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Reginald Sheffield

Matthew Reginald Sheffield Cassan (18 February 1901 – 8 December 1957) was an English-American actor.

Life
He was born as Matthew Reginald Sheffield Cassan on 18 February 1901 in the St. George's, Hanover Square district of London, to Matthew Sheffield Cassan and Alice Mary Field. He had a brother, Edward Sheffield Cassan and a sister, Flora Kathleen Sheffield Cassan, who became an actress known as Flora Sheffield.

His father was born in Ireland and his mother in England. They were married in London in 1892. Matthew died when Reginald was nine. In 1913 Reginald Sheffield (billed as Eric Desmond) appeared in David Copperfield. In 1914, Alice Sheffield and her children emigrated to the United States where they lived in Queens, New York. Reginald acted on the stage and in films. While his sister, Flora, was an actress, brother Edward worked as an accountant in a bank and later became a theatrical agent.

Sheffield's Broadway performances credited as Reggie Sheffield include Evidence (1914), in which his mother, Alice Sheffield, also appeared, The Merry Wives of Windsor (1916), If (1917), The Betrothal (1918) and Helena's Boys (1924). His performances credited as Reginald Sheffield include Youth (1920), The Way Things Happen (1924), Hay Fever (1925), playing Sandy Tyrell, Slaves All (1926), Soldiers and Women (1929), playing Lieutenant Mason and Dear Old England (1930).

Reginald Sheffield was married in 1927 to Louise Van Loon (21 January 1905 – 14 April 1987), a New York-born, Vassar College graduate with a liberal arts education. The couple had three children:
 * Mary Alice Sheffield Cassan (born 1928)
 * Jon Matthew Sheffield Cassan (11 April 1931 – 15 October 2010) (aka actor Johnny Sheffield)
 * William Hart Sheffield Cassan (15 July 1935 – 12 December 2010) (actor Billy Sheffield)

As film production became more and more located in Southern California, Sheffield and his wife travelled back and forth between New York City and Los Angeles. After several years they moved permanently to the West Coast.

Being a trained stage actor, Sheffield easily made the transition from silent films to talkies. He was a working actor who became memorable in numerous character and supporting roles and appeared with some of the greatest film stars of the day, including Constance Bennett, William Powell, George Arliss, Loretta Young, Gary Cooper, Errol Flynn, Rosalind Russell, Cary Grant and Joan Fontaine.

In 1954, he began appearing as Professor Mayberry in the television series Rocky Jones, Space Ranger. And after his son, Johnny Sheffield, appeared in his last Bomba, the Jungle Boy film in 1955, Reginald created, produced and directed a pilot for a television series, Bantu, the Zebra Boy, but a sponsor was not found and the show was never produced as a weekly series.

Sheffield acted in both versions of Cecil B. DeMille's The Buccaneer in (1938) and (1958), the latter being his last screen appearance.

Death
Sheffield died 8 December 1957 at his home in Pacific Palisades, California, aged 56.

Filmography

 * David Copperfield (1913) (Hepworth Manufacturing Company) .... David Copperfield (as a child)
 * The Country Cousin (1919) (Selznick Pictures) .... Sammy Wilson
 * Piccadilly Jim (1920) (Selznick Pictures) .... Ogden Pett
 * Classmates (1924) (First National) .... Bert Stafford
 * The Pinch Hitter (1925) (Associated Exhibitors) .... Alexis Thompson
 * White Mice (1926) (Associated Exhibitors) .... Peter de Peyster
 * The Nest (1927) (Excellent Pictures) .... Martin Hamilton
 * The College Widow (1927) (Warner Bros.) .... Bit Role (uncredited)
 * The Adorable Cheat (1928) (Chesterfield Motion Picture Corp.) .... Will Dorsey
 * Sweet Sixteen (1928) (Rayart Pictures) .... Tommy Lowell
 * The Green Goddess (1930) (Warner Bros.) .... Lt. Cardew
 * Old English (1930) (Warner Bros.) .... Bob Phillin
 * Partners of the Trail (1931) (Monogram) .... John Durant
 * Lost in Limehouse (1933, Short, aka Lady Esmeralda's Predicament) (RKO) .... Dr. Jackson
 * If I Were Free (1933) (RKO) .... Sharpshooter (uncredited)
 * The House of Rothschild (1934) (20th Century Fox, United Artists) .... Stock Trader
 * All Men Are Enemies (1934) (20th Century Fox) .... Officer (uncredited)
 * Of Human Bondage (1934) (RKO) .... Cyril Dunsford
 * One More River (1934, aka Over the River) (Universal Studios) .... Tommy
 * Charlie Chan in London (1934) (20th Century Fox) .... Flight Cmdr. King (uncredited)
 * The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) (Paramount) .... Novice Clerk (uncredited)
 * Cardinal Richelieu (1935) (20th Century Fox) .... Richelieu's Outrider
 * Becky Sharp (1935) (RKO) .... Minor Role (uncredited)
 * Black Sheep (1935) (20th Century Fox) .... One of Oscar's friends (uncredited)
 * Society Fever (1935) (Chesterfield, Invincible) .... Lord Michael
 * Dante's Inferno (1935) (20th Century Fox) .... Bidder (uncredited)
 * Without Regret (1935) (Paramount) .... Reporter (uncredited)
 * Splendor (1935) (United Artists) .... Billy Grimes
 * The White Angel (1936) (Warner Bros., First National) .... Patient (uncredited)
 * The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) (Warner Bros.) .... Bentham (uncredited)
 * It Happened Out West (1937, aka The Man from the Big City) (UK) (20th Century Fox) .... Middleton
 * Another Dawn (1937) (Warner Bros.) .... Wireless Operator (uncredited)
 * Sergeant Murphy (1938) (Warner Bros.) .... English radio commentator (uncredited)
 * The Buccaneer (1938) (Paramount) .... Ship's Surgeon
 * Hollywood Stadium Mystery (1938) (Republic Pictures) .... Det. Murdoch in Play (uncredited)
 * Female Fugitive (1938) (Monogram) .... Dr. Richardson
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) (First National, Warner Bros.) .... Herald at archery tournament (uncredited)
 * Gunga Din (1939) (RKO) .... Rudyard Kipling (uncredited)
 * Vigil in the Night (1940) (RKO) .... Judge Tyler (uncredited)
 * My Son, My Son! (1940) (United Artists) .... Thurston - Mine Superintendent (uncredited)
 * Earthbound (1940) (20th Century Fox) .... Defense Attorney
 * Arise, My Love (1940) (Paramount) .... Steward (uncredited)
 * Hudson's Bay (1941) (20th Century Fox) .... Clerk (uncredited)
 * The Lady Eve (1941) (Paramount) .... Professor Jones (uncredited)
 * Scotland Yard (1941) (20th Century Fox) .... Hat Clerk (uncredited)
 * Suspicion (1941) (RKO) .... Reggie Wetherby
 * Bedtime Story (1942) (Columbia) .... Broadcaster (uncredited)
 * Take a Letter, Darling (1942) (Paramount) .... Husband (uncredited)
 * Eagle Squadron (1942) (Universal) .... Doc (uncredited)
 * Eyes in the Night (1942) (MGM) .... Victor
 * Random Harvest (1942) (MGM) .... Judge (uncredited)
 * The Gorilla Man (1943) (Warner Bros.) .... Announcer (voice, uncredited)
 * The Crystal Ball (1943) (United Artists) .... Dad in Shooting Gallery (uncredited)
 * Tonight We Raid Calais (1943) (20th Century Fox) .... English Commander
 * Appointment in Berlin (1943) (Columbia) .... Miller - Wilson's Butler (uncredited)
 * Bomber's Moon (1943) (20th Century Fox) .... Cantway (uncredited)
 * The Man from Down Under (1943) (MGM) .... Recruit (uncredited)
 * My Kingdom for a Cook (1943) (Columbia) .... Reuter's English Reporter
 * Passport to Destiny (1944) (RKO) .... (uncredited)
 * The Great Moment (1944) (Paramount) .... Horace Greeley (uncredited)
 * Wilson (1944) (20th Century Fox) .... Secretary of War Newton D. Baker (uncredited)
 * Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (1944) (Paramount) .... Purser (uncredited)
 * The Man in Half Moon Street (1945) (Paramount) .... Mr. Taper (uncredited)
 * Guest Wife (1945) (United Artists) .... Restaurant Manager (uncredited)
 * Confidential Agent (1945) (Warner Bros.) .... Miner (uncredited)
 * My Name Is Julia Ross (1945) (Columbia) .... McQuarrie (uncredited)
 * Captain Kidd (1945) (United Artists) .... Captain of the King's Guard (uncredited)
 * Three Strangers (1946) (Warner Bros., First National) .... Hotel Clerk (uncredited)
 * To Each His Own (1946) (Paramount) .... Headwaiter (uncredited)
 * Devotion (1946) (Warner Bros.) .... Charles Dickens (uncredited)
 * The Searching Wind (1946) (Paramount) .... Harry, Reporter (uncredited)
 * Centennial Summer (1946) (20th Century Fox) .... President Ulysses S. Grant (uncredited)
 * The Verdict (1946) (Warner Bros.) .... Chaplain (uncredited)
 * Temptation (1946) (Universal, International) .... Wickersham (uncredited)
 * Singapore (1947) (Universal) .... Travel Agent (uncredited)
 * The Exile (1947) (Universal) .... Commanding Officer (uncredited)
 * If Winter Comes (1947) (MGM) .... Manager (uncredited)
 * A Woman's Vengeance (1948) (Universal) .... Solicitor (uncredited)
 * The Three Musketeers (1948) (MGM) .... Subaltern (uncredited)
 * Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948) (Universal) .... Superintendent
 * A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949) (Paramount) .... Auctioneer (uncredited)
 * Mr. Belvedere Goes to College (1949) (20th Century Fox) .... Prof. Ives (uncredited)
 * Prison Warden (1949) (Columbia) .... English Charlie / Watkins
 * That Forsyte Woman (1949) (MGM) .... Mr. McLean (uncredited)
 * Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950) (Columbia) .... Farmer (uncredited)
 * At Sword's Point (1951) (RKO) .... Cardinal (uncredited)
 * The Story of Three Loves (1953) (MGM) .... Coudray's Stage Manager (segment "The Jealous Lover") (uncredited)
 * Young Bess (1953) (MGM) .... Court Recorder (uncredited)
 * Second Chance (1953) (RKO) .... Mr. Woburn, English tourist
 * Forbidden (1953) (Universal) .... Englishman (uncredited)
 * The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) (Universal) .... Lord Constable (uncredited)
 * 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956) (20th Century Fox) .... Bespectacled Man (uncredited)
 * D-Day the Sixth of June (1956) (20th Century Fox) .... Hotel Proprietor (uncredited)
 * Secret of Treasure Mountain (1956) (Columbia) .... Edward Lancaster
 * The Story of Mankind (1957) (Warner Bros.) .... Julius Caesar
 * Marjorie Morningstar (1958) (Warner Bros.) .... Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited; posthumous release)
 * The Buccaneer (1958) (Paramount) .... Tripes (posthumous release; final film role)

TV series starring roles

 * Rocky Jones, Space Ranger (1954) .... Professor Mayberry
 * The Robot of Regalio (1956) .... Professor Mayberry
 * Renegade Satellite (1956) .... Professor Mayberry ... aka The Trial of Rocky Jones (1980) (USA video title)
 * The Magnetic Moon (1956) .... Professor Mayberry
 * The Cold Sun (1956) .... Professor Mayberry

TV guest starring roles

 * Four Star Playhouse (1952) ... Gordon Richards ... episode 9: "Man on a Train" aired 15 January 1953
 * Studio 57 (1954) episode 78: "The Brown Leather Case" aired 10 June 1956
 * The Adventures of Jim Bowie (1956) episode: "The Bounty Hunter" aired 17 May 1957

title: Reginald Sheffield


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Bank of Ceylon

Bank of Ceylon (BOC; Sinhala: ලංකා බැංකුව Lanka Bænkuwa, Tamil: இலங்கை வங்கி Ilangai Vangi) is a state-owned, major commercial bank in Sri Lanka. Its head office is located in an iconic cylindrical building in Colombo.

