text:
Talk:Nanga Parbat

Fairy Meadow -2
Mr Spireguy. Thanks. I tried to write article about Fairy Meadow but could not as the name is already there. Can it possible that Fairy Meadow use twice. I have to add Nanga Parbat for article.

Well Fairy Meadow has its own attraction. I have gone there twice. Many people dream to go Fairy Meadow. It is many kilometres away from the base camp as you can see in the picture.

I'm a bit suspicious about the Fairy Meadow section, it has been rewritten in a manner that looks rather like attempted advertising to me, or least contains duplicate sections and 'micro-local' information. I have contented myself with correcting the language, however, it would be good if someone who has been there would like to rewrite it Summitscribbler 11:56, 25 May 2007

There are two Fairy Meadow articles as noted here. Both were very similar and, as noted elsewhere, had microlocal content that looked very much like advertising. I have cleaned up one (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Meadows,_Nanga_Parbat) although it needs further work. The other (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Meadow_Nanga_Parbat) has been left. The latter should be deleted and/or merged into the former. I'm not sure whether the former should be merged into Nanga Parbat, and leave that to the discretion of others.

all succesful ascents of Nanga Parbat uo to 2022
n	NAME	Given name	R	ctry	Date	Route

1	BUHL	Hermann		Aut	3.7.53	Rakhiot Flank (E Ridge)

2	KINSHOFER	Toni		D	22.6.62	Diamir Face left part (Kinshofer)

3	LÖW	Siegfried		D	22.6.62	Diamir Face left part (Kinshofer)

4	MANNHARDT	Andreas (Anderl)		D	22.6.62	Diamir Face left part (Kinshofer)

5	MESSNER	Günther		I	27.6.70	Rupal Face direct

6	MESSNER	Reinhold	1	I	27.6.70	Rupal Face direct

7	KUEN	Felix		Aut	28.6.70	Rupal Face direct

8	SCHOLZ	Peter		D	28.6.70	Rupal Face direct

9	FIALA	Ivan		Svk	11.7.71	Rakhiot Flank (E Ridge)

10	OROLÍN	Michal		Svk	11.7.71	Rakhiot Flank (E Ridge)

11	GIMPEL	Siegfried		Aut	11.8.76	Rupal Face (Schell)

12	SCHAUER	Robert		Aut	11.8.76	Rupal Face (Schell)

13	SCHELL	Hanns		Aut	11.8.76	Rupal Face (Schell)

14	STURM	Hilmar		Aut	11.8.76	Rupal Face (Schell)

15	MESSNER	Reinhold	2	I	9.8.78	Diamir Face right part

16	BAUER	Wilhelm		Aut	23.8.78	Kinshofer (variant 1)

17	STREIF	Reinhard		Aut	23.8.78	Kinshofer (variant 1)

18	WURZER	Rudolf		Aut	23.8.78	Kinshofer (variant 1)

19	IMITZER	Alfred		Aut	28.8.78	Kinshofer (variant 1)

20	INDRICH	Alois		Aut	28.8.78	Kinshofer (variant 1)

21	NAAR	Ronald		NL	5.8.81	Schell (variant 1)

22	FASSI	Alessandro		I	19.8.81	Kinshofer (variant 2)

23	ROTA	Luigi		I	19.8.81	Kinshofer (variant 2)

24	SCANABESSI	Gianbattista		I	19.8.81	Kinshofer (variant 2)

25	JOOS	Norbert (Noppa)		CH	10.6.82	Kinshofer (variant 3)

26	LORETAN	Erhard		CH	10.6.82	Kinshofer (variant 3)

27	ENGL	Hans		D	14.7.82	Kinshofer (variant 3)

28	KOBLMÜLLER	Eduard (Edi)		Aut	17.7.83	Schell (variant 2)

29	NAKANISHI	Norio		Jpn	31.7.83	Kinshofer (variant 2)

30	TANIGUCHI	Mamoru		Jpn	31.7.83	Kinshofer (variant 2)

31	DE PABLO	Enrique Julián (Kike)		E	5.8.83	Kinshofer (variant 2)

32	ZULOAGA	José Luis (Zulu)		E	5.8.83	Kinshofer (variant 2)

33	RÜEDI	Marcel		CH	3.6.84	Kinshofer (variant 2)

34	BARRARD	Maurice		F	27.6.84	Kinshofer (variant 4)

35	BARRARD (b BONTEMPS)	Liliane	F	F	27.6.84	Kinshofer (variant 4)

36	CADIACH	Òscar		E	7.8.84	Schell (variant 3)

37	MAGRIÑÀ	Jordi 		E	7.8.84	Schell (variant 3)

38	DE LA FERRIÈRE	Laurence	F	F	8.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 2)

39	MULLER	Bernard		F	8.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 2)

40	HANADA	Hiroshi		Jpn	8.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 2)

41	KIKUCHI	Mamoru		Jpn	8.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 2)

42	HABELER	Peter		Aut	12.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 3)

43	DACHER	Michael (Michel)		D	12.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 3)

44	CARSOLIO	Carlos		MEX	13.7.85	Rupal Face SE Pillar

45	HEINRICH	Zygmunt Andrzej		Pol	13.7.85	Rupal Face SE Pillar

46	KUKUCZKA	Jerzy		Pol	13.7.85	Rupal Face SE Pillar

47	LOBODZINSKI	Slawomir		USA	13.7.85	Rupal Face SE Pillar

48	CZERWIŃSKA	Anna	F	Pol	15.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 3)

49	PALMOWSKA	Krystyna	F	Pol	15.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 3)

50	RUTKIEWICZ (b BŁASZKIEWICZ)	Wanda	F	Pol	15.7.85	Kinshofer (variant 3)

51	GARCÍA	Moisés		E	15.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

52	GÓMEZ	Miguel		E	15.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

53	VIDAURRE	Rafael		E	15.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

54	DE STEFANI	Fausto		I	15.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

55	MARTINI	Sergio		I	15.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

56	VANHEES	Jan		Bel	16.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

57	VIVIJS	Lutgaarde	F	Bel	16.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

58	LANTERS	Hans		NL	16.8.86	Kinshofer (variant 2)

59	CHAMOUX	Benoît		F	5.7.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

60	CALCAGNO	Giovanni		I	5.7.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

61	DOROTEI	Soro		I	5.7.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

62	VIDONI	Tullio		I	5.7.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

63	ÁLVAREZ	Ferrán		E	9.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

64	EXPÓSITO	Pedro		E	9.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

65	HERNÁNDEZ	Domingo		E	9.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

66	MARTÍNEZ	Joan		E	9.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 2)

67	MATSUI	Kimiharu		Jpn	19.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 3)

68	OKABAYASHI	Ryoichi		Jpn	19.8.87	Kinshofer (variant 3)

69	ENDO	Haruyuki		Jpn	12.7.88	Kinshofer (variant 2)

70	ENDO	Yuka	F	Jpn	12.7.88	Kinshofer (variant 2)

71	HUPFAUER	Siegfried (Sigi)		D	29.7.88	Kinshofer (variant 2)

72	MÜGGE	Thomas		D	29.7.88	Kinshofer (variant 2)

73	GASSLER	Oswald		Aut	9.8.88	Kinshofer (variant 5)

74	GUNDELACH	Ekkert		D	13.7.89	Kinshofer (variant 2)

75	ATTA-UL-HAQ	Mirza Mohammad		Pak	13.7.89	Kinshofer (variant 2)

76	SHAH	Rajab		Pak	13.7.89	Kinshofer (variant 2)

77	SHER KHAN	Mohammad		Pak	13.7.89	Kinshofer (variant 2)

78	ULLAH	Mohammad	1	Pak	13.7.89	Kinshofer (variant 2)

79	KAMMERLANDER	Johann (Hans)		I	1.7.90	Kinshofer (variant 6)

80	PORTILLA	Ramón		E	25.7.90	Kinshofer (variant 2)

81	SATO	Masanori		Jpn	25.7.90	Kinshofer (variant 2)

82	FRANTAR	Marija (Mariča)	F	Slo	31.7.90	Rupal Face (Schell)

83	ROZMAN	Jože		Slo	16.7.90	Rupal Face (Schell)

84	NICOLÁS	Pedro Manuel		E	11.8.90	Kinshofer (variant 2)

85	SORIA	Carlos		E	11.8.90	Kinshofer (variant 2)

86	FREDBORG	Andreas		Nor	11.8.90	Kinshofer (variant 2)

87	JOSWIG	Reinmar		D	12.8.90	Schell (variant 4)

88	MEZGER	Peter		D	12.8.90	Schell (variant 4)

89	TODAKA	Masafumi		Jpn	18.8.90	Rupal Face (Schell)

90	MEAR	Roger		UK	21.7.91	Kinshofer (variant 2)

91	WALSH	David		UK	21.7.91	Kinshofer (variant 2)

92	KIM	Ju-Hyun		Kor	29.6.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

93	PARK	Hee-Taek		Kor	29.6.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

94	SONG	Jea-Deuk		Kor	29.6.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

95	NEŽERKA	Josef (Pepino)		Cze	4.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

96	RAKONCAJ	Josef		Cze	4.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

97	HAUETER	Christoph		CH	8.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

98	ÁBREGO	Ángel María (Mari)		E	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

