text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Paul Vogel/Proposals

No vandalism
"Vandalism" - unauthorised defacement of Wikipedia pages - is forbidden. Persistent vandals may be temporarilly blocked from editing. Highly persistent vandals have been formally banned, and their editing priviledges on Wikipedia revoked.
 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:32, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nohat 18:33, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 02:36, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

No personal attacks
In extreme cases, users have been banned for repeatedly engaging in personal attacks. Specific types of slur covered by this include but are not limited to the following: Racial, sexual, religious or ethnic epithets directed against another contributor. See No personal attacks
 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:23, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nohat 18:34, 2004 May 2 (UTC) Strenuously support
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:
 * the Epopt 02:53, 5 May 2004 (UTC) -- I will not actively oppose this principle here, but I cannot support it.

Avoid unnecessary offence
Existing Wikipedia policies, such as profanity, usernames, civility, Wikiquette, etc, as well as "no personal attacks" above, suggest a general guideline of avoiding unnecessary offence. Gratuitous offence that does not aid in creating an encyclopedia is inappropriate on Wikipedia.
 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:24, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nohat 18:34, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC) (but Wikipedians should obviously discuss this if they think it's a bad guideline)
 * the Epopt 02:55, 5 May 2004 (UTC) -- unlike above, I cannot disagree with the mild suggestion that unnecessary offence should be avoided
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Neutral point of view
neutral point of view is a key policy on Wikipedia. NPOV continues to apply to points of view that individual Wikipedians consider to be hatred. NPOV continues to apply to points of view that individual Wikipedians consider to be Truth.

Due to the difficulties in performing content arbitration (when arbitrators may not be experts in the relevant subject areas), and due to the lower community support for the arbitration committee making decisions on content issues, the arbitration committee intends to refrain from ruling as to whether anyone in this case has violated the NPOV policy.
 * Support:
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC) (but Wikipedians should obviously discuss this if they, for example, want to exclude extreme views from normal NPOV treatment)
 * the Epopt 02:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 12:18, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Extreme views
Holding an extreme view is not, in and of itself, a violation of current Wikipedia policy. Wikipedia contributors come from a wide range of cultures and backgrounds, and this is welcome. Thus, contributors should not be blocked or attacked for their beliefs - the normal policies apply. Also, Wikipedia contributors will not be banned by this committee for their beliefs, unless Wikipedia policy in this regard changes.

 * Support:
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC) (but Wikipedians should obviously discuss this if they, for example, want to exclude Nazis from editing)
 * the Epopt 02:59, 5 May 2004 (UTC) no one should ever be excluded from editing solely because of his beliefs -- "And though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously by licensing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength. Let her and Falsehood grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter? Her confuting is the best and surest suppressing." --John Milton, Aeropagitica
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC) (Obviously)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 12:19, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Vandalism
Paul Vogel has engaged in a few instances of vandalism. Examples include:
 * Early May 2004: random irrelevant cross-posting of Image:Respiration_thumb.gif
 * 30 Apr 2004: Requests for arbitration/Paul Vogel - removal of almost all content, replaced with a statement by Vogel
 * 28 Apr 2004: Jew - replacing with a single sentence
 * 27 Apr 2004: Jew, Judaism - insertion of JewWatch external link with deliberately misleading link text - "sneaky vandalism"
 * 13 Feb 2004: White supremacy - adding "WARNING: MOST OF THIS ARTICLE IS JUST MARXIST-PC POV PROPAGANDA!" to top of article
 * 17 Feb 2004: Holocaust denial - adding "This article is strictly Jewish and Kosher POV lying and hypocritical WWII propaganda" (etc) to top of article
 * 10 Feb 2004: user:Mirv - blanked

Related inappropriate edits by Paul Vogel include:
 * 14 Apr 2004: Judaism - text plagiarised from Amazon, in violation of copyright policy.

The arbitration committee notes that many accusations of "vandalism" levelled against Paul Vogel would more accurately be described as "NPOV violations".
 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:34, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nohat 18:35, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 03:00, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Personal attacks
Paul Vogel has engaged in a number of personal attacks in violation of the widely accepted no personal attacks policy.

Some of these insults can be found in the following edits to the Wikipedia:

 * ("You are such an narrow-minded bigot..."; "A blood curse be upon all of your ilk that always censors the Truth for any such selfish and foolish and bigoted narrow- mindedness!"; "You know, when you are being a "lying hypocrite""; "will it take another Holocaust, before you finally learn the lesson?")
 * ("More like scores of edits and all by the same lying and hypocritical and pov and psychological projectionist "ilk" as "Mirv", ad nauseum")
 * ("a cabal of censorous pov bigots"; "a pov mob or ilk of lying hypocrites")
 * ("it is pure "lying hypocrisy", and only on your own part.")
 * ("This is not something that I would really expect either you or your pov ilk to ever actually understand. Therefore, we do not appreciate lying hypocrites")
 * ("there is a cabal of "lying hypocrites" within Wikipedia that will not listen to reason nor act in "good faith", and will do and say "anything", including "bald-faced" lies, in their slanderous campaign to have me banned and censored..."; "a "cabal" of Wikipedia pov bigots"; "I would vote to have you and your own cabal and own ilk banned and blocked for your typical pov "double-standards" and for your pov "lying hypocrisy"."; "ONE BIASED POV, of ONE ILK of lying hypocrites and censorous and slanderous pov bigots and dogmatists"; and others)
 * ("However, I am quite sure that your ilk will still delete it and then will still only keep the exact same kind of critical slanderous and pov linked nonsence about cosmotheism, like the hypocritical liars and bigots and psychological projectionist that they usually always are.")

Others can be found in the following mailing list posts:

 * ("you and YOUR ILK of LYING HYPOCRITES and CENSOROUS BIGOTS")
 * ("Many of this "ilk" are "Jews", but, the "behavior" of "lying hypocrisy", of "slander", of "personal insults" and of "double-standards" and of bigoted pov "censorship" are the actual "defining characteristics" of this "mob" or "ilk" or "group" that is attempting to falsely block, ban, and censor me.")
 * ("a cabal or "ilk" of pov censorious bigots, liars, slanderers, and hypocrites")
 * ("That as opposed to the deliberate DOUBLE-STANDARDS that are being enforced here by an "ilk" of lying and hypocritical and slanderous and censorious pov bigots!")

These links give a sample, not the entirity, of Vogel's insults.

The arbitration committee notes a handful of personal attacks made against Paul Vogel. Examples: "The man is definitely a few beers short of a 6 pack" - user:Naturyl;  "Nazi scumbag" - user:172. However, the committee was unable to uncover any evidence (and none was provided) supporting the accusations of slander or repeated attacks alleged by Paul. Note that mere criticism of another user is not considered an attack, if it is done appropriately.

 * Support:
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 05:44, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:
 * the Epopt 03:04, 5 May 2004 (UTC) -- I agree that Vogel has engaged in personal attacks

Circumventing bans or blocks
Paul Vogel attempted to circumvent a number of blocks placed on him by admins. In a post Fri Apr 23 18:48:11 UTC 2004 to the wikien mailing list, he states: "I DID circumvent any bans based upon any such false pov allegations and upon any such biased treatment and harrassment".

In judging this, we must answer the question, were the blocks supported by Wikipedia's blocking policy? This depends on the reasons given:
 * Quickpoll ban - clearly supported at that time - Vogel appears to have complied with this
 * Vandalism - clearly supported by current policy, but accounts for only a small minority of blocks
 * Excessive reverts - clearly not supported by current policy. In a brief poll off wikipedia talk:revert, a large minority of respondents opposed sysops individually applying temp-bans where a user has reverted an article six or more times, and the proposal was superseded by the quickpolls mechanism, which garnered a significantly higher level of support.
 * Trolling - Unknown. Refer to outcome of JRR Trollkien case.
 * Personal attacks - probably not supported by current policy. No discussion on Wikipedia talk:No personal attacks or wikipedia talk:blocking policy on allowing sysops to make individual decisions on the subject.
 * POV edits - clearly not supported by current policy.

Thus, Vogel does not appear to have circumvented any legitimately applied blocks (from evidence given). A number of sysops have used their blocking powers in ways not strictly supported by current policy.

 * Support:
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Fred Bauder 12:27, May 5, 2004 (UTC) The sheer number of attempts to block this user establishes the blocks as legitimate as they constitute established Wikipedia practice.
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC) Agree with Fred---quickpolls should've been used instead.
 * This probably isn't the appropriate place to put this but the problem with using Quickpolls was that Vogel was not actually a registered user. When I tried to start a Quickpoll the response on two occasions by a number of people was that a Quickpoll isn't necessary to deal with an anon. user. Perhaps this need to be clarified ie is a persistent anon user who refuses to register still an anon user?AndyL 07:55, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Other:
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC) (among other things (and there are quite a few other things), I don't understand the apparent inconsistency between "Vandalism - clearly supported by current policy, but accounts for only a small minority of blocks" and "Vogel does not appear to have circumvented any legitimately applied blocks" (emphasis mine). However, this is too small an issue for me to want to spend too much time on it, so I'm abstaining)

Vogel's counter-accusations
Besides Vogel's accusations of insults (which are discussed above), the committee has investigated other allegations made by Vogel, and rules as follows:

 * "Cabal", "mob", "ilk", "campaign" - there are no current Wikipedia policies against cabals, mobs, ilks, or campaigns, so this issue is beyond the jurisdiction of the committee.
 * "censorious" - Wikipedia is not a forum for unrestricted free speech. "If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it."
 * "pov" - The arbitration committee declines to investigate allegations that either Vogel, or his critics, have violated the NPOV policy, for the reasons given above.
 * "bigots", "hypocrites" - the moral qualities of Wikipedia contributors are beyond the jurisdiction of the committee.
 * Excessive reverts - Paul Vogel has reverted more frequently and more often than any of his critics have individually reverted.

