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Eleazar of Worms

Eleazar of Worms (אלעזר מוורמייזא - also מגרמייזא of Garmiza or Garmisa) (c. 1176–1238), or Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus, also sometimes known today as Eleazar Rokeach ("Eleazar the Perfumer" אלעזר רקח) from the title of his Book of the Perfumer (Sefer ha rokeah ספר הרקח)—where the numerical value of "Perfumer" (in Hebrew) is equal to Eleazar, was a leading Talmudist and Kabbalist, and the last major member of the Hasidei Ashkenaz, a group of German Jewish pietists.

Biography
Eleazar was most likely born in Mainz. Through his father Judah ben Kalonymus, he was a descendant of the great Kalonymus family of Mainz. Eleazar was also a disciple of Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg (Judah he-Hasid), who initiated him into the study of the Kabbalah, at that time little known in Germany. According to Zunz, Eleazar was hazzan at Erfurt before he became rabbi at Worms. In 1233 he took part in the Synod of Mainz which enacted the body of regulations known as "Takkanot Shum" (ShUM = "Speyer, Worms, Mainz"), of which he was a signatory. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Eleazar underwent great sufferings during the Crusades. The Jewish Encyclopedia states that on the night of 22 Kislev, 1196, he was engaged in his commentary on Genesis (Eleazar relates that he had reached the parashah Vayeshev), when two Crusaders entered his house and killed his wife Dulca (Dolce), his two daughters Belet (Belette) and Hannah, and wounded him and his son Jacob who did not escape. His wife had conducted a business in parchment scrolls in order to support the family and enable him to devote all his time to study. Many of the piyyutim he authored protest at Israel's suffering and hope for redemption and revenge against her tormentors. He also recorded the deaths of his family in a moving and poetic eulogy.

Eleazar developed a vigorous activity in many directions. On the one hand, he was a Talmudist of vast erudition, a liturgist gifted with a clear and easy style, and an astronomer, and was well versed in the sciences open to the Jews of Germany at that time. At the same time, he was an adventurous mystic who experienced visions, seeing legions of angels and demons. He exerted himself to spread mystical systems which went far beyond the conceptions of the classical authors of Jewish esoterica. In his mystical works he developed and gave a new impulse to the mysticism associated with the letters of the alphabet. By the gematria and notarikon systems of interpretation found in the Talmud, Eleazar invented new combinations by which miracles could be performed. The haggadic anthropomorphism which he had combated in his earlier works (Ha-Roḳeaḥ, Sha'are ha-Sod weha-Yiḥud) occupied later the foremost place in his mystical writings. Eleazar's great merit therefore lies not only in his new mystical system, but also in his ethical works. In these he shows greatness of soul and a piety bordering upon asceticism. Though so severely tried by fate, he inculcates cheerfulness, patience, and love for humanity. He died at Worms in 1238.

Ethical works

 * Ha-Roḳeaḥ, ("The Perfumer"), a halachic guide to ethics and Jewish Law for the common reader. The title derives from the numerical value of the word רקח, which corresponds to that of אלעזר. The book is divided into 497 paragraphs containing halachot and ethics; first published at Fano, 1505.
 * Adderet ha-Shem, still extant in manuscript in the Vatican Library.
 * Moreh Ḥaṭṭa'im, or Seder ha-Kapparot, on penitence and confession of sin, first published at Venice, 1543. This work, which is included in the Hilkot Teshubah of the Ha-Roḳeaḥ, has been reproduced many times under various titles. It appeared under the title Darke Teshubah at the end of the responsa of Meir of Rothenburg in the Prague edition; as Inyane Teshubah, or Seder Teshubah, in the Sephardic ritual of 1584; as Yesod Teshubah, with additions by Isaac ben Moses Elles, first published in 1583; as Yore Ḥaṭṭa'im ba-Derek; and as Sefer ha-Kapparot. The title adopted here is the same as that given in the Kol Bo, in which the work was reproduced.
 * Sefer ha-Ḥayyim, treating of the unity of God, of the soul and its attributes, and of the three stages (recognized by the ancients as "plant, animal, and intellectual") in man's life.
 * Sha'are ha-Sod ha-Yiḥud weha-Emunah, a treatise on the unity and incorporeality of God, combating the anthropomorphism of the Aggadah (published by Adolf Jellinek in the Kokabe Yiẓḥaḳ collection [xxvii.].
 * Kether Shem Tov. The Crown Of The Good Name, by Avraham ben Alexander of Cologne, disciple of Eleazar Ben Yehudah of Worms: Ethical-Kabbalist book.

Pietistic works

 * Yir'at El, still extant in manuscript in the Vatican Library, containing mystical commentaries on Psalm 67, on the Menorah, and on Sefirat ha-Omer. In 2001 this work was published as part of the book דרוש המלבוש והצמצום.
 * Sefer ha-Kabod, mystical explanations of various Biblical passages (Neubauer, Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS. No. 1566, 1).
 * Yayin ha-Reḳaḥ, mystical commentaries on the five Megillot. Those on Book of Ruth and the Song of Songs were published at Lublin, 1608.
 * A commentary on Psalm 145. (MS. De Rossi No. 1138).
 * A commentary on the prayers mentioned by Joseph Solomon Delmedigo in his Maẓref la-Ḥokmah (p. 14b). Printed by Hirshler.
 * Ta'ame we-Sodot ha-Tefillah (Neubauer, ib. No.1575.)
 * Perush 'al Sefer Yeẓirah, a commentary on the Sefer Yetzirah, being extracts from Shabbethai Donnolo's commentary. Fragments of this work were first published at Mantua in 1562, later in several other places; a complete edition was printed at Przemysl, 1883.
 * Midrash we-Perush 'al ha-Torah, mystical commentary on the Pentateuch, mentioned by Azulai, recently printed by klugman.
 * Sha'are Binah, in which, interpreting Biblical verses by the system of gemaṭriyyot, he shows the origin of many haggadot of the Talmud. This work is frequently quoted by Solomon al-Ḳabiẓ, in his Manot ha-Lewi.
 * Shi'ur Komah, a commentary on the Shi'ur Komah, the Pirḳe de-Rabbi Yishma'el, and the Merkabah (MS. Michael).
 * Sefer ha-Ḥokmah, mystical treatise on the various names of God and of angels, and on the seventy-three "Gates of the Torah", שערי תורה.
 * Sefer ha-Shem, mystical dissertations on the names of twenty-two letters, with a table of permutations (Neubauer, ib. No. 1569, 4).
 * Eser Shemot, commentary on the ten names of God (MS. Michael, No. 175).
 * A commentary on the piyyuṭ "Ha-Oḥez."
 * Six small cabalistic treatises entitled Sod ha-Ziwwug, Sefer ha-Ne'elam, Sefer Mal'akim, Sefer Tagim, Sefer Pesaḳ, and Sefer ha-Ḳolot, all of which are still extant in manuscript (Neubauer, ib. No. 1566).
 * Liḳḳuṭim, mystical fragments, mentioned by Menahem Recanati.
 * Sode Raza, a treatise on the mysteries of the "Merkabah." Part of this work was published at Amsterdam in 1701, under the title Sefer Razi'el ha-Gadol. In the introduction the editor says that he decided to publish this book after having seen that the greater part of it had been produced in French under the title Images des Lettres de l'Alphabet.

In addition to these works, Eleazar wrote tosafot to many Talmudical treatises, referred to by Bezalel Ashkenazi in his Shiṭṭah Meḳubbeẓet; a commentary on "Sheḳalim" in the Jerusalem Talmud, cited by Asheri in his commentary to that treatise in the Babylonian Talmud; thirty-six chapters on the examination of slaughtered animals (MS. Michael No. 307). Zunz enumerates fifty-five liturgical poems and dirges composed by Eleazar and occurring in the Ashkenazic maḥzorim, ḳinot, and seliḥot.

title: Eleazar of Worms


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The Avengers (1998 film)

The Avengers is a 1998 American satirical spy action comedy film directed by Jeremiah Chechik, an adaptation of the 1961–1969 British television series of the same name. It stars Ralph Fiennes and Uma Thurman as secret agents John Steed and Emma Peel, and Sean Connery as Sir August de Wynter, a mad scientist bent on controlling the world's weather. Patrick Macnee, Steed in the original series, makes a vocal cameo as the voice of Invisible Jones.

The film underperformed at the box-office, only grossing $54.7 million against its $60 million budget and was met with negative reviews from critics.

Plot
Secret agent John Steed and meteorologist Dr. Emma Peel are summoned to The Ministry. They meet the spymaster, codenamed Mother, who informs them that the Prospero project — an attempt to influence the weather — was apparently sabotaged by Peel. Dr. Peel claims she is innocent, but she is sent to work alongside Steed to find the real culprit. Mother's second-in-command, Father, claims that Peel suffers from a mental disease. The duo visits Sir August de Wynter, a former Ministry scientist. He takes an instant liking to Peel, as they both share a love of weather.

