text:
User talk:Flyhighplato

Folarin saheed

Birth of the Italian Republic
I have edited the first part of Birth of the Italian Republic. Though I have made it flow a bit more smoothly, it feels like I have inadvertantly removed some of the previous meaning. I wish I was informed enough to add more sense to the article. It is long, unfortunately, and I suffer from attention deficit. :P

Anyways, it was just a test to see what I could do with Wikipedia. Hopefully, I can make a couple more contributions. This thing is great.

Hello, "Flinghighplato" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

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Hello. In re moment (mathematics), please note that the "a" in "See also" and the "l" in "External links" should be lower-case; see Manual of Style. Michael Hardy 22:15, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks. I'll try to remember that. --flyhighplato 03:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Also, it's "Flyhighplato", not "Flinghighplato". That just sounds ridiculous. --flyhighplato 16:47, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mahalaxmi
Is it necessary to distinguish between Mahalaxmi location and railway station. Most of the railway station are based on a location. Entire Mumbai subarbs and railway stations share the same page. Alren 19:41, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, I just noticed that and fixed. It was linked to a template and I didn't realize it. --flyhighplato 19:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mahalaxmi (railway station)
So I guess there's no need of Mahalaxmi (railway station) page. The Mahalaxmi (location) should incorporate the template. Also the pages for Mumbai Central and Parel needs to be addressed also. Alren 19:50, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, there is. Both the station and the suburb are called Mahalaxmi. I guess I called the suburb entry a "location", but maybe it should be something else? Since, technically, a train station is also a location. And, I guess, so is the temple. Should I move Mahalaxmi (location) to Mahalaxmi (suburb)? --flyhighplato 19:51, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Umm! I don't think so. Most of the stations (esp. in Mumbai) are named after the area they are in. Exceptions being the likes of Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus, King's Circle, etc. In most cases there's not much speciality about the station (again exception - Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus), so the suburb and the station are mentioned together e.g., Bandra, Borivali. So I would recommend to have the station and suburb/location as the same page.Alren 20:05, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I disagree. I think there's a big distinction between the suburb and the station. Certainly, it's in the same area, but it's not the same thing. When you follow a link from the article describing the Mumbai rail station, you expect to read about the station, not the city. Perhaps the station could be a subheader underneath the city, I'm not sure. I think this is something that should be in the discussion page on the disambiguation page for Mahalaxmi. I want to see what people think. Is it okay if I copy this conversation there? --flyhighplato 22:38, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sure. Though I would try having the conversation in Category:Mumbai railway stations and/or Category:Mumbai neighbourhoods (Or have a link from one to other). Alren 23:26, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Okay. Done. You can read my replies at Talk:Mahalaxmi. I also posted links from those categories. --flyhighplato 00:53, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mumbai Station Templates
Please see Talk:Dadar utcursch 09:25, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Bombing of Dresden in World War II
If you are intereted please cast a vote in the straw poll

uploaded pics to NOAA

 * (William M. Connolley 23:17, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)) Hi. You uploaded a couple of pics to the NOAA page. You marked these as PD. They probably are, but since you didn't source them, its impossible to know. Can you add the source please?
 * I've added sources to the pictures now. Sorry. They should be there if you go to the picture's page. --flyhighplato 23:25, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * same situation on Frederick B. Dent Cavebear42 23:41, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm adding a whole bunch of Secretary of Commerce pictures off that site. I will go through and copy and paste my source after I'm done.  I've done it for the two pictures in that article so that you can double-check my source, if you're curious.
 * I belive ya. Just i know that this sort of thing gets forgotten and then later we end up having to delete it because we dont know anymore where it came from.  thankx for taking care of it. Cavebear42 23:52, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Commerce Secretaries
I'm glad to help. I am now also going to add a little more to some of your latest commerce secretary articles. Remember that there is no rush to do anything on Wikipedia. You can always post an article later after you have more information, writing one full article about someone before going on to the next one. That is how I wrote articles for many current United States senators last year when many of them did not have articles. But I understand that this is a hard project to do alone, and I will help as much as possible. A major concern is that many of these people did other important things besides being commerce secretary, and some people will be confused if they arrive on that page from a link where they are mentioned doing something else, and they are only mentioned as a commerce secretary, so other information needs to be added as soon as possible. Keep up the good work. Academic Challenger 07:18, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Silversmith
I reverted your change because blanking an article is never proper procedure. If you feel the redirect is inappropriate list it on Redirects for deletion. - SimonP 17:34, Nov 6, 2004 (UTC)

PVDF
hey Flyhigh, why did you remove the chemical formula from PVDF?

Duk 14:46, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It looked like it was messed up. That is, I'm not a chemics, but I'm pretty sure there's supposed to be a symbol for an element at the end of every bond our double-bond and it looked like the ]n part was a messed up element. And I couldn't find the real formula or contact the original author. So, rather than misinform people or confuse them, I deleted it.  If you know the actual diagram, or you know I am wrong and being dumb, please put it in. :P --flyhighplato 14:50, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The ]n means it is a repeated segment in a chain. I'm not a chemist either- so i'll do some more reading on it. Duk 15:05, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I see. I've restored it (and added some nowiki tags). I apologize. --flyhighplato 15:09, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * No apology necissary, looks like I neglected the left bracket, which is why it didn't make sense. I updated the page with an image and external link too.  Duk 17:45, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. That looks much clearer! :) --flyhighplato 17:47, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Key (lock)
Just fyi, I put the u-lock thing in there as an example of a skeleton key being able to open a badly designed lock(see last sentence in paragraph). --Aqua 06:58, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe that lock was able to be opened with a pen, not really a skeleton key. --flyhighplato 06:34, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

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Apa Tani
I see, I like the effort that you contributed to the Apa Tani article, which gives a lot of information about the tribe, and I am very grateful towards your act. However, I see that your gramatical structure is no good. If you can, can you please help me to cleanup the article? Thanks.

Mr Tan 18:00, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wilmette History
Hi, I was just wondering: what was the source of the Wilmette history you added way back in 2004? A friend of mine at the Wilmette Historical Society tells me there may be some errors in it. Thanks for the info. --Jeremy Butler 18:59, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:BallBearings.jpg
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Excuse me, Sir or Madam. Might you ever had been in alt.nerd.obsessive or #nerdly on IRC? Your handle is quite familiar to me... .V. 21:03, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Huzzah!
I knew I recongized your name from somewhere. ano was awesome back in the day... :D <3 .V. 13:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

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Just to let you know
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title: User talk:Flyhighplato


text:
1948 in radio

The year 1948 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting.

Events

 * 22 March – The Voice of Firestone becomes the first radio program to be aired on both AM and FM radio stations.
 * 12 May – Don McNeill's Breakfast Club appears on television for the first time, via a simulcast on both ABC Radio and ABC TV. The telecast is seen in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and New York. Because ABC-TV's New York flagship station WJZ-TV had not signed on yet (and would not for another three months), DuMont flagship WABD carried it live.
 * 17 May – The Dewey–Stassen debate becomes the first presidential primary debate to be broadcast on American radio stations.
 * 6 August – Truman aide Donald Dawson and U.S. Representative Karl Mundt appear on Meet the Press, during which Newsweek journalist Ernest Lindley asks Mundt whether Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers had spent time in mental institutions (Mundt calls these unjustified rumors).
 * 27 August – Whittaker Chambers appears on Meet the Press with journalists Nathan Finney, Edward T. Folliard, James Reston, Tom Reynolds, and Lawrence E. Spivak: Folliard asks Chambers immediately whether he will say publicly that Alger Hiss is a Communist, and Chambers does.
 * 28 September – Thirty-two FM radio stations participate in the "first coast-to-coast exclusively FM 15,000-cycle network program."

