backsight and foresights with the instrument facing the targets normally as well as with the scope flipped or "plunged" 180°. The recorded sets of angles taken from each target will be averaged together and a mean angle will be generated.

Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass prism (surveying) reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances up to 1500 m with an accuracy of about 1.5 mm ± 2 parts per million.

Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, up to a few hundred meters.

Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z; or easting, northing, and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation.

To determine an absolute location, a total station requires line of sight observations and can be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location, called free stationing.

For this reason, some total stations also have a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver and do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis.

Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer.

When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after measuring the points.

Applications
Most large-scale excavation or mapping projects benefit greatly from the proficient use of total stations. They are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or boundaries). They are used by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes. Total stations are also employed by archaeologists, offering millimeter accuracy difficult to achieve using other tools as well as flexibility in setup location. They prove crucial in recording artifact locations, architectural dimensions, and site topography.

Mining
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying.

A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls, ceilings (backs), and floors, as the drifts of an underground mine are driven. The recorded data are then downloaded into a CAD program and compared to the designed layout of the tunnel.

The survey party installs control stations at regular intervals. These are small steel plugs installed in pairs in holes drilled into walls or the back. For wall stations, two plugs are installed in opposite walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift. For back stations, two plugs are installed in the back, forming a line parallel to the drift.

A set of plugs can be used to locate the total station set up in a drift or tunnel by processing measurements to the plugs by intersection and resection.

Mechanical and electrical construction
Total stations have become the highest standard for most forms of construction layout.

They are most often used in the X and Y axes to lay out the locations of penetrations out of the underground utilities into the foundation, between floors of a structure, as well as roofing penetrations.

Because more commercial and industrial construction jobs have become centered around building information modeling (BIM), the coordinates for almost every pipe, conduit, duct and hanger support are available with digital precision. The application of communicating a virtual model to a tangible construction potentially eliminates labor costs related to moving poorly measured systems, as well as time spent laying out these systems in the midst of a full-blown construction job in progress.

Meteorology
Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining upper-level winds. With the average ascent rate of the weather balloon known or assumed, the change in azimuth and elevation readings provided by the total station as it tracks the weather balloon over time are used to compute the wind speed and direction at different altitudes. Additionally, the total station is used to track ceiling balloons to determine the height of cloud layers. Such upper-level wind data is often used for aviation weather forecasting and rocket launches.

Instrument manufacturers

 * Carl Zeiss (historical)
 * GeoMax, part of Hexagon AB
 * Hewlett-Packard (historical)
 * Hilti Corporation
 * Leica Geosystems, part of Hexagon AB
 * Nikon, part of Trimble
 * North Group LTD (historical)
 * Sokkia, part of Topcon
 * South Group
 * Stonex (company)
 * TI Asahi Co. Ltd, sold under the Pentax brand
 * Topcon
 * Trimble Navigation Ltd.
 * Wild Heerbrugg AG (historical), part of Leica Geosystems

title: Total station


text:
James Benning (film director)

James Benning (born 1942 ) is an American independent filmmaker and educator. Over the course of his 40-year career Benning has made over twenty-five feature-length films that have shown in many different venues across the world. Since 1987, he has taught at California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). He is known as a minimalist filmmaker.

Early life and education
James Benning was born 1942 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Benning played baseball for the first twenty years of his life. He earned an undergraduate and master's degree in mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, which he attended on a baseball scholarship. Benning experienced a political awakening and racial consciousness during the late 1960s, participating in civil rights protests led by Father James Groppi in segregated Milwaukee.

Benning dropped out of graduate school to forfeit his military deferment since his friends, who were mostly not in school, were being drafted and dying in Vietnam. Benning instead joined the War on Poverty, teaching children of migrant workers in Colorado how to read and write, and helping to start a commodities food program that fed people living in poverty in the Missouri Ozarks. Benning often uses this background as part of his film work.

At the age of 33, Benning received an MFA from the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he had studied with David Bordwell.

For the next four years he taught filmmaking at Northwestern University and CalArts (1988—present).

