text:
Talk:1900

[Untitled]
I changed the infobox so that the correct century (the 19th) is shown in bold. The 20th century starts with 1901, not 1900. --Thorsen 07:15, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page.

1900 is currently confirming to proposed model--BozMo 11:40, 5 May 2004 (UTC) BozMo(talk)

I'm doing some link corrections and note that Labour Party (UK) was founded twice this month ... anyone want to hazard which is right and make the appropriate deletion? --Vamp:Willow 16:51, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I am also doing some link checking and noticed that the date that the US State of Hawaii officially becoming a territory is listed as occouring 3 times in the year of 1900. The 1900 year page claims the date is Feb. 22nd, while the April 30, June 14 pages claim that it was organized on those respective days. The actual Hawaii page has no specific date and after much searching on the net I find that both dates are listed on numerous different websites. Can anyone confirm the actual date that Hawaii became a US territory and make the change? --Seandals 07:09, 12 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 14:06, 22 December 2006 (UTC)]

Hawaii
Did anyone notice that Hawaii becomes a U.S. Territory twice (on both February 22 and then again on July 14th)? Very impressive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.225.120.250 (talk) 10:47, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It didn't even happen in 1900 according to the Territory of Hawaii article. The first territorial governor took office in 1900 though - his article, Sanford B. Dole doesn't give any dates. I have therefore removed both mentions of Hawaii becoming a territory in this article. Graham 87 14:05, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Zheng Ji
I have fixed it so as Zheng Ji will now lead to the real person, not the disambugation page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Royalmate1 (talk • contribs) 22:40, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Savrola
According to the biography by roy jenkins, churchill's novel Savrola was first published as a serial in Macmillans magazine in 1899 from may to december, and was published as a book in the USA in November 1899. Got his marketing right, did churchill. Sandpiper (talk) 23:13, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

The Earth's field
If Rowland really discovered how the magnetic field works then why doesn't it mention it in either the articles on Rowland or on the Earth's magnetic field? Or is someone making stuff up? Gmackematix (talk) 23:33, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Quirk in Excel
Slightly strange point any possibly being noted in the wrong place, but Microsoft Excel thinks 1900 Jan 1st was a Sunday and there there was a 29 Feb in it. Excel seems to know that 2100 is not a leap year. Odd point I know but something i found curious.--80.229.182.42 (talk) 16:21, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

That's a manifestation of this bug: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_bug. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:2C2:700:3A3B:991C:F8B6:3BE3:449C (talk) 14:27, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

Leap year?
According to the rules I know, it is not. But the article once says it is, and then later says it isn't! — Preceding unsigned comment added by AegNuddel (talk • contribs) 20:05, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

Lead
Okay, I can't seem to edit it because it's in a template that I can't figure out, but the following sentence should be removed from the lead: "Note that the Julian day for 1900 is 12 calendar days difference, which continued to be used from 1582 until the complete conversion of the Gregorian calendar was entirely done in 1929." Aside from being covered later in the paragraph, it does not specify a location for which the conversion was completed in 1929. --Khajidha (talk) 10:33, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

Restoration of 2014 edits
I noticed that there was a box for the founding of Australia, but no mention of this event on the list of historical facts. I looked to see if there had ever been an item for Australia's founding, and found that established Wikipedia editor DerbyCountyinNZ had, in good faith, presumably, removed many items between 28 March 2014 and 18 April 2014, with the justification that they were either non-notable or ought to be covered in the country's Wikipedia page for that year. While it may be that this user was correct in many instances, I felt that several of the items, such as the founding date of Australia, were, in fact, notable enough to be included on the 1900 page. It's also difficult for one person to be the sole judge of notability to that degree. As such, I felt it would be best to restore these items, in most cases, as they existed on 28 March 2014. Let the reader decide on whether such items are of sufficient notability. This concerns about 54 items on the page. I also looked at 1901 and noted that this editor had not removed items from that page, so this appears to not have been a systematized change. As there may be differences of opinion on this matter, I left a note on my edit referring to this explanation on the talk page to initiate discussion before further changes along these lines.Ryan Reeder (talk) 16:50, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

1900: The introduction of quantum to physics
This article should included a mention of Max Planck's introduction of the idea of light quanta in the headline-introduction area. 1900 is the year that the idea of quantization is introduced into physics, and leads in 1905 to Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, his Nobel Prize in Physics, and the beginning of the Quantum Revolution. Pwfen (talk) 11:44, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Japan population
In the World population section why is Japan stemmed out of Asia? Aminabzz (talk) 23:46, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

Virginia M. Alexander
Why is Virginia M. Alexander's image in the date unknown part? She clearly was born on February 4, 1899. Aminabzz (talk) 00:22, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1900


text:
Talk:1899

"10th and last year of the 1890's"
This is, strictly speaking, factually incorrect. ALL decades begin with the year ending in 1, not 0, as 0 is a relatively new concept, only having been invented 1200-1500 years ago. I assume this error appears on many pages about years ending in 9, however, they are all the 9th, not 10th year of their respective decades. I feel that this correction ought to be made on this and all pages with this same error. Thank You.ADg2k14 (talk) 19:03, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The Anno Domini system of dating is only about 1200 years old itself. MightyArms (talk) 02:21, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism on the page
Hello, Somebody has either vandalised the page, or misplaced a template or piece of information. If there is someone who can remove it (I am terrible at editing), I'd greatly appreciate it. Your's truly, Jforder2 (talk) 23:11, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Tornado in Herman, Nebraska
It is listed as June 13 (with 40 killed) and July 13th (with 13 killed). Wikipedia entry for the village statesman the July 13th date only. 2603:8000:3701:832B:EC72:2C0B:29A6:3DA1 (talk) 06:24, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

Dimitri Tiomkin
Is listed in the births for this year. His biographical page reports 1894. Which is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:5B95:FA01:84E1:A5A7:2F61:B194 (talk) 18:20, 10 February 2023 (UTC) I've moved him to 1894 births based on https://dimitritiomkin.com/biography/dimitri-tiomkin/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:5B95:FA01:C188:B903:3B12:E7C9 (talk) 07:47, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

Split this article (and other sufficient articles covering years in the 1800s) into months?
Considering that the every month in the 20th and 21st Centuries (so far) are covered by seperate Wikipedia articles, why not begin extending that before 1900? I think there is enough content in each month of 1899 to warrant seperate articles at least, and I'm sure the quality of the months could be improved. What do you guys all think? PrecariousWorlds (talk) 15:05, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:1899


text:
Balata Camp

Balata Camp (مخيم بلاطة) is a Palestinian refugee camp established in the northern West Bank in 1950, adjacent to Balata village on the outskirts of the city of Nablus. Balata Camp had a population of 14,635 in 2017.

History
In 1950, the UN gave the refugees from the Jaffa area temporary housing. These people initially refused the UN's offers, stating their eagerness to return to their homes. They desired no sense of permanence. After two years, they accepted the offer and settled at Balata. In 1956, the Jaffa refugees desired more permanent housing. After the border with the State of Israel was sealed, the refugees moved into concrete housing that replaced the original tents.

Education and culture
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) funds a school in the Balata camp, with approximately 5,000 pupils. The Yaffa Cultural Center in Balata operates a guesthouse, children's theater and cinema, children's library and media center. The American NGO, Tomorrow's Youth Organization, also operates classes for children from Balata.

Political violence
In the 1980s and 1990s, Balata residents played a leading role in the uprising known as the First Intifada. In November 2007, Palestinian National Authority police officers climbed rooftops in Balata and engaged in gun battles with militants of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades who had turned the camp into a military stronghold. Five residents and a policeman were wounded in the shooting.

Notable people

 * Sakher Habash

title: Balata Camp


text:
Talk:1898

[Untitled]
In October, there is an unwikified account of the battle of Sugar Point; the article on Leech Lake says it took place on the 5th, not the third, and asserts it to be the last Indian uprising in America. Could this be true?

The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1898 is currently conforming to proposal general model

--BozMo 11:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Mamoth
Why no mention of a fully preserved mammoth that was found in Russia?

-G

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title: Talk:1898


text:
Talk:1897

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1897 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 11:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

First use of "computer" for an electronic device?
When electronics (as defined in Wikipedia) did not yet exist? And when Turing, in his celebrated 1936 article, still used "computer" to refer to a person that computes? I find this claim hard to believe. A citation should be provided - or it should be removed (note also that the entry computer includes no such claim). AmirOnWiki (talk) 23:57, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

British Monarch Jubilees
I find the this sentence ("No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until June 2, 2012, when the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II is observed") a little silly, given there is only 110 years between the article and today. 113 years since victorias death. Its only possible for one other monarch to have managed it in that time - should this be changed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.4.84.3 (talk) 05:58, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Would anybody mind if I added...
Steeplechase Park founded? Ref: NYC Parks Department GreaseballNYC (talk) 03:38, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1897


text:
Talk:1893

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1893 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 11:47, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Untitled 2
Article locked. Talk here folks. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 00:02, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

 * How long has been locked for? 207.161.13.82 (talk) 00:28, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:1893


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Translation articles

A whole host of translation articles:

A deeper definition of Computer Assisted Translation (CAT), Automatic translation, Content scanning, Frequent questions, History of machine translation, Introduction to the Machine Translation, Machine-aided Translation, Second Episode, Second episode, Source language, (source language), Standalone translation programs, Target language, (target language), Translation technology, Translator service All of which have been uploaded today by the same user using a range of sockpuppet user id's, most are wikisource if not copyvios. -- Graham :) | Talk 11:48, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

The Assault of the Machine Translators (from Village pump)
Does anyone know what is going on with all the articles being added related to Machine Translation? E.g., Online Dictionaries and Translators, History of translation technology, Basic features and terminology, Ancient wisdom for the modern world, The great library of Alexandria, Translators throught history, History of machine translation by W.John Hutchins, History of translation and on and on.

