text:
Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (adjectives)

Could someone please provide an example?? -- Gelu Ignisque

I don't know who did this, but it's been done. -- Toby Bartels

See Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (ambiguous adjectives) for a proposed modification. -- Toby Bartels 08:37, 2005 Mar 7 (UTC)

What about something along the lines of:
 * Where an adjective is in more common use than a corresponding noun, and applies to a number of different concepts, a disambiguation page may also be appropriate.

By way of precedent, I note that British is already a disambiguation page, rather than a redirect. Alai 22:21, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This is certainly reasonable in cases (like British) where the corresponding noun is not clear. But it doesn't apply to the motivating example on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (ambiguous adjectives) (which is Bounded <-> Boundedness, a disambiguation page either way). -- Toby Bartels 23:59, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * Disambiguation pages are generally not considered to be standard "articles" but rather "navigational aids", being referred to as "pages" rather than "articles"; therefore, it would seem acceptable to suspend the nouns-only titling guideline for disambiguation pages as a class. I am presently considering the creation of a special disambiguation tag that would highlight these exceptions, something like Adj-disambig, to be appended to pages that are disambiguation pages and which title is an adjective. See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Courtland 02:35, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Dual adjectives and population groups
According to this convention, it would appear that dual adjectives are to be frowned upon, and should be re-named. Is there a willingness to set about renaming Russian Brazilian, African American and probably many other similarly named articles, and if so, which is preferered: Fooian Templatonians or Fooian Templatonian people? Kevin McE (talk) 11:34, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Redundant?
Do we really need this page? All it's saying (apart from a grammar lesson) is that adjectives should be redirected to nouns. We can (and do) say that on the main naming conventions page: WP:NC. So why bother people with this page?--Kotniski (talk) 08:49, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Doing this then.--Kotniski (talk) 13:44, 4 October 2009 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Birmingham/Archive 1

Nick Drake
Nick drake was not born in Birmingham, as this page says, but Burma! can this fact be removed? See http://www3.sympatico.ca/tealeafer/biography.html

I see what you are saying, i originally included Nick Drake not as being born in Bham as i already knew but as being brought up in between Redditch and Brum which is true, he spent time in the City but of course Tanworth isn't Birmingham. Birmingham is the closest recognisable place to Tanworth, and so people can use the city to geographically locate Tanworth in Arden, which in fairness is a much lesser known place. Why don't we rephrase it to say, 'Nick Drake grew up in Tanworth in Arden 4 miles south of Birmingham'? or keep it as is but remove the 'born' bit which is wrong!

Nick

WBA

 * Birmingham is home to three professional football (soccer) teams: Aston Villa, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion.

My 1995 Birmingham A-Z marks the Birmingham-Sandwell boundary as passing just east of The Hawthorns, putting the Baggies just outside the formal limits of Birmingham. Is this still the case? Is Birmingham really home to WBA, or do they belong to the Black Country? --rbrwr

Wolverhampton
Speaking of boundaries, isn't Wolverhampton in the Black Country, thus making 'Birmingham along with the neighbo[u]ring city of Wolverhampton and the Black Country' a tautologous phrasing? majabl

I hate to point this out but Wolverhampton is a city in it's own right, and West Bromwich is a town in it's own right, and neither are a part of Birmingham. Thus the Wolverhampton Wanderers and West Bromwich albion links dont belong here. G-Man 17:27 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * That's true, though to be fair it did say (my emphasis): "Birmingham and its surrounding area is home to five... " (and it still did after you'd taken Wolves, Baggies and Walsall out). --rbrwr

Wolverhampton per se isn't part of the Black Country, although areas added to the city in 1966 are, such as Bilston.

More canals than...
Re: more canals more parkland and more trees etc.

The usual litany goes something like: "more canals than Venice, more parks than Paris, more trees per head of population than Milton Keynes; and the Number 50 is the most regular bus route in Europe".

It is easily extended thus: "more Big Issue sellers than Dundee, more traffic circles than New York City, more wrongly-convicted IRA bombers than Guildford".

 * I was the one that originally included the inevitable Venice comment, at the time I found a webpage that some guy with plenty of time has put together which 'proved' the statement from OS maps... sadly it seems to have disappeared from google so I can't add it as a source. :( Pete 08:51, 5 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * No sooner do I type that than think of a better search term and get a hit on the first page. The page was this one: Pete 08:54, 5 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I hate it when people say about there being more canals than venice in Brum, i never say this in fear of being ridiculed as it is a bit miss-leading but the canals in the city are extremely popular with tourists and i think that they are a valuble asset to the city seeing there is no large river.

you can always tell a Brummie...
The following paragraph is not NPOV but contains elements that could be put back in the article rephrased. -- Sam 13:05, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Birmingham people, or "Brummies"", are generally hard working with an unusual sense of humour that is quite unique, it is often said that "you can always tell a Brummie, but you cant tell him much".

 * fixed Andy Mabbett 13:16, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC) ;-)

Subheadings 1
I dont think sub-headings are surposed to be used for short sentences, IMO there should be at least two paragraphs for something to justify having it's own sub-heading. It just makes the article look looks messy and unreadable. G-Man 00:20, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

At my screen resolution this offering:

==Transport==

Birmingham is well served by a number of transport modes:

Road: Birmingham is connected to London and the south, and the north-east of England and to Scotland by the M6 motorway. The M40 also connects Birmingham to London and to Oxford. The M5 motorway connects Birmingham to the south-west of England. The M42 motorway connects Birmingham to the East Midlands.

Rail: A plethora of railway lines from all over the UK go into Birmingham, which is a central hub of the rail network. Most of which converge in Birmingham New Street station from where regular train services to all the major cities in the UK including London can be caught. Trains to London can also be caught at Birmingham Snow Hill station, as can trams to Wolverhampton on the Midland Metro.

Air: Birmingham is served by Birmingham International Airport, which has flights to all over Europe and to New York.

Water: Although it has no major river (the Rea is little more than a culverted stream, and the Tame, which only passes through the northern suburbs, is not navigable), Birmingham is at the hub of the country's canal network. Major canals including the Grand Union Canal, the Birmingham and Worcester Canal, and the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal go into Birmingham.

looks better than the current state of the article as I write, on account of the fact that exchange subsection is quite short

==Transport==

Birmingham is well served by a number of transport modes:

=== Road ===

Birmingham is connected to London and the south, and the north-east of England and to Scotland by the M6 motorway. The M40 also connects Birmingham to London and to Oxford. The M5 motorway connects Birmingham to the south-west of England. The M42 motorway connects Birmingham to the East Midlands.

=== Rail ===

A plethora of railway lines from all over the UK go into Birmingham, which is a central hub of the rail network. Most of which converge in Birmingham New Street station from where regular train services to all the major cities in the UK including London can be caught. Trains to London can also be caught at Birmingham Snow Hill station, as can trams to Wolverhampton on the Midland Metro.

=== Air ===

Birmingham is served by Birmingham International Airport, which has flights to all over Europe and to New York.

=== Water === Although it has no major river (the Rea is little more than a culverted stream, and the Tame, which only passes through the northern suburbs, is not navigable), Birmingham is at the hub of the country's canal network. Major canals including the Grand Union Canal, the Birmingham and Worcester Canal, and the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal go into Birmingham.

Pete 00:24, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

---

Subheadings 2
This is stupid. Why have an edit war about Birmingham. I am going to protect the page to stop this for this evening. Sorry but this has to be done.
 * I have no idea why my original creation of subheadings has been repeatedly (I hesitate to say vandalised, but it's getting that way) deleted, other than what appears to be one person's personal opinion and another's individual PC configuration. Andy Mabbett 23:30, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Right. I've protected it. You are both sensible contributors so this is really silly. I'm leaving it protected overnight and will attempt ACAS tomorrow. Secretlondon 23:33, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)
 * Will revert tomorrow, unless someone can show me evidence that sub-headings are not supposed to be used on Wikipedia. Andy Mabbett 23:35, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * and he'll revert again and so it goes on. As its 11.40 I'm going to bed, I suggest you do the same, or write stubs on all the UK places that need articles. Secretlondon 23:46, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

Note to self: duplicate "Regeneration" section to be removed; fix talics in "Hawthorns"Andy Mabbett 23:38, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Andy I dont want to fall out with you, you are a valuable contributor. I am not opposed to sub-headings I dont think that short one or two sentence paragraphs deserve their own sub-heading, there is such a thing as overuse of sub-headings.

There are no iron laws about formatting on wikipedia it is down to the discretion of the editors G-Man 23:45, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * "I dont want to fall out with you" odd way of showing it. You have been using sub-headings, but marking them up improperly. Andy Mabbett 23:48, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Does this help Guide_to_Layout. Secretlondon 23:51, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Very much, thank you:

 * Headers also help make an article clearer and determine the table of contents, see Wikipedia:Section. Since headers are hierarchical, and some people set their user preferences to number them, you should start with ==Header== and follow it with ===Subheader===, ====Subsubheader====, and so forth. Yes, the ==Header== is awfully big in some browsers, but that can be fixed in the future with a style sheet more easily than a nonhierarchical article structure can be fixed.

 * Andy Mabbett 23:54, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Yes thank you for pointing that out I have now corrected it. It also makes it clear, on Manual of Style that the rules on layout are flexible and are not set in stone.