The bank has a network of 651 branches, 715 automated teller machines (ATMs), 159 CDM, 582 CRM network, and 15 regional loan centres within the country. It also has an around-the-clock call centre and an around the clock branch at its Colombo office.

In addition to the local presence, the bank maintains an off-shore banking unit in the head office in Colombo, three branches in Malé, Chennai, and Seychelles, and a subsidiary in London.

History
Bank of Ceylon (BOC) was founded in 1939, with Sir Ernest de Silva as its first chairman. At the time, Ceylon was a British colony and the then governor Sir Andrew Caldecott ceremoniously opened the bank on 1 August. The British government introduced the banking arm for its government-oriented businesses. Two years later, in 1941, BoC started to expand beyond the city of Colombo. It opened its first branch in Kandy. Subsequently, BOC added branches in major cities such as Galle, Jaffna, Kurunegala, Batticaloa, Trincomalee, Badulla, and Panadura.

 * 1948: Ceylon obtained her independence from the British; the monetary authorities were transferred to Sri Lanka. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka was established in 1949 and it assumed responsibility for monetary policy and bank regulation.
 * 1949: BoC opened its first overseas branch in London, United Kingdom. The branch helped the bank and the government handle their international business.
 * 1953: Chelliah Loganathan was the first Sri Lankan appointed as General Manager and Chief Executive Officer. He resigned in 1969.
 * 1961: T. B. Ilangaratne, Minister of Commerce, Trade, Food and Shipping oversaw the nationalisation of the bank.
 * 1972: The then government declared the name of the country to be Sri Lanka. However, the bank did not rename itself accordingly. The government also passed the Agricultural Productivity Law, which forced the bank to open Agrarian Service Centre branches in almost all villages in the country. As a result, the branch network of the bank expanded tremendously to the majority of Sri Lanka's rural areas.
 * 1979: the then government relaxed the exchange control regulations. This liberalization of exchange control regulations led the bank to open its first Foreign Currency Unit to handle the booming demand for non-local currency business.
 * 1981: BOC passed another big milestone by opening the second overseas branch, this one in Malé, Maldives.
 * 1982: BOC founded the first merchant bank in Sri Lanka, which was named the Merchant Bank of Sri Lanka.
 * 1987: The bank moved into its 32-storey headquarters. Sri Lankans have nicknamed the building (Pittu bambuwa "පිට්ටු බම්බුව") a Sinhalese term used for a cylindrical cooking implement. The new building enabled the bank to house all its administrative offices and central operations in one location.
 * 1989: The bank joined with the Visa International to introduce the first credit cards business to Sri Lanka.
 * 1994: BOC joined SWIFT at the SWIFT BIC BCEYLKLX along with 15 other financial institutions in Sri Lanka.
 * 1995: BOC expanded its foreign operations by opening its third foreign branch in Karachi, Pakistan and fourth in Chennai, India. This facilitated the bank's operations in the Asian Clearing Union.
 * 2003: BOC took a 15% stake in newly formed Dawood Bank in Pakistan, which was later renamed as Burj Bank. BOC then transferred all its operations in Pakistan to the new bank.
 * 2010: BOC converted its branch in London to a subsidiary.
 * 2014: BOC started its commercial operations in Seychelles.
 * 2015: BOC signed a memorandum of understanding with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bank of Ceylon


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Edwin D. Morgan

Edwin Denison Morgan (February 8, 1811 – February 14, 1883) was the 21st governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest-serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War. Morgan was known for his progressive views on education, prison reform, and women's suffrage. He helped to found the Republican Party in New York and was a strong supporter of the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln.

In 1836 he moved to New York City, becoming a successful wholesale grocer and bond broker. He served as an assistant alderman and member of the New York State Senate. Originally a Whig, he was one of the founders of the Republican Party, and he served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876.

In 1858, Morgan was elected Governor of New York, and he served from 1859 to 1862. As governor during the American Civil War, Morgan supported the Union. Appointed a major general of volunteers in the Union Army, he commanded the military's Department of New York while serving as governor. In 1863, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he served one term. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1869, and the unsuccessful Republican nominee for governor in 1876. Morgan had been a patron of Chester A. Arthur at the start of Arthur's career; when Arthur became president, he nominated Morgan as United States Secretary of the Treasury. Morgan was confirmed by the Senate, but declined on the grounds of age and ill health. Morgan died in New York City in 1883, and was buried in Connecticut.

Early life
Morgan was born on February 8, 1811, in Washington, Massachusetts, to Jasper and Catherine (Copp) Morgan. The family moved to Windsor, Connecticut, where Morgan received his early education before attending Bacon Academy in Colchester. Edwin Morgan was a cousin of Morgan G. Bulkeley, the Governor of Connecticut from 1889 to 1893. In addition, he was a cousin of Congressmen Edwin B. Morgan and Christopher Morgan.

Career
He began his business career as a grocer in Hartford, Connecticut. He became a partner with his uncle and served on the city council. In 1836, he moved to New York City and became a successful wholesaler, broker and banker.

In 1843, Morgan organized E.D. Morgan & Company, an import house, in partnership with George D. Morgan, his cousin, and Frederick Avery, who left the firm a year later and was replaced by John T. Terry. Solon Humphreys was taken in as a full partner in 1854 after working several years as an agent in St. Louis, Missouri. Largely through his connections, the firm became the principal agent for Missouri securities. Nearly two-thirds of the bonds issued by the State of Missouri from 1835 to 1860, plus a large share of securities of St. Louis, were sold through the house of Morgan – in all perhaps thirty million dollars worth. All the while the firm maintained its wholesale grocery trade.

Political career
In 1849, Morgan was elected as a member of the New York City Board of Assistant Aldermen. He made a name for himself as chairman of the Sanitary Committee during the cholera epidemic of 1848. He was also a member of the New York State Senate from 1850 to 1853, and State Commissioner of Immigration.

Morgan became highly influential in Republican politics of his time and twice served as chairman of the Republican National Committee, 1856 to 1864 and 1872 to 1876.

From 1859 until 1862, he served as Governor of New York, elected in 1858 and 1860. He was appointed major general of volunteers in September 1861 and commanded the Department of New York until he resigned on January 3, 1863, serving simultaneously as governor and head of the military department.

In February 1863, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served one term until 1869. In January 1869, he sought re-nomination, but was voted down by the Republican caucus of State legislators who instead nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton. In 1876, Morgan ran again for Governor but was defeated by Democrat Lucius Robinson.

In 1881, Morgan was nominated by President Chester A. Arthur as Treasury Secretary and was confirmed by the Senate, but declined the position.

Personal life
In 1833, he married Eliza Matilda Waterman (b. 1810), daughter of Henry Waterman (1782–1854). Together, they had:

 * Edwin Denison Morgan, M.D. (1834–1879), who married Sarah Elizabeth Archer, daughter of Thomas Archer.
 * Frederick Avery Morgan (1838–1841), died young
 * Gilbert Henry Morgan (1843–1843), died young
 * Caroline Matilda Morgan (1846–1847), died young
 * Alfred Waterman Morgan (1847–1848), died young

Known for generous contributions to charities and causes, he contributed large sums to the Union Theological Seminary.

Morgan died in New York City on February 14, 1883. He was buried at the Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford.

Descendants
Through his son Edwin, he was a grandfather of Edwin Denison Morgan III (1854–1933), who married Elizabeth Mary Moran. Through his grandson, he was the 2x great-grandfather of Edwin D. Morgan (1921–2001), businessman and Pioneer Fund director from 2000 to 2001.

title: Edwin D. Morgan


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Hawker Sea Hawk

The Hawker Sea Hawk is a British single-seat jet day fighter formerly of the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), the air branch of the Royal Navy (RN), built by Hawker Aircraft and its sister company, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft. Although its design originated from earlier Hawker piston-engined fighters, the Sea Hawk was the company's first jet aircraft.

Following acceptance in the RN, the Sea Hawk proved to be a reliable and sturdy workhorse. A considerable number were also produced for the export market and were operated from aircraft carriers in Dutch and Indian service. The last operational Sea Hawks, operated by the Indian Navy, were retired in 1983.

Origins
Towards the end of the Second World War, Hawker's design team had become increasingly interested in developing a fighter aircraft that took advantage of the newly developed jet propulsion technology. Prior to this, Hawker had been committed until late 1944 to the production and further development of its piston-powered aircraft, such as the Hurricane, Tempest and Typhoon, to meet the wartime demands for these aircraft. On 1 September 1944, the first prototype of the company's latest fighter aircraft, the Hawker Fury/Sea Fury, conducted its maiden flight; it was this aircraft that would serve as the basis for Hawker's first jet-powered aircraft.

The design team studied the potential adaption of the aircraft, having opted to use the Rolls-Royce Griffon-powered Fury prototype as the starting point. The team started with the deletion of the piston engine, with its replacement, a single Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine, being fitted in a mid-fuselage position, along with lateral air intakes and a tailpipe which emerged beneath the tailplane. The prospective modifications also included "stretching" the fuselage and moving the cockpit to the extreme front of the fuselage in a re-contoured nose; this design received the internal designation P.1035. Use of the Rolls-Royce Derwent engine had been studied but quickly discarded as lacking power for an aircraft of this size. In November 1944 the P.1035 design was submitted for evaluation by the Air Ministry.

