text:
Talk:Boston, Lincolnshire

Hey all
Hey all, I'm the WikiProject Cities assessor of this article. If feedback is what you want and need, come to my talk page and give me a holler! --Starstriker7(Dime algoor see my works) 02:42, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Obesity
Do we really have to have the part about Boston being the most obese town in England right at the top of the page, can we not at least pretend to be ashamed of it and hide it half way down the page or something. It doesn't exactly give off the best impression of a town which, to be honest, isn't any worse than the rest of the country. huckstep2006
 * Ha, that's amusing since Boston, MA is one of the skinniest cities in America. Which is of course why our city gets the much coveted http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston entry!  Just kidding, much love from across the Atlantic. Wormwoodpoppies (talk) 01:47, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Page name
"Why can't the standard Boston redirect to Boston, Lincolnshire, as it is the oldest Boston in the World. Wikipedia is meant to be for people worldwide, not just Americans.Footballexpert 17:35, 9 October 2006 (UTC)"

Probably becuase Boston, Lincolnshire doesn't even come close to the current and historical (American revolution) importance of Boston, Mass. It doesn't matter which one is older, if you ask most people around the world, I doubt they would know Boston in England even exists. Wikipedia directs to the definition of a word as it is most widely used around the world, and outside of Lincolnshire the word "Boston" almost always is associated with Boston, Mass. It's not Ameri-centric, it's just the way it is.

Shouldn't this be at either Boston, Lincolnshire or Boston, United Kingdom? john 09:47, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, the standard format is "Town, County". I have moved the page to this format. Joe D (t) 17:25, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why can't the standard Boston redirect to Boston, Lincolnshire, as it is the oldest Boston in the World. Wikipedia is meant to be for people worldwide, not just Americans.Footballexpert 17:35, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I made a similar, though not quite as extreme, suggestion recently on Talk:Boston (disambiguation). I think the result was satsifactory, though someone since tried to undermine the change - since reverted to what was agreed or something very similar. SMeeds 18:17, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Is it? Not in this neck of the woods. Boston, Lincolnshire is noted worldwide for the Pilgrim Fathers, who were instrumental in the creation of what we today call the United States of America. Whereas Boston, Mass., is noted globally for being the setting for a rather pisspoor situation comedy set in a bar and nothing else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.141.246 (talk) 18:01, 14 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you retarded? Boston, Mass is the 21st largest municipality in the United States. It is the center of the 10th largest metropolitan area and the 5th largest Combined Statistical Area in the nation. It gives its name to BosWash, the largest Megapolitan area in the country, itself having a population of 55 million, making up for 18% of the country. It is a city that is known worldwide, and home to many of the top schools in the world, having Harvard and MIT just across the Charles in Cambridge. Everyone knows of Boston, Mass. NO ONE HAS HEARD OF BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE. Your pride is getting in the way of your view of reality. When people think of the Pilgrims, they think of them settling in Plymouth. Not some of them being from a small town in southeastern England. Boston, Mass is 20 times the size and, even being a newer city, has much more history. You simply have no reason to think that the small English town is more globally renowned than the major American city besides local pride. The foolishness you display by thinking that stuns me. It's simply insane. Quentinisgod (talk) 16:48, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

-- Seems a fairly typical uneducated US opinion. Call someone a "retard" if they don't think your 200 year old nation is the most important place on the planet. A compromise would be to have Boston redirect to a disambiguation page and then users can make their mind up what they want to look at. Your capitalisation in the middle of your paragraph illustrates your pathetic viewpoint. Acknowledge history, it started thousands of years ago, and despite what your poor education may have you believe the world's history does not start in the 1800's. Oh, and if you are going to make comments about a place's geography you should really know that Boston, Lincs is not in the South East of England. But then I expect you think the same as most of the idiots in the US that Iraq is just below France. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.196.160.43 (talk) 17:34, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * by the way boston is in the southeast qaurter of england —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.96.200.208 (talk) 00:51, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Boston, Lincolnshire lies on the eastern coast, just above the Wash, in a region of the UK known as the "East Midlands". Moving south along the coast, you pass through "East Anglia" (the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex) before hitting London, Kent and Sussex (which lie in the "South East" region).GrahamSmith (talk) 08:01, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

And you are a typical British elitist, believing yourself to hold a higher class than the rest of the world. You had an empire for centuries, effectively enslaving people all over the planet. You neglect the fact that Boston (and believe me, every human being who does not live in Lincolnshire knows what city I speak of when I say this name) and the area around it are home to several of the most prestigious universities not only in the United States, but in the world. You see a feeble education in the Northeastern United States. I see a worldly view. I don't think the United States is the center of the world. Not the way you view your tiny, powerful country. The fact of the matter is that there is no argument you could present to convince anyone that Boston, Lincolnshire is the best known Boston. That viewpoint is not only extremely biased. It is downright stupid. You're making a fool of yourself while you target my education. Do you realize that almost every British city (and term) gets the title on this website? And then you complain about something that should not even warrant an argument? Ask someone in any other part of Europe where Boston is. They will tell you it's in America.Quentinisgod (talk) 20:45, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Copyedit
Working on it. Zerbey 00:15, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry guys, I messed up and added a citation that is obviously in the wrong format. Can you fix it? This guy I introduced to the references is a renowed urban historian and, on the book cited, he mentions that "[The port of Kingston-upon-Hull had] the third largest payment to royal customs revenues from 1279 to 1290, exceeded only by London and Boston" (Morris AEJ 1979, pp.101) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pedrojpinto (talk • contribs) 07:45, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I have fixed up for you. Keith D (talk) 14:20, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

20th and 21st century history
I've had a hard time finding solid information on this (I wish my Father had an internet connection!), anyone care to volunteer to update this area? Zerbey 00:15, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sites of Interest
Needs a huge expansion, especially the May Day.

Derivation of the name 'Holland'
I've removed the reference to the name Holland deriving from the visitations of Dutch drainage engineers - this simply isn't true. Southeastern Lincolnshire was called 'Holland' (actually, Hoiland) as least as far back as the Domesday Book, and thus the name far predates the draining of the Fens. The Oxford English Dictionary (in a secondary reference) gives the derivation as HOLL (deeply excavated or depressed) + LAND (as opposed to HOLT (wood) + LAND for the province of the Netherlands). TheVenerableBede
 * Thanks for clearing that up. I need to find the book I got that information out of and burn it. Zerbey 15:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
I did some re-processing of Kelly's photos. They were taken using a cheap 35mm camera so weren't the best quality to begin with! Next time we visit Boston we'll take some better images with a better camera... in the mean time would someone who is not 4,500 miles away like to volunteer to improve these? :-) Zerbey July 5, 2005 16:29 (UTC)

Date of the bridge
I have reverted the date of the new bridge with other cleaning up. My memory is that the 1953 date is more accurate than 1963 but I was away from the town over that period so am not sure. (RJP 16:05, 22 November 2006 (UTC))
 * I think it was 1963 but I could be mistaken, a quick Google search didn't reveal much. I'll ask one of my family members to look on Saturday if you like.  Zerbey 22:53, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Consensus is that it was 1963, but I'm trying to get documentary proof. Zerbey 15:16, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Basil Brush moment
Boom Boom! "The early medieval geography of The Fens was much more fluid than it is today." I thought that that was the point of fenland, that they contained large amounts of fluid. Brendandh 21:30, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * True, but silly as it may seem, the fact is often overlooked, particularly once the land has been drained. :-) (RJP 23:14, 31 January 2007 (UTC))
 * Wait, your Boston also has a region called "The Fens"? Ours is certainly home to a great deal of "fluid" with fresh contributions made nigh every night, despite the BPD vice's attempts to "drain" it...  Wormwoodpoppies (talk) 01:55, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Redirect FYI
Just a note, there is apparently another edit war in process as to whether Boston should redirect to Boston, Massachusetts or to the disambiguation page. It is currently pointing at the disambiguation page. I've created an RFD. Enjoy.--Bobblehead 18:37, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Blogs
Blogs don't count as verifiable sources, and (except in specific and fairly exceptional circumstances) aren't acceptable as external links. --Mel Etitis ( Talk ) 10:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

FYI
Figured I'd notify editors on this page regarding a move request to move Boston (disambiguation) to Boston since someone put a notice on the Boston, Massachusetts talk page. See this discussion. --Bobblehead (rants) 19:14, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
My browser (Opera) cannot find the program necessary to open the file with the pronunciation. It should be given using IPA symbols, and perhaps put in another file that is easier to open. 66.234.220.195 (talk) 20:25, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

