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Silent Generation

The Silent Generation, also known as the Traditionalist Generation, is the Western demographic cohort following the Greatest Generation and preceding the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1928 to 1945. By this definition and U.S. Census data, there were 23 million Silents in the United States as of 2019.

In the United States, the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II in the early-to-mid 1940s caused people to have fewer children and as a result, the generation is comparatively small. It includes most of those who fought during the Korean War. Upon coming of age in the postwar era, Silents were sometimes characterized as trending towards conformity and traditionalism, as well as comprising the "silent majority". However, they have also been noted as forming the leadership of the civil rights movement and the 1960s counterculture, and creating the rock and roll music of the 1950s and 1960s.

In the United Kingdom, the Silent Generation was also born during a period of relatively low birthrates for similar reasons to the United States and was quite traditional upon coming of age. They lived through times of prosperity as young adults, economic upheaval in middle age, and relative comfort in later life. The Sixtiers is a similar age group in the Soviet Union whose upbringings were also heavily influenced by the troubles of the mid-20th century. The term "the builders" has been used to describe a similar cohort in Australia. Most people of the Silent Generation are the parents of Baby Boomers and younger Generation Xers. Their own parents most commonly belonged to either the Greatest Generation or the Lost Generation.

Terminology
Time magazine first used the term "Silent Generation" in a November 5, 1951, article titled "The Younger Generation", although the term appears to precede the publication:

"The most startling fact about the younger generation is its silence. With some rare exceptions, youth is nowhere near the rostrum. By comparison with the Flaming Youth of their fathers & mothers, today's younger generation is a still, small flame. It does not issue manifestoes, make speeches or carry posters. It has been called the 'Silent Generation.'"

The Time article used birth dates of 1923 to 1933 for the generation, but the term somehow migrated to the later years currently in use. A reason later proposed for this perceived silence is that as young adults during the McCarthy Era, many members of the Silent Generation felt it was unwise to speak out.

The term "Silent Generation" is also used to describe a similar age group in the UK but has been at times described as a reference to strict childhood discipline which taught children to be "seen but not heard." In Canada, it has been used with the same meaning as in the United States. The cohort is also known as the "Traditionalist Generation".

Dates and age range definitions
The Pew Research Center uses 1928 to 1945 as birth years for this cohort. According to this definition, people of the Silent Generation are 0 to 0 years old in.

The Intergenerational Centre of the Resolution Foundation has used 1926 to 1945, while the Encyclopedia of Strategic Leadership and Management uses the range 1925 to 1945. This generation had reached maturity as early as 1946 and as late as 1963, but the majority of Silents had become of age in the 1950s, in the wake of the Civil rights movement, which was followed by older boomers in the 1960s. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe use 1925 to 1942. People born in the later years of World War II who were too young to have any direct recollections of the conflict are sometimes considered to be cultural, if not demographically, baby boomers.

Australia
Australia's McCrindle Research uses the name "Builders" to describe the Australian members of this generation, born between 1925 and 1945, and coming of age to become the generation "who literally and metaphorically built [the] nation after the austerity years post-Depression and World War II".

Soviet Union
The Silent Generation in the Soviet Union is similar to Sixtiers. These people were born into Stalinism, raised during collectivization, and were witnesses of the Holodomor. So even though there was no Great Depression in the Soviet Union, they still experienced a lack of resources and food as children. In the 1930s and 1940s many of them lost their parents or close relatives during Stalinist repressions and later during battles and German occupation in WWII. Sometimes this generation is called the "Children of XX-th Congress".

Childhood and youth
There was a slump in birth rates in the UK between the two major baby booms following each world war. This roughly correlated with the economic downturn in the 1930s and World War II. The era of the Great Depression was a time of deprivation for many children, unemployment was high and slum housing was common. However, education was compulsory from the age of five to fourteen years old. Gaining a place at grammar school was a way for young people whose families could not afford them to be privately educated to gain full access to secondary schooling. In a time before widespread car use, children commonly played outside in the street and further afield without adult supervision. Toys of this era were quite simple but examples included dolls, model aeroplanes, and trains. Other popular activities included reading comics, playing board games, going to the cinema, and joining children's organizations such as the scouts. It was estimated that more than 85% of British households owned a wireless (radio) by 1939.

The Second World War impacted the lives of children in various ways. Significant numbers of schoolchildren were evacuated without their parents to the countryside to avoid the threat of bombing throughout the war years. The quality of education fell everywhere but particularly in urban areas for various reasons, including a shortage of teachers and supplies, the distress pupils suffered from air raids and the disruption caused by evacuations. The degree of supervision children received also fell as fathers left to fight and mothers joined the workforce. However, rationing during World War II and the years after improved the health of the population overall with one study conducted in the early 2000s suggesting that a typical 1940s child ate a healthier diet than their counterpart at the start of the 21st century. Following the Second World War, the school-leaving age was raised to 15 with every child being allocated to one of three types of school based on a test taken at the age of 11 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (selection between two types of school took place at age 12 in Scotland ).

The years after the Second World War saw a continuation of difficult social conditions, there was a serious housing shortage and rationing was at times more restrictive than it had been during the war. The late 1940s saw substantial social reforms and changes to the structure of the British economy. Economic conditions and living standards improved significantly during the 1950s and 60s. Unemployment rested at roughly two percent during this period, much lower than it had been during the depression or would be later in the 20th century. Consumer goods such as Televisions and household labour saving devices became increasingly common. By the late 1950s, Britain was one of the most affluent societies anywhere in the world. In 1957, 52% of the British population described themselves as "very happy" in comparison to 36% in 2005. That year, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan famously said:

"Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good. Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this country." The idea of the "teenager" as a distinctive phase of life associated with rebellion against adult authority and older generations social norms became increasingly prominent in public discourse during the 1940s and 50s. Though in many ways those reaching maturity in the years after the Second World War were quite traditionally conservative in experience and attitudes. National service (military conscription) was reintroduced after the war and continued throughout the 1950s. Young people would often attend ballroom dances to socialise and find potential romantic partners. The average age of first marriage in England and Wales fell reaching its lowest level in more than a hundred years by the late 1960s of 27.2 and 24.7 years for men and women respectively. Cultural norms  and government policy  encouraged marriage and women to focus on their role as homemaker, wife and mother whilst their husband acted as the household's primary breadwinner. The treatment of those who did not meet society's expectations in their personal lives was often quite unsympathetic. Abortion and homosexuality were illegal whilst later investigations suggest that many women who gave birth out of wedlock had their babies forcibly removed from them. Laws were liberalised significantly in the late 1960s, but change was slower in certain areas in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Mid and later life
Heavy industry had been troubled in the UK throughout the 1960s, this combined with a global energy crisis and influx of cheap goods from Asia led to rapid deindustrialisation by the mid 1970s. New jobs were either low wage or too high-skilled for those laid off. This situation led to significant political instability and industrial unrest causing a great deal of frustration and inconvenience to the general public. Meanwhile, another set of problems was developing in Northern Ireland where politics had become increasingly tense and divided during the 1960s. This developed into a sectarian conflict with the British Army involved known as The Troubles which continued over several decades. This conflict caused more than 3,500 deaths. In 1979, Margaret Thatcher became prime minister and brought about the end to some aspects of the Post-war consensus on economic policy. For instance, her government created the right-to-buy scheme which allowed renters to buy up their council homes at a reduced prices. Middle aged people were one of the social groups which particularly benefited from this policy. Her policies have been described as giving millions of people direct ownership of capital through share or house ownership but have also been associated with high unemployment, rising poverty and social unrest.

For several decades prior to 2010, women received the State Pension from the age of 60 and men from the age of 65. A 2019 report stated that Pensioner Poverty in the UK had increased rapidly during the 1970s and the 1980s but fell in the 1990s and early 21st century. According to the report 20% of the silent generation, which it described as individuals born from 1926 to 1945, had lived in poverty at the age of 70 in comparison to 45% of the Greatest Generation and 15% of Baby Boomers at similar ages. The report attributed the change to more private pensions, increased home ownership and government policy. Commentators suggested that older people were somewhat insulated from the effects of the austerity programme in the 2010s. Though pensioner poverty was rising slightly by the mid to late 2010s and early 2020s, especially among women. The average life expectancy was around 80 years old, a few years older for women than men, in the late 2000s and 2010s.

General trends
An analysis of British Election Study surveys for the 1964 to 2019 general elections suggested that the Silent Generation as a cohort became more likely to vote for the Conservative Party as they grew older. The results suggested that at 35 years old, people born from 1928 to 1945 were about 5 percentage points less likely to vote Conservative than the national average, but that by the time they were 70 years old, they were about ten percentage points more likely to do so than the national average. They were, however, by the end of the time period studied, less likely to vote for the Conservatives than the next youngest age group, baby boomers. An article on the analysis commented that it is conventional wisdom that people become more conservative as they get older but that isn't true of all the age groups the analysis covered and environmental factors are also important in influencing the development of voter behavior.