Steed and Emma follow a lead to Wonderland Weather, a business that artificially creates heat or rain with a special machine, where they discover two dead men in teddy bear suits. The members of a secret organization, led by de Wynter, all don teddy bear suits to disguise their identities. One of them, however, looks exactly like Peel. Steed arrives in time to save Peel, as the double jumps off a roof and disappears.

Steed and Emma go off to visit de Wynter at his mansion but are attacked by mechanical bees. An elderly Ministry agent, Alice, helps them to flee; nevertheless, de Wynter captures, drugs, and hypnotizes Emma. When de Wynter is later distracted, Emma tries to escape but feels faint and finds herself trapped due to the mansion's ever-changing floor plan. Becoming desperate, she smashes her way through the wall where Steed then finds her unconscious and rescues her. Back at Steed's apartment, Emma wakes up and is fired by Steed. However, Emma is arrested by Father, while Steed visits Invisible Jones, a man inside The Ministry, to investigate the meaning of a map found at Wonderland Weather.

After viewing photos of failed genetic experiments including cloning (revealing that the other Emma Peel is a clone), Steed determines Father is working alongside de Wynter. Father and the Emma clone gas Peel unconscious but are confronted by Mother, whom they incapacitate. De Wynter, controlling the weather using Prospero, confronts the world leaders, boasting that he controls the weather and they will have to buy the weather from him at great expense. He gives them a midnight ultimatum.

Father and the clone take Peel to a hot air balloon, where she regains consciousness and escapes during a snowstorm. Father and the clone perish when the balloon collides with the Wonderland Weather sign. Once reunited, Steed and Peel share a kiss. Jones determines de Wynter is using the Prospero instruments on a secret island, and Peel and Steed travel there to stop him. Peel defuses the Prospero device just as a hurricane forms over London. Steed duels de Wynter and impales him with his own cane, causing de Wynter to be disintegrated by a powerful bolt of lightning. The duo escapes just as the base self-destructs, and rendezvous with Mother on the roof of a building.

Cast

 * Ralph Fiennes as John Steed, a British Ministry agent
 * Uma Thurman as Emma Peel, Scientist, Ministry agent
 * Sean Connery as Sir August de Wynter, a weather scientist and a terrorist
 * Jim Broadbent as Mother, Director of the Ministry
 * Fiona Shaw as Father, Deputy Director of the Ministry
 * Eddie Izzard as Bailey, Sir August's henchman
 * Eileen Atkins as Alice, a Ministry Agent
 * Carmen Ejogo as Brenda, a Ministry Agent, Mother's aide
 * John Wood as Trubshaw, Steed's tailor
 * Keeley Hawes as Tamara, Agent of Sir August
 * Patrick Macnee (voice) as Invisible Jones, a Ministry Agent

Release
Warner Bros., the film's distributor, refused to allow any early press screenings for movie reviewers. Such a decision is often made when a studio and/or distributor knows a film will not be received well and pre-release reviews would only be negative. The film was originally scheduled to open earlier in June 1998, but was pushed back until August, often referred to as the "dumping ground" for films that are not felt to be strong enough to open on the more lucrative holiday weekends in early summer. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: "There's...some business involving a dead ringer for Emma going around causing trouble, and there's some mention of the word 'cloning'. Then all talk of that is dropped. Everything is dropped. After a slow opening, the 90-minute movie jolts into climax mode. What happened to the middle? Clearly, this wasn't just edited but gutted. No doubt they did us all a favor, but it doesn't help. Instead of just being a bad picture, the missing middle makes The Avengers a bad and weird and strangely off picture. One example: There's never a moment when Emma and Steed realize who the villain is. At first, they don't know. Next, they're in a titanic battle to the death. At one point, Emma is shackled and floating around in a hot-air balloon. I don't know how she got there. I must have blinked."

Due to internal wrangling at Warner Bros., the decision was made to vastly cut down the running time after test screenings, reducing the 115-minute film to 89 minutes, sacrificing much coherence and continuity in the process. Key scenes removed included the opening sequence in which Mrs. Peel's evil clone infiltrates and destroys the Prospero science installation; early trailers included the scene where she says the words "How now brown cow" in a false telephone box to gain admittance; these words are later used in the film when Steed and Peel use them to enter de Wynter's island fortress in another telephone box. The movie was originally scored by composer Michael Kamen, who included the original Avengers theme; however, he was unable to re-score the film after the radical editing, so was forced to drop out. The recut version of the film was scored by Joel McNeely. The original cut has yet to surface; Warner Bros. has no plans to release a director's cut or special edition in any form, despite the fact that director Jeremiah Chechik has offered to recut the film for free.

The rock band Radiohead recorded a version of their song "Man of War" for the Avengers soundtrack but abandoned it after a failed studio session.

Box office
The film ranked third in its opening weekend behind Saving Private Ryan and How Stella Got Her Groove Back, with $10,305,957. It ultimately grossed $23,384,939 in the United States and Canada and $31.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $54.7 million. (The-Numbers.com reported a lower international gross of $25.2 million. ) With a $60 million budget, it was a box office flop.

Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes shows a 5% score, based on 83 reviews, with an average rating of 3.20/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A TV spinoff that lacks enough energy to spin, The Avengers is an ineptly written, woefully miscast disaster." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 12 out of 100, based on 19 reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.

Fans disliked the film for its disrespect to the series (particularly the introduction of a romance between Steed and Peel — previously a carefully ambiguous subject). Newcomers were lost by all of the misfired attempts to capture the mood of the original. Rod Dreher in the New York Post called the film "a big fat gob of maximum crapulosity, the kind of shallow, stupid, big-budget cow pile that smells of Joel Schumacher", referring to the previous summer's likewise poorly received Batman & Robin, also starring Thurman. David Bianculli stated: "This Avengers film is so horrendously, painfully, and thoroughly awful that it gives other cinematic clunkers like Ishtar and Howard the Duck a good name." Jay Boyer in the Orlando Sentinel said "The Avengers is, without a doubt, the worst movie of the summer". Reception in Britain was equally hostile. The Birmingham Post wrote "The Avengers is being slated by critics as the worst film ever made - such a turkey, says one, that the makers should have handed distribution to (mass turkey producer) Bernard Matthews". Alan Jones in The Radio Times said "the cult 1960s TV series gets royally shafted by Hollywood in this stunningly designed blockbuster that's stunningly awful in every other department... Terrible special effects and zero chemistry between Fiennes and Thurman make this notorious disaster a total waste of everyone's time and energy".

Several critics noted that despite the film being written by Englishman Don Macpherson, the American production team fatally misunderstood the symbols of "Britishness" central to The Avengers series, such as the inclusion of an inexplicable gadget on the dashboard of Steed's Bentley, which appeared to dispense tea, with milk already added.

Commenting on the truncated released cut, The New York Times's Janet Maslin noted: "At a pared-down, barely rational 90 minutes, The Avengers is short but not short enough". In 2003, Total Film magazine voted Fiennes and Thurman in The Avengers as "The Worst Movie Double Act Of All Time".

Accolades
The Avengers was nominated for nine Razzies at the 19th Golden Raspberry Awards: Picture, Director, Screenplay, Supporting Actor (Connery), Actress (Thurman), Actor (Fiennes), Screen Couple (Fiennes and Thurman) and Original Song ("Storm"), winning only one for Worst Remake or Sequel.

Novelisation
The film's original script was used for its novelization (written by Julie Kaewert) and included all the material which was first shot and then removed from the film.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Avengers (1998 film)


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Piefke

Piefke stands for

 * a derogatory term used for Germans in Austria, but also used in Berlinese dialect where it is pronounced pifke.
 * Johann Gottfried Piefke, a German conductor

Пифке (значения)

title: Piefke


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Svensson

Unnoteworthy comic strip. Author's name doesn't show up in Google. Neither does the name of the publication(?) that is claimed to have existed for one month. (And by the way, if anything should be here, it should be an article on the common Swedish surname.) -- Jao 21:32, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed. May even be self-promoting PR, not to mention impossible to read.  Delete. - Lucky 6.9 22:34, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Can't even find the blasted thing to judge it against the proposed web comics inclusion guidelines. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:03, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Chris 73 | Talk 07:36, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:28, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


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VMD

VMD may refer to:

