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Eric Carr

Paul Charles Caravello (July 12, 1950 – November 24, 1991), better known as Eric Carr, was an American musician. He was the drummer for the rock band Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. Caravello was selected as the new Kiss drummer after Peter Criss departed. He created the stage name "Eric Carr" and designed his on-stage Fox persona. He remained a member of Kiss until his death from heart cancer in 1991.

Early life
Born as Paul Charles Caravello on July 12, 1950, to Albert (1927–2022) and Connie Caravello (1929–2010), Carr was of Italian descent. He grew up at 1043 Belmont Ave. in the East New York section of Brooklyn in New York City. Because his father worked most of the time, Carr did not see that much of him, and "never went to a baseball game or that kind of stuff" with his father. He spent a lot of time alone in his room, playing with toy soldiers and toy monsters.

Caravello attended the High School of Art and Design. He planned at first to be a cartoonist, then changed his mind quickly thereafter and decided to study photography. According to him, he ended up wasting "absolutely every day of high school. I got no work done, did nothing to further my career, wasted time, and wound up getting drunk in the darkroom with my friends all the time. We never got caught because we could see through the one-way glass whenever a teacher would come. It wasn't like I was getting drunk every day, you know. Half a cup of vodka in those days was enough to get you drunk." However, he has described himself as overall "a real good kid. I didn't do anything to make trouble."

In February 1964, Caravello watched the Beatles performance on The Ed Sullivan Show and was immediately captivated by the group, particularly Ringo Starr. He collected several books and pots from the kitchen to create a makeshift drum kit and began teaching himself how to play drums.

Caravello was one of only two students in his high school who had long hair, mostly due to his love of the Beatles. He recalled that "I used to Dippity-Do my hair down, to make it stay flat. I used to have a Beatles haircut, but my hair's curly, so I couldn't get it to lay flat like the Beatles'. So I'd get the stuff Dippity-Do, drench my hair with it, and I'd take a piece of my Mom's nylon stocking, tie a knot in one end, and pull it over my head like a burglar. I was sleeping like that for probably two years with that on my head every night."

Caravello graduated from high school in 1967. At around that time, riots started to occur in New York City, followed by white flight that started to make his neighborhood more predominantly African-American. Caravello stated that this was not a concern to him, because "I never had any problems with anybody, I had black friends, and I never grew up thinking in those kinds of terms.".

Early career
Caravello purchased small drum kit that consisted of snare, kick, and a tom. The kit had a black oyster finish that was similar to Ringo's kit. Within a few months he added a floor tom. Sometime in 1965 he joined his first band, The Allures. They played a blend of Latino music and Beatles songs. The Allures did not last long, perhaps only a few months.

Caravello then asked his friend in junior high school, Thomas, to join him on bass while they looked for other musicians. Shortly after starting high school he met John, who was interested in learning to play the guitar. The three young musicians called the group The Cellarmen because they practiced in Caravello's cellar. Thomas and Caravello soon began working as a team and eventually wrote two Beatles-inspired songs, "Your Turn to Cry" and "I Cray at Night." The drummer felt confident in the band and soon designed stylized lettering of the band's name and printed The Cellarmen on the front of his kick drum. However, the band broke up in late 1965 or early 1966.

In March 1966, Caravello met keyboardist Victor Cohen and bassist Dave Bartky. Guitarist Bob Pryor joined the band within a few weeks. They played cover songs and their goal was to become good enough to play in the clubs. They practiced several times a week and soon had considerable number of songs ready. They kept The Cellarmen name because at the time they did not have enough money to purchase a new kick drum skin. Besides, the band still practiced in Caravello's cellar, so the name was appropriate. The Cellarmen's first gig was in August 1966. They were strictly a cover band playing popular music of the times.

The Cellarmen played together until late 1968. In the two year and a half years together they had progressed musically and financially, and were represented by Ruston & Brenner, a large booking agency in New York City. They also recorded the two songs Caravello had written with the previous iteration of The Cellarmen. The two songs appear on the Jody Records label.

During the last few months with The Cellarmen, Caravello added a second kick drum to his kit. He began exploring heavier music, such as Cream and Jimi Hendrix. After The Cellarmen disbanded. Caravello formed a new band called Things That Go Bump In The Night. This band played heavy music, but failed to gain traction in the clubs and soon disbanded.

In the spring of 1969, Caravello joined his three former bandmates from The Cellarmen and vocalist Gary Fray in their band, Smack. Caravello insisted he would work with this cover band only until the fall. Ruston & Brenner continued booking Smack through the summer and band was soon in demand in the clubs.

In the fall of 1969, Caravello left Smack, but he did not have another band to join. In November 1970 he joined a band called Salt & Pepper, a cover band playing music from multiple genres; the band was named that because half of the members were black and half were white. His old bandmate, Victor Cohen, was the keyboardist and recommended Caravello to the band. Salt & Pepper played mostly Top 40 songs. As he described it later, "Top-40 in those days was everything – funk, ballads, rock, country, and everything. It was a great time for radio.". Salt & Pepper had marginal success playing other events, such as opening for Nina Simone in December 1971 at the Academy of Music (New York City).

In 1973 the band changed their name to Creation, now performing disco music as well as Top 40, Motown, and funk. In March 1973, Salt & Pepper opened for Stevie Wonder at a benefit concert. By this time Caravello was playing an acrylic [Fibes Drums] kit.

In 1974 a fire broke out during a discothèque gig at Gulliver's nightclub in Port Chester, New York, killing dozens of people including the band's keyboardist, Damon DeFreis, and lead singer George D. Chase. Caravello escaped and was credited with saving two people, the other two members of Creation (not including himself), husband and wife John and Sarita Henderson. It was determined that the fire had been started by a thief in an adjacent building hoping to cover his tracks.

Ruston & Brenner held a benefit to replace their ruined equipment. and Creation was back playing the clubs by the end of the year.

In 1975, Creation changed its to Mother Nature/Father Time. They continued playing the mostly disco songs in the clubs.

In early 1978 Gregg Diamond, who had recently released an album title Bionic Boogie, hired Mother Nature-Father Time to play as the touring. Gregg did not go on tour as he was strictly a studio musician. Over the next year, Mother Nature-Father Time played gigs under that name and as Bionic Boogie. They enjoyed some success, such as playing in Walt Disney World in Florida, and playing on disco TV shows in Florida and Canada.

In the spring of 1979, producer Lewis Merenstein, who knew Casablanca Records founder Neil Bogart, received an offer to produce a disco record. He soon recruited Mother Nature-Father Time with guitarist Tom Siano writing three of the five songs. Caravello sang background vocals and played drums on the record. The album was titled Lightning and Casablanca released the band's self-titled album on August 13, 1979.

The Lightning album and Diamond's latest album Tiger, Tiger both failed to chart. The result was the end of the Caravello's work with people he had known since 1970. Diamond did not hire Mother Nature-Father Time to tour and Mother Nature-Father Time broke up in October 1979. Caravello later described the band as "like my family basically for nine years."

In December 1979, Caravello successfully auditioned for a four-piece rock 'n' roll cover band called Flasher. After three weeks of rehearsals, they started playing at clubs. Flasher played the club circuit in New York City and Long Island for several months before Paul Turino, their keyboard player, quit to join a band that was signed to a record label and touring. Flasher continued as a power trio, with the three sharing vocal duties. They played songs by Joe Jackson, Van Halen, Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix, among others.

Eventually, bookings diminished and Caravello become discouraged about his musical future after so many years trying to make it without a break and considered settling down with a non-musical career. "We were making real (lousy) money – something like $10, $7 a night, whatever it was it was. Really, really terrible. Just by contrast, I used to make $15 a night when I was like 16 years old, and here I am almost 30 years old, and I'm making like $7 a night! So I wasn't doing better, obviously – I was going in reverse." Caravello handed in his resignation in late May 1980 but agreed to play the remaining shows the band were booked for. At that point, he considered quitting music, having reached the age of 30 without any real success. In early June, Caravello had a chance meeting with Turino in a club in Queens called Poets. Caravello invited Turino to see Flasher play the following night at the same club. The next night, Turino told Caravello about Peter Criss's departure from Kiss, and urged Caravello to audition to become Kiss' drummer.

Audition
Caravello applied for Kiss, submitting a cassette tape of Kiss' current single "Shandi" but with his vocals over the music instead of Paul Stanley's vocals. "It sounded great!" he enthused years later. The application was put into a bright orange folder to make it stand out visually. Jayne Grodd, a Kiss staffer, told him later she had noticed the brightly colored envelope and so picked it to be one reviewed from the pile.

While sitting outside the room used for the audition, Caravello watched the three members of Kiss – Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons and Stanley – walk by to enter the room. He was one of the few people outside of the band's circle of friends, family and music business partners, to see Kiss without make-up. "Paul, I knew right away", he told a fanzine in 1990. "The others I wasn't sure about."

Caravello was the last drummer to audition for the band and asked Stanley, Simmons and Frehley to autograph the list of Kiss songs he was to play with the band, in case he never saw them again. "But I knew I had it", he told a fanzine in 1990. According to Caravello, his audition was videotaped. He was also immediately comfortable, feeling the songs he had to play "...were a snap." He knew the arrangements better than the band did, from learning the recorded versions of Kiss' albums. "They had been on tour, and changed little things around," he said. He was not impressed with Kiss' performance at the audition. "They were awful!" he emphasized, "I had to remind them, "'No, I sing this harmony, you sing that one', stuff like that. It was great! Right away we were working together. I know it impressed them."

Stanley later described Caravello's audition: "He was this guy who cleaned stoves for a living, and the first thing he said to us was 'It's a real pleasure to meet you. Let's play.' We started playing and it was like thunder, even though he was the shortest guy in the room. It just fit like a glove. The one thing that probably sealed it for us was when, after the audition, he asked us for autographs. It wasn't brown-nosing, it's just that he was a real person."

A significant advantage for Caravello may have been his relative anonymity, as it was important for the band to maintain the mystique surrounding the members. Said Paul Stanley, "It was really important to us that we got somebody who was unknown... We didn't want somebody who last week was in Rod Stewart's band or in Rainbow." Before they issued a press release announcing the induction of Caravello into Kiss, they subtracted three years from his actual age - in part to confuse those seeking information about his true identity, but also to help create an identification with Caravello: a young fan chosen from the crowd to be the new Kiss drummer!

Stage makeup and persona
After Caravello passed the audition, time was short and the band had some trouble coming up with a character persona and a stage name for him before his debut concert. "We never actually told him he was in the band," stated Paul Stanley on USA Network's Night Flight program in 1983, "We just said: "In two weeks we're playing.'"

