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Peripatric speciation

Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population. Since peripatric speciation resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it can often be difficult to distinguish between them. Nevertheless, the primary characteristic of peripatric speciation proposes that one of the populations is much smaller than the other. The terms peripatric and peripatry are often used in biogeography, referring to organisms whose ranges are closely adjacent but do not overlap, being separated where these organisms do not occur—for example on an oceanic island compared to the mainland. Such organisms are usually closely related (e.g. sister species); their distribution being the result of peripatric speciation.

The concept of peripatric speciation was first outlined by the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr in 1954. Since then, other alternative models have been developed such as centrifugal speciation, that posits that a species' population experiences periods of geographic range expansion followed by shrinking periods, leaving behind small isolated populations on the periphery of the main population. Other models have involved the effects of sexual selection on limited population sizes. Other related models of peripherally isolated populations based on chromosomal rearrangements have been developed such as budding speciation and quantum speciation.

The existence of peripatric speciation is supported by observational evidence and laboratory experiments. Scientists observing the patterns of a species biogeographic distribution and its phylogenetic relationships are able to reconstruct the historical process by which they diverged. Further, oceanic islands are often the subject of peripatric speciation research due to their isolated habitats—with the Hawaiian Islands widely represented in much of the scientific literature.

History
Peripatric speciation was originally proposed by Ernst Mayr in 1954, and fully theoretically modeled in 1982. It is related to the founder effect, where small living populations may undergo selection bottlenecks. The founder effect is based on models that suggest peripatric speciation can occur by the interaction of selection and genetic drift, which may play a significant role. Mayr first conceived of the idea by his observations of kingfisher populations in New Guinea and its surrounding islands. Tanysiptera galatea was largely uniform in morphology on the mainland, but the populations on the surrounding islands differed significantly—referring to this pattern as "peripatric". This same pattern was observed by many of Mayr's contemporaries at the time such as by E. B. Ford's studies of Maniola jurtina. Around the same time, the botanist Verne Grant developed a model of quantum speciation very similar to Mayr's model in the context of plants.

In what has been called Mayr's genetic revolutions, he postulated that genetic drift played the primary role that resulted in this pattern. Seeing that a species cohesion is maintained by conservative forces such as epistasis and the slow pace of the spread of favorable alleles in a large population (based heavily on J. B. S. Haldane's calculations), he reasoned that speciation could only take place in which a population bottleneck occurred. A small, isolated, founder population could be established on an island for example. Containing less genetic variation from the main population, shifts in allele frequencies may occur from different selection pressures. This to further changes in the network of linked loci, driving a cascade of genetic change, or a "genetic revolution"—a large-scale reorganization of the entire genome of the peripheral population. Mayr did recognize that the chances of success were incredibly low and that extinction was likely; though noting that some examples of successful founder populations existed at the time.

Shortly after Mayr, William Louis Brown, Jr. proposed an alternative model of peripatric speciation in 1957 called centrifugal speciation. In 1976 and 1980, the Kaneshiro model of peripatric speciation was developed by Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro which focused on sexual selection as a driver for speciation during population bottlenecks.

Peripatric
Peripatric speciation models are identical to models of vicariance (allopatric speciation). Requiring both geographic separation and time, speciation can result as a predictable byproduct. Peripatry can be distinguished from allopatric speciation by three key features:
 * The size of the isolated population
 * Strong selection caused by the dispersal and colonization of novel environments,
 * The effects of genetic drift on small populations.

The size of a population is important because individuals colonizing a new habitat likely contain only a small sample of the genetic variation of the original population. This promotes divergence due to strong selective pressures, leading to the rapid fixation of an allele within the descendant population. This gives rise to the potential for genetic incompatibilities to evolve. These incompatibilities cause reproductive isolation, giving rise to—sometimes rapid—speciation events. Furthermore, two important predictions are invoked, namely that geological or climatic changes cause populations to become locally fragmented (or regionally when considering allopatric speciation), and that an isolated population's reproductive traits evolve enough as to prevent interbreeding upon potential secondary contact.

The peripatric model results in, what have been called, progenitor-derivative species pairs, whereby the derivative species (the peripherally isolated population)—geographically and genetically isolated from the progenitor species—diverges. A specific phylogenetic signature results from this mode of speciation: the geographically widespread progenitor species becomes paraphyletic (thereby becoming a paraspecies), with respect to the derivative species (the peripheral isolate). The concept of a paraspecies is therefore a logical consequence of the evolutionary species concept, by which one species gives rise to a daughter species. It is thought that the character traits of the peripherally isolated species become apomorphic, while the central population remains plesiomorphic.

Modern cladistic methods have developed definitions that have incidentally removed derivative species by defining clades in a way that assumes that when a speciation event occurs, the original species no longer exists, while two new species arise; this is not the case in peripatric speciation. Mayr warned against this, as it causes a species to lose their classification status. Loren H. Rieseberg and Luc Brouillet recognized the same dilemma in plant classification.

Quantum and budding speciation
The botanist Verne Grant proposed the term quantum speciation that combined the ideas of J. T. Gulick (his observation of the variation of species in semi-isolation), Sewall Wright (his models of genetic drift), Mayr (both his peripatric and genetic revolution models), and George Gaylord Simpson (his development of the idea of quantum evolution). Quantum speciation is a rapid process with large genotypic or phenotypic effects, whereby a new, cross-fertilizing plant species buds off from a larger population as a semi-isolated peripheral population. Interbreeding and genetic drift takes place due to the reduced population size, driving changes to the genome that would most likely result in extinction (due to low adaptive value). In rare instances, chromosomal traits with adaptive value may arise, resulting in the origin of a new, derivative species. Evidence for the occurrence of this type of speciation has been found in several plant species pairs: Layia discoidea and L. glandulosa, Clarkia lingulata and C. biloba, and Stephanomeria malheurensis and S. exigua ssp. coronaria.

A closely related model of peripatric speciation is called budding speciation—largely applied in the context of plant speciation. The budding process, where a new species originates at the margins of an ancestral range, is thought to be common in plants —especially in progenitor-derivative species pairs.

Centrifugal speciation
William Louis Brown, Jr. proposed an alternative model of peripatric speciation in 1957 called centrifugal speciation. This model contrasts with peripatric speciation by virtue of the origin of the genetic novelty that leads to reproductive isolation. A population of a species experiences periods of geographic range expansion followed by periods of contraction. During the contraction phase, fragments of the population become isolated as small refugial populations on the periphery of the central population. Because of the large size and potentially greater genetic variation within the central population, mutations arise more readily. These mutations are left in the isolated peripheral populations, promoting reproductive isolation. Consequently, Brown suggested that during another expansion phase, the central population would overwhelm the peripheral populations, hindering speciation. However, if the species finds a specialized ecological niche, the two may coexist. The phylogenetic signature of this model is that the central population becomes derived, while the peripheral isolates stay plesiomorphic —the reverse of the general model. In contrast to centrifugal speciation, peripatric speciation has sometimes been referred to as centripetal speciation (see figures 1 and 2 for a contrast). Centrifugal speciation has been largely ignored in the scientific literature, often dominated by the traditional model of peripatric speciation. Despite this, Brown cited a wealth of evidence to support his model, of which has not yet been refuted.

