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Kris

The kris or keris is a Javanese asymmetrical dagger with a distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (pamor). The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well, and is one of the weapons commonly used in the pencak silat martial art native to Indonesia. Kris have been produced in many regions of Indonesia for centuries, but nowhere—although the island of Bali comes close—is the kris so embedded in a mutually-connected whole of ritual prescriptions and acts, ceremonies, mythical backgrounds and epic poetry as in Central Java. Within Indonesia the kris is commonly associated with Javanese culture, although other ethnicities in it and surrounding regions are familiar with the weapon as part of their cultures, such as the Balinese, Sundanese, Malay, Madurese, Banjar, Buginese, and Makassar people. The kris itself is considered as a cultural symbol of Indonesia and also neighbouring countries like Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

A kris can be divided into three parts: blade ( or ), hilt, and sheath. Each part of the kris is considered a piece of art, often carved in meticulous detail and made from various materials: metal, precious or rare types of wood, or gold or ivory. A kris's aesthetic value covers the (the form and design of the blade, with around 60 variants), the  (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 250 variants), and  referring to the age and origin of a kris. Depending on the quality and historical value of the kris, it can fetch thousands of dollars or more.

Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, considered to possess magical powers, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad. Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, a sanctified heirloom (pusaka), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc. Legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability were mentioned in traditional folktales, such as those of Empu Gandring, Taming Sari, and Setan Kober.

In 2005, UNESCO awarded the kris the status of Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Etymology
The word kris come from the Old Javanese term "kris" (Javanese: ) which means "dagger". In Javanese, kris is known as (Javanese: ),  (Javanese: ), and  (Javanese: ). In Malay (subsequently Indonesian and Malaysian ), Sundanese, Balinese and Sasak it is spelled keris (Pegon and Jawi: کريس). Other names include karih in Minangkabau, and sele (ᨔᨙᨒᨙ) in Buginese and Makassarese.

Two notable exceptions are the Philippines and Thailand. In the Philippines, the kris and similar stabbing daggers are known as gunong or gulok, while the much larger slashing sword versions are known as kalis or sundang. The larger kalis sword was introduced from the Sulu Sultanate of the Philippines back to Kalimantan and Sulawesi in Indonesia, where it became known keris Sulu.

In Thailand it is always spelled kris and pronounced either as kris or krit (กริช) in Thai, while in the Yala dialect it is spelled kareh. In Cambodia it is spelled as kris (គ្រីស) in Khmer. Other alternative spellings used by Europeans include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese". In English, the plural form is often simply "kris" as well.

Origin

The kris's history is generally traced through the study of carvings and bas-relief panels found in Java, Indonesia. Some of the most famous renderings of a kris appear on the bas-reliefs of Borobudur (825) and Prambanan temples (850), originating from Hindu-Buddhist Mataram Kingdom of Central Java.

The term kris was mentioned in several ancient Javanese inscriptions, including Humanding inscription (707 Saka or 875 CE), Jurungan inscription and Haliwangbang inscription (708 Saka or 876 CE), Taji inscription (823 Saka or 901 CE), Poh inscription (827 Saka or 905 CE), and Rukam inscription (829 Saka or 907 CE).

The description of a small dagger from Java reminiscent of kris can be found in Chinese source from the 10th century Song dynasty. In 992 the envoy from She-po (Java) arrived in Chinese court bearing a lot of gifts, consists of a dagger with exquisite hilt made of rhino horn and gold, silk woven with floral motifs made of gold threads, ivories, pearls, silk of various colours, fragrant sandalwood, cotton clothes of various colours, turtle shells, betel nut preparation kit, rattan mat with the image of white cockatoo, and a small model of house made of sandalwood adorned with valuable ornaments.

However, Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of Majapahit, East Java. The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in Central Java, dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith. The scene depicted Bhima as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, Ganesha in the center, and Arjuna on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris. These representations of the kris in the Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture.

In Yingya Shenglan—a record about Zheng He's expedition (1405–1433)—Ma Huan describes that

"all men in Majapahit, from the king to commoners, from a boy aged three to elders, slipped pu-la-t'ou (belati or more precisely kris dagger) in their belts. The daggers are made entirely of steel with intricate motifs smoothly drawn. The handles are made of gold, rhino's horn or ivory carved with a depiction of human or demon; the carving works are exquisite and skillfully made."

This Chinese account also reported that public execution by stabbing using this type of dagger is common. Majapahit knows no caning for major or minor punishment. They tied the guilty men's hands in the back with rattan rope and paraded them for a few paces, and then stabbed the offender one or two times in the back on the gap between the floating ribs, which resulted in severe bleeding and instant death.

Currently, the Kris of Knaud is the oldest known surviving kris in the world. Given to Charles Knaud, a Dutch physician, by Paku Alam V in the 19th century Yogyakarta in Java, the kris is on display at the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam. The kris bears the date of 1264 Saka (which corresponds to 1342 AD) in its iron blade. Scientists suspect that due to its special features the kris might be even older, but was decorated during Majapahit period to celebrate an important event. The kris bears scenes from the Ramayana on an unusual thin copper layer which partially covers it.

Development and distribution
Although the people of Southeast Asia were already familiar with this type of stabbing weapon, the development of the kris most probably took place in Java, Indonesia. From its origin in Java, the use of kris spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago, Singapore, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and the Philippines through diplomacy and trade. The spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, some historians say, was credited to the growing influence of the Majapahit Empire in Java around the year 1492.

The Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian canto XVII, a Sundanese manuscript dated from Saka 1440 or 1518 AD, describes the kris as the weapon of kings, while the kujang is the weapon of farmers. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. Tomé Pires, in the early 16th century, describes the importance of the kris to the Javanese.

Usage
While it is commonly believed that kris were the primary weapons wielded by fighters in the past, they were actually carried by warriors as a secondary armament if they lost their main weapon, which was usually a spear. For commoners however, kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. During times of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire. Ceremonial kris were often meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies. Men usually wore only one kris but the admiral Hang Tuah is said in the Hikayat Hang Tuah to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. Women also wore kris, though usually of a smaller size than a man's. In battle, a fighter might have carried more than one kris; some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom. The extra two served as parrying daggers, but if none were available the sheath would serve the same purpose.

Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, known in Javanese tradition as, is required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura. "... every man in Java, whether he is rich or poor, must have a kris in his house ... and no man between the ages of 12 and 80 may go out of doors without a kris in his belt. They carry them at the back, as daggers used to be in Portugal ..." In many parts of Indonesia and the Malacca Sultanate, the kris used to be the choice weapon for an execution known as the hukuman salang. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the subclavian artery and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean. In the Malay world and Java, an honourable form of execution was death by kris to the heart.

Kris were used commonly in battle, during the early modern period, instead of having professional armies, most kings within the region relied on their courtiers to mobilize for war whenever required and since most Javanese, Malay and Makassarese would own a kris, the weapon would have seen regular combat. During amok, the kris was used in a furious charge to scatter or kill a number of enemies even at the cost of one's own life. In the 16th century, European colonial powers introduced firearms into the archipelago that contributed to the decline of using the kris as the weapon of choice in battle. The forging of edged weapons went into decline from the moment that the sultans or rajas were subjugated and their realms annexed by the British or Dutch East Indies colonial state. In number of regions, a ban was placed on carrying of cutting and stabbing weapons.