99	APELLANIZ	Juan Ignacio (Atxo)		E	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

100	OIARZABAL	Juan Eusebio (Juanito)		E	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

101	RUIZ DE APODAKA	Mikel		E	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

102	GOŹDZIK	Jozef		Pol	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

103	PUSTELNIK	Piotr Czeslaw (Pusty)		Pol	12.7.92	Kinshofer (variant 2)

104	BARRENETXEA	Pablo		E	7.7.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

105	CLAVEL	José Luís		E	7.7.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

106	ESTIÚ	Ramón		E	30.7.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

107	PERMAÑE	Josep		E	30.7.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

108	MOCHIZUKI	Yasuhiko		Jpn	16.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

109	TONCHEV	Toncho		Bul	18.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

110	PAWŁOWSKI	Ryszard Jan		Pol	24.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

111	STEFKO	Bogdan		Pol	24.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

112	SCHLEYPEN	Rüdiger		D	28.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

113	KONEWKA	Mirosław		Pol	28.8.93	Kinshofer (variant 2)

114	AGRAZ	José Ramón		E	23.6.94	Kinshofer (variant 2)

115	CASTILLON	Joaquin		E	23.6.94	Kinshofer (variant 2)

116	ORTIZ	Lorenzo		E	23.6.94	Kinshofer (variant 2)

117	AKIYAMA	Takeshi		Jpn	23.7.95	Rakhiot Flank (NE Ridge)

118	SAKAI	Hiroshi		Jpn	23.7.95	Rakhiot Flank (NE Ridge)

119	YABE	Yukio		Jpn	23.7.95	Rakhiot Flank (NE Ridge)

120	WIELICKI	Krzysztof		Pol	1.9.96	Kinshofer (variant 2)

121	AKBU (AKEBU)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

122	JIABU (GYALBU)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

123	LUOZE (LODUE)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

124	PEMBA TASHI (BIANBA ZAXI) I			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

125	RENA (REN NA)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

126	TSERING DORJE I (CERIN DUOJI)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

127	BAIG	Aziz		Pak	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

128	ULLAH	Mohammad	2	Pak	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

129	SAWADA	Minoru		Jpn	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

130	KIM	Kyung-Soo		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

131	PARK	Jung-Hun		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

132	SHIN	Sang-Man		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

133	KIM	Joo-Hyung		Kor	9.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

134	MO	Sang-Hyun		Kor	9.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

135	DUSHARIN	Ivan		Rus	14.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

136	BUHLER	Carlos Paltenghe		USA	14.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

137	KASHU	Shin		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

138	OTANI	Atsushi		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

139	YAMAMOTO	Hideo		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

140	KOLESHNICHENKO	Viktor		Rus	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

141	VOLKOV	Andrei		Rus	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

142	HIRAOKA	Ryuseki		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

143	ONO	Takeshi		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

144	SAKAKIBARA	Yoshio		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

145	BRETCHA	Joaquim		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

146	COLET	Joan		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

147	COMERMA	Toni		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

148	SALLENT	Eduard		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

149	CIOROIANU	Mihai		Rom	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

150	BERSHOV	Sergei		UKR	16.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

151	TERZYUL	Vladislav		UKR	16.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

152	BENET	Romano		I	20.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

153	MEROI	Nives	F	I	20.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

154	LOCK	Andrew		Aus	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

155	ALI	Rozi		Pak	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

156	HAN	Wang-Yong		Kor	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

157	SAKAI	Hiroshi		Jpn	23.7.95	Rakhiot Flank (NE Ridge)

158	YABE	Yukio		Jpn	23.7.95	Rakhiot Flank (NE Ridge)

159	WIELICKI	Krzysztof		Pol	1.9.96	Kinshofer (variant 2)

160	AKBU (AKEBU)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

161	JIABU (GYALBU)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

162	LUOZE (LODUE)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

163	PEMBA TASHI (BIANBA ZAXI) I			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

164	RENA (REN NA)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

165	TSERING DORJE I (CERIN DUOJI)			Chn	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

166	BAIG	Aziz		Pak	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

167	ULLAH	Mohammad	2	Pak	15.6.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

168	SAWADA	Minoru		Jpn	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

169	KIM	Kyung-Soo		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

170	PARK	Jung-Hun		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

171	SHIN	Sang-Man		Kor	7.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

172	KIM	Joo-Hyung		Kor	9.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

173	MO	Sang-Hyun		Kor	9.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

174	DUSHARIN	Ivan		Rus	14.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

175	BUHLER	Carlos Paltenghe		USA	14.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

176	KASHU	Shin		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

177	OTANI	Atsushi		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

178	YAMAMOTO	Hideo		Jpn	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

179	KOLESHNICHENKO	Viktor		Rus	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

180	VOLKOV	Andrei		Rus	18.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

181	HIRAOKA	Ryuseki		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

182	ONO	Takeshi		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

183	SAKAKIBARA	Yoshio		Jpn	19.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

184	BRETCHA	Joaquim		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

185	COLET	Joan		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

186	COMERMA	Toni		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

187	SALLENT	Eduard		E	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

188	CIOROIANU	Mihai		Rom	27.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

189	BERSHOV	Sergei		UKR	16.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

190	TERZYUL	Vladislav		UKR	16.7.97	Kinshofer (variant 2)

191	BENET	Romano		I	20.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

192	MEROI	Nives	F	I	20.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

193	LOCK	Andrew		Aus	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

194	ALI	Rozi		Pak	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

195	HAN	Wang-Yong		Kor	21.7.98	Kinshofer (variant 2)

196	BLANC	Abele		I	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

197	KUNTNER	Christian		I	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

198	TAKEUCHI	Hirotaka		Jpn	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

199	PAULS	Ilgvars		LAutT	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

200	ALI	Qudrat		Pak	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

201	SHAH	Amiruddin (Emrodin)		Pak	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

202	GUSTAFSSON	Veikka		Fin	30.6.01	Kinshofer (variant 2)

203	CHUMAKOV	Dmitri		Kaz	17.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

204	PIVTSOV	Vassili (Vaso)		Kaz	17.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

205	URUBKO	Denis		Kaz	17.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

206	ZHUMAYEV	Maksut (Max)		Kaz	17.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

207	LAVROV	Sergei		Kaz	18.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

208	LITVINOV	Vassili		Kaz	18.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

209	RASPOPOV	Aleksei		Kaz	18.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

210	BOGOMOLOV	Sergei		Rus	18.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

211	KALTENBRUNNER	Gerlinde	F	Aut	20.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

212	OCHOA DE OLZA	Ignacio (Iñaki)		E	20.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

213	LAFAILLE	Jean-Christophe		F	23.6.03	W Face of N-Peak

214	VIESTURS	Edmund (Ed)		USA	23.6.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

215	BRUGGER	Kurt		I	5.7.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

216	CORONA	Giampaolo		I	5.7.03	Kinshofer (variant 2)

217	RAINER	Herbert		Aut	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

218	WOLF	Herbert		Aut	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

219	DEMJEN-LERJEN	Michael		CH	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

220	SPÖRRI	Flurin		CH	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

221	SCHAFROTH	Michael		D	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

222	STÖCKL	Franz		D	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

223	WÄRTHL	Michael (Michi)		D	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

224	ALI	Sarwar		Pak	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

225	LUNDELL	Michael		Swe	18.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

226	JUNG	Günter		D	30.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

227	STINGL	Jörg		D	30.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

228	WALTER	Christian		D	30.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

229	WALTER	Markus		D	30.6.04	Kinshofer (variant 2)

230	GILLIOZ	Laurent		CH	27.6.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

231	RAZA	Ali		Pak	27.6.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

232	JAROŠ	Radek		Cze	28.6.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

233	KIM	Chang-Ho	1	Kor	14.7.05	Rupal Face direct

234	LEE	Hyun-Jo		Kor	14.7.05	Rupal Face direct

235	EGOCHEAGA	Jorge		E	15.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

236	BOUCHET	Gilles Sere		F	15.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

237	DE CHOUDENS (b OLLAGNIER)	Sandrine Marie Rose	F	F	15.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

238	IIZUKA	Toshihiro		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

239	KENMOCHI	Noriyuki		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

240	NAKAMURA	Kazusada		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

241	SUNAGA	Shunsuke		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

242	TANABE	Osamu		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

243	YOSHIDA	Hideki		Jpn	16.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

244	CHAPUISAT	Marianne	F	CH	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

245	GONZÁLEZ-RUBIO	Fernando Alonso (Fercho)		COL	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

246	BEREZIARTUA	Jesús (Josu)		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

247	HUARTE	Javier		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

248	MARTÍNEZ	Raúl		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

249	ORVIZ	Ignacio (Nacho), José		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

250	PASABAN	Edurne	F	E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

251	PAUNER	Carlos, Juan		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

252	PÉREZ	Miguel Ángel		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

253	RAMOS	Martín		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

254	SABADELL	Ester	F	E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

255	VALENCIA	Ricardo		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

256	VILLALTA	José		E	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

257	VALLEJO	Iván		ECU	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

258	CONSTANTIN	Bernard		F	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

259	D'AUBARÈDE	Hugues		F	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

260	DOMBES	Georges		F	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

261	MONDINELLI	Silvio (Gnaro)		I	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

262	HASSAN JAN		1	Pak	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

263	KARIM	Mehrban		Pak	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

264	MOHAMMAD	Qurban		Pak	20.7.05	Kinshofer (variant 2)

265	ANDERSON	Vinson (Vince)		USA	6.9.05	Rupal Face C Pillar

266	HOUSE	Steven		USA	6.9.05	Rupal Face C Pillar

267	BOYANOV	Doychin Vencislavov		Bul	8.7.06	Kinshofer (variant 2)

268	PETKOV	Nikolay Mihaylov		Bul	8.7.06	Kinshofer (variant 2)

269	KOO	Eun-Soo		Kor	8.7.06	Kinshofer (variant 2)

270	DELGADO	José Antonio		VEN	11.7.06	Kinshofer (variant 2)

271	MORAWSKI	Piotr		Pol	15.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

272	HÁMOR	Peter		Svk	15.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

273	KOPOLD	Jozef (Dodo)		Svk	15.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

274	ÁLVAREZ	Luis Wolfgang		Chi	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

