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Disinvestment

Disinvestment refers to the use of a concerted economic boycott to pressure a government, industry, or company towards a change in policy, or in the case of governments, even regime change. The term was first used in the 1980s, most commonly in the United States, to refer to the use of a concerted economic boycott designed to pressure the government of South Africa into abolishing its apartheid regime. The term has also been applied to actions targeting Iran, Sudan, Northern Ireland, Myanmar, Israel, China and Russia|.

Industries

 * Global Climate Coalition – Ford, General Motors, Texaco, Southern Company, Exxon, and other corporate members of the Global Climate Coalition – an industry group opposing the Kyoto Protocol – were the target of a national divestment campaign run by Ozone Action in 2000. According to The New York Times, when Ford Motor Company left the coalition, it was "the latest sign of divisions within heavy industry over how to respond to global warming". After that, between December, 1999 and early March, 2000, the GCC was deserted by Daimler-Chrysler, Texaco, the Southern Company and General Motors. The organization closed in 2002, or in their own words, 'deactivated'. People associated with the campaign were John Passacantando, who served as the executive director of Ozone Action, and Phil Radford, the then field director of the organization. Both men later served as the executive director of Greenpeace
 * Tobacco industry
 * Arms trade
 * Fossil fuels industry

Environment
There is a movement to disinvest from coal, oil and gas companies. It is a social movement which urges everyone from individual investors to large endowed institutions to remove their investments (to divest) from publicly listed oil, gas and coal companies, with the intention of combating climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, and holding the oil, gas and coal companies responsible for their role in climate change.

Founder of the movement Bill McKibben, a researcher and academic from University of Victoria, and creator of the webpage 350.org stated: “If it is wrong to wreck the climate, then it is wrong to profit from the wreckage. We believe […] organizations that serve the public good should divest from fossil fuels”

Companies

 * Talisman Energy - because of its status as the main Western oil company in Sudan in the early 2000s.

Iran
Eighteen American states have passed laws requiring the divestment of state pension funds from firms doing business with Iran.

South Africa
The most frequently-encountered method of "dis-investing" was to persuade state, county and municipal governments to sell their stock in companies which had a presence in South Africa, such shares having been previously placed in the portfolio of the state's, county's or city's pension fund. Several states and localities did pass legislation ordering the sale of such securities, most notably the city of San Francisco. An array of celebrities, including singer Paul Simon, actively supported the cause.

Many conservatives opposed the disinvestment campaign, accusing its advocates of hypocrisy for not also proposing that the same sanctions be leveled on either the Soviet Union or the People's Republic of China. Ronald Reagan, who was the President of the United States during the time the disinvestment movement was at its peak, also opposed it, instead favoring a policy of "constructive engagement" with the Pretoria regime. Some offered as an alternative to disinvestment the so-called "Sullivan Principles", named after Reverend Leon Sullivan, an African-American clergyman who served on the Board of Directors of General Motors. These principles called for corporations doing business in South Africa to adhere to strict standards of non-discrimination in hiring and promotions, so as to set a positive example.

Northern Ireland
There was also a less well-publicized movement to apply the strategy of disinvestment to Northern Ireland, as some prominent Irish-American politicians sought to have state and local governments sell their stock in companies doing business in that part of the United Kingdom. This movement featured its own counterpart to the Sullivan Principles; known as the "MacBride Principles" (named for Nobel Peace Prize winner Seán MacBride), which called for American and other foreign companies to take the initiative in nondiscrimination against Roman Catholics by adopting policies resembling affirmative action. The effort to disinvest in Northern Ireland met with little success, but the United States Congress did pass (and then-President Bill Clinton signed) a law requiring American companies with interests there to implement most of the MacBride Principles in 1998.

Cuba
Though in place long before the term "disinvestment" was coined, the United States embargo against Cuba meets many of the criteria for designation as such — and a provision more closely paralleling the disinvestment strategy aimed at South Africa was added in 1996, when the United States Congress passed the Helms-Burton Act, which penalized owners of foreign businesses which invested in former American firms that had been nationalized by Fidel Castro's government after the Cuban revolution of 1959. The passage of this law was widely seen as a reprisal for an incident in which Cuban military aircraft shot down two private planes flown by Cuban exiles living in Florida, who were searching for Cubans attempting to escape to Miami.

Sudan
During the late 1990s and early 2000s several Christian groups in North America campaigned for disinvestment from Sudan because of the Muslim-dominated government's long conflict with the breakaway, mostly Christian region of Southern Sudan. One particular target of this campaign was the Canadian oil company, Talisman Energy which eventually left the country, and was supplanted by Chinese investors.

There is currently a growing movement to divest from those that do business with the Sudanese government responsible for genocide in Darfur. Prompted by the State of Illinois – the first government in the US to divest – scores of public and private-sector entities are now following suit. In New York City, Councilman Eric Gioia introduced a resolution to divest City pension funds from companies doing business with Sudan.

The divestment of assets implicated in funding the government of Sudan, in acknowledgment of acts of terrorism and genocide perpetrated in the Darfur conflict. In the United States, this divestment has taken place at the state level (including Illinois, which led the way, followed by New Jersey, Oregon, and Maine). It has also taken place at many North American university endowments, including Cornell University, Harvard University, Case Western Reserve University, Queen's University, Stanford University, Dartmouth College, Amherst College, Yale University, Brown University, the University of California, the University of Pennsylvania, Brandeis University, the University of Colorado, American University, University of Delaware, Emory University, and the University of Vermont.

The Sudan Divestment Task Force has organized a nationwide group which advocates a targeted divestment policy, to minimize any negative effects on Sudanese civilians while still placing financial pressure on the government. The so-called 'targeted divestment approach' generally permits investment in Sudan, and is thus radically different from the comprehensive divestment that ended apartheid in South Africa.

Under this approach, sponsored by State Senator Jacqueline Collins, public pensions are prohibited from investing in any corporation or private equity firm that conducts business in Sudan, unless authorized to do so by the U.S. Government.

Russia
Several companies, such as oil giants BP and Shell, have disinvested from Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. TikTok, also as a result of the invasion, also no longer allows new posts to be published in Russian territory, and YouTube does not allow Russian-backed channels to be monetised on the platform.

China
In January 2020, students at University of California, Los Angeles passed a resolution calling for divestment from China. In August 2020, Under Secretary of State Keith Krach called upon university administrators in the United States to divest their endowments from companies in China. In the letter, Krach cited an open letter released nationally in May 2020 by College Democrats and College Republicans that was written by the student-organized Athenai Institute, and numerous other organizations and individuals which called for the disclosure of all ties "between centers of higher learning and all Chinese state agencies and proxies".

In October 2021, students at The Catholic University of America unanimously passed a resolution, with the Athenai Institute calling upon their university administration to divest its endowment from companies complicit in the genocide of Uyghurs conducted by the Chinese government. This resulted in Catholic University committing to audit and divest its endowment, becoming the first university in the world to do so. According to Washington Post columnist Josh Rogin, this action marked the beginning of the "Uyghur Genocide University Divestment Movement". Following this, the Advisory Committee on Investor Responsibility at Yale University committed to examine potential investments in Chinese companies tied to human rights abuses. In January 2022, students at Georgetown University circulated an open letter calling for divestment from China. The letter was supported by a coalition of Georgetown's College Democrats, College Republicans, Muslim Student Association, Hong Kong Student Association, as well as individuals. Following this, the Georgetown University Student Association introduced and unanimously passed a resolution calling upon the university to divest its endowment. Similar action was taken by a coalition of students at the George Washington University in February 2022.

Others
Myanmar (formerly Burma) has also been the target of disinvestment campaigns (most notably the Massachusetts Burma Law initiated by the state of Massachusetts). Divestment campaigns have also been directed against Saudi Arabia due to allegations of "gender apartheid". The University of California, Riverside's Hillel chapter has a Saudi Divestment petition circulating as of 2007.

In 2007, several major international and Canadian oil companies threatened to withdraw investment from the province of Alberta because of a proposed increase in royalty rates.

Criticism
Some hold that divestment campaigns are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of how stock markets work. John Silber, former president of Boston University, observed that while boycotting a company's products would actually affect their business, "once a stock issue has been made, the corporation doesn't care whether you sell it, burn it, or anything else, because they've already got all the money they're ever going to get from that stock. So they don't care."

Regarding the more specific case of South Africa, John Silber recalled:

"...when the students were protesting the South African situation, I met with them, and they said BU must divest in General Motors and IBM. And I said, 'Why should we do that? Is it immoral to own that stock?' Absolutely immoral to own it. And I said, 'So then, we're supposed to sell it to somebody? We can't divest unless we sell it to somebody. And if we burn the stock, that just helps General Motors, because it reduces the amount of stock outstanding, so that can't be right. If we sell it to somebody, we have just gotten rid of our guilt in order to impose guilt on somebody else.'"

One criticism of divestment focuses on the belief that institutional selling of a certain stock lowers its market value. Therefore, the company's net worth becomes devalued and the owners of the company may lose substantial paper assets. In addition, institutional divestment may encourage other investors to sell their stocks for fear of lower prices, which in turn lowers prices even further. Finally, lower stock prices limits a corporation's ability to sell a portion of their stocks in order to raise funds to expand the business.

