text:
Talk:Nullity

The info in this article is contained in Null space
This definition of nullity (for matrices) makes the rank-nullity theorem true by definition. Isn't there a definition for matrices that avoids this?

Yes there is. I'm going to copy the definition of nullity out of my Linear Algebra textbook and see what I can do to expand on it/explain it. Since it's a definition, hopefully this won't be construed as a copywrite violation. Fieari 15:51, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I just checked and it seems to me that all the information about nullity can be found in Null space. Perhaps nullity should simply redirect there?  I don't know enough about wikipedia to know how to go about making such a redirect, or who to ask that can make it happen. Fieari 16:02, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree. I will make this a redirect now. Oleg Alexandrov 17:53, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Division By Zero
What about Dr. James Anderson's new nullity number? I just read about it on the BBC website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2006/12/06/divide_zero_feature.shtml --breun 11:33, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Outside of the BBC article (and the accompanying Slashdot article), I've never heard of it before. The linear algebra definition, on the other hand, is well known and an important concept when dealing with matrices. I'm not opposed to seeing an article about it, but as of a few minutes ago, there was almost no useful information about this new definition of nullity, certainly not enough to justify removing the redirect to Null space. Plus it was in violation of WP:NPOV. For now, I've reverted the page to the redirect-only version. --Tjohns  ✎ 11:41, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Outside of the BBC article (...) I've never heard of it before.  -- Yes, that's why it's on BBC News as an invention. I think we should put a disambig here, at least. It is also on the wire, and at least Aftenposten and Verdens Gang has printed it... toresbe 12:29, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Like I said, I have no problem with content on this as long as it's objective and the link to Null space remains. If you take a look at the edit history, so far everything that's been contributed fails both those criteria. A disambig would be just fine with me. --Tjohns  ✎ 12:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we need to recreate the category Category:Pseudomathematics to cover it. As it stands, it's a Neologism which BBC "news" chose to cover.  (The next step is a lawsuit by his students against him for education fraud?)  That would be notable. — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 13:39, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Inventions in mathematics are usually just bull. Discoveries are something that should be noted, if someone inventes a new notation for the number one it should hardly be noted. But as someone pointed out, this is more than just a new notation. Someone should read the papers he released. But I think the papers are mostly rubbish. But IANAM --Soyweiser 15:17, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

It doesn't seem obviously wrong to put Dr. Anderson's research here. BBC News is a secondary source and Dr. Anderson's paper is a primary source, so it's not like this would open the floodgates to original research/neologisms. If there are credible sources that cast doubt on the research, they should go in the article, the better to inform the world. This is especially true today while the story is on the wires and people are going to be looking for the article all day and trying to create it if it isn't here. It's hardly the end of the world if it sits around being imperfect for a few days -- and definitely less of a waste of time than continuing to knock it down over and over.

At the least, we should make the redirect go to division by zero. No articles currently link to the linear algebraic definition, and that article will just confuse people who are looking for more information about Dr. Anderson's research (and we certainly don't want them to put it in that article). I suspect a great many of these are looking for a less credulous take on it than the BBC presented... that's how I got here anyway. Eliot 14:07, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not WikiNews, it's Wikipedia. And part of the problem is that there are no WP:RS other than (possibly) BBC news itself as to the content of the material.  We're probably not going to see a formal refutation because it's not notable enough.  All I can say for certain is that if an article on Dr. Anderson's research appears in Wikipedia in Category:Mathematics, it should be speedily deleted as db-nonsense in the context of mathematics.  If there is an article on the concept (possibly under Dr. Anderson's name), a redirect tag in Null space might be appropriate.  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 14:15, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There is absolutely no reason to redirect the article to null space right now, since thousands of people are going to hit the page today looking for information on division by zero, and nobody is going to hit the page looking for information on linear algebra. Sure, you believe BBC shouldn't have promulgated the neologism, and you're probably right about that. But the fact of the matter is, they did, and so people are coming to this article looking for informstion. Refusing to let the article direct them to the information they're after is just silly. There is some good information on the division by zero article that is relevant to Dr. Anderson's claims, by the way, so I think we should leave it as a redirect to that article for now. Someday when somebody writes an article that links to nullity as a linear algebra concept, the neologism will be forgotten and there will be a good reason to put it back. (Note that I wouldn't be saying this if nullity were actually the article about the linear algebra concept, but since it's not at all a common term for that concept, it's different.) Eliot 14:24, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That's three reverts on this page today, Arthur, so it's time to find something else to do. Eliot 14:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's also a redirect against concensus. You could easily be blocked for that, although not by me.  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 14:36, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Nullity should not, under any circumstances, be a redirect directly to Division by zero. Not only is that wrong, it's misleading. It doesn't matter how many people come here, false information is false information.

