text:
Talk:Commonwealth Day

Commonwealth Day in the Northern Marianas Islands
Although the Northern Marianas Islands does have a holiday called "Commonwealth Day", it is nothing to do with the holiday observed in the Commonwealth of Nations. Rather, it marks the day - January 8, 1978 - when the the first government of the USA-associated Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands took office. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.210.168.158 (talk) 01:15, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Date
If "the second Monday in March was adopted", why does the infobox say 24 May? Fredsie (talk) 10:48, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Why was the date changed? Flosssock1 (talk) 16:11, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Relevancy of quoted page
The quoted page

http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/jfa-ha/commonwealth_e.cfm

is not particularly relevant. Yep i totally agree. Not only is Commonwealth Day not a holiday in Canada, I don't believe you can pick up a newspaper or turn on the radio or TV on the second Monday in March and have anyone tell you, hey, today is Commonwealth Day. It's entirely unobserved and unknown. I personally never heard of it until I followed a "What links here" to this page.

Having an official government proclamation that the second Monday in March is "Commonwealth Day" is roughly on par with the government officially proclaiming the first Thursday in December as "National Breakfast Cereal Awareness Day" or some such silliness that governments are wont to do.

Presumably in some other countries the day is better known and is actually observed. I thought the statement that it's not observed in Canada was just a non-controversial statement of fact, due to the fact that we decided to stick with Victoria Day instead of moving to a new holiday in March.

P.T. Aufrette 05:14, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you're expecting it to be celebrated in some countries like Victoria Day is celebrated in Canada. It's not. It's not a holiday in most other Commonwealth countries either: in the UK it's simply a Flag Day, just like the anniversary of the Queen's wedding or the birthday of Prince Edward. The point in choosing the second Monday in March was (it appears) that it was a date on which children would be at school and could be taught about the Commonwealth. Personally, I think this is rather stupid, since anyone can tell you that what children notice most are holidays, but then I don't get a vote in CHOGM.

 * Chances are if you ask anyone in the UK, Australia or NZ, 99% of them wouldn't know what Commonwealth Day is or when it falls. Empire Day, when it fell on 24 May, was observed in many parts of the Empire, but it seems now only to be observed (at least on a nearby day) in Canada. Andrew Yong 20:45, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I got the impression from the article that Commonwealth Day was celebrated as a public holiday in other countries, and wanted to clarify that Canada does not do so. If the situation is the same everywhere, then there's no need to make such a distinction. P.T. Aufrette 01:00, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The quoted page is relevant. It shows that Canada does observe Commonwealth day (though it is not a statutory holiday).  The fact that you have never heard of it is not relevant.  This is an encyclopedia, not a compendium of common knowledge.  HistoryBA 23:33, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

You're being a touch pedantic. The reality is, although Halloween or Valentine's Day are probably not officially proclaimed in any way, they are widely known and "observed". Whereas Commonwealth Day is not, in actual practice, known or observed.

Put it this way: an American might read the article and decide to send an e-mail to an Australian or Canadian acquaintance wishing them a happy Commonwealth Day, only to draw a blank. Anyways, it's no big deal. P.T. Aufrette 01:00, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You shouldn't be troubled by a "touch" of pendantry. This is an encyclopedia, after all, and most of us are here because we are pedants.  Why not add a sentence to the article making the points you raised above: that it is official recognized in Canada, though it is not a statutory holiday and few Canadians know about it?  HistoryBA 01:19, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I would hope an American would send a Canadian friend an e-mail Empire Day is one of the most important days of the year after all. Jamhaw 18:55, 7 November 2007 (UTC)jamhaw

The first time that I heard of Victoria Day was while living in Dundee. For some reason it is still celebrated as a holiday there (although nowhere else in the UK that I am aware of). -- Derek Ross | Talk 15:50, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Sugar pictures
"In England making pictures out of sugar is a well known way of celebrating Commonwealth Day." - is it? Admittedly, I live in Scotland, but I'm sure I would have heard about it by now. --Taras 17:53, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Of course it isn't. Someone is playing silly buggers.

The commonwealth day stamps 1983 from maldives and pakistan do not exist
I have checked many wedsites looking for those two and found nothing.If you find anything that sells those two stamps,give me the websites

the commonwealth day stamps 1983 from maldives and pakistan do not exist
I have checked many wedsites looking for those two and found nothing.If you find anything that sells those two,give me the websites — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.126.107 (talk) 02:17, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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The date?
I am sure, in around 1953, in England, I had to tell the school that today was Commonwealth Day, October 26 I thought. I was only about six, but I was chosen because I could read long words.

49.145.141.69 (talk) 04:08, 17 November 2018 (UTC)
 * It was still known as "Empire Day" and was still on 24 May in NSW (Australia) when I was in early primary school. I'm talking about early 1960s. I'm not sure when this changed but it must have been after 1958. Actually, I have an idea that it might have been officially "Empire and Commonwealth Day" or even "British Empire and Commonwealth Day" for a time. That was also when we'd hold "Cracker Night" back then, before privately lit fireworks and associated bonfires were banned at some point. Metamagician3000 (talk) 08:34, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

May to March, and 1902/1904/1916
As some of the above discussion illustrates, there is confusion about the March date of Commonwealth Day versus the former May date of Empire Day. I have reworded 'formerly Empire Day' to 'replacing the former Empire Day', and also mentioned in the Canada section that the original date is still celebrated as Victoria Day. According to the Victoria Day article, it was renamed in 1958 (corresponding to the Macmillan reference here) and moved to March in 1977, but no reference is given there for either change.

That article also strongly indicates, although it does not quite explicitly state, that Victoria Day is older and is what became Empire Day from 1904. But that conflicts with the 1902 and 1916 dates given here.

Empire Day
I would have thought that Empire Day, having been a far more important event on the calendar than Commonwealth Day, would have its own article, and not be merely redirected to this one, where it’s given a derisory 2 or 3 paragraphs. The British Empire was of immense importance, and Empire Day celebrated as such for several decades. In comparison, Commonwealth Day is a non-event. Boscaswell  talk  10:13, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:23, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Commonwealth Day 2019 (46624797324).jpg

title: Talk:Commonwealth Day


text:
Casino (1995 film)

Casino is a 1995 epic crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, adapted by Scorsese and Nicholas Pileggi from the latter's nonfiction book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. It stars Robert De Niro, Sharon Stone, Joe Pesci, Don Rickles, Kevin Pollak, and James Woods. The film was the eighth collaboration between director Scorsese and De Niro.

Casino follows Sam "Ace" Rothstein (De Niro), a Jewish American gambling expert handicapper who is asked by the Chicago Outfit to oversee the day-to-day casino and hotel operations at the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas. Other major characters include Nicky Santoro (Pesci), a "made man" and friend of Sam, and Ginger McKenna (Stone), a streetwise chip hustler whom Sam marries and has a daughter with. The film details Sam's operation of the casino, the difficulties he confronts in his job, the Mafia's involvement with the casino, and the gradual breakdown of his relationships and standing, as Las Vegas changes over the years.

The primary characters are based on real people: Sam is inspired by the life of Frank Rosenthal, also known as "Lefty", who ran the Stardust, Fremont, Marina, and Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas for the Chicago Outfit from 1968 until 1981. Nicky and Ginger are based on mob enforcer Anthony Spilotro and former dancer and socialite Geri McGee, respectively.

Casino was released on November 22, 1995, by Universal Pictures, to a mostly positive critical reception, and was a worldwide box office success. Stone's performance was singled out for acclaim, earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Plot
In 1973, sports handicapper and Mafia associate Sam "Ace" Rothstein is sent by the Chicago Outfit to Las Vegas to run the Tangiers Casino, with frontman Philip Green. Sam soon doubles the casino's profits, with the extra unaccounted-for cash skimmed directly from the casino count room and delivered to the Midwest Mafia bosses. Chicago boss Remo Gaggi sends Sam's childhood friend and mob enforcer Nicky Santoro to protect Sam, the cash skim, and the casino. Nicky recruits his younger brother Dominick and childhood friend Frankie Marino to gather an experienced crew specializing in shakedowns and jewelry burglaries. Nicky's criminal activities in Las Vegas start drawing too much media and police attention, and he is eventually placed in the Black Book, banning him from every casino in Nevada. Sam meets and falls in love with beautiful con artist, showgirl, and former prostitute Ginger McKenna. They have a daughter, Amy, and marry. Still, their marriage is soon thrown into turmoil due to Ginger's relationship with her longtime boyfriend, hustler and pimp Lester Diamond. Sam has Nicky's crew beat Lester when they catch him accepting $25,000 of Sam's money from her.

In 1976, Sam fires slot manager Don Ward for incompetence. Ward is brother-in-law to Clark County Commission chairman Pat Webb, who is unable to convince Sam to re-hire Ward. Webb arranges for Sam's gaming license to be denied, jeopardizing Sam's position. Sam starts hosting a local television talk show from inside the casino, irritating both Nicky and the bosses back home for bringing more unneeded attention. Sam blames Nicky's recklessness for ongoing police and state government pressure, and Sam's attempts to get Nicky to leave Las Vegas only further strain their friendship.

