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Pedro the Lion

Pedro the Lion is an American indie rock band from Seattle, Washington, United States. David Bazan formed the band in 1995 and represented its main creative force, backed by a varying rotation of collaborating musicians. In 2006 Pedro the Lion was dissolved as Bazan went solo; Bazan reformed the band and resumed performing under the Pedro the Lion moniker in late 2017. Releasing seven full-length albums and five EPs since 1997, the band is known for its first person narrative lyrics.

History
Pedro the Lion was formed by David Bazan in 1995. The name of the band comes from a character that would have been interwoven into the band's first album. In 1997 they released their debut EP Whole with Bazan playing nearly every instrument, a format he continued on the band's first two full-length albums, It's Hard to Find a Friend (1998), and Winners Never Quit (2000).

Winners marked Pedro the Lion's first concept album. After its completion, Bazan has claimed he initially decided not to continue writing concept albums. However, in the process of writing his next full-length Control, he realized he had inadvertently created a narrative link "about 70% of the way through [the album]" and decided to finish it in the same vein. The album's thematic content criticizes American capitalism, which Bazan notes was largely inspired by the sentiments surrounding the World Trade Organization protests in 1999.

Control also saw Casey Foubert of Seattle-based Seldom join Pedro the Lion to play bass on the album. Additionally, Foubert co-wrote "Penetration" and "Second Best", the third and eighth tracks, respectively, on the album, which was released in 2002. Among other collaborations with music artists, Foubert has subsequently worked as a touring musician for singer-songwriter Sufjan Stevens and the Portland-based indie rock band, The Shins.

Achilles Heel followed, released on May 24, 2004, and marked the beginning of Bazan's partnership with TW Walsh as the band's primary writers and musicians. Bazan described the tracks in the fourth full-length from Pedro the Lion as a return to the songwriting characterized by Friend and the Secure EP in the sense that there was no "pretense of anything bigger", an allusion to his previous concept albums.

In early January 2006, Pedro the Lion formally announced that they had split. The split was amicable; Bazan and Walsh continue to be good friends. Bazan said that their friendship has even been strengthened by the breakup. Bazan toured in support of Fewer Moving Parts, his solo debut EP. Walsh returned to his career as a Web application developer and is busy with his band, The Soft Drugs, and their debut release, In Moderation. David Bazan released his debut solo LP, Curse Your Branches, on Seattle-based Barsuk Records in 2009.

The Pedro The Lion catalog was remastered for vinyl by TW Walsh and reissued in 2012.

Bazan is a member of Overseas with Will Johnson of Centro-matic and Bubba & Matt Kadane of Bedhead and The New Year. Their self-titled debut album was released on June 11, 2013.

Beginning in spring 2017, Bazan began forming a new band which he initially envisioned billing as "David Bazan Band" or something similar. In October 2017, Bazan announced that Pedro the Lion would be reforming beginning with several shows in December 2017. Asked if there would be new material, Bazan explained that the band will initially be playing Pedro the Lion's existing catalog along with limited performances of songs from Headphones and Bazan's solo catalog, with new material to follow.

Albums

 * It's Hard to Find a Friend – Made In Mexico/Jade Tree – 1998
 * Winners Never Quit – Jade Tree – 2000
 * Control – Jade Tree – 2002
 * Achilles Heel – Jade Tree – 2004
 * Phoenix – Polyvinyl/Big Scary Monsters – 2019
 * Havasu – Polyvinyl/Big Scary Monsters – 2022
 * Santa Cruz – Polyvinyl/Big Scary Monsters – 2024

EPs

 * Whole EP – Tooth & Nail – 1997
 * The Only Reason I Feel Secure – Made In Mexico/Jade Tree – 1999
 * Progress – Suicide Squeeze – 2000
 * Tour EP '04 – Self-released/Jade Tree – 2004
 * Stations – 2004

Compilations

 * "The Longer I Lay Here" (live) – Exploitation of Sound Vol. 1 – Hero Music – 1999
 * "Breadwinner You" – The Unaccompanied Voice: An A Capella Compilation – Secretly Canadian – 2000
 * "Rapture", "Backwoods Nation" – Location Is Everything Vol. 1 – Jade Tree – 2002
 * "I Do" (live) – Location Is Everything Vol. 2 – Jade Tree – 2004
 * "Discretion" –Take Action! Volume 04 – Sub City Records – 2004
 * "I Heard the Bells On Christmas Day" (new rendition) – Maybe This Christmas Tree – Nettwerk – 2004

Singles
The band released various 45 rpm singles in limited quantities:

Soundtracks

 * The band is featured in the 2004 Christian music documentary Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?

title: Pedro the Lion


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Melbourne/Suburbs

 * Archive 1 - (May 25 2004 to September 22 2004) - mostly suburb table discussions

Current Suburb box syntax
For simplicities sake I have renamed the Infoboxes:

MelbSuburbBox1
Syntax:

MelbSuburbBox2
Syntax:

 * Box1 advantages
 * Simpler box syntax - keeps pages easy to edit

 * Box2 advantages
 * Allows for multiple suburbs per cell
 * Allows for article titles outside the (suburb), Victoria standard

-- Chuq 01:51, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Proposal for highlighting bodies of water
Many people seem to have raised the issue of highlighting bodies of water conveniently and clearly in the current box format, so I've come up with this:

Template (temporary location): User:Evan C/Sandbox

It works, and isn't hard to do. It's not a perfectly "clean" solution, but we're not going to get one with the current templating system. I haven't put it into the real template yet in case there are issues with it that I'm not seeing.

Cheers --Evan C (Talk) 02:43, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've put this into action at Template:MelbSuburbBox1/Water (likewise for MSB2). I didn't want to modify the main template for now, but I'm beginning to use the water one where needed. --Evan C (Talk) 10:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Brunswick Duplication
I know there is a wikipedia place to report things like this, but I thought we could get it cleaned up ourselves quicker, so reporting it here. Duplication of Brunswick, Victoria and Brunswick, Melbourne. I don't have time right now, but perhaps someone could make sure the Victoria one has all the info of the Melbourne one, and delete if it does? -- Generica 05:13, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Jeez, how did that happen? Well I've listed it for merging and included the templates; I would merge it myself but it looks like quite the undertaking. T.P.K. 05:35, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Would just be bad luck that the only (so far) Melbourne suburbs article that is a duplicate, isn't a stub :P -- Chuq 07:22, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * A quick browse suggests they are very similar. It almost seems like they were based on the same common material, so it shouldn't be too hard.  That said, I step back from the line of volunteers :) -- Generica 07:42, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

Sydney WikiProject
Hope you all don't mind, but I'm going to "steal" a lot of your concepts! - Ta bu shi da yu 04:32, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Usefulness of these tables
Now, don't get me wrong, I think there is some use in geographically linking the suburbs with these tables, but recently a sum total of two people have spoken out against them! Anyway, that leads to a valid point - we may consider them useful, but that is our naturally biased opinion, havig spent so much energy on the whole thing. Wikipians at large may not agree. I don't know, so I suggest we open this up on the Village Pump and ask for some general opinions on whether or not people would find these tables useful. If the vast majority think not, it may need rethinking, but there's only one way to find out...

Also, if we are going to work with the WPS folks on a shared format for suburb articles, we ought to have just the one discussion spot, not two. I would naturally suggest here ( :P ), but whatever works is fine with me.

T.P.K. 06:21, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I definitely think a comment on VP would be good. Maybe the discussion could be held at WikiProject Cities pages, and linked from the VP.  (Having it on WP:Melb would stir the Sydney people up!  That would be as crazy as, say, having an AFL Grand Final at the MCG with no Melbourne teams playing ;) )The suburb articles definitely need some form of geographical identification, whether it be a locator map of Melbourne, or an adjacent suburb box, or something along those lines. -- Chuq 12:38, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, from VP it appears that the Canadians have done it and they've been kept there dispite some negative feedback. I don't think we need to worry though. T.P.K. 08:42, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reply at Australian wikipedians' notice board/WikiProjects -- Chuq 12:44, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The current format of the suburb adjacency tables has two flaws:

1. Bodies of water such as Port Phillip should be rendered in a different background colour to make it clearer to the casual browser that it is a body of water and not a suburb.

2. Where a suburb would fill more than one adjacency cell in the table, there is no way to implement rowspan and colspan attributes in the table tags. To see how adjacency cells can span more than one cell, see the entry for Springvale South where the adjacent suburbs of Keysborough and Dingley Village both span two cells.

Can the wiki be altered to include these attributes if they are not already present? --B.d.mills 01:53, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * These are known problems. I believe that the ease of using the templates outweighs them.  No 1, would be good to do, would be nice if we could include a variable like wnorthwest=yes and have the template code insert the right bgcolor tag to make the northwest cell blue, but the template code isn't that powerful.  No 2, its just my opinion, but I think it looks better with the suburb name being duplicated in two different cells - it makes it more obvious they are cardinal directions. -- Chuq 03:22, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Just looking at them for the first time, the tables seem to work well, apart from the fact that there are some incosistencies in certain suburbs (like Hawthorn East). Tim 02:04, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I've updated Hawthorn East to the new template. I lived there for 20 years, so I felt it was my duty :)  I'm actually not sure I've got it right - I was sort of going off the Melways site, and ended up with Kew being both north and northwest.  As always, feel free to update it. --Stevage 13:19, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Progress update Jan 31, 2006
I have looked at all articles in the List of Melbourne suburbs and made a guesstimate of percentage complete for each one. I have rated each article between 0.10 for a basic stub to 1.00 for a virtually complete article. Examples of complete articles would include Brunswick, Frankston, Belgrave, Doncaster East, Somers and North Melbourne.

I am unsure as to which of the outer suburbs are included within the boundary of Greater Melbourne. Does anyone know if there is a definitive list?

On the assumption that all suburbs in the list require articles, then the overall progress for Melbourne suburbs, as at 31 January, 2006, is 24%.

Based on the above numbers a league table of Melbourne Cities and Shires looks like this:

Note: Some suburbs are shared between cities, hence numbers such as 8.50 suburbs.

