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Ros Serey Sothea

Ros Serey Sothea (រស់ សេរីសុទ្ធា/រស់ សិរីសុទ្ធា ; c. 1948) was a Cambodian singer. She was active during the final years of the First Kingdom of Cambodia and into the Khmer Republic period. She sang in a variety of genres; romantic ballads emerged as her most popular works. Despite a relatively brief career she is credited with singing hundreds of songs. She also ventured into acting, starring in a few films. Details of her life are relatively scarce. She disappeared during the Khmer Rouge regime of the late 1970s but the circumstances of her fate remain a mystery. Norodom Sihanouk granted Sothea the honorary title "Queen with the Golden Voice."

Early life
Ros Sothea was born in circa 1948 to Ros Bun (រស់ ប៊ុន) and Nath Samien (ណាត់ សាមៀន) in Battambang province, French protectorate of Cambodia. Growing up relatively poor on a farm, Ros Sothea was the second youngest of five children; her older sister Ros Saboeut later became known as an activist. She displayed vocal talent as a toddler and grew up listening to early Cambodian pop singers like Mao Sareth and Chhoun Malay. Sothea's talent would remain relatively hidden until friends persuaded her to join a regional singing contest in 1963. After winning the contest she became widely known in her home province and was invited to join a musical troupe that regularly performed at Stung Khiev restaurant in Battambang; she also performed in a family band with her brother Serey. It is believed that Im Song Seurm, a singer from the National Radio service, heard of Sothea's talents and invited her to Phnom Penh in 1967.

Music career
In Phnom Penh, she adopted the alias Ros Serey Sothea and became a singer for the National Radio service, first performing duets with Im Song Seurm. Her first hit, "Stung Khieu (Blue River)" appeared in 1967 and she quickly became popular across Cambodia, particularly for her high and clear voice. Eventually she became a regular partner with Sinn Sisamouth, the era's leading singer, resulting in many popular duet recordings. She also collaborated with other prominent singers of the era like Pen Ran, Huoy Meas, and Sos Mat, while maintaining an active solo career as well.

Sothea's early recordings were largely traditional Cambodian ballads. She would eventually adopt a more contemporary style incorporating French and American influences, adding western pop/rock instrumentation, as was common in Cambodian music starting in the late 1960s. Eventually Sothea and her contemporaries were strongly influenced by American radio that had been transmitted to U.S. troops in nearby South Vietnam, inspiring experimentation with American/British rock and soul sounds. Sothea combined her high and clear voice with backing provided by young rock musicians, characterized by prominent electric guitars, drums, and Farfisa organs. This resulted in a sound that is often described as psychedelic or garage rock, and Sothea became the leading female singer in the thriving Cambodian rock scene. Sothea was also one of many singers in that scene to create new versions of popular western rock songs with Khmer lyrics, such as "Cry Loving Me" (based on "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival) and "Wolly Polly" (based on "Wooly Bully" by Sam the Sham).

Romantic ballads would remain her most endearing work amongst the more conservative populace. She was often sought out by film directors to perform songs in their movies. Sothea's collaboration with the Cambodian film industry is invaluable in identifying over 250 films lost during the Khmer Rouge regime. Sothea never sang under any one record label and made a modest living as a musician. She was recognized as a national treasure and was honored by Head of State Norodom Sihanouk with the royal title of Preah Reich Theany Somlang Meas, the "Queen with the Golden Voice" (sometimes translated as "Golden Voice of the Royal Capital"). During the Cambodian Civil War in the early 1970s, Sothea became involved in the Khmer Republic military and recorded patriotic songs supporting the Republic's stance against the Khmer Rouge insurgents. Her career would continue until the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975.

Personal life
Little information about Ros Serey Sothea's personal life has survived, though her personality has been described as modest and reserved. She is known to have been involved in a few high-profile relationships. As documented in the film Don't Think I've Forgotten, when she arrived in Phnom Penh she was courted by fellow singer Sos Mat and they eventually married. As Sothea's career moved forward, Sos Mat became jealous of her success and of the men who came to watch her perform, culminating in physical abuse. Sothea fled the marriage within six months and obtained a divorce. Believing that her career would be ruined by the stigma of divorce, Sothea went back to her family in Battambang but was convinced by Sinn Sisamouth to return to Phnom Penh and resume her career.

Sothea's popularity rebounded and she met a prominent member of a film-making family while recording film songs. This relationship led to marriage and the birth of a son, but for undocumented reasons the marriage was short-lived. The film Don't Think I've Forgotten also reports that Sothea had a relationship with an officer in the Khmer Republic army and learned to be a paratrooper during the Cambodian Civil War, though her boyfriend is believed to have been killed in combat. This relationship increased her participation with the military; a film of Sothea parachuting out of a plane during a paratrooper exercise is the only known video footage of her to have survived. Fans believe that Sothea's unhappy relationships were a primary influence on her singing style and lyrics, indicated by song titles (in translation) like "Don't Be Mad," "Brokenhearted Woman," and "Wicked Husband."

Disappearance and death
Ros Serey Sothea disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide and her exact fate has never been confirmed, with multiple sources making contradictory claims. For example, her sisters have alleged that Sothea is likely to have died immediately after the Khmer Rouge seized control of Cambodia in April 1975; as a famous entertainer with "western" influences, qualities widely known to be disdained by the Khmer Rouge, she would have been targeted for imprisonment or execution immediately. Her whereabouts at the time are also uncertain, with some sources claiming that she had traveled to Pailin Province for the 1975 Buddhist New Year, as the lyrics of her final recordings are on that topic, although others are skeptical of this claim because of the dangers of traveling in Cambodia during that period. She may have also been in Phnom Penh at the time and was forced to evacuate like all other residents, and some sources also claim that the outgoing government made efforts to get her out of the country.

Further sources claim that Sothea, like most city dwellers, was relocated to the Cambodian countryside for farm work; having grown up on a farm she was able to adjust to the work and hide her identity for a time. According to this story, she was eventually discovered, after which she was forced by Pol Pot to marry one of his officers and perform regularly for the party leadership. This story contends that her marriage to the officer was abusive and the party leadership determined that her presence was too controversial, so she was allegedly led away and executed in 1977.

Yet more sources claim that Sothea died from overwork in a Khmer Rouge agricultural camp, or that she survived until the Vietnamese invasion of late 1978/early 1979 but soon died in a hospital from malnutrition. Whatever the cause, Sothea almost certainly died during the Khmer Rouge regime but her remains have never been discovered.

Legacy
Many of Ros Serey Sothea's master recordings were either destroyed by the Khmer Rouge regime in its efforts to eliminate foreign influences from Cambodian society, or deteriorated rapidly in the tropical environment. However, many vinyl records have survived and have been reissued on cassette or compact disc. Many of the reissued recordings contained overdubs of drum machines and keyboards, and were sometimes sped up. Thus, the original recordings by Sothea and her contemporaries are highly sought by collectors and preservationists.

Sothea's older sister Ros Saboeut is widely credited with reuniting Cambodia's surviving musicians and bands in the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge era. Surviving musicians had initially contacted Ros Saboeut to inquire about Sothea's fate; Saboeut used the opportunity to reunite the survivors. According to Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, Ros Saboeut sought to restore Cambodian music as a tribute to her sister, saying "I think she was bound by the legacy of her sister to help." Her efforts were widely credited with rebuilding the country's rock genre.

Ros Serey Sothea has remained extremely popular posthumously in Cambodia and Cambodian communities scattered throughout the United States, France, Australia, and Canada. Western listeners were introduced to her work starting in the late 1990s with the release of the Cambodian Rocks bootleg album, followed by the soundtrack to the film City of Ghosts. The Los Angeles band Dengue Fever, featuring Cambodian lead singer Chhom Nimol, covers a number of songs by Sothea and her contemporaries in the Cambodian rock scene, as does the band Cambodian Space Project. Sothea was the subject of the 2006 short film The Golden Voice, in which she is played by actress Sophea Pel. Ros Serey Sothea is also profiled extensively in the 2015 documentary film Don't Think I've Forgotten, in which several interview subjects describe her as one of the most important singers in the history of Cambodian popular music.