It is certainly the case that it is not always appropriate to use sub-headings where bolded text or bullet points within a section would suffice. Look at Jack the Ripper for example - a well layed out article which IMO has about the right number of sub-headings, and uses bolded text instead of sub-headings where neccesary. G-Man 00:46, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * A falacy; and the example scited does not substitute bold text for headers, as you have been trying to do. Andy Mabbett 09:28, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Yes it does, I'me not sure what youre looking at. Anyway perhaps we could compromise and use bullet points G-Man 18:30, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I think should unprotect this article now. Secretlondon 18:59, Nov 27, 2003 (UTC)

I have just noticed that this page is protected and having looked into the reason why, I must say I prefer G-mans version of the layout Bob Matthews 19:01, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thank you Bob, that's two people who have agreed with me now G-Man 19:09, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Regarding the subheadings thing here: I have no objection to subheadings in general, they are very useful. But in this particular case, I think the text would flow nicely without subheadings, the contents page would be a bit more compact, and we could have a more open discussion of Birmingham's transport system.

 * If the "Transport" section does gets long enough to require subheadings, then we should split it up at that point. So how about this as a proposal to resolve this (admittedly trivial) conflict: We bring the transport section under the one header ("Transport") for now, and develop it as we see fit -- it will surely develop beyond what's there -- and then, in a month or so, we will see whether or not it requires subheadings. --Sam 23:17, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * My previous comments still apply; read up on why HTML uses  subheafings, and their inmapact on accesibility. Andy Mabbett 23:23, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You don't seem to have made that argument anywhere, but I'll let it go. --Sam
 * Thank you (but it was the comment for my edit of 17:13, 26 Nov 2003). Andy Mabbett 00:47, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Transport section
I suggest we try and move on from the debate about subheadings and focus on making the "transport" section of this article as good as it can be. It is currently lacking information about bus services, among other things.

Having looked at a number of other city articles (eg. Amsterdam, Coventry, London) and the WikiProject Cities page (which makes no mention of transport), I think it's obvious there is no standard approach to transport sections of city articles yet. So maybe we can start here by suggesting a general structure: most of the good articles I looked at listed Public transport as a header, then some listed Roads etc. Another interesting one to note is the Venice article, which, due to its unique transport situation, has a "transportation" section which mainly discusses the canals, then mentions an airport. Thoughts? And any comments on the structure I just introduced in the article? --Sam 18:39, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Unlike some of the other cities you mention, Birmingham is a transport hub. Andy Mabbett 18:52, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * This really isn't a satisfactory response. I was hoping for more of a discussion; what is "BHX" which you referred to in your revert? -- Sam 00:15, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think we've reached a compromise on this matter with the recent improvements and new subheadings. Everyone agree? --Sam 19:59, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I surpose its an improvement G-Man 23:18, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Duplicated Regeneration Section
I'd just like to point out that Birmingham is a repeat of Birmingham and should be deleted when this page is un-protected.
 * Oh, my mistake, there is a difference between the two after all!

Second City
Birmingham is not the second-largest city in the UK; it is, I think, the largest - the city of London has only a few thousand people. That would be a pretty misleading thing to say, though. You could include Greater London but that would be bad on two counts; (a) It's factually inaccurate as Greater London is not a city, and (b) If you're including Greater London, it would be arbitrary to exclude Greater Manchester, which is larger than Birmingham. So, not a strange edit after all. -- Khendon

 * Well, if we are including Greater Manchester, then surely we ought to be talking about the population of the West Midlands.
 * Possibly the solution is deciding that just because the government issues city charters it doesn't mean other things aren't cities despite the lack of the charter. but i wouldn't change anything here, until we've figured out what the capital city of the United Kingdom is, which is a more important issue.  See Talk:London. Morwen 19:26, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I don't like the idea of pretending things are cities when they're not; that way Milton Keynes lies ;-) -- Khendon

 * So are you going to call Paris not a city because it has no Royal Charter? ;)
 * Anyway, what is the capital of the United Kingdom? Morwen 19:51, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Different rules and definitions apply in different jurisdictions... I saw the capital thing on Talk:London, yeah - interesting question. -- Khendon
 * So what gave the French government jurisdiction over the English language, then? Morwen 20:01, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You'll be re-writing London, then..? Andy Mabbett 19:54, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Good idea -- Khendon

 * Please do not do this without a consensus. It is a major change which will result in hundreds or possibly thousands of pages needing to be updated. Morwen 20:00, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Only a minor change is needed -- Khendon

 * Again, please acquire a consensus first. I will not revert your change to London since it was relatively ok but this needs further debate. Certainly Birmingham as it stands is not acceptable. Morwen 20:12, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Wikipedia has obviously changed in the few months I was away. When did Be_bold_in_updating_pages get rescinded? Surely the best way to get consensus is still a series of constructive edits. Discussion is only necessary when people fail to agree, in the wikipedia I know. -- Khendon

 * Yes, and, in case you hadn't noticed, I disagree, and so does Andy Mabbett up there. We have been having a number of nasty edit wars over english counties and I have no desire to get involved in one over London being a city.  Morwen 20:19, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Okay, I should have said *continued* disagreement. I make an edit; you disagree, so you make an edit; and so on. This only needs an external process when the edit starts to loop, when nobody can agree on a *constructive* way forward. -- Khendon

The problem with "the Second City" is that Manchester is just as often referred to as "the Second City" IME, and certainly Manchester has more of a claim to the title. -- Khendon
 * Compare Google searches for Birmingham "second city" -Mancheter and Manchester "second city" -Birmingham. Besdies, Birmingham has many companiues which use "Seoncd City "in their name; I now of non in Manchester. (BT directory enquiries lists two pages of them for Birmingham, and just one entry for Manchester; and that's not actually in the city!). Saying that Manchester has more of a claim to teh name (whcih has been used by Birmingham, in offical material, for many years) is fighting talk, here in Brum! ;-) Andy Mabbett 21:19, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I know of many companies in Brum that have second city in their name and Birmingham is the second largest city and consequently second most diverse and so on, only problem i have is that second place isn't where i feel the city should be! No English city should be second, re: america, i would like to visit all the major city's but the 'second' city probably wouldn't be on my list as if you've seen the 'first' then theres no real urgency to see the second in my opinion??? Nick

Conurbation
How about an article on the West Midlands conurbation? It just struck me that the second sentence of the paragraph below is superflous in a Birmingham article, and I think a simple link to a "West Midlands conurbation" article would suffice! Any thoughts? --Sam 23:21, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The city is situated in the West Midlands conurbation, of which it forms the largest part. Along with the city of Wolverhampton, the Black Country and a number of surrounding towns, this conurbation consists of around 2.25 million people.

I think the West Midlands (County) article coveres that subject perfectly well G-Man 17:34, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Subheadings 3
There are way too many unneccesary sub-headings in this article and it is a complete mess, the TOC is almost as long as the article. I shall continue to revert it to a sensible version whenever I get an oppertunity G-Man 22:17, 16 Jan 2004 (UTC)

History
I think there is enough material in the history section of this article for it to go into its own History of Birmingham article, where it could probably be expanded upon, and the main Birmingham article brought back to a sensible size. Does anyone agree/disagree. If no one objects I'll do just that in the next few days G-Man 21:46, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Never mind I've done it anyway G-Man 23:18, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I've put the links from the Economy section here and tidied them up. See describe external links. However, they no longer belong here. Somebody might like to move them to the History article. I'm not sure whether there's a Wikipedia policy on citing deep links, as they are notoriously unstable. Perhaps better just to give the website names? Shantavira 09:56, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Population
According to this story the 2001 census has been highly innacurate at recording the population of large cities, and so it's figures should be treated with a pich of salt.

I find the 2001 census figures for Birmingham somewhat suspect, for example the 1991 census recorded a population of 1,017,000, but the 2001 census recorded a population of 977,000.

I find it hard to believe somehow that the population of Birmingham has shrunk by nearly 40,000 in ten years.

I think this article should list the 1997 population estimate of 1,014,000 rather than the 2001 census results as it is likely to be more accurate. Does anyone agree/disagree. G-Man 21:17, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't mind what figures we use as long as we use the same figures throughout the encyclopedia consistently. Personally my preference would be for 2001 census as it is so complete, if not infallible, but if we can find equally complete estimates, that's fine.  Census doesn't give us figures for populations of towns within districts anyway. Morwen 21:45, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)

Apparently the 2001 census was a bit of a cock-up and has been widely criticised. Several cities have had their populations undercounted, on some occasions by tens of thousands. So the 2001 results for Birmingham are hard to believe.

I still find it hard to believe somehow that 40,000 people have "dissapeared". If you look at the Esparanto WP link it uses the 1997 population estimate for Birmingham rather than the 2001 census results. G-Man 21:56, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The 2001 census results have been revised upwards slightly see so I have changed them in the article G-Man 21:57, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Pictures
I'm not sure which of the skyline pictures is the better one. anyone got any views, I've got more Birmingham pictures on the way when I get round to putting them up G-Man 23:02, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * In support of "my" picture I'd say it's more genuinely a skyline view and it makes the place look a bit more attractive (Copthorne Hotel notwithstanding)

 * Whichever picture's used, at the moment if you hide the table of contents the page wraps wrongly - can someone good at HTML fix this? Andy G 14:33, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * ... (later) Fixed - or at least improved - text wrap myself. Andy G 18:14, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think your picture looks good as a large picture but not so good as a small image, as it has much foreground and the actual skyline is quite distant. Whereas in [[media:Birmingham Skyline 700.jpg|my picture]] the skyline is more prominent, so it makes a better thumbnail. It also has a more prominent wiew of the Rotunda, which is a definitive Birmingham landmark.

