text:
Emma Frost

Emma Grace Frost is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist/co-writer John Byrne, the character first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980). She belongs to a subspecies of humans called mutants who are born with superhuman abilities. Her mutation grants her high-level telepathic abilities and the power to turn into organic diamond. Emma Frost has evolved from a supervillain and foe of the X-Men to becoming a superhero and one of the team's most central members and leaders. The character has also been known as the White Queen and the Black King at various points in her history.

Emma Frost has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes, being labeled as a femme fatale.

Since her original introduction in comics, Frost has been featured in various other Marvel-licensed products, including video games, animated television series, and merchandise such as trading cards. In particular, she has appeared in Generation X (portrayed by Finola Hughes), X-Men Origins: Wolverine (portrayed by Tahyna Tozzi), and X-Men: First Class (portrayed by January Jones).

Concept and creation
Chris Claremont was inspired to create the Hellfire Club after seeing the episode "A Touch of Brimstone" from the television show The Avengers. Spy duo John Steed and Emma Peel infiltrate a criminal and hedonistic underground society. Emma Frost was specifically inspired by the character of Emma Peel portrayed by actress Diana Rigg. In the episode, Rigg famously dons a provocative corset, collar, and boots and becomes the "Queen of Sin", which was incorporated into the design of Frost.

1980s
Emma Frost debuted in the Dark Phoenix Saga storyline in The Uncanny X-Men #129 (January 1980), created by writer Chris Claremont and artist co-writer John Byrne. She later appeared in the 1983 New Mutants series. She appeared in the 1986 Firestar miniseries, by Tom DeFalco, Mary Wilshire, and Steve Leialoha.

1990s
Emma Frost appeared in the 1994 Generation X series, by Scott Lobdell, Chris Bachalo, and Mark Buckingham.

2000s
Emma Frost appeared in the 2001 New X-Men series, by Grant Morrison. Using Frost as a character was suggested to Morrison on their website by a fan. While Morrison initially had no plans to use her, the death of the character Colossus left Morrison with an opening. They created Emma's secondary mutation – a super strong diamond form – as a replacement for Colossus' powers and added her to the cast. She later appeared in the 2003 Emma Frost series — her first solo comic book series — by Karl Bollers. She appeared in the Astonishing X-Men. series, by Joss Whedon and John Cassaday. She appeared in the 2006 X-Men: Deadly Genesis series, by Ed Brubaker. She appeared in the 2010 X-Men Origins: Emma Frost one-shot, her first standalone comic book.

2020s
Emma Frost appeared in the 2020 Giant-Size X-Men: Jean Grey & Emma Frost one-shot, her second standalone comic book, by Jonathan Hickman and Russell Dauterman. She appeared in the 2021 X-Men series. She appeared in the 2021 Way of X series. She appears in the 2023 Sins of Sinister series. She appeared in the 2023 Invincible Iron Man series.

Early life
Emma Frost was born in Boston, Massachusetts to the wealthy Winston and Hazel Frost. She is the third of four children: her siblings are named Christian, Adrienne, and Cordelia. Her father Winston was cold, ruthless, and domineering, often imposing impossibly high standards on his children, while Hazel abused prescription drugs to cope with the tensions of her household. Emma had no emotional support from her parents or her sisters, but got along with her brother Christian.

At her school, Frost was ruthlessly bullied by her peers but found support in her teacher, Ian Kendall. When her telepathic powers manifested, Frost was able to read the minds of others and glean information. Frost became a tutor to the other students and Ian recommended that she become a teacher, something Frost's father refused. On her way home from school one day, Frost's car broke down and Ian gave her a ride home. After reading his thoughts and learning that he thought she was beautiful and intelligent, Frost kissed him. Her sister Adrienne recorded it and her father used the evidence to get Ian fired. Frost began to fight back by blackmailing her father. Intrigued by her actions, Winston offered her the family fortune but Frost rejected his offer and decided to make her own way in life.

After a period of homelessness, Frost met and fell in love with a young man named Troy, who agreed to let her live with him. She learned that he owed a large amount of money to a local mobster named Lucien. To save Troy's life, Frost agreed to participate in a fake kidnapping scheme in an attempt to extort the remainder of Troy's debt from her father. However, this soon turned into a real kidnapping and Troy was killed while valiantly attempting to save Frost from an enraged Lucien. Using her powers, Frost turned the thugs against one another inside an illusion, causing an imaginary gunfight to break out, and the panicked, supposed last survivor to free her. After Emma's escape, she anonymously called the police and they were all taken into custody with no memory of her.

Frost took the ransom money and enrolled in Empire State University. There, she began to learn about mutants for the first time and met fellow telepath Astrid Bloom, who became her friend and mentor. Frost later learned that Astrid had been secretly manipulating events. Furious, she attacked Astrid telepathically and left her comatose. Frost was later invited to the Hellfire Club, an underground elite society. Frost discovered the plans of Edward Buckman and Steven Lang to destroy all mutants. Alongside Sebastian Shaw, Lourdes Chantel, and Harry Leland, Frost battled Lang's Sentinels. Frost killed Buckman and the Council of the Chosen, then – along with Shaw – took control of the Hellfire Club, and set themselves up as Lords Cardinal of the Inner Circle of the Hellfire Club.

White Queen of the Hellfire Club
As White Queen of the Hellfire Club, Frost held many titles, one of which was chairman of the board and CEO of Frost International, which helped to fund the activities of the Lords Cardinal. Frost also became the chairman of the board of trustees and the headmistress of the Massachusetts Academy, a school for mutants which served as a counterpoint to Charles Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters. Frost and the club's agents later attempted to recruit Kitty Pryde for the Massachusetts Academy, and captured (and Frost personally tortured) several members of the X-Men, including Storm, Colossus, Wolverine, and Phoenix. Frost engaged Phoenix in a psychic battle in which she was overpowered and on the verge of being killed. Frost launched a last-minute attack that led the X-Men to believe she had committed suicide, though in truth, she was comatose and recovering from Phoenix's attack under the care of Sebastian Shaw. In another encounter with the Hellfire Club, Frost telepathically forced Kitty Pryde's parents to transfer her from Xavier's to the Massachusetts Academy. She then switched minds with Storm to defeat the X-Men from within their own ranks. However, the process was soon reversed and the two were restored to their respective bodies. She was later temporarily rendered comatose by Mastermind.

The Hellions
During her time with the Hellfire Club, Frost continued to run the Massachusetts Academy and mentored the mutant team known as the Hellions. Frost attempted to recruit several gifted youngsters to her cause: Firestar, Doug Ramsey and Kitty Pryde, all of which resulted in altercations. Alongside the Hellions, Frost encountered the Hellions' rival team, Xavier's New Mutants, several times. When the New Mutants were later killed and resurrected by the Beyonder, they were left traumatized and withdrawn. Frost offered her assistance in telepathically restoring them to their former selves. She then coerced their headmaster Magneto into allowing them to join the Massachusetts Academy. With Shaw and Selene, Frost invited Magneto to join the Hellfire Club... Alongside the Hellfire Club, Frost battled the High Evolutionary's forces to rescue Magma, helped Magneto search for the New Mutants when they had gone missing, encountered the effects of the Inferno, and eventually formed an alliance with Selene and Magneto to oust Shaw from the inner circle.

Losing the Hellions
When the time traveling mutant Trevor Fitzroy unleashed the mutant-hunting robots called the Sentinels on Frost and her Hellions, Frost placed herself in a psychic coma to survive the ordeal. Her students however, were not as lucky and were killed by Fitzroy to fuel his time portals. Frost later awakened in the Xavier Academy. Disoriented, she switched minds with Iceman and, refusing to believe the X-Men when they told her that the Hellions are dead, escaped. She was overcome with grief and guilt when she discovered that her students are indeed dead, and briefly became suicidal. Professor Xavier consoled Frost and was able to coax her to switch back.

Generation X
Frost later teamed up with the X-Men to defeat the Phalanx, and in the process, rescued a select group of teenage mutants who became a superhero team known as Generation X, to whom Frost and Banshee became mentors at the reopened Massachusetts Academy. After Frost's business ventures took a bad turn, she sought help from her estranged sister Adrienne, who was a psychometrist. Adrienne offered financial assistance but secretly plotted against Frost and planted a bomb at the school, resulting in the death of Synch. Frost tracked down and killed Adrienne, but after returning to the academy, grew increasingly distant from her students in an effort to hide her crime. When the students learned what Frost did, the students became estranged from her, and Generation X disbanded.

Joining and leading the X-Men
In dealing with the emotional fallout from the murder of her sister, Frost travelled to the mutant haven island of Genosha, where she taught at a mutant school until a genocidal Sentinel attack killed most of the island's inhabitants; Frost survived due to the sudden manifestation of her secondary mutation: the power to transform herself into a flexible, near-invulnerable, diamond-like substance. After being rescued Frost joined the X-Men and took on a teaching position at Xavier Institute. She mentored a group of telepathic quintuplets, the Stepford Cuckoos, who quickly became her prized pupils. Frost and the Cuckoos proved themselves when they helped fight and defeat Charles Xavier's evil twin sister Cassandra Nova. As a member of the X-Men, Frost began counseling Cyclops over his marital issues with Jean. She quickly developed feelings for him but Cyclops initially rejected her advances.

As Scott confided more in Emma, the two engaged in a psychic affair. While quelling a riot at the school, one of the Stepford Cuckoos, Sophie, was killed and the others rejected Frost's mentorship, blaming her for the death. They attempted to get revenge by telepathically contacting Jean about Frost's and Cyclops' psychic affair. In the aftermath of the riot, Jean caught Frost and Summers in bed together in their minds. In a rage, Jean unleashed her reignited Phoenix powers and psychically humiliated Frost. Afterward, Frost was found physically shattered in her diamond form. As Bishop and Sage investigated the crime, Jean used her increasingly growing Phoenix powers to reassemble Frost's body, acknowledging that Frost had genuinely fallen in love with Scott. Scott confronted Jean and demands that she read his mind; Jean finally complied, only to discover that Scott and Emma never engaged in any physical contact, though Emma had offered it. Revived, Frost was able to name her attempted murderer: Esme of the Stepford Cuckoos, who had mind-controlled fellow student Angel Salvadore into shooting Frost with a diamond bullet, under the direction of Xorn.

