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Treasure Planet

Treasure Planet is a 2002 American animated science fiction action-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a science fiction adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's adventure novel Treasure Island (1883), and it is the third retelling of the story in an outer space setting, following the Bulgarian film Treasure Planet (1982) and the Italian miniseries Treasure Island in Outer Space (1987). It is the third Disney adaptation of the novel, following Treasure Island (1950) and Muppet Treasure Island (1996). In the film's setting, spaceships are powered by solar sails and resemble the 18th-century sailing vessels of the original Treasure Island.

The film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, both of whom also produced the film with Roy Conli, from a screenplay written by Clements, Musker, and Rob Edwards, and a story conceived by the directors and the writing team of Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. The film features the voices of Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Brian Murray, David Hyde Pierce, Martin Short, Roscoe Lee Browne, Emma Thompson, Michael Wincott, Laurie Metcalf, and Patrick McGoohan in his final feature role. The musical score was composed by James Newton Howard, while some songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik. It marks Clements and Musker's first non-musical film since The Great Mouse Detective (1986). The duo pitched the concept for the film at the same time, as production on another Disney animated feature they wrote and directed, The Little Mermaid (1989). After they finished their work on Hercules (1997), development of the film officially began. It employs a novel technique of hand-drawn 2D traditional animation set atop 3D computer animation. With a budget of $140 million, it is the most expensive traditionally animated film to date.

Treasure Planet premiered in Paris, France and the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 6 and 17, 2002, respectively, and received a wide theatrical release on November 27. It was the first film to be released simultaneously in regular and IMAX theaters. The film was a box-office bomb, earning $109 million worldwide against a budget of $140 million, but received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences. It was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards but lost to Spirited Away (2001). The film has gained a cult following.

Plot
On the planet of Montressor, young Jim Hawkins is enchanted by stories of space pirate Captain Flint and his ability to strike suddenly and disappear without a trace, hiding his loot on the fabled "Treasure Planet". Twelve years later, Jim has grown into an aloof troublemaker after his father abandoned him when he was a child. He reluctantly helps his mother Sarah run the Benbow Inn and is caught by the police after recklessly skysurfing with a rocket-powered sailboard. A spaceship crashes near the inn, and the dying pilot, Billy Bones, gives Jim a sphere and warns him to "beware the cyborg". Pirates attack and burn down the inn, and Jim flees with his mother and their friend, Dr. Delbert Doppler. Jim discovers that the sphere contains a holographic star map leading to the location of Treasure Planet and decides to seek out the legendary fortune.

Doppler commissions the ship RLS Legacy, commanded by feline Captain Amelia and stone-skinned first mate Mr. Arrow. The ship's motley crew is led by cyborg cook John Silver, whose cybernetics lead Jim to suspect he is the cyborg that Bones warned him about. After being sent to work in the galley, Jim is supervised by Silver and his shape-shifting pet, Morph, and they form a tenuous father-son like relationship. When the ship encounters a supernova, Jim secures the crew's lifelines. As a black hole forms, ruthless Arachnid crew member Scroop cuts Mr. Arrow's lifeline, sending him to his death. As the ship rides the shock waves to safety, Scroop frames Jim for Mr. Arrow's death by lying about his lifeline being unsecure, and Jim is comforted by Silver.

Upon reaching Treasure Planet, Jim discovers the crew are indeed pirates led by Silver, and a mutiny erupts. Doppler, Amelia, and Morph abandon ship, and Jim retrieves the map. Silver cannot bring himself to shoot Jim, allowing him to escape with the others; another pirate shoots the escapees down, injuring Amelia. Jim discovers that the map is Morph in disguise, with the real map still on the ship. The group meets B.E.N., an abandoned navigational robot who used to belong to Flint, and is now missing his primary memory circuit. After being cornered by the pirates, Jim, Morph, and B.E.N. hijack a longboat and return to the Legacy to retrieve the map. Scroop attacks them, but B.E.N. inadvertently disables the artificial gravity, and Jim kicks Scroop overboard into deep space. Upon returning, they are caught by Silver and his crew, who have captured Doppler and Amelia.

Silver forces Jim to use the map, directing them to a portal that opens to any location in the known universe with the map as its controls, which Flint used to conduct his raids. They open the portal to the core of Treasure Planet, which is actually an ancient space station built by a forgotten culture that Flint commandeered to stow his treasure. The pirates enter and begin collecting the loot, while Jim finds the skeleton of Captain Flint, holding B.E.N.'s missing circuit in its hand. Jim reinstalls the part into B.E.N.'s head, and B.E.N. remembers that Flint rigged the planet to explode upon the treasure's discovery. As the planet collapses, Silver attempts to escape with a boatload of treasure, but abandons it to save Jim. The survivors board the Legacy, which becomes damaged and unable to go fast enough to clear the explosion. Jim rigs a makeshift sailboard and rides ahead, setting the portal to Montressor Spaceport, and Doppler steers the Legacy through the portal to safety.

Jim finds Silver below decks and allows him to escape. Silver gives Jim Morph and a handful of the treasure he managed to take so he can rebuild the Benbow Inn, believing Jim will "rattle the stars". Sometime later, a party is hosted at the rebuilt and improved Benbow Inn; Doppler and Amelia are married with quadruplets; B.E.N. has become a waiter at the inn; and Jim, matured under Silver's mentorship, has become a cadet at the Interstellar Academy through a letter of recommendation from Amelia. He then looks to the skies and sees an image of Silver in the clouds.

Voice cast

 * Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Jim Hawkins, an adolescent adventurer.
 * Austin Majors voices Jim as a child.
 * Brian Murray as John Silver, a cyborg bear-like alien who leads the mutiny on the RLS Legacy.
 * David Hyde Pierce as Dr. Delbert Doppler, a dog-like astronomer. He is a combination of Dr. Livesey and Squire Trelawney from Treasure Island.
 * Emma Thompson as Captain Amelia, the feline captain of the RLS Legacy. She is an analog to Captain Alexander Smollett in Treasure Island.
 * Martin Short as B.E.N., an alien robot who has lost his memory and was abandoned on Treasure Planet by Captain Flint. His name is a reference to Treasure Island's Ben Gunn, on whom he is based.
 * Roscoe Lee Browne as Mr. Arrow, Captain Amelia's first mate.
 * Laurie Metcalf as Sarah Hawkins, Jim Hawkins' mother who runs the Benbow Inn.
 * Dane Davis as Morph, a small pink alien that can morph into any form. He is comparable to the pet parrot owned by Silver in the original Treasure Island.
 * Michael Wincott as Scroop, a vicious spider-like crewman on the RLS Legacy. He is a rough analog to Israel Hands in Treasure Island.
 * Patrick McGoohan as Billy Bones, a sailor who owned the map to Treasure Planet.
 * Peter Cullen (uncredited) as Captain Nathaniel Flint, a legendary space pirate seen at the beginning of the film.
 * Tony Jay as the Narrator
 * Jane Carr as Mrs. Dunwitty, one of the customers at the Benbow Inn.
 * Corey Burton as Onus, the lookout in the crew of the RLS Legacy.
 * Mike McShane as Hands, a Behemoth-like crewman on the RLS Legacy.
 * Philip Proctor as Blinko, one of the crew-mates on the RLS Legacy.
 * Rodger Bumpass and Jack Angel as Police Robots, law enforcement officers on Montressor.
 * Bumpass and Angel also voice Grewnge and Turnbuckle, crewmen on the RLS Legacy.

Development
Treasure Planet took roughly four and a half years to create, but the concept for Treasure Planet (which was called Treasure Island in Space at the time) was originally pitched by Ron Clements in 1985 at the "Gong Show" meeting wherein he and John Musker also pitched The Little Mermaid. The pitch was rejected by Michael Eisner, who knew Paramount Pictures was developing a Star Trek sequel with a Treasure Island angle (which eventually went unproduced). The idea was pitched again in 1989 following the release of The Little Mermaid, but the studio still expressed a lack of interest. Following the release of Aladdin, the idea was pitched for a third time, but Jeffrey Katzenberg, who was the chief of Walt Disney Studios at the time, "just wasn't interested" in the idea. During this time Katzenberg wanted the duo to work on A Princess of Mars which the company was attempting to adapt. Angered at the rejection, Clements and Musker approached Feature Animation chairman Roy E. Disney who backed the filmmakers and made his wishes known to Eisner, who in turn agreed that the studio should produce the movie. In 1995, their contract was re-negotiated to allow them to commence development on Treasure Planet when Hercules reached completion. Since Musker and Clements wanted to be able to move "the camera around a lot like Steven Spielberg or James Cameron," the delay in production was beneficial since "the technology had time to develop in terms of really moving the camera." Principal animation for the film began in 2000 with roughly 350 crew members working on it. In 2002, Roy Conli estimated that there were around 1,027 crew members listed in the screen credits with "about four hundred artists and computer artists, about a hundred and fifty musicians and another two hundred technologists". According to Conli, Clements wanted to create a space world that was "warm and had more life to it than you would normally think of in a science fiction film", as opposed to the "stainless steel, blue, smoke coming from the bowels of heavily pipe laden" treatment of science fiction. In order to make the film "fun" by creating more exciting action sequences and because they believed that having the characters wear space suits and helmets "would take all the romance out of it", the crew created the concept of the "Etherium", an "outer space filled with atmosphere" and the characters wear 18 century clothing much like in the original Treasure Island.

