text:
Talk:Philip the Arab

Untitled
The caption of one of the figures says "Rock-face relief at Naqsh-e Rustam of Shapur I (on horseback) with Philip the Arab and Emperor Valerian kneeling in surrender to the Persian king.". However this is historically impossible, since Philip was emperor from 244 to 249, and Valerian was captured by Shapur in 260. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FRZH (talk • contribs) 08:24, 20 September 2018 (UTC)

In fact, nowadays most scholars think that Gordian was wounded in the battle against Sapor and died shortly after. So, Philip did not kill him. Very piously, he built a huge mausoleum to his emperor. See D. Macdonald, "The Death of Gordian III. Another Tradition", Historia, 30, 1980 ; B. Bleckmann, "Die Reichskrise des III Jahrhunderts in der spätantiken, etc.", München 1991 ; X. Loriot, "Les premières années de la grande crise, etc.", ANRW II, 2.

Why was he called "the Arab"? Anyone knows? --Nahum 21:18, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

He was of Arab ethnicity. Kuralyov 03:07, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC) 75.90.18.177 (talk) 16:31, 12 August 2008 (UTC)The same reason why anyone called an Arab; Arabic was his mother tongue. It was already a common language of the region.

No, no, no. They call him arab because they do not want you to know or even to think that he was in fact a black man. Look at the guy's hair. He has an early 80's afro. Arabs usualy do not have one. They call him arab to decieve, nothing more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.88.6 (talk) 23:47, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Afro? Nearly everyone looks like that on busts with short hair. However, his facial features do make him to resemble more of a black person a la Denzel Washington than any Arab I've ever seen.StevenJac (talk) 06:12, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Allknower identified!
The text says:
 * The uprising was crushed and Philip nominated Gaius Messius Quintus Decius as governor of the province. Future events would prove this to be a mistake. Pacantius' revolt was not the only threat to his rule: in the East, Marcus Iotapianus led another uprising in response to the oppressive rule of Priscus and the excessive taxation of the Eastern provinces.

I underlined what I consider rubbish. You cannot predict anything in retrospect unless you made a documented statement beforehand, that proves that you already predicted beforehand. Otherwise it becomes just a matter of imagination. It could very well be that Phil knowingly made a bad decision because the alternatives were worse, or that events that none could foresee, created the new rebellion (however unlikely). If we weren't there ourselves, we can't in retrospect evaluate acts and motivations of other people that had other facts available, unless we go there and simply ask them. Said: Rursus 09:42, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Philipnote.JPG
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Oracle
I've moved the following bit to the talk page:
 * "Arabic oracles speak of a local Sheikh, Uthaina, who was reported to have risen from the ranks to command the Eastern armies of the Roman Empire. This strengthens the possibility of Philip's Arab descent to some degree."

The information was added by an anonymous user quite a while ago and has been challenged but unreferenced for four months. If anybody has heard of what those Arabic oracles went on about, please feel free to add the ref. Trigaranus (talk) 18:33, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

The source is: Zahran, Yasmine. 2001. Philip the Arab: A Study in Prejudice. The Arabian library. London, UK: Stacey. ISBN 9781900988285

I don't think this is relevant to the page however. Many historians agree he was Arab since... he was born in an Arab city, and the epitaph is pretty revealing. No need for this oracle business. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 11:49, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Notice
Just a heads-up. I've been working on a "Philip the Arab and Christianity" article in my userspace here. Geuiwogbil (Talk) 19:06, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I've moved it to mainspace now. It's at Philip the Arab and Christianity. Geuiwogbil (Talk) 09:18, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Philippus I Arabs?
What is the source for this spelling? It does seem to occur in German texts, apparently as an abbreviation for Latin Arabus, but there does not appear to be a real citation for the use of this form in English. But even were it a legitimate German form, we should no more describe it as an English form than ''Philippe l'Arabe ''. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:42, 25 November 2010 (UTC)
 * There's nothing German about that spelling there. The inhabitants of Arabia were called Arabes, sg. Arabs in Latin; a variant with vocalic ending was also sometimes used (Arabi, Arabus), though more rarely, for all I know. The word and the people probably entered Roman vision & vocab via Greek, in which the word is Ἄραψ, -βoς. (Greek did not normally use an -oς / -ου variant, as far as I know, as αραβος was a pre-existing Greek noun meaning "rattle" or sth. similar.) Trigaranus (talk) 16:31, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Seriously, I do not want to have to source that thing. It's a word, you will find it in a dictionary. Trigaranus (talk) 16:33, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Now you've seriously peed on my leg there, Mr Anderson. I had been sitting in my room, waiting for my pizza dough to rise, and got guests coming in an hour or so. Because of your great sense of "Let us manly defend WP against all that Latin", I had to take the bloody first book on the Roman Near East in my room that I could get my hands on and bloody check the index!
 * If you are unsure (and if you are still feeling... raw about it), go and have a look at Henry Innes MacAdam, "Geography, Urbanisation and Settlement Patterns in the Roman Near East", Aldershot, 2002 (ISBN 0-86078-877-6, Library of Congress Control No. 2001098289), p. 255. But I do NOT want that quote or any other in the article text itself, and neither should you.
 * There is a line to what information we should consider problematic / disputable enough to require a source, and that line is drawn far, far beyond common Latin words that anybody (including yourself) could check in their dictionaries. So you initially believed this to be a "Germanism" because you hadn't seen it before. No big deal. I even appreciate your being bold about these things, but you can also trust those people who have been looking after this article the past few years to have some common sense in them. We do most definitely not need a quotation for this. What is the idea? Do we have to source the fact that Ptolemy I was called "Soter" and not "The Saviour"? I can tell you right now you are going to find both forms in English scholarly prose, just as with Philip the Arab and Philippus Arabs. Trigaranus (talk) 16:56, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Aw, I see where the problem lies: it's the numeral! In Latin times of course, he was called Maior and his son, Philippus II, Minor. So if you want to get rid of the numeral, be my guest. I thought you had taken umbrage at the Latin ethnonym! Trigaranus (talk) 17:17, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The Latin (or rather Greek) ethnonym without the numeral is verifiable, although it is a Germanism; Arabus is also found. Both are uncommon; and I have edited to fit. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:29, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, I think Trigaranus has a point that if anything it's more of a Graecism (ἄραψ) than a Germanism. It's no abbreviation, and considering just "philippus arabs" vs. "philippus arabus" I get a 17100:174 disproportion on Google Books.  So unless I'm missing something I'd tend to the conclusion that Arabs is the better form.  Wareh (talk) 00:27, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Apart from in this article, I had never even seen him called "Arabus" anywhere. I actually thought "Arabus" was normally only an adjective, to be honest. And it's not even a Graecism, the inflection is perfectly straightforward Latin third declension. Trigaranus (talk) 12:05, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
 * They're both adjectives - ethnonyms are by nature adjectives in the classical languages; Romanus is still an adjective when used in Clemens Romanus. Latin endings on Greek words are customary: consider Aeneam - but in both cases there are exceptions: Ovid uses a Greek form: palmiferos Arabas Panchaeaque rura relinquit.  Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:47, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

The Latin form "Arabs" (but without Roman numeral) appeared in the first sentence until September 2017: then it was changed anonymously to "Arabus". See new discussion "Arabs/Arabus" below. Andrew Dalby 15:04, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Unsourced material
This article has a number of statements that I cannot verify in any published source. These include:
 * "he had family who had originated in the Arabian peninsula, and who were believed to be distant descendants of the prestigious Baleed family of Aleppo";
 * "it is documented that Rome used the Ghassan tribe from the Azd of Yemen as vassals to keep the neighboring northern Arabs in check";
 * "according to numismatic evidence they had a daughter called Julia Severa or Severina, whom the ancient Roman sources don't mention";
 * "Philip became a member of the Praetorian Guard during the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus"

