text:
Bansko

Bansko (Банско ) is a town in southwestern Bulgaria, located in Blagoevgrad Oblast near the city of Razlog. Once mainly a stockbreeding and travelling merchant community, the town is now an international centre for winter and summer tourism. More recently Bansko has become a known hotspot for digital nomads driven in part by the relative affordability of the location combined with its natural scenery.

Location and Transportation
Bansko lies at the foot of the Pirin Mountains, not far from the national park of the same name, in the valley of the Nestos River at an elevation of 925 meters above sea level. It is a ski resort. The city is about 160 km from Sofia and about 220 km from Thessaloniki.

Bansko is a stop on the narrow-gauge Septemvri–Dobrinishte narrow-gauge line from Septemvri to Dobrinishte. There are rail connections (changing in September) to Sofia, Plovdiv and Burgas. There are bus connections to Sofia, Plovdiv, Blagoevgrad, Razlog and Gotse Delchev.

The nearby village of Banya, located only 5 km from the town, is known for its 27 thermal mineral springs.

Economy
The mountain peaks near the town, the numerous lakes and the old pine woods make it a recreation destination. Bulgaria's share in European winter tourism is steadily rising, and Bansko increasingly competes with resorts in France and Switzerland due to the comparatively lower costs.

Improvements to the infrastructure and organisation of the ski area on Todorka have been made annually to accommodate the rising number of tourists. A gondola lift was built from town in 2003, replacing the minibus ride to the primary base area of Banderishka Poliana. , the ski area has 75 km of ski runs, 14 lifts and drags, serving up to 24,500 persons per hour. The lift-served summit rises to an elevation of 2600 m above sea level. The vertical drop is nearly 1000 m to the base area at Banderishka Poliana, and over 1600 m with the ski runs to town.

Nowadays Bansko is known as a destination for digital nomads. The influx of digital nomads, including many who have purchased property in the town are claimed to have contributing to stabilising the town's property market and boosting the long-stay tourism in the town particularly outside the winter peak season. There are a growing number of coworking spaces in Bansko including Coworking Bansko is a community of Digital Nomads that has two co-working locations in the north and south part of the town. The annual Bansko Nomad Fest is believed to be one of the world's largest event for digital nomads attracting 700 participants in 2023.

Sports
Bansko has recently hosted FIS World Cup alpine ski races: the women raced in 2009 in two downhills and a super-G. The men's circuit made its first stop at Bansko in 2011 with a super combined and a slalom. It hosted the men's giant slalom in February 2012 and the FIS World Cup ladies' downhill and super G, and men's giant slalom and slalom.

Alpine and biathlon competitions take place regularly. It is expected that the summer biathlon world cup will also take place in the resort of Bansko.

Religion
The church "Sveta Troitsa" (Holy Trinity) is an Orthodox Christian church, part of Bulgarian Orthodox Church. It was built by the people of Bansko in 1835.

The Bulgarian Evangelical Church Community, the first Protestant church in Bulgaria, was founded in Bansko on 6 August 1868.

Events
The town is the location for an annual jazz event, the Bansko Jazz Festival, and also the annual Bansko pop-star concert. In March, the town hosts the British underground dance fete Horizon Festival. This town held the International Linguistics Olympiad in 2023.

In the last week of June each year the Bansko Nomad Fest is one of the largest events for digital nomads with participants from all over the world taking part.

Honours
Bansko Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the town of Bansko.

Twin towns – sister cities
Bansko is twinned with:

 * Amphipolis, Greece
 * Didymoteicho, Greece
 * Doxato, Greece
 * 🇵🇱 Zakopane, Poland

Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Bansko include:
 * Paisius of Hilendar (1722-1773), author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya
 * Neofit Rilski (1793-1881), monk, teacher and artist
 * Nikola Vaptsarov (1909-1942), poet and revolutionary
 * Irina Nikulchina (born 1974), 2002 Winter Olympics bronze medal winnerBansko (Банско) - abandoned hotels 2.JPG

title: Bansko


text:
List of institutions of higher education in Russia

The following is a list of universities and other higher educational institutions in Russia, based primarily on the National Information Centre on Academic Recognition and Mobility webpage of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

The list is arranged in alphabetical order. However, some established names in the Russian language differ from the translations offered below. Occasionally, the names of cities in English are also mentioned alphabetically, although they might not be a part of the actual title. See also: List of medical schools in Russia.

Abakan

 * Abakan State Institute of Education
 * Abakan State University of Pedagogy
 * Khakassian State University

Angarsk

 * Angarsk State Technical Academy

Arkhangelsk

 * Arkyhangelsk State Technical University (1929)
 * Northern (Arctic) Federal University
 * Northern State Medical University (Arkhyangelsk State Medical University)

Armavir

 * Armavir State Pedagogical University

Astrakhan

 * Astrakhan State Technical University
 * Astrakhan State Medical University
 * Astrakhan State University, former Astrakhan State Pedagogical University
 * Astrakhan State Conservatoire

Barnaul

 * Altai State Medical University
 * Altai State Technical University
 * Altai State University
 * Barnaul State Pedagogical University

Belgorod

 * Belgorod Shukhov state technological university
 * Belgorod State Technological Academy of Construction Materials
 * Belgorod State University
 * Belgorod University of Cooperation Economics and Law

Biysk

 * Altai State Humanities Pedagogical University (1939)
 * Biysk Technological Institute

Birobidzhan

 * Sholem Aleichem Amur State University

Blagoveshchensk

 * Amur State University
 * Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University
 * Far Eastern State Agrarian University

Bratsk

 * Bratsk State Technical University

Bryansk

 * Bryansk State University
 * Bryansk State Agrarian University
 * Bryansk State Engineering Technical University
 * Bryansk State Technical University

Chelyabinsk

 * Chelyabinsk State University (1976)
 * South Ural State University (1943)
 * Chelyabinsk Medical Academy
 * Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University

Cherepovets

 * Cherepovets State University

Chita

 * Chita State University
 * Chita State Academy of Medicine
 * Chita State University of Polytechnics

Cheboksary

 * Chuvash State University
 * Cheboksary Cooperative Institute

Dubna

 * Dubna International University of Nature, Society, and Human

Elista

 * Kalmyk State University

Glazov

 * Glazov State Pedagogical Institute (1939)

Gorno-Altaisk

 * Gorno-Altaisk State University

Grozny

 * Chechen State University
 * Chechen State Pedagogical University
 * Grozny State Petroleum Technical University

Irkutsk

 * Baykalsky State University of Economics and Law
 * Irkutsk National Research Technical University (1930)
 * Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture
 * Irkutsk State Academy of Economics (Irkutsk Economics Academy)
 * Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948)
 * Irkutsk State University (1918)
 * Irkutsk State Medical University
 * Irkutsk State Pedagogical College
 * Irkutsk State Pedagogical College

Ivanovo

 * Ivanovo State Power Engineering University
 * Ivanovo State University
 * Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology
 * Ivanovo State Polytechnical University

Izhevsk

 * Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University
 * Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy
 * Izhevsk State Medical Academy
 * Udmurt State University

Kaliningrad

 * Kaliningrad State Technical University
 * Kant Russian State University (1967), former Kaliningrad State University

Kaluga

 * Kaluga State University (1948)
 * Tziolkovsky Kaluga State Pedagogical University

Kazan

 * Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
 * Kazan State Medical University
 * Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering
 * Kazan State Institute of Culture
 * Kazan State Conservatory
 * Kazan State Power Engineering University (1968)
 * Kazan Federal University (1804)
 * Russian Islamic Institute
 * Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev
 * Kazan National Research Technological University

Kemerovo

 * Kemerovo Institute of Food Science and Technology
 * Kemerovo State University (1973)
 * Kemerovo State Medical University
 * Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute
 * Kemerovo State Institute of Culture (1969)
 * Kuzbass State Technical University (1950)
 * Kuzbass State University

Kirov

 * Vyatka State University
 * Kirov State Medical University

Khabarovsk

 * Pacific National University, former Khabarovsk State Technical University (founded in 1958)
 * Far Eastern State Medical University
 * Far Eastern State Transport University
 * Far Eastern State University of Humanities

Kolomna

 * Kolomna State Pedagogical University ru

Komsomolsk-on-Amur

 * Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Pedagogical University of Humanities
 * Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University

Kostroma

 * Kostroma State Technological University
 * Kostroma State University
 * Kostroma State Agricultural Academy
 * Kostroma Timoshenko Academy of NBC Defence

Krasnodar

 * Krasnodar State University of Arts and Culture
 * Kuban State Agrarian University
 * Kuban State Technological University
 * Kuban State University (1970)
 * Kuban State Medical University
 * Kuban State University of Sport and Tourism

Krasnoyarsk

 * Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
 * Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Trade and Economics
 * Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMA) (1942)
 * Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is KGPU) (1932)
 * Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is KGTU) (1956)
 * Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is KGU) (1963) (started as a division of Novosibirsk State University, became a standalone university in 1969)
 * Siberian Federal University
 * Siberian State Aerospace University
 * Siberian State Medical University

Kurgan

 * Kurgan State University
 * Kurgan FSB Border Guard Academy
 * Kurgan Maltsev State Agricultural Academy
 * Kurgan State Railway Institute

Kursk

 * Kursk State University
 * Kursk State Medical University
 * Kursk State Technical University
 * Prof. Ivanov Kursk State Agricultural Academy

Kyzyl

 * Tuvan State University

Lipetsk

 * Lipetsk State Technical University
 * Lipetsk State Pedagogical University

Magadan

 * North-Eastern State University

Magas

 * Ingush State University

Maikop

 * Adyghe State University

Makhachkala

 * Dagestan State University
 * Dagestan State Pedagogical University
 * Dagestan State Technical University

