text:
Signal strength in telecommunications

In telecommunications, particularly in radio frequency engineering, signal strength refers to the transmitter power output as received by a reference antenna at a distance from the transmitting antenna. High-powered transmissions, such as those used in broadcasting, are expressed in dB-millivolts per metre (dBmV/m). For very low-power systems, such as mobile phones, signal strength is usually expressed in dB-microvolts per metre (dBμV/m) or in decibels above a reference level of one milliwatt (dBm). In broadcasting terminology, 1 mV/m is 1000 μV/m or 60 dBμ (often written dBu).

 * Examples:
 * 100 dBμ or 100 mV/m: blanketing interference may occur on some receivers
 * 60 dBμ or 1.0 mV/m: frequently considered the edge of a radio station's protected area in North America
 * 40 dBμ or 0.1 mV/m: the minimum strength at which a station can be received with acceptable quality on most receivers

Relationship to average radiated power
The electric field strength at a specific point can be determined from the power delivered to the transmitting antenna, its geometry and radiation resistance. Consider the case of a center-fed half-wave dipole antenna in free space, where the total length L is equal to one half wavelength (λ/2). If constructed from thin conductors, the current distribution is essentially sinusoidal and the radiating electric field is given by

E_\theta (r) = {-jI_\circ\over 2\pi\varepsilon_0 c\, r} {\cos\left(\scriptstyle{\pi\over 2}\cos\theta\right)\over\sin\theta} e^{j\left(\omega t-kr\right)} $$

where $$\scriptstyle{\theta}$$ is the angle between the antenna axis and the vector to the observation point, $$\scriptstyle{I_\circ}$$ is the peak current at the feed-point, $$\scriptstyle{\varepsilon_0 \, = \, 8.85\times 10^{-12} \, F/m }$$ is the permittivity of free-space, $$\scriptstyle{c \, = \, 3\times 10^8 \, m/s}$$ is the speed of light in vacuum, and $$\scriptstyle{r}$$ is the distance to the antenna in meters. When the antenna is viewed broadside ($$\scriptstyle{\theta \, = \, \pi/2}$$) the electric field is maximum and given by

\vert E_{\pi/2}(r) \vert = { I_\circ \over 2\pi\varepsilon_0 c\, r }\,. $$

Solving this formula for the peak current yields

I_\circ = 2\pi\varepsilon_0 c \, r\vert E_{\pi/2}(r) \vert \,. $$

The average power to the antenna is

 * $$ {P_{avg} = {1 \over 2} R_a \, I_\circ^2 } $$

where $$ \scriptstyle{R_a = 73.13\,\Omega} $$ is the center-fed half-wave antenna's radiation resistance. Substituting the formula for $$ \scriptstyle{I_\circ} $$ into the one for $$ \scriptstyle{P_{avg}} $$ and solving for the maximum electric field yields

\vert E_{\pi/2}(r)\vert \, = \, {1 \over \pi\varepsilon_0 c \, r} \sqrt \, = \, {9.91 \over r} \sqrt{ P_{avg} } \quad (L = \lambda /2) \,. $$

Therefore, if the average power to a half-wave dipole antenna is 1 mW, then the maximum electric field at 313 m (1027 ft) is 1 mV/m (60 dBμ).

For a short dipole ($$\scriptstyle{L \ll \lambda /2}$$) the current distribution is nearly triangular. In this case, the electric field and radiation resistance are

E_\theta (r) = {-jI_\circ \sin (\theta) \over 4 \varepsilon_0 c\, r} \left ( {L \over \lambda} \right ) e^{j\left(\omega t-kr\right)} \,, \quad R_a = 20\pi^2 \left ( {L \over \lambda} \right )^2. $$

Using a procedure similar to that above, the maximum electric field for a center-fed short dipole is

\vert E_{\pi/2}(r)\vert \, = \, {1 \over \pi\varepsilon_0 c \, r} \sqrt \, = \, {9.48 \over r} \sqrt{ P_{avg} } \quad (L \ll \lambda /2)\,. $$

RF signals
Although there are cell phone base station tower networks across many nations globally, there are still many areas within those nations that do not have good reception. Some rural areas are unlikely to ever be covered effectively since the cost of erecting a cell tower is too high for only a few customers. Even in areas with high signal strength, basements and the interiors of large buildings often have poor reception.

Weak signal strength can also be caused by destructive interference of the signals from local towers in urban areas, or by the construction materials used in some buildings causing significant attenuation of signal strength. Large buildings such as warehouses, hospitals and factories often have no usable signal further than a few metres from the outside walls.

This is particularly true for the networks which operate at higher frequency since these are attenuated more by intervening obstacles, although they are able to use reflection and diffraction to circumvent obstacles.

Estimated received signal strength
The estimated received signal strength in an active RFID tag can be estimated as follows:
 * $$\mathrm{dBm_e} = -43.0 - 40.0\ \log_{10}\left( \frac{r}{R}\right)$$

In general, you can take the path loss exponent into account:
 * $$\mathrm{dBm_e} = -43.0 - 10.0 \ \gamma \ \log_{10}\left( \frac{r}{R}\right)$$

The effective path loss depends on frequency, topography, and environmental conditions.

Actually, one could use any known signal power dBm0 at any distance r0 as a reference:
 * $$\mathrm{dBm_e} = \mathrm{dBm}_0 - 10.0 \ \gamma \ \log_{10}\left( \frac{r}{r_0} \right)$$

Number of decades

 * $$\log_{10} ( R / r )$$ would give an estimate of the number of decades, which coincides with an average path loss of 40 dB/decade.

Estimate the cell radius
When we measure cell distance r and received power $dBm_{m}$ pairs, we can estimate the mean cell radius as follows:

 * $$R_e = \operatorname{avg}[ \ r \ 10 ^ { ( \mathrm{dBm_m} + 43.0 ) / 40.0 } \ ]$$

Specialized calculation models exist to plan the location of a new cell tower, taking into account local conditions and radio equipment parameters, as well as consideration that mobile radio signals have line-of-sight propagation, unless reflection occurs.

title: Signal strength in telecommunications


text:
Regions of Mauritania

Mauritania is divided into 15 regions (wilayat):

During the Mauritanian occupation of Western Sahara (1975–79), its portion of the territory (mainly corresponding to the lower half of Río de Oro province) was named Tiris al-Gharbiyya.

