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Boeing X-32

The Boeing X-32 is a concept demonstrator aircraft that was designed for the Joint Strike Fighter competition. It lost to the Lockheed Martin X-35 demonstrator, which was further developed into the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.

Background
In 1993, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched the Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter project (CALF). The project's purpose was to develop a stealth-enabled design to replace all of United States Department of Defense lighter weight fighter and attack aircraft, including the F-16 Fighting Falcon, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, and vertical/short takeoff / vertical landing (V/STOL) AV-8B Harrier II. Around the same time, the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) project was started. In 1994, the U.S. Congress ordered the two to be merged into the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program.

Many companies took part in the first phase of this project, which involved drafting concept aircraft designs for submission to the Department of Defense. On 16 November 1996, Boeing and Lockheed Martin were awarded contracts for them to produce two of their concept demonstrator aircraft (CDA) each. Under the contract, these fighters were required to demonstrate conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), carrier take-off and landing (CV version), and short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL). They were also expected to include ground demonstrations of a production representative aircraft's systems, such as the Preferred Weapon System Concept (PWSC).

One major departure from previous projects was the prohibition of the companies from using their own money to finance development. Each was awarded $750 million to produce their two aircraft – including avionics, software and hardware. This limitation promoted the adoption of low cost manufacturing and assembly techniques, and also prevented either Boeing or Lockheed Martin from bankrupting themselves in an effort to win such an important contest.

Designing the X-32
Boeing's strategy for a competitive advantage was to offer substantially lower manufacturing and life-cycle costs by minimizing variations between the different JSF versions. The X-32 therefore was designed around a large one piece carbon fiber composite delta wing. The wing had a span of 9.15 meters, with a 55-degree leading edge sweep, and could hold up to 20,000 pounds (9,000 kg) of fuel. The purpose of the high sweep angle was to allow for a thick wing section to be used while still providing limited transonic aerodynamic drag, and to provide a good angle for wing-installed conformal antenna equipment. The wing would prove a challenge to fabricate.

The compete-on-cost strategy also led Boeing to pick a direct-lift thrust vectoring system, for the Marines' short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) requirement, as this would only necessitate the addition of a thrust vectoring module around the main engine. However, this choice required the engine to be mounted directly behind the cockpit, and moved the center of gravity forward from its usual position in jet fighters (towards the rear of the airplane) to enable a neutral-attitude hover. Boeing had proposed, in the 1960s, a similar supersonic fighter with a mid-center-of-gravity mounted engine with vectored thrust nozzles, but this never proceeded beyond pictures published in Aviation Week. By comparison, the Lockheed entry looked like, if anything, a smaller version of the F-22 Raptor stealth fighter. Yet another effect of the selection of the direct-lift system was the large chin-mounted air intake. This was required to feed sufficient air to the main engine (to provide the thrust necessary to hover) during the zero horizontal velocity phase, when it could not exploit ram-air pressure. A knock-on effect of this large intake was the potential direct visibility of the compressor blades to radar (see radar cross-section). Mitigation possibilities included variable baffles designed to block incoming radio waves without adversely affecting airflow.

Design changes
The two X-32 aircraft featured a delta wing design. However, eight months into construction of the concept demonstrator aircraft, the JSF's maneuverability and payload requirements were refined at the request of the Navy and Boeing's delta wing design fell short of the new targets. Engineers altered the aircraft's design with a conventional canted twin tail that reduced weight and improved agility, but it was too late to change the aircraft. It was judged that they would be sufficient to demonstrate Boeing's technology.

On 14 December 1999, Boeing unveiled both its concept demonstrators at its plant in Palmdale, California, in front of 5,500 attendees. While the X-32A was expected to make an appearance, the roll out of the X-32B was a surprise, as construction of the latter aircraft had started some three months after the former and was completed six weeks after the X-32A. Boeing attributed the rapid construction of the STOVL version to the use of digital design and assembly methods. After having the Pratt & Whitney F119 engine installed in April 2000, the X-32A commenced low- and medium-speed taxi tests, which had been completed by late May.

Flight testing
Due to the heavy delta wing design of the X-32, Boeing demonstrated STOVL and supersonic flight in separate configurations, with the STOVL configuration requiring that some parts be removed from the fighter. The company promised that their conventional tail design for production models would not require separate configurations. By contrast, the Lockheed Martin X-35 concept demonstrator aircraft were capable of transitioning between their STOVL and supersonic configurations in mid-flight.

The first flight of the X-32A (designed for CTOL and carrier trials) took place on 18 September 2000, from Boeing's Palmdale plant to Edwards Air Force Base. The aircraft, piloted by Boeing test pilot Fred Knox, took 2200 ft of runway before becoming airborne at 150 kn at around 8:00 am. Shortly after takeoff, a minor hydraulic leak was discovered and the flight was shortened to 20 minutes from the expected 30–40 minutes. According to Knox, the F/A-18 chase plane required "a lot of afterburner" to keep up with the X-32 during the initial stages. During the flight, the aircraft reached 10000 ft, attained a speed of 200 kn, and attained an angle of attack of 13°. Despite the shortened flight, about 80% of the planned test points were accomplished. It was powered by a conventional derivative of the F-22 afterburning turbofan, designated F119-PW-614C.

On 29 March 2001, the X-32B STOVL version made its first flight. The flight lasted 50 minutes as the aircraft flew from Palmdale to Edwards AFB. The flight had originally been scheduled for the third quarter of 2000. A modified version of the -614C engine, known as the F119-PW-614S, powered the STOVL aircraft. In normal flight, the -614S was configured as a conventional afterburning turbofan. However, in the STOVL mode a butterfly valve diverted the core stream exhaust gases to a pair of thrust vectoring nozzles located close to the aircraft's center-of-gravity. Forward of these nozzles, a jet screen nozzle provided a sheet of cool bypass air to minimise hot gas recirculation. There was also a pair of ducts leading to roll nozzles near the wing tips. Two pairs of ducts fed the aft-pitch yaw nozzles and the forward-pitch nozzles. The afterburner was unlit, with no gas flow during lift. The X-32B achieved STOVL flight in much the same way as the AV-8B Harrier II with thrust vectoring of the jet exhaust. A smooth transition (between STOVL and normal modes) was obtained by maintaining a constant engine match, facilitated by the control system algorithm maintaining a fixed total nozzle effective area. Thus the engine was unaware of various nozzles being opened up and closed off to complete the transition.

The F119-PW-614S was a direct lift engine, whereas the Lockheed Martin STOVL team used a more complex and riskier alternative, known as the F119-PW-611, which comprised a remote shaft-driven lift fan powered by the main engine. However, this generated more lift thrust than possible with only direct exhaust gases. A successful design would have greater payload, and thus longer range than a simple thrust vectored turbofan.

Flight testing of both companies' aircraft continued until July 2001.

JSF competition

On 26 October 2001, the Department of Defense announced that the Lockheed Martin X-35 had won the JSF competition. The X-35 would be developed into the production Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.

The loss of the JSF contract to Lockheed Martin in 2001 was a major blow to Boeing, as it represented the most important international fighter aircraft project since the Lightweight Fighter program competition of the 1960s and 1970s, which had led to the F-16 Fighting Falcon and F/A-18 Hornet. At the time, the production run of the JSF was estimated at anywhere between 3,000 and 5,000. Prior to the awarding of the contract, many lawmakers pushed the idea of retaining the losing competitor as a sub-contractor; however, the "winner takes all" principle was not changed. Nonetheless, Boeing views its work on the X-32 as a strategic investment, yielding important technologies which it has been able to adopt in the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and other studies.

Surviving aircraft
In 2005, the Boeing X-32A was transferred to the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio. Its condition deteriorated due to being outside for several years following the end of the JSF competition. In December 2023, the museum completed a three-month-long restoration of the aircraft. On 31 May 2024, the X-32A was moved into the R&D gallery as a display, parked close to the similarly ill-fated YF-23 "Black Widow II".

The X-32B was transferred to the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum adjacent to NAS Patuxent River in St. Mary's County, Maryland in 2005. It underwent restoration at the museum's restoration facility in June 2009, but has deteriorated since. The aircraft is on display.

title: Boeing X-32


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John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt

"John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt" is a traditional children's song that originates from the United States and Canada. The song consists of one verse repeated, each time increasing or decreasing in volume or tempo.

Lyrics and melody
There are various lyrics to the song; for example, in the following version, the verse is repeated four times, often while altering the volume or pitch. If the volume is lowered, the last line ("da da da" or “tra la la la” among other syllable sounds) often remains constant, shouted even as the rest of the song reduces to a whisper.

Origin
While the origins of the song are obscure, some evidence places its roots with vaudeville and theatre acts of the late 19th century and early 20th century popular in immigrant communities. Some vaudeville acts during the era, such as the work of Joe Weber and Lew Fields, often gave voice to shared frustrations of German-American immigrants and heavily leaned on malapropisms and difficulties with the English language as a vehicle for their humor. "John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt" shares many characteristics with "My Name Is Jan Jansen", a song that can trace its origin to Swedish vaudeville in the late 19th century.

