text:
Battle of Lemnos (1913)

The Naval Battle of Lemnos (Ναυμαχία της Λήμνου, Mondros Deniz Muharebesi), fought on 18 January 1913, was a naval battle during the First Balkan War, in which the Greeks defeated the second and last attempt of the Ottoman Empire to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles and reclaim supremacy over the Aegean Sea. This, the final naval battle of the First Balkan War, forced the Ottoman Navy to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war, thus ensuring the dominion of the Aegean Sea and the Aegean islands by Greece.

Prelude
Following the loss of a number of Aegean Islands to Greece during the first phase of the war in 1912, and its first defeat at the Battle of Elli, the Ottoman Navy sought to check Greek progress by destroying the Greek fleet docked at the port of Moudros, Lemnos. However, it faced the problem of countering the Greek flagship, the GREEK CRUISER Georgios Averof, which had already defeated them at Elli.

The Ottomans developed the plan to slip a fast cruiser through the Greek patrols for a raiding mission in the Aegean, hoping to draw off some Greek ships, possibly even the Georgios Averof itself, leaving the remainder of the Greek fleet weakened for attack. Indeed, the cruiser OTTOMAN CRUISER Hamidiye evaded the Greek lookout ships on the night of 13/14 January 1913, and sank a Greek transport ship at Syros the next day, also bombarding the island's harbour. This action caused concern in Athens, and an order was sent to the Fleet, commanding it to "sail immediately in pursuit". Admiral Kountouriotis refused to obey, suspecting an Ottoman trap, and instead prepared for the inevitable exit of the Ottoman Fleet from the Dardanelles Straits.

On the Ottoman side, efforts were made to uplift the morale of the crews, including the hoisting of the original banner of the great corsair and admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa on the flagship, OTTOMAN BATTLESHIP Barbaros Hayreddin, which was named after him.

Battle

The Greek fleet, led by Rear Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis was composed of its 9,960 ton armored cruiser flagship GREEK CRUISER Georgios Averof; the three old ironclad battleships GREEK BATTLESHIP Spetsai, GREEK BATTLESHIP Hydra and GREEK BATTLESHIP Psara; and seven destroyers. The Ottoman flotilla, led by Captain Ramiz Bey included the pre-dreadnought battleships Barbaros Hayreddin and OTTOMAN BATTLESHIP Turgut Reis and the older ironclad battleship OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Mesûdiye; the cruiser OTTOMAN CRUISER Mecidiye; and five destroyers. The old ironclad OTTOMAN IRONCLAD Âsâr-ı Tevfik remained in the Dardanelles and did not participate in the battle.

At 08:20 on the morning of January 5, the Greek patrols signalled that the Ottoman fleet had appeared. At 09:45, the Greek fleet sailed from Moudros Bay. The two fleets met some 19.3 kilometers (12 miles) SE of Lemnos, sailing southeast in converging columns, with their flagships in front. The gunnery exchange commenced at 11:34, when the two fleets were at a distance of 8400 meters (9186 yards). Immediately the Greek column turned left, further diminishing the distance. Soon after, the Mecidiye and the accompanying destroyers turned northeast towards the Dardanelles, followed by the Mesûdiye at 11:50, after it had suffered heavy damage from the combined fire of Hydra and Psara. At 11:54, a successful salvo from the Georgios Averof hit the Barbaros Hayreddin, destroying its middle tower, forcing it to withdraw towards the Dardanelles, along with the Turgut Reis at 12:00. As at Elli, the Georgios Averof commenced independent action, using its superior speed, and maneuvering so that it could use the artillery of both its sides, to pursue the Ottoman ships, while the older battleships followed as fast as they could. The pursuit ended finally at 14:30, as the Ottoman ships were nearing the Dardanelles.

Aftermath
Throughout the battle, the Ottoman ships achieved an excellent rate of fire, firing about 800 shells, but with dismal accuracy. Only two hits were registered on the Georgios Averof, causing one injury and minor damages, while the other battleships escaped unscathed. The Ottoman ships suffered far more. Barbaros Hayreddin was hit by over 20 shells, which destroyed much of its artillery, and suffered 32 dead and 45 wounded. Turgut Reis suffered a major leak and other minor damages from 17 hits, and 9 dead and 49 wounded. Mesûdiye also suffered several hits, but the main damage was caused by a 270mm shell which destroyed the central 150mm gun platform, and caused 68 casualties. This, the final naval battle of the First Balkan War, forced the Ottoman Navy to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it did not venture for the rest of the war, thus ensuring the dominion of the Aegean Sea by Greece.

For the Greeks, the withdrawal of the Ottoman fleet within the Dardanelles was confirmed by 1st Lieutenant Michael Moutoussis and Ensign Aristeidis Moraitinis on January 24, 1913. They conducted a naval aviation mission, flying their Maurice Farman hydroplane over the Nagara naval base, where they spotted the enemy fleet. During their sortie, they accurately drew a diagram of the positions of the Ottoman fleet, against which they dropped four bombs. Moutoussis and Moraitinis travelled over 180 kilometers (111.8 miles) and took 140 minutes to complete their mission, which was extensively reported in both the Greek and international press.

title: Battle of Lemnos (1913)


text:
HEO

HEO may refer to:

 * Heo, a Korean surname
 * Heo (pronoun), an Old English pronoun
 * Haelogo Airport in Papua New Guinea
 * Heng On station, in Hong Kong
 * High Earth orbit
 * Higher Executive Officer, a grade within the United Kingdom's Civil Service
 * Highly elliptical orbit
 * Hockey Eastern Ontario
 * KK HEO, a Bosnian basketball club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HEO


text:
Rosslyn

Rosslyn can refer to:

Africa

 * Rosslyn, Gauteng, South Africa
 * Rosslyn Academy, a school in Nairobi, Kenya

Australia

 * Rosslyn, Queensland, a town on the Capricorn Coast in the Shire of Livingstone

Europe

 * Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland
 * Rosslyn Chapel
 * Rosslyn Tower, a Grade II listed house in Putney, London

North America

 * Rosslyn, Virginia, United States
 * Rosslyn Station, the Washington Metro station serving Rosslyn
 * Rosslyn (Edmonton), a neighborhood in the city of Edmonton, Canada
 * Rosslyn, Kentucky, United States
 * Rosslyn, Ontario, Canada

Society

 * Earl of Rosslyn
 * Rosslyn Range, American long jumper

title: Rosslyn


text:
Talk:William Rehnquist

Dershowitz comment (moved to bottom of page)
Revision as of 23:07, 4 February 2006 (edit) (undo) 69.109.194.141 (Talk)

Why should Dershowitz's unfounded and inflammatory accusations of anti-semitism be included in Rehnquist's bio?

--moved by Purkowitz 05:56, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

How are they unfounded? you present no evidence to the contrary to dispute what Dershowitz says. please be more clear on how Dershowitz is wrong — Preceding unsigned comment added by Laughingman543 (talk • contribs) 03:02, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Analysis of Tenure as Chief Justice
The whole "Analysis of Tenure as Chief Justice" is one big opinion and gossip piece and is sourced to one author. It's been tagged several times by many editors. Why don't you fix it? (Wallamoose (talk) 20:17, 8 October 2008 (UTC))

 * "Many" does not mean what you think it means. Your complaints are selective and biased. For example, I don't hear you crying about the many conservative opinions cited on the Anthony Kennedy page. RafaelRGarcia (talk) 20:19, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I have added another citation from another author. RafaelRGarcia (talk) 21:18, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Several authors have tried to fix this section (if you don't like the word many), but because of your emotional problems and delusional mental state all of their efforts have been obstructed. (Wallamoose (talk) 15:53, 9 October 2008 (UTC))

Under the subsection "Religion Clauses," it says, "Rehnquist wrote in a 1985 opinion that he believed the separation of church and state clause provided for in the Constitution;" there is no "separation of church and state clause" in the United States Constitution. This may be referring to the First Amendment; which reads, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The concept of "separation of church and state" is exactly that--a concept, not an explicit provision in the Constitution or the Bill of Rights. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.8.54.179 (talk) 20:53, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Personal health section changes
This is the current/original version of the last paragraph of the section:"For several weeks prior to hospitalization, Rehnquist had slurred his words, but there were no indications he was otherwise impaired.[82][85] Law professor Michael Dorf has observed that 'none of the Justices, law clerks or others who served with Rehnquist have so much as hinted that his Placidyl addiction affected his work, beyond its impact on his speech'.[86]"