The regions (wilaya) are subdivided into 44 departments; see departments of Mauritania for more information.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Regions of Mauritania


text:
User talk:Naus

let me be your friend
i'm interested in the topic of life chinese student in medical schools in north america. let me be your friend and talk to you through email. Blond knight of germany 10:05, 5 July 2007 (UTC) Sorry!!!!!!!! NO!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacob is a kiddy (talk • contribs) 14:46, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Virginia Tech massacre question
I've posted a question on the Talk page of the Virginia Tech massacre article regarding the necessity of including the shooter's nation of origin in the lead of that article. As you were the most recent person to add this to the article, it would be good if you could participate in the discussion. Thanks! --ElKevbo 19:27, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Responded. --Naus 19:34, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks again for your insights regarding Cho and the Korean word 자폐증 (japyejeung). Much appreciated. —Sandover 16:56, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

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nishishei?
If you are, please give me your newest contact information to wu.chinese@googlemail.com

Wtzdj 09:49, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

和吴尖团问的是同一个问题. 我就是庞. 请到我的用户页坐. 现在在哪个论坛? Penkyamp (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 02:53, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Comment
What are you talking about? I do not check user edits.--James, La gloria è a dio 04:07, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Goguryeo-Han Wars, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

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Good friend100 01:45, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

work together
I agree with you. Gaogouli must be purged of the Korean nationalists as you have said. We need to make the article fair and NPOV. DefenseofChina 18:06, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Naus, be careful of what DefenseofChina is telling to you, we have to calm down and write interesting articles instead of doing fruitless revert edit war and respect other user by adding relevant sources instead of laughing at their face as he is doing. For example, i am a Korean French guy and i am very intersted in writing articles related to history of Manchuria or Northeast China or whatever : i wrote articles about Khitans (before 907) (see List of the Khitan rulers) before the Liao dynasty (907-1125) which have no history connections with Korean peninsula. Zaijian. Regards.Whlee 17:31, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

No Personal Attacks
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Mediation on template:History of Manchuria
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I have opened up a discussion on Assault11 talk page regarding History of Manchuria template under the title Northeast China. I hope you can take a look and leave comments. Wiki Pokemon 15:20, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Proposal for complete deletion of section GAWC 1999 Edition !
Reasons: a) outdated study published 8 years ago (conducted even earlier) b) 2004 Edition is available and reflects the current state c) presenting two editions is no extra information value d) The GAWC 1999 studies in general pretends to define a status of major cities but only focuses economic data. This is misleading and already resulted in a widespread citation within Wikipedia major city articles. Proposal: If there are no multiple serious arguments for keeping it, the section should be deleted within the next 7 days. all the best Lear 21 15:18, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

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template:History of Manchuria
Wiki pokemon is now trying to replace template:History of Manchuria with template:History of Northeast China, so I have nominated template:History of Northeast China on TfD(Template for Deletion) for POV forking here. Please help reach a consensus on this issue. Cydevil38 20:17, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

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Article on China
Naus, I've decided to withdraw from discussions on the article on China. After you called Kirlston's contributions "crap", which I effectively seconded, he has been getting more and more out of hand in the way he approaches the article. He appears to know nothing about China, which shows in some of the erroneous statements he has made. Now he is telling us from his armchair that Japan should be included in the article on "China"! Since I feel rather strongly about people who haven't got a clue about the facts bursting in and trying to edit articles about China, I think it's better to keep away from this kind of controversy. Bathrobe (talk) 05:13, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

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Please claim your upload(s): File:Sinitic Languages oldversion.gif
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title: User talk:Naus


text: User talk:203.25.82.58

title: User talk:203.25.82.58


text:
Talk:Comparison of butterflies and moths

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SamFeinberg.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:12, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Differences between butterflies and moths
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Differences between butterflies and moths's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "scoble": From Arctiidae: Scoble, MJ. (1995) The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Second ed. Oxford University Press. From Lepidoptera: Scoble, MJ 1995. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. Oxford, UK: The Oxford University Press; 404 p.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 04:04, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Heterocera, a former suborder?
I'm posting this here because Heterocera redirects to this article. According to, Heterocera is a "formerly recognized suborder of Lepidoptera" - this means that: --Notmyhandle (talk) 04:07, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Moth has an incorrect infobox, where the unranked Heterocera should be correctly classified as a suborder (see next point); also note that other sites refer to it as a suborder.
 * 2) Because it is referred to as "formerly recognized", the suborder Heterocera has controversy/history that should be addressed by its own article, or this article because Heterocera redirects here. This history should be addressed to clarify its current status (as a possibly "unranked" taxonomic rank).

"True Butterfiles"?
I am by no means an expert, but is it safe enough to assume that the phrase "true butterfiles" (in parentheses after the link to "Papilionoidea") in the first paragraph is a typo? Brettpeirce (talk) 13:39, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Choice of illustrations
The long standing (since 2004) examples of butterflies vs moths were poor quality, after a long search for clean, representative examples I have added a couple which I think illustrate the extremes as described in the article. I will look for a few more illustrations of other points in the article. --Tony Wills (talk) 07:41, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Moths do not form chrysalides
It can be read in the "Pupae" section, "For example, the Hawk moths form an exposed chrysalis" By definition, moths do not form chrysalides/chrysalises. However, this is based on information stated in the "Pupa" wiki article, as follows in the "Chrysalis" section, "It is important to differentiate between pupa, chrysalis and cocoon. The pupa is the stage between the larva and adult stages. The chrysalis is a butterfly pupa. A cocoon is a silk case that moths, and sometimes other insects, spin around the pupa." Atreyiu (talk) 01:04, 27 May 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Atreyiu (talk • contribs) 00:47, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Question about examples of Examples of exceptions to the general moth/butterfly distinctions
Hi everyone,

I was thinking that we should add in some examples of butterflies to this section. Using the Cabbage White Butterfly makes sense because it is mentioned earlier in the entry. It is important for people to realize that moths and butterflies can both share characteristics with the other. Thanks, SamFeinberg (talk) 00:28, 23 July 2018 (UTC)


text:
Vermont (automobile)

The Vermont is a name given to a 1903 Winton that became the first automobile to cross the United States. It traveled from San Francisco, California to Manhattan, New York. The crew was owner Horatio Nelson Jackson, mechanic Sewall K. Crocker and their dog Bud.

The car is in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History after Jackson himself donated the vehicle to the museum.

title: Vermont (automobile)


text:
Grahm Junior College

Grahm Junior College was a non-profit junior college located in Boston, Massachusetts. It opened in 1951 under the name Cambridge School, as part of a chain of schools that started in New York City and later included Chicago and Philadelphia branches. It was accredited in 1964 as a business school and later expanded to include radio and TV broadcasting. It was renamed Grahm Junior College in 1968. The college radio station and a closed-circuit television station were known as WCSB.