Film
Benning was hailed cinema's voice of the Midwest with his 1976/1978 films, 11 x 14 and One Way Boogie Woogie, made in Chicago and Milwaukee and the surrounding rural region. In 1980, Benning moved to lower Manhattan, where, with the aid of grants and funding from German Television, he continued to make films, most notably, American Dreams (1984) and Landscape Suicide (1986). Leaving New York after eight years, Benning moved west to teach film/video at California Institute of the Arts, and has taught there ever since. In the early 1990s Benning made a series of text/image films: North on Evers (1991), Deseret (1995), Four Corners (1997), and UTOPIA (1998), often invoking histories of how antagonistic cultural and economic agendas over land use shape landscapes and configure social environments.

Benning has employed diverse methods, themes, structures, and aesthetics, investigating narrative and anti-narrative modes, personal history, race, collective memory, place, industry, and landscape. His philosophy of "landscape as a function of time," and "Looking and Listening" (which is also the name of a course taught by Benning) is particularly evident in his films since 1999 in the form of fixed, stable shots. For instance, each of El Valley Centro, Los, and Sogobi—The California Trilogy (2000-2001) is composed of 35 2½ minute shots. Nightfall (2012) consists of a single 98-minute shot made at a high elevation in the woods in the west Sierras that begins in late afternoon as the sun is going down and ends in near blackness.

Benning's use of duration reflects his accord with Henry David Thoreau's passage from Walden, "No method nor discipline can supersede the necessity of being forever on the alert. What is a course of history, or philosophy, or poetry, no matter how well selected, or the best society, or the most admirable routine of life, compared with the discipline of looking at what is to be seen?"

Benning divides his time between Val Verde, California, and a small town in the Sierra Nevada north of Bakersfield. There, in 2007, Benning built a replica of the cabin Thoreau constructed in 1845 on Walden Pond. The following year Benning erected a copy of the cabin Ted Kaczynski built in 1971 in Montana. Inside the cabins Benning has installed a number of copies he made of paintings by artists that have deeply inspired him, including Bill Traylor, Henry Darger, and Mose Tolliver. These locations are near to California Institute of the Arts where he is teaching in the film department.

Publication
Benning published a book of poems titled Thirty Years to Life in 1973, and Fifty Years to Life, Texts from Eight Films by James Benning in 2000, both with Two Pants Press in Madison, Wisconsin. Reinhard Wulf's feature-length documentary, James Benning: Circling the Image, was released in 2003. In 2007, the Austrian Film Museum also published the first substantial monograph on the filmmaker, James Benning, edited by Barbara Pichler and Claudia Slanar. In 2011, Julie Ault (ed.) collaborated with Benning on the book (FC) Two Cabins by JB, published with A.R.T. Press. Scores of reviews, articles, and essays on Benning's work, as well as interviews with the filmmaker have appeared in publications worldwide.

Medium
Benning worked exclusively in 16mm until the increasing obsolescence of the medium necessitated he convert to digital. His first digital film was Ruhr (2009), commissioned by Werner Ruzicka for the Duisburger Filmwoche. Digital filmmaking allowed him to branch out in different directions including re-makes of Faces (2011) and Easy Rider (2012), as well as the two-hour one shot film Nightfall (2011). Benning's work has always traversed the film sphere and the art field, finding constituencies in both. He made 16mm installations at Art Park (1977), the Walker Art Center (1978), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (1980), and has recently created digital installations at Las Cienegas Projects, Los Angeles, (2011), 21er Haus, Museum of Contemporary Art, Vienna (2012), and Argos, Centrum Voor Kunst en Media, Brussels (2012).

Distribution
Benning is represented by neugerriemschneider, Berlin. He continues to distribute his own films, as he has for his entire career. Benning has been supported by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Film Institute, New York State Council on the Arts, the Wisconsin Arts Board, and the University Film Association. From the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s Werner Deutsch and Cologne-based WDR-TV supported Benning's work with commissions and the purchase of broadcast rights. The Austrian Film Museum in Vienna is restoring and archiving all of Benning's 16mm films as well as, over time, producing DVDs of the works. The Academy Film Archive, in conjunction with the Austrian Film Museum, preserved Benning's film Chicago Loop in 2013.

Personal life
Benning's only child is the artist Sadie Benning, born in 1973.

