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Gray Morrow

Dwight Graydon "Gray" Morrow (March 7, 1934 – November 6, 2001) was an American illustrator of comics, magazine covers and paperback books. He is co-creator of the Marvel Comics muck-monster the Man-Thing and of DC Comics Old West vigilante El Diablo.

Early life and career
Morrow was born March 7, 1934, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and he attended North Side High School. He recalled in 1973 that, "Comic art was certainly the first artform I remember being impressed with ... [T]hose gorgeous gory newsstand spreads ..." After serving as editor of his high-school yearbook, for which he did cartoons and illustration, and working a number of odd jobs including "soda jerk, street repairman, tie designer, exercise boy on the race track circuit, etc.," he enrolled in the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago, Illinois, in late summer 1954, studying two nights a week for three months under Jerry Warshaw for "the total of my entire formal art training." His first formal commission "was something like a bank ad or a tie design when I was still in my teens." He joined the city's Feldkamp-Malloy art studio, later being fired. Feeling encouraged by a meeting with comic-strip artist Allen Saunders, Morrow submitted strip samples to various syndicates with no luck.

Undaunted, he moved to New York City in winter 1955 and by the following spring had met fellow young comics artists Al Williamson, Angelo Torres, and Wally Wood. He sold his first comic-book story, a romance tale, to Toby Press, which went out of business before it could be published. Morrow next did two stories for another company — a Western with original characters and an adaptation of pulp-fiction writer Robert E. Howard's "The Tower of the Elephant", but this company, too, went defunct. He then worked for Williamson and Wood doing backgrounds and layouts, and through Williamson began contributing to Atlas Comics, the 1950s iteration of Marvel Comics, drawing several supernatural-fantasy stories plus at least four Westerns and one war story on titles cover-dated July 1956 to June 1957.

Morrow illustrated several stories for EC Comics in the 1950s, including horror, suspense and science fiction. He later did covers and stories for the company's New Trend comics and Picto-Fiction magazines.

In late 1956, Morrow was drafted into the U.S. Army. Stationed at Incheon and Wolmido Island, South Korea, with Fox Company, he did "illustrations and paintings for the officers' club, day rooms, insignias on helmets for their parades ... you know, anything and everything. That was my official duty." After being discharged in 1958, "My friend Angelo Torres took me around to a couple of his clients, one being 'Classics' [i.e., the Gilberton Company, publisher of the Classics Illustrated comic-book series of literary adaptations], and I was given a script. One thing led to another and I was soon working on a regular basis.

Prior to his Gilberton stint, Morrow contributed to one of the first black-and-white horror-comics magazines, the Joe Simon-edited Eerie Tales #1 (Nov. 1959) from Hastings Associates, penciling and inking two four-page stories by an unknown writer, "The Stalker" and "Burn!"

1960s to 1970s
In the early 1960s, Morrow anonymously illustrated three literary adaptations for Classics Illustrated: The Octopus by Frank Norris (#159, Nov. 1960); Master of the World by Jules Verne (#163, July 1961); and The Queen's Necklace by Alexandre Dumas (#165, Jan. 1962), which he said he penciled and inked at the rate of "eight pages a day ... as fast as I've ever been able to go" since "I'd moved to California and needed those checks badly." Morrow also supplied drawings for chapters in Classics Illustrated Special Issue #159A, Rockets, Jets and Missiles (Dec. 1960), and in 13 World Around Us issues ranging from Prehistoric Animals (Nov. 1959) to Famous Teens (May 1961). One of those, #W28, Whaling (Dec. 1960), resulted in unexpected controversy when he accurately depicted African-American whalers:

"[T]he page rate [at Gilberton in general] wasn't much for the accuracy and authenticity they expected, but it was a challenge to 'do it right.' Roberta and Len Cole were demanding but genial editors. One job I do remember ... something about whaling, got me in dutch [i.e. trouble] with Roberta. My research indicated that many of the whalers were black — so that's what I drew. She had a fit and insisted they all be redrawn to 'avoid controversy.'"

In the end, the problematic chapter, "The Long Voyage", retained what one comics historian called "a respectable number of African-American whalemen." Morrow, however, recalled, "[T]hey had me make them all white. I had to change their features."

Concurrently, Morrow also illustrated entries in the Bobbs-Merrill juvenile book series "Childhood of Famous Americans", continuing with that publisher after Gilberton ceased production of new titles. Morrow's art appears in Henry Clay: Young Kentucky Orator (1963), Douglas MacArthur: Young Protector and other entries. Some, including Crispus Attucks, Black Leader of Colonial Patriots, Teddy Roosevelt, Young Rough Rider, and Abner Doubleday: Young Baseball Pioneer, were reprinted by successor publishers in the 1980s and 1990s.

Morrow next began a three-year association with Warren Publishing's line of black-and-white horror-comics magazines in 1964, starting with the six-page story "Bewitched!," written by Larry Ivie, in Creepy #1, and contributed over a dozen stories to that magazine and its sister publication Eerie, as well as to the war-comics magazine Blazing Combat, through 1967. He also painted four horror covers for Warren. For competitor Skywald Publications, he drew the eight-page "The Skin And Bones Syndrome" for Psycho #1 (Jan. 1971), and co-created the muck-monster Man-Thing, with writers Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway, in Marvel Comics' first entry into the adult-oriented comics-magazine market, the black-and-white Savage Tales #1 (May 1971).

By 1970, Morrow was married to Betty Morrow, who wrote a story he drew, "The Journey", in the early independent comic witzend #7 (1970). That same year he returned to color comics, drawing several supernatural-fantasy stories for DC Comics' Witching Hour, House of Secrets and House of Mystery, as well as a smattering of romance and superhero tales. He also drew Western stories, and with writer Robert Kanigher co-created the Old West vigilante El Diablo in All-Star Western #2 (Oct. 1970). He did a small amount of work for Marvel during this time, with the cover and a romance story for My Love #14 (Nov. 1971), a Man-Thing cover and story in Adventure into Fear #10 (Oct. 1972), two "Gullivar Jones, Warrior of Mars" stories in Creatures on the Loose #20-21 (Nov. 1972 - Jan. 1973), and virtually his only Marvel superhero story, a 10-page Falcon feature in Captain America #144 (Dec. 1971).

By 1973, Morrow had served as an uncredited ghost artist or art assistant on the syndicated comic strips Rip Kirby by John Prentice, Secret Agent X-9 by Al Williamson and Big Ben Bolt by John Cullen Murphy. He took over the Buck Rogers strip in 1979 and the Tarzan Sunday strip from 1983 to 2001. He recalled trying out for Prince Valiant, saying he provided a sample "when [strip creator] Hal Foster decided to go into semi-retirement. It was done in August and published in October or November of '71. It was done as a sample when Foster interviewed [me] and a couple of others (Wally Wood and John Cullen Murphy) to take over."

Through 1974 and early 1975, he edited and frequently drew stories for Archie Comics' imprint of non-teen-humor titles, Red Circle Comics, including Chilling Adventures in Sorcery, its successor Red Circle Sorcery, and the single-issue The Super Cops, based on two real-life New York City Police Department detectives. Following this, he specialized in covers and stories for such black-and-white Marvel magazines as Masters of Terror, Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction and Marvel Preview. Afterward, through 1976, he was art director of Charlton Comics' black-and-white magazine Space: 1999, based on the TV series of that name. Active in the early independent comics of the 1970s, Morrow contributed mostly spot illustrations, covers and pinups rather than stories to titles including publisher David Jablin's Imagination #1 (1971); Mark Feldman's I'll Be Damned #4 (1971); John Carbonaro's Phase #1 (Sept. 1971); Doug Murray & Richard Garrison Heritage #1A and 1B (1972); and Gary Berman & Adam Malin's Infinity #2, 3B, 4-5 (1970?-1973).

In 1978, he began publishing, in Heavy Metal magazine, a series of stories that would be collected in 2012 as chapters of the sword and sorcery graphic novel Orion. Likewise, his Playboy feature "Amora", which he both wrote and drew, was collected as Heritage presents ... Amora, from the Forest Park, Georgia publisher Heritage in 1971. He illustrated and colored each of the several Roger Zelazny stories that the author self-adapted for the 96-page graphic short-story collection The Illustrated Roger Zelazny, produced by Byron Preiss Enterprizes and published by Baronet Publishing in February 1979. In addition to comics, Morrow in the 1960s and 1970s was an illustrator for many science-fiction magazines, with examples of his work gracing most of the covers of the American version of the Perry Rhodan paperback-book series. He did regular interior artwork for Galaxy Science Fiction from 1964 to 1968 including the illustrations for the original Galaxy Science Fiction publication of the Hugo-winning novella Soldier, Ask Not by Gordon R. Dickson. Additionally, he drew for satirical-humor magazine National Lampoon

Later career
In the 1980s, he wrote and drew Pacific Comics' three-issue Edge of Chaos (July 1983 - Jan. 1984), a science-fiction retelling of the story of the Greek gods. Through the decade he did sporadic but diverse work for Marvel and DC, ranging from stories of Lois Lane to those of Mark Hazzard: Merc, as well as horror and science-fiction stories for Eclipse Comics; satirical humor for Cracked; "The Sex Vampires from Outer Space" and other stories for the same publisher's black-and-white comics magazine Monsters Attack; and Marvel Graphic Novel: Dreamwalker (1989), a 63-page superhero/espionage thriller written by actors Miguel Ferrer and Bill Mumy. He drew the comics adaptations of the Sheena and Supergirl movies in 1984. Morrow briefly drew DC's Spectre series in 1988.

