text:
Orr (Catch-22)

Lieutenant Orr is a fictional character in the classic 1961 novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller. Orr is a World War II bomber pilot who shares a tent with his good friend, the protagonist of the novel, Yossarian. Described as "a warm-hearted, simple-minded gnome," Orr is generally considered crazy. His most notable feature is repeatedly being shot down over water, but, until his final flight, always managing to survive along with his entire crew. On his final flight, perhaps two-thirds of the way through the novel, he is again shot down into the Mediterranean, and is lost at sea. Only in the last ten pages of the novel does Heller reveal that Orr's crashes were part of an elaborate (and successful) plot to escape the war.

Orr is the only airman of the group to successfully get away by the end of the novel.

Motivations
Orr's motivation throughout is to escape the squadron and the war. He is also known for being very mechanically adept and uses his skills to make his and Yossarian's tent as comfortable as possible. This is because Yossarian is his friend, and although it is Orr's intent to escape, he wants to make the tent comfortable for Yossarian.

Goals
Orr attempts to escape the war in two main ways. His first goal is to get a prostitute to knock him unconscious, so that he can be grounded. When this fails, Orr plans to ditch in the sea and make his way to a neutral country where he can wait out the war. Orr practices this second goal by getting shot down every mission he flies, and so becomes an expert in ditching, without losing a single crewman.

Orr also has a goal of making his and Yossarian's tent as comfortable as possible e.g. by installing a heating system for the tent in time for winter.

Relationships and conflicts
Orr is good friends with Yossarian and enjoys winding him up with his stories of crabapples and horse-chestnuts or about the prostitute that kept hitting him over the head. He tries to encourage Yossarian to fly with him, intimating that it would be to his advantage, but Yossarian refuses as he is scared of being shot down. It is not until Orr escapes to Sweden that Yossarian realises that Orr was trying to offer him an escape out of the war with him.

Orr seems to take offense at Appleby, who is patriotic and a conformist. Appleby is also a renowned table tennis player in the squadron, "who won every game he started until the night Orr got tipsy on gin and juice and smashed open Appleby’s forehead with his paddle after Appleby had smashed back each of Orr’s first five serves. ... Pandemonium broke loose." While Orr is a small man, Appleby is large, strong and athletic, and so is able to get a hold of Orr and almost "smite him dead". However, Yossarian intervened and "took Orr away from him." Yossarian fights Appleby instead; this is the first instance in the novel of Yossarian's protectiveness of Orr. The next day, Orr informs Yossarian that Appleby has "flies in his eyes":

"Oh, they're there, all right," Orr had assured him about the flies in Appleby's eyes after Yossarian's fist fight with Appleby in the officers' club, "although he probably doesn’t even know it. That's why he can’t see things as they really are." "How come he doesn't know it?’ inquired Yossarian. "Because he’s got flies in his eyes," Orr explained with exaggerated patience. "How can he see he's got flies in his eyes if he's got flies in his eyes?"

Everyone in the squadron presumes that Orr is a simpleton, as evidenced by his optimism, despite the increasing numbers of missions, and the fact that when he crashes his plane into the sea, M&M Enterprises has stolen the cylinders from the life jackets: "Orr hasn’t got brains enough to be unhappy." Yossarian says. However, he is eventually revealed to have had the clearest view of the absurdities of their situation through his carefully planned escape to Sweden. Although he has been shot down more times than anyone else in the unit (17), he continues to fly and does not appear afraid of the missions, and he is therefore assumed to be crazy. They do not know that this is part of his plan to escape the war.

Doc Daneeka uses Orr as an example, when explaining the grounding of the insane and “Catch-22.” Orr is insane for not requesting to be grounded, even though he is shot down every mission he flies. If he did request to be grounded he would be considered sane for realising the risks of continuing to fly. The “Catch-22” is that you can only be grounded if you are insane. But you must request it, and by requesting it you are considered sane.

Epiphany
In a conversation with Yossarian in their tent, Orr tries to hint at his reasons for being so obscure, why the prostitute was hitting him over the head and why Yossarian should fly with Orr. In the next mission Orr is lost at sea, and Yossarian believes that he is dead. Only later does Yossarian realize it was all part of a grand plan to escape the war to Sweden, which Orr was trying to encourage Yossarian to be a part of.

Prior story
Apart from a brief explanation that Orr is "from the wilderness outside New York City", there is no real detail of Orr's past. We also do not learn his first name in the novel; in the mini-series, however, Milo Minderbinder introduces him as "Ivor Orr" (which sounds like "either or").

Improving the Tent
Orr shares a tent with Yossarian, and is very mechanically adept, as he manages to make for them the most luxurious tent in the squadron. When working on small pieces for an oven stove in the tent, Yossarian sees his work as arduous and highly unnecessary as the pieces are too small for anything of real concern, yet at the end while using his stove, he realizes the intricate simplicity of improving the stove's performance. Although this tinkering drives Yossarian mad, any idea of harming Orr is so absurd that Yossarian can't follow through with it.

Crab apples
Orr has a bucktoothed smile and frequently puts crabapples or horse chestnuts in his cheeks and rubber balls in his hands. He constantly teases Yossarian asking him if he wants to know why, to which Yossarian invariably says "yes". Orr never gives any straightforward explanation for this other than he wants big cheeks and to detract from the peculiarity of this he keeps rubber balls in his hands. As he explains the latter, "Every time someone asked me why I was walking around with crab apples in my cheeks, I'd just open my hands and show them it was rubber balls I was walking around with, not crab apples, and that they were in my hands, not my cheeks. It was a good story. But I never knew if it got across or not, since it's pretty tough to make people understand you when you're talking to them with two crab apples in your cheeks."

This oddity is analogous to other absurd and ambiguous conversations in the novel, which are circular and end up having little or no significance. He uses this behaviour to draw Yossarian into circular arguments that never seem to be resolved and serve to only frustrate Yossarian (which amuses Orr who generally chortles at his cleverness).

Incident with prostitute
An incident with an unnamed prostitute in a hotel in Rome is a puzzling event in the novel, and is only explained to the reader at the end of the novel.

The whole apartment watches as the prostitute jumps up and down naked, and hits a giggling, equally naked Orr on the head with her heeled shoes. Each time she jumps and hit him, Orr giggles louder, making her even more angry. She then would jump even higher and hit him harder, causing him to giggle even more. The vicious cycle ends after fifteen to twenty minutes when she knocks him out cold with a good whack to his head, leaving him with a concussion "that kept him out of combat for only twelve days."

Yossarian, on learning that Orr has escaped to Sweden, in the concluding pages of the novel, understands that she was hired by Orr as part of a plan to be discharged. Yossarian realises that the prostitute was hitting Orr on the head "because he was paying her to, that's why! But she wouldn't hit him hard enough, so he had to row to Sweden." The incident was simply another of Orr's plans to escape from the war.

Plane crashes
Orr (like Yossarian) has a firm grasp of his situation in the war effort. As the story unfolds between harrowing war scenes and more personable ones such as Orr and Yossarian meeting prostitutes in Rome, Orr more and more enunciates his guile and clever techniques to move toward his freedom from war. At first, his frequent airplane crashes seems to hint toward a clumsy, foolish pilot who has little knack and knowledge for his craft. In the concluding chapters, Orr purposefully crashes for two reasons: to throw off all of the commanding officers who would believe he met his demise and to learn where and how to crash in order to escape to Sweden. The generals, colonels, and other commanding officers in the higher echelons constantly and consistently appear to be vain and care only about their own careers. To expect that Orr could survive a crash would certainly fall out of their range of focus and would not create much of an uproar, especially because of Orr's unfailing "ability" to crash. It is also paradoxical, in the classic way of the novel, that Orr has to crash his plane repeatedly - practising for the time that he will crash his plane.

Throughout the last ten chapters Yossarian along with Orr thinks diligently about crashing near a neutral country such as Switzerland or Sweden to be interned there for the rest of the war. Since heading directly toward one of the two countries would give the appearance of fleeing similar to AWOL, a more surreptitious and clandestine indirect path would work better. By practicing to crash, Orr learned how to do so in a fashion where he could escape as narrowly as possible to hint at death; those in higher power would simply wave it off and move on with their bureaucratic motives, leaving Orr to his especially spacious freedom. He used the crashes as practice for ocean survival techniques, as is evident when he and his crew members are in a life raft. He learns not only the physical but mental aspects as well, keeping himself jocular and humorous while on the seas to keep from getting bored or going mad. The news of this escape eventually reaches Yossarian while he is in hospital, causing him to undergo a revelation as to Orr's motives about his actions and re-energizes him to keep on "fighting the system". It is only then that he realises that Orr's requests that Yossarian should fly with him was actually a scheme for them both to escape to Sweden.

Adaptations in other media
In Mike Nichols' 1970 film adaptation of the novel, Orr was played by Bob Balaban. He was played in Hulu's 2019 mini-series by Graham Patrick Martin.

Sources, references, external links, quotations
Catch-22 quotes from Wikiquote

title: Orr (Catch-22)


text:
Wikipedia:Naming conventions (theorems)

The convention is that theorem appears with lower case, so that it's prime number theorem not Prime Number Theorem, and Borsuk-Ulam theorem rather than Borsuk-Ulam Theorem. This is for the page title; a redirect can of course be created for the upper case form(s).

This convention can be seen as universally adopted on list of theorems. It may not be universally accepted outside Wikipedia. The discussion on the talk page for this meta-page wasn't exactly conclusive; but as a de facto matter it is now (2004) standard on WP.

The same cannot be said for the Hadwiger's theorem versus Hadwiger theorem preference. It is not clear that there is consistency even within mathematics; perhaps the X theorem and X's theorem are both in common parlance. The A–B theorem is correct for the theorem proved by A and B (in parallel or series). Sometimes it is for euphony: Brouwer's fixed-point theorem but the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem.