History
The school opened in 1951 under the name Cambridge School, as part of a private chain of schools based in New York City. Originally located at 18 Tremont Street, it moved to 120 Boylston Street, then to 687 Boylston Street, and finally to Kenmore Square. The 687 Boylston Street building, "The Kensington" had two lions flanking the entrance, and the school therefore adopted the lion as its mascot. The same lions now flank the entrance to the Fairmont Copley Hotel. The Cambridge School became accredited as a Junior College of business in 1964 and later expanded its offerings to include secretarial studies, hospitality, and radio and TV broadcasting.

At its peak enrollment of 1,300 students in 1968, the school occupied 4 buildings in Boston's Kenmore Square, the notable Hotel Kenmore (dormitories), Wadsworth Hall (dormitories) the present-day Hotel Buckminster (dormitories and classrooms) and 632 Beacon Street (offices, classrooms and broadcast studios). The Cambridge School purchased 632 Beacon Street in May 1965 from the Hotel Corporation of America. It had been previously owned by the Lumber Mutual Insurance Company. Sale prices was purported to be under three million dollars. The Kenmore Hotel was purchased by the Cambridge School in 1965. The Saint George Hotel (circa 1911) was purchased in 1966 (appraised at $300,000) and renamed Leavitt Hall.

In 1968, the school was renamed Grahm Junior College after its long-term president, Milton L. Grahm. In September the same year, it was restructured as a non-profit institution. In 1969, the college announced a $6 million development program, including $500,000 of equipment. It included two television studios and radio studios. The library was expanded and 14 classrooms were added. A physical education facility, classrooms, offices and an endowment were envisioned, but never realized. In 1974, the school received accreditation by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.

By 1974, enrollment at Grahm was declining, attributed by many to the end of the military draft and the rise of the community college system. In the mid-1970s many two-year colleges began to close or shed buildings or other assets. The Boston Globe reported that 30 out of 40 two year and trade schools closed between 1970 and 1980. In early 1977 Grahm's financial distress was publicly disclosed. Enrollment had declined 12 percent in three years. Staff salaries were cut and others were laid off. Fuel bills and inability to refinance were cited by the college administration as primary causes.

In March 1977 Grahm Junior College filed for reorganization under the bankruptcy code, citing $3 million in assets and $3.326 million in liabilities. Creditors repossessed much of the school's instructional assets in April 1979. Faculty continued to teach without pay in order for the final class to graduate, and the school closed that summer. Boston University purchased 632 Beacon St. (Myles Annex), 490 Commonwealth (Kenmore Hall) and the adjacent Wadsworth Hall in October 1979. The rights to the academic programs were acquired by Mount Ida College.

Alumni activities
Reunions have been held beginning at the turn of the millennium, and there are alumni groups on social media.

Notable alumni

 * Jon Butcher, rock musician, freelance multimedia producer
 * Tom Cheek, radio play-by-play announcer for the Toronto Blue Jays and Baseball Hall of FameClass of 2013 member, attended 1960-1
 * JP Dellacamera, sportscaster for Atlanta Thrashers (NHL), New York Red Bulls (MLS). Broadcast Women's World Cup game for ABC. Graduated 1972.
 * Micki Dickoff, writer, director and producer, Emmy Award winner, Humanitas Prize nominee
 * Don Earle, play-by-play announcer for the Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers
 * Paul Fusco, writer/producer, creator of ALF, graduated 1973
 * Andy Kaufman, entertainer/comedian, graduated 1971
 * Jason Haikara, Co-President at Filmaka, Co-Chair at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Website Committee, former Senior Vice President, Marketing at Fox Broadcasting Company, attended 1978–79
 * Gary LaPierre, anchor of the WBZ morning radio news for 43 years
 * Tom Meek, writer/producer/expert witness, attended 1978–79
 * Marc Summers, TV host, TV producer, author, (Double Dare, Food Network), graduated 1973
 * Otto Felix, motion picture and television actor, acting teacher and still photographer, graduated March 1965
 * Eddie Palladino, Announcer for the Boston Celtics. graduated 1977
 * Bob Fouracre, American sportscaster
 * John Cigna, American radio personality, KDKA

title: Grahm Junior College


text:
M-185 (Michigan highway)

M-185 is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan that circles Mackinac Island, a popular tourist destination on the Lake Huron side of the Straits of Mackinac, along the island's shoreline. A narrow paved road of 8.004 mi, it offers scenic views of the straits that divide the Upper and the Lower peninsulas of Michigan and Lakes Huron and Michigan. It has no connection to any other Michigan state trunkline highways—as it is on an island—and is accessible only by passenger ferry. The City of Mackinac Island, which shares jurisdiction over the island with the Mackinac Island State Park Commission (MISPC), calls the highway Main Street within the built-up area on the island's southeast quadrant, and Lake Shore Road elsewhere. M-185 passes by several important sites within Mackinac Island State Park, including Fort Mackinac, Arch Rock, British Landing, and Devil's Kitchen. Lake Shore Road carries the highway next to the Lake Huron shoreline, running between the water's edge and woodlands outside the downtown area.

According to the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), M-185 is "the only state highway in the nation where motor vehicles are banned". Traffic on it is by foot, on horse, by horse-drawn vehicle, or by bicycle. Restrictions on automobiles date back to 1898, and since the ban, only a few vehicles have been permitted on the island other than the city's emergency vehicles. The highway was built during the first decade of the 20th century by the state and designated as a state highway in 1933. The highway was paved in 1960, and portions were rebuilt to deal with shoreline erosion in the 1980s. Until an accident in 2005, it was the only state highway without any automobile accidents.

Route description
As a circular highway, M-185 has no specific termini; the generally accepted starting point is at the mile 0 marker placed in front of the Mackinac Island State Park Visitor Center. The highway uses wooden markers to measure miles instead of the common metal signage; these signs are erected by the MISPC, as MDOT does not install the standard state highway reassurance markers along this roadway. M-185 is one of only three state trunkline highways in Michigan on islands; the others are M-134 on Drummond Island and M-154 on Harsens Island. No part of M-185 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roadways important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. Over a half million people travel along the trunkline in a year.