Paul Stanley alleged that Caravello wanted to use the stage name "Rusty Blade" until Stanley dissuaded him. Caravello decided on "Eric Carr" quite carefully. He noticed that while the four members' full stage names were each three syllables long, Criss' name was the inverse of the other three band members' name syllable pattern – 'Peter Criss' was two syllables followed by a single syllable. He decided to make his stage name sound the same rhythmically as Peter Criss' by choosing a double syllable first name and a single syllable last name so that when people said all four names together it would still fit the same to the ear. Carr was shortened from his birth name Caravello, and he chose Eric from a list of first names his girlfriend at the time had created. Paul Caravello remained his legal name.

For his Kiss persona, Carr initially tried "The Hawk"; this concept was apparently very difficult to realize in greasepaint – a suitable make-up design was never created, and the "Hawk" costume was a "bright orange yellow!" The idea was dropped after Paul Stanley mentioned that it looked like Big Bird. With the band on deadline (only two weeks before Carr's stage debut), Carr came up with the make-up design for the persona of "The Fox"; Simmons liked it and thus the character was born. The original design was modified within days of Carr's initial photo sessions and debut concert as a KISS member.

Carr's first public performance was with the band in New York City's Palladium on July 25, 1980. His parents, warned to not tell anyone their son was in Kiss (to maintain the mystique that no one knew what the new member looked like without make-up), attended the concert, and were recognized by a friend who worked with Carr at a repair shop – and had no idea the new Kiss member behind the kit was his former coworker. " 'What are you doing here?' ", Carr's father, Albert Caravello, related in the Tale of the Fox DVD, " 'You like Kiss?' I said, "Yeah!' " The next day, Bill Aucoin, KISS manager, told Carr that his makeup was indistinguishable from the audience and asked the drummer to refine his Fox makeup. On July 30, Carr was introduced to the public on an episode of the syndicated television youth show Kids Are People Too!, which aired in September 1980. This was the first time he wore the makeup that most fans identity him with. For Christmas in 1980, the Kiss organization bought Carr a Porsche—so their new drummer would ride around in appropriate rock-star style. The car broke down often, and caused Carr quite a bit of grief.

His persona remained consistent for three years until the band's well-publicized removal of their stage makeup in September 1983, live on MTV. The drastic move came after declining album sales and a poorly attended US tour. Carr thought the band was coming to an end, but Kiss slowly turned their career descent into a rebound, and the band thrived once again. Carr earned a reputation amongst fans for being very friendly and approachable. He answered more mail than other band members, and often added messages to his autographs. Despite replacing an original member, he gained popularity among fans based on his personality and percussion skills.

Tenure in Kiss
On August 29, 1980, KISS began a European tour to support the Unmasked album. This was Carr's introduction to playing to large audiences, such as the 30,000 fans in Milan, Italy on September 2. The European tour ended in mid-October, after which KISS flew to Australia for a four-week run on the Southern Continent and New Zealand, beginning on November 8 and concluding on December 2. Of the 11 shows, 10 were sold out and the highest attendance occurred in Melbourne (45,000). Carr's first tour with KISS saw the band play 41 shows in 13 countries.

Carr's first album with Kiss was 1981's (Music from) The Elder, which marked a departure for the band toward a mystical art-rock direction. One of Carr's contributions to the album, "Under the Rose", is one of the few Kiss songs written in 6/8 time and featured a Gregorian chant-style chorus. Carr also cowrote "Escape From The Island" with Frehley and producer Bob Ezrin. It was only the second instrumental recorded by Kiss. Poor album sales and lower chart position did not allow Kiss to tour to support The Elder.

During the summer of 1982, KISS dedicated themselves to creating a hard rock album that predominantly featured Carr's drumming and his unique style. Creatures of the Night was released on October 25, 1982. The heavy reverb on Carr's drums was a unique sound not previously heard on a Kiss album. The album featured nine songs, none of which were written by Carr. In late December 1982, Kiss began their first tour of North America since the 1979 Dynasty tour. It was Carr's first North American tour. The tour was poorly attended and ended in early April 1983 after only 53 shows. In June Kiss played in Brazil for the first time. The pent-up demand for Kiss resulted in high attendance, with approximately 137,000 people at the Rio de Janeiro show.

Carr received writing credits on "All Hell's Breakin' Loose" from  Lick It Up, "Under the Gun" from Animalize, and "No, No, No" from Crazy Nights. Carr said he found writing lyrics harder than writing music.

Besides drumming, Carr also played guitar, bass guitar and piano, and also sang background vocals. Occasionally he sang lead vocals, such as on "Black Diamond" and "Young and Wasted" live with Kiss. His first lead vocal in the studio was a re-recording of "Beth" (a song originally sung by Peter Criss) for the 1988 compilation album Smashes, Thrashes & Hits. Carr recorded his version of the song in the same room in the Record Plant where the song was originally recorded, using the same backing track as Criss.

In 1989, he recorded a demo with Kiss lead guitarist Bruce Kulick. Carr wrote the music, played bass and drums, while Kulick played guitar. As Carr was not a proficient lyricist, he presented the demo to Simmons with the words to Marvin Gaye's 1965 classic "Ain't That Peculiar". Simmons wrote new lyrics, which Carr recorded for the subsequent Hot in the Shade release. The song was released as "Little Caesar". He performed the song a few times, but it wasn't performed beyond the first month of the tour. Carr's last live performance with Kiss was November 9, 1990, in New York City, at Madison Square Garden.

As a replacement member, Carr was a paid employee and did not have voting privileges, unlike the four founding members who shared profits and voting rights equally. Through Carr's years in Kiss, his rank as an employee was a source of significant discontent for him. He felt excluded and unfairly treated as a second-class Kiss citizen, for instance not being allowed to share Simmons' and Stanley's limousine, only getting minimal exposure in videos such as the Kiss eXposed VHS, or being partially cropped out of the Asylum album cover. Unlike fellow bandmember Bruce Kulick with the same status, Carr grew ever more frustrated and unhappy, culminating in his feeling ditched by Kiss during his 1991 hospitalization. In his autobiography, Peter Criss listed Carr as one of the people that Simmons and Stanley "drove mad": Carr "was reduced to sitting in his hotel room naked with the blinds all drawn, drinking and refusing to come out.". However, this account is questionable as Carr and Criss only met a few times during the 11 years Carr was in KISS. The two drummers were on friendly terms but did regularly contact each other and were not friends.

Carr's last recording with Kiss was for the song "God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II", which featured him on backing vocals. The last time Carr worked with Kiss was in July 1991 when Kiss filmed the video for "God Gave Rock 'N Roll to You" with Carr playing drums. Carr's last public appearance with the band was at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1991.

Paul Stanley memoir
In his 2014 memoir Face the Music: A Life Exposed, Kiss frontman Paul Stanley described Carr as a kind and talented, but troubled, soul. Carr allegedly fixated on the fact that he was neither going to be a founding member of Kiss, nor the band's first drummer. After having just met drummer Eric Singer and remaining insecure despite being in good standing with Kiss, Carr made the prescient claim that Singer was going to replace him as the new drummer in the band, which ultimately did occur in 1992 (after Carr's death). For long periods, he would not even talk to Stanley. In his book, Stanley also recalls several memorable Carr episodes, including one in which he went out with a female photographer who later took nude photos of him in a bathtub holding a glass of champagne, claiming that the photographer had promised not to publish them (the photos were soon publicized in the journal with which the photographer was associated).

Influences and style
Carr was a powerful hard-hitting drummer and one of the first drummers to adopt the classic 1980s snare drum sound: a highly reverberated and low-tuned sound. In his 1980 resume sent to Kiss, Carr stated that his drumming style ranged from heavy metal and hard rock to pop and new wave claiming that "I can adapt to most situations easily." He listed drummers John Bonham, Keith Moon and Lenny White as influences.

In addition, Carr was an avid fan of The Beatles and the band's drummer Ringo Starr. In an interview he recalled, "I was caught up in the whole Beatlemania thing. I guess I was attracted to the drums because of the feeling of the rhythm and how it moved you, just sitting in your seat. I loved the way Ringo moved. I identified with him at the time". Photographs of Carr during his high school years show his hair cut and styled in the iconic Beatles haircut.

Carr's interest in double bass drumming came from his admiration of Ginger Baker and John Bonham, once telling 16 magazine, "I just loved the way John Bonham played drums". Carr also had a love of all types of music; songwriter Adam Mitchell once described Carr as knowing a lot about folk, R&B and other non-rock styles. In a 1983 interview, Carr told USA Network interviewer Al Bandero that he listened to "a lot" of Neil Young, and liked many different types of music. Simmons has stated that Carr's harder drumming style pushed Kiss into becoming a heavier band than it had been when jazz-inspired Criss was the band's drummer.

Illness and death
In February 1991, Carr began feeling ill. Medical tests initially revealed what appeared to be manageable health issues. However, further tests determined that he had heart cancer. In April 1991, Carr underwent a series of surgeries to remove tumors in his right atrium and lungs in an effort to restore heart function and prevent the cancer's growth. Soon after Carr's diagnosis, Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons replaced him with session drummer Eric Singer to commence new recordings for the band's upcoming album Revenge. After recovering from the multiple surgeries, Carr pressed Stanley and Simmons to let him back in the band. Stanley and Simmons refused; both have stated they repeatedly told Carr to focus on his cancer treatments and they would allow him to return to Kiss once he regained his health. The doctors refused to let Carr leave the hospital on any conditions, no matter how he pleaded with them. Gene Simmons revealed that Eric Carr's favorite food was McDonald's, and that he and Paul Stanley would sneak out to bring back fries and other food to share with everyone, including Carr.

By mid-1991, the band was preparing to shoot the music video for their upcoming single "God Gave Rock and Roll to You II". Despite his poor health, Carr asked Stanley and Simmons to allow him to be in the video. They ultimately agreed, after the doctors let the band know that Carr had only two or three months left to live. The doctors decided that Carr might as well do what he wanted and be happy in his last few weeks.

Carr flew to Los Angeles to film the video in July 1991. By that point, he had lost his hair due to chemotherapy treatments and was wearing a wig. During the filming of the video, Carr was in enormous pain, taking medications periodically throughout the filming. After the video shoot, Carr flew back to New York to continue cancer treatments; his health had deteriorated to the point where he was unable to play drums for the recording sessions for Revenge. Carr's replacement, Eric Singer, played on the album's tracks.

Carr's last public appearance with Kiss was at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1991. Not long afterwards, he suffered an aneurysm and was rushed to the hospital. Several days later, he suffered a brain hemorrhage and never regained consciousness. On November 24, 1991, Carr died at the age of 41. He died on the same day as Freddie Mercury, the lead singer of the British rock band Queen, whose death attracted more media attention. Carr had also been in a nearly four-year relationship with future model/actress Carrie Stevens at the time of his death. He had been planning on giving her an engagement ring for her birthday.