Michurinsk

 * Michurinsk State Agrarian University

Magnitogorsk

 * Magnitogorsk State Conservatory
 * Magnitogorsk State Pedagogical Institute

Mirny

 * Mirny Polytechnic Institute

Moscow

 * Academic Law University of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 * Academy of State Fire-Prevention Service of the MIA of Russia
 * Academy of the National Economy, attached to the Government of RF
 * All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade
 * All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry
 * Bauman Moscow State Technical University (a.k.a. Moscow State Technical University) (1830)
 * Academic Music College - Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory
 * Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (1919)
 * Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography
 * Gnessin State Musical College Moscow
 * Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
 * Higher Academic School of Graphic Design
 * Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 * Higher School of Economics
 * Higher School of Religion and Philosophy
 * Independent University of Moscow
 * Institute of Asian and African Countries
 * Institute of Cryptography, Communication, and informatics by the Academy of FSS of Russia
 * Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
 * Institute of Topical Education “UrInfo-MSU”
 * International Academy for Business and New Technologies
 * International Academy of Business and Banking
 * International Institute of Economics and Law
 * International University in Moscow
 * International University of Fundamental Studies
 * Kutafin Moscow State Law University
 * Maimonid State Classical Academy
 * Moscow Polytechnic University
 * Marysky State University
 * MATI Russian State Technological University
 * Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology
 * Military Academy of Air Defence Forces of Russian Federation
 * Military Academy of Communication
 * Military Academy of Supreme Staff
 * Moscow Academy for Tourism, Hotel and Catering Business
 * Moscow Academy of Government and Municipal Management
 * Moscow Architectural Institute
 * Moscow Aviation Institute (State Technical University)
 * Moscow City Pedagogical University
 * Moscow City University of Psychology and Education (1996)
 * Moscow Conservatory
 * Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (a.k.a. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute))
 * Moscow Institute of Economics, Management, and Law
 * Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology (Technical University)
 * Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
 * Moscow Medical Academy
 * Moscow Pedagogical University
 * Moscow Power Engineering Institute
 * Moscow State Academic School of 1905 Year Memory
 * Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology
 * Moscow State Aviation Technological University (MATI)
 * Moscow State Construction University
 * Moscow State Geological Prospecting Institute
 * Moscow State Industrial University
 * Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics
 * Moscow State Institute of International Relations
 * Moscow State Institute of Motorcars and Roads
 * Moscow State Institute of Physics and Engineering (Technical University)
 * Moscow State Institute of Radio-engineering Electronics and Automation
 * Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys
 * Moscow State Law University (Kutafin University)
 * Moscow State Linguistic University
 * Moscow State Mining University
 * Moscow State Night Metallurgical Institute
 * Moscow State Open University
 * Moscow State Pedagogical University
 * Moscow State Social University
 * Moscow State Technical University (a.k.a. Bauman Moscow State Technical University) (1830)
 * Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
 * Moscow State Technological University (a.k.a. STANKIN) (1930)
 * Moscow State Textile University (a.k.a. Kosygin Moscow State Technical University) (1930)
 * Moscow State University (1755)
 * Moscow State University of Agriculture Engineering
 * Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology
 * Moscow State University of Civil Engineering
 * Moscow State University of Commerce
 * Moscow State University of Communication
 * Moscow State University of Culture and Arts
 * Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics
 * Moscow State University of Environment Organization
 * Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies (MITHT) (1900)
 * Moscow State University of Food Productions
 * Moscow State University of Forestry
 * Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography
 * Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Computer Science
 * Moscow State University of Land Management
 * Moscow State University of Printing Arts
 * Moscow State University of Railway Engineering (MIIT, 1896)
 * Moscow State University of Service
 * Moscow State University of Technology "Stankin" (a.k.a. STANKIN) (1930)
 * Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics
 * Moscow Technological Institute
 * Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
 * Moscow University for the Humanities (1944)
 * Moscow University of Consumer Cooperation
 * Moscow University of Geodesy and Cartography
 * Moscow University for the Humanities
 * National Research University of Electronic Technology
 * National University of Science and Technology MISiS
 * Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (1960)
 * Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, previously known as Moscow Commercial Institute (found in 1907)
 * Russian Academy of Public Service, attached to the President of RF
 * Russian New University (1991)
 * Russian Palaeoentomological School (1980)
 * Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration - RANEPA
 * Russian State Geological Prospecting University - MGRI
 * Russian State Hydrometeorological University
 * Russian State Medical University
 * Russian State Social University
 * Russian State University for the Humanities (РГГУ), Moscow (1991)
 * Russian State University of Innovation Technologies and Entrepreneurship
 * Russian State University of Trade and Economy
 * Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University (РГППУ), Yekaterinburg
 * Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University
 * Russian State University of Tourism and Services Studies
 * Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities
 * Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy
 * Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology
 * Stankin Moscow State Technical University (a.k.a. STANKIN) (1930)
 * State Academy of Natural Gas and Oil
 * State University of Farming
 * State University of Management
 * Stroganov Moscow Arts and Industrial Institute
 * Surikov Moscow State Academic Art Institute

Murmansk

 * Murmansk State Technical University
 * Murmansk State Arctic University

Nalchik

 * Kabardino-Balkarian State University
 * Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University

Nizhnevartovsk

 * Nizhnevartovsk State University

Nizhny Novgorod

 * N. A. Dobrolyubova State Linguistic University of Nizhny Novgorod
 * N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (1918)
 * Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy
 * Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
 * Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
 * Volga State University for Water Transport
 * Kuzma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
 * Nizhny Novgorod State Architectural University
 * Privolzhsky Research Medical University

Novgorod

 * Novgorod State University

Novocherkassk

 * South Russian State Polytechnical Institute

Novokuznetsk

 * Novokuznetsk State University of Pedagogy
 * Siberian State Industrial University

Novorossiysk

 * Ushakov State Maritime University

Novosibirsk

 * Novosibirsk State University (1959)
 * Novosibirsk State Technical University (1950)
 * Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management (1929)
 * Novosibirsk State Agricultural University (1936)
 * Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts (1989)
 * Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (1930)
 * Novosibirsk State Medical University (1935)
 * Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University (1935)
 * Novosibirsk State Theater Institute (1960)
 * Novosibirsk State Conservatory named after M.I. Glinka (1956)
 * Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (1967)
 * Novosibirsk Military Institute named after I.K. Yakovlev of the National Guard Forces Command of the Russian Federation (1971)
 * Novosibirsk Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (1935)
 * Siberian State Transport University (1932)
 * Siberian State University of Water Transport (1951)
 * Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies (1933)
 * Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Sciences (1953)
 * Siberian Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (1991)
 * Siberian Institute of International Relations and Regional Studies (1998)
 * Siberian University of Consumer Cooperation (1956)
 * Siberian Academy of Finance and Banking (1992)

Obninsk

 * Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering (1953), successor of Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering

Omsk

 * Omsk Academy of Law
 * Omsk State Medical University
 * Omsk Regional College of Culture and Arts
 * Omsk Regional Museum of The Fine Arts
 * Omsk Road-Transport Academy
 * Omsk State Agrarian University (1918) (connected with Omsk State Veterinary Institute and Institute of Agribusiness and Continuing Education)
 * Omsk State Pedagogical University
 * Omsk State Technical University (1942)
 * Omsk State Transport University (1961)
 * Omsk State University (1974)
 * Omsk Institute of Consumer Service Technology
 * Siberian Academy of Physical Culture
 * Omsk Foreign Language Institute

Oryol

 * Oryol State Agrarian University
 * Oryol State Technical University (merged with Oryol State University)
 * Oryol State University
 * Oryol State Institute of Culture
 * Oryol Law Institute
 * Oryol State University of Economics and Business
 * Russian Federation Security Guard Service Federal Academy

Orenburg

 * Orenburg Institute of Moscow State Law Academy
 * Orenburg State Institute of Management (OSIM) (1991)
 * Orenburg State Pedagogical University
 * Orenburg State University (1955)
 * Orenburg State Medical University

Penza

 * Penza Institute of Technology – Branch of Penza State University
 * Penza State Technical University
 * Penza State University
 * Penza State University of Architecture and Construction
 * Penza Artillery Engineering Institute
 * Penza State Technological Academy
 * Penza State Agricultural Academy
 * Penza State Pedagogical University (unified with Penza State University in 2012)

Pereslavl-Zalessky

 * University of Pereslavl

Perm

 * Perm branch of Higher School of Economics
 * Perm State Agricultural Academy
 * Perm State Institute of Culture
 * Perm State Medical Academy
 * Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy
 * Perm State Teachers' Training University (1919)
 * Perm State Technical University
 * Perm State University (1916)

Petrozavodsk

 * Petrozavodsk State University
 * Petrazavodsk Glazunov State Conservatoire

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

 * Kamchatka State University
 * Kamchatka State Technical University

Pskov

 * Pskov State University
 * Pskov State Pedagogical University

Pyatigorsk

 * North-Caucasus Federal University
 * Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University

Rostov on Don

 * Don State Technical University
 * Rostov State Academy of Architecture and Art
 * Rostov State University of Economics
 * Rostov State Medical University RostSMU
 * Rostov State Transport University
 * Rostov State University (1915), successor to the Warsaw Russian University (founded 1869)
 * Rostov State University of Communication
 * Southern Federal University (1915)

Rybinsk

 * Rybinsk State Solovyev Aviation technology University

Ryazan

 * Ryazan State University
 * Ryazan State Agricultural University
 * Ryazan State Pavlov Medical University
 * Ryazan State Radio Engineering University

St Petersburg

 * Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy, St.Petersburg
 * Baltic Institute of Economics and Finance
 * Baltic State Technical University
 * European University at St Petersburg (ЕУСПб, 1994)
 * Hertzen Russian State Pedagogical University
 * Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health
 * Military engineering-technical university, St-Petersburg (1810)
 * Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University
 * Petersburg State University of Communication
 * Prof. Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications
 * Pushkin Leningrad State University
 * Saint Petersburg Institute of Trade and Economics
 * Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, ITMO University (1900)
 * Saint Petersburg State Academy of Chemistry and Pharmacology
 * Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University (1904)
 * Saint Petersburg State Conservatory (1862)
 * Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (1886)
 * Saint Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work (1992)
 * Saint Petersburg State Medical Academy (1907)
 * Saint Petersburg State Medical University (1897)
 * Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University (1925)
 * Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University (1899)
 * Saint Petersburg State Technological Institute (1828)
 * Saint Petersburg State University (1819) (successor to Saint Petersburg Academy, founded 1724)
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation
 * Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation (founded in 1955, academy until 01.12.2004 )
 * Saint-Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Economics (2012)
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering (merged with Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics since 2012)
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Sea and Technology
 * Saint Petersburg State University of Water Communications (1809)
 * Smolny College
 * Smolny University
 * St. Petersburg Institute of Jewish Studies