A requested move: Boston, Massachusetts -> Boston
Hi, we've got a move request over at Talk:Boston, Massachusetts. Since Boston already redirects to Boston, Massachusetts, I really doubt that the existence of Boston, Lincolnshire would in anyway affect the outcome of that discussion. Regardless, I leave the notice here for thoroughness.--Loodog (talk) 23:56, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note, I've added a note on the talk page disscuion over the 'water' that I oppose it on the basis that Boston Lincolnshire can claim prior use of the name. But for easiers usage by readers Boston should point to the Disambiguation page instead of Boston, Massachusetts. - BulldozerD11 (talk) 01:40, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Taverner
No mention of John Taverner? Probably the most important person linked to Boston (though you wouldn't guess it from his article either! hmm. will fix that later too ...). Tobermory (talk) 12:21, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I have requested a move in a section below Homan's Copse (talk) 19:49, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Speedy close, WP:POINT nomination. Nilfanion (talk) 12:36, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Boston, Lincolnshire → Boston — As this is the English section of the encyclopedia, I would have thought that this page should be the prime topic. I hadn't even heard of the city untill I was looking for the English town on this encyclopedia Homan's Copse (talk) 19:48, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. Clearly WP:POINT.  The suggested move is not for the primary use of the name.  Yes, the is the English version of Wikipedia, but that does not mean that only British uses can be primary topics.  There are other places that use the English language, like that small place across the pond that, I think is called America and Australia.  Vegaswikian (talk) 21:22, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Have you heard of tea? --Ykraps (talk) 22:35, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Boston, Massachusetts is far more notable and should have the main title.  Dough 48  72  22:47, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Sorry, but Boston over the pond is almost certainly the primary topic here. Jeni  ( talk ) 23:06, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose Boston, Massachusetts is much more famous, even in the UK. The Celestial City (talk) 00:57, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Boston, Lincs might well have been the primary topic in the 17th century but today Boston, Mass is clearly the primary topic. Green Giant (talk) 02:33, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support I don't think that there would be many people looking for the city on the English encyclopedia as they probably would be on the language for the city even though the city is probably a lot more important and famous. I also would have thought that if the English town does not warrant to be the prime topic, then there shouldn't be a prime topic. Homan's Copse (talk) 10:12, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * As the nominator, your support is implied. Powers T 12:04, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose is this an effin joke?  DC   T • C   11:56, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Speedy close. See Homan Copse's comment at Talk:Dover; it's almost identical to the nomination here.  Clearly a violation of WP:POINT.  Powers T 12:04, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose and speedy close. Boston, Massachusetts is the clear primary topic here. PC78 (talk) 12:08, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Improvement
I'm in two minds about nominating this for a GA. I think it needs a good cleanup first.--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 10:28, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Economy section - deleted sentence
I have deleted this reference to the Boston Crown Post Office building because I am not sure what has become of it, nearly 12 months after the move out to WH Smith. (I am not local to Boston, visited it on holiday as child.)

This move will leave one of Boston's most iconic buildings empty hopefully not for long though.

Cloptonson (talk) 21:26, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
This was listed in a "Further Reading" section (generally a bad idea) with no guide as to its relevance, importance, or current validity (completely bad idea). Kindly restore it once/if it is being used to source statements in the article's running text: Also, — Llywelyn II   15:54, 19 January 2016 (UTC)
 * still more info in the EB9 and EB11 articles.

Box info
Cannot find 'Police' for instance in the box -- for editing. A mystery.--Brenont (talk) 23:53, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * This is automatically produced as part of the template depending on the values supplied in other fields. Keith D (talk) 11:08, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150106120004/http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/business/lcc-services-for-business/economic-regeneration/regeneration-projects/public-realm-programmes/boston-market-place-refurbishment/ to http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/business/lcc-services-for-business/economic-regeneration/regeneration-projects/public-realm-programmes/boston-market-place-refurbishment/
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Populations
According to the article: 2001 census 35000, 2011 census 64000. Really!? The population all-but doubled in 10 years!? Surely this cannot be right. If the 2 census areas are different (probably) there needs to be some explanation of the stats given. Boscaswell  talk  04:04, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * One's probably for the town or unparished area while the other is probably for the district, this seems to have been clarified now.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:23, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

The Demography section states "This is 9.1% higher than the 64,600 reported in the 2011 Census when the population was around 64,600." which is redundant. This should be updated to "This is 9.1% higher than the 64,600 reported in the 2011 Census." or "This is 9.1% higher than the 2011 Census when the population was around 64,600." OgreDee (talk) 15:28, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * What's stopping you? Murgatroyd49 (talk) 16:43, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

Information needs adding to the 'Destinations' section of the article.
In my opinion, information needs adding to the 'Destinations' section of the article as it is currently empty. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 11:31, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boston, Lincolnshire


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Talk:Social robot

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:40, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Call for attention
Please feel free to post your comments. 05:47, 10 May 2004 Bartneck (talk | contribs)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Social robot


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Alternative hypothesis

In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is one of the proposed proposition in the hypothesis test. In general the goal of hypothesis test is to demonstrate that in the given condition, there is sufficient evidence supporting the credibility of alternative hypothesis instead of the exclusive proposition in the test (null hypothesis). It is usually consistent with the research hypothesis because it is constructed from literature review, previous studies, etc. However, the research hypothesis is sometimes consistent with the null hypothesis.

In statistics, alternative hypothesis is often denoted as Ha or H1. Hypotheses are formulated to compare in a statistical hypothesis test.

In the domain of inferential statistics, two rival hypotheses can be compared by explanatory power and predictive power.

Basic definition
The alternative hypothesis and null hypothesis are types of conjectures used in statistical tests, which are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making judgments on the basis of data. In statistical hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis are two mutually exclusive statements.

"The statement being tested in a test of statistical significance is called the null hypothesis. The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis. Usually, the null hypothesis is a statement of 'no effect' or 'no difference'." Null hypothesis is often denoted as H0.

The statement that is being tested against the null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. Alternative hypothesis is often denoted as Ha or H1.

In statistical hypothesis testing, to prove the alternative hypothesis is true, it should be shown that the data is contradictory to the null hypothesis. Namely, there is sufficient evidence against null hypothesis to demonstrate that the alternative hypothesis is true.

Example
One example is where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years, and a test is made of the null hypothesis that "there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data", against the alternative hypothesis that "the quality is poorer in the second half of the record".

If the statistical hypothesis testing is thought of as a judgement in a court trial, the null hypothesis corresponds to the position of the defendant (the defendant is innocent) while the alternative hypothesis is in the rival position of prosecutor (the defendant is guilty). The defendant is innocent until proven guilty, so likewise in a hypothesis test, the null hypothesis is initially presumed to be true. To prove the statement of the prosecutor, evidence must be convincing enough to convict the defendant; this is analogous to sufficient statistical significance in a hypothesis test.

In the court, only legal evidence can be considered as the foundation for the trial. As for hypothesis testing, a reasonable test statistic should be set to measure the statistic significance of the null hypothesis. Evidence would support the alternative hypothesis if the null hypothesis is rejected at a certain significance level. However, this does not necessarily mean that the alternative hypothesis is true due to the potential presence of a type I error. In order to quantify the statistical significance, the test statistic variables are assumed to follow a certain probability distribution such as the normal distribution or t-distribution to determine the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct, which is defined as the p-value. If the p-value is smaller than the chosen significance level (α), it can be claimed that observed data is sufficiently inconsistent with the null hypothesis and hence the null hypothesis may be rejected. After testing, a valid claim would be "at the significance level of (α), the null hypothesis is rejected, supporting the alternative hypothesis instead". In the metaphor of a trial, the announcement may be "with tolerance for the probability α of an incorrect conviction, the defendant is guilty."

History
The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing was devised by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, and it is used in the Neyman–Pearson lemma. It forms a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing. However it was not part of Ronald Fisher's formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he opposed its use. In Fisher's approach to testing, the central idea is to assess whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed to hold, notionally without preconceptions about what other models might hold. Modern statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis.

Types
In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis:
 * Point. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters; such hypotheses are usually of no practical interest but are fundamental to theoretical considerations of statistical inference and are the basis of the Neyman–Pearson lemma.
 * One-tailed directional. A one-tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region of rejection for only one tail of the sampling distribution.
 * Two-tailed directional. A two-tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution.
 * Non-directional. A non-directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection; rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true.

title: Alternative hypothesis


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Wikipedia:List of Wikipedians by number of recent edits

 * For a regularly updated list, see List of Wikipedians by number of edits (not restricted to any time period).

This was a list of Wikipedians by number of recent edits, for all namespaces, in the English Wikipedia.

The list is derived from the file " " found at http://download.wikimedia.org/enwiki/ by computer program (ref. How to generate the lists).

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To request that your name be absent from future updates of the list, please add your name here.

To display a template that will help keep track of this accomplishment, add user number of recent edits ranking to your userpage.

List
Note: Some usernames may be replaced at their request with "Place holder".