In keeping with Carr's accessibility to his fans, his family decided to open his funeral service to the public while reserving the interment as a private event. Carr is interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery in the town of Newburgh, New York.

Although it was not publicized at the time, Carr's death was considered controversial amongst his family and Kiss. Both Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons were labeled the "bad guys" by Carr for booting him out of the band and not supporting him in his time of need. The two were not made aware of this until they attended his funeral and were treated with hostility by Carr's family and friends. Stanley wrote in his autobiography that, at the time, he believed the allegation of mistreating Carr was simply untrue and that he did what he thought was right to support him. However, during Carr's service, Stanley admitted to "sobbing uncontrollably" and came to regret how he had treated Carr during his illness.

Rockology and Rockheads and Unfinished Business
Former Kiss guitarist Bruce Kulick, along with Carr's family, released Carr's first and only solo album in 1999, titled Rockology, which featured many demos that Kulick and Carr worked on together (along with songwriter and friend Adam Mitchell). The CD features several songs with Carr on lead vocals as well as on bass guitar, along with Kulick on guitars and Mitchell assisting Carr with many of the background vocals. This album includes "Somebody's Waiting" and "Tiara", a song that he originally wrote for his planned children's cartoon show called Rockheads, a rock band parody featuring four characters (Slider, Clive, Scruffy and Punky) with different characteristics and personalities. It is speculated that Carr is a relative of skater Perry Caravello, star of the cult film classic Windy City Heat. However, when contacted via Instagram in late 2021, he responded with “Eric Carr, from the band KISS? I am not sure… It might be possible though”. In 2011, Carr's family released an album of his unreleased songs called Unfinished Business. The album consists of 18 songs and runs 43 minutes in length, and includes Carr singing Shandi, which was taken from directly from his 1980 tape he sent into KISS for his audition.

Tributes
As a tribute, the group's 1992 release Revenge featured what is said to be the only drum solo Carr ever recorded with the band, entitled "Carr Jam 1981", a jam session recorded for the Music From "The Elder" sessions (former Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley's original guitar part was overdubbed by Bruce Kulick). Much of the soloing was seasoned during Kiss' 1980 Unmasked Tour of Europe and Australia, and put down during the Music From "The Elder" sessions. Carr had for years been trying to get his hands on a copy of the solo for his personal collection, but his request was always rebuffed by Bob Ezrin with the excuse that he did not know where the masters for the session were. After Carr's death, the solo surfaced as "Carr Jam 1981".

The Revenge album was dedicated to Carr. He was also paid homage on the "Kiss My Ass" and Kissology 2 videos. However, the band declined a tribute concert that was requested by a circle of fans the year after his death. Simmons stated, "We didn't want to do a tribute concert. We are dedicating the album to his name, but no concerts in his name. It's not our style."

A further tribute was produced in 1992 called Eric Carr: The Memorial Tribute. It was first broadcast live on 88.1 FM / WCWP, where Carr had been interviewed three years earlier while doing press for the Hot in the Shade album. Running for approximately three hours, the tribute featured a re-broadcast of the interview, interspersed with biographical information and details of Carr's extracurricular projects, along with all the officially released songs Carr had written or cowritten. Though broadcast just once, Eric Carr: The Memorial Tribute was released several years later (seemingly in an unofficial capacity) as a two-tape box set, designed to resemble the Kiss solo albums. It featured a newly commissioned painting of Carr in his fox makeup, patterned after the rarely seen original by Eraldo Carugati (the artist who did the paintings for the original four Kiss solo album covers, plus one of Carr that was never officially released).

Only July 25, 1995, 15 years to the day of Carr's Kiss debut, he was posthumously inducted into the Rock Walk Hall of Fame at Guitar Center in Hollywood. Carr's parents, Albert and Connie Caravello, accepted a plaque in Carr's honor. Former Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley was inducted in the "Rock Walk" during the same ceremony. Frehley's handprint was placed to the right of the Kiss display. Carr's acknowledgment was a bronze plaque with his name, autograph and a separate icon of the Fox makeup he wore. Peter Criss was added to the Rock Walk in 1996, with his handprints placed to the left of the KISS display.

On numerous solo tours since Carr's death, Frehley would play "Breakout" (with lyrics written by Carr and Frehley and later re-recorded as "Carr Jam '81" on Kiss's Revenge album) and dedicate it to Carr, who Frehley hopes is "checking out the show up there". Frehley also dedicated his 2009 solo album Anomaly to Carr.

There is a hidden "easter egg" in the 2007 Kissology II DVD collection (on disc three at the end of the production credits) showing a family videotape made of Carr, on his hospital bed, speaking into the camera thanking his fans for their cards, letters, and concern about his health. Dressed in white, Carr then exits the bed, and begins walking away only to return and moon the camera in rock n' roll style.

On March 21, 2011, a book that explored Carr's entire life and musical career was released, titled The Eric Carr Story.

On August 13, 2011, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Carr's death, a tribute concert was held in Atlanta, Georgia called Night of the Fox: The Eric Carr Tribute Concert. The main act, going under the name Little Caesar, played a 90-minute set of songs related to Carr. Made up mostly of Kiss songs from Carr's time in the band, the show also featured a song from Rockology ("Eyes of Love") plus songs written or co-written by Carr but recorded by other artists, such as "Don't Leave Me Lonely", a song recorded by Bryan Adams which was written by Carr for inclusion on Creatures of the Night album, but was rejected. Also, a tribute album featuring never released songs and interviews called Unfinished Business was released by his family. The album featured members and former members of Kiss, Twisted Sister, Seether, ZO2, Europe. The album was released on November 8, 2011.

In July 2005, Carr was voted the tenth best drummer of all time by Planet Rock. No other member of Kiss was given the distinction of making the top ten in the categories of vocalist, bassist or guitarist. Carr was one of only two American drummers to make the list, with all others being either British or Canadian.

Bruce Kulick released a YouTube video titled Eric Carr "The Legend Lives On" (30th Anniversary Tribute) in 2021.

On November 9, 2023, the first book in an unauthorized biographical series, Eric Carr Revealed, was published. "The Rise of the Fox" explores Carr's life in detail from his birth in 1950 up to KISS entering the studio to record the 1982 album Creatures of the Night.

On January 9, 2024, Goldmine (magazine) placed Carr fourth on a list of drummers who improved or transformed existing bands when they joined.

With Kiss

 * 1981: Music from "The Elder"
 * 1982: Killers – compilation album featuring 4 newly recorded tracks
 * 1982: Creatures of the Night
 * 1983: Lick It Up
 * 1984: Animalize
 * 1985: Asylum
 * 1987: Crazy Nights
 * 1988: Chikara
 * 1988: Smashes, Thrashes & Hits – compilation album featuring 2 newly recorded tracks, vocals on "Beth" remake
 * 1989: Hot in the Shade
 * 1992: Revenge – backing vocals on "God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II", drums on "Carr Jam 1981"
 * 1996: You Wanted the Best, You Got the Best!! – drums on "New York Groove"
 * 2001: The Box Set
 * 2002: The Very Best of Kiss
 * 2004: The Best of Kiss, Volume 2: The Millennium Collection
 * 2005: Gold

Kiss video albums

 * 1985: Animalize Live Uncensored
 * 1987: Exposed
 * 1988: Crazy Nights
 * 1994: Kiss My Ass: The Video
 * 2007: Kissology Volume Two: 1978–1991

Solo

 * 1999: Rockology
 * 2011: Unfinished Business

Other albums

 * 1979: Lightning (Lightning) – backing vocals and drums on all tracks
 * 1983: Bryan Adams (Cuts Like a Knife) – cowrote "Don't Leave Me Lonely"
 * 1984: Wendy O. Williams (WOW) – cowrote "Ain't None of Your Business", drums on "Legends Never Die"
 * 1987: Frehley's Comet (Frehley's Comet) – cowrote "Breakout"
 * 1998: Garbo Talks (Garbo Talks) – drums on "Game of Love"
 * 2000: Various artists (Prophecy: A Tribute to Eric Carr) – drums on "Your Turn to Cry"
 * 2008: Faith Circus (Faith Circus) – cowrote "Can You Feel It"

Unreleased recordings
Carr's family announced in 2006 that they would release material written and recorded by Carr between 1980 and 1991, including the following songs:
 * "Elephant Man"
 * "Dial L for Love"
 * "Midnight Stranger"
 * "The Troubles Inside You"
 * "Tiara" (Demo)

The first four songs were released on the 2011 album, Unfinished Business, while "Tiara" appeared on Rockology.

title: Eric Carr


text:
Gelonus

Gelonus (Γελωνός) was, according to Herodotus, the capital of the Gelonians.

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In his account of Scythia (Inquiries book 4), Herodotus writes that the Gelonii were formerly Greeks, having settled away from the coastal emporia among the Budini, where they "use a tongue partly Scythian and partly Greek":"The Budini for their part, being a large and numerous nation, are all mightily blue-eyed and ruddy. And a city among them has been built, a wooden city, and the name of the city is Gelonus. Of its wall then in size each side is of thirty stades and high and all wooden. And their homes are wooden and their shrines.  For indeed there is in the very place Greek gods’ shrines adorned in the Greek way with statues, altars and wooden shrines and for triennial Dionysus festivals in honour of Dionysus...Above the Sauromatae (Sarmatians), possessing the second region, dwell the Budini, whose territory is thickly wooded with trees of every kind. The Budini are a large and powerful nation: they have all deep blue eyes, and bright red hair. The Budini, however, do not speak the same language as the Geloni, nor is their mode of life the same. They are the aboriginal people of the country, and are nomads; unlike any of the neighbouring races, they eat 'phtheir'. Their country is thickly planted with trees of all manner of kinds. In the very woodiest part is a broad deep lake, surrounded by marshy ground with reeds growing on it. Here otters are caught, and beavers, with another sort of animal which has a square face. With the skins of this last the natives border their capotes: and they also get from them a remedy, which is of virtue in diseases of the womb...Beyond the Budini, as one goes northward, first there is a desert, seven days' journey across..."The fortified settlement of Gelonus was reached by the Persian army of Darius in his assault on Scythia during the late 6th century BC, already burned to the ground, the Budini having abandoned it before the Persian advance. The Scythians sent a message to Darius: "We are free as wind and what you can catch in our land is only the wind". By employing a scorched earth strategy, they avoided battles, leaving "earth without grass" by burning the steppe in front of the advancing Persians (Herodotus).  The Persian army returned without a single battle or any significant success.