I didn't replace your pic out of spite or anything, only it seemed to be messing up all the text below for some reason it so I reverted it. Anyway as I aid I shall soon be adding more Brum pics if I can work out how to fit them in. G-Man 18:22, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is this supposed to be a joke?

 * (pronounced Burmingum)

I don't think that's at all appropriate to have in the first line of the article, or anywhere really. Angela. 23:37, Mar 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Is it to distinguish from the American way of saying Birming-ham, Alabama? Or a pot-shot at the Brum accent? Maybe both! Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 00:01, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's only pronounced "Burmingum" by those making fun of the accent, although probably "Buuuuurmingum" would be more like that. I've never heard it actually pronounced that way. Angela. 15:58, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Actually it was to distinguish it from Birmingham, Alabama, I dont see anything wrong with adding a note about pronounciation, it is done on Leicester and Towcester and suchforth. G-Man 14:54, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where should this page be??
Why can't we put it at Birmingham (United Kingdom) and make Birmingham a dis-ambiguation page?? User 66.32.73.125

 * Cause' Birmingham in England is the largest and most linked to place called Birmingham, and it is wikipedia convention that the most well known place of a particular name should have the namespace to itself, and provide links to other places of that name. If we were to do as you say then we would have to do the same with London, Paris etc etc. G-Man 00:55, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Decades
Beware the 70s, 80s and 90s! Follow the links and you will see that they are not the same as the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. --rbrwrˆ

 * Agree, but I merely removed the meaningless apostrophes. Feel free to insert appropriate links Shantavira 17:09, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Archers
I changed the bit about the fictitious characters in the Archers visiting Birmingham, to the fact that the actors themselves live in and around Birmingham. However, the original writer might have been trying to make a point that they visit Birmingham in the story, which would be reasonable, since it is set in the Midlands. However, it seems to me that either statement is quite unremarkable, not to say obvious, and this sentence could be dropped. Shantavira 07:10, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Removed
The term "Birmingham" is extremely important to it's inhabitants as it is part of the City's sense of pride.

 * I'm not sure this makes sense. Why would the word be anything to do with a sense of pride?

''It is often said that "you can always tell a Brummie, but you can't tell him much". "You can never put a good Brummie down" these sayings probably originated from the trenches of the first world war.''

 * I don't think these phrases are well known enough to warrant being in the article. Angela. 23:34, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)

Bullring
we could do with some pictures of the new Bullring, I will take some on my camera and post them.

Music Classical
''The Birmingham Triennial Music Festival took place from 1784 - 1912 and was considered the grandest of its kind throughout Britain. Music was written for the festival by Mendelssohn, Gounod, Sullivan, Dvorak, Bantock and most notably Elgar, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham. ''

Erm, who was Bantock, since there doesn't seem to be an article for him? Is it supposed to be Bartok, by any chance? -- Arwel 23:10, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, you are right, now changed and indeed there is already an article on Bartok. Nick

 * Granville Bantock (1868 - 1946): . On we read "following the premiere of Part I at the Birmingham Triennial Festival in 1906..." Andy Mabbett 18:05, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks, i wasn't sure of the Bantock connection but makes sense now! You have given life to Bantock on Wikipedia!
 * Nick.

Transport, History and Economy
I think that a brief run down of Brum history could be kept on the main page with a link to the wider facts, the economy should be kept where it is and transport and most definately Government should have a seperate page, lets keep this interesting.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Birmingham/Archive 1


text:
Ruth Wallis

Ruth Wallis (January 5, 1920 – December 22, 2007) was a novelty popular cabaret singer. She sang with a studio orchestra and often took on an accent for songs about characters from other countries. Her music was occasionally featured on the Dr. Demento show in the 1970s.

Career
Born Ruth Shirley Wohl in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, Wallis began her career singing jazz and cabaret standards—with such bands as Isham Jones and Benny Goodman on road tours for a couple of months; but gained fame in the 1940s and 1950s for her risqué, satirical songs that she wrote herself, rife with double entendres.

She started singing in lounges and cocktail bars, where she met her husband Hy Pastman. Eventually it became clear that her novelty songs, which relied mostly upon double entendres, were the most popular. These songs discussed a number of topics that were taboo in 1950s America, such as homosexuality and infidelity.

In 1953 she recorded a collection of saucy songs for the De Luxe label, including "Jose Is Living the Life of Riley" ("since Riley is out of town!"). Later in the year she wrote, sang, and published a mainstream novelty hit, "Dear Mr. Godfrey," a song about Arthur Godfrey's public firing of Julius La Rosa. Released in November 1953, it sold 100,000 within the first 10 days of release and reached #25 on the charts, launching Wallis on a whirlwind nightclub tour that same month.

Despite this mainstream exposure, Wallis recognized that her nightclub repertoire of risqué material was steadier and more lucrative. Frustrated by De Luxe's limited distribution of her works—and concerned about bootlegged copies for which she received nothing—she started her own record label, Wallis Original Recordings.

When she arrived in Australia for a tour in 1958—with songs like "The Admiral's Daughter" and "Johnny Had a Yo-Yo"—customs agents seized her records. Rather than ruining her career, this only brought out crowds. It also created a healthy demand for her suppressed records, which were selling there at an extreme premium: $8 apiece. She was a regular headliner in Las Vegas nightclubs and lounges in the 1960s.

Wallis retired in the 1970s to spend more time with her husband and two children, but continued to work on material for Broadway shows. Some of her most famous songs were collected and became the Off-Broadway hit, BOOBS! The Musical: The World According to Ruth Wallis. BOOBS! opened at the Triad Theater in New York City on May 19, 2003; by closing date it had played nearly 300 performances. Produced and choreographed by Lawrence Leritz, it has had subsequent runs in New Orleans and Wichita.

In March 2007 Wallis was honored by the National Archives of Australia. Memorabilia of hers was included in 'Memory of a Nation', a permanent exhibition opening in Canberra.

Wallis died on December 22, 2007, in South Killingly, Connecticut, from complications of Alzheimer's disease.

Track listing for Ruth Wallis' Greatest Hits – Boobs

 * 1) "Queer Things"
 * 2) "Boobs"
 * 3) "Drill 'Em All"
 * 4) "Ubangi"
 * 5) "The Pistol Song"
 * 6) "He'd Rather Be a Girl"
 * 7) "Follies Bergere"
 * 8) "Admiral's Daughter"
 * 9) "Pizza"
 * 10) "De Gay Young Lad"
 * 11) "The Pop-Up Song"
 * 12) "Cape Canaveral Blues"
 * 13) "The Army Gave My Husband Back"
 * 14) "The Dinghy Song" (often confused with a similar song, "Davy's Dinghy")
 * 15) "Freddie the Fisherman's Song"
 * 16) "Hawaiian Lei Song"
 * 17) "The Same Little Yo-Yo"
 * 18) "Marriage Jewish Style"
 * 19) "The Bell Song"

Wallis Original Records
Wallis Original Records was a record label which was started in 1952 by Joel Leibowitz and Hy Pastman to release records by Ruth Wallis, the "queen of the double entendre". Their last release was Ruth Wallis' Greatest Hits – Boobs on December 1, 1998.

title: Ruth Wallis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gloria Stivic

Update: votes 0 to delete, 4 to keep, page kept. -- Discussion closed, thanks for not editing this page. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:21, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Sole content is Gloria is the apple of her fathers eye - delete Cutler 22:24, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep/List on Cleanup, unless we have a policy on deleting all chars from tv shows. This is a char from All in the Family. Burgundavia 22:31, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep now it's got some meaningful content. Cutler 22:44, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Abigail 01:51, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Absolutely keep.  A very important character in the most important US television program of the 1970s.  Are you the same person who nominated Holden Caufield for deletion??  Moncrief 07:55, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * In fact, upon a closer look, I realize that the person who nominated this for deletion later rescinded his nomination once the article got some real content. Can I (or someone else) take this down from the nomination page then? Moncrief 07:56, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Best to just leave it up. It'll get taken care of when the five days is done. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:54, May 22, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:The Conqueror Worm

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see Talk:The Conqueror Worm/Delete.''

Influence
The symphonic black metal band Abigail Williams wrote a song with a similar title The Conqueror Wyrm in their 2008 album In the Shadow of a Thousand Suns.
 * Doesn't sound too helpful to this article. It might be worth adding to Edgar Allan Poe and music if it belongs anywhere. But, inclusion relies on knowing that the song was inspired by Poe's work, not assuming. --Midnightdreary (talk) 21:32, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Conqueror Worm


text:
Lee Bowers

Lee Edward Bowers Jr. (January 12, 1925 – August 9, 1966) was a witness to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. The timing and circumstances of Bowers's death have led to various allegations that his demise was part of a cover-up subsequent to the Kennedy murder.

Early life and career
Bowers served in the U.S. Navy from ages 17 to 21. He attended Hardin-Simmons University for two years then Southern Methodist University for two years, majoring in religion. He worked at the Union Terminal Company railyard for 15 years, also working as a self-employed builder. In 1964, he began working as business manager for a hospital and convalescent home.

Assassination of Kennedy
At the moment of the assassination, Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Company's two-story interlocking tower, overlooking the parking lot around 120 yards north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository.

