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Villars-sous-Yens

Villars-sous-Yens is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

Geography
Villars-sous-Yens has an area,, of 3 km2. Of this area, 2.33 km2 or 76.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.5 km2 or 16.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.2 km2 or 6.6% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.0%. Out of the forested land, 13.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.0% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 59.2% is used for growing crops and 5.9% is pastures, while 11.5% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Villars-sous-Yens became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Vert, a letter V Argent.

Demographics
Villars-sous-Yens has a population of. , 10.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 6.6%. It has changed at a rate of 1.5% due to migration and at a rate of 5.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (519 or 92.7%), with German being second most common (18 or 3.2%) and English being third (5 or 0.9%). There are 2 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 121 or about 21.6% were born in Villars-sous-Yens and lived there in 2000. There were 254 or 45.4% who were born in the same canton, while 89 or 15.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 84 or 15.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 death of a Swiss citizen. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 5 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 4 non-Swiss men and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 1 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.0%.

The age distribution,, in Villars-sous-Yens is; 71 children or 12.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 94 teenagers or 16.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 59 people or 10.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 76 people or 13.1% are between 30 and 39, 114 people or 19.6% are between 40 and 49, and 70 people or 12.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 50 people or 8.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 34 people or 5.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 11 people or 1.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 3 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.

, there were 258 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 253 married individuals, 21 widows or widowers and 28 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 206 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 50 households that consist of only one person and 20 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 209 households that answered this question, 23.9% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 50 married couples without children, 90 married couples with children There were 8 single parents with a child or children. There were 7 households that were made up of unrelated people and 3 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 75 single family homes (or 60.5% of the total) out of a total of 124 inhabited buildings. There were 27 multi-family buildings (21.8%), along with 21 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (16.9%) and 1 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (0.8%). Of the single family homes 29 were built before 1919, while 22 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (12) were built before 1919 and the next most (3) were built between 1919 and 1945. There were 2 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 211 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 64. There were 3 single room apartments and 76 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 199 apartments (94.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 9 apartments (4.3%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 10.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.78%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (17.11%), the SP (16.79%) and the LPS Party (12.09%). In the federal election, a total of 181 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.1%.

Economy
, Villars-sous-Yens had an unemployment rate of 1.8%. , there were 59 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 5 people were employed in the secondary sector and there was 1 business in this sector. 40 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 14 businesses in this sector. There were 296 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 71. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 32, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 5, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 34. In the tertiary sector; 3 or 8.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 14.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 9 or 26.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education.

, there were 11 workers who commuted into the municipality and 229 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 20.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 69.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 135 or 24.1% were Roman Catholic, while 301 or 53.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 12 individuals (or about 2.14% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 individuals (or about 0.54% of the population) who were Jewish, and there was 1 individual who was Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist, 1 person who was Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 87 (or about 15.54% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 21 individuals (or about 3.75% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Villars-sous-Yens about 194 or (34.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 114 or (20.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 114 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 26.3% were Swiss women, 10.5% were non-Swiss men and 10.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 82 students in the Villars-sous-Yens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 38 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 44 students in those schools.

, there were 36 students in Villars-sous-Yens who came from another municipality, while 88 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Villars-sous-Yens


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Vufflens-le-Château

Vufflens-le-Château is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

Geography
Vufflens-le-Château has an area,, of 2.1 km2. Of this area, 1.49 km2 or 69.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.28 km2 or 13.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4 km2 or 18.7% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 15.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 9.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 47.2% is used for growing crops and 3.7% is pastures, while 18.7% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Vufflens-le-Château became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Pally of Six Or and Azure, overall a Bar of the first.

Demographics
Vufflens-le-Château has a population of. , 16.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 25.1%.

Most of the population speaks French (535 or 84.8%), with German being second most common (42 or 6.7%) and English being third (25 or 4.0%).

Of the population in the municipality 110 or about 17.4% were born in Vufflens-le-Château and lived there in 2000. There were 263 or 41.7% who were born in the same canton, while 107 or 17.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 141 or 22.3% were born outside of Switzerland.

The age distribution,, in Vufflens-le-Château is; 103 children or 13.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 119 teenagers or 15.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 61 people or 8.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 100 people or 13.1% are between 30 and 39, 134 people or 17.5% are between 40 and 49, and 108 people or 14.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 79 people or 10.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 47 people or 6.1% are between 70 and 79, there are 13 people or 1.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Vufflens Castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire area around Vufflens-le-Château is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 21.62% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.89%), the SP (16.45%) and the Green Party (15.05%). In the federal election, a total of 253 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.5%.

Economy
, Vufflens-le-Château had an unemployment rate of 3%. , there were 32 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 12 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 58 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 15 businesses in this sector. There were 320 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 77. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 15, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 12, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 50. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 24.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 8 or 16.0% were in the information industry, 6 or 12.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 16.0% were in education.

, there were 54 workers who commuted into the municipality and 259 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 20.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.9% used a private car.

The municipality is served by a station on the Bière–Apples–Morges railway.

Religion
From the, 166 or 26.3% were Roman Catholic, while 336 or 53.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 29 individuals (or about 4.60% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 5 individuals (or about 0.79% of the population) who were Jewish, and 89 (or about 14.10% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 17 individuals (or about 2.69% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Vufflens-le-Château about 202 or (32.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 174 or (27.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 118 students in the Vufflens-le-Château school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 65 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 53 students in those schools.

Notable residents
Ferdinand de Saussure, Michael Schumacher, and Mick Schumacher lived in Vufflens-le-Château.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vufflens-le-Château


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Vullierens

Vullierens is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. Vullierens is known for its castle, iris gardens and banqueting center "Portes des Iris".

Geography
Vullierens has an area,, of 6.8 km2. Of this area, 5.77 km2 or 84.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.63 km2 or 9.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.44 km2 or 6.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.01 km2 or 0.1% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.6%. Out of the forested land, 7.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 72.4% is used for growing crops and 6.9% is pastures, while 5.1% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Vullierens became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, in chief a Castle with three Towers Or, in base two Sea-daces addorsed Argent.

Demographics
Vullierens has a population of. , 11.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -0.7%. It has changed at a rate of -3.1% due to migration and at a rate of 2.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (371 or 92.3%), with English being second most common (13 or 3.2%) and German being third (12 or 3.0%).

Of the population in the municipality 129 or about 32.1% were born in Vullierens and lived there in 2000. There were 169 or 42.0% who were born in the same canton, while 44 or 10.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 43 or 10.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 3 live births to Swiss citizens and were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population decreased by 1. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 2 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population increased by 2 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.5%.

The age distribution,, in Vullierens is; 36 children or 8.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 56 teenagers or 13.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 45 people or 10.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 44 people or 10.6% are between 30 and 39, 90 people or 21.6% are between 40 and 49, and 58 people or 13.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 34 people or 8.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 37 people or 8.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 15 people or 3.6% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.

, there were 169 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 190 married individuals, 24 widows or widowers and 19 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 163 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 47 households that consist of only one person and 12 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 167 households that answered this question, 28.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 47 married couples without children, 56 married couples with children There were 9 single parents with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 61 single family homes (or 50.4% of the total) out of a total of 121 inhabited buildings. There were 18 multi-family buildings (14.9%), along with 33 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (27.3%) and 9 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.4%). Of the single family homes 24 were built before 1919, while 5 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (11) were built before 1919 and the next most (2) were built between 1961 and 1970. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 167 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 54. There were 5 single room apartments and 64 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 158 apartments (94.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 7 apartments (4.2%) were seasonally occupied and 2 apartments (1.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.11%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
Vullierens Castle and the surrounding gardens and buildings are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Vullierens is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 23.48% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (20.19%), the SP (18.91%) and the Green Party (11.24%). In the federal election, a total of 155 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.4%.

Economy
, Vullierens had an unemployment rate of 3.7%. , there were 44 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 24 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 22 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 185 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.6% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 71. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 30, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 23 of which 19 or (82.6%) were in manufacturing and 4 (17.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 18. In the tertiary sector; 4 or 22.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 16.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 3 or 16.7% were in education.