275	GARCÍA-HUIDOBRO	Cristián		Chi	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

276	GUTIÉRREZ	Pablo		Chi	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

277	JORQUERA	Andrés		Chi	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

278	OLIVARES	Ernesto Miranda		Chi	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

279	ROJO	Roberto (Gorri)		E	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

280	BARANOWSKA	Kinga	F	Pol	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

281	GABLÍK	Martin		Svk	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

282	SUCHÝ	Anton		Svk	18.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

283	KAGAN	Vladislav		Blr	19.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

284	LUTOV	Anatoli		Blr	19.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

285	MELNIKOV	Mikhail		Blr	19.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

286	STATSEVICH	Sergei		Blr	19.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

287	BRUN	Nicolas		F	19.7.07	Kinshofer (variant 2)

288	GREHER	Jürgen		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

289	HÜBSCHENBERGER	Florian		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

290	LUNGER	Josef		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

291	PIRCHER	Rainer		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

292	SÖLL	Helga	F	D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

293	STITZINGER	Luis		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

294	STRENG	Thomas		D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

295	VON MELLE	Alix Christine Dorothée	F	D	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

296	NARDI	Daniele		I	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

297	PANZERI	Mario Luciano		I	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

298	ALI	Mohammad IV	1	Pak	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

299	ALI SHER	Nisar Hussain		Pak	21.6.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

300	ABOLHASSANI	Hossein		IRI	17.7.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

301	AGHDAIE	Sahand		IRI	17.7.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

302	ESFANDIARY KAJORYRAD	Leila	F	IRI	17.7.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

303	FARIDYAN	Kazem Zabihi		IRI	17.7.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

304	PARTOVINIA	Amirhossein		IRI	17.7.08	Kinshofer (variant 2)

305	KÖLBLINGER	Wolfgang		Aut	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

306	WENZL	Johann (Hans)		Aut	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

307	DAWA WANGCHUK (DAWA ONGCHU)			Nep	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

308	PEMA TSHERING I			Nep	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

309	SONA			Nep	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

310	TSHERING DORJE III (TSHIRING DORJEE)			Nep	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

311	ALI	Mohammad IV	2	Pak	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

312	HASSAN JAN		2	Pak	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

313	MEHDI	Ghulam		Pak	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

314	ULLAH BAIG	Amin		Pak	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

315	GARCIA	João		Por	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

316	GO	Mi-Sun (Mi-Young)	F	Kor	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

317	KIM	Jae-Soo		Kor	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

318	OH	Eun-Sun	F	Kor	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

319	YUN	Chi-Won		Kor	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

320	ALLAN	Alexander (Sandy)	1	UK	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

321	ALLEN	Richard (Rick)	1	UK	10.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

322	BACHMAIR	Josef (Sepp)		Aut	11.7.09	NW Buttress - Kinshofer

323	GOGER	Johann (Hans)		Aut	11.7.09	NW Buttress - Kinshofer

324	GÖSCHL	Gerfried		Aut	11.7.09	NW Buttress - Kinshofer

325	SCHÜTTER	Herbert		Aut	11.7.09	Kinshofer (variant 2)

326	ROUSSEAU	Louis		Can	11.7.09	NW Buttress (Diamir)

327	HAJZER	Artur Henryk		Pol	23.6.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

328	SZYMCZAK	Robert		Pol	23.6.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

329	KACZKAN	Marcin		Pol	2.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

330	GHEICHISAZ	Azim		IRI	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

331	CHHANG DAWA			Nep	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

332	MINGMA I			Nep	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

333	KIM	Chang-Ho	2	Kor	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

334	KIM	Jin-Tae		Kor	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

335	SEO	Sung-Ho		Kor	10.7.10	Kinshofer (variant 2)

336	ALLAN	Alexander (Sandy)	2	UK	15.7.12	Mazeno Ridge

337	ALLEN	Richard (Rick)	2	UK	15.7.12	Mazeno Ridge

338	HOLEČEK	Marek (Mára)		Cze	16.7.12	Kinshofer (variant 2)

339	HRUBÝ	Zdeněk		Cze	16.7.12	Kinshofer (variant 2)

340	GANE	Marius		Rom	19.7.13	Rupal Face (Schell)

341	SĂLĂŞAN	Aurel		Rom	19.7.13	Rupal Face (Schell)

342	TÖRÖK	Zsolt		Rom	19.7.13	Rupal Face (Schell)

343	VLAD	Teo		Rom	19.7.13	Rupal Face (Schell)

344	TXIKON	Jon Alexander (Alex)		E	26.2.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

345	MORO	Simone		I	26.2.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

346	ALI	Mohammad IV	3	Pak	26.2.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

347	PETROV	Boyan		Bul	25.7.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

348	LATORRE	Fernando (Ferrán)		E	25.7.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

349	MILLERIOUX	Hélias		F	25.7.16	Kinshofer (variant 2)

350	KIM	Hong-Bin		Kor	7.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

351	LHAKPA NURU XII			Nep	7.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

352	PECHHUMBE (CHUMBE)		1	Nep	7.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

353	LUO	Jing	F	Chn	8.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

354	CHHITJEE NURBU			Nep	8.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

355	SANU		1	Nep	8.7.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

356	DONG	Hong-Juan		Chn	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

357	LIU	Yong-Zhong		Chn	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

358	ZHANG	Liang		Chn	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

359	MINGMA GYALJE			Nep	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

360	PASANG NAMGYAL			Nep	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

361	PHUR GYALZEN I (FUR GELJEN)			Nep	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

362	ALI	Muhammad IV	4	Pak	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

363	KHAN	Sirbaz		Pak	2.10.17	Kinshofer (variant 2)

364	REVOL	Élisabeth	F	F	25.1.18	NW Buttress - Kinshofer

365	MACKIEWICZ	Tomasz		Pol	25.1.18	NW Buttress - Kinshofer

366	JESPERS	Niels		Bel	9.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

367	LU	Chung-Han		Chn	9.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

368	SANU		2	Nep	9.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

369	KIM	Mi-Gon		Kor	9.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

370	BÉM	Pavel		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

371	BURDA	Pavel 		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

372	DUBSKÝ	Lukáš		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

373	GROH	Radoslav		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

374	KOŘINEK	Pavel		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

375	KUČERA	Tomáš		Cze	20.7.18	Kinshofer (variant 2)

376	LANGENSTEIN	Boris		F	1.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

377	TROGUET	Estefania (Stefi)	F	AND	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

378	FIAMONCINI	Moeses		BRA	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

379	MINGOTE	Sergi		E	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

380	CIMENTI	Carlalberto (Cala)		I	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

381	GELJE			Nep	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

382	HALUNG DORCHI			Nep	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

383	LHAKPA DENDI I			Nep	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

384	MINGMA GYABU ("DAVID")			Nep	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

385	PURJA	Nirmal (Nims)		Nep	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

386	BADRIASHVILI	Archil		Geo	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

387	TEPNADZE	Giorgi		Geo	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

388	LAZO	Vitali		Rus	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

389	PUGOVKIN	Anton		Rus	3.7.19	Kinshofer (variant 2)

390	CHHANGBA			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

391	CHHIRING NAMGEL			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

392	DAWA NURBU			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

393	DAWA ONGCHU			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

394	NIMA GYALZEN			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

395	NINGMA DORJE TAMANG			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

396	PASANG LHAMU II		F	Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

397	PASDAWA			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

398	PECHHUMBE (CHUMBE)		2	Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

399	TENJEN			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

400	TENJING			Nep	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

401	HARILA	Kristin	F	Nor	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

402	SAMOCKO	Dorota Lidia	F	Pol	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

403	LAZA	Adrian		Rom	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

404	TSENG	Ko-Erh (Grace)	F	Tha	1.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

405	WATANABE	Naoko	F	Jpn	2.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

406	GYALJE I (GELJE, GALJE)			Nep	2.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

407	LAKPA TEMBA			Nep	2.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

408	SANU		3	Nep	2.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

409	BROWNLEE	Adriana	F	UK	2.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

410	BOVARD	Roger		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

411	CAMANDONA	Marco		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

412	CAZZANELLI	Francois (Franz)		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

413	FAVRE	Emrik		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

414	PERRUQUET	Jerome		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

415	PICCO	Pietro		I	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

416	ROSALE	Cesar		PER	4.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

417	ALI	Fazal		Pak	5.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

418	KASHIF	Shehroze		Pak	5.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

419	HASSAN			Pak	10.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

420	HUSSAIN	Imtiaz		Pak	10.7.22	Kinshofer (variant 2)

Compilation and © Copyright: Eberhard Jurgalski for 8000ers.com Adaption for wikipedia by Wolfgang info@rave-edv.de

hello guys, if you find this interesting, include it onto the wiki-page of Nanga Parbat. The table is self-explaining. R means "Remark" and shows either the number of ascents of that person or indicates "female" with an F. Best wishes, Wolfgang.