According to some researchers, the Budinis were a Finnic tribe ruled by the Scythians.

Excavations at Bilsk hillfort near the village of Bilsk near Poltava in Ukraine (Coordinates 50.09278°N, 34.64611°W ) have led to suggestions by archaeologist Boris Shramko and others identifying it as the Scythian capital Gelonus. It is strategically situated on the exact boundary between the steppe and forest-steppe. Several other locations have traditionally been named by Russian archaeologists, such as Saratov (according to Ivan Zabelin) or a location near the Don River closer to the Volga River.

According to Herodotus, each side of Gelonus is 30 stades long, the area in today's units would be about 30 square kilometres. The archeological site around Bilsk, including necropolis, comprises about 80 km², and the fortifications enclose some 40 km². The north-south axis, along the Vorskla River is 17 km long. The remains of walls up to 12 metres are visible today and stretch over the horizon. The total length of the ramparts is 33 km. Inside the fortification, lay three "keeps", 150,000 m², 650,000 m², and 720,000 m² in area, surrounded by eroded earth walls still up to 16 metres high. Several kurgans reminded the inhabitants of the ancient Scythian burial tradition.

Mythology
In Greek mythology, Gelonus was the son of Echidna and Heracles, he had an older brother Agathyrsus and a younger Scythes. Hylea is pointed to be where was the Echidna's cave between people Arimi or Harimi, the Greeks on the Euxine believed that this was somewhere in Scythia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gelonus


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United States Army War College

The United States Army War College (USAWC) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre (2 km2) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior military officers and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments and responsibilities. Each year, a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission. Approximately 800 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long distance learning program, and the other half in an on-campus, full-time resident program lasting ten months. Upon completion, the college grants its graduates a master's degree in Strategic Studies.

The Army War College is a split-functional institution. Emphasis is placed on research and students are also instructed in leadership, strategy, and joint-service/international operations. It is one of the senior service colleges including the Naval War College and the USAF Air War College. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Defense operates the National War College.

Mission
According to U.S. Army Regulation 10–87, the Army War College "educates and develops leaders for service at the strategic level while advancing knowledge in the global application of landpower."

History
Established from the principles learned in the Spanish–American War, the college was founded by Secretary of War Elihu Root and President Theodore Roosevelt, and formally established by General Order 155 on 27 November 1901. Washington Barracks, now called Fort Lesley J. McNair, in Washington, D.C. was chosen as the site. Roosevelt attended the Masonic laying of the cornerstone of Roosevelt Hall on 21 February 1903.

The first president of the Army War College was Major General Samuel B. M. Young in July 1902 and the first students attended the college in 1904.

During the presidency of Montgomery M. Macomb in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson accused students and staff of planning for taking part in an offensive war, even though the United States had not entered World War I. Wilson was unconvinced by Macomb's explanation that the college was concerned only with the intellectual growth and professional development of its students, and insisted that the school curtail its activities in order to ensure that the U.S. maintained its neutrality.

Malin Craig served as commandant prior to being appointed Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1936, and he was succeeded by Walter S. Grant. The college remained at Washington Barracks until the 1940s, when it was closed due to World War II. It reopened in 1950 at Fort Leavenworth, and moved one year later to its present location.

Center for Strategic Leadership
The Center for Strategic Leadership (CSL) emphasizes experiential education, senior leader education, support to Army senior leader research, and support to both U.S. Army War College (USAWC) and Army Senior Leader strategic communication efforts. CSL's professional staff and Collins Hall facility host, support, develop, and conduct events, including workshops, symposia, conferences, games, and exercises focused on a broad range of strategic leadership and national security issues and concepts in support of the USAWC, the U.S. Army, and the Interagency and Joint Communities.

Basic Strategic Art Program
The Basic Strategic Art Program is one of the academic programs taught at the U.S. Army War College. When the program was founded in 2003, its purpose was to provide those officers who had been newly designated into Functional Area 59 (Strategist, formerly Strategic Plans & Policy) an introduction to strategy and to the skills, knowledge, and attributes needed as a foundation for their progressive development as army strategists.

FA 59 officers have been deployed to combat since the onset of the War on Terror following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Since then, graduates of this program served in key positions in Iraq and Afghanistan, all combatant commands, and at the Pentagon.

Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute
The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI) is located at the War College. The institute's mission is to serve as the U.S. Military's Center of Excellence for Stability and Peace Operations at the strategic and operational levels in order to improve military, civilian agency, international, and multinational capabilities and execution.

Notable alumni

 * John A. Lejeune, Class of 1910
 * Hunter Liggett, Class of 1910
 * Samson L. Faison, Class of 1911
 * Ben Hebard Fuller, Class of 1914
 * John Wilson Ruckman, Class of 1915
 * Walter Krueger, Class of 1921
 * Charles H. Corlett, Class of 1925
 * Edmund L. Gruber, Class of 1927
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower, Class of 1928
 * Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., Class of 1929
 * Roy Geiger, Class of 1929
 * Oscar Griswold, Class of 1929
 * Clarence R. Huebner, Class of 1929
 * Lesley J. McNair, Class of 1929
 * Troy H. Middleton, Class of 1929
 * Franklin C. Sibert, Class of 1929
 * Willis D. Crittenberger, Class of 1930
 * Robert L. Eichelberger, Class of 1930
 * Charles P. Hall, Class of 1930
 * Jesse B. Oldendorf, Class of 1930
 * Frank Jack Fletcher, Class of 1931
 * William R. Schmidt, Class of 1931
 * Gilbert R. Cook, Class of 1932
 * Leonard T. Gerow, Class of 1932
 * Wade H. Haislip, Class of 1932
 * Thomas Holcomb, Class of 1932
 * John P. Lucas, Class of 1932
 * Alexander M. Patch, Class of 1932
 * George S. Patton Jr., Class of 1932
 * Frank M. Andrews, Class of 1933
 * George Kenney, Class of 1933
 * Edward Almond, Class of 1934
 * Omar Bradley, Class of 1934
 * Ulysses S. Grant III, Class of 1934
 * Lewis Blaine Hershey, Class of 1934
 * Ernest N. Harmon, Class of 1934
 * Jonathan Wainwright, Class of 1934
 * Norman Cota, Class of 1936
 * John R. Hodge, Class of 1936
 * Richard Marshall, Class of 1936
 * Edward H. Brooks, Class of 1937
 * Mark W. Clark, Class of 1937
 * Matthew Ridgway, Class of 1937
 * Walter Bedell Smith, Class of 1937
 * J. Lawton Collins, Class of 1938
 * Leslie Groves, Class of 1939
 * Paul R. Hawley, Class of 1939
 * Hoyt Vandenberg, Class of 1939
 * Anthony McAuliffe, Class of 1940
 * Maxwell D. Taylor, Class of 1940
 * Pedro del Valle, Class of 1940
 * William Westmoreland, Class of 1951
 * Bruce Palmer Jr., Class of 1952
 * Creighton Abrams, Class of 1953
 * Earl E. Anderson, Class of 1960
 * Bernard W. Rogers, Class of 1960
 * Lowell Ward Rooks, Class of 1937
 * Alexander Haig, Class of 1966
 * Donn A. Starry, Class of 1966
 * H. Norman Schwarzkopf, Class of 1973
 * Lewis Sorley, Class of 1973
 * George Joulwan, Class of 1978
 * John M. Shalikashvili, Class of 1978
 * Gordon R. Sullivan, Class of 1978
 * Muhammadu Buhari (Nigerian Army, President of Nigeria), Class of 1980
 * William W. Hartzog, Class of 1981
 * Richard Myers, Class of 1981
 * Clara Leach Adams-Ender, Class of 1982
 * Donald Fowler, Class of 1983
 * Thomas E. White, Class of 1984
 * W. Patrick Lang, Class of 1985
 * Tommy Franks, Class of 1985
 * James Peake, Class of 1988
 * Lance L. Smith, Class of 1990
 * Abdulkadir Sheikh Dini (Somali Army), Class of 1990
 * William G. Boykin, Class of 1991
 * Walter E. Gaskin, Class of 1993
 * John Kimmons, Class of 1995
 * Raymond T. Odierno, Class of 1995
 * Lloyd Austin, Class of 1996
 * Chiu Kuo-cheng ([[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Taiwan Minister of National Defense]), Class of 1999
 * Vijay Kumar Singh (Indian Army), Class of 2001
 * Frank J. Corte, Jr., Class of 2002
 * Parami Kulatunga (Sri Lankan Army), Class of 2003
 * Jeffrey W. Talley, Class of 2003
 * Bikram Singh, (Indian Army), Class of 2004
 * Joe Heck, Class of 2006
 * Jeronim Bazo, (Albanian Armed Forces, Chief of the Albanian General Staff) Class of 2006
 * Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, (Egyptian Army, President of Egypt) Class of 2006
 * Paul M. Nakasone, Class of 2007
 * Rizwan Akhtar (Pakistani Army) (Director General Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)), Class of 2008
 * Ihor Hordiichuk, Class of 2008
 * Doug Mastriano, Class of 2010
 * Naveed Mukhtar (Pakistani Army) (Director General Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)), Class of 2011
 * Dany Fortin, Class of 2016
 * Christopher G. Musa, Class of 2017
 * Tracey Poirier, Class of 2017

External links and sources

 * Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College – the college's strategic and security research facility
 * Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute website
 * US Military Strategists Association
 * Strategic Experiential Education Group – the college's Strategic Experiential Education Group
 * The College's quarterly refereed journal (Parameters), for senior military professionals
 * U. S. Army heraldic entitlements for the War College
 * What Is the War College, Anyway?, a May 2004 article from Slate

title: United States Army War College


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War college

A war college is a senior military academy which is normally intended for veteran military officers and whose purpose is to educate and 'train on' senior military tacticians, strategists, and leaders. It is also often the place where advanced tactical and strategic thought is conducted, both for the purpose of developing doctrine and for the purpose of identifying implications and shifts in long-term patterns.

Examples include:

Naval colleges

 * Naval War College, Goa of the Indian Navy
 * Naval War College (Japan) of the Imperial Japanese Navy (Defunct)
 * Pakistan Naval War College of the Pakistan Navy
 * Naval War College of the United States Navy
 * Royal Naval War College of the Royal Navy (Defunct)

Army colleges

 * Army War College, Mhow of the Indian Army
 * Army War College (Japan) of the Imperial Japanese Army (Defunct)
 * United States Army War College of the United States Army

Air Force colleges

 * College of Air Warfare of the Indian Air Force
 * PAF Air War College of the Pakistan Air Force
 * USAF Air War College of the United States Air Force
 * RAF College of Air Warfare of the Royal Air Force (Defunct)

War colleges

 * War College of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces
 * National Defence College (Bangladesh) of the Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)
 * Marine Corps War College of the United States Marine Corps
 * National War College of the United States Department of Defense
 * War College (Finland), active 1924-1992
 * National Security College (Israel)

title: War college


text: Talk:OSCAR protocol

title: Talk:OSCAR protocol


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Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia

Frederick IV of Hohenstaufen (1145–1167) was duke of Swabia, succeeding his cousin, Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1152.

