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Sherborne School

Sherborne School is a 13–18 boys public school and boarding school located beside Sherborne Abbey, in the parish of Sherborne, Dorset. The school has been in continuous operation on the same site for over 1,300 years. It was founded in 705 AD by St Aldhelm and, following the dissolution of the monasteries, re-founded in 1550 by King Edward VI, making it one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom. Sherborne is one of the twelve founding member public schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference in 1869 and is a member of the Eton Group and Boarding Schools Association.

Sherborne educates about 600 boys, aged 13 to 18, and three quarters of its 2021 A level results were A or A* grades. Many of the school buildings are on the National Heritage List for England, including 7 listed as grade I; 4 grade II* and; 19 grade II, as well as the south side of the courts being a scheduled monument. In this way, the school must perform any renovations or restorations on its historic buildings with utmost care and attention to detail.

705–1539
Sherborne was founded as a cathedral school when, in 705 AD, King Ine of Wessex instructed Aldhelm, a churchman and distinguished scholar, to found a cathedral and college of clergy at Sherborne to relieve pressure from the growing see of Winchester. It is one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom.

Anglo-Saxon masonry survives in the Beckett Room, below the school library, a reminder that Sherborne continues to occupy part of the Saxon Cathedral to which it owes its foundation. Alfred the Great, King of the Anglo-Saxons, is said to have been an early pupil of the school, a tradition supported by the seat of West Saxon government having moved to Sherborne in 860 (after Winchester was sacked by the Danes) when Alfred was about 11 years old. That Alfred's son, later Bishop of Sherborne, was also educated at a cathedral school (in Winchester following its recovery by Wessex) is regarded as additional presumptive evidence in support of the claim. Aldhelm was the first Bishop of Sherborne, and the school remained under the direction of Sherborne's bishops until 1122, when its supervision passed to the abbot of the Benedictine monastery which had been established at Sherborne by Wulfsige III in 998. The school continued under monastic direction until the dissolution of the monasteries by King Henry VIII in 1539.

The school continues to occupy the site of the former monastery; the school chapel (12th century, modified in the 15th, 19th, and 20th centuries), library (13th century, 15th century roof and windows), and the Abbot's House (c. 1480), occupied by the headmaster and the senior staff, are all former monastic buildings. The outlines of the monastic cloister, and curious first floor Abbot's Chapel, are visible on the walls beyond the Abbot's House.

1539–1550
While the dissolution of the Benedictine Monastery of Sherborne in 1539 had an impact on administration and finances, Sherborne School remained in continuous operation, as evidenced by extant documents including the Abbey churchwardens' accounts for 1542, which record a rent received from the school, and conclusively from a note on the certificate for Dorset under the Chantries Act, dated 14 January 1548, which records the school at Sherborne as continuatur quousque [long continued].

1550–present
On 29 March 1550 a formal instruction was issued by King Edward VI to re-found Sherborne School – the first of his whole foundation – together with a good endowment of lands that the school might ever endure. A beautifully engrossed Royal Charter was sealed on 13 May 1550, under which the school was to have a headmaster and usher for the education of boys, and a board of twenty governors under a warden. A further note of continuity was struck when the last headmaster of Sherborne under the old foundation, William Gibson, was appointed as the first headmaster under the new foundation.

When Edward VI re-founded Sherborne, he granted the school an endowment of valuable lands which belonged to abolished chantries in the churches of Martock, Gillingham, Lytchett Matravers, Ilminster and the Free Chapel of Thornton in the parish of Marnhull. The lands with which the chantries were endowed are predominantly in Dorset, specifically in the manors of: • Wimborne

• Silton

• Milton

• Combermeade

• Lytchett Matravers

• Sturminster Marshall

• Symondsbury

On 24 October 1851 Edward Digby, 2nd Earl Digby, owner of nearby Sherborne Castle, gave to the governors of the school a plot of land, measuring just under 1+1/2 acre, including the remaining old monastic buildings, though these had been converted for use as a silk mill c1740. This more than doubled the size of the school site and contributed hugely to the school's development thereafter. The old monastic buildings were restored and converted into a chapel, dormitories, big schoolroom, and classrooms in 1853, and over time the quadrangle, as can be seen today, was gradually formed.

In 1873, the governors bought a further 8 acre or so from Lord Digby's trustees, allowing the creation of additional facilities and further prospects for the school. The old Abbey Silk Mill (not to be confused with the silk mill in the old monastic buildings) was converted into a workshop, concert room, museum, armoury, and laboratories, and a swimming bath was dug nearby, followed by the building of the fives courts the following year. The sanatorium in was completed in 1887, and the next big construction project was the Carrington Building in 1910, incorporating and replacing (in part) the old Abbey Silk Mill, to be used as new laboratories and classrooms. A new workshop was completed ten years later, forming what is now the Devitt Court. Over the years many more construction projects were completed, including the sports centre in 1974, the largest most recently being the Music School in 2010.

On 1 June 1950 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Sherborne School and took part in the celebrations marking the four hundredth anniversary of the granting of Sherborne's royal charter.

Established in 1977, Sherborne International is an independent co-educational boarding school, owned and governed by Sherborne School, for those from non-British educational backgrounds who wish to improve their English language skills before moving on to study at boarding schools elsewhere in the United Kingdom. It is located in Sherborne, occupying its own campus, Newell Grange, while sharing some facilities with Sherborne School. In 2009 Sherborne founded Sherborne Qatar Prep School in Doha, Qatar, followed by Sherborne Qatar Senior School in 2012.

In 2005, 50 of the country's leading independent schools, including Sherborne, were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, which had allowed them to drive up tuition fees. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000. All schools involved in the scandal agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust. The trust was designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, and were following a long-established procedure in sharing information with each other, and were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed."

Sherborne School merged with Sherborne Prep School in April 2021. Sherborne Prep School is a co-educational independent preparatory school for boys and girls aged 3–13 years, affiliated to IAPS (the Independent Association of Prep School). Sherborne has a partnership with the neighbouring Sherborne Girls school. While both are single-sex boarding schools, a programme of shared academic, co-curricular and social activities enables Sherborne boys and girls to mix and work together.

Former boarding houses
From 1899 to 1902, Ramsam House, renamed as Wingfield House, was the first home of Sherborne Girls' School before moving to their current site. Abbey Cottage, now the bursary, was the first location of Sherborne Preparatory School, though it was used to board a few Sherborne School boy as well. It relocated to Westbury House, now Wessex House, in 1872, and finally to its current site in 1885, when the Preparatory School became independent.

Westbury House, formerly the Bell Inn, was used solely for Sherborne School boys from 1861 to 1868, it was then used again to house Sherborne Preparatory School, as well as the boarders from Abbey Cottage, 1872–85. It is possible that the Sherborne School boys from Westbury House were then relocated again to Mapperty House, though this is only speculative as the dates match up – it could merely be a coincidence. 9&11 Cheap Street (there doesn't seem to have been a name for this building at the time) was used to board a number of boys between 1864 and 1868. Curiously, the housemaster did not live within the building, but some 200 yards away at Monk's Barn. This is "an illuminating revelation of the accepted conditions in Victorian days".

Boarding school

In the English public school tradition, Sherborne remains a full boarding school with boys living seven days a week in one of eight boarding houses. Sherborne is one of only four such remaining single-sex boys' boarding independent senior schools in the United Kingdom (the others being Eton, Harrow and Radley).

School terms
There are three academic terms in the Sherborne year,
 * The Michaelmas Term, from early September to mid December. New boys are admitted at the start of the Michaelmas Term.
 * The Lent Term, from mid-January to late March.
 * The Trinity Term, from late April to late June.

Houses
Sherborne is a full boarding school for boys with boarding houses operating on the house system. In addition to a house master, each house has a matron, assistant matron, senior tutor and one or more resident tutors. Each house has around 70 boys from across all year groups.

There are nine boarding houses:

Abbey House has been in continuous use since 1868, but it was also used from 1835 to 1849.

Wallace House (formerly Elmdene) was originally used as a 'waiting house', but in 1977 it became a full house and was renamed Wallace House after headmaster Alexander Ross Wallace.

