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Stanthorpe, Queensland

Stanthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Stanthorpe had a population of 5,286 people.

The area surrounding the town is known as the Granite Belt.

Geography
Stanthorpe lies on the New England Highway near the New South Wales border 223 km from Brisbane via Warwick, 56 km north of Tenterfield and 811m above sea level. The record low temperature of -10.6 °C (12.9 °F) was registered on June 23, 1961 in Stanthorpe. This is the lowest temperature recorded in Queensland.

Stanthorpe was developed around Quart Pot Creek which meanders from south-east through the centre of town and then out through the south-west, where its confluence with Spring Creek forms the Severn River. Quart Pot Creek forms part of the south-western boundary of the locality, while the Severn River forms part of the south-western boundary.

The New England Highway passes through the locality from Applethorpe in the north to Severnlea in the south. Originally it passed through the town centre along the main street, Maryland Street. However, it now bypasses to the west of the main developed area of the town. The Stanthorpe–Texas–Inglewood Road connects Stanthorpe and Broadwater to the west, then travels south-west to Texas.

The land within the boundaries of Stanthorpe is primarily used for urban purposes: housing, recreational, commercial and industrial with some undeveloped land on the hillier slopes. Although an agricultural centre of the Granite Belt, there is little agriculture within the town's boundaries. Crops grown in the surrounding area include vegetables, apples, grapes and stone fruit. Wine is also produced in the area, and sheep and cattle grazing is also prevalent.

The town lies in the valley of Quart Pot Creek and its tributary Funkers Gap Creek (-28.6511°N, 151.9286°W) at 690 m above sea level.

The locality has the following mountains:

 * Lees Hill, south of the town (-28.6764°N, 151.9324°W) 906 m
 * Mount Banca, north-west of the town (-28.6428°N, 151.9244°W) 924 m
 * Mount Marlay, north-east of the town (-28.6536°N, 151.947°W) 918 m

History
Prior to British settlement, the Kambuwal were an Indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland. Norman Tindale estimated that the Kambuwal's territory stretched over 3700 sqmi. They straddled the border between Queensland and New South Wales, from south of Millmerran, and Inglewood to Bonshaw. Their eastern flank ended around Stanthorpe, Wallangarra and the western scarp of the Great Dividing Range.

Stanthorpe was founded by tin miners. People came from many countries to mine tin from 1872. Prior to 1872 this area boasted some large pastoral runs and a few prospectors in bark huts. At that time, the area was known as 'Quart Pot Creek'. The Private Township of Stannum existed in the area along one side of the present main street. With the discovery of tin and the influx of miners and new businesses, a 'more suitable' name was sought by the town fathers. Thus, Stanthorpe became the name which encompassed all, as this area became for a time, the largest alluvial tin mining and mineral field in Queensland. Stanthorpe literally means 'tintown', as Stannum is Latin for 'tin' and thorpe is Middle English for 'village'. The Queensland Surveyor General, Augustus Charles Gregory, is credited with coining the name in 1872. When the tin prices fell, many miners turned to farming. The subtropical highland climate was very suitable for growing cool climate fruits and vegetables. Grapes were first planted here in the 1860s with encouragement from the local Catholic parish priest Father Jerome Davadi to produce altar wine. His Italian descent made grape growing and wine production a familiar pastime and the notion caught on in the area. There were plenty of Italian settlers and wine was made for home enjoyment.

Mount Marlay was named after Edward Marlay, a selector and tin miner. On 3 July 1872 he purchased Allotment 1, Section 1 in the Town of Stanthorpe.

St Joseph's Catholic School was established in October 1872 by four Sisters of Mercy: Sisters M Agnes, Emilian, Muredach and Malachy.

Stanthorpe State School opened on 9 March 1874.

On Tuesday 3 May 1881, the Southern railway line was officially opened to Stanthorpe by the Queensland Colonial Secretary, Arthur Palmer. The Post Office with a clock tower and an elaborate coat of arms was constructed in Maryland Street in 1901 in the Arts and Crafts style. Following Federation, the Commonwealth Government took charge of post and telegraphic services. However, they contracted the construction of post offices in Queensland to the Public Works Department of the Queensland Government and the Stanthorpe Post Office is believed to be one of the first ordered by the Commonwealth Government. It was designed by the first Commonwealth Government Architect John Smith Murdoch.

The cool dry climate was valued as an aid to health from the early nineteenth century especially for those suffering from tuberculosis or chest conditions. Following the First World War, Stanthorpe was a major resettlement area for soldiers recovering from mustard gas exposure. Many of these Soldier Settlers took up the land leased to them in the areas around Stanthorpe which now bear the names of First World War battlefields.

Stanthorpe State High School opened on 23 January 1961.

The Stanthorpe Regional Art Gallery was established in 1972.

Stanthorpe Adventist Primary School opened on 25 January 1982 and closed in 2002.

The Stanthorpe Library opened in 1987 with a major refurbishment in 2004.

The College of Wine Tourism was opened in 2007.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Stanthorpe had a population of 5,406 people.

In the, the locality of Stanthorpe had a population of 5,286 people.

Heritage listings
Stanthorpe has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 94 Greenup Street: El Arish
 * 98 High Street: Masel Residence
 * 140 High Street: Central Hotel
 * 14 Maryland Street: Stanthorpe Post Office
 * Little Sundown Creek: Sundown Tin and Copper Mine
 * Lock Street: Stanthorpe Soldiers Memorial
 * Quart Pot Creek: Quart Pot Creek Rail Bridge
 * Warwick-Stanthorpe railway line: Cherry Gully Tunnel

Education
Stanthorpe State School is a government primary (Early Childhood to Year 6) school for boys and girls at Marsh Street (-28.6498°N, 151.9343°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 308 students with 33 teachers (27 full-time equivalent) and 22 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program. Stanthorpe State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls at 2 McGlew Street (-28.6456°N, 151.9317°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 653 students with 57 teachers (53 full-time equivalent) and 45 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

St Joseph's Catholic School is a private primary and secondary (Prep–12) school at 100 High Street (-28.6528°N, 151.9381°W).

Queensland College of Wine Tourism at 22 Caves Road (-28.6419°N, 151.934°W) offers Bachelor level degrees. The college operates in co-operation with the local Stanthorpe State High School, as well as other regional schools to provide secondary, undergraduate, and graduate certification related to wine and tourism industries.

Amenities
Stanthorpe Library and Regional Art Gallery building is located in Lock Street beside Weeroona Park (-28.6537°N, 151.9326°W). Both are provided by the Southern Downs Regional Council. The Stanthorpe Regional Art Gallery has a changing set of exhibitions. A number of internationally recognised Australian artists are represented in the collection, such as William Robinson, Jon Molvig, Margaret Olley and Charles Blackman. The biennial Stanthorpe Art Prize attracts entries from across Australia.

The Southern Downs Regional Council operates the Stanthorpe Civic Centre Complex and council offices in Marsh Street (-28.6539°N, 151.9339°W).

The Stanthorpe branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association has its rooms at 5 Victoria Street.

St Paul's Anglican Church is at 2 Corundum Street (-28.6528°N, 151.9376°W). It is part of the Stanthorpe Parish within the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane.

Parkland has been developed along both sides of Quart Pot Creek as it flows through Stanthorpe with a network of paths for walking and cycling with bridges and other crossings.

Attractions
The Stanthorpe Heritage Museum at 12 High Street has a number of heritage buildings relocated to the museum site and a large number of displayed items from the district's history, many unique to the Granite Belt. The relocated buildings include: Several private art galleries operate in Stanthorpe including the Glen Aplin Art Gallery which supports emerging artists and musicians who wish to display new works and perform at public functions. There are many interesting works of street art on Stanthorpe streets.
 * a shepherd's hut from the Ballandean Station (built 1876)
 * the old gaol from Willsons Downfall (built 1876)
 * the old North Maryland school residence (built 1894)
 * the old Stanthorpe Shire Council Chambers (built in 1914)
 * Ardmore House, a summer holiday house (built 1920)
 * Heath House, a residence (built 1940)

Events
There are many local events, including the annual Australian Small Winemakers Show, the biennial Apple & Grape Harvest Festival, Ballandean Estates' Opera in the Vineyard and the Stanthorpe Show.

Transport
Stanthorpe is on the Southern railway line. However, as at 2015, there are no scheduled passenger services operating to Stanthorpe railway station (-28.6575°N, 151.9375°W). Downs Explorer (formerly the Southern Downs Steam Railway) operates a tourist steam train most months from Warwick to Wallangarra & return, stopping in Stanthorpe.

Stanthorpe Airport is on Aerodrome Road in Applethorpe. It is a public airport operated by the Southern Downs Regional Council. There are no regular scheduled services to this airport.

Media
Rebel FM 97.1 MHz was Stanthorpe's first commercial FM radio station. Rebel FM has a new & classic rock music format. The Breeze broadcasts on 90.1 MHz with an easy adult contemporary & classics hits format. Both stations are part of the Rebel Media group. Toowoomba based station CFM also broadcasts in Stanthorpe on 97.9 MHz. CFM is a part of the Australia wide Southern Cross Media network.