Several changes were made late in the production to the film. The prologue of the film originally featured an adult Jim Hawkins narrating the story of Captain Flint in first person, but the crew considered it too "dark" and felt that it lacked character involvement, so it was changed and instead narrated by Tony Jay. The crew also intended for the film to include a sequence showing Jim working on his solar surfer and interacting with an alien child, which was intended to show Jim's more sensitive side and as homage to The Catcher in the Rye. Because of the intention to begin the film with a scene of Jim solar surfing, the sequence had to be cut.

Writing
Writer Rob Edwards stated that "it was extremely challenging" to take a classic novel and set it in outer space, and that they did away with some of the science fiction elements ("things like the metal space ships and the coldness") early on. Edwards goes on to say that they "did a lot of things to make the film more modern" and that the idea behind setting the film in outer space was to "make the story as exciting for kids now as the book was for kids then".

With regard to adapting the characters from the book to film, Ron Clements mentioned that the Jim Hawkins in the book is "a very smart, very capable kid", but they wanted to make Jim start out as "a little troubled kid" who "doesn't really know who he is" while retaining the aforementioned characteristics from the original character. This change was made after Joe Ranft suggested the idea. The "mentor figures" for Jim Hawkins in the novel were Squire Trelawney and Dr. Livesey, whom John Musker described as "one is more comic and the other's very straight"; these two characters were fused into Dr. Doppler. Clements also mentions that though the father-son relationship between Jim Hawkins and John Silver was present "to some degree" in the book, they wanted to emphasize it more in the film.

Terry Rossio, who worked on the script, later argued the filmmakers made a crucial mistake turning Jim Hawkins into an adolescent. "Treasure Island, the book, is a boy's adventure, about a young cabin boy who matches wits with a crew of bloodthirsty pirates. All of the key scenes are made more dramatic by the fact that it's a young kid who is in danger... Treasure Planet made the kid into a young man. Which dilutes the drama of all the situations, start to finish... Instead of being an amazing and impressive kid, he became a petulant unimpressive teen."

Casting
Casting director Ruth Lambert held a series of casting auditions for the film in New York, Los Angeles, and London, but the crew already had some actors in mind for two of the major characters. The character of Dr. Doppler was written with David Hyde Pierce in mind, and Pierce was given a copy of the Treasure Planet script along with preliminary sketches of the character and the film's scenic elements while he was working on Pixar's A Bug's Life (1998). He stated that "the script was fantastic, the look was so compelling" that he accepted the role. Jeff Goldblum and Hugh Grant were also considered before Pierce secured the part. Likewise, the character of Captain Amelia was developed with the idea that Emma Thompson would be providing her voice. "We offered it to her and she was really excited," Clements said. Musker said, "This is the first action adventure character that Emma has ever played and she was pregnant during several of the sessions. She was happy that she could do all this action and not have to train for the part" There were no actors initially in mind for the characters of John Silver and Jim Hawkins; Brian Murray (John Silver) and Joseph Gordon-Levitt (Jim Hawkins) were signed after months of auditions. Gordon-Levitt stated that he was attracted to the role because "it's a Disney animated movie and Disney animated movies are in a class by themselves," and that "to be part of that tradition is unbelievable to me". Musker mentioned that Gordon-Levitt "combined enough vulnerability and intelligence and a combination of youthfulness but incompleteness" and that they liked his approach. Patrick McGoohan was cast as Billy Bones at the suggestion of Corey Burton who played the smaller role of Onus in the film after having done an impression of him for a temp track. It marked the last and posthumous film of his career.

Among the big-name actors, only Pierce and Short had experience with voice acting prior to the making of Treasure Planet. Conli explained that they were looking for "really the natural voice of the actor", and that sometimes it was better to have an actor with no experience with voice work as he utilizes his natural voice instead of "affecting a voice". The voice sessions were mostly done without any interaction with the other actors, but Gordon-Levitt expressed a desire to interact with Murray because he found it difficult to act out most of the scenes between Jim Hawkins and John Silver alone.

Design
While designing for Treasure Planet, the crew operated on rule they call the "70/30 Law" (an idea that art director Andy Gaskill has credited to Ron Clements), which meant that the overall look of the film's artwork should be 70% traditional and 30% sci-fi. The overall look of Treasure Planet was based on the art style promoted by illustrators associated with the Brandywine School of Illustration (such as Howard Pyle and N.C. Wyeth), whose illustrations have been described by the film's crew as being the "classic storybook illustration," having a painterly feel to it, and being composed of a warm color palette.

There were around forty animators on the crew, and were further divided into teams; for example, sixteen animators were assigned to Jim Hawkins because he appeared on the screen the most, and twelve were assigned to John Silver. To ensure "solidity" in illustration and personality, each major character in the film had a team of animators led by one animation supervisor. Conli mentioned that the personalities of the supervisors affected the final character, citing Glen Keane (the supervisor for John Silver) as well as John Ripa (the supervisor for Jim Hawkins) as examples. The physical appearance, movements, and facial expressions of the voice actors were infused into the characters as well.

When asked if they drew inspiration from the previous film adaptations of Treasure Island for the character designs, Glen Keane said he disliked looking at previous portrayals of a character to "clear his mind of stereotypes", but that he drew some inspiration for the manner by which Silver spoke from actor Wallace Beery, whom he "loved because of the way he talked out of the side of his mouth." For the characterization and design for Jim Hawkins, John Ripa cited James Dean as an important reference because "there was a whole attitude, a posture" wherein "you felt the pain and the youthful innocence", and he also cited the film Braveheart because "there are a lot of close-ups on characters...who are going through thought processes, just using their eyes."

Animators also used maquettes, small statues of the characters in the film, as references throughout the animation process. Character sculptor Kent Melton mentioned that the first Disney film to use maquettes was Pinocchio (1940), and that this paved the way to the formation of an entire department devoted to character sculpting. Keane noted that maquettes are not just supposed to be "like a mannequin in a store", but rather has to be "something that tells you [the character's] personality" and that maquettes also helped inspire the way actors would portray their roles.

The animators took Deep Canvas, a technology which they had initially developed for Tarzan (1999), and came up with a process they called "Virtual Sets", wherein they created entire 360 degree sets before they began staging the scenes. They combined this process with traditionally-drawn characters in order to achieve a "painted image with depth perception" and enabled the crew to place the camera anywhere in the set and maneuver it as they would maneuver a camera for a live-action film. In order to test how a computer-generated body part (specifically John Silver's cyborg arm) would mesh with a traditionally animated character, the crew took a clip of Captain Hook from Peter Pan (1953) and replaced his arm with the cyborg arm.

Animation
One of the film's goals was to blend different mediums of animation into one film to have such a seamless finish to the point the viewer could not tell the difference between what was two-dimensional hand drawing or computer-generated 3D animations and environments. For the animation of the Treasure Planet, there are three main elements that were essential to the production of this film. The traditional 2D character animation that Disney is known for, three-dimensional character animation, and the computer-generated or CG environments.

Music and sound
The "70/30 Law" of "70% traditional and 30% sci-fi" was not only applied to the visual designs for the film, but also for the sound effects and music. Sound designer Dane Davis mentioned that he and his team "scoured hobby shops and junk stores for antique windup toys and old spinning mechanisms" in order to create the sound effects for John Silver to "avoid sounding slick or sci-fi". The team did some experimentation with the sound used in dialogues, especially with the robot B.E.N., but opted to keep Short's natural voice because everything they tried "affected his comedy", and "the last thing you want to do in a story like this is affect performances".

The music from the film is largely orchestral in nature, although it includes two moderately successful pop singles ("I'm Still Here" and "Always Know Where You Are") from The Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik and British pop-rock group, BBMak. Both songs were written and performed by John Rzeznik in the film, but BBMak recorded "Always Know Where You Are" for the soundtrack. The score was composed by James Newton Howard, who said that the score is "very much in the wonderful tradition of Korngold and Tiomkin and Steiner." The score has been described as a mixture of modern "classical style" music in the spirit of Star Wars and Celtic music. Scottish fiddler Alasdair Fraser is credited as the co-composer of the track "Silver Leaves", and is also listed as a soloist in the film's credits. Walt Disney Records released the film's soundtrack album on November 19, 2002. Jerry Goldsmith was also considered to compose the score.