If you live in an area down at the bottom of the table perhaps you might consider adopting one or two of your local suburbs for future articles. Eric.Cuddy Wifter 04:21, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Cuddy/Eric, you are my new hero! I live in Knox, and I study in Whitehorse. I also have some ties to cities/shires at the bottom of the table, like Cardinia and even the Mornington Penisula/Yarra Ranges. This will be a good idea to include the 80 WikiMelburnians, no matter where they happen to live. Let's get some good work done this fortnight. I'm sure suburbs like Cranbourne and Lyndhurst can be worked on. --EuropracBHIT 06:31, 6 February 2006 (UTC).

Council Templates
Hello. I'm from Adelaide and I have come and created council templates along the lines of those in Adelaide. Likewise templates have been created for all the councils in Melbourne, which can be added appropriately by. The list of subrubs was based on the corresponding article for the council. I have been adding these things at the bottom of the relevant suburb. Blnguyen 04:18, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * They have been added to all the suburbs under the respective councils.Blnguyen | Have your say!!! 23:07, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

A LOT of suburb adjacency tables filled in
Just to notify anyone interested, I've just spent the last 5 hours or so (hey - I lost track of time :P) filling in the table of every suburb that had the MelbSuburbBoxIncomplete template. They're mostly 3x3s, for now anyway. However I couldn't locate Clayton North on Street-Directory.com.au or in my hardcopy Melway, so I couldn't do that.

Must sleep now. Cheers --Evan C 16:24, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Great effort Evan. While you were sleeping I filled in Clayton North for you. - Cuddy Wifter 23:02, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'm sure there are many, many, many more suburbs - even metro suburbs that didn't have the MelbSuburbBoxIncomplete template on them, so we have a long way to go yet... --Evan C (Talk) 02:23, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Naming convention
Why exactly is the naming convention for the article title "Suburb, Victoria"? Shouldn't it just be "Suburb" when there is no ambiguity with any other town? I agree that there should always be a redirect for the "Suburb, Victoria" form, for uniformity, but the ", Victoria" bit really seems unnecessary. Not only that, it doesn't reflect any real world convention...I've never heard of "Hawthorn East, Victoria" for example. I don't see many non-wikipedia non-address appearances on Google either. Stevage 13:37, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * A uniformed approach that will almost always work is best. It's best to always be able to pull up a suburb's article (at its real title) using a simple format that applies for all Victorian suburbs. Honestly, I think other cities should follow suit if they don't already have such a naming convention.
 * Of course, if there's no ambiguity the simple "Suburb" name could redirect, but the articles should follow a convention.
 * --Evan C (Talk) 14:29, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Progress update April 19, 2006
I have recalculated my guesstimate of percentage complete for Melbourne Suburbs articles. Here is the updated "league table" of Melbourne Cities and Shires.

 * Note: Some suburbs are shared between cities, hence numbers such as 8.50 suburbs.

The overall progress for Melbourne suburbs, as at 19 April, 2006, is 29%. My estimate is that 18 articles are complete, 62 are more than 50% complete, 161 are between 20 and 50% complete, 183 are stubs and 55 have not been started.

The following suburbs are estimated at over 70% complete. May I suggest that all participants in the Melbourne Project consider this list and adopt one or two of these articles which, with a little effort, can boost the completed list. If you wish to look at examples of completed articles check these :Brunswick, Frankston, Belgrave, Doncaster East, Somers and North Melbourne.

City of Melbourne City of Port Phillip City of Yarra City of Hume City of Moonee Valley City of Moreland Shire of Nillumbik City of Whittlesea City of Boroondara City of Knox City of Whitehorse Shire of Yarra Ranges City of Bayside City of Kingston City of Maribyrnong City of Wyndham
 * Carlton
 * West Melbourne
 * Port Melbourne
 * St Kilda
 * Abbotsford
 * Fitzroy
 * Broadmeadows
 * Sunbury
 * Tullamarine
 * Strathmore
 * Coburg North
 * Glenroy
 * North Warrandyte
 * Mill Park
 * Canterbury
 * Kew
 * Surrey Hills
 * Ferntree Gully
 * Blackburn North
 * Blackburn South
 * Box Hill North
 * Mount Dandenong
 * Selby
 * Black Rock
 * Dingley Village
 * Footscray
 * Hoppers Crossing
 * Point Cook
 * Werribee

Cuddy Wifter 06:14, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Progress update August 2, 2006
Update of Melbourne Suburbs articles. Here is the updated "league table" of Melbourne Cities and Shires.

 * Note: Some suburbs are shared between cities, hence numbers such as 8.50 suburbs.

The overall progress for Melbourne suburbs, as at 2 Augustl, 2006, is 32%. My estimate is that 22 articles are complete, 75 are more than 50% complete, 176 are between 20 and 50% complete, 163 are stubs and 48 have not been started. - Cuddy Wifter 04:30, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Progress update April 12, 2007
Since the last time I did a progress update on Melbourne Suburbs articles the WikiProject Australia/Assessment project has appeared on the scene. While doing this update I have also assessed all suburb articles for quality and importance in accordance with these Assessment standards. My previous scale of assessment of articles has been mainly based on the percentage content of articles, with the assumption of a complete article being somewhere between class GA and B on the Quality scale in the Assessment project.

The overall progress for Melbourne suburbs, as at 12 April, 2007, is now estimated at 39%. My guesstimate is that 24 articles are virtually complete, 115 are over 50% complete, 209 are between 20 and 50% complete, 116 are stubs and 19 have not been started. - Cuddy Wifter 01:36, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there a list of the last two cats btw? I'd be happy to look at it though am busy this week and next. Orderinchaos 05:45, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * These are the suburbs which are a very basic stub article:

 * For suburbs/townships which do not have an article, see the red links at List of Melbourne suburbs.

- Cuddy Wifter 01:43, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) I'll see if I can improve on any of the above, and fill in the missing ones (I designed an Access database back in Nov to spit out infoboxes, so might bring that back on board). Orderinchaos 06:36, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Progress update January 17, 2008
I have taken a look at progress for Melbourne suburbs articles which, as at January 17, 2008, I estimate at 44% complete. My guesstimate is that 26 articles are virtually complete, 143 are over 50% complete, 190 are between 45 and 25% complete, 107 are basic stubs and 17 have not been started. Anyone looking to "adopt" a Melbourne related article should check out any of the above list of suburbs which are mostly still stubs. Cuddy Wifter (talk) 20:05, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Margaret Pomeranz

Margaret Pomeranz (born Margeret Anne Jones-Owen, 14 July 1944) is an Australian film critic, writer, producer, and television personality.

Early life
Pomeranz was born Margeret Anne Jones-Owen on 14 July 1944 in Waverley, a suburb of Sydney.

She was educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney in Croydon, the then newly opened Macquarie University, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and social psychology, and the Playwright's Studio at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA).

In between her studies, she spent two-and-a-half years in Vienna, where she worked as a stringer for The Bulletin and ABC Rural Radio. She wrote stories about such things as Australian sales to Hungarian farmers, and the effects of the Russian wheat crop failing.

Career
Pomeranz joined the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) in 1980 as writer and producer, working on TV programs such Front Up, Subsonics and the AFI and IF Awards.

With David Stratton
She was appointed producer for David Stratton's film presentations. Together with Stratton, she hosted the long-running SBS TV program The Movie Show from 30 October 1986 until 2004. From 1 July 2004 she appeared on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) version of the program, At the Movies, again with Stratton, concluding on 9 December 2014.

Two articles which analysed their reviews at SBS and ABC showed that Stratton was generally a slightly harsher critic than Pomeranz. At SBS, they only both gave five stars to four films: Evil Angels (1988), Return Home (1990), The Piano (1993), and Lantana (2001). At the ABC, they only both gave five stars to six films: Brokeback Mountain (2005), Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), No Country For Old Men (2007), Samson and Delilah (2009), A Separation (2011), and Amour (2012). They disagreed particularly on Romper Stomper (David refusing to rate it because of the racist violence in the film), The Castle (1997), Last Train to Freo (2006), Human Touch (2004), and Kenny (2006), with Stratton awarding fewer stars than Pomeranz on all but Human Touch.

Other activities
In addition to being a critic, Pomeranz is also an anti-censorship campaigner. She was a prominent attendee and was briefly detained by police at an attempted 2003 protest screening of the controversial film Ken Park, banned in Australia. She has been critical of the Australian Office of Film and Literature Classification (now the Australian Classification Board), the Australian censorship body, on a number of occasions. She has also spoken out against production companies refusing to give preview screenings for critics.

On 29 January 2015, it was announced that Pomeranz had signed with Foxtel to present film and television programs on Foxtel Arts, along with Graeme Blundell, in a new series called Screen.

Screen stopped production in 2020, and past episodes are available on YouTube.

Pomeranz has appeared regularly on The Weekly with Charlie Pickering as a guest reviewer giving humorous reviews of TV shows, such as Married at First Sight Below Deck, and Love in the Jungle.

Recognition and honours
Pomeranz was made a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2005 Australia Day Honours.

In 2015, Pomeranz and Stratton were named patrons of the French Film Festival in Australia.

On 13 April 2016, Pomeranz and Stratton were both awarded honorary doctorates (Doctor of Letters) at Macquarie University, for their contribution to the film industry

In 2017, Pomeranz became the first woman to be honoured with a star on Winton's Walk of Fame during The Vision Splendid Outback Film Festival in Winton, Queensland. She was awarded a Doctor of Letters (honoris causa) by the University of Sydney in May 2023.

Pomeranz and Stratton received the Don Dunstan Award in 2018 and are both Patrons of the Adelaide Film Festival.

In May 2023, Pomeranz was awarded an honorary doctorate (Letters) from the University of Sydney "for her impact on popular culture, film and performing arts".

Cameos
Pomeranz had an uncredited role in the 1994 film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert as Adam's mother.

She has also appeared as herself in several Australian comedy programs and promotions, including:
 * 1993 Australian comedy film Hercules Returns.
 * Australian sketch comedy show Full Frontal in a 1995 episode.
 * A 2000 episode of Australian comedy show Pizza, a show known for celebrity cameos.
 * Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure (2009), where she and David Stratton review Lawrence Leung's attempt to set a world record for solving the Rubik's Cube whilst sky diving, as they sit on the landing site in their trademark armchairs.
 * A 2010 video promoting the new Triple J breakfast team of Tom Ballard and Alex Dyson, where she joined the two men to "satisfy the female demographic".

Personal life
She married Hans Pomeranz.

title: Margaret Pomeranz


text:
Schenectady County Community College

SUNY Schenectady is a public community college in Schenectady, New York. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. It was established in 1967 in the Van Curler Hotel in Downtown Schenectady and has undergone multiple expansions through the following decades.