 * Support:
 * Martin 20:20, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 03:05, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 12:28, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Proposed relief
Paul Vogel's editing priviledges on Wikipedia are revoked for a period of one year.
 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 18:13, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC) I would support a permanent ban.
 * Martin 00:13, 1 May 2004 (UTC) (I support any time period between one month and one year).
 * Nohat 18:45, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 03:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC) I oppose permanent bans; if Vogel returns, unchanged, in a year, we'll ban him again
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC) (As usual, I would not support a permanent ban in this case either)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC) I don't see prospects of him becoming a legitimate contributor in the near future. I would suggest if he feels he can do so he contact Jimbo Wales privately in a more calm manner than he has thus far, and then perhaps Jimbo may unban him or ask us to reconsider the matter.
 * Oppose:
 * Other:

Wikipedia contributors are encouraged to edit Wikipedia's talk pages to deal with personal attacks, excessive repetition, misleading indentation or signatures, unnecessarily offensive comments, etc, contributed by Paul Vogel. They should delete them, edit them, quarantine them on an appropriate user talk: page, or otherwise deal with them as they judge appropriate.

 * Support:
 * Martin 01:12, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 15:22, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Nohat 18:45, 2004 May 2 (UTC)
 * the Epopt 03:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC) this principle should be applied to all personal attacks, excessive repetition, misleading indentation or signatures, unnecessarily offensive comments, etc, at all times
 * James F. (talk) 07:31, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Camembert 11:03, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delirium 23:13, May 6, 2004 (UTC) At the very least misleading indentation or signatures should always be cleaned up, both here and in other cases, so discussion can actually take place.
 * Oppose:
 * Other:


text:
Minor league

Minor leagues are professional sports leagues which are not regarded as the premier leagues in those sports. Minor league teams tend to play in smaller, less elaborate venues, often competing in smaller cities/markets. This term is used in North America with regard to several organizations competing in various sports. They generally have lesser fan bases, much smaller revenues and salaries, and are used to develop players for bigger leagues.

The minor league concept is a manifestation of the franchise system used in North American sports, whereby the group of major league teams in each sport is fixed for long periods between expansions or other adjustments, which only take place with the consent of the major league owners. In Europe, and many other parts of the world, association football (soccer), basketball, american football, baseball, handball, hockey, etc. leagues have many divisions below the top-flight level as part of the football pyramid. In other parts of the world there is usually either a system of annual promotion and relegation, meaning that clubs have no fixed status in the hierarchy, or there is only one professional league per country in each sport, rendering the major/minor distinction irrelevant.

American football
While there are various semi-professional football leagues, none have any affiliation with the National Football League (NFL). The NFL and its teams have had working relationships with several independent leagues in the past, including the Association of Professional Football Leagues, the Atlantic Coast Football League, and most recently, the league owned-and-operated NFL Europe. In modern times, the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team's practice squad.

Several NFL owners had purchased teams in the Arena Football League in the mid-2000s, prior to its bankruptcy and restructuring. Arena football is played under very different conditions, and the AFL had its own minor league, af2, until 2009. Several other independent indoor football leagues that play a similar game exist.

Similarly, the Canadian Football League, though it has developed ties with the NFL in recent years and has moved away from competing with the NFL for talent, plays a visibly different game than the American game, and the two sports favor different types of skills; the CFL arguably holds major league status in its home territory of Canada.

Several minor or developmental leagues, independent of the NFL, have come and gone. Some, such as the Alliance of American Football and Fall Experimental Football League (along with the FXFL's successor, the still extant but non-paying The Spring League), have explicit minor league and developmental aspirations. Others, such as the United Football League and both the 2001 and 2020 incarnations of the XFL, have sought to maintain independence and maintain a national profile while acknowledging the lack of funds (particularly from television, which is by far the NFL's largest revenue stream) that would be needed to compete for NFL-caliber talent. The UFL during its existence was recognized and accepted as the second tier of professional football behind the NFL, with several former NFL stars playing in the UFL near the ends of their careers.

Pro Football
High-level Low-level
 * United Football League (UFL)
 * Gridiron Developmental Football League (GDFL)
 * Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA)
 * Rivals Professional Football League (RPFL)

Semi-Pro

 * American 7s Football League
 * Alberta Football League
 * Empire Football League
 * Florida Football Alliance
 * Maritime Football League
 * New England Football League
 * Northern Football Conference
 * North Louisiana Football Alliance

Indoor American football
High-level Mid-level Low-level
 * Indoor Football League,
 * National Arena League
 * Arena Football League
 * American Indoor Football
 * The Arena League
 * American Arena League
 * Great Lakes Arena Football

Flag football

 * American Flag Football League

Women's

 * Women's Football Alliance
 * Legends Football League
 * United States Women's Football League

Men
Below Major League Soccer several lower-level leagues operate on both sides of the U.S.–Canada border as part of the American and Canadian soccer pyramids. As is standard for sports in both countries, the formal promotion and relegation system is not used, although teams have been informally "promoted" from lower leagues up to Major League Soccer. The United Soccer League operates the USL League Two (formerly the Premier Development League, or PDL), a semi-professional league that has some age restrictions. The National Premier Soccer League operates at approximately the same level as USL League Two.

In 2013 Major League Soccer announced a partnership with the USL organization which began formal affiliation between some USL teams and MLS teams. The partnership continued to deepen through the 2010s; by the end of that decade, most MLS teams fielded their reserve teams in the USLC, while a few had their reserve sides in USL1 instead of the USLC. For several years, MLS nominally required all of its teams to either field a reserve team in the USL or officially affiliate with a separately owned USL team, but this was never strictly enforced. No formal relationship existed between NASL and the other leagues; NASL's commissioner had said he believed it would "stay that way for some time". However, MLS clubs started withdrawing their reserve sides from the USL system in 2020 amid rumors that MLS would relaunch its former MLS Reserve League in the coming years; these rumors were proved correct by the 2022 establishment of MLS Next Pro.

MLS Next (stylized in all caps) is a system of youth soccer leagues that are managed, organized and controlled by Major League Soccer. It was introduced by the league in 2020.

Semi-professional and amateur leagues sanctioned by the United States Adult Soccer Association are USL League Two, National Premier Soccer League, NISA Nation and United Premier Soccer League.

The system, introduced in mid-2020, was active for the first time during the 2020–21 season. It is a successor to the U.S. Soccer Development Academy. The system covers the under-13, under-14, under-15, under-16, under-17 and under-19 age groups.

Women
The developmental pathway for players outside the collegiate system has so far been mostly an ad hoc affair, with semi-professional and amateur leagues including the former USL W-League. The current United Women's Soccer, UWS League 2 and Women's Premier Soccer League not being sanctioned directly through the United States Soccer Federation, but through the affiliated United States Adult Soccer Association.

The USL organization has announced plans to create a full women's developmental pathway, establishing the semi-professional third-level USL W League (USLW; not to be confused with its former W-League) in 2022 and planning to launch the USL Super League (USLS) in 2023. The USL has applied for U.S. Soccer sanctioning of USLS; it has not yet announced its sanctioning plans for USLW.

Indoor soccer
The Major Arena Soccer League 2 (M2) is a North American indoor soccer league that serves as the developmental league of the Major Arena Soccer League.

Baseball
Minor league baseball is almost as old as the professional game itself, and at first consisted of attempts to play baseball in smaller cities and towns independent of the National League, the first true major league. Soon, scouts for the National League were traveling to watch minor league teams play and attempting to sign the more talented ones away. Soon Major League Baseball began formal developmental agreements with some minor league teams, while others remained independent.

Since it was first developed in the 1920s by St. Louis Cardinals executive Branch Rickey, the formal developmental affiliations have come to dominate minor league baseball, and the majority of minor leagues are part of the affiliated system. A general decline in minor league attendance occurred following the advent of television; minor league clubs only survived in many markets because their major league affiliations included financial support. The trend began to reverse in the 1990s, as new independent minor leagues began for the first time in decades and have become successful to varying levels.

In 2021, a major reorganization of the minor leagues saw the number of affiliated teams (i.e., those with formal links to MLB teams) reduced from 160 to 120, the Short-Season A level eliminated from the minor leagues, and all leagues above Rookie level in the affiliated system renamed. Also, four independent leagues were officially designated as "MLB Partner Leagues". In 2022, the leagues renamed in 2021 reverted to their traditional names.

 * Minor League Baseball
 * International League (Class AAA)
 * Pacific Coast League (Class AAA)
 * Eastern League (Class AA)
 * Southern League (Class AA)
 * Texas League (Class AA)
 * Midwest League (Class A+)
 * Northwest League (Class A+)
 * South Atlantic League (Class A+)
 * California League (Class A)
 * Carolina League (Class A)
 * Florida State League (Class A)
 * Arizona Complex League (rookie)
 * Florida Complex League (rookie)
 * Dominican Summer League (rookie)

 * Off-season leagues
 * Arizona Fall League
 * Colombian Professional Baseball League
 * Dominican Winter Baseball League
 * Mexican Pacific League
 * Puerto Rico Baseball League
 * Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

 * Independent baseball league
 * MLB Partner Leagues:
 * American Association
 * Atlantic League
 * Frontier League
 * Pioneer League
 * Other leagues:
 * Empire League
 * Mexican League
 * Pacific Association
 * Pecos League
 * United Shore Professional Baseball League

Basketball
The National Basketball Association has affiliated minor leagues: the NBA G League (formerly called the "NBA D-League") and NBA Summer League. The now-defunct Continental Basketball Association (CBA) served some of the purposes of a minor league for the NBA for many years. However, there were no direct developmental agreements between CBA and NBA teams the way that there are between Major League Baseball and National Hockey League teams and their minor league affiliates.

