text:
Zohar Manna

Zohar Manna (1939 – 30 August 2018) was an Israeli-American computer scientist who was a professor of computer science at Stanford University.

Biography
He was born in Haifa, Israel. He earned his Bachelor of Science (BS) and Master of Science (MS) degrees from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.

He attended Carnegie Mellon University and earned his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in computer science in 1968.

Manna returned to Israel in 1972 as a professor of applied mathematics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. He became a full professor at Stanford in 1978. He remained affiliated with the Weizmann Institute of Science until 1995. He continued to work as a Stanford professor until retirement in 2010.

Books
He authored nine books. The Mathematical Theory of Computation (McGraw Hill, 1974; reprinted Dover, 2003) is one of the first texts to provide extensive coverage of the mathematical concepts behind computer programming.

With Amir Pnueli, he co-authored an unfinished trilogy of textbooks on temporal logic and verification of reactive systems: The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems: Specification (Springer-Verlag, 1991), The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems: Safety (Springer-Verlag, 1995) and The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems: Progress (unpublished; first three chapters posted at http://theory.stanford.edu/~zm/tvors3.html).

With Aaron R. Bradley he co-authored a textbook, The Calculus of Computation, that serves as an introduction to both first-order logic and formal verification.

Awards
In 1994, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2016, he shared the Herbrand Award with Richard Waldinger for his ″pioneering research and pedagogical contributions (with Richard Waldinger) to automated reasoning, program synthesis, planning, and formal methods″. He received the Bauer Prize from the Technical University of Munich, and an honorary doctorate from the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan.

Advising
He supervised 30 doctoral students, including Nachum Dershowitz, Adi Shamir, Thomas Henzinger, Pierre Wolper, and Martín Abadi.

title: Zohar Manna


text:
Fried green tomatoes (disambiguation)

Fried green tomatoes may refer to:

 * Fried green tomatoes, a traditional culinary dish in the Southern United States
 * Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe, the 1987 novel by Fannie Flagg
 * Fried Green Tomatoes, the 1991 film adaptation of the Flagg novel
 * Fried Green Tomatoes (score), the original film score by Thomas Newman

 * Fried Green Tomatoes, the 2000 music album by country music artist Ricky Van Shelton

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fried green tomatoes (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Chaco Province

Untitled
The 'Gran Chaco' is a geographic region. It contains the Chaco province, but also Formosa and parts of Paraguay and Bolivia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.58.192.197 (talk • contribs)

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title: Talk:Chaco Province


text:
Stanley Cohen (sociologist)

Stanley Cohen (23 February 1942 – 7 January 2013) was a sociologist and criminologist, Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, known for breaking academic ground on "emotional management", including the mismanagement of emotions in the form of sentimentality, overreaction, and emotional denial. He had a lifelong concern with human rights violations, first growing up in South Africa, later studying imprisonment in England and finally in Palestine. He founded the Centre for the Study of Human Rights at the London School of Economics.

Life
Cohen was born in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1942, son of a Lithuanian businessman. He grew up as a Zionist and intended to settle in Israel. He studied Sociology and Social Work as an undergraduate at the University of Witwatersrand, getting involved in anti-apartheid issues.

He came to London in 1963, where he worked as a social worker, before completing his PhD at London School of Economics (LSE) about the social reactions to juvenile delinquency. The Mods and Rockers youth riots were then occurring at England's southern seaside towns, which he studied in the sensational press reactions and by direct interviews. From 1967, he lectured sociology briefly at the Enfield College, NE London, and then at Durham University. During this time of the student rebellions of 1968 he was influenced by the anti-psychiatry movement and participated in the National Deviancy Symposium. A project in Durham prison with Laurie Taylor from York, led to their publication of three books, namely Psychological Survival: The Experience of Long-term Imprisonment (1972), Escape Attempts (1976), Prison Secrets (1978) and the later Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification (1985) which Cohen wrote alone.

From 1972 until 1980 he worked as Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex.

In 1980, he moved with his family to Israel, where he became the Director of the Institute of Criminology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He worked with human rights organisations campaigning against torture and dealing with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

He returned to England in 1996 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and was appointed Martin White Professor of Sociology at LSE, where he worked until retirement in 2005. In 1998 Cohen was elected a fellow of the British Academy. In 2003 he received an honorary doctorate from University of Essex, and in 2008 from Middlesex University. In 2009 he was the first recipient of an Outstanding Achievement Award from the British Society of Criminology. He died on 7 January 2013 from consequences of Parkinson's disease.

Work
Cohen was a leading writer on criminology and sociology.

Folk Devils and Moral Panic (1972)
Cohen's 1972 study (Folk Devils and Moral Panics) of the UK popular media and social reaction to the Mods and Rockers phenomenon is widely regarded by British criminologists as one of the most influential works in the field in the last forty years. The work applied the concepts of labelling, societal reaction and the notion of the Deviancy Amplification Spiral. It helped to shift the focus of Criminology away from the causes of crime towards social reaction, the sociology of crime and Social Control. Cohen suggested the media overreact to an aspect of behaviour which may be seen as a challenge to existing social norms. However, the media response and representation of that behaviour actually helps to define it, communicate it and portrays it as a model for outsiders to observe and adopt. So the moral panic by society represented in the media arguably fuels further socially unacceptable behaviour. Although Cohen is credited with coining the term moral panic the term is quite old - for instance an early usage can be found in the Quarterly Christian Spectator in 1830 and it was used by the Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan in 1964.

States of Denial (2001)
Cohen's last book States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering attempts to analyze personal and political ways in which humans avoid uncomfortable realities, like poverty, suffering, injustice. In 11 chapters he examines elementary forms of denial, Knowing and Not-Knowing: The Psychology of Denial (How could people simultaneously know and not know about such matters?), Denial at Work: Mechanisms and Rhetorical Devices, Accounting for Atrocities: Perpetrators and Officials, Blocking Out the Past: Personal Memories, Public Histories, Bystander States (Though ignorance is bliss, to what extent is a bystander a perpetrator?, Images of Suffering, Appeals: Outrage Into Action, Digging Up Graves, Opening Wounds: Acknowledging the Past, Acknowledgement Now (societal and personal transformation) and concludes with Loose Ends.

The book has been highly praised by reviewers in the English speaking world. The Guardian wrote, "He leads the reader to the conclusion that it is denial that is 'normal' and an ability to see the truth and act accordingly which is rare, whether in individuals or in governments." Michael Ignatieff said "this book will become the starting point for all future debate on the subject".

States of Denial is an influential book on how people are in denial about racial oppression, slavery and other suffering. Cohen explains how many people, throughout this country, know that racial oppressive acts occur yet deny it. He writes how it seems as if these people only want to signify and realize things that they want, not actual reality. He says that people do know yet do not know that there is suffering and oppression, as if they choose to ignore it rather than talk about such an uneasy topic. Many people assume, and sometimes witness these acts occur, yet when asked will deny anything ever happened. Stanley Cohen writes about how people act blind to reality, due to uncomfortable and uneasy topics. According to Cohen, many people are in touch with the fact that racial oppression still occurs, along with other acts of human suffering, yet deny that those actions happen. The topic of racial oppression being such an uncomfortable topic makes it hard for many to acknowledge that it actually happens to this day. Stanley Cohen's point of the book is to bring awareness to those who do not see the truth being mass incarceration and how society is structured. He wants people to realize how much people choose to ignore in society today, and that it needs to change.

Personal life
In 1963, Cohen married Ruth Kretzmer. She died in 2003; As of 2013, they were survived by their two daughters Judith and Jessica.

Laurie Taylor commented on his personality this way: "He could be cruel about the pedants and time-servers he met along the way, intolerant of those who modified their political principles as they gained promotion." Cohen's love of jokes and self-deprecating humor is exemplified in an anecdote when Taylor mentioned cutting down drinking during their next academic collaboration, like Richard Burton, who said that he "could see the world as it really was", to which Cohen replied "That's all very well, but who the hell wants to see the world as it really is?".

1960s

 * Cohen, S. (1969) Hooligans, vandals and the community: a study of social reaction to juvenile delinquency. PhD thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

1970s

 * Cohen, S. (ed) (1971) Images of Deviance Harmondsworth: Penguin
 * Cohen, S. (1971) "Directions for Research on adolescent group violence and vandalism", British Journal of Criminology, 11(4): 319-340
 * Cohen, S. (1971) "Protest, unrest and delinquency: convergences in labels or behaviour?" Paper given to the International Symposium on Youth Unrest, Tel Aviv 25–27 October
 * Cohen, S. (1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, London: MacGibbon and Kee
 * Cohen, S. (1972) "Breaking out, smashing up and the social context of aspiration" In: Riven, B. (ed) Youth at the Beginning of the Seventies, London: Martin Robertson
 * Taylor, L. & Cohen, S. (1972) Psychological Survival: the Experience of Long Term Imprisonment, Harmondsworth: Penguin
 * Cohen, S. & Taylor, Laurie (1976) Escape attempts: the theory and practice of resistance in everyday life ISBN 978-0-415-06500-9
 * Cohen, S. (1979) "The punitive city: notes on the dispersal of social control", Contemporary Crises, 3(4): 341-363

1980s

 * Cohen, S. (1980) "Footprints in the Sand: A Further Report on criminology and the sociology of deviance in Britain" In: Fitzgerald, M., McLennan, G. & Pawson, J. (eds) Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul pg.240
 * Cohen, S. (1982) "Western Crime Control Models in the Third World," in S. Spitzer and R. Simon (eds.), Research in Law, Deviance and Social Control Vol. 4.
 * Cohen, S. & Scull, A. (eds.) (1983) Social Control and the State: Historical and Comparative Essays Oxford: Martin Robertson
 * Cohen, S. (1985) Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification, Polity Press
 * Cohen, S. (1988) Against Criminology, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books
 * Cohen, S. (1988) "Taking Decentralization Seriously: Values, Visions and Policies," in J. Lowman et al. (eds.), Transcarceration: Essays on the Sociology of Social Control, Aldershot: Gower.