The song appears to have already become widely known by the mid-twentieth century. It received a major boost when it was circulated throughout the country during scout troop gatherings in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1926, The Times newspaper of Munster, Indiana, printed that, during a Girl Scout outing, the scouts sat around a camp fire and "it was solemnly announced that John Jacob Jingleheimer Smith after a long and useful life had died from overwork on the way to Whiting. He was buried with due ceremony and his ghost is not to be seen until October first. All the favorite camp songs were sung." In 1927, the Portsmouth Daily Times reported that a group of boys from the state YMCA camp sang several camp songs, including "John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt." In 1931, Elmira, New York, newspaper the Star-Gazette reported that at a Boy Scout gathering at Seneca Lake, as scouts entered the mess hall, "Troop 18 soon burst into the first camp song, 'John Jacob Jingleheimer Smith'." A 1941 Milwaukee Journal article also refers to the song, with the same alternate title of "John Jacob Jingleheimer Smith."

The song is indefinitely repetitive, in a similar manner to "The Song That Never Ends", "Yon Yonson" or "Michael Finnegan."

Versions of the song appear in other languages, such as the Spanish rendition, "Juan Paco Pedro de la Mar".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt


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Ghibli

Ghibli (Italian: ghibli, also used in English), the name of a hot desert wind also known as sirocco, derived from Libyan Arabic (قبلي, 'gibli').

Ghibli may refer to:

Vehicles

 * Maserati Ghibli, a model of car made by Italian auto manufacturer Maserati
 * Caproni Ca.309 Ghibli, a World War II-era aeroplane
 * Ghibli, an AMX International AMX fighter aircraft
 * Ghibli, an ultralight disc wheelset made by Italian bicycle parts manufacturer Campagnolo
 * Ghibli, the radio callsign for the Italian airline Wind Jet

Other

 * Studio Ghibli, a Japanese animation studio

title: Ghibli


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Um (Korean surname)

Um, also spelled as Uhm, Eom, Eum, Ohm or Om, is a relatively uncommon surname in Korea. It is written using the same character as the Chinese surname, Yan (嚴). It has only one clan, the Yeongwol Eom clan, based in Yeongwol, Gangwon Province. According to the 2015 census in South Korea, there were 144,425 people carrying the Eom surname.

History
Eom is a surname that originated from China. The founding ancestor, Eom Im-ui (hangul: 엄림의; hanja: 嚴林義), was sent to Korea by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, during Gyeongdeok of Silla's reign. He was said to be a descendant of the Han dynasty scholar, Yan Ziling (嚴子陵), known as Eom Ja-neung in Korean (엄자능).

A member of the Eom family, Gwi-in Eom, became one of the royal consorts of King Seongjong of Joseon, but was later murdered by his successor, King Yeonsangun. Another member of this family became the consort of King Gojong, becoming the mother of the last crown prince of the Korean Empire, Yi Un.

Um

 * Um Aing-ran (born 1936), South Korean actress
 * Um Cheon-ho (born 1992), South Korean short track speed skater
 * Um Da-woon (born 1985), South Korean soccer player
 * Um Hong-gil (born 1960), South Korean climber
 * Um Hyo-sup (born 1966), South Korean actor
 * Um Ji-eun (born 1987), South Korean freestyle wrestler
 * Um Ki-joon (born 1976), South Korean actor
 * Um Min-ji (born 1991), South Korean curler
 * Um Sang-hyun (born 1971), South Korean voice actor
 * Um Tae-hwa (born 1980), South Korean film director and screenwriter

Uhm

 * Uhm Bok-dong (1892-1951), Korean cyclist
 * Uhm Hyun-kyung (born 1986), South Korean actress
 * Uhm Ji-won (born 1977), South Korean actress
 * Uhm Jung-hwa (born 1969), South Korean singer and actress
 * Uhm Tae-goo (born 1983), South Korean actor
 * Uhm Tae-woong (born 1974), South Korean actor

Eom

 * Eom Hye-won (born 1991), South Korean badminton player
 * Eom Hyo-won (born 1986), South Korean handball player
 * Eom Ji-sung (born 2002), South Korean football player
 * Eom Par-yong (born 1931), South Korean sprinter
 * Eom Yeong-seop (born 1964), South Korean cyclist

Om

 * Om Jong-ran (born 1985), North Korean football defender
 * Om Yun-chol (born 1991), North Korean weightlifter

Oum

 * Oum Sang-il (born 1976), South Korean mathematician

Ohm

 * Ohm Ki-young (born 1951), South Korean popular news anchor

title: Um (Korean surname)


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Uncia (coin)

The uncia (Latin; lit. 'twelfth part') was a Roman currency worth one twelfth of an as.

Republican coin
By derivation, it was also the name of a bronze coin valued at $1/undefined$ of an as made during the Roman Republic. The uncia started as a Roman-Oscan weight of about 23 grams for a 273 gram pound, with Attic weight issues of about 27 grams under the libral standard for a 327 gram pound and was produced occasionally towards the beginning of Roman cast bronze coinage. Obverse types of the uncia include a knucklebone (c. 289–245 BC), a barleycorn (c. 280–245 BC), and the helmeted bust of Roma (from c. 240 BC).

Empire coin
In imperial times the uncia was briefly revived under Trajan (98–117) and Hadrian (117–138). This coin was about 11 - 14 mm in diameter and weighed about 0.8 - 1.2 g. It featured the bust of the emperor on the obverse with no inscription and "SC" (for Senatu Consulto) in a wreath on the reverse. If this issue belonged to the imperial system, meaning it was not a provincial piece, it would be an uncia. This issue may have been made only for circulation in the East.

title: Uncia (coin)


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Duke of Chandos

The Dukedom of Chandos was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. The Chandos peerage was first created as a barony by Edward III in 1337; its second creation in 1554 was due to the Brydges family's service to Mary I during Wyatt's rebellion, when she also gave them Sudeley Castle. The 9th Baron of the second creation was elevated to the dukedom in 1719, but after his grandson's death without male heirs, his titles all became extinct (the 1337 creation having previously become abeyant in 1602 upon the death of the 3rd Baron of the second creation without male issue).

History
A Robert de Chandos went to Ireland with King John in 1185. His son Roger in 1221 received licence to hold a fair at Fownhope in 1221. The son of this Roger, Robert de Chandos (d. 1302) participated in the Welsh expedition of Edward I. The son of Robert, Roger de Chandos, served in the Scottish wars of Edward II and received a knighthood. In 1321, he was sheriff of Herefordshire. He was succeeded by Thomas de Chandos.

Thomas was succeeded by his brother Roger de Chandos (Rogerus de Chaundos). Roger was made knight banneret by Edward III. It was this Roger who was summoned to parliament, and who was cited as Baron de Chandos between 1337 (11th year of Edward III) and 1355, counting as the first creation of the title. Roger was succeeded by his son Thomas, who was in turn succeeded by his son John. Neither of these were summoned to parliament, and are thus not named Baron Chandos explicitly, but counted as de jure 2nd and 3rd Barons Chandos, respectively. John, who defended Hereford Castle against Owain Glyndŵr in 1403, died without issue in 1428. The Chandos estates in Herefordshire passed to the surviving daughter of John's sister Elizabeth, wife of Nicholas Mattesden, and eventually to his great nephew Giles Brugge, de jure 4th Baron Chandos (son of Edward Brugge and Alice de Berkeley whose mother was Margaret de Chandos). He became father to Thomas Brugge, 5th Baron Chandos (d. 1493). Thomas' son, Giles Brugge, 6th Baron Chandos (d. 1511) held the office of High Sheriff of Gloucestershire for 1499.

The son of Giles Brugge, John Brydges (d. 1557), was summoned to parliament for Gloucestershire at some point before 1554. In 1554, he was given Sudeley Castle and created Baron Chandos, of Sudeley in the county of Gloucester by Queen Mary I, in the second creation of the title.

The three succeeding barons were all Members of Parliament and persons of some importance—particularly Grey, 5th Baron, and his elder son George, 6th Baron. George had six daughters but no sons, and after the death of his brother William in 1676 the barony came to a kinsman, Sir James Brydges, Bart., who was English ambassador to Istanbul from 1680 to 1685.

The eighth baron's eldest son, James Brydges (1674–1744), succeeded his father as ninth Baron Chandos in 1714. In the same year, he was created Earl of Carnarvon (second creation) and Duke of Chandos in 1719. Subsidiary titles included Marquess of Carnarvon (1719) and Viscount Wilton (1714). All of these titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain.

The 1st Duke built an exceptionally grand country house called Cannons in Little Stanmore, Middlesex that, though it was parodied in his lifetime, was a seat of great learning and culture: Handel was the resident composer from 1717 until 1719. Brydges' Cannons was demolished after his death, to pay the debts he incurred in the South Sea Bubble disaster, and by his son. It was replaced by a modest villa built by William Hallett, and Cannons is now occupied by North London Collegiate School whose archives contain some information on the duke, his second wife Cassandra Willoughby, and subsequent owners of Cannons. Author Jane Austen was descended from his sister Mary.

With the death of the third duke in 1789, the titles became extinct, and the barony became dormant. An attempt was made by Samuel Egerton Brydges to claim the barony, initially on behalf of his older brother Edward Tymewell Brydges and then on his own behalf. Litigation lasted from 1790 to 1803 before the claims were rejected, but Egerton Brydges continued to style himself per legem terrae Baron Chandos of Sudeley. It seems likely that not only was the claim groundless but that the evidence was forged.

Barons Chandos, first creation (1337)
The title is spelt 'Chaundos' in the Complete Peerage.
 * Roger de Chandos, 1st Baron Chandos (d. 1353) was probably 1st Lord Chandos.
 * Thomas Chandos, 2nd Baron Chandos (c. 1333–1375) (claimant)
 * John Chandos, 3rd Baron Chandos (c. 1349–1428) (claimant) (peerage abeyant 1428)
 * Giles Brugge, 4th Baron Chandos (1396–1467) (abeyance terminated 1458, on the death of his cousin)
 * Thomas Brugge, 5th Baron Chandos de jure (1427–30 January 1493)
 * Giles Brugge, 6th Baron Chandos (c. 1462–1 December 1511)

Most sources read that the title became extinct upon the death of the 1st Lord, although others, such as the Complete Peerage, include the further holders listed above. The presumed 2nd Lord Chandos was High Sheriff of Herefordshire for 1359, 1370 and 1372 and the presumed 3rd Lord Chandos served the same office for 1382.