Affiliated

 * NBA G League
 * NBA Summer League

Independent
Pro
 * Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL)
 * National Basketball League of Canada (NBL Canada)
 * The Basketball League (TBL)
 * The Basketball Tournament (TBT)

Semi-Pro
 * American Basketball Association (ABA)
 * Central Basketball Association (CBA)
 * East Coast Basketball League (ECBL)
 * Florida Basketball Association (FBA)
 * Maximum Basketball League (MBL)
 * North American Basketball League (NABL)
 * Official Basketball Association (OBA)
 * Premier Basketball League (PBL)
 * United Basketball League (UBL)
 * Universal Basketball Association (UBA)

Ice hockey
The sport with the next most extensive system of minor league teams other than baseball is ice hockey. In North America, between 1988 and 2005, 233 minor league ice hockey teams played in a total of 160 cities in 13 minor professional leagues. The vast majority of these teams played in the United States, with only 21 of these teams based in Canadian cities. 123 of these minor professional teams played in the southern United States. One reason given for the large number of American-based teams is that minor league franchises will frequently move from city to city, and even between leagues. In contrast, Canadian cities more commonly host major junior teams, which develop teenage prospects prior to their move to the professional leagues.

All National Hockey League teams have a farm team in the American Hockey League and often have a secondary affiliated team in the ECHL. On "the farm", the NHL team will develop young players, occasionally rehabilitate older players who are injured or whose quality of play has slumped. These teams, in turn, have lower-level minor leagues to draw players from and pass players down to. Minor professional ice hockey leagues should not be confused with Junior (amateur players) or Senior (semi-professional to amateur) ice hockey leagues.

The American Hockey League is the most prominent of the minor hockey leagues in North America.

Affiliated

 * American Hockey League (AHL)
 * East Coast Hockey League (ECHL)

Independent

 * Federal Prospects Hockey League (FPHL)
 * Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH)
 * SPHL (formerly known as the Southern Professional Hockey League)

Junior

 * North American Hockey League (NAHL)
 * United States Hockey League (USHL)
 * Western Hockey League (WHL)
 * Ontario Hockey League (OHL)
 * Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)

Senior ice hockey

 * Mountain West Hockey League (MWHL)
 * Allan Cup Hockey (Ontario Sr. AAA)
 * Big 6 Hockey League (Saskatchewan Sr. AAA)
 * Allan Cup Hockey West (Alberta Sr. AAA)
 * North East Senior Hockey League (New Brunswick Sr. AAA)
 * North Peace Hockey League (Alberta Sr. AAA)

Former minor leagues

 * Atlantic Coast Hockey League (ACHL), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League
 * Central Hockey League (CHL), merged into the ECHL
 * International Hockey League (IHL), merged into the American Hockey League
 * International Hockey League (2007) (IHL), formerly the United Hockey League and Colonial Hockey League, merged into the Central Hockey League
 * South East Hockey League (SEHL), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League
 * West Coast Hockey League (WCHL), merged into the ECHL
 * Western Hockey League (1952–1974) (WHL), merged into the Central Hockey League
 * Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL), merged into the Central Hockey League
 * World Hockey Association 2 (WHA2), now part of the Southern Professional Hockey League

Cricket
Minor League Cricket (MiLC) is a developmental league of Major League Cricket that began play in 2021.

Other sports
Other sports organizations considered to be minor leagues are golf's Korn Ferry Tour and Epson Tour, respectively affiliated with the PGA Tour and LPGA; NASCAR's Xfinity Series, Camping World Truck Series and Whelen All-American Series (and to a lesser extent ARCA and its ARCA Menards Series since ARCA's buyout by NASCAR in 2018); Monster Jam's Triple Threat Series; Overwatch Contenders; the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championship for Formula One; and various other affiliated satellite tours of other individual sports, including the Challengers Tour of Professional Tennis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minor league


text:
Ming Chuan University

Ming Chuan University (MCU; ) is a private university with four campuses in Taipei, Taoyuan and Kinmen in Taiwan, as well as one in Michigan, United States. MCU also has international education centers in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand. Additionally, it collaborates with universities such as Fuzhou University and Xiamen University of Technology to establish joint college.

MCU was founded by Pao Teh-Ming (包德明) and her husband Lee Ying-Chao. The university was named after the progressive Qing Dynasty governor of Taiwan Liu Mingchuan.

MCU is a member of the Excellent Long-Established University Consortium of Taiwan (ELECT). The consortium includes 13 universities, such as Fu Jen Catholic University, Soochow University, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taipei Medical University, among others.

MCU is the first university in Asia to receive accreditation from the United States of America by the MSCHE (Middle States Commission on Higher Education), and it is also the only university in Taiwan with such accreditation. The university has also obtained accreditation from CHEA (Council for Higher Education Accreditation) and AACSB. MCU was ranked 701–750 in QS Asia Universities Ranking 2024 and positioned 1501+ in 2023 by Times Higher Education ranking. The discipline of Hospitality & Tourism Management ranks 51-75 in the ARWU, with Taiwan's top university in this field.

History
Ming Chuan University was founded in 1957 by Dr. Teh-Ming Pao and Dr. Ying-Chao Lee. It was Taiwan's first women's business school (women's college). Dr. Teh-Ming Pao, its first president, had the most significant influence on its development. When the government had just moved to Taiwan and the economy was lagging, with an urgent need to nurture business professionals, Dr. Pao founded the school in the interests of national development, at the same time raising awareness of the talents and rights of women and facilitating their contributions to society. She began preparations in Fall 1956 and on March 25, 1957, the Ministry of Education approved its founding. It began operation the following Fall. The original plan called for Ming Chuan to be located in Danshui. However, a descendant of Liu Ming-Chuan, Madam Liu, was having difficulty maintaining Ming Chuan Orphanage that she had established on Zhong-Shan North Road. She found Dr. Pao willing to take over Ming Chuan Orphanage, which was later converted into the school of the same name. In five years following its establishment the school was twice moved and rebuilt, finally being relocated to its present site in the Shihlin District in 1962. Dr. Pao borrowed funds so that construction could be completed all at once.

Since MCU began as a commercial college, the original three-year day school consisted of three programs: Banking and Insurance, Accounting and Statistics, and International Trade and Business Administration. In 1960, Secretarial Science was added and Ming Chuan became part of the national junior college joint entrance examination program. The former four departments were formed into an evening program added in 1963. In 1964, the day school added a Commercial Mathematics department and Secretarial Science was added to the evening program. A five-year program for junior high school graduates was established in the same year and grew to an enrollment of 1400. The Ministry of Education of the ROC promoted Ming Chuan to senior college status on July 16, 1990.After more than 30 years of development, Ming Chuan's campus on Mount Fu was full to capacity. In 1967, the school purchased gently sloping ground in Guishan Township (now Guishan District) of Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City). In 1995, at the invitation of the Kinmen County Education Advancement Investigation Team, Ming Chuan established a campus in Kinmen, thus becoming a comprehensive university with three campuses. Success at Kinmen led the Ministry of Education to approve MCU's establishment of Matsu Executive Master's Programs to promote higher education in Kinmen and Matsu and further Pao's dream “to serve the island residents”, recognizing the right of all to an education.

In 2011, the university began holding an annual International Student Paper Competition sponsored by Taiwan ICDF, and finalist papers are published in the Journal of International Cooperation.

With the introduction of ICDF (International Corporation and Development Fund) scholarships, the university has become known for its large international population. Ming Chuan opened its Michigan Campus at Saginaw Valley State University in 2014.

Campus life and traditions
Mascot

The university's mascot is a whale.

Emblem and flag

The university flag, like the flag of Taiwan, is red, white, and blue. The emblem follows the color of the flag, with an ascending eagle and three curved figures from the bottom to the top.

Plum-blossom examination seating arrangement

First introduced during the women's business school period, this system is characterized by uniform examination schedules throughout the entire school. Exam information is uniformly released by the school and seat assignments are randomized. Each pair of adjacent students takes different subjects in the examination. Any student caught cheating during the exam is subject to expulsion according to regulations.

All pass Candies

This activity is one of the traditions at MCU. Seniors traditionally give a small gift to their juniors before exams, wishing them success in their midterms and finals.

Ming Chuan University F.C.

It was established by Ming Chuan University and serves as the football club for the Taiwan University Football Association, Taiwan Football Premier League, and Taiwan Second Division Football League. The club has achieved both championship and runner-up titles. The club plays their home matches on the Taoyuan campus of MCU.

In 1979, Dr. Teh-Ming Pao established the MCU women's football team. It was a core known as the "Mulan" in the ROC women's national football team at that time. The team having won three championships in the AFC Women's Asian Cup during the 1970s. Influenced by this, the unofficial women's football world championship was held in Taiwan in 1981, and it is regarded as a motivating factor for the establishment of the Germany women's national football team.

Academic program overview

 * Management
 * Tourism
 * Law
 * Education & Applied Languages
 * Communication
 * Information Technology
 * Design
 * Social Science
 * Health & Medical Engineering
 * International College
 * Financial Technology

MCU collaborates with Saginaw Valley State University, and they have a branch campus located in the state of Michigan.

MCU collaborates with overseas universities such as the University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce and SANNO University. They have established international education centers in Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, and other locations. The university also collaborates with some Chinese universities to establish colleges locally, including the establishment of the Ocean College in collaboration with Fuzhou University, the Liu Mingchuan College in collaboration with Hefei Normal University, and the Straits School of Business and Trade in collaboration with Xiamen University of Technology.

International College at MCU is the first institution in Taiwan offering degrees through classes conducted completely in English.

Ranking and reputation

 * MSCHE CHEA

MCU is the first university in Asia to receive accreditation from the United States (MSCHE), and it is also the only university in Taiwan with such accreditation. The university has also obtained accreditation from CHEA.

 * Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ：

Global Ranking of Academic Subjects - Hospitality & Tourism Management

2019: 51-75; 2020: 37; 2021: 44; 2022: 51-75 (1st in Taiwan）

 * Round University Ranking (RUR):

World University Ranking: 956

Subject Rankings - Humanities: 785

 * QS World University Rankings:

Asia：701-750

Eastern Asia：325

 * Global Views Monthly Taiwan's Best University Rankings:

Universities focusing on humanities and social sciences: 7th

private university: 14th

Internationality: 5th

Notable alumni

 * Margaret Huang (黃麗燕), CEO of Leo Burnett Group Taiwan
 * Ding Ling-juan (丁菱娟), founder and CEO of Era Ogilvy Public Relations
 * Wang Wen-jing, CEO of Business Weekly Media Group
 * Xue Ya-ping, CEO of Silks Hotel Group (Regent Hotel Group)
 * Sandra Yu (余湘), chairman of the board of Growww Media Group
 * Yao Yuan-zhong, Senior Vice President for the Asia-Pacific at Eurex, chief representative for Greater China Region of Deutsche Börse
 * Anne Shih, chairman of the board of Bowers Museum
 * Zhao Wei, News presenter (China Television, TVBS)
 * Xiong Lv-yang, News presenter (China Television)
 * Chen Yung-kang, News presenter (TVBS, Next TV)
 * Lee Ya-Yuan, News presenter (Broadcasting Corporation of China)
 * Chang Ya-fang, News presenter (Eastern Broadcasting Company, Sanlih E-Television, China Television)
 * Natalie Han, News presenter (Eastern Broadcasting Company, Videoland Sports Channel)
 * Namewee (黃明志), Rapper, singer-songwriter, record producer, filmmaker, actor (1983-)
 * Sam Wang, Taiwan actor, member of two groups 5566 and 183 Club
 * Cao Jing-hao, member of group Nan Quan Mama
 * Aggie Hsieh (謝沛恩), entertainer
 * Bryan Chang, Taiwan actor
 * Megan Lai, Taiwan actress and singer
 * Cheng Hsiao-tse (程孝澤), director of the movie 「渺渺」 (Miao Miao)
 * Tina Pan, Taiwanese politician
 * Andy Chiu, Taiwanese politician
 * Mary Chen, Taiwanese politician
 * Chao Cheng-yu, Taiwanese politician
 * Chen, Yi-Chieh, Taiwanese politician
 * Lee Wo-shih, Magistrate of Kinmen County (2009-2014)

title: Ming Chuan University


text:
User talk:Shield~enwiki

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Shield. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Shield~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Shield~enwiki


text:
Thomas Brodie-Sangster

Thomas Brodie-Sangster (born 16 May 1990) is an English actor. As a child actor, he gained recognition for his roles in the commercially successful films Love Actually (2003) and Nanny McPhee (2005). He voiced the latter titular character in Phineas and Ferb (2007–2015; 2024–present) and subsequently gained wider attention with his roles as Jake Murray in Accused (2010–2012), Jojen Reed in Game of Thrones (2013–2014) and Newt in the Maze Runner trilogy (2014–2018). Continued acclaim ensued with the independent films Nowhere Boy (2009), in which he portrayed Paul McCartney, Bright Star (2009), and Death of a Superhero (2011).

Brodie-Sangster received praise for his roles in the Netflix miniseries Godless (2017) and as chess champion Benny Watts in the Netflix miniseries The Queen's Gambit (2020). The last of these earned him a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. He has since portrayed the titular pickpocket in the Disney+ miniseries The Artful Dodger (2023) and Rafe Sadler in the upcoming miniseries Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light (2024).

Early life
Thomas Brodie-Sangster was born on 16 May 1990 in Southwark, London, to Mark Sangster and Tasha Bertram. Brodie-Sangster's father's family is from Banchory, Scotland. He has a sister. Brodie-Sangster plays bass and guitar, and he learned to play left-handed guitar to portray the left-handed Paul McCartney in the feature film Nowhere Boy. He also learned to play the drums for his role in Love Actually (2003).

Early work and child acting (2000s)
In 2001, Brodie-Sangster's first acting role was in a BBC television film, Station Jim. He subsequently appeared in a few more television films, including the lead roles in Bobbie's Girl, The Miracle of the Cards (based on the story of Craig Shergold) and Stig of the Dump. He won the "Golden Nymph" award at the 43rd Annual Monte Carlo Television Festival for his role in the miniseries Entrusted. Brodie-Sangster's first major theatrical film was Love Actually (2003), in which he played Sam. He was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award and a Young Artist Award for his role in the film.

Brodie-Sangster next appeared in a television adaptation of the novel Feather Boy and played a younger version of James Franco's Tristan in the film version of Tristan & Isolde. Among other things, Brodie-Sangster takes part in a (child's) sword fight in the film. Brodie-Sangster next starred in the commercially successful film Nanny McPhee (2005) as the eldest of seven children.

In 2007, he appeared in a two-part story ("Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood") in Doctor Who as schoolboy Tim Latimer, and guest-starred in the Big Finish Doctor Who audio dramas The Mind's Eye and The Bride of Peladon. He also starred in the film adaptation of Valerio Massimo Manfredi's historical novel The Last Legion, released in 2007. That same year he voiced the character of Ferb Fletcher in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb. He appeared in the 2008 miniseries Pinocchio, filmed in Italy, as Lampwick.

In 2008, Brodie-Sangster had a role in director Jane Campion's film Bright Star, a love story about John Keats and his lover Fanny Brawne. He also starred as Paul McCartney in Nowhere Boy, a film directed by award-winning artist Sam Taylor-Wood, about the teenage years of John Lennon.

Brodie-Sangster appeared as Casey in the film Some Dogs Bite about a boy who wants to keep his family together. Casey takes his baby brother out of foster care and, with the help of his older brother, goes in search of their father. Brodie-Sangster appeared in the Irish film Death of a Superhero, based on the novel by Anthony McCarten.

Mature roles, independent films, and established actor (2010s)
In 2011, Brodie-Sangster played Liam in the film The Last Furlong. In April that same year, he made a guest appearance as Adam Douglas in an episode of British detective drama Lewis. In 2012, he starred in The Baytown Outlaws, in which he plays a young disabled man in a wheelchair, and in Ella Jones's short film, The Ugly Duckling, the third instalment of the Tales trilogy of reworked fairy tales from More Films. From 2013 to 2014, he played the role of Jojen Reed in the HBO series Game of Thrones. In 2015, he began providing the voice of John Tracy in ITV's remake of Gerry Anderson's puppet series Thunderbirds Are Go (2015–2020).

Brodie-Sangster played Newt in the 20th Century Fox Maze Runner trilogy, including The Maze Runner (2014), Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015), and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018). In BBC2's 6-part television adaptation of Wolf Hall (on BBC2 from 21 January 2015), Brodie-Sangster portrayed Rafe Sadler, the ward of Thomas Cromwell.

On 24 May 2017, a 15-minute sequel to Love Actually was released with Brodie-Sangster as part of the cast. It was shown on the BBC as part of Comic Relief's Red Nose Day and titled Red Nose Day Actually and brought back a large number of characters from the first film.

In 2017, Brodie-Sangster began portraying Whitey Winn in the 2017 Netflix western drama miniseries Godless, created by Scott Frank. It received positive reviews from critics.

Streaming projects (2020s)
Brodie-Sangster began the 2020s with his role as chess player Benny Watts in the Netflix miniseries, The Queen's Gambit (2020), marking his second collaboration with Frank. It premiered to critical acclaim, and emerged as Netflix's most-watched scripted miniseries. The performance earned Brodie-Sangster a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie.

In 2023, Brodie-Sangster played Jack "Artful Dodger" Dawkins, originally featured in Charles Dickens' 1898 novel Oliver Twist, in the Disney+ miniseries The Artful Dodger, which follows the character after the novel's events.

Brodie Films and Winnet music
Brodie-Sangster established Brodie Films in 2006 with his mother, Tasha Bertram, "to create opportunities in the film industry for new British talent; innovative writers, actors and directors." The company was dissolved in May 2013.

Brodie-Sangster plays bass guitar, and in January 2010 joined the band Winnet, in which his mother provides vocals.

Personal life
Since July 2022, it had been reported that Brodie-Sangster was dating actress Talulah Riley after meeting while working together on Pistol in 2021. It was announced in July 2023 that Brodie-Sangster and Riley were engaged. The couple married on June 22, 2024 in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

title: Thomas Brodie-Sangster


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Liberal Protectionist

Liberal Protectionist was the name under which three candidates sought election to the House of Commons of Canada for ridings in Quebec in two elections in the early twentieth century.

The Liberal Party of Canada, at the time, was associated with the concept of free trade. Protectionists opposed the concept.

In the 1925 federal election, Léopold Doyon won 2,839 votes, 19.4% of the total, as the only opponent of the Liberal candidate in St. Henri. (Twenty years later he would be a Social Credit candidate in Hochelaga). Former Liberal MP Ruben Charles Laurier running as a Liberal Protectionist won 4,076 votes in St. James riding, 26.9% of the total, as the only opponent of the Liberal candidate.

In the 1930 federal election, Lyon William Jacobs won 2,723 votes, 10.2% of the total, placing third of four candidates in Laurier—Outremont riding.

title: Liberal Protectionist


text:
Talk:Hundred Schools of Thought

Public domain?
Parts of this article came from "the U.S. Library of Congress, Country Studies/Area Handbook". Is the material really in public domain? - Mandel - May 8, 2004

Copy editing
Improvements to the English have been made by many contributors. I do not see anything wrong with the English now. Ought not the administrators remove this article from the "need copy-editing" category? PM Poon 08:51, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm doing a bit more tidying & copy-editing, then I'll remove the notice (but it doesn't take an admin to do it). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:15, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Thomas Hobbes
When reading about Xun Zi did anyone think about Thomas Hobbes?

"Other Schools" ironic
Naming things in this way makes the same seem as though it were different.