Peromyscus polionotus and P. melanotis (the peripherally isolated species from the central population of P. maniculatus) arose via the centrifugal speciation model. Centrifugal speciation may have taken place in tree kangaroos, South American frogs (Ceratophrys), shrews (Crocidura), and primates (Presbytis melalophos). John C. Briggs associates centrifugal speciation with centers of origin, contending that the centrifugal model is better supported by the data, citing species patterns from the proposed 'center of origin' within the Indo-West Pacific

Kaneshiro model
The Kaneshiro Model also provides an explanation of the mechanism of speciation during founder events as proposed by Ernst Mayr and Hampton Carson. In most cases, founder events result when single fertilized female is accidentally translocated to an entirely different location, e.g., an adjacent island among a chain of islands such as the Hawaiian Archipelago, and produces a few offspring. Such a founder colony is faced with extremely small population size which as described by the Kaneshiro Model, experiences a shift in the mating system towards and increase in frequency of less choosy females. The resulting destabilization of the genetic system provides the milieu for new genetic variants to arise providing the recipe for speciation to occur. Eventually, a growth in population size paired with novel female mate preferences will give rise to reproductive isolation from the main population-thereby completing the speciation process. Support for this model comes from experiments and observation of species that exhibit asymmetric mating patterns such as the Hawaiian Drosophila species or the Hawaiian cricket Laupala. However, while laboratory experiments are ongoing and yet to be completed in support of the model, there are field observations of shifts in the mating systems that undergo population bottlenecks which demonstrate that the dynamics of sexual selection is occurring in nature and therefore, it does represent a plausible process of peripatric speciation that takes place in nature.

Evidence
Observational evidence and laboratory experiments support the occurrence of peripatric speciation. Islands and archipelagos are often the subject of speciation studies in that they represent isolated populations of organisms. Island species provide direct evidence of speciation occurring peripatrically in such that, "the presence of endemic species on oceanic islands whose closest relatives inhabit a nearby continent" must have originated by a colonization event. Comparative phylogeography of oceanic archipelagos shows consistent patterns of sequential colonization and speciation along island chains, most notably on the Azores islands, Canary Islands, Society Islands, Marquesas Islands, Galápagos Islands, Austral Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands—all of which express geological patterns of spatial isolation and, in some cases, linear arrangement. Peripatric speciation also occurs on continents, as isolation of small populations can occur through various geographic and dispersion events. Laboratory studies have been conducted where populations of Drosophila, for example, are separated from one another and evolve in reproductive isolation.

Hawaiian archipelago
Drosophila species on the Hawaiian archipelago have helped researchers understand speciation processes in great detail. It is well established that Drosophila has undergone an adaptive radiation into hundreds of endemic species on the Hawaiian island chain; originating from a single common ancestor (supported from molecular analysis). Studies consistently find that colonization of each island occurred from older to younger islands, and in Drosophila, speciating peripatrically at least fifty percent of the time. In conjunction with Drosophila, Hawaiian lobeliads (Cyanea) have also undergone an adaptive radiation, with upwards of twenty-seven percent of extant species arising after new island colonization—exemplifying peripatric speciation—once again, occurring in the old-to-young island direction.

Other endemic species in Hawaii also provide evidence of peripatric speciation such as the endemic flightless crickets (Laupala). It has been estimated that, "17 species out of 36 well-studied cases of [Laupala] speciation were peripatric". Plant species in genera's such as Dubautia, Wilkesia, and Argyroxiphium have also radiated along the archipelago. Other animals besides insects show this same pattern such as the Hawaiian amber snail (Succinea caduca), and ‘Elepaio flycatchers.

Tetragnatha spiders have also speciated peripatrically on the Hawaiian islands, Numerous arthropods have been documented existing in patterns consistent with the geologic evolution of the island chain, in such that, phylogenetic reconstructions find younger species inhabiting the geologically younger islands and older species inhabiting the older islands (or in some cases, ancestors date back to when islands currently below sea level were exposed). Spiders such as those from the genus Orsonwelles exhibit patterns compatible with the old-to-young geology. Other endemic genera such as Argyrodes have been shown to have speciated along the island chain. Pagiopalus, Pedinopistha, and part of the family Thomisidae have adaptively radiated along the island chain, as well as the wolf spider family, Lycosidae.

A host of other Hawaiian endemic arthropod species and genera have had their speciation and phylogeographical patterns studied: the Drosophila grimshawi species complex, damselflies (Megalagrion xanthomelas and Megalagrion pacificum), Doryonychus raptor, Littorophiloscia hawaiiensis, Anax strenuus, Nesogonia blackburni, Theridion grallator, Vanessa tameamea, Hyalopeplus pellucidus, Coleotichus blackburniae, Labula, Hawaiioscia, Banza (in the family Tettigoniidae), Caconemobius, Eupethicea, Ptycta, Megalagrion, Prognathogryllus, Nesosydne, Cephalops, Trupanea, and the tribe Platynini—all suggesting repeated radiations among the islands.

Other islands
Phylogenetic studies of a species of crab spider (Misumenops rapaensis) in the genus Thomisidae located on the Austral Islands have established the, "sequential colonization of [the] lineage down the Austral archipelago toward younger islands". M. rapaensis has been traditionally thought of as a single species; whereas this particular study found distinct genetic differences corresponding to the sequential age of the islands. The figwart plant species Scrophularia lowei is thought to have arisen through a peripatric speciation event, with the more widespread mainland species, Scrophularia arguta dispersing to the Macaronesian islands. Other members of the same genus have also arisen by single colonization events between the islands.

Species patterns on continents
The occurrence of peripatry on continents is more difficult to detect due to the possibility of vicariant explanations being equally likely. However, studies concerning the Californian plant species Clarkia biloba and C. lingulata strongly suggest a peripatric origin. In addition, a great deal of research has been conducted on several species of land snails involving chirality that suggests peripatry (with some authors noting other possible interpretations).

The chestnut-tailed antbird (Sciaphylax hemimelaena) is located within the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (Serrania de Huanchaca) in Bolivia. Within this region exists a forest fragment estimated to have been isolated for 1000–3000 years. The population of S. hemimelaena antbirds that reside in the isolated patch express significant song divergence; thought to be an "early step" in the process of peripatric speciation. Further, peripheral isolation "may partly explain the dramatic diversification of suboscines in Amazonia".

The montane spiny throated reed frog species complex (genus: Hyperolius) originated through occurrences of peripatric speciation events. Lucinda P. Lawson maintains that the species' geographic ranges within the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot support a peripatric model that is driving speciation; suggesting that this mode of speciation may play a significant role in "highly fragmented ecosystems".

In a study of the phylogeny and biogeography of the land snail genus Monacha, the species M. ciscaucasica is thought to have speciated peripatrically from a population of M. roseni. In addition, M. claussi consists of a small population located on the peripheral of the much larger range of M. subcarthusiana suggesting that it also arose by peripatric speciation.

Red spruce (Picea rubens) has arisen from an isolated population of black spruce (Picea mariana). During the Pleistocene, a population of black spruce became geographically isolated, likely due to glaciation. The geographic range of the black spruce is much larger than the red spruce. The red spruce has significantly lower genetic diversity in both its DNA and its mitochondrial DNA than the black spruce. Furthermore, the genetic variation of the red spruce has no unique mitochondrial haplotypes, only subsets of those in the black spruce; suggesting that the red spruce speciated peripatrically from the black spruce population. It is thought that the entire genus Picea in North America has diversified by the process of peripatric speciation, as numerous pairs of closely related species in the genus have smaller southern population ranges; and those with overlapping ranges often exhibit weak reproductive isolation.

Using a phylogeographic approach paired with ecological niche models (i.e. prediction and identification of expansion and contraction species ranges into suitable habitats based on current ecological niches, correlated with fossil and molecular data), researchers found that the prairie dog species Cynomys mexicanus speciated peripatrically from Cynomys ludovicianus approximately 230,000 years ago. North American glacial cycles promoted range expansion and contraction of the prairie dogs, leading to the isolation of a relic population in a refugium located in the present day Coahuila, Mexico. This distribution and paleobiogeographic pattern correlates with other species expressing similar biographic range patterns such as with the Sorex cinereus complex.

Laboratory experiments
Peripatric speciation has been researched in both laboratory studies and nature. Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr in Speciation suggest that most laboratory studies of allopatric speciation are also examples of peripatric speciation due to their small population sizes and the inevitable divergent selection that they undergo. Much of the laboratory research concerning peripatry is inextricably linked to founder effect research. Coyne and Orr conclude that selection's role in speciation is well established, whereas genetic drift's role is unsupported by experimental and field data—suggesting that founder-effect speciation does not occur. Nevertheless, a great deal of research has been conducted on the matter, and one study conducted involving bottleneck populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura found evidence of isolation after a single bottleneck.