In December 1944 Hawker refined the proposed design substantially. The jet exhaust was moved from beneath the tail and re-designed as two short split-lateral bifurcated exhausts (which gained the name "trouser legs"), embedded in the trailing edge of the wing root, which needed a corresponding thickening of the wing root; the air intakes were moved to the wing root leading edge, similar to the contemporary de Havilland Vampire. The shorter unusual bifurcated jet pipe reduced pressure losses in the jet pipe and had the additional advantage of freeing up space in the rear fuselage for fuel tanks, which gave the aircraft a longer range than many other early jets. The absence of wing fuel tanks also meant a thinner wing could be adopted without the penalty of reduced range; to ease manufacture, the elliptical wingform of the Fury was discarded in favour of a straight tapered wing design. The fuselage fuel tanks, being fore and aft of the engine, also provided for a stable centre of gravity during flight. The tail plane was raised to clear the jet exhausts. The Sea Hawk also featured a nose wheel undercarriage arrangement, the first for a Hawker-built aircraft. The aircraft was built to accommodate four 20mm Hispano-Suiza Mk. V cannon.

The redesign had led to a new name for the project, P.1040. The Air Ministry quickly issued its encouragement for Hawker's development of the project but according to aviation author Francis K. Mason, the Air Ministry and the Admiralty had initially viewed the project with only academic interest. Official interest had also cooled by the expression of doubts voiced by Rolls-Royce Limited on the viability of the bifurcated jet pipes that the design used. Like the piston-powered Fury it had been derived from, Hawker remained keen to promote the P.1040 to the Royal Air Force (RAF) and to the Navy. The P.1040 was intended to be an interceptor, even though a top speed of only 600 mph was forecast. Shortly following the end of the war, the RAF decided to cancel several large orders for Hawker's piston-powered aircraft and to announce that the service would be taking no further interest in the P.1040 proposals.

Hawker elected to refine the P.1040 design as a private venture, albeit being prepared with a view for service with British military customers in mind. In October 1945, Sydney Camm, Hawker's chief designer, being satisfied with the results generated from engineering mock-ups and wind tunnel testing, authorised a production order for a prototype by the company's experimental department. In light of the diminished RAF interest in the project, allegedly due to the aircraft offering insufficient advances over the jet fighters that were already in service, such as the Gloster Meteor and de Havilland Vampire, in January 1946, a naval version of the P.1040 was offered by Hawker to the Admiralty as a fleet support fighter, as the P.1046.

The Admiralty was not enthusiastic, in part due to the development of the jet-powered Supermarine Attacker aircraft. The service was however intrigued by the long-range of the P.1040 and the promise of increased power from the Nene engine. In May 1946, the Naval Staff authorised the manufacture of three prototypes and a further test specimen, one of these being the original prototype internally ordered by Hawker, in accordance with Naval Specification N.7/46. Hawker quickly found their development focus for the type being divided between the naval P.1046 and the general-purpose P.1040, which was still hoped to be viable as an RAF fighter. The P.1040 would lead to the eventual development of the land-based swept wing Hawker Hunter fighter. Swept wing versions (P.1052 and P.1081) were built and experience gained with these were instrumental in developing the design of the Hunter.

Prototypes
On 2 September 1947, the P.1040 prototype, VP401, sometimes referred to as the Hawker N.7/46 after the related naval specification, conducted its maiden flight from RAF Boscombe Down, piloted by Bill Humble. Three days later, VP401 flew to Farnborough to continue trials. A month after the first flight, the existence of the P.1040 was revealed to the general public. Early flight trials encountered aerodynamically related teething problems, such as airframe vibrations and tail buffeting, which led to a redesign of the rear jet pipe fairings and the addition of a bullet-shaped anti-shock body on the tail. Other minor issues were addressed, including high stick forces and windscreen distortion; VP401 needed long take-off runs which were attributed to the "low-thrust" Nene 1. The Nene 2/Mk.101 for production aircraft would have a higher take-off thrust.

On 31 August 1948, a naval prototype, VP413, equipped with folding wings, catapult spools and armament, conducted its first flight. VP413 was quickly subjected to a series of deck assessment trials using a mock-up deck at Boscombe Down. In April 1949, VP413 was transferred to the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (87) to conduct general deck and handling trials at sea. These trials revealed the need for the wing span to be increased by 30 inches, the low-speed handling of the prototype having been found to be lacking. In November 1949, VP413 returned to Illustrious, performing around 25 deck landings without issue.

On 17 October 1949, the third prototype, VP422, made its maiden flight. Being representative of the production aircraft, VP422 incorporated a number of modifications as a result of experience gained from trials with the second prototype, these alterations included the fitting of a longer arrester hook when a number of "bolters" were experienced during the early dummy deck trials. After the longer hook was incorporated, this modification was carried though the remaining production runs. Other changes included the addition of fixtures for rocket-assisted take-off gear (RATOG) and hard points plumbed for external drop tanks. On 22 November 1949, Hawker received an initial production contract for 151 aircraft named Sea Hawk. Throughout 1950, both VP413 and VP422 were used for preliminary service trials.

VP422, the third prototype, later joined a specially-prepared Vampire Mk 21 in testing the feasibility of operating without an undercarriage, using a flexible deck. Flying from Farnborough, VP413 made the only flight with undercarriage raised from catapult launch to arrested landing on 12 November 1953. This flight was the final phase of the flexible deck project and was the only launch of an aircraft from the slotted tube catapult developed from the slotted tube launchers used for the V-1 flying bomb. Although the trials were successful, the project was abandoned when the introduction of more powerful engines obviated the need radically to adapt the design to the concept of combat aircraft without undercarriages.

VP401, the first prototype, had continued to serve in the flight test programme and was involved in two significant events prior to its retirement. On 1 August 1949, the Royal Navy entered VP401 in the National Air Races, in which it won the Society of British Aircraft Constructors (SBAC) Challenge Cup Race, beating a Vampire 3 and de Havilland DH.108. VP401 was later converted into a further prototype, the Hawker P.1072, the principal addition being in the form of an auxiliary rocket engine; configured as such, it became the first British rocket-powered aircraft. After a few flights were made in 1950, the rocket engine blew up during a test and although repaired, the airframe was scrapped soon after.

Production
Immediately following the receipt of the first order in November 1949, Hawker set about establishing a manufacturing line for the Sea Hawk at their Kingston facility. Shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, an urgent operational demand for aircraft carriers and aircraft became apparent. The rate of production was substantially increased and more orders for the Sea Hawk were placed. The issuing of a 'Super-Priority' status for the Sea Hawk by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1951, served to speed up production considerably as well as aid the supply of vital materials for its manufacture.

To cope with demand, address production shortcomings and cope with the parallel pressure that Hawker was facing for the development of another aircraft, the newer Hunter, it was decided that production would be transferred to a new assembly line run by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, part of the Hawker group, at Coventry. Prior to the transfer, 35 Sea Hawk F1, the initial production standard, were completed at Kingston. On 14 November 1951, the first production Sea Hawk F1, WF143, conducted its maiden flight. It possessed a 39 ft (12 m) wingspan and a tailplane of increased area. The first Coventry-built Sea Hawk F1 made its first flight prior to the end of 1953; a total of 60 would be produced.

While some of the initial batch of Sea Hawks would see operational service, many of the F1s would be used for various service trials. Amongst these, WF143 would later be rebuilt as the prototype for the Sea Hawk F2, featuring power-assisted ailerons in place of their unpowered counterparts on the F1, to which flight trials had demonstrated a weakness in lateral control leading to instances of oscillation. On 24 February 1954, the first production Sea Hawk F2, WF240, conducted its maiden flight at Bitteswell. A total of 40 F2 aircraft would be produced.

Another Sea Hawk F1, WF157, was developed into a prototype for the FB 3 standard, the initial fighter bomber variant of the type and later most common of the Sea Hawk variants. To suit this role, much of the development work went into its range of external stores, although the clearance of these for service was disrupted by a lack of Royal Navy personnel. On 13 March 1954, the first production Sea Hawk FB 3, WF280, made its first flight. A more refined Sea Hawk FGA 4 variant followed, partially to remedy stores handling problems that had been experienced with the FB 3 variant; the first FB 4 aircraft, WV792 conducted its first flight on 26 August 1954.

In 1950, it was acknowledged that the Nene 101 engine was transitional powerplant; upon availability of the 4 per cent more powerful Nene 103, the Admiralty quickly ordered many of its Sea Hawk FB 3 and FGA 4 to be re-engined. Another two Sea Hawk variants were developed; the first of these, the FB 5, was more or less identical to the FB 3 apart from the newer, more powerful Nene 103 engine, which greatly improving the aircraft's low-speed handling and take-off performance. The final Sea Hawk standard, FGA 6, was a fighter ground-attack variant, the same as its FB 5 predecessor, though they were new-build aircraft rather than re-engined ones. A total of just under 90 FGA 6s were completed.

Design
The F 1 was armed with four 20 mm (.79 in) Hispano Mk V cannons. It was powered by a 5,000 lbf (22 kN) thrust Rolls-Royce Nene 101 centrifugal flow turbojet engine. The Nene engine was viewed as underpowered; in 1950, the government had cancelled development of the Rolls-Royce Tay, an afterburner-equipped development of the Nene, leaving no more powerful engines to equip the Sea Hawk. More minor developments of the Nene engine were developed and were adopted on the aircraft, providing for some increase in power.

The F 1 had a maximum speed of 599 mph (964 km/h) at sea level and a range of 800 mi (1,287 km) on internal fuel. A more refined fighter variant was the F 2, which introduced power-boosted aileron controls as well as other modifications, including to its structure. The next variant of the Sea Hawk was developed into a fighter-bomber, the FB 3, and differed only slightly from its predecessors; its structure being strengthened to allow it to carry a wider array of equipment and weaponry on its four hard points, these included rockets, bombs, napalm, mines, reconnaissance cameras, external drop tanks and fixtures for rocket-assisted take-off gear (RATOG).

Unlike its rival, the Supermarine Attacker, which had been the first jet aircraft to enter service with the FAA, the Sea Hawk had a tricycle undercarriage rather than a tail-wheel, making it easier to land on carriers, it was also Hawker's first aircraft to incorporate a nose-wheel undercarriage. The Sea Hawk had adopted a fairly conventional design, being built with straight wings while a number of other contemporary aircraft, such as the F-86 Sabre, had adopted swept wings. The Sea Hawk was a reliable and elegant aeroplane, though its cautious design meant it would only be attractive on the export market and be in production for only a short period before being superseded by more advanced aircraft.

Operational history

The first production Sea Hawk was the F 1, which first flew in 1951, entered service two years later with 806 Squadron, first based at Brawdy, then transferred to HMS Eagle (R05). All Sea Hawks were in service by the mid-1950s and eventually over 500 were built.