Rock

 * "Chnam Oun Dap Pram Muoy" (I'm 16)
 * "Cry Loving Me"
 * "Kom Kung Twer Evey" (Don't Be Mad)
 * "Hair Cut, Hair Cut"
 * "Have You Seen My Love"
 * "I'm So Shy"
 * "Phey! Phey!" (Scared! Scared!)
 * "Since When You Knew Me"
 * "Wait Ten Months" (Jam 10 Kai Theit / "Wait 10 Months More")
 * "Wicked Husband"
 * "Mdech Ka Dar tam Khnhom?" (Why Do You Follow Me?)
 * "Khlin Joep Nersa" (The Fragrant That Lasts With Me)
 * "Rom Woolly Bully"
 * "Bong Srolanh Oun Ponman Dae" (Tell Me How Much You Love Me)
 * "Po Preuk Po Lngeach"
 * "Penh Chet Tae Bong Muoy" (A Go Go)
 * "Komlos Sey Chaom" (Love God)
 * Jas Bong Ju Am
 * Penh Chet Tae Bong Mouy (I Love Only You)

Romvong

 * "Kaduk Dol Heuy"
 * "Komping Puoy"
 * "Rolum Saen Kraw"
 * "Sarika Keo Kauch"
 * "Tha Cho Chok"
 * "Or! Champey Euy"
 * "Leour So Skol Thoun"
 * "Kae Rognea Heuy Me"
 * "Pkah Lmeath"
 * "Chong Ban Chea Kou Veasna"

Saravann

 * "Sra Muy Keo" (One Shot)

Slow

 * "Kaun Komsott"
 * "Bopha Akasajal"
 * "Jomno Pailin"
 * "Kom Plich Oun Na"
 * "New Year's Eve"
 * "Pink Night"
 * "Pga Reige Leu Maik"
 * "Pruos Reing Awej?"
 * "Lort sene duong chan"
 * "Chross O'yadao"
 * "Somnerng Bopha prey phnom" (Songs of the jungle girl)
 * "Sralmall sene khyum" (Shadow of my love)
 * "Chmreing sene khyum" (Story of my love)
 * "Alay bong cher net" (Always misses you)
 * "Teurk hoe teu" (River flow)
 * "Bong ban sonyah" (You've promise)
 * "Soum ros khbere bong"
 * "Oun soum angvor" (I beg of you)
 * "Oun neul tharl rong jum" (I will still wait)
 * "Bomplej men ban" (Can't forget)
 * "Oun smak bong smoss"
 * "Oun sralnane bong nas" (I love you so much)
 * "San nuk alay"
 * "Men guor sralane bong" (I shouldn't love you)
 * "Chup sralane men ban" (Can't stop loving you)
 * "Jum neu tharl jum"
 * "Oun jum bong cher neth"
 * "Phnom Kong'rei" (Phnom Kong Rei)
 * "Pros bondoll chiet"
 * "Kum keng oun na bong"
 * "Rom cha cha cha"
 * "Jum loss sone"
 * "Bong tver oy oun yum" (You made me cry)
 * "Yume samrap thngay nis"
 * "Sall anosaovary"
 * "Leng knhom tv" (Let me go)
 * "Bondam stung keiv"
 * "Reastrei buth sene" (Missing lover of the night)
 * "Pkah orchid"
 * "Auh! seneha khnom"
 * "Verjah boross" (The word of men)
 * "Popol gomah"
 * "Prot svamei"
 * "Oun soum phneu chheung"
 * "San klotpsa"
 * "Chhba mon reing khyum"
 * "Norok lokei" (The sin of man)
 * "Ahso kasalmerlerr"
 * "Rolok songka therm svamei"
 * "Thmnorng leakina"
 * "Thgnay lett oun sralnoss" (When sunset, I miss u)
 * "Tropeang Peay"
 * "San chok chem"
 * "Pathchere sralnoss"
 * "Konseng nisei"
 * "Machass sne oun"
 * "Jomreang avasan"
 * Konsaeng Krohom" (Red Scarf)
 * Bros Del K'bot Chet" (Man who betrays)
 * Veal Srae Sronos"

Duets with Sinn Sisamouth

 * "Ae Na Promajarey"
 * "Bong Ban Khernh Sre"
 * "Bos Choong"
 * "Chom Chait Pesaey"
 * "Chao Luoch Jet"
 * "Have a Caramel"
 * "Jang ban pka avey?" (What flower do you want?)
 * "Kay Tha Knyom Jass"
 * "Kamnap snaeha" (Love poem)
 * "Komnoch veyo"
 * "Pneik Kamhuoch"
 * "Niw Tae Srolanh"
 * "Oh! snaeha euy!" (Oh! Love...)
 * "Oun Rom Som Te?"
 * "Sranah Ou chrow"
 * "Soniya 3 Tngai" (A Promise for 3 Days)
 * "Tehsepheap Prolim"
 * "Tiev Euy Srey Tiev"
 * "Tmor Kol Sromol Snae"
 * "Tok Bong Om Skat"
 * "Yaop Yun Thun Trojeak"
 * "Yerng Kom Plich Khnea"

Duets with Other Artists

 * "Khmao Euy Khmao" (with Im Song Soeum-1972)
 * "Kamlos Kromum Heu Ha" (with Im Song Soeum-1972)
 * "Kamlos Kramom Srok Srae"
 * "Hann Pnal Da Ey" (with Eng Nary)
 * "Soll Tae Card"
 * "Pka Sarai"
 * "Srolanh Sok Krong (with Chea Savoeun)

title: Ros Serey Sothea


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Category:Rowing

Rowing is the use of oars to propel a boat.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Category:Tourism

Tourism is the act of travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. According to the World Tourism Organization, tourists are people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".

title: Category:Tourism


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Judeo-Arabic dialects

Judeo-Arabic dialects (, romanized: ; عربية يهودية ; ערבית יהודית ) are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arab world. Under the ISO 639 international standard for language codes, Judeo-Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage under the code jrb, encompassing four languages: Judeo-Moroccan Arabic (aju), Judeo-Yemeni Arabic (jye), Judeo-Egyptian Arabic (yhd), and Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic (yud).

Judeo-Arabic can also refer to Classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages.

Many significant Jewish works, including a number of religious writings by Saadia Gaon, Maimonides and Judah Halevi, were originally written in Judeo-Arabic, as this was the primary vernacular language of their authors.

Characteristics
The Arabic spoken by Jewish communities in the Arab world differed slightly from the Arabic of their non-Jewish neighbours. These differences were partly due to the incorporation of some words from Hebrew and other languages and partly geographical, in a way that may reflect a history of migration. For example, the Judeo-Arabic of Egypt, including in the Cairo community, resembled the dialect of Alexandria rather than that of Cairo (Blau). Similarly, Baghdad Jewish Arabic is reminiscent of the dialect of Mosul. Many Jews in Arab countries were bilingual in Judeo-Arabic and the local dialect of the Muslim majority.

Like other Jewish languages and dialects, Judeo-Arabic languages contain borrowings from Hebrew and Aramaic. This feature is less marked in translations of the Bible, as the authors clearly took the view that the business of a translator is to translate.

Dialects

 * Judeo-Algerian
 * Judeo-Egyptian
 * Judeo-Moroccan
 * Judeo-Tripolitanian
 * Judeo-Tunisian
 * Judeo-Yemeni
 * Judeo-Syrian
 * Judeo-Lebanese
 * Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic
 * Judeo-Iraqi
 * Judeo-Baghdadi

History
Before the Early Islamic conquests Jews living in Arabia spoke a separate Judeo-Arabic ethnolect called Pre-Islamic Judeo-Arabic.

Jews in Arabic, Muslim majority countries wrote—sometimes in their dialects, sometimes in a more classical style—in a mildly adapted Hebrew alphabet rather than using the Arabic script, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.

By around 800 CE, most Jews within the Islamic Empire (90% of the world’s Jews at the time) were native speakers of Arabic like the populations around them. This led to the transition of Judeo-Arabic from pre-islamic to early Judeo-Arabic. The language quickly became the central language of Jewish scholarship and communication, enabling Jews to participate in the greater epicenter of learning at the time, which meant that they could be active participants in secular scholarship and civilization. The widespread usage of Arabic not only unified the Jewish community located throughout the Islamic Empire but also facilitated greater communication with other ethnic and religious groups, which led to important manuscripts of polemic, like the Toledot Yeshu, being written or published in Arabic or Judeo-Arabic. By the 10th century Judeo-Arabic would transition from Early to Classical Judeo-Arabic.