Programs

 * 5 January – Mrs Dale's Diary debuts on the BBC Light Programme.
 * 13 February – Call for Music debuts on CBS.
 * 23 March – Take It From Here debuts on BBC radio.
 * 3 April – Louisiana Hayride from Shreveport debuts.
 * 30 May – Johnny Fletcher debuts on ABC.
 * 10 June – Hallmark Playhouse debuts on CBS.
 * 27 June – Destination Freedom, episodes by Richard Durham, debuts on WMAQ
 * 5 July — The Amazing Mr. Tutt debuts on CBS.
 * 5 July – Cabin B-13 makes its debut on CBS.
 * 22 August – Box 13 debuts on WOR.
 * 21 September – Life with Luigi premieres on CBS.
 * 27 September – Herb Shriner Time debuts on CBS.
 * 3 October - Family Hour of Stars debuts on CBS.
 * 11 October – The Brighter Day debuts on NBC.
 * 12 October – Any Questions? debuts on the BBC Home Service; it will still be broadcast more than 60 years later.
 * 26 December – Annual Reith Lecture debuts on the BBC Home Service; Bertrand Russell delivers the first.

Stations

 * (undated) - WDXB, Chattanooga, Tennessee, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * (undated) – WOKZ-FM, Alton, Illinois, begins broadcasting on 99.9 MHz.
 * (undated) – -WROV-FM, Roanoke, Virginia, begins broadcasting on 103.7 MHz.
 * (undated) – KCFM-FM, Kansas City, Missouri, begins broadcasting on 94.9 MHz.
 * (undated) – KDAC, Fort Bragg, California, begins broadcasting on 1230 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * (undated) January – WXAL, Demopolis, Alabama, begins broadcasting on 1400 kHz.
 * (undated) January – WIST-FM, Charlotte, North Carolina, begins broadcasting on 104.7 MHz.
 * (undated) January – WLET-FM, Toccoa, Georgia, begins broadcasting on 102.9 MHz.
 * (undated) November – KFAM-FM, St. Cloud, Minnesota, begins broadcasting on 104.7 MHz.
 * 1 January – WLCR, Torrington, Connecticut, begins broadcasting on 990 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime only).
 * 1 January – WBUZ-FM, Bradbury Heights, Maryland, begins broadcasting on 96.7 MHz.
 * 7 January – KVVC, Ventura, California, begins broadcasting on 1590 kHz with 1 KW power (full-time).
 * 10 January – WTWA, Thomson, Georgia, begins broadcasting as a Mutual affiliate on 1240 kHz with 250 W power.
 * 14 January – WSAC, Columbus, Georgia, a Mutual affiliate, begins broadcasting on 1460 kHz with 1 KW power.
 * 19 January – WKOW, Madison, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 1070 kHz with 10 KW power (full-time).
 * 24 January – KERN-FM, Bakersfield, California, begins broadcasting on 94.1 MHz.
 * 26 January – WJOC, Jamestown, New York, begins broadcasting on 1470 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 31 January – KYSM-FM, Mankato, Minnesota, begins operation at 103.5 mc.
 * 31 January – KLEE, Houston, Texas, begins broadcasting on 610 kHz with 5 KW power.
 * 1 February – WATO, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, begins broadcasting on 1490 MHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 2 February – WIBG-FM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, begins broadcasting on 94.1 MHz.
 * 4 February – WOKZ, Alton, Illinois, begins broadcasting.
 * 14 February – WHNY-FM, Watertown, N.Y., begins operation.
 * 18 February – WIRL, Peoria, Illinois, begins operation on 1290 kHz with 5 KW power (full-time).
 * 18 February – WFLB, Fayetteville, North Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 250 W power.
 * 25 February – KRKL, Kirkland, Washington, begins operation as a 250-watt daytime station with studios and transmitter in the Kirkland Recreation Center.
 * 28 February – WSSB, Durham, North Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 29 February – KEXO, Grand Junction, Colorado, begins broadcasting on 1230 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * (undated) March – WGGG, Gainesville, Florida, begins broadcasting on 1230 kHz with 250 W power.
 * (undated) – KICM, Mason City, Iowa, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 1 March – WTAD-FM, Quincy, Illinois, begins broadcasting on 99.5 MHz.
 * 1 March – KRIC-FM, Beaumont, Texas, begins broadcasting on 99.5 MHz.
 * 8 March – WFGN, Gaffney, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1570 kHz with 250 W power (daytime).
 * 11 March – WPDX-FM, Clarksburg, West Virginia, begins broadcasting on 95.1 MHz.
 * 14 March – WMCP, Baltimore, Maryland, begins operation on 94.7 MHz.
 * 15 March – WLIV-FM, Providence, Rhode Island, begins broadcasting on 107.7 MHz with 20 KW power.
 * 21 March – KRLD-FM, Dallas, Texas, begins broadcasting on 92.5 MHz.
 * 29 March – WTHT-FM, Hartford, Connecticut, begins broadcasting.
 * 30 March – KNX-FM, Hollywood, California, begins broadcasting on 93.1 MHz.
 * 30 March – WMOX-FM, Meridian, Mississippi, begins broadcasting on 98.6 MHz.
 * 3 April – WUSN, Charleston, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1450 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 3 April – KBEE-FM, Modesto, California, begins broadcasting on 103.3 MHz.
 * 4 April – WCNB and WCNB-FM, Connersville, Indiana, begin broadcasting on 1580 kHz and 101.3 MHz, respectively.
 * 14 April – WDXY-FM, Spartanburg, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 100.5 MHz.
 * 17 April -WPRO-FM, Providence, Rhode Island, begins broadcasting on 92.3 MHz.
 * 19 April – WAMS and WAMS-FM, Wilmington, Delaware, begin broadcasting on 1380 kHz and 96.1 MHz, respectively.
 * 22 April – WNAE-FM, Warren, Pennsylvania, begins broadcasting on 92.1 MHz.
 * 24 April – KWOS-FM, Jefferson City, Missouri, begins broadcasting on 98.5 MHz.
 * 25 April – KROX, Crookstown, Minnesota, begins broadcasting on 1050 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 25 April – KGLO-FM, Mason City, Iowa, begins broadcasting on 101.1 MHz.
 * 25 April – WSAT, Salisbury, North Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1280 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * (undated) May – KWAK begins broadcasting on 1240 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 2 May – KENI, Anchorage, Alaska, begins broadcasting on 550 kHz with 5 KW power (full-time).
 * 2 May – WOCB-FM, West Yarmouth, Massachusetts, begins broadcasting on 94.3 MHz.
 * 2 May – WTYC, Rock Hill, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1150 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 3 May – KLX-FM, Oakland, California, begins broadcasting on 101.3 MHz.
 * 6 May – WALE, Fall River, Massachusetts, begins broadcasting on 1400 kHz with 250 W power (full-time).
 * 14 May – WLAL-FM, Lakewood, Ohio, begins broadcasting on 104.9 MHz.
 * 15 May – WASA, Havre de Grace, Maryland, begins broadcasting on 1600 kHz with 500 W power (daytime).
 * 16 May – KTLN, Denver, Colorado, begins broadcasting on 990 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 16 May – KSMI, Seminole, Oklahoma, begins broadcasting on 1260 kHz with 500 W power (daytime).
 * 16 May – WMLS, Sylacauga, Alabama, begins broadcasting on 1290 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 23 May – WJLD-FM, Birmingham, Alabama, begins broadcasting on 104.7 MHz.
 * 24 May – WWXL, Peoria, Illinois, begins broadcasting on 1590 kHz with 1 KW power (full-time).
 * 27 May – WKTY, La Crosse, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 580 kHz with 1 KW power (full-time).
 * 30 May – KAUS, Austin, Minnesota, begins broadcasting on 1480 kHz with 1 KW power (full-time).
 * 6 June – KPOJ-FM, Portland, Oregon, begins broadcasting on 96.1 MHz.
 * 6 June – WRVC, Norfolk, Virginia, begins broadcasting on 102.5 MHz.
 * 10 June – WMRA, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1450 kHz with 250 W power (unlimited).
 * 15 June – KWNW, Wenatchee, Washington, a Don Lee Network affiliate, begins broadcasting on 1340 kHz with 250 W power.
 * 19 June – WABB and WABB-FM, Mobile, Alabama, both Mutual affiliates, begin broadcasting on 1480 kHz and 107.9 MHz, respectively.
 * 20 June – WPAY-FM, Portsmouth, Ohio, begins broadcasting on 104.1 MHz.
 * 22 June – WNOW, York, Pennsylvania, begins broadcasting on 1250 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 29 June – KSDN, Aberdeen, South Dakota, begins broadcasting on 930 kHz with 1 KW power.
 * 5 July – KMUS, Muskogee, Oklahoma, a Mutual affiliate, begins broadcasting on 1380 kHz.
 * 9 July – WBCK, Battle Creek, Michigan, a Mutual affiliate, begins broadcasting on 930 kHz with 1 KW power (full-time).
 * 11 July – WPJB, Providence, Rhode Island, begins broadcasting on 105.1 MHz.
 * 11 July – WISN-FM, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 102.9 MHz.
 * 18 July – WACA, Camden, South Carolina, begins broadcasting on 1590 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 19 July – WLEU-FM, Erie, Pennsylvania, begins broadcasting on 97.9 MHz.
 * 22 July – KAGH, Pasadena, California, begins broadcasting on 1300 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 25 July – KCSB, Liberal, Kansas, begins broadcasting on 1270 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 31 July – WHOC, Philadelphia, Mississippi, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 1KW of power.
 * 2 August – WHIN, Gallatin, Tennessee, begins broadcasting on 1010 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 10 August – WRVQ-FM, Richmond, Virginia, begins broadcasting on 94.5 MHz as an affiliate of WRVA.
 * 16 August – WTAQ-FM, Green Bay, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 102.5 MHz with 14 KW power.
 * 18 August – WXLW, Indianapolis, Indiana, begins broadcasting on 1590 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 26 August – WRJN-FM, Racine, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 100.7 MHz.
 * 27 August – WXLW-FM, Indianapolis, Indiana, begins broadcasting on 94.7 MHz.
 * 29 August – WSAU-FM, Wausau, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 95.5 MHz.
 * 5 September – WHOL, Allentown, Pennsylvania, begins broadcasting on 1230 kHz.
 * 19 September – WFTR, Front Royal, Virginia, begins broadcasting on 1450 kHz with 250 W power.
 * 19 September – KFH-FM, Wichita, Kansas, begins broadcasting on 100.3 MHz.
 * 26 September – WGEZ, Beloit, Wisconsin, begins broadcasting on 1490 kHz with 100 W power (full-time).
 * October (undated) – WOC-FM, Davenport, Iowa, begins broadcasting at 103.7 MHz with 47 kW power.
 * 6 October – WLLH-FM, Lowell, Massachusetts, begins broadcasting on 99.5 MHz.
 * 26 October – KTNT-FM, Tacoma, Washington, begins broadcasting on 97.3 MHz.
 * 27 October – KLTI and KLTI-FM, Longview, Texas, begin broadcasting on 1280 kHz and 105.9 MHz, respectively.
 * 30 October – WJPS, Evansville, Indiana, begins broadcasting on 1330 kHz with power of 5 KW (daytime) and 1 KW (night).
 * 1 November – WENY-FM, Elmira, New York, begins broadcasting on 106.9 MHz.
 * 7 November – WCOP-FM, Boston, Massachusetts, begins broadcasting on 100.7 MHz.
 * 14 November – WIBB, Macon, Georgia, begins broadcasting on 1280 kHz with 1 KW power (daytime).
 * 21 November – KWKH-FM, Shreveport, Louisiana, begins broadcasting on 94.5 MHz.
 * 29 November – KCKN-FM, Kansas City, Kansas, begins broadcasting on 106.7 MHz.
 * 1 December – WHBL-FM, Sheboygan, Michigan, begins broadcasting on 100.3 MHz.
 * 6 December = WGCH-FM, Greenwich, Connecticut, begins broadcasting on 95.9 MHz.
 * 7 December – WVNJ, Newark, New Jersey, begins broadcasting on 620 kHz with 5 KW power (full-time)
 * 12 December – WMTR, Morristown, New Jersey, begins broadcasting on 1250 kHz with 500 W power (daytime).
 * 19 December – WGVM, Greenville, Mississippi, begins broadcasting on 1260 kHz with 1 KW power.

