text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/Logs/Protection log

Older discussion is at Wikipedia talk:Protection log/Archive 1.

Archive details
10 November 2003-17 May 2004. Protections were not logged before November 2003. Over this six month period, there were 1073 protections and 886 unprotections. Approximately 136 sysops protected or unprotected a page. 18 sysops were responsible for doing over half of them and just 4 (Angela, Raul654, Kingturtle and Morwen) handled almost a quarter of them.
 * Protection log/Archive 1

Articles involved in arbitration saw the most protection during the last six months, with five protections of Alternative medicine, four of Cosmotheism, seven of McFly, four of Atlantium, five of Sealand, nine of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and five of Iridology.

A dispute between sysops led to 8 protections and 8 unprotections of Sunset High School within 24 hours. The ongoing Danzig/Gdansk naming dispute saw these articles protected 9 times between them. Erika Steinbach and Al Gore each saw seven protections, followed closely by Augusto Pinochet with five. New Imperialism is still causing problems, with 5 protections over the last 6 months.

 * It seems that there is no archive of the logs between May 17 and July 2, 2004. Or is there? roozbeh 18:00, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * They disappeared on July 2. The page history is not reliable, so it's not entirely clear how they disappeared or whether it was just a bug, but I've reverted that to replace the missing listings. Angela. 01:48, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

17 May–19 October 2004
 * Protection log/Archive 2

Adolf Hitler
I dispute the protection of this page by User:Viajero, as well as his reasoning for it. I have attempted to discuss the matter with him but he is as of yet nonresponsive. Sam [Spade] 20:24, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Talk Page Protection
I just wanted to leave a message confirming that I, indeed, did ask Angela to protect my page from Mr. Treason. Mike H 22:33, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

New entries not showing up
Why is the log showing nothing after October 15? Does it need archiving again? —No-One Jones (m) 13:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I guess that was it. —No-One Jones (m) 13:40, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Inappropriate protection by user Jayjg
User Jayjg revert Mordechai Vanunu page right after a sockpuppet vandalized it. Please revert that page to last sensible edit by Xed (21:54, Nov 14, 2004 Xed) and then protect it. -- Toytoy 14:23, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)

Protection Log...hoping you can help
(top two comments moved here from User talk:Infrogmation)

Hi, I'm working on orphaned categories, and for some reason the protection log of Wikipedia contains Category:Parental discretion advised and it is showing as an orphan in the scan. This category doesn't exist... and it seems strange the protection log is parented there. I assume it is a mistake of some kind. Since I saw your name at the top of the log I was hoping you could help or let me know who can? Thanks Sortior 00:29, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hm. I've tried undeleteing the category, making sure it wasn't protected, and redeleting it, and editing Wikipedia:Protection log to see if the category was listed, both apparently without effect. I'm not sure what's going on there either, sorry. Wondering simply, -- Infrogmation 00:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, someone else see what's going on here? Stumped, Infrogmation 00:46, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Aw @#$%! My trying to make a minor edit to the Protection log (only taking out 2 lines which were of my own most recent protection/unprotection, honest) somehow messed things up and don't seem to be reverting properly. -- Infrogmation 00:50, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried again reverting the Protection log to most recent good edit and it blanked the page again. I'm going to try once more with a different browser, and if that doesn't work will call in for help. -- Inf.
 * Fixed it. But I still don't know why the protection log lists "Categories: Parental discretion advised" at the top. Sheesh, -- Infrogmation 00:59, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
1973 in India

These are the events that happened during 1973 in the Republic of India:

Incumbents

 * President of India – V. V. Giri
 * Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi
 * Vice President of India – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 * Chief Justice of India – Sarv Mittra Sikri (until 26 April), Ajit Nath Ray (starting 26 April)

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Khandubhai Kasanji Desai
 * Assam – Braj Kumar Nehru (until 19 September), L. P. Singh (starting 19 September)
 * Bihar – Dev Kant Baruah (until 4 February), Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare (starting 4 February)
 * Gujarat –
 * until 17 March: Shriman Narayan
 * 17 March-4 April: P.N. Bhagwati
 * starting 4 April: Kambanthodath Kunhan Vishwanatham
 * Haryana – Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
 * Himachal Pradesh – S. Chakravarti
 * Jammu and Kashmir – Bhagwan Sahay (until 3 July), L. K. Jha (starting 3 July)
 * Karnataka – Mohanlal Sukhadia
 * Kerala – V. Viswanathan (until 1 April), N. N. Wanchoo (starting 1 April)
 * Madhya Pradesh – Satya Narayan Sinha
 * Maharashtra – Ali Yavar Jung
 * Manipur – B. K. Nehru (until 20 September), L.P. Singh (starting 21 September)
 * Meghalaya – B.K. Nehru (until 18 September), L.P. Singh (starting 18 September)
 * Nagaland – B.K. Nehru (until 18 September), L.P. Singh (starting 18 September)
 * Odisha – Basappa Danappa Jatti
 * Punjab – Dadappa Chintappa Pavate (until 21 May), Mahendra Mohan Choudhry (starting 21 May)
 * Rajasthan – Sardar Jogendra Singh
 * Tamil Nadu – Kodardas Kalidas Shah
 * Tripura – B. K. Nehru (until 23 September), L. P. Singh (starting 23 September)
 * Uttar Pradesh – Akbar Ali Khan
 * West Bengal – Anthony Lancelot Dias

Events

 * National income — ₹672,407 million
 * 10 January — P. V. Narasimha Rao resigns as Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh following the resignation of ministers from Coastal Andhra post the 1972 Jai Andhra movement.
 * 1 April – Government campaign to save the tiger from extinction.
 * 24 April –
 * Verdict of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala pronounced. Supreme Court of India upholds basic structure doctrine.
 * Chipko movement in Garhwal division against logging under the leadership of Chandi Prasad Bhatt.
 * 24 May — Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt in Lucknow claims more than 40 lives.
 * 31 May – Indian Airlines Flight 440 crash at Palam International Airport killing 48 of the 65 on board.
 * 27 October — Indira Gandhi inaugurates world's first Women Police Station in the world at Kozhikode.
 * 1 November – State of Mysore is renamed Karnataka State.
 * 12 November — Bharatiya Jana Sangh leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee and two other leaders drove a Bullock cart to the Parliament of India on the first day of winter session to protest against fuel price hike in India following the oil crisis.

Law
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act was passed. Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) was enacted.

January to June

 * 4 January – D. J. Gokulakrishnan, cricketer. (d. 2023)
 * 5 January – Uday Chopra, actor.
 * Former Indian captain Rahul Dravid at play.jpg January – [[Rahul Dravid]], cricketer.
 * 12 January – Saakshi Tanwar, actress.
 * 20 February – Priyanshu Chatterjee, film actor, previously model.
 * 14 March – Rohit Shetty, film director.
 * 20 March – Arjun Atwal, golfer.
 * 3 April – Prabhu Deva, actor, choreographer and director.
 * 6 April – Prashanth, actor.
 * Sachin Tendulkar at MRF Promotion Event.jpg April – [[Sachin Tendulkar]], cricketer.
 * 26 April – Samuthirakani, actor and film director.
 * 1 May – Diana Hayden, Miss World and actress
 * Leander Paes (19209244146).jpg June – [[Leander Paes]], tennis player.
 * 13 June – Arunabha Sengupta, novelist and sports writer
 * 18 June – Baljit Singh Dhillon, field hockey player.
 * 29 June – Samir Choughule, actor and writer

July to December

 * 30 July – Sonu Sood, actor and philanthropist.
 * 1 September – Ram Kapoor, actor.
 * 5 October – Vishwas Nangare Patil, Indian police officer.
 * 10 October – S. S. Rajamouli, film director.
 * Aishwarya International Dance Congress Meet.jpg]]1 November – Aishwarya Rai, actress.
 * 27 November – Satyendra Dubey, LATE Indian Engineering Service (IES) officer. (d. 2003)

Deaths

 * 31 May – Mohan Kumaramangalam, politician.
 * 14 October – Siddavanahalli Krishna Sarma, writer, translator, freedom fighter, journalist, social worker and educationist (b. 1904)
 * 20 November – Prabodhankar Thackeray, Politician, Social Activist in the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, Author (b. 1885)
 * 24 December - Periyar social reformer who started Self-Respect Movement and laid the rock bed of Dravidian movement.(b.1879)
 * 30 December – V. Nagayya, actor, composer, director, producer, writer and playback singer (b. 1904).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1973 in India


text:
House of Montmorency

The House of Montmorency was one of the oldest and most distinguished noble families in France.

Origins
The family name Montmorency derived from their castle in the pays de France, recorded in Latin as Mons Maurentiacus, in 993. Maurentiacus, the name of the area surrounding the castle, meant "estate of Maurentius", probably a Gallo-Roman landowner. The village that grew up in the vicinity of the castle was also known as Montmorency, and is eponymous of the modern commune of Montmorency, Val-d'Oise département, in the immediate neighborhood of Enghien-les-Bains and Saint-Denis, about 15 km northwest of Paris.

History
The family, since its first appearance in history in the person of Bouchard I of Montmorency in the 10th century, has furnished six constables and twelve marshals of France, several admirals and cardinals, numerous grand officers of the Crown and grand masters of various knightly orders. Henry IV of France once said, that if ever the House of Bourbon should fail (i.e., become extinct), no European family deserved the French crown more than the House of Montmorency. Bouchard I's son Thibaud of Montmorency was the ancestor of the lords of Montlhéry.

Matthieu I of Montmorency received in 1138 the post of constable, and died in 1160. His first wife was Aline, a natural daughter of Henry I of England; his second, Adelaide de Maurienne, widow of Louis VI and mother of Louis VII, and according to Duchesne, he shared the regency of France with Suger, during the absence of the latter king on the Second Crusade.

Matthieu II of Montmorency had an important share in the victory of Bouvines (1214). As he captured 12 enemy flags at Bouvines, he was permitted by the king to display 12 eagles on his coat of arms. He was also made constable in 1218. During the reign of Louis VIII he distinguished himself chiefly in the south of France (Niort, La Rochelle, Bordeaux). On the accession of Louis IX, he was one of the chief supports of the queen-regent Blanche of Castile, and was successful in reducing all vassals to obedience. He died in 1230.

His younger son, Guy, in right of his mother, became head of the House of Laval. Canada's oldest French-language university, Université Laval, was named after François de Montmorency-Laval, first bishop of New France and founder of the Quebec Seminary, from while Université Laval emerged.

Anne de Montmorency, so named, it is said, after his godmother Anne of Brittany, was the first to attain the ducal title (1551).

His eldest son, François de Montmorency (1530–1579), was married to Diane, natural daughter of Henry II.