Possible grey areas include Fermat's Last Theorem, Zariski's main theorem where in the first case 'last' qualifies the Theorem (it was the last of Fermat's claimed results to be proved); and in the second case, by contrast, 'main' does refer to Zariski's work.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (theorems)


text:
Talk:Leela (Futurama)

Family name
It was revealed in Bender's Game (on her parents mail box) that Turanga is her family name, not her first name. I've been reading the article but I'm not sure how I'd go about adding that to the article in a professional manner. --- Silent RAGE! 04:54, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Just in case the present wording is unclear to anyone, Turanga is her family (first) name, Leela is her given (last) name, as mentioned in the original episodes.129.137.154.193 (talk) 23:33, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * That doesn't make sense. Every other character uses the Western style of family name being synonymous with surname and given name being synonymous with first name. Therequiembellishere (talk) 18:58, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, mutant society -is- very different. Just saying. Lots42 (talk) 04:02, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The show never refers to Leela as "Leela Turanga," whereas the name "Turanga Leela" is used multiple times. I am changing the article to reflect the correct name order according to the series. noktulo (talk) 16:16, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

I thought her name was Leela Turanga... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.234.184 (talk) 17:43, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Talons
Unless I am severely missing something (or my search button is broken) the article does not mention Leela's arm talons. Lots42 (talk) 12:21, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Given that they were mentioned once and Futurama runs to many throwaway gags, I wouldn't worry about them. Wyvern (talk) 16:29, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I disagree, I feel they are very relevant. Lots42 (talk) 23:02, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * She has talons ??? --Dylan (talk) 16:01, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Elbow talons were mentioned in one of the later Santa Claus episodes; supposedly she normally keeps them filed down. However, it was a quick joke and never came up again.  Mentioning her recurring boil (which wasn't seen until the sixth season and actually was a plot point) might make sense, the talons...not so much.  Wyvern (talk) 15:56, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Marriage
Is that mention of a marriage with Fry meant to be the one with Lars/Fry in Into the Wild Green Yonder? If I recall correctly, that was canceled before they were declared married, so Fry is not her "ex-husband" at all (let alone Lars was not even the regular Fry, but a temporal clone). 93.33.0.32 (talk) 12:25, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, Fry and Leela did get married in an earlier episode, the one with time-skips and the Harlem Globetrotters. Unfortunately a time-skip erased her memories of the marriage, reverting her to her 'pre-feelings'. Lots42 (talk) 12:54, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Noteable
I think it's noteable that in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duh-Vinci_Code Leela agreed to go off in a dark corner for 'The Mile Under Club' (i.e. sex) with Fry but Farnsworth put a stop to all that. (Awww). Lots42 (talk) 12:59, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Significance of the name
Lila (same pronunciation) means purple in German, and I always thought that was the origin of her name. Since the current section on the significance needs citation, I was wondering if anybody knows of a source that can corroborate one way or another. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.218.143.104 (talk) 17:05, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Is this important?
I think it's important that she was the first female to play major league Blernsball. She's also noted as the worst major league Blernsball player in history. Im not sure where I could find references for this though. --Dylan (talk) 16:12, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I think in terms of Futurama, it'd be important if it was in more then one episode. Like how Amy's parents are kid-hungry psychopaths. Lots42 (talk) 12:51, 15 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Lots42, for a fictional biography it is one of many minor details that would make the article excessively long and trivia filled if they were all included. If it were in multiple episodes or discussed from an out-of-universe perspective in a reliable source (something like "Leela's short stint playing Blernsball demonstrates her characters unique...") then it might be notable enough to include. As it currently stands I don't see a good reason to include it. Stardust8212 13:07, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * There is a section entitled 'Fictional Character Biography' this seems like the perfect place for this information. Dylan (talk) 03:02, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The fictional character biography needs to just hit the main points of her character, including every small detail like this will make it much too long allowing the in-universe part of the article to overwhelm the out-of-universe portion. Stardust8212 12:42, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

These to me are very important facts to include in a biography. They're more than just "small detail[s]". Dylan (talk) 01:50, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Such details are not relevant to the reasons why Leela is notable in the real world. Even within Futurama, her being the first female blernsball player has never been referenced in an episode subsequent to "A Leela of Her Own". This is because Futurama is primarily a surreal satirical farce that emphasizes humor over maintaining a consistent continuity over its fictional universe (as opposed to say, Star Trek or Harry Potter). It's why the writers didn't care that the recent episode "Lethal Inspection" directly contradicted Bender's attempt to commit suicide in the pilot, or the scene in which he was first depicted being born as an "adult" robot in a previous episode, or showed him as a computer disc when reverting to pre-infancy in "Teenage Mutant Leela's Hurdles".

 * Whenever writing about fiction, we are required to focus on the things for which the fiction is noteworthy, and summarize the most salient information about the familiar distinctions fictional characters. Mentioning that Peter Parker loves his aunt is salient. Mentioning that he once met Jay Leno in one of his comics is not. In this case, Leela's being the first female at that sport is not salient.

 * For more details on this, please see WP:Fiction as a cultural artifact and WP:INUNIVERSE. Nightscream (talk) 06:20, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Doctor Who reference?
Hey I always figured Leela was named after the companion of the Doctor who pretty much acted the same way? She came from a "savage" tribe and was a big fighter. She also carried a gun much like Futurama's Leela does in her infobox here. Is this not the case? felinoel (talk) 06:04, 14 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Leela is not savage, nor does she come from a savage tribe, and she is almost never seen with a gun in any of the episodes or movies. The article already indicates the derivation of her name in the Character creation section. Nightscream (talk) 19:15, 14 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well the Doctor Who Leela wasn't that savage, I only mentioned it because the Doctor was always calling her that and I figured it would make her more recognizable? felinoel (talk) 22:44, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I appreciate you're trying to improve the article, so kudos. But any comparison of that sort needs to be supported by a secondary source. If we add it because it's our personal interpretation, it would violate WP:NOR. Nightscream (talk) 23:10, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Reading the page 4 years after the above exchange, I find this text under the "Conception" section: "According to Neil Gaiman, Leela was named after the Doctor Who character of the same name." The referenced source contains this and only this on the matter: "…Leela springs to mind, the old Tom Baker Companion after whom the character on Futurama was named,". Lets bear in mind that Niel Gaiman has zip all to do with Futurama, excepting being a fan. As far as we know he doesn't have any particular insight into Leela's conception/influences. He is just casually expressing a personal opinion in passing while talking about something else. This strongly stretches the definition of a reliable 2ndry source. To make matters worse, the source article is The Mary Sue. Not exactly a publication well known for lack of bias/agenda. So, to sum it all up, we have a relatively unimportant minor detail poorly supported by an off-hand quote printed by a publication with well-known bias issues from someone who is not in context a reliable authority on the topic. This is not quality encyclopedic material. It would be better to delete the assertion about Leela's name entirely until when/if a more solid reference can be found. Which I am now going to do. And to be clear, my personal opinion is that the Doc Who reference sounds reasonable, but that isn't the point. The point is responsible scholorship, which is not at all evidenced with the current assertion and how it is sourced. 74.132.180.61 (talk) 07:03, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Romance with Fry
Leela's sexual relationship with Fry is very much duplicated in this article. Lots42 (talk) 02:38, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Species
People before 4th Season say about Leela being an alien because it is so obvious that aliens don't have noses. Also, she is not large enough for a cyclops. It turns out she's a human mutant barely spliced from anything. And how is Turanga her family name. What would they say to her parents if saying Mr. and Mrs. 58.110.247.14 (talk) 11:44, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Has anyone noticed that in season 1 episode 5 where the crew goes to the robot world and bender becomes a leader, leela (along with fry) is accused of being human multiple times, where her only defense is "one eye, not human"
 * Seems like the robots knew she was human way before she does in season 4. Hoggwash (talk) 07:52, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Leela (Futurama). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130115000515/http://www.futurama-madhouse.com.ar/miscpics/ to http://www.futurama-madhouse.com.ar/miscpics/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:47, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Leela's husband
Should Fry be listed as Leela's husband? Except for a joke in the episode Time Keeps On Slipping, they were only married in the episode Meanwhile, and that was undone at the end with no memory of the event.

So technically they aren't married and never were. 98.97.32.165 (talk) 03:56, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * This seems to be a major issue for a few people. Given that it seems to be the subject of a number of article edit wars it's probably best to come to some agreement.
 * There's not much hard-and-fast source material, but the Futurama wiki does list them as married (in all fairness, a few times) but is that enough to include in this article? Or is the continued "undoing" enough to make it "not-married"? It seems that they were married as of the latest episode...? CMacMillan (talk) 15:24, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leela (Futurama)


text:
Communes of the Tarn department

The following is a list of the 314 communes of the Tarn department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération de l'Albigeois
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Castres Mazamet
 * Communauté d'agglomération Gaillac-Graulhet
 * Communauté de communes Carmausin-Ségala
 * Communauté de communes Centre Tarn
 * Communauté de communes du Cordais et du Causse
 * Communauté de communes Lauragais Revel Sorezois (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Lautrécois-Pays d'Agout
 * Communauté de communes des Monts d'Alban et du Villefranchois
 * Communauté de communes des Monts de Lacaune et de la Montagne du Haut Languedoc (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Quercy Rouergue et des gorges de l'Aveyron (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Sidobre Vals et Plateaux
 * Communauté de communes du Sor et de l'Agout
 * Communauté de communes Tarn-Agout (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Thoré Montagne Noire
 * Communauté de communes Val 81

title: Communes of the Tarn department


text:
Tobias Bjarneby

Tobias Bjarneby was born in 1974 in Stockholm. He is one of Sweden's most noted video game magazine writers. He was the editor in chief of Super POWER magazine (renamed Super Play in 1996) from 1993 to December 2004 and has written for Aftonbladet. Earlier, he worked for Nintendomagasinet. Currently he is the editor in chief of Level. He has advocated for public acceptance of gaming as a fashionable lifestyle rather than a geek activity.

He also wrote and directed the indie video game 198X, which was released in June, 2019. 198X features a collection of retro arcade-style minigames inside a nostalgic coming of age narrative.

title: Tobias Bjarneby


text:
University of Madras

The University of Madras (also known as Madras University) is a public state university in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest and among the most prominent universities in India, incorporated by an act of the Legislative Council of India under the British government.

The University is the alma mater of five Presidents of India, including A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; three Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of India; two Indian physics Nobel laureates, CV Raman and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; several notable mathematicians including Srinivasa Ramanujan and Abel Prize winner S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan; and Turing Award winner Raj Reddy among others.