2A02:8071:287:95E0:F137:BDAD:F1EA:DEEE (talk) 17:24, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 May 2024
These spellings of نانگا پربت right next to the first word in the first paragraph in urdu are wrong. The urdu name of the word comprises of 2 words ننگا (naked), پربت (mountain). And the spellings for ننگا are wrong in the article. Infact there is no نانگا word in urdu. I know this as I am a native speaker of the language. However, I've added a link from google translate as additional proof: https://translate.google.com/details?sl=ur&tl=en&text=%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7&op=translate AbdullahWarisPk (talk) 23:17, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. The edit may be controversial. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 08:12, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

Add indian claim
Pakistan occupied kashmir 119.42.159.216 (talk) 13:59, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

 * @119.42.159.216
 * nagna parbat is integrated part of India Bhavali (talk) 07:54, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nanga Parbat


text:
Costanzo Festa

Costanzo Festa (c. 1485/1490 – 10 April 1545) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. While he is best known for his madrigals, he also wrote sacred vocal music. He was the first native Italian polyphonist of international renown, and with Philippe Verdelot, one of the first to write madrigals, in the infancy of that most popular of all sixteenth-century Italian musical forms.

Life
Not much is known about his early life. He was probably born in the Piedmont near Turin, but the evidence for this is not certain, being based mainly on later documents referring to him as a clericis secularibus, i.e. not a monk, from that region. His birth date has been given as early as 1480 and as late as 1495, but recent scholarship has tended to narrow the range to the late 1480s. In addition he may have been related to his slightly younger contemporary Sebastiano Festa, another early madrigal composer, also from the same region. Sebastiano's father, Jacobinus, was resident in Turin around 1520.

In early 1514, Festa wrote a motet, Quis dabit oculis, on the occasion of the death of the Queen of France (Anne of Brittany) (9 January 1514). Anne's funeral was an extensive affair, lasting 40 days; Johannes Prioris also composed music for it. This motet is the earliest datable composition of Festa's, and the first record of his activity.

In 1514, Festa visited Ferrara, bringing some motets with him; he seems to have been an established composer by this time, as indicated by the reception he received. This motet appears in a manuscript copied between 1516 and 1519, which also contains music by Sebastiano Festa, his possible relative; since the manuscript is thought to have been copied in northeast Italy, one or more of the motets it contains may have been those he brought to Ferrara. Most likely after his visit to Ferrara, but certainly between 1510 and 1517 he lived on Ischia, an island in the bay of Naples, where he served as a music teacher to the aristocratic d'Avalos family. In 1517 he moved to Rome and began employment with Pope Leo X as a singer, and his association with the Sistine Chapel choir was to continue uninterrupted for almost 30 years. In September 1536, he wrote to Filippo Strozzi, his patron, to help him find a Venetian printer willing to print a book of his liturgical music similar to the ones being printed in Rome by Andrea Antico; he wanted the sum of 200 scudi for the job, but was unsuccessful. During this era, printers more often demanded money from composers for the privilege of publication than the other way around.

Festa was active as a composer throughout the period, and some of the earliest madrigals identifiable as such, by any composer, may come from his pen and date from the mid 1520s; only some compositions by Bernardo Pisano, Sebastiano Festa, and possibly Philippe Verdelot may predate them by a few years. While he was unsuccessful in his attempted sale to the Venetian printer in 1536, a Roman firm produced a book of madrigals in 1538 as a result of the privilege granted, but most of it has been lost. In 1537, a Venetian firm printed a collection of his madrigals for three voices.

An unusual number of Festa's works can be dated precisely, since some of the compositions are topical, referring to weddings, visits, deaths, and other events (some composers of the Renaissance, such as Josquin des Prez, wrote an immense amount of music, almost none of which can be dated precisely). Among the dateable compositions is the motet for Anne of Brittany; compositions copied in a manuscript between 1515 and 1519; a motet protesting the 1527 sack of Rome; some madrigals Festa sent to Strozzi in 1528 (they were named "canti"); a lost 1533 madrigal to a poem by Michelangelo; music for a 1539 Medici wedding; and other compositions in hand-written manuscripts which have been dated.

A communication from 1543 indicates that Festa was too sick to travel with the Pope to Bologna, and he died in Rome in 1545.

Music and influence
Festa was one of the few Italians in the Papal Choir, which at that time was dominated by musicians from northern Europe. He was a master of the Netherlands contrapuntal technique, however, and his importance to music history is as the one who first brought the two musical styles, the Italian and the Netherlandish, together. In addition, he was an obvious influence on Palestrina, who modeled many of his early works after his.

Most of Festa's madrigals are for three voices, in contrast to the other early madrigalists: for example Verdelot preferred five or six voices, while Sebastiano Festa only wrote for four. He liked quick, rhythmically active passages in his madrigals; this may reflect an influence from the contemporary vocal form of the villanesca. In addition, he wrote extended homophonic sections, showing somewhat less influence from the contemporary motet, in contrast to the motet-like imitative passages found in Verdelot.

In addition to his madrigals, published mostly between 1543 and 1549, several collections of his sacred works were published during his lifetime, among them four masses, over forty motets, a set of Lamentations, and numerous Magnificats and Marian Litanies (for two choruses, each with four voices). The style of his sacred music matches that of his secular: he was less fond of imitation and complex counterpoint for its own sake, and often wrote purely homophonic passages. Since Rome was musically conservative compared to the rest of Italy (and Europe) at the time, and there was a strong reaction against elaborate counterpoint within two decades after his death (expressly stated by the Council of Trent), his stylistic bent may represent a foreshadowing of that event; perhaps he was responding to the taste and needs of his papal employer.

La Spagna
Festa also wrote instrumental music. His most famous instrumental output is the monumental scholastic counterpoint study on La Spagna on which he wrote 125 variations using it as cantus firmus. La Spagna comes from a presumably Spanish "Basse danse" (bassadanza) well known by several famous composers of his time: Josquin himself wrote a variation on La Spagna.  This work is also called I bassi and is a compendium of ways to combine the cantus firmus with added counterpoint or 'basses', suitable for any instruments. For a long time, musicologists believed that these variations were by Nanino, who one or even two generations after Festa, published his 28 motets on La spagna together with the 125 variations of Festa without mentioning the name Festa. Later commentators were led to assume that all of these 157 pieces were written by Nanino and this confused the whole research after the legendary study. Recent research leaves no doubt that the first 125 counterpoints are by Festa himself. What Festa does with the cantus firmus, a simple melody containing 37 notes, is not only extravagant and amazingly creative. He shows practically all possibilities of counterpoint technique of his time, using canons (even triple canon), imitations, free or strict counterpoint, all styles of instrumental and vocal composition technique like using soggetti cavati, plainchant paraphrases, retrograde counterpoint, ostinatos, quodlibets, using 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and at the end 11 voices. He experimented with different rhythmical patterns (mensural problems) such as using two different tempo signatures (proportions), keys or rhythmically extremely complex bars with 7:5:3 proportions or other admirable ideas such as using the cantus firmus in a canon or putting the cantus firmus in every possible location in the texture. The studies on La Spagna showed that he also used musica ficta and a lot of Christian and ancient symbolics (numerology) as well as hidden or obvious symmetrical structures in his counterpoints.

The 125 counterpoints on La Spagna certainly belong to the most interesting works of Festa and probably even of his time and could be seen as a lifetime work. Even when it was considered as a pure 'scholastic work' with somehow too much use of strict technique and "construction", sometimes rather archaic and with pure mathematical logic, it remains remarkable that he wrote it as a compendium for learning how to sing and compose and to learn about all the secrets of counterpoint mastery. It must be seen as one of Festa's best and outstanding works. A monumental study by a Renaissance genius, its first successor two centuries later was Fux's Gradus ad parnassum and in complexity it rather should be compared even with J.S. Bach's speculative late work.

An indication of Festa's fame is his appearance in the introduction to Book Four of Gargantua and Pantagruel by François Rabelais. In the song Festa and others sing, Priapus boasts to the gods on Mount Olympus of his method of deflowering a new bride with a wooden mallet. Festa is the only Italian among the large group of singers listed by Rabelais, who appear to be a collection of the most famous musicians of the age.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Costanzo Festa


text:
House of Aviz

The House of Aviz (Portuguese: Casa de Avis), also known as the Joanine Dynasty (Dinastia Joanina), was a dynasty of Portuguese origin which flourished during the Renaissance and the period of the Portuguese discoveries, when Portugal expanded its power globally.

The house was founded by King John I of Portugal, Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Pedro I (of the Portuguese House of Burgundy), who ascended to the throne after successfully pressing his claim during the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum. Aviz monarchs would rule Portugal through the Age of Discovery, establishing Portugal as a global power following the creation of the Portuguese Empire. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI divided the world under the dominion of Portugal and Spain with the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The House of Aviz has produced numerous prominent figures in both European and global history, including Prince Henry the Navigator, King Manuel I of Portugal, and Holy Roman Empress Isabella of Portugal. Numerous Aviz dynasts have also claimed thrones or titles across Europe, including King Peter V of Aragon and John, Prince of Antioch. The Aviz ruled Portugal from 1385 until 1580, when the Philippine Dynasty succeeded to the throne following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.