In Java, the turning point was the end of the five-year-long Java War when the rebellious Prince Diponegoro was defeated and detained, and had to hand his kris over to the Dutch in 1830. This event marked the disarmament of the kris as a combat weapon among the Javanese populace. Its ceremonial function, however, as part of traditional costumes, as sacred heirloom and as a protective personal amulet, remains.

However, the kris saw continuous use and forging in the Philippines, which comprised most of the Spanish East Indies. Kris-forgers and swordsmen were referred to as juramentados by the Spanish. Juramentados practice a ritual of sacrifice, a form of Jihad against not only Spanish soldiers, but also against Christian Filipinos alike.

The early 20th century saw the decline of kris forging as carrying edged weapons was banned in the Dutch East Indies. However its spiritual and ceremonial function still continues and is celebrated mainly in kraton and istana (courts) throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and the Muslim-inhabited parts of the southern Philippines.

Today
In Java, the traditional art of kris-making is preserved in the Javanese culture heartland, the keraton (royal court) of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, and also the princedom of Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman. The Javanese kings and nobles of these courts are known to employ some kris blacksmiths (empu) and become the patrons of their works, although the activity of kris-making is declining. Until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values. However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again.

Over the past three decades, kris have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society. Although active and honoured smiths who produce high quality kris in the traditional way can still be found in some places such as Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar and Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills. The traditional kris-making industry still survives in some villages, such as Banyu Sumurup village in Imogiri subdistrict, Bantul, Yogyakarta, either specially made as a sacred amulet ordered by a kris enthusiast who seeks its spiritual power, or merely as souvenirs for tourists.

Description
Physically, the kris is a form of dagger with a blade measuring between 15 and 50 in long, typically not sharpened as it is meant for stabbing and tearing, broader and asymmetric shape near the hilt, made of a combination of several kinds of metals. A kris's aesthetic value covers the (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the  (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and  referring to the age and origin of a kris.

Blade
The kris blade is called a or. Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base, one rare kind of kris with a broad blade is the keris buah beko in Kelantan and Java copying the shape of the oroxylum seed pod. The kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades, as do more than half of all kris prior to the modern era. The number of curves on the blade (known as luk or lok) is always odd. Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29. In contrast to the older straight type, most kris today have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim.

According to traditional Javanese kejawen, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature: (water),  (wind),  (fire),  (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and aku (lit: "I" or "me", meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris. Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal. In Bali, the kris is associated with the nāga or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent. Some kris have the head of a naga (dragon) carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a naga in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action.

In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal. The poison used to polish kris blade is called. The process of chemical coating was done by or  (washing) the blade with acid and minerals that contains arsenic compounds. The process of doing so was kept secret among smiths. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form, damascene patterns on the blade.

Pamor
The distinctive patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the mythical properties they are believed to impart. There are around 60 variants of recognized today in traditional kris blades. Some examples of include, , ,  and. The kris blade forging uses iron with a small content of nickel to create this pattern. The faint pattern has been found in the kris from Majapahit period, which was acquired from iron ores with small nickel content. Most probably this iron ore was imported from the island of Sulawesi, as the from Luwu region is quite well known in Sulawesi and Java.

The best material for creating however, is acquired in a quite unusual way, as it is made from rare meteorite iron. Traditionally the material for the kris smiths connected with the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta originates from an iron meteorite that fell to earth at the end of 18th century in the neighborhood of the Prambanan temple complex. The meteorite was excavated and transported to the keraton of Surakarta; from that time on the smiths of Vorstenlanden (the Royal territories) used small pieces of meteoric iron to produce patterns in their kris, pikes, and other status weapons. After etching the blade with acidic substances, it is the small percentage of nickel present in meteoric iron that creates the distinctive silvery patterns that faintly light up against the dark background of iron or steel that become darkened by the effect of the acids.

Hilt
The handle or hilt is an object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials: precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. They were often carved to resemble various animals and Hindu deities, although this became less common with the introduction of Islam. In Bali, kris handles are made to resemble demons coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies. In Java, kris handles are made in various types, the most common design being the abstract stylized representation of the human form. Examples of hilt designs include Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Batara Guru and Pulasir hilt from Madura, Punukan hilt from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, Pulungan hilt from Cirebon, Pekaka hilt from Pattani, and a seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi. The kris usually has a curved pistol-grip hilt that aids in stabbing strikes. It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt.

Sheath
As with the hilt, a kris' sheath (warangka) is also an object of art. It can be made from various materials, usually a wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in sulur floral motifs. The upper part of the sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory. It could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones.

Forging
The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called empu (lit. "possessor") or pandai besi (lit. "iron-skilled"). In Java the honorary title empu refer to those ironsmiths who possess the special skill of forging the kris. According to Javanese beliefs, a kris empu should possess knowledge, technical skills and also spiritual prowess, since kris are believed to have physical and spiritual presence. This was meant to differentiate the masters from common pandai besi that mostly create common metal tools or peasant's weapons like parang or golok. In old Majapahit, a kris bladesmith was referred to as pande and all were reputed to be able to work hot iron with their bare hands. The people of Majapahit would eventually flee to Bali where the occupation has been preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also make jewellery. A bladesmith makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel. Some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more intricate weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, and the occult.

Cultural beliefs
Kris were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon. Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc. In the Barong dance of Bali there is a segment called keris dance, in which the villain Rangda magically enchants Airlangga's soldiers to commit suicide, while another magician makes them invulnerable to sharp objects. In a trance state, the male dancers stab themselves in the chest with their own kris but remain unhurt.

The kris dance is a potentially dangerous dance and can lead to fatal accidents. In February 2021, a 16 year old kris dancer was stabbed to death in his heart by his own kris, during a Rangda dance performance in Denpasar, Bali.

In Javanese culture the kris is revered as tosan aji (Javanese for "sacred heirloom weapon") and considered a pusaka. The kris is believed to have the ability to infuse bravery upon its holder: this property is known as piyandel in Javanese which means "to add self-confidence". The pusaka kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and is considered a great honor. During the Javanese wedding ceremony, a kris is required to be adorned with chains of jasmine flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume. The addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive. Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs were derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called Beras Wutah, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. This kris was mainly assigned to government officers who were paid, in whole or in part, with foodstuffs such as rice.

There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical.

Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so silat practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect.

Legendary and historic krises
Several folktales—linked to historical figures—mention legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability. Most of the magical kris are of Javanese origin, while the tales are mainly derived from Javanese ancient manuscript and Babad (Javanese chronicle).

Kris Mpu Gandring
One of the most famous legends from Java comes from the Pararaton (Book of Kings). It describes a legendary bladesmith called Mpu Gandring or Empu Gandring and his impatient customer, Ken Arok, in the last days of the Kediri kingdom in the 13th century. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophecy that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok used Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassinate Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and built a new kingdom of Singhasari. The prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself. The unfinished kris then disappeared.

Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to Ken Arok's stepson Anusapati which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his biological father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris. The bloody feud continued on and on until the reign of Kertanegara, the last king of Singosari Empire

Kris Taming Sari
Taming Sari ("flower shield") is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometime during the fall of Majapahit Empire and the rise of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century. Tun Sri Lanang's book, the Sejarah Melayu, tells that it was made by a Javanese empu and first used by the champion of Majapahit, a pendekar named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral Hang Tuah, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.

After being framed by a jealous official, Hang Tuah was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of Laksamana (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after.

