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Bidwell Park

Bidwell Park is a municipal park located in Chico, California. The park was established July 10, 1905, through the donation by Annie Bidwell, widow of Chico's founder, John Bidwell, of approximately 2,500 acre of land to the City of Chico. Since that time, the city has purchased additional land, such as Cedar Grove in 1922, and 1,200 acre of land south of Big Chico Creek in upper Bidwell Park in 1995. , the total park size is 3,670 acre, nearly 11 mi in length, making it the fifth largest municipal park in California and is one of the largest city parks in the United States.

Bidwell Park is divided by Manzanita Avenue. The area west of Manzanita Avenue is referred to as Lower Park and the area to the east is referred to as Middle and Upper Park. Middle Park extends from Manzanita to a point roughly equal to the upstream edge of the Chico Municipal Golf Course. The Upper/Middle and Lower Parks have differing terrain. Upper Park is located in the foothills of the southernmost Cascades. It has steep terrain and shallow soils, and contains many rock formations, including the unique Chico Formation sandstone, Lovejoy Basalt, and Tuscan Formation rocks. Lower Park is flat and level with a deep soil structure supporting a thick canopy of trees which provide ample shade for visitors. Special rules apply in the Upper Park and the road is unpaved for much of its length.

Points of interest

 * Sycamore Pool, located in the One Mile Recreation Area. The creek was dammed by the city in the 1920s; but the pool was cemented and finished out by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s, as part of several WPA improvements to Bidwell Park. There are tile depth markers every six feet or so along the pool’s edge. The lifeguard chairs look original, but that is uncertain. A bridge across the dam was built later using state Land & Water Conservation Funds. The pool provides a unique swimming experience because its concrete decks, walls, and bottom are built to contain Big Chico Creek as it flows through the park. A dam and fish ladder at one end allow control of the creek's flow. The dam is raised and lifeguards are present from Memorial Day to Labor Day of each year.  Above the fish ladder there is a bridge that separates the pool and the creek, from which many locals feed sucker fish in the bottom of the fish ladder. Locals often refer to Sycamore Pool simply as One Mile.
 * Caper Acres playground is also located in the One Mile Recreation Area. Originally constructed in the 1950s, the playground provides a fairy tale-themed location for children to play in.  Many play attractions in the playground were destroyed by a storm in 1995, but were rebuilt by members of the community.  Adult visitors to the playground must be accompanied by a child 13 years of age or younger.
 * Cedar Grove is home to the 2nd tree experimentation farm in the U.S. Trees from around the world were planted in the grove by John Bidwell in 1888.
 * Five Mile, located near Manzanita Avenue in the upper park area, is a manicured park and picnic area. A flood control dam makes the water deep enough for swimming in the spring and summer. During times of high water, part of the flow of Big Chico Creek is diverted into the Diversion Channel which flows into Lindo Channel, on the north side of town.
 * The Hooker Oak was a large Valley Oak which grew along Manzanita Avenue north of Big Chico Creek near the Five Mile recreation area. Investigation of the 'tree' upon its death revealed that it was actually two trees that had grown together.
 * Horseshoe Lake, located in upper Bidwell Park, was constructed in the 1930s as a reservoir in which to irrigate the Bidwell Municipal Golf Course, located across Upper Park Road from the lake. The land around the lake was the site of several shooting ranges.  One was used by the California National Guard and later, during World War II, the U.S. Army.  A concrete bunker used for military target practice still remains next to the lake today.  The other two ranges were used by civilians to shoot rifles and shotguns (skeet).  All remnants of the shooting ranges (with exception of the military bunker) were removed in 2005 as part of a lead and skeet removal project.  The lake is also the site of the annual "Hooked on Fishing, Not on Drugs" fishing derby for children.
 * Monkey Face is a rock formation that was so named because it resembles a semi profile of a monkey head. It faces west over parking area E and Horseshoe Lake. The best place to start is from parking area E. As of Jan. 2013, major efforts are being made by the Park Dept. to mitigate erosion damage from multiple trails.  Park users can respect the environment by using the trails designated.
 * Alligator Hole is a shallow swimming hole in upper Bidwell Park near an area used by the Boy Scouts of America for campouts and other gatherings, between Horseshoe Lake and Bear Hole. Refrain from creating rock dams in the area, which are prevalent in the creek, but impede upon the movement of the salmon runs.
 * Bear Hole, located in upper Bidwell Park beyond Horseshoe Lake, is a part of the creek that is frequently used for swimming and diving. The water is deep during the spring and summer and rocks on both sides are used for sunbathing. However, the currents in the area have a reputation for being dangerously unpredictable and have at times been fatal. In 1998 there were 4 drowning deaths within months. Bear Hole has a dirt and gravel parking area and a short trail.
 * Diversion Dam, located just upstream from Bear Hole, is so named because it diverted some of the water from Big Chico Creek into a flume for use by the city. Remains of the flume can be seen along the banks of Big Chico Creek downstream of Bear Hole, and just upstream of Alligator Hole the flume track leaves the main creek channel and continues across the open area north of the creek.
 * Salmon Hole, located in upper Bidwell Park beyond Bear Hole, is a part of the creek that is used for swimming. The site, which is essentially a large pond along the creek, is less accessible by car than Bear Hole and requires a short hike downward from the top of the rim. Visitors should come prepared to do some climbing. The salmon here have several hurdles to reach their native habitat.  Refraining from building rock dams that span the creek is a good idea.
 * Devil's Kitchen, North Rim, B Trail, Yahi Trail, Bidwell Municipal Golf Course.