 * However, I will say that there is some argument to be made for having a disambiguation page. As I said over in Talk:Null space, Wikipedia is not the place to debate whether a theory is correct or not. Anderson has published his ideas in an acacemic journal (see and ), so it's not WP:OR. --Tjohns   ✎ 14:50, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

There is now a proper redirect page pointing towards both concepts. If you wish to write about Anderson's nullity, please do so over at Divide by zero. --Tjohns  ✎ 15:10, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * ...It's a year and a half later, and the only thing about it still on that page is a mention of a Wikinews article on the subject. --Short Circuit (talk) 22:49, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Sorry to jump into a hot fire here. I saw the article on the BBC website. I think lots of people will be coming here from there, and I think the article as it stands now accurately describes the situation. It seems pretty clear to me (as a brand new editor to this article) that Nullity is an established term in mathematics regarding Null space, and professor Anderson has just coined the term to mean something else. This page, as it stands now, provides correct information about this to users, and appropriate redirects. I just thought that if someone created the disambig page tastefully, that it would stick and encourage constructive contributions. Vir4030 15:14, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Now that it's a disambiguation page, can we delete the line pointing to division by zero, as it's pointed to in the next line (nullity (Transreal)). — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 15:24, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. --Tjohns  ✎ 15:32, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Established?
Although I don't think it matters much, I'm not sure 'non-established' is an accurate description of transreal numbers -- doesn't the axiomatization and associated proofs more or less establish the system? I definitely agree that there should be some disclaimer on the link, but 'unadopted' or 'barely formalized' don't sound good. Is there a formally distinction between established and non-established math concepts that I'm not aware of? I'm mostly just curious and don't plan to change it. Eliot 17:45, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * What other synonyms are there for "neologism" in mathematics? That's what I was looking for.  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 17:48, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Amen to Arthur Rubin. Chutzpan 02:41, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Dr. Anderson's nullity and the BBC
Right now, the BBC's article page for that invention says that there will be more debate on the subject. Many of the viewers' comments (in fact, most of the ones not signed by Chuck Norris et al) seemed to have disproved Dr. Anderson's theory as axiomatically invalid. And many indicate that this is just a rename of NaN (not a number). Should we also link there? Louis 13:53, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * from the same page as the article "Given the, er, light-hearted mathematical debate Dr Anderson's theory has generated, we're delighted to announce he will join us on Tuesday 12 December to answer questions and discuss some of the criticisms levelled against his theory of 'nullity'. You will be able to hear in more detail from Dr Anderson on this page later on Tuesday." --212.183.136.193 15:54, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Even though I think Dr. Anderson's nullity idea is total nonsense, I think it should be represented in the article since wikipedia is a neutral representation of data... but it's just a theory and it should be stated as such —Preceding unsigned comment added by Agreene175 (talk • contribs) 16:45, December 10, 2006

 * It's not even a theory (at least as presented here). It's a definition.  My understanding of WP:NEO is that a definition remains a neologism until someone else uses it, other than in the context "Dr. Anderson calls this nullity".  — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 16:54, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Maybe we should have this wikinews link box appearing somewhere here -- Nojer2 18:00, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Seeing that links to Anderson's page have been repeatedly added and deleted since 2006, I'd like to add the Wikinews box as Nojer2 suggested... any objections?

The merits of his "nullity" "invention" notwithstanding, it's a safe bet that there are at least some people coming to Wikipedia looking for "nullity" in relation to Anderson after having seen a reference to it elsewhere. (Google "solve division by zero" or similar and the BBC article comes up near the top.) We ought to help these users find what they're looking for, and the Wikinews article does a decent job of explaining the significance of his "solution." 28bytes (talk) 06:31, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Not "in mathematics"
I'm uncomfortable with having Richard Anderson's "nullity" under the heading "in mathematics". Presented as a mathematical concept, his transreal numbers are unsupported original research. There are no reliable sources for the math, but there are reliable sources for the media reaction to James Anderson, so I think the disambiguation should point to his article.

The typical misinformed math student who shows up here might not be able to look at "null space" and "transreal numbers" and figure out which one involves dividing 0 by 0, so I think clarification is necessary.

I don't hold a neutral POV here, so I won't go right ahead and make the change, but how about this for the disambiguation?