Samara

 * Samara University
 * Samara State Technical University
 * Samara State Medical University
 * Samara State University of Teacher Training
 * Samara State University of Economics
 * Samara State University of communications
 * Samara State Institute of Culture
 * Samara State Agricultural Academy

Saransk

 * Mordovian State University
 * Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute
 * Mordovian Institute of Humanities

Saratov

 * Saratov State Agrarian University
 * Saratov Regional College of Art
 * Saratov State Academy of Law
 * Saratov State Medical University
 * Saratov State Technical University
 * Saratov State University (1909)
 * Saratov Conservatory

Seversk

 * Seversk State Technological Academy

Smolensk

 * Smolensk Humanitarian University
 * Smolensk State University
 * Smolensk State Medical University
 * Smolensk State Agricultural Academy
 * Smolensk State Academy of Physical Culture Sport and Tourism
 * Smolensk State Institute of Art
 * Vasilevsky Military Academy of the Air Defence Forces

Sochi

 * Sochi State University
 * Russian International Olympic University
 * Federal Ecological University
 * Sochi Institute of Fashion, Business and Law
 * International University of Innovation

Stavropol

 * Stavropol State Agrarian University
 * North-Caucasus Federal University
 * Stavropol State Medical University

Syktyvkar

 * Syktyvkar State University

Taganrog

 * Taganrog State Pedagogical Institute
 * Taganrog State University of Radioengineering

Tambov

 * Tambov State Technical University
 * Tambov State University

Tolyatti

 * Togliatti State University
 * Tatyshev Volga University

Tomsk

 * Tomsk Polytechnic University (1896)
 * Tomsk State Pedagogical University (1902)
 * Tomsk State University (1878)
 * Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (1952)
 * Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (1962)
 * Siberian State Medical University

Tula

 * Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University
 * Tula State University

Tver

 * Tver State Medical Academy
 * Tver State University
 * Tver State Technical University

Tyumen

 * Tyumen State Oil and Gas University
 * Tyumen State Agricultural Academy
 * Tyumen State Medical University
 * Tyumen State University
 * School of Advanced Studies

Ufa

 * Bashkir State University (1957)
 * Bashkir State Agrarian University
 * Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
 * Ufa State Technical University of Aviation

Ukhta

 * Ukhta State Technical University

Ulan Ude

 * Buryat State Agricultural Academy
 * Buryat State University

Ulyanovsk

 * Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy
 * Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University
 * Ulyanovsk State Technical University
 * Ulyanovsk State University

Vladikavkaz

 * Highlanders State Agrarian University
 * North Caucasus University of Mining and Metallurgy
 * North Ossetian State University
 * North Ossetian State Medical Academy

Vladimir

 * Vladimir State Humanitarian University
 * Vladimir State University

Vladivostok

 * Far Eastern Federal University (1956), successor of Oriental Institute in Vladivostok
 * Far Eastern State Academy of Economics and Management
 * Far Eastern State Technical Fishing University
 * Far Eastern State Technical University
 * Far Eastern State University of Communication
 * Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (1967)
 * Vladivostok State Medical University

Volgograd

 * Volgograd State Academy of Architecture and Construction
 * Volgograd State Conservatory
 * Volgograd State Medical University
 * Volgograd State Pedagogical University
 * Volgograd State Technical University
 * Volgograd State University

Vologda

 * Vologda State University

Voronezh

 * Glinka Voronezh State Agricultural University
 * Voronezh Economics and Law Institute
 * Voronezh State Academy of Forestry Engineering
 * Voronezh State Academy of Technology
 * Voronezh State Agricultural University
 * Voronezh State Medical Academy
 * Voronezh State Pedagogical University
 * Voronezh State Technical University
 * Voronezh State University (1918), successor to the University of Dorpat (founded 1802 or 1632)
 * Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy

Yakutsk

 * Yakutsk State University (1956)

Yaroslavl

 * Yaroslavl Demidov State University (1918), successor to the Demidov Lyceum (founded 1803)
 * Yaroslavl State Pedogogical University
 * Yaroslavl State Technical University

Yekaterinburg

 * Ural Federal University
 * Ural State Academy of Communications
 * Ural State Academy of Mining and Geology
 * Ural State University of Economics
 * Ural State Forestry Engineering Academy
 * Ural State Law Academy
 * Ural State Pedagogical University
 * Ural State University of Railway Transport (1956)
 * Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts
 * Urals State Academy of Law
 * Ural State Mining University
 * Ural State Medical University

Yelets

 * Bunin Yelets State University

Yoshkar-Ola

 * Mari State University
 * Mari State Technical University
 * Volga State University of Technology

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

 * Sakhalin State University

Crimea

 * Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry
 * Sevastopol State University of Humanities
 * Sevastopol National Technical University
 * V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
 * Crimean Archaeological University
 * Crimean Somokin School of Art
 * Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky of Vernadsky CFU
 * Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical Institute
 * National Academy of Tourism
 * Taurida seminary

Others

 * Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanitarian Sciences, Management, and Law
 * Eastern Siberian State Technological University
 * Essentuky Institute of Management, Business, and Law
 * Gorky Literature Institute
 * Karelsky State Pedagogical University
 * Lomonosov Pomorsky State University
 * Military – Technical University of the Federal Service of Specialized Construction of Russian Federation
 * Missile Forces Military Academy named after Peter the Great
 * Northern International University
 * Northwestern Academy of Public Service
 * Polzunov Altay State Technical University
 * Pomor State University
 * Puschino State University
 * REF (International Name) Institution of Elite Training, attached to the Government of RF
 * Rubtzovsk Industrial Institute
 * Sergo Ordzhonikidze State University of Management
 * Seversk State Technological Academy
 * Shahty Institute, branch of South Russian State Technical University
 * Siberian Academy for Public Administration
 * Siberian Federal University
 * Siberian Metallurgic Institute
 * Siberian State Academy of Geodesy
 * Siberian State Academy of Motorcars and Roads
 * Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU) (1960)
 * Siberian State Industrial University
 * Siberian State Medical University (1888)
 * Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian Institute of Forest
 * Siberian State University of Communication
 * Siberian State University of Telecommunication and Information Sciences
 * Siberian Transport University (1932)
 * Siberian University of Small Business
 * South Russian State Technical University
 * Voenmeh Baltic State Technical University
 * Vyatka State University of Humanities
 * Zabaykalsky State Pedagogical University

Higher education in Siberia

 * Abakan State Institute of Education
 * Abakan State University of Pedagogy
 * Amur State University
 * Bratsk State Technical University
 * Buryat State Agricultural Academy
 * Chita State Technical University
 * Chita State University of Medicine
 * Chita State University of Polytechnics
 * Eastern Institute of Economics, Humanitarian Sciences, Management, and Law
 * Eastern Siberian State Technological University
 * Far Eastern Federal University (1899)
 * Irkutsk Institute of Railway Engineering
 * Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture (Irkutsk Institute of Agriculture)
 * Irkutsk State Academy of Economics
 * Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948)
 * Irkutsk State University (1918)
 * Kemerovo Agricultural Institute
 * Kemerovo Art Academy
 * Kemerovo Medical Academy
 * Kemerovo State University (1973)
 * Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry
 * Khakass Technical Institute
 * Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Trade and Economics
 * Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy (Russian abbreviation is KrasGMA) (1942)
 * Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (Russian abbreviation is KGPU) (1932)
 * Krasnoyarsk State Technical University (Russian abbreviation is KGTU) (1956)
 * Krasnoyarsk State University (Russian abbreviation is KGU) (1963) (started as a division of Novosibirsk State University, became a standalone university in 1969)
 * Kuzbass State Pedagogical Academy
 * Kuzbass State Technical University
 * Kuzbass State University
 * Novosibirsk State Agricultural University
 * Novosibirsk State Technical University (1950)
 * Novosibirsk State University (1959)
 * Omsk Academy of Law
 * Omsk Medical Academy
 * Omsk Road-Transport Academy
 * Omsk State Agrarian University (1918) (connected with Omsk State Veterinary Institute and Institute of Agribusiness and Continuing Education)
 * Omsk State Pedagogical University
 * Omsk State Technical University (1942)
 * Omsk State Transport University (1961)
 * Omsk State University (1974)
 * Omsk University of Consumer Service Technology
 * Omsk University of Physical Culture
 * Pacific National University, former Khabarovsk State Technical University (founded 1958)
 * Siberian Academy for Public Administration
 * Siberian State Academy of Motorcars and Roads
 * Siberian State Aerospace University (Russian abbreviation is SibGAU) (1960)
 * Siberian State Industrial University
 * Siberian State Medical University (1888)
 * Siberian State Technological University (Russian abbreviation is SibGTU), the oldest in the city, founded in 1930 as the Siberian Institute of Forest
 * Siberian State University of Communication
 * Siberian State University of Telecommunication and Information Sciences
 * Siberian University of Small Business
 * South Ural State University (1943)
 * Sukachev Institute of Forest (1944)
 * Tomsk Polytechnic University (1896)
 * Tomsk State Pedagogical University (1902)
 * Tomsk State University (1878), the first university in Siberia
 * Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (1952)
 * Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (1962)
 * Tuvan Institute of Humanitarian Research
 * Tuvan State University
 * Tyumen State Oil and Gas University
 * Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (1967)
 * Yakutsk State University (1956)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Sliotar

A sliotar or sliothar is a hard solid sphere slightly larger than a tennis ball, consisting of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Sometimes called a "hurling ball", it resembles a baseball with more pronounced stitching. It is used in the Gaelic games of hurling, camogie, rounders and shinty.

