text:
User talk:Spottedowl

Worms table of contents
Hi, I saw your changes to the Worms (game) article, and I did like the added content; however, the new table of contents is huge.

Maybe you didn't see the discussion, but people agreed the old table of contents, with 50 weapons, wasn't good. I then replaced it with a categorized weapon list (and no individual headings for weapons), to make it smaller.

Could you please consider returning to the old format (or any other similar)? I can do it, if you allow me. (and sorry for my terrible english) --Kamek 17:46, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ach, sorry, I didn't read the discussion. I thought it was better with everything referenced in a table. The problem is that with the old layout you have to offset every paragraph manually, which seems too clunky to me. Perhaps, instead of using headings, couldn't we just embolden them? That way they won't show up in the table.

Spottedowl 22:51, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Up/down
Hi there - yes, most are two dimensional, but some, like Fortress, have a true three dimensional element, you can go for/back, left right, or up and down. I think there are others, but you are right that they are rare. Mark Richards 14:08, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

m:Sure - its not a big deal, it was an old BBC Micro diagonal scroller where you were a plane with (IIRC) bombs and lasers, you had to fly into a kind of mechanical fortress and try to reach the end, it was fiendishly difficult, because it had so many controls, and because it was very difficult to judge the height of terain, which could kill you if you were not high enough. A great example of why these games SHOULD only be 2D! Mark Richards 16:58, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

You will be refilling R-type, right?
I see you're working there, but it looks like you may have (temporarily) blanked it? - 04:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Er. Aye, I'm working on it, and it's there now. I don't know why it went blank. Spottedowl 04:53, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Imagefightdrilllaser.png listed for deletion
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Imagefightringlaser.png listed for deletion
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Imagefightsidelaser.png listed for deletion
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You are being nominated for adminship
Timwi has nominated you for adminship. Please follow this this link to accept or reject your nomination and answer the candidate questions. Good luck. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 18:26, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

Power-up
I know that this is a bit late, but thanks for adding the images on the power-up article. They act as a very good demonstration and give the article a nicely cheerful feel. -- Kizor 11:16, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Defender
I was playing this damned game when you were born and haven't seen one in many years. How do you know about it? Do you know if there is a version that runs on Windows? alteripse 00:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Need your help and input
I have been trying to organize the mess of shoot em ups, by adding consistant categories. But i need so input.

1. in Shoot 'em up are you satisifed with the classifications of games and terminology used and the hiearchy in particular (eg run and gun is a subtype of multi-directional shooters]] 2. Should we creat categories for every type of shoot 'em up. I created a category for run and guns, but what about multi-directional shooters or tube shooters, or 3d shooters? 3. Can you go over run and gun and see if i didnt assume too much? 4. Are tehre more shoot em up types needed like vehicular shooters, and so on (the way MAME classifies games)? 5. ANything else you can think of. 6. SCrolling shooter really needs some serious attention. 7. R-type needs and deserves its own category, and a series template. (I can do this, i just want to know if oyu agree) Let me know and thanks alot!! --20:38, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Centipede clones
There are actually dozens of Centipede clones, mostly written for home computers in the early 1980s. I gave a few representative examples, but this is not an exhaustive list by any means. Crotalus horridus (TALK • CONTRIBS) 03:39, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Cute 'em ups, French article on shoot'em ups
The french wikipedia page on shoote m ups is quite extensive, I could use some help merging this in. Also is "cute 'em up" a valid phrase? The french article and shmups! @ classic gaming seems to think so. french article. The frtench article has a long history of shoot em ups, but im not sure if we shoudl adapt to their styile or continue with the current history being inline with the subtype of shooter --19:28, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Ghouls 'n Ghosts, a Run and gun?
i reall yhtink ghouls n ghosts, and the related games in the series is a run and gun; has all the charersitic elements, particulary an emphasis on shooting and large bosses, and wealth of powerups. What do you think? Also I was thinking about re-categorizing scrolling shooters into veritcal and horizontal and multi-directional. What do you think about that as well? (the last one isnt necessary, but I htink the first two are) Giving mo love to shooters :), --Larsinio 23:48, 22 February 2006 (UTC)==Categorizing shoot 'em ups== I was thinkin about that too; I do like just being able to click on any of these games, but at the same time I think its in the better interest to further classify the games. So im for splitting them up into vertical and horizontal categories, with a good brief explanation at the top of the category page for each, and explanation also on the scrollign shooter category page.