This assumption about the intent behind many divestment movements is often incorrect. Divestment executions are often forms of denouncement and delegitimization of an industry, such as in the fossil-fuel divestment movement. Negative public perception can lead to reform and changes in policy, both privately for the company and in the public sphere.

title: Disinvestment


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Mathieu

Mathieu is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname

 * André Mathieu (1929–1968), Canadian pianist and composer
 * Anselme Mathieu (1828–1895), French Provençal poet
 * Claude-Louis Mathieu (1783–1875), French mathematician and astronomer
 * Émile Léonard Mathieu (1835–1890), French mathematician
 * Frédéric Mathieu (born 1977), French politician
 * Gail D. Mathieu, United States ambassador to Namibia
 * Georges Mathieu (1921–2012), French painter
 * Jérémy Mathieu (born 1983), French footballer
 * Luc Mathieu (born 1972), French journalist
 * Marie-Alexandrine Mathieu (1838–1908), French artist known for her etchings
 * Michel Mathieu (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
 * Michel Mathieu (Canadian politician) (1838–1916), Canadian politician
 * Michel Mathieu (French politician) (1944–2010), French diplomat
 * Mireille Mathieu (born 1946), French singer
 * Paul-Henri Mathieu (born 1982), French tennis player
 * Simonne Mathieu (1908–1980), French tennis player
 * Tyrann Mathieu (born 1992), American football player
 * W. A. Mathieu (born 1937), composer, musician, and educator

Given name

 * Mathieu Amalric (born 1965), French actor and filmmaker
 * Mathieu Beaudoin (born 1984), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Mathieu Beaudoin (Canadian football) (born 1974), Canadian football player
 * Mathieu Betts (born 1995), Canadian-American football player
 * Mathieu Biron (born 1980), Canadian hockey defenceman
 * Mathieu Bois (born 1988), Canadian breaststroke swimmer
 * Mathieu Debuchy (born 1985), French footballer
 * Mathieu Flamini (born 1984), French footballer
 * Mathieu Kassovitz (born 1967), French director, screenwriter, producer, editor, and actor
 * Mathieu Kérékou (1933–2015), President of Benin
 * Mathieu Lafon (born 1984), French footballer
 * Mathieu Ladagnous (born 1984), French road racing cyclist
 * Mathieu Lemay, Canadian politician in Quebec
 * Mathieu Montcourt (1985–2009), French tennis player
 * Mathieu de Montmorency (1767–1826), French statesman during the French Revolution
 * Mathieu Orfila (1787–1853), Spanish-born French toxicologist and chemist
 * Mathieu van der Poel (born 1995), Dutch cyclist
 * Mathieu Raynal (born 1981) French rugby union referee
 * Mathieu Schneider (born 1969), American hockey defenseman
 * Mathieu Valbuena (born 1984), French footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mathieu


text:
Talk:Preston Tucker

Untitled
What the heck? Someone please fix this. First it includes a large, badly-formatted paragraph of unrelated information; then everything is deleted except a date of death. I suspect vandalism. I won't touch it without a second opinion, though. -- Erik Carson 16:13, 2004 May 16 (UTC)

Clarity
The article reads that the Tucker factory was "shuttered". This is a little colloquial and doesnt shed much light on what happened. On what grounds was it seized, ann why did he not get it back after the trial?

--

Dear Wikipedians,

I learnt that Preston Tucker's life and fate was so connected with Tucker automobile that no separate entry for him is practicable. I think the lines about him should be transferred to Tucker automobile and this stub should be cancelled. OK?

--Millisits 14:55, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Dear Readers of this page, I cannot see any reaction to my above proposal, so I am going to make it soon. Of course, Preston Tucker would be a good redirect to Tucker automobile. --Millisits 16:26, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Cleanup
I added a cleanup tag to this article, it's a hideous mess. Several issues I noted:

 * the "open letter" is repeated twice in the article
 * the article starts out with chronology and then goes back to ground it covered to cover it again
 * I sense possible copyright infringement issues with much of the article
 * This article has no sources

Basically I think some experienced editors need to have at this article, perhaps I'll give it a try if I have time.

--Wgfinley 14:45, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

The following item should be considered for revision as there is no clear reason to cite the U.S. Attorney's political affiliation. If it is established that he was prosecuted for political reasons, a connection should be made and some references cited.

24.166.31.246 04:56, 4 November 2007 (UTC)Tony Silva

"Tucker's innovative business idea was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the liberal Democratic United States Attorney Otto Kerner, and led to an indictment of Tucker and six other Tucker Corporation executives for fraud on June 10, 1949."

Cleanup Started
I did a major gutting of the article, most of the deleted section was narrative related to the Torpedo and rightfully belongs in the Torpedo article. I did splice some parts from it though here and there where useful. I brought in a part or two from the Torpedo article to have this make sense for now. My idea is a thorough rewrite but for now I wanted to "take out the garbage" and start with a somewhat clean slate.

I've been in touch with the Tucker Club of America and they have been supportive of a rewrite and are going to contribute some photos and other images to make this a much better article. They will also help fact check it for accuracy. I hope to begin working on the rewrite soon. --Wgfinley 22:21, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

preston tucker
i think it would be helpfull to know exactly how he died, what kind of cancer did he have ? and was he sick for along time ect..
 * Lung cancer. He was a heavy smoker. The government probably killed him with all the stress they put on him trying to shut him down. Economizer 19:41, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Government scam
What a scam the government pulled on this guy. This is a classic case of competitors teaming up with government in order to crush a competitor who had a superior product. Economizer 19:37, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Though he did have a reputation for sailing a bit close to the wind even before WW2. Ted Miller - the son of Harry Miller with whom Tucker collaborated on a number of projects - said of him "he wanted to be a con-man, but he didn't know how".Mr Larrington (talk) 14:37, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Biased article
This article (and I'm looking mostly at the SEC trial and Speculation sections as I note this) is using language that is very much biased in favor of Tucker. Note that I know nothing about the guy and I'm not claiming he was guilty. But the language/tone of those sections contains opinion after opinion written as though it were fact, obviously with the purpose of drawing the conclusion for the reader that Tucker was innocent, rather than just presenting the facts and letting the reader draw their own conclusions. Some examples:

 * "Another publication, Collier's magazine, ran a slanderous article ... This article was reprinted in Readers Digest as well, expanding the news media's slander of Preston Tucker." Did some court or legal authority determine the article constituted slander?  If so, this fact should be mentioned and cited.  If not, then the adjective "slanderous" is just the opinion of whatever Wikipedia editor wrote those (most probably not a legal professional) and shouldn't be there.

 * "Tucker's lead attorney (Kirby) demolished Turnbull's claims on cross-examination ... " The characterization of the cross-examination as "demolishing" the testimony hostile to Tucker is, again, a matter of opinion.

 * "Before the jury was released to deliberate the judge told them 'The fact that the defendants and those associated with them failed to mass-produce an automobile and accomplish what they undertook is not of itself proof of fraud,' suggesting that their deliberations must focus on whether Tucker actually intended to defraud, rather than simply tried and failed to bring a car to market successfully, which is in and of itself not illegal." This isn't nearly as bad as the other offenses, but still the prose is bending over backward to remind the reader of the difference between fraud and a failed business venture.  While it might be appropriate for a judge in a trial to bend over backward to remind his jury of that, when an encyclopedia article does it for the reader, that makes the prose sound biased.

 * "Over 400,000 drawings/blueprints, corporate documents, and letters organized by Tucker collectors of the Tucker Automobile Club of America suggest that Preston Tucker was ready to mass produce the Tucker '48. These documents prove that Tucker wasn't simply building prototype parts, but was developing the manufacturing process to mass produce the Tucker '48." Telling the reader what the documents "suggest" isn't great; telling the reader what they "prove" is worse.  How about telling the reader what they said and letting the reader decide what that suggests or proves in their own mind?

 * "This controversy lives on, but the large volume of evidence collected by Tucker historians supports the conclusion that Preston Tucker was on his way to mass producing the Tucker '48, provided he could continue to raise sufficient funds." Is there a widespread historical consensus for this conclusion?  Or is it just the opinion of whatever Wikipedia editor wrote this?  (I'm not asking rhetorically; I genuinely don't know.)  If it's the latter, then obviously that a problem; if it's the former, then there needs to be some WP:RS citation added to support the statement.

 * "Tucker simply ran out of time and money before his dreams could be realized. Without these outside influences Tucker may have been successful." As clear an example as one can have of first drawing the conclusion for the reader and then offering a speculative opinion as though it were documented fact.

Again, I don't know anything about Tucker beyond what I've read here, so I'm by no means trying to argue that he was guilty. For all I know, he may have been pure as the driven snow, and all of the above pro-Tucker opinions may well be 100% true. But true or not, they are opinions, so this article ought not be presenting them as though they are facts. 12.155.58.181 (talk) 21:24, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It would have been nice if someone who knows the subject better than I had addressed the above, but since no one is doing so, I'm being bold and re-writing or removing the biased parts myself. 12.155.58.181 (talk) 20:17, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Can someone fix the lead?
And remove that 'hi man is joe' thing? Thanks. GrayFullbuster (talk) 16:07, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Peter Dun?
The article on the history of Dun And Bradstreet makes no mention of this individual. In fact, the only references on Google to Peter Dun related to Dun & Bradstreet are circular back to this very article. I think the reference is unsupportable and possibly intentional misinformation. Warped War (talk) 20:45, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

I put that information in based on a personal conversation I had with renowned Tucker collector Mr. David Cammack in 2009, that was his contention that Dun and Bradstreet bought the rights. In he does mention that Dun and Bradstreet were involved in the deconstruction of the Tucker corporation but does not confirm that they held the rights to the name in the end. He does confirm that Tucker lost the rights to his own name and could not build cars under the Tucker name ever again in the USA. 2601:282:8301:CCA0:84A0:374:C830:B05C (talk) 10:49, 11 July 2017 (UTC) My username is Nickshu but when I login everytime I click over to the talk page it logs me out.

Turret was not actually widely used
I put tags on the claim the turret ws widely used, a long timeago.