Mackinac Island has been a tourist destination since the late 19th century. The island was the country's second national park, after Yellowstone, until the land was given to Michigan in 1895 to become its first state park. M-185 has been recognized in the press for its unique role as the only state highway without car traffic in the United States by such publications as the Chicago Tribune, The Kansas City Star, The Saturday Evening Post, and the Toronto Star. In 2003, it was named the "best scenic drive" in the state by The Detroit News. In 2008, USA Today named the island one of the "10 great places to get your feet back on the ground" as a car-free destination, highlighting the unique status of M-185 in the process. The magazine Paraplegia News, in an article encouraging its readers to visit Mackinac Island, called the trek around the island on M-185 a "high priority" for visitors. The trip around the island "provides a photo opportunity at every bend in the path", according to the PSA Journal, the official magazine of the Photographic Society of America.

Along the harbor
The beginning and ending of M-185 is marked at the intersection of Main and Fort streets next to the visitor center. That building is operated by the MISPC, but it was originally a US Coast Guard station. From its starting point, M-185 heads east between Marquette Park, at the base of Fort Mackinac, and the marina at Haldimand Bay. The roadway passes the Indian Dormitory (Mackinac Art Center), as well as various hotels, bed and breakfast establishments, private residences and landmarks such as Sainte Anne's Catholic Church, Mission Church and the Mission House. Main Street then turns northeasterly, passing Mission Point Resort (the former Mackinac College), after which the road name changes to Lake Shore Road. Along this section of the trunkline, Shoreline Trail departs to the south and follows the water's edge before returning to M-185 at the city's water filtration plant.

Around the island
After rounding Mission Point, M-185 continues north-northwesterly along the eastern shore of Mackinac Island, first passing Dwightwood Spring then the Arch Rock viewing area just beyond the mile 1 marker. The next two miles (3.2 km) of M-185 are relatively isolated and devoid of major landmarks as the highway rounds Hennepin Point and runs along Voyageur's Bay. Other than a few picnic tables, the only feature between Arch Rock and mile 3 is the Lake Shore Nature Trail, a short interpretive trail on the inland side of the road. Just beyond mile 3, Scott's Shore Road, a short gravel-surfaced connecting roadway between Lake Shore Road and Scott's Road, departs inland near Point St. Clair. M-185 is bounded by the interior woods on one side and the beaches and rocky shores on the other through this area.

Mile 4 is situated at Point aux Pins at the northernmost point of the island. Here, M-185 turns southerly, passing the state boat dock and a nature center before coming to British Landing at the intersection with British Landing Road. The area is a popular stopping point for tourists biking or walking M-185; it is the location where British troops came ashore during the Battle of Mackinac Island during the War of 1812. Located around British Landing are various amenities including restrooms, picnic tables, and a concession stand. M-185 continues along Maniboajo Bay and passes the mile 5 marker near Radisson Point.

The next area along M-185 is also sparsely developed as it passes along Griffin Cove. Other than a few newer residential developments, the sights are limited to Brown's Brook, which features a picnic area and interpretive nature trail, and the views of the Mackinac Bridge as the trunkline rounds both Heriot and Perrot points. Between the markers for miles 6 and 7 is Devil's Kitchen, another popular tourist stopping point, at Jacker Point. Near mile 7 is the West Bluff Stairs leading up the bluff to Pontiac's Lookout. Further along, there is a marker commemorating the filming of a scene from Somewhere in Time as well as views of the Grand Hotel. The building's 660 ft front porch is promoted as the "longest in the world". Visible to the east of the hotel is Michigan's second Governor's Mansion, which is used as a summer retreat for the state's chief executive. At this point, M-185 transitions back to the more developed portion of the island and the road name for the trunkline changes back to Main Street. Next to the roadway, a boardwalk runs from here into the downtown business district.

Entering downtown
The first landmark as the highway approaches downtown Mackinac Island is the island's public school building. As it passes the island's public library on the shoreline side of the street, Main Street makes a sweeping curve to the north at Windermere, or Biddle's, Point to run through the downtown district. Other than the library, most of the city's public buildings are actually situated along Market Street, one block behind Main Street. Three streets and a city park allow for connections between Main and Market streets. M-185 through downtown Mackinac Island passes through the major business district, featuring dozens of shops, restaurants and lodging establishments; nearly a dozen of these outlets feature the authentic Mackinac Island fudge made fresh daily during tourist season. The passenger ferry docks are all situated along Main Street in the downtown area. At the northeastern end of the downtown district, Main Street intersects Fort Street at the state park visitor center to complete its circuit of Mackinac Island.

History
The first city ordinances banning all motorized vehicles from the island were passed on July 6, 1898, with similar state park rules coming in 1901. The residents complained after a doctor's car scared their horses and caused carriage accidents, and these complaints prompted the ban. This ban was extended to "motor bicycles" in 1907. As such, other than a handful of emergency and utility vehicles as well as others by special, limited-time permit, no cars or trucks are allowed on the island and no motorized vehicles appear on M-185. During the winter months, the Mackinac Island Police sometimes patrols the island by snowmobile. Traffic on this highway is by foot, on horse, by horse-drawn vehicle, or by bicycle; M-185 is the only such state highway in the country "that allows no automobiles". As a result, the roadside litter is picked up using a horse-drawn wagon.

Lake Shore Road around the island was built between 1900 and 1910 by the state. The M-185 designation was first assigned in 1933 when park officials convinced the state highway commissioner to add the roadway to the state highway system because their budget could not cover the maintenance costs. The roadway was purpose-built for non-motorized use; it is narrower than other state highways. Its 12 ft width is the equivalent of a standard highway lane. In late 1960, the state paved the road in asphalt, replacing the previous limestone and manure composition used previously. With the cessation of the car ferries across the Straits of Mackinac, and the extra costs to get the necessary equipment to the island, annual maintenance rose to $14,000/year (equivalent to $0/year in ). After the resurfacing, annual costs were expected to drop to $5,000/year (equivalent to $0/year in ). Since the 1970s, the MISPC has allowed snowmobiles to operate on Mackinac Island during the winter. In 1976, a centerline was painted on the highway for the first time, and provisions for bicycle parking were added to the downtown sections. Work was also done to mitigate erosion in the $200,000 (equivalent to $0 in ) project.