Unless someone can provide some reliable secondary source that confirms these statements, I shall delete them in the coming days as I am updating the article very shortly. Oatley2112 (talk) 22:09, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I pretty much doubt there are. I've checked for two of them ( and ) and it of course turned out that they were added by the extremely helpful anonymous contributors to the article. (Yaay.) The one with the Praetorian Guard does not seem unreasonable as a career, but I don't think there is any ancient author confirming this. Trigaranus (talk) 23:32, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah I thought as much. Agree about the Praetorian Guard, but making the claim that it specifically occured under the reign of Alexander Severus is something that should have a specific source or be deleted. I mean, it may have equally occured under the reign of Maximinus Thrax or even Gordian III, if it happened at all. Oatley2112 (talk) 04:30, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Good job, thanks! Trigaranus (talk) 06:09, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Historia Augusta sourced material
One of the references cites the Historia Augusta, Since the Historia Augusta is a hoax, we probably need to remove claims sourced to it, directly, or indirectly. I'm not sure how to identify secondary sources using the Historia Augusta, but they ought to be removed as well. [One place the RS standards get in the way - having both PS and SS for each source would help]. 71.191.233.216 (talk) 17:06, 25 July 2012 (UTC)"
 * It's not that simple. While the Historia Augusta (HA) is a hoax, there is still enormous debate amongst historians about how much of the material is based upon legitimate sources, and without doubt there are nuggets of truth buried within it - even someone like Ronald Syme, who takes the minimilist position, acknowedges that much, and his position is by no means accepted by all historians. And there are certain things which we take as fact that are only mentioned in the HA, such as the Antonine Wall being built by Antoninus Pius. So we cannot completely dismiss the HA as a source. That being said, it should be treated with extreme caution, and should be used only when verified by a secondary source. In the case of Philip, the lack of any other primary material makes a reliance upon the HA somewhat unavoidable. However, there is currently only one reference to the HA in the article, which is Philip's use of men and creatures from Gordian III's planned Persian Triumph for the one thousand year anniversary of the foundation of the city. I don't believe this fact is disputed by any current historian. Oatley2112 (talk) 23:09, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Bas Relief Error
The bas relief depicting Philip the Arab and a supposed Valerian is erroneous - Valerian's capture came almost 20 years after Philip's death, so any suggestion that the bas relief depicts Philip's handing over of Valerian in some form is false. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.31.138.237 (talk) 22:37, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

The Arabic Translation Exists for a Reason......
Somebody keeps deleting the Arabic translation, or at least does so from time to time.

I seriously do not think I would have to post this, but I will do so before getting into a edit war.

Arabic may not have been the official language of Syria at the of Philip the Arab's reign, but Philip the Arab was an ARAB, and is a noted figure among both Arab World history AND Roman History, regardless of whether he spoke Arabic or not and even I highly doubt that Philip ever spoke Arabic or a dialect of it since Arabs in the Roman Empire were very Latinized people.

Arabic is the language of Syria, TODAY and Philip the Arab is AN IMPORTANT HISTORICAL FIGURE IN SYRIA. So an Arabic translation for one IS necessary not to mention that its Wikipedia tradition to post people's names in the respective language of their ethnic group or even nationality (in this case). PacificWarrior101 (talk) 21:13, 12 August 2013 (UTC)PacificWarrior101

But Philip the Arab was not an Arab. What the Romans called Arabs were actually Syrians. Ancient Syrians were not the same people as modern Syrians. Modern Syrians are descended from the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, whereas ancient Syrians were descended from Nabataeans, Canaanites, Aramaeans, Assyrians, etc. The descendants of the ancient Syrians who are still alive today are the Assyrian people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.24.158.132 (talk) 02:52, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

 * This is one of the most ridiculous comments I've seen. Romans knew the difference between different populations and knew what an Arab was, and according to both written and epigraphical evidence much of Syria was inhabited by Arabs, starting in the 9th c. BC and becoming a major ethnic element by the late first century BC. During Philip's time Arabs were living in many Syrian cities and had done so for centuries, and just below Syria the province of Arabia was described as the country of the Arabs. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 11:59, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

 * In fact Arabs were among the native Syrian populations who defended AGAINST the Assyrian Invasion of Syria. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 12:05, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

 * The Nabataeans are descended from the Arabian Thamud, so that makes them ARAB. PacificWarrior101 (talk) 17:50, 25 February 2014 (UTC)PacificWarrior101

 * You can say whatever, though. That's why we require all claims to be sourceable and citable.  Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 20:55, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Actually Til Eulensipegel  History tells us that there were a people known as the nabeteans who lived in Syria and the jabal druze area infact during Alexanders empire greek Scholars mentions a king named Obed who fights him from the nabatae  who fought the greek invasion off and another thing Evidence shows That there was an Admixture between the Arabs and the Syrians at that time period kingdoms like hatra were around so please don't lie ok thank you?ArabAmazigh12 (talk) 15:35, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

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"Throne"?
We don't usually refer to the emperors sitting on thrones, do we? I'd suggest changing the name of this section. - Eponymous-Archon (talk) 16:41, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

Philip the Arab
The source used in this article by Bowersock clearly indicates that the Emperor was of Arab background so there's clearly a contradiction between what this article states and what Bowersock says. GoulGoul1 (talk) 16:35, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Fixed.--Dipa1965 (talk) 17:22, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

This article has been the subject of massive vandalism from ahistorical anti-Arab editors. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 12:07, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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Religious beliefs
"According to Eusebius (Ecc. Hist. VI. 34), Philip was a Christian ..."

Eusebius writes: "It is reported that he, being a Christian (κατέχει λόγος Χριστιανὸν ὄντα)", "It is said (λέγεται) that he obeyed" but not "he was a Christian". Pilot Pirx (talk) 11:19, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

Eusebius references Philip in FIVE different passages, the first three of which explicitly call him Christian. In any case there's a whole separate article for this. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 12:08, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

That sentence has been analyzed by many historians, please see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Arab_and_Christianity Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 13:12, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

None of the sources cited really say Philip the Arab was an "ethnic arab" and the disruptive edits on ancient personalities of Syro-Phoenician descent will be reported
Philip the Arabian is cited in his wikipage as being an "ethnic arab" and five sources are cited that supposedly say Philip was an ethnic Arab but when you look up those sources none really say that.

Source 1 on page 121 does not say that, it actually just says that he was an "Arab" not an "ethnic arab", https://books.google.se/books?id=L4NBigJ3NF4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bowersock,+Glen+(1994).+Roman+Arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj687b3h7PvAhVus4sKHau2AoIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=Philip&f=false

Source 2 on page 418 actually says "It is unlikely that Philip felt in any way "Arab" in the modern sense of the word" https://books.google.se/books?id=73-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA418&lpg=PA418&dq=both+the+Severan+emperors+and+Philip+the+Arab+often+depict+Syrian+deities,+such+as+Hadad+and+Atargatis),+it+is+impossible+to&source=bl&ots=nSMhFS2tBL&sig=ACfU3U18NJ1bWW-zQx-jZy7UOX0BeEJ3QQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS_-_-iLPvAhUupIsKHRyHBUAQ6AEwAHoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=both%20the%20Severan%20emperors%20and%20Philip%20the%20Arab%20often%20depict%20Syrian%20deities%2C%20such%20as%20Hadad%20and%20Atargatis)%2C%20it%20is%20impossible%20to&f=false

Source 3 in page 36 the author says "If Septimus Severus was part Arab and part Christian, Philip was wholly Arab and wholly Christian" https://books.google.se/books?redir_esc=y&id=W4H97SA6pMAC&q=Philip#v=snippet&q=Philip%20Arab&f=false which is totally inaccurate since Severus was not part Arab and the author is mistaking Arab with Punic-Phoenician here.

Source 4, the least credible of the sources since Britannica Online here https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-Roman-emperor does not cite an actual author/historian cited for such claim, says "Philip was of Arab descent" (although the claim that "Philip was of Arab descent" doesn't necessarily mean Britannica is saying he was an "ethnic Arab" but of "Arab descent")

Source 5, on page 88 says that Philip was an Arab from the Transjordan area in https://books.google.se/books?redir_esc=y&id=sP_2-y9zKfgC&q=Philip+Arab#v=onepage&q=Philippus%20Arab&f=false but it also doesnt actually says he was an "ethnic Arab"

Not only do none of these sources really say Philip the Arab was an ethnic Arab or even that he himself identified as an Arab, but other sources that are not cited claim he was of Syro-Phoenician descent:

Various historians affirming that his cognomen "Arabus" has nothing to with him being an ethnic Arab/ethnic Bedouin or him ever identifying as one such as page 284 in https://books.google.se/books? id=fXzC52bDVdgC&pg=PA284&dq=Julius+Philippus+native+of+Bostra+Arab+Bedouin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihpKiog7PvAhXRK3cKHVhEDtsQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Julius%20Philippus%20native%20of%20Bostra%20Arab%20Bedouin&f=false

and page 271 herehttps://books.google.se/books?id=WJcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA271&dq=Julius+Philippus+Roman+Arabia+Syrian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjinfzAhLPvAhXGAxAIHazwBOcQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=Julius%20Philippus%20Roman%20Arabia%20Syrian&f=false