During the 15th century, as Jews, especially in North Africa, gradually began to identify less with Arabs, Judeo-Arabic would undergo significant changes and become Later Judeo-Arabic.

Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish thought were originally written in medieval Judeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentaries. Later they were translated into medieval Hebrew so that they could be read by contemporaries elsewhere in the Jewish world, and by others who were literate in Hebrew. These include:

 * Saadia Gaon's Emunoth ve-Deoth (originally كتاب الأمانات والاعتقادات), his tafsir (biblical commentary and translation) and siddur (explanatory content, not the prayers themselves)
 * David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas
 * Solomon ibn Gabirol's Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
 * Bahya ibn Paquda's Kitab al-Hidāya ilā Fara'id al-Qulūb, translated by Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon as Chovot HaLevavot
 * Judah Halevi's Kuzari
 * Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah, Sefer Hamitzvot, The Guide for the Perplexed, and many of his letters and shorter essays.

Most communities also had a traditional translation of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic, known as a sharḥ ("explanation"): for more detail, see Bible translations into Arabic. The term sharḥ sometimes came to mean "Judeo-Arabic" in the same way that "Targum" was sometimes used to mean the Aramaic language.

Present day
In the years following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the end of the Algerian War, and Moroccan and Tunisian independence, most Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews in Arab countries emigrated, without their property, mainly for mainland France and for Israel. Judeo-Arabic was viewed negatively in Israel as all Arabic was viewed as a "enemy language". Their distinct Arabic dialects in turn did not thrive in either country, and most of their descendants now speak French or Modern Hebrew almost exclusively; thus resulting in the entire continuum of Judeo-Arabic dialects being considered endangered languages. This stands in stark contrast with the historical status of Judeo-Arabic: in the early Middle Ages, speakers of Judeo-Arabic far outnumbered the speakers of Yiddish. There remain small populations of speakers in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Yemen, Israel and the United States.

Media
Most literature in Judeo-Arabic is of a Jewish nature and is intended for readership by Jewish audiences. There was also widespread translation of Jewish texts from languages like Yiddish and Ladino into Judeo-Arabic, and translation of liturgical texts from Aramaic and Hebrew into Judeo-Arabic. There is also Judeo-Arabic videos on YouTube.

A collection of over 400,000 of Judeo-Arabic documents from the 6th-19th centuries was found in the Cairo Geniza.

The movie Farewell Baghdad would be released in 2013 entirely in Judeo-Iraqi Arabic

Orthography
Judeo-Arabic orthography uses a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet called the Judeo-Arabic script. It is written from right to left horizontally like the Hebrew script and also like the Hebrew script some letters contain final versions, used only when that letter is at the end of a word. It also uses the letters alef and waw or yodh to mark long or short vowels respectively. The order of the letters varies between alphabets.

title: Judeo-Arabic dialects


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Spearthrower

Spearthrower may refer to:
 * Spear-thrower or atlatl, a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing, and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to store energy during the throw
 * Woomera (spear-thrower), a wooden Australian Aboriginal spear-throwing device similar to an atlatl

title: Spearthrower


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Skyfire (band)

Skyfire is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Höör, Skåne County.

Biography
Skyfire was formed in the town of Höör, Sweden in 1995 by Andreas Edlund (guitar), Martin Hanner (bass guitar), Jonas Sjögren (guitar) and Tobias Björk (drums). The four were friends since high school and had similar tastes in music. The band recorded two demos: Within Reach and The Final Story. On the second demo, the vocals were performed by Henrik Wenngren. Skyfire got in touch with band members of Thyrfing who helped them find a record label with Dutch label Hammerheart Records. During two weeks in August 2000, Skyfire recorded their debut album Timeless Departure in the Abyss Studio.

In September 2002, the band recorded their second album Mind Revolution, again in the Abyss Studio with new drummer Joakim Jonsson. Mind Revolution was released in 2003 and showed the band's style evolving and branching off into different musical genres. The third album Spectral was recorded at Los Angered and Studio Underground and released on 10 May 2004 by Arise Records.

The vocalist Henrik Wenngren left the band and was replaced by Joakim Karlsson.

On 7 January 2008, Skyfire announced on their official MySpace page that they had signed with a Florida-based label Pivotal Rockordings, for a three-album deal, and the band entered the recording studio to begin recording their fourth untitled album. Mixing was done by Scar Symmetry's Jonas Kjellgren at Black Lounge Studios.

On 15 May 2009, Skyfire announced a digital only EP entitled Fractal for a July 2009 release. The EP is a collection of B-sides recorded between 2004's Spectral and Esoteric. Fractal was released on 6 July for digital download.

Skyfire's fourth album is titled Esoteric and was released on 14 September 2009 in the United Kingdom via Pivotal Rockordings. The album was released on 18 September 2009 in the rest of Europe and in North America on 13 October 2009 due to a scheduling issue. The cover art was created by Pär Olofsson, who also made covers for Brain Drill, Psycroptic, Spawn of Possession, Persuader and others.

On 4 July 2017, the band launched a PledgeMusic campaign to fund their newest EP Liberation in Death. The campaign was successful, raising the full amount needed in under eight hours.

Current members

 * Martin Hanner − bass, synthesizers (2005−present); guitar, synthesizers (1995−2005)
 * Joakim Jonsson − drums, guitar (2001−present)
 * Johan Reinholdz − guitar (2005−present)
 * Joakim Karlsson − vocals (2007−present)

Past members

 * Andreas Edlund − guitar, synthesizers (1995−2015)
 * Tobias Björk − drums (1995−2001)
 * Jonas Sjögren − bass (1995−2005)
 * Henrik Wenngren − vocals (1998−2007)

Studio albums

 * Timeless Departure (2001)
 * Mind Revolution (2003)
 * Spectral (2004)
 * Esoteric (2009)

Demos and EPs

 * Within Reach (1998)
 * The Final Story (2000)
 * Haunted by Shadows (2003)
 * Fractal (2009)
 * Liberation in Death (2017)

title: Skyfire (band)


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Bass

Bass or Basses may refer to:

Fish

 * Bass (fish), various saltwater and freshwater species

Wood

 * Bass or basswood, the wood of the tilia americana tree

Music

 * Bass (sound), describing low-frequency sound or one of several instruments in the bass range:
 * Any of a number of bass instruments, including:
 * Acoustic bass guitar, with a hollow body
 * Bass clarinet, a clarinet with a lower sound
 * Bass cornett, a low pitched wind instrument
 * Bass drum, a large drum
 * Bass flute, an instrument one octave lower than a flute
 * Bass guitar, with a solid body and electric pickups
 * Bass recorder, an instrument one octave lower than the alto recorder
 * Bass sarrusophone, a low pitched double reed instrument
 * Bass saxophone
 * Bass trombone, a lower pitched trombone
 * Bass trumpet
 * Bass violin
 * Double bass, the largest and lowest pitched bowed string instrument
 * Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
 * Tuba, often called "the bass" in the context of brass instruments
 * Bass (voice type), a type of classical male singing voice
 * Bass clef, the musical clef used for lower-sounding instruments and voices
 * Bass music, broad category of electronic dance music genres, focusing on a prominent bass drum and/or bassline sound
 * Bass note, the lowest note in a chord
 * Bassline, or bass line, a term used in music for a lower-pitched part
 * "Bass", a song by Robyn Hitchcock from his 1986 album Element of Light
 * "Bass", audio file on Culture Vulture (EP) by Jesus Jones (2004)
 * "Bass (How Low Can You Go)", a 1988 single by Simon Harris; also his 1989 album Bass!
 * "Basses", a movement of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells 2003 album

Businesses and organizations

 * Bass Brewery, a British brewery
 * Bass Anglers Sportsman Society (B.A.S.S.)
 * G.H. Bass & Co., an American footwear brand founded in 1876
 * Bass Pro Shops, an American outdoors company

People

 * Bass (surname)
 * Bass Reeves (1838–1910), notable deputy U.S. marshal

Fictional characters

 * Chuck Bass, a fictional character in the novel and television series Gossip Girl
 * Bass Armstrong, a character from Dead or Alive
 * Bass Monroe, fictional character in Revolution
 * Bass and Bass.EXE, Mega Man characters

Australia

 * Bass Strait, between Australia and Tasmania
 * Bass Pyramid, a small island in the Bass Strait
 * Bass, Victoria, a town in Australia
 * Bass Coast Shire, a local government area in Victoria
 * Division of Bass, a federal electoral division in Tasmania, Australia
 * Division of Bass (state), state electoral division in Tasmania, Australia
 * Electoral district of Bass, a state electoral division in Victoria, Australia
 * Shire of Bass, a former local government area in Victoria, Australia

United States

 * Bass, Alabama, an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, U.S.
 * Bass, Arkansas, an unincorporated community in Newton County, Arkansas, U.S.
 * Bass, Casey County, Kentucky, U.S.
 * Bass, Missouri, U.S.
 * Bass, West Virginia, U.S.
 * Bass Creek, a stream in Missouri
 * Bass Lake (disambiguation), a number of places and lakes
 * Bass River (disambiguation)
 * Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall, or simply Bass Performance Hall, in Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.