Nullity may refer to:
 * Nullity (conflict), a legal declaration that no marriage had ever come into being
 * The nullity of a mathematical operator, which is the dimension of its null space
 * Nullity, a non-established mathematical concept that James Anderson (computer scientist) claims to enable division by zero

 r speer  / ɹəəds ɹ  18:20, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That looks fine to me. I'm going to go ahead and add it. -- S onicChao talk 16:03, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Already been done by someone else. -- S onicChao talk 16:05, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see that in the history. Anyway, I've put in this version (but also included the word "controversial", which was added to the previous version of the page), because transreal numbers is now just a redirect to NaN. And the disambiguation of "Nullity" shouldn't point to "NaN", because that satisfies no one: those who want accuracy would object that NaN is an established concept and Nullity isn't, and James Anderson would object adamantly that Nullity is not NaN.  r speer  / ɹəəds ɹ  22:57, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I have no objection to the change, but if you look closely at the version you replaced, "transreal numbers" linked to a section of Dr. Anderson's article. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 20:36, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * They can't be "supported" because there is nothing to "support" them, they are definitions (albeit useless ones, at least in my view), not hypotheses and definitions cannot be "supported". Also, "controversial" is too light a word -- NO serious mathematician takes "nullity" (as in this proposed "number" not as in the real mathematical meaning of nullity) seriously, so how much controversy is there anyway? mike4ty4 08:30, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nullity


text: User talk:24.244.75.127

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.244.75.127


text:
Alpha Delta Pi

Alpha Delta Pi (ΑΔΠ), commonly known as ADPi (pronounced "ay-dee-pye"), is an International Panhellenic sorority founded on May 15, 1851, at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia. It is the oldest secret society for women.

Alpha Delta Pi is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference. The sorority's national philanthropic partner is the Ronald McDonald House Charities. Its executive office is located in Atlanta, Georgia.

History
Alpha Delta Pi was first founded as the Adelphean Society on May 15, 1851, at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgia. The six founders included Eugenia Tucker Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Williams Mitchell, Sophronia Woodruff Dews, Octavia Andrew Rush, Mary Evans Glass, and Ella Pierce Turner.

In 1904, a committee of three, led by Jewel Davis, contacted Attorney Dupont Guerry, the college's president, about to the procedure to become a national organization. They secured a charter of incorporation from the state of Georgia. In 1905, the Adelphean Society changed its name to Alpha Delta Phi. At the time of nationalization, Alpha Delta Phi, as a women's fraternity, had sixty active members and 3,000 alumnae.

In 1905, the Beta chapter was established at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, by two members of the Alpha chapter. The chapter had seven members and fifteen new initiates until the administration abolished sororities three years later. In 1906 its Gamma chapter was founded at Mary Baldwin Seminary. Visitors were not allowed at the school, so the chapter charter and special instructions were delivered to the new group by mail.

In 1906, Jewel Davis entered the University of Texas at Austin as a graduate student, organized a group, and installed them as Delta chapter, the fourth chapter of Alpha Delta Phi. Jewel Davis is listed as a charter member as there was no precedent for affiliation. Today, the Delta chapter at The University of Texas at Austin is the oldest surviving chapter of Alpha Delta Pi. Between 1906 and 1912, eight more chapters were founded at various universities.

In 1913, Alpha Delta Phi officially changed its name to Alpha Delta Pi. The deliberations over this change remain largely unknown aside from the impetus of the discovery of a pre-existing men's fraternity using those exact letters and which pre-dated the original Adelphean Society's inception by almost 20 years. There seems to be little to no speculation as to why "Pi" was specifically chosen as a replacement letter, and or why it took so long to hear of the pre-existing ADPhi Fraternity. Thus in 1913, the Adelphean Society, through Convention legislation, changed the name of the organization, adopted a recognition pin, and appointed a standardization committee. The trustees at Wesleyan Female College voted to abolish sororities, leading to the closure of Alpha chapter in 1915. Chi chapter, at Wittenberg University, was the first chapter to bear the new name at installation. In 1948, Mrs. Carolee Strock Stanard retired as Grand President and part of her keynote address became The Creed of Alpha Delta Pi. In 1960, Alpha Delta Pi's 100th chapter, Delta Omicron, was installed at East Carolina University.