Barons Chandos, second creation (1554)

 * John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos (1492–1557) is sometimes listed as de jure 7th Lord Chandos of the 1337 creation Son of 6th Baron of the preceding creation.
 * Edmund Brydges, 2nd Baron Chandos (bef. 1522–1573) eldest son of the 1st Baron
 * Giles Brydges, 3rd Baron Chandos (1548–1594), elder son of the 2nd Baron, died without male issue
 * William Brydges, 4th Baron Chandos (c. 1552–1602), younger son of the 2nd Baron
 * Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos (c. 1581–1621), only son of the 4th Baron
 * George Brydges, 6th Baron Chandos (1620–1655), elder son of the 5th Baron, died without male issue
 * William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos (d. 1676), younger son of the 5th Baron, died without male issue
 * James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos (1642–1714), great-great-grandson of the 1st Baron
 * James Brydges, 9th Baron Chandos (1673–1744; created Earl of Carnarvon in 1714 and Duke of Chandos in 1719)

Dukes of Chandos (1719)

 * James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos (1673–1744), eldest son of the 8th Baron
 * John Brydges, Marquess of Carnarvon (1703–1727), elder son of the 1st Duke, died without male issue
 * Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos (1708–1771), younger son of the 1st Duke
 * James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos (1731–1789), only son of the 2nd Duke, died without male issue. His titles, other than the Lordship of Kinloss, became extinct.
 * The 3rd Duke's son-in-law, the 2nd Marquess of Buckingham, was created Duke of Buckingham and Chandos in 1822.

title: Duke of Chandos


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Six Hills

The Six Hills are a collection of Roman barrows situated alongside the old Great North Road on Six Hills Common in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England. They are classed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and are protected by law. They form the largest surviving Roman barrow group in England. Beside their historical significance, they lend their name to an important thoroughfare in the town (Six Hills Way) and are a local landmark.

History
For almost two thousand years, travellers along the Roman road that eventually became the Great North Road have passed these six large mounds. Their origin and purpose has been the subject of much speculation.

Local legend holds that they were the work of the Devil, who, sitting one day looking down on the Great North Road, began to amuse himself by heaving clods of earth at the passers-by. He missed six times and in a temper threw a seventh clod over his shoulder, hitting the spire of Graveley church and knocking it askew. The spire is crooked to this day. The holes in Whomerley Wood show where the Devil dug out his missiles, and the six failed shots lie in a line alongside the road and form the Six Hills.

The Six Hills are almost certainly Roman burial mounds, dating from about 100 A.D., and probably mark the cremated remains of a wealthy local family. The ashes would have been placed in a container along with objects for use in the next world.

No recent scientific archaeological excavation has been carried out on the Hills, but they have all been dug into in the past. These early investigations found only "...a few pieces of wood and a piece of iron...", which were dismissed at the time, but probably were the remains of the original burials. Other reports of damage include the farmer who was carting soil away from the Hills in 1750, and an attempted widening of the Great North Road in about 1820. Over the years, the Hills have all lost over 4 ft in height.

The grass around the burial mounds is of considerable age. It includes species such as bird's-foot trefoil, mouse-ear hawkweed, harebells, whitlow grass, and slender clover, which are not found in the more modern grasslands nearby.

title: Six Hills


text:
List of rivers of New Zealand

This is a list of all waterways named as rivers in New Zealand.

A

 * Aan River
 * Acheron River (Canterbury)
 * Acheron River (Marlborough)
 * Ada River
 * Adams River
 * Ahaura River
 * Ahuriri River
 * Ahuroa River
 * Akatarawa River
 * Ākitio River
 * Alexander River
 * Alfred River
 * Allen River
 * Alma River
 * Alph River (Ross Dependency)
 * Anatoki River
 * Anatori River
 * Anaweka River
 * Anne River
 * Anti Crow River
 * Aongatete River
 * Aorangiwai River
 * Aorere River
 * Aparima River
 * Arahura River
 * Arapaoa River
 * Arapārera River
 * Arawhata River
 * Arnold River
 * Arnst River
 * Aropaoanui River
 * Arrow River
 * Arthur River
 * Ashburton River / Hakatere
 * Ashley River / Rakahuri
 * Avoca River (Canterbury)
 * Avoca River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Avon River / Ōtākaro
 * Avon River (Marlborough)
 * Awakari River
 * Awakino River (Canterbury) and its East and West branches
 * Awakino River (Northland)
 * Awakino River (Waikato)
 * Awanui River
 * Awapoko River
 * Awapoto River
 * Awarau River
 * Awaroa River (Far North)
 * Awaroa River (Kaipara)
 * Awaroa River (Waikato River tributary)
 * Awaroa River (Kawhia Harbour tributary)
 * Awaroa River (Tasman)
 * Awarua River (Northland)
 * Awarua River (Southland)
 * Awatere River
 * Awatere River (Gisborne)
 * Awhea River

B

 * Balfour River
 * Barlow River
 * Barn River
 * Barrier River
 * Baton River
 * Bealey River
 * Beaumont River
 * Beautiful River
 * Bettne River
 * Big River (Buller)
 * Big River (Grey)
 * Big River (Southland)
 * Big River (Tasman)
 * Big Wainihinihi River
 * Blackwater River (Tasman)
 * Blackwater River (Buller River tributary)
 * Blackwater River (Little Grey River tributary)
 * Blairich River
 * Blind (Otūwhero) River
 * Blue Duck River
 * Blue Grey River
 * Blue River
 * Bluff River
 * Blythe River
 * Bonar River
 * Boulder River
 * Bowen River
 * Boyle River
 * Branch River (Taylor River tributary)
 * Branch River (Wairau River tributary)
 * Broken River
 * Brown Grey River
 * Brown River (Marlborough)
 * Brown River (Tasman)
 * Brown River (West Coast)
 * Buller River
 * Burke River
 * Butler River

C

 * Callery River
 * Cam River (Marlborough)
 * Cam River
 * Camelot River
 * Cameron River
 * Cape River
 * Caples River
 * Cardrona River
 * Careys Creek
 * Carrick River
 * Cascade River
 * Cass River (Mackenzie District)
 * Cass River (Selwyn District)
 * Castaly River
 * Castle River (Marlborough)
 * Castle River (Southland)
 * Castle River (Wellington)
 * Catlins River
 * Cavendish River
 * Charwell River
 * Chatterton River
 * Christopher River
 * Clark River
 * Clarke River (Grey District)
 * Clarke River (Tasman)
 * Clarke River (Westland District)
 * Clearwater River
 * Cleddau River
 * Clinton River
 * Clive River
 * Clutha River
 * Clyde River
 * Coal River (Canterbury)
 * Coal River (Fiordland)
 * Cobb River
 * Collins River
 * Conway River
 * Cook River / Weheka
 * Copland River
 * Cox River
 * Crooked River
 * Cropp River
 * Crow River (Canterbury)
 * Crow River (West Coast)
 * Cust River

D

 * D'Urville River
 * Dane River
 * Dark River
 * Dart River / Te Awa Whakatipu
 * Dart River (Tasman)
 * Deception River
 * Deepdale River
 * Devil River
 * Dickson River
 * Dillon River
 * Dobson River
 * Donald River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Donald River (West Coast)
 * Donne River
 * Doon River
 * Doubtful River
 * Doubtless River
 * Douglas River
 * Dove River (Canterbury)
 * Dove River (Tasman)
 * Drake River
 * Dry Awarua River
 * Dry River (Tasman)
 * Dry River (New Zealand)
 * Duncan River

E

 * Earnscleugh River
 * Eastern Hohonu River
 * Eastern Hutt River
 * Eastern Waiotauru River
 * Edison River
 * Edith River
 * Edwards River (Mid Canterbury)
 * Edwards River (North Canterbury)
 * Eglinton River
 * Electric River
 * Elizabeth River
 * Ellis River
 * Empson River
 * Esk River (Canterbury)
 * Esk River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Esperance River
 * Evans River
 * Eyre River

F

 * Fairhall River
 * Falls River
 * Fish River
 * Flaxbourne River
 * Fleming River
 * Forbes River
 * Forgotten River
 * Fork Stream
 * Four Mile River
 * Fox River (Buller)
 * Fox River (Westland)
 * Frances River
 * Freshwater River
 * Fyfe River

G

 * Garry River
 * Gelt River
 * George River
 * Glaisnock River
 * Glencoe River
 * Glenrae River
 * Glenroy River
 * Glentui River
 * Gloster River
 * Godley River
 * Goldney River
 * Gorge River
 * Goulter River
 * Graham River
 * Grantham River
 * Gray River
 * Grays River
 * Grebe River
 * Greenstone River
 * Greenstone River / Hokonui
 * Greta River
 * Grey River / Māwheranui
 * Guide River
 * Gulliver River
 * Gunn River
 * Gunner River