When the Midwest bosses discover that people on the inside are stealing from their skim, they install incompetent Kansas City underboss Artie Piscano to oversee the operation. Disobeying orders, Piscano keeps detailed written records of the operation. Additionally, an FBI bug placed in Piscano's grocery store catches him talking in detail about the skim, prompting a full investigation into the Tangiers Casino.

In 1980, Ginger kidnaps little Amy, planning to flee to Europe with her and Lester. Sam convinces Ginger to return with Amy, then overhears her planning on the phone to kill him. Enraged, Sam kicks her out of their home but relents and forgives her. Ginger confides in Nicky about the situation, and the two start an affair. Sam soon discovers their affair, confronts Ginger, and ends his friendship with Nicky. Nicky ends his affair with Ginger once she asks him to kill Sam and threatens to go to the FBI. Ginger leaves Sam and takes all of her money and jewelry.

In 1982, the FBI discovers Piscano's records, closes the Tangiers, and Green agrees to cooperate. The FBI approaches Sam for help by showing him photos of Nicky and Ginger together, but he turns them down. The Chicago bosses are arrested, get ready for trial, and arrange the murders of anyone who might testify against them. In 1983, Ginger dies of a hot dose in Los Angeles, with Sam suspecting that the bosses may have been responsible. That same year, Sam narrowly survives a car bomb, suspecting Nicky to be the culprit. Sam states that the bosses did not authorize the bombing because they had "other ideas" for him.

In 1986, the bosses, finally fed up with Nicky's recklessness and attempt on Sam's life, order Frankie and his crew to kill Nicky and Dominick. Invited to attend a meetup in a remote Illinois cornfield, they are brutally beaten with baseball bats upon arriving, stripped of their clothes, and buried alive in a shallow grave. With the Mafia now out of the casino industry, nearly all the old casinos are demolished, and new casinos are built with money from junk bonds. Sam laments the new impersonal, corporate-run resorts of Las Vegas. Because of his status as a reliable and high earner for the outfit, Sam is allowed to live, moving to San Diego and returning to sports handicapping; "right back where I started," as Sam puts it before asking, "Why mess up a good thing? And that's that."

Development
Casino is based on New York crime reporter Nicholas Pileggi's book Casino: Love and Honor in Las Vegas. The research for Casino began when Pileggi read a 1980 report from the Las Vegas Sun about a domestic argument between Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, a casino figure, and his wife Geri McGee, a former topless dancer. This gave him an idea to focus on a new book about the true story of mob infringement in Las Vegas during the 1970s, when filming of Goodfellas (whose screenplay he co-wrote with Scorsese) was coming to an end. The fictional Tangiers resort reflected the story of the Stardust Resort and Casino, which had been bought by Argent Corporation in 1974 using loans from the Teamsters Central States Pension Fund. Argent was owned by Allen Glick, but the casino was believed to be controlled by various organized crime families from the Midwest. Over the next six years, Argent Corporation siphoned off between $7 and $15 million using rigged scales. This skimming operation, when uncovered by the FBI, was the largest ever exposed. A number of organized crime figures were convicted as a result of the skimming.

Nicholas Pileggi contacted Martin Scorsese about taking the lead of the project, which became known as Casino. Scorsese expressed interest, calling this an "idea of success, no limits." Pileggi was keen to release the book and then concentrate on a film adaptation, but Scorsese encouraged him to "reverse the order."

Scorsese and Pileggi collaborated on the script for five months, towards the end of 1994. Real-life characters were reshaped, such as Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal, Geri McGee, Anthony Spilotro, Spilotro's brother Michael, Spilotro's right-hand man Frank Cullotta, and mob boss Joseph Aiuppa. Some characters were combined, and parts of the story were set in Kansas City instead of Chicago. A problem emerged when they were forced to refer to Chicago as "back home" and use the words "adapted from a true story" instead of "based on a true story." Real life mobster turned witness Frank Cullotta inspired the character Frank Marino (played by Frank Vincent), served as a technical advisor for the film, and also played an on-screen role as a hitman.

They also decided to simplify the script, so that the character of Sam "Ace" Rothstein worked only at the Tangiers Casino, in order to show a glimpse of the trials involved in operating a Mafia-run casino hotel without overwhelming the audience. According to Scorsese, the initial opening sequence was to feature the main character, Sam Rothstein, fighting with his estranged wife Ginger on the lawn of their house. The scene was too detailed, so they changed the sequence to show the explosion of Sam's car and him flying into the air before hovering over the flames in slow motion—like a soul about to go straight down to hell.

Principal photography
Filming took place at night in the Riviera casino in Las Vegas, with the nearby defunct Landmark Hotel as the entrance, to replicate the fictional Tangiers. According to Barbara De Fina, the film's producer, there was no reason to construct a set if they could simply film around an actual casino. The opening scene, with Sam's car exploding, was shot three times; the third take was used for the film. Saul Bass designed the title sequence, which was his last work. The total cost for the titles was $11,316, not including the fees for the Basses. Bass justified the cost to De Fina by noting that creating a continuous explosion from a second shot of an explosion demanded a lot of experimentation, as did getting the flight path of the body exactly right. When first submitted to the MPAA, the film received an NC-17 rating due to its depictions of violence. Several edits were made in order to reduce the rating to R.

The film was shot in the common-top Super 35 format as it allowed the picture to be reformatted for television broadcast. Scorsese said, "I wish I could just shoot straight anamorphic, but the lenses we had in this situation were actually much more diversified. To a certain extent, shooting a film this way can make certain technical aspects more difficult, but to me, anything is better than panning and scanning on TV. We can re-frame just about every shot we did on this picture for video." Cinematographer Robert Richardson, on the other hand, was not impressed with the quality of the release prints, and did not touch the format again until Kill Bill: Volume 1, at which point the digital intermediate process was available.

Disc 1

 * 1) "Contempt – Theme De Camille" by Georges Delerue (2:32)
 * 2) "Angelina/Zooma, Zooma Medley" by Louis Prima (4:16)
 * 3) "Hoochie Coochie Man" by Muddy Waters (2:50)
 * 4) "I'll Take You There" by The Staple Singers (4:29)
 * 5) "Nights in White Satin" by The Moody Blues (4:27)
 * 6) "How High the Moon" by Les Paul & Mary Ford (2:08)
 * 7) "Hurt" by Timi Yuro (2:27)
 * 8) "Ain't Got No Home" by Clarence 'Frogman' Henry (2:22)
 * 9) "Without You" by Nilsson (3:20)
 * 10) "Love Is the Drug" by Roxy Music (4:08)
 * 11) "I'm Sorry" by Brenda Lee (2:38)
 * 12) "Go Your Own Way" by Fleetwood Mac (3:36)
 * 13) "The Thrill Is Gone" by B.B. King (5:26)
 * 14) "Love Is Strange" by Mickey & Sylvia (2:54)
 * 15) "The 'In' Crowd" by Ramsey Lewis (5:50)
 * 16) "Stardust" by Hoagy Carmichael (3:47)

Disc 2

 * 1) "Walk on the Wild Side" by Jimmy Smith (5:56)
 * 2) "Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)" by Otis Redding (2:42)
 * 3) "I Ain't Superstitious" by Jeff Beck Group (4:53)
 * 4) "The Glory of Love" by The Velvetones (2:51)
 * 5) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by Devo (2:39)
 * 6) "What a Diff'rence a Day Made" by Dinah Washington (2:29)
 * 7) "Working in the Coal Mine" by Lee Dorsey (2:45)
 * 8) "The House of the Rising Sun" by The Animals (4:38)
 * 9) "Those Were the Days" by Cream (2:55)
 * 10) "Who Can I Turn To?" by Tony Bennett (2:55)
 * 11) "Slippin' and Slidin'" by Little Richard (2:42)
 * 12) "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" by Dean Martin (2:13)
 * 13) "Compared to What" (Live) by Les McCann & Eddie Harris (8:35)
 * 14) "Basin Street Blues/When It's Sleepy Time Down South" by Louis Prima (4:12)
 * 15) "St. Matthew Passion (Wir setzen uns mit Tränen nieder)" by Johann Sebastian Bach (Chicago Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Georg Solti) (6:26)

Box office
During its five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend, Casino opened in fifth place at the box office, grossing $14.5 million. The film grossed $43 million domestically and $73 million internationally, for a total of $116 million worldwide, against a $40–50 million production budget.

Critical response
Upon its release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics, although their praise was more muted than it had been for the thematically similar Goodfellas, released only five years earlier, with some reviewers criticizing Scorsese for retreading familiar territory. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 74 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Impressive ambition and bravura performances from an outstanding cast help Casino pay off in spite of a familiar narrative that may strike some viewers as a safe bet for director Martin Scorsese." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A+ to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four complete stars, stating that "Martin Scorsese's fascinating new film Casino knows a lot about the Mafia's relationship with Las Vegas. Like The Godfather it makes us feel like eavesdroppers in a secret place." He added, "Unlike his other Mafia movies (Mean Streets and Goodfellas), Scorsese's Casino is as concerned with history as with plot and character." Janet Maslin of The New York Times analyzed the film's journalistic approach resulted with "no conveniently sharp focus, a plot built like a centipede and characters with lives too messy to form conventional dramatic arcs." Regardless, she praised Sharon Stone, writing she "will be nobody's idea of Hollywood fluff after this spectacular, emblematic performance."

