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List of alchemists

An alchemist is a person versed in the art of alchemy. Western alchemy flourished in Greco-Roman Egypt, the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, and then in Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Indian alchemists and Chinese alchemists made contributions to Eastern varieties of the art. Alchemy is still practiced today by a few, and alchemist characters still appear in recent fictional works and video games.

Many alchemists are known from the thousands of surviving alchemical manuscripts and books. Some of their names are listed below. Due to the tradition of pseudepigraphy, the true author of some alchemical writings may differ from the name most often associated with that work. Some well-known historical figures such as Albertus Magnus and Aristotle are often incorrectly named amongst the alchemists as a result.

Legendary

 * Anqi Sheng
 * Hermes Trismegistus
 * Ostanes
 * Nicolas Flamel
 * Perenelle Flamel
 * Christian Rosenkreuz
 * Abraham Eleazar

Greco-Roman Egypt
• Agathodaemon

• Chymes

• Cleopatra the Alchemist

• Mary the Jewess

• Moses of Alexandria

• Olympiodorus of Thebes (c. 400)

• Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300)

• Pseudo-Aristotle

• Pseudo-Democritus

• Stephen of Alexandria

• Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300)

India

 * Kanada, sage and philosopher (6th century BC)
 * Nagarjuna (born 931)
 * Yogi Vemana
 * Siddhar Tamil sage and philosophers
 * Nayanmars Tamil sage and philosophers
 * Alvars Tamil sage and philosophers
 * Vallalar, Tamil 18th Century sage and philosopher
 * Arunagirinathar Tamil 15th Century sage and philosopher
 * Agastiyar Tamil Sage
 * Korakkar Tamil Sage
 * Thirumoolar Tamil Sage
 * Bogar Tamil Sage
 * Kagapujandar Tamil Sage
 * Vaalmiki Tamil Sage
 * Pattinathar Tamil Sage
 * Kalangi Nathar Tamil Sage
 * Pathanjali Tamil Sage
 * Avvaiyar Tamil Sage
 * Naradhar

China

 * Kong Anguo (ca. 156 – ca. 74 BC)
 * Keng Hsien-Seng (circa A.D. 975)
 * Ge Hong/ Ko Hong (283–343)
 * Jiajing Emperor (1507 – 1567)
 * Liu Yiming (1734–1821)
 * Pao Ku Ko (third century A.D.)
 * Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century)
 * Sun Pu-Eh (12th century)
 * Sun Simiao (died 682)
 * Tao Hongjing (456–536)
 * Wei Boyang
 * Xu Fu (255 BC- 210 BC)
 * Zhang Guo the Elder (c. 600)
 * Zou Yan (305 BC – 240 BC)

Arabic-Islamic world

 * Khalid ibn Yazid, known in Latin as Calid (died 704)
 * Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in Latin as Geber (died c. 806–816)
 * Dhu al-Nun al-Misri (born 796)
 * Abu Bakr al-Razi (c. 865–925 or 935)
 * Ibn Umayl, known in Latin as Senior Zadith (c. 900–960)
 * al-Tughrai (1061–1121)
 * Artephius (c. 1150)
 * al-Jildaki, also written al-Jaldaki (died 1342)

Europe
• Alain de Lille (1115/1128–1202/1203)

• Albertus Magnus (1193–1280)

• Roger Bacon (1214–1294)

• Pseudo-Geber (13th/14th century)

• Ramon Llull (Raymond Lulli) (1235–1315)

• John Dastin (early 14th)

• Arnold of Villanova (1245–?(before 1311))

• Jean de Meung (c.1250–c.1305)

• Petrus Bonus (Early 14th century)

• Ortolanus or Hortulanus (fl. 1358)

• Jean de Roquetaillade (Johannes de Rupescissa) (died 1336)

• Gilles de Rais (1401–1440)

• Bernard Trevisan (Bernard of Treves) (1406–1490)

• Johann of Laz (15th century)

• George Ripley (England, 15th century)

• Thomas Norton (c. 1433–c. 1513)

• Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516)

• Johann Georg Faust (ca. 1480–1540)

• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535)

• Paracelsus (1493–1541)

• Thomas Charnock (1516/1524/1526–1581)

• François Hotman (1524–1590)

• John Dee (1527–1609)

• Gerhard Dorn (c. 1530–1584)

• Martin Ruland the Elder (1532–1602)

• Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618)

• Tycho Brahe (1546–1601)

• Samuel Norton (1548–1621)

• Edward Kelley (1555–1597)

• Basilius Valentinus (Basil Valentine) (16/17th century)

• Andreas Libavius (1555–1616)

• François Béroalde de Verville (1556–1626)

• Heinrich Khunrath (circa 1560–1605)

• Oswald Croll (circa 1563-1609)

• Melchior Cibinensis (16th century)

• Jean D'Espagnet (1564–c. 1637)

• Michael Sendivogius/Michael Sędziwój (1566–1636)

• Benedictus Figulus (born 1567)

• Michael Maier (1568–1622)

• Martin Ruland the Younger (1569–1611)

• Jacob Boehme (1575–1624)

• Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1644)

• Arthur Dee (1579–1651)

• Johann Daniel Mylius (c. 1583–1642)

• Johannes Valentinus Andreae (17 August 1586–27 June 1654)

• Johann Moriaen (1591–1668)

• William Backhouse (1593–1662)

• Baro Urbigerus (17th century)

• Ali Puli (17th century)

• Daniel Stolz von Stolzenberg (Daniel Stolcius) (1600–1660)

• Johannes Nicolaus Furichius (1602–1633)

• Edward Dyer (died 1607)

• Basset Jhones (born 1613)

• Elias Ashmole (1617–1692)

• Thomas Henshaw (1618–1700)

• Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes) (1621–1666)

• Edmund Dickinson (1624–1707)

• Johann Friedrich Schweitzer (1625–1709)

• Frederick Clod (born 1625)

• Giuseppe Francesco Borri (1627–1695)

• Robert Boyle (1627–1691)

• George Starkey (alchemist) (Eirenaeus Philalethes) (1628–1665)

• Hening Brand (c.1630–1710)

• Johann Kunckel (1630–1703)

• Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682)

• Isaac Newton (1642–1727)

• Claude Duval (1643–1670)

• Dionysius Andreas Freher (1649–1728)

• Georg von Welling (1652–1727)

• Johann Konrad Dippel (1673 – 1734)

• Comte de Saint Germain (1691 - 1784)

• Anton Josef Kirchweger (died 1746)

• Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795)

• James Price (1752–1783)

• Johann Christoph von Wöllner (1732–1800)

• August Nordenskiold (1754–1792)

• August Strindberg (1849–1912)

• Giuliano Kremmerz (1861–1930)

Revival and modern
• Johann Georg Rapp (1757–1847)

• Mary Anne Atwood (1817–1910)

• Rudolf von Sebottendorf (1875–1945)

• Oscar Vladislas de Lubicz Milosz (1877–1939)

• R.A. Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961)

• Eugène Canseliet (1899–1982)

• Fulcanelli (pseudonym; dates unknown: Late 19th century–early 20th century)

• Franz Bardon (1909–1958)

• Frater Albertus (Dr. Albert Reidel) (1911–1984)

• Jean Dubuis (1919–2010)

• Terrence McKenna (1946–2000)

• Franz Tausend (1884–1942)

Scholars of alchemy
• Robert of Chester (12th century)

• Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)

• Ethan A. Hitchcock (general) (1798–1870)

• Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907)

• M. M. Pattison Muir (1848–1931)

• F. Sherwood Taylor (1857–1956)

• Edmund Oscar von Lippmann (1857–1940)

• Arthur Edward Waite (1857–1942)

• Richard Wilhelm (sinologist) (1873–1930)

• Carl Jung (1875–1961)

• Obed Simon Johnson (1881-1970)

• Herbert Silberer (1882–1923)

• Manly P. Hall (1901–1990)

• Titus Burckhardt (1908–1984)

• Marie-Louise von Franz (1915–1998)

• Serge Hutin (1927–1997)

• Antoine Faivre (1934-2021)

• Joost Ritman (born 1941)

• Adam McLean (born 1948)

• Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1953–2012)

• William R. Newman (born 1955)

• Fabrizio Pregadio (born 1957)

• Lawrence M. Principe

• Wouter Hanegraaff (born 1961)

Indirectly involved with alchemy

 * Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1552–1612)
 * Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC)
 * Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735)

In fiction
• Resh'an, a fictional character in Sea of Stars

• Diablo, an enemy of the Fantastic Four

• Edward Elric, a fictional character in the Fullmetal Alchemist series

• Roy Mustang, a fictional character in the Fullmetal Alchemist series

• Varian Ruddiger, a fictional character in ” Tangled The Series

• Houtaro Ichinose, a fictional character in Kamen Rider Gotchard

title: List of alchemists


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Sad Sappy Sucker

Sad Sappy Sucker (or by the full title on its cover art Sad Sappy Sucker Chokin on a Mouthful of Lost Thoughts ) is a 2001 studio album released by alternative rock band Modest Mouse. Originally slated to be Modest Mouse's debut album in 1994, Sad Sappy Sucker was shelved for several years until its eventual release in 2001, following the popularity of the band's third album The Moon & Antarctica. Several songs were recorded at Olympia, Washington's Dub Narcotic Studios by Beat Happening frontman Calvin Johnson. The record was officially released by Johnson's label K Records on April 24, 2001, available in both Compact Disc and vinyl LP, and containing nine additional tracks added to the original track listing of 15 songs.

