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Corsair (character)

Corsair (Major Christopher Summers, USAF) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a star-faring outlaw who leads the Starjammers, the father of X-Men members Cyclops and Havok, and the supervillain Vulcan, and the grandfather of Cable, Spider-Girl, and Rachel Summers. He first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #104, and was created by Dave Cockrum.

Concept and creation
Dave Cockrum created the Starjammers with the intent of having them star in their own series. However, when he submitted the concept for Marvel's two try-out series, Marvel Spotlight and Marvel Premiere, he was repeatedly informed that these series were booked for two years solid. Running out of patience, Cockrum showed the Starjammers, including Corsair, to X-Men writer Chris Claremont, and convinced him to use the characters for this series. In order to provide a plausible excuse for the Starjammers to make repeat appearances in X-Men, they decided to make Corsair the father of Cyclops, leader of the X-Men.

Origins
Many years ago, a test pilot for NASA, United States Air Force Major Christopher Summers, was flying himself, his wife Katherine Anne, and their two young sons Scott and Alex in their private airplane, a rebuilt de Havilland Mosquito, down the Western American coast from Alaska when their plane was attacked by a starship from the alien Shi'ar Empire on an exploratory mission to Earth. The Shi'ar pursued Summers' craft to prevent Summers from making their presence on Earth known to the general public. The Shi'ar craft fired on Summers' plane, which was made of wood, causing it to burst into flame. Unable to find more than one usable parachute in time, Katherine Anne put it on her eldest son Scott, told him to hold onto Alex, and pushed them both out the plane door, hoping to save them both. Scott and Alex thus escaped the Shi'ar.

Christopher and his wife were subsequently teleported aboard the Shi'ar starship and taken to the Shi'ar Imperial Throneworld of Chandilar. There, Christopher was separated from his wife and imprisoned. He soon broke free and discovered the mad Shi'ar Emperor D'Ken attempting to rape Katherine Anne. D'Ken responded to the interruption by murdering Summers' wife before his eyes, and then ordered Summers to be sent to the Slave Pits of Alsibar where criminals and political prisoners were incarcerated.

Formation of the Starjammers
In the Pits, Summers met four aliens who had been imprisoned for various crimes against the Shi'ar Empire – a Saurid named Ch'od, a Lupin named Cr'reee, a Mephitisoid whom Summers nicknamed Hepzibah (as her true name was unpronounceable by most not of her own species), and a Shi'ar cyborg named Raza Longknife – and together they escaped and stole a starship. Naming their vessel the Starjammer, and themselves the Starjammers, the group functioned as space pirates targeting Shi'ar vessels, thus taking vengeance on the Shi'ar but taking care not to harm innocent passengers in the process. The Starjammers quickly came to be regarded as outlaws by the Shi'ar Empire. In addition, Summers and Hepzibah became lovers.

X-Men
The Starjammers first met the team of superhuman Earth mutants known as the X-Men when the two groups joined forces on a world in the Shi'ar Galaxy to battle the Imperial Guard, the super-powered soldiers who served the ruling Shi'ar emperor or empress – at the time, D'ken. One of the X-Men, the cosmic being known as the Phoenix who had assumed the form of the X-Man Jean Grey, used her telepathic powers to probe Corsair's mind and learned that he was the father of Scott Summers, who had become the X-Man known as Cyclops. At Corsair's request, Phoenix kept his true identity a secret from Cyclops, but both Cyclops and his brother Alex, who had become the X-Man named Havok, eventually learned who Corsair really was.

Starjammers and the Shi'ar
Since the Starjammers aided her against the machinations of her brother D'Ken, the Shi'ar Princess Lilandra, once she was named Empress in D'Ken's stead, put an unofficial end to the Shi'ar Empire's opposition to the Starjammers. Corsair aided the X-Men against the Sidri, and then admitted to Cyclops that he was his father.

It would not be long before the Starjammers would become outlaws once more. The Starjammers and the X-Men fought the Brood, and battled Lilandra's sister Deathbird. Deathbird's coup d'état was ultimately successful, allowing her to seize the throne. Herself branded a rebel, Lilandra came to join the Starjammers in their fight against Deathbird's tyrannical reign. Later, Corsair rescued Charles Xavier from Fenris and took Xavier into outer space to adventure with the Starjammers and be with his lover Lilandra. Corsair and the Starjammers later embarked on the Phalkon Quest. Eventually, Lilandra and the Starjammers' opposition to Deathbird's rule sparked rebellions across the Empire, and following an attempted takeover of the Empire by the shape-shifting alien Skrulls, Lilandra settled matters with Deathbird, discovering her sister did not want the throne anymore.

The Starjammers subsequently aided Lilandra during the war with the alien Kree Empire, clashed with the Earth team of super-beings known as the Avengers, and were hired by Lilandra to capture the Shi'ar traitor named Cerise. Eventually, the Starjammers would battle with the Shi'ar Empire once more after discovering the poor treatment of the conquered Kree. The Starjammers allied themselves with a group of neutral worlds calling themselves The Clench who provided the pirates with a navigator named Keeyah. During one of the Starjammers' rescue missions, they discovered a vessel belonging to the alien Uncreated, a race of militaristic atheists who intended to destroy any culture that practiced a form of religion, including the Shi'ar. Seeing the Shi'ar as the lesser of two evils, Corsair chose to stop the Uncreated which earned the Starjammers Lilandra's thanks and a pardon for their crimes.

Corsair sought to retire, but soon after the Starjammers were captured by the being known as the Collector. Together with the X-Man Wolverine, the Starjammers managed to escape both the Collector and the cosmic world-devourer known as Galactus. The Starjammers would later aid the Shi'ar in fending off the threat of Galactus, and subsequently helped Lilandra and Xavier during their efforts to free Earth from its sentence as an intergalactic prison planet.

Corsair and Scott reconciled
At one point, Scott was killed by Apocalypse, only to be resurrected after some months. After Scott's revival, Corsair apologized to his son for not checking up on him during his time with the Starjammers. Corsair felt that since he could not keep the plane from crashing and that he could not save his own wife, that Scott and Alex were in better hands in the care of the various homes that his two sons stayed at rather than with him. This apology clearly sunk in: prior to House of M, Cyclops' student team of X-Men was called the Corsairs.

Death
Corsair has been reunited with Havok, his son, who brought him news about Vulcan. Corsair decided to support the X-Men (this time the group includes Rachel Summers, Nightcrawler, Warpath, Darwin, Polaris and Professor X) and Lilandra in preventing D'Ken from becoming emperor once more (with the help of Vulcan and Deathbird). In the midst of a battle between the Shi'ar troops loyal to Lilandra (aided by the Starjammers and X-Men) and Shi'ar troops loyal to D'Ken, Vulcan kills D'Ken and proclaims himself emperor. Corsair commands Vulcan to stop the senseless violence, but Vulcan kills Corsair. Subsequently, Alex (Havok) becomes the new leader of the Starjammers, who now include Corsair's granddaughter Rachel, Polaris, and original members Ch'od and Raza.