In 1979, Alpha Delta Pi adopted Ronald McDonald Houses as the National Philanthropy. In 1983, Alpha Delta Pi Foundation was established. In 2001, Alpha Delta Pi celebrated its 150th anniversary in Atlanta, Georgia, and in 2006, the Delta chapter, the oldest open chapter of ADPi, celebrated its 100th anniversary at The University of Texas at Austin. In 2009, Theta Theta chapter at Quinnipiac University was installed. Theta Theta was the 200th chapter of ADPi to be installed. Chapters continue to be installed and anniversaries are celebrated at numerous university campuses.

Symbols and publications
The open motto of ADPi is "We Live for Each Other," and its colors are azure blue and white. To the sorority, blue is symbolic of friendship, which the sorority cites as one of its founding values; white symbolizes sincerity and truth, which are two qualities the sorority states it looks for in its members. The official flower is the woodland violet; however since woodland violets are found in the wild and not available for purchase, people often substitute the African violet. The official jewel and symbol is the diamond, which the sorority uses as a symbol of "the enduring strength and value of friendship". The mascot for Alpha Delta Pi is a lion with the nickname of Alphie. Alpha Delta Pi currently has 161 chapters in the United States and Canada, with the majority concentrated in the southern United States, and over 150 alumnae associations. Its national philanthropy is the Ronald McDonald House Charities.

Elizabeth Moseley Coles, who was elected national president at the first grand convention, was responsible for having Alpha Delta Pi's coat of arms designed. Another sister of the Alpha chapter, Agnes Chapman, is given credit for the actual design of the coat of arms. Symbolism from the ritual and the Alpha pin were combined in the coat of arms, and the design originally had a background of violets. In 1919, the convention body voted to make changes and the present design was accepted.

Badges

 * Badge – The first diamond-shaped badge, also known as a lozenge, was first worn by the Adelpheans in 1851. Stars were not included on this first badge, but it did have a monogram of the Wesleyan pin attached to the badge by a link chain, thus forming a guard. In 1854, the stars were added, but it was not until 1874 that the stars and the clasped hands were raised. This design remained with only slight modifications until 1906 when, at Alpha Delta Pi's first convention, Nanaline King presented a new design for the pin. Her design was a smaller gold badge with a black enamel center which pictured the clasped hands, the two stars, and the Greek letters, Alpha Delta Phi. This design was adopted by the convention and is still in use today, except for the Greek letter Phi being changed to Pi at the 1913 convention.
 * Alpha Badge – The new member badge, which is a gold pin emblazoned with a lion atop the Greek letters ΒΥΑ, is worn by new members before their initiation.

The Adelphean
The Adelphean is a quarterly magazine covering recent events, upcoming activities, outstanding members, and chapter news. It is a subscription for members and alumnae and promotes leadership on and off campus. The Adelphean has a partnership with Ronald McDonald House Charities and other local organizations. Its first issue was published March 12, 1907, by a select group of national Alpha Delta Pi leaders and included a collection of letters from outstanding members and updates on the expansion of the secret society. At this time, Alpha Delta Pi was still referred to as "Alpha Delta Phi."

Philanthropy
Since 1979, Alpha Delta Pi has been committed to serving Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC). Throughout their partnership, Alpha Delta Pi has contributed more than $16 million to RHMC. Local RMHC Chapters operate Ronald McDonald House, Ronald McDonald Care Mobile, and Ronald McDonald Family Room programs in local communities.

Chapters
Alpha Delta Pi has 161 chapters in the US and Canada.

title: Alpha Delta Pi


text:
Cabtaxi number

In number theory, the $n$-th cabtaxi number, typically denoted $Cabtaxi(n)$, is defined as the smallest positive integer that can be written as the sum of two positive or negative or 0 cubes in $n$ ways. Such numbers exist for all $n$, which follows from the analogous result for taxicab numbers.

Known cabtaxi numbers
Only 10 cabtaxi numbers are known :