Critical reception
Sad Sappy Sucker was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics. Metacritic, gave this release a score of 55 out of 100, based on 8 reviews.

In a review for Pitchfork, Spencer Owen gave the album a 7 out of 10 on release, but after a reissue gave it a 7.2. PopMatters said that "taken on its own merits, Sad Sappy Sucker is pretty good, but the out-and-out strangeness of it all and the fact that it doesn’t hold together as a real album may throw off the uninitiated (and who can blame them?)." Stereogum declared it the worst Modest Mouse album, stating "the album is as grating and undercooked as indie rock debuts come, full of indulgent studio experiments, half-assed sketches, and tunes that sound like a generic sadcore band's demo cassette in high-speed dub mode....Sad Sappy Sucker asks the question: 'How many Built To Spills do we need?'"

Track listing
The first 15 tracks make up the original album Sad Sappy Sucker. Tracks 16-24 come from Isaac Brock's answering machine — he originally had a "Call to Dial a Song" service, similar to They Might Be Giants' Dial-A-Song. Bonus Tracks
 * 1) "Worms vs. Birds" – 2:13
 * 2) "Four Fingered Fisherman" – 2:27
 * 3) "Wagon Ride Return" – 0:48
 * 4) "Classy Plastic Lumber" (unlisted on back cover) – 2:03
 * 5) "From Point A to Point B (∞)" – 2:56
 * 6) "Path of Least Resistance" – 0:28
 * 7) "It Always Rains on a Picnic" – 3:01
 * 8) "Dukes Up" – 2:24
 * 9) "Think Long" – 1:09
 * 10) "Every Penny Fed Car" – 3:07
 * 11) "Mice Eat Cheese" – 2:26
 * 12) "Race Car Grin You Ain't No Landmark" – 1:13
 * 13) "Red Hand Case" – 2:37
 * 14) "Secret Agent X-9" – 1:12
 * 15) "Blue Cadet-3, Do You Connect?" – 1:09
 * 1) "Call to Dial-a-Song" – 0:31
 * 2) "5-4-3-2-1 Lisp Off" – 0:30
 * 3) "Woodgrain" – 0:30
 * 4) "BMX Crash" – 0:28
 * 5) "Sucker Bet" – 1:19
 * 6) "Black Blood & Old Newagers" – 0:29
 * 7) "SWY" – 0:29
 * 8) "Australopithecus" – 0:29
 * 9) "Sin Gun Chaser" – 0:27

Personnel
Modest Mouse
 * Isaac Brock - vocals, guitar, other instruments, all Dial-A-Song tracks
 * Dann Gallucci - guitar
 * John Wickhart - bass guitar
 * Jeremiah Green - drums

Spencer Moody - reportedly the only caller to ever leave a voicemail message on the Dial-A-Song service in 1994, heard on "Call to Dial-a-Song"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sad Sappy Sucker


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Talk:Shigechiyo Izumi

Refer to Izumi as a Centenarian, and not a Supercentenarian
Since most things points to that Izumi was 105 and not 120 when he died, I think we should avoid calling him a supercentenarian (person over 110 years of age) in the article. And the term centenarian actually includes supercentenarians (all people over 100). A person should only be distinguished as a supercentenarian if the claim is proven beyond reasonable doubts. Not a disputed case like this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Leoj83 (talk • contribs) 11:56, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The presently "accepted" age is 120, with the option of 105 being second. The use of the word "supercentenarian" should stick unless there is further consensus that it indeed should be altered to "centenarian". Brendan  ( talk,  contribs ) 09:15, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

105 vs 120 Controversey
Is there a reason no mention of this now appears in the article? I thought it was interesting, even 10 years ago. Is this not meant to be an encyclopedia? brain (talk) 17:27, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

What do you mean if something doesn't scan, VeryVerily? There may have been someone else we don't know about that passed age 120. --65.73.0.137

 * I mean the use of proven as you had it is not grammatical. Note the text said, the second-longest documented lifespan in the world, less only than that of Calment, meaning it's the only documented lifespan less than that of Calment.  The qualifier about documented/proven does not need to be stated twice. -- VV 21:34, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

1. User 65 is going around, editing everything as if Guinness were "GOD" and no one else can say anything apart from them. First of all, User 65, who never contributed to this discourse before Oct 17 or answered on the discussion board, seems to have a delusional "God complex" that because he says something, it's right.

Well guess what, did it ever occur to you to consider BOTH SIDES of an issue BEFORE making a decision? If not, then you have a problem.

The FACTS of the matter are that the Shigechiyo Izumi case was disputed, even by the man who originally put it forward. The only reason that it hasn't been pulled is that in Japan, it is more important to "save face" than to fix the problem. The news article from 1986 shows as much:

Copyright 1986 Kyodo News Service Japan Economic Newswire

February 22, 1986, Saturday

LENGTH: 178 words

HEADLINE: MINISTER EXPRESSES CONDOLENCES OVER DEATH OF OLDEST MAN

DATELINE: TOKYO, FEB. 22

BODY: ISAMU IMAI, MINISTER OF HEALTH AND WELFARE, EXPRESSED CONDOLENCES SATURDAY OVER THE DEATH OF SHIGECHIYO IZUMI, LISTED AS THE WORLD'S OLDEST MAN IN THE GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS. IZUMI DIED OF PNEUMONIA FRIDAY AT THE AGE OF 120 AT HIS HOME ON SOUTHERN JAPANESE ISLAND OF TOKUNOSHIMA, KAGOSHIMA PREFECTURE. IMAI SENT A CABLE TO IZUMI'S FAMILY EXPRESSING DEEP CONDOLENCES. HIS ACTION WAS CONSIDERED TO MEAN THAT THE HEALTH AND WELFARE MINISTRY RECOGNIZED IZUMI AS THE OLDEST MAN IN THE WORLD. SOME QUARTERS IN JAPAN LAST YEAR EXPRESSED DOUBTS AS TO WHETHER IZUMI WAS REALLY 120 YEARS OLD.THE HEALTH AND WELFARE MINISTRY AT THE TIME REFUSED TO MAKE ANY OFFICIAL COMMENT. IZUMI'S DEATH LEFT INE TSUGAWA, 110, AS THE OLDEST LIVING PERSON IN JAPAN. SHE LIVES IN TOKUSHIMA, SHIKOKU ISLAND. HER OLDEST SON SHOICHI, 67, TOLD HER SATURDAY MORNING THAT SHE IS THE OLDEST PERSON IN JAPAN BECAUSE OF IZUMI'S DEATH. SHE WAS QUOTED AS SAYING THAT, "I SEE AND THANK YOU." HER FAMILY MEMBERS SAID SHE HAD RICE GRUEL AND SWEET POTATOES FOR BREAKFAST SATURDAY MORNING.

LOAD-DATE: Load-Date=February 22, 1986

So, User 65, did you do your homework? Do you understand Japanese culture? Do you understand that we haven't dropped the case ONLY because Guinness hasn't pulled it, and Guinness said they would drop it if the Ministry of Health and Welfare did. But they haven't done so, because it would have reflected badly on Japan and the family. Instead, they undertook to clean up the database to avoid the problem in the future. Thus, Shigechiyo Izumi is historically important as a transitional figure between longevity myth and proven age. It's like baseball and the batting title: research shows that in 1910, Nap Lajoie batted .383 and Ty Cobb, .382, but baseball hasn't changed the record. The Cooperstown story is now admitted to by a myth, but they haven't changed the location. What they did do, however, is allow a discussion that the "facts" are only presented as "historic representations of what was then thought," but wouldn't be accepted if presented today as new information. Hence, it is important to asterisk or footnote these mistakes.