Return
When a time-displaced teenage Jean Grey is kidnapped by the Shi'ar to be placed on trial for her actions as Phoenix, the All-New X-Men and the Guardians of the Galaxy teamed up and traveled through space to save her. It was then that they encountered Corsair, who was alive and well and back in charge of the Starjammers. The time-displaced Cyclops finds out for the first time that his father was alive. Cyclops decided to remain with the Starjammers to catch up with his father. After pillaging a Badoon ship, Corsair and his teenage son decided to travel the galaxy on their own. The time-displaced Cyclops would later learn that the Starjammers under the insistence of Hepzibah, made a deal with the mysterious Shrouded, who brought Corsair back to life. However, his resurrection came at a price, Corsair had to inject himself regularly with a nano-serum containing a collective artificial intelligence. The serum was illegal, banned by all governments across the cosmos due to the threat it posed, as it allowed A.I.s to use a living body as a host. Corsair had to go to great lengths to buy the illegal serum and to avoid arrest but there was no other way he could remain alive.

Powers and abilities
Corsair had no superhuman powers, though he was athletic for a man of his age. He was trained in basic hand-to-hand combat, as well as fencing skills and Shi'ar fighting techniques. He also had extensive knowledge of both terrestrial and Shi'ar weapons, and had exceptional piloting skills in both terrestrial and Shi'ar aircraft and spacecraft. He was usually armed with a saber-like Shi'ar blade, and utilized various Shi'ar weapons as needed which he carried in an extra-dimensional pocket, notable among which were twin energy blasters accessible by pressing the "jewels" on his gauntlets.

Age of Apocalypse
In the harsh reality known as Age of Apocalypse, when the war against humanity by Apocalypse was just beginning, Major Christopher Summers wanted to stay and fight, but instead chose to fly his family to Canada to keep them safe.

However, as he was flying his family to safety, their plane was attacked by an alien starship. Summers pushed his sons Alex and Scott out of the plane with their only parachute. He and his wife Katherine were then abducted by the Shi'ar, and Katherine was killed after the Shi'ar, who were implanted by Brood eggs, put her under severe experiments. Meanwhile, Alex and Scott were found and raised by Mr Sinister and eventually became Prelates under the rule of Apocalypse.

Surrounded by prisoners from throughout the galaxy, Summers and his fellow prisoners bonded over their hate for the Shi'ar and formed the Starjammers. Summers eventually led a mutiny against his captors and for years the Starjammers tried to take their revenge on the Shi'ar, who were fighting a losing war of their own against the Brood. Summers apparently began to feel tired and left the Starjammers to return to Earth to reunite with his sons, however on his way, Christopher Summers tragically encountered the Brood once again and while he managed to escape he was implanted with a brood egg. As Summers crashlanded he was immediately captured by Apocalypse's forces. For five years, Hank McCoy studied him, trying to figure out his odd DNA. Mr Sinister kept Summers' presence on Earth hidden from his two sons.

Christopher eventually escaped. He found Joe Robertson who told him what his kids had become. He lost control of his Brood half, killed Robbie, infected him with a Brood egg, and ran. Sinister sent Emplate, the Monets, Northstar and Aurora after him, but Summers shot Emplate through the chest, killing him and frying the Monets' brains. He then blew up a car, knocking out Northstar and Aurora. Summers ran to a scavenger camp, where he killed and infected all of the scavengers and their intended victim Colleen Wing.

Scott and Alex pursued him, not knowing his true identity. After they met him, he convinced them that he was their father. They were attacked by two scavengers, Mister Hyde and Cobra, and Christopher almost lost control again. They ran to an old warehouse to find shelter from the coming storm.

While sweeping the perimeter, Scott encountered a chained Misty Knight along with the bodies of Colleen Wing and the scavengers Christopher had slain. Scott and Knight returned to the warehouse, but Wing and the other "dead" bodies followed and attacked, transformed into Brood. They fought but lost ground until Sinister arrived to save them. Christopher lost control and fully morphed into a Brood. Sinister claimed that he had learned of Christopher's transformation and concealed his return from Scott and Alex until he could cure their father. Christopher attacked Sinister, and then Alex, before regaining enough control to tell Scott to kill him. Scott reluctantly did so. Although Sinister offered to deal with the remains, Alex and Scott cremated Christopher's body, depriving Sinister of the chance to analyze him further and acquire samples of Brood DNA.

X-Men Forever
In the X-Men Forever alternate reality, Corsair and the Starjammers settle down to work as security for Nathan Summers, his grandson, who is living with Corsair's parents in Alaska. This mission suffers several setbacks due to a family friend being a spy for Mister Sinister.

Television

 * Corsair appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Brian Taylor.
 * Corsair makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in a flashback in the X-Men: Evolution episode "The Cauldron".

Video games
Corsair appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Scott MacDonald.

title: Corsair (character)


text:
Uppaal Model Checker

UPPAAL is an integrated tool environment for modeling, validation and verification of real-time systems modeled as networks of timed automata, extended with data types (bounded integers, arrays etc.).

It has been used in at least 17 case studies since its release in 1995, including on Lego Mindstorms, for the Philips audio protocol, and in gearbox controllers for Mecel.

The tool has been developed in collaboration between the Design and Analysis of Real-Time Systems group at Uppsala University, Sweden and Basic Research in Computer Science at Aalborg University, Denmark.

There are the following extensions available:
 * Cora for Cost Optimal Reachability Analysis.
 * Tron for Testing Real-time systems ON-line (black-box conformance testing).
 * Cover for COVERerage-optimal off-line test generation.
 * Tiga for TImed GAmes based controller synthesis.
 * Port for component based timed systems, exploiting Partial Order Reduction Techniques.
 * Pro for PRObabilistic reachability analysis. (Discontinued)
 * SMC for Statistical Model Checking.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uppaal Model Checker


text:
Talk:Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer

Untitled
The BBC profile says: "He studied engineering at George Washington University in Washington, and for many years ran a telecoms company in Saudi Arabia." - but I don't know how that fits in with the articles current statement of his education, ie Fahad Uni and the UK.

Anyone know how to slot that in? --bodnotbod 20:33, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

You should add that on April 6, 2005, he was elected Vice-President. --217.9.225.146 12:35, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer


text:
Category:Atomic physics

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as isolated systems composed of electrons and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular and optical physics. Physics research groups are usually so classified.

title: Category:Atomic physics


text:
User talk:CGorman~enwiki

Archives

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Unreferenced BLPs
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Hey!
Hello CGorman, I saw your expressing an interest to expand the 'Economy of Asia' article a while ago, and just want you know what we are a group of Cornell student working on this for a class assignment. Our goal is to add more information about policy changes after 2008 and fill in the gap in the years between in necessary. We would love to hear some feedback from you, and in what area could we improve our work? Thank you!Yz567 (talk) 17:11, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: User talk:CGorman~enwiki


text:
North Port

North Port may refer to a number of places or things:

 * Beigang Island, Hainan, China
 * North Port, Florida, United States of America
 * North Port Distillery, in Angus, Scotland
 * North Port Oval, a cricket stadium in Port Melbourne, Australia
 * North Port light rail station, Melbourne, Australia

title: North Port


text: Category:Marxist theory

title: Category:Marxist theory


text:
Scene

Scene (from Greek σκηνή skēnḗ) may refer to:

General

 * Scene (performing arts), a part of the story held in a single location
 * Scene (perception), a set of information that can flow from a physical environment into a perceptual system via sensory transduction

Music

 * Scene (subculture), a youth subculture from the early 2000s characterized by a distinct music and style

Groups and performers

 * Scene, the stage name used by Japanese Punk guitarist Minoru Kojima
 * Selena Gomez & the Scene, an American band
 * The Scene (Canadian band), a late 1960s psychedelic Canadian band
 * The Scene (Dutch band), a Dutch band formed by Thé Lau

Albums

 * Scene, a 2005 noise album by Merzbow
 * Scenes (album), a 1992 music album by Marty Friedman
 * The Scene (Eskimo Callboy album), an Eskimo Callboy album
 * The Scene, the debut album of The Scene

