text:
Humberto Quintero

Humberto Jose Quintero (born August 2, 1979) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a catcher from 2003 to 2014 most prominently as a member of the Houston Astros. He also played for the San Diego Padres, Kansas City Royals, Philadelphia Phillies, and Seattle Mariners. He served as a bullpen catcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2016 to 2021.

Minor leagues
On January 16, 1997, Quintero signed as an international free agent with the Chicago White Sox. After playing 2 years in Venezuela, he played 1999 with Advanced Rookie Bristol, where in 48 games, he hit .277 with 15 RBI and 11 SB. He spent most of 2000 with Single-A Burlington, but also played in 15 games for the Arizona League White Sox. In 90 games total, he hit .266 with 32 RBI and 11 SB. He split 2001 with Single-A Kannapolis and the A-Advanced Winston-Salem Warthogs, but also played in 5 games for Double-A Birmingham. In 108 games, he hit .254 with 1 HR, 34 RBI and 16 SB. After the year, he was rated the 25th best prospect in the White Sox organization by Baseball America.

On July 12, 2002, Quintero was traded with Alex Fernandez to the San Diego Padres for D'Angelo Jiménez. Before the trade, he played mostly with Winston-Salem, but also played in 4 games with Birmingham, and 15 games with Triple-A Charlotte. After the trade, he played with Double-A Mobile. In 108 games, he hit .225 with 1 home run and 34 RBI. Quintero played 2003 with Mobile, where he hit .298 with 3 HR and 52 RBI before being called up in September.

San Diego Padres
Quintero appeared in 12 games for the Padres in 2003, where he went 5-23 with 2 RBI. His first career hit came as a pinch-hitter in his debut, a single off of Dennys Reyes of the Arizona Diamondbacks. Quintero spent most of the 2004 with Triple-A Portland, but spent 3 stints with the Padres, including being the starting catcher for most of July. He hit his first career home run off of Scott Service. In 23 games with the Padres, he hit .250 with two home runs and 10 RBI.

Houston Astros
On March 28, 2005, Quintero was traded to the Houston Astros for pitcher Tim Redding. Quintero began the year with Triple-A Round Rock. On June 1, Quintero was recalled when Raúl Chávez was designated for assignment. He started 5 games before being placed on the disabled list. After a rehab assignment with Double-A Corpus Christi, he was activated from the disabled list on July 16. On August 31, he was optioned to Round Rock, but was recalled when the rosters expanded. In 18 games with the Astros, he hit .185 with 1 HR and 8 RBI.

Quintero spent most of 2006 with Round Rock, but on August 28, he was recalled, replacing J. R. House. In 11 games with the Astros, he went 7-21 with 2 RBI. Quintero made the Opening Day roster with the Astros in 2007, but was outrighted to Round Rock on June 10. He returned to the Astros as a September call-up. In 29 games with the Astros, he hit .226 with 1 RBI.

Quintero made the Opening Day roster in 2008 with the Astros, but did not appear in a game before being outrighted to Round Rock. On April 14, he was called up to the Astros, but was outrighted again on April 23. On June 5, he was called up again, replacing J. R. Towles. On July 2, he was placed on the disabled list with a concussion, and was activated on June 22 after a rehab assignment in Corpus Christi. He was the starting catcher for most of August and September, replacing Brad Ausmus.

Quintero was considered the incumbent starting catcher for the 2009 season due to his experience over J.R. Towles and Lou Palmisano but was used as a backup catcher after the team came to terms with Iván Rodríguez on March 16, 2009. He began 2009 with the Astros, but on April 25, he was placed on the disabled list. After a rehab assignment with Round Rock, he was activated from the disabled list on May 12. Quintero spent the rest of the season with the Astros. In 60 games with the Astros, he hit .236 with 4 HR and 14 RBI.

In the 2010 season, Quintero was moved into the starting role behind the plate and was backed up by Kevin Cash. He began splitting time with Jason Castro during the season. In 88 games, he hit .234 with 4 HR and 20 RBI.

On May 28, 2011, Quintero was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a high right ankle sprain. Robinson Cancel was called up to take his spot followed by Carlos Corporan just a few days later. In 79 games with the Astros, he hit .240 with two home runs and 25 RBI.

Kansas City Royals
On March 20, 2012, Quintero was traded to the Kansas City Royals along with Jason Bourgeois for minor leaguer Kevin Chapman and a player to be named later.

On June 27, Quintero was designated for assignment. He was released by Kansas City on July 5, after batting .232 with 1 HR and 19 RBI for the team in 43 games.

Miami Marlins
Quintero signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins on July 14, 2012, and was assigned to the Triple-A New Orleans Zephyrs. He was released on July 20, 2012.

Milwaukee Brewers
On July 28, 2012, Quintero signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He was assigned to Triple-A Nashville.

Philadelphia Phillies
In the wake of Carlos Ruiz's 25-game suspension, the Phillies inked Quintero to a minor league deal with an invite to Spring Training in 2013. He was designated for assignment on April 28, 2013. He was called up to the Phillies when Carlos Ruiz was placed on the disabled list, and became the starting catcher for nine days when Erik Kratz was placed on the disabled list. However, with both catchers having returned from their injuries, Quintero was designated for assignment on June 24. After clearing waivers, Quintero elected free agency.

Seattle Mariners
On July 26, 2013, Quintero was signed by the Seattle Mariners. Quintero signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners on January 6, 2014.

After spending the Triple-A season with the Mariners' affiliate the Tacoma Rainiers, Quintero was added to the active roster on September 1, 2014, when the rosters expanded.

Boston Red Sox
On January 21, 2015, Quintero signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox. He elected free agency on November 6.

Toronto Blue Jays
On November 20, 2015, Quintero signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. He was released on April 18, 2016.

Detroit Tigers
On April 19, 2016, Quintero signed a minor league deal with the Detroit Tigers and was assigned to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. He was released on May 24, 2016.

Arizona Diamondbacks
In June 2016, Quintero became the second bullpen catcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks.

title: Humberto Quintero


text:
Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar

General Sir Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar, KB (1726 – 27 December 1805) was a Scottish army officer and politician who served as the ninth Commander-in-Chief of Bengal from 1764 to 1765.

Early military career in Scotland
He was the son of Hugh Munro, 7th laird of Novar, in Ross, Scotland. His family also had a home at Clayside in Golspie, Sutherland, which was then a collection of cottages and not the formed town that it later became. He served in the Golspie militia which fought on the Government side at the Battle of Littleferry on 15 April 1746 in Sutherland where the Jacobites were defeated. He entered the regular army at an early age, probably in the 64th (Loudon's Highlanders) Regiment of Foot in 1747.

Hector is said to have got his first commission in the army after helping the Duchess of Gordon who was travelling alone in Sutherland. Hector took over from a drunken coachman and brought her to safety. The Duchess later used her influence to procure him a Lieutenant's commission in the 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot.

Hector's family home was at Novar House. Early maps call it 'Tenuer' (Scottish Gaelic: Tigh 'n fhuamhair, house of the giant).

Apprehension of Jacobite rebels
In 1753, or 1754, Hector Munro was ordered to Badenoch with three squadrons of Dragoons to apprehend certain rebels in that district, with special instructions to apprehend John Du Cameron, better known as "Sergent Mòr". Hector Munro captured Cameron after he was betrayed by a local farmer. John Cameron was soon afterwards executed in Perth.

Hector Munro was also tasked with capturing Ewen MacPherson of Cluny, who took part in the Jacobite rising of 1745. However, Macpherson evaded Munro's grasp and escaped to France. Macpherson tradition is that one day Munro, with a large party of soldiers, surrounded Macpherson's house. With no means of escape, Macpherson dressed himself as a footman or groom, came forward and held Lieutenant Munro's horse while Munro searched his house for him. On return Munro is said to have handed the groom a shilling and then rode off. Another version of the story, however, is that Munro of Novar actually knew Macpherson quite well and winked at him as he threw him the grooms fee.

In 1759 he was appointed major in the newly raised 89th (Highland) Regiment of Foot.

War in India
In December 1760, The 89th regiment embarked at Portsmouth for the East Indies, and arrived at Bombay in November following. The Duke of Gordon was desirous of accompanying the regiment, but, at the request of his mother, George II of Great Britain induced him to remain at home to finish his education by telling him that, "there being only nine dukes in the Kingdom of Scotland", he could not be spared.

The 89th had no particular station assigned to it, but kept moving from place to place until a strong detachment under Major Hector Munro joined the army under the command of Major John Carnac, in the neighbourhood of Patna. Major Munro then assumed the command, and being well supported by his men, quelled a formidable mutiny among the troops. After 20 Sepoys had been executed by Major Munro by blowing them off guns, and with discipline restored, he attacked the enemy at Buxar, on 23 October 1764 in what became the Battle of Buxar. Though the force opposed to him was five times as numerous as his own, he overthrew and dispersed it. According to historian John William Fortescue, the Mughal troops had 2000 men killed, and left 133 pieces of cannon on the field; whilst Munro's troops had 289 killed, 499 wounded and 85 missing.

