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Hornchurch tube station

Hornchurch is a London Underground station serving the town of Hornchurch in the London Borough of Havering, east London. It is on the District line between to the west and Upminster Bridge to the east. It is 2.5 km along the line from the eastern terminus at Upminster and 31.7 km to in central London where the line divides into numerous branches.

The station was originally opened on 1 May 1885 by the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway on a new direct route from London to Southend that avoided Tilbury. The station was completely rebuilt in 1932 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and an additional pair of platforms were constructed to serve the electric District Railway local service which was extended from Barking to Upminster. The Southend service was withdrawn from Hornchurch and the original platforms abandoned in 1962.

The single-storey brick building is of a common design also constructed at other stations on the eastern portion of the line at the time.

Steam era
The original 1854 route of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway passed through the south of the parish of Hornchurch near the River Thames without stopping; the nearest station was at Rainham. Between 1885 and 1888 a new route authorised as the Barking and Pitsea Railway was constructed, that provided a direct service from Fenchurch Street to Southend, avoiding Tilbury. The station at Hornchurch opened on 1 May 1885; the next station to the east was Upminster and to the west was Dagenham. The Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through services of the Metropolitan District Railway to operate as far as Upminster. The District Railway converted to electric trains in 1905 and services were lost at Hornchurch as they were cut back to East Ham. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway was purchased by the Midland Railway in 1912 and was amalgamated into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 1 January 1923.

Underground electric
The District Railway electric service was extended east from East Ham to Barking in 1908. Delayed by World War I, an additional pair of electrified fourth rail tracks were extended by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway to Upminster and services of the District resumed at Hornchurch in 1932. To coincide with the introduction of electric services, the station was rebuilt with two additional platforms and a new ticket office spanning the tracks facing onto Station Lane. The Metropolitan District Railway amalgamated with several other transport concerns to form London Transport in 1933, and became known as the District line. A new station at Upminster Bridge became the next station to the east in 1934 and Elm Park was added to the west in 1935. The 1947 timetable shows only a few services a day provided by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and a frequent service provided by the District.

British Railways
After nationalisation of the railways in 1948 management of the station passed to British Railways. The remaining Fenchurch Street–Southend services were withdrawn in 1962 when the route was electrified with overhead lines. Barking station was reconfigured to provide cross-platform interchange between District line and Fenchurch Street services. The continued management of the station by an organisation now providing none of the services became more of an anomaly and in 1969 ownership transferred to the London Underground which came under the authority of the London Transport Executive of the Greater London Council.

Design
The station consists of two side platforms—numbered 1 for westbound and 2 for eastbound—located either side of the running tracks. There are four tracks through the site, with the platforms located on the northern pair. Another pair of tracks to the south are used by c2c outer suburban services and there are disused platforms on those lines. The operational platforms are mostly covered by station canopies with a waiting room and toilets on the westbound platform. The red brick ticket office is located at street level above the platforms, to which it is connected by a covered footbridge stairway. The 1930s architecture is similar in design to Becontree and Dagenham East and is contemporary with the introduction of electric services. The platform benches are of Midland Railway (1912–1922) design. The station had a track crossover, to the west of the platforms, enabling trains to terminate there and return to service in the opposite direction. However, this was removed in 2016.

As part of the public–private partnership arrangement for maintenance of the London Underground, the station was due to be refurbished by Metronet. Following the collapse of Metronet, responsibility of station upkeep was transferred to Transport for London in 2008. Works were planned to include provision of tactile strips and colour contrasted handrails for the visually impaired, installation of closed-circuit television cameras, passenger help points, new electronic departure information displays on the platforms, a new public address system, and improved lighting. Transport for London has assigned the station to the 'limited works' category and plans to complete these improvements incrementally, according to the need to preserve assets. The station does not have step free access from the platforms to the street, although there are two out of use lift shafts from the platforms to the booking hall.

Location
The station is named after the town of Hornchurch in which it is situated approximately 1 mi south of the high street. The station is located on Station Lane in the London Borough of Havering and is surrounded by a cluster of shops. It is in a primarily residential area and is near to St George's Hospital and Hornchurch Country Park. Upminster Bridge is 1.26 km to the northeast of the station and Elm Park is 1.5 km to the southwest. A 68 space station car park, managed by National Car Parks, is accessed from Naunton Way.

London Buses routes 165, 193, 248, 252, 256, 370, 372 and school routes 646, 648 and 652 serve the station, providing connections to Collier Row, County Park Estate, Cranham, Lakeside Shopping Centre, Noak Hill, Queen's Hospital, Rainham, Romford and St George's Hospital.

Services
The station is in London fare zone 6. The typical off-peak service from the station is twelve District line trains per hour to Upminster and twelve to Earl's Court, of which six continue to Ealing Broadway and six continue to Richmond. At peak periods the number of trains per hour increases to fifteen and some trains continue from Earl's Court to Wimbledon. Services towards central London operate from approximately 05:00 to 23:30 and services to Upminster operate from approximately 06:00 to 01:30. The journey time to Upminster is four minutes; to Barking is approximately 15 minutes, and to Tower Hill is approximately 40 minutes. The station has a ticket office that is open for eleven hours a week. During 2011 there were 1.98 million passenger entries and exits at the station, higher than the annual usage over the preceding two years, and typical for a suburban station.

title: Hornchurch tube station


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Kirov-class cruiser

The Kirov-class (Project 26) cruisers were a class of six cruisers built in the late 1930s for the Soviet Navy. After the first two ships, armor protection was increased and subsequent ships are sometimes called the Maxim Gorky class. These were the first large ships built by the Soviets from the keel up after the Russian Civil War, and they were derived from the ITALIAN CRUISER Raimondo Montecuccoli, being designed with assistance from the Italian Ansaldo company. Two ships each were deployed in the Black and Baltic Seas during World War II, while the last pair was still under construction in the Russian Far East and saw no combat during the war. The first four ships bombarded Axis troops and facilities after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. All six ships survived the war and lingered in training and other secondary roles, with three being scrapped in the early 1960s and the other three a decade later.

Design
Following the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, Soviet industry was not capable of designing large, complex warships by itself and sought foreign assistance. The Ansaldo company provided plans for the contemporary Raimondo Montecuccoli-class cruisers and a design displacing 7200 t and armed with six 180 mm guns in twin turrets was produced in 1933. The Italians guaranteed that the cruiser could make 37 knots on trials if the size was kept under the 7200-tonne limit. The designer of the new turret managed to persuade his superiors that he could fit triple turrets to the ship while keeping it within the specified limit, and this design was approved in November 1934 as the Project 26.

The Soviets bought an example of, and plans for, the machinery of the later Duca d'Aosta-class cruisers and had some difficulty in adapting the smaller hull for the larger and more-powerful machinery, so much so that it delayed the start of construction. Another problem was that the Italian design had to be adapted to use the Soviet preference for a mix of longitudinal framing for the hull framing amidships and transverse framing for the ends, while also reinforcing the hull structure to withstand the more-severe weather conditions that the Soviets commonly encountered.

The Kirovs were built in pairs, each pair incorporating some improvements over the earlier pair. These pairs were designated as the Project 26, Project 26bis, and Project 26bis2 in sequence. The differences between pairs usually related to size, armor, armament and aircraft.

General characteristics
The Project 26 class ships were 191.3 m long overall. They had a beam of 17.66 m and at full load a draft of 6.15 m. They displaced 7890 t at standard load, and 9436 t at full load. Their single rudder meant that they were not very maneuverable. Kirov and Voroshilov were fitted with a massive tetrapod foremast, but this proved to restrict the view from the conning tower as well as the fields of fire of the 100 mm anti-aircraft guns and greatly increased their silhouette. It was reduced to a simple pole mast in the later ships and the superstructure enlarged to accommodate the fire control facilities formerly housed in the foremast.

Shortly after Kirov was launched in 1936, the two Project 26bis ships were laid down. They incorporated a number of changes from the first batch, not least of which was that they were larger. They displaced 8177 t at standard load and 9728 t at full load. They were only slightly longer at 191.4 m overall and had a deep draft of 6.30 m at full load. On trials they proved to be the fastest ships of the class with a speed of 36.72 knots. Their armament was much the same as the earlier ships, although nine 45 mm 61-K anti-aircraft guns were mounted rather than the six on the first pair and they were fitted to carry 150 Model 1908/39 mines in place of the Model 1912 mines.

The Project 26bis2 pair were still larger and displaced 8400 t at standard load, and 10400 t at full load. They were a tenth of a meter shorter than the Project 26 ships, although the waterline length did not change at all between any of the pairs. Their turbines proved to be slightly more powerful than those of the Project 26bis ships and propelled them at 36 knots on trials. Production delays with the 100 mm B-34 dual-purpose guns forced them to use 85 mm 90-K guns instead and ten 37 mm 70-K anti-aircraft guns supplemented the 45 mm guns. The mines changed yet again as they could carry 100 KB or 106 Model 1926 mines.

Armament
The main armament consisted of three electrically powered MK-3-180 triple turrets with three 57-calibre 180 mm B-1-P guns. The turrets were very small to fit them into the hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed (only two rounds per minute instead of six). The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent guns affected each gun. The turrets weighed approximately 236 to 247 t, and the guns could be depressed to −4° and elevated to 48°. The guns fired 97.55 kg projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 900 - 920 m/s; this provided a maximum range of around 38000 m, depending on ammunition and gun type. Normally, 100 rounds per gun were carried, although an additional four rounds per gun could be carried at overload by the Project 26 ships only.

The secondary armament consisted of six single 56-caliber 100 mm B-34 anti-aircraft guns with 325 rounds per gun fitted on each side of the rear funnel in all ships except the Project 26bis2 which used eight single 52-caliber 85 mm 90-K guns with 300 rounds per gun when the B-34 program ran into problems. Light AA guns initially consisted of six semi-automatic 45 mm 21-K AA guns with 600 rounds per gun and four DK 12.7 mm machine guns, with 12,500 rounds per gun, but were significantly increased in service. The Project 26bis ships carried nine 21-K mounts and the Project 26bis were built with an additional ten fully automatic 37 mm 70-K AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun. Over the course of World War II most, if not all, of the 45 mm guns were replaced by 37 mm guns and one or two Lend-Lease quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun MK III mounts were fitted to the ships in the Baltic and Black Seas, although each ship varied in its anti-aircraft suite.

