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C. D. Darlington

Cyril Dean Darlington (19 December 1903 – 26 March 1981) was an English biologist, cytologist, geneticist, and eugenicist. He discovered the mechanics of chromosomal crossover, its role in inheritance; and thus its importance to evolution. He was the Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford from 1953 to 1971.

Darlington's research on genetics contributed to the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 20th century. However, many of his views are controversial; Darlington was listed in 1999 by the Southern Poverty Law Center as an example of a prominent race scientist who espoused antisemitism, eugenics, racism, and social Darwinism.

Early life
Cyril Darlington was born in Chorley, a small cotton town in Lancashire, England in 1903. He had one brother six years older. His father, William, was a teacher at a small school. When Darlington was eight, the family moved to London. His childhood was an unhappy one, characterized by a stern, bitter, and frustrated father, who struggled against poverty. Darlington enjoyed neither sports nor studies (including at the Mercers' School and St Paul's School, London). He began to develop a disdain for authority. He decided to become a farmer in Australia, so he applied to the South Eastern Agricultural College at Wye, known later as Wye College. He was an indifferent student, but his social life took a turn for the better when he took up boxing, with moderate success. He was then six feet three inches tall, and an imposing figure. One subject that captured his imagination, however, was Mendelian genetics, taught by the myriapodologist Stanley Graham Brade-Birks. Darlington's interest in the subject began after he discovered Thomas Hunt Morgan's The Physical Basis of Heredity. He graduated with a London University Ordinary degree in 1923.

Early professional years
After being turned down for a scholarship to go to Trinidad as a farmer, Darlington was induced in 1923 by one of his professors to apply for a scholarship at the John Innes Horticultural Institution in Merton. He wrote to its director, William Bateson, famous for having introduced the word "genetics" into biology. His application was unsuccessful, but he obtained a temporary post as an unpaid technician. Bateson had just hired a cytologist, Frank Newton, who became a mentor to Darlington. Darlington published his first scientific paper on the tetraploidy of the sour cherry and was hired as a permanent employee.

Shortly after, both Bateson and Newton died within a year of each other and J.B.S. Haldane came to the Innes. Although neither an experimentalist nor cytologist, Haldane formed a close friendship with Darlington. He began to make contributions to the understanding of the relationship between chromosomal crossover and the events observed during meiosis.

In February 1929 he made a study trip with fellow botanist John Macqueen Cowan to the Near East. In 1931 he began writing the book Recent Advances in Cytology, which was published in 1932. He became Director of the Cytology Department in 1937, and he became director of the Innes two years later, 15 years after his arrival as an unpaid volunteer. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 20 March 1941. A few months after that, he was awarded the Royal Medal, and then was elected president of the Genetical Society. In 1947 he co-founded with Ronald Fisher the journal Heredity: An International Journal of Genetics, as a response to J.B.S. Haldane joining the Communist party and "taking the Journal of Genetics with him".

Later years
He left the Innes in 1953 and accepted the Sherardian Chair of Botany at Oxford University. He developed an interest in the Botanic Garden, going on to establish the 'Genetic Garden'. He was also involved in extending the teaching of science, especially genetics, in the university. He continued to voice support for the belief that human genetics determined behaviour.

In 1972 he, along with 50 other scientists signed "Resolution on Scientific Freedom Regarding Human Behavior and Heredity" in which a genetic approach to understanding the behaviour of man was strongly defended. He staunchly defended his colleague, John Baker, who published the controversial book Race in 1974, in the fight against Lysenkoism. Asked by a reporter for The Sunday Times whether or not he was a racist for this connection to John Baker, who believed that no civilizations had ever arisen in Africa, all "negrids" had a "fetid smell" and were "less evolved," Darlington replied: "Well, I'm regarded as one by everyone except the Jews, who are racist, and who utterly agree with my views."

Darlington retired from his official position at the University in 1971, but remained in the university, writing and publishing his work. He died in Oxford in 1981. He had five children, two of whom committed suicide.

Sociobiology and the Lysenko Affair
In his later years, Darlington increased his participation in the public debate about the role of science in society, and especially its interaction with politics and government. Beginning in 1948, he published strong condemnations of the denouncement of Mendelian genetics in favour of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union. Some genetics institutes were destroyed, and prominent geneticists were purged or murdered. These events caused an upheaval among the leaders of genetics in the west, many of whom were leftist, socialists, communists, and Marxists. This caused a break between Haldane and Darlington, who was intransigent in his anti-authoritarian views.

Darlington developed an interest in the application of genetic insights to the understanding of human history. He believed that not only were there differences in the character and culture between individuals, but that these differences also exist between races. To him, understanding of these differences in scientific terms was not only interesting in its own right, but was crucial to the development of a civil society. Darlington writes that "as slaves," enslaved diasporic Africans "improved in health and increased in numbers," without addressing the role of forced slave breeding in the United States. He repeated the myth that their environment was "more favorable than anything they had experienced in Africa." According to Darlington, emancipation of slaves resulted in the withdrawal of "discipline" and "protection" resulting in social problems such as "drugs, gambling, and prostitution."

Darlington concluded: "The intellectually well-endowed races, classes, and societies have a moral responsibility for the problems of race mixture, of immigration and exploitation, that have arisen from their exercise of economic and political power. They may hope to escape from these responsibilities by claiming an intellectual and, therefore, moral equality between all races, classes, and societies. But the chapters of this book, step by step, deprive them of the scientific and historical evidence that might support such a comfortable illusion."

Darlington was opposed to the UNESCO Statement of Race. He agreed with Darwin's classical view: "The races differ also in constitution, in acclimatization, and in liability to certain diseases. Their mental characteristics are likewise very distinct; chiefly as it would appear in their emotional, but partly in their intellectual, faculties." To simplify, Darlington believed that there is a difference not just in skin color and disease vulnerability between races, but also in intelligence.

Darlington thought that there might be a biological justification to prohibit interracial marriages "if intermarriage were not contrary to the habits of all stable communities and therefore in no need of discouragement." He refused to sign the revised 1951 statement which conceded that racial differences in intelligence possibly existed. Darlington's dissenting commentary was printed with the statement.

In popular culture
In the 2022 second season episode "The Primal Theory" of the animated series Primal, a fictionalised version of Darlington appears as a main character, voiced by Jeremy Crutchley.

title: C. D. Darlington


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Glocalization

Glocalization or glocalisation (a portmanteau of globalization and localism) is the "simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary social, political, and economic systems". The concept comes from the Japanese word dochakuka and "represents a challenge to simplistic conceptions of globalization processes as linear expansions of territorial scales. Glocalization indicates that the growing importance of continental and global levels is occurring together with the increasing salience of local and regional levels."

Glocalization represents the fusion of "globalization" and "localization," emphasizing the need for global entities to tailor their offerings to suit the unique characteristics of individual regions or communities.

Glocal, an adjective, by definition means "reflecting or characterized by both local and global considerations". The term "glocal management" in a sense of "think globally, act locally" is used in the business strategies of companies, in particular by Japanese companies that are expanding overseas.

Variety of uses

 * Individuals, households and organizations maintaining interpersonal social networks that combine extensive local and long-distance interactions.
 * The declaration of a specified locality – a town, city, or state – as world territory, with responsibilities and rights on a world scale: a process that started in France in 1950 and originally called mundialization.

History of the concept
The concept comes from the Japanese word dochakuka, which means global localization. It had referred to the adaptation of farming techniques to local conditions. It became a buzzword when Japanese business adopted it in the 1980s. The word stems from Manfred Lange, head of the German National Global Change Secretariat, who used "glocal" in reference to Heiner Benking's exhibit Blackbox Nature: Rubik's Cube of Ecology at an international science and policy conference.

"Glocalization" first appeared in a late 1980s publication of the Harvard Business Review. At a 1997 conference on "Globalization and Indigenous Culture", sociologist Roland Robertson stated that glocalization "means the simultaneity – the co-presence – of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies".

The term entered use in the English-speaking world via Robertson in the 1990s, Canadian sociologists Keith Hampton and Barry Wellman in the late 1990s and Zygmunt Bauman. Erik Swyngedouw was another early adopter.

Since the 1990s, glocalization has been productively theorized by several sociologists and other social scientists, and may be understood as a process that combines the concerns of localism with the forces of globalization, or a local adaptation and interpretation of global forces. As a theoretical framework, it is compatible with many of the concerns of postcolonial theory, and its impact is particularly recognizable in the digitization of music and other forms of cultural heritage. The concept has since been used in the fields of geography, sociology, and anthropology. It is also a prominent concept in business studies, particularly in the area of marketing goods and services to a heterogenous set of consumers.

Sociology
The concept of glocalization is included in the discourse on social theory. This is first demonstrated in the way it challenges the notion that globalization overrides locality by describing how the concept of local is said to be constructed on a trans- or uper-local basis or is promoted from the outside. There is also the position that the association of temporal and spatial dimensions to human life, which emerge in globalization, exert little impact. Glocalization is also said to capture the emergence of unique new indigenous realities that result in the interpenetration of the global and local spheres. The term ‘glocklization’, combining the glocal concept with a Glock pistol, was coined in 2018 to indicate forms of glocalization that are perceived as unbalanced and destructive to local cultural heritage.

Additionally, the concept of glocalization has strong ties to the more commonly understood term globalization, and has been described as a more general treatment of the term. Elements unique to glocalization under this umbrella include the idea that diversity is the essence of social life, that not all differences are erased, history and culture operate autonomously to offer a sense of uniqueness to the experiences of groups (whether cultures, societies or nations), glocalization removes the fear that globalization resembles a tidal wave erasing all differences, and that glocalization does not promise a world free from conflict but offers a more historically grounded and pragmatic worldview.

Religion
Glocalization can be represented throughout virtually every sphere of social society, including religion. An example of this can be seen in a study that focused on the differences in Islam in various regions of the world. In this particular study, observations made between the religious pillars in Indonesia and Morocco indicated a significant difference in religious form between the two, blending the fundamental roots with indigenous traditions and local customs. Similar studies have found that regions of the world practicing Christianity and Buddhism experienced similar shifts based on local cultural practices and norms.