He was the son of Conrad III of Germany and his second wife Gertrude von Sulzbach and thus the direct heir of the crown, had there been true heredity. However, on his death bed, Conrad III allegedly advised the only two persons present, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa and the bishop of Bamberg, to nominate Frederick Barbarossa; and handed the Imperial insignia to him.

Barbarossa wasted no time in getting the Bavarian clerics to endorse him, and had the archbishop of Cologne convene a hurried election. There the electors of the Empire (minus their "primus inter pares", Henry I, Archbishop of Mainz, an ally of the Pope) elected Frederick Barbarossa to be King, instead of his six-year-old cousin Frederick. The younger man became Duke of Swabia instead.

Frederick participated in Barbarossa's campaigns in Italy, becoming one of the many casualties of the Imperial army. He succumbed to disease after occupying Rome in 1167. Barbarossa then gave Swabia to his own three-year-old son, Frederick V.

Marriage
Frederick IV married Gertrude of Bavaria. She was a daughter of Henry the Lion and his first wife Clementia of Zähringen. They had no known children.

Gertrude survived him and married Canute VI of Denmark. She died childless.

title: Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia


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Frederick V, Duke of Swabia

Frederick V of Hohenstaufen (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – c. 1170) was Duke of Swabia from 1167 to his death. He was the eldest son of Frederick I Barbarossa and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy.

Life
In April 1165 Frederick was betrothed to Eleanor, daughter of King Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. The marriage, however, never took place due to Frederick´s early death.

In August 1167, Duke Frederick IV of Swabia died on an Italian campaign. As the only living son of King Conrad III of Germany (uncle and predecessor of Barbarossa) and without any offspring from his short-lived marriage with Gertrude of Bavaria, with him his line died out and his domains were devolved to Barbarossa. The Emperor appointed three-years-old Frederick as the new Duke of Swabia, becoming in Frederick V.

In June 1169 during the Hoftag in Bamberg, Frederick V's younger brother Henry was elected King of the Romans and crowned on 15 August at Aachen Cathedral. It can be assumed that Frederick V was bypassed from the royal succession because he had a weak constitution since birth and wasn't expected to survive infancy.

Two medieval sources confirms that Frederick V was still alive when his brother was elected King of the Romans. Since his fiancée Eleanor was married to King Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1170, is assumed that he died in mid-1169 or early 1170.

Frederick V was buried in Lorch Abbey, the royal necropolis of the Staufen dynasty, donated by his great-grandfather Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. In 1475 Abbot Nikolaus Schenk von Arberg had the remains of all the members of the Staufen dynasty buried in Lorch transferred to a late Gothic tombstone, which is now in the central nave of Lorch Abbey.

After his death, Frederick V's name passed to Barbarossa's third son, who was originally called Conrad, who succeeded his late brother as Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia; in this way, the familiar and leading Staufen name Frederick must be preserved. Since Otto, the next son of Barbarossa born after Conrad/Frederick VI, was probably born during June–July 1170, Frederick V must have died some time before, otherwise the rather unusual renaming of Conrad would have been without purpose, because the Emperor could simply have called the next son Frederick (instead of Otto).

title: Frederick V, Duke of Swabia


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Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia

Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (February 1167 – 20 January 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 until his death at the siege of Acre.

Life
Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen was born in Modigliana in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. He was the third son of Frederick I Barbarossa and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy. Originally named Conrad, he took the name of Frederick after the death of his eldest brother Frederick V, Duke of Swabia in 1170. He also succeeded him as Duke Frederick VI of Swabia, being the sixth in unbroken succession Duke of Swabia with the leading Staufen name of Frederick.

In the older literature, Conrad/Frederick VI's older brother and predecessor Duke Frederick V of Swabia was partly overlooked, because was thought to be identical to as Conrad/Frederick VI, and for this reason he was therefore not counted as Frederick VI, but referred to as Frederick V. The fact that a younger brother born in 1172, the later Conrad II, Duke of Swabia, was given the name Conrad, which had been able to use because Conrad/Frederick VI renaming and which also had a long tradition within the Staufen dynasty, creates additional confusion when identifying these three sons of Frederick I Barbarossa.

Frederick I Barbarossa appointed the noble Degenhard von Hellenstein as Prokurator (Governor) for the Duchy of Swabia while his son was underage. In 1179 the Emperor granted to Frederick VI in addition to the Duchy of Swabia, some areas acquired in Upper Swabia and Bavaria on the basis of contracts of inheritance with Duke Welf I of Bavaria and Count Rudolf of Pfullendorf. For the first a lion was found on a Hohenstaufen coat of arms in a seal of Frederick VI dated around 1181. This design was in also in a 1220 seal of Duke Henry of Swabia, later Staufen King Henry (VII) of Germany. The extended version of this seal with a three-lion crest was currently part of the Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg.

In 1181 Frederick VI was betrothed to a seven-years-old daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark, whose identity is uncertain. After the brother of the bride and new King Canute VI of Denmark refused to give half of her dowry, the Emperor decided to send the princess (who had been living in Germany for five years at the time in preparation for her marriage) back to Denmark in 1187 still a virgin (lat: intacta). The Danish princess could be Ingeborg —whose assumed birth year was around 1175 and would fit with the repudiated child bride—, who later had an unhappy marriage with King Philip II of France.

At the Diet of Pentecost in Mainz on 20 May 1184, Frederick VI, together with his brother Henry VI, King of the Romans, personally received the accolade from their father. The Emperor's sons and many princes, who followed their example and did not want to be inferior to them in this respect, gave the knights and minstrels gifts in the form of horses, precious clothes, gold and silver. This was followed by a riding event called gyrum, at which the knights showed their skills in swinging shields, banners and lances. Among the alleged 20,000 participants were the emperor and his sons. The next day the riding events continued. In the following week fighting games were to take place in Ingelheim. However, a storm caused several tents and the wooden church to collapse and also caused deaths among the celebrants. This was interpreted as a divine sign and the celebration was not continued.

On 27 March 1188, Frederick VI made a solemn oath to join his father on the Third Crusade. On 11 May 1189, he set out with the Crusader army from Regensburg. In his journey he arrived to the Kingdom of Hungary, where he was betrothed to Constance, a daughter of King Béla III, an ally of Barbarossa. Frederick VI's early death in the Crusade prevented the marriage from proceeding; some years later, in 1198, Constance became in the second wife of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.

As part of his father's army, Frederick VI commanded the van while Barbarossa commanded the rearguard. Upon hearing his father's troops were under attack, he rushed back on horseback with his troops to reinforce them. However, he also had an important role at both the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of Iconium in May 1190. Following his father's death on 10 June 1190 in the Saleph River in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Frederick VI took command of the German forces and led them south towards Antioch. Although a large number of the Crusaders left the army and sailed from Antioch to their homeland, Frederick VI wanted to move to Jerusalem with his remaining army. In Tripoli, a large part of his companions became ill on malaria, which is why only around 700 knights arrived with him in early October 1190 to besiege the city of Acre. While at Acre Frederick VI wrote his brother, Henry VI, asking for him to gain papal recognition for the hospital at Acre. Also sick with malaria, Frederick VI died on 20 January 1191 and was buried in Acre. Because the city is still from Saladin's Troops were occupied, the remaining crusaders were unable to enter the city and left the Holy Land after Frederick VI's death.

title: Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia


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Conrad II, Duke of Swabia

Conrad II (February/March 1172 – 15 August 1196), was Duke of Rothenburg (1188–1191) and Swabia from 1191 until his death. He was the fifth son of Frederick I Barbarossa and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy.

Life
After the third-born son of the Emperor, who was originally called Conrad, had been renamed Frederick around 1170, this first name, which had a long tradition in the Staufen dynasty, had been freed up for a younger son.

Conrad was invested by his father with the Franconian domains which reverted to the German crown after the death of Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia in 1167; this certainly happened at the latest in 1188 when he was first referred to as dux de Rotenburch (Duke of Rothenburg). In addition, the young prince also received the lands of Weißenburg and Eger.

On 23 April 1188 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and King Alfonso VIII of Castile signed the Treaty of Seligenstadt, under which was arranged the betrothal between Conrad —son of the German Emperor— and Berengaria —eldest and only surviving child of the Castilian King, and thus the heiress presumptive of her father. Conrad then marched to Castile, where in Carrión de los Condes the engagement was celebrated and he was knighted in July 1188, making him a servant of his new lord and future father-in-law, King Alfonso VIII. Berengaria's status as heiress of Castile was based in part on documentation in the treaty and marriage contract, which specified that she would inherit the Castilian throne after her father or any childless brothers who may come along. Conrad would only be allowed to co-rule as her spouse, and Castile would not become part of the Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, he was not allowed to claim the throne for himself in case of Alfonso VIII's death but was obliged to defend and protect the kingdom until Berengaria would arrive in case of her absence. The treaty also documented traditional rights and obligations between the future sovereign and the nobility.

The wedding was never solemnized, due to the bride's young age. In addition, Conrad and Berengaria never saw each other: on Christmas Day of 1190, according to the marriage contract, Berengaria was supposed to arrive in Germany, but this did not happen. Pope Celestine III did not want the Staufen dynasty to extend its influence over the Iberian Kingdoms, and when in the autumn of 1191 Berengaria (influenced, no doubt, by third parties such as her grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was not interested in having a Staufen as a neighbor to her French fiefdoms), requested an annulment of the engagement, the Pope quickly agreed: the betrothal was broken in early 1192 by the Archbishop Gonzalo of Toledo and the Papal Legate Gregor, Cardinal-Deacon of San Angelo, on the grounds that the bride was against the continuation of the engagement.

Conrad joined the army under the leadership of his oldest brother Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor in traveling to Rome for Henry VI's imperial coronation on 15 April 1191. After the coronation, the army set out to the invasion of the Kingdom of Sicily. Due to the malaria epidemic that broke out in August 1191, the campaign was stopped in Naples. Documents issued in Italy indicate that Conrad took part in this campaign.

Conrad's older brother Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia died in January 1191 at Acre during the Third Crusade. According to the chronicle of Otto of Sankt Blasien in 1191, Henry VI left the Duchy of Swabia to his brother Conrad after returning from Italy. The chronicler also described Conrad as "a man thoroughly given to adultery, fornication, defilement, and every foulness; nevertheless, he was vigorous and brave in battle and generous to his friends."