Most appear to be copy and pasted from somewhere, quite likely a copyvio, and others are simply unencyclopedic substubs. The following users have contributed, though there may be others as well. User:212.8.80.248, User:Iratxe gonzalez, User:Irune Berdún. Some blithely recreate articles that have been speedily deleted and others overwrite the copyvio notices. If this is a class of some sort, is there any way to contact the instructor? older ≠ wiser 19:10, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * at least one (the "throught" one) links to a copyrighted article on http://www.completetranslation.com/ -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 19:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It looks like there has been some discussion of this already at MediaWiki:VfD-Translation articles. older ≠ wiser 19:31, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, how about AssumeGoodFaith for the present? It looks like a Spanish group (judging by the names) making a collective effort. Right now it is something of a tangled mess, to put it mildly.

Charles Matthews 11:59, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Every last one of these was copied from somewhere else. -- Cyrius|&#9998 19:21, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * A deeper definition of Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) - already listed on Copyright problems
 * Frequent questions -
 * Machine-aided Translation -
 * These appear at first glance to be copyvio, but a closer look reveals them to be part of a Wikipedia-based class project.
 * Automatic translation -
 * Content scanning -
 * History of machine translation -
 * Introduction to the Machine Translation -
 * Second Episode - already listed on Copyright problems
 * Second episode - duplicate of Second Episode, therefore should be listed with it
 * Source language and (source language) - . Currently redirects, copyvio is in history
 * Standalone translation programs -
 * Target language and (target language) -
 * Translation technology -
 * Translator service - . Tagged for speedy deletion by User:Hypernovean

See also these contribution lists: Student 1 Student 2, and Student 3. Looks like they're students in Spain trying to incorporate their wiki-based class work into Wikipedia. See the class project page. Not sure if this would constitute a copyvio, given that they seem to be the authors of this material, and the class project page states "The main objective is to complement what is already written on the Wikipedia..." Lupo 10:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * More students: Student 4, Student 5. Lupo 10:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

In fact, it's even part of their class assignment to incorporate their stuff into Wikipedia, see ! Lupo 10:30, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Even more students: Student 6, Student 7, Student 8, Student 9. Lupo 10:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Remains the question: is all the content from their wiki their own work, or does it contain copied-over content from other sources? Then we might really have a copyright problem! Lupo 10:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

I have just e-mailed the professor alerting him to the debate and asking him to come by and illuminate the matter. Snowspinner 15:00, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Oh, dear! the thing is really a mess. I may venture to write to them (in Spanish) and clear this thing out. Want me to do it? Pfortuny 16:51, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Yes please - things are getting a little better, I think - and of course the wiki really is open. Some basic things about search, linking, titles and use of copied material would be useful for theser people to know.

Charles Matthews 17:00, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

There's more: They've also put up articles at TAUM system, Elliott Macklovitch, Pierre Isabelle and John Chandioux. I'll rewrite those if I can think of a page that ought to link to them. I've met two of them and worked with TAUM way back when I was a wee grad student in Montreal. At any rate, they've been adding bad text to existing articles as well as dumping stuff to new articles. Diderot 19:58, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The static part of HTML
 * The hidden part of HTML
 * Dynamic elements
 * Management features

 * I've written to the professor. Now, after seeing the schedule, I think this is going to stop right now (submissions to WP were expected for May 5). I think there has been the typical misunderstanding by students: they had to incorporate their material to the Natural Language Processing article and some may have said "this article is full, our material has to go elsewhere". But I am theorizing now. Let's see what the professor has to say. (I told him barely that we wanted to help them & us, but that they need to know-how). Pfortuny 07:16, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

I suggest a comprehensive list of these articles be put first on Cleanup. I don't think a VfD vote has any chance of discriminating any value here, without some preliminary filtering. Charles Matthews 07:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, absolutely. They will at least get a bit of deeper attention and if some work is keepable, it will be kept. Pfortuny 07:55, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Don't forget about History of translation technology and everything linked from there. Delete immediately. There's no useful content. --Jiang 02:20, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, cleanup. Does anybody here know how to edit or is this a role play fantasy game where the object is to knock other players out of the game? Editing teaches editing skills. VfD encourages a group to gang up on weaker or controversial members. SimBot2 17:33, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * A sock puppet whose only votes have been on VfD pages. 'course, there may be something worth keeping with some of the articles, but most of what I've seen are either blatant copy and pastes (without the express permission of copyright holder that I can see) or else worthless sub-stubs and lists of external links. Unless someone here is interested in cleaning up the mess left behind as a legacy of this well-intentioned, but poorly executed exercise, I see no reason to keep any of it. older ≠ wiser 18:12, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I wrote to them (to the supervisor) and got a response which had already been sent to some Phil Sandifer (?). Quote begins:

''Thanks for your attention. I understand the problem you mention with copyright violations. Is something I repeat almoust every day but my students find difficult to understand. Probably I have to say it more clearly and even more often, your note will be a good argument.'' ''My objective is to let them learn while they browse the Internet looking for relevant information on HLT. Sdudents are developing their own wikis and the idea is to transfer contents to the wikipedia where their materials provide something new or additional. I keep saying that they have to acknowledge the sources and quote originalauthors, but often they fail to even understand why they should doit.'' ''I'm sorry for the inconvenience and the extra editing work this iscausing you. The course will finish soon, and I am now in the processof reviewing with the students their work and contributions. So ifyou could be patient for one or two more weeks and perhaps adding put''

So, clearly cleanup is the precise way, but better wait (?). I'd rather put them all in cleanup right now. Any objections? Pfortuny 18:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if you want to take the lead on following through with the cleanup effort, I have no objection. But the copyvios should be removed first rather than re-writing over the copyvio as has happened already in a few cases. older ≠ wiser 18:49, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No, it is not that I am eager to do it. Also I had not realized the copyvios problem (my mind is in a mess right now as for these contributions). So, copyvios should go away, yes, and cleanup for the non-copyvios. Pfortuny 19:13, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

I notice that User:Mikkalai has been deleting some of the redirects that have been used to replace these postings. This may risk having the pages recreated; by making a red link somewhere. Charles Matthews 08:44, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

A complete(?) list
Ok, here's a list of all the related articles that I could find. Feel free to add ones I may have missed or make comments about the what to do with the articles. As I don't know a whole lot about translation or speech processing, I do not expect that I can contribute much to any revisions. older ≠ wiser 19:22, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

nothing but links

 * Translation technology
 * History of translation technology
 * History of the translation technology (RD)

Copyvios
(I'm not sure if all of these have been listed on the copyvio page, but they do all contain the copyvio notice.)
 * Translation aided by machines
 * Machine-aided Translation
 * CAT in few words
 * We must use CAT when...
 * A deeper definition of Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)
 * Diferent translation schools and houses
 * Diferent translation schools and houses/Temp
 * Famous Arabic Translators
 * Frequent questions
 * Ancient wisdom for the modern world
 * National translation movements
 * Translators throught history (now rd to Translation)
 * History of machine translation by W.John Hutchins
 * Second Episode
 * Second episode (duplicate, not listed yet)
 * Machine translation software
 * EAMT
 * Dragon Dictates
 * Advantages of CAT tools

delete or cleanup, if not a copyvio

 * Computer Assisted Translation Tools
 * Machine aided translation
 * Translation memory
 * 1. Main Benefits
 * 2. Main Obstacles
 * 1. Off-line functions
 * 2. Online functions
 * Localization
 * History of translation
 * Management features
 * Dynamic elements
 * The static part of HTML
 * John Chandioux
 * Pierre Isabelle
 * Elliott Macklovitch
 * TAUM system
 * Linguistic rules based methods
 * Dictionary entries based methods
 * The hidden part of HTML
 * Automatic translation
 * Standalone translation programs
 * Translator service
 * Ronald Schafer
 * Causes of stuttering
 * Lawrence Rabiner
 * Some treatments for stuttering
 * List of speech recognition projects
 * SpeechWorks
 * Information retrieval
 * Cross-language information retrieval

already deleted--check if recreated
(some may not have actually been created, but only intended)
 * Basic features and terminology
 * Online Dictionaries and Translators
 * Some interesting pages on history of machine translation
 * CSLU Toolkit
 * Proteus Conversational Interface
 * SRILM - SRI Language Modeling Toolkit
 * Free Speech by Philips.
 * Free Speech by Philips
 * HTK
 * Nuance
 * Tell Me
 * Voice Xpress
 * lingSDK
 * Quack (project)

stubs or duplicated articles made into redirects
(Reason for listing these is to check if the redirected articles might have been edited as well and possibly need cleanup--some of the history of these redirects may contain copyvios as well.)
 * Hermêneus
 * Target language
 * Source language
 * (target language)
 * (source language)
 * Stuttering / stammering
 * Stammering// stuttering
 * Speech Coding
 * Speech Recognition
 * Translation made by Machine
 * John McCarthy, computer scientist
 * The Artificial Intelligence
 * The Natural Language Processing
 * Speech Processing
 * Field of psychoacoustics
 * Audio Signal Processing
 * The filter design
 * Sampling Frequency
 * Grayscale images
 * Digital Image Processing
 * Via Voice
 * Free Speech (Philips)
 * Vocal Loading

Users
These users have all contributed to one or more of the articles listed above. Of course all of these users are welcome to edit Wikipedia, but simply due to the issues with these articles, their contributions may need extra scrutiny for a while (but keep in mind Please do not bite the newcomers).
 * Leire Agirregabiria
 * 80.58.41.170
 * Irune Berdún
 * 82.130.147.105
 * David Alain Laich
 * Iratxe gonzalez
 * Diana Davalillo
 * 212.142.146.241
 * Migueldelval
 * Elsa Lambarri
 * Itziar Moreno
 * Estibaliz Larrañeta
 * Leticia Echevarría
 * 130.206.100.134
 * Garbiñe Vidal
 * Ggrefenstette


text:
Source language

Source language may refer to:
 * Source language (translation), the language a source is translated from
 * Source code, text written in a computer programming language

title: Source language


text:
Target language

Target language may refer to:

 * Target language (computing), the computer language a language processor translates into
 * Target language, the language being learnt in language education
 * Target language (translation), the language a source is translated into

title: Target language


text:
The Crusader (album)

The Crusader is the debut studio album by New Zealand rapper Scribe. Scribe recorded his debut album in 2003. Dirty Records released the album, with distribution through Festival Mushroom Records.