He had an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence at the top of the grassy knoll. He described hearing three shots that came from either the Depository on his left or near the mouth of the Triple Underpass railroad bridge on his right; he was unsure because of the reverberation from the shots.

Witness to JFK assassination
On April 2, 1964, Lee Bowers provided testimony to Joseph A. Ball, assistant counsel of the Warren Commission, at the US Post Office Building in Dallas. When asked by Ball, "Now, were there any people standing on the high side—high ground between your tower and where Elm Street goes down under the underpass toward the mouth of the underpass?" Bowers testified that at the time the motorcade went by on Elm Street, four men were in the area: one or two uniformed parking lot attendants, one of whom Bowers knew; and two men standing 10 to 15 feet (3 to 5 m) apart near the Triple Underpass, who did not appear to know each other. One was "middle-aged, or slightly older, fairly heavy-set, in a white shirt, fairly dark trousers" and the other was "younger man, about midtwenties, in either a plaid shirt or plaid coat or jacket." One or both were still there when the first police officer arrived "immediately" after the shooting. Many simply assumed that Bowers meant that these men were standing behind the stockade fence at the top of the grassy knoll.

Bowers further stated: "At the time of the shooting there seemed to be some commotion (...)" on the high ground above Elm Street. When asked about this commotion, he added : "I just am unable to describe rather than it was something out of the ordinary, a sort of milling around, but something occurred in this particular spot which was out of the ordinary, which attracted my eye for some reason, which I could not identify."

Two years later, when Bowers was interviewed by assassination researchers Mark Lane and Emile de Antonio for their documentary film Rush to Judgment, he clarified – though the researchers chose to withhold it from their finished product – that these two men were standing in the opening between the pergola and the stockade fence, and that "no one" was behind the fence when the shots were fired; Bower's words to Lane and de Antonio, published in 2004 by Dale K. Myers from their source material, were:''

"These two men were standing back from the street somewhat at the top of the incline and were very near two trees which were in the area. And one of them, from time to time as he walked back and forth, disappeared behind a wooden fence which is also slightly to the west of that. These two men to the best of my knowledge were standing there at the time of the shooting."

Bowers added,

"Now I could see back or the South side of the wooden fence in the area, so that obviously that there was no one there who could have - uh - had anything to do with either - as accomplice or anything else because there was no one there - um - at the moment that the shots were fired."

Bowers told Lane that as the motorcade passed "there was a flash of light or smoke" in the vicinity of where the two men were standing.

Death
Bowers died in August 1966, when his car left an empty road and struck a concrete bridge abutment near Midlothian, Texas.

Portrayals
Bowers was played by Pruitt Taylor Vince in the 1991 film JFK.

title: Lee Bowers


text:
Talk:Greg Mankiw

Naniyo
This page was moved from N. Gregory Mankiw, but since that is what Mankiw is more generally known as, I think that should be the title. Otherwise, there's no way to communicate to the reader that generally the first name is just given as an initial, except to actually say that in the article itself, which I think would look clumsy. Everyking 22:29, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Moderate-to-liberal?
Is that an accurate description? Mankiw served in the Bush administration and he is currently a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute which would suggest that if anything he is right-of-center on an American political spectrum.

 * No, it's not accurate. He's a staunch free-market republican. --jacobolus (t) 08:55, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's accurate. He's a new Keynesian economist - totally at odds with the free-market. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.58.11.47 (talk) 20:06, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Greg Mankiw himself would most certainly disagree with that. I think the above is just a troll. He has labeled himself, numerous times, as a new-Keynesian, not a Keynesisan economist. He is also a vocal supporter of market oriented policy such as Pigovian taxes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mike31785 (talk • contribs) 20:05, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not suggesting that Mankiw is hostile to markets, I don't think he is. But support for taxes, even pigovian taxes, is hardly an example of support for free markets. twfowler (talk) 20:59, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Hamburger flippers
The idea that Mankiw proposed reclassifying fast food workers (hamburger flippers) as manufacturing is apocryphal. This was much discussed because it was election-year silliness, but it's not true (see pages 73-74 of the 2004 Economic Report of the President and it's obvious that this is not correct). The link in the Controversy section is to a letter to the editor, not a factual source.
 * Pswagel 24 January 2006

 * This story does appear to have a factual basis, although you are absolutely right that it was poorly sourced in our article (I'm guessing someone just did a Google search and pasted the first thing that came up, which was a letter to the editor as you say). I've switched the source to a New York Times news article (sorry, requires Time Select) which includes a quote of Mankiw.  Here are the first few paragraphs:

 * Is cooking a hamburger patty and inserting the meat, lettuce and ketchup inside a bun a manufacturing job, like assembling automobiles?

 * That question is posed in the new Economic Report of the President, a thick annual compendium of observations and statistics on the health of the United States economy.

 * The latest edition, sent to Congress last week, questions whether fast-food restaurants should continue to be counted as part of the service sector or should be reclassified as manufacturers. No answers were offered.

 * In a speech to Washington economists Tuesday, N. Gregory Mankiw, chairman of the president's Council of Economic Advisers, said that properly classifying such workers was 'an important consideration' in setting economic policy.
 * Crust 21:12, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

That's is the NY Times story that started it all, but it's inaccurate. If you look at the pages I mentioned above in the original report, you can see that the CEA Report does not question whether anything should be classified. (I was working at CEA at that time, though I have since left the White House). The NY Times refused to correct their error, but hopefully the Wikipedia won't propagate it -- or at least will explain. To see this, you really have to look at the page of text in the underlying Report (at the original source, not just at the press article about it). An explanation might saying something like: "Press reports suggested that the CEA Report had raised the question of reclassifying fast food workers as manufacturing, and this suggestion received a good deal of publicity since the implication was that the Administration was seeking to cover up the lack of job growth through a statistical change. The point in the CEA Report was actually that the decision to classify industries as services or manufacturing was inherently arbitrary and should not be used to guide policy such as to provide a tax break to manufacturing. Contrary to the suggestion of the New York Times article, the Report did not raise the question of reclassifying hamburger flippers."
 * Pswagel 24 January 2006

Pswagel, thanks for the reply and I appreciate you disclosing your involvement with the CEA. I've modified the relevant sentence in the article and added a link to Mankiw's speech that the Times referred to. Here is the most relevant paragraph from Mankiw's speech:

 * A box in the Economic Report discusses an important consideration in assessing policies that apply to manufacturing: the definition of what constitutes manufacturing is far from clear. For example, when a fast-food restaurant sells a hamburger, is it providing a service or combining inputs to manufacture a product?

Crust 14:50, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Similar language can be found in the actual Economic Report of the President, in Box 2-2:

 * The value of the output of the U.S. manufacturing sector as defined in official U.S. statistics is larger than the economies of all but a handful of other countries. The definition of a manufactured product, however, is not straightforward. When a fast-food restaurant sells a hamburger, for example, is it providing a "service" or is it combining inputs to "manufacture" a product?

Pswagel, the CEA statement you quote is accurate on the Report but a little misleading on what the NYT article said. The NYT article describes what the report said fairly accurately I think, including mentioning the tax angle. I suspect what the CEA really objects to is this paragraph:

 * David Huether, chief economist for the National Association of Manufacturers, said he had heard that some economists wanted to count hamburger flipping as manufacturing, which he noted would produce statistics showing more jobs in what has been a declining sector of the economy.

Huether is arguably suggesting that the CEA was floating a trial balloon for reclassification. That may or may not be correct, but note the Times is quoting Huether not endorsing this view as established fact. Also, the CEA denial you quote doesn't really cover this; it is only about what is explicitly in the report.

Crust 15:26, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Mr. Huether is wrong about the trial balloon part, but that's just his opinion. The problem is really with just one sentence in the NY Times article -- but it's the one sentence that the Wikipedia article keys on. That is the sentence that asserts that the CEA Report raises the question of reclassifying. If you look again at the CEA Report, you see that the question is simply not raised in the first place. The quotations you have above from the Report and the speech say that classifications are arbitrary and should not be used. But they do not raise the question of reclassifying. The word reclassifying is key -- that is to take action to change the classification and is an idea that arises only from the NY Times. It's not that no conclusions were made; the question was raised only by the New York Times and not by the CEA Report. The point of the box is that classifications should not be used; there is simply no discussion of changing anything. The underlying substance -- the reason for the box -- is that there was a bill in Congress to provide a tax break to manufacturers. The Report was saying that once you do that, everyone is going to say that they're manufacturing and that trying to distinguish is arbitrary. Hence, classifications should not be used for policy. But that's light-years from suggesting that the classification of anything should be changed. At the very least, the text in the article should be changed; I thought my previous suggestion got to the fact that there was a controversy while at the same time sticking the straight facts of the text in the Report. The key is the idea of changing things -- that idea is simply not in the Report. The Report only suggests not using classifications; it does not raise the question of changing anything.