No one addressed my concerns, so I removed the questionable claims. Geo Swan (talk) 22:02, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preston Tucker


text: File:The Best of The Corrs.jpg

title: File:The Best of The Corrs.jpg


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Sue Hawk

Susan Hawk (born August 17, 1961) is a truck driver best known for participating in Survivor: Borneo (2000) and Survivor: All-Stars (2004). She appeared in other television shows.

Early life
Hawk was a truck driver previously residing in Palmyra, Wisconsin, when she first competed on Survivor: Borneo. Before then, she owned and managed a hunting and fishing camp in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. She previously was a horse trainer and a bartender-waitress.

Borneo
In Survivor: Borneo, Hawk was part of the alliance of the remaining Tagi tribe, which voted out every remaining member of the opposing Pagong tribe after the two tribes merged into one. As four players remained in Borneo, she, Richard Hatch, and Rudy Boesch plotted to vote Kelly Wiglesworth out, but the idea was abandoned when Wiglesworth won an Individual Immunity challenge called "Fallen Comrades", a trivia quiz mini-game about eliminated contestants. At a Tribal Council in the season finale, Hawk and Hatch received two votes each. In a tiebreaker, Hawk and Hatch were disallowed to vote. Boesch and Wiglesworth voted Hawk out, making her overall the thirteenth player voted off and then the sixth jury member of the final Tribal Council, placing fourth. During the final Council, Sue called Richard a "snake" and Kelly a "rat" in her famous speech. Hawk further said that, in Mother Nature, snake would eat a rat. She, as a jury member, further declared to the jury her vote for eventual winner Richard over runner-up Wiglesworth.

All-Stars
Hawk re-competed in Survivor: All-Stars (2004) as part of the Chapera tribe. She was involved in an incident with another former Borneo player Richard Hatch, who reappeared in the same season as part of the Mogo Mogo tribe. Hawk later claimed that, during one of tribal immunity challenges, which was a balance beam mini-game, Hatch's genitals touched her as he passed her by on the course. The following day, after Hatch was voted out, Hawk resigned from the game voluntarily as she was too upset to continue. Hawk and Hatch discussed the incident in the February 27, 2004, episode of The Early Show, the following day after the Survivor episode aired the incident.

Other appearances
After Borneo, Hawk appeared as a guest co-host of Live with Regis in September 2000. She also appeared on the fourth episode (2000) of a short-lived American sitcom DAG, portraying her first guest-starring role who resembled Hawk on Survivor herself especially via dialogue, said its co-creator and executive producer Jack Burditt. A year later, Hawk competed in USA Network's Cannonball Run 2001 teaming with fellow Survivor alumnus Jeff Varner (who had placed sixth in then-recently aired second season in Australia) and Kaya Wittenburg (who had recently appeared in the first season of the similarly-themed reality series Temptation Island). The trio, called "The Castaways" placed fourth out of six teams. She also appeared on the fourth season premiere of Son of the Beach alongside Borneo winner Richard Hatch. Hawk competed in the July 15, 2002, episode (all-reality edition) of a game show Dog Eat Dog. She won the "top dog" title and the $25,000 prize against the "dog pound" team.

After All-Stars, Hawk also competed alongside other Survivor players who were divided into male and female teams in Family Feud, aired on the week of February 14, 2005. She also competed in Battle of the Network Reality Stars (2005) as part of the "green" team, which lost to the "light blue" team in one challenge and then was eliminated.

Personal life
Hawk's house and barn are located in Clever, Missouri, as of May 2007. She has been married to her husband since the mid- or late-1980s.

Selected filmography

 * Survivor: Borneo (2000) – finished in fourth place
 * DAG, "The Return of Katherine Twigg" (2000) – Katherine Twigg
 * Cannonball Run 2001 (2001) – finished fourth as a member of "The Castaways"
 * Dog Eat Dog (2002) – won $25,000 and the "top dog" title
 * Son of the Beach, "Penetration Island" (2002) – herself
 * Survivor: All-Star (2004) – voluntarily resigned from the season
 * Family Feud, Survivor week (2005) – among the female team
 * Battle of the Network Reality Stars (2005) – among the "green" team, which was eliminated

title: Sue Hawk


text:
May-sur-Orne

May-sur-Orne (, literally May on Orne) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: May-sur-Orne


text:
Scopas

Scopas (Σκόπας; born in Paros, fl. 4th century BCE) was an ancient Greek sculptor and architect, most famous for his statue of Meleager, the copper statue of Aphrodite, and the head of goddess Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius.

Early life and family
Scopas was born on the island of Paros. His father was the sculptor Aristander of Paros. Skopas left Paros at an early age and travelled throughout the Hellenic world.

Career

Scopas worked with Praxiteles, and he sculpted parts of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, especially the reliefs. He led the building of the new temple of Athena Alea at Tegea. Similar to Lysippus, Scopas is artistically a successor of the Classical Greek sculptor Polykleitos. The faces of the heads are almost in quadrat. The deeply sunken eyes and a slightly opened mouth are recognizable characteristics in the figures of Scopas.

Works by Scopas are preserved in the British Museum (reliefs) in London; fragments from the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens; the celebrated Ludovisi Ares in the Palazzo Altemps, Rome; a statue of Pothos restored as Apollo Citharoedus in the Capitoline Museum, Rome; and his statue of Meleager, unmentioned in ancient literature but surviving in numerous replicas, perhaps best represented by a torso in the Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Pothos
Pothos, or Desire, was a celebrated and much imitated statue by Scopas. Roman copies featured the human figure with a variety of props, such as musical instruments and fabrics as depicted here, in an example that was in the collection of Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

Namesake

 * Scopas (crater)

Literature

 * Andreas Linfert: Von Polyklet zu Lysipp. Polyklets Schule und ihr Verhältnis zu Skopas v. Paros. Diss. Freiburg i. B. 1965.
 * Andrew F. Stewart: Skopas of Paros. Noyes Pr., Park Ridge, N.Y. 1977. ISBN 0-8155-5051-0
 * Andrew Stewart: Skopas in Malibu. The head of Achilles from Tegea and other sculptures by Skopas in the J. Paul Getty Museum J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, Calif. 1982. ISBN 0-89236-036-4
 * Skopas of Paros and his world, International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and the Cyclades Paroikia, Paros, Greece), Katsōnopoulou, Dora., Stewart, Andrew F.

title: Scopas


text:
Sega Rally Championship

Sega Rally Championship is a 1994 racing game developed and published by Sega. Originally released for arcades using the Sega Model 2 board, ports were published for the Sega Saturn in 1995 and Microsoft Windows in 1997. Sega Rally Championship simulates driving on different surfaces, with different friction properties, with the car's handling changing accordingly. As the first racing game to incorporate this feature, Sega Rally Championship is considered to be one of the milestones in the evolution of the racing game genre. It was also an early rally racing game and featured cooperative gameplay alongside the usual competitive multiplayer.

The music for the arcade game was composed by Takenobu Mitsuyoshi, while the Saturn version's soundtrack consisted of a combination of newly composed music by Naofumi Hataya and arrangements of the arcade originals arranged and produced by Takayuki Hijikata previously released on the album Sega Rally Championship Ignition. The game spawned the Sega Rally series, in addition to inspiring Colin McRae Rally (1998) and Initial D Arcade Stage (2002).

Gameplay
The player can enter a "World Championship" mode consisting of three stages: Desert (which resembles African savanna), Forest (which is based on Yosemite National Park) and Mountain (which is in Corsica), where their finishing position at the end of one course is carried through to the starting position of the next course. In this mode, it is impossible to reach first-place position by the end of the first track; thus, the player must try to overtake as many opponent cars as possible on each track (while staying within the time limit), and gain the lead over several tracks. If, at the end of the third stage, the player is in first place, they will advance to the extra fourth stage called "Lakeside" (on the Saturn version, this course may then be played in time attack and split-screen multiplayer modes).

Three cars are featured in the game; Didier Auriol's third generation Toyota Celica GT-Four and Juha Kankkunen's Lancia Delta HF Integrale which are both available from the start, and Sandro Munari's Lancia Stratos HF which is unlocked by finishing Lakeside in first place in home versions of the game, or by use of an easter egg in the arcade version. Players are given the option to drive each car in either manual or automatic transmission.

The game supports up to four players using cabinets linked together.

Development
Sega Rally Championship was directed by Kenji Sasaki, a former Namco employee known for his work on Ridge Racer. Seeking to develop a racing game that was distinct from the popular arcade titles Ridge Racer and Daytona USA, Sasaki chose the rally racing subgenre, which he felt was "taboo" in the Japanese gaming community: "We were after something in vogue in terms of motorsport racing and as we were keen on great engine sounds, cool cars and great sensations—the obvious choice was rally". While the game featured only three cars—the Toyota Celica GT-Four, Lancia Delta Group A, and a hidden Lancia Stratos—it was distinguished by its "stylized handling" and some tuning options. Asked why the developers chose to use the Celica and Delta, team manager Hiroto Kikuchi answered: "We felt that in the rally, we had to use real rally cars and the chosen vehicles were well known and looked good". Senior programmer Riyuchi Hattori added: "Originally there was talk of using another car from Toyota, but we couldn't find a good one. For example, the Supra would have been just the same as the Celica and not much fun to use in the game, so we ended up with just the one. We also took note of the consumers' opinions, which confirmed that if another car was to be added it should be the Stratos". According to game designer Tetsuya Mizuguchi, they had no experience in driving those cars, but after repeated requests Toyota and Fiat provided feedback for game testing. Fiat also made a gentlemen's agreement with the developers allowing the use of official logos and such in Sega Rally Championship; there was no formal sponsorship deal for the game. Mizuguchi's car was used to produce the in-game sound of the Lancia Delta's engine. While developing the game's visual style, the development team spent three weeks driving from the West Coast of the United States to Mexico, taking photographs for use in texture mapping. At one point, Sasaki became deeply worried about Rally ' s prospects for success, and even began to question why driving cars was considered "fun": "I drove up into the mountains with my own car. It was such an enjoyable and exhilarating experience ... This was how the third mountain track in the game was conceived".