Business
While the term "glocalization" is one that developed later in the 20th century, the idea behind it is closely related to the economic and marketing term known as micromarketing – by definition, the "tailoring and advertising of goods and services on a global or near-global basis to increasingly differentiated local and particular markets."

Tourism
Glocalization can be recognized, perhaps most profoundly, in tourism operations throughout the world – particularly in reference to countries in which tour guides and locals are up to date on global pop culture and technology, but still present their communities, heritage, history and culture as distinctively "local." A notable example is referenced by Professor Noel Salazar of the University of Pennsylvania, whose study dove into these distinctive glocalization attributes on the island of Java in Indonesia.

Challenges
Glocalization works best for companies which have decentralized authority. The cost to the companies increases as they cannot standardise products and projects, different cultures have different needs and wants which is highlighted in this challenge. An example of a company succeeding in creating new products for their emerging market is McDonald's new rice meals in India and China. This shows that McDonald's has done research on and understands their new market's requirements for a successful takeaway food. This however can be very costly and time-consuming. One of the main challenges for the future of glocalization is to govern it. Glocal governance is the interlinkage between global, national and local formal and informal actors that aim to find common ground, take decisions, implement and enforce them.

An example of a global business that has faced challenges due to localization of their products can be presented through the closing of a Starbucks in the Forbidden City of China in 2007. Starbucks' attempt to localize into the culture of China by accommodating their menu to local elements such as serving green tea frappuccinos and enlarging their stores was prevalent in most areas of China, but when Starbucks spread to the Forbidden City, a problem surrounding cultural identity arose. Factors surrounding "western influences" related to Starbucks were seen as a threat by a web-based campaign which was successful in initiating the closing of the Starbucks in the Forbidden City. The leader of this campaign, Rui, stated, "All I want is that Starbucks move out of the Forbidden City peacefully and quietly, and we'll continue enjoying Starbucks coffee elsewhere in the city."

Although there are many challenges to globalisation, when done right it has many benefits; allowing companies to reach a larger target market is just one of them. Society also benefits when globalisation occurs as an increase in market competition generally pushes the price of products down which means the consumers benefit by gaining a lower price point. This decreases the inequality gap as people who couldn't previously afford products when the market was controlled by local monopolies are able to purchase the product more cheaply.

Although globalisation has benefits for the consumer, it does not always benefit the producer, with newer and smaller companies struggling to keep up with the low production costs of the multi-national competitors. This results in either a higher price and loss of consumers, or a lower profit margin, which in turn results in less competition within the market.

Agriculture
Glocalization is also occurring within the agricultural sphere. One case brought up by of this has been in soy farming. Previously, there were numerous small-scale soy farms along the east coast of the US. However, as larger corporations outcompeted smaller ones, attentions have been turned abroad. Anthropologist Andrew Ofstehage refers to this change from small, personal farms to large corporate ones as an aspect of "financialization". Ofstehage expands on this concept by giving the example of the current soy market in Brazil. As financialization has led to land being more expensive and harder to come by in the states, farmers have turned their attention abroad. This farm crisis in the US was a result of increasingly large corporate farms driving out small family farms and acquiring more and more land. Due to this, farmers both new and experienced who are privileged to have capital or investors, have turned their attention abroad. Many have begun to invest in Brazilian land to grow soy with the money from friends, investors, neighbors, or savings. These transnational farmers have had great success but as more farmers have followed these steps the cycle has begun anew. Looking to further expand, farmers often take three paths for further profit and financialization. They either sell their Brazilian farms to a new hopeful farmer, or they keep their farm but return to the states to manage it internationally, or they truly begin anew. Specifically, the farmers sell their Brazilian land and turn Piauí or Tocantins, places where soy grows well, and land is still cheap.

Education
Glocalization of education has been proposed in the specific areas of politics, economics, culture, teaching, information, organization, morality, spirituality, religion and "temporal" literacy. The recommended approach is for local educators to consult global resources for materials and techniques and then adapt them for local use. For example, in information, it involves advancing computer and media understanding to allow students and educators to look beyond their local context.

Media
Thomas Friedman in The World Is Flat talks about how the Internet encourages glocalization, such as encouraging people to make websites in their native languages.

 Television

Besides the usage of Internet, television and commercials have become useful strategies that global companies have used to help localize their products. Companies, such as McDonald's, have relied on television and commercials in not only the Western Hemisphere but in other parts of the world to attract a varying range of audiences in accordance with the demographic of the local area. For example, they have used mascots ranging anywhere from a male clown in the Western Hemisphere to attract younger audiences to an "attractive" female clown in Japan to attract older audiences.

Community organization
Glocalization, or glocalism, in community organization refers to community organizing that sees social problems as neither local or global, but interdependent and interconnected (glocal), necessitating organizing practices that concurrently address local problems and global issues. Glocal organizing techniques are commonly associated with The New Community Organizing, and are distinguished from other methods by emphasizing "play, creativity, joy, peer-based popular education, cultural activism, and a healthy dose of experimentation."

One of the most common glocal models of practice, functional community organization, seeks to organize communities (functional communities) around a function (i.e., a need, interest, or common problem that glocally affects people). Functional community organization emphasizes a deep understanding of issues (e.g., power, empowerment, and community interests), strategies for change (e.g., popular education, direct action, and collaboration), and communication strategies that promote "inclusive networking." The goals of functional community organization are to organize communities through direct action in order to meet immediate community need while addressing glocalized problems. In so doing, functional communities act as their own unique forms of protest, vehicles for community empowerment, and alternatives to institutionalized social welfare systems. Popular examples of functional communities include community projects such as community gardens, Community Technology Centers, gift economy markets, food sharing, and other forms franchise activism and mutual aid.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glocalization


text: User talk:68.161.92.75

title: User talk:68.161.92.75


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Fusel alcohol

Fusel alcohols or fuselol, also sometimes called fusel oils in Europe, are mixtures of several higher alcohols (those with more than two carbons, chiefly amyl alcohol) produced as a by-product of alcoholic fermentation. The word Fusel is German for "bad liquor".

Whether fusel alcohol contributes to hangover symptoms is a matter of scientific debate. A Japanese study in 2003 concluded that "the fusel oil in whisky had no effect on the ethanol-induced emetic response" in the Asian house shrew. Additionally, consumption of fusel oils with ethanol suppressed subjects' subsequent taste aversion to alcohol, which suggested subjects' hangover symptoms were lessened, according to the journal.

Usage
Fusel oil and fusel-oil acetates are used in the lacquer industry as high boiling point solvents.

Compounds
Excessive concentrations of some alcohols other than ethanol may cause off-flavors, sometimes described as "spicy", "hot", or "solvent-like". Some beverages, such as rum, whisky (especially bourbon), incompletely rectified vodka (e.g. Siwucha) and traditional ales and ciders, are expected to have relatively high concentrations of non-hazardous alcohols as part of their flavor profile. However, in other beverages, such as Korn, vodka and lagers, the presence of alcohols other than ethanol is considered a fault.

The compounds involved are chiefly the following:

 * isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol)
 * 2-methyl-1-butanol - sometimes called "active" amyl alcohol
 * isobutyl alcohol - one of the least toxic of the butanols.
 * 1-propanol

Other higher alcohols that can be produced during fermentation include:

 * isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver, leading to ketosis when ingested in large quantities.
 * 1-butanol
 * 1-pentanol (n-amyl alcohol)
 * 1-hexanol
 * 2-phenylethanol
 * tyrosol
 * tryptophol
 * methionol

Distillation
During distillation, fusel alcohols are concentrated in the feints or "tails" at the end of the distillation run. They have an oily consistency, which is noticeable to the distiller, hence the other name "fusel oil". If desired, these heavier alcohols can be almost completely separated in a reflux still. On the other hand, freeze distillation does not remove fusel alcohols.

Fusel alcohols can be reduced during fermentation by lowering the fermenter's temperature or increasing the oxygen content.

title: Fusel alcohol


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Quantum operation

In quantum mechanics, a quantum operation (also known as quantum dynamical map or quantum process) is a mathematical formalism used to describe a broad class of transformations that a quantum mechanical system can undergo. This was first discussed as a general stochastic transformation for a density matrix by George Sudarshan. The quantum operation formalism describes not only unitary time evolution or symmetry transformations of isolated systems, but also the effects of measurement and transient interactions with an environment. In the context of quantum computation, a quantum operation is called a quantum channel.

Note that some authors use the term "quantum operation" to refer specifically to completely positive (CP) and non-trace-increasing maps on the space of density matrices, and the term "quantum channel" to refer to the subset of those that are strictly trace-preserving.

Quantum operations are formulated in terms of the density operator description of a quantum mechanical system. Rigorously, a quantum operation is a linear, completely positive map from the set of density operators into itself. In the context of quantum information, one often imposes the further restriction that a quantum operation $$\mathcal E$$ must be physical, that is, satisfy $$0 \le \operatorname{Tr}[\mathcal E(\rho)] \le 1$$ for any state $$\rho$$.

Some quantum processes cannot be captured within the quantum operation formalism; in principle, the density matrix of a quantum system can undergo completely arbitrary time evolution. Quantum operations are generalized by quantum instruments, which capture the classical information obtained during measurements, in addition to the quantum information.

Background
The Schrödinger picture provides a satisfactory account of time evolution of state for a quantum mechanical system under certain assumptions. These assumptions include

 * The system is non-relativistic
 * The system is isolated.

The Schrödinger picture for time evolution has several mathematically equivalent formulations. One such formulation expresses the time rate of change of the state via the Schrödinger equation. A more suitable formulation for this exposition is expressed as follows:

This means that if the system is in a state corresponding to v ∈ H at an instant of time s, then the state after t units of time will be Ut v. For relativistic systems, there is no universal time parameter, but we can still formulate the effect of certain reversible transformations on the quantum mechanical system. For instance, state transformations relating observers in different frames of reference are given by unitary transformations. In any case, these state transformations carry pure states into pure states; this is often formulated by saying that in this idealized framework, there is no decoherence.