The Stanthorpe area is served by a local Community Radio Station Ten FM. The Station is currently transmitting on 98.7 MHz with a low power transmitter situated on Mount Marlay. The station has in 2011 upgraded its Stanthorpe studios with a new mixing desk, new computers and professional grade monitor speakers. Ten FM has a local focus, derived in part from the stringent rules controlling Community Radio Stations. The station transmits a broad range of programs to attract the widest audience. In particular, the station broadcasts Italoz, a weekly program with an Italian theme to cater for the many listeners around the Stanthorpe area with an Italian background.

The Border Post is the only paid local newspaper servicing the district. The Stanthorpe Border Post is relied upon for its coverage of local news and events.

Stanthorpe is also serviced by a Christian radio network 3ABN Australia rebroadcasting on FM 88.0 MHz. It features programs about health, lifestyle, children's programs and interesting interviews.

Sporting
Stanthorpe has a popular European football culture and thus supports a relatively large number of teams in relation to its population size: Several of these teams share a home ground due to the small size of the town.

Climate
Owing to its elevation, Stanthorpe features a subtropical highland climate (Cfb). At an altitude of 811 m, Stanthorpe holds the record for the lowest temperature recorded in Queensland at -10.6 °C on 23 June 1961.

Sleet and light snowfalls are occasionally recorded, with the most significant snowfall in over 30 years occurring on 17 July 2015. Up to 8 cm fell on Stanthorpe and nearby areas that day.

Notable people

 * Ben Armbruster - Olympic Swimmer who has represented Australia in the Commonwealth games, and will again represent Australia in the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics
 * Jordan Atkins – Rugby League player for the Gold Coast Titans and Parramatta Eels
 * John Bathersby – former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane
 * James Blundell – country music singer
 * Ben Dark – television presenter, Getaway, Nine Network
 * Jerome Davidi Roman Catholic Priest considered to be influential in establishing the fruit industry in the Granite Belt in the 1870s and 1880s
 * Jack Drake – bush poet
 * Michael Hancock – former professional rugby league footballer for the Brisbane Broncos, Queensland and Australia
 * Edith Elizabeth Harslett (born 1888 in London, died 1945 in Stanthorpe). One of the few successful soldier settlers and very active in social affairs of the district
 * Ann Leahy – politician
 * Billy Moore – former professional rugby league footballer for the North Sydney Bears, Queensland and Australia
 * John Reeves – politician and judge
 * Greg Ritchie – Australian Test and one-day international cricketer
 * Di Thorley – politician

title: Stanthorpe, Queensland


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Riley Weston

Riley Elizabeth Weston (born August 25, 1966) is an American actress and writer. Weston became embroiled in a debate about ageism in Hollywood after it was discovered that she lied about her age to get work in the entertainment industry.

Early life
Weston graduated from Arlington High School outside of Poughkeepsie.

Early work
Beginning in 1987, Weston carved out a career as a film and television actor, working steadily throughout her twenties in a series of mostly small bit parts. Her credits included the sitcoms Growing Pains, Who's the Boss? and 3rd Rock From The Sun, and the film Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit. Through about 1996, she was credited in her appearances as "Kimberlee Kramer".

Age deception and Felicity
In May 1997, and by now using the name Riley Weston, she began claiming her date of birth as 1979 in order to be considered for further acting roles. The deception was assisted by her slight build, at 4 ft tall and weighing 93 lbs.

In 1998, she began drafting screenplays and marketing herself to television studios as a recent high school graduate. She was soon hired by the WB Network as a writer for the show Felicity after they saw one of her scripts about teenage sisters. Hailed as a child prodigy and "wunderkind", by publications such as Entertainment Weekly, which included her in its October 1998 list of the "100 Most Creative People in Entertainment", which described her as an up-and-coming 19-year-old. Shortly thereafter, she was offered a half-million dollar screenwriting deal with Disney. Series co-creator Matt Reeves cast her as a teenage character in one episode.

After Entertainment Tonight began working on a segment about Weston, her real identity and age emerged This occurred after Daily Variety published an October 15, 1998 article reporting that it had obtained court documents showing that Weston had changed her name in 1997 from Kimberlee Elizabeth Kramer, and had been born in 1966 rather than 1979. The day the report was published, Weston admitted that she lied to nearly every individual and entity she interacted with professionally, including her agents, attorneys, colleagues, Disney, and the media. Only her family and manager/ex-husband knew her true identity, a ruse she was able to maintain for as long as she did because, as she explained, "I don't have a lot of friends." She also created false identification documents, wore baggy clothes typically worn by teenagers at the time, brought her mother to meetings, and made comments more common to teens, such as working as a babysitter and having a crush on popular teen idol Jonathan Taylor Thomas.

Weston apologized for her deception, telling Daily Variety, "I take full responsibility. I'm completely sorry. I never meant to hurt anyone." She also explained her rationale for lying about her age, stating that it was "accepted practice for actresses to lie about their age", owing to "age bias" in the entertainment industry. Weston elaborated:

"'I wanted to have a job. I wanted to work as an actor, but if I'd go into a casting office to play a 15-year-old, and they’d say, 'How old are you?' and I said 30, they’d laugh. No one believes I'm 32...If they based (the deal) on my age, there’s an age problem in Hollywood. They bought into this, and there's something hugely wrong with it. Look at what I had to do. Someone has to put a stop to it. If I were getting a job in any other industry, do you think anyone would care how old I am or how I look?'"

She also stated that she changed her name partially for "security reasons" due to harassment by a stalker she had faced beginning in 1993.

Weston left Felicity in the middle of the first season after her contract had expired and was not renewed. Series co-creator Matt Reeves explained during a 2021 interview with Entertainment Weekly, "People thought that we let her go because of it. None of that was true at all. The story was blown so crazy out of proportion from the perspective of our relationship with Riley. We did discover that she was not telling us the truth, but it was after she had already finished her term. When you sign somebody on as a staff writer in those days, you had a number of scripts that you signed them to do. We just put her on the show because we thought, 'Well, let's just let her do what we know she really wants to do as well, which is to be an actor.' It got turned into a scandal that I'm not sure ever was. We liked her writing. That's all."

1998 - present
Weston settled in Tennessee, where she writes and performs country songs, often at the Nashville's Bluebird Café. She also continues to work as an actress, voiceover artist, and author. Weston's first novel, Before I Go, was published in September 2006. The book earned Weston a 2007 Independent Publisher (IPPY) award for Storyteller of the Year. Her debut novel received the 2007 New York Book Festival Grand Prize and was named Best Fiction.

She wrote the television film Apples, Orchards & Romance, which would air in September 2023 on Great American Family. She also wrote a song for the film, and at the time, was working on her first Christmas album.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Riley Weston


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Talk:Rescue archaeology

Does the title of this page need to capitalized? --Smack 03:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

No. I've moved it. --GRutter 13:56, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

added K and J
The field archaeology that occurs in Japan and Korea is largely emergency archaeology. I have edited the article to reflect this. Mumun 無文 14:25, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Not "for-profit"
Lead: "Rescue archaeology ... is state-sanctioned, for-profit..."

Not so. Maybe in the US? At least in Israel, and quite likely in other countries too, it is quite the opposite of "for-profit": the construction contractor or landlord would have to pay from his own pocket for the national archaeological authority to execute the dig (unless that is understood to be "for-profit", which it's not; just covers the costs). Arminden (talk) 09:05, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

"No rescue excavation in Germany, other European countries": wrong, at least as a general statement
"Many European countries, such as, e.g., Germany, practice virtually no rescue excavation (though there is extensive research archaeology)."

So what happens when construction work hits on archaeologically important findings? Statement is a) unsourced, and b) factually wrong; at the very least wrongly worded, maybe means to say: construction is halted and the excavation is executed as a research dig – but it doesn't say that. I know for a fact from specific sites that in Germany that is very much the case. It also contradicts the previous sentence: "largely restricted to... Western Europe", of which Germany is quite a large part. Arminden (talk) 09:07, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Undue, strict UK & US focus. Israel and Jordan have it, maybe more of the Levant; Egypt?
"The term, and indeed the practice of, is largely restricted to North America, South America, Western Europe, and East Asia..."

What about the Levant? Israel is a focal point of international archaeological work, and rescue archaeology is a central part of its relevant legislation, derived from both Zionist interest in the topic, and British Mandate traditions. Jordan also has it, for similar reasons. We should look into and check about former French mandate areas such as Syria. The distinction might need to be made between what the law says and how well it is implemented.

What about Egypt?

With the Southern Levant and Egypt, two of the most archaeologically essential parts of the world are left out of the article, which has an undue focus on UK and US. This is a major flaw of the article.

hi. I see you are among the last Mohicans among those who've contributed more substantially to the article, maybe you want to look into these issues. You might also know who else to ping about it. Thanks, Arminden (talk) 09:33, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rescue archaeology


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Port Ellen

Port Ellen (Port Ìlein) is a small town on the island of Islay, in Argyll, Scotland. The town is named after the wife of its founder, Walter Frederick Campbell. Its previous name, Leòdamas, is derived from Old Norse meaning "Leòd's Harbour".

Port Ellen is built around Leodamais Bay, Islay's main deep water harbour. It is the largest town on Islay, only slightly larger than Bowmore and provides the main ferry connection between Islay and the mainland, at Kennacraig. The Port Ellen Distillery was first established in the 1820s and ceased production of Scotch whisky in 1983. The large malting continues to produce for the majority of the distilleries on Islay.