$$\begin{align} \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(1) =& \ 1 \\ &= 1^3 + 0^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(2) =& \ 91 \\ &= 3^3 + 4^3 \\ &= 6^3 - 5^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(3) =& \ 728 \\ &= 6^3 + 8^3 \\ &= 9^3 - 1^3 \\  &= 12^3 - 10^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(4) =& \ 2741256 \\ &= 108^3 + 114^3 \\ &= 140^3 - 14^3 \\  &= 168^3 - 126^3 \\  &= 207^3 - 183^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(5) =& \ 6017193 \\ &= 166^3 + 113^3 \\ &= 180^3 + 57^3 \\  &= 185^3 - 68^3 \\  &= 209^3 - 146^3 \\  &= 246^3 - 207^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(6) =& \ 1412774811 \\ &= 963^3 + 804^3 \\ &= 1134^3 - 357^3 \\  &= 1155^3 - 504^3 \\  &= 1246^3 - 805^3 \\  &= 2115^3 - 2004^3 \\  &= 4746^3 - 4725^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(7) =& \ 11302198488 \\ &= 1926^3 + 1608^3 \\ &= 1939^3 + 1589^3 \\  &= 2268^3 - 714^3 \\  &= 2310^3 - 1008^3 \\  &= 2492^3 - 1610^3 \\  &= 4230^3 - 4008^3 \\  &= 9492^3 - 9450^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(8) =& \ 137513849003496 \\ &= 22944^3 + 50058^3 \\ &= 36547^3 + 44597^3 \\  &= 36984^3 + 44298^3 \\  &= 52164^3 - 16422^3 \\  &= 53130^3 - 23184^3 \\  &= 57316^3 - 37030^3 \\  &= 97290^3 - 92184^3 \\   &= 218316^3 - 217350^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(9) =& \ 424910390480793000 \\ &= 645210^3 + 538680^3 \\  &= 649565^3 +  532315^3 \\  &= 752409^3 -  101409^3 \\  &= 759780^3 -  239190^3 \\  &= 773850^3 -  337680^3 \\  &= 834820^3 -  539350^3 \\  &= 1417050^3 - 1342680^3 \\  &= 3179820^3 - 3165750^3 \\  &= 5960010^3 - 5956020^3 \\[6pt] \mathrm{Cabtaxi}(10) =& \ 933528127886302221000 \\ &= 8387730^3 + 7002840^3 \\ &= 8444345^3 + 6920095^3 \\  &= 9773330^3 - 84560^3 \\  &= 9781317^3 - 1318317^3 \\  &= 9877140^3 - 3109470^3 \\  &= 10060050^3 - 4389840^3 \\  &= 10852660^3 - 7011550^3 \\  &= 18421650^3 - 17454840^3 \\  &= 41337660^3 - 41154750^3 \\  &= 77480130^3 - 77428260^3 \end{align}$$

History
Cabtaxi(2) was known to François Viète and Pietro Bongo in the late 16th century in the equivalent form $$3^3+4^3+5^3=6^3$$. The existence of Cabtaxi(3) was known to Leonhard Euler, but its actual solution was not found until later, by Edward B. Escott in 1902.

Cabtaxi(4) through and Cabtaxi(7) were found by Randall L. Rathbun in 1992; Cabtaxi(8) was found by Daniel J. Bernstein in 1998. Cabtaxi(9) was found by Duncan Moore in 2005, using Bernstein's method. Cabtaxi(10) was first reported as an upper bound by Christian Boyer in 2006 and verified as Cabtaxi(10) by Uwe Hollerbach and reported on the NMBRTHRY mailing list on May 16, 2008.

title: Cabtaxi number


text:
Niagara

Niagara may refer to:

In both the United States and Canada

 * Niagara Falls, the famous waterfalls in the Niagara River
 * Niagara River, part of the U.S.–Canada border
 * Niagara Escarpment, the cliff over which the river forms the falls
 * Niagara Whirlpool, a natural whirlpool downstream from the falls
 * Niagara Gorge, formed by the recession of the falls

United States

 * Niagara Falls, New York, the U.S. city adjacent to the falls
 * Niagara County, New York
 * Niagara Falls State Park, the oldest state park in the US
 * Niagara Escarpment AVA, New York wine region
 * Niagara, New York, a town
 * Fort Niagara, near Youngstown, New York
 * Niagara Frontier, a region south of Lakes Ontario and Erie
 * Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
 * Buffalo Niagara Region, an economic region

Canada

 * Niagara Falls, Ontario, the Canadian city adjacent to the falls
 * Niagara-on-the-Lake
 * Niagara Peninsula, between Lakes Ontario and Erie
 * Niagara (electoral district), a 19th-century federal House of Commons district and historic county
 * Regional Municipality of Niagara
 * Diocese of Niagara

Australia

 * Niagara, Western Australia, an abandoned town in the goldfields

Canada

 * Niagara, British Columbia
 * Niagara, Toronto, a neighbourhood
 * Niagara Peak, a mountain
 * Mitchell Lake/Niagara Park, the original name of Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park

United States

 * Niagara, Kentucky
 * Niagara, North Dakota
 * Niagara, Oregon
 * Niagara, Wisconsin
 * Niagara (town), Wisconsin