Addition of unreferenced information
I see that this article continues to be used as a dumping ground for unreferenced material. I think it's time we start pruning and weeding. Viriditas (talk) 23:38, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to see that you are volunteering to read through all the books & papers on the topic, to really improve the article and not just delete material. So few are willing! --Gwern (contribs) 16:13 28 September 2010 (GMT)

Hundred Schools and Chinese philosophy
The content of Hundred Schools of Thought and Chinese philosophy are similar in content. In hundred schools of thought, might it be more useful to give the definitions of the stated texts, and direct users to the Chinese philosophy page for the overviews? Because if I can, that's what I'll try and do if there's no objection, moving relevant material to the other page. Otherwise, if we do not want to have the book statements, we've just got duplicate pages here, and they ought to be merged. I also think it's very unscholarly to list them according to original source and then give a modern commentary, whereas people might actually appreciate having the statements of the books themselves at hand.FourLights (talk) 17:55, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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٥
اا ٨غعغا خ ه 196.155.4.21 (talk) 12:46, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hundred Schools of Thought


text:
Talk:Thomas Brodie-Sangster

British vs English
There is disagreement as to whether Brodie-Sangster is British or English. Could this be discussed here, and a consensus achieved, rather than continuously edit warring over it? Thanks. -- ‖ Ebyabe  talk -   Border Town   ‖ 01:43, 20 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, there appears to be an extensive discussion on this topic at Talk:Adele. -- ‖ Ebyabe  talk -   Inspector General   ‖ 01:53, 20 June 2015 (UTC)

hopefully this makes it easy his nationality is British, but his language is English. Fchbc (talk) 14:41, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * With regards to WP:MOSIDENTITY, in this interview when asked about a favorite car, Brodie-Sangster says The obvious choice would be a dark green coupe, 1963 Jaguar E-type – I’m quite English. OhNo itsJamie Talk 03:23, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Personal life?
In relationship with Elon Musk's Ex wife, Talulah Riley. Rustygecko (talk) 23:02, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

oclcs
Hi why are we editing out oclcs which can be valuable to find an article in a publicationScranton (talk) 17:50, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

Brodie
When did he start using the name Brodie-Sangster, and where did it come from? In his early films he is credited as Thomas Sangster, or sometimes Thomas Brodie Sangster. cagliost (talk) 17:39, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Brodie-Sangster


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Green Eggs and Ham

Green Eggs and Ham is a children's book by Dr. Seuss. It was published by the Beginner Books imprint of Random House on August 12, 1960. The book follows Sam-I-am as he follows an unnamed man, repeatedly asking him if he would like to try some green eggs and ham before the man eventually tries it and likes it. Seuss began writing Green Eggs and Ham after his editor Bennett Cerf bet him $50 (worth $529.64 when adjusted for inflation in 2024) that he could not write an engaging children's book with a vocabulary of 50 words. Finding the challenge difficult, Seuss used notes, charts, and checklists to keep track of his progress. The book covers themes of conflict between individuals, though Seuss has said that it lacks any deeper meaning. Green Eggs and Ham was widely praised by critics for its writing and illustration, and challenge of writing a book in 50 words is regarded as a success. The book has been the subject of multiple adaptations, including a television series of the same name in 2019.

Plot
Sam-I-am rides an animal back and forth in front of an unnamed man, holding signs saying "I am Sam" and "Sam I am". Sam-I-am offers the man a plate of green eggs and ham, but the man says that he does not like them, nor him. Sam-I-am continues to offer the man a plate of green eggs and ham as they come across different places and things, including a mouse in a house, a fox in a box, a car, a tree, a train, a dark tunnel, the rain and a goat on a boat. After the car and train crash into the boat, all of the people and animals they encountered float in the water with them, and Sam-I-am once more offers the man a plate of green eggs and ham. The man gives in so Sam-I-am will stop asking, and upon tasting them he realizes that he does like green eggs and ham. He announces that he will eat them anywhere, and he thanks Sam-I-am.

Writing and release
Green Eggs and Ham was written by Theodor Seuss Geisel under his pen name Dr. Seuss. He wrote the book after his editor at Random House, Bennett Cerf, bet him $50 that he could not write an engaging children's book using a vocabulary of only 50 distinct words. The bet was a response to Seuss's previous success, The Cat in the Hat, which was written using 236 distinct words. Seuss took extensive notes to work out how to best use 50 words, creating different charts and checklists. By the time he finished arranging the words, he had memorized many of the statistics of how he used them.

Seuss found the restriction especially challenging, and he rewrote many pages before he was satisfied with the rhymes. The drafts were typed on rice paper, which Seuss attached to his illustrations. His wife Helen Palmer sometimes placed his discarded drafts back on his desk in the hope that he would approve of them after looking at them a second time, though he rarely did.

Early drafts had the unnamed man speak more aggressively to Sam-I-am. When the two characters were in a car atop the tree, he was originally written as saying "Sam-I-am. You let me be. Not in a car. You let me be!". Seuss changed this to "I would not, could not in a tree. Not in a car! You let me be.", making the outburst less direct and moving the exclamation point away from the command. In another example, he is written as saying "I do not like you, Sam-I-am". The drafts also described the subject as green ham and eggs instead of the final wording, green eggs and ham.

Dr. Seuss finished writing Green Eggs and Ham in the early spring of 1960. A reading was scheduled for April 19 in the office of Louise Bonino at Random House. These readings were often attended by the entire staff, but Cerf was out of the office that day, so a dinner party was arranged for the reading. The reading ended with applause, but Seuss remained self-critical and scrutinized pages that he felt did not get the reaction he had hoped. Phyllis Cerf had intended to announce Green Eggs and Ham with two other children's books, Are You My Mother? and Put Me in the Zoo, and a publicist was sent to request that reviewers postpone reviews after advance sheets had been distributed early.

Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12, 1960. At the time, approximately three million Dr. Seuss books had already been sold.

Analysis and themes
Dr. Seuss believed that children's books had more power to do good or evil for society than any other medium, and Green Eggs and Ham was the first of Seuss's Beginner Books to carry a lesson for children. Despite this, Dr. Seuss has said that there is no deeper meaning in the book, insisting that "the only meaning was that Bennett Cerf, my publisher, bet me fifty bucks I couldn't write a book using only fifty words".

Green Eggs and Ham reverses the traditional structure of an adult trying to convince a child to try new foods. It is one of many Dr. Seuss books about a defiance of norms—in this case, the persistence of Sam-I-am after his offer of green eggs and ham is rejected. It explores the underlying social connection between individuals set in opposition to one another, but it does so in a way that appeals to the interests of children. Both characters refuse to move from their decision throughout the book until the adult finally gives in at the end.

Green Eggs and Ham only uses 50 words: a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, and you. Of these words, anywhere is the only one to have more than one syllable. The different words are combined for a total length of 681 words, and the most common words are not and I, which are used 82 and 81 times, respectively.

The narrative of Green Eggs and Ham is told in a question-and-answer structure. Consistent use of the name Sam-I-am instead of simply Sam allowed Seuss to maintain meter when rhyming it with the titular green eggs and ham. The title of Green Eggs and Ham is a play on the common phrase ham and eggs, inverting it to draw the reader's attention.

Literature professor Donald E. Pease described Sam-I-am as "a young Grinch-like creature". One academic, Tim Wolf, argued that Sam-I-am has no distinguishing gender or sex and could be read as male or female.

It has been reported that the book was banned in China from 1965 to 1991 because it supposedly contained themes of "early Marxism"— that is to say, Soviet-style socialism (which was at odds with Chinese socialism). Allegedly, the breakfast was interpreted as a metaphor for Soviet socialism, with many initially rejecting it but eventually coming to enjoy it after "trying" it.

Reception
Green Eggs and Ham was widely praised upon its release, and reviewers overwhelmingly celebrated that the book was written using only 50 distinct words. Emily Maxwell of The New Yorker commented on Seuss's use of the vocabulary, saying that "reading him, one is hardly aware that there are more than fifty words". It was praised for its rhythm and illustrations as well as its use of rhymes. The humorous nature of the book was also received positively.

The Saturday Review of Literature praised the book's pacing, paying attention specifically to the opening pages in which Sam-I-am introduces himself with a placard. Professor of children's literature Philip Nel similarly lauded the introduction for introducing the conflict of the book visually through Sam-I-am's active movement and the unnamed man's avoidance.

In 1999, the National Education Association conducted an online survey of children and teachers, seeking the 100 most popular children's books. The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third, just above another Dr. Seuss book, The Cat in the Hat. The teachers ranked it fourth. Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 National Education Association poll. Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it #7 among the "100 Greatest Books for Kids" in 2012. That same year, it was ranked number 12 among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal – the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list.

Impact and legacy
In 1967, Green Eggs and Ham ranked as the best-selling children's book. At the end of 2000, it had sold 8,143,088 copies, making it the most popular book by Dr. Seuss and the all-time fourth best-selling hardcover children's book in the United States.

At Dr. Seuss's alma mater, Dartmouth College, it became an inside joke that the book's title was a reference to the breakfast food served in the on-campus cafeteria. When Dr. Seuss received an honorary doctorate from Princeton University in 1985, the graduating class rose and recited Green Eggs and Ham in its entirety for him. Dr. Seuss reportedly spent the rest of his life enduring gifts of green eggs and ham, which he described as "deplorable stuff". Later in life, he said that Green Eggs and Ham was the only book of his that still made him laugh.

The Green Eggs and Ham Cafe opened in the Seuss Landing island at the Universal Islands of Adventure theme park in 1999. It closed in 2015 before reopening in 2019. The cafe serves the titular green eggs and ham as well as other foods featured in Dr. Seuss books.

U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21, 2007, court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff, who was protesting against the prison diet. Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss. Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding of the Affordable Care Act. Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story.

Many parodies of Green Eggs and Ham have been created, including a rap song by Moxy Früvous and a sketch on Saturday Night Live featuring the minister Jesse Jackson reading the book during a sermon.

Green Eggs and Ham has been adapted into stage and television versions. In 1973, it was adapted as an animated television special alongside The Sneetches and The Zax. Originally titled Dr. Seuss on the Loose, the special was later renamed Green Eggs and Ham and Other Stories. The book was adapted as a video game for the Game Boy Advance, Dr. Seuss' Green Eggs and Ham, published by NewKidCo and released on November 17, 2003. A television adaptation was released by Netflix in 2019, also titled Green Eggs and Ham. It stars Adam DeVine as Sam-I-am, a wildlife protector, and Michael Douglas as the unnamed man, a failed inventor who is given the name Guy-Am-I for the series. The show introduces new characters, settings, and plots independently from the book.

title: Green Eggs and Ham


text:
Herbert H. Lehman

Herbert Henry Lehman (March 28, 1878 – December 5, 1963) was an American financier and Democratic politician who served as the 45th governor of New York from 1933 to 1942 and represented New York in the United States Senate from 1949 until 1957.