Critical reception
Andrew Hughes of NZ Musician called The Crusader "undoubtedly the best NZ hip-hop album to date, consistent the whole way through".

The Crusader won Album of the Year, Best Urban/Hip-hop Album and Best Male Solo Artist at the New Zealand Music Awards in 2004.

Commercial reception
The Crusader debuted at number one on the New Zealand Albums Chart, slipping to number two the next week. It spent a total of thirty weeks on the chart, eventually being certified five times platinum after having over 75,000 copies shipped. The week that the album entered the chart, "Stand Up"/"Not Many", the first single off the album, was number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart. This was the first time in the charts' histories that a New Zealand artist simultaneously topped the singles and albums chart.

In Australia, the album debuted on the Australian Albums Chart at number forty-four. Ten months later, it peaked at number twelve. It was certified platinum, shipping over 70,000 copies.

Singles
All of the singles from the album were double A-sides. The first, "Stand Up/"Not Many", spent twelve weeks at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart. It was certified double platinum. The second single was "Not Many – The Remix"/"Stand Up". It included a remix of "Not Many", and "Stand Up", and went to number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart. It also appeared on the Australian Singles Chart, peaking at number twenty-one. It later went gold in Australia. "Dreaming"/"So Nice" was the third single, and also topped the New Zealand Singles Chart. It peaked at number twenty-three on the Australian Singles Chart.

Track listing

 * 1) "Not Many" – 3:43
 * 2) "Been This Way" – 3:37
 * 3) "Dreaming" – 4:17
 * 4) "My Lady" (P-Money remix) – 3:56
 * 5) "The Crusader" – 2:32
 * 6) "Scribe UnLTD" – 3:46
 * 7) "Too Late" – 3:34
 * 8) "Stronger" (featuring Tyna) – 3:41
 * 9) "Stand Up" – 4:13
 * 10) "Not Many – The Remix!" (featuring Savage and Con Psy) – 3:45
 * 11) "So Nice" (featuring Ladi 6) – 4:45
 * 12) "My Lady" (K.J.T. remix) – 3:41

Personnel

 * Ali – production
 * Chris Chetland – mixing
 * JoJo – production
 * Chip Matthews – bass

 * P-Money – production
 * Scribe – production, vocals
 * Shan – production

 * Source:Discogs

title: The Crusader (album)


text:
User:Olivier/Work in progress

=Places 1=

Bouches-du-Rhône (13)

 * Abbaye de Silvacane, Luberon, près de la Roque d’Antheron
 * Aix-en-Provence
 * Musée Granet
 * Arles
 * Museon Arlaten (closed until 2019)
 * Musée Réattu 43.67927°N, 4.62782°W
 * Pont Van Gogh 43.65694°N, 4.62111°W
 * Les Baux-de-Provence
 * Partie haute du vallon, cote village 43.74893°N, 4.78397°W
 * Rochers d'Entreconque (fr) 43.72806°N, 4.82583°W
 * Boulbon
 * Château 43.86286°N, 4.69525°W
 * Eygalières
 * Jardin de l'alchimiste 8 /6 €. WE until Oct 1 43.7723°N, 4.946°W
 * Eyguières
 * Castellas de Roquemartine (fr) 43.71545°N, 5.03293°W
 * Tour des Opies (fr) 43.71228°N, 4.98266°W
 * Point culminant du massif des Alpilles avec 498 m d'altitude
 * Trois sentiers de randonnée permettent d'accéder aux Opies :
 * un au départ de l'est depuis un point sur la route D25 proche de Roquemartine (Eyguières)
 * un au départ de la D25a allant à Aureille
 * un au départ du village d'Aureille au pied du château.

 * Villa gallo-romaine de Saint-Pierre de Vence (fr) 43.71468°N, 5.00584°W
 * Fontvieille
 * Barbegal aqueduct and mill 43.70306°N, 4.72126°W
 * Castrum de Montpaon (fr) 43.74056°N, 4.75722°W
 * Dolmen de Coutignargues (fr) 43.70668°N, 4.67772°W
 * Hypogée de Bounias (fr) 43.7093°N, 4.6844°W
 * Hypogée de La Source (fr) 43.7106°N, 4.68373°W
 * Hypogée du Castelet aka. Arnaud-Castelet (au bord de la route) (fr) 43.70929°N, 4.67619°W
 * Hypogée de Cordes (WIP) aka. Grotte des Fées aka. Epée de Roland (fr) 43.69996°N, 4.67466°W
 * Maillane
 * Tombeau de Frédéric Mistral 43.82972°N, 4.7823°W (réplique du Pavillon de la Reine Jeanne aux Baux)
 * Marseille
 * Musée des civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée
 * Maussane-les-Alpilles
 * Oppidum du Castellas (fr), near mas de Verassy 43.71483°N, 4.8395°W
 * Mouriès
 * Oppidum des Caisses de Jean-Jean (fr) 43.71153°N, 4.87917°W
 * Paradou
 * Tours de Castillon (fr) 43.705°N, 4.78917°W
 * Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
 * Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Romanin (fr) 43.77582°N, 4.89804°W
 * Glanum : site complet 43.77381°N, 4.83276°W
 * Monastère Saint-Paul-de-Mausole (fr) 43.77667°N, 4.83321°W. Ouvert 7/7 du 01/03 au 31/12. Hiver: 10h15-17h15. Autre: 9h30-18h45
 * Mont Gaussier (depuis Glanum, via échelles métalliques ?) (fr)
 * Musée des Alpilles (fr) 43.78917°N, 4.83099°W. (02/05-30/09: Tues-Sun. 10h00-18h00; 01/10-30/04: Tues-Sun. 13h00-17h30)
 * Tarascon
 * Abbaye de Frigolet: Cloitre 43.85856°N, 4.72775°W
 * Chapelle Saint-Gabriel 43.7666°N, 4.69495°W
 * Hôtel de Mauléon 43.80752°N, 4.6621°W
 * Lansac
 * Maison de Tartarin 43.80821°N, 4.66332°W
 * Palais de Justice 43.80481°N, 4.65808°W
 * Place Pie 43.8063°N, 4.66019°W
 * Champ de course 43.77089°N, 4.6933°W

Charente-Maritime (17)

 * Saintes - Roman monuments: triumphal arch, amphitheatre

Côte-d'Or (21)

 * Buffon, Côte-d'Or - Forge de Buffon

Gard (30)

 * Montfrin
 * Château
 * Église Notre-Dame de Malpas
 * Site de la Baume : très vieilles ruches

Indre (36)

 * Saint-Benoît-du-Sault - Plus Beaux Villages de France

Haute-Loire (43)

 * Le Puy-en-Velay

Pyrénées-Atlantiques (64)

 * Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port

Tarn (81)

 * Albi - Albi Cathedral, Toulouse-Lautrec Museum

Germany

 * Xanten, North Rhine-Westphalia - Roman buildings

=Places 2=

Côte-d'Or (21)

 * Vosne-Romanée

Hérault (34)

 * Aniane
 * Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert

Loire (42)

 * Saint-Étienne

Paris

 * Paris 7: Chapelle Notre-Dame de la Médaille Miraculeuse, 140 rue du Bac, métro Sèvres-Babylone ou Saint-Placide

Puy-de-Dôme (63)

 * Clermont-Ferrand

=People=

Article w.en Tarascon

 * Ricau de Tarascon (active between 1200-1240), Provençal knight and troubadour
 * Joseph ben Abba Mari ben Joseph ben Jacob Caspi (1280—1345), prominent Jewish medieval philosopher, lived in Tarascon
 * Immanuel ben Jacob Bonfils (c. 1300 – 1377), Jewish mathematician and astronomer, lived in Tarascon
 * René d'Anjou (1409-1480), lived in Tarascon
 * Claude de Bectoz (1490-1547), female writer and philosopher of the Renaissance, abbess of the Benedictines Monastery Saint Honorat, lived in Tarascon
 * Honoré du Laurens (1564-1612), archbishop of Embrun, was born in Tarascon
 * André du Laurens (1558-1609), physician, was born in Tarascon
 * Sauvaire Intermet (c.1573–1657), musician and composer, was born in Tarascon
 * Esprit Fléchier (1632–1710), preacher and author, Bishop of Nîmes from 1687, studied and later taught at the Collège of Tarascon
 * Jean Gilles (1668–1705), composer, was born in Tarascon
 * Joseph Privat de Molières (1676-1742), physicist and mathematician, was born in Tarascon
 * Léon Ménard (1706–1767), lawyer and historical writer, was born in Tarascon
 * Jean-Esprit Isnard (1707-1781), pipe organ builder, lived and died in Tarascon
 * Hippolyte de Sade de Vaudronne (1710-1780), French Navy officer, was born in Tarascon
 * Conrad Mouren (1731-1795), secretary of the Municipality of Tarascon.
 * Urbain Audibert (1789-1846), nurseryman, was born in Tarascon
 * Joseph Desanat (1796-1873), poet and journal editor, was born in Tarascon
 * Étienne-Michel Faillon (1800–1870), Catholic historian, was born in Tarascon
 * Joseph Roumanille (1818–1891), poet and one of the founders of Félibrige, studied and worked there from 1834 to 1839
 * Jean Barnabé Amy (1839-1907), sculptor, was born in Tarascon
 * Brémonde de Tarascon (1858–1898), poet who wrote in the Occitan language
 * S. R. Crockett (1859–1914) Scottish novelist, lived and died in Tarascon
 * Jean Théveney (1866–1960), army officer, was born in Tarascon
 * Marius Chaîne (1873-1960), Jesuit, scholar of Ethiopic and Coptic philology, was born in Tarascon
 * Jean-François Rodriguez (born 1957), professional racing cyclist, was born in Tarascon
 * Sébastien Fidani (born 1978), professional footballer, was born in Tarascon
 * Youssef Hajdi (born 1979), actor, was born in Tarascon
 * Driss Himmes (born 1983), professional footballer, was born in Tarascon
 * Yoan Benyahya (born 1987), professional footballer, was born in Tarascon