Further publications

 * Barbara Pichler, Claudia Slanar (Ed.): James Benning. FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 6, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-901644-23-8.
 * James Benning, American Dreams / Landscape Suicide, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2011 Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, casting a glance / RR, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2012, Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, California Trilogy, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2012, Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, Deseret / Four Corners, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2013, Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, natural history / Ruhr, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2014, Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, 11x14 / One Way Boogie Woogie/27 Years Later, Edition Filmmuseum, 2-disc set, 2018, Österreichisches Filmmuseum
 * James Benning, Grand Opera. An Historical Romance / O Panama, Edition Filmmuseum, 2021, Österreichisches Filmmuseum

title: James Benning (film director)


text:
Array slicing

In computer programming, array slicing is an operation that extracts a subset of elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly in a different dimension from the original.

Common examples of array slicing are extracting a substring from a string of characters, the "ell" in "hello", extracting a row or column from a two-dimensional array, or extracting a vector from a matrix.

Depending on the programming language, an array slice can be made out of non-consecutive elements. Also depending on the language, the elements of the new array may be aliased to (i.e., share memory with) those of the original array.

Details
For "one-dimensional" (single-indexed) arrays – vectors, sequence, strings etc. –  the most common slicing operation is extraction of zero or more consecutive elements. Thus, if we have a vector containing elements (2, 5, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1), and we want to create an array slice from the 3rd to the 6th items, we get (7, 3, 8, 6). In programming languages that use a 0-based indexing scheme, the slice would be from index 2 to 5.

Reducing the range of any index to a single value effectively eliminates that index. This feature can be used, for example, to extract one-dimensional slices (vectors: in 3D, rows, columns, and tubes ) or two-dimensional slices (rectangular matrices) from a three-dimensional array. However, since the range can be specified at run-time, type-checked languages may require an explicit (compile-time) notation to actually eliminate the trivial indices.

General array slicing can be implemented (whether or not built into the language) by referencing every array through a dope vector or descriptor – a record that contains the address of the first array element, and then the range of each index and the corresponding coefficient in the indexing formula. This technique also allows immediate array transposition, index reversal, subsampling, etc. For languages like C, where the indices always start at zero, the dope vector of an array with d indices has at least 1 + 2d parameters. For languages that allow arbitrary lower bounds for indices, like Pascal, the dope vector needs 1 + 3d entries.

If the array abstraction does not support true negative indices (as for example the arrays of Ada and Pascal do), then negative indices for the bounds of the slice for a given dimension are sometimes used to specify an offset from the end of the array in that dimension. In 1-based schemes, -1 generally would indicate the second-to-last item, while in a 0-based system, it would mean the very last item.

History
The concept of slicing was surely known even before the invention of compilers. Slicing as a language feature probably started with FORTRAN (1957), more as a consequence of non-existent type and range checking than by design. The concept was also alluded to in the preliminary report for the IAL (ALGOL 58) in that the syntax allowed one or more indices of an array element (or, for that matter, of a procedure call) to be omitted when used as an actual parameter.

Kenneth Iverson's APL (1957) had very flexible multi-dimensional array slicing, which contributed much to the language's expressive power and popularity.

ALGOL 68 (1968) introduced comprehensive multi-dimension array slicing and trimming features.

Array slicing facilities have been incorporated in several modern languages, such as Ada 2005, Cobra, D, Fortran 90, Go, Rust, Julia, MATLAB, Perl, Python, S-Lang, Windows PowerShell and the mathematical/statistical languages GNU Octave, S and R.

1964: PL/I
PL/I provides two facilities for array slicing.
 * Using iSub DEFINING, an array slice can be declared using iSUB variables to map specific elements in a "base array" onto elements of the "defined array". iSUBs can define rows, columns, diagonals, or many-to-one mappings. The following example defines   as a one-dimensional slice consisting of the diagonal elements of the two-dimensional array.

A reference to  is a reference to , and so on.
 * A slice, called a cross-section, of an array can be referred to by using asterisk as the subscript for one or more dimensions. The following code sets all the elements in the first column of  to zero. One or more subscripts can be specified by asterisks in an expression.

1966: Fortran 66
The Fortran 66 programmers were only able to take advantage of slicing matrices by row, and then only when passing that row to a subroutine:

Result: 2.000000      4.000000       8.000000 Note that there is no dope vector in FORTRAN 66 hence the length of the slice must also be passed as an argument - or some other means - to the. 1970s Pascal and C had similar restrictions.