H

 * Haast River
 * Hacket River
 * Hae Hae Te Moana River
 * Hakaru River
 * Hakataramea River
 * Hall River
 * Halswell River
 * Hamilton River
 * Hangaroa River
 * Hangatahua (Stony) River, Taranaki
 * Hanmer River
 * Haparapara River
 * Hapuawai River
 * Hapuka River
 * Hāpuku River
 * Harman River
 * Harper River
 * Harrison River
 * Hātea River
 * Haumi River
 * Haupiri River
 * Hautapu River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Hautapu River (Wairoa District)
 * Havelock River
 * Hawai River
 * Hawdon River
 * Hāwea River
 * Hawkins River
 * Hay River
 * Heaphy River
 * Hector River
 * Hemphill River
 * Henry River
 * Herekino River
 * Heron River
 * Hewson River
 * Hikurangi River
 * Hikurua River
 * Hikutaia River
 * Hikuwai River
 * Hinatua River
 * Hinds River
 * Hinemaiaia River
 * Hinemoatū / Howard River
 * Hodder River
 * Hokitika River
 * Hollyford River / Whakatipu Kā Tuka
 * Hook River
 * Hooker River
 * Hookhamsnyvy Creek
 * Hope River (Canterbury)
 * Hope River (Tasman)
 * Hope River (West Coast)
 * Hopkins River
 * Horahora River
 * Horomanga River
 * Hororata River
 * Hossack River
 * Hōteo River
 * Huangarua River
 * Huia River
 * Hunter River
 * Huriwai River
 * Hurunui River
 * Hurunui River South Branch
 * Huxley River

I

 * Ihungia River
 * Ihuraua River
 * Inangahua River
 * Irene River
 * Irwell River

J

 * Jackson River
 * Jed River
 * Jerry River
 * Joe River
 * Joes River
 * John o'Groats River
 * Johnson River
 * Jollie River
 * Jordan River
 * Juno River

K

 * Kaeo River
 * Kahurangi River
 * Kahutara River
 * Kaiapoi River
 * Kaihu River
 * Kaiikanui River
 * Kaikou River
 * Kaimarama River
 * Kaipara River
 * Kaipo River
 * Kaituna River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Kaituna River (Canterbury)
 * Kaituna River (Marlborough)
 * Kaituna River (Tasman)
 * Kaiwaka River
 * Kaiwakawaka River
 * Kaiwara River
 * Kaiwharawhara Stream
 * Kaiwhata River
 * Kaka River
 * Kakanui River
 * Kakapo River
 * Kākāpōtahi River / Little Waitaha River
 * Kaniere River
 * Kapowai River
 * Karakatuwhero River
 * Karamea River
 * Karangarua River
 * Karetu River (Canterbury)
 * Karetu River (Northland)
 * Karukaru River
 * Katikara River
 * Kauaeranga River
 * Kaukapakapa River
 * Kauru River
 * Kawakawa River
 * Kawarau River
 * Kawhatau River
 * Kedron River
 * Kekerengu River
 * Kenana River
 * Kennet River
 * Kereu River
 * Kerikeri River (Northland)
 * Kerikeri River (Waikato)
 * Kitchener River
 * Kiwi River
 * Kohaihai River
 * Kokatahi River
 * Komata River
 * Kopeka River
 * Kopuapounamu River
 * Kopuaranga River
 * Koranga River
 * Korimako Stream
 * Kowai River
 * Kowhai River
 * Kuaotunu River
 * Kumengamatea River
 * Kumeu River
 * Kuratau River
 * Kurow River

L

 * L II River
 * Lambert River
 * Landsborough River
 * Lawrence River
 * Leader River
 * Leatham River
 * Lee River (Canterbury)
 * Lee River (Tasman)
 * Leslie River
 * Lewis River (Canterbury)
 * Lewis River (West Coast)
 * Light River
 * Lilburne River
 * Lindis River
 * Little Akatarawa River
 * Little Awakino River
 * Little Boulder River
 * Little Crow River
 * Little Devil River
 * Little Hohonu River
 * Little Hope River
 * Little Kowai River
 * Little Lottery River
 * Little Ōnahau River
 * Little Opawa River
 * Little Pokororo River
 * Little Pomahaka River
 * Little River
 * Little Slate River
 * Little Totara River
 * Little Waingaro River
 * Little Wanganui River
 * Lochy River
 * Lord River
 * Lords River
 * Lottery River
 * Lud River
 * Lyvia River

M

 * Macaulay River
 * Macfarlane River
 * Mackenzie River
 * Maclennan River
 * Maerewhenua River
 * Mahakirau River
 * Mahitahi River
 * Mahurangi River
 * Maitai River
 * Makahu River
 * Mākākahi River
 * Makara River (Chatham Islands)
 * Mākara River (Wellington)
 * Makarau River
 * Makaretu River
 * Makarewa River
 * Makarora River
 * Makaroro River
 * Makatote River
 * Jacobs River
 * Makerikeri River
 * Makikihi River
 * Makino River
 * Makotuku River
 * Makuri River
 * Manaia River
 * Manakaiaua River
 * Manawapou River
 * Manawatū River
 * Mandamus River
 * Mangaaruhe River
 * Mangahao River
 * Mangahauini River
 * Mangaheia River
 * Mangakahia River
 * Mangakarengorengo River
 * Mangakuri River
 * Mangamaire River
 * Mangamuka River
 * Manganui River (Northland)
 * Manganui River (Taranaki)
 * Manganui River (Waikato)
 * Manganuiohou River
 * Manganuioteao River
 * Mangaone River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Mangaone River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Mangaoparo River
 * Mangaorino River
 * Mangaotaki River
 * Mangapa River
 * Mangapai River
 * Mangapapa River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Mangapapa River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Mangapehi River
 * Mangapoike River
 * Mangapu River
 * Mangaroa River
 * Mangatainoka River
 * Mangatāwhiri River
 * Mangatera River
 * Mangatete River
 * Mangatewai River
 * Mangatewainui River
 * Mangatokerau River
 * Mangatoro River
 * Mangatu River
 * Mangaturuturu River
 * Mangawai River
 * Mangawharariki River
 * Mangawhero River
 * Māngere River
 * Mangles River
 * Mangonuiowae River
 * Mangorewa River
 * Manuherikia River
 * Maori River
 * Maraehara River
 * Maraekakaho River
 * Maraetaha River
 * Maraetotara River
 * Mārahau River
 * Maramarua River
 * Maramataha River
 * Mararoa River
 * Marchburn River
 * Marokopa River
 * Maropea River
 * Martyr River
 * Maruia River
 * Mason River
 * Mata River
 * Matahaka River
 * Mataikona River
 * Matakana River
 * Matakitaki River
 * Matakohe River
 * Mataroa River
 * Mataura River
 * Mathias River
 * Matiri River
 * Matukituki River
 * Maungakōtukutuku Stream
 * Little Grey River
 * McRae River
 * Meola Creek
 * Medina River
 * Medway River
 * Mike River
 * Mikonui River
 * Mimi River
 * Miner River
 * Mingha River
 * Mistake River
 * Misty River
 * Moawhango River
 * Moawhango West River
 * Moeangiangi River
 * Moeraki River
 * Moerangi River
 * Mohaka River
 * Mōhakatino River
 * Mokau River
 * Mōkihinui River
 * Mokomokonui River
 * Mokoreta River
 * Monowai River
 * Montgomerie River
 * Morgan River
 * Morse River
 * Motatapu River
 * Mōtū River
 * Motueka River
 * Motukaika River
 * Motunau River
 * Motupiko River
 * Motupipi River
 * Motuti River
 * Moutere River
 * Mowbray River
 * Mueller River
 * Mungo River
 * Murchison River
 * Murray River

N

 * Namu River
 * Nancy River
 * Nevis River
 * Newton River (Buller River tributary)
 * Newton River (Fiordland)
 * Newtown River
 * New River / Kaimata
 * Ngākawau River
 * Ngamuwahine River
 * Ngaruroro River
 * Ngatau River
 * Ngatiawa River
 * Ngunguru River
 * Nina River
 * Nokomai River
 * North Barlow River
 * North Mathias River
 * North Ōhau River, Canterbury
 * North Ōhau River, Wellington
 * North Opuha River
 * North River
 * Nūhaka River
 * Nukuhou River

O

 * Oakura River
 * Ōamaru River
 * Oaro River
 * Ōhau River (Canterbury)
 * Ōhau River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Ohikaiti River
 * Ohikanui River
 * Ōhinemahuta River
 * Ohinemaka River
 * Ohinemuri River
 * Ohinetamatea River
 * Ōhura River
 * Ohuri River
 * Okana River
 * Okaramio River
 * Okari River
 * Ōkārito River
 * Okuku River
 * Okura River
 * Okuru River
 * Okuti River
 * Old Bed Eyre River
 * Old Bed of Waipawa River
 * Olivine River
 * Omaha River
 * Omaka River
 * Omanaia River
 * Omanawa River
 * Omaru River
 * Omaumau River
 * Ōmoeroa River
 * Onaero River
 * Ōnahau River
 * Onekaka River
 * Oneone River
 * Ongarue River
 * Onyx River (Ross Dependency)
 * Ōpaoa River
 * Ōpārara River
 * Oparau River
 * Opatu River
 * Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River
 * Ōpihi River
 * Opitonui River
 * Opotoru River
 * Opouawe River
 * Opouri River
 * Opouteke River
 * Opuha River
 * Opuiaki River
 * Ōpūrehu River
 * Orangipuku River
 * Orari River
 * Orauea River
 * Ōrere River
 * Ōreti River
 * Ōrewa River
 * Orikaka River
 * Orira River
 * Ōrongorongo River
 * Oroua River
 * Orowaiti River
 * Oruaiti River
 * Oruawharo River
 * Oruru River
 * Orutua River
 * Otahu River
 * Otaio River
 * Ōtaki River
 * Otama River
 * Otamatapaio River
 * Otamatea River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Otamatea River (Northland)
 * Ōtara River
 * Otaua River
 * Otehake River
 * Otekaieke River
 * Otematata River
 * Ōtere River
 * Oterei River
 * Otiake River
 * Ōtira River
 * Ōtoko River
 * Otorehinaiti River
 * Otto River
 * Otututu / Rough River
 * Otūwhero River
 * Ounuora River
 * Ourauwhare River
 * Owahanga River
 * Ōwaka River
 * Owen River