Kris Setan Kober
Javanese folk story tells of Arya Penangsang, the mighty viceroy (adipati) of Jipang who was killed by his own kris called Setan Kober ("devil of the grave"). It was forged by Empu Bayu Aji in the kingdom of Pajajaran, and had 13 luk on its blade. Near its completion when the empu tried to infuse the weapon with spiritual power, he was disturbed by a crying demon (djinn) from the graveyard. As a result, although powerful, the kris had a temperamental evil nature that caused the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient.

The story took place in the 16th century, during the fall of Demak Sultanate that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. Setan Kober was safely kept by Sunan Kudus, one of the nine Islamic saints of Java. However Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of Raden Patah, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river. Since then, Raden Kikin is also referred to as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana rose as a sultan and later after his death, was replaced by Sunan Prawoto. Kikin's son, Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using the Setan Kober kris. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya (Joko Tingkir) the ruler of Pajang, to kill Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law Sutawijaya, who would later become the first ruler of the Mataram dynasty.

During a battle, Sutawijaya stabbed Penangsang with the Kyai Plered spear in the gut. However, Penangsang was believed to possess aji or kesaktian (spiritual power), he kept fighting with an open wound in the stomach. He encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continued to fight. When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatient Panangsang pulled his Setan Kober off its sheath, but accidentally cut his own intestines and died.

The Javanese tradition of putting jasmine garlands around the kris hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, is said to originate from this tale. It is to symbolize that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang. To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral garland of jasmine chain that resemble intestine. The jasmine is to symbolize sacredness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris. Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with "intestine" made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery. The story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese ketoprak drama.

Kris Diponegoro
During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King Willem-Alexander returned the kris of Prince Diponegoro to Indonesia, received by President Joko Widodo. Today considered as Indonesian national hero, Prince Diponegoro of Yogyakarta was the charismatic leader of the mass rebellion against Dutch colonial rule in Central Java, that was defeated and taken prisoner after the conclusion of Java War in 1830. His kris was long considered lost, but has now been found, after being identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The kris of Prince Diponegoro represents a historic importance, as a symbol of Indonesian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The extraordinary gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held as the Dutch state collection, and is now part of the collection of the Indonesian National Museum. There is great doubt whether the Kris is the original Kris of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.

Symbolism
Throughout the archipelago, the kris is a symbol of heroism, martial prowess, power and authority. As a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated kris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner; however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in Javanese culture, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables). This is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort. Balinese and Sundanese also wearing kris on their back. However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip.

The kris is depicted on different flags, emblems, coats and logos such as those of the Mataram Sultanate, Riau Islands Province, Terengganu and Selangor. The former emblem of Siam uses the kris to represent the southern territories. It can also be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin RM1 coin with a songket pattern in the background. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris.

Since the independence of Malaysia, the kris has become a symbol of Malay nationalism, particularly of ketuanan Melayu, the doctrine of the Malay race as the dominant race at their homeland. It has been incorporated into the Sang Saka Bangsa, the official flag of the United Malays National Organisation.

In the Philippines, the kalis, a larger sword variant of the kris, is a symbol of Moro and southern Filipino culture, and a resistance to Spanish rule and influence. It is incorporated into the flags of the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. It has also been incorporated into the flag of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, historical flags of the Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the emblem of the Cotabato Province.

Popular culture

 * A kris is featured in the short story "The Crab Who Played with the Sea" from Rudyard Kipling's 1902 Just So Stories.
 * In 2019, a kris was featured in season 6, episode 7 of the History Channel competition show Forged in Fire, as the round three finale weapon to be created.
 * In the 2019 video game and movie of the same name, DreadOut there is a cursed kris.
 * In the Mortal Kombat franchise the character Ashrah has a kris as her weapon.
 * The kris appears in both Diablo II and Diablo III as a weapon of the dagger class.
 * A kris (referred to in-game as a keris) features prominently in the desert regions of RuneScape. Its bonus to the "Prayer" stat reflects its sacred nature.
 * Anya Melfissa from Hololive's Indonesian branch is based on a keris who has taken human form.

title: Kris


text:
Yoakum

People

 * Yoakum (surname)

Places

 * Yoakum, Texas
 * Yoakum County, Texas

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yoakum


text:
Yoder

Yoder is a surname of Swiss German origin of which the original spelling is Joder. It originated from the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. The name dates back to at least 1260, and is a shortened version of the name Theodore. Saint Yoder (died c. 400) is a patron saint of Valais, probably the first bishop of Octodurum.

Origin of the surname
Joderhuebel — German for Yoder Hill — is a natural fortress on the Emme River in the Swiss Canton of Bern. German researcher Karl Joder of Ludwigshafen am Rhein believes that the Yoder family was established in the region surrounding the hill before recorded history. The oldest known documentation of the Yoder family is a 1260 record of the birth of a Peter Joder in Joderhuebel.

Diaspora
Yoders were a part of a larger German migration to America between 1650 and 1730. When the Quaker William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania, he opened it to all religious faiths, allowing complete religious freedom and worship. He sent agents into the Rhine Valley and the Rhineland-Palatinate announcing the opportunities for settlement in his colony and assuring emigrants they would be allowed freedom of worship. Germans of all faiths came to the new colony by the thousands. They found their way down the Rhine River to Rotterdam, the great Dutch port, and embarked on slow sailing boats for Philadelphia. Between 1700 and 1775 more than sixty thousand Germans came to America. Some ethnic Germans from the Duchy of Baden, Alsace (Elsass) and Switzerland also left Europe at French ports like Le Havre.

After taking the oath of allegiance to the English Crown, the Germans spread out into the area of southeastern Pennsylvania, looking for good land and places to make their new homes. They settled first in what are now Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, Lancaster, and Berks Counties. Today, Yoder is a common surname among the Amish and Mennonites.

title: Yoder


text:
Talk:World Snooker Championship

Expansion of Embassy page
This page is an expansion of the old "Embassy World Snooker Championship" page. I've also rewritten a fair amount of it.

If anyone can help, I'd like to know how to get a table of contents. Also, the list of winners could probably be improved. --Auximines 10:52, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Great work on the expansion. Just a heads up, even when you are going to expand an article under a new name, use the "move this page" button to move a page first rather than just copying and pasting the content. This preserves the edit history of the old material with their original authors, and the new stuff with you. If you run into any problems, give me or another admin a shout. You've been around about or month or so right? Give it another month or so and I will nominate you for adminship myself as I can see you are doing good things for Wikipedia. (I would nominate sooner, but there are some inflexible people at Requests for Adminship who care more about time served and number of edits rather than quality of edit or behaviour and an unsuccessful application has in the past jeopardized future re-applications). Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:43, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

1927 World tournament
Regarding this event, the article states that the highest break of the tournament was achieved by Albert Cope who scored 60. However, another website (The Global Snooker Centre) claims that the highest break was 57 by Joe Davis. Does anyone know which of these is correct? ChicXulub (talk) 14:38, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Albert Cope's 60 comes from another page on the same site, . I assumed that the 57 by Joe Davis really meant the highest break in the final, though it's not clear. --Auximines 08:16, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

1966 World tournament
Does anyone know why the 1966 world tournament ended with a score of just 5 - 2 ? ChicXulub (talk) 19:09, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just found out, it was a series of matches. Fred Davis won 5 matches to 2 matches. --Auximines 08:16, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Both sexes?
Is it open to both sexes or are only the men currently good enough to qualify? If only open to men, why? EdX20 20:53, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The World Championship is not open for women as this is the mens league. There is a women snooker league but i don't know anything about it other then it's existence. Efforts should be made to find out more about this and metion it in the article. -- CrazyChip 13:07, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * A feature on the BBC coverage at this years championships would suggest that wasn't correct. It was on the women's leagues and how female snooker has suffered a lot in recent years.  After they cut back to the studio Steve Davis made the point, in response to a question from Hazel, that there isn't anything to stop a female entrant to the WC, or any of the ranking tournaments - they simply have to get through the qualifying, and the problem is that the quality isn't there.  Neither the WC or the ranking circuit are called the "Men's" anything. SFC9394 16:50, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