1990s

 * Cohen, S. (1990) "Intellectual Scepticism and Political Commitment: The Case of Radical Criminology," Institute of Criminology, University of Amsterdam.
 * Cohen, S. (1991) "Talking about torture in Israel", Tikkun, 6(6): 23–30, 89-90
 * Cohen, S. (1993) "Human rights and crimes of the state: the culture of denial", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 26(2): 97–115. John Barry Memorial Lecture, University of Melbourne, 30 September 1992

2000s

 * Cohen, S. (2001) States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering, Polity Press, 360 pages, ISBN 978-0-7456-2392-4
 * Cohen, S. & Seu, B. (2002) "Knowing Enough Not to Feel Too Much," in P. Petro (ed.) Truth Claims: Representations and Human Rights, Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 256 pages. ISBN 0813530520.

title: Stanley Cohen (sociologist)


text:
Stanley Cohen (biochemist)

Stanley Cohen (November 17, 1922 – February 5, 2020) was an American biochemist who, along with Rita Levi-Montalcini, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor. He died in February 2020 at the age of 97.

Early life and education
Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 17, 1922. He was the son of Fannie (née Feitel) and Louis Cohen, a tailor. His parents were Jewish immigrants. Cohen received his bachelor's degree in 1943 from Brooklyn College, where he had double-majored in chemistry and biology. After working as a bacteriologist at a milk processing plant to earn money, he received his Master of Arts in zoology from Oberlin College in 1945. He earned a doctorate from the department of biochemistry about the metabolism of earthworms at the University of Michigan in 1948.

Career
His first academic employment was at the University of Colorado studying the metabolism of premature babies. In 1952 he moved to Washington University in St. Louis, working first in the department of radiology, learning isotope methodology, and then in the department of zoology. Working with Rita Levi-Montalcini, he isolated nerve growth factor. He later isolated a protein that could accelerate incisor eruption and eyelid opening in newborn mice, which was renamed epidermal growth factor. He continued research on cellular growth factors after joining the faculty of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in 1959.

In 1999, Cohen retired from Vanderbilt University.

Awards and legacy
Cohen received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1983, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor and the National Medal of Science in 1986. His research on cellular growth factors has proven fundamental to understanding the development of cancer and designing anti-cancer drugs.

His Scopus h-index value was 82 as of March 2022.

title: Stanley Cohen (biochemist)


text: Category:Ice hockey leagues

title: Category:Ice hockey leagues


text:
Talk:Dabbawala

Questions
Who cares about the Six Sigma reference? I can see why you might want to link from Sigma Six here, but not the other way around. foson

Why can't the husbands carry their own lunches to work? RickK 21:28, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Typically because lunch wouldn't quite be ready by the time they leave in the morning. Ambarish | Talk 22:39, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, in India, people prefer food that is hot (temperature) and fresh.--ganesh 02:32, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Please help me in making this a Featured article, by dontaing some images--ganesh 02:32, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I submitted this page to peer review. That should in getting this article featured. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 22:20, Oct 2, 2004 (UTC)

also, VERY importantly, a lot of the time, the dabba isn't coming from home. i.e., the dabbawalla makes it himself. this isn't just a tifin-carrying service but a tiffin-catering service as well. this helps a lot of people who don't have the facilities/time to cook.

It says they make 4000 rupees; is that per month? or per month per customer, or what?

In the "JanLokpal Bill Support" section it says that the dabbawalas went on strike and "involuntarily gathered at Azad Maidan with march starting from Churchgate" - what does this mean, why did they gather involuntarily, and did they gather at Azad Maidan or Churchgate? Please make it clear, and put into understandable English.

Can I get those information in sinhala Shanelkamendis (talk) 07:03, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Home-cooked
Someone added entries to indicate that Dabbawala food is not always, or usually, home cooked but supplied by specialist cooks. If that were the case then surely this system would be unnecessary and cooking near the office would be the norm. The references I have found all indicate that home-cooking is the norm. Anyone else? DJ Clayworth 20:59, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Dabawallas deliver "home cooked" food to middle class working people (working in banks, govt offices etc.). Their main customer base is not business people. I don't have a ready reference for this (though I have read this too), I have visited Mumbai several times and seen the dabawallas operate and talked to them. (User: Sandeep Suryavanshi, 27 Sept 06)

I agree too! I lived most of my life in Mumbai and am familiar with dabbawalas. The food is home-cooked. On some occasions, someone may ask the dabbawallas to pick up the food from someone who is running some small catering business from home, but thats pretty much it. dabbawallas specialize in delivery, not production. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.113.25 (talk) 19:11, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Based on these comments, I'm going to change the article. Cooke (talk) 16:57, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Photo?
Could anyone provide a photo please?--A Y Arktos\talk 11:06, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a picture at http://nomadlife.org/past/2005_02_01_archive.aspx Among the comments is "Even wikipedia has covered it." (ie this article). :-)--A Y Arktos\talk 11:11, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Added two photos from theirofficial site after getting their permission. Sanat 07:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

This is actually a very good article
This is a very informative article!

How does it stand with the reviewers? I found it very informative.

Helenabucket 03:22, 10 October 2006 (UTC)helenabucket

 * It's very interesting. However, I'd be interested in learning a little more about how the system works.
 * Septegram 15:09, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Routing?
How do they do routing? If most carriers are illiterate, and the dabbas are only marked with colors, that seems inadequate to give addressing of the whole city. Since the pickup and delivery carrier are different, it can't be just memory. Don't they also use some sort of hub-and-spoke system? —Dgiest c 21:45, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah. Do the picker carries the dabba to a neighbourhood centre, from where it is taken to a business area centre from where it is delivered? How many regroupings or steps are there? --84.20.17.84 10:14, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Map
Something as simple as a sketch of Mumbai with a big dot for a typical neighbourhood of worker homes, another for a typical business area and dots for the wala relay stations with a sketched route joining them. --84.20.17.84 10:17, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Six Sigma
Is there any evidence for the six sigma claim? The cited reference isn't much of a reference at all...just an article from a consultant's site. Untill someone can back up the claim I'm deleting the reference. Also Forbes is just a magazine...I'm not aware that they have any role in the six sigma process/systemFarsnickle 17:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Also did a search of Forbes since 1983 in Ebsco MasterFile--No results. It's claimed all over the web that Forbes did the six sigma rating...but I can't find any evidence to verify the claim. Farsnickle 17:56, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I've solved this matter. Forbes never gave a Six Sigma rating. See. It was implied by something the author of the original Forbes article said and blown apart by the media. I've tried to set the matter straight on the page. I gave it its own heading because this is such big part of the culture, but it is really a myth - not a fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qrv3w (talk • contribs) 15:49, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

Confusion
I am confused: Do the Dabbawalas themselves make the food, or is it food directly from the recipient's home? Please respond on my talk page, if you can. BashmentBoy 15:03, 2 March 2007 (UTC)BashmentBoy

Neutral point of view

 * "The success of the system depends on teamwork and time management that would be the envy of a modern manager."
 * "Such is the dedication and commitment of the barely literate and barefoot delivery men..."

Phrases like these don't seem very neutral. Should we change these? Sushi Tax 19:19, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

No because every article on the Dabbawala shares the same sentiment as what these lines say. Every modern manager would really hope to achieve the rate of error of the Dabbawala. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.204.147.46 (talk) 04:07, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I do think these are not neutral. Maybe it can be changed to something like
 * "The success of the system depends on teamwork and precise time management."
 * "The barely literate and barefoot delivery men (there are only a few delivery women) who form links in the extensive delivery chain rely on a simple colour coding system that doubles as an ID system for the destination and recipient." 89.136.53.27 (talk) 10:49, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

How does it actually work?
Fascinating article, but a brief summary of how the system works would be good. The article as it stands leaves me wanting to know more! 217.155.138.250 18:41, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

There used to be one, but it got deleted somehow. I went back over a year to find one and pasted it in. 199.71.183.2 18:41, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
I think we have NPOV here- the sentences deemed offensive have been removed.RSido (talk) 02:58, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

'Low-tech and lean' incomplete
2 gaps in an otherwise good article: 89.136.53.27 (talk) 10:55, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * "An on-line poll on the web site ensures that customer feedback is given pride of place." Which website? It is not specified.
 * "There are no multiple elaborate layers of management either — just three layers." Could we know which layers? Is it just one layer of 'actual' dabbawala (i.e. moving the boxes around) and 2 layers of management?