Scott was devastated by Jean's death, and considered leaving the X-Men once more. It was revealed in the "Here Comes Tomorrow" storyline that, had he done so, it would have led to an apocalyptic alternate future. To prevent this, a resurrected, future-version of Jean used her powers as the White Phoenix of the Crown and telepathically reached through time to tell Cyclops it was ok to move on, declaring all she ever did was "die" on him and he deserved a chance to "live." Scott began a real relationship with Emma, kissing her physically for the first time by Jean's grave. The new relationship between Emma and Scott led to problems between them and the rest of the X-Men, all of whom believed that the pair were doing Jean's memory a disservice. Frost became co-headmistress with Cyclops and adviser to a new team of Hellions. She developed an antagonistic relationship with fellow teacher Kitty Pryde and the alternate reality daughter of Jean and Cyclops, Rachel Grey, however, a truce was reached when Frost offered to help Rachel hone her telepathic abilities.

Decimation
Following the "Decimation" storyline, the student population drastically decreased, and Frost, without consulting Cyclops, decided to revamp the entire workings of the school.

Phoenix Warsong
During the 2006 miniseries X-Men: Phoenix - Warsong, it was revealed that Frost's ova were the genetic templates used to clone thousands of identical female telepaths, five of which had become the Stepford Cuckoos. The encapsulated offspring began to refer to Frost as "mother" – a title which she later accepted. In the end, the Phoenix (inhabiting the body of Celeste Cuckoo) destroyed the thousands of additional clones, Frost was pained by the loss of her cloned children and declared revenge against the Phoenix.

Astonishing X-Men
In the series Astonishing X-Men, a flashback showed that Frost's survival of the destruction of Genosha was due to Cassandra Nova creating Frost's secondary mutation as part of a scheme to infiltrate the X-Men as a sleeper agent. A guilt ridden Frost created psychic manifestations of a new Hellfire Club and proceeded to take down the X-Men one by one by showing them their deepest fears. Later on it was revealed that Frost's survivor's guilt is being exacerbated by Cassandra Nova who had placed a glimmer of her mind in Frost's before being trapped in the body of Stuff, and that Nova had even tricked Frost into thinking she had been complicit in the destruction of Genosha. Kitty, with aid from Cyclops, Blindfold, Hisako Ichiki, and Frost herself eventually prevented Nova from transferring her mind into Hisako. Everyone present was then suddenly teleported onto a S.W.O.R.D. ship headed towards the Breakworld. The arc concluded with Kitty trapped in the bullet heading towards Earth and the team trying to find various ways to save the Earth and Kitty. Frost kept in telepathic contact with Kitty, trying to reassure her, even offering to psionically sedate her. Kitty sacrificed herself, phasing the bullet through Earth. In the aftermath, the X-Men were uncertain of Kitty's fate, believing her to either be dead or at least phased into part of the runaway bullet. Frost was devastated.

Civil War
During the 2006–2007 storyline "Civil War", Frost, during a conversation with Iron Man, announced that the Xavier Institute and the X-Men would not support the Superhuman Registration Act and would remain neutral, as she feared that the registration of mutants would put them in more danger.

Messiah Complex
During the 2007–2008 storyline "Messiah Complex", Frost was part of the team that investigated the detection of a new mutant in Alaska. She also defended the X-Men from the Marauders and the telepathy of Sinister and Exodus. Frost was last seen with Cyclops' team of X-Men looking for Cable and then tracking down the Marauders with the Cuckoos. Later when X-Force arrived at the Marauders' hideout, Frost took out Harpoon. During the final battle on Muir Island, she faced Exodus, stalemating him in a telepathic duel, until Dust was able to enter his body and scour his lungs with her sand form, incapacitating him.

Divided We Stand
In the 2008 storyline "Divided We Stand", Frost and Scott vacationed in the Savage Land but soon left to answer a distress call made by Archangel from San Francisco. The couple saved San Francisco from an out of control Martinique Jason. Afterwards, the Mayor of San Francisco welcomed the X-Men with open arms as their new super-hero team and Frost and Cyclops sent out a telepathic message to all remaining mutants throughout the world, informing them that San Francisco was considered a sanctuary for the remaining mutants in the world.

Manifest Destiny
In the 2008–2009 storyline "Manifest Destiny", a new anti-mutant group calling themselves the "Hellfire Cult" appeared in the Bay Area, committing various anti-mutant hate crimes. They are led by Frost's former pupil, Empath, as well as a mysterious red-haired dominatrix telepath who calls herself the Red Queen. After Empath discloses his experience of lusting after Frost during his days at the Massachusetts Academy, the dominatrix takes on Frost's appearance. While investigating the Hellfire Cult's base, Cyclops is seduced by the Red Queen. Later while at a Dazzler concert, Scott reveals that the Red Queen is none other than his dead ex-wife Madelyne Pryor.

Frost also expresses doubts about whether or not she deserves to be an X-Man, only to have veteran X-Man Wolverine assure her that she has earned her place on the team. Later, when Xavier attempts to warn Cyclops about his recent encounter with Sinister, Frost manages to enter the Professor's mind undetected. During the course of their encounter, Frost forces Xavier to relive each of his mistakes and morally ambiguous decisions made under altruistic pretenses. It is also revealed that while Frost is just as angry with Xavier as Cyclops is, she also wants to help him move on with his life. Frost points the Professor in a new direction by forcing him to relive the death of Moira MacTaggert and reminding him of her last words.

Secret Invasion
In the 2008 storyline "Secret Invasion", Frost is seen fighting the Skrulls in San Francisco during the invasion. There, the Skrulls set up a telepathy-blocking "wall" throughout the globe. Emma channels the Cuckoos' telepathy into her own using Cerebra in an attempt to locate the source of the psi-blockade but is left comatose. The Cuckoos tell Cyclops Emma is dead, unaware that Emma's telepathic mind is continuing to battle the psychic team of Skrulls. Setting a series of traps through misdirection, Emma manages to break free and shut down the psi-blockade. Following the Skrulls' defeat, she is introduced as a member of a secret cabal, consisting of herself, Norman Osborn, Doctor Doom, Loki, Namor and the Hood, who are manipulating events in their favor.

Dark Reign
In the 2008–2009 storyline "Dark Reign", Frost, after waking from a vision about the Sentry, is invited to join Norman Osborn's Cabal. At the meeting, it is revealed that she and Prince Namor share a romantic history. During her days as the White Queen, Sebastian Shaw sent Frost to convince Namor to join the Hellfire Club. Instead, Namor took her to his kingdom and they began a relationship. Believing Frost to have betrayed him for Namor, Shaw sent a reprogrammed sentinel to Atlantis, attacking the two and destroying the kingdom. When Namor confronted Shaw for his treachery, Sage took a telepathic hold of Frost, erasing her memories of Namor, who vowed revenge on Shaw. In the present, Frost reveals that after her initial battle with the Phoenix she pieced her memories of Namor back together. She makes a pact with him, seducing Shaw and using her telepathy to make Namor believe she has executed him, while secretly telepathically incapacitating Shaw. Per their deal, Namor vows to protect mutant-kind as his own people, while Frost, more determined to fill her role as a leader of mutant-kind, contacts Scott to have Shaw captured by the X-Men for "crimes against mutant-kind." Approaching him later in his cell, Frost reveals that she has captured Shaw for Namor and on the basis that the Sentinels he commissioned were ones later used by Cassandra Nova to destroy Genosha. She sentences him to remember nothing but the faces of the Genoshan victims using her telepathy.

Sisterhood of Mutants
The Red Queen, along with her magically powered Sisterhood of Mutants attack the X-Men with the end goal of locating Jean Grey's corpse. Lady Mastermind ambushes Frost nullifying her mind with a mixture of magical and psychic chaff. Frost has a vision telling her to prepare for future events involving the Phoenix Force and eventually breaks free. She defeats the Mastermind sisters and later attacks the rest of the Sisterhood at their base with the X-Men.

Dark X-Men
Frost is appointed by Norman Osborn to lead his new team of "Dark X-Men". Each member is hand-picked by Norman but Frost has Namor added to the team for her own reasons. The team debuts to the public as the official "X-Men" maintaining high public approval through Osborn's careful media strategy. They oust the original X-Men, portraying them as a dangerous militia. Meanwhile, Frost discovers that Osborn is working with the Dark Beast, torturing apprehended mutants and feeding their powers into a machine that empowers Weapon Omega. Cyclops sends X-Force on a strategic evacuation of the mutant prisoners, resulting in a planned confrontation with the Dark X-Men. As the teams prepare to face off, Frost then reveals her role as a double agent, defeating the Dark X-Men with Namor's assistance. She extends an invitation to Cloak and Dagger to join the true X-Men as they teleport to the newly created island base Utopia. Upon learning of this, Norman orders his Dark Avengers and Dark X-Men to go after Frost, Namor, and Scott. During the final battle, Frost distracts the godlike Sentry by separating the Void persona from his Bob Reynolds persona. Doing so allows the Sentry to regain control and flee the battle, however, Frost cannot contain the Void and it chases after the Sentry, though a sliver of it remains within her body. Frost is forced to remain in diamond form to prevent the sliver of the Void from utilizing her omega-level psychic abilities. Eventually it came to the decision to extract the Void. With Professor X's aid, they bridged Cyclops' mind to Frost. However, the Void instead took over his body, only for Scott to contain it within an inescapable prison in his mind.

Necrosha
Frost, Sebastian Shaw and Donald Pierce are targeted by Selene for betraying her years ago in her plan to ascend to godhood. Additionally, Selene is also angry over Frost using the Black Queen moniker when she was leading the Dark X-Men. She resurrects the Hellions and sends them to attack and taunt Frost. Their appearance is enough, to leave Frost in a horrified state of shock and guilt. Once Selene's inner circle appears on Utopia Frost recognizes Blink and stops Wolverine from killing Wither. However, in the aftermath Selene's inner circle succeed in capturing Warpath, injuring Angel and ruthlessly killing Onyxx and Diamond Lil before returning to Necrosha. Frost recognizes that the threat will not end until Selene and her inner circle are permanently stopped, and orders X-Force to travel to Necrosha and kill them all, including Wither.

