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Svan language

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; სვანური ენა) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti primarily by the Svan people. With its speakers variously estimated to be between 30,000 and 80,000, the UNESCO designates Svan as a "definitely endangered language". It is of particular interest because it has retained many features that have been lost in the other Kartvelian languages.

Familial features
Like all languages of the Caucasian language family, Svan has a large number of consonants. It has agreement between subject and object, and a split-ergative morphosyntactic system. Verbs are marked for aspect, evidentiality and "version".

Distinguishing features
Svan retains the voiceless aspirated uvular plosive,, and the glides and. It has a larger vowel inventory than Georgian; the Upper Bal dialect of Svan has the most vowels of any South-Caucasian language, having both long and short versions of plus, a total of 18 vowels (Georgian, by contrast, has just five).

Its morphology is less regular than that of the other three sister languages, and there are notable differences in conjugation.

Distribution
Svan is the native language of fewer than 30,000 Svans (15,000 of whom are Upper Svan dialect speakers and 12,000 are Lower Svan), living in the mountains of Svaneti, i.e. in the districts of Mestia and Lentekhi of Georgia, along the Enguri, Tskhenistsqali and Kodori rivers. Some Svan speakers live in the Kodori Valley of the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia. Although conditions there make it difficult to reliably establish their numbers, there are only an estimated 2,500 Svan individuals living there.

The language is used in familiar and casual social communication. It has no written standard or official status. Most speakers also speak Georgian. The language is considered endangered, as proficiency in it among young people is limited.

History
Svan is the most differentiated member of the four South-Caucasian languages and is believed to have split off in the 2nd millennium BC or earlier, about one thousand years before Georgian and Zan split from each other.

Soviet ethnologist Evdokia Kozhevnikova extensively documented the Svan language during her fieldwork in Svaneti in the 1920s and 1930s.

Dialects
The Svan language is divided into the following dialects and subdialects:
 * Upper Svan (about 15,000 speakers)
 * Upper Bal: Ushguli, Kala, Ipar, Mulakh, Mestia, Lenzer, Latal.
 * Lower Bal: Becho, Tskhumar, Etser, Par, Chubekh, Lakham.
 * Lower Svan (about 12,000 speakers)
 * Lashkhian: Lashkh.
 * Lentekhian: Lentekhi, Kheled, Khopur, Rtskhmelur, Cholur

Consonants
The consonant inventory of Svan is more or less the same as that of Old Georgian. That is, compared to Modern Georgian, it also has, and , but the labiodental fricative only appears as an allophone of  in the Ln dialect. Furthermore, the uvular consonants and  are realized as affricates, i.e. and.

Vowels
The vowel inventory of Svan varies between different dialects. For instance, Proto-Svan phonemic long vowels occur in the Upper Bal, Cholur and Lashkh dialects, but have been lost in the Lentekh and Lower Bal dialects. Compared to Georgian, Svan also have a central or back unrounded high vowel (realized as ), the low front  (except for Lashkh) and the front rounded vowels  and  (also except for Lashkh). The front rounded vowels are often realized as diphthongs  and and are therefore sometimes not treated as separate phonemes.

Alphabet
The alphabet, illustrated above, is similar to the Mingrelian alphabet, with a few additional letters otherwise obsolete in the Georgian script:
 * ჶ
 * ჴ
 * ჸ
 * ჲ
 * უ̂
 * ჷ
 * ჱ

These are supplemented by diacritics on the vowels (the umlaut for front vowels and macron for length), though those are not normally written. The digraphs are used in the Lower Bal and Lentekh dialects, and occasionally in Upper Bal; these sounds do not occur in Lashkh dialect.
 * ჳი ("wi")
 * ჳე ("we")

title: Svan language


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Modřice

Modřice (Mödritz) is a town in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,700 inhabitants.

Geography
Modřice is located about 6 km south of Brno. It lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley. It is situated on the right bank of the Svratka River.

History
The first written mention of Modřice is from 1141. There used to be a castle owned by the Olomouc bishops. In the 13th century, Germanic settlers came and mixed with the original Slavic population.

In the first half of the 20th century, Germans formed majority of the population. After the World War II, German inhabitants were expelled and the municipality was resettled by Czechs. Modřice became a town in 1994.

Transport
The D2 motorway from Brno to Břeclav runs next to the town.

Sights
The Church of Saint Gotthard is the landmark of the town. The original Romanesque structure was completely rebuilt in the 1780s. It has preserved Romanesque core, Renaissance portal and late Baroque tower.

Notable people

 * Christian Mayer (1719–1783), German astronomer
 * Leander Czerny (1859–1944), Austrian entomologist
 * Jiří Ventruba (1950–2021), neurosurgeon and politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Modřice


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Venpa

Venpa or Venba (வெண்பா in Tamil) is a form of classical Tamil poetry. Classical Tamil poetry has been classified based upon the rules of metric prosody. Such rules form a context-free grammar. Every venba consists of between two and twelve lines. The venpa meter is used in songs of the types neṭu veṇ pāṭṭu ('long song in venpa meter'), kuṟu veṇ pāṭṭu 'short song in venpa meter', kaikkiḷai "one-sided love," and paripāṭṭu 'song that is quite accommodative' and in satirical compositions (aṅkatac ceyyuḷ).

Popular books written in venba style

 * 1) All 1330 couplets from the Thirukkural, composed by Thiruvalluvar, are examples of venba. Tirukkural comes under a sub-category of venba called Kural venba, wherein each kural or couplet has only two lines.
 * 2) Nala venba1 is another classical work written in venba style.
 * 3) Niti venba2 is another venba style book that preaches values.
 * 4) Acharakkovai3 is another venba style book that preaches values

Basic elements of meter in classical Tamil poetry
•Vowels and consonant-vowel compounds(such as ka, kā, ki, kī) in Tamil alphabet have been classified into ones with short sounds (kuril) and the ones with longer sounds (nedil).

• Asai(Acai): Vowels and such vowel-consonant compound/s optionally followed by a consonant is known as asai(lit. move). The Tamil word asai roughly corresponds to syllable/a group of syllables. Asai is of two types - Nēr(lit. linear/straightforward) asai and Nirai(lit.waves) asai.

•Sīr or cīr: Sīr is the metrical foot in Tamil poetry.

•Thalai(lit. binding): The juxtaposition of metrical foot patterns.

Note that the official terms for the different "asai"s are self-descriptive. For example, the word "ner" is itself classified as ner asai. And the word "nirai" is a nirai asai.