I'm sorry for asking you to parse one sentence in the NY Times, but the entire controversy arises from the invention of the NY Times that the Report raises the question of changing classifications. This is my first experience editing Wikipedia (I've used it a few times to check information and found it handy), so I don't fully understand how this is resolved. But if you are inclined not to make further changes (pardon the pun), I would be grateful if you could point me to the appropriate "appeal" process.
 * Pswagel 25 January 2006

Pswagel, note that I did remove reference to reclassication after your earlier comments and changed the language to say that Mankiw said that flipping hamburgers "could be considered" a manufacturing job. If that still seems off to you, please be bold and edit the language of the article as you think appropriate. I do think that this incident should be mentioned (based on how much press it got). If you want to give a detailed explanation of all the issues, including quotes from the report, etc. then that might be a bit lengthy for this article and you may want to consider starting a new article on the controversy and giving a link to it here. Cheers, Crust 19:37, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

What I find a little confusing is why such a suggestion generates controversy. Perhaps an inclusion of the history of the controversy would be more useful than the assertion that Mankiw made the suggestion. (The above discussion seems to be a good starting point) I'd help, but I frankly know nothing about it. Also, link 3 seems to be dead. I assume it is supposed to link to the Economic Report of the President.... Coleca 23:37, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the above suggestions. I haven't had a chance to collect thoughts and put down something coherent, but I will soon. The NY Times article made news because people saw the mere suggestion that the White House was considering reclassifying some service workers as manufacturing as an attempt to cover up the decline in manufacturing employment. This is why the (false) suggestion that the Report raised the question of reclassification made news. Many silly things happened in 2004 because of the Presidential election... Pswagel 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I edited the Controversy section, seeking to maintain NPOV. Pswagel 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Great job, Pswagel. (I did make some edits to what you wrote, though.) Crust 15:10, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Pigou Club merger
The "Pigou Club" exists only as a bunch of blog posts by Mankiw. The idea that he "founded" a "group", as suggested in the Pigou Club article, is a bit much IMO; then there is a listing of the dates on which Mankiw blogged about each person's Pigovian-tax advocacy, which is the sort of thing that Mankiw would put in a FAQ on his blog, not something to be outsourced to an encyclopedia (compare, for example, how Ewing Theory redirects to Bill Simmons); and that's almost all the Pigou Club page is. The page basically seems soapbox-y and could probably be deleted outright, though there may be a nugget or two worth preserving in a merger, such as the NYT story and the response of a NoPigou Club. --Jjb 09:36, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The existence of the NoPigou Club and the lack of an alternative framework for collecting Pigou-esque ideas makes the Pigou club a multifaceted concept of economics and political science. Supporters and detractors argue and debate without necessarily mentioning Mankiw. A researcher hearing the Pigou club mentioned would want to know about its ideas, without necessarily being interested in Mankiw specifically. --Brw12 14:32, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * True, but I think Mankiw would agree that the Pigou club isn't an actual club per se – just an artificial way to list all those who agree with Pigovian Taxes. Until it actually gains traction outside of economics blogs and the odd article (note that press accounts almost invariably state that Mankiw created the Pigou club, never that it exists as a construct on its own), I think a merge is fine. Gzkn 00:39, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That doesn't make sense. It doesn't exist as a construct of it's own since it was created by Mankiw?  Should we merge all things with those that create them?  What is an "actal club"?  Enable fable 02:18, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I wasn't very clear. I guess it probably helps to be familiar with the "Pigou club". Basically, Professor Mankiw posted a blog post a while ago announcing the creation of the "club" by listing famous people who agree with Pigovian taxes (and specifically, a higher gas tax). There are no "meetings" for the club; the club members haven't agreed to join the club. It's not a literal club. Heck, most of them probably don't even know it exists yet (no offense Prof Mankiw). It's just a simple way for Mankiw to group together famous people to advocate for Pigovian taxes. Gzkn 02:4 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not link to the Pigou Club page from the N. Gregory Mankiw page rather than merging them? Except for the suggested merge box at the top of the Mankiw page, there is no mention of the Pigou Club in the article.  As for the Pigou Club itself, does the membership list "maintained" by Mankiw differ from the Facebook group discussed in the Nov. 9, 2006 issue of The Economist?  "With his Pigou Club Mr Mankiw has whipped up a following(....)On Facebook, 600 people have signed up to the Pigou Club. Mostly students, they join other Pigovians such as Larry Summers, Gary Becker, and Kenneth Rogoff." --Wescbell 18:00, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

It should be merged. The Pigou Club don't meet the guidelines for notability. The ideas behind negative externalities and taxes have always been around. What's different is the way that Mankiw has lobbied for them, online and in print. It is also unusual the way an academic has been so active in policy advoacy. His blog is also well known and influential, the third most popular on the internet. It deserves a mention. The blog and the Pigou club together deserve a few lines.AleXd (talk) 23:02, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I support moving the Pigou Club article into this one. I oppose moving the academic career section of this article into the Pigou Club article. --JHP (talk) 00:55, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Technical Note
"In particular, his advocacy of a pigovian tax on gasoline." this is not even a sentence. i had no specific revision, so i decided to just bring it to others' attention.

"Don’t let anyone fool you into thinking that when the government taxes the rich, only the rich bear the burden"
N. Gregory Mankiw has a piece in the New York Times (9 October 2010): [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/business/economy/10view.html I Can Afford Higher Taxes. But They’ll Make Me Work Less.] The author of some popular textbooks then supposes that some editor offers him $1,000 to write an article, showing what would happen should there be no taxes of any kind as compared to should the Bush tax cuts expire. The conclusion: "Reasonable people can disagree about whether and how much the government should redistribute income. And, to be sure, the looming budget deficits require hard choices about spending and taxes. But don’t let anyone fool you into thinking that when the government taxes the rich, only the rich bear the burden." Asteriks (talk) 10:25, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

Using Mankiw’s logic of virtual income, a person who loses a dollar in the street, actually loses $1,000 (the value of what $1 would be in ninety years).tuco_bad 00:33, 11 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cgersten (talk • contribs)

I do not understand why anyone would listen to Manikew, as he was part of the infamous clique that crashed the economy.tuco_bad 12:25, 11 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cgersten (talk • contribs)

 * Wikipedia discussion pages are for discussions about the article, not discussions about the subject of the article. --JHP (talk) 07:57, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Conservative macroeconomist
To describe Mankiw as "conservative macroeconomist" violates WP:UNDUE. One blog source is not enough to prominently describe Mankiw as "conservative macroeconomist". As far as I can tell, he is usually not described in such way. For example, I've searched through The New York Times archive and they don't desribe him as neither "conservative macroeconomist" or "conservative economist". They usually describe him as professor of economics at Harvard and former George W. Bush. We should also stick with that general description. -- Vision Thing -- 19:26, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The Economist can hardly be dismissed as a blog source. But, regardless, a quick search revealed over 60 publications which have referred to him as a conservative.  I added a representative sample.  Gamaliel (talk) 19:54, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

 * How Mankiw is seen by others is very important, and Gamaliel has provided excellent sources. It can also be useful, though, to ask how Mankiw sees himself; but we have to be careful about using him as a source.  This at least acts as a sanity check on how he is seen by others.

 * As of 2006, he says he is a Republican and supposes that people incorrectly have thought he is a Democrat because he is a New Keynesian, which he says people incorrectly associate with the left. Two months later, he said he is "libertarian."  He identifies with the label "libertarian-ish."  In 2008, he also calls himself a "Friedman-esque classical liberal", and he defines Classical Liberal as meaning Libertarian.  In 2011, he does not seem to have a problem, though, with making fun of libertarians (self-deprecating humor?).--RichardMathews (talk) 18:28, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Greg Mankiw


text:
List of heads of state of Lithuania

The article is a list of heads of state of Lithuania over historical Lithuanian state. The timeline includes all heads of state of Lithuania as a sovereign entity, legitimately part of a greater sovereign entity, a client state, or a constituent republic subject to an outside authority. Currently, the head of state is the President of Lithuania.

During the inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs until 1569, the Gediminas' Cap was placed on the monarch's heads by the Bishop of Vilnius in Vilnius Cathedral.

Kingdom of Lithuania (1251–1263)
Title: King of Lithuania (Lietuvos karalius). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources.

House of Mindaugas (1253–1263)
Mindaugas 1236 – 1253 (as Grand Duke) 1253 – 1263 (as King)|| || c. 1203 Son of mythological Ringaudas || NN, sister of Morta 2 children  Morta 2 children || 1263 Aglona Assassinated by Treniota and Daumantas Aged about 60
 * King
 * }
 * }

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569)
Title: Grand Duke (didysis kunigaikštis; vialiki kniaź; wielki książę). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources.