In the Izumi case, he was probably 105. In any case, the case is disputed. Claiming that the case is not disputed by reputable sources is unscholarly, and obsessively delusional on "authority."

In a final point, User 65 has plagiarized the work of others on Wikipedia, including copying verbatim Guinness quotes (some of which are now irrelevant). I myself have been plagiarized (the list of people who almost made it to 110 comes from my lists posted as www.grg.org). If this failure to consider the viewpoints of others continues, I move that this user be barred from future editing rights.

131.96.2.208 16:02, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Problem with this sentence: Some Japanese experts, speaking on condition of anonymity, suggested that he was actually born in 1880 (see talk page for citation).
As suggested, the citation isn't in the discussion page. No where in the pasted article above mentions specific birth of 1880, just that it is disputed. User:NealIRC 14 August 2006 17:11 UTC.

Alright, someone fixed it. -NealIRC

Puzzling inconsistency
If Izumi was born in 1880, how could he have been recorded as being 6 years old in the census of 1871? Is the idea that it was actually his brother who was recorded by the census? The article mentions the possible reuse of his brother's birth certificate, but to be clear it should say that the experts believe that it was his brother who was counted in the 1871 census, if that is indeed the case. -- Dominus 02:58, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point: right. Extremely sexy 17:21, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

The problem is, we don't know the age at which the other Shigechiyo Izumi died. Matter of fact, I don't think we even know that he does have a brother named Shigechiyo Izumi. So they found another person with the same first and last name born 15 years later. Just because someone has the same last name doesn't mean they're brothers. Could the same mother have given birth to him 15 years later? I'd like the Japan government to do a family lineage on Shigechiyo Izumi. This situation could almost be entirely resolved if someone found the death certificate of the other Shigechiyo Izumi (likely to have died after 1871 but before 1880). Neal 15:03, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * According to the Japanese version of the article, both of Shigechiyo's parents died within half a year of his birth (the reason why is not stated), and he was raised by his grandfather. No doubt this makes tracking down any data even harder, and AFAIK the 6-year-old entry in the registry is the oldest bit of info available. Jpatokal 09:51, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting, so if what you said is true, then the Shigechiyo Izumi born in 1880 couldn't have been his brother. Can you find the Japanese article? I know a Japanese professor of gerontology in my school. Neal 22:13, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What's "AFAIK", dear friends? Extremely sexy 11:35, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * "AFAIK" = as far as I know. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NealIRC (talk • contribs)

 * Thanks, my friend. Extremely sexy 21:15, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

The Guinness Book of Records (various editions) has stated that he was excused from military service in 1889 at the age of 24 because of his occupation as a sugar farmer. This supports the theory that he was the same person as was recorded in the 1871 census as a 6-year-old, and makes it unlikely that there was another Shigechiyo Izumi who was born in 1880 and who was named after a deceased brother. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.73.32.56 (talk) 10:00, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Indeed: interesting thought. Extremely sexy (talk) 19:41, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Birthdate vs. birth-date
This is a comment (and my reply) posted on to my talk page, as there has been no reply, I'll post it here. Nothing bad, just want to note that I'll be undoing the undo (which could be construed as aggressive) - unless there's a reply.

 * In English, 'birthdate' is a word...not 'birth-date'.Ryoung122 12:50, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I tracked down the change you were referring to: Shigechiyo_Izumi. I'm not sure that you are right. According to merriam webster, there is no word "birthdate". According to dictionary.com, the two top suggestions are "birth date" and "birth-date". As a separate matter, why did you revert the whole change if you believe that only one word is incorrect, I believe that the entire correction can stand. Please comment if you feel otherwise. BananaFiend 10:37, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

P.S. - I'm not sure how to link an edit, so here it is in an awkward form

This has been undone yet again, this time with no explanation. I may instead break this up into 3 edits, so that if people do disagree with 1 part of it, at least I will know what they don't like. BananaFiend 11:47, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

I can see that birth-date was put in by the same user who removed it. BananaFiend 12:22, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes: by me, my dear friend. Extremely sexy 10:59, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

The citation disputing Izumi's age
Where is this from??? It reads like a quote but there is no indication of the source. DerbyCountyinNZ (talk) 03:57, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Indeed so, because I forgot to add the source, and this will be fixed. Extremely sexy (talk) 18:46, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

So I take it he will be considered the oldest man until someone reaches the age of 120 plus one day older than he lived. No matter what information we find, he will probably still be considered the oldest until his record is broken. William Buckley said that if we found out Columbus found the New World in 1493, no matter what it would stay 1492. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.247.21.177 (talk) 04:24, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Age problems.
If he appears in the first Japanese census of 1871, and died in 1986, he would be at least 115 years old. Therefore, saying he "might" be 105 is obviously wrong,

quote; "His name was recorded in Japan's first census of 1871" 29 + 86 = 115. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.182.50.198 (talk) 09:43, 28 June 2010 (UTC) Yes, but he was age 6 at the time. 6+ 29+86 = 121 (PershingBoy)63.3.10.2 (talk) 23:57, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The necronym thing still applies. Brendan  ( talk,  contribs ) 09:20, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Rejected by Guinness
See page 83 in the 2011 edition (this was the Finnish edition, possibly different page in other editions). Christian Mortensen is now the male Guinness recordholder. --Anshelm '77 (talk) 03:19, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * What did the book say (in English)? "New evidence has come to light that casts doubt..." Izumi's case is still doubtful, GWR has not 100% rejected him. The mention of Christian Mortensen was simply a smart move to acknowledge the "runner-up". Brendan  ( talk,  contribs )' 09:19, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

In the latest, 2012 edition, Mortensen is titled the oldest verfied man ever, and Izumi is not even mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.225.43.170 (talk) 13:45, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Inclusion in "longevity claims" list?
Okay, finally Izumi excluded from list of verified oldest people ever. But maybe it's time to add him in "longevity claims" list? Also, why this story with "older brother" is so cloudy? Why so poor information? Do family records contain information about this older brother? Is grave of this older brother in existence? Izumi's case is interesting, through disrated, so wanna see more clear information, something more then "Maybe birth sertificate belongs to older brother who died between X and Y years". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.212.146.10 (talk) 11:27, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shigechiyo Izumi


text:
User:UltraSheen

I am a computer programmer. I have a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in computer science.

title: User:UltraSheen


text:
Lysippos

Lysippos (Λύσιππος) was a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC. Together with Scopas and Praxiteles, he is considered one of the three greatest sculptors of the Classical Greek era, bringing transition into the Hellenistic period. Problems confront the study of Lysippos because of the difficulty in identifying his style in the copies which survive. Not only did he have a large workshop and many disciples in his immediate circle, but there is understood to have been a market for replicas of his work, supplied from outside his circle, both in his lifetime and later in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Victorious Youth or Getty bronze, which resurfaced around 1972, has been associated with him.

Biography
Born at Sicyon around 390 BC, Lysippos was a worker in bronze in his youth. He taught himself the art of sculpture, later becoming head of the school of Argos and Sicyon. According to Pliny, he produced more than 1,500 works, all of them in bronze. Commentators noted his grace and elegance, and the symmetria, or coherent balance, of his figures, which were leaner than the ideal represented by Polykleitos and with proportionately smaller heads, giving them the impression of greater height. He was famous for his attention to the details of eyelids and toenails.

His pupil, Chares of Lindos, constructed the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. As this statue does not exist today, debate continues as to whether its sections were cast in bronze or hammered of sheet bronze.

Career and legacy
Lysippos was successor in contemporary repute to the famous sculptor Polykleitos. Among the works attributed to him are the so-called Horses of Saint Mark, Eros Stringing the Bow (of which various copies exist, the best in the British Museum), Agias (known through the marble copy found and preserved in Delphi), the similar Oil Pourer (Dresden and Munich), the Farnese Hercules (which was originally placed in the Baths of Caracalla, although the surviving marble copy lies in the Naples National Archaeological Museum) and Apoxyomenos (or The Scraper, known from a Roman marble copy in the Vatican Museums). Lysippos was also famous for his bronze colossal sculptures of Zeus, 17 metres tall, and Herakles, seven meters seated, both from the city of Taras. The only remaining version of one such statue is a Roman copy of The Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules), by Glykon, with heavy musculature typical of early third century Rome.