1968: Algol 68
Algol68 final report contains an early example of slicing, slices are specified in the form:

[lower bound:upper bound] ¢ for computers with extended character sets ¢ or: (LOWER BOUND..UPPER BOUND) ''# FOR COMPUTERS WITH ONLY 6 BIT CHARACTERS. #'' Both bounds are inclusive and can be omitted, in which case they default to the declared array bounds. Neither the stride facility, nor diagonal slice aliases are part of the revised report.

Examples:

[3, 3]real a := ((1, 1, 1), (2, 4, 8), (3, 9, 27)); # declaration of a variable matrix # [,] real c = ((1, 1, 1), (2, 4, 8), (3, 9, 27));   # constant matrix, the size is implied #

ref[]real row := a[2,];                   # alias/ ref to a row slice # ref[]real col2 = a[, 2];                  # permanent alias/ ref to second column #

print ((a[:, 2], newline));               # second column slice # print ((a[1⌈a, :], newline));             # last row slice # print ((a[:, 2⌈a], newline));             # last column slice # print ((a[:2, :2], newline));             # leading 2-by-2 submatrix "slice" #

+1.000010+0 +4.000010+0 +9.000010+0 +3.000010+0 +9.000010+0 +2.700010+1 +1.000010+0 +8.000010+0 +2.700010+1 +1.000010+0 +1.000010+0 +2.000010+0 +4.000010+0

1968: BASIC
HP's HP 2000 systems, introduced in November 1968, used HP Time-Shared BASIC as their primary interface and programming language. This version of BASIC used slicing for most string manipulation operations. One oddity of the language was that it allowed round or square braces interchangeably, and which was used in practice was typically a function of the computer terminal being used.

Example:

Will produce: HELLO WORLD

The HP systems were widely used in the early 1970s, especially in technical high schools and many small industrial and scientific settings. As the first microcomputers emerged in the mid-1970s, HP was often used as the pattern for their BASIC dialects as well. Notable examples include 1977's Apple BASIC, 1978's Atari BASIC, and 1979's Sinclair BASIC. This style of manipulation generally offers advantages in terms of memory use, and was often chosen on systems that shipped with small amounts of memory. Only Sinclair's dialect differed in any meaningful way, using the TO keyword instead of a comma-separated list:

Slicing was also selected as the basis for the ANSI Full BASIC standard, using the colon as the separator and thus differentiating between slicing and array access:

While this style of access offered a number of advantages, especially for the small machines of the era, sometime after 1970 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced their own variation of BASIC that used the LEFT$, RIGHT$ and MID$ string functions. Microsoft BASIC was written on the PDP-10 and its BASIC was used as the pattern. Through the late 1970s the two styles were both widely used, but by the early 1980s the DEC-style functions were the de facto standard.

1976: S/R
Arrays in S and GNU R are always one-based, thus the indices of a new slice will begin with one for each dimension, regardless of the previous indices. Dimensions with length of one will be dropped (unless drop = FALSE). Dimension names (where present) will be preserved.

1977: Fortran 77
The Fortran 77 standard introduced the ability to slice and concatenate strings:

Produces: BCD

Such strings could be passed by reference to another subroutine, the length would also be passed transparently to the subroutine as a kind of short dope vector.

Again produces: BCD

1983: Ada 83 and above
Ada 83 supports slices for all array types. Like Fortran 77 such arrays could be passed by reference to another subroutine, the length would also be passed transparently to the subroutine as a kind of short dope vector.

Produces: BCD

Note: Since in Ada indices are n-based the term  will result in an Array with the base index of 2.

The definition for  is:

The definition for  is:

As Ada supports true negative indices as in  it places no special meaning on negative indices. In the example above the term  would slice the   from 31 BC to 30 AD (since there was no year zero, the year number 0 actually refers to 1 BC).

1987: Perl
If we have as above, then the first 3 elements, middle 3 elements and last 3 elements would be:

Perl supports negative list indices. The -1 index is the last element, -2 the penultimate element, etc. In addition, Perl supports slicing based on expressions, for example:

1991: Python
If you have the following list:

Then it is possible to slice by using a notation similar to element retrieval:

Note that Python allows negative list indices. The index -1 represents the last element, -2 the penultimate element, etc. Python also allows a step property by appending an extra colon and a value. For example:

The stride syntax was introduced in the second half of the 1990s, as a result of requests put forward by scientific users in the Python "matrix-SIG" (special interest group).