P

 * Pahaoa River
 * Pahau River
 * Pahi River
 * Pairatahi River
 * Pakarae River
 * Pakiri River
 * Pakoka River
 * Pakowhai River
 * Pākuratahi River
 * Pandora River
 * Papakanui River
 * Paranui River
 * Parapara River
 * Pareora River
 * Paringa River
 * Pariwhakaoho River
 * Park River
 * Pataua River
 * Pātea River
 * Paturau River
 * Patutahi River
 * Pearse River
 * Pearson River
 * Penk River
 * Percival River
 * Peria River
 * Perth River
 * Perunui River
 * Phantom River
 * Piako River
 * Pitt River
 * Pleasant River
 * Poerua River (Grey District)
 * Poerua River (Westland District)
 * Pohangina River
 * Pohuenui River
 * Pokororo River
 * Pomahaka River
 * Pongaroa River
 * Pōrangahau River
 * Poroporo River
 * Pororari River
 * Porter River
 * Postal River
 * Potts River
 * Pouawa River
 * Poulter River
 * Pourakino River
 * Pourangaki River
 * Price River (New Zealand)
 * Pūerua River
 * Puhi Puhi River
 * Puhoi River
 * Pukaki River
 * Pūkio Stream
 * Punakaiki River
 * Punakitere River
 * Pungapunga River
 * Puniu River
 * Pupuke River
 * Purakaunui River
 * Purangi River
 * Puremāhaia River
 * Puriri River
 * Pyke River

R

 * Racehorse River
 * Rahu River
 * Rai River
 * Rainbow River
 * Rainy River (Marlborough)
 * Rainy River (Tasman)
 * Rakaia River
 * Rakeahua River
 * Rangiora River
 * Rangitaiki River
 * Rangitane River
 * Rangitata River
 * Rangitīkei River
 * Rappahannock River
 * Raukokore River
 * Rea River
 * Red Pyke River
 * Red River
 * Rees River
 * Reikorangi Stream
 * Rerewhakaaitu River
 * Retaruke River
 * Ripia River
 * Riuwaka River
 * Roaring Lion River
 * Robertson River
 * Robinson River
 * Rocky River
 * Roding River
 * Rogerson River
 * Rolleston River
 * Rolling River
 * Ronga River
 * Rooney River
 * Rotokakahi River
 * Rotokino River
 * Rotowhenua River
 * Ruakākā River
 * Ruakituri River
 * Ruakokoputuna River
 * Ruamahanga River
 * Rubicon River
 * Ruera River
 * Rum River
 * Ryton River

S

 * Sabine River
 * Saxon River
 * Saxton River
 * Seaforth River
 * Seaward River
 * Selwyn River / Waikirikiri
 * Serpentine River
 * Severn River
 * Shag River (Fiordland)
 * Shenandoah River
 * Sheriff River/Station Creek
 * Sherry River
 * Shin River
 * Shotover River
 * Sinclair River
 * Skeet River
 * Slate River
 * Smite River
 * Smoothwater River
 * Smyth River
 * Snow River
 * Snowy River
 * South Mathias River
 * South Ohau River, Canterbury
 * South Ohau River, Wellington
 * South Opuha River
 * Southern Waiotauru River
 * Spey River (Southland)
 * Spey River (Tasman)
 * Spoon River
 * Spray River
 * Stafford River
 * Stanley River (Canterbury)
 * Stanley River (Tasman)
 * Stanton River
 * Stillwater River
 * Stony River
 * Stour River
 * Strauchon River
 * Styx Creek
 * Styx River (Canterbury)
 * Styx River (North Canterbury)
 * Styx River (West Coast)
 * Swift River
 * Swin Burn
 * Swin River

T

 * Tadmor River
 * Tahaenui River
 * Tahakopa River
 * Taharua River
 * Taheke River
 * Tahekeroa River
 * Tahoranui River
 * Taieri River
 * Taiharuru River
 * Taihiki River
 * Taipa River
 * Taipō River (Buller District)
 * Taipo River (Westland District)
 * Taipoiti River
 * Tairua River
 * Takahue River
 * Tākaka River
 * Takaputahi River
 * Takiritawai River
 * Takou River
 * Talbot River
 * Tāmaki River
 * Tamaki River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Tangahoe River
 * Tāngarākau River
 * Tapu River
 * Tapuaeroa River
 * Tapuwae River
 * Taramakau River
 * Tarawera River
 * Taringamotu River
 * Taruarau River
 * Taruheru River
 * Tasman River
 * Tass River
 * Tauanui River
 * Tauherenikau River
 * Tauhoa River
 * Taumona River
 * Tauranga River
 * Tauranga Taupō River
 * Taurangakautuku River
 * Tauraroa River
 * Tautuku River
 * Tauweru River
 * Tawapuku River
 * Tawarau River
 * Tawatahi River
 * Taylor River
 * Te Arai River
 * Te Awa Kairangi / Hutt River
 * Te Hoe River
 * Te Hoiere / Pelorus River
 * Te Kapa River
 * Te Kauparenui / Gowan River
 * Te Mata River
 * Te Naihi River
 * Te Putaaraukai River
 * Te Rahotaiepa River
 * Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek
 * Te Wharau River
 * Teal River
 * Tekapo River
 * Teme River
 * Temuka River
 * Tengawai River
 * Teviot River
 * Thomas River (Canterbury)
 * Thomas River (West Coast)
 * Thurso River
 * Tīmaru River
 * Tinline River
 * Tinui River
 * Tiraumea River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Tiraumea River (Tasman)
 * Toaroha River
 * Tohoratea River
 * Toitoi River
 * Tokanui River
 * Tokomairaro River
 * Tokomaru River
 * Tolson River
 * Tone River
 * Tongapōrutu River
 * Tongariro River
 * Topuni River
 * Tōrere River
 * Torrent River
 * Tōtara River (Buller District)
 * Tōtara River (Westland District)
 * Totarakaitorea River
 * Townshend River
 * Towy River
 * Transit River
 * Travers River
 * Trent River
 * Troyte River
 * Tuamarina River
 * Tuapeka River
 * Tuke River
 * Tukipo River
 * Tukituki River
 * Tummil River
 * Tunakino River
 * Turakina River
 * Turanganui River (Gisborne)
 * Turanganui River (Wellington)
 * Turimawiwi River
 * Turnbull River
 * Tutaekuri River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Tutaekuri River (Waiau River (Hawke's Bay) tributary)
 * Tūtaekurī River (West Coast)
 * Tutaki River
 * Tūtoko River
 * Tweed River
 * Twizel River

U

 * Uawa River
 * Ugly River
 * Upper Grey River
 * Upukerora River
 * Urenui River
 * Utakura River