During service evaluations of the Sea Hawk, Australian and Canadian naval pilots flew the aircraft leading to official suggestions that the aircraft would be chosen by the two countries. Both nations were also interested in new American-built naval aircraft; only a handful of Sea Hawks were transferred to either nation, some operating from the flight deck of the Australian Majestic-class aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney (R17), though these did not enter full squadron service. In 1956, shortly after the termination of the Sea Hawk production line, the Federal Republic of Germany placed an order for 68 aircraft to equip the Bundesmarine, the West German navy, considering them good value for money. The Bundesmarine had a requirement for a day fighter-bomber and one with an all-weather capability; 34 aircraft of each variant were ordered, the Mk 100 limited to good weather, and the Mk 101 equipped with a pod-based EKCO-built search radar for sea reconnaissance in all weathers. The German Sea Hawks served into the mid-1960s, until replaced by the F-104 Starfighter.

The Netherlands placed an order for 30 aircraft, as the Sea Hawk Mk 50, a ground-attack variant for the Royal Netherlands Navy, which was financed by NATO funding. The Mk 50 was externally similar to the Royal Navy aircraft, differing in its use of a Philips-built ultra high frequency (UHF) radio; Dutch Sea Hawks were later equipped to each carry a pair of AIM-9 Sidewinder infrared-guided air-to-air missiles. Between 1957 and 1964, the Dutch Navy operated 22 aircraft. The last export customer was India which ordered 24 new Sea Hawks and 12 refurbished ex-FAA Mk 6s in 1959, following up with 30 additional airframes reconstructed from West German stocks, among others.

Combat record
The Sea Hawk saw extensive service during the Suez Crisis, when joint Anglo-French forces invaded Egypt on 31 October 1956 under Operation Musketeer. Six Sea Hawk squadrons took part: two aboard the fleet carrier HMS Eagle and two each aboard the light fleet carriers HMS Albion (R07) and HMS Bulwark (R08). The Sea Hawks were primarily used for ground attack. Due to aircraft such as the Hunter lacking the range or clearance to deliver munitions, the entire British ground attack capability during the conflict was delivered by the navy Sea Hawks and the Westland Wyverns of 830 Squadron, typically being escorted by de Havilland Sea Venom fighters.

Sea Hawks launched many attacks upon Egyptian shore-based targets, often in the face of heavy anti-aircraft fire, resulting in several aircraft being severely damaged. The Suez Crisis was to be the swan song of Sea Hawk combat operations with the Royal Navy, as new strike aircraft such as the de Havilland Sea Vixen and the Supermarine Scimitar were introduced after the conflict.

The Sea Hawk was a successful export aircraft. In the Royal Netherlands Navy, it served aboard the Dutch aircraft carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81), ex-HMS Venerable (R63), including during decolonization operations guarding against Indonesian threats in the area. From 1959 they were equipped with Sidewinder missiles significantly enhancing their air-to-air combat capabilities. In 1961, the Sea Hawks that served on her were moved ashore when the Dutch commitment to NATO was changed to maritime patrol using ASW aircraft; by October 1964 they had been taken out of service.

In Indian Navy service (beginning in 1960), Sea Hawks were used aboard the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (1961), ex-HMS Hercules and saw service during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. In the latter war, Sea Hawk aircraft sank about a dozen vessels, comprising Pakistan Navy gunboats and cargo ships, in East Pakistan waters (present day Bangladesh) without losing an aircraft. They were supported by Breguet Alizé aircraft which sank three gunboats. The Sea Hawk was withdrawn from Indian Navy service in 1983, being replaced by the far more capable BAE Sea Harrier.

Retirement
The Sea Hawks in Fleet Air Arm service began being phased out from first line service in 1958, the year in which the Supermarine Scimitar and de Havilland Sea Vixen entered service, both of which types would eventually replace the Sea Hawk. The last front line Sea Hawk squadron, No. 806, disbanded at RNAS Brawdy on 15 December 1960, ending a very brief operational career for the Sea Hawk. Most Sea Hawks in second line service were withdrawn by the mid-1960s. The last operational Royal Navy Sea Hawks were FGA.6 flown by the Airwork Limited managed "black" Fleet Requirements Unit based at Bournemouth (Hurn) Airport which retired the type in 1969.

Variants

 * P.1040
 * VP401 prototype first flown at Boscombe Down on 2 September 1947, later converted to a P.1072
 * VP413 navalised prototype to specification N.7/46 first flown at Farnborough 3 September 1948.
 * VP422 second-naval prototype first flown at Farnborough 17 October 1949.
 * Sea Hawk F1
 * Production fighters powered by a Rolls-Royce Nene Mk 101 engine; 95 built (35 by Hawker Aircraft at Kingston upon Thames, the remainder and all subsequent production by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft at Baginton, Coventry)

 * Sea Hawk F2
 * Production fighter with powered ailerons; 40 built by Armstrong Whitworth.

 * Sea Hawk FB 3
 * Fighter-bomber variant with stronger wing for external stores; 116 built.

 * Sea Hawk FGA 4
 * Fighter/Ground attack variant; 97 built.

 * Sea Hawk FB 5
 * FB3 fitted with the Nene Mk 103; 50 conversions.

 * Sea Hawk FGA 6
 * FGA4 with the Nene Mk 103; total of 101 (86 new-build, the remainder converted from FB3 and FGA 4 examples).

 * Sea Hawk Mk 50
 * Export variant based on the FGA 6 for the Royal Netherland Navy; 22 built.

 * Sea Hawk Mk 100
 * Export variant for the West German Navy, similar to FGA 6 but fitted with taller fin and rudder; 32 built

 * Sea Hawk Mk 101
 * All-weather export variant for the West German Navy, as Mk 100 but fitted with a search radar in an underwing pod; 32 built.

Surviving aircraft

Thirty-six complete Sea Hawks (plus eight cockpit sections) are known to survive, mainly in a variety of locations in the United Kingdom, though others are located abroad, including in Germany, Malta, the Netherlands and India. One Sea Hawk, WV908, remained airworthy as part of the Royal Navy Historic Flight until 2010. In June 2022, it was announced that, after several years in storage at RAF Shawbury, WV908 would be restored to flying condition at Yeovilton.

 * WF225 (Sea Hawk F 1) is displayed as 'gate guardian' at RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk), England.
 * WF259 (Sea Hawk F 2) is stored at the National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, Scotland.
 * WM913 (Sea Hawk FB 5) is displayed at the Newark Air Museum, Newark, England.
 * WM961 (Sea Hawk FB 5) is displayed at Caernarfon Air World, Caernarfon, Wales.
 * WM969 (Sea Hawk FB 5) is displayed in Hangar 3 at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England.
 * WN108 (Sea Hawk FB 5) is displayed by the Ulster Aviation Society at Maze Long Kesh, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.
 * WV797 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at the Midland Air Museum, Coventry, England.
 * WV826 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at the Malta Aviation Museum, Ta'qali, Malta.
 * WV856 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton, England.
 * WV865 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at the Luftwaffe Museum, Gatow, Germany.
 * WV908 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) was airworthy with the Royal Navy Historic Flight, Yeovilton, England until 2010.
 * XE327 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at Hermeskeil, Germany.
 * XE489 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at the Gatwick Aviation Museum, Charlwood, England.
 * XE368 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is located on a private farm in Market Harborough pending restoration.
 * 118 (Sea Hawk Mk 50) is displayed at De Kooy, the Netherlands.
 * 131 (Sea Hawk Mk 50) is displayed at the Nationaal Militair Museum, Soesterberg, the Netherlands.
 * IN-154 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed in INS Garuda Naval Air Station, Cochin, Kerala, India
 * IN-172 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed in Cochin, Kerala, India.
 * IN-174 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is displayed at Jawahar Bal Bhavan, Museum Road, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 * IN-188 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) was displayed at the INS Vikrant Museum, Mumbai, India. It's currently in storage.
 * IN-195 (Sea Hawk FGA 6) is stored at INS Garuda Naval Air Station, Cochin, Kerala, India
 * IN-231 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is stored at INS Garuda Naval Air Station, Cochin, Kerala, India
 * IN-234 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is displayed at the Naval Aviation Museum, Goa, India
 * IN-235 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is displayed at the Aeronautical Engineering Dept at Indian Institute Of Technology - Madras, Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India
 * IN-238 (Sea Hawk Mk.100) is displayed at Aeronauticum, Nordholz, Germany
 * IN-240 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is displayed at the Victory at Sea Memorial, Beach Road, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 * IN-244 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is displayed as a gate guardian in front of the Naval Armament Depot in the town of Marmagoa, Goa, India
 * IN-246 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) was displayed at the INS Vikrant Museum, Mumbai, India. It's currently in storage.
 * IN-252 (Sea Hawk Mk 100) is displayed in the Aeronautical Engineering Dept at Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai (Madras), Tamil Nadu, India
 * IN-xxx "Unknown Serial" is Displayed at National Defence Academy Khadakvasla, Pune, India.

title: Hawker Sea Hawk


text:
User talk:JoVo

Greetings to you, too, JoVo.

If your English is always as good as on your New User Log entry, hardly anyone will suspect that you don't live in an English-speaking county.

Make a User Page for yourself soon, please, and Have fun! :Robin Patterson 01:11, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:JoVo


text:
Cooter

Cooter may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Cooter (band), the original name of the punk band Autopilot Off
 * "Cooter" (30 Rock), a television episode
 * Cooter Davenport, a character from the TV show The Dukes of Hazzard and subsequent movie
 * Cooter Fingerwood, a character on the TV show The Adventures of Pete & Pete
 * Cooter, a coyote character from the Canadian children's television show Size Small

People

 * Robert Cooter (born 1945), economics and law professor
 * Jim Bob Cooter (born 1984), offensive coordinator of the New York Jets

Other uses

 * Cooter, Missouri, a US city
 * Cooter Township, Pemiscot County, Missouri, an inactive township named after the city
 * Cooter Brown, a name used in metaphors for drunkenness
 * Cooter turtle (genus Pseudemys), various freshwater turtles
 * A slang term for the vulva

title: Cooter


text:
User:Al234

.

title: User:Al234


text:
Union Theological Seminary

Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York (shortened to UTS or Union) is a private ecumenical liberal Christian seminary in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, affiliated with Columbia University. Columbia University lists UTS among its affiliate schools, alongside Barnard College and Teachers College. Since 1928, the seminary has served as Columbia's constituent faculty of theology. In 1964, UTS also established an affiliation with the neighboring Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Despite its affiliation with Columbia University, UTS is an independent institution with its own administration and Board of Trustees. UTS confers the following degrees: Master of Divinity (MDiv), Master of Divinity & Social Work dual degree (MDSW), Master of Arts in religion (MAR), Master of Arts in Social Justice (MASJ), Master of Sacred Theology (STM), Doctor of Ministry (DMin), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

UTS is the oldest independent seminary in the United States and has long been known as a bastion of progressive Christian scholarship, with a number of prominent thinkers among its faculty or alumni. It was founded in 1836 by members of the Presbyterian Church in the USA, but was open to students of all denominations. In 1893, UTS rescinded the right of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church to veto faculty appointments, thus becoming fully independent. In the 20th century, Union became a center of liberal Christianity. It served as the birthplace of the Black theology, womanist theology, and other theological movements. It houses the Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, one of the largest theological libraries in the Western Hemisphere.