History
The Schenectady County Board of Representatives formed SUNY Schenectady County Community College on January 26, 1967 and then purchased the former Van Curler hotel which required renovations so that classes could commence in the building in 1969. The Van Curler would be renamed Elston Hall after Charles W. Elston, the long-standing, original board member and eight-year chairperson for the Schenectady County Board of Representatives.

The first of a number of expansions occurred in 1978, with the building that houses the Begley Library, a television station, lecture halls, and a wing for the music department along with the Carl B. Taylor Community Auditorium. A 1982 expansion added the Tempo Building, housing four classrooms and continuing education. 1987 brought the Center for Science and Technology, while 1992 saw the creation of a new student center which included a cafeteria, college store, and student lounge, along with biology and geology labs and fifteen classrooms. Also completed in 1992 was the South Wing expansion which created four new culinary arts labs, expanded upon the Casola Dining Room, a childcare center, and an enclosed bridge that connected Elston Hall with the Center for Science and Technology which is located across the street from the school's main campus.

In 2000 the Gateway Building was erected for childhood development classes and a childcare center. The next year the Stockade Building was built in order to house six computer classrooms, nine general classrooms, two lecture halls, conference rooms and offices for the Continuing Education Division and Capital District World Trade Center. Additionally, a new quad area was built in front of Elston Hall.

In 2006 a $6.3 million expansion to the Culinary Arts department began off of Elston Hall and was completed in 2007. This expansion was funded in part by fund raising activities along with $3,082,300 from the County of Schenectady.

SUNY Delhi Partnership
Students interested in attaining a bachelor's degree may do so through a partnership between Schenectady County Community College and the State University of New York at Delhi at SCCC. The purpose of the program has been to allow potential students with jobs, family, and other commitments that prevent them from enrolling in these programs on the campus in Delhi, NY. The current SUNY Delhi Coordinator of Inter-Institutional Programs is Tracey Caponera.

Degrees offered include:

 * BBA in Hospitality Management with concentrations in Hotel & Resort Management or Travel & Tourism
 * BBA in Business & Technology Management with a concentration in Technology
 * BSN in Nursing - Online Program Only

Cost of attendance
The 2017-2018 school year tuition is $3,936 for a New York State resident attending SUNY SCCC full-time, or $164 per credit for a part-time student. Non-New York State resident tuition is $7,872 for full-time tuition or $328 per credit for part-time students. Other expenses are approximately $1,247 for full-time students and $514 for part-time students, this estimate does not include room-and-board as the college currently does not have on-campus housing.

Admissions and demographics
As of 2016, the student body is approximately 55% female and 45% male. 79% of the students come from the New York Capital District Region with 18% coming from neighboring counties and 3% from other counties. The average age of full-time students is 24, while the average part-time student is 31 years old. The Student/Faculty ratio is 23-to-1 with an average class size of 24 students.

Athletics
SUNY SCCC is a member of the National Junior College of Athletics Association (NJCAA) Region III and the Mountain Valley Conference.

Sports offered:
 * Baseball (men)
 * Basketball (men & women)
 * Bowling (men & women)
 * Crew (women)

Notable Alumni
Thomasina Winslow (1965–2023), musician

title: Schenectady County Community College


text:
David Stratton

David James Stratton (born 1939) is an English-Australian film critic and historian. He has also worked as a journalist, interviewer, educator, television personality, and producer. His career as a film critic, writer, and educator in Australia spanned 57 years, until his retirement in December 2023.

Stratton's media career included presenting film review shows on television with Margaret Pomeranz for 28 years, writing film reviews for The Weekend Australian for 33 years, and lecturing in film history for 35 years.

Early life and education
Born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, in 1939, David James Stratton was sent to Hampshire to see out the war years with his grandmother, an avid filmgoer, where he was taken to the local cinemas regularly and saw a diverse range of films. He attended Chafyn Grove School from 1948 to 1953 as a boarder, but never finished secondary school.

He saw his first foreign film at Bath in 1955, the Italian romantic comedy Bread, Love and Dreams. That was soon followed by Akira Kurosawa's Japanese adventure drama classic Seven Samurai, found showing in Birmingham. At the age of 19, he founded the Melksham and District Film Society.

Career
Stratton arrived in Australia in 1962 or 1963, and soon became involved with the local film society movement. He directed the Sydney Film Festival (a job he landed after fighting film censorship ) from 1966 until 1983. At the time, he was the subject of surveillance by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), due to the festival showing Soviet films, and his late-1960s visit to Russia. This information was not made public until January 2014.

Stratton worked for SBS from 1980, acting as their film consultant and introducing the SBS Cinema Classics on Sunday evenings and Movie of the Week for 24 weeks a year. From 30 October 1986 onwards Stratton co-hosted the long-running SBS TV program The Movie Show with Margaret Pomeranz, who was also the show's original producer. Stratton and Pomeranz (often referred to as "Margaret and David" ) left SBS in 2004.

From 1 July 2004 they co-hosted the ABC film show, At the Movies with Margaret and David. On 16 September 2014, Stratton and Pomeranz announced that they would be retiring at the end of the 2014 series. The ABC confirmed that the series would end, with the last episode broadcast on 9 December 2014.

Stratton wrote for US film industry magazine Variety from 1984, and has also written for TV Week. He lectured in film history at the University of Sydney's Centre for Continuing Education, from around 1988 until December 2023, during which he covered around 840 films and showed 7,506 film clips. Many of his students re-enrolled year after year.

In 2008 he released his autobiography called I Peed on Fellini, a reference to a drunken attempt to shake director Federico Fellini's hand while using a urinal.

In film and other TV
The documentary film David Stratton: A Cinematic Life, written and directed by Sally Aitken, was released in 2017, and re-edited for television, featuring interviews with Stratton about his life and with actors, directors, producers representing Australian cinema since the 1960s. A preliminary version of the film was first released at the 2016 Adelaide Film Festival as David Stratton's Stories of Australian Cinema, a "work in progress screening... a celebration of 110 years of Australian Cinema history and its creators". The title was later screened as a three-part series on ABC Television. The series was produced by Jo-anne McGowan of production company Stranger Than Fiction.

In 1993 Stratton made an uncredited cameo appearance in Paul Cox's Touch Me, one of the short films featured in the series Erotic Tales.

He has appeared in several ABC programs, including The Chaser's War on Everything, Review with Myles Barlow, Good Game, Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight, Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure, Dance Academy, and The Bazura Project, often parodying himself.

Juries and other roles
Stratton has been invited to sit on many international juries at film festivals. Regarded as an expert on international cinema, particularly French cinema, he was president of FIPRESCI (International Film Critics) Juries in Cannes (twice) and Venice. He was also a member of the jury at the 32nd Berlin International Film Festival in 1982.

He has also acted as programming consultant to the London and Los Angeles Film Festivals, and has contributed regularly to the International Film Guide, compiled and published in London.

On 14 March 2015 Stratton appeared in front of a sold-out crowd in a meeting with David Lynch on the opening weekend of the exhibition David Lynch: Between Two Worlds, at the Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) in Brisbane, Queensland. The one-hour conversation was Lynch's first and only public appearance in Australia.

Stratton and Pomeranz are patrons of the Adelaide Film Festival.

Stratton has presented a number of film reviews for Palace Nova cinemas, which are posted on their website.

he had authored five books.

Recognition and honours

 * 1 January 2001: Centenary Medal for "Service to Australian society and Australian film production"
 * 22 March 2001: Croix de Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Literature), the highest rank for this award, for his services to cinema, in particular French cinema
 * 2001: Australian Film Institute's Longford Life Achievement Award
 * 9 June 2006: Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Sydney in recognition of his career and his contribution to intellectual life at the university
 * 2007: 60th Anniversary Medal by the Festival du Film de Cannes and The Chauvel Award by the Brisbane International Film Festival
 * 2015: Member of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day honours
 * 2015: Along with Pomeranz, appointed patron of the French Film Festival in Australia
 * 13 April 2016: Honorary doctorate (Doctor of Letters) at Macquarie University, for his contribution to the film industry
 * 2018: Co-recipient (with Pomeranz) of the Don Dunstan Award

Best films
Stratton has said that his favourite movie is the 1952 American musical Singin' in the Rain: "I grew up on musicals and this is the best musical ever made".

Stratton participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll, where he listed his ten favourite films as follows: Charulata, Citizen Kane, The Conversation, Distant, Distant Voices, Still Lives, Kings of the Road, Lola, The Searchers, Singin' in the Rain, and The Travelling Players.

Two articles which analysed their reviews at SBS and ABC showed that Stratton was generally a slightly harsher critic than Pomeranz. At SBS, they only both gave five stars to four films: Evil Angels (1988), Return Home (1990), The Piano (1993), and Lantana (2001). At the ABC, they only both gave five stars to six films: Brokeback Mountain (2005), Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), No Country For Old Men (2007), Samson and Delilah (2009), A Separation (2011), and Amour (2012). They disagreed particularly on Romper Stomper (David refusing to rate it because of the racist violence in the film), The Castle (1997), Last Train to Freo (2006), Human Touch (2004), and Kenny (2006), with Stratton awarding fewer stars than Pomeranz on all but Human Touch.