Grammar for meter in Venba
A set of well defined metric rules define the grammar for venba. Such rules have been proved to form a context-free grammar.

One set of rules constrains the duration of sound for each word or cīr, while another set of rules defines the rules for the possible sounds at the beginning of a word that follows a given sound at the end of the preceding word. Any venbā should conform to both these sets of rules.

Following is the set of production rules corresponding to the first set of rules.

 → {1-11}   →      →     →

Following is the set of production rules corresponding to the second set of rules.

 →

Example
Following is a couplet from Tirukkural:

title: Venpa


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Noguera (comarca)

Noguera is a comarca (county) in Ponent, Catalonia, Spain. It is the largest comarca and its area represents some 5,56% of Catalonia. Noguera is part of the historical county of Urgell and its capital is Balaguer.

title: Noguera (comarca)


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Danna Vale

Danna Sue Vale (née Ward; born 14 November 1944) is a former Australian politician. A member of the Liberal Party, she served as Minister for Veterans' Affairs in the Howard government from 2001 to 2004, the first woman to hold the position. She was a member of the House of Representatives from 1996 to 2010, holding the New South Wales seat of Hughes.

Early life
Vale was born in Sydney on 14 November 1944. She was the oldest of six children born to Albert and Delma Ward; her father was a World War II veteran and her maternal grandfather Donald Dempsey was killed in World War I, along with two of his brothers. She grew up in the suburb of Sylvania, leaving school at the age of 14 and working as an office girl. By working multiple jobs she saved money to take flying lessons, achieving a pilot's licence at the age of 20. Following her marriage Vale was a stay-at-home mother for a number of years, eventually enrolling to study law at the University of Sydney in 1984. She graduated in 1988 with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws, subsequently working as a solicitor until her election to parliament.

Political career
Vale joined the Liberal Party in 1993 and soon became president of the Gymea branch. She was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1996 federal election, defeating the incumbent Australian Labor Party (ALP) member and Keating government minister Robert Tickner. She was subsequently re-elected on four occasions.

After serving on various House standing committees, Vale was elevated to the ministry in November 2001 as Minister for Veterans' Affairs and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence, as part of a reshuffle after the 2001 federal election. In 2003 her department released a review of veterans' entitlements, although she quickly rejected its recommendation to means-test the Repatriation Health Card. In October 2003 the South Australian branch of the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) passed a motion of no-confidence in Vale, citing "a long standing problem of getting responses" and her late arrival and early departure from its annual general meeting. She was removed as assistant defence minister in the same month, and was not retained in the ministry after the 2004 election.

In 2004, Vale unwittingly became involved in the "cash for comment affair" when she mistakenly faxed a letter of support, meant for radio talkback host Alan Jones of 2GB, to Jones' former station 2UE. At the time, questions were being raised about the impartiality of David Flint, the head of the Australian Broadcasting Authority, when a letter of praise from Flint to Jones was revealed after the ABA had cleared Jones of wrongdoing. Vale's letter, urging Jones to "stay brave and true", was lampooned by the ABC TV program Media Watch, which adopted "Stay Brave and True" as its unofficial motto.

After losing her ministry, Vale joined the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Science and Innovation established to look at the technology of geosequestration of carbon dioxide. The committee reported in August 2007. However, Vale was one of four MPs issuing a dissenting report in which they stated, "We do not believe the evidence unequivocally supports the hypothesis of anthropogenic global warming". Among the evidence cited in the dissenting report were claims of global warming on other planets including Mars, Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune and Triton (a moon of Neptune). Vale was ridiculed in The Sydney Morning Herald and the local media for her views.

In August 2009 Vale announced she would not re-contest her seat at the 2010 federal election.

Political views
Vale notably opposed several of the Howard government's policies and proposals, often on local issues, in particular the proposed construction of a second Sydney airport at Holsworthy and a nuclear waste processing plant at Lucas Heights, both of which would have been located in her electorate. In the government's second term, she spoke against mandatory sentencing of juveniles in the Northern Territory. In June 2009, Vale was one of four Liberal MPs to support a Labor move to abolish the practice of charging asylum seekers the cost of their detention.

In 2006, Vale suggested that Australia is going to become a Muslim nation, as a result of Australians "aborting themselves out of existence" She made these comments in supporting a Coalition-backed amendment to a bill on the abortion drug RU486, and expressing concern at the rate of abortion by Australian women.

Personal life
Vale raised four sons with her husband Bob.

title: Danna Vale


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Avenue (archaeology)

In prehistoric archaeology, an avenue is a long, parallel-sided strip of land, measuring up to about 30m in width, open at either end, with edges marked by stone or timber alignments and/or a low earth bank and ditch. The term is used for such features all over the British Isles but they are concentrated in the centre and south of England.

Most are either short and straight (Type I, less than 800m long), or long and curving (Type II, up to 2.5 km). It has been noted that they often link stone circles with rivers. They are a common element to Bronze Age ritual landscapes.

Avenues are identified through their earthworks or using aerial archaeology, as their parallel features can be seen stretching over some distance. In most examples, it is the association of the avenue with other contemporary monuments that provides diagnosis. Avenues differ from cursus monuments, in that the latter also have earthworks at their terminal ends and have no upright stone or timber alignments.

Avenues are thought to have been ceremonial or processional paths and to be of early Bronze Age date. They seem to have been used to indicate the intended route of approach to a particular monument.

Examples in Britain include the Stonehenge Avenue, and Beckhampton Avenue and West Kennet Avenue at Avebury. An example in Ireland is the avenue going up the Hill of Tara.

title: Avenue (archaeology)


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Radio spectrum

The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 3 Hz to 3,000 GHz (3 THz). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in telecommunication. To prevent interference between different users, the generation and transmission of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated by the ITU for different radio transmission technologies and applications; some 40 radiocommunication services are defined in the ITU's Radio Regulations (RR). In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum are sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum). Because it is a fixed resource which is in demand by an increasing number of users, the radio spectrum has become increasingly congested in recent decades, and the need to utilize it more effectively is driving modern telecommunications innovations such as trunked radio systems, spread spectrum, ultra-wideband, frequency reuse, dynamic spectrum management, frequency pooling, and cognitive radio.

Limits
The frequency boundaries of the radio spectrum are a matter of convention in physics and are somewhat arbitrary. Since radio waves are the lowest frequency category of electromagnetic waves, there is no lower limit to the frequency of radio waves. Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide". At the high frequency end the radio spectrum is bounded by the infrared band. The boundary between radio waves and infrared waves is defined at different frequencies in different scientific fields. The terahertz band, from 300 gigahertz to 3 terahertz, can be considered either as microwaves or infrared. It is the highest band categorized as radio waves by the International Telecommunication Union. but spectroscopic scientists consider these frequencies part of the far infrared and mid infrared bands.