Six 533 mm 39-Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings; these tubes could be individually adjusted to spread out their salvos. Molotov and Kaganovich replaced their launchers with the more-modern 1-N mount during the war. A total of 96 KB or 164 Model 1912 mines could be carried by the first pair of ships. A pair of depth charge racks were mounted as well as four BMB-1 depth charge throwers. Twenty large BB-1 and thirty small BM-1 depth charges were carried although no sonar was fitted for the Project 26 and Project 26bis ships. They did mount the Arktur underwater acoustic communication system. Kalinin and Kaganovich received the Lend-Lease ASDIC-132 system, which the Soviets called Drakon-132, as well as the experimental Soviet Mars-72 sonar system.

The Project 26 ships were fitted with the Molniya fire control system for their main guns which included the TsAS-2 mechanical computer and the KDP3-6 director. Each turret and the director had DM-6 rangefinders which allowed multiple targets to be engaged using a combination of local and central fire control. The four later ships had an improved Molniya-ATs fire control system which could accept data from spotter aircraft. The anti-aircraft armament was controlled by the Gorizont-1 system with a SO-26 computer, Gazon vertical gyroscope and a pair of SPN-100 directors on each side of the superstructure. Each director had a fully stabilized 3 m rangefinder. Voroshilov had SPN-200 directors, but the Project 26bis ships used the Gorizont-2 system. This had a more advanced Gorizont-2 computer and Shar vertical gyroscope.

The first Soviet ship to carry a radar was Molotov which was given a Redut-K air warning system in 1940, which she used for the entire war. Lend-Lease radars equipped most of the other ships. The British Types 281, 291 and the American SG radars were used for air search. Main battery fire control radars were the British Types 284 and 285 while anti-aircraft fire control was provided by the Type 282 radar. Soviet-designed Yupiter-1 and Mars-1 gunnery radars were fitted in Molotov and Kalinin by 1944.

Machinery
The ships had a twin-shaft-unit machinery layout with alternating boiler rooms and engine rooms. The machinery for Kirov was shipped from Italy (being diverted from the contract for the ITALIAN CRUISER Eugenio di Savoia). The machinery for the rest was built in Kharkiv to Italian plans. The Soviet TB-7 geared turbines proved to be more powerful and more economical than the originals. Kirov burned .8 kg of fuel oil per unit of horsepower compared to Kalinin's .623 kg. Furthermore Kirov produced only 113500 shp on trials while Voroshilov made 122500 shp and was almost a full knot faster. Six license-built Yarrow-Normand type water-tube boilers powered the turbines with a nominal capacity of 106-tonnes/hour of superheated steam at a pressure of 25 kg/cm2 and a temperature of 325 °C. Each shaft drove a three-bladed 4.7 m bronze propeller for a designed speed of 36 knots, although this varied from ship to ship. The normal oil capacity was between 600 and 650 t, but the ships varied widely in the amount of oil carried at full load; this ranged from 1150 to 1660 t. Endurance figures also varied widely at full load, from 2140 to 4220 nmi at 18 knots. The maximum amount of fuel that could be carried ranged from 1430 to 1750 t.

Protection
The armour scheme formed a raft around the vitals, protected by a waterline belt, deck and traverse bulkheads uniformly 50 mm in thickness. The turret and barbette armour was also 50 mm thick. The conning tower sides were 150 mm with a 100 mm roof. A 20 mm box protected the steering gear and a number of control positions were protected against splinters: 14 mm for the torpedo control station, 8 mm for main-battery fire control and secondary gun shields, 7 mm for the secondary-battery control position and the auxiliary command station had 25 mm sides and roof.

The belt extended 121 m or 64.5% of the ship's length. Its total height was 3.4 m, of which 1.33 m was below the designed waterline. A double bottom extended past the armored traverse bulkheads and a thin longitudinal bulkhead provided some measure of protection against flooding. It has been judged too thin to withstand a torpedo's detonation, but possibly the far-side bulkhead might survive intact, which would cause a list from asymmetrical flooding.

The armor of the Project 26 ships was vulnerable even to destroyer-class weapons at ranges under 10 km and the last four ships were given additional armor. The belt, traverse bulkheads, barbettes and turret face thicknesses were all increased to 70 mm and the box protecting the steering gear was increased to 30 mm. One oddity of the later ships' armor scheme was the joint between the armour deck and belt. The top and bottom edges of the belt were tapered, the outer surface angling in 200 mm from the edge to a thickness of 45 mm. Similarly the deck edge was also tapered down to about 25 mm for its outermost 200 mm. It has been speculated that "This seam in the protection, representing a small target area, may simply have served to save weight and simplify construction."

Aircraft
The Kirovs were designed to carry two aircraft, but German catapults had to be imported. Two Heinkel K-12 catapults were bought in 1937 for Kirov and Voroshilov. They could traverse 360° and launch an aircraft weighing 2750 kg at a speed of 125 km/h, although no suitable aircraft were in service until the KOR-1 seaplane entered service in September 1939. They proved to be unsuitable for rough-weather landings and were disembarked when Operation Barbarossa began. Gorky and Molotov mounted Soviet-built ZK-1 catapults of roughly comparable performance, but were destined never to use them for lack of suitable aircraft.

The Project 26 ships landed their catapult during 1941 to make room for more AA guns, as did Molotov in 1942. A ZK-1a catapult was installed aboard Molotov in 1943, and she conducted successful experiments with a catapult-launched Supermarine Spitfire fighter. The Project 26bis2 ships did not receive a catapult until after the end of the war, when a ZK-2b was fitted. The catapults, however, were removed from all ships by 1947.

Construction
While Voroshilov was laid down first, Kirov was the prototype for the class and was completed first. Her trials were a disappointment as her Italian-built turbines initially had minor defects, and she was 1 kn slower than guaranteed. The Italians pointed out that the guarantee only applied if she displaced 7200 tonnes or less, and she was overweight by over 500 t. Her turrets had numerous teething problems and inflicted more blast damage than anticipated, which showed that her welding plan had not been followed. Her firing arcs were reduced in an attempt to mitigate the problem. Voroshilov's Soviet-built turbines were more powerful than anticipated, and she almost achieved her design speed.

Components for the Project 26bis2 ships were manufactured in the West (Ordzhonikidze built those for Kalinin and Marti those for Kaganovich) and shipped to Komsomolsk-on-Amur for assembly. They were launched from drydocks and towed incomplete to Vladivostok for fitting-out.

Baltic Fleet
Kirov was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in the autumn of 1938, but was still being worked on into early 1939. She sailed to Riga on 22 October 1940 when the Soviet Union began to occupy Latvia; the following day she sailed for Liepāja. During the Winter War, Kirov, escorted by the destroyers Smetlivyi and Stremitel'nyi, attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns at Russarö, 5 km south of Hanko. She fired only 35 rounds before she was damaged by a number of near misses and had to return to the Soviet naval base at Liepāja for repairs. She remained there for the rest of the Winter War and afterwards was under repair at Kronstadt from October 1940 to 21 May 1941.

Both Kirov and Maxim Gorky were transferred to the Gulf of Riga on 14 June 1941, shortly before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. Both cruisers were active in the last days of June covering Soviet defensive mining operations, but Gorky and her escorts ran into the German-laid "Apolda" minefield on the 23rd and Maxim Gorky and the destroyer Gnevny both lost their bows. Gnevny sank, while Gorky made it to port before being transferred, with assistance, to Tallinn and later to Kronstadt. Kirov followed her to Tallinn at the end of the month, after being lightened to pass through the shallows of Moon Sound.

Gorky had a new bow section fabricated in Kronstadt and it was mated with the ship on 21 July. Kirov provided gunfire support during the defense of Tallinn and served as the flagship of the evacuation fleet from Tallinn to Leningrad at the end of August 1941. For most of the rest of the war both cruisers were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the siege of Leningrad and support for the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid—1944. Both ships were damaged by German air and artillery attacks, but were repaired during the war.

Black Sea Fleet
On 23 June 1941, Voroshilov covered Soviet destroyers bombarding Constanţa, but the destroyer leader Moskva was sunk by a mine and Kharkov was damaged by return fire. She bombarded Axis positions near Odessa in mid-September, but was transferred to Novorossiysk shortly afterwards. On 2 November, she was hit twice in harbor by Junkers Ju 88 bombers of KG 51; one hit started a fire in #3 magazine that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit. She had to be towed to Poti for repairs, which lasted until February 1942. She shelled Axis positions near Feodosiya on 2 April 1942, but was damaged by some near misses on 10 April and had to return to Batumi for repairs. In May she supported Soviet troops around Kerch and the Taman Peninsula while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to Sevastopol. On 29 November 1942, she was damaged by nearby mine explosions while bombarding Feodonisi, but managed to return to Poti under her own power. Just after her repairs were completed she assisted Soviet forces landing behind German lines at the so-called "Malaya Zemlya" at the end of January 1943. The loss of three destroyers to German aircraft attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead on 6 October 1943 caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of Voroshilov's active participation in the war.

Molotov was commissioned just before the German invasion and spent most of 1941 moving from port to port to take advantage of her air warning radar, the first fitted in the Soviet Navy. She bombarded Axis positions near Feodosiya in early November and was sent to reinforce Sevastopol with elements of the 386th Rifle Division from Poti. Damaged by a number of shell hits while off-loading troops on 29 December, she was still able to take 600 wounded when she departed. She reprised her role as a transport during the first week of January. Her bow was damaged during a heavy storm in Tuapse when it was thrown against the jetty on 21–22 January 1942. She spent most of the next month under repair, although her bow could not be straightened which reduced her speed by several knots. After making a number of bombardment sorties in support of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula, she returned to Poti for more permanent repairs on 20 March. In June she made a number of transport runs in support of the garrison of Sevastopol. On 2 August her stern was blown off by torpedo bombers acting in concert with Italian MAS torpedo boats. The damage reduced her speed to 10 knots and she had to be steered by her engines. She was under repair at Poti until 31 July 1943, using the stern of the incomplete Chapayev-class cruiser Frunze, the rudder of the incomplete cruiser Zheleznyakov, the steering gear from Kaganovich and the steering sensor from the submarine L-25. She saw no action after completing her repairs due to Stalin's order.

