text:
Talk:SubSpace (video game)

SubSpace
...is the name of the game. The article has subsequently been moved from Continuum_(computer_game) to SubSpace_(computer_game). Discussion welcome. ¦ Reisio 09:07, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Old Discussion
I removed the zone site listings because I was concerned about possible POV. Both SubspaceHQ and SS/Continuum Resource, already in the links section, have lists of zones and their sites, so I see no need to list every zone here. Listing only a few zones may be seen as favoritist to those zones. -- Slowking Man

 * I added the "Trench Wars" zone because it is by far the most populated zone in Continuum. I agree that we shouldn't list all zones, but I think it is ok to link the most populated one. (For comparsion: Trench Wars has 602 users playing at this moment, while the next bigges one, Extreme Games, has just 263.) --Conti 22:00, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if you think it's relevant to the article, then go ahead. I'm not trying to lord over this article or anything. :) My goal is to (eventually) bring it up to featured status, though (I'm trying to get an answer on the copyright status of Continuum screenshots), so I'm just trying to avoid POV issues. -- Slowking Man 05:07, May 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, if I add Trench Wars, I guess many people will add their favourite zone as well.. so it might not be a that good idea. But maybe a mentioning of it would be nice.
 * I don't really know about the copyright status of computer game screenshots, but Myth (computer game) got one, so I guess it's ok. This page should be moved to Continuum (computer game) by the way. --Conti 21:22, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but, being stupid, I didn't realize there was a "Move this page" link on the left. =\ It's moved now, as you can see. Concerning the screenshot, I'm not too confident that the Myth (computer game) picture is allowable. He states that it "should be under fair use," which doesn't seem too confident to me. I'll keep trying to get an answer. -- Slowking Man 02:49, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * I searched a bit through Wikipedia, regarding the screenshot issue. Wikipedia:Copyrights states that "Wikipedia contains some content (such as low resolution images, screenshots, and short quotations) that are not licensed under terms of the GNU FDL and are instead used under the fair use/fair dealing doctrine of copyright law.". Numerous other articles about computer games also got screenshots (Monkey Island, Mortal Kombat), and there also is a for using computer game screenshots. So I'd say it's safe to put some Continuum screenshots in the article. :-) --Conti 14:50, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I ought to have you shot for all the inaccuracies you've put onto this article (originally, I see some got corrected since), blackie would've had you banned. And you talk of POV? How about you pimping the biggest newb zone of them all (trench). Continuum was not originally known as SubSpace, continuum is a 3rd party hack of a client made for the game SubSpace. Also, the ploy about continuum being made to battle cheating is a big lie. The VIE client & Server softwares are perfectly capable of fighting cheating, always were. Same goes to "not releasing continuum source for security reasons". Besides that, cheating at general died out in SubSpace long before continuum came. Furthermore, the highest level of access is a Billing Operator (ussually the host themselves). Moderators are unable to reward players in any truely meaningful way and they can modify access list (allowing/denying entry when permission mode set on). There are probably more of them, but I'm too tired to even try. - Gravitron

 * Few issues left, but you shouldn't have as much to complain about anymore, Grav. ¦ (Akai) Reisio 17:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pictures
All right, I added pictures! I put in some more content, too. -- Slowking Man 06:07, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice work! But I think we don't really need the pictures of the balls/greens/flags, they don't really show anything in my opinion. Maybe another screenshot of the game that shows the diversity of it would be nice. I'm a bit busy at the moment, but I could do that in a few days. --Conti 00:09, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. I thought that it was kind of hard to describe the objects in text, so I wanted to provide a visual. But if you could get a screenshot of all that, it would probably be better. -- Slowking Man 03:57, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * An in-game screenshot of the balls, greens and flags would be good here. In what zone did you made the screenshot in the article? It would be nice to mention it on the page. --Conti 09:38, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I added the info; it's from Star Warzone. I'll try to get another screenshot tomorrow for descriptive purposes, maybe from Alpha.

Well, I added a screenshot showing the weapons and items. I'm going to work on fleshing out some of the sections next. -- Slowking Man 06:33, Jun 3, 2004 (UTC)

I uploaded Image:Continuumscreenshots.png now. It shows four types of events, partly with completely different graphics. They were all made in SSCU Trench Wars. The screenshot is a bit big, but maybe we could add it somewhere in the artcile. What do you think? --Conti 11:56, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hey, I have redone  ContiE's picture to show real game customization. We do not need a Trench Wars advertisement on this. If we want to show arenas with different graphics my new screen is far better. I took the BEST looking possible arenas to illustrate how highly customizable SubSpace can be.

I also added pictures of Continuum 0.38/Subspace 1.35 side by side for client confussion page.

AND i added the info box with the cover art.

-Death+ (SSCI Owner) June 13'th 2006, 5:08PM (PST)

added 3d ship pictures -Cheese 08:41, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

History inaccuracy
Subspace was originally called "Sniper" and its beta started in 1995
 * FYI - fixed a while ago. ¦ Reisio 07:34, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * While the game may have been in a closed alpha in 1995, Rodvik put out the first open call for testers in February of 1996. The first report of someone actually playing the game came that March. --einexile 00:37, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Inaccuracies
I edited the sections on Friday, Feb 3rd because they were not true and demonstrated a complete lack of understanding of fundamentals of how SVS Subspace works. I thought that the mistakes were basic enough that any person who had played SVS Subspace would realize that they were incorrect, so I did not bother to add any details about the changes. I guess I should not have assumed that.

Terriors drain energy from bullets at approximately the same rate as any other ship. This can be tested quite easily. Their two bullets do not count as two independent bullets in either doing damage or draining energy.

Two L3 bombs will not kill a full energy opponent because on direct hits. L3 bombs simply have more prox, and thus do more damage on indirect hits. However, they will never get to the 850 per bomb needed to kill on two direct hits only.

I also made some additional minor changes to various ship information. -- Krazikarl 2005 Feb. 5

Aye, even if the terrier has a wider multifire it still does the same damage that a normal L3 bullet would do. And prox does not increase damage, just the range of it. --X`terrania 04:07, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * One day I'll return to review this entire fiasco and correct it proper. --Ori Klein 10:33, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

SnrrrubSpace
To the best of my knowledge I was unaware that Snrrrub actually "completed" SubSpace. Is there a source for this statement? The farthest SnrrrubSpace got was as a graphical chat client, and the reasons for not continuing development was Snrrrub not having enough time & it being a moot point with Continuum-only servers. --i88gerbils, somewhat of a SubSpace historian.

