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History of the NFL championship

Throughout its history, the National Football League (NFL) and other rival American football leagues have used several different formats to determine their league champions, including a period of inter-league matchups to determine a true national champion.

Following its founding in Canton, Ohio (1920), the NFL first determined champions through end-of-season standings, switching to a playoff system in 1933 (a one-game playoff was required in 1932).

The rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and American Football League (AFL) have since merged with the NFL (the only two AAFC teams that currently exist, the Cleveland Browns and the San Francisco 49ers, joined the NFL in ), but *AAFC Championship Games and records are not included in the NFL's record books. The AFL began play in 1960 and, like its rival league, used a playoff system to determine its champion.

From to, prior to the merger in 1970, the NFL and the AFL agreed to hold an undisputed Championship Game called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game (renamed the Super Bowl after 1968).

Following the merger in 1970, the Super Bowl name continued as the game to determine the NFL champion. The most important factor of the merger was that all ten AFL teams joined the NFL in, while all AFL Championship Games and records are included in NFL record books. The former NFL Championship Game became the NFC Championship Game, while the former AFL Championship Game became the AFC Championship Game. The NFL lists the old AFL/NFL championship games with "new" AFC/NFC championship games in its record books.

The Green Bay Packers have won the most NFL championship titles with 13 (nine pre-Super Bowl era NFL championships and four Super Bowls, including the first two AFL-NFL World Championship Games). The Chicago Bears have won the second most overall championships with nine (eight pre-Super Bowl era NFL championships and one Super Bowl). The Cleveland Browns are tied with the New York Giants for the third most overall championships with eight. The Cleveland Browns (four NFL Championships, four AAFC Championships) Their next Championship would be their ninth, tying the Bears. New York Giants would also tie the Chicago Bears with nine championships with their next win. (Four pre-Super Bowl era Championships and four Super Bowls.). The New York Jets and the Kansas City Chiefs of the AFL won the last two AFL-NFL World Championship Games, after the Super Bowl name had been officially adopted.

1920–1932: The early years
At its inception in, the NFL had no playoff system or championship game: the champion was the team with the best record during the season as determined by winning percentage, with ties excluded. This sometimes led to very unusual results, as teams played anywhere from six to twenty league games in a season, and not all teams played the same number of games or against league talent.

As a result, in the league's first six seasons, four league titles were disputed and had to be resolved by the league's executive committee. In 1920, the Akron Pros went undefeated, tying three games, but two teams that had won more games (and who had both tied Akron), the Buffalo All-Americans and Decatur Staleys, petitioned the league for a share of the title; both teams' petitions were denied, and Akron was awarded the first (and only) Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup. According to modern tie-breaking rules, Akron and Buffalo would be co-champions. Akron and Buffalo both awarded their team members with gold medallions.

The next was in the 1921 NFL season, between the same All-Americans and Staleys (with the latter now being based in Chicago). Buffalo had insisted that the last matchup between the two was an exhibition game not to be counted toward the standings, however, Chicago owner George Halas and league management insisted the game be counted in its standings (the league, at the time, did not recognize exhibition matches). The result was that although the two teams were effectively tied in the standings, the disputed game, having been played later, was given more weight and thus ended up being considered a de facto championship game. Chicago also had one fewer tie game.

A nearly identical situation recurred in 1924, when Chicago tried the same tactic of a final game against the Cleveland Bulldogs, but the league ruled the opposite and declared the last game "post-season", giving the Bulldogs their third consecutive league title.

The fourth and final disputed title was the 1925 NFL Championship controversy between the Pottsville Maroons and the Chicago Cardinals. The Maroons had been controversially suspended by the league at the end of the 1925 NFL season for an unauthorized game against a non-NFL team, allowing the Cardinals to throw together two fairly easy matches (one against a team consisting partly of high school players, also against league rules) to pass Pottsville in the standings. The league awarded the Cardinals the title, one of only two in the team's history, but the Cardinals declined the offer and the championship was vacated.

Only in 1933, when the Bidwill family (which still owns the Cardinals) bought the team, did the Cardinals reverse their decision and claim the title as their own, a decision that continues to be disputed, with the Bidwills opposing any change in the record and the two current Pennsylvania teams in favor. The league recognized the Bidwills' claim to the title and has taken no other action on the issue, although a self-made championship trophy from the Maroons sits in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Ironically, it was Pottsville's win in that game against the Notre Dame All-Stars that gave professional football legitimacy over college football.

Part of the controversy over these older championships stems from the criteria the league used to determine its champion. The league used a variation of win percentage as its criterion, in which the number of wins is divided by the sum of wins and losses, and ties were excluded. The league began considering ties in its standings in 1972, counting them as half a win and half a loss, but this was not applied retroactively. Had it been, it would have changed the outcome of four 1920-1931 championships: the Buffalo All-Americans would have tied the Akron Pros for the 1920 title, the Duluth Kelleys would have tied the Cleveland Bulldogs for the 1924 title, the Pottsville Maroons would have won in 1925, and the New York Giants would have won in 1930.

Had win–loss differential (the standard method in baseball) been used, the Decatur Staleys would have won the 1920 title by virtue of being one game ahead of Buffalo, and the 1924 title would have been won by the Frankford Yellow Jackets, who were four games ahead of actual champion Cleveland in the standings by that measure.

At the end of the season, the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans were tied with the best winning percentage at .857, with the Spartans record of 6–1–4 and the Bears record of 6–1–6 taken to be six wins, one loss, while the Green Bay Packers finished 10–3–1. Had pure win–loss differential or the current (post-1972) system of counting ties as half a win, half a loss been in place in 1932, the Packers' record of 10–3–1 (.750, +7) would have won them a fourth consecutive championship, ahead of the Spartans' 6–1–4 (.727, +5) and the Bears' 6–1–6 (.692, +5).

To determine the champion, the league, reportedly at the behest of George Preston Marshall, voted to hold the first official playoff game in Chicago at Wrigley Field. Because of severe winter conditions before the game, and fear of low turnout, the game was held indoors at Chicago Stadium which forced some temporary rule changes. The game was played on a modified 80-yard dirt field, and Chicago won 9–0, winning the league championship. Since the game counted in the standings, Portsmouth finished third behind Green Bay.

A number of new rule changes were instituted, many inspired by the 1932 indoor championship game: the goal posts were moved forward to the goal line, every play started from between the hash marks, and forward passes could originate from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage (instead of five yards behind).

The playoff game proved so popular that the league reorganized into two divisions for the season, with the winners advancing to a scheduled championship game.

1933–1965: NFL Championship Game
Starting in, the NFL decided its champion through a single postseason playoff game, called the NFL Championship Game. During this period, the league divided its teams into two groups, through as divisions and from 1950 onward as conferences.

 * Divisions (1933–1949): Eastern and Western
 * Conferences (1950–1952): American and National
 * Conferences (1953–1966): Eastern and Western
 * Conferences and Divisions (1967–1969): Eastern (Capitol and Century) and Western (Central and Coastal)

Home field for the 1933 title game was determined by the won-lost percentage in use at the time; the Western Division champion Chicago Bears (10–2–1, .830), having a better record than the Eastern Division champion New York Giants (11–3–0, .780), won the right to host the first title playoff. Thereafter, from 1934 onward, the divisions alternated the site of the playoff, with the East/American hosting in even years and the West/National in odd years. If there was a tie for first place within the conference, an extra playoff game decided who would go to the NFL Championship Game, with a coin toss deciding where the game would be played. (This occurred nine times in these 34 seasons: 1941, 1943, 1947, 1950 (both conferences), 1952, 1957, 1958, and 1965.)

This last occurred during the 1965 season, when the Green Bay Packers and Baltimore Colts tied for first place in the Western Conference at 10–3–1. Green Bay had won both its games with Baltimore during the regular season, but because no tie-breaker system was in place, a conference playoff game was held on December 26 (what was scheduled to be an off-week between the end of the regular schedule and the NFL Championship Game). The Cleveland Browns, the Eastern champion at 11–3–0, did not play that week. The championship game was then held on its originally scheduled date, January 2, 1966—the first time the NFL champion was crowned in January. Green Bay won both post-season games at home, beating the injury-riddled Colts (with third-string QB Tom Matte) in overtime by a controversial field goal, and taking the title 23–12 on a very muddy field (in what turned out to be Jim Brown's final NFL game).