As children and adolescents
As a cultural narrative, the Silent Generation are described as children of the Great Depression whose parents, having revelled in the highs of the Roaring Twenties, now faced great economic hardship and struggled to provide for their families. Before reaching their teens, they shared with their parents the horrors of World War II but through children's eyes. Many lost their fathers or older siblings who were killed in the war. They saw the fall of Nazism and the catastrophic devastation made capable of the nuclear bomb. When the Silent Generation began coming of age after World War II, they were faced with a devastated social order within which they would spend their early adulthood and a new enemy in Communism via the betrayal of post-war agreements and rise of the Soviet Union. Unlike the previous generation who had fought for "changing the system," the Silent Generation was about "working within the system." They did this by keeping their heads down and working hard, thus earning themselves the "silent" label. Their attitudes leaned toward not being risk-takers and playing it safe. Fortune magazine's story on the College Class of '49 was subtitled "Taking No Chances". This generation was also heavily influenced by the transformations brought about by the Golden Age of Radio, the rise of trade unions, the development of transatlantic flight and the discovery of penicillin during their formative years.

In adulthood
From their childhood experiences during the Depression and the example of frugality set by their parents, Silents tended to be thrifty and even miserly, preferring to maximize a product's lifespan, i.e., "get their money's worth." This led some members of the Silent Generation to develop hoarding behaviors in the guise of "not being wasteful."

As with their own parents, Silents tended to marry and have children young. American Silents are noted as being the youngest of all American generations in the age of marriage and parenthood. As young parents, the older members of this generation primarily produced the later Baby Boomers, while younger members of the generation and older members who held off raising a family until later in life gave birth to Generation X. Whereas divorce in the eyes of the previous generation was considered aberrant behavior, the Silents were the generation that reformed marriage laws to allow for divorce and lessen the stigma. This led to a historically unprecedented wave of divorces among Silent Generation couples in the United States.

Critics of the theory that Silents tend towards conformity and playing it safe note that, at least in the United States, leaders of 1960s-era rebellion/innovation/protest such as Muhammad Ali, Bob Dylan, Noam Chomsky, Martin Luther King Jr., and Jimi Hendrix were members of the Silent Generation, and not Baby Boomers, for whom these figures were heroes, although the majority of their followers were Boomers. While seven Presidents of the United States were members of the Greatest Generation (John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush), four presidents have been Baby boomers (Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump), and two presidents were members of the Lost Generation (Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower), only one President, Joe Biden, has been a member of the Silent Generation.

As a birth cohort, Silents never rose in protest as a unified political entity. Widely seen as "following the rules" and benefiting from stable wealth creation, their Boomer and Gen X children would become estranged from them due to their different views regarding social issues of the day and their relatively decreased economic opportunity, creating a different generational zeitgeist. For example, the Boomer children were instrumental in bringing about the counterculture of the 1960s, and the rise of left wing, liberal views considered anti-establishment, which went directly against the "work within the system" approach that many Silents had practiced. Gen X children grew up in the 1970s and 1980s with the threat of nuclear annihilation hanging over them and a resultant bleak view of the future, contributing to their generational disaffection, in contrast to the optimistic outlook of their Silent Generation parents.

The style of parenting from the Lost Generation or the Interbellum Generation (older members of the Greatest Generation), was known to the Silents and the generations before them originated in the late 1800s, when the Lost Gens were Children or Teenagers. Representative of this was the idea that "children should be seen but not heard". These ideas were ultimately challenged following the 1946 publication of the book The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care by Benjamin Spock, which influenced some Boomers' views on parenting and family values when they became parents themselves. The book also influenced how Baby Boomers were parented. These less-restrictive behavioral standards, seen as overly permissive by the Silents, further estranged those Boomers from their parents and, among other things, gave rise in the 1970s to the term generation gap. This was to describe the initial conflict of cultural values between the Silents and their Generation Joneser (younger Baby Boomers) and to a lesser extent, their Generation X'er children in the 1980s, although it wasn't quite as extreme as it was between the Greatest Generation and the "Leading Edge Boomers", (older Baby Boomers) in the 1960s.

Demographics
Data is from the Pew Research Center. Recent cohort sizes are greater than the number born due to immigration.

title: Silent Generation


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Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament

In the Parliament of Australia, a casual vacancy arises when a member of either the Senate or the House of Representatives:
 * dies
 * resigns mid-term
 * is expelled from Parliament and their seat is declared vacant,
 * is absent from (fails to attend) the house, without the permission of the house, for two consecutive months of a session, or
 * is disqualified.

Disqualification
The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (text) requires candidates for Parliament to be Australian citizens.

A member will be disqualified if they are found to have been ineligible for election, or become ineligible to sit, because they:
 * are a subject or citizen of a foreign power or under an acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience or adherence to a foreign power
 * are attainted (convicted) of treason
 * have been convicted and are under sentence or subject to be sentenced for an offence punishable by imprisonment for one year or longer under a Commonwealth or State law
 * are an undischarged bankrupt or insolvent
 * hold any office of profit (i.e. income) under the Crown or any pension payable during the pleasure of the Crown out of any Commonwealth revenues, or
 * have any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any agreement with the Commonwealth Public Service in any way other than as a member in common with other members of an incorporated company consisting of more than 25 persons.

A member will also be disqualified if they:
 * take the benefit, whether by assignment, composition, or otherwise, of any law relating to bankrupt or insolvent debtors
 * directly or indirectly take or agree to take any fee or honorarium for services rendered to the Commonwealth, or for services rendered in the Parliament to any person or State
 * have been convicted of bribery, undue influence or interference with political liberty, or have been found by the Court of Disputed Returns to have committed or attempted to commit bribery or undue influence when a candidate (the disqualification is for two years from the date of the conviction or finding), or
 * are of unsound mind.

Resignation
A member of the House of Representatives may resign by tendering the resignation to the Speaker, as required by section 37 of the Australian Constitution, or in the absence of the Speaker to the Governor-General. Similarly, a senator would tender the resignation to the President of the Senate or in the absence of the President to the Governor-General, as required by section 19 of the Constitution.

How a casual vacancy is filled
Casual vacancies are handled in different ways, depending on the house concerned.

States
When a Senate seat representing one of the six states becomes vacant, Section 15 of the Australian Constitution requires the parliament of the relevant state to choose a replacement. This is done in a joint sitting of the upper and lower houses (except for Queensland, which has a unicameral parliament). If the state parliament is not in session, then the governor of the state (acting on the advice of the state's executive council) may appoint the replacement, but such an appointment lapses if it is not confirmed by a joint sitting within 14 days after the beginning of the next session of the state parliament.

Prior to 29 July 1977, senators were elected for a six-year term, people appointed to a casual vacancy only held office until the earlier of the next election for the House of Representatives or the Senate, at which the vacancy would be filled by the electors of the relevant state. It was also an established convention, but not a constitutional requirement, that the state parliament choose (or the governor appoint) a replacement from the same political party as their predecessor. It had also been the practice for the relevant party to provide a list of suitable names to the state premier, and for the state parliament to make the choice. Before 1946, the conventions were not as firmly established, with ten casual vacancies being filled by someone from a different party. After 1946, however, they were not breached again until 1975 – twice:

 * On 9 February 1975, the New South Wales Labor Senator Lionel Murphy resigned from the Senate to take up an appointment as a judge of the High Court of Australia. On 27 February, the NSW Liberal Premier Tom Lewis appointed Cleaver Bunton, a former long-serving Mayor of Albury, who was not affiliated with any political party.  Bunton sat as an independent senator.
 * On 30 June 1975, the Queensland Labor Senator Bertie Milliner died suddenly. The Labor Party gave only one replacement name to the Country Party Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen - that of Mal Colston. However, on 3 September, at Bjelke-Petersen's instigation, the Parliament of Queensland appointed Albert Field to the vacancy. Although he had been a member of the Labor Party for 30 years, Field was now openly critical of the Labor government of Gough Whitlam, and he was immediately expelled from the party for accepting the appointment.  Field took his seat in the Senate as an independent.  However, there were doubts as to his constitutional eligibility to sit at all.  Although he had resigned from the Queensland Department of Education the day before he was appointed, the Education Act (Qld) required three weeks' notice of resignation, and it was arguable that he was therefore still in Crown service (this technicality had been ignored many times in the past). The Labor Party immediately challenged Field's appointment in the High Court, and he was on leave from the Senate from 1 October for the remainder of his short-lived term, which ended when the parliament was dissolved on 11 November.

On 21 May 1977, a referendum was held on the question of whether Section 15 of the Constitution should be changed to require future Senate casual vacancies to be filled by a member of the party represented by the former senator at the time of their election, if the state parliament chooses to fill the vacancy, and the new senator's term continues until the end of the original senator's term. The referendum was passed and came into effect on 29 July 1977. Where a senator had been elected representing a certain party, and changed allegiances to a different party mid-term, and then died or resigned, the replacement senator would be a person representing the first party. This was first implemented when South Australia Senator Steele Hall, who at the time of his election represented the Liberal Movement but had later changed to the Liberal Party of Australia, resigned and was replaced by Janine Haines. She represented the Australian Democrats and was chosen because the Liberal Movement had merged with the Democrats.