NOT in Article w.en Tarascon

 * Antoinette Butte (1898-1986), died in Tarascon

WPFR + Commons + Wikidata

 * Thérèse Aillaud (WPFR)
 * Louis-Marie Anez (Commons, data) (1813-1879), architecte
 * Hercule Audiffret, uncle of Esprit Fléchier. He may have lived in Tarascon
 * Augustin Balmossiere-Chartroux (WPFR)
 * Raymond Barbaud (WPFR, Commons)
 * François Barrême (WPFR, Commons) (1638-1703), mathématicien français, considéré comme l'un des fondateurs de la comptabilité ;
 * Pierre Alexandre Belladen (WPFR)
 * Bertran Malferrat (WPFR)
 * Gilles Bohier (WPFR, data) (1...-1561), doyen du chapitre de la collégiale Sainte-Marthe ;
 * Joseph-Louis-André Bon (no WPFR, no data) (1793-1843), fils du général de division Louis André Bon (tué en Égypte)
 * François Bonnet (football) (WPFR)
 * Pierre Boudin (WPFR)
 * Michel-Celse-Roger de Bussy-Rabutin (WPFR) (1669-1736), doyen du chapitre de la collégiale Sainte-Marthe ; (no source)
 * René Caboz (WPFR)
 * Antoine-Louis de Chalamont de La Visclède (WPFR, Commons, data) (1692-1760), fondateur de l'Académie de Marseille ;
 * Nathalie Chay (Commons)
 * Jean Cossa (WPFR, Commons) (1400-1476), lieutenant général de Provence, sénéchal du Roy René et grand sénéchal de Provence ;
 * Guillaume Crespin (WPFR) (~1365-1440), capitaine du château de Tarascon ;
 * Joseph André Doria (WPFR)
 * Antoine Fabre (1710-1793), prédicateur (data)
 * Pierre Fabre (surgeon) (1716-1791), chirurgien et frère du précédent (WPRU, Commons, data)
 * Louis Faucon (WPFR)
 * Thierry Ferrand (WPFR)
 * Louis de Forbin d'Oppède (WPFR, data) (1622-1675), doyen du chapitre de la collégiale Sainte-Marthe ;
 * Jean Franval (WPFR) (1926-2016), acteur
 * Paul de Gasparin (WPFR) (1812-1893), ancien maire d'Orange et député des Bouches-du-Rhône, décédé à Tarascon ;
 * Olivier Gendebien (WPFR) (1924-1998), pilote automobile belge ; (unclear link to Tarascon)
 * Gustave de Girard (WPFR)
 * Sylvain Marie Giraud (WPFR, Commons, data) (1830-1885) supérieur général des missionnaires de la Salette, mort à Tarascon.
 * Joseph de Gras de Préville (WPFR)
 * Danielle Julien (WPFR)
 * Élisabeth de La Londe (WPFR) (1922-2015), religieuse française, fondatrice et abbesse au Barroux
 * Nicolas Laugier (WPFR) (1777-1829), tambour au pont d'Arcole ;
 * Gérard Martinelli (WPFR)
 * Henri Mérou (WPFR, Commons)
 * Édouard Millaud (WPFR, Commons, data)
 * Marcel Moureau (WPFR)
 * Chérubin de Noves (/Chérubin de Noves WIP) (Commons, data)
 * Henri François Alphonse d'Ornano (/Henri François Alphonse d'Ornano) (data) (1590-1622), capitaine du château de Tarascon
 * Aimé Pallière (WPFR)
 * Louis Pasquet (WPFR, Commons) (1867-1931), Ministre du Travail, de l'Hygiène, de l'Assistance et de la prévoyance Sociales ;
 * Jean-Baptiste Penon (WPFR, Commons, data) (1850-1929), prélat catholique français ;
 * Conrad de Provençal de Fonchâteau (WPFR, Commons)
 * Louis-Antoine de Robin de Barbentane (WPFR, Commons)
 * Félix Schivo (WPFR)
 * Camille Soccorsi (WPFR, Commons, data)
 * Christophe Soulé (WPFR), ancien joueur de basket-ball
 * Charles Spiard (Commons)
 * Antoine de Subiet-Cardot (WPFR, Commons, data) (1514-1596), doyen du chapitre de la collégiale Sainte-Marthe ;
 * Joseph Teissier de Cadillan (WPFR)
 * Jean de Vintimille du Luc (WPFR) (1...-1682), doyen du chapitre de la collégiale Sainte-Marthe
 * Joseph Clerc de Molières (data)

New ones
Based on Wikidata query "born in Tarascon"
 * Charles-René de Gras-Préville
 * Jean Gilles
 * Jessica Thivenin
 * Charles Spiard
 * Charles Gauzargues
 * Hippolyte de Sade
 * Sauvaire Intermet
 * François Bonnet (WPFR)
 * Yoan Benyahya
 * Jean Bertet
 * Bertran Malferrat
 * Louis Pasquet
 * Antoine-Louis de Chalamont de La Visclède
 * Gérard Martinelli
 * Pierre Boudin
 * Raymond Barbaud
 * Pierre Fabre (WPRU, Commons, data)
 * Antoine Fabre
 * Louis-Antoine de Robin de Barbentane
 * Léon Ménard
 * Nicolas Laugier
 * Thierry Ferrand
 * Michel Sanchez
 * Ricavi de Tarascon
 * Éléazar de Mauvillon
 * Élisabeth de La Londe
 * Bernard Cerveau
 * Christophe Soulé
 * Conrad de Provençal de Fonchâteau
 * Jean-François Rodriguez
 * Louis Faucon
 * Marcel Moureau
 * Etienne-Michel Faillon
 * Philippe Sénart
 * Jean Barnabé Amy
 * Philippe Gazagnes
 * Marius Chaîne
 * Thérèse Aillaud
 * Andrea Damiani
 * Carles Amorós
 * Joseph André Doria
 * Joseph Gras de Préville
 * Joseph Clerc de Molières
 * François Barrême
 * Henri Mérou
 * Pierre Alexandre Belladen
 * Édouard Millaud
 * René Caboz
 * Joseph Aleron
 * Joseph Privat de Molières
 * Marius Fousson
 * Stéphanie Béladen
 * Henri Charmasson
 * Antoine Hilaire
 * Félix Schivo
 * Richard Gerbaudi
 * Honoré du Laurens
 * Jean Franval
 * Youssef Hajdi
 * Driss Himmes
 * Urbain Audibert
 * Jean Théveney
 * Léon Inard
 * Georges Reyes
 * Aleissandrino Bremound
 * Joseph Désanat
 * Jacques de Ligonnès
 * Louis-Marie Anez
 * Joseph Gautier
 * Danièla Julien

title: User:Olivier/Work in progress


text:
User talk:Irune Berdún

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Niteowlneils 20:28, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

All of your edits today have been unencyclopedic if not copyright violations. please stop and take a moment to review your edits and comment at Votes for deletion. Many thanks. -- Graham :) | Talk 11:59, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Please - this is not unfriendly. But Wikipedia cannot actually use certain types of copied contributions.

Charles Matthews 12:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

EAMT is also a violation of copyright laws. We will have to delete it for legal reasons. Please do not make additions by copying text - write things in your own words. Also articles should be neutral reviews, not advertisements - they should certainly not contain invitations to join organisations. DJ Clayworth 19:20, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Please stop your persistent putting copyrighted material here. Otherwise you will be blocked from editing. Mikkalai 17:13, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Irune Berdún


text:
David Bates (physicist)

Sir David Robert Bates (18 November 1916 – 5 January 1994) was a Northern Irish mathematician and physicist.

Born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, he moved to Belfast with his family in 1925, attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. He enrolled with the Queen's University of Belfast in 1934. In 1939 he became a research student under Harrie Massey.

During the Second World War he worked at the Admiralty Mining Establishment where he developed methods of protecting ships from magnetically activated mines.

Working at University College London from 1945 until 1951, he then returned once more to the Queen's University, Belfast where he founded the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Although he officially retired in 1982 he continued to work in the department as an emeritus professor until his death.

His contributions to science include seminal works on atmospheric physics, molecular physics and the chemistry of interstellar clouds. He was knighted in 1978 for his services to science, was a Fellow of the Royal Society and vice-president of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1970 he won the Hughes Medal. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974.

Bates was a lifelong advocate of peace and a non-sectarian Northern Ireland. He was a founding member of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. He was married to Barbara Morris in 1956 and they had two children.

The Mathematics Building at Queens University Belfast, is named after him.

Two scientific awards have been created in his honour; the David Bates Medal of the European Geophysical Society is awarded yearly for outstanding contributions to planetary and solar system science, and the Institute of Physics have the David Bates Prize, awarded in even dated years, for distinguished achievement in atomic, molecular, optical and plasma physics.

title: David Bates (physicist)


text:
Talk:1892

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1892 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 12:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Errata
I'm not an editor, but this list is wrong.

It claims:

March 15th, Jesse W. Reno patented the first escalator, installed at Coney Beach.