For the 1960 through 1969 seasons, the NFL staged an additional postseason game called the "Playoff Bowl" (aka the "Bert Bell Benefit Bowl" or the "Runner-up Bowl"). These games matched the second-place teams from the two conferences; the CBS television network advertised them as "playoff games for third place in the NFL." All ten of these consolation games were played in the Orange Bowl in Miami in January, the week after the NFL championship game. The NFL now classifies these contests as exhibition games and does not include the records, participants, or results in the official league playoff statistics. The Playoff Bowl was discontinued after the AFL–NFL merger; the final edition was played in January 1970.

Starting with the 1934 game the winning team received the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy. The trophy was named after Ed Thorp, a noted referee, rules expert, and sporting goods dealer. Thorp died in 1934 and a large, traveling trophy was made that year, passed along from champion to champion each season with each championship team's name inscribed on it. Teams would also receive a replica trophy. The trophy was last awarded to the Minnesota Vikings in 1969.

Late in the 1940 season, NFL President Carl Storck announced that sudden death periods would be authorized for any playoff game needed to decide either division title. It was emphasized that this did not apply to the final championship game, which would crown co-champions in the event of a tie. While a shared championship was deemed an acceptable solution, it must have become obvious that an elimination game leading to the championship must necessarily produce a winner. Commissioner Elmer Layden approved a similar arrangement for the 1941 season, with the same limitation. A coin toss would decide possession of the Ed Thorp trophy that accompanied the league title should the championship game result in a tie.

Sudden death overtime was finally approved for the NFL championship game in 1946 and has remained in effect ever since. The first playoff game requiring overtime was the 1958 NFL Championship Game.

The 1955 and 1960 NFL championship games were played on Monday afternoons, Christmas having fallen on a Sunday in those years.

1946–1949: AAFC championship game
The All-America Football Conference was created in June 1944 to compete against the NFL. Even though the league drew comparable crowds to the NFL in its final three seasons, the continuing dominance of the Cleveland Browns led to the league's downfall. For its first three seasons, the league was divided into two divisions: Eastern and Western (1946–1948). The league had no divisions in 1949. The site of the championship game during the first three was determined just as it was in the NFL—a divisional rotation. In 1949, the league held a four-team playoff, with home field based upon won-lost record. The Browns, led by Quarterback Otto Graham, won all four of the league championship games. A tiebreaker playoff game was played in 1948 to break a tie between the Baltimore Colts and Buffalo Bills (AAFC) for the Eastern Division championship. Semifinal playoff games were held in 1949, setting up a championship final between the first-place Browns and the second-place San Francisco 49ers. In 1948, the Browns became the first professional football team to complete an entire season undefeated and untied — 24 years before the 1972 Miami Dolphins of the NFL would accomplish the task, but this feat is not recognized by NFL record books. Unlike the AFL statistics which are treated as NFL statistics, records of the AAFC and its teams (most of which folded) are not recognized. However, individual AAFC player statistics are included in Pro Football Hall of Fame records, and the defunct conference is memorialized in the Hall.

From 1946 to 1948 the champions of each division met in the AAFC championship game. In 1949, there was only one seven-team division, so the championship game was the final round of a four team tournament.

 * 1946	December 22	Cleveland Browns	14–9	New York Yankees,	Cleveland Municipal Stadium,	41,181
 * 1947	December 14	Cleveland Browns	14–3	New York Yankees,	Yankee Stadium,	60,103
 * 1948	December 19	Cleveland Browns	49–7	Buffalo Bills,	Cleveland Municipal Stadium,	22,981
 * 1949	December 11	Cleveland Browns	21–7	San Francisco 49ers,	Cleveland Municipal Stadium,	22,550

1960–1969: AFL Championship Game
With its creation in 1960, the AFL determined its champion via a single playoff game between the winners of its two divisions, the Eastern and Western. The AFL Championship games featured classics such as the 1962 double-overtime championship game between the Dallas Texans and the defending champion Houston Oilers. At the time it was the longest professional football championship game ever played. Also in 1963, an Eastern Division playoff was needed to determine the division winner between the Boston Patriots and Buffalo Bills.

1966–1969: NFL vs. AFL—The beginning of the Super Bowl era
In 1966, the success of the rival AFL, the spectre of the NFL's losing more stars to the AFL, and concern over a costly "bidding war" for players precipitated by the NFL's Giants' signing of Pete Gogolak, who was under contract to the AFL's Buffalo Bills, led the two leagues to discuss a merger. Pivotal to this was approval by Congress of a law (PL 89-800) that would waive jeopardy to anti-trust statutes for the merged leagues. The major point of the testimony given by the leagues to obtain the law was that if the merger were permitted, "Professional football operations will be preserved in the 23 cities and 25 stadiums where such operations are presently being conducted." The merger was announced on June 8, 1966, and became fully effective in 1970.

After expanding to enfranchise the New Orleans Saints in, the NFL split its 16 teams into two conferences with two divisions each: the Capitol and Century Divisions in the Eastern Conference, and the Coastal and Central Divisions in the Western Conference. The playoff format was expanded from a single championship game to a four-team tournament, with the four divisional champions participating. The two division winners in each conference met in the "Conference Championships", with the winners advancing to the NFL Championship Game. Again, the home team for each playoff game was determined by a yearly divisional or conference rotation.

The AFL, on the other hand, raised its total franchise number to ten with the Miami Dolphins joining the Eastern Division in 1966 and the Cincinnati Bengals joining the Western Division in 1968. The league until 1969 kept using the one-game-playoff format except when division tie-breakers were needed. In its final season, 1969, the AFL adopted a four-team playoff to determine its champion.

Following the NFL and AFL Championship Games for the through  seasons, the NFL champion played the AFL champion in Super Bowls I through IV, the only true inter-league championship games in the history of professional football. The first two of these games were known as the AFL-NFL Championship Game, as the title Super Bowl was not chosen until 1968. Thus the third AFL-NFL matchup was dubbed "Super Bowl III" and the first two matches were retronamed as Super Bowls I and II. The first two games were convincingly won by the NFL's Packers, the last two by the AFL's New York Jets and Kansas City Chiefs, leaving the leagues even at 2–2 in "Championship" competition when they subsequently merged.

All participants in those four AFL-NFL championship games were either AFL champions or NFL champions in the record books, no matter the outcome of the Super Bowl. Three of the four league champions who lost one of the first four Super Bowls would eventually win at least one. The exception is the Minnesota Vikings which went to three others and lost all of them.

Post–merger
After the season and Super Bowl IV, the AFL and NFL fully merged and underwent a re-alignment for the  season. Three of the pre-merger NFL teams were transferred to the AFC (Browns, Colts, and Steelers) to level the conferences (AFC and NFC) at 13 teams each; each conference split into three divisions.

With only six division winners in the newly merged league, the NFL designed an eight-team playoff tournament, with four clubs from each conference qualifying. Along with the three division winners in each conference, two wild card teams (one from each conference), the second-place finishers with the best records in each conference, were added to the tournament. The first round was named the "Divisional Playoffs", the winners advancing to the "Conference Championships" (AFC & NFC). Two weeks later, the AFC and NFC champions met in the Super Bowl, now the league's championship game. Thus, Super Bowl V in January 1971 was the first Super Bowl played for the NFL title.

With the introduction of the wild card, a rule was instituted to prohibit two teams from the same division (champion and wild card) from meeting in the first-round (Divisional Playoffs). This rule would remain in effect through the season. More significantly, the home teams in the playoffs were still decided by a yearly divisional rotation, not on regular-season records (excluding the wild-card teams, who would always play on the road). This lack of "home-field advantage" was most evident in the 1972 playoffs, when the undefeated Miami Dolphins played the AFC Championship Game at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh against the Steelers, who were undefeated at home during the regular season, but had three losses on the road.

Beginning in, tie games were included in the computing of each team's winning percentage. Each tie was then counted as half of a win and half of a loss, rather than being omitted from the computation. Previously, the NFL disregarded any tie games played when they computed the standings, basing it on winning percentage with any ties thrown out and ignored. Overtime games were not played during the regular season until.

The institution of "home-field advantage"
In, the league modified its 1970 playoff format by instituting a seeding system. The surviving clubs with the higher seeds were made the home teams for each playoff round. The three division champions in each conference were seeded first through third based on their regular-season records, with the wild-card team in each conference as the fourth seed.

Teams that earned the top seed became known as clinching "home-field advantage" throughout the playoffs, since they played all of their playoff games at their home stadium (except for the Super Bowl, played at a neutral site).