In 1999, The Green moved from the Old Green (formerly the Angel Inn) to its current site at Greenhill House (formerly the site of Sherborne International, until 1991). The Old Green was then converted into housing.

Westcott House was closed to pupils in 1999 for use as part of Sherborne International. It will be reopened as a Sherborne boys' boarding house in September 2022.

Sherborne School houses are separated into in and out houses, with in houses situated near to the school, and out houses spread out around the town. In: a, b, c, f. Out: d, e, g, h, m.

Chapel and library

The school chapel was originally the monastic hall (built in the early 15th century over the 12th century undercroft) used by the Abbot of Sherborne Abbey. It was in use as a silk mill from c. 1740 and was acquired by the school in 1851 from Lord Digby. It was restored and extended, and in 1855, consecrated as a chapel, dedicated to St John the Evangelist. It has been extended several times: eastwards in 1853; westwards in 1865; northwards, to create the north aisle, in 1878 and; eastwards in 1881 (into the headmaster's building); westwards and northwards in 1922 to extend the nave, and create the antechapel which has the names engraved of those who died in World War I and World War II. The Side Chapel, created by knocking through into the School House Studies (now the headmaster's building) in 1881, was dedicated to St Andrew in 1988 and has its own altar.

The library was the "Abbot's Guesten Hall" (13th century, modified 15th century) and would have looked over the Garth and conduit before the latter was moved to the town's market place in 1553. The building was a silk mill from c. 1740 and later still, perhaps, a brewery. It was acquired by the school in 1851 and restored in 1853. The Upper Library was used as the main school assembly room up until 1879 (when the Big Schoolroom was built) and has been used as the main school library since. The Lower Library was the cellarer's store room and outer parlour. Later it was used as three classrooms, then the headmaster's office, but since 1926 it has been used as the Lower Library. In 1981 the library expanded into the 12th century undercroft below the chapel. From 1670 to 1861, the school library was situated in the current School House Oak Room (built 1607), before being moved to its current location.

Old Schoolroom and The Slype
The Old Schoolroom (OSR) is the oldest of the buildings specifically designed for school use and was the original "scholehouse" built in 1554, on the site of an earlier "schole". The building as seen today dates from when it was rebuilt in 1606 with the architect believed to have been Inigo Jones (1573–1652). High on the east wall is an effigy of Edward VI, sculpted by Godfrey Arnold in 1614. A bay window was added to the South wall in 1886 when the building was undergoing another restoration. The windowsills of the OSR are made out of old school desks and are covered, on both upper and under faces, with historic graffiti of boys' names, the earliest known being from 1698.

A "New Schoolhouse with Offices" was built to the north in 1607, providing space for a writing school with a library above (the latter is now the School House Oak Room). To the north was a brewhouse and woodhouse, built at the same time, extended in 1642, and cellars made in 1655. Only the cellar and 1642 extension survive today as in 1835 they were demolished to make space for a new classroom with dormitories (since known as the Bell Buildings) on top of the 17th century cellar. The Old Schoolroom was used for the town's Assizes from 1604 for around 85 years, and from 1645 to 1649 it was occupied by a garrison from the Civil War.

The Slype is a lean-to building against the North Transept of the Abbey and is the only surviving part of what would have been the Monks' Dormitory. On the lower floor, there is a passage with 12th century arcading, as well as two 13th century vaulted chambers. The passage would have led from the Cloisters towards the Monk's Infirmary. It was probably used in part as a mortuary before monks were buried, and a number of skeletons have been found on the site. It was brought into the school's use in 1550, as part of the Royal charter, and has since been used as a brewery, laundry, vegetable store, lumber shed, boot room, and ravens' nook.

Bow House and Abbey Grange
Bow House is thought to date from the 14th century, but probably rebuilt in the 16th or 17th century. It became an inn c1850 and in 1916 the school bought the building as a staff common room, which it remains as today.

Built in the 14th or 15th century, the Abbey Grange was originally the monastic granary. In 1827 it was converted into a dwelling by an OS governor, and in 1969 the governors bought the property to house the headmaster and their family.

St Emerenciana's Chapel and Abbeylands
Now known as Nethercombe Farm, this building is in the grounds of Sherborne International. It dates from the late 14th century and was originally a hall-house with attached barn. It is the only religious building in the country to have been dedicated to this saint.

The oldest part of Abbeylands, fronting onto Cheap Street, dates from the 16th century. It was extended in 1649 and again in 1872. It is said that there is an underground passage that runs from the cellars at Abbeylands to Sherborne Abbey, but this has never been substantiated.

This is a very rare and early example of a classically-inspired shell house, dating from c. 1750 though it likely originated as a C17 dovecote. All of the shells are native to the British Isles, with the majority coming from the Dorset coast. There is a small ice room beneath.

Music

Music is a Sherborne tradition. Many boys achieve grade 8 distinctions for voice and a range of instruments. Several boys each year also pass their ATCL diplomas, many with distinction. Some then go on to take their LTCL diplomas. The Week Good Schools Guide named Sherborne as The Best Independent School in the Country for Music in 2015.

In 2010 Sherborne built a new music school with highly specialist recital and recording space. Designed by Richard Keating of Orms, the building won numerous architectural awards including the 2012 RIBA South West Region Award, BCSE Award 2012 and RIBA South West Excellence in Architecture Award 2012. The school has two choirs, two close harmony groups, a symphony orchestra, sinfonia, chamber orchestra, concert and radio orchestras (Trinity term only), wind band, wind quintet, string, wind, brass and jazz ensembles and various other smaller instrumental ensembles. Performance spaces include the Tindall Recital Hall, the Big Schoolroom, and the Powell Theatre. There are two Abbey services a week which are accompanied by the chapel choir, with the chamber choir singing an introit on Sundays. Once a term the chamber choir sings for a service in an external venue. These include: Salisbury Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral and various Oxford college chapels, amongst numerous others, as well as these, international tours are available for various ensembles.

The Sherborne School Choral Society was founded in 1871 by J R Sterndale-Bennett, the then director of music. Nowadays it consists of the Sherborne School choirs, Girls' School Choir, and members of public from the local area. It performs annually, and concert venues have included Sherborne Abbey, Wells Cathedral, and Poole Lighthouse. The school song is the Carmen Saeculare, also known as Carmen Shirburniense, and features a rousing last line in each verse of Vivat Rex Eduardus Sextus or Long Live King Edward the Sixth to commemorate the school's Royal foundation in 1550. The words were written by Edward Mallet Young in 1887, and set to music by Louis Napoleon Parker. It is sung by the entire school, including the staff, although only the first and last verses are sung nowadays. Sherborne holds its own rock festival in the heart of its historic grounds, aptly named "Concert in the Courts", featuring Shirburnians and boys and girls from local senior schools, performing and spectating. The festival began in the mid 1990s and the proceeds from it are donated to charity.

In the chapel there are two organs: one is a 24-stop Neo-Baroque pipe organ by S.F. Blank; the other is a Hauptwerk virtual organ with the specification of the Hereford Cathedral organ. This organ was installed by Magnus and is the largest instrument they have installed in the UK.

Sport
The school's cricket ground – the Upper – is usually used by the 1st XI cricket team. The ground was first used in 1870, when Sherborne School played Clifton College. The ground is also one of the venues used by Dorset for their home fixtures. Dorset played their first match on the ground in the 1902 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. From 1902 to 1997, the ground played host to 69 Minor Counties Championship matches, with the final Championship match involving Dorset coming in 1997 when they played Herefordshire. In addition, the ground has hosted 13 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches, the last of which was in 2008, when Dorset played Buckinghamshire.

The ground has also played host to a single List A match, when Dorset played Bedfordshire in the 1968 Gillette Cup. On 30 May 2010, Dorset played Somerset, which included international players such as Craig Kieswetter in a friendly Twenty20 fixture on the ground. On 27 May 2011, the Upper hosted Dorset against Gloucestershire.

Rugby
Rugby has been played at Sherborne since 1846. Sherborne was the third school to take up the sport after Rugby itself and Cheltenham, and it competes in an invitational tournament, the Veterrimi IV, involving the four oldest rugby-playing schools. The school has played over 100 matches against local rivals Downside, and the Pilgrims (Old Shirburnians) played their 100th match against Radley in 2015. Robert Hands, a former sports journalist for The Times, has written a history of rugby at Sherborne School.