 * Vector meson dominance, in physics a model describing the hadron photoproduction process
 * Versatile Multilayer Disc, a discontinued high-capacity optical disc technology
 * The academic degree bestowed upon a Veterinary Medical Doctor or (colloquially) a veterinarian by a university—e.g. 'Jane Smith, VMD.'
 * The VMD degree (Veterinariae Medicinae Doctoris) is the equivalent of the DVM degree conferred by The University of Pennsylvania
 * Veterinary Medicines Directorate, a UK government agency regulating veterinary medicines
 * Victoria Machinery Depot, a western Canadian shipyard and heavy equipment manufacturer
 * Video Marc Dorcel, a French production company of pornographic film|pornographic films
 * Visual Molecular Dynamics, a molecular modelling and visualization computer program
 * Vocaloid Motion Data, a kinematics export format of MikuMikuDance

title: VMD


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kent Labour Students/old

 * Delete. Not notable.--Samuel J. Howard 21:34, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Couldn't agree more. Initially wanted to propose deletion myself but am in a different political party to Kent Labour Students so didn't. Essentially biographical entry, this group has never done nothing of substance. The Land 21:36, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say delete, but if the Labour Party has a national student organization to which KLS belongs, that would deserve an article. Perhaps the author of this could enlighten me? Meelar 21:37, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There is such a page, Labour Students. I would agree with deletion, though as a former Kent student who was active in one of the rivals to the KLS' predecessors I might be biased. Timrollpickering 21:41, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It does, and the article Labour Students exists. Arguably some branches of UK student political organisations might be worth an entry (because of associations with former cabinet ministers, and the like). Not this one though. The Land 21:45, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * A further check shows the first user's IPC has at least connections to Kent students and I suspect this page originated with KLS members - they trumpet it on their website. What's Wikipedia's policy on autobiography? ;-) Timrollpickering 08:57, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonfamous, and besides only established in January. Warofdreams 14:57, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:29, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Contrast the above comments to those at Template:VfD-Grange Industrial Estate and Template:VfD-Woolston Park.  If it's OK to have articles for obscure corners of English towns, why not for obscure corners of English politics?  I don't see the harm in any of them.  We're not short of space, are we?  GrahamN 01:58, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * As the author of the site, it was put up to allow for a definition of our activities and objectives to stand in a place where they were accessable to all. I took the contents off before it was deleted, and I will converse with my Executive before making any further decision. But, to defend ourselves, I will say that KLS may be a small organisation - but from small organisations do big ones grow. Timrollpickering: you know full well that Labour Students does not always accurately reflect the views of Labour Socs across the country. KLS wanted to be known to have its own views, away from Labour Students nationally. Sorry to have caused any problems. :) RedSam 12th May


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Sivaya Subramuniyaswami

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (born Robert Hansen; January 5, 1927 – November 12, 2001) was an American Hindu religious leader known as Gurudeva by his followers. Subramuniyaswami was born in Oakland, California and adopted Hinduism as a young man. He was the 162nd head of the self claimed Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara and Guru at Kauai's Hindu Monastery which is a 382 acre temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island.

In 1947, at the age of 20, he journeyed to India and Sri Lanka and in 1949, was initiated into sannyasa by the renowned siddha yogi and worshiper of Lord Shiva, Jnanaguru Yogaswami of Jaffna, Sri Lanka who was regarded as one of the 20th century's remarkable mystics. In the 1970s he established a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine Hinduism Today. In 1985, he created the festival of Pancha Ganapati as a Hindu alternative to December holidays like Christmas. He was one of Shaivism's Gurus, the founder and leader of the Saiva Siddhanta Church.

He is part of the guru lineage of the Sri Lankan Alaveddy Hindus. His various institutions form a Jaffna-Tamil-based organization which has branched out from his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy to meet the needs of the growing Hindu diaspora of this century. He also established a 7 acre monastery in Mauritius, which includes a public Spiritual Park called "Spiritual Park- Pointe de Lascars". He oversaw more than 50 independent temples worldwide.

His influence reflected the reach of his publications, including the approximately 30 books he wrote. Subramuniyaswami was described by Klaus Klostermaier as "the single-most advocate of Hinduism outside India". The book Religious Leaders of America explained Subramuniyaswami's role as "a pillar of orthodox Hinduism."

Youth in California (1927–1946)
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was born in Oakland, California on January 5, 1927 as Robert Hansen. He is quoted as relating how, at the age of six, "the totality of the power of the eternity of the moment began to become stronger and stronger within me from that time onward." He was most inspired by the life of Swami Vivekananda and his four small volumes: Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga and Inspired Talks, and most particularly by Swami Vivekananda's poem, "The Song of the Sannyasin."

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's training in classical Eastern and Western dance and in the disciplines of yoga developed him into a dancer. He joined the San Francisco Ballet Company, becoming their danseur by the age of nineteen. At twenty years of age, he took the first ship to leave for India after World War II. He celebrated his twenty-first birthday just days before going ashore and walking through the grand Gateway to India in Mumbai.

Visit to Sri Lanka (1947–1949)
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spent almost three years on the island of Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka. Before meeting his guru, he studied with his fourth "catalyst" for a year and a half. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami just wanted to meditate, but his teacher made him work to help village people with reconstructing rural areas. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami visited and lived in many Buddhist temples in Sri Lanka. He was received by the monks there and saw how they lived and dressed. This experience influenced in a very strict way the monastic protocols that he later put into action in his own monastic order.

In the caves of Jalani, Kurugala Balandha, Sri Lanka, he fasted and meditated until he experienced what he felt to be enlightenment. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami relates his feelings while returning to Colombo, Sri Lanka: "Returning back to the city, nothing looked the same anymore. I was in another dimension. Everything was different. I had lost something: the desire for the realization of the Self. I felt complete. I felt alone."

Back in Colombo, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami met his final teacher before meeting his guru. One day, his teacher arranged a meeting between Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and his long-awaited satguru, Sage Yogaswami. After a deep and inner meeting, Yogaswami gave him the name Subramuniya, an epithet of Sri Murugan. Subra means 'the light that emanates out from the central source'; muni means a silent teacher, and ya means 'restraint'. Subramuniya means a self-restrained soul who remains silent or speaks out from intuition. After a few visits, Jnanaguru Yogaswami initiated Subramuniya into sannyasa and ordained him into his lineage with a slap on the back giving the following instructions: "This sound will be heard in America! Now go 'round the world and roar like a lion. You will build palaces (temples) and feed thousands." This event was witnesses by several Jaffna area devotees, notably a local magistrate named Thiru S. Subramaniam.

Yogaswami continued to communicate with Sivaya Subramuniyaswami through Kandiah Chettiar until his death in 1964. In the line of successorship, Subramuniya was considered the 162nd Jagadacharya of the Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara.

San Francisco (1949–1970)
In late 1949 Subramuniya sailed back to America and embarked on seven years of ardent, solitary yoga and meditation In 1956, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami said, he had a tremendous spiritual experience in Denver, Colorado, where "the soul body would finally fully inhabit the physical body". The following year, in San Francisco, Subramuniya founded what is now Himalayan Academy and opened America's first Hindu temple at 3575 Sacramento Street, near Presidio Park. In Switzerland, 1968, he wrote of Shum, a mystical language of meditation that names and maps inner areas of consciousness.

Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s
The biographies of Subramuniya show a time of transition between 1950 and 1957. Subramuniya states that he was ordered not to teach until he turned thirty in January 1957. He spent some of these seven years traveling around the United States, teaching hatha yoga classes and exploring various non-traditional religions, such as Christian Science, Theosophy, and the science of the mind, the closest Western religions to Hindu thought. His shift to a teaching ministry as Master Subramuniya in 1957 blends elements of these religious movements with Hindu yogic and Vedanta teachings in a language oriented toward his followers at the time, who were Westerners. Subramuniya in the 1950s and 1960s might be placed in an American metaphysical lineage that can be traced from 19th century Theosophy to the New Age Movement in the late 1970s.

Accordingly, Subramuniya's early publications, The Self-God (1959), Cognizantibility (1958), Gems of Cognition (1958) and Clear White Light (1968) do not mention Saiva Siddhanta, Hinduism, Shiva, his guru or lineage or his avocation of temple worship so prominently found in his later works. All of Subramuniya's early works stress meditation, an advaita based monism and yoga.

Subramuniya also experimented with combining aspects of Hinduism with Christianity in another context. He opened two centers in San Francisco in 1957: one Hindu, the Subramuniya Yoga Order, and the other a Hindu/Christian hybrid, the Christian Yoga Church. A typical Sunday worship at the Christian Yoga Church included the singing of Christian hymns, readings from the New Testament and the Bhagavad Gita or Upanishads and a sermon related to Christian or Hindu mysticism. In this context, Master Subramuniya was known as Father Subramuniya.

Kauai (1970–2001)
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami moved his ashram to Kauai in 1970, establishing Kauai Aadheenam, on a riverbank near the foot of an extinct volcano. Also known as Kauai's Hindu Monastery, Kauai Aadheenam is a 382 acre temple-monastery complex on Hawaii's Garden Island. In 1979 he published the Holy Orders of Sannyas, defining the ideals, vows and aspirations of Hindu monasticism. In 1979 he founded the Hinduism Today magazine, and in the early 80s, after his world tours, focused his magazine on uniting all Hindus, regardless of nationality or sect, and inspiring and educating seekers everywhere. In Sri Lanka, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami formally took possession of the main building of his Sri Subramuniya Ashram in Alaveddy, founded in 1949.