Also, do you think, racing shooters (spy hunter, breakthru, any other game thats like spy hunter) merit their own category?> or Are they simply just variations on a common theme? --Larsinio 17:42, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

French Shoot 'em up article
Can you help me out by figuring out what is salvage from teh french shoot em up article? Just run it through google translate. I am trying to figure this out as well. --Larsinio 16:58, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Manic shooter
I think we can go ahead with moving Bullet Hell into Manic shooter. Right? -- larsinio \ ( poke ) –– ( prod ) / 14:27, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Series boxes
Hi, I just had a glimpse at WP:AG talk and noticed you inquired about series boxes used at the bottom of articles. Perhaps you've already found an answer to your question? Generally there is no style guideline, most editors just copy and paste or design new ones themselves. You're free to edit any box to your hearts content. Cheers ~ Vic Vipr 21:23, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Shoot 'em up
Is it against the law to Namco-ise the article? And everybody knows that Namco is the biggest and best arcade game developing company of all time, who were especially dominant in Japan in the 1980s! They made the first true colour arcade game, the first game to feature synthesized voices, the first game to feature a bonus stage, the first game to have a continue feature, the first vertical scrolling shooter, the first side-scrolling platformer, the first spinoff game to star an enemy character from a previous game and they also made the first 16-bit game. Pac-Man765 07:58, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Uploading screenshots
Hello - can you help with explaining how to successfully upload a screenshot? Even if I tell it a source and select the licence that it is a screenshot, I still get the error "This image has no source information". On another note, is it legal to upload screenshots from MAME? The roms are still copyrighted... Thanks Sandman30s 22:27, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I've tried to re-upload Image:2_On_2_Open_Ice_Challenge.png and I've now used the description:

Source: a screenshot taken by myself from the emulator MAME and I've selected the video game screenshot from the licence dropdown, and STILL it warns me about no source. Help :) Sandman30s 22:05, 4 July 2006 (UTC) PS/ Is there a way of editing the description instead of re-uploading the file?

Image tagging for Image:OwlAmbigram.PNG
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Image tagging for Image:Arrow2.PNG
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Image tagging for Image:Jonbuck.PNG
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Amiga Power
Thanks for your rewrite of the Amiga Power article. J I P | Talk 17:36, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Galaxian.png
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WikiProject Furry

London Meetup - January 12, 2008
Hi! There's going to be a London Wikipedia Meetup coming Saturday January 12, 2008. If you are interested in coming along take part in the discussion over at Meetup/London7. The discussion is going on until tomorrow evening and the official location and time will be published at the same page late Thursday or early Friday. Hope to see you Saturday, Poeloq (talk) 03:13, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

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Image:Williamsdefender.png
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Image:Dariusi.png
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Centipedearcadegame.png)
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Dear User: IMPORTANT WIKI ARCADE GAMES PROJECT NOTICE
As you should be aware the wiki arcade games project has been marked inactive and with good reason. I am trying to increase the activity of this project but first I need to know who is still actually interested. So to find out I have put inactive next to the name of every person who has put them selves down as a participant of the project. If for whatever reason you do not intend to participate in the project anymore please remove your name from the participant list altogether. If you do but not in the near future leaving inactive next to your username will be helpful. Not taking any action at all will of course lead to inactive remaining against your name on the participant list. If however you have every intention on continuing in participating in the project please come change the "inactive" next to your username to "ACTIVE" so that it is clear who does and who does not still have interest in participating in the project. Thankyou for your time. --Hybrid360 (talk) 20:14, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

No content in Category:Psittirostra
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Invitation to Wikipedia meetup in London

Date: 13:00 onwards, Sunday 10 August 2008

Venue: Penderel's Oak pub, Holborn WC1 map

More information: Meetup/London 12

Hello,

I noticed that you have listed yourself as a Wikipedian in London, so I thought you might like to come to one of our monthly social meetups. The next one is going to be on Sunday 10 August, which might well be rather short notice, but if you can't come this time, we try to have one every second Sunday of the month.