Dimensions
An official Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) sliotar, as used in top level hurling competitions such as the National Hurling League or the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championships is subject to strict regulations as regards its size, mass and composition.

The following regulations apply:
 * The diameter is between 69 and 72 mm not including the rib
 * The mass is between 110 and 120 g
 * The rib height is between 2 mm and 2.8 mm, and width between 3.6 mm and 5.4 mm
 * The leather cover can be between 1.8 mm and 2.7 mm and is laminated with a coating of no more than 0.15 mm

Approved sliotars carry a GAA mark of approval. The GAA maintains a list of approved suppliers, based on manufacturers who pass their inspection.

History
Early (pre-GAA) sliotars used various materials, depending on the part of the country, including combinations of wood, leather, rope and animal hair and even hollow bronze. The etymology is uncertain, with some connecting it to sliabh ("mountain") and thar ("across"), after Cúchulainn's story of hitting a silver ball across a mountain.

In the early years of the GAA, there was no specific standard for the size or weight of sliotars. The man credited with initial standardisation of the sliotar is Ned Treston (1862–1949) of Gort, County Galway. He was selected to play in a match between South Galway and North Tipperary in February 1886 in Dublin. Prior the game, there was debate between the teams as regards the size of the sliotar. Treston made a sliotar at a nearby saddler, which was used in the game, and went on to be a prototype for subsequent sliotars.

Johnny McAuliffe (1896–1960) of County Limerick is credited with the modern design. Before his improvements the ball tended to be inconsistent due to poor manufacturing. It was also heavier than modern sliotars (over 200g), and due to being made partly with horse-hair, tended to lose shape during play, and become soggy in wet conditions. The brown colour also meant that the ball was difficult to see in some conditions. McAuliffe's changes introduced a cork core, with a 2 piece white-tanned leather covering as the standard materials. These changes led to a harder wearing ball, which was water resistant and easier to see. The construction materials also meant that the ball was only about half as heavy as Treston's version.

In the early 2000s, the GAA experimented with using sliotars with rubber rather than cork cores; however, it was found that using a rubber core led to a more unpredictable bounce, and moved a lot faster than a ball with a cork core, especially in wet conditions. It was decided to return to a cork ball because of this. While different sized sliotars are used for different ages and codes (with, for example, senior camogie games using a "size 4" sliotar, and senior hurling a "size 5" ball), some claims have historically been made of non-standard balls being used to gain a perceived advantage in competition.

A yellow sliotar was introduced for the 2020 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (the Liam MacCarthy Cup only). This change caused minor controversy as some players believed the yellow sliotar was inferior to the standard white sliotar.

title: Sliotar


text:
Judson Dance Theater

Judson Dance Theater was a collective of dancers, composers, and visual artists who performed at the Judson Memorial Church in Greenwich Village, Manhattan New York City between 1962 and 1964. The artists involved were avant garde experimentalists who rejected the confines of Modern dance practice and theory, inventing as they did the precepts of Postmodern dance.

History
Judson Dance Theater grew out of a composition class held at Merce Cunningham's studio, taught by Robert Dunn, a musician who had studied experimental music theory with John Cage. A Concert of Dance, the first Judson concert, took place on July 6, 1962, and included the work of 14 choreographers performed by 17 people, some of whom were students in the Dunn composition class. Other performers in the concert were members of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, as well as visual artists, filmmakers, and composers. The concert included works by Yvonne Rainer, Steve Paxton, David Gordon, Alex and Deborah Hay, Fred Herko, Elaine Summers, William Davis, and Ruth Emerson.

Beginning in the Fall of 1962, the group held weekly workshops at which they performed and received critiques. These meetings were held first at Yvonne Rainer's studio, then at the Judson Memorial Church. Throughout the next two years, nearly two hundred works were presented by the collective. The name Judson Dance Theater was adopted in April 1963. Members also independently participated in performance and multimedia art installations, or "Happenings", which took place around the city at that time.

American artists notable for their contributions or influence to the Judson Dance Theater were painter Robert Rauschenberg, conceptual artists Robert Morris and Andy Warhol, and composer John Herbert McDowell. Choreographers who influenced the group included Merce Cunningham, Simone Forti, Anna Halprin, and James Waring, among others.

Artistic philosophy
Yvonne Rainer's "No Manifesto", in which she rejects any confines to technique, thrill, spectacle, glamour, or assumed space, is a prime example of many of the artistic intentions of the cooperative: a rejection of spectacular, virtuosic, narrative, and expressive choreographic approaches. The collective was a place for collaboration between artists in fields such as, dance, writing, film, music and multi-media.

Although the collective remained in this undefined state, several reoccurring themes and styles emerged from the work. Democratic structures, improvisation, and the emphasis of process over product all arose as underlying characteristics of the group. Everyday movement became inspiration for material in many of the pieces created, and some of the Judson Dance Theater artists used untrained performers and dancers. For example, Rainer taught "Trio A" to "anyone who wanted to learn it – skilled and unskilled, trained and untrained, professional and amateur," and allowed it to be freely taught to a wide range of people.

Legacy
In 1964 when the company performances ceased, the legacy of the group continued as individual members continued to create work that upheld the group's fundamental philosophies. For instance, James Waring and his dancers continued presenting work, as well as original members and second generation Judson performers. Perhaps the most influential aspect of Judson's legacy was not the work they produced, but the lens through which they regarded their work, which promoted the concept that anything could be looked at as dance.

In 2012, 50 years after the first Judson Dance Theater performance, Danspace Project presented the series Platform 2012: Judson Now, which featured "work by Judson-era artists reflecting their current artistic interests and includ[ing] artists who influenced Judson pre-1962 and contemporary artists who claim Judson as a direct point of reference." In 2018, the Museum of Modern Art mounted a retrospective exhibition, Judson Dance Theater: The Work Is Never Done, which included the work of Yvonne Rainer, Deborah Hay, David Gordon, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton, and Trisha Brown, among others.

Influence
Developments in dance practice that can be traced back to the Judson Dance Theater include:

 * Contact improvisation
 * Dance improvisation
 * Dance for camera

Performers
Some of the notable artists who were part of the Judson Dance Theater were:

 * Trisha Brown
 * Lucinda Childs
 * Philip Corner
 * Judith Dunn
 * Malcolm Goldstein
 * David Gordon
 * Sally Gross

 * Deborah Hay
 * Fred Herko
 * Tony Holder
 * Meredith Monk
 * Mary Overlie
 * Aileen Passloff
 * Steve Paxton

 * Yvonne Rainer
 * Arlene Rothlein
 * Carolee Schneemann
 * Valda Setterfield
 * Elaine Summers
 * James Waring

Source:

title: Judson Dance Theater


text:
Chamberlain Square

Chamberlain Square or Chamberlain Place is a public square in central Birmingham, England, named after statesman and notable mayor of Birmingham, Joseph Chamberlain. The Victorian square was drastically remodelled in the 1970s, with most of the Victorian buildings demolished and the construction of the Brutalist Central Library. Re-landscaping occurred most recently when the square was closed to the public for five years until March 2021 for remodelling as part of the Paradise scheme.

Its features include:
 * Chamberlain Memorial
 * Birmingham Council House (side elevation)
 * Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
 * Birmingham Town Hall
 * One and Two Chamberlain Square

Statues and monuments

 * Chamberlain Memorial – In honour of the public service Joseph Chamberlain gave to the city of Birmingham, the memorial fountain was unveiled in his presence on 10 October 1880 as the centrepiece of the new public square. The 20 m high memorial was designed by John Henry Chamberlain (no relation).
 * Statue of Joseph Priestley, which was originally located in Victoria Square (then called Council House Square).
 * Statue of James Watt, which was originally located on Paradise Street next to the Town Hall.
 * Statue of Thomas Attwood by Sioban Coppinger and Fiona Peever, 1993. The bronze statue sits, having left his plinth, and scattered his bronze pages, on the steps.

The annual Birmingham Christmas Craft Fair is held in Chamberlain Square from the third Friday in November to 23 December. The event began in 1997 as "Winterval", held from 20 November to 31 December, with the intention of attracting business into Birmingham's newly rejuvenated city centre.

Chamberlain Square was the original site of Birmingham's BBC Big Screen, where it was situated until September 2007.

Paradise Circus development
As part of the Paradise Circus development by Argent Group the square was re-landscaped and surrounding buildings demolished including the brutalist Birmingham Central Library and Paradise Forum (beneath the former reference library). In 2014 landscape architects, Grant Associates were awarded the contract to design the new public realm. The square reopened in March 2021 as the final part of the first phase of the £700m Paradise scheme following its closure in November 2015, the square was transformed with new paving, steps and lighting. Two commercial buildings, One Chamberlain Square and Two Chamberlain Square, totalling 350,000 sq ft of space, now face onto the square and form the commercial part of Phase One of Paradise.

title: Chamberlain Square


text:
User:EricPoehlsen

About me
Eric Pöhlsen

frequent user, rare contributor

title: User:EricPoehlsen


text:
Talk:Cheng Weishi Lun

Shouldn't this be titled Buddhist theory of consciousness or something similar? - as Cheng weishi lun is neither an English term nor a foreign term widely recognised in English. Securiger 11:49, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cheng Weishi Lun. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090904052131/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/hkbj/01/hkbj0106.htm to http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/hkbj/01/hkbj0106.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:28, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cheng Weishi Lun


text: Category:Academic disciplines

title: Category:Academic disciplines


text:
User:Whkoh/monobook.css

/* Nuke external link icon on internal links
 * 1) bodyContent a[href^="http://en.wikipedia.org"] { background: none !important; padding-right: 0; }

body { font-family: "San Francisco", "Museo Sans", "Lucida Grande", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, Times New Roman; font-size: medium; }

title: User:Whkoh/monobook.css


text:
Thomas Attwood (economist)

Thomas Attwood (6 October 1783 – 6 March 1856) was a British banker, economist, political campaigner and Member of Parliament. He was the leading figure of the underconsumptionist Birmingham School of economists, and, as the founder of the Birmingham Political Union, the leading figure in the public campaign for the Great Reform Act of 1832.