Achievements
Stratton and Pomeranz have played an important role in challenging the often heavy-handed decisions of the Australian Classification Board throughout their career. One of Stratton's legacies is the part he played in bringing about the R18+ film classification.

title: David Stratton


text:
Talk:Atria

Should be merged with Atrium --Mperkins 05:23, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * moved to Atrium. -- PFHLai 16:58, 2004 Jun 24 (UTC)

atria is something to love.... FROGS yoy can help by saving them and helping them —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.164.228.87 (talk) 17:26, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atria


text:
Little River

Little River may refer to several places:

New South Wales

 * Little River (Dubbo), source in the Dubbo region, a tributary of the Macquarie River
 * Little River (Oberon), source in the Oberon Shire, a tributary of Coxs River (Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment)
 * Little River (Wingecarribee), source in the Wingecarribee Shire, a tributary of Burke River (Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment)
 * Little River (Wollondilly), source in the Wollondilly Shire, a tributary of Nattai River (Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment)
 * Boyd River (New South Wales), also known as Little River during the 19th century (Clarence River catchment)
 * Goobarragandra River, a major tributary of Tumut River, was also known as Tumut Little River and sometimes Little River
 * Goodradigbee River, was also known as Little River and, until 1970, it was officially Goodradigbee (or Little) River
 * Mongarlowe River, also known as Little River, during the 19th century (Shoalhaven River catchment)

Victoria

 * Little River (Avon, West Gippsland), in the Avon Wilderness Park
 * Little River (Cathedral Range), in the Cathedral Range
 * Little River (Greater Geelong), in the City of Greater Geelong
 * Little River (Moroka River, Victoria), reaches its confluence with the Moroka River in the Alpine National Park
 * Little River (Snowy River National Park), reaches its confluence in the Snowy River National Park
 * Little River (Sydenham Inlet, East Gippsland), reaches its mouth at the Sydenham Inlet
 * Little River (Tambo River, East Gippsland, Victoria), reaches its confluence with the Tambo River in East Gippsland
 * Teal Creek, formerly known as the Little River, reaches its mouth at the Mallacoota Inlet

Queensland

 * Little River, a tributary of the Gilbert River in Far North Queensland
 * Little River, a tributary of the Hodgkinson River, in Far North Queensland. (part of the Mitchell River catchment)

Tasmania

 * The Little River, a tributary of the Nive River (part of the River Derwent catchment)

Communities

 * Little River, New South Wales, a locality in the valley of the Goobarragandra River, near Tumut
 * Little River, Victoria, a township near Geelong

Streams

 * Little River (Cariboo River tributary), a river in the Cariboo region, British Columbia
 * Little River (Little Shuswap Lake), a short connecting waterway in British Columbia, between Shuswap Lake and Little Shuswap Lake
 * Little River (Vancouver Island), a stream in the Comox Valley region, in British Columbia
 * Little River (Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland), see List of rivers of Newfoundland and Labrador

Communities

 * Little River, British Columbia, in the Comox Valley area of Vancouver Island
 * Little River, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
 * Little River, Digby, Nova Scotia
 * Little River, Victoria County, Nova Scotia
 * Little River Harbour, Nova Scotia, in Yarmouth County
 * Little River, Yukon

Communities

 * Little River, Baldwin County, Alabama
 * Little River, Cherokee County, Alabama
 * Little River County, Arkansas
 * Little River, California, Mendocino County
 * Little River (Miami), a neighborhood within the city of Miami
 * Little River, Kansas, Rice County

 * Little River, South Carolina, Horry County
 * Little River-Academy, Texas, Bell County
 * Little River, Wisconsin, Oconto County

Arkansas

 * Little River (St. Francis River tributary), a tributary of the St. Francis River
 * Little River (Red River tributary), a tributary of the Red River

California

 * Little River (Mendocino County), a river in Mendocino County
 * Little River (Humboldt County), a river in Humboldt County

Florida

 * Little River (Biscayne Bay), flowing into Biscayne Bay
 * Little River (Ochlockonee River tributary), a tributary of the Ochlockonee River

Georgia

 * Little River (Columbia County, Georgia), a tributary of the Savannah River
 * Little River (Etowah River tributary), a tributary of the Etowah River
 * Little River (Oconee River tributary), a tributary of the Oconee River
 * Little River (Withlacoochee River tributary), a tributary of the Withlacoochee River (North)

Michigan

 * Little River (Big Bay de Noc)
 * Little River (Menominee River tributary), a tributary of the Menominee River

Missouri

 * Little River (St. Francis River tributary), a tributary of the St. Francis River in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas

Virginia

 * Little River (North Anna River tributary), in Hanover and Louisa counties
 * Little River (Clinch River tributary), in Russell and Tazewell counties
 * Little River (Goose Creek tributary), in Fauquier and Loudoun counties
 * Little River (New River tributary), in Floyd, Montgomery, and Pulaski counties
 * Little River (North River tributary), two streams that flow within the George Washington National Forest

Other streams in the United States

 * Little River Canyon National Preserve, Alabama
 * Little River (Shetucket River tributary), a tributary of the Shetucket River, Connecticut
 * Little River (Delaware), flowing into Delaware Bay, Delaware
 * Little River (Indiana), a tributary of the Wabash River, Indiana
 * Little River (Kentucky), a tributary of the Cumberland River, Kentucky
 * Little River (Louisiana), a tributary of the Ouachita River, Louisiana
 * Little River (Maine), several rivers in Maine
 * Little River (Saint Louis River), a tributary of the Saint Louis River, Minnesota
 * Little River (Merrimack River tributary), a tributary of the Merrimack River, Massachusetts and New Hampshire
 * Little River (New Hampshire), several rivers in New Hampshire
 * Little River (Oregon), a list of rivers in Oregon
 * Little River (Grass River tributary), a tributary of the Grass River, New York
 * Little River (North Carolina), several rivers in North Carolina
 * Little River (Oklahoma), a list of rivers in Oklahoma
 * Little River (South Carolina), a list of rivers in South Carolina
 * Little River (Tennessee), a tributary of the Tennessee River, Tennessee
 * Little River (Texas), a tributary of the Brazos River, Texas

Other communities

 * Fiumicino (Italian for "Little River"), a town and comune near Rome, Italy
 * Little River, New Zealand, a town on Banks Peninsula in the Canterbury region of New Zealand

Other streams

 * Little River (Grenada), a river in Grenada
 * Little River (New Zealand), a river in New Zealand
 * Little River (Somerset), a tributary of the River Barle, Somerset, England

Other uses

 * "Little River", a song by Strawberry Switchblade from Strawberry Switchblade
 * Little River railway station, in Australia

title: Little River


text:
Talk:New social movements

VfD
This article survived vfd. See: Talk:New social movements/Delete Wile E. Heresiarch 05:31, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Citation please
Paul Byrne ('97) described New Social Movements as 'relatively disorganised'. What is the name of the publication? I can't find a corresponding citation in his '97 'Social Movements in Britain' (Google Print).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:32, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Free Software movement
Would the free software movement be considered a new social movement? 74.78.98.109 (talk) 00:33, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Conflation
This article doesn't distinguish well between new social movements (the phonomena) and new social movements theory (new theory on social movements, including new social movements). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.135.139.204 (talk) 16:11, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:New social movements


text:
Talk:Rhodopsin

Page expansion
Hi, This is a good start on the rhodopsin page. Someone needs to expand it a bit (i.e. add 11-cis in front of the first retinaldehyde and add all-trans in front of the second. More important, rhodopsin absorbs green light (500 nm) not purple.  Purple is not even a color of light.  It results from the eye simultaneously registering red and blue light, which is what you get when you remove the green light from the mixture of colored light we call white.  Rhodopsin looks purple because it absorbs green.  It would also be good to add that there are lots of invertebrate rhodopsins besides the vertebrate ones.  Otherwise, my 25 years of research experience with rhodopsin says you have done an excellent job. Best regards, James W. Lewis

 * I don't know why Emperorbma believed that rhodopsin absorbed the most at purple. If I understand the descriptions right, rhodopsin is really crimson (purplish-red), which makes sense since its peak absorbance is at a hue I call algæ (green-cyan), at 498 nm.  Why can't I find a photograph of rhodopsin? lysdexia 01:55, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

All-trans retinal or a11-trans retinal
"light = 11-cis-retinal -> a11-trans-retinal -> conformational change in rhodopsin -> activate transducin (G protein) -> activate cGMP-phosphodiesterase -> cGMP hydrolyzes -> levels reduced in outer segment -> cGMP-sensitive Na+/Ca2+ channels in PM close -> PM hyperpolarized -> glutamate release inhibited = ø rod cell neurotransmitter released -> detected by bipolar cells -> stimulate ganglion cells -> transmit signal to brain"

Links
Online vitamins guide was moved to vitamins article. Biophys 03:32, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Merging?
This article should be merged with opsin. Any thoughts? Biophys 19:42, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd recommend against the merge. The relationships among the opsins are complex, and can be better explained with separate articles. --Arcadian 22:29, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree as long as Rhodopsin and photopsins (for example) are separate articles, as it is right now. If we had an article about rhodopsins as a family that includes photopsins, then a merging could be considered, since both articles would represent the same proteins, but only with and without retinal... Right now the system of articles about these proteins seems to be rather complicated, but I do not have a clear idea how to improve this. Biophys 00:40, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Having an article on opsin and another one on superfamily rhodopsin makes as much sense as having an article on wineglasses, and another one on wineglasses with wine in them. When the term "rhodopsin" occurs by itself, it rarely refers to the superfamily. This is an arcane use of the term that comes up mainly in the context of the two major clades of opsins, type 1 opsin (also known as bacterial rhodopsin) and type 2 opsin (also known as metazoan or eukaryote rhodopsin).
 * By itself, the word "rhodopsin" usually refers either to human rhodopsin, or more broadly, to the rh1 family of vertebrate visual opsins (generally rod opsins used for low-light vision). I think making rh1 opsins the topic of this article would be more encyclopedic than focusing only on the human variant.
 * Then there's rh2, "a rhodopsin-like opsin," also known as "one of the rhodopsins" or "a rhodopsin." I have never seen it referred to simply as "rhodopsin" without some sort of qualification. Rh2 is a cone opsin (except in the special case of frogs). Rh1 evolved from rh2 by gene duplication.
 * The there are rhA and rhB, found in lampreys. These two are equally distantly related to rh2 and rh1. While rh2 was present in the nearest common ancestor of vertebrates, rh1 was not, but was present in the nearest common ancestor of jawed fishes (or jawed vertebrates). Lampreys are vertebrates but not jawed fishes. Their rhodopsin-like molecules are considered important to understanding the evolution of rhodopsin. Zyxwv99 (talk) 22:01, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I guess the idea was to keep this page for one specific human protein, while other pages above are about groups of proteins. My very best wishes (talk) 03:13, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

Overcompentence?
I think metazoan might not be "good style". Most readers will need to follow the link in "is expressed in metazoan photoreceptor cell" to learn that it is animal. So please don't be so sharp that others bleed. 91.152.95.139 (talk) 08:54, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree though I wouldn't call the practice of using unnecessary jargon at all competent. 'Metazoa' is best reserved for when a distinction has to be made with Protozoa. When the comparison is with bacteria, 'animals' will do. --Bendž|Ť 11:03, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Intro sentence

 * Rhodopsin [...] is responsible for [...] the formation of the photoreceptor cells