Elsewhere

 * Bass, Hansi, a sub-tehsil of Hisar district, Haryana, India
 * Bass Lake (Ontario), several lakes
 * Bass River (disambiguation)
 * Bass Rock, or the Bass, an island in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland
 * Basses, Vienne, a commune of the Vienne department in France

Other uses

 * Bass diffusion model, or Bass model, a mathematical marketing model
 * Beneath a Steel Sky, a 1994 computer adventure game
 * Buttocks, in slang
 * BASS (audio library), a freeware cross-platform audio library and API
 * USS Bass, several vessels of the U.S. Navy

title: Bass


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Talk:Bass

Disambig talk
This is a disambig talk page, it should not be redirected to one of the entries. Discussion pertaining to this particular disambig is more relevant.

Bass guitar as main entry
I reverted back to the disambig version of the article, as Bass guitar is definately not the most widely used term, and Bass (disambiguation) being harder to search for, already redirected here. Rather than fixing all the double redirects when the user redirected, they did nothing. I feel this page should not be any specific item and better serves as the disambig page. Also, many articles already refer to this page as the disambig page, including redirects. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 18:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * While "Bass guitar is definately not the most widely used term" in the world, it is by far the most widely used term here on Wikipedia (because of all the articles about bands and songs -- check the links if you don't believe). I support moving the pages around to make Bass guitar the main entry just to deal with the (ever-growing) problem of links to this disambiguation page. Ewlyahoocom 09:48, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

I think part of the problem is that most people in the greater rock community, at least in my experience, don't think of "bass" as a shortened form of "bass guitar." They typically don't even think of them as guitars at all but as a whole separate instrument. I've even witnessed a number of occasions where they poked fun at (seemingly) musicly ignorant folks who called them guitars. They were all like "that's not a guitar! - it's a bass!" And I was like (thinkin to myself) "well it's really a bass guitar..." I guess it's really just a matter of semantics, and most bands prefer to think of themselves as having three completely different instruments in their band (guitar, drums, and bass) rather than just two.

And in discussions of rock music, you almost never hear the phrase "bass guitar" used - it's always something like "Matt on lead guitar and vocals, Jeff on rhythm guitar and vocals, Sarah on drums, and Nick on bass." So it's natural that people would like to it like that for all the multitude of rock bands on Wikipedia. ENpeeOHvee 23:49, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I certainly support having bass guitar as the main entry. Too many editors to band articles will never realise that this disambig page exists.  It would be hopeless to try to inform them. Picaroon9288 21:20, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * When the links in the band articles show up in maroon, won't that hint that the page being linked to is a disambig page? (Or is that just one of the extra settings that I've customised along the way that does that?)  Just because one particular group is unaware/uninformed, doesn't mean we should make an exception.  It would be easier for Australians if we could just link to Victoria, but we understand that although it is the most obvious meaning for the word for us, it isn't for everyone. -- Chuq 03:21, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * You have a point, it isn't right to make bass the main entry just to make it easier on editors to band articles. However, I, at least, see no other solution. (And that must be one of your settings, as I need to run my cursor across the link and wait for one of Lupin's popups to tell me it's a dab page.) If anyone has another idea, I'm all ears. Picaroon9288|ta co 18:35, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The best idea IMO is for people talking about a bass guitar to use bass guitar - "bass" is just a shortend form of this anyway - and if they don't, there is a link to there from the bass article. -- Chuq 00:39, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Greetings from WikiProject Disambiguation. Bass showed up with 214 links at Disambiguation pages with links.  I looked down the list of Special:Whatlinkshere/Bass and clicked about 20 that looked liked they might not be music related (though anything can be a band or album or song name).  I pointed six links to bass (fish), one to Bass (beer), and two to nowhere. I believe 98% of the rest would better be bass (musical term). Many of those could be better still directed to bass guitar, a few could be pointed elsewhere. I suggest moving the existing bass to bass (disambiguation), and redirecting to bass (musical term). There are new rock pages every day, and they are not going to stop ambiguously linking bass. -- Randall Bart 12:44, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Through my experience as well, I think that bass guitar is the primary topic for this page and that the disambiguation page should be moved to bass (disambiguation). This page accumulates ambiguous links at just about the fastest rate of any in Wikipedia, except for nationality/ethnicity adjectives. Dekimasu よ! 17:22, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Technical
What is the difference between the musical terms listed under "Technical" and "Other"? Hyacinth 10:27, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Useful disambiguation comments

 * Moved here from WP:DPL discussion, when this was the collaboration:

This page is always a thorn in our side. Most links will be to bass guitar, but if the music in question is jazz, beware of the double bass. A few may refer to vocal range as well. Dekimasu よ! 06:08, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Working on it, got like 10 or 12 done so far. It's pretty easy, though I cannot find linked "bass" in the Elvis Presley article for the life of me.  Maybe its too long and my eyes get tired.  Anyway, I'll keep going.  -- Tractor  kings  fan  09:45, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Use Ctrl+F in edit mode and type Bennelliott  •  Talk  •  Contributions  18:18, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I finished Bass, all but 5 links, and even left a note to the original editor for one. A useful trick was to search images on yahoo.com using the bassist's name or the ensemble's name, and sometimes I could see what instrument was being used. Chris the speller 19:01, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
I've just found "yeah boii" at the bottom of this page and deleted it. Adamd1008 (talk) 23:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

See Also section has music and places
Shouldn't all the music terms be filed under Music and all the places be under Places? This change would assist the WP:Disambiguation pages with links project, which lists this page as having about 160 links to it that should actually link directly to the correct disambiguation. Tayste (edits) 18:39, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Bass Brewery: Main entries for Bass
I have placed Bass Brewery amongst the main entries for Bass. It is one of the most famous beers in the world. It is the world's first trademark and one of the most recognisable. Farrtj (talk) 23:30, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bass


text:
Talk:Scintillation counter

Untitled
I've moved this from the scintillometer entry to scintillation counter here which is the much more frequently used term and because a scintillometer is also a totally unrelated scientific instrument used to measure air turbulence and heat transfer etc.
 * Maybe there should be a disambiguation page instead. Most of the manufacturers of scintillation counters in North America (I worked for one of them for ten years) refer to them as scintillometers. Altaphon (talk) 05:14, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Somethings hinky about the line "Scintillation counters are the most sensitive-known radiation detectors." In a way they are particle dedectors however large scale particle dedectors are much more accurate and complex. Someone who is savvy in this field fix this please.--Slicky 20:27, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Hinky indeed. Take a look at my fix. I've worked with these guys for 30 years, and the author of the standard reference text cited is a good friend whom I've helped give courses on the subject, so I think I'm qualified to write this... Bill-on-the-Hill 04:20, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

On looking more at this, it is not obvious that there is any need for this page given the more complete and accurate one already available for scintillator. What to do to consolidate them? Bill-on-the-Hill 04:28, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * scintillator is focused on the sciintillation processes and materials, I don't think they should be merged. Sergio Ballestrero 19:43, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Why is this tagged as a pharmacology stub?Ian Glenn 23:29, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

It is now 5 years since the de-stub proposal, nobody has commented and I cannot see any reason why it is a pharmacology stub. I have removed the template. Dougsim (talk) 17:49, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Update 2012
The scintillation counter in my experience is an industrial instrument type in wide nuclear industry use, so I think the article stands on its own. I have done some text cleanup and added an image, and it could well be improved in the future to give examples of practical types.