Pacific Fleet
Even though Lazar Kaganovich and Kalinin were both commissioned before the end of the war, they saw no action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945; in any event, Lazar Kaganovich was not fully completed until 29 January 1947.

Postwar careers
Kirov was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945. She was under repair until 20 December 1946. Refitted from November 1949 to April 1953, her machinery was completely overhauled, with her radars, fire control systems and anti-aircraft guns being replaced by the latest Soviet systems. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961, regularly visited Poland and East Germany, and was sold for scrap on 22 February 1974. Two of her gun turrets were installed at Saint Petersburg as a monument. Maxim Gorky tested the first Soviet naval helicopter, the Kamov Ka-10, in December 1950 and began her refit in mid-1953. This was planned much like Kirov's refit, although her displacement was to increase 1000 t from torpedo bulges, with consequent penalties to her speed and range. The Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955, deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship, and suspended the refit. Gorky was sold for scrap on 18 April 1959 after it was decided that she was not required as a missile test ship.

Voroshilov began her postwar modernization in April 1954, but encountered the same issues as Maxim Gorky. Unlike her half-sister, she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956. The conversion process was quite prolonged, as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts; and she was not recommissioned as OS-24 until 31 December 1961. She was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965. Converted to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972, she was briefly redesignated as PKZ-19 before being sold for scrap on 2 March 1973. Voroshilov's 14-ton propeller and 2.5-ton stop anchor are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in Sevastopol.

Molotov suffered a fire in the #2 turret handling room on 5 October 1946 which required the magazine to be flooded; 22 sailors were killed and 20 wounded. She was used as a testbed for the new radars intended for the Chapayev and Sverdlov-class cruiser cruisers in the late 1940s. Modernized like her half-sister Kirov between 1952 and 29 October 1955, she was renamed Slava on 3 August 1957 after Vyacheslav Molotov fell out of favor with Nikita Khrushchev. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 3 August 1961 and deployed to the Mediterranean during 5–30 June 1967 to show Soviet support for Syria during the Six-Day War. She returned to the Mediterranean between September and December 1970 where she assisted the Kotlin-class destroyer Bravyi after the latter's collision with the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (R09) on 9 November 1970. She was sold for scrap on 4 April 1972.

Kalinin was placed in reserve on 1 May 1956, and was restored to the Navy List on 1 December 1957 before being disarmed and converted into a floating barracks on 6 February 1960. She was sold for scrap on 12 April 1963. Kaganovich was renamed Lazar Kaganovich on 3 August 1945 to distinguish her from Lazar's disgraced brother Mikhail Kaganovich. She was renamed Petropavlovsk on 3 August 1957 after Lazar Kaganovich was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against Nikita Khrushchev that same year. Her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 typhoon on 19 September 1957 and she was deemed uneconomical to repair and sold for scrap on 6 February 1960.

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title: Kirov-class cruiser


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Andrew Neil

Andrew Ferguson Neil (born 21 May 1949) is a British journalist and broadcaster who is chairman of The Spectator. He was editor of The Sunday Times from 1983 to 1994. He has presented various political programmes on the BBC and on Channel 4. Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Neil attended Paisley Grammar School, before studying at the University of Glasgow. He entered journalism in 1973 as a correspondent for The Economist.

Neil was appointed editor of The Sunday Times by Rupert Murdoch in 1983, and held this position until 1994. After this, he became a contributor to the Daily Mail. He was chief executive and editor-in-chief of Press Holdings Media Group. In 1988, he became founding chairman of Sky TV, also part of Murdoch's News Corporation. He worked for the BBC for 25 years until 2020, fronting various programmes, including Sunday Politics and This Week on BBC One and Daily Politics, Politics Live and The Andrew Neil Show on BBC Two. Since 2008 he has been chairman of Press Holdings, whose titles include The Spectator, and ITP Media Group. Following his departure from the BBC, he became founding chairman of GB News and a presenter on the channel, but resigned in September 2021. He later joined Channel 4 in 2022 as presenter of The Andrew Neil Show, which shared the same name as his former BBC Two programme. In June 2024 he additionally began hosting a daily broadcast for Times Radio providing political analysis, commentary, interviews and debates.

Early life
Neil was born on 21 May 1949 in Paisley, Renfrewshire, to Mary and James Neil. His mother worked in cotton mills during World War II and his father ran the wartime Cairo fire brigade, worked as an electrician and was a major in the Territorial Army in Renfrewshire. He grew up in the Glenburn area and attended the local Langcraigs Primary School. At 11, Neil passed the qualifying examination and obtained entrance to the selective Paisley Grammar School.

After school, Neil attended the University of Glasgow, where he edited the student newspaper, the Glasgow University Guardian, and dabbled in student television. He was a member of the Dialectic Society and the Conservative Club, and participated in Glasgow University Union inter-varsity debates. In 1971, he was chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students. He graduated in 1971, with an MA with honours in political economy and political science. He had been tutored by Vince Cable and had a focus on American history.

Press career
After his graduation, Neil briefly worked as a sports correspondent for a local newspaper, the Paisley Daily Express, before working for the Conservative Party. In 1973, he joined The Economist as a correspondent and was later promoted as editor of the publication's section on Britain.

The Sunday Times
Neil was editor of The Sunday Times from 1983 to 1994. His hiring was controversial: it was argued he was appointed by Rupert Murdoch over more experienced colleagues, such as Hugo Young and Brian MacArthur.

Neil told Murdoch before he was appointed editor that The Sunday Times was intellectually stuck in a 1960s time warp and that it needed to "shake off its collectivist mind-set to become the champion of a market-led revolution that would shake the British Establishment to its bones and transform the economy and society". Neil later said that although he shared some of Murdoch's right-wing views, "on many matters Rupert was well to the right of me politically. He was a monetarist. I was not. Nor did I share his conservative social outlook".

In his first editorial, on 9 October 1983, Neil advised Margaret Thatcher's government to "move to the right on industrial policy (trust-bust, deregulate, privatise wherever it produces more competition and efficiency) and centre-left in economic strategy (a few billion extra in capital spending would have little impact on interest rates or inflation but could give a lift to a shaky economic recovery)".

The Sunday Times strongly supported the stationing of American cruise missiles in bases in Britain after the Soviet Union installed SS-20s in Eastern Europe, and it criticised the resurgent Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Neil also wrote editorials supporting the United States invasion of Grenada because it would restore democracy there, despite opposition from Hugo Young. Neil replied to Young that he wanted the editorial stance of The Sunday Times to be "neo-Keynesian in economic policy, radical right in industrial policy, liberal on social matters and European and Atlanticist on foreign policy".

In Neil's first year as the paper's editor, The Sunday Times had revealed the date of the deployment of cruise missiles, exposed how Mark Thatcher had channelled the gains from his consultancy business into a bank account and reported on Robert Mugabe's atrocities in Matabeleland. Neil also printed extracts from Germaine Greer's Sex and Destiny and from Francis Pym's anti-Thatcher autobiography, as well as a study of the "Patels of Britain", a celebration of the success of Britain's Asian community.

Neil regards the newspaper's revelation of details of Israel's nuclear weapons programme in 1986, by using photographs and testimony from former Israeli nuclear technician Mordechai Vanunu, as his greatest scoop as an editor. During his editorship, the newspaper lost a libel case over claims that it had made concerning a witness, Carmen Proetta, who was interviewed after her appearance in the Death on the Rock documentary on the Gibraltar shootings. One of The Sunday Times journalists involved, Rosie Waterhouse, resigned not long afterwards.

On 20 July 1986, The Sunday Times printed a front-page article (titled 'Queen dismayed by "uncaring" Thatcher') alleging that the Queen believed that Margaret Thatcher's policies were "uncaring, confrontational and socially divisive". The main source of information was the Queen's press secretary, Michael Shea. When Buckingham Palace issued a statement rebutting the story, Neil was so angry at what he considered to be the Palace's double-dealing that he refused to print the statement in later editions of The Sunday Times.

In 1987, the Labour-controlled Strathclyde Regional Authority wanted to close down Neil's old school, Paisley Grammar School. After finding the secretary of state for Scotland, Malcolm Rifkind, indifferent to the school's future, Neil contacted Margaret Thatcher's policy adviser, Brian Griffiths, to try and save the school. When Griffiths informed Thatcher of Strathclyde's plan to close it she issued a new regulation that gave the Scottish secretary the power to save schools where 80 per cent of the parents were opposed to the local authority's closure plan, thereby saving Paisley Grammar.

While at The Sunday Times in 1988, Neil met the former Miss India, Pamella Bordes, in a nightclub, an inappropriate place for someone with Neil's job according to Peregrine Worsthorne. The News of the World suggested Bordes was a call girl. Worsthorne argued in an editorial article "Playboys as Editors" in March 1989 for The Sunday Telegraph that Neil was not fit to edit a serious Sunday newspaper. Worsthorne effectively accused Neil of knowing that Bordes was a prostitute. He apparently did not know about Bordes, which the Telegraph had accepted by the time the libel case came to High Court of Justice in January 1990, but the paper still defended their coverage as fair comment. Neil won both the case and £1,000 in damages plus costs.

In a July 1988 editorial ("Morals for the majority") Neil said that in Britain there were emerging pockets of social decay and unsocial behaviour: "a social rot...has gone deeper than the industrial decay of the 1960s and 1970s". Having been impressed with Charles Murray's study of the American welfare state, Losing Ground, Neil invited Murray to Britain in 1989 to study Britain's emerging underclass. The Sunday Times Magazine of 26 November 1989 was largely devoted to Murray's report, which found that the British underclass consisted of people existing on welfare, the black economy and crime, with illegitimacy being the single most reliable predictor. The accompanying editorial said Britain was in the midst of a "social tragedy of Dickensian proportions", with an underclass "characterized by drugs, casual violence, petty crime, illegitimate children, homelessness, work avoidance and contempt for conventional values".

Under Neil's editorship, The Sunday Times opposed the poll tax. In his memoirs, Neil said that his opposition to the poll tax crystallised when he discovered that his cleaner would be paying more poll tax than himself at a time when his income tax had just been reduced to 40% from 60%. During the 1990 Conservative Party leadership election, The Sunday Times was the only Murdoch-owned newspaper to support Michael Heseltine against Thatcher. Neil blamed Thatcher for high inflation, "misplaced chauvinism" over Europe, and the poll tax, concluding that she had become an "electoral liability" and must therefore be replaced by Heseltine.