Major Munro received a letter of thanks on the occasion from the President and Council of Calcutta. "The signal victory you gained", they say, "so as at one blow utterly to defeat the designs of the enemy against these provinces, is an event which does so much honour to yourself, Sir, in particular, and to all the officers and men under your command, and which, at the same time, is attended with such particular advantages to the Company, as call upon us to return you our sincere thanks." For this important service Major Munro was immediately promoted to the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel.

Member of Parliament
In 1768, Returning home, he was elected as Member of Parliament for the Inverness Burghs, which he continued to represent for over thirty years, though much of this period was spent in India. He was one of the shareholders of the failed Ayr Bank of Douglas, Heron and Company which collapsed in the financial crisis of 1772. The resultant financial embarrassment may be why in 1778 he returned to take command of the East India Company's Madras Army.

Return to India
Later in 1778 Munro took Pondichéry from the French, but in 1780 in the Second Anglo-Mysore War the defeat of a British force by Hyder Ali at the Battle of Perambakam near Conjeeveram forced him to fall back on St. Thomas Mount. There, Sir Eyre Coote took command of the army, and in 1781 won a major victory against Hyder Ali at Porto Novo (Parangipettai), where Munro was in command of the right division. Negapatam was taken by Munro in November of the same year; and in 1782 he retired to Scotland.

In 1782, the Fyrish Monument was ordered built by Munro in Fyrish, near Evanton, Easter Ross, Scotland. He did this to provide work for the local unemployed population.

In 1787, he was given the colonelcy of the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot, a position he held until his death in 1805.

Family
Sir Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar having reached the full rank of General finally retired in 1798. He died unmarried on or about 27 December 1805 at Novar House. He had four natural children by different mothers:

 * 1) Hector Sutherland Munro, born 10 July 1775 (but baptised and indexed in error only as Hector Sutherland). He joined the East India Company's military service as a cadet in 1792, but on his way to Madras was mauled by a tiger on Saugor Island, Bengal on 21 December 1792 and died the following day. The incident was widely publicised in the British press and the story has been retold many times. It has also been also commemorated in a series of Staffordshire figures of the "Death of Munrow". Mackenzie erroneously identified the victim as his half-brother Hugh (below)
 * 2) Hugh Munro born 22 March 1777, who joined the East India Company as a Writer in 1796, and rose to be a Senior Merchant, Collector and Mintmaster of Bombay. His father, who held the post of Barrack Master of North Britain, appears to have appointed him Deputy. He died in 1814, aboard the Henry Addington, on the journey home from India via China.
 * 3) Alexander Munro, baptised 26 July 1787, who also joined the East India Company as a cadet in 1803 and died, said to have been devoured by a shark, at Bombay on 12 November 1804.
 * 4) Jane Munro, who married Sir Ronald Crawford Ferguson of Raith, county of Fife. She died in 1803, shortly after the birth of her second child. Her son Robert Munro-Ferguson of Raith and grandson Ronald Munro-Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar later succeeded to the Novar estate, in accordance with the terms of the entail executed by Jane's father Sir Hector Munro.

Sir Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar was initially succeeded by his brother, Sir Alexander Munro, 9th of Novar who was Consul-General at Madrid and then Commissioner of Customs in England. Alexander first married his cousin Margaret Munro (d. 1768) but their only son Capt. Alexander Munro was killed in India in 1778. Alexander remarried Miss Johnstone, sister of General Johnstone of Auchen Castle, Dumfries with two sons and a daughter. He was succeeded by his third son Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro of Novar who himself left several illegitimate children including Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro. However, as already mentioned, on the death of Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro of Novar the estate of Novar passed to Colonel Robert Munro-Ferguson, son of Jane Munro, natural daughter of General Sir Hector Munro, 8th of Novar. The Munro-Fergusons of Novar, descendants of Robert Munro-Ferguson's daughter Alice, are still in possession of the Novar Estate today.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grange Industrial Estate

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   keep. (non-admin closure) Logan Talk Contributions 04:39, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Nothing against Woolston or Warrington, but not encyclopedic. Gwimpey 21:37, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Consensus seems to be "mostly harmless" Gwimpey 08:26, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Of minor interest, but doing no harm. TB 22:18, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. It's pretty clear the user is going to document their entire surroundings.  Once they've finished that and move onto individual streets, then individual rooms of their house... well you'll have to try and ban them Gwimpey  ;o)  In the meantime it's a choice between filling VfD with these things or letting it go.  I'm pretty sure there must be lots of pages doing far more to discredit the project than these.  Also, if someone does come on and happens to search for, and find, their immediate locality, I suspect they'll be bowled over by the Wikipedia and may be inspired to help. --bodnotbod 22:28, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll second that. I think one of the coolest things to do is find your hometown (easy if you live in the US) and edit its local history, etc.  You can do this for towns where you have family, etc., and it will convert those articles into ones that are much more interesting. Meelar 23:55, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, not doing any harm. -- Graham :) | Talk 22:57, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Chris 73 | Talk 23:13, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyking 23:45, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RickK 02:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
U8TV: The Lofters

U8TV: The Lofters is a Canadian reality television series, which aired on the Life Network and online on the internet television channel U8TV.com, in 2001 and 2002. It was created by Zev Shalev, Lili Shalev-Shawn and Fiorella Grossi, its co-founders and executive producers. The show followed the lives of eight Canadians in their 20s who lived together in a Toronto loft for a one-year period, while at the same time producing and hosting their own television programs for Life Network or other cable TV networks, and for the website U8TV.com.

It followed up on a project that Shalev had spearheaded during his time as producer of Canada AM in the 1990s, in which a man and a woman were confined to a loft for one week to test how well they would get by with only a credit card and the Internet for contact with the outside world.

Format
The loft, located in the Entertainment District near the intersection of Peter and Richmond streets in the downtown core of Toronto, Ontario, had 21 cameras filming 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in all rooms of the house including the bathrooms, although the bathroom camera was only broadcast if Lofters went in there to talk. The full live stream could be viewed at U8TV.com, while Life Network broadcast a nightly episode to recap the day's highlights.

The show was not only a fly-on-the-wall-style reality show like MTV's The Real World, but was also a nightly series of talk shows and documentaries that were created and hosted by the cast members. The online shows or TV shows produced by the Lofters included Fuel, So Gay TV, Male Box, Spin the Bottle, Love Shack, Money Shot, U8 on Film and House Party. The shows had regular weekly time slots and were hosted regularly by one or two lofters, and usually centred on themes of interest to young people.

The program was announced in fall 2000, with over 700 people showing up for scheduled auditions that fall. It premiered in January 2001.

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission approved a licence for a U8TV Category 2 digital television channel in 2000, but the channel was never launched.

Season One: 2001
The Lofters in Season One were:

 * Mathieu Chantelois
 * Arisa Cox
 * Valéry Gagné
 * Kalen Haymen
 * Jennifer Hedger
 * David Keystone
 * Sandy Medeiros
 * Trevor "Tre" Smith

In the original auditions, Chantelois and Hedger schemed to stand out from the crowd by making out for the cameras even though both were in relationships with other people and Chantelois was gay.

Tre Smith was a last minute replacement when original lofter Marc left the show over the phone in the first episode. Cast members Kalen and Valery left the show early, before completing their full year in the loft. Other notable events of Season One included Cox meeting a half-sister she never knew, gay issues being addressed by Chantelois (including grilling Allan Rock, the federal health minister, on the issue of blood donation by gay men), an episode in which the lofters view and discuss the events of the September 11 attacks, a minor scandal when two lofters baked a birthday cake for a third in which they pretended to add urine to the recipe, and a number of angry spats between Hedger and Keystone.

Season Two: 2002
Season Two had extensive auditions and various combinations of possible lofters were sent into the house for trial runs to see which candidates had the right chemistry. The auditions were shown early on in Season Two. The lofters who began Season Two, premiering in January 2002, were:

 * Heather Basciano
 * Danny Crowder
 * Dan Fraleigh
 * Annie Guillo
 * Carolyn Jarvis
 * Donnie "Chico" Ruiz
 * Jason Ruta
 * Tonya Thongs

In the second season, the show moved towards more of a Big Brother-style format when a new twist was added to the show. Every ten weeks, the producers would select two Lofters whose hosting skills were sub-par or who didn't share enough of their lives, and nominate them for eviction. Fans of the show could then go to U8TV.com and vote for the Lofter they wanted to evict. The first and only occurrence of the twist saw Jason Ruta and Annie Guillo nominated for eviction. Fans voted Ruta off the show, and he was replaced by Stephen MacDonald.

Haymen reappeared on several occasions during Season Two, as he was dating Guillo.

Cancellation
Mid-way through the second season, the show was cancelled in June 2002. Although the show's ratings on television were strong, the production costs associated with streaming live video over the internet were too high at the time for the show and online TV channel to survive.

Post-show careers
A few former lofters have gone on to successful television gigs, most notably Season One's Jennifer Hedger who is now an anchor on TSN's popular SportsCentre (and in this role made an appearance on the sitcom Corner Gas). David Keystone became the host of Corus Entertainment's cooking competition series Cook'd on YTV. Mathieu Chantelois has hosted programming for OutTV and went on to become executive director of Pride Toronto, while Sandy Medeiros has appeared as a guest judge on MuchMusic's Video On Trial.