If you haven't been before, these meetups are mainly casual social events for Wikipedia enthusiasts in which we chat about Wikipedia and any other topics we fancy. It's a great way to meet some very keen Wikipedians, but we'd also love for you to come along if you're interested in finding out more about Wikipedia, other Wikimedia projects, or other collaborative wiki projects too.

The location is a pub that is quite quiet and family friendly on a Sunday lunchtime, so hopefully younger Wikipedians will also feel welcome and safe. Alcohol consumption is certainly not required!

Although the meetups are popular, many UK-based editors still don't know about them. It would be great to welcome some fresh faces, so I hope you can come along.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 09:27, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Please forgive the slightly impersonal mass-invite!

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Qbert image sources
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London Wikimedia Fundraiser
Good evening! This is a friendly message from Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, inviting you to the London Wikimedia Fundraising party on 19th December 2010, in approximately one week. This party is being held at an artistic London venue with room for approximately 300 people, and is being funded by Ed Saperia, a non-Wikipedian who has a reputation for holding exclusive events all over London. This year, he wants to help Wikipedia, and is subsidising a charity event for us. We're keen to get as many Wikimedians coming as possible, and we already have approximately 200 guests, including members of the press, and some mystery guests! More details can be found at http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/London - expect an Eigenharp, a mulled wine hot tub, a free hog roast, a haybale amphitheatre and more. If you're interested in coming - and we'd love to have you - please go to the ten.wikipedia page and follow the link to the Facebook event. Signing up on Facebook will add you to the party guestlist. Entry fee is a heavily subsidised £5 and entry is restricted to over 18s. It promises to be a 10th birthday party to remember! If you have any questions, please email me at chasemewiki at gmail.com.

Hope we'll see you there, (and apologies for the talk page spam) - Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 00:00, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

The Contribution Team cordially invites you to Imperial College London All Hail The Muffin Nor does it taste nice... 11:25, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

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Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
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title: User talk:Spottedowl


text:
Talk:Hot reading

Cold reading
Does anybody know a good example we could add here, like John Edward is on the cold reading page? I know of James Randi intercepting the radio transmissions from a confederate a faith healer was using to diagnose the illnesses of his would-be patients before their eyes, but I can't remember the healer's name and I'm not turning anything up on Randi's webpage. Might be in one of his books.

Samnell 17:15, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Peter Popoff. --BillC 05:35, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * What about early in The Wizard of Oz, when Professor Marvel sneaks a peek at Dorothy's photo? It's a scene that a lot of readers will have seen. 129.7.152.16 05:34, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Time
I guess we should discuss here before starting a revert war, Dreadlocke: the article can say that Time claimed that Edward used hot-reading, or that it reported that Edward allegedly used hot-reading, or that it alleged that Edward used hot-reading. It can't say that Time claimed that Edward allegedly used hot-reading, it's the same logic that prevents "barely" and "hardly" from describing the same thing in one sentence. Icewolf34 20:25, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * First, I don't participate in revert wars, no editor should. Secondly, the situation with the Time article was actually a little more complex than that.  The reporter for Time magazine made a claim about someone else's allegation.  The reporter wasn't there, and didn't personally or properly investigate the issue.  I'm not sure how best to give the information in a manner that doesn't violate NPOV.  I suppose it's ok to leave it that Time reported an allegation, but the way the reporter went about it doesn't lend itself to what I would call proper "reporting" - it's really more of a claim than anything else. One can fully well claim that an allegation was made.  Dreadlocke  ☥  20:32, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Nevertheless, it should at least be a matter of public record that the claim was made, no? (Unless we're talking Stephen Glass levels of shady reporting here, of course).