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Lugones

Lugones may refer to:

 * Lugones (surname)
 * Lugones, Siero, a parish in Siero, Asturias, Spain
 * Lugones, Santiago del Estero, a municipality and village in Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina

title: Lugones


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Andy Poe

Fernando Kelley Poe, Jr. (May 4, 1943 – May 20, 1995), professionally known as Andy Poe, was a Filipino actor. He was a brother of Philippine action movie king Fernando Poe Jr.

Early life and career
He was born Fernando Kelley Poe Jr. on May 4, 1943, son of Filipino actor Fernando Poe, Sr. and Irish American mestiza wife Elizabeth "Bessie" Kelley. He siblings were Elizabeth ("Liza"), Genevieve, Evangeline, Ronald Allan ("Ronnie") and Freddie; and half-brother of Conrad Poe.

Poe studied at the San Beda College in Mendiola, Manila from his elementary years up to his sophomore high school years. He transferred to the José Rizal College for junior and senior high school. He enrolled at the University of the Philippines to study Architecture. After college, he pursued a career in the movies like his older brother Ronnie. Because his name was used by Ronnie professionally ("Fernando Poe Jr."), he opted to use his nickname "Andy" as his professional name.

Marriage
In 1979, he met 20-year-old, Yvette Christine de Marcaida who was the leading lady of his brother FPJ in "Ang Lihim Ng Guadalupe" which was the entry of FPJ Productions in the 1979 Metro Manila Film Festival. Yvette descended from the Portuguese-Indian Barrettos of the Philippines and distantly related to the Barrettos based in Zambales. Poe and de Marcaida got married in Matinez County, California, on July 31, 1980. They had two sons, Fernando Poe IV ("Donnie") and Alexander Vaughn Poe ("Lex") in 1981 and 1983 respectively.

From 1982 to 1984, Poe and his wife Yvette de Marcaida established DAY FILMS and produced three movies namely: Pamilya Dimagiba, Brando Bandido, and Magtago Ka Na Sa Pinanggalingan Mo. In 1985, Poe and his family immigrated to the United States and resided in Jersey City, New Jersey, until 1993 where the couple became active in the real estate business as realtors with Century 21. Poe returned to the Philippines in 1993 and did several movies until his sudden demise in 1995.

Movies

 * Bukas, Bibitayin si Itay (1995)
 * Gising Na ang Higanteng Natutulog (1995) as Delfin Guerrero
 * Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story (1994)
 * Megamol (1994) as Elias
 * Nandito Ako (1993) as Col. Borromeo
 * Tumbasan Mo ng Buhay (1993) as Valdez
 * Adan Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo (1993) as Hepe
 * Manila Boy (1993) as Maj. Zaragosa
 * Lacson, Batas ng Navotas (1992) as Andy
 * Darna at Ding (1980)
 * Pepeng Kulisap (1979)
 * Isa Para sa Lahat, Lahat Para sa Isa (1979)
 * Brothers for Hire (1968)
 * Dos por Dos (1968)
 * Jingy (1968) as Jingy
 * El Niño (1968) as El Niño
 * Alamat ng 7 Kilabot (1967)
 * Dobol Trobol (1966)
 * Magtago Ka na sa Pinangalingan Mo (1965)

Death
Poe died of a heart attack on May 20, 1995, only 2 weeks after his 52nd birthday.

title: Andy Poe


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Lincoln, New Zealand

Lincoln (Rīkona) is a town in the Selwyn District, in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. The town is located on the Canterbury Plains to the west of Banks Peninsula, 22 kilometres southwest of Christchurch. The town has a population of making it the second largest town in the Selwyn District behind nearby Rolleston.

Lincoln is part of the Christchurch metropolitan area; at the 2006 Census, 53% of employed Lincoln residents worked in the city. The town is home to Lincoln University, the oldest agricultural tertiary institution in the Southern Hemisphere and the smallest of New Zealand's eight universities.

History
In 1862 James Edward FitzGerald of 'The Springs' subdivided some of his freehold land for the new township of Lincoln, named after the Earl of Lincoln, a foundation member of the Canterbury Association and from 1851 a member of the management committee. The site of Lincoln on the L1 River would allow for a flour mill to be built to service the growing farming district. Lincoln was laid out in a grid layout and FitzGerald named the four belts North, East, South and West and the cross streets after his own children Robert, Maurice and William. The main streets James, Edward and Gerald were names after himself.

The new township steadily grew and by 1873 Lincoln had a post office, butcher, brewers, a baker and confectioner, a storekeeper who had a hotel, a wheelwright and a carpenter, and a blacksmith. The peaceful quality of Lincoln changed with the arrival of the railway line in 1875 and the opening of the Little River line in 1886.

On 26 April 1875, a branch line railway was opened to Lincoln from a junction with the Main South Line in Hornby. This line became the Southbridge Branch. Within a few years, Lincoln became a junction itself, with the Little River Branch diverging from the Southbridge Branch in Lincoln. This branch opened to Birdling's Flat on 16 May 1882 and Little River itself on 11 March 1886. On 30 June 1962, Lincoln became a railway terminus when the Little River Branch and the Lincoln-Southbridge section of the Southbridge Branch were both closed. The railway did not last much longer in Lincoln, closing on 1 December 1967. Today, the Little River Rail Trail is being established along the railway's old route. The Prebbleton to Lincoln leg of the route was opened on 30 November 2006. The trail is used extensively for recreation.

In 2021, a proposal to increase the size of the town by a further 5400 residents was proposed by the Carter Group. They intend to turn 186 hectares of farmland to the immediate south of the town into a new large subdivision. The proposal sets out a plan for homes to be built on sections which are between 400 square metres and 600sqm in size. Selwyn District Mayor Sam Broughton and Green MP Eugenie Sage spoke out against the development, however all but two councillors voted in favour.

Demographics
Lincoln is described by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area, and covers 9.90 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Lincoln had a smaller boundary, covering 9.06 km2. Using that boundary, Lincoln had a population of 6,510 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,643 people (68.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 3,690 people (130.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,136 households, comprising 3,165 males and 3,345 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female, with 1,356 people (20.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,443 (22.2%) aged 15 to 29, 2,886 (44.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 831 (12.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.1% European/Pākehā, 5.6% Māori, 1.1% Pasifika, 12.0% Asian, and 3.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 27.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.5% had no religion, 33.6% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.6% were Hindu, 1.4% were Muslim, 1.3% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,554 (30.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 525 (10.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,239 people (24.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,487 (48.3%) people were employed full-time, 933 (18.1%) were part-time, and 183 (3.6%) were unemployed.

Educational, research institutions and amenities
Lincoln has three schools, two primary and one secondary.
 * Lincoln Primary School is a state full primary (Year 1–8) school. It was established in 1866 and has a roll of students as of
 * Lincoln High School is a state secondary (Year 9–13) school. It was established in 1959 and has a roll of students as of
 * Ararira Springs Primary School is a state full primary (Year 1–8) school. It opened in 2019 and has a roll of students as of

Ararira Springs Primary School is the second primary school for the town. It was tentatively named Lincoln South School and open in February 2019.

Lincoln is the site of Lincoln University. As well as the university, there are a number of other research facilities in Lincoln, including AgResearch, Institute for Plant and Food Research, FAR (Foundation for Arable Research), and Landcare Research. The High Performance Cricket training centre is also based at Lincoln University. Over 400 people are employed at these organisations making Lincoln a busy little country village.

Lincoln also has a maternity hospital, kindergarten and golf course.

Lincoln also hosts the first New Zealand supermarket to have wind turbines generating some of its power: Lincoln New World. The supermarket was built with a number of sustainable initiatives in keeping with the Enviro town it is servicing.

Cricket
The New Zealand Cricket Board decided in December 1995 to create the high performance centre. Once they had made the decision, they quickly moved to find suitable premises and develop the high performance centre. The first intake of players occurred four months later. John Reid (former New Zealand cricketer) led the establishment of the High Performance Centre in 1996 as its first cricket operations manager.

Lincoln became the home to the New Zealand Cricket High Performance Centre. It is situated at Lincoln University. There are three cricket grounds. These include the Bert Sutcliffe Oval which was the venue for several high-profile matches: the 2000 Women's world cup and two under 19 world cup finals. Three national tournaments are held in at these grounds each summer. They are the Women's under 21 tournament, the men's provincial A tournament and men's under 18 tournament. Many other games and training camps are also held at the high performance centre.

Facilities also include a six lanes of indoor nets, a gym, accommodation for cricketers and multiple ground staff to keep the pitches in top condition. All weather facilities allow cricketers to train on grass pitches all year round. A marquee cover and climate control system were installed in 2018 to provide a winter training base.

title: Lincoln, New Zealand


text:
Talk:Holonomy

Local holonomy
The corrections by User:Serenus suggest a couple of things to me (I'm not an expert in these matters):

(1) Is there a necessary distinction to be made, between holonomy and local holonomy?

(2) Is this topic connected with the Berger list, which is a Requested Article?