V

 * Victoria River
 * Von River

W

 * Wahianoa River
 * Wai-iti River
 * Waianakarua River
 * Waianiwaniwa River
 * Waiapu River
 * Waiariki River
 * Waiaruhe River
 * Waiatoto River
 * Waiau River (Gisborne)
 * Waiau River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Waiau River (Southland)
 * Waiau Toa / Clarence River
 * Waiaua River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Waiaua River (Taranaki)
 * Waiau Uwha River
 * Waihāhā River
 * Waihao River
 * Waiheke River
 * Waihemo / Shag River
 * Waihi River
 * Waiho River
 * Waihoihoi River
 * Waihopai River (Marlborough)
 * Waihopai River (Southland)
 * Waihora River
 * Waihou River
 * Waihua River
 * Waihuka River
 * Waikaia River
 * Waikākaho River
 * Waikakariki River
 * Waikamaka River
 * Waikanae River
 * Waikare River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Waikare River (Northland)
 * Waikaretāheke River
 * Waikari River (Canterbury)
 * Waikari River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Waikato River
 * Waikawa River
 * Waikawau River (Thames-Coromandel District)
 * Waikawau River (Waitomo District)
 * Waikiti River
 * Waikoau River
 * Waikohu River
 * Waikoropupu River
 * Waikorure River
 * Waikouaiti River
 * Waikukupa River
 * Waikura River (Raukokore River tributary)
 * Waikura River (Hangaroa River tributary)
 * Waima River
 * Waimakariri River
 * Waimamakau River
 * Waimamaku River
 * Waimana River
 * Waimangarara River
 * Waimangaroa River
 * Waimarino River
 * Waimata River
 * Waimea River (Southland)
 * Waimea River (Tasman)
 * Waimeamea River
 * Waingaro River (Tasman)
 * Waingaro River (Waikato)
 * Waingaromia River
 * Waingawa River
 * Waingongoro River
 * Wainui River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Wainui River (Manawatū-Whanganui)
 * Wainui River (Northland)
 * Wainui River (Tasman)
 * Wainuiomata River
 * Wainuiora River
 * Wainuioru River
 * Waioeka River
 * Waiohine River
 * Waiomoko River
 * Waionepu River
 * Waiorongomai River (Gisborne)
 * Waiorongomai River (Wellington)
 * Waiotahe River
 * Waiotaka River
 * Waiotama River
 * Waiotauru River
 * Waiotu River
 * Waipā River
 * Waipahi River
 * Waipakihi River
 * Waipaoa River
 * Waipapa River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Waipapa River (Northland)
 * Waipapa River (Waikato)
 * Waipati (Chaslands) River
 * Waipara River (Canterbury)
 * Waipara River (West Coast)
 * Waipekakoura River
 * Waipori River
 * Waipoua River (Northland)
 * Waipoua River (Wellington)
 * Waipu River
 * Waipunga River
 * Wairahi River
 * Wairakei River
 * Wairaki River
 * Wairau River
 * Wairaurāhiri River
 * Waireia River
 * Wairere River
 * Wairoa River (Auckland)
 * Wairoa River (Bay of Plenty)
 * Wairoa River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Wairoa River (Northland)
 * Wairoa River (Tasman)
 * Wairongomai River
 * Wairua River
 * Waita River
 * Waitaha River
 * Waitahaia River
 * Waitahanui River
 * Waitahu River
 * Waitāhuna River
 * Waitakaruru River
 * Waitakere (Nile) River
 * Waitākere River
 * Waitaki River
 * Waitangi River (Far North District)
 * Waitangi River (Whangarei District)
 * Waitangiroto River
 * Waitangitāhuna River
 * Waitara River
 * Waitatapia Stream
 * Waitati River
 * Waitawheta River
 * Waitekauri River
 * Waitekuri River
 * Waitepeka River
 * Waitetuna River
 * Waitewaewae River
 * Waitoa River
 * Waitoetoe River
 * Waitohi River
 * Waitōtara River
 * Waitutu River
 * Waiuku River
 * Waiwawa River
 * Waiwera River (Auckland)
 * Waiwera River (Otago)
 * Waiwhakaiho River
 * Waiwhango River
 * Waiwhetū Stream
 * Wakamarina River
 * Wakapuaka River
 * Walker River
 * Wandle River
 * Wanganui River
 * Wangapeka River
 * Wapiti River
 * Warwick River
 * Water of Leith
 * Weiti River
 * Wentworth River
 * West Mathias River
 * Western Hutt River
 * Whakaikai River
 * Whakaki River
 * Whakanekeneke River
 * Whakapapa River
 * Whakapara River
 * Whakapohai River
 * Whakarapa River
 * Whakatahine River
 * Whakataki River
 * Whakatāne River
 * Whakatīkei River
 * Whakaurekou River
 * Whanaki River
 * Whangae River
 * Whangaehu River
 * Whangamarino River
 * Whangamaroro River
 * Whangamoa River
 * Whangamōmona River
 * Whanganui River
 * Whangaparāoa River
 * Whareama River
 * Whareatea River
 * Wharehine River
 * Wharekahika River
 * Wharekawa River
 * Wharekōpae River
 * Wharemauku Stream
 * Wharepapa River
 * Whataroa River
 * Whau River
 * Whawanui River
 * Wheao River
 * Whenuakite River
 * Whenuakura River
 * Whirinaki River (Hawke's Bay)
 * Whirinaki River (Northland)
 * Whistler River
 * Whitbourn River
 * Whitcombe River
 * White River
 * White Rock River
 * Whitestone River
 * Whitewater River
 * Wilberforce River
 * Wild Natives River
 * Wilkin River
 * Wilkinson River
 * Willberg River
 * Williamson River
 * Wills River
 * Wilmot River
 * Wilson River
 * Windley River
 * Windward River
 * Winterton River
 * Wolff River
 * Woolley River
 * Worsley Stream
 * Wye River

Y

 * Yankee River
 * Yarra River
 * Young River

title: List of rivers of New Zealand


text:
Talk:Constitution of the United Kingdom

International law and the Constitution
In the first paragraph of the lead section, the "upholding of international law" is mentioned as a constitutional principle. The case of R v Lyons (UKHL 44 [2002 ]) is mentioned to support that. That is a misundertanding of the judgement, and can lead to a wrong conclusion on the part ofd the reader of the wiki article. While it is true that the opinions expressed by the Lords in the said judgement assert that british common law is to be interpreted in accordance with international law, it is equally true that international law is not part of UK law.

The UK has what is called a "transformation" system of reception of international norms (as opposed to States which have a direct reception system). This means that an international treaty can only become part of domestic law via an Act of Parliament (see wiki page on international legal dualis m).

Furthermore, judges can only use international law to interpret UK law if and when "free to do so" (Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No.2) [1990 1 AC 109 ], 283). This means that they cannot do so in direct contravention of the will of Parliament, as that would be a violation of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. This is precisely the reasoning that is followed in R v Lyons. For instance, Lord Hermann states that "In domestic law, the courts are obliged to give effect to the law as enacted by Parliament. This obligation is entirely unaffected by international law." (para. 40). Lord Millett said that European Court of Human Rights judgements "ha[ve] not been incorporated into our domestic law so as to be directly enforceable by individuals [...] while a judgment of the ECtHR is binding on the United Kingdom, it is not directly binding as a matter of our domestic law on the courts" (paras. 104-105).

I suggest the last sentence of the leading paragraph should reflect Lord Millett's position on the principles of the UK Constitution "the governing principles are the separation of powers, the supremacy of Parliament, and the independence of the judiciary". I also suggest the "internationalism" subsection should be amended to reflect the above. 139.47.42.191 (talk) 16:59, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Military power of Parliament??
The present text of the article states that "While Parliament had nearly uncontested military power before..." I don't even understand what this means. Parliament, as such, has not had any military power since the English Civil War, and even then it was hardly 'uncontested'. I assume that the word 'military' has crept in by mistake, but I can't think what it was meant to be.2A00:23C5:6492:8D01:E888:73F3:7B76:A0AD (talk) 14:06, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constitution of the United Kingdom


text:
User talk:Juvenile Delinquent

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title: User talk:Juvenile Delinquent


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Wikipedia:Banning policy

A ban is a formal prohibition from editing some or all pages on the English Wikipedia, or a formal prohibition from making certain types of edits on Wikipedia pages. Bans can be imposed for a specified or an indefinite duration.

Bans are a possible outcome of dispute resolution. They may be imposed by a consensus of the community, by the Arbitration Committee, the Wikimedia Foundation, or by administrators (in certain topic areas). A ban is normally a site ban (prohibiting all editing), but it may be limited to a page ban, a topic ban (prohibiting edits on pages relating to certain topic areas) or an interaction ban (prohibiting edits that interact with certain other editors). In certain cases, global bans, which prohibit the editing of any Wikimedia Foundation wiki, can be issued.

Bans are different from blocks, which are used by administrators to technically prevent a user account or IP address from editing Wikipedia. Blocks are used chiefly to deal with immediate problems such as vandalism, disruptive editing or edit warring. A ban, on the other hand, does not technically prevent editing; however, blocks may be used to enforce bans.

Types of bans
The following are the common types of bans; other bans may be used when appropriate:

Site ban
Unless otherwise specified, a ban is a site ban. An editor who is site-banned is forbidden from making any edit, anywhere on Wikipedia, via any account or as an unregistered user, under any and all circumstances. The only exception is that editors with talk page access may appeal in accordance with the provisions below.

Article ban or page ban
An article ban forbids an editor from editing a specific article or set of articles. The text of the ban should state whether the ban includes or excludes the article's talk page. Editors subject to an article ban are free to edit other related pages or discuss the topic elsewhere on Wikipedia. Article bans may be enforced using partial blocks from the affected pages.

When the word "page" is used in a ban, it means any page on Wikipedia, including for example user, talk, discussion, file, category or template pages. The word "article" usually refers only to mainspace pages. If any other related pages (such as the page's talk page) are to be covered it will usually be stated explicitly.

Topic ban
The purpose of a topic ban is to forbid editors from making edits related to a certain topic area where their contributions have been disruptive, but to allow them to edit the rest of Wikipedia. Unless clearly and unambiguously specified otherwise, a topic ban covers all pages (not only articles) broadly related to the topic, as well as the parts of other pages that are related to the topic, as encapsulated in the phrase "broadly construed". For example, if an editor is banned from the topic "weather", this editor is forbidden from editing not only the article Weather, but also everything else that has to do with weather, such as: A list of currently active editing restrictions (including topic bans) can be found here.
 * weather-related articles and lists, such as Wind and List of weather records, and their talk pages;
 * weather-related categories such as all of the categories that are associated with Category:Weather;
 * weather-related project pages, such as WikiProject Meteorology;
 * weather-related parts of other pages, even if the pages as a whole have little or nothing to do with weather: the section entitled "Climate" in the article California, for example, is covered by the topic ban, but the rest of the article is not;
 * discussions or suggestions about weather-related topics anywhere on Wikipedia, for instance, a deletion discussion concerning an article about a meteorologist, but also including edit summaries and the user's own user and talk pages (including sandboxes).

Interaction ban
The purpose of an interaction ban (IBAN) is to stop a conflict between individuals. A one-way interaction ban forbids one user from interacting with another user. A two-way interaction ban forbids both users from interacting with each other. Although the interaction-banned users are generally allowed to edit the same pages or discussions so long as they avoid each other, they are not allowed to interact with each other.

For example, if Bar is banned from interacting with Foo, Bar would not be allowed to:
 * edit Foo's user and talk pages;
 * reply to Foo in discussions;
 * mention @Foo by linking to their user page;
 * make reference to or comment on Foo anywhere on Wikipedia, directly or indirectly;
 * undo Foo's edits to any page, whether by use of the revert function or by other means;
 * use the thanks extension to respond to Foo's edits.