Coney Beach is in Wales. Mr. Reno worked in New York, where the first escalator was installed. This was obviously meant to read Coney Island, and link to a different page. 2001:1970:49A7:3000:DD3C:8224:6609:533 (talk) 04:36, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1892


text:
Talk:1891

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1891 is currently conforming to proposed general model --BozMo 12:10, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Silver
according to http://www.innsofcolorado.org/display-inn.php?id=136, there was a crash in the price of silver in 1893 caused by the US government ceasing purchasing silver to support currency. is the wrong and thus does not belong on this page, is it just missing, or is this incident not notable enough?

at the very least, the [Panic_of_1893] article should be referenced here i would think.. --Benklop (talk) 23:48, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Start Trans-Siberian railway
On May 19 (May 31 - new style) 1891, at 10:00 o'clock in the morning a public prayer was held in the special pavilion not far from the city was held. Cesarevitch also participated in ceremony of laying the first stone and a silver plate in the railway station construction. http://www.transsib.ru/Eng/history-review.htm

1891 Work on trans-Siberian railway begins http://www.electricscotland.com/history/today/0531.htm

On May 19 (31), 1891 in 10 a.m. in area of Kuperovskaya fold in Vladivostok city ceremony of grand laying of the railway was carried out and a service on this occasion was held. Heir of throne, czeravecih Nikolai Alexandrovich (future emperor Nikolai II) took part in this ceremony. http://www.transsib.ru/Eng/history-phases.htm

May 31, 1891 - Work on trans-Siberian railway begins. http://www.kipnotes.com/Railroads.htm Wdew (talk) 15:34, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Jojo's Reference
There's a blatant reference to Jojo's Bizzare adventure in this article. The "Steel Ball Run". Not sure who put it in, and I don't have the heart to remove it, but I'm not going to let it slip by unnoticed either EDIT: Poking through the history, it's not even the first Jojo's reference that's found it's way to this page. Maybe the same person. Someone with more wiki experience can look into it, if they're bored enough — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.2.93.215 (talk) 05:01, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:1891


text:
Aetolian League

The Aetolian (or Aitolian) League (Κοινὸν τῶν Αἰτωλῶν) was a confederation of tribal communities and cities in ancient Greece centered in Aetolia in Central Greece. It was probably established during the early Hellenistic era, in opposition to Macedon and the Achaean League. Two annual meetings were held at Thermon and Panaetolika. The league occupied Delphi from 290 BC and steadily gained territory until, by the end of the 3rd century BC, it controlled the whole of central Greece with the exception of Attica and Boeotia. At its peak, the league's territory included Locris, Malis, Dolopes, parts of Thessaly, Phocis, and Acarnania. In the latter part of its power, certain Greek city-states joined the Aetolian League such as the Arcadian cities of Mantineia, Tegea, Phigalia and Kydonia on Crete.

During the classical period the Aetolians were not highly regarded by other Greeks, who considered them to be semi-barbaric and reckless. Their League had a complex political and administrative structure, and their armies were easily a match for the other Greek powers. However, during the Hellenistic period, they emerged as a dominant state in central Greece and expanded by the voluntary annexation of several Greek city-states to the League. Still, the Aetolian League had to fight against Macedonia and were driven to an alliance with Rome, which resulted in the final conquest of Greece by the Romans.

History

The Aetolians were a recognised ethnic group with a religious centre at Thermos from at least the seventh century BC. During the Peloponnesian War, the Aetolians were initially neutral, but when the Athenians tried to invade Aetolia in 426 BC, the Aetolians forced them to retreat. In the course of the fourth century, the league offered passive support to more powerful states and was rewarded for it, receiving Aeolis from the Thebans in 367 BC and Naupactus from Philip II of Macedon in 338 BC. Sometime in this century, the Koinon tōn Aitōlōn (League of the Aetolians) was founded, but it is uncertain when. One suggestion is that the league was founded by Epaminondas in 367 BC. Grainger believes that it was founded much later, around the time of the rise of Philip II of Macedon. Archaeology indicates that settlements in Aetolia began to grow in size and complexity over the course of this century.

After the death of Philip II in 336 BC, the Aetolians joined the Thebans in opposing Alexander the Great and the stress of their defeat caused the league to implode. Over the next decade it seems to have been reconstituted and in the later years of Alexander's reign the Aetolians seized Oeniadae against his will.

The Aetolian League joined the Athenians in the Lamian war against Antipater which broke out after Alexander's death in 323 BC and continued to oppose Macedonian power throughout the Wars of the Diadochi, participating in invasions of Macedon in 320, 316/5 and 313 BC. Around 301 BC, the Aetolians took control of Parnassus, including the panhellenic sanctuary of Delphi, which they would continue to control for over a century. Demetrius Poliorcetes launched the Fifth Sacred War, 289-287 BC, in an attempt to remove them, but was defeated and driven from Macedonia altogether with the help of Pyrrhus of Epirus. A Sixth Sacred War, 281 BC, led by Areus I was rebuffed by the Aetolians alone and in 280 BC, they took control of Heraclea in Trachis, which gave them control over the crucial pass at Thermopylae.

In 279 BC, they were victorious in battle against the Gauls, who had invaded Greece and were threatening the sanctuary of Delphi. After their victory they earned the appreciation of the rest of the Greeks and they were admitted as a new member into the Amphictyonic League.

In 232 BC, the Illyrians under Agron attacked the Aetolians, and managed to take many prisoners and booty.

In 229 BC, the Aetolians participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Achaean League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos.

In the Social War, 220-217 BC, the Aetolian League fought against the Kingdom of Macedonia. Philip V of Macedon invaded Aetolia and sacked the city of Thermos as a response to the Aetolians' invasion at the city of Dodona in Epirus.

The league was the first Greek ally of the Roman Republic, siding with the Romans during the First Macedonian War, 215-205 BC, and helping to defeat Philip V of Macedon at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC, during the Second Macedonian War. However, it grew increasingly hostile to Roman involvement in Greek affairs and only a few years later sided with Antiochus III, the anti-Roman king of the Seleucid Empire, during the Roman-Syrian War. The defeat of Antiochus in 189 BC robbed the league of its principal foreign ally and made it impossible to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The league was forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that made it a subject ally of the republic. Although it continued to exist in name, the power of the league was broken by the treaty and it never again constituted a significant political or military force.

Administrative system

The league had a federal structure, which could raise armies and conduct foreign policy on a common basis. It also implemented economic standardization, levying taxes, using a common currency and adopting a uniform system of weights and measures. There may not have been any central archive of state documents. However, the constituent communities of the league enjoyed substantial autonomy. At times the league was unable (or unwilling) to prevent its members from undertaking military actions against states that had treaties with it. The league members were grouped together in a number of tele (districts), which seem to have had administrative and juridical powers of some sort. The league's central administrative apparatus consisted of an assembly, a council, and a number of magistrates. The Ekklesia (Assembly) was open to all citizens of all member communities of the league. The assembly was the ultimate authority within the league, with responsibility for declarations of war and peace, but its power was limited by the infrequency with which it met. Two meetings took place a year, one at the Thermica festival which was held at Thermos on the autumnal equinox and another in spring at the Panaetolica festival which took place at a different site each year. Emergency meetings could also be called.

The exact competencies of the Council, referred to as a boula or synedrion in different documents, relative to the Assembly are not clear. It consisted of delegates elected by each of the constituent communities of the league in proportion to their size. By the late third century BC it had around 1500 members - too large for it to have been in continuous session. A small portion of the council's members, known as the apokletoi ("Select-men"), conducted day-to-day business, such as sending and receiving embassies.

The league's archons (magistrates) were elected by the assembly each year at the Thermica. The chief executive was the strategos (General), who commanded the league's armies, received all diplomatic contacts from other states in first instance, and presided over meetings of the assembly, the council, and the select-men. The office could be held multiple times, but only after an interval of, probably, four years. The hipparchos (Cavalry Commander), originally a minor post, became the General's deputy from the late 260s BC, but his exact responsibilities are not clear. The third in command was the Grammateus (Secretary). These three officials were Eponymous archons (eponymous magistrates), which is to say that they were named in the dating formula for all decrees of the league. From around 260 BC, there were also seven tamiai (Treasurers) and seven epilektarchoi (Commanders of the Elite), who managed financial and military matters respectively. There were a number of boularchoi (Council Commanders) who seem to have been a steering committee for the Council. When these first appear in the 260s, there were two of them, but by the end of the third century BC they had risen to six or more, presumably as a result of the continued expansion of the league's membership (and thus of the size of the Council).

From 278 the league sent delegates to the Amphictyonic League (Delphic Amphictyony), gradually increasing over time until the league held a majority of the seats on the council, which increasingly became an instrument of Aetolian power projection. From the 260s, the secretary of the Amphictyonic council was always an Aetolian. These delegates seem to have been elected along with the other magistrates at the Thermica, but their relative rank is not clear.

Piracy
The Aetolian League acquired a reputation for piracy and brigandage. Though some historians recognize a pro-Achaean bias in the portrayal of the League by Polybius, many modern historians also accept his portrayal as largely justified. For example, Walbank is explicit in seeing the Aetolians as systematically using piracy to supplement their income due to the meager resources of their region and Will simply assumes the truth of the charge.

By contrast, Grainger concludes that Aetolian involvement in piracy appears unlikely given that they lacked the necessary ships.

title: Aetolian League


text:
Talk:1890

Year in topic
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1890 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model paragraph "year in topi" needs deleting --BozMo 12:12, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 12:37, 26 December 2006 (UTC)]

Wounded Knee
26-December-2006: Somehow the entry for Wounded Knee was added 4 years ago (29Dec2002) claiming "400 men, women and children" were massacred by U.S. troops; the article "Wounded Knee Massacre" states only 153 Lakota Sioux AND 25 troops were killed (150 fled). Nearly 4 years later, I have fixed the "400" error from 29-Dec-2002. Beware of people or dubious sources trying to needle others by exaggerating data to their agenda. -Wikid77 12:54, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Alice Sanger
what does the link for Alice Sanger have to do with a book publushed in the 1950s? this should be fixed or just tell me if im wrong —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.205.14.21 (talk) 15:13, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

This seems like an erroneous redirect to me. I've nominated it for discussion. 66.214.40.255 (talk) 23:34, 4 March 2012 (UTC)

Sinking of the Duburg
A number of sources indicate that the steamship Duburg was sunk on 17 February 1890, however, this contemporary newspaper article which refers to it as being missing is dated 17 January. I very much doubt that it was adrift for a month before it sank. It is likely that it was sunk before 17 January and it took some days before the newspaper report was printed. Who knows? Bazonka (talk) 07:50, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:1890


text:
Talk:1889

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page --BozMo 12:13, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

"The North Carolina Legislature issues a charter for the creation of Elon College." is listed both under "March 11" and "Date Unknown". Which is correct? --Kitsunegami (talk) 05:54, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I can't find the exact date anywhere so I'm going to assume that whoever listed the date as 11 March knew what he was talking about so I'm removing the reference under "Date Unknown". --Kitsunegami (talk) 03:48, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

-- Concern: There is a contradiction in the data occurred in July 8th: "The last official bare-knuckle boxing title fight ever held (under London Prize Ring Rules) as Heavyweight Champion John L. Sullivan, the "Boston Strong Boy", defeats Jake Kilrain in a world championship bout lasting 75 rounds in Mississippi."