This is the version an IP (128.253.211.40) keeps trying to make:"Contemporaneous news reports noted that Rehnquist's ''health problem' had been apparent to Supreme Court observers for three months before he was hospitalized.'[85] 'Lawyers and reporters had noticed . . . that while speaking from the bench Rehnquist's words were slurred, a possible symptom of drug dependency.'[86] In addition, he 'became tongue-tied while pronouncing long words, and sometimes had trouble finishing his thoughts.'[85] However, law professor Michael C. Dorf has observed that 'none of the Justices, law clerks or others who served with Rehnquist have so much as hinted that his Placidyl addiction affected his work, beyond its impact on his speech,' while acknowledging that 'it is also possible that Rehnquist's judgment really was impaired for some of the time that he was addicted to Placidyl.'[87] The Senate Judiciary Committee asked Rehnquist no questions about his drug use during his confirmation hearing for Chief Justice.[85]"

Three editors, myself and two others, have reverted the IP's changes. Just in case the IP wishes to try to reinstate his/her changes yet again, I'm posting this here for a record. None of the editors thinks the IP's changes are appropriate.--Bbb23 (talk) 16:54, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Aye, I agree with you. I noticed this over a year ago and have been watching. My opinion is that mention of his use of prescribed medication is innapropriate in general for an encyclopedia article -- where in-depth analysis of character is atypical. However, I find Bbb23's version to be vastly superior. Lazulilasher (talk) 16:29, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Valedictorian
Need consensus on recent edit by user 212.10.78.241 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Rehnquist&diff=690439204&oldid=690363793 MarkYabloko ''' 10:36, 13 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem with paring down the material from what it was, which was as much synthesis as anything else, but I would prefer a more factual statement: "Rehnquist graduated as class valedictorian." That apparently is supported by the source (I can't access the source), and readers can interpret that however they like. It's not our place to "explain" it and Stanford's policy in 1952.--Bbb23 (talk) 15:03, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

Ted Cruz as a pallbearer
Although Ted Cruz himself has said that he was a pallbearer at Rehnquist's funeral, I can't find any evidence to support this. The image of the casket from this page shows Rehnquist's pallbearers, and, as far as I can tell, Cruz is not among them. The Los Angeles Times article that the page links to also lists the following as pallbearers

David G. Leitch, Frederick W. Lambert, Ronald J. Tenpas, James Duff, Kerri Martin Bartlett, Gregory G. Garre, John C. Englander and Roberts

With Cruz's name absent from this list.

Cloonam (talk) 23:20, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * There are often "honorary pallbearers" who don't carry the casket, often due to age or infirmity. This doesn't seem to have been a reson that Ted would such a status. The Cruz family has a history of disinformation, i.e., his father's account of his supposedly being a "Molotov cocktail" thrower, and his account of his status and activities at the University of Texas, Austin. Activist (talk) 09:29, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on William Rehnquist. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080114002203/http://thehill.com:80/under-the-dome/was-rehnquist-deep-throat-2005-02-23.html to http://thehill.com/under-the-dome/was-rehnquist-deep-throat-2005-02-23.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090417090413/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/06/politics/16cnd-roberts.html to http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/06/politics/16cnd-roberts.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:14, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Middle name
It looks like their is a minor editing conflict between editors about Rehnquists middle name versus the middle name he was apparently born with. As this doesn't seem to be necessary to the article (it's a cool fact, but certainly not necessary) I've opted to remove the reference all together. That way no incorrect information is being misinterpreted, in either iteration. Garchy (talk) 16:50, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * This is really not very helpful, and it's not much of a solution: If in doubt, tear it out? 32.218.41.26 (talk) 17:09, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * That's not what's happening here, we don't simply remove things when we're not sure what to do - this is a different case, I see squabbling about a middle name that is not pertinent to the encyclopedic integrity of this article - so I removed it. The article will do just fine without us spending too much time on this issue, it's best to move on to the next article! Garchy (talk) 17:32, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not squabbling about a middle name. As the reliable sources clearly show, it's repeated vandalism by an editor who hasn't bothered to read them or to read past the first sentence of the section. 32.218.41.26 (talk) 17:37, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * That's just my opinion, and I could be wrong. For me, it wasn't about reliable sources - it became about weight/undue weight for the article, especially given the disagreement about it. I'll wait for someone else to comment, and to see what has to say. Garchy (talk) 17:46, 27 April 2017 (UTC)
 * A name change is a pretty substantial matter in anyone's life. 32.218.41.26 (talk) 17:58, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that the name change is not noteworthy. At the same time, I blame myself partly for reverting 32. because I actually didn't probe deeply enough to understand what was going on. My first preference is leave it out. However, if there's a clear consensus to reinsert the material, then I strongly suggest that it be done differently. Instead of having that long quote in the reference. Put the name change in the correct temporal place in the section and include a brief comment that he changed his name. In addition, we should put the birth name in the infobox with a citation (same one is fine). For the moment, I think the article should remain as it is unless sufficient editors believe it should be put back the way it was, with or without my amendments.--Bbb23 (talk) 18:22, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

Confirmation as Associate Justice
The citation that had been supplied was a link to another search engine that leads to the Nixon tapes, but is clearly insufficient for WP purposes. It should be easy to find a better citation. I left a Cn notation. Activist (talk) 09:34, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

Rehnquist Doctrine
Why is there no mention of the Rehnquist Doctrine? As I recall, the court ruled that to claim a violation of the equal protection clause, you must prove the government intended to discriminate. It was not enough to show actual discrimination. As a consequence, the court upheld the conviction of some Native Americans for their use of Peyote in a religious ceremony. Since the government's laws against use of the drug weren't written with the intention to discriminate against Native Americans, the conviction would stand. Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion. (I'm not a lawyer, so please forgive me if I got some of this wrong. I'm going from memory.) The doctrine was invoked again in a case where either Colorado, or a city in Colorado, passed a law barring LGBT people from suing for housing discrimination. When the inevitable lawsuit reached the Supreme Court, the Rehnquist doctrine was invoked by the plaintiffs, claiming that the government clearly intended to discriminate, so the law should be overturned. Rehnquist agreed and the court ruled that the law was unconstitutional. But then in Bush v Gore, Rehnquist joined the decision to order an end to the recount, citing unequal treatment of the ballots in different counties, even though there was no alleged intention to discriminate. Conservatives were very upset by this, and I think the doctrine was discredited, but I'm not sure of its fate. I came here hoping to learn more, so I'm not in a position to add the topic to the article. I don't know how significant the doctrine is these days, but it certainly was important at the time. It seems like a big oversight. --MiguelMunoz --MiguelMunoz (talk) 11:43, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

2nd amendment opinion
what was Rehnquist's view of the 2nd amendment, when he was sitting on the court and after he retired?. 2600:1700:84ED:7500:5136:DF37:1D54:5D8B (talk) 20:10, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Rehnquist


text:
Kootenays

The Kootenays or Kootenay is a region of southeastern British Columbia. It takes its name from the Kootenay River, which in turn was named for the Kutenai First Nations people.