However, the league continued to prohibit meetings between teams from the same division in the Divisional Playoffs. Thus, there would be times when the pairing in that round would pit the first seed versus the third, and the second versus the fourth.

Further playoff expansion
The league expanded the playoffs to 10 teams in, adding a second wild-card team (a fifth seed) from each conference. The two wild-card teams from each conference (the fourth and fifth seeds) played each other in the first round, called the "Wild Card Playoffs." The division winners (the first three seeds) would then receive a bye to automatically advance to the Divisional Playoffs, which became the second round of the playoffs. In the divisional round, much like the playoff format, teams from the same division were still prohibited from playing each other, regardless of seeding. Under the format, teams from the same division could meet only in the wild-card round or the conference championship. Thus, as before, a divisional champion could only play a divisional foe in the conference championship game.

A players' strike shortened the 1982 season to nine games. The league used a special 16-team playoff tournament for that year. The top eight teams from each conference qualified (ignoring the divisional races—there were no division standings, and in some cases, two teams from the same division did not play each other at all that season). The playoffs reverted to the 1978 format in the following year.

In, the NFL expanded the playoffs to twelve teams by adding a third wild-card team (a sixth seed) from each conference. The restrictions on intra-division playoff games during the Divisional Playoffs were removed. However, only the top two division winners in each conference (the 1 and 2 seeds) received byes and automatically advanced to the Divisional Playoffs as host teams. The 3 seed, the division winner with the worst regular-season record in each conference, would then host the 6 seed in the Wild Card Playoffs.

In each conference, the matchup between the 3 and 6 seeds in the wild-card round dictated where the wild-card round winners traveled to for the divisional round:

 * If the 3-seeded team won, they traveled to the 2-seeded team while the winner of the 4 vs. 5 matchup traveled to the 1-seeded team.
 * If the 6-seeded team won, they traveled to the 1-seeded team while the winner of the 4 vs. 5 matchup traveled to the 2-seeded team.

In, the NFL realigned into eight divisions, four per conference, to accommodate a 32nd team, the Houston Texans. The playoffs remained a 12-team tournament, with four division winners (the 1, 2, 3, and 4 seeds) and two wild cards (the 5 and 6 seeds) from each conference advancing to the playoffs. Again, only the top two division winners in each conference would automatically advance to the Divisional Playoffs, while everybody else had to play in the Wild Card round. Furthermore, the league still maintains the names "Wild Card Playoffs", "Divisional Playoffs", and "Conference Championships" for the first, second, and third rounds of the playoffs, respectively.

Playoff expansion was initially tabled by the league owners in 2013. However, beginning with the season, the NFL did expand the playoffs to 14 teams. With the new format, seven teams per conference made the playoffs, with only the top seed in each conference receiving a bye.

Championship games per season
Below is a list of professional football champions per season as recognized by the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

APFA/NFL standings champions (1920–1932)
For the first thirteen seasons, the APFA/NFL did not hold a championship game, except in, when a playoff game was held. Played indoors on a reduced-size field in order to break a tie in the standings, it was the precursor to the championship game (though the losing team finished in third place in the final standings). For the seasons from –, the NFL did not include tie games in the winning percentage; they were omitted from the calculation.

NFL championships by franchise
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, then by year of first championship won, and finally by year of first appearance. Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL–NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL–NFL merger. Does not include AFL titles won from 1960 to 1965 or AAFC titles won from 1946 to 1949. Does not include folded NFL teams with zero "Appearances/Top 2 Finishes." In the "Seasons" column, bold years indicate NFL championships won.

Undefeated regular seasons and "perfect seasons" in professional football
(*) Since the NFL did not count tied games in league standings until 1972, these seasons were considered to be "perfect" at the time they finished; further, these teams had no incentive to avoid tied games in order to maintain a "perfect" season. Thus, the accuracy of calling these seasons "imperfect" is still disputed.

title: History of the NFL championship


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Bay View Association

The Bay View Association of the United Methodist Church, known as Bay View, is an example of two uniquely American community forms: the Methodist camp meeting and the independent Chautauqua. Designed for the first purpose in 1876 as the county's only romantically-planned campground, and adapted for the second from 1885 to 1915, Bay View has remained in continuous operation since its foundation.

Description
Bay View is incorporated as a domestic nonprofit organization under Act 39 of the Public Acts of 1899, being MCL 455.51. Act 39 of the Public Acts of 1899 establishes Bay View as a body politic and corporate. The association was originally formed as part of the Methodist Camp Meeting movement and adopted a Chautauqua program in 1886.

The association's grounds contain approximately 440 cottages and 30 community-owned buildings. There are two hotels on premises: Stafford's Bay View Inn (1886), and The Terrace Inn and 1911 Restaurant. Other facilities include a post office, beach with a swim area, children's pool and a sail house. The community is located on about 340 acres, dropping in a series of terraces from a 200 ft to the shore of Little Traverse Bay. Residents lease the land under the cottages from the Association, which charges annual Chautauqua fees and taxes.

Bay View is located in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located in Bear Creek Township, Emmet County on Little Traverse Bay and abuts the east side of the city of Petoskey along U.S. Highway 31. The ZIP code is 49770 and the FIPS place code is 06260. The association is bounded by Little Traverse Bay on the north, Division Road on the east, Petoskey city limits on the west, and on the south by the south line of Township 35 North. The Bay View census-designated place (CDP) includes the association grounds and additional areas east of Division Road. As of the 2010 census the population of the CDP was 133, due to the inclusion of an area outside of the association grounds in the CDP.

Architecture
Nearly all the structures in the community were built in the 1875–1900 time period. Most buildings are Eastlake and Stick style, with some Queen Anne and Shingle style architecture. Cottages are set on 50 ft along gently curving streets running along the natural terraces. In the center of the community is The Campus (originally Tabernacle Park). Many of the larger communal structures are located here, including the original 1877 preaching stand, as well an 1880 book store and multiple educational buildings constructed around 1890. In 1879, an artesian well water system was installed, providing spring water. However, the pipes were laid very shallowly, and had to be drained in the winter months to prevent freezing. Now, the community is closed from November through April, during which time the residences on the association grounds must be vacated. John M. Hall Auditorium, replaced the 1881 Chapel and the 1887 New Tabernacle/Old Auditorium.

History

Bay View was founded in 1875 by Michigan Methodists as a camp meeting "for scientific and intellectual culture, and for the promotion of religion and morality." Bay View's origins can be traced to the camp meeting movement which saw the development of similar resorts such as Wesleyan Grove on Martha's Vineyard, Ocean Grove, New Jersey, or Lakeside, Ohio.

The group considered multiple locations, and eventually struck a deal with the citizens of Petoskey and the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, where the Petoskey citizenry would pay to extend the railroad line from their town to Bay View, the railroad would purchase the site, and the Methodists would agree to improve the location and hold camp meetings there for fifteen years. In 1876, the first group of Methodists travelled to the site, cleared an area of underbrush, and built a preaching stand and an audience area under the trees. Dr. Seth Reed chose the name of Bay View. He was secretary of the Bay View Association for 14 years. Dr. Reed platted the grounds and named the streets, some of which were named after early settlers. On August 2, 1876, the first meeting was held at the site. Dr. Pilcher suggested the name Bay View, and selected the site of the Speaker's Stand. He wrote articles of incorporation, stating the assembly was "organized for intellectual and scientific culture, and for the promotion of the cause of religion and morality." Shelter at the time was only in tents. Construction of cottages began almost immediately, and by 1881 there were about 150 at the site. By this time, the original religious-oriented camp meeting program had languished and the association hired John M. Hall to organize Bay View's interdenominational Assembly program: a "Christian Institution of the broadest catholicity." Departments included Bible, Missionary, Social, Health, Industrial, Country Life: American and International.

Under the leadership of John M. Hall, Bay View adopted a Chautauqua program which included a series of educational lectures, classes, entertainment, political speeches, and music, began in 1886, and the community developed around these activities. These programs, along with programs for children and a variety of classes, took place in July and August of each year. The program was immensely successful, as a result, number of cottages in the community soared, with 200 in 1887, 400 in 1895, and 500 in 1901. Many of these newcomers were from other, non-Methodist denominations, and many stayed all summer rather than for only a few weeks of the year. Hall writes of the transformation of Bay View from its camp meeting roots to a Chautauqua: "founded by Methodists, it is now by its organic law interdenominational in management and life. People of every denomination are there in large numbers and so beautiful is the hospitality of ideas that another's specific church affiliations never occurs to one." In 1887, the Bay View Summer University opened. The University was associated with Albion College in 1919 until 1969.