Russian version
Can I translate this artical and place it in russian version of Wikipedia and use the pictures as well? Leoneedss (talk) 23:02, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
 * No problem, but avoid only use of Google translator tool. Karthik Nadar (talk) 06:26, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion - Add Infobox
Hello, I suggest that we add an infobox on the right side encapsulating the salient points of the Dabbawallah network. Any views? - Notthebestusername (talk) 04:36, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dabbawala


text:
Talk:Brazil nut

In Brazil
What are Brazil nuts called in Brazil? Kent Wang 21:28, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * They are called "Castanha do Pará". Pará is a state in Northern Brazil. PMLF 21:28, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Can the title of article be changed? I'm from Pará and we consider it offensive to call them "Brazil" nuts. Its like Açai, which is not brazilian - its paraense. Most of the country doesn't feature it. - F. Augusto. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.239.65.146 (talk) 17:56, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

"Nigger toes" slang term
I can confirm that (sad to say) the racist term for these nuts, deleted by MPF as "unverified", has in fact been in use in the U.S.A. although I don't know just how widespread it may be. Do we pretend it doesn't exist out of ethnic/cultural sensitivity or political correctness? (I have always found this term to be extremely offensive and won't be the one to put it back in.) MrDarwin 16:52, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

there is even a redirect from nigger toes to Brazil nut - how can you say it is unsubstantiated. BTW, see also "Nigger in popular culture" in the wikipedia article on nigger. As an African American, I can appreciate your sensitivity but racism should not be hidden as if it never existed - that's dangerous. (unsigned comment by User:Butros)
 * Butros, do you see any way the term could be put back into the article while maintaining some measure of sensitivity? MrDarwin 14:23, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

I'd want to see two things if it is going back in:
 * a citation (a redirect is not a citation)
 * some discussion of what it adds to the article. - Csari 01:24, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What it adds to the article is factual information, and it's standard for Wikipedia articles on plant species to include common (vernacular) names. Facts are sometimes unpleasant. MrDarwin 14:23, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

OED 2nd ed. offers this:

6. attrib. (passing into adj.) ... c. In special uses ... nigger toe U.S., a Brazil nut Worded as a nonjudgmental statement of fact it appears encyclopedic enough to me. Femto 17:38, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 1896 Dialect Notes I. 421 *Nigger toes: for Brazil nuts.
 * 1958 J. M. Lacy in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 597/2 He buys..nuts called 'nigger toes'.
 * 1973 Times 27 Aug. 5/8 In Virginia brazil nuts are called nigger-toes and chewed with great relish.

 * Unsourced information doesn't belong in Wikipedia (WP:CITE). Even if it were sourced, I'd still delete it. Wikipedia is NOT "an indiscriminate collection of items of information. That something is 100% true does not mean it is suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia." Some information can disappear; I will not mourn its loss.--Walter Siegmund (talk) 19:02, 9 February 2006 (UTC) (Preceeding comment was copied from User talk:MPF.) That said, Butros' point is a good one. But, I don't think it should go back in without providing some context for younger and/or non-American readers, e.g., nigger, Jim Crow laws, etc. I wouldn't want people using Nigger toes for Brazil nuts citing Wikipedia as justification. My preference would be to treat racism in context, however, not in articles where it isn't germane to the subject. Of course, its presence here is evidence of its ubiquity. During a 1966 telescope meeting, in a talk on the history of the construction of the 200 inch telescope on Mount Palomar, an astronomer described moving large parts up "Nigger Grade". (This is from memory.)  I suppose you could make the argument for including that information in articles on the 200 inch telescope or on telescope design and construction. It was published by a reputable publisher. But it is really not relevant there, nor is it here, in my judgement.   --Walter Siegmund (talk) 23:38, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Walter. Berton 00:18, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's face it. This debate would not be occurring at all if the former colloquial term for a brown-skinned Brazil nut was "gorilla toe" or "chocolate toe" or was even something brown and unpleasant that deserves to be elided from the lexicon, such as "feces toe" (all hypothetical/rhetorical to demonstrate my point).  The article would just matter-of-factly state:  "The term “feces toe” has fallen into disuse during the latter 20th century, as the more erudite and polite term “Brazil nut” has risen in frequency of usage in the American dialect of English."  (Can that sentence be any more encyclopedic?  Perhaps only by giving an empircal linguistic reference too.)  The opposition to even mentioning that the antiquated term has fallen into disuse in the article is in itself predicated on racism or race-consciousness revisionism of factual history, whichever one wants to call it. —optikos 20:56, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Opitikos, i have edited to article to reflect this but have used less complex language. Even though i believe that the term is objectionable, the simple fact is that the truth, no matter how terrible or objectionable, should be always be conveyed. Let the readers make their own judgments, don't simply use censorship to achieve your own benevolent ends. --71.146.31.46 09:31, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have lived in the United States and that term has never been used. If it has it has been used it definitely is not common. I have never heard it. You are not from the US yet you insist on readding it the description with no proof it has ever been used. Perhaps you are thinking of the UK. How many other message boards or wikipedia entries have you vandalized with you juvenile pranks? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.42.72.31 (talk • contribs).

 * It's in the OED, for one, and there are several online accounts. So what, you can live in the US and never hear soda called pop. Yes, I'm neither from the US or UK and don't want historically relevant slang terms get swept under the carpet. Your unilateral removal is disruptive. Groundless accusations of vandalism do not strengthen your point. Do not repeat this. Femto 21:20, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have an encyclopedia set from the 1950s and it uses that term as well as a whole bunch of other things. 156.34.239.49 (talk) 19:34, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Femto. I have heard it used a number of times in the Midwest. It is a part of the American colloquial lexicon. The current phrasing is acceptable and the entry should be left alone.Spikey 07:33, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

I hear soda called pop everyday... I lived on both coasts, north and south. This is your juvenile prank which is simply proven by your insistence that it be displayed here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.42.72.31 (talk • contribs).

This article is missing an image of an deshelled brazil nut. When one sees the brown skin that an deshelled brazil nut has, it is obviously in the shape of an oversized human (or generally mammalian) toe and with a brown skin, it is obvious how the widespread unfortunate use of "nigger toe" in the USA occurred (as opposed to calling it a Swedish toe or a British toe). I grew up during the 1970s in the Great Lakes region of the USA (well outside of The South) just a mile away from a house that was on the Underground Railroad and everyone that I know called them nigger toes (including black people) until approximately the 1970s or 1980s when parents were trying to break their next-generation children of the habit. In fact the term was so widespread that many people who wanted to stop calling them nigger toes did not know any other term for them. Having grown up in a family that did not tolerate racism, we still used the term "nigger toes" for brazil nuts, as it was the first name that I learned for them at age 3 or so and was the only name for them that I knew until age 7 or 8. I remember each and every holiday season this coming up for debate every time a can of mixed nuts was present in a room with multiple people in it. The desire to avoid calling them by their derogatory name was so strong that I remember people explicitly shopping for cans of mixed nuts that omitted brazil nuts to avoid the entire perennial debate; their viewpoint was to strike the term from the lexicon by striking the nut from the household. This article should respectfully state that the former term "nigger toe" for these nuts has fallen into disuse during the latter 20th century (without further explanation or embellishment). But most importantly this article needs an image of an deshelled brazil nut (with its brown skin left on as is the customary serving practice), even if the text "nigger toes" is forever considered off-limits in this article. To strike the term by striking the image is as silly as my aforementioned striking of the term by striking the nut from the Holiday season. —optikos 20:33, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * They don't look like toes at all.

I'm opposed to racial insensitivity like most others, but this is ridiculous. The mention of the "nigger toes" term in the current version of the article is loaded with a sense of politically correct hesitation and moral bias. It's as if the writer was so uncomfortable with the existence of this historical fact that they felt the need to announce their disapproval of it.

The sentence reads: "An old pejorative slang term in the United States was 'nigger toes'." However, not only is the term poorly mentioned (along with an ambiguous reference to its purported antiquity), its label isn't even accurate. Going by the Wikipedia article for "pejorative" that it linked to: "A word or phrase is pejorative if it implies contempt or disapproval." Yet the term "nigger toes" is not a pejorative term for the Brazil Nut, given that it does not aim to disparage or belittle the nut itself. Yes, it was a slang term; yes, it was a term based on another term that was often (but not always) used pejoratively; but, no, it was not a pejorative term in itself. Furthermore, I doubt that many people who referred to Brazil Nuts as "nigger toes" meant it in a disrespectful way, regardless of the insensitivity (or silliness) many of us may personally find in it today. Either way, however, the 'properness' of its usage is not relevant to its inclusion—it was a common and widespread term (which I can also personally attest to, though I've never used it myself), and thus bears mentioning as a fact of history, regrettable or not.

Afterall, Wikipedia is a source of encyclopedic information; it should not be a place to espouse personal views. Removing or censoring any facts that might be deemed offensible by some would be to misunderstand its purpose and to misrepresent its content. You are doing no service to its readers by making moral judgments for them, or by deciding which information they should have access to.

That being said, I have modified the sentence to state the following: "Though it has largely fallen into disuse since the latter 20th century, a common slang term for the nuts in some regions of the United States was "nigger toes", due to some finding a similarity in appearance between the unshelled nuts and the toes of African Americans." --— Poga — 08:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

As of this post (more than a year after the preceding one), there still seems to be occasional controversy concerning the inclusion of the term in the nomenclature section. This is understandable, but I still think that the term's notability and widespread prevalence during a significant period of history (and even today in some regions) warrants its inclusion. The sentence in question has been revised a few times, and currently reads as follows: And, though it has largely fallen into disuse since the latter part of the 20th century, a common slang term for the nuts in some regions of the United States (especially the South) was "nigger toes". --— Poga — (talk) 07:59, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Well, I know that the term is still used, at least, in the Midwest. My MIL used it casually at Christmas, prompting outrage from the rest of the family (in part due to the fact that I am African American), but she insisted, "There's nothing offensive about it; that's just what they are called!" Ain't life innerestin'? Carlaclaws 16:22, 10 March 2007 (UTC) I live in Virgina and my dad always used this term. In our house the "nigger toes" were fought over in the mixed nuts can. I guess it is racist to say nigger. But we are talking about a nut here people. Get over yourselves. I do not hate black people because I was taught to use the term in this manner.