Boundaries
The Kootenays are more or less defined by the Kootenay Land District, though some variation exists in terms of what areas are or are not a part. The strictest definition of the region is the drainage basin of the lower Kootenay River from its re-entry into Canada near Creston, through to its confluence with the Columbia at Castlegar (illustrated by a, right). In most interpretations, however, the region also includes: Some or all of the following areas to the north, which drain into the Columbia River, are also commonly included in the Kootenays: When the above regions are added, sometimes the region's name is morphed into Columbia-Kootenay or Kootenay-Columbia, although that terminology also includes the Big Bend Country and Kinbasket Lake, to the north of Golden and Revelstoke, which is not generally considered part of the Kootenays, though part of the Kootenay Land District.
 * an area to the east which encompasses the upper drainage basin of the Kootenay River from its rise in the Rocky Mountains to its passage into the United States at Newgate. This adds a region spanning from the Purcell Mountains to the Alberta border, and includes Rocky Mountain Trench cities such as Cranbrook and Kimberley and the Elk Valley of the southern Canadian Rockies, centred on Fernie. This region also includes part of the Flathead River drainage basin. (illustrated by b)
 * an area to the southwest encompassing the Columbia's drainage from the Kootenay confluence south to the U.S. Border plus the Salmo River basin. This adds the communities of Rossland, Castlegar, Fruitvale and Salmo (illustrated by c)
 * The Arrow Lakes area, which adds Nakusp. (illustrated by d)
 * The Upper Columbia Valley, which parallels the first section of the Kootenay River, including the communities of Invermere and Radium Hot Springs (illustrated by e)
 * The Columbia drainage between the Kicking Horse Pass and the Rogers Pass, in and around the town of Golden. (illustrated by f)
 * The Columbia drainage between the Rogers Pass and the Eagle Pass, in and around the town of Revelstoke. (illustrated by g)

Finally, the Boundary Country, a southern east–west corridor between the Okanagan and the Bonanza Pass and drained by the basins of the Kettle and Granby Rivers, is sometimes mentioned as being in the West Kootenay, and in other reckonings as being part of the Okanagan. In actuality, the settlement of the Boundary Country predates development in either of the regions it is now attached to, as is also the case with the Similkameen Country to the west of the Okanagan. In some descriptions, the Boundary Country includes Osoyoos and Oliver in the South Okanagan (rather than the other way around). The Boundary Country is (illustrated by h) In the event of its inclusion, the Kootenays could be described as the complete Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin minus lands drained by the Okanagan River.

Naming and subdivision
Contingent on the above boundaries, the Kootenays are commonly split either into East and West, or East, Central and West. In general use amongst locals of the area, the "East/West" convention is more common as a descriptor of where someone is from or where a town is located (rather than splitting the region into "East/Central/West" subregions). That being said:
 * The usual East-West separator is the Purcell Mountains, a range running north–south through the region. Areas to the east of this range are deemed to be in "East Kootenay" or the "East Kootenays" while places west of this division are in "West Kootenay" or the "West Kootenays". This places Creston and points east in the East Kootenay (or East Kootenays) and Crawford Bay, Salmo and points west in the West Kootenay (or West Kootenays).
 * The usual East-Central-West separators are the Purcell Mountains splitting East from Central and the Selkirk Mountains splitting Central from West.

It remains unclear why both Kootenay and Kootenays are used somewhat interchangeably to describe the area. The plural form is in reference to The Kootenays, both East and West; the singular is in reference to the Kootenay Region. In practice the two terms are used interchangeably, although one indicates a geographical region and the other a legal boundary, the Kootenay Land District, which was identical with the original federal and provincial Kootenay ridings.

Economy
Once settled by miners, loggers, and rail workers, the area experienced a silver rush in the 1890s, the district now contains important tourism, outdoor activity and fruit-growing regions (Creston Valley) and numerous commercial centres, including Grand Forks, Kaslo, Robson, Ymir, Warfield, Montrose, Fruitvale, Salmo, Trail, Nelson, Slocan, Playmor, Winlaw, Cranbrook, Kimberley, Fernie, Castlegar, Rossland, Erickson, and Creston.

The region has a large network of outdoor activity operators, with the biggest facilities including lift, cat and heli-skiing. This includes some of the oldest resorts in North America such as Red Mountain, and largest Revelstoke Mountain. The highway that connects them all has been named the powder highway.

With the emergence of fibre internet, digital nomads and technology developers are now a growing part of the economy. Several coworking and innovation centres have sprouted including Kootenay Lake Innovation Centre.

A number of Community Radio stations exist in the region, most notably CJLY-FM in Nelson, CIDO-FM in Creston and Stoke FM in Revelstoke. These stations usually operate either as Cooperatives or as non-profit Societies. Since 2001, The Kootenay Mountain Culture has brought the bioregion together under one magazine. It covers a range of topics including outdoor adventure, environmental issues, arts and culture, local events, and profiles of people living in the region.

title: Kootenays


text:
R-1 (missile)

The R-1 rocket (NATO reporting name SS-1 Scunner, Soviet code name SA11, GRAU index 8A11) was a tactical ballistic missile, the first manufactured in the Soviet Union, and closely based on the German V-2 rocket. The R-1 missile system entered into service in the Soviet Army on 28 November 1950. Deployed largely against NATO, it was never an effective strategic weapon. Nevertheless, production and launching of the R-1 gave the Soviets valuable experience which later enabled the USSR to construct its own much more capable rockets.

History
In 1945 the Soviets captured several key A-4 (V-2) rocket production facilities, and also gained the services of some German scientists and engineers related to the project. In particular the Soviets gained control of the main V-2 manufacturing facility at Nordhausen. Under the supervision of the Special technical Commission (OTK) established by the Soviet Union to oversee rocketry operations in Germany, A-4s were assembled and studied. This prompted the 13 May 1946 decree of the Soviet Council of Ministers for, in part, the development of a Soviet copy of the A-4, which would be the first domestically produced ballistic missile. A further decree on 16 May converted the M.I. Kalinin Plant No. 88, which had produced artillery and tanks during World War II into NII-88, tasked with managing the Soviet Union's long-range rocketry programs.

11 A-4s, six of them assembled at NII-88, the other five at Nordhausen, all by German engineers and technicians, were launched from the Soviet launch site Kapustin Yar in 1947. Only five of the rockets reached their target, roughly the same reliability the rocket had had under the Germans during the war. The experience derived from assembling and launching these rockets was directly applied to the Soviet copy, called the R-1, production of which was authorized by Josef Stalin in April 1947. NII-88 chief designer Sergei Korolev oversaw the R-1's development.

Description and development

Though the R-1 was a close copy of the German A-4, it was ultimately considerably more reliable than its predecessor thanks to improvements made on the original design. The rocket was 14650 mm in length and weighing 13.5 tons. 9.2 tons of the R-1's mass was devoted to propellant: 4 tons of ethyl alcohol and 5 tons of liquid oxygen, which fed the Soviet-designed RD-100 engine. The R-1 missile could carry a 785 kg warhead of conventional explosive to a maximum range of 270 km, with an accuracy of about 5 km. a range slightly greater than that of the A-4.

The first tests of the missile began 13 September 1948. This first series revealed a variety of unforeseen issues that affected launch reliability and target accuracy. Six of the ten rockets in this series refused to leave the launch pad at all. Remedial improvements along with experimental design upgrades were made in 1949, with a second series of twenty tests starting in September and October. Launch reliability was 100% and only two missiles failed to reach their targets. The R-1 missile system entered into service in the Soviet Army on 28 November 1950.

The R-1A, a variant of the R-1 with a separable warhead, was tested in 1949. This development was largely in service of the upcoming R-2 (missile), a rocket with the same payload and twice the range of the R-1.

Even after adoption by the Soviet military, reliability of the R-1 remained problematic. The R-1's insulated electrical wiring attracted vermin. In one January 1953 incident, thousands of flood-displaced mice disabled many rockets by eating the insulation, requiring "hundreds of cats and repairmen". Moreover, 10-20% of the missiles launched broke up on reentry—a problem that had also plagued the A-4 in German service. This was traced, in 1954, to heating of the TNT warhead, evaporation of which caused the payload housing to rupture, which in turn, detonated the warhead. This issue was solved in the R-2 and later Soviet rockets through the use of the separable nosecone.

Military service
Just three R-1 brigades, each equipped with six launchers with mobile platforms, were fielded. The first, the 23rd brigade (BON RVGK), was activated in December 1950 and deployed to Kamishin in Volgograd oblast the following month. This unit was later deployed to Belokovorovich in Ukraine; Šiauliai in Lithuania; Dzhambul, Kazakhstan, Ordzhonikidze, Armenia, the Far East, and the Primorsk area. Two other brigades, the 77th and 90th, were formed at Lviv, Khmelnytskyi, and Zhytomyr, Ukraine. They were transferred to the Land Forces in August 1958. Though the R-1 was essentially useless as a weapon against NATO, against which it was almost exclusively deployed, it was, nevertheless, invaluable in laying the foundation of the Soviet rocket industry.

R-1 sounding rockets
High-altitude scientific experiments were conducted with the last two of the R-1As in 1949, and afterward a series of specialized scientific R-1 variants was developed: The R-1B, R-1V, R-1D, and R-1E. Some carried experiments to analyze the upper atmosphere, measure cosmic rays and take far-UV spectra of the Sun. Others carried biological payloads.