Closings

 * 4 January – The Adventures of Bill Lance ends its run on network radio.
 * 22 January – Are These Our Children? ends its run on network radio (ABC).
 * 6 February – Hop Harrigan ends its run on network radio (Mutual).
 * 7 February – Hawk Larabee ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 30 April – The American School of the Air ends its run on network radio (CBS)
 * 23 May – The Fitch Bandwagon ends its run on network radio (NBC).
 * 23 May – The Clock ends its run on network radio (ABC).
 * 21 June – Charlie Chan ends its run on network radio (Mutual).
 * 22 June – The Adventures of Christopher Wells ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 29 June – Call for Music ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 1 July – The Dick Haymes Show ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 3 July – Joan Davis Time ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 7 July – The American Melody Hour ends its run on network radio on (CBS).
 * 23 August — The Amazing Mr. Tutt ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 3 September – Believe It Or Not ends its run on network radio (NBC).
 * 4 September – I Deal in Crime ends its run on network radio (Mutual).
 * 27 November – Johnny Fletcher ends its run on network radio (ABC).

Births

 * 4 February – Alice Cooper, American rock singer, songwriter, musician and radio host.
 * 14 February – Jackie Martling, American comedian and radio personality.
 * 14 April – Rob Cowan, English classical music presenter.
 * 22 April – Zoran Modli, Serbian radio presenter, pilot and writer (died 2020).
 * 29 April – John Batchelor, American author and syndicated talk show host.
 * 30 April – Chet Coppock, American sports radio broadcaster (died 2019).
 * 27 May – Fritz Coleman, disc jockey, later weathercaster for KNBC-TV in Los Angeles, California.
 * 9 June – Nick Clarke, English news presenter (died 2006).
 * 2 August – Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host and author.
 * 25 August – Harriett Gilbert, English radio arts presenter.
 * 30 August – Robin Lustig, English radio news presenter.
 * 20 September – Rey Langit, Filipino journalist, radio host.
 * 2 December – Christine Westermann, German television, radio host, journalist and author.
 * 22 December – Noel Edmonds, English broadcast presenter and producer.
 * Paul Lewis, English financial broadcaster.

Deaths

 * 4 March – Antonin Artaud, 51, French playwright, actor and director
 * 5 July – Carole Landis, 29, American actress (suicide)
 * 24 November – Nellie Wallace, 78, British music hall performer
 * Tom Breneman, 46, radio talk show host from 1941–1948, best known for the radio program, Breakfast in Hollywood.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1948 in radio


text:
Felipe Lira

Felipe Antonio Lira (born April 26, 1972) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers (-), Seattle Mariners (1997-) and Montreal Expos (-). He batted and threw right-handed.

Career
In a six-year career, Lira compiled a 26–46 record with 348 strikeouts and a 5.32 ERA in 577 innings. As a batter with the Expos, he hit .211 (4-for-19) with two home runs. On August 29, 1995, Lira notched his one and only MLB save. He recorded the final out of the game to preserve a 7-5 Tigers victory over the White Sox. He saved the game for starter Sean Bergman. On September 6, 1996, Lira gave up Eddie Murray's 500th home run.

title: Felipe Lira


text:
1960 in radio

The year 1960 saw a number of significant happenings in radio broadcasting history.