Despite the constitutional change, a party's nomination to replace the casual vacancy does not guarantee that the nominee will be appointed to the Senate by the state parliament. Even when there is only a single nominee, there must be a vote to approve the appointment. This means that if the state parliament votes against the nominee, the vacancy is not filled. This was demonstrated when Labor's Don Grimes resigned from the Senate in April 1987. A vote to appoint Labor's nominee John Devereux was undertaken by a joint sitting of the Tasmanian Parliament on 8 May 1987, which resulted in a tied vote. Under Tasmanian Parliament's rules adopted for joint sittings, "if the votes are equal, the Question shall be resolved in the Negative". Therefore the tied vote rejected Devereux's nomination to the Senate. Ray Groom, a Tasmanian Liberal minister, argued: "section 15 of the Constitution clearly states that it is for the Parliament to choose the person to fill the vacancy and not the party. we can choose only a person who is a member of the same party ... but we are not bound to accept the nomination of the party concerned". The move by the Liberal state government was criticised by federal Liberal leader John Howard for "voting against established convention and the intent of the Constitutional change". The joint sitting to appoint another replacement was adjourned but ultimately did not take place, as the Senate was dissolved on 5 June for a double dissolution election in July and therefore a replacement was no longer required.

When a vacancy exists in the Senate as a result of the ineligibility of a person to be elected, as in the 2017 dual citizenship cases, the seat of the disqualified Senator is filled by a countback of the previous Senate election results in the affected State, as was the method used in Re Culleton (No 2) and in the Re Day (No 2).

A vacancy may also exist when a Senator resigns or dies after they were re-elected to the Senate but before the start of the next Senate term. This means a vacancy is created in both the current term and the following term that has not yet commenced, creating a constitutional quirk. This happened for the first time on 24 October 2013, a month after the 2013 federal election, when New South Wales Labor Senator Bob Carr resigned from the Senate. Carr's current term was to expire on 30 June 2014, and he was already re-elected to the Senate in the election for the following term starting 1 July 2014. Deborah O'Neill was selected by Labor to fill the casual vacancy, and was appointed by the NSW Parliament on 13 November 2013. In an unprecedented situation where Carr resigned both his current term and the following term, the NSW Government sought legal advice from the Crown Solicitor of New South Wales regarding the tenure of O'Neill's appointment. The Crown Solicitor's advice was that the NSW Parliament could only fill the current vacancy, and would have to wait until July 2014 (start of the new term) to fill the future vacancy. Initially, there were no planned sitting days between July and mid-August 2014, however, a reduced joint sitting of 13 lower house MPs and over 40 Legislative Councillors was held on 2 July 2014 to reappoint O'Neill to the Senate for the new term.

Territories
When a Senate seat representing the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) or the Northern Territory (NT) becomes vacant, the replacement senator is chosen by the ACT Legislative Assembly or the NT Legislative Assembly, under section 44 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Text). This process was used in NT for the first and only time on 16 June 1998, when Trish Crossin was chosen by the NT Legislative Assembly to replace Bob Collins, who had resigned from the Senate on 30 March. In the ACT, the process was used for the first time on 18 February 2003, when Gary Humphries was chosen by the ACT Legislative Assembly to replace Margaret Reid, who had resigned from the Senate on 14 February.

If the Assembly is not in session, then the Administrator of the NT (acting on the advice of the territory's executive council) or the Chief Minister of the ACT may appoint the replacement, but such an appointment lapses if it is not confirmed within 14 days after the beginning of the next session of the territory assembly. This procedure is very similar to the procedure for states, albeit under a different legislation or legal document.

Prior to 1989, different processes were used to appoint territory senators to casual vacancies. The original Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973 was passed in the 1974 joint sitting and took effect on 7 August 1974, allowing the election of two senators from NT and ACT each. In section 9 of the original act, for NT or ACT casual vacancies, the President of the Senate, or the Governor-General in absence of the President, may issue a writ for the election of a new Senator (i.e. by-election). If there are two casual vacancies in one territory, a writ may be issued for a single election of two new senators. These provisions were in place until 1980, but they never occurred.

The Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973, including Section 9, was amended by the Senate (Representation of Territories) Amendment Act 1980 in May 1980. In the amended Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973, NT casual vacancy replacements were to be chosen by the NT Legislative Assembly, the same way as it is currently. The ACT had not gained self-government yet, so the replacement senator was elected by a joint sitting of both houses of the Federal Parliament. This had occurred twice:
 * when Margaret Reid was elected on 5 May 1981 to replace the deceased ACT Senator John Knight
 * when Bob McMullan was elected on 16 February 1988 to replace former ACT Senator Susan Ryan, who had resigned.

In February 1984, these provisions were incorporated into the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, as amended by the Commonwealth Electoral Legislation Amendment Act 1983. The ACT gained self-government in 1989, and the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 was again amended by the A.C.T. Self-Government (Consequential Provisions) Act 1988 to allow ACT casual vacancy replacements to be chosen by the ACT Legislative Assembly, the same way as it is currently.

In accordance with the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, the provision of a joint sitting of both houses of the Federal Parliament would still be used to fill a Senate casual vacancy in the representation of any territory other than NT or the ACT, if such a territory ever gained separate Senate representation.

House of Representatives
Casual vacancies in the House of Representatives are filled by a by-election. There is no constitutional requirement for a by-election to be held within any particular time, or at all. When a general election is expected within a relatively short time, it has often been the practice not to hold a by-election. This has been justified on the grounds that: (a) the electors of the seat in question should not be burdened with voting twice within a short period of time, when their views are hardly likely to change significantly in that time; and (b) the cost of holding a by-election is considerable, and it is ultimately the taxpayers who bear the cost. For example, the death of three Cabinet ministers in the 1940 Canberra air disaster on 13 August 1940 meant that three by-elections would have been required. However, a general election was already being planned to be held in the coming weeks and the by-elections were therefore not required.

If it is appropriate to hold a by-election, the Speaker consults with the Australian Electoral Commission as to the suitability of various dates, invites comments from the various party leaders about the proposed dates, makes the final choice, and issues the writ. At least 33 days must elapse between the moment the Speaker issues a writ and the date of a by-election, and the Speaker cannot issue the writ until receipt of a formal letter of resignation. A by-election must take place on a Saturday.

If, since the previous general election, there has been a re-distribution that has altered the boundaries of the division in question, then the boundaries as at the original election still apply, but only those electors enrolled for that division at the time of the by-election are permitted, and required, to vote.

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Lyon College

Lyon College is a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and located in Batesville, Arkansas. Founded in 1872 as Arkansas College, it is the oldest independent college in Arkansas.

History
Located in Batesville, Arkansas, the college was founded in 1872 and is the oldest independent college in Arkansas. It was founded by Isaac J. Long who served as its first president. He was succeeded by his son E. R. Long and then by a Mr. Cleland.

In 1871, state leaders narrowed down choices for the potential flagship location of a state college to either Fayetteville or Batesville. Fayetteville and Washington County residents collaboratively offered financial backing to establish the college in Fayetteville, and Batesville ultimately lost the bid. However, Rev. Isaac J. Long, along with others involved with the Presbyterian church, decided to open a college soon after. They named Arkansas College at Batesville. The charter was signed by Governor Ozra Amander Hadley on October 24, 1872. Morrow Hall was the college's first permanent building, occupied in 1873. The Long family led the college until Dr. Paul M. McCain became president of the college in 1952.

It was renamed Lyon College in 1994, after the Lyon family of Arkansas. Frank Lyon Sr. served on the board of trustees from 1946 to 1988, including as chairman from 1977 to 1987. Frank Lyon Jr. served on the board for more than 30 years, until his death in 2015. He served as chair of the board for four years. Frank Lyon Jr. and Jane Lyon gave the largest gift in the college's history of $10 million.

W. Joseph King became president in July 2017. King succeeded Donald V. Weatherman, who served as president from 2009 until he retired in 2017. Melissa Taverner was named provost in February 2018. After King's resignation in 2021, Taverner succeeded him as president.

Academics
Lyon College is classified among "Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus". In 2019, the college was listed at #50 on the "Top Performers of Social Mobility" published by U.S. News & World Report. As of 2020, Lyon College was ranked #164-#215 among "National Liberal Arts Colleges" U.S. News & World Report.

Campus
The college was originally located in the "downtown" block that the First Presbyterian Church of Batesville now occupies. In the 1920s, the college moved to East End Heights neighborhood, which was later known as the middle campus. The college added more buildings from 1991 and 1994, including the Holloway Theatre, Lyon Business and Economics Building, President's Residence, Bradley Manor, Upper Division Residence Hall, and Young House. The Derby Center for Science and Mathematics was completed in December 2003, followed by the Kelley Baseball Complex, in January 2004. The size of the current campus is 136 acres.