In the mid-1980s, rising water levels in Lake Huron endangered M-185 and bicyclists. The roadway was overwashed by waves from the lake during a storm on May 31, 1985; the waves littered the road with gravel and dirt and raised fears of erosion. MDOT spent around $50,000 (equivalent to $0 in ) to install 2500 ST of rock and filter cloth designed to prevent erosion. The expectation at the time was that Lake Huron could rise another 4 - 5 in that summer. Such a lake level increase prompted worries that the waves would wash away sections of the road. The lake had already washed away shoreline near Arch Rock; there was at least 8 ft of berm between the road and shoreline in the 1970s and by 1985 some sections had been reduced to just 2 in. Storms later that year washed away sections of M-185, removing huge chunks of asphalt. MDOT closed those stretches on July 7, 1986, after the Independence Day weekend, to fix the damage. Repairs were budgeted to replace the missing sections of roadway at a cost of $894,366 (equivalent to $ in ); tourists were detoured inland, and uphill, to access the island's various tourist attractions.

In 1979, while filming Somewhere in Time, a car was brought on the island for Christopher Reeve's character to drive. The next time that a vehicle was permitted on the island was on July 6, 1998, to commemorate the original ordinance that prohibited cars from Mackinac Island. A 1901 Geneva steam-powered car toured the island and was exhibited in Marquette Park before being towed by horse back to British Landing. When Vice President Mike Pence visited the island in September 2019 to attend the Mackinac Republican Leadership Conference, he was accompanied by an eight-vehicle motorcade, a first for the island; a car was hidden on the island in case of emergency when President Gerald R. Ford visited in 1975.

MDOT obtained a $242,000 grant (equivalent to $0 in ) from the Federal Highway Administration in 2002 to purchase conservation easements along M-185. The land adjacent to the highway on the east side of the island is publicly owned while along the west it is mostly private. The grant allowed the MISPC and MDOT to either purchase the development rights to adjacent properties along Lake Shore Road, or the adjacent properties themselves.

The only known motor vehicle collision on Mackinac Island occurred on M-185 at the head of the Shepler passenger ferry dock on May 13, 2005, when the island's fire truck slightly damaged the door on the island's ambulance; both vehicles were responding to a report from the ferryboat that an injured passenger required medical attention. Before this incident, it was the only state highway that "never had an automobile accident" according to the Toronto Star.

In early 2016, the Native American Cultural Trail was created along M-185. The trail consists of a series of six information panels with bicycle parking areas. The panels were created in a collaboration between the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians and the MISPC along with funding by Mackinac Associates, a friends group that works with the state park. A portion of M-185 was resurfaced starting in September 2016. MDOT estimated the cost to be $900,000 (equivalent to $0 in ).

In late 2019, high water levels and winter storms damaged sections of the highway, and MDOT initiated emergency repairs including some erosion mitigation measures at a projected cost of $350,000. Further reconstruction work was started in 2020 to repair about half of the highway at a cost of about $1.4 million. M-185 was closed at the state park boundary north of the Mission Point Resort to British Landing, a distance of about 4 mi in mid-June. This project includes the installation of rip-rap to help protect the roadway from rising water levels in the Great Lakes. MDOT plans to have the project completed by mid-September and to open sections of the highway to tourist traffic in stages as work is completed, starting with the stretch north to Arch Rock. Additionally to accommodate tourists, the roadway will be initially rebuilt with a gravel surface to be paved later in the year as work progresses.

In 2024, M-185 was the last state highway in Michigan to receive a speed limit. Legislation signed by Governor Gretchen Whitmer set a limit of 15 mph along the highway, noting that some e-bikes could reach speeds of 28 mph.

Major intersections
The entire highway is on Mackinac Island, which is located in Mackinac County. Milemarkers are posted in a counterclockwise fashion.

title: M-185 (Michigan highway)


text:
Talk:The Coming Global Superstorm

If the text is taken directly from the book blurb it needs to be rewritten for copyright purposes, and also to prevent people from thinking it's dogmatically factual. Lee M 02:57, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Removed book blurb.--Montanean 12:50, May 30, 2004 (UTC)

I removed the "stub" tag from this article, because I think it's not brief enough to be considered a stub. It actually has a little bit of detail, which makes it more than a minimalist placeholder. It could of course be expanded with some further details about its contents, and maybe about the scientific discussion about its accuracy, although a lot of that would overlap with content in The Day After Tomorrow. --209.108.217.226 18:06, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Coming Global Superstorm


text:
Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)

The subdivisions of Georgia are autonomous republics (ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა, avt’onomiuri resp’ublik’a), regions (მხარე, mkhare), and municipalities (მუნიციპალიტეტი, munitsip’alit’et’i).

Georgia is a unitary state, whose borders are defined by the law as corresponding to the situation of 21 December 1991. It includes two autonomous republics (ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა, avt’onomiuri resp’ublik’a), those of Adjara and Abkhazia, the latter being outside Georgia's effective control. The former Soviet-era autonomous entity of South Ossetia is also not currently under Georgia's de facto jurisdiction, and has no final defined constitutional status in Georgia's territorial arrangement.

The territory of Georgia is currently subdivided into a total of 69 municipalities of which 5 are self-governing cities (ქალაქი, kalaki), including the nation's capital of Tbilisi, and 64 municipalities consisting of multiple urban or rural settlements which are grouped in administrative communities (თემი, temi) within the municipality. The municipalities outside the two autonomous republics and Tbilisi are grouped, on a provisional basis, into nine regions (mkhare): Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Shida Kartli. Tbilisi itself is divided into ten districts (რაიონი, raioni).

Autonomous republics
The two autonomous republics, Abkhazia and Adjara, were established during the Soviet era and are recognized by the modern Constitution of Georgia adopted in 1995.

Adjara
Adjara is subdivided into 6 municipalities:
 * 1) The self-governing city of Batumi, which is the entity's capital;
 * 2) The self-governing municipality of Keda;
 * 3) The self-governing municipality of Kobuleti;
 * 4) The self-governing municipality of Khelvachauri;
 * 5) The self-governing municipality of Shuakhevi;
 * 6) The self-governing municipality of Khulo.

Abkhazia
As a result of the military conflicts in 1992–1993 and 2008, Georgia has no effective control over Abkhazia, whose declaration of independence is recognized by Russia and three other UN member states. Georgia considers Abkhazia as its autonomous republic, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi, and currently an occupied territory. Abkhazia's territory, in the Kodori Valley, which had been under Georgia's control prior to the Russo–Georgian War of 2008, is de jure the self-governing community of Azhara. Abkhazia's secessionist government divides the entity's territory into seven districts (raion).