Events

 * 25 January – The National Association of Broadcasters in Washington, D.C. reacts to the payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records.
 * 8 February – Congressional investigations begin into payola in the radio and record industries.
 * 29 February – The radio program At Your Service debuts on St. Louis radio station KMOX. The program is believed to be first locally produced radio talk show, that helps launch the talk radio format in the US.
 * 26 September – Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy participate in the first ever presidential debate. The debate was broadcast on both radio and television with most radio listeners preferring Nixon's performance and TV viewers favoring Kennedy's.
 * (date unknown) – KFMA (1580 AM) of Davenport, Iowa switches its call letters to KWNT. By now, the format is full-time country music and the station is the only one in the Quad Cities market to devote itself exclusively to the genre.

Debuts

 * 15 May – WFVA-FM debuts.
 * 19 June – The Associated Broadcasting Company is founded in the Philippines.

Endings

 * 1 January – The NBC Radio Theater ends its run on network radio (NBC).
 * 23 March – The Second Mrs. Burton ends its run on network radio (CBS).
 * 27 August – The Louisiana Hayride puts on its final show.
 * 25 November – The long-running serial, Ma Perkins, airs its last episode on the CBS radio network.

Births

 * 3 January – Liz Kershaw, UK radio presenter
 * 13 February – Delilah, nationally syndicated US love-song request-and-dedication host
 * 10 March – Anne MacKenzie, Scottish broadcast journalist
 * 1 August – Chuck D, American rapper, composer, actor, author, radio personality and producer
 * 17 September – Steve Scully, American broadcast journalist

title: 1960 in radio


text:
Talk:Mixin

Confusing analogy
The bowl and ingredient analogy is confusing —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.154.250.176 (talk • contribs) 14:53, 2 June 2004

Also the term WHOPPER is used without any reference. What a wrapper is, is somewhat clear (wraps something, usually a function), but a whopper sounds like Burger King. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.247.247.239 (talk) 17:58, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

Are mixins bad?
I always wondered: are Mixin's "bad"? I'm sure the proper answer is that they're useful in some scenarios, but detrimental in others. What should I look out for? What are similar paradigms that get mistakenly used as Mixin's? I don't want to suffer from Golden hammer syndrome, if there's something that answers the problem better... --Eddie Parker 13:19, 2 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That depends on the definition of "bad". We should well-define the problem. For me, and I come from Ruby, I feel that modules (which provide the mixins for ruby) are basically crippled classes. As thus, they are limited and put a constraint on the programmer. I myself would favour a more open-ended nature and no class/module distinction, and instead specify behaviours on the objects rather than a class/subclass + mixin structure, which always felt awkward to me. 91.113.93.23 (talk) 00:51, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Flavors
Link to Flavors needs a substantive page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.43.207.44 (talk • contribs) 22:42, 18 June 2005

Error in "Comentary"
Inheritance can indeed be used to refactor common behavior, so mixins are just another way of getting the same functionality, AFAIK. (*)

Well, CLOS generic functions allow multiple dispatching, but I don't know if this has something to do with mixins... Maybe it cannot be donne (except for the trick in Visitor) with the other sintax?

(*) Mixins add the benefit of being suitable for some aspect-oriented programming. This is because they can refactor methods from classes that have nothing in common (so it would be a bad practice to make them inherit from a common base). This is also true with the very similar way of ArtScript for defining class attributes. Anyway I wonder wether the benefits of AOP which mixins bring couldn't be reached using multiple inheritance...

--USer:Euyyn

Example
Could someone familiar with this concept provide a simple code example? John (Jwy) 18:22, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I added one for python. Cburnett 03:35, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Misleading and incomplete
I've just accidentically stumbled into this article, and I get the severe feeling that it is misleading and incomplete. Most importantly it doesn't really give substantial information, what a mixin is. Then, it is too fixated on specific programming languages. Using mixins is a a programming style, which by and large can be used in nearly every programming language. Just google for Mixin+C++ to get a hint. E.g. Smaragdakis and Batory.

I only have time for this notice right now, but I'll have a try at the article in the future.

Pjacobi 12:30, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, I'd also like some elaborations. 5 years later the above message, I read this and still have no clue on what those things are. Reading this page or not is pretty much the same. It's so vague I don't even have an idea on what I'd like to know more!  MaxDZ8 talk  18:06, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Maybe I'm being dense but this article doesn't describe what problems mixins are supposed to solve? It's funny that the very fisrt paragraph is all about the history of simula in the 70s or something instead of some clear and non vague reason for the existence of this concept (seperately from interfaces and multiple inheritance I mean).

The way I understand it if B inherits A, C inherits A and you attempt do to multiple inheritance like in D inherits B and C, then if B and C can be instantiated (have a constructor) you either have to somehow choose how the A part in D will be constucted (which constructor to use), or have two copies of A in D. So mixins basically say that B and C can't be constructed like that, they can't exist on their own with their own A, so you just put an A part and complete the hierarchy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.68.184.180 (talk) 17:59, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

I read this article, several times and I still do not have a clue as to what it is talking about. I suggest an example using a fairly well known language such as Java or C++ or C# rather than Lisp. The first part of this topic should provide a more layman's type of description of a mixin then follow that up with a section of esoterica, clearly labeled as such, so that those of us who just want the basic concept can get that and move on. 08 November, 2011. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.165.211.254 (talk) 21:58, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

I think the #1 reason it is confusing is that it mistakenly uses the word "mixin" for both the class in which the composition takes place (in the first sentence) and also for the classes which implement the orthogonal functionalities to be composed (in the Python example). It has other flaws aswell. I recommend putting some warning ontop that it is of low quality (I have seen such on other pages). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.249.133.113 (talk) 16:48, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Definition and implementation - Missing Javascript
Given the popularity of Javascript, it should probably get added to the list of languages that use Mixin for object creation. In Javascript, you define the class and add the methods afterwards. You can add methods new at runtime. data64 17:59, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Um, javascript doesn't have classes. The best you can do is is copy in methods from another object but you have to do that manually.  Cburnett 03:22, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

The first JavaScript example that used Underscore.js was broken in many ways. I just tried to rewrite it, and it works now, but I don't know if it's the best example. Let99 (talk) 07:13, 25 October 2015 (UTC)

PHP and ColdFusion
I removed PHP. How can you have mixins in PHP when PHP only has single inheritance? That gives you no room to "mix in" the mixin class. The best you can do is declare a class as abstract and inherit from there, but how can that be a "mixin"? Cburnett 03:20, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe in this way or this way? oc666 (talk) 08:00, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

I also removed ColdFusion. Again, like PHP, it does not have multiple inheritances so how can mixins work? Cburnett 23:35, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Did you know that using of mixins is also possible in languages that support only single inheritance? Take a look at Ruby or Java. Ruby uses modules for that purpose (http://www.rubycentral.com/pickaxe/tut_modules.html) and Java leverages the power of Aspect-oriented programming (as someone noticed in Commentary section). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.27.165.149 (talk • contribs).

 * That link gave me a 'file not found' error. Can you give an example of how to use a mixin with PHP to achieve something like my python example (I know, PHP doesn't have threads but something analogous would be fine)?  Cburnett 03:52, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I have corrected ruby link. Unfortunately I didn't know PHP at all (look at http://www.advogato.org/article/470.html). I just pointed out that usage of mixins is also possible in languages that support single inheritance only. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.79.58.109 (talk • contribs).

 * I appreciate the links. The PHP example is an ugly, ugly hack.  PHP does not support mixins and the method used in your advogato.org link is dynamically creating classes via eval calls.  The Ruby example is a step in the right direction (classes are not dynamically created).  My qualm with that method is that the mixin is no longer a class like this article defines a mixin as ("a mixin is a class").  It's merely including functions that pretend they are in a class.  The WhoAmI function references self when it is clearly not in a class (in this way it is a true mixin because it definitely cannot stand alone).