Really? I would have guessed that the photoreceptor cells are responsible for the formation of rhodopsin. How does rhodopsin cause the photoreceptors to spring into existence? AxelBoldt (talk) 03:30, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You are correct. Intro sentence has been edited accordingly.Biolprof (talk) 01:59, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Picture on the right of the page
Hi everybody! Why is there picture of SRII, which is of course retinal-bound seven-helical transmembrane protein, but it is bacterial and not GPCR? --VGmonster (talk) 13:51, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Removing the "Bleaching" section due to numerous errors and paucity of relevant information
The current version of the "Bleaching" section contains no relevant information and consists almost exclusively of factual errors. Just a few examples:

 * 1) The section refers to "the threshold".  What threshold?  Rhodopsin is activated by a single photon of light.  Photon absorption is a quantum event lacking a threshold.  If the section refers to psychophysical experiments, then they have nothing to say about the photobleaching of rhodopsin.
 * 2) The rest of the section describes an unrelated and unreferenced psychophysical experiment.  The properties of photoreceptors and rhodopsin are measured more directly with single-cell recordings, patch clamp recordings, and other electrophysiological techniques.
 * 3) What is "the vibrational energy derived from light"?
 * 4) The section states that photoreceptors convert energy of light into electricity and pass it to bipolar cells.  This description is inaccurate in several ways.  First, photoreceptors form chemical synapses, not electrical synapses, with bipolar cells. Glutamate is used as neurotransmitter. Photoreceptor cells do form electrical synapses between each other, but not with bipolar cells.  Second, photoreceptors do not "convert" the energy of light into electricity.  The energy of the phototransduction chain comes from metabolic processes.  In fact, photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized by light, which means that their membrane current decreases with light exposure (in vertebrates).
 * 5) What does the electroretinogram tell us about the photobleaching of rhodopsin? The retina has multiple populations of cells with varying responses to light and no direct relationship to changes in the properties of rhodopsin can be elucidated from the ERG.

I am removing the entire section.

Yatsenko DV (talk) 01:03, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Light pollution, blue light, and visual purple (Rhodopsin)
Hi. Can we add this as information or link to Rhodopsin or a related article? There are also references that state lack of exposure to blue light during the day suppresses melatonin generation at night, potentially leading to sleep deprivation. Please ensure that this information is found on Wikipedia somewhere. Thanks. ~ AH1 (discuss!) 20:04, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

photobleaches to what ?
First paragraph> 'Exposed to light, the pigment immediately photobleaches, and it....' okay so it 'photobleaches', but to what ? (i skimmed the photobleaching wikipage) i could guess, does it increase or reduce light transmission/reflection, or something else?? i guess it's not simple but an approximate outline would help understanding before drowning further into the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.14.120 (talk) 16:56, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Bravo
Can't begin to tell you how pleased I was to read the first paragraph and almost understand what was being said. I knew going in that it was going to be over my head, but normally that doesn't deter me. Wikipedia has the deserved reputation of starting out with the egghead explanation and never giving a layman's version. I may have been partially responsible for spreading that reputation. You guys usually do suck a this.

However, today you surprised me. Yeah, I still have to struggle, but I won't have to leave wikipedia to do that. Thanks for the help! ...and well done!deepsack (talk) 01:12, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

Conflating definitions of rhodopsin
This article is conflating two different senses of the word rhodopsin.

1. any opsin + the chromophore retinal

2. a rod opsin found in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), used for scotopic (dark adapted) vision - the gene is known as Rh1 - the opsin is called either Rh1 or the Rh1 opsin

Definition #2 has several variants:

a) any rod opsin (coded for by the gene Rh1, used for dark-adapted vision, found only in gnathostomes, although lampreys have a close relative, RhA)

b) human rod opsin (OPN2)

Either of these two variant definitions can be with or without the chromophore (retinal), or at all stages of the visual cycle.

With the chromophore it's also calld visual purple.

There is also a family of rod-opsin-like opsins found in vertebrates. It includes the rod opsin Rh1, the blue-green cone opsin Rh2 (extinct in mammals), as well as RhA and RhB (found in lampreys) - usually indicated by "rhodopsins" (plural)

Ideally these should be two separate articles. In the meanwhile, we should at leaest clarify the difference within this article.

Zyxwv99 (talk) 00:46, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

UPDATE:

Here are some references on this:

 * Medical Neurobiology (book)

"Rhodopsin is the only term for the specific photopigment contained in rods. Rhodopsin is also a generic term for any retinal-containing opsin, including that in cones."

 * Fish Physiology: Sensory Systems Neuroscience

"In the literature, some terminological confusion occurs because the term "rhodopsin" is sometimes exclusively applied to rod rhodopsin or even to rod opsin. Throughout this chapter, we use the term "rhodopsin" as defined earlier, that is, designating the class of photopigments that contain the chromophore 11-cis-retinal."

 * Photoreceptor for Curling Behavior in Peranema trichophorum and Evolution of Eukaryotic Rhodopsins

"We are using the traditional (premolecular biology) operational definition of rhodopsin, namely, a protein that forms a chromophore with a retinal molecule and that has a light-sensing function."

Zyxwv99 (talk) 00:07, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

another UPDATE:

It looks like this article was originally about rhodopsin in sense #2. You can see the very first edit if you go to the history page, click on 250 items per page, then scroll to the bottom. It reads:

''Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a retinal pigment that is mostly concentrated in the rod cells. It is a derivative of Vitamin A that is synthesized in the retina and used to detect light. It is most sensitive to purple light, which is why it is "visual purple,"''...

On 18 May 2015 User:171.66.219.128 changed the hatnote to it's current state:

"This article is about the rhodopsin superfamily of retinal-binding seven-transmembrane proteins, including animal and bacterial representatives, with emphasis on function. For additional information on the protein structure, see retinylidene protein."

Before that it read:

"This article is about the visual rhodopsin of vertebrates. For other types of rhodopsin, see retinylidene protein."

The older hatnote was there since 21 March 2006, when it was added by User:Tameeria.

Zyxwv99 (talk) 02:17, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Anatomy and physiology of farm animals
Give two examples integral membrane proteins that form channels across the membrane animal cell 102.144.251.95 (talk) 16:06, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CHEM 378 - Biochemistry Lab - spring 2023
— Assignment last updated by Nmneuro (talk) 00:08, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhodopsin


text:
Duchy of Modena and Reggio

The Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Ducato di Modena e Reggio; Ducatus Mutinae et Regii; Duchêt ed Mòdna e Rèz ) was an Italian state created in 1452 located in Northwestern Italy, in the present day region of Emilia-Romagna. It was ruled since its establishment by the noble House of Este, and since 1814 by the Austria-Este branch of the family. The Este dynasty was a great sponsor of the arts, making the Duchy a cultural reference during the Renaissance and Baroque periods.

House of Este
In 1452 Emperor Frederick III offered the duchy to Borso d'Este, whose family had ruled the city of Modena and nearby Reggio Emilia for centuries. Borso in 1450 had also succeeded his brother as margrave in the adjacent Papal Duchy of Ferrara, where he received the ducal title in 1471. The Este lands on the southern border of the Holy Roman Empire with the Papal States formed a stabilizing buffer state in the interest of both.

The first Este dukes ruled well and the city achieved an economic and cultural peak: Borso's successor Duke Ercole I had the city of Modena rebuilt according to plans designed by Biagio Rossetti, his successors were patrons of artists like Titian and Ludovico Ariosto. In the War of the League of Cambrai from 1508, troops from Modena fought in Papal service against the Republic of Venice. Upon the death of Duke Alfonso II in 1597, the ducal line became extinct. The Este lands were bequeathed to Alfonso's cousin Cesare d'Este; however, the succession was not acknowledged by Pope Clement VIII and Ferrara was finally seized by the Papacy. Cesare was able to retain Modena and Reggio as Imperial fiefs.

In the 1628 War of the Mantuan Succession, the dukes of Modena sided with Habsburg Spain and in turn received the town of Correggio from the hands of Emperor Ferdinand II. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Duke Rinaldo was ousted by French troops under Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, he could not return until 1707. In 1711 the small Duchy of Mirandola was absorbed by the Este. His successor Francesco III backed France in the 1740 War of the Austrian Succession and was expelled by Habsburg forces, but his duchy was restored by the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1796 Modena was again occupied by a French army under Napoleon, who deposed Duke Ercole III and created the Cispadane Republic out of his territory. By the 1801 Treaty of Lunéville, the last Este Duke was compensated with the Breisgau region of the former Further Austrian territories in southwestern Germany, and died in 1803. Following his death, the claims to the no longer existing ducal crown of Modena were inherited by his son-in-law, the Habsburg-Lorraine Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, an uncle of Emperor Francis II.

House of Austria-Este
With the dissolution of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, following the final fall of Emperor Napoleon I after the Battle of Waterloo, Ferdinand's son, Francis IV, again assumed the rule as Duke of Modena. In December 1815 he obtained the transfer from his mother Maria Beatrice d'Este of the former imperial fiefs in Lunigiana, not reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna and bestowed upon her, and, on her death in 1829, he also inherited the territories of Duchy of Massa and Carrara belonging to her suo jure.

In the course of the Italian unification period in the 1830s-60s, the "Austria-Este" dukes were briefly ousted in the revolutions of 1831 and 1848, but soon returned.

During the Second Italian War of Independence (April to July 1859) following the Battle of Magenta, the last Duke Francis V was again forced to flee, this time permanently. In December, Modena joined with Tuscany and Parma to form the "United Provinces of Central Italy", which were annexed to the growing Kingdom of Sardinia in March 1860, which led the Italian unification movement, which further led to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Provinces of the Duchy before the dissolution

 * Modena (Duchy of Modena)
 * Reggio (Duchy of Reggio)
 * Guastalla
 * Frignano
 * Garfagnana
 * Lunigiana
 * Massa and Carrara (Duchy of Massa and Carrara)

Traditional titles
The Duke of Modena was:
 * Duke of Modena (Lord 1288, Duke 1452) and Reggio (nell'Emilia) (Lord 1289, Duke 1452)
 * Duke of Ferrara (Lord 1264, Duke 1471–1597)
 * Duke of La Mirandola (1710), Massa (1829) and Guastalla (1847)
 * Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Carpi (Count 1530, Price 1535), Correggio (1635), San Martino in Rio (1752) and of Carrara (1829),
 * Marquis of Montecchio (1597, marquessate in 1569), of Scandiano (1645) and La Concordia (1710)
 * Count palatine of Novellara (1737) and Bagnolo (1737),
 * Count of Jeno ed Avad (Hungary, 1726)
 * Lord of Sassuolo (1373), San Martino in Spino (1710), Campogalliano (1752), Castellarano (1752), Rodeglia (1752), Ieno and San Cassiano

Knighthood orders
The Duke of Modena, since Francis V, was Grand Master of the :
 * Order of the Eagle of Este Ord.Estense.png
 * Order of Seniority of Service (it)

title: Duchy of Modena and Reggio


text:
Dallos

Dallos (ダロス) is a science fiction OVA series released in 1983. It was conceptualized by Hisayuki Toriumi, who also wrote the script and directed it with Mamoru Oshii. It is widely considered not only the first OVA released but also the first animated direct-to-video production release.