A number of old boys and staff have reached the international stage, including Mike Davis who was a teacher and coach at Sherborne School (1974–2002) where, alongside Phil Jones between 1975 and 1978, he coached the school to four unbeaten seasons with 35 out of 35 school matches being won. Only a handful of games were lost during a coaching partnership which spanned six seasons. He was appointed as head coach of England for the 1979/83 seasons, the only England senior coach ever appointed on the merits of their achievements as a school coach rather than a club coach. In his first season as the England coach, they won the Grand Slam in the 1980 Five Nations Championship, their first championship clean sweep since 1957.

School magazine
The Shirburnian is the official School magazine, first published in March 1859. It was devised as 'an outlet for its [the school's] wit, and also an easy means of printing all its News, both as regards those of us who are here and those who have left.' The initial run was short-lived, but it was resurrected in May 1864 and has been published continually – almost every term since that year, becoming an annual publication from 1997.

In popular culture
Sherborne School's buildings and grounds have been used in several films including:
 * The Guinea Pig (1948)
 * The Browning Version (1951)
 * Goodbye Mr Chips (1969)
 * A Murder of Quality (1991)
 * The Browning Version (1994)
 * The Imitation Game (2014)
 * Wolf Hall (BBC TV Series 2015)
 * Far from the Madding Crowd (2015)

Headmasters
Headmasters of Sherborne from 1437 to the present time.

 * 1437– Thomas Copeland
 * 1537–1544 Richard Percy
 * 1549– William Gybson
 * 1554– Thomas Coke
 * 1560–1561 Francis Myddelton
 * 1562–1563 Thomas Parvys
 * 1564–1565 William Wolverton
 * 1565 John Delabere
 * 1566–1573 John Hancock
 * 1573–1581 Thomas Seward
 * 1581–1601 William Wood
 * 1601–1603 John Geare
 * 1603–1639 George Grove
 * 1639–1641 Richard Newman
 * 1641–1653 Robert Balch
 * 1654–1663 William Birstall
 * 1663–1670 Joseph Allen
 * 1670–1683 Joseph Goodenough MB
 * 1683–1694 Thomas Curgenven
 * 1694–1695 Thomas Creech
 * 1695–1720 George Gerrard
 * 1720–1733 Benjamin Wilding
 * 1733–1743 John Gaylard
 * 1743–1751 Thomas Paget
 * 1751–1766 Joseph Hill
 * 1766–1790 Nathaniel Bristed
 * 1790–1823 John Cutler
 * 1823–1845 Ralph Lyon
 * 1845–1849 Charles Penrose
 * 1850–1877 Hugo Daniel Harper
 * 1877–1892 Edward Mallet Young
 * 1892–1909 Frederick Brooke Westcott
 * 1909 Charles Henry Thursfield Wood
 * 1909 Frederick Brooke Westcott (acting headmaster)
 * 1909–1927 Charles Nowell Smith
 * 1928–1933 Charles Lovell Fletcher Boughey
 * 1933–1934 William James Bensly (acting headmaster)
 * 1934–1950 Alexander Wallace
 * 1949 Geoffrey O'Hanlon (acting headmaster)
 * 1950–1970 Robert William Powell
 * 1970–1974 David Emms
 * 1974 Peter Thomas Currie (acting headmaster)
 * 1974–1988 Robin Donnelly Macnaghten
 * 1988–2000 Peter Herbert Lapping
 * 2000–2010 Simon Flowerdew Eliot
 * 2010–2014 Christopher Davis
 * 2014–2015 Ralph Barlow (acting headmaster)
 * 2016– Dominic Luckett

Ushers
The usher, or lower master, was appointed by the governors of Sherborne independent of the headmaster. The qualifications required were similar to those for a headmaster, although he was usually a younger man who might reasonably expect to obtain a headmastership elsewhere in time. He was required to have attained at least a BA from Oxford or Cambridge, and he may have been in Holy Orders.

The usher was responsible for teaching the lower three forms and had responsibilities over the boys similar to the modern position of a house tutor. From the fragment of an account roll, still extant, dating from 1549, there is evidence that there was an usher before the re-founding of Sherborne in 1550, but unfortunately the name is not given. The office was abolished in 1871, although the title was later briefly revived to denote the senior deputy head.

 * 1560 Henry Bagwell
 * 1561 John Martin
 * 1563 Thomas Penye
 * 1565 George Holman
 * 1569 Nicholas Buckler
 * 1570 Hammet Hyde
 * 1572 Walter Bloboll
 * 1573 John Elford
 * 1574–1581 no name given
 * 1581 [first name not given] Wornell
 * 1581 Philip Morris
 * 1584 Lawrence Fuller
 * 1589 John Rooke
 * 1595 William More
 * 1605 George Gardiner
 * 1611 George Harrison
 * 1625 Randell Calcott
 * 1629 Richard Camplin
 * 1629 John Jacob
 * 1635 John Mitchell
 * 1638 [first name not given] Proctor
 * 1638 John Fyler
 * 1647 Thomas Martin
 * 1664 Jonathan Grey
 * 1667 John Walker
 * 1667 William Plowman
 * 1675 Peter Blanchard
 * 1682 Abraham Forrester
 * 1695 Robert Forrester
 * 1695 John Butt
 * 1718 Edward Cosins
 * 1723 John Gaylard
 * 1728 James Martin
 * 1737 James Thomas
 * 1760 William Sharpe
 * 1766 John Bristed
 * 1779 Robert Pargiter
 * 1780 William Glasspoole
 * 1800 James Knight Moore
 * 1801 William Hoblyn Lake
 * 1804 Henry Cutler
 * 1805 David Williams
 * 1813 Thomas James
 * 1860–1871 Arthur Mapletoft Curteis
 * 2016–17 Ralph Barlow

Old Shirburnians
Former pupils of Sherborne School are known as Old Shirburnians or OS. What follows is a selection of more recent notable Old Shirburnians:

Notable Old Shirburnians in academia include mathematician, cryptanalyst and father of artificial intelligence and the first modern computer Alan Turing; headmaster of Eton College, master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and vice-chancellor of Cambridge University Michael McCrum; master of Balliol College and vice-chancellor of Oxford University Sir Colin Lucas; vice-chancellor of Durham University and master of Magdalene College, Cambridge Sir Derman Christopherson; literary scholar Sir Malcolm Pasley; historian Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton; mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead; chemist, curator of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford and director of the Science Museum Sherwood Taylor; provost of Worcester College, and vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford Francis John Lys; historian and master of Peterhouse, Cambridge Harold Temperley; neurologist John Newsom-Davis; prehistorian and archaeologist Richard Atkinson; professor of European Studies at Oxford University and author Timothy Garton Ash.

Notable Old Shirburnians in the military include commander in chief Naval Home Command Admiral Sir Horace Law; Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe Admiral Sir James Perowne; Field Marshal Sir Claud Jacob; commander of 6th Airlanding Brigade during the Rhine Crossing Brigadier Hugh Bellamy; World War One flying ace Captain Keith Muspratt; Battle of Britain flying ace Flight Lieutenant Carl Raymond Davis; commander in chief India, Governor of Gibraltar General Sir Charles Monro; Master-General of the Ordnance General Sir Jeremy Blacker; commander in chief Land Command General Sir John Wilsey; commander in chief Land Command and deputy commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan General Sir Nicholas Parker; developer of machine gun tactics and Conservative MP Lieutenant Colonel Reginald Applin; CEO of Aegis Defence Services Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Spicer; director general of the European Union Military Staff in the Council of the European Union, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod Lieutenant General David Leakey; Commandant General Royal Marines Lieutenant General Sir Martin Garrod; Commandant General Royal Marines Lieutenant General Sir Steuart Pringle; commander of Royal Marines in the Falklands War Major General Julian Thompson; overall British commander in the Gulf War Major General Patrick Cordingley; Major-General Commanding the Household Division and General Officer Commanding London District, Major General Sir Iain Mackay-Dick; commander of British Forces in Hong Kong Major General Sir Roy Redgrave; and Deputy Commander Operation Inherent Resolve Major General Rupert Jones (British Army officer).