Origins
The founder of the House of Aviz, King John I of Portugal, was born in 1357 as the illegitimate child of King Pedro I of Portugal, a member of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, and Teresa Lourenço, daughter of a Lisbon merchant. In 1364, at 7 years old, John was made Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, henceforth becoming known as John of Aviz.

Rise to the throne
The House of Aviz was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I. Ferdinand's widow Leonor Telles was disliked by both the nobility and the commoners for having left her first husband and for having had their marriage annulled in order to marry King Ferdinand. Ferdinand's designated heir was their only surviving child Beatrice, married to John I of Castile who claimed the throne in the name of his wife, but under the Treaty of Salvaterra that had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old.

In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had the particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie of Lisbon; the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile. John of Aviz's rule became established fact with the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile. A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411.

To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the "Batalha Monastery" ("Battle Monastery"), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz. The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and the Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551.

Age of Discoveries
The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until its fall in the 1580 to the Philippine Dynasty. after he had ordered the Duke of Alba to take Portugal by force.

This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion, followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration of Africa, Asia and Brazil with the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially. The period also includes the zenith of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.

Fall of the Aviz
John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian I of Portugal, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. Sebastian was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, also had no children. The Cardinal-King Henry died two years later, and a succession crisis occurred when pretenders to the throne including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato claimed the right to inherit it. António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in the Battle of Alcântara. Although António had been proclaimed king, and was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583, his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to the Philippine domination.

Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. The Cortes of Tomar had acclaimed Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1581, subsequently António's forces were utterly defeated at sea by Álvaro de Bazán at the Battle of Ponta Delgada off São Miguel Island in the Azores, on 26 July 1582. António then retreated to Terceira, where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he left Angra do Heroísmo en route to France to persuade the French to furnish more troops, 800 of which arrived in June 1583. Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June, and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July, finally reduced the Azores to subjection.

The Cortes in Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention. From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal; António, Prior of Crato held out in the Azores into 1582 as António I of Portugal; the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583.

The House of Aviz was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain. In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty, the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as John IV of Portugal.

Aviz monarchs

 * Monarchs of Portugal

 * Monarchs of Aragon

Cross of Aviz

Following his success in succeeding to the throne following the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, King John I of Portugal took the Cross of the Order of Aviz as his heraldic badge, adding it to the coat of arms of Portugal and the according royal flags. King John I enforced the imagery of his position as Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz, lending its name to his newly founded royal house and its cross as his personal charge on the royal arms. This was effected in various ways: by insertion within the bordure, alternating with the castles; more commonly inserted within the shield, and occasionally shown outside the shield with the latter laying over it. The Cross of Aviz is a cross flory vert (a green cross with a fleur-de-lys at the end of each arm)

Armillary sphere
The armillary sphere has been an important element of Portuguese heraldry since the reign of King Manuel I of Portugal. The armillary sphere became a royal badge for the Portuguese monarchy, apart from being part of the personal standard of King Manuel I. It acts as a supporter to the Coat of arms of Portugal, also present on the current Flag of Portugal.

Owing to the association with King Manuel I and other Aviz monarchs with the Portuguese discoveries, the armillary sphere was commonly used as a symbol representing Portuguese sovereignty across the Portuguese Empire. The symbol was a consistent motif in both Manueline and Neo-Manueline architecture. It also became particularly associated with Colonial Brazil and the subsequent United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.

An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, the armillary sphere was many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly in Brazil. It was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during the Age of Discovery, as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when the First Republic was implemented.

Notable members of the House of Aviz

 * Peter, Duke of Coimbra, regent of Portugal for nine years.
 * Henry the Navigator, Duke of Viseu.
 * Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy, twice regent of the Burgundian Low Countries; wife of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, mother of Charles the Bold.
 * John, Constable of Portugal.
 * Ferdinand the Holy Prince.
 * Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, also first Duke of Beja.
 * Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress, wife of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, mother of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * Joanna, Princess of Portugal, daughter of Afonso V. Regent of Portugal and Roman Catholic saint.
 * Peter, Constable of Portugal, son of Peter, Duke of Coimbra. King of Aragon, count of Barcelona.
 * James of Portugal, son of Peter, Duke of Coimbra. Cardinal and Archbishop of Lisbon.
 * Beatrice of Coimbra married Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein.
 * Isabel of Coimbra, daughter of Peter, Duke of Coimbra, first wife of Afonso V, mother of John II.
 * Philippa of Coimbra, unmarried, served as a mother to John II after the death of her sister, Isabella of Coimbra. Lived in the monastery of Odivelas.
 * John, Prince of Antioch, son of Peter, Duke of Coimbra.
 * Eleanor of Viseu, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and wife of John II of Portugal.
 * Isabella of Portugal, empress of the Holy Roman Empire, queen of Aragon, Castile, Sicily, and Naples, wife of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Charles I of Spain), mother of Philip II of Spain.
 * Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy, daughter of Manuel I, who brought the name "Manuel" (Italian: "Emanuele") into the House of Savoy.
 * Louis, Duke of Beja, son of Manuel I, lover and possibly later husband of the wealthy New Christian Violante Gomes; their son António, Prior of Crato was the disputed last Aviz king of Portugal.
 * Edward, Duke of Guimarães, constable of the kingdom.
 * Maria of Guimarães, daughter of Edward, Duke of Guimarães, wife of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (and hence Duchess of Parma), who brought the previously exotic Portuguese cuisine to the rest of Europe.
 * Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, daughter of Edward, Duke of Guimarães, niece of King Henry, grandmother of John IV of Portugal.
 * Edward, Duke of Guimarães, son of Edward, Duke of Guimarães, constable of the kingdom.

title: House of Aviz


text:
Schwedt

Schwedt (or Schwedt/Oder; ) is a town in Brandenburg, in northeastern Germany. With the official status of a Große kreisangehörige Stadt (major district town), it is the largest town of the Uckermark district, located near the river Oder, which forms the border with Poland.

Overview
The formerly agrarian town today has one of the largest oil refineries (PCK Raffinerie GmbH) in Germany, established in 1958 and connected to the Russian Druzhba pipeline network. The refinery uses 20 million cubic meters of water per year for the process.

A large paper factory (UPM) is located near Schwedt. Most industries were located in the remote area during communist rule in the 1960s and 1970s.

Large residential areas were built for the workers moving to Schwedt. About 9% of the town's flats are in prefab concrete buildings (Plattenbau) dating from the era. As many jobs were lost after German reunification and the return to market economy, Schwedt has lost a quarter of its population since 1990. In recent decades, Schwedt became a model town for the demolition of Plattenbau housing to combat urban decay.

Geography
Schwedt is situated in the east of the historic Uckermark region stretching from the Oder to the Havel River. It is situated on a sandur at the western edge of the Oder floodplain running along the German-Polish border, which in 1995 was declared as the Lower Oder Valley National Park nature reserve. Across the river and the border, about 10 km to the southeast, is the Polish town of Chojna. The nearest German towns are Angermünde (about 18 km to the west) and Gartz (18 km down the Oder).

Local districts
In a 1974 municipal reform, the neighbouring village of Heinersdorf was incorporated into Schwedt, followed by Blumenhagen, Gatow and Kunow in 1993, by Kummerow in 1998, by Criewen and Zützen in 2001, Stendell in 2002, the former town Vierraden in 2003, Schöneberg in January 2021 and Berkholz-Meyenburg, Mark Landin and Passow in April 2022. With 360.73 km2 Schwedt is among the 10 largest German municipalities by area (9th as of Nov. 2023).

Nearest cities and towns
Gartz (Germany), Penkun (Germany), Szczecin (Poland), Gryfino (Poland), Cedynia (Poland), Chojna (Poland), Mieszkowice (Poland), Moryń (Poland), Trzcińsko-Zdrój (Poland), Myślibórz (Poland), Pyrzyce (Poland).

History
After the Migration Period, the area had been settled by Polabian Slavs. From 937 onwards the lands of the Slavic Ukrani tribes in the west were subdued by the Saxon forces of Margrave Gero and incorporated into his vast Marca Geronis, while the lands east of the Oder were held by Pomeranian tribes under sovereignty of the newly formed Duchy of Poland ruled by Duke Mieszko I. The Saxon Northern March was lost in the Great Slav Rising of 983, and not before 1147 the Saxon count Albert the Bear again invaded the lands on the Oder river, which remained disputed between the newly established Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Pomeranian dukes.

The settlement of Schwedt was first mentioned in a 1265 deed. In the course of the Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict, the Brandenburg margrave Louis II the Roman ceded it to Duke Barnim III of Pomerania in 1354. It was again besieged by the first Hohenzollern margrave Frederick I in 1434, but to no avail. In 1481 the Thuringian counts of Hohnstein acquired the estates; they granted town privileges to Schwedt as well as to neighbouring Vierraden and introduced the Protestant Reformation.

The rise of Schwedt came to an end with the extinction of the Hohnstein counts in 1609 and the disastrous Thirty Years' War, when the town on the road from Stettin to Berlin was plundered several times. In 1631 King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, after landing in Pomerania, camped here on his way to the Battle of Breitenfeld. Six years later the Swedish field marshal Johan Banér set the town on fire, after its citizens refused to capitulate.

During the Great Northern War, the Treaty of Schwedt was signed in the town.