Charles Matthews 10:22, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Answering (2) myself, it seems clear from some Googling that it's 'yes' (for example http://arxiv.org/abs/dg-ga/9508014). But that recent work has shown up some gaps. So, redirecting Berger list here, and adding a note.

Charles Matthews 10:30, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Illustration
The illustration of holonomy on the sphere is wrong! The vector field on the left-hand meridian should be perpendicular to the great circle, rather than tangent.

Also, the distinction above should be between holonomy and REDUCED holonomy.

 * I believe you may be misreading the illustration. The holonomy is at the point A, not the point N (as your post seems to suggest).  The "loop" in the diagram is perhaps misleading (since it suggests starting and finishing at N instead of A), and I will do my best to edit the image to move the loop into the correct position when I get the chance.  But thanks for catching the mistake above (and in the article).  You may have missed a few other instances, and I will fix the remaining cases where it was wrong.   silly rabbit  (  talk  ) 12:20, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

There are still serious deficiencies in the illustration:

1. The three segments are apparently parts of great circles, and so geodesic. Hence the tangent vector to each must be parallel. But notice that the "transported" vector is drawn as tangent to the equator at B, but not at N!

 * When they say "tangent" they mean "tangent to the sphere" and not "tangent to the direction of motion". 67.198.37.16 (talk) 21:37, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

2. For a triangle consisting of two lines of latitude and an equatorial segment, the holonomy angle alpha should equal the change in latitude -- i.e. the interior angle of the triangle at the vertex N. This also reflects the fact that, on a unit 2-sphere, the holonomy angle equals the area of the triangle (= integral of the Gauss curvature, which is +1 in this case). This could be clarified by indicating that the triangle is supposed to have three right angles, assuming you want alpha to be 90 degrees.

 * Comment: There seems to be some confusion about the illustration. To discuss the holonomy of a sphere, all direction vectors should be tangent to the sphere, for there is no other notion of direction available.  However if one is considering holonomy for the curve in R^3 that happens to sit on the surface of the embedded sphere, then the holonomy should be zero and all the vectors should be "distantly parallel", the common notion for euclidean 3-space(the holonomy group of R^n =0), since parallel transport over the curve would be parallel transport in R^3 whether or not the sphere were present.  Clearly one doesn't want the latter case for this illustration, so it should be cleaned up to make the vectors look like they are tangent to the surface.  KYSide (talk) 03:37, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

3. The circular arrow, indicating the direction of transit, has a gap near N rather than at A. This is not good pedagogy, because it leads the reader believe that the trip starts at N rather than at A. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.167.177.39 (talk) 14:03, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Any chance of an explanation of what holonomy is
The opening sentence is totally meaningless to anyone who doesn't already know what holonomy is.

And the article gets worse. Cannonmc (talk) 08:31, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Sorry. And no mention of the Aharonov–Bohm effect which is the holonomy on the U(1) circle bundle. Which is maybe the #1 reason why the holonomy is interesting to physics, and gets it's foot in the door. Oh and also the neutron interferometer, which, if I recall correctly and have not crossed any wires, is the the holonomy in a gravitational field (just parallel-transport the frame-field around a loop. Nothing happens to a scalar particle, but for a spinor, the phase twists around.) I'm thinking most interferometric effects in physics are holonomies, e.g. the Sagnac effect is a holonomy around the frame bundle in Minkowski space. Something like that. Shame, because those who understand this stuff throw these words out like magic spells with apocryphal origins in long-forgotten papers that themselves were never very clear. Fixing all this would be a very worthwhile and interesting project, as it can open the door to physics students who are otherwise overwhelmed by the raw weight and heaviness of the pure-maths approach. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 21:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

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parallel transport map $$P_\gamma$$
in the definition of "holonomy of a connection in a vector bundle", it states that $$P_\gamma$$ is a map taking closed loop to $$\text{GL}(E_x)$$, with $$x$$ being the endpoints of the curve $$\gamma$$. The article immediately goes on to describe how the holonomy group at a point $$y$$ can be obtained from that of $$x$$ by the map $$P_\gamma \text{Hol}_x P_\gamma^{-1}$$ where $$\gamma(0) = x, \, \gamma(1) = y$$. However, the article only defines $$P_\gamma$$ for closed loops. Of course it is relatively clear how to extend the definition to open loops, it just seems like the terminology can be introduced/defined more carefully. 128.178.172.90 (talk) 10:08, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holonomy


text:
User:Troels Arvin

Troels Arvin, Copenhagen, Denmark. Home page.

title: User:Troels Arvin


text:
The Great Kat

Katherine Thomas (born June 6, 1966), best known by her stage name The Great Kat, is an American guitarist and singer best known for her thrash metal interpretations of well-known pieces of classical music. Most feature her using the electric guitar, but on some she uses the violin. Thomas is a classically trained violinist, graduating from the Juilliard School and touring for a time playing conventional classical music before crossing over to metal.

Guitar One magazine listed her as one of the "Fastest Shredders of All Time". Her classical background, technical skills and self-promotion are sometimes compared to Yngwie Malmsteen. In an interview in metallian.com she claimed to be the reincarnation of Beethoven.

Her public persona, as portrayed in her publicity photos and videos, is mainly compared to that of a dominatrix, albeit in an over-the-top, tongue-in-cheek manner.

In 1990, Swiss black metal band Mordor recorded for their first demo tape "Odes" a tribute song for Thomas, titled "The Great Kat Is God".

Discography

 * 1986 – Satan Says (demo)
 * 1987 – Worship Me or Die!
 * 1990 – Beethoven on Speed
 * 1996 – Digital Beethoven on Cyberspeed (EP)
 * 1997 – Guitar Goddess (EP)
 * 1998 – Bloody Vivaldi (EP)
 * 2000 – Rossini's Rape (EP)
 * 2002 – Wagner's War (EP)
 * 2005 – Extreme Guitar Shred (DVD)
 * 2008 – Total Insanity (compilation)

title: The Great Kat


text: Template:History of Tatarstan

title: Template:History of Tatarstan


text: User talk:80.58.23.42

title: User talk:80.58.23.42


text:
Marc Riley

Marc Riley (born 10 July 1961 in Manchester) is an English radio DJ, alternative rock critic, musician, and former music businessman. He currently presents on BBC Radio 6 Music.

Formerly a member of the Fall, he co-owned a record label, In-Tape, and also worked as a record plugger for bands such as Massive Attack, Pixies, Cocteau Twins and Happy Mondays. Riley has worked in radio since about 1991; for 14 years of that he worked with Mark Radcliffe on BBC Radio 5 and BBC Radio 1, during which time he was known as Lard. He joined 6 Music in April 2004.

Musical career
Born and raised in Manchester, Riley was in a band at school called the Sirens with Craig Scanlon and Steve Hanley (both of whom were later members of the Fall). Riley was an early fan of the Fall, and worked for the group as a roadie. He was added to the line-up, playing bass, in May 1978. Riley's recording debut was the Fall's second single, "It's the New Thing", and their debut album Live at the Witch Trials.

Riley switched to guitar and keyboards in 1979 and held this position with the Fall, until he fell out with Mark E. Smith in 1982, during the group's first tour of Australia and New Zealand. Riley was dismissed by Smith – according to Smith this occurred on Riley's wedding day. Riley was actually married on Christmas Eve 1982 and remained in the Fall until January 1983, when Smith met Riley in the Old Garratt pub, Princess Street, and told him that the group was undertaking a European tour without him and should it not work out he would be asked back.

Riley is quoted as saying "Joining The Fall was the second best thing that ever happened to me in my working life. The best thing was getting kicked out".

Later in 1983, Riley began to record under the name 'Marc Riley with The Creepers' (later The Creepers). Steve Hanley, Paul Hanley and Craig Scanlon, while remaining members of the Fall, played on Riley's first solo single, "Favourite Sister". Riley released several albums during the following years.

Animosity between Smith and Riley continued to influence both bands' material. This included the Fall's "Hey Marc Riley" (a rewritten version of Bo Diddley's "Hey Bo Diddley"), which has only been available on live bootlegs. Riley responded in kind with his 1983 single "Jumper Clown" – a reference to Smith's then affection for 1970s jumpers – as well as "Snipe" on the 1985 EP Shadow Figure and his own rewrite of a Bo Diddley song: "Marc Riley is a Gunslinger". Riley co-owned the In-Tape label with Jim Khambatta, until it went bust in 1991, managing the label between 1983 and 1986.

Between 1986 and 1989, Riley drew and wrote the comic strips Harry the Head and Doctor Mooney for the comic Oink!, as well as recording a flexidisc single for the comic as a giveaway.

The Creepers disbanded in 1987. Riley then formed a band that included ex-members of Pere Ubu, The Magic Band and The Mekons called the Lost Soul Crusaders (named after a fictional group in an episode of the detective series 'Columbo' whose lead singer was played by one of Riley's heroes, Johnny Cash). However, the record company funding the band went bankrupt before any material could be recorded.