Season Two's Carolyn Jarvis became a news anchor for Global's newsmagazine series 16x9, after having worked as a meteorologist for The Weather Network and a television news anchor for several local stations. Season One's Arisa Cox and Season Two's Jason Ruta were co-hosts of E! Canada's E! News Weekend; following that show's cancellation Cox became lead entertainment reporter for CBC News, and was later the host of Big Brother Canada until its cancellation in 2024.

Season One's Trevor Smith became the lead animal cruelty investigator for the Toronto Humane Society and made headlines for his rescue of a dying Rottweiler locked in a car. Smith went on to be the face and spokesperson for the animal welfare movement and was a frequent guest on CP24's Animal Housecalls and other TV and radio shows promoting animal welfare.

U8TV co-creator and executive producer Zev Shalev joined television station CKXT-TV ("Toronto 1") as producer of its nightly news. After the station cancelled its news programming in 2005, he moved to the Global Television Network to become the founding producer of Entertainment Tonight Canada. By 2008 he held the senior role of vice-president of strategic programming and senior executive producer of information and entertainment programming for all CanWest Media broadcast properties, when he left that role to become producer of The Early Show for CBS in the United States.

title: U8TV: The Lofters


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Woolston Park

 * Again, nothing wrong w/Woolston I'm sure, but not encyclopedic . Gwimpey 21:40, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm probably in the minority, but my vision of Wikipedia includes things of local interest at some point down the road. Maybe one day it will be a truly comprehensive encyclopedia, where not only things of global and national interest, but also local interest (such as the history of landmarks, local parks, businesses, street names, etc.) will be included. Everyone looking for any encyclopedic information will come here, no matter how local their interest happens to be. That's perhaps many years down the road, when server space is less of a problem, but as it is I think pages like this are too small and few between to worry about deleting. -- Matty j 21:53, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm fairly new to Wikipedia, so I'll go w/the flow. Gwimpey 08:25, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Harmless.  TB 22:20, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with Matty. Let's not waste energy fighting battles we don't need to. --bodnotbod 22:22, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, don't see a problem with it at all. Wikipedia is not paper! -- Graham  :) | Talk 22:56, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. agree with Matty -- Chris 73 | Talk 23:12, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyking 23:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. RickK 02:44, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: As with high schools, I think I see a definite shift here towards inclusion. Watching with interest. Andrewa 18:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NicholasMegalis

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Nicholas Megalis.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Vanity I guess. Unregistered user. Few submissions. Google suggests he's made one film which did nothing but baffle its (small) audience. bodnotbod 21:40, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not notable: 25 google hits. Article written like an advert. Delete. Deus Ex 22:13, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert for a website, the counter on which shows 450 hits. TB 22:32, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Actually, only 6 google hits for "Nicholas Megalis" OR "Megalis Nicholas" -- Chris 73 | Talk 23:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. (Ironic that his name is Megalis, meaning, roughly "Great", as in megalomania and megali idea). Alcarillo 02:17, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

After being reposted with different content, the page Nicholas Megalis was again listed for deletion.

The result of the second debate was also to delete the article.

Article was made and deleted last week, now reposted with different content (see old debate). The chap is still tremendously obscure, it's still not possible to find anything independently verifying anything about him on Google (which returns 46 mainly info-free results). --Camembert 23:10, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Gads, how annoying too that the orig poster has demanded that this article be allowed to stand after it was already deleted. GRR... Speedy delete. Alcarillo 06:45, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If a tree falls in the forest and no-one hears, it doesn't get included in an encyclopaedia. Megalis does not appear to have achieved anything of significance to date. Delete. Average Earthman 11:17, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Not unless you count lining up 125 potatoes in a parking lot significant. If I line up 150, can I have an article?  I voted delete on this the first time.  SPEEDY delete this time, IMO. - Lucky 6.9 16:02, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Once I constructed a long wall of sand and marine animals along a beach. Delete.--Beelzebubs 03:32, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * He could have saved himself some time by constructing a long wall of potatoes on a public beach. Delete. Denni 20:40, 2004 May 18 (UTC)
 * No entries in imdb for the person or the films. Delete.  RickK 22:20, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Home Riggs Popham

Rear Admiral Sir Home Riggs Popham, KCB, KCH (12 October 1762 – 20 September 1820), was a Royal Navy commander who saw service against the French during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He is remembered for his scientific accomplishments, particularly the development of a signal code that was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1803.

Childhood
Home Popham was born in Gibraltar on 12 October 1762, the fifteenth child of Joseph Popham, British consul at Tétouan in Morocco, and his first wife Mary, née Riggs. It is likely that the child's first name was chosen to honour Gibraltar's former Governor William Home. Mary Popham died an hour after Home was born, from complications associated with the birth. Nine months later Joseph married Catherine Lamb, who became responsible for raising Home and his siblings. The couple also had six more children.

In 1769 Joseph Popham was forced to resign as consul after a personal dispute with the Moroccan Emperor regarding piracy against English merchantmen. The British Government subsequently blamed Joseph Popham for the disagreement, with Gibraltar Governor Edward Cornwallis describing him as an "honest well meaning man" who had met with "little success" and was henceforth "an improper person to serve His Majesty [as consul]." The Popham family returned to England, settling first in Chichester and then Guernsey. Joseph sought further diplomatic postings but was successful only in securing an annual government pension of £200 which was insufficient to cover debts incurred during his Moroccan consulship. The family was forced to rely on income earned by Home's brothers, particularly Stephen Popham who was then a successful barrister. In 1772 Home was sent to Westminster School in London, where he remained for three years. His father Joseph died in Guernsey in 1774.

On 3 January 1776 Home was admitted to further study at Trinity College, Cambridge. His education may have been paid for by his brother Stephen or by Captain Edward Thompson, a family friend. There is no record of Home actually residing in Cambridge or attending lectures. In April 1778 he abandoned his studies and enlisted in the Royal Navy as an able seaman aboard Thompson's newly built frigate HMS Hyaena (1778).

Early voyages
Popham served with the flag of Admiral George Rodney till the end of the American War of Independence. In 1781 he was aboard HMS Shelanagig (1780) when the French under the Comte de Grasse captured her near Saint Lucia. Popham was exchanged and returned to service.

In 1783 he was promoted to lieutenant, and was for a time engaged on survey service on the coast of Africa.

Between 1787 and 1793 he was engaged in a series of commercial ventures in the Eastern Sea, sailing, first for the Imperial Ostend Company, and then in HMS Etrusco (1794), a vessel that he purchased and in part loaded himself.

During this time he took several surveys and rendered some services to the British East India Company, which were officially acknowledged. In 1793, however, his ship was seized, partly on the grounds that he was carrying contraband, and partly because he was infringing the East India Company's monopoly. The value of his loss was put at £70,000, and he was entangled in litigation. In 1805 he obtained compensation to the amount of £25,000. The case was a hard one, for he was undoubtedly sailing with the knowledge of officials in India.

Service in the wars with France
While this dispute was going on Popham had resumed his career as a naval officer. He served with the army under the Duke of York in Flanders as "superintendent of Inland Navigation" and won his confidence. The protection of the duke was exercised with so much effect that Popham was promoted commander in 1794 and post captain in 1795. He was then engaged for several years in co-operating in a naval capacity with the troops of Great Britain and her allies.

His bills for the repair of his ship at Calcutta were the excuse for an attack on him and for charging him with the amount. It was just the time of the general reform of the dockyards, and there was much suspicion in the air. It was also the case that Lord St. Vincent did not like Popham, and that Benjamin Tucker (1762–1829), secretary to the admiralty, who had been the admiral's secretary, was his creature and sycophant. However, Popham was not the man to be snuffed out without an effort. He brought his case before Parliament, and was able to prove that there had been, if not deliberate dishonesty, at least the very grossest carelessness on the part of his assailants.

In the spring of 1798 the Admiralty created the Sea Fencibles, a force of coastal militia, following a plan by Popham. On 8 May 1798 Home Popham led an expedition to Ostend to destroy the sluice gates of the Bruge canal. The expedition landed a contingent of 1,300 British Army soldiers under the command of Major General Coote. The troops burnt some ships in the harbour before blowing up locks and gates on the canal. His force then surrounded had to surrender as adverse winds prevented their re-embarkation. It was during this period perhaps in captivity, before being returned home that Popham began work on a standard signal instructions handbook for the Royal Navy. Ship to ship communication was very haphazard: a fleet system that protected vulnerable frigates on station was essential to save time and material. The global character of the navy required linking to larger fleet formations. During service on HMS Romney (1762) in the Battle of Copenhagen Popham tested his telegraphic equipment. He acted as liaison officer to the Danish Court off station from Elsinore. Popham was under the direction of Admiral Archibald Dickson when he devised the two or three flag hoist, in which each sign was a number, and each combination a different state of readiness. The vocabulary was limited and totally nautical, apposite to a direct command. At Copenhagen boats could be sent ashore, but were unnecessary using only flag signals. Popham was deeply encouraged by Lord Spencer, 1st Lord of the Admiralty who advised publication of the signal books. The new signals were immensely useful to Nelson at Trafalgar in developing navy tactics in secret. Popham proved McArthur, his critic and rival, wrong; Popham's books were printed several times after the battle.

Red Sea expedition
In early 1801 Popham brought out to the Cape of Good Hope several regiments. He then embarked the 22nd and 61st Regiments of Foot and the garrison on his transports and was expected on 28 February to leave on a secret expedition. At the time the speculation was that he would sail to attack the Spanish colonies in the Río de la Plata.