The championship is open to any professional who is a member of the WPBSA. THis can be a man or a woman. No female player has ever qualified for the Crucible, although a number of women players have entered the qualifying rounds (including Allison Fisher who now plays 9-ball in the USA). In addition, there is a separate women's only circuit. Tim Sandle (timsandle@aol.com) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.139.172.126 (talk) 23:14, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Records - Active/Non-active
The table is very nice. Would it be possible to distinguish between the active players and the non-active ones? Maybe write their names in Bold style? 77.125.90.119 (talk) 22:47, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Actually most of the numbers are wrong in the table, Dennis Taylor, for example appeared 21 times at WSC, in this table they listed him second after Steve Davis with 28 appearances. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.234.121.150 (talk) 13:24, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

I corrected the numbers now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.234.121.150 (talk) 14:37, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

1992 World Championship qualifiers
(Pre-qualifying divided between three clubs at Aldershot, Bolton and Sheffield on 20th – 24th July 1991) Preliminary round: G Fisken beat T McKenna 6-3; J Rees beat G Esprit 6-2; T Finstad beat AM Bjarnason 6-2; M Husnu beat D Clarke 6-5; A Cheema beat B Cassidy 6-4; P Hefford beat J Mulready 6-0; R Tavagna beat K Johnstone 6-2; D Rice beat I Stark 6-1; J Herbert beat P Horne 6-3; P Minchin beat L Lillie 6-2; K Corr beat P Mahon 6-3; John White (Canada) beat W Lloyd 6-4; P Dawkins beat N Martin 6-1; S Gill wo P Strafford; D Hamson beat K Townsend 6-5; C Booth beat R Gough 6-5; D Finbow beat S Journet 6-2; M Grainger beat A Clark 6-2; A Murphy beat N Walker 6-3; R Foxall beat M Colquitt 6-0; S Storey beat A Trigg 6-1; N Fruin beat ? 6-5; F O’Brien beat M Elliott 6-2; S Reardon beat M Stocks 6-4; P Kenny beat J Pegram 6-2; M Boyd beat T Buckley 6-3; B Snaddon beat G Burns 6-2; F Dezi wo S Webster; S Pegrum beat A Alexandrou 6-3; K Broughton beat C Archer 6-0; S Westcott wo J Baines; G Baldrey beat M Faulkner 6-5; L Spiller beat C Ravagnani 6-1; R Leighton beat S Grewal 6-4; D McDonnell beat K Payne 6-2; S O’Connor beat C Carpenter 6-4; S Judd wo P Mumford; P Davies beat D Henry 6-5; G Lees beat B O’Loughlin 6-1; Nick D Jones beat I Jones 6-4; G Grennan beat B Zee 6-1; D McLellan beat M McCarthy 6-0; R Thallon wo K Andreou; Allison Fisher beat A Rosa 6-2; M Unsworth beat G Tugby 6-5; D McGlinchey beat T Pierucci 6-4; K Young wo P Vallance; D Guest beat S Beggiato 6-5; P Maskell wo S Seymour; C Achilles beat M Eaves 6-0; J Swail beat G Hill 6-2; A Davies wo P Riley scr; M Gold beat J Harrop 6-5; A-M Farren beat M Jervis 6-4; J Weston beat I Gerrard 6-0; K Burrows beat A Ahmed 6-0; J Hawen beat D Andrew 6-2; K Ashby beat M Leach 6-0; J Walton beat M Witts 6-1; T Burke beat C Kerry 6-2; D Hackeson wo N Shaw; W Jerram beat C Milner 6-1; S Mifsud beat D Wright 6-2; J Bagley wo R Toombes; A Borg beat F Rahman 6-2; S Morris beat S Haslam 6-0; R Pincott beat R Shakespeare 6-0; S Mann beat P Gavey 6-3; H Vaizie beat J Buckingham 6-4; C Morton beat D Leary 6-1; C Nicolson beat N Segal 6-1; J Rous beat S Henderson 6-3; V McCluskey beat S Elliott 6-5; D Harold wo F Richardson; F Maskell beat L Smith 6-4; J O’Shea wo D Hoggarth; D Walker beat S Ventham 6-5; D Peach beat S Sanders 6-0; J Goodyear wo K Byers; J Delaney beat T Holtby 6-2; S Chong beat A O’Connor 6-5; O King beat K Brown 6-0; S Lanigan beat A Coutts 6-3; A Bolsover beat G Stevens 6-3; R Dickson beat D Singh 6-2; R Bigg beat J Burns 6-2; J Clouden beat R Harrhy 6-5