The Sega Saturn version of the game had to be almost completely remade, only referencing the graphics of the arcade version, which required detailed planning. Mizguchi recounted: "Our designers went back to the arcade version and worked out the locations, drew pictures and captured the atmosphere and the feeling of distance. Then there was about two weeks discussion on their work. During this time they worked on the car settings and we had Mr. Yoshio Fujimoto, winner in the Toyota Castrol car to advise it. Then Mr. Nakamura, Mr. Hattori, and Mr. Fujimoto went to the Asian Pacific Indonesian Rally for three days and studied the cars". Aside from Mizuguchi producing both projects, the Saturn development team was completely different from the original arcade team. Unlike other well-received arcade conversions for the Saturn such as Virtua Fighter 2 and Virtua Cop, Sega Rally Championship was developed without using the Sega Graphics Library operating system, as it had not yet been completed when work on the game began. For similar reasons, a split screen was used for multiplayer mode instead of the Saturn link cable; the developers also felt it was important that multiplayer be available to all owners of the Saturn game, not only those who had also purchased a link cable. Finally, the arcade version of Rally was designed to be controlled with a steering wheel, and the developers struggled to simulate its drifting techniques using the Saturn's controller. The game also supports the Saturn Steering Wheel, though it lacks the haptic feedback of the arcade version's steering wheel.

The Sega Saturn version was rushed to the North American market in order to take advantage of the Christmas shopping season. By the time of its release in Japan and Europe, the development team had completed several additional graphical improvements, bug fixes, and front-end options. A version was also released for the Netlink that allowed online play.

Release
In Japan, the Sega Saturn version of the game shared the full title of its arcade counterpart, Sega Rally Championship 1995, because it was released on December 29, 1995; the year was dropped from the title of the North American and European SegaSaturn version. The European release was scheduled for December 1995, in time for the crucial Christmas shopping season, but it did not appear until the end of the following January.

Arcade
Upon release, the game sold 12,000 arcade units. In Japan, Game Machine listed it on their April 1, 1995 issue as being the second most-successful dedicated arcade game of the month. It went on to be the second highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1995 in Japan. In the United States, it was one of the top six best-selling arcade games of 1995, receiving the Platinum Award from the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA).

The arcade game was met with positive reviews from critics. Next Generation reviewed the arcade version of the game, stating that "Rally's downside is the car's indestructibility: no matter how much you slam into either opponents or banks, your racer [...] receives not a scratch, nor can you flip or leave the road [...] And some might say the control is a fault, too; our response? Keep practicing, buddy".

Home conversions
The Sega Saturn version would go on to sell 1.2 million copies. In Japan, Sega Rally Championship topped the charts on release, coming in number 1 during Week 52 in 1995. It was a major system-seller for the system in the United Kingdom, becoming the fastest selling CD game at the time.

The Saturn version was met with almost universally positive reviews. Next Generation praised the Saturn version's "down-and-dirty feel", "truly phenomenal high-speed visuals", and "quick, responsive control". The magazine cited the game's physics and handling as "nothing short of remarkable". Game Informer's Reiner and Andy gave Sega Rally Championship scores of 8/10 and 8.5/10, making note of technical improvements over the Saturn version of Sega's Daytona USA, which Andy nonetheless felt was the better game. Game Informer's Paul was more effusive, rating the Saturn port 9.25/10 for its "far better racing feel" and superior graphics to Daytona. Sega Saturn Magazine praised the difficulty of unlocking the secret course and secret car, and remarking that "whilst there's enough drag, slide action and difficulty wrestling with the controls to convince you the programmers know what it's like to drive a rally car, there's never so much realism that you'd have to know how to drive one yourself to play the game". Later, Sega Saturn Magazine would rank the game as the second best game on the platform, saying "two years on its release and Sega Rally is still the best racer on a console bar none".

Both of the sports reviewers for Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Saturn version an 8.5 out of 10, saying it "has all of the action and adventure of its arcade cousin. If you were disappointed with Daytona, you won't be with Sega Rally". Bruised Lee of GamePro praised the additional features of the Saturn version and technical improvements over Daytona USA, but criticized that the sounds, while identical to the arcade version, are unexciting compared to other racing games. He said that the power-slide technique can be initially frustrating but once mastered is "effective and fun". Maximum decreed the conversion to be "every bit as good as anyone could have ever hoped", stating that aside from the frame rate being reduced to 30 frames per second, it is essentially identical to the arcade version. They also complimented the inclusion of a two-player mode, numerous options, and secret modes.

The Windows version was less well received. Critics generally commented that the fun gameplay is still wholly intact, but that the conversion lacks many features standard to PC racing games  and suffers from mediocre frame rates except when playing in low-resolution mode, in which case it instead suffers from having lower detail and more pixelation than the Saturn version. Mark Clarkson of Computer Gaming World found the biggest problem was that, being a port of an arcade game, it lacks the longevity expected of a PC game, though he judged it to be fun while it lasted. Next Generation concluded that those looking specifically to play Sega Rally Championship on PC would find the version sufficient, but that there were better PC racers available. GameSpot's Stephen Poole opined that the content of the game was "just not enough".

Accolades
In 1996, Next Generation listed it as number 57 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", citing the "heavier", more realistic feel of the car when compared to other racing games, and the generally realistic controls. In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the game number 1 on their "The GamesMaster Saturn Top 10". In the same issue, they also rated the game 24th in its "Top 100 Games of All Time". In 1999, Next Generation listed Sega Rally as number 19 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "one of the best Model 2 games, Sega Rally is some of the best fun you can have in a car without having to pretend that you've run out of gas". Sega Rally Championship was named the best racing game of all time by Retro Gamer magazine, which ranked it at the top of its "Top 25 Racing Games Ever" list. In Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2009 the Saturn version of the game made it to 44th position in the list of the Top 50 Console Games, due to its "distinct handling style and superb track design". IGN staff writer Levi Buchanan ranked Sega Rally Championship 6th in his list of the top 10 Sega Saturn games, saying: "Yes, the Dreamcast version is much better and the current-gen sequel... is stunning, but this Saturn arcade port was one of the top reasons to stick by SEGA as it flailed through the 32-bit days". Some publications and fan-voted lists have considered it to be one of the best games of all time, including Next Generation in 1996, or Electronic Gaming Monthly in 1997, Computer and Video Games in 2000, Edge in 2007, and NowGamer in 2010. In 2024, The Guardian would rank Sega Rally Championship as the 3rd best Sega arcade game.

Impact
The game spawned the Sega Rally series, and later followed spiritually by Initial D Arcade Stage from the same company, based on the Initial D comics and featuring base models of certain rally cars.

In 2010, Codemasters cited Sega Rally Championship as a strong influence on their first Colin McRae Rally game (1998). According to Guy Wilday, producer of the first four Colin McRae Rally games, the "basic premise for the game was based around" Sega Rally's car handling which "remains excellent to this day and it’s still an arcade machine I enjoy playing".

title: Sega Rally Championship


text:
Best of The Corrs

Best of The Corrs is a compilation album by the Irish pop rock band the Corrs, released in Ireland on 19 October 2001. The album consisted of the band's best-selling singles since their first chart appearance in 1995 with "Runaway", up to the Robert John "Mutt" Lange remix of their 2001 single "All the Love in the World", which charted at number twenty-four on the US Adult Contemporary chart. The album also featured the new single "Would You Be Happier?", as well as a new version of the Talk on Corners outtake, "Make You Mine". By the end of 2001, the album had sold over 2.4 million copies worldwide. By 2017, the album has sold 5 million copies.

title: Best of The Corrs


text:
User talk:195.229.241.183

February 2013
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Bjarne Stroustrup. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Arctic  Kangaroo  08:38, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Sphaerobacter with this edit, you may be blocked from editing.  Moose  hadley  08:52, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Sphaerobacter.  Moose  hadley  08:54, 7 February 2013 (UTC) You have been blocked temporarily from editing for abuse of editing privileges. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding below this notice the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Materialscientist (talk) 09:00, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, such as those you made to Sajal Ali, even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 13:18, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

You have been blocked temporarily from editing for abuse of editing privileges. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may appeal this block by adding below this notice the text, but you should read the guide to appealing blocks first. Materialscientist (talk) 13:18, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

May 2013
Hello, I'm DVdm. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Josephoartigasia, but you didn't provide a source. I’ve removed it for now, but if you’d like to include a citation to a reliable source and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks, DVdm (talk) 10:34, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Hello, I'm Widr. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons because it did not appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Widr (talk) 11:31, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

October 2013
Hello, I'm Tbhotch. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Longest words, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it! See terms and conditions.  03:42, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Most of the sources cited are not independent. Reads very promotional. Improve in drafts before mainspace.
An article you recently created, Nakheel Properties, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Nomadicghumakkad (talk) 03:15, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:195.229.241.183


text:
Le Molay-Littry

Le Molay-Littry is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

History
On 23 January 1969 Le Molay (the old INSEE code was 14434) merged with the old commune of Littry to form Le Molay-Littry, which uses the old Littry INSEE code 14370.

Le Molay-Littry has good travel links with neighbouring towns such as Isigny, Bayeux, Saint-Lô, and Balleroy, which served it well in the early 17th century. At that time, the town was a local source of coal which made the town a wealthy one. The town still has a mining museum which is open to the public.

Chateau du Molay
The Chateau du Molay was built on the northwest side of town about two and a half centuries ago in 45 acres of wooded grounds.