Life and career
Thomas Attwood was born in Halesowen, then a detached part of Shropshire, and attended Halesowen Grammar School (now Earls High School) before being moved to Wolverhampton Grammar School. On 12 May 1806, Attwood married Elizabeth Carless from Lower Ravenhurst Farm, an area which is now part of the Moor Pool estate. They had two sons, George de Bosco Attwood (15 March 1808), who stood unsuccessfully for the Walsall constituency in the 1832 general election, and Thomas Aurelius Attwood (4 March 1810). Their daughter Angela married Daniel Wakefield with whom she emigrated to New Zealand.

He founded the Birmingham Political Union in 1830. This was a political organization campaigning for cities, and large towns such as Birmingham, to be directly represented in Parliament. The Birmingham Political Union was foremost among groups lobbying the government for the passage of a Reform Bill to achieve this aim. The Days of May in 1832 brought the people's struggle for wider enfranchisement to a head, and the Great Reform Act was passed on 15 May 1832. After this success he became one of the first two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Birmingham (along with Joshua Scholefield) on 12 December 1832, a position he held until 1839.

Attwood lived at The Grove, a Georgian house in Harborne, Birmingham, between 1823 and 1846. He died in Malvern, Worcestershire in 1856.

Memorials

A grade II listed statue of Thomas Attwood by local sculptor Peter Hollins stood in Calthorpe Park from 1859 to 1974 then moved to Larches Green, Sparkbrook, Birmingham between 1974 and 2008, but is now in store. A 1993 bronze statue sat, having left his plinth, and scattered his bronze pages, on the steps of Chamberlain Square in Birmingham until 2016 when works to demolish the Central Library and rebuild Chamberlain Square began. The statue was reinstalled in 2020 once the works were completed.

Attwood Street, a residential street in Halesowen, commemorates his achievements.

title: Thomas Attwood (economist)


text:
Category talk:British monarchs

Redundant category?
At time of writing, this page is categorized within Monarchs, United Kingdom and British people. As British people is a subcategory of United Kingdom, is the United Kingdom redundant here? I think so, but the intent may be to imply some governmental or other more strongly binding link to the country, since we're talking about monarchs. Or maybe it's here by mistake, who knows... --Avaragado 11:55, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think I put it under United Kingdom (or left it there...) my thinking was indeed that they serve an institutional purpose so they have significance to the country as well as being significant individuals. So I think it makes sense to keep this tripartate categorisation. Lupin 11:58, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps there needs to be some more explicit supercategory, such as British government or something. That could be a subcategory of United Kingdom and also whatever category gets created for government. (Most categories right now seem to be about physical rather than abstract concepts!) --Avaragado 12:07, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. Lupin 12:40, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

English Monarchs
It seemed rather asymmetrical to have a category "Scottish monarchs" without a corresponding category "English monarchs". To fix this, the choices were to remove "Scottish monarchs" or to add "English monarchs". Removing "Scottish monarchs" would have resulted in a "British monarchs" category page which more or less duplicated the List of British monarchs with less information and worse formatting, so I chose to add the "English monarchs" category. -- Derek Ross | Talk 03:31, 2004 Sep 10 (UTC)

title: Category talk:British monarchs


text: Category:The Sisters of Mercy albums

title: Category:The Sisters of Mercy albums


text:
Talk:Methotrexate

Untitled
GUYS, THIS IS NOT A FUCKING FORUM TO DISCUSS METHOTREXATE. COMMENTS IN REGARDS TO THE ARTICLE QUALITY ONLY!!!

my personal review
1/10 would not recommend while it might cure cancer or slow arthritis, this stuff is disgusting. avoid — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.172.169.97 (talk) 14:19, 17 June 2016 (UTC)

May be an aggressive drug, but can improve the lives of those suffering greatly. I know someone who uses this and would not be here without the drug as it has improved their life so much that they want to live now. Rjis21 (talk) 03:32, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

would someone sort the 'history' section please
The basic mistake in the history section is that it's talking about aminopterin, not methotrexate. The story of Sidney Farber is fascinating, but not correct as written.

This part of the article needs to be edited heavily, along with the aminopterin article, to be consistent with reference 1, http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/16/3/273e, and with the history at Dana-Farber, http://www.dana-farber.org/abo/news/publications/pop/fall-winter-2007/seizing-the-moment_2.html Meheller (talk) 23:43, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

After further thought, I took this section out:

History
Methotrexate originated in the 1940s when Dr. Sidney Farber at Children's Hospital Boston was testing the effects of folic acid on acute leukemic (severe blood cancer) children. Inspired, he asked Dr. Y. Subbarao, then Director of the Research Division of Lederle Labs (part of American Cyanamid), to synthesize the anti-folate (methotrexate). Dr. Subbarao, who also happened to be the head of the team which had earlier synthesized folic acid (1946) readily synthesized this anti-folate and handed it over to Dr. Farber, who in turn administered it to a small group of very ill leukemic children. The remarkable clinical improvement that was observed in these patients heralded the era of cancer chemotherapy in modern medicine. This was reported by Dr. S. Farber in the June 3rd, 1948 issue of NEJM. In 1950 Dr. Farber founded in Boston the world's first Cancer Research Center. Methotrexate gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as an oncology drug in 1953.

Meheller (talk) 14:52, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Cambridgeshire incident
I removed the link to the Cambridgeshire incident. Close reading of the document linked reveals that there is no support for the claims made. In that incident, a woman (who normally received 17.5 mg of MTX per week) was put on 10mg a day by her general practicioner, leading to severe complications and death. This has nothing to do with the weekly dosing! The toxicity was due to the 70mg weekly dose!!! JFW | T@lk  11:57, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Naming
I want to bring to subject that aminopterin isnt the same as methotrexate. The brand name of methotrexate is Amethopterin. Aminopterin is Purinethol, and was used as a very toxic chemotherapeuticum for the treatment of acute leukemia. I know this because im working on a medicall article, in which we discuss old chemotherapeutica.

 * Thanks, I'll correct it. Your work sounds very interesting. Would you mind also editing the relevant Wikipedia articles (e.g. nitrogen mustard)? You seem to have the expertise to say something useful; classical references are also extremely welcome! JFW | T@lk  17:49, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * And on the subject of naming, a quick look through several editions of Martindale leads me to think that "amethopterin" is a deprecated synonym for methotrexate derived from its chemical name, rather than a trade name. I'll update the main page to reflect this. -Techelf 09:09, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, Aminopterin is not Purinethol. Purinethol is the trade name for 6-mercaptopurine, a structurally unrelated antimetabolite also used in the therapy of patients with leukemia.  Aminopterin (4-aminopteroic acid) is the antifolate first used by Farber to induce remissions among patients with leukemia.  Although more potent than methotrexate, it was replaced by methotrexate in the 1950s, due to unpredictable toxicity.  Now in a more pure preparation, aminopterin is back in clinical trials for patients with leukemia.
 * Above posted by User:130.219.235.253 15 May 2006

Methotrexate and Cancer Treatment (Question)
Hi, just a quick question about the common use of Methotrexate in various types of cancer treatment... what is the purpose of inhibiting the metabolism of Folic Acid? By that I mean, what is the reasoning? -- Is it to somewhat control the cancerous cell replications?

Thanks
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.145.80.43 (talk • contribs) 15:38, 10 August 2006

folic acid >> dihydrofolate >> tetrahydrofolate which is necessary for the synthesis of thymidine, an essential nucleotide that is a component of DNA. Inhibiting TMP synthesis will result in no more DNA synthesis and cancer cells will die. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.151.67.220 (talk) 19:25, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

Patent Number
Does anybody know what the original US patent number is for methotrexate?

Why is it necessary to take folic acid with methotrexate??
'''Methotrexate inhibits Folic Acid reductase which is responsible for the conversion of Folic Acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. At two stages in the biosynthesis of ppurins and at one stage in the synthesis of Pyrimidines, one-carbon transfer reactions occur which require specific coenzymes synthesized in the cell from tetrahydrofolic acid.''' —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.170.95.77 (talk) 11:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC).