In October 2010, a fire damaged the Edwards Commons Dining Hall. The building was named after John W. Edwards and Lucille Welman Edwards, who originally funded the building. Reconstruction of the building began in October 2011. Lyon college added two new residence halls, named Whiteside and Wilson, in October 2015.

The campus includes an 18-hole disc golf course that is open to the public.

Student life
Student enrollment was 655, all undergraduate, as of 2019.

Lyon College has a Scottish Heritage Program that provides scholarships and hosts the Arkansas Scottish Festival every April. The program also started a campus pipe band that includes Lyon College students, faculty, and staff, along with volunteer musicians from Batesville and surrounding areas. The pipe band has performed locally in Arkansas as well as in Scotland.

The college adopted a pet-friendly policy in January 2018 that allows students to own pets while living in the on-campus dormitories. It began offering obedience classes for animals and animal-friendly facilities, including a coffee shop and a dog park called the Schram Bark Park.

The college has a student-run honor code and a freshman orientation system that runs from before the start of freshman year until the end of the first year.

Lyon College has a fully endowed two-week study abroad program called the Nichols Program.

In 2019, Lyon College initiated an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program and Military Science and Leadership concentration. The program is an affiliate of the Arkansas State University ROTC program.

Former radio station
From 1976 through 1981, the then-Arkansas College operated a low power "Class D" educational FM radio station, KGED, transmitting on 88.1 MHz. Its studio was in the lower level of the Mabee-Simpson library building and the transmitter was located on the upper level of Brown Chapel, with the broadcast antenna inside the steeple. Broadcasting was sporadic over the years and an attempt was made to revive operations in the fall semester of 1981 by freshman station manager Kevin Manzer. However, operations ceased permanently later that same year when the transmitter failed and was deemed not repairable by the station engineer, Dick Treat.

Athletics
The Lyon athletic teams are called the Scots. The college is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing as an NCAA D-III Independent since the 2022–23 academic year. The Scots previously competed in the American Midwest Conference (AMC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2012–13 to 2022–23; in the TranSouth Athletic Conference (TranSouth or TSAC) from 1997–98 to 2011–12; as an NAIA Independent from 1995–96 to 1996–97; and in the defunct Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference (AIC) from about 1980–81 to 1994–95.

Lyon competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include archery, competitive cheer, competitive dance, eSports and shooting sports. Former sports included men's lacrosse.

Wrestling
In January 2014, the college added men's and women's wrestling to its athletic offerings.

Football
Football was added in 2015, which prompted the construction of new residence halls and a 5,500 sq foot field house. The Lyon College football team competed in the Sooner Athletic Conference of the NAIA.

Esports
The college is the only member of National Association of Collegiate Esports in the state of Arkansas. Kevin Jenkins is the athletic director.

Intramurals
The college also fields an intramural sports program.

Move to NCAA Division III
On February 8, 2022, the school announced that it planned to transition its athletic programs from the NAIA to NCAA Division III, with any conference home yet to be determined.

On August 22, 2022, Lyon received an invitation to join the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC), starting in the 2023–24 school year.

Notable people

 * Judd Deere, White House press assistant for U.S. president Donald Trump

title: Lyon College


text:
Red mouse opossum

The red mouse opossum (Marmosa rubra) is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae. Its range includes eastern Ecuador and Peru.

title: Red mouse opossum


text:
Talk:Composition book

Untitled
I like what you did with the page, but I'd rather wanted to keep the cultural significance and associations of composition books. Your thoughts? Rhymeless 04:26, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I hadn't intended to do that, just to restate the information more succinctly. I'll look over my changes now and try to restore the lost associations and significance. -- Djinn112 16:42, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Many thanks. Rhymeless 00:33, 12 May 2004 (UTC)~

 * why are they usually marble colored (black and white pattern)? where did it come from?

A composition book is one of a type of stock-bound notebook commonly used by writers and students. Although available in several colors, the original marbled black-and-white cover, with its generic label on the front, is the overwhelming favorite. The paper in a composition book is traditionally lined in blue to aid writing, and has a vertical line for a margin on the left hand of every page. Traditionally the back cover of such a book had a table of the weights and measures of the English system printed on it for children to refer to, however this feature has become diminished in countries that have adopted the metric system. Sometimes a multiplication table or grammar or punctuation tips are also found on the inside back cover.

They are bound in a similar fashion to books, consisting of sheets about twice as wide as a single page, folded along the spine, and traditionally sewn together. Composition books are thus more durable than spiral notebooks or those with perforated pages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:371D:2500:FCDC:B09E:F8A6:452C (talk) 20:28, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Composition book


text:
Nissin Foods

Nissin Foods Holdings Co., Ltd. (日清食品ホールディングス株式会社) is a Japanese food company. Founded by Momofuku Ando in 1948 in Izumiōtsu, Osaka, it owns Nissin Food Products, Nissin Chilled Foods, Nissin Frozen Foods, and Myojo Foods. It is known for development of the world's first marketed brand of instant noodles Chicken Ramen and products like Cup Noodles, Yakisoba U.F.O., and Demae Iccho.

Founding and early years
The company was founded in Japan on 1 September 1948, by Taiwanese-Japanese immigrant Go Pek-Hok (1910-2007), Japanese name Momofuku Ando as Chuko Sosha (中交総社). Ten years later, the company introduced its first instant ramen noodle product, Chikin Ramen (Chicken Ramen). Soon after, the company name was changed to Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd. (日清食品株式会社). The company established a US subsidiary, Nissin Foods, in 1970, and began selling instant ramen noodle products under the name Top Ramen in 1972. Nissin Chikin Ramen (1958) and Cup Noodles (1971) were both invented by Momofuku Ando. Nissin Foods is headquartered in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka.

Recent years and expansion
The company moved to its current headquarters in 1977, when the construction of the building was completed.

In 2007, Myojo Foods Co., Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Nissin Foods. On January 5, 2007, Nissin founder Momofuku Ando died at the age of 96.

In May 2011, Nissin announced a capital and business alliance with confectionery producer Frente Co., Ltd. In September 2011, the Cup Noodles museum opens in Yokohama, Japan exhibiting the full spectrum of the founder Momofuku Ando's vision.

An agreement with Turkey's largest consumer goods manufacturing group was reached in September 2013, resulting in the creation of Nissin Yildiz Gida Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.

March 2014 saw the opening of The Wave, a new Japan-based R&D center, aimed at creating "a wave of the most advanced food technologies". The building has been honored with the Good Design Award.

Worldwide sales of the Cup Noodles reached 40 billion servings in 2016; 70% of total sales were accumulated outside Japan.

Name
According to the company, the name 'Nissin' originates as an abbreviated form of the expression 「日々清らかに豊かな味をつくる」 (Hibi kiyoraka ni yutakana aji o tsukuru), coined by company founder Momofuku Ando, and representing his desire for the company. The expression can be loosely translated as "Day after day purely create great taste".

Facilities and regions
Nissin Foods has established offices and factories in various locations, such as the United States (since 1972), Brazil (since 1981), Hong Kong (since 1985), India (since 1988), Hungary (since 1993), Germany (since 1993), Thailand (since 1994), China (since 1995), the Philippines (since 1997) and Mexico (since 2000). In 2013, Makarneks, the Turkish equivalent to Cup Noodles, was introduced. Nissin's products are sold in more than 80 countries worldwide.

Instant noodles

 * Nissin Top Ramen
 * Nissin Chikin Ramen
 * Nissin Cup Noodles
 * Doll Brand - created by Winner Food Products Limited (est. 1968), a subsidiary of Nissin since 1984
 * Chow Mein
 * Chow Noodle
 * Bowl Noodles, Rich and Savory, and Hot And Spicy
 * Spice Route Bowl and Boxes, Sichuan, Korean, and Thai
 * NuPasta Bowls and bags
 * Kitsune udon
 * Demae Ramen

Demae Ramen
Demae Ramen or Demae Itcho (出前一丁; ) was first introduced in Japan in 1969 and entered the market in Hong Kong the next year. Since then, it has become one of the most popular instant noodle brands in Hong Kong, with a wide range of flavours.

Corporate responsibility
Nissin Foods have been criticized for using palm oil suppliers responsible for the destruction of rainforests, peatlands and abuse of human and labor rights. A demonstration was held at Nissin Foods US Headquarters on June 29, 2015.