History
The area around Port Ellen has a variety of archaeological sites covering the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age periods. There are standing stones at Kilbride, a fort at Borraichill Mor, several chambered cairns, and a chapel at Cill Tobar Lasrach. Nearby lie the ruined remains of the 14th-century Dunyvaig Castle, once a fortress of the MacDonald Lords of the Isles.

The current town was planned by Walter Frederick Campbell and founded in 1821 originally intended to support the herring industry. It was originally called Port Ellinor in honour of his wife, Lady Eleanor Charteris (d. 1832), daughter of Francis Douglas, 8th Earl of Wemyss.

Notable people
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, Labour politician and former Secretary General of NATO was born in Port Ellen on 12 April 1946.

title: Port Ellen


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United States Metric Board

The United States Metric Board (USMB) was a United States government agency set up to encourage metrication. The United States Metric Board was commissioned by the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205d, enacted on December 23, 1975). The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 mandated the presidential appointment of seventeen members for the "independent instrumentality".

The board was composed of one member from the following agencies and/or related communities: engineers, scientists, the National Association of Manufacturers, the United States Chamber of Commerce, National Governors Conference, construction, National Conference on Weights and Measures, education, two members each from the AFL–CIO and small business, and four at-large members "to represent consumers", for a total of seventeen members in all.

The metrification assessment board existed from 1975 to 1982, ending when President Ronald Reagan abolished it, largely on the suggestion of Frank Mankiewicz and Lyn Nofziger.

title: United States Metric Board


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George F. L. Charles Airport

George F. L. Charles Airport (commonly known as Vigie Airport) is the smaller of the two airports in Saint Lucia, the other being Hewanorra International Airport. It is located 2 km north of Castries, the capital city. George F. L. Charles Airport is managed by the Saint Lucia Air and Seaports Authority (SLASPA). Its runway runs parallel to a pristine beach, Vigie Beach, which is a popular tourist attraction.

Historical airline service
British West Indies Airways (BWIA) was serving Vigie Field (which was the previous name of the airport) as early as 1950 with flights operated one or more days of the week to Barbados, Grenada, Port of Spain, Trinidad, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Antigua and St. Kitts operated with Lockheed Lodestar prop aircraft. By 1965, BWIA was operating daily flights into the airport with Vickers Viscount turboprop airliners on a round trip routing of Port of Spain - Grenada - Barbados - St. Lucia - Martinique - Guadeloupe - Antigua. The same year, Leeward Islands Air Transport was operating a round trip flight six days a week on a routing of Antigua - Guadeloupe - Dominica - Martinique - St. Lucia - St. Vincent with Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprop aircraft. By the summer of 2001, American Eagle was operating six daily flights from the airport nonstop to San Juan on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement with these services being flown by San Juan-based Executive Airlines with ATR-42 and ATR-72 turboprop aircraft.

Renaming of airport
The airport was renamed on 4 August 1997 in honour of Saint Lucia politician Sir George Frederick Lawrence Charles (1916–2004). The airport had previously been known as Vigie Field.

Traffic
On average, George F. L. Charles Airport handles 32,000 flights per year carrying 394,000 passengers. Most of these flights operate with turboprop aircraft such as the ATR 72-500 or the de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8. The airport currently has no scheduled jet service. All jet services into St. Lucia, including transatlantic flights, operate at the present time via Hewanorra International Airport, located on the southeast portion of the island.

Previous jet service
The airport previously had scheduled passenger jet service flown by Caribair which in 1968 was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners on a daily basis with nonstop flights to Antigua and Barbados with direct jet service to Port of Spain, Trinidad, St. Maarten, San Juan, Puerto Rico, St. Croix and St. Thomas. In 1973, Leeward Islands Air Transport (LIAT) was operating stretched British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven series 500 twin jets on nonstop flights to Antigua, Barbados and Fort-de-France, Martinique as well as direct, no change of plane jet service with the BAC One-Eleven to Port of Spain, Trinidad, St. Maarten and San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1995, Carib Express was operating British Aerospace BAe 146-100 jet flights into the airport nonstop from Barbados, Dominica and St. Vincent as well as one stop BAe 146 service from Port of Spain and St. Kitts. Another previous jet operator was BWIA West Indies Airways (operating as BWIA International at the time) which in 1996 was operating McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jetliners between the airport and Miami twice a week and also twice a week between the airport and New York JFK Airport with both of these direct, no change of plane flights making an intermediate stop in Antigua as well as flying MD-80 service several days a week nonstop to Barbados with these flights then continuing on to Port of Spain.

Other facilities
The airport houses the George Charles Outstation of the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority, General Aviation Services, and the Island Flyers Club.

Navigation
The airport offers an RNAV and NDB approach only on Runway 9. Landings on Runway 27 are strictly visual.

Accidents and incidents
On 8 November 2015, a Beechcraft Model 99, registered N7994H, veered off the runway into a grassy area at George F. L. Charles Airport after the aircraft's right landing gear malfunctioned. The sole occupant of the aircraft, the pilot, was not harmed. Following the incident, Hummingbird Air suspended all operations, and the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority launched an investigation.

title: George F. L. Charles Airport


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Cabul

Cabul (כבול), classical spelling: Chabolo; Chabulon, is a location in the Lower Galilee mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, now the Kabul local council in Israel, 9 or 10 mi east of Acco.

Bronze and Iron ages
Cabul is first mentioned as one of the landmarks on the boundary of Asher, in. Josephus refers to it as "the village of Chabolo situated in the confines of Ptolemais", and was the western border of Lower Galilee before joining the Phoenician coast. It was assigned to the Tribe of Asher. The name "Kabul" may have been derived from the Aramaic word mekubbal, which means "clad", as in the inhabitants were "clad" in gold and silver.

King Solomon handed over a district in the north-west of Galilee near Tyre, containing twenty cities, to Hiram I, the king of Tyre, in repayment for his help in building Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. Hiram was not pleased with the gift, however, and called them "the land of Cabul", the name signifying "good for nothing". The writer of 1 Kings 9 says they were called by this name "to this day". Josephus interprets "Cabul" as meaning "what does not please" (in Phoenician) but doubt has been cast on this interpretation of the term. The Pulpit Commentary suggests they were unacceptable because "really they were mere villages".

Archaeological excavations at Khirbet Rosh Zayit, located 2km northeast of modern Kabul, Israel, have revealed an Israelite settlement from the 12th century BCE, and built upon it a Phoenician fortification from the 10th century BCE. The excavator suggests that this is evidence of Solomon's transfer of the area to Tyrian control.

Classical era
Josephus describes Cabul as being "the place that divides the country of Ptolemais from our nation" (War II 18:503). The architecture of Cabul, unlike other cities of the Galilee, was similar to that of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut. In the First Jewish–Roman War, Cabul was attacked by Cestius Gallus in 66 CE. Upon the approach of the Roman army, the inhabitants of Cabul (, translated in some English texts as Zabulon) had fled the city, while the soldiery were given leave to plunder and burn the city. For a time it served as Josephus' headquarters in Galilee in 67 CE.

Judah and Hillel, sons of R. Gamaliel III, were received as guests in Cabul with great honor and paid a visit to a local bath. It was the home of a Rabbi Zakkai, and was famous for its abundance of wine and oil; it also had a synagogue and public baths. After the fall of Jerusalem, priests of the Shecaniah (Shekhanyah) family settled there.

Middle Ages
In the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, it was the seat of a seigniory known as Cabor.

Aftermath
In 2010, an archaeological survey of Cabul was conducted by Omar Zidan on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).

title: Cabul


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Vic Morrow

Victor Morrow (born Victor Morozoff; February 14, 1929 – July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He came to prominence as one of the leads of the ABC drama series Combat! (1962–1967), which earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Series. Active on screen for over three decades, his film roles include Blackboard Jungle (1955), King Creole (1958), God's Little Acre (1958), Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry (1974), and The Bad News Bears (1976). Morrow continued acting up to his death during filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) when he and two child actors were killed in a helicopter crash on set.

Early life
Vic Morrow was Jewish. He was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was a son of Harry Morozoff, an electrical engineer, and his wife Jean (Kress) Morozoff. Morrow dropped out of high school when he was 17 and enlisted in the United States Navy. Morrow and his family lived in Asbury Park, New Jersey for many years.

Career
Morrow attracted attention playing Stanley Kowalski in a touring production of A Streetcar Named Desire. His first movie role was in Blackboard Jungle (1955), playing a thug student who torments teacher Glenn Ford.

It was made by MGM, who then put Morrow in Tribute to a Bad Man (1956). Morrow appeared on television, guest starring on shows like The Millionaire, Matinee Theatre, Climax!, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Restless Gun, Trackdown, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, and Telephone Time.

Morrow had support roles in Men in War (1957), directed by Anthony Mann, and was third billed in Hell's Five Hours (1958). He starred alongside Elvis Presley and an all-star supporting cast including Walter Matthau and Carolyn Jones in the movie King Creole (1958), directed by Michael Curtiz. Mann asked him back for God's Little Acre (1958).

However Morrow remained mostly a television actor, appearing in Naked City, Wichita Town, The Rifleman, The Lineup, Johnny Ringo, The Brothers Brannagan, The Law and Mr. Jones, The Lawless Years, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, General Electric Theatre, Target: The Corruptors, The Tall Man, Outlaws, Bonanza, and The Untouchables.