For interacting (or open) systems, such as those undergoing measurement, the situation is entirely different. To begin with, the state changes experienced by such systems cannot be accounted for exclusively by a transformation on the set of pure states (that is, those associated to vectors of norm 1 in H). After such an interaction, a system in a pure state φ may no longer be in the pure state φ. In general it will be in a statistical mix of a sequence of pure states φ1, ..., φk with respective probabilities λ1, ..., λk. The transition from a pure state to a mixed state is known as decoherence.

Numerous mathematical formalisms have been established to handle the case of an interacting system. The quantum operation formalism emerged around 1983 from work of Karl Kraus, who relied on the earlier mathematical work of Man-Duen Choi. It has the advantage that it expresses operations such as measurement as a mapping from density states to density states. In particular, the effect of quantum operations stays within the set of density states.

Definition
Recall that a density operator is a non-negative operator on a Hilbert space with unit trace.

Mathematically, a quantum operation is a linear map Φ between spaces of trace class operators on Hilbert spaces H and G such that
 * If S is a density operator, Tr(Φ(S)) ≤ 1.
 * Φ is completely positive, that is for any natural number n, and any square matrix of size n whose entries are trace-class operators $$ \begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & \cdots & S_{1 n}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ S_{n 1} & \cdots & S_{n n}\end{bmatrix} $$ and which is non-negative, then $$ \begin{bmatrix} \Phi(S_{11}) & \cdots & \Phi(S_{1 n})\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \Phi(S_{n 1}) & \cdots & \Phi(S_{n n})\end{bmatrix} $$ is also non-negative. In other words, Φ is completely positive if $$\Phi \otimes I_n$$ is positive for all n, where $$I_n$$ denotes the identity map on the C*-algebra of $$n \times n$$ matrices.

Note that, by the first condition, quantum operations may not preserve the normalization property of statistical ensembles. In probabilistic terms, quantum operations may be sub-Markovian. In order that a quantum operation preserve the set of density matrices, we need the additional assumption that it is trace-preserving.

In the context of quantum information, the quantum operations defined here, i.e. completely positive maps that do not increase the trace, are also called quantum channels or stochastic maps. The formulation here is confined to channels between quantum states; however, it can be extended to include classical states as well, therefore allowing quantum and classical information to be handled simultaneously.

Kraus operators
Kraus' theorem (named after Karl Kraus) characterizes completely positive maps, which model quantum operations between quantum states. Informally, the theorem ensures that the action of any such quantum operation $$\Phi$$ on a state $$\rho$$ can always be written as $\Phi(\rho) = \sum_k B_k\rho B_k^*$, for some set of operators $$\{B_k\}_k$$ satisfying $\sum_k B_k^* B_k \leq \mathbf{1}$ , where $$\mathbf{1}$$ is the identity operator.

Statement of the theorem
Theorem. Let $$\mathcal H$$ and $$\mathcal G$$ be Hilbert spaces of dimension $$n$$ and $$m$$ respectively, and $$\Phi$$ be a quantum operation between $$\mathcal H$$ and $$\mathcal G$$. Then, there are matrices $$\{ B_i \}_{1 \leq i \leq nm}$$ mapping $$\mathcal H$$ to $$\mathcal G$$ such that, for any state $$ \rho $$, $$ \Phi(\rho) = \sum_i B_i \rho B_i^*.$$ Conversely, any map $$ \Phi $$ of this form is a quantum operation provided $\sum_k B_k^* B_k \leq \mathbf{1}$.

The matrices $$\{ B_i \}$$ are called Kraus operators. (Sometimes they are known as noise operators or error operators, especially in the context of quantum information processing, where the quantum operation represents the noisy, error-producing effects of the environment.) The Stinespring factorization theorem extends the above result to arbitrary separable Hilbert spaces H and G. There, S is replaced by a trace class operator and $$\{ B_i \}$$ by a sequence of bounded operators.

Unitary equivalence
Kraus matrices are not uniquely determined by the quantum operation $$\Phi$$ in general. For example, different Cholesky factorizations of the Choi matrix might give different sets of Kraus operators. The following theorem states that all systems of Kraus matrices representing the same quantum operation are related by a unitary transformation:

Theorem. Let $$\Phi$$ be a (not necessarily trace-preserving) quantum operation on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space H with two representing sequences of Kraus matrices $$\{ B_i \}_{i\leq N}$$ and $$\{ C_i \}_{i\leq N}$$. Then there is a unitary operator matrix $$(u_{ij})_{ij}$$ such that $$ C_i = \sum_j u_{ij} B_j. $$

In the infinite-dimensional case, this generalizes to a relationship between two minimal Stinespring representations.

It is a consequence of Stinespring's theorem that all quantum operations can be implemented by unitary evolution after coupling a suitable ancilla to the original system.

Remarks
These results can be also derived from Choi's theorem on completely positive maps, characterizing a completely positive finite-dimensional map by a unique Hermitian-positive density operator (Choi matrix) with respect to the trace. Among all possible Kraus representations of a given channel, there exists a canonical form distinguished by the orthogonality relation of Kraus operators, $$\operatorname{Tr} A^\dagger_i A_j \sim \delta_{ij} $$. Such canonical set of orthogonal Kraus operators can be obtained by diagonalising the corresponding Choi matrix and reshaping its eigenvectors into square matrices.

There also exists an infinite-dimensional algebraic generalization of Choi's theorem, known as "Belavkin's Radon-Nikodym theorem for completely positive maps", which defines a density operator as a "Radon–Nikodym derivative" of a quantum channel with respect to a dominating completely positive map (reference channel). It is used for defining the relative fidelities and mutual informations for quantum channels.

Dynamics
For a non-relativistic quantum mechanical system, its time evolution is described by a one-parameter group of automorphisms {αt}t of Q. This can be narrowed to unitary transformations: under certain weak technical conditions (see the article on quantum logic and the Varadarajan reference), there is a strongly continuous one-parameter group {Ut}t of unitary transformations of the underlying Hilbert space such that the elements E of Q evolve according to the formula
 * $$ \alpha_t(E) = U^*_t E U_t. $$

The system time evolution can also be regarded dually as time evolution of the statistical state space. The evolution of the statistical state is given by a family of operators {βt}t such that $$ \operatorname{Tr}(\beta_t(S) E) = \operatorname{Tr}(S \alpha_{-t}(E)) = \operatorname{Tr}(S U _t E U^*_t ) = \operatorname{Tr}( U^*_t S U _t E ).$$

Clearly, for each value of t, S → U*t S Ut is a quantum operation. Moreover, this operation is reversible.

This can be easily generalized: If G is a connected Lie group of symmetries of Q satisfying the same weak continuity conditions, then the action of any element g of G is given by a unitary operator U: $$ g \cdot E = U_g E U_g^*. $$ This mapping g → Ug is known as a projective representation of G. The mappings S → U*g S Ug are reversible quantum operations.

Quantum measurement
Quantum operations can be used to describe the process of quantum measurement. The presentation below describes measurement in terms of self-adjoint projections on a separable complex Hilbert space H, that is, in terms of a PVM (Projection-valued measure). In the general case, measurements can be made using non-orthogonal operators, via the notions of POVM. The non-orthogonal case is interesting, as it can improve the overall efficiency of the quantum instrument.

Binary measurements
Quantum systems may be measured by applying a series of yes–no questions. This set of questions can be understood to be chosen from an orthocomplemented lattice Q of propositions in quantum logic. The lattice is equivalent to the space of self-adjoint projections on a separable complex Hilbert space H.

Consider a system in some state S, with the goal of determining whether it has some property E, where E is an element of the lattice of quantum yes-no questions. Measurement, in this context, means submitting the system to some procedure to determine whether the state satisfies the property. The reference to system state, in this discussion, can be given an operational meaning by considering a statistical ensemble of systems. Each measurement yields some definite value 0 or 1; moreover application of the measurement process to the ensemble results in a predictable change of the statistical state. This transformation of the statistical state is given by the quantum operation $$ S \mapsto E S E + (I - E) S (I - E). $$ Here E can be understood to be a projection operator.

General case
In the general case, measurements are made on observables taking on more than two values.

When an observable A has a pure point spectrum, it can be written in terms of an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors. That is, A has a spectral decomposition $$ A = \sum_\lambda \lambda \operatorname{E}_A(\lambda)$$ where EA(λ) is a family of pairwise orthogonal projections, each onto the respective eigenspace of A associated with the measurement value λ.

Measurement of the observable A yields an eigenvalue of A. Repeated measurements, made on a statistical ensemble S of systems, results in a probability distribution over the eigenvalue spectrum of A. It is a discrete probability distribution, and is given by $$ \operatorname{Pr}(\lambda) = \operatorname{Tr}(S \operatorname{E}_A(\lambda)).$$

Measurement of the statistical state S is given by the map $$ S \mapsto \sum_\lambda \operatorname{E}_A(\lambda) S \operatorname{E}_A(\lambda)\ .$$ That is, immediately after measurement, the statistical state is a classical distribution over the eigenspaces associated with the possible values λ of the observable: S is a mixed state.

Non-completely positive maps
Shaji and Sudarshan argued in a Physical Review Letters paper that, upon close examination, complete positivity is not a requirement for a good representation of open quantum evolution. Their calculations show that, when starting with some fixed initial correlations between the observed system and the environment, the map restricted to the system itself is not necessarily even positive. However, it is not positive only for those states that do not satisfy the assumption about the form of initial correlations. Thus, they show that to get a full understanding of quantum evolution, non completely-positive maps should be considered as well.

title: Quantum operation


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Paramount Theatre (Oakland, California)

The Paramount Theatre is a 3,040-seat Art Deco concert hall located at 2025 Broadway in Downtown Oakland. When it was built in 1931, it was the largest multi-purpose theater on the West Coast, seating 3,476. Today, the Paramount is the home of the Oakland East Bay Symphony and the Oakland Ballet. It regularly plays host to R&B, jazz, blues, pop, rock, gospel, classical music, as well as ballets, plays, stand-up comedy, lecture series, special events, and screenings of classic movies from Hollywood's Golden Era.