 * Also, I apologize if I sounded like I was accusing you of revert-warring; that wasn't at all my intention. I'll check out the Time article later and maybe work out a better way to phrase it. The part you added about Edward denying the allegation is definitely helpful to balance it, in any case. Icewolf34 20:47, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, it's all a matter of English and spin...:) If you get a chance to read John's account of his dealings with the Time reporter and the gentleman who actually made the allegation, you'll see what I was trying to convey.  "Crossing Over" is a good read - check it out.  Dreadlocke  ☥  20:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Hey, actually the OZ thing isn't a bad idea. It's a simple illustration. Anyone care to try their hand at writing it in or should I?Wellesradio (talk) 22:32, 23 July 2008 (UTC)Wellesradio

Needs better references if not to appear a neologism
The current initial reference 1 as well as primary reference for "warm" reading both are from a personal website. The Times article actually defines the term (suggesting the reader needs a definition) by directly quoting without reference either the same personal website, or this wiki article. Wikipedia should not be used to promote neologisms.

Additionally, the reference used to support the differentiation from cold reading has been reported to Firefox as an "attack site"; thus the 'dubious' tag was placed. -  Steve3849 talk  21:21, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

I'm going to take a stab at giving a couple examples of hot reading from an investigation I found into James Van Praagh. If this example isn't what you are looking for please comment here and I'll see if I can find something else. Sgerbic (talk) 23:16, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

History
I have just started a history section. Much could be added, but I will just stick to a few notable cases. HealthyGirl (talk) 17:42, 19 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hot reading


text:
Ilha de Vera Cruz

Ilha de Vera Cruz (Portuguese for Island of the True Cross) was the first name given by the Portuguese navigators to the northeast coast of what later became Brazil. The name was later changed to Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross).

When the Portuguese fleet, under Pedro Álvares Cabral, first officially touched land in South America on April 22, 1500, they thought they had found an island, as reflected in the chosen name. They took possession for the Kingdom of Portugal of what was believed to be an island of strategic importance on a western connection between Portugal and the Moluccas and other islands of the East Indies. This discovery marked the beginning of Portuguese colonization in South America. The name was changed to Terra de Santa Cruz when it was realized that it was not an island, but in fact part of a continent.

In 1534, the colonies of Terra de Santa Cruz became the Captaincies of Brazil, land grants to Portuguese captains General by King John III of Portugal.

title: Ilha de Vera Cruz


text:
Comet (tank)

The Comet tank or Tank, Cruiser, Comet I (A34) was a British cruiser tank that first saw use near the end of the Second World War, during the Western Allied invasion of Germany. The Comet was developed from the earlier Cromwell tank with a lower profile, partly-cast turret which mounted the new 77 mm HV gun. This was a smaller version of the 17 pdr anti-tank gun firing the same 76.2 mm (3") projectiles, albeit with a lighter charge, and was effective against late-war German tanks, including the Panther and Tiger.

The Comet rendered the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger obsolete, and led to the development of the Centurion tank. When firing APDS rounds, the 77 mm HV was superior in armour penetration capability to the 75 mm KwK 42 gun of the equivalent Axis tank, the Panther.

The Comet entered active service in January 1945 and remained in British service until 1958. In some cases, Comets sold to other countries continued to operate into the 1980s.

Background
Combat experience against the Germans in the Western Desert Campaign demonstrated to the British many shortcomings with their cruiser tanks. Hence a request was made in 1941 for a new heavy cruiser tank that could achieve battle superiority over German models. For reasons of economy and efficiency, it had to use as many components as possible from the current A15 Mk VI Crusader tank.

The initial designs for the new Cromwell tank evolved into the A24 Mk VII Cavalier tank and the A27L Mk VIII Centaur tank, both powered by the Nuffield Liberty. Design progressed through the Mk VII (A27M) Cromwell, a third parallel development to the Cavalier and Centaur, sharing many of the same characteristics.