 * At the end of the day, I don't have a strong problem including Ruby (perhaps some of the other languages listed also do "mixins" in a similar way) but I do with PHP. In PHP, functions are not first class objects therefore your only route is to dynamically create classes to work around the languages inability to do it the "Ruby way" or a more literal way like Python.

 * I would like to see the list split up into "the real way with multiple inheritances of classes" and "the ruby include kind of way". Cburnett 13:39, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Mixin will be a core-feature in PHP 5.4. [User:SimonSimCity|SimonSimCity] 13:03 31 Oct 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.135.31.13 (talk)

This but not that
How can a programmer in mixin enabled programming languages decide which methods/attributes of a superclass shall be mixed in to the to developed subclass and which not? --Abdull (talk) 15:57, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The exact mechanics depend on the language. Mixin is more like a design pattern.  You have to decide which functions perform what parts of your task and then you implement just certain functions differently to get different behavior.

 * In the python example the ThreadingMixIn class implements the process_request method. This method creates the new thread that handles the rest of the request in that new thread.  The ForkingMixIn, instead, forks another process to handle the rest of the request.  Cburnett (talk) 19:27, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Compromises
"However, mixins introduce their own set of compromises."

What compromises? What compromises of multiple inheritance do mixins avoid?

Fresheneesz (talk) 17:50, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Introduction
The paragraph starting with "A mixin can defer definition..." in the introduction states properties of mixins that are not general; they probably occur in a specific language that the writer had in mind. I think that it should not appear in the intro. AmirOnWiki (talk) 15:52, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

"C# Mixins" references do not support the claims
Under Commentary:

 * ... C# 3.0 has the ability to mimic mixins.[5][6][7]
 * [5] Implementing Mixins with C# Extension Methods
 * [6] I know the answer (it's 42) : Mixins and C#
 * [7] Mixins, generics and extension methods in C#
 * [7] Mixins, generics and extension methods in C#

In my reading, references 6 and 7 conclude that mixins are NOT supported by C#. Reference 5, in my opinion, falls short of showing support for mixins. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.55.206.131 (talk) 22:34, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

C++ is missing
C++ does support mixins for example with virtual inheritance, where the top corner is the interface, the middle classes are the mixins, and the bottom class is the one you build up with the lego-like mixins. Agree to add it? Dgutson (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 06:30, 27 May 2011 (UTC).

C++ also supports static (compile time) mixins with open inheritance templates. A template class/struct can use a template parameter to be its parent class, making the class plug-able to exiting functionalities, augmenting them.

Object Pascal / Delphi
What about "Class helpers" in Object Pascal resp. Delphi, can they be seen as an implementation of this concept? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.204.153.98 (talk) 09:28, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Very bad (and wrong) explanation in the beginning of the article.
"a mixin (or mix-in) is a class that contains methods for use by other classes without having to be the parent class of those other classes."

According to this sentence that means that in Java, a public static method is a mixin. It can be used by other classes and also it does not need to be a parent class. Well, I am not sure that it is a mixin according to some other sites. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.245.225.91 (talk) 14:49, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Bad Definition of a Mixin
A Mixin class is not a class that is a combination of methods from other classes. It is simply a class that is meant to to be inherited by some class that is also inheriting from one or more other classes and is meant to provide a specific service to its clients. Thus it is its clients that are using multiple inheritance (and are thus "a combination from other classes", but I would choose not to express it in these terms) -- but they are not the Mixin classes. Raaronson (talk) 23:10, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Agreed.—192.225.213.20 (talk) 05:50, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The article insinuates that mixins and (multiple) inheritance are mutually exclusive. In reality, multiple inheritance is probably the most common way to implement mixins (I'm not actually aware of any others, but that may be just me...). --46.189.54.96 (talk) 10:57, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

 * An example of mixins without multiple inheritance could be how I have seen it done in Lua. I remember first encountering the concept from the game Natural Selection 2, where one of the devs wrote something about mixins and how they had decided to implement it.
 * While lua doesn't have inheritance by itself, they had already implemented aflavor of OOP. The mixins however were mostly separate to that, and instead functioned by adding the values of the mixins underlying table to the underlying table of the 'class' instances (did not affect the class, instead it was applied to the instance in its constructor. Or later, if you felt like it), iirc solving namespace-collision similar to the observer-pattern (all mixins had their function called, passing the return value to the next in line until last actually turned it).

 * I have also seen mixins in ecmascript, which to me looks to be less about inheritance or even classes, and more about either merging a copy of the mixin object into the 'client' prototype, or have mixins be functions defining methods on the context ('this') which then are called with the 'client's as context.

 * I realize this was a bit of necromancy, but figured I would answer the above user anyway :p It was touching on the topic that made me enter the talk page in the first place, anyway.

 * In fact, this should show that the articles definition of mixins that they are classes is incorrect, as they can be anything from tables copied into 'clients' (I am more and more taking a liking to using this term in the manner Raaronson showed) to functions creating new functions to, indeed, classes. --83.248.100.73 (talk) 04:54, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

Go (golang)
Go has mixins. Actually they are very important as there is no inheritance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.161.136.173 (talk) 23:20, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mixin


text:
Louisiana Hayride

Louisiana Hayride was a radio and later television country music show broadcast from the Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium in Shreveport, Louisiana, that during its heyday from 1948 to 1960 helped to launch the careers of some of the greatest names in American country and western music. Created by KWKH station manager Henry Clay, the show is notable as a performance venue for a number of 1950s country musicians, as well as a nascent Elvis Presley.

Beginnings
The creators of the show took the name from the 1941 book with that title by Harnett Thomas Kane. First broadcast on April 3, 1948 from the Municipal Auditorium in downtown Shreveport, Horace Logan was the original producer and emcee. The musical cast for the inaugural broadcast included: the Bailes Brothers, Johnnie and Jack, the Tennessee Mountain Boys with Kitty Wells, the Four Deacons, Curley Kinsey and the Tennessee Ridge Runners, Harmie Smith, the Ozark Mountaineers, the Mercy Brothers, and Tex Grimsley and the Texas Showboys.

Popularization
The show was soon made into a Broadway attraction called Louisiana Hayride. Within a year of its debut, the program was so popular that a regional 25-station network was set up to broadcast portions of the show, and was even heard overseas on Armed Forces Radio. The flagship station of the program was KWKH/1130 in Shreveport. The popularity of Louisiana Hayride spawned various incarnations in other parts of the United States, most notably in Cincinnati on WLW radio and later television; its version was dubbed Midwestern Hayride.

Beginning with the successful first show on April 3, 1948, Louisiana Hayride ranked second only to Nashville's Grand Ole Opry in terms of importance until ABC began telecasting Ozark Jubilee in 1955. Hank Williams began performing on the Hayride in 1948 after his initial rejection from the Grand Ole Opry, and after being fired from the Opry on August 11, 1952, Williams returned to the Hayride briefly before his death on New Years Day 1953.

Talent-scouting showcase
While the Opry, the Jubilee and the Hayride all showcased established stars, the Hayride was where talented, but virtual unknowns, were also given exposure to a large audience. Over the years, country music greats such as Webb Pierce, Kitty Wells, Jimmie Davis, Will Strahan, Slim Whitman, Floyd Cramer, Sonny James, Hank Snow, Faron Young, Johnny Horton, Jim Reeves, Claude King, Jimmy Martin, George Jones, John and The Three Wise Men, Johnny Cash, Frankie Miller, Tex Ritter, Willie Nelson, Bob Wills, Cowboy Jack Hunt & Little Joe Hunt of the Rhythm Ranch Hands, Nat Stuckey, and Lefty Frizzell, among many others, performed on Louisiana Hayride.

The Elvis Presley connection
By mid-1954, a special 30-minute portion of Louisiana Hayride was being broadcast every Saturday on the AFN Pacific channel of the United Kingdom Scottish Forces Radio Network. On October 16 of that year, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio program. Presley's performance of his debut release on the Sun Records label, "That's All Right", brought a tepid response, according to former Hayride emcee Frank Page (1925–2013). Nonetheless, Presley was signed to a one-year contract for future appearances. Presley became so popular that after his final appearance on Hayride in 1956, emcee Horace Logan announced to the crowd a phrase that would become famous: "Elvis has left the building."

The immediate and enormous demand for more of Presley's new kind of rockabilly music actually resulted in a sharp decline in the popularity of the Louisiana Hayride that until that point had been strictly a country music venue. On March 3, 1955, Presley made his first television appearance on the television version of The Louisiana Hayride, carried by KSLA-TV, the CBS affiliate in Shreveport.

Cancellation and revivals
Within a few years, rock and roll had come to dominate the music scene, and on August 27, 1960, Louisiana Hayride ended its primary run. However, KWKH continued to use the Louisiana Hayride name for packaged music tours throughout the 1960s on a bi-weekly, monthly or quarterly basis, finally ending operations entirely in 1969. In August 1974, Shreveport businessman David Kent mounted a country music show originally called Hayride U.S.A., which was retitled Louisiana Hayride in 1975 after KWKH agreed to let Kent use the name. Located at a new dinner theater facility in Bossier City, this new Louisiana Hayride was syndicated on radio and ran until 1987, discovering such talent as Branson fiddle sensation Shoji Tabuchi and popular country singer Linda Davis.

Some strictly local performances have been done in the Shreveport area under the name including a 2003 Louisiana Hayride cast reunion called One More 'Ride that featured 60 acts from the original show including Kitty Wells, the Browns, Betty Amos, Homer Bailes, Billy Walker, Mitchell Torok, and Hank Thompson. Barney Cannon (1955–2009), a KWKH deejay, became a specialist on the history of country music, KWKH, and the Hayride. In August 2009, the Louisiana Hayride (1948–1960) was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.

In 2009, after several years of litigation over the Louisiana Hayride name and trademark, a federal court ruled that Margaret Lewis Warwick owned the rights to the name. As of May 31, 2012, KWKH had changed to a sports format and ceased producing the classic country music format reminiscent of the Hayride era.

At the Louisiana Hayride Tonight
At the Louisiana Hayride Tonight, a set of 20 CDs with 599 Hayride performances, was released in October 2017 by Bear Family Records. The release includes a book on the Hayride's history. A live recording of Jambalaya (On the Bayou), by Hank Williams, is included in the set. The set includes archival material from the collection of Chris Brown, Archivist at Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport, with the bulk of the audio and images in the set sourced from an archive originally assembled by Joey Kent between 1992–2009 and donated to the Library of Congress in 2009.

Performers

 * Betty Amos
 * Jack Anglin
 * Bailes Brothers
 * Benny Barnes
 * Ray Belcher
 * Carl Belew
 * Dudley Bernard
 * Bill Black
 * Eddie Bond
 * Brad & Jerry
 * The Browns
 * Vin Bruce
 * Gary Bryant
 * Roy Burks
 * Bill Carlisle
 * Johnny Cash
 * Mary Jo Chelette and the Chelette Sisters
 * Zeke Clements
 * Patsy Cline
 * Jeff Dale
 * Jimmie Davis
 * Jimmy Dickens
 * William (Tex) Dickerson
 * Tibby Edwards
 * Werly Fairburn
 * Jimmy Fautheree
 * Pete Fontana
 * Tillman Franks
 * Bob Gallion
 * Marshall Grant
 * The Gays
 * Cliff Grimely
 * Roy Hendrix
 * Jeanette Hicks
 * Goldie Hill
 * Tommy Hill
 * Hoot & Curley
 * Johnny Horton
 * David Houston
 * Cowboy Jack Hunt
 * Little Joe Hunt (world's fastest banjo picker)
 * Sonny James
 * Jimmy & Johnny
 * Jerry Johnson
 * George Jones
 * Grandpa Jones
 * Oakie Jones
 * Jack Kay
 * Buddy Thompson
 * Merle Kilgore
 * Claude King
 * Jay King
 * Horace Logan
 * Bob Luman
 * Maddox Brothers and Rose
 * Emory Martin
 * Jimmy Martin
 * Johnny "Country" Mathis
 * Paul Mims
 * Scotty Moore
 * Willie Nelson
 * Bill Nettles
 * Jimmy C. Newman
 * James O'Gwynn
 * Jimmy Osborne
 * Buck Owens
 * Frank Page
 * Leon Payne
 * Luther Perkins
 * Charlie "Sugartime" Phillips
 * Webb Pierce
 * Elvis Presley
 * Jim Reeves
 * Donn Reynolds
 * Jack Rhodes
 * Rice Brothers
 * Gene Rodique
 * Dido Rowley
 * Tommy Sands
 * Johnny Sea
 * Shelton Brothers
 * Bob Shelton
 * Joe Shelton
 * Eddy Sims
 * Margie Singleton
 * Billy R. Smith
 * Harmie Smith
 * Roy Sneed
 * Bob Stegall
 * Red Sovine
 * Charlie Stokley
 * Nat Stuckey
 * Tommy Tomlinson
 * Tommy Trent
 * Billy Walker
 * Don Warden
 * Kitty Wells
 * Slim Whitman
 * Wilburn Brothers
 * Wilkins-Knight Trio
 * Slim Willet
 * Audrey Williams
 * Hank Williams
 * Bob Wills
 * Kitty Wilson
 * Smiley Wilson
 * Mac Wiseman
 * Ginny Wright
 * Johnnie Wright
 * Richard Yates
 * Faron Young
 * York Brothers
 * Harvey Farr (musician)
 * Charles Billy Kirkpatrick (bass)
 * D. J. Fontana
 * Wallace and Charlie Mercer
 * Joseph "Gene" Cox
 * Dan Emory

title: Louisiana Hayride


text:
Battle of Kings Mountain

The Battle of Kings Mountain was a military engagement between Patriot and Loyalist militias in South Carolina during the Southern Campaign of the American Revolutionary War, resulting in a decisive victory for the Patriots. The battle took place on October 7, 1780, 9 mi south of the present-day town of Kings Mountain, North Carolina. In what is now rural Cherokee County, South Carolina, the Patriot militia defeated the Loyalist militia commanded by British Major Patrick Ferguson of the 71st Foot. The battle has been described as "the war's largest all-American fight".

Ferguson had arrived in North Carolina in early September 1780 to recruit troops for the Loyalist militia and protect the flank of Lord Cornwallis's main force. Ferguson challenged Patriot militias to lay down their arms or suffer the consequences. In response, the Patriot militias led by Benjamin Cleveland, James Johnston, William Campbell, John Sevier, Joseph McDowell, and Isaac Shelby rallied to attack Ferguson and his forces.

Receiving intelligence on the oncoming attack, Ferguson decided to retreat to the safety of Lord Cornwallis's army. However, the Patriots caught up with the Loyalists at Kings Mountain near the border with South Carolina. Achieving a complete surprise, the Patriot militiamen attacked and surrounded the Loyalists, inflicting severe casualties. After an hour of battle, Ferguson was fatally shot while trying to break the Patriot line, after which his men surrendered. Some Patriots gave no quarter until their officers re-established control over their men; they were said to be seeking revenge for alleged killings by Banastre Tarleton's militiamen at the Battle of Waxhaws, under the slogan "Remember Tarleton's Quarter". Although victorious, the Patriots had to retreat quickly from the area for fear of Cornwallis' advance. Later they executed nine Loyalist prisoners after a short trial.