In 1988, Riley co-produced (with Jon Langford) a Johnny Cash tribute album, Til Things are Brighter, to raise funds for the Terrence Higgins Trust.

Radio career
Riley is perhaps better known as one half of the duo Mark and Lard with fellow DJ Mark Radcliffe, who together presented "Hit the North" on BBC Radio 5 (at the time a children's, comedy, and drama network). During this period Riley also presented a programme on Radio 5 called Cult Radio, and wrote and produced a BBC Radio 1 series presented by Noddy Holder called Glitter and Twisted. Mark and Lard moved to Radio 1's 10 pm slot in 1993, followed by an unsuccessful move to the breakfast show in February 1997, and finally to the 1 pm to 3 pm slot in October that year. Their final show on the station was in March 2004.

After leaving Radio 1, the duo cordially went their separate ways; Riley moving to BBC Radio 6 Music and Radcliffe to BBC Radio 2. In 2009 Mark and Lard reformed to front radio adverts for Manchester City in North West England (Riley is a long-time fan of the club). Up until the end of May 2023, he presented the Sony Radio Academy Award-nominated 7–9 pm show, Monday to Thursday on Radio 6 Music. The show featured almost daily sessions from artists chosen by Riley himself. Among the bands championed by Riley have been Metronomy, Field Music, Everything Everything, Wild Beasts, Sweet Baboo and King Creosote and more recently Ty Segall, Unknown Mortal Orchestra and Thee Oh Sees. He previously presented Mint with Rob Hughes on Sunday evenings. Hughes joined Riley's early evening show on Tuesdays (The A to Z series) and Thursdays (The Parallel Universe).

Riley currently co-presents Riley & Coe with Gideon Coe, from 9 pm to 11 pm on Monday to Thursday evenings.

February 2015 saw the first episode of All Shook Up, a made-for-iPlayer 'TV' programme featuring live music presented and curated by Riley. Series 1 is made up of four episodes, all filmed in the University of Salford studio. Episode 1 featured performances from The Wave Pictures, Slug and Lonelady. Episode 2 features Wire, Monotony and Jane Weaver, Episode 3 Teleman, Sara Lowes and Sauna Youth and Episode 4 Jesca Hoop, The Wytches and Richard Dawson.

Riley, together with Rob Hughes, wrote and presented an 'A to Z of Punk and New Wave' on 6 Music, which was then turned into a successful podcast. That was followed by the long-term project 'The A to Z of David Bowie', a commercially available podcast, which was launched on 30 January 2018 and ran for 72 episodes.

Riley and Radcliffe formed the parody group Shirehorses, once appearing at the Glastonbury Festival in 1997 in what they called the headline slot, going on as they did at 10.00am. They also did shows in various parts of the country including three dates supporting Blur. They released two comedy/parody albums under the guise of the Shirehorses: The Worst...Album in the World...Ever...EVER! (which reached number 22 in the UK Albums Chart) and Our Kid Eh, the latter an affectionate parody of Radiohead's album Kid A (which reached number 20).

Personal life
Riley married Tracy Magee on Christmas Eve 1982.

title: Marc Riley


text:
Lloyd Quinan

Lloyd John Quinan (born 29 April 1957) is a Scottish broadcaster and pro-independence politician. He was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the West of Scotland region from 1999 to 2003.

Born and raised in Edinburgh, Quinan is a longtime campaigner for Scottish independence, initially joining the Scottish National Party in 1974, later leaving in 2003. In 2015 the SNP selected him as a list candidate for the Lothian region.

Theatre and television career
A trained actor, he appeared in theatres throughout Scotland, including the Royal Lyceum, the Traverse, Perth Theatre, the Tron, Eden Court and the Pavilion. He was assistant director of the Scottish Theatre Company and founder of the independent company, United Artists (Scotland).

He directed new plays by Peter Arnott and George Gunn as well as the first Scottish production of Howard Barker's Pity In History. Working as a freelance director he worked with many companies and theatres including the Citizens Theatre Glasgow, Unit One, the Traverse, Mayfest, the Borders Festival, Craigmillar Festival Society and directed plays, pantomimes and community pageants. He was an elected member of the Scottish committee of the Equity Union for 12 years. Like so many theatre workers he had a parallel career in television appearing in a number of dramas for BBC Scotland, Granada, STV and ITV. While working for STV in 1983 he became a presenter in the education department making over 200 programmes on Scottish history and society.

In 1994 he returned to STV as a weather presenter on the station's lunchtime show. In 1995 he succeeded Bernard Ponsonby as the presenter of Trial By Night, a late night debate show.

In 1996 he was producer/director on the Scottish Reporters series and co-produced The Professional Beggar for ITV First Tuesday. Quinan was an elected official of the National Union of Journalists and was involved in the work to rule dispute at the station. In 1998, he left STV after an acrimonious contract dispute. From 1998-99 Quinan worked as for Channel 4 News, UTV and RTE as a presenter/director.

Scottish Parliament
In 1999 he was elected to represent the West of Scotland as an SNP candidate at the first Scottish Parliament election.

During his time as an MSP, he served as the SNP's Deputy spokesperson for Social Inclusion 1999-2000, a member of the European Committee and the Audit Committee. He also served as Convener of the Cross Party Group on Autism in the Scottish Parliament, Vice-Convener of the Cross Party Group on Contemporary Music and was a member of the Cross Party Groups on Palestine and Cuba.

An active anti-nuclear campaigner, Quinan was twice arrested for breach of the peace during blockades of the Faslane Nuclear Submarine base during his time as an MSP. Quinan went on to challenge his conviction in the High Court of Justiciary introducing a point of law which resulted in one of his convictions being set aside, this was seen as a minor victory for the anti-nuclear movement in Scotland.

In 2002, while a vice-convener of the Scottish Parliament's cross-party group on Palestine, Quinan visited the Middle East on a week-long tour, linking with the Red Crescent and International Solidarity Movement. Quinan travelled to the West Bank as part of a group, but Israelis soldiers denied them entrance to Yasser Arafat's compound in Ramallah. The Israeli security forces shot at him and fired stun grenades in order to force him away.

For the 2003 Parliament election Quinan stood down from being a candidate in the West of Scotland, and instead sought nomination in his home city of Edinburgh. Quinan was unsuccessful in his bid, and went on to unsuccessfully contest the seat of Motherwell and Wishaw at the 2003 election. The seat was held by the Labour candidate, First Minister Jack McConnell.

After Parliament
In December 2003 Quinan left the SNP for the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP), explaining that he felt the SNP no longer represented his political beliefs. Quinan subsequently unsuccessfully attempted to become one of the SSP's candidates for the 2004 European Parliament election. He left the SSP later that year.

Quinan was a 'Yes' supporter who was active during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum campaign. At one public meeting in North Berwick where he spoke, some of his closing remarks were seized upon by sections of the No campaign. Quinan had said that Scottish people "have an opportunity to change the lives and life chances of our children for the future", but added that "if you vote 'No' [and] you leave them with more of the same, then you're a bad parent."

Having returned to the SNP in 2014, Quinan represented the party in the 2016 Scottish parliamentary election as a candidate for the Lothian region, but was not elected.

Personal life
Quinan is a Hibernian F.C. supporter.

title: Lloyd Quinan


text:
Talk:IPv4 address exhaustion

Hierarchy
I removed the references to hierarchy because hierarchy has only a second-order relationship to address exhaustion, and I don't want to confuse readers. The real issue with address exhaustion is that because of the use of bit masks, allocation blocks have to be in sizes that are powers of two, and this leads to "breakage", where the back portion of the block is unused. I have focussed the article on this.

CIDR was introduced to solve three separate problems:
 * the rapid consumption of class-B addresses (/16's)
 * the eventual exhaustion of the entire address space
 * the growth in routing tables

Hierarchy attacks the third, by making sure that X.a, X.b ... X.n are all colocated, so that in distant parts of the network, they can be covered with a single routing table entry for X. Note that you can have "efficient" allocation (i.e. in power-2 blocks) without having hierachy (i.e. routing table size control); you can allocate successive /24's to places which are far apart, so you will never be able to condense their routing table entries.

The particular mechanism we picked (CIDR) does allow hierarchy, as well as allocation of blocks in any size (not just /8, /16 and /24), but it's easy to get mixed up between the two (which this article used to).

The connection between hierarchy and address allocation is second-order because hierarchy means it doesn't make sense to allocate a growing institution a series of small, unconnected blocks as it grows, and this is not maximally efficient in terms of address space consumption. E.g. it's slightly more efficient in space terms to give a growing entity, over time, 3 unrelated /24's than a single /22, but we wouldn't do that because it would produce more routing table entries.