Other uses in music

 * S.C.E.N.E. Music Festival, an annual festival held in downtown St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
 * "The Scene" (song), a song by Canadian band Big Sugar from their 1998 album Heated

Periodicals

 * Scene (see London Advertiser, a bi-weekly entertainment magazine published for London, Ontario, Canada
 * Cleveland Scene, an alternative newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Television

 * CBC News: The Scene, a Canadian entertainment news show on CBC, hosted by Jelena Adzic
 * Scene (TV series), a BBC drama anthology for teenagers
 * "The Scene" (Entourage), Entourage episode
 * The Scene (miniseries), a miniseries about unauthorised distribution of films and the warez scene
 * The Scene, WGPR-TV Detroit dance show, October 1975 to December 1987, replaced by The New Dance Show

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * The Scene (play), a black comedy written by Theresa Rebeck

Brands and enterprises

 * Scene Club, London music venue, opened in 1963, associated with 1960s mod youth culture
 * The Scene (performance venue), New York City nightclub operated by Steve Paul between 1964 and 1970; commonly known as "Steve Paul's The Scene"

Other uses

 * Scene (BDSM), the setting where BDSM activity takes place, as well as the activity itself
 * Scene+, a Canadian loyalty program operated by Scotiabank and Cineplex Entertainment
 * Warez scene, an underground community of people that specialize in the distribution of copyrighted material

title: Scene


text:
Tombigbee River

The Tombigbee River is a tributary of the Mobile River, approximately 200 mi (325 km) long, in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Alabama. Together with the Alabama, it merges to form the short Mobile River before the latter empties into Mobile Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. The Tombigbee watershed encompasses much of the rural coastal plain of western Alabama and northeastern Mississippi, flowing generally southward. The river provides one of the principal routes of commercial navigation in the southern United States, as it is navigable along much of its length through locks and connected in its upper reaches to the Tennessee River via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

The name "Tombigbee" comes from Choctaw /itumbi ikbi/, meaning "box maker, coffin maker", from /itumbi/, "box, coffin", and /ikbi/, "maker". The river formed the eastern boundary of the historical Choctaw lands, from the 17th century when they coalesced as a people, to the forced Indian Removal by the United States in the 1830s.

Description

The river begins in northeastern Mississippi just south of the Pharr Mounds near the northern county line of Itawamba County, at what was once known as the source of the east fork of the river. Historically, the beginning of the river was in northern Monroe County at the confluence of Town Creek (also known as West Fork Tombigbee River) and the east fork of the river.

The river flows east through Aberdeen Lake near Aberdeen, and Columbus Lake near Columbus. It flows through Aliceville Lake on the Mississippi-Alabama border, then generally SSE across western Alabama in a highly meandering course, past Gainesville and Demopolis. There it is joined from the northeast by the Black Warrior River. South of Demopolis it flows generally south across southwestern Alabama (forming Sumter and Choctaw counties' borders with Marengo County). Past Jackson it joins the Alabama River from the north on the Mobile-Baldwin county line, approximately 30 mi (50 km) north of Mobile; this confluence forms the Mobile River.

After the completion of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in 1985, much of the middle course of the river in northeastern Mississippi was diverted into the new, straightened channel. Above Aberdeen Lake, the waterway flows alongside the original course of the river.

In addition to the Black Warrior, the river is joined by the Buttahatchee River from the east, north of Columbus, Mississippi. To the South of Columbus, Luxapalila Creek joins with the Tombigbee River, approximately 5.2 miles from downtown Columbus. Approximately 10 mi (15 km) north of Gainesville, it is joined from the north by the Sipsey River. At Gainesville, it is joined from the west by the Noxubee River.

The Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge is along the river in southwestern Alabama, approximately 20 mi (30 km) northwest of Jackson.

The upper reaches of the Tombigbee formed the homeland of the formidable Chickasaw. The French official Bienville used the Tombigbee to travel with his forces in his 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw. In the nineteenth century, they were considered one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast, as they adopted some European-American ways. But Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, in order to remove the Native Americans and enable development by European Americans. The United States forced the Chickasaw west of the Mississippi to Indian Territory, extinguishing most of their claims to land in the Southeast.

Lock and dams
The Tombigbee River has five lock and dams along its length. Lock & Dams are listed from north to south; the river mile indicates the distance from the mouth of the Mobile River at Mobile Bay.
 * John C. Stennis Lock & Dam is located at river mile 334.7
 * Tom Bevill Lock & Dam is located at river mile 306.8
 * Howell Heflin Lock & Dam is located at river mile 266.1
 * Demopolis Lock & Dam is located at river mile 213.2
 * Coffeeville Lock and Dam is located at river mile 116.6.

Tributaries
Tributaries that empty directly into the Tombigbee:

 * West River
 * Bassetts Creek (Washington County)
 * Bassett Creek (Clarke County)
 * Jackson Creek
 * Santa Bogue Creek
 * Turkey Creek
 * Okatuppa Creek
 * Oak Slush Creek
 * Big Tallawampa Creek
 * Bashi Creek
 * Wahalak Creek
 * Sucarbowa Creek
 * Horse Creek
 * Tuckabum Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Kinterbish Creek
 * Chickasaw Bogue
 * Cotohaga Creek
 * Sucarnoochee River
 * Spring Creek
 * Hall Creek
 * Black Warrior River
 * Brush Creek
 * Trussells Creek
 * Noxubee River
 * Sipsey River
 * Lubbub Creek
 * Big Creek
 * Luxapallila Creek
 * Buttahatchee River
 * Tibbee Creek
 * Town Creek
 * Bull Mountain Creek

Cahaba incident
On April 28, 1979, a tugboat named M/V Cahaba was on the Tombigbee near Demopolis, Alabama trying to guide two coal barges under a flooded side-span of the old Rooster Bridge (removed years later), but the flood current was too strong. The tug and barges approached the drawbridge-section, which failed to re-open fast enough while the river was near flood stage (drawbridges must close and re-open to allow waiting traffic to cross). The fast currents pinned the Cahaba's starboard side against the bridge in high waters. The force was so great that it pulled the boat downward, tilting it beneath the bridge, and fully submerging it in the river. The underwater pressure blew out a port-side window in the pilot house, which began filling with water, while the captain remained at the helm. Soon the tugboat emerged from beneath the other side of the bridge and righted itself, with water pouring from the doorways and decks.

One of the two main ventilator funnels had tilted to the center, yet one engine was still running, and the captain steered to anchor the tugboat in a flooded cornfield. Another downstream tugboat, M/V Tallapoosa, rescued the captain and all three crew members; with the pilot, then secured the two barges of coal. The barges were later towed to Mobile by the same company's towboat M/V Mauvilla. The Mauvilla is otherwise notable for its later involvement in the 1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck.

Recreation
Pleasure boats, cruising America's Great Loop, use the waterway each year in the fall.

Folklore
The river is closely associated with several steamboat disasters, including the Eliza Battle and James T. Staples.