Another son, Henri I de Montmorency (1534–1614), who became duc de Montmorency on his brother's death in 1579, had been governor of Languedoc since 1563. As a leader of the party called the Politiques he took a prominent part in the French Wars of Religion. In 1593 he was made constable, but Henry IV showed some anxiety to keep him away from Languedoc, which he ruled like a sovereign prince.

Henri II de Montmorency (1595 – October 30, 1632), son of Duke Henri I, succeeded to the title in 1614, having previously been made Grand Admiral. He also was governor of Languedoc. In 1625 he defeated the French Protestant fleet under Soubise, and seized the islands of Ré and Oleron, but the jealousy of Richelieu deprived him of the means of following up these advantages. In 1628-1629 he was allowed to command against the Duke of Rohan in Languedoc; in 1630 he defeated the Piedmontese, and captured Carlo Doria, at Avigliana, and took Saluzzo.

In the same year he was created marshal. In 1632 he joined the party of Gaston, duke of Orleans, and placed himself at the head of the rebel army, which was defeated by Marshal Henri de Schomberg at Castelnaudary (September 1, 1632); severely wounded, he fell into the enemy's hands and, abandoned by Gaston, was executed as a traitor at Toulouse on October 30. The ducal title passed to his sister Charlotte-Marguerite, princess of Condé.

From the barons de Fosseux, a branch of the Montmorency family established in Brabant in the 15th century, sprang the seigneurs de Bouteville, among whom was the duellist François de Montmorency-Bouteville, who was beheaded in 1627. His son, François Henri, marshal of France, became Duke of Piney-Luxemburg by his marriage with Madeleine de Clermont, daughter of Marguerite Charlotte de Luxemburg, Duchesse de Piney.

Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg, son of the marshal, was created Duc de Beaufort in 1688 and Duke of Montmorency in 1689.

In 1767 the title of Duke of Beaufort-Montmorency passed by marriage to another branch of the Montmorency-Fosseux. This branch becoming extinct in 1862, the title was taken by the Duc de Valencay, who belonged to the Talleyrand-Périgord family and married one of the two heiresses of this branch (1864). There were many other branches of the Montmorency family, among others that of the seigneurs of Laval.

In the 19th century the Irish Morres family highlighted a claim to descent from the Montmorency family. Morres descendants persisted in asserting the connection, obtaining a Royal license to change their name, despite objections expressed in the 1860s by undisputed descendants of the Montmorency family in France.

List of lords of Montmorency
The lords of Montmorency were: In 1689, the title of Duke of Montmorency was merged with that of Duke of Enghien. Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710) carried the title of Duke of Montmorency-Enghien. The title was extinct in 1830 with the House of Bourbon-Condé.
 * Bouchard I of Montmorency (died c. 980)
 * Bouchard II of Montmorency (died 1020)
 * Bouchard III of Montmorency
 * Hervé of Montmorency (died c. 1094), Grand Butler of France
 * Bouchard IV of Montmorency (died 1131/2 in Jerusalem), lord of Montmorency, Marly, Feuillarde,  Saint-Brice, Épinay and Hérouville
 * Matthieu I of Montmorency (died 1160), Grand Constable of France, lord of Montmorency,  Écouen,   Marly, Conflans and Attichy
 * Bouchard V of Montmorency (died 1189)
 * Matthieu II of Montmorency (died 1230), Grand Constable of France
 * Bouchard VI of Montmorency (died 1243)
 * Matthieu III of Montmorency (died 1270)
 * Matthieu IV of Montmorency (died 1305)
 * Jean Ι of Montmorency (died 1325)
 * Charles of Montmorency (died 1381)
 * Jacques of Montmorency (died 1414)
 * Jean II of Montmorency (died 1477)
 * Guillaume of Montmorency (died 1531)
 * Anne of Montmorency (died 1567), Marshal and Constable of France, created Duke of Montmorency in 1551.
 * François de Montmorency (died 1579), 2nd Duke of Montmorency, Marshal of France.
 * Henri I of Montmorency (died 1614), 3rd Duke of Montmorency, Constable of France.
 * Henri II of Montmorency (died 1632), 4th Duke of Montmorency
 * Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency (died 1650), sister of the 4th duke. She and her husband Henri II de Bourbon were newly created first duke and duchess of Montmorency
 * Louis II de Bourbon (died 1686), 2nd Duke of Montmorency (2nd creation)
 * Henri III de Bourbon (died 1709) 3rd Duke of Montmorency (2nd creation)

title: House of Montmorency


text:
Yongding, Longyan

Yongding is a district under the jurisdiction of Longyan prefecture-level city in the southwest of Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. The district is a center for Hakka culture, including the traditional Hakka tulou, and a local dialect of the Hakka Chinese called the. As of 2015, Yongding has a permanent population of about 361,000, of which more than 99% are Hakka, the rest being She people. In December 2014, the Fujian government signed legislation converting Yongding from a county to a district.

Yongding is the hometown of many overseas Chinese immigrants that came to south-east Asia and Burma during the British Raj.

History
Yongding County was established in the 14th year of Chenghua (AD 1478) in the Ming dynasty. It was originally part of Shanghang County. The governor of Fujian province proposed to separate this south-eastern part of the Shanghang County to form a new county and name it Yongding, literally meaning peaceful forever, after suppressing a riot in that particular region.

On December 13, 2014, the Fujian government passed a law converting Yongding from a county to a district. The law came into effect on February 9, 2015.

In March 2015, was upgraded from a township to a town, and  was upgraded from a town to a subdistrict.

Geography
Located in the southwest of Fujian province, Yongding District is situated on the Fujian-Guangdong border. Yongding District is bordered by Nanjing County in Zhangzhou to the east, Pinghe County in Zhangzhou to the southeast, Dabu County and Meixian District of Meizhou, Guangdong to the southwest, Shanghang County to the northwest, and Xinluo District to the northeast. Both Dabu and Shanghang are Hakka-speaking counties; Longyan city centre (aka Xinluo District), Nanjing and Pinghe are predominantly Minnan-speaking.

Yongding District is 2223 km2 in area. Like other counties of Fujian province, Yongding is 80% hills and mountains, 10% water or rivers, and 10% fields. Two major rivers run through the district: Yongding River (永定河) and Xiayang Creek (下洋溪). Both are tributaries of the Ting River (, the name by which it is known in Fujian territory) or Han River (, the name by which it is known in Guangdong province).

Climate
Located in a sub-tropical area and subject to typhoons, Yongding has high annual precipitation of about 1200 to 1500 mm per year.

Administrative divisions
Yongding District current administers 1 subdistrict, 14 towns, and 9 townships.

divided into twenty-four township-level divisions: one subdistrict, twelve towns and eleven townships.

Subdistrict
The district executive, legislature and judiciary are in (凤城街道), formerly the town of Fengcheng (凤城镇), together with the CPC and PSB branches. Fengcheng Subdistrict is the district's sole subdistrict, and had a population of 48,048 as of 2015.

Towns
The district is home to the following 14 towns:

Townships
The district is home to the following 9 townships:

Demographics
As of 2015, Yongding District has a hukou population of 504,520, but has approximately just 361,000 permanent residents. 44.3% of the district's permanent residents live in urban areas.

The district's urban residents have a per capita disposable income of 29,952 renminbi (RMB) as of 2015, a 7.1% increase from 2014. In 2015, this figure stood at 14,136 RMB for the district's rural residents, a 9.8% increase from 2014.

The, a part of the Tingzhou dialect of Hakka Chinese, is spoken in the district.

Culture
Yongding District is famous for its tulou, large multi-family adobe buildings. Out of the 10 tulous or tulous clusters inscribed on the World Heritage List (as Fujian Tulou), 5 are within Yongding District:
 * Chuxi Tulou cluster, in Chuxi Village ,
 * Chengqi Lou and adjacent buildings (the ), in Gaobei Village, Gaotou Township
 * Hongkeng Tulou cluster including Zhencheng Lou, in Hongkeng Village, Hukeng
 * Zhenfu Lou, near Xipian Village, Hukeng
 * Yanxiang Lou, in Xinnan Village, Hukeng

Economy
Yongding District recorded a gross domestic product of 19.12 billion renminbi (RMB) in 2015, an 8.2% increase from 2014.

Industry
Yongding District has a sizable automotive industry, which achieved an output of 3.151 billion RMB in 2015, a 0.8% increase from 2014. Fujian Motors Group has sizable operations in the district, where it produces engines for its New Longma brand, and multi-purpose vehicles for its Keyton  brand.

As a result of abundant precipitation and mountainous terrain, hydroelectric power is abundant. There are numerous hydro plants in the district, one notable one being the provincial Mianhuatan Hydroelectric Power Station. The plant has a water storage capacity of 2.035 billion cubic meters and is able to generate 1.52 billion kilowatt hours of electricity a year. The Mianhuatan hydrodam contributes greatly to the rapidly growing economy of Fujian and neighboring Guangdong province.

Agriculture
In agriculture, rice is the main crop for the district. Most low-lying fields can yield two rice crops per year, while in high land fields, because of the earlier frost, only one harvest can be assured.

Persimmons, plums, and tea leaves are grown in the district. Cattle are raised in Yongding District, and various beef products are produced in the district.

Yongding is an important tobacco producer. The cultivation of tobacco started in Wan Li era of the Ming Dynasty. Yongding was honored as the "home of tobacco" in the early 20th century. Although its significance has declined in recent years, Yongding is still one of the most important tobacco producing areas in the region. Many top brand Chinese cigarettes contain Yongding leaf.

During the 2010s, the local government began partnering local farmers with Taobao, a large Chinese e-commerce website, to create a wider market for local agricultural goods. As of 2015, the district is home to 200 million RMB in e-commerce sales.

Mining
Yongding is rich in mineral deposits, most notably coal. Most of the district's coal is shipped to Guangdong, where economic growth has created huge demand for energy. This in turn has created demand for heavy trucks. As a result, Yongding is one of the top districts for the number of trucks.

Tourism
In 2015 alone, 5.252 million tourists visited Yongding District, generating 4.029 billion RMB in income. Common tourist destinations include the district's many tulou clusters, such as Chuxi Tulou cluster, and hot springs.

Transportation
The Zhangping–Longchuan railway runs through Yongding District, stopping at. ,, and the are among the many expressways in Yongding District.

Notable people
There have been many famous overseas Chinese with their roots in Yongding. Aw Boon-Haw (胡文虎) was one of the most famous overseas Chinese in the 1930s and 40s.

title: Yongding, Longyan


text:
Late Junction

Late Junction is a music programme broadcast weekly on Friday nights by BBC Radio 3. Billed as "Journeys in music, ancient to future. The home for adventurous listeners.", the programme has a wide musical scope. It is not uncommon to hear medieval ballads juxtaposed with 21st-century electronica, or jazz followed by international folk music followed by an ambient track. Each edition of the programme runs for 90 minutes.