This is a simple gloss on an issue that is very complex, hope it is useful. Noel 12:59, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

POV on this article
It may be correct to say that IPv4+NAT is an untenable long-term solution, but it is not undisputed. If I went through the article and -tagged every sentence that needed a cite and referred to a disputed point, the article would be more blue than grey.

How should this article accommodate the perspective that IPv4 will function for the foreseeable future, with permanent addresses become scarcer but simultaneously less vital to the day-to-day use model of the Internet?

--- tqbf 22:07, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * This is exactly the question I have, reading this article as a non-expert curious about the need for such a cumbersome and costly IPv6.  How much longer do we really have, assuming people use NAT sensibly.  As a rough (probably naive) estimate, we get an extra 16 bits of addressing using NAT.  Even if the number of addresses doubles every 10 years, that's many decades of future growth.  The article needs to address this question in a way that non-experts can understand.
 * I started using NAT several years ago, and haven't run into any "connectivity" problems discussed in this article. From my POV, it is actually better that every one of my devices not have a permanent address on the Internet.  I also have an occasional need to work with raw IP addresses, and a 32-bit address is certainly easier to read and write than 128.
 * Dave (talk) 17:21, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The article is a bit long, so to get a comprehensive view one need to read the whole article. I would also suggest reading on NAT traversal as it give some insight on the problems with nat. One reason ipv4 + nat is a bad idea is performance. The more scares ipv4 become, the more fragmented the ip space becomes. A fragmented address space results in slower response times and more expensive equipments for ISP's. With layered NAT, nat traversal becomes more tricky and most current "tricks" wont work. This mean that most software that want to do Peer to peer communication need to go through a middle proxy, meaning more costs in bandwidth, performance, and so on. You can see this with Skype to take one example. Last, consumers are today not expected to handle raw IP addressing. DHCP and remote administrations is the current standard for this. If one do need to work with raw IP addressing, one is assumed to be able to handle 128 addresses. Given that IPv6 has some tricks of eliminating zeros in addresses, ipv6 addresses are sometimes smaller to type (less characters) than a ipv4 address. Belorn (talk) 10:46, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

"(...) depletion has been anticipated since the late 1980s, when the Internet started to experience dramatic growth." Hardly. There was no "dramatic" growth of the Internet in the 1980s. This happened in the late 1990s. Gentleman wiki (talk) 13:21, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Please see Global Internet usage where it shows that the number of hosts started to increase geometrically in the mid-80s. Raw numbers can be seen at http://users.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave.Marshall/Internet/node18.html and other locations. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:47, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am aware of that but using growth in percent when the initial number of hosts is very small is simply misleading. Going from 500 to 2000 hosts may be a 300% increase but one cannot call this "dramatic". Take the analogy of one earning a meager $3.00 per hour and receiving a salary increase to $5.00 per hour -- it may be impressive in % but it's still a very low salary by most standards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gentleman wiki (talk • contribs) 14:41, 20 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Your argument was that "there was no 'dramatic' growth of the Internet in the 1980s" and then you state that "yes, I am aware of that" growth in the 80s yet you continue to argue it didn't happen using incorrect statistics. In your example, the salary would go from $3/hr to $9/hr. The Internet started growing at a rate of 200–300% starting in 1985. The highest growth rate was 1988 through the early 2000s, at least when measured by ISPs. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:09, 20 July 2018 (UTC)
 * There seems to be agreement here that there was a large percentage growth starting in the 1980s. The numbers were small then so there was no immediate threat of exhaustion. But if you extrapolated those numbers out exponentially, a reasonable thing to do, one could anticipate exhaustion within decades. ~Kvng (talk) 13:25, 23 July 2018 (UTC)

Removed from IP address
''I have removed the following from as this level of detail was not necessary there. I beleive this material is already covered in this article but some of the detail and refs may be useful for improving this article. ~Kvng (talk) 19:25, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

IANA's primary IPv4 address pool was exhausted on 3 February 2011, when the last five blocks were allocated to the five RIRs. APNIC was the first RIR to exhaust its regional pool on 15 April 2011, except for a small amount of address space reserved for the transition to IPv6, intended to be allocated in a restricted process. Individual ISPs still had unassigned pools of IP addresses, and could recycle addresses no longer needed by their subscribers.

Data network example
made this change. I reverted because "data network" is a broad term (it redirects to Computer network). An example is presented here. I think it is best to be specific in examples. I don't see this change as an improvement. Walter Görlitz has reverted my revert so presumably feels strongly about it. Let's try to resolve this. ~Kvng (talk) 15:50, 25 August 2018 (UTC)
 * If the link offends you, remove it. I don't see using a term that no longer has relevance as being beneficial to readers either. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:56, 25 August 2018 (UTC)
 * What link do you suspect offends me? Data network? How is cellular or 4G not relevant in the context of an example? These are specific non-obsolete network technologies. ~Kvng (talk) 02:16, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This article is on my watchlist, no need to ping me.
 * I see your point. We should link to Computer network. It's much more clear than what the anon changed it to. Walter Görlitz (talk) 02:21, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It is not exactly clear what you're proposing but I've taken a crack at it anyway. I created a Cellular data network redirect to Computer network and used it in the disputed sentence. I also changed "wireless LAN" to "WiFi" to eliminate ambiguity - cellular data network is also arguably a wireless LAN. ~Kvng (talk) 14:37, 29 August 2018 (UTC)
 * That works for me. Walter Görlitz (talk) 15:00, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:IPv4 address exhaustion


text:
Talk:Giant jellyfish

I don't believe it. The largest jellyfish is the lion's mane, and it only reaches a bell diameter of 2.5 metres. 40 metres? I think not. There does not appear to be a "Lake Wereataka" nor an "Ivor Mongonery" and that geocities link is the only site to mention any of this. Unless someone can find a second reference supporting these claims, I will delete this article in two days; as patent nonsense, it qualifies as a candidate for speedy deletion. -- Hadal 10:43, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Not looking good. Not even the cryptozoology pages list anything.  Now, there are giant jellyfish washing up on the shores of Japan, but not what's described here.  Is it worth writing something about them to replace what's here now?  Is it better to wait until this hits the trash bin? Is anyone interested enough to write something? --Andrew 20:46, May 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giant jellyfish


text: Template:Richard Dawkins

title: Template:Richard Dawkins


text:
Talk:Alphabetical list of rivers in the Americas

Should be deleted? A List of rivers is sufficient. It need not be alphabetical


text:
Talk:Alphabetical list of Rivers in the World

Should be deleted? A List of rivers is sufficient. It need not be alphabetical.


text: User talk:202.156.2.130

title: User talk:202.156.2.130


text:
IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS

RTS/CTS (request to send / clear to send) is the optional mechanism used by the 802.11 wireless networking protocol to reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden node problem. Originally the protocol fixed the exposed node problem as well, but modern RTS/CTS includes ACKs and does not solve the exposed node problem.

Frame format
The RTS, CTS and ACK frame headers all contain a frame control field (two bytes of metadata flags), duration field, a field for the receiver MAC address, and a frame check sequence. Additionally, an RTS frame contains the transmitter's MAC address.

This protocol was designed under the assumption that all nodes have the same transmission ranges, and does not solve the hidden terminal problem. The RTS/CTS frames can cause a new problem called the exposed terminal problem in which a wireless node that is nearby, but is associated with another access point, overhears the exchange and then is signaled to back off and cease transmitting for the time specified in the RTS.

RTS/CTS is an additional method to implement virtual carrier sensing in carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). By default, 802.11 relies on physical carrier sensing only, which is known to suffer from the hidden node problem.

The RTS/CTS packet size threshold is 0–2347 octets. Typically, sending RTS/CTS frames does not occur unless the packet size exceeds this threshold. If the packet size that the node wants to transmit is larger than the threshold, the RTS/CTS handshake gets triggered. Otherwise, the data frame gets sent immediately.

title: IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS


text: User talk:82.34.82.199

title: User talk:82.34.82.199


text:
DataBlade

A DataBlade is a module for the IBM Informix database server. Released in 1996, it allows creating complex, custom datatypes whilst providing the same level of integration as built-in datatypes.

title: DataBlade


text:
Cornelis Vreeswijk

Cornelis Vreeswijk (8 August 1937 – 12 November 1987) was a Dutch-born Swedish singer-songwriter and poet.

He emigrated to Sweden with his parents in 1949 at the age of twelve. He was educated as a social worker and hoped to become a journalist, but became increasingly involved in music, performing at events for students with idiosyncratic humor and social engagement. Vreeswijk is considered one of the most influential and successful troubadours in Sweden. In 2010, the Swedish drama film Cornelis was made about his life, directed by Amir Chamdin.

Early life
Cornelis Vreeswijk was born and grew up in the Netherlands. He emigrated to Sweden with his parents in 1949 at the age of twelve. He left school in 1955 and went to sea, where he passed the time playing the blues. He returned to Sweden in 1959. He was educated as a social worker at Stockholm University and hoped to become a journalist, but became increasingly involved in music, performing at events for students with idiosyncratic humor and social engagement.