In page 18 of the book "Philip the Arab: A Study in Prejudice with link https://books.google.se/books?id=MmdoAAAAMAAJ&q=the+epithet+Arab+is+joined+to+Philip+slaves&dq=the+epithet+Arab+is+joined+to+Philip+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO2sO9hrPvAhXBlYsKHb9vAycQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg author Yāsamīn Zahrān states and I quote:

"The epithet 'Arab' is joined to Philip's name in a pejorative sense. The word was a term of abuse, had unpleasant connotations to a civilized man, and was a common name for slaves. 2 In the Sibylline oracle, Philip is called 'Syrian' instead of 'Arabian', disregarding the Roman administrative units: Coele Syria"

This source on page 70 identifies Philip the Arab as ethnically Syrian are https://books.google.se/books?id=5-MJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=Emperor+Philip+the+Arab+Syrian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixpO2Ph7PvAhVOtIsKHbAkB2gQ6AEwAXoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=Emperor%20Philip%20the%20Arab%20Syrian&f=false

This source in page 50 also says Philip the Arab was the son of a native Syrian https://books.google.se/books?id=xTVmAAAAMAAJ&dq=Emperor+Philip+the+Arab+Syrian&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Philip+Syrian

User User: Julia Domna Ba'al is going around cherry picking sources violating WP:CHERRYPICKING and distorting what the sources the user adds to cite her disruptive edits actually say violating WP:DISRUPTSIGNS and WP:OR in order to push her Arabist/Arabism agenda and get away with her cultural appropriation of ancient personalities of Syro-Phoenician descent/origin to make it seem as if it is an ethnically Arab legacy. In almost of all the "citations" the user does, the user doesnt link the source so that it can be verified easily and the disruptive editing less easily seen and reported.

User: Julia Domna Ba'al and other meat puppet editors and tag teammates of this user have done the same on a lot of the personalities of Phoenician/Syro-Phoenician descent from Hellenized Phoenicia and Roman Syria/Roman Phoenicia for quite a while now by taking away their Syro-Phoenician ancestry from their Wikipages and/or adding that they were "Arab", "ethnic Arab", "Nabatean" or "Syrian" (while linking it to todays Syrians which is not the same as Syro-Phoenician) while adding "sources" that supposedly say that as can be seen as well many many of their edits.

All the personalities from Hellenized or Roman Phoenicia and of Phoenician, Punic, Sabian (which has been established they were originally from Mount Lebanon and Baalbeck by plenty of authors) on which this "Arab", "ethnic Arab", "Nabatean" or "Syrian (linking to todays Syrians not Syro-Phoeniians) is being added by User: Julia Domna Ba'al and the user's teammates are also being listed in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians#Notable_people and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syrians#Leaders_and_politicians as if their ancient Syro-Phoenician ancestry is the same as todays Syrians which is incorrect and disruptive editing to steal the ancient Syro-Phoenician legacy and achievements for their Arab and today's Syrians friends.

This disruptive editing on these ancient personalities Wikipages have been going on for quite a while now and User: Julia Domna Ba'al and the other editors making this WP:DISRUPTSIGNSand WP:OR violations are being reported. Chris O' Hare (talk) 21:12, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

---

 * :Sources call him Arab, you say that doesn't mean he's an ethnic Arab (despite Arab being an ethnicity). Yet when a source calls him Syrian (a geographic designation), you force it to be an ethnicity.
 * :The books at the end are not published by reliable sources according to wikipedia standards anyway.
 * :You lied about the sources. Severus was not called Arab. He was explicitly called Phoenician. His wife was an Arab, and her family was Arab, so his children were "part" Arab (from their mother's side, not Severus'). The emperor who was part Arab and part Christian was Alexander Severus, not Septimius Severus. You did not read the book you just quoted, you got that from google and only reading one sentence.
 * :You are frantically googling and cherry picking sources that agree with your preset results, instead of examining evidence and reaching a conclusion. Your editing and motive is cynical, and you've been warned before - Wikipedia is not about speed and forcing POV; it's about deep exegesis of strong, reliable, sources. It's not as simple as copy pasting one sentence from one source that you misunderstood.
 * :You made a long rant misrepresenting me and you went to the admin board to attack me personally and call for me to get banned. I can easily flip this on you and not just for the personal attacks, but you're a sockpuppet and you and/or your friends (talking via email and outside wikipedia) have been harassing me for over a year now (completely turning me off from editing), and I have evidence of it. I will let this one time slide because I don't want to spend more time than I already have, so please don't make me do it. Wikipedia shouldn't be a forum of editors fighting its each other for years. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 04:24, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

---

I'm sorry but I just read the whole thing. You are lying. I always provide sources and engage in discussion. Philip has five verifiable sources. Domna has over a dozen (overkill). Same for Emesan dynasty. I never touched articles like Alexander Severus and Julia Mamaea adding to them the Arab element, even if it's easy, because I don't want to get into arguments. This is what wikipedia is now, ethnic fights and who has more time to waste arguing instead of adding accurate information. If I truly had an agenda why wouldn't I add to these articles the Arab element (using the same sources that are wikipedia compliant)? I was harassed. My facebook account was found and I was threatened of being doxxed, I've been attacked on gender and racial grounds. I never broke wikipedia rules. In ALL the discussions I have no one was with me while I was talking to 5-10 people (actually 1-3). The only time anyone stood by me was admins who agreed and who banned the other "side" for sockpuppetry and disruptive editing. You are taking things you do and wrongly applying them onto me. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 07:21, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

---

ok you've just been banned for a week. I hope you learn how to read what you post next time. For example "Philip the Arab: A Study in Prejudice", which you use as a main source, says: "The rise of Philip, an Arab of a peripheral tribe in Arabia, to the throne of the Ceasars in the millennium of the birth of the Roman Empire, was a momentous event in Islamic history". Needless to say this is not even close to being a reliable source. Wikipedia is more than writing what you WANT to be true on google then copy pasting whatever shows up. See you later.Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 15:16, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

If you think that block will affect me You must be living in a fantasy, i have literally tons of extended confirmed user accounts. If you think I will let you continue your disruptive Pan-Arabist Pan-Syrian agendas in this platform and also stealing the Lebanese/Phoenician legacy you’re living in fantasy. your inferiority complex is pathetic. BTW your Facebook account will be hacked this week. Sidoc (talk) 15:45, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Openly admiting to socking and threatening people isn't exactly going to make anyone want to side with you.★Trekker (talk) 15:56, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Why would anyone "side" with them even before that? Rhetorical question, I know why, and you do too. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 16:56, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I honestly have no familarity with this subject. I just felt I had to express my facepalming at Sidoc's stupid comment.★Trekker (talk) 19:50, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ★Trekker, You don't need to know anything about the topic to recognize obvious trolling, POV pushing, and disruptive behavior. The only reason people are pretending to be balanced is because they want him to be right since this involves an Arab figure. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 11:19, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I think everyone related to the Greece and Rome Wikiproject has been in agreement with you throughout the trouble with this page. Furius (talk) 15:12, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * That's really cool. I'm glad. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 15:14, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * What on Earth has Philip got to do with Phoenician identity? Hacking my FB? LOL. you'd be doing me a favor, delete your simping in my inbox when you do. Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 16:56, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't think the sentence "It is accepted by historians that Philip was indeed an ethnic Arab." is needed at all. It's written just before that he was born in Syria, in the province of Arabia. The sentence above looks like it was written to make a point. T8612  (talk) 16:02, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it is needed since it's the #1 question on google about him. And because the ethnicity of every other emperor (or person) is clearly laid out. Also being born in Arabia is not the same as being Arab. And his city was only incorporated into Arabia during Severus' time, when Arabia expanded at the expense of Syria, meaning if he was born 30 years earlier he would've been born in the province of Syria. Hawran was only made part of Syria in the first place due to geographic reasons (same reason it's part of syria today), but then in spite of that became part of arabia due to its strong Arab element (which preceded the birth of Philip by over a millennium). Julia Domna Ba'al (talk) 16:07, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

 * While I am not very well-versed in this issue, it is relatively clear that Chris O'Hare/Sidoc is really insulting and is here to WP:RGW. HalfdanRagnarsson (talk) 15:19, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Arabs/Arabus
The Latin name "Philippus 'Arabus'" appeared in the first sentence. Since this spelling seemed likely to be an error, I checked a Latin source and found, as I expected, "Philippus 'Arabs'". I see that the 'u' was inserted anonymously in 2017. I've made the correction in the first sentence and footnoted the source I used. There could well be other Latin sources confirming it, but this is the one I found.