History
The programme was created soon after Roger Wright took over as controller of BBC Radio 3, as part of changes with which Wright believed that he was addressing "this feeling people had that they didn't want to put Radio 3 on unless they were going to listen carefully". The first programme was broadcast on 13 September 1999 and produced by Antony Pitts.

Late Junction won a Sony gold award in 2003 for Music Programming. The show was described as "A radio jewel. Is there a show like this anywhere else in the radio world? Everyone who hears the show falls in love with it. Surprising, revealing, accessible. Brilliantly programmed - a show where the real star is the music."

The programme's main regular presenters are Verity Sharp and Jennifer Lucy Allan, who alternate as solo presenters. Before the shift from three 90-minute shows per week to a single two-hour broadcast in late 2019, other regular presenters included the show's founding presenter Fiona Talkington, Max Reinhardt, Nick Luscombe, Anne Hilde Neset, and Mara Carlyle. Other former presenters include Shaheera Asante (until 2006), and Robert Sandall, until his death from prostate cancer in 2010.

While the selection of music to be played in any one programme is the result of a collaboration between producer and presenter, some individual preferences can be detected. Fiona Talkington, for instance, tended to play more conventional jazz and Scandinavian music and Verity Sharp more folk music, especially that featuring fiddle-playing. Nick Luscombe's shows often featured music from Japan.

The show has featured occasional Late Junction Sessions, where two musicians or groups, from different genres, are introduced and record together, exclusively for Late Junction, for the first time. After broadcast, these sessions are available as a podcast for 30 days.

In March 2019, BBC Radio 3 Controller Alan Davey announced that Late Junction was being cut from three episodes a week to a single two-hour slot on Fridays from Autumn 2019. More than 500 people from the world of music, including Brian Eno, Billy Bragg, Jarvis Cocker, Martin Carthy and Eliza Carthy signed an open letter objecting to the cut.

From April 2024, as part of a new schedule introduced by BBC Radio 3 Controller Sam Jackson, Late Junction's weekly running time was cut by a further 30 minutes to 90 minutes and it also moved to the earlier start time of 10pm.

Current presenters

 * Verity Sharp
 * Jennifer Lucy Allan

Former presenters

 * Max Reinhardt
 * Anne Hilde Neset
 * Fiona Talkington
 * Nick Luscombe
 * Mara Carlyle
 * Shaheera Asante
 * Robert Sandall (died in 2010)

title: Late Junction


text:
Meizhou

Meizhou (, Hakka Chinese: Mòichû) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong province, China. It has an area of 15864.51 km², and a population of 3,873,239 as of the 2020 census. It comprises Meijiang District, Meixian District, Xingning City and five counties. Its built-up or metro area made up of two urban districts was home to 992,351 inhabitants.

History
Neolithic age stone tools and pottery have been discovered in dozens of places in the Meixian district of Meizhou. Ancient kiln sites from the Western Zhou dynasty and bells from the Warring States period were also found. Before the Qin dynasty, Meizhou was under Nanyue rule. After Qin unified the Nanyue, Meizhou was belonged to Nanhai Commandery.

The original name of Meizhou was Chengxiang (程乡), established under the prefecture of Jingzhou during the Southern Han (917–971). The name was changed to Meizhou at the 10th century and Jiaying Prefecture at the 15th century. After 1912, it was changed back to Meizhou, the name comes from the Mei River and the Chinese name for the plum blossom. After several subsequent shifts of jurisdiction, it became Meizhou City in 1988. Meizhou is now a noted historical and cultural city.

Geography and climate
Meizhou is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, bordering Fujian Province in the northeast and Jiangxi Province in the northwest. The complex geological structure was formed mainly from granite, spouting rocks, metamorphic rock, shale, sandstone, red rock and limestone.Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 23° 23' to 24° 56' N and in longitude from 115° 18' to 116° 56' E, covering an area of 15836 km2.

Meizhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with short, mild, overcast winters and long, very hot, humid summers. The monthly daily average temperature in January is 12.6 °C, and in July is 28.9 °C. From April to June, rainfall is the heaviest and most frequent. Though striking typhoons do not affect the area as much as the coast, the mountainous topography means that flooding is a serious concern.

Administration
The municipal government, Intermediate Court, CPC office and Public Security Bureau are located in the Jiangnan Subdistrict of the Meijiang District, on the right bank of Mei River.

Economy
Meizhou is rich in mineral and tourism resources. It has 48 kinds of minerals including coal, iron, limestone, rare clay and porcelain clay amongst others. Of these reserves manganese is ranked first in Guangdong Province. Meizhou has plenty of water resources, hot springs and certified mineral waters. There are tourism resources such as cultural historic sites constructed during the Tang dynasty, former residences of notable figures, natural scenery of all kinds, and unique Hakka cultural sights.

Transport
Meizhou is a communication hub for the three provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi and the bridge connecting the coastal and the inland areas. State Highways 205 and 206 run across the city. Expressways, state, provincial county and village highways extend to all parts.

In 2019 the city became the terminus for the Meizhou–Chaoshan high-speed railway which opened a new station at Meizhou West providing high-speed rail links to Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Shantou, Chaoshan, Yichang and Xiamen. The Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou railway and Meizhou-Kanshi Railway use Meizhou railway station in the city providing regular rail connections to Guangzhou, Xiamen, Shantou, Shenzhen, Dapu, Wuchang and Kunming.

The city is served by the regional Meizhou Meixian Airport, with regular air routes to Guangzhou and Hong Kong. By water, the Mei River and Han River reach Chaozhou  and Shantou.

Culture
The Meixian dialect is considered the standard Hakka dialect, along with the neighboring Mei County and Dabu County.

Hakka people are a unique ethnic group of Han Chinese originally from around the Yellow River area, who later migrated south to avoid the chaos of war centuries ago. Due to hostility towards the new immigrants, many were forced into the mountainous regions of Guangdong Province. This migratory tradition has continued with the redistribution of Hakka people to the most remote parts of the world. Many people in Meizhou emigrated during the last century to earn money for their families, with some returning to build in their hometowns.

Many buildings are named after famous people in Meizhou, built by returning Hakkas.

Because of its mountainous location, Meizhou has numerous natural scenic areas and good air quality. Many visitors come to the Yannanfei Tea Garden to climb the mountain.

Education
Education in Meizhou has been highly valued since ancient times. The city is home to Jiaying University, a local university which also attracts Hakka students from other provinces. The university is also known for its research into Hakka culture.

Food
During the period after August or September, a sea of pomelos can be seen, especially in village orchards. Salt baked chicken is among the most well-known Hakka dishes, found also in many other cities. Another local dish is Yong tau foo (stuffed tofu). It is said that when Hakka people first came south, there was no wheat flour for dumplings. So they substituted tofu. Meat based fillings give a special taste that became a feature of Hakka cuisine. Preserved beef and ginger candies are also locally popular.

Notable people

 * Low Lan Pak, founder of the Lanfang Republic.
 * Tjong Yong Hian (1850–1911), Chinese Hakka kapitan governor of Medan.
 * Tjong A Fie (1860–1921), Hakka Chinese businessman, banker and kapitan (Chinese major) who built a large plantation business in Sumatra, Indonesia.
 * Huang Zunxian (1848–1905), diplomat and reformer
 * Francis Xavier Ford (1892–1952), first Catholic bishop of Meizhou (Kaying)
 * Xie Jinyuan (1905–1941), Chinese Nationalist military officer famous for commanding the Defense of Sihang Warehouse during the Battle of Shanghai in the Second World War.
 * Seng Saekhu (c. 1840s–unknown), Thai Chinese tax farmer, the patriarch of the Shinawatra clan and the great-grandfather of Thaksin Shinawatra (Thai businessman, politician, visiting professor and former Prime Minister of Thailand) and Yingluck Shinawatra (Thai businesswoman, politician, member of the Pheu Thai Party and Thailand's first female prime minister).
 * Ye Jianying (1897–1986), Chinese military general
 * Lin Fengmian (1900–1991), painter
 * Lee Wai Tong (1905–1979), Chinese footballer
 * Arthur Chung (1918–2008), 1st President of Guyana
 * Liu Fuzhi (1917–2013), Chinese politician
 * Leslie Cheung (1956–2003), Hong Kong Cantopop singer
 * Zhu Fenglian (1977), spokesperson of the Taiwan Affairs Office
 * Chen Qiqiu (1978), former badminton player and currently a coach
 * Liu Xijun (1988), singer
 * Jana Chen (1989), singer
 * Nathan Tjoe-A-On (2001), Indonesian footballer of Hakka ancestry

title: Meizhou


text:
Duke of Montmorency

Duke of Montmorency was a title of French nobility that was created several times for members of the Montmorency family, who were lords of Montmorency, near Paris.

History
The first creation was in 1551 for Anne de Montmorency, Constable of France. This title was forfeited by the 4th Duke of Montmorency, who was executed for treason in 1632.

The dukedom was recreated in 1633 for his sister Charlotte-Marguerite de Montmorency and her husband, the Prince of Condé. This title was renamed as Duke of Enghien in 1689.

At that point, the Montmorency name was transferred to the dukedom of Beaufort (second creation), which had been conferred in 1688 on Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry. This new dukedom of Montmorency was authorised to pass through the female line to the branch of Montmorency-Fosseux in 1767, but the line became extinct in 1862.

However, Emperor Napoleon III extended the title of Duke of Montmorency in 1864 to Nicolas Raoul Adalbert de Talleyrand-Périgord, second son of the 3rd Duke of Talleyrand by his wife Anne Louise Charlotte de Montmorency, who was a sister of the 6th Duke of Montmorency. His male line came to an end in 1951, when the dukedom of Montmorency again became extinct.

Dukes of Montmorency – first creation (1551)

 * 1. 1551-1567 : Anne, Duke of Montmorency (1493–1567)
 * 2. 1567-1579 : François, Duke of Montmorency (1530–1579), son of
 * 3. 1579-1614 : Henri I, Duke of Montmorency (1534–1614), son of
 * 4. 1614-1632 : Henri II, Duke of Montmorency (1595–1632), son of

The title was forfeited by the last duke upon execution, and returned to the royal domain.

Dukes of Montmorency – second creation (1633)

 * 1. 1633-1646 : Henri I, Duke of Montmorency (1588–1646), brother-in-law
 * 2. 1646-1686 : Louis, Duke of Montmorency (1643–1686), son of
 * 3. 1686-1689 : Henri II, Duke of Montmorency (1643–1709), son of

The title of Duke of Montmorency was changed to Duke of Enghien in 1689.