Swedish career
Vreeswijk explained in one of his few interviews that he had taught himself to sing and play in the fifties by imitating his first idols Josh White and Lead Belly. His first album, Ballader och oförskämdheter (Ballads and rudenesses, 1964), was a hit which immediately gained him a large following among the emerging radical student generation. In this period he also played with Swedish jazz pianist Jan Johansson and his trio. His songs "Ångbåtsblues" ("Steam Boat Blues") and "Jubelvisa för Fiffiga Nanette" ("Joyful song for Clever Nanette") are classics from these recordings. His abrasive, frequently political lyrics and unconventional delivery were a deliberate break with what he was later to describe as a Swedish song tradition of pretty singing and harmless lyrics, "a hobby for the upper classes". Influenced by jazz and blues and especially by the singing style and social criticism of Georges Brassens, Vreeswijk "speak-sings" his "insults", and compels his listeners to pay close attention to the words.

His 1965 loose translation of Allan Sherman's masterpiece "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh" remains beloved to Swedes as "Brev från kolonien" (Letter from the summer camp) decades later, and could be said to have passed into folklore.

A political singer with a bohemian lifestyle, Vreeswijk remained controversial in the sixties and early seventies, idolized by his fans but disapproved of by many others for his "rude" language and persistent interest in "unsuitable" people like prostitutes and criminals. Some of his records were blacklisted by the public broadcasting company Sveriges Radio. During this period, he not only wrote and recorded songs now considered classics, such as "Sportiga Marie" ("Sporty Marie") and several affectionate salutes to the ever less employable "Polaren Pär" ("My Buddy Pär"), but he was an actor on the stage, receiving considerable critical acclaim, most notably as Pilate in the Swedish version of Jesus Christ Superstar, and as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof. He participated in Melodifestivalen (the Swedish preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest) in 1972 with "Önskar du mig, så önskar jag dig", which finished sixth. He also appeared in movies, including Svarta Palmkronor (Black Palm Trees, 1968), which was filmed on location in Brazil. Spending four months in Brazil began Vreeswijk's lifelong interest in Latin American music and social and political conditions, later seen for example in his Victor Jara album of 1978.

Later in his career, Vreeswijk was to gain increasing fame and a wider audience both for his songs and his other work. He published several volumes of poetry in his lifetime and left a considerable manuscript legacy of poems which have been published since. He also became an important musical interpreter of the works of other people, recording the songs of Carl Michael Bellman, Evert Taube, and Lars Forssell. His fresh, bluesy renderings of Bellman and Taube, who had up to then been classics belonging to the "harmless" tradition that Vreeswijk despised, were artistic and commercial successes which extended his fanbase. The choice of Bellman was significant: Bellman's lively, romantic, pastoral, drinking and sometimes bawdy songs gained Vreeswijk the reputation of being a drunken womaniser, with the association of being "something of a Bellman himself". Like his friend Fred Åkerström, he gave Bellman's songs, "a new and more powerful expression" than they had had before, and like him identifying himself with Bellman's fictional character Fredman, expressing his drunkenness, poverty, and despair, with an intensity that increased in his performances over the years. Bellman's songs featured in many of his performances; two of his albums were dedicated to Bellman's songs, namely the 1971 Spring mot Ulla, spring! Cornelis sjunger Bellman containing 13 of Fredman's Epistles, and the 1977 Movitz! Movitz!, containing 12: the popular Epistle 81, Märk hur vår skugga, appears on both albums.

Vreeswijk's own best-known songs of the later seventies and early eighties tend to be dark in tone, like "Sist jag åkte jumbojet blues" ("Last time I Went by Jumbojet Blues", a metaphorical bad trip) and "Blues för Fatumeh", both addressing heavy drug addiction. Even though in this period Vreeswijk was a prey of tabloid scandal and in the news for his drinking problem and his debts (about both of which he spoke with frankness) rather than for his achievements, he remained highly productive. He is also known as the co-writer of the Hep Stars song "Speleman" which was released for their album Songs We Sang 68.

Towards the end of his life his reputation soared again, aided by the televising of some highly regarded nightclub shows, and by Agneta Brunius' TV documentary Balladen om den flygande holländaren (The Ballad of the Flying Dutchman) in 1986. By the time of his death from liver cancer at the age of fifty, Vreeswijk had become an icon of the Swedish music scene, and he was honored with burial at the cemetery of Katarina kyrka, a national cemetery in Stockholm. It was broadcast live on Swedish television. In 2010, Cornelis, a movie about his life, premiered in Swedish cinemas. Norwegian singer Hans Erik Dyvik Husby (previously in Turbonegro) played the role of Vreeswijk.

Dutch career
In 1966, the Dutch broadcasting organisation VARA invited Vreeswijk to the Netherlands. He translated several of his songs into Dutch, and wrote a couple of new ones. One of his songs, "De nozem en de non" ("The Greaser and the Nun"), was released as a single, without much popular success. His first Dutch album was only released in 1972, after ten successful Swedish albums. 100,000 copies of Cornelis Vreeswijk were sold, and the single "Veronica" became a big hit after it was picked up by the pirate radio station Veronica. His old song "De nozem en de non" was then re-recorded and released with much success. His later albums could not match the success of the first one, and Vreeswijk never achieved the fame in the Netherlands that he did in Sweden.

Nowadays, only "De nozem en de non" is still known by the general Dutch public. Vreeswijk still has some fans in the Netherlands, however, and in 2000 the Cornelis Vreeswijk society was founded.

One reason for his lack of popularity in the Netherlands was the impression that he was a bit old-fashioned. Because of his long stay in Sweden, though he never became a citizen, the Dutch pronunciation and idiom that he had learned to speak in his youth were out-of-date in the seventies and eighties.

Although he was fluent in both Dutch and Swedish, the latter became his primary language. His Stockholm-accented Swedish was famously witty and expressive.

Later life
He gave his last concert in Uppsala in September 1987, suffering from liver cancer and diabetes. He recorded his last album and a book of poetry, both entitled Till Fatumeh. He travelled one last time to the Netherlands to see his family, returned to Stockholm and died soon afterwards.

Swedish
Main article – Cornelis Vreeswijk's Swedish discography

Dutch

 * 1972 – Cornelis Vreeswijk
 * 1973 – Leven en laten leven
 * 1974 – Liedjes voor de Pijpendraaier en mijn Zoetelief
 * 1976 – Foto's en een souvenir: Vreeswijk zingt Croce
 * 1977 – Het recht om in vrede te leven
 * 1978 – Het beste van Cornelis Vreeswijk
 * 1982 – Ballades van de gewapende bedelaar
 * 2005 - " Het Mooiste van Cornelis Vreeswijk"

title: Cornelis Vreeswijk


text:
Saint Faustina

Saint Faustina may refer to:

 * Saint Faustina (Como), 6th-century Italian nun, feast day January 18
 * Saint Faustina Kowalska (1905–1938), Polish mystic, feast day October 5

title: Saint Faustina


text:
CBRN defense

Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense (CBRN defense) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection (NBC protection) is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (including terrorism) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation.

A CBRN incident differs from a hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with Hazmat team incidents.

A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defense products and services would reach US$8.38 billion that year.

Etymology
In English, the 1990s term CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) was created as a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical), which had previously replaced the earlier 1950s term ABC (Atomic, Biological, and Chemical). The addition of the R (for Radiological) is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as "dirty bombs"). In the 2000s, the term CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) was introduced as an extension of CBRN, the inclusion of the E (for Explosive) is for the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat.

In Spanish the term NRBQ (Nuclear, Radiológico, Bacteriológico y Químico) has replaced NBQ.

Argentina
The Argentine Armed Forces has the Batallón de Ingenieros QBN 601 of the Argentine Army, was the first CRBN response team created, in the 1990s, as a part of the country's Rapid Deployment Force. The Policía Federal Argentina have the Brigada de Riesgos Especiales, this unit is the only national response for CBRN/HAZMAT incidents. Also, has three units called Riesgo Quimico y Biológico, Riesgo Radiológico y Nuclear, and the tactical response unit called Protección QBNR.

Brazil
Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During the 2016 Summer Olympics, police forces like the GATE from São Paulo, the Federal Police, and the National Public Security Force were prepared.

In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion, which is based in Rio de Janeiro and is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command, that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units.

The Brazilian Marine Corps has the CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center)  that controls the ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó, São Paulo, conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, which is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro. The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents.

Canada
The term CBRN is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005, the Canadian Armed Forces also started using the term CBRN Defence, instead of NBC Defence, due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). CBRNE is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests."

All members of the Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years.

At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Level 3 Technician level.