 * Probably just exaggeration. Fixed. ¦ Reisio 02:13, 2005 July 22 (UTC)

I could've swore he gave up on that project. Hopefully one day Priitk will return to save us. --X`terrania 04:08, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Continuum Linked to Subspace in Search
It would help to link Subspace to Continuum in the searches. Considering SubSpace isn't a dead game and is now played as Continuum which has been worked on by PriitK and Mr. Ekted. Also, there is a poor representation of SVS (Standard Vie Settings) on the page. Storm Cat 16:18, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Changes
Slight rewrite, bit of copy editing; moved some names and definitions around, added some information, corrected a few errors. Why it was (or is) an MMO, some mention of Rod Humble, and a fairer explanation of the CLASS crack's prominence. SOE is not SCE, Infantry had a publisher prior to SOE but the actual publication never happened, the bit about Continuum's closed source code was speculation. Linked a new SVS stub. --einexile 02:04, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Concerning the Infobox
Please re-edit the page as the Infobox destroys the layout, especially in 800x600 and/or windowed mode. Also, edit it as it makes the game sound dead. --Io Katai

Response... Look at StarCraf,WarCraft,C&C,Sim City games or world of warcraft ANY OTHER HIGH PROFILE GAME, they all get an info box. Subspace is a real game and should have it. I followed the same layout as everyother game.

Not many people use 800x600 reso these days and the client has not been updated OFFICAL Release since 2003, why would we lie, just becuase the client hasent been update ddosent mean zones dont update or that the game is dead?

-Death+ (SSCI Owner) June 13'th 2006, 5:08PM (PST)

 * I kind of beg to differ Death+. I'm not saying get rid of the infobox, fix it so it doesn't conflict with the contents box and text. I've checked all the other game pages you mentioned, and unlike SubSpace, they don't have problems under other resolutions. Both 800x600 and 1024x768 are the standard resolutions still widely used, so just because you don't use it, doesn't mean others don't. And the reason it sounds outdated is because the media isn't only CD-ROM and neither is the requirement. --Io Katai 0:52 EST, June 14th, 2006

Hey, I will modify the infobox to be like StarCraft so lower resolutions will no longer have issues, sorry.

I will update the meida section also, add download also. ALTHOUGH, World of War Craft(WOW) is actaully downloadable by Bittorent from blizzard but it is listed as CD. That is why I figured It was proper format. I agree though, I will add Download.

Thanks for disscussion.

-Death+ (SSCI Server Owner) June 14'th 2006, 7:11PM (PST)

Ship edits
i have changed the descriptions for all of the ships. as i was reading through it for the first time i realized that the descriptions were completly mixed up. for example, the weasel has the ability to go invisible and is used for covert-ops, however, the article stated that the spider was used for it.

please do not revert these changes back —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Matthias321 (talk • contribs).

yes the ships were very inaccruate and had many false writings. I also tried to change them to the correct versions thank you. These edits everyone will find correct by just playing the game and using every ship. the warbird=one bullet jav=bouncing bombs spider=repetitive firing of bullets lev=slow and strong bombs terr=attachable and double barrel weasel=cloaker and small(original large) lanc=double barrel on multifire two shots normally and shark=repels and mines. please keep the current changes and play the game for reference —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Thefire (talk • contribs).

 * As far as I know, the description of the ships was for the Standard VIE Settings, not for the current ones used by, for example, Trench Wars. I'm not that sure if that's the case tho, so can anyone who has more experience with the game than me confirm this? Oh, and please sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). --Conti|✉ 16:04, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are playing a zone in which the sysop changed the functions of the ships considerably from Standard VIE Settings. Those ship settings are not relevant to this article. SubSeven 16:58, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

ok, i get it now. i will make an SSCU Trench Wars page with all the ships and leagues etc —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Matthias321 (talk • contribs) 15:22, 26 September 2006.

 * The article SSCU Trench Wars was created nearly a month ago and needs to be expanded, I encourage others who know more about it to help by editing it. Io Katai 20:24, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No need for a whole new article for TW, just a section for each zone inside the original article. Maurauth 13:51, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge Continuum (game client)
I'd like to suggest that Continuum (game client) be merged with this article.. It just makes no sense to me that the two should have different articles. It kind of takes up space. Most players that I know anyway call the game SubSpace Continuum by now, which also suggests that the two should be in the same article. Keep the article title 'SubSpace (computer game)' though, given the game's past. -- Zalethon (Talk) 07:17, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. But Continuum is a free multiplayer online client obtained seperately from the Subspace Computer Game, so it should have it's own section within the article. -- Electric  Eye  ( talk ) 10:34, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree to the merge. While both seem to be interchangeable terms for the current game; SubSpace represents the original game played, while Continuum represents the modern client used to access the game. By this standard, the article SubSpace (computer game) talks about the in-game details and history since VIE, while the article Continuum (game client) talks about the interface client developed to access the original SubSpace game & servers. It is important that users recognize the difference. - Io Katai 22:57, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * They are two seperate things? -- Electric Eye  ( talk ) 12:01, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi,

Continuum needs a separate page. It is far different from the original Virgin Interactive SubSpace. Do I need to explain this in detail? -Death+

 * SubSpace is the name of the game that is played. Continuum is the name of the modern client that is is now used to access the game.  There are many SubSpace clients/bots.  The orignal Virgin Interactive SubSpace client is different in many ways to the modern Continuum client. -Doc Flabby —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.133.20.40 (talk) 19:56, 14 January 2007 (UTC).