Ecology
Bidwell Park is home to a multitude of plant and animal species because it is at a point where Sierra Nevada, Cascade, and Central Valley species interact. The parks ecology also changes east-west as the park changes from flat valley to rugged foothills. The park's climate is classified as Mediterranean because it has cool rainy winters and hot dry summers.

Animal species include mammals such as American black bear, little brown bat, cougars, beavers, coyotes and others. Prominent birds in the park are acorn woodpecker, red-tailed hawk, Western screech owl, turkey vulture, mallard, Canada goose, and northern flicker. Fish species include salmon (although their numbers have declined greatly), trout, bass and bluegill. Fishing is allowed in certain parts of the park. Reptile species of the area include Western pond turtle, Western toad, Southern alligator lizard, and the venomous Western rattlesnake.

Plant life in the area changes as the park rises out of the valley, from riparian to chaparral and oak woodland. In the riparian along Big Chico Creek the main species include, Western Sycamore, the endemic to California valley oak, wild grape, blackberry, and Northern California black walnut. Oak woodlands are an especially important ecosystem in the park. Past the 5-Mile Recreation Area, the foothills of the southernmost Cascade Mountains begin and the flora changes. Gray pine or Foothill Pine become more frequent. In some parts along the creek ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and douglas-fir are present. California buckeye, manzanita, California bay laurel, miner's lettuce, interior live oak, and seasonal non-native field grasses cover the canyon floor. On top the mesas on each side of the canyon and on the slopes of the canyon blue oak are present due to their deep taproots allowing survival in dry conditions.

Geography & Geology
The geography of Bidwell Park is relatively simple. Big Chico Creek enters the park from the east within Iron Canyon, a deep, thin channel characterized by large boulders of basalt, and tall, steep cliffs. Iron Canyon is situated in a larger canyon called Chico Canyon. Chico Canyon is a bowl-shaped canyon with flat mesas on each side. Downstream, the creek exits Iron Canyon and begins to widen at the floor of the relatively flat bottom of Chico Canyon. As the creek leaves the foothills it begins to meander on the floor of the Sacramento Valley. West of 5-Mile Recreation Area, the creek enters more urban parts of the park. The park begins to thin as it stretches into the heart of Chico. By its westernmost point, the park encompasses just the banks of the creek. The western boundary is at the Esplanade road.

The geology of the park varies as the park travels from the Central Valley floor, to the foothills of the Cascade Mountains. The geology of the park is mainly volcanic due to the Cascades being a volcanic range. Big Chico Creek exposes many layers of geologic history of Northern California.