Early history

Union Theological Seminary was founded in 1836. During the late 19th century it became one of the leading centers of liberal Christianity in the United States. In 1891, Charles A. Briggs, who was being installed as the chair of biblical studies, delivered an inaugural address in which he questioned the verbal inspiration of Scripture. When the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. vetoed Briggs' appointment and eventually deposed Briggs for heresy two years later, Union removed itself from denominational oversight. In 1939, the Auburn Theological Seminary moved to its campus and departed in 2014.

Among its graduates were the historian of Christianity Arthur McGiffert; biblical scholar James Moffatt; Harry Emerson Fosdick, the pastor of Riverside Church who served as professor during his tenure there; and the Socialist leader Norman Thomas.

Union Settlement

In 1895, members of the Union Theological Seminary Alumni Club founded Union Settlement Association, one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City. After visiting Toynbee Hall in London and inspired by the example of Hull House in Chicago, the alumni decided to create a settlement house in the area of Manhattan enclosed on the north and south by East 96th and 110th Streets and on the east and west by the East River and Central Park.

The neighborhood, known as East Harlem, was filled with new tenements but devoid of any civic services. The ethos of the settlement house movement called for its workers to "settle" in such neighborhoods in order to learn first-hand the problems of the residents. "It seemed to us that, as early settlers, we had a chance to grow up with the community and affect its development," wrote William Adams Brown, Theology Professor, Union Theological Society (1892–1930) and President, Union Settlement Association (1915–1919).

Union Settlement still exists, providing community-based services and programs to support the immigrant and low-income residents of East Harlem. One of East Harlem's largest social service agencies, Union Settlement reaches more than 13,000 people annually at 17 locations throughout East Harlem through a range of programs, including early childhood education, youth development, senior services, job training, the arts, adult education, nutrition, counseling, a farmers' market, community development, and neighborhood cultural events.

20th century to present
Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich made UTS the center of both liberal and neo-orthodox Protestantism in the inter-war period. Niebuhr joined UTS in 1929 and Tillich in 1933. Prominent public intellectual Cornel West commenced a promising academic career at UTS in 1977. As liberalism lost ground to conservatism after the 1960s (while neo-orthodoxy dissipated) and thus declined in prestige, UTS ran into financial difficulties and shrank significantly because of a reduced student base.

Eventually, the school agreed to lease some of its buildings to Columbia University and to transfer ownership of and responsibility for the Burke Library to Columbia. These agreements helped stabilize the school's finances, which had been hobbled by increasing library costs and the need for substantial campus repairs.

On July 1, 2008, feminist theologian Serene Jones became UTS's first female president in its 172-year history, succeeding Joseph C. Hough Jr.

On June 10, 2014, Jones announced that UTS would be joining the movement to divest from the fossil fuels industry in protest at the damage the industry is causing to the environment. UTS's $108 million endowment will no longer include any fossil fuel investments. On May 9, 2024, UTS's Board of Trustees voted to endorse divestment from "companies profiting from the war in Palestine" and announced that they will be joining the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility.

Classroom and faculty space was added to UTS in the early 2020s as part of the construction of Claremont Hall, a 41-story residential condominium at 100 Claremont Avenue. UTS owns 27 of the apartments in Claremont Hall.

Although administratively independent from Columbia, UTS is affiliated through representation by one voting faculty member and one non-voting student observer in the Columbia University Senate.

Campus

UTS's campus is located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, bordered by Claremont Avenue, Broadway, and West 120th and 122nd Streets. The brick and limestone English Gothic revival architecture, by architects Allen & Collens, completed in 1910, includes the tower, which adapts features of the crossing tower of Durham Cathedral. Adjacent to Teachers College, Barnard College, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and the Manhattan School of Music, Union has cross-registration and library access agreements with all of these schools.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 23, 1980, and parts were made a New York City designated landmark in 1965. Some sections of the campus are now on long-term lease to Columbia University.

Library
The Burke Library at Union Theological Seminary, one of the largest theological libraries in North America, contains over 700,000 items. Burke's holdings include extensive special collections, including Greek census records from 20 CE, a rare 12th-century manuscript of the Life of St. Boniface, and one of the first African-American hymnals, published in Philadelphia in 1818.

The Burke Library also maintains a number of world-renowned archival collections, including the Archives of Women in Theological Scholarship and the Missionary Research Library Archives.

In 2004, the Burke Library became fully integrated into the Columbia University Libraries system, which holds over 14 million volumes. The library is named in honor of Walter Burke, a generous benefactor to the library who served as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Seminary from 1976 to 1982.

Faculty
Both Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich taught at the seminary. Nieburhr joined the faculty in 1929 and retired in 1952. Tillich was recruited by Niebuhr to UTS following his dismissal from the University of Frankfurt. Nazi officials terminated Tillich from the University of Frankfurt and placed him on their list of "undesirables". Tillich subsequently narrowly escaped arrest by the Gestapo in October 1933 and made his way out of Germany joining UTS in December 1933.

In 1930, Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a Postgraduate Teaching Fellow at the seminary. He later returned in 1939 to be a member of the faculty and to escape Nazi harassment in Germany. Writing of his experience there in his book Barcelona, Berlin, New York, Bonhoeffer was dismayed by the liberalism of the seminary and its students, noting, "The students are completely clueless with respect to what dogmatics is really about. They are not familiar with even the most basic questions. They become intoxicated with liberal and humanistic phrases, are amused at the fundamentalists, and yet basically are not even up to their level...." Referring to Union Seminary, Bonhoeffer noted: "A seminary in which numerous students openly laugh during a public lecture because they find it amusing when a passage on sin and forgiveness ...is cited has obviously, despite its many advantages, forgotten what Christian theology in its very essence stands for" (pp. 309–10). He soon regretted his decision and decided that he had to return to Germany to resist the Nazis. He took the last ship from New York to Germany in late August 1939. Due to his secret involvement with the 20 July plot on Hitler's life, he was executed at the Flossenbürg concentration camp on April 8, 1945, only 15 days before the United States Army liberated the camp.

American theologian, James Hal Cone, one of the founders of liberation theology and influential in the development of Black theology, began teaching at Union Theological Seminary in New York City in 1970, holding the distinguished Charles A. Briggs Chair in systematic theology from 1977 until his death in 2018.

Serene Jones, the seminary's first female president, was inaugurated in November 2008. replacing Joseph Hough, UTS' immediate past president. Civil rights activist Cornel West joined the faculty in July 2012, and rejoined again in 2021.

Notable current faculty

 * Mary C. Boys – Skinner and McAlpin Professor of Practical Theology
 * David M. Carr – Professor of Old Testament; contributed to Genesis in the New Oxford Annotated Bible (New Revised Standard Version)
 * Euan Cameron – Henry Luce, III Professor of Reformation Church History
 * Alan Cooper – Appointed Professor of Bible in 1998, becoming the first person to hold a joint professorship at both Union and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. His dual appointment has been described as a major step in strengthening ties between the two seminaries.
 * Pamela Cooper-White – Christiane Brooks Johnson Professor of Psychology and Religion
 * Kelly Brown Douglas – Dean of the Episcopal Divinity School at Union Theological Seminary as well as the Canon Theologian at the Washington National Cathedral.
 * Gary Dorrien – American social ethicist and theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Social Ethics
 * Roger Haight – Visiting professor of Theology
 * Esther J. Hamori - Professor of Hebrew Bible
 * Brigitte Kahl – Professor of New Testament
 * Chung Hyun Kyung – Associate Professor of Ecumenical Theology
 * Aliou C. Niang - Associate Professor of New Testament
 * Jerusha T. Rhodes - Associate Professor of Islam and Interreligious Engagement
 * Kosen Greg Snyder - Senior Director and assistant professor of Buddhist Studies
 * John J. Thatamanil – Professor of Theology and World Religions
 * Cornel West – Professor of Religious Philosophy and Christian Practice
 * Andrea C. White – Associate Professor of Theology and Culture
 * Jason Wright – Board of Trustees member

Several of Union's members also teach in the Religious Studies department at Columbia University, the Teachers College, Columbia University, New York Theological Seminary, and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

Notable former faculty

 * Michelle Alexander – writer, civil rights advocate, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, opinion columnist for The New York Times. Visiting professor from 2016 to 2021.
 * Charles Augustus Briggs – Professor of Hebrew and Cognate Languages (1874–1891) and of Biblical Theology (1891–1904); an important early leader of the Modernist movement
 * Raymond E. Brown (1928–1998) – Professor of New Testament (1971-1990), member of the Pontifical Bible Commission, and the first Catholic to gain tenure
 * Charles Butler (1802–1897) – founder
 * Henry Sloane Coffin – President of Union and a leading theological liberal. Coffin also obtained his Bachelor of Divinity from the Union Theological Seminary in 1900. He declined an offer to become president of Union Theological Seminary in 1916. In 1926, offered the presidency (a second time), he accepted and retained the post until 1945.
 * James Cone (1936-2018) – a founder of Black theology, he was Charles Augustus Briggs Distinguished Professor of Systematic Theology until his death
 * W. D. Davies, (1911–2001), Welsh-born Edward Robinson Professor of Biblical Theology, noted New Testament scholar and Congregationalist Minister.
 * Harrison S. Elliot (1882–1951) – author and leader in the Y.M.C.A., Religious Education Association, and Union Theological Seminary.
 * James A. Forbes, Joe R. Engle Professor of Preaching before becoming senior pastor of Riverside Church, after which he continued to serve as an adjunct professor.
 * Harry Emerson Fosdick – First minister of Riverside Church and professor of homiletics
 * Beverly Wildung Harrison - a Christian feminist ethicist, she taught for 34 years at Union and was the Caroline Williams Beaird Professor of Ethics. She was the first woman president of the North American Society of Christian Ethics.
 * Paul F. Knitter – Paul Tillich Professor of Theology
 * John Macquarrie – Professor of Systematic Theology (1962–70), afterwards Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford and Canon Residentiary of Christ Church, Oxford (1970–1986)
 * John Anthony McGuckin – Nielsen Professor of Early and Byzantine Church History, President of the Sophia Institute, Archpriest of the Orthodox Church
 * Christopher Morse – Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor of Theology & Ethics
 * J. Brooke Mosley, president
 * Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) – Professor of Applied Christianity – Christian social ethics, author of the influential The Nature and Destiny of Man (1941), and the Serenity Prayer (popularized through the Twelve-step program)
 * Peter C. Phan – the inaugural holder of the Ellacuria Chair of Catholic Social Thought at Georgetown University
 * Robert Pollack – professor of Science and Religion
 * Edward Robinson – Biblical scholar and discoverer of Robinson's Arch and Hezekiah's Tunnel in Jerusalem
 * Philip Schaff (1819–1893) – Theologian and ecclesiastical historian who served as chair of theological encyclopedia and Christian symbolism, then as chair of Hebrew and the cognate languages, followed by chair of sacred literature, and finally chair of church history until his death in 1893.
 * William Greenough Thayer Shedd — Professor of Sacred Literature (1863–1874) and of Systematic Theology (1874–1890)
 * Dorothee Soelle – Socially engaged German theologian
 * Paul Tillich (1886–1965) – German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher
 * Phyllis Trible (b. 1932) – Ph.D. from Union 1963; Baldwin Professor of Sacred Literature, 1980-1998; served as a visiting professor of Old Testament after retirement; donated papers to Burke Library.
 * Ann Belford Ulanov – Christiane Brooks Johnson Memorial Professor of Psychiatry and Religion
 * Harry F. Ward – chairman of the ACLU and Professor of Ethics
 * Delores S. Williams earned her PhD from Union Theological Seminary, and later became the Paul Tillich Professor of Feminist Theology at Union Theological Seminary Her title was later changed to the Paul Tillich Professor of Theology and Culture. Following retirement, she became professor emerita.
 * Walter Wink – Biblical scholar and activist