History
The Paramount Theatre was built as a movie palace, during the rise of the motion picture industry in the late 1920s. Palace was both a common and an accurate term for the movie theaters of the 1920s and early 1930s. In 1925, Adolph Zukor's Paramount Publix Corporation, the theater division of Paramount Pictures, one of the great studio-theater chains, began a construction program resulting in some of the finest theaters built. Publix assigned the design of the Oakland Paramount to 38-year-old San Francisco architect Timothy L. Pflueger (1892–1946) of Miller and Pflueger. The Paramount opened at a cost of $3 million on December 16, 1931. Pflueger was also the designer of the Castro Theatre in San Francisco. The Art Deco design referred to the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris. The term Art Deco has been used only since the late 1960s, when there was a revival of interest in the art and fashion of the early 20th century.

The Paramount organ was built by Wurlitzer for the Paramount Publix theaters: a four-manual, twenty-rank model called the Publix I (Opus 2164), which cost $20,000 in 1931.

The gala premiere on December 16, 1931, was attended by Kay Francis, star of the opening film, The False Madonna, and cast members Conway Tearle, Charles D. Brown, Marjorie Gateson, and William Boyd (not yet known as Hopalong Cassidy). Notable guests included California's governor James Rolph and Oakland mayor Fred N. Morcom. Tickets were first-come, first-served: sixty cents for the balcony seat and eighty-five cents for a seat in the orchestra. The program also included a Fox Movietone News newsreel, a Silly Symphony animated cartoon The Spider and the Fly, and the music of the Paramount's own 16-piece house orchestra, under the direction of Lew Kosloff. Last on the program was the stage show Fanchon & Marco's "Slavique Idea", a forty-minute revue featuring Sam Hearn, comedians Brock and Thompson, dancer LaVonne Sweet, the acrobatic Seven Arconis, Patsy Marr, and the Sunkist Beauties in a chorus-line finale.

In June 1932 the Paramount closed, unable to meet operating expenses of more than $27,000 per week. Competing with Paramount was the Fox Oakland Theater, which had opened in 1928. The Paramount stayed closed for nearly a year. The days when movie theaters could support not just the showing of movies, but entire orchestras, stage shows, and uniformed attendants, were over, just as the Paramount was being completed. When it reopened in May 1933, it was under the management of Frank Burhans, the manager of the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco. He was commissioned to get the Paramount out of debt, and his method for achieving this was to operate without either a stage show or an orchestra, and to unscrew light bulbs in an effort to reduce energy expenses. The Paramount showed the best of the new motion pictures, including such features as Dancing Lady (1933) with Joan Crawford and Clark Gable, Dames (1934) with Dick Powell, and The Gay Divorcee (1934) with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The Great Depression gave way to World War II, and the Port of Oakland became a major departure and arrival point for servicemen. The Paramount's comfortable chairs and spacious lounges were a favorite gathering place. In the 1950s, popcorn machines and candy counters were installed, and on the lobby walls the incandescent lights were taken out and replaced by neon tubing in red and blue. In 1953, it played the first CinemaScope movie The Robe with Richard Burton and Jean Simmons. The 1957 Elvis Presley's Jailhouse Rock attracted a thousand young people. At the end of the 1950s theaters were losing patrons to television, but the Paramount management responded with talent shows, prize nights, and advertising campaigns.

For a second time the Paramount closed on September 15, 1970, because it no longer was able to compete with smaller movie theaters in the suburbs. The Paramount's last film was Let It Be (1970) with The Beatles. In 1971, a Warner Bros. movie, The Candidate, starring Robert Redford, was filmed using the interior of the Paramount as one of the principal locations.

Hope surfaced in October 1972 when the Oakland Symphony Orchestra Association (OSO), in need of a new home, purchased the Paramount for $1 million, half of which was donated by the seller, National General Theaters—formerly the Fox Theaters-West Coast—with the other half coming from generous private donors. The popcorn machines and candy counters were removed. With the help of restoration project manager Peter Botto, new, wider seats were installed, the distance between rows was increased to provide more leg room, and a replica of the original carpet was laid throughout the theater. Two bars, one on the mezzanine and one on the lower level, and a new box office were added. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill were consultants for the restoration, with Milton Pflueger & Associates assisting. The Paramount reopened on September 22, 1973, in its original 1931 splendor. Following the Opening the Oakland Symphony had sold out nearly all seats on subscription sales and sold out a majority of individual concerts.

But even with the house full the Paramount Theatre proved a financial burden to the Oakland Symphony. In addition the Oakland Symphony financed renovation costs with a $1 million loan. Rather than continue absorbing the Paramount's operating losses, the Oakland Symphony transferred the Paramount to the City of Oakland in 1975 for $1 in exchange for 40 years of free rent. They continued with that agreement until the Oakland Symphony Orchestra filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in September 1986.

Seeing an opportunity, a group of seven private citizens banded together and approached city officials with the idea of managing and operating the Paramount on behalf of the city as a nonprofit organization. They agreed, and the management structure has remained to this day.

Walking into the main lobby, with its gold ornamentation along the walls, curving staircase, and glowing light fixtures, is like taking a trip back through Old Hollywood. Public tours of the Paramount Theatre are given on the first and third Saturdays of each month, excluding holidays and holiday weekends. Documented in 1972 by the Historic American Buildings Survey, the theater was entered into the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973, and became a California Registered Historical Landmark in 1976 and a U.S. National Historical Landmark in 1977.

Photo gallery

 * Alvin Tenpo's smugmug photos of the Paramount Theater, Oakland, California
 * Flickr photos of the Paramount Theatre, Oakland, California

Symphony and ballet
Michael Morgan was music director from September 1990 until his death in August 2021. With its May 18, 2007, performance of George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess sold out, the Oakland East Bay Symphony opened its final rehearsal to the public.

In December 2007, the Oakland Ballet celebrated the 35th anniversary of Ronn Guidi's Nutcracker at the Paramount Theatre, with Michael Morgan conducting the music of Tchaikovsky.

Notable concerts
The Paramount has hosted concerts by a wide variety of acts since the mid-1970s, including Bob Marley & The Wailers, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Prince, James Brown, Diana Ross, Bonnie Raitt, Al Green, Jeff Beck, Lionel Richie, B.B. King, Anita Baker, Brian Wilson, Elvis Costello, Gladys Knight, Lucinda Williams, and Nelly Furtado.

1974

 * Boz Scaggs "Slow Dancer", March 4

1975

 * Bob Marley & The Wailers, July 8
 * Patti LaBelle with Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash, September 9
 * Nancy Wilson, Les McCann, Hubert Laws, Esther Phillips, Stanley Turrentine, "Jelly Roll Jazz Festival", October 3
 * Boz Scaggs "A Night to Remember", December 29

1976

 * Grover Washington Jr., George Benson, January 16
 * Vladimir Horowitz, February 15
 * Bob Marley and the Wailers, May 29 and 30
 * Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, October 2

1977

 * Peter Allen, December 15
 * Al Jarreau with The Crusaders, December 31

1978

 * Ronnie Laws, Flora Purim, Airto Moreira, February 9
 * Oingo Boingo Band, October 31

1986

 * Ashford & Simpson, December 6

1988

 * Jackson Browne Band, David Crosby, Graham Nash, November 2 and 3

1991

 * Natalie Cole (Unforgettable Tour)
 * Daryl Hall & John Oates
 * Jean-Luc Ponty

1992

 * Morris Day, Jerome Benton, Edwin Hawkins, David Whitfield
 * En Vogue
 * David Sanborn Band with comedian Jeff Cesario

1994

 * The Canton Spirituals with The Blind Boys of Alabama, The Fairfield Four
 * Lyle Lovett
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Illinois Jacquet Big Band, J. J. Johnson Quintet, The "Jazz at the Philharmonic" All-Star Jam with Tommy Flanagan, Benny Carter, Roy Haynes and Al McKibbon

1995

1996
 * Anita Baker
 * Harry Belafonte
 * Jackson Browne
 * "California Blues – Swingtime Tribute" with Johnny Otis, Charles Brown, Jay McShann, Jimmy Witherspoon, Jimmy McCracklin, Lowell Fulson and Earl Brown
 * Fourplay
 * Kirk Franklin and Family
 * Mississippi Mass Choir with Dorothy Norwood, Olivet Institutional Baptist Church, Choir of Oakland
 * Rachelle Ferrell with Will Downing, Gerald Albright, Jonathan Butler
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Stevie Wonder

1997
 * Tori Amos
 * k.d. lang
 * Tom Waits

 * Ashford & Simpson with Maya Angelou
 * Charles Brown with Ruth Brown, John Lee Hooker, Bonnie Raitt
 * Sarah McLachlan with Madeleine Peyroux
 * Maxwell
 * Nicholas Brothers, Count Basie Orchestra, Donald O'Connor, Williams Brothers
 * "Porgy and Bess" concert Joe Henderson sextet with Tommy Flanagan, Dave Holland, Al Foster, Conrad Herwig and Stephan Harris

1998

 * Amy Grant
 * Lyle Lovett
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Lionel Richie

1999

 * Jeff Beck
 * James Brown
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Rubén González with Ibrahim Ferrer
 * Lauryn Hill
 * B.B. King
 * Maxwell
 * Britney Spears, July 29
 * Tom Waits
 * Neil Young March 20

2000

 * Mary J. Blige
 * James Brown with Tower of Power
 * D'Angelo
 * Will Downing, Gerald Albright, Chanté Moore and Phil Perry
 * Rickie Lee Jones, with Dan Hicks & the Hot Licks
 * Maze with Frankie Beverly
 * Paul Simon

2001

 * Erykah Badu
 * Björk
 * James Brown with Tower of Power
 * Isaac Hayes and the Oakland East Bay Symphony: Musical tribute to Gordon Parks
 * Alicia Keys
 * Maxwell (musician)
 * Tori Amos