, there were 13 workers who commuted into the municipality and 128 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 5.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 55 or 13.7% were Roman Catholic, while 273 or 67.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 22 individuals (or about 5.47% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 47 (or about 11.69% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13 individuals (or about 3.23% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Vullierens about 134 or (33.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 72 or (17.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 72 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.3% were Swiss men, 27.8% were Swiss women, 8.3% were non-Swiss men.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 48 students in the Vullierens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 24 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 24 students in those schools.

, there were 41 students in Vullierens who came from another municipality, while 79 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Vullierens


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Yens

Yens is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

Geography
Yens has an area,, of 9.5 km2. Of this area, 5.18 km2 or 54.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.66 km2 or 38.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.7 km2 or 7.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, 36.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 39.5% is used for growing crops and 6.9% is pastures, while 8.0% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Yens became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a chevron enhanced and a chief argent.

Demographics
Yens has a population of. , 16.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 11.3%. It has changed at a rate of 8.6% due to migration and at a rate of 2.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (853 or 88.4%), with German being second most common (40 or 4.1%) and Portuguese being third (26 or 2.7%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 231 or about 23.9% were born in Yens and lived there in 2000. There were 355 or 36.8% who were born in the same canton, while 165 or 17.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 181 or 18.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and were 6 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and 9 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 8 and the non-Swiss population increased by 11 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.9%.

The age distribution,, in Yens is; 108 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 150 teenagers or 14.4% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 84 people or 8.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 138 people or 13.2% are between 30 and 39, 183 people or 17.5% are between 40 and 49, and 125 people or 12.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 151 people or 14.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 68 people or 6.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 34 people or 3.3% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 372 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 490 married individuals, 56 widows or widowers and 47 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 380 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 111 households that consist of only one person and 33 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 391 households that answered this question, 28.4% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 109 married couples without children, 137 married couples with children There were 16 single parents with a child or children. There were 5 households that were made up of unrelated people and 11 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 165 single family homes (or 63.0% of the total) out of a total of 262 inhabited buildings. There were 44 multi-family buildings (16.8%), along with 43 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (16.4%) and 10 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.8%). Of the single family homes 25 were built before 1919, while 22 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (39) were built between 1971 and 1980. The most multi-family homes (21) were built before 1919 and the next most (5) were built between 1961 and 1970. There were 2 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 408 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 96. There were 17 single room apartments and 174 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 368 apartments (90.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 31 apartments (7.6%) were seasonally occupied and 9 apartments (2.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.67%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire village of Yens is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 21.03% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.76%), the FDP (18.68%) and the Green Party (14.9%). In the federal election, a total of 345 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.8%.

Economy
, Yens had an unemployment rate of 3.2%. , there were 103 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 28 businesses involved in this sector. 136 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 15 businesses in this sector. 100 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 29 businesses in this sector. There were 507 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 288. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 81, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 128 of which 72 or (56.3%) were in manufacturing and 56 (43.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 79. In the tertiary sector; 31 or 39.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 7 or 8.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 6.3% were in the information industry, 4 or 5.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 5 or 6.3% were in education and 16 or 20.3% were in health care.

, there were 113 workers who commuted into the municipality and 341 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 65.9% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 227 or 23.5% were Roman Catholic, while 538 or 55.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 9 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.93% of the population), and there were 56 individuals (or about 5.80% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 11 (or about 1.14% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 115 (or about 11.92% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 30 individuals (or about 3.11% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Yens about 321 or (33.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 201 or (20.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 201 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.2% were Swiss men, 29.9% were Swiss women, 8.0% were non-Swiss men and 7.0% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 139 students in the Yens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 68 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 70 students in those schools. There was also 1 student who was home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 34 students in Yens who came from another municipality, while 118 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Yens


text:
Cardigan (electoral district)

Cardigan is a federal electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968.

The electoral district was created in 1966 from parts of the ridings of King's and Queen's, with minor modifications to its boundaries since.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, at the first election held after April 22, 2024. It will lose all of its territory in North Shore and the North Shore Fire District, plus everything west of Highway 6 between them to Malpeque.

Geography
Under the Representation Order, the geographic boundaries of this riding are described as follows:

Consisting of:

 * (a) the County of Kings;

 * (b) that part of the County of Queens comprisedof [sic]: lots 35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60 and 62; the Town of Stratford; and

 * (c) Governors Island and all other islands adjacent to the County of Kings and to the above-mentioned lots.

(See the map of Cardigan riding.)

Political geography
In the 2008 election, every poll except two voted Liberal. The only two polls that didn't, voted Conservative. These two polls were centred in the town of Georgetown, Prince Edward Island.

Members of parliament
This riding has elected the following members of parliament:

2011 election
In 2011, a student vote was conducted at participating Canadian schools to parallel the 2011 Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district where they were physically located.

title: Cardigan (electoral district)


text:
Legal deposit

Legal deposit is a legal requirement that a person or group submit copies of their publications to a repository, usually a library. The number of copies required varies from country to country. Typically, the national library is the primary repository of these copies. In some countries there is also a legal deposit requirement placed on the government, and it is required to send copies of documents to publicly accessible libraries. The legislation covering the requirement varies from country to country, but is often enshrined in copyright law. Until the late 20th century, legal deposit covered only printed and sometimes audio-visual materials, but in the 21st century, most countries have had to extend their legislation to cover digital documents as well. In 2000, UNESCO published a new and enlarged edition of Jean Lunn's 1981 Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation, which addresses the issue of electronic formats in its recommendations for the construction of legal deposit legislation.

The number of books deposited in national legal repositories increased from 2.4 million in 2018 to 2.7 million in 2019, mainly due to a substantial growth in digital deposits.

Australia
In Australia, section 201 of the Copyright Act 1968 and other state acts requires that a copy of all materials published in Australia be deposited with the National Library of Australia. State laws require books and a wide range of other materials published in each state to be deposited in the applicable state library. New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia also require books published in those states to be deposited in the library of the state parliament. New South Wales law also requires books published in that state to be deposited in the University of Sydney library.

The relevant legislation governing deposit of items to state and territory libraries are: the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT); the Libraries Act 1988 (Qld), the Libraries Act 1984 (Tas), Section 35 of the Libraries Act 1982 (SA), the Libraries Act 1939 (NSW), Section 49 of the Libraries Act 1988 (Vic),  and the Legal Deposit Act 2012 (WA) The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has no local legislation, but publishers "are encouraged to lodge a copy of their publications with the ACT Heritage Library for ongoing preservation and access".

The Copyright Act 1968 and legal deposit legislation pertaining to each state mandates that publishers of any kind must deposit copies of their publications in the National Library of Australia as well as in the state or territory library in their jurisdiction. Until the 21st century, this has applied to all types of printed materials (and in some states, to audio-visual formats as well). On 17 February 2016, the federal legal deposit provisions were extended (by ''Statute Law Revision Act (No. 1) 2016'') to cover electronic publications of all types. By July 2018, while the Northern Territory was the only jurisdiction with legislation with explicit mention of "internet publications" (in its Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004), Queensland's Libraries Act 1988 and Tasmania's Libraries Act 1984 were broad enough to include digital publications. Most states and territories have been reviewing or amending existing legislation to extend to digital publications as well. The State Library of South Australia requires that electronic publications should be deposited rather than print whenever possible". In June 2019, New South Wales passed new legislation, the Library Amendment Act 2019, which amended the Library Act 1939 and repealed previous legal deposit legislation, the Copyright Act 1879 (NSW). The change means that legal deposit now applies to all formats, including digital.

Under the legislation (section 195CD (1) (c) (i)), publishers are required to deposit digital publications without Technological Protection Measures (TPM) or Digital Rights Management (DRM); that is, the copy must contain all content and functionality, without protection measures such as password protection or subscription paywalls.

Brazil
Legal deposit legislation in Brazil ("Depósito legal"), federal laws number 10994 and 12192, requires that one copy of every book, music or periodical published in the country be sent to the National Library of Brazil (known as Biblioteca Nacional, Biblioteca do Rio de Janeiro, or Fundação Biblioteca Nacional), located in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Brunei
Under the Preservation of Books Act (1967, revised in 1984), three copies of every "book, report, pamphlet, periodical, newspaper, sheet of letterpress, sheet of music, map, plan, chart or table separated published" shall be delivered to the Director of Museums within one month after the publication at one's own expense.

