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Porsche 911 (996)

The Porsche 996 is the fifth generation of the 911 model sports car manufactured by the German automaker Porsche from 1997 until 2006. It was replaced by the 997 in 2004, but the high performance Turbo S, GT2 and GT3 variants remained in production until 2006. The 996 had little in common with its predecessor, with the first all new chassis platform since the original 911 and a new water-cooled engine. Technically, it was a major change, a complete break from the original car other than the overall layout.

The 996's development was shared with the roadster-only Porsche Boxster (986) whose nameplate was making its debut as Porsche's entry-level offering. The 986 was released shortly before the 996 for sales. Commonalities between the 996 and 986 included the front suspension, various interior components, and the engine, all of which were enlarged for the 996. However, the multi-link rear suspension was derived from the preceding 993. This was done mainly to save development costs as Porsche was facing financial troubles at that time. This move resulted in cost savings of approximately 30% in the development of the car.

At its debut, the 996 featured the most significant change from the classic 911 series: a water-cooled engine replacing the previously air-cooled engine. Progressively stringent emissions and noise regulations, environmental concerns, a higher expectation for refinement and the need for a high-performance 4 valve per cylinder engine made the switch necessary. Other major changes include a completely new platform having a sleeker body with a more raked windshield, and a re-designed interior along with new "fried egg" shaped headlamps (so called due to the amber coloured turn signals) instead of previous "bug eye" headlamps.

Design and history
During the 1990s, Porsche was facing financial troubles and rumours of a proposed takeover were being spread. The signature air-cooled flat-6 of the 911 was reaching the limits of its potential as made evident by the 993. Stricter emissions regulations worldwide further forced Porsche to think of a replacement of the air-cooled unit. In order to improve manufacturing processes, Porsche took the aid of leading Japanese car manufacturer Toyota whose consultants would assist in the overhaul of the Zuffenhausen manufacturing facility introducing mass production techniques which would allow Porsche to carry out production processes more efficiently. Porsche had realised that in order to keep the 911 in production, it would need radical changes. This led to the development of the 996. The sharing of development between the new 911 and the entry level Boxster model allowed Porsche to save development costs. This move also resulted in interchangeable parts between the two models bringing down maintenance costs.

The Porsche 996 was a new design developed by Pinky Lai under Porsche design chief Harm Lagaay from 1992 to 2006; it was the first 911 that was completely redesigned, and carried over little from its predecessor as Porsche wanted the design team to design a 911 for the next millennium. Featuring an all new body, interior, and the first water-cooled engine, the 996 replaced the 993 from which only the front suspension, rear multi-link suspension, and a 6-speed manual transmission were retained in revised form. The 996 had a drag coefficient of resulting from hours spent in the wind tunnel. The 996 is 185 mm longer and 40 mm wider than its predecessor. It is also 45% stiffer courtesy of a chassis formed from high-strength steel. Additionally, it is 50 kg lighter despite having additional radiators and coolant.

The 996 was initially available in a coupé or a cabriolet (Convertible) bodystyle with rear-wheel drive, and later with four-wheel drive, utilising a 3.4 litre flat-6 engine generating a maximum power output of 221 kW. The 996 had the same front end as the entry-level Boxster. After requests from the Carrera owners about their premium cars looking like a "lower priced car that looked just like theirs did", Porsche redesigned the headlamps of the Carrera in 2002 similar to the high performance Turbo's headlamps. The design for the initial "fried egg" shaped headlamps could be traced back to the 1997 911 GT1 race car.

In 2000, Porsche introduced the 996 Turbo, equipped with a four-wheel-drive system and a 3.6-litre, twin-turbocharged and intercooled flat-six engine generating a maximum power output of 309 kW, making the car capable of accelerating from 0-97 kph in 4.2 seconds. An X50 option which included larger turbochargers and intercoolers along with revised engine control software became available from the factory in 2002, increasing power output to 331 kW. In 2005, Porsche introduced the Turbo S, which had the X50 option included as standard equipment, with the formerly optional Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) composite ceramic brakes (PCCB) also included as standard.

In 2000, power output on the base Carrera model was increased to 224 kW. 2001 marked the final year of production for the base Carrera 4 Coupé in narrow body format.

In 2002, the standard Carrera models underwent the above-mentioned facelift. In addition, engine capacity of the M96 engine was also increased to 3.6-litres across the range, yielding gains of 11 kW for the naturally aspirated models. 2002 also marked the start of the production of the 996 based Targa model, with a sliding glass "green house" roof system as introduced on its predecessor. It also features a rear glass hatch which gave the driver access to the storage compartment. Also in 2002, the Carrera 4S model was first introduced. The C4S, as it is called among the enthusiasts, shares the wide-body look of the Turbo as well as the brakes and suspension.

Turbo
The 996 Turbo debuted at the Frankfurt Auto show in September 1999 and went on sale in the US in summer of 2000 as a 2001 model. The Turbo is powered by a water-cooled twin-turbocharged and intercooled 3.6-litre flat-6 engine derived from the 1998 Le Mans winning 911 GT1 race car. The engine is rated at 309 kW at 6,000 rpm and 415 lbft of torque. It features an all-wheel drive system and was available with either a 6-speed manual or a 5-speed Tiptronic transmission. It has revised styling and a wider stance than the naturally aspirated 996 Carrera models, along with new bi-xenon headlamps and a fixed rear wing. The Turbo also came with VarioCam Plus and stability management, and on the US models, an electronically adjustable rear spoiler was included which would rise at a speed of 76 mph and lower at 36 mph. The bodywork was also revised to allow airflow to 3 radiators up front and to accommodate 18-inch wheels and tyres.

In 2002, the X50 package was offered as an option on the Turbo that included larger K24 turbochargers and intercoolers, a revised ECU and quad-pipe exhaust which raised power output to 331 kW. Other features introduced in 2002 were a glove box, center mounted cup-holders, an optional Bose stereo and rain-sensing wipers.

In 2003, Porsche North America restated their horsepower numbers due to SAE changes. The Turbo was still listed at 415 hp, however the X50 option was now listed at 444 hp.

The Turbo Cabriolet was introduced for the 2004 model year which was the first mass-produced Turbo Cabriolet model since the 1989 930 Turbo Cabriolet.

In 2005, Porsche introduced the Turbo S model available as either a coupé or cabriolet. The Turbo S was essentially a 996 Turbo with the X50 option but also included PCCB, 6-disc CD changer and aluminum-faced instruments.

GT variants
The 996 platform was used as the basis for two lightweight GT variants called the GT2 and the GT3. The GT3 was based on the standard 996 Carrera, but was stripped of a great deal of equipment for weight savings, featuring stiffer, adjustable suspension and upgraded brakes. The GT3 used the bodyshell of the four-wheel-drive Carrera 4, which incorporated additional front-end stiffening. The GT3 was produced in two versions. The first, commonly referred to as the Mk.I GT3, was introduced in 1999 in all markets, except North America. It featured a naturally aspirated 3.6-litre flat-six engine generating a maximum power output of 265 kW. This engine was shared with the 996 Turbo and was a derivative of the engine developed for the 911 GT1 race car. The Mk.II GT3 variant was based on the second generation of the 996, and featured updated aerodynamics, and a more powerful version of the 3.6 L engine from the MK.I, now rated at 280 kW. The Mk.II was the first GT3 marketed in the North America. An Mk.II GT3 was tested in 2004 and accelerated from 0-97 km/h in 4.0 seconds, and produced 1.03 g on the skidpad, the second highest number ever recorded by a street-legal vehicle at the time.

The turbocharged counterpart to the GT3, the GT2, was rear-wheel drive as well, to save weight and to avoid power losses through the transmission (This is primarily due to the fact that the GT2 was built to compete in GT2 class racing, which restricted the use of an all-wheel-drive system). The GT2 received an added group of aerodynamic body parts, and a re-tuned version of the 996 Turbo's 3.6 litre, twin-turbocharged engine featuring larger turbochargers and intercoolers, a revised intake and exhaust system and re-programmed engine control software. The result was 356 kW at 5,700 rpm and 640 Nm at 3,500 to 4,500 rpm, enough to launch the car from 0-97 km/h in 3.9 seconds and to a top speed of 196 mi/h. Bigger wheels and tyres along with lightweight ceramic brakes were standard. The GT2's fixed rear wing (made of CFRP for the post-2003 cars) appears to be a concession to racing rules that usually outlaw adjustable aerodynamic components. The GT2 had no rear seat and no air conditioning and came with a factory installed roll cage. Both the GT3 and GT2 were available only with a 6-speed manual transmission.

The Turbo, GT2 and GT3 models use the Aluminum crankcase of the air-cooled 911 with its true dry sump oiling system. The six separate individual Nikasil lined cylinders in this engine are covered with two separately installed water jackets each covering a bank of 3 cylinders on each side of the engine, thus adding water cooling to a crankcase originally designed for air-cooled cylinders (the standard 996 Carrera engine has the cylinders and water jackets cast together with the crankcase).

Special editions
Porsche offered a special edition of the 996 for the year 2000. The car, named the 911 Millennium edition was based on the Carrera 4 coupé. Only 911 cars were made. It came with polished “turbo look” wheels.

This special edition was finished in Violet Chromaflair paint with natural leather interior and dark burr maple trim. The car was available with a Tiptronic or six-speed manual gearbox. A number plate on the center console and a unique "911" badge on the engine lid and lettering on the door sills make this special edition easy to identify from other base Carrera models. Porsche celebrated the 911's 40-year history in 2003, using the slogan, "40 Jahre 911/40 Years of the 911". The company also introduced the 996 "40th Anniversary Edition" for model year 2004. This model has the 996 Turbo's front-end, and was available only in GT Silver metallic paint. Other unique features included: X51 power kit, turbo radiators, limited slip differential, sport suspension, polished 5-spoke alloy wheels (unique to this model), GT3 side skirts, natural gray leather interior (with matching luggage set), sports seats (there was a power comfort seat option), polished exhaust tips, heated seats (option in Latin America), litronic bi-xenon headlights, special dynamic sealed panels, and a special "40 Jahre 911" logo on the engine cover. The power was increased to 254 kW. Only 1,963 units were made, to commemorate 1963—the year in which the 911 was first introduced.