In a royal charter dated 24 May 1192, when he is said to have received his sword tail at a court in Worms, he appears for the first time as dux Suevie (Duke of Swabia) and from then on his previous title of Duke of Rothenburg was not used.

During the Italienzug of Henry VI in 1194–95 Conrad seems to have stayed away and acted as the King's deputy in Swabia and Franconia. This emerges from documents from Salem and Steingaden Abbeys, which were issued by Conrad during this period.

Death
Conrad died aged 24, a very young age even by medieval standards. The Marbach Annals date Conrad's death to 15 August 1196. His early death prevented him from succeeding his brother Henry VI, who died in Messina just one year later in September 1197. Instead, his youngest surviving brother Philip succeeded him as Duke of Swabia and in 1198 became the next king from the Staufen dynasty.

According to the chronicle of Burchard of Ursperg, Conrad died in Durlach during a campaign against Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen and was buried at Lorch Abbey. This chronicle is uncertain whether he was killed by a woman whom he had raped or by her husband. But the Annals of Konrad von Scheyern recorded specifically that he was bitten in the left nipple by a girl he was attempting to rape; although an increasingly large wound developed, he did not want to be treated and died three days later. Other reports stating that he died in Oppenheim and was buried in Speyer are considered inaccurate.

Conrad's burial place, Lorch Abbey, was the necropolis of the Staufen dynasty, donated by his great-grandfather, Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. In 1475 Abbot Nikolaus Schenk von Arberg had the remains of all the Staufen buried in Lorch transferred to a late Gothic tumba, which is now in the central nave of the Lorch Abbey church.

title: Conrad II, Duke of Swabia


text:
Arena (TV channel)

Arena (formerly Fox Arena) is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel, Austar, and Optus Television's subscription platforms.

History
In the late 1990s, Arena had the slogan "The Art of Television". It ran a mix of programs, including UK serial Coronation Street, and cult horror and science fictions films presented by Tabitha Clutterbuck. This included programs from E! prior to the launch of E! in Australia.

On 1 March 2001 it relaunched, with an added focus on talk shows and celebrity.

On 31 July 2005, its look was again updated, with a new logo and the new slogan, "Great TV Any time".

It was owned and operated by XYZnetworks until 1 October 2007 when management and programming were taken over by Foxtel, with XYZ Networks still retaining ownership.

In April 2008, Foxtel announced a partnership with Universal Networks International, where Arena would be re-branded as an Australian version of the American channel Bravofeaturing original series from the network, and adopting a variation of Bravo's branding and slogan, whilst retaining the previous Arena name.

On 1 June 2010, Arena TV switched from standard 4:3 to 16:9 widescreen programming. Many of Arena's programmes like Gilmore Girls, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother and One Tree Hill amongst other shows are originally presented in widescreen. Arena TV's switch to widescreen is part of Foxtel's plan to have every channel in widescreen by the end of 2010. On 3 November 2014, Arena launched a HD feed. In addition, Arena + 2 moved from channel 154 to channel 151.

On 1 July 2020, the channel rebranded as FOX Arena with a new logo and tagline ‘Live Out Loud.’ The channel now operates as part of Foxtel's LifeStyle suite of television networks.

On 28 September 2023, the channel rebranded to its former name Arena with a new logo.

Current original programming

 * The Real Housewives of Melbourne (2014–present)
 * The Real Housewives of Sydney (2017)

Current syndicated programming

 * The Bachelor
 * Bridezillas
 * Divorce Court
 * The Drew Barrymore Show
 * Entertainment Tonight
 * Friends
 * Hot Bench
 * Marriage Boot Camp
 * Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
 * The People's Court
 * Project Runway
 * The Real Housewives of Atlanta
 * The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
 * The Real Housewives of Cheshire
 * The Real Housewives of Miami
 * The Real Housewives of Melbourne
 * The Real Housewives of New Jersey
 * The Real Housewives of New York City
 * The Real Housewives of Orange County
 * The Real Housewives of Potomac
 * Shortland Street
 * Sex and the City
 * TMZ on TV
 * Top Chef
 * Wheel of Fortune
 * Vanderpump Rules

Former original programming

 * Confidential (2007 on FOX8, 2008 on Arena)
 * Park Street (Australian TV series) (2011)
 * Project Runway Australia (2008–2012)
 * WAG Nation (2012)
 * Untitled top secret project (cancelled)

Former syndicated programming

 * 2 Broke Girls
 * 24 Hour Catwalk
 * All Saints
 * Alias
 * America's Next Top Model
 * The Amazing Race
 * Below Deck
 * Bethenny
 * Bethenny Getting Married
 * Bridezillas
 * Burn Notice
 * Celebrity Apprentice
 * Celebrity Name Game
 * Chef Academy
 * Coronation Street
 * Days of Our Lives (2014–2020, Now on 10 and 10Play)
 * Defying Gravity
 * Desperate Housewives
 * Don't Trust the B in Apartment 23
 * Double Exposure
 * Drop Dead Diva
 * The Drew Carey Show
 * The Dr. Oz Show
 * Dukes of Melrose
 * ER
 * The Ellen DeGeneres Show
 * Everwood
 * Entourage
 * Flipping Out
 * Ghost Whisperer
 * Gilmore Girls
 * Go Girls
 * Grey's Anatomy
 * The Guardian
 * Hey Paula
 * Hitched
 * Hope & Faith
 * How I Met Your Mother
 * I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding
 * It's a Brad, Brad World
 * The Insider
 * Jerry Springer
 * Jeopardy! (moved back to Fox Classics)
 * Joan of Arcadia
 * Judge Judy
 * Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List
 * Katie
 * The Late Show with David Letterman
 * Las Vegas
 * The L Word
 * Lie to Me
 * Louie Spence's Showbusiness
 * Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * Make Me A Supermodel
 * The Maury Povich Show
 * Melrose Place
 * Mike & Molly
 * Million Dollar Listing New York
 * Millionaire Matchmaker
 * Mob Wives
 * Mob Wives Chicago
 * The Nate Berkus Show
 * The New Adventures of Old Christine
 * The New Atlanta
 * The New Normal
 * Nip/Tuck
 * NYC Prep
 * The O.C.
 * One Tree Hill
 * Outrageous Fortune
 * The Price Is Right (US Version)
 * Property Envy
 * Queer Eye For The Straight Guy
 * The Rachel Zoe Project
 * The Real Housewives of Australia
 * The Real Housewives of D.C.
 * The Real Housewives of Dallas
 * The Real Housewives of Sydney
 * The Real Housewives of Vancouver
 * Reba
 * Rita Rocks
 * Saving Hope
 * Shear Genius
 * The Simple Life: Interns
 * Six Feet Under
 * Saturday Night Live
 * Secret Diary of a Call Girl
 * Shahs of Sunset
 * Styled by June
 * Suburgatory
 * Tabatha's Salon Takeover
 * Tamra's OC Wedding
 * The Sopranos
 * Thintervention with Jackie Warner
 * Tim Gunn's Guide To Style
 * Top Design
 * Top Chef: Just Desserts
 * Top Chef Masters
 * Tori & Dean: Home Sweet Hollywood
 * True Tori
 * Two and a Half Men
 * Tru Calling
 * The Tyra Banks Show
 * The Unit
 * Ugly Betty
 * The View
 * Wahlburgers
 * Wheel of Fortune
 * Weeds
 * The West Wing
 * Without a Trace
 * Will and Grace
 * The Wire (Moved from Fox8/Fox Arena)
 * Winners and Losers
 * Work Out
 * The Young and the Restless (2014–2020, Now on Foxtel One)

title: Arena (TV channel)


text:
Talk:Figures on a Beach

Untitled
''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see Articles for deletion/Figures on a Beach.''

title: Talk:Figures on a Beach


text:
Talk:Tsinghua (disambiguation)

Tsinghua University already exists, by the way. Charles Matthews 07:24, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsinghua (disambiguation)


text:
2004 Malawian general election

General elections were held in Malawi on 20 May 2004 to elect a President and the National Assembly. The election had originally been scheduled for 18 May but was postponed for two days in response to opposition complaints of irregularities in the voter roll. By 22 May no results had been announced, leading to protests from the opposition and threats of disorder. On 25 May the Malawi Electoral Commission finally announced the results of the election. Bingu wa Mutharika, the candidate of the ruling United Democratic Front, was declared the winner of the presidential poll, whilst the Malawi Congress Party had won most seats in the National Assembly vote. Voter turnout was around 62%.

President
There were five candidates for the presidential election:
 * Gwanda Chakuamba, aged 69, was the candidate of a seven-party opposition coalition, the Mgwirizano Coalition or Unity Coalition. Chakuamba has a colourful past, having been a senior minister and militia commander under former President-for-life Hastings Banda. In 1980 he fell out with Banda, whose assassination he was accused of plotting. He spent 12 years in prison and emerged a popular hero, then succeeded Banda as leader of his party, the Malawi Congress Party.
 * Justin Malewezi, Vice-President of Malawi under Bakili Muluzi, stood as the candidate of the People's Progressive Movement, having been passed over by the ruling party.
 * Brown Mpinganjira, aged 55, was the candidate of the National Democratic Alliance, a breakaway group from the ruling party.
 * John Tembo, aged 72, was the candidate of the Malawi Congress Party.
 * Bingu wa Mutharika, a 70-year-old economist and veteran politician who was the candidate of the ruling United Democratic Front, although he had previously run for president under the United Party banner. He was supported by the outgoing president, Bakili Muluzi.

National Assembly
A total of 1,268 candidates ran in the election of which 373 were independents and the rest representing fifteen parties.

Seven parties contested the elections as the Mgwirizano Coalition; the Republican Party, the People's Progressive Movement, the Movement for Genuine Democratic Change, the People's Transformation Party, the Malawi Forum for Unity and Development, the National Unity Party and the Malawi Democratic Party.

National Assembly
Polling in six constituencies was delayed due to printing errors on the ballot papers.

title: 2004 Malawian general election


text: Talk:Reggae (music)

title: Talk:Reggae (music)


text:
Wetlook

Wetlook consists of enjoying bathing or showering while dressed, and more generally, enjoying wearing wet clothes, whether in the water or out of it.

In the Western world, where swimsuits are often tight-fitting and revealing, wetlook can be seen as a regular or occasional leisure activity, a peculiarity, or fetish, although it can objectively provide relaxation or even self-confidence. Wetlook can be practiced in multiple ways, and in fact, many people enjoy one or more forms of it without necessarily knowing that there is a term for it.