Early life and career
He was born to a Reform Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Babetta (née Newgass) and German-born immigrant Mayer Lehman, one of the three brothers who co-founded Lehman Brothers financial services firm. His brother was New York Court of Appeals judge Irving Lehman. Herbert's father arrived from Rimpar, Germany, in 1848, settling in Montgomery, Alabama, where he engaged in the slave-era cotton business. As cotton was the most important crop of the Southern United States and global demand led to profitable business, the Lehman brothers became cotton factors, accepting cotton bales from customers as payment for their merchandise. Cotton trading eventually became the main thrust of their business. In 1867, Mayer and Emanuel moved the company's headquarters to New York City, and helped found the New York Cotton Exchange.

He attended The Sachs School, founded by Julius Sachs. In 1895, he graduated from Sachs Collegiate Institute in New York City, and in 1899, he graduated with a B.A. from Williams College. After college, Lehman worked in textile manufacturing, eventually becoming vice-president and treasurer of the J. Spencer Turner Company in Brooklyn. In 1908, he became a partner in the investment banking firm Lehman Brothers of New York City with his brother Arthur and cousin Philip. By 1928, when he entered public service, he had withdrawn entirely from business.

Military career
At the start of World War I, Lehman applied to attend a Citizens' Military Training Camp at Plattsburgh Barracks, New York. While his April 1917 application was pending, Lehman volunteered his services to the United States Navy as an expert on textiles the navy would need to acquire for uniforms and other wartime clothing and equipment. During this service, he worked closely with Franklin D. Roosevelt, then serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, which Roosevelt mentioned during campaign appearances when Roosevelt and Lehman were the Democratic nominees for governor and lieutenant governor in 1928.

In September 1917, Lehman was commissioned as a captain in the United States Army's Ordnance Corps. He was assigned as chief of the Ordnance Department's Equipment Section on the staff of the United States Department of War, and he was promoted to major in January 1918. Lehman subsequently served as chief of War Department's Methods Section, then chief of its Purchase Branch, and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in October 1918.

After the end of the war in November 1918, Lehman took part in the army's demobilization as a member of the Board of Contract Adjustment, assistant director of the office of Purchase, Storage and Traffic, member of the War Department Claims Board, and chairman of the Board of Sales and Contract Termination. He was promoted to colonel in April 1919, and was discharged in June 1919. In July 1919, he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal.

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (General Staff) Herbert H. Lehman, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. While with the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division of the General Staff as Chief of the Purchase Branch, member of the Board of Contract Adjustment, Chairman of the Advisory Board on Sales and Contract Termination, Member of the War Department Claims Board, and Assistant Director of Purchase, Storage, and Traffic, General Staff, Colonel Lehman's large business experience, breadth of vision, and sound judgment have been of inestimable value in formulating and in supervising the execution of the methods and policies followed in the cancellation of war contracts and obligations and in the settlement and adjustment of terminated obligations. War Department, General Orders No. 103 (July 10, 1919)"

Early political career
Lehman became active in politics in 1920 and managed Governor Alfred E. Smith's successful reelection campaign in 1926. He became chairman of the finance committee of the Democratic Party in 1928. He was elected lieutenant governor of New York in 1928 and 1930 and resigned from Lehman Brothers upon taking office.

Governor of New York
He then served four terms as Governor of New York, elected in 1932 to replace Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had been running for president), and re-elected in 1934, 1936 and 1938 (when he was elected to New York's first four-year gubernatorial term). Unlike Smith, Lehman was a supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal and implemented a similar program in New York. Elements of this program included an unemployment insurance system, an improved workmen's compensation plan, minimum wage standards for women and children, and a "Little Wagner Act" to cover workers engaged in intrastate commerce. Under the original Wagner Act, workers engaged in intrastate commerce were not allowed to unionize. In 1934, Lehman refused to grant clemency to Anna Antonio, an Italian immigrant who was accused of hiring hitmen to kill her husband, who she claimed was abusive.

In October 1941, Lillian Hellman and Ernest Hemingway co-hosted a dinner to raise money for anti-Nazi activists imprisoned in France. New York Governor Herbert Lehman agreed to participate, but withdrew because some of the sponsoring organizations, he wrote, "have long been connected with Communist activities." Hellman replied: "I do not and I did not ask the politics of any members of the committee and there is nobody who can with honesty vouch for anybody but themselves." She assured him the funds raised would be used as promised and later provided him with a detailed accounting. The next month she wrote him: "I am sure it will make you sad and ashamed as it did me to know that, of the seven resignations out of 147 sponsors, five were Jews. Of all the peoples in the world, I think, we should be the last to hold back help, on any grounds, from those who fought for us."

On December 3, 1942, he resigned the governorship less than a month before the end of his term, to accept an appointment as director of the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations for the U.S. Department of State. He served as director-general of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration from 1943 to 1946.

United States Senator
Lehman was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from New York in 1946 and also ran on the Liberal and American Labor tickets but was defeated by the Republican candidate, Irving Ives. In 1949, he ran again, this time in a special election to serve the remainder of Robert F. Wagner's term. Lehman defeated John Foster Dulles, who had been appointed to temporarily fill the vacancy after Wagner's resignation, and he took his seat on January 3, 1950.

On October 17, 1950, New York State Supreme Court Judge Ferdinand Pecora and Senator Lehman (D-NY) gave radio addresses on behalf of the CIO-PAC during prime (10:30-11:15 P.M.).

In the campaign, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets, with the American Labor Party urging their members not to vote for any candidate. In 1950, Lehman was re-elected to a full term, running on Democratic and Liberal lines and opposed by the American Labor Party.

Lehman was one of two U.S. senators who were opposed to nominating Mississippi Senator James O. Eastland to be chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee. (The other was Wayne Morse of Oregon.) He was also an early and vocal opponent of Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wis.). Lehman was one of the most liberal senators and was therefore not considered part of the Senate's "club" of insiders. He retired from the Senate after his full term and was not a candidate for renomination in 1956.

Retirement and death
After his retirement from the Senate, Lehman remained politically active, working with Eleanor Roosevelt and Thomas K. Finletter in the late 1950s and early 1960s to support the reform Democratic movement in Manhattan that eventually defeated longtime Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio. He also helped to found the Lehman Children's Zoo (now the Tisch Zoo) in Central Park.

Lehman was the first, and until the 2007 inauguration of Eliot Spitzer, the only Jewish governor of New York. During much of his Senate career, he was the only Jewish Senator as well. Unlike most of his Jewish constituents, who had immigrated to the US from eastern Europe, Lehman's family was from Germany.

Lehman spent much of the last two years of his life at his New York City home in increasingly poor health. He died of heart failure on December 5, 1963, at the age of 85. Lehman is interred at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York.

Personal life
On April 28, 1910, Lehman married Edith Louise Altschul (sister of banker Frank Altschul). The couple had three children: Hilda (1921), Peter (1917), and John. Hilda, Peter and John served in the United States military during World War II; Peter was killed while on active duty. According to a group history published April 6, 1944, the governor's son was to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. The medal was set to be awarded to Peter on his father's 70th birthday. Peter married and had two daughters: Penny Lehman (1940) and Wendy Lehman (1942). His daughter Hilda married thrice. In 1940, Hilda married WPA actor Boris De Vadetzky, of French Russian descent; they later divorced. In 1945, she married U.S. Army Major Eugene L. Paul; they later divorced. She married a third time which also ended in divorce. She had three children: Deborah Wise (1947), Peter Wise (1949) and Stephanie Wise (1951).

Honors

 * In 1957, he received the Solomon Bublick Award from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
 * In 1963, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He died the day before the ceremony.
 * Lehman College of the City University of New York is named after him; a bust of Lehman, by sculptor John Belardo, was dedicated there in September 2005. The High School of American Studies at Lehman College is located on the campus. College dormitories are named in his honor at Williams College, the University at Buffalo, Potsdam College (SUNY), and at Binghamton University.
 * A ship on the Staten Island Ferry, The Governor Herbert H. Lehman, is named for him. She was retired in 2007 after forty-two years of service and has been sold for scrap.
 * There is a Herbert H. Lehman Center for American History at Columbia University. Lehman's papers were donated to the Columbia University Libraries and are housed in the social sciences library – which is also named in his honor. In addition, Columbia has a Herbert Lehman Professorship of Government, whose current incumbent is Mahmood Mamdani. Columbia's sister school, Barnard College, formerly had a building named in honor of Adele Lewisohn Lehman, Herbert Lehman's sister-in-law, which housed the Wollman Library. Barnard also has a "Lehman Auditorium" in Altschul Hall. Williams College, Lehman's alma mater, named a dormitory after him in 1928.
 * Lehman High School (established 1974) on Westchester Square in The Bronx, New York, is named in his honor.
 * In 1974, Lehman was inducted into the Jewish-American Hall of Fame.
 * Liman, Israel, in northern Israel is named after him.
 * A passage from testimony by Lehman for a United States House of Representatives subcommittee in 1947, "It is immigrants who brought this land the skills of their hands and brains, to make of it a beacon of opportunity and hope for all men," has been inscribed in his honor on several versions of US passport since 2004.

title: Herbert H. Lehman


text: User talk:151.203.237.20

title: User talk:151.203.237.20


text:
Um

UM or um may refer to:

Universities

 * U of M (disambiguation) or UM, abbreviation for various universities

Businesses

 * Air Zimbabwe (IATA code UM)
 * United Motors Company, a former name of American automotive parts supplier ACDelco
 * Universal McCann, a global advertising and media agency
 * Universal Medicine, an Australian cult selling unproven methods of healing

Science and technology

 * .um, the Top-Level Domain for United States Minor Outlying Islands
 * Um interface, the air interface for the GSM mobile telephone standard
 * Micrometre (μm), sometimes written as "um" in limited character sets
 * Unified Model, a global numerical weather prediction model
 * Ultrarapid metabolizer, a term used in pharmacogenomics to refer to individuals with substantially increased metabolic activity
 * User manual, a document or manual intended to give assistance to people using a particular system
 * Utilization management, the evaluation of the appropriateness, medical need and efficiency of health care

Other uses

 * Um (Korean surname)
 * "Um", an exclamation or filler in spoken conversation
 * Um (cuneiform), a sign in cuneiform writing
 * Umphrey's McGee, a jam band
 * Unofficial magistrate, as a postnominal
 * Unified Messaging, in marketing
 * United States Minor Outlying Islands (ISO 3166 code UM)
 * Union for the Mediterranean, an intergovernmental organization of 43 countries from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin
 * Uttaradi Math, a Hindu matha (monastery)
 * United Methodist, a religious organization

title: Um


text:
Reccared I

Reccared I (or Recared; Flavius Reccaredus; Flavio Recaredo; c. 559 – December 601; reigned 586–601) was Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania. His reign marked a climactic shift in history, with the king's renunciation of Arianism in favour of Roman Christianity in 587.