Todd McCarthy of Variety felt the film "possesses a stylistic boldness and verisimilitude that is virtually matchless". He praised De Niro's performance as "outstanding" and felt Stone was "simply a revelation here". However, he noted Pesci "holds up his end of the picture perfectly well, but Nicky is basically the same character he won an Oscar for in Goodfellas, but with a shade less of an edge." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote the film "is not the equal of Mean Streets or GoodFellas, the more instinctive pieces in the crime trilogy that the flawed Casino completes (Coppola's Godfather Part III fell off far more precipitously). It is, however, just as unmistakably the work of a virtuoso — bold, brutally funny and ferociously alive."

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted the film is a return to Scorsese's earlier gangster films, but felt he made "too few emotional connections to persuade us to see things the way he does. So instead of being operatic and cathartic, this film ends up exhausting and claustrophobic." He praised the principal actors, most particularly highlighting Stone for displaying "star quality and a feral intensity that is the equal of what the boys are putting down." Philip Thomas of Empire magazine praised the film while highlighting its similarities to Goodfellas. He gave the film five stars commenting "It may not be Scorsese's greatest work, but this guy feeling a little off-colour is still far, far better than most people on fighting-fit form. It only gets more impressive as time goes on."

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing Casino is a "sometime-dazzling, often-disappointing film from the great Martin Scorsese, who too often seems like he's replaying his greatest hits with this picture, and not to the best effect ... DeNiro's relationship with Cathy Moriarty in Raging Bull was better and the flash-temper role by Pesci is a carbon copy of his work in Goodfellas. Casino is hardly a bad film, but it breaks no new ground for Scorsese." Desson Howe of The Washington Post wrote the film is "not great" and that clearly "Scorsese and Pileggi are trying to disinter the success of GoodFellas, their last collaboration. But they only come up with Raging B.S."

The film's critical profile has increased in years after its release, with critics Tom Charity and Natasha Vargas-Cooper expressing that they retrospectively feel Casino is a more accomplished and artistically mature work than the thematically similar Goodfellas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Casino (1995 film)


text:
User talk:DanaJohnson

Hi Dana :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Check out the New user log, or here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

Keep contributing Dysprosia 05:20, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Welcome!
That's a good (preliminary) "bunch of bio-type information" on your User page, Dana. More permanent/accessible than the New User Log. Your User page can be handy for lots of things, such as "quick links" and "to do list". Maybe an image to prove or disprove that "rather plain" claim!!
 * Kind regards from across the Pacific in Wellington. Robin Patterson 00:48, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Minneapolis meetup
Hello Dana. I'm contacting you since you are listed at Wikipedians/Minnesota. I'm going to be at a conference in Minneapolis and am planning a Wikipedia meetup for October 8. If you are near Minneapolis at that time, please see Meetup/Minneapolis. Angela. 20:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Zot!
Thanks for the Zot! info. -- BBlackmoor (talk), 2005-11-9 T 18:25:01 Z

Invitation to WikiProject RPG
Hello, I just saw your entry on Clinton R. Nixon's Paladin. Great! Are you familiar with the WikiProject on Role-playing games that tries to coordinate people writing about RPGs on Wikipedia? Feel welcome to join us if you have time and want to. I'm mostly interested in Forge games and other indie games myself, so it's great to find someone else writing articles on those. Jonas Karlsson 13:23, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 01:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 20:08, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

This is the voice of Colossus, the voice of Guardian. We are one. This is the voice of unity.
I have often been surprised by what I can find in Wikipedia ... but Users who love Colossus: The Forbin Project?

Now if we could only get a true, anamorphic 2.35:1 DVD release.... David Spalding | Talk 00:27, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Uptown Girl (comic)
A template has been added to the article Uptown Girl (comic), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. B. Wolterding 17:30, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by Jonathunder 16:56, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 22:27, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Update: the meetup will be at 1 p.m. Sunday, October 11, in St. Paul. Click here for more details and to R.S.V.P. Jonathunder (talk)

Proposed deletion of Paladin (role-playing game)

The article Paladin (role-playing game) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence this game is notable. Fails WP:NBOOK and related."

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You may be interested in Categories for discussion/Log/2021 August 21. It is proposed to delete this category. SpinningSpark 16:22, 30 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:DanaJohnson


text:
Atlanta Knights

The Atlanta Knights were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League from 1992 to 1996. The Knights were based in Atlanta, and played at the Omni Coliseum. In 1994 the Knights won the Turner Cup which was the IHL championship. The team became the Quebec Rafales in 1996.

History
The Atlanta Knights was an IHL expansion team in 1992 as the top farm team of the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning. They won the Turner Cup in the 1993–94 season. The Knights featured the first professional black head coach in John Paris Jr. The Knights were also one of the first professional teams to play a female goalie, Manon Rhéaume, in a regular-season game.

1992–93: Knightmare on Peachtree Street
Led by team captain & IHL legend Jock Callander and a 40-goal explosion from right winger Keith Osborne (each in their only season with the club), head coach Gene Ubriaco's Knights would prove to be among the league's most formidable sides, amassing franchise single-season records in wins (52), points (111) & goals scored (333) en route to claiming the Atlantic Division championship.

The initial Knights roster featured many players that would go on to cement themselves into the folklore of the club, among them centers Brent Gretzky & Colin Miller; wingers Christian Campeau, Stan Drulia and Jason Ruff; defencemen Jeff Buchanan, Eric Dubois, Chris LiPuma and Shawn Rivers; and goalkeepers Jean-Claude Bergeron and Mike Greenlay.

The inaugural Knights campaign also featured the North American professional hockey debuts of both Manon Rhéaume (2 games, 0–1–0, 6.36 GAA) and the 1992 NHL Entry Draft's #1 overall pick, Roman Hamrlik (2 games, one goal, one assist, two points, 2 penalty minutes), a future three-time NHL All-Star.

1993–94: The Knightmare Continues...and Comes True – Turner Cup Champions
In 1993–94, the Knights became the first Atlanta-based sports franchise since the 1968 Atlanta Chiefs of the North American Soccer League to win a professional championship, capturing the Turner Cup in a best-of-seven Finals victory over the Fort Wayne Komets, four games to two.

The season-long excellence of goalkeepers J.C. Bergeron (27–11–7, 3.07) and Mike Greenlay (16–10–4, 3.58) resulted in the duo being awarded the James Norris Memorial Trophy (IHL). This masterful netminding combined with outstanding play from off-season acquisitions Steve Larouche and Jeff Madill as well as the blueline brilliance of Jeff Buchanan, Eric Charron, Cory Cross & Eric Dubois contributed greatly to the Knights' second-consecutive division championship, this time the Midwest.

The 1993–94 season also saw Knights' legend Stan Drulia establish single-season club records for goals (54), assists (60), and points (114). The captain's extraordinary play carried over into the post season, culminating in his being awarded the Norman R. "Bud" Poile Trophy (IHL) as MVP of the Turner Cup Playoffs with a 13-goal, 25 point performance over the tournament's 14-game span.

4-0 series sweeps in each of the Turner Cup Playoff's first two rounds (vs. the Milwaukee Admirals and San Diego Gulls (1990–95) respectively) earned the Knights their first Finals appearance. Greenlay's brilliant play continued throughout the tournament with the netminder posting an eye-popping 11–1 record, a microscopic 2.32 GAA & an outstanding .910 save percentage in 13 playoff appearances.

1995–96: Waking From the Knightmare – Relocation
For the 1996–97 season, the Knights relocated due to the Omni's impending demolition to make way for Philips Arena, a facility that would become home to Atlanta's second NHL expansion team, the Atlanta Thrashers. During their years in Atlanta, Rick Morgan was their full-time national anthem singer and encouraged the crowd to shout "KNIGHTS!" during the line, "Gave proof through the "KNIGHTS" that our flag was still there." It was customary to hear an emphasized, shouted "KNIGHTS!" during the national anthem at Atlanta Thrashers games at Philips Arena by spectators in honor of their team, and the tradition has carried over to Atlanta United FC soccer matches at Mercedes-Benz Stadium and to Atlanta Gladiators games at Gas South Arena.