Folic acid versus folate
This article starts by talking about Methotrexate and folic acid, but then slips in a reference to folate with no explanation. It would be good if folate were explained as (copied from the Folic Acid article) the anion version of folic acid. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dtgriscom (talk • contribs) 03:34, 8 February 2007 (UTC).

ones just the oxidised form of the other

it use to treat choriocarcinoma —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.252.63.21 (talk) 14:04, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Adverse reactions can be deadly.
My mother took this drug for psoriasis, and after a short term on it (a few months) developed a persistent cough, which grew bad enough that they put her in a medically-induced coma, and ultimately determined that the lung damage was extensive enough for no hope of recovery and the decision was made to take her off life support. While the adverse reactions do include mention of lung issues, I'm not sure they are clear enough about how severe those reactions can be. --198.162.133.115 (talk) 20:04, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

by-effects
The article should contain more information about possible by-effects. At least all of the ones that are mentioned in the info that comes with the medication. there are a lot more than mentioned here! also there probably are some kind of statistics about the effectiveness. in some cases methotrexate doesn't help at all, however sometimes using Enbrelalngside Methotrexate can give very good results. 81.198.141.238 (talk) 23:12, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

There is no mention of elevated lung functions, cytopenias, or pneumonitis that are the most important of the adverse drug reactions — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.237.38.217 (talk) 04:25, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Behcet's disease
There is currently an unreferenced paragraph under "Other Uses" about the use of this medication in treating Behcet's disease, I would very much like to know where this information comes from (it sounds like there should be reference to a journal or a study somewhere?).Another anonymous me (talk) 13:10, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately there are a lot of things in the article that don't yet have proper sourcing. If you have pointers to good information please let us know. AliveFreeHappy (talk) 03:00, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Can i drink beer while on Methotrexate
Can i drink beer while on methotrexate —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.74.58.159 (talk) 11:25, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

 * If you're looking for a proffesional opinion, Wikipedia isn't the place to ask, but in my opinion, I wouldn't recommend it.--Plasmic Physics (talk) 23:02, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

nodue to risk of hepatic toxicity — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.151.67.220 (talk) 19:26, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

One beer per week is OK per my GP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.177.68.54 (talk) 20:59, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Usage in a CNN video
I'm not sure if it is noteworthy or not, but this article appears to have been used in a video on CNN's website.--Rockfang (talk) 00:16, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Structures, mode of action
The structures in the comparison of dihydrofolic acid & methotrexate are both missing an amino at the left side. The block of purine biosynthesis is not caused by loss of reduced folates but by the accumulation of dihydrofolates which inhibit AICAR transformylase (Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 262 p. 13520). This is pure speculation, but the resulting increase in AICAR level by a factor of 2-3 might contribute to methotrexate's anticancer activity (see Cell Vol. 144 p. 499). 69.72.27.74 (talk) 03:33, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

This article cites that methotrexate works by allosterically inhibiting DHFR. However, the wiki article on DHFR states that Methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor- as do most other resources that I'm investigating right now. Anyone want to correct this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.155.185.195 (talk) 05:34, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Methotrextrate... same as Methodextrate?
Methodextrate has no page. I have no expertise in this subject but it appears to me that the two drugs may be one and the same. Both names are often used equivalently (do a google search) but that is no guarantee.

If the drugs are indeed identical could someone please organise a re-direct? If not then a page should be created for Methodextrate. There is certainly a drug of this name supplied in Australia and it appears to be for the same symptoms. Pawprintoz (talk) 10:49, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

Lupus
An IP editor recently added lupus to the list of disorders that methotrexate is used to treat. This appears to be true, but it's unclear if the existing references support this statement or not. Can anybody confirm? – RobinHood70 talk 23:58, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

methotrexate
How long does it stay in your system after you quiet taking it?(debbie5505) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Debbie5505 (talk • contribs) 20:46, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Not long--it's eliminated from the bloodstream pretty quickly. 2604:2000:C6A1:B900:E5E2:46DF:8FA:7693 (talk) 03:33, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

Dosage errors / seriousness of complications.
In the UK, patients on methotrexate (MTX) are given a booklet produced by the National Patient Safety Agency and it mentions that there have been problems with patients being given the wrong dosages as the different strength tablets look similar. It notes that some hospitals now only use the 2.5 mg tablets to prevent such problems. Patients on MTX have to have regular blood tests, and the results are recorded in the aforementioned booklet. It is also noted that patients are usually only given this drug by hospitals, not general practitioners / family doctors. Whilst the drug is safe for many, there must be significant risks for such a cautious approach to prescribing it. Basically, what I am trying to say is that the risks seem to be somewhat downplayed in this article. Also the degree of supervision required, plus the attention given to it by the NPSA should be mentioned.

Personally, MTX has been the most effective treatment for my arthritis I have taken and I continue to use it, but like all things medical, comprehensive information is vital and people should be fully aware that taking this drug is a pretty big deal compared to other meds. I don't feel I have the medical knowledge / sources to add/amend relevant sections, so am posting here in the hope that someone more qualified than I will do so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.6.102.83 (talk) 22:19, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

References Could Be Better
There seems to be a poor use of references available on the internet for this *med*. A few have felt a need for better information of the adverse/side affects for methotrexate. I am in complete agreement, especially since at least one reference used in this article, jumps to a website that requires an individual to "sign up/sign into" in order to utilize their guide/reference book material. I am unsure exactly what we are expected to be able to access; I pesonally refuse to sign up for any website via Wiki just to follow up on a reference. It's my understanding, that Wiki *expects* all articles to have legitimate, easily clickable links to view any references.

So, I am changing at least one link included in the article, that linked several items to one reference#. The new referenced website will be drugs.com which seems to have actually followed the *insert* thats made available with methotrexate-based upon the wording that was used for drugs.com's info page for this wonderful *ahem* drug.

If I sound a bit hazy, I just checked my internal and computer chronometer and it's 5:17am and I have not been to bed to get much needed sleep, (I guess its obvious being on here reading this article I have cause to not sleep). If anyone has cause to believe my work is not up to Wiki standards(however each individual sees things their own way), please be my guest and brush up whatever seems to need doing.

≈≈an hour and a half later and I am much the worse for wear-the references utilized in this article seem to cater to the pharmaceutical, creating quite a headache while attempting to retrieve ref#3,5,17 and 19. It is also my belief that the section titled "Adverse Effects" needs to be retitled "Side Effects". Within the scope of reviewing information regarding this drug, the use of the phrase 'side effects' was utilized instead of 'adverse':

≈≈Drug interactions are also frightening, and this article barely scratches the surface. According to drugs.com there are a total of 765 drugs (3474 brand and generic names) which are known to interact with methotrexate, and breaks down as: 188 major drug interactions (759 brand and generic names), 547 moderate drug interactions (2634 brand and generic names), 30 minor drug interactions (81 brand and generic names) and last but certainly NOT least, caffiene and alcohol are expressley prohibited.

≈≈If anything a reference link that is attached to both sections to drugs.com should be used-that website encourages its participation in other websites and blogs, with guidelines exactly how to properly write any citations from drugs.com.

≈≈A serious rewrite needs to be done to this article so that its as inclusive/conclusive as possible, with reference links created that do not require the continual clicking onto links by Wiki users when they follow up on references.

69.249.125.97 (talk) 09:35, 29 July 2015 (UTC)BrattySoul

Overdose
Should include information on leucovorin and glucarpidase rescue. ― Bio chemistry 🙴 ❤   21:37, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

methotrexate interaction with lefulonamide and clonazepam
pl elobrate above — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.204.236.199 (talk) 15:45, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

It has a role in treating dermatological diseases?
Methotrexate is commonly prescribed off label to treat atopic dermatitis. This use, is not illegal but it has been debated (see the talk page for ivermectin) whether we should mention it in the lead of the Wikipedia entry for the drug. An unwritten rule would be to only mention the uses indicated by FDA approvals, which would mean that we do not mention in the lead that Methotrexate is commonly prescribed off label to treat atopic dermatitis. What are your thoughts on this dilemma? Forich (talk) 04:18, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Methotrexate
Is it better to take at night or morning? And do I take all 6 pills at once or split up during the day 2600:8806:8100:BA6:85C5:56C9:7AF3:64D (talk) 02:40, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

Let's add "anti-inflammatory"
The possible mechanisms by which this medicine works could be made clearer. One patient taking it says plainly that "it reduces inflammation." Can we put that into the article? Only the footnotes plainly refer to inflammation. Instead the text has indirect phrasing "treatment of rheumatoid arthritis" over and over. A source says "Mechanism(s) of action in rheumatoid arthritis not known; suggested mechanisms have included immunosuppressive and/or anti-inflammatory effects." I'm not a specialist and don't want to make an assertion but if that's even a likely path it would be a relief to read the plain hypothesis. -- econterms (talk) 03:07, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methotrexate


text:
Category:The Sisters of Mercy

This is for the English musical group, not "The Religious Order of the Sisters of Mercy (RSM)

title: Category:The Sisters of Mercy


text:
Gindibu

Gindibu (Akkadian: ᵐGi-in-di-bu-ʾ; c. 853 BCE) was a Qedarite Arab king

Background
Gindibu ruled over an Arab kingdom located in the northeastern parts of present-day Jordan, on the eastern borders of the Assyrian province of Haurina (Hauran) established by Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BC. The kingdom spanned the Azraq oasis and Wadi Sirhan, and was bordered by the powerful kingdoms of Aram-Damascus and Israel in the west, although Gindibu himself was independent of Damascene hegemony.

Battle of Qarqar
Although Gindibu's kingdom was not on the Assyrian campaign routes and therefore was not in danger of being attacked by the Assyrians, the rise of Neo-Assyrian power in the 9th century BCE meant that the desert and border routes where Gindibu had economic interests were under threat of Assyrian interference, due to which he allied with his powerful neighbours, the kings Bar-Hadad II of Aram-Damascus and Ahab of Israel, against the Assyrian Empire. Fearing disruptions by the Assyrians, Gindibu led 1000 camelry troops at the battle of Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE on the side of the alliance led by Aram-Damascus and Israel against Shalmaneser III of Assyria.

Aftermath
Shalmaneser III later campaigned to Damascus and Mount Ḥawrān in 841 BCE, but his inscriptions mentioned neither the Qedarite kingdom nor Gindibu himself or any successor of his. The Qedarites were not mentioned either in the list of rulers, including those of distant places such as Philistia, Edom, and Israel, who paid tribute to Adad-nirari III after the latter's defeat of Ben-Hadad III of Damascus in 796 BCE. This reason for absence the Assyrian records is that the kingdom of Gindibu was far from the campaign routes of the Assyrians during the later 9th century BCE.

title: Gindibu


text:
Paul Hogan

Paul Hogan (born 8 October 1939) is an Australian actor and comedian. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael "Crocodile" Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Crocodile Dundee film series.

Early life
At the start of his career, Paul Hogan said he was born in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, to appear more interesting. He was actually born in Parramatta, a suburb in Greater Western Sydney, and he is of Irish descent.

He moved to Granville in Western Sydney at a young age and worked as a rigger on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. He attended both Primary and High School at Parramatta Marist High School.