 * It's completely reworked from the original SubSpace. Maurauth 13:48, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm proposing a merger again. Continuum (game client) is not notable enough for its own article. This is true despite the fact that the game and the client are two different things; any notability the client has is just an extension of the notability of the game. Ichibani utc 16:02, 19 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Sigh... Opposed - we went through this already, the Continuum client and the SubSpace client are 2 separate things. The gameplay is similar, but the way the clients handle things (such as interface, client-server, etc.) and history are different. Since SubSpace was the original one, most of the detailed info is provided on this article, while a separate Continuum (game client) is notable enough for its own article. Anyhow, you can't use a guideline to reinforce your opinion. A vote was cast before, the vote was no. I give 2 weeks to provide better reasons as to why it should be merged. Io Katai 08:45, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Is the short and recent dicussion above the discussion to which you are referring Io? Otherwise, would you point us at the past discussion please?.  I also see little reason to keep two articles.  Both are relevant to a game which has gone through several phases of development, but can easily be seen as the same topic (and community!).  I would strongly support a merge as increased utility for readers and editors.  What is the benefit to keeping them split?  ∴ here…♠ 17:12, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Guidelines are there for a reason -- to help apply policy -- not to be ignored. Please don't just try to throw it away.  The purpose of notability guidelines are to hasten the process of ensuring -- per policy -- verifiability.  In this case, there are no reliable sources in the Continuum article, and per guideline and precedent, that indicates that the article is inadequate.  We apply the notability guidelines for web content to acknowledge that verifiability is not likely to be met for this article, particularly to the point of it being of sufficient quantity for a standalone article.  Whether or not the game and client are two different things is not an issue.  The client is only notable in the context of the game, and therefore the game's article is where the information belongs.
 * Again, keep in mind that it isn't an affront to the game or the client to merge them into one article, it is, as User:here suggests, beneficial to the encyclopedia. Ichibani  utc 00:13, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, if you don't think it's notable enough, it's called using the notability tag. You can't just accuse it of lacking sources and use that excuse to apply a merge. It won't change whether it is notable or not. This is sort of like trying to merge American English into British English just because they're both a part of the English language, but the true fact is, they're different things.
 * It is important that users recognize that a client and a game are two different things, especially when it comes to Continuum, which is reverse-engineered from the original SubSpace. It's not just been a debate about these two articles before, but the Continuum vs. SubSpace debate is age-long, and in the end it's best that the two are kept differently as they've always been. Io Katai 01:17, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I did not add a notability tag because I looked around for sources and could find absolutely none, which supports my own knowledge of the issue. Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy so there's no reason to take small steps when a big one is indicated.
 * It is important for the distinction between client and game to be made. However, the way to draw that distinction is not to create separate articles.  In cases where a topic is not notable enough for coverage on its own but is a valuable addition to the article on another, more notable topic, a merge is used. (for example, an unnotable book by an notable author simply being a redirect to that author). Ichibani  utc 01:43, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Notability has little to do with the merge discussion, though it would be appropriate to remove the material entirely -- from either article. There is no reason that the apparently critical distinction cannot be made within one article about the subspace and continuum phenomenon.  You may be clinging to some off-wiki political/image struggle from the community, but I still see no substantive argument that they should remain split.  That they are different is duely noted, now lets merge the two articles.  An (unnecessary) AfD would undoubtedly end in a merge, which I agree is the proper solution here.  Nothing is lost!  ∴ here…♠ 07:32, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's sort of obvious that you couldn't find references, because we're talking about an over 10-year-old game that collapsed after VIE, it's called using the webarchive. Anyhow, you still haven't told me any other reasons than notability as a reason to merge the two articles. - And to be honest, there is no struggle in this community (seriously, what community?) that you're talking about. - As I said, if you wanted notability apply the proper tags, otherwise provide a direct reason as to why the two articles should be merged. Merging articles doesn't make one or the other more notable. Io Katai 19:49, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Merging these articles is inacurrate and misleading, Continuum is not the only client for SubSpace, there are and have been a number of others. http://ss-discretion.sourceforge.net/ being one in active development.  Continuum is just the "current" client.  The GAME is called subspace, clients communicate using the SubSpace protocol http://wiki.minegoboom.com/index.php/Core_protocol, There are a number of CLIENTS TO PLAY SAID GAME, like IE and Firefox, both are HTTP clients.  They both do the same thing, does that mean they should be merged?
 * If you want to understand more about the history read this article http://www.trenchwars.org/index.php?v=gethelp&id=1
 * I shall list the main clients here for you. SubSpace - The original VIE client - is the boxed version that was sold in shops, Continuum - http://www.getcontinuum.com, Discretion - http://ss-discretion.sourceforge.net/, TWCORE http://www.twcore.org/, MervBot http://www.mervbot.com/ Theses a whole list of other clients here.  http://toktok.sscentral.com/ss-game.html 11:50, 28 July 2007 (UTC)  —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.134.106.86 (talk) 12:05, 28 July 2007 (UTC).
 * As of June 26, 2007, the article Continuum (game client) was merged into SubSpace (computer game), disregarding any discussion. Io Katai 18:14, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

I know how to make a redirect, but where would you put it? Someone please tell me. Prottos007 (talk) 23:34, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Trench Wars
When i read it, it basically talking about experiences in Trench Wars. his is not neutral since there are other zones with different characteristics. This need to be fixed fast.

--

Trench isnt mentioned once... and everything under gametypes/gameplay can be done in any zone Samba pa ti 08:51, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Ships
The article on the ships is very messed up. Will someone PPPPPLLLLLEEEEEAAAAAAASSSSSSSEEEEEEE correct it? Prottos007 16:35, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "Following is a description of each ship and its role in Standard VIE Settings. Although other zones may use settings based on SVS, they can differ entirely from these descriptions." - Io Katai 18:26, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Subspace Cover.jpg
Image:Subspace Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:20, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

King of the Hill
The text describing the King of the Hill game type sounds very confusing to me, especially as a non-player. The specific part of the text that makes little sense to me is: "If a player kills a flagger with a crown, or people in red, they can take their crown or to destroy 2 normal people with crowns. Most flaggers with low bounty do not give people their crown." Wait, what? eXonyte (talk) 13:32, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for noticing, I've reworded the entire paragraph. Please let me know if it is still difficult to comprehend. - Io Katai (talk) 17:47, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Zombies
Zombies dont even count as an actua subspace mode, its just a bot command —Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolman1250 (talk • contribs) 17:38, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Cruft
There's a lot of cruft in this article, especially the images. I'd stick with the basic description, gameplay section and history. SharkD (talk) 04:39, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Although the ship description section isn't exactly pertinent (especially due to the variability of the game, zones, and arenas), the rest is. For example, the 'Game Files' section was merged from a separate article which described the Continuum game client which is used to play the game today. The 'Game Dynamics' section helps describe the variability of the gameplay: similarly, Infantry Online, which is based off SubSpace, uses the same zone-style structure. The rest, although may not be too pertinent to people outside of the game community, remains encyclopedic information as it describes the archistructure of the game which differs greatly from nearly all other games (some things could technically have their own articles, but because they're dependant on this article, they'll just be re-merged). A lot of this 'cruft' you decribe can also be found on other articles such as Guild Wars (series), Breath of Fire III, Tales of Destiny, Eve Online, etc. The biggest difference is however, the fact that SubSpace is entirely ran by players, so more information is available to the public.
 * On a side note, I fail to see why you added the article to Category:Space combat simulators when it does not correspond to Space combat simulators in any sense. - Io Katai (talk) 13:13, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Irrelevant statement
The introduction states that "Although falling short of modern standards, SubSpace is widely considered an early entry in the massively multiplayer online genre".

Aside from the fact that it may be non-neutral, the statement seems completely irrelevant to whether or not SubSpace is an early MMO. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.248.89.158 (talk) 08:29, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Sections to be cleaned up
The previous edit by Eik Corell cleaned up quite a bit, but I think some of the deleted information should be brought back. The deleted sections were quite wordy and have a lot of unnecessary trivia, but I feel that the core of some sections could be salvaged and made useful. Specifically, here are the parts I'm keeping or trimming: Of course, feel free to edit and further trim down the sections. It would be nice to have some discussion before completely deleting whole sections, but I'm not against getting rid of sections that are useless or too trivial. --Eptin (talk) 21:44, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Trim: Competitive Play
 * Keep: Ships [the variety of ships heavily affected the gameplay]
 * Trim: Standard VIE Settings
 * Trim: Continuum client
 * Keep: A Small SubSpace Server [Seems useful to know that competing open-source clients exist]
 * [Other previously deleted sections stay deleted]

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on SubSpace (video game). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080319233447/http://subspace.legendzones.com/guide/index.php?page=ships%2Findex.php&title=Ships to http://subspace.legendzones.com/guide/index.php?page=ships%2Findex.php&title=Ships
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080319233504/http://subspace.legendzones.com/guide/index.php?page=zones%2Findex.php&title=Zones to http://subspace.legendzones.com/guide/index.php?page=zones%2Findex.php&title=Zones

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:48, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000308210921/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_10/30_virgin/index.html

title: Talk:SubSpace (video game)


text: User talk:67.113.58.207

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:67.113.58.207


text:
Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.

Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system, nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmins) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.

Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Congenital myasthenic syndrome, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.

Quantal transmission
At the neuromuscular junction presynaptic motor axons terminate 30 nanometers from the cell membrane  or sarcolemma of a muscle fiber. The sarcolemma at the junction has invaginations called postjunctional folds, which increase its surface area facing the synaptic cleft. These postjunctional folds form the motor endplate, which is studded with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at a density of 10,000 receptors/μm2. The presynaptic axons terminate in bulges called terminal boutons (or presynaptic terminals) that project toward the postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma. In the frog each motor nerve terminal contains about 300,000 vesicles, with an average diameter of 0.05 micrometers. The vesicles contain acetylcholine. Some of these vesicles are gathered  into groups of fifty, positioned at active zones close to the nerve membrane. Active zones are about 1 micrometer apart. The 30 nanometer cleft between nerve ending and endplate contains a meshwork of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at a density of 2,600 enzyme molecules/μm2, held in place by the structural proteins dystrophin and rapsyn. Also present is the receptor tyrosine kinase protein MuSK, a signaling protein involved in the development of the neuromuscular junction, which is also held in place by rapsyn.

About once every second in a resting junction randomly one of the synaptic vesicles fuses with the presynaptic neuron's cell membrane in a process mediated by SNARE proteins. Fusion results in the emptying of the vesicle's contents of 7000–10,000 acetylcholine molecules into the synaptic cleft, a process known as exocytosis. Consequently, exocytosis releases acetylcholine in packets that are called quanta. The acetylcholine quantum diffuses through the acetylcholinesterase meshwork, where the high local transmitter concentration occupies all of the binding sites on the enzyme in its path. The acetylcholine that reaches the endplate activates ~2,000 acetylcholine receptors, opening their ion channels which permits sodium ions to move into the endplate producing a depolarization of ~0.5 mV known as a miniature endplate potential (MEPP). By the time the acetylcholine is released from the receptors the acetylcholinesterase has destroyed its bound ACh, which takes about ~0.16 ms, and hence is available to destroy the  ACh released from the receptors.

When the motor nerve is stimulated there is a delay of only 0.5 to 0.8 msec between the arrival of the nerve impulse in the motor nerve terminals and the first response of the endplate The arrival of the motor nerve action potential at the presynaptic neuron terminal opens voltage-dependent calcium channels and Ca2+ ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the presynaptic neuron's cytosol. This influx of Ca2+ causes several hundred neurotransmitter-containing vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic neuron's cell membrane through SNARE proteins to release their acetylcholine quanta by exocytosis. The endplate depolarization by the released acetylcholine is called an endplate potential (EPP). The EPP is accomplished when ACh binds the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) at the motor end plate, and causes an influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions generates the EPP (depolarization), and triggers an action potential that travels along the sarcolemma and into the muscle fiber via the T-tubules (transverse tubules) by means of voltage-gated sodium channels. The conduction of action potentials along the T-tubules stimulates the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels which are mechanically coupled to Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca2+ then diffuses out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the myofibrils so it can stimulate contraction. The endplate potential is thus responsible for setting up an action potential in the muscle fiber which triggers muscle contraction. The transmission from nerve to muscle is so rapid because each quantum of acetylcholine reaches the endplate in millimolar concentrations, high enough to combine with a receptor with a low affinity, which then swiftly releases the bound transmitter.

Acetylcholine receptors

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter synthesized from dietary choline and acetyl-CoA (ACoA), and is involved in the stimulation of muscle tissue in vertebrates as well as in some invertebrate animals. In vertebrates, the acetylcholine receptor subtype that is found at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which is a ligand-gated ion channel. Each subunit of this receptor has a characteristic "cys-loop", which is composed of a cysteine residue followed by 13 amino acid residues and another cysteine residue. The two cysteine residues form a disulfide linkage which results in the "cys-loop" receptor that is capable of binding acetylcholine and other ligands. These cys-loop receptors are found only in eukaryotes, but prokaryotes possess ACh receptors with similar properties. Not all species use a cholinergic neuromuscular junction; e.g. crayfish and fruit flies have a glutamatergic neuromuscular junction.

AChRs at the skeletal neuromuscular junction form heteropentamers composed of two α, one β, one ɛ, and one δ subunits. When a single ACh ligand binds to one of the α subunits of the ACh receptor it induces a conformational change at the interface with the second AChR α subunit. This conformational change results in the increased affinity of the second α subunit for a second ACh ligand. AChRs, therefore, exhibit a sigmoidal dissociation curve due to this cooperative binding. The presence of the inactive, intermediate receptor structure with a single-bound ligand keeps ACh in the synapse that might otherwise be lost by cholinesterase hydrolysis or diffusion. The persistence of these ACh ligands in the synapse can cause a prolonged post-synaptic response.

Development
The development of the neuromuscular junction requires signaling from both the motor neuron's terminal and the muscle cell's central region. During development, muscle cells produce acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and express them in the central regions in a process called prepatterning. Agrin, a heparin proteoglycan, and MuSK kinase are thought to help stabilize the accumulation of AChR in the central regions of the myocyte. MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase—meaning that it induces cellular signaling by binding phosphate molecules to self regions like tyrosines, and to other targets in the cytoplasm. Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via two proteins called "Dok-7" and "rapsyn", to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors. ACh release by developing motor neurons produces postsynaptic potentials in the muscle cell that positively reinforces the localization and stabilization of the developing neuromuscular junction.

These findings were demonstrated in part by mouse "knockout" studies. In mice which are deficient for either agrin or MuSK, the neuromuscular junction does not form. Further, mice deficient in Dok-7 did not form either acetylcholine receptor clusters or neuromuscular synapses.

The development of neuromuscular junctions is mostly studied in model organisms, such as rodents. In addition, in 2015 an all-human neuromuscular junction has been created in vitro using human embryonic stem cells and somatic muscle stem cells. In this model presynaptic motor neurons are activated by optogenetics and in response synaptically connected muscle fibers twitch upon light stimulation.