South Ossetia
South Ossetia enjoyed the status of an autonomous oblast in the Soviet era. When Georgia became independent, South Ossetia covered four municipalities that are de jure in separate present-day Georgian regions (established only after 1994): the eastern tip of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, the north-east part of Imereti, the northern half of Shida Kartli, and the western part of Mtskheta-Mtianeti.

After the military conflicts in 1991–1992 and 2008, Georgia considers the former Autonomous Oblast of South Ossetia an occupied territory. Its status is not constitutionally defined by Georgia, but there is an Administration of South Ossetia sitting in exile in Tbilisi. The territory which had been under Georgia's control prior to the Russo–Georgian War of 2008, was organized into four municipalities, which retain their de jure status. South Ossetia's secessionist government divides the entity's territory into four districts (raion).

The laws of Georgia include a notion that the final subdivision and system of local self-government should be established after the restoration of the state's sovereignty in the occupied territories.

Regions

Regions (mkhare) were established by presidential decrees from 1994 to 1996, on a provisional basis until the secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia are resolved. They roughly correspond to the traditional principal historical and geographical areas of Georgia. A region is not a self-governing unit; its function is, rather, to coordinate communication of several municipalities (with the exception of the municipalities of Adjara and that of Tbilisi) with the central government of Georgia, which is represented in a region by an official appointed by Prime Minister, the State Commissioner (სახელმწიფო რწმუნებული), informally known as "governor" (გუბერნატორი).

Municipalities
According to the Georgian law, a municipality is a settlement or a group of settlements with defined borders and self-government. There are two types of municipalities—self-governing cities, five in total, and self-governing communities, 64 in total as of January 2019. The current municipalities were established between 2006 and 2017. Most of the municipalities recapitulate the boundaries and names of earlier subdivisions, known as raioni (district).


text:
Talk:Les Wexner

Les Wexner and Jeffery Epstein true relationship
Les Wexner testifies that he cut ties with Epstein in 2007, but yet in 2011 he transfers his NYC mansion to Epstein for $0 dollars

https://nypost.com/2019/11/13/jeffrey-epsteins-creepy-nyc-mansion-could-be-worth-100m/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.12.216.122 (talk) 11:29, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Unclear
The article says: "where his mother and the Governor of Ohio live." That implies that his mother and the Governor of Ohio are living together as a family, no? Probably that was not the original intent. If that was the intent, the article should say which Governor of Ohio his mother is or was living with. Is his father one of the governors of that state?--Kim é‡‘ 03:38, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

The list of brands here is the same as on the Limited Brands article, but is less accurate. Should it be deleted? Chrisny2 01:52, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * the list of brands are identical. Stuph 09:42, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Picasso Nude in a blackArmchair.jpg
Image:Picasso Nude in a blackArmchair.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 14:08, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

False reference?
Currently the no. 2 reference, on the line "Allegations have been made that Wexner's The Limited Inc. has used slave labor both in the United States and abroad," leads to a site that browsers with the capability label as a "reported attack site." Is this a tricky way to try and lure people onto a malicious webpage, or a valid link that just happens to be reported by the web browser? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.254.236.22 (talk) 23:11, 17 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Reference was updated and no longer leads to malicious website.--FeralOink (talk) 09:43, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Request Edits
My name is Carly and I work for L Brands. I recognize that since I work for L Brands I have a clear conflict of interest tied to related articles and will utilize the talk pages to discuss comments regarding this article. I noticed there are a few errors on this article and want to flag for the community first for transparency, before I make any edits. I would like to make sure the article is up to date and reflects general consensus. Here are the edits for consideration:

1.	At the end of the first paragraph in the “Career” section consider adding: “Wexner was named to Harvard Business Review’ Top 100 Best Performing CEOs of 2015; he was ranked at #11 [citation: https://hbr.org/2015/11/the-best-performing-ceos-in-the-world] – this is a common addition to other Wikipedia articles of CEOs on this list.

2.	Capitalize “Pink” in the next paragraph and delete C.O. Bigelow [citation: http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/business/2012/01/27/c-o-bigelow-set-to-close-easton-shop.html].

3.	Delete: “separation from Limited Brands by sale of 75% to Sun Captial Investments, made official as of August 3, 2007” [citation: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=94854&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1439367].

4.	Delete: “separation from Limited Brands by sale of 75% to Golden Gate Capital, made official as of July 6, 2007” [citation: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=94854&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1597626].

5.	Delete the last two sentences in the “Career” section: “Allegations have been made that Wexner's The Limited Inc. has used slave labor both in the United States and abroad.[3] These charges have been made particularly against Victoria's Secret which is part of The Limited Inc.: and owned by Wexner.” – The company has addressed these allegations and mainstream media has covered it [citation: http://wwd.com/fashion-news/textiles/jordan-labor-conditions-improving-but-problems-persist-471288/].

6.	Add citation to the sentence about being a major funder of the Wexner Center of the Arts at the Ohio State University [citation: http://wexarts.org/about/history].

7.	Delete the paragraph that starts with “In 1999, Wexner paid…” – This paragraph is not cited.

8.	Add citation to the sentence about “Spring 2012 marked the end of Wexner’s chairmanship…” [citation: https://news.osu.edu/news/2012/06/08/newsitem3439/].

9.	Delete the sentence “The guest quarters of the property take…” – The link to the citation is broken.

10.	Edit the sentence: “The estate is the location of the Annual…” so it now reads: “The estate is the location of the Annual New Albany classic Invitational Grand Prix & Family Day benefiting The Center for Family Safety and Healing” – not Columbus Coalition Against Family Violence. [citation: http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/news-room-articles/the-center-for-family-safety-and-healing?contentid=97279]

11.	Delete the paragraph that begins with “Also nearby is the major shopping village of Easton Town Center…” – this is false and the full information can be found at the following [citation: http://eastontowncenter.com/Guest-Information/The-Easton-Story].

12.	Delete the following “for felony solicitation of prostitution and procuring a person under the age of 18 for prostitution.” – the link for citation #14 is broken and this seems to be an extra line of detail that is not needed for an article on Wexner.

13.	Delete: “Wexner also was heavily involved in supporting the war against Iraq in 2003.” – This is not reflected by general consensus.