Career
Hogan's first public appearance was on Australian television, the Nine Network's amateur talent program New Faces in 1971. Hogan had observed to his Harbour Bridge workmates that the program's entertainment value relied significantly on the judges ridiculing and belittling the performers, and suggested the judges deserved similar treatment. Hogan inveigled his way onto the program by claiming to be a "tap-dancing knife-thrower". Hogan appeared on stage in his work boots, holding elaborate prop "knives", and proceeded to make a series of jokes at the judges' expense; he finished by performing a rudimentary shuffle and throwing the knives onto the floor. Strong positive response from the viewing public saw Hogan invited back for repeated performances on New Faces; in another of these, he proposed to "play the shovels", which consisted of making a series of jokes before banging two shovels together a few times. Hogan's natural ability as a comedic performer attracted the attention of Mike Willesee, host of Nine's news magazine program A Current Affair. Willesee offered Hogan regular appearances on the series, during which Hogan would make humorous comment on some issue of the day. During this time, Hogan befriended A Current Affair producer John Cornell, who became Hogan's manager and business partner.

Hogan followed this with his own comedy sketch program The Paul Hogan Show, which he produced and wrote, and in which he played characters with Cornell and Delvene Delaney. The series, which ran for 60 episodes between 1973 and 1984, was popular in the UK, where it aired on the new Channel Four from 1982 and also in South Africa, and showcased his trademark lighthearted but laddish ocker humour. Hogan won the 1973 TV Week Logie Award for 'Best New Talent'. The early series was on Channel Seven and, by 1975, it was screened on Channel Nine where it remained until the end of 1984.

In the 1970s, Hogan advertised Winfield cigarettes in television, print and billboard advertisements in which he wore a formal dinner suit. These ads always ended with the catchphrase "Anyhow, have a Winfield." During the early 1980s, Hogan filmed a series of television ads promoting the Australian tourism industry, which aired in the United States. An advertisement with the phrase "shrimp on the barbie", which aired from 1984, was particularly successful.

In 1985, Hogan appeared as an Australian World War I 'digger' named Pat Cleary in the mini-series Anzacs, which aired on the Nine Network. Cleary was described as the quintessential Aussie larrikin, and series writer John Dixon wrote the part of Cleary with Hogan in mind. The series included a "who's who" of Australian television and film actors of the day, including Jon Blake, Andrew Clarke, Megan Williams, Tony Bonner, Bill Kerr, Ilona Rodgers, Vivean Gray and Robert Coleby.

Throughout the decade, Hogan appeared on British television in advertisements for Foster's Lager, in which he played an earthy Australian abroad in London. The character's most notable line (spoken incredulously at a ballet performance) "Strewth, there's a bloke down there with no strides on!", followed Hogan for years, and the popularity of its "fish out of water" humour was repeated with his next endeavour. In another advertisement from the same Foster's series, Hogan's character is approached in a London Tube station by a Japanese tourist who asks, "Do you know the way to Cockfosters?" (referring to an area in North London), to which Hogan replies (with a puzzled look on his face): "Drink it warm, mate."

Hogan's breakout role was that of Mick "Crocodile" Dundee in the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee. Hogan also co-wrote the movie, which was a massive critical and commercial success in many countries. He won the 1987 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and was also nominated for Best Actor at the BAFTAs. The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA and a Saturn Award. Along with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn, Hogan co-hosted the 59th Academy Awards, also in 1987. Hogan again portrayed Mick Dundee in the sequel Crocodile Dundee II, released in 1988. Hogan was also executive producer and co-writer with his son, Brett. Although less popular with critics than the first Crocodile Dundee, it was still a commercial success. The character made him popular in the United States, with phrases like, "That's not a knife... that's a knife!" entering the lexicon, though Hogan was troubled that the character was perceived as a cross between Chuck Norris and John Rambo, and turned down roles similar to those because of their violent nature, commenting:

"The movie scene is screaming out for the movie hero who doesn't kill 75 people...less of those commandos, terminators, ex-terminators and squashers. Mick's a good role model. There's no malice in the fellow and he's human. He's not a wimp or a sissy just because he doesn't kill people." In the early 1990s, a Paramount executive pitched a concept of a Crocodile Dundee and Beverly Hills Cop crossover movie. Hogan refused the starring role in the hit film Ghost, choosing instead to make Almost an Angel (1990). In 1994, Hogan co-produced, wrote and starred in the Western comedy film Lightning Jack. In 1996, he starred in a remake of the 1963 film Flipper, a family-friendly movie about a dolphin. In 1998, he co-starred in the made-for-TV drama Floating Away, an adaptation of the Tim Sandlin book Sorrow Floats, and in which he played 'Shane', a recovering alcoholic.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Hogan was featured in advertisements for the Subaru Outback. In 2001, Hogan returned to the role that made him famous with Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles.

In 2004, Hogan starred in the Australian-produced comedy film Strange Bedfellows, about two firemen pretending to be in a homosexual relationship for financial benefit. Strange Bedfellows was written and directed by Hogan's friend Dean Murphy and was the highest-grossing Australian-made film of 2004. 2005 saw the release of Paul Hogan – Stand Up Hoges, a DVD compilation of Hogan's favourite live performances throughout his career. In 2009, Hogan starred in another of Murphy's films, Charlie & Boots, a road-movie concerning the relationship between a father (Hogan) and son (Shane Jacobson). It was the second-highest-grossing Australian-made film of 2009, after Mao's Last Dancer.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, Hogan embarked on live stand-up performances throughout Australia. The 2013 tour entitled An Evening with Hoges featured capital cities only, but the 2014 tour Hoges: One Night Only featured 25 locations including regional Australia. 2015's Hoges: Live saw performances in Hobart, Melbourne and Sydney only. Some of this material was shown in the 2014 documentary Hanging with Hoges, in which Hogan was interviewed about his life and career by Jacobson.

In 2016, Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award for an outstanding contribution to the Australian screen. Hogan joked he had only ever been a "one-hit wonder".

Australia's Seven Network commissioned a two-part miniseries based upon Hogan's life, entitled Hoges: The Paul Hogan Story which aired in February 2017. Australian actor Josh Lawson portrayed Hogan. In 2019, to celebrate Hogan's upcoming 80th birthday, Australia's ABC produced a two-part episode of Australian Story, entitled "A Fortunate Life – Paul Hogan", in which Hogan and his family reflect on his life and career.

Following on from a 2018 Tourism Australia campaign, in 2020 Hogan starred in The Very Excellent Mr. Dundee, with Hogan portraying himself as an aging, out-of-touch movie actor with his legendary character Mick Dundee now monetised and manipulated by others.

In 2023, Hogan took part in a live TV roast entitled The Roast of Paul Hogan.

Honours

 * In 1985, Hogan was named Australian of the Year.

 * In 1986, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) "for service to tourism and entertainment".

 * In 1987, Hogan won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for Crocodile Dundee.

 * In 2016, Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award, the highest honour of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), for outstanding services to the Australian screen.

Logie Awards
The Logie Awards is an annual gathering to celebrate Australian television, sponsored and organised by magazine TV Week, with the first ceremony in 1959, known then as the TV Week Awards, the awards are presented in 20 categories representing both public and industry voted awards.

 * 1973
 * himself
 * George Wallace Memorial Logie for Best New Talent
 * Won
 * Won

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. (wins only)
 * 1988
 * Paul Hogan
 * Australian Showbusiness Ambassador
 * Won
 * Won

Personal life
Hogan and his first wife, Noelene Edwards, married in 1958. They separated and divorced in 1981 and remarried less than one year later. A second divorce, initiated in 1986, was considered one of Australia's ugliest celebrity divorces. Hogan married his Crocodile Dundee co-star Linda Kozlowski in 1990. He has five children with his first wife and one with his second wife. In October 2013, Kozlowski filed for divorce from Hogan, citing irreconcilable differences, with the divorce finalised in 2014.

Tax problems
From February 2003 until all charges were dropped in November 2010, Hogan faced a series of legal issues while under investigation by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) for tax evasion.

His legal troubles were made public in 2007 when Hogan was named as one of a group in connection to an AU$300 million Australian tax fraud investigation called Operation Wickenby, investigating 23 companies for allegedly using overseas companies to hide income. In July 2008, Hogan commented to Network Ten that he had "paid plenty of tax" in Australia and that he had nothing to fear from the ATO investigation.

In October 2008, Hogan scored a major victory in his tax fight with the Australian Crime Commission, who were forced to pay up to an estimated AU$5 million for legal bills dating back to 2006 and were required to return seized personal financial documents that they had admitted were irrelevant. Hogan had not been charged in connection with the investigation, which began in 2003.

On 18 June 2010, in the Australian High Court, Hogan lost a long-running legal battle to keep the contents of his tax documents secret, paving the way for details of his offshore accounts to be published. Earlier the same year, Australian media reported that the Australian Crime Commission was in the final stages of preparing to lay criminal charges of tax evasion against Hogan, film producer John Cornell and their accountant Anthony Stewart, who it suspected channelled millions of dollars from the proceeds of the film Crocodile Dundee and other films into offshore tax havens. The release of the documents was expected to help finalise the Tax Office's case.

On 20 August 2010, Hogan returned to Australia to attend his mother's funeral. Upon arrival, he was issued a Departure Prohibition Order by the ATO, which prevented him from leaving the country until his alleged tax debt was paid or settled. The nation's tax office said he owed taxes on AU$37.5 million of undeclared income. On 3 September, Hogan was granted permission to return to the U.S. through an agreement between his lawyers and Australian tax officials. Hogan continued to deny any wrongdoing.

In November 2010, the Australian Tax Office dropped its criminal investigation of Hogan and his business manager for tax evasion.

In January 2011, Hogan's lawyer announced that Hogan was suing the Australian government, stating that Hogan's "earning potential and reputation has been decimated". Hogan likened the Australian Tax Office to the Taliban and referred to staff as "a-holes".

In May 2012, it was announced that, following mediation before an ex–High Court judge, the entities settled with the Commissioner of Taxation in an agreement "without admission". The parties agreed that the terms of the settlement would remain confidential, but as part of the settlement, the Departure Prohibition Order was revoked by the Commissioner. As of April 2013, Hogan's financial advisor Stewart remained in a dispute with the Australian Tax Office.