I live in Michigan and have heard my grandmother use the term casually as well.

I was raised with this being called a "nigger toe". It wasn't until I was in college that I learned it's true name, and have called it a Brazil Nut ever since. In all my childhood, I never heard it referred to as anything but a "nigger toe". It's not a nice word, and I no longer use it. 69.207.189.124 (talk) 04:58, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

I am from LA and used the term until I went to junior high and learned better. My father used the term (he was from PA). I don't care if the reference is in here or not, but it is absurd to ask for a citation for it. I dont think using the term "nigger toe" is necessarily racist, especially if the user does not know of this seed by any other name. Naerhu (talk) 10:12, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

The above debate is yet another example of political correctness gone wild: The word "nigger" may be considered pejorative today, but a hundred (or so) years ago, it was the standard phrase to use for black people. That the brasil nut, at that time, went by "nigger toe" is not in anyway pejorative. If true (as appears to be the case) it is a historical fact that cannot be excluded from the article on such grounds. The OP's claim that it is a "racist term" is equally unfounded---unless it can be shown that modern day (white) racists use it to belittle black people.94.220.243.230 (talk) 20:31, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

 * use of term when I was a kid, my family from central Texas used the term to describe the nut. I grew up in north central Kansas, where a friend of mine was sent to the principal's office in sixth grade for using the term.  I'd say that's two samples of YES at least once upon a time it was a widely used term, and therefore (once sourced) should be properly included.--75.23.248.60 (talk) 04:37, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

I didn't even know what a brazil nut was growing up. Everyone referred to them as nigger toes. And those chocolate covered cream things too...my father called those nigger toes. It wasn't really racist to me, just the only terminology that I knew them as. And yes i'd agree that covering up racism and the racial issues of the past is very dangerous. Unverified? No, it's definitely verified, and has been used in our culture for decades.
 * Archived discussion that has become a list of WP:OR; please review the guidance of WP:TALK.Walter Siegmund (talk) 01:00, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Capitalization?
Is there any reason why the second word of the title is capitalized? On wiki articles with multiple word titles, the first letter of the other words are left lower case (unless it is the title of a book, or movie, etc.) I was just curious if there was a specific reason, or if it should be changed. cøøki ə Ξ (talk) 02:01, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If I recall correctly, at least some of the biology WikiProjects have guidelines to treat names like this as proper nouns (it's not "nut, Brazilian" but a compound term "Brazil Nut"). Similar, Bottlenose Dolphin, there may be further pointers buried in its talk page. I'd say if it ain't broke don't fix it. Femto 11:32, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In accordance with WP naming conventions, I'm pretty sure that it should be located at Brazil nut. DWaterson 21:53, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Only shelled nuts available to buy?
I vaguely remember that it became illegal to buy / import Brazil nuts in a unshelled state in the UK for some health reason. Can anyone confirm this? Markb 12:11, 11 December 2006 (UTC) reason added for UK and Europe Glanarfor (talk) 00:14, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I can confirm that UK shops were as full as usual of unshelled (ie complete with shell) Brazil nuts in December 2007. This looks like misinformation or a wrong vague memory. I've added a cite tag to the statement in the article. 78.149.131.106 (talk) 10:56, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed the following content. Please see the discussion above, WP:RS and WP:FN before returning it the article. Walter Siegmund (talk) 12:57, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Butt Nut?
Is there any reason the main photo is captionned "butt Nut" or is that grafitti?
 * Vandalism that wasn't caught previously. Fixed. MrDarwin 19:01, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:26, 18 November 2007 (UTC) I propose that this page be moved to Brazil nut in accordance with WP:NAMING. The whole term is not a proper noun. --Hnsampat 20:53, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Move. This article was originally there ; the change appears to have been an act of vandalism. -- Smjg 15:26, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Move. There are other potential capitalisation issues in the body of the article. In my view the name of the nut should be written "brazil nut", not "Brazil nut". I am not sure about the name of the tree. Should it be "Brazil nut" or "brazil nut". Thoughts? Matt 19:50, 16 November 2007 (UTC).
 * Move - proper capitalization. Although I wouldn't call the first move vandalism The Evil Spartan (talk) 09:19, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * According to WP:PLANT, this should be moved to the scientific name, not a lowercase one. Dekimasu よ! 14:45, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting that the article should be titled "Bertholletia excelsa"? I doubt that's what most people would want or expect. Anyway, it seems not to have been done in other similar cases, where there is only one species to contend with (see e.g. almond, coconut, cashew, pistachio). Matt 18:10, 17 November 2007 (UTC).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Sapucaia?
"Sapucaia" is not really an alternate name for Bertholletia excelsa. It's the name of related species Lecythis pisonis. See the entry in the Portuguese Wikipedia: Sapucaia. Sapucaia seeds are also edible, but different from Brazil nuts. MCBastos (talk) 15:49, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Removal unsubstantiated health claims
I removed the sentence "Selenium has also been cited as strongly benefitting various other conditions, such as HIV, lung cancer, colon cancer, and dandruff, as well as boosting a healthy thyroid." for a number of reasons: Jimjamjak (talk) 14:17, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) the results of both epidemiological and toxicological research on the health implications of selenium intake are objectively inconclusive and currently ambiguous;
 * 2) no large-scale systematic reviews are available on the associations between selenium intake and these health outcomes, only individual studies, the methods behind some of which are quite poor;
 * 3) the "boosting a healthy thyroid" comment simply does not make sense; and
 * 4) there are no citations provided.
 * Also, selenium is not required by plants, therefore there is no selenium in plants which grow in soils which are selenium-deficient. Such soils are common in rain-forest areas.  Claims which state that Brazil nuts "contain selenium" are therefore sometimes false. Brazil nuts can "sometimes contain selenium" is more correct. Landroo (talk) 20:22, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

I removed this sentence: "Brazil nut oil is rich in magnesium and has the highest known concentration of selenium of any nut oil.[20]" Because that is not what the citation says at all. It is talking about the nut meat, not the nut oil. NO culinary oil is a nutritionally significant source of a mineral. If it were a source of say, magnesium, it would be combined with the oil in the form of a stearate or oleate salt, like magnesium stearate, which would have a nasty, soapy taste, or astringent sensation in the mouth. In preparing culinary oils, every effort is made to keep such compounds out of the finished product. Ramblersyndicate  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ramblersyndicate (talk • contribs) 18:38, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

1180% of the USRDV- for how much?
Nutritionally, Brazil nuts are perhaps the richest source of selenium, containing as much as 1180% of the USRDV. Please include the weight for which this percentage has been given (per nut? per average dose? or per 100g maybe? ) Thanks, 79.181.16.227 (talk) 13:21, 8 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, what does USDRV stand for? I am assuming it means United States Daily Recommended Value.  The definition should be added to the article (see nutrition section).  Acronyms should always be spelled out in articles. 76.204.148.81 (talk) 07:51, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

You can give data for nutrition of Brazil nuts per 100g, but it would be incorrect to refer to 100g as a "serving". Nobody is eating 100g of Brazil nuts at once. (Really, it is so difficult to do, that it should be the next YouTube meme.)
 * A 100 gram amount is the scientific standard for quantifying a measure per unit weight of a food, pesticides in soil, chemicals in plants, etc. The USDA nutrient database offers 100 gram, one kernel, one ounce (6 kernels), or US cup amounts when the user browses nutrient contents, such as here. I changed the article text to simply say "100 gram amount." --Zefr (talk) 21:44, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

Brazil nut allergy
'After peanuts, Brazil nuts are the most common trigger of "nut-related" allergies in the UK.' from the following website: http://www.ifr.ac.uk/public/foodinfosheets/edpbrazil.html it goes on to talk about an interesting study about the allergens195.92.40.49 (talk) 15:53, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

The ifr link above was found dead on 22 Dec 2011

UK TV program "QI" broadcast 23 Dec 2011 cited that Brazil nuts are the only nut whose allergens can be sexually transmitted. The sexual transmission aspect is indicated in a study available here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17583107, here: www.jiaci.org/issues/vol17issue03/10.pdf and in other locations. I have not followed up as to whether this is unique amongst Brazil nuts, but is it worthy of being included in the main article? --Timnicebutt (talk) 23:00, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

orchids involved in reproduction ?
The reproduction section mentions orchids (as well as 'orchid bees'). "The Brazil nut tree's yellow flowers contain very sweet nectar and can only be pollinated by an insect strong enough to lift the coiled hood on the flower and with tongues long enough to negotiate the complex coiled flower. The orchids..." Which orchids, there is no previous mention of orchids ? This should be reworded and the relevant specie of orchid identified if possible. 24.17.110.63 (talk) 02:51, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * OrchidWeb says it's Coryanthes vasquezii. Dangerous Emotions By Alphonso Lingis points out that it doesn't grow on the Brazil nut tree.  Not R (talk) 23:00, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Dubious
Comment copied here from my edit summary so that "discuss" link will work:

 * There may be radioactive isotopes of selenium (there are of virtually every element), but is "ordinary" selenium radioactive? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.243.208 (talk) 04:09, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the content that was not supported by footnote and removed dubious tag. Please sign your comments on talk pages by ending them with " ~ ". Thank you, Walter Siegmund (talk) 04:24, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Nigger toes
added "In some parts of the U. S., they are colloquially known as "nigger toes", though it has fallen out of favor in recent years." The cited source ("Actually, My Hair Isn't Red", Matt Brazil, The Wall Street Journal, Friday, July 14, 2000) reads as follows. While it provides a source for the usage, it does not support the other content. I could not verify that Mr. Brazil spent his childhood in the United States. The source does not indicate that it has fallen out of favor. Walter Siegmund (talk) 02:24, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I added the edit the way I did by combining the sourced material with the discussion above that's been going on for over 2 years. The source is the Wall Street Journal which I thought was pretty reliable and American.  And though I understand the concern about the content, I think what I added was, at minimum, encyclopedic, and words like "ludicrous" are subjective and show an unnecessary bias.  Pejorative may be a better term.  The way I worded it was to prevent an uproar.  But at the same, being African American, when I looked at this article I wondered how it was not mentioned, as much as I don't like it.  I know many people here in Texas that honestly did not know what they were really called or learned later in life. τßōиЄ 2001  (ǂ ) 05:15, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * WP:NPOV says "[a]rticle content should clearly describe, represent, and characterize disputes within topics, but without endorsement of any particular point of view." I used the word "ludicrous" because it is used by a reliable source. Other points of view may be included, if they are well-sourced. However, WP:UNDO limits the space available for such a discussion.