House of Mindaugas (1263–1267)
Treniota 1263 – 1264|| || Unknown Son of NN, Mindaugas' sister and Vykintas || Unknown 1 child || 1264 Murdered by servants loyal to Mindaugas' son Vaišvilkas Vaišvilkas 1264 – 1267|| || Unknown Son of Mindaugas and Morta || Unmarried and childless||  1268 Was murdered by Leo I of Galicia
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * }
 * }

House of Monomakh (1267–1269)
Shvarn Švarnas 1267 – 1269|| || c. 1230 Halych Son of Daniel of Galicia || NN, daughter of Mindaugas No children || c. 1269 Kholm Aged about 39
 * Grand Duke
 * }
 * }

House of Mindaugas (1269–1285)
Traidenis 1270 – 1282|||| 1220 || Ona of Masovia 1 child|| 1282 Kernavė Aged 62 Daumantas 1282 – 1285|| || Unknown ||Unknown || 3 March 1285 Died in a battle by Tver
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * }
 * }

House of Gediminas (1285–1440)
Butigeidis 1285 – 1291|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown ||1291 Butvydas 1291 – 1295|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown || c. 1294–1295 Vytenis 1295 – 1316|||| None known || 1260 Son of Butvydas || Vikinda 1 child|| 1316 Aged 56 Gediminas 1316 – 1341|||| None known || c. 1275 Son of Butvydas || Jaunė 13 children || c. 1341 Raudonė Aged about 66 Jaunutis 1341 – 1345|||| None known || c. 1306−1309 Son of Gediminas and Jaunė|| Unknown 3 children || c. 1366 Aged 57−60 (Diarchy with Kęstutis) Algirdas 1345 – 1377 |||| || c. 1296 Son of Gediminas and Jaunė||  Maria of Vitebsk 6 children Uliana of Tver 8 children|| c. 1377 Maišiagala Aged about 81 (Diarchy with Kęstutis) Jogaila Algirdaitis May 1377 – August 1381|||| || c. 1352−1362 Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver ||  Jadwiga of Poland No children Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska No children Sophia of Halshany 2 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82 Kęstutis 1381 – 1382 || ||  || c. 1297 Senieji Trakai Son of Gediminas and Jaunė|| Birutė 3 children|| 1382 Kreva Murdered by the order of Jogaila while imprisoned Aged 84–85 Jogaila Algirdaitis 3 August 1382 – 1 June 1434 (23 years, 125 days)|||| || c. 1352−1362 Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver ||  Jadwiga of Poland No children Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska No children Sophia of Halshany 2 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82 ! colspan="6" |Act of Kreva signed in 1385 Poland and Lithuania de jure are ruled by one monarch but remain to be separate states. and Grand Duke Jogaila Algirdaitis 3 August 1382 – 1 June 1434 (23 years, 125 days)|||| || c. 1352−1362 Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver ||  Jadwiga of Poland No children Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska No children Sophia of Halshany 2 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82 Skirgaila 1386 – 1392 |||| || c. 1353–1354 Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver || Unmarried and childless || 11 January 1397 Kyiv Possibly poisoned by the order of the Russian Orthodox priests Aged 43−44 ! colspan="6" |Astrava Agreement signed in 1392 Following the Lithuanian Civil War, Skirgaila is replaced by Vytautas. The latter and his successors de jure act as regents of the King of Poland until 1440. King-elect of Lithuania Vytautas Vytautas the Great 4 August 1392 – 27 October 1430 (23 years, 69 days)|||| || c. 1350 Senieji Trakai Son of Kęstutis and Birutė ||  Anna 1 child Uliana Olshanska No children || 27 October 1430 Trakai Aged about 80 Švitrigaila October 1430 – 1 August 1432|||| || Before 1370 Vilnius Son of Algirdas and Uliana of Tver || Anna of Tver 1 child || 10 February 1452 Lutsk Aged about 82 Sigismund Kęstutaitis Žygimantas Kęstutaitis 1432 – 1440 |||| || 1365 Trakai Son of Kęstutis and Birutė|| Unknown 1 child|| 20 March 1440 Trakai Murdered by supporters of Švitrigaila Aged 75
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * Grand Duke
 * }
 * }

House of Jagiellon (1440–1569)
The act of personal union with Poland was signed as early as 1385; however, the continuous line of common rulers of the two countries started only with Casimir IV (even then, Polish and Lithuanians twice selected different rulers following the death of an earlier common monarch, but the Lithuanian one always eventually assumed the Polish throne). The monarchs retained separate titles for both parts of the state, and their numbering was kept separate. The Jagiellon dynasty was a direct continuation of the Gediminids. and Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon Kazimieras Jogailaitis 29 June 1440 – 7 June 1492 |||| || 30 November 1427 Kraków Son of Jogaila Algirdaitis and Sophia of Halshany || Elisabeth of Austria 12 children || 7 June 1492 Old Grodno Castle Aged 64 and Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon Aleksandras Jogailaitis 30 July 1492 – 19 August 1506 |||| || 5 August 1461 Kraków Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Helena of Moscow No children|| 19 August 1506 Vilnius Aged 45 and Grand Duke Sigismund I Sigismund I the Old Žygimantas Senasis 8 December 1506 – 1 April 1548 (22 years, 338 days)|||| || 1 January 1467 Kozienice Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria  ||  Barbara Zápolya 2 children Bona Sforza 6 children|| 1 April 1548 Kraków Aged 81 and Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus Žygimantas Augustas 1 April 1548 – 7 July 1572 (23 years, 178 days) |||| || 1 August 1520 Kraków Son of Žygimantas the Old and Bona Sforza ||  Elisabeth of Austria No children Barbara Radziwiłł No children Catherine of Austria No children|| 7 July 1572 Knyszyn Aged 51 ! colspan="6" |Union of Lublin signed in 1569 Poland and Lithuania are united into a single Commonwealth.
 * King of Poland
 * -c. 1263 – c.  1265||||c. ||  ||
 * King of Poland
 * -c. 1263 – c.  1265||||c. ||  ||
 * King of Poland
 * -c. 1263 – c.  1265||||c. ||  ||
 * King of Poland
 * -c. 1263 – c.  1265||||c. ||  ||
 * }

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569. The elected King of Poland was automatically a Grand Duke of Lithuania (until then the Lithuanian dukedom was hereditary). The first common ruler of both countries was Sigismund II Augustus.

During the Deluge of the Second Northern War, Lithuania signed the Union of Kėdainiai with the Swedish Empire in 1655, thus de jure ending its union with Poland. However, due to Sweden's losses, the agreement soon fell out of favor and was not properly enforced, leading to the further continuation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, the commonwealth ceased to exist and Lithuania proper became part of the Russian Empire for 123 years. There are some gaps in the timeline as it took a while to elect a new king. The first Grand Duke elected after the Gediminid line became extinct and after the Valois fled back to France was Stephen Báthory, who had made an effort to be recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania by establishing Vilnius University.

Title: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

Lenkijos karalius ir Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis

Król Polski, wielki książę litewski

Rex Poloniae et Magnus Dux Lituaniae

and Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus Žygimantas Augustas
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland

1 July 1569 – 7 July 1572 (23 years, 178 days) Kraków Son of Žygimantas the Old and Bona Sforza Barbara Radziwiłł Catherine of Austria Knyszyn Aged 51 introduce elective monarchy
 * Cranach the Younger Sigismund II Augustus.jpg
 * COA Jagiellon.svg
 * 1 August 1520
 * Elisabeth of Austria
 * 7 July 1572
 * Hereditary First monarch to
 * Jagiellon

and Grand Duke Henry Henrikas Valua 16 May 1573 – 12 May 1575  Fontainebleau Son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici Saint-Cloud Aged 37
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Henri III - portrait after Jean Decourt - Musée Condé.jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Henri de Valois as lifelong king of Poland.svg
 * 19 September 1551
 * Louise of Lorraine, no children
 * 2 August 1589
 * Elected Left Poland in June 1574 to succeed his brother in France Interregnum until 1575
 * Valois

and Grand Duchess Anna Ona Jogailaitė 15 December 1575 – 19 August 1587 (de facto)  – 9 September 1596 (de jure)  Kraków Daughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza Warsaw Aged 72
 * Queen of Poland
 * Queen of Poland
 * Kober Anna Jagiellon as a widow.jpg
 * COA Jagiellon.svg
 * 18 October 1523
 * Stephen Báthory, no children
 * 9 September 1596
 * Elected co-monarch with Stephen Báthory Sole ruler until Báthory's arrival and coronation in May 1576 Ruled after husband's death until her nephew was elected
 * Jagiellon

and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory Steponas Batoras 1 May 1576 – 12 December 1586 (23 years, 173 days) Szilágysomlyó (Șimleu Silvaniei) Son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi Grodno Aged 53
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Riehl Portrait of Stephen Bathory.jpg
 * Bathory coat of arms.svg
 * 27 September 1533
 * Anna Jagiellon, no children
 * 12 December 1586
 * Elected as co-monarch with Anna Jagiellon Previously Prince of Transylvania
 * Báthory

and Grand Duke Sigismund III Zigmantas Vaza 19 August 1587 – 30 April 1632  Gripsholm Son of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagiellon Warsaw Aged 65
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Rubens Sigismund III Vasa.jpg
 * Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg
 * 20 June 1566
 * Anne of Austria Constance of Austria
 * 30 April 1632
 * Elected, nephew of Anna Jagiellon Transferred capital from Kraków to Warsaw Hereditary King of Sweden until deposition in 1599
 * Vasa

and Grand Duke Władysław IV also Ladislaus IV Vladislovas Vaza 8 November 1632 – 20 May 1648 (22 years, 319 days) Łobzów Son of Sigismund III and Anne of Austria Merkinė Aged 52
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Rubens Władysław Vasa.jpg
 * Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg
 * 9 June 1595
 * Cecilia Renata of Austria Marie Louise Gonzaga
 * 20 May 1648
 * Elective succession Also titular King of Sweden and elected Tsar of Russia (1610–1613) when the Polish army captured Moscow
 * Vasa

and Grand Duke John II Casimir Jonas Kazimieras Vaza 20 November 1648 – 16 September 1668  Kraków Son of Sigismund III and Constance of Austria Nevers Aged 63
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Schultz John II Casimir Vasa.jpg
 * Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg
 * 22 March 1609
 * Marie Louise Gonzaga Claudine Françoise Mignot (morganatic marriage)
 * 16 December 1672
 * Elective succession, succeeded half-brother Previously a cardinal Titular King of Sweden Abdicated
 * Vasa