In an editorial of January 1988 ("Modernize the monarchy"), Neil advocated the abolition of both the preference for males in the law of succession and of the exclusion of Catholics from the throne. Subsequent editorials of The Sunday Times called for the Queen to pay income tax and advocated a scaled-down monarchy that would not be class-based but which would be "an institution with close links to all classes. That meant clearing out the old-school courtiers...and creating a court which was far more representative of the multi-racial meritocracy that Britain was becoming". In an editorial of February 1991 Neil criticised some minor members of the Royal Family for their behaviour while the country was at war in the Gulf. In 1992 Neil obtained for The Sunday Times the serialisation rights for Andrew Morton's book Diana: Her True Story, which revealed the breakdown of Princess Diana's marriage as well as her bulimia and her suicide attempts.

In 1992 Neil was criticised by anti-Nazi groups and historians like Hugh Trevor-Roper for employing the Holocaust denier David Irving to translate the diaries of Joseph Goebbels.

End of the Murdoch connection
According to Neil, he was replaced as Sunday Times editor in 1994 because Murdoch had become envious of his celebrity. Many years later, in November 2017, former Conservative cabinet minister Kenneth Clarke said Neil had been removed because Neil's article about corruption in the Malaysian government of Mahathir Mohamad conflicted with Murdoch's desire to acquire a television franchise in the country. The Malaysian prime minister at the time told Clarke on a ministerial visit that he had achieved Neil's sacking after a telephone conversation with Murdoch. The conflict between Neil and Mohamad did become public knowledge at the time. The British minister of state for trade Richard Needham criticised Neil and the newspaper for potentially putting thousands of jobs at risk.

Neil's departure from his role as Sunday Times editor was officially reported in 1994 as being merely temporary, as he was to present and edit a current affairs programme for Fox in New York. "During my time, the Sunday Times has been at the centre of every major controversy in Britain", he said at the time. "These are the kind of journalistic values I want to reproduce at Fox". Neil's new television programme did not make it to air. A pilot produced in September had a mixed internal response, and Murdoch cancelled the entire project in late October. Neil did not return to his job as Sunday Times editor.

Post-News Corp career
Neil became a contributor to the Daily Mail. In 1996, he became editor-in-chief of the Barclay brothers' Press Holdings group of newspapers, owner of The Scotsman, Sunday Business (later just The Business) and The European. Press Holdings sold The Scotsman in December 2005, ending Neil's relationship with the newspaper. Neil has not enjoyed great success with the circulations of the newspapers (indeed The European folded shortly after he took over). The Business closed down in February 2008. He exchanged his role as chief executive of Press Holdings for chairman in July 2008. He is chairman of the Press Holdings title The Spectator. In January 2024, Neil told BBC Newsnight that he would quit his role as chairman of The Spectator if a UAE-US consortium is successful in its proposed takeover of the magazine and its sister publication the Daily Telegraph.

Since 2006 Neil has been chair of the Dubai-based publishing company ITP Media Group.

In June 2008, Neil led a consortium which bought talent agency Peters, Fraser & Dunlop (PFD) from CSS Stellar plc for £4 million, making him chairman of the new company in addition to his other activities. Neil served as Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews from 1999 to 2002.

Broadcasting career
As well as Neil's newspaper activities he has maintained a television career. While he worked for The Economist, he provided news reports to American networks.

His regular interview series for Channel 4, Is This Your Life? (made by Open Media), was nominated for a BAFTA award for "Best Talk Show". In the course of the series Neil interviewed a wide variety of personalities, from Albert Reynolds and Morris Cerullo to Jimmy Savile and Max Clifford. He acted as a television newsreader in two films: Dirty Weekend (1993) and Parting Shots (1999), both directed by Michael Winner.

Sky
In 1988 he became founding chairman of Sky TV, also part of Murdoch's News Corporation. Neil was instrumental in the company's launch, overseeing the transformation of a downmarket, single-channel satellite service into a four-channel network in less than a year. Neil and Murdoch stood side by side at Sky's new headquarters in Isleworth on 5 February 1989 to witness the launch of the service. Sky was not an instant success; the uncertainty caused by the competition provided by British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) and the initial shortage of satellite dishes were early problems.

The failure of BSB in November 1990 led to a merger, but a few programmes acquired by BSB were screened on Sky One and BSB's satellites were sold. The new company was called British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). The merger may have saved Sky financially; despite its popularity, Sky had very few major advertisers to begin with, and it was beginning to suffer from embarrassing breakdowns. Acquiring BSB's healthier advertising contracts and equipment apparently solved the problems. BSkyB would not make a profit for a decade but by July 2010, it was one of the most profitable television companies in Europe.

BBC
At The Sunday Times, he contributed to BBC, both radio and television. He commented on the various controversies provoked by the paper while he was editor. During the 1990s, Neil fronted political programmes for the BBC, including Despatch Box on BBC Two.

Following the revamp of the BBC's political programming in early 2003, Neil presented the live political programmes, This Week on BBC One and Daily Politics on BBC Two. The latter ended in 2018 and was replaced by Politics Live, which Neil presented until he left the corporation.

From 2007 to 2010, he presented the weekly one-on-one political interview programme Straight Talk with Andrew Neil on the BBC News channel. He also presented Sunday Politics on BBC One between 2012 and 2017 and occasionally guest presented Newsnight on BBC Two following host Jeremy Paxman's departure in 2014.

During the BBC's general election night coverage in 2010, Neil interviewed various celebrities on the River Thames. In the 2015 election, Neil interviewed political figures in the BBC studio. He also provided commentary on foreign elections, and with Katty Kay led the BBC's overnight live coverage of the US presidential election in 2016. In the run-up to the 2017 general election he interviewed five of the political party leaders on BBC One in The Andrew Neil Interviews.

Neil earned £200,000 to £249,999 as a BBC presenter in the financial year 2016–17.

In May 2019, Neil interviewed Ben Shapiro, an American conservative commentator, on Politics Live on BBC Two. Shapiro was promoting his new book, The Right Side of History, which discusses Judeo-Christian values and asserts their decline in the United States. Shapiro took offence to the questioning, accused Neil of having a left-leaning bias, and said Neil was trying to make a "quick buck... off of the fact that I'm popular and no one has ever heard of you", before Shapiro ended the interview. Shapiro later apologised for the incident.

During the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election, Neil interviewed candidates Jeremy Hunt and Boris Johnson, in The Andrew Neil Interviews. Director of BBC News Fran Unsworth hailed it as "a masterclass of political interviewing".

In August 2019, the BBC announced that Neil would host a prime-time political programme that would run through autumn 2019 on BBC Two, called The Andrew Neil Show. The show included "in-depth analysis and forensic questioning of key political players". It was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and then cancelled as the BBC went through with budget cuts.

On 24 September 2019, Neil presented a live programme on BBC One entitled BBC News Special: Politics in Crisis, addressing the Supreme Court judgement which deemed Boris Johnson's prorogation of parliament unlawful. In the run-up to the 2019 general election, Neil interviewed all the leaders of the main political parties, excluding Johnson, having delivered a monologue in The Andrew Neil Interviews issuing him a challenge to participate.

On 15 July 2020 the BBC announced that Neil was in talks about an interview show on BBC One. The next month he was discussed in the media as Sir David Clementi's possible successor as chairman of the BBC; he later said he had no interest in the role. The Director-General of the BBC, Tim Davie, on his second day in the role, held talks with Neil "in an attempt to get him back to the BBC" and it was reported that he was also in discussions with executives from commercial rivals.

Neil's final appearance for the BBC was when he presented coverage of the 2020 US presidential election, again with Katty Kay.

GB News
On 25 September 2020, Neil announced his exit from the BBC to become chairman of GB News, a news channel launched on 13 June 2021. As well as being chairman, he presented Andrew Neil, a prime time evening programme on the channel. Two weeks after the channel's launch, after having hosted eight episodes of his show, he announced he would be taking a break. He spent months in his hiatus involved in legal disputes with GB News over ending his contract. However, Neil and the channel publicly maintained that he was taking a holiday, and he was expected to rejoin the channel in early September. As that time approached, multiple news sources reported that his return had been postponed, with some speculating that this postponement might become indefinite. It was further reported that he was "highly unlikely" to return to the channel.

On 13 September 2021, Neil resigned from GB News as chairman and lead presenter and announced he would enter a new role as a guest contributor. Later that month, on the BBC's Question Time, he said that he had left his roles at GB News over the direction the channel was taking, and that he had become a "minority of one" within senior management. It was reported that these remarks had angered GB News bosses and that Neil would not be appearing on GB News again. On 22 September, Neil said he would not return to GB News.

Neil later described his decision to lead the channel as the "single biggest mistake" of his career, comparing the channel to Fox News.

Return to Channel 4
In January 2022, it was reported that Neil was in talks with Channel 4 about presenting a weekly politics show to be launched later in 2022. On 30 January, Channel 4 aired a documentary, Boris Johnson: Has He Run Out of Road?, in which Neil explored the future of Boris Johnson's premiership following repeated allegations of parties held in Downing Street during the COVID-19 lockdown. On 21 February, Channel 4 announced he would host a show beginning in May, which would also be accompanied by a weekly podcast. The Andrew Neil Show launched with an interview with cabinet minister Jacob Rees-Mogg, and Neil was also joined by journalists Pippa Crerar and Madeline Grant.

War in Afghanistan
Neil was a vocal and enthusiastic proponent of British military involvement in Afghanistan. Neil derided those who opposed the war as "wimps with no will to fight", while labelling The Guardian as The Daily Terrorist and the New Statesman as the New Taliban for publishing dissenting opinions about the wisdom of British military involvement. For questioning whether "Bush and Blair are leading us deeper and deeper into a quagmire", Neil ridiculed Daily Mail columnist Stephen Glover, calling him "woolly, wimpy" and "juvenile". He compared Tony Blair to Winston Churchill and Osama bin Laden to Adolf Hitler, while describing the United States invasion of Afghanistan as a "calibrated response" and a "patient, precise and successful deployment of US military power".