The University of Madras is a collegiate research university and has six campuses in the city: Chepauk, Marina, Guindy, Taramani, Maduravoyal and Chetpet. It offers more than 230 courses under 87 academic departments of post-graduate teaching and research grouped under 18 schools, covering diverse areas such as sciences, social sciences, humanities, management and medicine along with 121 affiliated colleges and 53 approved research institutions. The university houses national centres for advanced research in nanotechnology, photonics and neurotoxicity. In addition, it has three Centres of Advanced Study in biophysics, botany and the Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics.

The National Assessment and Accreditation Council has conferred 'five star' accreditation to the university in the first cycle, and subsequently with its highest A++ grade. The University of Madras has been given the status of 'university with potential for excellence (UPE)' by the University Grants Commission. Madras University is also recognized among the 18 universities in India having the 'Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA)' with a focus on drug development and climate change.

History
The first-ever demand for higher education in Madras Presidency was given in a public address to Lord John Elphinstone, governor of Madras, signed by 70,000 residents when the Governor-in-Council was contemplating "some effective and liberal measures for the establishment of an improved system of national education." This public petition, which was presented by the Advocate General Mr George Norton on 11 November 1839, pressed the need for an English college in the city of Madras. Pursuant to this, Lord Elphinstone evolved a plan for the establishment of a central collegiate institution or a ‘university.’ This university had twin departments – a high school for the cultivation of English literature, regional language, philosophy and science, and a college for instruction in the higher branches of literature, philosophy and science.

The University Board was constituted in January 1840 with Mr George Norton as its president. This was the precursor of the present Presidency College, Chennai. A systematic educational policy for India was formulated 14 years later by Wood's despatch, which pointed out the rationale for "creating a properly articulated system of education from the primary school to the University." The dispatch recommended the establishment in the universities of professorships "for the purposes of the delivery of lectures in various branches of learning including vernacular as well as classical languages." As a result, the University of Madras, organised on the model of the University of London, was incorporated on 5 September 1857 by an act of the Legislative Council of India.

The university progressed and expanded through the 19th century to span the whole of South India, giving birth to universities like Mysore University (1916), Osmania University (1918), Andhra University (1926), Annamalai University (1929), Travancore University (1937) presently University of Kerala, Sri Venkateswara University (1954), Madurai Kamaraj University (1966), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (1971), Anna University (1978), Tamil University (1981), Bharathidasan University (1982), Bharathiar University (1982), Mother Teresa Women's University (1984), Alagappa University (1985), Dr. M.G.R. Medical University (1989), Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (1989), Manonmaniam Sundaranar University (1990), Periyar University (1997), Dr. Ambedkar Law University (1996) and Thiruvalluvar University (2002).

In 1912 endowments were made to the university to establish departments of Indian History, Archaeology, Comparative Philology and Indian Economics. In that year the university had 17 departments, 30 teachers, and 69 research scholars. Later the research and teaching functions of the university were encouraged by the Sadler Commission and the gains of the university were consolidated by the enactment of the Madras University Act of 1923. About this time, the territorial ambit of the Madras University encompassed from Berhampur of Odisha in the North East, Trivandrum of Kerala in the South West, Bangalore and Mangalore of Karnataka in the West and Hyderabad of Andhra Pradesh in the North.

Between 1926 and 1939, the university published the comprehensive Tamil Lexicon dictionary, which is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language.

Coat of arms
The description of the coat of arms of the university, designed in 1857, is: "Argent (silver or white) on a Mount issuant from the basement a Tiger passant proper (walking and coloured naturally), on a Chief Sable (black across the top), a Pale Or (a gold or yellow vertical strip down the centre 1/3 of the top or chief), thereon, between two Elephants heads couped of the field, a lotus flower leaved and slipped of the third, together with this motto Doctrina Vim Promovet Insitam". The coat of arms colours are: the base is light green, the tiger is yellow on a white background, the elephant is grey on a black background, the lotus is a white flower with olive green leaves, on a gold background. The motto scroll is edged red, with black lettering. The English translation of the motto of the University of Madras is: "Learning promotes natural talent."

Campus
The university has six campuses: Chepauk, Marina, Guindy, Taramani, Chetpet and Maduravoyal. The Chepauk campus of the university houses the administrative buildings, the historic Senate House, central library, clock tower, centenary auditorium, and several departments under arts, humanities and social science streams. The schools of oriental and Indian are located at the Marina campus. The Guindy campus incorporates the natural sciences departments while the campus at Taramani houses the school of basic medical sciences. The sports union and the botanical garden are based on Chetpet and Maduravoyal campuses respectively. The Department of Mathematics of the university is operated as the Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics located close to the Chepauk campus. The university has two constituent college, in Nemmeli and Thiruvottiyur, offerings courses in arts and science. Since 1981, the university has also developed an Institute of Distance Education, offering various academic and professional programmes approved by University Grants Commission under the choice-based credit system (CBCS) pattern.

Senate House

The University of Madras has a historical monument – Senate House – which is one of the landmarks of the city of Chennai. The Senate House, the university's first building, inaugurated in the year 1879, is considered a masterpiece of Robert Fellowes Chisholm, an architect of the 19th century, who blended the Indo-Saracenic style with Byzantine and European architectural features. The university renovated the Senate House in 2006.

Governance
The organisational structure of Madras University consists of the Senate, the Syndicate, the Academic Council, the faculties, the Finance Committee, and the boards of studies. The Governor of Tamil Nadu is the chancellor of the university. The vice-chancellor is the executive head of the university. The registrar of the university, who is the secretary of the Syndicate, is the custodian of all the records and chief administrator of the university. The examinations of the university is managed by Office of the Controller of Examinations.

Faculties and Institutes
University of Madras is organized into eighteen main schools, each of which comprises multiple departments and centres as below:

Affiliated colleges and research institutions
The university currently has 121 affiliated colleges, with 3 approved institutions, 5 institutions for diploma and certificate courses, 15 stand alone institutions for professional education, and 53 approved research Institutions as of 2019.

Notable colleges

 * Presidency College
 * Madras Christian College
 * Loyola College
 * Stella Maris College
 * Women's Christian College
 * Queen Mary's College
 * The New College
 * Madras School of Social Work
 * Madras Sanskrit College
 * Ethiraj College
 * AM Jain College
 * Guru Nanak College
 * Vaishnav College
 * Pachaiyappa's College
 * SHASUN College
 * Vaishnav College for Women
 * Vivekananda College
 * JBAS College for Women

Research institutions

 * Adyar Cancer Institute
 * Central Leather Research Institute
 * Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture
 * Defence Services Staff College
 * International Institute of Tamil Studies
 * Institute for Financial Management and Research
 * King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research
 * Loyola Institute of Business Administration
 * Madras Institute of Development Studies
 * Madras School of Economics
 * Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
 * MS Swaminathan Research Foundation
 * National Defence College
 * National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
 * ZSI-Marine Biology Regional Centre
 * National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research
 * National Institute of Epidemiology

Rankings
Internationally, Madras University is ranked 526 overall and 51st global research institution in the QS World University Rankings for the year 2024. In India, the National Institutional Ranking Framework ranked it 50th among universities in 2023. It was ranked 20th in the Outlook-ICARE university ranking of 2020.

Madras University Library System
The library system of the university consists of four central libraries located at its Chepauk, Marina, Guindy and Taramani campus. Besides, many of the departments and centres have their own library collections. The main university library located at Chepauk was started in 1907 in the Connemara Public Library, later shifted to the existing building in 1936. S. R. Ranganathan (a mathematician) was appointed as the first librarian of the university, whose contribution in the development of the field of library sciences is noteworthy. The library collection includes textbooks, reference books, journals, theses, archives of government gazettes, newsprints, magazines, photographs, rare manuscripts, with a total collection of approximately 1 million volumes, which is among the largest collection of a university library in India. The library system also maintains a database of e-books, digital multimedia resources and subscribed to over four thousand e-journals under the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium. The Government of Tamil Nadu oriental manuscripts library and research centre is located within the main library building at Chepauk. The library is considered as the treasure house for ancient Indian knowledge. Comprises over 25,373 reference books and 72,714 Sanskrit and Tamil manuscripts written on palm leaf, copper plates, tree barks, leather etc. on subjects, like mathematics, astronomy, ayurveda, architecture, fine arts, grammar and literature. The Library of the Indian Mathematical Society, started in 1907 in Pune, is now housed in the campus of the Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics.

Research
In 2007, the university was given a special grant of ₹100 crores by the Ministry of Human Resource Development to establish a nanotechnology research centre in commemoration of its sesqui-centenary (150th year) celebration. In 2011, University Grants Commission (UGC) selected the university for its third phase of University with Potential for Excellence (UPE) scheme, under which ₹25 crores were sanctioned for a period of five years. Earlier, the university was selected for the inaugural phase of the scheme in 2001-02 along with JNU, Hyderabad University, Jadavpur University and Pune University. The National Centre for Ultrafast Process (NCUFP) of the university has mobilized research grants to the tune ₹7 crores through several funded projects including the DST, CSIR, DRDO and UGC.

The Department of Crystallography and Biophysics was upgraded as a Centre of Advanced Study in 2007 and a grant of ₹2.53 crores was given for modernising research laboratories. The School of Life Sciences of the university received a grant of ₹5.24 crores by the Department of Biotechnology, under BUILDER (Boost to University of Interdisciplinary Life Science Departments for Education and Research) for strengthening teaching and research programmes during 2014–2019. A study performed by the NISTADS on the research performance of universities in India during 1998–2008 ranked Madras University at No. 5 based on publication for that period.

In addition, UGC has identified the School of Earth Sciences and Department of Zoology as the Centres of Excellence and has allotted ₹3.25 crores each for their development. In 2019, Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India granted ₹50 crores to the university for upgrading its research capabilities under Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) scheme.