Marketing
In April 2002, a teaser trailer for Treasure Planet was officially released online. It would then debut in theaters within the next few weeks, starting with Spider-Man on May 3, 2002, followed by Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones two weeks later. Before and during its theatrical run, Treasure Planet had promotional support from McDonald's, Pepsi-Cola, Dreyer's, and Kellogg's. McDonald's included promotional items such as action figures and puzzles in their Happy Meals and Mighty Meals, Pepsi-Cola placed promotional film graphics onto the packaging of a number of their soft drinks (Mountain Dew, Code Red, Sierra Mist, Mug Root Beer, Orange Slice, and Lipton Brisk), Dreyer's used their delivery truck panels to promote ice cream flavors inspired by the film (such as "Galactic Chocolate" and "Vanilla Treasure"), and Kellogg's included film-branded spoons in their cereal boxes.

Hasbro released a lineup of Treasure Planet action figures and toys.

A novelization was published by Puffin Books.

Theatrical
Treasure Planet held its world premiere in Paris, France on November 6, 2002. It premiered in the US at Cinerama Dome in Hollywood on November 17, 2002, The film is "the first major studio feature" to be released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously; this was done in the light of the success of Disney films that were re-released in IMAX format, such as Beauty and the Beast and Fantasia 2000. Dick Cook, then-chairman of Walt Disney Studios, expressed the hope that it would be a good way to distinguish themselves during the competitive holiday season.

Home media
Treasure Planet was released on VHS and DVD in the United States and Canada by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on April 29, 2003. The DVD includes behind-the-scenes featurettes, a visual commentary, deleted scenes, teaser and theatrical trailers, the music video for the song "I'm Still Here" by John Rzeznik, and a virtual tour of the RLS Legacy. This THX certified release also contains an Easter egg in the Set Up menu. The viewer can highlight any listing and press right to reveal a clapperboard. Selecting this icon will reveal the DVD credits. The DVD retained the number one spot in Billboard's top sales for two weeks and the VHS was number one in sales for three weeks. By July 2003, Treasure Planet brought in $64 million in DVD sales.

It is officially the last Disney animated feature to be presented in fullscreen on its VHS release, as the VHS releases of Brother Bear (2003) and Home on the Range (2004) are presented in widescreen. However, the Disney Movie Club exclusive VHS release of Chicken Little (2005) is presented in fullscreen.

Disney released a 10th Anniversary special edition Blu-ray/DVD combo on July 3, 2012.

Box office
Treasure Planet grossed over $12 million on its debut weekend, ranking at fourth place behind Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Die Another Day, and Disney's own The Santa Clause 2. During the five-day Thanksgiving holiday weekend, the film grossed just $16.5 million worldwide. The film ended up grossing $38.1 million domestically and $71.4 million internationally for a $109.5 million worldwide gross. Its failure became apparent early on, as Disney's Buena Vista Distribution arm reduced its fourth-quarter earnings by $47 million within a few days of the film's release. In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office failures of all time.

Critical response
Treasure Planet received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that of critics have given the film a positive review based on  reviews, with an average rating of. The site's critics consensus states "Though its characterizations are weaker than usual, Treasure Planet offers a fast-paced, beautifully rendered vision of outer space." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 30 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post, who gave it 4 stars out of 5, stated that the film "boasts the purest of Disney raptures: It unites the generations, rather than driving them apart". Leah Rozen of People stated that the film "has imagination, humor aplenty and moves briskly", and that "the animation, combining traditional and digital techniques, is ravishing." Claudia Puig of USA Today said that the film's most noteworthy feature is "the artful way it combines the futuristic and the retro", and went on to say that the film does not have the "charm of Lilo & Stitch" nor the "dazzling artistry of Spirited Away", but concluded that Treasure Planet is "a capable and diverting holiday season adventure for a family audience." Kim Hollis of Box Office Prophets stated that "there's plenty to recommend the film – the spectacular visuals alone make Treasure Planet a worthwhile watch," though expressing disappointment because she felt that the characters were "not all that creatively rendered".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 stars out of 4; he felt that a more traditional take on the story would have been "more exciting" and "less gimmicky". Andy Klein of Daily Variety Gotham complained about the script, describing it as "listless" and remarked, "If only its script were as amusing as its visuals." A. O. Scott of The New York Times described the film as "less an act of homage than a clumsy and cynical bit of piracy", and went on to say that it is "not much of a movie at all" and a "brainless, mechanical picture". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as "all cutesy updated fripperies and zero momentum."

In 2012, Ricky Brigante of InsideTheMagic considered the film "may not hold up to the standards set by so many timeless musicals, [but] it's an adventure that is worth seeing" praising it for its themes and characters. In 2020, Petrana Radulovic, writing for Polygon, praised the characters of Jim and Silver, as well as the "I'm Still Here" sequence and stated, the film "is a visual delight, a time capsule of the early 2000s in a way that perhaps no other animated movie of the era is. It boldly, unapologetically pushes the visual limits of genre expectation in a way no Disney movie has since."

Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature along with Lilo & Stitch, Ice Age and Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, but all four films lost to Spirited Away (2001). It was also nominated for a number of Annie Awards.

Cancelled franchise
Before Treasure Planet premiered in cinemas, Thomas Schumacher, then-president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, mentioned the possibilities of having direct-to-video releases for Treasure Planet as well as a television series. He stated that they already had "a story and some storyboards and concepts up and a script for what a sequel to [Treasure Planet] could be," and that they also had a "notion" of what the series would be.

Director Jun Falkenstein and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos began early development on Treasure Planet 2. In the sequel, Jim Hawkins and Kate, his love interest and classmate at the Royal Interstellar Academy, must team with Long John Silver to stop the villainous Ironbeard from freeing the inmates of Botany Bay Prison Asteroid. Willem Dafoe was set to voice Ironbeard. Tommy Walter was asked to write and perform songs for the film. However, the sequel was canceled when Treasure Planet did poorly at the box office.

Following the box office failure of Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), Disneyland planned a second attempt to revive its Submarine Voyage ride with a Treasure Planet theme. These plans were scrapped due to the film experiencing the same financial performance as its predecessor. The attraction ultimately reopened in 2007 as the Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, themed to the 2003 Disney/Pixar animated film Finding Nemo.

Video games
Several Treasure Planet video games were released. In October 2002, Disney Interactive released the naval strategy game Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon for the PC, while in November, Sony Computer Entertainment released two separate Treasure Planet 3D platform action video games for the PlayStation (developed by Magenta Software) and PlayStation 2 (developed by Bizarre Creations). Bizarre Creations used Softimage's XSI engine for modeling, texturing and animation, and released a Making-of video on their Facebook page in 2008. A Game Boy Advance game based on the film was also released.

A series of games collectively called Disney's Treasure Planet: Training Academy (or Disney's Treasure Planet Collection ) was also released in 2002. It was composed of three games (Broadside Blast, Treasure Racer, and Etherium Rescue), and players with all three games could unlock a fourth game (Ship Shape).

Jim Hawkins and John Silver also appear as playable characters in the video game Disney Heroes: Battle Mode.

Reception
The game was met with mixed to negative reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 66.43% and 68 out of 100 for the Game Boy Advance version; 64% and 61 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version;  and 57.14% and 44 out of 100 for the PlayStation version.

Legacy
On November 27, 2022, Disney D23 posted on Twitter: "It has been 20 years since Jim Hawkins rattled the stars in @DisneyAnimation's Treasure Planet! Happy anniversary to this stellar film!" A limited commemorative pin was also released by the company for the anniversary as well as a Sketchbook Ornament. Many members of the crew who worked on the film including directors John Musker and Ron Clements, composer James Newton Howard as well as actor Corey Burton also celebrated its anniversary by partaking in a 3-hour livestream on YouTube on The Tammy Tuckey Show. The event had been organised ahead of time.

title: Treasure Planet


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Aryl halide

In organic chemistry, an aryl halide (also known as haloarene) is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms, directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. Haloarenes are different from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds is so broad that there are many derivatives and applications.

Aryl fluorides
Aryl fluorides are used as synthetic intermediates, e.g. for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and liquid crystals. The conversion of diazonium salts is a well established route to aryl fluorides. Thus, anilines are precursors to aryl fluorides. In the classic Schiemann reaction, tetrafluoroborate is the fluoride donor:
 * [C6H5N2+]BF4- -> C6H5F +  N2  +  BF3

In some cases, the fluoride salt is used:
 * [C6H5N2+]F- -> C6H5F +  N2

Many commercial aryl fluorides are produced from aryl chlorides by the Halex process. The method is often used for aryl chlorides also bearing electron-withdrawing groups. Illustrative is the synthesis of 2-fluoronitrobenzene from 2-nitrochlorobenzene:
 * O2NC6H4Cl + KF  ->  O2NC6H4F  +  KCl

Aryl chlorides
Aryl chlorides are the aryl halides produced on the largest scale commercially: 150,000 tons/y in the US alone (1994). Production levels are decreasing owing to environmental concerns. Chlorobenzenes are used mainly as solvents.

