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Conwy

Conwy, previously known in English as Conway, is a walled market town, community and the administrative centre of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. The walled town and castle stand on the west bank of the River Conwy, facing Deganwy on the east bank. The town formerly lay in Gwynedd and prior to that in Caernarfonshire. The community, which also includes Deganwy and Llandudno Junction, had a population of 14,753 at the 2011 census.

Although the community of Conwy straddles the River Conwy, for postal purposes the areas on the east bank form part of the post town of Llandudno Junction, with the Conwy post town being confined to west bank of the river. The ward on the west bank of the river had a population of 4,065 at the 2011 census.

The resident population of the wider Conwy County Borough was estimated to be 116,200 in an ONS-estimate.

The name 'Conwy' derives from the old Welsh words cyn (chief) and gwy (water), the river being originally called the 'Cynwy'.

Castle and town walls
Conwy Castle and the town walls were built, on the instructions of Edward I of England, between 1283 and 1289, as part of his conquest of the principality of Wales. The church standing in Conwy has been marked as the oldest building in Conwy and has stood in the walls of Conwy since the 14th century. However, the oldest structure is part of the town walls, at the southern end of the east side. Here one wall and the tower of a llys (palace/court house) belonging to Llywelyn the Great and his grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffydd have been incorporated into the wall. Built on a rocky outcrop, it has a prominent apsidal tower.

The walls are part of a World Heritage Site, Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd.

People born within the town walls of Conwy are nicknamed "Jackdaws", after the jackdaws which live on the walls there. A Jackdaw Society existed until 2011.

The population of the town in 1841 was 1,358.

Abbey
Conwy was the original site of Aberconwy Abbey, founded by Llywelyn the Great. Edward and his troops took over the abbey site and moved the monks up the Conwy valley to a new site at Maenan, establishing Maenan Abbey. The parish church St Mary & All Saints still retains some parts of the original abbey church in the east and west walls.

Suspension bridge
Conwy has other tourist attractions. Conwy Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford to replace the ferry, was completed in 1826 and spans the River Conwy next to the castle. Telford designed the bridge's supporting towers to match the castle's turrets. The bridge is now open to pedestrians only and, together with the toll-keeper's house, is in the care of the National Trust.

Railway bridge
The Conwy Railway Bridge, a tubular bridge, was built for the Chester and Holyhead Railway by Robert Stephenson. The first tube was completed in 1848, the second in 1849. The bridge is still in use on the North Wales Coast Line, along with the station, which is located within the town walls. In addition to a modern bridge serving the town, the A55 road passes under the river in a tunnel, Britain's first immersed tube tunnel, which was built between 1986 and 1991. The old mountain road to Dwygyfylchi and Penmaenmawr runs through the Sychnant Pass, at the foot of Conwy Mountain.

Aberconwy House
The National Trust owns Aberconwy House, which is Conwy's only surviving 14th-century merchant's house, one of the first buildings built inside the walls of Conwy.

Plas Mawr
Plas Mawr is an Elizabethan house built in 1576 by the Wynn family, which has been extensively refurbished to its 16th-century appearance and is now in the care of Cadw and open to the public.

Smallest house in Great Britain

The house named in the Guinness Book of Records as the Smallest House in Great Britain, with dimensions of 3.05 × 1.8 metres, can be found on the quay. It was in continuous occupation from the 16th century (and was even inhabited by a family at one point) until 1900 when the owner (a 6 ft fisherman – Robert Jones) was forced to move out on the grounds of hygiene. The rooms were too small for him to stand up in fully. The house is still owned by his descendants today, and visitors can look around it for a small charge.

Vardre Hall
Vardre Hall is a 19th-century Grade II listed building directly opposite to Conwy Castle. It was erected by Conservative Buckinghamshire MP William Edward FitzMaurice in the mid 1850s. In 1869 the building was sold to solicitor William Jones. The building was used as a solicitor's office until 1972, when it was bought out and became The Towers Restaurant. After lying empty for a number of years Vardre Hall changed hands again, and in 1999 was refurbished as a shop.

Medieval watchtower
Across the estuary is Bodysgallen Hall, which incorporates a medieval tower that was possibly built as a watch tower for Conwy Castle.

Notable locations
Conwy Morfa, a marshy spit of land on the west side of the estuary, was probably the location where golf was first played on Welsh soil. It was also the place where Hugh Iorys Hughes developed, and later built, the floating Mulberry Harbour, used in Operation Overlord in World War II.

Conwy Hospital closed in 2003 and has since been demolished.

Transport

Conwy railway station opened in 1848. It is located on the North Wales Coast Line, between Crewe and Holyhead. There are through services westbound to Bangor and Holyhead. Eastwards, services travel to Chester, via Colwyn Bay, Rhyl, Prestatyn and Flint; after arrival at Chester, most trains go forward to either Crewe, Cardiff or Birmingham International. Services are operated by Transport for Wales.

Bus services in Conwy are operated mostly by Arriva Wales, with some by Llew Jones Coaches. Routes link the town with Bangor, Caernarfon and Llandudno.

Lifeboat
A lifeboat station was established by the RNLI in 1966 and currently operates the D-class inshore lifeboat, the May-Bob, (D–765).

Governance
A Conwy electoral ward exists for elections to Conwy County Borough Council. The ward extends west of the River Conwy only with a total population of 4,065. The other county wards within the Conwy community are Deganwy, Marl and Pensarn.

Conwy also has a town council, based at Conwy Guildhall, comprising 17 town councillors elected from the five community wards of Aberconwy, Castle, Deganwy, Marl and Pensarn.

Administrative history
Conwy was an ancient borough. Unlike most such boroughs, it was not reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and so the old borough corporation continued to exist and run the town. By 1876 the borough corporation was seen as an archaic and unaccountable impediment to the proper management of the town. The town's residents organised a petition to convert the town into a municipal borough with an elected corporation to take responsibility for public health and local government. A royal charter incorporating the town as a municipal borough was issued in December 1876, and the new borough corporation took over the running of the town from March 1877. The municipal borough boundary included land on both sides of the river, covering the parish of Conwy (or Conway) and parts of the parishes of Gyffin and Dwygyfylchi on the west bank, and part of the parish of Eglwys Rhos on the east bank. The urban parishes within the borough boundary were reorganised in 1894 to comprise Conwy and Gyffin on the west bank and Llanrhos on the east bank.

In 1972 the borough council voted to change the spelling of the town's name from "Conway" to "Conwy". The change was agreed by the Secretary of State for Wales and took effect on 1 August 1972. The municipal borough was abolished in 1974, with the area becoming part of the Aberconwy district in the new county of Gwynedd. A community called Conwy was established at the same time covering the area of the former borough. Further local government reorganisation in 1996 saw Aberconwy abolished and the town transferred to the new Conwy County Borough, named after the town but covering a much larger area.

Gallery
Images showing changes over time

title: Conwy


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Tridecagon

In geometry, a tridecagon or triskaidecagon or 13-gon is a thirteen-sided polygon.

Regular tridecagon
A regular tridecagon is represented by Schläfli symbol {13}.

The measure of each internal angle of a regular tridecagon is approximately 152.308 degrees, and the area with side length a is given by
 * $$A = \frac{13}{4}a^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{13} \simeq 13.1858\,a^2.$$

Construction
As 13 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular tridecagon cannot be constructed using a compass and straightedge. However, it is constructible using neusis, or an angle trisector.

The following is an animation from a neusis construction of a regular tridecagon with radius of circumcircle $$\overline{OA} = 12,$$ according to Andrew M. Gleason, based on the angle trisection by means of the Tomahawk (light blue). [[File:01-Triskaidecagon-Animation.gif|left|700px|thumb|A regular tridecagon (triskaidecagon) with radius of circumcircle $$\overline{OA} = 12$$ as an animation (1 min 44 s),

angle trisection by means of the Tomahawk (light blue). This construction is derived from the following equation:

$$12\cos\left(\frac{2\pi}{13}\right)=2\sqrt{26-2\sqrt{13}}\cos\left(\frac{1}{3}\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{13}+1\right)}{7-\sqrt{13}}\right)\right)+\sqrt{13}-1.$$]]

An approximate construction of a regular tridecagon using straightedge and compass is shown here.

Another possible animation of an approximate construction, also possible with using straightedge and compass.

Based on the unit circle r = 1 [unit of length]

 * Constructed side length in GeoGebra $$ a = 0.478631328575115\; [\text{unit of length}]$$
 * Side length of the tridecagon $$ a_{\text{target}} = r \cdot 2 \cdot \sin\left(\frac{180^\circ}{13} \right) = 0.478631328575115\ldots\; [\text{unit of length}]$$
 * Absolute error of the constructed side length:
 * Up to the maximum precision of 15 decimal places, the absolute error is $$ F_a = a - a_{\text{target}} = 0.0\; [\text{unit of length}]$$

 * Constructed central angle of the tridecagon in GeoGebra (display significant 13 decimal places, rounded) $$ \mu = 27.6923076923077^\circ $$
 * Central angle of tridecagon $$ \mu_{\text{target}} = \left( \frac{360^\circ}{13}\right) = 27.{\overline{692307}}^\circ $$
 * Absolute angular error of the constructed central angle:
 * Up to 13 decimal places, the absolute error is $$F_\mu = \mu - \mu_{\text{target}} = 0.0^\circ $$

Example to illustrate the error
At a circumscribed circle of radius r = 1 billion km (a distance which would take light approximately 55 minutes to travel), the absolute error on the side length constructed would be less than 1 mm.