2002

 * Jeff Beck
 * Mary J. Blige
 * Ani DiFranco, Bruce "U. Utah" Phillips, Toshi Reagon
 * Enrique Iglesias
 * Alicia Keys with Glenn Lewis
 * Pat Metheny Group
 * Teddy Pendergrass
 * Prince "One Nite Alone With Prince", U.S. Spring tour
 * Bonnie Raitt

2003

 * Erykah Badu
 * Anita Baker
 * James Brown
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Al Green
 * Brian McKnight with Mýa
 * Sigur Rós

2004

 * Natalie Cole
 * Will Downing, with Kem, Kenny Lattimore
 * Josh Groban
 * Enrique Iglesias
 * Taj Mahal
 * Sarah McLachlan
 * The Temptations and the Four Tops
 * Wilco Band

2005

 * Elvis Costello
 * Dead Can Dance
 * Bob Dylan
 * Tom Jones, with Tower of Power
 * Journey
 * Alicia Keys
 * David Gray
 * Gerald Levert, Eddie Levert
 * Ricky Martin
 * Brian McKnight
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Jill Scott
 * The Whispers & Howard Hewett
 * Jethro Tull

2006

 * James Blunt
 * Toni Braxton
 * Elvis Costello
 * Donald Fagen
 * David Gilmour
 * Al Green with Booker T. Jones
 * R. Kelly
 * B.B. King, special guest Mavis Staples
 * Gladys Knight
 * Madeleine Peyroux with Vienna Teng
 * Robert Plant
 * Tool

2007

 * Pepe Aguilar & His 20-Piece Mariachi Orchestra
 * Tori Amos
 * Benise
 * The Black Crowes
 * Crowded House
 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds
 * Nelly Furtado
 * Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals
 * Iron & Wine
 * Dave Koz with Jonathan Butler, Wayman Tisdale and Kimberley Locke
 * Lauryn Hill
 * Diana Ross—U.S. "I Love You" tour, Produced by Live Nation, November 4
 * Twelve Girls Band
 * Tyrese, with Ginuwine
 * Lucinda Williams
 * Brian Wilson

2008

 * Erykah Badu with The Roots
 * Bowfire
 * Jill Scott
 * 70s Soul Jam with The Stylistics, Bloodstone, The Delfonics, The Chi-Lites and Main Ingredient featuring Cuba Gooding Sr.
 * Donna Summer
 * Keith Sweat, Bell Biv DeVoe, Tony! Toni! Toné!
 * The Temptations & Four Tops
 * The Whispers, Stephanie Mills
 * Dream Theater
 * Max Raabe and the Palast Orchester

2011

 * One Direction

Stand-up comedy

 * 1974 – George Carlin
 * 1975 – Richard Pryor, Lily Tomlin
 * 1997 – Bernie Mac
 * 2000, 2001 – Jamie Foxx
 * 2004, 2007 – George Lopez
 * 2005 – Bill Cosby
 * 2006 – Lewis Black
 * 2007 – Mike Epps
 * 2008 – Cedric the Entertainer, Katt Williams
 * Chris Rock (1997, 1999, 2003, 2008)
 * The three sold-out performances by Chris Rock in 2003 included a total attendance of 8,883 and a total gross of $448,000.
 * Jerry Seinfeld (1996, 2001, 2004, 2011)
 * In 2004, the four sold-out performances of Seinfeld grossed $819,390; 12,001 patrons is a record since the renovation and re-opening of the Paramount Theatre back in 1973.
 * 2023 - Louis CK

Black Comedy Explosion

 * 1990 Paul Mooney, Martin Lawrence, Shawn Wayans, Damon Wayans, Larry La La, Laura Hayes
 * 1991 Martin Lawrence, Jamie Foxx, Chris Thomas, Yvette Wilson
 * 1992 Jamie Foxx, Chris Thomas, Yvette Wilson
 * 1993 D. L. Hughley, Paul Mooney, Chris Tucker, Yvette Wilson, Ruben Paul
 * 1994 George Wallace, Mark Curry, Chris Tucker, Chris Spencer
 * 1995 Chris Rock, Mark Curry, Cedric the Entertainer
 * 1996 Dave Chappelle, Cedric the Entertainer, Tommy Davidson
 * 1997 Jamie Foxx, Yvette Wilson, Cedric the Entertainer, Chris Thomas, D. L. Hughley, Arnez J, Sheryl Underwood, Guy Torry
 * 1998 Tommy Davidson, Don 'D.C.' Curry
 * 1999 Don "DC" Party, Sheryl Underwood, Mike Epps
 * 2000 D. L. Hughley
 * 2001 Guy Torry, Bruce Bruce, Ricky Smiley
 * 2002 Tommy Davidson, Sheryl Underwood, Alex Thomas
 * 2004 Sheryl Underwood, Paul Mooney
 * 2005 D. L. Hughley, Lavelle Crawford
 * 2007 Lavelle Crawford, Earthquake, Sheryl Underwood, Ruben Paul

Live stage plays

 * 1997 – The musical play The Wiz was at the Paramount, with Grace Jones, Peabo Bryson and CeCe Peniston.
 * 2001 – The Diary of Black Men, directed by Clarence Whitmore, a play that had been touring the country since 1983
 * 2006 – Tyler Perry's Madea Goes to Jail played to a packed seven-date stint at the Paramount.
 * 2008 – Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Cats was performed in May.

Classic movie nights
It wasn't until 1987 that the Paramount returned to its true calling as a movie house, showing Buster Keaton's The General (1926), a silent film accompanied by the Wurlitzer. In 1988, Casablanca (1942), starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, launched the first movie series. The 2002 feature was Peter Sellers in Dr. Strangelove (1964).

In 2002 it showed Wizard of Oz (1939), with Judy Garland, and in 2004 the Paramount showed several classic movies: Harvey (1950), starring James Stewart, Viva Las Vegas (1964) starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret, The Graduate (1967) with Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft, and The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) starring Kirk Douglas and Lana Turner.

The Paramount Movie Classics series continues scheduling screenings throughout the year and is enthusiastically supported by guests and staff members alike who often dress up in costume as movie characters.

Other
In order to accommodate the large number of people attending on the High Holy Days, since 2001 Oakland's Temple Sinai has held its main High Holy Day services at the Paramount, filling the entire 1,800 seats on the mezzanine of the theater, and most of the 1,200 seats in the balcony.

Notable events
The Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame was founded in 1973 in Oakland. They held elegant events that honored such screen legends as Clarence Muse, Hattie McDaniel, Billy Dee Williams, Melvin Van Peebles, and Danny Glover with the Oscar Micheaux Awards. Some of the events were hosted at Oakland's Paramount Theatre. In 2001 Harry Belafonte, Eubie Blake and Diahann Carroll was inducted in the Filmmakers Hall of Fame at the Paramount.

1995 – Poet Maya Angelou read from her work at a benefit at Paramount for the St. Paul's Episcopal School.

1999 – Actress Halle Berry was at the Paramount for the premiere of Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, an HBO docudrama.

2007 – Former Congressman Ron Dellums was sworn in on Monday, January 8, as Oakland's 48th mayor in a public ceremony at the Paramount Theatre. A crowd of 1,900 people gathered for the ceremony.

2011 – Hosting of the premiere for the 2011 film Moneyball. The cast as well as some Oakland Athletics players and executives attended the premiere.

2012 – Abel Gance's film Napoléon had four screenings from March 24 to April 1 as part of the San Francisco Silent Film Festival. Accompanied by a live orchestra, Napoléon was shown at the original 20 frames per second and ending with a 20-minute final triptych sequence. These, the first US screenings of British film historian Kevin Brownlow's 5.5-hour-long restored version, were described as requiring three intermissions, one of which was a dinner break. Score arranger Carl Davis led the 46-piece Oakland East Bay Symphony for the performances.

title: Paramount Theatre (Oakland, California)


text: User talk:152.163.252.97

title: User talk:152.163.252.97


text:
Merrill De Maris

Merrill De Maris (February 26, 1898, New Jersey – December 31, 1948, Escondido, California) was an American writer who worked on Disney comic strips for King Features Syndicate.

De Maris helped Floyd Gottfredson with many of his early Mickey Mouse comic strips; they co-created famous characters like Phantom Blot, Chief O'Hara and Detective Casey. In 1942, they gave Minnie Mouse a full name as Minerva Mouse, for the four-month comic strip story "The Gleam".

De Maris also wrote for the Silly Symphony comic strip from December 1937 to October 1942, writing the comic strip adaptations of the feature films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio and Bambi.

In 1943, De Maris abandoned a half-finished outline for a Donald Duck comic book story. The publisher gave the outline to Carl Barks, who polished it, made it longer, and published it as "Too Many Pets", in Donald Duck Four Color #29 (Sept 1943).

title: Merrill De Maris


text:
Island Park

Island Park may refer to:

Places

 * Canada
 * Island Park, Ottawa, neighbourhood in Ottawa named for Island Park Drive

 * United States
 * Island Park, Idaho, a city
 * Island Park, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Island Park, Kosciusko County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Island Park, New York, a village
 * Island Park station, a train station in the village
 * Island Park, Rhode Island, a former census-designated place in Rhode Island
 * Island Park, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Island Park (Racine, Wisconsin), a neighborhood park
 * Island Park (Lake Winnebago), or Garlic Island, a small island in Wisconsin
 * Tate Field, known as Island Park and Mayo Island Park, a stadium in Richmond, Virginia

title: Island Park


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Baseball Fan's Hall of Fame

Wikipedia is not a fan page.

Better believe it. Speedy delete if possible. - Lucky 6.9 22:00, 19 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet

Untitled
Wouldn't Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet be a nicer title to disambig this article? Proteus (Talk) 21:19, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

I spoke too soon. :) Proteus (Talk) 21:19, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Did you do it just as I was moving it? In cases where disambiguation is necessary, the baronetial title makes for a much prettier article title, I think. Do you, by the way, know what his relationship to Lord Grey of Fallodon was? I can't find any info from the usual internet places. john 21:22, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Yep. I ended up with a talk page and no article... :) According to Burke's the Viscount was his grandson (his eldest son having predeceased him). Proteus (Talk) 21:34, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet


text:
User:Mud

My name is Mud.