Canada
In Canada, the Library and Archives of Canada Act (2004) specifies that up to two copies of any published material must be deposited with Library and Archives Canada. Materials deposited in the archives are catalogued; the catalogs are available as part of the Library and Archives Canada website. The province of Quebec also requires deposit of two copies of any document be deposited to Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec within seven days of its publication.

China
In China, Article 22 of Regulations on the Administration of Publication (2001) states that three copies of each printed publication should be submitted to the National Library of China, one copy to the Archives Library of Chinese Publications and one copy to the administrative department for publication under the State Council.

Colombia
In Colombia, the law of legal deposit is regulated by Law 44 of 1993, the statutory Decree 460 of March 16 of 1999, and Decree 2150 of 1995. These laws and decrees are specifically about the National Library of Colombia. The creators of printed works, as well as audiovisual, audio, and video productions, should supply the library with a specified number of copies of the works, whether they were produced within the Colombian territory or imported.
 * For printed works, two copies of each of the works produced within the national territory should be delivered to the National Library of Colombia; one copy to the Biblioteca del Congreso de la República de Colombia (Library of the Congress of the Republic of Colombia), and one copy to the Central Library of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (National University of Colombia), excepting a few cases in which the high cost of the edition or the short duration of publication makes it possible to deliver fewer copies.
 * For audiovisual and audio works, as well as for published works that have been imported, only one copy needs to be delivered to the National Library.

Croatia
In Croatia, legal deposit was established in 1816. Today, it is regulated by the Libraries Act, which stipulates nine copies should be supplied by the publishers. Of these, two are received by the National and University Library in Zagreb, while university and scientific libraries in Osijek, Rijeka, Pula, Zadar, Split, Dubrovnik and Mostar receive one copy each.

Denmark
In Denmark, legal deposit has been required since 1697, and is handled by the Royal Danish Library (for most written works) and by the State and University Library (for newspapers, audio, and video); two copies must be supplied. This also includes works in digital format, and the publisher may be required to supply the necessary passwords.

Faroe Islands
Legal deposit of four copies of every publication is required to the National Library of the Faroe Islands under a law passed on July 16, 1952.

Finland
In Finland, The Royal Academy of Turku was given right to receive a copy of all works published in Sweden in 1707. After Finland had been ceded by Sweden to Russia, this privilege was confirmed in 1809. In 1820, all Russian print presses began to send legal deposit copies to Finland.

Gaining its independence in 1917, Finland retained the principles of legal deposit. Helsinki University Library (the university had been transferred from Turku in 1827) remained the main deposit library. Additional copies began to be deposited in other libraries in Turku, Jyväskylä, and Vyborg (later Oulu). In 1984, the obligation to deposit was expanded to audiovisual materials; responsibility to preserve films was given to the National Audiovisual Institute.

A new act on depositing and preservation of cultural materials was given in 2007. The new act covers two new important types of cultural materials. The National Audiovisual Archive collects and preserves broadcast materials, whereas the National Library of Finland (Helsinki University Library renamed) takes care of capturing and preserving Web content.

France
In France, legal deposit was initiated by the Ordonnance de Montpellier of 1537, under which a copy of any published book had to be delivered to the king's library, for conservation purposes. During the following centuries, legal deposit was sometimes used to facilitate censorship and the obligation was thus removed briefly during the French Revolution, under the argument that it violated freedom of speech. The main depository is the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Legal deposit is extremely developed and concerns not only printed material but also multimedia archives and even some web pages.

France is also unique in the world in funding the Osmothèque, a legal deposit scent and fragrance archive to preserve perfume formulas.

Germany
In Germany, since 1913 publishing houses bound by a contract with the booksellers' guild, the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels, were required to send a so-called Pflichtexemplar of each book in print and stock to the Deutsche Bücherei in Leipzig. After World War II, Deutsche Bücherei kept going in East Germany, while the Deutsche Bibliothek was founded in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. Legal deposits kept being required strictly by Private Law, organised by the Börsenverein and the German booksellers. Since 1969, the German National Library Law (Gesetz über die Deutsche Bibliothek vom 31. März 1969, BGBl. I S. 265 ) required that two copies of each print publication and of some non-print publications be sent to the German National Library in either Frankfurt am Main or Leipzig (depending on the publisher's location). The act was replaced in 2006 by the German National Library Act, as the German National Library, or Deutsche Nationalbibilothek, was founded. Additionally, each federal state of Germany requires that one or two copies of works published in that state be deposited in the respective state repository.

Hong Kong
Under section 3 of the Books Registration Ordinance the publisher of a new book shall, within one month after the book is published, printed, produced or otherwise made in Hong Kong, deliver to the Secretary for Broadcasting, Culture and Sport free of charge five copies of the book.

A person who contravenes such requirement shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of HK$2000.

The secretary is required to send one copy to the City Hall Library, which was the main library of the previous Urban Council or such other library as he may approve.

This requirement did not include any library under the previous Regional Council (another municipal council in Hong Kong), and was not amended since the Hong Kong Central Library was open and replaced the City Hall Library as the main library for the whole dependent territory.

Iceland
In Iceland, four copies of any published, printed, material must be sent to the National and University Library of Iceland in Reykjavík, three of which will be kept there, and one of which will be kept at Amtsbókasafnið á Akureyri in Akureyri. If fewer than 50 copies are made only two are required.

India
The Delivery of Books Act 1954 enacted by the Indian parliament regulates the deposit of books published in India to the National Library of India, Kolkata and three other libraries namely, Connemara Public Library, Chennai; Central Library, Mumbai and the Delhi Public Library. The Act was amended in 1956 to include periodicals and newspapers. The Indian National Bibliography is compiled on the receipt of books received under Delivery of Books Act at the National Library, Kolkata.

Ireland
One copy of each book and periodical published in the Republic of Ireland must be deposited with the National Library of Ireland (NLI), the British Library, and each of the seven university libraries: Trinity College Library and those of the University of Limerick (UL), Dublin City University (DCU), and the four constituent universities of the National University of Ireland (NUI). Four other British libraries can submit a written request for a copy within a year: the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Scotland and the National Library of Wales. Irish publishers have complained at the obligation to supply up to 13 free copies of works which may have a small print run. Trinity College Library incurs expense, partly reimbursed from public funds, in receiving UK books and acting as a clearing house for Irish books sent for UK deposit.

The Irish Free State in 1922 inherited the UK's Copyright Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 46), which made Trinity College Library and those in the UK the legal deposits for UK-published books. When the Free State's first copyright law was debated in 1927, it was decided to retain Trinity College Library rather than the NLI as the deposit for UK books, on the grounds of continuity. It retains the status. Originally the 1927 bill proposed only to add the NLI as a deposit for Free State publishing; in committee the three then constituent colleges of the NUI were added as well, while status of the lesser British libraries was reduced from automatic to by request. St Patrick's College (predecessor of NUI Maynooth) was added in 1963, and UL and DCU in 1989 on promotion to university status. In 2000, the deposit requirement was extended to e-publishing, and libraries could request digital copies in addition to hard copies. In 2017, the NLI began a consultation on extending legal deposit to born-digital resources, which it had begun preserving in 2011 from voluntary deposits.

Israel
In Israel, "The Books Law 2000 (5761)" requires two copies of each publication to be sent to the National Library of Israel. The library of the Knesset and the Israel State Archive are each entitled to receive one copy upon request.

The government authorities are required by the "Freedom of Information Act, 1999" to send an annual report of their actions to the public library of every town with 5,000 people or more.

Italy
In Italy, the law on legal deposit (15 April 2004, n. 106) requires a copy of each publication to be sent to both the National Central Library of Florence and National Central Library of Rome, as it has been since the institution of the Kingdom of Italy (1861).

In addition, the regions determine local regional and provincial legal deposit libraries, which receive two more copies and often inherit that status from their pre-unification history. For instance, the Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense is the legal deposit library in Lombardy since 1788 (when it covered the Duchy of Milan) and the National Central Library of Florence since 1743 (for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany).