The "Tombigbee River Waltz" or the singing song "Tombigbee River" are beloved old time waltzes performed by fiddlers including James Bryan, Kenny Jackson, Jay Ungar and Eric Hatling. The song was featured as a Charles Ingalls song in the Little House books.

title: Tombigbee River


text:
Talk:Columbia

Untitled
We'll...this is sort of like a disambiguation page, but then it contains commentary that would be valuable so it's not really a disambiguation page. I suggest a custom note instead. --Jiang 10:45, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That works. - Furrykef 18:43, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Shouldn't the content about the historical concept of Columbia be moved to its own article, so that this can be a real disambiguation page? JoaoRicardo 03:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think the country Columbia should be the first thing mentioned here, rather than the "poetic name" for America bit.
 * If such a country existed, that would be a good idea. Perhaps you're thinking of Colombia. --Sneftel 20:47, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a variant spelling of the same word, I guarantee 95 percent of people searching Columbia want that country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.182.130.241 (talk) 00:21, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

There is no authority prescribing correct spelling in the English language. Judgements about correct spellings in English are descriptive and statistical based on usage, informed by the etymology of the word. The fact that people are arriving on this page searching for the country as "Columbia" is evidence that plenty of English speakers use the spelling Columbia. There is a strong etymological argument that the correct spelling of the country in English should be Columbia (derived from Christopher Columbus) not not Colombia (from the Spanish spelling Cristóbal Colón). Furthermore, there is no expectation that speakers of one language should be able to impose their spelling of a country on the speakers of another language. Should we write Brasil instead of Brazil? Therefore, the note at the beginning of this page should refer to an alternative spelling not a misspelling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.1.24.223 (talk) 10:20, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

'''D.W. Cummings, author of the reference book "American English Spelling," says the name Columbus is derived from the Latin word for dove, Columba. But since Columbus's name in Spanish used an o after the l, it was probably decided to keep the name of the Spanish-speaking country with an o. The infraction is most common in the news media. The U is a misspelling if what you want is to refer to the country.''' --Silent1961 (talk) 03:36, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

Moved Content
I question the complete validity of the word Columbia having its origin as a poetic name for the United States in its female personification because I don't believe the Canadians in British Columbia would have been too happy about naming their province "British United States (fem.)" I don't have a deeper source, but I will keep looking for more historical references to the origin of the use of the word Columbia.

I moved the historical content about Columbia as a name for the USA to Historical Columbia so this could serve as a true Disambiguation page instead of a mini-article. I also made Historical Columbia a stub because it is fairly brief while it is an important term/topic. I wasn't sure what to call the new page so anyone feel free to move it. --Gpyoung 4 July 2005 03:24 (UTC)

 * Well, looking at the article on British Columbia, it appears that BC was named after the Columbia River. Looking at that article, it appears the river was named after a ship, which could have been named after anything, plausibly including the United States. Therefore, it makes sense that British Columbia could mean the "British [portion of the territory around the] United States [River]", or "British United States" for short, if you substitute "United States" for "Columbia". - Nat Krause(Talk!) 07:58, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I know this discussion is long over, but I followed those links. The Columbia River is named after the Columbia Rediviva ship, which is turn is named after the Irish saint Columba. William Quill (talk) 10:42, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Columbia/Colombia
Just a suggestion: How about "Not to be confused with Colombia" at the top, such as the one on the Colombia page? This one-letter difference confused me for a while, so I'm assuming others might make the mistake as well. I would make the change myslef, but I've never edited a page before and I would rather not mess anything up. 69.234.104.249 23:21, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

As I'm a bit concern about the "originality" of Columbia, I'd like the mention of an "original Columbia" removed as it's stating this originality without using any reference.

Requested move
Columbia → Columbia (disambiguation) and Historical Columbia → Columbia – Since the current page at Columbia is a disambugation page, while the actual Columbia article is at Historical Columbia. --Yath 04:12, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support as per nomination, makes sense to me. John (Jwy) 04:45, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose - the historical use of Columbia is not overwhelmingly more common than the others - Columbia, South Carolina is a very notable city for example. The disambiguation page should certainly be here. — sjorford++ 08:15, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose There are multiple common uses of Columbia--there is no clear evidence that the use described at Historical Columbia qualifies as primary. older ≠ wiser 12:54, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the others.—jiy (talk) 21:49, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not moved. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 09:47, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

To do
A couple of things that still need to be done:
 * 1) Take a closer look to determine which entries really aren't plausible for a "Columbia" page.  Most of these I could make a case for keeping, but "Columbia Valley Gardens", for example, seems to be an unlikely one for people to search for with just "Columbia"
 * 2) Merge Columbian into this article.
 * 3) Fix the Columbia automobile link, page, and associated pages.  That article seems to have been turned into a dab page at some point although there are only two WP articles really associated with it; both companies should probably be linked to from this page, and the name returned to referring to only one of the companies.

--NapoliRoma (talk) 19:00, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Just to emphasize: although I admire the diligence of the anon editor 208.10.62.253 (but please, a few comprehensive edits instead of 150 in a row is generally a better idea), dab pages should not be collections of "things with xxx in their name."
 * Just as another example, newspapers from a city or school named "Columbia" should probably not be here, as the key element of their name is the newspaper's name, not the city/school name.--NapoliRoma (talk) 18:19, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Move proposal August 2008
I suggest moving the article currently at "Columbia (name)" to "Columbia", and the current disambiguation page at "Columbia" to "Columbia (disambiguation)". The name "Columbia (name)" is a Wikipedia specific neologism. -- Infrogmation (talk) 19:26, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

Edits
The previous version of this page contained several duplications and confusingly overlapping sections. There are still some duplications on this page, but they are intentional, in order to facilitate use. The main point of the edit, however, has been to clarify the relationships between the various institutions named "Columbia" by indenting those that are named after a city, county, or other institution under the heading for which it is names. A few exceptions (e.g. not placing "Columbia River" and all of its derived names under "Columbia Rediviva") have been due to the undue weight of the derivatives.

As a possible benefit, it should now be easy for anyone who wants to trim this page to delete or move items that are only secondarily named "Columbia" (e.g., sports teams or newspapers named after a city called "Columbia", or many of the items named for Columbia University). I have not undertaken any such deletions myself, however. RandomCritic (talk) 14:20, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The thing is huge;so much so it makes it difficult to use. Maybe I'll take up the trimming process in my "free time."  Thanks for you work! (John User:Jwy talk) 14:40, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Minimal List
As an experiment, I made the below minimal list of links that *have* to be in a Columbia disambiguation page, because they all are, or might be, called "Columbia" simply; I removed everything that was Columbia XYZ or XYZ Columbia.

I suppose the list is really too short, and the ideal would be larger than this and smaller than the current list; but there should be some consistent principles developed for trimming the list to a smaller size, and determining what sorts of entries of the Columbia XYZ type should remain. Any thoughts? RandomCritic (talk) 13:47, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Columbia may also refer to:
 * Columbia, another name for the 2-4-2 classification of steam locomotives, named for an early locomotive of this type called Columbia
 * 327 Columbia, an asteroid discovered in 1892
 * Al Columbia, American artist, writer and cartoonist
 * Columbia (Amtrak station), Columbia, South Carolina
 * Columbia (Arrow Lakes sternwheeler)
 * Columbia (barque), 310 tons, 6 guns, in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company on the Columbia River and Pacific Northwest Coast
 * Columbia (electoral district) in British Columbia
 * Columbia (sheep), an American breed of sheep
 * Columbia (Star Trek), any of three fictional starships in the Star Trek syndication
 * Columbia (supercomputer), named for the Space Shuttle
 * Columbia (supercontinent)
 * Columbia (yacht), any of several America's Cup race winners/contenders
 * Columbia, Tyne and Wear, a neighborhood in Washington, Tyne and Wear County, United Kingdom
 * Columbia 350, aircraft (now known as the Cessna 350)
 * Columbia 400, aircraft (now known as the Cessna 400)
 * Columbia class cruiser, a group of two protected cruisers used by the United States Navy, 1890-91
 * Columbia Rediviva, a privately-owned sloop after which the Columbia River (and by extension British Columbia) is named
 * Columbia River, named for the sailing ship Columbia Rediviva
 * Columbia District, aka the Columbia Department, named for the river and its basin, and the namesake of British Columbia
 * CSS Columbia, a U.S. Confederate (and later U.S. Navy) ironclad ram during the time of the Civil War
 * HMCS Columbia, any of several commissioned vessels of the Canadian Navy
 * Lightship Columbia, WLV-604, the first lightship on the Pacific coast of the United States, docked in Astoria, Oregon
 * MV Columbia, a large passenger and automobile ferry in the Alaska Marine Highway System fleet
 * Space Shuttle Columbia, named for the Space Shuttle
 * SS Columbia, a historic excursion steamer docked in Ecorse, Michigan, United States
 * USS Columbia, any of several ships of the US Navy