Second Coming
During the events of the 2010 "Second Coming" storyline, Frost acts as moral support to Scott as well as the prime means of communication between Scott and his Alpha Roster of X-Men. When Rogue becomes aware that she has an empathic connection to Hope, she contacts Frost for help, Frost finds that the bond is not telepathic in nature. Along with all the other telepaths among the X-Men, Frost is affected by the psionic backlash when Bastion shuts Cerebra down and informs Scott that Ariel has died in a missile strike. Frost takes part in the battle on the Golden Gate Bridge and watches with concern as Hope manifests the Phoenix Force energy signature.

After the battle is over, the students have a bonfire to try to relax. As Frost stands around in her diamond state, she sees the Phoenix Force manifest around Hope, prompting her to remember that the Phoenix had told her to "prepare". Horrified, she runs after Scott to tell him about what she saw and what she remembered. Finding him in Cerebra, Scott tells her five new mutants have manifested their powers across the globe.

Avengers vs. X-Men
In the 2012 storyline "Avengers vs. X-Men", Frost is one of the five X-Men taken over by the power of the Phoenix Force after it is fractured by Iron Man. Under its influence, she finds and kills a man who committed a hit and run against a mutant over a decade earlier. She also reveals to Cyclops that she had a psychic affair with Namor. During the final showdown against the Avengers and the X-Men, her portion of the Phoenix is violently taken by Cyclops. Frost is taken into custody by the Avengers and survives an assassination attempt by members of the Purifiers.

All-New X-Men
Frost is rescued from prison by Cyclops and Magneto, but it is revealed that her time as a Phoenix has rendered her telepathy erratic at best. Despite her resentment of Cyclops' recent actions she consents to depart with him to resume his mission to protect mutants. Frost trained in secret and regained full control over her telepathy. She continued as acting tutor for the Stepford Cuckoos and Jean Grey in the use of their powers.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
Following Secret Wars and the restoration of Earth-616 prior to the Incursions, Emma Frost is among a small team of X-Men who come into contact with the Terrigen mists at Muir Island, where they found Jamie Madrox dead on the facility grounds. Discovering that the Terrigen Mist cloud was toxic to mutants Scott and Emma formulate a plan to extinguish one of the Inhumans' Terrigen cloud. And while they are able to hold off the Inhumans just long enough to neutralize the green cloud, Cyclops is apparently killed by Black Bolt in self-defense. However at Scott's funeral, Alex is seen afar speaking to Emma that something does not make sense, leading to Emma filling Alex in on some unrevealed details. Black Bolt did not kill Cyclops, in fact, he never made it out of the facility at Muir Island, as he suffered an immediate reaction to the Terrigen mists. Since then Emma had been projecting an illusion of him to everyone else as a means of declaring war against the Inhumans in Scott's name.

Inhumans vs. X-Men
Over the next eight months following Cyclops' death, Emma starts to train and improve her time to turn into her diamond form. She also seems to be traumatized from the death of Scott and began to believe her own lie that Black Bolt was the one who actually killed him. Emma wasted no time and began to prepare for a war with the Inhumans by making alliances with various teams of X-Men, with the last being Storm's X-Haven. She declares war on the Inhumans when Beast reports that the Terrigen cloud will soon saturate and render earth as completely uninhabitable for mutants, believing they have no time to attempt negotiation. When Medusa learns the truth about why the X-Men went to war against the Inhumans, she willingly destroys the cloud and ends the possibility of future Inhuman manifestations so the mutants can survive.

After the time-displaced younger Cyclops reveals that Emma faked his future self's death, Emma insists that she did what Cyclops would have chosen to do if he could, subsequently fleeing the battlefield with the aid of Havok after using reprogrammed sentinels to slaughter the Inhumans from Ennilux. She is later shown in a secret base donning a helmet that is a combination of Cyclops' and Magneto's in preparation for her next move, as she is now wanted and on the run from both the Inhumans and the X-Men for her actions since Cyclops' death.

Secret Empire
During the Secret Empire storyline, Emma Frost is revealed to be the true leader of the mutant nation in New Tian, which is somewhere in California, following Hydra's takeover of the United States. She is using Xorn as her puppet ruler and controlling him with her telepathy. A flashback showed that Emma Frost claimed a Cosmic Cube fragment from an unconscious Shang-Chi. When the time-displaced original X-Men rebel against New Tian's government, Emma has Xorn send a group of mutants after them, succeeding in capturing most of the team except for Jean and Jimmy Hudson. She then talks to the younger Cyclops in his cell and telepathically torments him. It is revealed that Emma has been secretly working against Hydra. She, Beast, and Sebastian Shaw lead the raids on Supreme Hydra leader Steve Rogers's throne, until Arnim Zola infuses a brainwashed Rogers with a power of the Cosmic Cube, and he bests them all easily.

Becoming Black King
Later Emma approached Iceman to request his help to save her brother Christian from their abusive father, however as they arrive at the Frost Mansion, they find that Christian is perfectly fine. In fact, he seems healthy and happy. Emma maintains her suspicions, which are ultimately confirmed when she finds the dead body of her father. It turns out that Christian is also a mutant, whose powers include, besides telepathy and telekinesis, the ability to perform astral projections. Thus, after killing his own father, Christian made an astral projection of him that ends up battling Iceman. Following this, Emma promises to spend the necessary time to heal Christian's broken mind, taking on the role of head of the Frost International Company.

Following Magneto's attack, Emma talks the X-Men into taking out the Inner Circle members of the Hellfire Club, while she goes after Sebastian Shaw, the man who made her the White Queen so many years ago. Though Shaw is still immune to her telepathy, Emma had an associate place a paralytic agent in his drink, allowing her to defeat him. Emma assumes the role of the Hellfire Club's Black King, including a new darker outfit, and explaining in a letter to the X-Men that she intended to fix the broken world for mutants in her own way by taking control of the Hellfire Club.

Nation of Krakoa
After the founding of the mutant nation of Krakoa in House of X and Powers of X, Emma Frost is again White Queen, now of the Hellfire Trading Company. The Hellfire Club has been re-imagined as the Hellfire Trading Company, which is responsible for legally exporting the miracle drugs produced on Krakoa. As White Queen, Emma Frost has a seat on the Quiet Council, the ruling body of Krakoa. In addition, she created the Marauders, a team led by Kate Pryde and responsible for handling the black market for the miracle drugs, among other concerns.

Powers and abilities
Emma Frost possesses high-level telepathic abilities and is capable of transforming into an organic diamond state. Emma Frost has been a host to the Phoenix Force.

Telepathy
Emma Frost is classified as an "Omega-Class telepath." She is capable of psionic feats, including the telepathic standards of: broadcasting and receiving thoughts, mind-control, altering perceptions and memories, psychic shielding, astral projection, mind switching, brain engram modification, mental sedation, mental paralysis, induction of mental pain, projection of psionic force bolts or blast waves, and psionic lightning. She is also able to boost or activate a mutant's powers through accessing their brain's neurological pathways, and can communicate across global distances unaided. Her abilities have been stated to rival those of Charles Xavier himself. She has also been referred to as a "psi of the highest order", been ranked among the five most skilled telepaths on the planet, demonstrated the ability to stalemate Exodus, and overcome telepaths classified as potentially capable of producing unlimited psionic energy (such as Nate Grey, Kid Omega, and Rachel Summers) through greater experience and skill.

Diamond form
Emma Frost manifests a secondary mutation, giving her the ability to transform her body into organic diamond, at the moment of the destruction of Genosha. She is translucent, retains mobility while being nearly invulnerable, and is able to support incredible amounts of weight. Her diamond body is virtually tireless since she does not produce fatigue toxins and has no need for water or food. She is also numbed from emotion, pain, and empathy, impervious to cold, and resistant to heat in this form. Furthermore, in this form, she does not need to breathe. Her diamond form also grants her superhuman strength. She has been shown to defeat Warpath, and has sent Lady Mastermind flying through a wall with a single punch.

Emma Frost is unable to access her psychic powers due to suppression by her diamond form's adamantine luster. However, she is also granted total telepathic immunity while in diamond form. Her diamond form is also stated to emit low-level ultraviolet light, causing it to glow in darkness.

Nonetheless, her diamond form has a single molecular flaw, which, if exploited – such as being shot with a diamond bullet – can cause her body to shatter.

Telekinetic potential
On occasion, it has been hinted that Frost is also a latent telekinetic. Jean Grey's displaced psyche was able to use Frost's brain to generate a telekinetic force field and fly. During the Onslaught Saga, Frost unwittingly levitated several kitchen utensils while having a bad dream. When the mutant Synch "synched" with Frost's powers, he was able to use them to levitate several objects and individuals in the room. This phenomenon is then referred to as telekinesis and credited to Frost's psi powers.

Innate traits and expertise
Emma Frost has a gifted intellect with college degrees in multiple fields, including a Bachelor of Science in education with a minor in Business Administration from the prominent Marvel Universe's Empire State University. A superb businesswoman, Emma Frost for many years was founder and CEO of Frost Enterprises, a major multinational conglomerate headquartered in New York City that rivaled Stark Enterprises and Worthington Industries and specialized in shipping, aerospace engineering and new technology R&D.

She is also a highly capable planner, an electronics expert, and can invent machines that grant various psionic abilities, such as "Multivac", a mutant locater capable of monitoring the psionic levels of mutants; the "Hallucinator" used to induce hypnotic hallucinations to brainwash others; the gun-like device that enabled her to exchange minds and powers with Storm; and the Mindtap mechanism which enhanced and enabled her Hellfire cohort Mastermind to project his illusions directly into the mind of the Phoenix.

Emma Frost is well versed in medical disciplines such as neurology, biochemistry, pathophysiology and genetics. This has allowed her to medically cure Polaris from an array of infectious diseases and examine Iceman's brain physiology. Additionally, Frost has also been shown to bootstrap her own brain chemistry to counter a neurotoxin.