 * A scholarly work on racial pejoratives may do a better job of providing context, history, distribution, etc., but the WSJ article provides some of that. That is why I quoted the article at some length (but consistent with my reading of fair use).

 * The WSJ has international distribution. Mr. Brazil is said to live in Australia and may have spent his childhood there. My guess is that the term diffused throughout much of the English speaking world.

 * Previously, in this article, the term was included without context and source and it violated my reading of WP:NOT and WP:RS. With the footnote, source link and interwiki link, that context and source provided, I agree that it is encyclopedaic, but still think that it is best covered in articles like nigger that provide more context, history, etc. Please see my 2006 comment also. However, I defer to the wisdom of my fellow editors on this point.

 * Thank you for tracking down a source. Walter Siegmund (talk) 14:38, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I cannot review your source without registering, but it sounds like an editorial. The term is not ludicrous. It may be offensive and politically incorrect but applying the term ludicrous is POV even if its in the Wall Street Journal.--Weetoddid (talk) 21:42, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I quoted the context in the footnote and on the talk page. I'm sure that the full article is available in many libraries since the Wall Street Journal is a major global newspaper. "The neutral point of view is neither sympathetic nor in opposition to its subject: it neither endorses nor discourages viewpoints. As the name suggests, the neutral point of view is a point of view, not the absence or elimination of viewpoints. The elimination of article content cannot be justified under this policy on the grounds that it is 'POV'." (NPOV} Isn't this what you are attempting to do (in violation of a core policy of Wikipedia)? What am I missing? The source does not support "offensive and politically incorrect". If you can find a source supporting your assertion that it is not "ludicrous", please do so. Otherwise, it is WP:OR.  Walter Siegmund (talk) 22:11, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The last two comments above were copied from User_talk:Wsiegmund. Walter Siegmund (talk) 22:17, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

I propose deletion of this reference. Since when does all factual information warrant inclusion in an encyclopedic article? Offensive material like this term is excludable according to WP:GRATUITOUS. The omission of this term does not make the article about the Brazil nut tree less informative, relevant or accurate. Similarly, the exclusion of “towel head” from Sikh and Muslim and the exclusion of “Jewing down” from bargaining do not cause those articles to be less informative, relevant or accurate. Offensive terms like these are already defined in Wiktionary.

 * (Didn't see this, so copying my comments from below and expanding.)
 * Re recent attempts to remove all mention of that epithet from the article: The reference to WP:GRATUITOUS is not applicable because this name and the relating information is not, to paraphrase, in there just for shits and giggles. It is a short but pertinent discussion of the history and current treatment of a widely-used name (see two other section son this talk page for some info about its widespread nature). As such its function is not to aggravate/shock/be-in-there-just-because-we-can, but to provide relevant information pertaining to the topic. We have entire articles on chink, cracker etc.; such content is not unencyclopedic just because it is perceived as offensive. I don't see how one can argue that the removal of sourced usage history would not make the article less informative.
 * FYI - Towelhead, apparently considered encyclopedic. And if you believe that definitions of offensive terms belong only in Wiktionary, then knock yourself out on this page... -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:16, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * NOTE Before we descend into edit-warring here - please everyone read WP:BRD. Bold edits are fine, but if removed and contested, you are expected to discuss first and reach consensus before you have another go at it. Please keep to the program. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:23, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bolstering my argument. I had already seen List of Ethnic Slurs. The term “towel head” rightfully belongs there, not in the main article on Muslim or Sikh. The same logic applies to Nigger Toes. The mere fact that a racist ethnic slur exists does not warrant its inclusion in an encyclopedic article. Elmidae: I challenge you to to defend your argument for “Nigger Toes” by inserting a reference to “Jewing down” in bargaining. Its inclusion there, like “Nigger Toes” here, would be entirely gratuitous. Jam cpa (talk) 15:53, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems your interpretation of "rightfully belongs" is at odds with mine. Also, "challenge" ignored; there are hundreds of synonyms for common verbs, only a few for most organisms (and they generally are enumerated in the article, if common enough). -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 16:31, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Alright, then, if you wish to arbitrarily restrict this discussion to articles on organisms, I’ll play your game. Please review Frog. Do you see any reference to the French? By your logic— based on the mere fact that the term “frog” exists as an ethnic slur for French people— the slur should be featured in an encyclopedic article about the organism frog, because without it the article would convey an understanding of frogs that would be “less informative, relevant or accurate.” (Ref WP:GRATUITOUS) Jam cpa (talk) 16:50, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Elmidae, you have responded several times but consistently failed to demonstrate why the term “nigger toes” should be referenced in this article. “It’s encyclopedic” is not a helpful argument for inclusion (Ref WP:ENCYCLOPEDIC). Likewise, “Nigger toes was the only term I heard when I was young” and similar anecdotal statements on usage are not valid arguments for inclusion, because they do nothing to demonstrate that omission of the term would make the article a less informative, relevant or accurate composition about the biological organism Brazil nut tree. Jam cpa (talk) 19:55, 20 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm going to do you a favour and ignore the frog thing - if you can't see that inverse applicability isn't the issue here, I clearly am not the one to bring the point home. As a more relevant article, let's take.. how about Atlantic_goliath_grouper? - You are welcome to turn this into a formal WP:RFC, btw, which should hopefully get wider input. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 05:55, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

 * You’re not doing anyone any favors by continuing to dodge the question: why should an encyclopedic article contain reference to an ethnic slur simply because the slur exists? First, you arbitrarily limited discussion to articles on organisms. Now, you claim that the question is irrelevant in a situation of inverse applicability. What will you do next? Limit discussion to articles with edit date of last Thursday? You have reverted my edit three times without explaining why you have done so. For now, I’ll continue playing your game, because I am attempting in good faith to engage in civil discussion. Why is there no mention of the ethnic slur “frog” in the French People article? Isn’t it true that the slur exists? By your logic, that alone should warrant inclusion.

 * Interesting (though irrelevant): I’ve lived on the eastern coast of the U.S. and eaten grouper for almost my whole life, but I’ve never heard the term Jewfish. It seems that the term Jewfish is notable because previously it was a common name with scientific sanction in the U.S., until protesters successfully petitioned the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists and the American Fisheries Society’s Joint Committee on Names of Fishes to change the official name to something else. “Nigger toe” has never been an officially sanctioned name for anything, anywhere. (I could be wrong, but I do not believe there is any American Nut Society with authority on the matter. They may have voted for our current president, though.) Jam cpa (talk) 17:23, 21 January 2018 (UTC)
 * This entire project consists of material that is covered "because it exists" - provided it passes certain strictures of notability. To that end, I've just added a few references to the article.
 * Further - no, I'm not going to discuss all the WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS cases you can dredge up. You may be interested in playing games (and possibly have endless time to do so), I am not. And I find your style of hyperbolic sealioning rather difficult to take calmly. Thus, since the two of us will not establish a consensus, I will leave you to crow rhetoric victory in your next missive, and engage again when some other editors chime in (some Wikiproject Plants people may choose to do so now). If that doesn't happen within a few days, I will launch an RfC to get some eyes. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 17:49, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

How embarrassing to see people fight to exclude information from a damn encyclopedia. 216.248.123.183 (talk) 02:03, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
 * agreedPurpleChez (talk) 17:40, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

Pic of tree, please
IceDragon64 (talk) 11:33, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Nut or tree?
Currently, the article takes the view that the tree, too, is called Brazil nut. This is illogical and seems highly dubious to me. More likely, this is colloquial use to save time, as is the case with hazel nut instead of hazel nut bush, and similar. Unless this use can be verified as the truly correct, which seems unlikely, I suggest that the article is rephrased.94.220.243.230 (talk) 20:35, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Technically it is considered a seed, not a nut...

However, more baffling is why there is an insistence on keeping a paragraph containing complete nonsense about the tree belonging to the order Ericales

"The Brazil nut family is in the order Ericales, as are other well known plants such as: blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, kiwi fruit, phlox, and persimmons."

If you don't like the way I edited the information, then go ahead and change it to your hearts desire, but why would you keep putting the incorrect info back in?

Here is the correct info, as taken from the USDA plant database...