Unlinked:
 * Columbia, a song on the 1994 Oasis album Definitely Maybe
 * Columbia, a song by Paul van Dyk on the 2000 album Out There and Back
 * Columbia, a song on the 2005 album Bloom (Eric Johnson album)
 * Columbia, a fictional character in The Rocky Horror Picture Show
 * Columbia, the airplane piloted by Clarence Duncan Chamberlin as the second person to fly solo across the Atlantic
 * Columbia, the Command/Service Module for the Apollo 11 mission
 * Columbia, a fictional spaceship in Wally Wood's comic story Dark Side of the Moon, published in 1950
 * Columbia, a battlestar (fictional spaceship) from both versions of the Battlestar Galactica TV series

Early use as name, preceding "Columbus" derivation....
I am a Rocky fan, but do we really want that to be the sole reference to a name that actually became popular due to a much more influential and popular character, who's impact on the World arguably overshadows use of this name due to derivations from Christopher Columbus? If we are trying to trim this long list down to the bare essentials, I propose we loose some of the later derivitives, or shunt them off to a subordinate list, and mention the original "French Maid". While the name saw great use due to the explorer, it had entered common use long before that, due to popular entertainment. (Yes, I am aware our article has a one letter difference. We have already referenced several uses here that are clearly alluding to fictional stock character, but are spelt the same as the hemispherical/National personification; are you really going to require me to provide reference, here, in definance of the Style Guide?) 71.235.31.212 (talk) 09:02, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

British Columbia
For some reason British Columbia doesn't have an entry here... Sincerely, --86.81.201.94 (talk) 18:42, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm a Canadian, and I've never, ever heard it called just "Columbia". Clarityfiend (talk) 02:40, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Main description
, could you please explain how this could possible be considered NPOV. Have you looked at the target article Columbia (name). The lead there clearly states in the first sentence it is an historical name for the US and concludes with "Images of the Statue of Liberty largely displaced personified Columbia as the female symbol of the U.S. by around 1920." I am just trying to remove this misleading characterization that Columbia is a current/present representation of the US. Please revert your revert, or go change Columbia (name) if you disagree with it. MB 00:27, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * If that was all you did, that would be fine. But it wasn't. - BilCat (talk) 03:04, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * , I'm not totally following you. I was trying say that it being a "name" and a personification for the US are both historic.

my version:
 * an historical name and goddess-like female national personification for the United States of America

your version:
 * the historical female personification of the United States of America, and a poetic name for the Americas

your version reads as only the personification is historic. But the two go hand-in-hand and are (both) disused today. Could you explain your objection without being so terse. MB 04:25, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Columbia


text:
Category:Abugida writing systems

This category contains writing systems where symbols represent consonants, but the symbols (or graphemes) are varied depending on the following vowel. Such systems are distinguished from Category:Syllabary writing systems, in which each symbol represents a consonant and a vowel, or only a vowel, in some cases followed by a consonant or tone, and Category:Abjad writing systems (systems where symbols represent consonants, and vowel marking is absent or optional).

This categorization follows the classification introduced in 1990 by Peter T. Daniels.

title: Category:Abugida writing systems


text:
Ray Dandridge

Raymond Emmitt Dandridge (August 31, 1913 – February 12, 1994), nicknamed "Hooks" and "Squat", was an American third baseman in baseball's Negro leagues. Dandridge excelled as a third baseman and he hit for a high batting average. By the time that Major League Baseball was racially integrated, Dandridge was considered too old to play. He worked as a major league scout after his playing career ended. In 1999, Dandridge was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame and, late in his life, Dandridge was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987.

Early life
Dandridge was born in Richmond, Virginia, to Archie and Alberta Thompson Dandridge.

He played several sports as a child, including baseball, football and boxing. After sustaining a leg injury in football, Dandridge's father made him quit that sport. He focused on baseball, often playing with a bat improvised from a tree branch and a golf ball wrapped in string and tape.

Dandridge lived for a while in Buffalo, New York, before he and his family returned to Richmond. He played baseball locally for teams in Richmond's Church Hill district. Dandridge became known for his short, bowed legs, which later led to nicknames including "Hooks" and "Squat". While playing for a local team in 1933, Dandridge was discovered by Indianapolis ABCs/Detroit Stars manager Candy Jim Taylor.

Career
He played for the Stars in 1933 and for the Newark Dodgers, which were later called the Newark Eagles, from 1934 to 1938. While with the Eagles, Dandridge was part of the "Million Dollar Infield" that also consisted of Dick Seay, Mule Suttles, and Willie Wells.

In 1939, badly underpaid by the Eagles, Dandridge moved to the Mexican League, where he played for nine of the next ten seasons, rejoining the Eagles for one last season in 1944. Bill Veeck of the Cleveland Indians called Dandridge in 1947 and asked him to come play in the Cleveland organization. Though that might have given him the chance to be the first black major league player, Dandridge turned it down because he did not want to move his family from Mexico. He also realized that he had been treated well by club owner Jorge Pasquel, who was paying him $10,000 per season plus living expenses.

Pasquel died the next year in a plane crash, prompting Dandridge to return to the United States as a player-manager for the New York Cubans. Although more than capable of playing in the majors, he never got the call to the big leagues, instead spending the last years of his career as the premier player in Triple-A baseball, batting .362 and leading all American Association third basemen in fielding percentage in 1949. He batted .360 in his last minor league season in 1955.

Dandridge was one of the greatest fielders in the history of baseball, and one of the sport's greatest hitters for average. Monte Irvin, who played both in the Negro leagues and the major leagues and saw every great fielding third baseman of two generations, said that Dandridge was the greatest of them all, adding that Dandridge almost never committed more than two errors in a season. Dandridge was also a tutor to the young Willie Mays. Because of the "gentlemen's agreement" not to allow African Americans in Major League Baseball, Dandridge was dismissed as being too old by the time of integration.

Later life
After retiring from playing in 1955, Dandridge worked as a scout for the San Francisco Giants and later ran a recreation center in Newark, New Jersey. He lived his final years in Palm Bay, Florida. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987. He died at age 80 in Palm Bay.

Dandridge's nephew, Brad Dandridge, played professional baseball from 1993 to 1998, primarily in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization.

title: Ray Dandridge


text:
Charles Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond

Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond and Lennox, 2nd Duke of Gordon, (27 December 1845 – 18 January 1928), 7th Duke of Aubigny (French peerage in the French nobility), styled Lord Settrington until 1860 and Earl of March between 1860 and 1903, was a British politician and peer.