I live in San Francisco, California. I used to ride a BMW motorcycle. Now I ride a Ducati. I like The Stitches.

title: User:Mud


text:
Home insurance

Home insurance, also commonly called homeowner's insurance (often abbreviated in the US real estate industry as HOI), is a type of property insurance that covers a private residence. It is an insurance policy that combines various personal insurance protections, which can include losses occurring to one's home, its contents, loss of use (additional living expenses), or loss of other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as liability insurance for accidents that may happen at the home or at the hands of the homeowner within the policy territory.

Additionally, homeowner's insurance provides financial protection against disasters. A standard home insurance policy insures the home itself along with the things kept inside.

Overview
Homeowner's policy is a multiple-line insurance policy, meaning that it includes both property insurance and liability coverage, with an indivisible premium, meaning that a single premium is paid for all risks. This means that it covers both damage to one's property and liability for any injuries and property damage caused by the owner or members of his/her family to other people. It may also include damage caused by household pets. The U.S. uses standardized policy forms that divide coverage into several categories. Coverage limits are typically provided as a percentage of the primary Coverage A, which is coverage for the main dwelling.

The cost of homeowner's insurance often depends on what it would cost to replace the house and which additional endorsements or riders are attached to the policy. The insurance policy is a legal contract between the insurance carrier (insurance company) and the named insured(s). It is a contract of indemnity and will put the insured back to the state he/she was in prior to the loss. Typically, claims due to floods or war (whose definition typically includes a nuclear explosion from any source) are excluded from coverage, amongst other standard exclusions (like termites). Special insurance can be purchased for these possibilities, including flood insurance. Insurance is adjusted to reflect the cost of replacement, usually upon application of an inflation factor or a cost index.

Pricing
Major factors in price estimation include location, coverage, and the amount of insurance, which is based on the estimated cost to rebuild the home ("replacement cost").

If insufficient coverage is purchased to rebuild the home, the claim's payout may be subject to a co-insurance penalty. In this scenario, the insured will be subject to an out of pocket fee as a penalty. Insurers use vendors to estimate the costs, including CoreLogic subsidiary Marshall Swift-Boeckh, Verisk PropertyProfile, and E2Value, but leave the responsibility ultimately up to the consumer. In 2013, a survey found that about 60% of homes are undervalued by an estimated 17 percent. In some cases, estimates can be too low because of "demand surge" after a catastrophe. As a safeguard against a wrong estimate, some insurers offer "extended replacement cost" add-ons ("endorsements") which provide extra coverage if the limit is reached.

Prices may be lower if the house is situated next to a fire station or is equipped with fire sprinklers and fire alarms; if the house exhibits wind mitigation measures, such as hurricane shutters; or if the house has a security system and has insurer-approved locks installed.

Typically payment is made annually. Perpetual insurance which continues indefinitely can also be obtained in certain areas.

Covered perils
Home insurance offers coverage on a "named perils" and "open perils" basis. A "named perils" policy is one that provides coverage for a loss specifically listed on the policy; if it's not listed, then it's not covered. An "open perils" policy is broader in the sense that it will provide coverage for all losses except those specifically excluded on your policy.

For insurance policies that cover specific named perils, the insurer frequently offers a choice between one policy that will cover a basic set of specific perils, and another policy that covers the same basic set plus several additional perils, as discussed below. Together with an open peril, a.k.a. "special form" policy, these two groupings of named perils allow the insurer to offer a choice among three types of policy, with three levels of coverage, which can be priced in a fair and accurate manner and appeal to a variety of resident homeowners as well as owners of apartment buildings and condominium associations.

Basic "named perils" – this is the least comprehensive of the three coverage options. It provides protection against perils most likely to result in a total loss. If something happens to your home that's not on the list below, you are not covered. This type of policy is most common in countries with developing insurance markets and as protection for vacant or unoccupied buildings.

Basic-form covered perils:
 * Fire
 * Lightning
 * Windstorm or hail
 * Explosion
 * Smoke
 * Vandalism
 * Aircraft or vehicle collision
 * Riot or civil commotion

Broad "named perils" – this form expands on the "basic form" by adding 6 more covered perils. Again, this is a "named perils" policy. The loss must specifically be listed to receive coverage. Fortunately, the "broad form" is designed to cover the most common forms of property damage.

Broad-form covered perils:
 * All basic-form perils
 * Burglary, break-in damage
 * Falling objects (e.g. tree limbs)
 * Weight of ice and snow
 * Freezing of plumbing
 * Accidental water damage
 * Artificially generated electricity

Special "all risk" – special-form coverage is the most inclusive of the three options. The difference with "special form" policies is that they provide coverage to all losses unless specifically excluded. Unlike the prior forms, all unlisted perils are covered perils. However, if something happens to your home, and the event is on the exclusions list, the policy will not provide coverage.

Special-form excluded perils:
 * Ordinance of law
 * Earthquake
 * Flood
 * Power failure
 * Neglect
 * War
 * Nuclear hazard
 * Intentional acts

In the United States
In the United States, most home buyers borrow money in the form of a mortgage loan, and the mortgage lender often requires that the buyer purchase homeowner's insurance as a condition of the loan, in order to protect the bank if the home is destroyed. Anyone with an insurable interest in the property should be listed on the policy. In some cases the mortgagee will waive the need for the mortgagor to carry homeowner's insurance if the value of the land exceeds the amount of the mortgage balance. In such a case even the total destruction of any buildings would not affect the ability of the lender to be able to foreclose and recover the full amount of the loan.

Home insurance in the United States may differ from other countries; for example, in Britain, subsidence and subsequent foundation failure is usually covered under an insurance policy. United States insurance companies used to offer foundation insurance, which was reduced to coverage for damage due to leaks, and finally eliminated altogether. The insurance is often misunderstood by its purchasers; for example, many believe that mold is covered when it is not a standard coverage.

History
The first homeowner's policy per se in the United States was introduced in September 1950, but similar policies had already existed in Great Britain and certain areas of the United States. In the late 1940s, US insurance law was reformed and during this process multiple line statutes were written, allowing homeowner's policies to become legal.

Prior to the 1950s there were separate policies for the various perils that could affect a home. A homeowner would have had to purchase separate policies covering fire losses, theft, personal property, and the like. During the 1950s policy forms were developed allowing the homeowner to purchase all the insurance they needed on one complete policy. However, these policies varied by insurance company, and were difficult to comprehend.

The need for standardization grew so great that a private company based in Jersey City, New Jersey, Insurance Services Office, also known as the ISO, was formed in 1971 to provide risk information and it issued simplified homeowner's policy forms for reselling to insurance companies. These policies have been amended over the years.

Modern developments have changed the insurance coverage terms, availability, and pricing. Homeowner's insurance has been relatively unprofitable, due in part to catastrophes such as hurricanes as well as regulators' reluctance to authorize price increases. Coverages have been reduced instead and companies have diverged from the former standardized model ISO forms. Water damage due to burst pipes in particular has been restricted or in some cases entirely eliminated. Other restrictions included time limits, complex replacement cost calculations (which may not reflect the true cost to replace), and reductions in wind damage coverage.

Types of homeowners insurance policies
According to a 2018 National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) report on data from 2016, 73.8% of homes were covered by owner-occupied homeowners' policies. Of these, 79.52% had an HO-3 Special policy, and 13.35% had the more expensive HO-5 Comprehensive. Both of these policies are "all risks" or "open perils", meaning that they cover all perils except those specifically excluded. Homes covered by an HO-2 Broad policy accounted for 5.15%, which covers only specific named perils. The remaining 2% includes the HO-1 Basic and the HO-8 Modified policies, which are the most limited in the coverage offered. HO-8, also known as older home insurance, is likely to pay only actual cash value for damages rather than replacement.

The remaining 21.3% of home insurance policies were covered by renter's or condominium insurance. 14.8% of these had the HO-4 Contents Broad form, also known as renters' insurance, which covers the contents of an apartment not specifically covered in the blanket policy written for the complex. This policy can also cover liability arising from injury to guests as well as negligence of the renter within the coverage territory. Common coverage areas are events such as lightning, riot, aircraft, explosion, vandalism, smoke, theft, windstorm or hail, falling objects, volcanic eruption, snow, sleet, and weight of ice. The remainder had the HO-6 Unit-Owners policy, also known as a condominium insurance, which is designed for the owners of condos and includes coverage for the part of the building owned by the insured and for the property housed therein. Designed to span the gap between the coverage provided by the blanket policy written for the entire neighborhood or building and the personal property inside the home. The condominium association's by-laws may determine the total amount of insurance necessary. E.g., in Florida, the scope of coverage is prescribed by statute – 718.111(11)(f).

Collateral protection insurance
If a home can not be insured, obtaining a mortgage on it is difficult or impossible. If the homeowner's insurance is canceled after a mortgage agreement is in force, and the home judged to be uninsurable, a standard mortgage contract that compels homeowner's insurance allows the lender to purchase collateral protection insurance, (sometimes called "force-placed insurance") and charge the premiums to the homeowner via escrow. CPI's pay off the balance owed on the mortgage if the homeowner defaults on mortgage payments, and some will cover damage to the home that impacts the resale value. This repair coverage can benefit the homeowner, but by design the contractual benefits flow to the mortgagee. If the structure is deemed uninsurable, the homeowner also benefits from not having the mortgage called in by the lender - without CPI the homeowner would be in serious breach of his contractual obligations.

Causes of loss
According to the 2008 Insurance Information Institute factbook, for every $100 of premium, in 2005 on average $16 went to fire and lightning, $30 to wind and hail, $11 to water damage and freezing, $4 for other causes, and $2 for theft. An additional $3 went to liability and medical payments and $9 for claims settlement expenses, and the remaining $25 was allocated to insurer expenses. One study of fires found that most were caused by heating incidents, although smoking was a risk factor for fatal fires.

Claims process
After a loss, the insured is expected to take steps to mitigate the loss. Insurance policies typically require that the insurer be notified within a reasonable time period. After that, a claims adjuster will investigate the claim and the insured may be required to provide various information.