Resources and anonymity
Emma Frost possesses vast wealth as the owner of several multibillion-dollar conglomerates; Frost International, Frost Enterprises and Meridian Enterprises. Additionally, she has also made investments in oil companies, Stark Industries, Wakandan Airways, Ben Nishmura's gamma research, Reed Richards' patent for unstable molecules and Cummings Aeronautics helicarrier project. Furthermore, as CEO of Frost International, Emma Frost has access to various technologies either designed by herself, or made through acquisitions of corporations such as LaNeige Industries which specialises in trans-dimensional travel and weaponry.

Her wealth and legal resources (Brooke & Webster esq plc) affords her a degree of anonymity over the digital medium. This has been shown to extend to databases owned by the Avengers, and the Sentinel Bastion. Furthermore, several injunctions have been in place to prevent any discussion or referencing of Frost or her moniker the "White Queen" on any public networks.

As a member of the Phoenix Five, Emma Frost at one point telepathically scanned every single superhuman and human mind on the planet digging for the darkest of secrets and information.

Attire and paraphernalia
Emma Frost regards her revealing attire as battle armour which may give her a psychological edge against any opponent. Additionally, she considers high-heeled footwear as vital to her attire, and has demonstrated balance and proficiency with them in hand-to-hand combat. Emma Frost has to maintain a careful balance between her fashion sensibilities and being on the battlefield as this has on one occasion hindered her mobility on mountainous terrain.

Critical response
Sara Century of Syfy stated, "In the end, much of Emma’s sex appeal is based in her directness, her ability to compromise in impossible situations, and her deep understanding of establishing consent and boundaries with her partners. Her ability to put herself in the mind of her lovers and fulfill what they need shows deeply felt altruism. Though Scott seems to be the only man she has genuinely loved, with all her partners she laid the groundwork for mutually beneficial relationships. Emma Frost is a beautiful, intelligent woman who helped lead the X-Men with the ruthless mind of a true businesswoman, but it’s her hidden compassion that informs much of her sexuality. That surprising potential for open, messy, life-changing love is one of the reasons she continues to fascinate readers to this day."

Emily Stachelczyk of Screen Rant called Emma Frost the "best anti-hero in the pantheon of Marvel Comics," writing, "She has always looked after herself and carefully manipulated the environment around her to her advantage. This potential to switch sides is why she's the superior Marvel anti-hero. Deadpool, while a good anti-hero, is not the best because his alignment is less suspect than Emma Frost's. Her jumbled history of villainy and heroism not only keeps fans guessing, but also embodies that balance anti-hero characters strive for. Deadpool, while impressive, does not carry Emma Frost's Machiavellian anti-hero status. It is never a guarantee that she will choose to be a hero in a moral dilemma, especially when considering that Deadpool does not always lack conventional heroic attributes when it comes down to the wire. Overall Emma Frost's journey with the X-Men and lapses into villainy solidifies what it means to be a Marvel anti-hero."

Chase Magnett of ComicBook.com called Emma Frost one of "Marvel's most interesting characters and someone with a devoted readership," saying, "Even when you set aside Emma Frost's extensive history and her impressive powerset, she's still a Marvel character in desperate need of a solo series. That's because she's one of the most complex and interesting characters at the publisher today. Even in her earliest days as a villainous member of the Hellfire Club and leader of the Hellions, her motives were far more complicated than world domination. She is someone who has understood the multi-faceted nature of power and how it is essential in defining one's place in the world. Every action she takes, even the misguided ones, stems from relatable fears and concerns and a heart that's far greater than her early appearances revealed. Emma Frost has always been a character looking to make an impact and she has across the past 30 years of X-Men comics. No matter which sort of role she has played within that team's many configurations, she has always been big enough to push them in new and surprising directions."

Andrew Wheeler of ComicsAlliance wrote, "Women's issues and LGBT issues are intimately aligned, because both present opposition to the notion of straight cis male supremacy. Women represent a challenge to conformity, which is why female heroes and icons tend to be more important than male heroes in all corners of the LGBT community. The X-Men include many of the best female heroes in comics. Characters like Storm, Emma Frost, Rogue, Kitty Pryde, and Mystique, frequently shatter old-fashioned ideas about sex and gender through their strength, independence, leadership, and self-possession."

Chelsea Steiner of The Mary Sue asserted, "Emma Frost is such a compelling character because of her complexity and her unique qualities as a female character. She doesn’t care about her likeability, and possesses powers beyond her mutations. Frost is highly intelligent, witty, resourceful and very wealthy. She is Bruce Wayne with telepathic abilities. She’s James Bond with diamond skin. And unlike many female mutants, she is not ashamed or afraid of her own powers. She is a self-possessed and confident leader. After all, not many mutants would be just as comfortable leading the Hellfire Club as the do the X-Men. Frost is also in control of her sexuality, displaying sex positivity before the term even entered the lexicon. She’s romanced Cyclops, Tony Stark, and Namor, to name a few. This characteristic is a natural extension of Frost’s confidence and strong sense of self. She knows who she is and will not apologize for it. Her rich character history and skill set show that she could star in countless different films. She could headline an Atomic Blonde-style retro spy film. She could star in a violent revenge film based on the fallout from Genosha. Hell, I would even watch her in a superpowered reboot of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie starring her and the Stepford Cuckoos. There is so much to explore with Emma Frost, a character who deserves her own damn franchise."

Deirdre Kaye of Scary Mommy called Emma Frost a "role model" and a "truly heroic" female character.

Claire Napier of WomenWriteAboutComics said, "Emma Frost is remarkable because nobody—fan nor creator nor Marvel management—will ever say, “No, you are wrong for thinking that this character has been designed to imply eroticism.” She’s not a perfect construct, but she’s something of a relief. At least, at last, we can talk about it. That’s probably why Grant Morrison put her front and centre in his New X-Men. In superhero comics—which he loves to remind us are about muscular men and large-breasted ladies in spandex and latex punching each other through walls—Emma Frost is established as a mouthpiece for those who would sit at the back, whispering, “Isn’t this all a bit rude? Where are everybody’s sexy bits?” Here they are! They’re on Emma. She is our erotic scapegoat."

John Witiw of Comic Book Resources called Emma Frost an "iconic" character.

Jesse Schedeen of IGN included Emma Frost in their "Marvel's Femme Fatales" list, while Hilary Goldstein and Richard George ranked her 21st in their "Top 25 X-Men" list. Comics Buyer's Guide ranked Emma Frost 5th in their "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list. Anthony Orlando of Digital Trends ranked Emma Frost 5th in their "10 Most Powerful X-Men Villains" list. Matthew Perpetua of BuzzFeed ranked Emma Frost 9th in their "95 X-Men Members Ranked From Worst To Best" list. Jessica Daniels of Looper ranked Emma Frost 10th in their "15 Of The Most Popular Female Marvel Superheroes Ranked By Strength" list. George Marston of Newsarama ranked Emma Frost 11th in their "Best X-Men Members Of All Time" list, saying, "As many of the best X-Men do, Emma Frost started out as a villain." Jo-Anne Rowney of Daily Mirror ranked Emma Frost 12th in their "Best Female Superheroes Of All Time" list, writing, "Step aside for this iconic lady, not only a complicated ice queen and staple of the X-Men comics, but she's also just a straight up badass. Her fashion is always over the top, and makes a statement, but it's all part of her image. She may have only been in less than half of the X-Men movies (shame on you guys), but she's flying the flag for female superheroes everywhere." Sarah Prado of Game Rant ranked Emma Frost 12th in their "Marvel: 14 Best Villains Turned Heroes" list. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly ranked Emma Frost 16th in their "Let's Rank Every X-Man Ever" list, calling her a "cruel beauty who became an occasionally-heroic cruel beauty."

Screen Rant included Emma Frost in their "X-Men: 10 Best Female Villains" list, in their "10 Most Powerful X-Men" list, and ranked her 1st in their "10 Best Marvel Comics Characters That Went From Villain To Friend" list, 5th in their "Top 10 Telepathic Mutants" list, 8th in their "10 Best X-Men Characters Created By Chris Claremont" list.

Comic Book Resources ranked Emma Frost 1st in their "10 Most Attractive Marvel Villains" list, 1st in their "10 Most Fashionable Marvel Heroes" list, 1st in their "All Of The Dark X-Men" list, 1st in their "X-Men: The 5 Deadliest Members Of The Hellfire Club (& The 5 Weakest)" list, 1st in their "10 X-Men Who Deserve Their Own Comic In 2023" list, 2nd in their "10 Best Manipulators In Marvel Comics" list, 2nd in their "10 Most Stylish Marvel Comics Characters" list, 4th in their "10 Most Attractive Marvel Heroes" list, 5th in their "10 Strongest Marvel Mentors" list, 6th in their "10 Most Terrifying X-Men" list, 7th in their "Grant Morrison's 10 Best Marvel Comics" list, 8th in their "10 Best New Mutants Villains" list.

Accolades

 * In 2006, Spike Scream Awards nominated Emma Frost for Best Rack on the Rack.

Emma Frost - 2003
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Emma Frost #1 was the 26th best selling comic in July 2003.

X-Men Origins: Emma Frost - 2010
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, X-Men Origins: Emma Frost #1 was the 101st best selling comic book of May 2010.

X-Men Black: Emma Frost - 2018
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, X-Men Black: Emma Frost #1 was the 23rd best selling comic book in October 2018. X-Men Black: Emma Frost #1 was the 226th best selling comic book in 2018.