Early life
Styled Lord Settrington from birth, he was born at Portland Place, London on 27 December 1845. He was the eldest son of Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond and Frances Harriett Greville (1824–1887). His elder sister, Lady Caroline Gordon-Lennox, who never married, acted as chatelaine of Goodwood after their mother's death in 1887. His younger siblings were Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox (who married Blanche Maynard and was the father of Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland), Capt. Lord Francis Gordon-Lennox (who died unmarried), Lady Florence Gordon-Lennox (who died unmarried), and Lord Walter Gordon-Lennox (who married Alice Ogilvie-Grant).

His paternal grandparents were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond and Lady Caroline Paget (eldest daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey and Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers, a daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey). His maternal grandparents were Algernon Greville (second son of Captain Charles Greville and Lady Charlotte Cavendish-Bentinck, eldest daughter of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland) and the former Charlotte Cox (a daughter of Richard Henry Cox, of Hillingdon).

In his youth, he visited America on a hunting trip to the Rocky Mountains, spending the winter in a log cabin. He was educated at Eton between 1859 and 1863. In 1860 he became known as the Earl of March after his father succeeded to the dukedom.

Career
Lord March joined the Grenadier Guards two years later, although he retired in 1869 after he was elected Member of Parliament for West Sussex. He represented that constituency until it was abolished for the 1885 general election, when he was returned to the House of Commons for the Chichester constituency. He held his seat until 1889. Around this time, he was appointed as an Ecclesiastical Commissioner, a position he occupied until 1903.

He served in the part-time Royal Sussex Light Infantry Militia, being promoted to lieutenant-colonel in command of its 2nd Battalion on 28 June 1876. The regiment became the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment in 1881, and March was appointed its Lt-Col Commandant on 9 July 1887. March and his brother, Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox, both served in the Second Boer War, with March commanding his battalion in South Africa from its arrival in March 1901 until its return to England in June 1902 following the Peace of Vereeniging. For his service in the war, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the October 1902 South African Honours list.

Lord March was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Elginshire on 27 August 1902, and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Banffshire from November 1903, after his father's death.

On 27 September 1903, Gordon-Lennox succeeded his father as 7th Duke of Richmond and Lennox and 2nd Duke of Gordon (2nd creation) as well as the dukedom of Aubigny, which had been conferred on his ancestor Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, by French King Louis XIV. In 1904, King Edward VII made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) and a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG). He was Grand Master of the Sussex branch of the Freemasons from 1902. After his retirement from the militia, he was appointed honorary colonel of his battalion on 27 May 1906.

Personal life
Lord Richmond was twice married. His first marriage was on 10 November 1868 to Amy Mary Ricardo (1847–1879), daughter of Percy Ricardo of Bramley Park at Guildford in Surrey, and the former Matilda Mawdesley Hensley (a daughter of John Isaac Hensley of Holborn in Middlesex). She was the sister of Colonel Horace Ricardo and of Colonel Francis Ricardo of Cookham in Berkshire. Before her death on 23 August 1879, aged 32, they had three sons and two daughters:

 * Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 8th Duke of Richmond (1870–1935), who married Hilda Madeline Brassey, eldest surviving daughter of Henry Arthur Brassey, MP, of Preston Hall, in 1893.
 * Lady Evelyn Amy Gordon-Lennox (1872–1922), who married Sir John Cotterell, 4th Baronet, in 1896.
 * Lady Violet Mary Gordon-Lennox (1874–1946), who married Henry Brassey, 1st Baron Brassey, of Apethorpe, in 1894.
 * Lord Esmé Charles Gordon-Lennox (1875–1949), a brigadier-general in the British Army who was Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod and Secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain; he married Hon. Hermione Frances Caroline Fellowes, third daughter of William Fellowes, 2nd Baron de Ramsey, in 1909. They divorced in 1923 and he married Rosamond Lorys Palmer, daughter of Vice Admiral Norman Craig Palmer, in 1923.
 * Lord Bernard Charles Gordon-Lennox (1878–1914), a major in the British Army who married Hon. Evelyn Loch, second daughter of Henry Loch, 1st Baron Loch, in 1907.

On 3 July 1882, he married Isabel Sophie Craven, second daughter of William George Craven (a grandson of William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven) and Lady Mary Yorke (second daughter of Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke). They had two daughters:

 * Lady Muriel Beatrice Gordon-Lennox (1884–13 April 1969), who married Major William Malebisse Beckwith, only son of Captain Henry John Beckwith, of Millichope Park, in 1904. They divorced in 1933 and she married, on 2 August 1933, Commander Lewis Derek Jones, of Newton House, eldest son of Major-General Lewis Jones, of Stoke Lodge, Stoke Poges, in 1933.
 * Lady Helen Magdalen Gordon-Lennox (1886–1965), Mistress of the Robes to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; she married Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, in 1911.

Lady Richmond died in November 1887, aged 24. Lord Richmond remained a widower until his death in London on 18 January 1928, aged 82. He was buried in Chichester Cathedral and was succeeded in the dukedom by his eldest son, Charles.

Estate
The duke died with assets excluding family-entrusted land such as at Goodwood House where he lived (and as his forebears was a parochial and district patron). These were probated at £310,380. His interests in the family-entrusted lands were proved at £1731 in 1929. In 1930, the 8th Duke was forced to sell "a considerable number of pictures and books from Goodwood House and Gordon Castle, his Scottish seat near Fochabers" due to the "heavy succession duties and increasing taxation".


text: Category:Laos

title: Category:Laos


text:
Martin and Osa Johnson

Martin Elmer Johnson (October 9, 1884 – January 13, 1937) and Osa Helen Johnson (née Leighty, March 14, 1894 – January 7, 1953) were married American adventurers and documentary filmmakers. In the first half of the 20th century the couple captured the public's imagination through their films and books of adventure in exotic, faraway lands. Photographers, explorers, marketers, naturalists and authors, Martin and Osa studied the wildlife and peoples of East and Central Africa, the South Pacific Islands and British North Borneo. They explored then-unknown lands and brought back film footage and photographs, offering many Americans their first understanding of these distant lands.

Early Lives
Martin Elmer Johnson was born on October 9, 1884. Osa Leighty was born on March 14, 1894, and raised in Chanute, Kansas. Although born in Rockford, Illinois, Martin Johnson grew up in the Kansas towns of Lincoln and Independence. His father worked as a jeweler and would bring home crates labeled with European cities like Paris and Barcelona, inspiring Martin to stowaway on a ship to Europe as a teenager.

On his way back to Kansas, Martin Johnson read of Jack London’s plans to travel the world in a 45-foot boat, the Snark. Johnson wrote to London begging to be invited and received a telegraph simply asking if he could cook, to which Johnson replied: "Just try me." On the Snark, which sailed around the world from 1907 to 1909, Johnson had a variety of responsibilities. Later, he toured the United States displaying photographs and artifacts collected on the voyage. He met Osa Leighty while showing his travelogues at the theatre in Osa's hometown of Chanute, Kansas, where she was singing. They were married in May 1910 in Independence and spent the next seven years touring with Martin's travelogue in the US and Europe. Martin published his book Through the South Seas With Jack London in 1913.

Safaris
In 1917, Martin and Osa departed on a nine-month trip through the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) and the Solomon Islands. The highlight of the trip was a brief, but harrowing, encounter with a tribe called the Big Nambas of northern Malekula. Once there, the chief was not going to let them leave. The intervention of a British gunboat helped them escape. The footage they got there inspired the feature film Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas (1918).