Japan
The legal deposit requirements for Japan's National Diet Library are specified in Chapters X through XI-3 of the National Diet Library Law. These requirements vary based on whether the publishing entity is governmental or nongovernmental, and on whether the work is published physically or online. Required works are books, pamphlets, serials, music scores, maps, films, other documents or charts, phonographic records, and digital text, images, sounds, or programs. Nongovernmental publishers must submit a single copy, and are entitled to "compensation equivalent to the expenses usually required for the issue and deposit of the publication;" noncompliance is subject to a fine.

Kenya
In Kenya, the legal deposit regulation is covered under the Books and Newspaper Act Cap. 111 of 1960. It covers books (any volume), encyclopaedia, magazines, review, gazette, pamphlet, leaflet, sheet of letterpress, sheet of music, map, plan and chart. However, it gives exceptions to letter heading, price list, annual reports, trade circular, trade advertisement, government publications, legal, trade or business document. The Acts gives the mandate to Kenya National Library Service and the Registrar of Books and Newspapers. According to the Act, publishers should deposit two copies with the Director, Kenya National Library Service and not more than three copies to the Registrar of Books and Newspapers as it may be specified. The regulations were last reviewed in the year 2002 where penalties were specified for non-compliance.

Liechtenstein
The Liechtenstein State Library, colloquially known as the State Library, was formally established by law by the National Library Foundation in 1961. The State Library possesses a legal depository. As per the amended statutes, the roles of the State Library changed as such: the State Library now functions as a national library as well as a scientific and public library. As a national library, the State Library collects print materials, pictures and music created by citizens of Liechtenstein as well as items related to Liechtenstein. Also, the State Library acts as a patent library for the Principality of Liechtenstein and as such provides access to comprehensive international patent information. The State Library’s rules and regulations must follow the current legislation under Liechtenstein’s European Economic Area as well as Swiss legislation.

Macau
Decree-Law No. 72/89/M requires that copies of works published in Macau be deposited with the Macao Central Library.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, according to the Akta Penyerahan Bahan Perpustakaan 1986 (Deposit of Library Material Act 1986), five copies of printed library materials including books, printed materials, maps, charts and posters must be deposited to the National Library of Malaysia. In addition, two copies of non-printed library materials must also be deposited.

Monaco
In Monaco four copies of locally produced books, computer software and media must be deposited in the Bibliothèque Louis Notari. If fewer than 100 copies were produced only two copies are required.

New Zealand
Legal deposit was initiated in 1903 in New Zealand, and currently requires that copies of all printed documents and offline electronic documents (e.g. DVDs) be sent to the National Library of New Zealand within 20 working days of publication. It also empowers the National Librarian to make copies of Internet documents including websites. If asked for assistance in making copies of their Internet documents, publishers must comply within 20 working days. This process is given legal force by Part 4 of the National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa) Act 2003, as well as three supporting requirements notices. If more than 100 copies are printed in total, two copies must be provided, otherwise one. If the price of one copy is greater than $1,000 NZD, only one copy is required.

Poland
Since 1780 the Załuski Library has been entitled to a copy of all works published in Poland. In modern times the issue is regulated by a Decree of the Minister of Culture and Arts of March 6, 1997. The National Library of Poland and the Jagiellonian Library receive two copies of all publications, one of which is to be stored indefinitely. In addition to that, there are 15 other libraries to receive legal deposits to be stored for no less than 50 years: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Library, University of Łódź Library, Nicolaus Copernicus University Library, Adam Mickiewicz University Library, University of Warsaw Library, University of Wrocław Library, Silesian Library, City of Warsaw Library, Pomeranian Library in Szczecin, University of Gdańsk Library, Catholic University of Lublin Library, University of Opole Library and Podlaskie Library in Białystok. The National Film Library (Filmoteka Narodowa) is to receive all film productions, while the Sejm Library receives a copy of all legal documents.

Portugal
In Portugal, all publishers are currently required to deposit 11 copies of all publications, which are distributed between the National Library of Portugal, municipal libraries of major cities, and the libraries of public institutions of science and higher learning. Special exceptions, of which only one copy is required (and stored in the National Library), include Masters and PhD dissertations, limited prints, stamps, plans, posters, among others.

Romania
In Romania, all publishers are required to deposit copies of publications at the National Library of Romania. For books and brochures the minimum requirement is 7 copies. For periodicals, school manuals and audiovisual publications, the legal deposit is 6 copies while for sheet music, atlases and maps the minimum requirement is 3 copies. Also, for PhD theses, the legal deposit is 1 copy.

Russia
In Russia the Russian State Library (Moscow), the National Library of Russia (St Petersburg), the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St Petersburg), the State Public Scientific & Technological Library (Novosibirsk) as well as the libraries of the Moscow State University, the President of the Russian Federation, and the two Houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are entitled to a copy of every book published.

Singapore
In Singapore, the National Library Board Act requires all publishers in Singapore to deposit two copies of every publication to the National Library Board at their own expense within four weeks from the publication date.

Slovenia
The forerunner of the National and University Library of Slovenia, the Lyceum Library of Ljubljana was established around 1774 by a decree issued by Maria Theresa from the remains of the Jesuit Library and several monastery libraries. The submission of legal deposit copies to the Lyceum library became mandatory with a decree published by the Austrian court in 1807, at first only in Carniola, except for a short period of French occupation, when it received copies from all the Illyrian provinces. In 1919, it was named State Reference Library and started to collect legal deposit copies from the Slovenia of the time. In the same year, the University of Ljubljana (the first Slovenian university) was established and the library served its needs too. In 1921, it started to acquire legal deposit copies from the entire Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was named the University Library in 1938. Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije (Digital library of Slovenia) is a project of the National and University Library of Slovenia.

South Africa
In South Africa the Legal Deposit Act, 1997 requires publishers to provide five copies of every book published, if the print run consists of 100 or more copies. These copies must be deposited in the National Library of South Africa (NLSA) in Cape Town, the NLSA in Pretoria, the Mangaung Library Services in Bloemfontein, the Msunduzi Municipal Library in Pietermaritzburg, and the Library of Parliament in Cape Town. If the print run is less than 100 copies, then only one copy is required, to be deposited in the NLSA in Cape Town. If it is less than 20 copies, then no deposit is required.

For films, videos and sound recordings, the requirements are the same, except that the National Film, Video and Sound Archives (NFVSA) receives a deposit copy instead of the Library of Parliament, and if only one copy is required it is deposited in the NFVSA rather than the NLSA.

South Korea
Article 20 of the Library Act requires that one or two copies of any tangible material published or produced in the country be sent to the National Library of Korea within 30 days for permanent preservation. Copies of online materials must be submitted on demand.

Spain
In Spain, the obligation to deposit copies of printed materials has existed since 1619 for the Royal Library of El Escorial and since 1716 for the Royal Library of Madrid (later the National Library of Spain). From this moment, there followed multiple provisions, in the 19th century termed "legal deposit", all with the aim of enforcing compliance.

The decree of 1957 established a solid administrative base for legal deposit in Spain, based on the separation between provincial offices that managed legal deposit at the local level and conservation libraries, such as the National Library. The decree stipulated that printers were responsible for depositing several copies of all published works at the National Library and other public libraries. This legal deposit legislation covered a wide range of materials, including printed materials such as books and magazines, sound recordings, maps, movies, and postcards.

The 1957 decree, though superseded by other decrees in 1971 and 1973, remained almost intact until 2011, when a new legal deposit law was passed on July 29, 2011. Law 23/2011 established, among other things, that the publisher, not the printer, was the primary entity responsible for submitting its materials to legal deposit. It also established procedures for the legal deposit of electronic materials, including online ones. The number of copies that must be delivered to each library varies between two and four according to the type of material. Through legal deposit, the National Library collects all materials published in Spain. The central libraries for each autonomous community collect works published in their respective communities, and provincial libraries collect works published in their respective provinces.

Sri Lanka
First legal deposit of Sri Lanka was established in 1885 at the National Museum Library. The law of the country (according to National Archives Act No. 48 of 1973). requires that a copy of every document printed in the country has to be deposited in the legal deposit. There are five legal deposits in the country. These are the National Archives of Sri Lanka, the National Library of Sri Lanka, the National Museum Library, the University of Peradeniya library and the Library, University of Ruhuna.