Notable alumni

 * Rubem Alves – Brazilian theologian and writer
 * William Scott Ament (Bachelor of Divinity, 1877) – controversial American missionary to China (1877–1909)
 * John Batchelor – radio news show writer and host
 * Frederic Mayer Bird – Class of 1860: clergyman, educator, and hymnologist.
 * J. Seelye Bixler – 16th president of Colby College
 * Dietrich Bonhoeffer – German Lutheran theologian and Nazi resister, attended UTS in 1930 for postgraduate studies and a teaching fellowship under Reinhold Niebuhr
 * Anton Boisen – founder of Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) movement
 * Marcus Borg – Biblical scholar and author; former Hundere Distinguished Professor of Religion and Culture at Oregon State University
 * Malcolm Boyd – Episcopal priest and author. He was one of the most prominent of the gay clergy to come out of the closet when he did so in 1977. For two years in 1956 and 1957, Boyd engaged in post-graduate studies at Union Theological Seminary where he wrote his first book, Crisis in Communication. He participated in the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War movements in the 1960s.
 * Walter Brueggemann – William Marcellus McPheeters professor of Old Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary
 * Frederick Buechner – writer, novelist, poet, essayist, theologian, and ordained Presbyterian minister. Buechner described his time at Union at length in his 1982 autobiographical work, The Sacred Journey. In 2008 Union honored Buechner with the Unitas Distinguished Alumni/ae Awards, bestowed upon alumni/ae who exemplify the Seminary's academic breadth, diversity, and inclusiveness.
 * David Budbill – poet
 * Edwin Otway Burnham (Bachelor of Divinity, 1855) – a rifle shooting Congregational missionary in Sioux Indian territory who could bark a squirrel, swing an axe or dispense Gospel with equal fervor and efficiency.
 * Calvin Otis Butts III – senior pastor of the historic Abyssinian Baptist Church in New York City
 * W. Sterling Cary (BD 1952) – president of the National Council of Churches from 1972 to 1975
 * Gladwyn M. Childs – anthropologist and missionary
 * Grigor Cilka – reverend, missionary, teacher and founder of first Protestant parish in Korçë, Albania
 * Joseph Gallup Cochran (class of 1847) – reverend, Presbyterian missionary, teacher
 * Oliver Crane (1848), Presbyterian clergy, missionary, Oriental scholar, writer
 * Nelson Cruikshank (Master of divinity, 1929) – labor union activist and strategist responsible for the passage of Medicare
 * David Dellinger – noted American peace activist and member of the Chicago Seven
 * Lynn de Silva (Master of Sacred Theology) – Sri Lankan theologian, former director of the Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue, Methodist minister, and a pioneer in promoting Buddhist–Christian dialogue
 * John R. Everett (B.D. 1944) – President of Hollins College, first Chancellor of the Municipal College System of the City of New York, and President of the New School for Social Research
 * Helen Flanders Dunbar (B.D. 1927) – early figure in U.S. psychosomatic medicine
 * Franklin I. Gamwell – Shailer Mathews Professor of Religious Ethics, the Philosophy of Religion, and Theology at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago
 * Francis L. Garrett – Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Navy
 * Beverly Roberts Gaventa – New Testament exegete, theologian, and author most recently of When in Romans
 * J. T. Gulick, evolutionary biologist
 * Susan E. Goff, suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia
 * David P. Gushee – Distinguished University Professor of Christian Ethics at Mercer University. Author of 9 books and over 70 articles
 * Douglas John Hall – emeritus professor of theology at McGill University, and theologian of the cross.
 * Mark Hanson – former Presiding Bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
 * Edler Garnet Hawkins – former Moderator of the General Assembly for the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.
 * Carter Heyward – lesbian feminist theologian and priest in the Episcopal Church
 * Richard Holloway – Scottish writer and broadcaster and was formerly Bishop of Edinburgh
 * Dwight Hopkins – Professor of Theology at the Divinity School at the University of Chicago
 * Myles Horton – co-founder of the Highlander Center
 * William H. Hudnut III – former Mayor of Indianapolis, Indiana (1976–1992)
 * Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz – Professor of Ethics and Theology at Drew University
 * Suzan Johnson Cook – former presidential advisor and United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom (2011–2013)
 * Mark Juergensmeyer – Professor of Sociology, Religious Studies, and Global Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara and Director of the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies
 * Norman J. Kansfield – President New Brunswick Theological Seminary 1993–2005 and Senior Scholar in Residence, Theological School, Drew University
 * Mineo Katagiri – Minister and social activist
 * James Franklin Kay – Professor of Homiletics and Liturgics at Princeton Theological Seminary
 * George R. Lunn – Mayor of Schenectady, New York, Member of the United States House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor of New York
 * Ernest Lyon (1860-1938) –  Minister, former United States Ambassador to Liberia, and founder of the Maryland Industrial and Agricultural Institute for Colored Youths.
 * Reuben H. Markham – missionary educator to Bulgaria; journalist, Christian Science Monitor; author of numerous books
 * Rollo May – existential psychologist
 * Rachel Kollock McDowell – religion editor of the New York Times (1920–1948)
 * Andrew McLellan – former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
 * James David Manning – pastor in Harlem
 * Bruce McLeod (PhD) – Moderator of the United Church of Canada
 * William P. Merrill – first president on the Church Peace Union, writer of "Rise Up, O Men of God"
 * Frederick Buckley Newell (Bachelor of Divinity, 1916) – Bishop of The Methodist Church
 * Henry F. C. Nichols – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Lisa Oz – author and radio and television personality
 * Eunice Blanchard Poethig (PhD, 1985) – minister, Presbyterian Church (USA) leader and educator
 * Paul Raushenbush – American Baptist minister and Religion Editor for The Huffington Post
 * John Bunyan Reeve – first Black student, organized theology department at Howard University
 * Scott Rennie – minister of the Church of Scotland at Queen's Cross Church, Aberdeen
 * Joseph L. Roberts Jr., senior pastor of Atlanta's Ebenezer Baptist Church from 1975 to 2005
 * James Herman Robinson (1938) – founder of Operation Crossroads Africa, a forerunner of the Peace Corps
 * Carl Rogers – pioneering psychologist
 * Leroy S. Rouner - Professor of Philosophy, Religion, and Philosophical Theology at Boston University
 * Fleming Rutledge - Episcopal priest and author
 * V.C. Samuel – Indian Christian theologian, philosopher and historian
 * E. P. Sanders – a principal founder of the New Perspective on Paul movement
 * Nathan A. Scott, Jr. – scholar of religion and literature
 * Henry Sloane Coffin – President of Union Theological Seminary
 * William Gayley Simpson – former associate director of the National Civil Liberties Bureau (American Civil Liberties Union)
 * Andrea Smith – Indigenous intellectual and anti-violence activist
 * John Sung – a Chinese Christian evangelist who played an instrumental role in the revival movement among the Chinese in mainland China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia during the 1920s and 1930s
 * John Stoltenberg – feminist writer
 * Juhanon Mar Thoma – Metropolitan of Marthoma Syrian Church in India
 * Norman Thomas – socialist
 * Conrad Tillard (born 1964) - Baptist minister, radio host, author, civil rights activist, and politician
 * K. H. Ting – President emeritus of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement and China Christian Council
 * Phyllis Trible (b. 1932) – feminist biblical scholar
 * Constance Cochnower Virtue - composer who developed the Virtue Notagraph
 * Raphael Warnock – U.S. Senator from Georgia (2021-) and senior pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta
 * George W. Webber (1920–2010) – President of the New York Theological Seminary
 * Floyd Wilcox – third president of Shimer College
 * Delores S. Williams – womanist theologian
 * Walter Wink – Biblical scholar and activist
 * Clemis Abraham - Former head of the Malankara Syriac Knanaya Archdiocese (1951-2002)

title: Union Theological Seminary


text:
User:SusanM

Welcome to WP, Susan!

You started computers before I did, but my young brother was punching cards and discovering Colossal Cave Adventure a little before you. It has snakes and dragons, but I don't recall meeting a dinosaur there. Nice to meet you!!

Make a User Page some time, please, and have fun! - Robin Patterson 01:20, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:SusanM


text:
Richard Wallace

Richard, Rick, or Dick Wallace may refer to:

 * Edgar Wallace (1875–1932), born Richard Wallace, British writer
 * Richard Alfred Wallace (1861–1935), Canadian politician and Northwest Territories MLA
 * Richard L. Wallace (born 1936), American educator and chancellor of the University of Missouri
 * Richard Wallace (cricketer) (1934–2019), Australian cricketer
 * Richard Wallace (director) (1894–1951), American film director
 * Richard Wallace (fencer) (1872–1941), French Olympic fencer
 * Richard Wallace (journalist) (born 1961), British journalist, editor of The Daily Mirror newspaper
 * Richard Wallace (rugby league) (born 1944), rugby league footballer of the 1970s for Wales, and York
 * Richard Wallace (rugby union) (born 1968), Irish rugby player
 * Richard Wallace (scientist) (born 1960), American computer scientist, Chairman of A.L.I.C.E. Artificial Intelligence Foundation
 * Rick Wallace (born 1948), American television director
 * Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet (1818–1890), English art collector
 * Richard Wallace (bishop), New Zealand Māori Anglican bishop
 * Richard Wallace (author), author of Jack the Ripper, Light-Hearted Friend
 * Dick Wallace (1882–1925), American baseball player

title: Richard Wallace


text:
Saitwal

Saitwal (or Swahitwal) is a Digambara Jain community of Maharashtra. Swahitwal means that they work for the benefit of their inner self (Swa+hit+wal).

Saitwal community is largely concentrated in Maharashtra state, though people from Saitwal community can be found in all over India.