Under the newer A27M specification, Cromwell integrated a number of advanced features. The Meteor engine proved to be very reliable and gave the tank good mobility but some problems appeared based on the vehicle's shared heritage and significant jump in engine power. The tank was prone to throwing its tracks if track tension was not maintained properly or if it turned at too high a speed or too sharply. There were also some problems with suspension breakage, partly due to the Cromwell's high speed and it ran through a number of design changes as a result.

The biggest complaint was related to firepower; the Cromwell had originally been designed to carry the 57 mm Ordnance QF 6-pounder, also retrofitted to the Crusader tanks. In combat, these were found to be useful against other tanks but lacking any reasonable high explosive load they were ineffective against anti-tank guns or static emplacements. Prior to the Cromwell entering combat service, the Ordnance QF 75 mm was introduced which equipped the majority of Cromwells, an adapted version of the 6-pounder firing shells from the US 75 mm gun from the Sherman. This offered somewhat lower anti-tank performance than the 6-pounder but its much larger shell provided an effective high explosive load.

Several attempts had been made to further improve firepower by fitting a more powerful gun. In parallel with development of the Cromwell and QF 75 mm gun, a new Vickers High Velocity 75 mm tank gun had been designed but this proved too large for the Cromwell turret ring and left a shortage in offensive anti-tank capability. A prior requirement for a 17-pounder armed tank led to development of the A30 Mk VIII Challenger. Based on the Cromwell, the hull had to be lengthened and a much larger turret set on top to allow a second loader for the 17-pounder, a requirement of the older specification believed necessary for the larger ammunition. The very high turret of the Challenger was considered a liability and this led to experiments with the similar A30 Avenger version, an anti-tank version with an open-top turret.

Conversion of Sherman tanks to the Sherman Firefly (a Sherman tank fitted with the 17-pounder gun) was significantly faster than Challenger production and driven by operational needs of the Normandy invasion, production of Challenger was dropped. Fireflies (and the limited number of Challengers) provided additional firepower to Cromwell and Sherman armed troops. One Firefly would be issued to each troop of Cromwells (giving three Cromwells and one Sherman Firefly). Problems were encountered due to the different maintenance requirements and associated supply complication of two tank models, as well as the performance difference between Cromwell and Sherman and the Sherman's silhouette, even larger than the Challenger. The large size and obvious difference of both Challenger and Firefly made them a priority target for Axis forces.

Recognising that a common low profile vehicle was required to replace the mixed fleet of Cromwell, Challenger and Firefly tanks, a new specification of tank was created. This removed the Challenger's need for a second loader and mounted the newer Vickers High Velocity weapon intended for the Cromwell.

Tank, Cruiser, Comet l (A34)

With the A34 (the General Staff specification), later named Comet, the tank designers opted to correct some of the Cromwell's flaws in armament, track design and suspension while building upon its strengths of low height, high speed and mobility. This replaced the need for the Challenger and Firefly and acted upon the experiences gained through design and early deployment of the Cromwell.

Originally, it had been expected that the Cromwell would use the "High Velocity 75 mm" gun designed by Vickers but it would not fit into the turret. Development of the gun continued and as work commenced on the Comet, the gun design evolved into the 17 pdr HV (High Velocity). The gun now used the same calibre (76.2 mm) projectile as the 17-pounder but the cartridge case was from the older QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun loaded to higher pressures. The resulting round was different from 17-pounder ammunition, being shorter, more compact and more easily stored and handled within the tank. Testing on the range by 2nd Fife and Forfarshire Yeomanry as they converted from Shermans showed that the gun did not penetrate the front armour plate of a captured German Panther tank.

Several other improvements were made and many Cromwell design revisions were incorporated, such as safety hatches for the driver and hull gunner. The hull was fully welded as standard and armour was increased, ranging from 32 mm to 74 mm on the hull, while the turret was from 57 to 102 mm.