The battle was a pivotal event in the Southern campaign. The surprising victory of the American Patriot militia over the Loyalists came after a string of Patriot defeats at the hands of Lord Cornwallis, and greatly raised the Patriots' morale. With Ferguson dead and his Loyalist militia destroyed, Cornwallis transferred his army into North Carolina and eventually Virginia.

Prelude
Major Patrick Ferguson was appointed Inspector of Militia on May 22, 1780. His task was to march to the old Tryon County area, raise and organize Loyalist units from the Tory population of the Carolina backcountry, and protect the left flank of Lord Cornwallis' main body at Charlotte, North Carolina.

Battle of Musgrove's Mill
On the morning of August 18, 1780, two hundred mounted Patriot partisans under joint command of Colonels Isaac Shelby, James Williams, and Elijah Clarke prepared to raid a Loyalist camp at Musgrove's Mill, which controlled the local grain supply and guarded a ford of the Enoree River. The Battle of Musgrove Mill occurred on August 19, 1780, near a ford of the Enoree River, near the present-day border between Spartanburg, Laurens and Union Counties in South Carolina. The Patriots anticipated surprising a garrison of about an equal number of Loyalists, but a local farmer informed them that the Tories had recently been reinforced by about a hundred Loyalist militia and two hundred provincial regulars on their way to join British Major Patrick Ferguson. The whole battle took perhaps an hour; within that period, sixty-three Tories were killed, an unknown number wounded, and seventy were taken prisoner. The Patriots lost only about four dead and twelve wounded.

Some Whig leaders briefly considered attacking the Tory stronghold at Ninety Six, South Carolina; but they hurriedly dispersed after learning that a large Patriot army had been defeated at Camden three days previous.

Pursuit of Shelby
Shelby's forces covered sixty miles with Ferguson in hot pursuit before making their escape. In the wake of General Horatio Gates' blundering defeat at Camden, the victory at Musgrove Mill heartened the Patriots and served as further evidence that the South Carolina backcountry could not be held by the Tories.

Shelby and his Overmountain Men crossed back over the Appalachian Mountains and retreated back into the territory of the Watauga Association at Sycamore Shoals in present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee, and by the next month on September 25, 1780, Colonels Shelby, John Sevier, and Charles McDowell and their 600 Overmountain Men had combined forces with Col. William Campbell and his 400 Virginia men at the Sycamore Shoals muster in advance of the Battle of Kings Mountain north of present-day Blacksburg, South Carolina in North Carolina on October 7, 1780.

On September 2, Ferguson and the militia he had already recruited marched west in pursuit of Shelby toward the Appalachian Mountain hill country on what is now the Tennessee/North Carolina border. By September 10, Ferguson had established a base camp at Gilbert Town, North Carolina and, according to Shelby issued a challenge to the Patriot leaders to lay down their arms or he would "lay waste to their country with fire and sword".

North Carolina Patriot militia leaders Isaac Shelby and John Sevier, from the Washington District (now northeast Tennessee), met and agreed to lead their militiamen against him.

Muster at Sycamore Shoals
Patriot leaders also sent word to a Virginia militia leader, William Campbell, asking him to join them at Sycamore Shoals. Campbell called on Benjamin Cleveland to bring his Wilkes County, North Carolina militia to the rendezvous. The detachments of Shelby, Sevier and Campbell were met by 160 North Carolina militiamen led by Charles McDowell and his brother Joseph. Campbell's cousin, Arthur Campbell, brought 200 more Virginians. About 1,100 volunteers from southwest Virginia and today's northeast Tennessee, known as the "Overmountain Men" because they had settled into the wilderness west of the Appalachian Mountains ridgeline, mustered at the rendezvous on September 25, 1780, at Sycamore Shoals near the modern city of Elizabethton, Tennessee. Their movement had been made possible by easing tensions with the Cherokee, thanks to diplomacy by Benjamin Cleveland's brother-in-law, Indian agent Joseph Martin. The Overmountain Men crossed Roan Mountain the next day, and proceeded in a southerly direction for about thirteen days in anticipation of fighting the British Loyalist forces. By September 30, they had reached Quaker Meadows in Burke County, North Carolina, the home of the McDowell brothers, where they united with Benjamin Cleveland and 350 men. Now 1400 strong, the Patriots marched to South Mountain, North Carolina. The five colonels leading the Patriot force (Shelby, Sevier, William Campbell, Joseph McDowell and Cleveland) chose William Campbell as the nominal commander, but they agreed that all five would act in council to command their combined army.

Meanwhile, two deserters from the Patriot militia reached Patrick Ferguson and informed him of the large body of militia advancing towards him. Waiting three days for reasons that are still unclear, Ferguson ordered a retreat to Lord Cornwallis and the British main forces in Charlotte, sending a message to Cornwallis requesting reinforcements. The request did not reach Cornwallis until one day after the battle. On October 1, Ferguson reached North Carolina's Broad River, where he issued another pugnacious public letter, calling the local militia to join him lest they be "pissed upon by a set of mongrels" (the Overmountain Men).

On October 4, the Patriot militia reached Ferguson's former camp at Gilbert Town, where thirty Georgia militiamen joined them, anxious for action. On October 6, they reached Cowpens, South Carolina (site of the future Battle of Cowpens), where they received word that Ferguson was east of them, heading towards Charlotte and Cornwallis. They hurried to catch him. American spies reported Ferguson was making camp on Kings Mountain with some 1200 men. Ferguson, rather than pushing on until he reached Charlotte and safety (just a day's march away), camped at Kings Mountain and sent Cornwallis another letter asking for reinforcements. Kings Mountain is one of many rocky forested hills in the upper Piedmont, near the border between North and South Carolina. It is shaped like a footprint with the highest point at the heel, a narrow instep, and a broad rounded toe. The Loyalists camped on a ridge west of Kings Pinnacle, the highest point on Kings Mountain.

Needing to hurry, the Patriot militia put 900 men on horseback and rode for Kings Mountain. They left immediately, marching through the night of the 6th and morning of the 7th, even though the rain never stopped. By sunrise of the 7th, they forded the Broad River, fifteen miles from Kings Mountain. By early afternoon they arrived and immediately surrounded the ridge and attacked.

Battle
The battle opened about 3 p.m., when the 900 Patriots (including John Crockett, father of Davy Crockett) approached the steep base of the western ridge. They formed eight detachments of 100 to 200 men each. Ferguson was unaware that the Patriots had caught up to him and his 1,100 men. He was the only regular British soldier in the command, composed entirely of Loyalist Carolina militia, except for the 100 or so red-uniformed Provincials (enlisted colonials) from New York. He had not thought it necessary to fortify his camp.

The Patriots caught the Loyalists by surprise. Loyalist officer Alexander Chesney later wrote he did not know the Patriots were anywhere near them until the shooting started. As the screaming Patriots charged up the hill, Dutch-American Loyalist Captain Abraham de Peyster turned to Major Ferguson and said, "These things are ominous – these are the damned yelling boys!" Two parties, led by Colonels John Sevier and William Campbell, assaulted the mountain's "heel"—the smallest in area, but its highest point. The other detachments, led by Colonels Shelby, Williams, Lacey, Cleveland, Hambright, Winston and McDowell, attacked the main Loyalist position, surrounding the "ball" base beside the "heel" crest of the mountain.

No one in the Patriot army held command once the fighting started. Each detachment fought independently under the previously agreed-to plan to surround and destroy the Loyalists. The Patriots crept up the hill and fired from behind rocks and trees. Ferguson rallied his troops and launched a desperate bayonet charge against Campbell and Sevier. Lacking bayonets, the Patriots ran down the hill and into the woods. Campbell soon rallied his troops, returned to the hill, and resumed firing. Ferguson ordered two more bayonet charges during the battle. This became the pattern of the battle; the Patriots would charge up the hill, then the Tories would charge down the hill with fixed bayonets, driving the Patriots off the slopes and into the woods. Once the charge was spent and the Tories returned to their positions, the Patriots would reform in the woods, return to the base of the hill, and charge up the hill again. During one of the charges, Colonel Williams was killed, and Colonel McDowell was wounded. Firing was difficult for the Loyalists, since the Patriots constantly moved using cover and concealment to their advantage. Furthermore, the downhill angle of the hill contributed to the Loyalists overshooting their marks.