Canon of Lysippos
Lysippos developed a more gracile style than his predecessor Polykleitos and this has become known as the Canon of Lysippos. In his Historia Naturalis, Pliny the elder wrote that Lysippos introduced a new canon into art: capita minora faciendo quam antiqui, corpora graciliora siccioraque, per qum proceritas signorum major videretur, signifying "a canon of bodily proportions essentially different from that of Polykleitos". Lysippos is credited with having established the 'eight heads high' canon of body proportions.

Lysippos and Alexander
During his lifetime, Lysippos was personal sculptor to Alexander the Great; indeed, he was the only artist whom the conqueror saw fit to represent him. An epigram by Posidippus, previously only known from the Anthology of Planudes (APl 119), but also found on the recently discovered Milan Papyrus (65 Austin-Bastianini), takes as its inspiration a bronze portrait of Alexander:

And similarly, an epigram by Asclepiades (APl 120):

Lysippos has been credited with the stock representation of an inspired, godlike Alexander with tousled hair and lips parted, looking upward in what came to be known as the 'Lysippean gaze'. One fine example, an early Imperial Roman copy found at Tivoli, is conserved at the Louvre.

The Victorious Youth

In 1972, the Victorious Youth, Getty Bronze, or Atleta di Fano to Italians, was discovered and at the urging of Paul Getty, bought by the Getty Museum. The bronze was pulled out of the sea and restored. Because of the amount of corrosion and the thick layer of incrustation that coated the statue when it was found, it can be assumed that it was beneath the water for centuries. This is less than surprising, as most of the classical bronze statues archeologists have found have been fished out of the Mediterranean Sea. It was not uncommon for a shipwreck to occur with something as precious as a sculpture on board. Without any way to find or retrieve them, these pieces were left to sit at the bottom of the ocean for centuries. The damaging corrosion can be removed by cleaning the surfaces mechanically with a scalpel.

The Getty Bronze is believed by some to be Lysippos's work, or at least a copy, because the detail on it is consistent with his style of work and his canon of proportions. Lysippos's work is described by ancient sources as naturalistic with slender and often lengthened proportions, often with exaggerated facial features. Those depicted in the works of Lysippos had smaller heads than those of his mentor Polykleitos because he used a one to eight scale for the head and the total height of the body.

title: Lysippos


text:
Talk:Edmund Gettier

Untitled
Excellent paper by Professor Gettier! Say farewell to epistemology in the 'analytic' tradition'.

 * Gettier's paper was hardly the end of epistemology in analytic philosophy. Evercat 11:21, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

And they continue to waste their time. Scientists and people who try to acquire knowledge in everyday life ignore this literature.

 * Of course. Evercat 14:08, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

'The controversial Norman Malcolm?' What's that supposed to mean?

I'm reminded of a joke I heard in 1969. A man goes into a coma in 1953, shortly after Eisenhower was inaugurated as US President. He comes out of the coma in early April of 1969, looks out the window, and sees the American flag at half staff. He asks why the flag is at half staff and is told "President Eisenhower just died." He replies, "Then that bastard Richard Nixon is President!" An excellent example of a Justified True Belief, since Nixon was President at that time. JHobson2 (talk) 13:48, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Not exactly. Nobody knew then what a bastard he'd turn out to be! 208.54.85.187 (talk) 05:54, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

According to my professor, who was a colleague of Gettier, Wikipedia's backstory about the history of the Gettier article is wrong. The article Gettier published in Spanish is not the famous one ("Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?"), but is a distinct article. And it was *that* article (and not the famous one) that Gettier wrote at the urging of his colleagues (because he didn't have enough articles to get tenure). Finally, there is a third paper as well, in some collection on personal identity. So it's not true that he has published nothing else. I don't have a written source to refer you to, but we should at least delete the current version of the backstory, given that no citations are provided to corroborate it. 69.125.56.180 (talk) 15:16, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 03:57, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I take it Gettier is pronounced "Getty-A"? 172.56.26.205 (talk) 05:49, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

I was one of Ed's students, and his last name is pronounced "Getty-urr". 174.21.104.75 (talk) 00:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC) Dick Benson

Yes, the family uses Getty-urr". 146.6.208.24 (talk) 18:14, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Death?
I can't find any sources that claim he died, but someone updated the article to say that. 72.209.38.247 (talk) 14:27, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Here is a source: https://dailynous.com/2021/04/12/edmund-gettier-1927-2021/

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:02, 18 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Edmund L Gettier III ca 1960s umass v2.jpg

title: Talk:Edmund Gettier


text:
Piratas de Quebradillas

The Piratas de Quebradillas is a Puerto Rican basketball team, part of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN), the top flight of Puerto Rico basketball. Founded in the mid 1920s, it is one of the original teams of the league. The club enjoyed its most successful era during the 1970s, when they won four championships, including a three-peat, and participated in six league finals. However, after the 2004 season, the team suffered from financial problems, which prevented them from participating in the following five seasons. The club returned to active competition in 2009 with new players and a new arena, as well as a trip to the league finals. After a 34 years hiatus, in 2013 they won the BSN championship, defeating the Leones de Ponce in a six game series.

Early history
The Piratas de Quebradillas basketball club was founded in 1926 and was one of the original founding teams of the Puerto Rican Basketball League. Among its early star players where Quiro Santiago, Manuel "Lolo" González, Teíque Linares, Rafael "Nenito" Deliz and Manuel de Regla "Varilla" Lugo. The team participated in the 1937 season finals, but the next three decades where characterized by poor performances during the tournaments. This changed by the end of the 1960s when a new batch of Puerto Rican players born in New York City were signed by the team.

The Dalmau era (1966–1985)
In 1966 Quebradillas signed Raymond Dalmau, who became rookie of the year in the league. In 1969 the team signed Neftali Rivera, who also became the rookie of the year. Both would go on to become legends in Puerto Rican Basketball, known as the "Dynamic Duo". Together, these two players led the team to its first team championship during the 1970 season. This incarnation of the team was coached by Eric Geldhart.

The Quebradillas Pirates were a dominant team in the BSN throughout the 1970s, reaching the league finals eight times. After their championship in 1970, they were defeated by the Vaqueros de Bayamon in 1972, 1973, and 1975, then lost to Rio Piedras Cardinals in 1976. Quebradillas won three consecutive titles in 1977–79, for a total of 4 wins in 8 finals in 10 yearse. The Quebradillas lost the championship finals in 1980, 1982, 1999, 2000, 2009 and 2011, before winning their next championship in 2013.

Rivera was traded to the Leones de Ponce following the 1981 season. However, Raymond Dalmau went on to finish his career in Quebradillas in 1985, and subsequently became a professional basketball coach.

Decline
Following the retirement of Dalmau, Quebradillas struggled to keep their presence as a dominant team in the league. With players like Orlando Vega and Jimmy Ferrer, the team managed to make several postseason runs, but they never made it to the league finals. Raymond Dalmau himself coached the team on several occasions.

During the 1988 season, Quebradillas was coached by future NBA legendary coach Phil Jackson who, at that time, had not yet found a contract with any NBA teams. After a poor season start, Quebradillas fired coach Jackson, who later went on to win 11 NBA championships with the Chicago Bulls and the Los Angeles Lakers.

The second Dalmau era and financial crisis
It would be the two sons of Raymond Dalmau which would return the Piratas to their former glory. Richie and Ricardo Dalmau led the team to two consecutive BSN finals in 1999 and 2000. However, the team lost both finals to the Cangrejeros de Santurce which were led by NBA players José Ortíz and Carlos Arroyo.

After these finals appearances, Quebradillas continued to be a competitive team, reaching the league semi-finals in several occasions. However, the team confronted financial problems at the end of the 2003 season which led the league to declare every Quebradillas player a free agent. The financial problems where mostly attributed to the fact that the team played in a small 1,500 seat arena which hindered their capabilities to obtain significant financial endorsements.

The team played during the 2004 seasons with mostly amateur players and finished the season with a league-worst 5-25 record.

Return to success
The municipality of Quebradillas committed to the construction of a new arena (to replace their former home the Pedro Hernández Coliseum) which was finalized in 2008. This new arena was named after Raymond Dalmau and it allowed the team to return to active league competition. Owner Carlos Rodríguez bought the rights to the Criollos de Caguas players and brought them to Quebradillas. Among them was current Puerto Rican National Team center Peter John Ramos. Former Connecticut Huskies star point guard Marcus Williams joined the team as well as Australian forward Shawn Redhage. Also, former Florida Gator David Huertas declined participating in his last NCAA season to join the team.