Instead, Popham sailed to the Red Sea to support General Baird's expedition to Egypt to help General Ralph Abercromby expel the French there. On 23 May 1801, he drew 6,000 Spanish dollars for His Majesty's ships on the expedition from the treasury on Cuvera while she was in the Judda roads.

On 14 June 1802 the transport Calcutta wrecked on the Egyptian coast in the Red Sea. She was carrying 331 men of the 80th Regiment of Foot and 79 native Indian followers. HMS Romney (1762) arrived the next day, as did two transports. Only Romney was able to get her boats out but they were able to rescue and deliver to the shore all but seven men who had died in an early attempt to reach shore. Popham, in Romney, left HMS Duchess of York (1801) to salvage anything that could be salvaged and then sailed to Suez from whence he dispatched HMS Wilhelmina (1798) to pick up the troops on the 15th and carry them back to India.

Río de la Plata expedition
Commissioned by prime minister Pitt in 1805 to study the military plans being proposed by Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda to the British Government, Popham then persuaded the authorities that, as the Spanish Colonies were discontented, it would be easy to promote a rising in Buenos Aires. After co-operating with Sir David Baird in recovering the Cape of Good Hope Station from the Dutch in January 1806, he led the British invasions of the Río de la Plata on Buenos Aires by General Beresford's brigade of 1500 men with his squadron. Over 100 men died from sickness leaving 1400 weakened soldiers when they arrived; but the Spanish colonists, though discontented, were not disposed to accept British rule. They rose up against the soldiers who had landed, and took them prisoners. Popham's ships bombarded the taken citadel, but he was recalled, and censured by a court martial for leaving his station. In spite of his embarrassment the City of London presented him with a sword of honour for his endeavours to "open new markets", and the sentence did him limited harm.

From Spain to North America Station
In 1806 Popham was appointed a groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester. With a collaborator, John Goodhew, he published A General Code of Signals for the use of His Majesty's Navy, in which there were only twelve flags doubled backed to make twenty-four flags were used and no numbers. Variation was provided by a pendant, and changes were made to the key to maintain secrecy. But Popham's original system offered the Admiralty a huge variety of signals to be sent interpolated by tables with places marked around the world. Popham's was both complex and sophisticated for the time, but limited by a bifurcated alphabet.

In 1807 Lord Gambier appointed him captain of the fleet for the Second Copenhagen Expedition. In 1809 he went on to command HMS Venerable, which he continued to command with success against the French in Spain. Popham's instructions were in general use by 1812 throughout the Royal Navy. But there were doubters, such as a major sceptic Admiral Sir George Berkeley who refused to use the signals and could not see their point. In 1812 and 1813 he was stationed on the northern coast of Spain where he worked with the Spanish guerrillas to successfully harry the French troops and assault French fortresses on the Basque coast while Wellington was advancing through Spain. He was promoted to rear admiral in 1814, appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1815. This was capped off with a personal gift from Prince Regent in the Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1818. He served as Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica Station from 1817 to 1820.

Parliament
Popham was Member of Parliament (MP) for Yarmouth from 1804 to 1806, for Shaftesbury from 1806 to 1807, and for Ipswich from 1807 to 1812.

Death and legacy
He died in Cheltenham on September 20, 1820 aged 57, leaving a large family. He was buried on September 25 in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels at Sunninghill, Berkshire, close to his home, Titness Park. His wife died in Bath in 1866 at age 94.

Popham was one of the most scientific seamen of his time. He did much useful survey work, and was the author of the code using signal flags adopted by the admiralty in 1803 and used for many years. These were most famously used for the signal "England expects that every man will do his duty". Considerable opposition to the Admiralty adopting the code was presented by Admirals Hood and St Vincent. It took First Lord Sir John Laughton only 29 words to dismiss that code adopted by Admiral Nelson. It was not until 1816 that prejudice against Popham's previous court-martial was put aside and the system's brilliance fully recognized.

title: Home Riggs Popham


text:
Jones Soda

Jones Soda Co. is a beverage company based in Seattle, Washington, United States. It bottles and distributes soft drinks, non-carbonated beverages, energy drinks, and candy.

The 1990s
The Jones Soda brand was started by Peter Van Stolk in 1995. Van Stolk was the president and founder of Urban Juice and Soda Company Ltd., a beverage distributor in Western Canada.

The 2000s
By 2000, over 85% of its revenues came from the Jones Soda brand, and the company officially changed its name to Jones Soda and moved its headquarters from Vancouver to Seattle. In November 2006, Jones Soda announced that it would replace high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in its products with cane sugar (in the form of an inverted syrup). On January 22, 2007, Jones Pure Cane Soda was launched in 12-ounce cans. By April 2007, all of the company's products switched to cane sugar, except for its energy drinks, which changed that fall.

In 2007, the company announced an $11.6 million loss, due to the attempted expansion into the canned-soda market, whose barriers to entry were high against mass-produced Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

In 2008, Jones Soda announced a second-quarter loss and the downsizing of 42 employees (40% of its workforce), cutting costs a little over $2.6 million annually.

The 2010s
In March 2010, Jones Soda agreed to allow rival, Reed's, Inc., to purchase the company at a steep discount. Later in the month, Jones backed out of the purchase. The company then named former Talking Rain president William Meissner as President and CEO.

In June 2010, the company announced a distribution deal with Walmart and $10 million in financing from Glengrove Small Cap Value Ltd.

In June 2011, Jones moved out of its South Lake Union headquarters to a building in Pioneer Square opposite CenturyLink Field.

In 2012, Jennifer Cue was hired as CEO.

In Spring 2015, Jones moved out of its Pioneer Square building to a larger space in Seattle.

The 2020s
In December 2020, Mark Murray was promoted to CEO.

Beverage line
Jones Soda was developed in 1995 and introduced in 1996 with six flavors: Orange, Cherry, Lemon-Lime, Strawberry-Lime, Raspberry, and Grape in 12 oz. glass bottles.

On March 17, 2004, a deal was announced to distribute Jones Soda in over 3900 Starbucks locations in the United States, though Starbucks stopped distributing Jones Soda in the United States as of 2007. On October 12, 2004, Jones Soda introduced 12oz cans for the first time with an exclusive distribution deal with Target, though other stores (including some Kmart, Food Pyramid, and Albertsons locations) now also sell the cans. Jones Soda was also sold at Ruby Tuesday restaurant.

Since the introduction of the original flavors, Jones has created many additional flavors.

Slim and Sugar-Free
In January 1999, Jones introduced the "slim" line of diet sodas but discontinued it in 2003 in favor of a sugar-free line. Its sugar-free formulas contain sucralose of the Splenda brand and acesulfame potassium, but no aspartame.

Four flavors were considered "Mid-Calorie", including Twisted Lime, Watermelon, Tangerine, and Blueberry. These flavors were sweetened with Splenda, but still included 21 grams of sugar (compared to approximately 45–50 grams in the regular sodas).

In 2019, Jones introduced two new sugar-free flavors: SF Strawberry Lime, and SF Cream Soda. These flavors join sugar-free Cola on the current zero-sugar menu.

WhoopAss and Jones Energy
In October 1999, Jones introduced Jones Soda WhoopAss.

Jones Energy was the second entry into the energy drink market and included three flavors in 8.4 oz. cans: Mixed Berry, Lemon Lime, and Orange. Big Jones Energy and Sugar-Free Jones Energy (both 16oz cans) were also available. Jones Energy was discontinued in late 2008.

Jones Juice and Naturals
Jones Juice debuted in 2001 with such flavors as Limes with Orange, Berry White, Dave, Black, Purple Carrot, and Fu Cran Fu. "Dave" was a tea named for Dave Dafoe, founder of Flavorman, the company which developed all of the Jones brand's original flavors. The line was renamed Jones Naturals in 2002 and later expanded to include Betty, Bananaberry, D'Peach Mode, Bada Bing!, Bohemian Raspberry, and Strawberry Manilow.

Jones Organics
In 2005, Jones announced a new line in its series: Jones Organics. The blends consist of six different tea-based flavors—two each of white tea, green tea, and red tea.

24C
Jones came out with 24C sports drinks in 2006, first available in two flavors.

GABA
In April 2009, Jones released a new line of beverages named GABA, after its featured ingredient, gamma-aminobutyric acid. The GABA line is now listed on their retired products list.

Jones Zilch
Released in the fourth quarter of 2009, Zilch is a sugar-free, aspartame-free soft drink sweetened with Splenda. Its flavors are pomegranate, cream soda, vanilla bean, black cherry, and cola.

Nuka Cola
From 2009-10, Jones Soda produced a limited edition Nuka-Cola in collaboration with Target stores and Fallout series developer Bethesda Softworks. Jones' Nuka-Cola was re-released from 2014-16 and 2020-22 to capitalise on the release of Fallout 4 and Fallout 76. Flavours included the original Nuka-Cola, Nuka-Cherry, Nuka-Victory and blue Nuka-Cola Quantum.

7-Select
In 2016, Jones Soda partnered with 7-Eleven to produce a line of five flavors available exclusively at the convenience store chain.