1st pre-qualifying round: G Fisken beat P Smith 6-3; P Daubney beat J Rees 6-3; T Finstad beat T Dunphy 6-1; W Rendle beat M Husnu 6-3; A Cheema beat M Burke 6-0; G Williams beat P Hefford 6-4; R Tavagna beat P Peratikou 6-4; D Rice beat S Parnell 6-2; J Herbert beat S Cook 6-2; B L’Orange beat P Minchin 6-4; G Horne beat K Corr 6-2; John White (Canada) beat M Wareham 6-3; P Dawkins beat R Burgess 6-3; D Rippon beat S Gill 6-4; Paul Morgan beat D Hamson 6-3; M Flowerdew beat C Booth 6-3; J Wallace beat D Finbow 6-1; P Lines beat M Grainger 6-3; A Murphy beat C Palmer 6-4; P Roulston beat R Foxall 6-5; P McPhillips beat S Storey 6-4; N Fruin beat M Parmar 6-3; F O’Brien beat L Fazekas (Canada) 6-2; E Manning beat S Reardon 6-4; P Kenny beat S Hornby 6-2; L Grant beat M Boyd 6-2; B Snaddon beat M Davis 6-4; F Dezi beat C Bernstone 6-0; J Shilton beat S Pegrum 6-3; A Hicks beat C Capel 6-2; M Campbell wo J Peplow; N Figgins wo S Green; B Jones beat N Stanfield 6-1; S Lynskey beat M Devon 6-2; C Groves beat A Peart 6-2; M King beat D Boon 6-4; S Ali beat E Clark 6-2; G Flitness beat D Lennox 6-5; Peter Williams wo T Gorman; K McAlinden wo T Guerreri; Mick Smith beat L Richardson 6-4; M Pugh beat S Haines 6-2; G Wood beat N Khan 6-1; A Taylor beat A Gamal 6-2; K Broughton beat J Woodman 6-5; R Yule beat S Westcott 6-4; G Baldrey beat A Photiou 6-0; J Manley beat L Spiller 6-2; R Leighton beat D Langton 6-2; D McDonnell beat C Barnett 6-3; J Read beat S O’Connor 6-3; S Judd beat J Williams 6-1; P Davies beat R McDonald 6-4; P Tanner beat G Lees 6-4; A Hamilton beat Nick D Jones 6-5; T Emmott beat G Grennan 6-4; D McLellan beat M Evans 6-1; M Farrimond beat R Thallon 6-1; C Small beat Allison Fisher 6-4; N Lazarus beat M Unsworth 6-4; P Ebdon beat D McGlinchey 6-1; K Young beat J Cahill 6-4; D Guest beat D Athorn 6-2; P Clutterbuck beat P Maskell 6-4; R Connor beat C Achilles 6-2; J Swail beat R Chapman 6-0; A Davies beat J Benton 6-0; M Gold beat G Bradley 6-0; A-M Farren beat N MacLachlan 6-4; J Weston beat R Moore 6-5; K Burrows beat D Grimwood 6-2; J Hawen beat P Cavney 6-5; K Ashby beat T Paling 6-2; F Fitzgerald beat S Harrison 6-0; P Seager beat R Davis 6-2; H Morgan beat P McDonald 6-1; M Carolan beat T Bolahood 6-0; Terry Murphy beat R McLeod 6-5; S Hillyard beat S Prest 6-4; C Brooks wo N Maher; G Jones beat J Leahy 6-4; S Russell beat R Mason 6-1; A Peacock beat P Webb 6-2; C Johnston-Allen beat S Lemmens 6-5; T Shaw beat R McHugh 6-2; G Sethi beat J Fox 6-2; S Haggerty beat P Seaton 6-4; P McCullagh beat B Bunn 6-2; J Walton beat K Lowndes 6-4; H Lakhani beat T Burke 6-3; J Welsh beat D Hackeson 6-3; W Jerram beat R King 6-0; J Cundy beat S Mifsud 6-2; J Bagley beat A Bishop 6-3; A Borg wo E Galati; S Morris beat J Dobson 6-2; E Henderson beat R Pincott 6-4; N Barrow beat S Mann 6-2; T Rampello beat H Vaizie 6-1; C Morton beat P Hurren 6-2; C Nicolson beat D Zeid 6-2; J Rous beat M Roughan 6-5; J Michie beat V McCluskey 6-4; D Harold wo S Wylie; F Maskell beat R Ritchie 6-4; J O’Shea beat R Pipe 6-1; D Walker beat F Porgeirsson 6-0; D Peach beat D Young 6-3; J Goodyear beat D Milton 6-5; D Venables beat J Delaney 6-5; S Chong beat P Gilchrist 6-2; O King beat D French 6-1; S Lanigan beat Jim Long 6-5; A Bolsover beat P Oakley 6-2; R Dickson beat P Lovegrove 6-1; J Tarke beat R Bigg 6-2; C Newson beat J Clouden 6-3; P Donegan beat D Lozenby 6-2; B Cakebread beat Danny Murphy 6-5; L Griffin beat D Cheung 6-1; C MacGillivray beat J Timson 6-2; J Dunworth wo N Atkins; T Norris beat M McGrotty 6-3; S Parker beat S Whalley 6-5; M Huntingdon beat D Brabiner 6-2; W Martin beat C Kikis 6-3; G Thomas beat L Robinson 6-2; S Mazrocis beat J Khan 6-0; S Swinburn beat M Henson 6-2; N Selman beat J Jorgensen 6-2; S Mellish wo P Delaney; M Dunn beat J Curtis 6-1

2nd pre-qualifying round: P Daubney beat G Fisken 6-4; T Finstad beat W Rendle 6-1; A Cheema beat G Williams 6-3; R Tavagna beat D Rice 6-2; B L’Orange beat J Herbert 6-5; G Horne beat John White (Canada) 6-4; D Rippon beat P Dawkins 6-2; M Flowerdew beat Paul Morgan 6-5; J Wallace beat P Lines 6-5; P Roulston beat A Murphy 6-4; N Fruin beat P McPhillips 6-2; F O’Brien beat E Manning 6-0; P Kenny beat L Grant 6-4; F Dezi beat B Snaddon 6-4; A Hicks beat J Shilton 6-5; N Figgins beat M Campbell 6-2; S Lynskey beat B Jones 6-5; C Groves beat M King 6-5; G Filtness beat S Ali 6-5; K McAlinden beat Peter Williams 6-0; M Pugh beat Mick Smith 6-5; A Taylor beat G Wood 6-4; K Broughton beat R Yule 6-2; J Manley beat G Baldrey 6-4; D McDonnell beat R Leighton 6-5; S Judd beat J Read 6-0; P Tanner beat P Davies 6-3; A Hamilton beat T Emmott 6-0; D McLellan beat M Farrimond 6-2; C Small beat N Lazarus 6-3; P Ebdon beat K Young 6-3; D Guest beat P Clutterbuck 6-3; J Swail beat R Connor 6-3; A Davies beat M Gold 6-3; J Weston beat A-M Farren 6-2; K Burrows beat J Hawen 6-3; K Ashby beat F Fitzgerald 6-1; P Seager beat H Morgan 6-4; Terry Murphy beat M Carolan 6-4; C Brooks beat S Hillyard 6-3; S Russell beat G Jones 6-3; A Peacock beat C Johnston-Allen 6-3; T Shaw beat G Sethi 6-4; S Haggerty beat P McCullagh 6-5; J Walton beat H Lakhani 6-4; W Jerram beat J Welsh 6-4; J Cundy beat J Bagley 6-5; A Borg beat S Morris 6-3; E Henderson beat N Barrow 6-5; C Morton beat T Rampello 6-5; C Nicolson beat J Rous 6-3; J Michie beat D Harold 6-5; F Maskell beat J O’Shea 6-3; D Walker beat D Peach 6-4; J Goodyear beat D Venables 6-5; O King beat S Chong 6-3; S Lanigan beat A Bolsover 6-5; R Dickson beat J Tarke 6-2; P Donegan beat C Newson 6-5; L Griffin beat B Cakebread 6-1; J Dunworth beat C MacGillivray 6-2; S Parker beat T Norris 6-5; W Martin beat M Huntingdon 6-5; S Mazrocis beat G Thomas 6-5; N Selman beat S Swinburn 6-5; S Mellish beat M Dunn 6-3

Final pre-qualifying round: P Daubney beat T Finstad 6-2; R Tavagna beat A Cheema 6-5; B L’Orange beat G Horne 6-5; D Rippon beat M Flowerdew 6-5; J Wallace beat P Roulston 6-0; F O’Brien beat N Fruin 6-1; P Kenny beat F Dezi 6-3; A Hicks beat N Figgins 6-4; S Lynskey beat C Groves 6-4; K McAlinden beat G Filtness 6-5; M Pugh beat A Taylor 6-2; K Broughton beat J Manley 6-3; D McDonnell beat S Judd 6-5; A Hamilton beat P Tanner 6-1; C Small beat D McLellan 6-3; P Ebdon beat D Guest 6-1; J Swail beat A Davies 6-2; K Burrows beat J Weston 6-3; K Ashby beat P Seager 6-5; C Brooks beat Terry Murphy 6-4; A Peacock beat S Russell 6-3; S Haggerty beat T Shaw 6-5; W Jerram beat J Walton 6-3; J Cundy beat A Borg 6-2; E Henderson beat C Morton 6-3; J Michie beat C Nicolson 6-0; D Walker beat F Maskell 6-1; O King beat J Goodyear 6-2; R Dickson beat S Lanigan 6-2; L Griffin beat P Donegan 6-2; S Parker beat J Dunworth 6-3; W Martin beat S Mazrocis 6-3; S Mellish beat N Selman 6-2