Symmetry

The regular tridecagon has Dih13 symmetry, order 26. Since 13 is a prime number there is one subgroup with dihedral symmetry: Dih1, and 2 cyclic group symmetries: Z13, and Z1.

These 4 symmetries can be seen in 4 distinct symmetries on the tridecagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is r26 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.

Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g13 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can be seen as directed edges.

Numismatic use
The regular tridecagon is used as the shape of the Czech 20 korun coin.
 * [[File:20 CZK.png]]

Related polygons
A tridecagram is a 13-sided star polygon. There are 5 regular forms given by Schläfli symbols: {13/2}, {13/3}, {13/4}, {13/5}, and {13/6}. Since 13 is prime, none of the tridecagrams are compound figures.

Petrie polygons
The regular tridecagon is the Petrie polygon 12-simplex:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tridecagon


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Talk:Naval rate

rank vs. rate vs. rating
Shouldn't this be "Naval rating" not "Naval rate"? Isomorphic 21:19, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We've had a discussion on it on Talk:Naval rating. In the U.S. Navy, rate=rank and rating=Military Occupational Specialty.  reference link - Wguynes 23:04, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naval rate


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User:Morwenck

Morwen CK's User Page:

Updates will be made as fequently as possible. Thank you.

Who I am
Hi, I'm Morwen Celeb'Kuruni. I'm in high school, and I use Wikipedia often for assignments. :)

What I like
Favorite game: The Sims! Favorite color: Purple... Maybe green or black too... Favorite pass time: Reading Religious affiliation: Currently none. I was raised mormon but I'm studying Wicca. Not practicing, just learning. Mom says I'm not allowed to choose my religion until I'm 18, dad keeps repeating a mormon saying, "We worship according to the dictates of our own concience and we allow all people the same privelage" so he seems fine with my interest, but '''$50 says if I say, "Hey dad, guess what, I'm a practicing Wiccan now!" He'll have a full-blown heart attack. :p'''

Pages I've worked with
Wicca - An earth based religion 'founded' in the 1930's by a man in England. My personal theory (very likely) is that he came forward with it because of the demolition of the Anti-Witch law, signifying the end of the burning times.

title: User:Morwenck


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National Aquatic Centre

The National Aquatic Centre (NAC) (Ionad Náisiúnta Uisce) is an indoor aquatics facility in Blanchardstown, Fingal, Ireland. The State-owned complex houses a 50-metre swimming pool with an associated diving pool, an aquapark and leisure pool, and a fitness centre.

Since opening in March 2003, the centre has hosted the swimming events of the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games, the 2003 European Short Course Swimming Championships and a number of international water polo events. It also hosts the Irish Open Swimming Championships, Irish Senior Water Polo Cup, and Irish Open Diving Championships, as well as a number of other national and regional aquatic events.

History
In 2001, a "Design, Build and Operate" contract for the centre was awarded to a consortium of companies – S & P Architects (for the design part), Rohcon (construction) and Dublin Waterworld (operation). The capital cost of the centre was originally budgeted at €62.5 million. The project was certified as complete in September 2010. The actual cost of the project is still unclear but, as of 2013, €119m had been spent on the campus.

The centre sustained roof damage during a period of stormy weather in January 2005 and had to be closed for five months so that repairs could be carried out. This closure, after only 18 months of operation, damaged the business of the operating company, Dublin Waterworld. Campus & Stadium Ireland Development (CSID), the State company which owns the centre, commissioned an engineer to assess the roof damage and they concluded that the roof was not designed and constructed in accordance with building regulations, despite the fact that CSID's experts had certified it. During the period of closure, the National Sports Campus Development Authority (NSCDA) commenced legal proceedings to remove the operators. The case was settled in December 2006 with Dublin Waterworld agreeing to leave the centre and each party covering their own costs.

NSCDA stated that the former Operator Dublin Waterworld Limited had failed to pay VAT of some €10m. A High Court-appointed arbitrator upheld the VAT charge as did the High Court. However, in 2010 the Supreme Court ruled that there was no basis for the VAT charge and set aside both the earlier awards. The Public Accounts Committee investigated the background of the case and issued a report in May 2012, which was highly critical of NSCDA and the Department of Sport. In December 2012, Dublin Waterworld acquired documents that demonstrated that NSCDA had been advised in 2002 that the VAT charge was contrary to legislation. These documents were forwarded to the Public Accounts Committee, and an explanation from NSCDA was sought.

From the time when the NSCDA took back the running of the centre in 2007 until 2013, the centre saw visitor numbers multiply, and membership triple, but it still required a multi-million euro annual subsidy. The centre's operators stated that the centre had over six hundred thousand visitors in 2011, with admission income of €1.4m and ticket costs of up to €14. In 2012 over 815,000 people used the facilities of the centre, making it Ireland's third most popular fee-paying attraction.

Swim Ireland launched a High Performance Unit in April 2010 and conducts training camps for elite swimmers at the centre. In 2012, the NAC hosted pre-Olympic training camps for teams from 16 different countries, including the then Water Polo Champions Hungary, the new Olympic Water Polo Champions Croatia, the Korean National Swimming team and the Synchronised Swimming team from the US, among others.

The NAC has come to house Ireland's biggest one-site programme of swimming lessons (over 2,500 participants weekly) and has over 4,500 members. On 7 January 2013 the centre set an Irish record for the most bookings in one day for swimming, diving and synchronised swimming lessons.

Facilities
The National Aquatic Centre is one of the world's largest indoor water centres. It comprises:
 * a 10-lane 50-metre x 25-metre international-standard swimming pool with two moveable floors which allow it to be reconfigured for other uses;
 * a 25-metre international standard diving and warm-up pool;
 * seating for 2,500 spectators;
 * a leisure area (AquaZone) including adventure water rides, with a children's play pool and wave pool, and a "lazy river" feature;
 * a fitness centre (ToneZone);
 * a café.

The centre is fully accessible and was commended in 6 O2 Kanchi Award categories as well as winning ILAM Gold Standard awards twice. In November 2012 the centre won the Fingal Business Chamber Award for "Best Sales & Marketing". This added to the Dublin 15 Chamber Awards won in 2009 & 2010.

Olympic-standard swimming pool
The National Aquatic Centre houses Ireland's first Olympic standard pool. Known as the International Competition Pool, in 2003 it was used for the 2003 Special Olympics and later in the same year hosted the Ligue européenne de natation. In 2012, this pool hosted 16 nations from across the globe, including teams from the USA, Great Britain, South Korea, Canada, Croatia and more for pre-London Olympic Games training camps.

Aquazone Waterpark
Aquazone is the name of a water park which operates in the National Aquatic Centre. The water park features three water slides (The Dark Hole, The Green Giant and the Master Blaster), a surfing machine, a lazy river and a large pool that generates waves.

title: National Aquatic Centre


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Talk:Wild Wild West

2003 comments
This movie kinda sucked. The previews for it made it look really good, then I saw it and basically it sucked. The idea was good, the acting was good, the special effects were good, the costumes were good, the plot was even good, but the editing/choregraphy/"humor"/cheesiness really ruined it. I suppose the real problem is that it was intended for disney children which tends to ruin most movies. It woulda been good if the violence was more realistic. Peter Chamberlain

Since somebody is bound to ask about this handicapped comment I put in, i dont remember the details atm but I think the author of the original series was handicapped and people thought he should have been in the movie. but he wasnt. I dunno...

From the article: "The film was also criticized for having a handicapped wheelchair bound character played by a "star" (Branagh) who was not handicapped, when various persons associated with the film felt a handicapped individual was qualified for the role. The handicap was the absence of any body below the ribs ."

Honestly, as someone who has not seen the movie I can't make head or tail of the above paragraph. IMHO Wikipedia articles should be targeted at those who do not already know the things they are going to read about, so could someone please specify/explain? -- KF 12:05 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

Basically the handicapped guy didnt get the role of the handicapped guy and some people though it was discriminatory. Peter Chamberlain

 * I'm sorry, but WHAT handicapped guy?? While, sadly, there are millions of handicapped people, surely there's no one whose body has been amputated "below the ribs"? Also, would the person "associated with the film" (whatever that means) have been an actor? --KF 12:35 Apr 17, 2003 (UTC)

I obviously don't know WHAT handicapped guy. I think it was the guy who wrote the scripts for the original TV show. The persons associated with the film would be the producers, directors, actors, and casting personnel. Peter Chamberlain

WikiWiki
Are you sure it starts 'wikiwiki'? I had always heard 'Wicked Wicked'. Mark Richards 21:19, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Yep it starts 'wiki-wiki' and it should also be obvious that Wild Wild West, is a substitution for World Wide Web (many of the teaser posters had a WWW logo).
 * Obvious? It's based on a TV show that had the name 25 years before the Web even existed.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.88.67.230 (talk) 00:25, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Role of President Grant
Kevin Kline played President Grant, but as Artemis Gordon playing President Grant. I believe the President himself was actually played by Robert Conrad.

URL
This page has the BEST URL in the WORLD.

FACT --Sprinkles 20:05, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

The President was not played by Robert Conrad
The real President in Wild Wild West was actually Kevin Kline as well!