And what it is said at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-knuckle_boxing : "The record for the longest bareknuckle fight is listed as 6 hours and 15 minutes for a match between James Kelly and Jonathan Smith, fought near Fiery Creek, Victoria, Australia, on December 3, 1855, when Smith gave in after 17 rounds.[2]"

-- end of concern — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.64.205.18 (talk) 14:16, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Fictional characters
Will the person from Russia please explain the reason for repeatedly adding a fictional character to the list of real people that actually died in 1889? Dawnseeker2000 17:37, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

JOSEPH JOESTAR is real!!!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.79.103.137 (talk) 09:54, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

Semi protected edit request
Under Deaths, for April 9, please add French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. 97.134.146.161 (talk) 01:32, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Many thanks for your suggestion! Handmeanotherbagofthemchips (talk) 10:10, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Event Addition requested for this page
I think this page should include that Nintendo was started in this year. 2601:681:77F:1120:652E:1BF5:4857:DE8E (talk) 21:37, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1889


text:
Ambresbury Banks

Ambresbury Banks is the name given to the remains of an Iron Age hill fort in Epping Forest, Essex, England.

Description
The fort encircles an area of 4.5 hectares (11 acres) and is surrounded by a single bank of 2 m (6 ft) in height, together with a ditch. There is a small counterscarp bank on the outside lip of the ditch. The defences now have 6 major breaks in their circumference; only one appears to be original. This is approached from the north west by a trapezoidal causeway. The ends of the bank at this point were revetted with coursed puddingstone blocks. The width of the passageway was sufficient to suggest double gates, but no central postholes were found. Finds at the site have included shards of red, grey and black pottery, flints and flint arrow heads, and lumps of baked clay. These suggest a construction date of around 700 BC and occupation until 42 AD.

The area within and around the fort is now completely wooded, although in Iron Age times it would have been cleared of trees to enable a better field of view, and for agriculture. This has been suggested by evidence of wild service trees, which are an indicator of regrown forest.

The Ambresbury Banks site has been examined archaeologically 9 times; the first excavation was by Augustus Pitt-Rivers in 1881. Ambresbury Banks is a scheduled monument.

Legend
According to legend, it is the site of the last stand by Boudica against the Romans in the year 61. There is no evidence to support this. Another legend contends that the construction and name derive from the fifth-century hero Ambrosius Aurelianus, so contradicting the supposed connection to the first-century battle; other theories for the location of the battlefield include Mancetter in Warwickshire and Kings Cross in London. Nevertheless, Ambresbury Banks forms, along with Loughton Camp, Wallbury Camp, Little Hadham, Barkway and Littlebury, a line of hill-forts that arguably delineate the disputed territories of the warring Trinovantes and Catuvellauni.

title: Ambresbury Banks


text:
Talk:1888

Talk 2004 - 2009
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1888 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 12:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

skokie IL was founded in 1888, as for specific date, no idea Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.28.155.112 (talk) 16:58, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

June / Germany / Kaiser / crown (??)

 * June 15 – Wilhelm II is crowned German Emperor. 1888 is the Year of the Three Emperors.

I think this is not completely correct. Wilhelm II was not crowned for "his job" as German Emperor / Kaiser. It was only an Assumption of office or sth. like that.
 * the text to the image: The opening of the German Reichstag in the White Hall of the Berlin Palace on 25 June 1888, painting by Anton von Werner (1893). The event was the first ceremonial appearance as Emperor Wilhelm, instead of / replacing a coronation --Schwab7000 (talk) 18:42, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:22, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Harpo Marx 1948.jpg

title: Talk:1888


text:
Talk:1887

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1887 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 12:15, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:23, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Saint-John Perse 1960.jpg

Who gets to decide what events are non-notable for this page?
Right now I'm writing a novel set in the 19th century. I find this page very useful for background. Other writers may too. So, by what criteria are details being removed? Or is it just any editor's say-so?

Until this concept is addressed - and a conceptual criterion is agreed - I suggest a moratorium. An item of information - such as, that Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show opened in London - does no real harm by staying here, and is inconveniently lost if removed. Actually, it's arguable that it was a notable event indeed in popular culture: it certainly made a huge impact in Victorian England and introduced the archetypal "cowboy" concept to Europe. Ttocserp 12:06, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1887


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Westminster Larger Catechism

The Westminster Larger Catechism, along with the Westminster Shorter Catechism, is a central catechism of Calvinists in the English tradition throughout the world.

History
In 1643 when the Long Parliament of England called the Westminster Assembly to produce the Westminster Confession, it also asked for a directory of "catechising". The Assembly asked Herbert Palmer to produce a draft of the Larger Catechism. Robert Baillie and other Scottish delegates found the work disappointing. In December 1643 a committee was formed to write the Catechism. In January 1647 the Assembly gave up writing one catechism and split it into two. The Westminster Shorter Catechism was to be "easier to read and concise for beginners" and the Larger Catechism was to be "more exact and comprehensive". The Catechism was completed by the Westminster Assembly in 1647. It was then adopted by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1648 and (with modifications relating to the civil magistrate) by the Presbyterian Synod of New York and Philadelphia in 1788, and by the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., upon its formation the following year. In 1967, it was dropped by the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. in the formulation of their Book of Confessions. However, it was embraced by the successor denominations such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) in that church's Book of Confessions as well as the more conservative successors, the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church, and the Bible Presbyterian Church.

Form and content
The purpose of the Larger Catechism was to help ministers prepare their own catechesis, as they taught the faith to their congregations in preaching, while the purpose of the Shorter Catechism was to educate children and others "of weaker capacity" (according to a preface written by the Church of Scotland) in the Reformed faith. Both the Larger and Shorter Catechisms are in a question and answer format, which had been popularized by Martin Luther as a way to help children learn the meaning of the material, rather than simply memorizing the Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Apostles' Creed as had been the practice prior to the Reformation.

Being the larger of the two catechisms, the questions and answers go into much greater detail than the Shorter Catechism is summarizing the chief points of doctrine explained in the Westminster Confession. The Larger Catechism consists of 196 questions and answers. The first set of questions and answers, 1-5, concern the chief and highest end of man, the existence of God, and the Holy Scriptures as the Word of God. The next set of questions and answers, 6-90, concern God as Creator, original sin, the fallen state of man's nature, Christ the Redeemer, and the benefits that flow from redemption. Following that, the next set of questions, 91-152, discuss the duty God requires of man, as summarized in the Ten Commandments. Questions 153-177 concern the outward and ordinary means of grace, especially the preaching of the Word of God and the Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion. The final set of questions, 178–196, teach and explain prayer, using the Lord's Prayer as a model. This organization mimics the earlier Heidelberg Catechism used by many Continental Reformed churches.

title: Westminster Larger Catechism


text:
Talk:1886

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1886 is currently conforming to proposed general model

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Piccadilly Circus
Why is there a link to Piccadilly Circus from this article? There is no explanation in the P.C. article itself: the earliest date mentioned there is 1893. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Heinz Baked Beans
The HJ Heinz web site lists Heinz Beans going on sale three years after an office was opened in Farringdon in 1898, making the first sale in 1891. Ian — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.145.131.202 (talk) 16:27, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:1886


text:
Talk:Westminster Larger Catechism

Wikisource
Would this not be Wikisource? -- user:zanimum

 * No :)

 * Seriously, this definitely doesn't belong in Wikipedia, it might be suitable for Wikisource. --Robert Merkel 12:30, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * First time I've heard of Wikisource! I'm checking it as I type... I suppose it probably is a borderline Wikisource, except that it is not as long as the ones I've just scanned. I just thought that it would be good to have the actual source material in the encyclopaedia entry. I've done the same with Westminster Shorter Catechism and Thirty-Nine Articles. What is the policy with this? One Salient Oversight 12:37, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I see that Robert M has deleted most of the article. Oh well. Should I also delete the primary source material in the Shorter Catechism and the 39 articles RObert? One Salient Oversight 12:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. don't include copies of primary sources. However, it would be really good if you could add to the Wikipedia  articles explaining what these documents are, how they were written, how they have influenced things since, and so on.

--Robert Merkel 12:53, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Will do. Thanks for your help Robert. One Salient Oversight 12:55, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

So has it been included on Wikisource? -- user:zanimum

I just added it to Wikisource. -- Rich Blinne 30 November 2004,   20:53 (UTC)

title: Talk:Westminster Larger Catechism


text:
African Hebrew Israelites in Israel

The African Hebrew Israelites in Israel comprise a new religious movement that is now mainly based in Dimona. Officially self-identifying as the African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem, they originate from African Americans who immigrated to the State of Israel in the late 1960s. The community claims Israelite descent in line with the philosophy of the Black Hebrew Israelites, who believe that Black people in the United States are descended from the Twelve Tribes of Israel and thus rightfully belong to the Land of Israel. , their total population stood at about 5,000 people.