The team went on to finish with a 22-8 record, second best on the league. They advanced to the league finals for the first time since 2000 against their legendary rivals, the Vaqueros de Bayamon. Quebradillas would lose the series in 6 games. The team continued in a successive streak, reaching the finals again during the 2011 season, but lost in five games to the Capitanes de Arecibo.

2012–2013
In 2012, Quebradillas was bought by new owner Felix Rivera. The new ownership made a series of changes in personnel, and for the 2013 season acquired the rights to NBL stars Shawn Redhage and Kevin Lisch. On July 29, 2013, Quebradillas won (89-72) the final game of the 2013 final series in a six-game duel against Leones de Ponce. The win gave Quebradillas' its 5th championship in the team's history.

2014
In 2014, Felix Rivera moved the Quebradillas franchise to Manatí with the name Atenienses. Past owner Carlos Rodríguez established another team for the city and the Piratas de Quebradillas came back with a new roster. The agreement with the league was only for one year team. The 2014 Quebradillas did not qualify for the league playoffs.

2015–present
David E. Rivera, bought the Mets of Guaynabo basketball team and transferred it to Quebradillas with the name Piratas.

In 2016, the franchise was purchased by businessman Roberto Roca.

Current roster
The Piratas de Quebradillas roster for the 2024 BSN season:

Notable players

 * Raymond Dalmau
 * Neftali Rivera
 * Orlando Vega
 * 🇺🇸-🇦🇺 Jeremy Tyler
 * 🇺🇸-🇦🇺 Shawn Redhage
 * 🇺🇸-🇦🇺 Kevin Lisch
 * 🇺🇸 P. J. Tucker
 * 🇺🇸 John Lucas III
 * 🇺🇸 Marcus Williams
 * 🇺🇸 D. J. Strawberry
 * 🇺🇸 Tu Holloway
 * 🇺🇸 James Ennis
 * 🇺🇸 Shavlik Randolph
 * 🇺🇸 Thomas Robinson

title: Piratas de Quebradillas


text:
User talk:Micahbales

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to the village pump.

 * I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian -- Infrogmation 21:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sure I will. Thanks for the welcome! micahbales

User categorization
Greetings! Your user page hasn't been vandalized :-) --it was updated to use the new User Categorization scheme. I have categorized your User Page as a Wikipedian in Kansas (Category:Wikipedians in Kansas) since your name was listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Kansas page.  The Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Kansas page is scheduled for deletion.  Thanks!   Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 01:00, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Gendernym
I've added the "prod" template to the article Gendernym, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Gendernym. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Macrakis 15:23, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Niltze Xalapa!
Ximopanōltih Huiquipedia. ¡Ōquittac motlahcuilōl calīxcuātl tocalpōlpan tiquiēlēhuia quitlahtoa Nāhuatlahtōlli! Tihuelīti quihcuiloa Manu tlein quimpiya īnāhuamachtiliz zanyenō.

(Bienvenido a Huiquipedia. ¡Vi tu mensaje en el Portal de la comunidad acerca de tu deseo por aprender náhuatl! Puedes escribirle a Manu, quien guarda una serie de clases en algún lugar.)

De seguro él te ayudará. También te será útil su diccionario Aulex (él te dirá dónde descargarlo porque ya he perdido la dirección, y para acentuar, usa este diccionario: . ¡Suerte! --Fluence (talk) 01:02, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Recorded Minister
Recorded Minister: I hope my amendments are improvements. Much could be added from an Earlham perspective, I think. Vernon White '''. . . Talk''' 22:15, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Micah at pyramids.jpg
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Proposed deletion of North American Summer Esperanto Institute

The article North American Summer Esperanto Institute has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non notable education course"

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title: User talk:Micahbales


text:
Ma Zhiyuan

Ma Zhiyuan (, c. 1250–1321), courtesy name Dongli, Chinese dramatist, playwright, and poet during the Yuan dynasty.

Among his achievements is the development and popularizing of the sanqu (散曲) lyric type of Classical Chinese poetry forms. The poem "Autumn Thoughts" (秋思) is the most widely known of his sanqu poems.

His sanqu poems were collected in the book "Dongli Yuefu", where there were 104 single sanqu (Xiaoling 小令) and 17 song suites (Taoshu 套數).

Poems
Ma Zhiyuan's sanqu poem "Autumn Thoughts" (秋思), composed to the metric pattern Tianjingsha (天淨沙), uses ten images in twenty-two monosyllables to preamble a state of emotion, and is considered as the penultimate piece in Chinese poetry to convey the typical Chinese male literati's melancholy during late autumn:

 * 《秋思》 Autumn Thoughts
 * 枯藤老樹昏鴉. Over old trees wreathed with rotten vines fly evening crows;
 * 小橋流水人家. Under a small bridge near a cottage a stream flows;
 * 古道西風瘦馬. On ancient road in the west wind a lean horse goes.
 * 夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯. Westward declines the sun; Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.

Plays
Only seven of his 15 plays are extant, of which four have been translated into English:
 * Autumn in Han Palace, 漢宮秋 (Full title: Breaking a Troubling Dream: A Lone Goose in Autumn over the Palaces of Han, 破幽夢孤雁漢宮秋). This play tells the story of Han Emperor Yuandi and Wang Zhaojun, and is considered the best example of Yuan theatre.
 * The Yellow-Millet Dream, 黃粱夢 (Full title: On the Road to Handan, Awakening from a Dream Dreamt While Cooking Millet, 邯鄲道省悟黃粱夢)
 * Yueyang Tower, 岳陽樓 (Full title: Lü Dongbin Gets Drunk Three Times in Yueyang Tower, 呂洞賓三醉岳陽樓)
 * Tears on the Blue Gown, 青衫淚 (Full title: The Overseer of Jiangzhou: Tears on the Blue Gown, 江州司馬青衫淚)
 * 任風子 (Full title: 馬丹陽三度任風子)
 * 薦福碑 (Full title: 半夜雷轟薦福碑)
 * 陳搏高臥 (Full title: 西華山陳搏高臥)

title: Ma Zhiyuan


text:
Talk:XO (Elliott Smith album)

Untitled
Would this be the right space to suggest that XO is an abbreviaiton for Kisses and Hugs in English ? This is not obvious at all to non-native speakers... --138.38.32.84 12:44, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Any suggestions on where in this article I should add that track 5, "Pitseleh", is part of the "Keeping the Faith" soundtrack? Here's the amazon.com link: http://www.amazon.com/Keeping-Faith-Various-Artists-Soundtracks/dp/B00004SAWR/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1263803453&sr=1-1 Springhill40 (talk) 08:40, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

<^>v|This album is connected|v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 16:41, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

French bonus tracks
Will you guys add them, I don’t understand why my submission was removed, discogs was already cited on the page Saladcreameliminator (talk) 01:17, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

Nevermind Saladcreameliminator (talk) 01:23, 4 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:XO (Elliott Smith album)


text:
Bounding volume

In computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding volume (or bounding region) for a set of objects is a closed region that completely contains the union of the objects in the set. Bounding volumes are used to improve the efficiency of geometrical operations, such as by using simple regions, having simpler ways to test for overlap.

A bounding volume for a set of objects is also a bounding volume for the single object consisting of their union, and the other way around. Therefore, it is possible to confine the description to the case of a single object, which is assumed to be non-empty and bounded (finite).

Uses
Bounding volumes are most often used to accelerate certain kinds of tests.

In ray tracing, bounding volumes are used in ray-intersection tests, and in many rendering algorithms, they are used for viewing frustum tests. If the ray or viewing frustum does not intersect the bounding volume, it cannot intersect the object contained within, allowing trivial rejection. Similarly if the frustum contains the entirety of the bounding volume, the contents may be trivially accepted without further tests. These intersection tests produce a list of objects that must be 'displayed' (rendered; rasterized).

In collision detection, when two bounding volumes do not intersect, the contained objects cannot collide.

Testing against a bounding volume is typically much faster than testing against the object itself, because of the bounding volume's simpler geometry. This is because an 'object' is typically composed of polygons or data structures that are reduced to polygonal approximations. In either case, it is computationally wasteful to test each polygon against the view volume if the object is not visible. (Onscreen objects must be 'clipped' to the screen, regardless of whether their surfaces are actually visible.)

To obtain bounding volumes of complex objects, a common way is to break the objects/scene down using a scene graph or more specifically a bounding volume hierarchy, like e.g. OBB trees. The basic idea behind this is to organize a scene in a tree-like structure where the root comprises the whole scene and each leaf contains a smaller subpart.