I have now created a category called "ionising radiation detectors" to cater for the day to day radiation instruments which are used for radiation protection, rather than for lab and research work, which is more in the realm of "particle detectors". This now covers the range of geiger, prop counters, ion chambers, etc.

Dougsim (talk) 07:21, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

SI photon units
I would suggest that the inclusion of the table of SI photon units is not appropriate in the article as it stands. There is no obvious link between the table and the text. The table is best suited to stay in the article "Photon counting" which is linked from this article, and is a new stub article, which I think with some more work will be very useful for referencing from a number of radiation articles. I would suggest the SI photon units table is removed from the scintillation counter article. Dougsim (talk) 17:29, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Having received no comment, I have removed the tableDougsim (talk) 08:08, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Particle-Wave Duality?
When I first saw the illustration on the right something struck me as odd. We see a pretty transverse sinus waveform enter the scintillating crystal and about halfway it seems to transform into a particle, and continues to travel in straight line. Or, perhaps it is not a particle at all, but a longitudinal wave, and the pretty sinus is mistaken... 67.206.161.133 (talk) 16:35, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 17 December 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus to move. This has been here for ages, and the query regarding the fact that the current title is more common has not been conclusively answered. — Amakuru (talk) 23:46, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Scintillation counter → Scintillation detector – More general term 217.21.43.22 (talk) 08:08, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment – "Scintillation counter" is a much more common term, per books n-grams. Are we sure the extra generality of the other term makes it preferable?  I'd like to hear arguments.  Dicklyon (talk) 03:53, 18 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Counter is a device and can only measure single quantities, i.e. dose, dose rate. It counts particle. Detector instead can be used in a complex detecting system. For example in a spectrometer wich is obviously not a counter. --217.21.43.22 (talk) 07:08, 18 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert on this, but my impression is that "scintillation" implies a process that generates discrete events that are detected, and usually counted. Does the article talk about alternatives to this, where scintillation detectors can use a strategy better than or other than counting?  Dicklyon (talk) 07:23, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Spectrometry
This article is about scintillation counters, is it appropriate to have spectrometry? This is covered in any case in gamma spectrometry. Suggest deleting this section, which is not written very clearly in any case. .

title: Talk:Scintillation counter


text:
Vascones

The Vascones were a pre-Roman tribe who, on the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century, inhabited a territory that spanned between the upper course of the Ebro river and the southern basin of the western Pyrenees, a region that coincides with present-day Navarre, western Aragon and northeastern La Rioja, in the Iberian Peninsula. The Vascones are often considered ancestors of the present-day Basques to whom they left their name.

Roman period

The description of the territory which the Vascones inhabited during ancient times appears in texts of classical authors, between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, such as Livy, Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy. Although these texts have been studied as sources of reference, some authors have pointed out the apparent lack of uniformity and also the existence of contradictions within the texts, in particular with Strabo.

The oldest document corresponds to Livy (59 BC – AD 17), who in a brief passage of his work about the 76 BC Sertorian War relates how after crossing the Ebro and the city of Calagurris Nasica, they crossed the flatlands of the Vascones, or Vasconum agrum until reaching the border of their immediate neighbors, the Berones. Comparing other sections of this same document, it is deduced that this border was located to the west, while the southern neighbors of the Vascones were the Celtiberians, with their city, Contrebia Leucade.

Pliny the Elder, on his work Natural History, mentioned a text prior to 50 BC that located the Vascones at the western end of the Pyrenees, neighbors of the Varduli and extended to the mountains of Oiarso and into the coasts of the Bay of Biscay, in an area he called Vasconum saltus. The Greek geographer Strabo, in the times of Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) refers to the Vascones (in Ancient Greek: Ούασκώνων) placing their main city, or polis, in Pompaelo and as well Callagurris.

"Both cities, Kalágouris, one of the main cities of the ouáskones,... This same region is crossed by the road that comes from Terrakon and goes to the ouáskones, in the border of the Ocean, to Pompélon and Oiáson, city built above the very same Ocean."

- Strabo

This information is found again in the works of Ptolemy, who lived during the 1st and 2nd Century AD. In his book, Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, chapter 6, he relates the names of 15 cities inside the territory of the Vascones, besides Oiarso: Iturissa, Pompaelo, Bituris, Andelos, Nemanturissa, Curnonium, Iacca, Graccurris, Calagurris, Cascantum, Ercavica, Tarraga, Muscaria, Seguia and Alavona.

The territory of the Vascones during the Roman republic and Roman empire corresponded with present-day Navarre, the northeast extreme of Gipuzkoa, and parts of La Rioja, Zaragoza and Huesca, including the city of Calagurris.

Late Basquisation
During this period, after the time of Ptolemy and contemporary to the times of instability caused by the Germanic invasions, the documents about the Vascones and other tribes of the northern Iberian Peninsula are scarce, and as a result there is little information about the Vascones during this time. The chronicler John of Biclaro (c. 540 – after 621) mentions the Vascones in a story about the foundation of the city of Victoriacum by the Visigoth king Liuvigild and Gregory of Tours (538–594) mentions the incursions of Wascones in Aquitaine during the year 587. From these extracts and being the neighboring tribes absent in the historiography, Adolf Schulten (1870–1960) proposed the theory according to which, at some point between the mid-2nd century and late 4th century, an enlargement of the territory of the Vascones took place, first in the west, occupying the lands of the Caristii, Varduli and Autrigones, and later in the north in Aquitaine. Schulten considers this to be the reason for the adoption of the name Gascony, which derives from Gascon, which comes from Vascon, and used to denominate a region that includes the present-day Northern Basque Country.

Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, Spanish historian (1893–1984), on his work "Los vascones vasconizan la depresión vasca" (The Vascones "basquize" the Basque depression) published in 1972 expanded upon this hypothesis, relying on linguistic analysis: when invading the territories of what today is Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava displaced to Castile part of the Caristii, Varduli and Autrigones, who took refuge in the mountains; the ones who had not been displaced were "Basquized", while perhaps the Caristii, Varduli and Autrigones already spoke languages similar or related to the Basque language.

However, research during last decades has called into question the possibility of an expansion northwards (J. J. Larrea). The inroad of the Vascones onto the plains of Aquitaine in 587 seems to be short-lived—they make their way back to the mountains—and archaeological findings in Eauze or Auch do not reveal instability or destruction during the alleged expanding period up to the mid-7th century. Another theory suggests a contemporary identification made by the Goths and the Franks of the Vascones (the most dynamic tribe) with all Basque speaking, Basque-related, or non-Romanized tribes.

7th century
Starting in the 7th century, historians differentiate between Spagnovasconia, located southwestern of the Pyrenees, inside the Iberian Peninsula and Guasconia, northwestern of the Pyrenees, in Aquitaine. Schulten interprets that by this time the Vascones had already retreated from their territories in Roman times and started occupying lands in the north, what in the future would make the Southern Basque Country and northern Navarre. Schulten also quotes the chronicle from Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, dated in 810, where for the first time is used the term navarrese to define the people living in the former territories of the Vascones near the Ebro.

Roman period
Unlike the Aquitanians or Cantabrians, the Vascones seemed to have negotiated their status in the Roman Empire. In the Sertorian War, Pompey established his headquarters in their territory, founding Pompaelo. Romanization was rather intense in the area known as Ager Vasconum (the Ebro valley) but limited in the mountainous Saltus, where evidence of Roman civilization appears only in mining places, harbours, roads, and milestones, e.g. Oiasso. The territory was also important for Romans as a communication knot between northern Hispania and southwestern Gallia, who took good care to station detachments in different spots of the main communication lines.

The Vasconian area presents indications of upheaval (burnt villas, an abundance of mints to pay the garrisons) during the 4th and 5th centuries that have been linked by many historians to the Bagaudae rebellions against feudalization, but also to the depredations of migrating Germanic and Asian tribes—Vandals, Alans, Sueves, Visigoths, possibly Heruls—into Hispania.