Matt Lune of Comic Book Resources found that X-Men Black: Emma Frost #1 "brings Emma Frost back into the spotlight, and raises her power level higher than ever," asserting, "From Genosha to Scott Summers, Emma Frost has lost a lot, but the biggest thing she has lost is perhaps herself. Here, in this issue, she finds herself again, and in doing so, fans have rediscovered a newly refreshed and re-energized version of a beloved X-Men mainstay. It’s hard not to spoil anything about the end of this issue, but Emma’s decision regarding her new title is so perfectly relevant for 2018 in a way that doesn’t scream at you but is still so provocative, so exciting and so very Emma Frost." Jamie Lovett of ComicBook.com gave X-Men Black: Emma Frost #1 a grade of 4 out of 5, writing, "Of all of the issues of X-Men Black, this Emma Frost issue does the most to progress its title character in a new and interesting direction. That's no small feat considering the moral morass that Emma was dropped into thanks to an unearned villain turn way back during IvX. Other writers have been quick to try to redeem her, but arguably too quick considering how drastic and vile her actions were. Luckily, Leah Williams seem to have a total and complete understanding of Emma's personality and values and knows exactly which way her moral compass should be pointing. Rather than try to redeem Emma or reduce her to a simple villain, Williams has Emma walk her own path, making use of her gifts in intelligent and subtle ways to position herself a major player in the mutant world. She's joined by Chris Bachalo, one of the all-time great X-Men artists, for this story. While Bachalo's signature sense of design and unorthodox framing techniques are intact, he has a small army of inkers and colorists assisting him. As a result, this isn't Bachalo's sharpest-looking work, and there are some inconsistencies within, but it is still some stellar-looking comics. It can not be emphasized enough how essential this issue is for anyone with a soft spot for Emma, and its plenty enjoyable for everyone else as well."

Giant-Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost - 2020
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Giant Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost #1 was the 5th best selling comic book in February 2020. Giant Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost #1 was the 26th best selling comic book in 2020.

Mike Fugere of Comic Book Resources called Giant Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost #1 "another arcane, beautiful chapter to the Dawn of X era," writing, "Giant-Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost #1 is an obvious tribute to an issue of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely's iconic run on New X-Men, but its tone is far less psychedelic and far more ethereal. There is a sense of peace throughout Storm's mind, despite the horrific revelation that's discovered by the end of the issue. How the various emotional avatars within our Omega-Level mutant's mind interact with Jean and Emma are probably the most compelling part of this issue from a storytelling standpoint. It does a wonderful job at expressing emotions that are not always openly expressed between characters with conflicting ideologies with humor and a wonderful sense of whimsy." Matthew Aguilar of ComicBook.com stated, "This story is a joy from beginning to end, but it also subtly hints at larger ramifications for not only Storm but every other mutant on the planet. Macro-level ideas regarding the soul, mutant resurrection, and the state of the mind are all explored in one way or another—anchored by the imminent danger to one of the X-Men's most iconic faces, and it makes for one very compelling mix. Whether you're looking for an entertaining adventure between two of your X-Men favorites, a thoughtful and action-packed journey through the mind, or another step forward in the evolution fo the X-Men, you'll find all of it in Giant Size X-Men: Jean Grey and Emma Frost #1. It is one of the most stunning one-shots on the market today. In short, don't miss out on this issue; you'll regret it."

Age of Apocalypse
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the Age of Apocalypse storyline. She never joined the Hellfire Club and is a member of the Human High Council. She had the portions of her brain that granted her telepathy removed to join the ranks of the council.

It has since been revealed by Doom that the lobotomy only temporarily removed Emma's powers and it was a matter of time before Emma recovered her telepathy once again. When her powers returned, she joined Weapon Omega's reign, and has since been named Queen of Latveria.

Age of Ultron
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Age of Ultron. She is one of the few superpowered humans hiding in the tunnels beneath Central Park. She mourns Cyclops's death and helps Iron Man examine Spider-Man and Hawkeye for nanotechnology which may have been secretly inserted by Ultron, and is present when the team makes a plan to have one person get captured to find Ultron on the inside.

She journeys to the Savage Land with the rest of the heroes under Invisible Woman's invisibility field and Storm's mist. Upon arriving, she scans Luke Cage's mind in New York informing the others that he survived the nuclear blast and that Ultron is using Vision as a conduit to control the world from the future. It is also hinted that her powers are still broken and not fully recovered from the merge with the Phoenix, but improved significantly. When Wolverine and the Invisible Woman go to the past and kill Hank Pym, the current reality is wiped out and replaced with an alternate one.

Age of X
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the "Age of X" reality. She is shown as an inmate of Fortress X's X-Brig since her powers of telepathy prevented X from altering her memories.

Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows. She appears as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants. Magneto brought her in to operate Cerebro during the Brotherhood of Mutants' attack on the X-Mansion. Emma Frost and the rest of the Brotherhood of Mutants were defeated by Spider-Man's family and the X-Men where they are remanded to the Raft.

Days of Future Past
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Days of Future Past storyline. She was the former White Queen of the Hellfire Club, but retreated to a technological base off the coast of India after a majority of the mutant population was wiped out. She sold her telepathic abilities in services of mutant leaders and was eventually approached by Jubilee and Magneto to save Wolverine, who was mind-wiped by the Hellfire Club's Red Queen, Psylocke. Emma managed to restore Logan's mind and joined Magneto and Jubilee in defeating Psylocke and the Hellfire Club's plans for world domination. They continued to operate out of Emma's base with other members as the "X-Men" while Emma attempted to rehabilitate Psylocke back to the side of good.

Earth-889
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears on Earth-889. A steampunk era, Emmeline Frost leads the "X-Society" which consists of herself, Scott, Beast, and Logan. The X-Society is heralded as a society of adventurers and called upon by the New Albion (an antiquated name for California) police to assist and investigate various occurrences. Emma consistently refuses Scott's proposals of marriage citing class differences and her desire to avoid "tedious scandal". During an investigation of parallel events of those in Astonishing X-Men's Earth-616, the X-Society pursue Subject X, who causes the Hindenburg disaster and the X-Society are blamed for the deaths of its passengers. In response, the government places the X-Society under house arrest, causing Emma to consider moving away to Europe and accepting Scott's offer of marriage. She later reappears in the Astonishing X-Men story "Exalted". She is one of many mutants captured across different universes by a deluded version of Charles Xavier known as Savior. The mutants are used as living batteries to keep Savior's Earth from breaking apart, a process which eventually kills them. Emmeline is revealed to have accepted Scott "Scottie" Summer's marriage proposal in her home dimension, but the X-Society were all captured by Savior. Scottie died in the energy machine and Emmeline regrets having never told Scott how much she loved him. She and the remaining alternate reality X-Men escape from the machine and join the captured 616-Universe Cyclops in stopping Savior. They send Cyclops back to his home universe and decide to find a way to fix the Earth now that Savior's energy machine has been destroyed. Forming a new team, Emmeline and the other dimensionally-displaced X-Men were part of the 2012 title X-Treme X-Men, written by Greg Pak.

Exiles
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in a reality visited by the Exiles. Warlock's techno-organic virus and the Legacy virus interacted in a way to cause 75% of the population to turn into techno-organic beings known as Vi-Locks, including humans and super-beings. The remaining heroes banded together to fight the Vi-Locks and find a cure. Emma, while using a wheelchair, served as the heroes' chief means of communication by using her telepathy, since all other forms of communication were monitored by the Vi-Locks.

House of M
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the House of M storyline. The Scarlet Witch changes reality into one where mutants are the dominant species ruled by the House of M, Emma Frost is a child therapist (one of her clients being Franklin Richards who was traumatized after his family died in a spaceship crash) and married to Scott Summers, a pilot. She is later sought after by Wolverine and reminded of the true reality by Layla Miller. Along with other "reawakened" heroes, she leads a confrontation against the House of M in an attempt to restore reality. Only those heroes shielded by Doctor Strange's magic and Emma's telepathy remembered the events of House of M after reality was restored.

Marvel Adventures
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man. She is the best friend of mutant Sophia Sanduval, also known as Chat, and mostly uses her powers for personal gains. She is also one of the few people who knows Peter Parker's identity as Spider-Man and grows interested in him. She uses her telepathic powers and briefly takes on the alias "The Silencer" to see what Peter is capable of. Chat begins dating Peter afterward. After Chat discovers Emma's schemes, Chat seeks Spider-Man's help, leading to a confrontation between him and Emma. Eventually, Emma confesses her crush on Peter, which she began to have after first looking into his mind and realizing his earnest heroic beliefs and motives. She also reveals that she had caused everything in an attempt to break him and Chat up, feeling that she could neither date Peter while he was with Chat, nor could she spend time with Chat like she used to. By breaking them up, Emma hoped she could at least reclaim Chat's friendship. She makes up with Chat, who still believes her to be good, and allows herself to be arrested, while Peter and Chat go on a date.

Marvel Noir
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Marvel Noir universe. She is the warden of Genosha Bay, a 1930s prison where the world's most dangerous sociopaths are held without trial or due process. As a nod to the risque nature of the mainstream White Queen and the Hellfire Club, this version of Emma has a bondage fetish, relishing being tied up during a prison break and telling her captor "tighter please."

New Exiles
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the New Exiles. She is the head of Britain's Department X and founder of Force-X. Emma Frost uses a wheelchair in this reality as well.

Old Man Logan
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears on Earth-807128/Old Man Logan. She marries Doctor Doom to ensure the survival of her species. Together with Doctor Doom, they rule a sector of what once was the United States of America called Doom's Lair, the only place on Earth where mutants can live without fear of persecution. She sends her lover Black Bolt to save Logan and Hawkeye from a Venom-possessed Savage Land Tyrannosaurus. Emma uses her telepathy to make herself look young.

During the Secret Wars storyline where this reality was remade into the Battleworld domain of the Wastelands, Old Man Logan later came across a dying Emma Frost.

Secret Wars
An alternate version of Emma Frost dubbed "Boss Frost" appears as a psychic law enforcement officer in the Mondo City region of Battleworld.

Powerless
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Powerless, a world without superpowers or superheroes. She appears as one of William Watts' therapy patients. She mentions having issues with her mother, as well as being upset about Scott choosing Jean over her.

Prelude to Deadpool Corps
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the Prelude to Deadpool Corps series. Deadpool visits a world where Emma Frost runs an orphanage for girls that includes child versions of Jean Grey and Rogue. Here she is pursued romantically by this world's Professor Xavier, who runs an orphanage for troubled kids. During a dance hosted by the two orphanages, Xavier tries but fails to win Emma's affection.

Ruins
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in Ruins. She is the high priestess/manageress of the Church of the Next Generation, where she legally adopts the children of her followers and has them undergo surgery to unlock their "psychic abilities."