In computer stereo vision, a bounding volume reconstructed from silhouettes of an object is known as a "visual hull."

Common types
The choice of the type of bounding volume for a given application is determined by a variety of factors: the computational cost of computing a bounding volume for an object, the cost of updating it in applications in which the objects can move or change shape or size, the cost of determining intersections, and the desired precision of the intersection test. The precision of the intersection test is related to the amount of space within the bounding volume not associated with the bounded object, called void space. Sophisticated bounding volumes generally allow for less void space but are more computationally expensive. It is common to use several types in conjunction, such as a cheap one for a quick but rough test in conjunction with a more precise but also more expensive type.

The types treated here all give convex bounding volumes. If the object being bounded is known to be convex, this is not a restriction. If non-convex bounding volumes are required, an approach is to represent them as a union of a number of convex bounding volumes. Unfortunately, intersection tests become quickly more expensive as the bounding boxes become more sophisticated.

A bounding box or minimum bounding box (MBB) is a cuboid, or in 2-D a rectangle, containing the object. In dynamical simulation, bounding boxes are preferred to other shapes of bounding volume such as bounding spheres or cylinders for objects that are roughly cuboid in shape when the intersection test needs to be fairly accurate. The benefit is obvious, for example, for objects that rest upon other, such as a car resting on the ground: a bounding sphere would show the car as possibly intersecting with the ground, which then would need to be rejected by a more expensive test of the actual model of the car; a bounding box immediately shows the car as not intersecting with the ground, saving the more expensive test.

A minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) – the least AABB in 2-D – is frequently used in the description of geographic (or "geospatial") data items, serving as a simplified proxy for a dataset's spatial extent (see geospatial metadata) for the purpose of data search (including spatial queries as applicable) and display. It is also a basic component of the R-tree method of spatial indexing.

In many applications the bounding box is aligned with the axes of the co-ordinate system, and it is then known as an axis-aligned bounding box (). To distinguish the general case from an AABB, an arbitrary bounding box is sometimes called an oriented bounding box ('), or an ' when an existing object's local coordinate system is used. AABBs are much simpler to test for intersection than OBBs, but have the disadvantage that when the model is rotated they cannot be simply rotated with it, but need to be recomputed.

A  is a swept sphere (i.e. the volume that a sphere takes as it moves along a straight line segment) containing the object. Capsules can be represented by the radius of the swept sphere and the segment that the sphere is swept across). It has traits similar to a cylinder, but is easier to use, because the intersection test is simpler. A capsule and another object intersect if the distance between the capsule's defining segment and some feature of the other object is smaller than the capsule's radius. For example, two capsules intersect if the distance between the capsules' segments is smaller than the sum of their radii. This holds for arbitrarily rotated capsules, which is why they're more appealing than cylinders in practice.

A  is a cylinder containing the object. In most applications the axis of the cylinder is aligned with the vertical direction of the scene. Cylinders are appropriate for 3-D objects that can only rotate about a vertical axis but not about other axes, and are otherwise constrained to move by translation only. Two vertical-axis-aligned cylinders intersect when, simultaneously, their projections on the vertical axis intersect – which are two line segments – as well their projections on the horizontal plane – two circular disks. Both are easy to test. In video games, bounding cylinders are often used as bounding volumes for people standing upright.

A  is an ellipsoid containing the object. Ellipsoids usually provide tighter fitting than a sphere. Intersections with ellipsoids are done by scaling the other object along the principal axes of the ellipsoid by an amount equal to the multiplicative inverse of the radii of the ellipsoid, thus reducing the problem to intersecting the scaled object with a unit sphere. Care should be taken to avoid problems if the applied scaling introduces skew. Skew can make the usage of ellipsoids impractical in certain cases, for example collision between two arbitrary ellipsoids.

A bounding sphere is a sphere containing the object. In 2-D graphics, this is a circle. Bounding spheres are represented by centre and radius. They are very quick to test for collision with each other: two spheres intersect when the distance between their centres does not exceed the sum of their radii. This makes bounding spheres appropriate for objects that can move in any number of dimensions.

A  is the volume that projects to an extent on an axis, and can be thought of as the slab bounded between two planes. A bounding box is the intersection of orthogonally oriented bounding slabs. Bounding slabs have been used to speed up ray tracing

A  in 2-D is quite useful to speedup the clipping or visibility test of a B-Spline curve. See "Circle and B-Splines clipping algorithms" under the subject Clipping (computer graphics) for an example of use.

A convex hull is the smallest convex volume containing the object. If the object is the union of a finite set of points, its convex hull is a polytope.

A  (DOP) generalizes the bounding box. A k-DOP is the Boolean intersection of extents along k directions. Thus, a k-DOP is the Boolean intersection of k bounding slabs and is a convex polytope containing the object (in 2-D a polygon; in 3-D a polyhedron). A 2-D rectangle is a special case of a 2-DOP, and a 3-D box is a special case of a 3-DOP. In general, the axes of a DOP do not have to be orthogonal, and there can be more axes than dimensions of space. For example, a 3-D box that is beveled on all edges and corners can be constructed as a 13-DOP. The actual number of faces can be less than 2 times k if some faces become degenerate, shrunk to an edge or a vertex.

Basic intersection checks
For some types of bounding volume (OBB and convex polyhedra), an effective check is that of the separating axis theorem. The idea here is that, if there exists an axis by which the objects do not overlap, then the objects do not intersect. Usually the axes checked are those of the basic axes for the volumes (the unit axes in the case of an AABB, or the 3 base axes from each OBB in the case of OBBs). Often, this is followed by also checking the cross-products of the previous axes (one axis from each object).

In the case of an AABB, this tests becomes a simple set of overlap tests in terms of the unit axes. For an AABB defined by M,N against one defined by O,P they do not intersect if (Mx > Px) or (Ox > Nx) or (My > Py) or (Oy > Ny) or (Mz > Pz) or (Oz > Nz).

An AABB can also be projected along an axis, for example, if it has edges of length L and is centered at C, and is being projected along the axis N: $$r = 0.5L_x|N_x|+0.5L_y|N_y|+0.5L_z|N_z|\,$$, and $$b=C*N\,$$ or $$b=C_x N_x +C_y N_y+C_z N_z\,$$, and $$m=b-r, n=b+r\,$$ where m and n are the minimum and maximum extents.

An OBB is similar in this respect, but is slightly more complicated. For an OBB with L and C as above, and with I, J, and K as the OBB's base axes, then:

 * $$r = 0.5L_x|N*I|+0.5L_y|N*J|+0.5L_z|N*K|\,$$

 * $$m=C*N-r \mbox{ and } n=C*N+r\,$$

For the ranges m,n and o,p it can be said that they do not intersect if m > p or o > n. Thus, by projecting the ranges of 2 OBBs along the I, J, and K axes of each OBB, and checking for non-intersection, it is possible to detect non-intersection. By additionally checking along the cross products of these axes (I0×I1, I0×J1, ...) one can be more certain that intersection is impossible.

This concept of determining non-intersection via use of axis projection also extends to convex polyhedra, however with the normals of each polyhedral face being used instead of the base axes, and with the extents being based on the minimum and maximum dot products of each vertex against the axes. Note that this description assumes the checks are being done in world space.

The intersection of two k-DOP's can be computed very similarly to AABBs: for each orientation, you just check the two corresponding intervals of the two DOP's. So, just like DOP's being a generalization of AABBs, the intersection test is a generalization of the AABB overlap test. The complexity of the overlap test of two DOP's is in $O( k )$. This assumes, however, that both DOP's are given with respect to the same set of orientations. If one of them is rotated, this is no longer true. In that case, one relatively easy way to check the two DOP's $$D^1, D^2$$ for intersection is to enclose the rotated one, $$D^2$$, by another, smallest enclosing DOP $$\tilde{D}^2$$ that is oriented with respect to the orientations of the first DOP $$D^1$$. The procedure for that is a little bit more complex, but eventually amounts to a matrix vector multiplication of complexity $O( k )$ as well.

title: Bounding volume


text:
Bomaderry, New South Wales

Bomaderry is a suburb in the City of Shoalhaven local government area in New South Wales, Australia. At the, it had a population of 8,718 people. It is on the north shore of the Shoalhaven River, across the river from Nowra, the major town of the City of Shoalhaven, of which Bomaderry is locally regarded as being a suburb of the city.