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages
In AD 407 Vascon troops fought on the orders of Roman commanders Didimus and Verinianus, repelling an attack by Vandals, Alans and Suebi. In 409, the passage of the Germanic peoples and Sarmatians toward Hispania went unhindered. The Roman reaction to this invasion and unrest related to the Bagaudae was to give Gallia Aquitania and Hispania Tarraconensis to the Visigoths in return for their services as allies by treaty (foederati). The Visigoths soon managed to expel the Vandals to Africa.

After chronicler Hydatius´s death in 469, no contemporary source exists reporting on the social and political situation in the Vasconias, as put by himself. At the beginning of the fourth century, Calagurris is still cited as a Vascon town. During the fifth and sixth centuries, the gap between town and the rural milieu widened, with the former falling much in decay. Between 581-7, chronicles start to mention the Vascones again, this time hailing from the wilderness, as opposed to the towns, which remained attached to Roman culture or were under Germanic influence. By the seventh to eighth centuries, Vascones were not confined to their ancient boundaries, but covered a much larger territory, from Álava in the west to the Loire in the north. The island of Oléron, along with the Île de Ré, formed the Vacetae Insulae "Vacetian Islands" according to the Cosmographia, where Vaceti are Vascones by another name. The concept underlying the medieval name points to a much wider reality than Strabo's former tribal definition, this time encompassing all Basque-speaking tribes.

The independent Vascones stabilised their first polity under the Merovingian Franks: the Duchy of Vasconia, whose borders to the south remained unclear. This duchy would eventually become Gascony. During the reincorporation of Vasconia into Francia after 769, Charlemagne destroyed the walls of Pamplona after a failed attempt to conquer Zaragoza, the Vascones annihilated his rearguard in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778—referred as "wasconicam perfidiam" by Frankish chroniclers. Pamplona was later captured by the Cordovan emir 'Abd al-Rahman I (781), but taken over by the Franks in 806, who assigned its government to a pro-Frankish local Belasko ("al-Galashki"), probably a Basque hailing from present-day Gascony. Some decades later, in 824, a second battle of Roncevaux took place that led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Pamplona, founded with Eneko Arista as head of the new polity, presented by Arab sources as leader of the Vascones (al-Baskunisi). However, the 824 Carolingian expedition itself included two different columns made up of Frankish and Vascones (Gascons).

After the 9th century, the Vascones (Wascones, Guascones) come to be more closely identified in the records with the current territory of Gascony, at the time still a Basque-speaking territory but progressively being replaced by the new rising Romance language, Gascon.

Language and writing
Several authors point out that prior to the Roman arrival and alike other peoples that inhabited the near region, the Vascones spoke a language that linguists  identify as the precursor of the modern Basque language, sometimes referred to as Proto-Basque language or Aquitanian language.

However, as pointed out by Henrike Knörr (1947-2008) the origin and kinship of the Basque language is still a mystery and an object of research. There are several theories about its origin; the Basque linguistic Koldo Mitxelena argues that an "in-situ" origin is the most likely, and thus explains the current dialectical classification while other theories advocate for a proposed kinship between the Basque language and other language families, like the languages of the Caucasus or a relation between Basque and the extinct Iberian language. So far, possible connections between Basque and other languages have remained unproven.

Another problem that arises in the study of the language of the Vascones is the lack of direct classic records regarding the language spoken by this people, with the exception of a vague description by Strabo and Pomponius Mela, or the description made by Julius Caesar on the language of the Aquitanians in his work Commentarii de Bello Gallico.

The study of epigraphic documents has been of greater interest, as some of them date the introduction of writing among the Vascones in the 2nd century. Among them, the oldest are the numismatic evidence coming from both Vasconic mints and others located nearby. A great importance is given to a funerary stele found in the Hermitage of Santa Bárbara in Lerga, which was considered to be the oldest known written testimony of the Proto-Basque language until an inscription from the 1st century BC was found in 2022. It is also believed that the Iberian language has left some traces on the Basque language, as with the Iberian term ili, adopted in Basque as hiri with the meaning of town or city, and present in the Vasconic name for the city of Pompaelo: "Iruña", as well as in other names of cities and towns.

Religion
The epigraphic and archaeological testimonies have allowed experts to determine some of the religious practices that were present among the Vascones since the Roman arrival and the introduction of writing. According to research done on this topic, religious syncretism lasted until the 1st Century; from that moment onwards and until the adoption of Christianity between the 4th and 5th centuries, Roman mythology was predominant.

Vasconic theonyms have been found on tombstones and altars, which further proves the syncretism between the pre-Christian Roman systems of beliefs and the Vasconic religions. Two altars have been found in Ujué, one dedicated to Lacubegi, identified as the God of the lower world and another one dedicated to Jupiter, although it has not been possible to date them. In Lerate and Barbarin two tombstones have been found, both dedicated to Stelaitse and dated in the 1st century.

title: Vascones


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Christopher Darden

Christopher Allen Darden (born April 7, 1956) is an American lawyer, author, lecturer, and judicial candidate. He worked for 15 years in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office, where he gained national attention as a co-prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder case.

Early life and education
Darden was born in Richmond, California, the fourth of eight siblings. After graduating from John F. Kennedy High School in 1974, Darden enrolled at San Jose State University, where he participated in track and field and joined Alpha Phi Alpha, an African-American fraternity. He received his B.S. in criminal justice administration in 1977. Darden received his Juris Doctor from the University of California, Hastings, in 1980.

Career
Darden took and passed the California Bar Exam in the summer of 1980. Four months afterward, he was hired at the National Labor Relations Board in Los Angeles. Looking for a career change, he applied for and was hired for a position with the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office. Darden was initially assigned to the Huntington Park office before moving on to Beverly Hills, and finally moved to the Criminal Courts Building (CCB) in downtown Los Angeles in late 1983.

During his tenure as a prosecutor at the CCB, Darden served in the central trials and hard-core gang units before transferring to the Special Investigation Division (SID), which investigates criminal activity by public and law enforcement officials, in February 1988. It was in this position that Darden first met Johnnie Cochran, who represented some victims of alleged police violence. Darden and Cochran became close friends, with Darden seeing Cochran as a mentor figure.

Darden initially became involved in the O. J. Simpson murder case after being asked by Deputy District Attorneys Marcia Clark and William Hodgman to lead the prosecution of Al Cowlings, Simpson's friend and the driver of the white Ford Bronco during the infamous car chase. After Darden's work on the Cowlings case ended, Clark requested Darden join the Simpson team as case manager since she and Hodgman were bogged down by various motions and filings from the defense. Darden was also tasked by Clark to prepare the prosecution's witnesses for testimony, including preparing testimony for key witness Detective Mark Fuhrman. After Hodgman was incapacited by stress-related illness in the courtroom shortly before opening statements, Darden was named co-prosecutor. Darden's friendship with Cochran, who was a prominent figure on Simpson's defense team, became heavily strained due to their clashing positions regarding the inclusion of racism in the case. Simpson was ultimately acquitted. Darden incidentally normalized the term N-word, a euphemistic alternative reference to the word "nigger", as the first public figure to use that term, while cross-examining Fuhrman.

Darden left the District Attorney's office after the Simpson case and joined the faculty of the Southwestern University School of Law. Darden taught and specialized in criminal procedure and trial advocacy.

Darden is a former legal commentator for CNBC, CNN, Court TV, and NBC, and a frequent guest and commentator on CNN, Court TV, and Fox News Network. He has made guest appearances on Touched by an Angel, Girlfriends, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Howard Stern Show, Muppets Tonight, Roseanne, the movie Liar Liar (uncredited), and the TV movie One Hot Summer Night (in which he plays a disgruntled policeman). He is the former principal attorney in the syndicated legal show Power of Attorney.

Darden is also a writer. In addition to In Contempt, which chronicles his experiences with the Simpson trial, he co-authored (with Dick Lochte) a number of crime novels, including The Trials of Nikki Hill (1999), LA Justice (2000), and The Last Defense (2002).

He appeared on the cover of Newsweek in 1996 with an article "My Case Against O.J.", which addressed his involvement and prosecution of Simpson.

Darden left the law school in 1999 and started his own firm, Darden & Associates, Inc., specializing in criminal defense and civil litigation. In December 2007, he was considered for a judgeship by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.