Ultimate Marvel
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the Ultimate Universe. She is a former student, and girlfriend, of Professor Charles Xavier, in charge of the Academy of Tomorrow and secretly part of the Hellfire Club which is trying to separate the Phoenix from Jean. This version of Emma Frost is pacifistic, able to develop a diamond skin, is non-telepathic, and until recently, is dressed much more conservatively than her mainstream counterpart. As a member of the Hellfire Club however, she has been seen wearing her traditional White Queen garb.

Magneto has her killed in Ultimatum along with the rest of the Academy of Tomorrow except for Havok. Multiple Man was seen remorsefully holding her corpse.

What If? Astonishing X-Men
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the 2010 ''What If? Astonishing X-Men'' one-shot "What if Ord resurrected Jean Grey instead of Colossus?." Jean Grey's resurrection causes friction with Emma, who believes her presence and history with the Phoenix will ensure the X-Men's demise. The two women discover that the Breakworld has predicted Phoenix will destroy their planet. Under the deception of the psychic remnant of Cassandra Nova, Emma extracts hidden vestiges of the Phoenix Force from the remaining Stepford Cuckoos, killing them and granting her the powers of the Phoenix so she may free Cassandra from her prison, no longer requiring Shadowcat. Emma kills Ord, destroys the Breakworld, and confronts the X-Men, killing Beast. Emma reveals her fear that Jean will proceed to take everything—including Scott—away from her now that she has returned. S.W.O.R.D. intercedes and intends to kill Emma for the destruction of the Breakworld. Jean realizes that it is actually Cassandra Nova controlling Emma. Scott manages to reach Emma with his love and she gains enough control to allow the X-Men a chance to kill her and stop Cassandra. Shadowcat pulls out Emma's heart, but is also killed when the Phoenix Force explodes from Emma's body.

X-Campus
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in the X-Campus series. She is a teenager appears and Sebastian Shaw's girlfriend. She is one of the students at the Worthington Academy, a school for mutants shown.

Young X-Men "End of Days"
An alternate version of Emma Frost appears in a dystopic future depicted in the final two issues of Young X-Men. An aged Emma Frost (now going by the codename "Diamondheart") is one of only four remaining mutants on "Xaviera", a former mutant safe-haven independent state and utopia. She remains on a team of X-Men with Graymalkin, Wolverine, Anole and an incapacitated and greatly aged Ink, whom she often hopes will speak. Dust suddenly appears, now greatly changed in her appearance and persona with altered powers, and proceeds to confront and easily kill each member. Emma attempts to fight her, but is quickly suffocated by Dust's whirlwind.

Television

 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears in X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men, voiced by Susan Silo. This version is a member of the Brotherhood of Mutant Terrorists who possesses the ability to fly and create "psy-bolts", alternatively known as "psionic energy spears" or "psychic harpoons".
 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Cynthia Dale. This version is a member of the Inner Circle and is their resident telepath. She also makes use of a Cerebro-esque machine that enhances her abilities, allowing her to block psychic probes. She and Mastermind combine abilities to confuse and seduce Jean Grey to their group's side, inadvertently leading to the Phoenix Force's corruption as the Dark Phoenix, but slips away in the confusion.
 * Emma Frost appears in X-Men '97, voiced by Martha Marion. She has relocated to the new mutant nation Genosha and joined its fledging government, agreeing with the effort to recruit Magneto as their new leader. She survives the Wild Sentinel attack due to the development of her secondary diamond mutation, and is later rescued by the X-Men during recovery and aid efforts.
 * Emma Frost appears in Generation X, portrayed by Finola Hughes. This version is a headmaster of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters and also displays some minor telekinetic ability.
 * Emma Frost appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Kari Wahlgren. This version is a member of the Inner Circle who works undercover within the X-Men to locate Jean Grey and extract the Phoenix Force under the belief that doing so will save humanity. Upon learning that the Inner Circle wish to use the Phoenix Force for their own gain, Frost sacrifices herself to release it into space.
 * Emma Frost appears in Marvel Anime: X-Men, voiced by Kaori Yamagata in the Japanese version and by Ali Hillis in the English dub. This version is a former member of the Inner Circle who left for moral reasons and to educate mutant children. Additionally, she displays a warm, kind, and understanding personality in addition to her traditional personality traits, which are primarily evident whenever she is around Armor. After Mastermind frames her for Jean Grey's death, Frost aids the X-Men in foiling Mastermind's schemes.

Film

 * Emma Frost was originally meant to appear in director Bryan Singer's third X-Men film, portrayed by Sigourney Weaver. After Singer left the project, Frost was not carried over to the final film X-Men: The Last Stand.
 * Emma Frost served as an inspiration for a character in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, portrayed by Tahyna Tozzi. She is Kayla Silverfox's sister, who displays the ability to transmute her skin into a diamond-esque form. While a trailer for the film identified the character as Emma Frost, she was credited as "Kayla's sister/Emma" in the final film.
 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears in X-Men: First Class, portrayed by January Jones. This version is a member of the Hellfire Club and consort to the group's leader Sebastian Shaw. Following her introduction, producer Lauren Shuler Donner identified her as the "real" Emma Frost and unconnected to the similarly named character from X-Men Origins: Wolverine. While carrying out their plot to create a mutant-based new world order, the Hellfire Club run afoul of Charles Xavier, Erik Lehnsherr, and the future X-Men. Following Shaw's death, Frost is incarcerated and later freed by Lehnsherr.
 * X-Men: Days of Future Past revealed Emma Frost as one of several mutants who were captured, tortured, experimented on, and killed by Bolivar Trask.
 * Emma Frost was originally meant to appear in Dark Phoenix, but was cut from the film.

Video games

 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears as a boss in The Uncanny X-Men.
 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears as a boss in X-Men: Madness in Murderworld.
 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears as a boss in X-Men.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in X-Men Legends, voiced by Bobby Holliday.
 * Emma Frost appears as a non-playable character in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced again by Bobby Holliday.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Grey DeLisle.
 * Emma Frost appears as a non-playable character in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Kari Wahlgren.
 * Emma Frost appears as an unlockable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance. Additionally, a Phoenix Force-empowered form appears as an alternate skin.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by Kari Wahlgren.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced again by Kari Wahlgren. This version is an associate of the X-Men.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Super War.
 * Emma Frost appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 * Emma Frost / White Queen appears in Marvel Snap.

Merchandise
Emma Frost received action figures in Hasbro's Marvel Legends action figure line in 2007, 2013, 2019, 2020, and 2022.

Miscellaneous

 * Emma Frost appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, initially voiced by Erica Schroeder and later by Lara Gilchrist.
 * Emma Frost appears in the Wolverine versus Sabretooth motion comic, voiced by Heather Doerksen.
 * Emma Frost, inspired by the Old Man Logan incarnation, appears in Marvel's Wastelanders: Old Man Star-Lord, voiced by Vanessa Williams. ''

title: Emma Frost


text:
White Queen

White Queen may refer to:

Literature and entertainment

 * White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass), a character in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass (1871)
 * White Queen (novel), a 1991 novel by Gwyneth Jones, the first of her Aleutian Trilogy.
 * The White Queen (novel), a 2009 novel by Philippa Gregory based on the life of Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492), Queen consort of England
 * The White Queen (TV series), a 2013 British serial drama based on the Gregory novel and its sequels
 * Lacus Clyne or White Queen, a character in the Gundam science fiction media franchise
 * White Queen, a character in the Nick Velvet novel series by Edward D. Hoch
 * "White Queen (As It Began)", a song by Queen from Queen II
 * Red Queen and White Queen, a holographic computer from Resident Evil: Extinction

In comics

 * Emma Frost or the White Queen, a Marvel Comics character
 * Adrienne Frost or the White Queen, a Marvel Comics character
 * Sat-Yr-9 or the White Queen, a Marvel Comics character
 * Amanda Waller or the White Queen, a DC Comics character
 * Valentina Vostok or the White Queen, a DC Comics character

Other

 * White Queen tomato, a tomato variety
 * Queen (chess)
 * Claude Njiké-Bergeret, development aid volunteer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Queen


text:
Category:Basketball teams

This category is for teams in the sport of basketball.

title: Category:Basketball teams


text:
Ostmark

Ostmark may refer to:

 * Margraviate of Austria, later known as Ostmark
 * Saxon Eastern March, a march of the Holy Roman Empire from the 10th to 12th century
 * Ostmark (Austria), Austria's name when it was part of Nazi Germany
 * Ostmark, a Gaue of the Nazi Party
 * East German mark, the currency of the former German Democratic Republic
 * German ostmark, short-lived currency used in eastern areas occupied by Germany in 1918

title: Ostmark


text:
Talk:Paroxetine

Addition of 'Aropax' to lead
I see this hasn't been discussed however, for the sake of a large Anglophone group in the Western World (including New Zealand, as well as a multitude of other South Pacific Island nation-states who purchase from Australian companies), I think the Trade name 'Aropax' should be included for searches by readers. I believe that the addition of one more Trade name is not a contravention of WP:NOTADVERTISING, nor is it WP:UNDUE/WP:PROMO any more than are "Paxil and Seroxat" (already being used in the lead). These may be common trade names in the US and/or Britain, but those names are never used over this side of the Anglophone world.

Please note that I am officially declaring that I have absolutely no WP:COI issues on this matter. I have no affiliation with any drug companies, nor do I know anyone who works for, distributes, etc. for any drug company. I have had no one approach me and ask that I endorse the product.

Note, also, that I am adding an addition reference which seems to be heavily drawn on, but not declared for this article available @ this link. There may be some problems with the article, but I'll run a check using the Wikipedia & other tools available before I comment further. Iryna Harpy (talk) 02:10, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Binding profile
The ki's listed would benefit from (1) clarifying the source data point instead of adding references to the table header and (2) using only the minimum number of references required.― Bio chemistry 🙴 ❤   22:39, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Article repeats itself
This article repeats itself. In the introduction, right below the tables of info and facts, the adverse effects of Paroxetine are laid out. Then, below in the section named "Adverse Effects" the exact same text is used. This is redundant information that should be removed to keep the article as concise as possible. I would propose that the first occurence of this text should be removed. However, I do not feel it is my place to edit and remove such a large portion of the article.