Mechanical issues
The Porsche 911 996 model, produced between 1998 and 2005, is known for some mechanical issues including problems with the rear main seal (RMS), cylinder cracking, slipped sleeves, and bore scoring, and last, but not least, the intermediate shaft (IMS) bearing. The rear main seal issue in some models was due to improper machining, requiring engine replacement to correct for chronic RMS leaks. However, Porsche did redesign the rear main seal and the most current PTFE seal addresses most RMS issues. Some early 996 models were sleeved from the factory to correct for manufacturing issues, however some of these sleeves can drop, referred to as a slipped sleeve failure. Cracked or scored cylinders are also common with the 996's 3.4 and 3.6 liter engines that can result in intermix of the engine oil and coolant, or in the case of bore scoring, excessive piston noise, oil consumption, and smoking can occur. The most well-known 996 issue is that of the intermediate shaft bearing, which was the subject of The Eisen class action lawsuit. IMS failure rates of up to 8% were disclosed during the discovery process. These mechanical issues do not apply to GT3, Turbo, and GT2 models.

Statistics
Specifications for the MkI, EU spec 996 models:

Specifications for the MkII, EU spec 996 models:

 * Integrated dry-sump is Porsche's name for a dry sump lubrication system integrated within the engine block, i.e. no separate oil reservoir.

Production Numbers:

Movie character
Hollywood custom car builder Eddie Paul created a modified 996 Carrera as one of a set of three vehicles for Pixar's 2006 Cars promotional tour. Sally, a blue Porsche 996 designed to closely resemble a 2002 Carrera, is built on a slightly shortened wheelbase; her windshield is tilted closer to vertical (adding a few inches to the car's height) to accommodate the animated character's eyes. The vehicle is currently held in the Porsche Museum in Stuttgart, Germany.

Police car
In 2007, a motorist's 2001 Porsche 911 was searched during a traffic stop by Hoover, Alabama police. The police department seized the vehicle after they found 10 kilograms of cocaine hidden inside two compartments. Since then the vehicle was redecorated in two-tone police blue with a wing, light bar, and rear window lights. The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 as a Hoover Police Department police car and has appeared at various public events.

title: Porsche 911 (996)


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User:John Foley

John Foley lives in Kingston upon Thames.

Motto: "Justice, like freedom and democracy, has a cost."

/archive

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:John Foley


text: User talk:82.32.34.17

title: User talk:82.32.34.17


text:
2003 Pulitzer Prize

Winners of the Pulitzer Prize in 2003 were:

title: 2003 Pulitzer Prize


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Egerton Gospel

The Egerton Gospel (British Library Egerton Papyrus 2) refers to a collection of three papyrus fragments of a codex of a previously unknown gospel, found in Egypt and sold to the British Museum in 1934; the physical fragments are now dated to the very end of the 2nd century CE. Together they comprise one of the oldest surviving witnesses to any gospel, or any codex. The British Museum lost no time in publishing the text: acquired in the summer of 1934, it was in print in 1935. It is also called the Unknown Gospel, as no ancient source makes reference to it, in addition to being entirely unknown before its publication.

Provenance
Three fragments of the manuscript form part of the Egerton Collection in the British Library. A fourth fragment of the same manuscript was identified in the papyrus collection of the University of Cologne, and published in 1987.

The provenance of the four fragments is a matter of some dispute. Throughout the 20th century the provenance of the Egerton fragments was kept anonymous, with the initial editors suggesting without proof that they came from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri. In 2019 it was established that they were purchased in 1934 from Maurice Nahman, an antiquities dealer in Cairo. Nahman purchased the manuscript sometime between the 1920s and 1934, without recording its origin. Nahman bragged that he had many origins for his manuscripts. The Oxyrynchus identification is thus in question. The Cologne fragment was deposited without any provenance whatsoever. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this was purchased from Nahman's estate at the time of his death in 1954.

Colin Henderson Roberts reported seeing an account of the Passion of Jesus in Nahman's collection. Other Biblical scholars urgently pursued this missing fragment, but Nahman's collection was sold off indiscriminately to many different European universities and private collectors. The names of buyers were not recorded and the final whereabouts of this fragment, if it exists, are unknown.

Contents
The surviving fragments include four stories:

 * 1) A controversy similar to John 5:39–47 and 10:31–39;
 * 2) Curing a leper similar to Matthew 8:1–4, Mark 1:40–45, Luke 5:12–16 and 17:11–14;
 * 3) A controversy about paying tribute to Caesar analogous to Matthew 22:15–22, Mark 12:13–17 and Luke 20:20–26; and;
 * 4) An incomplete account of a miracle on the Jordan River bank, perhaps carried out to illustrate the parable about seeds growing miraculously.

The latter story has no equivalent in canonical Gospels:

"Jesus walked and stood on the bank of the Jordan river; he reached out his right hand, and filled it[...] And he sowed it on the[...] And then[...] water[...] and[...] before their eyes; and it brought forth fruit[...] many[...] for joy[...]"

Dating the manuscript

The date of the manuscript is established through palaeography alone. When the Egerton fragments were first published its date was estimated at around 150 CE; implying that, of early Christian papyri it would be rivalled in age only by, the John Rylands Library fragment of the Gospel of John. Later, when an additional papyrus fragment of the Egerton Gospel text was identified in the University of Cologne collection (Papyrus Köln 255) and published in 1987, it was found to fit on the bottom of one of the British Library papyrus pages. In this additional fragment a single use of a hooked apostrophe in between two consonants was observed, a practice that became standard in Greek punctuation at the beginning of the 3rd century; this sufficed to revise the date of the Egerton manuscript. This study placed the manuscript to around the time of Bodmer Papyri, c. 200; noting that Eric Turner had palaeographically dated as around 200 CE, citing use of the hooked apostrophe in that papyrus in support of this date.

The revised dating for the Egerton Papyrus continues to carry wide support. However, Stanley Porter has reviewed the dating of the Egerton Papyrus alongside that of ; noting that the scholarly consensus dating the former to the turn of the third century and the latter to the first half of the second century was contra-indicated by close palaeographic similarities of the two manuscripts. The 1987 redating of the Egerton Papyrus had rested on a comment made by Eric Turner in 1971:

"[I]n the first decade of III AD, this practice (of using an apostrophe between two consonants, such as double mutes or double liquids) suddenly becomes extremely common, and then persists."

Porter notes that Turner had then nevertheless advanced several earlier dated examples of the practice from the later second century, and one (BGU III 715.5) is dated to 101 CE. Porter proposes that, notwithstanding the discovery of the hooked apostrophe in P. Köln 255, the original editors' proposal of a mid second century date for the Egerton Papyrus accords better with the palaeographic evidence of dated comparator documentary and literary hands for both and this papyrus "the middle of the second century, perhaps tending towards the early part of it".

Date of composition
Jon B. Daniels writes the following in his introduction in The Complete Gospels:

"On the one hand, some scholars have maintained that Egerton's unknown author composed by borrowing from the canonical gospels. This solution has not proved satisfactory for several reasons: The Egerton Gospel's parallels to the synoptic gospels lack editorial language peculiar to the synoptic authors, Matthew, Mark, and Luke. They also lack features that are common to the synoptic gospels, a difficult fact to explain if those gospels were Egerton's source.

On the other hand, suggestions that the Egerton Gospel served as a source for the authors of Mark and/or John also lack conclusive evidence. The most likely explanation for the Egerton Gospel's similarities and differences from the canonical gospels is that Egerton's author made independent use of traditional sayings and stories of Jesus that also were used by the other gospel writers."

Such traditional sayings are posited for the hypothetical Q Document. Ronald Cameron states:

"Since Papyrus Egerton 2 displays no dependence upon the gospels of the New Testament, its earliest possible date of composition would be sometime in the middle of the first century, when the sayings and stories which underlie the New Testament first began to be produced in written form. The latest possible date would be early in the second century, shortly before the copy of the extant papyrus fragment was made. Because this papyrus presents traditions in a less developed form than John does, it was probably composed in the second half of the first century, in Syria, shortly before the Gospel of John was written."

Scholar François Bovon observes that the Egerton fragments "sound very Johannine" but also includes a number of terms characteristic of the Gospel of Luke, and is especially similar to Luke 5:12–14 and Luke 17:14, a conclusion also shared by scholar Tobias Nicklas.

Helmut Koester and J. D. Crossan have argued that despite its apparent historical importance, the text is not well known. It is a mere fragment, and does not bear a clear relationship to any of the four canonical gospels. The Egerton Gospel has been largely ignored outside a small circle of scholars. The work cannot be dismissed as "apocrypha" or "heretical" without compromising the orthodoxy of the Gospel of John. Nor can it be classed as "gnostic" and dismissed as marginal. It seems to be almost independent of the synoptic gospels and to represent a tradition similar to the canonical John, but independent of it. Additionally, it tells of an otherwise unknown miracle in the Johannine manner.

Evangelical scholar Craig Evans supports a date for the Egerton Gospel later than the canonical gospels in a variety of ways. He finds many parallels between the Egerton Gospel and the canonical gospels that include editorial language particular to Matthew and Luke. While Koester argues that these show a tradition before the other gospels, Craig Evans sees these as drawing from the other gospels just as Justin Martyr did. He also finds words such as the plural "priests" that show lack of knowledge of Jewish customs.

title: Egerton Gospel


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List of Stargate SG-1 episodes

Stargate SG-1 is a military science fiction television series created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner. The series resumes the story of the 1994 Stargate film, where a military team led by Colonel Jack O'Neill and supported by the archeologist Daniel Jackson use an ancient alien artifact called the Stargate to travel to a planet where an alien named Ra oppressed the planet's people by posing as a god. After the Earth team defeated Ra, O'Neil returns to Earth while Daniel Jackson stays on the planet. The series pilot, which takes place roughly one year after the events of the film, reveals that Ra was not the only alien to use Stargates to transport human slaves to many worlds for thousands of years.