Research methods
José del Castillo and Bernard Katz used ionophoresis to determine the location and density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction. With this technique, a microelectrode was placed inside the motor endplate of the muscle fiber, and a micropipette filled with acetylcholine (ACh) is placed directly in front of the endplate in the synaptic cleft. A positive voltage was applied to the tip of the micropipette, which caused a burst of positively charged ACh molecules to be released from the pipette. These ligands flowed into the space representing the synaptic cleft and bound to AChRs. The intracellular microelectrode monitored the amplitude of the depolarization of the motor endplate in response to ACh binding to nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors. Katz and del Castillo showed that the amplitude of the depolarization (excitatory postsynaptic potential) depended on the proximity of the micropipette releasing the ACh ions to the endplate. The farther the micropipette was from the motor endplate, the smaller the depolarization was in the muscle fiber. This allowed the researchers to determine that the nicotinic receptors were localized to the motor endplate in high density.

Toxins are also used to determine the location of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. α-Bungarotoxin is a toxin found in the snake species Bungarus multicinctus that acts as an ACh antagonist and binds to AChRs irreversibly. By coupling assayable enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the α-bungarotoxin, AChRs can be visualized and quantified.

Nerve gases
Nerve gases bind to and phosphorylate AChE, effectively deactivating them. The accumulation of ACh within the synaptic cleft causes muscle cells to be perpetually contracted, leading to severe complications such as paralysis and death within minutes of exposure.

Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin (also known as botulinum neurotoxin, and commercially sold under the trade name Botox) inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction by interfering with SNARE proteins. This toxin crosses into the nerve terminal through the process of endocytosis and subsequently cleaves SNARE proteins, preventing the ACh vesicles from fusing with the intracellular membrane. This induces a transient flaccid paralysis and chemical denervation localized to the striated muscle that it has affected. The inhibition of ACh release does not set in until approximately two weeks after the injection is made. Three months after the inhibition occurs, neuronal activity begins to regain partial function, and six months after, complete neuronal function is regained.

Tetanus toxin
Tetanus toxin, also known as tetanospasmin is a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani and causes the disease state, tetanus. The LD50 of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 1 ng/kg, making it second only to botulinum toxin D as the deadliest toxin in the world. It functions very similarly to botulinum neurotoxin by attaching and endocytosing into the presynaptic nerve terminal and interfering with SNARE proteins. It differs from botulinum neurotoxin in a few ways, most apparently in its end state, wherein tetanospasmin causes spastic paralysis as opposed to the flaccid paralysis demonstrated with botulinum neurotoxin.

Latrotoxin
Latrotoxin (α-Latrotoxin) found in venom of widow spiders also affects the neuromuscular junction by causing the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic cell. Mechanisms of action include binding to receptors on the presynaptic cell activating the IP3/DAG pathway and release of calcium from intracellular stores and pore formation resulting in influx of calcium ions directly. Either mechanism causes increased calcium in presynaptic cell, which then leads to release of synaptic vesicles of acetylcholine. Latrotoxin causes pain, muscle contraction and if untreated potentially paralysis and death.

Snake venom
Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis. Venoms can act as both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins.

Presynaptic neurotoxins, commonly known as β-neurotoxins, affect the presynaptic regions of the neuromuscular junction. The majority of these neurotoxins act by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, into the synapse between neurons. However, some of these toxins have also been known to enhance neurotransmitter release. Those that inhibit neurotransmitter release create a neuromuscular blockade that prevents signaling molecules from reaching their postsynaptic target receptors. In doing so, the victim of these snake bite suffer from profound weakness. Such neurotoxins do not respond well to anti-venoms. After one hour of inoculation of these toxins, including notexin and taipoxin, many of the affected nerve terminals show signs of irreversible physical damage, leaving them devoid of any synaptic vesicles.

Postsynaptic neurotoxins, otherwise known as α-neurotoxins, act oppositely to the presynaptic neurotoxins by binding to the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors. This prevents interaction between the acetylcholine released by the presynaptic terminal and the receptors on the postsynaptic cell. In effect, the opening of sodium channels associated with these acetylcholine receptors is prohibited, resulting in a neuromuscular blockade, similar to the effects seen due to presynaptic neurotoxins. This causes paralysis in the muscles involved in the affected junctions. Unlike presynaptic neurotoxins, postsynaptic toxins are more easily affected by anti-venoms, which accelerate the dissociation of the toxin from the receptors, ultimately causing a reversal of paralysis. These neurotoxins experimentally and qualitatively aid in the study of acetylcholine receptor density and turnover, as well as in studies observing the direction of antibodies toward the affected acetylcholine receptors in patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis.

Diseases
Any disorder that compromises the synaptic transmission between a motor neuron and a muscle cell is categorized under the umbrella term of neuromuscular diseases. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can vary in their severity and mortality. In general, most of these disorders tend to be caused by mutations or autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders, in the case of neuromuscular diseases, tend to be humoral mediated, B cell mediated, and result in an antibody improperly created against a motor neuron or muscle fiber protein that interferes with synaptic transmission or signaling.

Myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder where the body makes antibodies against either the acetylcholine receptor (AchR) (in 80% of cases), or against postsynaptic muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) (0–10% of cases). In seronegative myasthenia gravis low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 is targeted by IgG1, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of its ligand, preventing the ligand from binding its receptor. It is not known if seronegative myasthenia gravis will respond to standard therapies.

Neonatal MG
Neonatal MG is an autoimmune disorder that affects 1 in 8 children born to mothers who have been diagnosed with myasthenia gravis (MG). MG can be transferred from the mother to the fetus by the movement of AChR antibodies through the placenta. Signs of this disease at birth include weakness, which responds to anticholinesterase medications, as well as fetal akinesia, or the lack of fetal movement. This form of the disease is transient, lasting for about three months. However, in some cases, neonatal MG can lead to other health effects, such as arthrogryposis and even fetal death. These conditions are thought to be initiated when maternal AChR antibodies are directed to the fetal AChR and can last until the 33rd week of gestation, when the γ subunit of AChR is replaced by the ε subunit.

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the presynaptic portion of the neuromuscular junction. This rare disease can be marked by a unique triad of symptoms: proximal muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and areflexia. Proximal muscle weakness is a product of pathogenic autoantibodies directed against P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, which in turn leads to a reduction of acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals on the presynaptic cell. Examples of autonomic dysfunction caused by LEMS include erectile dysfunction in men, constipation, and, most commonly, dry mouth. Less common dysfunctions include dry eyes and altered perspiration. Areflexia is a condition in which tendon reflexes are reduced and it may subside temporarily after a period of exercise.

50–60% of the patients that are diagnosed with LEMS also have present an associated tumor, which is typically small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). This type of tumor also expresses voltage-gated calcium channels. Oftentimes, LEMS also occurs alongside myasthenia gravis.

Treatment for LEMS consists of using 3,4-diaminopyridine as a first measure, which serves to increase the compound muscle action potential as well as muscle strength by lengthening the time that voltage-gated calcium channels remain open after blocking voltage-gated potassium channels. In the US, treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine for eligible LEMS patients is available at no cost under an expanded access program. Further treatment includes the use of prednisone and azathioprine in the event that 3,4-diaminopyridine does not aid in treatment.