Arts and entertainment

 * Niagara (painter and singer) (fl. from 1974), an American punk singer and painter
 * Niagara (album) by Red Aim, 2003
 * Niagara (band), a French rock band
 * Niagara (board game)
 * Niagara (1953 film), a film noir starring Marilyn Monroe
 * Niagara (2022 film), a Canadian comedy-drama film
 * Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic, a 1986 IMAX film
 * "Niagara" (The Office), an episode of the TV series
 * Niagara (Frederic Edwin Church), an 1857 painting
 * "Niagara", a song by Sara Evans from the album Restless

Ships

 * Niagara (ship), the name of several ships
 * Niagara (tug), that sank on Lake Superior in 1904
 * Niagara (yacht) a 65-foot sloop built in 1895
 * PS Niagara, a Great Lakes steamboat
 * HMS Linnet (1814), built in 1814 as Niagara
 * HMS Niagara, earlier known as HMS Royal George, a British 20-gun wooden sloop
 * USS Niagara, the name of several ships of the U.S. Navy

Other uses

 * Niagara (grape)
 * Niagara College in Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada
 * Niagara University in Niagara County, New York, U.S.
 * New York Central Niagara a steam locomotive
 * The Niagara, a historic hotel in Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.
 * Niagara Bottling, a bottling company.

title: Niagara


text:
Wayne County & the Electric Chairs

Wayne County & the Electric Chairs was a rock band that was part of the first wave of punk bands from the 1970s. The band was headed by Georgia-born singer Jayne County and became known for their campy, foul-mouthed ballads, glam punk inspired songs and image which was heavily influenced by Jackie Curtis and the Theatre of the Ridiculous.

Career
Jayne County, then known as Wayne County, originally began performing in New York with a band called Queen Elizabeth. This was followed by Wayne County and The Backstreet Boys as documented on Rhino's DIY: Blank Generation compilation album with an early single: "Max's Kansas City 1976." Upon moving to London with Greg Van Cook, a member of the Backstreet Boys, she recruited a new drummer and bassist to form "The Electric Chairs"; a band comprising Van Cook (guitar), Val Haller (bass) and Chris Dust (drums).

Jools Holland had his first studio session with the group in 1976.

None of County's albums were ever released in her native United States except for three songs on the very early punk compilation Max's Kansas City.

Wayne County and the Electric Chairs were supported by the Police during their 1977 tour of Holland. Dust, a Hungarian, was deported following the band's return to the UK when the authorities found that his visa had expired over a year before. He was replaced by John "JJ" Johnson, and the band recorded their first album The Electric Chairs. In order to recreate the sound of the album live the band recruited Police guitarist, Henry Padovani on rhythm guitar.

This new five-piece line-up toured extensively, but County ultimately fired Greg Van Cook due to his rampant drug abuse and replaced him with Eliot Michael, another former member of the Backstreet Boys. Producer Martin Birch exerted a great deal of creative control over the band's second album Storm the Gates of Heaven and Padovani later commented in his memoir that the album "wasn't bad but it wasn't the Chairs as we wanted it to be." The band's third album Things Your Mother Never Told You was produced by David Cunningham. After a few more tours, Wayne County & the Electric Chairs split in two, with Eliot Michael following County in his solo career. Padovani, Haller, and Johnson recorded a final single: "So Many Ways" as The Electric Chairs before management problems forced them to disband completely.

County played "Lounge Lizard" in Derek Jarman's 1978 film Jubilee, performing "Paranoia Paradise" with the Electric Chairs. This track appeared on the Jubilee soundtrack album released by Polydor UK in 1978. County is featured in the 2013 film CBGB. The Wayne County and the Electric Chairs track "Out of Control" appears on the CBGB film soundtrack – released in the US by Omnivore Recordings.

The much bootlegged 'live' appearance of Wayne County & the Electric Chairs in 1978 on the German TV show Rockpalast was released as a DVD/CD double pack by Repertoire Records UK in December 2014. The concert took place while the band were touring their second album Storm the Gates of Heaven".