Notable alumni
The University of Madras has a strong alumni network, with its alumni taking over many prestigious positions across the world. Some of the prominent alumni include Nobel laureates C. V. Raman and S. Chandrasekhar, mathematicians Srinivasa Ramanujan K. S. Chandrasekharan, and S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan, leading scientists, Raja Ramanna, Rajagopala Chidambaram, M. Visvesvaraya, E. C. George Sudarshan, G. N. Ramachandran, V. S. Ramachandran and Alladi Ramakrishnan Former presidents Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, V. V. Giri, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, R. Venkataraman and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, politicians Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, C Subramaniam, CN Annadurai, and V. K. Krishna Menon, civil servants T. N. Seshan, Benegal Rama Rau, Y. Venugopal Reddy and C. Sylendra Babu Rhodes scholars Eric Prabhakar and Tanjore R. Anantharaman, pioneers Verghese Kurien, Raj Reddy and M. S. Swaminathan, economist K. N. Raj and C. Rangarajan, business persons Indra Nooyi, Ram Shriram and Prathap C. Reddy, artists and film personality M.G. Ramachandran, K. C. S. Paniker, Gemini Ganesan, Mani Ratnam and Mahesh Babu, sports stars Viswanathan Anand, Vijay Amritraj, Ramanathan Krishnan and Srinivas 'Venkat', and politician Kuniyil Kailashnathan among others.

title: University of Madras


text:
Peer of the realm

A peer of the realm is a member of the highest aristocratic social order outside the ruling dynasty of the kingdom.

Notable examples are:

 * a member of the peerages in the United Kingdom, who is a hereditary peer or a life peer
 * a member of the Peerage of France (from French noble style "pair" in monarchies), of a similar order, as used in
 * the Kingdom of France
 * the Kingdom of Jerusalem (crusader state)
 * the Monarchy of Canada: Canadian nobility in the Peerage of France
 * nobility proper of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth who enjoyed hereditary paritas: those who would sit by hereditary right in Land Parliaments, or be Royal Electors, enjoy personal immunity, and the right to be judged only by the King's Court or the Court of Peers; also the exclusive right to be granted State or Land dignities and titles. The Skartabelli who were middle-nobility in law were not peers, whilst noblemen who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other Lords were not peers de facto as they would not enjoy full noble privileges.
 * a member of the Portuguese Chamber of Most Worthy Peers, upper house of the Cortes Gerais, during the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Portugal.

title: Peer of the realm


text:
Maltese alphabet

The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs. It is used to write the Maltese language, which evolved from the otherwise extinct Siculo-Arabic dialect, as a result of 800 years of independent development. It contains 30 letters: 24 consonants and 6 vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ie).

There are two types of Maltese consonants:

 * Konsonanti xemxin (sun consonants): ċ d n r s t x ż z
 * Konsonanti qamrin (moon consonants): b f ġ g għ h ħ j k l m p q v w

Samples
In the alphabetic sequence c is identical either to k (in front of a, o, u or consonant or as the last letter of the word) or to z (in front of e or i). The letter y is identical to i.

Older versions of the alphabet

Before the standardisation of the Maltese alphabet, there were several ways of writing the sounds peculiar to Maltese, namely $⟨ċ⟩$, $⟨ġ⟩$, $⟨għ⟩$, $⟨ħ⟩$, $⟨w⟩$, $⟨x⟩$, and $⟨ż⟩$.

was formerly written as $⟨c⟩$ (in front of $⟨e⟩$ and $⟨i⟩$, in Italian fashion). Vella used $⟨ç⟩$ for. $⟨ç⟩$ was used in other books during the 19th century. Rather than using a c with a cedilla, $⟨ç⟩$, Panzavecchia used a c with ogonek $⟨c̨⟩$. A Short Grammar of the Maltese Language used $⟨ch⟩$ for, in English fashion. However, the first appearance of the letter $⟨ċ⟩$ for its current sound was in 1822 in the first ever Maltese written gospel by Martin Cannolo instituting the modern $⟨ċ⟩$.

and, now written with $⟨ġ⟩$ and $⟨g⟩$ respectively, were formerly confused. When they were differentiated, was written as $⟨gk⟩$, $⟨g⟩$, $⟨gh⟩$ and (by Vassalli) as a mirrored Arabic/Syriac gimel resembling a sideways V. On the other hand,  was more commonly written as $⟨g⟩$ or $⟨j⟩$ in English fashion. Vella used a $⟨g⟩$ with diaeresis, $⟨g̈⟩$, but in 1843 reduced it to one dot. The first appearance for this letter was once again in the first Maltese Gospel by Martin Cannolo instituting yet again the modern $⟨ġ⟩$.

Until the middle of the 19th century, two sounds which would merge into were differentiated in Maltese. These were variously represented as $⟨gh⟩$, $⟨ġh⟩$, $⟨gh´⟩$, $⟨gh˙⟩$ and with two letters not represented in Unicode (they resembled an upside down U). Panzavecchia used a specially designed font with a curly $⟨gh⟩$. A Short Grammar of the Maltese Language used $⟨a⟩$ with a superscript Arabic ʿayn ($⟨ع⟩$) to represent. $⟨għ⟩$ itself was first used in Nuova guida alla conversazione italiana, inglese e maltese.

The letter $⟨ħ⟩$ had the most variations before being standardised in 1866. It was variously written as $⟨ch⟩$, and as a $⟨h⟩$ with various diacritics or curly modifications. Some of these symbols were used for and some for. None of these are present in Unicode. The letter $⟨ħ⟩$ was first used by Martin Cannolo in the same aforementioned script, although the capital $⟨Ħ⟩$ was used later on (in 1845), where its lower case counterpart was a dotted h. It appeared earlier for this sound in the 1556 work of Pérez de Ayala.

was written as $⟨w⟩$, $⟨u⟩$ or as a modified u (not present in Unicode).

The sounds, (now represented with $⟨x⟩$) were traditionally written as $⟨sc⟩$ or $⟨x⟩$. Vassalli invented a special character similar to $⟨Ɯ⟩$, just wider, and Panzavecchia used an $⟨sc⟩$ ligature to represent and, in the Italian fashion. Interestingly, the first ever use of $⟨x⟩$ for was in the first ever Maltese document (that we know of) Il-Kantilena by Pietru Caxaro, which makes sense as he was of spanish descent (hence the surname) and the Spanish language also used to use the same letter for that sound at the time.

and (now represented with $⟨z⟩$) were formerly confused with,  (now represented with $⟨ż⟩$). When they were differentiated, and  were written as $⟨ts⟩$, $⟨z⟩$, $⟨ʒ⟩$ or even $⟨ż⟩$. On the other hand, was written as $⟨ż⟩$, $⟨ds⟩$, $⟨ts⟩$, $⟨ʒ⟩$ and $⟨z⟩$.

Prior to 1900, was written as $⟨k⟩$, as well as $⟨c⟩$, $⟨ch⟩$ and $⟨q⟩$ (in words derived from Italian and Latin).

Vassalli's 1796 work contained several new letters to represent the sounds of the Maltese language, which included the invention of several ad-hoc letters as well as the importation of Cyrillic ge, che, sha, and ze. His alphabet is set out in full with modern-day equivalents where known:

A, a = a

B, b = b

T, t = t

D, d = d

E, e = e

F, f = f

[V, or a Syriac/Arabic gimel open to the right] = g

[Ч], ɥ = ċ

H, h = h

ȣ

Ө, ө

Y, y = j

Г = ġ

З, з

U = ħ

I, i = i

J, j = j

K, k = k

[I with a small c superimposed on it]

L, l = l

M, m = m

N, n = n

O, o = o

P, p = p

R, r = r

S, s = s

Ɯ, ɯ = x

V, v = v

U, u = u

W, w = w

Z, z = z

Ʒ, ʒ = ż

Æ, æ = final e

Five grave accented vowels are also used to indicate which syllable should be stressed: Àà, Èè, Ìì, Òò, and Ùù.

title: Maltese alphabet


text:
User:Fratley

do the humpty hump

title: User:Fratley


text:
PSG College of Technology

PSG College of Technology (often abbreviated as PSG Tech) is an autonomous, government aided, private engineering college in Coimbatore, India. It is affiliated with Anna University. It is an initiative of the PSG and Sons Charities Trust.

History
PSG College of Technology was established as PSG Industrial Institute in the year 1926 by PSG and Sons Charities in Peelamedu, Coimbatore. The engineering college was started on the institute campus in 1951 by G. R. Damodaran, who became its first principal. The college was conferred autonomous status by University of Madras in 1978, This status was continued by the Bharathiar University and subsequently by Anna University since 2001.

The college offers approximately 50 full-time and part-time programs in science, engineering, and management at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. These programs are offered by the 11 departments, including engineering and technology, computer applications, management sciences, basic sciences, and humanities. The institute offers three five-year integrated sandwich engineering courses which combine classroom coaching with industrial training, one of the few in the country to offer such a course. Among the undergraduate and postgraduate programmes offered by the college, many are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation of the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE). Being autonomous, the college frames its own curricula, updates syllabus, introduces new courses and is empowered to administer its own evaluation.

Campus,
PSG College of Technology's campus is located approximately 6 km east of Coimbatore. The college is located about 5 km from the Coimbatore Junction railway station and Coimbatore International Airport. The campus is spread over an area of 45 acres, utilized for the college, hostel, staff quarters, playfields and gardens.

The hostels of the college are located on the opposite side of the college campus and so after a failed bid to create a concrete skywalk connecting the two, a steel arch skywalk over the busy Avinashi Road was designed and executed by the civil engineering students at PSG College of Technology in 2007.

Sports Facilities
The Department of Physical Education maintains the sports infrastructure of the college. The outdoor facilities consist of a football field, hockey field, cricket ground aided with cricket practice wickets, two handball courts, a kho-kho court, four volleyball courts, two badminton courts, two sepak takraw courts, 3 synthetic tennis courts, a throwball court and a non-standard athletic track.

Two basketball courts: synthetic and wood, a wooden-floored badminton court, 4 table tennis boards and 100 chess boards make up the indoor sports facility at PSG Tech.

A stadium is located in the center of the men's hostel that was commissioned and constructed by the faculty and students in 1971. It can currently hold spectators on both sides including a balcony gate and a VIP lounge totaling about 500 spectators.

Library
Named after the inaugural principal of the college, the Dr. GRD Memorial Library has over 260,000 books, 13,000 CDs/DVDs and 200 printed journals to cater to students, research scholars and faculty members. There is an exclusive digital library with 60 computers connected to highspeed internet.

Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 63rd among engineering institutes in 2023. NIRF also ranked it 89th in the management ranking. Among top private engineering colleges in India, PSG College of Technology was ranked 8th among engineering colleges by Outlook India in 2022.

Clubs
The Students' Union is the apex body which controls all the aspects of student life including associations, clubs and societies.

Clubs: Computer Science Engineering Association, Youth Red Cross society,Global Leaders' Forum, Tech Music, Drawing and Painting Club, Book Readers' Club, Entrepreneurs Club, Photography Club, Dramatics Club, IIIE association, IEEE association, Radio Hub,

Planning Forum etc...

Apart from these clubs, The college also has a Formula student team - Pegasus Racing, a Baja team and student wings of NCC and NSS.

Hostel
PSG Tech hostel was established on 27 February 1958. The hostels accommodate about 4300 students in 14 blocks named from A to N of which 5 blocks dedicated to women. There are five student dining halls, an auditorium, a library, a gym, a computer center and a guest house attached to the hostels.

Symposiums
Since 2005, the college conducts an international techno-management festival called Kriya. Every year in February, PSG also plays host to Renaissance, a two-day inter-collegiate cultural festival. Intrams is the intra-college cultural festival which is conducted in September.

Notable alumni

 * Aparna B Marar, classical dancer
 * Y. S. Chowdary, former Minister of State, Science and Technology & Earth Sciences, Government of India
 * Cottalango Leon, winner of Academy Award
 * Jose K. Mani, Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha
 * Kalidhindi B. R. Varma, Vice-chancellor, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning
 * Lakshmi Narayanan, ex-vice chairman and ex-CEO of Cognizant and Chairman of ICT Academy
 * G. V. Loganathan, former professor, Virginia Tech
 * Madhu Bhaskaran, engineer and Professor at RMIT University
 * Madhusudhan Rao Lagadapati, executive chairman of Lanco Infratech
 * Mahesh Muthuswami, cinematographer
 * Mylswamy Annadurai, director of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2, ISRO
 * Navin Ramankutty, Professor of Global Food Security and Sustainability at the University of British Columbia
 * K. Pandiarajan, businessman and politician
 * Ramachandran Govindarasu, former secretary of ADMK (IT Wing)
 * A. G. Ramakrishnan, professor, Indian Institute of Science
 * Shiv Nadar, Founder and Chairman of HCL Technologies
 * Siva Umapathy, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Sundar Raman, CEO of Reliance Sports and Cricket Administrator
 * Sundaram Karivardhan, industrialist and motorsport pioneer
 * C Vijayakumar, CEO, HCL Technologies
 * R. M. Vasagam, space scientist and former Project Director, Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment
 * Ragunathan Rajkumar, George Westinghouse Professor, Carnegie Mellon University
 * K. Annamalai, Indian politician and former member of legislative assembly

title: PSG College of Technology


text:
Gordon Ramsay

Gordon James Ramsay (born November 8, 1966) is a British celebrity chef, restaurateur, television presenter, and writer. His restaurant group, Gordon Ramsay Restaurants, was founded in 1997 and has been awarded 17 Michelin stars overall and currently holds eight. His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held three Michelin stars since 2001. After rising to fame on the British television miniseries Boiling Point in 1999, Ramsay became one of the best-known and most influential chefs in the world.

Ramsay's TV persona is defined by his fiery temper, aggressive behaviour, strict demeanour, and frequent use of profanity, while making blunt, critical, and controversial comments, including insults and sardonic wisecracks about contestants and their cooking abilities. He combines activities in the television, film, hospitality and food industries, and has promoted and hired various chefs who have apprenticed under his wing. He is known for presenting television programmes about competitive cookery and food, such as the British series Hell's Kitchen (2004), Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (2004–2009, 2014), and The F Word (2005–2010), with Kitchen Nightmares winning the 2005 British Academy Television Award for Best Feature, and the American versions of Hell's Kitchen (2005–present), Kitchen Nightmares (2007–present), MasterChef (2010–present), and MasterChef Junior (2013–present), as well as Hotel Hell (2012–2016), Gordon Behind Bars (2012), Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back (2018–2020), and Next Level Chef (2022–present).

Ramsay was appointed an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 New Year Honours list for services to the hospitality industry. He was named the top chef in the UK at the 2000 Catey Awards, and in July 2006 he won the Catey for Independent Restaurateur of the Year, becoming the third person to win three Catey Awards. Forbes listed his 2020 earnings at US $70 million and ranked him at No.19 on its list of the highest-earning celebrities.

Early life
Gordon James Ramsay was born in Johnstone, Scotland, on 8 November 1966, the son of Helen (née Cosgrove), a nurse, and Gordon James Sr., who worked as a swimming pool manager, welder, and shopkeeper. He has an older sister, a younger brother, and a younger sister. When he was nine years old, he moved with his family to England and grew up in the Bishopton area of Stratford-upon-Avon. He has described his early life as "hopelessly itinerant" and said his family moved constantly owing to the aspirations and failures of his father, who was an occasionally violent alcoholic; Ramsay described him as a "hard-drinking womaniser". In his autobiography, he revealed that his father abused and neglected the children and his mother. He worked as a pot washer in a local Indian restaurant where his sister was a waitress. He had hoped to become a footballer and was first chosen to play under-14 football at the age of 12, but his early footballing career was marked by injuries; after a serious knee injury, he was forced to give it up. At the age of 16, he moved out of the family home and into an apartment in Banbury.

Early cooking career
Ramsay's interest in cooking began in his teenage years; rather than be known as "the football player with the gammy knee", he decided to pay more serious attention to his culinary education at age 19. Ramsay enrolled at North Oxfordshire Technical College, sponsored by the Rotarians, to study hotel management. He described his decision to enter catering college as "a complete accident".

In the mid-1980s, Ramsay worked as a commis chef at the Wroxton House Hotel. He ran the kitchen and 60-seat dining room at the Wickham Arms until he quit after having sex with the owner's wife. Ramsay then moved to London, where he worked in a series of restaurants until being inspired to work for Marco Pierre White at Harveys.

After working at Harveys for two years and ten months, Ramsay, tired of "the rages and the bullying and violence", decided that the way to further advance his career was to study French cuisine. White discouraged Ramsay from taking a job in Paris, instead encouraging him to work for Albert Roux at Le Gavroche in Mayfair. Ramsay decided to take his advice, and there, Ramsay met Jean-Claude Breton, who later became his maître d'hôtel at Restaurant Gordon Ramsay. After Ramsay worked at Le Gavroche for a year, Roux invited him to work with him at Hotel Diva, a ski resort in the French Alps, as his number two. From there, a 23-year-old Ramsay moved to Paris to work with Guy Savoy and Joël Robuchon, both Michelin-starred chefs. He continued his training in France for three years, before giving in to the physical and mental stress of the kitchens and taking a year to work as a personal chef on the private yacht Idlewild, based in Bermuda. The role on the boat saw him travel to Sicily and Sardinia, Italy, and learn about Italian cuisine.

Head chef
Upon his return to London in 1993, Ramsay was offered the position of head chef, under chef-patron Pierre Koffmann, at the three-Michelin-starred La Tante Claire in Chelsea. Shortly thereafter, Marco Pierre White reentered his life, offering to set him up with a head chef position and 10% share in the Rossmore, owned by White's business partners. The restaurant was renamed Aubergine and won its first Michelin star 14 months later. In 1997, Aubergine won its second Michelin star. A dispute with Ramsay's business owners, who wanted to turn Aubergine into a chain, and Ramsay's dream of running his own restaurant led to his leaving the partnership in July 1998. He has described the decision to set out on his own as "the most important day of my entire cooking career; the most important decision of my life".

In 1998, Ramsay opened his own restaurant in Chelsea, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and his former colleagues at Aubergine. The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Ramsay the first Scot to achieve that feat. In 2011, The Good Food Guide named Restaurant Gordon Ramsay the second best restaurant in the UK, behind the Fat Duck in Bray, Berkshire.

After establishing his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire expanded rapidly. He next opened Pétrus, then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close), and later Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's. He hired his friend and maître d'hôtel Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who works at Pétrus and also appears on Ramsay's US television programme Hell's Kitchen. Restaurants at the Dubai Creek and Connaught hotels followed, the latter branded with his protegee Angela Hartnett's name. Ramsay has opened restaurants outside the UK, beginning with Verre in Dubai. Two restaurants, Gordon Ramsay at Conrad Tokyo and Cerise by Gordon Ramsay, both opened in Tokyo in 2005. In November 2006, Gordon Ramsay at the London opened in New York City, winning top newcomer in the city's coveted Zagat guide, despite mixed reviews from professional critics.

In 2007, Ramsay opened his first restaurant in Ireland, Gordon Ramsay at Powerscourt, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Powerscourt, County Wicklow. This restaurant closed in 2013. In May 2008, he opened his first restaurant in the Western US, in The London West Hollywood Hotel (formerly the Bel-Age Hotel) on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. The contract expired in 2015, closing the restaurant.

On 9 August 2011, Ramsay opened his first Canadian restaurant, Laurier Gordon Ramsay (at the former Rotisserie Laurier BBQ) in Montreal. In February 2012, Danny Lavy, the owner of the restaurant, announced the restaurant was disassociating itself from Ramsay, citing a lack of involvement and understanding on Ramsay's part. The restaurant closed in 2013.

Awards
Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, located at Royal Hospital Road, London, was voted Top Restaurant in the UK in the London Zagat Survey in 2001 and was awarded its third Michelin star. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 New Year Honours list for services to the hospitality industry, but almost missed the award ceremony when his plane was delayed.

In July 2006, Ramsay won the Catey award for "Independent Restaurateur of the Year", becoming only the third person to have won three Catey awards. Ramsay's two previous Catey awards were in 1995 (Newcomer of the Year) and 2000 (Chef of the Year). The other two triple-winners are Michel Roux and Jacquie Pern. In September 2006, he was named as the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry in the annual Caterersearch 100 list, published by Caterer and Hotelkeeper magazine. He overtook Jamie Oliver, who had been top of the list in 2005. Also in 2006, Ramsay was nominated as a candidate for Rector of the University of St Andrews, but lost at the polls to Simon Pepper.