The table is a non-exhaustive table of laboratory experiments focused explicitly on peripatric speciation. Most of the studies also conducted experiments on vicariant speciation as well. The "replicates" column signifies the number of lines used in the experiment—that is, how many independent populations were used (not the population size or the number of generations performed).

title: Peripatric speciation


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Estriol

Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak estrogen, and a minor female sex hormone. It is one of three major endogenous estrogens, the others being estradiol and estrone. Levels of estriol in women who are not pregnant are almost undetectable. However, during pregnancy, estriol is synthesized in very high quantities by the placenta and is the most produced estrogen in the body by far, although circulating levels of estriol are similar to those of other estrogens due to a relatively high rate of metabolism and excretion. Relative to estradiol, both estriol and estrone have far weaker activity as estrogens.

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estriol is used as a medication, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy; for information on estriol as a medication, see the estriol (medication) article.

Biological activity
Estriol is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such is a relatively weak estrogen. According to one in vitro study, the relative binding affinity (RBA) of estriol for the human ERα and ERβ was 11.3% and 17.6% of that estradiol, respectively, and the relative transactivational capacity of estriol at the ERα and ERβ was 10.6% and 16.6% of that of estradiol, respectively. According to another in vitro study however, the RBA of estriol for the ERα and ERβ were 14% and 21% of those of estradiol, respectively, suggesting that unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol may have preferential affinity for ERβ.

Although estriol is an efficacious agonist of the ERs, it is reported to have mixed agonist–antagonist (partial agonist) activity at the ER; on its own, it is weakly estrogenic, but in the presence of estradiol, it is antiestrogenic. Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. It is notable that unlike estriol, estrone can be metabolized into estradiol, and most of its potency in vivo is in fact actually due to conversion into estradiol.

In addition to acting as an agonist of the nuclear ERs, estriol at high concentrations (~1,000–10,000 nM) also acts as an antagonist of the GPER, a membrane estrogen receptor where, conversely, estradiol acts as an agonist. Estradiol increases breast cancer cell growth via activation of the GPER (in addition to the ER), and estriol has been found to inhibit estradiol-induced proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells through blockade of the GPER.

In non-pregnant women
In women who are not pregnant estriol is produced in only very small quantities, and circulating levels are barely detectable. Unlike estradiol and estrone, estriol is not synthesized in or secreted from the ovaries, and is instead derived mainly if not exclusively from 16α-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., CYP3A4) mainly in the liver. Estriol is cleared from the circulation rapidly in non-pregnant women, and so circulating levels are very low, but concentrations of estriol in the urine are relatively high.

Although circulating levels of estriol are very low outside of pregnancy, parous women have been found to have levels of estriol that are to some degree higher than those of nulliparous women.

In pregnant women
Estriol is produced in quantities that are notable only during pregnancy. Levels of estriol increase 1,000-fold during pregnancy, whereas levels of estradiol and estrone increase 100-fold, and estriol accounts for 90% of the estrogens in the urine of pregnant women. At term, the daily production of estriol by the placenta is 35 to 45 mg, and levels in the maternal circulation are 8 to 13 ng/dL.

The placenta produces pregnenolone and progesterone from circulating cholesterol. Pregnenolone is taken up by the fetal adrenal glands and converted into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is then sulfated by steroid sulfotransferase into dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). DHEA-S is hydroxylated by high CYP3A7 expression and activity into 16α-hydroxy-DHEA-S (16α-OH-DHEA-S) in the fetal liver and to a limited extent in the fetal adrenal glands. 16α-OH-DHEA-S is then taken up by the placenta. Due to high expression of steroid sulfatase in the placenta, 16α-OH-DHEA-S is rapidly cleaved into 16α-OH-DHEA. Then, 16α-OH-DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (3β-HSD1) into 16α-hydroxyandrostenedione (16α-OH-A4) and 16α-OH-A4 is converted by aromatase into 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OH-E1), which is subsequently converted into estriol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and then secreted predominantly into the maternal circulation. Approximately 90% of precursors in estriol formation originate from the fetus.

During pregnancy, 90 to 95% of estriol in the maternal circulation is conjugated in the form of estriol glucuronide and estriol sulfate, and levels of unconjugated estriol are slightly less than those of unconjugated estradiol and similar to those of unconjugated estrone. As such, target tissues are likely to be exposed to similar amounts of free estriol, estradiol, and estrone during pregnancy.

Estrone and estradiol are also produced in the placenta during pregnancy. However, in the case of estrone and estradiol, DHEA-S is taken up by the placenta and cleaved by steroid sulfatase into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA is converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I into androstenedione, and androstenedione is aromatized into estrone. Then, placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase interconverts estrone and estradiol and the two hormones are secreted into the maternal circulation. DHEA-S that is taken up by the placenta is mainly produced by the fetal adrenal glands.

Distribution
Estriol is poorly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), with much lower binding affinity for this protein, relative to estradiol, and hence a greater fraction available for biological activity.

Metabolism
Estriol is metabolized via glucuronidation and sulfation.

Excretion
The main urinary metabolites of exogenous estriol administered via intravenous injection in baboons have been found to be estriol 16α-glucuronide (65.8%), estriol 3-glucuronide (14.2%), estriol 3-sulfate (13.4%), and estriol 3-sulfate 16α-glucuronide (5.1%). The metabolism and excretion of estriol in these animals closely resembled that which has been observed in humans. In non-pregnant women, estriol urinary excretion ranges between 0.02-0.1 mg every 24 hours. In comparison, in near-term pregnant women, estriol urinary excretion ranges from 50-150 mg every 24 hours.

Medical use
Estriol is used as a medication, primarily in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms.

Chemistry
Estriol, also known as 16α-hydroxyestradiol or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol, is a naturally occurring estrane steroid with double bonds between the C1 and C2, C3 and C4, and C5 and C10 positions and hydroxyl groups at the C3, C16α, and C17β positions. The name estriol and the abbreviation E3 were derived from the chemical terms estrin (estra-1,3,5(10)-triene) and triol (three hydroxyl groups).

History
Estriol was discovered in 1930. It was isolated and purified from the urine of pregnant women by Marrian and colleagues.

Use in screening
Estriol can be measured in maternal blood or urine and can be used as a marker of fetal health and well-being. If levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3 or free estriol) are abnormally low in a pregnant woman, this may indicate chromosomal or congenital anomalies like Down syndrome or Edward's syndrome. It is included as part of the triple test and quadruple test for antenatal screening for fetal anomalies.

Because many pathological conditions in a pregnant woman can cause deviations in estriol levels, these screenings are often seen as less definitive of fetal-placental health than a nonstress test. Conditions which can create false positives and false negatives in estriol testing for fetal distress include preeclampsia, anemia, and impaired kidney function.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Estriol


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User talk:Mike Church~enwiki

Nonsense of Assassin (game)
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Assassin (game), by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Assassin (game) provides no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Assassin (game), please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 12:10, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

The "Anubis" game
How about you create an article on the game "Anubis"?

 * I don't know anything about it. Mike Church 23:41, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Permission to use BGG photo
Do I have permission to use one of the photos you've uploaded to BoardGameGeek? BPeppers1168 19:55, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Item #16043, I presume? Yes. Mike Church 20:02, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Blocked
You're blocked for the oft-warned behavior of attempting to hide discussions. --Jerzy•t 04:21, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Jerzy, [...] I can do anything I want with my user page and subpages. I was blanking a subpage because someone linked to it on another site, and I have the right to do that. Mike Church 07:08, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Blocked again
You've been blocked for one week for these edits.