Jones Cane Sugar Fountain
2015 saw the addition of BiB (bag-in-box) product and custom photo-collage fountain equipment. Flavors available on the fountain range from traditional selections like Cane Sugar Cola and Root Beer to the company’s specialty flavors like Berry Lemonade and Green Apple.

Mary Jones
In 2022, Jones announced a cannabis-infused soda and candy brand, Mary Jones. The brand was to be rolled out in California as a test market starting April 1, and in other legalized states later.

Flavored lip balm
In October 2004, Jones announced a licensing agreement with Lime Lite Marketing to create Jones flavored lip balm. The line features UV-A and UV-B protection, SPF 15, Aloe Vera, and Vitamin E. Available flavors include Green Apple, Fufu Berry, Orange & Cream, Strawberry Lime, Cream Soda, Bacon, and Blue Bubble Gum.

Frozen soda pops
In early 2005, Jones Soda entered the "frozen novelty" market with their Jones Frozen Soda Pops. They were available in Green Apple, Berry Lemonade, and Cherry soda flavors. The Jones Frozen Soda Pops were part of a three-year licensing agreement with Kroger, and are not currently available.

Carbonated candy
On October 19, 2005, a press statement was released in regards to Jones Soda's licensing agreement with Big Sky Brands to produce a soda "flavor booster" candy. At the time, they announced that the candy's three different flavors of "Jones Soda Carbonated Candy" would be Berry Lemonade, Fufu Berry, and Green Apple. The product was released in the United States in 2006. In 2007, the lineup was increased to six flavors, the three new flavors being Orange & Cream, Cream Soda, and M.F. Grape.

Jones expanded its carbonated candy line further in 2006 to include "Jones Soda Energy Boosters", which contain Niacin, Vitamin B12, Taurine, and Vitamin B6. Marketing literature says, "1 tin of Jones Boosters = 3 Jones Energy Drinks".

In 2007, Big Sky Brands announced a contest to incorporate 24 user-submitted photos of crazy, distorted sour face "cringes" onto a new labeling of "Jones Soda Carbonated Sours". They entered the market in 2008, initially in three flavors: Electric Lemonade, Limes with Orange, and Spiked Punch.

2003
The first special edition of Jones was the Jones Hot Wheels Pack, created in July 2003 to honor the 35th anniversary of Hot Wheels. The pack included a Hot Wheels Jones Soda Orange RV along with four themed bottles and was only available through the Jones Soda website.

In November 2003, Jones introduced a "Turkey & Gravy" seasonal flavor in honor of Thanksgiving. Demand was so overwhelming that Jones sold out within two hours, the bottles (both full and empty) fetching in excess of $10 a piece on auction sites such as eBay.

2004
In 2004, it offered a complete, drinkable Thanksgiving dinner—five bottles—as a box set for $16. Turkey & Gravy was brought back, and the rest of the flavors were unique to this offering: Green Bean Casserole, Cranberry, Mashed Potatoes with Butter, and Fruitcake. The limited-edition pack sold out in under an hour, temporarily crashing the company's email and Internet servers. As in 2003, people resold some seasonal bottles on auction sites such as eBay, with bids reaching as high as $100 a pack. Jones Soda's profits in both years were donated to the charity Toys for Tots.

2005
In 2005, Jones released Halloween Limited Edition 8 oz. can 4-packs, exclusively through Target. The four flavors included two originals (Candy Corn and Caramel Apple), as well as two renamed flavors (Strawberry Slime and Scary Berry Lemonade).

Flavors released at the end of October 2005 in many Target stores (and, eventually, via the Jones Soda website) included, as in 2004, five different varieties. "Turkey & Gravy" and "Cranberry" made a return from 2004, with three new additions: Wild Herb Stuffing, Pumpkin Pie, and Brussels sprout. A list of wines, half-humorously included on a label on the front of the box, offered suggestions that would "match" with said flavors.

A second limited edition collection was also created in 2005, in part to celebrate the Seattle regional aspect of the company. This collection was also made available in other places across the United States, including select Speedway, Kroger, and Cost Plus World Market stores. The flavors differed from the first 2005 limited edition and included in addition to Turkey & Gravy; Smoked Salmon Pâté, Corn on the Cob, Broccoli Casserole, and for dessert, Pecan Pie. As in years past, all profits from the Holiday Pack collections went to charities, in this case St. Jude's Research Hospital and Toys for Tots.

2006
In February 2006, Jones introduced the first Valentines Pack. Each pack contained two bottles of "Love Potion #6" soda, a Love Potion No. 6 flavored lip balm, a three-track sampler CD, a book of "Love Coupons", and a coupon for two free bottles of customized myJones. In addition to selling the packs through retailers and their website, Jones partnered with the non-profit organization, Operation AC, to donate 10,000 packs to U.S. troops stationed in Afghanistan and Iraq.

In September 2006, Jones released the 10th Anniversary Pack, which included two "current favorites" (Green Apple and Blue Bubblegum), and two "original favorites" (Pineapple Upside Down and Raspberry), along with a Hot Wheels version of a Jones Van. The bottles were printed with special foil detailing and each pack was numbered with only 10,500 ever made, available only by ordering through their website.

The Halloween cans were available again in 2006 with the return of Candy Corn and Berried Alive (formerly Scary Berry Lemonade) and the new Spider Cider and Gruesome Grape (a renamed version of their regular flavor, MF Grape). Along with the cans, Limited Edition bottles were available in three flavors: Monster Mojito, Lemon Drop Dead, and Creepy Cranberry. Unlike previous Limited Edition bottles, these were available in the normal 4-pack carriers rather than special packages. Also in October 2006, Jones released the Berries and Cream Limited Edition pack to raise awareness for the Breast Cancer Recovery Foundation.

The 2006 Holiday Pack introduced some new flavors in addition to the now-classic Turkey & Gravy, including Sweet Potato, Dinner Roll, Pea, and Antacid (which included a disclaimer stating it had no medicinal qualities). The second 2006 pack was dubbed the Dessert Pack and included Cherry Pie, Banana Cream Pie, Key Lime Pie, Apple Pie, and Blueberry Pie. Proceeds once again went to St. Jude's and Toys for Tots. Three additional flavors (Egg Nog, Sugar Plum, and Candy Cane) were also created in 4-packs similar to the special Halloween bottles.

2007
In 2007 Jones Soda again sold the Valentines Pack, including the two bottles of Love Potion No. 6, a pair of Jones-branded boxer shorts, a box of Necco Conversation hearts, and a "Spin the Bottle" board printed on the back of the box.

In preparation for the Seattle Seahawks' 2007 season, Jones offered a limited-edition Seahawks pack starting on September 27. The collectors' pack included sodas flavored in Perspiration, Sports Cream, Natural Field Turf, Dirt, and Sweet Victory. In the Pacific Northwest, Jones labeled their regular sodas with Seahawks-themed pictures during the 2007 football season.

The Halloween edition mini-cans returned in October, featuring the new flavor Sour Lemon Drop Dead, along with returning flavors Candy Corn, Strawberry Slime, and Gruesome Grape. Three Target-exclusive flavors were also released: new flavors Black Cat Licorice (Black Licorice) and Dread Licorice (Red Licorice), along with returning flavor Monster Mojito.

Around Thanksgiving, Jones again released three flavors for the Holidays, exclusively at Target stores. Christmas Cocoa, Candy Cane, and Gingerbread each came in a 4-bottle carry pack. Additionally, the Dessert Pack was re-released with new flavor Lemon Meringue Pie, plus returning flavors Apple Pie, Cherry Pie, and Blueberry Pie.

In place of their annual Thanksgiving pack, Jones released two new holiday-themed sets. The 2007 Jones Holiday Packs offered choices for both Christmas and Chanukah. The 2007 Christmas Pack included new flavors Christmas Ham and Christmas Tree, along with returning flavors Egg Nog and Sugar Plum, with proceeds benefiting Toys for Tots. The 2007 Happy Hanukkah Pack was a four-bottle set of Latke, Applesauce, Chocolate Coins, and Jelly Doughnut sodas, and included "1 completely functional dreidel;" proceeds from Chanukah Pack sales benefited Vitamin Angels. Both holiday packs contained no caffeine. All sodas, including the ham-flavored soda, were certified kosher.

2008
For the first time, Jones released three new flavors in celebration of Easter: Robin's Egg Lemonade, Chocolate Bunny, and Little Bunny Fufu. A portion of the proceeds benefited Vitamin Angels.

In April, Jones Soda ran a contest called the 10,000th label contest. Where fans would vote for their favorite photo of the Top 20 that Jones Soda picked. The winner would have the honor of their photo being on a special edition bottle. With over 5,000 votes cast, this is Jones Soda's most popular contest so far.

In October Jones released, through Target, four 8 oz. Halloween soda cans came in four-packs. The flavors were paired with Classic movie monsters for each flavor. Lemon Drop Dead was the Mummy, Spooookiwi was Frankenstein's monster, Candy Corn was the Wolf-man, and Buried Pomegranate was Count Dracula. Jones also came out with three 12 oz. glass bottle of Halloween soda consisting of Dread Apple, Blood Orange, and Monster Mojito.