Between 22 July 1951 and 14 June 1956, the Soviets launched fifteen of these variant R-1s carrying a pair of dogs as payload. Three of the missions were failures resulting in the death of the animals. The 22 July 1951 launch of an R-1V marked the first time dogs were ever launched into space and recovered, preceding the first American success by two weeks.

Operators

 * Soviet Army
 * Soviet Army

title: R-1 (missile)


text:
R-2 (missile)

The R-2 (NATO reporting name SS-2 Sibling) was a Soviet short-range ballistic missile developed from and having twice the range as the R-1 missile (itself a copy of the German V-2). Developed from 1946-1951, the R-2 entered service in numbers in 1953 and was deployed in mobile units throughout the Soviet Union until 1962. A sounding rocket derivative, the R-2A, tested a prototype of the dog-carrying capsule flown on Sputnik 2 in 1957. The same year, the R-2 was licensed for production in The People's Republic of China, where it entered service as the Dongfeng 1.

History
In 1945 the Soviets captured several key A-4 (V-2) rocket production facilities, and also gained the services of some German scientists and engineers related to the project. Under the supervision of the Special technical Commission (OTK) established by the Soviet Union to oversee rocketry operations in Germany, A-4s were assembled and studied. This prompted the 13 May 1946 decree of the Soviet Council of Ministers for, in part, the development of a Soviet copy of the A-4, which would be the first domestically produced ballistic missile. A further decree on 16 May converted the M.I. Kalinin Plant No. 88, which had produced artillery and tanks during World War II into NII-88, tasked with managing the Soviet Union's long-range rocketry programs. In April 1947 Josef Stalin authorized the production of the R-1 missile, the designation for the Soviet copy of V-2. NII-88 chief designer Sergei Korolev oversaw the R-1's development. Testing of the R-1 proceeded from 1948 to 1950, and the R-1 missile system entered into service in the Soviet Army on 28 November 1950.

By the latter half of 1946, Korolev and rocket engineer Valentin Glushko had, with extensive input from German engineers, outlined a successor to the R-1 with an extended frame and a new engine designed by Glushko. The R-2 would have a range of 600 km, twice that of the R-1, while maintaining a similar payload of around 1000 kg.

Korolev proposed commencement of the R-2 project in January 1947, but it was declined by the Soviet government, which favored development of the more technologically conservative R-1. Moreover, development of the R-2 was in direct competition with the G-1 missile being concurrently developed by Helmut Gröttrup, head of a German team of engineers. Though the G-1 was a compelling design, able to lift a payload three times heavier than that of the A-4, and with higher precision and a shorter launch preparation time, it was politically infeasible to leave the Soviet missile program in the hands of Germans. Thus, on April 14, 1948, the same decree that authorized the operational production of the R-1 also sanctioned development of the R-2. The G-1 was ultimately never completed.

Description
Like its predecessor, the R-1, the R-2 was a single-stage missile using ethanol as a fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidizer. At a length of 17.65 m and a mass of 19,632 kg, the R-2 was 2.5 m longer and the dry weight of 4,528 kg was about 500 kg heavier than the R-1. Maximum body diameter remained 1.65 m, the same as the R-1, and in the interests of conservatism, the R-2 retained the R-1's graphite stabilizing fins, though they reduced lifting capacity and caused heating and stress issues.

The R-2 design included four major improvements over the R-1:

 * The warhead separated from the rocket prior to atmospheric reentry, enhancing hull strength (one of the V-2/R-1's biggest weaknesses) and increasing range.
 * The propellant tank became the main load-bearing structure for the rocket, in contrast to the R-1's load-bearing hull. This reduced the overall weight of the spaceframe.
 * The R-2 had much improved command guidance, and access to the unit was made easier to reduce prelaunch preparation time.
 * The RD-101 engine was 50% more powerful than the RD-100 used by the R-1. This increased performance was made possible by raising combustion pressure and increasing the concentration of ethanol fuel.

Development
Test launches of an experimental version of the R-2, designated R-2E, began on 25 September 1949. Five of these slightly shorter (17 m) rockets were fired from Kapustin Yar, three of them successfully. The R-1A, a variant of the R-1 developed largely to test the separable warhead concept to be used in the R-2, was also test-flown in 1949. Launches of the full-scale R-2 began on 21 October 1950, the last being fired on 20 December. None of the 12 flights in this series fulfilled their primary objectives due to engine failures, warhead trajectory errors, and malfunctions with the guidance systems.

A second series of tests was carried out between 2-27 July, 1951. The R-2 had been made more reliable by then, and twelve of the thirteen flights successfully reached their targets. A subsequent series of 18 launches in 1951 had 14 successes. Per an order dated 27 November, 1951, the R-2 was formally adopted as operational armament for the Soviet Union, and production was authorized at factory 586 in Dnepropetrovsk three days later. Mass production began at this factory in June 1953. As with the R-1, reliability remained suboptimal. In a series of 14 operational R-2s test-launched in 1952, only 12 reached their target.

Military service
The R-2 was deployed in Supreme Command Reserve (RVGK) engineer brigades consisting of three divizions each equipped with two rockets and mobile launch equipment. A crew of 11 was required for the launch of each missile, preparations for which took six hours, including 15 minutes for guidance system programming. After preparation, a rocket could stand ready to fire for 24 hours before it required defueling and renewed preparations. The R-2 was launched operationally in temperatures ranging from -40 C to 50 C, withstanding wind speeds of up to 15 m/s.

The first two R-2 military units, the 54th and 56th brigades, were formed for the 1952 test launches. Starting in 1953, divisions were deployed to Zhitomir; Kolomiya; Medved, Shimsky District, Novgorod Oblast; Kamyshin, Volgograd Oblast; Siauliai, Lithuanian SSR; Dzhambul, Kazakh SSR; and Ordzhonikidze, and in the Far East. The R-2 was retired from active service in 1962.

Like the R-1, the R-2's utility was limited by the smallness of its warhead. The Geran (Eng: Geranium) radiological warhead, which would disperse radioactive liquid as toxic rain around the impact point, was proposed for use with the R-2. However, this warhead was ultimately never developed.

The West obtained its first photographs of the R-2 (which they designated SS-2 "Sibling") in December 1959 when aerial surveillance returned images from rockets deployed at Kapustin Yar. These confirmed the dimensions of the rocket and revealed much information about the organization of the RVGK brigades.

R-2A sounding rocket

The R-2 had a maximum altitude of 200 km, a two-fold improvement over that of the R-1. This made it a much more desirable vehicle for probing outer space. OKB-1 developed a draft plan for the R-2A sounding rocket in 1956. This new vehicle would loft a 1340 kg capsule housing two dogs and also two 430 kg strap-on pods for scientific experiments.

A first series of five launches, each carrying a pair of dogs, was carried out from 16 May 1957 through 9 September. During these flights, the animals experienced several minutes of weightlessness. Just two months later, Sputnik 2 was launched into orbit containing a canine passenger inside a capsule derived from the one used on the R-2A. Sounding rocket flights continued through 1960 with biological and ionospheric packages.

Originally, OKB-1 also worked on an adaptation of the R-2A capsule for human test flights. This was on the assumption that a human orbital flight would not be feasible until the mid '60s. With the completion of the R-7 Semyorka ICBM, however, it became clear that a crewed mission into orbit would happen much sooner, and the plan was abandoned.

Chinese version (Dongfeng 1)
On 6 December 1957 an agreement was signed to license production of the R-2 to China, which was produced as the Dongfeng 1. In August 1958, a group of OKB-1 senior engineers and several R-2 missiles were sent to China in aid of that country's fledgling ballistic missile program. This team was sent home 2 August 1960 amidst increased tension between the Soviet Union and China.

Operators

 * Soviet Army
 * Soviet Army

title: R-2 (missile)


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Nina Persson

Nina Elisabet Persson (born 6 September 1974) is the lead singer and lyricist for the Swedish rock band The Cardigans. She has also worked as a solo artist, releasing two albums as A Camp and one under her own name, and has also appeared as a guest artist with several other acts.

Career
Persson made her acting debut in the film Om Gud vill which was released in 2006.