Filing a claim may result in an increase in rates, or in nonrenewal or cancellation. In addition, insurers may share the claim data in an industry database (the two major ones are CLUE and A-PLUS ), with Claim Loss Underwriting Exchange (CLUE) by Choicepoint receiving data from 98% of U.S. insurers.

In the United Kingdom
As in the US, mortgage lenders within the United Kingdom (UK) require the rebuild value (the actual cost of rebuilding a property to its current state should it be damaged or destroyed) of a property to be covered as a condition of the loan. However, the rebuild cost is often lower than the market value of the property, as the market value often reflects the property as a going concern, as opposed to just the value of the bricks and mortar.

A number of factors, such as an increase in fraud and increasingly unpredictable weather, have seen home insurance premiums continue to rise in the UK. For this reason, there has been a shift in how home insurance is bought in the UK—as customers become a lot more price-sensitive, there has been a large increase in the amount of policies sold through price comparison sites.

In addition to standard home insurance, some 8 million households in the UK are categorized as being a "non-standard" risk. These households require a specialist or non-standard insurer that would cover home insurance needs for people that have criminal convictions and/or where the property suffers subsidence or has previously been underpinned.

Around the world
Premium volume by country (2013)

Building and contents coverage

Countries such as China, Australia, and the United Kingdom use a more straightforward approach to home insurance, called "building and contents coverage" commonly referred to as "home and contents insurance". Relative to the insurance policies of the United States, building and contents coverage offers a very basic level of coverage. Most standard policies only cover the most basic perils listed below:
 * Storm or flood
 * Fire
 * Lightning or explosion
 * Falling trees or branches
 * Subsidence, drag or landslip
 * Breakage of glass or sanitary fittings
 * Damage from escaped water or oil
 * Shock caused to the house by animals, vehicles or aircraft

Building coverage

Building covers both the primary structure as well as detached structures such as garages, sheds, and back houses that are on property. However, different insurers may not cover things like boundary walls, fences, gates, paths, drives or swimming pools, so it is important to check the specific policy language. This is an equivalent of both Coverage A and B in homeowners insurance policies in the United States.

Contents coverage

Contents insurance covers personal effects such as furniture, clothes, electronics, jewelry, etc. Most policies limit the individual amount of money paid out for each category of items. Individual policies can vary in the amount of coverage they provide. The option to schedule your personal property is readily available.

Liability coverage

Liability is typically bundled together with building and contents coverage. Injuries and damage on premises would be covered by building coverage liability while any offsite occurrences would be covered under contents coverage.

Common exclusions

As with most insurance policies, there are always exclusions. The most common are:
 * General wear-and-tear maintenance
 * Faulty workmanship
 * Mechanical or electrical breakdown
 * Any amount over the limits shown on the policy schedule or in the policy
 * Restricted cover when the home is empty or is let to tenants

title: Home insurance


text:
Talk:George Grey (British politician)

From WP:RfD:

 * George Grey (British Politician) and George Grey (British politician). Before we had a naming convention for baronets, the former page (or was it the latter?) held the article presently at Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet. There's no way anyone will ever look for Grey in such a manner, and no pages link to either of these redirects anymore. Mackensen (talk) 01:43, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep they have a long history and it is never a good idea to break links without good reason. - SimonP 03:46, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I simply regard this as good housekeeping. There's no reason for these links to exist, and I doubt seriously we'll break anything in the process. Certainly, there's no reason for both of them to exist. Mackensen (talk) 01:23, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I see no good reason to delete this. Burgundavia 17:11, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems harmless to me. Noel (talk) 21:15, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Grey (British politician)


text:
William Eliot, 4th Earl of St Germans

William Gordon Cornwallis Eliot, 4th Earl of St Germans (14 December 1829 – 19 March 1881), known as Lord Eliot from 1864 to 1877, was a British diplomat and Liberal politician. He was also a president of the Church of England Society for the Maintenance of the Faith.

Life and career
Eliot was born at Port Eliot, Cornwall, the third but eldest surviving son of Edward Granville Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans, and his wife Jemima (née Cornwallis). He was educated at Eton College and then joined the Diplomatic Service. His assignments included:

 * Attaché at Hanover from 1849 to 1853
 * Attaché at Lisbon from 1851 to 1853
 * 2nd Paid Attaché at Berlin from 1853 to 1857
 * 1st Paid Attaché at Constantinople from 1857 to 1858
 * 1st Paid Attaché at Saint Petersburg from 1858 to 1859
 * Secretary of Legation at Rio de Janeiro in 1859
 * Secretary of Legation at Athens from 1859 to 1861
 * Secretary of Legation at Lisbon from 1860 to 1861
 * Chargé d'Affaires at Rio de Janeiro from 1861 to 1863
 * Acting Secretary of Legation at Washington, D.C. from 1863 to 1864

He resigned in 1865 and was elected Member of Parliament for Devonport in 1866, a seat he held until 1868. In 1870 he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Eliot. Lord St Germans died unmarried in March 1881, aged 51 and is buried, near his mother, at Kensal Green Cemetery. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Henry.

title: William Eliot, 4th Earl of St Germans


text:
Carl Fallberg

Carl Robert Fallberg (September 11, 1915 – May 9, 1996) was a writer/cartoonist for animated feature films and TV cartoons for Disney Studios, Hanna-Barbera, and Warner Brothers. He also wrote comic books for Dell Comics, Western Publishing, and Gold Key Comics.

Early life
Carl Robert Fallberg was born in Cleveland, Tennessee on 11 September 1915 to Carl Fallberg (Sr.), and Gunhild Fallberg (née Sjöstedt), who both taught music at the Centenary College Conservatory in Cleveland, Tennessee from 1910 to 1917. Carl was the middle child of three, with an older sister Lisa Lina "Dixie" and younger sister Elinor Faith. The family moved to Chicago, and in 1930 his mother died, leaving Carl and his two sisters motherless for several years.

Carl attended Nicholas Senn High School in Chicago, Illinois. In 1934, Carl sent a letter with samples of his gag ideas and artwork to Walt Disney asking for employment. On the third try, he was offered a job and started to work for Walt Disney Studios in 1935 (then located at 2719 Hyperion Avenue in Hollywood, California.)

Carl and his sister Elinor (1923-2014) lived in rooming house at 3021 Angus Street, just a few blocks from the Hyperion Studios. It was there he meet his future wife, Becky Dorner, the daughter of the family who owned the rooming house. During World War II, his sister Elinor and his future wife Becky worked at Disney Studios while Carl was serving in the U.S. Marines at Quantico, Virginia as part of the Marine Corps film unit.

Becky and Carl were married at First Unitarian Church in Los Angeles, California on July 14, 1945 and had one child, Carla Larissa Fallberg, born in 1955. Becky continued to work for Disney Studios, eventually becoming the Manager of the Ink and Paint Department while Carl went on to work as a writer/cartoonist freelancing for Disney, Hanna Barbera, and several other cartoon studios and comic book publishers.

Professional cartoonist
Carl had a lifelong passion for the "narrow gauge" railroad lines connecting the mountain mining towns of Colorado. This love of narrow gauge railroads in early mining communities was expressed through his cartoon drawings published in his Fiddletown & Copperopolis comic strip which appeared in Railroad Magazine. Carl compiled all his Fiddletown and Copperopolis cartoons into a book "Fiddletown and Copperopolis - The life and times of an uncommon carrier" first published in 1960 by Hungerford Press. The softbound version had a brown and tan cover, and a hardbound version with a brown or red cover with gold lettering and a dust jacket with the same brown and tan art as the softbound version. Subsequent editions were all softbound with 4 color cover art and published by Heimburger House in 1985, 1998, and 2003.

From his early days at Disney, Carl shared his enthusiasm for Colorado's narrow gauge railroads with Ward Kimball and the Grizzly Flats Railroad, and brought the theme to numerous comic books he wrote, such as the Mickey Mouse story "The Vanishing Railroad".

Carl Fallberg was a member of the Animation Guild I.A.T.S.E. Local 839.

Disney
Carl started working at Disney Studios in 1935. During the beginning of his career at Disney he worked as an assistant director and storyman on the Disney animated features Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, and Bambi.

Carl moved to working on Disney comic books for Dell Publishing, and was noteworthy for scripting most of the Mickey Mouse serials illustrated by Paul Murry that appeared in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories from the early 1950s to 1973. He also specialized in creating colorful characters inhabiting the various exotic locales that often reflected his love of railroads. This provided narrative interest that compensated for the generally bland personality Mickey Mouse had during this period. For almost a decade and up until 1962, it was Fallberg and Murry who produced almost all of those serials in Walt Disney Comics and Stories.

Besides working with Murry, Fallberg also freelanced to write and illustrate Disney comic books of Li'l Bad Wolf, Jiminy Cricket, Professor Ludwig Von Drake, Scrooge McDuck, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Gyro Gearloose, Goofy, Chip 'n' Dale, and many others. From 1963 to 1989, Carl also wrote scripts for the Disney Studio Program, and during 1974-1985 he wrote scripts for the comic strips Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales (Sunday) and the Disney Christmas Story daily strips that appeared each December. The last comic book story Carl wrote for Disney was "Goofy the Kid" in 1990.

Carl's "special" Disney projects included writing the promotional comics Adventure in Disneyland (1955) for Richfield Oil and Mickey and Goofy Explore Energy (1976) for Exxon, which he later redesigned to promote the Epcot Universe of Energy attraction. He wrote the Sears Winnie the Pooh Coloring Book in 1975, contributed to The Wonderful World of Disney (1969–70) Gulf Oil giveaway magazine and provided the text for two of Whitman's Big Little Books: Donald Duck and the Luck of the Ducks and Donald Duck and the Fabulous Diamond Fountain.

Hanna-Barbera
From 1972 through 1981, Carl worked as a storyman and story director on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon television shows: Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space, Scooby-Doo, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kids, Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch, The All-New Popeye Hour, Laugh-a-Lympics, The Three Robonic Stooges and The Kwicky Koala Show. Carl also wrote for the Hanna-Barbera comic books of: The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, Huckleberry Hound, and The Jetsons.