Club records
Single Season

Games Played: Eric Dubois, Steve Larouche, Jeff Madill, Colin Miller (80, 1993–94)

Goals: Stan Drulia (54, 1993–94)

Assists: Stan Drulia (60, 1993–94)

Jamie Sargent (60, 1997–98)

Points: Stan Drulia (114, 1993–94)

Penalty Minutes: Chris LiPuma (379, 1992–93)

Wins: J.C. Bergeron (27, 1993–94)

Goals Against Average: Derek Wilkinson (3.01, 1994–95)

Career

Games Played: Christian Campeau (282)

Goals: Stan Drulia (161)

Assists: Stan Drulia (191)

Points: Stan Drulia (352)

Penalty Minutes: Chris LiPuma (970)

Wins: J.C. Bergeron (60)

Goals Against Average: David Littman (3.36)

Playoff (Season, Career)

Games Played:

Goals: Steve Larouche (1993–94: 16), Stan Drulia & Steve Larouche (16)

Assists: Jason Ruff (1993–94: 17), Stan Drulia (22)

Points: Steve Larouche (1993–94: 26), Stan Drulia (38)

Penalty Minutes:

Wins: Mike Greenlay (1993–94 & Career: 11)

Goals Against Average: Mike Greenlay (1993–94 & Career: 2.32)

Affiliates
 * Tampa Bay Lightning (1992–1996)

title: Atlanta Knights


text: Talk:Attitude (psychology)

title: Talk:Attitude (psychology)


text:
Talk:Leading strand

Merger discussion

 * do it JetheroTalk 04:21, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leading strand


text:
Epic (game)

Epic is a collective term for a series of tabletop wargames set in the fictional Horus Heresy and Warhammer 40,000 universes. Whereas Warhammer 40,000 involves small battles between forces of a few squads of troops and two or three vehicles, Epic features battles between armies consisting of dozens of tanks and hundreds of soldiers. Due to the comparatively larger size of the battles, Epic miniatures are smaller, roughly one quarter the size of those in Warhammer 40,000, with a typical human being represented with a 6mm high figure, as opposed to the 28mm minis used in Warhammer 40,000. Since being first released in 1988 as Adeptus Titanicus, it has gone through various editions with varying names.

Gameplay overview

A standard game of Epic: Armageddon will normally take around two to three hours to play.

The major difference between Epic and other Games Workshop games is that instead of a player moving and firing all of their forces at once, players take turns moving one or two formations at a time using a variety of different "orders", giving the feeling of a battlefield developing in real-time, and also resulting in a game that is more tactically complex than Warhammer 40,000.

The comparatively smaller size of the miniatures also allows players to use many of the larger vehicles and creatures of the Warhammer 40,000 universe, such as Titans and Super-Heavy Tanks, even in small games, whilst also allowing longer ranged weapons such as artillery to be more realistically portrayed.

Also of note is the introduction of blast markers: a simple system representing each formations degree of morale and suppression under fire which, again, adds another dimension of realism over some wargames.

Epic's rule system incorporates Aircraft as well as ground units, and allows players to utilise many aircraft at once. Epic-scale aircraft are also used in the game Aeronautica Imperialis.

The monetary commitment needed to play Epic can be relatively small when compared with other Games Workshop products. Epic is comparable to W40K: Apocalypse in the sense that they both center around larger battlefields with a larger number of troops and vehicles in command, but the monetary investment is much smaller with Epic. Although Games Workshop and Forge World no longer offer a suitable line of troops and vehicles several companies and a thriving eBay trade have taken their place instead.

Miniature availability and community support
Plastic and metal Epic miniatures were previously available through the Specialist Games section of Games Workshop's online store. with an additional lineup of resin models available via GW's Forge World subsidiary. However, as of September 2013 Games Workshop confirmed that further casting and support for Epic along with all other Specialist Games would cease with miniatures being no longer available as stocks ran out: during this time Forgeworld also ceased producing suitable miniatures much to the dismay and anger of many fans of the game.

Despite this decline in "official" support Epic retains a loyal, strong and passionate fanbase with much development still taking place across the world. The Tactical Command Forums are a hub for a worldwide support including hobby advice and painting blogs which has in turn spawned the Net Epic Armageddon (NetEA) organization and rules committee. MiniWars provides a centralized website for all Epic Players to locate opponents, gain information on miniatures past and present as well as look up statlines for each unit. Additionally Epic-UK provides a well run tournament scene within the United Kingdom as well as testing and releasing their own in house balanced army lists often based on those of the wider NetEA.

Playing a game kept alive by its popularity after the demise of official support and miniature production, Epic fans have found many suitable proxies in the ranges of other up and running miniatures companies that bear a suitable resemblance to the desired units. Of particular note are the Exodus Wars line from Steel Crown Productions who are also set to distribute Onslaught Miniatures for the UK and European Market. Additionally Troublemaker Games successfully crowdfunded a whole new line of miniatures in late 2013 that make suitable proxies for many epic forces including some of the first plastic 6mm sci-fi miniatures produced since Games Workshops last offerings.

Epic Armageddon (4th Edition)
Unlike previous editions of the game and other games produced by Games Workshop, the development of the game was conducted in an open way with 'trial' rules published on the Epic 'Playtest Vault' and feedback solicited from gamers via the associated playtesters forum.

The fourth edition of Epic is often referred to as Epic: Armageddon after the first hard copy rulebook released for this edition. This includes the core game rules needed to play Epic:Armageddon as well as Army Lists of Space Marines, Imperial Guard and Orks.

The second rulebook released for the fourth edition was Epic: Swordwind, which was released both as hardcopy and as a downloadable PDF from the game's official website. Epic: Swordwind contains army lists for the Biel-Tan Eldar, the Baran Siegemasters, Imperial Guard Army and Warlord Snagga-Snagga's Feral Ork Horde. There has been active involvement of players with playtesting the new armies for the game on the Epic forums, with "army champions" co-ordinating playtesting and revision of the army lists. Unlike other Games Workshop games that use a generic army list for all deployments involving that army, Epic uses specific army lists that represent how an army was fielded in a specific military campaign. There have also been officially released army lists for Da Kult of Speed, an Ork army favouring bikes, the White Scars Space Marines, the Black Legion Chaos Space Marines, and The Lost and the Damned Chaos Cultist army.

The 4th edition also included rules and charts for the classic lines of Titan, including the Ork Mega-Gargant and the Imperator Titan. These were previously omitted from intermediate rulebook editions and their use made difficult given the deliberate absence of a points value befitting units of such scale. With work continuing on several community forums these units have once again been brought into use via some of the army lists.

Both "official" and "wider community sanctioned" versions of the rules are available as free download from Games Workshop and the newer Net Epic:Armageddon website as the 'NetEA Tournament Pack' which brings together all current community endorsed rules changed as well as new and experimental army lists. This collaboration with the community has continued to this day with the development of further army lists and races now playable (see below).

Games Workshops "official" armies
These armies are featured in releases made by Games Workshop:

 * 'Codex' Space Marines
 * White Scars Space Marines
 * Imperial Guard Armageddon Steel Legion Mechanised Regiment
 * Imperial Guard Baran Siegemasters Regiment
 * Orks
 * Feral Orks
 * 'Speed Freek' Orks
 * Eldar (Biel Tan Craftworld)
 * Chaos Space Marines (The Black Legion)
 * Chaos mortals (The Lost and the Damned)
 * Tau Taros Campaign (as listed in Imperial Armor volume 3 The Taros Campaign, p. 282)

Net EA approved armies
In addition to changes to the above GW lists these armies have currently been "Approved" for play by the Net EA Rules Committee; a stamp of approval and balance:

 * Adeptus Mechanicus Titan Legions
 * Necrons
 * Tyranids
 * Tau Empire (Third Phase Expansion Force)
 * Imperial Guard Death Korps of Krieg
 * Imperial Guard Minervan Tank Legion
 * Orkimedes' Gargant Big Mob
 * Salamanders Space Marines
 * Black Templars Space Marines
 * Scions of Iron Space Marines
 * Eldar (Alaitoc Craftworld)
 * Dark Eldar

Net EA experimental and other regional armies
In addition to the above forces many other armies are available and suitable for play by both newcomers and veteran Epic players. These are currently headed as "Experimental". Some of these are:

 * Blood Angels, Dark Angels, Imperial Fists, Raven Guard and Space Wolves Space Marines
 * Cadian, Catachan, Elysian, Harkoni and Penal Legion Imperial Guard Regiments
 * Skitarii Adeptus Mechanicus Ground Forces
 * Grey Knights, Imperial Inquisition and Adepta Sororitas (Sisters of Battle)
 * Knightworlds
 * Blood Axe and Rebel Grot Ork Armies
 * Iyanden, Mynameara and Ulthwe Eldar Craftworlds
 * Iron Warriors and Red Corsairs Chaos Space Marines
 * Squats

Both the UK and French communities have developed their own additional lists for tournament play.

Adeptus Titanicus, Aeronautica Imperialis and Legions Imperialis
In 2018 Games Workshop released a new edition of Adeptus Titanicus. Designer James M. Hewitt says "While the game was clearly inspired by previous editions of Titanicus, as well as Epic, it's very much its own new thing. We tried to make it so that it has lots of detail, but still plays quickly. The overall gist is that it puts you in the command throne of an individual Titan, so you are directing the action as shields and limbs take damage and crew succumb to the rigors of battle."

The Aeronautica Imperialis game will now be limited to the Horus Heresy setting and units from the Warhammer 40,000 game are no longer available.

In July 2023 a version of the Epic game was announced for release in August 2023, but later delayed until December 2023, with preorders announced for November 18, 2023. Named Warhammer: The Horus Heresy – Legions Imperialis, the game is set 10 thousand years earlier than the previous Warhammer 40,000 setting with a return to the Horus Heresy setting of the initial Space Marine game.