Al Fecund 18:12, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Plot summary
At over 1300 words, the plot summary had been tagged as overlong. I've replaced it with a briefer summary from an earlier revision (though it's still far too long). If you think the longer version had its merits, please consider reverting to that and trimming it to remove minor detail. --Tony Sidaway 10:37, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It is still too long, can someone slim it down to half of what it is. Not only is it big, but its also written in a confused way of joining the events in the film. Make it straightforward. --78.86.159.199 (talk) 01:54, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Academy Award
This movie didn't win an Oscar. Edited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmcma2sy (talk • contribs) 03:51, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

"After making a phenominal $499.7 million over its first 6 days, the box office numbers increased steam. At the end of its theatrical run in the United States, Wild Wild West made $1113 million domestically, well above its $170 million production budget. It made just over $2222 million worldwide."

WHAT??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.24.50.64 (talk) 19:22, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Kevin Smith
Given that two of the three Kevin Smith things can be attributed to the recent copy-write revelations about Superman. It isn't on-topic, but if you round down the important points, the guy simply wanted to make a movie with no copy-write - and with a spider enemy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.223.101.84 (talk) 19:39, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Vandalised
The reception and awards sections have been vandalised. I don't have the information to rewrite them, and my grasp of the wiki interface is such that I will leave the rolling back to previous versions to someone who knows what they are doing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.1.74.177 (talk) 06:28, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Production source
American Humane Association Film & TV Unit - detailed review of the animal treatment in Wild Wild West 4Russeteer (talk) 23:36, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erik (talk • contribs) 14:23, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wildroot (talk • contribs) 09:35, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Add them for what? We don't just add sources, we add sources to support what is in the article. Niteshift36 (talk) 14:30, 11 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I've edited a lot film articles and citations or references for use we put on talk pages are just articles that could add some more info if someone wants to use them. Wildroot (talk) 07:42, 16 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I've edited a lot film articles and citations or references for use we put on talk pages are just articles that could add some more info if someone wants to use them. Wildroot (talk) 07:42, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Robert Conrad, an Anglo-Saxon ??
Calling Robert Conrad an Anglo-Saxon (whatever an Anglo-Saxon is ?? ...but likely to avoid saying he's white, or something similar) is ridiculous. If the patently obvious MUST be stated, then do it directly without inaccurate bush beating (Maybe somethiong like; Jim West is white in the series ??). Conrad has few characteristics specific to the Anglo-Saxon people and apparently has Polish ancestry. In fact, calling someone with Polish heritage a (Germanic) Anglo-Saxon could be extremely offensive. Gloryroad (talk) 16:44, 25 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I changed it to Caucasian. Niteshift36 (talk) 18:22, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

I don't get it.
How was this film a disappointment? It managed to buy back its budget. Dinoboyaz (talk) 02:44, 18 August 2017 (UTC)

 * For the longest time, the rule of thumb was generally a film needed make three times it budget to be a success (lots of costs not included in its budget; advertising generally is not included in a film's budget, for example). Nowadays, with sales of DVDs, downloading, etc., it is probably more close to 2x its budget to be a success.  Here is an article explaining the basics far better than my quick reply.  https://io9.gizmodo.com/5747305/how-much-money-does-a-movie-need-to-make-to-be-profitable Sir Rhosis (talk) 04:23, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wild Wild West


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Lochans, Dumfries and Galloway

Lochans is a small village around 2.5 mi south of Stranraer, in Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland. In 1971 it had a population of 355.

Areas of historic significance
In the 19th century, Lochans Mill was a small two-storey range. The walls are made with stone rubble and the mill roofed with slate. In the late 1700s, this building was built as meal mill. The wheel at the side is made from cast iron and has six spokes mounted on a cast-iron axle; it is 3.66 m (12 ft) in diameter by 1.37m (4$1⁄2$ ft) wide. Everything inside the mill has been removed, so there is no machinery. "Lochan" is the Gaelic word for a small loch.

Glaciology
Lochans are also used by a variety of scientists in the field of glaciology. Lochans are simply lakes, ponds or small concentrated rivers which are located on high rise glaciers or in open-wide plains. Not to be confused by tarns, kettle ponds, or truncated spurs, lochans are much more concentrated and use up a smaller area.

title: Lochans, Dumfries and Galloway


text:
Talk:Acting

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 August 2019 and 2 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Abibatoudia.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:21, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Professional Actor & Training/System
The info under the Professional Actor was about training/system/courses. It's better under a heading that says something like that. I decided to Be Bold and change it. That leaves the Professional Actor heading, which I haven't taken out yet. I added a definition, along with the existing line about not all being trained and added an example (Bob Hoskins). (I believe he could be well known some other placed than England, as I believe he may have done a couple of films, as well as the TV we all know him for!!!!) Dannman (talk) 11:31, 30 May 2015 (UTC)

Woefully limited and perhaps outdated
This article seems to conceive the subject as limited to conventional Western illusionistic speaking theatre. No epic theatre, no Asian theatre traditions ... The section on "Semiotics of Acting" is either fluff or BS; it's best to throw it out completely until the structure of this article somehow does justice to the broad field of theatre aesthetics. Wegesrand (talk) 10:48, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has been accused of having a systemic bias. Frequently, the articles are written from a modern, Western viewpoint, as this reflects the background of the majority of its editors.  Google Books might be a good place to search for sources to expand the article.  Beyond that, I'm not exactly sure what to suggest, as I'm not overly well-informed on the topic. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 19:57, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * In addition to the Western bias, I suspect a certain amount of pop-culture bias is at work here too. Wegesrand (talk) 14:51, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
 * It's a mess from start to end. I've trimmed away some of the most obviously incorrect material, but it all needs substantial work.  • DP •  {huh?} 17:14, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

I've made a start on improving the article, spending a few hours cleaning up what was here, rephrasing for a more encyclopaedic tone, and adding material on the history of improvisation (it was sounding like Spolin was the fountainhead before, which would be a considerable stretch) and the different kinds of physical approaches most likely to be encountered in training in the West. I've organised the "See also" section into two parts: articles on specific methodologies first, followed by a list of major practitioners. I have selected practitioners on the basis of their development of a unique approach to actor training, rather than the more prosaic sense of "anyone who practises". I used those who appear as the subject of articles in the volume Actor Training (second edition) as the basis for that list, thus excluding other who tend to recycle (usually Stanislavski or Strasberg) other's ideas as their own (however fashionable they may or may not be). I started by making an attempt to replace the embarassing section on "theatre semiotics" that was in place before I began, which clearly hadn't grasped what semiotics is all about. I didn't get very far--just outlining how a semiotics of acting might relate to Stanislavski, Brecht, Artaud, and then relating it to Play (activity), but it was already beginning to dominate the article, so I stopped at that. Needless to say, sections on the various global approaches to actor training and performance in India, China, Japan, etc. are still the most glaring omissions. If you've come here looking for that, please do feel free to grab a reliable source and start paraphrasing it for whichever areas most interest you. The article would certainly benefit from all the help it can get. Happy editing,  • DP •  {huh?} 21:14, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

Differentiating the articles: Acting vs. Actor
Looking at the content of the two subject articles, it appears that the article [Acting] has more content relevant to the topic of actors (e.g., Resume and Auditioning, Stress, Training), while the article [Actor] has more content relevant to acting (History, Types, media). I'm not sure how to address the problem. Maybe a merge? Rewrite each? Swap content? I don't know, but if the two are articles are kept, I think at least there should be some kind of understanding about the scope of each.  Sparkie82 ( t • c ) 20:44, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acting


text:
LLVM

LLVM is a set of compiler and toolchain technologies that can be used to develop a frontend for any programming language and a backend for any instruction set architecture. LLVM is designed around a language-independent intermediate representation (IR) that serves as a portable, high-level assembly language that can be optimized with a variety of transformations over multiple passes. The name LLVM originally stood for Low Level Virtual Machine, though the project has expanded and the name is no longer officially an initialism.

LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, link-time, runtime, and "idle-time" optimization. Originally implemented for C and C++, the language-agnostic design of LLVM has since spawned a wide variety of frontends: languages with compilers that use LLVM (or which do not directly use LLVM but can generate compiled programs as LLVM IR) include ActionScript, Ada, C# for .NET,  Common Lisp, PicoLisp, Crystal, CUDA, D, Delphi, Dylan, Forth, Fortran, FreeBASIC, Free Pascal, Halide, Haskell, Java bytecode, Julia, Kotlin, LabVIEW's G language,  Lua, Objective-C, OpenCL, PostgreSQL's SQL and PLpgSQL, Ruby, Rust, Scala,  Swift, Xojo, and Zig.

History
The LLVM project started in 2000 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, under the direction of Vikram Adve and Chris Lattner. LLVM was originally developed as a research infrastructure to investigate dynamic compilation techniques for static and dynamic programming languages. LLVM was released under the University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License, a permissive free software licence. In 2005, Apple Inc. hired Lattner and formed a team to work on the LLVM system for various uses within Apple's development systems. LLVM has been an integral part of Apple's Xcode development tools for macOS and iOS since Xcode 4 in 2011.

In 2006, Lattner started working on a new project named Clang. The combination of Clang frontend and LLVM backend is named Clang/LLVM or simply Clang.