She appears on the Manic Street Preachers song "Your Love Alone Is Not Enough", which reached #2 on the UK chart, on the album Send Away the Tigers. She also features on the 2009 Sparklehorse/Danger Mouse collaboration Dark Night of the Soul singing "Daddy's Gone".

Persson's first solo album released under her own name, Animal Heart, was released on 10 February 2014 on the independent British record label Lojinx Records. In October 2022, Domino Recording Company posted a single by James Yorkston, Persson and The Secondhand Orchestra called "Hold Out For Love." The track was "from the forthcoming album The Great White Sea Eagle. She worked with James Yorkston and Karl-Jonas Winqvist of The Second Hand Orchestra on that album in Malmo. She was touring in the UK with them in 2022 and 2023.

She has said that the Cardigans may reform occasionally to play together, but there are no plans to work in a studio to create new music together.

Personal life
Persson grew up in Jönköping, Sweden. "I grew up in a middle-class, academic family," Persson said in 2014. "I lived in a villa with a garden. I had two younger brothers."

She did not want to be a musician growing up, having an interest in art instead, which resulted in her attending art school. "I never really strived to be a musician; I was just, sort of, recruited into this band. I was bored out of my mind in this small, safe place (Jönköping). I was like, 'Awesome, I get to hang with fun guys.'" On 16 June 2001, Persson married American songwriter and author Nathan Larson.

Persson was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2009, and underwent surgical treatment.

After three attempts at in vitro fertilization, their son was born on 30 September 2010. For several years the family resided in Harlem, New York City, but in 2015 they decided to relocate to Malmö, the former base of the Cardigans. In an interview with Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter in March 2018, Persson talked about her expatriate years, the return to Sweden and pointed out that the return to her native country was family business and did not reflect any wish to reboot her old band.

Singles

 * 1996: "Desafinado" (Japanese-only release)
 * 2000: "Theme from 'Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased)", Nina Persson & David Arnold (#49 on UK singles chart)
 * 2007: "Your Love Alone Is Not Enough", Manic Street Preachers feat. Nina Persson (#2 on UK singles chart)
 * 2014: "Animal Heart"
 * 2014: "Sometimes"
 * 2015: "The Legacy (Theme Song)"
 * 2018: "Var ligger Sverige?" (feat. Thomas Öberg, Moto Boy & !Regeringen)
 * 2018: "Ligg Lågt" (feat. Thomas Öberg, Moto Boy, !Regeringen & Selma Modéer Wiking)

Soundtracks

 * 2014: "Tänk Om... Musiken Från Filmen"
 * 2015: "What if... (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack What if...)"

Other appearances
In December 2022, Persson appeared in a web exclusive of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, disposing of plastic dolls by feeding them to a talking garbage can.

title: Nina Persson


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Wikipedia:Words per article

One of the metrics in the Size comparisons page is the number of words per article. Some Wikipedians anticipate the rate of new article creation eventually slowing down, and effort going instead to improve the quality of existing articles. This page examines a couple of trends loosely associated with quality: the number of words per article, and the number of revisions per article.

In the graph below, which deals with the English Wikipedia, the number of articles (blue, multiplied by 1,000) and revisions (yellow, right hand scale) is increasing very much faster than is the number of words per article (purple).

Note that the hyperlinked nature of wikis tends to produce sets of small articles concerned with different aspects of a subject, while a paper encyclopedia would tend to describe these aspects in a single, larger, article. When comparing according to words per article, these tendencies may lead to Wikipedia's coverage of subjects being underestimated.

The jump seen in the number of articles in October 2002 (and the consequential aberration of the revision statistics) was due to the addition of 36,000 "data dumped" Gazetteer entries about towns and cities in the United States; clearly these were longer than the prevailing mean article length. The volatility of the words per article count in the early stages of Wikipedia's life arises from the relatively low base of articles. Some of the rise in the number of revisions per article from about May 2004 onwards was due to the introduction of a system of categorisation which necessitated revisiting articles in order to apply categorisation.

Extrapolating from this graph, it appears unlikely that the average number of words per page will increase at much more than a snail's pace; it is even possible that the gradient might flatten or fall slightly if the rate of new stub addition eclipses the rate of expansion of existing articles.

Technical notes
The above graph is based on November 7, 2005, figures from Wikipedia Statistics, specifically Words per article and the Article count (alternate). The alternative definition of an article is that it shall contain at least one internal link and 200 characters of readable text, disregarding wiki and HTML code, hidden links, and headers.

Excluding redirect pages, there are roughly (using figures from May 1, 2004):
 * 261,000 articles that have at least a single link.
 * 239,000 articles that have at least a single link and 200 readable characters (roughly equivalent to at least 33 words).

Taking the difference of these two figures, there are about:
 * 22,000 articles that have at least a single link but fewer than 200 characters.

There is also an uncounted number of articles which have no links. The current statistics provide no indication of the size of this last category. The upshot is that the 79 million words in fact span the 239,000 bona fide articles, the remaining 22,000 linked articles, and the unknown number of articles without links. , the total word count in the latter two categories was estimated at two million words. Dividing the remaining 77 million words by 239,000 gives a mean article length of about 320 words.

Further, of the articles on the English Wikipedia, perhaps 36,000 are "data dumped" gazetteer entries about towns and cities in the United States. It is controversial whether gazetteer entries should count towards the number of "real" encyclopedia articles; however, their statistical significance is very much less now than in October 2002 when they were added. Very many have been colonised by Wikipedians who have transformed them to varying extents, including to an unimpeachably encyclopedic status.

title: Wikipedia:Words per article


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Van Buren State Park (Michigan)

Van Buren State Park is a 400 acre state park on Lake Michigan 4 mi south of South Haven, Michigan, United States. The park, which is maintained and operated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, is located in the southwest corner of South Haven Township and the northwest corner of Covert Township, just north of the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant. The Van Buren County–owned North Point Conservation Area is located directly north of the park. The park has forested sand dunes, camping, and a swimming beach.

History
Van Buren was established in 1966 after purchase of the park's first 167 acre from the Harry LaBar Drake family in 1965. Two subsequent land purchases further expanded the park's boundaries.

Activities and amenities
The park offers swimming, picnicking, playground, and a 220-site campground.

title: Van Buren State Park (Michigan)


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Talk:Blue line (ice hockey)

Does this really need its own article? I know nothing about hockey, but I'd say this only needs its own article if "Blue Line" is a commonly used phrase outside of ice hockey, in the same way you might say "woah, time out!" to some arguing mates.

title: Talk:Blue line (ice hockey)


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Philosophy of space and time

Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology and epistemology of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

Ancient and medieval views
The earliest recorded philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC) who said:

"Follow your desire as long as you live, and do not perform more than is ordered, do not lessen the time of the following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit..."

- 11th maxim of Ptahhotep

The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Incas regarded space and time as a single concept, named pacha (pacha, pacha).

Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies, and space as that in which things come to be. Aristotle, in Book IV of his Physics, defined time as the number of changes with respect to before and after, and the place of an object as the innermost motionless boundary of that which surrounds it.

In Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he reflects on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one who asks, I know not." He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccuracy of common speech: "For but few things are there of which we speak properly; of most things we speak improperly, still, the things intended are understood." But Augustine presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation (against Aristotle) in the context of his discussion of time, saying that knowledge of time depends on the knowledge of the movement of things,  and therefore time cannot be where there are no creatures to measure its passing (Confessions Book XI ¶30; City of God Book XI ch.6).

In contrast to ancient Greek philosophers who believed that the universe had an infinite past with no beginning, medieval philosophers and theologians developed the concept of the universe having a finite past with a beginning, now known as temporal finitism. The Christian philosopher John Philoponus presented early arguments, adopted by later Christian philosophers and theologians of the form "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states:
 * "An actual infinite cannot exist."
 * "An infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite."
 * "∴ An infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist."

In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021). He also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental disproof of the extramission hypothesis of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

Realism and anti-realism
A traditional realist position in ontology is that time and space have existence apart from the human mind. Idealists, by contrast, deny or doubt the existence of objects independent of the mind. Some anti-realists, whose ontological position is that objects outside the mind do exist, nevertheless doubt the independent existence of time and space.