In 1758, a young Jacques-Jean le Coulteux du Molay (1740–1823), and his wife Geneviéve –Sophie le Coulteux de la Noraye (painted below in 1788); built the chateau, his first large residence, in the heart of Normandy's woodland countryside, close to Rouen, his birthplace. Jacques-Jean was a wealthy and well known banker, who had one son (Jacques Félix Le Coulteux du Molay was born Paris 29 June 1779 and died in Dijon 1 April 1812) with Genevieve before their divorce. During their time together they also bought the famous Malmaison near Paris – some of those styles are reflected in the chateau you now stand. Jacques-Jean later married Alexandrine Sophie Pauline Le Couteulx; the couple had three children.

19th century
In 1833, Edouard, Count of Chabrol – Crousol, transformed and extended the chateau; giving it the architectural style it has today. The Count of Chabrol – Crousol was a member of the House of Peers, during the reign of Napoleon III. An art collector and avid book – lover, he was the grandfather of the French composer Vincent d'Indy who died in 1931. Edouard was the prefect of the Seine region of Paris and inaugurated the Palais Brongniart which was built by order of Napoleon Bonaparte to offer a permanent home to the Paris stock exchange in 1826.

At the end of the 19th century, the chateau became the property of the Viellard family.

World War II
There followed a sumptuous period of 50 years up to the dark hours of 1940 when the chateau was commandeered by the German Army.

The Balleroy and Molay-Littry area was one of the places where the Germans were setting up V-weapon installations, which though never used, is a fascinating and scary story. The chateau is one of the places were the weapons were planned to be launched from. The devastating V2 weapon was the first ever ballistic missile. It was estimated that by the later stages of the war some 100 rockets per day could have launched. The area and the V-weapons project were under the control of Generalleutnant (General) Dietrich Kraiss and his 352nd Static Infantry Division.

Kraiss was a commander of the 90th Infantry Regiment (from September 1939 to March 1941), 168th Infantry Division (from July 1941 to March 1943) and 355th Infantry Division until May 1943. In November 1943 he took command of the 352nd Infantry Division which was in 1944, with six other divisions, located in Normandy in front of the Allied invasion. His 352nd Infantry Division had 7,400 soldiers and kept defensive positions around St. Lô. He was eventually killed in the fighting of Omaha Beach when one of their own mortars hit him blowing him to pieces. Dietrich Kraiss was born on 16 November 1889 in Stuttgart and died on 2 August 1944 – he was awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves for his services.

Tournières
Tournières is a little village not far from Molay-Littry where U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower established his first HQ in France code-named Shellburst. The success of the landings on 5 June 1944 led the Red Cross, and later the Maquis, to establish themselves here temporarily. Many important meetings took place at Shellburst.

After the liberation of the area by Allied Forces in early June, engineers of the Ninth Air Force IX Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground outside of the town. Declared operational on 25 June, the airfield was designated as "A-9", it was used by photo-reconnaissance units and various repair and support units until October when it was closed.

Surrounding area
A boarding school for girls from Saint–Lo, then a summer camp for Citroen both benefited from its peaceful grounds until 1978. At that time, the chateau was completely renovated and transformed into a three star hotel. In February 1993, the Chateau du Molay was purchased by Travelbound, an English education travel company owned by specialist travel group Travelopia.

International relations
The commune is twinned with:
 * Bovey Tracey (in Devon in the UK).
 * Dahlenburg (Germany)

title: Le Molay-Littry


text:
Half Man Half Biscuit

Half Man Half Biscuit are an English rock band, formed in 1984 in Birkenhead, Merseyside. Known for their satirical, sardonic, and sometimes surreal songs, the band comprises lead singer and guitarist Nigel Blackwell, bassist and singer Neil Crossley, drummer Carl Henry, and guitarist Karl Benson.

The band parodies popular genres, while their lyrics allude to UK popular culture and geography. Within a long career, their best-known songs include "The Trumpton Riots" (1986) and "For What Is Chatteris" (2005).

History
Half Man Half Biscuit were formed by two friends from Birkenhead, Neil Crossley and singer, guitarist and songwriter Nigel Blackwell who was (in his own words) at the time "still robbing cars and playing football like normal people do". In 1979, Blackwell was editing a football fanzine (Left For Wakeley Gage); he met Crossley when he went to see the latter's band play. In 1984, when Half Man Half Biscuit were formed, Crossley moved to bass and the two were joined by Nigel's brother Simon Blackwell (lead guitar) and his friend Paul Wright (drums), both previously with a group called Attempted Moustache, presumably named after the album by Loudon Wainwright III. The quartet started to rehearse in the Liverpool-based Vulcan Studios, where they soon turned a five-piece, with David Lloyd now on keyboards.

Their debut album, 1985's Back in the DHSS, topped the UK Indie Chart and reached number 60 in the UK Albums Chart. Its title was a play on The Beatles' "Back in the U.S.S.R." and also a reference to the DHSS, the government department that dealt with the unemployed, Nigel Blackwell having been on unemployment benefits since 1979. The band's first single, "The Trumpton Riots", topped the UK Indies Singles Chart in 1986, and they went on to perform at Glastonbury Festival. The second single, "Dickie Davies Eyes", also topped the indie chart. In late 1986, the band split up, giving as reason "musical similarities". The album Back Again in the DHSS, containing previously issued, unreleased and live tracks, followed.

The band reformed in 1990, with a performance at the Reading Festival following, and a new single, "Let's Not", issued before the year was out, followed in 1991 by a collaboration with Margi Clarke on a version of Edith Piaf's "No Regrets". Half Man Half Biscuit were championed by DJ John Peel, for whom they recorded twelve sessions, and it was on his programme in 1990 that the band announced their return. The third album was McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt, released in October 1991. By the time This Leaden Pall was released in 1993, Wright and Lloyd had left the band, with Carl Alty joining on drums. Simon Blackwell left the following year, with Ian S. Jackson joining. Jackson (who later joined Rooney) and Alty (who joined Joyrider) departed in 1996, to be replaced by Ken Hancock (guitar) and Carl Henry (drums).

In April 2010, the band's song "Joy Division Oven Gloves" from their 2005 album Achtung Bono was the subject of a Facebook campaign to get it to No. 6 on the chart for 12 April 2010, in response to the rumoured closure of the indie-supporting radio station BBC 6 Music. The song reached No. 56 on 11 April 2010: this was their first UK Singles Chart appearance. It also reached No. 3 in the Official Independent Singles chart the same week, and was No. 1 in the HMV UK Digital Downloads Top 40 Tracks on 16 April, knocking Ultravox's song "Vienna" off the top spot – itself part of a separate Facebook campaign the previous week.

Reception
Andy Kershaw described Half Man Half Biscuit as "One of England's most amazing bands" and "the most authentic British folk band since The Clash". James Dodd on Bido Lito! praised (as many others did) Blackwell's "uncanny way of chronicling two of his greatest passions in life: television and small-town England". Eliza Carthy praised the band for their "pathos disguised with wit and sarcasm", describing Blackwell as a "genius". Journalist Ben Myers has described Blackwell's lyrics as "the antithesis of most rock songs, and iconoclastic in their total avoidance of cliche".

Geoff Davies of Probe Plus recalled that after hearing a test pressing of Back in the D.H.S.S, John Peel said "Geoff, what's this, I've just played the first side of this, what is it, tell me, it's just fantastic and all". Other famous Peel quotes about the band include "I've said it before, a national treasure, there's no question about it. When I die, I want them to be buried with me." (14 August 1996) and "In a decently ordered society, members of Half Man Half Biscuit would be routinely carried shoulder high through the streets of every city they visited" (10 July 1997).

According to music writer Paul Du Noyer: "The genius of Half Man Half Biscuit is that they took just enough of Scouse culture to give themselves an edge, but kept their distance too. From their Wirral bastion they issue occasional dispatches of wry hilarity and downbeat, satirical bite. The songs of their leader, Nigel Blackwell, suggest a very real world of people too educated to be on the dole but too luckless or lazy to be anywhere else. They take a witty revenge on the drivel of popular culture, without denying their fascination with it. They seem flintily incorruptible, and scan the London music media with a mocking eye for cant." English writer Julie Burchill praised their "supremely clever and funny lyrics", and described the band as "punk with a sense of humour and a sense of perspective".

References to Half Man Half Biscuit can be found on episodes of EastEnders, Brookside, Hollyoaks, Men Behaving Badly and Byker Grove, as well as an episode of Football Focus and the BBC serial Elidor. The cricket commentator David 'Bumble' Lloyd often makes reference to songs and lyrics in commentaries, often completely lost on other commentators working with him.

Discography

 * Back in the DHSS (1985)
 * Back Again in the DHSS (1987)

 * McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt (1991)
 * This Leaden Pall (1993)
 * Some Call It Godcore (1995)
 * Voyage to the Bottom of the Road (1997)
 * Four Lads Who Shook the Wirral (1998)
 * Trouble over Bridgwater (2000)
 * Cammell Laird Social Club (2002)
 * Achtung Bono (2005)
 * CSI:Ambleside (2008)
 * 90 Bisodol (Crimond) (2011)
 * Urge for Offal (2014)
 * No-One Cares About Your Creative Hub So Get Your Fuckin' Hedge Cut (2018)
 * The Voltarol Years (2022)

title: Half Man Half Biscuit


text:
Merville-Franceville-Plage

Merville-Franceville-Plage is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
Merville-Franceville-Plage, more usually called Franceville, is situated on the Côte Fleurie, 6 km from Cabourg and 14 km from Caen. Merville Franceville is located on the right/east side of the Baie de l'Orne.

The back country is a plain, favourable to cereal cultivation and dairy cattle.

Climate
The commune has a maritime climate : Winters are warm and summers rarely suffer from excessive heat.