Neuromyotonia
Neuromyotonia (NMT), otherwise known as Isaac's syndrome, is unlike many other diseases present at the neuromuscular junction. Rather than causing muscle weakness, NMT leads to the hyperexcitation of motor nerves. NMT causes this hyperexcitation by producing longer depolarizations by down-regulating voltage-gated potassium channels, which causes greater neurotransmitter release and repetitive firing. This increase in rate of firing leads to more active transmission and as a result, greater muscular activity in the affected individual. NMT is also believed to be of autoimmune origin due to its associations with autoimmune symptoms in the individual affected.

Congenital myasthenic syndromes
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are very similar to both MG and LEMS in their functions, but the primary difference between CMS and those diseases is that CMS is of genetic origins. Specifically, these syndromes are diseases incurred due to mutations, typically recessive, in 1 of at least 10 genes that affect presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic proteins in the neuromuscular junction. Such mutations usually arise in the ε-subunit of AChR, thereby affecting the kinetics and expression of the receptor itself. Single nucleotide substitutions or deletions may cause loss of function in the subunit. Other mutations, such as those affecting acetylcholinesterase and acetyltransferase, can also cause the expression of CMS, with the latter being associated specifically with episodic apnea. These syndromes can present themselves at different times within the life of an individual. They may arise during the fetal phase, causing fetal akinesia, or the perinatal period, during which certain conditions, such as arthrogryposis, ptosis, hypotonia, ophthalmoplegia, and feeding or breathing difficulties, may be observed. They could also activate during adolescence or adult years, causing the individual to develop slow-channel syndrome.

Treatment for particular subtypes of CMS (postsynaptic fast-channel CMS) is similar to treatment for other neuromuscular disorders. 3,4-Diaminopyridine, the first-line treatment for LEMS, is under development as an orphan drug for CMS in the US, and available to eligible patients under an expanded access program at no cost.

title: Neuromuscular junction


text:
British Columbia Highway 24

Highway 24, also known as the Little Fort Highway or the Interlakes Highway, is a 97 km east-west connection between the Cariboo Highway, just south of 100 Mile House, and the Southern Yellowhead Highway at Little Fort. It practically provides a "second-chance" route to travellers heading east from Vancouver who missed the route to the northern part of the province or toward Edmonton.

Although a rural gravel road did exist between 93 Mile House and Little Fort previously, construction under the Highway 24 name on the modern route did not begin until 1974. A dirt highway was open by 1977. Paving and auxiliary feature installation was complete by 1981.

Route description
Highway 24 straddles the boundary between the Cariboo and Thompson-Nicola Regional Districts. It begins in the west at 93 Mile House, approximately 11 km south of 100 Mile House. After 9 km, it passes through the small community of Lone Butte. After passing several turn-offs to resort lakes including Sheridan Lake, the highway passes through the community of Bridge Lake, 38 km later. The highway then proceeds another 50 km east through the forest and over a large hill before reaching its terminus in Little Fort.

A very scenic drive, the highway follows a historic trail used by the Shuswap people as a trade route and was later developed by the Hudson's Bay Company in the early 19th century to bring furs from northern BC out to Fort Kamloops and the Columbia River.

title: British Columbia Highway 24


text:
User:Limpan

Joined just for fun. Limpan means "the loaf" in Swedish. It could mean something else in a different language too, but I don't know what yet.

title: User:Limpan


text:
Songs from the Superunknown

Songs from the Superunknown is an EP by the American rock band Soundgarden. It was released on November 21, 1995, through A&M Records. It was released on the same day as the CD-ROM Alive in the Superunknown.

Overview
The EP is the audio-only counterpart to Alive in the Superunknown. AllMusic staff writer Greg Prato gave the EP two and a half out of five stars. He called it a "solid (albeit short) collection of Soundgarden outtakes".

Alive in the Superunknown
The CD-ROM Alive in the Superunknown contains the first four tracks from Songs from the Superunknown plus a multimedia portion featuring photos of the band, a video game, four music videos ("The Day I Tried to Live", "Black Hole Sun", "My Wave", and "Fell on Black Days"), a performance/special effects video of "Superunknown", and a live video of "Kickstand", among other things. Entertainment Weekly said, "Nothing on Alive ... equals the mystery, humor, sonic impact, or imagination contained on any one of the tracks on Soundgarden's Superunknown album."

Track listing
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
 * 1) "Superunknown" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 5:06
 * 2) *Originally from Superunknown.
 * 3) "Fell on Black Days" (video version) – 5:26
 * 4) *Originally from the "Fell on Black Days" single. An alternate version, it is the one used in the music video for the song.
 * 5) "She Likes Surprises" – 3:17
 * 6) *Originally from international versions of Superunknown.
 * 7) "Like Suicide" (acoustic) – 6:11
 * 8) *Originally from the single "The Day I Tried to Live". Performed acoustically by Chris Cornell.
 * 9) "Jerry Garcia's Finger" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Thayil) – 4:00
 * 10) *Previously unreleased.

Personnel

 * Soundgarden
 * Matt Cameron – drums
 * Chris Cornell – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Ben Shepherd – bass
 * Kim Thayil – lead guitar

 * Production
 * Michael Beinhorn, Brendan O'Brien, Soundgarden -production

 * Management
 * Susan Silver Management – management

title: Songs from the Superunknown


text:
Erlenbach

Erlenbach may refer to several places:

Switzerland

 * Erlenbach, Switzerland, a Canton of Zurich
 * Erlenbach im Simmental, a Canton of Berne

Germany

 * Erlenbach, Baden-Württemberg, a municipality in the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg
 * Erlenbach bei Dahn, a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Erlenbach bei Kandel, a municipality in the district of Germersheim, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Erlenbach bei Marktheidenfeld, a community in the district Main-Spessart, Bavaria
 * Erlenbach am Main, a town in the district of Miltenberg, Bavaria
 * Nieder-Erlenbach, a neighborhood of Frankfurt am Main, Hesse

Rivers

 * Erlenbach (Enz), in Baden-Württemberg, tributary of the Enz
 * Erlenbach (Jagst), in Baden-Württemberg, tributary of the Jagst
 * Erlenbach (Bever), in North Rhine-Westphalia, tributary of the Bever
 * Erlenbach (Hillersbach), in Hesse, tributary of the Hillersbach
 * Erlenbach (Nidda), in Hesse, tributary of the Nidda
 * Erlenbach (Nidder), in Hesse, tributary of the Nidder
 * Erlenbach (Speyerbach), in Rhineland-Palatinate, headwater of the Speyerbach
 * Erlenbach (Michelsbach), in southern Rhineland-Palatinate, tributary of the Michelsbach
 * Erlenbach (Lauter), in southern Rhineland-Palatinate, tributary of the Lauter
 * Erlenbach (Kahl), in Bavaria, tributary of the Kahl
 * Erlenbach (Laufach), in Bavaria, tributary of the Laufach
 * Erlenbach (Main), in Bavaria, tributary of the Main
 * Erlenbach (Mindel), in Bavaria, tributary of the Mindel

Other uses

 * Erlenbach or Albé, a commune in the Bas Rhin département in Alsace
 * SV Erlenbach, a German association football club Erlenbach am Main, Bavaria
 * Erlenbach ZH railway station, in Switzerland

title: Erlenbach


text:
User:Wadsworth

My name is Eric Wadsworth. You can read about me on my website: http://wadhome.org/~wad

(Note that in the past, I've contributed to a number of articles on religion. Since then, I've renounced my religious beliefs, and become an agnostic atheist.)