He was cast in the early Bonanza episode "The Avenger" as a mysterious figure known only as "Lassiter" – named after his town of origin – who arrives in Virginia City. He helps save Ben and Adam Cartwright from an unjust hanging, while eventually gunning down one sought-after man, revealing himself as the hunter of a lynch mob who killed his father. Having so far killed about half the mob, he rides off into the night, in an episode that resembles the later Clint Eastwood film High Plains Drifter. Morrow later appeared in the third season Bonanza episode "The Tin Badge".

Mann used Morrow a third time in Cimarron (1960), again tormenting Glenn Ford. He took on Audie Murphy in Posse from Hell (1961).

Morrow was cast as soldier-engineer Lt. Robert Benson in the 1962 episode, "A Matter of Honor", on the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The story focuses on Benson's fiancé, Indiana (Shirley Ballard), who tries to persuade him to boost their income by selling inside Army information to criminal real estate moguls like Joseph Hooker (Howard Petrie). Trevor Bardette and Meg Wyllie were cast in the roles of Captain and Mrs. Warner.

Morrow had his first leading role in Portrait of a Mobster (1961) playing Dutch Schultz.

He continued as mostly a television actor, appearing in Death Valley Days, Alcoa Premiere, and Suspense.

Combat!
Morrow was cast in the lead role of Sergeant "Chip" Saunders in ABC's Combat!, a World War II drama, which aired from 1962 to 1967. Pop culture scholar Gene Santoro has written: "TV's longest-running World War II drama (1962–1967) was really a collection of complex 50-minute movies. Salted with battle sequences, they follow a squad's travails from D-Day on – a gritty ground-eye view of men trying to salvage their humanity and survive. Melodrama, comedy, and satire come into play as top-billed Lieutenant Hanley (Rick Jason) and Sergeant Saunders (Vic Morrow) lead their men toward Paris ... The relentlessness hollows antihero Saunders out: at times, you can see the tombstones in his eyes.'"

His friend and fellow actor on Combat!, Rick Jason, described Morrow as "a master director" who directed "one of the greatest anti-war films I've ever seen". He was referring to the two-part episode of Combat! entitled Hills Are for Heroes, which was written by Gene L. Coon.

Deathwatch and A Man Called Sledge
Morrow also worked as a television director. Together with Leonard Nimoy, he produced the 1965 film Deathwatch, an English-language film version of Jean Genet's play Deathwatch (title in Haute Surveillance), adapted by Morrow and Barbara Turner, directed by Morrow, and starring Nimoy.

After Combat! ended, Morrow played the lead in Target: Harry (1969), the pilot for a proposed series that was not picked up; Roger Corman directed.

In 1969 he set up his own company, Carleigh, which was named after his daughters Carrie Ann and Jennifer Leigh.

Morrow wrote and directed a spaghetti Western, produced by Dino DeLaurentiis, titled A Man Called Sledge (1970) and starring James Garner, Dennis Weaver and Claude Akins. After Deathwatch, it was Morrow's first and only big screen outing behind the camera. Sledge was filmed in Italy with desert-like settings that were highly evocative of the Southwestern United States.

Morrow guest starred in The Immortal, Dan August, Hawaii Five-O, Mannix, Sarge, McCloud, and Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law.

TV movies
In the 1970s Morrow starred in some television movies including A Step Out of Line (1971), Travis Logan, D.A. (1971) (playing the title role), River of Mystery (1971), The Glass House (1972), The Weekend Nun, Tom Sawyer (1973), and Nightmare (1974).

He guest starred in Ironside, The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Mission: Impossible, The FBI, Love Story, The Streets of San Francisco, and Police Story.

Morrow appeared in two episodes of Australian-produced anthology series The Evil Touch (1973), one of which he also directed.

He played the wily local sheriff in director John Hough's road classic Dirty Mary Crazy Larry, as well as the homicidal sheriff, alongside Martin Sheen, in the television film The California Kid (1974), and The Take (1974).

Morrow had the lead in Funeral for an Assassin (1975). He had key roles in Death Stalk (1975), Wanted: Babysitter (also called Scar Tissue; 1975), The Night That Panicked America (1975), Treasure of Matecumbe (1976) and had a key role as aggressive, competitive baseball coach Roy Turner, in the comedy The Bad News Bears (1976).

In the late 1970s Morrow worked increasingly in miniseries such as Captains and the Kings (1977), Roots and The Last Convertible (1979), as well as guest starring on shows like Bronc, Hunter, The Littlest Hobo and Charlie's Angels.

He returned to directing, helming episodes of Quincy, M.E. as well as Lucan and Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color.

Final roles
Morrow had the lead in The Ghost of Cypress Swamp (1977), the Japanese film Message from Space (1978) and The Evictors (1979). He was in TV movies The Man with the Power (1977), The Hostage Heart (1977), Curse of the Black Widow (1977), Wild and Wooly (1978), Stone (1979), and Paris (1980)

Morrow made Humanoids from the Deep (1980) for Roger Corman and The Last Shark (1981) and had a regular role in the series, B.A.D. Cats (1980).

Morrow's last roles included guest roles in Charlie's Angels, Magnum, P.I. and the films 1990: The Bronx Warriors (1981) and Abenko Green Berets (1982).

Personal life
From 1957 to 1964, Morrow was married to actress and screenwriter Barbara Turner. They had two daughters, Carrie Ann Morrow and actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. He married Gale Lester in 1975; they separated just prior to Morrow's death in July 1982.

Morrow fell out with his daughter Jennifer after his divorce from her mother. She changed her last name to Leigh and they were still estranged at the time of his death.

Rick Jason, co-star of Combat!, wrote in his memoirs that Morrow "had an absolute dislike of firearms. He used a Thompson submachine gun in our series, but that was work. In any other respect he'd have nothing to do with them."

Death
In 1982, Morrow was cast in a feature role in Twilight Zone: The Movie, in a segment directed by John Landis. Morrow was playing the role of Bill Connor, a racist who is taken back in time and placed in various situations where he would be a persecuted victim: as a Jewish man in Vichy France, a black man about to be lynched by the Ku Klux Klan, and a Vietnamese man about to be killed by U.S. soldiers.

In the early morning hours of July 23, 1982, Morrow and two child actors, seven-year-old Myca Dinh Le and six-year-old Renee Shin-Yi Chen, were filming on location in California, in an area that was known as Indian Dunes, near Santa Clarita. They were performing in a scene for the Vietnam sequence, in which their characters attempt to escape out of a deserted Vietnamese village from a pursuing U.S. Army helicopter. The helicopter was hovering at approximately 24 ft above them when the heat from special effect pyrotechnic explosions reportedly delaminated the rotor blades and caused the helicopter to plummet and crash on top of them, killing all three instantly. Morrow and Le were decapitated and mutilated by the helicopter rotor blades, while Chen was crushed by a helicopter skid.

Morrow's daughters sued several parties for negligence and wrongful death and were each awarded an out of court settlement of $850,000 by Warner Bros. Studios. Landis and four other defendants, including the helicopter pilot Dorcey Wingo, were charged with involuntary manslaughter but were ultimately acquitted after a ten-month trial. The parents of Le and Chen also sued and settled out of court for $2 million each.

Morrow's remains are interred in Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California.

title: Vic Morrow


text:
Port Ellen distillery

Port Ellen distillery is located in Port Ellen on the isle of Islay, Scotland.

Port Ellen distillery reopened in 2024 after being closed since 1983.

History
Port Ellen was established as a malt mill in 1825, and then developed as a distillery under John Ramsay from 1833 to 1892. The warehouses he built still exist and are listed buildings. The distillery was acquired by the Distillers Company Limited in 1925, was closed in 1930 and rebuilt in 1966/1967. It continued in production throughout the 1970s and was closed in 1983, although supplies of its single malt whisky are still available. When Port Ellen was closed in 1983, Diageo did knock down some of the buildings, repurposed others, and destroyed the stills. The distillery houses a malting which continues to supply all Islay distilleries, as per an agreement signed in 1987. The dwindling stocks of Port Ellen whisky are owned by Diageo; due to the closing of the distillery, its whisky is a collectors item.

On 9 October 2017, Diageo announced that the distillery would reopen in 2020, following a £35 million investment in re-opening both Port Ellen and also their closed Brora distillery in Sutherland, which also closed in 1983. Diageo suggested the first new release might be of a 12 year old expression, i.e., in 2032, but have left the door open for possibly earlier releases. On 8 May 2019, Diageo submitted plans to revive the distillery, and to build a new stillhouse. Diageo say they are going to considerable efforts to recreate as similar as possible new stills, and point to factory records from the 1980s, and have former Port Ellen employees working for them elsewhere on Islay to assist in an accurate recreation of the Port Ellen style.

The Distillery build is currently under the management of Alexander McDonald, an Islay resident with previous positions held in Kilchoman, Lagavulin and Caol Ila distillery. plans are for the distillery to reopen in 2023.

In 2022, a rare 1979 cask of Port Ellen whisky was auctioned by Sotheby's for £875,000. It was sold in a lot which included an artwork in Murano glass by artist and designer Ini Archibong. Diageo announced that five percent of the hammer price would be donated to support Care International's work in Ukraine.