The following decade, continuing his trend of wide-ranging work, he drew the superhero feature "Powerline", by writers D. G. Chichester and Margaret Clark, in several issues of the Marvel/Epic Comics anthology A Shadowline Saga: Critical Mass; inked Michael Davis Lawrence on writer Mike Grell's DC Comics miniseries Shado: Song of the Dragon #1-4; contributed to DC's "The Big Book of ..." trade paperback line of non-fiction vignettes on a variety of topics; drew the Historical Souvenir Co.'s 40-page, non-fiction Epic Battles of the Civil War #2 - Shiloh (1998); drew children's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers adventurers for Hamilton Comics and adult-oriented stories for Penthouse Comix; and did work for such independent comics publishers as Aardwolf Publishing, Dark Horse Comics and NBM, and the underground comix publisher Rip Off Press. His last new work was his posthumously published contribution, with four other artists, to the 10-page story "Letters From a Broken Apple", written by Neil Kleid, in Alternative Comics' benefit one-shot 9-11 Emergency Relief (Jan. 2002).

Other work
Morrow worked in television animation, including on a Spider-Man TV series, and was a member of The Animation Guild, I.A.T.S.E. Local 839.

He painted or drew the theatrical one-sheet for the Al Adamson horror film Five Bloody Graves (1970), and drew the King Kong cover of the premiere issue of The Monster Times.

Personal life
By 1973, when he was living in Brooklyn, Morrow was married with a family that included adopted children.

He was living in Kunkletown, Pennsylvania, and suffering from Parkinson's disease when he died November 6, 2001, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. He was survived by his later wife, Pocho Morrow.

Awards
Morrow was nominated for the Hugo Award for best professional artist in 1966, 1967, and 1968. In 2005, he was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Cartoonists Associates Hall of Fame in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, located in the Toy and Action Figure Museum.

Alternative Comics

 * 9-11 Emergency Relief #1 (2002)

Archie Comics

 * Archie's Super Hero Comics Digest Magazine #2 (Black Hood) (1979)
 * Archie's Super Hero Special #1 (1978)
 * Black Hood #1, 3 (1983)
 * Blue Ribbon Comics vol 2. #8 (1984)
 * Chilling Adventures in Sorcery #3–5 (1973–1974)
 * Mad House #97 (1975)
 * Red Circle Sorcery #6–8, 10–11 (1974–1975)
 * The Super Cops #1 (1974)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures #62, 65–66 (1994–1995)

Baronet Publishing

 * The Illustrated Roger Zelazny (1979)

Charlton Comics

 * Space: 1999 #1–3, 5–6, 8 (1975–1976)

Dark Horse Comics

 * Dark Horse Presents #53–55 (1991)
 * Dark Horse Presents Annual (1998)
 * The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles #3–6 (1992)

DC Comics

 * Adventure Comics #413–415 (Zatanna); #417, 422 (Vigilante) (1971–1972)
 * All-Star Western #2–4, 10–11 (El Diablo) (1970–1972)
 * Batman Annual #13 (1989)
 * Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight Annual #3 (1993)
 * Christmas with the Super-Heroes #2 (1989)
 * DC Comics Presents #65 (Superman/Madame Xanadu) (1984)
 * G.I. Combat #159–161 (1973)
 * Green Arrow: The Wonder Year #1–4 (1993)
 * Heroes Against Hunger #1 (1986)
 * House of Mystery #192, 196, 255, 320 (1971–1983)
 * House of Secrets #86, 89–90 (1970–1971)
 * Jonah Hex #90–92 (1985)
 * Lois Lane #1–2 (1986)
 * Outsiders #12 (1986)
 * Scarlett #5–9 (1993)
 * Secret Origins vol. 2 #21 (Jonah Hex) (1987)
 * Shado: Song of the Dragon #1–4 (1992)
 * Spectre vol. 2 #9–15 (1987–1988)
 * Star Trek #28, 35–36, 56, Annual #1 (1986–1990)
 * Supergirl Movie Special #1 (1985)
 * Superman #238 (World of Krypton) (1971)
 * Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #111 (Rose and the Thorn) (1971)
 * Tarzan #208 (1972)
 * Who's Who in Star Trek #1–2 (1987)
 * Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe #4, 7, 25–26 (1985–1987)
 * Who's Who Update '88 #4 (1988)
 * The Witching Hour #10, 13, 15–16 (1970–1971)
 * World's Finest Comics #245–248 (Vigilante) (1977)
 * Young Love #80, 82 (1970)
 * Zatanna Special #1 (1987)

Paradox Press

 * The Big Book Of Bad (1998)
 * The Big Book of Hoaxes (1996)
 * The Big Book of Losers (1997)
 * The Big Book of the '70s (2000)
 * The Big Book of the Weird Wild West (1998)
 * The Big Book of Thugs (1996)
 * The Big Book of Vice (1999)

Eclipse Comics

 * 3-D Alien Terror #1 (1986)
 * Alien Encounters #10 (1986)
 * Tales of Terror #3–4 (1985–1986)
 * Twisted Tales #10 (1984)

Fantagraphics

 * Cosmic Kliti #1 (1991)

Forbidden Fruit

 * Gray Morrow's Private Commissions #1–2 (1992)

Gilberton Company

 * Classics Illustrated #159, 163, 165, 169 (1960–1969)
 * Classics Illustrated Special Issue #159A (1960)
 * The World Around Us #15, 18–19, 23, 25–26, 28, 30, 32 (1959–1961)

Globe Communications

 * Cracked #228, 241 (1987–1988)
 * Monsters Attack #1–5 (1989–1990)

Hamilton Comics

 * Dread of Night #1 (1991)
 * Grave Tales #1 (1991)
 * Maggots #3 (1992)
 * Saban's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers #1, 4, 6 (1995)

HM Communications, Inc.

 * Heavy Metal #v1#10, #v1#12–13, #v2#1, #v2#3–8, #v3#1, #v3#3, #v3#5, #v6#8 (1978–1982)

Marvel Comics

 * Adventure into Fear #10 (Man-Thing) (1972)
 * Astonishing #52, 61 (1956–1957)
 * Barbie #32 (1993)
 * Battlefront #41 (1956)
 * Captain America #144 (1971)
 * Creatures on the Loose #20–21 (1972–1973)
 * Destroyer #3 (1992)
 * Frontier Western #8 (1957)
 * Heroes for Hope Starring the X-Men #1 (1985)
 * Hook Magazine #1 (1992)
 * Journey into Mystery #41–42 (1956–1957)
 * Journey into Unknown Worlds #48 (1956)
 * Kid Colt, Outlaw #60 (1956)
 * Mark Hazzard: Merc #1–2, 4, 8, 10–11 (1986–1987)
 * Marvel Fanfare #9 (Man-Thing) (1983)
 * Marvel Graphic Novel: The Dreamwalker (1989)
 * Marvel Super Special #34 (Sheena) (1984)
 * Marvel Tales #150, 152, 156 (1956–1957)
 * Monsters Unleashed #3 (1973)
 * My Love #14 (1971)
 * Mystery Tales #50 (1957)
 * Mystic #51 (1956)
 * Power Pack #51 (1989)
 * Quick-Trigger Western #18 (1957)
 * Savage Tales #1–2 (1971–1973)
 * Savage Tales vol. 2 #1–2, 7 (1985–1986)
 * Strange Stories of Suspense #13 (1957)
 * Strange Tales #52, 54, 57 (1956–1957)
 * Strange Tales of the Unusual #10 (1957)
 * Two-Gun Western #9–10 (1957)
 * Uncanny Tales #46, 51 (1956–1957)
 * Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction #5 (1975)
 * Western Gunfighters #26 (1957)
 * World of Fantasy #7 (1957)

Epic Comics

 * Clive Barker's Hellraiser #8 (1991)
 * Powerline #4–7 (1989)
 * A Shadowline Saga: Critical Mass #1, 3–4, 6–7 (1990)
 * Wild Cards #4 (1990)

Pacific Comics

 * Alien Worlds #7 (1984)
 * Edge of Chaos #1–3 (1983–1984)

Penthouse

 * Penthouse Comix #2–7 (1994–1995)

Valiant Comics

 * Nintendo Comics System #1 (1991)

Warren Publishing

 * Blazing Combat #1–3 (1965–1966)
 * Creepy #1–7, 9–10, 13, 20, 24, 26, 55, 87 (1964–1977)
 * Eerie #2, 4, 15, 19 (1966–1968)

Wonderful Publishing Company

 * witzend #6–7 (1969–1970)

title: Gray Morrow


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Marcus Whitman

Marcus Whitman (September 4, 1802 – November 29, 1847) was an American physician and missionary. He is most well-known for leading American settlers across the Oregon Trail, unsuccessfully attempting to Christianize the Cayuse Indians, and was subsequently killed by the Cayuse Indians in a event known as the 1847 Whitman massacre, over a misunderstanding, resulting in the beginning of the Cayuse war (1847-1855).