The name LLVM was originally an initialism for Low Level Virtual Machine. However, the LLVM project evolved into an umbrella project that has little relationship to what most current developers think of as a virtual machine. This made the initialism "confusing" and "inappropriate", and since 2011 LLVM is "officially no longer an acronym", but a brand that applies to the LLVM umbrella project. The project encompasses the LLVM intermediate representation (IR), the LLVM debugger, the LLVM implementation of the C++ Standard Library (with full support of C++11 and C++14 ), etc. LLVM is administered by the LLVM Foundation. Compiler engineer Tanya Lattner became its president in 2014 and was in post.

"For designing and implementing LLVM", the Association for Computing Machinery presented Vikram Adve, Chris Lattner, and Evan Cheng with the 2012 ACM Software System Award.

The project was originally available under the UIUC license. After v9.0.0 released in 2019, LLVM relicensed to the Apache License 2.0 with LLVM Exceptions. about 400 contributions had not been relicensed.

Features
LLVM can provide the middle layers of a complete compiler system, taking intermediate representation (IR) code from a compiler and emitting an optimized IR. This new IR can then be converted and linked into machine-dependent assembly language code for a target platform. LLVM can accept the IR from the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) toolchain, allowing it to be used with a wide array of extant compiler front-ends written for that project. LLVM can also be built with gcc after version 7.5.

LLVM can also generate relocatable machine code at compile-time or link-time or even binary machine code at runtime.

LLVM supports a language-independent instruction set and type system. Each instruction is in static single assignment form (SSA), meaning that each variable (called a typed register) is assigned once and then frozen. This helps simplify the analysis of dependencies among variables. LLVM allows code to be compiled statically, as it is under the traditional GCC system, or left for late-compiling from the IR to machine code via just-in-time compilation (JIT), similar to Java. The type system consists of basic types such as integer or floating-point numbers and five derived types: pointers, arrays, vectors, structures, and functions. A type construct in a concrete language can be represented by combining these basic types in LLVM. For example, a class in C++ can be represented by a mix of structures, functions and arrays of function pointers.

The LLVM JIT compiler can optimize unneeded static branches out of a program at runtime, and thus is useful for partial evaluation in cases where a program has many options, most of which can easily be determined unneeded in a specific environment. This feature is used in the OpenGL pipeline of Mac OS X Leopard (v10.5) to provide support for missing hardware features.

Graphics code within the OpenGL stack can be left in intermediate representation and then compiled when run on the target machine. On systems with high-end graphics processing units (GPUs), the resulting code remains quite thin, passing the instructions on to the GPU with minimal changes. On systems with low-end GPUs, LLVM will compile optional procedures that run on the local central processing unit (CPU) that emulate instructions that the GPU cannot run internally. LLVM improved performance on low-end machines using Intel GMA chipsets. A similar system was developed under the Gallium3D LLVMpipe, and incorporated into the GNOME shell to allow it to run without a proper 3D hardware driver loaded.

In 2011, programs compiled by GCC outperformed those from LLVM by 10%, on average. In 2013, phoronix reported that LLVM had caught up with GCC, compiling binaries of approximately equal performance.

Components
LLVM has become an umbrella project containing multiple components.

Frontends
LLVM was originally written to be a replacement for the extant code generator in the GCC stack, and many of the GCC frontends have been modified to work with it, resulting in the now-defunct LLVM-GCC suite. The modifications generally involve a GIMPLE-to-LLVM IR step so that LLVM optimizers and codegen can be used instead of GCC's GIMPLE system. Apple was a significant user of LLVM-GCC through Xcode 4.x (2013). This use of the GCC frontend was considered mostly a temporary measure, but with the advent of Clang and advantages of LLVM and Clang's modern and modular codebase (as well as compilation speed), is mostly obsolete.

LLVM currently supports compiling of Ada, C, C++, D, Delphi, Fortran, Haskell, Julia, Objective-C, Rust, and Swift using various frontends.

Widespread interest in LLVM has led to several efforts to develop new frontends for many languages. The one that has received the most attention is Clang, a newer compiler supporting C, C++, and Objective-C. Primarily supported by Apple, Clang is aimed at replacing the C/Objective-C compiler in the GCC system with a system that is more easily integrated with integrated development environments (IDEs) and has wider support for multithreading. Support for OpenMP directives has been included in Clang since release 3.8.

The Utrecht Haskell compiler can generate code for LLVM. While the generator was in early stages of development, in many cases it was more efficient than the C code generator. The Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) backend uses LLVM and achieves a 30% speed-up of compiled code relative to native code compiling via GHC or C code generation followed by compiling, missing only one of the many optimizing techniques implemented by the GHC.

Many other components are in various stages of development, including, but not limited to, the Rust compiler, a Java bytecode frontend, a Common Intermediate Language (CIL) frontend, the MacRuby implementation of Ruby 1.9, various frontends for Standard ML, and a new graph coloring register allocator.

Intermediate representation

The core of LLVM is the intermediate representation (IR), a low-level programming language similar to assembly. IR is a strongly typed reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set which abstracts away most details of the target. For example, the calling convention is abstracted through  and   instructions with explicit arguments. Also, instead of a fixed set of registers, IR uses an infinite set of temporaries of the form %0, %1, etc. LLVM supports three equivalent forms of IR: a human-readable assembly format, an in-memory format suitable for frontends, and a dense bitcode format for serializing. A simple "Hello, world!" program in the IR format:

The many different conventions used and features provided by different targets mean that LLVM cannot truly produce a target-independent IR and retarget it without breaking some established rules. Examples of target dependence beyond what is explicitly mentioned in the documentation can be found in a 2011 proposal for "wordcode", a fully target-independent variant of LLVM IR intended for online distribution. A more practical example is PNaCl.

The LLVM project also introduces another type of intermediate representation named MLIR which helps build reusable and extensible compiler infrastructure by employing a plugin architecture named Dialect. It enables the use of higher-level information on the program structure in the process of optimization including polyhedral compilation.

Backends
At version 16, LLVM supports many instruction sets, including IA-32, x86-64, ARM, Qualcomm Hexagon, LoongArch, M68K, MIPS, NVIDIA Parallel Thread Execution (PTX, also named NVPTX in LLVM documentation), PowerPC, AMD TeraScale, most AMD GPU recent ones (also named AMDGPU in LLVM documentation), SPARC, z/Architecture (also named SystemZ in LLVM documentation), and XCore.

Some features are not available on some platforms. Most features are present for IA-32, x86-64, z/Architecture, ARM, and PowerPC. RISC-V is supported as of version 7.

In the past, LLVM also supported other backends, fully or partially, including C backend, Cell SPU, mblaze (MicroBlaze), AMD R600, DEC/Compaq Alpha (Alpha AXP) and Nios2, but that hardware is mostly obsolete, and LLVM developers decided the support and maintenance costs were no longer justified.

LLVM also supports WebAssembly as a target, enabling compiled programs to execute in WebAssembly-enabled environments such as Google Chrome / Chromium, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari or WAVM. LLVM-compliant WebAssembly compilers typically support mostly unmodified source code written in C, C++, D, Rust, Nim, Kotlin and several other languages.

The LLVM machine code (MC) subproject is LLVM's framework for translating machine instructions between textual forms and machine code. Formerly, LLVM relied on the system assembler, or one provided by a toolchain, to translate assembly into machine code. LLVM MC's integrated assembler supports most LLVM targets, including IA-32, x86-64, ARM, and ARM64. For some targets, including the various MIPS instruction sets, integrated assembly support is usable but still in the beta stage.

Linker
The lld subproject is an attempt to develop a built-in, platform-independent linker for LLVM. lld aims to remove dependence on a third-party linker. , lld supports ELF, PE/COFF, Mach-O, and WebAssembly in descending order of completeness. lld is faster than both flavors of GNU ld.

Unlike the GNU linkers, lld has built-in support for link-time optimization (LTO). This allows for faster code generation as it bypasses the use of a linker plugin, but on the other hand prohibits interoperability with other flavors of LTO.

C++ Standard Library
The LLVM project includes an implementation of the C++ Standard Library named libc++, dual-licensed under the MIT License and the UIUC license.

Since v9.0.0, it was relicensed to the Apache License 2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.

Polly
This implements a suite of cache-locality optimizations as well as auto-parallelism and vectorization using a polyhedral model.

C Standard Library
llvm-libc is an incomplete, upcoming, ABI independent C standard library designed by and for the LLVM project.

Derivatives
Due to its permissive license, many vendors release their own tuned forks of LLVM. This is officially recognized by LLVM's documentation, which suggests against using version numbers in feature checks for this reason. Some of the vendors include:
 * AMD's AMD Optimizing C/C++ Compiler is based on LLVM, Clang, and Flang.
 * Apple maintains an open-source fork for Xcode.
 * Arm provides a number of LLVM based toolchains, including Arm Compiler for Embedded targeting bare-metal development and Arm Compiler for Linux targeting the High Performance Computing market
 * Flang, Fortran project in development
 * IBM is adopting LLVM in its C/C++ and Fortran compilers.
 * Intel has adopted LLVM for their next generation Intel C++ Compiler.
 * The Los Alamos National Laboratory has a parallel-computing fork of LLVM 8 named "Kitsune".
 * Nvidia uses LLVM in the implementation of its NVVM CUDA Compiler. The NVVM compiler is distinct from the "NVPTX" backend mentioned in the Backends section, although both generate PTX code for Nvidia GPUs.
 * Since 2013, Sony has been using LLVM's primary front-end Clang compiler in the software development kit (SDK) of its PlayStation 4 console.