CarlyC111 (talk) 16:56, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

 * #12 should be reverted because now Epstein went to prison two times and it needs to be addressed why Wexner parted with Epstein. Here is a new source: "It wasn’t until 18 months later that Mr. Wexner cut ties with Mr. Epstein." - from | How Jeffrey Epstein Used the Billionaire Behind Victoria’s Secret for Wealth and Women --91.114.251.169 (talk) 05:20, 14 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Done.--FeralOink (talk) 09:44, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Request Edits
My name is Carly and I work at L Brands. Recently I posted some comments regarding some points that might help as the page continues to develop. Since we haven’t heard anything back from the community I’m planning on making the previously suggested updates in the next few days. I recognize that because I work for L Brands I have a clear conflict of interest, but we believe these are appropriate additions/changes to the article and everything is cited. I understand that this might be changed by various editors and that is why I have attempted to include language that maintains NPOV and is verifiable online. My aim for these updates is not to make this article a glowing review, but to make sure it includes some basic background information that reflects general consensus. CarlyC111 (talk) 20:32, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120405161818/http://president.osu.edu/fromwhereistand/wexner-medical-center-naming.html to http://president.osu.edu/fromwhereistand/wexner-medical-center-naming.html

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20131201222930/http://dispatchpolitics.dispatch.com/content/blogs/the-daily-briefing/2012/06/6-19-2012-les-wexner-to-host-fundraiser-for-romney.html to http://dispatchpolitics.dispatch.com/content/blogs/the-daily-briefing/2012/06/6-19-2012-les-wexner-to-host-fundraiser-for-romney.html

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Jeffrey Epstein
There needs to be a "Jeffrey Epstein" section on the page. Here's a article (there are scores of others) that explains why How Jeffrey Epstein Used the Billionaire Behind Victoria's Secret for Wealth and Women.

"The Billionaire" is Les Wexner.

AllThatJazz2012 (talk) 02:20, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

"Wexner had a close relationship with Jeffrey Epstein, who managed his financial assets; the two parted when Epstein went to prison.[11]"

The link points to a 2002 article by the nytimes, it should better link to How Jeffrey Epstein Used the Billionaire Behind Victoria's Secret for Wealth and Women 91.114.251.169 (talk) 17:53, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Please also change "the two parted when Epstein went to prison."

to "the two parted when Epstein went to prison for solicitation of prostitution and procuring a person under the age of 18 for prostitution."

Reason: this is an important distinction now that Epstein went to prison two times. It is also important to the general reader to know why Wexner cut ties with Epstein.

Source: "It wasn’t until 18 months later that Mr. Wexner cut ties with Mr. Epstein." - from | How Jeffrey Epstein Used the Billionaire Behind Victoria’s Secret for Wealth and Women

91.114.251.169 (talk) 05:24, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I added a section recently, before seeing this, and have now returned and added the 18 months aspect noted above, as it does seem integral. Lindenfall (talk) 16:08, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

Name spelling and Russification
I guess "Wexner" was BEXHEP before, that is spellt (initially German) WECHNER. So the German written Wechner was russified into BEXHEP, and now never turned back into English. So now it still is the Russian version, that does'nt open doors. Confusing?

Semi-protected edit request on 30 January 2020
The fact that Ohio State's medical center was named after him in 2012 is mentioned twice in the article, pretty much just copied and pasted. 96.44.28.253 (talk) 02:30, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – Toxi  Boi!  (contribs) 07:22, 30 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 May 2020
Grammatical errors: "was" used twice and incorrectly, and there are too many commas.

Also, the sentence will read more coherently if the year "2006" is moved to the beginning of the sentence.

The sentence currently reads:

After was Epstein was charged in Florida, in 2006, with "multiple counts of molestation and unlawful sexual activity with a minor" and went to prison, Wexner reportedly cut ties.[21]

It should read as follows:

In 2006, after Epstein was charged in Florida with "multiple counts of molestation and unalwful sexaul activity with a minor" and was imprisoned, Wexner reportedly cut ties.[21] Hatwoman (talk) 07:12, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

 * It has been revised to correct errors in both grammar and accuracy by respecting what the source actually says. Thank you, Cedar777 (talk) 08:28, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 May 2020
The sentence "When I met him, it was as if he met the devil" should obviously be "When I met him, it was as if I met the devil". 31.10.145.42 (talk) 11:36, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The current one is correct, it's describing him as being so guarded. – Thjarkur (talk) 12:33, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

Removed sentence from lede
Hi, I can't made hide-nor-hare from this lede sentence: Wexner was never charged, nor was he charged for the "loans" he made to Jeffrey Epstein. It's not clear in what sense "charged" is meant: criminally or in the sense of paying for the "loans"? Regardless the sentence seems to have NPOV issues with the scare quotes. Removing for now.--Mikeroetto (talk) 23:33, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

Added category: Jeffrey Epstein
Whatever the extent of his role, Wexner is noted as an integral component to the tragedy that was Jeffrey Epstein; I am, therefore, adding that category to this article. Please discuss any objection here, where I see no past discussions that relate. Thank you, Lindenfall (talk) 21:38, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Mike Jeffries (CEO)
Abercrombie & Fitch Co. was previously owned by American billionaire businessman Les Wexner, prior to being spun off into a public company in 1996, under the leadership of Mike Jeffries, it's acting CEO. In October 2023, Jeffries was named as the primary defendant in a lawsuit alleging he was the mastermind of a multi-decade sex-trafficking ring involving male models for the clothing company. Wexner's former financial manager and friend, Jeffrey Epstein, was also charged with a being the mastermind of a multi-decade sex-trafficking ring, making two of Wexner's high-level employees, and close personal associates, defendants of a similar type of sex-trafficking charge, which allegedly overlapped during the same time periods. One of the lawyers for the plaintiffs in the lawsuit against Jeffries is Brad Edwards, who also represented Jeffrey Epstein's victims. -- Green  C  19:03, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting an edit to this article? -- Zim Zala Bim talk 20:01, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I personally don't have a specific edit suggestion, as of right now. Wikipedia is the encyclopedia anyone can edit. You, me, anyone. If anyone chooses to build on this factual information, which has obvious close connections to Wexner and Epstein (a lengthy section about Epstein already exists), to do further research for improving the article, be bold. The talk page is for discussions on how to improve the article. It doesn't require specific actionable changes immediately eg. let's change this word right now; talk pages can include discussions about the type of content to be included now, or possibly soon. Since some of this information is still evolving (October 2023), new sources should soon become available, we can reasonably expect there will be more soon. Maybe right now today, it is too soon, but we can still discuss it. In fact that might be the discussion: yes this information is true, but maybe it's too soon since the Jeffries case just came to light and we should wait for more/better information/sources. Or the discussion might be no, this information is not true (or unsourced) and thus violates BLP, in which case we can provide sources to back up the assertions - which is no problem on a point by point basis. That still doesn't mean it's worthy of mainspace inclusion right now, I'd like to see stronger overall sources before going mainspace, maybe this discussion will help surface those sources from someone with better research skills.  --  Green  C  21:03, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to be safe, I included refs to the above so there is no question about the factual nature of the statements, for BLP and talk page purposes only - not for mainspace purposes because obviously saying "See sources at Jeffrey Epstein" is not a proper mainspace reference but is sufficient for talk pages as a note to readers in case they doubt something could be reliably sourced. The one for Brad Edwards is a WP:PRIMARY, if anyone wants a RS for the purpose of this talk page discussion, there are non-primary sources available - the lawyers who represented Epstein's victims is widely disseminated information.-- Green  C  21:32, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Link 57 is dead
link 57 to the colombus sentinel returns a missing page. 75.172.60.57 (talk) 06:36, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Les Wexner