It strikes me that it might be better to repeat this Latin name later in the article and attach the footnote to it there. After all, noting the discussion above, there would be a reason to say exactly what the Latin textual evidence is ("Arabs" is a Latin ethnonym) in the course of discussing what modern authors say about his ethnicity. Andrew Dalby 15:32, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Much to be improved in the citations, & the explanatory footnotes can be split into their own section
Many of the citations are inadequate as the books lack ISBN & OCLC numbers, & there are URLs missing from at least one citation for a TV program. Additionally, there are extensive quotes that should have been explanatory footnotes with citations rather than citations with long quotes. I plan to rectify these. Peaceray (talk) 00:22, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

The term Arab designates a way of life of lawless nomads, not an ethnic group.
The term Arabic seems to disturb you because you sincerely believe that it designates an ethnic group. Outside, the Arab word designates a way of life of nomads without faith or law. It wasn't until centuries later that the term was ethnicized to make up a history of Islam. In the Middle Ages, the word was often used as an insult to a group of people. https://apuleius.net/the-origin-of-the-arabian-people-in-islamic-history/ Adbouz (talk) 09:35, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip the Arab


text:
Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and can reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used medications are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers.

Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2018, the best available evidence favors low-dose thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old.

Diuretics
Diuretics help the kidneys eliminate excess salt and water from the body's tissues and blood.
 * Loop diuretics:
 * bumetanide
 * ethacrynic acid
 * furosemide
 * torsemide
 * Thiazide diuretics:
 * epitizide
 * hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide
 * bendroflumethiazide
 * methyclothiazide
 * polythiazide
 * Thiazide-like diuretics:
 * indapamide
 * chlorthalidone
 * metolazone
 * xipamide
 * clopamide
 * Potassium-sparing diuretics:
 * amiloride
 * triamterene
 * spironolactone
 * eplerenone

In the United States, the JNC8 (Eighth Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure) recommends thiazide-type diuretics to be one of the first-line drug treatments for hypertension, either as monotherapy or in combination with calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. There are fixed-dose combination drugs, such as ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations. Despite thiazides being cheap and effective, they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs. This is because they have been associated with increased risk of new-onset diabetes and as such are recommended for use in patients over 65, for whom the risk of new-onset diabetes is outweighed by the benefits of controlling systolic blood pressure. Another theory is that they are off-patent and thus rarely promoted by the drug industry.

Medications that are classified as potassium-sparing diuretics which block the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), such as amiloride and triamterene, are seldom prescribed as monotherapy. ENaC blocker medications need stronger public evidence for their blood pressure reducing effect.

Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in artery walls, resulting in the relaxation of muscle cells and vasodilation.
 * dihydropyridines:
 * amlodipine
 * barnidipine
 * cilnidipine
 * clevidipine
 * felodipine
 * isradipine
 * lercanidipine
 * levamlodipine
 * nicardipine
 * nifedipine
 * nimodipine
 * nisoldipine
 * nitrendipine
 * non-dihydropyridines:
 * diltiazem
 * verapamil

The 8th Joint National Committee (JNC-8) recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first-line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with thiazide-type diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists for all patients regardless of age or race.

The ratio of CCBs' anti-proteinuria effect, non-dihydropyridine to dihydropyridine was 30 to −2. The anti-proteinuria effect of non-dihydropyridine is due to better selectivity during glomerular filtration and/or a lower perfusion rate through the renal system.

Notable side effects of CCBs include edema, flushing in the face, headache, drowsiness, and dizziness.

ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated ACE inhibitors significantly reduced doubling of serum creatinine levels compared to other drugs (ARBs, α blockers, β blockers, etc.), and the authors suggested this as a first line of defense. The AASK trial showed that ACE inhibitors are more effective at slowing down the decline of kidney function compared to calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. As such, ACE inhibitors should be the drug treatment of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease regardless of race or diabetic status.
 * captopril
 * enalapril
 * fosinopril
 * lisinopril
 * moexipril
 * perindopril
 * quinapril
 * ramipril
 * trandolapril
 * benazepril

However, ACE inhibitors (and angiotensin II receptor antagonists) should not be a first-line treatment for black hypertensives without chronic kidney disease. Results from the ALLHAT trial showed that thiazide-type diuretics and calcium channel blockers were both more effective as monotherapy in improving cardiovascular outcomes compared to ACE inhibitors for this subgroup. Furthermore, ACE inhibitors were less effective in reducing blood pressure and had a 51% higher risk of stroke in black hypertensives when used as initial therapy compared to a calcium channel blocker. There are fixed-dose combination drugs, such as ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations.

Notable side effects of ACE inhibitors include dry cough, high blood levels of potassium, fatigue, dizziness, headaches, loss of taste and a risk for angioedema.

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin receptors. In 2004, an article in the BMJ examined the evidence for and against the suggestion that angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack). The matter was debated in 2006 in the medical journal of the American Heart Association. There is no consensus on whether ARBs have a tendency to increase MI, but there is also no substantive evidence to indicate that ARBs are able to reduce MI.
 * azilsartan
 * candesartan
 * eprosartan
 * irbesartan
 * losartan
 * olmesartan
 * telmisartan
 * valsartan
 * fimasartan

In the VALUE trial, the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan produced a statistically significant 19% (p=0.02) relative increase in the prespecified secondary end point of myocardial infarction (fatal and non-fatal) compared with amlodipine.

The CHARM-alternative trial showed a significant +52% (p=0.025) increase in myocardial infarction with candesartan (versus placebo) despite a reduction in blood pressure.

As a consequence of AT1 blockade, ARBs increase angiotensin II levels several-fold above baseline by uncoupling a negative-feedback loop. Increased levels of circulating Angiotensin II result in unopposed stimulation of the AT2 receptors, which are, in addition upregulated. Recent data suggest that AT2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial than previously proposed and may even be harmful under certain circumstances through mediation of growth promotion, fibrosis, and hypertrophy, as well as proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects.

ARBs happens to be the favorable alternative to ACE inhibitors if the hypertensive patients with the heart failure type of reduced ejection fraction treated with ACEis was intolerant of cough, angioedema other than hyperkalemia or chronic kidney disease.

Adrenergic receptor antagonists
Beta-blockers can block beta-1 adrenergic receptors and/or beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block beta-1-adrenergic receptors prevent the binding of endogenous catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine), which ultimately reduces blood pressure through decreasing renin and cardiac output release. Those that block beta-2-adrenergic receptors reduce blood pressure through increased relaxation of smooth muscle.

Alpha-blockers can block alpha-1 adrenergic receptors and/or alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Those that block alpha-1-adrenergic receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells prevent vasoconstriction. Blockade of alpha-2-adrenergic receptors prevents the negative feedback mechanism of norepinephrine (NE). Non-selective alpha-blockers generate a balance whereby alpha-2-blockers release NE to reduce the vasodilation effects induced by alpha-1-blockers.
 * Beta blockers
 * acebutolol
 * atenolol
 * bisoprolol
 * betaxolol
 * carteolol
 * carvedilol
 * labetalol
 * metoprolol
 * nadolol
 * nebivolol
 * oxprenolol
 * penbutolol
 * pindolol
 * propranolol
 * timolol
 * Alpha blockers:
 * doxazosin
 * chlorpromazine
 * phentolamine
 * indoramin
 * phenoxybenzamine
 * prazosin
 * terazosin
 * tolazoline
 * urapidil
 * Mixed Alpha + Beta blockers:
 * bucindolol
 * carvedilol
 * labetalol
 * clonidine (indirectly)

Although beta blockers lower blood pressure, they do not have a positive benefit on endpoints as some other antihypertensives do. In particular, beta-blockers are no longer recommended as first-line treatment due to relative adverse risk of stroke and new-onset of type 2 diabetes when compared to other medications, while certain specific beta-blockers such as atenolol appear to be less useful in overall treatment of hypertension than several other agents. A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated β-blockers increased the risk of mortality, compared to other antihypertensive therapies. They do, however, have an important role in the prevention of heart attacks in people who have already had a heart attack. In the United Kingdom, the June 2006 "Hypertension: Management of Hypertension in Adults in Primary Care" guideline of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, downgraded the role of beta-blockers due to their risk of provoking type 2 diabetes.

Despite lowering blood pressure, alpha blockers have significantly poorer endpoint outcomes than other antihypertensives, and are no longer recommended as a first-line choice in the treatment of hypertension. However, they may be useful for some men with symptoms of prostate disease.

Vasodilators
Vasodilators act directly on the smooth muscle of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move more easily through them; they are only used in hypertensive emergencies or when other drugs have failed, and even so are rarely given alone.