(Three pre-qualifying rounds at 3 well-appointed clubs at Aldershot,Bolton and Sheffield on 20th–24th July 1991 reduced the huge intake of new professionals to 33 survivors who went with the 127 existing ranked players into the five qualifying rounds and championship proper. The five qualifying rounds were played at Preston Guild Hall on 17th-30th March 1992). 1st qualifying round: P Ebdon beat D Heaton 10-2; P Kenny beat J Michie 10-9; M Pugh wo T Whitthread scr; C Cookson beat D Walker 10-8; N Terry beat J Wallace 10-8; K McAlindon beat J Fitzmaurice 10-3; S Lynsky wo G Miles; T Kearney beat E Henderson 10-9; K Ashby beat M Gibson 10-4; D Martin beat W Jerram 10-8; D Rippon beat G Scott 10-6; K Burrows beat B Demarco 10-3; A Hamilton beat B Bennett 10-0; I Williamson beat F O’Brien 10-7; E Lawlor beat R Tavagna 10-8; S Haggerty beat J Dunning 10-5; J Ferguson beat O King 10-2; K Broughton beat M Fisher 10-2; A Higgins beat W Martin 10-3; A Hicks beat G Cripsey 10-3; D McDonnell beat A Harris 10-4; A Peacock beat J Donnelly 10-3; P Daubney beat F Davis 10-1; C Small beat S Meakin 10-6; John Rea beat S Parker 10-7; S Mellish beat M Darrington 10-4; B L’Orange beat P Watchorn 10-6; S Longworth beat R Dickson 10-9; J Swail wo P Morgan scr; B Werbeniuk wo C Brooks dsd; L Griffin wo B Kelly scr; M Bradley beat J Cundy 10-9

2nd qualifying round: P Ebdon beat B Harris 10-1; P Kenny beat D Gilbert 10-8; B Pinches beat N Terry 10-5; J O’Boye beat M Bradley 10-3; M Macleod beat S Lynsky 10-5; D Rippon beat M Morra 10-8; I Brumby beat D Martin 10-5; G Natale beat K Burrows 10-4; J Whittaker beat I Williamson 10-9; J Wright beat E Lawlor 10-7; J Ferguson beat P Browne 10-0; J Grech beat S Haggerty 10-5; B L’Orange beat J Spencer 10-0; Stephen Murphy beat S Longworth 10-6; John Rea beat R Bales 10-6; S Mellish beat M Gauvreau 10-4; C Small beat K Owers 10-8; David Taylor wo B Werbeniuk scr; B Rowswell beat K Broughton 10-8; A Higgins beat P Gibson 10- 6; A Cairns beat D McDonnell 10-7; M Price beat A Peacock 10-7; J Swail beat B Oliver 10-1; P Daubney beat Martin Smith 10-6; R Foldvari beat K McAlindon 10-8; K Ashby beat R Edmonds 10-8; P Medati beat M Pugh 10-8; L Griffin beat T Wilson 10-9; A Hicks wo J Smith scr; A Hamilton beat D Campbell 10-9; T Kearney beat Tommy Murphy 10-9; S Campbell beat C Cookson 10-6

3rd qualifying round: P Ebdon beat N Dyson 10-5; J Birch beat B Pinches 10-7; D Morgan beat P Kenny 10-7; D Roe beat J O’Boye 10-9; M Johnston-Allen beat M Macleod 10-7; R Foldvari beat B Morgan 10-8; J McLaughlin beat T Kearney 10-8; C Edwards beat K Ashby 10-5; B West beat D Rippon 10-7; A Hamilton beat M Rowing 10-8; I Brumby beat F Chan 10-8; K Doherty beat G Natale 10-1; J Whittaker beat J Chambers 10-7; J Wright beat R Williams 10-2; J Ferguson beat C Roscoe 10-1; T Meo beat J Grech 10-1; I Graham beat B L’Orange 10-7; Stephen Murphy beat E Hughes 10-5; T Chappel beat John Rea 10-6; S Mellish beat L Dodd 10-6; C Small beat R Lawler 10-8; C Thorburn beat David Taylor 10-5; B Rowswell beat R Marshall 10-7; A McManus beat Alex Higgins 10-7; J Campbell beat L Griffin 10-5; A Hicks beat B Gollan 10-1; A Cairns beat W King 10-9; M Price beat N Gilbert 10-1; J Swail beat J Prince 10-9; K Stevens beat P Daubney 10-4; S Duggan beat P Medati 10-8; J Wych beat S Campbell 10-9

4th qualifying round: P Ebdon beat J Birch 10-7; D Roe beat D Morgan 10-7; M Johnston-Allen beat R Foldvari 10-4; J McLaughlin beat C Edwards 10-9; B West beat A Hamilton 10-9; K Doherty beat I Brumby 10-6; J Wright beat J Whittaker 10-6; J Ferguson beat T Meo 10-9; Stephen Murphy beat I Graham 10-6; S Mellish beat T Chappel 10-1; C Small beat C Thorburn 10-7; A McManus beat B Rowswell 10-6; A Hicks beat J Campbell 10-9; M Price beat A Cairns 10-7; K Stevens beat J Swail 10-9; J Wych beat S Duggan 10-8

Final qualifying round: P Ebdon beat C Wilson 9-0 (Wilson pulled out due to illness); E Charlton beat D Roe 10-5; M Johnston-Allen beat S Newbury 10-2; N Bond beat J McLaughlin 10-2; P Francisco beat K Doherty 10-7; R Chaperon beat J Wright 10-3; J Ferguson beat S Francisco 10-6; Stephen Murphy beat W Jones 10-8; D O’Kane beat S Mellish 10-4; C Small beat D Fowler 10-6; A McManus beat M Bennett 10-9; W Thorne beat A Hicks 10-5; M Price beat J Johnson 10-9; J Wattana beat K Stevens 10-9; T Drago beat B West 10-5; J Wych beat J Virgo 10-3