Stargate SG-1 premiered on July 27, 1997, on the subscription channel Showtime. After five seasons on the same network, the Sci Fi Channel bought Stargate SG-1 and would air it for five further seasons, totalling to 214 episodes in ten seasons (seasons 1 through 7 consisted of 22 episodes each, and seasons 8 through 10 had 20 episodes each). Since the American broadcast splits each season to allow the production to catch up, the British channel Sky One aired the second part of some seasons before their American counterpart. Stargate SG-1 ' s finale episode premiered in the United Kingdom on Sky One on March 13, 2007. The Sci Fi Channel concluded the tenth season on June 22, 2007. All seasons of Stargate SG-1 are available on DVD, and two direct-to-DVD Stargate films have continued the series, the first released in March 2008, the second in July 2008.

The cast of the first five seasons consisted of Richard Dean Anderson starring as Col. Jack O'Neill, Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson, Amanda Tapping as Cpt./Maj. Samantha Carter (who would be promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in Season 8 and to Colonel in the films), Christopher Judge as the Jaffa alien Teal'c, and Don S. Davis as Maj. Gen. George Hammond. Michael Shanks left the series after Season 5, and his function was assumed by Corin Nemec as the non-earth human Jonas Quinn in Season 6. Shanks continued to have a recurring role in season 6, rejoined the cast in Season 7, and stayed part of the main cast until the series' end. After Don S. Davis' departure from Stargate SG-1 after Season 7, Richard Dean Anderson's character was promoted to Brigadier General in Season 8; Anderson left the series' main cast after that season, but continued to appear periodically. Ben Browder and Beau Bridges replaced them as Lt. Col. Cameron Mitchell and Maj. Gen. Hank Landry in Season 9, respectively. The last actor to join the main cast was Claudia Black, who resumed her previously recurring role as Vala Mal Doran in Season 9.

Episodes
Note: Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.

Movies
After the SciFi Channel's decision to not renew Stargate SG-1 in 2006, the SG-1 producers and rights-holder MGM expressed a desire to continue SG-1 as a movie, mini-series, or an 11th season on another network. Brad Wright confirmed the production of two direct-to-DVD films in October 2006, which eventually became Stargate: The Ark of Truth and Stargate: Continuum. A special edition of the two-hour pilot episode "Children of the Gods" with re-edited scenes, all new visual effects, and a new score by Joel Goldsmith was released in July 2009. In April 2009, MGM confirmed a third new SG-1 film that Brad Wright had first announced in May 2008. However, this last project (entitled Stargate: Revolution) was put on hold and eventually got shelved permanently in 2011.

title: List of Stargate SG-1 episodes


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User:Nuuk~enwiki

I'm a Japanese user/editor of Wikipedia, working and living in Tokyo, Japan.

Things of Interest

 * Scandinavia
 * Apple Macintosh
 * Swimming
 * Web radio

ja:利用者:Nuuk

title: User:Nuuk~enwiki


text:
Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor

Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor (formerly Bonavista—Exploits) was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 until 2015.

81.0% of its population was Protestant, the highest proportion in Canada. In the 2011 federal election, this riding had the highest percentage of Liberal votes in the nation, with nearly 60% of voters backing Liberal candidate Scott Simms.

Demographics
Ethnic groups:

 * 98.4% White¹
 * 1.6% First Peoples

Immigrant population: 0.92%

Languages:²

 * 97.0% English
 * 3.0% bilingual

Religions:

 * 81.0% Protestant
 * 16.4% Catholic
 * 1.9% no affiliation
 * 0.6% other Christian

The riding had the highest proportion of Protestants in Canada.

Post-secondary education: 31.3%

Average individual income: $19 829

Average household income: $40 677

Unemployment: 28.9%

¹ Statistics Canada's category of "Non-visible minority" includes First Peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit), and has been reduced accordingly.

² Based on ability to speak.

Geography
The neighbouring ridings were Avalon, Random—Burin—St. George's, and Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte.

According to Elections Canada, the geographic definition of this riding was:

 * "All that area consisting of that part of the Island of Newfoundland lying generally easterly and northerly of a line described as follows: commencing at a point midway between the towns of Triton and Leading Tickles in Notre Dame Bay; thence southerly in said bay to Seal Bay; thence southerly in a straight line to Frozen Ocean Lake at approximate latitude 49°11'N and approximate longitude 55°41'W; thence westerly in a straight line to Hinds Lake; thence southerly in a straight line to the mouth of Lloyds River at the westernmost extremity of Red Indian Lake [now Beothuk Lake]; thence southerly in a straight line to a point in Victoria Lake at latitude 48°15'N and approximate longitude 57°21'W; thence easterly to the intersection of the Trans-Canada Highway (Route No. 1) with Route No. 230; thence easterly along Route No. 230 to Route No. 230A; thence easterly in a straight line to Ocean Pond; thence southeasterly in a straight line to British Harbour at the entrance of Smith Sound on the north shoreline of Trinity Bay; thence southeasterly to said bay. Including Exploits Islands, North and South Twillingate Islands, New World Island, Change Islands, Fogo Island, Funk Island, Cottel Island and all other islands adjacent to the shoreline of the above-described area."

History
The electoral district was created in 2003: 68.6% from Gander—Grand Falls and 31.4% from Bonavista—Trinity—Conception. Following the 2012 electoral redistribution, this riding was dissolved and divided between Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame (67%) and Bonavista—Burin—Trinity (33%), with the new boundaries taking effect at the 2015 federal election.

Member of Parliament
This riding elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor


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Battle of Guadalajara

The Battle of Guadalajara (March 8–23, 1937) saw the victory of the Spanish Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR) and of the International Brigades over the Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to encircle Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. The Nationalist forces involved in the Battle of Guadalajara were primarily the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV).

The battle opened with an Italian offensive on 8 March. This offensive was halted by 11 March. Between 12 March and 14 March, renewed Italian attacks were supported by Spanish Nationalist units. These were halted too. On 15 March, a Republican counter-offensive was prepared. The Republicans successfully launched their counter-offensive from 18 March to 23 March.

Background
After the collapse of the third offensive on Madrid, Spanish Nationalist General Francisco Franco decided to continue with a fourth offensive aimed at closing the pincer around the capital. The Nationalist forces, after a defeat at the Battle of Jarama, were exhausted and could not create the necessary momentum to carry the operation through. However, the Italians were optimistic after the capture of Málaga, and it was thought that the Italian forces could score an easy victory owing to the heavy losses sustained by the People's Republican Army at Jarama. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini endorsed the operation and committed Italian units to it.

The Italian commander, General Mario Roatta, planned to surround the defences of Madrid from the north-east. After joining the Spanish Nationalist corps "Madrid" on the Jarama River, they would begin the assault on Madrid. The Italian forces would execute the main attack. The Spanish division "Soria" was present to secure the operation, but played no part in the first five days of fighting. The main attack began in the 25 km-wide pass at Guadalajara-Alcalá de Henares. This region was well suited for an advance, as there were five roads of high quality running through it. Three other roads in the area led to Guadalajara, allowing for the possibility of capturing this town as well. The Nationalist forces had 35,000 soldiers, 222 artillery pieces, 108 L3/33 tankettes and L3/35 tankettes, 32 armoured cars, 3,685 motor vehicles, and 60 Fiat CR.32 fighter planes. The Italian tankettes and armoured cars were organized as the "Tank and Armoured Cars Group" (Agrupación de carros de asalto y autos blindados). The Italian aircraft were organized into the "Legionary Air Force" (Aviazione Legionaria).

The Republican presence in the Guadalajara region consisted only of the 12th Division of the People's Republican Army under Colonel Lacalle. He had under his command 10,000 soldiers with 5,900 rifles, 85 machine guns, and 15 artillery pieces. One company of T-26 light tanks were also sent to the area. No defensive works had been constructed in the Guadalajara region, because it was regarded as a peaceful part of the front. The People's Republican Army staff was sure that the next Fascist offensive would come from the south.

March 8
After 30 minutes' artillery fire and air raids on the Republican positions, the Italians began advancing towards the 50th Republican brigade. Led by tankettes, they broke through the Republican line. Their assault then slowed, mainly because fog and sleet had reduced visibility down to 100 m in places. The Italians captured 10 to 12 km of terrain, including the towns of Mirabueno, Alaminos and Castejon. Falling back, the Republican commander requested infantry reinforcements and the company of tanks.

March 9
The Nationalists continued their assault on Republican positions. The main attack was carried out with tanks but again bogged down from poor performance and low visibility. The Republican 50th Brigade escaped without a fight. At about noon, the Italian advance was suddenly turned back by battalions of the XI International Brigade (battalions involved were initially the Edgar André Battalion, Thälmann Battalion and Commune de Paris Battalion – with soldiers mainly from Germany, France, and the Balkan countries). The Italians on the Nationalist side had taken another 15 to 18 km and the towns of Almadrones, Cogollor, and Masegoso. In the evening, the first formations of Italian troops reached the suburb of Brihuega, where they halted to await a wider breach in the Republican lines. This break in momentum, though incompatible with the blitzkrieg tactics they were nominally following, was under the circumstances necessary to allow the soldiers to rest.

The Republican forces on this day consisted of the XI International Brigade, two artillery batteries and two companies of infantry from the 49th Brigade, 12th Division. They had 1,850 soldiers with 1,600 rifles, 34 machine guns, 6 artillery pieces, and 5 tanks. By the end of the day, reinforcements started to arrive as Colonel Enrique Jurado Barrio was ordered to form IV Corps with Líster's 11th Division in the center at the Madrid–Zaragoza road at Torija, the 12th Division on the left flank, and the 14th Division on the right. Vicente Rojo ordered the 2nd Assault Guard Division into action.

March 10
The Republican forces received new reinforcements: Italians and Poles from the XII International Brigade (two battalions; Jarosław Dabrowski Battalion and Giuseppe Garibaldi Battalion), three artillery batteries, and an understrength battalion of tanks. The Republican forces now had 4,350 soldiers, 8 mortars, 16 artillery pieces, and 26 light tanks.