Sodium nitroprusside, a very potent, short-acting vasodilator, is most commonly used for the quick, temporary reduction of blood pressure in emergencies (such as malignant hypertension or aortic dissection). Hydralazine and its derivatives are also used in the treatment of severe hypertension, although they should be avoided in emergencies. They are no longer indicated as first-line therapy for high blood pressure due to side effects and safety concerns, but hydralazine remains a drug of choice in gestational hypertension.

Renin inhibitors
Renin comes one level higher than angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin–angiotensin system. Renin inhibitors can therefore effectively reduce hypertension. Aliskiren (developed by Novartis) is a renin inhibitor which has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of hypertension.

Aldosterone receptor antagonist
Aldosterone receptor antagonists, also known as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) can lower blood pressure by blocking the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Spironolactone and eplerenone are MRAs that causes a block in the reabsorption of sodium, resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.
 * eplerenone
 * spironolactone

Aldosterone receptor antagonists are not recommended as first-line agents for blood pressure, but spironolactone and eplerenone are both used in the treatment of heart failure and resistant hypertension.

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
Central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha-receptors in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing blood flow. These alpha 2 receptors are known as autoreceptors which provide negative feedback in neurotransmission (in this case, the vasoconstriction effects of adrenaline). Central alpha agonists, such as clonidine, are usually prescribed when all other anti-hypertensive medications have failed. For treating hypertension, these drugs are usually administered in combination with a diuretic.
 * clonidine
 * guanabenz
 * guanfacine
 * methyldopa
 * moxonidine

Adverse effects of this class of drugs include sedation, drying of the nasal mucosa and rebound hypertension upon discontinuation.

Some indirect anti-adrenergics are rarely used in treatment-resistant hypertension:
 * guanethidine – replaces norepinephrine in vesicles, decreasing its tonic release
 * mecamylamine – antinicotinic and ganglion blocker
 * reserpine – indirect via irreversible VMAT inhibition

For the most resistant and severe disease, oral minoxidil (Loniten) in combination with a diuretic and β-blocker or other sympathetic nervous system suppressants may be used.

Endothelium receptor blockers
Bosentan belongs to a new class of drugs and works by blocking endothelin receptors. It is specifically indicated only for the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.

Choice of initial medication
For mild blood pressure elevation, consensus guidelines call for medically supervised lifestyle changes and observation before recommending initiation of drug therapy. However, according to the American Hypertension Association, evidence of sustained damage to the body may be present even prior to observed elevation of blood pressure. Therefore, the use of hypertensive medications may be started in individuals with apparent normal blood pressures but who show evidence of hypertension-related nephropathy, proteinuria, atherosclerotic vascular disease, as well as other evidence of hypertension-related organ damage.

If lifestyle changes are ineffective, then drug therapy is initiated, often requiring more than one agent to effectively lower hypertension. Which type of many medications should be used initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and various national guidelines. Considerations include factors such as age, race, and other medical conditions. In the United States, JNC8 (2014) recommends any drug from one of the four following classes to be a good choice as either initial therapy or as an add-on treatment: thiazide-type diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin II receptor antagonists.

The first large study to show a mortality benefit from antihypertensive treatment was the VA-NHLBI study, which found that chlorthalidone was effective. The largest study, Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) in 2002, concluded that chlorthalidone (a thiazide-like diuretic) was as effective as lisinopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) or amlodipine (a calcium channel blocker). (ALLHAT showed that doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, had a higher incidence of heart failure events, and the doxazosin arm of the study was stopped.)

A subsequent smaller study (ANBP2) did not show the slight advantages in thiazide diuretic outcomes observed in the ALLHAT study, and actually showed slightly better outcomes for ACE-inhibitors in older white male patients.

Thiazide diuretics are effective, recommended as the best first-line drug for hypertension, and are much more affordable than other therapies, yet they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs. Chlorthalidone is the thiazide drug that is most strongly supported by the evidence as providing a mortality benefit; in the ALLHAT study, a chlorthalidone dose of 12.5 mg was used, with titration up to 25 mg for those subjects who did not achieve blood pressure control at 12.5 mg. Chlorthalidone has repeatedly been found to have a stronger effect on lowering blood pressure than hydrochlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone have a similar risk of hypokalemia and other adverse effects at the usual doses prescribed in routine clinical practice. Patients with an exaggerated hypokalemic response to a low dose of a thiazide diuretic should be suspected to have hyperaldosteronism, a common cause of secondary hypertension.

Other medications have a role in treating hypertension. Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics include hypercholesterolemia, and impaired glucose tolerance with increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2. The thiazide diuretics also deplete circulating potassium unless combined with a potassium-sparing diuretic or supplemental potassium. Some authors have challenged thiazides as first line treatment. However, as the Merck Manual of Geriatrics notes, "thiazide-type diuretics are especially safe and effective in the elderly."

Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years and all those of African/Afrocaribbean ethnicity firstly on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics, whilst younger patients of other ethnic groups should be started on ACE-inhibitors. Subsequently, if dual therapy is required to use ACE-inhibitor in combination with either a calcium channel blocker or a (thiazide) diuretic. Triple therapy is then of all three groups and should the need arise then to add in a fourth agent, to consider either a further diuretic (e.g. spironolactone or furosemide), an alpha-blocker or a beta-blocker. Prior to the demotion of beta-blockers as first line agents, the UK sequence of combination therapy used the first letter of the drug classes and was known as the "ABCD rule".

Patient factors
The choice between the drugs is to a large degree determined by the characteristics of the patient being prescribed for, the drugs' side effects, and cost. Most drugs have other uses; sometimes the presence of other symptoms can warrant the use of one particular antihypertensive. Examples include: The JNC8 guidelines indicate reasons to choose one drug over the others for certain individual patients.
 * Age can affect the choice of medications. Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years first on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics.
 * Age and multi-morbidity can affect the choice of medication, the target blood pressure and even whether to treat or not.
 * Anxiety may be improved with the use of beta blockers.
 * Asthmatics have been reported to have worsening symptoms when using beta blockers.
 * Beta blockers can trigger or worsen psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
 * Benign prostatic hyperplasia may be improved with the use of an alpha blocker.
 * Chronic kidney disease. ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be included in the treatment plan to improve kidney outcomes regardless of race or diabetic status.
 * Late-stage dementia should consider deprescribing antihypertensives, according to the Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (MATCH-D).
 * Diabetes mellitus. The ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to prevent the kidney and retinal complications of diabetes mellitus.
 * Gout may be worsened by thiazide diuretics, while losartan reduces serum urate.
 * Kidney stones may be improved with the use of thiazide-type diuretics
 * Heart block. β-blockers and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should not be used in patients with heart block greater than first degree. JNC8 does not recommend β-blockers as initial therapy for hypertension.
 * Heart failure may be worsened with nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, the alpha blocker doxazosin, and the alpha-2 agonists moxonidine and clonidine. On the other hand, β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists have been shown to improve outcome.
 * Pregnancy. Although α-methyldopa is generally regarded as a first-line agent, labetalol and metoprolol are also acceptable. Atenolol has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation, as well as decreased placental growth and weight when prescribed during pregnancy. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are contraindicated in women who are or who intend to become pregnant.
 * Periodontal disease could mitigate the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.
 * Race. JNC8 guidelines particularly point out that when used as monotherapy, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers have been found to be more effective in reducing blood pressure in black hypertensives than β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs.
 * Tremor may warrant the use of beta blockers.

Antihypertensive Medication during the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy constitute a significant risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes, necessitating antihypertensive treatment. However, current data concerning the safety of in utero exposure to antihypertensive medication are controversial. While some studies recommend the administration of certain agents, others underline the possible adverse effects on fetal development. In general, a-methyldopa, β-blockers and calcium channel blockers are the first or second treatment line for hypertension during pregnancy. However, ACEIs, ARBs and diuretics are mostly contraindicated, as the potential risk outweighs the benefits of their administration. Additionally, several drugs should be avoided, due to the lack of data regarding their safety. Women are often concerned about the safety of antihypertensives and as a result, many do not take their treatment as prescribed. Shared decision-making aids have been shown to reduce women's uncertainty about taking antihypertensives and increase the number of women taking them as prescribed.

History
History of Thiazides

Chlorothiazide was discovered in 1957, but the first known instance of an effective antihypertensive treatment was in 1947 using primaquine, an antimalarial.

History of Calcium Channel Blockers

In 1883, Ringer discovered the involvement of calcium for cellular activity on isolated heart. Later in 1901, Stiles reported the same activity in muscle contraction. In the early 1940s, Kamada (from Japan) and Heilbrunn (from the United States) noted how calcium was involved with muscle contractions. In 1964, calcium channel blockers were discovered in Godfraind’s laboratory through the screening of coronary dilators, which showed how calcium was blocked from entering artery cells, resulting in vasorelaxation.