Vocabulary
In the community of wetters ("those who get wet"), there is no widely accepted generic term for this taste for "dressed aquatic activities," or even for being fully dressed in everyday attire (including shoes, jackets...). The following two or three expressions exist but are not synonymous.

Phat dipping
This term comes from fat ("fat" or "corpulent") but retains no connotation. The practice of phat dipping has no connection to overweight people. comes from a sound from American rap by Rhett McLaughlin and Link Neal, released on March 24, 2009 on YouTube, showing people jumping fully clothed into a pool. The lyrics of "Phatdippin’ Rap" also refer to and encourage people to jump into the water with their clothes on rather than a swimsuit. The neologism became popular, especially in the United States thanks to the contest organized upon the release of the song for its promotion. The rap duo invites internet users to make their own version, which has led to numerous videos where ordinary people film themselves jumping or diving fully clothed into a pool, a hot tub… Since then, the expression "phat dipping" refers to the pleasure of jumping or diving (all) dressed. The sense of phat dipping seems relatively restricted to the action of going into the water, excluding water fights, swimming, christening, showering…

wetlook (or wetfun)
Literally "wet appearance" or "wet look" for the former. Its meaning is much broader and more inclusive than phat dipping (bathing, swimming...) but appears ambiguous.

The sight of clothes clinging to the skin or being wet and dressed at the same time can cause shivers or sexual excitement in some people. (Read the dedicated chapter on sexual connotation.) It's a fetishistic conception, a perspective on wetlook that is not shared by the majority of people who simply enjoy swimming or having fun while dressed. Aquatic leisure activities cannot be reduced to the sexual pleasure some people feel; there is no possible amalgamation.

On the web, the word wetlook is thus associated with this partial (and therefore biased) view of wetlook, so much so that many websites or individuals use other expressions to refer to this activity, such as:
 * allusions or translations into foreign languages:
 * wet clothing (German: nasse Klamotten),
 * getting wet with (all) clothes (on)
 * or "swimming dressed" in various forms: zwemmen met kleren (an) (Dutch), (mit) Klamotten baden (German), swimming with clothes (English)… ;
 * or generic terms:
 * wet : originally an adjective (literally "wet" or "humid"), it is also used in French as a noun to refer to the leisure activity of swimming or immersion while dressed, but without any fetishistic or vicarious aspect (unlike the word "wetlook," which often denotes the preference for seeing others get wet in their clothes).
 * wetfun (contraction into one word of "wet amusement") : synonym of wet in the sense of simple personal or collective pleasure of wet clothes or dressed swimming without the pleasure coming from seeing other people soaked in their attire, nor becoming sexual. A harmless and all-public hobby like any other.

Moreover, some enthusiasts among friends do not use a generic term to describe their passion but may use more specific terms to evoke their appointments, such as pool party (a half-day devoted to clothed swimming in a swimming pool).

As sexual stimuli
Alex Comfort writing in The Joy of Sex suggested that wetlook clothing functions as a kind of superskin, enhancing the visual and tactile qualities of shininess and tightness. He offered the 1970s-style advice that if your lover "likes you to look like a cross between a snake and a seal, wear what he gives you".

For Desmond Morris, water on the skin is seen as mimicking the sweat of sexual arousal.

On the Internet, several companies sell images or videos of hobbyists or models practicing wetlook. There are two types: sites that sell erotic content and sites that target the general public that sell soft images suitable for any audience.

Other words related to wetlook

 * walker (literally "the one who walks"): enthusiast who enjoys getting wet slowly.
 * jumper (literally "the one who jumps"): enthusiast who enjoys getting wet quickly or in an unintended or undeserved manner (being pushed into the water).
 * stay-wet (literally "the one who stays wet"): enthusiast who keeps their clothes wet once out of the water.
 * get-wet (literally "the one who wets"): enthusiast for whom the manner and conditions of getting wet are very important, plunging them into a deep emotion

Fashion and pop
Some people enjoy jumping into the water fully clothed on occasions such as the last day of school, national holiday, wedding, sports victory... or when challenged by a friend, for fun, as a "craze" or due to intoxication.

Throwing someone into the water against their will is also sometimes seen as a game, a way of joking, playing, teasing, annoying, or even punishing. It can be perceived as a physical assault or, conversely, as a fun or friendly practice. Schools, universities, or student clubs practice this "baptism" during integration sessions or hazing rituals. Some professions incorporate it into their customs, such as civilian or military airplane pilots (after their first solo flight) or firefighters. It is also a tradition in the paper and publishing industry in Germany.

In summer, firefighters and lifeguards sometimes use fire hoses to spray the public during a concert or other event, to refresh and entertain them. Several amusement parks offer the opportunity to get sprayed in various water attractions: splashing rafts on rough rivers, passage of a boat falling down a slide creating a spray several meters high … In southern France, there are events called "Toro Piscine" (Bull Pool): in a bullfighting arena, a small pool filled with water is placed. Young people run around, in front of, or provoke a heifer, trying not to step into the central pool but sometimes taking refuge by immersing themselves in it.

In the media
Some advertisements use the imagery of wetlook, starting with the textile industry: clothing clinging to the skin or changing color when soaked, prominent muscles due to "molding," play of reflections with water and light, exploitation of the "victim" status of a person fallen into the water (pathos, pity) or the courage of a person jumping in (to save someone) and emerging looking injured, tired, uncomfortable due to a less neat, less comfortable outfit, which will make them cold...

Several game shows include or rely on challenges where participants fall into the water if they fail: Intervilles, Le Bigdil, ter Land, ter Zee en in de Lucht (for almost 40 years).

Netherlands
Opportunities to be in the water abound in this country, one of the few whose territory is partially located below sea level. The country is crisscrossed with canals, small ponds, lakes, rivers. When it's cold, people go ice skating on natural ice.

Numerous entertainments or sports around water take place throughout the year: Sprietlopen (crossing a watercourse while balancing on a beam), Koninginnedag (Queen's Day), Overvliegen (overcoming a high obstacle), Tonnetjesteken  (aiming and tipping a barrel of water over oneself), Spuitvoetbal  (kicking a ball with a water jet)...

Some activities seem reserved for children or teenagers: Balkvechten (dueling on a beam, bare-handed or with a sack), Jeugdsurvival  (floating obstacle course), Vlottentocht  (rafting on a river).

Dutch swimming certificates are adapted so that one can rescue someone on the street, fully clothed. There are more water-related accidents simply because there is more water. Society has adapted, and so have lifeguards.

There are also Schuimfuif (foam parties), a term also used in Belgium. The foam is wet because it contains water. These parties sometimes include shallow above-ground inflatable pools (inflatable pool in English) for rinsing off or immersion.

United States
A popular game is the dunk tank (literally the "tank where someone is submerged"): a willing person sits on a seat suspended above a tank filled with water (about 1 meter in diameter or side, about 1.3 meters high). The objective is to throw a ball at a target, connected to a mechanism that releases the seat or board and drops the "willing victim" into the tank. A small ladder allows them to get out or climb back onto the board.

The mechanism can also be manually activated, for rinsing off after a foam party or just for the simple pleasure of being "dunked," for example (meaning to let oneself fall into the water or be plunged into it by a third party). The dunk tank is used, among other things, for fundraising and televised entertainment. In all cases, the willing person is directly exposed to the public's eyes, being placed at a height, except for a mesh that protects them from poorly thrown balls.

Other Western regions
In Denmark and especially in Germany, wetlook enjoys the status of a cultural movement. Meeting groups or associations organize events. The annual end-of-summer beach party in Borgentreich (North Rhine-Westphalia) is a major event for wetters, and some people travel hundreds of kilometers to participate. Similar events take place regularly.

On Easter Monday in Poland, women of all ages are sprayed with water by men and boys, according to the tradition called Śmigus-dyngus.

In Spain, there is an annual water festival.

Other geographical areas
In the countries of Southeast Asia with Theravāda Buddhism tradition, the Buddhist New Year is an occasion for people to splash each other with water and sometimes with talcum powder, as a sign of respect and blessing. Westerners call this the "Water Festival" (article in English: Water Festival), although this tradition is often associated with the Thai term สงกรานต์ (Songkran).

Self-confidence and mental health
In Western culture, swimming fully clothed is often prohibited in public places and considered socially abnormal, incorrect, non-conformist, or even a ridiculous hobby ... Asserting that one likes or practices wetlook, defying or transgressing this social "ban," improves self-confidence. Experimenting with wetlook allows for the discovery of new sensations, which is stimulating for the brain because it breaks the routine.

Furthermore, the practice of clothed swimming contributes to an acclimatization to accidental submersion (i.e., falling into the water unintentionally) and thus reduces the risk of drowning.

A Fetish Branch
On the Internet, search engines most often redirect to sites or documents showing wet women, dressed and all wet, striking suggestive or lascivious poses. Many commercial websites sell galleries of photos or videos of these shoots. There are also some commercial sites that are "family-friendly." (Read more in the dedicated section on the economic activity surrounding wetlook.) Some people consider wetlook to be a form of fetishism, related to aquaphilia, salirophilia, the fetishism of tight clothing, or that of feet, socks, or sneakers… Some individuals feel excitement at the sight of people in soaked clothes or swimming fully clothed. The excitement can also be felt by getting oneself wet while fully clothed, regardless of the context: showering, bathing, swimming in open or flowing water …

The term wetlook can also be interpreted as the erotic branch of phat dipping, somewhat akin to yiff, which is the erotic art of the furry fandom.

Related Practices or Leisure Activities

Some activities or events are similar to wetlook, in the sense of currents, branches, or variations:
 * Gunge, literally "viscous product": being poured or immersed in other liquids (slime).
 * Wet and messy (WAM), literally "wet and messy": having food products poured or spread over one's bare or clothed skin (see the anglophone article wet and messy fetishism).
 * Sports activities involving mud:
 * Mud run (obstacle course with several obstacles based on water-filled or muddy trenches)
 * Sliksleeën (crawling or surfing in mud at low tide)
 * Modderboard (going down a muddy slope without a board, just on foot)

A business
Several companies sell images or videos of amateurs or models practicing wetlook on the Web. This often involves staged scenes since, in the context of couple photoshoots, the same person changes partners from one series of photos to another. There are two schools of thought: sites selling erotic content and those targeting the general public, which sell "soft" images suitable for all audiences. This latter point is sometimes explicitly stated to dispel any doubt about the precise nature of the audience targeted by the publisher.