Literature

 * Chris Lattner - The Architecture of Open Source Applications - Chapter 11 LLVM, ISBN 978-1257638017, released 2012 under CC BY 3.0 (Open Access).
 * LLVM: A Compilation Framework for Lifelong Program Analysis & Transformation, a published paper by Chris Lattner, Vikram Adve

title: LLVM


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1989 in India

Events in the year 1989 in the Republic of India.

1989 was a very important year in the history of World and India. That was the year in which Berlin Wall was brought down and Tiananmen Square protests happened.

In India this was the year of profound importance. It was the year, from which the political discourse of India started to change, with events that heralded the rise of Hindu nationalism, Kashmir militancy, Mandal Politics, Indian cricket etc. and marked the shift from era of single party rule to decades of coalition governments ahead. In socio-political discourse of country, this was a year which started the shift of, sense of history in minds of people from a consensus based one that emerged post 1947 to contested one that emerged along with Ram Janmabhoomi Andolan.

Incumbents

 * President of India – R. Venkataraman
 * Prime Minister of India – Rajiv Gandhi until 2 December, V. P. Singh
 * Vice President of India – Shankar Dayal Sharma
 * Chief Justice of India –
 * until 18 June – Raghunandan Swarup Pathak
 * 19 June – 18 December – Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah
 * starting 18 December – Sabyasachi Mukharji

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Kumud Ben Joshi
 * Arunachal Pradesh – R. D. Pradhan
 * Assam –
 * until 10 May: Bhishma Narain Singh
 * 10 May-21 July: Harideo Joshi
 * starting 21 July: Anisetti Raghuvir
 * Bihar –
 * until 24 January: Govind Narayan Singh
 * 24 January-28 January: Dipak Kumar Sen
 * 29 January-2 February: R.D. Pradhan
 * starting 3 March: Jagannath Pahadia
 * Goa – Gopal Singh (until 17 July), Khurshed Alam Khan (starting 17 July)
 * Gujarat – Ram Krishna Trivedi
 * Haryana – Hari Anand Barari
 * Himachal Pradesh – R. K. S. Ghandhi
 * Jammu and Kashmir – Jagmohan Malhotra (until 11 July), K. V. Krishna Rao (starting 11 July)
 * Karnataka – Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah
 * Kerala – Ram Dulari Sinha
 * Madhya Pradesh – K.M Chandy (until 30 March), Sarla Grewal (starting 30 March)
 * Maharashtra – Ram Dulari Sinha
 * Manipur – K. V. Krishna Rao (until 7 July), Chintamani Panigrahi (starting 7 July)
 * Meghalaya –
 * until 10 May: Bhishma Narain Singh
 * 11 May-26 July: Harideo Joshi
 * starting 27 July: A. A. Rahim
 * Mizoram –
 * until 30 April: Hiteswar Saikia
 * 1 May-20 July: K. V. Krishna Rao
 * starting 21 July: W. A. Sangma
 * Nagaland – K. V. Krishna Rao (until 19 July), Gopal Singh (starting 19 July)
 * Odisha – Saiyid Nurul Hasan
 * Punjab – Siddhartha Shankar Ray (until 8 December), Nirmal Kumar Mukherjee (starting 8 December)
 * Rajasthan – Sukhdev Prasad (starting 20 February)
 * Sikkim – T.V. Rajeswar (until 1 March), S.K. Bhatnagar (starting 1 March)
 * Tamil Nadu – P. C. Alexander
 * Tripura – K. V. Krishna Rao (until 11 July), Sultan Singh (starting 11 July)
 * Uttar Pradesh – Mohammed Usman Arif
 * West Bengal – Saiyid Nurul Hasan (until 20 March), T. V. Rajeswar (starting 20 March)

Events

 * National income - ₹4,932,776 million

January - May

 * 6 January – Satwant Singh and Kehar Singh who were convicted in Assassination of Indira Gandhi hanged to death in Tihar Jail.
 * 15 January – The first Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council elections took place and Gorkha National Liberation Front under leadership of Subhash Ghisingh.
 * 17 January – Indian aviation ministry announces plan for purchasing Soviet made commercial aircraft Yak 42, Tupolev Tu-204, Ilyushin Il-96 for national carriers Vayudoot, Indian Airlines and Air India respectively.
 * 24 January – The second Mizoram Assembly After statehood came into power as a Congress (I) led government under leadership of Lal Thanhawla.
 * 25 January – Congress (I) led government under chief minister ship of S. C. Jamir came into power in Nagaland post assembly elections.
 * 27 January – DMK alliance led National Front government came into power in Tamil Nadu by sweeping the polls and giving a major setback to Congress (I).
 * 14 February – Union Carbide agrees to pay USD $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.
 * March – Certificate of Deposit and Commercial Paper introduced to widen the monetary instruments and give investors greater flexibility.
 * March 25 - In a pandemonium in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly opposition leader J. Jayalalithaa physically assaulted by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam M.L.A.
 * April – Amendment to Banking, Public Financial Institution and Negotiable Instruments Laws enacted to encourage the culture of use of cheques in India. It introduced penalties for the dishonour of cheques.
 * April – Service Area Approach for rural lending became operational.
 * 22 May – India's first Intermediate-range ballistic missile, Agni was successfully launched from Chandipur, Odisha. It elevated India into a prestige league of only five nations in world with IRBM strategic capability. This was a landmark moment under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.

June - December

 * 1 June – The Sri Lankan president Ranasinghe Premadasa publicly announced through press that Indian Peace Keeping Force must leave the island by 29 July 1989. The IPKF withdrawal started by 1989 and ended in March 1990.
 * 1 July – CRR raised to 15% taking statutory preemptions of banks' resources in the form of the Statutory Liquidity Ratio and the Cash Reserve Ratio to over 53%.
 * 7 November – Vishva Hindu Parishad leadership was allowed to lay foundation stone at Ayodhya dispute site. In run up to the election Rajiv Gandhi then Prime Minister gave permission to perform shilaanyaas.
 * 9 November - Shilanyaas performed at Ayodhya.
 * 15 November – Sachin Tendulkar makes his debut in international cricket. Sachin at Castrol Golden Spanner Awards.jpg, who made his debut in international cricket on 15 November 1989, went on to become one of the most renowned Indian cricketer around the world.]]
 * 2 December – V.P. Singh becomes the Prime Minister of India after Lok Sabha elections. He came into power in a coalition led by Janata Dal as National Front with support of Bharatiya Janata Party, Telugu Desam Party and left parties. Despite being an upper caste he initiated the most revolutionary and controversial step of implementing Mandal Commission in the next year
 * 8 December – 1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed an event that helped militancy in Kashmir to gather momentum. Ms. Sayeed was daughter of then Home Minister of India, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.

Births

 * 30 January – Girish Kumar, film actor.
 * 8 March – Harmanpreet Kaur, cricketer.
 * 23 March – Thakur Anoop Singh, film actor and bodybuilder.
 * 17 April – Sunaina, actress.
 * 5 May – Raai Laxmi, actress.
 * 9 May – Vijay Devarakonda, actor.
 * 2 September – Ishmeet Singh Sodhi, winner Amul STAR Voice of India in 2007 (died 2008).
 * 10 September
 * Manish Pandey, cricketer.
 * Catherine Tresa, actress and model.
 * 12 September – Gautham Karthik, actor.
 * 14 October Punam Raut, cricketer
 * 20 November – Sai Dhanshika, actress.
 * 21 December – Tamannaah Bhatia, actress.
 * 31 December – Priya Bhavani Shankar, actress and television presenter.

Deaths

 * 2 January – Safdar Hashmi, Street theatre artist and activist was murdered by people linked with Indian National Congress.
 * 16 January – South Indian actor Prem Nazir died.
 * 1 March – Vasantdada Patil, Politician, Former Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Former Governor of Rajasthan (born 1917).
 * 21 September – Abhinava Vidyatirtha, 35th Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham (born 1917).

title: 1989 in India


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Talk:Hendecagon

What is the Susan B Anthony Dollar? Thanks! Mark Richards 21:24, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

A Susan B Anthony coin is a US one-dollar coin, right? One of those annoying special edition things. I'm not entirely sure. Agkeene 05:06, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

It was regular currency for several years and was very unpopular. Most people didn't like to use them because they were too similar in size to the quarter-dollar (and Anthony was homely). The Sacagawea dollar works much better, although people don't generally use it as pocket change.--Syd Henderson 20:22, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Indeed a word of Greek origin
Hendecagon is indeed a word phonetically derived from the greek "Ενδεκάγωνο". I.e. Ένδεκα(Hendeca)=11 and γωνία(gonia)=angle. The final -ia drops out in the English word to facilitate pronunciation. Also in modern Greek the leading "H" is silent. In ancient Greek it sounded more kind of todays English, like a soft "H"

(Note: In order for your browser to properly display the Greek text you need to select the Unicode (UTF-8) encoding. Mind you that when the "Eastern European (Windows)" encoding is selected (it is the default selection in the US) the Greek text will not be properly displayed.)

Thank you,

Dimitrios G. Panagiotidis Chicago, IL - USA.