Non-affiliations
Nissin Foods is not affiliated with the following: Nisshin Seifun Group Inc., Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Nissan Motor Co., Ltd, Nisshinbo Holdings Inc., Nissin Healthcare Food Service Co., Ltd., Monde Nissin Corporation, and Nissin Kyogyo Co. Ltd. (including Nissin Brake Ohio and Nissin Brake Georgia).

title: Nissin Foods


text:
Nisshin

Nisshin, Nissin (pronounced the same, written as 日清, 日新, 日真, etc. in Japanese) may refer to:

Geography

 * 日進市: Nisshin, Aichi, a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, near the city of Nagoya
 * 日進村: Nisshin, Saitama, a former town that is now Kita ward of the city of Saitama, Saitama

Companies
Several unrelated companies:

日清

 * Nissin Foods, worldwide instant ramen maker
 * Nisshin Seifun Group
 * Nisshinbo Industries, maker of car brakes

日新

 * Nisshin Steel

日信

 * Nissin Kogyo, maker of car brakes, a Honda keiretsu company

日伸

 * Nisshin Onpa, maker of guitar effects under the Maxon brand

Other uses

 * 日親: Nisshin (monk) (1407–1488)
 * 日真: the name of several monks of Nichiren Buddhism and Nichiren Shoshu
 * 日進: name given to several ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, including:
 * Japanese cruiser Nisshin that served in the Battle of Tsushima
 * Japanese seaplane carrier Nisshin that was sunk in the Bougainville Strait in July 1943
 * Nisshin (Japanese warship), launched in 1869

title: Nisshin


text:
Tyler's mouse opossum

Tyler's mouse opossum (Marmosa tyleriana) is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae. It lives in rainforests of the Guiana Highlands of southern Venezuela at elevations between 1300 and 2200 m. The species has only been found on three isolated tepuis (Auyantepui, Marahuaca and Sarisariñama). All three of these locations are in protected areas (Canaima, Duida-Marahuaca and Jaua-Sarisariñama national parks).

The Latin species name refers to the habitat in which the opossum was first found, a Tyleria forest. In turn, both the genus Tyleria and the opossum's common name refer to Sidney F. Tyler, an American historian and photographer who helped finance the 1928-29 expedition of the American Museum of Natural History to the headwaters of the Orinoco, during which the opossum was discovered.

title: Tyler's mouse opossum


text:
Talk:Results of the 2004 Canadian federal election by riding

Untitled
This should be moved to Results of the Canadian federal election, 2004 when the election is over. Earl Andrew 04:34, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Other splits
Toronto Centre -Beaches--East York -Davenport -Don Valley West -Eglinton--Lawrence -Parkdale--High Park -Scarborough Southwest -St. Paul's -Toronto Centre -Toronto--Danforth -Trinity--Spadina -York South--Weston

Suburban Toronto -Don Valley East -Etobicoke Centre -Etobicoke--Lakeshore -Etobicoke North -Scarborough--Agincourt -Scarborough Centre -Scarborough--Guildwood -Scarborough--Rouge River -Willowdale -York Centre -York West

Montreal Centre Hochelaga Jeanne--Le Ber Lesalle-Emard Laurier Mount Royal Notre-Dame-de-Grace-Lachine Outremont Papineau Rosemont--La Petite-Patrie Saint-Leonard--Saint-Michel Westmount--Ville-Marie

Suburban Montreal and Laval Ahuntsic Alfred-Pellan Bourassa Honore--Mercier Lac-Saint-Louis La Pointe de-l'Ile Laval Laval--Les Iles Marc-Aurele-Fortin Pierrefonds--Dollard Saint-Laurent--Cartierville

Earl Andrew

Can someone fix the table problems, I can't seem to figure it out. Earl Andrew 18:32, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Table adjustment
I have adjusted the table for Nova Scotia to include a column for the Green Party. I have no clue where the heading should link to or what colour you want: adjust it to your satisfaction. Then you can use that as a template: it's the end of the month so I'm running out of spare time :-( so I don't know whether I'll be able to do any more. HTH --Phil | Talk 14:32, May 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done the first 4 tables and run out of time today: RL beckons. Feel free to carry on the (hopefully) good works --Phil | Talk 17:55, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've implemented a lot of the above suggestions on the four Atlantic provinces as something of a pilot project, and would welcome thoughts/criticism. Also, I began playing with Canadian federal election, 2000 (candidates)--thoughts on that? The Tom 01:54, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It looks nice. I also like the circles for results of previous elections being closer together because if there is a space between each circle, the one between the ones of the same colour are different between the ones of different colours.  I changed the circles in Quebec and will change that and the Atlantic provinces changes for the rest of Canada if no one has any better suggestions as it looks bad being inconsistent. Telso 18:24, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Problems?
I can't seem to edit this page anymore. Here's what i was trying to do: Earl Andrew 05:48, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Official List of Candidates
I've finally gone through every riding comparing with the official list. When the official list used full names and Wikipedia had already used shortened names, I left the shortened names. I did find two typos in the official list so if I changed the spelling of a name that shouldn't have been changed (i.e. there was another typo in the official list), go ahead a change it. Telso 05:55, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Just a note to say that this page and its sister page are really impressive. Well done to everyone. Secretlondon 02:53, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Central Toronto
Is it my imagination, or is Central Toronto missing from this page? Where's, e.g., Trinity-Spadina? moink 04:54, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It's there. Look a little more carefully.. ;) -- Grunt (talk) 14:06, 2004 Jun 29 (UTC)
 * It went missing for a while. I wasn't the only one to notice it.  Anyway, thanks.  moink 20:39, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Delinking
Now that the results are in I would propose delinking every candidate with under 500 votes who doesn't already have an article. The notability of most of those people is pretty minor. - SimonP 14:49, Jun 29, 2004 (UTC)

Page Size
This page is quite large and takes forever to load (at least on my computer with my ISP). Would it be possible to break it up into smaller regional pages?AndyL 18:26, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * The article is 58 pages, if you printed it. It needs to be split, possibly Ontario-west. Anyone object? -- user:zanimum

I object, there's already too many pages on the subject. Earl Andrew 19:30, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I would support breaking it up into separate Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, and Western articles. - SimonP 20:16, Jun 29, 2004 (UTC)

A compromise: what about having this page containing sections 1 and 3 (federal redistribution and sources) and having a link to sub pages, one of which copies what we have now and a few which divide it. So something like Results of the Canadian federal election throughout Canada, 2004, Results of the Canadian federal election in the Atlantic provinces, 2004, Results of the Canadian federal election in Quebec, 2004, etc. Feel free to change the titles as I can't think of any good shorter ones. If the only choices are split/nosplit, I vote for no split as it's nice to have the full results. And within a short while no one will be editing it so the 32KB problem won't matter anyway (and people should be considering newer browsers by now). Telso 01:09, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I recommend leaving this as a single behemoth, but duplicate the information on region-specific pages. Might I suggest we use the thirty or so regions we've already carved up, and then stick about five or six elections on each page... that way more in-depth description of local political trends can be laid out. I already got started with Canadian federal election results for Eastern Montréal, Canadian federal election results for Western Montréal, Canadian federal election results for Northern Montréal and Laval. The Tom 04:19, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea, because I've created maps of the regions showing the percentages for each party in each riding. (well, im done atlantic canada) Earl Andrew 09:53, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

See Special:Longpages; this article is, as of now, the largest in the entire Wikipedia. --Ardonik 07:44, Aug 2, 2004 (UTC)

As the below discussion indicates, there are people getting upset over the size of this article (I'll leave the argument as to why it exists to the thread below). I think this would be better served being split up into separate articles by province with one main overview. As long as it's the longest page on Wikipedia (it still holds that distinction in December) people are going to complain about it. 23skidoo 22:20, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There's always going to be a longest page on wikipedia, it might as well be this one. We already have like 5 pages on the election. Earl Andrew 02:17, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It might be worth mentioning that if this page is broken up, Colorectal Cancer will have the longest Wikipedia entry. Does anyone *really* want to see this happen?  CJCurrie 02:54, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)  [Addendum:  Actually, I've now discovered that the cancer page in question was only listed on the "longest pages" file because of an act of vandalism, now reverted.  A pity, really ... it made for a decent argument.]  CJCurrie 02:58, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why does this article exist?
No, really, why is this a part of the Wikipedia? The wiki is an encyclopedia, not an election results site. All of this information is available on the Elections Canada pages, most of it in the same or better format. Why not just link there? I'd say this article is a major example of something that needs to be killed outright. Maury 12:54, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Uh... most things on wikipedia can be found elsewhere on the internet. I think you fail to understand the purpose of wikipedia. Earl Andrew 21:51, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * No, actually, I am completely aware of the purpose of the wiki. The wiki is an encyclopedia, a place to gather a body of work into a subset useful for reading and providing directions for further research. It is not a place to detail election results, a count of ruby throated swallows crossing point pele, or the electron density of distilled water at STP.
 * This article is completely and utterly useless. No one will ever come to the wiki looking for this information, and if anyone ever wants to know there are other sites that present the same data in a better format than a single QUARTER MEG bloat. Hell, it's so big people are complaining they can't even find things that ARE on the page, and it took almost 1500 edits to get here?!? Maury 02:16, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * This isn't the only page that shows election results. Do some research on the topic before you complain. A lot of people worked hard on this page. Plus, a lot of it is compilations. You cant find regional results any where else on the net, let alone regional voting patterns as shown on this page. Please, do not disregard the hard work of many before you start throwing stones where they shouldn't be thrown. Earl Andrew 08:34, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with the above. If people want this page removed then all the American electoral and British electoral results pages should be removed too. That said, this thing is really huge. I recommend it be split into separate articles, perhaps one main overview and then individual articles per province. This does have the dubious distinction of being the single biggest page on Wikipedia. 23skidoo 22:17, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Page split implemented
For the benefit of future readers, the proposed page split was implemented in December, 2004. - Beland 02:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Templates
I'd like to list results on the main page rather than in templates, bringing it in line with the 2019 and 2021 articles. This would make future edits easier. Are there any objections? G. Timothy Walton (talk) 16:23, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

"Complete esults of the Canadian federal election, 2004" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complete_esults_of_the_Canadian_federal_election,_2004&redirect=no Complete esults of the Canadian federal election, 2004] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 01:02, 12 February 2024 (UTC)


text:
Nicholls State University

Nicholls State University is a public university in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Founded in 1948, Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System. Originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls, a former governor of Louisiana, member of the Louisiana Supreme Court, and general in the Confederate army during the American Civil War.