The bedrock layer under the park, and much of California is called the Chico Formation. It consists of sandstone and fossils from an ancient sea that once covered the Central Valley and the ancestral Sierra Nevada Mountains during the Cretaceous Period. This formation is visible in Upper Park near the eastern boundary. It is also visible in many areas outside the park in the Sierra Nevada, Coastal Ranges and Cascade foothills. Above the Chico Formation lies the Lovejoy Basalt. Evident by its dark, smooth complexion, the Lovejoy Basalt makes up most of Iron Canyon in Upper Bidwell Park. Swimming holes such as Bear Hole and Salmon lie in the basalt. This rock erupted from an ancient volcano near present-day Susanville, CA about 15 million years ago, during the Miocene. The Lovejoy Basalt extends through much of Northern California, and is notable at Table Mountain near Oroville, CA, and Black Butte Lake, west of Orland, CA. Above the Lovejoy Basalt lies the Tuscan Formation, a complex of volcanic lahars and volcanic ash, separated by layers of river cobble. The Tuscan Formation was created in a series of volcanic mudflows from extinct volcanoes, Mt. Maidu and Mt. Yana, between 10 and 2 million years ago during the Miocene and Pleistocene. The formation dives beneath Chico and holds the city's immense aquifer from which it derives its water. The Tuscan Formation is visible in all of Upper Park, and forms the steep canyon walls of Chico Canyon, and makes up the famous Monkey Face rock formation. Small caves can sometimes be found in this formation. Lower Bidwell Park sits atop a deep soil complex of alluvium deposited by Big Chico Creek. This allows for the thick canopy of trees and undergrowth seen in lower park.

Chico Creek Nature Center
Chico Creek Nature Center, the park's official interpretive center, is managed by the Chico Area Recreational District (CARD), however, it was a private non-profit until 2018. It is dedicated to enhancing the public's awareness of Bidwell Park and its wildlife. The center features non-releasable injured wildlife and donated animals in the Janeece Webb Living Animal Museum and the Alice Heckert Native Plant Garden. The Center opened a new facility in spring of 2010, including the installation of new natural history exhibits in Howard S. Tucker Hall and a hands-on science classroom, Kristie's Nature Lab.

Programs offered include preschool-age workshops, nature-themed birthday parties, exploration-oriented day camps, and K-6 grade environmental education field trips, guided nature hikes, and nature education programs for all ages.