The Bay View Association was listed as a National Historic Landmark district in 1987 as "one of the finest remaining examples of two uniquely American community forms, the Methodist Camp Meeting and the independent Chautauqua."

The Four Pillars of Chautauqua
Bay View's continues to the Chautauqua program established by John M. Hall to this day. The four pillars are arts, education, recreation, and religion.

Religion
Sundays find members and visitors participating in Communion, Sunday School and Assembly Worship. Vespers are now concerts beginning and ending with a hymn and closing benediction. Carillon bells call us to Worship and eventide. Youth groups, Bible studies and prayer meetings are offered throughout the summer. Daily Religion and Life lectures offer further study from Sunday's preacher.

History - Founders desired a setting for spiritual refreshment and renewal of soul, mind and body. "We came to worship God, to establish a center of Christian influence,...a place where Christian people could meet, enjoy fellowship...where God shall be honored..." "Tabernacle Park", in the center of the grounds was "God's first temple", the camp meeting place. "Rev. Dr. E.H. Pilcher, president, preached the opening sermon in 1876..., dedicating the grounds to the worship of Almighty God." Soon thousands came by rail and boat for all-day Big Sundays filled with worship, singing, and learning. Local Odawa and Ojibwa attended camp meeting services, where "Chief Petoskey's granddaughter accompanied the singing on the pump organ." By 1885 Ministerial Unions, Preacher's Conferences for lay preachers and teachers were added. Bay View's 25th anniversary pamphlet highlights that "Though a Methodist Institution, Bay View is not a church or denominational establishment, but a Christian Institution of the broadest catholicity, welcoming to full membership all men and women of any or no denomination who have a desire to be part of such a community as this."

The first Sunday School Congress, 1877, featured famous preachers and teachers including Rev. Jesse Lyman Hurlbut and Frank Beard, initiator of Chalk Talks. Inspirational lessons were taken from the "Course of Sabbath School Normal Lessons," developed at the Chautauqua Sunday School Conference. Horace Hitchcock took over the popular Bay View Sunday school in 1886. Donations from state Sunday Schools provided funds for building of Hitchcock Hall, dedicated in 1889. John H. Vincent sent Chautauqua congratulations.

Music Festival
The Bay View Music Festival is one of the longest running collegiate chamber music festivals in North America. It was begun in 1886 with the choir from Court Street Methodist Church from Flint, Michigan. The program grew rapidly led by respected musicians from conservatories in Detroit, Ann Arbor, and Chicago. The music program has been associated and accredited through Oberlin College, Cornell College, DePaul University, Albion College Alma College, and the University of Michigan. Most noted among the directors in the festival's 132-year history is William Reddick and Howard Barlow. Concertmaster Max Bendix of the Theodore Thomas Orchestra in Chicago was the first of many violinists including Robert Mann, Mikhail Press, Leon Marx, concertmaster of the Chicago Opera Orchestra and Austrian violinist Hugo Gottesmann.

Madame Schumann Heink, Gladys Swarthout, John Charles Thomas, Richard Crooks, James Melton, Jennie Tourel, Martha Lipton, Thomas L. Thomas, Walter Taussig, Etta Moten, Mildred Dilling, Ossip and Clara Gabrilovisch, Jerome Hines, Sherrill Milnes, Diane Bish, George Shirley, Boston Brass, Ara Berberian, Martina Arroyo, and Virginia Zeani, are a few of the musicians to teach and perform at Bay View. The Fisk Jubilee Singers made four appearances as did other jubilee groups. The Williams' Jubilee Singers were the featured group to open the John M. Hall Auditorium in 1914.

The festival has followed the national trends over the decades in featuring large choral works, classical music, devotional repertoire, chamber music, and recently has included a wide variety of popular groups to appeal the variety of musical tastes. Theatrical production date back to the 1890s with road shows such as the Ben Greet Players and sporadic local productions. It became a regular feature of the Performing Arts Department when New York tenor Director Willard Pierce joined the music staff. Plays, musicals, children's productions, and opera productions are all featured on the annual schedule.

Today, the Bay View Music Festival offers approximately 180 students scholarships for coaching and teaching chamber music, vocal performance, collaborative piano, opera, musical theater taught by over 40 faculty members. An annual hand bell concert features directors and professionals from all over the US. A special opera seminar is offered in June. The 10-week program includes a mix of nearly 80 theatrical productions, recitals, chamber music concerts, choral performances, brass, woodwind and string instrument concerts and appearances by classical artists and famous jazz and popular individuals and groups.

Recreation
The Bay View Recreation program offers recreational activities for people of all ages and has always been a primary element of the Bay View Association. It is one of the pillars of its Chautauqua foundation. The program revolves around the Day Camp (Boys & Girls Club) that offers a safe, stimulating environment in which children participate in healthy and creative activities. From mid-June to August, children participate in age-appropriate morning activities at Tot Lot (ages 3–4), Fawns (5-6), and Boys' And Girls' Club (7-14). These activities include games, athletics, arts & crafts, songs, scavenger hunts, and educational programming. The camp is located at Swift Field, centrally located in the community. Every Friday, an all-camp event is held for a large group activity such as the carnival, capture the flag, and the Ernie Gray Olympics. In the afternoon, activities move to the waterfront where children can participate in swimming, tennis, and sailing, including lessons in each activity. Weekend activities include tennis tournaments and sailing races. On Monday nights, the recreation program hosts a community hotdog roast. The motto of the Boys and Girls Club is "Fun and recreation for all."

The recreational facilities include Swift Field, the Tot Lot building, the Fawn House, the Boys & Girls Club clubhouse, the craft house, 3 playgrounds, 9 tennis courts, 4 pickleball courts, the boathouse (with sunfish, lasers, kayaks, paddle boards, and other boats available for use by the community), a beach, a children's pool, a teen center, a fitness trail, lawn bowling, shuffleboard, and croquet courts. There are also 167 acres of pristine woods with trails along with multiple parks and open spaces around the community grounds.

In 2020, Bay View enhanced its waterfront with a 125-foot extension to its pier. This was a multimillion dollar project aimed at increasing safety for the swimming and boating areas and to protect against erosion.

History - The site of Bay View was chosen in part for its recreational opportunities. In 1875, the Conference Committee tasked with locating a proposed site for what would become Bay View foresaw "the great summer resort of the northwest…for scores of miles in almost every direction offers facilities for recreation which are simply endless." At the 2nd Annual Meeting, the trustees were asked to amend the By Laws to add the Committee on Recreations to its list of standing Committees. By 1901, the Boys and Girls Club was established.

In 1910, additional development expanded the waterfront program with the construction of Recreation Hall on the shoreline. The building contained a swimming pool and a 4-lane bowling alley. Long since removed, the building now houses the "Rec Club" teen center and the boathouse. In the early 1920s, what would become Swift Field was developed. Since its dedication in 1924, it has been the central location for land-based recreational activities for youth, including baseball, archery, tetherball, badminton, and ping-pong. In 1955, the Boys and Girls Clubhouse was erected at Swift Field. The Boys & Girls Club evolved during this time and came to its modern form under the direction of Ernie Gray. Activities were organized for children, ages 3–14. Swimming lessons, sailing, and tennis were also incorporated into the afternoon programming.

Education
Education has been an important part of the Chautauqua movement, beginning with the New York Chautauqua Institution then spreading to Bay View Association and other Midwest Chautauquas.

Bay View offered more than sixty classes in 2017 including art, literature, history, reading circles, and culinary classes. Education classes have been offered in Bay View for over a century. In 1888, a comprehensive set of Education courses was offered. This School of Liberal Arts attracted college professors to teach the courses. A School of Elocution was part of the curriculum in that year.

Guest Lecturers have been enhancing the summer experience for over one hundred years. In 1895, Jane Addams, leader of the settlement house movement, spoke on 'The Inception, Establishment, & Accomplishments of Chicago's Hull House'. She returned in 1903 to speak on her controversial stand on saloons and dancing. Helen Keller came to speak in 1913 on 'The Heart & the Hand; or the Right use of our senses'. Each year American Experience lecturers visit and speak on campus, as well as Faith lecturers as part of the Religion Program. Recent Lecturers include David Kennedy in 2016. Professor Kennedy, a Pulitzer Prize winner, presented a series of lectures on 'WWII and the World It Made'. Reverend Dr. Barbara Essex gave a series of 5 lectures in 2012. Dr. Akhil Reed Amar, Professor of Constitutional Law at Yale University lectured in 2012 and will be the 2018 American Experience speaker.