 * 1. 1689-1709 : Henri I, Duke of Enghien (1643–1709)
 * 2. 1709-1710 : Louis I, Duke of Enghien (1668–1710)
 * 3. 1710-1740 : Louis II Henri, Duke of Enghien (1692–1740)
 * 4. 1740-1818 : Louis III Joseph, Duke of Enghien (1736–1818)
 * 5. 1818-1830 : Louis IV Henri, Duke of Enghien (1756–1830)

On the death of the last duke in 1830, the title passed to Louis Philippe III, Duke of Orléans, a great-great-grandson of Louis I, Duke of Enghien through the female line. He had become King of the French as Louis Philippe I a month earlier.

Dukes of Montmorency – third creation (1689)
The title of Duke of Beaufort was changed to Duke of Montmorency in 1689.

 * 1. 1688-1726 : Charles I, Duke of Montmorency (1662–1726)
 * 2. 1726-1730 : Charles II, Duke of Montmorency (1702–1764), son of
 * 3. 1730-1761 : Anne I Francis, Duke of Montmorency (1735–1761), son of
 * 4. 1761-1799 : Charlotte, Duchess of Montmorency (1752–1829), daughter of, married 1767
 * 4. 1767-1799 : Anne II Leon, Duke of Montmorency (1731–1799)
 * 5. 1799-1846 : Anne III Charles, Duke of Montmorency (1768–1846), son of
 * 6. 1846-1862 : Anne IV Louis, Duke of Montmorency (1790–1862), son of
 * 7. 1864-1915 : Nicolas, Duke of Montmorency (1837–1915), nephew of, title extended to him and his issue in 1864
 * 8. 1915-1951 : Napoleon, Duke of Montmorency (1867–1951)

On the death of the last duke in 1951, the title became extinct.

Montmorency (Adelsgeschlecht) Casa de Montmorency Liste des ducs de Montmorency Монморанси

title: Duke of Montmorency


text:
François de Montmorency, 2nd Duke of Montmorency

François de Montmorency, 2nd Duke of Montmorency (17 July 1530 – 6 May 1579) was a French noble, governor, diplomat and soldier during the latter Italian Wars and the early French Wars of Religion. The son of Anne de Montmorency, favourite of the king and Madeleine of Savoy, Montmorency began his political career during the coronation of Henri II in 1547. With the resumption of the Italian Wars in 1551 he fought at the capture of Chieri, the famous defence of Metz and the defence of Thérouanne. In the latter engagement he was captured by Imperial forces, and put up for ransom. He would spend the next three years in captivity before returning to France in 1556. Returning to the conflict immediately he participated in the disastrous Saint-Quentin campaign in which the French army was destroyed and his father captured. After serving as a lieutenant in Picardie he found himself gaining advantage on the death of Henri II, the new Guise regime compensating the Montmorency family for their seizure of the grand maître title with the provision of a Marshal baton to Montmorency.

Back in 1556 on his return from captivity he had been granted the dual honour of the governorship of Île de France and that of Paris. He would hold these offices with brief interruptions until his death, building a sizeable power base in the capital. His father was disappointed to learn on his release that he had secretly arranged a marriage, and Montmorency was forced to annul the arrangement so he could marry the king's daughter Diane de France. As governor of the Île de France he exerted a moderate Catholic influence that infuriated radical elements of the city that accused him of crypto Protestantism. This was advantageous to him as the crown increasingly moved in the direction of toleration, culminating in the Edict of January which recognised the right of Protestant worship in 1562. During the early civil wars he remained loyal to the crown but represented a conciliatory position on the royal council, frequently partaking in peace talks. During the second war of religion he fought at Saint-Denis where his father was killed, leaving him as duke.

Throughout this period he feuded with the Guise, allying himself with his cousin Admiral Coligny who the Guise accused of assassinating the duke of Guise in 1563. This culminated in a showdown in his governorship when Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, brother to the late duke attempted a show of force entry into the city, only to be repulsed in a skirmish with Montmorency's forces. Though the two sides were forced to reconcile at Moulins, Allier in 1566 the feud would continue. Montmorency was the lone voice at court in support of Coligny's plan to bring France into war with Spain. When Coligny was assassinated in Paris by the duke of Guise in the opening hours of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, Montmorency was absent from the city, having retired to his estates with an illness. He considered revenging himself on the Guise, until the king informed him the assassination had his blessing. In 1574 Montmorency found himself close to the king's brother Alençon at court, and was accused of involvement in an attempt on the duke of Guise's life, leaving court, he was convinced by Charles IX to return in April, only to be implicated in a conspiracy of Alençon's, and thrown in the Bastille. His brothers escaped court and entered rebellion, however he would not be released until Alençon himself escaped court in September 1575 and his release was demanded. Weakened by his imprisonment he spent the final years of his life less involved in affairs of court, dying in 1579.

Family
Montmorency was born in 1530, the first son of Anne de Montmorency and Madeleine of Savoy. His parents' marriage was fruitful, and they would go on to have another four sons; Henri I de Montmorency (1534-1614), Charles de Montmorency-Damville (1537-1612), Gabriel de Montmorency (1541-1562) and Guillaume de Montmorency-Thoré (1547-1593). The careers of all these brothers would be shaped by the French Wars of Religion. Anne de Montmorency was a fervent Catholic, and favourite to kings François I, who made him Constable, and Henri II. He was disappointed by his sons more moderate Catholicism, and his beloved nephew Gaspard II de Coligny's Protestantism.

Marriage

After the death of the duke of Castro, the king's daughter Diane de France was once again marriagable. Constable Montmorency seeing the potential for advantage to the family, convinced the king to marry her to his son, François de Montmorency. Uninterested in the marriage selected for him, Montmorency defied his family, swearing legally binding paroles de promesse to another woman Jeanne de Piennes, one of Catherine de Medici's filles d'honneur. Upon finding out the Constable was furious, and flew into a rage, retiring to his hôtel for two weeks during which he spoke to no one. The Constable attempted to persuade Jeanne to become a nun which would release his son from their arrangement. Montmorency for his part was dispatched to Rome to get the arrangements annulled, but Pope Paul IV refused. Montmorency blamed the duke of Guise for this failure, much to the duke's dismay. Not easily defeated Constable Montmorency oversaw the passing of a law in 1557 allowing a father to disinherit a son under the age of 30 if they married without their father's consent. The law was passed with retroactive effect, so Montmorency was compelled to annul his marriage and go with his father's choice. He wrote to Jeanne releasing her from her obligations to him and urging her to do likewise for him. The Constable compensated her through an arrangement of a marriage to Alluye, a secretary of state and a gift of 40,000 livres. Montmorency and Diane were married in May 1557. The marriage would not produce any sons, as such he would be succeeded by his brother to his titles on his death.

Of moderate religious inclinations, his proclivities were complemented by his wife. She exerted a conciliatory influence on the court and supported her husbands tolerant attitude towards Protestantism.

Reputation
The contemporary historian Brantôme wrote of Montmorency: "Now, besides the fact that Monsieur de Montmorency was brave, he was a wise and shrewd captain and a strong politician, and for this, the King [Charles IX], when he went to tour his kingdom [in 1564], left him Governor of the Île de France and [Governor of] Paris, where he showed his wisdom and good leadership, because, having found the people of Paris, just emerged from civil war, still a great enemy of the Huguenots, mutinous, seditious, shaking and boiling all over, with mutiny and envy, always spilling blood, ... he rendered them supple and easy to handle like a buckskin glove from Vendôme, with which the King was greatly satisfied."

Reign of Henri II
With the advent of a new king's reign, Montmorency had a part to play in the coronation at Reims. He and the other three representatives of the oldest baronies in France (Martigues, Harcourt and Thouars) travelled to the Basilica of Saint-Remi where they demanded the transportation of the sacred oils to anoint Henri be taken to the cathedral. He and the other nobles stayed in the basilica until the important oils were returned as hostages.

Italian Wars
As tensions rose in Italy between the duke of Parma and the Emperor the French began preparing to offer military support to their ally. Marshal Brissac was created governor of Piedmont and put in charge of military support. Henri dispatched military companies to assist him in the coming conflict. The flower of the French nobility joined the forces, among them the younger sons of the duke of Guise, the Bourbon-Vendôme prince's of the blood and Montmorency. In 1551 Brissac's force executed a coup with the capture of Chieri, surprising the Emperor who had expected the French to relieve Parma. For now France and the Empire were not formerly at war, both providing assistance to proxies, however this fiction would be shattered the following year.

During April 1552 Montmorency briefly campaigned in Italy besieging the castle of Lanzo under Brissac's direction, however with little success he and many of the other high ranking nobles who had flocked south in search of glory, hurried back north to join with Henri. Alongside Henri he participated in the capture of Ivoy and Damvillers. With the capture of Metz, Henri dispatched Montmorency and Villars to bring word of the armies entry into Germany to the Protestant princes with whom France was allied. After the successful defence of Metz against the Emperor, Henri was feeling confident, and lost himself in celebrations for this landmark accomplishment. He staged a grand procession in the city featuring Montmorency and his brother Damville who had assisted the duke of Guise in the defence of the city. The emperor meanwhile readied a new army and struck at Thérouanne in 1553 which held a strategic position between Calais and Flanders. Having sieged the fortress for a month it at last fell to the imperial forces, who razed the settlement to the ground, and captured 1000 prisoners, among them Montmorency who had been among the defenders of the city. Indeed it was Montmorency to whom the task of negotiating the surrender fell. Shortly after the destruction of Thérouanne the imperial army meted out the same fate to Hesdin. Among the casualties at Hesdin was the Duke of Castro, newly wed to the king's daughter Diane de France.

Ransom
With a ransom set at 80,000 écus, a reduction from the original 100,000 the Constable was promised that the ransom attained from the most prominent imperial prisoner the duke of Aarschot would be used to buy back his son's freedom. In May 1556 Aarschot escaped his imprisonment, infuriating Montmorency, both for the violation of aristocratic honour and the loss of revenue it represented. In July word reached the court that the Imperial captors would lower the ransom to 50,000 écus, furthering the Constables desire for peace. In August with the ransom paid, Montmorency returned to France. The Constable was at first overjoyed, until he learned of his son's marital situation.

Governor
Constable Montmorency was still keen for his son to receive the key governorship of Paris, and ensured it was earmarked for him while Montmorency was still in Imperial captivity. In 1556, Montmorency received appointment as governor of the Île de France and city of Paris. In this role he replaced his cousin Gaspard II de Coligny, who had held the post since 1551, Coligny in turn was shuffled into the governorship of Picardie. He would hold these posts largely uninterrupted until his death in 1579, the role of governor of Paris changing hands a couple of times. In 1561 Marshal Thermes was appointed as lieutenant-general of Paris, only to be replaced by Marshal Brissac in May 1562 who was in turn replaced by the future Marshal Cossé before Montmorency again assumed the role. In a further twist, during 1562 Cardinal Bourbon would hold the role of governor of Paris. Upon receiving the appointment in 1556, Montmorency was granted a large monetary gift by the town council of Paris. He made his entrance to the hôtel de ville with a retinue of 200 nobles.