Notable Old Shirburnians in diplomacy include Sir Alan Campbell, UK High Commissioner to Australia Sir Brian Barder, British High Commissioner in Malaya Sir Donald MacGillivray, colonial administrator Sir Hugh Norman-Walker, UK Permanent Representative to the United Nations Sir John Weston, UK Ambassador to Turkey and Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man Sir Timothy Daunt, ambassador to Thailand, Austria and Brazil Sir Geoffrey Arnold Wallinger, diplomat, philanthropist and explorer Hugh Carless, and Governor-General of New Zealand The Right Honourable Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe. Notable Old Shirburnian actors, musicians and directors include Jeremy Irons, Hugh Bonneville, James Purefoy, John Le Mesurier, Charles Collingwood, film, theatre, television and opera director Sir Richard Charles Hastings Eyre, film director Gerald Grove, Jon Pertwee, Charlie Cox, Lance Percival, lead singer of rock band Coldplay Chris Martin and creative director and manager of Coldplay Philip Harvey. Notable Old Shirburnians in intelligence include two former heads of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Sir Christopher Curwen, and Sir David Spedding.

Notable Old Shirburnians in the law include High Court Judge Sir Antony James Cobham Edwards-Stuart, senator of the College of Justice and Principal Commercial Judge in the Court of Session in Scotland Angus Glennie, Lord Glennie, high court judge in colonial India and prolific author Charles Augustus Kincaid, Solicitor General for Scotland and Lord Advocate William Milligan, Lord Milligan, and solicitor and author Sir Dermot Turing. Old Shirburnians in the media include TV journalist and ITV News political editor Tom Bradby, TV journalist and Sky News defence correspondent Alistair Bunkall, journalist Nigel Dempster, TV journalist and BBC News presenter Simon McCoy, BBC producer and creator of panel games including Just a Minute, Many a Slip. and Twenty Questions Ian Messiter, journalist (Times, The Observer), writer (The New France, Germany and the Germans) and broadcaster, John Ardagh, journalist and film critic for The New Yorker magazine Anthony Lane, and TV, radio and print journalist, and BBC News Central Europe Correspondent Nick Thorpe.

Notable Old Shirburnians in politics include Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton, Charles Beauclerk, Earl of Burford, Education Minister Sir Christopher Chataway, Michael Marsham, 7th Earl of Romney, William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, The Right Honourable The Lord Thomas of Swynnerton, Thomas Buchanan, Robert Key, Paul Tyler, Liberal Party politician John Pardoe, Conservative Party politician Denzil Kingston Freeth, Liberal Party politician Sir Cecil Algernon Cochrane, writer, farmer and father of Boris Johnson, Stanley Johnson, Liberal Democrat politician Andrew Duff, and journalist, author and political commentator Peter Oborne. Old Shirburnians who have been writers and poets include novelist Alec Waugh, elder brother of Evelyn Waugh, their father author, literary critic, and publisher Arthur Waugh, Poet Laureate Cecil Day-Lewis, novelist David Cornwell (a.k.a. John le Carré), Anthony Berkeley Cox, John Cowper Powys, Jon Stock, literary scholar Malcolm Pasley, Robert McCrum, Tim Heald, novelist Roger Norman, journalist, historian and biographer Brian Moynahan, and Warren Chetham-Strode.

Old Shirburnians who have come from overseas include Emir of Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (Sherborne International College), king of Swaziland King Mswati III (Sherborne International College), and Regent and Crown Prince of Pahang, Malaysia Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim. Also Sir Hamilton Morton Sleigh - businessman who was the "Doyen of the Australian Petroleum Industry".

Five Old Shirburnians have been awarded the Victoria Cross, to whom a memorial plaque was commissioned, the unveiling of which took place in the School Chapel on 19 September 2004.

VC won in the Crimean War, when he was a lieutenant in the Naval Brigade. Raby was the first man to actually receive the medal, with Queen Victoria pinning it onto him in the first investiture. VC won in the Second Afghan War, when he was a captain in the Bengal Staff Corps, Indian Army VC won in the First World War, when he was a temporary lieutenant colonel in the Sherwood Foresters VC won in the First World War, when he was a captain in the Royal Marine Light Infantry VC granted posthumously and he was gazetted captain; won in the Second World War, as a lieutenant in the Parachute Regiment
 * Henry James Raby.
 * Sir Arthur George Hammond
 * Charles Edward Hudson
 * Edward Bamford
 * John Hollington Grayburn,

Notable members of staff include Louis Napoleon Parker, composer of the school song.

title: Sherborne School


text:
Talk:Public Switched Telephone Network

Why the hell is this in Spanish on the English site?

MSTCrow 16:03, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

I quote from the book "Understanding Telephone Electronics" by John L Fike Ph.D, PE. Adj Professor of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Staff Consultant, Texas Instruments Learning Center. and George .E. Friend, Consultant, Telecommunications, Dallas, Texas and Staff Consultant, Texas Instruments Learning Center. Chapter 1, page 15.

"The amount of echo delay depends upon the distance from the transmitter to the point of reflection. The effect of the delay on the talker may be barely noticable to very irritating, to downright confusing. Echo also affects the listener on the far end but to a lesser degree. Echos are caused by mismatches in transmission line impedances which usually occur at the hybrid interface between a two wire line and a 4 wire transmission system. The effect of echo is reduced by inserting a loss in the lines." (Italics and bolding all mine). I rest my case, but an admission of error and an apology from Omegatron would be nice.

 * MERGE - AGREE - OTHER ARTICLE HAS MUCH MORE INFO. user: exodio (not logged in)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Public Switched Telephone Network


text:
Mirrabooka, Western Australia

Mirrabooka is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Stirling. At the 2021 census it had a population of 8,000 people.

History
The name "Mirrabooka" is not a Noongar word, but comes from an eastern states Indigenous language and the town of Mirrabooka, New South Wales. It is cited as a local name for the southern cross constellation.

The name "Mirrabooka" was originally applied to the Mirrabooka Project in the early 1950s, which was planned to be a satellite city of Perth housing up to 60,000 people and linked with the nearby Balcatta light industrial area. The project area comprised three suburbs: Balga, Nollamara, and Yirrigan. The suburb of Yirrigan was never fully developed and remained largely bushland, and was renamed Mirrabooka in 1980.

In the early stages of development of the suburb, it was originally considered as an extension of Girrawheen, and Nollamara. In the 1980s and 1990s the suburb expanded rapidly with the subdivision of bushland, on which housing developments have been built, especially north of Yirrigan Drive.

The Mirrabooka Square shopping centre, which originally opened in 1979, has since received a number of expansions. A police station near the shopping centre was opened in 1998, and was expanded in 2015.

Transport
The suburb is home to the Mirrabooka bus station, a hub for bus transport in the area, and is served by a number of Transperth bus routes operated by Path Transit and Swan Transit, including connections to Perth, Warwick railway station and Stirling.

For the part north of Reid Highway, the western end on Mirrabooka Avenue is covered by routes 374 and 376. Route 377 runs in Honeywell Boulevard, and route 378 runs in Australis Avenue; the eastern end on Alexander Drive is covered by routes 360, 361 and 362; the northern end on Beach Road is covered by route 449. All of these services are operated by Path Transit except route 374, which is operated by Swan Transit.

Bus Stations

 * Mirrabooka Bus Station

Bus Routes

 * 67 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport – serves Yirrigan Drive
 * 68 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport – serves Chesterfield Road and Northwood Drive
 * 360 and 361 Alexander Heights Shopping Centre to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serve Alexander Drive
 * 362 Ballajura to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Alexander Drive
 * 371 Morley Bus Station to Warwick Station – serves Yirrigan Drive, Mirrabooka Bus Station and Chesterfield Road
 * 374 and 376 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Whitfords Station – serve Milldale Way and Mirrabooka Avenue
 * 377 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Alexander Heights Shopping Centre – serves Chesterfield Road, Northwood Drive, Boyare Avenue, Honeywell Boulevard and Beach Road
 * 378 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Alexander Heights – serves Chesterfield Road, Northwood Drive, Australis Avenue and Alexander Drive
 * 449 Malaga to Warwick Station – serves Beach Road
 * 960 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Curtin University Bus Station (high frequency) – serves Yirrigan Drive

Bus routes serving Chesterfield Road:
 * 354 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Flinders Square
 * 370 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport (limited stops)
 * 375 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Alexander Heights Shopping Centre
 * 384 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport
 * 415 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Stirling Station
 * 970 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport (high frequency)

Schools

 * Boyare Primary School (1991)
 * Dryandra Primary School (1989)
 * John Septimus Roe Anglican Community School (1990)

title: Mirrabooka, Western Australia


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Mount Lawley, Western Australia

Mount Lawley is an inner northern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. The suburb is bounded by the Swan River to the east, Vincent, Harold and Pakenham Streets to the south, Central Avenue and Alexander Drive to the north, and Norfolk Street to the west.