Each year, Bay View initiates a 'Big Read' where a book is selected for all the surrounding communities to read. The author visits in July and holds a discussion on Bay View's campus. In 2017 the 'Big Read' was "Terror in the City of Champions – Murder, Baseball, and the Secret Society that Shocked Depression-era Detroit" by Tom Stanton.

Controversies
On August 7, 2018 the Bay View Association removed the requirement that members be of "Christian persuasion." Nearly 70 percent of Bay View members voted in favor of the amendment, which immediately went into effect. Membership in the Bay View Association is required to own a cottage in the community. That vote left in place a bylaw which required that five of the nine members of the resort's ruling board must be Methodist. A subsequent lawsuit resulted in a consent decree, approved by the board on July 9, 2019, which removed that requirement.

The Bay View Association has had other membership requirements. When the association was founded in 1875 there were no explicit requirements, but in 1942 the Bay View Board adopted the following resolution: "No person shall be accepted as a member of this association or be allowed to rent or lease property or a room, for longer than a period of one day, unless such person is of the white race and a Christian who must provide acceptable and good recommendations. This resolution does not apply to servants within a household or to employes[sic]".

In 1947 the by-laws were revised to add "Any person twenty-one years of age and good moral character, by a two-thirds vote of the Board of Trustees, may be accepted as a member of this Association provided that he or she is of the Caucasian race and of Christian persuasion." The two provisions Caucasian requirements were removed in 1959.

From the 1960s through to the 1980s there was a quota on how many Catholics were allowed to be members. Membership of Catholics was not to exceed 10% of the total membership. Once the quota was met additional Catholics applicants were rejected. This quota requirement was abandoned in the 1980s.

On August 6, 2011, the Bay View Association members voted on a proposal that would remove the Christian affiliation requirement. The proposal was defeated by a vote of 52% (381 members) opposed to 48% (346 members) in favor of the proposal. The proposal needed a two thirds majority to pass.

On August 3, 2013, another vote was taken to change the membership qualification requirements to include non-Christians. The proposal was again defeated by a vote of 51.85% (364 members) for the change to 48.14% (338 members) opposed to the change. A two-thirds majority is required to pass the amendment.

The Board, led by President Jon Chism, held the belief that Bay View should defend the membership requirements, resulting in a increase in the Association's directors and officers insurance.

In July 2017, The Bay View Chautauqua Inclusiveness Group filed a civil rights and religious discrimination lawsuit against the Bay View Association in the U. S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan.

In May 2019, mediation resulted in an agreement to resolve the controversy. The agreement was implemented on July 18, 2019 by a Consent Order from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan. There is no longer any religious requirement for membership in the Association or to buy a cottage.

The Consent Order which ended the membership controversy did not restrict the religious program of the Association. As a Chautauqua, the Bay View Association conducts programming in the areas of religion, education, recreation, and the performing arts. The Association employs a Director of Worship and Religious Activities, conducts Sunday worship services, and presents lectures on religious subjects daily during the summer Assembly Season. All elements of all the programs are open to the general public.

The Association's Mission Statement is also not affected by the Court's Order. The mission of the Bay View Association is to be an institution in which Christian values and traditions are central; To enrich the human experience for individuals and families within Bay View and the surrounding community through a seasonal program of religious, educational, cultural and recreational opportunities; And to provide a Christian perspective in a changing world.

In July 2020, Bay View faced backlash from their community for perceived racist activity. Members in support of the Black Lives Matter movement wrote the names of Black victims of police brutality on sidewalks in Bay View as part of the "say their names" campaign. The President of the Board of Trustees ordered the grounds crew to wash away the chalk, and sent an email to members threatening to fine those who chalked the sidewalk. This sparked divisive discourse within the association. Members asked the Board of Trustees to release a statement condemning racism, which the Board ultimately voted against in a 7 - 2 vote.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bay View Association


text:
Talk:E. G. Daily

Pardon
Pardon me, but among people in general, despite the fact that E. G. Daily did indeed do the voice of "Buttercup" from "Powerpuff Girls", it is by far the most relevant that she is credited with doing the voice of "Tommy Pickles" from "Rugrats" alone. And in addition, I don't think "Powerpuff Girls", which was indeed at first two short clips on Cartoon Network's world premiere toons, never got the same attention as "Rugrats" got. Any questions? --65.73.0.137 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marcus2 (talk • contribs) 19:30, 15 May 2004
 * I don't see why we should remove info just because someone says its obscure. This is an encyclopedia, it's supposed to educate people.  I'm going to reinstate a mention of this rule.  --Morwen 19:43, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * You are most completely a logical person, and I admit it. I understand your cause. Now how's about one of us or another user do research of other voice talents this actress has provided. What do you say? --65.73.0.137 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marcus2 (talk • contribs) 19:48, 15 May 2004
 * And re '' - yes, it was intended to be italics. See Manual of Style (titles)  Morwen 19:54, May 15, 2004 (UTC)

Cherry Busters
Can somebody tell me why her bio on IMDB brings up the film cherry busters? I'm not familiar with the wiki system, but surely someone can help change that, in respect to the actress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.36.185.214 (talk • contribs) 18:09, 6 September 2005

Birthdate
What source(s) say(s) that E. G. Daily was born in 1961? Marcus2 03:18, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The CABI. --Fallout boy 03:58, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * E.G. Daily was officially born in 1961, although some people say she was born in 1962. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.119.56.136 (talk • contribs) 04:30, 25 June 2006

Official site
If you click on the "News" link on the official site, one of the news items is the National Lampoon movie Pledge This!. Considering this is a movie that's in production, I'd say that makes the site current enough to justify being included in the article. As for vanity, what exactly is objectionable (or unexpected) about celebrity's official site involving vanity? If celebrities weren't at least a little vain they probably wouldn't be half as interesting. And what are you talking about with "website imperialism"? I want to put the link back in the article, but I'm afraid Marcus2 might spam me again. Anyone else wanna bite the bullet? - Ugliness Man 09:25, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind, I'm going to restore the link, mainly because of this:
 * External links
 * The first item says "Articles about any organization, person, or other entity should link to their official site, if they have one." So, Marcus2, if you wish to continue being an asshat about this, I humbly request that you do three things.  First, explain how a site that discusses a movie currently in production is "defunct".  Second, explain why vanity on a celebrity site is in opposition to Wikipedia's guidelines.  And third, link to something in the wiki guides or manuals that explains what the notion of "website imperialism" is. - Ugliness Man 09:39, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * She is not a celebrity. She isn't even in the World Almanac . Marcus2 15:10, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You're about one degree away from being a troll. I don't know where you obtained your self-righteous definition of the term "celebrity", but she is in a National Lampoon movie that's coming out soon, she's done voice work in a handful of popular animated series, and she had a hit song.  And I noticed your latest justification for removing the official site again was that "it's a mess"?  What the hell is that supposed to mean?  You can't find a real reason to keep acting like this, so you come up with something vague and impossible to define?  Let's get one thing perfectly straight here, since you obviously haven't figured it out: including the official site among the external links is specifically within Wikipedia's guidelines.  So far, you haven't been able to justify in any way shape or form that your removal of the link complies with any of Wikipedia's guidelines.  Since you obviously missed it the first time, I'll repeat, articles about any organization, person, or other entity should link to their official site, if they have one.  Note that the guideline doesn't say "celebrity", so your latest excuse is bunk.  Or would you like to now claim that she isn't a person? - Ugliness Man 15:49, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You are just plain wrong about my ice getting thinner and about me being close to being a troll. Anyway the site is a mess.  It's stupid, and, in addition it isn't accurate.  Rugrats was not the highest rated Nickelodeon show in its eleventh year, according to the site.  She may also be a one-hit wonder, if she had any hits at all.  I'm on a mission to change that stupid guideline.  Stay out of this, and get a life.  Marcus2 17:19, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Ugliness Man, there is no reason not to link to that site. - SimonP 17:38, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What in the world is "not accurate" about linking to someone's official site on their article? The page itself might contain inaccuracies (according to you), but it's still the official site.  I'm sure any official George W Bush site would contain inaccuracies, but relevant Wikipedia articles should still link to them.  And you're on a crusade to change Wikipedia to bend down and submit to your version of "accurate" or "relevant"?  Your opinion of the quality of an official site should dictate whether or not it gets linked to?  "Get a life" is a pretty lame retort to someone who's just telling you how it is.  I dare you to "report" me to an admin; get them to tell me that I should stop expecting that articles actually follow the guidelines, and conform to your standards, since you obviously know better than them.  This is, after all, what you're telling me.  Maybe you need to start up your own wiki.
 * Besides, if you think that she's so insignificant, if you think she's not actually a celebrity, and you think that her music was inconsequential, and all this stuff... why are you so passionate about protecting the "accuracy" of her article? Think of the energy you're using trying to not allow the official site to be included in her article, yet you tell me to "get a life"?  If she's so useless, ignore her article and piss off, we'll both be a lot happier. - Ugliness Man
 * I think it's clear that there's no reason the site shouldn't be linked here. And if he removes it again, there's no reason he shouldn't be tagged for vandalism. Crumbsucker 12:50, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nobody's going to tag me for vandalism. And besides, who cares what you say? ("...there's no reason he shouldn't be tagged for vandalism.")  You are apparently disabled, young man.  Do you want people to think you're disabled?  If not, then don't post comments that are filled with untruths or insults.  I am NOT a vandal.  However, I agree with you that the site should be kept.  Marcus2 02:24, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * First, you've now resorted to name-calling. Second, I doubt you know this person's age or gender, so you're also being presumptuous.  And third, why do you suddenly agree?  What part of your previous argument has changed?
 * The vandalism issue is apparently a matter of opinion. Repeatedly removing an official link, thereby defying Wikipedia's standards, with justifications you seemed to make up yourself as opposed to citing anything having anything to do with Wikipedia standards... at the very least it resembles vandalism.  If you can make up fake reasons for defying Wikipedia standards, then others should be allowed to stretch the definition of vandalism.  Myself, I think your actions more closely resembled trolling, which is equally deplorable. - Ugliness Man 13:09, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * "However, I agree with you that the site should be kept." Thank you for wasting our time. Crumbsucker 00:00, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "However, I agree with you that the site should be kept." Thank you for wasting our time. Crumbsucker 00:00, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Middle Name
Is it Ann or Anne? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.119.56.136 (talk • contribs) 05:23, 26 June 2006