Return to the fight
With Guise's campaign into Italy in January 1557, Montmorency accompanied him, bringing his company with him. In the wake of the disastrous battle of Saint-Quentin in which much of the French army was destroyed and Montmorency's father the Constable captured, Montmorency was among the captains that led the remnants of the French army to safety, having fought in the engagement himself but avoided capture. He and Bourdillon led two cannons from the field, rendezvousing with the Prince of Condé and François I, Duke of Nevers at La Fère. Montmorency was dispatched to Amiens as a special lieutenant. This gave him military authority over the border region during the crisis that now consuming the kingdom. The king's orders to the governor of Péronne made it clear that this appointment allowed him to act as the de facto governor of Picardie. Meanwhile the Constable's enemy, the Guise family, free of their rival led the war effort from Paris, achieving a counter stroke with the capture of Calais, which had resisted French control for 200 years. By May 1558, the triumphant Guise secured Montmorency's replacement with Claude, Duke of Aumale in Picardie. With the return from captivity of the Constable in 1558, the Guise were pushed once more from the limelight by the king's favourite. The duke of Guise, resentful about his loss of authority, lashed out uncharacteristically, challenging Montmorency to a duel over a perceived slight. Montmorency protested that he had done nothing to dishonour the Guise, and reported what had transpired to the king and Constable. The king was annoyed at Guise's behaviour, while the Constable laughed it off, recognising it as being a sign of political desperation.

Grand Maître
Upon the sudden death of Henri II, a palace revolution quickly followed. The Guise, utilising their relationship as uncles to the new queen of France asserted their dominance over the crown. Their ascendency came at the expense of Henri II's favourite the Constable. To this end the office of grand maître, which the Constable had hoped to provide to his son was usurped for the duke of Guise. The Guise could not however afford to totally alienate such a powerful magnate, as such to compensate the family for the seizure of this post, the Constable's first son was granted the Marshal baton.

Conspiracy of Amboise
In the wake of the Conspiracy of Amboise, in which Protestants attempted to seize the king and kill his advisers, Montmorency and his father quickly hurried to Paris, this was both to ensure the city was calm and that there was no potential for subversion related to the conspiracy to unfold in the city. The gates were closed, regular guards were reinforced and searches undertaken. Those who were not resident to the capital had to provide reasons for their presence or depart in 24 hours.

In August 1560, he participated in an Assembly of Notables summoned by the Guise in response to both the religious crisis that was engulfing the kingdom and the financial problems which had been left by Henri II. The assembly agreed that the religious question would be left to a general assembly of the church, while the financial question would be dealt with by an Estates General, who would consider a package of reforms.

Reign of Charles IX
As early as 1561 Montmorency had acquired a reputation for moderate Catholicism, the English ambassador reported that he was 'said not to be against our religion'. He remonstrated with his father in April 1561 when the Constable reconciled with the duke of Guise in the form of an informal alliance against Protestantism, urging his father not to abandon nobles who were reliable friends of the family for a relationship with his bitterest rival. In May 1561 the English ambassador reported that Montmorency had absented himself from Charles' sacre as he would not partake in Mass.

Edict of January
The crown increasingly moved towards religious toleration in the early years of Charles IX. This culminated in the Edict of January in 1562, which for the first time granted official toleration to the presence of two faiths in France. This explosive edict was expected to receive strong opposition from the Parlement which would have to register it before it became law. As such Montmorency and Navarre were dispatched to the Parlement to order them to register it immediately and without the traditional process of remonstrance. The Parlement ignored their demands, and instead insisted on receiving physical copies so they could review the text and prepare their response. Montmorency oversaw the printing of them and by the following week they were in the hands of Parlementaires. This did not please the leading présidents on the court however which wanted to distribute them itself, several councillors came to the Marshal to demand that the entire output be handed over to them. Their displeasure at how the situation had unfolded would be reflected in the remonstrances they raised in February. Finally on 6 March they registered the edict. In the final days before the edicts registration, bands of students began to riot in the Palais de Justice, demanding the edict be published on threat of seizing churches for themselves. Montmorency reported that thousands of armed men were threatening the city, and that to avert serious disturbance, the Parlement should register the edict post-haste.

In January 1563 a powder reserve in one of Paris' arsenals detonated. Militant Catholics in the city blamed the Protestants for having sabotaged the powder supply. The nucleus of a riot began to formulate, with violence being meted out to those Protestants suspected of responsibility. Montmorency, the prévôt des marchands and other authorities hurried to the scene, to contain the crowds. However despite their efforts, several would be killed in the coming days. Catherine voiced her considerable displeasure about the chaotic situation in the capital, advising Montmorency on 8 February to bring more troops into the capital to contain the populace.

Peace of Amboise
As a term of the Peace of Amboise, the Protestants were granted one site of worship per baillage, the court was keen that these sites would be selected in small out of the way locations away from population centres. To this end Catherine instructed Montmorency to relocate the site in Senlis, away from Pontoise and towards a more obscure location. As governor of the Île de France, Montmorency was responsible for all sites of worship in the various bailli of the region. To ensure that the terms were abided by across France, a commissioner system was established by the crown, with several commissioners responsible for each region of France. There were concerns however that these commissioners would struggle to assert their authority over local interests, to this end the three Marshals, Bourdillon Vielleville and Montmorency were assigned super regions in which they were to reinforce the commissioners authority. Montmorency was given the region of his governorship, Picardie, Normandie, Champagne, Orléans and Berry. He began his enforcement responsibilities with a visit to Picardie. Having arrived, he ensured that the king's majority was recognised, and that towns abided by the recent edicts, he further held responsibility for the disarmament of the populace, excluding border towns. This appointment risked overstretching Montmorency, who already had a consuming task keeping his governorship in order.

Royal tour
Conscious that the state of peace was still very fragile, Catherine decided in 1564, that the court would tour France with the dual purpose of enforcing the young king's authority on the independent minded magnates of the provinces, and ensuring that the terms of the peace were abided by. Catherine feared however that the courts absence from the capital could lead to dangerous developments in the city. To this end she began a regular stream of correspondence with Montmorency. In total during the courts travels across France she would send 74 letters to him. Her concern proved to be justified, as the feud between the Guise and Montmorency heated up in the city while the court was in Languedoc. Montmorency's open partisanship with Coligny and his faction during this period was of considerable distress to the court. From their travels Catherine wrote to him urging all nobles who were not in the household of residents to be retired from the city. Montmorency, unwilling to dilute the heavy retinue of followers he enjoyed in Paris complained to her that she was interfering with his authority. She shot back that Lansac and de Garde would enforce the royal will if he wouldn't.

Feud
While he had been in opposition to his cousin during the first war of religion, with the coming of peace Montmorency reconciled with Admiral Coligny. This set him up for a confrontation with the house of Guise, who blamed Coligny for the assassination of the duke of Guise in the closing days of the first war. Both he and his father, who was militantly Catholic defended his cousin at court from the accusations of the Guise family who wanted an investigation opened into Coligny. Both justified their defence of their Protestant kinsmen as a family matter that was unconnected from religion. To this end Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, brother of the late duke aimed to make a show of force entry into Paris with an armed retinue, hoping that this could provide advantage after the failure to pursue their case against the Admiral through legal channels. Montmorency refused the Cardinal entry to the city under arms. While Lorraine technically had a royal permit to travel with an armed escort he refused to show it to Montmorency, making his entry illegal. Therefore ignoring the prohibition Lorraine and his retinue entered the city through the porte Saint-Denis, and came out worse in a skirmish near St Innocents with Montmorency's forces. Montmorency was supported by the Protestant prince Porcien in the engagement. Meanwhile Aumale entered the city via another gate without opposition. Lorraine for his part was forced to retreat to the Hôtel de Cluny with Aumale, where they were besieged by mocking Parisians who he had hoped would flock to his banner upon his entry into the capital. During the skirmish, one of Lorraine's men had been killed. A few days after this humiliation they quietly slipped out of the city. Coligny meanwhile arrived in Paris on 22 January to offer his support to the Marshal accompanied by 70 gentleman. Montmorency defended his calling on Coligny in front of the Paris Parlement saying that the Admiral brought the support of the 'reformed religion' which was useful against his enemies the Guise. In January 1566, while the court was resident at Moulins Catherine engineered a forceful reconciliation between the Guise and Coligny, and of that between the Guise and Marshal Montmorency, the most forthright defender of Coligny in the Montmorency family. Coligny and Lorraine were forced to exchange the kiss of peace, in theory settling their feud. Nevertheless this did little but paper over the hatred between the two parties, and when the Duke of Guise arrived at court, the Constable and Montmorency made their excuses and departed.

In early 1567, the continued subversions of the peace of Amboise by the Protestants of Paris, was wearing thin on Catherine, who was conscious that militant Catholics were keen to engage in more violence in the city. She urged Montmorency to instruct the Protestants of the city to 'live more modestly'. Montmorency's warning had little effect, and the illegal services, marriages and baptisms continued in the city. As the Constable increasingly aged, he planned for the succession of his titles, hoping to impart the office of Constable to his son, this was a frustration to Louis I, Prince of Condé who coveted the office for himself. The ambitions the leading Protestant nobles in combination with the inflammatory policy of the Spanish in crushing the Protestants of the Spanish Netherlands drove them into rebellion once more, striking upon a plan to seize the king at Meaux.

Second civil war
After the failure of the Surprise of Meaux, the Protestant army that had intended to capture the king pursued him and the court as they fled to Paris, unable to catch him on the road, Condé established a siege of the capital. Inside the city the situation was tense, as first fears of Protestant's storming the city and then fears of starving during a siege drove much of the population into a fury. Some militant Catholics accused Montmorency and his father the Constable of treason in favour of the Protestants after the fall of Charenton-le-Pont to Condé's army. It was rumoured that Montmorency had told the garrison to capitulate. Indeed both the Constable and Montmorency were involved in negotiations with their cousin and other representatives of the Protestants in October, however these broke down with the Constable angrily quarrelling with Coligny. The threat of a riot in Paris pushed the Montmorency's into action, and on 10 November Constable Montmorency led an army out to break the siege, which they successfully did with a victory at Saint-Denis, though the Constable was killed during the battle. After the death of the Constable it was Montmorency who led the royal army to victory. In January 1568 Montmorency was again among the commissioners who sought to bring the war to a close, but they failed to arrive at terms. The second war was brought to a close with the Peace of Longjumeau in March of that year, the commissioners having at last succeeded in their efforts. One of the terms of the peace was that the crown would pay off the Protestant mercenaries that had been hired by Condé. To this end money was appropriate from the royal treasury, and Montmorency and the duke of Longueville went as security for the remainder of the sum which was to be provided by Cardinal Bourbon.