Albums

 * The Electric Chairs (Safari, February 1978)
 * Storm the Gates of Heaven (also released as Man Enough to Be a Woman) (Safari, August 1978)
 * Things Your Mother Never Told You (Safari, May 1979)

Compilations

 * Best of Jayne/Wayne County and the Electric Chairs (Safari, 1982)
 * Rock 'n' Roll Cleopatra (RPM, 1993)
 * Let Your Backbone Slip! (RPM, 1995)
 * Safari Years Box (Captain Trip, 2011)
 * The Safari Years - 4 CD Box Set (Captain Oi! 2020)

Singles and EPs

 * Max's Kansas City: New York New Wave EP (1975)
 * "Fuck Off" / "On the Crest" (Sweet FA Records, Nov 1977)
 * "Thunder When She Walks" / "What You Got" (Illegal, 1977)
 * "Eddie & Sheena" / "Rock'n'Roll Cleopatra" (Safari, February 1978)
 * "Stuck on You" / "Paranoia Paradise" / "The Last Time" (Illegal, June 1978)
 * "I Had Too Much to Dream Last Night" / "Fuck Off" (Safari, 1978)
 * Blatantly Offenzive E.P. (Safari, 1978)
 * "Trying to Get on the Radio" / "Evil Minded Mama" (Safari, August 1978)
 * "Berlin" / "Waiting for the Marines" (Safari, June 1979)
 * "So Many Ways" / "J'Attends Les Marines" (Illegal, 1979)

Filmography

 * 1976 The Blank Generation directed by Ivan Kral and Amos Poe
 * 1977 Jubilee directed by Derek Jarman
 * 1978 The Punk Rock Movie directed by Don Letts
 * 1983 The City of Lost Souls directed by Rosa von Praunheim
 * 2013 CBGB

title: Wayne County & the Electric Chairs


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Nickelsville

Nickelsville may refer to one of the following:

 * Nickelsville, Georgia
 * Nickelsville, Virginia

title: Nickelsville


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Endosperm

The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in animal diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut "meat" and coconut "water", and corn. Some plants, such as certain orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.

Ancestral flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and abundant endosperm. In some modern flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is non-developed or consumed before the seed matures. In other flowering plant taxa, the Poaceae for example, the endosperm is greatly developed.

Double fertilization
An endosperm is formed after the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the interior of a female gametophyte or megagametophyte, also called the embryonic sac. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg cell, forming a zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the binucleate central cell, forming a primary endosperm cell (its nucleus is often called the triple fusion nucleus). That cell created in the process of double fertilization develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm constitutes an organism separate from the growing embryo.

About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid. These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes), but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.

One flowering plant, Nuphar polysepala, has diploid endosperm, resulting from the fusion of a pollen nucleus with one, rather than two, maternal nuclei. The same is supposed for some other basal angiosperms. It is believed that early in the development of angiosperm lineages, there was a duplication in this mode of reproduction, producing seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophytes, and triploid endosperms with a 2:1 maternal to paternal genome ratio.

Double fertilisation is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.

Endosperm development
There are three types of endosperm development:

Nuclear endosperm development – where repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed it will form after free-nuclear divisions. Commonly referred to as liquid endosperm. Coconut water is an example of this.

Cellular endosperm development – where a cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. Coconut meat is cellular endosperm. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial.

Helobial endosperm development – where a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern.

Evolutionary origins
The evolutionary origins of double fertilization and endosperm are unclear, attracting researcher attention for over a century. There are the two major hypotheses: The triploid transition - and the production of antipodal cells - may have occurred due to a shift in gametophyte development which produced a new interaction with an auxin-dependent mechanism originating in the earliest angiosperms.
 * The double fertilization initially used to produce two identical, independent embryos ("twins"). Later these embryos acquired different roles, one growing into the mature organism, and another merely supporting it. Thus, the early endosperm was probably diploid, like the embryo. Some gymnosperms, such as Ephedra, may produce twin embryos by double fertilization. Either of these two embryos is capable of filling in the seed, but normally only one develops further (the other eventually aborts). Also, most basal angiosperms still contain the four-cell embryo sac and produce diploid endosperms.
 * Endosperm is the evolutionary remnant of the actual gametophyte, similar to the complex multicellular gametophytes found in gymnosperms. In this case, acquisition of the additional nucleus from the sperm cell is a later evolutionary step. This nucleus may provide the parental (not only maternal) organism with some control over endosperm development. Becoming triploid or polyploid are later evolutionary steps of this "primary gametophyte". Nonflowering seed plants (conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, Ephedra) form a large homozygous female gametophyte to nourish the embryo within a seed.

Role in seed development
In some groups (e.g. grains of the family Poaceae), the endosperm persists to the mature seed stage as a storage tissue, in which case the seeds are called "albuminous" or "endospermous", and in others it is absorbed during embryo development (e.g., most members of the family Fabaceae, including the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris), in which case the seeds are called "exalbuminous" or "cotyledonous" and the function of storage tissue is performed by enlarged cotyledons ("seed leaves"). In certain species (e.g. corn, Zea mays); the storage function is distributed between both endosperm and the embryo. Some mature endosperm tissue stores fats (e.g. castor bean, Ricinus communis) and others (including grains, such as wheat and corn) store mainly starches.