From 1815 to 1945, Schwedt was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg.

Near the end of World War II, over two months of heavy fighting destroyed an estimated 85 percent of the town, including the Schwedt Castle. The Soviet Army occupied Schwedt on April 26, 1945, two weeks before the final defeat of Nazi Germany. From 1945 to 1952, Schwedt was part of the state of Brandenburg and from 1952 to 1990 of the Bezirk Frankfurt of East Germany. During the 1960s, the government of the DDR expanded housing and encouraged people to move to Schwedt, a trend that ended with German reunification. Since 1990, Schwedt is again part of the State of Brandenburg.

Twin towns – sister cities
Schwedt is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇱 Chojna, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Gryfino, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Koszalin, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Leverkusen, Germany
 * 🇵🇱 Moryń, Poland
 * 🇷🇺 Tuapse, Russia

Notable people

 * Heinrich Schmelka (1777–1837), stage actor
 * Leonhardt von Blumenthal (1810–1900), Prussian Field Marshal
 * Karl von Schmidt (1817–1875), Prussian cavalry commander
 * Paul von Hintze (1864–1941), naval officer, diplomat and politician
 * Max Lemke (1895–1985), officer, Major-General last in World War II
 * Heinz von Cleve (1897–1984), actor
 * Horst Wendlandt (1922–2002), film producer
 * Jörg Hoffmann (born 1970), freestyle swimmer
 * Britta Steffen (born 1983), freestyle swimmer

title: Schwedt


text:
Fin.K.L

Fin.K.L (핑클) is a South Korean girl group formed by DSP Media in 1998 consisting of members Lee Hyori, Ock Joo-hyun, Lee Jin, and Sung Yu-ri. Fin.K.L was one of the most popular K-pop groups of the late 1990s and early 2000s, alongside rival girl group S.E.S. The group cemented their popularity in South Korea with the release the songs "To My Boyfriend" in 1998, "Eternal Love" in 1999, and "Now" in 2000.

The group released four full-length albums: Blue Rain (1998), White (1999), Now (2000), and Forever (2002). They won several major awards including New Artist of the Year at the 1998 Golden Disc Awards, the Grand Prize at the 1999 Seoul Music Awards, and Best Female Group at the 2000 Mnet Music Video Festival.

Fin.K.L became inactive after releasing the single, "FinKL", in 2005. However, Fin.K.L reunited on a variety show in July 2019 and released Fin.K.L Best Album, including a new song titled "Just Like the Song That Remains" on September 22.

Name
Their name stands for Fin Killing Liberty, and was intended to mean that the group stood against "the oppression of all freedom" (fin means "end" in Spanish and French). The group's name was selected by a poll of young people by the record company before the group's inception. This is the reason for the lack of clear meaning in Fin.K.L's English name, for the Korean name was selected first.

1998: Formation and debut
The first member to be discovered for Fin.K.L was its lead singer, Ock Joo-hyun. She was discovered through a radio singing contest, which she won by singing Mariah Carey's 1993 hit "Hero". Ock told her friend Lee Jin about this group and encouraged her to join; Lee was selected after singing Eco's "Blessed Me" (행복한 나를) for her audition. The next member to be selected was Sung Yu-ri, who was discovered while on a school field trip. As for the fourth member, Annie Lee (who formed Tashannie with Yoon Mi-rae) was accepted, but decided to depart after a few months. Lee Hyori, who was found while in a mall taking sticker pictures with friends, was brought into the group.

Fin.K.L debuted in 1998 with its first album Blue Rain. The trend of late 1990s K-pop was to have groups sing cute, catchy music, as evidenced by the success of SM Entertainment groups S.E.S. and H.O.T. In contrast, Fin.K.L's initial strength was in R&B ballads led by Ock's vocals; this was shown by their first single "Blue Rain". Fin.K.L's next hit "To My Boyfriend" (내 남자친구에게) was a more typical pop song and followed popular conventions at the time. (Yuki Hsu, a Taiwanese singer, sang a remake version of "To My Boyfriend" not long after the song's success in South Korea.) They capped off their first album activities with a third single, "Ruby" (루비), which was a ballad about a lost love, and giving that love up for the good of everyone involved. The group also created a music video for a fourth single (which was eventually just left as a video and not promoted).

1999: White and S.P.E.C.I.A.L
Fin.K.L released a follow-up album on May 13, 1999, with White. Two hit songs from this album were "Eternal Love" (영원한 사랑) and "Pride (자존심). Their second album had less of a focus on ballads, although the slow R&B song "Waiting for You" was performed occasionally. Also, Fin.K.L began limiting their music videos to one or two per album; a video was never made for "Waiting for You". Like their first, this album was very successful, selling almost 700,000 copies.

The group released a "decimalized" or "half" album (which usually signifies either a limited or special release, such as a cover album or a themed record). Their first "half" album was released on November 24, 1999, and their two most famous songs from this album were "To My Prince" (나의 왕자님께), a ballad, and "White" (화이트), a seasonal pop song. S.P.E.C.I.A.L also contained a remake version of "Like an Indian Doll" (인디언 인형처럼), a popular song sung by Na-mi (나미) in 1989. No music videos were made in support of the album's release. The album sold in excess of 340,000 copies.

Because of its release date, Fin.K.L created a "winter" theme for their performances and dressed in wintry outfits to promote "White". To complete the theme, they often had fake snow falling during their "White" performances; however, this created a problem in that the snow was quite slippery, causing members and back-up dancers to slip and even occasionally fall. Due to the limited release of the album, Fin.K.L has a shorter promotion schedule. However, both of these 1999 albums helped Fin.K.L win a daesang (Korean for 'grand prize') at the end of the year.

2000–2001: Now and Melodies & Memories
Fin.K.L's third album Now, released on October 6, 2000, emphasized the physical maturity of Fin.K.L members. Unlike the previous catchy tunes and cute outfits, Fin.K.L members were dressed in semi-formal attire for performances for the hit single "Now" (the album's title song). "Feel Your Love", their follow-up single, had their members in school uniforms that signified transformation to womanhood. Only "Now" was promoted with a music video and a busy performance schedule; the second single was relatively ignored. The album sold over 400,000 copies.

The group released their second "half" album on April 13, 2001, 6 months after their last album. Melodies & Memories was a special album consisting of remakes of Korean hits from the 80s and 90s. Instead of targeting their main fanbase of teenage listeners, this album appealed to adults in their 20s and 30s by arousing nostalgia. Singles from this album include Lee Ye-rin's "Always Like This Moment" (늘 지금처럼), and Hye Eun-yi's 1981 single "You Wouldn't Know" (당신은 모르실 거야). Like their third album, Memories & Melodies only had one music video promoting the album (the one for "You Wouldn't Know"). However, much effort went into this video, as it recreated scenes from four popular movies for each of the members, including scenes from Pretty Woman. Sales at the end of 2001 totaled 259,259 copies.

In 2000, they also recorded "True Love" for a South Korean drama, All About Eve.

2002: Forever
Their last studio album so far was released in the spring of 2002. The first single, "Forever" (영원), is a pop ballad about waiting forever for a lost love. This was accompanied by a video depicting four tragic stories mainly about the loss of innocence: Sung portrays a masseuse, Ock a sick florist, Lee Jin a frustrated artist who eventually kills herself, and Lee Hyori as a boxer who loses a finger. This song became very popular, although it was not as heavily promoted as their other lead singles. Their second single, "Don't Go Away", was chosen by the fans via the group's website, because it was felt that Fin.K.L had not had an upbeat single for a while. However, this single was promoted for a short time before being abruptly dropped. By the end of 2002, the album sold 261,518 copies.

2003–2006: Solo activities, "FinKL" and disbandment
Fin.K.L decided to go their separate ways, although not officially breaking up. Lee Hyori and Ock have since released solo albums, while Lee Jin and Sung have acted in dramas and hosted various shows. At the end of 2005, the group made a comeback and released "FinKL", a digital single that had 4 songs (including the title track) and a music video. However, due to lack of promotion (as the group did not perform on the various music shows), the single failed to chart. Instead of ignoring the single, though, they have since released a special Fin.K.L Forever set that had two DVDs (one with their music videos and the other with various performances) and a photobook that also had the "FinKL" single in CD form.

They have continued to work in the entertainment industry and stay in the public eye. Sung has continued acting, starting with the drama Bad Girls (나쁜 여자들) and receiving positive attention in 2003 for Thousand Years of Love (천년지애). Sung also played the lead roles in the dramas My Platoon Leader (막상막하) and First Love of a Royal Prince (황태자의 첫사랑). She was also in the drama series, One Fine Day (어느 멋진 날) and The Snow Queen (눈의 여왕), she received high praise and won awards for both performances in 2006. Sung also starred as Heo Yi-nok in the drama Hong Gil-dong (쾌도 홍길동) co-starring Kang Ji-hwan and won a Best Couple award. Lee Jin has also worked in television, hosting various shows and even joining a popular comedy show for a season. Both Sung and Lee Jin won "Best Actress" in their respective categories (drama and comedy) at the end-of-year awards in 2002. Lee Jin has also debuted in the South Korean film industry and has tried to distance herself from her Fin.K.L image.