War in Iraq
Neil was an early advocate of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, describing the case for war and regime change advanced by Tony Blair and George W. Bush as "convincing" and "masterful". In 2002, Neil wrote that Iraq had "embarked on a worldwide shopping spree to buy the technology and material needed to construct weapons of mass destruction – and the missile systems needed to deliver them across great distances", and that "the suburbs of Baghdad are now dotted with secret installations, often posing as hospitals or schools, developing missile fuel, bodies and guidance systems, chemical and biological warheads and, most sinister of all, a renewed attempt to develop nuclear weapons." He wrote that Saddam Hussein would provide Al-Qaeda with weapons of mass destruction, and that Saddam had links to the September 11 attacks.

Climate change
Neil has been accused of rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change and was criticised for frequently inviting non-scientists and climate change deniers to deny climate change on his BBC programmes. In 2012, Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics, said that Neil had "rarely, if ever, included a climate scientist in any of its debates about global warming" on his BBC programme Daily Politics. Ward wrote in The Guardian in 2011 that Neil let inaccurate and misleading statements about climate change go unchallenged on Daily Politics.

In November 2020, Neil said that climate change was real and needed to be confronted. He criticised protests by Extinction Rebellion on Remembrance Day, stating: "I've interviewed Extinction Rebellion on several occasions and most of what they say is total nonsense or total exaggeration."

HIV/AIDS
During Neil's time as editor, The Sunday Times backed a campaign to falsely claim that HIV was not a cause of AIDS. In 1990, The Sunday Times serialised a book by an American right-winger who rejected the scientific consensus on the causes of AIDS, and who falsely claimed that AIDS could not spread to heterosexuals. Articles and editorials in The Sunday Times cast doubt on the scientific consensus, described HIV as a "politically correct virus" about which there was a "conspiracy of silence," disputed that AIDS was spreading in Africa, claimed that tests for HIV were invalid, described the HIV/AIDS treatment drug azidothymidine (AZT) as harmful, and characterised the World Health Organization (WHO) as an "Empire-building AIDS [organisation]."

The pseudoscientific coverage of HIV/AIDS in The Sunday Times led the scientific journal Nature to monitor the newspaper's coverage and to publish letters rebutting the falsehoods printed in The Sunday Times. In response to this, The Sunday Times published an article headlined "AIDS – why we won't be silenced", which said that Nature engaged in censorship and "sinister intent". In his 1996 book, Full Disclosure, Neil wrote that his HIV/AIDS denialism "deserved publication to encourage debate." That same year, he wrote that The Sunday Times had been vindicated in its coverage, "The Sunday Times was one of a handful of newspapers, perhaps the most prominent, which argued that heterosexual Aids was a myth. The figures are now in and this newspaper stands totally vindicated... The history of Aids is one of the great scandals of our time. I do not blame doctors and the Aids lobby for warning that everybody might be at risk in the early days, when ignorance was rife and reliable evidence scant." He criticised the "AIDS establishment" and said "Aids had become an industry, a job-creation scheme for the caring classes."

In a 2021 interview Neil said that he now regretted certain aspects of the paper's coverage of HIV and AIDS, but he was unwilling or unable to accept any personal responsibility for the falsehoods published while he was editor. Neil chose instead to blame an employee, stating that he had placed faith in a trusted correspondent who was found to be wrong.

Republicanism
In January 1997, ITV broadcast a live television debate Monarchy: The Nation Decides, in which Neil spoke in favour of establishing a republic. When asked in 2021 by the BBC if he was still a republican, he changed his mind, saying "Not really."

Private Eye
The British satirical and investigative journalism magazine Private Eye has referred to Neil by the nickname "Brillo" after his wiry hair, which is seen as bearing a resemblance to a Brillo Pad, a brand of scouring pad.

In a long-running joke, a photograph of Neil wearing a vest and baseball cap in an embrace with a much younger woman (often mistaken for Pamella Bordes, a former Miss India, but really an African American make-up artist with whom Neil was once involved) appeared regularly in the letters page of the magazine for some years, and is still used occasionally. Typically, a reader will ask the editor if he has any photographs relevant to some topical news item, frequently with a veiled allusion to the age-gap between two individuals, or to ethnic diversity. By double entendre, the letter can be construed as a request for this photo, which is duly published alongside. Neil claims to find it "fascinating" and an example of "public school racism" on the part of the magazine's editorial staff.

Personal life
Neil is a resident of France and also has homes in London and New York. Neil married Susan Nilsson on 8 August 2015.

Neil has threatened to sue the American businesswoman and former lover of Boris Johnson, Jennifer Arcuri, over claims she made on Twitter linking Neil to the billionaire and child sex abuser Jeffrey Epstein, as well as other Twitter users who retweeted or endorsed her now-deleted tweet. Neil denies ever meeting Epstein and argues he was put in his infamous "black book" by Ghislaine Maxwell, Epstein's procurer.

After watching Gomorrah, Neil considers himself an expert in Italian rap music.

title: Andrew Neil


text:
Tav (number)

In his work on set theory, Georg Cantor denoted the collection of all cardinal numbers by the last letter of the Hebrew alphabet, ת (transliterated as Tav, Taw, or Sav.) As Cantor realized, this collection could not itself have a cardinality, as this would lead to a paradox of the Burali-Forti type. Cantor instead said that it was an "inconsistent" collection which was absolutely infinite.

title: Tav (number)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Causes

Added in error, I assume. Part of a new article of Stammering/ stuttering, now redirected to Stuttering. Hugh2414 13:06, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Merge with Stuttering Dysprosia 13:52, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Stuttering or move to Causes of stuttering. - Kevin Saff 14:26, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Causes of stuttering, then delete the redirect. -Rholton 14:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * No - don't have a page called "Causes of..." Incorporate the content in Stuttering. --Hugh2414 16:37, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Why not? - Kevin Saff 18:31, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Non-standard lookup and that sort of thing. On google, you look up Motorcycles not About Motorcycles. Rhymeless 23:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but there is already the Stuttering article. If the Causes of stuttering is interesting enough, then it deserves its own article, as with History of Guatemala, etc. (and then stuttering would have a short section on the causes, and link to the full article) I don't know whether it is interesting enough or not - a good test would be to see whether there are any entire books (for instance ISBN 0205138454) devoted to just the causes of stuttering, rather than stuttering in general.  If there are, there's probably enough info/interest to deserve a separate article.  If we try to lump everything together in that case, we might be missing out on some interesting depth. For instance, if Crushing by elephant were merged with Elephant, a lot of interesting information would be lost.  These kinds of satellite articles can provide some of the most interesting corners of wikipedia. - Kevin Saff 14:57, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Stuttering and (contrary to normal policy) delete this page because someone searching for "Causes" would not normally expect to find "stuttering". Rossami 02:38, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I see this has now been moved to causes of stuttering, and causes is now an orphaned redirect with no significant history. My suggestion is to now delete the useless redir now at causes, and continue discussion on whether to merge and redirect causes of stuttering to stuttering on the talk page. Andrewa 18:38, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Andrewa. -- Cyrius|&#9998 06:47, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Causes


text:
Dedicated (Lemar album)

Dedicated is the debut album by English singer Lemar. It was released on 24 November 2003 by RCA Records. The now defunct girl group The 411 provided backing vocals for a number of tracks.

Background
Sony Music signed Lemar to a five-record deal after his success on the BBC Television programme Fame Academy in 2002. His first single "Dance (with U)" was written with Craig Hardy and Fitzgerald Scott who had previously worked with Keith Sweat. The second single "50/50" was recorded by the Norwegian Stargate production team. Fingaz, who has produced hits by British group Big Brovaz, also produced the song "What About Love". Lemar also recorded a version of "Let's Stay Together" by Al Green which was one of his featured songs by Fame Academy.

Critical reception
BBC Music critic Karen Goodchild called Dedicated "a great album that is packed full of potential hits that showcase Lemar's amazing vocal ability. That, coupled with the fact that Lemar co-wrote several of these tracks, will surely mean that he'll be around a lot longer than the other over-hyped reality TV stars." Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian found that Dedicated presented Lemar "as North London's answer to Luther Vandross: a romantic of the old school who sells a song with understated sleekness and a hint of chest fur. The contents are all Obika co-writes save for a hip-hoppety version of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together;" the mid-tempo boudoir grooves hardly do justice to the voice, but at least lay the foundations for what could be a substantial future." AllMusic rated the album three stars out of five.

Commercial performance
The first single from the album, "Dance With U", reached number 2 on the UK singles charts in early 2003. His first album Dedicated was released late in 2003 with additional singles "50/50" and "Another Day" also achieving chart success in the UK. Following the success of the album, he commenced his first headlining tour of the UK. Dedicated was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales in excess of 300,000 copies.

Personnel

 * Jarl Ivar Andersen – multi instruments
 * Pete Beachill – trombone
 * Joe Belmaati – keyboards, programming
 * Dave Bishop – saxophone
 * Tim Briley – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
 * James Cruz – mastering
 * Snake Davis – saxophone
 * Joe Fields – engineer
 * Fingaz – keyboards, producer
 * The 411 – background vocals
 * Matt Furmidge – assistant engineer
 * Carrie Grant – vocal arrangement
 * Simon Hale – horn arrangements, string arrangements, horn conductor, string conductor
 * Michael Hansen	– percussion
 * Craig Hardy – producer
 * Lawrence Johnson – vocals, choir arrangement
 * Marc Lane – engineer
 * Vanessa Letocq – production coordination
 * The London Session Orchestra – strings
 * Andy Love – producer
 * Nigel Lowis – producer
 * Paul Meehan – arranger, programming, producer
 * Roy Merchant – engineer, mixing
 * Mikkel SE – multi instruments
 * Matz Nilsson – mixing
 * Nicole Nodland – photography
 * Adam Phillips – guitar
 * Nick Raphael – A&R
 * Brian Rawling – arranger, producer
 * Fitzgerald Scott – vocal arrangement, vocal engineer, vocal producer
 * Alan Simpson – guitar
 * Alexis Smith – assistant engineer
 * Stargate – producer
 * Ren Swan – mixing
 * John Themis – guitar
 * Derek Watkins – trumpet
 * Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
 * Jong Uk Yoon – engineer, mixing

title: Dedicated (Lemar album)


text:
Michael Wilding (writer)

Michael Wilding (born 1942) is a British-born writer and academic who has spent most of his career at the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australia. He is known for his work as a novelist, literary scholar, critic, and editor. Since 2002 he has been Emeritus Professor in English and Australian Literature at the University of Sydney.