Sights

 * Redoute de Merville, fortification edified on Vauban's plans in 1779. Rediscovered by the occupying forces during the Second World War.
 * The Merville Gun Battery (Batterie de Merville) is an historic site situated on the eastern flank of the landing area codenamed Sword. Lieutenant-Colonel Terence Otway, and the 9th Parachute Battalion, neutralized the German battery during the Battle of Merville Gun Battery on 6 June prior to the beach landings.

Tourism
Merville Franceville is attractive for families, thanks to the various beach activities and excursions in the back-country.

This town is famous for being a good spot for kite surfing.

Twin towns

 * Clyst St. Mary, England
 * Merville, British Columbia, Canada

title: Merville-Franceville-Plage


text:
Méry-Corbon

Méry-Corbon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.

title: Méry-Corbon


text:
Mobility management

Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to be delivered to them.

Location update procedure
A GSM or UMTS network, like all cellular networks, is basically a radio network of individual cells, known as base stations. Each base station covers a small geographical area which is part of a uniquely identified location area. By integrating the coverage of each of these base stations, a cellular network provides a radio coverage over a much wider area. For GSM, a base station is called a base transceiver station (BTS), and for UMTS it is called a Node B. A group of base stations is named a location area, or a routing area.

The location update procedure allows a mobile device to inform the cellular network whenever it moves from one location area to the next. Mobiles are responsible for detecting location area codes (LAC). When a mobile finds that the location area code is different from its last update, it performs another update by sending to the network, a location update request, together with its previous location, and its Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI).

The mobile also stores the current LAC in the SIM card, concatenating it to a list of recently used LACs. This is done to avoid unnecessary IMSI attachment procedures in case the mobile has been forced to switch off (by removing the battery, for example) without having a chance to notify the network with an IMSI detach and then switched on right after it has been turned off. Considering the fact that the mobile is still associated with the Mobile Switching Center/Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR) of the current location area, there is no need for any kind of IMSI attachment procedures to be done.

There are several reasons why a mobile may provide updated location information to the network. Whenever a mobile is switched on or off, the network may require it to perform an IMSI attach or IMSI detach location update procedure. Also, each mobile is required to regularly report its location at a set time interval using a periodic location update procedure. Whenever a mobile moves from one location area to the next while not on a call, a random location update is required. This is also required of a stationary mobile that reselects coverage from a cell in a different location area, because of signal fade. Thus, a subscriber has reliable access to the network and may be reached with a call, while enjoying the freedom of mobility within the whole coverage area.

When a subscriber is paged in an attempt to deliver a call or SMS and the subscriber does not reply to that page then the subscriber is marked as absent in both the MSC/VLR and the Home Location Register (HLR) (Mobile not reachable flag MNRF is set). The next time the mobile performs a location update, the HLR is updated and the mobile not reachable flag is cleared.

TMSI
The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is the identity that is most commonly sent between the mobile and the network. Depending on the necessary precision, a TMSI may be set by a VLR, SGSN, or MME. In the least-precise case, TMSI is randomly assigned by the VLR to every mobile in the area, the moment it is switched on, in order to support identity confidentiality. The number is local to a location area, and so it has to be updated each time the mobile moves to a new geographical area.

The VLR, SGSN, and MME must be capable of correlating an allocated TMSI with the IMSI of the MS to which it is allocated. An MS may be allocated three TMSIs; one for services provided through the MSC (the TMSI), one for services provided through the SGSN (the packet-TMSI or P-TMSI), and one for the services provided the MME (the MME-TMSI or M-TMSI; a part of the GUTI).

The network can also change the TMSI of the mobile at any time. And it normally does so, in order to avoid the subscriber from being identified, and tracked by eavesdroppers on the radio interface. This makes it difficult to trace which mobile is which, except briefly, when the mobile is just switched on, or when the data in the mobile becomes invalid for one reason or another. At that point, the global "international mobile subscriber identity" (IMSI) must be sent to the network. The IMSI is sent as rarely as possible, to avoid it being identified and tracked.

A key use of the TMSI is in paging a mobile. "Paging" is the one-to-one communication between the mobile and the base station. The most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for "paging". Every cellular system has a broadcast mechanism to distribute such information to a plurality of mobiles.

Size of TMSI is 4 octet with full hex digits but can't be all FF because the SIM uses 4 octets with all bits equal to 1 to indicate that no valid TMSI is available.

Roaming
Roaming is one of the fundamental mobility management procedures of all cellular networks. Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services, including home data services, when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. This can be done by using a communication terminal or else just by using the subscriber identity in the visited network. Roaming is technically supported by a mobility management, authentication, authorization and billing procedures.

Location area
A "location area" is a set of base stations that are grouped together to optimize signaling. Typically, tens or even hundreds of base stations share a single Base Station Controller (BSC) in GSM, or a Radio Network Controller (RNC) in UMTS. The BSC / RNC is the intelligence behind the base stations; it handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers between base stations.

Each location area has an assigned unique identifier, made up of numbers, called a "location area code" (LAC). The LAC is broadcast by each base station at regular intervals. Within a location area, each base station is assigned a distinct "cell identifier" (CI) number, see also Cell Global Identity.

If the location areas are large and moderately populated, there will likely be a high number of mobiles operating simultaneously, resulting in very high paging traffic. This is due to the fact that every paging request has to be broadcast to every base station in the location area. Ultimately, this wastes bandwidth and power on mobile devices by requiring them to listen for broadcast messages too often. Similarly if on the other hand, there are too many small location areas, the mobile device must contact the network very often for changes of location, which will also drain the device’s battery. Therefore, it is important to strike a balance between the size of the location area and the number of mobile device users in the location area.

Routing area
The routing area is the packet-switched domain equivalent of the location area. A "routing area" is normally a subdivision of a "location area". Routing areas are used by mobiles which are GPRS-attached. GPRS is optimized for "bursty" data communication services, such as wireless internet/intranet, and multimedia services. It is also known as GSM-IP ("Internet Protocol") because it will connect users directly to Internet Service Providers

The bursty nature of packet traffic means that more paging messages are expected per mobile, and so it is worth knowing the location of the mobile more accurately than it would be with traditional circuit-switched traffic. A change from routing area to routing area (called a "Routing Area Update") is done in an almost identical way to a change from location area to location area. The main differences are that the "Serving GPRS Support Node" (SGSN) is the element involved.

Tracking area
The tracking area is the LTE counterpart of the location area and routing area. A tracking area is a set of cells. Tracking areas can be grouped into lists of tracking areas (TA lists), which can be configured on the User Equipment (UE). Tracking area updates are performed periodically or when the UE moves to a tracking area that is not included in its TA list.

Operators can allocate different TA lists to different UEs. This can avoid signaling peaks in some conditions: for instance, the UEs of passengers of a train may not perform tracking area updates simultaneously.

On the network side, the involved element is the Mobility Management Entity (MME). MME configures TA lists using NAS messages like Attach Accept, TAU Accept or GUTI Reallocation Command.

title: Mobility management


text:
TMSI

TMSI may refer to:

 * Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity, data sent between a mobile phone and its network
 * Trimethylsilyl iodide, a chemical compound

title: TMSI


text:
Meslay

There are communes that have the name Meslay in France:

 * Meslay, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Meslay, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Meslay-du-Maine, in the Mayenne département
 * Meslay-le-Grenet, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Meslay-le-Vidame, in the Eure-et-Loir département

title: Meslay


text:
VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin

VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin is an album of live performances recorded by Irish pop rock band the Corrs in Dublin, Ireland, accompanied by the Irish Film Orchestra. The album features the Corrs performing previously released songs with slight remixex. Album highlights include two duets with Bono of U2 — performing Ryan Adams' "When the Stars Go Blue", and the Lee Hazlewood/Nancy Sinatra song "Summer Wine". The Corrs also performed Jimi Hendrix's "Little Wing", featuring a guitar solo by Ronnie Wood, who later also performed alongside them for the Rolling Stones song "Ruby Tuesday".

Charts and sales

 * Worldwide sales: 400,000+

title: VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Structure of German grammar