and Grand Duke Michael I Mykolas Kaributas Višnioveckis 19 June 1669 – 10 November 1673  Biały Kamień Son of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska Lwów Aged 33
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki.jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki as king of Poland.svg
 * 31 May 1640
 * Eleonora Maria of Austria, no children
 * 10 November 1673
 * Elected Born into nobility of mixed heritage, the son of a military commander and governor
 * Wiśniowiecki

and Grand Duke John III Sobieski Jonas Sobieskis 19 May 1674 – 17 June 1696  Olesko Son of Jakub Sobieski and Teofila Zofia Wilanów Aged 66
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Jan Sobieski as king of Poland.svg
 * 17 August 1629
 * Marie Casimire d'Arquien, 13 children
 * 17 June 1696
 * Elected Born into nobility A successful military commander
 * Sobieski

and Grand Duke Augustus II Augustas II Stiprusis 15 September 1697 – 1706 (1st reign, 9 years) Dresden Son of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark Warsaw Aged 62
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * August II the Strong.PNG
 * Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg
 * 12 May 1670
 * Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife
 * 1 February 1733
 * Elected Previously Elector and ruler of Saxony Dethroned by Stanislaus I in 1706 during the Great Northern War
 * Wettin

and Grand Duke Stanislaus I Stanislovas I Leščinskis 12 July 1704 – 8 July 1709 (1st reign, 22 years, 208 days) Lwów Son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska Lunéville Aged 88
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Mányoki Stanislaus Leszczyński.png
 * Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg
 * 20 October 1677
 * Catherine Opalińska, 2 children
 * 23 February 1766
 * Usurped Nominated as ruler in 1704, crowned in 1705 and deposed predecessor in 1706 Exiled in 1709
 * Leszczyński

and Grand Duke Augustus II Augustas II Stiprusis 8 July 1709 – 1 February 1733 (2nd reign, 22 years, 338 days) Dresden Son of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark Warsaw Aged 62
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * August II (1670-1733).jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg
 * 12 May 1670
 * Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, 1 son by wife
 * 1 February 1733
 * Restored
 * Wettin

and Grand Duke Stanislaus I Stanislovas I Leščinskis 12 September 1733 – 26 January 1736 (2nd reign, 22 years, 190 days) Lwów Son of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska Lunéville Aged 88
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Portrait of Stanisław I Leszczyński.jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg
 * 20 October 1677
 * Catherine Opalińska, 2 children
 * 23 February 1766
 * Elected His election sparked the War of the Polish Succession Deposed by Augustus III in 1736
 * Leszczyński

and Grand Duke Augustus III Augustas III Saksas 5 October 1733 – 5 October 1763 (30 years) Dresden Son of Augustus II the Strong and Christiane Eberhardine Dresden Aged 66
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * [[File:Louis de Silvestre - Portrait of Augustus III of Poland (after 1733) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
 * Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg
 * 17 October 1696
 * Maria Josepha of Austria, 16 children
 * 5 October 1763
 * Usurped Proclaimed King of Poland in 1733, crowned in 1734 Dethroned elected predecessor in 1736
 * Wettin

and Grand Duke Stanislaus II Augustus Stanislovas Augustas II Poniatovskis 7 September 1764 – 25 November 1795 (22 years, 345 days) Wołczyn Son of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska Saint Petersburg Aged 66
 * King of Poland
 * King of Poland
 * Vigee Stanislaw Augustus.jpg
 * Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Augustus as king of Poland.svg
 * 17 January 1732
 * Unmarried
 * 1 February 1798
 * Elected Born into nobility Last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, his reign ended in the Partitions of Poland
 * Poniatowski
 * }

Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
The Council of Lithuania declared independence on 16 February 1918 and invited Wilhelm of Urach to become king of Lithuania. The name of the state was the Kingdom of Lithuania. On 9 July 1918, Duke Wilhelm accepted the offer and took the name Mindaugas II. However, on 2 November the council revoked this decision as it was likely Germany would lose the war.

House of Urach (1918)
Mindaugas II 11 July 1918 – 2 November 1918 (24 years, 185 days)|||| || 30 May 1864 Son of Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach and Princess Florestine of Monaco || Duchess Amalie in Bavaria Princess Wiltrud of Bavaria || 24 March 1928
 * King
 * }
 * }

Presidents of the Presidium of the Council of Lithuania
The state of Lithuania was ruled by the Presidium of the State Council of Lithuania, its chairman was de facto Head of State. The institution of President was established on 4 April 1919. Chairman of the Presidium Antanas Smetona was elected as First President of the State of Lithuania by the State Council of Lithuania and was the only one in under whose rule this position has been considered the office of the head of state.

Presidents of the Republic of Lithuania
The institution of President (Prezidentas) was created on 4 April 1919. Antanas Smetona was elected as the first President of Lithuania.

Heads of the Lithuanian Diplomatic Service
Following Lithuania's occupation by the Soviet Union on 15 June 1940, in his telegram dated 31 May 1940, the last Foreign Minister Juozas Urbšys provisioned that, in the event of occupation, Stasys Lozoraitis, minister extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Rome, be appointed the head of the Lithuanian diplomatic service. The Lithuanian diplomatic service became a Government in exile that was a critical piece to ensuring the recognition of the continuity of Lithuanian legal statehood until independence after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1941)
The Soviet Union occupied Lithuania and established the Lithuanian SSR in July 1940.

First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania
Lietuvos komunistų partijos Centro komiteto pirmasis sekretorius; Первый секретарь Центрального Комитета Коммунистической партии Литвы.

Generalbezirk Litauen (1941–1944)
As Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, Lithuania liberated itself with the anti-Soviet June Uprising and re-declared Lithuanian Independence. Lithuania was ruled for some time by the Provisional Government of Lithuania, whose prime minister was Juozas Ambrazevičius. The Provisional Government was formed on 23 June 1941, but was dissolved on 5 August of the same year.

Lithuania was occupied by the Germans, who formed Generalbezirk Litauen on 25 July 1941, which was governed by the administration of general commissioner Adrian von Renteln and was a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland.

General Commissioners of Generalbezirk Litauen
Lietuvos generalinės srities generalinis komisaras; Generalkommissar des Generalbezirks Litauen.

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944–1990)
As Nazi Germany retreated, the Soviet Union reoccupied the country and reestablished the Lithuanian SSR in 1944. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet de jure acted as a collective head of state from 25 August 1940 to 11 March 1990. However, the Supreme Soviet de facto was controlled by the Communist Party of Lithuania led by the First Secretary.

Republic of Lithuania (1990–present)
The leader of the Supreme Council was the official head of state from the declaration of independence on 11 March 1990 until the new Constitution came into effect in 1992 establishing the office of President and the institution of Seimas. The state and its leadership were not recognized internationally until September 1991 [NB: Iceland was the first country to recognise the regained independence of Lithuania in February 1991. Title from 1990 to 1992: Chairman of the Supreme Council (Parliament; Aukščiausiosios Tarybos pirmininkas). Title from 1992 onwards: President (prezidentas).

title: List of heads of state of Lithuania


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Animesou

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Animesou.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Delete I have listed this twice on speedy deletes and left a note upon the users talk page. Upon the 3rd time I figured I would bring it here. The alexa ranking for this page is ~1,000,000, and I article is pretty POV. Burgundavia 22:30, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Guanaco 22:32, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete reads like a press release. Inherently insignificant topic. Monk Bretton 22:37, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry Guanaco and Burgundavia. This is my first time and I thought there was some html error deleting the page which is why I kept recreating. I thought it would serve as a good resource in addition to the topics on anime and ADV Films. It is a big reviewing website with information on many series listed here. Should I just post on individual series titles instead?
 * Sure, as most movies have pages here. Generally follow the rules of Wiki is not paper, What Wikipedia is not. Hey, remember to sign your comments like this ~ for the date and 3 tildes for one without. Burgundavia 23:13, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * If you have any further questions, leave them on my talk page. Burgundavia 23:13, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with delete, but I hope you keep contributing. Thanks much. Meelar 23:45, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Red Stripe

Red Stripe is a 4.7% ABV pale lager brewed by Desnoes & Geddes in Jamaica and the Netherlands. It was first introduced in 1928 from a recipe developed by Paul H. Geddes and Bill Martindale. In 1993, Guinness Brewing Worldwide, now Diageo, acquired a controlling interest in Desnoes & Geddes, and took over international distribution in many markets. In 2015, Heineken acquired Diageo's stake and stated it would launch an offer for the shares it did not own.

History
Red Stripe was first produced in the early 1930s by Galena Brewing Company in Galena, Illinois, US. The company sold the recipe to British investors after facing financial troubles. The investors brought the brand and recipe to Jamaica.

Red Stripe was brewed under license in the UK from Desnoes and Geddes by the Bedford-based brewers, Charles Wells from 1976 until 2014, when Diageo made alternative supply arrangements. For part of the Charles Wells era, they brewed a stronger variant, the 9% ABV Crucial Brew, with branding in red and black.

In 1993, 51 per cent ownership in Desnoes & Geddes Limited was purchased by Guinness Brewing Worldwide, now Diageo, an acquisition that significantly increased the international distribution of both Red Stripe and Dragon Stout. A new Red Stripe Light has also been added, which is brewed and bottled in Jamaica and imported by Guinness USA of Stamford, Connecticut.