Blood pressure vaccines
Vaccinations are being trialed and may become a treatment option for high blood pressure in the future. CYT006-AngQb was only moderately successful in studies, but similar vaccines are being investigated.

Anti-hypertensive drugs in older people

The latest evidence does not have evidence of an effect due to discontinuing vs continuing medications used for treating elevated blood pressure or prevention of heart disease in older adults on all-case mortality and incidence of heart attack. The findings are based on low quality evidence suggesting it may be safe to stop anti-hypertensive medications. However, older adults should not stop any of their medications without talking to a healthcare professional.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Antihypertensive drug


text:
Cold Case

Cold Case is an American police procedural crime drama television series. It ran on CBS from September 28, 2003, to May 2, 2010. The series revolved around a fictionalized Philadelphia Police Department division that specializes in investigating cold cases, usually homicides.

Premise
The show is set in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and it follows Detective Lilly Rush (Kathryn Morris), a homicide detective with the Philadelphia Police Department, who specializes in cold cases, or investigations which are no longer being actively pursued by the department. Rush was initially partnered with Detective Chris Lassing (Justin Chambers) in the first five episodes and then with Detective Scotty Valens (Danny Pino) for the remainder of the series. They work under Lieutenant John Stillman (John Finn) and are assisted by other detectives from their squad—Nick Vera (Jeremy Ratchford), Will Jeffries (Thom Barry), and beginning in season three, Kat Miller (Tracie Thoms).

Usually, each episode would focus on a single investigation. All cases involved murders committed (or bodies found) in Philadelphia, although investigations occasionally required travel outside the city. Cases were also spread out over much of the previous century, with some as recent as a year or two old and others dating back to the 1910s. Generally, an investigation would begin when the police received a new lead, or new direction, on a case.

Over the course of the episode, the detectives would interview witnesses associated with the crime and piece together the story of what led the victims to their death. These interviews were accompanied by flashback sequences to the era of the murder, which dramatized the testimony. Through the flashbacks, the show examined many issues related to 20th century history, including racism, homophobia, transphobia, sexism, abortion, and police brutality.

The show was distinguished by double casting, in which the characters and witnesses would flash back and forth in the scene representing them as they looked at the time of the crime and in the present day. At the end of the episode, when the killer or killers were exposed and confronted, the confession would be in a flashback scene depicting the murder. The police would be shown arresting the killer and walking them into custody. The victims would sometimes also reappear as fading visions to one of the police officers.

Music
The theme song is an excerpt from "Nara" by E.S. Posthumus, with an introduction by series composer Michael A. Levine that begins with an otherworldly wail from vocalist Elise Morris. Besides Levine's original music, each episode makes extensive use of era-appropriate music for flashbacks to the year in question. Some episodes contain music only from one artist such as Ray Charles, U2, Bruce Springsteen, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, The Doors, John Mellencamp, Johnny Cash, Bob Seger, Pink Floyd, Tim McGraw, Bob Dylan, Santana, Frank Sinatra and John Lennon. Pearl Jam's music was used in the two-part season-six finale, the first time one artist's music has been used for two full episodes.

Cast and characters

 * Kathryn Morris as Lilly Rush, a Homicide Detective. Lilly first investigates a cold case during episode 1 of the series, and later continues to do so at her own request. In this capacity, Rush becomes the lead detective of the cold case division.
 * Justin Chambers as Chris Lassing, a detective. Lilly's original partner (Season 1).
 * Danny Pino as Scotty Valens, a detective. Lilly's second partner.
 * John Finn as John Stillman, a lieutenant and the head of Philadelphia Homicide Division.
 * Jeremy Ratchford as Nick Vera, a detective assigned to Homicide.
 * Thom Barry as Will Jeffries, a senior detective, and Philadelphia Homicide Division's assistant-supervisor.
 * Tracie Thoms as Kat Miller, a narcotics detective who later joins as a homicide detective (Seasons 3–7).

Fictional universe
Danny Pino appeared as Valens in the CSI: NY episode “Cold Reveal”. This episode connected Cold Case to not only CSI: NY, but also to CSI: Miami, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Cyber, and Without a Trace.

Japanese adaptation
A Japanese remake of the series, Cold Case: Shinjitsu no Tobira (コールドケース 〜真実の扉〜), set in Yokohama, was broadcast on cable network WOWOW Prime from October 22, 2016, to December 24, 2016. A second season was broadcast from October 13, 2018, to December 15, 2018, and a third season was broadcast from December 5, 2020, to February 13, 2021. The second and third seasons are filmed in 8K and downscaled to 4K for broadcast.

Russian adaptation
Company Star Media produced Russian adaptation of the series (broadcast in Russia under the title Detective Rush) named Without Prescription. The show consists of 25 episodes.

Satire
In 2005, John Finn, Kathryn Morris and Jeremy Ratchford appeared in a satirical promo on the Irish-language television station TG4. The commercial won a gold medal in the "Best Drama Promos" category of the 2007 Sharks International Advertising Awards Festival of Ireland (Sharks Awards). The promotion features John Finn and Kathryn Morris in character interrogating a murder suspect (Peader Cox) from the TG4 soap Ros na Rún who refuses to speak in English; both detectives then begin talking in Gaelic, much to the surprise of Jeremy Ratchford's character. The promo tied in with a murder investigation in Ros na Rún.

Cold Squad controversy
At the launch of Cold Case in July 2003, a Canadian journalist asked the launch panel about similarities between Cold Case and a Canadian series called Cold Squad which had debuted five years earlier. Cold Squad fans accused the American series of copying the Canadian program's basic premise and characters. In 2003, the Cold Squad creators considered seeking legal redress against the Cold Case producers over copyright issues. Both shows air in Canada (and on the same network, CTV). In November 2003, the law firm O'Donnell & Schaeffer, which had successfully represented Art Buchwald in his copyright-infringement suit against Paramount and who has defended the James Bond franchise against copycats, confirmed it agreed to represent the Cold Squad producers, who claim the CBS series was a copy of their own hit show. The Globe and Mail reported that Meredith Stiehm, the American series creator, attended a TV writing seminar at the Canadian Film Centre in 2002 where the Cold Squad concept was discussed. O'Donnell lawyer, Carole Handler stated: "Our clients are very concerned about many striking similarities and have retained counsel to investigate the situation and, if necessary, to take appropriate action."

U.S. television ratings

 * Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.

 * In season 3 episode "A Perfect Day" Cold Case set a series rating record by attracting an audience of 19.36 million viewers.

Cancellation
Cold Case began in September 2003 and quickly became a staple of the CBS Sunday night schedule. The crime drama had a successful first season and, by season two, was averaging a 3.5 rating in the 18–49 demographic and 15.1 million viewers. For the next couple seasons, total viewership fell slightly but the demographic numbers rose, reaching a 3.8 rating in season four.

In season five, the show averaged a 2.9 rating and just under 11 million viewers and ranked 28th. In season six, the ratings sank lower, to an average of a 2.7 rating but climbed up to 12 million viewers and ranked 20th. CBS made a choice between renewing Without a Trace and Cold Case. They chose to keep Cold Case. The real ratings trouble began in the final season, when the show's ratings dropped even further to a 2.15 rating in the 18–49 demographic and 9.6 million viewers. One reason for this is that the show aired at 10:00 pm; the ratings dropped 25% to 9 million viewers. On November 22, 2009, CBS made a final attempt to increase the ratings by scheduling Cold Case at 9:00 pm. The ratings increased to 10 million viewers, but it was short-lived because on February 14, 2010, Cold Case returned to its original schedule, at 10:00 pm and the ratings dropped and the show concluded its run in May 2010 ranking 29th and more than two weeks after the series finale aired, CBS announced the show would not be renewed for an eighth season.

On May 18, 2010, CBS announced the cancellation of the series after seven seasons and 156 episodes.

Since it had become customary to end each season with a cliffhanger, season 7's final episode, "Shattered", ended leaving viewers wondering about the fates of several characters. The cancellation of the show left those questions unresolved.

Broadcast
The series aired in syndication on CBS, and also on Ion Television in the U.S. and on Viva in Canada. Sleuth also aired the series occasionally. In 2011, the show aired on MyNetworkTV. The show made its debut on the new over-the-air channel Start TV when it launched on September 3, 2018. It also airs on MBC Action. As of 2022, reruns are often shown on TNT channel.

Home media and streaming
After the program's debut in 2003, the show was not released on DVD or Blu-ray due to licensing issues related to the use of contemporary music in each episode.