In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant holds that neither space nor time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense—that is, mind-dependent—they are also empirically real—that is, according to Kant's definitions, a priori features of experience, and therefore not simply "subjective," variable, or accidental perceptions in a given consciousness.

Some idealist writers, such as J. M. E. McTaggart in The Unreality of Time, have argued that time is an illusion (see also The flow of time, below).

The writers discussed here are for the most part realists in this regard; for instance, Gottfried Leibniz held that his monads existed, at least independently of the mind of the observer.

Leibniz and Newton
The great debate between defining notions of space and time as real objects themselves (absolute), or mere orderings upon actual objects (relational), began between physicists Isaac Newton (via his spokesman, Samuel Clarke) and Gottfried Leibniz in the papers of the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence.

Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops.

In this response, Clarke argues for the necessity of the existence of absolute space to account for phenomena like rotation and acceleration that cannot be accounted for on a purely relationalist account. Clarke argues that since the curvature of the water occurs in the rotating bucket as well as in the stationary bucket containing spinning water, it can only be explained by stating that the water is rotating in relation to the presence of some third thing—absolute space.

Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For almost two centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.

Mach
Another important figure in this debate is 19th-century physicist Ernst Mach. While he did not deny the existence of phenomena like that seen in the bucket argument, he still denied the absolutist conclusion by offering a different answer as to what the bucket was rotating in relation to: the fixed stars.

Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.

Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).

Einstein
Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.

All attempts to measure any speed relative to this ether failed, which can be seen as a confirmation of Einstein's postulate that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. Special relativity is a formalization of the principle of relativity that does not contain a privileged inertial frame of reference, such as the luminiferous ether or absolute space, from which Einstein inferred that no such frame exists.

Einstein generalized relativity to frames of reference that were non-inertial. He achieved this by positing the Equivalence Principle, which states that the force felt by an observer in a given gravitational field and that felt by an observer in an accelerating frame of reference are indistinguishable. This led to the conclusion that the mass of an object warps the geometry of the space-time surrounding it, as described in Einstein's field equations.

In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet.

Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as volume and mass. If one holds, contrary to idealist beliefs, that objects exist independently of the mind, it seems that relativistics commits one to also hold the idea that space and temporality have exactly the same type of independent existence.

Conventionalism
The position of conventionalism states that there is no fact of the matter as to the geometry of space and time, but that it is decided by convention. The first proponent of such a view, Henri Poincaré, reacting to the creation of the new non-Euclidean geometry, argued that which geometry applied to a space was decided by convention, since different geometries will describe a set of objects equally well, based on considerations from his sphere-world.

This view was developed and updated to include considerations from relativistic physics by Hans Reichenbach. Reichenbach's conventionalism, applying to space and time, focuses around the idea of coordinative definition.

Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

Such a use of coordinative definition is in effect, on Reichenbach's conventionalism, in the General Theory of Relativity where light is assumed, i.e. not discovered, to mark out equal distances in equal times. After this setting of coordinative definition, however, the geometry of spacetime is set.

As in the absolutism/relationalism debate, contemporary philosophy is still in disagreement as to the correctness of the conventionalist doctrine.

Structure of space-time
Building from a mix of insights from the historical debates of absolutism and conventionalism as well as reflecting on the import of the technical apparatus of the General Theory of Relativity, details as to the structure of space-time have made up a large proportion of discussion within the philosophy of space and time, as well as the philosophy of physics. The following is a short list of topics.

Relativity of simultaneity
According to special relativity each point in the universe can have a different set of events that compose its present instant. This has been used in the Rietdijk–Putnam argument to demonstrate that relativity predicts a block universe in which events are fixed in four dimensions.

Historical frameworks
A further application of the modern mathematical methods, in league with the idea of invariance and covariance groups, is to try to interpret historical views of space and time in modern, mathematical language.

In these translations, a theory of space and time is seen as a manifold paired with vector spaces, the more vector spaces the more facts there are about objects in that theory. The historical development of spacetime theories is generally seen to start from a position where many facts about objects are incorporated in that theory, and as history progresses, more and more structure is removed.

For example, Aristotelian space and time has both absolute position and special places, such as the center of the cosmos, and the circumference. Newtonian space and time has absolute position and is Galilean invariant, but does not have special positions.

Holes
With the general theory of relativity, the traditional debate between absolutism and relationalism has been shifted to whether spacetime is a substance, since the general theory of relativity largely rules out the existence of, e.g., absolute positions. One powerful argument against spacetime substantivalism, offered by John Earman is known as the "hole argument".

This is a technical mathematical argument but can be paraphrased as follows:

Define a function d as the identity function over all elements over the manifold M, excepting a small neighbourhood H belonging to M. Over H d comes to differ from identity by a smooth function.

With use of this function d we can construct two mathematical models, where the second is generated by applying d to proper elements of the first, such that the two models are identical prior to the time t=0, where t is a time function created by a foliation of spacetime, but differ after t=0.

These considerations show that, since substantivalism allows the construction of holes, that the universe must, on that view, be indeterministic. Which, Earman argues, is a case against substantivalism, as the case between determinism or indeterminism should be a question of physics, not of our commitment to substantivalism.

Direction of time
The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possible process. Secondly, our experience of time, at the macroscopic level, is not time-reversal invariant. Glasses can fall and break, but shards of glass cannot reassemble and fly up onto tables. We have memories of the past, and none of the future. We feel we can't change the past but can influence the future. There is no future without our past. Today is the time given to shape the outcome of the future and we are individually responsible for the future we want to see for the next generations.

Causation solution
One solution to this problem takes a metaphysical view, in which the direction of time follows from an asymmetry of causation. We know more about the past because the elements of the past are causes for the effect that is our perception. We can not affect the past but we can affect the outcome of the future because we learn from our past and utilized ideas from allowing our past incident from reoccurring.

There are two main objections to this view. First is the problem of distinguishing the cause from the effect in a non-arbitrary way. The use of causation in constructing a temporal ordering could easily become circular. The second problem with this view is its explanatory power. While the causation account, if successful, may account for some time-asymmetric phenomena like perception and action, it does not account for many others.

However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between i) temporal direction and ii) the implications of form and functional capacity.

The application of these ideas of form and functional capacity only dictates temporal direction in relation to complex scenarios involving specific, non-metaphysical agency which is not merely dependent on human perception of time. However, this last observation in itself is not sufficient to invalidate the implications of the example for the progressive nature of time in general.

Thermodynamics solution
The second major family of solutions to this problem, and by far the one that has generated the most literature, finds the existence of the direction of time as relating to the nature of thermodynamics.

The answer from classical thermodynamics states that while our basic physical theory is, in fact, time-reversal symmetric, thermodynamics is not. In particular, the second law of thermodynamics states that the net entropy of a closed system never decreases, and this explains why we often see glass breaking, but not coming back together.

But in statistical mechanics things become more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.

Current thermodynamic solutions to the problem of the direction of time aim to find some further fact, or feature of the laws of nature to account for this discrepancy.

Laws solution
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.

One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin [2007]). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

Flow of time
The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart, in which he proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than. In many ways, the debate between proponents of these two views can be seen as a continuation of the early modern debate between the view that there is absolute time (defended by Isaac Newton) and the view that there is only merely relative time (defended by Gottfried Leibniz).

McTaggart, in his paper "The Unreality of Time", argues that time is unreal since a) the A-series is inconsistent and b) the B-series alone cannot account for the nature of time as the A-series describes an essential feature of it.

Building from this framework, two camps of solution have been offered. The first, the A-theorist solution, takes becoming as the central feature of time, and tries to construct the B-series from the A-series by offering an account of how B-facts come to be out of A-facts. The second camp, the B-theorist solution, takes as decisive McTaggart's arguments against the A-series and tries to construct the A-series out of the B-series, for example, by temporal indexicals.

Dualities
Quantum field theory models have shown that it is possible for theories in two different space-time backgrounds, like AdS/CFT or T-duality, to be equivalent.

Presentism and eternalism
According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time, some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot, for example, say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).

Endurantism and perdurantism
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists such as David Lewis have attacked this position. They argue that perdurantism is the superior view for its ability to take account of change in objects.