A no-fault two-way interaction ban is often a quick and painless way to prevent a dispute from causing further distress or wider disruption.

Interaction bans are listed at Editing restrictions.

Exceptions to limited bans
Unless stated otherwise, article, page, topic, or interaction bans do not apply to the following:

 * 1) Reverting obvious vandalism (such as page content being replaced by obscenities) or obvious violations of the policy about biographies of living persons. The key word is "obvious"  that is, cases in which no reasonable person could disagree.
 * 2) Engaging in legitimate and necessary dispute resolution, e.g. addressing a legitimate concern about the ban itself in an appropriate forum. Examples include:
 * 3) * asking an administrator to take action against a violation of an interaction ban by another user (but normally not more than once, and only by mentioning the fact of the violation)
 * 4) * asking for necessary clarifications about the scope of the ban
 * 5) * appealing the ban

As a banned user, if you think your editing is exempted from the ban according to these rules, you should explain why that is so at the time of the edit, for example in the edit summary. When in doubt, do not make the edit. Instead, engage in dispute resolution or ask whoever imposed the ban to clarify.

Global ban
The Wikimedia community, or the Wikimedia foundation, may impose a global ban on editors. A global ban prohibits an editor from making any edit under any circumstance to any Wikimedia project.

Decision to ban

 * See also: Category:Banned Wikipedia users, Editing restrictions and Long-term abuse. Note that the absence of editors from these lists does not necessarily mean that they are not banned.

Authority to ban
The decision to ban an editor can be made by the following groups or persons:

 * 1) The Wikipedia community can impose a ban by consensus, as described in § Community bans and restrictions.
 * 2) The Arbitration Committee can impose a ban, usually in response to a request for arbitration.
 * 3) Both the Arbitration Committee and the Wikipedia community may delegate the authority to impose bans. They have authorized administrators to impose editing restrictions (including bans) in certain topic areas (see Contentious topics and General sanctions).
 * 4) Individual administrators may impose unblock conditions (such as page, topic, and interaction bans) with the agreement of the blocked user.
 * 5) The Wikimedia Foundation has the authority to ban editors (see meta:WMF Global Ban Policy and Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation).
 * 6) Users may be globally banned from the English Wikipedia and all other Wikimedia projects, either by the broader Wikimedia community or by the Wikimedia Foundation. In the case of the former, English Wikipedia users will be explicitly invited to participate in the Meta-Wiki discussion to ban the user in question.

Except as noted above, individual editors, including administrators, may not directly impose bans.

Community bans and restrictions
The community may reach a consensus to impose various types of sanctions on editors:
 * If an editor has proven to be repeatedly disruptive in one or more areas of Wikipedia, the community may impose a time-limited or indefinite topic ban, interaction ban, site ban, or other editing restriction(s) via a consensus of editors who are not involved in the underlying dispute. When determining consensus, the closing administrator will assess the strength and quality of the arguments made.
 * In some cases the community may review a block or an editor's unblock request and reach a consensus of uninvolved editors to endorse the block as a community sanction.
 * Editors who are indefinitely blocked by community consensus, or remain indefinitely blocked after due consideration by the community, are considered "banned by the Wikipedia community".
 * Exception: A third-party block review that results in a normal administrator block being endorsed is not converted into a community ban.

Community sanctions may be discussed on the Administrators' noticeboard (preferred) or on Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Discussions may be organized via a template to distinguish comments by involved and uninvolved editors, and to allow the subject editor to post a response. Sanction discussions must be kept open for at least 24 hours before any sanction is implemented to allow time for comments from a broad selection of community members. For site bans, the discussion must be kept open for 72 hours except in cases where there is limited opposition and the outcome is obvious after 24 hours. If the discussion appears to have reached a consensus for a particular sanction, an uninvolved administrator closes the discussion, notifies the subject accordingly, and enacts any blocks called for. Except for a site ban, the sanction should be logged at the appropriate venue if necessary, usually Editing restrictions or Long-term abuse. If a block is administered to enforce a community sanction, please include a link to the discussion and note that the block is enforcing a community sanction in the block log. All granted user rights groups of an indefinitely site-banned editor should be removed.

Editors without usernames may be banned by the community (example), but bans of editors using only IP addresses are rare.

Bans for repeated block evasion
Editors who are confirmed by a CheckUser to have engaged in sockpuppetry on at least two occasions after an initial indefinite block that is active, for any reason, are to be considered site banned by the English Wikipedia community. CheckUser findings must be documented on Wikipedia before a user is considered banned. Users who have been banned in this way are subject to the same unban conditions as users banned by community discussion.

Administrators or sockpuppet investigations clerks will normally tag the master account's user page with. If the user made substantial good faith contributions before being banned, a notice should be placed on the administrators' noticeboard alerting the community to the ban.

Recidivism may lead to a ban
In 2012, the Arbitration Committee decided that "Users who have been sanctioned for improper conduct are expected to avoid repeating it should they continue to participate in the project. Failure to do so may lead to the imposition of increasingly severe sanctions."

Duration of bans
Bans are not intended as a short-term measure. Sometimes a ban may be for a fixed period of some months. More often no period is specified, because the ban is a decision that the editor may not edit or participate in the specified matters on this site.

Appeals of bans imposed by the community
Bans imposed by the community may be appealed to the community or, where there are serious questions about the validity of the ban discussion or its closure, to the Arbitration Committee.
 * Editors who are banned from a topic area or certain pages but can otherwise edit, may appeal (and comment in an appeal discussion) on-wiki, either at the administrators' noticeboard, or, if there are serious questions about the validity of the ban discussion or its closure, by filing a case request.
 * Editors who cannot edit any page except their own talk page may:
 * Post an appeal unblock template or comment there, by email or other off-site means such as the Unblock Ticket Request System (UTRS), and ask for it to be reposted to the appropriate discussion board. This is a voluntary act and should not be abused or used to excess.
 * Submit an appeal to UTRS and ask an administrator to post it to the appropriate discussion board. This is a voluntary act and should not be abused or used to excess.
 * Where there are serious questions about the validity of the ban discussion or its closure, appeal by email to the Arbitration Committee. An email appeal must specify the banned editor's Wikipedia username and any other usernames they have used to edit Wikipedia in the past two years. (Using Wikipedia's email feature to email Arbitration Committee automatically reveals the account used for sending it.) The appeal should clearly but succinctly explain the reasons the editor feels the ban should be overturned, such as what lessons the editor has learned since the ban or block was imposed, how the editor would conduct themself differently in the future if they are allowed to resume editing, or why they believe the ban was unfair. The editor should also include links to any relevant on-wiki discussions and any other information necessary to understand the grounds for the appeal.
 * Editors unable to edit any page (even their own talk page) should appeal through the Unblock Ticket Request System asking an administrator to post their appeal to the appropriate discussion board. This is a voluntary act, and should not be abused or used to excess.
 * In some cases, a banned editor may be unblocked for the purpose of filing an appeal. In such cases, editing of any unrelated page or other matter is grounds for immediate re-blocking. Editors banned by the Arbitration Committee must appeal to the Committee (see below).

Appeal of Arbitration Committee decisions

 * Editors who are banned from a topic area or certain pages but can otherwise edit, may appeal (and comment in an appeal discussion) on-wiki, by filing an amendment request.
 * Editors who are blocked from editing by the Arbitration Committee can appeal by emailing the Arbitration Committee using the EmailUser function or, if email is disabled, by emailing . An email appeal must specify the banned editor's Wikipedia username and any other usernames they have used to edit Wikipedia in the past two years. The appeal should clearly but succinctly explain the reasons the editor feels the ban should be overturned, such as what lessons the editor has learned since the ban or block was imposed, how the editor would conduct themself differently in the future if they are allowed to resume editing, or why they believe the ban was unfair. The editor should also include links to any relevant on-wiki discussions and any other information necessary to understand the grounds for the appeal.

Arbitration enforcement bans
The following are the applicable parts from the standard provision for appeals of arbitration enforcement bans:

Evasion and enforcement
Wikipedia's approach to enforcing bans balances a number of competing concerns:
 * Maximizing the quality of the encyclopedia.
 * Avoiding inconvenience or aggravation to any victims of mistaken identity.
 * Maximizing the number of editors who can edit Wikipedia.
 * Avoiding conflict within the community over banned editors.
 * Dissuading or preventing banned editors from editing Wikipedia or the relevant area of the ban.

As a result, enforcement has a number of aspects. While all editors are expected to respect the enforcement of policies by not undermining or sabotaging them, no editor is personally obligated to help enforce any ban.

Bans apply to all editing, good or bad
Editors are site-banned or topic-banned only as a last resort, usually for extreme or very persistent problems that have not been resolved by lesser sanctions and that often result in considerable disruption or stress to other editors. A ban is not merely a request to avoid editing "unless they behave". The measure of a ban is that even if the editor were to make good or good-faith edits, permitting them to edit in those areas is perceived to pose enough risk of disruption, issues, or harm, to the page or to the project, that they may not edit at all, even if the edits seem good.

A number of site-banned editors have used "good editing" (such as anti-vandalism edits) tactically, to try and game the banning system, "prove" they cannot be banned, or force editors into the paradox of either allowing banned editing or removing good content. Even if such editors make only good edits, they will be rebanned for evasion.

On very rare occasions, a limited exception may be requested; for example, to participate in a particular discussion.