Classical prototypes

 * New Kingdom of Egypt poetry has a girl telling her lover: "It is pleasant to go to the pool...That I may let you see my beauty in my tunic of finest royal linen When it is wet".
 * Foam-born Aphrodite rising from the waves—Aphrodite Anadyomene—initiated a long sequence of similar wetlook images.

title: Wetlook


text:
Interstate 540

Interstate 540 may mean:
 * Interstate 540 (Arkansas), a spur from Interstate 40 to Fort Smith, Arkansas; formerly also to Bentonville, Arkansas (now part of Interstate 49)
 * Interstate 540 (North Carolina), the free portion of a partially tolled loop road around Raleigh, North Carolina.

title: Interstate 540


text:
Talk:Weyl algebra

Generalization
Seems to me, that this is a special representation of the more general concept, mentioned here under quotient algebra. Let <,> be a non-degenerate bilinear form on a (real) vector space V. Let ten(V) be the (infinite-dimensional) tensor algebra. For two elements x and y of V, consider the two-sided ideal in this algebra, generated by xy-yx -  1 if <,> is skew i.e. (V,<,>) a symplectic vectorspace, resp. xy+yx -  1 if <,> is symmetric i.e. (V,<,>) a pseudo-orthogonal vector space. Let ideal(<,>) be this two-sided ideal. Then the factor algebra

 * ten(V)/ideal(<,>)

is another associative algebra with unit element. There are four special cases: If <,> is skew than we get the infinite-dimensional Weyl Algebra weyl(V,<,>). If <,> is trivial, i.e. not non-degenerate, we get the Symmetric Algebra on V. If <,> is symmetric we get the Clifford algebra, and for vanishing bilinear form as a special case the Exterior Algebra. These two are finite dimensional. All four of them are universal algebras, in which the linear ,tensors' fulfill the canonical commutation relations resp. the defining relations of the Clifford algebra (Dirac is the special case of a Minkowski bilinear form in four dimensions). In the symplectic resp. pseudo-orthogonal case, the two-tensors fulfill the commutation relations of the symplectic resp. the pseuo-orthogonal Lie algebras. These therefore can be written basis free, like the canonical commutation resp. anticommutation relations. I have studied these algebras in several papers. They even may combined into one Z2-,graded' concept. Hans Tilgner — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.45.16.132 (talk • contribs) 07:47, 21 May 2004

There even are doubts on the mathematical contents of this articles. It starts with a certain representation on a function space of an algebraic concept ,Weyl algebra', then proceeding to the universal definition. But is it really true, that this functional representation is a representation of the Weyl algebra in the sence of (infinite-dimensional) Lie algebras? Sure, we have in both cases the canonical commutation relations in the embedded symplectic vector space. This means that the nilpotent Heisenberg Lie algebra is represented by Poisson brackets as a Lie algebra. With the help of the symplectic bilinear form they are written basis free. The same applies to the subspace of tensor grade two in the Weyl algebra, resulting in a nice basis free formulation of the commutation relations of the (semi-simple) symplectic Lie algebra. So up to the second tensor grade there is isomophy of Lie subalgebras, since Poisson brackets represent (in the sense of Lie algebraic isomophisms) the symplectic Lie algebra as well. But does that really imply isomorphy of the whole infinite-dimensional Weyl algebra, seen as a Lie algebra with respect to the commutator of its associative multiplication? Note that taking the subspaces of tensor grade 0, 1, 2, 3, ... a generating system for each vector space of grade i is given by the totally symmetrized elements of the form x1 times x2 times ... times xi. Already in the case of grade 3 I found deviations between Poisson brackets and commutators in the Weyl algebra. The calculations are tedious. So does anybody know how to computerize this? In which language? LISP? If there is no Lie algebraic isomophism between the Weyl algebra and the classical mechanical realization by means of Poisson brackets, classical and quantum realizations are nonisomorphic in a Lie algebra sense. All that can be excluded, if one can prove, that a Lie algebra representation of the defining two sided ideal already gives rise to a representation of the whole infinite Lie algebra. This proof is not available to me. If there is no such proof, than classical and quantum mechanics are not isomorphic. And there is no concept of quantization, but one of dequantization. Hans Tilgner — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.45.16.132 (talk • contribs) 06:51, 25 May 2004
 * I'm having trouble parsing this. What exactly is/are you issue[s] with the article? Myrkkyhammas (talk) 16:56, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

I do not want to make any change, but I want to ask Myrkkyhammas for the meaning of his comment/trouble with Tilgner's remarks. Please use plain english! Tilgner's first comment is a plain critic of the introduction to the article on Weyl algebras, this one being far too special (being restricted to two dimensions only and then to some derivatives). Please remain basisfree and general, which means - start the article from a symplectic vector space of dimension 2n, a concept which is dealt with in Wikipedia. Then use the commutative diagram, Weyl algebra - Clifford algebra, lying over symmetric algebra - exterior algebra, both lines being matched into Z(2)-graded generalizations also given by Tilgner in an old publication, long time ago mentioned by Roger Howe. A mathematician. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.94.3.130 (talk) 09:49, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

In this article Weyl algebra is not t h e Weyl algebra, it is only a special case. This should be corrected. Who writes an article on the real Weyl algebra. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.217.132.38 (talk) 09:21, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weyl algebra


text:
Coastal Party

The Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) is a regionalist, agrarian political party in Norway. The party has district, fishing and coastal issues among its primary policies with its main political base in Northern Norway, and is a staunch opponent of Norwegian membership in the European Union. It was represented in the Norwegian Parliament from 2001 to 2005, and its predecessor, the Non-Partisan Deputies, from 1997 to 2001. Originally led by the fisherman and whale hunter Steinar Bastesen, its current leader is Bengt Stabrun Johansen (since 2012).

History
The Coastal Party was formally founded on 1 February 1999 although the party participated, and won one seat, in the 1997 parliamentary election as the Non-Partisan Deputies. Since 1997 however, the name "Coastal Party" was commonly used to describe the parliamentary party, at least in its base in Northern Norway. In the county of Nordland, the list which ran in 1997 even went as "program for the Non-Partisan Deputies-Coastal Party". In February 2001, Conservative Party Member of Parliament Inger Stolt-Nielsen from Rogaland left the Conservatives and finished her term for the Coastal Party, giving the party two Members in Parliament until the 2001 election. The party's leader Steinar Bastesen, a fisherman and whale hunter, was elected to the parliament for a second period in 2001.

In 2005, the party announced that they would for the first time participate in the parliamentary election in all of Norway's 19 counties, even though two of them do not have a coastline. This is important for all political parties, however, as it is the only way to secure a place in the national pre-election television debates. On 13 March 2005, the party convention elected Roy Waage, a former member of the Christian Democratic Party, as the new party leader. In 2008, former party leader Steinar Bastesen was expelled from the party, and internal conflicts and poor leadership of the party has been cited to have contributed to the party's steady decline in subsequent elections.

Political platform
The Coastal Party describe itself as a "culturally conservative centrist party", and its central value as being "safety". Other core issues are Christian values, environmentalism, and a mixed economy. The party is also against European Union and EEA membership, seeks a restrictive immigration policy, and preservation of the family, local community and nation.

Election results
The Coastal Party is to a very large degree regionally based. So far, it has not been able to pass the national 4% election threshold for leveling seats, but won a district seat in Nordland county in both 1997 (as the Non-Partisan Deputies) and 2001. In the 2005 parliamentary election, 59% of the party's votes came from the three northernmost counties: Finnmark, Troms and Nordland. Their best result came in Troms county, where they won 8.6% of the vote. In Karlsøy Municipality and Skjervøy Municipality, they received the highest vote count of all parties. In the country as a whole, however, they only won 0.8% of the vote (down from 1.7% in 2001) and lost its only seat in the Storting. The party's support has dropped further in parliamentary elections in 2009 and 2013 to 0.1%.

Party leaders

 * Steinar Bastesen (1999−2005)
 * Roy Waage (2005−2007)
 * Kjell Ivar Vestå (2007−2010)
 * Erling Skåtøy (2010−2012)
 * Bengt Stabrun Johansen (2012−)

title: Coastal Party


text:
Talk:Motorola A760

If this appears on any webpage, I have copyrights as I requested this from Motorola for other journalistic articles. For, the email responce from Motorola, etc. please contact me. Jondel 07:51, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

_________

I don't want to 'advertise' the A760 or Linux but as an analyst I 'd like to track Linux development and Motorola expansion in Romania. Motorola is one of Romania's largest foreign investors. China is very protective on intelectual property, which makes Linux appealing. --Jondel 00:14, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Insert non-formatted text Block quote

title: Talk:Motorola A760


text:
WCPE

WCPE (89.7 FM) in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a listener supported non-commercial, non-profit radio station, and the program contributor for The Classical Station, a classical music network. The station went on the air July 17, 1978, and switched to a 24-hour classical music format in 1984. Both are owned by the Educational Information Corporation, a nonprofit community organization.

WCPE's studios are located just outside Wake Forest, North Carolina. Its main signal extends from the South Carolina state line to the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia, and some parts of Charlotte, North Carolina, as well.

Overview
WCPE operates three full-power satellite stations in the Outer Banks of eastern North Carolina, as well as a network of low-powered translators across the state. It can also be heard on cable television systems, on free-to-air (open format) "small dish" home satellite systems via the AMC-1 satellites, and around the world via six streaming audio formats on the Internet, including mp3, AAC, Ogg Vorbis, QuickTime, RealAudio, iTunes, and WMA. The station also streams via IPv6. The station's call letters were randomly assigned.

In September 2023, WCPE sent a survey to listeners describing concerns over modern works in the Metropolitan Opera's upcoming season, writing that they were "written in a nonclassical music style, have adult themes and language, and are in English". The survey suggested that WCPE would not air the productions. Three of the works selected for exclusion were by Black or Mexican composers. After much national criticism and accusations of censorship, the station announced that it would broadcast the operas.

Helms-Leahy Small Webcaster Settlement Act of 2002
In November 2002, WCPE and its founder and General Manager, Deborah Proctor was recognized by Senator Jesse Helms for her contribution in the Helms-Leahy Small Webcaster Settlement Act of 2002. This act helped settle a dispute regarding the amount of royalties webcasters must pay in order to perform sound recordings over the Internet bringing stability to the then-emerging webcasting industry.

The North Carolina Award
On Saturday, November 6, 2019, founder and General Manager, Deborah Proctor was recognized by Governor Roy Cooper with North Carolina's highest civilian honor, the North Carolina Award. Proctor was recognized for her efforts to promote and help small, independent and public broadcasters remain viable in the era of online broadcasting.

Simulcasts and translators
WZPE is owned by the Educational Information Corporation, while WURI is owned by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and leased to WCPE.

In 2016, WCPE's programming in Buxton moved from high-power WBUX (90.5 FM) to W216BE (now W219DW). Both facilities are owned by WUNC, which WBUX now retransmits.

title: WCPE