//Jonte 94.255.206.141 (talk) 14:40, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

Inconsistency in medical uses - depression section
The depression subsection under medical uses claims that paroxetine is equivalent to placebo. I have checked the linked sources, and none of them supports this claim. Lukispooky (talk) 08:00, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paroxetine


text:
Talk:Hayford Peirce

Autobiographical article
Since I'm the author of this brief article (which I *will* expand), I ought to know whether I am a minor writer or not. User:Hayford Peirce (2004)
 * Hayford, have you read Auto-biography ? --Stormie 03:35, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Generally, Hayford, the procedure is that someone else finds you notable enough to write an article about you--while not a sufficient criterion for notability, it is a usually a necessary one. Otherwise, what's to stop people from polluting the main namespace with vanity pages about themselves?  (Not saying your article is, but still, the principle is extremely important.)  But then again, my sentiment is tempered by the fact that you appear to be the only professional sci-fi writer regularly contributing to the Wikipedia!  --Ardonik.talk 18:09, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have no idea whether these and subsequent comments should be at Talk:Hayford Peirce or User talk:Hayford Peirce. This is indeed an awkward situation. --Ardonik.talk 18:11, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * If the comments are about this article, they definitely can be here. If they are general comments to Mr Peirce about editing, etc, they should go at his talk page. I have removed comments left here directed at Mr. Peirce personally.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 05:25, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Concerns
This article appears to be an ad for an author. There are concerns about lack of references, too much text which is unsourced, original research, conflict of interest with the contributor in the past contributing substantially to this article. Biggest problem: notability, Wikipedia needs reliable independent sources which talk specifically about this particular author. Please address these concerns.--Tomwsulcer (talk) 22:34, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Here we are 7 years later and the article remains largely unsourced. Yes there are sources, but the vast majority of the text is unsourced. And it was mostly written by the author himself User:Hayford Peirce because where else did the personal unsourced information come from? --  Green  C  15:48, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Issues: ref improve, COI and original research
The article since it was born has original research, uncited facts, promotionalism and COI. The existing sourcing supports some of the material but most of it is not supported by any source and was written in a florid promotional tone. I have tagged inline because top-level tags are being removed by editors. If editors continue to delete warnings the next step is to delete uncited text. Suggest finding sources and adding material that can be sourced. -- Green  C  16:23, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The unsourced information is already making its way into newspaper articles. See which states "Most of his stories are light-hearted and satiric in tone, with elements of black humor and occasional surprising grimness, according to an online profile." This is a direct quote sourced from Wikipedia. --  Green  C  20:30, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I've now cleaned the article up. And since the subject (who had written most of this wiki entry) is now deceased, I took the liberty of removing the tags. Stophorus (talk) 03:46, 8 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Stophorus, oh awesome. The article is much better now. -- Green  C  04:04, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hayford Peirce


text:
Talk:Ampersand

History and Time Period
The History section of the main article states that the ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century AD, yet the side bar shows the time period as ~100 to present. 101 was the start of the second century, and I doubt the intention was to say that ampersand usage started at exactly 100 AD. I imagine one place or the other needs to be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FakeAlvinT (talk • contribs) 13:47, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

Image
I've replaced the JPG image (ew) with one that is hopefully better, in Adobe Garamond Pro. The "italic" ampersand is a bit different from the old image, though, so I worry that this is incorrect. I can replace it with one in a different typeface if this is the case. neckro 07:31, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I wish you would use a different typeface. The "italic" ampersand is really not typical. -- Dominus 12:40, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Usage
>Although common in handwriting before typewriters came into widespread use, the ampersand has lost popularity in recent years, and it has become standard in most contexts to write out the word "and."

It is certainly more often used in logotypes than in flowing prose, but this seems to suggest that it is no longer used at all. If someone can think of a way to write this, I'd appreciate it. --Mdwyer 16:32, 2005 August 31 (UTC)

 * "Use of the ampersand & and": a discussion on Blogdorf about the use of the ampersand.
 * It might well be usefull to expand on when and where the use of & is tolerated in formal use such as academic works and essays — Preceding unsigned comment added by Empty hat (talk • contribs) 03:42, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Stenographic characteristics of Tironian et
It reads, "However, while the ampersand was in origin a common ligature in everyday script, the Tironian et was part of a highly specialised stenographic shorthand," in "History" section of the current revision referring to. I noticed, however, that the referred page does not say that the Tironian et is a stenographic shorthand, but merely that the Roman ampersand and the Tironian et are different forms of shorthand which are developed independently.

Though I know that Tironian notes are developed for stenographic purposes and the description would be correct, I think it is better to replace the reference with another page or book that mentions about stenographic characteristics of the Tironian et.

I am now trying to translate this article for Japanese Wikipedia. I will omit the description in the translated article for the moment. ObladiOblada (talk) 04:30, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

song
i do not believe that there is a single mention of the song by tally hall which shares the same name, which i see to be a huge lack with this website and because of it wikipedia should clearly just be removed and banned from all internet browsings 2601:447:CA00:9950:E1C1:6C52:B310:9035 (talk) 02:54, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

 * It's on Ampersand (disambiguation) which is linked from this page. Spitzak (talk) 03:44, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Or on & (disambiguation). --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 07:36, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * thats a different topic altogether and if you wanted to look at that you could soooo like these people might not know that because certainly did not but now i will look into it 2600:1700:99B0:1F90:E594:3AAC:6D41:F223 (talk) 03:05, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I see what you had in mind to I replaced the combined hatnote into two distinct ones
 * So somebody who types "ampersand" looking for the song should able to see that it is "another use". --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:52, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So somebody who types "ampersand" looking for the song should able to see that it is "another use". --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:52, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So somebody who types "ampersand" looking for the song should able to see that it is "another use". --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 17:52, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ampersand


text:
Talk:Elkhart, Iowa

The map displayed in this article is INCORRECT!

Although the latitude and longitude coordinates given in the article are correct, the current map is showing Elkhart located in Warren county, NOT Polk county where it belongs. The red dot should be located in the northeast corner of the county directly above the county in which it is currently located. A map confirming this can be seen at the following Iowa State University URL:

http://ortho.gis.iastate.edu/drg100/client_drg.cgi?zoom=20&x0=456602&y0=4626973&action=pan&pwidth=1600&pheight=1200

Elkhart is located in the center of the map linked above. You can use the surrounding towns, as well as the county boundaries in the upper right and left corners, as reference points in assigning the correct location to the article map.

I do not have account priviledges to correct this error, so I am informing you of this. -- 207.177.12.138 (comment originally inserted into article text as a comment.

 * I'll take care of it. -- Seth Ilys 03:34, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I have corrected and re-added the map showing the location of Elkhart. Torin Darkflight 03:09, Apr 10, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 one external links on Elkhart, Iowa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcities%2Ftotals%2F2012%2FSUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fwww%2Fgazetteer%2Ffiles%2FGaz_places_national.txt to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:31, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elkhart, Iowa


text:
Francesco Guicciardini

Francesco Guicciardini (6 March 1483 – 22 May 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance. In his masterpiece, The History of Italy, Guicciardini paved the way for a new style in historiography with his use of government sources to support arguments and the realistic analysis of the people and events of his time.

Early life
Francesco Guicciardini was born on 6 March 1483 in the Italian city of Florence, which was part of the Florentine Republic. He was the third of 11 children of Piero di Iacopo Guicciardini and Simona di Bongianni Gianfigliazzi. The Guicciardini were well-established members of the Florentine oligarchy as well as supporters of the Medici family. Influential in Florentine politics, Guicciardini's ancestors had held the highest posts of honour in the state for many generations, as may be seen in his own genealogical Ricordi autobiografici e di famiglia.

Piero Guicciardini had studied with the philosopher Marsilio Ficino, who stood as his son's godfather. Like his father, Francesco received a fine humanist education and studied the classics, learning both Latin and a little Greek. The boy was sent by his father to study law at the Universities of Ferrara and Padua, where he stayed until the year 1505.

The death of an uncle, who had occupied the Diocese of Cortona, induced the young Guicciardini to seek an ecclesiastical career. His father, however, "thought the affairs of the Church were decadent. He preferred to lose great present profits and the chance of making one of his sons a great man rather than have it on his conscience that he had made one of his sons a priest out of greed for wealth or great position." Thus, the ambitious Guicciardini once again turned his attention to law. At 23, he was appointed by the Signoria of Florence to teach legal studies at the Florentine Studio.

In 1508, Guicciardini married Maria Salviati, the daughter of Alamanno Salviati, cementing an oligarchical alliance with the powerful Florentine family. In the same year, he wrote the Memorie di famiglia, a family memoir of the Guicciardini family, the Storie Fiorentine (Tales of Florence), and began his Ricordi, a collection of personal maxims and reflections.

Spanish court
Having distinguished himself in the practice of law, Guicciardini was entrusted by the Florentine Signoria with an embassy to the court of the King of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic, in 1512. He had doubts about accepting the position because it came with so little profit and would disrupt his law practice and take him away from the city. However, Francesco's father convinced him of the court’s prestige and the honour of having been chosen at such a young age. "No one could remember at Florence that such a young man had ever been chosen for such an embassy", he wrote in his diary. Thus Guicciardini started his career as a diplomat and statesman.

His Spanish correspondence with the Signoria reveals his power of observation and analysis, a chief quality of his mind. At the Spanish court, he learned lessons of political realism. In his letters back home, he expressed appreciation for being able to observe Spanish military methods and estimate their strength during the time of war. However, he also distrusted the calculated gestures of Ferdinand and referred to him as a model of the art of political deceit. During his time in Spain, the Medici regained power in Florence. Under the new regime, his embassy in Spain dragged on, frustrating Guicciardini as he yearned to return to Florence and participate in its political life. Guicciardini insisted on being recalled and even sent a letter to the youthful Lorenzo de’ Medici in an attempt to secure a position in the new ruling group. Guicciardini eventually returned home to Florence, where he took up his law practice again; in 1514, he served as a member of the Otto di Balìa, who controlled internal security, and in 1515, he served on the Signoria, the highest Florentine magistracy.