Sweden
The Swedish Legal Deposit Act originates in 1661. According to present legislation, copies of printed material, sound and moving images has to be sent to The National Library of Sweden and Lund University Library (no audiovisual material). In 2012 the Legal Deposit Act for Electronic Material was passed. It states that starting in 2015, publishing companies and public authorities must deliver digitally published content to the National Library. In 2013-14 electronic legal deposits will start in a smaller scale.

Switzerland
There is no federal law establishing legal deposit in Switzerland, however, the cantons of Vaud, Fribourg, Geneva, and Ticino have enacted legal deposit laws applying to books published within their respective jurisdictions. On a national level, the Swiss National Library (SNL) has voluntary agreements in place with the two main publishers' associations in the country; Schweizer Buchhandels- und Verlags-Verband, and Association Suisse des Diffuseurs, Editeurs et Libraires, under which the SNL receives a copy of every book published by associated publishers.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, the Library Act requires that a copy of a work should be deposited with the National Central Library and the Parliamentary Library of the Legislative Yuan. There are only two university library selected as Legal deposit destination — National Dong Hwa University Library and National Taiwan University Library.

United Kingdom
There are six legal deposit libraries under UK law: the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales, the Bodleian Library at Oxford University, Cambridge University Library, and Trinity College Dublin Library. Although the Irish Free State left the UK in 1922, Trinity College remains a UK deposit library, and the UK libraries reciprocally retain deposit rights for Irish publications.

Legal deposit in the United Kingdom traces its origins to an agreement between Sir Thomas Bodley and the Stationers' Company that copies of new books would be added to the Bodleian collection. The Statute of Anne (1710) formalised the practice by extending it, in England, to the Royal Library (now the British Library), Cambridge University, and the library of Sion College, and, in Scotland, to the Advocates Library and the universities of St. Andrews, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen. After the Union with Ireland, an 1801 act extended deposit to Trinity College and King's Inns in Dublin. From 1814, publishers supplied institutions upon request rather than automatically. In 1836, Sion College, King's Inns, and the Scottish universities were removed from the list, compensated with a book stipend equal to the average annual value of books deposited over the preceding three years. The Copyright Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 46) gave limited deposit rights to the National Library of Wales, with full rights coming in 1987. The Advocates Library's right was transferred to the National Library of Scotland upon its 1925 creation.

The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 restates section 15 of the Copyright Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 46), that one copy of every book (which includes pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, sheet music and maps) published there must be sent to the British Library. The other five deposit libraries are entitled to request a free copy within one year of publication, a process which they normally coordinate jointly through Agency for the Legal Deposit Libraries. The 2003 Act sets out provisions for the deposit of non-print works. This legislation was updated with the introduction of secondary legislation, The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations 2013, which make provision for the legal deposit of works published online or offline in formats other than print, such as websites, blogs, e-journals and CD-ROMs. Social media content is included in the legislation, but not private message sent via social media platforms. Pure video streaming websites are also excluded from the legislation.

In the United Kingdom, the purpose of legal deposits is to "preserve knowledge and information for future generations and 'maintain the national published archive of the British Isles'. The purpose and intent for preserving publications for national posterity applied to other countries as well, including the United States. According to Thomas Lidman, "[l]egal deposit is the foundation on which to build national library services, it helps to ensure that the country’s intellectual heritage will be preserved and available for study".

United States
In the United States, the Copyright Act requires that any copyrighted and published work must be submitted in two copies to the United States Copyright Office at the Library of Congress. The Library of Congress does not retain all works. This mandatory deposit is not required to possess copyright of unpublished works, but a copyright registration can give an author enhanced remedies in case of a copyright violation. This optional registration also requires depositing two copies of the work and therefore also satisfies mandatory deposit requirements. If a foreign publisher distributes works in the US, they must also comply with the mandatory requirements.

In August 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the mandatory deposit requirement is an unconstitutional violation of property rights. The separate deposit requirement to optionally register copyright, however, remains in place.

Another type of depository library in the United States are federal depository libraries, which are entitled to free copies of all materials (digital, print, microform, etc.) published by the Government Publishing Office. By accepting these materials, the libraries commit to providing free public access to the depository collection, and they agree to hold the materials for no fewer than five years (with some exceptions); large "regional" depositories also commit to holding these materials indefinitely. There are currently 1,114 such depository libraries in the United States, though the number of federal publications each receives varies based upon their selection profile. This Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) is not affiliated with the Library of Congress and should not be confused with the aforementioned copyright deposit program.

title: Legal deposit


text:
Gedaliah

Gedaliah ( or ; Gəḏalyyā) was a person from the Bible who was a governor of Yehud province. He was also the son of Ahikam, who saved prophet Jeremiah.

Names
Gedaliah ( or ; גְּדַלְיָּה Gəḏalyyā or Gəḏalyyāhū; also written Gedalia, Gedallah, Gedalya, or Gedalyah) means "Yah has become Great".

Background
Gedaliah was the son of Ahikam (who saved the life of the prophet Jeremiah) and the grandson of Shaphan (who is mentioned in relation to the discovery of the scroll of Teaching that some scholars identify as the core of the book of Deuteronomy).

Governorship
Gedaliah was according to the narratives in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Jeremiah and Second Book of Kings, appointed by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon as governor of Yehud province, which was formed after the defeat of the Kingdom of Judah and the destruction of Jerusalem, in a part of the territory that previously formed the kingdom. He was supported by a Chaldean guard stationed at Mizpah. On hearing of the appointment, the Jews that had taken refuge in surrounding countries returned to Judah.

He zealously began to encourage the people to cultivate the fields and vineyards, and thus lay the foundation of security. Many who had fled to neighboring lands during the war of destruction were attracted by the news of the revival of the community. They came to Gedaliah in Mizpah and were warmly welcomed by him.

Assassination
Ishmael son of Nethaniah, and the ten men who were with him, murdered Gedaliah, together with most of the Jews who had joined him and many Babylonians whom Nebuchadnezzar had left with Gedaliah. The remaining Judeans feared the vengeance of Nebuchadnezzar and fled to Egypt. Although the dates are not clear from the Bible, this probably happened about 582/1 BCE, some four to five years and three months after the destruction of Jerusalem and the First Temple in 586 BCE.

Fast of Gedaliah
To lament the assassination of Gedaliah, which left Judah devoid of any Jews and Jewish rule and completed the destruction of the First Temple, the Jewish Sages established the third day of Tishrei as the Fast of Gedaliah. Although Gedaliah's assassination perhaps occurred on the first day of Tishrei, the fast is observed on the third day so as not to coincide with Rosh Hashanah.

title: Gedaliah


text:
Bunker Hill Community College

Bunker Hill Community College (BHCC) is a public community college with multiple campuses in the Greater Boston area. Founded in 1973 in the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, BHCC provides higher education and job training services at two campuses and three satellite locations.

BHCC is the state's largest community college, enrolling more than 13,000 students in day, afternoon, evening, late-evening, weekend, and web-based distance-learning courses. It is also one of the state's most diverse institutions of higher education: 24% of the students are African-American, 24% are white or caucasian, and 24% Latino. More than half are women. Students' average age is 27. The college enrolls more than 800 international students who come from about 100 countries and speak more than 75 languages.

History
Bunker Hill Community College's 42 acre main campus is in Boston's Charlestown neighborhood, on the site of the former Charlestown State Prison that closed in 1955. It is served by the MBTA Orange Line rapid transit station called Community College, and sits near the site of the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War. Bunker Hill Community College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Since 1987, a second campus has provided higher education and job training to residents of Chelsea, Revere, Everett, East Boston, Winthrop and other surrounding communities. This campus moved several times until settling in 1998 into a former post office in Bellingham Square. The two-story 1910 brick structure had been vacant for a decade before being donated to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

In Boston's South End, BHCC worked with Inquilinos Boricuas en Acción (IBA), a community-based organization, to establish the Pathway Technology Campus (PTC) in Villa Victoria, a predominantly-Latino affordable-housing community. PTC helps residents of the South End and Lower Roxbury earn a GED certificate, take adult education (ESL, Basic English and Math) classes, and to enroll in community college-level classes.

Since 2007, BHCC has operated an East Boston Satellite campus at the Education and Training Institute of the East Boston Neighborhood Health Center. It offers introductory and allied health courses in the evening during the fall, spring and summer terms.