After an hour of combat, Loyalist casualties were heavy. Ferguson rode back and forth across the hill, blowing a silver whistle he used to signal charges. Shelby, Sevier and Campbell reached the top of the hill behind the Loyalist position and attacked Ferguson's rear. The Loyalists were driven back into their camp, where they began to surrender. Ferguson drew his sword and hacked down any small white flags that he saw popping up, but he appeared to know that the end was near. In an attempt to rally his faltering men, Ferguson shouted out "Hurrah, brave boys, the day is ours!" He gathered a few officers together and tried to cut through the Patriot ring, but Sevier's men fired a volley and Ferguson was shot and dragged by his horse behind the Patriot line. There he was confronted by an opposing Patriot officer, who demanded a surrender from the major. Ferguson shot and killed the man with his pistol in a final act of defiance, but was immediately shot dead by multiple Patriots on the spot. When the Patriots recovered his corpse, they counted seven bullet wounds.

Seeing their leader fall, the Loyalists began to surrender. Some Patriots did not want to take prisoners, as they were eager to avenge the Battle of Waxhaws or 'Tarleton's Quarter', in which Banastre Tarleton's forces killed a sizable number of Abraham Buford's Continental soldiers after the latter raised the white flag of surrender. (At Waxhaws, Tarleton's horse was shot, pinning him to the ground and leading his men to believe their commanding officer had been killed under a white flag of surrender.) Also, other Patriots were seemingly unaware that the Loyalists were trying to surrender.

Loyalist Captain de Peyster, in command after Ferguson was killed, sent out an emissary with a white flag, asking for quarter. For several minutes, the Patriots rejected de Peyster's white flag and continued firing, many of them shouting, "Give 'em Tarleton's Quarter!" and "Give them Buford's play!" A significant number of the surrendering Loyalists were killed or wounded including the white flag emissary. When de Peyster sent out a second white flag, a few of the Patriot officers, including Campbell and Sevier, ran forward and took control by ordering their men to cease fire. They took about 700 Loyalist prisoners.

Aftermath
The Battle of Kings Mountain lasted 65 minutes. The Loyalists suffered 290 killed, 163 wounded, and 668 taken prisoner. The Patriot militia suffered 28 killed and 60 wounded. The Patriots had to move out quickly for fear that Cornwallis would advance to meet them. Loyalist prisoners well enough to walk were herded to camps several miles from the battlefield. The dead were buried in shallow graves and wounded were left on the field to die. Ferguson's corpse was later reported to have been desecrated and wrapped in oxhide before burial. Both victors and captives came near to starvation on the march due to a lack of supplies in the hastily organized Patriot army.

On October 20, the retreating Patriot force held drumhead courts-martial of Loyalists on various charges (treason, desertion from Patriot militias, incitement of Indian rebellion). Passing through the Sunshine community in what is now Rutherford County, North Carolina, the retreat halted on the property of the Biggerstaff family. Aaron Biggerstaff, a Loyalist, had fought in the battle and been mortally wounded. His brother Benjamin was a Patriot and was being held as a prisoner-of-war on a British ship docked at Charleston, South Carolina. Their cousin John Moore was the Loyalist commander at the earlier Battle of Ramsour's Mill (modern Lincolnton, North Carolina), in which many of the combatants at Kings Mountain had participated on one side or the other.

While stopped on the Biggerstaff land, the American Patriots convicted 36 Loyalist prisoners. Some were testified against by Patriots who had previously fought alongside them and later changed sides. Nine of the prisoners were hanged before Isaac Shelby brought an end to the proceedings. Many of the Patriots dispersed over the next few days, while all but 130 of the Loyalist prisoners escaped while being led in single file through woodlands. The column finally made camp at Salem, North Carolina.

Lieutenant Anthony Allaire, a New York Loyalist attached to Ferguson's unit, was captured at the battle and endured the forced march and mistreatment of prisoners. He eventually escaped and was able to make his way back to British forces in Charleston, SC. His published diary gives an account of the months leading up to the battle, a brief account of the battle itself, his time as a prisoner of Patriot forces, and his eventual escape.

Kings Mountain was a pivotal moment in the history of the American Revolution. Coming after a series of disasters and humiliations in the Carolinas—the fall of Charleston and capture of the American army there, the destruction of another American army at the Battle of Camden, the Waxhaws Massacre—the surprising decisive victory at Kings Mountain was a great boost to Patriot morale. The Tories of the Carolina back country were broken as a military force. Additionally, the destruction of Ferguson's command and the looming threat of Patriot militia in the mountains caused Lord Cornwallis to cancel his plans to invade North Carolina; he instead evacuated Charlotte and retreated to South Carolina. He would not return to North Carolina until early 1781, when he was chasing Nathanael Greene after the Americans had dealt British forces another defeat at the Battle of Cowpens.

In The Winning of the West, Theodore Roosevelt wrote of Kings Mountain, "This brilliant victory marked the turning point of the American Revolution." Thomas Jefferson called it "The turn of the tide of success". President Herbert Hoover at Kings Mountain said,

"This is a place of inspiring memories. Here less than a thousand men, inspired by the urge of freedom, defeated a superior force entrenched in this strategic position. This small band of Patriots turned back a dangerous invasion well designed to separate and dismember the united Colonies. It was a little army and a little battle, but it was of mighty portent. History has done scant justice to its significance, which rightly should place it beside Lexington, Bunker Hill, Trenton and Yorktown."

In 1931, the Congress of the United States created the Kings Mountain National Military Park at the site of the battle. The park headquarters is in Blacksburg, South Carolina, and hosts hundreds of thousands of people each year.

title: Battle of Kings Mountain


text:
User:Rrw

Not much to say. I have a homepage and I coadmin Hell. I am Polish (or more correctly Pole, but both names sound funny in English ;), citizen of Poland and European Union.

title: User:Rrw


text: User talk:217.33.215.220

title: User talk:217.33.215.220


text:
Edwin Hurtado

Edwin Amilgar Hurtado [oor-tah'-doh] (born February 1, 1970) is a Venezuelan former middle relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1995 through 1997 for the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners. Listed at 6' 3" (1.90 m), 215 lb. (97 k), Hurtado batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Barquisimeto, the capital city of Lara state.

Hurtado was a reliable and durable pitcher during a professional career that spanned 17 years. Considered a workhorse who could pitch every year in different leagues, he relied on a lively fastball and an array of breaking pitches to establish himself as one of the most dependable pitchers in Venezuelan baseball history.

In a three-year majors career, Hurtado posted an 8–9 record with a 6.67 ERA in 43 pitching appearances, including 15 starts and two saves, allowing 111 runs (107 earned) on 85 walks and 167 hits while striking out 79 batters in $144 1/3$ innings of work.

Hurtado also pitched 13 Minor League seasons from 1993 to 2006, including stints for the NPB Orix BlueWave in the 1998 and 1999 seasons, and for the KBO LG Twins in 2004. Overall, he went 85–66 with a 3.92 ERA and six saves in 288 games.

In between, Hurtado played winter ball with the Cardenales de Lara and Leones del Caracas clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League during 16 campaigns from 1991 to 2006. He had a record of 68–47 with a 3.06 ERA and three saves in 199 games, including 631 strikeouts and 314 walks in $902 1/3$ innings.

Following his retirement, Hurtado became a pitching coach and has worked for several teams both in the Mexican League and the Venezuelan circuit.

title: Edwin Hurtado