The Johnsons returned to Malekula in 1919 to film the Big Nambas once again, this time with an armed escort. The escort proved unnecessary as the Big Nambas were disarmed by watching themselves in Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas. Martin and Osa finished their trip in 1920 with visits to British North Borneo (now Sabah) and a sailing expedition up the coast of East Africa. After returning home, they released the features Jungle Adventures (1921) and Headhunters of the South Seas (1922).

The Johnsons' first African expedition, from 1921 to 1922, resulted in their feature film Trailing Wild African Animals (1923).

During the second and longest trip, from 1924 to 1927, the Johnsons spent much of their time in northern Kenya by a lake they dubbed Paradise, at Mount Marsabit. The movies Martin's Safari (1928), Osa's Four Years in Paradise (1941), and the film Simba: King of the Beasts (1928) were made with footage of these trips.

In 1925, Osa and Martin met the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, while on safari in Kenya.

The third African safari from 1927 to 1928 was a tour of the Nile with friend and supporter George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak. This trip, along with previous footage was one of the first talkies for the Johnsons, Across the World with Mr. and Mrs. Johnson (1930), a cinema serial which included Martin's narrative.

In 1928, three Eagle Scouts were selected in national competition to go on safari with the Johnsons in East Africa: Robert Dick Douglas, Jr., of North Carolina, David R. Martin, Jr., of Minnesota, and Douglas L. Oliver of Georgia. The three scouts co-authored the 1928 book Three Boy Scouts in Africa : on Safari with Martin Johnson. In later life, Douglas (1912-2015) was an attorney, Martin (1913-2004) became an executive in the Boy Scouts of America, and Oliver (1913-2009) was an Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at both Harvard University and the University of Hawaii.

From 1929 to 1931, the Johnsons spent a fourth tour in Africa in the Belgian Congo. There they filmed the Mbuti people of the Ituri Forest and the gorillas in the Alumbongo Hills. The 1932 feature movie Congorilla was in part a product of this trip, and was the first movie with sound authentically recorded in Africa.

In 1932, the Johnsons learned to fly at the Chanute Municipal Airport (now named the Chanute Martin Johnson Airport) in Osa's hometown of Chanute. Once they had their pilot's licenses, they purchased two Sikorsky amphibious planes, a S-39-CS Spirit of Africa and S-38-BS Osa's Ark. On their fifth African trip, from 1933 to 1934, the Johnsons flew the length of Africa getting now classic aerial scenes of large herds of elephants, giraffes, and other animals moving across the plains of Africa. They were the first pilots to fly over Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya in Africa and film them from the air. The 1935 feature film Baboona was made from this footage.

On January 3, 1935, Baboona was shown on an Eastern Air Lines plane becoming the first sound movie shown during flight. The movie premiered on January 22, 1935, at the Rialto Theatre in New York City. In 1935, the Johnsons were featured on Wheaties cereal boxes as "Champions of Sports." Osa Johnson was the second female to appear on the box and she and Martin were the first married couple selected for this honor.

The Johnsons' final trip together took them to British North Borneo again, from 1935 to 1936. They used their smaller amphibious plane, now renamed The Spirit of Africa and Borneo, and produced footage for the feature Borneo (1937). Martin Johnson was a member of the Adventurers' Club of New York. He described the Borneo expedition before the club on November 19, 1936, the event being called "Martin Johnson Night." He previewed his "Borneo Pictures" before the group on December 17, 1936.

In January 1937, Martin and Osa began a nationwide lecture and radio tour at the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City. On the morning of January 12, they boarded a flight bound for Las Vegas and Burbank. The plane crashed in bad weather near the Los Pinetos peak in California. Martin died the following day. Osa was severely injured but recovered and gave hundreds of lectures from a wheelchair. By October 1937, the New York Times was publishing dispatches of Osa's latest trip to Africa, in which she described lifestyles and practices of the Maasai and other tribes. She died in New York City of a heart attack in 1953.

Osa Johnson's autobiography I Married Adventure was the best-selling non-fiction book of 1940.

Osa Johnson's The Big Game Hunt
Television's first wildlife series, Osa Johnson's The Big Game Hunt a.k.a. The Big Game Hunt, premiered in 1952. The 26 half-hour episodes were released by Explorers Pictures and primarily used Johnson film. Episodes introduced by Osa Johnson were "African Army," "Boy Scouts in Africa," "Climbing Fish, The Floating Terror, Giant Elephants, Goring Brutes, Headhunters of Borneo, Jungle Panic, Jungle Power," "Jungle Warriors," "Rhinoceros," "Simba's Trail," "Slinking Fury" and "Weird Tribes." Episodes introduced by Ivan T. Sanderson were "Armed Menace," "Cameras in the Wilderness," "Herds of Destruction," "Jaws of Death," "Kill to Live," "Man-Eaters of the Masai," "Monkey Safari," "Orang-utan," "Pygmy Hunters," "Return to Adventure," "Terror of the Plains" and "Trek Through the Wild Lands."

Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum
The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum is located in Osa's hometown of Chanute, Kansas. Formed in 1961 to preserve the Johnsons' achievements and to encourage further research into their fields of study, the Safari Museum (as it was originally named) has grown and flourished. The museum started with a core collection of the Johnsons' films, photographs, manuscripts, articles, books, and personal belongings donated by Osa's mother. The museum shares the beautiful old railroad depot with the Chanute Public Library.

In 1998, the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum was named by the History Channel Traveler website as one of the "Top-Ten Historic Sites for Valentine's Day" that "capture romance, American-style." In 2001, The Pitch (newspaper) named Chanute, Kansas, and the museum as "Best Romantic Day Trip."

The museum is governed by a twelve-member volunteer Board of Trustees. Additionally, there are honorary trustees who help support and represent the museum. Honorary trustees include: Jack Badal, Robert Ballard, Kevin Brownlow, M. Miller Davis & Ayden Mayeri, Nancy Durbin, Jack Hanna, Ed Elbert (producer of, among others, The Mighty Quinn), Kelly Enright, Joyce Harrell, Dick Houston (president of Elefence International), Yvonne Houston (Osa's niece), Eleanor & Pascal Imperato, Schuyler Jones, Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, Lamont Lindstrom, Kenneth Love, Kate & T.J. Miller, Margaret Moore, Kay & George Schaller, Igor Sikorsky, Jr. (son of Igor Sikorsky), Jan & Romi Svatoš, Roy Thomas, Stan Walsh (Travel Adventure Cinema Society), Keith Wauchope (United States Ambassador to Gabon, retired), Holly Wofford (Lake Paradise Entertainment producer) and Ray Woods.

Honorary trustees in memoriam include: Marianna Beach, Vern Carstens (the Johnsons’ pilot), Gary K. Clarke (director emeritus of the Topeka Zoo and president of Cowabunga Safaris), Clive Cussler, Dick Douglas, Clarke Getts (Osa's second husband), Byron Harrell, Belle Leighty (Osa's mother), David Martin, Douglas Oliver, Mike Resnick, C. Jackson Selsor, Kenhelm Stott, Jr. (general curator emeritus of the San Diego Zoo and trustee of the National Underwater and Marine Agency), Lowell Thomas, Joseph Tilton (Johnsons’ cameraman), Mahlon Wallace III and Helen (Joyce) & George Wauchope (Helen was the Johnsons’ secretary who previously worked for Lowell Thomas).

Sister museums – Musée de Manega and Sabah Museum
The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum has two international sister museums: Musée de Manega in Burkina Faso and Sabah Museum in Sabah, Malaysia. These partnerships resulted from curatorial exchanges in 2000 and 2004 through the International Partnerships Among Museums program.