History
Before the establishment of the Swan River Colony, the area was occupied by the Yabbaru Bibbulman Noongar people, who used the nearby Boodjamooling wetland (later known as Third Swamp Reserve, and now as Hyde Park) as a camping, fishing and meeting ground.

In 1865, Perth Suburban lots 140 to 149 were designated; these were bounded by Beaufort Street, Walcott Street, Lord Street and Lincoln Street. The colony was granted representative government in 1870, at which time Vincent Street and Walcott Street became boundaries of the City of Perth.

The Tramways Act 1885 allowed for construction of Perth's first tramway network, with trams in the area servicing Vincent Street, Beaufort Street and Walcott Street.

The area was part of the subdivision of Highgate Hill, with the area north of Vincent Street still consisting of large acreage, where much of the land was owned by William Leeder. Between 1889 and 1901, a number of estates were established in the area, beginning with the East Norwood Estate and including Mount Lawley Estate. Mount Lawley Estate was developed by R. T. Robinson and Sam Copley and stretched northwards from Walcott Street. The area of Mount Lawley was formally proclaimed in 1901. Mount Lawley was named in honour of Sir Arthur Lawley, the Governor of Western Australia from May 1901 to August 1902. His wife, Lady Annie Lawley, reputedly agreed to the naming of what was then primarily bushland in her husband's name on the condition that no licensed hotels be built in the suburb.

The Beaufort Street trams were replaced by trolley buses during the 1950s, and subsequently by diesel buses when the trolley bus service ended in 1968. A number of arterial streets carrying traffic in and out of the city centre began to carry heavy loads of traffic in the 1970s, and the suburb saw a significant commercial and residential revival from this period on.

Governance
Mount Lawley comes under the jurisdiction of the City of Vincent, the City of Stirling and City of Bayswater local government areas.

At the state government level, the suburb is in the electoral districts of Mount Lawley and Perth, and it is in the Division of Perth at the federal government level.

Geography
Mount Lawley is in the Perth Basin on the Swan Coastal Plain. Much of the modern suburb is located within the former Perth Wetlands area, with significant drainage work being conducted in the area between 1832 and the 1880s.

Astor Theatre
The Astor Theatre was constructed in 1914/15 and was originally named the "Lyceum Theatre", and subsequently the "State Theatre". It was redesigned in an Art Deco style in 1939 and received its current name in 1941. It was listed on the State Register of Heritage Places in 1999.

Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts
The Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) was established in 1980 and teaches acting, musical theatre, directing, dance, jazz and contemporary music, classical music, arts management, production, design, and broadcasting. WAAPA's alumni include Heath Ledger, Hugh Jackman and Tim Minchin.

Public transport
Mount Lawley is well positioned to take advantage of public transit in Perth. The Mount Lawley train station is in the east of the suburb, and provides access to the Midland railway line. There are also a number of bus routes which service the area. Buses benefit from dedicated bus lanes along Beaufort Street, which are operational during weekday peak traffic periods, and the 950 connects Mount Lawley with the University of Western Australia in Crawley.

Road infrastructure
The majority of the Mount Lawley road network is laid out in the regular grid pattern, which was the popular method at the time of subdivision.

The main collector road in Mount Lawley is Beaufort Street, which runs north–south linking Morley in the north to the Perth city centre in the south. Walcott Street is another collector road, running southeast–northwest through Mount Lawley, leading towards a main arterial, Wanneroo Road. Guildford Road / Lord Street is an arterial road running parallel to Beaufort Street linking to Graham Farmer Freeway, Tonkin Highway and Great Eastern Highway. Vincent Street connects Mount Lawley to the west, including North Perth and Leederville.

Education
Mount Lawley hosts a campus of Edith Cowan University as well as the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts.

The suburb is home to Mount Lawley Senior High School (MLSHS), a state school which opened in 1955 which was extensively renovated with $40 million of Government funding in 2005–06.

In addition to MLSHS, the suburb hosts the Anglican girls' school Perth College, a private K–12 campus for both day and boarding students, and two primary schools, being Mount Lawley Primary School and St Paul's Primary School.

title: Mount Lawley, Western Australia


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Nollamara

Nollamara is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Stirling.

The name "Nollamara" is a Noongar word for the flowering plant Macropidia, commonly known as the black kangaroo paw.

The suburb is less than 10 km away from the Perth central business district and is approximately 11 km from Trigg beach. Previously known as a lower income area, Nollamara has gone through a period of gentrification over the past decade that continues on to this day. Older homes are being replaced with new townhomes and there has been a surge in young families and professionals populating the suburb. The area is characterized by extensive trees, parks and recreational facilities. The newly renovated Des Penman Reserve is a good example of this as it includes tennis, soccer, lawn-bowls, playground, shaded lunch areas and BBQ facilities. Parts of Nollamara are elevated, providing views of surrounding neighbourhoods.

Nollamara borders prominent areas such as Yokine and Dianella that are host to multimillion-dollar homes. A newly developed Flinders Street and Wanneroo Road provide easy access to Leederville, Subiaco, Northbridge and the Perth CBD.

Transport
The suburb is served by a number of Transperth bus routes operated by Swan Transit and Path Transit. The 354 (Mirrabooka-Yokine) covers Nollamara Shopping Centre and Flinders Street. The 384 (Mirrabooka-Perth) covers the Nollamara Shopping Centre and Wanneroo Road. The 370 and 970 (Mirrabooka-Perth) covers Flinders Street and inner portions of the suburb, the 389 (Wanneroo-Perth) and the 385/386 (Marangaroo-Perth) covers Wanneroo Road south to Perth, the 371 (Warwick-Mirrabooka) and 415 (Stirling-Mirrabooka) covers Ravenswood Drive in the north.

 * 354 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Flinders Square – serves Ravenswood Drive, Flinders Street, Ilumba Road, Carcoola Street, Sylvia Street, Hillsborough Drive and Nollamara Avenue
 * 370 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport (limited stops) – serves Mirrabooka Avenue, Nollamara Avenue and Flinders Street
 * 371 Warwick Station to Morley Bus Station – serves Ravenswood Drive
 * 375 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Alexander Heights Shopping Centre – serves Ravenswood Drive
 * 384 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport – serves Ravenswood Drive, Flinders Street, Ilumba Road, Carcoola Street, Sylvia Street, Hillsborough Drive, Nollamara Avenue and Wanneroo Road
 * 385 Perth Busport to Kingsway City (limited stops) – serves Wanneroo Road and Amelia Street
 * 386 Perth Busport to Kingsway City – serves Wanneroo Road and Amelia Street
 * 387 and 388 Perth Busport to Warwick Station – serve Wanneroo Road
 * 389 Perth Busport to Wanneroo – serves Wanneroo Road
 * 415 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Stirling Station – serves Ravenswood Drive and Amelia Street
 * 970 Mirrabooka Bus Station to Perth Busport (high frequency) – serves Mirrabooka Avenue, Nollamara Avenue and Flinders Street
 * 998 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute Clockwise, serves Morley Drive
 * 999 Fremantle Station to Fremantle Station (limited stops) – CircleRoute Anti-Clockwise, serves Morley Drive

Facilities

 * Quan The Am Nunnery, a Vietnamese Buddhist temple is located in the suburb.

title: Nollamara


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Lightfoot!

Lightfoot! is the debut album by Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot. Although it was recorded in December 1964, the album was not released until January 1966 on the United Artists label.