The 287 acre campus, once part of Acadia Plantation, fronts on Bayou Lafourche, about 50 mi southwest of New Orleans and 60 mi southeast of Baton Rouge. Its oldest structure, Elkins Hall, was completed in 1948 and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Nicholls is located in the Acadiana region. It is also within the geographical bounds of the Mississippi River Delta, and close to the Mississippi River, its distributaries, Louisiana's wetlands, and the Gulf of Mexico.

History
Nicholls State opened on Sept. 23, 1948, as Francis T. Nicholls Junior College of Louisiana State University. In 1956, the Louisiana Legislature separated Nicholls State from LSU and authorized it to develop four-year curricula. In September 1956, the former junior college became Francis T. Nicholls State College and granted its first degrees in May 1958. In 1970, Act 93 of the State Legislature changed the name of the institution to Nicholls State University.

University leadership
 * Charles C. Elkins (1948–1962)
 * Vernon F. Galliano (1963–1982)
 * Donald J. Ayo (1983–2003)
 * Stephen T. Hulbert (2003–2013)
 * Dr. Bruce Murphy (2014–2017)
 * Dr. Jay Clune (2018–present)

Academics
Princeton Review statistics from 2010 list the student-to-faculty ratio at Nicholls as 20:1. Admission has become selective. The average GPA upon entry is 3.2 with an ACT score of 21. The average GPA of undergraduate students admitted to the university's honors program is 3.6 with an ACT score of 26. Almost 62 percent of the student body are women; and nearly 3 percent are international students. As with nearly all academic institutions in Louisiana, Hurricane Katrina affected Nicholls' completion rate and overall ranking. During the aftermath of Katrina, Nicholls suspended its admissions selectivity in order to accommodate students from hurricane affected institutions. The university also had many matriculating students who were affected by the hurricane and did not return.

Colleges

 * College of Sciences and Technology
 * College of Business Administration
 * College of Education and Behavioral Sciences
 * College of Nursing
 * College of Liberal Arts
 * University College
 * University Graduate Studies

The Department of Art is built upon a broad liberal arts foundation and preparation in studio disciplines required for careers in the visual arts and design. The Department of Art is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design.

The Department of Mass Communication is one of five mass communication programs in Louisiana accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (ACEJMC). The department offers two concentrations: journalism and public relations. Nicholls mass communication students and faculty employ three computer labs and a broadcast studio for learning and instruction in communication principles. Students within the department are also encouraged to apply for jobs with the KNSU radio station and student publications, helping to produce the yearbook or publishing the weekly newspaper, the Nicholls Worth.

The University of Louisiana System has identified the following areas as Unique Areas of Excellence at Nicholls State University. These are areas of study that, because of either their unique classes or their leadership in Louisiana education, have been selected for this special honor. These include the John Folse Culinary Institute, Biological Sciences (Marine and environmental sciences emphasis), Nursing, Allied Health Sciences, Teacher Education, Accounting and Information Systems, and Child, Family and Social Services. Other notable degree programs include: Bachelor of Arts in art, English, mass communication, and music; Bachelor of Science in applied sciences geomatics; and master's degrees in marine and environmental biology, education, and business administration (in addition to an Executive MBA program).

Nicholls is one of the first institutions in the United States to offer bachelor's degrees in Culinary Arts. Students gain expertise in both Cajun and French cuisine. The Chef John Folse Culinary Institute is the only American member of the prestigious Institut Paul Bocuse. Students also have the opportunity to earn a bachelor's degree in Culinary Arts and then work towards earning the MBA.

Nicholls' faculty have been recognized nationally and internationally by the Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Endowment for the Humanities, Phi Kappa Lambda, the Renaissance Society of America, and other organizations and associations. In the past three years, several faculty members have been awarded grants from the Louisiana Board of Regents. The university has the only certified public health geneticist in the South. Nicholls is also the home of the Louisiana Center for Women and Government, as well as the Dyslexia Center of Louisiana.

Nicholls Online provides complete degrees online in a variety of disciplines. It offers over 100 online courses through its Division of Distance Education. Nicholls Online is different from regular online courses at Nicholls in that the courses are offered through 8-week sessions and have a unique fee structure.

Ellender Memorial Library
The Allen J. Ellender Memorial Library offers research assistance to the Nicholls State University community via 125+ databases and traditional reference books. The Library provides access to over 61,000 e-books as part of a collection of more than 245,000 books. Librarians provide library research instruction classes in all disciplines as well as individual consultation sessions. A leisure book collection with recent popular writers and 50 popular magazine titles is also available. The Library has both single and group study rooms for patron use. There is also an interlibrary loan service which acquires materials from other libraries, and a courtesy card service that allows patrons to check out materials from other Louisiana universities.

Ellender Library, through its Government Information Department, has been a selective depository for Louisiana state government publications since 1960 and a selective depository of the U.S. Federal Depository Library Program since 1962. The Library is a congressionally designated depository for United States government documents. Public access to the government documents collection is guaranteed by public law (Title 44 USC). In its role as a depository, Government Information houses an extensive collection of books, periodicals, microfiche, maps, CDs, and kits published by Louisiana state and federal agencies on a wide array of topics such as health, geology, military history, law and legislation, education, statistics and more.

The Archives and Special Collections Department of Ellender Memorial Library is the archival repository for the historical records of the university and serves as a repository for primary and secondary material relating to the geographical, historical and cultural uniqueness of the region. The collections include personal papers, business and organizational records, historical photographs, literary manuscripts, maps, diaries and scrapbooks. Newspapers, oral histories, and numerous other formats are also represented. Many collections document the plantation era and the sugar cane industry. The Archives and Special Collections Department is also home to the library's Regional, Rare Book, and Genealogy Collections.

Athletics
Nicholls sports teams participate in NCAA Division I (Football Championship Subdivision or FCS for football) in the Southland Conference. Nicholls' colors are red and gray and the athletics teams are nicknamed the Colonels. The Nicholls State University Department of Athletics currently sponsors men's intercollegiate baseball, basketball, cross-country, football, golf and tennis along with women's intercollegiate basketball, cross-country, softball, soccer, tennis, track and field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Nicholls' official athletics mascot is Colonel Tillou. The modern version wears a bright red uniform topped off with a contemporary-style military officer's cap.

The Pride of Nicholls is the marching band which represents the university. The band performs pregame and during halftime at all Nicholls Colonels home football games, selected away games and in exhibitions at selected marching festivals during the fall semester.

Nicholls' primary athletic rivals are Southeastern Louisiana University and Northwestern State University.

Politics and judiciary

 * Robert Billiot, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Jefferson Parish since 2008
 * Marty J. Chabert, state senator for Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes from 1992 to 1996
 * Norby Chabert, state senator for Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes since 2009
 * Gordon Dove, state representative since 2004 for Terrebonne Parish
 * Hunt Downer, former speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives; assistant adjutant general of the Louisiana National Guard
 * Anthony Guarisco Jr., lawyer and state senator from Morgan City from 1976 to 1988
 * Joe Harrison, state representative since 2008 from Assumption, St. Mary and Terrebonne parishes
 * Francis C. Heitmeier (born 1950), Democratic member of the Louisiana House from 1984 to 1992 and the Louisiana Senate from 1992 to 2008; businessman and lobbyist from New Orleans
 * Sam S. Jones, Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for St. Mary Parish since 2008
 * Morris Lottinger Jr., former state legislator and judge from Terrebonne Parish
 * Jerome "Dee" Richard, current member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Lafourche Parish, one of only two Independents in the chamber
 * Billy Tauzin, member of the United States House of Representatives from 1980 to 2005
 * Jerome Zeringue, Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 52 in Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes

Athletics

 * Bobby April, National Football League (NFL) coach
 * Gary Barbaro, NFL safety
 * Gerald Butler, NFL wide receiver
 * Anatoly Bose, international basketball guard and forward
 * Bobby Felder, NFL cornerback
 * Darryl Hamilton, Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder
 * Hilton Koch, former owner of the WNBA's Houston Comets
 * Kareem Moore, NFL safety
 * Darryl Pounds, former NFL defensive back
 * Antonio Robinson, NFL wide receiver
 * Dwight Walker, former NFL running back and wide receiver
 * Lardarius Webb, NFL cornerback and return specialist

Other

 * Donald J. Boudreaux, economist and professor
 * Punkie Johnson, actress and stand-up comedian, current featured player on Saturday Night Live
 * Kellyn LaCour-Conant, restoration ecologist

 * Cyril and Libbye Hellier, operatic sopranos
 * Andrew Simoncelli, WWL-TV producer, professor

 * Rocsi Diaz, talk show host of 106 and park, entertainment tonight and ABC correspondent

Notable faculty

 * Monnie T. Cheves (1902–1988), education professor; served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from Natchitoches Parish from 1952 to 1960
 * Thomas G. Clausen (1939–2002), the last elected Louisiana state superintendent of education, on Nicholls faculty from 1967 to 1972
 * Marilyn Kilgen (1944), microbiologist and seafood safety scientist

title: Nicholls State University


text:
Diet (nutrition)

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos. This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy.