Established in fall 2009, the Malden Satellite is based at Malden High School in Malden, Massachusetts, and offers introductory and college-level courses in the evening during the fall and spring semesters.

The college was featured in the 1997 movie Good Will Hunting, as the location where Sean Maguire (Robin Williams) teaches.

On July 1, 2013, Pam Y. Eddinger became BHCC's seventh president, replacing Mary L. Fifield, who retired after 16 years.

Notable alumni

 * Dana Rosenblatt, boxer
 * Stephen Stat Smith, state representative
 * Tamerlan Tsarnaev, perpetrator of the Boston Marathon bombing - Attended for three semesters, and did not finish
 * Betsy Warrior, feminist and author
 * BB02, Nigerian singer and record label boss
 * Bobby Kelly - amateur comedian

title: Bunker Hill Community College


text:
Cape Breton—Canso

Cape Breton—Canso is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. Its population in 2011 was 75,247. It is the successor to Bras d'Or (later known as Bras d'Or—Cape Breton), which was represented in the House of Commons from 1997 to 2004.

Demographics
From the 2016 census

Languages (mother tongue): 90.8% English, 6.5% French, 1.2% Mi'kmaq, 0.4% German, 0.2% Dutch, 0.1%Mandarin, 0.1% Arabic, 0.1% Scottish Gaelic, 0.1% Tagalog

Average age: 46.4

Average household size: 2.3

Geography
The district includes eastern Guysborough County, and the western, southern and eastern coasts of Cape Breton Island. Communities include Glace Bay, Louisbourg, Inverness, Chéticamp, St. Peters, Port Hawkesbury, Mulgrave, Guysborough, Dominion and Canso. The area is 9,438 km2.

Political geography
In 2008, the Liberals won most of their support on Cape Breton Island, whereas the mainland portion of the riding voted Conservative with a few Liberal and NDP pockets The Conservatives and the NDP both won a small handful of polls on the island, and the Greens won a poll containing Judique.

History
The riding of Bras d'Or was created in 1996 from parts of Cape Breton Highlands—Canso and Cape Breton—East Richmond ridings.

Bras d'Or was renamed "Bras d'Or—Cape Breton" in 1998. It was abolished in 2003. Most of its territory (except for the community of Sydney River) was incorporated into a new riding called "Cape Breton—Canso", and it also added a portion of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough on the mainland.

Under the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding gained 9% of its new territory from Central Nova.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, this riding will largely be replaced by Cape Breton—Canso—Antigonish. It will gain the remainder of Antigonish County from Central Nova, and exchange territory with Sydney—Victoria, gaining Victoria, the remainder of Inverness and the rural western part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality, and losing the urban part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality from Sydney Forks to Morien, including the Glace Bay area.

title: Cape Breton—Canso


text:
J. Nozipo Maraire

J. Nozipo Maraire (born 1964) is a Zimbabwean doctor, entrepreneur and writer. She is the author of Zenzele: A Letter for My Daughter. The novel was published in 1996, was a New York Times "Notable Book of the Year" and a Boston Globe best-seller. It has been published and translated into more than 14 languages.

Education and career
Born in Mangula, Zimbabwe, she is a full-time practising neurosurgeon, and has initiated neurosurgery programs in several institutions in Delaware, Ohio and Oregon. She has travelled, been educated and lived in many countries, including Jamaica, the United States, Canada and Wales. She was selected to attend Atlantic College, in Wales. She received her undergraduate degree from Harvard University and then attended The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She completed her neurosurgery training at Yale School of Medicine. She was awarded a Clinical Fellowship Award by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, which she used to work with Dr. Fred Epstein in paediatric neurosurgery in New York City.

She is a public speaker who has been invited to lecture at colleges and universities across the world. Dr. Maraire has spoken to numerous book clubs and civic organisations and served on many literary panels, including being an invited guest of the Gothenburg Literary Festival. She has served on the board of directors of several organisations, including The Rotary Foundation, the Ross Ragland Theater and the South North Development Institute. She has worked with and for many development agencies including the World Health Organization, the Norwegian aid agency Norad, and the Synergos Institute. She worked with the Synergos Institute as a consultant and program coordinator and was instrumental in forming community investment funds southern Africa.

In 2010, she was one of the winners of the British Airways Entrepreneur Face to Face Award for her entry of Ecosurgica, her vision for cutting-edge, affordable health care in Southern Africa. She is the founder of Cutting Edge Neurosurgeon Inc., a web-based start-up.

Writing
Her novel Zenzele: A Letter for My Daughter, published in 1996, was a New York Times "Notable Book of the Year" and a Boston Globe best-seller and has been published and translated into more than 14 languages. As described by Penelope Lively in a 1996 New York Times review: "A Zimbabwean mother writes to her daughter, Zenzele, a Harvard student, telling the story of her life and thus reflecting the upheavals of her country and indeed her continent over the last 30 years or so." Maraire herself said at the time: "Since I've written the book ... I’ve met a lot of young Africans who’ve told me it's the first time they’ve read a book in which they recognize themselves, the generation of children who made the transition from pre-independence to the struggle for independence and the post-independence era, and the ensuing cynicism that inevitably followed. We remember apartheid, when we weren’t allowed to shop in certain stores. ... We’re lost between the traditional African culture and the modern culture. We don’t know how to incorporate them, and there are no role models. The world is so Western, and we want to retain our core identity."

Personal life
She now lives permanently in Zimbabwe. She is married to Allen Chiura, a urologist, also from Zimbabwe, and they have four children.

Works

 * Zenzele: A Letter for My Daughter, Phoenix, 1996, ISBN 9781857997736

title: J. Nozipo Maraire


text:
Bernard Gui

Bernard Gui, also known as Bernardo Gui or Bernardus Guidonis (c. 1261/62 – 30 December 1331), was a Limousin Dominican friar, Bishop of Lodève, and a papal inquisitor during the later stages of the Medieval Inquisition.

Biography
Most extant detail about Gui's early life is derived from a short vita believed to have been written by his nephew, Pierre Gui, as part of a limited and ultimately unsuccessful campaign for Gui's sainthood.

Gui was born circa 1261 or 1262 in the hamlet of Royères in the Limousin region in what today is France. He entered the Dominican monastery at Limoges as a novice in the early 1270s and was received into the order by the prior of Limoges, Stephen of Salanhac, on 16 September 1280. Gui then spent the following decade studying grammar, logic, philosophy (particularly the writings of Aristotle), and theology at Dominican studia (houses of study) across southern France, including the studium generale at Montpellier.

Following the completion of his education Gui undertook a number of administrative roles at Dominican houses across southern France: he was appointed sublector of Limoges in 1291, and prior of Albi in 1294, before going on to serve in the same capacity at Carcassonne in 1297, Castres in 1301, and Limoges in 1305.

Between 1316 and 1320 Gui acted as Procurator General of the Dominican Order, representing its interests within Pope John XXII's court at Avignon, and during this time he also undertook diplomatic missions on behalf of the papacy. In January 1317, accompanied by the Franciscan Bertrand de la Tour, he was sent on a papal mission to Italy to instigate peace negotiations between the cities of northern Italy and Tuscany. Following their return to Avignon early in 1318, the two were sent to Flanders to mediate in the conflict between King Philip V of France and the Count of Flanders, Robert III. Both efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. Pierre Gui's hagiography claims that while in Avignon, Gui also performed two miracles, curing the inquisitor of Barcelona, Arnaldus Borgueti's insomnia and the friar Guillermus de Gardaga's fever and dysentery.

Gui was made Bishop of Tui on 26 August 1323, although his inquisitorial activities meant he was largely absent from the see, and Bishop of Lodève in October 1324. He died in his episcopal residence at Lauroux castle on 30 December 1331, and following his funeral in Lodève Cathedral his body was transported to Limoges to be buried in the church of the Dominican monastery. However, his tomb was looted during the late-sixteenth-century Wars of Religion.