Hogan reappeared in the media in April 2013, because of a AU$32.3 million issue with a Swiss bank run by the Geneva firm Strachans. Following the placement of the money in an offshore account for the purpose of tax avoidance, Hogan was unable to access the funds as of April 2013, and a United States court action by Hogan that sought AU$80 million in damages proved unsuccessful. Hogan publicly stated that he believes that Philip Egglishaw, the principal of Strachans and a former tax advisor to Hogan, had absconded with the money, and Hogan's American legal representative Schuyler "Sky" Moore filed corresponding documents in a Californian court based on this statement. On 18 April 2013, it was reported that Egglishaw denied the allegations of his former client.

In May 2017, Chris Jordan, Commissioner of Taxation, implied that in spite of Hogan's claim of victory over the ATO in 2012, Hogan paid "tens of millions of dollars" to settle the matter. In response, Hogan denied paying the ATO, and criticised Jordan for breaking the confidentiality clause of the 2012 agreement.

title: Paul Hogan


text:
Category:Melbourne

Melbourne is the capital city of the Australian State of Victoria.

title: Category:Melbourne


text:
Boa Vista, Roraima

Boa Vista (, literally Good View; figuratively "Fairview") is the capital of the Brazilian state of Roraima. Situated on the western bank of the Branco River, the city lies 220 km from Brazil's border with Venezuela. It is the only Brazilian state capital located entirely north of the equator.

Boa Vista is the most populous municipality in the state of Roraima; approximately half of the population of the state lives in the city. Commerce mostly occurs with Manaus, the capital of the State of Amazonas. Business also takes place between Boa Vista and with the cities of Lethem, in Guyana and Santa Elena de Uairén, in Venezuela. These two foreign cities are the only major cities that can be accessed from Boa Vista by road, although roads connect other smaller state municipalities with the capital city. Travel by airplane is the only means of transportation with other regions of the country.

As a modern city, Boa Vista stands out among the other capitals of the North Region of Brazil as it is a planned city with a radial plan. It was planned by the architect Darci Aleixo Derenusson who based his design for the city on one that is similar to that of Paris, France. The city was built under the direction of Captain Ene Garcez, the first governor of Roraima.

History
The municipality of Boa Vista formed the first urban area of the state of Roraima. The São Joaquim do Rio Branco Fort, founded in 1775, is located on the banks of the Uraricoera River about 32 km from the capital and is considered to be of great importance to the region.

The city was created on July 9, 1890, as Boa Vista do Rio Branco. It was founded by Augusto Villeroy (Amazonas's Governor). The first mayor was João Capistrano da Silva Mota, also known as Coronel Mota. After the mayor, two councillors (José Francisco Coelho and José Gonzaga de Souza Junior) were appointed.

In 1943, during the middle of World War II, Boa Vista became the capital of the recently created Federal Territory of Rio Branco. The territory grew from mining operations in the area. The then Federal Territory of Rio Branco was elevated to statehood, later being renamed as "Roraima". Later, machine-based mining was prohibited (because of the resulting damage to the landscape), which ended up hindering the economy of the state and the municipality.

In the 2010s, the crisis in Venezuela led to the population swelling by around 50,000 Venezuelan immigrants.

Economy
The GDP of the city was R$2,265,603,000 (2005).

The per capita income of the city was R$9,366 (2005).

Education
Portuguese is the official national language, and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions include:
 * Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR);
 * Instituto Federal de Roraima (IFRR);
 * Facudade Estácio Atual da Amazônia;
 * Faculdades Cathedral – Boa Vista (Cathedral-Boa Vista);
 * Faculdade de Teologia de Boa Vista (Fatebov)

Tourism and recreation

 * Anaua Park, a major recreational park is located in Boa Vista. It is the biggest park in the north region of Brazil. It has a Forrodromo (show place), a square, a lake and a kart-racing facility.
 * Taumanam is a small artificial beach on Rio Branco. It has several stores and snack bars, and was created in 2005.
 * The Ayrton Senna complex is the most visited tourist attraction in Boa Vista. It consists of Ayrton Senna, Velia Coutinho (Alimentation Square and a show place), Praça das Águas (a square where there is a water show), Millennium Portal (it was created to commemorate the 21st century), and Praça das Artes (the newest and the largest plazas in the complex).

Festa Junina (Saint John Festival)
Festa Junina was introduced to Northeastern Brazil by the Portuguese for whom St John's day (also celebrated as Midsummer Day in European countries), on 24 June, is one of the oldest and most popular celebrations of the year. The festivities traditionally begin after 12 June, on the eve of St Anthony's day, and last until the 29th, which is Saint Peter's day. During these fifteen days, there are bonfires, fireworks, and folk dancing in the streets (step names are in French, which shows the mutual influences between court life and peasant culture in the 17th, 18th, and 19th-century Europe). Once exclusively a rural celebration, today, in Brazil, it is now largely a city festival.

The Civic Center
The Civic Center, built in the form of an opened fan, starts from the banks of the Rio Branco. This design was created by the engineer Darci Aleixo Deregusson during Ene Garcez's government, the first of its kind in Roraima.

From the Civic Center runs a system of 16 avenues, with inspiration drawn from Paris, France, Belo Horizonte, and Goiânia, Brazil. In this square are the head offices of the Executive, Judicial and Legislative branches of the state government. Other buildings of significance are the Palace of Culture, the Amazônia Bank, the Ministry of Education, and a cathedral.

The civic center also has a monument to miners.

Demography
Initially, indigenous people were the only inhabitants of Boa Vista. Boa Vista had the highest growth rate of any Brazilian capital in the 1970s, at 3% per year. Immigrants were attracted to this city due to employment opportunities generated by public service jobs for Brazilians. General commercial opportunities attract immigrants from neighboring countries. In 1950 Boa Vista had about 5,200 inhabitants. This number grew 47-fold in only 56 years to approximately 250,000 inhabitants.

According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Boa Vista had more than 375,000 inhabitants in 2018. The city grew more than 10% in just one year due mainly to Venezuelan immigration.

Ethnic groups found in Boa Vista include: Amerindians, Portuguese, Africans, Germans, Venezuelans, Guyanese and Lebanese.

Sports
There are several professional football clubs in Boa Vista:
 * Atlético Roraima Clube
 * Baré Esporte Clube
 * Grêmio Atlético Sampaio (GAS)
 * São Raimundo Esporte Clube
 * River Esporte Clube
 * Atlético Rio Negro Clube
 * Náutico Futebol Clube

The city's most important stadium is Estádio Flamarion Vasconcelos, better known as Canarinho, located in the neighborhood of the same name, Canarinho. The stadium, which located in the southern part of Boa Vista, has a maximum capacity of 10,000 people.

Also located in Boa Vista is the Estádio Raimundo Ribeiro de Souza, better known as the Ribeirão, which is located in a suburb of the city.

Geography
The city is situated on the western bank of the Branco River, and it lies 220 km from Brazil's border with Venezuela. It is the only Brazilian state capital located entirely north of the equator.

Climate
Boa Vista experiences a tropical savanna climate (Koppen Aw), with a hot, humid wet season and a very warm dry season. Being the only major Brazilian city north of the equator, the wettest and driest months in Boa Vista are the reverse of the rest of the Amazonian region of Brazil, with a hot, humid, rainy period from April to November and a very warm, dry period from December to March. Temperature fluctuations are relatively small throughout the year.

The Maracá Ecological Station was established by presidential decree on 2 June 1981. The station consists of the island of Maracá between the Santa Rosa and Maracá branches of the Uraricoera River in the municipality of Boa Vista, and has an area of 101312 ha. The strictly protected area was established with the purpose of preserving a representative sample of the Amazon ecosystem.

International Airport
Boa Vista is served by Boa Vista-Atlas Brasil Cantanhede International Airport with direct flights to Brasília, Georgetown (Guyana), and Manaus. Boa Vista International Airport was opened on February 19, 1973, and underwent major remodelings in 1998 and 2009. The passenger terminal, runway and apron were all enlarged, and a separate taxiway was built.

Boa Vista Air Force Base - ALA7, one of the most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Boa Vista.

Highways
The federal government has started a project to link Boa Vista by road to Manaus and then by extension to the major centers of Brazil, by asphalting the BR-174 and building several bridges in the Amazon forest, allowing a direct road link to Manaus and then on over the BR-319 to the central regions of Brazil.

Notable people

 * Miquéias Fernandes (1950–2020), politician and pastor
 * Johnathan de Jesus (b. 1983), politician
 * Thiago Maia (b. 1997), footballer
 * Luiz Altamir Melo (b. 1996), swimmer
 * Shéridan Oliveira (b. 1984), politician and psychologist
 * Bianca Matte (b. 1990), Beauty Queen

title: Boa Vista, Roraima


text: Category:Shield volcanoes

title: Category:Shield volcanoes


text:
Category:Volcanoes

Volcanoes are usually mountains (sometimes islands, lakes, plateaus, calderas, seamounts or lava domes) that are formed when magma (liquid rock) wells up from inside the Earth. There are also analogous formations away from the Earth.

Many volcanoes are categorized both as volcanoes and other landforms, such as mountains (if qualified).

title: Category:Volcanoes


text:
Category:British politicians

 * This category lists politicians of the United Kingdom and predecessor states. Most, but not all, have been involved in the politics of the United Kingdom, while others have acted elsewhere. For individuals who have held office in the political institutions of the UK (regardless of nationality), refer to Category:Political office-holders in the United Kingdom

title: Category:British politicians


text:
Category:Maryland

For neighboring states see also the following categories: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia and West Virginia.

title: Category:Maryland


text:
Category:Hawaii

For style guide information, see Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles.

Hawaii is the 50th State of the United States and is located in the central Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu. This category contains Wikipedia articles relating to Hawaii. See also Hawaiian Islands.

title: Category:Hawaii