Friedel-Crafts halogenation or "direct chlorination" is the main synthesis route. Lewis acids, e.g. iron(III) chloride, catalyze the reactions. The most abundantly produced aryl halide, chlorobenzene, is produced by this route:
 * C6H6 + Cl2  ->  C6H5Cl  +  HCl

Monochlorination of benzene is accompanied by formation of the dichlorobenzene derivatives. Arenes with electron donating groups react with halogens even in the absence of Lewis acids. For example, phenols and anilines react quickly with chlorine and bromine water to give multihalogenated products. Many detailed laboratory procedures are available. For alkylbenzene derivatives, e.g. toluene, the alkyl positions tend to be halogenated by free radical conditions, whereas ring halogenation is favored in the presence of Lewis acids. The decolouration of bromine water by electron-rich arenes is used in the bromine test.

The oxychlorination of benzene has been well investigated, motivated by the avoidance of HCl as a coproduct in the direct halogenation:
 * 4 C6H6 + 4 HCl  +  O2  ->  4 C6H5Cl  +  H2O

This technology is not widely used however.

The Gatterman reaction can also be used to convert diazonium salts to chlorobenzenes using copper-based reagents. Owing to high cost of diazonium salts, this method is reserved for specialty chlorides.

Aryl bromides
The main aryl bromides produced commercially are tetrabromophthalic anhydride, decabromodiphenyl ether, and tetrabromobisphenol-A. These materials are used as flame retardants. They are produced by direct bromination of phenols and aryl ethers. Phthalic anhydride is poorly reactive toward bromine, necessitating the use of acidic media.

The Gatterman reaction can also be used to convert diazonium salts to bromobenzenes using using copper-based reagents. Owing to high cost of diazonium salts, this method is reserved for specialty bromides.

Aryl iodides
Synthetic aryl iodides are used as X-ray contrast agents, but otherwise these compounds are not produced on a large scale. Aryl iodides are "easy" substrates for many reactions such as cross-coupling reactions and conversion to Grignard reagents, but they are much more expensive than the lighter, less reactive aryl chlorides and bromides.

Aryl iodides can be prepared by treating diazonium salts with iodide salts. Electron-rich arenes such as anilines and dimethoxy derivatives react directly with iodine.

Aryl lithium and aryl Grignard reagents react with iodine to give the aryl halide:
 * ArLi + I2  ->  ArI  +  LiI

This method is applicable to the preparation of all aryl halides. One limitation is that most, but not all, aryl lithium and Grignard reagents are produced from aryl halides.

Halobenzenes and halobenzene derivatives
Although the term aryl halide includes halogenated derivatives of any aromatic compound, it commonly refers to halobenzenes, which are specifically halogenated derivatives of benzene. Groups of halobenzenes include fluorobenzenes, chlorobenzenes, bromobenzenes, and iodobenzenes, as well as mixed halobenzenes containing at least two different types of halogens bonded to the same benzene ring. There are also many halobenzene derivatives.

Halopyridines
Halopyridines are based on the aromatic compound pyridine. This includes chloropyridines and bromopyridines. Chloropyridines are important intermediates to pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.

Halogenated naphthalenes
Halogenated naphthalenes are based on naphthalene. Polychlorinated naphthalenes were used extensively from the 1930s to 1950s in cable and capacitor production, due to their insulating, hydrophobic, and flame retardant properties, but they have since been phased out for this use due to toxicity, environmental persistence, and introduction of new materials.

Aryl halides in nature
The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are aryl iodides. A tetraiodide, T4 is biosynthesised by electrophilic iodination of tyrosine derivative. Synthetic T4 is one of the most heavily prescribed medicines in the U.S.

Many chlorinated and brominated aromatic compounds are produced by marine organisms. The chloride and bromide in ocean waters are the source of the halogens. Various peroxidase enzymes (e.g., bromoperoxidase) catalyze the reactions. Numerous are derivatives of electron-rich rings found in tyrosine, tryptophan, and various pyrroles. Some of these natural aryl halides exhibit useful medicinal properties.

Structural trends
The C-X distances for aryl halides follow the expected trend. These distances for fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and methyl 4-iodobenzoate are 135.6(4), 173.90(23), 189.8(1), and 209.9 pm, respectively.

Substitution
Unlike typical alkyl halides, aryl halides typically do not participate in conventional substitution reactions. Aryl halides with electron-withdrawing groups in the ortho and para positions, can undergo SNAr reactions. For example, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene reacts in basic solution to give a phenol.

Unlike in most other substitution reactions, fluoride is the best leaving group, and iodide the worst. A 2018 paper indicates that this situation may actually be rather common, occurring in systems that were previously assumed to proceed via SNAr mechanisms.

Benzyne
Aryl halides often react via the intermediacy of benzynes. Chlorobenzene and sodium amide react in liquid ammonia to give aniline by this pathway.

Organometallic reagent formation
Aryl halides react with metals, generally lithium or magnesium, to give organometallic derivatives that function as sources of aryl anions. By the metal-halogen exchange reaction, aryl halides are converted to aryl lithium compounds. Illustrative is the preparation of phenyllithium from bromobenzene using n-butyllithium (n-BuLi):
 * C6H5Br + BuLi → C6H5Li +  BuBr

Direct formation of Grignard reagents, by adding the magnesium to the aryl halide in an ethereal solution, works well if the aromatic ring is not significantly deactivated by electron-withdrawing groups.

Other reactions
The halides can be displaced by strong nucleophiles via reactions involving radical anions. Alternatively aryl halides, especially the bromides and iodides, undergo oxidative addition, and thus are subject to Buchwald–Hartwig amination-type reactions.

Chlorobenzene was once the precursor to phenol, which is now made by oxidation of cumene. At high temperatures, aryl groups react with ammonia to give anilines.

Biodegradation
Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium that degrades dichlorobenzene as sole carbon sources.

Applications
The aryl halides produced on the largest scale are chlorobenzene and the isomers of dichlorobenzene. One major but discontinued application was the use of chlorobenzene as a solvent for dispersing the herbicide Lasso. Overall, production of aryl chlorides (also naphthyl derivatives) has been declining since the 1980s, in part due to environmental concerns. Triphenylphosphine is produced from chlorobenzene:
 * 3 C6H5Cl + PCl3 + 6 Na → P(C6H5)3 + 6 NaCl

Aryl bromides are widely used as fire-retardants. The most prominent member is tetrabromobisphenol-A, which is prepared by direct bromination of the diphenol.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aryl halide


text:
Windham Textile and History Museum

The Windham Textile and History Museum is a museum in Willimantic, Connecticut, in the New England region of the United States. It is currently located in Main St.

Exhibits
Its main focus is the Willimantic Linen Company's Willimantic mill, later purchased by the American Thread Company and closed in 1985. The museum is located in the former company store building.

The museum features the Brooke Shannon Antique Sewing Machine Room, which is a room which features replica sewing machines from the factory in the late-19th century. Other exhibits include a re-creation of the manager's office, a replica of the boarding houses in the 1880s. A tour of the mill property is part of the tour, but access inside in not included due to most of the mill being on private property. There are many other displays that feature what was life like during the turn of the century at the mill in Willimantic.

Associated people

 * Austin Cornelius Dunham was vice-president of the Willimantic Linen Company.

title: Windham Textile and History Museum


text:
Troy Brown

Troy Fitzgerald Brown (born July 2, 1971) is an American football coach and former player who is a skill development and kick and punt returners coach for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played as a wide receiver and return specialist for 15 seasons in the NFL, spending his entire career with the Patriots. Brown played college football at Marshall University and was selected by the Patriots in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL draft. During his New England tenure, he was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2001 and was a member of the franchise's first three Super Bowl-winning teams. In 2020, Brown rejoined the Patriots as an offensive assistant. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2010. Brown also was inducted to the Patriots Hall of Fame in 2012.

Early life
Brown attended Blackville–Hilda High School in Blackville, South Carolina. He was discouraged from playing football, as he was thought too small, beginning at 5'6", 135 lbs. Still, he lettered in football and track and field. His high school team won a state championship in 1988 with a 14–1 record.

College career
Brown attended Lees–McRae College before it became a 4-year college in 1989–1990. In college, Brown was a standout wide receiver, punt returner, and kickoff returner for Marshall University, leading the Division I-AA in both kickoff and punt return average in 1991, a year in which he and quarterback Todd Donnan tied a record by combining for a 99-yard pass play against Virginia Military Institute. The following year, Marshall claimed its first national championship with Brown as its primary wide receiver and returner. In the championship game, Brown sealed the win by intercepting a Hail Mary Youngstown State pass in the final seconds of the game.

His career kickoff return average (29.69 yards per return) still stands as an NCAA record, as do his four kickoff returns for touchdowns. He scored one touchdown for every eight times he touched the football.

In 2006, Brown was given a distinguished alumni award by his alma mater, Marshall.