In the morning, Italian forces on the Nationalist side launched heavy artillery and air bombardments and without success began the assault on the XI International Brigade. At that point they had committed 26,000 soldiers, 900 machine guns, 130 light tanks, and a large number of artillery pieces. The Nationalists captured the towns Miralrio and Brihuega. The latter town fell almost without opposition.

Nationalist attacks on XI and XII International Brigades continued in the afternoon, still without success. At Torija, the Nationalists faced the Italian Garibaldi Battalion. Italians in the Garibaldi Battalion encouraged the Fascist soldiers to join the Republicans. The attacks halted toward evening, and the Italian Nationalists built defensive positions.

At the end of the day, Lacalle resigned his command, officially for health reasons, but probably because of his resentment at being passed over by Jurado. Command of 12th Division went to the Italian communist Nino Nanetti.

March 11
The Italians began a successful advance on the positions of XI and XII International Brigades, who retreated down the main road. The Italian vanguard stopped 3 km before the town of Torija. The Spanish Nationalist division "Soria" captured the towns of Hita and Torre del Burgo.

March 12
The Republican forces under Líster's command redeployed in the morning and launched a counterattack at noon. Close to one-hundred "Chato" and "Rata" fighter planes and two squadrons of Katiuska bombers of the Spanish Republican Air Force had been made available at the Albacete airfield. While the aircraft of the Italian Legionary Air Force were grounded on water-logged airports, the Republicans did not have this problem since the Albacete airfield had a concrete strip.

After an air bombardment of the Italian positions, the Republican infantry supported by T-26 and BT-5 light tanks attacked the Italian lines. Several Italian tankettes were lost when General Roatta attempted to change the position of his motorized units in the muddy terrain; many got stuck and were easy target for strafing fighters. The advance reached Trijueque. An Italian counterattack did not regain lost terrain.

March 13
The Republican counterattack on Trijueque and Casa del Cabo, Palacio de Ibarra was launched with some success. The plan under Vicente Rojo was to concentrate 11th Division under Líster and all armoured units on the Zaragoza road, while 14th Division under Mera crossed the Tajuña River to attack Brihuega. The Italians were warned that this might happen, but ignored advice from the Spanish chief of operations, Colonel Barroso.

March 14–17
On March 14, most Republican infantry formations rested while their air forces executed successful attacks. The International Brigade captured the Palacio de Ibarra. In the subsequent days the Republicans redeployed and concentrated their forces.

The Republican forces now consisted of some 20,000 soldiers, 17 mortars, 28 artillery pieces, 60 light tanks and 70 planes.

The Italian and Spanish Nationalist forces consisted of some 45,000 soldiers, 70 mortars, 200 artillery pieces, 80 light tanks (L3 tankettes), and 50 planes.

March 18
At dawn, Vicente Rojo gave the orders and Mera led the 14th Division across the pontoon bridge over the Tajuña River. They had cover from heavy sleet, but the weather also delayed the assault. After midday, the weather had improved enough to allow the Republican air force to operate. At around 13:30, Jurado gave the order to attack. Líster was slowed by the Italian Littorio Division, largely considered to be the best of the Italian units. The 14th Division managed to surround Brihuega, and the Italians retreated in panic. The remaining Italian soldiers were cleared out by the Assault Guards and XI International Brigade.

An Italian counterattack on Republican positions failed and was repulsed by the Assault Guard Division, arguably the best of the Spanish Republican units. The attack by the Assault Guard Division was spearheaded by the 1st Assault Brigade to devastating effect, inflicting heavy losses on the Italians. The Littorio Division saved the Italians from a complete disaster when they conducted a well-organized retreat.

March 19–23
The Republican forces recaptured the cities of Gajanejos and Villaviciosa de Tajuña. Their counter-offensive was ultimately halted on the Valdearenas–Ledanca–Hontanares line, because Franco had sent reserve formations to settle the line of defence between Ledanca and Hontanares.

Aftermath
The Battle of Guadalajara was an important strategic victory of the Republican Army and did much to lift morale. Herbert Matthews claimed in The New York Times that Guadalajara was "to Fascism what the defeat at Bailén had been to Napoleon." The British press heaped scorn on this "new Caporetto"—alluding to a great Italian defeat in the First World War—while former British prime minister David Lloyd George wrote mockingly of the "Italian skedaddle," infuriating Mussolini.

The Italian CTV lost some 3,000 men (Spanish Nationalist losses were marginal) and a considerable number of light tanks. In addition, the Republican army captured sizeable quantities of badly-needed materiel, including 65 artillery pieces, 500 machine guns, 67 trucks and vehicles, 13 mortars, 10 tanks, and plenty of ammunition. Strategically, the Republican victory prevented the encirclement of Madrid, ending Franco's hopes of crushing the Republic with a decisive strike at its capital. Franco decided to adopt a new strategy of chipping away at the Republican territories, starting in the north.

Above all, Guadalajara was a setback to Italian morale and a loss of prestige for Italy's fascist regime, whose Duce had orchestrated the deployment of the Italian army in the hopes of stunning the world with a show of Italy's "iron military strength." In response, Franco (who feared CTV strategic independence, especially after the Italian victory at Malaga) announced his intention to dismantle the Italian field army in Spain, seeking to disperse it among Spanish Nationalist units. This threat was not ultimately carried out and Guadalajara in a sense guaranteed and continued Italian aid as Mussolini sought final victory to efface his humiliation at Guadalajara.

Franco, who was uncomfortable with the prospect of the CTV successfully crushing the Republic forces by itself (he believed this would give the impression that the fall of Madrid was wholly creditable to a foreign army) brimmed with Schadenfreude over his allies' humiliation. Officers in General Moscardó's HQ raised a toast to "Spanish heroism, of whatever colour"—probably the only time Nationalist forces toasted a Republican triumph of arms. Franco's soldiers began singing popular Italian tunes with lyrical changes mocking the defeated CTV. The following chorus, originating with Moscardó's Navarrese, humorously takes the Italians to task for their earlier complaints about the lack of motorized transport in Nationalist ranks:

The CTV may have lost the battle because Franco did not start a side offensive, from Jarama toward Alcalà de Henares, as agreed on March 1 with General Roatta. After seeing that the Nationalists were not attacking, the Republicans were able to redeploy the troops facing Jarama to meet the Italian offensive. Later, when faced by General Roatta, Franco tried to excuse himself saying that his Generals ignored his orders to advance. It is possible he used the Italian troops as cannon fodder to gain time to regroup his troops, exhausted after Jarama. This is explained by the Franco's fear towards the Italians and their attitude to win the war "alone", forcing the Caudillo's war leadership. This also explains the ungrateful songs against the Italians which despite all were decisively contributing with personnel and equipment to the nationalist cause.

Analysis
British historian Paul Preston identified factors contributing to the Italian debacle:

 * The tenacity of Republican resistance. Deceived by the easy triumph of their mechanized columns over underarmed and panic-stricken Republican militias at Málaga, the Italians underestimated the quality and organization of Republican forces defending Madrid
 * Inadequate preparation of the Italians—many wearing colonial uniforms—to conditions of heavy snow and sleet
 * Lack of paved runways for Italian aviation, which left CTV craft sunken in muddy airfields and prey to Republican aviation
 * Overall inaction of Nationalist forces on the Jarama front (a delayed, modest attack was launched on March 9), allowing the Republicans to concentrate additional forces along the Guadalajara
 * The superiority of Russian T-26 tanks, equipped with rotating gun turrets, over Italian tankettes
 * Roatta's failure—which Preston describes as grossly negligent—to entrench the Italian corps along its new positions in anticipation of a Republican counterattack

The minimal success of the Italian offensive demonstrated the vulnerability of massed armored advances in unfavorable terrain and against a coherent infantry defense. The French General Staff, in harmony with existing beliefs in the French Army, concluded that mechanized troops were not decisive in modern warfare and continued to shape military doctrine accordingly. An exception was Charles de Gaulle. The Germans incorrectly ascribed the Guadalajara failure to leadership and planning. The German attaché to the CTV praised the combat attitude of the Italian troops.

In truth, both views have merit: armoured forces were largely ineffective against deep prepared defenses; in adverse weather, and without enough air support, the result was disaster (Italian strategists failed to consider these variables). But the German assessment noted the deficiencies in Italian weaponry, planning, and organization that contributed to the defeat at Guadalajara. In particular, vehicles and tanks lacked the technical quality, and leaders the determination, to effect the violent breakthroughs characteristic of later German blitzkrieg tactics.

title: Battle of Guadalajara


text:
Dartmouth—Cole Harbour

Dartmouth—Cole Harbour (formerly Dartmouth and Dartmouth—Halifax East) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Demographics
From the 2021 census

Ethnic groups:
 * European: 86.2%
 * African descent: 4.5%
 * Indigenous: 4.5%
 * South Asian: 1.1%
 * Other: 3.7%

Languages:
 * English: 92.7%
 * French: 3.1%
 * Arabic: 0.6%
 * Chinese: 0.5%
 * Other: 3.1%

Religions:
 * Protestant: 45.8%
 * Catholic: 38.1%
 * Other Christian: 1.4%
 * No religious affiliation: 12.9%

Education:
 * No certificate, diploma or degree: 20.7%
 * High school certificate: 24.5%
 * Apprenticeship or trade certificate or diploma: 10.2%
 * Community college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma: 20.4%
 * University certificate or diploma: 24.1%

Median Age:
 * 40.5

Median total income:
 * $27,005

Average total income:
 * $34,363

Median household income:
 * $53,222

Average household income:
 * $64,493

Median family income:
 * $68,047

Average family income:
 * $77,776

Unemployment:
 * 5.9%

Geography
The district includes the urban communities of Dartmouth and Cole Harbour in Halifax. The area is 89.99 km2.

Political geography
The Liberals and the NDP were the two main parties in 2008. The NDP saw much of its support in West Dartmouth, around Topsail Lake, the northern part of Cole Harbour, and the communities of Imperoyal and Woodside as well as the Cole Harbour 30 Indian Reserve. The Conservatives won two polls, both in Cole Harbour. The Liberals dominated in Central, Eastern and Northern Dartmouth and in southern Cole Harbour.