World Snooker Championship?
Surely it should always be referred to as the ‘Snooker World Championship’ - how often do you hear about the ‘World Football Cup’? 137.108.145.250 (talk) 09:10, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The official name of the tournament is "World Snooker Championship". See: World Snooker hompage. Armbrust  Talk to me  Contribs  09:13, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * "World Snooker" is the name of the governing body, and because there was only the one professional championship back in the 1960s it was just known as the "World Snooker Championship", a bit like how Wimbledon is known as "The Championships". It's a bit anachronistic but the name has stuck. There have been three professional snooker world championships down the years: The Billiards Association & Control Council snooker world championship; the Professional Matchplay Championship; the World Snooker Championship, which started in 1969 and is known as the "modern era/modern world championship. Betty Logan (talk) 15:14, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Expansion of Table?
If all the players who made the semi-finals but not the finals were included in the table (since 1969), how big would the table become? Does anyone know off hand? I suspect it would roughly double in size. To prevent the table becoming too big, I think it is a good idea to just show data on finalists, but in that case it should state that somewhere on the article's page.115.176.188.76 (talk) 22:40, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree, only players who reached the final should be added to the table, but the information about the number of their semi-final appearances should be retained too. Armbrust  Talk to me  Contribs  22:45, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I half wonder if it wouldn't be better if we transferred this list to the "List of world champions", since it is data just on the finalists rather than everyone who competed in the world championship. We could put it under the Champions section that lists all the finalists, so it would follow on more naturally from that section: List_of_world_snooker_champions. We could also include the quarter-final and last 16 placings too, because at the moment we include winner/runner-up/SF and last 32 placings and just miss out QF and Last 16 placings, which seems rather arbitrary. Betty Logan (talk) 23:33, 28 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think a transfer is a very bad idea as "List of world champions" is not about finalists. If you want feel free to create "List of World Snooker Championship finalists". This table would perfectly with in it. 23:47, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Semi-finalist section of table
I think the semi-finalist section of the table needs to be improved. The figures as they stand now are not the number of times a player was knocked out in the semi-final stages, but the number of times they have reached that stage or better. So I changed the title in the table from “semi-finalist” to “semi-finalist or better”. Jojikiba (talk) 00:04, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * No your wrong. "Semi-finalist" don't have to mean they lost in the semi-final. Armbrust, B.Ed. Let's talk about my edits? 22:54, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Well don't you think "semi-finalist" suggests they lost in the semi-finals? I think it could confuse some people to leave it as just "semi-finalist". Jojikiba (talk) 00:21, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe. But "Reached semi-final" will be better. Armbrust, B.Ed. Let's talk about my edits? 00:56, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * "Reached semi-final" is OK but the problem is it sounds like they didn't go past it. If people want the figures in the table to mean how many times the players reached the semi-final, that’s fine, but the figures would have to be changed. At the moment the figures are for how many times the players reached the semi-final and final combined. So “Semi-final or better” more accurately describes the figures as they are now. Jojikiba (talk) 01:44, 8 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oh, I didn't think about that. Have no other ideas. Armbrust, B.Ed. Let's talk about my edits? 01:57, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Dead links
There are 3 or 4 dead links in the references, but I don't know how to mark it, so I would ask someone who knows how to do it to do it. :)-- Kukac (talk) 15:06, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ Armbrust, B.Ed. WrestleMania XXVIII The Undertaker 20–0  15:31, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Records - Oldest Winner?
Who is the oldest winner? We have a youngest record, but not oldest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.221.13.140 (talk) 15:39, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
 * No idea. If you have a name and a source for it, than feel free to add it. Armbrust The Homunculus 16:22, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Top performers of the modern era.
The article currently contains a table that, according to the title, should show the top performers of the modern era. However, in reality it contains all performers of the modern era (i.e. every player who has reached at least one World Championship final). So I was wondering whether we should trim this down to for instance a top ten to make this table more true to its title. Tvx1 12:54, 27 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, the table as it currently is, is too long and as you say shows everyone who has made a final. I think the top 10 is the right place to cut it off as that would show all double champions.Jobscomforter (talk) 15:34, 27 May 2015 (UTC)

Modern Era or Crucible Era
I'm wondering if any one has any thoughts about these, in relation to the World Championship. Modern Era starts in 1969, Crucible Era in 1977. It seems to me there is more use of the Crucible term and perhaps we should reflect that and give up the Modern term. The main change is that Ray Reardon loses most of his titles. Personally I don't see a problem since there's no difference to ignoring Joe Davis's titles. There is also use of the modern era term generally in a less precise way. eg Ronnie is "one of the most successful players in the sport's modern era", but I think that's rather a different issue. Nigej (talk) 17:11, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I prefer the term "modern era" for several reasons: the 1969 date coincides with the start of the WSA's administration of the world championship and the return to the familiar knock-out format (prior to 1969 the world championship was administered by the BACC on a challenge basis, and before then you had the "unofficial" Professional Matchplay event) and the format and administration has been relatively stable since then. Secondly, in an era of globalization and substantial Chinese investment the event is not guaranteed to remain at the Crucible, so the "modern era" frame offers more robust continuity. I think this talk of the "Crucible era" generally only comes up on anniversaries (this year's event was the 40th time the Crucible had hosted the event). Furthermore, most of the Crucible era records are "modern era" records anyway: Hendry's record 7, the Crucible curse is effectively a modern era "curse", Thorburn being the first overseas champion, all the maximums have been made at the Crucible etc. Betty Logan (talk) 16:31, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

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only listing "modern era" world champions, in most titles list?
This doesn't make sense to me. The page is about the snooker world championship, not the "modern era of the snooker world championship". Only listing modern era champions in the "most titles" seems a bit disrespectful to me. As I said, it's a page about the entire history of it - not just post 1969

Joe Davis had 690 century breaks, after all. That's twice as many as Steve Davis and 10x as many as Ray Reardon. It's not as if the quality went up in the 1970s. It went down. Way down. It seems a shame he's so marginalised when he would have won multiple world championships in any era. And is probably the 2nd or 3rd greatest player or all time

A century break, is a century break, after all. It doesn't matter who the opponent, sat there watching you is. And Joe Davis had nearly as many as Ronnie O'Sullivan!

Couldn't you have a ranking of modern era champions, and then a ranking of all champions? That would be better — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.171.128.173 (talk) 14:33, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

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Modern Era/WPBSA
I've removed the line "In 1969 the WPBSA took over regulation of the professional game from the BACC and staged a knockout tournament" as it is not supported by The Times source stated. The Billiard Player magazine for August 1968 says "the World Professional Snooker championship has reverted to a knock-out basis for next season's competition. For the first time since 1952, it will be organised and administered solely by the Billiards Association. ("Tough first round for Pulman," page 5, author not stated.) The September 1969 issue says "The BA &CC and Professional Billiard Players Association have reached agreement regarding procedure for turning professional and other events governed by the BA CC." ("B.A. & C.C. Official", page 8, author not stated.) The PBSA disaffiliated from the BA&CC from 1 October 1970 (The Billiard Player, October 1970, p. 4, author not stated.) and was renamed the WPBSA on 12 December 1970 ("Black Ball Farce and Cue Ball Wizards" by Clive Everton, p.45). BennyOnTheLoose (talk) 22:01, 13 April 2020 (UTC)
 * From The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker p.7:"While the BA and CC had tried to run the professional game, they failed miserably, and in 1971 the WPBSA took it over completely." BennyOnTheLoose (talk) 22:37, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

Winners
The world snooker championship dates back to 1927, so why are the first 41 years of winners and finalists excluded from the table? Starting at 1969 because someone (who?) decided that's the start of the 'modern' era seems very arbitrary to me. The tournament reverting back to a knockout format in 1969 was hardly momentous when the inaugural 1927 championship also used that format, as did most subsequent editions. As another commenter above noted, the 1977 move to the Crucible might be a more appropriate cut-off point, but still arbitrary. It would be akin only counting Open Era Wimbledon winners. A change in format, prominence or status does not mean the event's earlier history should be ignored. Otherwise rename the article World Snooker Championship since 1969. JMO. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.244.89 (talk) 20:35, 1 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The article does cover the whole of history of the event, even if the table doesn't. The modern era is used by many if not all modern sources. Perhaps you'd prefer list of World Snooker Championship winners? Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 21:57, 1 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The only source given here for a modern era is a passing mention in a Telegraph article, which probably just copied wikipedia anyway. In any case, the article is about the world championship, not the modern era of the world championship. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.132.139 (talk) 23:57, 1 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with that. The "modern era" has historically been used for recentism, to say that Joe and Fred Davis' records aren't worth counting. They should definitely be included. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 08:48, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Personally I'd go for Crucible Era which seems to me to much more frequently talked about, and 100% clearly defined (see earlier discussion from 2016). I agree though that we'll hear much today about Ronnie equalling Hendry's record, which is not the record at all. Nigej (talk) 09:15, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I've heard both 69 and 77 used as dates. It's not too bad using "Hendry and O'Sullivan have won the most world titles in the games Crucible/modern era if that's what the source is, but obviously we should be thorough and cover all tournaments. I've found it a little subjective, as modern era is often used from 69 when someone doesn't discount Reardon. This article for sure should count Joe, Fred, Walter ect. Best Wishes,  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 09:20, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that's right, it was originally done to get Reardon to the top of the list. I just don't see the 1969 to 1976 "era" as being that clearly defined. Some season-long events like the old days, Two "Eddie Charlton" organised in Australia, 1976 played at two venues. Really it's only 1973 and 1974 that were at all similar to the later Crucible tournaments. To me, its either all from 1927 or Crucible era. This "modern era" idea doesn't work for me. Nigej (talk) 09:32, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Crucible era is at least something definitive whereas a term like modern era is up for debate. ie It's debatable whether an eight-man untelevised event at Victoria Halls with a 73 frame final (including dead frames) can be considered the same era as the 2022 incarnation. Personally I would prefer to include the championship's entire history as it avoids arguments about eras and cut off points. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.146.244.64 (talk) 17:05, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Oldest Champion
Ronnie O’Sullivan is now the oldest champion at 46 years 148 days 78.145.191.185 (talk) 20:24, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Table for just the modern era?
Hi, Can we have a table with the results for just the modern era (from 1969 I think was how this Wikipedia article used to have it)? All news outlets and publications that I have seen talk about the record being seven world titles, shared by Ronnie O'Sullivan and Stephen Hendry.