Ramsay's flagship restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, was voted London's top restaurant in Harden's for eight years, but in 2008 was placed below Pétrus, a restaurant run by former protégé Marcus Wareing. In January 2013, Ramsay was inducted into the Culinary Hall of Fame.

On 14 June 2017, Ramsay set a new Guinness World Record for the 'Fastest time to fillet a 10 lb fish', achieving the record in one minute and five seconds. On 16 August 2017, Ramsay set a 'Guinness World Record for the Longest Pasta Sheet Rolled in 60 Seconds', which measured 1.45 metres. In June 2022, he was recognised by the International Hospitality Institute as one of the 100 Most Powerful People in Global Hospitality. On 11 May 2023, Ramsay along with Nick DiGiovanni set the Guinness World Record for largest Beef Wellington. It came in at a weight of 25.76 kg (56.79 lb). It also measured 2 ft 5 inches long by 13 inches wide and 8 inches tall.

Gordon Ramsay Holdings
All of Ramsay's business interests (restaurants, media, consultancy) are held in the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited, which was run in partnership with his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and incorporated on 29 October 1997. Ramsay owns a 69% stake, valued at £67 million in 2007. Whereas previous ventures acted as a combined consultant/brand, in November 2006 Ramsay announced plans to create three restaurants in the United States. These opened in 2006/2007 at the London Hotel in Manhattan, in October 2006, the Cielo in Boca Raton, Florida, and at the London Hotel in West Hollywood, California. Ramsay acts as a consultant to numerous catering organisations. In 2005 he was recruited by Singapore Airlines as one of its "International Culinary Panel" consultants.

In late 2006, Gordon Ramsay Holdings purchased three London pubs, which were converted into gastropubs. These are: The Narrow in Limehouse, which opened in March 2007, the Devonshire in Chiswick, which opened in October 2007 and The Warrington in Maida Vale, which opened in February 2008. Both The Devonshire and The Warrington were sold in 2011. In May 2008, it was confirmed that Ramsay's protege of 15 years, Marcus Wareing, was going solo, having opened and operated Pétrus at The Berkeley Hotel on behalf of Gordon Ramsay Holdings since 2003. With the name Pétrus owned by Gordon Ramsay Holdings, industry sources suggested it was likely to transfer to another restaurant in the group with the former La Noisette site identified as the most likely. In April 2010, Jason Atherton, executive chef of Maze restaurants worldwide, resigned to open his own venue in Mayfair.

On 19 October 2010, the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited announced that Chris Hutcheson had left his position as CEO. Shortly afterwards, Ramsay released a letter to the press describing how he had unravelled the "manipulative" Hutcheson's "complex life" after having had him followed by a private detective. His father-in-law's "away days," wrote Ramsay, "were rarely what I thought they were." Company accounts show Hutcheson borrowed up to £1.5 million from Gordon Ramsay Holdings, though Hutcheson says he reported the borrowings to the company and paid the money back. Hutcheson said he had been "vaporised" and subjected to a "public hanging" by Ramsay, whom he described as a friendless egotist. In April 2017, Hutcheson pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiracy to hack into the computers of Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited.

In October 2012, Ramsay opened The Fat Cow in Los Angeles at The Grove, a shopping area that is also popular with tourists. Ramsay explained his intention for the Fat Cow in a press release to signify the opening of the venue: "The concept for The Fat Cow came from my desire to have a neighbourhood restaurant that you could go to all the time to just relax and enjoy a terrific meal." The Fat Cow closed in 2014 amid legal issues. That year also saw the opening of Gordon Ramsay Steak in Las Vegas. The steakhouse concept has since expanded to other locations including the Horseshoe Casino Lake Charles, LA; Atlantic City, and Baltimore, with an announced location due in Vancouver in 2024.

In partnership with footballer David Beckham, Ramsay opened the Union Street Café in the Southwark district of London, UK in September 2013. The Italian cuisine of the Union Street Café, with a menu that revolved on a daily basis, was overseen by Chef Davide Degiovanni. The Union Street Café's location in Southwark was taken over in 2020–21 by two other Gordon Ramsay restaurants: Street Pizza, and Bread Street Kitchen & Bar. In December 2012, the Las Vegas opening of Gordon Ramsay Burger occurred. Other locations of the gourmet hamburger dining establishment would open up in the 2020s, Notably in Chicago, Boston, Seoul, and at Harrods Department Store in London.

In October 2013, the Gordon Ramsay at The London restaurant in New York lost its two Michelin stars owing to issues encountered by the Michelin reviewers. The guide's director Michael Ellis stated that he was served "some very erratic meals" and also experienced "issues with consistency." The loss followed the closure of another of Ramsay's restaurants, Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's, in June 2013. In January 2018, Ramsay opened his first location of Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen restaurants, based on the television show. After that site opened on the Las Vegas Strip, six other locations have either been opened or announced, with one in Dubai and the others in the United States.

On 17 April 2018, Ramsay's first Street Pizza opened, situated in the downstairs area of his One New Change Bread Street Kitchen offering "bottomless" pizza. The second "Street Pizza" was opened at the chef's York and Albany restaurant, with further locations opening elsewhere later on in London, Dubai, and the USA. On 26 June 2019, Chloe Sorvino from Forbes magazine reported that Ramsay had struck a $100 million deal with Lion Capital, a private equity firm headquartered in London. Together they formed a subsidiary of the Gordon Ramsay Restaurant group, with Ramsay and Lion each taking 50% ownership, naming it Gordon Ramsay North America (GRNA), and originally intended to open 100 restaurants in the USA by 2024. Those plans were slowed down by the COVID-19 pandemic: in December 2021 GRNA CEO Norman Abdallah stated in a new interview that their updated strategy was to open 75 new company-owned locations across the United States between 2022 and 2026.

On 24 March 2020, Ramsay laid off more than 500 staff in the UK after a number of Ramsay's restaurants had to close temporarily under the coronavirus lockdown. Ramsay, whose personal net income was estimated to be US$63 million in 2019 by Forbes, was criticised for the lay-offs. It was announced in 2019 that Ramsay would open his first restaurant in Macao, Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill, at the new The Londoner Macao hotel and casino (formerly the Sands Cotai Central). the restaurant has not yet opened.

On 3 December 2020, Ramsay's first Street Burger opened, in the St. Paul's area of London. In March 2021, Ramsay launched his own brand of California wines; produced in collaboration with Master Sommelier Chris Miller and International Wine Expert Nick Dumergue at Seabold Cellars in Monterey, California. The Gordon Ramsay Academy, a cookery school, opened in Woking, Surrey, in September 2021.

Television
Ramsay's first documented role in television was in two fly-on-the-kitchen-wall documentaries: Boiling Point (1999) and Beyond Boiling Point (2000), but he had appeared previously as a judge on a MasterChef-like series for young catering students in 1997, with his then restaurant partner. Ramsay appeared on series three of Faking It in 2001, helping the prospective chef, a burger flipper named Ed Devlin, learn the trade. This episode won the 2001 BAFTA for "Best Factual TV Moment."

In 2004, Ramsay appeared in two British television series. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares aired on Channel 4, and saw the chef troubleshooting failing restaurants over one week. This series ran its fifth series in 2007. Hell's Kitchen, a reality show which aired on ITV1, saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane in the East End of London, which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show. Although he was the creator of Hell's Kitchen, Ramsay only starred in the first series, as he signed a four-year contract with Channel 4, ruling out any possibility of him appearing on future episodes of the ITV-produced show.

In May 2005, the Fox network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of Hell's Kitchen produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise to the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamously short temper. Ramsay had also hosted a US version of Kitchen Nightmares, which premiered on Fox on 19 September 2007. On 23 June 2014, Ramsay announced he was ending the series. In June 2018, Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back, a new series with a premise much like Kitchen Nightmares but a shorter timeline, premiered on Fox.

Ramsay has presented five series of a food-based magazine programme titled The F Word; it launched on Channel 4 on 27 October 2005. The show is organised around several key recurring features, notably a brigade competition, a guest cook competition, a food-related investigative report, and a series-long project of raising animals to be served in the finale. The guest cook (usually a celebrity) prepares a dish of their own choosing and places it in competition against a similar dish submitted by Ramsay. The dishes are judged by diners who are unaware of who cooked which dish and, if the guest wins (as they have on numerous occasions), their dish is served at Ramsay's restaurant. The US version premiered on 31 May 2017 on Fox.

In July 2006, Channel 4 announced that it had re-signed Ramsay to an exclusive four-year deal at the network, running until July 2011. The series became one of the highest rated shows aired on Channel 4 each week. During one episode of The F Word, Ramsay cooked in Doncaster Prison in Marshgate for its inmates. The chef was so impressed by the speed at which a prisoner, Kieron Tarff, chopped vegetables that he offered him a job at his restaurant following his release in 2007.

In 2010, Ramsay served as a producer and judge on the US version of MasterChef. (A second season of the show began in June 2011, again starring Ramsay.) On that same show, he was joined by culinary judges Graham Elliot and Joe Bastianich. He starred in a travelogue about his visit to India, Gordon's Great Escape followed by a series set in Asia. He hosted the series Ramsay's Best Restaurant, which was the first UK series by Ramsay's own production company, One Potato Two Potato.

Ramsay joined several other celebrity chefs in the 2010 series, The Big Fish Fight, where he, along with fellow chef Jamie Oliver and a few others, spent time on a trawler boat to raise awareness about the discarding of hundreds of thousands of sea fish. In March 2012, Fox announced the coming of Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network, Hotel Hell; the series is similar to Kitchen Nightmares, except that it focuses on struggling hotels, motels, and other lodging establishments in the United States. Originally slated for debut 6 April 2012 and 4 June 2012, the series debuted 13 August 2012. In August 2021, he signed a deal with Fox.

Guest appearances
In September 2005, Ramsay, along with Jamie Oliver, Heston Blumenthal, Wolfgang Puck, and Sanjeev Kapoor, were featured in CNN International's Quest, in which Richard Quest stepped into the shoes of celebrity chefs. In 2006 and 2008, Ramsay took part in a television series for ITV, following the lead-up to Soccer Aid, a celebrity charity football match, in which he played only the first half, nursing an injury picked up in training. Ramsay captained the Rest of the World XI against an England XI captained by Robbie Williams.