Also in October, the company laid off 42 of its 110 employees, partly the result of the company's expansion into the canned-soda market where it competed directly against Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

In November Jones released exclusively at Target stores three 12oz glass bottle Holiday sodas including Candy Cane, Pear Tree, Mele Kalikimaka (a pineapple and coconut combo), or "Merry Christmas" in Hawaiian. Jones also exclusively released on their website a six-pack of Green Apple, Red Apple, and Cream Soda as a Holiday color combo. Another net exclusive was the Apple Pie, Cherry Pie, and Blueberry Pie six-pack not so different from last year's dessert pack.

In December Jones released their Hanukkah Pack was a four-bottle set of Latke, Applesauce, Chocolate Coins, and Jelly Doughnut sodas, and included "1 completely functional dreidel;".

2009
To commemorate Barack Obama's inauguration, Jones released a new 'Orange You Glad For Change' orange cola flavor, available from their website.

In February, Love Potion No. 6 was also made available from the official Jones website.

In June, Internet radio station Punk Radio Cast teamed up with Jones Soda to create a punk-pop 6 pack featuring labels designed by PunkRadioCast and five punk artists – New Found Glory, Less Than Jake, Bad Brains, Thursday, and The Gaslight Anthem. The 6-pack includes:
 * Less Than Jake – Root Beer
 * The Gaslight Anthem – Cream Soda
 * New Found Glory – Fufu Berry
 * Bad Brains – Rootz Beer
 * Thursday – Cream Soda
 * Punk Radio Cast – Strawberry Lime

When Magic: The Gathering released a new core card set in July, Jones Soda coordinated to produce five limited edition bottles featuring Magic's five colors of mana and artwork from Magic's new Planeswalkers. The five sodas are titled Elixir of Purity (Cream Soda), Necromancer's Tonic (Root Beer), Beast Brew (Green Apple), Illusion Infusion (Blue Bubblegum), and Purifying Firewater (Fruit Punch).

An exclusive set of bottles based on Dungeons & Dragons, called 'Spellcasting Soda' was made available through the official Jones website. Sodas were titled Illithid Brain Juice, Sneak Attack, Potion of Healing, Dwarven Draught, Bigby's Crushing Thirst Destroyer, and Eldritch Blast.

Halloween brought a return of several promotional flavors, exclusively at Target. Four-bottle packs of Monster Mojito, Dread Apple, and Blood Orange made a return. Four-can packs of Buried Pomegranate, Strawberry Slime, Lemon Drop Dead, Spookiwi, and Candy Corn were also re-released.

For Thanksgiving, the company introduced a new Tofurky and Gravy flavored soda that's intended for vegetarians as an alternative option to turkey. A portion of proceeds were donated to the Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS). The drink was also featured on an episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in a segment where band member Richie "LaBamba" Rosenberg (after Andy Richter refused to drink it) tried and disliked it.

2013
In 2013, Jones Soda created a poutine-flavored limited-edition soft drink, which got international popular culture attention.

In addition, the Halloween flavors were brought back for the fall season. The flavors this year included Return of Candy Corn, Terror of Blood Orange, Dawn of Caramel Apple, and Night of Red Licorice.

2014
To coincide with the back-to-school season, Jones Soda announced a limited-edition Peanut Butter and Jelly flavor.

Blood Orange and Caramel Apple returned for the Halloween season with similar packaging to 2013's designs, but Red Licorice and Candy Corn were absent from the 2014 limited edition lineup of flavors.

2015
Peanut Butter and Jelly returned once again for the back-to-school season, while Blood Orange and Lemon Drop Dead were back for Halloween. A Thanksgiving favorite, Pumpkin Pie, also returned in 2015.

2015 also saw Jones Soda teaming up with video game publisher Bethesda to make a signature soft drink from one of Bethesda's games slated for release in November. Nuka-Cola Quantum from the Fallout series went on sale on November 10 at participating Target locations in North America alongside the release of Bethesda's game Fallout 4.

2016
Christmas themed soda returned in 2016 with Candy Cane, Sugar Plum, Pear Tree, and Gingerbread flavors.

Labels
Jones Soda continually changes the photographs on its Soda and Naturals labels. The photos are generally black and white. Its website features a database of over one million submitted pictures, as well as an archived collection of internal company notes, detailing which pictures appeared when, on what flavors (for collectors of the images). Customers can also submit fortunes (similar to a fortune cookie) to be printed underneath the bottle cap.

The website sometimes asks for specific themes for photo uploads like the Patriot Photos or the Landmark Contest in order to create a special collection of labels. Recently, they have created a Signature series that includes photos and written signatures of Jones Soda Pro Athletes.

myJones
In 1999, Jones began selling Jones through a new section of their website in order to meet the growing demand of people wanting to circumvent the photo selection process. myJones is a customizable 12-pack of bottles with which anyone can have their picture and message. The creation process involves uploading a picture (with optional photo credit of up to 50 characters) and providing customization (up to 7 lines of 50 characters). The fortunes under the caps are not customizable.

Above the picture on the label, the word "my" is added before "Jones Soda Co." to indicate it was customized and not bought at retail.

Marketing
Rather than television commercials or magazine ads, Jones chooses to focus on product placement. Athletes such as Benji Weatherley, Matt Hoffman, and Bam Margera, known as Jones Pro Riders, promote Jones by appearing with the logo (or often the actual product) at various events or on television appearances. Another group of athletes, the Jones Emerging Athletes, also support Jones.

Jones also employs two Jones Soda RVs which travel the West and East coasts of North America "handing out soda and talking to the people on the street".

On May 23, 2007, the Seattle Seahawks chose Jones Soda as its official soft drink, and its products were sold at Qwest Field from the 2007 through the 2009 season. During the football season, Jones Soda also produced bottles labeled with photos of Seahawks players for sale both at football games and in supermarkets. The Seahawks previously sold soft drinks from The Coca-Cola Company; the Jones Soda deal made the team the first in the NFL to sign an exclusive deal with a soft drink company other than Coca-Cola or Pepsi. In June 2010, the Seahawks severed their association with Jones Soda and announced that they had signed a five-year agreement with Coca-Cola.

On February 12, 2008, Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air announced they would serve Jones Soda on their flights. This arrangement ended March 1, 2010, when Alaska and Horizon switched to serving Coca-Cola products. The airlines cited customer demand as the reason.

The 2009 February/March issue of the fine beverage publication,  Mutineer Magazine, featured Jones Soda on the cover as well as an in-depth article about the company inside the magazine.

The company's motto, "Run with the little guy… create some change." appears on most Jones products.

Dr. Dre's character in the 2001 film the Wash is seen drinking a Jones Soda.

Tahj Mowry's and Aleisha Allen's characters in the 2007 film Are We Done Yet? are seen drinking Jones Sodas.

title: Jones Soda


text:
Talk:Steyr AUG

EF88
the two sources you added Lithgow Arms and the Australian Army poster do not mention: WP:BURDEN requires that "all content must be verifiable" and that material "should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source". Melbguy05 (talk) 14:48, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The length of pull has been shortened by 15 mm.
 * A longer top rail.
 * A free-floating barrel.
 * That a fluted barrel dissipates heat from automatic fire.
 * The butt plate design increases durability.
 * The butt plate design is bolted-together for easier disassembly.
 * Provision for electronic architecture to allow centralised control and power management of ancillary devices.
 * The SL40 can fire all currently available 40 mm low velocity grenades.
 * Improved grenade launcher mount which improves the balance of the weapon.
 * Improved grenade launcher safety, the new KORD RIC (Rifle Input Control) electronic control system made by Thales will also be integrated into the rifle.

 * Then remove the two sources added. That is why I added the 'need better source'. This list was made years ago. Meaning it existed prior to when I gave these two 'new' sources. If you are not satisfied with the 2 sources, then remove the sources but keep the list and find a better one. It is a summarisation of the improvements that is found on the EF88. And if you look up the EF88 you will find that it has all the things mentioned on the list. The grenade module is for the F90. Although it does not mean that the EF88 cannot utilise it since it is the same weapon. The name 'EF88' is simply the Australian military designation of the F90. I don't see the issue here, and quite frankly there shouldn't be one really. Which is better, leaving it with 'citation needed' or with 2 sources and a 'need better source'. The latter is preferable Guns & Glory (talk) 15:00, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

 * It is your responsibility per WP:BURDEN to demonstrate verifiability as you restored the material that I removed . Per WP:BURDEN "Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source." Melbguy05 (talk) 15:58, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Bruh I was the one who gave those two sources because the original ones were removed due to them being dead. The two new sources I have provided does not include everything on the list because they came from a Military site. Which often summarises everything. The original source was a more detailed blog post. Which was then just summarised into bullet points as you can see now. Just remove the two sources then. That's also part of the reason why I included 'Need Better Source'. And surely in due time someone can find a copy of those lost sources or find another one that includes every single one that is mentioned on that list. I can verify right now that everything on that list is true. I am from Australia and have visited Museums and military bases where they showcase the F88 and EF88. Guns & Glory (talk) 16:43, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

 * To be clear, there were three sources two were forums, one of which was dead, that were removed per WP:USERG and the third source, a 2011 Thales document, did not support the material . You restored the material firstly with the Australian Army poster, then you added Better source needed with "The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS)" and finally you added Lithgow Arms whilst keeping the Better source needed.