In an interview by Oprah Winfrey that aired February 9, 2006, Darden stated that he still believed Simpson was guilty. He added that he was nearly as disgusted with the perjury of Mark Fuhrman as by the murders of Goldman and Simpson.

On September 6, 2012, Darden accused deceased Simpson defense lawyer Johnnie Cochran of manipulating' one of the infamous gloves", a claim Alan Dershowitz has called "a total fabrication", saying, "the defense doesn't get access to evidence except under controlled circumstances."

Darden represented Eric Ronald Holder, Jr. in his arraignment on April 4, 2019. Darden entered a not guilty plea on behalf of Holder, who is accused of murdering Nipsey Hussle. Darden dropped out of the case May 10, the same day as the court date. Darden received multiple death threats for representing Holder.

, Darden is representing a man accused of pulling a knife on a television crew at a COVID-19 anti-lockdown protest rally in Huntington Beach and forcing them to delete footage.

It was reported in August 2020 that Darden would briefly represent Corey Walker for arraignment, the alleged killer of rapper Pop Smoke.

Darden ran for judge in Los Angeles County Superior Court in 2024, but lost to incumbent Leslie Gutierrez.

Personal life
Darden married TV executive Marcia Carter on August 31, 1997. They have three children, with Darden having two children before their marriage.

Honors and awards

 * In 1998, Darden received the Crystal Heart Award from Loved Ones of Homicide Victims, an organization devoted to aiding families that have suffered the loss of loved ones as a result of violence.
 * In 2000, he was recognized as "Humanitarian of the Year" by Eli Horne, a California shelter for abused children and women.

In popular culture

 * Darden and Marcia Clark were parodied in the sitcom Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt.
 * In The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016), Darden was portrayed by Sterling K. Brown.
 * Darden and Marcia Clark were mentioned in the lyrics by T-Mo of the hip-hop group Goodie Mob in the song "Soul Food" with "Fuck Chris Darden, fuck Marcia Clark/Taking us when we're in the spotlight for a joke."
 * In 1997, Darden made an appearance on The Howard Stern Show by running the question board for Jeopardy. Also appearing were Geraldo Rivera and Richard Belzer.
 * Darden was featured via archive footage in Ezra Edelman's 2016 documentary O.J.: Made in America, which focused on the life and murder trial of O.J. Simpson. Darden was contacted by Edelman to participate in the documentary, but Darden declined.

title: Christopher Darden


text:
International Open

International Open may refer to:

 * International Open Series, a pro-am series of snooker tournaments, also known as the Pontin's International Open Series for promotional purposes
 * Scottish Open (snooker), a professional snooker tournament formerly known as the International Open
 * International GT Open, a grand tourer-style sports car racing founded in 2006 by the Spanish GT Sport Organización. It is a spin-off of the Spanish GT Championship, and uses a similar format, except its races are held internationally
 * Eastbourne International, a tennis tournament on the WTA Tour and on the ATP World Tour, formerly known as the "International Women's Open".
 * International Tennis Open, a sports video game developed by Infogrames Multimedia and published by Philips Interactive Media in 1992
 * German Open Tennis Championships, a tennis tournament the ATP World Tour, formerly known as the "International German Open"

title: International Open


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Category:Corel software

List of software created/acquired/produced/developed by Corel Corporation

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User:Mind Cemetary

Points taken ;-)
Hi Mindcemetary - nice to see that someone else is interested in the Nonviolence article. I've made some minor edits to the Criticism section in an effort make it a bit more NPOV.

You're probably quite right that Churchill can't be characterised simply as pragmatist - indeed, there are strong moral threads running through the writings of the other names mentioned in that section of the article. As individuals all deeply involved in the struggle for social equality of one kind or another, how could they not? I would argue, however, that the ideological clash between the nonviolent and 'any means necessary' approaches has most often been characterised as a clash between pragmatists willing to use violence, and moralists who are not, most often for ethical or religious conviction.

BTW, remember that Wikipedia articles don't usually have single authors. I've written a fair chunk of this one, but generally speaking, the more people who work on an article the better it seems to get. If you feel you can improve on an article, then you are free to edit it as you wish, but anyone else working on it will appreciate it if you post some comments on the 'Talk' page as you've done here, particularly if you are proposing a radical change.

Forgive me for not responding to all of your arguments - I think that 'Talk' pages are best used for discussion about and concrete proposals for editing articles rather than 'for and against' debates. If you want to discuss this in more depth, you are welcome to e-mail me by going to User:Dirtbiscuit and clicking on 'E-mail this user', but I'm most likely to suggest some reading material rather than engage in a long-winded debate!

Oh, and welcome to Wikipedia. (Welcoming seems to be quite the done thing around here, but I guess the more experienced welcomers must have missed you somehow.) Dirtbiscuit

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Carmen Argenziano

Carmen Antimo Argenziano (October 27, 1943 – February 10, 2019) was an American actor who appeared in over 73 movies and around 100 television movies or episodes. He was best known for playing Jacob Carter on Stargate SG-1. He had recurring roles on Booker, L.A. Law, Melrose Place, and The Young and the Restless, as well as minor roles in The Godfather Part II, Angels & Demons, and The Accused.

Early life
Argenziano was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania, and raised in nearby Sharpsville, the son of parents of Italian descent, Elizabeth Stella (née Falvo) and Joseph Guy Argenziano, who was a restaurateur.

Career
One of Argenziano's best-known roles was as the recurring character Jacob Carter in the television series Stargate SG-1. He was also a lifetime member of the Actors Studio and was awarded the Los Angeles Drama Critics' Circle Award for his performance as Jack Delasante in Thomas Babe's A Prayer for My Daughter. In 2007, he was cast as one of the potential fellowship candidates in House M.D.—albeit as a fake doctor—but was eliminated. In 2009, he guest-starred in Criminal Minds, episode: "Demonology", where he portrayed Father Paul Silvano.

Personal life
He had three children: two sons and a step-daughter.

Death
Argenziano died of lung cancer on February 10, 2019, at the age of 75.

title: Carmen Argenziano


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Icebreaker (non-fiction book)

Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? (Russian title: Ледокол) is a military history book by the Russian non-fiction author Viktor Suvorov, published in 1989. Suvorov argued that Joseph Stalin planned a conquest of Europe for many years, and was preparing to launch a surprise attack on Nazi Germany at the end of summer of 1941 to begin that plan. He says that Operation Barbarossa was a pre-emptive strike by Adolf Hitler, a claim which the Nazi leader himself had made at the time. Since the 1990s and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this theory has received some support among historians in some post-Soviet and Central European states, but some Western scholars have criticized his conclusions for lack of evidence and documentation.

Content
Suvorov first wrote about the theory in a short 1985 article. He expanded on it in his book Icebreaker and in subsequent books, ending with the 2007 monograph, The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II. He says that in 1930s, Stalin was planning a conquest of Europe, had been working toward this objective for many years, and directed his military to plan for it.

Suvorov argues that the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was engineered by Stalin to provoke Hitler to start a conflict with Western powers, which would have led to mutual exhaustion of "capitalist powers". Then, Stalin planned to seize an opportune moment to attack Germany from the east, overrun Europe, and establish Soviet control. Suvorov considers Operation Barbarossa to have been a pre-emptive strike by Hitler, an act of self-defence in an attempt to prevent imminent Red Army assault.

He argued that Soviet ground forces were well-organized and mobilized en masse along the German–Soviet frontier for a Soviet invasion of Europe slated for Sunday, July 6, 1941, but they were unprepared to defend their own territory.

He claimed that maps and phrasebooks issued to Soviet troops supported that theory. Military topographic maps, unlike other military supplies, are strictly local and cannot be used elsewhere than in the intended operational area. Suvorov claims that Soviet units were issued with maps of Germany and German-occupied territory and phrasebooks including questions about SA offices, which were found only in German territory proper. In contrast, maps of Soviet territory were scarce. Notably, after the German attack, the officer responsible for maps, Lieutenant General MK Kudryavtsev, was not punished by Stalin, who was known for extreme punishments after failures to obey his orders. According to Suvorov, that demonstrates that Kudryavtsev was obeying the orders of Stalin, who simply did not expect a German attack.