Timeline

 * 1918 20-acre (81,000 m2) fish hatchery proposed
 * 1920 (approx.) Golf course put in — 9 holes
 * 1921 Forestry Station land added to Lower Park. Now the site of Cedar Grove, the Nature Center, and World of Trees
 * 1921,1926 airfield near golf course proposed
 * 1925 First clubhouse built at golf course
 * 1926 Company G, 184th Infantry gets permission to construct rifle range
 * 1932 Polo field proposed
 * 1933 CCC winter camp building east of the golf course proposed
 * 1934 Kennedy tract (walnut orchard) added to north side of Lower Park
 * 1937 (and prior to) Horseshoe Lake reservoir in existence
 * 1937 Sections of The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, were filmed in Lower Park
 * 1939 Petersen Memorial Drive built by CCC
 * 1940 Overnight campground proposed in northeastern end of park
 * 1941 Military camping okayed
 * 1942–45 Diversion Dam built (year uncertain)
 * 1946 Archery area established by Glenn Archery Club
 * 1947 25-year lease and improvements on Radar bombing site proposed
 * 1949 Recreation District formed (CARD)
 * 1950 Softball field moved to Hooker Oak area
 * 1950 Water control dams on Big Chico Creek proposed
 * 1951 Day Camp established by CARD and Chico Teachers College
 * 1951 First mention of Easter Cross in BPPC minutes
 * 1953 CDF Fire Station with 1.6 acres (6500 m2) proposed NW of Live Oak Grove (30 yrs)
 * 1953 Horseback riding groups ask BPPC for arena site. Okayed, but no funds.
 * 1953 Area near One Mile Dam leased to CARD for Sycamore baseball field.
 * 1953 Chief Evans asks for site for Police pistol range
 * 1953–54 Pistol range under construction
 * 1954 Camp Fire Girls (now Camp Fire) dedicate Campfire Council Ring in Lower Park
 * 1955 Local midget race car group builds 250 ft (76 m) long track in Live Oak Grove
 * 1955 & 56 Bridge requested for private property access above Day Camp
 * 1956 New rifle range requested for sole use of the National Guard, lease for 10 yrs
 * 1957–58 CARD develops Hooker Oak area
 * 1958 $25,000 fish ladder built. Ten dams in 300 ft (90 m) barrier
 * 1958 Motorcycle club asks to further develop Live Oak Grove area
 * 1959 Dam on Chico Creek (upper park) proposed
 * 1963 PG&E claims it will cost $147,000 extra to bypass Bidwell Park with major power lines, plus $16,000/ year. BPPC votes 3-1 to put lines elsewhere
 * 1964 PG&E power lines through upper park under construction
 * 1965 Sycamore Bypass diversion channel built
 * 1968 Chico Riding Club puts up arena
 * 1970 Five Mile Dam Recreation Area dedication
 * 1970 Caper Acres playground built
 * 1971 Footbridge at golf course replaced after old one washed out by high waters in 1970
 * 1972 Rod & Gun Club reports 77,300 targets used in 1971— possible cleanup of used skeet clay birds discussed
 * 1972 Extensive discussion and study of closing South Park Dr. to cars
 * 1972 Rifle range shade structures built
 * 1973 Upper Park to be closed from 11:30 p.m. to 30 minutes before sunrise to reduce vandalism
 * 1973 Trial period for dogs off leash in Lower and Upper Park starts
 * 1974 CARD proposes tennis court construction at Hooker Oak as part of renovation and improvement plan. BPPC opposed. City Council tentatively approves.
 * 1974 Park Commission votes to stop issuing wood-cutting permits for Bidwell Park
 * 1974 Park Commission discusses instituting a city tree ordinance
 * 1974 Park Commission meeting minutes mention using sheep for weed control in park
 * 1974 Upper Park Road to be closed during wet weather at discretion of Park Superintendent
 * 1975 Park Commission discusses fire hazard in Park due to undergrowth
 * 1975 Banning of off-road vehicles on North Rim Trail discussed but no action taken
 * 1976 Bird sanctuary proposed for Lower Park by deer pen
 * 1976 Park Commission votes to close pistol range within 6 months
 * 1977 Bidwell Park site (by Mangrove Ave) proposed for new city/county library
 * 1979 Roller skating to be allowed in Lower Park
 * 1979 Request to fly remote control planes in Horseshoe Lake area including creation of a takeoff/landing area
 * 1979 North Rim road to be closed to vehicles in the winter months
 * 1980 20-station Par Course approved for Lower Park
 * 1981 Upper Park controlled burns start, with 1/5 of area to be burned each year
 * 1981 Commission Minutes note that there is only one trash can in Upper Park, users are supposed to "Pack it out"
 * 1982 Horse-drawn carriage tours proposed for Lower Park
 * 1983 Golf Course leased to private concessionaire with Park Commission relinquishing control over golf course management
 * 1983 Bocce ball courts proposed for Hooker Oak area
 * 1983 1300 acorns planted along Upper Park Road on north side
 * 1983 State Route 99 mural approved
 * 1983 Job title for Bidwell Park's two Community Service Officers is changed to Park Ranger
 * 1984 Park Department hires their first Urban Forester
 * 1984 Upper Park annual controlled burns stopped
 * 1985 Lost Park area surveyed and encroachments noted on maps
 * 1985 Tree nursery started in 1.2-acre (4900 m2) Lower Park walnut orchard area
 * 1986 North Park Dr. to become one-way westbound, open 11 a.m.-11 p.m.
 * 1987 Extensive discussion regarding use of park for military training
 * 1987 Discussion begins regarding feral cats in park
 * 1989 Rod and Gun Club's rifle and trap shooting ranges close
 * 1989 Golf course expanded and Upper Park Road realigned
 * 1989 Unauthorized disc golf courses begin to develop on 40-acre (160,000 m2) Hwy 32 site.
 * 1990 Shakespeare in the Park begins (D-Rock Is Born)
 * 1990 Bidwell Park Master Management Plan (MMP) approved by City Council.
 * 1992 1.5-mile (2.4 km) "B" Trail built by volunteers from east end of Rim Trail to Middle Trail
 * 1992 0.4-mile (600 m) Canyon Oak Trail (later renamed Maidu) built by volunteers from Middle Trail near Parking Area E to Rim Trail.
 * 1992 Realignment of Upper Park Road and Golf Course using Mitigated Negative Declaration.
 * 1991 Bidwell Park Wildfire Management Plan.
 * 1994 Chico General Plan approved. Bidwell Park, designated as a Resource Conservation Area (pg. 7-11).
 * 1993 Purchase of 40-acre (160,000 m2) BLM site on Hwy 32
 * 1995 Acquisition of 1417 acres (5.73 km2) on south side of Big Chico Creek.
 * 1998–1999 Bloody Pin Trail rerouted and Guardians & Pine Trails built.
 * 1998 Park Commission votes to 'Declare its intent to consider a proposal to allow disc golf to remain on the existing hwy.32 site"
 * 1998 Annie Bidwell Trail proposed, to extend from Bidwell Mansion to end of Upper Park "within sight and sound of the creek".
 * 1999 1500-acre (6.1 km2) backfire covers north side of Upper Park between road and park boundary..
 * 1999 Bidwell Park Trails Manual approved, described as a "work in progress".
 * 2000–2001 1.25 miles (2 km) of Yahi Trail relocated and/or rebuilt.
 * 2001 Observatory built.
 * 2002 Horseshoe Lake Fishing Pier built.
 * 2002 GPS mapping of existing park trails and roads shows 40+ miles (60 km) of official and frequently used unofficial trails and road on the north side and 28 miles (45 km) on the south side.
 * 2000–2002 Trail plan developed with 23 "Focus Areas", includes new creekside ABT pedestrian trail segments on the south side, new 1-mile (1.6 km) segment of South Rim trail, new trail from the North Rim Trail starting at the power lines to Bear Hole, a new trail from the eastern end of Lower Trail to Bear Hole, a new trail from the Middle Trail to the potential Day Camp area bridge site, a new trail from the junction of the B Trail and Middle Trail to Parking Area U at the end of the road, reroute of east end of Upper Trail and several reroutes of Yahi Trail between Bear Hole and Parking Area P.
 * 2002 Bridges proposed above Day Camp and at the end of Upper Park Road
 * 2003 19-acre (77,000 m2) antimony, lead, copper and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal project planned for Horseshoe Lake and lead removal at former pistol range.
 * 2003 Conceptual approval of observatory outdoor seating area & spotting pads, including realignment of the road to Parking Area C.
 * 2003 Funding for update of Bidwell Park Master Management Plan and associated EIR approved by City Council.
 * 2003 Conceptual approval of horse workout pen by Horse Arena.
 * 2013 Efforts to mitigate erosion from multiple trail use in Upper Park
 * 2018 Chico Creek Nature Center management transfers from non-profit to city-operated Chico Area Recreational District (CARD)