I've removed these inappropriate comments from your user talk page. If you continue to add them, I will protect this page from editing.

kmccoy (talk) 03:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You should realize that I can get around the blocks very easily.

 * (text removed) MC1337 18:40, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Hello again
Ah. You're back. I don't edit much anymore, so I was wondering how I'd attracted a vandal to my user page. Now it makes sense.

I'm afraid that my job and my girlfriend don't leave me time to play another round. Just imagine that every time someone on Wikipedia tells you to grow up, I'm agreeing with them. That'll have to suffice.

In the mean time, ever played Setback? I played it on Saturday for the first time in ages. Interesting game. Try it if you haven't. Isomorphic 04:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * (I'm editing on this account because -- WP:RPA -- and I don't want my IP blocked.) If you're referring to the vandalism to your main page ("mean user who knows nothing ") then this is the first I've heard of it.

 * I haven't played Setback/Pitch, though I'd like to learn. I've heard that it's fun. MC1337 18:31, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Third culture
Hi Mike Church. Due to a kind of wierd set of circumstances, your article Third culture got deleted. It's not really a reflection on your article, it just sort of happened. Anyway, it turns out there was already an article called third culture kids, on the same topic. By all means you are invited to edit and improve that article as may be appropriate. You can recover your original text by digging around in the history of the Third culture, which is now a disambiguation page.

 * It really doesn't matter. Most of the sysops on this site are incorrigible idiots, and they will eventually lead to the demise of this fucking thing. The wiki concept has a lot of potential, but this so-called "democracy" often makes the most horrible selections possible regarding who is to be given power, and eventually it will melt down. User:Jerzy is just one example of administrative incompetence on this board; User:Kmccoy is another. This whole project is in decline, soon to devolve into endless bickering and a massive flamewar. Also, the vandals are getting more organized and better at what they do. Speaking personally, on every day that I'm blocked, I add college traditions that never existed, transpose digits of population figures or world records, and create articles on bullshit "folklore" that is often absurd; this is what Wikipedia will have to put up with if I am to be blocked from it. About 1 in 3 of my vandalisms survives for a year, and several have been reproduced on other articles. This thing is doomed because of the heavy-handed and often (to be frank) intellectually dull sysops; they've made this thing a tangle of wasted effort. So I don't care what happens, and I honestly don't give a fuck what you do. Good luck. Mike Church 07:24, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Edit: the comment above was removed, even though it contains no personal attack on anyone. (To call someone in official context, such as a sysop, incompetent at properly using the context is NOT a personal attack; criticism comes with office.) This website really is an Orwellian hellhole; I am reverted and blocked just for stating an opinion that is well-versed in fact. One would do Wikipedia enormous favors by bringing 90% of the sysops together in a shed, and burning it. That is all I will say. Mike Church 07:41, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Mike was indefiniely blocked for admitting to these vandalisms. --Golbez 09:08, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

For Essjay
I'm User:685. Mike Church 05:18, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Penis game
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Proposed deletion of David Callahan

The article David Callahan has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No sources that establish notability

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. MrOllie (talk) 15:52, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Discipline question

The article Discipline question has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
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Proposed deletion of Benny (playing card)

The article Benny (playing card) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence this game is notable."

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Nomination of Player (game) for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Lame duck (game design)

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title: User talk:Mike Church~enwiki


text:
Charles Causley

Charles Stanley Causley CBE FRSL (24 August 1917 – 4 November 2003) was a Cornish   poet, school teacher and writer. His work is often noted for its simplicity and directness as well as its associations with folklore, legends and magic, especially when linked to his native Cornwall.

Early years
Causley was born at Launceston, Cornwall, to Charles Samuel Causley, who worked as a groom and gardener, and his wife Laura Jane Bartlett, who was in domestic service. He was educated at the local primary school and Launceston College. When he was seven, in 1924, his father died from long-standing injuries incurred in World War I.

Causley left school at 16, working as a clerk in a builder's office. He played in a semi-professional dance band, and wrote plays—one of which was broadcast on the BBC West Country service before World War II.

Career and achievements
He enlisted in the Royal Navy in 1940 and served as an ordinary seaman during the Second World War, firstly aboard the destroyer HMS Eclipse in the Atlantic, at shore bases in Gibraltar and northwest England. Later he served in the Pacific on the aircraft carrier HMS Glory, after promotion to petty officer.

Causley later wrote about his wartime experiences (and their longer-term impact on him) in his poetry, and also in a book of short stories, Hands to Dance and Skylark. His first collection of poems, Farewell, Aggie Weston (1951) contained the 'Song of the Dying Gunner A.A.1': Farewell, Aggie Weston, the Barracks at Guz, Hang my tiddley suit on the door I'm sewn up neat in a canvas sheet And I shan't be home no more. The collection Survivor's Leave followed in 1953, and from then until his death Causley published frequently, in magazines, in his own volumes and shared ones, in anthologies and then in several editions of his Collected Poems.

After demobilisation in 1946, he took advantage of a government scheme to train as a teacher at Peterborough. He then worked full-time as a teacher at his old school for over 35 years, teaching for his very final year at St. Catherine's CofE Primary elsewhere in the town, where the National School had been relocated. He twice spent time in Perth as a visiting Fellow at the University of Western Australia, and also worked at the Banff School of Fine Arts in Canada.

Causley travelled still more widely and frequently, however, after taking early retirement in 1976 to pursue a full-time career in writing.

He was much in demand at poetry readings in the United Kingdom and worldwide—the latter travels were sometimes as part of Arts Council and British Council initiatives. He also made many television and radio appearances over the post-war period, particularly for the BBC in the West Country, and as the presenter for many years of the BBC Radio 4 series Poetry Please.

An intensely private person, he was nevertheless approachable and friendly. He corresponded with and was well-acquainted with such writers as Siegfried Sassoon, A. L. Rowse, Susan Hill, Jack Clemo and Ted Hughes (his closest friend)—and a host of other figures from the literary, publishing and wider cultural spheres around the world, as well the southwest region.

In addition to Causley's poetry dealing with issues of faith, folklore, memory, his wartime experience and its later impact, landscape, travel, friends and family, his poems for children were and remain very popular. He used to say that he could have lived comfortably on the fees paid for the reproduction of 'Timothy Winters': Timothy Winters comes to school With eyes as wide as a football pool, Ears like bombs and teeth like splinters: A blitz of a boy is Timothy Winters. —first verse

So come one angel, come on ten: Timothy Winters says "Amen Amen amen amen amen." Timothy Winters, Lord. Amen. —last verse

In 1952 Causley was made a bard of Gorsedh Kernow adopting the bardic name Morvardh (Sea poet). In 1958 Causley was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, and he was made a CBE in 1986. When he was 83 years old he was made a Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature: he greeted this award with the words, "My goodness, what an encouragement!"

Other awards include the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1967 and a Cholmondeley Award in 1971. In 1973/74 he was visiting fellow in poetry at the University of Exeter, from which institution he received an honorary doctorate on 7 July 1977.

He was presented with the Heywood Hill Literary Prize in 2000. Between 1962 and 1966 he was a member of the Poetry Panel of the Arts Council of Great Britain. He was twice awarded a travelling scholarship by the Society of Authors. There was a campaign to have him appointed Poet Laureate on the death of Sir John Betjeman, but in the end, that role was given to Ted Hughes. Causley himself was not very keen on the idea. However, to the people of his home town, he became "the greatest poet laureate we never had". He was interviewed by Roy Plomley on Desert Island Discs on 1 December 1979: his music choices included five classical selections and three others, while his chosen book was Boswell's Life of Johnson. In 1982, on his 65th birthday, a book of poems was published in his honour that included contributions from Ted Hughes, Seamus Heaney, Philip Larkin and twenty-three other poets, testifying to the respect and indeed love that the British poetry community had for him. This was followed by a fuller and more wide-ranging tribute (including some unpublished reflective essays, and reproductions of several drafts of his poem 'Immunity' from his archive at Exeter University), published in 1987 and entitled Causley at 70.