Classification: Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. Kingdom 	Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Dilleniidae

Order 	Lecythidales

Family 	Lecythidaceae – Brazil-nut family

Genus 	Bertholletia Humb. & Bonpl. – bertholletia

Species 	Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. – brazilnut

The order Ericales is as follows...

Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass Dilleniidae

Order Ericales Contains 7 Families and 422 accepted taxa overall

Family Clethraceae – Clethra family

Family Cyrillaceae – Cyrilla family

Family Empetraceae – Crowberry family

Family Epacridaceae – Epacris family

Family Ericaceae – Heath family

Family Monotropaceae – Indian Pipe family

Family Pyrolaceae – Shinleaf family

As for the order Ericales, blueberry, cranberry... yes

Sapote

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Rosidae

Order 	Sapindales

Family 	Rutaceae – Rue family

Genus 	Casimiroa Llave & Lex. – sapote

Gutta-percha (palaquium)

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Dilleniidae

Order 	Ebenales

Family 	Sapotaceae – Sapodilla family

Genus 	Palaquium Blanco – palaquium

Tea

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Dilleniidae

Order 	Theales

Family 	Theaceae – Tea family

Genus 	Camellia L. – camellia

Species 	Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze – tea

kiwi

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Dilleniidae

Order 	Theales

Family 	Actinidiaceae – Chinese Gooseberry family

Genus 	Actinidia Lindl. – actinidia

Species 	Actinidia chinensis Planch. – kiwi

phlox

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Asteridae

Order 	Solanales

Family 	Polemoniaceae – Phlox family

Genus 	Phlox L. – phlox

persimmon

Kingdom 	Plantae  – Plants

Subkingdom 	Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision 	Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division 	Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class 	Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass 	Dilleniidae

Order 	Ebenales

Family 	Ebenaceae – Ebony family

Genus 	Diospyros L. – diospyros

Species 	Diospyros virginiana L. – common persimmon

So as you can see that one little paragraph about the Ericales is full of numerous errors, all of which can easily be verified and should have been, BEFORE putting it into a wikipedia page. Just because several thousand lazy people copy and paste the same lie over and over again into their web-pages does not make it true...

It took me five minutes to find the correct info, and that's already too much time wasted on this nonsense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.47.31.5 (talk) 19:48, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your thoughts. Unfortunately USDA PLANTS taxonomy is often badly out of date. Many of our articles are edited by experts who try to keep the information current. Consequently, the taxonomy on Wikipedia may not be consistent with USDA PLANTS. Instead, content should be based on WP:RS. That may include USDA PLANTS, but also other databases as well as the scholarly literature. In APGII, Lecythidaceae is placed in Ericales. Best wishes, Walter Siegmund (talk) 23:37, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

I have relied on USDA for years... disappointing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.47.31.5 (talk) 07:37, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Storage conditions?
Lots of fats means probably that they should be kept in cold. How cold exactly? 85.76.35.76 (talk) 09:49, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Bertholletia excelsa and carnitine content......
--222.64.215.115 (talk) 05:36, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Bertholletia+excelsa%22+Carnitine&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

Tautology?
'''The Brazil nut tree is the only species in the monotypic type genus Bertholletia. ''' Is not a monotypic genus one which has only one species? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.207.146 (talk) 02:17, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomenclature
They are widely referred to as nigger toes in the midwest. There is a ridiculous excess of wiki-lawyering to keep it off the page. I'm putting it back. Other users have sourced it and had it removed on technicalities. I'm not wasting my time. It's a fact that is important to the topic. It belongs in the article, period. 174.252.251.65 (talk) 22:20, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Umm...no. Not without a reliable, verifiable source, anyway. Besides which, based on the commentary above, this matter has been closed for quite some time, with WP:CONSENSUS established NOT to include that phrase. --Alan the Roving Ambassador (User:N5iln) (talk) 22:37, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, the consensus of the earlier discussions seems to have been that the information about the colloquial name should be left in the article (albeit sensitively worded) and in fact if you examine the history of the article, this information was included continuously for several years until being deleted in April of this year, by an anonymous editor, without any discussion whatsoever. It's an unfortunate but significant fact about the history of this nut that they were once widely (and to some extent still are) known in the USA as "nigger toes" and were listed unapologetically with this name in numerous botanical and horticultural references.  As unpleasant as it is, this is something that needs to be addressed rather than swept under the rug.  In case anybody needs a scholarly reference, see p. 228 of this article in the respected botanical journal Botanical Gazette: W.J. Young 1911, "The Brazil Nut", Bot. Gaz. 52(3): 226-231 (free pdf, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2466866.pdf). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.218.23.70 (talk • contribs) 02:22, 2011 September 29
 * This usage is discussed in Nigger wherein the history, context, and other usages are covered. The word "nigger" appears in almost 1200 articles. If there is an attempt to sweep such usages "under the rug", it isn't succeeding. Most occurrences are in articles on music, theatre and film, literature, politics and history, and related biographies. Biota articles with the term are rare. Nigger toe and its variants redirect to this article. Similarly, nigger daisy and niggerhead are redirected to Rudbeckia hirta. However, those terms do not appear in that article. Niggerhead (disambiguation) lists Carex secta, Echinocactus polycephalus and Echinacea, also. Among animals, nigger butterfly is redirected to Orsotriaena which mentions the term. Apart from the above, I found several examples among place-names including California County Routes in zone S and Negro Bill Canyon. --Walter Siegmund (talk) 04:20, 29 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The fact remains that the text was deleted in April without notification or discussion of any kind, and by an anonymous editor. Can you point me to any discussion among Wikipedia editors that resulted in anything near a consensus to remove this historical information? 98.218.23.70 (talk) 23:59, 30 September 2011 (UTC)
 * A previous discussion at Talk:Brazil_nut led to inclusion of content discussing this term in July 2009. It stood until September. Subsequently, it was restored, but latter trimmed by several editors to the point that I felt it no longer provided adequate context for inclusion. It was removed altogether in June 2011 by an anon with an unhelpful edit summary. --Walter Siegmund (talk) 15:40, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Random wikipedia user here. I've always heard them called nigger toes, and am surprised this was removed from the article. You might think the term is 'not nice' but it's still used, and I think wikipedia is more about documenting what 'is' not what 'is nice' -- at least I've heard it quite a bit, I live in the Midwestern US. I'd add it back in myself but I don't want to start an "edit war" over it. I'll instead just urge you to put it back, as it is relevant to the article.

I have never the term until last night at a bar here in Indianapolis. I have no idea how the subject came up, but they used the term "Nigger Nuts". I was absolutely stunned. They did clarify it to mean Brazilian Nuts and were obviously embarrassed that they used to use the term. Most likely they never knew the real name growing up in their households. MPA 23:05, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I grew up in central Illinois in the 1980s and '90s, and "nigger toes" is most certainly used there. My grandfather (born 1929) still uses it. This term should be added back to the article. Wikipedia should not be censoring the truth, no matter how offensive it is to some or even many people. There was no consensus to remove the information, so I will add it back. Natureguy1980 (talk) 19:00, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Nutrition Table
100 grams of brazil nuts contain 130 grams of fat? Something about that doesn't feel right... Could someone, who knows better, correct that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.12.52.199 (talk) 02:42, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I think the information was per 200grammes. I followed the link provided in the article and found a list of nutritional info per 100g, and typed that in here Superomelette (talk) 16:28, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, ftlom, why not make it 65 per 100? That sounds suspiciously high, but incredibly, it seems to be about right; I checked with a few sites, including USDA and the like. Got figures between 60% and 67%. Zap it, say I. Oh. Already done... JonRichfield (talk) 09:51, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Could the content of testosterone (yes) in brazil nuts be verified? I think earthclinic.com has this information with a suggestion of 1-2 pieces daily for those who may need it. Also, I wonder what the biological availability of such fito hormone would be? ¬¬¬¬ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.183.44.83 (talk) 04:57, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Brazil nut effect
I agree with removal from where it appears, but suggest taht it should be linked in "See also". It was not my entry, but unless someone provides a sound objection, I'll put it in when I remember. JonRichfield (talk) 09:51, 18 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I had considered doing that, but its relevance to the article seemed a bit remote except for the name of the effect. After double checking the MOS it appears my thinking was toward relevance for a Further Reading section as opposed to for a See Also section, so if you think that the article would benefit from its re-addition by all means add it back. HMman (talk) 15:46, 18 July 2012 (UTC).