text:
Toronto Roadrunners

The Toronto Roadrunners were an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Toronto, Ontario, Canada at the Ricoh Coliseum. In their only season the Roadrunners featured players such as Jani Rita, Brad Winchester, Jamie Wright and Steve Valiquette who helped them advance to the AHL playoffs where they lost the first round to the Cleveland Barons.

History
In the early 2000s, there were efforts to refurbish CNE Coliseum for a minor professional team. Plans to move the dormant Phoenix Roadrunners of the International Hockey League to Toronto for the 2002–03 season fell apart when the league dissolved and six teams, but not the Roadrunners, were absorbed by the American Hockey League (AHL) in the summer of 2001. The same group then attempted to purchase the Louisville Panthers AHL franchise, which had suspended operations for the 2001–02 season, and relocate it to the Coliseum, but the AHL voted against the transaction in December 2001. The Toronto Maple Leafs pressured the Hamilton Bulldogs, who held territorial rights to Toronto since it fell within their 50-mile home territory, to veto the transaction. The Leafs reportedly did not want the Coliseum to be upgraded as it would compete with their newly opened Air Canada Centre. Next, the group began pursuing the Bulldogs, which were owned by the NHL's Edmonton Oilers. The Bulldogs did not require league approval to move to Toronto since the Coliseum was within their territory.

After an agreement was reached with the Oilers to relocate the Bulldogs to Toronto, and to rename them the Toronto Roadrunners, the City of Toronto agreed to an extensive renovation of the Coliseum for the team in November 2002. At a cost of $38 million, the arena's capacity was expanded from 6,500 to 9,700 by building a new higher roof, lowering the floor and adding new seats in the expanded area. As part of the renovation, the city sold naming rights to Ricoh Canada. The renovated building has 38 private suites. Simultaneously, the Quebec Citadelles were moved to Hamilton to replace the Bulldogs.

While initial owner Lyle Abrhams brought the franchise to Toronto with good intentions, poor attendance except when playing the St. John's Maple Leafs, a questionable business model, and a dispute with building officials resulted in the relocation of the franchise to Edmonton, Alberta after only one season, becoming the Edmonton Road Runners. Another factor was the desire of the parent club to have the team play in Edmonton to fill the void due to the expected 2004–05 NHL lockout. Since Abrhams owned the rights to the name and logo, the Roadrunners name and identity returned as the Phoenix RoadRunners in the ECHL and later would resurface as the Tucson Roadrunners in the AHL in 2016. The void in Toronto was filled in 2005 when the St. John's Maple Leafs relocated from Atlantic Canada to the Ricoh Coliseum and became the Toronto Marlies.

Team records

 * Goals: 25 Jamie Wright
 * Assists: 30 Jamie Wright
 * Points: 55 Jamie Wright
 * Penalty Minutes: 196 Rocky Thompson
 * GAA: 2.52 Mike Morrison
 * SV%: .913 Mike Morrison, Stephen Valiquette
 * Goaltending Wins: 14 Steve Valiquette
 * Shutouts: 3 Mike Morrison, Tyler Moss
 * Games: 78 Jamie Wright

Affiliates
 * Edmonton Oilers (2003–2004)

Roster
2004–2005
 * Head coach: Geoff Ward

Players
 * 24 Jamie Wright
 * 8 Tony Salmelainen
 * 22 Jani Rita
 * 7 Doug Lynch
 * 13 Nate DiCasmirro
 * 38 Mike Bishai
 * 23 Joe Cullen
 * 25 J. J. Hunter
 * 37 Sean McAslan
 * 33 Mikko Luoma
 * 27 Michael Henrich
 * 19 Jeff Woywitka
 * 51 David Roche
 * 10 Brad Winchester
 * 18 Peter Sarno
 * 5 Bobby Allen
 * 26 Dan Tessier
 * 6 Dan Smith
 * 15 Dan Baum
 * 2 Rocky Thompson
 * 21 Marc-Andre Bergeron
 * 55 Igor Ulanov
 * 34 Peter Hogan
 * 36 Mathieu Roy
 * 30 David Cousineau
 * 12 Jan Horacek
 * 14 Brent Henley
 * 40 Steve Valiquette
 * 38 Jason Platt
 * 16 Jean-Francois Plourde
 * 20 Zack Stortini
 * 32 David Belitski
 * 44 Ryan Christie
 * 29 Chris Madden
 * 29 Tyler Moss
 * 1 Mike Morrison

title: Toronto Roadrunners


text:
Counties of Hungary

Hungary is subdivided administratively into 19 counties (vármegyék, singular: vármegye) and the capital city (főváros) Budapest. The counties are further subdivided into 174 districts (járások, singular: járás). The capital Budapest is subdivided into 23 districts (kerületek, singular: kerület).

There are 25 cities with county rights (megyei jogú városok, singular: megyei jogú város), sometimes called urban counties. The local authorities of these towns have extended powers but they are not independent territorial units.

The current system of counties has evolved from medieval fiefdoms of the Kingdom of Hungary; each fiefdom was ruled from a castle (Hungarian: vár). Between 1950 and 2022, the counties of Hungary were officially called megyék (singular: megye). On January 1, 2023, the original historical name vármegye was officially restored.

List of counties

There are seven towns with county's rights in addition to the county seats:

 * Baja (Bács-Kiskun county)
 * Dunaújváros (Fejér county)
 * Esztergom (Komárom-Esztergom county)
 * Érd (Pest county)
 * Hódmezővásárhely (Csongrád-Csanád county)
 * Nagykanizsa (Zala county)
 * Sopron (Győr-Moson-Sopron county)

title: Counties of Hungary