A new lower-profile welded turret was created using a cast gun mantlet for the 77 mm. The turret was electrically traversed (a design feature taken from the Churchill tank), with a generator powered by the main engine rather than the hydraulic system of the Cromwell. Ammunition for the 77 mm gun was stored in armoured bins.

The Comet's suspension was strengthened, and track return rollers were added. As with later Cromwells, the Comet tank's top speed was limited from the Cromwell's 40+ mph to a slower, but respectable 32 mph. This change preserved the lifespan of suspension and engine components and reduced track wear.

Similar to later Churchills, the Comet benefited from lessons learned in the co-operation of tanks with infantry. It was fitted as standard with two radio sets: a Wireless Set No. 19, for communication with the regiment and the troop, and a No. 38 Wireless for communication with infantry units. Like many British tanks, it also had a telephone handset mounted on the rear so that accompanying infantry could talk to the crew.

Production
Comet tanks were built by a number of British firms led by Leyland, including English Electric, John Fowler & Co., and Metro-Cammell.

The mild steel prototype was ready in February 1944 and entered trials. Concerns about the hull gunner and belly armour were put to one side to avoid redesign, but there was still sufficient delay caused by minor modifications and changes. Production models did not commence delivery until September 1944. The Comet was intended to be in service by December 1944, but crew training was delayed by the German Ardennes Offensive. By the end of the war, 1,200 had been produced.

Second World War
The British 11th Armoured Division was the first formation to receive the new tanks, with deliveries commencing in December 1944 and the 29th Armoured Brigade, then equipped with Shermans, was withdrawn from fighting in the southern Netherlands early in the same month for re-equipping. After arriving in Brussels and preparing to hand in their Shermans the Ardennes Offensive commenced, and the brigade was forced to hastily take back its Shermans to take part in the countering of the German attack. The unit returned to the Brussels area in the middle of January 1945 three weeks later and finally paid-off its Shermans in exchange for Comets. The 11th Armoured Division would be the only division to be completely refitted with the Comet by the end of the war. The Comet saw combat and 26 were destroyed but due to its late arrival in the war in north west Europe, it did not participate in big battles. The Comet was involved in the Operation Plunder the crossing of the Rhine and the later Berlin Victory Parade in July 1945.

Postwar era
In the post war era the Comet served alongside the heavier Centurion tank, a successor introduced in the closing days of the Second World War on an experimental basis but too late to see combat. The Comet remained in British service until 1958, when the remaining tanks were sold to foreign governments; up until the 1980s, it was used by the armies of various nations such as South Africa, which maintained several as modified recovery vehicles. Two examples were still being held in reserve by the South African Army as late as 2000.

Forty-one Comet Mk I Model Bs were also used by Finnish Defence Forces armoured brigade until 1970. The tanks were stored until 2007, when four of them were auctioned. Four Comets were delivered to the Irish Army in 1959 and a further four in 1960. Severe budget cutbacks affected the service lives of the Comets, as not enough spares were purchased. The Comet appealed to the Irish Army as it was cheap to buy and run, had low ground pressure and good anti-tank capability. However, faulty fuzes meant the withdrawal of the HE ammunition, which limited the tank's role to an anti-tank vehicle. With stocks of 77 mm ammunition dwindling in 1969, the army began an experiment to prolong the life of the vehicle. It involved replacing the turret with an open mounting with the Bofors 90 mm Pv-1110 recoilless rifle. The project was cancelled due to lack of funds. The last 77 mm Comet shoot was in 1973 with the tanks being withdrawn soon afterwards. One is preserved in the Irish Curragh Camp and two more survive in other barracks.