Equation extends off page
Math equation extends far off page. Can anyone look into a way of fixing this? Beyond my scope. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhahner18 (talk • contribs) 02:14, 10 January 2019 (UTC)
 * This edit was the culprit. Fixed, thanks. Don't know why nobody else noticed in a year and a half. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:23, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hendecagon


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Korenizatsiia

Korenizatsiia (коренизация, ; коренізація; ) was an early policy of the Soviet Union for the integration of non-Russian nationalities into the governments of their specific Soviet republics. In the 1920s, the policy promoted representatives of the titular nation, and their national minorities, into the lower administrative levels of the local government, bureaucracy, and nomenklatura of their Soviet republics. The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. In Russian, the term korenizatsiya (коренизация) derives from korennoye naseleniye (коренное население, "native population"). The policy practically ended in the mid-1930s with the deportations of various nationalities.

Politically and culturally, the nativization policy aimed to eliminate Russian domination and culture in Soviet republics where ethnic Russians did not constitute a majority. This policy was implemented even in areas with large Russian-speaking populations; for instance, all children in Ukraine were taught in the Ukrainian language in school. The policies of korenizatsiia facilitated the Communist Party's establishment of the local languages in government and education, in publishing, in culture, and in public life. In that manner, the cadre of the local Communist Party were promoted to every level of government, and ethnic Russians working in said governments were required to learn the local language and culture of the given Soviet republic.

Beginnings
The nationalities policy was formulated by the Bolshevik party in 1913, four years before they came to power in Russia. Vladimir Lenin sent a young Joseph Stalin (himself a Georgian and therefore an ethnic minority member) to Vienna, which was a very ethnically diverse city due to its status as capital of the Austro-Hungarian empire. Stalin reported back to Moscow with his ideas for the policy. It was summarized in Stalin's pamphlet (his first scholarly publication), Marxism and the National Question (1913).

As adopted in 1923 korenizatsiia involved teaching and administration in the language of the republic; and promoting non-Russians to positions of power in Republic administrations and the party, including for a time the creation of a special administrative units called natssovety (нацсоветы, national rural councils) and natsrayony (нацрайоны, national districts) based on concentrations of minorities within what were minority republics. For example, in Ukraine in the late 1920s there were even natssovety for Russians and Estonians.

In 1920s, there still was animosity towards the Russians and towards other nationalities on the part of the Russians, but there were also conflicts and rivalries among other nationalities.

Against Great-Russian chauvinism
In 1923, at the 12th Party Congress, Stalin identified two threats to the success of the party's "nationalities policy": Great Power Chauvinism (великодержавный шовинизм, chauvinism of the great power) and local nationalism. However, he described the former as the greater danger:

"[The] Great-Russian chauvinist spirit, which is becoming stronger and stronger owing to the N.E.P., . . . [finds] expression in an arrogantly disdainful and heartlessly bureaucratic attitude on the part of Russian Soviet officials towards the needs and requirements of the national republics. The multi-national Soviet state can become really durable, and the co-operation of the peoples within it really fraternal, only if these survivals are vigorously and irrevocably eradicated from the practice of our state institutions. Hence, the first immediate task of our Party is vigorously to combat the survivals of Great-Russian chauvinism."

The main danger, Great-Russian chauvinism, should be kept in check by the Russians themselves, for the sake of the larger goal of building socialism. Within the (minority) nationality areas new institutions should be organized giving the state a national (minority) character everywhere, built on the use of the nationality languages in government and education, and on the recruitment and promotion of leaders from the ranks of minority groups. On the central level the nationalities should be represented in the Soviet of Nationalities.

Creation of socialist nations
The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. By the mid-1930s the percentage of locals in both the party and state service grew considerably.

The initial period of korenizatsiia went together with the development of national-territorial administrative units and national cultures. The latter was reflected above all in the areas of language construction and education. For several of the small nationalities in Russia that had no literary language, a "Committee of the North" helped to create alphabets so that the national languages could be taught in schools and literacy could be brought to the people in their native languages—and the minorities would thereby be brought from backwardness to the modern world. And in the very large Ukrainian Republic, the program of Ukrainianization led to a profound shift of the language of instruction in schools to Ukrainian.

In 1930, Stalin proclaimed at the 16th Party Congress that building socialism was a period of blossoming of national cultures. The final goal would be to merge into one international culture with a common language. Meanwhile, the first five-year plan in 1928–1931 was a period of radicalism, utopianism and violence in an atmosphere of "cultural revolution". Russian cultural heritage was under attack, churches were closed and demolished, old specialists were dismissed, and science and art were proletarianized.

The Bolsheviks' tactics in their struggle to neutralise nationalist aspirations led to political results by the beginning of the 1930s. The old structure of the Russian Empire had been destroyed and a hierarchical federal state structure, based on the national principle, was created. The structure was nationality-based states in which nationality cultures were blossoming, and nationality languages were spoken and used at schools and in local administration. The transition was real, not merely a centralized Russian empire camouflaged.

The 17th Party congress in 1934, proclaimed that the building of the material basis for a socialist society had succeeded. The Soviet Union first became an officially socialist society in 1936 when the new constitution was adopted. The new constitution stated that the many socialist nations had transformed on a voluntary basis into a harmonious union. According to the new constitution there were 11 socialist republics, 22 autonomous republics, nine autonomous regions and nine national territories. At the same time, administration was now greatly centralised. All the Republics were now harnessed to serve one common socialist state.

Purges of national cadre
Between 1933 and 1938 korenizatsiia was not actually repealed. Its provisions merely stopped being enforced. There also began purges of the leaderships of the national republics and territories. The charge against non-Russians was that they had instigated national strife and oppressed the Russians or other minorities in the republics. In 1937, the Soviet government proclaimed that local elites had become hired foreign agents and their goal had become dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the restoration of capitalism. Now it was time to see that the Russians got fair treatment. National leaderships of the republics and autonomies were liquidated en masse.

Reversal to Russification
By the mid-1930s, with purges in some of the national areas, the policy of korenizatsiia took a new turn, and by the end of the 1930s the policy of promoting local languages began to be balanced by greater Russianization, though perhaps not overt Russification or attempts to assimilate the minorities. By this time, non-Russians found their appetite whetted rather than satiated by korenizatsiia and there was indication it was encouraging inter-ethnic violence to the extent that the territorial integrity of the USSR would be in danger. In addition, ethnic Russians resented the institutionalized and artificial "reverse discrimination" that benefited non-Russians and regarded them as ungrateful and manipulative as a result. Another concern was that the Soviet Union's westernmost minorities – Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Finns etc. – who had been previously treated with conscious benevolence in order to provide propaganda value to members of their ethnic groups in nations bordering the USSR (and thus facilitating future national unification, which would then bring about territorial expansion of the USSR) were now instead increasingly seen as vulnerable to influence from across the border, "fifth columns" for expansionist states seeking to acquire Soviet territory inhabited by their own ethnic group. The adherence of the masses to national rather than class identity was as strong in Russia as in other republics and regions. Between 1937 and 1953, racial policies began to creep into nationality policies, with certain nationalities seen as having immutable traits, particularly nationalities in the unstable borderlands.

Moreover, Stalin seemed set on greatly reducing the number of officially recognized nationalities by contracting the official list of nationalities in the 1939 census, compared with the 1926 census. The development of so-called "national schools" (национальные школы) in which the languages of minority nationalities were the main media of instruction continued, spreading literacy and universal education in many national minority languages, while teaching Russian as a required subject of study. The term korenizatsiia went out of use in the latter half of the 1930s, replaced by more bureaucratic expressions, such as "selection and placement of national cadres" (подбор и расстановка национальных кадров).

From 1937, the central press started to praise Russian language and Russian culture. Mass campaigns were organized to denounce the "enemies of the people". "Bourgeois nationalists" were new enemies of the Russian people which had suppressed the Russian language. The policy of indigenization was abandoned. In the following years, the Russian language became a compulsory subject in all Soviet schools.

Pre-revolution Russian nationalism was also rehabilitated. Many of the heroes of Russian history were re-appropriated for glorification. The Russian people became the "elder brother" of the "socialist family of nations". A new kind of patriotism, Soviet patriotism, emerged, with national survival taking priority over ideological conflicts between communists and fascists.

In 1938, Russian became a mandatory subject of study in all non-Russian schools. In general, the cultural and linguistic russification reflected the overall centralization imposed by Stalin. The Cyrillic script was instituted for a number of Soviet languages, including the languages of Central Asia that in the late 1920s had been given Latin alphabets to replace Arabic ones.

Moldova became part of the USSR as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Soon after, the language of the country was renamed to "Moldavian" and it ceased being written in the Latin alphabet, changing to Cyrillic. This policy would only be reversed in 1989, after large demonstrations imbued with patriotic feeling. Romanian is an official language in the Moldovan constitution since its independence, and it is Moldova's sole official language today. Russian is still in use but not as important as it was in the Soviet era, since it has no special status in the country and its usage as mother tongue has been declining for some time.

During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million.

Some historians evaluating the Soviet Union as a colonial empire ("Soviet Empire"), applied the "prison of nations" idea to the USSR. Thomas Winderl wrote "The USSR became in a certain sense more a prison-house of nations than the old Empire had ever been."

title: Korenizatsiia


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Swim Ireland

Swim Ireland (Cumann Snámh Éireann) is the national governing body of swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming and synchronised swimming in the island of Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Competitors from Northern Ireland can opt to compete for British Swimming in international competitions, with the exception of the Commonwealth Games where they can compete for Northern Ireland.

Swim Ireland is affiliated with LEN, FINA and the Olympic Council of Ireland.

History
Swim Ireland emerged in 1998 from the Irish Amateur Swimming Association (IASA), that was dissolved in January 1999 following proven sexual abuse and other scandals involving senior coaches. Swim Ireland assumed IASA abuse victim liabilities.