 * The author apparently has no mastery of either English or German, nor of encyclopaedic writing. --Wik 16:29, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * If there's something here that's worthy of keeping, it's also worthy of putting into German grammar. No reason for having two articles. -- Jao 16:42, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Jao.--Beelzebubs 16:50, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm in agreement with Jao. Delete and merge into German grammar, provided there is anything of use to merge. DO'Neil 21:22, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with German grammer. --Starx 01:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with German grammar. There's more material in structure of German grammar than in German grammar so I think there is something to be gained here. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:52, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I wrote this article. I am a German native speaker. I don't know if you are, but I my knowledge about my own mother tongue is at least as big as yours. So I have mastery of German, and I have been learning English for 7 years. If there are mistakes in English, dann korrigiert sie doch. Desweitern ist diese Seite wesentlich umfangreicher, than German Grammar. There are more facts than in the old article. Maybe there is no need for two articles. OK, that's the reason I transferred the information into German grammar. Seeing the article changed into its old state, containing less information, I decided to create a new one, because the author obviously seemed to claim "German Grammar" for himself. Ganz nebenbei, I wrote many articles in the German Wikipedia. In Deutsch hatte ich außerdem eine 1(A) auf dem Abitur, when I left school. I know enough about my language. So, I think it is better to replace the content of the old article.
 * Keep. The existing German grammar article is great (I assume it's accurate). Merging will kill it. So let's have a more detailed article, and link them one to the other, with a note at the top of each to this effect. This article needs some work by English native speakers (who know enough German not to do any damage, preferably!), but that's for cleanup, not VfD. Andrewa 18:13, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll recommend pretty strongly against separate articles. The German grammar article is really short -- there has got to be a lot of stuff left out. I don't see why it can't be expanded, aside from Wik's edit warring, which is the reason why structure of German grammar was created and why that article is listed here. The general trend has been against creation of parallel articles and I don't see why that shouldn't apply here as well. Wile E. Heresiarch 18:43, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Big topic. Where has this been discussed already? I wasn't aware of any principle that we shouldn't have parallel articles, one introductory for laymen and one with all the gory detail. In WikiProject Mathematics in which you are active, I thought it had been generally supported as a good idea. Andrewa 20:01, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe I didn't need to say anything about a trend or unstated policy concerning parallel articles. The fact is that these two were created because of an edit war, not because someone decided it would be a good way to divide up the topic, and, FWIW, I don't think these two articles divide up the topic of German grammar very well. As for math topics, I haven't noticed parallel articles; I guess I've missed them. Happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 01:57, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Ramsey theorem and Ramsey theory are somewhat parallel. Andris 02:39, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually the information of both the articles could be combined in German Grammar without a lack of quality. But since the topic has grown over 42KB, think about the following: Why not combine the contents of both articles, and split the topic apart? For Example: German Grammar(Overview and General Stuff), German Grammar: Nouns and Prounouns, German Grammar: Verbs, German Grammar: Adverbs, German Grammar: Sentences. In this way, you could keep an eye an details, without leaving out all the other stuff. If you agree, post what names you would suggest for the articles, in order to avoid later discussions. Please answer me what you think about that! Einen schönen Abend noch.
 * Certainly keep. Merge with German grammar, if possible. I looked at the edit history of German grammar and I think the person who reverted to the previous version acted too hastily. If someone adds an imperfectly written but useful info, that needs copyedit, not reversion. Andris 02:39, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * It is not useful as it is. --Wik 02:46, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, Wik, Please explain at first, what "German Grammar" is meant to be in its reverted state.
 * A brief overview? It's already to deep for that purpose. That kind of article could be included in German Language.
 * A tutorial? There are tutorials for other languages throughout the Wikipedia. That should be called something like Introduction to German Language. In anyway, your version of the article does not appear useful to me for learning.
 * An outline, but not with too much details? Does anybody need this? Too complicated to begin learning German, not enough details for an advanced learner.
 * A detailed outline, maybe a book about German Grammar online? That's what I want to turn it to, although it may be a long road to this goal (OrHoweverThisIdiomIsInEnglish).
 * In anyway, Wik, why is this article not at least as useful as yours? Why are less information better than more information?! Too much English mistakes? Correct them, help me! Too much mistakes in the content? I corrected a lot of them! The structure is too complicated for you? Well, it is complex but not complicated, for it is a complex topic. Not enough explainations? Can be added easily! Every piece of information from your article can be included in this larger version! Too much incomplete sections? Add whatever you know! Too much information? That's what Wikipedia is good for! The article is too big? I suggested splitting it apart!
 * So, If you think I am wrong, present your arguments, please! And why do you think that Structure of German Grammar has nothing that could be added to "your" German Grammar?
 * German grammar is not "my" article. And of course more details could be added to it. But your material is just too faulty, and I'm not interested in fixing it. If you or anyone else wants to keep this, it's up to you to fix it. --Wik 20:11, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I made some fixes. Probably you regard me a s***er going on your nervs, but you have to know, I actually just want to be productive. So, what are the mistakes which make you disapprove? Just English mistakes? Maybe you dislike that I don't care about commen terms and explainations. For example, I use the word "possessive article". Well, I know that these are called "possessive pronoun", but this appear unlogical and unreasonable to me, because they are treaded like articles. My intention was to make a grammar with a more consistent structure. I have taken an old issue of "Der Spiegel"(german magazine), and looked at this quite complicated sentences, and they are fully covered by this structure. BTW, I cannot believe, that there is so much sh** in this article, that there is nothing that could be merged into your article. Although you probably still regard me a s***er, give some examples, please, so that I can better understand you.

 * You may well be well-meaning, but what ultimately matters is not whether you "want to be productive" but whether you are productive. And frankly I don't think you're qualified to write about German grammar. Don't tell me you are a native speaker when you write things like "Der Auto". --Wik 21:17, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * At First, Sh** happens when editting in two languages, my typewriting is not that good, too
 * Second, I'm going on in German: Ich lüge nicht wenn ich schreibe, dass Deutsch meine Muttersprache sei. Wenn ich mal einen Fehler beim Setzen des Artikels mache, dann liegt das wohl eher daran, dass ich mich erstens beim Schreiben am Computer mehr anstrengen muss als beim traditionellen Schreiben mit Kulli, Bleistift oder Füller, und zweitens dass es auch nicht gerade mental entspannend ist, ständig zwischen zwei Sprachen hin und her zuhüpfen, als an mangelnder Ausdrucksfähigkeit in meiner Lieblingssprache. Und falls ich tatsächlich auf jedes Englischfehlerschen geachtet hätte, dann würde ich wohl heute noch mit dem Wörterbuch vor dem Rechner sitzen und ständig hin und her blättern. Ich habe eine ganze Menge geschrieben in kürzester Zeit, die Struktur ist ziemlich komplex und ich musste die ganze Zeit lang nachdenken, ob beispielsweise "hinauf" entweder ein Pronominaladverb ist, oder ob es sich bei "auf ... hinauf" um eine Klammerkonstruktion handelt, schließlich wollte ich möglichst durchdacht schreiben, und ich habe außer meiner Tätigkeit als Wikipedianer auch noch so manche andere Angelegenheiten zu erledigen im wirklichen Leben, wie du dir sicherlich vorstellen kannst, deshalb ist es durchaus möglich, dass sich hier und dort ein Flüchtigkeitsfehler eingeschlichen hat. Glaube nicht, dass ich Probleme damit hätte, mit dir in Deutsch weiter zu diskutieren, dass würde mir sowieso viel leichter fallen als in einer Fremdsprache auf meiner Tastatur rumzuhämmern. Ich bin kein emotional diskutierender Mensch, ich bevorzuge rein sachliche Erörterungen und bin auch bereit nachzugeben, wenn mein Gegenüber recht behalten sollte. Wichtig ist mir eigentlich nur, dass es ich anderen Wikipedianern gegenüber meinen Strukturvorschlag durchsetzen kann, denn ich betrachte diesen Aufbau des Artikels deinem in den Grundzugen überlegen. Wenn du mir beweisen kannst, dass die Besonderheiten meines Aufbaus unlogisch, nicht realitätskonform und schlecht erweiterbar sind, dann werde ich das Handtuch werfen, das Feld dir überlassen und den Fehler einsehen. Genaugenommen ist mir dieses Gerüst das wichtigste an der ganzen Geschichte. Mir ist noch kein einziges Grammatikbuch untergekommen, in dem erklärt wurde, ob Positionsangaben vor oder hinter dem Genitivattribute stehen, noch eines, in welchem die Satzstellung nicht im Kapitel "Der Satz" steht, obwohl diese Regel genauso für Infinitive aller Art anzuwenden sind. Dieser kleine, wenn furchtbar peinliche Flüchtigkeitsfehler spricht noch nicht gegen jenes Gerüst, ebensowenig die Tatsache, mein Englisch am Computer grottenschlecht werden kann. Es tut durchaus Leid, wenn ich den Eindruck erweckt habe, ich würde hier rumlügen. Nun denn, ich hoffe du hast das vorhergehende verstanden, und ich konnte hoffentlichklarstellen, dass ich ein "German native speaker" bin. For anybody who didn't understand this, the same stuff in short, stupid Englisch: I'm a native speaker. If you want, we can discuss on in German. I would like to know, why my _structure_ is faulty. "Der Auto" was just a, äh, *blätterblätterblätter* careless mistake, that made a wrong impression unfortunatly. Mal sehen, inwiefern sich meine Regeln auf den obigen Text anwenden lassen.

 * merge whatever into German grammar.--Jiang 01:38, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Wik, I have spent a lot of time into my article, and although it there maybe some mistakes, even in the recent version, a lot of it is usable. In order to set an end to this, please take a look at it and tell me where it is not conform with reality, I will correct the mistake, or at least I will mark those sections with a to do. Then I will merge it with German grammar, and we can live on happily, what do you think? This goes for everyone else interested in this topic.


text:
Meslay, Calvados

Meslay is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Buisson, La Vallée, L'Aître Cher, Les Brosses and Meslay.

Three streams The Bactot, The Trois Monts, and La Vieille Maison are the three watercourses running through the commune.

title: Meslay, Calvados


text:
Mesnil

Mesnil is derived from Latin mansionile, meaning a small mansio or dwelling, and may refer to:

Municipalities

 * Mesnil, Mauritius, a suburb in the town of Vacoas-Phoenix
 * Mesnil-Bruntel, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Clinchamps, a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France
 * Mesnil-Domqueur, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-en-Arrouaise, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Follemprise, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Mesnil-la-Comtesse, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Mesnil-Lettre, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Mesnil-Martinsart, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Mauger, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Panneville, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Raoul, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Rousset, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Saint-Georges, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Saint-Laurent, a commune in the Aisne department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Saint-Loup, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Saint-Père, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Mesnil-Sellières, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Mesnil-sous-Vienne, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Mesnil-sur-l'Estrée, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Mesnil-Verclives, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Blanc-Mesnil, a former commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northwestern France, now part of Sainte-Marguerite-sur-Mer
 * Bosc-Mesnil, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Dom-le-Mesnil, a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France
 * Graignes-Mesnil-Angot, a commune in the Manche department in north-western France
 * Grébault-Mesnil, a commune in the Somme department in northern France
 * Le Blanc-Mesnil, a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France
 * Le Torp-Mesnil, a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in northern France
 * Minaucourt-le-Mesnil-lès-Hurlus, a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France
 * Nagel-Séez-Mesnil, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Neuf-Mesnil, a commune in the Nord department in northern France
 * Petit-Mesnil, a commune in the Aube department in north-central France
 * Saint-Georges-du-Mesnil, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury, a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France
 * Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger, a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France
 * Saint-Pierre-du-Mesnil, a commune in the Eure department in northern France
 * Vieux-Mesnil, a commune in the Nord department in northern France

Other

 * Château de Mesnil-Voisin, a French castle located at the heart of the hamlet of "Mesnil-Voisin" in the commune of Bouray-sur-Juine in the department of Essonne

People

 * Félix Mesnil (1868–1938), French zoologist, biologist, botanist, mycologist and algologist
 * François-Jean de Mesnil-Durand (1736–1799), French tactician
 * Romain Mesnil (born 1977), French pole vaulter

title: Mesnil


text: User talk:144.214.222.231

title: User talk:144.214.222.231


text:
La Condamine

La Condamine (A Cundàmina ) is the central ward and a quartier in the Principality of Monaco. The quartier's landmarks include Port Hercules, the Rainier III Nautical Stadium, and the Princess Antoinette Park. Its farmers' market, at Place d'Armes, has been held since 1880.