Cuba was an operator of the Comet tank; operating 15 purchased from the UK. In 1958, the USA began to cut off weapons sales to Cuba following the American government's decision to stop Cuba from using its US-supplied armaments against pro-communist/socialist rebels throughout the country. The regime of Fulgencio Batista was forced to seek arms from other nations, which included the UK, which sold the Comet tanks from stocks (the government also allowed the purchase of 17 Hawker Sea Fury fighter aircraft from the manufacturer). The Comets arrived in Havana on 17 December 1958. After the collapse of the Batista regime on 1 January 1959, the new revolutionary government under Fidel Castro sought replacement parts and ammunition for their Comets from the British government, which having agreed to no further arms sales to Cuba in conjunction with the USA, refused. The few Comets in Cuba were soon retired from service and either scrapped or abandoned, being replaced with larger quantities of T-34/85 and T-54/55 tanks received from the Soviet Union.

Burma ("Union of Burma" it was then known; now Myanmar) was another user of the Comet tank, with around 25 bought from their former colonial rulers in between the late 1950s and the early 1960s. These took part in their Armed Forces Day held on 27 March 2021.

Operators

 * 🇨🇺 Cuba:15
 * 🇫🇮:41
 * 🇮🇪:8
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar:25
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia:5
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa:26

Variants

There were two Comet hull versions:

 * Type A
 * With the exhaust venting through the top rear of the vehicle engine deck similar to Cromwell. These could be fitted with cowls to redirect exhaust fumes away from the air inlet vents. Cowls were usually split into two independent covers, as opposed to the single cover fitted to Cromwell.

 * Type B
 * A post-war update with twin fishtail exhaust pipes exiting through holes in the rear-facing armoured plate. Cowls were no longer required. Early Type B Comets had armoured covers over the holes through which the fishtail exhaust pipes would protrude, retaining the older Model A setup.

Other vehicles that were based upon the Comet:

 * Comet Crocodile
 * One surviving photo shows a Comet Crocodile. This mounted a flamethrower and towed a fuel trailer similar to the Churchill Crocodile. Little is known about it.

 * Comet 20pdr
 * Finland is said to have experimentally modified a single Comet with an adapted turret to carry the 20pdr gun. A single blurry photo has been found.  This was presumably for compatibility with the Charioteers also operated by Finland. As far as is known it did not see service.

 * Armoured Maintenance Vehicle
 * The Comet was used by South Africa as the basis of a maintenance vehicle to support their Olifant Mk1A main battle tank (a variant of the Centurion). It had a crew of four and had a mass of 20 metric tons. It was powered by an AVI-1790-8 Continental, V12 90°, air cooled, fuel injection engine producing 615kW (852 hP), through an Allison CD 850 automatic three speed (low, high, reverse) transmission and had a maximum speed of 60 km/h. For its maintenance task it featured a welding machine, a hydrovane (high pressure air and water), a crane (1.5 to 6 metric tons), spare lubricants, 200l water, cutting facilities and carried a spare engine for the Olifant Mk1A. It was also fitted with six smoke grenade launchers (four rearward facing and four forward facing) for self defence.

 * FV4401 Contentious
 * The Comet was used as the basis for the experimental FV4401 Contentious, an air-transportable self-propelled anti-tank gun mounting a 105mm L7 gun in an open mounting on the shortened hull of a Comet, and using the vehicle's hydraulic suspension system to adjust elevation, similar to the method used on the Swedish S-Tank. One or two prototypes were built and tested before the entire project was cancelled.

Survivors
Some surviving vehicles can be seen in a number of places including:

 * The Curragh Museum, Irish Defence Forces, Ireland has one remaining A34 out of the original eight.
 * 1 Special Service Battalion near Bloemfontein, South Africa, has one Type A, with a single cowling, on display.
 * The American Heritage Museum in Stow, Massachusetts, USA has one in running order.
 * The German Tank Museum, Munster.
 * The Military Museum Lešany, has one comet tank on display.
 * The Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence has a Comet on display.
 * The Imperial War Museum Duxford has a Comet in its Land Warfare Hall.
 * Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment in Johannesburg, South Africa has one Type B on display.
 * The Muckleburgh Collection, Norfolk.
 * The Musée des Blindés has a Comet on display.
 * Queen Nandi Mounted Rifles in Durban, South Africa has one Type B on display.
 * The Parola Tank Museum in Finland has three Comets: two on display (one was used as a target dummy) and one in running order.
 * Pretoria Armoured Regiment in Pretoria, South Africa has one Type B on display.
 * The South African Armour Museum at School of Armour has two (a Type A and B), plus an Armoured Maintenance Vehicle variant on display.
 * The South African National Museum of Military History has one on display.
 * The Tank Museum, Bovington, UK has at least three Comets, one in drivable condition
 * Celerity at the House of Tanks in Wichita, Kansas
 * Kubinka Tank Museum