At the 2017 Polaris Music Prize, the album won the public vote for the Heritage Prize in the 1960–1975 category.

Track listing
All compositions by Gordon Lightfoot, except as indicated

Personnel

 * Gordon Lightfoot - guitar, piano, vocals
 * David Rea - second guitar
 * Bruce Langhorne - second guitar ("Long River" and "Peaceful Waters")
 * Bill Lee - bass

Cover photography by Barry Feinstein

title: Lightfoot!


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Martin Chittenden

Martin Chittenden (March 12, 1763 –September 5, 1840) was an American politician from Vermont. He served as a United States representative from 1803 to 1813 and as the seventh governor of Vermont from 1813 to 1815, during a crucial portion of the War of 1812.

Biography
Chittenden was born in Salisbury in the Colony of Connecticut to Thomas Chittenden and Elizabeth Meigs Chittenden. He moved to Vermont in 1776 in the wake of the founding of the town of Williston by his father Thomas Chittenden. Martin Chittenden attended Mares School and, in 1789, graduated from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.

After graduating from Dartmouth College, Chittenden moved to Jericho, Vermont, and was involved in agricultural and mercantile pursuits. He was appointed Justice of the Peace in October 1789, and in 1791 he served as a delegate to the state convention that ratified the United States Constitution. He served as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant Governor Peter Olcott in 1790, and from 1790 until 1793 he served as clerk of the county court of Chittenden County, Vermont.

Chittenden served as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1790 until 1796. He was judge of the Chittenden County Court from 1793 until 1795, and served as chief justice of the Chittenden County Court from 1796 until 1813. He was the first census collector for Chittenden County.

He was appointed a captain in the Vermont Militia's 1st Regiment, 7th Division in 1793, and promoted to lieutenant colonel and regimental commander in 1794. In 1799 he was promoted to brigadier general (later major general) and commander of the 3rd Division, a post he held until 1803.

Chittenden was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Eighth Congress and was reelected to the Ninth Congress, Tenth Congress, Eleventh Congress and Twelfth Congress, serving from March 4, 1803, until March 3, 1813.

He was elected Governor of Vermont in 1813, replacing his brother-in-law, Jonas Galusha, who was also his successor in the post. Chittenden served as governor from October 23, 1813, until October 14, 1815. He was the last Federalist governor of Vermont. During his term as governor, fighting between American and British forces was fierce on the current United States–Canada border. In November 1813, conscious of the British encroachment on Plattsburgh, New York, members of the Vermont militia asked Chittenden to let them intervene. Chittenden declined, though the militia leaders claimed that this was the result of pressure from his advisers.

After his retirement from elected office, Chittenden served as town representative of Williston and as a probate judge from 1821 until 1823.

Family life
Chittenden's father, Thomas Chittenden, was the first governor of Vermont.

He was the brother in law of Matthew Lyon and Jonas Galusha. Lyon married Martin Chittenden's sister Beulah (1764–1824), and Jonas Galusha's four wives (all of whom predeceased him) included Chittenden's sister Mary (1758–1794).

Martin Chittenden was the uncle of Matthew Lyons' son Chittenden Lyon, a United States Representative from Kentucky.

Death and burial
Chittenden died on September 5, 1840, in Williston, Vermont, in 1840. He is interred at the Thomas Chittenden Cemetery in Williston.

title: Martin Chittenden


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Anita Ward

Anita Ward (born December 20, 1956 ) (sources differ) is an American singer and musician from Memphis, Tennessee. Beginning her professional music career in the late 1970s, Ward is best known for her 1979 million-selling chart-topper R&B/Disco hit "Ring My Bell": it was #1 on the United States Hot 100, R&B, and Dance charts, and in the United Kingdom.

Early life and education
Ward was born in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Ward obtained a degree in psychology from Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi.

Career
Ward was a schoolteacher before signing a recording contract.

While recording her debut album, record label owner Frederick Knight presented her with a song he had written the previous year for Stacy Lattisaw. Ward did not like the song, but Knight insisted that a dance track was needed to capitalize on the current disco trend, and Ward relented. The song, which was originally a juvenile-targeted tune about teens talking on the telephone, was rewritten with more 'adult' lyrics and the result was the single "Ring My Bell". The single reached number one in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada in 1979. Her accompanying debut album, Songs of Love was released that same year. "Ring My Bell" has been remixed and released several times since its original release. After the huge success of "Ring My Bell", "Make Believe Lovers", which was the B-side on most 12" singles for "Ring My Bell", was released, but it failed to chart.

Ward released a second album later in the year; it was common in the 1970s to release albums several months apart. The album, entitled Sweet Surrender, featured the minor hit "Don't Drop My Love", which peaked at No. 87 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The album, similar to Songs of Love, was disco-infused. A third disco album was in the works due to contractual issues between Knight and Ward, but was canceled after three songs had been recorded. These songs were later included on low-budget compilations featuring Anita Ward's first album Songs of Love. These disputes with Knight, a severe car accident Ward later was in, and the fading appeal of disco music halted Ward's career, and she came to be regarded as a one-hit wonder, the fate she originally feared.

Many years later, Ward recorded another album, 1989's Wherever There's Love. The album was recorded in the United States, but was only released internationally as it had no US distributor. The album was a departure from Ward's disco past but still contained mostly fast-tempo 1980s pop songs (including a re-recorded version of "Ring My Bell"), in addition to two ballads. It spawned one single "Be My Baby", which was released in Australia, but it did not chart there. After both the album and single "Be My Baby" failed to chart, Ward took another hiatus from the music industry, focusing on her family, including her daughter born shortly after the release of Wherever There's Love.

On New Year's Eve 2002, Ward performed "Ring My Bell" in New York City's Times Square before a crowd of revelers as part of the city's official celebration. On New Year's Eve 2005 she performed on Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee, singing "Ring My Bell" and several other disco songs. Ward appeared in Zagreb, Croatia, on January 4, 2006, the night before the FIS World Cup slalom race on nearby Sljeme, with some other groups and singers from disco era (Nile Rodgers and Chic, Village People, Thelma Houston and Rose Royce). In early 2011, it was announced that Ward was back in the studio and released a new single, "It's My Night".

On January 23, 2024 Ward sang "Ring My Bell" at the First Ladies of Disco Show at the Smith Center in Las Vegas Nevada. She was joined by Janice-Marie Johnson of Taste of Honey and Thea Austin of Snap! as well as comedian Marsha Warfield as special guests.

Ward is featured in the 2024 PBS series Disco: Soundtrack of a Revolution.

title: Anita Ward


text: Talk:Lightfoot!

title: Talk:Lightfoot!


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North Beach, Western Australia

North Beach is a northern coastal suburb of Perth, the capital city of Western Australia 16 km from Perth's central business district via Mitchell Freeway and Reid Highway. Its local government area is the City of Stirling.

History
The name North Beach began as a descriptive name, derived from the suburb being at the time the most northerly of Perth's beaches. It was assigned in 1888 when surveyor Charles Crossland referred to the pastoral leases of Samuel Richard Hamersley as his "north beach coastal run".

The area originally formed part of the Hamersley Estate, which also included the suburbs now known as Carine, North Beach and Hamersley. These areas were owned by the Hamersley family, who arrived from Europe to settle in the Swan River Colony in 1837 and built a summer home, called "The Castle" in 1865, where their large family as well as the Perth elite congregated for summer holidays. "The Castle" was later converted into the Castle Hotel, but after 75 years was demolished and subdivided in 1998.

Originally set aside as a timber reserve, the area was first settled by pastoralists in the 1860s. It served as a stopping point and watering hole along the Coastal Stock Route between Dongara (near Geraldton) and Fremantle. Cattle drovers frequented the area and Afghan camel drivers were a common sight after the opening of the goldfields in the 1890s - the area also served as a quarantine area for camels entering the colony. A number of orchards operated in the area - the only evidence that remains today is an old olive tree on Hope Street.

The only way into the area at this time was via a wooden block road built by convicts (later Wanneroo Road) and then along a limestone track to North Beach, although numerous tracks through the bushland were developed as time progressed.

During World War I, the Australian 10th Light Horse Regiment was stationed at Mount Flora on coast-watch duties, and kept their horses at a yard at the corner of modern-day Hope and Hale Streets. During the Great Depression, the area around the intersection of West Coast Drive and North Beach Road was a "tent city" that housed "many unfortunate people 'on hard times'".

After World War II, the area developed rapidly, and in 1954, the Postal District of North Beach was approved. By 1961, nearly all of the existing suburb had been built and settled.

Star Swamp
Star Swamp Bushland Reserve is a bushland reserve occupying about half of the land area of the suburbs of Watermans Bay and North Beach. The precise origin of the name is unknown, but the earliest known use of the name was on a lease application by J.H.Okely of Wanneroo in 1868.

In 1987, the State Government set aside 96 hectares as an A-class reserve, and funding from the Bicentennial Commemorative Program and assistance from local organisations facilitated the establishment of the Star Swamp Heritage Trail within the reserve.

Geography
North Beach is bounded by Hale Street to the north, Marmion Avenue to the east, an imprecise line near Lynn Street to the south and West Coast Drive and the ocean to the west. Star Swamp represents one-third of the suburb's area. Reid Highway empties into North Beach's eastern border, and is the suburb's outlet to the Mitchell Freeway and the city.

At the 2001 Australian census, North Beach had a population of 2,949 people living in 1,270 dwellings, with a median age of 42 years (among the oldest in the northern suburbs). Residential styles in North Beach include a mix of holiday dwellings from before and after World War II, some former workers' houses, and modern dwellings.

Facilities
North Beach is a residential suburb, with small shopping areas on the coast and at Flora Terrace and Castle Street which offer basic commercial services. Nearby Karrinyup Shopping Centre provides other services. North Beach features a tennis club (synthetic and hard surfaces) near Our Lady of Grace. The suburb contains North Beach Primary School and the private Our Lady of Grace school - Carine Senior High School is nearby.

Star Swamp Bushland Reserve is accessible from the eastern edge of the suburb (Hope Street and Groat Street).

On the northern boundary is the Mount Flora Regional Museum, built in 1936 as a water tower at the highest point of the suburb to provide scheme water to surrounding areas. It was phased out of service in the 1970s, and converted to a museum and lookout in May 1986. It now details the region's history, and is home to the North Suburban Historical Society.

Transport
North Beach is served by the Transperth 423 bus route between Warwick and Stirling, operated by Swan Transit.

In 1925, the North Beach Bus Company was started by Alf Lehman with crimson charabancs. It was taken over by the James family in 1928, in an era when REO buses drove over plank roads through the wetlands between modern-day Tuart Hill and North Beach. The company was taken over by the Metropolitan Transport Trust on 30 September 1961.

Politics
North Beach is an affluent suburb with a large elderly population. It consistently supports the Liberal Party at both federal and state elections. However, voters in this suburb lean more towards progressive parties than in similar-demographic Watermans Bay and Marmion.

title: North Beach, Western Australia


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Osborne Park, Western Australia

Osborne Park is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the local government area of the City of Stirling and City of Vincent.

History
Osborne Park was named after William Osborne, a butcher who owned an abattoir and land on Wanneroo Road and who was elected to the Perth Road Board (the City of Stirling's predecessor), in 1875.

Osborne Park was part of an original crown grant of 6,020 acres given to  Walters in 1840. After the death of Walters in 1874, William Osborne bought part of his estate, which included the area now known as Osborne Park.

The suburb was originally market gardens, due to rich peaty soil from the swamps between Lake Monger and Herdsman Lake. The area was popular among Chinese, Italian and Yugoslav settlers. The suburb was founded by a private trading concern and had a tram service in the early 1900s through an extension of the Perth tram system from the end of the Leederville line. The suburb is now served by Glendalough train station on the Joondalup line.

Osborne Park became a residential suburb after World War II, but by the 1980s, it was predominantly an industrial area, with only the north-eastern area still residential.

At present
Many warehouses, car yards and small businesses are located in Osborne Park, as well as larger retailers. Scarborough Beach Road consists of the largest car yard precinct in Australia.

Main Street in Osborne Park is the cafe, shopping and business strip, hosting cafes and restaurants. The Osborne Park shopping centre is also open.

title: Osborne Park, Western Australia


text:
Type I string theory

In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions. It is the only one whose strings are unoriented (both orientations of a string are equivalent) and the only one which contains not only closed strings, but also open strings.

Overview
The classic 1976 work of Ferdinando Gliozzi, Joël Scherk and David Olive paved the way to a systematic understanding of the rules behind string spectra in cases where only closed strings are present via modular invariance. It did not lead to similar progress for models with open strings, despite the fact that the original discussion was based on the type I string theory.

As first proposed by Augusto Sagnotti in 1988, the type I string theory can be obtained as an orientifold of type IIB string theory, with 32 half-D9-branes added in the vacuum to cancel various anomalies giving it a gauge group of SO(32) via Chan-Paton factors.

At low energies, type I string theory is described by the N=1 supergravity (type I supergravity) in ten dimensions coupled to the SO(32) supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. The discovery in 1984 by Michael Green and John H. Schwarz that anomalies in type I string theory cancel sparked the first superstring revolution. However, a key property of these models, shown by A. Sagnotti in 1992, is that in general the Green–Schwarz mechanism takes a more general form, and involves several two forms in the cancellation mechanism.

The relation between the type-IIB string theory and the type-I string theory has a large number of surprising consequences, both in ten and in lower dimensions, that were first displayed by the String Theory Group at the University of Rome Tor Vergata in the early 1990s. It opened the way to the construction of entire new classes of string spectra with or without supersymmetry. Joseph Polchinski's work on D-branes provided a geometrical interpretation for these results in terms of extended objects (D-brane, orientifold).

In the 1990s it was first argued by Edward Witten that type I string theory with the string coupling constant $$g$$ is equivalent to the SO(32) heterotic string with the coupling $$1/g$$. This equivalence is known as S-duality.

title: Type I string theory


text:
Royal Conservatoire of Scotland

The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland (Conservatoire Rìoghail na h-Alba), formerly the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (Acadamaidh Rìoghail Ciùil is Dràma na h-Alba) is a conservatoire of dance, drama, music, production, and film in Glasgow, Scotland. It is a member of the Federation of Drama Schools.

Founded in 1847, it has become the busiest performing arts venue in Scotland with over 500 public performances each year. The current principal is American pianist and composer Jeffrey Sharkey. The patron is King Charles III.

History
The Royal Conservatoire has occupied its current purpose-built building on Renfrew Street in Glasgow since 1988. Its roots lie in several organisations. Officially founded in 1847 by Moses Provan as part of the Glasgow Athenaeum, from an earlier Educational Association grouping, music and arts were provided alongside courses in commercial skills, literature, languages, sciences and mathematics. Courses were open and affordable, including day classes for ladies, and the Athenaeum had a reading room, news room, library and social facilities. Apprentices could also be members. Rented accommodation was found in the Assembly Rooms, Ingram Street, with major lectures taking place in the City Halls. The chairman at its inaugural Grand Soiree in the City Halls in December 1847 was Charles Dickens when in his opening remarks he stated that he regarded the Glasgow Athenaeum as "an educational example and encouragement to the rest of Scotland". Its Dramatic Club was formed in 1886 a year before the institution moved to purpose-built premises, inclusive of a major concert hall/theatre, in St George's Place close to West Nile Street, designed by architect John Burnet.

In 1888, the commercial teaching separated to form the Athenaeum Commercial College, which, after several rebrandings and a merger, became the University of Strathclyde in 1964. The non-commercial teaching side became the Glasgow Athenaeum School of Music.

In 1893 additional premises linked through to Buchanan Street and included a new Athenaeum Theatre facing Buchanan Street designed by architect Sir John James Burnet. In 1928 the premises were substantially extended with a gift from the philanthropist Daniel Macaulay Stevenson. In 1929 the school was renamed as the Scottish National Academy of Music to better reflect its scope and purpose. This major acquisition of space at the corner of St George's Place (later renamed Nelson Mandela Place) and Buchanan Street was the Liberal Club (now not required by that party), designed originally by architect Alexander Skirving and remodelled by architects Campbell Douglas and Paterson in 1907.