After her solo album "Nan..." in 2003, due to significant weight loss, Ock became very popular in 2004. She debuted as a musical actress in 2005 in "Aida", and after initial struggles has since went on to become one of the highest profile musical actresses in Korea with ticketing power rivaling her male counterparts, having starred in the Korean-language adaptations of Rebecca, Elisabeth, The Count of Monte Cristo, Wicked, Sweeney Todd, Chicago, original musical Mata Hari, and many more. Her third and last studio album, Remind, came out in 2007, she has since released OSTs and independent ballads. Lee Hyori, though, has been the standout solo member, releasing her first solo album in 2003 which catapulted her to the top of the charts and won her many advertising contracts. However, she encountered controversy on her second album's lead song "Get Ya!", because it had elements that were very similar to Britney Spears's "Do Somethin'". Although she moved on to her second single "Shall We Dance?", promotional activities were quickly stopped. Her 2007 single "Toc Toc Toc", released in March 2007, reached #1 on the Music Industry Association of South Korea's monthly charts.

By the fall of 2006, all the members of Fin.K.L had left DSP Entertainment and signed on with different companies. Although there was continued speculation on the status of the group, Fin.K.L never officially disbanded.

2008–2019: Reunions and Camping Club
Fin.K.L reunited and performed together on December 19, 2008, during a concert by Lee Hyori. In September 2010, Ock became the host of the KBS Cool FM music program Gayo Plaza (가요광장). Her program began airing on September 20, 2010, and her first guests were Lee Hyori, Lee Jin, and Sung as members of Fin.K.L.

In May 2019, a Fin.K.L reunion variety show was announced to air on JTBC. The television series, Camping Club, featured the Fin.K.L members reuniting and traveling around the country; the show premiered on July 14. On September 22, 2019, the group released a single, "Just Like the Song That Remains" (남아있는 노래처럼), marking their first release since 2005.

title: Fin.K.L


text:
Soda (comics)

Soda is a Franco-Belgian comics series by Tome (writing) and Bruno Gazzotti (art). The first two albums and the first eleven pages of the third were drawn by Luc Warnant, and the last (thirteenth) album by Dan (Dan Verlinden). It first appeared in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou on 29 April 1986.

Soda is the nickname of the main character of the series, NYPD Lieutenant David Elliot Hanneth Solomon, who masquerades as a priest for the benefit of his mother's health. In the Finnish version his real name was changed to Patrick Timothy O'Ralley. Soda only has three fingers on his left hand.

Synopsis
The son of the sheriff of the town of Providence, Arizona, David Solomon moved to New York City. Unable to find work he reluctantly joined the police force, but in his letters home he led his parents to believe that he had become a parish priest. This was in order to keep their minds at ease, since they did not want him to get into such a dangerous profession like his father. When his widowed mother Mary moved into his New York flat, David was forced to maintain the deception in fear that the truth would cause her a heart attack.

Thus, when he leaves for work, "Father David Solomon" is dressed as a priest on his way to his chapel, but in the elevator he switches to casual clothes which he wears as Lieutenant David Solomon aka "Soda" of the NYPD. He switches back to his priest's uniform when returning to the flat.

This can cause more than a few problems, and there are many times when David resolves to tell his mother the truth. However a timely reminder of her health by a third party means that he has to drop this resolution.

More often than not there is no time to switch clothing, so Soda is forced to go into action with a revolver in his priest clothes. He pays little heed to the Ten Commandments, let alone the "Thou shalt not kill" rule!

Mary herself fears New York City so much that she sticks to staying in the flat, rarely daring to go outside. As far as she is concerned, her beloved son's only vice is his smoking, which she keeps trying to discourage.

This premise helps to juxtapose the quiet and comfort of home life against the brutality and action of a policeman constantly chasing the dangerous elements of New York society. Sometimes the thugs that he deals with in his work find out where Soda lives, and he needs to work twice as hard to keep the criminals away from his mother and to keep her blissfully unaware of the dangers that encroach upon her (and him).

Soda's left hand has two fingers missing and is permanently gloved. So far it has never been explained how he lost these fingers.

Secondary characters
Soda's colleagues include:

Police Captain Pronzini who often takes his pets to the office only for them to fall prey to his officers' humour, which can sometime be fatal (and not for the officers).

Sergeant Babs, whose constant eating means that he is most often deskbound, but his computer skills can be very useful in obtaining information. Babs is married to Martha, a rather ferocious housewife and mother-of-five, and to whom Babs is often unfaithful.

Officer Linda Tchaikowsky is Soda's partner in the fight against crime. Every morning she picks him up from his flat in the patrol car and drops him off in the evening — provided the case they have been handling does not result in her ending up in hospital. A divorcee, she is a tough African-American woman with rather expedient methods of getting the job done.

These characters help Soda maintain the pretense. If they have to call him and the phone is answered by Mary, they claim to be from the Salvation Army or a local convent.

Stories
Soda's adventures have not been published in English, and only the first adventure was ever released in Finnish as part of Kirjakerho's Parhaat Sarjat series (issue #30, 1989). Below is a list of the French titles, their year of publication, an English translation of the titles and a brief description.

title: Soda (comics)


text:
Wimpole Estate

Wimpole Estate is a large estate containing Wimpole Hall, a country house located within the civil parish of Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, England, about 8+1/2 mi southwest of Cambridge. The house, begun in 1640, and its 3000 acre of parkland and farmland are owned by the National Trust. The estate is regularly open to the public and received over 335,000 visitors in 2019. Wimpole is the largest house in Cambridgeshire.

History
Sited close to the great Roman road, Ermine Street, Wimpole was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. At that time there was a moated manor house set in a small 81 ha deer-park. Situated to the north and south of this were three medieval villages: Bennall End, Thresham End and Green End.

The estate was held by the Chicheley family for over 250 years, beginning in 1428 with Henry Chichele who was Archbishop of Canterbury. The last of this family to hold the house was the politician Thomas Chicheley, who was responsible for the "new" house that was completed in 1650. Chicheley established the "formal gardens and architectural landscape". He enjoyed the house for 36 years until, weighed down by financial problems, he was forced to sell to Sir John Cutler. In 1689, Sir John gave it as a marriage settlement to his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Charles Robartes, 2nd Earl of Radnor. Lord Radnor extended the formal gardens and dug out fishponds. On the death of Elizabeth in 1697, without an heir, the estate passed to Edmund Boulter, nephew of Sir John Cutler. In 1710 it was in the possession of John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, who left it to his daughter Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles upon his death the following year. Upon Henrietta's marriage, in 1713, it became the possession of her husband Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer. In 1740, Edward sold Wimpole to Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke, in order to pay off his debts. The Earls of Hardwicke held it until it passed into the hands of Thomas Agar-Robartes, 6th Viscount Clifden, and then his son, Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden who, in 1930, departed to Lanhydrock upon the death of his father.

On 27 October 1843, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the hall. They listened to speeches by local politicians including the Earl of Hardwicke, and dinner was served for 26 people. A ball was held in the evening. On 28 October 1843, Her Majesty visited the farm in the morning before departing for London.

In 1938, Capt. George Bambridge and his wife, Elsie, daughter of Rudyard Kipling, purchased it after having been tenants since 1932. They used the inheritance left to them by her father, and the royalties from his books, for the long-needed refurbishment of the house and grounds. During the War, for instance, the house had no running water nor electricity. During her time at Wimpole Hall, Elsie was known to become irritated by members of the public gathering too close to the house for picnics, so much so, she once returned to an offending couple's property and had her own picnic on their lawn. Elsie Bambridge bequeathed the house to the National Trust when she died in 1976.

Over the centuries many notable architects have worked on it, including James Gibbs (between 1713 and 1730), Henry Flitcroft (around 1749), John Soane (1790s), and H. E. Kendall (1840s). There are decorative schemes by the painter James Thornhill (1721).

Carved marble busts of the Roman emperors Trajan and Galba were returned to Wimpole in 2014 and placed on the original wooden plinths which had been carved for them by Rattee and Kett in around 1860.

The grounds
Wimpole Hall's grounds, enclosed in 1302, were laid out and modified by landscape designers such as George London and Henry Wise (1693–1705), Charles Bridgeman (1720s), Robert Greening (1740s), "Capability" Brown (1767), and Humphry Repton (1801–1809).

Bridgeman's formal grand avenue sweeps away from the south front of the house for two and a half miles, in contrast with the remainder of the park which was "naturalised" by Capability Brown. The elms were killed by Dutch elm disease, but the avenue has been replanted.

The North Park is particularly attractive with its belts of woodland, gentle rolling hills with individual trees and clumps of trees. The central feature of the North Park is the neo-Gothic Tower, Wimpole's Folly (1768), and the restored lakes in the valley below. In the grounds are a chain of lakes (1695–1767), St Andrew's church (1749), a home farm (1792), a walled garden (18th century), and a stable block (1851). The "Dutch Garden" beneath the hall was established in 1980 with the rest of the garden completed based upon the mid-19th century parterre.

Listed buildings
The Wimpole Park Estate contains a number of listed buildings and structures. Wimpole Hall, a neo-classical building, is Grade I listed, and the estate itself is Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The entrance gates and piers at the west entrance to the hall are listed Grade II, and the stable block is listed Grade II*.

In the gardens, a group of five vases and a sculptural group of Samson and Philistine are listed Grade II, as are the steps to the west of the hall and the wall and railings to the south. On the edge of the ornamental gardens the Ha-ha to the north west and to the north are both listed Grade II. The Wimpole's Folly castle on the estate is listed Grade II*.