United States
Red Stripe was first imported to the United States in 1985, with poor initial results. Seeking to mimic the success of Heineken, Red Stripe for export was packaged in green standard 12 U.S.floz bottles. American consumers exposed to Red Stripe through their travels to Jamaica, as well as Jamaican expatriates, were reluctant to try the brand in the States since it was not packaged in its distinctive squat brown bottle and painted label. This marketing issue was resolved only to have shipments temporarily suspended in January 1989 due to cannabis smuggling in shipping containers discovered in the Port of Miami. Red Stripe recovered and rode the popularity of dance hall and reggae in the early 1990s to well over a million cases of annual distribution. Red Stripe is a significant sponsor of reggae, ska, and other music events, including the annual Reggae Sumfest hosted in Montego Bay.

Diageo introduced canned Red Stripe, brewed under contract by Moosehead in New Brunswick, to the United States market in 2009.

In the U.S. in 2010, the bottling size was reduced from a typical 12 oz. per serving to 11.2 oz. per serving which is equivalent to the typical metric serving of 0.33 litre.

In 2012, Diageo moved production of the U.S. supply of Red Stripe from Jamaica to the U.S., contract-brewed for it by City Brewing Co. of La Crosse, Wisconsin, at its Latrobe Brewing Company facility in Pennsylvania. Desnoes & Geddes still made Red Stripe for Jamaica, Brazil, Canada and Europe.

Lack of consumer acceptance of U.S.-brewed Red Stripe resulted in brewing for the States returning to Jamaica. On 7 September 2016 the company celebrated the shipment of the first container of Red Stripe to be exported to the United States from Jamaica in 4 years. The company said this historic move was core to the company's mission of re-establishing Jamaica as the global hub for the Jamaican brand.

It was still being imported to the U.S. in 2023, from Jamaica in bottles, and the Netherlands in kegs and cans.

Advertising

In North America, a television advertising campaign launched in 2001 features Dorrel Salmon playing a comedic take on a Jamaican man, using variations on the catchphrase, "Hooray, beer!" In the UK, the advertising campaign plays on the 'easy vibe' of Jamaican Beer, with catchphrases such as "easy now."

Sponsorship
Red Stripe has been an intermittent sponsor of the Jamaica national bobsled team. In February 2018, following turmoil within the Jamaica Olympic women's bobsled team, Red Stripe stepped in at the last minute to sponsor a new bobsled so that the team could compete in the Pyeongchang 2018 Olympics as planned.

Other major sporting sponsorship activities have included a commitment as the Caribbean regional sponsor for the 2007 Cricket World Cup and a J$100 million sponsorship commitment to the Jamaican Football Federation in support of the national team's regional qualifying efforts for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

In 2007, under the guidance of brand manager Jonny Kirkham, Red Stripe initiated a campaign in the UK to support new music by sponsoring events such as the Camden Crawl and The Great Escape festivals, as well as hosting a number of free music events with artists such as The View and The Rifles. Recent work with new bands puts this initiative in direct competition with the likes of Carling as a featured sponsor of the underground music scene. In support of this promotional strategy, the Red Stripe Music Awards were initiated between 2007 and 2010, with the winner of the award receiving featured billing at two music festivals, Blissfields and The Great Escape, and the opportunity to tour with a high-profile act. Winners of the award included The Runners, Ben Howard, Klaus Says Buy The Record, and The Laurel Collective, while judges ranged from musicians such as Guy Garvey, music journalists and brand representatives from Red Stripe. As a result, brand sales grew significantly with Red Stripe becoming available throughout Camden, Manchester, Glasgow, Brighton and in key music venues across the UK. During this period, Red Stripe continued to be the unofficial beer of the Notting Hill Carnival which it has been since 1976.

Writer and music festival PR Alex Lee Thomson also presented a series of web-based interviews for the brand during their sponsorship periods of Camden Crawl and The Great Escape festivals in the UK, while editing their music-based website.

Red Stripe sponsors sports talk television program Pardon the Interruption during the summer months, alternating with Guinness. Also recently Red Stripe began sponsoring the International Festival of Thumb Wrestling held annually in Mason City, Iowa. Red Stripe also sponsored Ignite Urban competition along with SUM Entertainment.

Red Stripe Light has also been announced as the official beer category Major Sponsor for the 2010 Zwack Air Hockey World Championships taking place in July 2010 in Houston, Texas.

title: Red Stripe


text:
List of MOTU products

The following is a partial list of products that Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) supplies to the public. Some of these are no longer in production.

Software

 * Cross-platform (Mac & Windows)
 * Digital Performer
 * MachFive
 * MOTU Symphonic Instrument
 * MOTU Ethno Instrument
 * Electric Keys
 * BPM
 * FreeStyle
 * Unisyn
 * Mac
 * MX4
 * Volta
 * AudioDesk
 * FreeMIDI
 * Mosaic
 * Performer
 * WaveEdit
 * Professional Composer
 * Mouse Stampede
 * MS-DOS
 * PC/InterComm (VT100 terminal emulator)
 * Scribble (text formatter; simplified version of Scribe)
 * MINCE (MINCE Is Not Complete Emacs) (early 1980s)
 * Final Word word processor (became Borland Sprint circa 1988; combined Mince and Scribble into one product)
 * Amiga & Atari ST
 * Hex (video game)

Audio interfaces

 * Thunderbolt
 * 828X
 * 828es
 * 1248
 * 8M
 * 8pre-es
 * 16A
 * 112D
 * 8A
 * 624
 * FireWire
 * Traveler-mk3
 * Traveler
 * AudioExpress
 * Ultralite-mk3
 * Ultralite
 * 4pre
 * 828mk3
 * 828mkII
 * 828
 * 896mk3
 * 896HD
 * 896
 * 8pre
 * USB
 * Ultralite-mk3 hybrid
 * 4pre
 * 8pre USB
 * Audio Express
 * 828mkII
 * 828X
 * MicroBook
 * MicroBook II
 * 24Ai
 * 24Ao
 * Monitor 8
 * Stage-B16
 * Ultralite AVB
 * Ultralite-mk4
 * 624
 * M2
 * M4
 * M6
 * UltraLite-mk5
 * PCI
 * 2408mk3
 * 24I/O
 * HD192
 * 2408mkII
 * 1296
 * 24i
 * 308
 * 1224
 * 2408
 * NuBus
 * Digital Waveboard
 * AVB-TSN networking
 * 1248
 * 8M
 * 16A
 * 24Ai
 * 24Ao
 * Monitor 8
 * 112D
 * Stage-B16
 * UltraLite AVB
 * 624
 * 8A
 * M64
 * 8D
 * LP32
 * 828es
 * 8pre-es
 * AVB Switch

MIDI interfaces

 * USB
 * MIDI Timepiece AV
 * MIDI Express XT
 * Micro Express
 * Express 128
 * Micro Lite
 * Fastlane (2x2)
 * Parallel
 * MIDI Timepiece AV
 * MIDI Express XT
 * Micro Express
 * PC-MIDI Flyer
 * Pocket Express
 * MIDI Express PC Notebook
 * MIDI Express PC
 * Serial
 * MIDI Timepiece AV
 * MIDI Express XT
 * Micro Express
 * Fastlane (1x3)
 * Pocket Express
 * MIDI Express
 * MIDI Timepiece II
 * MIDI Timepiece

Video interfaces

 * HD Express
 * HDX-SDI
 * V4HD
 * V3HD

Synchronizers

 * Digital Timepiece
 * Video Timepiece

Other

 * MIDI Mixer 7s
 * Hex game for the Atari ST and Amiga computers (released in 1985)

title: List of MOTU products


text:
Vipul Ved Prakash

Vipul Ved Prakash is a software engineer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the co-founder of anti-spam company Cloudmark, social-media search company Topsy, and open-source AI company TogetherAI.

In 2013, Topsy was acquired by Apple Inc. The acquisition was reported to be valued over $200M.

In early 2000s, Prakash became widely known for creating Vipul's Razor, a popular open-source anti-spam system. He was named to the list of 2003's Top 100 young innovators in the world by MIT Technology Review for this work on anti-spam, at the age of 25.

Early life
Vipul Ved Prakash grew up in New Delhi, India. He played competitive table tennis, and attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi for undergraduate studies in mathematics, physics and computer science, but dropped out to pursue his interests in software design.

Work
In the late 1990s, Prakash co-founded, with Ashish Gulhati, an Internet privacy company (Sense/Net) for early Internet users in India, and wrote for computer magazines and industry journals, including a regular column, "Net Zeppelin", on networking protocols for the Indian edition of PC World Magazine.

Prakash has authored several extensions to the Perl programming language that are published under open source licenses and distributed via CPAN.

In May, 2000, Prakash and Rishab A. Ghosh published the Orbiten Free Software Survey, which is considered to be one of the first successful attempts at building an empirical model of contribution to open source projects.

Prakash worked at Napster as an engineer. He co-founded Cloudmark along with Napster’s co-founder Jordan Ritter, to provide a commercial alternative to his open-source filter, Vipul's Razor.

Prakash considers himself a cypherpunk. He created a dolphin-shaped implementation of RSA algorithm in Perl that was printed on a T-shirt and sold by ThinkGeek as a protest against restrictive exports laws.

Since Topsy's acquisition by Apple, Prakash has served as a Director of Engineering at Apple, Inc and is rumored to be leading a growing search program inside the company. He appeared on the WWDC 2015 stage to introduce iOS Search APIs.

title: Vipul Ved Prakash