History
The riding of Dartmouth—Halifax East was created in 1966 when the former dual-member Halifax riding was split into two. The district consisted of the Dartmouth area, Bedford and most of eastern Halifax County. Bedford was moved to the riding of Halifax West in a 1976 redistribution. In 1987, the Dartmouth riding was created, taking in nearly all of the former territory of Dartmouth—Halifax East.

The electoral district of Dartmouth—Cole Harbour in 2004 was created from 86.8% of the population of the new riding came from Dartmouth, and 13.2% from Sackville—Musquodoboit Valley—Eastern Shore.

The 2012 federal electoral redistribution concluded that this riding will remain largely the same for the 42nd Canadian federal election. It lost a small fraction to the new riding of Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook and gained a small portion (2%) from what was Sackville—Eastern Shore.

Member of Parliament
These ridings have elected the following members of Parliament:

2021
Note that the Conservatives did not run a candidate in Dartmouth—Cole Harbour in the 2021 election, as their nominee withdrew shortly before the registration deadline.

title: Dartmouth—Cole Harbour


text:
Oscar Montelius

Gustaf Oscar Augustin Montelius, known as Oscar Montelius (9September 1843 – 4November 1921) was a Swedish archaeologist who refined the concept of seriation, a relative chronological dating method.

Biography
Oscar Montelius refined the concept of typology, a relative chronological dating method. Typology is the procedure of working out a chronology by arranging material remains of a cultural tradition in the order that produces the most consistent patterning of their cultural traits. Typologies are the basis for seriation, a technique developed by English Egyptologist Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) based on his excavations in Egypt.

Montelius' impetus was at first to provide relative dates for artifacts in museum collections that often lacked rigorous records, by making comparisons with other artifacts within a comparable geographical area. Montelius' method created a timeline specific to the location, based on material remains. Later, when combined with written historical references, objects could be provided absolute dates. He took the three-age system (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age), originally devised by Danish antiquarian Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788–1865) to organize Danish museum collections of archaeological materials, and sub-divided it further. He divided the Neolithic in Scandinavia into four numbered periods, I-IV, and the Nordic Bronze Age into six I-VI. He was the first to establish that the numerous Swedish petroglyphs were from the Nordic Bronze Age, by comparing axes portrayed in the petroglyphs with archaeological finds. Further he supported Thomsen's typology of gold bracteates from the migration period.

By taking calendrical dates from the recently deciphered hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt, Montelius employed a complex system of cross-dating through typologies and associated finds to apply absolute dates to archaeological finds and features all over Europe. His diffusionist theories were eventually displaced by more complex views of cultural interaction but following refinement his system of sub-divisions is still effectively in use. Montelius was made a member of the Swedish Academy in 1917.

Personal life
Oscar Montelius was married to Swedish philanthropist and feminist Agda Montelius née Reuterskiöld (1850–1920). They are buried in a dolmen grave (a type of grave that was common in Sweden during the Nordic Bronze Age) in Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna, Sweden.

title: Oscar Montelius


text:
Talk:Hunter College High School

Record Annecdotes
I think that it would be a good idea to provide more sources for this article by recording anecdotes from various school atendees and alumni.Denting5 (talk) 23:11, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

What can we do to make this page more encyclopedic?
I think we need to do something with the alumni section, and perhaps add more citations. Bmackenty (talk) 18:57, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

School traditions
I removed the specific information about school traditions. It doesn't strike me as "encyclopedia worthy" I think it's enough to just mention these events. Bmackenty (talk) 14:22, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

There seems to be very opinionated information in the Senior Walkout section. Somebody with better knowledge of this event should revise the section. apricot50 11:36, 16 January 2012

School Culture
I'd like to remove school culture. Again, how are hang-outs worthy of an encyclopedia entry? Maybe we could keep this section in if we included a lot more information about our culture, and cited it? Please comment. Bmackenty (talk) 14:15, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Hearing no objections, I've removed school culture. I'd be happy to discuss this edit. Bmackenty (talk) 13:17, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Sports
This probably needs a re-write as well. I think championships are worthy of mention, but perhaps a bit to much detail? Bmackenty (talk) 13:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok. I added some references to the sports section, and removed some stuff I couldn't find references for. Here's the big question: championships. Should we have such detailed information, or just list the teams? Bmackenty (talk) 16:05, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

alumni section
I changed the alumni so it is a sortable table. I might make the "notable" part a sortable category as well. eek. Many of our alums have no references? Bmackenty (talk) 15:18, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

discussion about Wall Street Journal ranking
Hello user 74.4.24.34. Before you make statements like "(This is NOT what the WSJ rankings say, and those rankings are meaningless anyway. So what if everyone went to Yale and Brown from a school? What do they teach you there?!)"

It is wholly inappropriate for you to make changes and edits to our page without discussing them first. I welcome questions, debate, and a frank exchange of ideas. However, for you to make these changes without any conversation isn't very good wiki-citizenship. :-)

Let's take a look at this, shall we?

The first source is from: http://webreprints.djreprints.com/wsj_tuition_040104.pdf

This source seems to be confirm the statement that HCHS sends a high proportion of students to the ivy league.

The second source is http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-COLLEGE0711-sort.html

This source also factually supports the sentence. This sentence IS factual. I'm open to discussion to change it, if you'd like to discuss it first. Bmackenty (talk) 14:41, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

new principal and notice
Dr. Coppola announced her resignation at a faculty meeting last week. Dr. Fisher will be the acting replacement. I am leaving the employ of the campus schools, and will take a less active role in maintaining this page. I welcome other people in the HCHS community to become an editor! Bmackenty (talk) 15:12, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Senior Mascots
I added several Senior Mascots to this section of the page, particularly in the '60s and '70s, based on what I could piece together from the Alumni Facebook group. 155.47.181.21 (talk) 20:18, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Student Body Diversity
Has there already been a discussion of the increasingly unrepresentitive nature of the school's student body? Perhaps we ought to add one. Paul, in Saudi (talk) 06:49, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Avril Haines
According to numerous reliable media sources (for example: 1 2 3) it appears that Avril Danica Haines, class of 1987, is about to become the first woman to be Deputy Director of the CIA. —Mark Dominus (talk) 20:15, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Alumni
Some of the alumni -- who don't have wp articles, and don't have independent reliable source refs -- need supporting independent reliable source refs (at minimum), or they are subject to deletion. --Epeefleche (talk) 09:14, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

What
"Dense novels" are mentioned. This might be vandalism. I am not sure what they are, if it is not. Is someone trying to be funny? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.197.48.128 (talk) 15:21, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Alum Katie Spencer
The following was added to the alumni section. She certainly seems talented but really doesn't seem to be notable enough yet for the purpose of this list. If the list gets too long it looses meaning. I have deleted the edit. "Katie Spencer (class of 2004) – singer / keyboardist for Jesse McCartney, Grammy nominated, actor, TV producer"JustinReilly (talk) 13:37, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 external links on Hunter College High School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080121153427/http://library.hunter.cuny.edu/hcmilestones.htm to http://library.hunter.cuny.edu/hcmilestones.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060306080020/http://www.hchsaa.org/joyful_elite.pdf to http://www.hchsaa.org/joyful_elite.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160528161447/http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/speech.pdf to https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/speech.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040402023906/http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/honors_and_awards/ to http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/honors_and_awards/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207035932/http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/images/uploads/2008_2009_umbrella.pdf to http://www.hchs.hunter.cuny.edu/images/uploads/2008_2009_umbrella.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120712020310/http://www.hchsaa.org/node/2031 to http://hchsaa.org/node/2031
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070622073729/http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/glossary.cgi?term=d&letter=yes to http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/glossary.cgi?term=d&letter=yes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070303034612/http://web.mit.edu/physics/facultyandstaff/faculty/millie_dresselhaus.html to http://web.mit.edu/physics/facultyandstaff/faculty/millie_dresselhaus.html
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senior steps
I think we can keep this. The entire section is unsourced anyway, and is likely to be that way for any school, so either we dump everything or not pick and choose. (I'm ok with either option.)--regentspark (comment) 16:28, 26 September 2018 (UTC)
 * On reflection, I junked it. --regentspark (comment) 17:25, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

Alum Mollena Williams Hass
Removed “Bondage & Discipline and S&M educator” Williams Hass from alumni section due to, IMO, insufficient notability. She seems talented but really doesn't seem to be notable enough yet for the purpose of this list. If the list gets too long it looses some meaning. JustinReilly (talk) 02:14, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * In general, having a Wikipedia page seems to be sufficient notability to make it onto this list, or any list of a high school's alumni. Perhaps Williams-Haas is not notable enough for Wikipedia (though the number of independent sources makes this unlikely to me), but that is a question for her page and not for us as arbiters. It seems that Williams-Haas has been judged notable enough for Wikipedia, and as such she should not be removed from the list. 42Q7 (talk) 23:06, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Williams-Haas has created and appeared in multiple movies, won awards, and written published articles and essays. She also has a Wikipedia paeg, which I agree suggests sufficient notability. I see no reason why she should be removed from the list of alumni. MoonSewer (talk) 21:06, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed her again; forgot that I had started this talk before; wasn’t alerted of comments and reverts for some reason.
 * Though very accomplished, Williams Haas does not seem quite “notable” enough within its meaning in the Wikipedia guidelines for a page.
 * Regardless of whether that’s the case or not, in the interest of making the alum list at least somewhat manageable and also in line with other similar pages on Wikipedia, I really think that her name should be removed for now. Unfortunately or fortunately, HCHS has an absolutely incredible number of extraordinarily accomplished and notable alums and unfortunately not all of them can be listed. She has notability within the kink world, but not vis a vis other alums of Hunter at this time in my strong opinion. Numerous people who are extremely accomplished have been removed by other editors from this list who were and are more notable. Cheers JustinReilly (talk) 12:30, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Diana Bianchi notability
@Magnolia677 reverted my edit adding Diana Bianchi to alums for not being notable; IMO she’s one of the more notable on the list; first female to serve as “the nation’s pediatrician” is, if not historic, certainly notable (plus 300 papers published; done a good amount of pioneering/notable bench research, frmr Harvard Med Prof, bigwig at Tufts Hospital, lifetime achievement award from Stanford, etc.) JustinReilly (talk) 06:18, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Recent IP edits
@Johnnie Bob, I noticed you recently reverted this set of changes by an IP address. I have a COI with CUNY, so I'm refraining from editing this article directly. However, I do not see issues with the following changes:
 * Changing "Hunter" to "Hunter College High School". As the IP user said, the term "Hunter" in itself can refer either to Hunter College, HCHS, or Hunter College Elementary School (in the same building as HCHS).
 * Removing the word "excellent" from an external link's title. I think this can just be removed anyway per WP:NPOV; we shouldn't be describing external links as "excellent" in Wikipedia's voice.
 * Removing a graduation speech that was used as a source. This seems to be correct; the student's graduation speech doesn't seem to be a high-quality WP:RS.
 * Resolving a citation-needed tag. The source they added did support that info.