In May 2020, the Roku Channel in the United States released all episodes of Cold Case to stream for the first time, in a high-definition digital format, with full subtitles and all contemporary music from the original CBS broadcasts left intact. The streaming ended in December 2020. The show returned to the service in September 2021.

Cold Case was made available for streaming on Max as of June 19, 2023.

All seasons of Cold Case are also available to stream on Amazon Prime in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Latin America and India.

The series also airs on Quest Red in the United Kingdom and available for streaming on Discovery+.

Awards

 * ASCAP Award
 * Top TV Series – (2004)
 * Top TV Series – (2005)
 * Top TV Series – (2006)
 * Top TV Series – (2007)
 * Top TV Series – (2008)
 * Top TV Series – (2009)

 * GLAAD Media Awards
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (In a Series Without a Regular Gay Character) – For episode "Best Friends". (2006)

 * Image Awards
 * Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series – Paris Barclay (2006)

 * Imagen Foundation Awards
 * Best Actor, Television – Danny Pino (2010)

Nominations

 * ALMA Awards
 * Outstanding Actor in a Drama Television Series – Danny Pino (2008)

 * ASC Awards
 * Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series (For episode "Time To Hate") (2004)

 * Excellence in Production Design Award
 * Television – Single Camera Television Series (For episode "Factory Girls") (2005)

 * CDG Awards
 * Outstanding Costume Design for Television Series – Period/Fantasy (2005)
 * Outstanding Costume Design for Television Series – Period/Fantasy (2006)
 * Outstanding Costume Design for Television Series – Period/Fantasy (2007)

 * GLAAD Media Awards
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (In a Series Without a Regular Gay Character) (For episode "A Time to Hate") (2004)
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (In a Series Without a Regular Gay Character) (For episode "It's Raining Men") (2005)
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (In a Series Without a Regular Gay Character) (For episode "Daniela") (2005)
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (For episode "Forever Blue") (2007)
 * Outstanding Individual Episode (in a Series without a Regular LGBT Character) (For episode "Boy Crazy")

 * Emmy
 * Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series – Corey Kaplan, Sandy Getzler, & Timothy Stepeck (2005)

Soundtrack
A soundtrack CD was released in 2008 by Lakeshore Records, featuring incidental music composed by Michael A. Levine from the first four seasons, as well as the song 300 Flowers, sung by Robbyn Kirmsse.

title: Cold Case


text:
User:Davin (usurped)

My main contributions thus far have been to the strong atheism and god of the gaps pages, not for my having any particular expertise in these areas but because they needed expanding. All comments and suggestions are welcome.

title: User:Davin (usurped)


text: User talk:205.188.116.213

title: User talk:205.188.116.213


text:
Gallopheasant

The gallopheasants (genus Lophura) are pheasants of the family Phasianidae. The genus comprises 11 species and several subspecies. Several species in this genus are known as firebacks, including crestless and crested firebacks, as well as the Siamese fireback.

Taxonomy
Lophura hatinhensis and Lophura hoogerwerfi are sometimes considered subspecies, leaving this genus with only 11 species. Other subspecies are also sometimes considered distinct species.

 * Lophura × imperialis - imperial pheasant

title: Gallopheasant


text:
User talk:Desplesda

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Great work on the Bash.org article you created! You might find our new tutorial useful, and you can introduce yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 22:16, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

RfD nomination of List-of-company-name-etymologies
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you.  Ja Ga  talk 04:54, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Tothwolf/Bash.org
User:Tothwolf/Bash.org, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Tothwolf/Bash.org and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Tothwolf/Bash.org during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. /Blaxthos ( t / c ) 16:57, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Desplesda


text:
David Sztybel

David Sztybel (born 2 February 1967) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in animal ethics.

Education and career
Sztybel was born in Toronto, Ontario. He obtained his BA in philosophy in 1991, his MA in 1994, and his PhD in 2000 – for a thesis entitled "Empathy and Rationality in Ethics" – from the University of Toronto.

He fulfilled an Advisory Research Committee Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Queen's University (2001-2002), held a fellowship at the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics (2007–2011), and a research fellowship at the University of Vienna (2011 to present). Most of his work is related to animal rights.

Sztybel has been a vegan since 1988.

Research
Sztybel has developed a new theory of animal rights which he terms "best caring", as outlined in his paper "The Rights of Animal Persons". Criticizing conventional theories of rights based on intuition, traditionalism or common sense, compassion, Immanuel Kant's theory, John Rawls's theory, and Alan Gewirth's theory, Sztybel devises a new theory of rights for human and nonhuman animals. Sztybel bases his theory, in part, on the idea that sentient beings are ends-in-themselves, a theory of emotional cognition which verifies that some things really are good or bad for sentient beings. This is a non-utilitarian or "individuals-respecting" theory that defends the proposition that all sentient beings should be legally recognized as persons.

He is critical of utilitarianism and the traditional feminist ethics of care. He also takes issue with the traditional notion of animal welfare, which supports the use of animals if steps are taken to avoid "unnecessary" suffering, the parameters of which vary. Sztybel argues that we would never call the same treatment of humans, mentally disabled or otherwise, to be consistent with their welfare. He coined the term "animal illfare" to describe conventional animal treatment. He holds that true animal welfare would only entail wishing animals good (never anything avoidably malicious). He supports that fully realized substantial animal rights correspond to a significant respect for all sentient beings.

Sztybel contends that Singer's philosophy of animal liberation is not really about liberating animals in general; he accuses Singer of being a speciesist for defending the vivisection of animals on the ground that they have inferior cognitive capacities. In so doing, Singer is effectively sanctioning the harmful treatment of nonhuman animals on the basis of a species-characteristic which does not justify violent treatment.

He also provides a critique of the abolitionist views of Gary L. Francione and Joan Dunayer, who argue that animal rights supporters should not pursue a welfarist approach. A defense of suffering-reduction laws and a discussion of the logical problems of anti-welfarism are featured in Sztybel's article "Animal Rights Law: Fundamentalism versus Pragmatism".

Selected publications

 * "Animal Rights Law: Fundamentalism versus Pragmatism." Journal for Critical Animal Studies 5 (1) (2007): 1-37. https://web.archive.org/web/20090205001448/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_6/sztybel.pdf
 * "The Rights of Animal Persons." Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal 4 (1) (Spring 2006): 1-37. https://web.archive.org/web/20090106123436/http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/JCAS/Journal_Articles_download/Issue_5/sztybel.pdf
 * "Can the Treatment of Animals Be Compared to the Holocaust?" Ethics and the Environment 11 (Spring 2006): 97-132.
 * "A Living Will Clause for Supporters of Animal Experimentation." Journal of Applied Philosophy 23 (May 2006): 174-189.
 * "Animal Rights: Autonomy and Redundancy." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14 (3) (2001): 259-73.
 * "Taking Humanism Seriously: 'Obligatory' Anthropocentrism." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 13 (3/4) (2000): 181-203.
 * "Marxism and Animal Rights." Ethics and the Environment 2 (Fall 1997): 169-85.
 * Three articles for The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, pp. 130–32. Edited by Marc Bekoff. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998: "René Descartes", "Distinguishing Animal Rights from Animal Welfare", and "Jainism".
 * "How I Became Vegan" in Michael Lanfield The Interconnectedness of Life: We Are Interconnected. pp. 96. We Are Interconnected Films, 2015.

title: David Sztybel


text:
User talk:Wlievens

Hello Wouter, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. For ideas of what to put on your user page, see User page.

If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 22:19, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

Witrusland
Regarding your "Witrusland" I think you will enjoy this: rydel 21:23, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * http://www.livejournal.com/users/rydel23/261992.html

Pirates of the Spanish Main
In the future, if you want to rename a page, use the "Move" command. Don't copy the article to a new name, because this splits the edit history. Take a read of How to rename (move) a page. I'm going to get this one fixed, so please don't edit either article until that's done. -- Netoholic @ 17:29, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)

 * The problem is that there was already an article at the other page. Doesn't it then mean that one of the two articles is lost? Anyway I apologise for the noob-ish behaviour :-) Wouter Lievens 17:58, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Page moved
Just a note to inform you that in accordance with the discussion at Votes for deletion/Particracy (web game) I have moved the page in question to User:Wlievens/Particracy (web game) - SimonP 15:31, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Allright, thanks for informing me. Wouter Lievens 23:23, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

eerste nl.wikimedia.org ontmoeting
ik zou iedereen graag willen uitnodigen te overwegen of zij een rol willen en/of kunnen spelen in de oprichting van een nederlandse wikimedia-organisatie. een eerste ontmoeting wordt momenteel georganiseerd, zie daarvoor hier, op de nl.wikimedia.org wiki. er zijn nog vele stappen te nemen, en meer wikianen nodig, om e.e.a. op verantwoorde wijze verder te ontwikkelen. Radiant_ >|< 10:50, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

??
Problemen met Prolog soms? —R. Koot 20:20, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Nah, dat was een geval van tijdelijke examenfrustratie. Het idee achter de taal op zich is wel interessant, maar Prolog zelf vind ik totaal ongeschikt voor enige vorm van software engineering :-) Wouter Lievens 22:52, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Domaine_bgg.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Domaine_bgg.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags.