Early life and education
Michael Wilding was born in 1942 in Worcester, England, and read English at Oxford University, where he graduated in 1963 with BA with first-class honours.

Academic career
Wilding took up an appointment as assistant lecturer at the University of Sydney in 1963, where he stayed for three years. He returned to England in 1967, where he attained his M.A., and took up a lectureship at the University of Birmingham.

In 1969 he took up a post as senior lecturer at Sydney University, then becoming Reader in English from 1973 to 1992. He received the degree of D. Litt. from the University of Sydney in 1993. In 1993 he was appointed Professor of English and Australian Literature at Sydney, a position he held until his retirement in 2000, after which he was made professor emeritus.

His scholarly work focused especially on 17th- and early 18th-century English literature (notably the poet John Milton), and he also garnered esteem as a literary critic and scholar of Australian literature (including works on Marcus Clarke, William Lane, Christina Stead). His correspondence with Stead is in the National Library of Australia.

Writing career
He became known for his creative writing work in the late 1960s, when he was one of the leading lights of the "new writing" movement, whose members were influential in revitalising Australian literature. His work was later described as "exciting and innovative" by Ross Fitzgerald in The Australian.

He has published many novels and short story collections, and has had his stories published widely in anthologies.

His most widely referenced work has been the short story magazine, Tabloid Story, which he co-founded with Frank Moorhouse and Carmel Kelly in 1972 and which ran for 33 issues, until 1974.

For many years he was Australian editor of Stand, the UK quarterly edited by Jon Silkin and Lorna Tracy, introducing the work of Robert Adamson, Peter Carey and Vicki Viidikas to the UK.

Publishing

 * Wilding was a founding editor of the University of Queensland Press's Asian & Pacific Writing series, which ran from 1972 to 1982
 * He was a co-founder of the publishers Wild & Woolley, with Pat Woolley.

 * In 1986 he co-founded Paper Bark Press, with the poet Robert Adamson

Other activities
Wilding has been involved with the promotion of writers and writing, including as editor of short story collections, and as Chair of the New South Wales Writers' Centre.

Recognition
<!---commenting out - too much, all uncited and poorly formatted, here. --- His first novel Living Together was described by David Marr in the Bulletin as 'a very funny book and a perfect picture of the people, the time, the place'. Jan Meek, wrote in Vogue Australia, 'He is so exhilaratingly adept with narrative you cannot put the book down. . . Wilding's pen is sharp as a rapier.' The San Francisco Review of Books hailed The Short Story Embassy, declaring Wilding was 'The best of the talent emerging from down under.' It was followed by Scenic Drive which was acclaimed in the USA: Dianna Pizza, wrote in the L. A. Star: ‘Takes you on a trip that shouldn’t be missed … I laughed until I cried. It’s rare that I enjoy a book as much as I enjoyed Scenic Drive – it’s a memorable book, sexy and funny. Once you read it, you’ll want to turn all of your friends on to it.’ And Dick Higgins commented in Newsart: ‘Wilding is fast becoming a well-known figure to the U.S. underground … It’s first-rate fiction.’ After the pastoral political paradisal Pacific Highway Wilding published two documentary novels, The Paraguayan Experiment, the story of the New Australia settlement, and Raising Spirits, Making Gold and Swapping Wives: The True Adventures of Dr John Dee & Sir Edward Kelly, which Peter Porter selected as one of The Economist Books of the Year: 'The story of Queen Elizabeth I's necromancer, John Dee, as transcribed from original documents interspersed with Michael Wilding's own words. A piece of esoterica designed to startle and delight the modern reader.' Two autobiographical novels of the literary life followed - Wildest Dreams, an Australian Book of the Year, which Adrian Caesar wrote, ‘deserves to be thought of as a contemporary classic’ and Wild Amazement. Bob Ellis wrote in Overland, ‘What I think absorbs the reader in the deeply revelatory un-memoir Wild Amazement is. . . Michael’s clear, almost hyper-real remembrance, as if experienced on a guided tour of a radiant, countercultural Disneyland, of a way of life, and a gravely joyous bohemia now gone, of how it was, and what a time it was, it really was, in Sydney in the sixties and seventies, in the Newcastle and the Journos’ Club and the Push parties and the plans for a literary life.’ And in, Quadrant, Peter Corris wrote, ‘Anyone interested in how contemporary Australian writing came to be the way it is, with its strengths and follies, its cliques and patrons, and the challenges it faces, will benefit from reading Wilding’s sensitive, sometimes bitchy, often funny and always intelligent tracing of his life’s trajectory.’ The Italian translation of Wild Amazement appeared in 2009. Between these two books Wilding wrote a best-selling campus novel Academia Nuts. Laurie Taylor wrote in the Times Higher Educational Supplement: 'A witty campus novel? In 2004? It seemed as likely as a holiday romance set amid the tropical delights of Guantanamo Bay. . . . But it is very funny. So funny that I had to stop reading it in bed in case my roars of laughter were disturbing the neighbours: so funny that it deserves to be the final great campus novel. It is unlikely to be challenged. For what Wilding's aged unreconstructed dons are playing with such absurd brio is unmistakably the last waltz.' A sequel, Superfluous Men, appeared in 2009. National Treasure is a black comedy about the literary world. Christopher Bantick, wrote in the Weekend Australian that it was 'witty and genuinely funny. . . Wilding's zesty writing and sheer fun with his subject makes for a diverting read. But don't be conned. This is fiction with more truth than lies.' 'Thoroughly enjoyable, sometimes hilarious,’ wrote Brian Matthews in the Australian Book Review, adding, ‘but it is not lightweight: it is tough, well-calculated, smoothly witty satire.' And Kerryn Goldsworthy wrote in the Sydney Morning Herald: ‘By the end of the novel we’ve realised why Plant is called Plant and we’ve seen perhaps more than we wanted to of the secret life of the successful Australian writer. Like Academia Nuts it’s a fable about the relentless commercialization of what used to be the life of the mind, at once very depressing and very funny.’ National Treasure is the pilot for the series of Plant private-eye novels, beginning with The Prisoner of Mount Warning and continuing with The Magic of It and Asian Dawn. Peter Corris wrote: ‘If this was as much fun to write as it is to read, Michael Wilding must have enjoying writing The Prisoner of Mount Warning. A take on the secret world, mainstream and underground journalism, Writers’ Centres, the counter culture and much else, the book is a heady ride from Sydney to Byron Bay and the Gold Coast with Plant, resting writer, investigating something that might have happened but perhaps not. Wilding has created a world both funny and creepy for Plant and the reader.’

Wilding’s first short story collection was Aspects of the Dying Process. He was hailed as 'one of the best writers of short stories in Australia today' by the Australian Book Review. 'The short story writer as sociologist, the short story writer as photo-realist,’ wrote the Times Literary Supplement, adding ‘Wilding can accurately pace a story and make a woman ironical and elusive in just a few sentences.' It was followed by the collections West Midland Underground, The Phallic Forest which Jean Bedford described in National Times as 'elegantly written and evocative. . . an undercurrent of sensitivity and searching for truths,' and of which the title story was filmed by Kit Guyatt, Reading the Signs (which gave its name to the Central Television documentary on Wilding’s work) and This is for You. Under Saturn is a collection of four novellas, including the cult classic ‘Campus Novel’. There have been a number of selections from these volumes, including The Man of Slow Feeling, Book of the Reading and Great Climate, published in the USA as Her Most Bizarre Sexual Experience. This was described as 'Erotic, fiercely intelligent and mordantly funny,' by Janette Turner Hospital. Jim Crace wrote 'His stories subvert and transcend not only sexual and social conventions. . . but story-telling itself.' And J. P. Donleavy  commented: '21st century writing for 21st-century people.' Of the selection Somewhere New, Don Graham wrote: 'What strikes one first, apart from the impressive merits of individual stories, is Wilding's keen sense of literary integrity. Without being self-important or pretentious, Wilding’s voice in these stories is always one to attend to: an ironic, witty, highly educated, and in its indirect way, passionate authorial persona who has believed in literature as a life of principle, has seen many of the bases of that belief assaulted by abstruse theory, trendy anti-realism, and sinecure-seeking cynicism, and yet still in the face of everything, is able to make the affirming act through the agency of fiction. . . . No one in English writes better fiction about the process of writing than Wilding.' 'Essential reading,' wrote Robert Yeo, in the Singapore Straits Times.

Michael Wilding’s literary studies range from the seventeenth century to the present day. They include Dragons Teeth: Literature in the English Revolution, and a reading of Milton’s Paradise Lost; two volumes on the political novel - Political Fictions and Social Visions; a study of Marcus Clarke, a selection of Marcus Clarke's writings and a reissue of Clarke’s stories; and Studies in Classic Australian Fiction. He edited William Lane’s The Workingman’s Paradise and The Oxford Book of Australian Short Stories. He was made a Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney for his writings on literature in its social and political context

Co-edited books include Australians Abroad (with Charles Higham), The Radical Reader (with Stephen Knight), Air Mail from Down Under (with Rudi Krausmann), the three volumes of Best Stories Under the Sun (with David Myers), Cyril Hopkins’ Marcus Clarke (with Laurie Hergenhan and Ken Stewart) and Heart Matters (with Peter Corris). ---> In 2015 he received the Colin Roderick award and the Prime Minister's Literary award for non-fiction for his Wild Bleak Bohemia: Marcus Clarke, Adam Lindsay Gordon and Henry Kendall: a Documentary.

His papers and manuscripts are held in the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales. Central Independent Television UK made a documentary on his writing in 1987, Reading the Signs.

Critical assessments
A critical study of his work, Michael Wilding and the Fiction of Instant Experience by Don Graham, was published in 2013.

A festschrift in his honour, Running Wild: Essays, Fictions and Memoirs Presented to Michael Wilding, edited by David Brooks and Brian Kiernan, was published in 2004. It includes a number of essays on his fiction by Brian Kiernan, Laurie Hergenhan, Bruce Clunies Ross, Adrian Caesar and Robert Yeo.