Third civil war
In May 1568 a royal council discussed how best to ensure this peace was preserved, Montmorency argued that what was necessary was for nobles to remain under arms, while a disarming of the populace of towns was undertaken. At the same time discussions were occurring concerning a new head of the army, due to the present vacancy of the office of Constable. Catherine determined that no longer would the office be dominated by powerful magnates, and that instead the king's brother Anjou would serve as the kingdom's lieutenant general while the office would be left vacant. Montmorency, his brother Damville and Vielleville opposed this plan, as the young Anjou was currently representing the most extreme Catholic faction at court. To break the militant hold on the young prince, Montmorency desired that he be married to Elizabeth I. At another council meeting in September 1568, a discussion about the prospect of accepting the Pope's offer of financial relief to the financially beleaguered kingdom in return for resuming a war against heresy was discussed. The tenor of the debate became heated as Michel de l'Hôpital, chancellor of France and Lorraine sparred over the matter, Lorraine angrily denouncing Hôpital as a Protestant. Montmorency had to intervene between the two as Lorraine grabbed the elderly Hôpital's beard and threatened to assault him. The debate settled in the war parties favour, France once more descended into civil war, however the three marshals refused to serve in the conflict.

In November 1568, Montmorency summoned the captains of the city militia to him, to explain their recent actions, which included organising book burnings and harassing Protestants in their homes. Montmorency chided them and warned that if they did not get into line with royal policy, the king would station royal troops in the capital instead. The captains rejected this threat, ominously warning Montmorency that if the captain of a ship would not do what needed to be done, the pilots would put their hands on the helm. During the third civil war Montmorency acted as an intermediary for negotiations between his kinsmen Coligny and the royal court, in the hopes of reaching a peace settlement. By this time he had a reputation in court as a member of a middle party, that would in future be termed politique, which prioritised the stability of the state over religious disputes. Radical Catholics blamed Montmorency, and Morvillier for the generous peace that brought the third war of a religion to a close, with Blaise de Monluc decrying 'we defeated them over and over, yet despite that they had such good credit on the king's council that the edicts were always favourable to them'.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye
As a term of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, monuments, such as the Gastines Cross, which had been elevated to commemorate the killing of the Protestant Gastines family, had to be torn down. Montmorency was to oversee the removal of this monument, which was beloved by many of the militant Catholics of the city. The radical preacher Simon Vigor was among three delegates who travelled to Montmorency to petition him for the maintenance of the memorial. Popular opinion became increasingly violent, culminating in a riot in December 1571 in favour of its preservation. Montmorency oversaw the crushing of the unrest, furthering the hatred the militant Catholic population had for him, characterising him as a crypto-Protestant. He had one of the rioters hung and others prosecuted. Montmorency warned the king that his enemies the Guise were stockpiling weapons in the city, however nothing came of this. With anti-Protestant violence crushed under his authority in Paris, militant Parisians turned their attention to sectarian violence against Italians and 'witches', with a riot against the formers presence in the capital in June 1572. The 1570 peace had also secured his temporary ascendency at court, at the expense of the Guise who were disgraced. In July 1570 he won a battle of precedence in the court with Charles, Duke of Mayenne.

During 1571, violence erupted in Rouen after a Protestant congregation failed to remove their hats as the host passed them, leaving 40 dead. Montmorency took charge of bringing royal justice to bear, during which he condemned 66 to death and levied fines on others. This further cemented the hatred many Catholics had for him.

In July 1572 Montmorency was dispatched as a diplomat to England, his reputation as someone who would tolerate Protestantism making him an obvious choice for the king to have sign the Treaty of Blois which created an Anglo-French alliance. While this delighted Coligny, who saw it as the first step towards war with Spain, no further moves towards war would be taken. Montmorency too shared the desire for a return to war against Spain, recruiting soldiers for the effort with Coligny in early August 1572 but the council was in otherwise unanimous opposition.

Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
Having attended the wedding of Navarre and Marguerite of Valois, intended as a security for the 1570 peace, Montmorency quickly departed the city, leaving two days after the event on 20 August. His reason for leaving has been ascribed both to illness and fear of a plot against his family. He advised Coligny to leave the city with him, but he had business to attend to with the king and tarried. On 22 August an assassin made an attempt on Coligny's life, leaving the situation in the capital explosive and without the presence of the governor to assert control over the situation and suppress disorder as he had in 1571.

With the royal council drawing up kill lists to sever the head of the Protestant leadership on 23 August, rumours would later swirl that Montmorency's name had been floated for inclusion among the executions however if true, it was removed. Upon the Assassination of Admiral Coligny in the opening hours of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, Montmorency, absent from the city, was furious to hear of the killing of one of his kin. Back in 1570, he had promised the king that he would pursue vengeance if any harm came to his cousin. He renewed this vow on condition the king himself did not claim responsibility for the murder. The king initially blamed a private quarrel between Guise and the Châtillon for the killing before altering his story to assert that it had been his orders. No longer subject to the obligations of aristocratic honour to strike back in his feud, Montmorency resolved to remain loyal to the king. While staying at Senlis, he exerted his influence to prevent an expansion of the massacre that was unfolding in Paris. He took charge of Coligny's body once he had acquired it from where it lay in Paris, ensuring that it received burial.

The following year, Montmorency participated in the siege of La Rochelle. The city had gone into rebellion following the massacre, Montmorency fought with the royal army in suppressing the city. The siege and war would ultimately be brought to an end by the king's brother Anjou's election as king of the Commonwealth. Upon returning to court in December 1573, the duke of Guise showed his displeasure by promptly retiring.

Malcontents
During January 1574, with the support of Montmorency, who was becoming a close friend, Charles IX promised the office of lieutenant-general to Alençon. In February, while the court was resident at Montmorency's residence, the Château de Chantilly the Duke of Guise accused Montmorency of having hired the sieur de Ventabren to have him assassinated. Montmorency and Ventabren denied the charge, however Montmorency no longer feeling welcome at court departed. His withdrawal removed a moderating influence on the opposition to the Guise at court. With his absence, Charles retracted the offer of the lieutenant-generalship to Alençon, granting it to a cousin of the Guise the duke of Lorraine, in response Alençon began plotting. On 27 February a Protestant force was seen in the vicinity of the court, and while it was dispersed accusations were levelled at the ambitious Alençon and Navarre as the ringleaders of this attempt on the court. The Papal Nuncio believed Montmorency was aware of the conspiracy, but had chosen not to involve himself. Alençon and Navarre meanwhile denied the charges but were kept under watch at court which retreated to Vincennes. In April Charles managed to coax Montmorency into returning to court, shortly thereafter upon hearing of another escape attempt involving Alençon and Navarre Montmorency was placed under arrest. The nobles La Mole and Coconas, who had planned the escape were interrogated, Coconas confessed that the Montmorencies were behind the attempt, and that Alençon was to link up with the rebel prince Condé in Germany. When a false rumour reached the court that Damville, governor of Languedoc and brother of Montmorency had been captured, Montmorency and Marshal Cossé were transferred to the Bastille on 4 May. Upon learning of Damville's survival, he was dispossed of his governate in favour of the Dauphin Montpensier.

Montmorency's other brothers Méru and Thoré, who were more open about their rebellious desires meanwhile escaped into Germany, where they raised a mercenary army alongside Condé. The court hoped that the captivity of their brother would prevent them from crossing the border and invading France with the threat of execution.

Damville
With the death of Charles in May 1574, Anjou hurried back from the Commonwealth to take the French throne, assuming the regnal name of Henri III. On route, he held an interview with Damville in Turin, warmly receiving the magnate and listening to his grievances about the treatment of Protestants. Henri restored Damville to his governate, and proposed a more limited toleration of Protestantism. As far as Damville's complaints about the captivity of his brother, Henri promised to consider their situation upon his arrival in Paris. Having reached Paris Henri refused Damville's request to release his brother. Damville accused Henri of trying to murder his brother in his cell.

In February 1575 during negotiations to end the civil war, the Protestant deputies negotiating with the crown demanded the release of Montmorency and Cossé. More politically dangerous than the renegade Montmorency brothers was the flight from his imprisonment at court of Alençon in September 1575. As a brother to the king his presence among the rebels presented a serious threat to the court. Among his many demands he listed the release of Montmorency and Cossé, a demand that was met on 2 October, the court desperate to re-secure his loyalty. In response the Montmorency brothers, once more granted freedom to manoeuvrer invaded France.

Peace of Monsieur
As a term of the Peace of Monsieur which brought the war to a close in May 1576, Montmorency and Cossé were restored the honours they had been stripped of upon their detainment. The edicts terms were read out to the court in his presence. The presence of Catholics on both sides of the fifth war of religion including the Montmorency family, had stripped the conflict of much of its confessional character as it devolved more openly into a battle for supremacy at court between political factions.

Death
Though restored to his honours, Montmorency found his influence at court did not recover from his families involvement in the Malcontent plots of 1574-5. Moreover he found himself worn and aged by his imprisonment. In March 1579 he was entrusted by Henri as a special commissioner alongside Pomponne de Bellièvre to impress the king's demands for more money on a special session of the Estates. Upon the death of Montmorency on 6 May 1579, his brother Damville became duke of Montmorency. Damville found himself burdened by his brothers considerable debts, Montmorency having accumulated 110,000 livres in debts during his life.


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PAIX

PAIX, the 'Palo Alto Internet eXchange', was a neutral Internet exchange point.

PAIX began operations in 1996 as Palo Alto Internet Exchange in Palo Alto, California, and was owned and operated by Digital Equipment Corporation, or DEC. In its early days, it used a DELNI as its interconnection infrastructure.

AboveNet acquired PAIX, and later sold it to Switch and Data around the time that AboveNet filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

Switch and Data provided peering and Internet exchange points  in Atlanta; Dallas; Miami; New York City; Palo Alto; Philadelphia; San Jose, California; Seattle; and Vienna, Virginia; among other places.

Equinix acquired PAIX from Switch and Data April 2010. It then became an Equinix Internet Exchange.

title: PAIX


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Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot

In December 2000, an al-Qaeda-linked plot to bomb the Strasbourg Christmas market, at the feet of the Strasbourg Cathedral, on New Year's Eve was discovered. The plot was foiled by French and German police after a terrorist network based in Frankfurt, Germany, the "Frankfurt group", was unravelled. A total of fourteen people were convicted as part of the plot; four in Germany and ten in France, including the operational leader, Mohammed Bensakhria (a.k.a. "Meliani"), thought to be a European deputy to Osama bin Laden. The alleged mastermind of the plot was thought to have been Abu Doha, who was detained in the United Kingdom.