Template:Type system cross reference list
Please see: Template talk:Type system cross reference list.

--Krischik T 11:23, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

VWN en WCN
Beste Wlievens,

Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, effeietsanders 21:37, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fjorde bgg.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fjorde bgg.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 07:49, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

English
Off course... you're right. Talk pages should be English too, but I somehow find it a little strange to talk English to someone who shares the same mother tongue. But you're definately right (al vind ik dat op een persoonlijke overlegpagina best weleens Engels gesproken mag worden, vooral op wikipedia's waar je de taal niet eigen bent). Maartenvdbent 00:53, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Akkoord. Op persoonlijke talk pagina's doe je waar je zin in hebt :-) Wouter Lievens 08:19, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Particracy
We should have a Particracy Players user category on Wikipedia :-) Not sure on what the policy on that is, though. Wouter Lievens 14:58, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't find any policy that says we can't! I made a category for Mario Kart DS that has stayed no problem. Only thing is that the article should be an article (as in not on the talk page). I'll move it to an article (Particracy (Game), right?) and then make the category if you are okay with it. --ThrashedParanoid★ 00:18, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually I meant for Particracy users, like the "This user is a native spanish speaker" user categories. As for a game article, I think the game is nowadays notable enough to merit its own page, but since the guidelines for articles about software on wikipedia discourage the software creators to author the big parts of the articles about their own software, I won't be putting too much initial work into the page. But feel free to make a good article. Wouter Lievens 06:53, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Help?
Will you consider commenting on some AfD nominations and merge-delete propositions that I believe are an attempt to drive off a good editor? (OK, she's my wife. But she's exhausted by this fight; her articles are written in good faith and this editor is making a mockery of WP.)
 * Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture
 * Lost books of the Old Testament
 * Lost Book of the Covenant
 * Lost Book of Jasher
 * Lost Book of Enoch

Thank you! --JuanFiguroa 03:04, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my knowledge of biblical topics is nonexistant. Also, I have the feeling this is unsolicited messaging. Maybe it would have been more appropriate to at least limit this message to people who have shown an interest in these topics in the past? Wouter Lievens 09:48, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Union Territories
I've answered your question at Talk:Lok Sabha. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 07:31, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Wouter Lievens 08:23, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Proposal on Notability
Because you're a member of the Association of Inclusionist Wikipedians, I'm notifying you that the inclusionist proposa Non-notabilityl is in progress to define the role of notability in articles. Please help us make this successful! Also note the proposal Importance is a deletionist proposla that seeks to officially introduce notabiltiy for the first time. --Ephilei 04:45, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Diplomacy

 * I agree, the "Heads of State in 1901" section would be a nice little addition, mainly because you're providing links to their Wikipedia articles. Some of those have more detailed geopolitical info than we can put into the boardgame's article.  Barno 13:43, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Consultation (object-oriented programming)
I added a question in your stub, and well, since it's you who wrote it... I notify you. --euyyn 12:42, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your comment
Thanks for questioning Renyseneb. I can't believe that - even if he (wrongly) thought of me as being a member of the FLDS church, he should consider that a crime he should report to the police. I wonder if his actions contravene Wikipedia's policies. --Tobey 15:50, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Belgian Ignorance
Thanks for your message on my talk page. I have learnt a lot about Leopold II in Adam Hochschild's King Leopold's Ghost and other books. To my dismay, I had not heard anything about it in high school... It is hard to stay confident in the educational system, when the content of what is taught is that biased. Educational programs are probably drafted in a vague manner, not including specific facts to cover, just listing periods to cover. Plenty of leeway is likely to be left to teachers, that may be the reason. But that's no excuse. Are teachers too shy about running into controversial subjects? I dunno. But something is wrong here, I concur. It is not promising for the future. --Edcolins 20:44, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Europe Vector Maps
Hey Wlievens! Thank you for the comments on my maps. I am gladly willing to get you what you need (keeping in mind that it is ever-increasing in size and complexity)... and supply you with the vector maps you need for your game - as long as you are willing to give me the proper credit for the resource. :) I am in the middle of a couple of things, but will contact you more next week, if that is ok? Rarelibra 14:21, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Kevo (programming language)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Kevo (programming language), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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Speedy deletion nomination of 999 Games

A tag has been placed on 999 Games requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. WWGB (talk) 13:42, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Rudy Trouvé

The article Rudy Trouvé has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * More than eight years old and still no independent sources. No obvious in depth coverage in independent sources in google.

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Nomination of Rudy Trouvé for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Rudy Trouvé is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Mission pack listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Mission pack. Since you had some involvement with the Mission pack redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 01:20, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Single-player games listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Single-player games. Since you had some involvement with the Single-player games redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. -- Tavix ( talk ) 00:49, 11 June 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
Hey! If you're interested, I started a series of userboxes for the game NationStates. Feel free to add any or add your own!- 🐦Do☭torWho42 ( ⭐ ) 05:10, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Morgan Clark

The article Morgan Clark has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of stand-alone notability (WP:GNG, WP:NFICTION). Consider soft redirecting to List of Babylon 5 characters..."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:30, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Morgan Clark for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Morgan Clark is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Morgan Clark until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:00, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wlievens


text:
2829 Bobhope

2829 Bobhope (prov. designation: ) is a dark asteroid of the Meliboea family, from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 9 August 1948, by South African astronomer Ernest Leonard Johnson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was later named after comedian Bob Hope. The asteroid has a rotation period of 6.1 hours and measures approximately 37 km in diameter.

Orbit and classification
Bobhope is a member of the Meliboea family, a smaller asteroid family of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids with a few hundred members, named after 137 Meliboea. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,985 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as at the discovering observatory in May 1942, yet the astrometric data from this observation remained unused to extend its observation arc prior to the official discovery date.

Naming
This minor planet was named for English-born, American comedian Bob Hope (1903–2003), star of innumerable feature film, theater, TV and radio productions, and known for the horror comedy Cat and the Canary (1939). He hosted the Academy Awards more than any other host, and received several Honorary and Special Oscars himself. Hope also received more than forty honorary doctorates. The was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 September 1993 (M.P.C. 22496).

Physical characteristics
Bobhope has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Meliboea family.

Rotation period
A rotational lightcurve of Bobhope was obtained from photometric observations by astronomer Landy Carbo at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, and at the U.S. Oakley Observatory in September 2008. It gave it a rotation period of $32.14 km$ hours with a brightness variation of $36.29$ magnitude (U=2). A previously published lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Bernard Christophe gave a somewhat longer period of $38.25$ hours with an amplitude of 0.50 (U=2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bobhope measures between 32.14 and 40.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.0916. More dated NEOWISE publications gave a larger diameter of 41.361 and 44.8 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0586 and a diameter of 38.0 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.8.

title: 2829 Bobhope


text:
Talk:Defining vocabulary

What does "culturally accepted" mean? Hyacinth 22:20, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure quite how to respond to this article without using POV terms like "horseshit", but perhaps someone can work in these points:

 * There's no particular reason to believe that Basic English would make a good defining vocabulary. At the very least, one would need to normalize the inflections.  Given that it's less than half the size of Longman's list, which was actually used in a dictionary, it seems doubtful that this quirky and soemwhat arbitrary list would be up to the job.
 * E-Prime is just English without the word "to be". How could this be used to develop a defining vocabulary.
 * A nit: A defining vocabulary can't be a core glossary. A core glossry would include definitions.
 * How does one define a defining vocabulary? Clearly there will have to be some circularity.  On the other hand, it would be good to take care to avoid circularity as much as possible, and where possible to move from "more complex" to "less complex" terms where possible until you hit the inevitably circular bottom.  But this is good practice for any set of definitions, which probably explains why most dictionaries don't have explicit defining vocabularies.  The line between defining vocabulary and the rest of the lexicon seems quite arbitrary.
 * This all rings of the utopian ideal of solving all our problems if we can just agree on vocabulary, particularly the idea of a culturally neutral vocabulary.

title: Talk:Defining vocabulary