Causley's popularity amongst general readers and listeners, particularly among the Cornish, remains high, and also appears to be expanding. A Causley piece that has gained attention is "Eden Rock", a reflection on childhood, memory, family and mortality. Its opening lines are: They are waiting for me somewhere beyond Eden Rock: My father, twenty-five, in the same suit Of Genuine Irish Tweed, his terrier Jack Still two years old and trembling at his feet.

Poet Laureate Sir Andrew Motion has said that if he could write a line as perfect as the one which closes this poem, he would go to his grave a happy man. The full text of "Eden Rock" accompanies a recording on the Poetry Archive website of Causley himself reading it (amongst several other poems) aloud, shortly before his death in 2003.

Reception
According to the Norton Anthology of Children's Literature, "because his characteristic themes, preoccupations, and freshness of language vary little, it is often difficult to distinguish between his writings for children and those for adults. He himself declared that he did know whether a given poem was for children or adults as he was writing it, and he included his children's poetry without comment in his collected works."

Causley stayed true to what he called his 'guiding principle', adopted from Auden and others, that: "while there are some good poems which are only for adults, because they presuppose adult experience in their readers, there are no good poems which are only for children."

His close friend Ted Hughes said of Causley: "Among the English poetry of the last half century, Charles Causley's could well turn out to be the best loved and most needed.... Before I was made Poet Laureate, I was asked to name my choice of the best poet for the job. Without hesitation, I named Charles Causley -- this marvellously resourceful, original poet, yet among all known poets the only one who could be called a man of the people, in the old, best sense. A poet for whom the title might have been invented afresh. I was pleased to hear that in an unpublished letter, Philip Larkin thought the same and chose him too."

Perhaps because of that widespread perception of Causley as a poetic 'outsider', academia has so far paid less attention to his work than it might have done. However, the publication over recent years of a book of critical essays edited by Michael Hanke, Through the Granite Kingdom, as well as a number of dissertations about Causley's work (alone, or alongside poets such as Larkin and R. S. Thomas) suggest that this situation is changing.

Legacy
The Charles Causley Trust, a registered charity, exists to celebrate his life and work and promote new literature activity in the community and region in which he lived. In 2006, the trust secured Cyprus Well, the poet's small house in Launceston, for the nation. After considerable repairs, refurbishment and upgrading, that has been opened on a limited basis to the public, and to provide a facility for a varied programme of activities. Most particularly, there has been a series of residencies for writers of all kinds, artists and musicians, as well as other heritage events. These promote both Causley's life and work, and the arts in general—especially across the South West region of Cornwall and Devon.

In June 2010, the first of a continuing series of annual Charles Causley Festivals took place in Launceston, held over a long weekend. Festival programmes encompass literature, music, art and a variety of other fields for adults, families and children, featuring performers and other contributors from the local area, the region, the whole of the UK, and even worldwide.

Subsequently, festivals have taken place in and around the town for varying periods of up to a full week or more. Over the years, poets such as Sir Andrew Motion (former Poet Laureate, and patron of the Causley Trust), Dame Carol Ann Duffy, Brian Patten and Lemn Sissay, novelists like Patrick Gale, journalists such as George Alagiah, and illustrators like John Lawrence have been headliners.

Music at the festival has included regular appearances from Causley's distant relative, folk singer Jim Causley. featuring his settings of Causley poems, some of which have been recorded for commercial CDs.

The fifth festival in June 2014 was prefaced by the unveiling of a memorial plaque at Cyprus Well (another one later marked his nearby birthplace near St Thomas Church and the River Kensey). That festival also marked the centenary of the start of the First World War with a series of talks on war poetry. A documentary film about Causley's life and work, made by Jane Darke and Andrew Tebbs of Boatshed Films, featured in several versions across the 6th and 7th festivals (2015 and 2016). A shortened version of the full 1990 film, The Poet: Charles Causley, was broadcast on BBC4 as Charles Causley: Cornwall's Native Poet on 1 October 2017.

The June 2017 festival (the 8th) marked the centenary of Causley's birth in August 1917. There were rare performances of several of Causley's one-act plays from the 1930s, and a session from the illustrator John Lawrence and Gaby Morgan marking the reissue of Causley's Collected Poems for Children. The 2018 festival (the 9th) was headlined by poet and broadcaster Roger McGough, while the 10th festival was in June 2019.

In terms of Causley's musical legacy, an original opera by Steven McNeff based on Causley's libretto 'The Burning Boy', was premiered by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra's Kokoro Ensemble in Launceston and St. Ives in November 2017. The majority of the songs of Alex Atterson (1931–1996) are settings of Causley poems.

An art exhibition entitled 'Charles Causley: A Tribute from the Artists' was organised to coincide with Causley's 70th birthday in 1987 by Ron Tamplin of Exeter University, and featured a wide range of paintings, drawings, photographs and sculptures. It later transferred from the University to the Institute of Education in Russell Square, London, for a period; an illustrated catalogue was published.

International poetry competitions
The Charles Causley International Poetry Prize is administered by the Causley Trust and is open to anyone over the age of 18. It began in 2013 and has continued in most years since, with a steadily-increasing number of entries. There are a number of monetary prizes and a good deal of publicity for the prize-winning poets and those achieving honourable mentions.

After its early years, it developed into an international competition. In 2018, the announcements and presentations were hosted by Paul Tyler, Lord Linkinhorne (a patron of the Causley Trust), at the House of Lords.

The following is a list of the competition winners and judges to date:

2013
1st prize – Jo Bell, 'The Icicle Garden'. Judge: Sir Andrew Motion

2014
1st prize – Angela Readman, 'The Museum of Water'. Judge: Kathryn Simmonds

2015
1st prize – Claire Dyer, 'Trust and the Horse'. Judges: Antony Caleshu, Miriam Darlington, Kim Martindale and Ronald Tamplin.

2016
1st prize - Jack Thacker, 'The Load'. Judge: Sir Andrew Motion

2017
(The competition was suspended for this year.)

2018
1st prize – Judy O'Kane, 'Tasting Notes'. Judge: Sir Andrew Motion

2019
1st prize – Luke Allen, 'First Winter in Iceland'. Judge: Michael Rosen

2020
1st prize – Elena Croitoru, 'Tower Block Twelve'. Judge: Lemn Sissay

In recent years, the Causley Trust has also administered a children's (now young person's) poetry competition. The judges for that have included Jackie Kay, David Devanny, Patrick Gale and Penelope Shuttle (who are all either patrons or trustees of the Causley Trust).

Books primarily intended for adult readers

 * Hands to Dance (short stories, later re-published as Hands to Dance and Skylark) (1951)
 * Farewell, Aggie Weston (1951)
 * Survivor's Leave (1953)
 * Union Street (1957)
 * Johnny Alleluia (1961)
 * Underneath the Water (1968)
 * Secret Destinations (1984)
 * Twenty-One Poems (1986)
 * A Field of Vision (1988)
 * Collected Poems: several editions, starting in 1975 and culminating with Collected Poems 1951-2000 (2000)

Books and longer poems primarily intended for young readers

 * Figure of 8 (narrative poems, 1969)
 * Figgie Hobbin: Poems for Children (1970)
 * 'Quack!' Said the Billy-Goat (c.1970)
 * The Tail of the Trinosaur (1972)
 * As I Went Down Zig Zag (1974)
 * When Dad Felt Bad (1975). In the Little Nippers series.
 * The Hill of the Fairy Calf (1976)
 * Dick Whittington (1976)
 * The Song of the Shapes (1977)
 * Twenty-Four Hours (1977)
 * The Animals' Carol (1978)
 * The Gift of a Lamb (1985)
 * Early in the Morning: A Collection of New Poems (1986), with music by Anthony Castro and illustrations by Michael Foreman
 * Jack the Treacle Eater (Macmillan, 1987), illustrated by Charles Keeping — winner of the Kurt Maschler Award, or the Emil, for integrated writing and illustration
 * The Young Man of Cury and Other Poems (1991)
 * All Day Saturday, and Other Poems (1994)
 * Collected Poems for Children (1996, reprinted 2017), illustrated by John Lawrence
 * The Merrymaid of Zennor (1999)
 * I Had a Little Cat (2009) -- an intervening version between those of the Collected Poems for Children, above