During his second appearance on the BBC's Top Gear, he stated that his current cars were a Ferrari F430 and a Range Rover Sport Supercharged, the latter replacing the Bentley Continental GT he previously owned. On 14 May 2006, he appeared on Top Gear in the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment. Ramsay held the top spot on Top Gear's celebrity leader board, with a lap time of 1.46.38 until overtaken by Simon Cowell.

Ramsay starred in part of a National Blood Service "Give Blood" television advertisement in England, in which he said that he would have died from a ruptured spleen had it not have been for another person's blood donation. On 13 October 2006, he was guest host on the first episode of the BBC's comedy panel show Have I Got News for You's 32nd series. On 27 December 2007, Ramsay appeared in the Extras Christmas special.

In January 2008, Ramsay also guest featured on Channel 4's Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack as the Big Brother housemates took part in his Cookalong Live television show. Gordon spoke directly to the Big Brother House via the house plasma screens, regularly checking on the progress of the contestants. In 2011, during the results show of American Idol, footage of the top 5 contestants taking on a challenge of cooking with Gordon Ramsay was shown. The Top 5 were given 10 minutes to make the best omelettes.

In November 2011, Ramsay made an appearance on The Simpsons episode "The Food Wife". In February 2017, Ramsay made a guest appearance on New Girl episode "Operation: Bobcat". Ramsay made an appearance on 11 December 2017 broadcast of Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, a South Korean reality television show on JTBC. In November, Ramsay drew criticism for appearing as a brand ambassador for the mass-produced Korean beer Cass; Ramsay defended it as unpretentious and affordable. Ramsay voices the character Bolton Gramercy in Big Hero 6: The Series. The character, a chef with a fiery temper, is loosely based on him.

Legal proceedings
In 1998, following Ramsay's resignation from the Aubergine, A-Z restaurants sued him for £1 million citing lost revenue and breach of contract, but eventually settled out of court. In June 2006, Ramsay won a High Court case against the London Evening Standard newspaper, in which Victor Lewis Smith had alleged, after reports from previous owner Sue Ray, that scenes and the general condition of Bonaparte's had been faked for Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares. Ramsay was awarded £75,000 plus costs. Ramsay said at the time: "I won't let people write anything they want to about me. We have never done anything in a cynical fake way."

In June 2007, Ramsay's show was sued by the terminated general manager (Martin Hyde) of the New York restaurant Purnima (Dillon's), who also alleged fakery. Hyde had quit his position at the restaurant during the show, when Ramsay suggested that the owner hire top Indian chef Vikas Khanna as the consultant chef for Purnima. The lawsuit alleged that "unknown to the viewing audience, some or all of Kitchen Nightmares are fake and the so-called 'problems uncovered and solved' by Ramsay are, for the most part, created by Ramsay and his staff for the purpose of making it appear that Ramsay is improving the restaurant." In August 2007, the case was dismissed voluntarily and ordered into arbitration as stipulated in their contract. On 21 March 2012, Ramsay filed a $2.7 million lawsuit against his former partners of his restaurant in Montreal, Quebec, the Laurier Gordon Ramsay (since renamed The Laurier 1936), over lost licensing fees and defamatory statements made against him. On 16 April 2013, just over a year later, Laurier 1936 closed.

In January 2014, Ramsay lost a high court case in relation to the York & Albany pub. Ramsay claimed that his father-in-law had misused a "ghost writing" machine to make Ramsay a personal guarantor for the £640,000 annual rent of that pub. Ramsay tried to nullify the 25-year lease, signed in 2007. The judge said that Ramsay had known about the guarantee beforehand but that he had total trust in his father-in-law, Christopher Hutcheson, and left the deal to him. The judge dismissed the case and ordered Ramsay to pay all legal costs and outstanding monies, in total more than one million pounds. In May 2022, A New York Superior Court judge ended an eight-year legal battle between Gordon Ramsay and his former business partner at The Fat Cow Gordon Ramsay restaurant in Los Angeles, Rowan Seibel, ruling that Gordon Ramsay should be paid $4.5 million (£3.6 million) in damages and court fee coverage.

Personality
Ramsay's reputation is built upon his goal of culinary perfection, which is associated with winning three Michelin stars. His mentor, Marco Pierre White, noted that he is highly competitive. Since the airing of Boiling Point, which followed Ramsay's quest of earning three Michelin stars, the chef has also become infamous for his fiery temper and use of expletives. Ramsay once famously ejected food critic A. A. Gill, whose dining companion was Joan Collins, from his restaurant, leading Gill to state that "Ramsay is a wonderful chef, just a really second-rate human being." Ramsay admitted in his autobiography that he did not mind if Gill insulted his food, but a personal insult he was not going to stand for. Ramsay has also had confrontations with his kitchen staff, including one incident that resulted in the pastry chef calling the police. A 2005 interview reported Ramsay had retained 85% of his staff since 1993. Ramsay attributes his management style to the influence of previous mentors, notably chefs Marco Pierre White and Guy Savoy, and his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson.

Ramsay's ferocious temper has contributed to his media appeal in both the United Kingdom and the United States, where his programmes are produced. MSN Careers featured an article about television's worst bosses, which listed Ramsay as the only non-fictional boss. They cited his frequent loss of his temper and his harsh critiques, notably when he picks on something other than cooking ability, such as calling someone a "chunky monkey". Although Ramsay often mocks the French, one of his most trusted maîtres d'hôtel, Jean-Baptiste Requien (Royal Hospital Road), is French and Ramsay also speaks fluent French from his time in Paris. As of 2023, one of his final goals as a chef and restaurateur is to earn the third Michelin Star for Le Pressoir d'Argent, a French restaurant in France.

In November 2007, Ramsay installed 29-year-old Clare Smyth as head chef at his three-Michelin-starred flagship restaurant on Royal Hospital Road. Smyth is the second high-profile appointment of a female chef by Ramsay, after Angela Hartnett. Smyth was the first three-Michelin-starred woman; she moved on to start her own restaurant in 2017. Ramsay has been criticised for his frequent use of strong language on his programmes, first by British celebrity cook Delia Smith, then, in relation to Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, by Australian Senator Cory Bernardi, who introduced a motion in the Senate to investigate broadcast standards as a result. In his autobiography, Ramsay himself said he was unaware of the extent of his swearing until he watched an episode of Boiling Point. While he stated he did not have a problem with it, "Mum was appalled".

On 5 June 2009, Ramsay started trading insults with Australian A Current Affair journalist Tracy Grimshaw. The day after his interview, he was a guest feature at the Melbourne Food and Wine festival. While doing his display, he allegedly insulted Grimshaw and made insinuations about her sexuality. Grimshaw responded the next day, calling Ramsay an "arrogant, narcissist bully." Ramsay eventually apologised, stating that his behaviour "was a joke". TV Guide included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. Ramsay has also acted as a judge on MasterChef Junior since 2013; in contrast to his interaction with adults, Ramsay states that he takes a more sensitive attitude when working with the underage contestants.

Food views
Ramsay has previously expressed a dislike for vegetarianism and veganism. In the first episode of the second series of Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (2005), he offered pizza to a vegetarian and said it was vegetarian. After he took a bite, Ramsay said that it contained ham, laughing and asked if he wanted more. In 2003, when asked for his most recent lie, he said "To a table of vegetarians who had artichoke soup. I told them it was made with vegetable stock when it was chicken stock." In a 2007 interview, he joked: "My biggest nightmare would be if the kids ever came up to me and said 'Dad, I'm a vegetarian.' Then I would sit them on the fence and electrocute them." In 2016, when asked on Twitter whether he was allergic to anything, he wrote "Vegans" and followed up with: "It's a joke jack it's not vegans! It's vegetarians".

In 2006, on the second series of The F Word, Ramsay showed a softened stance on vegetarianism after learning about intensive pig farming practices, including castration and tail docking, while letting two young family piglets live in an intensive farm. On the programme, Ramsay commented: "It's enough to make anyone turn fucking vegetarian, for God's sake. And I've always sort of knocked vegetarians and vegans for missing out on the most amazing flavour you can get from meat. But you can see why so many people change instantly". In 2019, he launched a vegan menu at his restaurants for Veganuary, and introduced more vegan items to his restaurants, such as a vegan roast. In 2022, on an episode of Master Chef: Back to Win, Ramsay said, "After all these years, I can finally admit, that I actually love vegan food."

Other chefs
He was a head judge of MasterChef USA when Nick DiGiovanni came third place in season 10. On 11 May 2023, DiGiovanni, alongside Gordon Ramsay, broke the Guinness World Record for the largest beef wellington, which weighed 25.76 kilograms (56.79 pounds). This was DiGiovanni's 8th Guinness World Record and was broken in partnership with celebrity chefs: Max the Meat Guy, Guga Foods and The Golden Balance.

Eating and exercising habits
Ramsay said in 2016 that he exercises semi competitively for his general well-being. He said he has seen overweight and unfit chefs collapse or become unable to move quickly around the kitchen. He often competes in Ironman events, marathons, and triathlons. He also eats very little per meal and prefers to graze throughout the day, partly due to the habit he built up as a judge and chef and also because of his busy schedule. He has a black belt in karate. Ramsay told Joe Wicks that cycling has improved his physical and mental health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Family
Ramsay married Tana Hutcheson, a Montessori-trained schoolteacher, in 1996. They divide their time between Los Angeles and the Wandsworth Common area of London, and have six children, including Tilly. As of 2023, daughter Megan works with Metropolitan Police. She spent her 21st birthday in Hell's Kitchen. Gordon's son, Jack is a Royal Marines Commando, and daughter Holly is a fashion designer and blogger.

Until 2010, Ramsay's father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, was responsible for the business operations of Ramsay's restaurant empire. On 7 June 2017, Hutcheson was jailed for six months for conspiring to hack a computer system relating to the Ramsays' business interests. Hutcheson was accused, along with his sons, of accessing company systems almost 2,000 times between 23 October 2010 and 31 March 2011.