Domestic competitions
Swim Ireland runs national meets which include: Swim Ireland works with the different regions in organising competitions such as provincial Age Group Championships as well as other graded, distance and inter-club meets. They also work with the Irish Schools Swimming Association who run the Irish Minor and Secondary Schools Championships.
 * Dave McCullagh Memorial (March/April)
 * Irish Open Championships (April/May)
 * Irish Age Groups Division 2 (June)
 * Irish Age Group/Youth Championships (July)
 * Irish Open SC Championships (July/August)
 * Irish Open Diving Championships (November)
 * Irish Age Groups Division 1

The Age Group InterProvincial takes place every year at the beginning of the summer months for swimmers up to the age of 16 years. This is where teams from the 4 provinces of Ireland (Ulster, Munster, Leinster and Connacht) compete against each other.

These competitions take place in either the National Aquatic Centre, Dublin or at University Arena, Limerick. Both pools have the compatibility to be changed into 50m and 25m.

In 2003, Swim Ireland hosted the European Short Course Championships at the National Aquatic Centre in Dublin. The event was a resounding success with a world record being broken by the Dutch in the final race, the men's 4x50m Freestyle relay.

Swim Ireland also organise The Liffey Swim which takes place in August to September annually.

Irish swimmers
Swim Ireland recently introduced a new squad structure. This begins with Club Level, then Regional Level, National Level and finally the Elite Squad.

title: Swim Ireland


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Sanctum (1998 video game)

Sanctum is a two-player digital collectible card game, played online against human opponents. Players log into a "Game Lobby" (known as "The Gate") to find other players to challenge to a match. It runs on the Windows operating system. It was developed by Digital Addiction in 1997, and was launched to public participation on July 9, 1998. At its peak, the game had over 1200 active participants (who logged in at least twice weekly over a period of three months). Registered users reached 82,000 by 1999, and by May, 2000 had over 100 thousand registered users. It was one of the first online trading card games, and received many favorable reviews.

The virtual "collectible cards" include common, uncommon, and rare, with different powers, in-game functions and artwork. They do not exist as actual physical cards (with the exception of a few that were distributed by Digital Addiction for promotional purposes) but they are owned and traded in an online account, and are played solely within the virtual environment of Sanctum. A registered player is given a certain number of free cards to play, and additional cards can be purchased through the online card store.

Sanctum has had a devoted user following, with player clubs and cabals, tournaments and prizes, secondary card markets, fan fiction, trivia contests, and dozens of fan web sites.

Sanctum is currently run by members of its community. The most recent update to the game was released February 17, 2014.

Game overview
The goal of each player is to defend his or her sanctum from encroachment by their opponent. If a player manages to get some of their units into the opponent's sanctum, the game is over with that player declared the winner.

The game is played on a diagonally aligned grid of square tiles. The player's home base appears in the bottom rows, taking up five squares in a plus-sign shape; the opponent's sanctum similarly was located in the top rows. Five towns are placed on the board, one in one of the two center squares, and each pair of the other four are located closer to one sanctum than the other. No two towns are closer than two spaces apart, and each player's sanctum was the same number of moves to its closest town, and so on, such that no player has a tactical advantage from town placement. The rest of the squares of the grid are randomly assigned one of the basic terrain types: plains, forest, desert, water, swampland or mountains.

Sanctums and towns produce one of six "mana" types every turn (Clarity, Mystery, Order, Strife, Will, and World), with sanctums only able to produce the type of mana associated with the house the player utilized, while towns can be dedicated to any mana of the player's choice. Players assemble "decks" out of their virtual cards. Each card has a cost in mana, and has varying effects. Each player is dealt five cards out of their decks, and can cast as many in their turn as their mana allows, as well as discard up to one. At the end of their turn, a player's hand is replenished to five cards.

Towns and sanctums also periodically produce novices every so many turns (every other turn for towns, and every fourth turn for sanctums). These are trained as Swordsmen or Archers to fight for their player, to attack monsters summoned by the enemy, to capture towns, or ultimately to capture the enemy Sanctum. These units can stack in groups of up to eight, and individuals or entire groups can be affected by various spells.

Structure
As with many fantasy games, spell-casting in Sanctum is constrained by a limited resource called Mana. In this game, mana comes in six types, in three pairs of opposites:

 * Strife / Order
 * Clarity / Mystery
 * Will / World

There are also twelve "houses", each holding claim to a specific pair of mana types, one major and one minor for that house, and a race of beings who serve it with a special power:

Decks of at least 30 cards are constructed and assigned a specific house, though cards from other houses can be included.

History
Sanctum was built by Digital Addiction starting in 1996. Released on July 9, 1998, Sanctum was one of the first online collectible card games.

The original development team included artist Lee Moyer, programmer (now conceptual artist and games academic) Ethan Ham, and programmer and author Benjamin Rosenbaum. Rosenbaum's World Fantasy Award-nominated story "A Siege of Cranes" is set in the game's universe.

In 2000, Digital Addiction closed its doors. Faced with the prospect of the game vanishing, several players created the non-profit company Nioga ("Non-profit International Online Gaming Association") and acquired the game-related assets of Digital Addiction with the intent of keeping it running for its players. The Nioga members intended to donate all game profits (generated through the sale of virtual cards) to charity. Nioga maintained the game and released an expansion set, Revolutions.

Over time, player retention and game revenues dwindled. The non-profit status of Nioga was eventually canceled. On June 1, 2010, the Sanctum servers were shut down at the co-location facility.

In January 2012 a new community effort to make the Sanctum game available for play was started at www.playsanctum.net. On February 17, 2014, it launched a new expansion set, Allies and Traitors

Reception
Daniel Erickson reviewed the game for Next Generation, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "A terrific and addictive online strategy game."

title: Sanctum (1998 video game)


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Taiaha

A taiaha is a traditional weapon of the Māori of New Zealand; a close-quarters staff weapon made from either wood or whalebone, and used for short, sharp strikes or stabbing thrusts with efficient footwork on the part of the wielder.

Taiaha are usually between 5 and 6 ft in length. It has three main parts; the arero (tongue), used for stabbing the opponent and parrying; the upoko (head), the base from which the tongue protrudes; and the ate (liver) or tinana (body), the long flat blade which is also used for striking and parrying.

Use
Mau rākau is the martial art that teaches the use of the taiaha and other Māori weapons in combat. As with other martial arts styles, students of the taiaha spend years mastering the skills of timing, balance and co-ordination necessary to wield the weapon effectively. The taiaha is widely known due to its use in the wero — the traditional Māori challenge during the pōwhiri, a formal welcoming ceremony. A wero is commonly given to heads of state and visiting dignitaries welcomed to New Zealand.

"Individual displays of weaponry expertise were often performed during the wero ceremony (ritual challenge to a party of visitors). In full view of the visiting party, a selected warrior would parry invisible blows and strike down unseen foes. He would then lay down a taki (symbol of peace), which was picked up by the visitors, and the welcoming ceremony would continue. Such weaponry displays still occur today during large and important Māori gatherings. Usually, the wero is performed by a lone warrior, but during special events, there might be as many as three. This unique demonstration of Māori weaponry remains part of modern Māori society."

The taiaha is one of many cultural items which are used to introduce children in school to Māori culture. They are also used in present-day kapa haka competitions, and training with the taiaha is seen as part of the Māori cultural revival.

History
The use of traditional Māori weaponry declined after the Europeans arrived in New Zealand. Weapons such as the taiaha were replaced by the Europeans' muskets and para whakawai, or traditional Māori weaponry training schools, disappeared altogether. As a result, the traditional weaponry knowledge was lost among many Maori tribes. Some tribes managed to maintain their distinctive traditions by passing down traditional knowledge secretly between a few chosen individuals.

During the Māori cultural renaissance in the 1980s, there has been a renewed interest and cultivation of traditional weapons. Although there is a much narrower range of traditional weapons being revived, the Māori weaponry has expanded to become a significant trademark of Māori culture. This revival has been part of the larger Māori cultural renaissance that began in the late 1960s. The survival of Māori weaponry was only possible with the work and activism of remaining experts like Irirangi Tiakiawa, Pita Sharples, John Rangihau, Matiu Mareikura and Mita Mohi.

Modern para whakawai
In a modern context, Māori weaponry is severely limited to just a few types, with the taiaha being one of the most popular. Likewise, only a small number of para whakawai are in operation—most are taught within a tribal framework. Much of the knowledge within today's para whakawai is presented with a background of a deeper tribal history, offering a strong sense of identity, kinship and belonging.

The para whakawai on Mokoia Island in Lake Rotorua trains members of Te Arawa and other interested individuals in weaponry ideologies, theories and beliefs. This programme was established under the guidance of Mita Mohi in the mid-1980s. This programme was extended to the Christchurch area in the 90s being delivered by Temairiki Williams and the group Te Tohu O Tu.

The para whakawai Te Whare Tū Taua o Aotearoa began at Hoani Waititi Marae in Auckland and grew to include a number of outreach programmes in different regions. It was established by Pita Sharples in the 1980s ‘to offer the ancient art of mau rakau back to Maoridom as an innovative programme’.

Weapons training
Warfare and weaponry were essential to the traditionally militant Māori society. Children were prepared for warfare from an early age. Their early training included playing activities like boxing, wrestling and stick-throwing games.