The walled garden and the gardener's cottage on the north side of the walled garden are both listed Grade II, as is the game larder to the north east of the hall.

Community use
Like many other estates managed by the National Trust, a range of organised events and less formal access arrangements now use Wimpole Park. In 2013, a national partnership between the Trust and parkrun led to the establishment of a free, weekly timed 3.1 mile run around the park, with over 200 participants every Saturday morning.

In December 2019, the National Trust farm hosted the trial of a robot, known as Tom, that maps weeds with absolute precision. After the trial, Wimpole Estate expressed their intention to use the battery-powered prototype during the growing season.

In November 2020 there was a break-in at Wimpole Hall and twelve items, including vases and busts, were stolen.

title: Wimpole Estate


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Talk:Roller coaster inversion

Barrel roll
Isn't barrel roll just a lay-person name for an inline twist? I don't believe there is any distinguishable difference.
 * No. A barrel roll is a heartline twist. An inline twist rotates around the track; a barrel roll rotates around an imaginary line drawn at the level of an average rider's heart. Timetrial3141592 11:34, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Proposed naming convention
To keep a consistant naming convention between all these roller coaster inversions (and because many of them have other, much more known meanings) I propose the standard naming convention for all roller coaster inversions be  (roller coaster). This is how the loop is already classified.

Use of images
I would also say the use of images for the different roller coaster inversions is almost a necessity, considering many are close to impossible to describe verbally and consequently understand by reading their description.

Rename?
This article is more like a list. Perhaps it should be renamed to List of roller coaster inversions. --64.175.32.30 03:00, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. I think the article needs to be expanded, including some pictures of different types of inversions, wikilinks to a few of the different types (e.g. Corkscrew (roller coaster element), etc.  The list should be removed -- that's why we have Wiki-categories.  Just my opinion.  --Rehcsif 03:26, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

This article has many links to Wikipedia articles that do not exist yet. Because of this, many of the terms are undefined. It would also help for the articles in the list that do not have pictures yet if they received an illustration of some sort for them. This might be slightly difficult for the inversions that only ever existed on one roller coaster that does not exist any more but it can be done. Also the article needs more article, not just a list. Estridaldrea 14:55, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Add information of History of Inversions
I am thinking about adding some information about the history of inversions, such as early loopers and innovative ones. All of the information comes from other Wikipedia articles but it would be usefull if the arcticle had more article in it.Estridaldrea 15:51, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Interlocking loops
As I just noticed, why had the article been deleted and redirected to roller coaster? -- Valerius Myotis 00:34, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * At the moment it had nothing more that warranted an article. I'm not sure if there's enough about it to have its own page since most of it is covered here (since there were only three coasters with it, ever, and only one still exists. ALTON   .ıl  20:57, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b (enough images: lack of images does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

After reviewing the article, I think that the sections that are present are nicely done. The problem that I have with this article, however, is that it really seems to be lacking in broadness of coverage. The article presents a very detailed history of roller coaster inversions, but little else. It requires more sections regarding other aspects of Roller coaster inversion. For example, what kind of effects do inversions have on the human body? What is their overall popularity in roller coaster parks and why? What is their spread (you give a good chronology of innovations and record-breaking, but it doesn't give an idea of these are just parks trying to "one up" each other, or if they are a common/standard feature in roller coaster parks)? Obviously, if there's nothing available on these particular topics, I'm not asking you to come up with original research, but these are the types of questions you should be asking in order to come up with ideas for new sections. As it stands, the history of inversions alone is very comprehensive, but not substantial for a Good Article.

It might also be nice to have a separate section of some sort that highlights current records and active coasters with interesting features. Maybe taking a little bit out of the "Innovations (1977-present)" and having a small section called "current status" would be helpful. The section could discuss and expand upon some of the interesting coasters noted in "Innovations (1977-present)," mentioning what makes them special or how long they've been recordholders - just something to take the most interesting aspects out of the "Innovations (1977-present)" section and put them in an easily accessible section of their own, so that someone who's not interested in the history, but wants to know about the unique coasters of the day (at least, the one's whose uniqueness/record relates to inversion) can read about it without having to pick through the massively cited "Innovations (1977-present)" section. That way, you have a brief discussion/explanation of each under the auspices of a single citation, thus preventing the break up in text found in "Innovations (1977-present)," which quite frankly looks like it used to be a list that was mashed into a work of prose. I dunno, these may be crap suggestions, but hopefully they've got you thinking on ways to improve the broadness of coverage in this article. In addition, there are some other concerns:

 * 1) The lead needs some work - it contains facts that are not present in the body of the article. For example, it is mentioned that "The degree to which it must invert riders is nebulous and a point of contention when it comes to elements like overbanked turns, which turn riders such that their heads are below their feet, but are not considered inversions." This fact never again mentioned in the article, despite the fact that it looks like an excellent departure point for another section in this article (perhaps a "defining a roller coaster inversion" section)
 * 2) I would cut down the captions on the Coney Island and Boomerang pictures - pictures should be used to identify an aspect of the article; you have already explained the significance of the aspects in the main body of the article itself.
 * 3) I was also thinking that the article somewhat fails to state the obvious, though that policy doesn't quite get at what I mean. Perhaps an idea for another section would be a background of roller coasters themselves, with a link to the main article. I don't mean going over the whole history of roller coasters, but more in the sense of having a "background" section, where relevant aspects of the history of roller coasters could be used to place this article in proper context. Without a bit of a background, it's impossible to tell how long inversions have been a part of roller coasters, for example. Reading your sources, there's a lot of interesting material in there that could be used to give a brief background on relevant aspects. For example, it might begin "Forms of roller coasters have been around since the 1400s, but the first type of 'modern' coaster has been around since ______. Roller coaster inversions, having been introduced in primitive form in the early 1900s, and in modern form in the 1970s, are a relatively (new/old) development in the history of roller coasters. Earlier coasters (did not/could not) have inversions because... etc. etc." Again, I'm not suggesting that you rehash the entire history of roller coasters in this article, but anything that's relevant would really help put the article in context.

Normally, when a review encounters a small number of problems it is put on hold for a period of up to seven days so that the problems can be resolved. In this case, however, I believe the problems to be too major (thinking of and implementing ways to expand the broadness of coverage) for the article to be put on hold (the problems listed are just the most pressing ones - there are more stylistic concerns that have to be looked at as well once the larger issues are dealt with). When these issues are addressed, the article can be renominated. If you feel that this review is in error, feel free to take it to a Good article reassessment. Thank you for your work so far. Cheers, CP 16:42, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You have perfectly valid contentions and extremely valuable suggestions. Thanks for the time, and the article should include all these things in time. ALTON   .ıl  00:22, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

I would like to mention another issue that isn't addressed yet (neither here nor in any other coaster-related article in English or German Wikipedia). As far as I can see there are two major classes of inversions: 1. Inversions where the passengers are pulled into their seats by centrifugal forces (and that therefore could go even without restraints in principle) and 2. inversions where the passengers are only kept in the seats by restraints. Although I'm not entirely sure I would guess that most vertical loops belong to the first type (it is the natural understanding of a loop that the car is kept on the track by centrifugal forces and the restraints and the underfriction wheels are only backup systems in case of a malfunction). Heartline rolls, on the other hand, should belong to the second type since the axis of rotation is the heart line rather than a line high above the passenger's heads. Corkscrews and other, more complex types of inversion may belong to both types, depending on the track design and the speed of the cars. Could anyone verify this by some reference?--SiriusB (talk) 20:39, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Intro Paragraph
Ok, I really must admit that the intro seems to have been written in about as complex of a method as possible. It does not even make sense —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bearsbaseballcubs (talk • contribs) 02:59, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This is an encyclopedia, you have to expect a certain amount of encyclopedic terms. Why not head over to the Simple English Wikipedia and see what information is available there? Sea serpent 85 03:25, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Flip Flap neck snapping claim
The article claims that Flip Flap snapped riders' necks, and the citation backs this up. However, this claim is highly dubious, since the ride operated for several years-- surely if it snapped people's necks, they would have closed it soon after it opened. Sure enough, a Google search reveals a whole spectrum of claims, from severe discomfort/minor whiplash to the aforementioned neck snapping, but none of the articles I found cited any sources. What to do? --Skylights76 (talk) 11:33, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if the mantra "verifiability, not truth" applies here, but whether or not it does, I'm not prepared to defend its validity. It is dubious, now that I read it, and I suppose we could just remove the offending fact. It adds little. ALTON   .ıl  08:26, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I also doubt that Flic Flac really reached 12 Gs. Look at this Image:Flipflaprailway.jpg. The ratio of drop height and loop height is very similar to that of modern loops. Therefore the ride cannot create forces larger than about 6 Gs according to Newtons Laws of motion. I guess that the main reason for neck injuries might have been the high jerk due to the almost instant onset of acceleration. The only way to get 12 Gs would be a "bumpy" design, i.e. locally smaller curvature radii (about half of the average loop radius), resulting in a brief peak in G, but I cannot see this on the picture.--SiriusB (talk) 20:30, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I would like to add more to the article, but to my knowledge I've saturated the literature available about this subject online, whether it is reliable or not. It's time to go to the library if you want further details or more information (and it would be appreciated if added to this article). I'm not asking to stop discussion, I'm just pointing out that there are many very good questions that you are asking but it is unlikely that they will be answered here. ALTON   .ıl  08:14, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Roller coaster inversion