Professional career
Brown was drafted by the Patriots out of Marshall in the eighth round of the 1993 NFL draft (198th overall). He was waived as a final cut in the 1994 pre-season by head coach Bill Parcells but was re-signed on October 19, 1994. It wasn't until the 1995 season that he started seeing time as a wide receiver, recording 14 catches for 159 yards. The next season in 1996, when the New England Patriots reached the Super Bowl, he recorded 21 catches for 222 yards. In 1997, he recorded 41 catches for 607 yards and 6 touchdowns despite being behind both Terry Glenn and Shawn Jefferson on the depth chart at receiver as well as competing with Ben Coates and Vincent Brisby for catches. In 1998, he resumed his duties as a punt returner.

His first year as a starter was 2000, when he recorded 83 catches for 944 yards and 4 touchdowns. In 2001 he, alongside Tom Brady, led the Patriots to their first ever Super Bowl championship, recording 101 catches during the season for 1,199 yards and 5 touchdowns, setting the franchise record for receptions and earning his first and only trip to the Pro Bowl. He also returned 29 punts for 413 yards and 2 touchdowns, giving him a league-leading 14.2 yards per return average. During the AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs that season, Brown returned a crucial punt for a touchdown which provided the winning margin, adding to the two he returned for touchdowns during the regular season. He also scooped up a blocked field goal attempt in that game, and made a lateral pass to teammate Antwan Harris, which completed a second special teams touchdown. In 2002, he recorded 97 receptions for 890 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 2003, he had 40 catches for 472 yards, helping his team back to Super Bowl XXXVIII.

In 2004, he had only 17 receptions, but contributed in what was originally an emergency role on defense, ranking second on the team in interceptions with three. He was topped in this category only by Eugene Wilson. Further demonstrating his versatility, during the 2006 preseason he lined up as an emergency quarterback; when questioned as to why Brown had appeared there, the head coach of the Patriots, Bill Belichick, joked that he had lined Brown up there "to develop his legend".

Brown was released by the Patriots on March 1, 2005 for salary cap reasons, but he signed a new contract with them on May 23, 2005. He signed despite a better financial deal from the New Orleans Saints. In the 2005 season, he recorded 39 receptions for 466 yards.

On July 17, 2007, Brown reached an agreement with the New England Patriots for a 15th season, making him the second longest-playing Patriot at the time behind Steve Grogan; both have since been surpassed by Tom Brady. On July 28, he was placed on the physically unable to perform (PUP) list, but was activated on November 27.

In addition to playing offense and defense with success, Brown is the Patriots' all-time leading punt returner with 252 returns for 2,625 yards and 3 touchdowns. He is third all-time in Patriots history in receptions (557) and third all-time in receiving yards (6,366). He still holds the Super Bowl record for most punt returns in a career with 8.

Brown is the only player in NFL history with at least 550 receptions, 250 punt returns, and an interception.

2006 AFC divisional playoffs
A memorable moment for Brown came in a 2006 AFC Divisional Playoff game, when the Patriots met the favored San Diego Chargers. With 5 minutes left in the game, the Patriots were down 21-13 and facing 4th and 5. Tom Brady threw his third interception of the game, to the Chargers' Marlon McCree. Brown, making what teammate Tedy Bruschi described as a "quick mental switch" from offensive to defensive player, instinctively ripped the ball out of McCree's grasp. The fumble was subsequently recovered by the Patriots Reche Caldwell, giving them a new set of downs. New England went on to tie the score with a touchdown and a two-point conversion, and then won the game on a 31-yard field goal. Brown also caught 5 passes for 39 yards in the game.

Legacy
Brown is a fan favorite among many Patriots fans due to his style of play and years of dedication to his team. His punt return in the 2001 AFC Championship along with numerous big plays throughout his Patriots career culminated in his induction into the Patriots Hall of Fame at Patriots Place.

Retirement
On March 13, 2008, The Boston Globe reported that the Patriots would not offer Brown a contract for the 2008 season. On September 25, 2008, Brown officially retired from professional football during a press conference alongside Patriots owner Robert Kraft and head coach Bill Belichick. He finished his playing career as the all-time leader for the New England Patriots in receptions with 557.

On June 4, 2012, it was announced that Brown was elected to the Patriots Hall of Fame by fan vote, beating out former head coach Bill Parcells and safety Fred Marion.

Coaching
At the beginning of the 2019 NFL season, he began coaching in an unofficial capacity with the New England Patriots, assisting wide receivers coach Joe Judge, who was often busy with his other role as special teams coordinator. In addition in 2016 he was a part of the Bill Walsh Minority Coaching Fellowship working with the Patriots.

In 2020 it was officially announced that Brown was on the Patriots coaching staff. He would be serving as the teams running backs/kick returners coach.

In 2021, Brown was announced as the wide receivers/kick returners coach.

In 2024, Brown was moved to a skills development role.

Entertainment
Since 2008, Brown has been a football analyst with NBC Sports Boston. Brown, along with teammate Tom Brady, played himself on the Family Guy episode "Patriot Games". He also had a cameo in the 2012 film The Three Stooges.

Business
Brown is an investor in and spokesman for the Narragansett Brewing Company.

Personal life
Brown currently resides in Huntington, West Virginia, where a portion of West Virginia Route 10 was designated Troy Brown Way. Brown and his ex-wife Kimberly (who works as a chemist for the United States Army Corps of Engineers ), have two sons, Sir'mon and Saanjay.

He works with various charities through the Troy Brown Fantasy Football Camp. He also worked with the Bartrum Brown Football Camp from 2001 through 2011.

title: Troy Brown


text:
Five economic tests

The five economic tests were the criteria defined by the UK treasury under Gordon Brown that were to be used to assess the UK's readiness to join the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU), and so adopt the euro as its official currency. In principle, these tests were distinct from any political decision to join.

The five tests were as follows:

 * 1) Are business cycles and economic structures compatible so that we and others could live comfortably with euro interest rates on a permanent basis?
 * 2) If problems emerge is there sufficient flexibility to deal with them?
 * 3) Would joining EMU create better conditions for firms making long-term decisions to invest in Britain?
 * 4) What impact would entry into EMU have on the competitive position of the UK's financial services industry, particularly the City's wholesale markets?
 * 5) In summary, will joining EMU promote higher growth, stability and a lasting increase in jobs?

In addition to these self-imposed criteria the UK would also have had to have met the European Union's economic convergence criteria ("Maastricht criteria") before being allowed to adopt the euro. One criterion is two years' membership of ERM II, of which the UK was never a member. Under the Maastricht Treaty, the UK was not obliged to adopt the euro.

When the Brown government was voted out of office in the 2010 United Kingdom general election, the tests ceased to be government policy.

History of the tests
The five tests were designed in 1997, shortly after the Labour Party replaced the Conservatives in government, by former Chancellor Gordon Brown and his then special adviser Ed Balls. A popular story about the circumstances of Brown's and Balls' development of the tests, which has since been discredited, is that it took place in the back of a taxi while Brown was in the United States. Despite this uncertain pedigree, the International Monetary Fund deemed them to be "broadly consistent with the economic considerations that are relevant for assessing entry into a monetary union."

The UK Treasury is responsible for assessing the tests. It first did so in October 1997, when it was decided that the UK's economy was neither sufficiently converged with that of the rest of the EU, nor sufficiently flexible, to justify a recommendation of membership at that time. The government pledged to reassess the tests early in the next Parliament (which began in June 2001), and published a revised assessment of the five tests in June 2003. This assessment ran to around 250 pages and was backed up by eighteen supporting studies, on subjects such as housing, labour market flexibility, and the euro area's monetary and fiscal frameworks.

The conclusions were broadly similar; the Treasury argued that:
 * 1) There had been significant progress on convergence since 1997, but there remained some significant structural differences, such as in the housing market.
 * 2) While UK flexibility had improved, they could not be confident that it is sufficient.
 * 3) Euro membership would increase investment, but only if convergence and flexibility were sufficient.
 * 4) The City of London, Britain's financial centre, would benefit from Eurozone membership.
 * 5) Growth, stability and employment would increase as a result of euro membership, but only if convergence and flexibility were sufficient.

On the basis of this assessment, in May–June 2003, the government ruled out UK membership of the euro for the duration of the Parliament. Since the Labour government was re-elected in 2005, the debate on the European Constitution and subsequent Treaty of Lisbon upstaged that on the euro. Gordon Brown, in his first press conference after succeeding Tony Blair as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2007, ruled out membership for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe. However, in late 2008, José Manuel Barroso, the President of the European Commission, averred, saying that UK leaders were seriously considering the switch amidst the financial crisis. Brown later denied this.