Its principal from 1929 to 1941 was William Gillies Whittaker. In 1944, it became the Royal Scottish Academy of Music.

The Royal Scottish Academy of Music established a drama department called the Glasgow College of Dramatic Art during 1950. It became the first British drama school to contain a full, broadcast-specification television studio in 1962. In 1968 the Royal Scottish Academy of Music changed its name to the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (RSAMD) and introduced its first degree courses, which were validated by the University of Glasgow.

During 1987–88 the academy moved to its present site some two hundred yards north in Renfrew Street at Hope Street, across from the Theatre Royal, the new building having been designed by architect Sir Leslie Martin with executive architects William Nimmo and Partners.

In 1993 RSAMD became the first conservatoire in the United Kingdom to be granted its own degree-awarding powers. Research degrees undertaken at RCS are validated and awarded by the University of St Andrews. RCS is one of four member conservatories of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music.

Incorporation of full title
From 1 September 2011, the RSAMD deferred to its full title The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. The name has deep roots and the change was confirmed after a long consultation process that involved the principal John Wallace and the academy's board of directors, as well as past and present students and staff, arts & academic institutions, politicians, and the Royal Protocol Unit.

The principal said the change was necessary as it was no longer simply a music and drama academy. Undergraduate courses in areas such as Digital Film & Television, Production Arts and Design, Production Technology and Management, Musical Theatre and Modern Ballet (in partnership with Scottish Ballet) have been added to the degrees the Royal Conservatoire offers. He felt it was best to choose a name that was representative of all disciplines offered.

International ranking
The Royal Conservatoire of Scotland has been consistently ranked among the best schools in the world in Quacquarelli Symonds (QS)'s Performing Arts ranking since the latter was established in 2016. The Conservatoire has been in the top 10 five out of six years, reaching 3rd place in 2017 and 2021. In 2022, RCS ranked fifth in the world for Performing Arts Education.

Facilities
The Whittaker Library is housed in the Renfrew Street campus. It contains one of the largest collections of sheet music, scripts and other performing items in both the United Kingdom and the world.

In 2010, RCS opened its second campus near Cowcaddens, now known as the "Wallace Studios at Speirs Locks". This building was designed by Malcolm Fraser. It opened predominantly to house the Modern Ballet and Production courses, as the Renfrew Street campus was struggling to accommodate the combination of new courses and higher intake levels. In 2014, a £2 million extension to this second campus was built, creating even more rehearsal spaces and improved facilities for the students.

Principals

 * Jeffrey Sharkey 2014 to Present
 * John Wallace 2002 to 2014
 * Philip Ledger 1982 to 2001
 * David Lumsden 1976 to 1982
 * Kenneth Barritt 1969 to 1976
 * Henry Havergal 1953 to 1969
 * Ernest Bullock 1941 to 1952
 * William G. Whittaker 1929 to 1941

Alumni

 * Billy Boyd
 * Isla Callister
 * Robert Carlyle
 * Tom Conti
 * Colin Firth
 * John Hannah
 * Shauna Macdonald
 * James McAvoy
 * David Tennant
 * Ruby Wax

title: Royal Conservatoire of Scotland


text:
Susy

Susy is a feminine given name, sometimes a short form (hypocorism) of Susan, Susanne, Susannah, etc.

Susy may refer to:

People

 * Susy Andersen (born 1940), Italian actress
 * Susanne Augustesen (b. 1956), Danish footballer
 * Susy Avery (born 1947), American politician
 * Olivia Susan Susy Clemens (1872-1896), a daughter of Mark Twain
 * Susy Delgado (born 1949), Paraguayan poet and writer
 * Isabella Susy De Martini (born 1952), Italian politician and academic
 * Susy Dorn, Peruvian teacher and musician born Susana Gabriela Rodriguez Santander in 1974
 * Susy Frankel, New Zealand law academic
 * Susy Kane (born 1978), English actress and writer
 * Susannah Susy Pryde (born 1973), New Zealand cyclist
 * Susy Schultz, Chicago journalist and social advocate
 * Susy Thunder, hacker Susan Headley (born 1959)
 * Susi Wirz (b. 1931), Swiss figure skater

Fictional characters

 * Susy Hendrix, blind character played by Audrey Hepburn in Wait Until Dark (film)

title: Susy


text:
Scarborough, Western Australia

Scarborough is a coastal suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located approximately 14 km northwest of the city centre in the City of Stirling local government area. Located along the coast of the Indian Ocean, it was named after the English beach resort Scarborough, North Yorkshire.

It has a population of about 14,300 people (2011 census), of whom about 25% were born overseas, mostly in the United Kingdom. It has a landmark high-rise hotel, the Rendezvous Hotel Perth Scarborough, originally built as Observation City in 1986 for Alan Bond, in anticipation of a demand for accommodation when the 1987 America's Cup challenge was held at nearby Fremantle. Scarborough Beach was the venue for the Australian Surf Life Saving Championships for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2018 and 2023.

Scarborough Beach
Scarborough Beach is an entertainment precinct within the suburb with restaurants, bars and a nightclub. Since 1999, the local council has deployed a strategy for issues including traffic, parking, zoning, coastal landscape and recreation.

Alan Bond
One of the issues was whether or not to allow further high-rise development on Scarborough Beach. The 24-level Observation City hotel development (now Rendezvous) was very controversial in the 1980s but proceeded despite a long and intense public campaign against high-rise beachfront development. Perth businessman Alan Bond, who built Observation City, had ambitious plans to convert the entire Scarborough Beach "strip". After securing most of the real estate, his plans failed to proceed because he was unable to purchase the family-owned fast food restaurant Peter's by the Sea. The restaurant still exists today after it refused to sell despite Bond making inflated offers on the property, and it has taken on historical significance with the locals ever since. Subsequent amendments by the City of Stirling have specified a height limit of eight storeys.

In April 2019, the ocean-side Scarborough Beach Pool opened.

Despite a considerable social history over decades, Scarborough Beach has one listed physical heritage feature, the 'Rotary Clock Tower of Scarborough Beach' otherwise known as the 'Scarborough Clock Tower.

Bus Stations

 * Scarborough Beach Bus Station

Bus Routes

 * 410 Scarborough Beach Bus Station to Stirling Station – serves West Coast Highway, Brighton Road, Drabble Road, Stewart Street and Millcrest Street
 * 412 Scarborough Beach Bus Station to Stirling Station – serves West Coast Highway, Brighton Road, Drabble Road, Ventnor Street, Hastings Street and Cobb Street
 * 421 Scarborough Beach Bus Station to Stirling Station – serves West Coast Highway, Pearl Parade, Coral Street and Sackville Terrace
 * 422 Scarborough Beach Bus Station to Stirling Station – serves West Coast Highway, Pearl Parade, Elliott Road and Newborough Street
 * 990 Scarborough Beach Bus Station to Perth Busport (high frequency) – serves Scarborough Beach Road

Education
The schools in Scarborough are Scarborough Primary School on Deanmore Road and the Catholic School, St John’s Primary School on Scarborough Beach Road. Also nearby are Deanmore Primary School, St Mary’s School for Girls and the International School next to Doubleview Primary School just up the road.

The Japanese School in Perth was previously located in Scarborough.

title: Scarborough, Western Australia


text:
Jenkins

Jenkins may refer to:

People

 * Jenkins (name), history of the surname
 * List of people with surname Jenkins
 * The Jenkins, country music group

United States

 * Jenkins, Illinois
 * Jenkins, Kentucky
 * Jenkins, Minnesota
 * Jenkins, Missouri
 * Jenkins County, Georgia
 * Jenkins Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota
 * Jenkins Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania

Other

 * Jenkins (crater), on the Moon and VA

Politics and history

 * Jenkins Commission (UK), an English voting reform commission
 * Jenkins Commission (EU), a European monetary commission
 * War of Jenkins' Ear, a colonial war between Britain and Spain

Software

 * Jenkins (software), a continuous integration tool
 * Jenkins hash function

Other

 * Jenkins activity survey, a psychological assessment tool
 * Jenkins (drinking game)
 * "Jenkins" (How I Met Your Mother), a television episode
 * Leeroy Jenkins, an Internet meme related to World of Warcraft

title: Jenkins