I don't really see a problem with having one table for all players, and one for just the modern era. Bright<b style="color:blue">Orion</b> (talk) 22:48, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * i think many/most sources talk about the crucible era rather thsn the modern era. Given that the article covers all world championships I think we should stick to the current table. Bizarrely many people believe that 7 is the record and we can hopefully educate them that that is nonsense. Nigej (talk) 16:36, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:World Snooker Championship


text:
Lasse Braun

Lasse Braun (born Alberto Ferro; 11 January 1936 – 16 February 2015) was an Italian pornographer, film director, producer, screenwriter, novelist and researcher.

He initially produced so-called loops, ten-minute hardcore movies that he sold to Reuben Sturman, who distributed them to 60,000 American peep show booths.

Braun is the father of Axel Braun.

Life
Braun was born into a wealthy, aristocratic Italian family as Alberto Ferro, and was destined to become a diplomat, following in his father's footsteps. He passed all of his law exams at the State University of Milan (1956–63), and while preparing the defense of his doctoral dissertation entitled Judiciary Censorship in the Western World, its contents and underlying radical ideas provoked so much controversy that it was promptly dismissed.

A Member of Parliament from Denmark translated the thesis into Danish; and the translation laid the foundation for the legalisation of pornography in Denmark on 4 June 1969.

Braun placed himself firmly in the tradition of 18th century pornographers such as Rétif de la Bretonne, who was the first author to coin the word "pornography" in his plea for the institutionalisation of brothels in Le Pornographe (1769) and to describe a comprehensive range of sexual variations in L'Anti-Justine ou les Délices de l'Amour (1798).

Another source of inspiration for Braun consisted of the Priapistic rituals and orgiastic festivals of the Dionysus cult, as well as ceremonies in veneration of Aphrodite (Porne), the goddess of lust and patroness of courtesans. According to Braun, censorship itself is obscene, and the suppression of sexual desire by the political and religious establishment over the centuries has only led to psychological damage and frustration.

In the early 1960s, Braun started to use his father's Corps Diplomatique number-plates to smuggle pornographic magazine into Italy, first from Monaco and then from Brussels. In 1966 he began to shoot his own short pornographic films on 8mm and distributed them all over Europe. When the Italian authorities came after him, he moved to Sweden; he was eventually sentenced in absentia to 2.5 years in prison. Beginning in 1972, he sold his loops to Reuben Sturman in the USA.

In the early 1970s, Braun moved to the Netherlands and began to make several full-length pornographic films. Later, having withdrawn from the world of pornography, purportedly out of disappointment with the purely commercial approach of American distributors and the resulting inferiority of video productions, Braun dedicated himself to writing scientific works on sexology (L'impeto di Venere, dealing with the G-spot) and on anthropology, erotic historical novels, erotic thrillers, a study of prostitution, and his autobiography.

In his 740-page novel Lady Caligula, Braun goes against the grain by portraying Caligula as a brilliant character, instead of the deranged emperor described in Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and in I, Claudius.

Braun died from complications of diabetes on February 16, 2015 in Rome, Italy at the age of 78.

Movie career
In 1972, Braun moved to the Dutch town of Breda, where he bought an old meat factory, which was renovated to serve as his headquarters. Using women he had become acquainted with in European bars and discothèques, Braun produced his longer movies starring the Brigitte Maier, Nathalie Morin and Catherine Ringer.

In the U.S., Sturman was prosecuted for obscenity over Braun's 1972 movie Cake Orgy, but was acquitted. Three of Braun's films, Penetration (1972), Sensations (1975) and Body Love (1977), (the latter featuring a soundtrack composed by Klaus Schulze) were shown during the Cannes film festival.

Braun's movies differ markedly from the traditional so-called stag films made from 1916 onward, with storylines featuring Viking invasions, James Bond spoofs, and exotic locales such as Caribbean islands, the Dutch Groeneveld Castle, and an Amsterdam art gallery. After his French Blue had been shown at the Amsterdam cinema of City 2 from June until December 1977, Braun was offered a five-year contract to extend its run along with Sensations, but the Catholic Minister of Justice Dries van Agt terminated the public showing of pornographic movies by reintroducing an 1880 Law concerning fire hazard at public theatres that happened to contain more than fifty seats. Disillusioned, Braun decamped to Italy, where he made a number of softporn movies. Facing several lawsuits on charges of obscenity, Braun countered by arguing that recording the licit act of consensual sex on film could not be condemned as illicit. His only known son, Axel Braun, continued the family trade in the United States of America, after obtaining a doctorate in Psychology.

In 1980, Braun's former wife burnt his entire photo and movie archive out of fear for an impending police raid, but Braun managed to retrieve three major movies and thirty short films with the help of collectors, and re-mastered the collection on DVD. He appeared in the television series Pornography: A Secret History of Civilisation (1999) and in a documentary about himself, I, the King of Porn ... the Adventurous Life of Lasse Braun (2001).

In 1999, Braun became the first European movie director to have been inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame by Adult Video News. His son, Axel Braun, followed in his footsteps becoming the only other European movie director to have been inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame by Adult Video News in 2011. His grandson, Rikki Braun, made his directing debut in 2017 with the feature Exposed, which earned him seven AVN Award nominations including Best Director.

In 2019, Braun was awarded a posthumous AVN Best Screenplay Award for the movie The Possession of Mrs. Hyde, which he co-wrote with his son Axel Braun and his grandson, Rikki Braun. The movie took home a total of five AVN awards, including Movie of the Year.

Partial filmography

 * Intrigue (1999)
 * Possession (1998)
 * Night and Day (1998)
 * Diamonds Are for Pleasure (1996)
 * Tender Blue Eyes (1992)
 * Un Folle Amore (1989)
 * American Desire (1981)
 * Sex Maniacs (1977)
 * Body Love (1977)
 * Love Inferno (1977)
 * Satin Party (1977)
 * Sensations (1975)
 * French Blue (1974, originally named Penetration)
 * Close-Up (1973)
 * Cake Orgy (1972)

Books by Lasse Braun

 * Lady Caligula (1999) - erotic historic novel
 * L'impeto di Venere - study of female orgasm and the G-spot

 * Le notti di Palermo (2008) - mystery
 * Lo scialle giallo (2004) - a history of prostitution
 * Senza Tregua (2010) - autobiography

title: Lasse Braun