One of the underlying issues that stand in the way of monetary union is the structural difference between the UK housing market and those of many continental European countries. Although home ownership in Britain is near the European average, variable rate mortgages are more common, making the retail price index in Britain more influenced by interest rate changes.

title: Five economic tests


text:
Trellis

Trellis may refer to:

Structures

 * Trellis (architecture), an architectural structure often used to support plants (especially vineyards)
 * Trellis drainage pattern, a drainage system

Technology

 * Trellis (graph), a special kind of graph used in computer science
 * Trellis chart, a series or grid of small similar graphics or charts, allowing them to be easily compared
 * Trellis modulation or trellis coded modulation, in telecommunications
 * Trellis quantization, a method of improving data compression, often used in lossy video compression

People

 * Jonathan Whitehead (born 1960), composer who sometimes publishes under the name "Trellis"
 * Oswald Trellis (born 1935), Dean of St George's Cathedral

Other uses

 * Mrs. Trellis of North Wales, a fictional radio correspondent in I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue

title: Trellis


text:
Edén Pastora

Edén Atanacio Pastora Gómez (November 15, 1936 or January 22, 1937 – June 16, 2020 ) was a Nicaraguan politician and guerrilla who ran for president as the candidate of the Alternative for Change (AC) party in the 2006 general elections. In the years prior to the fall of the Somoza regime, Pastora was the leader of the Southern Front, the largest militia in southern Nicaragua, second only to the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) in the north. Pastora was nicknamed Comandante Cero ("Commander Zero").

His group was the first to call itself "Sandinistas", and was also the first to accept an alliance with the FSLN, the group that was to become more popularly identified by the name. At the end of 1982, a few years after the revolutionary victory, Pastora became disillusioned with the government of the FSLN, and formed the Democratic Revolutionary Alliance (ARDE) with the object of confronting the "pseudo-Sandinistas" politically and militarily.

As of 2010, he was reconciled with the FSLN and held a ministerial post in the government of Daniel Ortega. His role in a border dispute with Costa Rica and allegations of environmental damage to territory claimed by that country led to legal indictment by the government of Costa Rica.

Sandinista
Pastora was born in Ciudad Darío. When he was seven, Pastora's father was killed in a boundary dispute. While in high school with the Jesuits in Granada, he first learned about Augusto César Sandino through his Panamanian history teacher. He began his rebel career when he decided that the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle was corrupt and formed the southern Nicaraguan ARDE from local peasant farmers (called campesinos) and aboriginal tribes living according to more traditional ways.

On December 27, 1974, an FSLN commando unit, headed by Pastora, burst into the house of Josè Maria Castillo, president of the Banco Central, and took his guests hostage (including two relatives of the dictator Somoza). Three days later, thanks to the Managua archbishop's intermediation, the hostages were released, in exchange for a million dollars and the freedom of some political prisoners. Castillo was the only victim of the action.

Pastora allied himself with the FSLN in the mid-1960s. He became a rebel guerrilla and was the mastermind behind the August 1978 standoff in the Nicaraguan National Palace, in which he and 19 FSLN commandos disguised as members of Somoza's National Guard stormed the Palace, disarming or killing the real Nicaraguan National Guard members. Among the hostages taken were members of the Nicaraguan Congress, which was in session at the time of the attack, and Somoza's half brother, José Somoza. Members of the commando used numbers as codenames, with Pastora as Zero, and Dora María Téllez as Commander "two" leading to a lasting identification of Eden as Comandante Cero and Dora Maria as Commander "two."

The operation infuriated Somoza and was considered one of the turning points in the insurgency. Originally organized to free FSLN members imprisoned by the regime — among the prisoners being Daniel Ortega and Tomás Borge — the raid marked an uncontested victory for the FSLN. After negotiating a USD$500,000 deal with Somoza and Cardinal Miguel Obando, Pastora, Ortega and other released prisoners left for Cuba, where he claimed to have been a "prisoner" lavished with women and luxury, but not allowed to leave the country until Martín Torrijos, the son of then Panamanian strongman Omar Torrijos and Pastora's personal friend, voiced his concern and went to Cuba to rescue him personally.

Pastora was put in command of the FSLN's Southern Front, advancing on the town of Rivas from bases in Costa Rica. In reaction to Pastora's widely held reputation, Somoza sent his best troops against him and as a consequence the Southern Front made little headway while suffering heavy casualties. However, the Southern Front contributed to the Sandinista victory by tying down over 2,000 heavily equipped Nicaraguan National Guard forces, as Somoza remained fixated on stopping Pastora, even as major cities fell to the rebels.

Contra
Pastora became disenchanted with the turn of the revolution when most of the Sandinista leaders moved to the luxury residences of Managua; he felt the leadership was doing too little to benefit the campesinos and aboriginal tribes he represented and was overly concerned with propagating ideological consistency in a poorly concealed bid to consolidate Ortega's political power. Pastora turned against the Sandinista regime. He once again began military operations in southern Nicaragua, loosely federated with northern forces which, composed mostly of highly paid former National Guard members and some Miskito Indians, were collectively referred to as the Contras. From a military standpoint, Pastora's efforts contributed much less than did forces in the north.

Pastora also received less support from the US government; whether his performance was a result or cause of this disparity is subject to debate. Military achievements aside, the presence of Pastora, a former FSLN revolutionary hero, among the Contras, helped the public image of the Contras abroad and provided a sort of public-relations counterweight to the bad reputation accorded to the FDN faction (mostly led by ex-National-Guard "Somocistas"). However, Pastora soon lost whatever popularity he might have had among common Nicaraguans as he adopted the strategy of the northern Contras, committing human rights abuses while mostly avoiding direct encounters with the Nicaraguan military.

In 1984, Pastora was apparently the intended target of the La Penca bombing, which killed four people at a press conference he was holding. He was seriously wounded.

Pastora became disillusioned with Nicaragua and became a refugee in Costa Rica during the 1990s, where he became a citizen. Later, however, he returned to Nicaragua.

Later years
Pastora since opened a shark fishing business in San Juan del Norte on the San Juan River along the border with Costa Rica.

He was seen at a Sandinista demonstration over the slow certification of winners in the November 5, 2000 municipal elections.

Álvaro Pardo made a documentary about Pastora in 2006 called Edén Pastora - Comandante Cero. It portrays Pastora's return to the political arena of Nicaragua when he was nominated as a candidate for the mayor of Managua.

Pastora ran for president in the general election of 2006. He finished in fifth place, with 0.29% of the vote. In 2008, Pastora announced that he had become reconciled with the current FSLN and pledged support for the government of Daniel Ortega. He is quoted as saying, "this government is making a revolution, one-eyed or lame, but it is a revolution." As of 2010, he held the title of Minister of Development of the Rio San Juan Basin.

In November 2010, in perhaps the most publicized Costa Rican arrest warrant issued in years, prosecutors in northern Caribbean canton of Pococí announced that Pastora, now 73 years old, had been indicted for severe environmental damage caused in the eastern Limón Province near the Río San Juan that the Republic of Nicaragua claims to be a part of their territory. In a taunt taken at face value by many in the international media, Pastora (and the Nicaraguan Government) based his arguments not on official maps but on faulty border information obtained from Google Maps. Pastora and his soldiers invaded the Caleros Island in order to create a channel connecting the San Juan River with the Atlantic Ocean. The government of Costa Rica, which disputes ownership of the island with Nicaragua, holds that this has caused irreparable ecological destruction.

In April 2015 photos show the now 78-year-old Pastora watching as the canal that provoked the international incident was filled with sand. He is well above the ground watching from a ladder lashed to trees.

Personal life and death
Pastora had three failed marriages. Lamenting about the interpersonal strains that occur in the life of a revolutionary, Pastora said: "The first thing we revolutionaries lose is our wives. The last thing we lose is our lives. In between our women and our lives, we lose our freedom, our happiness, our means of living."

Pastora died at a military hospital in Managua on June 16, 2020, at the age of 83. The cause of death was reported variously as either respiratory failure or a heart attack. While hospitalized, Pastora was also treated for symptoms of COVID-19, although his grandson said he was not tested for the coronavirus.

title: Edén Pastora


text:
Talk:Legal person

Expansion on POV from other countries
I expanded a little the section about Brazilian law, and corrected the term from Legal Person to Juridical Person as per the article's definition. But as a whole, the article severely lacks in considerations from legal theory around the world and examples from outside the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Monteparnas (talk • contribs) 19:27, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

Merge suggested on corporate personhood debate
There was a suggested merge, but no discussion on talk. Cleaned up tags and archived old talk in prep for cleanup. -Stevertigo (w | t | e) 19:19, 14 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Have to say, I find the Not to be confused with Corporate personhood sign on top is rather confusing... and not only because of the section called Controversies about "corporate personhood" in the United States. Littledogboy (talk) 23:53, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It was confusing. Rather than remove it completely, I moved it to the "See also" section. There is already a section "Controversies about "corporate personhood" in the United States" so having a link in the "See also" section is redundant.  Sparkie82 ( t • c )  05:42, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

U.S. section - POV questionable
The section on corporate personhood in the U.S. sounds like the Supreme Court's decision is an unquestionably good idea, with only a few people in opposition to it. Only one "social commenter" is named as being against the ruling. There are many other people in media, government, and just plain folks who also think it's a bad idea, and so the section is very one-sided. I don't have time to beef it up, but someone who does have the time may want to look it over and edit for POV. Textorus (talk) 20:09, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