In 19 March 2024, Port Ellen distillery reopened after 40 years been closed and a £185 million (US$235m) restoration.

title: Port Ellen distillery


text:
Talk:Medical prescription

Definition of Prescriptions
In the referenced article Belknap et al, the first line of the abstract provides the definition of prescription. This has become garbled with successive edits. I have corrected the cited definition and restored the reference to the article.

The change from the old "compounding prescription" to the new "instructions to the patient" prescription is a matter of historical fact. The sentence about "legal implications" would seem to belong at the end of the paragraph, otherwise the text is garbled. I have restored the text for this section to its previous version. If there is something you disagree with, please post your explanation. Thanks. Sbelknap (talk) 20:52, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

I note that all attempts to include description of electronic prescriptions, including referenced material are promptly deleted, this time by "medpeds". Given current trends, electronic prescriptions will largely supplant paper prescriptions over the next few years. Is there a reason why "medpeds" is deleting the electronic prescribing description? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbelknap (talk • contribs) 21:37, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

Self-prescribed medication?
Don't know if this is relevant enough to include in the article, but I was wondering if an MD can write a prescription for his or herself. Are there any limitations as to what can be self-prescribed?

My Jurisdiction (New Zealand), makes it clear that although legal, this is unwise and may produce questions about a doctor's practice. The medical council (regulatory body) has a policy that strongly discourages Doctors from prescribing for themselves and their families, and points out that if they do, then their care must be of the same standard as care of any other patient in terms of keeping notes, appropriate knowledge and experience etc. Egmason 20:46, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

In the United States, the standard of practice is that a prescriber should have a "provider-patient" relationship with the recipient of any prescription (explicitly regulated for controlled substances, regulated for any drug per most state laws, and implicit everywhere). This means that prescribing for family, friends, and self is a grey area at best. In practice, it is discouraged, but not forbidden, and opens providers up to criminal and civil liability. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jojousa (talk • contribs) 04:18, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

In UK this was fairly common practice as recently as 1990s but has become actively discouraged. In part this was to prevent prescription of psychoactive medications for self. Additionally it is frowned upon (or worse the GMC, General Medical Council, may invite you to justify yourself) if you prescribe for relatives. These changes in attitude coincide with the GMC adding " 30 You should be registered with a general practitioner outside your family." to its guidelines for Good Medical Practice.

The paper vs the drugs & regions
I removed the following section from this article because the article is about the piece of paper that is the prescription, not about the prescription drugs themselves. Prescription drugs is a much larger subject. Samw 03:27, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ==National Health Service Prescriptions==

 * In England a patient visits a doctor (usually a General practitioner in the first instance) who is able to prescribe medicines. Each item on the prescription is liable to a prescription charge of £6.40 (as of April 2004).  Those requiring regular prescriptions may make a saving by purchasing a pre-payment certificate which covers the cost of all prescriptions required for four months (at a cost of £33.40) or the year (at a cost of £91.80).

 * The money is used to help fund the National Health Service.

 * The devolved legislatures of Scotland and Wales were examining, in 2004, proposals to scrap the charge and provide free prescriptions for all.

I disagree with your move of the content I added to prescription to prescription drug. It mentions no drugs in particular. It is more about charging. How can we resolve this amicably? Assuming you still feel you were right to move it, who should we ask to decide? I do not feel particularly passionate about this. But I know that, as a British national, if I were looking for more information on my prescription I would look under the article of that name, not prescription drug. --bodnotbod 12:20, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * The issue is that "prescription" can mean different things: the piece of paper, the drugs themselves or the whole system of controlling drugs.  I don't have a strong opinion either on whether to include this material.  I moved it because the "medical prescription" article itself is already quite long.  Perhaps "medical prescription" itself could be a index/disambiguation page that links to "medical prescription - the document" for the current contents; "prescription drugs" and "prescription practices" for your material? If we're looking for a second opinion, Kpjas contributed to the original article.  Samw 15:07, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Cheers. I've asked him to take a look.  I take your point.  I would be tempted to start a third article if another nationality wades in with material along my lines about their country.  At the moment it seems a bit overkill to have 3 articles.  Let's see what Kpjas says. --bodnotbod 15:22, May 8, 2004 (UTC)

People I really don't feel entitled to be a judge in your debate. I think you have done a good job and this helpful information stays within Wikipedia. That's a good thing. My comment: it would be fine to include and compare prescription systems and regulations in other countries (healthcare systems).

The matter where the information is going to be placed seems to me relatively unimportant.

Best wishes, Kpjas 08:36, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh well... I leave it as it is, mainly because I'm very tired right now ;o)   If somebody else comes along who feels it should be changed, they'll go ahead and do it I guess. --bodnotbod 14:06, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

Origination of Rx?
So where did this term come from, and what is its literal meaning? Thanks.

 * See the second paragraph under format and definition; there are several explanations. I'm not aware of a definitive answer.  Samw 00:49, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nobody knows for sure. Either a symbol for recipie, or more likely an invocation to the god Jupiter. From the book Devils, Drugs, and Doctors 1931. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.160.237.2 (talk) 16:18, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

mg/ug mixup
For the mixup between microgram and milligram, I couldn't find a reference for "unbelievably, deaths have resulted from pharmacists blindly following such a misreading". If you have a reference, I would love to put such a dramatic statement back in. Samw 02:15, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's a few references. I have a bit of a flu, and was about to go sleep, but feel free to add them to the article or I will tomorrow.  .  I couldn't find a specific cite for deaths resulting from that error, but  refers to medical error as a leading cause of death (though presumably fairly little of that is due to perscription misreading).  I guess there's no really sold proof, sorry.  Feel free to leave the remark out, or tone it down to "this is likely to cause potentially fatal misunderstandings..." Pakaran 02:56, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Added compromise commentary back in Samw 14:06, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The sentence "The symbol "Rx" meaning "prescription" is a transliteration of a symbol resembling a capital R with a cross on the diagonal (℞)." doesn't make any sense to me. The last symbol looks like an upside-down square U. It is not a diagonal. What is it supposed to be? 71.32.109.22 21:51, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

how would you write rx for 90 percocet at 1 to 2 tablets per every 6 10 hrs as needed for pain

 * Percocet 1-2 tab every 6-10hrs prn for pain, mitte90
 * The words 'every' & 'for' are perhaps redundant, 'mitte' is often abbreviated to just 'm' or just enclosing the quantity within a circle, and sometimes the number of tablets ('tab') is abbreviated to a series of 'T' (latter abbreviation is discouraged as easy to cause confusion). Hence Rx can be abbreviated to:
 * Percocet T-TT 6-10hrs prn pain (90) - David Ruben Talk 03:22, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Lot's of good stuff to think about in this prescription. I bet most pharmacists would fill it as written and most patients would use it more or less as intended. Still, I would take a different route: I would write:
 * 1) As David says, the old fashioned lower case Roman numerals (above represented by "T-TT") are a source of confusion and are now dis-preferred in favor of Arabic numerals.
 * 2) Percocet is a brand name for a generic combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone. For philosophical and cost-containment reasons, I avoid brand names.
 * 3) This drug comes in multiple strengths, so the above scripts could not be filled without a call back from the pharmacist.
 * 4) Abbreviations are a major source of confusion, so I avoid "prn" and "po" and especially "qd."
 * 5) The route is a required element in all prescriptions, although the pharmacist will often deduce it from the preparation.
 * 6) Ranges on frequency (6-10 hours) are confusing as they imply that the patient should take at least 1 every 10 hours. "As needed" covers the idea well enough.
 * 7) Refills should always be specified even if none are desired or allowed by law.
 * 8) "mitte" is not a phrase I've seen. Is it German?
 * acetaminophen 325 mg / oxycodone 10 mg
 * 1-2 tabs by mouth every 6 hours as needed for pain
 * dispense 90
 * no refills

Finally, have we just helped some criminal falsify a prescription for a controlled substance? Ben 02:21, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * My thoughts precisely. --Younmm23 17:12, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

NPO
Are there any Latin experts out there? What does "NPO" stand for? I've seen: All translate to English as "nothing by mouth" but it would be good to get the Latin right. Thanks! Samw 15:40, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * nil per os
 * non per os
 * nihil per orem
 * nil per oris
 * nulla per os

 * But irrelevant to article on prescribing, as not taking anything by mout does not form part of any prescribing instruction abbreviation (but will of course be an abbreviation in teh medical record, sign placed above patient's bed etc). David Ruben Talk 12:10, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * nil per os, per os Tkjazzer 14:23, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * why isn't NPO listed? Tkjazzer 14:54, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

re List Abbreviations
This article is about prescriptions, yet the list abbreviations includes terms never found on a prescription (at least none I have ever seen) but rather in the medical notes. Examples are CHF,GI,GU,NKA,SOB,URI,UTI,VS,WBC. Would these be better moved to a new article on medical abbreviations ? David Ruben Talk 03:33, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * That this article has pretensions to a complete list of prescription abbreviations is ludicrous. I have in front of me a 470-page book of such abbreviations that does not claim to be complete. - Montréalais 06:32, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It's absurd to call that a complete list. It's also extremely arrogant and American-centric. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 06:54, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Can't this material be merged with the existing article List of medical abbreviations? Ben 15:32, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It's my understanding that abbreviations on prescriptions are a subset and possibly different than those on general medical reports. Note also that section has been cleaned up since the discussion from a year ago. Samw 00:17, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Abbreviations and symbols
There is a section on abbreviations and a separate mention of certain symbols in a section on what should be avoided. However, reading a prescription requires understanding both the abbreviations and symbols used. A comment in the talk section mentions "the old fashioned lower case Roman numerals (represented by "T-TT")." There is no mention of this in the article itself. In California, I see prescriptions routinely written with these numerals and a single dot above each connected "T." I also see prescriptions with a c with a line over it for "with" and those with a p with a line over it for "after." I could figure them out only after repeated exposure to prescriptions from different physicians. However they are not self explanatory and warrant mention. The abbreviations section should be expanded to discuss abbreviations and symbols. There are probably other such symbols that I haven't encountered but are used regularly, at least in some regions.