While I don't agree with all of the edits (for example, this could've been updated rather than removed), I think at least several of them were helpful. – Epicgenius (talk) 00:00, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with Epicgenius on all the points. I've added a NYT source for the brick prison so that it is well sourced.RegentsPark (comment) 01:01, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Epicgenius, agreed ... I did have pangs of remorse after I took the action. Though not defending my action, I was hoping that the IP contributor would have opened a discussion thread by now, making the communication easier, but that wasn't the way it turned out.  Interestingly, it was when I saw the removal of the student's speech that I decided to revert the whole chain of changes, invoking wp:consensus, before "more damage was done".  As it turns out, this student's speech played a role in the the school's reforming of its alleged discriminatory and profit-motivated admission procedures, and since sources exist that support this, I believe it is worth adding those sources and keeping it in the article.  I did note in my edit summary that some of the IP user's changes were appropriate, so I think that the best action at the moment would be to restore that subset of IP user's changes, and provide an explanation as to why the student's speech is important, with sources.  I will work on this after I get a night's sleep ... Johnnie Bob (talk) 02:44, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hunter College High School


text:
List of Earth: Final Conflict episodes

This is a list of episodes of the television series Earth: Final Conflict:

Season 2 (1998–99)
The season was nominated for "Best Photography" (for Michael McMurray ) and "Best Sound Editing" (for Tom Bjelic, John Smith and Rich Harkness) in a Dramatic Program or Series at the 14th Gemini Awards

Season 3 (1999–2000)
This is the first season to be presented in the 1.78:1 "widescreen" aspect ratio on DVD. Starting with the third episode, the DVD makers forgot to remove the television broadcast's "Dolby Surround where available" tag at the beginning of episodes.

title: List of Earth: Final Conflict episodes


text:
Fredericton (federal electoral district)

Fredericton (formerly Fredericton—York—Sunbury) is a federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1988. Its population in 2021 was 87,436. Its predecessor riding, York—Sunbury, was represented in the House of Commons from 1917 to 1988.

The district includes the city of Fredericton, and the towns of Oromocto, and Minto and vicinity.

The neighbouring ridings are Miramichi, Beauséjour, Fundy Royal, New Brunswick Southwest, and Tobique—Mactaquac.

History
"York—Sunbury" riding was created in 1914 from parts of Sunbury—Queen's and York ridings. Previously, York County was its own riding and Sunbury County was joined with Queens County.

The riding was named after York and Sunbury counties of which it was composed.

In 1987, York—Sunbury was abolished. Some rural areas in the southern parts of the riding were transferred to Carleton—Charlotte riding, and a largely uninhabited area, moved to Miramichi. The remainder was incorporated into "Fredericton" riding. It was renamed "Fredericton—York—Sunbury" shortly after the 1988 election.

Fredericton-York-Sudbury was abolished in 1996 when more rural areas were moved into other districts (particularly Tobique—Mactaquac and New Brunswick Southwest, and a new riding named "Fredericton" was created. The Minto and Chipman areas were added to the riding in 2003. As per the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, this riding will lost territory to Miramichi—Grand Lake, New Brunswick Southwest and Tobique—Mactaquac, and gained some land from New Brunswick Southwest.

In the 2008 election, the Conservatives gained this seat from the Liberals. The Conservatives were strongest in the rural parts of this riding, outside of Fredericton proper. Within the city, the Liberals still held their own with the NDP capturing a handful of polls, including the University of New Brunswick, and a couple along Parkside Drive.

In the 2019 election, the riding got its first-ever "third party" MP from the Greens. Jenica Atwin won the seat from the former incumbent Liberal MP, Matt DeCourcey, who came third behind the Conservative candidate.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the riding will be re-named Fredericton—Oromocto. Its border with Tobique—Mactaquac will be rerouted to follow the northern border of the City of Fredericton (2023 borders), and it will lose the remainder of the Parishes of Maugerville, Sheffield and Canning to Miramichi—Grand Lake; and will lose Burton Parish to Saint John—St. Croix, except for those parts of the parish that will be transferred to the Town of Oromocto in 2023.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

2011
In 2011, a student vote was conducted at participating Canadian schools to parallel the 2011 Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.


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Berthier—Maskinongé

Berthier—Maskinongé (formerly known as Berthier and Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1925 to 1953, from 1968 to 1988, and since 2004. Its population in 2001 was 103,516.

Geography
The riding extends along the north bank of the Saint Lawrence River between the north suburbs of Montreal and Trois-Rivières, straddling the Quebec regions of Lanaudière and Mauricie.

The district includes the Regional County Municipalities of D'Autray and Maskinongé, and the former cities of Pointe-du-Lac and Trois-Rivières-Ouest in the City of Trois-Rivières.

The neighbouring ridings are Joliette, Repentigny, Verchères—Les Patriotes, Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour, Trois-Rivières, and Saint-Maurice—Champlain.

This riding lost territory to Trois-Rivières and gained territory from Joliette during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 96.4% White, 1.8% Indigenous

Languages: 96.8% French, 1.0% English

Religions: 75.2% Christian (69.3% Catholic, 5.9% Other), 24.3% None

Median income: $37,600 (2020)

Average income: $44,280 (2020)

History
The riding was created in 1924 from Berthier and Maskinongé. It consisted of Berthier County and Maskinongé County.

In 1947, it was redefined to consist of the county of Berthier and the town of Berthierville, the county of Maskinongé and the town of Louiseville, and Gouin township in the county of Joliette.

In 1952, it was abolished when it was merged into Berthier—Maskinongé—delanaudière riding.

The riding was recreated in 1966 as "Berthier" from the districts of Berthier—Maskinongé—Delanaudière, Chapleau, Joliette—L'Assomption—Montcalm, St-Maurice—Laflèche, and Three Rivers.

In 1975, the name of the riding was changed to "Berthier-Maskinongé". After the 1980 election, the name of the district was changed to Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière.

In the 1984 election, the seat was won by Progressive Conservative Robert de Cotret, who held it until the 1988 election. The riding was abolished in 1987. It was divided between Berthier—Montcalm, Champlain, and Saint-Maurice.

Berthier—Maskinongé was re-created in 2003. 44.8% of the riding came from Trois-Rivières, 36.0% from Berthier—Montcalm, and 19.2% from Saint-Maurice.

In the 2004 election and the 2006 election, Bloc Québécois MP Guy André was elected in the riding.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Berthier—Maskinongé, 1925-1953
Note: Progressive Conservative vote is compared to "National Government" vote in 1940 election.

Note: "National Government" vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.

title: Berthier—Maskinongé


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Fastlane (TV series)

Fastlane is an American action/crime drama television series that was broadcast on Fox from September 18, 2002 to April 25, 2003. On August 14, 2005 G4 began rebroadcasting the complete series.

Plot summary
Van Ray and Deaqon Hayes are two mismatched cops teamed together by shady police lieutenant, Wilhelmina "Billie" Chambers, in a secretive undercover division of the Los Angeles Police Department. Operating with the motto "Everything we seize, we keep. Everything we keep, we use," their base of operations is the "Candy Store" — a warehouse containing a fortune in confiscated cars, clothes, weapons and everything else needed to blend into the seedy criminal underworld of Los Angeles. Given criminal covers, the officers use all of the resources at their disposal to apprehend dangerous criminals while walking the line between cop and criminal.

Main

 * Peter Facinelli as Donovan "Van" Ray
 * Bill Bellamy as Deaqon "Deaq" Hayes
 * Tiffani Thiessen as Wilhemina "Billie" Chambers

Recurring

 * Jay Mohr as Roland Hill
 * Mark Famiglietti as Jarod
 * Big Boy as Aquarius
 * Vondie Curtis-Hall as Andre Hayes
 * Jennifer Sky as Cassidy Shaw
 * Robert Forster as Raymond Ray
 * Jamie Brown as Sophia Jones
 * Bill Duke as Captain Parish
 * Lamont Johnson as Wisdom Bailey

Guest appearances
Over the course of its run, Fastlane featured cameos and guest appearances from several known figures, including Fred Durst, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Mischa Barton, Jenny McCarthy, Krista Allen, Jake Busey, Bokeem Woodbine, Hudson Leick, Jaime Pressly, George Hamilton, Eric Mabius, Michelle Forbes, Navi Rawat, Iggy Pop, Naomi Campbell, Tommy Lee, Terrence Howard, Isaac Hayes, the Red Elvises, Tatyana Ali, Natasha Alam, Paul Gleason, Antonio Fargas, Biz Markie, Kurupt, Treach, Ali Landry and Randall Park.

Series run
The series consisted of twenty-two episodes, forty-five minutes each, plus an unaired pilot which ended up being very similar to the first episode broadcast. Episodes 13 and 14 ("Defense" and "Offense") form a two-part story, while episodes 21 and 22 ("Dosed" and "Iced") form a two-part story ending on a cliffhanger which sees Billie Chambers kidnapped and forced to do drugs. As the series was canceled at that point due to the high costs of each episode, there is no known resolution.