History
Bomaderry township was opened in 1882. It was previously part of the Shoalhaven Estate owned by David Berry whose brother Alexander Berry had built a road to the area in 1858. When David died in 1889 the estate was sold in portions. The subdivision plans for Bomaderry are shown. In 1893 the railway was extended to Bomaderry and the town began to grow from this time.

One of the first houses in Bomaderry was Lynburn which still exists today. It was built in 1895 by the architect Howard Joseland for Jane Morton, the widow of Henry Gordon Morton, the manager of the Shoalhaven Estate. A photo shortly after its construction is shown. The road over the bridge in the photo is now the Princes Highway where it crosses Bomaderry Creek.

After the town opened in 1892 several factories moved into the area. Messrs Denham Bros. built a bacon and ham factory in about 1900. A milk condensery opened in 1901 which was originally located near the railway station but later moved to the bank of the Shoalhaven River close to Bolong Road. In 1912, the Nowra Co-op Dairy Company established a milk Depot at Bomaderry and this was a major boost to the local economy for many years.

Heritage listings
Bomaderry has 2 heritage-listed sites, including:
 * 59 Beinda Street: Bomaderry Aboriginal Children's Home
 * Illawarra railway: Bomaderry railway station

Transport
Its railway station is the terminus of the South Coast railway line, which is part of the NSW TrainLink network. Bomaderry has public bus services both within the suburb and to neighbouring areas. These were significantly expanded in 2020, with 45 new routes announced.

Education
Bomaderry High School is one of the major high schools in the Shoalhaven, holding places in state debating, public speaking, sporting and dance eisteddfod. Nowra Anglican College is a K–12 school located in Bomaderry. Bomaderry Public School is the main primary school in the area with over 400 students.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 6,661 people in Bomaderry.
 * The median age of people in Bomaderry (State Suburbs) was 45 years.
 * Children aged 0–14 years made up 16.8% of the population
 * People aged 65 years and over made up 24.3% of the population.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.4% of the population.
 * 79.7% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 4.1%.
 * 88.5% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 28.4%, Anglican 24.4% and Catholic 18.7%.

title: Bomaderry, New South Wales


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Talk:Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks

A Different City? 3 Inch Horses, Two Faced Monsters does not play at the end of A Different City, but the previous track, Tiny Cities Made Of Ashes. A Different City plays a short section from the later track in The Moon and Antarctica, I Came As A Rat.


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Talk:Sad Sappy Sucker

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 20:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Citation needed for chart positions?
Citations are genrally never used for chart positions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Happymeal33 (talk • contribs) 05:13, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Why is this considered an "Other" album instead of a studio album?
Other than the release delay (so what?), I don't see a reason. - Immigrant laborer (talk) 03:30, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sad Sappy Sucker


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Ustad Mansur

Ustad Mansur (died 1624) was a seventeenth-century Indian painter and naturalist who served as a Mughal court artist. During which period he excelled at depicting plants and animals. He was the earliest artist to depict the dodo in colour, apart from being the first to illustrate the Siberian crane. Towards the end of Akbar's reign, he gained the title of ustad (master) and during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir his masterpieces earned him the title of Nãdir-al-’Asr (Unequalled of the age). Although he was largely known for his natural history illustrations, he also portrayed people in various manuscript illustrations.

Life and work
The year of Mansur's birth is unknown. His name was suffixed in some early miniatures as Naqqash, which can refer to an artist, painter, or carver, indicating that he came from a family that was in an artistic profession. A single miniature showing 'Babur meeting his sister' (folio 8, National Museum) is attributed to Mansur but he otherwise finds no mention in Babur's memoirs (Baburnama). He was associated with other artists of the period including Basawan, Miskina and Nanha. During Akbar's reign he appears to have been involved only as a colourist in the plates for the Book of Akbar (Akbarnama) and his name is not mentioned by Abu'l-Fazl among the list of artists. Akbar followed the principle that all artwork should include the name of the artist on the margin. The British Museum's copy of the Akbarnama (1604) includes some folios (35,110a,110b and 112a) where his name is prefixed with "ustad" (=master), indicating his rise to excellence.

Early works included parts of portraits and other scenes. The earliest works were made as part of the Baburnama (1590–95) and most of these are as an assistant or a colourist. His Veena-player (c. 1595) and coronation portrait of Jahangir (c. 1605, made along with the artist Manohar) are early works. In 1612, Jehangir received a turkey cock from Goa and this was illustrated by Mansur. In 1619, Jehangir received a Barbary falcon as a gift from Shah Abbas of Persia; Jehangir found it rare and beautifully patterned and when it died, he ordered that a likeness be made of the bird. In 1620, Jehangir visited Kashmir and spotted a brown dipper which he described in his memoirs (Tuzk-e-Jahangiri) translated as: "... In this stream I saw a bird like a saj. It dives and remains for a long time underneath and then comes up from a different place. I ordered them to catch and bring two or three of these birds, that I might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and were web-footed, or had open feet like land birds. They caught two... One died immediately and the other lived for a day. Its feet were not webbed like a duck's. I ordered Nadirul-asr Ustad Mansur to draw its likeness."

Mansur painted at least one hundred flowers from the Kashmir valley during this period. A red tulip from Kashmir is a better-known painting. The identity of the tulip is however debated with competing suggestions that include Tulipa lanata, T. montana and T. lehmanniana. In 1621, Jehangir was gifted a zebra and this was perhaps the subject of the last miniature painting made by Mansur. It is suggested that his career ended with the reign of Jehangir in 1627. Several other signed works, such as one of the Siberian crane (now no longer a winter migrant to India) and the other of a Bengal florican are in the Indian Museum, Kolkata. Some other works are in the National Museum, Delhi, the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, Jaipur and the Chhatrapati Sivaji Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai. Not all of Mansur's birds were based on reality. He also created fantasy birds and many of the compositions such as the flowers and insects in the background are juxtapositions created for effect. It appears that these imaginary birds were made in the style of his senior peers, Miskina and Ikhlas, and were made only early in his career as an artist. In terms of style, Mansur's illustrations focus on detail with a single bird dominating the composition. The birds or animals are in a standing posture or in a feeding stance. He often used plants and insects in the background and the floral borders, characteristic of Mughal works may help in identifying his works.

The most significant paintings, in terms of zoology, are those of the Siberian crane and the dodo. The Siberian crane painting was made well before it was formally described and given a binomial name by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773. The painting of the dodo is among the rare few that were depicted in colour and is a very important source for zoologists. It is thought that the dodo was brought through Surat to Jehangir's court via Portuguese-controlled Goa and the painting of it was discovered in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg and although unsigned has been thought to be the work of Mansur or a close contemporary. Two dodos were described by the English traveller Peter Mundy at Surat and it is thought that the painting is based on one of them. Mundy was in the region between 1628 and 1633. The Siberian crane painted on paper is extremely detailed showing the wrinkles on the bare skin, the legs and a small feather stuck to the claw. Abanindranath Tagore was taken by E. B. Havell, principal of the art school at Calcutta and shown this painting. On examining the detail through a lens, he was inspired to move away from oil on canvas to gouache on paper.

Ustad Mansur was not the only artist in the Mughal court to illustrate flora and fauna. Other artists included Abu'l Hasan, Farrukh Beg, Govardhan, Inayat, Manohar, Muhammad Nadir, Murad and Pidarath. Jehangir considered Mansur and Abu'l Hasan to be exceptional artists. Abu'l Hasan was given the titled of Nadir uz Zaman. Several 17th-19th century artists have come to both imitate and copy his works (sometimes with his signature ), especially for export to Europe. It is therefore not easy to assess a true work by Ustad Mansur, which can in case of the chameleon (left) be done by taking in account the quality of the work. The painting is highly detailed and is presumed to be an Indian chameleon on account of the highly detailed view of the feet of the animal showing each foot exhibiting "fused digits in opposed groups", a lighter band by the edge of the mouth, and a line of white scales on the underside of the belly.

Mansur was also a capable portrait artist. His painting of the musician Naubat Khan who worked in the courts of Akbar and later Jahangir is an example. A crater on the planet Mercury is named in honour of Mansur.

title: Ustad Mansur


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Madeline Zima

Madeline Zima (born September 16, 1985) is an American actress. She portrayed Grace Sheffield on the CBS sitcom The Nanny (1993–1999), Mia Lewis on the Showtime comedy drama series Californication (2007–2011), and Gretchen Berg on the NBC series Heroes (2009–2010).