Another name for Setaväla is Svahitavāla or Sahitavāla. It is said that the Svahitavālas are divided into two sub-castes, viz., (i) Svahitavāla and (ii) Setavāla, based on the difference of occupation. The latter weave bodice cloth, and are cloth merchants, shop-keepers and money-lenders. The former are tailors.These distinctions are not observed now and all are termed as Setavālas.

As regards their origin many accounts are told. According to one account the Setavālas are considered as the descendants of the Kshatriyas who came to the Deccan for the protection of the Jaina sages and places of pilgrimage from fiercer sort of people, whose leaders were called Bhairavas. The places where the sages resided and where religion was specially practised were called Kshetras or holy places. The people who had been entrusted with the sacred duty of protecting religion and religious places came to be called Kshetrapālas or protectors of holy places. The Präkrit form of the Sanskrit word Kshetrasāla is Chhettaväla from which the Marathi word Setaväla is derived. From this it appears that the Setavälas came from the North and settled in the Deccan. Mr. Russel also mentions that Saitavāla is one of the castes which came into the Central Provinces from Rajputanā. As regards Setavālas in the Bombay Province it stated that they seem to have come from Marwar in search of work, though when they came is not known. They have many rustic customs and ways, but signs remain which support their claim to have a strain of Kshatriya blood. According to another account, the Setavālas appear to have been originally a body of hundred families excommunicated for some unknown reason; and now forming a caste by themselves. They were formerly known as Satavālas or the hundred families.in This seems to be wrong for obvious reasons. According to the third, the word Setavāla is derived from a Marathi word "Seta' i.e., a farm, and Setavālas are those who subsist on farming.

There are supposed to be many gotras among Setavālas but the names of 44 gotras only are available, viz., Bahu; Abhaya kumāra; Sahasrabāhu; Maghava; Vijayamitra; Mahäbahu; Bhūvallabha; Hariketu; Vijaya; Dhanapati; Simharatha; Vidyasakti; Supratishtha; Meghavähana; Prthvipäla; Vajradanta; Ratnāyudha; Anantavijaya; Dharma; Prajñāpāla; Yugandhara; Lokapāla; Hariśchandra; Sūryaputra; Yaśapäla; Minaketu; Surendra-datta; Pundarīka; Dhanaratha; Dhātrivāhana; Susheņa; Subhachandra; Pūrvabāhu; Maņimālā; Jitaśatru; Vajräyudha; Satyašruti; Jayan dhara; Narmadā; Vimalavähana; Surakirti; Vimalakirti; Srīsheņa and Chakräyudha.

The community is majority among Digambar Jains in Maharashtra. They are predominantly in profession of silver ornament making, weaving, oil extraction, tailoring and have been spread in pockets of Vidarbha, Marathwada, Khandesh and in small proportion in Western Maharashtra as well.

Mostly the financially weaker section among otherwise well to do Jains. Over past few decades many of Saitwal Jains have achieved socioeconomic development with education and entrepreneurship.

Last year this community was awarded OBC status by government though it was deprived of such privileges for many years even after remaining weaker section of society due to misconception of being an integral part of elite Jain community.

History
Several Jain authors were born in this community. This includes Pasakirti (Sudarshana Charitra, shaka 1549), Brahma Matisagar (Adinath panchkalyanaka, shaka 1732), Nemsagar (shaka 1675–1776) etc.

A bronze image of Chandraprabha has been discussed by J. C. Wright that has an inscription mentioning that it was installed by a person of Sehitavāla jati in Śaka Year 1559 (A.D. 1638) under the supervision of Bhattaraka Vijayakīrti.

Religious organizations
The Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha is a religious and social service organization of the Jains of South India. The organization is headquartered at Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa.

title: Saitwal


text:
Zhongshan District, Taipei

Zhongshan District is an administrative district of Taipei City.

Economy
In the 1970s, the district was recognized as the center of the city's tourist industry, with large hotels and international restaurants. The interest from tourists allowed the district to develop as a center of international business.

In recent decades, the district's economy and its population have both contracted, due in part to the decentralisation of industrial and manufacturing activities. Parts of Taipei's "financial core" (that once centred on the Zhongshan District) have been moved to other districts.

Between 1991 and 1996, the district lost 2,600 jobs while the rest of Taipei experienced increased jobs growth (120,000 jobs in the same period). Between 1991 and 1999, the district's population decreased by more than 21,000, accounting for 27.6% of Taipei's total population decrease during that period. According to some economists, the decrease in population and jobs allowed an informal sex industry to thrive in the district leading to an increased crime rate.

Tatung Company, PXmart, and Uni Air have their headquarters in the district.

The Taiwanese subsidiary of American Megatrends, AMI Taiwan, is headquartered in Zhongshan District.

Recreation

The district features many recreational areas which include Rongxing Garden Park, Xinsheng Park, Yingfeng Riverside Park, Meiti Riverside Park, Zhongshan Fine Arts Park, Dajia Riverside Park and Taipei Municipal Children's Recreation Area.

Historical buildings and museums include Lin An Tai Historical House and Museum, Miniatures Museum of Taiwan, Museum of Jade Art, Suho Memorial Paper Museum and Taipei Film House.

The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine is located in the district, dedicated to those who died trying to turn China into a republic. The district also has a Fine Arts Museum and the Lin An Tai Historical House and Museum.

Another major tourist attraction is the Xingtian Temple (行天宮), which is dedicated to Guan Gong, the Martial God of Loyalty and Righteousness. Nearby the Yuanshan Metro Station is the Zhongshan Soccer Stadium, which was built on land that used to be the headquarters of the US military presence on Taiwan when the US still had diplomatic ties with the Republic of China. Not surprisingly, Zhongshan has a large pub and bar district and the Zhongshan Metro Mall.

Linji Huguo Chan Temple (臨濟護國禪寺) was commenced in 1900 and completed in 1911; it is one of the very few Japanese-style Buddhist Temples that were well-preserved in Taiwan.

Other places
The northernmost part of Zhongshan District is known as Dazhi, Taipei. The former ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo lived here at the Seven Seas Residence. In this region, there is also the Dominican International School, which is a private English language Catholic school serving kindergarten to high school.

Taipei's equivalent to "Little Manila" lies in the Zhongshan District in the region near St. Christopher's (Catholic) Church. Every Sunday, many Filipino domestic workers and laborers attend mass at the church and relax around the surrounding Filipino grocery stores and eateries.

The Zhongshan District is also home to a number of wedding photo shops particularly along the 2nd and 3rd sections of Zhongshan North Road. Access to this district by transit is very convenient with 6 Taipei Metro stations (2 on the Wenshan Line and 4 on the Tamsui Line). Also a number of new stations are under construction as part of Phase 2 of the Taipei Metro expansion plan. Like the rest of Taipei City, Zhongshan District is serviced by an extensive public bus system that supplements the Taipei Metro. Also, numerous private bus companies operate buses into this district to other parts of Taiwan such as Taoyuan City and Kaohsiung.

Institutions

 * Bureau of Energy
 * Ministry of National Defense
 * Republic of China Air Force General Headquarters
 * Taiwan Institute of Economic Research
 * Taipei Broadcasting Station

Education

 * Taipei Municipal Datong High School
 * Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School
 * National Taipei University (Taipei Campus)
 * Shih Chien University (Taipei Campus)
 * Taipei Municipal Dazhi Senior High School

Transportation
On a historical note, Zhongshan North Road, which crosses the district, was often used by Chiang Kai-shek to get to his home in Shilin. All traffic was stopped when this occurred, as everybody had to salute the leader. Military police during martial law often lined the street, as this road was used by numerous political and military leaders, some of whom stayed at the Grand Hotel in Yuanshan.

Zhongshan Road, along with Zhongxiao Road (which runs west to east), denote the compass directions of roads in Taipei City. For instance, when Zhongshan South Rd intersects with Zhongxiao Road, it becomes Zhongshan North Road. Similarly, When Zhongxiao West Road intersects with Zhongshan Road, it becomes Zhongxiao East Road. This methodology can be applied for most roads in Taipei City.

Zhongshan District is served by the following stations of the Taipei Metro:
 * Zhongshan Junior High School metro station
 * Dazhi metro station
 * Jiannan Road metro station
 * Shuanglian metro station
 * Yuanshan metro station
 * Xingtian Temple metro station
 * Zhongshan Elementary School metro station
 * Zhongshan metro station
 * Minquan West Road metro station
 * Songjiang Nanjing metro station
 * Nanjing Fuxing metro station

title: Zhongshan District, Taipei


text:
Non-League football

Non-League football describes football leagues played outside the top leagues of a country. Usually, it describes leagues which are not fully professional. The term is primarily used for football in England, where it is specifically used to describe all football played at levels below those of the Premier League (20 clubs) and the three divisions of the English Football League (EFL; 72 clubs). Currently, a non-League team would be any club playing in the National League or below that level. Typically, non-League clubs are either semi-professional or amateur in status, although the majority of clubs in the National League division (level 5) are fully professional, some of which are former EFL clubs who have suffered relegation.

The term non-League was commonly used in England long before the creation of the Premier League in 1992, prior to which the top football clubs in England all belonged to The Football League (from 2016, the EFL); at this time, the Football League was commonly referred to as simply "the League" and its clubs were "League clubs", so all clubs which were not members of the Football League were therefore 'non-League' clubs. Since 1992, the term "non-League" has come to mean clubs at a lower level than the Football League, as the original definition of being outside the Football League would include Premier League clubs.

English Football League

The "League" (with a capital 'L') in "non-League football" originally referred specifically to The Football League (now the English Football League, which the Premier League split from in 1992), rather than being a misnomer, as "non-League" clubs do play the majority of their football within a league (with a lower-case 'l') competition. There are many leagues below the level of the EFL, and some, such as the Northern League, are almost as old as the EFL itself. The most senior of these leagues are loosely organised by The Football Association, the sport's governing body in England, into a National League System (NLS). The NLS has six levels or steps and includes over 18 separate leagues, many with more than one division.

Prior to the 1986–87 season, there was no automatic promotion and relegation between The Football League and the leagues of non-League football for nearly a hundred years. Instead, the process of re-election existed; at the end of each season, the bottom clubs of the EFL were required to re-apply for membership, whilst ambitious non-League clubs put themselves up as candidates for admittance against them. All member clubs of the Football League then voted for their choice. In most cases, this was a mere formality; member clubs would typically vote for other existing members and the system ensured that Football League membership remained relatively static, with non-League clubs having very little chance of joining. Since the process began, thirteen non-League clubs had achieved enough votes to win election as a member of the Football League.

However, a major change came in 1986 when automatic promotion and relegation of one club between the League and the Football Conference, the top league in non-League football, was introduced, subject to the eligible club meeting the required facility and financial standards. Scarborough became the first non-League club to win automatic promotion to the League, and Lincoln City became the first League club to be relegated to the ranks of non-League football. Since the 2002–03 season, two clubs from the Conference, now National League (the champions and the winners of a play-off) have been promoted at the end of each season.