The dust-like seeds of orchids have no endosperm. Orchid seedlings are mycoheterotrophic in their early development. In some other species, such as coffee, the endosperm also does not develop. Instead, the nucellus produces a nutritive tissue termed "perisperm". The endosperm of some species is responsible for seed dormancy. Endosperm tissue also mediates the transfer of nutrients from the mother plant to the embryo, it acts as a location for gene imprinting, and is responsible for aborting seeds produced from genetically mismatched parents. In angiosperms, the endosperm contain hormones such as cytokinins, which regulate cellular differentiation and embryonic organ formation.

Cereal grains
Cereal crops are grown for their edible fruit (grains or caryopses), which are primarily endosperm. In the caryopsis, the thin fruit wall is fused to the seed coat. Therefore, the nutritious part of the grain is the seed and its endosperm. In some cases (e.g. wheat, rice) the endosperm is selectively retained in food processing (commonly called white flour), and the embryo (germ) and seed coat (bran) removed. The processed grain has a lower quality of nutrition. Endosperm thus has an important role within the human diet worldwide.

The aleurone is the outer layer of endosperm cells, present in all small grains and retained in many dicots with transient endosperm. The cereal aleurone functions for both storage and digestion. During germination, it secretes the amylase enzyme that breaks down endosperm starch into sugars to nourish the growing seedling.

title: Endosperm


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Television/Episode coverage task force

This is a task force of WikiProject Television for the coverage of episode related content (as opposed to over-all show information, or other general TV article). This includes Lists of episodes, season / series / story arc articles, and individual episode articles.

This task force is the result of merging WP:TVE and WP:LOE. You will find all those guidelines, templates, and advice on this page, as well as new information. This was done to better organize all articles relating to episode-level detail.

To include articles in this task force, add  to WikiProject Television on the article's talk page. To assess articles for this task force add for example,  after including the articles as part of the task force.

See also WP:NTVEP for guidance on writing articles on individual television episodes.

Guidelines

 * Notability (television), specifically WP:NTVEP
 * Notability (fiction)
 * Manual of Style (writing about fiction)
 * WP:TV-REVIEW Television article review process

Participants
Technically speaking, anyone who edits / contributes to TV and episode articles is a participant, and there are no requirements other than that. If one wishes they can further identify themselves with the task force by adding User TV Eps to their user page.
 * }

Article assessment
Some advice regarding television episode article assessment:
 * Top-importance episodes have attained a status of significant importance not just to a single television series, but to the history of television or pop culture at large. Examples: "The Winds of Winter" (Game of Thrones), "The Last Show" (Mary Tyler Moore Show)
 * High-importance episodes are very important or notable in the context of an individual series, and has gained recognition to general audiences outside of that series as well. Examples: "The Contest" (Seinfeld), "Made in America" (The Sopranos)
 * Mid-importance episodes may have particular significance in the context of an individual show, but has not necessarily gained significant importance outside of that series. Examples: "The One with Ross's Wedding" (Friends), "Scott Tenorman Must Die" (South Park)
 * Low-importance episodes are not of any particular importance, within the context of the series of the individual series or otherwise, but still satisfy Wikipedia's notability guidelines. Examples: "Ron and Tammy" (Parks and Recreation), "Lemon of Troy" (The Simpsons)

Featured content
These articles about television episodes reached featured article status. You can use them as an example of what a well written episode article should look like.

Featured lists
The following lists of episodes have been identified as Featured lists:

 * See Featured lists for a full list of TV-related Featured lists.

List guidelines

 * Until a new guideline/how-to is made, simply follow the example of other Featured lists.
 * (see also, below  for the structure guidelines via templates)

Additional relevant guidelines and advice:
 * Categories, lists, and series boxes
 * List guideline
 * Lists (stand-alone lists)
 * Embedded list

 * Featured lists
 * What is a featured list?

Templates

 * Episode list
 * Simplifies the method of creating new lists in a table format, using the project's recommended layout. Participants are encouraged to begin applying them to episode lists.
 * For lists that only list titles and air dates, etc., and do not include summaries, remove ShortSummary, which will remove the summary cell, colored line separator and default cell coloring.
 * Please be sure to use Start date for the first-broadcast date of each episode.

Categories
When a list is in its own List of episodes or List of media article, add a category from Category:Lists of television series episodes.