title: Bidwell Park


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Whitechapel and Bow Railway

The Whitechapel and Bow Railway was an underground railway in east London, United Kingdom, now entirely integrated into the London Underground system. It was a joint venture between the Metropolitan District Railway and the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway.

Joint owners
From 1902 to 1950 it was owned and operated as a joint venture. Initially the arrangement was between the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly called the District Railway) and the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. Both companies went through a series of amalgamations. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway was purchased by the Midland Railway in 1912. It was subsequently grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 and was nationalised in 1948 as part of British Railways. The District Railway was part of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London and was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933. This was nationalised as the London Transport Executive in 1948. Complete ownership of the Whitechapel and Bow Railway passed to the London Transport Executive in 1950.

Construction
The two mile long line opened in 1902 and linked the Metropolitan District Railway at Whitechapel (St Mary's) with the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway at the above-ground Campbell Road Junction at Bow, to the west of Bromley station. The line from Whitechapel to Bow, and on to East Ham, was electrified in 1905. Regular services were provided by the District Railway with joint stock. A through Ealing Broadway to Southend service was also provided from 1910 to 1939, traction west of Barking being provided by District Railway's electric locomotives. The LMS extended electrified track east from Barking and electric District Railway trains reached Upminster in 1932.

List of stations

 * Whitechapel (current District line platforms)
 * Stepney Green
 * Mile End
 * Bow Road

Current operations
Today the short line forms part of the District line and Hammersmith & City line, between Whitechapel and Bow Road stations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Whitechapel and Bow Railway


text:
Talk:Starting fluid

Untitled
Plenty can be added: when invented, other uses, alternatives to starting fluid, etc.