Good, thanks. I always get very itchy about removing valid links or info, but you were undoubtedly correct about the irrelevance of the item to the article as it stood. I have inserted the link into See also and I think this format will be harmless even if no one ever uses the link. Mind you, though I was aware of the effect, I had never heard that name for it and had to look it up myself to see what it was about, so there certainly is a possibility that someone, sometime will benefit! :-) JonRichfield (talk) 19:31, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

i read that this link speak about planting of trees (I can not add becuase i don't read that languege)
http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Castanha/CultivodaCastanhadoBrasilRO/index.htm 79.176.152.38 (talk) 08:47, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121002070713/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR21/reports/sr21fg12.pdf to http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR21/reports/sr21fg12.pdf

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 * Not a useful link; will repair it in the article. --Zefr (talk) 22:28, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

"Nigger toes" again
Re recent attempts to remove all mention of that epithet from the article. The reference to WP:GRATUITOUS is not applicable because this name and the relating information is not, to paraphrase, in there just for shits and giggles. It is a short but pertinent discussion of the history and current treatment of a widely-used name (see two other section son this talk page for some info about its widespread nature). As such its function is not to aggravate/shock/be-in-there-just-because-we-can, but to provide relevant information pertaining to the topic. We have entire articles on chink, cracker etc.; such content is not unencyclopedic just because it is perceived as offensive. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 13:53, 20 January 2018 (UTC) - Moved up, see Talk:Brazil_nut. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 15:17, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

 * There was already a section for this discussion, above. I addressed my point there and nothing you say has convincingly countered it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.225.74.10 (talk) 14:00, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The anonymous user above makes a good point. (By the way, I took the liberty of indenting his response for him/her). Elmidae, if you believe so strongly that this article is more encyclopedic by including reference to nigger toes, then I propose that you add reference to “towel head” to Muslim and “Jewing down” to bargaining. Also, your reference to articles like chink and cracker seems irrelevant to this discussion. Is that a WP:NOTABILITY argument? Because notability guidelines apply to stand-alone articles, not contents of articles. Jam cpa (talk) 14:44, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Currently (2023), the article reads "gradually fell out of use as the racial slur became socially unacceptable." This is incorrect. The racial slur became unacceptable well before the slang term for the nut did. (Cf. articles cited in previous discussion.) Kdammers (talk) 03:36, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

 * This can be reworded, obviously. I'll do so now.
 * Dyanega (talk) 21:44, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Capitalisation (Brazil vs brazil)
I'm surprised to see no comment in the Nomenclature section on whether it's "Brazil" or "brazil". The article uses "Brazil" throughout. Moreover, it doesn't seem to have been brought up here – the earlier section is only about "Nut" versus "nut".

Looking on Wiktionary, I've found:
 * Brazil: no mention of the nut (whether it's a nut or not aside), only the country and a city in Indiana
 * brazil: definition is simply "a brazil nut"
 * Brazil nut: given as an alternative spelling of "brazil nut"
 * brazil nut: the primary entry

None of these pages have usage notes. But Wiktionary implies that "brazil nut" is the primary term, which somewhat contradicts what we have here. Dictionaries are split on the matter; moreover, the OUP can't seem to make up its mind:
 * Oxford Paperback (2001 edition) has it as "brazil nut", with no mention of any of the other 3 terms.
 * The online Oxford Dictionary has it as "Brazil", with 3 definitions (the country, the nut and the wood), with no mention of any of the other 3 terms (though they all redirect to this entry)

Furthermore, I get the impression from various sources that the country is named after the tree, rather than vice versa, thereby supporting the suggestion that it should be "brazil".

I could try and do more research given the time. But for now, what do people think? Should the article be changed to use "brazil"? In any case, there ought to be something in the article addressing the question, so if anybody feels able to write something then please feel free to do so. — Smjg (talk) 11:45, 29 September 2018 (UTC)

"Nigger toes" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Nigger toes. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 October 21 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ―NK1406 02:14, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

DV of Selenium
"Brazil nuts are perhaps the richest dietary source of selenium, with a 28 g (1 oz) serving of six nuts supplying 774% DV. This is 10 times the adult U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance" I moused over DV and R-D-V and got the same definition. So, the way I read this is 774% = 10 times, whis si wrong. Or am I missing some subtlety? Kdammers (talk) 21:33, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * With this edit, I cleaned up the nutrition section, removed old references and off-topic discussion, and highlighted a selenium section. The DV for selenium is 55 micrograms, shown here. 100 grams of Brazil nuts (a large serving amount) provide 1917 micrograms, whereas a more typical 28 gram (one oz) serving provides 544 micrograms, shown in the USDA table, use pick list), or 544/55 = 10x DV. Zefr (talk) 02:32, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This would I imagine largely/entirely depend on the soils they were grown in, but may well be true for the typical sources of commercial nuts. Dietary figures tend to be very slack in recognising such factors. Johnbod (talk) 14:16, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes - Selenium says: "Dietary selenium comes from meat, nuts, cereals and mushrooms. Brazil nuts are the richest dietary source (though this is soil-dependent, since the Brazil nut does not require high levels of the element for its own needs). "

Johnbod (talk) 14:20, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brazil nut


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text: User talk:68.35.209.223

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Saimin

Saimin is a noodle soup dish common in the contemporary cuisine of Hawaii. Traditionally consisting of soft wheat egg noodles served in a hot dashi garnished with diced green onions and a thin slice of kamaboko, modern versions of saimin include additional toppings such as char siu, sliced Spam, sliced egg, bok choy, mushrooms, or shredded nori. When Chinese dumplings are added to the noodle soup, it is seen on menus as the heartier wonton min. All saimin establishments have their own, often secret recipe for the soup base, but primarily use kombu and dried shrimp as major ingredients. Common table condiments mixed in the saimin broth are Chinese hot mustard and soy sauce, added in small quantities according to each individual's taste. Many local residents of Hawaii also enjoy barbecued teriyaki beef sticks (skewers) or American hamburgers as a side dish.

Saimin was developed during Hawaii's plantation era and is a testament to the history of cultural influences found in the Hawaiian Islands. It is a local comfort food eaten all year round at any time of day for breakfast, lunch, dinner, or as a late-night snack. Initially consumed by the working class, saimin can now be seen on the menus of Hawaii's restaurants from fast food chains to upscale five-star hotel restaurants. It is commonly eaten at sporting events as well, with concession stands offering the hot noodle soup alongside popcorn and nachos. Saimin is also available as a pre-cooked packaged food much like instant ramen.

Etymology
Saimin is a compound of two Chinese words: 細, meaning small, and 麵 , meaning noodle. The word derives from the Cantonese language, reflecting the immigration of Chinese people from Guangdong to Hawaii. The word "saimin" is still used commonly in written Cantonese today. The first recorded use of the romanized word in Hawaii dates as far back as 1908, but was most likely spoken in the local dialect much earlier. In Hawaii's contemporary pidgin language, saimin has become a hyponym or blanket term for noodle soups, particularly instant ramen (e.g., "And one day, I come home from school and Blu and Maisie are eating dry saimin sprinkled with the soup stock").

Origin
The precise origins of saimin as a dish is debatable. The clash of cultures in Hawaii makes it difficult to precisely pinpoint the exact beginning of saimin, but in turn makes this dish unique with roots set deeply in Hawaii's history. The earliest records of saimin identified the dish as being Chinese in origin. Many newspaper clippings of Hawaii's yesteryears mentioning saimin are also exclusively associated with the Chinese population and their neighborhoods. The majority of these associations are also subtly derogatory, suggesting a less desirable, low-class representation of their community. That being so, it may become a sensitive issue crediting Chinese immigrants with saimin's origins even with strong written evidence behind this theory.

It is certain that saimin, along with much of the contemporary cuisine in Hawaii, is closely related to the immigration of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Portuguese field workers during the plantation era of Hawaii beginning in the 1850s. As the popular belief goes, these plantation laborers of various ethnic backgrounds would return from the fields and share communal meals. For example, a Korean family may have had extra green onions growing in their yard, the Portuguese would have some extra pork from making sausage, the Chinese would share some noodles, while the Japanese provide some dashi for the meal. At this point, they would all throw their ingredients into a pot and share what was created. It may be through these improvised communal meals that saimin was possibly born. This common, yet supposed history of saimin's origins is highly debatable, since there are recorded accounts of much racial tension between the various ethnic groups during this time. Interracial activity was highly limited and the groups were more than often segregated, leaving little chance for these imagined communal meals.

Among the immigrant population in Hawaii, one of the largest (besides the Chinese) and most influential (besides the Caucasian) immigrants were the Japanese and it is theorized that saimin was created by this ethnic group wanting to eat ramen. Instead of a full replication, they were limited to the ingredients readily available to them in Hawaii, resulting in the creation of saimin. There are records of Japanese immigrants peddling saimin in Hawaii as early as 1915, giving them a decent standing as its fore-bearer. However, the Japanese ramen theory also has many complications and anachronisms. During the same time period, ramen was not the widely popular phenomenon in Japan as it is known today and would not be considered a food Japanese immigrants immediately associate with their homeland. To drive this point further, if indeed Japanese immigrants were attempting to recreate ramen in Hawaii, the common Japanese language did not use the word ramen (ラーメン) until about the 1950s. In Japan it was first known as lit. 'Chinese soba' (支那そば), as the ramen itself was a dish with Chinese origins. Saimin noodles themselves are closer in characteristic to the curly yellow-colored Chinese egg noodles found in wonton noodles as opposed to the straight white wheat noodles consumed in Japan, giving Chinese immigrants an edge as the first developers of saimin.

Initial appearance
Saimin was first sold as a menu item in the early 1900s from unmarked and unnamed 'saimin wagons' as "an immigrant family's first step into American entrepreneurship". The noodles, broth, and toppings were made from scratch and prepared by hand in their homes. With all the components ready to assemble and serve, they would wheel out to a spot wherever there were plantation laborers looking for a cheap and quick bite to eat. As these families earned more money, they were able to set up shop at fixed locations. The first of these saimin stands could be found near the old plantation towns and farms of Hawaii as early as the 1930s, feeding hungry fieldworkers for as little as $0.05 a bowl.

Post-plantation popularization
As Hawaii gradually moved from an agricultural economy towards a more service-based economy in the 1960s and 1970s, saimin stands moved away from the plantation fields with many more establishments opening near sporting venues, movie theaters, pool halls, and schools. Due to its timely preparation and warm broth, it became popular as a quick late night snack for young adults after a night out on the town. Also at this time several public schools throughout Hawaii began offering saimin as a regular option for students who did not want to eat the scheduled weekly menu.