The comment mentioned that the roman numerals should be avoided, but in the interest of neutrality, symbols that a patient encounters should be included regardless of advocacy. Mentioning that they should be avoided is fair game, of course, whenever there is substantiating information that a relevant governing body takes that position. Advocating their use should be based on something similar, such as a standard imposed by a relevant body or agency. Simple mention should be based on what a patient might reasonably encounter under ordinary circumstances. Hagrinas (talk) 00:16, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Legal Regulation "Exhibits"
These sections should I believe be deleted, although being bold resulted in a revertion. My reasons in increasing importance are:
 * This is a worldwide encyclopaedia, not just US-centric. This is obviously not an absolute contraindication for including a specific item, but it is worth remembering to try to keep aricles "balanced"
 * Choice of the word "Exhibit" is troubling - wikipedia is not a legal court for protagonists to present their "exhibits" of evidence. Instead wikipedia may present a few choice examples to illustrate points being made.
 * With only 5 exhibits given, it is hardly applicable to even most Americans; i.e. those that live in the other 45 states.
 * However the main problems are that it is just awful encyclopedia making:
 * It is incomprehensible (to the majority) legal-speak & listing of regulation rules, rather than this a general encyclopaedia's summarisation of knowledge. So if the purpose of these "Exhibits" is to add to the article specific information, then I think this should be done by a clear summary in general English. As an example of how other articles do this, see Murder which gives a clear explanation.
 * Verification & Citing - if however the "exhibits" are being provided more as material to which discussion in the main article may refer to, in order to verify (as this revert comment suggests), then wikipedia need not reproduce the material but rather merely provide citation details within a footnote. David Ruben Talk 13:36, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

As an example of this, Exhibit C is referred to in the text as an example of regulation setting out "... the size of the piece of paper - see Exhibit C paragraph 10" and also "... security measures may be mandated by law - see Exhibit C for sample legal specifications". Yet Exhibit C section starts, as they all do, with a reference for its own source (this link nolonger seems to exist, after quick search refound as this one). So why not in the text have used:
 * ''"... the size of the piece of paper.[1]"
 * "... security measures may be mandated by law.[1]"

and then in a Footnotes & References section have included the desired citation details:
 * 1

David Ruben Talk 14:25, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry Didn't mean to be rude; I thought you were done with the deletions and left the article in an inconsistent state. Reverting seemed the quickest fix.  Yes, I'm fine with any reasonable changes.  When I added these exhibits 3 years ago there were no established conventions for references and certainly none of the templates in Wikipedia today.  These examples were readily available on the net at the time; if a more representative, international selection is available now, by all means use them.  On the topic of descriptions versus examples, I'm a big fan of examples, especially real-life examples.  Descriptions are needed to make the explanation generically applicable, but there's nothing like specifics.  Finally, I'm not an American, never lived in the US and am not in the medical professional.  That said, I don't think articles should be "dumbed down" for a general audience.  I do agree progressive disclosure should apply to make the article as accessible as possible.  Wikipedia has articles on the most obscure technical subjects (c.f. voigt notation) and there's no reason why this article (or a refactored article) can't covered legal details of prescriptions in gory detail.  Samw 15:54, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for comments, yes I think I too may have acted similarly if positions reversed :-) Certainly don't intend for "dumbing down" - I'm discussing issues of encyclopedia layout and certainly not of article/subject description, which I think is good in this article. All of description re features that get specified (form size, security measures, prescription information, patient details, pharmacist handling) should be included. It is just that having described a particular feature, the example given (as required by WP:Cite and WP:Verify) can be provided now by linking to a footnote that cites a source and provides a relevant web link (as is possible for all 5 'Exhibits'). I appreciate the problems prior to footnotes, external links and citation templates being introduced into wikipedia - must have made citing sources very hard to have to find, select & copy appropriate segments and markup accordingly :-) David Ruben Talk 03:16, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I, too, dislike the word "Exhibit" being used in this context. And I agree it would be far better dealt with as footnotes rather than copy and pasting in the actual text.
 * Above comment posted by User:Sarah Ewart 03:01, 16 April 2006
 * Yes, I know it's policy to sign talk page comments and I'm pretty sure that's the first time I've ever forgotten to do it. Sorry. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 03:00, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

I've removed the "legal exhibits". This is not the right way to present this information. I'll paste them below in case anyone wants to use specific details to add encyclopedic information back to the article. WhatamIdoing (talk) 21:47, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Aargh, I didn't notice what a message that makes of the article, which refers to these exhibits repeatedly. Ick.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 05:30, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Solution is to turn mentions of teh "exhibits" (which have web links given) into direct footnoted references. So done, but still just awful specific US-states-centric article. David Ruben Talk 01:54, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Exhibit A: sample legal definition of a prescription
Taken from California's Business and Professions Code Section 4040:
 * 4040. (a) "Prescription" means an oral, written, or electronic transmission order that is both of the following:
 * (1) Given individually for the person or persons for whom ordered that includes all of the following:
 * (A) The name or names and address of the patient or patients.
 * (B) The name and quantity of the drug or device prescribed and the directions for use.
 * (C) The date of issue.
 * (D) Either rubber stamped, typed, or printed by hand or typeset, the name, address, and telephone number of the prescriber, his or her license classification, and his or her federal registry number, if a controlled substance is prescribed.
 * (E) A legible, clear notice of the condition for which the drug is being prescribed, if requested by the patient or patients.
 * (F) If in writing, signed by the prescriber issuing the order, or the certified nurse-midwife, nurse practitioner, or physician assistant who issues a drug order pursuant to Section 2746.51,2836.1, or 3502.1.
 * (2) Issued by a precribing medical practitioner if a drug order is issued pursuant to Section 2746.51, 2836.1, or 3502.1.
 * (b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), a written order of the prescriber for a dangerous drug, except for any Schedule II controlled substance, that contains at least the name and signature of the prescriber, the name and address of the patient in a manner consistent with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 11164 of the Health and Safety Code, the name and quantity of the drug prescribed, directions for use, and the date of issue may be treated as a prescription by the dispensing pharmacist as long as any additional information required by subdivision (a) is readily retrievable in the pharmacy. In the event of a conflict between this subdivision and Section 11164 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 11164 of the Health and Safety Code shall prevail.
 * (c) "Electronic transmission prescription" includes both image and data prescriptions. "Electronic image transmission prescription" means any prescription order for which a facsimile of the order is received by a pharmacy from a licensed prescriber.  "Electronic data transmission prescription" means any prescription order, other than an electronic image transmission prescription, that is electronically transmitted from a licensed prescriber to a pharmacy.
 * (d) The use of commonly used abbreviations shall not invalidate an otherwise valid prescription.
 * (e) Nothing in the amendments made to this section (formerly Section 4036) at the 1969 Regular Session of the Legislature shall be construed as expanding or limiting the right that a chiropractor, while acting within the scope of his or her license, may have to prescribe a device.

Exhibit B: sample legal requirement for storage of prescriptions
From the Mississippi Board of Pharmacy:
 * ARTICLE XIII PRESCRIPTIONS TO BE FILED
 * 1. All prescriptions shall be filed in one of the following ways:
 * A. Three separate files may be maintained; a file for Schedule II prescriptions dispensed; a file for Schedule III, IV and V prescriptions dispensed; and a file for all other prescriptions dispensed.
 * B. Two files may be maintained; a file for all Schedule II prescriptions dispensed and another file for all other prescriptions dispensed, including those in Schedule III, IV and V. If this method is used, the prescriptions for Schedule III, IV and V substances must be stamped with the letter "C" in red ink, not less than one inch high, in the lower right-hand corner.  This distinctive marking makes the records readily retrievable for inspection.  Pharmacies with automatic data processing systems are exempted from marking Schedule III, IV and V controlled substance prescriptions with the red "C".
 * 2. A hard copy of original prescriptions, whether records are maintained manually or in a data processing system, shall be assigned a serial number and maintained by the pharmacy in numerical and chronological order. All prescriptions shall be maintained for at least five years from the date of original dispensing.
 * 3. If a pharmacy utilizes a data processing system for record keeping, all computer generated labels should be affixed to the prescription document in such a manner as not to obscure information on the face of the document.