General

 * Seine (fishing)
 * Craig Kelly (snowboarder)
 * JITC
 * Exxon Valdez oil spill
 * Space debris

Religion and History

 * Joseph Smith, Jr.
 * Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.
 * Succession crisis (Mormonism)
 * John D. Lee
 * Orrin Porter Rockwell
 * Benjamin F. Johnson
 * Lectures on Faith
 * Godhead (Mormonism)
 * Prophet
 * Apostle
 * Council of 50
 * Seer stone
 * Joseph Smith Memorial Building
 * angel
 * Prophecies of Joseph Smith
 * FamilySearch

title: User:Wadsworth


text:
Air Defence of Great Britain

The Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) command comprising substantial army and RAF elements responsible for the air defence of the British Isles. It lasted from 1925, following recommendations that the RAF take control of metropolitan air defence, until 1936 when it became RAF Fighter Command.

History
The ADGB was created as a command in 1925 as a result of the 1923 recommendation of the Steel–Bartholomew Committee, including their recommendation to transfer responsibility for home air defence from the War Office to the Air Ministry. It main initial elements were:
 * The RAF's Metropolitan Air Force, initially comprising 25 squadrons (9 fighter), soon expanding to 52 squadrons (17 fighter)
 * 264 heavy AA guns (Royal Artillery) and 672 searchlights (Royal Engineers)
 * The new part-time volunteer Observer Corps

ADGB was organised into three defensive zones:
 * Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ), over London.
 * Air Fighter Zone (AFZ), divided into two areas controlling regular squadrons, the Wessex Bombing Area and the Fighting Area.
 * Outer Artillery Zone (OAZ), a narrow belt along the coast from Suffolk to Sussex.

In 1936, ADGB was abolished; the Bombing Area becoming Bomber Command and the Fighting Area becoming Fighter Command and remaining responsible for the ADGB function. The OAZ was abolished and the AFZ expanded. The guns from the OAZ were used for port and base defence and were added to the London defences. The changing threat meant that AA defences were needed for many more potential targets in the British Isles, notably industries important for war production. The AA component became the 1st Anti-Aircraft Division and in 1937 the 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division was formed to defend the Midlands, with Anti-Aircraft Command created to replace the previous Army arrangements.

In 1937, light AA guns were added, the RAF's view that small-calibre artillery were unsuitable having been finally overturned. In 1940, searchlights were transferred from the Royal Engineers to the Royal Artillery. Unrotated Projectile (rocket) batteries were deployed at the beginning of the war. At its peak from 1941–1942, AA Command comprised I, II and III Anti-Aircraft Corps with twelve AA divisions, comprising several hundred regiments. GOC-in-C AA Command for most of the war was General Sir Frederick Pile, the equal in rank of his 'superior' AOC-in-C Fighter Command.

 * 1943

ADGB was resurrected in 1943 for the rump of Fighter Command defending the United Kingdom after the formation of the RAF Second Tactical Air Force in 1943 and AA Command. It was Fighter Command in all but name, and this was finally reflected in 1944 with a return to the previous name.

Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief 1925–1936
Air Officers Commanding-in-Chief included:

title: Air Defence of Great Britain


text:
B2evolution

b2evolution is a content and community management system written in PHP and backed by a MySQL database. It is distributed as free software under the GNU General Public License.

b2evolution originally started as a multi-user multi-blog engine when François Planque forked b2evolution from version 0.6.1 of b2/cafelog in 2003. A more widely known fork of b2/cafelog is WordPress. b2evolution is available in web host control panels as a "one click install" web app.

Most of the early major releases were named after famous cities or particular places the project maintainer has visited and/or was inspired by.

After version 5.0, the project began to emphasize online community and online marketing features and integration with social networking sites, with the ability to automatically post new content to Twitter. To highlight the software's ability to manage many types of content, its blogs were renamed to "collections".

b2evolution 5.0 was rapidly adopted, becoming the most popular version, but overall b2evolution usage is declining relative to competitors WordPress and Drupal. Currently, it is installed on less than 0.1% of web sites.

Main Features
Known primarily for its multi-blog capabilities, b2evolution also includes "all the features of traditional blog tools" like file & photo management, advanced skinning, multiple domain support, detailed user permissions, and W3C standards compliance. It installs on almost any LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, PHP) server. The software will run on IIS using FastCGI, but database servers other than MySQL and MariaDB are not supported. Configuration is handled through the installer or administrative back-end.

In addition to its ability to manage multiple blogs, b2evolution supports multiple users and admins under a single installation without the need of external plugins. b2evolution also supports numerous third-party plugins. These include text format extensions enabling Textile, Auto-P, Greymatter, BB code, Texturize, LaTeX, and graphic smilies. Also, plugins which facilitate full integration with third party tools such as Gallery 2, YouTube, and digg are available.

Other features include community-wide spam filters, in which many b2evolution sites aggregate and tag spammer IPs into a central blacklist for the benefit of all b2evolution blogs, a button to declare "comment spam bankruptcy"—which deletes all comments across an entire b2evolution installation, a fully skinnable interface, strong SEO features including automatic redirection of renamed articles and insertion of canonical link tags, url shortening, localization into a dozen language packs, and a fully exposed API for plugin developers to add new functionality. b2evolution's code is factored into the blog application itself and a framework called EvoCore. EvoCore can be used on its own to build non-blog web applications.

title: B2evolution


text:
User talk:TravisSwicegood

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 22:06, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello
Just saying hi to my fellow Swicegood.