Replacement bases for Adeptus Titanicus and Aeronautica Imperialis units have also been announced.

1st edition
The rules for the first edition of Epic came in two parts.

The Adeptus Titanicus (1988) rules and miniatures set, which dealt with battles between opposing Imperial Titans, was published first. Rules for infantry and vehicles (the troops and vehicles of the Heresy era Space Marines) followed in White Dwarf 109.

Space Marine, another miniatures and rules set (for two opposing Space Marine armies), followed after (in 1989). The two could be played as individual games or as a combined game.

Where Adeptus Titanicus included six plastic Titan models with swappable weapons and styrofoam buildings, Space Marine included folded card buildings with styrene roofs alongside its sprues of infantry and vehicles.

Numerous articles supporting the Adeptus Titanicus/Space Marine game were released in White Dwarf magazine including a variety of optional rules, army lists and organizational charts. The biggest supplement for the game was called Codex Titanicus, which provided a medium for linking the Titan-based (giant robot) combat of Adeptus Titanicus with the conventional units (vehicles and infantry) of Space Marine 1st Edition. The codex also properly introduced Eldar Titans and Ork gargants

As months passed by, Adeptus Titanicus more or less stagnated apart from the introduction of smaller war machines called "Knights" (both Imperial and Exodite Eldar ones) and, later, the appearance of the mutated Chaos Titans. Space Marine, however, prospered with the release of a new army list system heavily based in semi-realistic orders of battle with support attachment, multi-tiered command structure and regimental/battalion levels. Imperial Guard, Ork, Eldar, Squat, Chaos, and Tyranid sprues of 6mm figures, artillery and support weapons were released while vehicles came in white metal and were sold in blisters containing, most often, two units apiece (single units appearing only in the case of larger models such as Shadowsword or Baneblade tanks).

2nd edition
The second edition of Epic was again released as two compatible but stand-alone games, Space Marine (1991) which consisted of the core rules, and Titan Legions (1994) which contained enhanced rules for Titans.

Various supplements were produced, including Armies of the Imperium (1991), which gave rules for the Space Marines and Imperial Guard, Renegades (1992) which had rules for the forces of Chaos and the Eldar, Ork and Squat Warlords (1992), which featured the Orks and Squats, Hive War (1995), which featured the Tyranids and White Dwarf Presents Space Marine Battles (1993) which was mostly reprints of Epic-related articles from White Dwarf.

The Space Marine boxed game included three armies; the Space Marines (with their Land Raiders MkI and Rhinos), Orks (with their Battlewagons), and Eldar (with their Falcon Grav-Tanks). The Marines were depicted the same as their Warhammer 40,000 Second Edition counterparts. There was also the plastic Imperial Warlord Titan MkI (nicknamed the "Beetle" due to its curves, while later Warlord Titans have a more angular design) with interchangeable weapons. The Games Workshop studio army was the Blood Angels Space Marines and Eldar from the Alaitoc Craftworld.

Titan Legions was notable for introducing the Imperial Emperor-class Imperator Titan and the Ork Mega-Gargants, all of which were immensely powerful and could constitute small armies in their own right. These 'Mega' class vehicles could only be used in large games and none of the other races had such an equivalent. They were gradually phased out in later editions, though the current 4th edition has optional rules for them. The Imperator and Mega-Gargant are considered collectors' items today (the only other time that Games Workshop released them was as a "reward" in return for getting a yearly subscription to White Dwarf in the November 1997 issue). Besides one Imperator and two Mega-Gargants, the boxed set also contained ten Imperial Knights (these "mini-Titans" are also collectors' items) and twelve Ork Battlewagons.

The second edition of Epic was vastly popular and supported a huge range of miniatures.

A series of sculpts of Eldar Exodites, a Space Marine drop ship and other designs were made around the time of the Titan Legions debut, but were never officially released.

3rd edition
The third edition of Epic was released as Epic 40,000 in 1997. In contrast to previous editions, this was released as just one set of rules. The game had a very short period of support (six months) from the company before it was withdrawn. Epic 40,000 never enjoyed the popularity of the previous two editions, and after support was reduced many of the miniatures planned for Epic 40,000 were never released.

Though it was a failure for the company, designers Jervis Johnson and Andy Chambers still maintain that it was the best set of rules they ever conceived, as it was the game that most rewarded good tactics over luck and special abilities. This was achieved by streamlining the game mechanics and abstracting many of the areas which the previous editions had dealt with in specific detail. The current 4th edition of Epic still retains some of the third edition's streamlined game mechanics.

As noted above, Epic became more streamlined during the third edition, in order to fit entirely within three (relatively thin) A5 rulebooks (the Rulebook, the Armies Book and the Battles Book). Army and Company Cards were eliminated and detachments were picked from largely unrestricted detachment rosters of a very general type (Imperial Guard Infantry, Space Marine Armour and so on, in the case of the Imperial army list). Titans and Super-Heavies (now collectively War Engines) were simplified to the point that their rules were contained entirely within six pages of the new small-format rulebook.

Collectively, this increased the speed of gameplay significantly, which was Games Workshop's stated aim, but it received a mixed reaction, in part because it was considered too abstract and no longer accounted for unique features of certain units.

The boxed set contained the armies of Space Marines (including Rhinos, Land Raiders MkII, and Whirlwinds) and Orks (with their Battlewagons and Stompas). The cover art showed a Blood Angels Space Marine advance pushing away the Orks. Games Workshop's 'studio' army during this period was the Imperial Fists chapter, a departure from previous feature armies which usually depicted the Ultramarines or Blood Angels. Armies for other races included the Imperial Guard, Eldar (studio armies are the Biel-Tan and Iyanden Craftworlds), and Tyranids. Imperial players had a choice of Space Marines or Imperial Guard (not both), with support from Titan Legions. There were two distinct designs of Titan Legions, either Games Workshop's Mars-Pattern Titans which appear more traditional and ornamental with rounded shoulder pads (similar to a scaled-up Imperial Knight walker), or Forge World's Lucius-Pattern Titans which are more modern and angular (inspired by bipedal mechs in BattleTech).

Although miniatures from early editions were still playable and interchangeable, it was at this time they changed the basic base/stand size for infantry from square 20x20 to a longer version 10x40 which although they could be played or fielded in battle together it changed a lot for those who already had square based armies.

Computer Games
Final Liberation: Warhammer 40,000 Epic, a turn-based strategy game for the PC, was released in 1997.

Slitherine released a full Armageddon version of the game in 2015 called Warhammer 40,000: Armageddon. The game primarily puts you in charge of Imperial command mixed with various Space Marine Chapters. The game has a lot of DLC and features easily over 1,000 unit types. It boasts that no other game has gone into as much detail as it has. Due to its success it had a sequel shortly after featuring an Orc campaign featuring over 400 units. Although the game does not feature animated graphics and it uses an old tried and tested turn based strategy formula, the game is a hit with the community.

Spin-offs
Spin-offs from this edition included the Epic Firepower magazine, an A5 magazine started in 1998 which ran for four issues (the first of which contained reprints from Citadel Journal and White Dwarf), the Epic 40,000 Magazine, an A4 magazine which picked up where Epic Firepower left off for 10 issues.

An additional rule set called Adeptus Titanicus II (AT-II) came out as a free download on the Fanatic website, which is now the Specialist Games web site, and was included in the Epic 40,000 Magazine. AT-II put a new twist on the original Adeptus Titanicus game and articles for it were also printed in the various Epic magazines until they were cancelled and later became a free webzine on the Specialist Games web site.

NetEpic
NetEpic is an unofficial fan version of the game derived from the 2nd Edition rules, started originally because many players did not like the changes made for the third edition. NetEpic is a collaborative effort, with work being coordinated through the NetEpic website. It includes a broad range of armies based on models from all the other editions, as well as some created especially for NetEpic itself. As of March 2006, the NetEpic rules are currently at version 5.0.

Heresy
In the context of Epic, Heresy can refer to either a Games Workshop in-house game that was abandoned before the first edition of Epic was created but later used as a basis for the third edition, or to a more "gritty" game mechanics version of Epic which was produced by Peter Ramos, co-ordinator of the NetEpic project (Ramos, 2005).

Reviews

 * Magia i Miecz (Issue 40 - Apr 1997) (Polish)
 * Backstab #4

title: Epic (game)


text: Talk:New economy

title: Talk:New economy


text:
Rafael Cordero (educator)

Rafael Cordero y Molina (October 24, 1790 – July 5, 1868), known as Maestro Cordero, was a self-educated Afro–Puerto Rican who provided free schooling to the children of his city regardless of race or social standing. He is also known as the "Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico".

In 2004, the Catholic Church began the process of Cordero's beatification. In 2013, Pope Francis recognized him as Venerable.

Early years
Cordero was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, into a low-income family. He was one of three children, born to Lucas Cordero and Rita Molina. His two older sisters were Gregoria and Celestina. His father worked in the tobacco fields, while his mother tended the house. Cordero, who was of African ancestry, was self-educated. His love of literature and his determination to teach others and educate himself helped him develop the skills and preparation to teach primary school. Cordero received the sacrament of Confirmation at the age of 14 from Bishop Juan Alejo de Arizmendi (1760–1814), the first native bishop of the island. He grew up and lived his life as a devout Catholic. In 1820, his older sister Celestina, also a pious Catholic, established the first school for girls on the island.