 * Administrator said at WP:ANI "Unsourced content can and should be removed if a supporting citation cannot be found. It doesn't matter if it's been there a long time".Melbguy05 (talk) 09:15, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @Melbguy05 Not sure whether this helps as Guns & Glory is a sockpuppet who has been banned, but I think I've found sources to cover off like 90% of those points, obviously without having access tot he DMO preso that these came from.
 * This has the most info, however its all within the paragraphs, not a neat list, but a quick Ctrl+F finds most things: ——
 * This one has info on the Rifle Input Control (RIC) and Kord Defence: ——
 * This one has a tonne of info, really quite good, and has lots of photos too, (wonder if he would post them onto common as CC?) ——
 * One from navy covering some things: ——
 * This is from ASPI so take it with a bit of a grain of salt. ——
 * This from The Cove: ——
 * Personally I think the EF88 deserves its own page with a link in here for Full article: under the EF88 page. There is enough info, and the EF88 being essentially redesigned in Australia, not by Steyr, makes it very noteworthy, as its kind of its own rifle. KarmaKangaroo (talk) 18:53, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

I gonna pretend I didn't see that
despite AFG, it's hard to confirm whether it is or not, because user edited was simply IP address.

Sniper4721 (talk) 10:07, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steyr AUG


text:
Lech Kaczyński

Lech Aleksander Kaczyński (18 June 1949 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. Before his tenure as president, he previously served as President of the Supreme Audit Office from 1992 to 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet from 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001.

Born in Warsaw, he starred in a 1962 Polish film, The Two Who Stole the Moon, with his identical twin brother Jarosław. Kaczyński was a graduate of law and administration of Warsaw University. In 1980, he was awarded his Ph.D. by Gdańsk University. In 1990, he completed his habilitation in labour and employment law. He later assumed professorial positions at Gdańsk University and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.

During the communist period, Kaczyński was an activist in the pro-democratic anti-communist movement in Poland, the Workers' Defence Committee, as well as the Independent Trade Union movement. In August 1980, he became an adviser to the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee in the Gdańsk Shipyard and the Solidarity movement. After the communists imposed martial law in December 1981, he was interned as an "anti-socialist element". After his release, he returned to trade union activities, becoming a member of the underground Solidarity. When Solidarity was legalized again in the late 1980s, Kaczyński was an active adviser to Lech Wałęsa and his Solidarity Citizens' Committee in 1988.

From February to April 1989, he participated in the Polish Round Table Talks along with his brother. After Solidarity's victory in the 1989 Polish legislative election, Kaczyński became a senator and vice-chairman of the movement. Then in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election, he was elected into the Sejm as a non-party member. He was also the main adviser and supporter of Lech Wałęsa when the latter was elected President of Poland in December 1990. Wałęsa nominated Kaczyński to be the Security Minister in the Presidential Chancellery but fired him in 1992 due to a conflict concerning Jan Olszewski's government. In 2001, Kaczyński co-founded the Law and Justice party, after splitting from the Solidarity Electoral Action and the Christian National Union, along with his brother. Kaczyński was the party's presidential candidate, during the 2005 Polish presidential election. In the first round of voting, Kaczyński received 33.1% of the valid votes. In the second round of voting, Kaczyński received 54.04% of the vote, defeating Donald Tusk, who received 45.96% of the vote. He was sworn in as president on 23 December 2005.

On 10 July 2006, Kaczyński appointed his brother as Prime Minister of Poland upon the resignation of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, the brothers then became the first pair of brothers in the world to serve as president and Prime Minister of a country and the only twin brothers to do so, until 2007, when his brother lost the parliamentary election on 21 October 2007, finishing a distant second behind the conservative-liberal party Civic Platform. His brother was succeeded as prime minister by his former presidential rival Donald Tusk.

On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński died, along with his wife, in the crash of a Polish Air Force jet that occurred on a landing attempt at Smolensk North Airport in Russia. He was the first Polish president to die in office since the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz.

Early life
Kaczyński was born in Warsaw, the son of Rajmund (an engineer who served as a soldier of the Armia Krajowa in World War II and a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising), and Jadwiga (a philologist at the Polish Academy of Sciences). As a child, he starred in a 1962 Polish film, The Two Who Stole the Moon (Polish title O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc), with his identical twin brother Jarosław.

Kaczyński was a graduate of law and administration of Warsaw University. In 1980 he was awarded his PhD by Gdańsk University. In 1990 he completed his habilitation in labour and employment law. He later assumed professorial positions at Gdańsk University and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.

Opposition to communism
In the 1970s Kaczyński was an activist in the pro-democratic anti-communist movement in Poland, the Workers' Defence Committee, as well as the Independent Trade Union movement. In August 1980, he became an adviser to the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee in the Gdańsk Shipyard and the Solidarity movement. After the communists imposed martial law in December 1981, he was interned as an anti-socialist element. After his release, he returned to trade union activities, becoming a member of the underground Solidarity.

When Solidarity was legalized again in the late 1980s, Kaczyński was an active adviser to Lech Wałęsa and his Komitet Obywatelski Solidarność in 1988. From February to April 1989, he participated in the Round Table talks.

Political activity from 1989–2005
Kaczyński was elected senator in the elections of June 1989 and became the vice-chairman of the Solidarity trade union. In the 1991 parliamentary election, he was elected to the parliament as a non-party member. He was, however, supported by the electoral committee Center Civic Alliance, closely related but not identical to the political party Centre Agreement (Porozumienie Centrum) led by his brother. He was also the main adviser and supporter of Lech Wałęsa when the latter was elected President of Poland in December 1990. Wałęsa nominated Kaczyński to be the Security Minister in the Presidential Chancellery but fired him in 1992 due to a conflict concerning Jan Olszewski's government.

Kaczyński was the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, NIK) from February 1992 to May 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Attorney General in Jerzy Buzek's government from June 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001. During this time he was very popular because of his strong stance against corruption.

Law and Justice
In 2001 he founded the political party Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość – PiS), usually labelled 'conservative' by media, with his brother Jarosław. Lech Kaczyński was the president of the party between 2001 and 2003.

Mayor of Warsaw
In 2002, Kaczyński was elected mayor of Warsaw in a landslide victory. He started his term in office by declaring war on corruption. He strongly supported the construction of the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in 2004 appointed a historical panel to estimate material losses that were inflicted upon the city by the Germans in the Second World War (an estimated 85% of the city was destroyed in the Warsaw Uprising) as a direct response to heightened claims coming from German expellees from Poland. The panel estimated the losses to be at least 45.3 billion euros ($54 billion) in current value. He also supported the construction of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw and was one of the signatories of the agreement to finance the project using the city funds.

Interference with LGBT events
Kaczyński banned the Warsaw gay pride parade twice in 2004 and again in 2005, locally known as the Parada Równości (the Equality Parade), telling protesters that "I respect your right to demonstrate as citizens, but not as homosexuals." Additionally, he feared the parade would promote a "homosexual lifestyle" and complained that police did not use enough force in breaking it up by stating "Why was force not used to break up an illegal demonstration?". Kaczyński referred to the organizers of the gay pride parades as "perverts".

In 2005, Kaczyński allowed a counter-demonstration, the "Parade of Normality", organized by the All-Polish Youth, a Catholic nationalist organization opposed to "liberalism, tolerance, and relativism."

In 2007, Poland was found guilty by the European Court of Human Rights of violating the principle of freedom of assembly by banning the 2005 Parada Równości under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Presidential election
On 19 March 2005, he formally declared his intention to run for president in the October 2005 election.

In the first round of the elections he polled 33% of the vote, taking second place behind Donald Tusk. By the second round, however, he had gained the support of Radio Maryja, as well as of two other political parties besides his own: Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, and the Polish People's Party.

Elected President of the Republic of Poland (he defeated the runner-up Donald Tusk by polling 8,257,468 votes, constituting 54.04 percent of the vote), Kaczyński assumed office on 23 December 2005, taking an oath before the National Assembly.

Domestic policy
In his first public speech as president-elect, Kaczyński said that his presidency would pursue the task of ameliorating the Republic, a process which he said would consist of "purging various pathologies from our life, most prominently crime [...], particularly criminal corruption – that entire, great rush to obtain unjust enrichment, a rush that is poisoning society, [and preventing the state from ensuring] elementary social security, health security, basic conditions for the development of the family [and] the security of commerce and the basic conditions for economic development.

During his inauguration he stated several goals he would pursue during his presidency. Among those concerning internal affairs were: increasing social solidarity in Poland, bringing justice to those who were responsible for, or were affected by communist crimes in the People's Republic of Poland, fighting corruption, providing security in economy, and safety for development of family. Kaczyński also stated that he would seek to abolish economic inequalities between various regions of Poland. In his speech he also emphasized combining modernization with tradition and remembering the teachings of Pope John Paul II.

On 21 December 2008, Kaczyński became the first Polish head of state to visit a Polish synagogue and to attend religious services held there. His attendance coincided with the first night of Hanukkah.

Kaczyński supported the reintroducing the death penalty in Poland, clashing with the European Union over the issue in 2006.

Presidential pardons
From 2005 to 2007, in accordance with article 133 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Kaczyński pardoned 77 people and declined to pardon 550.