~Sam Swicegood, aka P.H. - Kyoukan, UASC 01:20, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:TravisSwicegood


text:
User talk:Caroig

Speedy deletion nomination of Template:Geobox2 list/test

Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and the page that you created has been or soon will be deleted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion, or "db", tag; if no such tag exists, then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hang-on tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Mhiji 02:01, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Check link
Template:Check link has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. WOSlinker (talk) 19:37, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Prague location.png
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Prague location.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 23:53, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Jacaranda in Blossom.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Jacaranda in Blossom.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Magog the Ogre (t • c) 22:24, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Czechia, Jicin, Wallenstein's square in Spring.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Czechia, Jicin, Wallenstein's square in Spring.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Magog the Ogre (t • c) 03:00, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox Region
Template:Geobox Region has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. eh bien mon prince (talk) 10:03, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Template:Geobox/doc/Range

A tag has been placed on Template:Geobox/doc/Range requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion because it is an unused duplicate of another template, or a hard-coded instance of another template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is not actually the same as the other template noted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page explaining how this one is different so as to avoid any future mistakes.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page's talk page, where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 18:15, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Template:Geobox/type/range

A tag has been placed on Template:Geobox/type/range requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion because it is an unused duplicate of another template, or a hard-coded instance of another template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is not actually the same as the other template noted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page explaining how this one is different so as to avoid any future mistakes.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page's talk page, where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 18:16, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Picture
Hi! Just letting you know that we used one of your pictures here. Be well!--Jetam2 (talk) 22:20, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox locator Australia
Template:Geobox locator Australia has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 16:02, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox protected area
Template:Geobox protected area has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 17:22, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox coor
Template:Geobox coor has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 03:03, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox blank
Template:Geobox blank has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 18:15, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Jicin.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Jicin.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 14:14, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox/type/valley
Template:Geobox/type/valley has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 22:15, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox/type/building
Template:Geobox/type/building has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. – BrandonXLF   (t@lk)  21:40, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

Nomination for merging of Template:Geobox
Template:Geobox has been nominated for merging with Template:Infobox settlement. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you.  Zack mann  (Talk to me/What I been doing) 07:37, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Geobox
Template:Geobox has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page.  Zack mann  (Talk to me/What I been doing) 09:15, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Poloniny.png
Thanks for uploading File:Poloniny.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 04:01, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Pilsen location.png

The file File:Pilsen location.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:02, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Jicin location.png

The file File:Jicin location.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:02, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Caroig


text:
Brazilian Football Confederation

The Confederation of Brazilian Football (Confederação Brasileira de Futebol; CBF) is the governing body of football in Brazil. It was founded on Monday, 8 June 1914, as Federação Brasileira de Sports, and renamed Confederação Brasileira de Desportos in 1916. The football confederation, as known today, separated from other sports associations on 24 September 1979.

The CBF has its headquarters in Rio de Janeiro. The confederation owns a training center, named Granja Comary, located in Teresópolis.

It was announced on 29 September 2007, that the CBF would launch a women's league and cup competition in October 2007 following pressure from FIFA president Sepp Blatter during the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China.

Other

 * Brazil at FIFA site
 * Website official Santos FC affiliation CBF

title: Brazilian Football Confederation


text:
Diogenes Club

The Diogenes Club is a fictional gentlemen's club created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and featured in several Sherlock Holmes stories, such as 1893's "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". It seems to have been named after Diogenes the Cynic (though this is never explained in the original stories) and was co-founded by Sherlock's indolent elder brother Mycroft Holmes.

The club as described by Sherlock Holmes in "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter":

"There are many men in London, you know, who, some from shyness, some from misanthropy, have no wish for the company of their fellows. Yet they are not averse to comfortable chairs and the latest periodicals. It is for the convenience of these that the Diogenes Club was started, and it now contains the most unsociable and unclubbable men in town. No member is permitted to take the least notice of any other one. Save in the Stranger's Room, no talking is, under any circumstances, allowed, and three offences, if brought to the notice of the committee, render the talker liable to expulsion. My brother was one of the founders, and I have myself found it a very soothing atmosphere."

Relation to British Secret Service
Although there is no hint in the original Sherlock Holmes canon that the Diogenes Club is anything but what it seems to be, several later writers developed and used the idea that the club was founded as a front for the British Secret Service. This may have its root in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" (1908), in which Mycroft Holmes is revealed to be the supreme and indispensable brain-trust behind the British government, who pieces together collective government secrets and offers advice on the best way to act.

The idea was popularised by The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes, a 1970 motion picture directed by Billy Wilder, and has since been frequently used in pastiches of Conan Doyle's stories as well as the TV series Sherlock.

In other media
The Diogenes Club has appeared, in various forms, in many other settings, most of which take as given the Club's connection to the British Secret Service:

 * The Diogenes Club was featured in the Doctor Who 1994 Virgin New Adventures novel All-Consuming Fire, a Doctor Who/Sherlock Holmes crossover novel, which also refers to Kim Newman's character Charles Beauregard. A 2008 follow-up to this, in Big Finish's Bernice Summerfield series of audio adventures, is The Adventure of the Diogenes Damsel.
 * Also in 2011, the club was mentioned in Guy Ritchie's movie Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, when Watson made a deduction about Mycroft prior to the stag party.
 * The club also appears in Nicholas Meyer's 1974 novel The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier graphic novel, the computer game Sherlock Holmes: Case of the Rose Tattoo, the Dark Horse Comics comic Predator: Nemesis, and in the short story "Closing Time" from Neil Gaiman's collection of short fiction Fragile Things. It is also featured in the Japanese manga Embalming -The Another Tale of Frankenstein-, where one of the club's founder's uses the alias "Mike Roft", a play on Mycroft, and remarks that "if you are looking for someone, my younger brother is quite good at that type of thing".
 * Anno Dracula by Kim Newman features both the Diogenes Club and Mycroft Holmes. The Diogenes Club is again a headquarters of the secret decision-makers of the British government, with several members of board present—diminishing as the novel progresses—but Mycroft's words carrying the most authority. Its commitment to utter silence within its walls is portrayed as really being a high-security measure.
 * In Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe, specifically The Other Log of Phileas Fogg, it is stated that the real Diogenes Club was the Athenaeum Club, but that Arthur Conan Doyle changed the name for his stories.
 * In the BBC TV series Sherlock episode "The Reichenbach Fall", the Diogenes Club is shown; Watson goes there, desperate to see Mycroft Holmes, gets into trouble for talking, and is briskly and not too gently escorted to the Stranger's Room by two muffle-shoed bouncers who hold a white gloved hand over his mouth to prevent his continued speaking. Furthermore, the club is also shown in the 2016 episode of Sherlock "The Abominable Bride" set in the Victorian Era. In this adaptation, the silent nature of the club stems from a desire to prevent the accidental leaking of state secrets by the members as, according to Mycroft, they all share one tea lady.
 * In the CBS TV series Elementary, Mycroft is a restaurateur who owns a gourmet international restaurant chain called Diogenes.
 * In the BBC TV series My Family episode "Sitting Targets", the final scene shows character Michael Harper receiving a trophy for outwitting his father at a Diogenes Club meeting.
 * In the ABC TV series Forever, episode "Hitler on the Half Shell", Dr. Henry Morgan learns that The Morgan Trading Company has ties to the slave trade in the West Indies while meeting friends at the Diogenes Club in 1812.
 * The club itself, as well as Sherlock's description of it nearly verbatim (but translated into Japanese) is featured in Volume 3, Chapter 11 of Nobuhiro Watsuki's manga Embalming.
 * The Diogenes Club is also the name of a British alternative pop band.
 * In 1932 a group of naturists founded The Diogenes Sun Club.

title: Diogenes Club


text: User talk:69.162.244.232

title: User talk:69.162.244.232