Also, the entry on corporate personhood says that the origin of that term is the 1819 case Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. I'm having trouble understanding why that case is then not mentioned in this section, since it would seem a lot less controversial, being an actual ruling. But in any case, shouldn't both cases be mentioned? I'm not a lawyer so maybe I'm missing something. Are the issues of legal personality and corporate personhood two completely different things? --Netsettler (talk) 05:25, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

U.S. section - POV questionable
The article says Temples in some legal systems have separate legal personality and cites Williams v The Shipping Corporation of India (US District Court, Eastern District Virginia), 10 March 1980, 63 ILR 363 which doesn't include the word "temple." In the Indian legal system, a temple Deity is a juristic person and the property of the temple held in its name. See http://tamilbrahmins.wordpress.com/2011/07/10/do-the-treasures-belong-to-the-temple/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arumugaswami (talk • contribs) 19:22, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Corporate Aggregate loops
The hyperlink in this page for Corporate Aggregate is redirected to this page. It would be helpful if that legal term had its own page.ClassicalScholar 21:42, 22 January 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ClassicalScholar (talk • contribs)

History
The history section is missing many details. It would benefit the article if an expert could write more extensively about when and how exactly the legal personality came to be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.169.21.62 (talk) 01:09, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Not always necessairy to sell products
A legal personality is not always necessairy to sell items. For example, many of the companies supplying shopiing cart systems allow users to sell items, even if they don't have a legal personality themselves. This is possible as they themselves have a legal personality and allow the users to use this legal personality to sell their products.

Mention in article, it's quite important info. 81.242.230.241 (talk) 14:21, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Split
At the end of this split there should be three be articles: legal persons = {juristic persons + natural persons}. Only the current lede should stay in Legal person. In the name of clarity! Littledogboy (talk) 18:26, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with the idea that there should be an article for juristic persons. But I can't agree with the proposal completely because the meaning of "legal person" is same as that of "juristic person". Correctly, "persons" (any subjects that have legal personality) = {"legal persons"(= "juristic persons", "artificial persons", or "moral persons")　+ "natural persons"}. So, this article can be renamed as "Person (Law)" but not "Legal person".--Poohpooh817 (talk) 08:58, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi Poohpooh817, thank you for taking interest in the matter. However, take a look at the first three references in the article, including Oxford Dic. of Law, which all assert that "A legal person is any individual, firm or government agency with the right to enter into binding agreements." Littledogboy (talk) 07:29, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I see. There seems that "legal persons" has two meanings:persons (entities with legal personalities, including natural persons) and juridical persons. For the latter meaning, please see, for example, Black's Law Dictionary.
 * So, I am still against the idea to rename this article to "legal person". "Person" is the most popular word for the former meaning so you can find an article for this word in every legal dictionary whereas "legal person" is comparatively rare in such dictionaries (and usually it is explained in the latter meaning.).--Poohpooh817 (talk) 12:00, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
 * For examples of the explanation in the latter meaning in online dictionaries, please see legal person in businessdictionary.com, legal person in findlaw.com as well as juridical person and artificial person in Black's Law Dictionary (2nd ed.).--Poohpooh817 (talk) 05:14, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with Poohpooh817. "Person" is usually used.
 * The "legal person" in the sources pointed out by Littledogboy may be a way to stress "a person in the legal meaning", "a person, in the law topics" (akin to "disambiguating" in Wikipedia ...) . Have those sources--109.53.199.221 (talk) 21:29, 1 July 2014 (UTC) article about "person" too?

I removed the split proposal tag as this discussion seems to have ended. This article encompasses Legal person and Judicial person, which both redirect to this article. If the article get too long (not even close at this point), then we can discuss spliting it up at that time.  Sparkie82 ( t • c )  06:37, 15 November 2014 (UTC)

Quebec's Charter of Human Right and Freedoms
In Canada, in the province of Quebec, their "Charter of Human Right and Freedoms" CHAPTER I ARTICLE 1 states the following:

1. Every human being has a right to life, and to personal security, inviolability and freedom. He also possesses JURIDICAL personality. 1975, c. 6, s. 1; 1982, c. 61, s. 1.

Are we to assume from this Charter Document that Human Beings "possess" a JURIDICAL PERSONALITY (aka an "artificial person")?

http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_12/C12_A.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.232.113.146 (talk) 15:18, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Legal personality and Separate legal entity
Please clarify distinctions. --109.53.199.221 (talk) 21:44, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

Thom Hartmann
I added a tag to the sentence regarding Thom Hartmann in the Controversies about "corporate personhood" in the United States section. I was not clear how this information is relevant to the topic. After looking at this revision, it looks like the information was added by someone trying to give examples of opposing viewpoints. I have left the sentence for now, since I'm not knowledgeable on the subject, and there may be a valid reason for the information to be included here.

The main reason I tagged it was because it seems like an advertisement to me. Perhaps someone with more knowledge will be able to better connect this fact with the rest of the article or section and create some relevance, but my opinion is that it does not contribute much to the article at this point. — OranL (talk) 16:02, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Is there any evidence that these legal "entities" actually exist or are they believed in purely as an article of scriptural faith?
If we don't just take the government legal dogmas as articles of faith, is there any empirical evidence these "Entities" have any sort of tangible existence outside of the imagination? Is belief in these entities part of the modern state religion?

Please provide some evidence to corroborate the dogmas if there is any, thanks.LogicMaster777 (talk) 03:39, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Welcome to Wikipedia, please read WP:Not a forum and WP:No original research. If you have suggestions for the article based on reliable sources, please let us know. Ian.thomson (talk) 03:47, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * There is no evidence corroborating or supporting the claims made in the article. Are we supposed to take it on faith?LogicMaster777 (talk) 15:43, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * You don't seem to be understanding what WP:Not a forum means -- Article talk pages are for article improvement only.
 * Wikipedia just summarizes professionally published, mainstream academic or journalistic sources say about topics, without any additional interpretation or elaboration by the editors. We do not use original research, we do not argue for or against what the sources say with our own thoughts.
 * If you do not have reliable sources to add to the article, please find a political or legal discussion forum for your thoughts. Ian.thomson (talk) 16:51, 10 August 2015 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines
 * "Deal with facts: The talk page is the ideal place for issues relating to verification, such as asking for help finding sources, discussing conflicts or inconsistencies among sources, and examining the reliability of references. Asking for a verifiable reference supporting a statement is often better than arguing against it."
 * I'm asking if there are actually any facts to support the claims of the article: that there are these invisible "persons". Whether or not the existence of these invisible "persons" can be supported by any factual evidence. I really don't care to discuss my personal thoughts here. Just inquiring as to the facts (or lack thereof, whichever the case may be). Thanks. LogicMaster777 (talk) 12:11, 11 October 2015 (UTC)

Dear LogicMaster777: Neither the article nor the material on this talk page included an mention of "invisible" persons until you introduced this verbiage. Famspear (talk) 15:16, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, so have you ever seen a juridical person or do you know of any sightings of "juridical persons"? Can you link to a photo of a "juridical person"? Where/when is the last time you saw one personally? Why don't you provide a photo or a link to a photo (or other evidence) of a juridical person? The article doesn't include any photos of these "juridical persons" or any evidence of their existence. All the citations merely refer to legal opinions without any actual evidence.

And, as already pointed out to you, you should consider finding a political or legal discussion forum, somewhere else on the internet. Famspear (talk) 15:19, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the advice, but I am only interested in discussing the facts/evidence(or lack thereof)/ supporting the claims of the article here(as per the Wiki site rules). Do you know of any actual FACTS or EVIDENCE supporting the existence of "juridical persons"? If you have any FACTS or any empirical evidence of a "juridical person" please share it. Thanks.LogicMaster777 (talk) 17:06, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

Dear LogicMaster777: Again, the article does not say anything about someone being able to "see" a juridical person. The article mentions nothing about a "photo" of a juridical person. Please review Wikipedia guidelines on editing -- in particular, the rules on Verifiability, Neutral Point of View, and No Original Research. We're not here to debate the existence or non-existence of juridical persons, or whether you can "see" one, or whether they're "invisible." Take it somewhere else. Famspear (talk) 18:33, 12 October 2015 (UTC)
 * The article says juridical persons exist. I'm not interested in debating this conclusion. I am interested if there is any empirical evidence supporting the conclusion. Is there any empirical evidence supporting such a conclusion? Or is it a faith-based belief(no evidence). If there is evidence, please state what that empirical evidence is. Thanks. I'm not interested in debating beliefs or opinions, I'm simply wondering whether there is any empirical evidence supporting the claims of the article, or whether they are unfounded(not supported by evidence). Thanks.LogicMaster777 (talk) 12:37, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

Split (again)
I propose to establish the following definition of "legal person":

> a legal fiction, which allows to abstract away the differences between natural persons, juridical persons and other entities such as countries

I suppose the term "legal person" was established to have a distinction between "juridical person" as a group of people, organization and "juridical person" as a human being who is also a subject of the law. You see, "juridical person" have two meanings: a broad meaning "subject of the law" and a narrow meaning "a subject which is registered as a business or (non-)government entity". And it looks like the narrow meaning prevails.