Career
In 1810 Cordero established a free school for all the children in his house. He taught children regardless of their race and those who could not afford an education otherwise. There, he taught reading, calligraphy, mathematics, and religious instruction. Among the distinguished alumni who attended Cordero's school were Román Baldorioty de Castro, Alejandro Tapia y Rivera and José Julián Acosta. Cordero maintained his educational center for 58 years at Luna Street. He proved that racial and economic integration could be possible and accepted.

Cordero was awarded the Premio de Virtud by the Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País en Puerto Rico, an economic club whose members were friends of Puerto Rico. He was given 100 pesos, which he, in turn, gave away to those in need. He used half of the money (50 pesos) to buy books and clothes for his students, and the other half was given to the homeless.

He was a great agitator for the abolition of slavery: "To the teachings of Rafael Cordero more than to any man in Porto Rico is due the credit for the abolition of slavery in that island. His school was a man factory. The decree of the national Spanish assembly issued in 1873 abolished slavery in Porto Rico forever."

Death
The people's love and respect for Cordero were evidenced by the fact that more than 2,000 people attended his funeral in 1868.

Honors and veneration
Puerto Rican poet José Gualberto Padilla published a poem titled "El maestro Rafael" honoring the educator. In 1890, Rafael Cordero was immortalized in a painting titled La Escuela del Maestro Rafael Cordero by the artist Francisco Oller which can be seen in the Puerto Rican Athenaeum.

In the 1990s, the Catholic Church commenced a search for Cordero's remains which were buried at the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in San Juan, although the exact location was unknown.

The house on Luna Street where Cordero taught was remodeled by the Government of Puerto Rico and is registered as a historical site in the National Register of Historic Places of the United States. There is a plaque on the outside that states the building's historical significance and its relation to him. The Puerto Rico Teachers Association annually awards the teacher who has distinguished himself or herself in the field of public or private education with the National Medal Rafael Cordero. There are various schools named after him, among them a high school in San Juan, an elementary school in Aguadilla, an elementary school in Jersey City, New Jersey, and a Junior High School in Brooklyn, New York.

In 2004, the Catholic Church, upon the request of the Archbishop of San Juan, Roberto González Nieves, O.F.M., began the process of Cordero's beatification. This is the first step on the road to possible canonization. On December 9, 2013, Pope Francis advanced the cause for Cordero when he declared that Cordero had heroically lived the Christian virtues and has been declared Venerable.

title: Rafael Cordero (educator)


text:
Red-cheeked cordon-bleu

The red-cheeked cordon-bleu or red-cheeked cordonbleu (Uraeginthus bengalus) is a small passerine bird in the family Estrildidae. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in drier regions of tropical Sub-Saharan Africa. Red-cheeked cordon-bleu has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 7,700,000 km2.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-cheeked cordon-bleu in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that he mistakenly believed had been collected in Bengal. He used the French name Le Bengali and the Latin Bengalus. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the red-cheeked cordon-bleu. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Fringilla bengalus and cited Brisson's work. The specific name bengalus is based on the erroneous belief that the species came from Bengal. The type location was subsequently designated as Senegal. The species is now placed in the genus Uraeginthus that was introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1851.

The red-cheeked cordon-bleu, the blue-capped cordon-bleu, and the blue waxbill form a species group within the genus. Further, the red-cheeked cordon-bleu may form a superspecies with the blue waxbill, with which it shares similar habitats.

There are four subspecies, which differ primarily in the amount of blue on the face and underparts of the females.

 * U. b. bengalus (Linnaeus, 1766) – south Mauritania to Guinea and east to Ethiopia, Uganda and west Kenya
 * U. b. brunneigularis Mearns, 1911 – south Somalia, central and east Kenya and northeast Tanzania
 * U. b. ugogensis Reichenow, 1911 – south Kenya and north, west and central Tanzania
 * U. b. katangae Vincent, 1934 – northeast Angola, south Democratic Republic of the Congo and north Zambia

Description
Like other members of its genus, the red-cheeked cordon-bleu is a very small finch, measuring only 12.5 – in length. It weighs 9.9 g on average, with known extremes in wild populations ranging from 8.9 –. The adult male has uniformly brown upperparts, pale blue breast, flanks and tail and a yellow belly. There is a red patch on each cheek, but this can rarely appear orange or even yellow. Females are similar but duller, and lack the cheek spot. Immature birds are like the female, but with blue restricted to the face and throat.

Voice
Its contact call is a thin, high-pitched piping, often repeated, and variously transcribed as siii siii or tsee tsee. The song is more complex, consisting of 4–6 high-pitched notes, the last of which is longer, lower and more burry. Described as "rhythmic but lazy", it has been transcribed as wit-sit-diddley-diddley-ee-ee. Unlike many other passerines, but like all cordon-bleu species, female red-cheeked cordon-bleus sing; they also help to defend a small area around their nest site. Their song is less complex than that of the males, and they sing less frequently. Female song peaks primarily before egg-laying, and is thought to help with pair bond maintenance or breeding synchronization.

Habitat and range
The red-cheeked cordon-bleu is common and widespread across much of central and eastern Africa. Its range stretches from the West African countries of Senegal, Gambia and southwestern Mauritania east through southern Mali, southern Niger, southern Chad and southern Sudan to Ethiopia and northwestern and southwestern Somalia, and then south to southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, eastern Angola, northern and western Zambia, southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique. It has also been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Oahu. It has been found one time (in 1924) on Cape Verde and was recorded in the Maadi area in northern Egypt during the mid-1960s; the latter birds may have been escaped cage birds, as there have been no records since. It has been photographed in the Los Angeles Area (5/19/20) as well.

It is found in all habitats except forest interiors, at elevations ranging from sea level to 2430 m.

Behaviour
It is frequently seen at open dry grassland and savanna habitats as well as around human habitation.

Feeding
The red-cheeked cordon-bleu is a granivore, feeding principally on grass seeds, but also on millet and other small seeds. It is also known to feed sporadically on beeswax. Larger granivores, such as the pin-tailed whydah will chase cordon-bleus from food sources, limiting the feeding opportunities of the smaller birds and affecting their foraging success.

Breeding
The nest is a large domed grass structure with a side entrance in a tree, bush or thatch into which 4–5 white eggs are laid.

Aviculture
The red-cheeked cordon-bleu is reported to be "among the most popular exotic finches". While it has no special housing requirements, its habit of roosting on open branches (rather than in a nest or other protected area) makes it sensitive to low temperatures. During the breeding season, captive males become very aggressive towards each other, and birds disturbed during incubation will typically leave the nest.

title: Red-cheeked cordon-bleu


text:
User:Zsweden

At this point I am just experimenting to get a sense of how the community works.

title: User:Zsweden


text:
Talk:Mer Hayrenik

Untitled
I copied the lyrics in Armenian script from a gif file. I hope it was copied correctly. If anyone finds any mistakes feel free to correct them and drop a line ghere when you believe everything's correct.

Nalbandian is the actual author of the anthem.

Is Nalbandian author of the current anthem's lyrics? BTW is the transliteration following the Eastern Armenian pronounciation rules?--193.2.136.41 05:42, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I fixed some of the typos, and to answer your question, yes the transliteration is in Eastern Armenian. I'm not sure whether it's worth making a Western transliteration (all you do is swap k&g, p&b and d&t). I'd rather have just a Western one instead, but I don't know what's more appropriate for Wikipedia. --Aramgutang 16:04, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dialects
In which dialect is this anthem sung in? Can both Eastern and Western Armenians understand the exact anthem? If so, how is this? Chaldean (talk) 01:47, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The anthem can be, and is, understood and sung by Armenians in both Western and Eastern dialects. However, as the anthem is the anthem of the Republic of Armenia, where only the Eastern dialect is spoken, and since it's only really practical to put the transliteration in one dialect, it's probably best to leave the transliteration in Eastern dialect, the dialect of the country of which the song is the anthem. Speakers of Western Armenian can refer to the Armenian text, and certainly know the correspondences in their own dialect. It's fine as it is. Xenophonix (talk) 14:54, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mer Hayrenik


text:
Glenn Strange

George Glenn Strange (August 16, 1899 – September 20, 1973) was an American actor who appeared in hundreds of Western films. He played Sam Noonan, the bartender on CBS's Gunsmoke television series, and Frankenstein's monster in three Universal films during the 1940s.

Early life
Strange was born in Weed, New Mexico Territory, of Irish and Cherokee ancestry. He spoke Cherokee until he was about 13 years old, but in 1972 he stated "since that time I've had nobody to speak it with, so I’ve lost it."

He grew up on a ranch, and left school after eighth grade, for his father thought he had enough education to work with cattle. When he was 12 he began playing the fiddle at local dances. In 1928 he began performing music on an El Paso radio station. Another early job was heavy-weight boxing, which caused some "cauliflower" damage to his right ear.