Toponymy
Its current name comes from the vulgar Latin *condominium that designated in the Middle Ages a land, near the castle, reserved for the feudal lord and exempt from taxes, or sometimes a land subject to two lords at the same time.

History
The Monegasque constitution of 1911 created three communes: La Condamine was then one of the three communes of the Principality. It is there that Fernand Forest (fr) died in 1914. A single commune was re-established in 1918.

Legends
Saint Devote was martyred in Corsica in the 3rd century. According to tradition, the boat that was to carry her body to the African land was caught in a storm; a dove then guided her to the European shore and landed in Monaco. In the Middle Ages, the relics of the saint were stolen and taken away by boat. When the criminals were caught, their boat was burned. This is the origin of the ceremony which is celebrated on January 26 each year and during which a boat is burnt on the square in front of the votive church. The next day an imposing procession takes place.

Geography
The district occupies a small valley which was crossed by the railway viaduct (today the railway passes through a tunnel) which has become a road linking the district and Monte Carlo.

Overview
Condamine dates from the Middle Ages, and means cultivable land. It is the second oldest area of Monaco, after Monaco-Ville. Its location between Monaco-Ville and Monte Carlo provides residents and visitors easy access to both: in the early 20th century travel writers recommended its hotels as "much cheaper than those at Monte Carlo" while also as close to the "old city" (Monaco-Ville) as a tourist could stay, because Monaco-Ville has no hotels. The late 19th century official princely archivist Gustave Saige described it as the culmination of the "small semicircular" Port Hercule, "inclined amphitheatrically towards it."

Education

 * École de la Condamine
 * École des Révoires
 * International School of Monaco
 * Regency School of Languages
 * Lycée Technique et Hôtelier (hotel and technical school)
 * Académie Rainier III Musique et Théâtre

title: La Condamine


text:
USS Allen (DD-66)

USS Allen (DD-66) was a Sampson-class destroyer destroyer of the United States Navy launched in 1916. She was the second Navy ship named for Lieutenant William Henry Allen (1784–1813), a naval officer during the War of 1812. She was the longest-serving destroyer on the Naval Vessel Register when she was sold in 1946 and was one of the few US Navy ships completed during World War I to serve in World War II.

Construction and design
The construction of six destroyers of the Sampson-class destroyer for the US Navy was authorized in June 1914, with a contract being signed with Bath Iron Works for the construction of USS Allen on 30 January 1915. Allen was laid down by Bath Iron Works at their Bath Maine shipyard and was launched on 5 December 1916, sponsored by Miss Dorothea Dix Allen and Miss Harriet Allen Butler, and commissioned on 24 January 1917, Lieutenant Commander Samuel W. Bryant in command. Final delivery from Bath Iron Works was recorded as 22 October 1917, per the official records of the Bath Iron Works Company. (record Number 68). Construction cost was $816,185.43 for hull and machinery.

Allen was 315 ft long overall and 310 ft between perpendiculars, with a beam of 30 ft and a draft of 10 ft. Displacement was 920 LT standard and 1330 LT full load. Four Normand three-drum water tube boilers supplied saturated steam at 260 psi to two sets of Parsons steam turbines rated at 17500 shp. A geared cruising turbine was fitted which could drive the port propeller shaft. Design speed was 29.5 kn, with a speed of 30.29 kn reached during sea trials.

The ship was armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) 50-calibre guns, with two 1-pounder (37 mm) pom-pom autocannon providing anti-aircraft protection. Four treble mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted. Crew was 136 officers and other ranks during wartime and 103 during peacetime.

By 1930, Allen's pom-poms had been replaced by a single 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun. Allen was rearmed during World War II for escort operations, with two triple torpedo-tube mounts being removed to accommodate depth charge projectors and six Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.

World War I
In the five months after commissioning, Allen conducted patrol and escort duty along the eastern seaboard of the US and in the West Indies, continuing these duties following the United States entering World War I on the side of the Allies on 6 April. On the night of 30 April/1 May 1917, Allen was escorting the battleship USS Connecticut (BB-18) when she collided with the destroyer USS Duncan (DD-46), damaging both ships. On 14 June, the destroyer put to sea from New York in the escort of one of the first convoys to take American troops to Europe. After seeing the convoy safely across the Atlantic, Allen joined other American destroyers at Queenstown, Ireland, and began duty patrolling against U-boats and escorting convoys on the last leg of their voyage to Europe under the command of Commander Henry D. Cooke. Cooke was later awarded with the Navy Cross for his leadership of USS Allen.

That duty included escort missions into both French and British ports. During her service at Queenstown, she reported engagements with German submarines on 10 separate occasions, but postwar checks of German records failed to substantiate even the most plausible of the supposed encounters.

On 14 July 1917, Allen was escorting the merchant ships SS Rhesus and SS Idomeneus when Rhesus was missed by a torpedo, possibly from the German submarine SM U-49 or SM U-58. One of the last duties the destroyer performed in European waters came in December 1918 when she helped to escort SS George Washington, with President Woodrow Wilson embarked, into Brest, France, on the 13th. Following that mission, the destroyer returned to Queenstown, whence she departed on the day after Christmas, bound for home. Allen pulled into New York on 7 January 1919.

Inter-War Period
After voyage repairs, the destroyer resumed duty along the East Coast and in the West Indies with the United States Atlantic Fleet. That duty continued until 22 June 1922, at which time she was placed out of commission, in reserve. She was placed back in commission three years later, on 23 June 1925. Allen spent almost three years as a training platform for naval reservists at Washington, D.C. In March 1928, the destroyer returned to the Reserve Fleet and was berthed at Philadelphia. There, she remained for more than 12 years. On 23 August 1940, Allen was recommissioned at Philadelphia.

World War II
Following a brief period of service on the United States East Coast, Allen was reassigned to the Pacific Fleet as a unit of Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 80. By the time Allen returned to commission, the Pacific Fleet had been moved from its base on the United States West Coast to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a gesture to "restrain" the Japanese. Therefore, Allen moved to the Hawaiian base, whence she operated until the beginning of hostilities between the United States and Japan.

On the morning of 7 December 1941, Allen was moored in East Loch to the northeast of Ford Island and just southeast of the hospital ship USS Solace (AH-5). During the Japanese attack on the harbor that morning, she claimed to have assisted in downing three enemy planes.

Following the attack, Allen began duty escorting ships between islands of the Hawaiian chain and patrolling the area for enemy ships, primarily submarines. A primary training function of Allen during this period was to work up new submarine crews in penetrating ASW defensive positions, with Allen acting as the defender. This task is recorded in several histories of US submarine operations in the Pacific as their first actual action against a ship. She also made periodic round-trip voyages to the United States West Coast. Such duty remained her occupation throughout World War II.

In September 1945, Allen steamed from Hawaii to Philadelphia, where she was placed out of commission on 15 October 1945. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 November 1945, and she was sold to the Boston Metals Company, Baltimore, Maryland, on 26 September 1946 for scrapping.

Being in service prior to the US entry into World War I, and serving through World War II, Allen was the longest-serving destroyer on the Naval Register when she was sold.

Awards

 * World War I Victory Medal with "DESTROYER" clasp
 * American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star
 * World War II Victory Medal

title: USS Allen (DD-66)


text: File:The Corrs Unplugged.jpg

title: File:The Corrs Unplugged.jpg


text:
Le Mesnil

Le Mesnil may refer to:

Places
Le Mesnil or le Mesnail is the name or part of the name of several places:

Belgium

 * Le Mesnil, Belgium, a commune in the municipality of Viroinval in the Namur province

France
Mesnil and Le Mesnil is the name or part of the name of several communes or former communes in France:

 * Le Mesnil, in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil-Amelot, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Le Mesnil Auzouf, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil Bacley, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Benoist, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Bœuf, a former commune that is now a part of Isigny-le-Buat in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil-Bonant, a former commune that is now a part of Gavray in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil Caussois, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil Dray, a former commune that is now a part of Foligny in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil Durand, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Esnard, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Le Mesnil-Eudes, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil Germain, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil au Grain, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil Guillaume, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Hue, a former commune that is now part of Gavray in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil-Mauger, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-sur-Oger, in the Marne département
 * Le Mesnil-Patry, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Robert, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Simon (disambiguation)
 * Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy, in the Calvados département
 * Le Mesnil-Thébault, a former commune that is now a part of Isigny-le-Buat in the Manche département
 * Le Mesnil Villement, in the Calvados département
 * Mesnil-Clinchamps, in the Calvados département

title: Le Mesnil