Exhibit C: sample legal requirements for security and format
From Indiana Board of Pharmacy:
 * 856 IAC 1-34-2 Security feature requirements
 * Authority: IC 35-48-7-8
 * Affected: IC 16-42-19-5
 * Sec. 2. (a) All controlled substance prescriptions written by licensed Indiana practitioners, as defined by IC 16-42-19-5, must contain the following security features:
 * (1) A latent, repetitive "void" pattern screened at five percent (5%) in reflex blue must appear across the entire face of the document when the prescription is photocopied.
 * (2) There shall be a custom artificial watermark printed on the back side of the base paper so that it may only be seen at a forty-five (45) degree angle. The watermark shall consist of the words "Indiana Security Prescription", appearing horizontally in a step-and-repeated format in five lines on the back of the document using 12-point Helvetica bold type style.
 * (3) An opaque RX symbol must appear in the upper right-hand corner, one-eighth (1/8) of an inch from the top of the pad and five-sixteenths (5/16) of an inch from the right side of the pad. The symbol must be three-fourths (3/4) inch in size and must disappear if the prescription copy is lightened.
 * (4) Six (6) quantity check-off boxes must be printed on the form and the following quantities must appear and the appropriate box be checked off for the prescription to be valid:
 * (A) 1-24
 * (B) 25-49
 * (C) 50-74
 * (D) 75-100
 * (E) 101-150
 * (F) 151 and over.
 * (5) No advertisements may appear on the front or back of the prescription blank.
 * (6) Logos, defined as a symbol utilized by an individual, professional practice, professional association, or hospital, may appear on the prescription blank. The upper left one (1) inch square of the prescription blank is reserved for the purpose of logos. Only logos, as defined by this subdivision, may appear on the prescription blank.
 * (7) Only one (1) prescription may be written per prescription blank. The following statement must be printed on the bottom of the pad: "Prescription is void if more than one (1) prescription is written per blank.".
 * (8) Refill options that can be circled by the prescriber must appear below any logos and above the signature lines on the left side of the prescription blank in the following order: Refill NR 1 2 3 4 5 Void after_____.
 * (9) Practitioner name and state issued professional license number must be preprinted, stamped, or manually printed on the prescription.
 * (10) All prescription blanks printed under this rule shall be four and one-fourth (4-1/4) inches high and five and one-half (5-1/2) inches wide.
 * (b) Nothing in this rule shall prevent licensed Indiana practitioners from utilizing security paper prescriptions for the prescribing of any legend drug. (Indiana Board of Pharmacy; 856 IAC 1-34-2; filed Jul 5, 1995, 9:45 a.m.: 18 IR 2782, eff Jan 1, 1996)

Exhibit D: sample requirements on information added by the pharmacist
Taken from the Ontario's Drug and Pharmacies Regulation Act, paragraph 156.

 * (1) Every person who dispenses a drug pursuant to a prescription shall ensure that the following information is recorded on the prescription,
 * (a) the name and address of the person for whom the drug is prescribed;
 * (b) the name, strength (where applicable) and quantity of the prescribed drug;
 * (c) the directions for use, as prescribed;
 * (d) the name and address of the prescriber;
 * (e) the identity of the manufacturer of the drug dispensed;
 * (f) an identification number or other designation;
 * (g) the signature of the person dispensing the drug and, where different, also the signature of the person receiving a verbal prescription;
 * (h) the date on which the drug is dispensed;
 * (i) the price charged. R.S.O. 1990, c. H.4, s. 156 (1).

Exhibit E: New Jersey requirements for prescription blanks
From New Jersey official statutes:

 * 45:14-55 Use of New Jersey Prescription Blanks.

 * 16. a. A practitioner practicing in this State shall use non-reproducible, non-erasable safety paper New Jersey Prescription Blanks bearing that practitioner's license number whenever the practitioner issues prescriptions for controlled dangerous substances, prescription legend drugs or other prescription items. The prescription blanks shall be secured from a vendor approved by the Division of Consumer Affairs in the Department of Law and Public Safety.

 * b. A licensed practitioner practicing in this State shall maintain a record of the receipt of New Jersey Prescription Blanks. The practitioner shall notify the Office of Drug Control in the Division of Consumer Affairs as soon as possible but no later than 72 hours of being made aware that any New Jersey Prescription Blank in the practitioner's possession has been stolen.  Upon receipt of notification, the Office of Drug Control shall take appropriate action, including notification to the Department of Human Services and the Attorney General.

 * 45:14-56 Health care facility prescriptions.

 * 17. a. Prescriptions issued by a health care facility licensed pursuant to P.L.1971, c.136 (C.26:2H-1 et seq.) shall be written on non-reproducible, non-erasable safety paper New Jersey Prescription Blanks. The prescription blanks shall be secured from a vendor approved by the Division of Consumer Affairs in the Department of Law and Public Safety.  The New Jersey Prescription Blanks shall bear the unique provider number assigned to that health care facility for the issuing of prescriptions for controlled dangerous substances, prescription legend drugs or other prescription items.

 * b. A health care facility shall maintain a record of the receipt of New Jersey Prescription Blanks. The health care facility shall notify the Office of Drug Control in the Division of Consumer Affairs as soon as possible but no later than 72 hours of being made aware that any New Jersey Prescription Blank in the facility's possession has been stolen.  Upon receipt of notification, the Office of Drug Control shall take appropriate action including notification to the Department of Human Services and the Attorney General.

 * 45:14-57 Requirements for prescription to be filled.

 * 18.A prescription issued by a practitioner or health care facility licensed in New Jersey shall not be filled by a pharmacist unless the prescription is issued on a New Jersey Prescription Blank bearing the practitioner's license number or the unique provider number assigned to a health care facility.

 * 45:14-59 Format for New Jersey Prescription Blanks.

 * 20.The Division of Consumer Affairs in the Department of Law and Public Safety shall establish the format for uniform, non-reproducible, non-erasable safety paper prescription blanks, to be known as New Jersey Prescription Blanks, which format shall include an identifiable logo or symbol that will appear on all prescription blanks. The division shall approve a sufficient number of vendors to ensure production of an adequate supply of New Jersey Prescription Blanks for practitioners and health care facilities statewide.

 * I just removed the above content again. This kind of material can go on Wikisource but is not right for inclusion into Wikipedia.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   19:05, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Split out Appendix 1?
It might be more convenient to split out Appendix 1 into a subsidiary article. This would be partially to facilitate linking to it from the Latin medical phrases category, such that people looking for the translations of these abbreviations don't have to find this page. It seems inelegant to link to the main article from the category page. What do you think? Octopod 10:26, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

hi

Is splitting out such related content common in Wikipedia? I haven't seen much of that. My only concern is whether or not it would it make it more difficult to find the Appendix if it were moved? I guess if linked prominently it wouldn't hurt. ---J-Mac

 * I recommend splitting out appendix 1 and linking it for better categorization and a direct link to the talbe instead of linking to a long article when only really wanting to link to the table. Tkjazzer 13:55, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Globalize tag
There's plenty this can apply to, and the article does have a very strong US flavour (flavor?) but one little thing that doesn't often get mentioned is that the abbreviation "Rx" is not in everyday colloquial use in the UK. I don't know about within the medical profession, but if you wrote "Rx drugs" you'd get a lot of blank looks from the general population. 86.136.250.133 04:05, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That's true, but Rx is widely used in pharmacies and healthcare companies and by doctors in the UK, myself working for one at the moment.  J o s h  22:56, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ValiumDAWAd.png
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BetacommandBot 19:38, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Change redirect?
I'm not sure how to change it, or even if I can, but I think that prescription medicine should redirect to Prescription drugs rather than Medical prescription.58.104.18.126 (talk) 07:44, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks for flagging. Samw (talk) 00:57, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Physician or other medical practitioner
Physicians are not the only class of healthcare worker to write prescriptions. Even if you use "prescription" to mean "orders to take a drug", there are many non-physicians that are allowed to write such orders. Dentists, for example, routinely order painkillers and antibiotics. This article should not exclude non-physicians. WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:55, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Meaning of Rx
Rx is not the "order to take a drug" but rather the order to make, package, and/ or dispense a drug. This order is commonly addressed to a pharmacist, as by law, they are the only ones allowed to do so with prescription drugs. In Germany, veterinarians have the same right as Pharmacists -- I don't know if this is true of the US. I'm currently in my 3rd year of vet school in Germany, which is why I have in-depth knowledge of this topic. 85.178.56.164 (talk) 16:50, 26 October 2008 (UTC)
 * We need a published reliable source. Do you have a textbook that makes these claims?  Is there a regulation somewhere that we can cite?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:55, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Removing Tags
I am removing the tags at the top of this page, based on my independent judgment that I hold the article is sufficiently worldwide in scope. In the alternative, it can't be helped if it is centrally focusing on the US. But if anyone wishes to dissent, reinstate them. 68.236.154.4 (talk) 06:49, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

I plan to remove the other tag, I reviewed the article and don't see any glaring errors. But if I am wrong, let me know. 68.236.154.4 (talk) 06:52, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Reverts
Recent edits reverted the article to an older version that clobbered any added or revised text and contains broken and incomplete citations.

Would you please explain why you are clobbering the edits of other users?