Better Off Dead Soundtrack
the music section does not say anything about her and her contributions to the Better Off Dead Soundtrack. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.19.180.149 (talk) 05:06, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Live Acting
Besides doing voice overs, EG played Sandy Burns on the PBS show The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981. She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley, Chips and Fame. She was also in the Rod Stewart video Young Turks as one of the runaway teens. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DavidRavenMoon (talk • contribs) 23:08, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Cover versions
Is there ANY album by E.G. Daily that does not have any covers at ALL? I seriously thought "Please Send Me Someone to Love" was an original song, not a cover. Edward Roussac (talk) 00:19, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Phineas and Ferb
She's credited as doing voices for this show in 2007. Do we know who added that? More detail like where this is from, what episode(s), etc would be helpful. Ranze (talk) 20:57, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 04:55, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

Elizabeth Daily → E.G. Daily – Per her official website --Relisted. Andrewa (talk) 13:35, 19 October 2014 (UTC) Unreal7 (talk) 13:49, 11 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. If moved it should be to E. G. Daily obviously, per our usual naming style. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:45, 15 October 2014 (UTC)
 * No not obviously, that's not how she's credited. Unreal7 (talk) 17:00, 15 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, obviously. Spaces between initials vary according to house styles and our house style is to use them. She will be listed according to the house style of the publication or website in which she is listed. Note that even her own website and Facebook page refer to her at various points as E.G. Daily, E.G.Daily and EG Daily! -- Necrothesp (talk) 22:57, 15 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose but relisting. Are there any valid arguments for the move in terms of WP:AT (and if so, to which name)? The rationale above is completely and explicitly in violation of our article naming policy. Andrewa (talk) 13:35, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
 * My rationale or Necrothesp's? Unreal7 (talk) 14:46, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The rationale given in proposing the move... I don't want to personalise it. See WP:official names for an essay explicitly intended to help in understanding this aspect of WP:AT. Andrewa (talk) 10:14, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * It's not compulsory to follow those exact rules. Not everyone known by letters has spaces between them - see J.R. Rotem and L.A. Reid for examples. Unreal7 (talk) 19:34, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I believe Andrewa is asking for evidence that "Elizabeth Daily" is not the WP:COMMONNAME, not for evidence of a particular spacing. Noting that one name is "official" is not a valid reason to change the title of an article, per policy. Dekimasu よ! 18:17, 25 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, yes. But first nom and others should read WP:AT as many, many notices have urged them to do before raising or commenting on a Requested Move. Until and unless they do that, there is little point in discussing anything with them. Sorry if that's harsh. Andrewa (talk) 09:33, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Just thought it was worthwhile in this case as the message was clearly being misinterpreted (by a user with as many edits as both of us combined). Dekimasu よ! 16:38, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Not as notable as JK Rowling, a well-known (I hope) female. "Elizabeth" can spell things out better, regardless of sources. Speaking of sources, official sources should not be the only sources to determine commonality. And official names are not very common. --George Ho (talk) 06:27, 28 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Fire Emblem Fates
What is the source for her voicing characters in this game? I seem to recall there was no credit given for Hinoka in the game itself (not sure about Selkie), and there is no reference to the game on her IMDB page. Hiyoguy (talk) 18:07, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified one external link on Elizabeth Daily. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110710173523/http://www.egdaily.com/film.html to http://www.egdaily.com/film.html

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:38, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 12 August 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved TonyBallioni (talk) 15:56, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

E. G. Daily → E.G. Daily – There is no consensus for ALWAYS using spaces (nor for never using them) and she doesn't use them. Unreal7 (talk) 15:00, 12 August 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me | my contributions 16:08, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * The applicable guideline is MOS:INITIALS, which reads, "An initial is capitalized and is followed by a full point (period) and a space (e.g. J. R. R. Tolkien), unless: 1) the person demonstrably has a different, consistently preferred style for his or her own name; and 2) an overwhelming majority of reliable sources use that variant style for that person. In such a case, treat it as a self-published name change. Examples include k.d. lang, Jeb Bush, CC Sabathia, and CCH Pounder." Thus more evidence is probably required. Dekimasu よ! 16:00, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Strong Oppose MOS:INITIALS In ictu oculi (talk) 07:36, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * "An initial is capitalized and is followed by a full point (period) and a space (e.g. J. R. R. Tolkien), unless:
 * the person demonstrably has a different, consistently preferred style for his or her own name; and
 * an overwhelming majority of reliable sources use that variant style for that person." Unreal7 (talk) 21:12, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Which they don't in 3rd party reliable sources. Self-published sources and web cruft don't count. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:24, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * They do. See 59.149.124.29's evidence below. Unreal7 (talk) 16:13, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Support Google site searches on the top US 15 newspapers by circulation show that only the NYT consistently uses "E. G." (and even they have exceptions ), the WSJ is inconsistent, and two other papers don't mention her at all. The other dozen nearly-consistently use "E.G." (with scattered usage of "EG"). 59.149.124.29 (talk) 09:34, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose. This is merely a stylistic issue and our preferred style is to use the spaces. Other publications and websites have different styles. Most have no set style at all. Consistency is the best policy. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:58, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This is consistency. See 59.149.124.29's evidence above. Unreal7 (talk) 16:13, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Dekimasu, In ictu oculi, Necrothesp and numerous examples at List of literary initials. In the wild, discrepancies abound, but on Wikipedia consistency matters.   Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 22:45, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose: On matters of styling, Wikipedia shouldn't just count popularity in sources – it should follow its own style guide (MOS:SPACEINITS) unless there is a good reason not to. I don't see a good reason not to. As far as I know, the person herself has not expressed a preference, and there are some reliable independent sources that include the space (at least one consistently, and others some of the time). —BarrelProof (talk) 03:53, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:E. G. Daily


text: Template:Motorola DSPs

title: Template:Motorola DSPs


text:
Fundy Royal

Fundy Royal (formerly known as Royal from 1914 to 1966, Fundy—Royal from 1966 to 2003, and Fundy in 2003–2004) is a federal electoral district in southern New Brunswick, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1917.

The riding roughly covers the area in between the three largest cities in the province; Fredericton, Saint John and Moncton. Included in the riding are the towns of Quispamsis, Hampton, Sussex, Fundy-St. Martins, Three Rivers, Salisbury and part of Riverview. Also included are the area around Loch Lomond east of Saint John, and the Kingston Peninsula.