On the whole, Presentists are also endurantists and Eternalists are also perdurantists (and vice versa), but this is not a necessary relation and it is possible to claim, for instance, that time's passage indicates a series of ordered realities, but that objects within these realities somehow exist outside of the reality as a whole, even though the realities as wholes are not related. However, such positions are rarely adopted.

title: Philosophy of space and time


text:
Talk:Bibi Pak Daman

2004 comment
I can't find any other mentions of this tomb on the Web. Does anyone have a cite? -- The Anome 01:08, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Book : http://www.marfat.com/BookDetailPage.aspx?bookId=bda6e9bd-e96a-43af-882f-2b8517dcbb05 Taseer007 (talk) 10:32, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Daughters of Sayid Ahmed Tokhta
Some scholars consider Ruqayah to have been the daughter of Sayid Ahmed Tokhta (12th century). How one can rely on the legend, in view of difference in period: Thus legend of wife of Muslim ibn Aqeel is the acceptable legend. Nannadeem (talk) 21:40, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
 * 1. In the period of Mahmud of Ghazni his army general Malik Ayaz  arranged the construction of Khanqah for these ladies, during their stay in Lahore.  This reference is earlier to 12th Century. See History of Shiyan-e-Ali,  by Ali Hussain Rizvi (in Urdu Language) published through Imamia Academy, Karachi 2nd Edition-(2006) Pages 734 to 736 Chapter-Bibi Pak Daman.
 * 2. If Data Gunj Bakhsh was a devotee of Bibi Pak Daman, who died in 1077 CE.

 * In 2015 Shia Multimedia Team (Pakistan) prepared a Documentary video (in Urdu language) about Bibi Pak Daman.  Documentary provides historical background (dates and references), which also reveals that the legends of daughters of Sayid Ahmed Tokhta were propagated due to dispute in trusteeship for the shrine.(Video link)  - Nannadeem (talk) 17:02, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bibi Pak Daman


text:
Continental Football League

The Continental Football League (COFL) was a professional American football minor league that operated in North America from 1965 through 1969. It was established following the collapse of the original United Football League, and hoped to become the major force in professional football outside the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL). It owed its name, at least in part, to the Continental League, a proposed third Major League Baseball organization that influenced MLB significantly, although they never played a game.

Four Continental Football League contributors are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the most of any league not considered a major league: coach Bill Walsh, quarterback Ken Stabler, Doak Walker and Steve Van Buren (the last two of whom were inducted as players but were coaches in this league). Sam Wyche, Bob Kuechenberg, Garo Yepremian and Otis Sistrunk were among the other players and coaches who would later gain fame in the NFL, while a few others, such as Don Jonas and Tom Wilkinson, would emerge as stars in the Canadian Football League.

1965 season
The formation of the Continental Football League (COFL) was announced on February 6, 1965. The league was primarily formed by minor-league teams that had played in the United Football League and Atlantic Coast Football League.

A. B. "Happy" Chandler, former Kentucky governor, U.S. senator, and retired Major League Baseball commissioner, was named COFL commissioner on March 17, 1965.

The league originally adopted a "professional" appearance. Teams were sorted into two divisions and each team had a 36-man roster with a five-man "taxi" squad. The rules were primarily those of the NFL except that a "sudden death" overtime period was employed to break ties, which was not part of the NFL during the regular season at that time. To reinforce an image of league autonomy, teams were restricted from loaning players to, or receiving optioned players from, the NFL or AFL.

The first COFL season opened with three games played on August 14, 1965. Before the season began, the Springfield, Massachusetts, franchise moved to Norfolk, Virginia. The Norfolk club went on to become the most successful team in the league at the box office and held several minor league attendance records throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

1966 season
Eastern Division
 * Brooklyn Dodgers
 * Hartford Charter Oaks
 * Norfolk Neptunes
 * Philadelphia Bulldogs
 * Toronto Rifles

Western Division
 * Charleston Rockets
 * Montreal Beavers
 * Orlando Panthers
 * Richmond Rebels
 * Wheeling Ironmen

In 1966, the league began abandoning the "league autonomy" posture by striving to establish working relationships with NFL and AFL clubs. Commissioner Chandler, charging that the league was altering the terms under which he had accepted the position, resigned on January 20, 1966. He was replaced by COFL Secretary Sol Rosen, owner of the Newark Bears. Rosen sold the Bears to Tom Granatell, who promptly moved the team to Orlando.

The league engaged in some unsuccessful preseason negotiations with the Empire Sports Network to obtain a television broadcasting agreement. However, it was able to get ABC to broadcast the championship game on the Wide World of Sports; ABC paid the league $500 for the rights to the game.

The Brooklyn Dodgers, although under the general managership of baseball Dodgers player Jackie Robinson, failed to attract at the gate. Part of the problem was that they were playing nowhere near Brooklyn: their home games were at Downing Stadium on Randall's Island.

Evidently, the Dodgers had trouble securing home dates at Downing; a season-ticket application showed only five home games in a fourteen-game schedule. In any event, small crowds (only 29,500 combined for four games, including 12,000 for an exhibition contest) caused the franchise to become a league-operated "road club" in October; one home game against Hartford was moved to Connecticut, and their final "home" contest was shifted to Memorial Stadium in Mount Vernon, New York.

Charleston's Coy Bacon, 1966 COFL All-Star end, went on to play for the NFL's Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers, Cincinnati Bengals and Washington Redskins.

The league also established farm team relationships with semi-pro clubs (for instance, the Dodgers affiliated with the Liberty Football Conference's Long Island Jets in 1966).

 = Division Champion  = Clinched playoff berth

Home team in CAPITALS

Semifinals
 * Philadelphia 31, TORONTO 14
 * ORLANDO 31, Charleston 24

League Championship (December 4, 1966)
 * PHILADELPHIA 20, Orlando 17 (OT)

1967 season
Atlantic North Division
 * Akron Vulcans
 * Hartford Charter Oaks
 * Montreal Beavers
 * Norfolk Neptunes
 * Philadelphia Bulldogs
 * Richmond Rebels
 * Toronto Rifles

Atlantic South Division
 * Charleston Rockets
 * Orlando Panthers
 * Wheeling Ironmen

Western Division
 * Eugene Bombers
 * Long Beach Admirals
 * Orange County Ramblers (Anaheim, California)
 * Sacramento Buccaneers
 * San Jose Apaches
 * Seattle Rangers
 * Victoria Steelers

The COFL added a Pacific Division for the 1967 season, adding three teams from the Pacific Football League to its ranks - Eugene Bombers (Oregon), Seattle Rangers (Washington) and Victoria Steelers (British Columbia), while the rest of the division comprised from four minor-league teams in California. The Pacific Division was basically a league-within-a-league and played exclusively against other Pacific Division opponents. The remaining teams in the league split into an Atlantic North Division and an Atlantic South Division.

Two of the small western franchises, in Eugene, Oregon, and San Jose, California, left the league after the season, while the franchise in Long Beach only played one game before folding. The Toronto Rifles actually folded mid-season, under unusual circumstances: the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League raided the Rifles roster and signed away the Rifles head coach, starting quarterback and starting running back, leaving the team unable to continue.

The remnants of the Brooklyn Dodgers were sold to Frank Hurn, who moved the team to Akron, Ohio as the Akron Vulcans. Hurn used only $2,000 of his own money and $50,000 of Chicago Outfit funding to buy the team and swindled numerous businessmen into providing lavish benefits for his team for which he would never pay. Under Hurn, the team lost $100,000 after just three weeks of play, forcing his big-budget head coaches, Doak Walker and Lou Rymkus, to front their own money to keep the team afloat; Hurn never paid the either the coaches or players for their services, and the Wheeling Ironmen ended up paying the Vulcans' salaries for what would be the Vulcans' fourth and final game in order to avoid a strike. Hurn would later amass a long record of criminal activity after his time in Akron.

Such instability marked the season for the COFL, particularly because the league could not improve upon its overall "semi-pro" public image. Inability to establish working relationships with NFL and AFL teams was a contributing factor. The league's breakthrough television contract with the upstart United Network was another: the network ended up folding prior to the 1967 season it was supposed to broadcast, leaving the COFL without a television partner yet again. The San Jose Apaches in 1967 were coached by Bill Walsh, who later achieved great success as the three-time Super Bowl-winning coach of the NFL's San Francisco 49ers.