Plays and libretti

 * Runaway (1936)
 * The Conquering Hero (1937)
 * Benedict (1938)
 * How Pleasant to Know Mrs. Lear: A Victorian Comedy in One Act (1948)
 * The Ballad of Aucassin and Nicolette (libretto, 1981)
 * The Burning Boy (exact date of composition unknown, but probably in the mid-1980s)

As editor

 * Peninsula (1957)
 * Dawn and Dusk (1964)
 * Modern Folk Ballads (1966)
 * Rising Early (1972)
 * The Puffin Book of Magic Verse (1974)
 * The Puffin Book of Salt-Sea Verse (1978)
 * The Batsford Book of Stories in Verse (1979)
 * The Sun, Dancing: An Anthology of Christian Verse (1984)

As translator (some in limited editions)

 * Twenty-Five Poems by Hamdija Demirovic (1980), translated with the author from the original Yugoslavian
 * Schondilie (1982), from the original German by an anonymous author
 * Kings' Children (1986), taken from German folk ballads

title: Charles Causley


text:
Barry Melrose

Barry James Melrose (born July 15, 1956) is a Canadian–American retired broadcaster and former professional ice hockey player and head coach. Melrose played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) and National Hockey League (NHL). After retiring from playing, he became a head coach and is best known for being the coach of the Los Angeles Kings in their run to the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals. Until 2023, he was a long-time commentator and hockey analyst for ESPN as well as a contributor for the NHL Network.

Playing career
Melrose began his hockey career as a defenceman in the WCHL with the Kamloops Chiefs in 1974, where he stayed for two years. He started the 1976–77 season with the Springfield Indians of the AHL, before moving mid-season to the Cincinnati Stingers of the WHA, where he stayed until 1979.

Following the demise of the WHA and the subsequent absorption of some of its teams into the NHL, Melrose joined the Winnipeg Jets for the 1979–80 season.

For the remainder of his playing career, Melrose split time between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Detroit Red Wings, as well as their assorted AHL affiliates. Melrose spent his final season playing with the Adirondack Red Wings of the AHL during the 1986–87 season.

During his NHL playing career, he played 300 games, scoring 10 goals, with 23 assists and 728 penalty minutes. He also played in 7 playoff games with the Toronto Maple Leafs, assisting on 2 goals and receiving 38 penalty minutes.

Coaching career
Upon retirement, Melrose immediately began coaching. He coached the 1987–88 season with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the WHL, leading them to a 44–22–6 record and a Memorial Cup title.

He coached the next season with the Seattle Thunderbirds before jumping to the AHL and coaching the Adirondack Red Wings. He spent three years with the Red Wings, leading them to a Calder Cup win in the 1991–92 season.

Beginning with the 1992–93 season, Melrose coached the NHL's Los Angeles Kings, leading them to the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals, which they lost to the Montreal Canadiens in five games. He continued coaching the Kings for two more seasons, finishing both years out of the playoffs and with losing records. He then spent 13 years as a hockey analyst with ESPN. (NHL Tonight/DCI Tonight) On June 4, 2008, Melrose stated on Pardon the Interruption that he missed coaching and would entertain any NHL coaching offers. He stated, "I miss not having a dog in the fight."

The Tampa Bay Lightning hired Melrose as their head coach in June 2008. On October 21, 2008, Melrose recorded his first win as a head coach in over 13 years in a 3–2 victory over the Atlanta Thrashers. On November 14, 2008, Melrose was fired by the Lightning with a 5–7–4 record.

ESPN
Melrose joined ESPN as a guest analyst in the spring of 1994 and 1995 when the Kings missed the playoffs and permanently in the fall of 1995 as a color commentator and studio analyst alongside host John Buccigross and John Saunders. He left ESPN in June 2008 to coach the Tampa Bay Lightning. After his short stint with the Lightning ended, he returned to ESPN on January 1, 2009, in conjunction with the Winter Classic played between the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks. He was also the lead studio analyst on NHL 2Night together with Ray Ferraro along with host Buccigross. The trio also called select NHL games and the Frozen Four championship games together.

On October 10, 2023, John Buccigross, Melrose's longtime colleague at ESPN, announced on X that Melrose would be retiring from the network to spend more time with his family after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

NHL Network
Melrose joined the NHL Network as a contributor in September 2011.

Personal life
Born in Kelvington, Saskatchewan to Norrie and James Melrose, he grew up on a farm outside the town. He is the cousin of former NHL players Wendel Clark and Joe Kocur and longtime minor league forward Kerry Clark. Melrose currently resides in Glens Falls, New York with his wife, Cindy, and the couple have two sons, Tyrell and Adrien. Melrose became an American citizen in March 1998.

title: Barry Melrose


text:
Long Wall

Long walls were ancient Greek defensive structures between cities and ports, especially the Long Walls linking Athens to Piraeus and Phalerum.

The Long Wall may also refer to:
 * Anastasian Wall
 * Long Wall on the Thracian Chersonese
 * Long Wall of China, more commonly known as the Great Wall
 * Long Wall of Korea, either of two great walls between Korea and China
 * Long Wall of Vietnam, between northern and southern Vietnam

title: Long Wall


text:
WCHL

WCHL may refer to:

 * Western Canada Hockey League (1921–26)
 * Western Canada Hockey League (1932–33) (minor pro)
 * Worcester Collegiate Hockey League (1966–72) (second-tier NCAA)
 * Western Hockey League (1968–78), also known as the Western Canada Hockey League
 * West Coast Hockey League (1995–2003)
 * Western Collegiate Hockey League (2013–)
 * WCHL (AM), a radio station licensed to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States

title: WCHL


text:
Carlos Gomes Júnior

Carlos Domingos Gomes Júnior (born December 19, 1949) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 10 May 2004 to 2 November 2005, and again from 25 December 2008 to 10 February 2012. He has been the President of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) since 2002 and is widely known as "Cadogo". He resigned as prime minister on 10 February 2012 to run in the presidential election triggered by President Malam Bacai Sanhá's death on 9 January.

Background
Gomes was born in Bolama. He was a delegate to PAIGC's Fifth Congress in December 1991, and in the first multiparty elections, held in 1994, he was elected to the National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau from the 26th Electoral District. In 1996, he was elected First Vice-President of the National People's Assembly, Second Secretary of the Interparliamentary Committee of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, and Vice-President of the Interparliamentary Committee of the West African Economic and Monetary Union. In the National People's Assembly, he also served as Chairman of the Committee for Economic Affairs and President of the Administrative Council. At PAIGC's Sixth Congress in May 1998, Gomes was elected to the party's Political Bureau, and at the party's Third Extraordinary Congress in September 1999 he was re-elected to the Political Bureau and also became the party's Secretary for Foreign Relations and International Cooperation.

Gomes was elected as President of PAIGC at the Fourth Extraordinary Congress in January–February 2002. He is a banker and businessman, reputed to be the richest man in Guinea-Bissau. PAIGC won the most seats in the March 2004 parliamentary election, and Gomes became Prime Minister in May.

Political life
Prior to the victory of former president Vieira in the mid-2005 presidential election, Gomes said that he would resign if Vieira was elected, referring to the latter as a "bandit and mercenary who betrayed his own people". After Vieira's election, Gomes initially refused to recognize the result, but he also moved away from his earlier threat to resign. Vieira took office on 1 October 2005, and almost two weeks later he and Gomes had a meeting, with Gomes anticipating that the two would be able to work together. However, on 28 October Vieira announced the dissolution of Gomes's government, and a long-time ally of Vieira, Aristides Gomes, was appointed Prime Minister on 2 November 2005.