Slice semantics potentially differ per object; new semantics can be introduced when operator overloading the indexing operator. With Python standard lists (which are dynamic arrays), every slice is a copy. Slices of NumPy arrays, by contrast, are views onto the same underlying buffer.

1992: Fortran 90 and above
In Fortran 90, slices are specified in the form

Both bounds are inclusive and can be omitted, in which case they default to the declared array bounds. Stride defaults to 1. Example:

1994: Analytica
Each dimension of an array value in Analytica is identified by an Index variable. When slicing or subscripting, the syntax identifies the dimension(s) over which you are slicing or subscripting by naming the dimension. Such as:

Index I := 1..5  { Definition of a numerical Index } Index J := ['A', 'B', 'C'] { Definition of a text-valued Index } Variable X := Array(I, J, [[10, 20, 30], [1, 2, 3], ....]) { Definition of a 2D value } X[I = 1, J = 'B'] -> 20  { Subscript to obtain a single value } X[I = 1] ->  Array(J, [10, 20, 30])  { Slice out a 1D array. } X[J = 2] -> Array(I, [20, 2, ....]) { Slice out a 1D array over the other dimension. } X[I = 1..3]  {Slice out first four elements over I with all elements over J}

Naming indexes in slicing and subscripting is similar to naming parameters in function calls instead of relying on a fixed sequence of parameters. One advantage of naming indexes in slicing is that the programmer does not have to remember the sequence of Indexes, in a multidimensional array. A deeper advantage is that expressions generalize automatically and safely without requiring a rewrite when the number of dimensions of X changes.

1998: S-Lang
Array slicing was introduced in version 1.0. Earlier versions did not support this feature.

Suppose that A is a 1-d array such as   A = [1:50];           % A = [1, 2, 3, ...49, 50] Then an array B of first 5 elements of A may be created using B = A4; Similarly, B may be assigned to an array of the last 5 elements of A via: B = A-5:; Other examples of 1-d slicing include: A[-1]                % The last element of A    A[*]                  % All elements of A    A:2              % All even elements of A    A1::2             % All odd elements of A    A-1::-2           % All even elements in the reversed order A[0:3], [10:14]  % Elements 0-3 and 10-14

Slicing of higher-dimensional arrays works similarly: A[-1, *]             % The last row of A    A1:5], [2:7       % 2d array using rows 1-5 and columns 2-7 A5:1:-1], [2:7   % Same as above except the rows are reversed

Array indices can also be arrays of integers. For example, suppose that  is an array of 10 integers. Then is equivalent to an array of the first 10 elements of. A practical example of this is a sorting operation such as: I = array_sort(A);   % Obtain a list of sort indices B = A[I];            % B is the sorted version of A    C = A[array_sort(A)]; % Same as above but more concise.

1999: D
Consider the array:

Take a slice out of it:

and the contents of  will be. The first index of the slice is inclusive, the second is exclusive.

means that the dynamic array  now contains   because inside the [] the   symbol refers to the length of the array.

D array slices are aliased to the original array, so:

means that  now has the contents. To create a copy of the array data, instead of only an alias, do:

Unlike Python, D slice bounds don't saturate, so code equivalent to this Python code is an error in D:

2004: SuperCollider
The programming language SuperCollider implements some concepts from J/APL. Slicing looks as follows:

2005: fish
Arrays in fish are always one-based, thus the indices of a new slice will begin with one, regardless of the previous indices.

2006: Cobra
Cobra supports Python-style slicing. If you have a list

then the first 3 elements, middle 3 elements, and last 3 elements would be:

Cobra also supports slicing-style syntax for 'numeric for loops':

2006: Windows PowerShell
Arrays are zero-based in PowerShell and can be defined using the comma operator:

2009: Go
Go supports Python-style syntax for slicing (except negative indices are not supported). Arrays and slices can be sliced. If you have a slice

then the first 3 elements, middle 3 elements, last 3 elements, and a copy of the entire slice would be:

Slices in Go are reference types, which means that different slices may refer to the same underlying array.