Papacy
In 1513, Giovanni de' Medici, the son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, became Pope Leo X and brought Florence under papal control, which provided opportunities for Florentines to enter papal service, as did Francesco in 1515. Leo X made him governor of Reggio in 1516 and Modena in 1517. This was the beginning of a long career for Guicciardini in papal administration, first under Leo X and then under his successor, Clement VII. "He governed Modena and Reggio with conspicuous success" according to The Catholic Encyclopedia. He was appointed to govern Parma, and according to the Encyclopedia, "in the confusion that followed the pope's death, he distinguished himself by his defence of Parma against the French (1521)."

In 1523, Guicciardini was appointed viceregent of the Romagna by Clement VII (1478–1534). These high offices rendered Guicciardini the virtual master of the Papal States beyond the Apennine Mountains. As he later described himself during this period: "If you had seen messer Francesco in the Romagna...with his house full of tapestries, silver, servants thronged from the entire province where—since everything was completely referred to him—no one, from the Pope down, recognized anyone as his superior...".

The political turmoil in Italy was continuously intensifying. As hostilities between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, escalated, the Pope remained undecided over which side to back and so sought Guicciardini's advice. Guicciardini advised an alliance with France and urged Clement to conclude the League of Cognac in 1526, which led to war with Charles V. Later that year, as the forces of Charles V threatened to attack, Clement made Guicciardini lieutenant-general of the papal army. Guicciardini was powerless to influence the commander of papal forces, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, to take action. In April 1527, Guicciardini succeeded in averting an attack on Florence from a rebellious imperial army, which turned toward Rome instead. Less than two weeks later came the news of the Sack of Rome and the imprisonment of Clement in the Castel Sant'Angelo.

Guicciardini served three popes over a period of twenty years, and perhaps because of his experiences, he was highly critical of the papacy: "I don't know anyone who dislikes the ambition, the avarice, and the sensuality of priests more than I do.... Nevertheless, the position I have enjoyed with several popes has forced me to love their greatness for my own self-interest. If it weren't for this consideration, I would have loved Martin Luther as much as I love myself—not to be released from the laws taught by the Christian religion as it is normally interpreted and understood, but to see this band of ruffians reduced within their correct bounds."

Florentine Republic
Like many Florentine aristocrats of his day, Guicciardini believed in a mixed republican government based on the model of the Venetian constitution; despite working so often and closely with the Medici, he viewed their rule as tyrannical. Guicciardini was still able to reconcile his republican ideals and his support of the Medici: "The equality of men under a popular government is by no means contradicted if one citizen enjoys greater reputation than another, provided it proceed from the love and reverence of all, and can be withheld by the people at their pleasure. Indeed, without such supports, republics can hardly last."

Shortly after the Sack of Rome, Guicciardini returned to Florence, but by 1527, the Medici had been expelled from the city, and a republic had been re-established by the extreme anti-Medici Arrabiati faction. Because of his close ties to the Medici, Guicciardini was held suspect in his native city. In March 1530, as a result of his service to the Medici, Guicciardini was declared a rebel and had his property confiscated.

This final Florentine Republic did not last long, however, and after enduring the Siege of Florence by imperial troops for nine months, in 1530 the city capitulated. Under the command of Clement VII, Guicciardini was assigned the task of punishing the Florentine citizens for their resistance to the Medici, and he dealt out justice mercilessly to those who had opposed the will of the Pope. Benedetto Varchi claimed that in carrying out his task, "Messer Francesco Guicciardini was more cruel and more ferocious than the others".

Final years
In 1531, Guicciardini was assigned the governorship of Bologna, the most important city in the northern Papal States by Clement VII. Guicciardini resigned after Clement's death in 1534 and returned to Florence, where he was enlisted as advisor to Alessandro de' Medici, "whose position as duke had become less secure following the death of the pope". Guiccardini defended him in Naples in 1535 before Charles V, contesting the exiled rebels' accusations of tyranny. He assisted in successfully negotiating the marriage of Alessandro to the emperor Charles V’s daughter Margaret of Parma in 1536, and for a short time Gucciardini was the most trusted advisor to Alessandro until the Duke's assassination in 1537.

Then, Guicciardini allied himself with Cosimo de' Medici, who was just 17 and new to the Florentine political system. Guicciardini supported Cosimo as duke of Florence; nevertheless, Cosimo dismissed him shortly after rising to power. Guicciardini retired to his villa in Arcetri, where he spent his last years working on the Storia d'Italia. He died in 1540 without male heirs.

His nephew, Lodovico Guicciardini, was also a historian known for his 16th-century works on the Low Countries.

Works
None of Francesco Guicciardini's works was published during his lifetime. It was not until 1561 that the first sixteen of the twenty books of his History of Italy were published. The first English "translation" by Sir Geffray Fenton was published in 1579. Until 1857, only the History and a small number of extracts from his aphorisms were known. In that year, his descendants opened the Guicciardini family archives and committed to Giuseppe Canestrini the publication of his memoirs in ten volumes. These are some of his works recovered from the archives: Taken in combination with Machiavelli's treatises, the Opere inedite offer a comprehensive body of Italian political philosophy before Paolo Sarpi.
 * Ricordi politici e civili, already noted, consisting of about 220 maxims on political, social, and religious topics;
 * Observations on Machiavelli's Discorsi, which bring into relief the views of Italy's two great theorists on statecraft in the 16th century, and show that Guicciardini regarded Machiavelli somewhat as an amiable visionary or political enthusiast;
 * Storia Fiorentina, an early work of the author, distinguished by its animation of style, brilliancy of portraiture and liberality of judgment;
 * Dialogo del reggimento di Firenze, also in all probability an early work, in which the various forms of government suited to an Italian commonwealth are discussed with subtlety, contrasted and illustrated from the vicissitudes of Florence up to the year 1494.
 * There is also a series of short essays, entitled Discorsi politici, composed during Guicciardini's Spanish legation.

The History of Italy

Guicciardini is best known as the author of the Storia d'Italia (History of Italy), which provides a detailed account of politics in the Italian Peninsula between 1490 and 1534. Written during the last years of his life, this work contains the historian's observations collected over his entire lifetime and was a work intended for posterity. As Gilbert writes: "The History of Italy stands apart from all his writings because it was the one work which he wrote not for himself, but for the public."

In his research, Guicciardini drew upon material that he gathered from government records as well as from his own extensive experience in politics. His many personal encounters with powerful Italian rulers serves to explain his perspective as a historian: "Francesco Guicciardini might be called a psychological historian—for him the motive power of the huge clockwork of events may be traced down the mainspring of individual behavior. Not any individual, be it noted, but those in positions of command: emperors, princes and popes who may be counted on to act always in terms of their self-interest—the famous Guicciardinian particolare."

Inn the following excerpt, the historian records his observations on the character of Pope Clement VII: "And although he had a most capable intelligence and marvelous knowledge of world affairs, yet he lacked the corresponding resolution and execution. For he was impeded not only by his timidity of spirit, which was by no means small, and by a strong reluctance to spend, but also by a certain innate irresolution and perplexity, so that he remained almost always in suspension and ambiguous when he was faced with those deciding those thing which from afar he had many times foreseen, considered, and almost revealed."

Moreover, what sets Guicciardini apart from other historians of his time is his understanding of historical context. His approach was already evident in his early work The History of Florence (1509): "The young historian was already doubtlessly aware of the meaning of historical perspective; the same facts acquiring different weight in different contexts, a sense of proportion was called for." In the words of one of Guicciardini's severest critics, Francesco de Sanctis: "If we consider intellectual power [the Storia d'Italia] is the most important work that has issued from an Italian mind."

Guicciardini and Machiavelli on politics and history
Guicciardini was friends with Niccolò Machiavelli; the two maintained a lively correspondence until the latter's death in 1527. Guicciardini had a somewhat higher social standing than his friend, but through their letters, a relaxed, comfortable relationship between the two emerges. "Aware of their difference in class, Machiavelli nevertheless was not intimidated by Guicciardini's offices... or by his aristocratic connections. The two established their rapport because of mutual regard for each other's intellect." They discussed personal matters and political ideas and influenced each other's work.

Guicciardini was critical of some of the ideas expressed by Machiavelli in his Discourses on Livy: "Guicciardini's principal objection to the theories which Machiavelli advanced in the Discourses was that Machiavelli put things 'too absolutely.' Guicciardini did not agree with Machiavelli's basic assumption that Rome could serve as a perfect norm." Both were innovative in their approach to history:"'Machiavelli and Guicciardini are important transitional figures in the development of historical writing. The historical consciousness that becomes visible in their work is a significant rupture in our thinking about the past... Human agency was a central element in the historical thought of Machiavelli and Guicciardini, but they did not have a modern notion of individuality.... They started to disentangle historiography from its rhetorical framework, and in Guicciardini's work we can observe the first traces of a critical historical method.'"

Bilingual list of works
The following list contains alternative names used for Guicciardini's works in Italian and English:

 * Storie fiorentine (History of Florence 1509)
 * Diario di viaggio in Spagna (1512)
 * Discorso di Logrogno ("Discourse of Logrogno"; 1512)
 * Relazione di Spagna (1514)
 * Consolatoria (1527)
 * Oratio accusatoria (1527)
 * Oratio defensoria (1527)
 * Del reggimento di Firenze or Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze ("Dialogue on Florentine Government" or "Dialogue on the Government of Florence"; 1527)
 * Considerazioni intorno ai "Discorsi" del Machiavelli sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio ("Observations on Machiavelli's Discourses"; 1528, or possibly 1530 )
 * Ricordi or Ricordi civili e politici (the name given by Giuseppe Canestrini when he first published the book in 1857) or Ricordi politici e civili (as the Catholic Encyclopedia refers to it); in English, usually "the Ricordi" but called "Maxims and Reflections (Ricordi)" in one translation and "Counsels and Reflections" in another (1512–1530).
 * Le cose fiorentine (second "History of Florence"; 1528–1531)
 * Storia d'Italia ("History of Italy"; 1537–1540)

title: Francesco Guicciardini