Arrests
After being tipped off by British intelligence, German police on 26 December 2000 discovered bomb-making equipment during a raid of an apartment in Frankfurt. Four men were arrested. Among the findings were several pressure cookers, 30 kg of chemicals that could be used to make explosives, and a notebook describing how to mix homemade bombs. A video was also discovered, showing a crowded Christmas market in Strasbourg, with a voiceover in Arabic calling the people in the video "enemies of Allah." The voiceover, attributed to one of the suspects, further said "This cathedral is Allah's enemy," and "You will go to hell, Allah willing." The call that had alerted British intelligence had been made by one in the group asking Abu Doha, the alleged mastermind of the plot, for more cash; Doha was already wanted by the United States for his connection to the Los Angeles International Airport millennium bombing plot.

Members of the Frankfurt group were found to have trained in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, to have connections to Islamist networks in Spain, Italy, Belgium and the United Kingdom, and to the Algerian terrorist group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). The discovery of the plot in Frankfurt led to further arrests in the United Kingdom, where another plot of killing members of the European Parliament was discovered, in which MEPs were to be killed with sarin nerve gas during session in Strasbourg in February 2001. British police arrested twelve people including Doha in February 2001 as a result of the Frankfurt operation. All British suspects were quickly released due to "lack of evidence," although Doha was subsequently re-arrested. According to the Crown Prosecution Service, the charges against six main suspects were dropped for "security reasons," which was linked by others to an MI5 bid to "monitor" the group.

Trials and convictions
In March 2003, the four suspects in Frankfurt, Aeurobui Beandali, Salim Boukhari, Fouhad Sabour and Lamine Maroni were sentenced to between 10 and 12 years' imprisonment. According to the Frankfurt court, the group had planned to blow up pressure cookers packed with explosives, as they had learned in training camps in Afghanistan. The target was reported to have been the Christmas market at the Strasbourg Cathedral on New Year's Eve. The target was said to have been chosen deliberately for its Christian symbolism. Beandali was the only to confess to the plot, while Boukhari and Sabour claimed to have planned to attack an empty synagogue in Strasbourg.

In December 2004, ten suspects were put on trial in Paris, accused of being members of the Frankfurt group. The suspects, all Algerian or French-Algerian, were sentenced to terms of up to 10 years, convicted for "criminal association with a terrorist enterprise" with alleged connections to terrorist networks in the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. The group's alleged leaders, Mohammed Bensakhria (a.k.a. Meliani, considered one of Osama bin Laden's "lieutenants" in Europe), 37, and Slimane Khalfaoui, 29, were given 10 years, and Yacine Akhnouche, 30, was given eight. Bensakhria, the suspected ringleader, was thought to have fled Germany as he was arrested in Spain in 2001 and subsequently extradited to France. Rabah Kadre, 37, who was in detention in the United Kingdom was given six years, and was banned from entering French territory. The six other suspects, who received lesser terms, were convicted for giving logistical support to the plot by providing false documents to other group members.

title: Strasbourg Cathedral bombing plot


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Lithuanian Brazilians

Lithuanian Brazilians (Lituano-brasileiros, Brazilijos lietuviai) are Brazilian citizens who are fully, partially or predominantly of Lithuanian descent or are Lithuanian-born people residing in Brazil.

History
The first Lithuanian to set foot on Brazilian soil, according to a record dated in 1866, was colonel Andrius Višteliauskas. His mission was to aid the Brazilian armed forces in the Paraguayan War. In 1890, a group of Lithuanian immigrants and their families arrived in Brazil, in a total of twenty-five Lithuanian families entered the land of Brazil. Their destination was the newly established colony of Ijuí, situated on the red and fertile soil of the northwestern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Today the city of Ijuí is a developed town. From early on Ijuí was settled by peoples of different ethno-linguistic backgrounds, unlike some other towns in the region. For example, the town of Guaraní das Missões was settled mostly by Polish immigrants. On the other hand, Germans, who came from the old German colonies (the Altkolonie) located in the eastern part of the state, went on to settle the municipality of Cerro Largo (formerly known as Serro Azul) and to make it into the small town that it is today.

One can still meet descendants from that first group of Lithuanian immigrants that settled in the Ijuí area. In 1926, around thirty thousand Lithuanian immigrants arrived in Brazil. They went to work in the many coffee plantations (fazendas) throughout the State of São Paulo. Other groups of immigrants also were lured into the country at the time to fulfill labor shortages. São Paulo may have been the destination of most Lithuanians but they also went to settle in other states such as Rio de Janeiro and Paraná. The town of Castro, in Paraná, a state south of São Paulo, boasts that amongst Japanese, Russians and other ethnic groups their town was also founded by Lithuanian immigrants.

The slaves of Brazil had been freed in 1888. More and more in the following decades the coffee barons of the land tried to obtain laborers from other sources, mostly from White European sources.

In São Paulo Lithuanians developed strong social ties around church congregations. Most were Catholic but many also participated in Lutheran church services.

In 1930, the núcleo (small colony) of Barão de Antonina, was established in Itaporanga, São Paulo. The center of Lithuanian life in Brazil is Vila Zelina, a district in one of the biggest megalopolises of the world – the city of São Paulo. Everything seems to revolve around the Saint Joseph Catholic Church (São José). One can still taste some of the culinary of the Old World in this part of town. Easter eggs are still celebrated in the traditional way.

In 2001, a documentary Eldorado: Lithuanians in Brazil or (Portuguese title: Eldorado: Lituanos no Brasil), by Fabiano Canosa and Julius Ziz was released about the story of Lithuanians in Brazil.

Notable Lithuanian Brazilians

 * Angélica Ksyvickis, presenter, actress and singer
 * Lasar Segall, painter, engraver and sculptor
 * Waldemar Blatskauskas, former professional basketball player
 * Klabin family
 * Lafer family

title: Lithuanian Brazilians


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PurifyPlus

PurifyPlus is a memory debugger program used by software developers to detect memory access errors in programs, especially those written in C or C++. It was originally written by Reed Hastings of Pure Software. Pure Software later merged with Atria Software to form Pure Atria Software, which in turn was later acquired by Rational Software, which in turn was acquired by IBM, and then divested to UNICOM Systems, Inc. on Dec 31, 2014. It is functionally similar to other memory debuggers, such as Insure++, Valgrind and BoundsChecker.

Overview
PurifyPlus allows dynamic verification, a process by which a program discovers errors that occur when the program runs, much like a debugger. Static verification or static code analysis, by contrast, involves detecting errors in the source code without ever compiling or running it, just by discovering logical inconsistencies. The type checking by a C compiler is an example of static verification.

When a program is linked with PurifyPlus, corrected verification code is automatically inserted into the executable by parsing and adding to the object code, including libraries. That way, if a memory error occurs, the program will print out the exact location of the error, the memory address involved, and other relevant information. PurifyPlus also detects memory leaks. By default, a leak report is generated at program exit but can also be generated by calling the PurifyPlus leak-detection API from within an instrumented application.

The errors that PurifyPlus discovers include array bounds reads and writes, trying to access unallocated memory, freeing unallocated memory (usually due to freeing the same memory for the second time), as well as memory leaks (allocated memory with no pointer reference). Most of these errors are not fatal (at least not at the site of the error), and often when just running the program there is no way to detect them, except by observing that something is wrong due to incorrect program behavior. Hence PurifyPlus helps by detecting these errors and telling the programmer exactly where they occur. Because PurifyPlus works by instrumenting all the object code, it detects errors that occur inside of third-party or operating system libraries. These errors are often caused by the programmer passing incorrect arguments to the library calls, or by misunderstandings about the protocols for freeing data structures used by the libraries. These are often the most difficult errors to find and fix.

Differences from traditional debuggers
The ability to detect non-fatal errors is a major distinction between PurifyPlus and similar programs from the usual debuggers. By contrast, debuggers generally only allow the programmer to quickly find the sources of fatal errors, such as a program crash due to dereferencing a null pointer, but do not help to detect the non-fatal memory errors. Debuggers are useful for other things that PurifyPlus is not intended for, such as for stepping through the code line by line or examining the program's memory by hand at a particular moment of execution. In other words, these tools can complement each other for a skilled developer.

PurifyPlus also includes other functionality, such as high-performance watchpoints, which are of general use while using a debugger on one's code.

It is worth noting that using PurifyPlus makes the most sense in programming languages that leave memory management to the programmer. Hence, in Java, Lisp, or Visual Basic, for example, automatic memory management reduces occurrence of any memory leaks. These languages can however still have leaks; unnecessary references to objects will prevent the memory from being re-allocated. IBM has a product called Rational Application Developer to uncover these sorts of errors.

title: PurifyPlus


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Lomi-lomi salmon

Lomi lomi salmon (or lomi salmon) is a side dish in Hawaiian cuisine containing salted salmon, onions, and tomatoes. Its origin is similar to poisson cru. It also resembles pico de gallo in appearance and to how it is often consumed as an accompaniment (or condiment) to other foods such as poi or kalua pork.

Hawaiians of yesteryear would probably not recognize the contemporary version of this dish served today. However, it is seen today as a quintessential side dish when serving traditional Hawaiian foods or at traditional lū‘au festivities. While salmon is not a fish found in Hawaiian waters, and onions and tomatoes are not "pre-contact" foods, lomilomi salmon is still embraced as an ethnic Hawaiian dish. It is appropriate that dish should be known popularly by its hapa name "lomi salmon" rather than "lomi kāmano".

A similar dish called lomi ōpae (ōpae lit. "shrimp") uses dried shrimp in place of salted salmon and was made popular by singer Henry Kapono.

Preparation
Hawaiians were first introduced to salmon around the early 1800s, as contract laborers sent to the Pacific Northwest. Salmon would have likely been traditionally prepared as poke. A typical relish was made of inamona mixed with dried alaala (octopus liver) and ʻalaea salt. The poke was accompanied with several types of akaakai (onion), limu kohu and a large bowl of poi.

A type of poke in essence, the name lomilomi is taken from the traditional method of preparation (Hawaiian for "to massage") where fresh fish is rubbed with salt in varying amounts to simply season it for flavor or to cure it for preservation. In the evolution of this dish from its poke origins, the salt salmon is then cubed into small ~1cm pieces and again massaged into chopped tomatoes and onions of about the same size. Some modern recipes call for scallions, cucumbers, chilis, additional salt, or lime, or even fish substitutes other than salmon and is typically served chilled or with ice.

Background
When Captain James Cook arrived in 1778, he brought along with him the concept of preserved fish and meat—such as salted cod and corned beef—common rations of foreign navies, whalers, and traders.