In the para whakawai, the young men learned mau rākau (the use of weapons). They were instructed in battle formations, weapon use, and attack and defense maneuvers. They would often participate in mock battles using reeds instead of the real weapons. Rakanga waewae (skilful footwork) was vital to fighting and using weapons. Using weapons, especially the taiaha, takes "a lot of maneuvering. It is dangerous. It requires hours, days, months and years of constant use to master it."

Weapons
To Māori, weapons were more than just implements of warfare — they were taonga (treasures), and handed down as precious heirlooms from generation to generation. Weapons were made of wood, stone and bone in a slow, painstaking process. Traditionally, a long weapon from hardwood could take months to shape and decorate; a stone patu would take over a year to complete. Though it took time to fashion weapons, the level of dedication and pride in creating these objects made them valuable. Karakia (incantations) were sometimes said over weapons to imbue them with deities and make them tapu (sacred).

Popular culture

 * The coat of arms of New Zealand depicts a Māori warrior with a taiaha as one of the supporters.
 * The New Zealand Army includes an image of a taiaha in its official badge since 1998.
 * The squadron badge of No. 3 Squadron Royal New Zealand Air Force is a Maori Warrior wielding a Taiaha.
 * The unit badge of the RNZAF Police depicts a griffin holding a Taiaha.
 * The taiaha was featured in the award-winning 2002 film, Whale Rider and more briefly in the film Once Were Warriors.
 * In the TV series, Deadliest Warrior, the taiaha is one of the Māori warrior's weapons in a contest with a Shaolin monk.
 * The taiaha was also featured in two video games for the PlayStation 2, The Mark of Kri and its sequel Rise of the Kasai as a weapon for the games' hero, Rau. In The Mark of Kri, the taiaha is plunged into the ground but, in Māori culture, this is an offense as the taiaha itself is seen as a guardian ancestor related to the war god Tūmatauenga, father of the first man.
 * The character Haka from the card game Sentinels of the Multiverse wields a taiaha as a weapon.

title: Taiaha


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Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll

Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll (c. 1433 – 10 May 1493) was a medieval Scottish nobleman, peer, and politician. He was the son of Archibald Campbell, Master of Campbell and Elizabeth Somerville, daughter of John Somerville, 3rd Lord Somerville. He had the sobriquet Colin Mulle, Bold Earl Colin.

Biography
Colin Campbell's father, Archibald Campbell Master of Campbell, died in 1440 and young Colin became the heir of his grandfather Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell. When his grandfather died in 1453, Colin succeeded him to become 2nd Lord Campbell. Colin was still a minor and was placed in the custody of his uncle, Colin Campbell, 1st of Glenorchy. In 1457, he was created Earl of Argyll by King James II of Scotland, who was grateful for the loyalty of his father during the troubles early in his reign. In 1460, Campbell had a commission as Bailie of Cowal.

His uncle Colin arranged his marriage with Isabella Stewart, daughter and co-heiress of John Stewart, Lord Lorne (d.1463). Through this marriage, he received Castle Gloom (he would change the name of the castle to "Castle Campbell" in February 1490), and the neighboring estate in the parish of Dollar in Clackmannanshire. Castle Campbell then became the primary seat of the Earls and Dukes of Argyll for the next two centuries.

The exact date of the marriage is unknown, but in 1460, shortly after the boy-king, James III of Scotland, came to the throne, Campbell was called upon to intervene in a feud in his wife's family. Allan MacDougall (called Allan of Lorne of the Wood), desiring to hold the estates belonging to his elder brother, John Ker of Lorne, seized his brother and imprisoned him in a dungeon on the island of Kerrera, with the intention of starving him to death. Campbell appeared with a fleet of war galleys and completely defeated MacDougall, burning his fleet, killing most of his men, and restoring the elder brother to his rightful inheritance.

Servant of James III
Colin Campbell was often sent on diplomatic missions, the first in 1463, when King James III sent him to negotiate a truce with King Edward IV of England. One of the main terms was that neither king would support the enemies of the other.

In 1464, Campbell was made master of the King's household. In 1465, he was appointed Lord Justiciary of Scotland, south of the Firth of Forth, a position he held in conjunction with Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd, until Boyd fell out with the King and fled to England later in 1469, at which time, Campbell held the position alone. In 1466, he founded a chapel dedicated to St. Ninian at Dunure in Ayrshire.

As a result of his marriage with Isabel Stewart, Campbell acquired the title Lord Lorne in 1469, which had previously been held by his wife's uncle, John Stewart. In exchange for this title, Campbell gave Stewart other lands, and Stewart received the title Lord Innermeath. Having received the title Lord Lorne, Campbell took the symbol of the galley from the Lorne heraldry as part of his Achievement. In the event that he might never have a male heir, he entailed the lordship of Lorne to his uncle Colin; if his uncle were to die, to his other uncle, Duncan Campbell; then to Colin Campbell of Arduquholm and to the heirs male of his body, which failing, then to his brothers, Archibald and Robert. In 1471, he received the heritable offices of Justiciary and Sheriff of Lorne.

On 15 January 1472, King James III granted Dunoon Castle to Campbell and his heirs, with the power to appoint constables, porters, jailers, watermen, and other necessary offices. At the same time, he granted him the lands of Borland. On 20 February 1473, Campbell was made Justiciar, Chamberlain, Sheriff, and Bailie within the King's lordship of Cowal. Then on 8 May 1474, he received a charter to erect his town of Inverary into a burgh of barony.

In 1474, Campbell was again sent as a commissioner to treat with King Edward IV, regarding breaches of the truce. In the resulting pact, which was to endure until July 1483, a marriage was arranged between Prince James Stewart of Scotland (King James III's son) and Princess Cecily of England (King Edward IV's daughter), a match which did not come to pass due to continued hostilities between the two nations.

In 1475, when King James III was trying to subjugate John of Islay, Earl of Ross, Campbell was given a commission of lieutenancy to execute the forfeiture of the Earl of Ross' lands. In 1479, he was confirmed in the offices of Lieutenant and Commissary of Argyll, which had been held by his ancestors, Gillespic and Colin Campbell, since 1382.

Further favors came to the Earl of Argyll in 1480, when the King granted him 160 marklands of the lordship of Knapdale, including the keeping of Castle Sween, for one silver penny in blench farm, i.e., nominal rent. This property had formerly belonged to the Earl of Ross. Early in 1483, King James III appointed Campbell as Lord High Chancellor of Scotland and awarded him the lands of Pinkerton in the barony of Dunbar, probably for Campbell's loyalty to the King during the rebellion of Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, which had led to the murder of some of King's favorites, after the confrontation at Lauder in 1482. These lands had previously been held by the King's brother, Prince Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was in league with the Earl of Angus.

In 1484, Campbell was active in diplomatic campaigns. In July, he was sent as a commissioner to Paris to renew the "ancient league" between France and Scotland, a mission completed on 9 July. Then on 21 September, once King James III had gotten the upper hand against the rebels, he was part of the delegation who met with King Richard III of England at Nottingham to conclude peace, a treaty which was to run until September 1487. He was also appointed to periodically meet with the English at Berwick to determine whether or not the stipulations in the treaty were being followed. To strengthen the resolve of the parties and to keep the truce, a second marriage was arranged, between Prince James Stewart and Lady Ann de la Pole (1476–1495), daughter of John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, and a niece of King Richard III. This second marriage negotiation collapsed as a result of King Richard's defeat at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485.

Rebellion against James III
Campbell threw in with the rebels, after Parliament had strengthened King James's hand against the rebellious nobles in October 1487. At about this time, the King forced Campbell out of the chancellorship, in favor of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen. In 1488, Campbell was not present at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June, or in the days following, because he was in England on an embassy to King Henry VII of England, having been sent there on behalf of Prince James Stewart and the rebels to seek English help against King James III.

After Prince James was crowned as "James IV", he restored Campbell to the position of High Chancellor. Furthermore, the new king gave him the lands of Rosneath in Dunbartonshire on 9 January 1490, which remained in the Campbell family until 1939. Campbell continued in favor with King James IV, and on 21 December 1491, he was one of the conservators of the truce between England and Scotland, which was extended to 1496. One author has claimed that, one reason James III of Scotland has long had a sinister reputation is that "such accounts as we have of him are written by the partisans of his unruly nobles, such as the Earls of Argyll, Lennox, and Angus".

Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll, died in 1493, and was buried at Kilmun Parish Church on Cowal Peninsula. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Archibald Campbell.

Family
By his wife, Isabel Stewart, Campbell had two sons and seven daughters:

 * Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll
 * Thomas Campbell, ancestor of the Campbells of Lundie in Forfarshire.
 * Margaret Campbell, married to George Seton, Lord Seton.
 * Isabel Campbell, married to William Drummond, Master of Drummond, grandmother of David Drummond, 2nd Lord Drummond of Cargill, ancestor of the Earls of Perth.
 * Helen Campbell, married to Hugh Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Eglinton.
 * Elizabeth Campbell, married to John Oliphant, 2nd Lord Oliphant.
 * Mary Campbell, married to Aonghas MacDonald, natural son and heir of John of Islay, Earl of Ross.
 * Agnes Campbell, said to have been married to Alexander Mackenzie of Kintail, though some state this is disproved.
 * Catharine Campbell, married first Lachlan Og Maclean and second Torquil MacLeod of Clan MacLeod of Lewis.

title: Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll