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Spur

A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to back up the natural aids (the leg, seat, hands, and voice). The spur is used in many equestrian disciplines. Most equestrian organizations have rules covering spur design and use, as well as penalties for using spurs in any manner that constitutes animal abuse.

Etymology
This very old word derives from Anglo-Saxon spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. Medieval High German Sporn, modern German Sporn, Dutch spoor. The generalized sense of "anything that urges on, stimulus" is recorded in English from circa 1390.

Design
The parts of a spur include:
 * The "yoke", "branch", or "heel band", which wraps around the heel of the boot.
 * The "shank" or "neck", which extends from the back of the yoke and is the area that touches the horse.
 * The rowel, seen on some spurs, a revolving wheel or disk with radiating "points" at the end attached to the shank.

Spurs are usually held on by a leather or leather-like spur strap that goes over the arch of the foot and under the sole in front of the boot heel. Some western designs have a leather strap that goes only over the top, with a heel chain or a rubber "tiedown" instead of a strap under the boot. Also, some styles have no straps, where the heel band is simply very tight and slips on wedged between the sole and heel of the boot. Some spur designs have a slot for running the spur strap through, others have "buttons", sometimes on the heel band itself and sometimes attached to the heel band by hinges that allow a strap with buttonholes to be attached.

When used in military ranks, senior officers, and officers of all ranks in cavalry and other formerly mounted units of some armies, wear a form of spur in certain orders of dress which is known as the box spur, having no spur strap, but a long metal prong opposite the neck, extending between the arms of the heel band, which is inserted into a specially fitted recess or "box" in the base of the boot heel. Due to the prong, such spurs can only be worn with appropriately equipped boots. This construction is shown in the photos of the swan neck and Waterford spurs below.

Spurs seen in western riding may also have small curved-up hooks on the shank in front of the rowel, called "chap guards", that were originally used to prevent the rider's chaps from interfering with the rowels of the spur. The shank angle from the yoke can vary from "full" to "one half" to "one quarter" to "straight". Some cowboys also added small metal pajados, also known as jingo bobs or jingle bobs, near the rowel, to create a jingling sound whenever the foot moved. Rowels can vary in size and number of points.

In the history of veterinary science, the word "rowel" described a small disk of leather or other material that was used as a seton stitch.

History

The spur was used by the Celts during the La Tène period, which began in the 5th century BC, and is also mentioned by Xenophon (c. 430 – 354 BC). Iron or bronze spurs were also used throughout the Roman Empire. The spur also existed in the medieval Arab world. Early spurs had a neck that ended in a point, called a prick, riveted to the heel band. Prick spurs had straight necks in the 11th century and bent ones in the 12th. The earliest form of the spur armed the heel with a single prick. In England, the rowel spur is shown upon the first seal of Henry III and on monuments of the 13th century, but it did not come into general use until the 14th century.

The spurs of medieval knights were gilt and those of squires were silvered. To "win his spurs" meant to gain knighthood, as gilded spurs were reckoned the badge of knighthood. In the rare cases of ceremonious degradation, the spurs were hacked from the disgraced knight's heels with the cook's chopper. After the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, where the French chivalry suffered a humbling defeat, the victors hung up bushels of knights' gilt spurs in the churches of Kortrijk as trophies of what is still remembered by the Flemings as the Guldensporenslag (the battle of the golden spurs). The English named the French rout from Thérouanne as the Battle of the Spurs, due to the rapidity of the French cavalry's flight.

Prick spurs were the standard form until the 14th century, when the rowel began to become more common. The prick design never died out entirely, but instead became a thicker, shorter neck with a dulled end, such as the modern "Prince of Wales" design commonly seen in English riding. Though often decorated throughout history, in the 15th century, spurs became an art form in both decoration and design, with elaborate engraving, very long shanks, and large rowels. Though sometimes it has been claimed that the design changes were used because of barding, the use of barding had fallen out of fashion by the time the most elaborate spur designs were created. More likely, the elaborate designs reflected the increased abundance of precious metals, particularly silver, that followed the European exploration of the Americas that began in 1492. Spur designs in Spain and colonial Mexico were particularly elaborate. For example, the spurs of the Spanish conquistadores were sometimes called espuela grande, the "grand spur", and could have rowels as large as 6 inches around.

In northern Europe, the spur became less elaborate after the 16th century, particularly following the Stuart Restoration, but elaborate spur designs persisted, particularly in the Americas, descendants of which are still seen today, particularly in Mexico and the western United States, where the spur has become an integral part of the vaquero and cowboy traditions. The spur as an art form, as well as a tool, is still seen in western riding, where spurs with engraving and other artistic elements, often handmade and using silver or other precious metals, are still worn.

Collecting of particularly beautiful antique spurs is a popular pastime for some individuals, particularly aficionados of western history and cowboy culture.

Spurs as modern honours
Just as a medieval knight was said to have "earned his spurs", the awarding of spurs has continued in the modern era as an honour bestowed upon individuals in organizations with military heritages, and among motorcycle riders. Members of the Papal Orders of Knighthood receive gilt spurs directly from the hands of the pope; members of the British Order of the Garter similarly receive gilt spurs from the monarch. Inductees into the American Order of the Spur receive gold-coloured (usually brass) spurs if they have earned their membership through combat, or silver-coloured (usually nickel) spurs if they have not seen combat, but complete a rite of passage.

Basic designs and wear
Spurs are worn with the tip of the neck pointed downward, sitting on the spur rest of the riding boot, if there is one, with the buckle of the spur strap worn on the outside of the foot.

Spur styles differ between disciplines. Spurs for western riding tend to be heavier, often decorated, and have rowels that rotate. The neck of western spurs is usually longer and the rowel wide in diameter, to accommodate the leg position of the western-style rider, where the stirrup is adjusted long, and the heavy leather used for the saddle's fenders and stirrups places the rider's leg a bit farther from the horse.

Spurs in English riding tend to be very sleek, slim, and conservative in design, with a shorter neck, as the saddle and leg position is closer to the horse. They usually have a rounded or blunt end. Rowels are not as popular as the plain blunt end, although some types include a rowel or smooth disk on the end. When used in sports requiring finesse, such as dressage, the spur's purpose is not to speed up the horse, but to give accurate and precise aids in lateral and complex movements, such as pirouettes, travers, and renvers, and the airs above the ground. Dressage riders tend to ride in Waterford- style spurs with a rounded knob at the end. Conversely, show hunter and jumper riders may use a flatter end to encourage forward movement, such as the Prince of Wales design.

Another type of modern spur is those used on motorcycles. They are characterized by rowels worn as foot jewelry, hung off of boots. They can be similar in appearance to spurs worn by equestrians. Their bright material attracts motor vehicle drivers to the presence of motorcyclists, especially to their feet where riders are most vulnerable when stopped in traffic. Their owners may further customize them by adding miniature strobing LED lights. They are also awarded by motorcycle clubs.

Equestrian use
The spur is a refined tool, designed to allow the rider to transmit very subtle signals to the horse that are nearly invisible to any other observer. No matter the discipline, it is important that a rider has a correct position before using spurs, with a deep seat, legs lengthened to the extent allowed by the stirrups, heels down, with knees and thighs rolled in so that the rider has a solid base of support. A swinging or unstable leg may inadvertently jab the horse with the spur as the rider sits, thus irritating, harming, and frightening the horse, and chronic misuse may deaden it to the leg aids. Improper use may also provoke dangerous or undesirable behaviors such as bucking or running away.

Spurs are rarely used in sports such as horse racing, where the rider's leg is not significantly in contact with the horse.

Most spurs are activated by the rider flexing the heel slightly up and in. A roweled spur permits an additional type of action; a rider can roll the spur lightly against the side of the horse rather than being limited to simply pressing inward.

Rodeo spurring
The exception to the use of spurs in a subtle fashion is in the rodeo events of bull riding and saddle bronc and bareback riding, where the rider is required to spur in an elaborate, stylized fashion, touching the horse or bull at every stride. This requirement is designed to resemble the behavior of old-time horse-breakers, who would deliberately provoke a horse to buck. In modern times, riders are required to use spurs in a manner that is merely encouraging a horse that is already predisposed to buck; they are not to produce pain. Spur design and use is strictly defined by rodeo rules, spurs are dull, and rowels must turn freely. In fact, the way spurs are to be used in bucking events generally makes it harder for the rider to stay on; in bareback bronc competition, the spurs must be above the point of the horse's shoulder at the first jump and remain forward at all times, deliberately creating a very awkward position for the rider that requires both strength and coordination to stay on the horse. In saddle-bronc competition, the rider must make a full sweep with the spurs from shoulder to flank with each jump, requiring great concentration, and any error in balance puts the rider in a position to be quickly unseated. Bull riders are allowed a position that is the closest to that of classic riding, they are not required to spur the bull, but if they choose to spur, may do so with their legs down in a style that resembles a normal riding position.

Types
Spurs are divided into men's, women's, and children's, according to width (which must fit on the heel of the rider's boot). Spurs are further divided according to the length of the neck, with 1/4 in being relatively small (and a common size in children's spurs), with some being 2–3 in (5–7.5 cm) long. Many competition rules limit the length of the neck.

 * Round end: The end is a metal ball about the size of a small marble, making it one of the milder spurs.
 * Knob end: The end of the spur is squared off, but blunted at the edges.
 * Prince of Wales: This style has a flat end, making it slightly sharper. It is a popular spur style.
 * Rowelled spur: The end of the spur has a toothed wheel which spins. This is the most common western-style spur, although it is seen on some English-style spurs. Teeth are dulled at the points. A rowel with many small teeth is milder than one with only a few, larger teeth. Most rowels have at least eight teeth on each wheel. Other variations, more common in English riding, include:
 * Disc: The end has a small rowel-like rolling disc without teeth, which allows the spur to roll on the horse's side when applied, decreasing chance of spur marks. Popular in dressage, its severity depends on the thickness of the disc.
 * Roller spur: The end of the neck has a plastic "roller," which moves as the horse's side is touched. This spur tends to reduce spur-rubs on sensitive horses. It is considered very mild.
 * Swan neck: The neck of the spur goes upward at an angle, before leveling off, looking similar to the neck of a swan. This is commonly seen in dressage.
 * Waterford: The end of the neck has a large, round, metal ball, making the spur softer and less likely to cause spur rubs.
 *  Le spur (English) or barrel-racing spur (western): The spur has small "teeth" or ridges on the inside of the heel band, instead of a neck. For use, the rider does not have to turn in the heel.  A quicker and more subtle design, it is also more apt to be accidentally used when not intended.
 * Half-mounted: The spur is decorated on one side only with silver, copper, or bronze decals, logos, or coverings.
 * Full-mounted or double-mounted: The spur is decorated on both sides (in and out) with precious metals, images, and designs.

title: Spur


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User talk:MaestroGenius

Hi MaestroGenius, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Drop us a note at New user log so we can meet you and help you get started. If you need editing help, visit How to edit a page. For format questions, visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. -- Jim Regan 20:48, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Page Blanking
On 24-Apr, you blanked Miss Prissy. Blanking pages is generally considered a bad idea. I've reverted it to the previous version. If you believe the redirect should be deleted, please follow the redirect portion of the deletion procedures. If you believe an article should be written instead of the redirect, please write a stub. With respect to your edit summary, Miss Prissy was the widowed hen who has a crush on Foghorn Leghorn. If you have questions, please let me know. Thanks! -- JLaTondre 00:59, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, I changed the page to a disambig page as there are two Miss Prissy's. This was someting you could have done youself instead of re-blanking the page. Blanking is not the right approach. In the future, please use one of the suggested options above instead of blanking. -- JLaTondre 16:24, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:MaestroGenius


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New England's Dark Day

New England's Dark Day occurred on May 19, 1780, when an unusual darkening of the daytime sky was observed over the New England states and parts of eastern Canada. The primary cause of the event is believed to have been a combination of smoke from forest fires, a thick fog, and cloud cover. The darkness was so complete that candles were required from noon on. It did not disperse until the middle of the next night.

Range of the darkness
According to Professor Samuel Williams of Harvard College, the darkness was seen at least as far north as Portland, Maine, and extended southwards to New Jersey. The darkness was not witnessed in Pennsylvania.

Revolutionary War soldier Joseph Plumb Martin noted: "We were here [New Jersey] at the time the 'dark day' happened, (19th of May;) it has been said that the darkness was not so great in New-Jersey as in New-England. How great it was there I do not know, but I know that it was very dark where I then was in New-Jersey; so much so that the fowls went to their roosts, the cocks crew and the whip-poor-wills sung their usual serenade; the people had to light candles in their houses to enable them to see to carry on their usual business; the night was as uncommonly dark as the day was."

Progress
The earliest report of the darkness came from Rupert, Vermont, where the sun was already obscured at sunrise. Professor Samuel Williams observed from Cambridge, Massachusetts, "This extraordinary darkness came on between the hours of 10 and 11 a.m. and continued till the middle of the next night." Reverend Ebenezer Parkham of Westborough, Massachusetts, reported peak obscurity to occur "by 12", but did not record the time when it first arrived. At Harvard College, the obscuration was reported to arrive at 10:30 a.m., peaking at 12:45 p.m. and abating by 1:10 p.m., but a heavy overcast remained for the rest of the day. The obscuration was reported to have reached Barnstable, Massachusetts, by 2:00 p.m., with peak obscurity reported to have occurred at 5:30 p.m.

Roosters crowed, woodcocks whistled, and frogs peeped as if night had fallen at 2:00 p.m. in Ipswich, Massachusetts. A witness reported that a strong sooty smell prevailed in the atmosphere, and that rain water had a light film over it that was made up of particles of burnt leaves and ash. Contemporaneous reports also indicated that ash and cinders fell on parts of New Hampshire to a depth of 6 in.

Other atmospheric phenomena
For several days before the Dark Day, the sun as viewed from New England appeared to be red, and the sky appeared yellow. While the darkness was present, soot was observed to have collected in rivers and in rain water, suggesting the presence of smoke. Also, when the night really came in, observers saw the moon colored red. For portions of New England, the morning of May 19, 1780, was characterized by rain, indicating that cloud cover was present.

Religious interpretations
Since communications technology of the day was primitive, most people found the darkness to be baffling and inexplicable. Many applied religious interpretations to the event.

In Connecticut, a member of the Governor's council (renamed the Connecticut State Senate in 1818), Abraham Davenport, became most famous for his response to his colleagues' fears that it was the Day of Judgment:

"I am against adjournment. The day of judgment is either approaching, or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for an adjournment; if it is, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish therefore that candles may be brought."

Davenport's courage was commemorated in the poem "Abraham Davenport" by John Greenleaf Whittier. Edwin Markham also commemorated the event in his poem "A Judgement Hour", found in The Gates of Paradise and Other Poems.

Seventh-day Adventist author and editor Arthur S. Maxwell mentions this event in his The Bible Story series (volume 10). The significance of the incident is still debated among Adventist scholars today. Progressive Adventists do not necessarily interpret this as a sign that Jesus would soon return, but traditional historic and conservative Adventists who hold Ellen G. White's writings in higher regard still consider this date as one of the fulfillments of biblical prophecy, specifically Matthew 24:29, in which Jesus declares to his disciples, "Immediately after the distress of those days [of anti-Christian persecution,] the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light..." (NIV).

Similarly, the Public Universal Friend treated the event as fulfillment of some prophecies of the Book of Revelation. The Dark Day also provided motivation for Ann Lee, leader of the Shakers (then living in Niskayuna, New York), to present her religious testimony to the public.

Cause
The likely cause of the Dark Day was smoke from extensive forest fires, for which there is evidence from the time of the Dark Day. When a fire does not kill a tree and the tree later grows, scar marks are left in the growth rings. This makes it possible to approximate the date of a past fire. Researchers examining tree rings and fire scars in trees in the area that is today occupied by Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada, see evidence of a fire in 1780 and attribute the Dark Day to that.

title: New England's Dark Day


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Forst

Forst may refer to:

In Germany

 * Forst (Aachen), in the district of Aachen
 * Forst (Baden), in Baden-Württemberg
 * Forst (Lausitz), in Brandenburg
 * Forst (Unterfranken), part of Schonungen, Bavaria
 * Forst, Altenkirchen, in the district of Altenkirchen, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Forst (Eifel), in the district Cochem-Zell, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Forst (Hunsrück), in the district Cochem-Zell, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Forst an der Weinstraße, in the district of Bad Dürkheim, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Forst, Lower Saxony, a district of Bevern, known for its residents Roedelius and Moebius in the 1970s

In Italy

 * Forst (Foresta), a frazione in the comune of Algund (Lagundo) in South Tyrol, Italy

In Switzerland

 * Forst, Switzerland, in the Canton of Bern

People

 * Donald Forst (1932–2014), American newspaper editor
 * David Forst (born 1976), American baseball executive
 * Grete Forst (1878–1942), Austrian soprano
 * Judith Forst (born 1943), Canadian mezzo-soprano
 * Rainer Forst (born 1964), German philosopher
 * Willi Forst (1903–1980), Austrian actor, screenwriter, film director, film producer and singer

Other uses

 * Forst (brewery), a brewing company from Forst (Foresta) in South Tyrol, Italy
 * Forst, an album by the Austrian slowcore band Mimi Secue released 2004
 * Forst (TV series), a 2024 Polish television series

title: Forst


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Talk:Twin Lakes, Adams County, Colorado

Twin Lakes is in Lake County, not Adams. I'm not sure how the incorrect data got into this article. I suspect the longitude/latitude data is incorrect as well, though I don't have the resources to confirm my suspicion. I'm correcting the article. Taco Deposit 20:50, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

There are two different places in Colorado named Twin Lakes. They have been disambiguated now.

Paul

title: Talk:Twin Lakes, Adams County, Colorado


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject United States regions/1

Original Proposal
Here is my proposal:

No regional articles will be deleted, quite the opposite more will be added. Emphasis should be on the census bureau regions (Midwest, Northeast, South, and West) there boundaries because they are set in stone. Emphasis would be placed by preeminence. They could be differentiated from the unofficial by carrying the more formal prefix US, while unofficial regions could carry the more casual American prefix. Example: US Northeast, American Southwest. Current articles would be moved to reflect this. I propose these guidelines for a hierarchy.

 * 1. Official Regions are always listed first on both state and national pages
 * 2. All possible regional interpretations will be listed with out ommission
 * 3. Defunct Regions i.e.. Trans-Mississippi and Regions that are no longer some times included
 * 4. All other information; largest city, capital, comes last

Here are two examples:

Texas (Tejas) is a state in the US South. Texas is sometimes considered part of the American Southwest, American South Central, and American Southeast regions. Texas was once part of the defunct Trans-Mississippi region.

Louisiana is a state in the US South. Louisiana is sometimes considered in the American South Central and American Southeast regions. Louisiana was once considered part of the American Southwest but is no longer even sometimes included in that region.

Also I think that sense so many regions over lap it might be more logical to have a map that only highlights one region at a time rather than trying to place them all on the same map at once and thus forcing states to be portrayed as exclusively one region on the map. This would also allow wiki to include all regions: the Pacific, the Mountain, South Central, ect. A color code could also differentiate between states that are always considered part of a region, is sometimes, and once was but is no longer considered part of a region (ex. Louisiana as part of the Southwest.) The official map would portray all four regions as there is no debate over how the government groups things.

JCarriker

 * I'm a little confused. Are we talking about how to write articles about regions, or how to reference regions in other articles, or both? I'd definitely like to provide a template to bring some uniformity to the handling of how we write articles about regions. However, I don't think its necessary that every article about US states talk about all possible regional designations in its first paragraph.

 * For example, it is significant that Washington and Oregon are in the (unofficial) Pacific Northwest; in fact, that is important enough to belong in a lead paragraph. The fact that the census bureau considers them part of the "West" strikes me as of little interest to the average reader.

 * Similarly, it is much more important to characterize Vermont as a New England state than as part of the census bureau's Northeast. The former relates to an important part of the history and character of the state. The latter is nothing but a bureaucratic designation.

 * -- Jmabel 07:36, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * The WikiProject is both. First of all the Census Bureau Regions are not just a bureaucratic design but contain many cultural and historical elements. For example, all of the states in the U.S. South either had slaves (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky), were part of the Confederacy, or it's inhabitants sideded with it (Indian Territory, modern Oklahoma). These regions aren't perfect, nor are they completely fair. New England is a rather homgeneous place the same cannot be said of any other U.S. Region and has the distinction of being the only region, other than the Census Bureau regions, that's borders are agreed upon. Using only the "offical" or the "unofficial" regions would be a recipe for an article war.

 * For example, in my home state of Texas, is probably the most diverse and placing Texas in just more regions will and does offend many people. Right now Texas isn't even designated in a region. Right now in Texas because of current events regional tensions are at a bi-partisan boiling point, myself included. In the strictest geographic sense, if we choose a regional model it have to be would have to be the the "offical" one.  Jfitts has expressed that he doesn't want to see the Southwest obliterated and I am inclined to agree. My part of the state East Texas is not going to relent when the U.S. government groups them in the cultural region to which they belong. El Paso however has virtually nothing in common with the South and will not give up it's cultural heritage no matter what the U.S. Government says. Similar problems abound in other states; Kentucky, West Virgina, Maryland, ect.

 * Only by acknowledgeing all regions, can we bypass cultural prejudice and get dwon to what wiki is all about articles. Each part of a state has as much claim to be in any of the unoffical regions as the next, but we don't want to force sates into regios either. The offical regions will simply become the standard for statistics and data statements. The unoffical articles can become a canvas for a detailed analysis of that region's culture, history and disambiguation.

 * -- JCarriker Jan 5 8:16 (CST)

 * "...all of the states in the U.S. South either had slaves..." Well, if you go back far enough, New York had slaves, but that doesn't make it southern. -- Jmabel 07:39, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * All I was pointing out is that their is a historical basis and cultural basis for the U.S. Census Bureau Regions an that they are not arbitrarily drawn. As to New England, obviously it is a defined region and it would be absurd to say, for example "sometimes Vermont is in New England." This is the type of nit-picking over which state is in which region that I am trying to avoid. By adopting a standard to use for data and having inclusive articles on all regions, no state is excluded form a possible regional interpretation. If Delaware is permenataly forced in the South or Texas torn from it people are going to be very angry and offended, the subject of U.S. Regions will also not be thoughtfully explored. This is similar to the problem of associatiing ethnic groups with nation states. As to the above reference as to a state being southern, I will not adderess that, yet, as I am tring to avoid an article "war" based on cultural affiliation.

 * -- JCarriker Jan 6 :16 (CST)

 * I like your proposal for using "US" and "American" to differentiate between the official and unofficial. Assuming that the examples you cite are proposed as the first lines of the Texas article and the Louisiana article, I would suggest that we not alter the first line of each which says "is a state of the United States of America." I think that has to come first. After that I would add the regions. As an example:

 * Texas is a state of the United States of America. Officially, Texas is located in the US South region. It is sometimes considered part of the unofficial American Southwest, American South Central, and American Southeast regions. Texas was once part of the defunct Trans-Mississippi region.

 * I am fine with all of this... but we should take care in going through other articles and replacing any instances of "American Southwest" or other unofficial regions. As in the case of the Dallas article, changing "Southwest" to "South" or "Texas" can change the intended meaning (or accuracy) of the sentence or paragraph. Of course, this may not be the case in all articles. Some references could probably be changed without changing the intended meaning, but this would have to be decided carefully on a case by case basis. Hopefully, adding the appropriate text to the unofficial region articles will make it clear that they are unofficial (with links to the official regions) and so eliminating all of the references to the unofficial regions in other articles will not be necessary.

 * So, as you can see, I'm not worried about the inclusion of the official US regions... I'm more concerned about modifying the existing references to Southwest, Mid-Atlantic, etc. What is your proposal regarding those references that exist throughout other articles?

 * Jfitts 22:46, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * There would have to be a reference in the Southwest article, to the specific grouping you are talking about. Possibly the "Traditional" or "Classic" Southwest meaning (AZ, NM, TX, OK), ther wouldn't need to be a seperate article just a definition in the Southwest article. Thus by placing Traditional or Classic in front of Southwest, California would be excluded and the accuraccy of the statement would be preserved. New England needs no specification as it is the only unofficial region that is clearly defined. Mid-Atlantic I'm doing research on, I don't feel that I am yet qualifed to make a suggestion on that region as it seems to have as large a diambiguation as the Southwest does.

 * Also I forgot. I concur with your change in the first paragraph of state article references. I don't think we have to specify that the Southwest, or the other "unofficial regions" are unofficial. I move that we adopt it.

 * -- JCarriker

 * Agreed. I second that we adopt it.

 * Jfitts 20:01, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

So does sub-national regions include regions of states? For example, New York State is traditionally divided into Upstate, New York City, and Long Island. Note that "Long Island" in this sense is not the same as the physical island of that name, because Brooklyn and Queens are physically on the island, but are not part of the region of that name.

Similarly, the term "Cascadia" has some currency to refer only to the part of the Pacific Northwest on the "wet" side of the mountains, stretching from Northern California into British Columbia, but including only part of 3 states and a province. -- Jmabel 00:35, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that based on the article, Pacific Northwest, it would be a non-official region because it includes all of Oregon and Washington. The term Pacific Northwest can be discussed as a disambiguation in the American Northwest Article and Cascadia Articles. I added a link to the Pacific Northwest under the name American Northwest in the non-official regions list. Hopefully they can soon be merged. Cascadia is definitely be a sub-region, and one definitely deserving of an article. I will replace, the Pacific Northwest link in subregions with one to an eventual Cascadia article. I only hope we don't offend any one in Canada by listing a province in a "U.S." Regions list. There is also a WikiProject that covers EcoRegions, they may already have a purely geographic article waiting to have the culture filled in.

 * Sub-regions can be found exclusively in one state, so Upstate New York is viable and necessary article. Thanks for bringing it up. I love geography, so even though I have never been to New York or any where near it for that matter I am familiar with the concept of Long Island you speak of and believe that it should be addressed in the Long Island article, or in a new article that's name some how distinguishes it from the original article.

 * Jmabel do you support Jfitts proposal. If you do that would make the vote on state referencing unanimous and we could post the policy on the  WikiProject U.S. States Talk Page. I'm assuming that since you didn't object to it in your post that you do, I just want to make sure that we are all in agree ment. I also hope you liked the New England compromise.

 * Thanks, fellow Wikipedians it looks like we finally have a real project on our hands.
 * - JCarriker

 * I don't actively support all of this, but I have no real objection to any of it, so I'm certainly not blocking consensus if it's otherwise there. My only issue - but I'm not going to push it - is whether the first paragraph of each article about a US state should really start out with talking about regions. I'm not sure that the census district California happens to lie in is less important than its being equivalent to the world's seventh largest economy (I think that number is right). -- Jmabel 06:18, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Most articles already start with the region the state is in. Originally states were only mentioned as being part of the United States, but somewhere along the line they were changed to reflect non-official regions. We are simply dealing with a Genie that has already been let out of it's bottle. This is a clean up job, more than an active effort to place regions in state articles; they are already there. We are not voting on wether or not to place the region in the first paragraph, that became a standard procedure long before this project existed. The vote will only decide how to amend the current practice.
 * -- JCarriker

 * Given that, I have no other issue. Count me as a yes. (Now does anyone want to help me with the quagmire of ethnic groups?) - Jmabel 08:18, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I will make the changes to the page.
 * -- JCarriker


text:
Iselin

Iselin may refer to:

People with the family name

 * Adrian G Iselin (1818–1905), American banker, businessman & millionaire
 * Charles Oliver Iselin (1854–1932), American banker and yachtsman
 * Columbus O'Donnell Iselin (1904–1971), American oceanographer
 * Hope Goddard Iselin (1868–1970), American heiress and sportswoman
 * Reinhard Iselin (1714–1781), Swiss-Danish baron, merchant and landowner
 * Isaak Iselin (1728–1782), Swiss philosopher of history and politics
 * John Jay Iselin (1933–2008), American philanthropist
 * Philip H. Iselin (1902–1976), American businessman

People with the given name
Female

Male
 * Iselin Alme (born 1957), Norwegian singer and stage actress
 * Iselin Michelsen (born 1990), Norwegian glamour model and singer
 * Iselin Nybø (born 1981), Norwegian politician
 * Iselin Solheim (born 1990), Norwegian singer-songwriter
 * Iselin Steiro (born 1985), Norwegian model
 * Iselín Santos Ovejero (born 1945), Argentinian football player

Places

 * Iselin, New Jersey, census-designated place, United States
 * Iselin, Pennsylvania, unincorporated community, United States
 * Iselin Bank, a bank in the Ross Sea off the coast of Antarctica
 * Iselin Seamount, a seamount off the coast of Antarctica

title: Iselin


text:
Laupen (disambiguation)

There are places that have the name Laupen:

In Switzerland:
 * Laupen, Bern, a municipality in the Canton of Bern
 * Laupen (district), the administrative district including that municipality
 * Laupen, Zurich, a town in the municipality of Rüti in the Canton of Zürich
 * Laupen, St. Gallen, a hamlet on the river Thur in the Canton of St. Gallen

title: Laupen (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Josie Ho

Untitled
Just curious.

Is Josie pronounced with a J as in Joseph? Or pronounced with a H as in San Jose?

Hosie Ho seems to be a better soundbite.
 * As in "Joseph". olivier 19:47, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Removed the following from the article page. olivier 19:47, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * "It is widely considered that her career really took off following her marriage to Conroy Chan, one of Hong Kong's most dynamic and up-and-coming stars."

title: Talk:Josie Ho


text:
John Alcock (RAF officer)

Captain Sir John William Alcock (5 November 1892 – 19 December 1919) was a British Royal Navy and later Royal Air Force officer who, with navigator Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown, piloted the first non-stop transatlantic flight from St. John's, Newfoundland to Clifden, Ireland in June 1919. He died in a flying accident in France in December later that same year.

Early life
John Alcock was born on 5 November 1892, perhaps in the coach-house adjoining Basford House on Seymour Grove, Firswood, Manchester, England. He attended Heyhouses School in Lytham St. Annes. He first became interested in flying at the age of 17. His first job was at the Empress Motor Works in Manchester. In 1910 he became an assistant to Works Manager Charles Fletcher, an early Manchester aviator and Norman Crossland, a motor engineer and founder of Manchester Aero Club. It was during this period that Alcock met the Frenchman Maurice Ducrocq who was both a demonstration pilot and UK sales representative for aero engines made by the Italian Spirito Mario Viale.

Ducrocq took Alcock on as a mechanic at the Brooklands aerodrome, Surrey, where he learned to fly at Ducrocq's flying school, gaining his pilot's licence there in November 1912. Alcock then joined the Sunbeam Motor Car Company as a racing pilot. By summer 1914 he was proficient enough to compete in a Hendon-Birmingham-Manchester and return air race, flying a Farman biplane. He landed at Trafford Park Aerodrome and flew back to Hendon the same day.

Military career
At the beginning of World War I, Alcock joined the Royal Naval Air Service as a warrant-officer instructor at the Royal Naval Flying School at Eastchurch in Kent. It was whilst at Eastchurch that Alcock received his commission as a flight sub-lieutenant in December 1915. In 1916 he was transferred to a squadron operating at Moudros, on the Greek island of Lemnos. While stationed at Moudros he conceived and built the Alcock Scout, a fighter aircraft built out of the remnants of unused and abandoned aircraft.

On 30 September 1917, whilst piloting a Sopwith Camel, Alcock attacked three enemy aircraft, forcing two to crash into the sea. For this action he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. After returning to base he then piloted a Handley Page bomber on a strategic bombing raid targeting Constantinople. He was forced to turn back to base after an engine failed near Gallipoli. After flying on a single engine for more than 60 miles, that engine also failed and the aircraft ditched in the sea, near Suvla Bay. Alcock and his crew of two were unable to attract nearby British destroyers, and when the plane finally began to sink they swam for an hour to reach the Ottoman Army-held shore. All three were taken prisoner next day by the Turkish forces. Alcock remained a prisoner of war until the Armistice and retired from the Royal Air Force in March 1919.

First non-stop flight across the Atlantic

After the war Alcock became a test pilot for Vickers and took up the challenge of attempting to be the first to fly directly across the Atlantic. Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown took off from St John's, Newfoundland, at 1:45 pm local time on 14 June 1919, and landed in Derrygimla bog near Clifden, Ireland, 16 hours and 12 minutes later on 15 June 1919 after flying 1980 miles. The flight had been much affected by bad weather, making accurate navigation difficult; the intrepid duo also had to cope with turbulence, instrument failure, and ice on the wings. The flight was made in a modified Vickers Vimy bomber and won a £10,000 prize (£0 in 2024) offered by London's Daily Mail newspaper for the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic.

A few days after the flight both Alcock and Brown were honoured with a reception at Windsor Castle during which King George V invested them with their insignia as Knights Commanders of the Order of the British Empire.

Alcock was present at the Science Museum in London on 15 December 1919 when the recovered Vimy aircraft was presented to the nation.

Death
On 18 December 1919, Alcock was piloting a new Vickers amphibious aircraft, the Vickers Viking, to the first post-war aeronautical exhibition in Paris when he crashed in fog at Cottévrard, near Rouen in Normandy. Alcock suffered a fractured skull and never regained consciousness after being transferred to a hospital in Rouen. He succumbed to his injuries the following day.

His grave in Southern Cemetery, Manchester is marked by a large stone memorial.

Awards and honours

 * The Distinguished Service Cross announced on 19 December 1917.
 * Knight Commander of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire announced on 27 June 1919.

title: John Alcock (RAF officer)


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject United States regions/3

Project Parentage
On the meta page it says we do not have a WikiProject parent. I propose we list our parent as WikiProject Geography. Davodd 01:16, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

US v Amer
honestly didnt spot the proposed distiction. and Am. SW is a whole other thing from Am. Mid-Atl states. jengod 06:16, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

We Need To Work Together
I cannot help but feel that we are hampering each others efforts by not collaborating more with each other. Wikipedia is a community of people building an encyclopedia, a wikiproject is a department or sub-group, so in theory it should be more close-knit than the larger community. Our project is not functioning as a community and if we do not begin to at least collaborate more with each other our project will fail.

This does not mean that you have to know that Jfitts is originally from Scottsbluff, Nebraska or that  jengod has a Bachelor of Arts in English from  Stanford, though it certainly wouldn't hurt. The key problem lies in that more often than not project participants do not know what other participants are doing. I posted a notice that Davodd and I had completed the unofficial regions template and infobox, yet there has been no discussion on it and the official regions article prototype is worthless without others contributions. In short we need a better way of communicating with each other, and notifying participants of changes and current policies.

I propose that in addition to the project page we have a community page, that would function as a hub for our project. Please review the proposal at Community.

--JCarriker 06:49, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the Community page is a good idea. I have not had the time to participate in this project as much as I would like, so it has been difficult to keep up with exactly what others are doing and what needs to be reviewed or discussed.  Having one place I can check in on to see what's currently going on and what needs to be done would be very helpful.  Jfitts 16:25, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * After thinking about it some more, I would suggest another section be added to the Community Page. A section that shows what each of us is currently working on would be helpful, both for coordination and accountability.  Participants could move items from the Work Needed section to the section that shows that they are currently working on it.  This would be especially helpful for large tasks that involve multiple articles and would take more time to complete.  It would be reassuring to know someone is working on it, and others would know who to coordinate with if they wanted to help.   Jfitts 16:46, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Non-Participation
Just wanted to let you all know that I'm removing myself from formal participating in this project, in part because I don't think it needs to be so formal. I think that identifying a list of regions, and identifying some topics that should be covered in articles about them (history, boundaries, maps, significance) is worthwhile, but I think taxoboxes and rigid naming conventions are excessive for what regions are: informal affilations of people by geography. Sorry I couldn't be of more help. Good luck! jengod 21:59, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I hope that you will reconsider your decision to leave the project, you have been a very good contributor. Please stay and discuss the matters you disagree with, I'm not sure about the taxoboxes but I'm sure that something can be worked out the naming conventions. Balance is something that is very important if you feel that things are getting excessive, I wish that you would stay and try to work out a compromise. Also if you leave there will not be no female participants.
 * -JCarriker 22:18, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)

Greetings. I'm not sure what you're looking for from me. I have some interest in U.S. Regions, mostly in historical terms. I was primarily interested in following this project as a more or less passive participant. I'll keep an eye on things and if I see something that I have thoughts on, I'll share them here. Good luck. Bkonrad | Talk 23:30, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

United States Metropolitan Area
I believe the United States metropolitan area page is causing problems.

People put nicknames in the "Other Names" column, and others think these nicknames have official meanings. Hence the wildly inappropriate map and list of cities on the Greater Los Angeles Area page.

Metropolitan statistical areas are redefined every ten years or so. In fact the page in question is obsolete as of 2003. Also, people have fiddled with the official names of the metropolitan areas too.

At the very least, I'd suggest removing the "other Names" column from the table. It could be appropriate to give each Metropolitan Statistical its own (very wordy) name, but it would probably just add clutter. Mackerm 01:56, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I dunno. There's always going to be a disconnect between the statistical areas that the census uses and what people living in a place think of as a metropolitan area. So long as the links under "Other names" do not claim to be identical to the statistical area, I don't think there's that much of a problem. Bkonrad | Talk 02:19, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I think I might remove that map on the Greater Los Angeles Area page, at the risk of ticking off the person who posted it. Mackerm 03:45, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

United States Time Zones
I had a brief discussion with Davodd on this, but it still nags. Look at the Time Zone page, and note that only the US zones include the word "zone" in their names. In Talk:Time zone someone linked to U.S. Law 15USC260-267 which defines U.S. time zones, and I don't see four-word names i.e. "Pacific Standard Time Zone" in the law. Please correct me if I missed it, but should these four-word titles be changed to three-word titles, i.e. "Pacific Standard Time" before too many people link there? Mackerm 03:45, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I've had a look at the recent major edit (& I've taken the liberty of fixing some typos). Offhand, there is nothing substantive I disagree with, though I think some of this could be better put, and there are a few sentences that seem to me to be seriously unclear. Please let me know (either here or on my talk page) when we should feel free to edit. -- Jmabel 01:32, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Meaning...?
Some phrases in this project page that do not make sense to me (so I imagine they need editing by someone who knows the intended meaning):
 * "The use, and abuse, of regions creates a disambiguation..."
 * "The ... perceptual nature of regions...
 * "Regional article should also be specific in nature."
 * Also, there's a reference to "the following articles" with no list following.

--Jmabel 07:55, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I tried to clarify the first two points you raised. The last two were things I missed when updating the article, they have been deleted.
 * -JCarriker 16:25, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

A couple thoughts

 * 1) Is "archaic regions" as used here different from Historic regions of the United States?

 * 1) Are regions as used here always composed of complete states? Does it make sense to consider that "portions" of various states often constitute regions is some cases? For example, bioregions or cultural regions don't necessarily respect state boundaries? older ≠ wiser 16:06, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 1. Yes and no, many of the articles included in historic regions are not regions but specific political units. Ohio Country and Yazoo Lands would be East Jersey and Gadsen Purchase are not.
 * Yes, I know that article is a grab bag of different categories, but the project page mentioned awareness of only one article on an archaic region.

 * 2. No regions are not always composed of whole states, unfortunately that is the way most atlases display them. Fortunately the concept of a sub-region undermines such assertions. We don't cover bio or ecoregions, there is already a wikiproject that does.
 * -JCarriker 16:25, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, although I think using the term "sub-region" may be a bit misleading since it implies that a region is a constituent part of some larger region. I guess in a sense all the non-whole-state regions are part of the U.S., but then that also applies to all the regions. Re: bioregions, in some cases there is a fair amount of overlap between a bio- or eco-region as technically defined and a more informal identification with that region as a cultural grouping, for example: the "desert southwest" or the "Pacific Northwest" or the "Great Lakes region". Not sure what we can do with this, but it seems that if there is an overlap we may want to consider what to do in such cases. older ≠ wiser 16:52, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sub-regions are part of constiuent regions. Perhaps the page could use some more clarifications? We cover political and cultural regions, to make sugestions about the standard of bio regions would be to over step our commission. We may need to collaborate with ecoregions since, as you have said, some ecoregions have distinct cultural ties, such as Cascadia or the Piney Woods.

 * I have changed the phrase grouping of whole states to grouping of states from the Non-Census Bureau Regions section because it gave the impression that regions are locked into political borders. No intellegentr person believes that regional cultures die at political boudaries. Unfortunately from time immorial encyclopedias and most textbooks have chosen to portray regions in that way.

 * We could portray regions outside the concept of entire states when we display a map. However, I would not uncomfortable with such a decesion. Not because it is not a good idea, it's a very good idea, but because it is a somewhat original idea for an encyclopedia. We're not suppose to be orginal. Perhaps if the project got the permission of Jimbo Wales to do it we could.

 * You've raised some very valid, interisting, and good points. I look forward to our continued conversations and our ultimate decison.:) (P.S. I'm not using the patronizing royal we, I'm using the communal wiki we.)
 * -JCarriker 00:44, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

Should we consider all points with the exception of Sub-regions adopted?
Just a question, I haven't made up my mind yet. --JCarriker 03:10, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

Proposal to Create a Wikimedia msg box for regional articles
The box I am proposing can be found here. I beleive it includes most of the regions on a national level, the state boxes already cover intra-state regions, I'm not sure what to do about interstate regions, excpet create there own box. I won't create a Wikimedia page until approval has been given or a week has gone by.

 * There have been no objections and a week has gone by I'm creating the box. I'll post a link to it here and on the main page when it's been created.

Template:U.S.Regions

 * -JCarriker 01:14, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

Still active?
I've moved WikiProject U.S. Regions to the Inactive section of the WikiProject page, as it hasn't been edited since Nov 1st; I wanted to let you all know, and ask if you're still working on it. If so, feel free to move it back up into the active section. JesseW 08:04, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Updating project
We've had some time to see our policies in action and I think it is time to review them and consider making some changes. I propose three lines of thought below.

 * 1. Removal of hierarchy in article titles. This has been misinterpreted from the start and has led to at least one user, who disagrees with this policy, creating an alternative article to U.S. West at American West. There may be more such instances but I am currently unaware of them. I propose that if a region has a direction in it the article appear at ---ern United States. If the article title includes a proper noun in it (other than "United States"), such as New England, the article should remain unmodified at that designation unless a disambiguation becomes neccesary, at which point it should be moved to Region Name (United States). Regions that are described in terms of geographic features will appear as Geographic Feature states (for example, Gulf States).
 * 2. Regional categories may prove problematic because some state pages would include a great number of categories. We either need to adopt a policy that opposes these categories or create a category for every region and post them on the relevant pages. The incomplete categorizations that exist now are not NPOV, and violate several of our goals.
 * 3. We need to create a dialogue about what distinction, if any, we are going to make between regions of national scope and ones that aren't, especialy in regards to the template. Why is Delmarva Peninsula on the template while Ark-La-Tex and Tennessee Valley are not? Should all, none, or some other combiniation be included? We need a standard.

We also have not accomplished our original goals, or indeed made a project wide effort to do so, but that is a subject for another day. -JCarriker 11:55, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)

1. I'm mostly with you, but: 2. I don't care a lot about categories, but they will be less confusing if they are well hierarchized. Thus, Category:Borscht Belt should be a subcategory (directly or indirectly) of a category for Category:New York. 3. No opinion, haven't really looked at the template. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:10, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I still think we need articles on the Census Bureau Regions, if only because the Government uses these for statistical purposes. Perhaps, this these should have names that explicitly include "Census Bureau Region" as part of the name, and if the Census Bureau doesn't use "Western U.S." then neither should we in that context.
 * What are you going to do about (for example) Mid-Atlantic States?

 * 1. We are in general agreement, but:
 * I have not proposed removing them as the standard, this grouping of the states is still by far the most common organization of West, South, Northeast, and Midwest. I still believe that that information, should go in the main article of the region. The history of the census bureau regions could be included in the U.S. census or census bureau article, while the statistics for each region could be included in the 2000 census article as well as in the regions articles themselves. It was never our/my intention to force a categorization permanently at wikipedia, but rather to provided a clear standard when it necessary that a firm and established definition be provided. However the hierarchy has been interpreted as just that, which is why I am suggesting standardizing the names more.
 * Under the proposed guidelines, Mid-Atlantic States should either be moved to Mid-Atlantic states or Mid-Atlantic (United States), both policies could apply. My preference is the former.
 * 2. I have categorized this page as if it were the Texas article, to show how cluttered it could get:

 * Category: U.S. states Category: Texas Category: States of the American West Category: States of the American South Category: Central States of the United States Category: South Central States of the United States Category: Southwestern States of the United States Category: Southeastern States of the United States Category: Border States of the United States Category: Coastal States of the United States Category: Gulf States of the United States

 * Do we really want to plaster something that bulky onto state pages, especially considering that we could be constantly having to paste them back in and explain why? It seems to me a policy opposing putting them on state, and city pages would be much more useful. The policy would only apply to regions of national scope so that Borscht Belt would be not be involved. Also links to the states could be provided in the Category itself: without cluttering the top of state articles.

 * 3. For the template how about a simple policy that states composing at least two entire states, and part of two others. So for example not only the Northwest, but also Pacific Northwest meet this criteria. Delmarva Peninsula- all DL, half MD, part VA and Acadiana Southwest La, part of Southeast TX do not. -JCarriker 13:51, May 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Two supplemental remarks, bother related to your category example:
 * "Border States of the United States" seems odd: traditionally, the term "Border States" doesn't mean states on the international borders, it means states on the border between North and South. Texas is not a "Border State". Kentucky is.
 * Some of these categories would be subcategories of one another. For example, Category: Southwestern States of the United States is presumably a subcategory of Category: States of the American West, which is a subcategory of Category: U.S. states. And is Category: Southeastern States of the United States at all distinct from Category: States of the American South?
 * -- Jmabel | Talk 23:10, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1. It' just normally shortened to Border states in modern speech when the context is clear, I forgot the context sorry. Since the context is not clear, you are correct, it should be International Border states. Border states- MO, KY, WV, MD, DL, DC. International border states- too lazy to write them.
 * 2. That's true but to be categorized they category would need to be on the page wouldn't it? Please elaborate on your idea. To answer your question the is Southeast distinct from the South only in that it normaly does not include all of the South, or what could be interpreted as the south. Missouri is hardly ever part of the Southeast, likerwise WV, MD, DC, and DL are rarely included. VA is sometimes included but not as much as Texas and Oklahoma are.
 * Fine. So Category: Southeastern States of the United States would be in Category: States of the American South, and Texas would be in Category: Southeastern States of the United States. But Texas would not need to be directly included in Category: States of the American South. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:21, May 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * That sounds reasonable and I have no objections to that categorization, but I have concerns about its application. I don't think going about removing the U.S. state category would be something that would be accepted by the community. Also, I think that we would be in the place of continually removing, the categories and explaining why only to find them back in place latter on. Such, actions inevitably lead to hostility and that would not be good for the project. I agree with your categorization hierarchy, but I still think that it would be easier just to add the links to the state pages on the cat page itself, and reserve the actual cats for other articles eg. West-> Northwest -> Pacific Northwest = Cascadia, Mt. Rainer, Salem, Oregon ect. -JCarriker 12:20, May 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * A side note: I was on the WP:VFU the other day and noticed they had a sufferage policy, perhaps we could also apply one since we vote on our policies. How about a simple policy of having registered as a paticipant prior to voting-- as an addendum to VFU's existing policy. Jimbo, as benevlonet dictator, being the exclusion of course. -JCarriker 00:23, May 2, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Oakland Tribune

The Oakland Tribune was a daily newspaper published in Oakland, California, and a predecessor of the East Bay Times. It was published by the Bay Area News Group (BANG), a subsidiary of MediaNews Group. Founded in 1874, the Tribune rose to become an influential daily newspaper. With the decline of print media, in 2016, the paper announced that the Tribune would fold into a new newspaper entitled, the East Bay Times along with its owners other newspapers in the East Bay starting April 5, 2016. The former nameplates of the consolidated newspapers will continue to be published every Friday as weekly community supplements.

Origin
The Tribune was founded February 21, 1874, by George Staniford and Benet A. Dewes. The Oakland Daily Tribune was first printed at 468 Ninth St. as a 4-page, 3-column newspaper, 6 by 10 inches. Staniford and Dewes gave out copies free of charge. The paper had news stories and 43 advertisements.

Staniford, the editor and Dewes, the printer, were credited with producing a paper with fine typographical look and editorial nature. The competition was the Oakland News and Oakland Transcript. The first editorial stated, "There seems to be an open field for a journal like the Tribune in Oakland, and we accordingly proceed to occupy it, presenting the Tribune, which is intended to be a permanent daily paper, deriving its support solely from advertising patronage."

Later that year, Staniford sold his half interest to Dewes; then, Dewes sold a half interest to A.B. Gibson. The Tribune moved, January 30, 1875, to 911 Broadway and Gibson sold his half interest to the paper to A. E. Nightingill. In 1876, Dewes and Nightingill, found a buyer for the Tribune.

The William Dargie era
The Tribune became a major paper under William E. Dargie (1854–1911), who acquired the paper July 24, 1876. The Tribune Publishing Company, was created with William Edward Dargie as Manager and (Albion Keith Paris) A. K. P. Harmon, Jr., Secretary.

The Tribune was a solid Republican newspaper under Dargie and (later) the Knowlands. Dargie was a news innovator in several ways: 1876, wire service dispatches; 1877, a book and job department added; 1878, when the Bell Telephone System arrived in Oakland, one of the first telephones was installed at the Tribune- Number 46; 1883, a Saturday edition was introduced; 1887, special editions; 1888, an extra for the presidential election.

On August 28, 1891, the name Oakland Tribune was officially adopted. Prior names include Oakland Daily Tribune, the Oakland Evening Tribune and the Oakland Daily Evening Tribune. Dargie had news offices in New York and Chicago. Dargie also acquired a patent approved R. Hoe & Co. double cylinder press.

The Tribune was a charter member of the Associated Press upon its founding in 1900.

Among Dargie's hires, at the turn of the century, was Jack Gunin, a one-eyed lensman, the first full-time photojournalist in the Western United States.

In 1906, the Tribune added a Sunday edition.

1906 earthquake
The newspapers of San Francisco were destroyed in the earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906. The Tribune printed many "extras." Dargie lent the Tribune's presses for a joint edition of the San Francisco Call-Chronicle-Examiner. In the aftermath of the conflagration, San Francisco Mayor Eugene E. Schmitz, declared the Oakland Tribune the official San Francisco newspaper.

The circulation grew as displaced San Franciscans moved to Oakland and Alameda County. The Tribune's editorial direction was then under Managing Editor John Conners. After 35 years as publisher, William E. Dargie died on February 10, 1911. Former Oakland Mayor Melvin C. Chapman served as acting president of the Tribune Publishing Company. Bruno Albert Forsterer (1869–1957), was publisher and general manager. He was executor of Dargie's estate. Bruno and his son, Harold B. Forsterer, also served the Knowlands and the Tribune.

The Knowland Family era
After five terms in the United States House of Representatives, Joseph R. Knowland (1873–1966) purchased the Oakland Tribune from Dargie's widow, Hermina Peralta Dargie. In his first edition as publisher of the Oakland Tribune, November 14, 1915, he wrote, "It is perfectly understood that what the Tribune does, rather than what it promises, will determine the true measure of its worth; and with that understanding, the Tribune, under its new control, girds to its work."

Knowland moved the Tribune to a new location at 13th and Franklin Streets on March 25, 1918. Under Knowland, the Tribune became one-third of a triumvirate of California Republican newspapers with conservative viewpoints, along with the Los Angeles Times and San Francisco Chronicle. The Tribune endorsed Republican candidates and "J.R." (as Knowland was widely known) often picked and controlled Republican elected officials. The Tribune would make many political careers, the most noted being Knowland's own son William F. Knowland and Earl Warren.

In 1921, Knowland started radio station KLX and his newspaper library. The 305 feet tall Tribune Tower, an Oakland landmark, was completed in 1923. The Tribune moved its business into the tower in 1924. The Tribune Publishing Corporation, was founded by Knowland on January 4, 1928. The publishing corporation held interests in KLX, part owner of a paper mill in Tacoma, Washington and subsidiary businesses, U-Bild, Tower Graphics and Tribune Features, Inc.

In the mid-1930s, J.R. tied in with the Associated Press Wirephoto Service. He had a direct wire link for international news from London, England. The mast head logo, which became an icon of the paper, showed Oakland, a port to the world and nation. The logo changed with the times: the Tower, transport ship and steam locomotive; in later years, the Tower, the Bay Bridge, larger transport ship, diesel engine, the china clipper and later, a jet airplane.

On September 1, 1950, the Tribune became the sole Oakland daily newspaper, with the demise of its competitor, William Randolph Hearst's Oakland Post Enquirer.

In 1960, Joseph R. Knowland's son, former U.S. Senator William F. Knowland (1908–1974), was named editor; he had shared being assistant publisher with his brother, Joseph Russell "Russ" Knowland, Jr. (1901–1961), since 1933. Russ Knowland's 1961 death made his brother Bill sole successor to their father.

On February 1, 1966, Joseph R. Knowland died at the age of 92. William F. Knowland was appointed president and publisher. His son, Joseph William Knowland became vice-president and general manager. Bill Knowland added to the logo, A Responsible Metropolitan Newspaper. The Senator had assumed duties as the Tribune's publisher and editor. He became the president of The Tribune Publishing Corporation.

Under Bill Knowland's ownership, the Tribune had a conservative editorial position and a reputation for being strongly pro-business. As the city of Oakland became more ethnically and politically diverse in the 1960s and 1970s, the Tribune was unable to respond quickly enough to the demographic changes (and the political and social unrest exemplified, among other factors, by the University of California, Berkeley, student uprisings and the Black Panther movement).

The Tribune's readership declined after the early 1960s as a large portion of the paper's traditional subscription base relocated to the newly developing suburbs south and east of Oakland. In southern Alameda County, the readership went to Floyd Sparks's The (Hayward) Daily Review and in Contra Costa County to Dean Lesher's Contra Costa Times.

In 1973, Bill Knowland wrote in Fortune magazine, "Any city needs a means of communication between the diverse members of its community. Communication is essential."

Bill Knowland's personal life would soon affect the Oakland Tribune. Two days after the Tribune celebrated its 100th anniversary on February 21, 1974, William F. Knowland committed suicide. On the death of their father, Joseph William Knowland (1930-2019), became the Tribune's editor and publisher; Emelyn K. Jewett (1929–1988) became president of The Tribune Publishing Corporation.

The California Press Association honored Joseph W. Knowland, as the winner of the 1975, Publisher of the Year award. This honor was bestowed on Joe Knowland for his progressive innovations in the operations and makeup of the newspaper.

End of the Knowland Era: CCC and Gannett
In 1977, the Knowland Family sold the Oakland Tribune to Combined Communications Corporation, owned by Arizona-based outdoor sign mogul Karl Eller. The Tribune Publishing Corporation, was dissolved by the Knowland Family. Eller had recently acquired The Cincinnati Enquirer. In 1979, CCC merged with the East Coast-based media conglomerate Gannett Company, and the Tribune was thus acquired by Gannett Company. That year, Allen H. Neuharth, Gannett CEO, used the Tribune as a pilot project with a new morning paper called East Bay Today, which served as an early prototype of Gannett's later national paper USA Today. In 1979, Gannett named Robert C. Maynard (1937–1993) editor, becoming the first African-American editor in the paper's history. In 1983, Maynard—who by this time had become publisher and with Gannett's blessing—consolidated the Tribune and East Bay Today into a single morning newspaper under the Tribune name.

The Maynard era
In 1983, Maynard and his wife, Nancy Hicks Maynard, purchased the Tribune from Gannett for $17 million (financed by a loan from Gannett) in the first management-led leveraged buyout in U.S. newspaper history. It was also historic for the Tribune becoming the first major metropolitan daily newspaper owned by an African-American. This was seen as especially notable as Oakland was developing a relatively large African-American community which, by the 1980s, was becoming increasingly influential in local business and politics. Maynard helped restore the paper's reputation, earning a Pulitzer Prize in 1990.

But for all of its editorial kudos under Maynard, the Tribune still was plagued by financial difficulties beyond Maynard's control. Facing a debt of $31.5 million and on the brink of folding in August 1991, the Tribune was saved by the Freedom Forum, Allen H. Neuharth's media foundation. The Freedom Forum paid Gannett $2.5 million, retired the Tribune's debt and gave Maynard $5 million in operating funds. But the rescue proved to be short-lived, and the continuing financial pressures—combined with the disclosure in July 1992 that Robert Maynard had been diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer—forced the Maynards to put the Tribune up for sale.

The Tribune Tower was severely damaged in the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989, yet the paper continued to publish there until ANG moved it to a building located at Oakland's Jack London Square at the edge of San Francisco Bay. The Tower sat empty until 1995, when John Protopappas purchased it for $300,000. His company, Madison Park Financial Corporation, renovated the Tower in the late 1990s. The Tribune returned to the Tower after it reopened in 1999.

ANG and InsideBayArea.com
On October 15, 1992, the Alameda Newspaper Group (Now the Bay Area News Group), a division of MediaNews Group that published several competing suburban community newspapers, agreed to buy the Tribune for $10 million from the Maynards. The final issue of the Tribune under the Maynards rolled off the Tribune Tower's presses on November 30, 1992; and the first issue under ANG's ownership was printed at the company's Hayward plant the following day. As a result, the Tribune was no longer considered the dominant East Bay newspaper.

The group's entry into the computer age was first discussed at the 1983 International Typographical Union convention; newspaper internet websites came of age in the mid- and late-1990s. The ANG official website was InsideBayArea.com for the online Oakland Tribune; the website was shared with other ANG/MediaNews newspapers.

On May 20, 2007, the Tribune moved permanently from the Tribune Tower to new offices on Oakport Street, across Interstate 880 from the Oakland Coliseum. The Tribune Tower, a local and national landmark, remains, now housing several businesses and a ground-floor cafe.

On August 2, 2007, Oakland Post editor and former (1993–2005) Tribune journalist Chauncey Bailey was murdered in a targeted hit on his way to work. This led the Tribune to start "The Chauncey Bailey Project", a series of articles focusing on the causes and aftermaths of the murder.

In 2011, BANG announced a plan to merge the Tribune with other sister East Bay newspapers, but on October 27, 2011, BANG announced that it would retain The Oakland Tribune masthead.

On August 30, 2012, the Tribune moved its offices to 1970 Broadway in Oakland's Uptown district.

The last daily edition of the Tribune was published on April 4, 2016, as it was combined with other BANG-owned East Bay papers the Contra Costa Times, Hayward Daily Review and Fremont Argus, The Alameda Journal under the new East Bay Times nameplate.

Pulitzer Prizes
The Oakland Tribune won the Pulitzer Prize for a photograph of a small private plane narrowly missing a B-29 Superfortress in 1950, and again for photographs of the aftermath of the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake.

title: Oakland Tribune


text:
Nouveau riche

 * ), new rich or new money (in contrast to old money; vieux riche ) is a social class of the rich whose wealth has been acquired within their own generation, rather than by familial inheritance. These people previously had belonged to a lower social class and economic stratum (rank) within that class and the term implies that the new money, which constitutes their wealth, allowed upward social mobility and provided the means for conspicuous consumption, the buying of goods and services that signal membership in an upper class. As a pejorative term, nouveau riche affects distinctions of type, the given stratum within a social class; hence, among the rich people of a social class, nouveau riche describes the vulgarity and ostentation of the newly rich person who lacks the worldly experience and the system of values of old money, of inherited wealth, such as the patriciate, the nobility, and the gentry.

History
The idea of nouveau riche dates at least as far back as ancient Greece (c. 8th century BCE). In the 6th century BCE, the poet and aristocrat Theognis of Megara wrote how "in former days, there was a tribe who knew no laws nor manners ... These men are nobles, now, the gentlemen of old are now the trash". In the Roman Republic, the term novus homo ('new man') carried similar connotations.

Social status
One can define social status in relation to wealth and to the power granted by the wealth. It has been argued that the upper, ruling classes have legitimized "... their rule with claims of status and honor and moral superiority". Ruling classes make claims in defense of the ascribed superiority of wealth inherited through "blood ... and the concept of proper breeding". The nouveau riche are juxtaposed against the old-money social class of those with trans-generational, inherited wealth in order to highlight the cultural, value system and societal differences between the two social groups.

Old Family ties, as traditional claims of status, are not found in the nouveaux riches, which challenges and ultimately redefines social traditions and values such as the institution of debutantes and their debut to society. As seen through the rise in the number of debutantes, the social value of the debut has since shifted from the "family's elite social standing and long family traditions" to "a symbolic value as an element of upper-class life style". This transition allows for high social standing to be established by the nouveau riche through the institution of the debut. Social integration of these elite sects is extremely slow and sluggish, which prolongs and strengthens stereotypes. This rate of integration makes it more likely that the nouveaux riches will "retain identification with the traditional ... group of origin; this is the basis for division between the groups. Furthermore, the isolation that minority nouveaux riches experience within their own class leads them "to prioritize issues of radical justice, civil liberties, and religious tolerance over pure economic self-interest".

Inter-class stereotypes
Often referred to as parvenu, members of the nouveau riche are often discriminated against by the old-money sects of society since they "lack the proper pedigree". These newcomers to economic power are subject to even greater scrutiny from their lack of historical prestige as seen through Dye's comments which reference the new rich as "uncouth" and "uncultured". The behavior of the nouveau riche is often satirized by American society by "implying that stereotyped, rather than real, behavior patterns are copied".

Many people have made claims to the inferiority of those with new money as compared to those with old money. Many have made claims that nouveaux riches "lack political and cultural sophistication" and others make comparisons saying that the old rich are "more sophisticated than the less cosmopolitan nouveau riche". These assumptions further perpetuate the differences between the two and lead to even further stereotypes and have lasted for well over a century. In 1929 Mrs. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, who herself married into a family that had once been considered parvenu and lacking in pedigree, protested that "the nouveau riche... is making places like Palm Beach no more exclusive than Coney Island. Newport, the last stronghold of the elite, has the moneyed intruder at the gates.... Undesirables are penetrating everywhere". In 18th-century Europe, old-money families attempted to raise themselves above the nouveau riches by sensitively renovating their ancestral residences to allude to their antiquity. Their evident ties to the families' history could not be rivaled by the new, self-made, class. In the Dutch Republic the nobility sought this as an advantage over the merchant burghers of Amsterdam and a similar trend arose in the French court. The same is true of the fashionable lairds of seventeenth century Scotland who re-worked buildings like Thirlestane Castle, Glamis Castle and Drumlanrig Castle to celebrate the lineage of their families.

Nouveau pauvre
The term was coined to refer to a person who had once owned wealth but has now lost all or most of it. This term is generally used to emphasize that the individual was previously part of a higher socioeconomic rank and that such wealth that provided the means for the acquisition of goods or luxuries is currently unobtainable. These people may or may not actually be poor, but compared to their previous rank, it seems as if they are. Nicholas Monson (grandson of the 9th Baron Monson) and Debra Scott were authors of The Nouveaux Pauvres: A Guide to Downward Nobility (1984), "a lifestyle manual for poverty-stricken aristocrats" "running an aristocratic lifestyle on a tradesman's budget".

title: Nouveau riche


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject United States regions/2

List of regions
I created a page List of regions of the United States incorporating many of the regions already listed on this page - and a few that were not. Maybe this can help us better organize then cross-link this project. Davodd 20:33, Jan 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Welcome to the WikiProject U.S. Regions Davodd! I beleive that your list of U.S. Regions is a wonderful idea. I am curious as to why you have not include sub-regions as a list category?
 * -- JCarriker

Territories
FWIW, I just added a list of what I *believe* to be all of the former incorporated U.S. territories (territories that were slated to become states)--based I what I figured out about Michigan, territorial histories are VERY interesting. Hope this is appropriate for your page Davodd, if not, I can move elsewhere. Cheers. jengod 09:54, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Welcome to the project jengod!
 * - JCarriker Jan 24, 2004 (UTC)

Create Sub-Regions Project and Texas Regions Project
I am happy to see such an interest in the project but I feel that we, myself included, are starting to loose site of our original intent. This prohect should be primarily about official and unoffical interstate regions of a national scope.

Therefore I propose that U.S. Regions become a mother and that seperate projects be set up to discuss subregions and Texas regions, the bulk of our current distraction. - JCarriker Jan 24, 2004 (UTC)

Comments on Official Region Article Prototype
Is this the "Official Region" Article Prototype, or the Official "Region Article" Prototype? Meaning, is this just the format for census designated regions, or for all regions? In either case, I'm not sure I see the need for the table, at least with the topics listed there now. The largest and smallest state by area is of middling importance, and the list of included states should be in the lede of the article, and doesn't necessarily need to be repeated in the table. May I suggest Population, Total Area, Largest City, Geographic Landmarks and Cultural Landmarks? Jfitts 19:29, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Empire State Building, Liberty Bell, Old North Church; and, uh, forests? Finger lakes? Appalachian trail? I dunno. I was just thinking for like, Southwest, the Grand Canyon deserved a mention, but I guess that can go in the article. Just a suggestion. :) jengod 20:19, Feb 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have moved the state list from the infobox to the lead paragraph as suggested. I agree with Jfitts that geographic and cultural landmarks would be to contentious, but they should be included in the article text. I have added highest and lowest elevation, I hope this can be a compromise on the geographic landmarks as, elevation is universal and the highest and lowest points are fact. One thing that has not been discussed is that a common geography assignment is what state is the largest and which is the smallest. The table would answer this question from a regional point of view, it also gives a sense of scale and coloring to the region. I also added total area as requested.

 * To answer jengod's question the table in question is only intened for official regions, though I hope each category can have it's own table with relevant data sets. The "prototype" gives us a chance to test how fair and acurate the template and infobox before the project goes live. This way we can anticipate how it will effect/affect a complete article.
 * JCarriker 22:40, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the changes you've made to the infobox. I also vote in favor of the overall prototype template.  (However, a Wikipedia link appears under "External Links" along with some confusing text.  I think something got pasted there by mistake.)  Jfitts 18:50, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! With your second I will post a the infobox on the page, and notify the other participants that they need to vote. The "prototype" has not yet reached the point where it reflects my complete proposal. I will move the U.S. Geography link and delte the mis-pasted text. The geogrpahy section is know complete, and it is ready to be edited or added to by project participants. I think we should keep it below five paragraphs and have a link, like in the U.S. state articles, to a larger article concerning geography, history ect.
 * Also have you reviewed the unofficial regions classifications under strategy. If you have and have no changes I think once we complete the prototype, and aproved the template and infobox, we should notify the state project of our referencing suggestions. Also if no one objects to the current infobox, I will make it live on the infobox page.
 * JCarriker 23:38, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree about linking to other geography/history articles. Also, I have now reviewed the unofficial regions and have added the Great Plains.  I have no other changes. Jfitts 17:14, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I like the info table. I added some tweaks to it - lightened a color to make more readable and added an image area. Davodd 22:56, Feb 26, 2004 (UTC)

Davodd's Project Parentage proposal and jengod's concerns over the "American" designation have been moved to the  General Discussion page. Hopefully they will be more accessible there; please post on the general discussion page from now on.