In 1986 Sivaya Subramuniyaswami founded a branch monastery in Mauritius in response to the government's request that he come there "to revive a languishing Hindu faith." In 1991 he produced the Nandinatha Sutras, 365 aphorisms that outlines the path of virtuous Hindu living. Especially in the early 1990s he campaigned for fair treatment of temple priests, particularly that they should receive the same respect enjoyed by the clergy of other religions. In 2000, he translated the first two books of the Kural into English and also published How to Become a Hindu, showing the way for seekers to formally enter the faith, confuting the notion that "You must be born a Hindu to be a Hindu." In November of that year, he launched Hindu Press International (HPI), a free daily news summary for breaking news sent via e-mail and posted on the web. In 2001, he completed the 3,000-page Master Course trilogy of Dancing with Siva, Living with Siva, and Merging with Siva – volumes of daily lessons on Hindu philosophy, culture and yoga, respectively.

Death
Learning on October 9, 2001, that he had advanced, metastasized intestinal cancer, confirmed by a host of specialists in three states, all concurring that even the most aggressive treatment regimens would not prove effective, he declined any treatment beyond palliative measures and decided to follow the Indian yogic practice, known as prayopavesha in Sanskrit scripture, to abstain from nourishment and take water only from that day on. He died on the 32nd day of his self-declared fast at 11:54 pm on November 12, 2001, surrounded by his twenty-three monastics.

Spiritual lineage
He followed the shaivism sect (Shaiva Siddhanta) of Hinduism. He belongs to Nandinatha Sampradaya's Kailasa Parampara. Saiva siddhanta is prevalent in South India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.

Spiritual lineage : Maharishi Nandinath → Sundaranandar, Siddhar who later becomes Tirumular → → → Kadaitswami → Chellapaswami → Siva Yogaswami → Sivaya Subramuniyaswami → Bodhinatha Veylanswami

Honors and awards

 * 1986 - New Delhi's Parliament of the World's Religions named Sivaya Subramuniyaswami one of five modern-day Jagadacharyas, means world teachers, for his international efforts in promoting Hinduism.
 * 1988 - Oxford, England: Hindu representative at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders for Human Survival. Sivaya Subramuniyaswami joined hundreds of religious, political and scientific leaders from all countries to discuss privately, for the first time, the future of human life on this planet.
 * 1988 - Oxford : he represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders.
 * 1990 - Moscow : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
 * 1992 - Rio de Janeiro : he again represented Hinduism at the Global Forum of Spiritual and Parliamentary Leaders
 * 1993 - Chicago: at the centenary Parliament of the World's Religions, Sivaya Subramuniyaswami was elected one of three presidents, along with Swami Chidananda Saraswati of the Rishikesh-based Divine Life Society and Kerala's Mata Amritanandamayi, to represent Hinduism at the Presidents' Assembly, a core group of 25 men and women voicing the needs of world faiths.
 * 1995 - New Delhi's Parliament of the World's Religions bestowed on Sivaya Subramuniyaswami the title Dharmachakra for his remarkable publications.
 * 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami responded to the US President's call for religious opinions on the ethics of cloning from the Hindu point of view.
 * 1997 - Sivaya Subramuniyaswami spearheaded the 125th anniversary of Satguru Yogaswami and his golden icon's diaspora pilgrimage through many of the over 75 Sri Lanka temples and societies around the globe.
 * 2000 - On August 25, he received the U Thant Peace Award (an award created by Sri Chinmoy) at the United Nations in New York. Prior recipients of this award were the Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa. He addressed 1,200 spiritual leaders gathered for the UN Millennium Peace Summit, with the message, “For peace in the world, stop the war in the home.”

Books
Gurudeva was author of more than 30 books offering insights on Hindu metaphysics, Saivism, mysticism, yoga, and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many contemporary Hindu leaders.

His Master Course is Sivaya Subramuniyaswami's comprehensive treatise on Shaivism in three books and more than 3,000 pages, composed in what he called "talkanese" - a flowing version of written English that resembles the spoken language and evokes ancient Hindu oral traditions. His Master Course includes three books :
 * Dancing with Siva
 * Living with Siva
 * Merging with Siva

Some of his other books:
 * Yoga's Forgotten Foundation
 * Loving Ganesha
 * How to Become a Hindu: A Guide for Seekers and Born Hindus
 * Tirukkural: The American English and Modern Tamil Translations of an Ethical Masterpiece
 * Holy Orders of Sannyas: A Saiva Swami's Diksha and Lifetime Vows of Renunciation
 * Weaver's Wisdom: Ancient Precepts for a Perfect Life
 * Pancha Ganapati: An alternative for Christmas

Four areas of service
The four areas of service established by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami and now carried out by his successor, Satguru Bodhinatha Veylanswami, and monastics, are: Saiva Siddhanta Church, Himalayan Academy, Hindu Heritage Endowment, and the Hinduism Today international quarterly magazine.

Saiva Siddhanta Church
The mission of the Church is to preserve and promote the Śaivite Hindu religion. Membership in the Church extends to many countries of the world, including the US, Canada, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Sri Lanka and several European nations

Hindu Heritage Endowment
Hindu Heritage Endowment is a public service trust founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1995.

Hinduism Today
Hinduism Today is an international quarterly magazine founded by Sivaya Subramuniyaswami in 1979. It is a public service of his monastic order, created to strengthen all Hindu traditions by uplifting and informing followers of the Hinduism everywhere.

title: Sivaya Subramuniyaswami


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Mahanaim

Mahanaim (מַחֲנַיִם Maḥănayīm, "camps") is a place mentioned a number of times by the Bible said to be near Jabbok, in the same general area as Jabesh-gilead, beyond the Jordan River. Although two possible sites have been identified, the precise location of Mahanaim is uncertain. Tell edh-Dhahab el-Gharbi, the western one of the twin Tulul adh-Dhahab tells, is one proposed identification.

Biblical narrative
In the Biblical narrative, the first mentioned of Mahanaim occurs in the Book of Genesis as the place where Jacob, returning from Padan-aram to southern Canaan, had a vision of angels. Believing it to be "God's camp", Jacob names the place Mahanaim (Hebrew for "Two Camps", or "Two Companies") to memorialize the occasion of his own company sharing the place with God's. Later in the story, Jacob is moved by fear at the approach of his brother Esau (whom he has reason to fear) and as a result divided his retinue into two hosts (two companies), hence the town built on the site took two hosts as its name.

According to the Book of Joshua and 1 Chronicles it became a Levitical city (, ; cf. ), having been located at the southern boundary of Bashan until the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites.

In the Biblical narrative, around the start of the United Monarchy, the city was a stronghold that had been adapted to serve as a sanctuary for important fugitives (2 Samuel 18:2); the narrative states that after King Saul died, Abner, the commander of Saul’s army, established Saul’s son, Ish-bosheth, in Mahanaim as king of Israel (2 Samuel 2:8).

Mahanaim is the location to which David is described as fleeing while at war with his son Absalom; having arrived at Mahanaim (2 Samuel 17:24), David is described as having sheltered with a man named Barzillai, and having mustered forces there to combat Absalom's army. It is also the location that the Bible states was the place where David was informed about his victory over Absalom, and the death of his son.

The "dance of Mahanaim" is mentioned in Song of Songs 6:13.

Historical analysis
According to Gaston Maspero (The Struggle of the Nations, p. 773), Mahanaim was among the cities plundered by Shishak during his invasion (1 Kings 14:25) of Israelitish territory, also Champollion, Rosellini and Budge share his view identifying Ma'hanema' with Mahanaim. There is no subsequent reference to the city in the annals, and it is not improbable that a vigorous resistance to Shishak or to some other invader brought about its utter demolition.

title: Mahanaim


text:
Visual Molecular Dynamics

Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) is a molecular modelling and visualization computer program. VMD is developed mainly as a tool to view and analyze the results of molecular dynamics simulations. It also includes tools for working with volumetric data, sequence data, and arbitrary graphics objects. Molecular scenes can be exported to external rendering tools such as POV-Ray, RenderMan, Tachyon, Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), and many others. Users can run their own Tcl and Python scripts within VMD as it includes embedded Tcl and Python interpreters. VMD runs on Unix, Apple Mac macOS, and Microsoft Windows. VMD is available to non-commercial users under a distribution-specific license which permits both use of the program and modification of its source code, at no charge.

History
VMD has been developed under the aegis of principal investigator Klaus Schulten in the Theoretical and Computational Biophysics group at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. A precursor program, called VRChem, was developed in 1992 by Mike Krogh, William Humphrey, and Rick Kufrin. The initial version of VMD was written by William Humphrey, Andrew Dalke, Ken Hamer, Jon Leech, and James Phillips. It was released in 1995. The earliest versions of VMD were developed for Silicon Graphics workstations and could also run in a cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) and communicate with a Nanoscale Molecular Dynamics (NAMD) simulation. VMD was further developed by A. Dalke, W. Humphrey, J. Ulrich in 1995–1996, followed by Sergei Izrailev and J. Stone during 1997–1998. In 1998, John Stone became the main VMD developer, porting VMD to many other Unix operating systems and completing the first full-featured OpenGL version. The first version of VMD for the Microsoft Windows platform was released in 1999. In 2001, Justin Gullingsrud, and Paul Grayson, and John Stone added support for haptic feedback devices and further developing the interface between VMD and NAMD for performing interactive molecular dynamics simulations. In subsequent developments, Jordi Cohen, Gullingsrud, and Stone entirely rewrote the graphical user interfaces, added built-in support for display and processing of volumetric data, and the use of OpenGL Shading Language.

Interprocess communication
VMD can communicate with other programs via Tcl/Tk. This communication allows the development of several external plugins that works together with VMD. These plugins increases the set of features and tools of VMD making it one of the most used software in computational chemistry, biology, and biochemistry.

Here is a list of some VMD plugins developed using Tcl/Tk:
 * Delphi Force — electrostatic force calculation and visualization
 * Pathways Plugin — identify dominant electron transfer pathways and estimate donor-to-acceptor electronic tunneling
 * Check Sidechains Plugin — checks and helps select best orientation and protonation state for Asn, Gln, and His side chains
 * MultiMSMS Plugin — caches MSMS calculations to speedup the animation of a sequence of frames
 * Interactive Essential Dynamics — Interactive visualization of essential dynamics
 * Mead Ionize — Improved version of autoionize for highly charged systems
 * Andriy Anishkin's VMD Scripts — Many useful VMD scripts for visualization and analysis
 * RMSD Trajectory Tool — Development version of RMSD plugin for trajectories
 * Clustering Tool — Visualize clusters of conformations of a structure
 * iTrajComp — interactive Trajectory Comparison tool
 * Swap — Atomic coordinate swapping for improved RMSD alignment
 * Intervor — Protein-Protein interface extraction and display
 * SurfVol — Measure surface area and volume of proteins
 * vmdICE — Plugin for computing RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and other time-varying quantities
 * molUP - A VMD plugin to handle QM and ONIOM calculations using the gaussian software
 * VMD Store - A VMD extensions that helps users to discover, install, and update other VMD plugins.

title: Visual Molecular Dynamics


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User:Kerttie

I'm a user from the USA. My interests include computers (especially Macs), web design and standards (especially HTML, CSS, and PHP), and factual writing. You can find me editing random articles for small mistakes and reworking larger elements.

Note to self
The following are some notes I've made for my own reference, mostly regarding Wikipedia style and markup.

Notes: Use &nbsp; to prevent a dash from showing up at the begining of the next line.

 * User Talk Templates
 * blank world map
 * U.S. map with state names

Archives of this page:
 * Archive 1: Creation – May 11, 2006

title: User:Kerttie


text:
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning

Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning is a deemed-to-be-University located in Sri Sathya Sai District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was founded by Sri Sathya Sai Baba on 22 November 1981. There are four campuses of the university, three for men at Prashanthi Nilayam in Puttaparthi; Whitefield near Bangalore; and Muddenahalli, Karnataka and one for women at Anantapur.

Rankings
Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning was ranked 101-150 among universities in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2022 and 151–200 in the overall.


text:
Talk:Acid dissociation constant

pKa and the logarithmic expression
There is a problem re pKa as logarithm of a quantity Ka which is non-dimensionless. How does the dimension and its units affect the numerical values of the logarithmic pKa? This aspect must be clarified in the attached note!--109.166.129.52 (talk) 12:53, 18 September 2019 (UTC)
 * When $$K_\mathrm{a} = \frac{K^\ominus}{\Gamma} $$ and both $$K^\ominus$$ and $$\Gamma $$ have the same dimension, $$K_\mathrm{a}$$ has no dimension. See, for example, Rossotti and Rossotti (1961). Petergans (talk) 09:40, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * What exactly is the dimension of Γ? Isn't it usually considered non-dimensional?--109.166.139.27 (talk) 14:38, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The answer is given above. The dimension of $$K^\ominus$$ and $$\Gamma $$ will depend on the unit used in the measurement of concentration, commonly mol dm-3. LogK is possible when the value of $$\Gamma $$ is (implicitly) equal to 1, whatever the unit of measurement. Petergans (talk) 20:35, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * More precisely: the answer is given above in the Talk page section Discussion of dimension, as well as in the article section Dimensionality. Dirac66 (talk) 01:32, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

Strong acids and bases
(moved from larger_than_about_12_is_more_than_99%_dissociated_in_solution, above) I have now verified some of the textbook references in the section Strong acids and bases, and will make some changes. The book by Dasent does not mention solvent leveling, so I will replace it as a reference by Porterfield and also Shriver and Atkins, with some revision of content. I have been unable to find a source saying that the limiting pKa values are –2 for strong acids and 12 for strong bases. The article now attributes the latter value to Shriver and Atkins, who actually say that pKa is approximately 0 for strong acids and pKb is approximately 0 (or pKa approximately 14) for strong bases. Note that these values are symmetric about pH 7 as they should be. The buffer capacity curve above is also symmetric about pH 7, so it cannot lead to an asymmetric prediction such as –2 and 12, which is in fact unsourced if the value attributed to Shriver and Atkins is corrected. Dirac66 (talk) 02:53, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I am surprised that no source was found to verify the statement concerning strong acids. It is trivial to prove. For a strong acid, HA, [H+] + A- HA, K=[H]2/[HA], so when [H+]/[HA] = 0.01 (1% dissociation) K=0.01 [H]. It follows that for a 1M solution of acid K=0.01, pK = -2. Many references to a value of -1.76 can be found in the literature. These values are indicative as they depend on an arbitrary criterion such as [A-]/[HA] < 0.01. I prefer the value of 2 because of the arbitrary nature of the defining criterion.
 * The plot will not be symmetric because with strongly alkaline solutions the self-dissociation of water has to be considered simultaneous with the alkali protonation. A value of 14 is an unrealistic upper limit. 12 represents an approximate upper limit for what can be determined experimentally and consequently for what can be found in the literature. Of course these limits apply only to aqueous solutions. Petergans (talk) 11:27, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, the statement about strong (aqueous) acids is easy to prove IF we only consider the one equilibrium HA H+ + A-, or more correctly HA + H2O  H3O+ + A-. Similar calculations for strong bases are equally easy if we only consider the one equilibrium B + H2O  BH+ + OH-.
 * However you have pointed out above that at very basic pH the problem is complicated by the second equilibrium H2O H+ + OH-, or more correctly 2 H2O  H3O+ + OH-, leading to large changes in buffer capacity near pH 14. If this is true (and we still require a source), then the same equilibrium should also complicate the calculations at very acidic pH due to large changes in buffer capacity near pH 0. These changes are in fact shown in the plot of buffer capacity that you have inserted above, which is symmetric about pH 7 with large increases in buffer capacity in both regions, near pH 14 and near pH 0. Dirac66 (talk) 22:18, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * There are good reasons why the reaction H+ + H2O → H3O+ is ignored in discussions concerning acid strength in aqueous solutions: it is effectively a quantitative reaction and so has no effect on equilibrium constant calculations, except when the solution is extremely concentrated. Also, the hydronium ion forms weak complexes, such as H4O9+, with other water molecules. The reactions H+ + nH2O → H2n+1On+ cannot be treated individually, Put another way, in the context of aqueous solutions, all protonation constants are macro-constants and this fact is almost never stated explicitly as the extent of proton aquation in any given solution cannot be quantified. Petergans (talk) 11:09, 17 November 2019 (UTC).

Microconstants
Two comments on this section:

First, since pKa = 14 - pKb for a base is more complicated than pKa for an acid, it would be better to start with an example having two nonequivalent sets of acid groups, such as citric acid. Then spermine with two nonequivalent sets of basic groups could be mentioned as a second example starting with the word "Similarly".

Also the most recently added point about the additivity of microreaction constants is of interest, but the equation cannot be correct. Surely it should be Ka (or Kb) which should be additive and not the logarithmic pKa. And as always it would be best to have a source for the statement, which would serve here to confirm the correct additivity relation. Dirac66 (talk) 15:24, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Regarding the 2nd point, thank you for pointing out the error. The source is ref.64; I worked on the computer program HypNMR, but not on the experimental part of the paper or on the determination of the micro-constants. Petergans (talk) 21:37, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * More on micro-constants: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1994/P2/p29940000265, Michal Borkovec and J. M. Koper, Analytical Chemistry 2000, 72, 14, 3272-3279 Petergans (talk) 22:30, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for changing the five pKa to Ka. For the case of a base such as spermine with two isomeric conjugate acids, I think it is actually Kb which is additive:
 * $$K_b = \mathrm{\frac{[HB^+] [OH^-]}{[B]}} = \mathrm{\frac{[HB^+_{terminal}] [OH^-]}{[B]} + \frac{[HB^+_{internal}] [OH^-]}{[B]}}=K_{terminal}+K_{internal}$$
 * On the other hand for an acid such as citric acid with two isomeric conjugate bases, a similar reasoning is true for Ka. Perhaps we could include both cases, one with the algebra above and the other with the word "Similarly". Dirac66 (talk) 17:47, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It is clear that a macro-constant value is the sum of the values of the micro-constants with both association and dissociation definitions. We (ref 64) followed the literature cited above in choosing which convention to use. Petergans (talk) 22:20, 19 February 2020 (UTC).
 * Are you saying that for a specific case such as spermine with one base and two isomeric (or tautomeric) conjugate acids, that Kb is the sum of the K for two microreactions with a common reactant, while Ka of the same macroreaction is the sum of the K for two microreactions with a common product?? I had been considering only the case of a common reactant. If the additivity is true for a common product also, then for an example with two microreactions of equal K, then both Kb and Ka will be double the K of a corresponding microreaction, so that KbKa = 4 x 10-14 !??
 * Also I have now looked at the paper by Frassineti et al. I do see that the Results section first mentions protonation constants and then switches to pKa for deprotonation before mentioning macro- and micro-constants. Does this mean that additive macro-constants are defined for both common-reactant and both common-product cases, without worrying about the fact that KaKb is no longer 10-14? I don't see this mentioned in the paper? Dirac66 (talk) 21:51, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

A macro-constant value is always equal to the sum of the micro-constant values. With spermine,
 * Association: $$K_a^{macro} = K_a^{terminal}+K_a^{internal}$$ (1)
 * Dissociation: $$K_d^{macro} = K_d^{terminal}+K_d^{internal}$$ (2)

Similar relationships do not apply to log K or pK values. Obviously, the total concentration is the sum of the concentrations of the micro-species.

Also, any dissociation constant value is the reciprocal of the corresponding association constant value.
 * $$K_a^{macro} = 1/K_d^{macro}$$ (3)
 * $$K_a^{micro} = 1/K_d^{micro}$$ (4) for each micro-species Petergans (talk) 23:51, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you. These are four simple and clear equations. But the problem is that the third is incompatible with the others, as can be seen by multiplying the first two and then using the fourth to evaluate two of the four terms.
 * $$K_a^{macro} K_d^{macro} = (K_a^{terminal}+K_a^{internal}) (K_d^{terminal}+K_d^{internal}) = 1 + K_a^{terminal} K_d^{internal} + K_a^{internal} K_d^{terminal} + 1$$
 * Since all four terms are positive, this sum must be greater than 2, whereas your third equation says it should be 1. Can you identify the error in this argument please? Dirac66 (talk) 02:04, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I think it's to do with the definitions. I define all association constants in terms of [H+], whereas your definition above for dissociation constants is in terms of [OH- ]. Therefore the expression for any product KaKd with these definitions must either include [OH-] or use Kw / [H+] in place of [OH-]. Petergans (talk) 11:00, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * But I did switch to your definitions in my last edit on this page. It is true that my third and second last edits do include [OH-] and 10-14. However my last edit at 02:04, 21 February 2020 (UTC) is based on your most recent edit and has $$K_a^{terminal} K_d^{terminal} = 1$$, rather than 10-14. So we are now using the same definitions, but I still find an inconsistency between your 4 equations. Dirac66 (talk) 18:53, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I can't figure out what's wrong. Using the defining expressions for the macro-constants, (electrical charges not shown)
 * $$K_aK_d = \frac{[HA^i]+[HA^t]}{[H][A]} \frac{[H][A]}{[HA^i]+[HA^t]}=1$$ Petergans (talk) 14:41, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Aha! Here you have an expression for $$K_d$$ (macro understood) with two terms in the denominator, which I suspect is correct. However your four numbered equations above include Dissociation: $$K_d^{macro} = K_d^{terminal}+K_d^{internal}$$ (2), with two terms in the numerator. It would seem that to obtain the simple sums (3) and (4), we must define $$1/K_d^{macro}$$ to be additive rather than $$K_d^{macro}$$ itself. Like combining electrical resistances in parallel. Since you are more familiar than me with the details of equilibrium constants, I will ask you if the literature agrees. Dirac66 (talk) 19:01, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't know where to look. We have always used association constants for acids and bases for the specific reason that stability constants for complexes of metal ions have always been defined as association constants. As far as I know, all general-purpose computer programs involving stability constants use association constants for all species for the same reason. Nevertheless, it is still commonplace to see dissociation constant values being cited (as pKa) in the literature for organic acids and association (protonation) constant values for organic bases. In fact the [Sirius] auto-titrator software is designed for the determination of dissociation constants of acids. Petergans (talk) 20:14, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Resolution
I have found the origin of the problem. Using association constants, adding one proton to spermine, L
 * L + H LH(i)+ LH(t)
 * [LH(i)] + [LH(t)] = K(i)[L][H] + K(t)[L][H] = (K(i) + K(t)) [L] [H]

So, the macro- association constant value is equal to the sum of the micro- association-constant values.

But, for removing one proton from LH and using dissociation constants
 * LH(i) + LH(t) L + H
 * [L][H] = K'(i)[LH(i)] + K'(t)[LH(t)]

The macro- dissociation-constant value is not equal to the sum of the micro- dissociation-constant values. Petergans (talk) 13:23, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree for the case of spermine, which can be characterized as per Frassineti et al. (p.1048) as a base containing 2 (nonequivalent) sites capable of accepting a proton (association). (I would refer to spermine though as B, not L.)

 * On the other hand citric acid which I mentioned above is an example of an acid containing 2 sites capable of donating a proton (dissociation). For citric acid the macro-dissociation constant is a simple sum and the macro-association constant is not. In general Kassoc and Kdissoc cannot both be additive for the same system, since that leads to incompatible equations as I showed above.

 * For the article, I think the Microconstants section should mention both cases, since many important examples of each can be found. Also I think it would be better to mention the citric acid type first, since the article is called Acid dissociation constant, and the convention of describing both acids and bases by pKa (rather than pKb) makes the theory for acids slightly simpler so that it should be presented to the reader first. Dirac66 (talk) 20:36, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * You make a valid point. However, a citation is needed. A quick search for "microconstant" gave, e.g.
 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7849133 and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074347/.
 * I'm sure the paper by Alex Avdeef is reliable, but I can't access the text to get a reference for the method used. Also, Helmut Sigel has used a chemical method - blocking one site by esterification to get at the dissociation constant for the other site. Please feel free to follow this up. Petergans (talk) 09:35, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I had forgotten that I created the section Equilibrium constant which gives more details on micro-constants, including citations for computational methods. Petergans (talk) 14:51, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The two papers you have cited most recently above are for more complicated systems. The spermine system has one base and two conjugate acid isomers, while the citric acid system has one acid and two conjugate base isomers, again for a total of three species and two equilibria. But the niflumic acid studied by Avdeef is an amino acid with one conjugate acid, one conjugate base and one zwitterion isomeric to the original molecule, for a total of four species with four equilibria.
 * For citric acid, I found one 1961 reference by Martin here but I do not have access to the complete article. So since the spermine paper is the best reference we have for a 3-species system, it is probably best to continue to use spermine as the first and major example for this section. Then we can briefly mention citric acid as an analogous acid system with Martin as source, and then perhaps the 4-species example(s) with zwitterion.
 * And one more minor correction. For the spermine system, $$K_b (not K_a) =K_{terminal}+K_{internal}$$ as discussed above. Dirac66 (talk) 23:25, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

 * [[image:Zitronensäure - Citric acid.svg|150px|left|thumb| citric acid]]This structural representation of citric acid, H3L is, perhaps, misleading. The molecule is tetrahedral at the central carbon atom. It has 3-fold symmetry (ignoring rotation about C-C bonds and assuming equivalence of the protons in each -CO2H group). The anions H2L- and HL2- both have local 2-fold symmetry at the central carbon atom so they have no distinguishable micro-states to which micro-constants might apply.
 * The article on zwitterion is relevant but its quality was very poor - now re-written. Isoelectric point is a macro property and is therefore irrelevant to the micro-states involved in forming a zwitterion.Petergans (talk) 19:15, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

Petergans (talk) 19:15, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

New source
I have found an interesting new source for this section: It presents an undergraduate experiment for the determination of microconstants for the deprotonation of cysteine at the nitrogen and at the sulphur, using simple UV spectroscopy. As a Journal of Chemical Education article it is somewhat more pedagogical than the spermine paper, and starts by explicitly presenting equations relating micro and macro constants, for subsets of reactions corresponding to three cases of interest here.

For parallel deprotonation of the neutral cysteine zwitterion at two sites (N and S), so that one reactant leads to two products, the JCE paper states that the macroconstant K2 = KA + KB (using the authors' notation). This case is equivalent to the deprotonation of citric acid which I have mentioned above. And incidentally, citric acid does not have C3 symmetry, since the central carbon is bound to 2 -CH2COOH groups and 1 -COOH group, not 3 equivalent groups.

For convergent deprotonation of the cysteine (-1) ions produced in the above paragraph to a common (-2) ion, 1/K3 = 1/KC + 1/KD, so 1/K is additive here. Of course if we consider the protonations (associations) in the reverse direction, then K for association is additive. So we have a source for saying that if K is additive for reactions in one direction (here protonation), then 1/K is additive in the other direction (here deprotonation). Another example of this case is the spermine example in this Wikipedia article, for which parallel protonation of one neutral base leads to two (-1) anions, and again the macroconstant K for association (protonation) should be additive. At the moment however pK is incorrectly marked as additive, implying that K is multiplicative.

The third macroconstant considered is for the double deprotonation of the zwitterion at both N and S, which can proceed by two parallel paths through either (-1) ion to the final unique (-2) ion product. For this case the dissociation constants K are really multiplicative so that the pK are really additive.

I believe this article can be used as a source for a more complete Microconstants section presenting the various cases. Dirac66 (talk) 02:25, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you send me a reprint - peter.gans@hyperquad.co.uk? Another "simple" example is spermidine which has 3 non-equivalent amino groups, 3 micro-states each for LH+ and LH22+. Petergans (talk) 10:53, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Examples of values when the quotient of activity coefficients is different from 1
I think the article should present examples of values for this constant when the quotient of activity coefficients Γ is different from 1 for acids like sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, etc.--109.166.136.166 (talk) 14:39, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

What sources could are known to include such data for these acids?--109.166.136.166 (talk) 14:48, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Putting the quotient of activity coefficients Γ to be equal to 1 is an arbitrary assumption. It can be applied to any equilibrium constant since KT=KΓ. The assumption is needed because the thermodynamic constant, KT, must be dimensionless; otherwise Log K does not exist. It is equivalent to the assumption that the properties of solution are the same as properties of an ideal solution, so KT has the same numerical value as K. Values for activity coefficients can be calculated using the Debye-Hueckel equation, Pitzer equations and others.Petergans (talk) 08:35, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I think that values in tabular form for the dependence on ionic strength of Γ when a fixed reference state (as mentioned in a section above) is used should be included. The experimental values of activity coefficients for these acids, obtained by various methods, not those based on calculations (with the mentioned equations) which rely on various assumptions like Debye-Huckel, are more valuable for the article. The activity coefficients values for concentrated strong acids like those mentioned also remove the problem of negative pKa discussed above which arises when activity coefficients are ignored.--109.166.139.1 (talk) 01:48, 10 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Also the connection to the law of dilution including activity coefficients for concentrated strong acids should be emphasized. Usually in absence of lower than 1 or greater than 1 values of activity coefficients the law of dilution in its classic form has a non-constant constant Ka.--109.166.139.1 (talk) 02:03, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

 * For a salt ApBq, the quantities and  cannot be determined individually from experimental data. The quantity that can be obtained is the  mean activity coefficient, $$ \gamma_\pm=\sqrt[p+q]{\gamma_\mathrm{A}^p\gamma_\mathrm{B}^q}$$. The value of this quantity varies with solute concentration. The effect of this variation is illustrated by the graphic taken from acid dissociation constant and repeated here. Petergans (talk) 10:15, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Association and dissociation constants: section notation disagrees with rest of article + textbooks
I have just noticed that the section "Association and dissociation constants" uses an unsourced and nonstandard notation which conflicts with rest of the article. The usual textbook notation as in the rest of the article uses Ka for an acid DISsociation constant, where the subscript a is for acid, and Kb is the association constant for a base. However this section now claims that Ka is an "ASsociation constant" for an acid, a definition which is not the usual Ka, and that Kd (a symbol not usually used in this topic) is the acid dissociation constant normally denoted as Ka. This is extremely confusing and conflicts with the rest of the article and also with every textbook I know.

The two recent incorrect edits by 94.63.152.174 seem to have been an attempt to clarify this confused notation. I think it would be better to either delete this section entirely, or else to find sourced equations which presumably would use Ka for the acid dissociation constant as in the rest of the article, and another notation (Ka-1?) for the acid association constant. Dirac66 (talk) 02:55, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

 * There are historical factors behind the apparent discrepancy. With organic acids it makes sense to use a dissociation constant as a property of an acid. It also makes sense to use an association constant for protonation of an organic base. On the other hand, association constants are the obvious choice for metal-ligand and supramolecular complexes. Both conventions are in current use in their respective field, so both conventions need to be respected in WP. I have tried to do this by including a section in the article in which the relationship is described.Acid dissociation constant I am not aware of a source that treats both association and dissociation in one place. That is why I "invented" the notation. The individual definitions are "common knowledge".

 * In WP I have chosen to use the association convention, where possible, because that is the convention that must used in all the general-purpose computer programs that, in turn, are used to obtain stability constant values from experimental data. This is necessary because the chemical system may involve both ligand dissociation and metal-ligand association reactions.
 * HL = L- + H+ (dissociation) and Mm+ + L- = ML(m-1)+ (association).
 * In that context, hydrolysis of a metal-ligand complex must be treated as protonation of the hydrolysed moiety. There are commercial auto-titrators, sold mainly to the pharmaceutical industry, that are supplied with software for the determination of pKa values of acids, included as part of the instrument software. Consequently, both conventions need to be respected in WP. Petergans (talk) 14:28, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
 * May I add that this is ancient stuff. See Rossotti & Rossotti (1961) The determination of stability constants pp 5-10 Petergans (talk) 15:36, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

 * OK, I will accept that the association/dissociation nomenclature and symbols are used instead of acidity/basicity in some sources, such as Rossotti & Rossotti. But it is very confusing for readers to switch notation and definitions in one section of the article without warning, especially since the symbol Ka is changed from acidity to association = basicity! I would suggest instead stating explicitly that this is an alternate notation for this section only. We could say something like: "The acid dissociation or acidity constant Ka is sometimes written Kd for dissociation (cite), and similarly the basicity constant Kb can be written Ka for association (cite). In this case Ka does not mean acidity constant but rather association constant. This alternative notation will not be used in other sections of this article." I think this would help to reduce the readers' confusion. Dirac66 (talk) 01:37, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

 * To remove ambiguity my solution would be to give specific examples like "association:A+B=AB K=[AB]/[A][B] and dissociation: AB=A+B K=[A][B]/[AB]". Notation, including alternatives, can be described after each example. How can we resolve the possible ambiguity in notation between pKa (dissociation) and Ka (association)? The "a" can stand for either "acid" or "association". As I mentioned before, the natural choice in organic chemistry is to use dissociation for acid deprotonation and association for base protonation but this cannot be followed in general-purpose computer programs, where a ligand may be a base like ethylene diamine, or a conjugate base like the acetate ion. Petergans (talk) 10:33, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Such extra explanations may help, but I think it is also essential to specify that the section uses a different notation than the others. The natural tendency of most readers is to assume that what it said in one section applies in another section of the same article, unless the contrary is explicitly specified. Of course it is helpful to explain also the reason for the variation, e.g. by saying that one notation agrees with chemistry textbooks and the other is used in computer programs to calculate equilibrium constant values (from what data?) Dirac66 (talk) 21:59, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

Possible solution
We could adopt some slightly modified notation for the association constant, instead of Ka which is already used for acid dissociation constant in the rest of the article. Perhaps KA or Ka or Kassoc. Any of these would be slightly different from Ka and so preserve the convention that one symbol should have a unique meaning in a given article. But at the same time any of these is close enough to Ka so that it would be reasonable to add that it is called Ka in computer programs for equilibrium constants. Could I ask Petergans to suggest which of these variations seems most appropriate? Dirac66 (talk) 20:52, 13 August 2020 (UTC)
 * That makes sense. My preference is for Kassoc. Perhaps a footnote is also needed to explain that there is a conflict of notation in the literature: the symbol pKa is generally used with dissociation constants, but Ka is used with both association and dissociation constants, depending on context (specify?). As we are inventing the notation for the purpose of clarity in WP, why not use either Ka or Kassociation? Petergans (talk) 08:42, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * OK, I have now rewritten the section using Kassoc (and pKassoc) as I understand it. Please check that I have things right, as I realize that you are more expert than I in equilibrium constants. Also some sources would be helpful, for example a description of a computer program which uses Ka(ssoc) and Kd(issoc) instead of acidity and basicity constants. Dirac66 (talk) 01:38, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. I will check the text later.
 * An old paper of ours (Gans, Sabatini and Vacca, Talanta, 43 (1996)1739-1753) has literature references for some 60 computer programs concerned with software for stability constants' computation. If I remember correctly, all the programs use the association convention, exclusively. It all goes back to LETAGROP (ca. 1960) which was the first general-purpose program to be published. On the other hand, textbooks on organic chemistry traditionally use the dissociation convention for acids and association for bases.

 * The association convention has always been used for complexes of metal ions, as they may be viewed as association reactions (in solution) of a metal ion and a ligand even when the ligand replaces water molecules in the coordination sphere of the aqueous metal ion, [M(H2O)m]z+(aq) + nL(aq) [MLn]z+(aq) + mH2O(aq), the concentration of water is effectively constant.