On February 22, 2011, the Sabah Museum opened its "Safari in Sandakan" exhibit at the Sandakan Heritage Museum in Sabah, Malaysia. This exhibit covers the Johnsons' 1920 and 1935-1936 Borneo expeditions and was designed by Sabah Museum Curator Stella Moo.

The SUARA Community Filmmaking, in partnership with the Sabah Museum and the Sabah Society, has agreed on premiering the last film of Osa and Martin Johnson's last adventure in North Borneo. It was premiered on 30 September 2012 at the Borneo Eco Film Festival as it was the first time shown in Borneo.

Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge
The Walt Disney Company was the first organization to license Johnson film from the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum for the 1976 program Filming Nature's Mysteries. Disney again licensed Johnson film as part of the "Rafiki's Planet Watch" at Disney's Animal Kingdom when it opened April 22, 1998.

The architects and Disney team developing a new "safari lodge" borrowed Johnson films from the museum in 1997 and 1998 for research and inspiration. Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge opened April 16, 2001. Included is an ongoing exhibit of 36 Johnson photographs along with an original copy of Osa Johnson's 1940 autobiography I Married Adventure in the lodge's Sunset Lounge.

Martin + Osa
Martin and Osa Johnson were the namesake, inspiration and background story for the 2006-2010 Martin + Osa clothing line and national chain of 28 Martin + Osa stores launched by American Eagle Outfitters. Martin + Osa used references to the Johnsons on their clothing and accessories. Examples included "1910" (the year Martin and Osa married), "S-38" (refers to the Sikorsky S-38 amphibian airplane flown by the Johnsons) and "NC-52V" (the aircraft registration number of their Sikorsky S-39). In 2016 the Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum acquired the Martin + Osa trademarks.

Other references

 * Osa Johnson (also known as The Woman in the Safari Outfit) is a main character in the 1962 play Chamber Music by Arthur Kopit.
 * It has been noted the animated film Up (2009) contains story elements similar to the Johnsons’ real-life story. This ranges from a childless couple to a “scout” on the trip. Muntz's airship, named Spirit of Adventure, sounds like a cross between the Johnsons’ Spirit of Africa plane and Osa's popular I Married Adventure autobiography. A fictional poster promotes the launch of the “Spirit of Adventure” on April 25, 1934, from New York City. Coincidentally this was the starting point and the time frame of the Johnsons’ 1933-1934 “Flying Safari”. Also, the Fredricksens’ dream of a home overlooking “Paradise Falls” is reminiscent of the home the Johnsons built overlooking “Lake Paradise” or “Paradise Lake”.
 * In 2005, the Cairo Club Orchestra of Melbourne, Australia, revived the 1932 Congorilla Fox-Trot (inspired by the Johnsons' 1932 movie Congorilla).
 * Martin and Osa Johnson photographs appear in the movies Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004) and Night at the Museum (2006) as well as the short film The Lost Explorer (2010) by Tim Walker. Johnson film segments were used in Su Friedrich's film Hide and Seek (1996).
 * In 2010, Martin and Osa Johnson were voted one of the 8 Wonders of Kansas! People (Kansas Sampler Foundation).
 * Poet Elizabeth Bishop's poem "In the Waiting Room" references a picture of Martin and Osa Johnson in a February, 1918 National Geographic she read as a child.
 * Martin Johnson is sarcastically referenced in "The Baby in the Icebox," a short story by James M. Cain that was first published in the American Mercury magazine in 1932.
 * In 1934, Martin and Osa Johnson became the first married couple, and Osa only the second woman, featured on a box of Wheaties breakfast cereal. Beginning that year Wheaties put pictures of well-known people on cereal boxes to match the slogan ”The Breakfast of Champions.” Martin and Osa are pictured atop their Sikorsky S-39 amphibious plane. (See List of athletes on Wheaties boxes.)

Selected filmography

 * Cannibals of the South Seas (1912)
 * Jack London's Adventures of the South Seas (1913)
 * Among the Cannibal Isles of the South Seas (1918)
 * Jungle Adventures (1921) (filmed in British North Borneo)
 * Headhunters of the South Seas (1922)
 * Trailing Wild African Animals (1923)
 * Martin's Safari (1928)
 * Simba: King of the Beasts (1928)
 * Across the World with Mr. and Mrs. Johnson (1930)
 * Wonders of the Congo (1931)
 * Congorilla (1932)
 * Wings Over Africa (1934)
 * Baboona (1935)
 * Children of Africa (1937)
 * Jungle Depths of Borneo (1937)
 * Borneo (1937) (filmed in British North Borneo)
 * Jungles Calling (1937)
 * I Married Adventure (1940)
 * African Paradise (1941)
 * Tulagi and the Solomons (1943)
 * Big Game Hunt (1950s), on TV

title: Martin and Osa Johnson


text: Category:Cambodia

title: Category:Cambodia


text:
Theodorick Bland

Theodorick Bland may refer to:

 * Theodorick Bland of Westover (1629–1671), Virginia colonial politician, speaker of the House of Burgesses
 * Theodorick Bland (surveyor) (1663–1700), Virginia colonial surveyor, son of Theodorick Bland of Westover
 * Theodorick Bland of Cawsons (1708–1784), Virginia colonial politician, grandson of Theodorick Bland of Westover
 * Theodorick Bland (congressman) (1742–1790), American soldier and politician from Virginia, son of Theodorick Bland of Cawsons
 * Theodorick Bland (judge) (1776–1846), American jurist and diplomat from Maryland

title: Theodorick Bland


text:
Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act may refer to:

 * Clean Air Act 1956, in the United Kingdom
 * Clean Air Act (United States), 1963, with later amendments
 * Clean Air Act 1972, in New Zealand

title: Clean Air Act


text:
North Prairie

North Prairie is the name of the following places in the United States of America:

 * North Prairie, Minnesota
 * North Prairie, Wisconsin
 * North Prairie Township, North Dakota

title: North Prairie


text:
User talk:Ashwin

Standard User Greeting
(I see you've been around a bit but the following is standard anyhow)

Hello Ashwin, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started.

If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Dunc Harris | Talk 20:47, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

reference
In Pitteway triangulation you wrote "Okabe, et. al." Normally "et al" is used in the body of the text and then in the list of references it's spelled out completely. Michael Hardy 15:09, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Pitteway triangulation
Hello. Could you respond to the matter at talk:Pitteway triangulation? Thanks. Michael Hardy 01:52, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion
A tag has been placed on Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. RP459 (talk) 14:20, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Thomas A. McMahon

The article Thomas A. McMahon has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Not clear how this may meet WP:PROF or WP:BIO

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. RadioFan (talk) 02:20, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

status
I removed the prod tag, as Full profs. at Harvard always turn out to be notable. But this article needs more information to show it. see   our guide to writing Wikipedia articles. Give reviews of his book, and list other publications, at least the main ones. getting citation figures from Web of Science, which does cover this period. Include major national level offices and awards, but not minor ones. Be sure to list editorships (but not mere editorial board membership) --we consider it very important, and you should add it to the articles for the relevant journals also, with a link to the bio. If the subject of the article has any notable students who would qualify for Wikipedia bios, include them. Their PhD & postdoctoral advisors probably also qualify for bios here; add them and link them, even if they do not yet have articles.

As for his book, do not try to write a separate article unless there are really major reviews and enough information to show it a true classic--rather, merge any information you have into the article on him.

If I can help you with any of this, let me know.  DGG ( talk ) 20:40, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:23, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ashwin