Whywhenwhohow (talk) 16:36, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

abbreviation confusion
It's certainly true that some abbreviations have become deprecated, some thought might be given to the specific examples cited. While I can accept that the minim symbol does look like an "m" and might conceivably be taken to be an abbreviation for "meters", it's hard to see how this could actually result in any harm (considerable confusion, yes, but "meters" is so obviously nonsensical a unit for anything that might legitimately be measured in minims that the pharmacist would realize it couldn't possibly be the right interpretation). For those not familiar with the units, it's more or less like asking for three feet of gasoline, and would provoke the same kind of "You want WHAT?" response. Ptorquemada (talk) 20:48, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

"completing the command"?
What is meant by "completing the command"? --89.204.136.52 (talk) 11:58, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Deleted dubious & unsupported statement.
I boldly deleted as dubious the following, unsupported assertion:
 * The fact that a prescription instructs someone to "take" rather than "give" is not a trivial distinction, but makes clear it is directed at the patient, and is not directly an instruction to anyone else.

It contradicted the well-supported statements, a few lines earlier,
 * This symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb recipe, the imperative form of recipere, "to take" or "take thus".[Fn. omitted] Literally, the Latin word recipe means simply "Take...." and medieval prescriptions invariably began with the command to "take" certain materials and compound them in specified ways.[Fn. om.]

Clearly, as others have observed above, "take" is an instruction, not to the patient, but to the pharmacist, who is fancifully still thought of as compounding the medicament prescribed. The assertion that "take" is importantly directed towards the patient smacks of folk-etymology. Why would physicians use a cryptic symbol for a Latin word in any communication directed to the patient, anyway? Prescriptions are obviously not intended for patients to read or understand. J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 17:52, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

Non-prescription drug prescriptions
The lede implicitly has two different definitions of "prescription":
 * Prescriptions may include orders to be performed by a patient, caretaker, nurse, pharmacist, physician, other therapist, or by automated equipment
 * the term "prescription" now usually refers to an order that a pharmacist dispense and that a patient take certain medications.

Most of the article uses the second definition, but the section "Non-prescription drug prescriptions" gives some info on the first. Broadening the scope from drugs to all treatments listed on the medical treatment page would need a broader discussion of who is entitled to prescribe what.

Relatedly, I've redirected doctor's prescription to medical prescription, but it formerly had this:

A doctor's prescription is an order coming from a health care professional prescribing a certain kind of medical treatment for a patient, such as administration of drugs, dietary or behavioral recommendations, medical laboratory tests, radiology, etc. Prescriptions are usually given in a form of a written order and often must follow certain formal rules.

Common forms of prescriptions are jnestorius(talk) 17:35, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Medical prescription, for medicines (prescription drugs) or medical/assistive devices. In common parlance, "doctor's prescription" usually means this form of prescription.
 * Eyeglass prescription, contact lens prescription
 * Treatment prescription (e.g., drug regimen, radiotherapy, etc.)
 * Physical regimen prescription (bed rest, toilet regimen, massage, etc.)
 * Exercise prescription
 * Good idea The "doctor's prescription" article is better merged here as this article covers the concept and that article was short and had no references.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  17:43, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that "Doctor's Prescription" should be merged with "Medical Prescription", but I think we need expert advice as to whether all the "prescriptions" listed belong under this category. There is also something called "doctor's orders", which I have always understood as being different from a prescription, and as covering treatment modalities other than medication and optical correction.  Both the former "Doctor's Prescription" article and the lede to this article seem to suggest that there is no difference between "prescriptions" and "orders", whereas my impression is that they cover different things.  Medical and optical prescriptions, strictly speaking, both direct a third party (pharmacist, optician) to prepare a remedy to be supplied to the patient.  Orders generally require that something be done to the patient directly, or that the patient herself or himself do something.  I think we need help from medical professionals as to their usage concerning these terms.  J. D. Crutchfield | Talk 18:58, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Doctor's orders redirects to Medical prescription. While there's already a hatnote that mentions the redirect, it might be worth explaining (and BOLDTEXTING) "doctor's orders" in the lede, and/or adding a subsection. Assuming it isn't refactored into a separate article. jnestorius(talk) 10:51, 12 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Question Is the use of prescription for anything other than medications or eyeglasses a European thing? In the US, I've never heard it used for anything other than those two categories.  In a clinic or hospital setting, prescriptions are drugs.  Imaging and lab orders need appointments and are considered other orders. DMEs are DMEs.  Anything else, like diet and activity, are instructions and tied into the plan of care or treatment plan. Alaynestone (talk) 14:22, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Prescription for Romance Prescription for Murder Not sure about other uses.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  13:44, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Is there a prescription for butt kicking? Because I can think of someone who needs two tablets rectal STAT. :P Alaynestone (talk) 16:05, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

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PERscription?
Completely unsourced pronunciation info, which seems to run contrary to every time I've ever heard the word in ever... It's always been pronounced "PREscription" by anybody who I've ever heard say the word in any country. There are some English regional dialects that say "puh-scription" but it's by no means a common or accepted pronunciation — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.51.186.222 (talk) 19:05, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Should Rx drug recipe be changed to be more secure?
In Continental part of the article there is a recipe for a drug to be prepared by a pharmacist. I checked the ingredients, and it realised that they are related, as I think. They are probably used for lethal injections in US, when they are mixed in greater amont. I read about it on Wikipedia's article on death penalty, and even if the substances listed about are slighly different, after reading about each one in details and comparing with the lethal injection mix, the may have similar effect. Here's the question - should the substances in recipe be changed for neutral ones? I know every clever preson won't use Wikipedia to mix drugs, but I think these substances are quite serious, and if the recipe is demonstrative only, it may be fake (for example in "Fight Club" the explosive's recipe was not true too). Otherwise this article should have a medical notification in order to avoid using its content (recipe) in real world. What do you think about it?
 * The listed purpose of that Rx is for sleep (not for lethal injection). It is difficult to get some of these ingredients as a layperson, and even then some responsibility must be taken by the reader for their own actions.  For example, should Wikipedia delete articles describing methods of suicide on the chance that someone might try it themselves?
 * All that being said, if you can find an equivalent Rx that demonstrates the same principles with less risk, go ahead and be bold Myoglobin (talk) 21:15, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

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Section title: "Contents"
Can anyone come up with a better title for that section? It is rather meaningless, IMO. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 21:53, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

The symbol "℞"
Regarding

«The symbol "℞", sometimes transliterated as "Rx" or "Rx", is recorded in 16th century manuscripts as an abbreviation of the late Latin instruction recipe, meaning 'receive'. Originally abbreviated Rc, the later convention of using a slash to indicate abbreviation resulted in an R with as a straight stroke through its right "leg". Medieval prescriptions invariably began with the command to "take" certain materials and compound them in specified ways.»

the symbol "℞" has also other meaning in medieval texts: Ratio, Rubrica, Reverendus, Remissio, Reversus. See Adriano Cappelli, «Lexicon Abbreviaturarum», Hoepli, Milan 1999. --Dejudicibus (talk) 10:48, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, this is certainly true. But the article is about prescriptions so the abbreviation of recipe is the only one of these than needs mentioning. As a parallel, the abbreviation "Dr." can mean either Doctor or Debtor, according the context. We don't clutter medicine or accounting articles with details about the other kind of Dr. But if you think it interesting, it should go in as a footnote.
 * More immediately, "recorded in 16th century manuscripts as an abbreviation" is uncited so it would be great if you would add the Cappelli citation. [ping me if you would prefer me to do it, but you found it so you get the honour]. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 13:13, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

Pharmolith
What is the RX “Pharmolith” used for? 2600:8800:B5A0:2100:BC1B:A8A5:75E:5823 (talk) 15:20, 12 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Nothing. It is a fictional drug. Google it. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:45, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medical prescription


text:
Gatun Lake

Gatun Lake (Lago Gatún) is a freshwater artificial lake to the south of Colón, Panama. At approximately 26 m above sea level, it forms a major part of the Panama Canal, carrying ships 33 km of their transit across the Isthmus of Panama. It was created June 27, 1913 when the gates of the spillway at Gatun Dam were closed. The water level was about 14.6 m above sea level and was expected to fill to operating levels in the next six months.

Construction
Created in 1913 by damming the Chagres River, Gatun Lake is a key part of the Panama Canal, providing the millions of litres of water necessary to operate its locks each time a ship passes through. When constructed, Gatun Lake was the largest artificial lake in the world. The impassable rainforest around the lake has been the best defense of the Panama Canal. Today these areas remain practically unscathed by human interference and are one of the few accessible areas where various native Central American animal and plant species can be observed undisturbed in their natural habitat.

Geography
Gatun Lake covers about 180 sqmi. The largest island in the lake is Barro Colorado Island, which was established for scientific study when the lake was formed, and is operated by the Smithsonian Institution. Many important scientific and biological discoveries of the tropical animal and plant kingdom originated here.

Gatun Lake also provides drinking water for Panama City and Colón.

Fishing
Angling is one of the primary recreational pursuits on Gatun Lake. Non-native peacock bass were accidentally introduced to Gatun Lake around 1967 by a local businessman, and have since flourished to become the dominant angling game fish in Gatun Lake. Locally called Sargento and believed to be the species Cichla pleiozona, these peacock bass originate from the Amazon, Rio Negro, and Orinoco river basins. Although considered a premier game fish in their natural range, the introduction of the peacock bass to Gatun Lake had devastating effects on the local species. According to a report by the Smithsonian, native fish populations in the lake still have not recovered. Only one quarter the number of native fish species were found in a sampling taken in 2016.

title: Gatun Lake