Each episode cost Warner Bros. Television $2.6 million. The show's hallmarks—unconventional cinematography, pyrotechnics, guest appearances, licensed soundtracks, supercars and other exotic vehicles—were the root cause of the exorbitant production costs.

Cancellation
After Fox canceled Firefly in December 2002, Fastlane was moved from Wednesday nights to Fridays as a midseason replacement for Firefly. The show suffered as a result of this airdate move and never recovered. With high production costs and the ratings dropping, Fastlane was canceled in March 2003.

Fastlane gained a cult following especially for the chemistry between the cast, the action scenes, the humor and the direction.

Home media
Warner Home Video released Fastlane: The Complete Series on DVD as a six disc set on July 8, 2008 in the Region 1. The soundtrack was significantly altered for the DVD release due to licensing issues. Episodes are cropped to be in the 4:3 format rather than the 16:9 widescreen format as they initially appeared on television.

title: Fastlane (TV series)


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Louis-Hébert (federal electoral district)

Louis-Hébert is a federal electoral district in the Canadian province of Quebec. Represented in the House of Commons since 1968, its population was certified, according to the detailed statistics of 2001, as 98,156.

Geography
The district, in the Quebec region of Capitale-Nationale, consists of the southern part of Quebec City, and is largely coextensive with the borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is based mostly on the former city of Sainte-Foy, which was merged into the "megacity" of Quebec City in 2002.

The neighbouring ridings are Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier, Louis-Saint-Laurent, Québec, Lévis—Bellechasse, and Lotbinière—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière.

The riding lost small fractions of territory to Louis-Saint-Laurent and Québec as a result of the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 91.3% White, 2.2% Indigenous, 1.8% Arab, 1.6% Latino, 1.4% Black, 0.6% Chinese, 1.1% other

Languages: 91.2% French, 2.2% English, 1.6% Spanish, 1.4% Arabic, 3.6% other

Religions: 82.6% Christian, 2.5% Muslim, 0.6% other, 14.3% none

Median income: $34,624 (2010)

Average income: $45,439 (2010)

History
The electoral district was created in 1966 from Quebec East, Quebec South, Quebec West, and Québec—Montmorency ridings. The riding is notable for having had nine different people represent the riding since 1984; Suzanne Duplessis was elected that year and served two terms in the House of Commons until 1993. From then until 2019, every subsequent MP to represent the district was either defeated in the next election or retired from politics after a single term.

Members of parliament
This riding has elected the following members of parliament:

Election results
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.


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Talk:Renegades (Rage Against the Machine album)

About the album cover
Can anyone verify if this is in any way related to the Renegades album cover? Maybe it could be mentioned in the article.

It's interesting to note that the original monument spells "LOVE", instead of "RAGE", in the same typeset the album uses, and has a tilted letter, the O, instead of the G

Thanks! --Sébastien Leblanc ( Talk 02:42, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Errors
"Kick Out The Jams" is an MC5 cover, not Blue Oyster Cult. For some reason it shows up correctly in the editing page, but in the article itself it has the error.

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:43, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Axyec97rskrkt

As a compilation album
Shouldn't Renegades be listed as a compilation album instead? If it is just a collection of cover versions and not original songs, shouldn't it be listed as a compilation album instead? 24.127.236.115 (talk) 23:04, 17 December 2019 (UTC)


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Talk:Merlin Stone

Robert Graves
Shouldn't we be connecting Merlin Stone to Robert Graves, since his work inspired some of her explorations in "When God Was A Woman"? It seems to me that a good cross-reference would be to Robert Graves "Greek Mythology" which has some good discussion about how his thoughts have been received by classical scholars. I would think we would want to have some information here about the nature of this debate, since, presumably, "When God Was A Woman" was an important element in the larger debate on this issue. Added references and information about this linkage. I am not sure how to edit the summary, which I forgot to fill out. Peterbbishop (talk) 17:08, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

neutral bias
I removed the wording concerning the views of un-cited 'critics' and also the description of Merlin Stone as a 'Neopagan'. Nothing in her book equates to a call for a return to paganism and she actually makes statements to that effect in it. She is much more concerned with the suppression of womens property rights and freedoms than she is with strictly spiritual issues. Given that the description of her in that manner is just an opinion I felt it appropriate to remove it, unless anyone can cite her own statements that make her an adherent of any such creed. Tashkop 00:51, 17 August 2006 (UTC) You are right. Merlin Stone is not a "Neopagan". Nor does she promote a return to goddess worship. I have known her very well for almost 30 years. I was shocked to see her described as British even though she did the majority of her research for "When God Was A Woman" in England, much of it at the Ashmolean. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.232.23.88 (talk) 22:15, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

books
I removed Marketing Books which are by another Merlin Stone who is a (male) Professor of Marketing.Professor Merlin Stone, Bristol Business School, University of West of England —Preceding unsigned comment added by GavinCorder (talk • contribs) 18:30, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Merlin Stone


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Murray Cook

Murray James Cook, AM (born 30 June 1960) is an Australian musician, actor, and DJ. Cook was one of the founding members of the children's band the Wiggles from 1991 to 2012. Cook provided guitar, vocals, and songwriting in the group, and remained involved with its creative and production aspects after his retirement. In 2013, Cook served as the Wiggles' tour manager. He also remains active in many music projects, including, writing and performing with the Sydney soul-rock band The Soul Movers. He is the father of wheelchair basketball player Georgia Munro-Cook. In 2015, he was one of the members of the Australian jury for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.

The Wiggles
Cook returned to university and studied early childhood education at Macquarie University, where he met Anthony Field and Greg Page and formed the Wiggles in 1991. Cook worked as a preschool teacher for two years before the success of the Wiggles forced him to quit. According to Field, Cook would have been content to "continue teaching and perhaps move into an academic role in the field. He knows his stuff and is simply great with children". As a member of the Wiggles, Cook wore a red skivvy and served as an instrumentalist and vocalist. He came up with the Wiggles' signature index finger-wagging move after watching professional ten pin bowlers do the move on television. He was considered the intellectual and analytical member of the group (something referred to in several episodes of their TV show), so he acted as mediator for their group decisions. When the Wiggles received honorary degrees from the Australian Catholic University in 2006, Cook gave the commencement speech to the graduates. On 17 May 2012, it was announced that Cook, along with Greg Page and Jeff Fatt, would be retiring from the Wiggles at the end of the year. He was replaced by Wiggles cast member Simon Pryce. Cook and the others expected to remain involved with the creative and production aspects of the group. In 2013, Cook served as the group's tour manager. Cook told the Newcastle Herald, about his music career after his retirement from the Wiggles, "I was kind of feeling my way for a few years, I guess".

Other works
In addition to continuing to play with Bang Shang A Lang, he performed lead guitar for the Proposition, a Sydney-based guitar pop band fronted by singer-songwriter Luke Russell on their 2015 album, Edge of the Dancefloor. Also in 2015, Cook was involved in the production of the play Sons of Sun, which was about American music producer Sam Phillips. In October 2017, Cook played guitar for the tribute show "The Nancy Sinatra/Lee Hazlewood Experience" with Zoe Carides and Scott Holmes in Newcastle, New South Wales.

While exploring other projects, Cook met Lizzie Mack, a member of the Sydney soul-rock band the Soul Movers, who along with Radio Birdman guitarist Deniz Tek and founder of The Soul Movers, were relaunching the group. In 2015, Cook began writing songs with Mack and decided to focus on the band and use it as his "main creative outlet" In 2017, the group recorded Testify, "an album of energetic blues, soul and rock". The album was recorded at the Wiggles' studio in northwest Sydney and Jeff Fatt performed keyboards for the group. In 2019, the group recorded Bona Fide, which the Sydney Morning Herald called "a stunning album". The album, which as Cook stated, included "more roots-oriented songs to try to reflect a wide range of American music styles", and was recorded in the U.S.' "premier soul studios" such as Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. He appeared with the group at the rock festival Splendour in the Grass in July 2018.

Personal life
In 1986, Cook joined the Sydney-based band Bang Shang a Lang. Cook's major musical influences were the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, and Eric Clapton. He is married to Meg Munro and has two children, a son and a daughter, wheelchair basketball player Georgia Munro-Cook. On 30 November 2020, 11 months after fellow former bandmate Greg Page collapsed on stage and went into cardiac arrest, Cook opened up about a major health scare which forced him to undergo open heart surgery.

Awards
Cook, along with the other three original members of the Wiggles, was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2010 "for service to the arts, particularly children's entertainment, and to the community as benefactors and supporters of a range of charities".

title: Murray Cook


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Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot

Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot (formerly known as Saint-Hyacinthe and St. Hyacinthe—Bagot) is a federal electoral district that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935. It is located in Quebec, Canada. Its population in 2006 was 95,983. In the 2015 election, the winner received the lowest vote percentage of any winning candidate in the country.

Geography
The district includes the Regional County Municipalities of Acton and Les Maskoutains. It includes the communities of Saint-Hyacinthe, Acton Vale, Saint-Pie, Sainte-Madeleine, and Saint-Dominique.

Political geography
Almost all of the riding voted for the Bloc in 2006 except for parts of Roxton Falls and its surrounding township, Roxton which voted Conservative.

History
The electoral district was created in 1933 from Bagot and St. Hyacinthe—Rouville ridings as "St. Hyacinthe—Bagot". In 1947, the name was changed to "Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot".

In 1966, the riding was abolished. Parts of the riding were combined with parts of Chambly—Rouville and Richelieu—Verchères riding into a new riding named "Saint-Hyacinthe". Saint-Hyacinthe was renamed "Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot" after the 1980 election.

After the resignation of Yvan Loubier on 21 February 2007, a by-election occurred on 17 September 2007.

This riding was not changed as a result of the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Following the 2022 federal electoral redistribution the riding will be renamed Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot—Acton.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot, 1981–present
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Saint-Hyacinthe, 1966–1980
Note: Social Credit vote is compared to Ralliement créditiste vote in the 1968 election.

Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot, 1947–1966
Note: Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election.

Note: Union des Electeurs popular vote is compared to Social Credit vote in 1945 general election.

title: Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot


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Melon (disambiguation)

A melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae, and their sweet, edible, fleshy fruit.

Melon may also refer to:

Music

 * Melon (band)
 * The Melons, an English band
 * Melon, a 1971 album by Sweetwater
 * Melon: Remixes for Propaganda, a 1995 compilation album by U2
 * Melon (online music service), a South Korean music streaming site and online retailer
 * Melon Music Awards

People

 * Jean-François Melon (1675–1738), French political economist
 * Anthony Fantano, nicknamed Melon, an American music critic

Other uses

 * Melón, a place in Ourense, Spain
 * Melon (apple), a dessert apple
 * Melon (cetacean), a mass of adipose tissue in the forehead of toothed whales
 * Melon (chemistry), a polymeric derivative of heptazine
 * Melon de Bourgogne, or Melon, a white grape variety
 * Melon Bicycles, a folding bicycle manufacturer
 * "Melon", a spoken word piece from Ten in the Swear Jar's Accordion Solo!, 2005

title: Melon (disambiguation)


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Greg Page (musician)

Gregory John Page, (born 16 January 1972)  is an Australian singer, musician and actor. He is best known as the original lead singer and a founding member of the children's band the Wiggles from 1991 to 2006 and then again in 2012.

Starting with his self-titled debut album, since 1998, Page has recorded several solo albums, his latest, Here Comes Christmas!, being released in 2015. Since the mid 2000s, Page has suffered from severe health problems, which caused his early departure from the Wiggles and brief retirement in 2006; his 2012 album Let It Be Me, began production in 2004, but was postponed due to his health conditions.

Since coming out of retirement in 2009, Page has been performing live on stage again, including a handful of guest appearances with the original members of the Wiggles. After suffering cardiac arrest in 2020, Page has become an advocate for heart health and has founded the charity Heart of the Nation.

Early life and education
Page was born in Sydney, Australia. He grew up in Northmead, New South Wales, where he attended Baulkham Hills Primary School. Growing up, he had a low self-esteem. By the time he was 16, his hair started greying. He performed in several bands in secondary school.

Early career
Page was a member of the band Dead Giveaway. He was a roadie for and sang with the Australian band the Cockroaches during the band's final years in the early 1990s. He befriended Cockroach member Anthony Field while on tour.

1990-2006
After working as a roadie for the Cockroaches, on bandmate Anthony Field's recommendation, he enrolled in Macquarie University to study early childhood education. While students, Page, Field, and guitarist Murray Cook, along with former Cockroaches member and keyboardist Jeff Fatt, combined their music backgrounds and teaching skills to form the Wiggles.

Field described Page as "the perfect straight man", with a "big friendly smile and easy stage manner" which made him engrossing for both children and adults. Also according to Field, Page "has an authoritative, though not overbearing, tone when he speaks to children and is a relaxed and clever emcee". When performing with the Wiggles, Page wore a yellow shirt. Like the other Wiggles, Page had a shtick, which was doing magic tricks.

On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced that Page would leave the group due to poor health. Although Page was missing for virtually all of the late 2006 U.S. tour, audiences were informed of Page's absence at concerts moments before the curtain went up.

Shortly after leaving the Wiggles, Page joined the cast of the children's educational television program Butterscotch's Playground. Page helped develop the show with its creators.

2012-2020
In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to his role as the Yellow Wiggle, replacing Sam Moran, who had succeeded him. It was reported that he would return to touring with the group in March of that year. On 17 May 2012, it was announced that Page, along with Murray Cook and Jeff Fatt, would again be retiring from the Wiggles at the end of the year. He was to be replaced by Wiggles cast member Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles. Page eventually revealed that he was only asked to return to the group until August 2012, "to help transition from Sam Moran to a new Yellow Wiggle," but once Cook and Fatt decided to retire at the end of the year, they asked Page if he would extend his stay with the group until then so he would leave alongside them, to which he agreed. Page and the others expected to remain involved with the creative and production aspects of the group, though Page no longer would have a share in the company, having sold it in 2006 when he left.

From time to time, beginning in 2016, Page has performed with the Wiggles for reunion shows and charity fundraisers.

In July 2020, six months after suffering cardiac arrest, he and the original Wiggles appeared in The Soul Movers music video "Circles Baby".

Solo
Page released his self-titled debut solo album in 1998. His second album, I Believe in Music, was released four years later, in 2002.

His 2005 solo album, Taking Care of Country, reflects Page's interest in Elvis Presley's music. It was recorded with the TCB Band, Elvis' back-up band. In spring 2003, Page performed in Las Vegas with the TCB Band. In 2002, Page sang backup with Australian Elvis impersonator Mick Gerace. His second album with the TCB Band, Let It Be Me, was released in 2012. Production of the album began in 2004, but it was interrupted due to Page's medical issues.

By late 2009, Page had recovered enough from his illness to begin touring with another country rock band, but with a more limited schedule than the Wiggles. He had also started his own foundation, the Greg Page Fund, to raise funds and educate the public about orthostatic intolerance.

In the following years, he has released more solo albums, including: Greg Page Live in Concert (2003), Throw Your Arms Around Me (2004) and Here Comes Christmas! (2015). Page joined the cast of the children's educational television program Butterscotch's Playground. Page helped develop the show with its creators.

Family
Page has been married twice. His first marriage ended during his retirement from the Wiggles; in 2009, he had remarried. He has four children.

Elvis memorabilia
Page amassed the fourth-largest collection of Elvis Presley memorabilia in the world, including clothing, marriage certificate, guitar, piano, Elvis's final Cadillac, and original TCB Band necklaces. In 2008, Page permanently loaned the collection, reportedly worth $1.5 million, to a new Elvis museum named "The King's Castle" in Parkes, New South Wales.

Health and retirement
Page had experienced health difficulties since December 2005, when he underwent a double hernia operation and withdrew from his group's U.S. tour in August 2006 after suffering repeated fainting spells, slurred speech, fatigue, and trembling. Although Page was missing for virtually all of the Wiggles' late 2006 U.S. tour, audiences were informed of Page's absence at concerts moments before the curtain went up.

At first, Page was told that he had seven years to live, but he was diagnosed with a non-life-threatening form of dysautonomia, a difficult-to-diagnose chronic illness. Page experienced symptoms such as orthostatic intolerance, fatigue and loss of balance. Specialists believed that Page had mild episodes of the illness going back twelve years, and that his symptoms worsened after his hernias. It was decided that Page would retire from performing with the Wiggles to better manage his health. As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million for his share in the business.

Page was succeeded by Sam Moran as a full member of the entertainment side of the group (although still an employee, rather than a partner, in its business side).

While in retirement, Page was a presenter on Sydney Weekender.

On 17 January 2020, Page suffered cardiac arrest at a Wiggles reunion show that was raising funds for bushfire relief efforts. He collapsed on stage and stopped breathing; off-duty nurse Grace Jones, who was in the audience, performed CPR with Wiggles drummer Steve Pace and band staff member Kimmy Antonelli; they used a defibrillator three times before Page was transported to the hospital. The cardiac arrest was caused by a blocked artery, which was treated, and Page has since made a full recovery. He later posted a video explaining the situation and expressing his gratitude to those who saved him, including Jones, Pace, Antonelli, and Dr. Therese Wales, as well as other members of the Wiggles' crew.

In July 2020, six months after suffering a heart attack, he and the original Wiggles appeared in the Soul Movers music video "Circles Baby".

Page has since become an advocate for heart health and more widespread knowledge of CPR, founding a nonprofit initiative called "Heart of the Nation", which has the goal of increasing public awareness of defibrillator locations across Australia, as well as encouraging businesses to keep a defibrillator on-site. He has also participated in several cardiac studies.

Awards
Page was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia on 26 January 2010: "For service to the arts, particularly children's entertainment, and to the community as a benefactor and supporter of a range of charities".

Books

 * ISBN 978-0732289263 (paperback, 341pp.), ISBN 978-0730497295 (e-book, 352pp.)

title: Greg Page (musician)


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User:SamH

I agree to multi-licence my text contributions to Wikipedia as described below:

title: User:SamH


text:
Cival

Cival is an archaeological site in the Petén Basin region of the southern Maya lowlands, which was formerly a major city of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the present-day Department of Petén, Guatemala.

The site flourished from about the 6th century B.C. through the 1st century C.E., during the Preclassic Period (see: Mesoamerican chronology). It may have had a peak population of some 10,000 people.

The site is about 25 miles (40 km) east of Tikal, on a ridge over the left bank of the Holmul river.

The site has temples on step pyramids and plazas arranged to point to astronomical events such as the equinox sunrise, and is surrounded by a defensive wall. The site's largest step pyramid is 27 metres high and 70 x 40 metres wide. Some buildings were decorated with stucco sculptures depicting Mesoamerican deities.

The site was long lost in the jungle, and was discovered and partly plundered by looters around 1980. It was first mapped by explorer Ian Graham in 1984, who gave it the name Cival after a local word for "lagoon". The ancient name of the site is currently unknown.

Archaeological excavations of the site began in 2001 and are ongoing, led by Dr. Francisco Estrada-Belli. The project there originally began as part of investigations at the nearby Classic Maya site of Holmul, but attention was shifted to Cival as Cival's age and importance became apparent. The excavations are sponsored by Vanderbilt University and the National Geographic Society, the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, the Ahau Foundation, ARB, Interco Tire, PIAA and Warn Industries.

Investigations at Cival have added to knowledge of the Pre-Classic Maya, including revealing the earliest inscriptions with Maya calendar dates and showing dynastic succession of monarchs.

Some news reports have incorrectly stated that Pre-Classic Maya cities were previously unknown. Pre-Classic buildings in the Peten have been excavated by archaeologists since the work at Uaxactun in the 1920s, and the major breakthrough which revealed that the Pre-Classic Maya were more highly developed and urbanized in this era than had long been thought was the archaeological project at El Mirador starting in the late 1970s.

title: Cival