Reign
Reccared was the younger son of King Leovigild by his first wife. Like his father, Reccared had his capital at Toledo. The Visigothic kings and nobles were traditionally Arian Christians, while the Hispano-Roman population were Chalcedonian Christians. The bishop Leander of Seville was instrumental in converting the elder son and heir of Leovigild, Hermenegild, to Chalcedonianism. Leander supported his rebellion and was exiled for his role.

When King Leovigild died, within a few weeks of April 21, 586, bishop Leander was swift to return to Toledo. The new king had been associated with his father in ruling the kingdom and was acclaimed king by the Visigothic nobles without opposition.

In January 587, Reccared renounced Arianism for Chalcedonianism, the single great event of his reign and the turning point for Visigothic Hispania. Most Arian nobles and ecclesiastics followed his example, certainly those around him at Toledo, but there were Arian uprisings, notably in Septimania, his northernmost province, beyond the Pyrenees, where the leader of opposition was the Arian bishop Athaloc, who had the reputation among his Roman enemies of being virtually a second Arius. Among the secular leaders of the Septimanian insurrection, the counts Granista and Wildigern appealed to Guntram of Burgundy, who saw his opportunity and sent his dux Desiderius. Reccared's army defeated the Arian insurgents and their Catholic allies with great slaughter, Desiderius himself being slain.

The next conspiracy broke out in the west, Lusitania, headed by Sunna, the Arian bishop of Mérida, and count Seggo. Claudius, Reccared's dux Lusitaniae, put down the rising, Sunna being banished to Mauritania and Seggo retiring to Gallaecia. In the later part of 588 a third conspiracy was headed by the Arian bishop Uldila and the queen dowager Goiswintha, but they were detected, and the bishop was banished.

The Third Council of Toledo, organized by St. Leander but convened in the king's name in May 589, set the tone for the new Catholic kingdom. The public confession of the king, read aloud by a notary, reveals by the emphatic clarity of its theological points and its quotations of scripture that it was ghost-written for the king. Bishop Leander also delivered the triumphant closing sermon, which his brother Isidore entitled Homilia de triumpho ecclesiae ob conversionem Gothorum a homily upon the "triumph of the Church upon the conversion of the Goths". The text of the homily survives. Leander and the Roman bishops immediately instituted the program of forced conversion of Jews and extirpation of the remains of Arianism as heresy. Catholic history traditionally imputes these persecutions to the Visigothic kings. When, after Reccared's reign, at a synod held at Toledo in 633, the bishops took upon themselves the nobles' right to select a king from among the royal family, the transfer of power was complete. By this time the remaining ethnic distinction between the increasingly Romanized Visigoths and their Hispano-Roman subjects had all but disappeared (the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language with the extirpation of Arianism, and dress and funerary customs also cease to be distinguishing features in ca. 570/580)

Reportedly Reccared engaged in a vigorous policy against the Jews, pursuing zealous and fanatical policies limiting Jewish freedoms as promulgated in the canons of synods. Modern historians have revised this view and see a continuation of traditional Visigothic tolerance. Pope Gregory I was convinced that Reccared refused bribes from the Jewish community, which was large, well-connected throughout the Mediterranean and powerful, and Reccared's laws provided that the offspring of a Christian and a Jew be baptised, which was of little moment to the Jewish community, as whether it was not born of a Jewish mother or was born of a Jewish woman outside her community, the child was not considered a Jew anyway. Reccared eliminated the death penalty for Jews convicted of proselytising among Christians and ignored Gregory's request that the trade in Christian slaves at Narbonne be forbidden to Jews. Among the canons of five synods during Reccared's reign, E. A. Thompson could find none disadvantaging the Jewish community.

The information for the rest of Reccared's reign is scanty. John of Biclaro, Reccared's contemporary, ends his account with the Third Council of Toledo. Isidore of Seville, bishop Leander's brother, praises his peaceful government, clemency, and generosity: standard encomia. He returned various properties, even some private ones, that had been confiscated by his father, and founded many churches and monasteries. Pope Gregory, writing to Reccared in August 599 (Epp. ix. 61, 122), extols him for embracing the true faith and inducing his people to do so, and notably for refusing the bribes offered by Jews to procure the repeal of a law against them. He sent Reccared a piece of the True Cross, some fragments of the chains of St. Peter, and some hairs of St. John the Baptist.

Reccared was married to Baddo and possibly to Chlodoswintha. He died a natural death at Toledo and was succeeded by his youthful son Liuva II.

title: Reccared I


text:
User talk:Heron/2002

Welcome Messages
Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW, nice work on Three Gorges Dam. Cheers! --maveric149

 * Thanks. My only problem so far is that I'm getting addicted to the project.  --user:Heron

Hi & welcome. Nice work on Millennium Dome. (the harsh bits about the content of the dome were mine BTW... thanks for toning it down. Although not long ago a government spokesman actually came out and said that in hindsight they should have dropped the project... just with I could remember who to put it on that page) -- Tarquin 14:01 Jul 31, 2002 (PDT)

 * Thanks. No, I can't remember either.  --user:Heron

Welcome, and thanks for the blivet and Penrose triangle images. Would you please add some text to the description page of those images to identify where they came from? --LDC

 * Done. --user:Heron

Welcome to Wikipedia! I love statistics, so anything you can write to make statistical concepts and procedures easy for the layman (that's me!) to understand will be greatly appreciated. Please write a lot. --Ed Poor

 * OK. I'm not a mathematician, but I do have a copy of How to Lie With Statistics, so perhaps I'll have a go.  Perhaps "Deceptions and Misconceptions in Statistics" would be an interesting subtopic.  --user:Heron

I also like Kafka, although I've never understood him. Will you be summarizing or analyzing other works of his? --Ed Poor 14:00 Aug 15, 2002 (PDT)

 * I'm not satisfied with my article on The Trial yet, so I shan't attempt another work soon. But this would be a good opportunity for me to read some of his other works.  --user:Heron

Thanks for your comments, everyone. I didn't reply earlier because I didn't know that I had a User talk: page. This morning it decided to advertise itself to me, as the word "(Talk)" suddenly appeared next to my login name. --user:Heron

title: User talk:Heron/2002


text:
Harshad number

In mathematics, a harshad number (or Niven number) in a given number base is an integer that is divisible by the sum of its digits when written in that base. Harshad numbers in base $n$ are also known as $n$-harshad (or $n$-Niven) numbers. Harshad numbers were defined by D. R. Kaprekar, a mathematician from India. The word "harshad" comes from the Sanskrit ' (joy) + ' (give), meaning joy-giver. The term "Niven number" arose from a paper delivered by Ivan M. Niven at a conference on number theory in 1977.

Definition
Stated mathematically, let $X$ be a positive integer with $m$ digits when written in base $n$, and let the digits be $$a_i$$ ($$i = 0, 1, \ldots, m-1$$). (It follows that $$a_i$$ must be either zero or a positive integer up to $n-1$.) $X$ can be expressed as

 * $$X=\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} a_i n^i.$$

$X$ is a harshad number in base $n$ if:

 * $$X \equiv 0 \bmod {\sum_{i=0}^{m-1} a_i}.$$

A number which is a harshad number in every number base is called an all-harshad number, or an all-Niven number. There are only four all-harshad numbers: 1, 2, 4, and 6. The number 12 is a harshad number in all bases except octal.

Examples

 * The number 18 is a harshad number in base 10, because the sum of the digits 1 and 8 is 9, and 18 is divisible by 9.
 * The Hardy–Ramanujan number (1729) is a harshad number in base 10, since it is divisible by 19, the sum of its digits (1729 = 19 × 91).
 * The number 19 is not a harshad number in base 10, because the sum of the digits 1 and 9 is 10, and 19 is not divisible by 10.
 * In base 10, every natural number expressible in the form 9Rnan, where the number Rn consists of n copies of the single digit 1, n > 0, and an is a positive integer less than 10n and multiple of n, is a harshad number. (R. D’Amico, 2019). The number 9R3a3 = 521478, where R3 = 111, n = 3 and a3 = 3×174 = 522, is a harshad number; in fact, we have: 521478/(5+2+1+4+7+8) = 521478/27 = 19314.
 * Harshad numbers in base 10 form the sequence:
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 36, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 63, 70, 72, 80, 81, 84, 90, 100, 102, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 120, 126, 132, 133, 135, 140, 144, 150, 152, 153, 156, 162, 171, 180, 190, 192, 195, 198, 200, ....
 * All integers between zero and $n$ are $n$-harshad numbers.