European Union
In mid-July 2016, the European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table: The directive would criminalize: The directive also includes text to help victims of terror attacks.
 * Certain acts related to preparing for a terrorist attack, such as traveling abroad to meet with a terrorist group
 * Training to make explosives, firearms, and other dangerous substances
 * Public incitement or praise for terrorism and financing of terrorism

Hong Kong
Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as the SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of the SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) form in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real-time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full-scale CBRN exercise conducted every year.

India
The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which the first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board.

Army
The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Company. The unit was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers. The unit is also in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, the Veterinary Research Agency, and the National Nuclear Power Agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces.

Police
The Indonesian National Police special unit the Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) has a CBR unit under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public.

Republic of Ireland
The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps (Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid the civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defense courses has detection equipment, and decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits, enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defense training.

The Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána, has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating in 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout the country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), which have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit.

Sri Lanka
14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment

Malaysia
The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen (Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare Division 3; PNBK 3D) in April 2002.

The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit. The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has a CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls before an army PNBK unit responds.

New Zealand
All members of the NZDF are trained in CBRN drills for deployment.

RNZN
RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training.

RNZAF
The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for the RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom.

NZ Army
The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF.

The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment.

Pakistan
Pakistan-based defense industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which include Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) like gloves, boots, and air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors.

Spain
The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia' was formed in March 2005. Training in the defense against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training.

Sweden
The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as the standing force, however, SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023.

Turkey
CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion (Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur) of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit (KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği) and CBRN School and Training Center Command (KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi) Gendarmerie General Command has also unit within self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of the Interior's associate d Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD Works in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks

United Kingdom
CBRN is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service, this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension program, CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of the public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios.

Army

All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually.

The British Army has a single dedicated regiment for all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019 the regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance.

Personnel within the regiment are trained in live environments where CBRN materials are used.

United States

The United States Army uses CBRN as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists (MOS). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing a career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood.

The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management, who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses CBRN as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties. The Marine Corps runs a CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. See also: Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC CBIRF)

The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident.

Russia
The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of the Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons.

The Russian government vaccinated around half a million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic. There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe.

In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that the Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia.

CBRN products
Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place the market for CBRN products in 2013 and 2014 between US$8.7–8.8 billion. The market for CBRN products was expected to grow to over US$13 billion by 2023.

title: CBRN defense


text:
Basha

Basha may refer to:

 * Baasha (king), a Hebrew king
 * Basha (film) (Badshah), a 1995 Indian Tamil-language gangster film by Suresh Krissna
 * Basha: The Boss, Hindi title of Balram vs. Tharadas, a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language film
 * Basha (tarpaulin), British military slang for a shelter or sleeping area
 * Arabic pronunciation of the Turkish title "Pasha", formerly used by some Arab rulers in Ottoman-influenced areas
 * Basha (title), an Ethiopian rank originally derived from the Turkish "Pasha" but of lower status
 * Basha, a chain of Lebanese cuisine restaurants in the Greater Montreal area

People with the surname

 * Amal Basha, Yemeni women's rights activist
 * Arbër Basha (born 1998), Albanian footballer
 * Hassan Abu Basha, Egyptian military officer and politician
 * Migjen Basha (born 1987), Albanian footballer
 * Lulzim Basha (born 1974), Albanian politician

title: Basha


text:
Mackenzie River (New Zealand)

The Mackenzie River is a river in the South Island of New Zealand.

It is in the Mackenzie Basin of the Canterbury region. The river feeds into the Grays River which in turn feeds into the Tekapo River.

title: Mackenzie River (New Zealand)


text:
Causewayed enclosure

A causewayed enclosure is a type of large prehistoric earthwork common to the early Neolithic in Europe. It is an enclosure marked out by ditches and banks, with a number of causeways crossing the ditches. More than 100 examples are recorded in France and 70 in Southern England and Wales, while further sites are known in Scandinavia, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Slovakia.

The term "causewayed enclosure" is now preferred to the older term, causewayed camp, as it has been demonstrated that the sites did not necessarily serve as occupation sites.

Construction
Causewayed enclosures are often located on hilltop sites, encircled by one to four concentric ditches with an internal bank. Enclosures located in lowland areas are generally larger than hilltop ones. Crossing the ditches at intervals are causeways which give the monuments their names. It appears that the ditches were excavated in sections, leaving the wide causeways intact in between. They should not be confused with segmented, or causewayed ring ditches, which are smaller and are thought to relate only to funerary activity, or with hillforts, which appeared later and had a definite defensive function. With regard to defensive functionality, however, evidence of timber palisades has been found at some sites such as Hambledon Hill.

Function
Archaeological evidence implies that the enclosures were visited occasionally by Neolithic groups rather than being permanently occupied. The presence of human remains in the banks and ditches of the enclosures has been seen as an attempt by the builders to connect their ancestors with the land and thus begin to anchor themselves to specific areas. Longitudinal sections excavated along the ditches by archaeologists suggest that the builders repeatedly redug the ditches and each time deliberately deposited pottery and human and animal bones, apparently as a regular ritual. Environmental archaeology suggests that the European landscape was heavily forested when the enclosures were built; they were rare clearings in the woodland that were used for various social and economic activities.

In the 1970s the archaeologist Peter Drewett suggested seven possible functions for the sites:

 * Settlement
 * Defence
 * Cattle compounds or kraals
 * Trade centres
 * Communal meeting places for feasting and other social activities
 * Cult/ritual centres
 * Burial sites

Other interpretations have seen the causeways as symbolic of multi-directional access to the site by scattered communities, the enclosures as funerary centres for excarnation or the construction of the site being a communal act of creation by a fragmented society.

Animal remains (especially cattle bone), domestic waste and pottery have been found at the sites, however there has been limited evidence of any structures. In some locations, such as Windmill Hill, Avebury, evidence of human occupation predates the enclosure. Generally, it appears that the ditches were permitted to silt up, even while the camps were in use, and then re-excavated episodically. It is unlikely that they had a strong defensive purpose. The earthworks may have been designed to keep out wild animals rather than people. The sequential addition of second, third and fourth circuits of banks and ditches may have come about through growing populations adding to the significance of their peoples' monument over time. In some cases, they appear to have evolved into more permanent settlements.

Most causewayed enclosures have been ploughed away in the intervening millennia and are recognized through aerial archaeology.

Dating
The first causewayed enclosures were constructed in Western Europe in the fifth millennium BC and by the early third millennium BC; notable regional variations occur in their construction. French examples begin to demonstrate elaborate horn-shaped entrances which are interpreted as being designed to impress from afar rather than serve any practical purpose.

The dates of construction and use of causwayed enclosures in Britain and Ireland were the subject of a seminal study using Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates, Gathering Time, which provided unprecedented historical precision for the Neolithic period. This showed that following the start of the Neolithic in Britain, i.e. the arrival of the first farmers in the 41st century BC, the first monuments built were long barrows, which became popular at the end of the 39th century, that is, around 3800 BC (or a few decades later ). The fashion for causewayed enclosures took off in the late 38th century, starting in east Britain and rapidly spreading west, with construction peaking in the third quarter of the 37th century. At this time the long barrows were closed up or at least went out of use. Following a lull, a final round of construction of causewayed enclosures happened in the 36th century, and at the same time the usage of existing enclosures (as marked by deposition in the ditches, and continued re-cutting) increased. Some enclosures were in use for only a generation, while others, such as the type site, Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Hambledon Hill, were used for centuries, continuing until the 35th or 34th centuries BC. Throughout this period of primary use, a number of examples were identified of violence and attacks at enclosures. After the 36th century, a new type of monument, the cursus, became popular. All this long preceded the earliest henge monuments, including Stonehenge I.

Examples
Examples of causewayed enclosures include:

England

 * Barkhale Camp, West Sussex
 * Combe Hill, East Sussex
 * Crickley Hill, Gloucestershire
 * Hambledon Hill, Dorset
 * Hembury, Devon
 * Knap Hill, Wiltshire
 * Maiden Bower, Bedfordshire
 * Offham Hill, East Sussex
 * Rams Hill (on the Berkshire Downs)
 * Robin Hood's Ball near Stonehenge
 * The Trundle, West Sussex
 * Whitehawk Camp, East Sussex
 * Windmill Hill, Avebury, Wiltshire
 * Some tor enclosures, such as that at Carn Brea, are believed to have served a similar purpose in south western Britain.

France

 * Champ Durand
 * Chez Reine near Semussac
 * Diconche
 * La Coterelle
 * La Mastine

Ireland

 * Donegore, County Antrim
 * Magheraboy Causewayed Enclosure, County Sligo

Portugal

 * Castro of Zambujal in its second construction phase.

Spain

 * Monte da Lagoa in Narón, Galicia.

Germany

 * Albersdorf-Dieksknöll
 * Büdelsdorf

title: Causewayed enclosure