The neighbouring ridings are Saint John—Rothesay, New Brunswick Southwest, Fredericton, Miramichi—Grand Lake, Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe, and Beauséjour.

History
The riding of "Royal" was created in 1914. The name came from the counties of Queens and Kings, of which it was composed.

In 1966, Royal riding was amalgamated with most of Albert County and a rural portion of Saint John County into a new riding, "Fundy—Royal". One parish in Queens county was reapportioned into York—Sunbury at this time. In the 2003 redistribution, it lost almost all of Queens County and a large part of Kings County to other ridings; while gaining western Westmorland County. The riding was renamed "Fundy". This name was changed to "Fundy Royal" in 2004. As per the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding will gain territories from Beauséjour, Saint John and New Brunswick Southwest, and lose a small territory to the new riding of Saint John—Rothesay.

The riding has been one of the most supportive of the Conservatives in the country, returning a member of that party or its predecessors in every election, except for the 1993 election when Liberal Paul Zed won and the 2015 election when Liberal Alaina Lockhart won.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census; 2013 representation

Ethnic groups: 97.1% White, 1.2% Aboriginal

Languages: 94.4% English, 4.6% French

Religions: 80.1% Christian (26.2% Catholic, 18.1% Baptist, 11.5% Anglican, 10.8% United Church, 2.7% Pentecostal, 1.3% Presbyterian, 9.5% Other), 19.4% No religion

Median income (2010): $30,151

Average income (2010): $37,853

Riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Fundy Royal
This riding gained territory from Beauséjour, Saint John and New Brunswick Southwest, and lost a small amount of territory to Saint John—Rothesay.

title: Fundy Royal


text:
Longvillers

Longvillers is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

There are no shops, nor any commercial outlets in the hamlet, the nearest shops, food, bars or hotels are located either in Villers-Bocage or Aunay-sur-Odon.

title: Longvillers


text:
Loucelles

Loucelles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Loucelles


text:
Essential patent

An essential patent or standard-essential patent (SEP) is a patent that claims an invention that must be used to comply with a technical standard. Standard-setting organizations (SSOs) normally require their members to agree to license their essential patents on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms. Determining which patents are essential to a particular standard can be complex.

Further reading and viewing

 * "Potential Antitrust Liability Based on a Patent Owner's Manipulation of Industry Standard Setting", Proceedings of ABA Antitrust Section Spring Meeting (2003) by Janice M. Mueller.
 * "Patent Misuse Through the Capture of Industry Standards", 17 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 623 (2002) by Janice M. Mueller.

title: Essential patent


text:
Louvagny

Louvagny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Louvagny


text:
Tilton

Tilton may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Tilton (surname), a list of people and fictional characters with the surname
 * Tilton E. Doolittle (1825–1896), American attorney and politician
 * Alice Tilton, a pen name of Phoebe Atwood Taylor (1909–1976), American mystery author

United States

 * Tilton, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Tilton, Illinois, a village
 * Tilton, Iowa, an unincorporated community
 * Tilton, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Tilton, New Hampshire,a town
 * Tilton River, Washington, United States
 * Fort Tilton, a fortification built in 1856 near what is now Fall City, Washington

Elsewhere

 * Tilton, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, a community
 * Tilton, a former civil parish in Harborough, Leicestershire, England - see Tilton on the Hill

Other uses

 * Tilton School, a college preparatory school in Tilton, Hew Hampshire
 * Battles of Tilton, civil war battles that took place near Tilton, Georgia, during the American Civil War

title: Tilton


text:
Louvières

Louvières is the name of several communes in France:

 * Louvières, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Louvières, Haute-Marne, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Louvières-en-Auge, in the Orne département

title: Louvières


text:
Louvières, Calvados

Louvières is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Formigny La Bataille.

title: Louvières, Calvados


text:
Opole University of Technology

Opole University of Technology (Polish name: Politechnika Opolska; sometimes referred to in English as Technical University of Opole) is a university located in Opole, Poland.

The university was founded in 1959 as a consultative branch of Silesian University of Technology. In 1966 it became an independent university known as Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Opolu (Higher School of Engineering in Opole). The name Politechnika Opolska (Opole University of Technology) has been used since 1996.

The university has over 500 lecturers and over 9000 students. There are seven faculties:

 * Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science
 * Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy
 * Faculty of Economics and Management
 * Faculty of Production Engineering and Logistics
 * Faculty of Technical Systems Engineering

In 2008, the Opole University of Technology in Cooperation with the Beijing University of Technology opened the Opole Confucius Institute. Centre for Cooperation Poland-China Confucius Institute is a non-profit public utility institution whose mission is promoting the Chinese language and culture. The Institute is working for the benefit of this University and the Opole local community. The Opole Centre is one of the 200 such offices in the world associated in an international web, whose principal office Hanban (Office of Chinese Language Council International) is situated in Beijing.

The Opole University of Technology is also an individual full member of the European University Association (EUA). The European University Association (EUA) represents and supports higher education institutions in 46 countries, providing them with a unique forum to cooperate and keep abreast of the latest trends in higher education and research policies.

title: Opole University of Technology


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SK Rapid Wien

The Sportklub Rapid, commonly known as Rapid Wien or Rapid Vienna in English, is an Austrian professional football club playing in the country's capital city of Vienna. Rapid has won the most Austrian championship titles (32), including the first title in the season 1911–12, as well as a German championship in 1941 during Nazi rule. Rapid twice reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1985 and 1996, losing on both occasions.

The club is often known as Die Grün-Weißen (The Green-Whites) for its team colours or as Hütteldorfer, in reference to the location of the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium, which is in Hütteldorf, part of the city's 14th district in Penzing.

History
The club was founded in 1897 as Erster Wiener Arbeiter-Fußball-Club (First Viennese Workers' Football Club). The team's original colours were red and blue, which are still often used in away matches. On 8 January 1899, the club was (thanks to Wilhelm Goldschmidt ), taking on its present name of Sportklub Rapid, following the example of Rapide Berlin. Wien or Vienna are commonly added when referring to the club but are not part of the official name. In 1904, the team colours were changed to green and white. The club won Austria's first ever national championship in 1911–12 by a single point, and retained the title the following season.

Between World Wars
Rapid became a dominant force during the years between the world wars, an era in which Austria was one of the leading football nations on the continent. It won its first hat-trick of titles from 1919 to 1921. After the annexation of Austria to Germany in 1938, Rapid joined the German football system, playing in the regional first division Gauliga Ostmark along with clubs such as Wacker Wien and Admira Vienna. Rapid would be the most successful of these clubs. They won the Tschammerpokal, predecessor of today's DFB-Pokal, in 1938 with a 3–1 victory over FSV Frankfurt, and followed that with a German Championship in 1941 by defeating Schalke 04, the most dominant German club of the era. The team was able to overcome a 3–0 Schalke lead to win the match 4–3.

Post-World War II
As the winners of the 1954–55 season, Rapid were Austria's entrant for the inaugural European Cup in the following season. They were drawn in the first round against PSV and opened with a 6–1 home victory, with Alfred Körner scoring a hat-trick. Despite losing the away leg 1–0, the club still advanced to a quarter-final, where they started with a 1–1 home draw against Milan before being defeated 7–2 in the away match at the San Siro to lose 8–3 on aggregate.

Rapid's best performance in the European Cup came in the 1960–61 season when they reached the semi-final before being eliminated by eventual winners Benfica, 4–1 on aggregate. Previously, in the quarter-final the club required a replay to eliminate East German club Aue from the tournament after a 3–3 aggregate draw. The away goals rule would have seen Aue advance without needing the replay, held at the St Jakob Park in neutral Basel.

The club was involved in a controversial episode in 1984 when they eliminated Celtic from the last 16 of the European Cup Winners' Cup. Celtic were leading 4–3 on aggregate with 14 minutes left in the match when Rapid conceded a penalty. As the Rapid players protested to the match officials, their defender Rudolf Weinhofer then fell to the ground and claimed to have been hit by a bottle thrown from the stands. However, television images clearly showed that a bottle was thrown onto the pitch and did not hit Weinhofer. The match finished 4–3, but Rapid appealed to UEFA for a replay, and both teams were fined. The replay appeal was turned down initially, but Rapid appealed for a second time. On this occasion, Rapid's fine was doubled but UEFA also stipulated the match be replayed 100 mi from Celtic's ground. The game was held on 12 December 1984 at Old Trafford, Manchester, and Rapid won 1–0 through a Peter Pacult strike.