It was not until the opening of Honolulu Stadium and its addition to the concession stand's menu when saimin became acknowledged as a popular fast food and put under a national spotlight. Chuck Tanner, retired Major League Baseball player for the Boston Braves and former manager of minor league baseball team the Hawaii Islanders in 1969 and 1970, recalled, "During the games, fans ate corn on the cob. They had some soup. . . won ton or something. I don't know. And they had these sticks with beef on them."

Modern period
Saimin became less popular in the 1980s and 1990s as the appearance of other exciting noodle soup dishes made their way to Hawaii such as tonkotsu ramen and pho. As other forms of noodle soup grew in popularity, many saimin institutions closed, leaving saimin as a comfort food of nostalgic value to the older generation in Hawaii.

Historic saimin establishments
Several saimin establishments including saimin noodle factories and restaurants have become local landmarks in Hawaii and have attracted out-of-state visitors venturing off the traditional tourist-beaten paths. There are many that have closed their doors, such as Shiroma's Saimin in Waipahu, Washington Saimin in Makiki, Hall Saimin in Kalihi, Likelike Drive In, and most recently Dillingham Saimin (formally known as Boulevard Saimin). Some local institutions still in existence with decades under their belts are Jane's Fountain, The Old Saimin House, Palace Saimin, Meg's Drive In, Shiro's Saimin Haven, Forty-Niner Restaurant, and Sekiya's Restaurant & Delicatessen on Oahu. Also notable are Nori's Saimin & Snacks on the Big Island, Sam Sato's on Maui, and Hamura's Saimin on Kauai, which was given the James Beard Foundation's America's Classic honor in 2006.

McDonald's saimin

McDonald's, an American fast-food giant based in Oak Brook, Illinois, became aware of the saimin phenomenon in the Hawaiian islands in the late 1960s. Maurice J. "Sully" Sullivan, legendary Hawaii entrepreneur and owner of Foodland Super Market Limited, had purchased and opened the first McDonald's restaurant in Hawaii in 1968 at his flagship grocery store. He opened several more McDonald's franchises, and for 12 straight months, McDonald's Hawaii became the highest-grossing group of franchises in the world. Sullivan wanted to serve his favorite meal, saimin, at his McDonald's restaurants, knowing all too well that his restaurants would boom with its introduction to the menu.

Sullivan invited executives from the McDonald's corporation, including owner and business tycoon Ray Kroc for dinner at two family-owned, "hole-in-the-wall" saimin stands in Honolulu: Washington Saimin and Boulevard Saimin. That night, Sullivan convinced Kroc to expand McDonald's menu for the first time in its corporate history to include a local "ethnic" food. Researchers worked extensively with Washington Saimin to develop a recipe for McDonald's Hawaii. Sullivan secured deals with Ajinomoto, a local Japanese saimin noodle factory and fishcake supplier, to manufacture a special soup base.

Saimin was one of McDonald's Hawaii's most popular menu items. Later, Sullivan introduced breakfast platters consisting of Portuguese sausage, eggs, and steamed white rice; Spam, eggs, and rice; and a Breakfast deluxe, a combination of the two, to his menu, capitalizing on the local food phenomena.

On June 29, 2022, McDonald's Hawaii announced that it would no longer offer saimin on its menu. The item was discontinued because Okahara Saimin, the chain's supplier, closed due to its owners' retirement at the end of May.

S&S saimin
Much like its close counterpart ramen, saimin was also developed as an instant noodle in 1963 by Shimoko & Sons saimin brand, better known to locals as S&S saimin. Unlike instant ramen, S&S saimin noodles require refrigeration or freezing and are not dry. The noodles are also pre-cooked, making it a ready-to-eat food by simply adding hot water with a soup base packaged separately. Instant saimin has since become a staple in many Hawaii households because of its quick and easy preparation, in addition allowing the consumer to add any toppings they desire.

S&S is a large contributor to popularizing saimin since the name brand sponsored many local television shows between the late 1960s and early 1980s. During this time, S&S sent 20 children to Disneyland through a contest held with the beloved children's program, The Checkers and Pogo Show. The saimin brand also sponsored the "S&S Junk Show", a karaoke-based amateur singing program which ran for 15 seasons.

The S&S saimin brand was acquired by the Japanese multinational drink company Ito En in 1987. The brand was later sold to Hawaii-based noodle and pasta manufacturer Sun Noodle in 2006.

Variations
Some saimin establishments may have the option to substitute the traditional thin egg noodles for the thicker udon noodle, or sometimes mixing both, creating something seen on local menus as saidon. A soup-less pan-fried version similar to Japanese yakisoba and Chinese lo mein is simply known as fried saimin. This variation is particularly popular at carnivals, fairgrounds, and catered parties since it can be prepared in large quantities and consumed at room temperature. Fried saimin is also served as a side dish in okazuya bento and plate lunch.

title: Saimin


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Category:Manufactured goods

Products that are a result of manufacturing.

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User talk:Vcozma

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing material in articles will normally be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -- Graham :) | Talk 21:33, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

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Willard Brown

Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 – August 4, 1996), nicknamed "Home Run" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues for the Kansas City Monarchs and in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Browns. For the Monarchs, he led the Negro American League in hits for eight seasons (1937–39, 1941–43, 1946, 1948) and runs batted in (RBI) seven times during his career. His eight times leading a league in hits is tied with Ty Cobb for most in baseball history while his seven times leading in RBI for a league is tied for second-most in baseball history with Josh Gibson; Gibson and Brown also finished in the top two in batting average in five seasons each, most in Negro league history. He is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Early life
Brown was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on 26 June 1915. He grew up in Natchitoches, Louisiana and in Shreveport. Brown's father was a mill laborer who became the owner of a cabinetmaking shop. Brown was a batboy in spring training for the Kansas City Monarchs, as the Negro league team held its workouts in Shreveport.

Baseball career
He began his baseball career in 1934 with the Monroe Monarchs, a minor Negro league team in the Negro Southern League. In 1937, he signed with the Kansas City Monarchs, for which he would play in six out of the next eight years. A rookie season of 56 games played with a .379 batting average, ten home runs, 81 hits, and 60 RBI (for which he led the latter three categories) proved to be the beginning of a career full of raw power.

During his pre-war baseball years, he established himself as having the most raw power in Negro league history, and possibly in the history of baseball. He hit home runs more often than the better known Josh Gibson, causing Gibson to give Brown his nickname.

He also hit for a batting average of .374 in 1948 and regularly hitting over .350. Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder. From 1937 to 1946, Brown helped lead the Monarchs to six pennants in ten seasons. He finished second in batting average three times during this period (1937, 1939, 1943).

Brown left the Monarchs for the first time in 1940, swayed by the Mexican Leagues (as devised by Jorge Pasquel), who raided 63 players with the promise of more money ($1,000 per month); Brown played in Nuevo Laredo.

In the 1942 season, the Monarchs met the Negro National League champion Homestead Grays in the 1942 Negro World Series, the first Negro World Series between the Negro American League and the Negro National League since 1927. Brown stole a base in Game 2 and hit a home run in Game 3 while collecting seven hits in sixteen combined at-bats in four official games (an exhibition game and a game later not counted by the league was also played).

In the winter of 1941-42, he moved to the Puerto Rican leagues in Humacao. He also played parts of 1943-44 in the California Winter League. He served in the U.S. Army in 1944, seeing service in Europe before returning to the Monarchs in 1946 after being released from duty as a technician fifth grade. He batted .371 in 1947, leading the league for the first and only time.

MLB career
He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns. On July 20, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox. It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together.

Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off Detroit Tigers pitcher and future Hall of Famer Hal Newhouser. Throughout the season Brown struggled from racism in his new surroundings, hitting .179 in just 21 games between July 19 and August 21 before he was released.

Later career
That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432 with 27 home runs and 86 RBI in just 60 games, winning the Triple Crown and earning the nickname Ese Hombre or "That Man". He then won the Puerto Rican Winter League Triple Crown in the 1949–1950 season, and also hit for the cycle once in his career.

He returned to the Monarchs for the 1948 season (the last before the Negro leagues started to decline in terms of player quality). He played in 44 games and batted .404 while having 67 hits and 53 RBI, with the latter two topping the league totals once again (he finished second in batting average for the fourth and final time). His career home run total is not known, but he is considered to be among the Negro league career leaders in homers despite a relatively brief career.

He continued to play for a time with the Monarchs until the early 1950s while also still playing winter ball in Puerto Rico, where he won another Triple Crown in the winter of 1949-50. He played in Canada with the Border League for the Ottawa Nationals for a 30-game pennant run. He also played in the Caribbean Series in Venezuela along with summer ball in the Dominican Republic (1951–52). He then played in the Texas League and Western League from 1953 through 1956. He finished his Puerto Rico play in 1956-57; he batted .350 in his career there and was named to the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991. He played in 1957 for the Minot Mallards of the Manitoba-Dakota League before closing out his career barnstorming with the Monarchs in 1958. He then retired to his home in Houston.

Later life and legacy
Brown retired with the most times leading a league in Extra-base hits with eight, later tied by Hank Aaron.

After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas. He died there in 1996 at the age of 81, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years. Brown was interred at Houston National Cemetery on August 12, 1996.

He was featured on several baseball cards during his playing days, including ones from Toleteros that were inserts in packages of tobacco. Buck O'Neil described Brown as the "most natural ballplayer I ever saw”.

Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. The same year, he gained induction into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame as part of their first class.

In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Brown as one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Army during World War II.

title: Willard Brown