In 1836, Marcus Whitman led an overland party by wagon to the West. He and his wife, Narcissa, along with Reverend Henry Spalding and his wife, Eliza, and William Gray, founded a mission near present-day Walla Walla, Washington in an effort to convert local Indians to Christianity. In the winter of 1842, Whitman went back east, returning the following summer with the first large wagon train of settlers across the Oregon Trail. These new settlers encroached on the Cayuse Indians living near the Whitman Mission and were unsuccessful in their efforts to Christianize the tribe. Following the deaths of many nearby Cayuse from an outbreak of measles, some remaining Cayuse accused Whitman of murder, suggesting that he had administered poison and was a failed shaman. In retaliation, a group of Cayuse killed the Whitmans and eleven other settlers on November 29, 1847, an event that came to be known as the Whitman massacre. This led to continuing warfare between settlers and the Cayuse which reduced their numbers further.

Early life
On September 4, 1802, Whitman was born in Federal Hollow, New York to Beza and Alice Whitman. After Beza's death when Whitman was seven, he was sent to Massachusetts to live with his uncle.

Whitman dreamed of becoming a minister but did not have the money for such schooling. He returned to New York as a young man. He studied medicine for two years with an experienced physician under the form of apprenticeship approved then, and received his degree from Fairfield Medical College in New York. He practiced medicine for a few years in Canada but was interested in going to the west.

Missionary
In 1835, Whitman traveled with the missionary Samuel Parker to present-day northwestern Montana and northern Idaho, to minister to bands of the Flathead and Nez Perce nations. During this journey, he treated several fur trappers during an outbreak of cholera. At the end of their stay, he promised the Nez Perce that he would return with other missionaries and teachers to live with them.

Parker and Whitman were present for the 1835 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

Marriage and family
In 1836, Whitman married Narcissa Prentiss, a teacher of physics and chemistry. She had also been eager to travel west as a missionary, but she had been unable to do so as a single woman. They had one daughter, Alice Clarissa, born On March 14, 1837, the first Anglo-American child born in Oregon Country. She was named after her grandmothers. She drowned in the Walla Walla River at age two.

As settlers came in increasing numbers, the Whitmans took in eleven orphaned children, including the adoption of the Sager orphans. They also established a kind of boarding school for settlers' children at their mission.

The way west
On May 25, 1836, the Whitmans, and a group of other missionaries including Henry H. Spalding and Eliza Hart Spalding, joined a caravan of fur traders and traveled west. The fur company caravan was led by the mountain men Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick. The fur traders had seven covered wagons, each pulled by six mules. An additional cart drawn by two mules carried Milton Sublette, who had lost a leg a year earlier and walked on a "cork" one made by a friend.

The combined group arrived in time for the fur-traders' annual Rocky Mountain Rendezvous.

The group established several missions as well as Whitman's settlement at a Cayuse settlement called Waíilatpu (Why-ee-laht-poo) in the Cayuse language, meaning "People of the Place of the Rye Grass". It was located just west of the northern end of the Blue Mountains. The present-day city of Walla Walla, Washington developed six miles to the east. The settlement was in the territory of both the Cayuse and the Nez Perce tribes. Whitman farmed and provided medical care, while Narcissa set up a school for the Native American children.

In 1842, Whitman traveled east, and on his return, he accompanied the first large group of wagon trains west. Known as the "Great Emigration", the 1843 expedition established the viability of the Oregon Trail for later homesteaders. Not having much success with converting the Cayuse, the Whitmans gave more attention to the settlers. They took in children to their own home and established a boarding school for settlers' children.

Massacre
The Cayuse resented the encroachment of white settlers. More significantly, the influx of settlers in the territory brought new infectious diseases to the Indian Tribes, including a severe epidemic of measles in 1847. The Native Americans' lack of immunity to Eurasian diseases resulted in high death rates, with children dying in large numbers. The Whitmans cared for both Cayuse and white settlers, but half of the Cayuse died and nearly all the Cayuse children perished. Seeing that more whites had survived, the Cayuse blamed the Whitmans for the devastating deaths among their people.

The Cayuse tradition held medicine men personally responsible for the patient's recovery. Their despair at the deaths, especially of their children, led the Cayuse under Chief Tiloukaikt to kill the Whitmans in their home on November 29, 1847. Warriors destroyed most of the buildings at Waiilatpu and killed twelve other white settlers in the community, kidnapping many children and forcibly marrying them in certain cases. The events became known among white settlers as the Whitman massacre. The Cayuse held another 53 women and children captive for a month before releasing them through negotiations. These events, and continued white encroachment, triggered a continuing conflict between the settlers and the Cayuse that became known as the Cayuse War. Five Cayuse were hanged for murder.

Historians have noted contemporary accounts of competition between the Protestant missionaries and Catholic priests, who had become established with Jesuit missions from Canada and St. Louis, Missouri, as contributing to the tensions. The Roman Catholic priest John Baptiste Brouillet aided the survivors and helped bury the victims. Two days later Brouillet encountered Rev. Henry H. Spalding on his way to the Whitmans', told him what had happened, and warned him that he might be in danger. Spalding later wrote a pamphlet stating forcefully that the Catholic priests, including Father Brouillet, had incited the Cayuse to massacre.

Spalding's version of the disaster was printed and reprinted, sometimes at taxpayer expense, for the next half-century.

Legacy and honors

Whitman is commemorated by Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest, Mount Rainier's Whitman Glacier, and numerous schools, including Marcus Whitman Middle School in Port Orchard, Washington; Marcus Whitman Junior High School in Seattle, Washington; and Marcus Whitman Central School in Rushville, New York, his hometown. His mission is preserved as Whitman Mission National Historic Site. While the name is not used much now, the road from Penn Yan, New York to Rushville, New York was formerly called the Marcus Whitman Highway. Fort Whitman (active 1900–1947) located near LaConner, Washington was named for him.

The Washington State Legislature has declared the fourth day of September as Marcus Whitman Day. A bronze tablet in Wheeler, New York commemorates his 1828–1835 practice as a medical doctor in that town. In 1977, he was inducted into Steuben County, New York's Hall of Fame. Walla Walla has a Marcus Whitman Hotel and Conference Center.

In 1953, the state of Washington donated a statue of him by the sculptor Avard Fairbanks to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol, An identical one stands at the edge of the campus of Whitman College.

Historical importance
Marcus Whitman's alleged political influence over the United States' claim to the Oregon country, as well as his purported leadership role in the emigration, were greatly exaggerated in the decades following his death, leading to great controversy in popular and academic literature.

After Whitman's death, Spalding energetically promoted the idea that Marcus Whitman had traveled east to Washington in order to "save" the Oregon Territory from British control by convincing the United States to send settlers to contest claims of British governance. In 1901, Yale University historian Edward Gaylord Bourne convincingly disproved this revision of history, using the historical record to demonstrate that Whitman's trip back east was motivated by his desire to maintain the mission to convert the Native American tribes of the Northwest to Christianity and that he returned with settlers who were Protestant in order to promote (Protestant) Christianity.

title: Marcus Whitman


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Fresnillo

Fresnillo is a city in north central Mexico, founded in 1554 by Francisco de Ibarra. It is the second largest city in Zacatecas state and the seat of Fresnillo municipality. As a rail and highway junction, Fresnillo is the center of a rich mining area known especially for silver, and the location of one of the world's richest silver mines, the Mina Proaño or Fresnillo Mine, which belongs to the Peñoles mining company. Other important economic activities include agriculture (cereals, beans), cattle raising, and a mining school. Fresnillo is also the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name which surrounds it. The municipality had a population of 196,538 and an areal extent of 4947 km2.

It is the location of religious pilgrimages to see the famous Santo Niño de Atocha ("Holy Child of Atocha"), a Roman Catholic devotional statue brought to Mexico from Spain.

History
Between 1551 and 1552, Diego Fernández de Proaño embarked on several explorations in the Zacatecas region, searching for a legendary hill purported to contain great mineral wealth. He discovered a hill, which despite not matching the descriptions given, bore evidence of rich mineral deposits, which he named "Cerro de Proaño" ("Proaño's Hill"). He returned to the city of Zacatecas to report his findings to the Viceroy, but apparently there was not much interest in his discovery and Proaño's Hill was forgotten over the years.

A second expedition, headed by 15-year-old Francisco de Ibarra, arrived on September 2, 1554 at a place where there was a freshwater spring, in whose border was a "Pequeño Fresno" (small ash). They decided to spend the night, and Francisco de Ibarra wrote his name for the place in his daily journal: "Ojo de Agua del Fresnillo" ("spring of the small ash"). In the early years after its foundation, the town suffered incursions by Guachichil Indians who were nomadic and bellicose. Due to the heavy losses suffered by the settlers in those early years, the Viceroy, Martín Enríquez de Almanza, ordered the construction of a presidio in the town. Captain Rodrigo Río de Loza was assigned to lead the garrison of eight soldiers. The military outpost was built where the current municipal palace stands today. Among the first mayors of Fresnillo were Captain Diego Núñez de Miranda, Cristóbal Caldera and Juan de Avellaneda.

Between 1682 and 1757, the mines were worked constantly. There were several mines, mostly on the foothills of Proaño's Hill. In 1757, the mine shafts had reached fifty meters in depth and flooding began to be a major problem. The mines were abandoned as it was economically unviable to mitigate the flooding and the area went into an economic crisis. The mine owners lost their mines as a result of seizure by the Spanish Crown for failure to repay loans. The Crown named a new administrator for the mines, but they continued to lie idle.

In 2013, Fresnillo became the first municipality in Mexican history to elect an openly gay mayor, with the election of Benjamín Medrano. The municipal palace was burned during a protest against the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a 12-year-old girl known as Sofía Alejandra N. on November 22, 2020. The girl was kidnapped and held for eleven days but the family could not come up with the money needed to pay the ransom.

In the summer of 2021, it was reported that 96% of the residents of Fresnillo felt unsafe, primarily due to the violence from drug cartels.

The Coat of Arms of Fresnillo
In the superior part of the shield is the Latin phrase: "Orat Atque Laborat Ab Urbe Condita", which means: "Since its Founding a City that Works and Prays". The lower part reads, "Real de Minas del Fresnillo (Royal Mine of Fresnillo)". In the center the horizontal bar reads: "2 de Septiembre de 1554".

The coat of arms is divided into three boxes: first in the left superior part, there appears the Virgin of Candlemas, Pattern of Fresnillo, which is identified by the candle in her right hand. In the box on the right superior part, there is a rodela or shield and the arms used by the natives and the Spaniards during the Conquest. In the inferior part (the third box) there appears a spring, in whose margin there is an Ash tree, and a depiction of the bottom of the Proaño Hill with some clouds, symbolizing the rainy month of September. "2 of September of 1554".

Plateros
Fresnillo, Zacatecas is often connected with Plateros, a nearby mining town that attracts many religious believers to the area. The church was built in the late 1690s in commemoration of Spanish miners finding a miraculous silver crucifix. The crucifix is said to have appeared in a wooden crate without knowledge of its creation. Spiritual devotion and respect resulted in the cross-Atlantic travel of a statue of the Our Lady of Atocha. The statue has the Virgin Mary carrying an infant Jesus in her arms. This infant statue became known as the Holy Child of Atocha.

Many claim that miracles result from the devout prayer to this Holy Child. Those who truly believe that the Holy Child worked in their favor will often bring back a gift in gratitude. In 1883, a separate building was constructed to house the various gifts followers brought back to him.

Today, many families who have religious connections to this saint will travel far in pilgrimage and attend mass as they visit the shrine. The saint itself is said to be a Zacatecas iconic piece, as well as a guardian of miners.

Agriculture
Agriculture is of great importance. The city is a great producer of various crops, including corn, pepper, tomato, among others. The neighboring towns and villages will focus on exporting its goods to the main city, as well as others. Economic sustainability is often connected to its agricultural success, along with silver mining.

title: Fresnillo


text:
Back River

Back River may refer to various watercourses:

Australia

 * Back River (Tamworth), a tributary of the Barnard River in New South Wales
 * Back River (Cooma-Monaro), a tributary of the Tuross River in New South Wales
 * Back River (Victoria), a tributary of the Timbarra River in Victoria

Canada

 * Back River (Nunavut)
 * Rivière des Prairies in Quebec, also known in English as Back River
 * Atlatzi River, British Columbia, formerly known as the Back River

Jamaica

 * Back River (Jamaica)

United States

 * Back River (Kennebec River), a river in coastal Maine, in the combined estuary of the Sheepscot and the Kennebec rivers
 * Back River (Sheepscot River), a short tidal channel in the town of Boothbay, Maine
 * Back River (Meduncook River), a short tributary of the Meduncook River in Friendship, Maine
 * Back River (Medomak River), river in Friendship, Maine, which empties into the estuary of the Medomak River
 * Back River (Saint George River), a tributary of the Saint George River in Knox County, Maine
 * Back River (Maryland), a tidal estuary in Baltimore County, Maryland
 * Back River (Powwow River), a tributary of the Powwow River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts
 * Back River (Buzzards Bay), a small tidal estuary in Bourne, Massachusetts
 * Back River (Massachusetts Bay), which flows into Duxbury Bay
 * Back River (Merrimac, Massachusetts), a much smaller tributary of the Powwow River
 * Weymouth Back River, in Weymouth, Massachusetts
 * Back River (Berkeley County, South Carolina), a small tributary of the Cooper River (South Carolina)
 * Back River (Virginia), an estuarine inlet of the Chesapeake Bay between Hampton and Poquoson, Virginia
 * Back River (Savannah River), a secondary channel of the Savannah River, southeastern US

title: Back River


text:
Esophageal varices

Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis. People with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop severe bleeding which left untreated can be fatal. Esophageal varices are typically diagnosed through an esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Pathogenesis
The upper two thirds of the esophagus are drained via the esophageal veins, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, which in turn drains directly into the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in the development of esophageal varices. The lower one third of the esophagus is drained into the superficial veins lining the esophageal mucosa, which drain into the left gastric vein, which in turn drains directly into the portal vein. These superficial veins (normally only approximately 1 mm in diameter) become distended up to 1–2 cm in diameter in association with portal hypertension.

Normal portal pressure is approximately 9 mmHg compared to an inferior vena cava pressure of 2–6 mmHg. This creates a normal pressure gradient of 3–7 mmHg. If the portal pressure rises above 12 mmHg, this gradient rises to 7–10 mmHg. A gradient greater than 5 mmHg is considered portal hypertension. At gradients greater than 10 mmHg, blood flowing through the hepatic portal system is redirected from the liver into areas with lower venous pressures. This means that collateral circulation develops in the lower esophagus, abdominal wall, stomach, and rectum. The small blood vessels in these areas become distended, becoming more thin-walled, and appear as varicosities.

In situations where portal pressures increase, such as with cirrhosis, there is dilation of veins in the anastomosis, leading to esophageal varices. Splenic vein thrombosis is a rare condition that causes esophageal varices without a raised portal pressure. Splenectomy can cure the variceal bleeding due to splenic vein thrombosis.

Varices can also form in other areas of the body, including the stomach (gastric varices), duodenum (duodenal varices), and rectum (rectal varices). Treatment of these types of varices may differ. In some cases, schistosomiasis also leads to esophageal varices.

Histology
Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Evidence of past variceal hemorrhage includes inflammation and venous thrombosis.

Prevention
In ideal circumstances, people with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding. The non-selective β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, timolol or nadolol) and nitrates (e.g., isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) have been evaluated for secondary prophylaxis. Non-selective β-blockers (but not cardioselective β-blockers like atenolol) are preferred because they decrease both cardiac output by β1 blockade and splanchnic blood flow by blocking vasodilating β2 receptors at splanchnic vasculature. The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies.

However, non-selective β-blockers do not prevent the formation of esophageal varices.

When medical contraindications to beta-blockers exist, such as significant reactive airway disease, then treatment with prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation is often performed.

Treatment
In emergency situations, care is directed at stopping blood loss, maintaining plasma volume, correcting disorders in coagulation induced by cirrhosis, and appropriate use of antibiotics such as quinolones or ceftriaxone. Blood volume resuscitation should be done promptly and with caution. The goal should be hemodynamic stability and hemoglobin of over 8 g/dl. Resuscitation of all lost blood leads to increase in portal pressure leading to more bleeding. Volume resuscitation can also worsen ascites and increase portal pressure. (AASLD guidelines)

Therapeutic endoscopy is considered the mainstay of urgent treatment. The two main therapeutic approaches are variceal ligation (banding) and sclerotherapy.

In cases of refractory bleeding, balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken–Blakemore tube may be necessary, usually as a bridge to further endoscopy or treatment of the underlying cause of bleeding (i.e.: portal hypertension). Esophageal devascularization operations such as the Sugiura procedure can also be used to stop complicated bleeding. Methods of treating the portal hypertension include: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), distal splenorenal shunt procedure, or liver transplantation.

Nutritional supplementation is necessary if the person has been unable to eat for more than four days.

Terlipressin and octreotide for one to five days have also been used.

title: Esophageal varices


text: Category:Intellectual property treaties

title: Category:Intellectual property treaties


text:
Nagini

Nagini may refer to:

 * Nāginī, a female member of the Naga, a class of semi-divine snakes in Indian religion and mythology
 * Nāgnī or Naiṇī Devī, a serpent goddess worshipped in the valley of the Pindar river in the Indian Himalaya
 * Nagini (Harry Potter), a snake in the Harry Potter series
 * Nagini mazonense, an extinct species of amniote

title: Nagini


text: Category:Treaties

title: Category:Treaties


text: Category:Albania

title: Category:Albania


text:
Archibald Bulloch

Archibald Stobo Bulloch (January 1, 1730 – February 22, 1777) was an American lawyer, military officer and politician who served as the seventh governor of Georgia from 1776 to 1777. Born in the Province of South Carolina, Bulloch fought in the Georgia Militia during the American Revolution, and was also a great-grandfather of Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, and great-great-grandfather of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States.

Early life

Bulloch was born in 1730 in Charleston, South Carolina. He was the son of James Bulloch (1701–1780) and his wife Jean (daughter of Rev Archibald Stobo), both Scots, and was named after his maternal grandfather. After receiving his education in Charleston, he began to practice law and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the South Carolina militia.

The Bulloch family moved to the Province of Georgia in 1758, where in 1764 Bulloch moved to Savannah. He was elected to the colonial legislature in 1768.

Revolution
Bulloch was an early supporter of the revolution in Georgia as a member of the Friends of Liberty. He served as President of the 1st and 2nd Provincial Congresses of Georgia, and was a delegate in 1775 to the Continental Congress. There, he won John Adams's praise for his "Abilities and Fortitude". In the Continental Congress, he was a member of the Secret Committee, which was responsible for gathering war supplies. Speaking to the Provincial Congress, Bulloch said, "This is no time to talk of moderation; in the present instance it ceases to be a virtue."

Bulloch is also recorded as having been a Freemason in Georgia. His name is listed on the 1779 Masonic rolls of Solomon's Lodge No. 1 at Savannah along with George Walton, John Adam Treutlen, James Jackson, Nathaniel Pendelton, and General Samuel Elbert.

Bulloch would have been a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but decided to return to Georgia to aid the revolution there. He wrote to John Adams, "Such a series of Victory having attended the American Arms, emboldens us further to trust in Providence, that has so remarkably interposed in our behalf, and we cannot but entertain the most sanguine Hopes, of still preserving our most invaluable Liberties." Adams was disappointed that Bulloch would not be able to sign the Declaration, saying, "I was greatly disappointed, Sir, in the information you gave me, that you should be prevented from revisiting Philadelphia."

In 1776, Bulloch fought under the command of Colonel Lachlan McIntosh in the Battle of the Rice Boats and the Battle of Tybee Island. On June 20, 1776, he was chosen to be the first President and Commander-in-Chief of Georgia under the state's temporary republican government. When he signed the state constitution on February 20, 1777, his position transferred from president to governor of Georgia. He was thus Georgia's first chief executive under a proper constitutional government, but the third chief executive in all, following the brief tenures of presidents William Ewen and George Walton.

Death
Bulloch died in Savannah while preparing to defend against the British invasion of Georgia in 1777. There is some speculation that he was poisoned, although this has never been proven. His death was a severe blow, as his was the only leadership that united the Whig factions in the troubled young state. He is buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery.

Personal life
On October 10, 1764, Bulloch was married to Mary De Veaux (1748–1818), the daughter of Ann (née Fairchild) De Veaux and Col. James De Veaux, a prominent Savannah landowner. Together, they were the parents of:

 * Archibald Stobo Bulloch Jr. (1775–1859), who had built the Archibald Bulloch House.

 * William Bellinger Bulloch (1777–1852), who later represented Georgia in the United States Senate.

Legacy

Archibald's great-great-grandson was President Theodore Roosevelt. His great-great-great granddaughter was First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt's son Archibald was named after his ancestor.

Bulloch County, Georgia, is named after him.

title: Archibald Bulloch


text:
Category:Copyright law

Articles relating to copyright, a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.

title: Category:Copyright law


text: Category:Jedi

title: Category:Jedi


text:
Maryland railway station

Maryland railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line serving the Maryland area of the London Borough of Newham, east London. It is 4 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Stratford and Forest Gate. Its three-letter station code is MYL and it is in fare zone 3.

The station was opened in 1873 as Maryland Point by the Great Eastern Railway. It was renamed Maryland in 1940. It is managed and served by the Elizabeth line between Shenfield and Heathrow Airport.

Great Eastern Railway (1873–1922)
The railway through the site of Maryland station was first built in 1839 by the Eastern Counties Railway as the first part of what was later to become the Great Eastern Main Line. Trains initially ran between Mile End and Romford.

By the 1860s, the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). Although they wished to amalgamate formally, they could not obtain government agreement for this until 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed.

Maryland Point station was opened by the Great Eastern Railway on 6 January 1873.

Between Stratford and Maryland Point were some cattle pens (a staple of early ECR goods traffic) and sidings as well as two additional running lines. The new station was located just after the two track section began and is located between the bridges carrying Grove Road and Water Lane over the railway.

The area west of the station was remodelled c1877 and, in 1877 and again in 1882 the station platforms were lengthened.

As London grew, developers starting acquiring land to build new properties and the demand at stations such as Maryland Point increased. The GER realised that the two track main line was not enough to cope with the new suburban and longer distance traffic, and still provide a reliable service for the minor stations. The answer was a programme of quadrupling (providing two additional tracks) along the route and this work took place in phases. In the case of Maryland the changes were extensive.

The alignment was extended north and south of the existing station, with the original alignment in the middle of today's platforms 2 and 3. When the station was built platforms were only built on the northernmost lines which were named the Local Lines. The other lines used for longer distance trains were named the Through Lines. Improved entrances were provided at both ends of the station with stairs down to the platforms.

In the 1870s prior to the station opening, the first signal box was located where the down platform was built. When the station was built a new signal box (1872) was provided west of Grove Road bridge. This only lasted until 1891 when the tracks were re-aligned due to the quadrupling through the station area and the new box was situated slightly to the south between the two sets of running lines. At the same time a short lived signal box existed at Maryland Point East Junction where the four tracks went down to two tracks, but once the four tracks were extended to Forest Gate, the junction was abolished and there was no need for the signal box.

In 1907 the station was equipped with electric lighting.

Table 298 of the Bradshaw's timetable guide of July 1922 shows Maryland Point to have a regular services of trains from Liverpool Street or Fenchurch Street. These trains terminated at Ilford, Chadwell Heath, Romford or Gidea Park or worked through to the Fairlop Loop.

In 1923, the GER amalgamated with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

London and North Eastern Railway (1923–1947)
During this period local stopping trains were generally hauled by LNER Class N7 locomotives on trains of corridor type carriage stock.

Plans were drawn up in the 1930s to electrify the suburban lines from Liverpool Street to Shenfield at 1,500VDC and work was started on implementing this. However, the outbreak of World War II, brought most of the project to a temporary halt and it was not until 1949 that the scheme was completed.

On 28 October 1940 the station was named Maryland.

The signal box was closed as part of the electrification scheme on 29 August 1946.

As part of the electrification scheme a flyover was built just north of Manor Park. The flyover was designed to remove conflicting moves between Local Line and Through Line trains and meant that Maryland, Forest Gate and Manor Park stations required new platforms to be provided on the Through Lines as these three locations only had Local Line platforms after the 1893/4 quadrupling.

However, work on Maryland station was progressed during the war years despite man power and steel shortages. Key changes included: The new station buildings, were designed by Thomas Bennett.
 * Extension of the cutting south (towards Manbey Road) for the new platform;
 * Existing up platform converted to an island platform;
 * Demolition of the Water Lane entrance building (dating from 1890);
 * New main entrance in LNER Art deco style;
 * New platform canopies;
 * and, Overhead line masts.

British Railways (1948–1994)
On January 1 1948, following nationalisation of the railways, Maryland became part of the British Railways Eastern Region. The electrification scheme and its associated works were finished and from February 1949 the Class 306 EMUs operated the service to steam timings with an accelerated all electric schedule being introduced in September 1949.

The 1500 DC electrification system was converted to 25/6.35 KV AC operation between 4 and 6 November 1960.

In 1980 the first Class 315 EMUs were introduced to replace the Class 306s and were used on passenger trains serving Maryland.

The railway was sectorised in 1982 and Maryland and the trains calling at it became part of the London and South-East sector. On 10 June 1986 this was rebranded to become Network South East which was responsible for working services up to privatisation.

The privatisation era (1994 - present day)
In April 1994 Railtrack became responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure. Railtrack was succeeded by Network Rail in 2002.

Between privatisation on 1 April 1994 and 4 January 1997 the station was operated by a non-privatised business unit. Since then passenger services calling at the station have been operated by the following franchises:
 * First Great Eastern 5 January 1997 – 31 March 2004
 * National Express East Anglia 1 April 2004 – 4 February 2012
 * Abellio Greater Anglia between 5 February 2012– 30 May 2015
 * MTR TFL Rail between 31 May 2015 and 23 May 2022 after which the line was rebranded as the Elizabeth Line who are the current operator.

Maryland was added to the planned Crossrail route in 2006 after campaigning by Newham Council, the London Transport Users Committee and others. An agreement was also reached about improving access to the station.

Maryland was closed between 27 July and 12 August 2012, during the 2012 Olympic Games, as it would have been unable to cope with the large numbers of spectators who might have used it to access the venues nearby at the Olympic Park.

In June 2017, new trains began entering service in preparation for the opening of the Crossrail initially working between Liverpool Street and Shenfield.

In early 2019 step free access was introduced to Maryland station.

The Class 315 trains were finally taken out of service in 2022. Through services to central London, Heathrow Airport and Reading started running on the Crossrail line (rebranded the Elizabeth line) on 22 November 2022.

Design
At 169 m, the platforms are too short for Elizabeth Line trains which are over 200 m in length, and extending the platforms is impossible due to geographical constraints. Transport for London therefore makes use of selective door operation such that doors on some end carriages do not open at Maryland. Of the four platforms, only the two serving the stopping "metro" lines are in regular operation, the others being used only when necessary during engineering works or temporary train path diversions.

Location
The station is one of the primary rail access points for the residential areas in the north of Stratford and the south of Leytonstone in east London. The area surrounding the station has seen much redevelopment in the 21st century, with ongoing improvements underway related to the nearby Olympic Park. The "twisted clock" timepiece/sculpture formerly installed outside Stratford station was relocated to Maryland in 2010.

The Cart and Horses pub is next to the station on Maryland Point. It was an important early gig venue for the rock band Iron Maiden.

London Buses routes 69, 257, 308, school route 678 and night route N8 serve the station.

Services
All services at Maryland are operated by the Elizabeth line using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 8 tph to London Paddington of which 2 continue to Heathrow Terminal 5
 * 8 tph to Shenfield

During the peak hours, the station is served by a number of additional services between London Liverpool Street and Gidea Park. These services do not call at Whitechapel.

On Sundays, the service to and from Shenfield is reduced to 4 tph, with alternating services running only as far as Gidea Park.

title: Maryland railway station


text:
Apostolic Pardon

In the Catholic Church, the Apostolic Pardon is an indulgence given for the remission of temporal punishment due to sin. The Apostolic Pardon is given by a priest, usually along with Viaticum (i.e. reception of Communion by a dying person, see Pastoral Care of the Sick, USA numbers 184, 187, 195, 201). It is not usually given as part of the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick. However, if the Anointing of the Sick is given with Viaticum, in exceptional circumstances or an emergency, it may be given then. (See Pastoral Care of the Sick, United States numbers 243, 265).

According to the Church, a person who is properly disposed by being in the state of grace - i.e., the person has committed no known and unconfessed mortal sins - who receives the Apostolic Pardon gains the complete pardon of all temporal punishment due to sin that has already been forgiven by the reception of absolution and the doing of penance, i.e., a plenary indulgence. The Apostolic Pardon does not forgive sins by the act of absolution; it deals only with the punishment (purgation) due for those sins that have already been sacramentally forgiven. However, the Sacrament of Penance, or Reconciliation, which does forgive sins, is usually administered along with the Apostolic Pardon as a part of the Last Rites.

The Church's ritual book on the Pastoral Care of the Sick uses the term "Apostolic Pardon" for what elsewhere, for instance in the Enchiridion Indulgentiarum, is called the "Apostolic Blessing with attached plenary indulgence". Priests are urged to impart it to the dying, but if a priest cannot be had, the Church grants a plenary indulgence, to be acquired at the moment of death, to any rightly disposed Christian who in life was accustomed to say some prayers, with the Church herself supplying the three conditions normally required for gaining a plenary indulgence (Confession, Communion and prayers for the Pope's intentions).

Form
The current form of the Apostolic Pardon usually takes one of two forms;

 * Latin: "Ego facultáte mihi ab Apostólica Sede tribúta, indulgéntiam plenáriam et remissiónem ómnium peccatórum tibi concédo, in nómine Patris, et Fílii, + et Spíritus Sancti. Amen"
 * English: "By the authority which the Apostolic See has given me, I grant you a full pardon and the remission of all your sins in the name of the Father, and of the Son, + and of the Holy Spirit."
 * Latin: "Per sancrosáncta humánæ reparatiónis mystéria, remíttat tibi omnípotens Deus omnes præséntis et futúræ vitæ pœnas, paradísi portas apériat et ad gáudia te sempitérna perdúcat. Amen."
 * English: "Through the holy mysteries of our redemption, may almighty God release you from all punishments in this life and in the life to come. May He open to you the gates of paradise and welcome you to everlasting joy."

The older form of the Apostolic Blessing is as follows:

 * Latin: "Ego facultate mihi ab Apostolica Sede tributa, indulgentiam plenariam et remissionem omnium peccatorum tibi concedo et benedico te.  In nomine Patris, et Filii, + et Spirtus Sancti, Amen."
 * English: "By the Faculty which the Apostolic See has given me, I grant you a plenary indulgence and the remission of all your sins, and I bless you. In the Name of the Father and the Son + and the Holy Spirit.  Amen."

title: Apostolic Pardon


text: Category:United States intellectual property law


text: Category:Law of the United States

title: Category:Law of the United States


text:
Category:Major League Baseball commissioners

__NOGALLERY__


text:
Talk:Answers in Genesis

Pseudoscience
I want to know what gives someone the right to call someone else's scientific observations pseudoscience. Seems very biased to me. You have scientists who work for Answers in Genesis and have published work. Stooge78 (talk) 18:53, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:NPOV and specifically WP:PSEUDOSCIENCE. Wikipedia is biased but toward science. And Wikipedia has every right to call pseudoscience pseudoscience if that's what it is. Creation science is pseudoscience. This has been discussed extensively and you can see the discussions relating to this at the various articles that have a link to creation science. You may want to read past discussions - and the ones in the archives before commenting further. No creation scientists have had articles (related to creation science) published in reputable peer reviewed scientific journals. Robynthehode (talk) 21:57, 26 April 2020 (UTC)
 * If something goes against the secular worldview than it is automatically deemed wrong. Evidences for creation are abundant and yet they aren't taught because it goes against evolutionary concepts. I am glad you did say Wikipedia is biased though. They are biased towards their interpretation of the available evidence. Two people can look at the same observation and come to different conclusions. They don't want to admit there could be a creator because that would go against their naturalistic theories. If you were legitimate you would incorporate both sides and let the people decide for themselves but suppression of creation science is mainstream. 73.19.226.165 (talk) 22:17, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @73.19.226.165 yes, Wikipedia needs to be biased. This article isn't biased. Gallus lafayettii (talk) 14:57, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Stooge78 Yeah, 99 precent of their ideas are based off of actual scientific fact supported by the Bible. Not pseudoscience. Gallus lafayettii (talk) 14:42, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Such as? Slatersteven (talk) 14:45, 11 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm really struggling with the language here. Is "based off of" really proper English? I'm guessing it's supposed to mean what I would write as "based on", but it's pretty gruesome, and it might mean something very different, so can someone confirm? HiLo48 (talk) 01:39, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * sorry, based off of is dialectal. I am from Idaho. Gallus lafayettii (talk) 16:43, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Slatersteven look at their website. Gallus lafayettii (talk) 16:44, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Or you could just give one example. Slatersteven (talk) 10:53, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that YEC is at odds with many academic fields. And yup, even a broken clock is right twice a day. So, even if they are right about some facts, they are not right overall. tgeorgescu (talk) 11:32, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Chances are that whatever the example is, talk.origins has refuted it decades ago. Can we please stop this? It is WP:OR anyway. --Hob Gadling (talk) 17:02, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Evolutionary bias
Shouldn't say "instead supports pseudoscientific creation science," because it is Opinion. It should say "instead supports creation science which has been considered pseudoscience. Then it would be less biased. WorldQuestioneer (talk) 22:07, 19 May 2020 (UTC)
 * It's not opinion. If there was any evidence that the world was only 6000 years old, then you'd have Buddhist and Hindu YECers who would claim that YEC proves that our world is an illusion, Shintoists fitting the Japanese creation myth and Taoists fitting Chinese creation myths within that time frame with no difficulty, UFO religions arguing that that's when Ancient astronauts created an old looking earth wholesale 6000 years ago -- but it's mostly Fundamentalist Christians and a few token Jews and Muslims who argue that the world is only 6000 years old.  Atheists who accept evolution would be balanced out by YECer deists and even atheists who regard The World as Will and Representation.  And yet it's only a select group of Christians and "token" Jews and Muslims, either American or influenced by American evangelical conservatism, who promote these claims.  That doesn't make those claims right, as we're not baptized in the name of Ken Ham, nor was he crucified, buried, and resurrected on our behalf. Ian.thomson (talk) 22:38, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

NPOV tag
are you suggesting that because the essay WP:CSECTION exists, no criticism section is allowed? Or that they can all be tagged without explanation? In general, I agree that we should be suspicious of any criticism/controversy section. In this case, however, hasn't everything been talked over extensively? Criticism sections are not disallowed after all. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 13:45, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

 * No discussion on the talk page, thus improperly added and I've removed it. Doug Weller  talk 15:56, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

 * WP:CSECTION is pretty self-explanatory. Per it, we should incorporate the contents into the other sections, or at least rename the section. Such sections are acceptable for general philosophies, worldviews, etc., but AiG is an organization. Such sections are inappropriate for any organization, irrespective of its views.
 * "In this case, however, hasn't everything been talked over extensively?" No, I don't think we've ever discussed whether to have a "Criticism" section. Of course, please correct me if I'm mistaken. --1990'sguy (talk) 01:23, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:CORG applies. The criticisms are widely covered by parties uninvolved in the controversies. The tag should be removed. Firefangledfeathers 01:39, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The organization is controversial, even among fellow creationists, as shown by third party sources. Section is appropriate, tag is not. Just plain Bill (talk) 02:19, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * The sourcing in the "Controversies" section (except for the "Legal action by Creation Ministries Int'l" sub-section) are weak and even include some non-WP:INDY and non-WP:RS sources. The content of the "Controversies" section could easily be incorporated into a "History" section (such a section doesn't exist, but the "Organization" section is largely historical material).
 * The fact that AiG, in general, is controversial isn't relevant. There are many controversial political and religious organizations in the U.S. and worldwide, both left and right, conservative and liberal. Thankfully, it's very rare for such organizations to have a section titled "Criticism" or "Controversy." There's no reason to make an exception for AiG. --1990'sguy (talk) 03:24, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * You now have four editors disagreeing with you, no one supporting you. Doug Weller  talk 09:51, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * why doesn't your userpage here match the one at creationwiki saying where you are an editor? It's not as though you are trying to keep it secret. Doug Weller  talk 09:59, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) I did not originally add the tag. User:Kind Tennis Fan did, and I just pinged him in case he wishes to weigh in.
 * 2) Please see WP:WIAPA: ...some types of comments are acceptable: ... Using someone's affiliations as an ad hominem means of dismissing or discrediting their views—regardless of whether said affiliations are mainstream. My Wikipedia edits/activities are separate from what I do on other Wikis (though I will note that I haven't edited CreationWiki since July 2018).
 * --1990'sguy (talk) 15:41, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry for my assumption that you added the tag. I didn't make a personal attack, just asked a simple question. I agree with the statement "Editors are allowed to have personal political POV, as long as it does not negatively affect their editing and discussions." Well, more or less, as I also support WP:NONAZIS. I have no problem with Creationists who follow our guidelines and policies, and it's great if can keep your religious views from affecting your editing. But please note that an essay has nowhere near the weight of a guideline, and you seem to be quoting WP:CSECTION as though it's some sort of guideline. And the NPOV tag doesn't belong as there is still no discussion about how it violates our policy. Doug Weller  talk 16:04, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right that WP:CSECTION is an essay (obviously). But it's a very good procedure to follow, and I have cited/supported it for unrelated articles/topics multiple times in the past (though I can't remember specifics right now). I have explained why I think the current "Controversies" section violates the essay (1,2). I'll also emphasize that we're not talking about deleting any content, but merely moving it (along with the sub-headers) to other sections. --1990'sguy (talk) 16:26, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:CRITICISM is pretty self-explanatory. FFF pointed to WP:CORG above, which is part of that very same page. Even still, nobody has presented any argument as to how it's an NPOV problem. And when you do, please don't just vaguewave an essay. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 15:56, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Please see this comment. And also please see the following at WP:CORG: If reliable sources – other than the critics themselves – provide substantial coverage devoted to the controversies or criticisms... As I noted, with the exception of one sub-section, the sourcing is poor, and the content could/should be moved to a "History" section. And yes, I oppose a "Controversies" section for Biologos, Heartland Institute, or any other such organization just as much as I do for AiG. --1990'sguy (talk) 16:02, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Neither CSECTION nor allegedly poor sourcing have anything to do with the NPOV tag. You are mixing three completely different things here. Kind Tennis Fan added the NPOV tag, probably out of ignorance of WP:FRINGE and without a thought of CSECTION or sourcing, and you jumped on the bandwagon with those two independent pseudo-justifications because you are familiar with FRINGE and know that Wikipedia will not pretend that science and fantasy are on the same footing. Sort of a quick ad-hoc Gish-gallop shotgun approach. --Hob Gadling (talk) 16:48, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Hob Gadling is correct. You are talking about the criticism section, not justifying the NPOV tag. NPOV is a policy, criticism sections are covered by an essay and you definitely have to get consensus for that. So far I see no justification for your reinstatement of the POV tag and still think it should be removed. Doug Weller  talk 17:06, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * This isn't a general NPOV tag. It's a criticism section tag. And there's nothing in WP:FRINGE that requires YEC-related organization article to have a "Criticism" and a "Controversies" section. --1990'sguy (talk) 19:34, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Why is there a "Criticism" AND a "Controversies" section? Maybe those should be merged. Also, I agree we should try to avoid calling out editors' other affiliations as dismissals. Pyrrho the Skeptic (talk) 17:45, 23 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It is misleading that the template contains two links to WP:NPOV. When someone inserts it into an article that is regularly attack by profringe editors as being antifringe and therefore POV, it will look like more of the same. But that is not your fault, and not that of original editor KTF, and I half-retract what I said: you only mixed two different things.
 * That said, it is right that there should not even be a criticism section, let alone controversies section on top of it. If the article is written right, it should consist mainly of criticism anyway. That is the point of CSECTION: criticism should not be cooped away in its own section ghetto. --Hob Gadling (talk) 07:35, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I was WP:BOLD, merged both sections and renamed them "Reception". Small improvement, but may not be enough. --Hob Gadling (talk) 07:39, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Doug Weller  talk 10:12, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * This is an improvement -- thanks. --1990'sguy (talk) 03:22, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree, — Paleo Neonate  – 21:13, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you Hob Gadling for the changes, which I think is an improvement. Regards, Kind Tennis Fan (talk) 02:39, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Dawkins interview
The sourcing in Answers in Genesis is not great. We have one from Prospect which doesn't appear to verify anything in the section, we have a chunk of text sourced to Dawkins himself, and then a piece from Australian Skepticsit would help to have some input on whether that source is reliable or not. Are there better sources that verify this content or suggest that it's due? Firefangledfeathers 16:35, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree -- the sourcing of this section is poor. Additionally, the sourcing of the "Anti-atheism billboards" sub-section also is poor (one of them is a non-RS blog). I don't think these two sections (along with the "Great Homeschool Conventions" section) should be removed, but their size, in comparison to their level of coverage by RSs, suggests they're WP:UNDUE in their current form. --1990'sguy (talk) 03:27, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

The sentence about "pseudoscience" should be removed
This article is very opinionated. 35.134.67.138 (talk) 00:30, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * See the article on creation science, where sources for its description as "pseudoscience" are shown. Just plain Bill (talk) 01:07, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * (ec) Hello IP. The statement is properly sourced. The fact that you don;t seem to like it is unfortunately not a reason to remove it. On Wikipedia, we just follow what the sources say. I also suggest that you read WP:FRINGE.--McSly (talk) 01:08, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The IP's first edit is this, with subsequent edit-warring. Then, introduction of fringe POV with subsequent edit-warring and protection of the article.
 * Any discussion will be pointless, they will probably soon replace some article with "PENIS!!!". --Hob Gadling (talk) 05:27, 6 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Vandals who write swear words are occasionally funny. Creationists are just annoying. Dimadick (talk) 09:10, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Underplaying the very well thought out discussion on thermodynamics
The negative tone in the article does not do justice to very honest explanations of the options we are faced with when the theories and facts are viewed intelligently. So I think the article is trying to do the ad hominem trick to deter casual enquirers from putting in any effort to evaluate the clear arguments put out by AIG and I would be delighted to be proven wrong 105.8.7.130 (talk) 18:05, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Bear in mind that to be proven wrong, you have to be right in the first place. You aren't. - Roxy the dog 18:50, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Please tell me the "discussion on thermodynamics" is something other than the old "no order from disorder" canard? Dumuzid (talk) 18:52, 27 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The AiG section on thermodynamics refers to 4 laws of matter/ energy and seems to address their relevance to the situation quite well for a casual enquirer to consider. 105.0.4.219 (talk) 17:26, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That was believable, but up to the point when Ilya Prigogine got the Nobel Prize. tgeorgescu (talk) 19:12, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Prigogine was dumbfounded that his work was awarded the 1977 chemistry prize, so he was not under this impression. https://www.icr.org/article/thermodynamics-origin-life-part-i/
 * But we are trying to suggest improvements to the wiki article on AiG, not to resolve where the top academics have placed their bets. 105.8.2.248 (talk) 20:03, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The problem of the origin of life can really only be resolved by recognition of the omnipotent Creator. The only alternative to belief in special creation is credulous faith in impotent Chance. That's sorry to say it, idiocy. While some philosophers rationally made the case for a Creator, the AiG defense is simply put idiocy. The AiG mindset is simply too blunt to comprehend modern science. tgeorgescu (talk) 21:17, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * "The problem of the origin of life can really only be resolved by recognition of the omnipotent Creator. " That is the worst nonsense I have heard in years. Even if a creator deity existed, why would it be omnipotent? Dimadick (talk) 01:51, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Answers in Genesis


text: Category:Trademark law

title: Category:Trademark law


text:
First Evil

The First Evil (usually called The First) is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The First Evil first appeared in the third season episode "Amends", and became the main antagonist of the seventh and final season.

A being manifested from all evil in existence, the First is an incorporeal entity that can assume the appearance of any person who has died (however briefly) – including vampires and humans who have been resurrected. Over the course of the series, and depending upon its audience, it takes various guises as a method of deception and manipulation – for example, the First usually appears as Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) to the Slayer and her allies, but it also assumes the forms of Warren Mears, Spike, Drusilla and Jonathan Levinson on multiple occasions, among a variety of other forms taken less frequently.

Its only real weakness is that it is non-corporeal, and therefore cannot cause any real physical damage. It is expert at psychological manipulation, and can act through its servants, such as the Bringers, Turok-Han, Caleb or whatever person it can manage to influence.

Character history
The First Evil claims to be the source and embodiment of all that is evil. For technical purposes, the First Evil is neither male, female, demon, nor god; it is a "power". The First is older than demons, even the Old Ones, who themselves existed long before the first humans; it is older than the written word, the Big Bang and transcends all realities and dimensions; it is older than any other evil being and may even be the very first entity ever to have existed. It is said that the First lurked in the darkness long before the universe was even created and shall remain long after the universe ends. Few have heard of it and even fewer believe in its existence. The entity cannot affect the world on a physical level. Its power lies in its ability to deceive, torment and manipulate others. It can take the form of anyone who has died (or as an enormous, phantasmic demon with large horns and long, talon-shaped fingers), and it can choose to be seen and heard by just one person or by multiple people. The First has a deep understanding of human nature and it uses this knowledge to drive others to madness, murder and/or suicide.

The First makes its initial appearance in the series as a monster of the week that Angel must face in the episode "Amends". It tries to drive the vampire to kill Buffy by reminding him of his "true" nature (Angelus) and it sets about accomplishing this by appearing to him as some of his victims: Daniel, Margaret, Travis and Jenny Calendar. It claims that it is responsible for Angel's return from Hell, and suggests that Angel can end his sufferings by turning evil again and killing Buffy, but instead he chooses to kill himself using the sunrise. His suicide is only averted by a freak snowstorm unheard of in Southern California. Episodes of the spin-off series Angel later suggest that Angel was returned from hell and his life saved by divine intervention from the heavenly Powers That Be.

Later, the First makes its presence known again in the seventh season by tormenting the vampire Spike, who like Angel has come into possession of a soul; tricking the former villain Andrew Wells into awakening the Hellmouth beneath Sunnydale High; and dispatching its agents, the Bringers, to kill young women around the world with the potential to succeed Faith as the current Slayer. When Buffy's allies Giles and Anya query the First's sudden rise in activity with a mystical third party, they learn that the First is able to act in this way because of an anomaly in the Slayer line caused by Buffy's recent resurrection, providing an outlet for the First to wipe out all the Slayers. Though incorporeal, the First is effective in prompting suicides, deceiving various members of the Buffy's gang, and releasing evil monsters from the Hellmouth. Later in season seven, the audience is introduced to the First's right-hand-man, the supernaturally strong misogynistic ex-priest Caleb, as well as its army of primordial Turok-Han vampires living beneath the Hellmouth. In the series finale, Buffy and her allies take the fight to the First by opening the Hellmouth and using magic to activate every potential Slayer in Buffy's army. With additional help from a magical amulet, the gang destroy the First's army, the Sunnydale Hellmouth, and the surrounding town.

Powers and abilities
Neither male or female, living or dead, the First is pure power. It is the darkness inside the hearts and souls of all living creatures. While the First has no physical body and is impossible to kill, it also cannot truly interact with the physical world. Certain people are able to interact and even become one with the First, such as Caleb.

The First appears in the physical world as dead people, including vampires, humans who have died, and dead people who have been resurrected. This allows the First to impersonate people for the purpose of manipulating others. For instance, the First appears as Warren to get Andrew to kill Jonathan during "Lessons," as Eve to more easily attack the Potentials during "Showtime," and as Buffy to amplify Spike's torture throughout Season 7. The First seems also to know mannerisms, information and details of the life of whoever it imitates. This is best shown in "Conversations with Dead People" as the First appears to Dawn as her mother Joyce, appears to Andrew as Warren and appears to Willow as Cassie Newton, in an attempt to manipulate them all into serving its purpose.

As essentially the source of all evil, the First has knowledge of every monster and dark ritual in existence. This was exemplified by the runes the Bringers carved into Spike's chest to summon the Turok-Han.

As the First is said to be eternal, existing before time and believed to be the only thing remaining after the end of time, it is infinitely patient. A defeat it suffers is nothing more than a minor setback.

In Chaos Bleeds, the First displayed the ability to possess people, open portals, teleport beings across dimensions and, according to Sid, conjure a duplicate dummy body for him and trap his soul inside.

Appearances
The First Evil has appeared in 16 canonical Buffyverse episodes:

Buffy the Vampire Slayer

 * Season 3 (1998)
 * "Amends" (as Daniel, Margaret, Jenny Calendar, and Travis–name revealed in the shooting scripts).
 * Season 7 (2002–2003)
 * "Lessons" (as Warren Mears, Glory, Adam, The Mayor, Drusilla, The Master, and Buffy Summers)
 * "Selfless" (as Buffy Summers)
 * "Conversations with Dead People" (as Warren Mears, Cassie Newton, and Joyce Summers)
 * "Sleeper" (as Buffy Summers and Spike)
 * "Never Leave Me" (as Buffy Summers, Spike, Warren Mears, and Jonathan Levinson)
 * "Bring on the Night" (as Spike and Drusilla)
 * "Showtime" (as Buffy Summers and Eve)
 * "First Date" (as Jonathan Levinson and Nikki Wood)
 * "Get It Done" (as Chloe)
 * "Storyteller" (as Warren Mears)
 * "Dirty Girls" (as Buffy Summers and Betty)
 * "Empty Places" (as Buffy Summers)
 * "Touched" (as Richard Wilkins and Buffy Summers)
 * "End of Days" (as Buffy Summers)
 * "Chosen" (as Buffy Summers and Caleb).

The First appears in the non-canonical video game Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds as the main antagonist, having helped occultist magician Ethan Rayne escape military confinement to enact a plan for world domination. Buffy and her friends pursue the First over multiple realities and across the centuries, eventually "dispersing it across dimensions" to stop its plans to consume the universe with evil.

Bringers of the First Evil
The Bringers of the First Evil, or Harbingers of Death, are the acolytes of the First Evil. They are humans who have been corrupted by the First and undergone rituals that include self-mutilation: their eyes and tongues are removed, and their eyelids covered by rune-like scars; yet they are perfectly aware of their surroundings.

It is implied that the First's high priest, Caleb, has played an important role in indoctrinating the Bringers. He possesses extensive knowledge of their habits (such as knowing that they pant instead of sweating) and refers to them as "my boys". Indeed, The Harbingers of Death themselves refer to him as their "teacher".

The Bringers also have a poisonous aura which is capable of rendering earth and living beings sterile:

 * For they are the harbingers of death, nothing shall grow above or below them, no seed shall flower, neither in Man nor...

Despite their apparent disabilities, Bringers are swift assassins capable of highly organized attacks thanks to their collective consciousness, which is under the control of the First. Besides their deadly fighting skills, Bringers are also capable of summoning manifestations of the First to haunt people, and create psychic links between dreamers through their dark rituals.

In season 7, The First declared war on the Slayer line. The Bringers became assassins of Potential Slayers around the world. When the First set up camp in Sunnydale, Bringers begin to swarm the town to hunt down arriving Potentials and to unearth the Scythe, a mystic weapon created by Guardians: ancient, powerful women who cared for the Slayer.

Analysis
Picart and Browning describe the First Evil as "evil by definition". According to Gregory Stevenson Whedon's creation of the First Evil shows that evil is persistent. It can never stop nor be fully defeated. There is always a balance between good and evil and the characters get from one fight, that is won to the next. As the evil is an entity that can not be fully defeated, Buffy and their friends have to keep it up with an army of this entity within the last season, which can be defeated by them, while the entity continues to exist.

According to J'annine Jobling the First Evil seems to be "a radical reversal of the Christian mythos". "An original graced state gave way to a fallen one" because of "humans' disobedience and misuse of free will". According to Augustine of Hippo, a god who is perfect is not able to be the "source of evil", just as the "First Evil" does not seem to be able to be the source of any good.

According to James B. South, Buffy Summers is not interested in the theological implications of this entity. She merely states: "Alright, I get it, you're evil." He adds that the First Evil seems to precede good. It is omnipresent and very powerful. With it, Joss Whedon was aiming to create an enemy that was neither human nor demon. It could either appear in a human form or in a demonic form.

title: First Evil