Following the assassination of former navy commander Mohamed Lamine Sanha in early January 2007, Gomes accused Vieira of involvement in the killing in an interview with Lusa on January 8. A warrant was issued for Gomes's arrest on January 10, and when police tried to arrest him later that day he fled and took refuge in the United Nations building in Bissau. A spokesman for Gomes said that it would be unconstitutional to arrest him because he enjoyed immunity as a member of the National People's Assembly. A presidential spokesman accused Gomes of trying to destabilize the country. Gomes left the UN building on January 29, after the arrest warrant was dropped.

According to Gomes, he was misquoted in the interview that led to the arrest warrant. An investigating judge said that Gomes had not provided any proof for his claim of Vieira's involvement, and on December 20, 2007, it was announced that Gomes had been charged with false testimony and slandering the head of state.

Gomes sought re-election as President of PAIGC at the party's Seventh Ordinary Congress in June–July 2008. Malam Bacai Sanhá, the party's presidential candidate in 2000 and 2005, challenged Gomes for the party leadership, but Gomes was re-elected at the end of the congress on July 1–2, receiving 578 votes against 355 for Sanhá.

2008 election
In the November 2008 legislative election, PAIGC won a majority of 67 out of 100 seats in the National People's Assembly. Gomes himself was elected to a seat as a PAIGC candidate in the 24th constituency, located in Bissau. Following the election, Vieira appointed Gomes as Prime Minister on December 25, 2008. Gomes said on this occasion that his government would focus on "good governance and a reform of the justice system" and that he and Vieira would "put aside any personal differences" in order to work towards solving the country's problems. He was sworn in on January 2, 2009.

2010 military unrest
Following the failure of a coup plot in 2008, Rear Admiral Bubo Na Tchuto escaped to Gambia where he was arrested. Subsequently, he clandestinely returned to Guinea-Bissau where he took refuge at a UN compound. The UN agreed to turn him over to the government. Nevertheless, he continued to stay in the compound. On April 1, 2010, soldiers went to the UN office. Bubo Na Tchuto voluntarily left with them. On The same day, soldiers invaded Prime Minister Gomes’ residence and held him there.

Simultaneously, forty military officers, including the head of Guinea-Bissau's armed forces, were held at an army base.

Hundreds of the PM's supporters demanded his release. In response the deputy army chief, Antonio Ndjai, said: "If the people continue to go out into the streets to show their support for Carlos Gomes Junior, then I will kill Carlos Gomes Junior ... or I will send someone to kill him."

2012 election and coup
He resigned as prime minister on 10 February 2012 in order to run in the presidential election. He won the first round and was due to face a runoff against Mohamed Ialá Embaló. Prior to the a second round, a coup against the civilian government resulted in a military takeover of the capital, Bissau, amid reports that he was killed. However, Gomes and President Raimundo Pereira were arrested by the military as gunfire ensued in the capital of Bissau. The Chairperson of the African Union Jean Ping issued a statement rejecting the coup and demanded the release of Pereira and Gomes. The United Nations Security Council issued a statement saying that they "strongly condemn the forcible seizure of power".

On 27 April, the deposed leaders were freed and sent to the Ivory Coast.

title: Carlos Gomes Júnior


text:
Side project

In popular music, a side project is a project undertaken by one or more people already known for their involvement in another band. It can also be an artist or a band temporarily switching to a different style.

Usually these projects emphasize a different aspect of that person's or that band's musical interests that they feel they cannot explore within the boundaries established by their main project. Side projects can later become full-time endeavours, but should not be confused with quitting a band for a solo career or another band. Peter Hartlaub of San Francisco Chronicle called the solo side project "the biggest longshot bet in mainstream music".

The New York Times described the side project as "a break from the other band members, a chance to toy with different genres and recording methods, a fling with no long-term commitment". There can be aesthetic reasons to pursue side projects, and side projects can have the benefit of protecting indie credibility.

Overview
One of the earliest examples of a side project in the rock era was that of The Four Seasons, who established The Wonder Who? as a brand for experimental and novelty covers that could not be released under their own name; more enduringly, lead singer Frankie Valli's solo career began as a side project. Such was the rarity of such arrangements at the time that Philips Records, the Four Seasons' record label at the time of Valli's early solo work, was initially afraid that it was a sign the band was soon to dissolve or that Valli was leaving, which Valli assured he had no intention of doing.

One example of musical side projects is Kiss's decision in 1978 to have each member of the band, Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss, simultaneously release solo albums. In 1992, The Melvins released solo EPs in a similar fashion.

"Side project" may also refer to pursuits of famous individuals outside of their primary fields. For instance, Wicked Wisdom is a "side project" of actress Jada Pinkett Smith. Side projects often occur at a crossroads of a celebrity's career.

A side project can also be a band that takes on an "alter ego", usually in order to play a different style of music that their fans are not used to. An example of this type of side project would be the band Weezer, who is also the Nirvana cover band Goat Punishment.

Another example of a side project is when in 1990, Jesper Strömblad of Ceremonial Oath decided to start a side project known as In Flames because he wanted to start a new project that combined Iron Maiden and death metal all together which he said he had never heard of before, the side project then grew into a band in 1995 and is now one of the most influential metal bands of all time, and still together without Jesper.

A joint side project consisting of members of multiple known bands is known as a supergroup.