Strange competed in the Hoot Gibson rodeo, but was injured when a horse fell on him. After the injury Gibson looked after him, and Strange began playing outlaws in Gibson's Western films.

Career
For much of Strange's acting career most of his roles were playing "bad man parts." He had roles in 300 films and 500 television episodes.

In 1932 he had a minor role as part of the Wrecker's gang in a 12-part serial, The Hurricane Express, starring John Wayne. He played numerous small parts in Paramount's popular Hopalong Cassidy film series, usually cast as a member of an outlaw's gang and occasionally as a local sheriff. In 1943, he played a badman in the Hopalong Cassidy movie False Colors. He played the killer Naylor Rand in the 1948 film Red River.

Beginning in 1949, he portrayed Butch Cavendish, the villain responsible for killing all but one of the Texas Rangers in the long-running television series The Lone Ranger. Strange appeared twice as Jim Wade on Bill Williams's syndicated Western series geared to juvenile audiences The Adventures of Kit Carson. He also appeared twice as Blake in the syndicated Western The Cisco Kid. In 1952, he was cast in the role of Chief Black Cloud in the episode "Indian War Party" of the syndicated The Range Rider. In 1954, Strange played Sheriff Billy Rowland in Jim Davis's syndicated Western series Stories of the Century. Strange appeared six times in 1956 in multiple roles on Edgar Buchanan's syndicated Judge Roy Bean. That same year, Strange appeared in an uncredited role as the sheriff in Silver Rapids in the Western movie The Fastest Gun Alive starring Glenn Ford. In 1958, he had a minor part in an episode of John Payne's The Restless Gun, and had an important role in the 1958 episode "Chain Gang" of the Western series 26 Men, true stories about the Arizona Rangers. That same year, he played rancher Pat Cafferty, who faces the threat of anthrax, in the episode "Queen of the Cimarron" of the syndicated Western series, Frontier Doctor. Strange appeared in six episodes of The Rifleman playing the same role in different variations: Cole, the stagecoach driver, in "Duel of Honor"; a stagecoach shotgun guard in "The Dead-eye Kid"; Joey, a stagecoach driver in "The Woman"; and an unnamed stagecoach driver in "The Blowout", "The Spiked Rifle", and "Miss Bertie".

Strange had parts in the ABC Western The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, plus Annie Oakley, Buffalo Bill, Jr., Wagon Train and other Western television series. He played an Indian Chief in "Rawhide" S2 E8 "Incident of the Haunted Hills" which aired 11/5/1959.

Gunsmoke
He first appeared on Gunsmoke in 1960 after James Arness asked him, "When are you going to do a Gunsmoke? I like to work with big guys." During Gunsmoke's sixth season, Strange played a Long Branch customer in "Old Faces" and a cowboy in "Melinda Miles".

Strange began playing Sam Noonan during the seventh season, and continued on in the role for 222 episodes. In 1972 Strange was diagnosed with lung cancer, but worked as long as he was able. Five of his episodes were broadcast after his death. His last appearance was on the November 26, 1973 episode "The Hanging of Newly O’Brien".

Frankenstein's monster

In 1944, while Strange was being made up for an action film at Universal, make-up artist Jack Pierce noticed that Strange's facial features and 6'4" height would be appropriate for the role of Frankenstein's monster. Strange was cast in the 1944 film House of Frankenstein in the role first played by Boris Karloff in Frankenstein (1931), coached by Karloff personally after hours. Karloff later said he was dissatisfied with Strange's performances as the monster, commenting, "Well, he wasn't as lucky as I was. I got the cream of it, being the first. I know I wished him lots of luck... hoping it would do as much for him as it did for me, but..."

Previously to House of Frankenstein, Strange starred as a Petro, who is turned into a wolf-monster by George Zucco, in The Mad Monster (1943). Another role in a horror film was in 1944's The Monster Maker. He also appeared as "The Giant" in the mystery film The Black Raven (1943).

Strange reprised the role of Frankenstein's monster in House of Dracula (1945). Strange played the monster a third time in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948); like his first two Frankenstein films, he shared the spotlight with Lon Chaney Jr. as the Wolf Man, but this time John Carradine was replaced by Bela Lugosi, in his second screen appearance as Count Dracula. Strange also appeared in character with Lou Costello in a haunted house skit on The Colgate Comedy Hour and made a gag publicity appearance as a masked flagpole-sitter for a local Los Angeles TV show in the 1950s. After weeks of the station teasing the public about the sitter's identity, Strange removed his mask and revealed himself as Frankenstein's monster (actually, yet another mask). Strange also played a monster in the Bowery Boys horror-comedy Master Minds in 1949, mimicking the brain-transplanted Huntz Hall's frantic comedy movements, with Hall providing his own dubbed voice.

During the wave of monster-related merchandising in the late 1950s and 1960s, Glenn Strange's iconic image often was used for the monster on toys, games, and paraphernalia, most often from his appearance in the Abbott and Costello film. In 1969, The New York Times mistakenly published Boris Karloff's obituary with Glenn Strange's picture as the Frankenstein monster.

Death
On September 20, 1973, at age 74, Strange died of lung cancer in Los Angeles, California. Singer Eddie Dean, with whom Strange had collaborated on various songs and opening themes for films, sang at Strange's funeral service as a final tribute. Strange is interred at Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery.

Selected filmography

 * Shotgun Pass (1931) – Pee Wee (uncredited)
 * Cavalier of the West (1931) – Trooper (uncredited)
 * The Gay Buckaroo (1931) – Barfly (uncredited)
 * Single-Handed Sanders (1932) – Gang Leader (uncredited)
 * The Texas Tornado (1932) – Rustler (uncredited)
 * Riders of the Desert (1932) – Singing Ranger (uncredited)
 * Cowboy Counsellor (1932) – Stage Driver (uncredited)
 * Five Bad Men (1935) – Radio Buckaroo (uncredited)
 * Cyclone of the Saddle (1935) – Singer / Fiddler / Townsman (uncredited)
 * His Fighting Blood (1935) – Singing Constable (uncredited)
 * Suicide Squad (1935) – Singing Fireman (uncredited)
 * Flash Gordon (1936, Serial) – Robot / Ming's Soldier / Gocko (uncredited)
 * Trailin' West (1936) – Tim – Henchman / Trooper (uncredited)
 * A Tenderfoot Goes West (1936) – Cowhand Butch
 * Song of the Gringo (1936) – Henchman Blackie (uncredited)
 * Guns of the Pecos (1937) – Wedding Groom / Rustler (uncredited)
 * Arizona Days (1937) – Henchman Pete
 * Trouble in Texas (1937) – Middleton Sheriff
 * The Cherokee Strip (1937) – Harry, Fiddle Player and Band Leader (uncredited)
 * The Fighting Texan (1937) – Brand-Changing Henchman (uncredited)
 * Blazing Sixes (1937) – Peewee Jones
 * Mountain Music (1937) – Singing Hillbilly (uncredited)
 * Empty Holsters (1937) – Tex Roberts
 * Riders of the Dawn (1937) – Posse Member (uncredited)
 * The Devil's Saddle Legion (1937) – Peewee
 * God's Country and the Man (1937) – Sheriff Joe (uncredited)
 * Stars Over Arizona (1937) – Bruce Cole (uncredited)
 * Danger Valley (1937) – Marshal Dale (uncredited)
 * The Painted Trail (1938) – Sheriff Ed
 * The Last Stand (1938) – Henchman Joe
 * Whirlwind Horseman (1938) – Bull – Henchman
 * Six Shootin' Sheriff (1938) – Kendal Henchman (uncredited)
 * Black Bandit (1938) – Luke Johnson
 * Guilty Trails (1938) – New Sheriff
 * Prairie Justice (1938) – Hank Haynes – Express Agent
 * Gun Packer (1938) – Sheriff
 * The Phantom Stage (1939) – Sheriff
 * The Night Riders (1939) – Angry Riverboat Gambler (uncredited)
 * Blue Montana Skies (1939) – Bob Causer
 * Across the Plains (1939) – Jeff Masters
 * Oklahoma Terror (1939) – Ross Haddon
 * Overland Mail (1939) – Sheriff Dawson
 * Pioneer Days (1940) – Sheriff
 * Rhythm of the Rio Grande (1940) – Sheriff Hays
 * Covered Wagon Trails (1940) – Henchman Fletcher
 * Pals of the Silver Sage (1940) – Vic Insley
 * The Cowboy from Sundown (1940) – Bret Stockton
 * Land of the Six Guns (1940) – Manny
 * Three Men from Texas (1940) – Ben Stokes
 * The San Francisco Docks (1940) – Mike
 * The Bandit Trail (1941) – gang member (uncredited)
 * The Kid's Last Ride (1941) – Bart Gill, aka Ike Breeden
 * Fugitive Valley (1941) – Gray
 * Billy the Kid Wanted (1941) – Matt Brawley
 * The Driftin' Kid (1941) – Jeff Payson
 * Lone Star Law Men (1941) – Marshal Scott
 * Billy the Kid's Round-Up (1941) – Vic Landreau
 * The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942) – Luke Miller
 * Overland Stagecoach (1942) – Harlen Kent
 * Western Mail (1942) – Sheriff Big Bill Collins
 * Stagecoach Buckaroo (1942) – Breck Braddock
 * Raiders of the West (1942) – Hank Reynolds
 * Sundown Jim (1942) – Henchman (uncredited)
 * Sunset on the Desert (1942) – Deputy Louie Meade
 * Rolling Down the Great Divide (1942) – Joe Duncan
 * Boot Hill Bandits (1942) – The Maverick
 * Romance on the Range (1942) – Stokes
 * Texas Trouble Shooters (1942) – Roger Denby
 * Overland Stagecoach (1942) – Harlen Kent
 * Billy the Kid Trapped (1942) – Boss Stanton
 * Army Surgeon (1942) – Soldier Having Discussion with Brooklyn (uncredited)
 * Little Joe, the Wrangler (1942) – Jeff Corey
 * The Kid Rides Again (1943) – Henchman Tom Slade
 * Haunted Ranch (1943) – Rance Austin
 * Black Market Rustlers (1943) – Corbin
 * Cattle Stampede (1943) – Stone
 * Bullets and Saddles (1943) – Jack Hammond
 * Western Cyclone (1943) – Dirk Randall
 * The Black Raven (1943) – Andy
 * The Mad Monster (1943) – Petro / wolfman
 * Action in the North Atlantic (1943) - Jake (não creditado)
 * The Monster Maker (1944) – Giant / Steve
 * Valley of Vengeance (1944) – Marshal Barker
 * Harmony Trail (1944) – Marshal Taylor
 * House of Frankenstein (1944) – Frankenstein Monster
 * House of Dracula (1945) – Frankenstein Monster
 * The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap (1947) – Lefty
 * Sinbad the Sailor – Chief Galley Overseer (uncredited)
 * Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948) – Frankenstein Monster
 * Comin' Round the Mountain (1951) – Devil Dan Winfield