The storyline focuses on a rebellion on a Moon colony by settlers and a mysterious artifact called Dallos. The story and setting take influence by past works such as the 1966 feature film The Battle of Algiers and the 1966 novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress.

Story
In the near future, humanity has drained the Earth of its resources. To sustain Earth's populace, mining colonies are created on the Moon to provide vital natural resources.

After generations of mistreatment from the Earth Federal Government, the colonists retaliate by performing acts of terrorism leading directly to a conflict with their overseers. A mysterious structure on the Moon called Dallos is worshipped by the colonists and gives them hope. A young colonist by the name of Shun Nonomura is caught into the fray as he joins the rebels, dramatically affecting the lives of those close to him with his actions. A generational divide between the younger natural born colonists and their older compatriots arises as the allegiance to Earth as humanity's motherland is questioned.

Cast
The compilation film Dallos Special has English and Spanish dubs, but of unknown actors. The Japanese cast is retained.

The characters Alex Leiger, Doug McCoy, and Erna are sometimes known as Alex Riger, Dog McCoy, and Elna; respectively.

Episodes
The four episodes were edited together to create the 85 minute-long film Dallos Special in 1985.

Release
In 1991, Celebrity Home Entertainment released the Toho English dub of Dallos Special on VHS under the title Battle for Moon Station Dallos but censored. This feature version was later reissued by Best Film and Video Corp simply titled Dallos. Discotek Media released the OVA series in uncut form on DVD in 2014. The streaming platform Crunchyroll added the OVA series to its catalog in May 2015.

In Spain, it was distributed, licensed, and dubbed onto VHS format by Chiqui Video during the 80's.

title: Dallos


text:
Talk:Indian scops owl

Untitled
The information that Otus lettia migrates in winter to the breeding area of Otus bakkamoena needs to be verified.

Shyamal 05:40, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Owls of the Northern hemisphere (which doesn't split the two forms) indicates that there is at least some migration of northern races, since O. b. usurensis has been recorded in Japan and Korea. A website (didn't keep URL) said lettia wintered further, south, don't know how reliable that is. I'll try to check. jimfbleak 06:34, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * See this link. Jim

 * Did look at this, and it is probably based on other material on the net. But it would be best if there was some clear bird-ringing evidence available somewhere, the only organization that does ringing in India is the Bombay Natural History Society and they do not have this listed. I should check the Handbook by Ali and Ripley and see if they mention any migrant races (which is perhaps now considered O. lettia). You will be interested to hear a O. bakkamoena recording on www.owlpages.com, and it is very different from the wuk? which one hears in s. India, so perhaps this is the call of O. bakkamoena lettia now known as O. lettia.  Shyamal 11:05, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no more boks on this area, but the northern and southern races canbe distinguished on eg eye colour as well as call, so I wouldn't have thought ringing recoveries were essential to prove migration, although I can see that would be a clincher. jimfbleak 04:50, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Are the photos accurate?
The names of the image files indicate that they're mostly collared scops owls, a similar but distinct species. Pburka (talk) 03:16, 11 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian scops owl


text:
Ramón Power y Giralt

Captain Ramón Power y Giralt (October 7, 1775 – June 10, 1813) was, according to Puerto Rican historian Lidio Cruz Monclova, among the first native-born Puerto Ricans to refer to himself as a "Puerto Rican" and to fight for the equal representation of Puerto Rico before the Cortes of Cádiz, the parliamentary government of Spain at the time.

Early years
Power was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico to Joaquín Power y Morgan, a Spaniard from the Basque Country (of Irish and French descent) who came to Puerto Rico in connection with the Compañía de Asiento de Negros, which regulated the slave trade in the island, and María Josefa Giralt y Santaella a Catalan from Barcelona, Spain. His great-grandfather Peter Power was Irish from Waterford, he moved to Bordeaux, France and had a son Jean Baptiste Power Dubernet. He settled in Bilbao, where Ramon’s father Joaquín was born. In San Juan he received his primary education at a private school. In 1788, when he was 13 years old, he was sent to Bilbao, Spain to continue his educational studies.

Spanish Naval service
At the age of 16, Power began his studies of Naval sciences in Spain. Upon graduation he was commissioned a lieutenant in the Spanish Navy and eventually rose to the rank of Captain.

In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the criollos of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule. Colonel Rafael Conti, a fellow Puerto Rican, organized an expedition to return Hispaniola back to Spain. Col Conti together with naval Captain Power y Giralt distinguished themselves with the defense of the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo against an invasion from the French forces by enforcing a blockade with the aid of Great Britain (Spain's ally at the time) and Haiti, returning Santo Domingo back to Spanish control.

Political career
On May 4, 1809, in the midst of Peninsular War and Napoleon Bonaparte's occupation of Spain, Power was elected by the five, local cabildos (town councils) to represent Puerto Rico in the Junta Suprema Central y Gubernativa del Reino (Supreme Central and Governing Board of the Kingdom). (In 1808 Napoleon had deposed Ferdinand VII and named his eldest brother, Joseph I, King of Spain. The Junta Suprema was leading the resistance against the Bonapartes.) The Junta Suprema dissolved itself before Power could arrive, nevertheless, the following year on April 16, he was again elected to represent Puerto Rico, this time in the Cortes of Cádiz, the parliamentary assembly serving as a Regency while awaiting Ferdinand VII's return, that had been convened by the Junta and was gathering in the Southern Spanish port of Cádiz. One of his greatest supporters was Bishop Juan Alejo de Arizmendi, who during the official farewell Mass, gave Power his episcopal ring as a reminder that he should never forget his countrymen. After arriving in Cádiz on June 8, 1810, he joined the growing number of delegates, which finally reached a quorum in September.

Power was an avid advocate for Puerto Rico during his tenure (September 24, 1810 — June 10, 1813) as a delegate in the Cortes. On September 25, 1810, the second day of regular meetings, he was elected as vice-president of the Cortes and succeeded in obtaining powers which would benefit the economy of the Puerto Rico. The most well-known product of the assembly was the Constitution of 1812.

Before the Constitution was written, Power convinced the Cortes to reverse a decree of the Council of Regency which had given the governor of Puerto Rico extraordinary powers in reaction to the establishment of juntas in South America. The highlight of his legislative career was the Ley Power ("the Power Act"), which designated five ports for free commerce. Thus, the ports of Fajardo, Mayagüez, Aguadilla, Cabo Rojo and Ponce established the reduction of most tariffs and eliminated the flour monopoly, in addition to establishing other economic reforms with the goal of developing a more efficient economy. It also called for the establishment of a Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País en Puerto Rico on the island, which was approved in 1814. Many of these reforms remained in effect even after Ferdinand VII revoked the Spanish Constitution.

Death
Power died while still in Cádiz on June 10, 1813, from the yellow fever epidemic which had spread throughout Europe. He was succeeded in the Cortes by José María Quiñones who served from November 25, 1813, to May 10, 1814. He was buried at the Oratorio de San Felipe Neri church in Cádiz.

Repatriation of remains

According to The San Juan Star (Puerto Rico's English-language newspaper), a movement led by the Archbishop of San Juan, Roberto González Nieves, was successful in its attempt to bring Power's remains back to Puerto Rico. Power's remains were exhumed where he was interred along with other delegates' to the Cortes, at the church in Cadiz.

After DNA testing, the remains were brought by the Spanish tall ship Juan Sebastián Elcano. On March 2, 2013, it left the port of Cádiz, stopping at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands before leaving on March 10 across the Atlantic Ocean taking 28 days to return Power y Giralt's body to San Juan, Puerto Rico on April 6, 2013. It was escorted by the United States Coast Guard into the port and received with a 21 gun salute. Present to receive the remains were the Governor of Puerto Rico, and presidents of all branches of government. His resting place now is at the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista next to Bishop Juan Alejo de Arizmendi.

Honors and tributes
Both Puerto Rico and Spain have honored Power's memory, by naming several avenues after him. San Juan also has a school named after Power the "Ramon Power y Giralt School" located in Calle Loiza Final. The city of Ponce has a street named after him; it runs west to east and is located between (i.e., parallel to) Calle Ferrocarril and Avenida Las Américas, and has its western terminus at Calle Concordia and its eastern terminus at Avenida Hostos.

His former residence was restored and currently houses the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust in Old San Juan. Power's contemporary, José Campeche, honored him in a painting entitled The Shipwreck of Power. Graphic artist Lorenzo Homar has also dedicated one of his artistic works to Ramón Power.

title: Ramón Power y Giralt


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USS Wilkes-Barre

USS Wilkes-Barre was a Cleveland-class cruiser light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier Brooklyn-class cruisers, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve 6 in guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve 5 in dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of 32.5 kn.

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to 8000 LT by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier Brooklyn-class cruisers, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun 5 in dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery 6 in gun turrets.

Wilkes-Barre was 610 ft long overall and had a beam of 66 ft and a draft of 24 ft. Her standard displacement amounted to 11744 LT and increased to 14131 LT at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at 100000 shp, the turbines were intended to give a top speed of 32.5 kn. Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47-caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve 5 in /38-caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors 40 mm guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and ten Oerlikon 20 mm guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from 3.5 to 5 in, with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was 2 in thick. The main battery turrets were protected with 6.5 in faces and 3 in sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Wilkes-Barre's conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history
The keel for Wilkes-Barre was laid down at New York Shipbuilding in Camden, New Jersey, on 14 December 1942. She was launched on 24 December 1943, and was commissioned on 1 July 1944 with the hull number CL-103. The ship embarked on her shakedown cruise, first in Chesapeake Bay, and later into the Atlantic, as far south as the Gulf of Paria in Trinidad in the British West Indies. After returning to Philadelphia, Wilkes-Barre departed on 23 October, bound for the Pacific. She passed through the Panama Canal four days later and then sailed north to San Diego, California, where she took on ammunition and other supplies. While there, she conducted shooting practice off San Clemente Island, and then got underway for Hawaii on 10 November. She arrived in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a week later and took part in training exercises in the area into early December.