2010: Cilk Plus
Cilk Plus supports syntax for array slicing as an extension to C and C++.

Cilk Plus slicing looks as follows:

Cilk Plus's array slicing differs from Fortran's in two ways:

 * the second parameter is the length (number of elements in the slice) instead of the upper bound, in order to be consistent with standard C libraries;
 * slicing never produces a temporary, and thus never needs to allocate memory. Assignments are required to be either non-overlapping or perfectly overlapping, otherwise the result is undefined.

2012: Julia
Julia array slicing is like that of MATLAB, but uses square brackets. Example:

title: Array slicing


text:
Talk:Transplants (album)

Untitled
If you listen to the album from the Rhapsody website or software the song titled usually "One Seventeen" is called "On Point." This could be worth mentioning. Atherva (talk) 04:13, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Transplants- Diamonds and Guns.ogg
The image Image:Transplants- Diamonds and Guns.ogg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --17:09, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Transplants (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131003044502/http://au.gamespot.com/news/the-sounds-of-tony-hawks-underground-6077293 to http://au.gamespot.com/news/the-sounds-of-tony-hawks-underground-6077293

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:10, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transplants (album)


text:
Jeffrey Miller (shooting victim)

Jeffrey Glenn Miller (March 28, 1950 – May 4, 1970) was an American student at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, who was killed by the Ohio Army National Guard in the Kent State shootings. He had been protesting against the invasion of Cambodia and the presence of the National Guard on the Kent State campus. National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of unarmed students, killing Miller and three others.

Biography
Miller was born on March 28, 1950, in New York, the son of Elaine Holstein and Bernard Miller. He was Jewish.

Four months before his death in May 1970, Miller had transferred to Kent State from Michigan State University. While at Michigan State, Miller pledged Phi Kappa Tau fraternity where his older brother, Russell, had been a member. He and his brother had always been close and shared a birthday. After his brother graduated from Michigan State, Miller found himself feeling increasingly out of touch with the dominant culture at Michigan State. During the summer of 1969, an old friend from New York who attended Kent State urged Miller to consider transferring. He left Michigan State with 4 like-minded friends, also MSU students, in January 1970, traveling together to Ann Arbor. He had protested the Vietnam War with these friends at MSU. He went on to Kent State while 3 of the 5 remained in Ann Arbor. He quickly adapted to Kent State and soon had many friends, including Allison Krause and Sandra Scheuer. Both Krause and Scheuer — alongside William Knox Schroeder — died alongside Miller on May 4.

Death
Miller had taken part in the protests that day and had thrown a tear gas canister back at the Ohio National Guardsmen who had originally fired it. The protests, initially against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, had escalated into a protest against the presence of the Ohio National Guard on the Kent State campus. Miller was unarmed when he was shot; he had been facing the Guardsmen while standing in an access road leading into the Prentice Hall parking lot at a distance of approximately 265 ft. A single bullet entered his open mouth and exited at the base of his posterior skull, killing him instantly. John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo features Mary Ann Vecchio, a 14-year-old runaway, kneeling over Miller's dead body.

Three other students were shot and killed at Kent State on the day: Allison Krause, Sandra Lee Scheuer, and William Knox Schroeder; nine others were wounded, including one who was paralyzed for life. These and other shootings led to protests and a national student strike, closing hundreds of campuses. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks. Five days after the shootings, 100,000 people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., against the war and the military–industrial complex and protesting the killing of unarmed student protestors by American soldiers on a college campus.

Eleven days after the Kent State shootings, on May 15, 1970, two students were shot and killed and 12 were injured at Jackson State University by the Jackson Police and Mississippi Highway Safety Patrol officers.

Miller was cremated and his ashes were placed in a niche in the community mausoleum (Unit 7, Alcove H-O, Column O, Niche 1) at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. A memorial was erected at Plainview – Old Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, the high school that was built in the mid-1960s in the same town as Miller's high school in Plainview, New York. Miller's mother had been a secretary to the principal of John F. Kennedy High School in the 1960s. There is a Kent State Memorial Lecture Fund at MIT established in 1970 by one of Miller's childhood friends. The university has also placed a memorial at the spot where Miller died.

title: Jeffrey Miller (shooting victim)