Fiction

 * Aspects of the Dying Process, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1972
 * Living Together, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1974 (Serbo-Croatian translation by David Albahari, Decje Novine, Beograd, 1985)
 * The West Midland Underground, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1975
 * The Short Story Embassy, Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1975
 * Scenic Drive, Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1976
 * The Phallic Forest, Wild & Woolley, Sydney; John McIndoe, Dunedin, 1978
 * Noc Na Orgiji [Night at the Orgy], stories selected and translated by David Albahari, Kultura, Beograd, 1982
 * Pacific Highway, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1982
 * Reading the Signs, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1984
 * The Man of Slow Feeling: Selected Short Stories, Penguin, Melbourne, 1986
 * Under Saturn, Black Swan, Sydney, 1988
 * Great Climate, Faber & Faber, London, 1990
 * Her Most Bizarre Sexual Experience, W. W. Norton, New York, 1991
 * This is for You, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1994
 * Book of the Reading, Paper Bark Press, Sydney, 1994
 * Somewhere New: New & Selected Stories, Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton; McBride's Books, Colwall, UK, 1996 (Punjabi translation by Tejpal Singh, Kition Nawan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2001)
 * Wildest Dreams, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1998
 * A Whisper from the Forest, selected stories in Japanese translation by Sokushin Ezawa, Seizansha, Tokyo, 1999
 * Academia Nuts, Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 2002, 2nd edition 2003
 * Wild Amazement, Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton; Shoestring Press, Nottingham, UK, 2006 (Italian translation by Aldo Magagnino, Con Folle Stupore, Edizioni Controluce, 2008)
 * National Treasure, Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton, 2007
 * Superfluous Men, Arcadia, Melbourne, 2009
 * The Prisoner of Mount Warning, Press On / Arcadia, Melbourne, 2010
 * The Magic Of It, Press On / Arcadia, Melbourne, 2011
 * Asian Dawn, Press On / Arcadia, Melbourne, 2013
 * In the Valley of the Weed, Arcadia, Melbourne, 2017
 * Little Demon, Arcadia, Melbourne, 2018
 * The Travel Writer, Arcadia, Melbourne, 2018
 * The Midlands, and Leaving Them, Shoestring Press, Nottingham, 2021
 *  Find Me My Enemies and Cover Story, Arcadia. Melbourne, 2022

Documentaries

 * The Paraguayan Experiment, Penguin, Melbourne & Harmondsworth, 1985 (Bengali translation by Geeta Sen, Papyrus, Calcutta, 1995; Japanese translation by Sokushin Ezawa, Asahi Shimbun Publications, Tokyo, 2016)
 * Raising Spirits, Making Gold, and Swapping Wives: The True Adventures of Dr John Dee and Sir Edward Kelly, Shoestring Press, Nottingham, UK; Abbott Bentley, Sydney, 1999
 * Wild Bleak Bohemia: Marcus Clarke, Adam Lindsay Gordon and Henry Kendall: A Documentary, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2014

Non-fiction

 * Milton's Paradise Lost, Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1969
 * Cultural Policy in Great Britain (with Michael Green), Unesco, Paris, 1970
 * Marcus Clarke, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1977
 * Political Fictions, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980; Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1984
 * Dragons Teeth: Literature in the English Revolution, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987
 * The Radical Tradition: Lawson, Furphy, Stead, Foundation for Australian Literary Studies, Townsville, 1993
 * Social Visions, Sydney Studies in Society & Culture, Sydney, 1993
 * Studies in Classic Australian Fiction, Sydney Studies in Society & Culture, Sydney; Shoestring Press, Nottingham U. K., 1997
 * Among Leavisites, privately printed, Sydney, 1999
 * Wild & Woolley: A Publishing Memoir, Giramondo, Sydney, 2011
 * Growing Wild (recollections), Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2016
 * Wild About Books: Essays on Books and Writing, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2019
 * Marcus Clarke: Novelist, Journalist and Bohemian, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2021
 *  Colonials, Expatriates, Radicals, Moderns and Postmoderns, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2024

Edited

 * Three Tales by Henry James, Hicks Smith, Sydney, 1967
 * Australians Abroad (with Charles Higham), F.W.Cheshire, Melbourne, 1967
 * Marvell: Modern Judgements, Macmillan, London, 1969; Aurora, Nashville, 1970
 * Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus by John Sheffield, Cornmarket, London, 1970
 * We Took Their Orders And Are Dead (with David Malouf, Shirley Cass and Ros Cheney), Ure Smith, Sydney, 1971
 * Marcus Clarke, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1976; 2nd edition, 1988
 * The Radical Reader (with Stephen Knight), Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1977
 * The Tabloid Story Pocket Book, Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1978
 * The Workingman's Paradise by William Lane, Sydney University Press, 1980; 2nd edition, 2004
 * Stories by Marcus Clarke, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1983
 * Air Mail from Down Under, (Australian Short Stories in German translation) (with Rudi Krausmann), Gangaroo, 1990
 * The Oxford Book of Australian Short Stories, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Oxford and New York, 1994, paperback, 1995
 * History, Literature and Society: essays in honour of Soumyen Mukherjee, (with Mabel Lee), Sydney Studies in Society & Culture, Sydney; Manohar, New Delhi, 1997
 * Best Stories Under the Sun, (with David Myers), Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton, 2004
 * Best Stories Under the Sun: 2: Travellers' Tales, (with David Myers), Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton, 2005
 * Confessions and Memoirs: Best Stories Under the Sun 3, (with David Myers), Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton, 2006
 * Cyril Hopkins' Marcus Clarke (with Laurie Hergenhan and Ken Stewart), Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2009
 * Heart Matters (with Peter Corris), Viking, Melbourne, 2010
 * Price Iz Bezvremene Zemlje. Antologija savremene australikjske proze (with Natasa Kampmark), Agora, Novi Sad, 2012

Articles

 * "A Random House: The Parlous State of Australian Publishing", Meanjin, Autumn 1975
 * "The Great Purge of our Libraries", Quadrant, 1 July 2011.
 * "Libraries under threat", Sydney Review of Books, 7 March 2014.
 * "University libraries should preserve their printed books", The Australian, 24 August 2017.

title: Michael Wilding (writer)


text:
Sowerby family

The Sowerby family was a British family of several generations of naturalists, illustrators, botanists, and zoologists active from the late 18th century to the mid twentieth century.

The three George Sowerbys produced major works on molluscs and their systematics. Together, they introduced numerous (sometimes the number 5000 is mentioned) taxonomic names. Because all three of the G.B Sowerbys published extensively on the subject of conchology, it is not easy even for professional taxonomists to unravel which of the three "G.B. Sowerbys" is meant in a particular citation when the numbering system G.B. Sowerby I, II, or III is not used. Even when a date is provided, this kind of attribution is not obvious: e.g. "Sowerby, 1870" can refer to either G.B. Sowerby II or G.B. Sowerby III.
 * James Sowerby (1757–1822)
 * James De Carle Sowerby (1787–1871)
 * James Sowerby (1815–1834)
 * William Sowerby (1827–1906)
 * Joseph Sowerby (1829–ca.1871)
 * Rev. Arthur Sowerby (1857–?)
 * Arthur de Carle Sowerby (1885–1954)
 * George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788–1854)
 * George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812–1884)
 * Charlotte Caroline Sowerby (1820–1865)
 * George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843–1921)
 * Charles Edward Sowerby (1795–1842)
 * John Edward Sowerby (1825-1870)

The scientific and artistic contributions of the family extended well into the 20th century. Arthur de Carle Sowerby (1885–1954), James Sowerby's great-great-grandson, explored the geography and natural history of China. One of James' grandsons, John George Sowerby (1850–1914), was an illustrator and glass-worker whose work was exhibited in the British Royal Academy, and who directed Ellison Glass Works Ltd, which during the 1880s was the world's largest producer of pressed glass. John G. Sowerby's daughter Katherine Githa (1876–1970) became a noted playwright, and Millicent Sowerby (1878–1967) was a painter and illustrator known for her children's book illustrations.

title: Sowerby family


text:
Adam Czartoryski

Adam Czartoryski may refer to:

 * Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski (1734–1823), Polish nobleman and man of letters
 * Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1770–1861), Polish nobleman and minister of the Russian Empire
 * Adam Ludwik Czartoryski (1872–1937), Polish nobleman, landowner, and patron of the arts
 * Adam Karol Czartoryski (born 1940), Polish-Spanish aristocrat
 * Adam Michał Czartoryski (1906–1998), Polish noble

title: Adam Czartoryski


text:
Talk:2001 Nisqually earthquake

Untitled
Western Washington is basically one big subduction zone, and the Nisqually quake was at a depth of 52km, which is roughly where the Juan de Fuca plate and the North American plate meet below the Olympia area. In fact, search for "nisqually" and "subduction" on google and you'll get dozens of hits that refer to it as a subduction earthquake. The sentence needed rewritten because saying the earthquake occured BELOW the North American plate and IN the Juan de Fuca plate is technically inaccurate, but Nisqually was a subduction quake. I'm putting information back in regarding this. -- nknight 13:16, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Upon some further review, I had myself twisted around a bit. The sentence was in fact accurate (which I've reflected in my update to the article, though looking at it again it should probably be clarified further), and it also wasn't strictly a subduction quake. From Life in the Subduction Zone:

 * Deep earthquakes, suchde Fuca plate as it bends and deforms while sinking into the mantle,

 * So the overall picture is this: Nisqually wasn't actually a subduction quake, but *is* a consequence of the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate. -- nknight 13:44, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Expansion
This article needs to be expanded quite a bit. I think some subsections need to be added: Reach of Quake Damage: Move damage descriptions into this section, expand to include information that damage occurred to buildings in Wenatchee and Yakima, over 100 miles away on the opposite side of the Cascade Range (Wenatchee damage included cracks in school and city buildings).

Effect on the Alaska Way Viaduct: Discussing damage, replacement, etc. of the Alaska Way Viaduct.

Some more sections may also be needed. I'll begin research sometime in the next few weeks. Cascadia TALK  |   HISTORY   16:51, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Personal Experience of 2001 Nisqually earthquake (Also Known as the great Seattle Earthquake)
It might sound weird, but I was studying Geologyin my old house there in Langley, BC, when that big earthquake struck home. It reminded me the many earthquakes back in Taiwan. That was so scary!The Professional 06:17, 8 June 2007 (UTC)Jack Lin.