South China Sea raid

On 14 December, Wilkes-Barre left Pearl Harbor to join the rest of the American fleet, which was then at its forward anchorage at Ulithi in the Caroline Islands. On arrival, she was assigned to Cruiser Division 17, part of Task Force 38 (TF 38), otherwise known as the Fast Carrier Task Force, which was at that time assigned to 3rd Fleet. During this period, Wilkes-Barre was assigned to the subordinate unit Task Group 38.2, which was centered on the aircraft carriers USS Lexington (CV-16), USS Hornet (CV-12), and USS Hancock (CV-19). The unit also included the fast battleships USS New Jersey (BB-62) and USS Wisconsin (BB-64), three other cruisers, and twenty destroyers.

The fleet sortied on 30 December to conduct the South China Sea raid. The fleet's aircraft carriers launched a series of strikes against targets on Japanese-occupied Formosa and in the southern Ryuku Islands to neutralize Japanese airfields that might otherwise interfere with the imminent invasion of Luzon in the Philippines. The task force then turned to strike Japanese positions on Luzon itself. A further round of attacks on Formosa followed on 9 January 1945 and then moved to cover the flank of the force carrying out the invasion of Lingayen Gulf to block a possible attack by elements of the Japanese Navy.

Reports of Japanese warships off Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina, on 12 January prompted the American command to detach Wilkes-Barre, the rest of Cruiser Division 17, New Jersey and Wisconsin, and escorting destroyers to form Task Group 34.5 (TG 34.5). They were sent to sweep for Japanese vessels, but the cruisers' floatplanes were unable to locate any, and the division returned to TF 38 later that day. Wilkes-Barre and the rest of the fleet encountered severe weather on 13 and 14 January, temporarily pausing offensive operations. The carriers resumed attacks along the coast of occupied China on 15 January, shifted to Formosa on 21 January, and concluded with a final round of attacks on Okinawa in the Ryukus the following day. TF 38 then returned to Ulithi, arriving there on 26 January for repairs and to replenish ammunition and stores. While there, command of the unit passed to 5th Fleet and it was accordingly renumbered Task Force 58.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Wilkes-Barre and the rest of Cruiser Division 17 were transferred to TG 58.3, commanded by Rear Admiral Frederick C. Sherman. The unit also included the carriers USS Bunker Hill (CV-17), USS Essex (CV-9), and USS Cowpens (CVL-25), the battleships New Jersey and USS South Dakota (BB-57), the large cruiser USS Alaska (CB-1), two other cruisers, and fourteen destroyers. Over the course of operations during the next two months, the composition of the unit changed as vessels rotated out for repairs or maintenance. The fleet then sortied to carry out strikes on the Japanese capital, Tokyo, beginning on 16 February and lasting for two days. These attacks were intended to distract Japanese attention from the invasion of Iwo Jima. The fleet then sailed south to support the invasion directly, launching raids on the neighboring islands of Chichi Jima and Haha Jima while en route. On 19 February, the amphibious assault on Iwo Jima began. Wilkes-Barre was detached from the carrier screen two days later to provide gunfire support to the marines fighting ashore. The ship's fire was directed by her OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes, and she was credited with destroying numerous defensive positions and ammunition dumps. Her guns also broke up an attempted counterattack from the Japanese defenders.

The ship returned to her position in the carrier screen in TG 58.3 on 23 February before the fleet departed to carry out another round of attacks of Tokyo on 25 February, followed by a raid on Okinawa on 1 March. The ships then returned to Ulithi to refuel and take on additional ammunition and stores. The fleet remained there from 5 to 14 March Wilkes-Barre took part in training exercises with other elements of the fleet, designated Task Force 59, on 14 and 15 March, before returning to TG 58.3 later on the 15th. The fast carrier task force then sortied for an attack on Japan, which began on 18 March and targeted the southernmost island of Kyushu. The following day, Wilkes-Barre shot down a Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" dive bomber. The Japanese nevertheless scored a pair of hits on the carrier USS Franklin (CV-13), inflicting serious damage and forcing TG 58.3 to temporarily disengage to cover the crippled Franklin as she withdrew.

TG 58.3 resumed strikes on 23 March, targeting Okinawa through the next day to prepare for the upcoming invasion of Okinawa. Wilkes-Barre launched one of her Kingfishers to rescue two pilots who had been shot down off Minami Daito Shima on the 24th. Wilkes-Barre and the rest of Cruiser Division 17 bombarded a Japanese airfield on Minami Daito Shima on 27 March. Two days later, the fleet turned back north for additional strikes on Kyushu. Wilkes-Barre launched one of her Kingfishers to recover another pair of pilots from the carrier Bunker Hill who had been shot down off Yakushima during the attacks. American forces began to go ashore on Okinawa on 1 April, and TF 58 continued to support the operation, carrying out strikes on Japanese airfields in the region, including on Kyushu, Shikoku, and southern Honshu. The Japanese launched heavy air attacks in response, with a particular emphasis on kamikaze tactics. On 11 April, Wilkes-Barre's anti-aircraft gunners claimed three Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters and an Aichi D3A "Val" dive bomber, along with partial credit for a further two Zeroes.

On 16 April, TF 58 embarked on another series of attacks on Japanese airfields on Kyushu. Late that day, at around 18:54, Wilkes-Barre's gunners shot down a Japanese bomber that attempted to attack the American carriers. The next morning, she shot down a Zero at 09:39. During the operations off Okinawa and southern Japan, Wilkes-Barre continued to employer her Kingfishers to rescue downed air crews, including a pair of pilots off Okinawa on 26 April. Further strikes on Japan were carried out over the first ten days on May, and on the 10th, Wilkes-Barre and the rest of Cruiser Division 17 were detached to form Task Group 58.3 along with a group of escorting destroyers to bombard Minami Daito Shima again. The ships returned to TF 58 the next day; the fleet was attacked by kamikazes that morning, and two of them struck Bunker Hill, inflicting serious damage. Wilkes-Barre was ordered to come alongside at 10:59 and assist with firefighting efforts. The cruiser placed her bow in contact with Bunker Hills starboard quarter so some forty men, who were trapped by fires, could climb to safety aboard Wilkes-Barre. The ship sent additional firefighting equipment aboard the carrier and took of injured men, and by 15:34, the fires had been extinguished, allowing Wilkes-Barre to pull away.

Thirteen men from Bunker Hill had died by 12 May, so a burial at sea was held that day; the remaining survivors were transferred to the hospital ship USS Bountiful (AH-9). Later on the 12th, TF 58 got underway to launch another round of strikes on the Kyushu airfields to further degrade the Japanese ability to interfere with the Okinawa invasion fleet. The raid began the following morning, and on 14 May, the Japanese launched an aerial counterattack. During the action, shell fragments, possibly from American guns, struck Wilkes-Barre and wounded nine men on the aft signal bridge. For their part, the ship's gunners claimed partial credit for shooting down a Zero at 08:16. On 28 May, 3rd Fleet resumed command of the fast carrier task force, and Wilkes-Barre's unit was accordingly re-numbered TG 38.3. Wilkes-Barre was detached from the unit the next day to return to the Philippines for repairs and maintenance at San Pedro Bay that lasted from 1 to 20 June. Over the following three days, she took part in shooting practice and tactical training off Samar. She remained in the bay for the rest of the month.

End of the war and occupation

Wilkes-Barre thereafter rejoined TF 38, again part of TG 38.3, which sortied on 1 July to begin the last major campaign of air strikes on Japan. The next week consisted of combat training exercises, and the first attacks on targets on Honshu and Hokkaido began on 10 July. On the 14th, Wilkes-Barre and several other vessels were detached to create Task Group 35.1; the unit also included USS Pasadena (CL-65), USS Astoria (CL-90), and USS Springfield (CL-66) and six destroyers. They were sent to carry out a sweep for Japanese vessels off northern Honshu and in the Kii Channel, but they failed to locate any targets. Wilkes-Barre was again detached to join the bombardment force TG 35.3 on 24 July, along with Astoria, Pasadena, and Springfield. The ships shelled the seaplane base at Kushimoto that evening and later bombarded Cape Shionomisaki. Further carrier strikes were conducted in late July, but bad weather forced the fleet to temporarily withdraw in early August. The fleet returned to the Japanese coast on 8 August and resumed air attacks on the 9th and 10th, by which time both atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By 15 August, the Japanese government had agreed to surrender, ending the war. For her service during the conflict, Wilkes-Barre received four battle stars.

The ships of Cruiser Division 17 were detached from TG 38.3 on 23 August. Four days later, they joined the fleet that steamed into Sagami Bay, which lays outside Tokyo Bay, where the surrender ceremony was to take place on 2 September. On the 3rd, Wilkes-Barre entered Tokyo Bay as preparations for the occupation of Japan began. The vessel was designated the flagship of Task Unit 35.7.2., one of the occupation groups, which was assigned the task of occupying the naval base at Tateyama. There, midget submarines and Shinyo kamikaze boats were seized on 10 September. Wilkes-Barre then returned to Tokyo, laying in Sagami Bay from 12 to 14 September to supervise the demilitarization of midget submarine bases at Aburatsubo and Kurihama. After refueling in Tokyo Bay later on the 14th, the cruiser sailed for Onagawa, where she assisted occupation forces from 15 to 17 September. She thereafter moved to Katsuura and returned to Tokyo on 24 September.

Wilkes-Barre anchored off Tokyo from 24 September to 4 October, and thereafter took part in training maneuvers from 24 to 28 October. By that time, 5th Fleet had resumed control of the American fleet in Japan. Wilkes-Barre was detached on 5 November and sent to formerly-Japanese-controlled Korea on the 9th; she arrived at Inchon on 13 November. There, she joined the destroyers USS Hart (DD-594) and USS Bell (DD-587), which sailed together to Qingdao, China, which had also been under Japanese occupation. The ships oversaw the demilitarization of Japanese forces there until 19 November, before shifting to Taku and Qinhuangdao, China, for the same duty. Wilkes-Barre later returned to Qingdao and remained there through the end of the year.