If there is any doubt whether a limited ban prohibits any specific edit, the banned editor should assume that it does, unless whoever imposed the ban expressly clarifies that it does not. If clarification is not sought before making the edit, the banned editor assumes the risk that an administrator takes a broader view of the scope of the ban and enforces it with a block or other sanction.

Blocks
In the case of project-wide bans, the primary account of any banned editor may be entirely blocked for the duration of the ban. Partial bans may be backed up by partial blocks, but note that the scope of a ban is defined by its wording and not by the presence of partial blocks. Users that violate the terms of a partial ban may be site-wide blocked to enforce the ban.

If the banned editor creates sockpuppet accounts to evade the ban, these usually will be blocked as well. When evasion is a problem, the IP address of a banned editor who edits from a static IP address may also be blocked for the duration of the ban. If a banned editor evades the ban from a range of addresses, short-term IP blocks may be used.

Reset of ban following evasion
It is customary for the "ban timer" to be reset or extended if a banned editor attempts to edit in spite of the ban. No formal consideration is typically necessary. For example, if someone is banned for ten months, but on the sixth month attempts to evade the ban, then the ban timer may be reset from "four months remaining" to "ten months remaining", so if the editor does not subsequently evade the ban again, their eventual total duration would be 16 months. Repeated evasion may lead to a longer or more serious sanction.

An editor who has been banned or has had their account blocked, and tries to evade this by creating a new account, is known as a reincarnation of the old account. Obvious reincarnations are easily dealt with—the account is blocked and contributions are reverted or deleted, as discussed above. See sockpuppet for policy on dealing with unclear cases.

Edits by and on behalf of banned and blocked editors
Anyone is free to revert any edits made in violation of a ban or block, without giving any further reason and without regard to the three-revert rule. This does not mean that edits must be reverted just because they were made by a banned editor (changes that are obviously helpful, such as fixing typos or undoing vandalism, can be allowed to stand), but the presumption in ambiguous cases should be to revert.

When reverting edits, care should be taken not to reinstate material that may be in violation of such core policies as neutrality, verifiability, and biographies of living persons.

Pages created by banned or blocked users in violation of their ban or block, and which have no substantial edits by others, are eligible for speedy deletion under the G5 criterion. If the edits by the good faith editors are substantial, G5 no longer applies.

Since categorization can impact many pages, and deletion of a category without merging can leave pages orphaned, you should carefully consider what to do with categories created by a banned or blocked user. Blatantly useless categories can be speedy-deleted, as well as any categories which clearly violate existing category standards. Care should nonetheless be taken to see if articles need to be merged to a parent category before the speedy deletion. Categories created by a banned user which may be useful or fit into a larger category scheme can be tagged for discussion and possible merging using the categories for discussion process instead of deleting them outright.

Proxying
Editors in turn are not permitted to post or edit material at the direction of a banned or blocked editor (sometimes called proxy editing or proxying) unless they are able to show that the changes are productive and they have independent reasons for making such edits. Editors who reinstate edits made by a banned or blocked editor take complete responsibility for the content.

New accounts which engage in the same behavior as a banned or blocked editor in the same context, and who appear to be editing Wikipedia solely for that purpose, are subject to the remedies applied to the editor whose behavior they are imitating. See the policy on sockpuppetry and meatpuppetry.

User pages
Site banned and global banned editors' user and user talk pages should be updated with a notice of the ban, linking to any applicable discussion or decision-making pages. The purpose of this notice is to announce the ban to editors encountering the banned editor's edits.

Further enforcement measures
Serious, ongoing ban evasion is sometimes dealt with by technical means or by making an abuse complaint with the operator of the network from which the edits originate.

Indefinitely site-banned editors may be restricted from editing their user talk page or using email.

Difference between bans and blocks
The standard distinction is that a ban is a social decision about the right to edit; a block is a technically imposed enforcement setting. Blocks are much more common than bans; in 2023, more than 80,000 accounts were blocked.

The MediaWiki software allows the ability to block editing of individual pages, known as a 'partial block', and sometimes this is used as a means of enforcing a specific set of ban conditions. However, bans such as topic bans or interaction bans still require human judgement to enforce and assess, and the presence or not of a partial block in furtherance of a topic ban or interaction ban should not be seen as a limitation on the scope of such a ban, which is defined by the wording of the ban and not of the presence or not of partial blocks. Editors who are banned from specific pages or topics must immediately cease editing these pages or topics. If they do not, then a block will be used to enforce the ban. Such a block will necessarily prevent their editing of the entire site, but they are not banned from the site and remain members of the community.

An editor who is "sitebanned" (which may sometimes be described as a "full ban") has been completely ejected from the project. For the duration of their ban, their edits are subject to reversion, although personal attacks towards them remain unacceptable.

Conduct towards banned editors
Wikipedia's hope for banned editors is that they will leave Wikipedia or the affected area with their pride and dignity intact, whether permanently or for the duration of their ban. It is unacceptable to take advantage of banned editors, whether by mocking, baiting, or otherwise abusing them. Personal attacks, outing, and other prohibited behaviours remain unacceptable even if directed towards a banned editor.

Scope and reciprocity
The English-language Wikipedia does not have authority over the Meta-Wiki, Wikimedia sister projects, or Wikipedias in languages other than English. As such, bans issued by the English Wikipedia community or Arbitration Committee have no effect on other projects.

title: Wikipedia:Banning policy


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User talk:205.188.116.7

Proposed deletion of Goldfish (cracker)

The article Goldfish (cracker) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "It doesnt smile back. "

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sebbers10 Your bisexual friend! 16:30, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:205.188.116.7


text: User talk:205.188.116.211

title: User talk:205.188.116.211


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Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں تیرہویں ترمیم) was a short-lived amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, adopted by the Parliament of Pakistan in 1997 by the civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. It stripped the President of Pakistan of his reserve power to dissolve the National Assembly, and thereby triggering new elections and dismissing the Prime Minister. The Constitutional Amendment was supported by both the government and the opposition, and was thus passed unanimously. With the enforcing of this amendment, Pakistan's system of government was shifted from Semi-presidential system to Parliamentary democratic republic system.

The amendment removed Article 58(2)(b) of the Constitution, which gave the President the power to: "dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion where, in his opinion ... a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary."

In Pakistan, once legislators are elected to national or provincial assemblies, the people cannot recall them before the end of their five-year terms. In the past, this has contributed to a sense of immunity on the part of members of the ruling party, and to a public perception of rampant corruption among leading politicians –  in 1997, Pakistan received the second-worst score in the world on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index.

A few months later, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, which subjected Members of Parliament to very strict party discipline by giving party leaders unlimited power to dismiss legislators who failed to vote as directed. This virtually eliminated any chance of a Prime Minister of being thrown out of office by a motion of no confidence. The amendments removed nearly all institutional checks and balances on the Prime Minister's power, by effectively removing the legal remedies by which he could be dismissed.

Nawaz Sharif's government became increasingly unpopular after the passage of these amendments, even though it was the election of his Pakistan Muslim League by a heavy majority that enabled him to alter the Constitution in the first place. A few months later, Nawaz Sharif's partisan stormed the Supreme Court of Pakistan and forced the resignation of the Chief Justice. This strengthened the perception that the country was becoming a civilian dictatorship.

In 1999, the Pakistan Army General Pervez Musharraf assumed power in a military-led bloodless coup. Among the reasons he gave for doing so were the destruction of institutional checks and balances, and the prevailing corruption in the political leadership. The coup was widely welcomed in Pakistan. Amongst the Opposition, ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was one of the first leaders to congratulate General Pervez Musharraf for removing Nawaz Sharif. The Supreme Court later validated the removal on the grounds that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments resulted in a situation for which there was no constitutional remedy.

In October 2002, elections were held in Pakistan. In December 2003, Parliament passed the Seventeenth Amendment, which partially restored the President's reserve power to dissolve Parliament and thus remove the Prime Minister from office, but made it subject to Supreme Court approval.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tourism in Argentina

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Tourism of Argentina.

This page is kept as an historic record.

After a large addition of new material, consensus was to move to Tourism in Argentina and keep.

From Cleanup, has been there since February. The topic is reasonable but the current page is not. It describes just one neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, San Telmo. That information is all repeated in San Telmo article and is more appropriate there. Removing San Telmo information from the current article would make it empty. Because of that, I propose to delete Tourism of Argentina. Andris 23:24, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ooh, messy. Valid subject, but there's a lot more to Argentina than just Buenos Aires, and this doesn't even do a good job of presenting what is supposed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Some useful facts, though. Merge with Argentina or Buenos Aires and delete. - Lucky 6.9 23:29, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - other countries seem to have tourism pages. Put it up on Pages needing attention(/badly). --bodnotbod 00:36, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Though it would be named (as are the others) Tourism IN Argentina. --bodnotbod 00:38, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the page had some content fitting Tourism in Argentina, I would put it on Pages needing attention. But it does not (and has been on Cleanup for two months without improvement), so I would rather have it deleted (and let someone create a new page with better content later). Andris 01:14, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. trashy as is. --Jiang 03:17, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but as others say, needs to be list on pages needing attention Burgundavia 07:28, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Repetition of content in other articles is ok - tourism is a separate topic. Support rename if that helps consistency. I'm not confident that deletion will result in a better article any quicker than relisting on Cleanup/WP:PNA. --Zigger 18:29, 2004 May 13 (UTC)
 * I added some new material. MK 20:11, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Good! I withdraw my request to delete. Keep the new version. Andris 00:22, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I also favor the name change to "Tourism in Argentina", for reasons of grammar and compatibility. MK 05:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.