In the 1790s, Spanish horticulturist Francisco de Paula Marin brought tomatoes to the Hawaiian Islands. He was the first to successfully cultivate and raise tomatoes. De Paula Marin would further popularize the planting of onions.

In 1829, the Hudson's Bay Company, a fur trading company looking to expand its business in new resources discovered during the expeditions of the Northwest Passage, established an office in Honolulu to market the Pacific Northwest's abundant timber to a growing non-native settlement. The company would hire many Hawaiians as sailors and laborers in the fur and lumber trades. The physical strength of the native Hawaiians had made an impression on the British. Dozens were initially sent to their British Columbia facilities which also operated commercial fisheries at its Fort Langley trading post. Many were likely to have consumed fresh and cured salmon which would also become a very important commodity.

By 1840, around 300 to 400 native Hawaiian laborers were sent to the Northwest in vessels and at ports. Many of these laborers would choose to permanently settle in the Northwest after their contracts expired. For those returning back to Hawaii, the voyage took about three weeks. Since fresh salmon would not last the journey, these laborers introduced salted salmon where it immediately became popular.

The practice of salting fish for preservation was already known to the ancient Hawaiians, and was often consumed with poi during periods when the regular fish supply was scarce or when fishing was not possible like during storms. Fish was preferably eaten raw with some alaea salt or sometimes seasoned with blood from the gills. And the families of missionaries found salted salmon to be a substitute for salt cod—the New England standby. Similarly, the Portuguese starting in the late 1800s brought with them bacalhau, a Portuguese salted cod.

The Northwest was exporting 3,000 to 4,000 barrels of salted salmon, mainly to Hawaii and Asia by 1835. Following the formation of a constitutional monarchy in Hawaii, the first tariff act took effect on January 1, 1843. The first vessel to make customs entry and to pay the ad valorem tax at three percent was the Hudson's Bay barque Vancouver from the Columbia River, January 6, 1843. The vessel's cargo consisted of 695 barrels of Columbia River salmon valued at $4,170 ($172,261 in 2023), and 160 twelve-foot four-inch planks valued at $307.20 ($12,690.31 in 2023). On this amount $134.32 ($5,548.70 in 2023) in duty was collected.

title: Lomi-lomi salmon


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Vanessa Paradis

Vanessa Chantal Paradis (born 22 December 1972)  is a French singer, model and actress. Paradis became a star at the age of 14 with the international success of her single "Joe le taxi" (1987). At age 18, she was awarded France's highest honours as both a singer and an actress with the Prix Romy Schneider and the César Award for Most Promising Actress    for Jean-Claude Brisseau's Noce Blanche, as well as the Victoires de la Musique   for Best Female Singer for her album Variations sur le même t'aime. Her most notable films also include Élisa (1995) alongside Gérard Depardieu, Witch Way Love (1997) opposite Jean Reno, Une chance sur deux (1998) co-starring with Jean-Paul Belmondo and Alain Delon, Girl on the Bridge (1999), Heartbreaker (2010) and Café de Flore (2011). Her tribute to Jeanne Moreau at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival during which they sang in duet "Le Tourbillon" became notable in French popular culture. In 2022, she was nominated for the Molière Award for Best Actress for her performance in the play Maman.

She has been a muse to numerous musicians and lyricists who each took one of her albums under their aegis, including Étienne Roda-Gil (1988), Serge Gainsbourg (1990), Lenny Kravitz (1992), Matthieu Chedid (2007), Benjamin Biolay (2013), Samuel Benchetrit and The Bees (2018). As a model, Paradis has appeared on more than 300 magazine covers worldwide including Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Madame Figaro, Paris Match, Vanity Fair, Glamour, Premiere, and Marie Claire. Since 1991, she has been a spokesmodel for Chanel chosen by Karl Lagerfeld starting with the birdcage commercial "L'Esprit de Chanel" directed by Jean-Paul Goude. Paradis was made Officier (Officer) in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2011 and was named Chevalier (Knight) in the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur in 2015.

Early life
Paradis was born in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, near Paris, to interior designers André and Corinne Paradis. As a child she enrolled in dance lessons, learnt the basics of piano and attended child model casting sessions. At the age of seven, Paradis appeared on the local television program L'École des fans, a talent show for child singers.

1983–1991
Paradis recorded her first single, "La Magie des surprises-parties", in 1983 and performed it in an Italian festival in 1985. Although not a hit, it paved the way for the song with which she became internationally famous, "Joe le taxi," composed by Franck Langolff in 1987, when she was 14. It was number one in France for 11 weeks and, unusually for a song sung in French, was released in the United Kingdom, where it reached number three. It was taken from her first album M&J (for Marilyn & John) which placed 13th in France, but did not enter the British chart.

In March 1989, at age 16, she left high school to pursue her singing career. Paradis released the album Variations sur le même t'aime in 1990, containing a remake of the Lou Reed song "Walk on the Wild Side". The album was written by French composer Serge Gainsbourg, whom she met when she received the best singer award at Victoires de la Musique, on 4 February 1990.

In 1990, she won the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role in Noce Blanche. In 1991, Paradis promoted the fragrance Coco for Chanel. In the advertisement, she was covered in black feathers, portraying a bird swinging in a cage. The advert was shot by Jean-Paul Goude. Paradis spoke of her continued admiration of Chanel in 2010 saying, "The more I know them, the more I love Chanel."

1992–1996
In 1992, Paradis moved to the United States to work with Lenny Kravitz, whom she was dating at the time. Paradis started working on a new album in English, a language she was now fluent in. Written and produced by Kravitz, the album, titled Vanessa Paradis, topped the French chart and briefly made the UK listings (number 45). One of the singles from it was "Be My Baby", which made number 5 in France and gave her another Top 10 hit in the UK, peaking at number six.

In March 1993, Paradis started her first international tour, the Natural High Tour; she performed in France, England and Canada. In February 1994, Live was released in France. In April 1994, Paradis filmed Élisa, under the direction of Jean Becker. Elisa was a big success in France, and was released internationally.

1997–2006
In 1997, Paradis played in Un amour de sorcière with Jeanne Moreau and Jean Reno, before filming Une chance sur deux, with Alain Delon and Jean-Paul Belmondo. In March 1999, La fille sur le Pont, by Patrice Leconte was released. This movie was shot and released in black and white. In 2004, she promoted Chanel's new handbags called Ligne Cambon.

In 2005, she modeled for Chanel again for The New Mademoiselle handbag. In 2008, she modelled for Miu Miu. Meanwhile, she was included in the French children's album and concert Le Soldat Rose in 2006.

2007–present
Paradis released a new album (Divinidylle) in 2007 which was released in the UK on 11 December (September in France). There are three versions (regular, limited edition, and the Christmas edition). She started the Divinidylle Tour in October. Some concerts were filmed and a DVD/CD of the tour was released. Paradis won two Les Victoires de la Musique awards for this album in February 2008. Some of her later projects are a greatest hits CD (Best of Vanessa Paradis), which includes the commercial jingle "I love Paris in the Springtime"; she also starred in the animated film Un monstre à Paris, released in 2010.

Canadian film director Jean-Marc Vallée cast Paradis in a starring role in his film Café de Flore, in which she plays the single mother of a child with Down syndrome in the 1960s. The film was released in 2011, and Paradis garnered a Genie Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 2012 Genie Awards. Paradis released an acoustic album in November 2010 entitled Une nuit à Versailles. The album was recorded at L'Opéra of the Palace of Versailles during her Vanessa Paradis Concert Acoustique Tour. She also released a set of DVDs in 2010 called Anthologie which collected rare live performances and interviews from 1987 to 2007.

In 2010 she became the face of Chanel's new lipstick, Rouge Coco. She also became the face of their new handbag line, Ranger.

Her 2011 international tour included performances in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Europe and Turkey.

In May 2013, Paradis released a new album, Love Songs, a double LP produced by French singer and producer Benjamin Biolay. The first single, Love Song, was also written by Biolay. The second single was Les espaces et les sentiments. The third single, Mi Amor, was written by BB Brunes frontman Adrien Gallo. Other people that have contributed to the songwriting of the album include Mickey 3D frontman Mickaël Furnon, as well as Johnny Depp and Lily-Rose Depp.

In 2016, Paradis co-starred in Yoga Hosers with her daughter Lily-Rose, as a history teacher. The same year, she was a member of the main competition jury of the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.

In September 2021, Paradis made her theatre debut in the play Maman, written and directed by her husband, Samuel Benchetrit, at the Edouard VII theatre in Paris. For her performance in the play, she was nominated for the Molière Award for Best Actress in a Private Theatre.

Personal life
At 15, Paradis started dating 26-year-old French singer Florent Pagny. The relationship ended in 1991. From 1991 to 1996, she was in a relationship with Lenny Kravitz, who also produced her 1992 self-titled album. She dated French actor Stanislas Merhar from 1997 to 1998.

From 1998 to 2012, Paradis was in a relationship with American actor Johnny Depp. They have a daughter, Lily-Rose Depp (born 1999) and a son John "Jack" Christopher Depp III (Jack Depp), born in 2002.

In May 2014, at a Chanel show in Dubai, Vanessa Paradis confirmed her relationship with French singer Benjamin Biolay. They broke up in May 2015. In November 2016, she began dating Samuel Benchetrit, who directed her in his fifth film, Dog. In June 2018, Paradis and Benchetrit married in the town of Saint-Simeon. Vanessa Paradis has a country estate nearby, and her late father owned a small restaurant in the quiet country commune.

Paradis's sister, Alysson Paradis, is also an actress.

Philanthropy
Paradis has been a member of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble since 1993.

Other activities

 * In 1991, Paradis was approached by Calvin Klein to become the face of his new advertising campaign alongside Mark Wahlberg. She declined the offer, which made Klein's second choice, Kate Moss, famous.
 * In 2001, Carla Bruni wrote several songs for Paradis, who found them too personal and encouraged Bruni to record them herself, resulting in the album Quelqu'un m'a dit released in 2002.
 * In 2014, her song "Mi amor" was chosen for the TV advertising campaign for the Love Story fragrance from the house of Chloé directed by Mélanie Laurent.

Discography

 * M&J (1988)
 * Variations sur le même t'aime (1990)
 * Vanessa Paradis (1992)
 * Bliss (2000)
 * Divinidylle (2007)
 * Love Songs (2013)
 * Les Sources (2018)

Concert tours

 * Natural High Tour (1993)
 * Bliss Tour (2001)
 * Divinidylle Tour (2007–08)
 * Vanessa Paradis Concert Acoustique Tour (2009–10)
 * International Tour 2011 (2011)
 * Love Songs Tour (2013)
 * Tournée les sources (2019)

title: Vanessa Paradis