This article also tries to define "legal personality" as something different from "legal capacity". While it's clear that there are only 4 concepts:

 * legal person(ality) (subject of law)
 * juridical person (in a narrow meaning, a type of legal person)
 * natural person (a type of legal person, an opposite of juridical person)
 * legal capacity

There's no 5th concept of "legal personality". It's either the fact of entity being a legal person or having a legal capacity.

It's always difficult to define abstract things, but let's keep things simple and logical.

--Vanuan (talk) 18:25, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

No, as I explained before, "legal person" usually means "juridical person." The conceptual structure is as follows.
 * Person: anyone who has its own legal personality.
 * Natural person: a person that is a human being.
 * Juridical person (=legal person): a person that is not a human being, such as a corporation.

--Poohpooh817 (talk) 07:43, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

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Adoption section problematic
Hi! Just a random internet-denizen stumbling past. The "adoption" section strikes me as being horribly problematic. Apart from it not being clear to which jurisdiction it purports to refer, I highly doubt any legal system actually functions in the way described. It might be best to remove it entirely - I'm quite sure a discussion on adoption has little to no bearing on legal personhood in any case.

I'm not a regular editor, so I thought I'd better leave it to you guys! 105.227.50.34 (talk) 08:31, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 12 February 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved  — Amakuru (talk) 09:53, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Legal person → Legal entity – WP:COMMONNAME. The term "entity" is used far more commonly in legal, accounting and business contexts than is "person" or "legal person". See ngrams В²C ☎ 17:04, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Support, the page is about legal entities, such as people, corporations, or other parties in legal situations and contracts. Not just persons. Surprising this was at this name. Randy Kryn (talk) 01:08, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose the term "legal person" emphasizes the concept that a non-human entity [sic] can for the purposes of law be treated as if it were a person, which this article discusses. The title "legal entity" does not carry such emphasis. feminist (talk) 13:29, 13 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose exactly, the term "legal person" emphasizes the concept that a non-human entity [sic] can for the purposes of law be treated as if it were a person, which is exactly what this article discusses. The title "legal entity" can mean a range of things in law. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:58, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi. "Entity" is too broad of a term (anything ranging from a government agency could be a legal entity) and this articles scope deals with the legality that non-persons (such as corporations) can legally be considered persons under said law. cookie monster  (2020)  755  19:46, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per the above. Use of the word "person" has implications specific to the term. BD2412  T 23:35, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Even if it were correct to say that the term "entity" is "used far more commonly", etc. (and I'm not convinced that it is), the article is fine with the title "Legal person". Famspear (talk) 02:25, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Legal person


text:
Mirjana Marković

Mirjana "Mira" Marković (Мирјана "Мира" Марковић, ; 10 July 1942 – 14 April 2019) was a Serbian politician, academic and the wife of Yugoslav and Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.

She was the leader of the far-left Yugoslav United Left (JUL) which governed in coalition with Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia in the aftermath of the Bosnian War. She was reported to have huge influence over her husband and was increasingly seen as the power behind the throne. Among her opponents, she was known as The Red Witch and the Lady Macbeth of Belgrade.

Marković was accused of abuse of office, inciting several associates to allocate a state-owned apartment for her grandson’s nanny in September 2000. She was indicted in December 2002 and fled Belgrade on 23 February 2003. In June 2018, she was declared guilty in absentia by a court in Belgrade, and sentenced to a year's imprisonment, but the verdict was overturned on appeal in March 2019.

Marković lived under political asylum in Moscow, Russia, from February 2003 until her death in 2019.

Early life
Marković was the daughter of Moma Marković and Vera Miletić, who were both fighting for the Yugoslav Partisans at the time of her birth. Her aunt was Davorjanka Paunović, private secretary and alleged mistress of Josip Broz Tito. Her mother Vera was captured by German troops and allegedly released sensitive information, under torture. She was then executed in the Banjica concentration camp by the Nazis.

Marković met Slobodan Milošević when they were in high school together. They married in 1965. The couple had two children, son Marko and daughter Marija, who founded TV Košava in 1998 and was its owner until the overthrow of Milošević on 5 October 2000.

Education and career
Marković held a Ph.D. in sociology and taught the subject at the University of Belgrade. Later, she became an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

She was considered to be the only person her husband trusted, her influence being considered a source for the increase in Milošević strong anti-western rhetoric and actions. "She invented him", Milošević biographer Slavoljub Đukić told the Ottawa Citizen in 1998. "There has never been such a powerful woman in the history of Serbia as Mirjana Marković. And she has been fatal for Serbia." As the leader of her own political party, Yugoslav United Left she held some political influence. Marković was largely responsible for erecting the Eternal Flame monument, shortly before the overthrow of Milošević in 2000. She was believed, though not formally accused, of being involved in the murders of her husband's political rivals including the Serbian politician Ivan Stambolić, Milošević's former mentor, in 2000, and the journalist Slavko Ćuruvija the previous year. "Milošević has never had any political ideas of his own", Stambolić said in 2000. "They've all been hers." She wrote a political column in the weekly Serbian magazine Duga during the sequence of wars in the 1990s. Observers read it for any coded messages. In the old Yugoslavia, she once wrote "Serbs, Muslims and Croats were able to live side by side", though her husband and his associates presided over its destruction.

Marković was the author of many books, which were translated and sold in Canada, Russia, China, and India.

Political views
Marković's political views tended to be hard-line Communist. Although she often claimed that she agreed with her husband on everything, Milošević seems to have had fewer authoritarian tendencies than Marković.

Marković reportedly had little respect for the Bosnian Serb leaders. Vojislav Šešelj appeared before a court on 18 June 1994 to face charges of breaking microphone cables in Parliament. He read a statement, saying, "Mr. Judge, all I can say in my defense is that Milošević is Serbia's biggest criminal." Marković replied by calling Šešelj a "primitive Turk who is afraid to fight like a man, and instead sits around insulting other people's wives." Radovan Karadžić was apparently unable to telephone Milošević because Marković would not tolerate his calls.

Commenting on her husband's arrest to face war crimes charges, Marković stated:

"Neither East nor West has betrayed him. The only person that can betray him is me. But people have short memories and you have to remind everyone of everything. In the early 1990s my husband was accused by many circles, in Yugoslavia and abroad, that he had wanted to keep Yugoslavia alive, even though it was falling apart and the Croats and the Slovenes wanted to leave. That was his big sin. Crazy Serbs and Crazy Slobo, they said, they want Yugoslavia. Now, in the Hague, they say he broke up Yugoslavia. Let them make their minds up."

Asylum in Russia and death
Pursued by legal authorities, Marković settled in Russia in 2003. The authorities of Serbia issued an arrest warrant for her on fraud charges which was circulated via Interpol, but the Russian authorities refused to arrest her.

In March 2012, a collection of her columns for Pravda from 2007 to 2008, as well as for online portal Sloboda from 2010 to 2011, titled Destierrada e imperdida was published in Belgrade by Treći milenijum, a publishing house owned by Hadži Dragan Antić.

After the 2012 elections, a government minister, Milutin Mrkonjić of the Socialist Party (which he co-founded with Milošević) said that Marković and her son were welcome to return. In June 2018, Marković was found guilty in absentia of real estate fraud charges, and sentenced to a year in prison. The Serbian Appeals Court in March 2019 rejected her conviction, finding it unsound, and ordered a new trial.

Marković underwent several surgeries, and died in Moscow on 14 April 2019. The New York Times reported her death was caused by complications due to pneumonia. Her body was cremated and interred in Požarevac alongside her husband on 20 April 2019.

Books

 * Night and Day: A Diary - Dragiša Nikolić, December 1995 - 978-8682005223
 * Night & Day: A Diary - Quarry Press, May 1997 - 978-1550821680
 * Answer - Quarry Press, March 1997 - 978-1550821697

title: Mirjana Marković


text:
User talk:Bceaglejoe

I just joined Wikipedia recently, and I am eager to contribute to the effort. I'm a student at Boston College majoring in political science and minoring in history. Academic interests include postcommunist transitions in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the history of the Vietnam War, American federalism, civil liberties, the Cold War, and efforts at preventing nuclear proliferation.

Feel free to comment below! I'll fill this thing out as I get more experience as a user.

Recently authored: Korenizatsiia

I saw that you made a submission to VfD, but removed it shortly after. It seemed like a valid item to list, did you have the change of heart? Also, do you think the instructions for adding items to VfD need work? It's a bit of a kluge, I know.

So, welcome, and I hope you stay a while. If you have any questions, I'll be watching this page. --Ben Brockert 21:31, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, I was having a little trouble formatting the VfD link and my comment as to why I thought the article should have been deleted. I actually know the person who put up the Brick Factory page. I didn't find it very encyclopaedic; more an in-joke among some of his friends. I figure at some point it will probably disappear. --Bceaglejoe 20:42, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bceaglejoe