Rapid reached its first European final in 1985, losing 3–1 in the Cup Winners' Cup Final to Everton in Rotterdam. Eleven years later, in the same tournament's final in Brussels, Rapid lost 1–0 to Paris Saint-Germain.

Rapid last reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League in 2005–06 after beating F91 Dudelange of Luxembourg 9–3 on aggregate and then defeating Lokomotiv Moscow 2–1 on aggregate in a play-off after a 1–0 victory in Russia. They eventually finished last in their group after losing all of their matches against Bayern Munich, Juventus and Club Brugge.

In 2015, the Rapid youth team took part in the third season of the Football for Friendship international children's social program, the final events of which were held in Berlin.

Rapid Viertelstunde
Almost since the club's beginnings, Rapid fans have announced the last 15 minutes of the match by way of the traditional "Rapid-Viertelstunde" – rhythmic clapping at home or away regardless of the score. The first mention of the practice goes back to 1913, and on 21 April 1918 a newspaper wrote about the fans clapping at the beginning of the "Rapid-Viertelstunde". Over the decades, there have been many instances where the team managed to turn around a losing position by not giving up and, with their fans' support, fighting their way to a win just before the final whistle.

Fans
The biggest fan club is Ultras Rapid, which was founded in 1988. Other important fan clubs are the ultras group Tornados Rapid and Spirits Rapid and the hooligan firm Alte Garde Dritte Halbzeit.

The active supporters are situated in the Block West stand, which has a capacity of 8,500 spectators. The old Block West in the now demolished Gerhard-Hanappi-Stadion had about 2,700 seats.

The fan-base of Rapid is connected, in a friendly way, with the supporters of the German club Nürnberg, the Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb, the Italian club Venezia, the Hungarian club Ferencváros and the Greek club Panathinaikos. As Rapid, Ferencváros and Panathinaikos also play in green the alliance is nicknamed the "Green Brothers"

Stadium

Rapid played at the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium - which was opened on 10 May 1977 with a Wiener derby match against Austria Wien - until the 2013–14 season. The stadium bore the name of its architect Gerhard Hanappi, who also played for Rapid from 1950 to 1965. Prior to 1980, when it was renamed in his honour, it was known as the Weststadion (Western Stadium), due to its geographical location in the city.

In June 2014, it was announced that a new stadium, the Allianz Stadion, will be built in place of the old Gerhard Hanappi Stadium. During its construction, Rapid played its home games in the Ernst Happel Stadion.

The stadium was officially unveiled when Rapid Wien hosted Chelsea in a pre-season friendly on 16 July 2016 and won 2–0.

Wiener Derby

Rapid Wien contest the Wien derby with their local Vienna rival FK Austria Wien. The two clubs are amongst the most supported and successful football teams in the entire country, and are the only Austrian clubs to have never been relegated. Both teams originate from Hietzing, the 13th district in the west of the city, but have since moved into different districts. While Austria Wien is seen as a middle-class club, Rapid traditionally hold the support of the capital's working class. The two clubs first met in a league championship match on 8 September 1911, a 4–1 victory for Rapid. The fixture is the most-played derby in European football after the Old Firm in Glasgow between Rangers and Celtic.

Domestic

Rapid Wien is Austria's record titleholder, lifting the trophy a total of 32 times, and the club also won a German Championship and German Cup while part of that country's football competition from 1938 to 1945 following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.

Austrian Championship
 * Champions (32): 1911–12, 1912–13, 1915–16, 1916–17, 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21, 1922–23, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1945–46, 1947–48, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2007–08

Austrian Cup
 * Champions (14): 1918–19, 1919–20, 1926–27, 1945–46, 1960–61, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1994–95

Austrian Supercup
 * Champions (3): 1986, 1987, 1988

German Championship
 * Champion: 1941

German Cup
 * Champion: 1938

Continental
 Mitropa Cup:
 * Champions (2): 1930, 1951

Cup Winners' Cup
 * Runners-up: 1984–85, 1995–96

Notable former players
Players with most appearances are Peter Schöttel (436), Steffen Hofmann (434), and Michael Konsel (384). The top three scorers are Franz Binder (score rate 1.103), Hans Krankl (0.763), and Johnny Bjerregaard (0.636).

Coaching history

 * 🇦🇹 Dionys Schönecker (1910–25)
 * 🏴 Stanley Wilmott (1925–26)
 * Edi Bauer (1926–36)
 * Leopold Nitsch (1936–45)
 * 🇦🇹 Hans Pesser (1 July 1945 – 28 February 1953)
 * 🇦🇹 Josef Uridil (1953–54)
 * 🇦🇹 Viktor Hierländer (1954–55)
 * 🇦🇹 Leopold Gernhardt (1955)
 * 🇦🇹 Franz Wagner (1955)
 * 🇦🇹 Alois Beranek (1956)
 * 🇦🇹 Franz Wagner (1956)
 * 🇦🇹 Max Merkel (1 July 1956 – 30 June 1958)
 * 🇦🇹 Rudolf Kumhofer (1958–59)
 * 🇦🇹 Robert Körner (1 July 1959 – 30 June 1966)
 * 🇦🇹 Rudolf Vytlacil (1 July 1966–68)
 * 🇦🇹 Karl Decker (1968–70)
 * 🇦🇹 Rudolf Vytlacil (1968 – 30 April 1969)
 * 🇦🇹 Karl Rappan (1969–70)
 * 🇦🇹 Gerd Springer (1970–72)
 * 🇦🇹 Robert Körner (1972)
 * Ernst Hlozek (1 April 1972 – 22 April 1975)
 * 🇦🇹 Josef Pecanka (1975)
 * 🇦🇹 F. Binder / 🇦🇹 R. Körner (1 September 1975 – 30 June 1976)
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Brzezanczyk (1976–77)
 * 🇦🇹 Robert Körner (1977)
 * 🇦🇹 Karl Schlechta (1978–79)
 * 🇦🇹 Walter Skocik (1 July 1979 – 1 April 1982)
 * 🇦🇹 Rudolf Nuske (1982)
 * Otto Barić (1 July 1982 – 30 June 1985)
 * Vlatko Marković (1 July 1985 – 30 June 1986)
 * Otto Barić (1 July 1986 – 11 September 1988)
 * 🇦🇹 Wilhelm Kaipel (interim) (12 September 1988 – 19 September 1988)
 * Vlatko Marković (19 September 1988 – 30 June 1989)
 * 🇦🇹 Hans Krankl (1 July 1989 – 30 June 1992)
 * 🇦🇹 August Starek (1 July 1992 – 31 May 1993)
 * 🇦🇹 Hubert Baumgartner (1 July 1993 – 22 May 1994)
 * 🇦🇹 Ernst Dokupil (23 May 1994 – 1 April 1998)
 * 🇦🇹 Heribert Weber (1 April 1998 – 1 May 2000)
 * 🇦🇹 Ernst Dokupil (1 July 2000 – 18 August 2001)
 * 🇦🇹 Peter Persidis (interim) (18 Aug 2001 – 5 September 2001)
 * 🇩🇪 Lothar Matthäus (6 September 2001 – 10 May 2002)
 * 🇦🇹 Josef Hickersberger (1 July 2002 – 31 December 2005)
 * 🇦🇹 Georg Zellhofer (1 Jan 2006 – 27 August 2006)
 * 🇦🇹 Peter Pacult (5 September 2006 – 11 April 2011)
 * 🇦🇹 Zoran Barisic (interim) (11 April 2011 – 30 May 2011)
 * 🇦🇹 Peter Schöttel (1 June 2011 – 17 April 2013)
 * 🇦🇹 Zoran Barisic (17 April 2013 – 6 June 2016)
 * 🇩🇪 Mike Büskens (7 June 2016 – 7 November 2016)
 * 🇦🇹 Damir Canadi (11 November 2016 – 8 April 2017)
 * 🇦🇹 Goran Djuricin (9 April 2017 – 29 September 2018)
 * 🇦🇹 Dietmar Kühbauer (1 October 2018 – 10 November 2021)
 * 🇩🇪 Steffen Hofmann (interim) (11 November 2021 – 28 November 2021)
 * 🇦🇹 Ferdinand Feldhofer (29 November 2021 – 15 October 2022)
 * 🇦🇹 Zoran Barisic (16 October 2022 – 14 November 2023)
 * 🇩🇪 Robert Klauß (20 November 2023 – 30 June 2026)

title: SK Rapid Wien