Believing that they were Jews by blood (i.e., through the Hebrews or Israelites), the community first settled in Liberia, where they were not welcomed by the Liberian government. Later moving to Israel, they were recognized as non-Jews by the Israeli government and by Israeli religious authorities. A number of the African Hebrew Israelites were illegal immigrants in Israel and were thus deported, prompting allegations from the community that the Israeli government's conduct against them was racist. Since 2004, however, some African Hebrew Israelites have been granted permanent residency and have enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces.

Many of the community's beliefs were developed on the basis of revelations experienced by African-American steel worker Ben Carter, who claimed that the angel Gabriel had called on him to return his people—the "true" Children of Israel—to what is often referred to as the Holy Land in the Abrahamic religions. Born a Baptist Christian, Carter later changed his name to Ben Ammi Ben-Israel (בן עמי בן-ישראל) and began rallying other African Americans to his cause. He rejected Judaism and Christianity, but asserted that the Jewish Bible was still divine and claimed that Abraham and Moses were Black people, while also perceiving Jesus as one of many messiahs. Some of Carter's statements and the community's beliefs have led to accusations of antisemitism against them: he alleged that there was an international Jewish conspiracy through which the Israeli government maintained control over the Holy Land. Asserting that Black people were the "true inheritors of Israel" suffering under "Euro-gentile dominion" in the United States, Carter stated that Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs in the Holy Land had a false tradition of being descended from Isaac and Ishmael, respectively, and were instead descended from European Crusaders.

Origins
The group was founded in Chicago by former steel worker Ben Carter (1939–2014, also known as Ben Ammi Ben-Israel). In his early twenties Carter was given the name Ben Ammi by Rabbi Reuben of the Chicago Congregation of Ethiopian Hebrews (Not Beta Israel). Ben Ammi was working in an airline factory when he first discovered the Black Hebrew movement and its philosophy. According to Ben Ammi, in 1966, at the age of 27, he had a vision in which the Archangel Gabriel called him to take his people, African Americans, back to the Holy Land of Israel.

Ammi and his followers draw on a long tradition in black American culture which is based on the belief that black Americans are the descendants of the Ancient Israelites (Ammi cites Charles Harrison Mason of Mississippi, William Saunders Crowdy of Virginia, Bishop William Boome of Tennessee, Charles Price Jones of Mississippi, and Elder Saint Samuel of Tennessee as early exponents of black descent from the Israelites).

They are also influenced by the teachings of the Jamaican proponent of Black nationalism, Marcus Garvey (1887–1940), and the black civil rights milieu in 1960s America, including figures such as the Black Panthers and Malcolm X. From these figures and their teachings, they have incorporated elements of black separatism as well as the doctrine which advocates the repatriation of the African Diaspora to its ancestral lands in a "return to Africa", of which they consider Israel to be a part. To them, Israel is located in Northeast Africa instead of West Asia.

The inspiration to move to Israel was born from several components. One component was the hardship which black community members faced within America as well as within American culture, especially in Chicago in the 1960s, at the height of the Civil rights movement. Another component was the community's willingness to form a confident and positive African identity, as opposed to the damaging identity which the group felt it carried in America. The last component was this spout of religious and spiritual connection to a long-standing culture, an ancient history and a Promised Land. An additional factor may have been the expectation of a coming apocalyptic war in which America would be destroyed.

Settlement in Liberia (1967–1969)
Ben Ammi and 350 of his followers first settled in Liberia in 1967. There, they built a community which adhered to the "laws of righteousness". Prince Rakhamim, who was a community leader at that time, described what living in Liberia did for the community:

"We chose to stay there about two and a half years in order to get rid of the foolishness of America before making way to the land of Israel. To make a person born again. To die from the hell we came out of, to get rid of it—to learn to get rid of the hate... to get rid of our bitterness... Liberia was always conceived as the place where we would learn to be righteous. Those of us who wanted to do right shedded off the hate and came home to Israel."

Status in Israel
It is unclear whether Israel was always the end-goal for the community, or whether Ben Ammi received another vision in 1969, when the community was in Liberia, telling him to take the community to its real promised land: Israel. The African Hebrew Israelite community believes that this ambiguity does not lessen its desire to establish a home in Israel. The group aimed to immigrate to Israel under the Israeli Law of Return, which states that all Jews who emigrate to Israel will be granted citizenship. However, in order to qualify for citizenship under the Law of Return, a person must be born a Jew, or he or she must be the child or grandchild of a Jew, or he or she must have converted to Judaism, and he or she must not be an active member of another religion.

Because Ben Ammi and his followers did not meet this requirement, they did not qualify for Israeli citizenship. This deterrent did not stop them from moving to Israel. In 1969, the group began to move to Israel by using temporary visas. Most Black Hebrews entered Israel on tourist visas and they overstayed their visas by living in Israel as illegal immigrants.

Initially, the African Hebrew Israelites asserted that they were the only rightful heirs of the Land of Israel. They refused to convert to Judaism and they also asserted that most Israeli Jews were not the descendants of the ancient Israelites. By the late 1980s, the group tempered their beliefs. They came to see Israel as a nation of many cultures, races, and religions.

Members of the group continued to arrive and settle in the desert town of Dimona. For two decades, their population continued to grow through natural increase and illegal immigration. Throughout the 1970s, tensions between the group and the government grew as the group faced low employment, inadequate housing, and attempted deportations, while the government considered its members illegal aliens. Ben Ammi accused the government of practicing racism and he also accused it of occupying the holy land, he did this by claiming that "The greatest conspiracy ever conceived in the minds of men was the creation of a National Homeland for Jewish People."

In 1973, the International League for the Rights of Man rejected the group's claims, stating that the group made no attempt to comply with the citizenship laws of Israel. In 1981, a six-person Black Americans to Support Israel Committee delegation assessed all aspects of the treatment of the community and concluded that racism was not the cause of its problems. Although the delegation's leader Bayard Rustin called Ben Ammi "a dictator" without "the same moral standards as democratic leaders", the other members of the delegation disassociated themselves from Rustin's accusation.

They are generally not considered Jews in Israel. The Israeli government especially in the past refused to grant the group citizenship, while occasionally pursuing deportation.

In May 1990, the group was granted tourist status and visas that permitted its members to work. In 1992, the Congressional Black Caucus of the United States Congress intervened, leading to the signing of an agreement which stated that the Black Hebrews would be granted temporary residency status if they did not receive new members. At the end of 2003, the group was granted permanent residency status by the Israeli Interior Ministry. It is believed that in 2009, Elyakim Ben-Israel became the first Black Hebrew to receive Israeli citizenship without converting to Judaism or marrying an Israeli. The Israeli government said that more Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship.

In 2004, Uriyahu Butler became the first member of the community to enlist in the Israel Defense Forces. The IDF agreed to accommodate some of the group's religious requirements, especially its dietary requirements.

Today, young men and to a lesser degree young women from the African Hebrew community of Jerusalem serve in the IDF, and they have entered international sporting events and academic competitions under the Israeli flag, as well as having represented Israel twice in the Eurovision song contest.

Way of life
The group maintains a vegan diet, citing Genesis 1:29, "And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat." They appear to have become vegan in the early 1970s, although some members were vegetarian prior. While they value non-violence, the primary motive for their veganism appears to be health-based: mirroring a Rabbinic tradition, they argue that meat-eating is linked to humanity's fallen state, and must be overcome to attain righteousness. They practice abstinence from alcohol, other than the naturally fermented wine which they make themselves, as well as abstinence from both illegal and pharmaceutical drugs, so as to stay within the "cycles of life".

The group grows much of its own food and its members are authorized to be organic growers by the Israel Bio-Organic Agricultural Association.

Members wear only clothing made from natural fibers, which are sewn by members of the community, and all must bear blue thread and fringes as mandated in the Bible (Deut.22:11-12, Num.15:37–40). Men wear a form of kippah (head-covering) and beards.

The group practices "polygyny", meaning that a man can marry several wives (up to six). Within the community this is termed "Divine Marriage", being based on Biblical examples such as King David. Polygyny is not required, constituting approximately 37% of marriages in 1992.

Beliefs
The group believes that the ancient Israelites are the ancestors of black Americans. It objects to the use of the term 'Jew' based on its belief that black Americans are descended from all 12 tribes, not just the Tribe of Judah. Even though they reject the religious forms of both Judaism and Christianity, the Black Hebrews maintain the belief in the divine inspiration of the Tanakh, and they also value the New Testament as a record of the words of Yeshuah, one man in an ongoing line of 'messiahs' who were sent by God to keep the people of Israel in the ways of righteousness. The core of the group's lifestyle is the Tanakh. Ben Ammi claims that "the Law and the Prophets...are the light; they are the essence of what is required to set man on the path and show him the way back to his Maker." However, the group rejects the traditions of Rabbinic Judaism, including the Talmud, based on its belief that they are inauthentic as opposed to the Hebrew religion.

Ben Ammi claims that black Africans are the victims of "a cruel plot to control us, an international religious plot that came about as a result of Blacks disobeying the law and commandments of God." The enslavement of black Africans is seen as punishment for straying from the righteous path and he cites an "oral tradition that our people were cursed by God for violating His laws, statutes and commandments." He links this oral tradition to Deuteronomy 28:68, which speaks of a second captivity in a second Egypt which the Israelites would be carried to in ships. The "Euro-gentile" establishment hatched "a deliberate scheme to conceal the truth that ancient Hebrews were Black" and it also "perpetuated the white Jesus deception".

In an attempt to overcome the history of slavery in the United States, Ammi argues that it is essential to "reexamine and redefine all things...we must question every facet of existence under Euro-gentile dominion." The ability to name and classify the word and social concept which Ammi calls "The Power to Define", which is in the wrong hands, is "one of the greatest weapons that can be used to control men and nations," is the key to salvation from past oppression. Thus, Ammi claims that true freedom can never be found within a society that is intrinsically corrupt but can only be attained by establishing a new society based solely on the laws of God: "No government, no party or system can bring salvation unto the Children of God...Their salvation is only of God."