Properties
Given the divisibility test for 9, one might be tempted to generalize that all numbers divisible by 9 are also harshad numbers. But for the purpose of determining the harshadness of $n$, the digits of $n$ can only be added up once and $n$ must be divisible by that sum; otherwise, it is not a harshad number. For example, 99 is not a harshad number, since 9 + 9 = 18, and 99 is not divisible by 18.

The base number (and furthermore, its powers) will always be a harshad number in its own base, since it will be represented as "10" and 1 + 0 = 1.

All numbers whose base b digit sum divides b−1 are harshad numbers in base b.

For a prime number to also be a harshad number it must be less than or equal to the base number, otherwise the digits of the prime will add up to a number that is more than 1, but less than the prime, and will not be divisible. For example: 11 is not harshad in base 10 because the sum of its digits “11” is 1 + 1 = 2, and 11 is not divisible by 2; while in base 12 the number 11 may be represented as “”, the sum of whose digits is also. Since is divisible by itself, it is harshad in base 12.

Although the sequence of factorials starts with harshad numbers in base 10, not all factorials are harshad numbers. 432! is the first that is not. (432! has digit sum 3897 = 32 × 433 in base 10, thus not dividing 432!)

The smallest $k$ such that $$k \cdot n$$ is a harshad number are
 * 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 1, 9, 3, 2, 3, 6, 1, 6, 1, 1, 5, 9, 1, 2, 6, 1, 3, 9, 1, 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 10, 1, 12, 3, 1, 5, 9, 1, 8, 1, 2, 3, 18, 1, 2, 2, 2, 9, 9, 1, 12, 6, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 18, 1, 7, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 9, 1, ....

The smallest $k$ such that $$k \cdot n$$ is not a harshad number are
 * 11, 7, 5, 4, 3, 11, 2, 2, 11, 13, 1, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 161, 1, 8, 5, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 13, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 83, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, 1, 11, 1, 1, 2, 1, 5, 1, 1, 1, 537, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 83, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 68, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, ....

Other bases
The harshad numbers in base 12 are:
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,, , 10, 1, 20, 29, 30, 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 60, 65, 70, 74, 80, 83, 90, 92, 0, 1, 0, 100, 10, 110, 115, 119, 120, 122, 128, 130, 134, 137, 146, 150, 153, 155, 164, 172, 173, 182, 191, 10, 10, 1, 200, ...

where represents ten and  represents eleven.

Smallest $k$ such that $$k \cdot n$$ is a base-12 harshad number are (written in base 10):
 * 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 12, 6, 4, 3, 10, 2, 11, 3, 4, 1, 7, 1, 12, 6, 4, 3, 11, 2, 11, 3, 1, 5, 9, 1, 12, 11, 4, 3, 11, 2, 11, 1, 4, 4, 11, 1, 16, 6, 4, 3, 11, 2, 1, 3, 11, 11, 11, 1, 12, 11, 5, 7, 9, 1, 7, 3, 3, 9, 11, 1, ...

Smallest $k$ such that $$k \cdot n$$ is not a base-12 harshad number are (written in base 10):
 * 13, 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 13, 16, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 157, 1, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 13, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 157, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1885, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, ...

Similar to base 10, not all factorials are harshad numbers in base 12. After 7! (= 5040 = 200 in base 12, with digit sum 13 in base 12, and 13 does not divide 7!), 1276! is the next that is not. (1276! has digit sum 14201 = 11 × 1291 in base 12, thus does not divide 1276!)

Maximal runs of consecutive harshad numbers
Cooper and Kennedy proved in 1993 that no 21 consecutive integers are all harshad numbers in base 10. They also constructed infinitely many 20-tuples of consecutive integers that are all 10-harshad numbers, the smallest of which exceeds 1044363342786.

extended the Cooper and Kennedy result to show that there are 2b but not 2b + 1 consecutive b-harshad numbers for any base b. This result was strengthened to show that there are infinitely many runs of 2b consecutive b-harshad numbers for b = 2 or 3 by and for arbitrary b by Brad Wilson in 1997.

In binary, there are thus infinitely many runs of four consecutive harshad numbers and in ternary infinitely many runs of six.

In general, such maximal sequences run from N·bk − b to N·bk + (b − 1), where b is the base, k is a relatively large power, and N is a constant. Given one such suitably chosen sequence, we can convert it to a larger one as follows: Thus our initial sequence yields an infinite set of solutions.
 * Inserting zeroes into N will not change the sequence of digital sums (just as 21, 201 and 2001 are all 10-harshad numbers).
 * If we insert n zeroes after the first digit, α (worth αbi), we increase the value of N by αbi(bn − 1).
 * If we can ensure that bn − 1 is divisible by all digit sums in the sequence, then the divisibility by those sums is maintained.
 * If our initial sequence is chosen so that the digit sums are coprime to b, we can solve bn = 1 modulo all those sums.
 * If that is not so, but the part of each digit sum not coprime to b divides αbi, then divisibility is still maintained.
 * (Unproven) The initial sequence is so chosen.

First runs of exactly $n$ consecutive 10-harshad numbers
The smallest naturals starting runs of exactly $n$ consecutive 10-harshad numbers (i.e., the smallest $x$ such that $$x, x+1, \cdots, x+n-1$$ are harshad numbers but $$x-1$$ and $$x+n$$ are not) are as follows :

 * $n$ || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5
 * $x$ || 12 || 20 || 110 || 510 || $131,052$
 * $n$ || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10
 * $x$ || $12,751,220$ || $10,000,095$  || $2,162,049,150$  || $124,324,220$  || 1
 * $n$ || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15
 * $x$ || $920,067,411,130,599$ || $43,494,229,746,440,270,000$  || $− 1012,100,324,200,007,454,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$  || $− 44,201,420,328,711,160,600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000$  || unknown
 * $n$ || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20
 * $x$ || $− 9∞$ || $− 10∞$  || unknown || unknown || unknown
 * }
 * $x$ || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15
 * $t$ || $N$ || $t$  || $t$  || $N$  || unknown
 * ⇭⇭⇭ || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20
 * ⇭⇭⇭ || ⇭⇭⇭ || ⇭⇭⇭  || unknown || unknown || unknown
 * }
 * ⇭⇭⇭ || ⇭⇭⇭ || ⇭⇭⇭  || unknown || unknown || unknown
 * }
 * }
 * }

By the previous section, no such ⇭⇭⇭ exists for $$n > 20.$$

Estimating the density of harshad numbers
If we let $$N(x)$$ denote the number of harshad numbers $$\le x$$, then for any given $$\varepsilon > 0,$$

 * $$x^{1-\varepsilon} \ll N(x) \ll \frac{x\log\log x}{\log x}$$

as shown by Jean-Marie De Koninck and Nicolas Doyon; furthermore, De Koninck, Doyon and Kátai proved that

 * $$N(x)=(c+o(1))\frac{x}{\log x},$$

where $$c = (14/27) \log 10 \approx 1.1939$$ and the $$o(1)$$ term uses Big O notation.

Sums of harshad numbers
Every natural number not exceeding one billion is either a harshad number or the sum of two harshad numbers. Conditional to a technical hypothesis on the zeros of certain Dedekind zeta functions, Sanna proved that there exists a positive integer $$k$$ such that every natural number is the sum of at most $$k$$ harshad numbers, that is, the set of harshad numbers is an additive basis.

The number of ways that each natural number 1, 2, 3, ... can be written as sum of two harshad numbers is:
 * 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 7, 4, 5, 6, 5, 3, 7, 4, 4, 6, 4, 2, 7, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 7, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 8, 3, 4, 6, 3, 3, 6, 2, 5, 6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 4, 6, ....

The smallest number that can be written in exactly 1, 2, 3, ... ways as the sum of two harshad numbers is:
 * 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 51, 48, 72, 108, 126, 90, 138, 144, 120, 198, 162, 210, 216, 315, 240, 234, 306, 252, 372, 270, 546, 360, 342, 444, 414, 468, 420, 642, 450, 522, 540, 924, 612, 600, 666, 630, 888, 930, 756, 840, 882, 936, 972, 1098, 1215, 1026, 1212, 1080, ....

Nivenmorphic numbers
A Nivenmorphic number or harshadmorphic number for a given number base is an integer ⇭⇭⇭ such that there exists some harshad number ⇭⇭⇭ whose digit sum is ⇭⇭⇭, and ⇭⇭⇭, written in that base, terminates ⇭⇭⇭ written in the same base.

For example, 18 is a Nivenmorphic number for base 10:

16218 is a harshad number 16218 has 18 as digit sum 18 terminates 16218

Sandro Boscaro determined that for base 10 all positive integers are Nivenmorphic numbers except 11. In fact, for an even integer n > 1, all positive integers except n+1 are Nivenmorphic numbers for base n, and for an odd integer n > 1, all positive integers are Nivenmorphic numbers for base n. e.g. the Nivenmorphic numbers in base 12 are (all positive integers except 13).

The smallest number with base 10 digit sum n and terminates n written in base 10 are: (0 if no such number exists)

 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 910, 0, 912, 11713, 6314, 915, 3616, 15317, 918, 17119, 9920, 18921, 9922, 82823, 19824, 9925, 46826, 18927, 18928, 78329, 99930, 585931, 388832, 1098933, 198934, 289835, 99936, 99937, 478838, 198939, 1999840, 2988941, 2979942, 2979943, 999944, 999945, 4698946, 4779947, 2998848, 2998849, 9999950, ...

Multiple harshad numbers
defines a multiple harshad number as a harshad number that, when divided by the sum of its digits, produces another harshad number. He states that 6804 is "MHN-4" on the grounds that
 * $$\begin{align}

6804/18 &= 378\\ 378/18 &= 21\\ 21/3 &= 7\\ 7/7 &= 1 \end{align}$$

(it is not MHN-5 since $$1/1=1$$, but 1 is not "another" harshad number)

and went on to show that 2016502858579884466176 is MHN-12. The number 10080000000000 = 1008 × 1010, which is smaller, is also MHN-12. In general, 1008 × 10n is MHN-(n+2).

title: Harshad number