Inquisitorial career
Between 1307 and 1323, at the behest of Pope Clement V and Pope John XXII, Gui served as the chief inquisitor of Toulouse, publicly styling himself as 'Friar Bernard Gui, of the Order of Preachers, inquisitor of heretical depravity delegated to the kingdom of France by the apostolic authority'. He also assisted the inquisitors of Carcassonne, Geoffrey of Ablis and his successor Beaune, and the bishop of Pamiers, Jacques Fournier (later Pope Benedict XII). Gui's inquisitorial work took place in the Languedoc, a region that remained a "stronghold of heresy", in particular Catharism, despite the church's repeated efforts in the area throughout the thirteenth century (such as the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229).

In this capacity Gui travelled the region, meeting with local clergy and officials, publicly preaching about the danger of heretical teachings, and inviting those guilty of heretical sins to voluntarily confess in exchange for light penance. He then interrogated those who had been accused of heretical activity by penitents but failed to come forward voluntarily, with the secular authorities enlisted to apprehend and, if necessary, torture the accused. (A papal bull of 1252 permitted torture in cases in which there were "enough partial proofs to indicate that a full proof—a confession—was likely, and no other full proofs were available", although "a confession made after or under torture had to be freely repeated the next day without torture or it would have been considered invalid".)

The inquisitor would then hold a 'general sermon' (sermo generalis), assembling the local populace and publicly declaring the names of those judged guilty of the sin of heresy and their concomitant penances. Typical penalties included fasting, scourging, pilgrimage, the confiscation of property, or the wearing of large yellow crosses (with "the arms of the crosses [to be] two-and-a-half fingers in breadth, two-and-a-half palms in height, and two palms in width") on the front and back of outer clothing. As canon law prohibited the clergy from spilling blood, those who refused to repent or who had relapsed into heresy were handed over to the secular authorities for punishment, typically execution by burning at the stake.

During his tenure Gui held eleven such 'general sermons' in the cathedral of St Stephen in Toulouse and the cemetery of St John the Martyr in Pamiers, at which he judged 627 individuals guilty of heresy. A further nine individuals were also judged guilty at smaller events. In total, the tribunals headed by Gui convicted 636 individuals of 940 counts of heresy. In the nineteenth century the consensus among historians was that Gui had organised the burning of more than six hundred individuals. However, more recent research has determined that no more than 45 of the individuals convicted by Gui (approximately 7% of the total) were executed, while 307 were imprisoned, 143 ordered to wear crosses, and nine sent on compulsory pilgrimages.

On the basis of these statistics, and broader revision of the historiography of the medieval Inquisition, the modern historical consensus is that Gui's inquisitorial career was characterised by moderation and leniency rather than cruelty or mercilessness; Janet Shirley states that Gui was "more interested in penitence than punishment" and generally sought to reconcile heretics to the Church. However, this interpretation has been challenged by James B. Given, who compares Gui's rates of execution unfavourably to those of secular courts in France, England, and Italy. Furthermore, based on a close reading of Gui's inquisitorial texts Karen Sullivan has argued that he "rank[ed] among the more zealous of inquisitors" in his thought, if not actions, claiming that Gui was motivated more by a desire to safeguard the wider church community from heresy than a concern for the salvation of the individual accused heretic.

In the early fourteenth century inquisitorial activities were also characterised by increased attention to unconverted Jews, and in 1319 Gui arranged for copies of the Talmud to be publicly burnt in Toulouse, a tactic commonly used by Dominican inquisitors. Gui was also charged with investigating the lepers' plot of 1321, an alleged well poisoning conspiracy by French lepers, Jews, and Muslims; and provided an account of the event in the Flores chronicorum.

Gui was succeeded as chief inquisitor of Toulouse by Pierre Brun in July 1324.

Works
Gui was one of the most prolific Latin authors of the Late Middle Ages, although he rarely wrote original works, preferring instead to compile and arrange existing texts, anecdotes, and records. He ordered the construction of a library at Limoges to accommodate over one hundred volumes; this was completed in 1306 and represented "one of the earliest efforts in the West to build a room devoted especially to the preservation of books".

The Dominican monastery at Limoges had been a "centre for historical study" for over a century, and Gui compiled numerous works of history (referred to by Gui as 'chronography'). These included the Flores chronicorum, a universal history from the birth of Christ to Gui's death in 1331, and various local histories, including accounts of the saints of Limousin (Traité sur les saints du Limousin), the abbey of Limoges (Traité sur l'histoire de l'abbaye de St. Augustin de Limoges), the priors of Grandmont (Chronique des prieurs de Grandmont) and L'Artige (Chronique des prieurs de l'Artige), and the bishops of Toulouse (Chronique des évêques de Toulouse) and Limoges (Catalogue des Évêques de Limoges). Additionally, he completed and significantly expanded the De Quator in quibus Deus Praedicatorum ordinem insignivit, a historical treatise on the Dominican Order begun in the 1270s by Stephen of Salanhac, and uncompleted at the time of the latter's death in 1291. This was largely completed by 1311, although Gui continued to make minor additions until his death.

Gui also compiled the Chronique des rois de France in 1313, an illustrated genealogy of the kings of France. This included the Arbor genealogiae regum francorum, one of the earliest known examples of a family tree, which was widely reproduced. He also contributed his literary energies to the campaign for the canonisation of Thomas Aquinas, producing the hagiography Vita Sancti Thomae Aquinatis (based largely on extant works by William of Tocco) in 1318 and a catalogue of his works in 1320. He probably attended the canonisation ceremony in Avignon in July 1323.

However, Gui's best-known works are those related to his inquisitorial career: Liber sententiarum, a comprehensive register of the sentences he delivered, and Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, a comprehensive inquisitor's manual. Inquisitors had no standardised or formal training, although they were often educated in theology or law, and practical guides to inquisitorial activities emerged as a distinct literary genre in the late twelfth century. Gui's manual consisted of five books: the first three were formularies, providing templates to be used to deliver sentences during 'general sermons', and the fourth reproduced documents outlining and confirming the powers of the inquisitor (such as papal and conciliar legislation, and royal decrees). The fifth and most famous book provided descriptions of the beliefs and practices of heretics such as Cathars (referred to as 'modern Manicheans'), Waldensians, Pseudo-Apostles, Beguines, and relapsed Jews, in addition to guidance for inquisitors on the best methods of interrogation for each group (including advocating torture if necessary). This was the first inquisitor's manual to refer specifically to penalties for relapsed Jews.

The exact date of the text's composition is unclear, but Janet Shirley suggests a completion date of early 1324 at the latest. The manual was based on Gui's practical experience, but it also relied heavily on the writings of others for subjects in which he had little experience; for example, his description of the Waldensians includes passages lifted directly from Stephen of Bourbon's Tractatus de diversis materiis predicabilibus and David of Augsburg's De inquisitione hereticorum. Gui's text was one of the most widely copied and read inquisitorial manuals during the medieval period, superseded only by the Catalan inquisitor Nicholas Eymerich's fourteenth-century Directorium Inquisitorum, and heavily influenced later inquisitorial practice. Six manuscripts of the work survive, located in the archives of Toulouse, the Vatican Library, the British Museum, and the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. The first printed edition was published in 1886, when the text was translated to French by the Bishop of Beauvais, Marie-Jean-Celestin Douais.

Popular culture
A fictionalised Gui features as a secondary antagonist in the best-selling 1980 historical novel The Name of the Rose (Il nome della rosa) by Italian scholar and cultural critic Umberto Eco; the book has been translated into more than thirty languages and sold over fifty million copies. Gui was portrayed by American actor F. Murray Abraham in the 1986 film adaptation, and by British actor Rupert Everett in an eight-part 2019 television adaptation. As a consequence of the reassessment of the historical figure in the years subsequent to publication of the original novel, the character has been criticised by historians as historically inaccurate. Edward Peters has stated that the character is "rather more sinister and notorious ... than [Gui] ever was historically", and John Aberth has branded the depiction of Gui as a "pyromaniac madman" as a "horrible distortion of history"; and have argued that the character resembles more closely the caricatures of Catholic inquisitors and prelates in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Gothic literature, such as Matthew Gregory Lewis's The Monk (1796), than the historical Gui.

Due to his fictionalised portrayals in modern popular culture, most notably The Name of the Rose, he is "perhaps the most famous of all medieval inquisitors", although among his contemporaries and modern historians he is more often noted for his accomplishments in administration, diplomacy, and historical writing.