Warner Bros.
From 1953 through the early 1970s, Carl wrote for the Warner Bros. Animation characters of Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Mary Jane & Sniffles, and Speedy Gonzales, and was story director for Yosemite Sam, Daffy Duck and Speedy Gonzales. Also in this time period, Fallberg wandered back into animation working on the Warner Bros. Speedy and Daffy Show.

Other cartoon comic books
His work for MGM comic books included The Addams Family, Tom & Jerry, Droopy, and Screwy Squirrel, and Mr. Magoo for UPA, and The Pink Panther and The Inspector for DePatie-Freleng. For Walter Lantz, Carl wrote Woody Woodpecker, Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, and Homer Pigeon comic books.

Filmography
Feature films and television:

Feature films

 * 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (assistant director - uncredited)
 * 1942, Bambi (story development)
 * 1940 and 2000, Fantasia and Fantasia 2000 (story development for "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" Segment)
 * World War II, USMCR: Writer/cartoonist of training and propaganda films

Television

 * 1971, The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (TV series) (story director - 1 episode)
 * 1972, The New Scooby-Doo Movies (TV series) (story director - 16 episodes)
 * 1972, Josie and the Pussy Cats in Outer Space (TV series) (story director - 16 episodes)
 * 1972, The Flintstone Comedy Hour (TV series) (story director)
 * 1972, The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie (TV series) (story director - 1 episode)
 * 1973, The Roman Holidays (TV series) (story director - 2 episodes)
 * 1973, The Addams Family (1973 TV series) (story director - 5 episodes)
 * 1973, Butch Cassidy (TV series) (story director)
 * 1974, Wheelie and the Chopper Bunch (TV series) (storyboard editor)
 * 1977, The Skatebirds (TV series) (story director)
 * 1978, Dinky Dog (TV series) (story director)
 * 1978, Yogi's Space Race (TV series) (story director)
 * 1978, Galaxy Goof-Ups (TV series) (story director)
 * 1978-79, The All-New Popeye Hour (TV series) (story director)
 * 1980, The Flintstone Comedy Show (TV series) (story director and writer - 1 episode)
 * 1981, The Kwicky Koala Show (TV series) (story director and writer - 16 episodes)
 * 1984, Flintstone Funnies (writer)

Publications
Carl Robert Fallberg publications:
 * 1949, Carl Fallberg. p. 108, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis Ry. (No. 5)," Railroad magazine, Vol. 47, no. 4. New York, Frank A. Munsey Co.
 * 1950, Carl Fallberg. p. 114, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis Ry. (No. 20)," Railroad magazine, Vol. 51, no. 3. New York, Frank A. Munsey Co.
 * 1950, Carl Fallberg. p. 116, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis Ry. (No. 27),".Railroad magazine, Vol. 53, no. 2. New York, Frank A. Munsey Co.
 * 1952, Carl Fallberg. p. 94, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis (No. 42)," Railroad magazine, Vol. 57, no. 1. Kokomo, IN, Popular Publications.
 * 1952, Carl Fallberg. p. 112, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis (No. 44)," Railroad magazine, Vol. 57, no. 3. Kokomo, IN, Popular Publications
 * 1952, Carl Fallberg. p. 119, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis (No. 46)," Railroad magazine, Vol. 58, no. 1. Kokomo, IN, Popular Publications
 * 1953, Carl Fallberg. p. 100, "Fiddletown & Copperopolis (No. 56)," Railroad magazine., Vol. 60, no. 3. Kokomo, IN, Popular Publications
 * 1955, Carl Fallberg, Paul Murry. Mickey Mouse in Walkie Doggie, Dell/Western.
 * 1956, Carl Fallberg, Paul Murry. Mickey Mouse in the Vanishing Railroad, Dell/Western.
 * 1957, Carl Fallberg, Paul Murry. Mickey Mouse in The Legend of Loon Lake, Dell/Western.
 * 1957, Carl Fallberg, Paul Murry. Mickey Mouse The Phantom Fires, Dell/Western.
 * 1967, Carl Fallberg. Walt Disney's Donald Duck - The fabulous diamond fountain. Racine, WI,: Western Publishing Co.
 * 1967, Carl Fallberg. Tom and Jerry meet Mr. Fingers. Racine, WI, Whitman Pub. Co.
 * 1967, Carl Fallberg. Mickey Mouse the super sword. Racine, WI, Western Pub. Co., ISBN 0-307-61934-6, ISBN 978-0-307-61934-1
 * 1968, Carl Fallberg. Beep beep the road runner - The super beep-catcher. Racine, WI, Western
 * 1968, Carl Fallberg. Hanna-Barbera's Frankenstein, Jr. - The menace of the heartless monster. Racine, WI, Whitman Pub. Co.
 * 1974, Carl Fallberg. Beep beep the Road Runner - The lost road runner mine. Racine, WI, Western Pub. Co.
 * 1984, Carl Fallberg, Paul Murry. Mickey Mouse - The super sword, New York, Western Pub., ISBN 0-307-11934-3, ISBN 978-0-307-11934-6
 * 1985, Carl Fallberg. Fiddletown & Copperopolis - The life and times of an uncommon carrier. Rev. 2nd ed. River Forest, IL, Heimburger House Pub. Co. ISBN 0-911581-04-9 (pbk.) ISBN 9780911581041 (pbk.)
 * 1990, Carl Fallberg, Al Hubbard, Rudyard Kipling, Jane Werner Watson. Walt Disney's classic the Jungle book. Burbank, CA Walt Disney Publications, ISBN 1-56115-047-9, ISBN 978-1-56115-047-2
 * 1991, Carl Fallberg. Walt Disney's classic 101 Dalmatians. Burbank, CA : W.D. Publications, ISBN 1-56115-140-8
 * 2008, Carl Fallberg, Robert Klein, Pat McGreal, Carol McGreal. Walt Disney's Comics 691. Paw Prints, ISBN 978-1-4395-5747-1, ISBN 1-4395-5747-0
 * 2010, Aaron Sparrow, Chris Meyer, Christopher Burns comic book editor, Jason Long comic book editor, Carl Fallberg ("Yesterday Ranch"), Paul Murry, Erika Terriquez, Floyd Gottfredson, Earl Duvall, Dick Moores, George Waiss, Bill Walsh, Manuel Gonzales. Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse classics - Mouse mayhem. Los Angeles, Boom! Kids, ISBN 978-1-60886-544-4.

title: Carl Fallberg


text: User talk:204.113.91.22

title: User talk:204.113.91.22


text:
User talk:Nzpcmad

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 21:28, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Oops, sorry about the Donald Maclean problem. Thanks for fixing it. john '''k 17:53, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Onco_p53 07:43, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Bosman
Hi there, I've just been enjoying your article on Bosman to which I've added another category (South African writers). I was also thinking of italicising the book names in the bibliography as well as in the text. Would you object to this? Further, a lot of other pages seem to use the style where the ISBN goes last in the ref (eg in [|Cite Sources]). Would you mind if I faffed around to make your list look like this? (Too much time on my hands? Yup!) Tell me to bog off if you like it just fine the way it is... :-) JackyR 23:48, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Drum
I just noticed your changes to the Drum article. Great, just what the doctor ordered. Halfsnail 09:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup - 11 August 2007 1pm
You are invited to Auckland Meetup 3 on the afternoon of Saturday 11 August 2007 at Ironique in Mt Eden. Please see Meetup/Auckland 3 for details. You can also watch Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. Linnah 22:10, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

WP:AUK
Taifar ious1  22:20, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Hi there. We're having a meetup in Auckland shortly, and as you're listed in Category:Wikipedians in Auckland I thought I would call your attention to it. See Meetup/Auckland 4 if interested. Richard001 (talk) 23:00, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Athol Fugard
Please see the talk page of the article and its editing summaries. I moved your comment from my talk page to that article's talk page and replied there. Please consult the links re: proper citations for biographies of living persons and in general. The ones that you added violate WP:SPAM and WP:Advert as well as WP:BLP, WP:V and WP:EL. Proper full citations to reliable third-party published sources are needed; "Iain Fisher"'s self-published site and his self-published message boards are not third-party publications and he is not a recognized authority on the subjects; his site is an unofficial fansite and his message boards do not meet the threshold as a reliable source in Wikipedia. (I do not plan to edit this article further; I simply came across it coincidentally while working on other things a few days ago. Most of the templates were already there before I encountered the article; it needs thorough re-writing according to them.  Fisher has been placing spam links throughout Wikipedia articles; and I and others will remove them as necessary. --NYScholar (talk) 20:49, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Nzpcmad! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 17:03, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Don Mattera -

Auckland Meetup 5 on 9 May 2010
You are invited to Auckland Meetup 5 on the afternoon of Sunday 9th May 2010 at Esquires Cafe, Ground Floor, Auckland Central City Library, Lorne St, Auckland. Please see Meetup/Auckland 5 for details and RSVP. You can also bookmark Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. - Linnah (talk) 01:34, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation link fixing one-day contest
I have decided to put on a mini-contest within the November 2013 monthly disambiguation contest, on Saturday, November 23 (UTC). I will personally give a $20 Amazon.com gift card to the disambiguator who fixes the most links on that server-day (see the project page for details on scoring points). Since we are not geared up to do an automated count for that day, at 00:00, 23 November 2013 (UTC) (which is 7:00 PM on November 22, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the project page leaderboard. I will presume that anyone who is not already listed on the leaderboard has precisely nine edits. At 01:00, 24 November 2013 (UTC) (8:00 PM on November 23, EST), I'll take a screenshot of the leaderboard at that time (the extra hour is to give the board time to update), and I will determine from that who our winner is. I will credit links fixed by turning a WP:DABCONCEPT page into an article, but you'll have to let me know me that you did so. Here's to a fun contest. Note that according to the Daily Disambig, we currently have under 256,000 disambiguation links to be fixed. If everyone in the disambiguation link fixers category were to fix 500 links, we would have them all done - so aim high! Cheers! bd2412 T 02:34, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nzpcmad


text: User talk:24.168.64.228

title: User talk:24.168.64.228