Tanks of comparable role, performance, and era

 * M4A3 (76) Sherman – medium tank armed with an 76 mm anti-tank  gun, entered US service in 1944
 * Panther – medium tank, entered German service in 1943.
 * Sherman Firefly – US-built M4/M4A4 Sherman re-armed with a 17-pdr anti-tank gun at a UK Royal Ordinance Factory, entered service in 1944.
 * T-34-85 – medium tank, entered Soviet service in 1944.
 * Type 4 Chi-To – prototype Japanese medium tank, never entered service.

title: Comet (tank)


text: File:Selected Ambient Works Volume II cover.jpg


text:
Garðaríki

Garðaríki (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike) or Garðaveldi was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'. According to Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the name Hólmgarðaríki (also used as a name for Novgorodian Rus') was synonymous with Garðaríki, and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.

As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus', their sagas regard the city of Hólmgarðr/Hólmgarðaborg (usually identified with Novgorod) as the capital of Garðaríki. Other important places of Garðaríki mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are Aldeigja/Aldeigjuborg (Ladoga), Kœnugarðr/Kænugarðr (Kiev), Pallteskja/Pallteskia (Polotsk), Smaleskja/Smaleskia (Smolensk), Súrdalar (Suzdal), Móramar (Murom), and Rostofa (Rostov).

At least seven of the Varangian runestones, G 114, N 62, Sö 148, Sö 338, U 209, U 636, and Öl 28, refer to Scandinavian men who had been in Garðar.

Etymology
The word Garðaríki, which first appeared in Icelandic sagas in the twelfth century, could stem from the words Garðar and (an empire, realm, kingdom) according to the common Scandinavian pattern for state formations X+ríki. Garða is the genitive form of Garðar, therefore the compound Garðaríki could be translated into English as "the kingdom of Garðar" or "the empire of Garðar". The name Garðar itself was used in skaldic poems, runic inscriptions and early sagas up to the twelfth century to refer to the lands to the east of Scandinavia populated by the Rus' people, primarily to Novgorodian Rus'.

Garðar is a plural form of the Old Norse word which referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a yard; 4) a court; 5) a farm; 6) a village house, while the related Old Russian word городъ referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement. Since there is an overlapping meaning among the ones these related words once had ("a fence, a fortified place"), both garðr and городъ could mean the same at one time in the past. Thus, some researches interpreted Garðar as a collective name for Old Rus' towns encountered by Scandinavians on their way from Lyubsha and Ladoga down the Volkhov River into other Slavonic lands. The younger toponym Garðaríki could mean "the realm of towns", or "the country of towns".

Legendary kings

 * Odin (Hervarar saga)
 * Sigrlami (Hervarar saga)
 * Rollaugr or Hrollaugr (Hervarar saga)
 * Ivar Vidfamne (Hervarar saga)
 * Ráðbarðr (Sögubrot)
 * Hreggviðr (Göngu-Hrólfs saga)
 * Hálfdan Brönufostri (king of Svíþjóð hin kalda in Sörla saga sterka)
 * Vissavald (king from Garðaríki, Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar)
 * Hertnið (king of Ruziland, Þiðreks saga)

Literature

 * Brandt, Dagmar: Gardariki. Ein Stufenbuch aus dem russischen Raum (novel). 2 Volumes, Berlin 1943. Reprint Faksimile Verlag Bremen 1981.
 * Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), ISBN 978-3-030-53796-8

title: Garðaríki


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