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids from protein and essential fatty acids from fat-containing food, also food energy in the form of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life, health and longevity.

Health
A healthy diet can improve and maintain health, which can include aspects of mental and physical health. Specific diets, such as the DASH diet, can be used in treatment and management of chronic conditions.

Dietary recommendations exist for many different countries, and they usually emphasise a balanced diet which is culturally appropriate. These recommendation are different from dietary reference values which provide information about the prevention of nutrient deficiencies.

Dietary choices
Exclusionary diets are diets with certain groups or specific types of food avoided, either due to health considerations or by choice. Many do not eat food from animal sources to varying degrees (e.g. flexitarianism, pescetarianism, vegetarianism, and veganism) for health reasons, issues surrounding morality, or to reduce their personal impact on the environment (e.g. environmental vegetarianism). People on a balanced vegetarian or vegan diet can obtain adequate nutrition, but may need to specifically focus on consuming specific nutrients, such as protein, iron, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B12. Raw foodism and intuitive eating are other approaches to dietary choices. Education, income, local availability, and mental health are all major factors for dietary choices.

Weight management
A particular diet may be chosen to promote weight loss or weight gain. Changing a person's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance, and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body. The terms "healthy diet" and "diet for weight management" (dieting) are often related, as the two promote healthy weight management. If a person is overweight or obese, changing to a diet and lifestyle that allows them to burn more calories than they consume may improve their overall health, possibly preventing diseases that are attributed in part to weight, including heart disease and diabetes. Within the past 10 years, obesity rates have increased by almost 10%. Conversely, if a person is underweight due to illness or malnutrition, they may change their diet to promote weight gain. Intentional changes in weight, though often beneficial, can be potentially harmful to the body if they occur too rapidly. Unintentional rapid weight change can be caused by the body's reaction to some medications, or may be a sign of major medical problems including thyroid issues and cancer among other diseases.

Eating disorders
An eating disorder is a mental disorder that interferes with normal food consumption. It is defined by abnormal eating habits, and thoughts about food that may involve eating much more or much less than needed. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders affect people of every gender, age, socioeconomic status, and body size.

Environmental dietary choices
Agriculture is a driver of environmental degradation, such as biodiversity loss, climate change, desertification, soil degradation and pollution. The food system as a whole – including refrigeration, food processing, packaging, and transport – accounts for around one-quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. More sustainable dietary choices can be made to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. These choices may involve reducing consumption of meat and dairy products and instead eating more plant-based foods, and eating foods grown through sustainable farming practices.

Religious and cultural dietary choices
Some cultures and religions have restrictions concerning what foods are acceptable in their diet. For example, only Kosher foods are permitted in Judaism, and Halal foods in Islam. Although Buddhists are generally vegetarians, the practice varies and meat-eating may be permitted depending on the sects. In Hinduism, vegetarianism is the ideal. Jains are strictly vegetarian and in addition to that the consumption of any roots (ex: potatoes, carrots) is not permitted.

In Christianity there is no restriction on the kinds of animals that can be eaten, though various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons. The most common diets used by Christians are Mediterranean and vegetarianism.

title: Diet (nutrition)


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Diet (assembly)

In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for deliberative assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet (the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire), as well as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states such as the National Diet of Japan, or the German Bundestag, the Federal Diet.

Etymology
The term (also in the nutritional sense) might be derived from Medieval Latin , meaning both "parliamentary assembly" and "daily food allowance", from earlier Latin diaeta, possibly from the Greek διαιτησία (= arbitration), or transcribing Classical Greek δίαιτα diaita, meaning "way of living", and hence also "diet", "regular (daily) work".

Through a false etymology, reflected in the spelling change replacing ae with e, the word "diet" came to be associated with Latin dies, "date". It came to be used in postclassical Europe in the sense of "an assembly" because of its use for the work of an assembly meeting on a daily basis or a given day of the time period, and hence for the assembly itself. The association with dies is reflected in the German language's use of Tagung (meeting) and -tag (not only meaning "day", as in Montag—Monday—but also "parliament", "council", or other law-deliberating chamber, as in Bundestag or Reichstag).

Historic uses
In this sense, it commonly refers to the Imperial Diet assemblies of the Holy Roman Empire:
 * Diet of Augsburg
 * Diet of Nuremberg
 * Diet of Regensburg
 * Diet of Speyer
 * Diet of Worms

After the Second Peace of Thorn of 1466, a German-language Prussian diet Landtag was held in the lands of Royal Prussia, a province of Poland in personal union with the king of Poland.

The Croatian word for a legislative assembly is sabor (from the verb sabrati se, "to assemble"); in historic contexts it is often translated with "diet" in English, as in "the Diet of Dalmatia" (Dalmatinski sabor), "the Croatian Diet" (Hrvatski sabor), "the Hungarian-Croatian Diet" (Ugarsko-hrvatski sabor), or Diet of Bosnia (Bosansko-hercegovački sabor).

The Diet of Hungary, customarily called together every three years in Székesfehérvár, Buda or Pressburg, was also called "Diéta" in the Habsburg Empire before the 1848 revolution.

The Riksdag of the Estates was the diet of the four estates of Sweden, from the 15th century until 1866. The Diet of Finland was the successor to the Riksdag of the Estates in the Grand Duchy of Finland, from 1809 to 1906.

The Swiss legislature was the Tagsatzung (Diète) before the Federal Assembly replaced it in the mid-19th century.

The Polish-Lithuanian Sejm was sometimes called a diet.

Current use

 * The National Diet of Japan, the country's legislative body.
 * Some universities in the UK and India refer to the period of formal examination and the conclusion of an academic term as an "examination diet".
 * Scottish legal procedures include diets of proof, debate, appeal or meeting which may be ordered by a court.

title: Diet (assembly)


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Darfield, South Yorkshire

Darfield is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. It is historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The village is situated approximately 4 mi east from Barnsley town centre. Darfield had a population of 8,066 at the 2001 UK Census, increasing to 10,685 at the 2011 Census.

History
Roman coins have been unearthed in Darfield, and there is evidence to suggest that the village contained Roman habitation during its history.

In Saxon, the name "Feld" describes  'a large area of pasture land' , while the term "Dere" refers to the deer which inhabited the forest. When combined, this gives the name Derefeld which later became Darfield.

There are records of an 8th-century church in Darfield, but when the Domesday Book was written in 1086 there was no mention of it.

Darfield remained an insignificant agricultural village for many centuries to come, until 1862. In that year, two mining companies sank shafts in the Barnsley district to exploit the rich seam of coal running through the area. Darfield Main colliery and Mitchell's Main were local mines, the population of the village quickly increased and it became a labour pool for the surrounding coal mines. By 1901, over 4,000 people lived there compared to just 600 inhabitants in 1851.

Until June 1963, Darfield had a railway station on the Sheffield - Cudworth - Leeds line. The line itself closed in 1988 due to severe mining subsidence.

Community
Darfield shops include a Co-op supermarket, a florist's, baker's, newsagent's, two hairdresser's, garage/MOT station, a post office, greetings card shop, and a hardware & homeware shop. Two village chemists are based inside the local doctors' surgery and on Snape Hill Road. Food outlets include two Indian restaurants (formerly The Bridge Inn and The Station public house) two takeaway cafes, two fish and chip shops, a Chinese takeaway and a pizzeria. Four pubs survive in the village; Cross Keys, Queen Victoria, the Darfield and the Sportsman Inn. There are also two clubs; the Village club and the Conservative club. The cricket club also has a bar.

Darfield is the home to the Maurice Dobson museum which is divided into four parts: the main museum, an outlet area where local people can sell their craft items, a cafe/gallery, and a meeting place. There is also an outdoor patio where some larger items are exhibited. The museum's property was donated to the village by Maurice Dobson, after whom the museum is named. There is also a small village public library. Religion is served by an Anglican parish church and two Methodist chapels.

Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn Law Rhymer, is buried in Darfield All Saints churchyard.