Postwar career and fate

On 13 January 1946, Wilkes-Barre departed Qingdao, bound for the United States. She stopped in Pearl Harbor on the way to the West Coast of the United States, finally arriving in San Pedro, California, on 31 January. She remained there only briefly, before getting underway on 4 March to move to the East Coast of the United States. After passing through the Panama Canal between 12 and 14 March, the ship arrived in Philadelphia on 18 March. On 20 October, she sailed south to participate in the Navy Day celebrations in New Orleans on 27 October. Wilkes-Barre thereafter steamed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where she joined her sister ships USS Dayton (CL-105) and USS Providence (CL-82) for training exercises. On 13 December, the ship arrived in Norfolk, Virginia.

Wilkes-Barre embarked on a goodwill cruise to northern Europe on 17 February 1947. She stopped in Plymouth in the United Kingdom on 27 February and cruised in British waters over the course of March and April, during which time she sailed to Bergen, Norway. She thereafter returned to the United States, where she was assigned to the United States Reserve Fleet. She was decommissioned on 9 October and assigned to the reserve fleet based in Philadelphia. She remained there until she was struck from the naval register on 15 January 1971; she was the last light cruiser in the Navy's inventory. The ship was allocated for disposal in underwater weapons tests. During one such test off the Florida Keys on 12 May 1972, the old cruiser's hull broke in half. The stern section sank that day, but the bow remained afloat until it was sunk with a scuttling charge the following day.

The two sections of Wilkes-Barre have developed into artificial reefs, and are a popular deep wreck diving site. The wreck sits upright on the ocean floor at a depth of 320 ft, and the upper deck rests at a depth of about 210 ft, but the highest point of the wreck is at 140 ft. According to the diver and author Steven Singer, the site is suitable only for experienced divers.

title: USS Wilkes-Barre


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Little River (Delaware)

The Little River (also called Little Creek) is a river, approximately 8 mi long, in central Delaware in the United States.

It rises in central Kent County, approximately 1 mi northwest of Dover and flows generally east, entering Delaware Bay approximately 6 mi (10 km) west Dover. The lower 2 mi of the river is surrounded by extensive wetlands protected as part of the Little Creek Wildlife Area.

title: Little River (Delaware)


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Duchy of Parma and Piacenza

The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza, Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae) was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna.

Originally a realm of the Farnese family after Pope Paul III made it a hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese, it was ruled by the dynasty until 1731, when the last duke, Antonio Farnese, died without direct heirs. After a decade of Habsburg rule, the duchy passed to the House of Bourbon-Parma.

It was invaded by Napoleon and annexed by France, having its sovereignty restored in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon's wife, Marie Louise (Maria Luigia), then ruled as its duchess until her death. Parma was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, and in 1859, the duchy was formally abolished as it was integrated into the new Italian state.

History

The Duchy of Parma was created by Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) in 1545 from former parts of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River which had been conquered by the Papal States in 1512. These territories, centered on the city of Parma, were given as a fief to Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese.

In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter known as the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza). The Farnese family continued to rule until the extinction of their male line in 1731.

The consolidation of the duchy
Ottavio Farnese strove to make the duchy prosperous, to win the benevolence of the people by applying the wise measures already taken by his father and to flatter the local nobility using more moderation than Pier Luigi, he knew how to consolidate the duchy by promoting its economy and financial and commercial exchanges and cultural, it started the territorial expansion with the annexation of some fiefdoms. In 1573 the number of inhabitants of the new capital had increased considerably reaching 26,000. Alessandro Farnese, who was also an important general of the Spanish army, succeeding the leadership of the duchy, was forced by the King Philip II of Spain to appoint his seventeen-year-old son Ranuccio I Farnese, as regent, since the Spanish King did not want to deprive himself of the able and valiant general.

Alessandro died far from Parma on 3 December 1592 from gangrene caused by an arquebus ball during the Siege of Can de Bec, a year before his death he ordered the construction of the fortress of the Citadel with the aim of affirming the power of the family but also to provide work to a labor force of 2,500 people made up mostly of the poor sections of the city population. Ranuccio I, passionate about arts and music, made the ducal court the first in Italy in the musical arts. During this period, the city was enriched with unique monuments, such as the Palazzo della Pilotta, Palazzo Ducale and the Teatro Farnese, modern legislation was passed, which made Parma a center of excellence both in terms of lifestyle and as an architectural model, elevating it as a cultural capital to the same level of other important European capitals. His government was guilty of the public execution of over 100 Parma citizens accused of conspiring against him. In 1628, on the death of Ranuccio I, the duchy was passed on to his just sixteen-year-old son Odoardo, who on 11 October of the same year married the fifteen-year-old Margherita de' Medici in Florence, daughter of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

These were difficult years for the duchy, in addition to the terrible plague of 1630 which decimated the population, the new duke maintained an army of 6,000 infantry and to finance it he forced his subjects into severe deprivation, getting into debt with bankers and merchants. Despite the high expenses incurred, his first campaign was negative: Piacenza was occupied by the Spanish troops, his troops were defeated in Parma territory by Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, and Odoardo was forced to sign a peace treaty with Spain under which, once the alliance with France was dissolved, he would have evacuated Piacenza.

On his death, which took place in Piacenza on 11 September 1646 at the age of 34, the duchy passed to his son Ranuccio II and for two years the regency was ensured by his wife Margherita de' Medici and by his uncle the Cardinal Francesco Maria Farnese, until the age of eighteen. In 1691 the Duchy of Parma was invaded by the Imperial army and plundered by the four thousand soldiers who arrived in Parma with women and children; not only their maintenance fell on the subjects, but rape, abuse and violence followed one another without respite. Ranuccio II made many works to improve the situation of his subjects, but the contrast between the carefree life of the court and the coffers of the treasury was truly remarkable and to keep all the characters who rotated at the court of Parma, the duke was forced to tax everything, avoiding, however, touching the ecclesiastical income. During his reign, Ranuccio II bought precious paintings and volumes, he moved most of the works belonging to the family collections preserved in the Roman residences to Parma and in 1688 the new Ducal Theater was inaugurated. Ranuccio II had a son destined to succeed him, Odoardo, who, however, predeceased his father and therefore never governed the duchy.

Three years before his death, thanks to the mediation of the ambassador Count Fabio Perletti, Odoardo had married Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, with whom he had two children: Alessandro, who died at the age of eight months, and Elisabeth. On 11 December 1694, upon the sudden death of Ranuccio II, the duchy then passed into the hands of the just sixteen-year-old second son Francesco, who married the widow of his brother Dorothea.

Rule of Francesco Farnese
Francesco Farnese's work fully brought the Farnese dynasty back to the center of great politics. Having inherited a disastrous financial situation, in order to try to heal it he cut all the unnecessary expenses of the court by firing most of the servants, musicians, jesters and dwarves. He also abolished performances, court parties and banquets. A hydraulic work was built to defend the city of Piacenza from the erosion of the Po, the expansion of the University of Parma and the Collegio dei Nobili was favored, encouraging the study of public law, history, languages and geography. Artists, writers, musicians and playwrights enjoyed the protection of the Court. In 1712 the renovation works of the Ducal Palace of Colorno began, completed in 1730. In 1714 the duchy achieved an important diplomatic success when Francesco, thanks to the offices of his ambassador in Spain Giulio Alberoni, was able to marry his niece Elisabeth to King Philip V of Spain, who had been widowed earlier that year.

Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma
Because of the lack of male heirs, Elisabeth Farnese, niece of Duke Antonio Farnese, was declared the Farnese heiress. She received many marriage proposals, finally marrying in 1714 Philip V of Spain. On the death of childless Duke Antonio in 1731, Philip V asserted the rights that his wife had over the duchies according to the agreements signed in the Treaty of Vienna of 1725 and the Treaty of Seville of 1729, and he claimed both for the Spanish House of Bourbon. The Duchy would thus be inherited by his first son with Elisabeth, Infante Carlos of Spain, who reigned as Duke Charles I of Parma and Piacenza. He ruled his territories for four years until the end of the War of the Polish Succession, when, according to what was established in the Treaty of Vienna (1738), he handed over both duchies to the House of Habsburg in exchange for the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.

The Habsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, whose final peace treaty, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ceded back the duchy to the Bourbons in the person of Infante Philip of Spain, younger brother of Charles I. Duke Philip became the founder of the House of Bourbon-Parma, reigning over an expanded Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (Ducato di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla), the Gonzaga rulers of neighbouring Guastalla having died out in 1746.

In 1796, the duchy was occupied by French troops under Napoleon, and the political situation of the state became extremely confused. Ferdinand maintained his throne under French military governors until the Treaty of Aranjuez of 1801, when a general agreement between the House of Bourbon and Napoleon formally decided the cession of the duchy to France in exchange for Tuscany, but the Duke remained in Parma until he died in 1802.

Napoleonic era (1796-1814)
Napoleon Bonaparte was undecided about the future of the duchy, aspiring to a total engagement of the Bourbons in the European wars as his allies. Even as French laws and administration were gradually introduced, the formal annexation to the French Empire was declared only in 1808 after the outbreak of the Peninsular War. The duchy was reformed as the département of Taro.

Last decades of the duchy (1814 to 1860)
In 1814, the duchies were given to Napoleon's Habsburg wife, Marie-Louise, styled in Italian Maria-Luigia, who ruled them for the rest of her life. After her death in 1847, the Duchy was restored to the Bourbon-Parma family, which had been ruling the tiny Duchy of Lucca. Guastalla was ceded to Modena. The Bourbons ruled until 1859, when they were driven out by a revolution following the French and Sardinian victory in the war against Austria (called Austrian War in France and Second War of Independence in Italy). It was the only case in Italy where the ruling monarchs were successfully driven out by two consecutive uprisings, both in 1848 and 1859: the reasons behind this are to be found both in the rising aspiration for Italian unification and a strong despise towards the Bourbons, after the less reactionary reign of Marie Louise.

In December 1859, the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was combined with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena to form the United Provinces of Central Italy. In March 1860, after a referendum, this merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia, which in 1861 changed its name to the Kingdom of Italy.

title: Duchy of Parma and Piacenza