 * A similar situation obtains in relation to hydrolysis of metal ions which is represented as removal of H+ in computer programs and addition of OH- in descriptive texts. This also applies to solubility products of metal hydroxides; the value may given as Ksp, equal to the product [M][OH]n or K*sp, equal to [M][H]-n. The difference between the numerical values of log K*sp and log Ksp is 14n. The issue arises because the rôle of solvent is ignored when dealing with pK values, even though we may write the equilibrium as AH + H2O A- + H3O+. It is an acceptable approximation that the concentration of water in an aqueous solution of an acid or base is effectively constant and independent of the pH of the solution at all but the highest acid or alkali concentrations (ca. 1M and above). Petergans (talk) 13:21, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Values for common substances
Many articles list the basicity constant of a substance, so the table should be extended in such a way to simplify comparing basicity and to common bases.

Inline text blanks
As seen in the Wikipedia app running on Android 10, there are multiline blanks for formatted expressions. I don't know the syntax, so am not trying to correct these. Nikevich 18:54, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Definition of pKa
The term is used a lot (more than 150 times in the article), but I am not finding an explanation for what it actually means, unless it is hidden somewhere deep in the text. Please define technical terms and symbols at the first appropriate opportunity, preferably at first use. Cheers,· · · Peter Southwood (talk): 05:16, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It is defined in the Introduction by the equation pKa = -log10Ka, but admittedly there is a problem for readers who don't know what log (logarithm) means. Perhaps we should add a simple example: For a weak acid with Ka = 10-5, log Ka is the exponent which is -5, so that pKa = 5. And for acetic acid with Ka = 1.8 x 10-5, pKa is close to 5. Dirac66 (talk) 14:29, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * We also could explain the trend, because the whole idea of "equilibrium constant" is already technical. Something like "A higher Ka means the compound is more acidic because at equilibrium it is more dissociated. For convenience and due to the range of values encountered in nature, it is often converted to a logarithmic scale, pKa, where a lower value means a compound is more acidic." Compare how our article here seems only advanced level, with the lead-section of pH, which includes lay-reader-level details: "Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of H+ ions) are measured to have lower pH values". DMacks (talk) 15:28, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I have now added the above explanations to the article, at the end of the introduction. Dirac66 (talk) 02:41, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acid dissociation constant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gba Majay Bma

 * Gba Majay Bma has been listed on Pages needing translation into English for nearly a month without being translated. Angela. 21:46, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Samuel J. Howard 21:50, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like song lyrics...note the word "twice" after the first line. Delete. - Lucky 6.9 22:47, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:00, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * It's the Myanmar national anthem. I've replaced it with a short article about the anthem. TB 12:07, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done. Andrewa 14:23, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new stub -- Cyrius|&#9998 14:48, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new stub. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:01, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this new version. Good repair job. - Lucky 6.9 17:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.--Samuel J. Howard 19:59, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cribcage 03:29, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:4.65.243.120

title: User talk:4.65.243.120


text:
Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998

The tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998 was a large tornado outbreak that started on April 6 across the Great Plains and ended on April 9 across the Carolinas and Georgia. A total of 62 tornadoes touched down from the Middle Atlantic States to the Midwestern United States and Texas. The outbreak is infamous for producing a deadly F5 that tore through the suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama, killing 32 people. The Birmingham tornado was one of only two F5 tornadoes that year. The other hit in Lawrence County, Tennessee, on April 16, as part of the same outbreak as the Nashville F3 tornado. This tornado outbreak was responsible for 41 deaths: 7 in Georgia and 34 in Alabama.

Birmingham, Alabama
Shortly after 7:30 p.m. on April 8, the outbreak's deadliest tornado cut a 31 mi, 3/4 mi swath through multiple Birmingham suburbs, producing damage ranging from F3 to F5 and causing massive destruction before lifting in the western limits of the City of Birmingham, just northwest of the junctions of Interstates 20, 59 and 65. The worst of the destruction occurred across the cities of Oak Grove, Rock Creek, and McDonald Chapel. The second area affected by F5 damage was also devastated by a violent tornado in 1956 that tracked through the same areas hit by this storm. Debris from the tornado was scattered across central Alabama as far north as sections of Blount County, and extensive deforestation occurred along the majority of the path.

The tornado began in rural Tuscaloosa County, only causing F0 damage there. The tornado reached F1 intensity after it entered Jefferson County, and then rapidly intensified to an F3 as it crossed a stray outflow boundary, slamming into Oak Grove, an unincorporated town west of Rock Creek. Oak Grove was one of the hardest hit locations, with many structures destroyed in the area. Oak Grove High School sustained major structural damage, and the elementary school portion was destroyed. The school building was rebuilt two years later and reopened a mile away from the damaged area. No one inside the school was killed, but a group of cheerleaders practicing at the school's gymnasium escaped disaster with only minor injuries when a wall prevented a portion of the roof from falling on them. The tornado caused its first three fatalities in Oak Grove, which occurred when a mobile home completely disintegrated, throwing the occupants across the street; of the four occupants, only one survived. The Oak Grove fire station was severely damaged as well.

The tornado continued to intensify dramatically as it moved northeast across the outflow boundary, reaching F5 intensity as it struck Rock Creek. Many homes in the town were leveled or swept completely away, and the roof of Rock Creek Church of God's Family Life Center was blown off. Many church attendees were sheltering in the restroom when the building was destroyed; all were safe. Several cars in the church parking lot were thrown into a 50-foot deep ravine. The church was turned into a makeshift trauma center immediately after the tornado. A total of eleven people were killed in Rock Creek. The far western fringes of Concord were impacted in this area as well (particularly the Warrior River Road area). The tornado weakened slightly to F4 intensity as it struck the neighboring community of Sylvan Springs, where many additional homes were completely leveled, and four people were killed. Homes were damaged and destroyed just outside Pleasant Grove as well.

Continuing past Pleasant Grove, the tornado began to encroach on Birmingham's inner suburbs. This tornado regained its maximum F5 strength as it tore through the communities of Edgewater and McDonald Chapel. Fourteen people lost their lives there and the storm swept away numerous homes. The tornado's effects were noticed around the same time by the ABC 33/40 Birmingham tower camera, which was pointed toward the western suburbs. Even though it was dark, a massive power failure occurred in western Birmingham, when several transmission lines coming from the Miller Steam Plant electric generating station were knocked off line. This was noticed during the long-form weather coverage on ABC 33/40, which lasted most of the evening; the station, and several of its competitors, has a policy of pre-empting regular programming and broadcasting only severe weather information when a tornado warning is in effect for any part of its coverage area. The storm began to separate from the outflow boundary and began to weaken somewhat as it crossed Alabama State Route 269 into the northern Birmingham neighborhood of Pratt City, though it was still very powerful. F3 damage and several injuries occurred in Pratt City before the tornado abruptly dissipated. Had the tornado remained on the ground, it would have gone into the northern sections of downtown Birmingham. A few miles further to the east, the Birmingham International Airport could have been affected as well. The storm lifted before reaching these sections of Birmingham. However, a new F2 tornado touched down again in neighboring St. Clair County, where two people were killed.

The tornado was at the time the seventh deadliest in Alabama history, killing one more person than in a tornado that hit Alabama on March 21, 1932; a young boy died nine days after this event from head injuries. His father was paralyzed from the waist down, and his mother suffered severe injuries. Another mother and her two children, despite taking shelter in their underground basement, were killed when hundreds of pounds of debris was blown onto them. Overall, 32 people were killed by the tornado and hundreds more were injured.

Dunwoody, Georgia
After producing three F2+ tornadoes in Alabama, the Birmingham supercell moved into Georgia, producing another F2 in Cobb County. After that tornado lifted, this tornado, also rated F2, touched down at 12:35 a.m. on April 9, just northeast of Perimeter Center in DeKalb County. After sparing the many high-rises there, the tornado rapidly intensified to high-end F2 strength with 150 mph winds, and grew to 1/2 mi wide. It damaged thousands of homes and downed tens of thousands of native pine and hardwood forest trees. Hundreds of homes had major damage, a few dozen were destroyed (or nearly so) and were condemned, having to be completely rebuilt. The campus of DeKalb College (now Perimeter College at Georgia State University) sustained heavy damage. One person was killed in DeKalb County.

The storm continued into Gwinnett County, somewhat weakened, but still causing extensive damage in Peachtree Corners. The tornado crossed the county line 1 mi west of Norcross, skirting downtown and traveling parallel to Old Norcross Road at F2 status. It continued to Duluth, crossing the center of town and lifting briefly, taking shingles off the roofs of houses in downtown Duluth. Many more trees were snapped along Old Peachtree Road near Interstate 85. The tornado finally weakened and lifted 5 mi north of Lawrenceville, having affected over 5,000 homes along its path and injured ten people in Gwinnett County. The total length of the tornado's path was 19 mi. The current Norcross High School sits on land deforested by the tornado, and then purchased by the Gwinnett school board. In 2007, the county began seeking a grant from GEMA to help it reinstate a system of tornado sirens, beginning with eleven to be installed along the path of the 1998 tornado.

title: Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998


text: User talk:24.205.215.92

title: User talk:24.205.215.92