Transport
Stagecoach Yorkshire operate bus services every 15 minutes to Barnsley Interchange using the 218, 219, and X19 services during the daytime as well as two buses per hour to Wombwell. Darfield is also served by the express bus service X19 which operates direct to Doncaster Frenchgate Interchange. Also, both Wombwell and Goldthorpe railway stations are within easy reach of Darfield where connections can be made to Sheffield, Meadowhall, Wakefield and Leeds.

Education
Darfield schools include:
 * Darfield Upperwood Academy, a 4–11 primary school, opened on 5 November 1973, that educates around 250 pupils. In July 2006 it was reported in the Barnsley Chronicle that a special investigation by council auditors into the school accounts raised questions about the way it was using public money. This received national media coverage when it appeared in the Yorkshire Post in March 2007.
 * Outwood Primary Academy Darfield (formerly Darfield Valley Primary School), Snape Hill Road, Darfield.
 * All Saints' Academy (formerly Darfield All Saints' Primary School), a Church of England primary school with academy status. Located on School Street, Darfield.
 * Netherwood Academy a secondary school formed in September 2012 from a merger between Darfield Foulstone School and Wombwell High School. Darfield Foulstone School of Creative Arts, Nanny Marr Road, Darfield, no longer exists, because it was demolished at the beginning of 2013 following the opening of the Netherwood Advanced Learning Centre.

Sport
Darfield Park Crown Green Bowling Club was established in 1922 by the Miner’s welfare scheme. The distinctive original club house and ground still remain on Church Street opposite Darfield Library. The club celebrated its centenary in 2022 and is always looking for new members to strengthen this local asset.

Darfield has a cricket club which plays at Darfield Cricket Ground and a junior football team which is Darfield JFC, they have played on the Longbow playing fields former Darfield Foulstone School Fields for the last 21 years.

The village has had a team play in the FA Cup before - Darfield F.C. Its nearest professional football club is Barnsley F.C. based in the city centre of the metropolitan borough.

Notable people

 * Ian McMillan, poet and broadcaster.
 * Brian Key, former MEP for Yorkshire South and former councillor for the ward
 * Steve Lancaster. Chemist and one of the Royal Society of Chemistry's 175 Faces of Chemistry.
 * Stephanie Peacock, Barnsley MP
 * Patrick Murphy artist and designer
 * Gordon West, England and Everton goalkeeper
 * Mark Asquith, tech entrepreneur.

title: Darfield, South Yorkshire


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Revolutionary Workers League

Revolutionary Workers League may refer to:

 * Revolutionary Workers League/Ligue Ouvrière Révolutionnaire, a Canadian Trotskyist group
 * Revolutionary Workers League (in Manitoba)
 * Revolutionary Workers League (Oehlerite), a U.S. group that existed in the 1930s, founded by Hugo Oehler
 * Revolutionary Workers League (U.S., 1976), a U.S. Trotskyist group founded in 1976
 * Revolutionary Workers League (Britain), a British group in the late 1930s
 * Revolutionary Workers League (New Zealand)

title: Revolutionary Workers League


text: File:Comix zone sega-genesis.png

title: File:Comix zone sega-genesis.png


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Darfield, New Zealand

Darfield is a town in the Selwyn District of the South Island of New Zealand. It is 35 kilometres west of Christchurch. Its population is as of.

Darfield is the main town between Christchurch and the West Coast region. It is often called "The township under the nor'west arch" in reference to a characteristic weather phenomenon that often creates an arch of cloud in an otherwise clear sky to the west of the township. This is caused by the condensation of water particles channelled upwards over the Southern Alps.

Darfield lies in the Malvern district's arable and pastoral farming area. It is a gateway to the scenic Waimakariri and Rakaia rivers and the Southern Alps, and is also a popular lift-off place for hot air ballooning.

Darfield is located around the former junction of the railway lines coming from Christchurch and going to Whitecliffs (where coal was mined) and Springfield and on to the West Coast.

History
Darfield was first known as White Cliffs Junction, but was then renamed in 1879 to Horndon Junction. This name was changed again to avoid confusion with Hornby [railway] Junction (close by in Christchurch).

Darfield acquired its name from John Jebson who named it after the village in Yorkshire, England. The name refers to a field frequented by deer.

A stone mill for grinding flour was built in 1887. It was powered by the Selwyn County Council's water race.

2000s–present
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake occurred near Darfield at 4:35 am on 4 September 2010, causing widespread damage to both the town and to surrounding areas including the city of Christchurch.

Fonterra invested $500 million in a milk processing plant which was opened in 2013 in Darfield. This includes the world's largest dryer which is used in the process to make instant wholemilk powder.

Climate
Located on the Canterbury Plains at an altitude of 193 metres (633 feet) above sea level, the Köppen-Geiger climate classification for Darfield is Cfb (Oceanic). On several days a year, Darfield is subject to the nor'west Foehn wind, which is very dry and has the capability to raise the temperature by several degrees per hour. On the contrary, the town is also susceptible to cold blasts from the Southern Ocean, especially during winter, when a southerly wind blows. The average annual temperature in Darfield is 11.6 °C (52.9 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 40.7 °C (105.3 °F), set on 8 February 1973, while the lowest recorded temperature is -8.0 °C (17.6 °F), set on 7 June 2012. The highest minimum temperature is 25.7 °C (78.3 °F), set on 6 February 2011, while the lowest maximum temperature is 0.6 °C (33.1 °F), set on 12 July 2017. On average, Darfield can expect to see 38.3 days of frost per year, and 49 days where the maximum temperature exceeds 26.7 °C (80 °F).

Demographics
Darfield is described by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area, and covers 17.58 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 15.14 km2. Using that boundary, Darfield had a population of 2,724 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 327 people (13.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 750 people (38.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,053 households, comprising 1,338 males and 1,389 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.96 males per female. The median age was 43.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 507 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 435 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,218 (44.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 564 (20.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.6% European/Pākehā, 6.6% Māori, 1.4% Pasifika, 2.0% Asian, and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 16.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 52.5% had no religion, 38.3% were Christian, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.1% were Buddhist and 1.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 348 (15.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 462 (20.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 450 people (20.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,146 (51.7%) people were employed full-time, 324 (14.6%) were part-time, and 39 (1.8%) were unemployed.

The population of Darfield was 830 people in 1971.

Education
Darfield has numerous kindergartens. The original Darfield school was opened in 1883 with a total of 18 students attending. By 1902 the school had two teachers and ninety-three students children on the school roll.

Darfield Primary School is Darfield's sole primary school, catering for years 1 to 6. It has students.

Darfield High School is Darfield's sole intermediate/high school, catering for years 7 to 13. It has students. The school was established in 1951 as a secondary school, and expanded to cover intermediate students in 1978.

Both schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Industry
Many industries are present in Darfield, including brick-making, seed cleaning, and a Fonterra factory, which processes milk powder. The factory has a series of railway sidings and a container loading centre.

Services
Darfield has a shopping precinct along the main street, including a Four Square supermarket. The town also has many churches, most notably St Joseph's Catholic Church and Trinity Church (Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian). Darfield has two resthomes.

Darfield is also has police, fire and ambulance stations, as well as a medical centre and a hospital.

Selwyn is not connected to a district wide sewage scheme. This necessitates all homes to have their own septic tanks.

Recreation
Darfield has a domain, which includes duck ponds and the community centre. Football and rugby fields, tennis courts and a Scouts building are also located in the domain.

Westview Park is located in between the Midland railway line and State Highway 73 and to the west of Four Square Darfield. It boasts attractions such as the Whitecliffs Branch historical site and a skatepark.

McHughs Forest Park is located northwest of Darfield. It was planted in 1893 to provide timber for mid Canterbury. It contains a mix of Douglas Fir, Pinus Radiata, Macrocarpa, Larch, Spruce and other exotic species. There are a series of walking tracks within the forest.

Bus
Darfield is serviced with the 86 bus route, a morning and evening express route that connects the town with Central Christchurch, via Kirwee, West Melton and Yaldhurst.

Rail
Darfield is served by the Midland railway line. The TranzAlpine train stops twice daily (request only); en route to the West Coast and on its return trip back to Christchurch.

Road
Darfield is served by (Great Alpine Highway), connecting Christchurch with the West Coast region and, connecting Darfield with Ashburton via Methven, the Rakaia Gorge and Glentunnel.

Notable people

 * Sir Allan Wright (29 March 1929), President of Federated Farmers and first chancellor of Lincoln University.
 * Geoff Wright (29 March 1929), New Zealand cricketer
 * John Wright (5 July 1954), New Zealand cricketer and former coach of the Indian national cricket team
 * Henry Shipley (10 May 10 1996), New Zealand cricketer
 * Brian Connell (23 April 1956), politician
 * Mary Clinton (8 May 1960), New Zealand field hockey player
 * James Te Huna (29 September 1981), first New Zealander to enter the UFC, 2010 (Ultimate Fighting Championships)

title: Darfield, New Zealand