Foreign affairs

In foreign policy, Kaczyński noted that many of Poland's problems were related to the lack of energy security and this issue would have to be resolved to protect Polish interests. Strengthening ties with the United States while continuing to develop relations within the European Union are two main goals of Polish foreign affairs, as well as improving relations with France and Germany despite several problems in relations with the latter. Aside from those issues, his immediate goals were to develop a tangible strategic partnership with Ukraine and greater co-operation with the Baltic states, Azerbaijan and Georgia. He was greatly admired in Israel because he promoted educating Polish youth about the Holocaust. There was widespread grief in Israel over his death.

Defense Minister Radosław Sikorski compared the planned Russia to Germany gas pipeline to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and Foreign Minister Anna Fotyga stated that the pipeline was a threat to Poland's energy security.

In November 2006 in Helsinki, at a European Union-Russia meeting, Poland vetoed the launch of EU-Russia partnership talks due to a Russian ban on Polish meat and plant products imports.

As a reaction to claims by a German exile group Preussische Treuhand, which represents post-1945 German expellees from Eastern Europe, the Polish Foreign Minister Fotyga mistakenly threatened to reopen a 1990 Treaty fixing the Oder and Neisse rivers as the border between the two countries instead of the Neighborhood Treaty signed in the same year.

Following the military conflict between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Kaczyński provided the website of the President of Poland for dissemination of information for blocked by the Russian Federation Georgian internet portals. In a speech during the Russian aggression against Georgia, Kaczyński predicted: "Today Georgia, tomorrow Ukraine, the Baltic States the day after tomorrow, and then perhaps the time will come for my country, Poland!"

During a state visit to Serbia in 2009, Kaczyński said that the Polish government, on the basis of its constitutional competences, decided to recognize Kosovo and emphasized that he, as the President of the state, did not agree with that.

Marriage and family
Kaczyński married economist Maria Kaczyńska in 1978. They had one daughter, Marta Kaczyńska-Dubieniecka. His brother is Jarosław Kaczyński, the former Prime Minister of Poland.

Death
On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154M plane was carrying Lech Kaczyński, his wife Maria Kaczyńska, and other members of a Polish delegation (top public and military figures) from Warsaw to commemorate the Katyn massacre. The plane crashed while approaching Smolensk Air Base in Russia. The governor of Smolensk Oblast confirmed to the Russia 24 news channel that there were no survivors. 96 people were killed in the crash, including many of Poland's highest military and civilian leaders.

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered a government commission to investigate the crash. Russia's Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, was placed in charge of the investigation.

Russian politician Valeriya Novodvorskaya later claimed the Russian government had murdered Kaczyński.

State funeral
On 11 April 2010, President Kaczyński's body was returned to Poland, where he and his wife lay in state at the Presidential Palace in Warsaw. The state funeral was held in Kraków on 18 April 2010. After a Roman Catholic Mass at St. Mary's Basilica, the presidential couple were laid to rest in a coffin, which was placed in the antechamber of the Crypt Under the Tower of Silver Bells beneath the Wawel Cathedral. A significant number of foreign dignitaries were unable to attend the funeral as a result of air travel disruption in Europe following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland.

Exhumation and post-mortem
In June 2016, the Polish government announced it would re-open the investigation into the Smolensk jet crash with plans to exhume and autopsy all 96 of the victims. On 14 November 2016, the first of ten bodies, including Kaczyński's, were exhumed. Kaczyński and his wife were reburied on 18 November 2016 after autopsies.

By 1 June 2017, exhumations of 27 coffins had been completed and DNA tests confirmed that 24 of those coffins, Kaczyński's among them, showed evidence of mix-ups, including switched bodies, partial sets of remains and multiple remains in one grave.

National honours

 * 🇵🇱 Poland:
 * POL Order Orła Białego BAR.svg Knight of the Order of the White Eagle
 * POL Polonia Restituta Wielki BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Foreign honours

 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan:
 * AZ Heydar Aliyev Order ribbon.png Recipient of the Heydar Aliyev Order (2 July 2009)
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia:
 * Ribbon of an order of king Tomislav.png Recipient of the Grand Order of King Tomislav (10 January 2008)
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic:
 * CZE Rad Bileho Lva 1 tridy BAR.svg Member 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion (21 January 2010)
 * Georgia:
 * GEO National Hero Award BAR.svg Recipient of the Order of National Hero of Georgia (posthumously, 10 April 2010)
 * GEO St-George Victory Order BAR.svg Recipient of the St. George's Order of Victory (23 November 2007)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary:
 * HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 1class BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (18 March 2009)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania:
 * LTU Order of Vytautas the Great - Grand Cross BAR.svg Commander Grand Cross with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great (16 April 2009)
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
 * OPMM-co.svg Collar of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (26 February 2009)
 * OPMM-gcs.svg Grand Cross Special Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (14 May 2007)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal:
 * PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (2 September 2008)
 * 🇷🇴 Romania:
 * ROU Order of the Star of Romania 1999 GCross BAR.svg Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (7 October 2009)
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia:
 * SA Order of King Abdulaziz 1kl rib.png Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (25 June 2007)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia:
 * SVK Rad Bieleho Dvojkriza 1 triedy BAR.svg Member 1st Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (21 February 2009)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine:
 * Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png Member 1st Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (6 December 2007)

Other achievements

 * Georgia : Honorary doctorate from the Tbilisi State University in Georgia (16 April 2007)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea : Honorary doctorate from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul (6 December 2008)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland : Honorary doctorate from Catholic University of Lublin (1 July 2009)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland : Honorary citizen of Warsaw (15 April 2010)

title: Lech Kaczyński


text:
Principle of rationality

The principle of rationality (or rationality principle) was coined by Karl R. Popper in his Harvard Lecture of 1963, and published in his book Myth of Framework. It is related to what he called the 'logic of the situation' in an Economica article of 1944/1945, published later in his book The Poverty of Historicism. According to Popper's rationality principle, agents act in the most adequate way according to the objective situation. It is an idealized conception of human behavior which he used to drive his model of situational analysis.

Popper
Popper called for social science to be grounded in what he called situational analysis. This requires building models of social situations which include individual actors and their relationship to social institutions, e.g. markets, legal codes, bureaucracies, etc. These models attribute certain aims and information to the actors. This forms the 'logic of the situation', the result of reconstructing meticulously all circumstances of an historical event. The 'principle of rationality' is the assumption that people are instrumental in trying to reach their goals, and this is what drives the model. Popper believed that this model could be continuously refined to approach the objective truth.

Popper called his 'principle of rationality' nearly empty (a technical term meaning without empirical content) and strictly speaking false, but nonetheless tremendously useful. These remarks earned him a lot of criticism because seemingly he had swerved from his famous Logic of Scientific Discovery.

Among the many philosophers having discussed his 'principle of rationality' from the 1960s up to now are Noretta Koertge, R. Nadeau, Viktor J. Vanberg, Hans Albert, E. Matzner, Ian C. Jarvie, Mark A. Notturno, John Wettersten, Ian C. Böhm.

Newell
In the context of knowledge-based systems, Newell (in 1982) proposed the following principle of rationality: "If an agent has knowledge that one of its actions will lead to one of its goals, then the agent will select that action." This principle is employed by agents at the knowledge level to move closer to a desired goal. An important philosophical difference between Newell and Popper is that Newell argued that the knowledge level is real in the sense that it exists in nature and is not made up. This allowed Newell to treat the rationality principle as a way of understanding nature and avoid the problems Popper ran into by treating knowledge as non physical and therefore non empirical.

title: Principle of rationality


text:
Anderson Machado

Anderson Javier Machado [ma-CHA-do] (born January 25, 1981) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball shortstop.

Career
Machado was signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Philadelphia Phillies in 1998. He made his debut in American professional baseball in 1999 when he played for the Rookie League Gulf Coast League Phillies, Class A Piedmont Boll Weevils, and Class A-Advanced Clearwater Phillies. In 2000 and 2001, he played for both Clearwater and the Double-A Reading Phillies. All of his 2002 season and the majority of his 2003 season was spent in Reading. Machado made his Major League debut on September 27, 2003, for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Early in the 2004 season, he played for Clearwater and the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons. On July 30, Machado was traded with Josh Hancock to Cincinnati Reds for Brad Correll and Todd Jones. He played in 17 games for the Reds, but also played for the Triple-A Louisville Bats. The 24-year-old shortstop began 2005 on the 15-day disabled list following offseason surgery to repair a torn medial collateral ligament and torn meniscus in his left knee. He appeared in two games for the Reds in 2005, both as a pinch hitter, and was 0-for-2 at the plate; he also spent time in Louisville. Machado was claimed off waivers on July 20 by the Colorado Rockies. He played four games for the Rockies in addition to playing for the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox.

After becoming a free agent following his time with the Rockies organization, he was signed to a minor league contract with the Reds. He played in 2006 with the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts, and 2007 with Triple-A Louisville. Machado wound up in the New York Mets system in 2008. During this time, he played with the Class A (Short Season) Brooklyn Cyclones, Double-A Binghamton Mets, and Triple-A New Orleans Zephyrs.

Machado began the 2009 season in the Pittsburgh Pirates minor league system. He saw playing time with the Double-A Altoona Curve and Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. On May 28, 2009, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs for future considerations. He played for their Triple-A Iowa Cubs. After being released by the Cubs, Machado played for the independent Atlantic League's Lancaster Barnstormers. In 2010, he was signed to a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers and played for their Double-A Huntsville Stars.

title: Anderson Machado