The entire English football league system includes the Premier League, the EFL, the NLS leagues, and any local leagues that have feeder relationships with an NLS league.

Many non-League clubs enter the FA Cup, where they hope to become "giant-killers" by progressing from the qualifying rounds, and first and second rounds proper, to meet and beat opposition from the Premier League or EFL Championship. Since the end of the Second World War, only eleven non-League clubs have reached the Fifth Round of the FA Cup, and only one (Lincoln City in 2016–17 season) has reached the quarter-final stage. The only non-League team to have won the competition since The Football League started is Tottenham Hotspur in 1901, although at that time the League had only two divisions, consisting almost entirely of Northern and Midland clubs. The leading clubs in the South played in the Southern Football League, which was of a comparable standard to the League clubs. From its inaugural match in 1908 until 1912, the FA Charity Shield was contested between the champions of the League and the Southern Football League.

The FA Trophy and FA Vase
The Football Association Challenge Trophy was introduced in 1969 to offer semi-professional non-League clubs a realistic chance of winning an FA competition. Amateur clubs could enter the FA Amateur Cup until 1974 when the Football Association abolished the distinction between professionals and amateurs. The Amateur Cup was replaced by the FA Vase in 1974 which is currently contested by clubs at Step 5 and 6 of the NLS and below while the Trophy is contested by clubs at Steps 1–4.

Women's football
In women's football, the non-League term is used for those clubs in the divisions below the FA Women's Championship. Formerly it referred to the clubs in the FA Women's Premier League's two regional second divisions.

Germany
In Germany, there is a similar term, unterklassig (literally "under-class"), which usually refers to regional leagues below the three national leagues 1. Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga and 3. Liga. The highest level of regional leagues, called Regionalliga, may or may not be included in the term.

Italy
In Italy, there is a similar term, sotto classe (literally "under-class"), which usually refers to regional leagues below the three national leagues Serie A, Serie B and Serie C. The highest level of regional leagues, called Serie D, may or may not be included in the term.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, football outside the top two divisions consists of regional senior leagues based on which province the club comes from; although again these leagues are commonly referred to as 'non-League'.

Scotland
In Scotland, "non-League football" refers to leagues outside the top four divisions of the national Scottish Professional Football League. These consist of a number of regional senior leagues which are part of the Scottish football pyramid system.

Spain
Football below the professional level in Spain is commonly referred to as fútbol modesto (literally "modest football").

title: Non-League football


text:
Hiligaynon

Hiligaynon may refer to:
 * Hiligaynon people, also known as Ilonggo people, a subgroup of the Visayan ethnic group native to Panay, Guimaras, Negros and South-Central Mindanao. Not to be confused with the demonym Ilonggo which pertains to the permanent residents of Iloilo province and Iloilo City regardless of ethnicity.
 * Hiligaynon language, also known as Ilonggo language, the language of the Hiligaynon people
 * Hiligaynon literature, also known as Ilonggo literature
 * Hiligaynon (magazine), a Philippine weekly magazine written in the eponymous language

title: Hiligaynon


text:
Stresslinux

Stresslinux is a light-weight Linux distribution designed to test a computer's hardware by running the components at high load while monitoring their health. It is designed to be booted from CD-ROM or via PXE.

title: Stresslinux


text:
Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)

Xia, known in historiography as Hu Xia (胡夏), Northern Xia (北夏), Helian Xia (赫連夏) or the Great Xia (大夏), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Helian clan of Xiongnu ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Prior to establishing the Xia, the imperial clan existed as a tribal entity known as the Tiefu. The dynasty was founded by Helian Bobo (Emperor Wulie).

Although the Xia only lasted from 407 to 431, its capital Tongwan situated in the Ordos Desert was a heavily fortified and state-of-the-art city that served as a frontier garrison until the Song dynasty. Its ruins were discovered during the Qing dynasty and can still be seen in present-day Inner Mongolia.

The Book of Wei also records that Liu Kuren's tribe, the Dugu, were descended from the Xiongnu. Yao Weiyuan (姚薇元) suggested in the past that 'Dugu' was an alternate form of 'Tuge' (屠各), the Xiongnu aristocratic clan that had adopted the Han Chinese surname of Liu (劉), members of which also ruled the Former Zhao state. This writer further suggests that 'Tuge' is an alternate form of 'Tuhe' (徒河), which is the branch of the Xianbei from which the Murong (慕容) were descended. The Liu (Dugu) were also known as 'Tiefu' (鐵弗), a term which meant that they had Xiongnu fathers and Xianbei mothers. Thus it is reasonable to say that the Dugu were at least half Xianbei.

All rulers of the Xia declared themselves "emperors".

Tiefu tribe
The rulers of Xia came from the Tiefu tribe, who descended from the Southern Xiongnu leader, Qubei. Qubei was a member of the ruling-Luandi clan as the brother of the chanyu, Qiangqu, although a later record alleged that he was the descendant of a Han dynasty prince-turned-Xiongnu noble, Liu Jinbo (劉進伯) instead. In 196, he assisted the warlord, Cao Cao in escorting Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang, and in 216, Cao Cao appointed him to supervise the Five Divisions of the Southern Xiongnu in Shanxi. As the Xiongnu imperial family claimed descent from the Han dynasty through their heqin marriages with Han princesses, Qubei's family adopted the "Liu" (劉) surname.

In 309, Qubei's grandson, Liu Hu succeeded his father, Liu Gaoshengyuan, as chieftain and named his tribe “Tiefu”, a term referring to people with a Xiongnu father and a Xianbei mother. During the upheaval of the Five Barbarians in 310, Liu Hu rebelled against the Western Jin dynasty in Shanxi. The Tuoba-Xianbei tribe allied with Jin and quelled his rebellion, and were rewarded with their fiefdom of Dai. Liu Hu fled to Shuofang Commandery to the west, where his distant relative, the Han-Zhao emperor, Liu Cong, gave him the title of Duke of Loufan.

The Tiefu resided in Shuofang for many years. Liu Hu waged war with Dai but was repeatedly defeated and had to flee the Great Wall. His son, Liu Wuhuan succeeded him in 341 and immediately entered a marriage alliance with Dai. On the side, he also submitted to the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty. His brother Liu Eloutou succeeded him in 356, but was ousted by Wuhuan's son, Liu Xiwuqi in 358. After Xiwuqi died in 359, his brother, Liu Weichen, killed his son and took power.

Weichen vacillated his allegiance between Dai and the Di-led Former Qin. In 376, after multiple defeats to Dai, he convinced Qin to launch a campaign against them, with him acting as a guide. Qin conquered Dai that same year, but when dividing up territory, Weichen was unhappy that Qin deferred more control over to his cousin, Liu Kuren of the Dugu tribe, prompting him to rebel. He was defeated and forced to cross the Yellow River west of the Ordos, where he resubmitted to Qin.

As Former Qin collapsed following the Battle of Fei River, Weichen re-occupied Shuofang in 386. Around the same time, the Tuoba had also revived their state, now known as the Northern Wei. The Tiefu initially posed a threat to Wei, but in 392, Weichen was killed and the tribe’s power base was destroyed after a Wei counteroffensive. A son of Weichen, Liu Bobo, went into exile and found protection under the Xianbei chieftain, Moyigan (沒弈干) at Gaoping (高平; in present-day Guyuan, Ningxia).

In 402, Moyigan and Liu Bobo fled to the Qiang-led Later Qin under pressure from Wei. During his time in Qin, Bobo caught the attention of its ruler, Yao Xing. Impressed by his appearance and talents, Yao Xing made Bobo a general and assigned him to defend Shuofang, despite warnings from his officials regarding his violent behaviour. In 407, Bobo was angered by peace talks between Qin and Wei, leading him to rebel. After ceasing 8,000 tribute horses from the Rouran, he went to Gaoping and killed Moyigan, taking over his forces.

Reign of Helian Bobo
As the Xiongnu alleged that they descended from Yu the Great, Liu Bobo claimed descent from the Xia dynasty and founded his state of Great Xia, claiming the titles of Heavenly King and Grand Chanyu. The same year, he led his forces to subjugated the tribes in Shuofang. He briefly fought with the Southern Liang after they rejected a marriage alliance, dealing them a heavy defeat. Despite his grudge against Northern Wei, Bobo mainly concentrated his military efforts on the Later Qin. He refused to establish a capital in his early reign, instead choosing to lead a roving army and attacking Qin’s northern borders when least expected.

In 413, Bobo, believing that it was inappropriate to claim lineage of the Han dynasty through his maternal line, changed his family name from Liu to the prestigious-sounding name of Helian. He also built his capital city of Tongwancheng at the southern edge of the Mu Us Desert. Construction of the city was reportedly brutal, with around 100,000 Han Chinese and tribal people being drafted to build the city. Remains of the city can still be seen today at Jingbian County, Shaanxi. In 414, Helian Bobo entered into an alliance with the Northern Yan in Liaoning, and in 415, with the Northern Liang in Gansu.

The war with Xia greatly drained the Qin economy and military, with many of their key generals being killed in battle. In 417, the Eastern Jin commander, Liu Yu, conquered Qin, but the situation back at the Jin capital forced him to return and leave behind his generals to defend the Guanzhong region. In 418, Bobo invaded the Guanzhong, and due to violent infighting among the Jin generals, he inflicted them a catastrophic defeat and captured the region.

In 419, Helian Bobo elevated himself to Emperor of Xia. Although the ancient capital, Chang’an, was under his control, he merely set up a Southern Administration there and remained with Tongwancheng as his capital out of concern that the Northern Wei would invade the Ordos in his absence. Throughout his reign, Bobo is described in records as an extremely cruel ruler who often killed his subjects on impulse. In 424, a civil war broke out among his sons, which ended in him appointing Helian Chang as his new Crown Prince.

Decline and fall
After Helian Bobo’s death in 425, the Northern Wei intensified their pressure on the Xia. While Helian Chang was away campaigning against the Western Qin, Wei carried out a surprise attack on Xia, capturing many cities in Guanzhong including Chang’an. In 427, as Xia attempted to recapture Chang’an, Wei launched a second attack and captured their capital at the Battle of Tongwancheng. Chang relocated to Shanggui, but after several more defeats, he was finally captured in battle in 428.

Helian Chang’s brother, Helian Ding, declared himself the new emperor at Pingliang. In 431, as Wei continued their encroachment, he made a last-ditch effort to expand westwards. He conquered the weakened Western Qin, but on his way to invade Northern Liang, he was ambushed and captured by the Tuyuhun. Helian Ding’s capture marked the end of the Xia, and in 432, he was turned over to Wei and executed. In 434, Helian Chang tried to escape west from Pingcheng but was intercepted and killed.

title: Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)