Because it is a fixed resource, the practical limits and basic physical considerations of the radio spectrum, the frequencies which are useful for radio communication, are determined by technological limitations which are impossible to overcome. So although the radio spectrum is becoming increasingly congested, there is no possible way to add additional frequency bandwidth outside of that currently in use. The lowest frequencies used for radio communication are limited by the increasing size of transmitting antennas required. The size of antenna required to radiate radio power efficiently increases in proportion to wavelength or inversely with frequency. Below about 10 kHz (a wavelength of 30 km), elevated wire antennas kilometers in diameter are required, so very few radio systems use frequencies below this. A second limit is the decreasing bandwidth available at low frequencies, which limits the data rate that can be transmitted. Below about 30 kHz, audio modulation is impractical and only slow baud rate data communication is used. The lowest frequencies that have been used for radio communication are around 80 Hz, in ELF submarine communications systems built by a few nations' navies to communicate with their submerged submarines hundreds of meters underwater. These employ huge ground dipole antennas 20–60 km long excited by megawatts of transmitter power, and transmit data at an extremely slow rate of about 1 bit per minute (17 millibits per second, or about 5 minutes per character).

The highest frequencies useful for radio communication are limited by the absorption of microwave energy by the atmosphere. As frequency increases above 30 GHz (the beginning of the millimeter wave band), atmospheric gases absorb increasing amounts of power, so the power in a beam of radio waves decreases exponentially with distance from the transmitting antenna. At 30 GHz, useful communication is limited to about 1 km, but as frequency increases the range at which the waves can be received decreases. In the terahertz band above 300 GHz, the radio waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the atmosphere (mainly due to ozone, water vapor and carbon dioxide), which is so great that it is essentially opaque to electromagnetic emissions, until it becomes transparent again near the near-infrared and optical window frequency ranges.

Bands
A radio band is a small frequency band (a contiguous section of the range of the radio spectrum) in which channels are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands. For example, broadcasting, mobile radio, or navigation devices, will be allocated in non-overlapping ranges of frequencies.

Band plan
For each radio band, the ITU has a band plan (or frequency plan) which dictates how it is to be used and shared, to avoid interference and to set protocol for the compatibility of transmitters and receivers.

Each frequency plan defines the frequency range to be included, how channels are to be defined, and what will be carried on those channels. Typical definitions set forth in a frequency plan are:
 * numbering scheme – which channel numbers or letters (if any) will be assigned
 * center frequencies – how far apart the carrier wave for each channel will be
 * bandwidth and/or deviation – how wide each channel will be
 * spectral mask – how extraneous signals will be attenuated by frequency
 * modulation – what type will be used or are permissible
 * content – what types of information are allowed, such as audio or video, analog or digital
 * licensing – what the procedure will be to obtain a broadcast license

ITU
The actual authorized frequency bands are defined by the ITU and the local regulating agencies like the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and voluntary best practices help avoid interference.

As a matter of convention, the ITU divides the radio spectrum into 12 bands, each beginning at a wavelength which is a power of ten (10n) metres, with corresponding frequency of 3×108−n hertz, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. Each of these bands has a traditional name. For example, the term high frequency (HF) designates the wavelength range from 100 to 10 metres, corresponding to a frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz. This is just a symbol and is not related to allocation; the ITU further divides each band into subbands allocated to different services. Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that the atmosphere is effectively opaque, until it becomes transparent again in the near-infrared and optical window frequency ranges.

These ITU radio bands are defined in the ITU Radio Regulations. Article 2, provision No. 2.1 states that "the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands, which shall be designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table".

The table originated with a recommendation of the fourth CCIR meeting, held in Bucharest in 1937, and was approved by the International Radio Conference held at Atlantic City, NJ in 1947. The idea to give each band a number, in which the number is the logarithm of the approximate geometric mean of the upper and lower band limits in Hz, originated with B. C. Fleming-Williams, who suggested it in a letter to the editor of Wireless Engineer in 1942. For example, the approximate geometric mean of band 7 is 10 MHz, or 107 Hz.

The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths from 300,000–100,000 km), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.

IEEE radar bands
Frequency bands in the microwave range are designated by letters. This convention began around World War II with military designations for frequencies used in radar, which was the first application of microwaves. There are several incompatible naming systems for microwave bands, and even within a given system the exact frequency range designated by a letter may vary somewhat between different application areas. One widely used standard is the IEEE radar bands established by the US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Comparison of radio band designation standards

The frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths from 300,000–100,000 km) have been known by the band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF), but the term has not been defined by the ITU.

Broadcasting
Broadcast frequencies:
 * Longwave AM Radio = 148.5 kHz – 283.5 kHz (LF)
 * Mediumwave AM Radio = 520 kHz – 1700 kHz (MF)
 * Shortwave AM Radio = 3 MHz – 30 MHz (HF)

Designations for television and FM radio broadcast frequencies vary between countries, see Television channel frequencies and FM broadcast band. Since VHF and UHF frequencies are desirable for many uses in urban areas, in North America some parts of the former television broadcasting band have been reassigned to cellular phone and various land mobile communications systems. Even within the allocation still dedicated to television, TV-band devices use channels without local broadcasters.

The Apex band in the United States was a pre-WWII allocation for VHF audio broadcasting; it was made obsolete after the introduction of FM broadcasting.

Air band
Airband refers to VHF frequencies 108 to 137 MHz, used for navigation and voice communication with aircraft. Trans-oceanic aircraft also carry HF radio and satellite transceivers.

Marine band
The greatest incentive for development of radio was the need to communicate with ships out of visual range of shore. From the very early days of radio, large oceangoing vessels carried powerful long-wave and medium-wave transmitters. High-frequency allocations are still designated for ships, although satellite systems have taken over some of the safety applications previously served by 500 kHz and other frequencies. 2182 kHz is a medium-wave frequency still used for marine emergency communication.

Marine VHF radio is used in coastal waters and relatively short-range communication between vessels and to shore stations. Radios are channelized, with different channels used for different purposes; marine Channel 16 is used for calling and emergencies.

Amateur radio frequencies
Amateur radio frequency allocations vary around the world. Several bands are common for amateurs worldwide, usually in the HF part of the spectrum. Other bands are national or regional allocations only due to differing allocations for other services, especially in the VHF and UHF parts of the radio spectrum.

Citizens' band and personal radio services
Citizens' band radio is allocated in many countries, using channelized radios in the upper HF part of the spectrum (around 27 MHz). It is used for personal, small business and hobby purposes. Other frequency allocations are used for similar services in different jurisdictions, for example UHF CB is allocated in Australia. A wide range of personal radio services exist around the world, usually emphasizing short-range communication between individuals or for small businesses, simplified license requirements or in some countries covered by a class license, and usually FM transceivers using around 1 watt or less.

Industrial, scientific, medical
The ISM bands were initially reserved for non-communications uses of RF energy, such as microwave ovens, radio-frequency heating, and similar purposes. However, in recent years the largest use of these bands has been by short-range low-power communications systems, since users do not have to hold a radio operator's license. Cordless telephones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth devices, and garage door openers all use the ISM bands. ISM devices do not have regulatory protection against interference from other users of the band.

Land mobile bands
Bands of frequencies, especially in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum, are allocated for communication between fixed base stations and land mobile vehicle-mounted or portable transceivers. In the United States these services are informally known as business band radio. See also Professional mobile radio.

Police radio and other public safety services such as fire departments and ambulances are generally found in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum. Trunking systems are often used to make most efficient use of the limited number of frequencies available. The demand for mobile telephone service has led to large blocks of radio spectrum allocated to cellular frequencies.

Radio control
Reliable radio control uses bands dedicated to the purpose. Radio-controlled toys may use portions of unlicensed spectrum in the 27 MHz or 49 MHz bands, but more costly aircraft, boat, or land vehicle models use dedicated radio control frequencies near 72 MHz to avoid interference by unlicensed uses. The 21st century has seen a move to 2.4 GHz spread spectrum RC control systems.

Licensed amateur radio operators use portions of the 6-meter band in North America. Industrial remote control of cranes or railway locomotives use assigned frequencies that vary by area.

Radar
Radar applications use relatively high power pulse transmitters and sensitive receivers, so radar is operated on bands not used for other purposes. Most radar bands are in the microwave part of the spectrum, although certain important applications for meteorology make use of powerful transmitters in the UHF band.

title: Radio spectrum


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Talk:Pinnation

Pinna is from latin.

I think there should be one article describing all these different descriptive terms for fronds. Having an article for each is kinda cumbersome. --DanielCD 01:43, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article be merged into Leaf shape, which lists all the terms that describe leaves and already has "pinnate"? It is easier for everything to be listed on one page, this article is just a definition.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 23:10, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

On the contrary. Leaves are not the only things that are pinnate. This article should be expanded, and include more images of examples. Jusuwa 00:04, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Berchemia zeyheri
I propose to remove the image of Berchemia zeyheri. This species has simple leaves. Axillary buds are visible at the base of each simple leaf in the image. There are many better images of compound leaves in Commons. Gderrin (talk) 22:44, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

Tetrapinnate
Does anyone have photos or diagrams of tetrapinnate leaves? These seem to be rare but apparently there are a few plants with this leaf arrangement, such as

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242314743

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsophila_cunninghamii

Ryoung 122 20:12, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

More categories for pinnate placement
Greetings,

There are more categories for the pinnate arrangement than this article mentions. Here is a reliable source with additional categories:

http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&glossary=yes&term=tripinnate&ill=Fig.+3+A Ryoung 122 20:19, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pinnation


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Maria Vamvakinou

Maria Vamvakinou (Μαρία Βαμβακινού) (born 4 January 1959) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and has served in the House of Representatives since the 2001 federal election, representing the Division of Calwell in Victoria.

Early life
Vamvakinou was born in Lefkada, Greece, an island in the Ionian Sea. She arrived in Australia   with her family in 1963 at the age of four, settling in Melbourne. She renounced her Greek citizenship in 2000 prior to standing for parliament. Vamvakinou was educated at public schools in Carlton and Brunswick before going on to attend Princes Hill High School.

Vamvakinou completed a Bachelor of Arts in Modern Greek and political science at the University of Melbourne. She went on to complete a diploma in education and worked as a high school teacher from 1982 to 1987, teaching Greek.

Politics
Vamvakinou held office in the Victorian Labor Party and worked as a political staffer for a number of years before entering parliament herself. She worked as an electorate officer to Andrew Theophanous (1988, 1990), executive assistant to Joan Kirner (1989), personal secretary to Andrew McCutcheon (1991), and electorate officer to Senator Kim Carr (1993–2001). She also served on the Northcote City Council from 1990 to 1992.

Parliament
Vamvakinou was elected to parliament at the 2001 federal election, regaining the Division of Calwell for the ALP against the incumbent MP Andrew Theophanous, who had resigned from the party in 2000 to sit as an independent. She is the first woman born in Greece to serve in federal parliament. She has been re-elected on seven further occasions, most recently at the 2022 federal election.

Vamvakinou has served on numerous House and joint committees during her time in parliament, including as chair of the House Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Innovation from 2008 to 2010. She has also served on the Speaker's panel from 2010 to 2013 and again from 2016. She is a member of the ALP's Socialist Left faction.

On 9 June 2024, Vamvakinou announced that she would retire at the next Australian federal election. She endorsed a former adviser Basem Abdo to replace her, who was also a fellow member of the ALP's Socialist Left faction.

Personal life
Vamvakinou is married to Dr Michalis S. Michael, and has two children. she lived in Northcote, which lies outside her electorate.

title: Maria Vamvakinou


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Barry Wakelin

Barry Hugh Wakelin (7 May 1946 – 19 December 2023) was an Australian politician, who was a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1993 until November 2007, representing the Division of Grey, South Australia. He was born in Kimba, South Australia, and was a farmer and small businessman before entering politics. In 1993, he stood as the Liberal candidate in Grey, historically one of the few country seats where Labor consistently did well. He became only the fifth non-Labor member to win it, and the second in 50 years.

While Wakelin's win was considered an upset, the election came at a very bad time for Labor in South Australia. The incumbent state Labor government was still reeling from the collapse of the State Bank of South Australia, and would be heavily defeated at the state election held later in 1993. At that latter election, Labor lost all but one seat within Grey's borders, in some cases on large and permanent swings.

In 1996, Wakelin became the first non-Labor member in 53 years to be re-elected to Grey. He picked up a large swing of over six percent, turning Grey into a safe Liberal seat in one stroke. He held it without difficulty until his retirement in 2007.

He was father of Ten News reporter James Wakelin and father-in-law of Ten News presenter Rebecca Morse.

Barry Wakelin died on 19 December 2023 aged 77.

title: Barry Wakelin


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Talk:Tiddlywinks

An adult game?
Serious modern tiddlywinks is referred to thrice as an "adult game", to distinguish it from the more trivial children's game. Can we find a better term, like "serious tiddlywinks"? It is neither exclusively for adults, nor does it have any of the connotations normally associated with so-called "adult" activities or products!

 * Done. --Belg4mit (talk) 22:20, 2 March 2022 (UTC)

The Chess Reference
The claim that tiddlywinks is comparable to chess in complexity seems spurious. There are only a handful of games that are played at the level of strategic sophistication of chess. (Go comes to mind). Can we change this claim to compare tiddly-winks instead to something that is more directly comparable?Oliver Crow

Scholar, Dr.Dennis King claims "Tiddly Winks is more than a movement of hand. It's in fact, a sequence of the soul and mind." King plays Tiddly Winks to help him come up with things to write about in his pamphlets and textbooks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.89.67.73 (talk) 21:48, 27 September 2013 (UTC) Removed chess reference Oliver Crow 07:22, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Oliver Crow that the comparison of tiddlywinks to chess is bombastic. For one thing, tiddlywinks is a sport (sort of), since it involves not only strategy but physical skill. But even if we assume winks can be placed with 100% accuracy, I suspect the game less complex---mathematically speaking---than chess. Does anyone think a computer tiddlywink player would need to plan millions of moves ahead? Sympleko ( Συμπλεκω ) 12:48, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree. For me, the essential difference between a sport and a game is that playing a sport requires physical interaction with the material: you couldn't play 'winks by post or over the 'net. A much more accurate analogy for me is pool or snooker, where there are tactics - covering pockets or snookering your opponent being comparable to squopping - but the physical ability to execute the chosen shot is the ultimate deciding factor. Garry Kasparov never tried to capture his opponent's bishop but missed! --Gshrimpton 15:55, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Tiddlywinks is indeed a sport. As far as I'm concerned, some sort of physical dextery has to be in place for it to be a sport. Hence, Tiddlywinks is a sport and chess isn't. Whether you think that tiddlywinks is a very good sport is another matter. Triangle e 11:55, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

There is genuine complexity in the shot choice, thinking several moves ahead. Obviously this is far from the complexity of chess or Go. The sport to which it is most often compared is croquet, though winks has a wider variety of types of shot, and greater strategic complexity. JDAWiseman 16:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Tiddlywinks does not have a comparable level of complexity to chess. But that's not what the article says; it says that tiddlywinkers often claim that tiddlywinks has the level of strategy of chess. And they do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.107.138.228 (talk) 20:46, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree that pool (billiards/snooker) is a much better comparison than chess. In pool, the player thinks a few moves ahead and plans his or her shots accordingly, whereas in chess, the player thinks many moves ahead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.53.8.213 (talk) 01:11, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Summary
Is needed. -Slash- 07:38, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed.
 * Jolly good article by the way. And I mean both jolly and good. Tally ho. Alastair Haines 03:41, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Featured on WWoS
A championship match was famously featured on an episode of the classic Wide World of Sports, the clip was frequently mentioned when the show ended after many decades as an example of the wide variety of coverage. --166.137.132.41 (talk) 21:52, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Removal of unsourced information
This page had some sources, but a lot of unsourced information with no way of verifying any of it, so in accordance with Jimbo's explicit interpretation of WP:V, I removed it all. --127.0.0.1 17:31, 2 January 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.59.59.212 (talk)
 * The generally accepted method of dealing with uncontroversial material of longstanding, which is nevertheless unsourced, is to place a tag, or to find the source yourself and place it.  Aggressive removal of unsourced material is reserved for controversial issues or issues with biographies of living persons, Jimbo notwithstanding.   Acroterion  (talk)  17:55, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 April 2014
BBC. The Record Breakers with Roy Castle and Norris & Ross McWhirter

ITEM 03: TIDDLYWINKS: Ross visits Quintin-Kynaston School in St John's Wood, London to see some of its pupils set a new world record with a marathon game of tiddlywinks. (FILM: 1m10s)

2.6.167.253 (talk) 07:24, 27 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — {{U|Technical 13}} (t • e • c) 14:02, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Squidger count
"Top players may use up to 20 squidgers"? What unsourced, demonstrably incorrect rot! I was once a top player; I still have my pot of squidgers, of which I have just counted there to be 23. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.125.6.108 (talk • contribs)
 * But did you ever use all 23 in a match, or even bring all of them them? A golfer may own dozens of clubs, but is only allowed to carry 14 in any one round. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.199.171.123 (talk) 07:02, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The only mention in the (English) rules states 2.2.6 In a game, though not for a single shot, a player may use more than one squidger so there is no upper limit on the number of squidgers allowed to be taken to or used within a single game. In my own experience, I probably used 4 squidgers for 80% of the shots and had others less-used but for specific types of shots. Spike 'em (talk) 09:44, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 August 2021
This page contains several uses of "he" where singular "they" would work better. HowDoIPickAName (talk) 01:09, 15 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Welcome to Wikipedia! I'm afraid I must decline this request as you have failed to provide it in "please change X to Y" format. Even an attempt on my end to find them myself via a page search is futile as "he" is used by a lot of unrelated words. It is worth nothing that you are extremely close to reaching autoconfirmed status (you only need to make 2 more edits anywhere to qualify) which will grant you access to edit pages of this protection level. Do not let this discourage you, and happy editing! — Sirdog9002 (talk) 01:21, 15 August 2021 (UTC)

Tiddleywinks or Tiddledywinks?
Based on the box cover artwork accompanying this article, the correct name spelling of the game is Tiddledywinks. This is not addressed in the article. Thoughts? Batfox (talk) 08:50, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiddlywinks


text:
Mal Washer

Malcolm James Washer (born 12 August 1945), Australian politician, was a Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to August 2013, representing the Division of Moore, Western Australia. He was born in Bunbury, Western Australia, and was educated at the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1970 with degrees in medicine and surgery. He was a general practitioner before entering politics.

He is considered a moderate Liberal in a very conservative state and is supportive of socially liberal issues such as same-sex marriage. During 2010 and 2011 he was the contact for the Australian Parliamentary Group on Drug Law Reform (APGDLR), a cross party group of 100 MPs from Australian State and Commonwealth parliaments. The group was set up in 1993 after a meeting in Canberra convened by Michael Moore (ACT Assembly) and Ann Symonds (MLC, NSW).

In August 2011, he announced he would not be contesting the next federal election.

In March 2014, Washer announced his resignation as chair of the Alcohol and Other Drug Council of Australia. He said the reason was the "ill-informed" decision of Assistant Health Minister Fiona Nash to cut the organisation's funding without notice, noting that her decision was "a bloody tragedy" which "wasn't subject to any review ... it was dumb advising dumber, and dumb won."

As at January 2018, Washer was chair of ASX-listed AusCann, a medical cannabis company.

title: Mal Washer


text:
The Complete Guide to Middle-earth

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth: from The Hobbit to The Silmarillion is a reference book for J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, compiled and edited by Robert Foster. It was first published in 1971 under the title A Guide to Middle-earth. A revised and enlarged edition under the title The Complete Guide to Middle-earth was published in 1978. It received a third edition in 2001.

Author
Robert Foster (b. 1949, Brooklyn) earned a Ph.D. in English and Medieval Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and taught subsequently in the English Department at Rutgers University. Foster begun work on this in the late sixties, consulting Tolkien works and letters.

A Guide to Middle-earth
The 1971 A Guide to Middle-earth was the first published encyclopedic reference book for the fictional universe of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, compiled and edited by Robert Foster. The book was published in 1971 by Mirage Press, a specialist science fiction and fantasy publisher, in a limited edition. A paperback edition was issued by Ballantine Books in 1974.

The author profile in the first edition describes Robert Foster as the then-"Tengwar Consultant" to the Tolkien Society of America. The book incorporates material previously published in the science fiction fanzine Niekas.

The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, published in 1978 was a major expansion of A Guide to Middle-earth, at almost twice its length, with coverage of The Silmarillion, which came out in 1977. However, as it does not include information on post-Silmarillion material (i.e. Unfinished Tales and the history of composition series The History of Middle-earth), the 1978 edition contains some assertions supported by later publications, and some that are contradicted. For example, the Star of Elendil jewel (the Elendilmir) is identified with the Star of the Dúnedain given to Samwise Gamgee, something refuted by Christopher Tolkien. On the other hand, Foster proposes that Gandalf and Olórin are one and the same; this is stated directly by Gandalf in The Two Towers.

A revised edition (ISBN 0-345-44976-2) was published in 2001, in time for Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.

A new hardback edition illustrated by Ted Nasmith, including standard and slipcased versions, was released in September 2022.

Reception
Early editions of The Complete Guide to Middle-earth have been widely recognised as providing an excellent reference on Middle-earth. Lester del Rey praised the 1971 version for covering "literally everything you wanted to know about Middle Earth and were unable to discover before." Christopher Tolkien commended it in 1980 as an "admirable work of reference". in 2002, Charles W. Nelson, author of A Tolkien Bestiary, wrote that the guide was helpful for Tolkien students and enthusiasts, each new edition being a noticeable improvement over its predecessors in terms of comprehensiveness.

Dissenting, Adam Roberts, writing in The Times in 2022, calls the revised edition disappointing and "woefully outdated" in the face of the wealth of information on Tolkien now available on the Internet.

Translations
A Polish edition, Encyklopedia Śródziemia, was published in 1998, and reprinted in 2002, 2003 and 2012. A German edition, Das Große Mittelerde-Lexikon, revised and translated by Helmut W. Pesch, was published in 2002.

title: The Complete Guide to Middle-earth


text:
Kim Wilkie

Kim Wilkie (born 3 June 1959), Australian politician, was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to December 2007, representing the Electoral Division of Swan, Western Australia. He was born in Perth, Western Australia, and was a Youth Employment Placement Officer, prison officer and farmer before entering politics. He was a member of South Perth City Council 1993–98.

In the 2007 Federal Election a slight swing of 0.19% towards the Liberal Party meant Wilkie became the only incumbent Labor member to lose his seat (in Cowan, the only other seat Labor lost in the 2007 election, incumbent Graham Edwards did not contest the seat as he retired from federal politics at that time), defeated by Liberal candidate Steve Irons with a margin of 0.11%.

title: Kim Wilkie


text:
Francis Buchanan-Hamilton

Francis Buchanan (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish surgeon, surveyor and botanist who made significant contributions as a geographer and  zoologist while living in India. He did not assume the name of Hamilton until three years after his retirement from India.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Buch.-Ham. is applied to plants and animals he described, though today the form "Hamilton, 1822" is more usually seen in ichthyology and is preferred by Fishbase.

Early life
Francis Buchanan was born at Bardowie, Callander, Perthshire where Elizabeth, his mother, lived on the estate of Branziet; his father Thomas, a physician, came in Spittal and claimed the chiefdom of the name of Buchanan and owned the Leny estate. Francis Buchanan matriculated in 1774 and received an MA in 1779. As he had three older brothers, he had to earn a living from a profession, so Buchanan studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating MD in 1783. His thesis was on febris intermittens (malaria). He then served on Merchant Navy ships to Asia, and served in the Bengal Medical Service from 1794 to 1815. He also studied botany under John Hope in Edinburgh. Hope was among the first to teach the Linnean system of botanical nomenclature, although he knew of several others having been trained under Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.

Career in India
Buchanan's early career was on board ships plying between England and Asia. The first few years were spent as surgeon aboard the Duke of Montrose sailing between Bombay and China under Captain Alexander Gray and later Captain Joseph Dorin. He then served on the Phoenix along the Coromandel Coast again under Captain Gray. In 1794, he served on the Rose, sailing from Portsmouth to Calcutta, and reaching Calcutta in September, he joined the Medical Service of the Bengal Presidency. He was also a superintendent of the Institution for Promoting the Natural History of India. Buchanan's training was ideal as a surgeon naturalist for a political mission to the Kingdom of Ava in Burma under Captain Symes (as replacement for the previously appointed surgeon Peter Cochrane). The Ava mission set sail on the Sea Horse and passed the Andaman Islands, Pegu, and Ava before returning to Calcutta.

In 1799, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan and the fall of Mysore, he was asked to survey South India, resulting in A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar (1807). He also wrote An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (1819).

He conducted two surveys, the first of Mysore in 1800 and the second of Bengal in 1807–14. From 1803 to 1804, he was surgeon to the governor general of India Lord Wellesley in Calcutta, where he also organized a zoo that was to become the Calcutta Alipore Zoo. In 1804, he was in charge of the Institution for Promoting the Natural History of India founded by Wellesley at Barrackpore.

From 1807 to 1814, under the instructions of the government of Bengal, he made a comprehensive survey of the areas within the jurisdiction of the British East India Company. He was asked to report on topography, history, antiquities, the condition of the inhabitants, religion, natural productions (particularly fisheries, forests, mines, and quarries), agriculture (covering vegetables, implements, manure, floods, domestic animals, fences, farms, and landed property, fine and common arts, and commerce (exports and imports, weights and measures, and conveyance of goods). He was accompanied on this survey by Bharat Singh, an accomplished botanical collector. Buchanan's conclusions are reported in a series of treatises that are retained in major United Kingdom libraries; many have been reissued in modern editions. They include an important work on Indian fish species, entitled An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches (1822), which describes over 100 species not formerly recognised scientifically.

He also collected and described many new plants in the region, and collected a series of watercolours of Indian and Nepalese plants and animals, probably painted by Indian artists, which are now in the library of the Linnean Society of London.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1806, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in January 1817.

Later life
He succeeded William Roxburgh to become the superintendent of the Calcutta botanical garden in 1814, but had to return to Britain in 1815 due to his ill health. In an interesting incident, the notes that he took of Hope's botany lectures in 1780 were lent to his shipmate Alexander Boswell during a voyage in 1785. Boswell lost the notes in Satyamangalam in Mysore and the notes went into the hands of Tipu Sultan, who had them rebound. In 1800, they were found in Tippu's library by a major who returned them to Buchanan.

Buchanan left India in 1815, and in the same year inherited his mother's estate and in consequence took her surname of Hamilton, referring to himself as "Francis Hamilton, formerly Buchanan" or simply "Francis Hamilton". However, he is variously referred to by others as "Buchanan-Hamilton", "Francis Hamilton Buchanan", or "Francis Buchanan Hamilton".

From 1814 until 1829 he was the official Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh succeeding William Roxburgh.

Reptiles

 * Francis Buchanan-Hamilton is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South Asian turtle, Geoclemys hamiltoni.

Fish

 * The fish Thryssa hamiltonii is one of the many fish named after Hamilton.
 * The Burmese gobyeel Taenioides buchanani (Day, 1873) is named after him.
 * Notropis buchanani Meek 1896
 * Psilorhynchus hamiltoni Conway, Dittmer, Jezisek & H. H. Ng, 2013
 * The mullet Crenimugil buchanani (Bleeker 1853)
 * The mullet Sicamugil hamiltonii (Francis Day 1870)

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton

title: Francis Buchanan-Hamilton


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RevolutionaryRosaLuxemburgClub

49 google hits for "Revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg Club". Seems to have a homepage on Yahoo groups. The same anonymous contributor also added a link to this page on List of political parties in the United States. Vanity? -- Chris 73 | Talk 07:27, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * "No, we're the Club of Rosa Luxemburg Revolutionaries!" I say keep it, only because I don't really care to hear the squawking cries of 'censorship' from these folks if it's removed. That said, the article needs a good NPOVing, standard wikipedia style, founding dates, etc. As it stands now it's a propaganda shill and IMO unallowed PR (see Wikispam). Alcarillo 14:33, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This sounds like left-wing ranting at present.  Political viewpoint aside, it should be fine with some cleaning up assuming it's a legitimate organization and not vanity from a handful of Leon Trotsky wannabes.  Right or left, it shouldn't stay as it is. - Lucky 6.9 17:30, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this group is unknown in the real world. Unknown to anyone on the Leftist Transpotters List and they are the experts in this stuff. Vanity page. [unsigned]
 * Delete. Having a yahoogroups page is meaningless - I'm a member of groups with yahoogroups pages and none of them are even remotely encyclopedic.  The parent party appears to be a fairly notable fringe group, but this bunch?  The only google hits are a few press releases and a couple interviews on some independent media sites. Isomorphic 01:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless corroboration can be found. john 03:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - if the Leftist Trainspotters haven't heard of it, its unknown and thus unencyclopaedic. [unsigned]
 * Redirect? Could transfer contents (bar first paragraph) to Peace and Freedom Party page. -- EuroTom 02:20, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I could give a damn about "cries of censorship," and anyone with an internet connection and three minutes to spare can establish a Yahoo! Group. I maintain two simply as offsite file storage! Cribcage 03:35, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete vanity --Jiang 04:32, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic.  JFW |  T@lk  19:15, 9 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Trish Worth

Patricia Mary Worth (born 21 April 1946), Australian politician, is a former Liberal member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1993 to October 2004, representing the Division of Adelaide, South Australia. She was born in Riverton, South Australia, and was a registered nurse and midwife and a manager in health administration before entering politics.

Worth was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health and Family Services 1997–98 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs 1998–2001, and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health and Aging from November 2001 to October 2004.

Worth was defeated for reelection in 2004 by Labor's Kate Ellis even as the Liberals were easily re-elected to a fourth term in government. After leaving Parliament, Worth became the chairwoman of DrinkWise Australia

In 2016, Worth was awarded as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).

title: Trish Worth


text:
Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Guide

The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Guide is an eighteenth-century reference book about furniture-making. Many cabinetmakers and furniture designers still use it as a reference for making period furniture or designs inspired by the late 18th century era. Historians of domestic life or the History of Technology use it for establishing context for their research. Original copies are also considered valuable as antiques.

The book was first published in 1788 by Alice Hepplewhite, the widow of the furniture-maker George Hepplewhite. She is referenced on the title page of the first edition as "A. Hepplewhite and co." The subtitle on the original edition is Repository of Designs for Every Article of Household Furniture, in the Newest and Most Approved Taste. This may vary, depending on the edition and the printing.

It is not known if the designs in it are his own or copies from others, since (unlike Chippendale) he was not famous during his life and no piece of furniture can be traced with certainty back to his workshop. The neoclassical designs in it usually have tapered legs and a variety of contrasting veneers. On the whole this kind of furniture has a relatively delicate look. The designs cover the usual chairs, tables, desks and cabinets. They also cover clock cases, library steps and other objects which came out of the cabinet makers' shop of that era. The book was very influential on cabinet makers in the eastern parts of the US during the whole of the 19th century.

A second edition was published in 1788, and a third in 1794. The book continued to be reprinted several times over the centuries. One of the most common editions was made in elephant folio size by the Towse publishing company of New York, in 1942. There is also a Dover Books facsimile edition. At 28cm high the Dover edition is nearly half the size of the 47cm of the elephant folio sized Towse edition and much smaller than the 36cm of the original edition. The Towse edition also has 88 pages of photographs of furniture done according to the designs in the book. The 128 plates are all monochrome, as in the original.

title: Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Guide


text:
Christian Zahra

Christian John Zahra (born 8 April 1973) was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to October 2004, representing the regional seat of McMillan, Victoria.

At the 2001 Federal Election, he was one of the few Australian Labor Party members to increase his share of the vote, gaining a 2PP swing to him of 1.9 per cent, after entering the election with a margin of less than 500 votes. After the election, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Communications. At that time, he was the youngest Federal MP ever to reach the status of parliamentary secretary. He also went on to serve as Parliamentary Secretary to the Shadow Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development.

In the 2004 election, following a redistribution that turned the electorate of McMillan from a marginal Labor to a marginal Liberal seat, Zahra was defeated by Russell Broadbent.

Zahra was born in Malta and migrated to Australia with his family when he was three years of age. He grew up and was educated in Traralgon, Victoria. He holds a Bachelor of Economics from La Trobe University and a Master of Assessment and Evaluation from the University of Melbourne. Before entering the Parliament, he was Chief Executive Officer of the Aboriginal Health Service in Morwell, Victoria.

Since 2004, Zahra has served as a Director of the Victorian Energy Networks Corporation, Chair of the Victorian Government's Sustainable Timber Industry Council and Chairman of the Australian Government's $1 billion Regional Development Australia Fund Advisory Panel. He has also served as a Director of two Aboriginal organisations in the Kimberley, Waardi Limited and Nyimarr Limited. He was a Founding Director of the Regional Australia Institute and has served as its Chair since 2021.

From January 2015 to January 2017, Zahra was Chief Executive Officer of Wunan Foundation, a leading Aboriginal development organisation based in the East Kimberley. Before taking on this role he was a Director in the Strategy Group at KPMG Australia. Between 2017 and 2018, he was Executive Director of the National Catholic Education Commission.

Since 2017, Zahra has been Principal at Impact Partners Australia, a specialist policy and strategy consulting firm. In 2018 he rejoined the Board of Waardi Limited, a traditional owner economic development organisation based in Broome, Western Australia, as an Independent Non-Executive Director.

Zahra has been a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors since 2011.

In June 2018, Zahra was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for "significant service to rural and regional development, to the advancement of Indigenous welfare, and to the Australian Parliament".

In July 2019, Zahra was appointed by the Victorian Government as a Member of the Panel of Administrators at South Gippsland Shire Council. The Council was dismissed by the Victorian Government following the recommendation of the Commission of Inquiry into the Council. The Panel acted as the South Gippsland Shire Council from 24 July 2019 until the next election for the Council in 2021.

In 2023, he was appointed as a Member of the Panel of Administrators at Whittlesea City Council and, along with two fellow Administrators, he will serve in this role until the next Council election.

title: Christian Zahra


text:
Dalmeny House

Dalmeny House ( pronounced ) is a Gothic revival mansion located in an estate close to Dalmeny on the Firth of Forth, in the north-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. It was designed by William Wilkins, and completed in 1817. Dalmeny House is the home of the Earl and Countess of Rosebery. The house was the first in Scotland to be built in the Tudor Revival style. It provided more comfortable accommodation than the former ancestral residence, Barnbougle Castle, which still stands close by. Dalmeny today remains a private house, although it is open to the public during the summer months. The house is protected as a category A listed building, while the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

History
In the 13th century, the estate was the property of the Mowbray family, who built Barnbougle Castle. In 1402 Sir John Mowbray of Barnbougle, Laird of Dalmeny, was knighted by Sir Thomas Erskine at the battle of Homildon Hill.

The estate was acquired in 1662 by Sir Archibald Primrose, whose son was created Earl of Rosebery in 1703. In 1774 Neil Primrose, 3rd Earl of Rosebery, commissioned Robert Adam to design a new house at Barnbougle, and in 1788 Robert Burn also provided designs. However, the Earl concentrated on the estate, carrying out woodland planting and constructing a walled garden. The son of the 3rd Earl, Archibald Primrose, commissioned further plans in the early 19th century: from William Atkinson (1805) and William Burn (1808). Again nothing was done until Archibald succeeded as 4th Earl of Rosebery in 1814. He then turned for a new house to Jeffrey Wyatt, who provided a Tudor Gothic design. Lord Rosebery approved, but wished to employ William Wilkins, with whom he had attended Cambridge. Wilkins was therefore asked for a Tudor Gothic design, which was eventually built in 1817. The design of the house draws on the 16th-century East Barsham Manor in Norfolk. From 1812 the designed landscape around the house was also laid out, to designs by Thomas White Jr. The house was visited in 1927 by Queen Mary, and her daughter Mary, the Princess Royal.

Interiors
In contrast to the exterior, most of the principal rooms are in the Regency style, with the exception of the hammerbeam roof of the hall. The house contains many paintings and items of furniture from both the Rosebery and Rothschild collections, as a result of the 5th Earl's 1878 marriage to Hannah, daughter and heir of Meyer de Rothschild. Much of the French furniture and porcelain came from the family's English mansion, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, following the latter's sale in 1977. Dalmeny also holds one of Britain's largest collections of Napoleonic memorabilia.

Estate
The house stands in a large wooded park and enjoys views across the Firth of Forth. A public path runs along the shore, from Queensferry in the west, to Cramond in the east, although a passenger ferry across the River Almond that used to connect the path to the village of Cramond has not operated since 2000. There is still a traditional agricultural estate of tenanted farms.

Public opening
The house is open to the public for guided tours only. Some of the rooms are available to hire for corporate and private events.

Filming
The house was used as a filming location for the fictional castle of 'Dun Dunbar' in the 2021 film A Castle for Christmas.

title: Dalmeny House


text:
Celiac plexus

The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus because of its radiating nerve fibers, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa, and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra.

The plexus is formed in part by the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves of both sides, and fibers from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks.

The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus.

Structure

The celiac plexus includes a number of smaller plexuses:

Other plexuses that are derived from the celiac plexus:

Terminology
The celiac plexus is often popularly referred to as the solar plexus. In the context of sparring or injury, a strike to the region of the stomach around the celiac plexus is commonly called a blow "to the solar plexus". In this case it is not the celiac plexus itself being referred to, but rather the region around it. A blow to this region may cause the diaphragm to spasm, resulting in difficulty in breathing—a sensation commonly known as "getting the wind knocked out of you". It may also affect the celiac plexus itself, which can cause great pain and interfere with the functioning of the viscera.

Clinical significance

A blunt injury to the celiac plexus normally resolves with rest and deep breathing.

A celiac plexus block by means of fluoroscopically guided injection is sometimes used to treat intractable pain from cancers such as pancreatic cancer. Such a block may be performed by pain management specialists and radiologists, with CT scans for guidance.

Intractable pain related to chronic pancreatitis may be an indication for celiac plexus ablation.

title: Celiac plexus