W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT= Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against

 = Division Champion

Home team in CAPITALS

Atlantic Playoff
 * Orlando 21, NORFOLK 17

League Championship (December 10, 1967)
 * Orlando 38, ORANGE COUNTY 14

1968 season
Atlantic Division
 * Alabama Hawks
 * Charleston Rockets
 * Michigan Arrows
 * Norfolk Neptunes
 * Ohio Valley Ironmen
 * Orlando Panthers

Central Division
 * Arkansas Diamonds
 * Chicago Owls
 * Indianapolis Capitols
 * Oklahoma City Plainsmen
 * Omaha Mustangs
 * Quad Cities Raiders / Las Vegas Cowboys

Pacific Division
 * Orange County Ramblers
 * Sacramento Capitols
 * Seattle Rangers
 * Spokane Shockers

In February 1968, the COFL merged with the Professional Football League of America (PFLA), in order to expand into the midwestern United States. The Quad City Raiders franchise moved to become the Las Vegas Cowboys after losing their first two games.

Danny Hill succeeded Rosen as COFL commissioner. Hill established a weekly payroll ceiling of $200 per player and $5,000 per team.

Ken Stabler played two games for the Spokane Shockers in 1968. Stabler later became the Continental league's first Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee as a player through his work with the Oakland Raiders of the NFL.

The Michigan Arrows began their season with a soccer-style kicker named Garo Yepremian, who had played the previous season with the Detroit Lions but had found himself out of work because of military service. Yepremian later found Super Bowl fame in the NFL as a member of the Miami Dolphins.

On September 8, 1968, Glen Hepburn, a two-way player for the Omaha Mustangs, suffered an in-game injury from which he died four days later; it would be the only fatality in the league's history.

The Orange County Ramblers were featured in the 1968 film Skidoo, in a credited role as stand-ins for a nude Green Bay Packers team. The Ramblers offense is seen, from behind, wearing nothing but helmets, during a scene in which a security guard is hallucinating due to the effects of LSD.

W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT= Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against

 = Division Champion

Home team in CAPITALS

Playoff
 * ORLANDO 28, Indianapolis 14

League Championship (November 30, 1968)
 * ORLANDO 30, Orange County 23

1969 season
Jim Dunn replaced Hill as league commissioner for the 1969 season.

The league expanded into Texas by absorbing the Texas Football League, which also brought the first and, to date, only team from Mexico to play in a professional American football league, the Mexico Golden Aztecs (whose owner, Red McCombs, would later buy the NFL's Minnesota Vikings). Midway through the season, the Hawaii franchise moved to Portland, Oregon.

The COFL entered the 1969 season with high hopes. That optimism was exemplified by the Orlando Panthers' bidding for the services of the 1968 Heisman Trophy winner, halfback O. J. Simpson of the University of Southern California (USC). The Panthers made an offer of $400,000 (nearly double the entire team's salary) for Simpson to play for the Panthers if his negotiations with the Buffalo Bills fell through; they did not, and Simpson signed with Buffalo for the 1969 season.

But COFL attendance averaged approximately 5,700 spectators per game (the top attended team, Norfolk, had 13,000), insufficient to offset the lack of a TV contract. These economics contributed to the ultimate demise of the league after the 1969 season. Plans for an interleague exhibition between the COFL champion Capitols and the Canadian Football League champion Ottawa Rough Riders had been laid, but the Rough Riders backed out.

The Alabama Hawks played a pre-season game against the NFL's Atlanta Falcons rookies, losing 55–0.

The Indianapolis Capitols featured a rookie quarterback named Johnnie Walton during the 1969 season. Walton would become a regular in second-tier professional football; after several failed attempts to get onto an NFL roster in the early 1970s, Walton got his break in the World Football League, starting for the San Antonio Wings in 1975. Walton would spend the 1976–79 seasons as an NFL backup, then came out of retirement in 1983 to lead the Boston Breakers of the United States Football League.

COFL's alum Don Jonas did not reach the NFL, but instead chose to play in Canada after the 1969 season. As Orlando Panthers quarterback, he played four seasons before joining the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Jonas led Orlando to the 1967 and 1968 COFL championships, and was named the league's Most Valuable Player for each season. He also paced the Panthers to the 1966 championship game, which they lost to Philadelphia in overtime; and to the COFL semifinal game in 1969. Don was inducted into the American Football Association's Semi Pro Hall of Fame in 1983. Many CFL teams used the COFL as a developmental league sending players that need time to improve their skills.

Obert "Butch" Logan, a receiver, defensive back and player-coach, played his penultimate season in professional football with the Continental league's San Antonio Toros. Logan is notable for being the last professional football player to wear the singular jersey number zero (two others, Ken Burrough and Jim Otto, would wear a double zero, 00, into the 1970s).

The end of the COFL
A number of franchises folded or defected during and after the conclusion of the 1969 season, making the end of the COFL all but inevitable.

 * September 21, 1969: The Mexico Golden Aztecs ceased operations and forfeited the remainder of their 1969 schedule.
 * December 15, 1969: The COFL revoked the franchises of the Chicago Owls, Ohio Valley Ironmen, and Omaha Mustangs for failure to meet the league's financial obligations.
 * February 18, 1970: The Jersey Jays moved to the Atlantic Coast Football League (ACFL).
 * February 22, 1970: The defending champion Orlando Panthers announced their departure from the league and the establishment of the "Sunshine League," a Florida-based loop. The Sunshine League never materialized.
 * March 6, 1970: At the annual COFL owners meeting in Chicago, the defending champion Indianapolis Capitols and the Norfolk Neptunes announced their withdrawal from the league
 * March 10, 1970, COFL commissioner James Dunn announced his resignation effective the end of that month. No replacement was ever found, and there was never any announcement of the league's cessation.
 * March 11, 1970: The San Antonio Toros announced the formation of the Trans-American Football League, taking with them the Fort Worth Braves and Dallas Rockets. The TAFL initially planned to be a nationwide league with teams in various major markets; by the time it began play in fall 1970, this was not the case, and the Omaha Mustangs (the only TAFL team to play outside Texas) and Texarkana Titans had joined the league.
 * March 27, 1970: The Arkansas Diamonds folded.
 * April 4, 1970: The Indianapolis Capitols, Norfolk Neptunes and Orlando Panthers (now under new ownership) were accepted for membership by the ACFL for 1970.
 * May 2, 1970: The ACFL held a dispersal draft of players from the Las Vegas Cowboys, Ohio Valley Ironmen, Arkansas Diamonds, Chicago Owls, Tri-City Apollos, and Alabama Hawks.
 * July 2, 1970: The Sacramento Capitols folded after selling less than half of the 3,000 season tickets needed to remain viable. By this point, only Spokane, Portland and Seattle remained in the league. Spokane was, according to secondhand reports, ready to play, but there would not be enough teams to do so; Portland's failure to answer phone calls marked the effective end of the league.

Coach of the Year

 * 1965: Perry Moss, Charleston Rockets
 * 1966: Perry Moss, Indianapolis Capitols
 * 1967: Gary Glick, Norfolk Neptunes & Homer Beatty, Orange County Ramblers
 * 1968: Lou Blumbling, Ohio Valley Ironmen
 * 1969: Ken Carpenter, Indianapolis Capitols

League MVP awards

 * 1965: Bob Brodhead (QB), Philadelphia Bulldogs & Joe Williams (FB), Toronto Rifles
 * 1966: Don Jonas (QB), Orlando Panthers
 * 1967: Don Jonas (QB), Orlando Panthers & Bob Jackson (HB), Orange County Ramblers
 * 1968: Don Jonas (QB), Orlando Panthers
 * 1969: John Walton (QB), Indianapolis Capitols

Rookie of the Year

 * 1966: Tom Wilkinson (QB), Tom Wilkinson
 * 1967: Fred Bristo (DB), Wheeling Ironmen
 * 1968: Eugene Wren (HB), Indianapolis Capitols
 * 1969: John Walton (QB), Indianapolis Capitols

Pro Football Hall of Fame alumni

 * Bill Walsh, Coach, San Jose Apaches (1967)
 * Ken Stabler, QB, Spokane Shockers (1968)
 * Doak Walker*, Coach, Akron Vulcans (1967)
 * Steve Van Buren*, Coach, Newark Bear                                                   Inducted as a player

title: Continental Football League