title: Glenn Strange


text: Category:Ancient philosophers

title: Category:Ancient philosophers


text:
Talk:Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)

Untitled
Damn, you mofos sure went to town on that. Good work, homes. orthogonal 05:45, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Here's a red flag. In the introduction to this article, it says Brown was Deputy Secretary of Defense, presumably under Johnson(?), but nothing is said about that post in the body of his biography. If you click on Deputy Secretary of Defense and go to the article on that jab, Brown is not listed as having been one. There is either an error in this article or in the Deputy Secretary article. Milesnfowler (talk) 12:13, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Time-magazine-cover-harold-brown.jpg
Image:Time-magazine-cover-harold-brown.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 00:34, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

comment at article end
is "he is glad to have met you..." appropriate in this article?

Mistake in wording?
'While Secretary of Defense, he insisted in'' laying the groundwork for the Camp David accords. '''

Does this mean he insisted on laying the groundwork, or that he assisted in laying the groundwork? KConWiki (talk) 05:55, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Director
This article should mention that Harold Brown is or was a director of Altria, a company selling poisonous products to consumers 119.11.11.4 (talk) 03:08, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Director
This article should mention that Harold Brown is or was a director of Altria, a company selling poisonous products to consumers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.11.11.4 (talk) 03:26, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

External link?
Would an interview with transcript with Harold Brown from 1986 be useful here as an external link? Focus of conversation is nuclear weapons policy. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_CF179614E1CD43A292F04877A2DC1189 and http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_7C627EF675ED4300AD2DA8A705BE1F42 (I have a conflict of interest; otherwise I would add it myself.) Mccallucc (talk) 17:51, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Verbatim copy from history.defense.gov source
It appears that the entire section on his term as defense secretary was a carbon copy of the defense.gov biography. It's a government website, so (as specified here) this isn't a copyvio. But it's certainly not ideal. In my edit I've kept it as-is but added more citations among the recent obituaries; perhaps someone with more knowledge on this subject can decide which parts are important and how to rephrase them. Davey2116 (talk) 21:25, 10 January 2019 (UTC)


text:
Walther WA 2000

The Walther WA 2000 is a semi-automatic bullpup sniper rifle produced by the Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen company from 1978 to 1988. The WA2000 was introduced to the markets in 1981  and was produced in three different calibers. Production of the rifle was limited and it was shortly stopped because it was too expensive to achieve widespread sales and not robust enough for military use as a sniper rifle. Only 176 were built due to its high manufacturing cost, making it one of the rarest and most sought production firearms ever made. The Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz has one of this specimen in its collection.

Design
The WA 2000 was designed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, in response to the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

"The barrel is clamped at the front and rear so that it does not twist on firing, while the rest of the barrel is free from any contact with the furniture to prevent further distortions or movement disturbing the gun's aim. Furthermore, the barrel is fluted to dampen vibrations and aid cooling. The barrel is set in line with user's shoulder to reduce recoil and the bolt mechanism sits behind the handgrip in a 'bullpup' arrangement. All stock furniture is fully adjustable, and when firing the .300 Winchester Magnum and using the standard Schmidt and Bender x2.5 to x10 sight, the rifle's accuracy is considerable."

The bullpup design was chosen because it would allow a standard length barrel to be used whilst the overall length would be shorter than a conventional rifle. The WA 2000 had a quick-detachable scope mount with a weight of 0.96 kg. The rifle did not have iron sights. The most commonly used optical sight was a Schmidt & Bender 2.5–10× telescopic sight. Without scope the rifle has an unloaded weight of 6.95 kg and a loaded weight of 7.35 kg.

The .300 Winchester Magnum round was chosen as the primary caliber because of its long range accuracy and its precision at all ranges. The entire rifle is designed around the barrel. The WA 2000 fires from a closed bolt and uses a bolt with seven locking lugs. It has either a single-stage trigger or a two-stage trigger with a trigger pull of 1.2 to 1.4 kg (2.65 to 3.1 lb). The rifle uses single stack box magazines with a 6-round capacity, which weigh 0.4 kg when loaded.

Variants

The WA 2000 is chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum, 7.62×51mm NATO, and 7.5×55mm Swiss.

Only 176 total rifles were produced, and in two different variants. The two variants can be differentiated by the type of flash suppressor used: the first, the older model, uses a "can" type flash suppressor; whereas the second generation and newer model uses the more conventional "flash-hider/compensator" design. The second generation incorporated several changes improving the rifle's accuracy, making it more suited to its intended job.

Production
The rifle was produced from 1982 until November 1988. The rifle was used by some German police units, but production was stopped because it was too expensive to achieve widespread sales. It was never adopted by a military unit due to its cost and not being robust enough for field service. The final retail cost for a base rifle in the 1980s was in the range of $9,000 to $12,500, and the rifle's current value ranges from $40,000 for the first generation to $75,000 for the second generation.

title: Walther WA 2000


text: Category:Medieval philosophers

title: Category:Medieval philosophers


text:
Red-billed firefinch

The red-billed firefinch or Senegal firefinch (Lagonosticta senegala) is a small seed-eating bird in the family Estrildidae. This is a resident breeding bird in most of Sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It was introduced to Egypt, but the population there has become extinct. It was also introduced to southern Algeria where it is currently expanding northward.

Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-billed firefinch in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Senegal. He used the French name Le Sénégali rouge and the Latin name Senegalus Ruber. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the red-billed firefinch. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Fringilla senegala and cited Brisson's work. The species is now placed in the genus Lagonosticta that was introduced by the German ornithologists Jean Cabanis in 1851.

There are six subspecies:

 * L. s. senegala (Linnaeus, 1766) – Nominate subspecies – Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to west and central Nigeria
 * L. s. rhodopsis (Heuglin, 1863) – Sahel red-billed firefinch or Adamawa red-billed firefinch – east Nigeria, north and central Cameroon and south Chad to Sudan, west Eritrea and west Ethiopia
 * L. s. brunneiceps Sharpe, 1890 – Abyssinian red-billed firefinch – central Ethiopia and southeast Sudan
 * L. s. somaliensis Salvadori, 1894 – Lake Abaya red-billed firefinch or Somali red-billed firefinch – southeast Ethiopia and south Somalia
 * L. s. ruberrima Reichenow, 1903 – Uganda red-billed firefinch – Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and west Kenya to northeast Angola, northeast Zambia and north Malawi
 * L. s. rendalli Hartert, 1898 – Southern red-billed firefinch – south Angola to Mozambique south to South Africa

Description
The red-billed firefinch is 10 cm in length. The adult male has entirely scarlet plumage apart from brown wings. The bill is pink, and there is a yellow eye-ring. Females have uniformly brown upperparts and buff underparts. There is a small red patch in front of both eyes, with the bill also being pink.

Range and habitat
This widespread and abundant species is often found around human habitation, often with other species such as the red-cheeked cordon-bleu. Its soft queet-queet call is a familiar African sound. The song is a rising chick-pea-pea-pea.

The red-billed firefinch is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation. The nest is a large domed grass structure with a side entrance, built low in a bush, wall or thatch into which three to six white eggs are laid. The nest of this species is parasitised by the village indigobird.

title: Red-billed firefinch


text: Category:Alkynes

title: Category:Alkynes