General sources

 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]
 * [The entry on Gui is freely available online]

title: Bernard Gui


text:
Francis Lederer

Francis Lederer (November 6, 1899 – May 25, 2000) was an Austro-Hungarian Empire-born American film and stage actor with a successful career, first in Europe, then in the United States. His original name was František (Franz) Lederer.

Early years
František (Franz) Lederer was born to a Jewish family. His mother was Rosa (Růžena) Ornstein from Třebíč. His father Josef Lederer was a leather merchant. František grew up in a poor section of Prague, where his only recreation was wrestling. His parents separated when he was nine years old, and his brother Pavel died in World War I. His mother and younger brother Rudolf later moved to Los Angeles. Franz worked in a store that sold dry goods, and his first theatrical experience came when he was tasked with cleaning shelves in the background in a play while the main actors performed. He lost that role when he drew attention away from the stars to himself.

Europe
Lederer started acting when he was young and was trained at the Academy of Music and Academy of Dramatic Art in Prague. After service in the Austrian-Hungarian Imperial Army in World War I, he made his stage debut as an apprentice with the New German Theater, a walk-on in the play Burning Heart. He toured Moravia and central Europe, making a name for himself as a matinee idol in theaters in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria and Germany. Notable among his performances was a turn as Romeo in Max Reinhardt's staging of Romeo and Juliet.

Lederer worked with G.W. Pabst in Pandora's Box, starring Louise Brooks, and Atlantic (both 1929). He was also in The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna in the same year. Lederer, billed as "Franz" at this time, made the transition from silent films to sound films.

America
In 1931, Lederer was in London to perform on stage in Volpone and the next year in Autumn Crocus by Dodie Smith, which he then performed on Broadway – using the name "Francis" – where it played for 210 performances in 1932 and 1933. He also performed the play in Los Angeles. As the rise of the Nazi movement and the institutionalization of anti-Semitism spread throughout Europe and the political situation there deteriorated, Lederer, who was Jewish, chose to remain in America rather than return home. He became a U.S. citizen in 1939.

Although he continued to play leads occasionally – notably as a playboy in Mitchell Leisen's Midnight, with Claudette Colbert and John Barrymore in 1939 – in the late 1930s Lederer began to expand his character parts to include villains. Edward G. Robinson praised Lederer's performance as a German American Bundist in Confessions of a Nazi Spy in 1939, and he earned plaudits for his portrayal of a fascist in The Man I Married (1940) with Joan Bennett. He also played Count Dracula in The Return of Dracula, in 1958.

Throughout his career, Lederer, who studied with Elia Kazan at the Actors Studio in New York City, continued to take theater acting seriously, and he performed on stage often in New York City and elsewhere. He appeared in stage productions of Golden Boy (1937); Seventh Heaven (1939); No Time for Comedy (1939), in which he replaced Laurence Olivier; The Play's the Thing (1942); A Doll's House (1944); Arms and the Man (1950); The Sleeping Prince (1956); and The Diary of Anne Frank (1958).

In 1941, he took a break from making films in order to concentrate on his stage work. He returned to the silver screen in 1944, appearing in Voice in the Wind and The Bridge of San Luis Rey, and went on to play in films such as Jean Renoir's The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946) and Million Dollar Weekend (1948). He took another break from Hollywood in 1950, after making Surrender (1950), and returned in 1956 with Lisbon and the light comedy The Ambassador's Daughter, with Olivia de Havilland. His final film appearance was in Terror Is a Man in 1959.

During the 1950s, he served as honorary mayor of Canoga Park.

Lederer continued to appear on television over the next 10 years in such shows as Sally, The Untouchables, Ben Casey, Blue Light, Mission: Impossible and That Girl. His final television appearance was in a 1971 episode of Rod Serling's Night Gallery called "The Devil Is Not Mocked". In it, he reprised his role as Dracula from The Return of Dracula.

Personal life
Lederer, who became very wealthy, invested in real estate, especially in the Canoga Park community (which included West Hills, as defined in 1987). He was active in local and Los Angeles civic affairs, philanthropy and politics. He served as Recreation and Parks Commissioner for the city of Los Angeles and received awards for his efforts to beautify the city. He was the honorary mayor of Canoga Park for some time. He became involved with peace movements, taught acting, and was one of the founders of the American National Academy of Performing Arts in Los Angeles, and the International Academy of Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. In 2000, the Austrian government honored him with the Cross of Honor for Science and Arts, First Class.

Lederer was married three times. His first marriage was to Ada Nejedly, an opera singer. The year they wed remains undetermined, but records show that the couple divorced in 1928. In 1937, he married the actress Margo; they divorced three years later. Lederer's final marriage was to Marion Eleanor Irvine, a native of Canada who lived most of her life in California. They wed there in 1941, and over the years he and Marion remained active in supporting various community projects and international humanitarian services, including the promotion of UNICEF. They remained together for nearly six decades, until his death in 2000.

Lederer estate and residence
In 1934, with the help of artisan builder John R. Litke, Lederer began the design and construction of his landmark residence and stables on the hilltop of a large rancho in the Simi Hills in Owensmouth, renamed Canoga Park, then West Hills. It is in the western San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California, at the west end of Sherman Way. The house blends Mediterranean Revival and Mission Revival styles.

The residence and stables are both protected Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments. After the house was damaged by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the property was completely renovated. The estate is next to the very large 1845 Mexican land grant Rancho El Escorpión, which was Lederer's southern rural viewshed and remained undeveloped open space until 1959. The home and grounds are still in the hands of the family.

Europe

 * Zuflucht (1928) as Martin
 * The Strange Night of Helga Wangen (1928) as Werner Hilsoe
 * Pandora's Box (1929) as Alwa Schön
 * The Wonderful Lies of Nina Petrovna (1929) as Lt. Michael Rostof
 * Perjury (1929) as Fenn
 * Maman Colibri (1929) as Georges de Chambry
 * Atlantik (1929) as Peter, young married couple
 * The Road to Dishonour (1930) as Leutnant Boris Borrisoff - German version
 * Der Detektiv des Kaisers (1930) as Dr. Wolfgang Crusius
 * Fundvogel (1930) as Jan Bergwall
 * Susanne Cleans Up (1930) as Robert
 * The Great Longing (1930) as Himself
 * Her Majesty the Barmaid (1931) as Fred von Wellingen
 * The Fate of Renate Langen (1931) as Gerd
 * Adventure in Vienna (1952) as Claude Manelli
 * Stolen Identity (1953) as Claude Manelli
 * Der andere Blick (1991) as Himself

United States

 * Man of Two Worlds (1934) as Aigo
 * The Pursuit of Happiness (1934) as Max Christmann
 * Romance in Manhattan (1934) as Karel Novak
 * The Gay Deception (1935) as Sandro
 * One Rainy Afternoon (1936) as Philippe Martin
 * My American Wife (1936) as Count Ferdinand von und zu Reidenach
 * It's All Yours (1937) as Jimmy Barnes
 * The Lone Wolf in Paris (1938) as Michael Lanyard aka The Lone Wolf
 * Midnight (1939) as Jacques Picot
 * Confessions of a Nazi Spy (1939) as Kurt Schneider
 * The Man I Married (I Married a Nazi) (1940) as Eric Hoffman
 * Puddin' Head (1941) as Prince Karl
 * The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1944) as Esteban / Manuel
 * Voice in the Wind (1944) as Jan Volny
 * The Madonna's Secret (1946) as James Harlan Corbin
 * The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946) as Joseph
 * Million Dollar Weekend (1948) as Alan Marker
 * Captain Carey, U.S.A. (1949) as Baron Rocco de Greffi
 * A Woman of Distinction (1950) as Prof. Paul Simone
 * Surrender (1950) as Henry Vaan
 * The Ambassador's Daughter (1956) as Prince Nicholas Obelski
 * Lisbon (1956) as Serafim
 * The Return of Dracula (1958) as Count Dracula - posing as Bellac Gordal
 * Maracaibo (1958) as Miguel Orlando
 * Terror Is a Man (1959) as Dr. Charles Girard
 * Louise Brooks: Looking for Lulu (1998) as Himself

title: Francis Lederer