Early life
Zima was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the daughter of Marie and Dennis. Her surname means "winter" in Polish and comes from her maternal grandfather, who was of Polish descent. Zima has two younger sisters, Vanessa and Yvonne, both of whom are also actresses.

Career
Zima began her career when she was two years old with an appearance in a television commercial for Downy fabric softener. In 1993, as a child actress, she landed a main role as Grace Sheffield on the television show The Nanny, which lasted six seasons to 1999.

In 2007, Zima played the main role of Mia Lewis in the first two seasons of the Showtime comedy-drama Californication alongside David Duchovny, appearing as a guest in series 3 & 4 through to 2011. In promotion of the fictional book her character wrote, Fucking & Punching, Zima starred in several Californication webisodes featured on YouTube. Zima has also become known for her work in films such as The Hand That Rocks the Cradle, A Cinderella Story, Dimples, Looking for Sunday, Once in a Very Blue Moon, Legacy and The Collector.

in 2009, Zima joined the cast of Heroes as Gretchen Berg, Claire Bennet's quirky bisexual roommate and tentative love interest. Zima appeared as a guest star on several television shows, including Law & Order, JAG, and Touched by an Angel. She also guest starred in an episode of The Vampire Diaries, and in two episodes of the 2017 Twin Peaks The Return. In 2012, she was cast in a co-starring role in the ABC drama pilot Gilded Lilys, but the series was not picked up by ABC. Zima starred in The Blondes (2019), a scripted podcast series, with her sister Yvonne.

In 2020, she appeared in HBO's Perry Mason. In 2021, Zima appeared in an episode of NCIS: Hawaiʻi. In 2022, she landed a recurring role as Casey Brinke / Space Case in season 4 of Doom Patrol. In 2023, she joined Megan Fox in S.K. Dale's upcoming sci-fi thriller Subservience.

Awards and nominations
Zima was nominated three times for a YoungStar Award, in 1995, 1997 and 1999, all for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series for The Nanny.

She was also nominated 13 times for a Young Artist Award:
 * 1993 – Best Young Actress Under Ten in a Motion Picture for The Hand That Rocks the Cradle
 * 1994 – Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Comedy and for Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Television Series, shared with Benjamin Salisbury and Nicholle Tom, both for The Nanny
 * 1995 – Best Performance by a Youth Actress as a TV Guest Star for Law & Order, and Best Performance by a Youth Ensemble in a Television Series shared with Nicholle Tom and Benjamin Salisbury, Best Performance by an Actress Under Ten in a Motion Picture and Best Performance by an Actress Under Ten in a TV Series, all of them for The Nanny
 * 1996 – Best Performance by a Young Actress in a TV Comedy Series for The Nanny
 * 1998 – Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series by a Supporting Young Actress for The Nanny
 * 2001 – Best Performance in a TV Movie (Drama) by a Leading Young Actress for The Sandy Bottom Orchestra

title: Madeline Zima


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Juan de Mena

Juan de Mena (1411–1456) was one of the most significant Spanish poets of the fifteenth century. He was highly regarded at the court of Juan II de Castilla, who appointed him veinticuatro (one of twenty-four aldermen) of Córdoba, secretario de cartas latinas (secretary of Latin letters) and cronista real (royal chronicler). His works show the influence of Renaissance humanism and place him in the period of transition in Spain from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

Biography
There is scant evidence about the early part of Mena's life, but most modern scholars agree that he was born at Córdoba, Spain, his father died shortly after his birth, and his mother a few years later. He was likely the second of two sons and was related to a former veinticuatro of Córdoba, although it is unclear how. Memorias de algunos linages (An Account of Some Lineages), attributed to Mena, claims that his family came from the valley of Mena in La Montaña, a region of the northern Spanish province of Cantabria, and served under Fernando III de Castilla and his successors in the Reconquista. His formal education probably began in Córdoba and later continued in Salamanca, where he appears to have fulfilled the requirements for the Master of Arts degree. He then traveled to Rome, perhaps as a continued part of his education, although there is no evidence that he participated in formal study there. During this trip and a later one to Florence, Mena appears to have been seeking ecclesiastical benefices; however, both attempts were fruitless and each was followed by a marriage, first to a supposed sister of García y Lope de Vaca and, secondly, to Marina Méndez, more than 20 years his minor. Neither marriage resulted in descendants for the poet. Some scholars have pointed to a possible converso origin for Mena's family, but others have found these claims to be highly speculative. Mena continued in the role of cronista real under Enrique IV de Castilla until his death at Torrelaguna in 1456, although he apparently did not write any chronicle.

Works
Mena was considered by his contemporaries to be the outstanding poet of his time, and his knowledge of Latin and the Classics was greatly admired. His activities at the court of Juan II brought him into contact with many important figures; the most significant friendship that resulted was with Íñigo López de Mendoza. It persisted until the end of Mena's life despite important political differences.

His poetry frequently appeared in cancioneros (collections of verse), such as the Cancionero general of Hernando del Castillo, and his works were well known throughout the sixteenth century, influencing later Spanish poets, such as Garcilaso de la Vega, Fernando de Herrera and Luis de Góngora. The extensive commentary that accompanied later editions of Mena's Laberinto de Fortuna, such as those of Hernán Núñez (1499) and Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas (1582), provide further evidence of the extent of his literary influence in Spain. His style is marked by its frequent use of Latinisms and hyperbaton, as well as by mentions of a wide array of figures from Greco-Roman mythology. In his imitation of classical and medieval sources, such as Dante, Mena helped stretch the capabilities of a fledgling Castilian literary tradition, paving the way for later poets. It is largely due to the awkwardness and weight of his style and lexicon that his influence began to wane in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and fell out of favor with nineteenth-century critics. Modern critics have reinstated Mena's importance to Spain's literary history and consider him to be one of the three major poets of the fifteenth century, along with Íñigo López de Mendoza and Jorge Manrique.

La Coronaçión
Mena wrote La Coronaçión (or Calamicleos, The Coronation, 1438) and dedicated it to Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana (marquis of Santillana), in response to the latter's 1438 victory on the frontier between Muslim and Christian Spain, which resulted in the taking of Huelma. Although a relatively minor victory, it was the first successful campaign of the Reconquista since 1431. The poem consists of 51 stanzas recounting a dream sequence in which the poet first sees historical and mythological figures being punished for their vices or their failure to act, and later sees those figures who have earned a place on Mount Parnassus for their virtues; principal among those praised is the marqués de Santillana.

Although Santillana was also well known as a poet, he is praised in the poem as an exemplar of the four cardinal virtues. The poem is allegorical in nature and corresponds to Mena's idea of satire in that it condemns vice and praises virtue. It is possible to interpret the Reconquista and national unity as the principal themes of the poem; one of Mena's lesson seems to be that internal strife is a vice that hinders the Christian reconquest of Spain.

In the original version of La Coronaçión Juan de Mena included extensive commentary, in highly ornamental and Latinate prose. The commentary addresses each stanza and explains mythological references, as well as the poem's moral-allegorical function. Such commentary was ordinarily reserved for the Classics.

Laberinto de Fortuna
Laberinto de Fortuna ("Labyrinth of Fortune", 1444) is Mena's masterpiece. The structure of the poem is a mixture of two popular medieval allegorical elements: the Wheel of Fortune and the Ptolemaic universe. The structure of the poem centers around three Wheels of Fortune (past, present and future). The 297 stanza poem (also known as Las Trecientas (The Three Hundred), as there are versions with three additional stanzas) reintroduces the themes of national unity and the Reconquista but is dedicated to Juan II.

Lyric Poetry
In addition to his moral-political works, Mena also produced more traditional courtly poetry. There are fifty or so surviving examples of Mena's lyric poetry, including love lyrics, occasional verses, satirical pieces, and exchanges with other poets. The minor lyrics are far less complex than his major works in both style and content. His love poetry was well respected for its originality and treatment of the nature of love's passion as an abstract, intellectual experience.

Other works
Other works include a translation of the Ilias latina, the Latin version of Homer's Iliad, into Spanish (ca. 1442), Tratado sobre el título de duque (Treatise on the Title of Duke, 1445), a prologue to Álvaro de Luna's Libro de las virtuosas e claras mugeres (Book of Virtuous and Illustrious Women), and Coplas de los pecados mortales (Stanzas on the Deadly Sins, unfinished, 1456). Tratado de amor (Treatise on Love, ca. 1444) and Memorias de algunos linages or Memorias genealógicas (An Account of Some Lineages, 1448) are also attributed to de Mena.

title: Juan de Mena