Based on the Hebrew word eved (עבד, meaning 'slave' or 'servant'), Ammi has argued that the distinction between work and worship is false – in fact, the activity we pursue with our lives is both our work and our worship. Therefore, "every job that does not enhance God as creator is the worship of the devil. There is no neutral position."

However, Ammi's concern is not solely for his own people but for the whole of humanity – the role of the Black Hebrew Israelite community is to serve as "a light unto the gentiles": "Black Americans...were initially chosen by God to guide the world out of its state of ignorance." Recently the group has also begun to claim that Hebrew status is not solely from genealogy, but can be conferred by spiritual behaviour.

Ammi does not believe in the existence of an afterlife; he prefers to focus on life on earth: "Heaven is the reality of the righteous as they live, not a place for spirits after death."

As well as claiming that Jews are not the descendants of the ancient Israelites, they also claim that the members of the Palestinian Arab population are not the descendants of Ishmael: "Our studies and experience have shown that the present-day inhabitants of this region are not the original people of the land. The majority of those today defined by modern historians as Arabs, are veritably the descendents of European Crusaders."

The group believes that the value system of a society is seen through its culture. According to one source, it is therefore "important that our clothing, music, food and language reflect the glory and the higher standards of Yah (God)."

Accusations of antisemitism
On several occasions, Ben Ammi and the Black Hebrew community have been accused of anti-semitism. As well as denying the Israelite heritage of world Jewry and its claim to the land of Israel, the stalemate which existed between the Black Hebrew community and Israel in the late 1970s led to heightened tensions and according to The Jerusalem Post, "Ben Ammi mounted a worldwide public relations offensive against the government that dripped with anti-semitism. Community newspapers compared the Israelis to Nazis and they also included images of money-grubbing Jews and other stereotypical images". However, relations improved during the 1990s as the Black Hebrew community distanced itself from the ineffective extremist stance which it had taken up in earlier years. Since then, the group has become a valuable part of both the Dimona community and the wider Israeli society and it has also pursued integration in ways such as volunteering to serve in the IDF.

In 2011, the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution which "recognize(s) the Hebrew Israelite Community for its service to the nation of Israel and commends their 40 years of history." Citing the fact that the Dimona-based community is "one of the largest urban kibbutzim in Israel" and "has attracted visitors from around the world because of its healthy lifestyle and organic agriculture," the Assembly concluded and declared that "the culture and tradition of the Hebrew Israelite Community is a rich one, and the Community's numerous contributions are worthy of recognition."

In response to concerns about anti-Jewish prejudice and stereotyping that arose during its formative years in Israel, community leader Prince Immanuel Ben Yehuda simply states that they have "grown up." "As you look back over 30 years you realize that this has grown from the ground up. We've been here 30 years, that means we've grown up together... Our children have gone to schools (and) played in games together so there is another kind of relationship that has grown up."

In August 2008, the Village of Peace received a visit from Israel's president, Shimon Peres, who told the Hebrew Israelites "Your community is beloved in Israel...You give the country happiness and song and hope for a better world"

And in March, 2012, during the community's annual "New World Passover" celebration in honor of their historic "exodus" from America in 1967, the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed appreciation for "the cooperative society that is working towards the inclusion of the Hebrew Israelite community in Israeli society at large," and he also declared that their experience in the land is "an integral part of the Israeli experience."

The Black Hebrews still express concerns as to the direction in which Israel is heading. During an interview with Haaretz, a popular Israeli newspaper, Ben Ammi stated that "We must understand that peace will never come, and true freedom will never come, by way of politicians... There's a major difference between the peace that was promised by the Creator and the peace that is being sought after by politicians." "We do give advice to politicians; because these individuals who are seen as leaders, if they would hear a message based upon truth, then it would influence that which they say they seek after – and that is peace. But without truth, and without spirituality, there can never be any genuine peace achieved in those lands."

Institutions
The AHIJ’s institutions include:

The School of the Prophets, a higher education academy, incorporating an international branch, The Institute of Regenerative Truth.

The Dr Martin Luther King Jr/ SCLC Ben Ammi Institute for a New Humanity, a research center for the study of non-violence.

The Middle East African Diaspora Unity Council, an NGO promoting the knowledge and interests of Africana peoples in Israel and the Middle East.

The African Hebrew Development Agency (AHDA). AHDA is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which operates primarily on the African continent. It specializes in "providing technical assistance, training and consultancy in essential areas... such as health, agriculture, rural development, environmental maintenance and related fields." The AHDA has also collaborated with indigenous African organizations to help mobilize the African Boreholes Initiative (ABI). ABI is a social enterprise built around the need to provide clean water to local African villages that would be otherwise incapable of accessing it.

Outreach
In April 2011, Ben Ammi led a seven-member delegation to South Africa to engage in discussions with Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini and the South African government in an attempt to explore options of replicating the "Dimona Model" for community development in that country.

title: African Hebrew Israelites in Israel


text:
Moldovan leu

The leu (, plural lei ; sign: L; ISO 4217 code: MDL) is the currency of Moldova. Like the Romanian leu, the Moldovan leu is subdivided into 100 bani (sg. ban). The name of the currency originates from a Romanian word which means "lion".

Etymology
The name of the currency means "lion", and is derived from the Dutch thaler (leeuwendaalder "lion thaler/dollar"). The Dutch leeuwendaalder was imitated in several German and Italian cities. These coins circulated in Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria and gave their name to their respective currencies: the Moldovan leu, the Romanian leu and the Bulgarian lev.

History
Between 1918 and 1940 and again between 1941 and 1944, when Moldova was part of Romania, the Romanian leu was used in what was then the eastern part of the broader Romanian region of Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian). The Moldovan leu was established on 29 November 1993, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the creation of the independent Republic of Moldova. It replaced the temporary cupon currency at a rate of 1 leu = 1000 cupon.

In Transnistria, an unrecognized breakaway state which is internationally recognized as part of Moldova, the Transnistrian ruble is used instead. The currency is not honoured by Moldova or any other state.

Coins
A first series of mostly small aluminum coins entered circulation in November 1993. A second series consisting of larger denomination coins was issued in 2018. Most Moldovan coins are minted at the Monetăria Statului in Romania.

First series (1993–present)
In November 1993, the National Bank of Moldova (NBM) issued its first coins of 1, 5, 25 and 50 bani and 1 and 5 lei.

The 1 and 5 lei coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1994. Due to their low quality and relatively high nominal value many forgeries appeared.

In April 1996, a 10 bani coin was introduced.

In 1997, the NBM announced that it would replace the existing aluminum 50 bani coin with a new one made from brass-plated steel with a new and improved design featuring anti-counterfeit elements such as reeding. A first for modern Moldovan coins.

The new 50 bani coins were put into circulation on 2 February 1998. At the same time the NBM began withdrawing old aluminum 50 bani coins. They were demonitized on 1 January 1999.

1 ban coins remain legal tender but are rarely used or seen in circulation, effectively leading to "Swedish rounding".

Second series (2018–present)
In 2017, the NBM announced plans to reintroduce 1 and 5 lei coins alongside new 2 and 10 lei coins citing "superior durability and cheaper manufacturing and maintenance cost over time compared to banknotes" as the main reason and asking people to submit their designs for the new coins. The design of the new coins was unveiled on February 28, 2018, featuring elements of both the coat of arms of the Principality of Moldavia on the obverse and the coat of arms of the Republic of Moldova on the reverse, with 1 and 2 lei coins being made from nickel-plated steel and 5 and 10 lei coins featuring a bi-metallic design with elements made from nickel-plated steel and brass-plated steel. The new coins were put into circulation starting 28 February 2018. All of the new lei coins are currently intended to be used alongside banknotes of equal value.

Commemorative coins
Since 1996, several commemorative coins for collectors have been issued. A complete listing can be found here.

Banknotes
There have been two series of Moldovan leu banknotes. The first series was short-lived and only included 1, 5, and 10 lei. The front of all of these notes—and all subsequent notes—feature a portrait of Ștefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great, also known as Stephen III of Moldavia), the prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504.

The first two lines of the Miorița (The Little Ewe) ballad appear on the back, printed vertically between the denomination numeral and the vignette of the fortress. These lines, “Pe-un picior de plai, pe-o gură de rai”, translate as “near a low foothill at Heaven’s doorsill”.

 * On the front side of each banknote only one man is represented - the best-known ruler of Moldavia - Ștefan cel Mare (Stephen the Great).
 * The first two lines of the Miorița ballad are written in the white circle on the front side of each banknote.
 * On the back side of all the banknotes there are depicted Trajan's Column and The Endless Column.

Moldovan leu banknotes were notable for not using intaglio printing until 2015: the main security features on all denominations were limited, initially consisting mainly of a watermark of Ștefan, a solid security thread, and a see-through registration device. In 2015, the National Bank of Moldova finally rolled out intaglio printing and embossing for denominations between 10 and 500 lei, and also introduced revised security features on all denominations except for 1,000 lei. The banknote for 1,000 lei, valued at €51.60 by currency exchange service XE.com on 31 December 2019, continues to use the original design.

title: Moldovan leu


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Talk:Hexspeak

They are proposing Hexadecimals v2 to extinguish the Hexspeac!
See https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9226.html Krauss (talk) 19:40, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

Formatting and Decimal column
I added a  tag to the decimal representation of , to allow the line to break. Without it, the 39-character value caused the Decimal column to be wide enough to fit that value on a single line. This meant that the table spilled over and covered the Tools sidebar on the right of the screen (on my Macbook Air - I'm assuming this would also be a problem for other computers with similarly sized screens). With this line break, the Decimal column is much narrower.

If there's another, clearer way to represent a decimal number too long to fit on a single line, someone can change it to match that (a couple of quick google searches weren't enough to turn up an existing convention if one exists). Jacobdgm (talk) 12:14, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hexspeak