Famous or notable side projects

 * 58, a side project of Nikki Sixx from Mötley Crüe.
 * (+44), a side project of Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker of Blink-182.
 * (a+) machines, a side project of Matt Noveskey of Blue October.
 * The Almost, a side project of Aaron Gillespie of underOATH.
 * The Amps, a side project of The Breeders
 * Anchor & Braille, a side project of Stephen Christian of Anberlin, Aaron Marsh and Copeland.
 * Angels & Airwaves, a side project of Tom DeLonge of Blink-182
 * A Perfect Circle, a side project of Maynard James Keenan of Tool.
 * The Art Goblins, a side project of Eddie Argos and Jasper Future of Art Brut.
 * Bad Meets Evil, a side project of rappers Eminem and Royce da 5'9"
 * Blaqk Audio, a side project of Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI.
 * Bleachers, a side project of Jack Antonoff of Fun.
 * Box Car Racer, a side project of Travis Barker and Tom Delonge (then of Blink-182), and David Kennedy of Hazen Street.
 * Brad, a side project of Pearl Jam and Satchel.
 * Brand X, a jazz fusion side project of Phil Collins of Genesis.
 * The Breeders, a side project of Pixies and Throwing Muses.
 * Cobra Starship, a side project of Gabe Saporta of Midtown.
 * City and Colour, a side project of Dallas Green of Alexisonfire.
 * The Cross, a side project of Roger Taylor of Queen.
 * Cross Country, a side project of The Tokens.
 * Dashboard Confessional, a side project of Chris Carrabba of Further Seems Forever.
 * Dead by Sunrise, a side project of Chester Bennington of Linkin Park and all members of Julien-K.
 * Dee Gees, a side project of Foo Fighters.
 * Demons and Wizards, a side project of Hansi Kürsch of Blind Guardian and Jon Schaffer of Iced Earth.
 * Eagles of Death Metal, a side project of Josh Homme of Queens of the Stone Age.
 * Electric Light Orchestra, a side project of Jeff Lynne, Roy Wood, and Bev Bevan of The Move
 * Fever Ray, a side project of Karin Dreijer Andersson of The Knife.
 * Fight the Sky, a side project of Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach.
 * The Fireman, a side project of Paul McCartney.
 * Flo and Eddie, a side project of Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman of The Turtles, created in response to the duo's dispute with White Whale Records.
 * FM Static, a side project of Trevor McNevan and Steve Augustine of Thousand Foot Krutch.
 * Fort Minor, a side project of Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park.
 * Foxboro Hot Tubs, a side project of Green Day.
 * The Glove, a side project of Robert Smith and Siouxsie and the Banshees' Steven Severin of The Cure.
 * Goon Moon, a side project of Jeordie White of Marilyn Manson.
 * Gorillaz, a virtual band composed of four fictional animated band members, created by Damon Albarn from Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, the co-creator of the comic book Tank Girl.
 * Gov't Mule, a side project of Warren Haynes and Allen Woody of the Allman Brothers Band.
 * Hindu Love Gods, a side project of R.E.M. in collaboration with Warren Zevon
 * Hot Tuna began as a side project of Jack Casady and Jorma Kaukonen of Jefferson Airplane.
 * How to Destroy Angels, a side project of Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails
 * I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business and Ace Enders and a Million Different People fronted by Ace Enders, formerly of The Early November
 * Jack's Mannequin began as a side project of Andrew McMahon of Something Corporate
 * Jerry Garcia Band, a side project of Jerry Garcia of Grateful Dead
 * Jonathan Davis and the SFA, a side project of Jonathan Davis of Korn.
 * Liquid Tension Experiment, a side project of Dream Theater featuring John Petrucci, Mike Portnoy, Jordan Rudess, and progressive rock icon bassist Tony Levin.
 * Lingua Mortis Orchestra, a side project of Rage.
 * Little Feat, a side project of Lowell George, Bill Payne, and Roy Estrada of The Mothers of Invention
 * Maximum Balloon, a side project of Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio
 * MD.45, a side project of Dave Mustaine and Jimmy DeGrasso from Megadeth with Lee Ving from Fear
 * Mike + The Mechanics, a side project of Mike Rutherford of Genesis.
 * Mrs. Scabtree, a side project between Marilyn Manson, Jeordie White and Jessicka from Jack Off Jill.
 * The Network, supposedly a side project of all the members of Green Day.
 * The New Amsterdams began as a side project of Matthew Pryor of The Get Up Kids
 * New Build, a side project of Hot Chip
 * Nick Jonas & the Administration, a side project of Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers
 * The Nightwatchman, the alter ego of Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave guitarist Tom Morello.
 * The Operation M.D., a side project of Juliette and the Licks guitarist Todd Morse and Sum 41 bassist Cone McCaslin.
 * Knife Party, a side project of Rob Swire and Gareth McGrillen of Pendulum.
 * Pinhead Gunpowder, a side project of Billie Joe Armstrong.
 * The Postal Service, a side project featuring Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie and Jimmy Tamborello of Dntel.
 * Probot, a Dave Grohl side project featuring various 1970s and 1980s heavy metal vocalists.
 * ProjeKct X, the side project of King Crimson.
 * Prozzäk, a side project with James McCollum and Jason Levine who are two members of The Philosopher Kings.
 * Puscifer, another side project consisting and organized by Maynard James Keenan of Tool.
 * The Raconteurs, consisting of Jack White (from the White Stripes), Brendan Benson, Patrick Keeler (from The Greenhornes), and Jack Lawrence (from The Greenhornes and Blanche).
 * Refuge, a side project of Rage.
 * RNDM, a side project of Pearl Jam
 * Singers Unlimited, a side project of The Hi-Los
 * Sixx:A.M., a side project of Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe.
 * The Smile, a side project of Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood from Radiohead, and former Sons of Kemet drummer Tom Skinner.
 * Sol Invicto, a side project of Stephen Carpenter from Deftones led by Richie Londres.
 * Some Devil, a side project of Dave Matthews from the Dave Matthews Band.
 * Some Girls, a supergroup/side project consisting of current members of The Locust and The Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower, and ex-members of Give Up the Ghost (formerly American Nightmare).
 * The Superions, a side project of Fred Schneider from The B-52s.
 * The Tear Garden, a project consisting primarily of Edward Ka-Spel from The Legendary Pink Dots and Cevin Key from Skinny Puppy.
 * The Sound of Animals Fighting, a side project consisting of Rich Balling, Matt Embree, and Christopher Tsagakis of Rx Bandits, Anthony Green of Circa Survive, Derek Dougherty and Randy Strohmeyer of Finch, Marc McKnight of Atreyu, Rich Zahniser of Never Heard of It, Matthew Kelly of The Autumns, Craig Owens of Chiodos, and Keith Goodwin of Days Away.
 * Temple of the Dog, featuring members of Soundgarden with Pearl Jam and the start of that band.
 * Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra, originally a side project of Montreal post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor.
 * Them Crooked Vultures, a side project featuring Dave Grohl (Foo Fighters and Nirvana), Josh Homme (Queens of the Stone Age) and John Paul Jones (Led Zeppelin).
 * Three Fish, featuring Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam.
 * Tired Pony, a side project that consists of Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol, Peter Buck of R.E.M., Richard Colburn of Belle & Sebastian, and Zooey Deschanel of She & Him, as well as other members of Snow Patrol.
 * Tom Tom Club, a side project of Tina Weymouth and Chris Frantz of Talking Heads.
 * Trans-Siberian Orchestra, a side project of Savatage; TSO has largely overshadowed the band that spawned it
 * Ugly Casanova, a side project of Isaac Brock of Modest Mouse.
 * Velvet Revolver, a grunge rock side project featuring Scott Weiland of Stone Temple Pilots and Slash of Guns N' Roses.
 * White Hot Odyssey, a hard rock side project featuring vocalist Steve Perry and guitarist Jason Moss of the Cherry Poppin' Daddies.
 * The Whitest Boy Alive, a side project of Erlend Øye of Kings of Convenience.
 * X-Cops and the Dave Brockie Experience were both side projects of GWAR.

title: Side project


text: User talk:205.188.116.148

title: User talk:205.188.116.148


text:
Talk:Outline of religion

Untitled
I wouldlike to submit a topic. 'Acceptance of Reincarnation into Christianity' .- Many churchgoers secretly do anyway. Jondel
 * Possibly, but I'm not sure that it's "basic" enough. John Carter 17:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Reincarnation would be a basic topic, but acceptance of reincarnation into Christianity (such as in Gnosticism) would be a subtopic of that. Userafw (talk) 14:51, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say that Reincarnation in Christianity would be the appropriate page for this. By all means, if you have research and sources I say make the page. Peter Deer (talk) 20:13, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Juche
Can anyone tell me why this is included as a religion? John Carter 17:04, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * While I abhor it being compared to divine religion, it meets all the technical definitions of the word 'religion' itself. It has a set of beliefs concerting the nature of the world and a set of ideals and guidelines to 'moral' conduct. In essence, it takes all the trappings of religion and applies them to state ideology. If religion is the opiate of the masses, then juche is the methedone. Peter Deer (talk) 20:08, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

why is religious studies and its many subtopics completely missing? Andries (talk) 19:51, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Guidelines for outlines
Guidelines for the development of outlines are being drafted at Outlines.

Your input and feedback is welcomed and encouraged.

The Transhumanist 00:31, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

The "History of" section needs links!
Please add some relevant links to the history section.

Links can be found in the "History of" article for this subject, in the "History of" category for this subject, or in the corresponding navigation templates. Or you could search for topics on Google - most topics turn blue when added to Wikipedia as internal links.

The Transhumanist 00:31, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Quick explanation of Wikipedia outlines
"Outline" is short for "hierarchical outline". There are two types of outlines: sentence outlines (like those you made in school to plan a paper), and topic outlines (like the topical synopses that professors hand out at the beginning of a college course). Outlines on Wikipedia are primarily topic outlines that serve 2 main purposes: they provide taxonomical classification of subjects showing what topics belong to a subject and how they are related to each other (via their placement in the tree structure), and as subject-based tables of contents linked to topics in the encyclopedia. The hierarchy is maintained through the use of heading levels and indented bullets. See Outlines for a more in-depth explanation. The Transhumanist 00:09, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outline of religion