Suvorov offers as another piece of evidence the extensive effort Stalin took to conceal general mobilization by manipulating the laws setting the conscription age. That allowed Stalin to provide the expansive buildup of the Red Army. Since there was no universal military draft in the Soviet Union until 1939, by enacting the universal military draft on 1 September 1939 (the date that World War II had begun) and by changing the minimum age for joining the Red Army from 21 to 18, Stalin triggered a mechanism to achieve a dramatic increase in the military strength of the Red Army.

This specific law on mobilization allowed the Red Army to increase its army of 1,871,600 men in 1939 to 5,081,000 in the spring of 1941 under secrecy to avoid alarming the rest of the world. Also, 18,000,000 reservists were drafted for a duration of service of 2 years. Thus, according to supporters of that theory, the Red Army had to enter a war by 1 September 1941, or the drafted soldiers would have to be released from service.

Points
Suvorov's main points include the following:

 * The Soviet Union was intrinsically unstable. It had to expand to survive. According to Suvorov's interpretation of the permanent revolution theory, the communist system had to expand and occupy the entire world to survive. Otherwise, the system would fail in a peaceful and/or military struggle with surrounding "capitalist" countries. Stalin and other Soviet leaders opposed that and high-ranking officials who supported "permanent revolution" were purged from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Stalin publicly declared that "the ultimate victory of socialism... can only be achieved on an international scale". Under that theory, Soviet leaders therefore started preparations for a large-scale war of aggression. They officially declared an adherence to the theory of "Socialism in One Country" according to which socialism can win in a single country, without being immediately overthrown by hostile capitalist neighbors. The leading country would then help revolutionary movements in other countries. Either way, the Soviet prewar doctrine was based on the Marxism-Leninism theory that capitalism will be overthrown through communist revolution.
 * The Soviet Union made extensive preparations for a future war of aggression in the 1920s and the 1930s. Suvorov provides an extensive analysis of Stalin's preparations for war. According to Suvorov, there were supposed to be three Five-Year Plan phases to prepare the Soviet Union for war. The first focused on collectivization, the second on industrialisation, and the third on the militarization of the country.
 * Stalin escalated tensions in Europe by providing a combination of economic and military support to Weimar Germany and later to Nazi Germany (see Germany–Soviet Union relations before 1941). After World War I, the Entente attempted to impose severe restrictions on Weimar Germany to prevent it from rearming and again becoming a significant military threat. During "the early 1920s until 1933, the Soviet Union was engaged in secret collaboration with the German military to enable it to circumvent the provisions of the Versailles Treaty", which limited Germany's military production. Moscow allowed the Germans to produce and test their weapons on Soviet territory, and some Red Army officers attended general-staff courses in Germany. The basis for that collaboration was the Treaty of Rapallo, signed between the two nations in 1922 and subsequent diplomatic interactions. The collaboration ended when the anticommunist Nazis took power in 1933. However, in 1932 and 1933, "Stalin helped Hitler come to power by forbidding German Communists to make common cause with the Social Democrats against the Nazis in parliamentary elections". Suvorov claims that Stalin's plan and vision was that Hitler's predictability and his violent reactionary ideas made him a candidate for the role of "icebreaker" for the communist revolution. By starting wars with European countries, Hitler would validate the Soviet entry into World War II by attacking Nazi Germany and "liberating" and Sovietizing all of Europe. When he concluded the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, Stalin "clearly counted on the repetition of the 1914–1918 war of attrition, which would leave the "capitalist" countries so exhausted that the USSR could sweep into Europe virtually unopposed" (see also Stalin's speech on August 19, 1939).
 * According to Suvorov and others, Stalin always planned to exploit military conflict between the capitalist countries to his advantage. He said as early as 1925, "Struggles, conflicts and wars among our enemies are... our great ally... and the greatest supporter of our government and our revolution" and "If a war does break out, we will not sit with folded arms – we will have to take the field, but we will be last to do so. And we shall do so in order to throw the decisive load on the scale".
 * World War II was initiated by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which became co-belligerents after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The essence of the pact was in the secret protocols, which divided Europe into spheres of influence and removed the Polish buffer between Germany and the Soviet Union. Some countries that fell into the Soviet sphere of influence, Estonia and Latvia, were occupied. The difference between the smaller nations, occupied and annexed by the Soviets, and Poland, which was initially attacked by Germany, was that Poland had military assistance guarantees from the United Kingdom and France.
 * Stalin planned to attack Nazi Germany from the rear in July 1941, only a few weeks after the date on which the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union took place. According to Suvorov, the Red Army had already redeployed from a defensive to an offensive stance. Suvorov also states that Stalin had made no major defensive preparations.
 * Hitler's intelligence identified the Soviet preparations to attack Germany. Therefore, the Wehrmacht had drafted a pre-emptive war plan based on Hitler's orders as early as mid-1940, soon after the Soviet annexations of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. On June 22, 1941, the Axis began an assault on the Soviet Union.

The book is based on an analysis of Soviet military investments, diplomatic maneuvers, Politburo speeches and other circumstantial evidences.

Reception
Icebreaker and subsequent books by Suvorov had sparkled what is currently known as "Suvorov's debates". Only a few authors now agree with Suvorov's main thesis about prewar Soviet plans for Europe conquest (another extreme view, expressed by Carley, is that the Soviets had no aggressive plans at all ). It is currently believed that whereas the war against "capitalist powers" was seen as potentially inevitable by Soviet leadership and the Soviet Union was making some preparations for war, the Soviet pursuit for collective security system in Europe, or "Litvinov's line", was sincere in late 1930s, and the event that marked active Soviet war preparations was the rapid collapse of the Anglo-French alliance in 1940.

"Suvorov debates"
The Suvorov thesis about the preemptive strike by Hitler has been strongly criticised by many scholars, and the book was called "anti-Soviet" Most historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941, as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces. Many historians have written in response to Suvorov's views; Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz authored books debunking his claims. Suvorov received some support from Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov and Vladimir Nevezhin.

Glantz argues that the Soviet Union simply was not ready for the war in the summer of 1941 Robin Edmonds said that "the Red Army planning staff would not have been doing its job if it had not devoted some time between 1939 and 1941 to the possibility, at some future date, of a pre-emptive strike against Wehrmacht". David Brandenberger said that recently-published pre-1941 German analysis of Soviet military readiness came to conclusion that Soviet preparations were assessed to be "defensive" by German intelligence.

Public reception
The book was enthusiastically accepted by a fraction of a German society that hoped to reintroduce Hitler as a legitimate part of the patriotic historical discourse. In post-Soviet Russia, whose collapse of communist ideology coincided with the wave of criticism of Stalin's rule, the Icebreaker thesis about Stalin's responsibility for World War II outbreak and about Soviet plans for world conquest found a considerable support in many of society who wanted to disassociate themselves with the uncomfortable past.

Editions

 * (First published edition)
 * (First English edition) Also available as PDF with different pagination.
 * Read by the author. 4-CD set. Includes previously unpublished chapters.
 * Read by Dmitri Kosjakov.
 * Read by the author. 192 Kbps, 44.1 kHz, stereo.
 * Read by the author. 4-CD set. Includes previously unpublished chapters.
 * Read by Dmitri Kosjakov.
 * Read by the author. 192 Kbps, 44.1 kHz, stereo.
 * Read by Dmitri Kosjakov.
 * Read by the author. 192 Kbps, 44.1 kHz, stereo.

title: Icebreaker (non-fiction book)


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IZ

IZ, Iz, or iZ may refer to:

 * Arkia (IATA code: IZ), an Israeli airline
 * Immobilien Zeitung, a weekly specialist journal for the German real estate industry
 * Inclusionary zoning, an American term which refers to municipal and county planning ordinances
 * International zone, a type of extraterritoriality governed by international law
 * Invader Zim, an American animated television series
 * Iraq (NATO country code: IZ), a country in Western Asia
 * IZ (YouTuber), a Mongolian YouTuber
 * Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (also called "Bruddah Iz"; 1959–1997), Hawaiian musician, entertainer and Hawaiian sovereignty activist
 * IZ (band), a Korean rock band
 * Iž, an island in the Zadar Archipelago
 * iZ (toy), an electronic musical toy released EmpiresBritish

title: IZ