Coordinates typo
The article states that the epicenter of the quake was at 47.15N 122.73W, under Anderson Island. The location indicated is on the Kitsap Peninsula, 16 miles NW of Anderson Island according to Google Earth 5.0.1137.1968. The West longitude minutes (.73) appears to be a typo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by CityKid (talk • contribs) 22:38, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I ran same coordinates in Goggle Earth (ver. 5.0.11733.9347), it's exactly were it should be, south western part of Anderson Island. Nebrot (talk) 18:06, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Suggestions
For anyone interested in improving this article I offer the following suggestions. - J. Johnson (JJ) (talk) 23:13, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

 * 1) The lead paragraph is nearly as big as the rest of the article.  I would suggest that these details for the most part be placed in their own section, and the lead paragraph be scaled back to being a summary of the article.
 * 2) The references are generally sparse, low-quality, and even incorrect.  E.g., the sentence about property damage in Seattle has two footnotes; the first (#3) is only further text, without source, and the second (#4) references a paper that is concerned solely with landslides.
 * 3) The Highland reference (footnote #4) is a USGS paper, and it would be better to cite it directly rather than indirectly through Google Books.
 * 4) Ditto the "Isoseismal Maps" in footnote #1.
 * 5) While the professional literature can be intimidating to the uninitiated, yet it can be informative; I do recommend searching Google Scholar.  In this case there isn't much, but there is some information to be gleaned.
 * 6) The "Geological origins" is poorly written.  I would suggest starting with something like "The Nisqually earthquake occurred X miles below Anderson Island, about midway between Tacoma and Olympia, and near the Nisqually Delta, where it was initially placed.  This was an intraslab earthquake, occurring just above the subducting JdF plate...." etc., etc.  (There are some good graphics showing a cross-section of the subducting plate, which would be more informative to the vast majority of readers who have no idea of the significance of "X miles deep".)
 * 7) The "similar significant earthquakes" should be named and wikilinked.
 * 8) A brief mention of the events at the air traffic control tower might be of interest.

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.seattlepi.com/local/quak28ww.shtml
 * In 2001 Nisqually earthquake on 2011-05-25 07:11:01, 404 Not Found
 * In 2001 Nisqually earthquake on 2011-06-10 07:36:10, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:36, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.seattlepi.com/business/gates28ww.shtml
 * In 2001 Nisqually earthquake on 2011-05-25 07:11:01, 404 Not Found
 * In 2001 Nisqually earthquake on 2011-06-10 07:36:20, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:36, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Mardi Gras riots
The area in Pio Sq which got hit hardest was right where there had been a big riot 9-10 hrs earlier. As such, there was a lot of chatter (talk radio, newspaper columns) about how God was "smiting" us. Tongue-in-cheek, mainly, but it was common.

More importantly, I believe the mayor, police, etc. commented that there would have been serious casualties/deaths had the quake occurred a bit earlier, when the square was full.

I think this deserves a section. 209.172.25.201 (talk) 01:12, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia addition for class assignment
I added these sections to improve the understanding of how this major earthquake affected the area. Jason1035 (talk) 19:54, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Nisqually earthquake duration
Greetings. I hope this request is in the correct place.

Since this was the most powerful earthquake I ever experienced, I wondered why the event's @45 second duration was not included in the article.

Thanks for any consideration into the additional data.

2601:640:8480:2390:7CAA:AECE:982F:B011 (talk) 12:32, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * A few years later, done.  Schazjmd   (talk)  00:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:2001 Nisqually earthquake


text:
Autoerotic

Autoerotic may refer to:

 * Autoeroticism, the practice of becoming sexually stimulated through internal stimuli
 * Erotic target location errors (ETLEs), a class of sexual interests in which sexual arousal depends on imagining one's self in another form, such as an animal, child, or the other sex
 * Autoerotic (2011 film), a film by Joe Swanberg
 * Autoerotic (2021 film), a Peruvian coming-of-age drama film

title: Autoerotic


text:
List of universities in Indonesia

This is a list of universities, colleges, polytechnics and other higher education in Indonesia.

According to the former Directorate General of Higher Education (now part of the Ministry of Research, Technology, & Higher Education), in 2022 there were 4,004 higher education institutions (3,820 private and 184 public). Higher education in Indonesia offers, academic degrees, vocational degrees, and professional degrees. They are provided by the following types of institutions:

 * Community Academy provides vocational education for diploma one and/or diploma two programs in regencies/municipalities based on local excellence or to meet special needs.
 * Academy, offers vocational education in a number of fields of common origin such as a military academy and nursing academy.
 * Polytechnic, offers vocational education, and/or professional education in various fields
 * Specialised College (Sekolah Tinggi), offers academic education and can provide vocational and/or professional education in 1 (one) specific cluster
 * Institute, offers academic education and can provide vocational and/or professional education in a number of fields of common origin (technological cluster for example)
 * University, offers academic education, and can provide vocational education, and/or professional education in various fields

There are several levels of degrees that can be achieved in higher education, which are split into six levels:

 * D1 - Ahli Pratama (A.P.) is a one year education program consisting of 32 credits and a final assignment in the form of practical work and scientific work reports. The title translates to "Primary Expert".
 * D2 - Ahli Muda (A.Ma.) is a two year education program consisting of 64 credits. The title translates to "Young Expert".
 * D3 - Ahli Madya (A.Md.) is a three year higher education programm consisting of 112 credits. The title translates to "Associate Expert".
 * D4 - Sarjana Terapan (S.Tr.) is a four year higher education programm consisting of 144 credits. The title translates to "Bachelor of Applied [...]" followed by the subject.
 * S1 - Sarjana is a four to seven years higher education program, depending on the university, which requires a scientific thesis. This is equivalent to a Bachelor's degree.
 * S2 - Magister is a one to two year graduate program which requires a scientific thesis. This is equivalent to a Master's degree.
 * S3 - Doktor: is a three to seven years graduate program which requires a scientific dissertation.

Public higher education institutions
Public higher education institutions in Indonesia are funded by the Government, while governed as self-managed institutions. Currently, according to the 2020 Statistic report from Directorate General of Higher Education, there are 122 public higher education institutions divided into 63 public universities, 12 Institutes, 43 Polytechnics, and 4 Community Colleges.

Public institutes
There are 12 Public Institutes in Indonesia: four Institutes of Technology, one Institute of Agriculture, four Institute of Arts (ISI), and three Institute of Cultural Arts (ISBI).

two more Institute of Cultural Arts are planned in Kalimantan Timur and Sulawesi Selatan. However, the Embrio of ISBI Kalimantan Timur in form of ISI Yogyakarta's PSDKU (Study Programs outside the Main Campus) faced problems in building its own campus. It was facing problems so severe that the PSDKU Kalimantan Timur was suspended by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Meanwhile, the Embrio of ISBI Sulawesi Selatan in form of ISI Surakarta's PSDKU has no definite timeline in separating from ISI Surakarta.

Public polytechnics
Currently, there are 44 Public Polytechnics in Indonesia. They consist of one Electronic Engineering Polytechnic, two Manufacturing Polytechnics, one Maritime Polytechnic, one Fishery Polytechnic, one Shipbuilding Polytechnic, four Agricultural Polytechnics, and 34 "general" Polytechnics.

The first Polytechnic was founded in Bandung as a cooperation between the Government of Indonesia and Switzerland. Politeknik Mekanik Swiss-ITB or PMS-ITB (Swiss-ITB Mechanical Polytechnic), now Politeknik Manufaktur Bandung or POLMAN Bandung (Bandung Manufacturing Polytechnics), began its academic activities in January 1976 with its Diploma III (Associate Degree) program.

From the successful implementation of educational programs and operationalization of the Swiss-ITB Mechanical Polytechnic, 6 new Polytechnics and a "Polytechnic Education Development Center" in Bandung were developed with credit assistance from the World Bank, through IDA Credit Agreement No. 869-IND dated 29 December 1978 and effective from May 1979, which was known as the Polytechnic Project I.

The success of the project, led the government to begin the Polytechnic Project II with 80/DIKTI/KEP/1985, which called for 11 more general polytechnics and expanded the Polytechnic I Project, through a Loan Agreement with the World Bank No. 2290-IND dated 22 June 1983. A polytechnic at Dili was also built as part of the Polytechnic Project II, but wasn't included in the World Bank Funding due to the status of the Indonesian occupation of Timor Leste. Another polytechnic, Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya or PENS was also built in parallel to expansion project of the Polytechnic Project I in cooperation with the Government of Japan

In short:
 * First Polytechnic - POLMAN Bandung
 * Polytechnic I Project - 6 Polytechnics
 * Polytechnic II Project which were divided into 2 subprojects:
 * 1) The Diploma III in Technology - 4 Polytechnics
 * 2) The Diploma II in Technology and Commerce - 7 Polytechnics + Dili Polytechnic (Not officially included due to the legal status of East Timor
 * Expansion of the 6 Polytechnics constituting the Polytechnic I Project. In parallel with that, a new polytechnic in form of PENS was also constructed
 * Agricultural Polytechnic Project - 6 Polytechnics

To the total of 26 operating polytechnics in 1994. All polytechnics, with the exception of the one in Dili, were constructed as part of public universities before being made independent.

Public Islamic higher education institutions
Public Islamic higher education institutions are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs. There are three types of higher education institutions in this category, State Islamic Universities (UIN), State Islamic Institutes (IAIN), and State Islamic Colleges (STAIN). Currently, there are 58: 23 UIN, 30 IAIN, and 5 STAIN. Acceptance of UIN, IAIN, and STAIN students throughout Indonesia can be done through the National Academic Achievement Selection of State Islamic Higher Education Institutions (SPAN PTKIN), State Islamic Religious College Entrance Exams (UM PTKIN) and the Independent Path regulated by the relevant universities.

Private universities
These notable private universities are owned, funded and managed by private organizations, including those affiliated with Islamic (Muhammadiyah), Catholic or Christian socio-religious organizations.

Other institutions
Institutions of higher education regulated by Indonesia's Ministry of National Education that are authorized to confer degrees, but without the status of universities include:

 * Astra Manufacturing Polytechnic (Polman), Jakarta
 * Indonesian State College of Accountancy (STAN), South Tangerang

title: List of universities in Indonesia