Ramsay has three houses in Cornwall that are collectively worth an estimated £11 million: a £4 million mansion in Trebetherick, a £4.4 million property in Rock, and a £2 million Grade II listed property in Fowey. In August 2020, the Fowey property was put on sale for £2.75 million.

Car collection
Ramsay is a car enthusiast with a love for Ferrari. He maintains a sizeable car collection in the UK which includes the following:

 * Ferrari LaFerrari painted in Grigio Ferro
 * Ferrari LaFerrari Aperta painted in Bianco Italia
 * Ferrari F12tdf painted in Bianco Italia
 * Ferrari Monza SP2 painted in Nero Daytona
 * Ferrari 488 Spider
 * Ferrari 488 Pista
 * Ferrari 812 Superfast
 * Ferrari 575 Superamerica painted in Giallo Modena
 * Aston Martin DBS Superleggera
 * McLaren Senna in exposed carbon fibre and yellow accents
 * McLaren 675LT Spider painted in Chicane Grey
 * Porsche 918 Spyder painted in Sapphire Blue Metallic
 * BAC Mono

Ramsay displayed his collection in a video posted to his YouTube channel filmed at Brands Hatch.

Charity work
Ramsay has been involved in a series of charitable events and organisations. He fulfilled his aim of finishing 10 marathons in 10 years by running his 10th consecutive London Marathon on 26 April 2009, sponsoring the Scottish Spina Bifida Association. Ramsay has been Honorary Patron of the Scottish Spina Bifida Association since 2004, and in 2005 he launched The Gordon Ramsay "Buy a Brick" appeal to help the organisation raise funds to build a new Family Support Centre and Head Office in Glasgow. In 2006, he launched a new appeal to help the charity raise the funds required to continue to run the support centre: "What's your favourite 'F' Word? Gordon's is Fundraising." In November 2007, Ramsay hosted a St Andrew's Day Gala Dinner at Stirling Castle in aid of the Association and has now made this fundraising Gala Dinner an annual event.

During March 2005, Ramsay teamed up with Indian chef Madhur Jaffrey to help the VSO, an international development charity group, to support its Spice Up Your Life event. The charity hoped to raise £100,000 for VSO's work in HIV and AIDS in India. The Ramsays were the first couple to become ambassadors for the women's charity Women's Aid in 2005. The couple ran the Flora Families marathon to support Women's Aid. In 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014, Ramsay took part in the biennial charity event Soccer Aid to raise money for UNICEF. On 6 June 2010 he played for the Rest of the World team alongside former professional footballers Zinedine Zidane and Luís Figo as well as Hollywood actors Woody Harrelson, Mike Myers, and Michael Sheen. The match took place at Old Trafford in Manchester and was won by the Rest of the World for the first time, the winning penalty scored by Harrelson in the shoot-out. On 28 August 2020, the media reported that Ramsay and his wife Tana had become ambassadors for Cornwall Air Ambulance.

Life-threatening experiences
In 2008, Ramsay was in Iceland's Westman Islands filming a puffin hunting segment when he lost his footing and fell during a descent off an 85 m cliff, landing in the icy water below. He was able to swim back up to the surface of the water by removing his heavy boots and waterproof clothing. His film crew, who rescued him by throwing him a rope, reported that he was submerged for at least 45 seconds. He later recalled, "I thought I was a goner. I was panicking and my lungs were filling with water. When I got to the top after getting my boots off, I was dazed and my head was totally massive." In June 2024, Ramsay was involved in a bicycle accident in the US state of Connecticut that left bruising on the entirety of his left abdomen. He later remarked on social media that a helmet saved his life, and emphasized wearing a helmet.

Pre-prepared meal controversy
On 17 April 2009, it was revealed that one of Ramsay's restaurants, Foxtrot Oscar in London's Chelsea area, used pre-prepared food that was heated up and sold with mark-ups of up to 586%. It was also revealed that three of his gastropubs in London did the same thing. A spokeswoman for Ramsay said, "Gordon Ramsay chefs prepare components of dishes devised and produced to the highest Gordon Ramsay standards. These are supplied to those kitchens with limited cooking space such as Foxtrot Oscar and Gordon Ramsay's highly acclaimed pubs, including the Narrow. These are sealed and transported daily in refrigerated vans and all menu dishes are then cooked in the individual kitchens. This is only for the supply of Foxtrot Oscar and the three pubs and allows each establishment to control the consistency and the quality of the food served." Reflecting on the controversy in 2010, Ramsay was unapologetic: "When I was working at the Gavroche all those years ago, the duck terrine wasn't made there. It was made outside, then brought to the restaurant wrapped in plastic. This is standard practice. What on earth was the fuss about?"

Controversy over Cornwall
On 23 March 2022 in an interview for BBC Radio 2, Ramsay remarked, "...Trust me I absolutely love Cornwall, it's just the Cornish I can't stand." This received a response from the leader of the political party Mebyon Kernow, Clir D. Cole saying;

"I am really disappointed to hear Gordon Ramsay's divisive comments and his lack of respect for the Cornish people. It is shocking that he deems it OK to make such a public statement that he would presumably not make about other national or ethnic groups. It does need to be pointed out that the Cornish are protected as a 'national minority' just like the Welsh and Scots through the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. I sincerely hope he will reflect on his words and apologise. Many people living to the west of the Tamar do not enjoy as good a life as Mr Ramsay, and I would welcome the media doing some features on poverty, the housing crisis and other socio-economic problems suffered by ordinary people in Cornwall, as well as the need for greater support for Cornish identity and culture."

Ramsay's spokesman said: "Gordon has made these tongue-in-cheek comments many, many times."

Football
Ramsay played football and was first chosen to play under-14 football at age 12. He was chosen to play for Warwickshire. His footballing career was marked by injuries, causing him to remark later in life, "Perhaps I was doomed when it came to football." In mid-1984, Ramsay had a trial with Rangers, the club he supported as a boy. He seriously injured his knee, smashing the cartilage during training. Ramsay has claimed to have played two first-team games for Rangers. According to his autobiography, Ramsay played "a couple of non-league matches as a trialist" for Rangers and was signed by the club at the age of 15. Allan Cairns, a photographer who took a picture of Ramsay playing for Rangers in September 1985, said the photo was not one of the Rangers first team but a side picked to play a testimonial match. A Rangers spokesman said: "Ramsay was a trialist in that testimonial game. He trained with us for a few months after that but then got injured."

Rangers revisited
In series 4, episode 12, of The F Word (originally aired on 29 July 2008), Ramsay visited Ibrox, the home ground of his favourite childhood team, Rangers, and exclaimed, "Home sweet home!" He explained, "My dream came true when I was spotted in the mid-[19]80s and I joined the youth team here in Ibrox." He related that one of his fondest memories is playing alongside former Rangers and Scotland striker Ally McCoist, who said about Ramsay: "I remember him well and the one thing that never ever will change is that he's a competitive so-and-so and wants to do and be the best that he can." Ramsay recalled that "the pain of being released on the back of an injury" was only assuaged many years later "after receiving [his] third Michelin Star", and concluded, "Without the upset at Ibrox, I would not be the chef I am today."

Other interests
Ramsay is a football fan and supports Rangers and Chelsea. As a baseball fan, he follows the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels. However, he feels that the game of baseball is often too long, joking that this leads to fans spending most of the time eating or sleeping which could lead to them being unhealthy.

title: Gordon Ramsay


text:
Symphony Hall

Symphony Hall may refer to:

United States

 * Atlanta Symphony Hall, Atlanta, Georgia
 * Miller Symphony Hall, Allentown, Pennsylvania
 * Symphony Hall, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
 * Newark Symphony Hall, Newark, New Jersey
 * Phoenix Symphony Hall, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Symphony Hall, Springfield, Springfield, Massachusetts

Japan

 * Muza Kawasaki Symphony Hall, Kawasaki, Kanagawa
 * The Symphony Hall, Osaka
 * Okayama Symphony Hall, Okayama

Elsewhere

 * Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK

Other uses

 * Symphony Hall (Sirius XM), a classical music satellite radio channel

title: Symphony Hall


text:
Horace Darwin

Sir Horace Darwin, (13 May 1851 – 22 September 1928) was an English engineer specializing in the design and manufacture of precision scientific instruments. He was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Personal life and education
Darwin was born in Down House in 1851, the fifth son and ninth child of the British naturalist Charles Darwin and his wife Emma, and the youngest of their seven children who survived to adulthood.

He was educated at a private school in Woodbridge, Suffolk, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1874.

In January 1880 Darwin and Emma Cecilia "Ida" Farrer married. She was the daughter of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer and was styled Lady Ida Darwin after her marriage. They had one son and two daughters:
 * Erasmus Darwin IV (7 December 1881 – 24 April 1915) was killed in the Second Battle of Ypres during the First World War.
 * Ruth Frances Darwin (1883–1972), married Dr. William Rees-Thomas, was a notable advocate of eugenics.
 * Emma Nora Darwin (1885–1989) plant geneticist, edited the 1959 edition of The Autobiography of Charles Darwin and married the civil servant Sir Alan Barlow.

He is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge with his wife; his brother Sir Francis Darwin is interred in the same graveyard. His other brother Sir George Darwin is buried in the Trumpington Extension Cemetery, Cambridge.

His family home, "the Orchard", in Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, is now the site of Murray Edwards College.

Career
In 1881 he co-founded the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company with Albert George Dew-Smith. Darwin led the company when the partnership ended in 1891. He was Mayor of Cambridge between 1896 and 1897, became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1903 and was knighted in 1918.

title: Horace Darwin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike wilkinson

I nearly speedily deleted this, but there's always a danger that the person in question actually did something of note and the article is just poorly written. Currently it just reads like vanity. -- Graham :) | Talk 10:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. If there is something notable about this person then the article can be restarted with that information. Googling the present info gives nothing. Fredrik 10:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If he'd done anything notable, you'd have thought they'd have mentioned it. Average Earthman 12:29, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Alcarillo 13:47, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * What is it all of a sudden with all of these new articles with the last name lower cased? Is this some kind of new trend I've missed?  Delete.  RickK 15:05, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DJ Clayworth 16:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Samuel J. Howard 17:37, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Cleanup.  Not vanity. anthony (see warning) 15:39, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Andris 16:23, May 9, 2004 (UTC)