 * I agree, the article can definitley be expanded. I just attempted to clean up the last paragraph dealing with the use of starter fluid as an inhalent(which might not even belong in this article at all.)WacoJacko (talk) 19:55, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

dangers of starting fluid
why would you remove information about getting "etherized" and using starting fluid as an inhalant? theres already not enough information about it. i came on here because i was forced to use starting fluid and now i feel sick from breathing the fumes, and im trying to find out how much brain damage this stuff causes, and theres no information on it. and wikipedia rates this article as being low importance? so its not important to know about how toxic and dangerous a chemical that you can buy at almost any store in america is? give me a break, its very important and this article needs more information about the toxicity and dangers of inhaling the chemicals in this stuff whether its accidental or on purpose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gawdsmak (talk • contribs) 10:08, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:56, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:21, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Spray1.jpg

Propulsive?
". WD-40 was previously recommended for use on two stroke engines because it has lubricating qualities,[6] but the formulation with non-flammable CO2 as propellant instead of propane no longer has the same propulsive effect. "

What does the propulsive effect have to do with anything? the propulsive effect is the force with which it forces the substance out of the can, hence propellant. This essentially says WD40 is no longer recommended because the spray doesn't come out with enough force now, which is nonsense. If the propellant was propane before it was changed to CO2, then it was the flammability of the propane that was causing the engine to run in place of ether fumes. Without the propane it won't work as starter fluid. Neither one has anything to do with 2-stroke engines in any case. It worked on 2 strokes before because it was both flammable (propane) and lubricated the engine (the WD40 itself). Now that they started using CO2 instead it won't work as starter fluid at ALL, on ANY type of engine. it will still lubricate the engine just fine, it is just useless to start it with. I don't see how anyone could write the above and think it made sense. How can they think propulsion or ignition has any relation to the lubricating qualities of the substance? If they mistook propulsive to mean the force with which it propels the piston down when it ignites, it still has no relation to the lubrication of the engine. If they actually meant WD40 has "wimpy" propulsion now, well, you were never spraying the stuff into the cylinder to start with, just into the intake, where it is sucked into the engine, so the "propulsive effect" has no bearing on whether it will lubricate a 2-stroke. If it can propel it a few inches, that is all it needs to do.

64.223.159.241 (talk) 22:29, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starting fluid


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Saint Mary's Catholic Church (Dubuque, Iowa)

Saint Mary's Catholic Church is a former parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The church is located in Dubuque, Iowa, United States, at the corner of 15th and White Streets. The church is recognizable by its steeple– one of the tallest in the area. The church property was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district in 2015, and the various buildings were included as contributing properties in the Washington Residential Historic District later in the same year.

The beginning
During the 1840s, a number of German families moved to the city of Dubuque. Many of these families were Catholic. Initially, they attended Mass at St. Raphael's Cathedral. However, the cathedral was becoming quite crowded due to the growing German and Irish populations of the city. Also, Bishop Mathias Loras was having difficulty ensuring that the German families were adequately cared for.

In 1849, Bishop Loras granted permission for 40 German families to form a new parish. Gerhard Hueckels donated land at the corner of 8th and White Streets in Dubuque. In 1850, a church was built on the land. This church, named Holy Trinity, was built of native stone with a tower about twenty feet tall.

For the first few years, there was a lack of priests in the still-young diocese. The people of Holy Trinity parish were served at first by a missionary, Father Gerhard Plathe. Finally, in 1853, they were given a resident priest, Father William Edmonds.

Soon the first major influx of German immigrants occurred. The small Holy Trinity church was filled to capacity. In 1863, the pastor, Father George Fendrick, and members of the parish founded the "German Roman Catholic Association of Dubuque." Their goal was to build a new church to support the parish - which now had over 300 families. At first, they attempted to purchase the Presbyterian Seminary in Dubuque for $15,000. After other Christian denominations opposed this plan, the group instead purchased an orchard for $3,000. This site, about seven blocks north of the Holy Trinity Church, is the site of the current church.

Construction of the new St. Mary's Church
In 1864, construction was begun on the new church. The plans were designed by the architect John Mullany, who had designed the present Cathedral building. Father Aloysius Meis directed the construction. The new building was done in Gothic Architecture style.

As with many other churches during the 19th century, most of the excavation and construction work was done by the men of the parish. By the time the foundation was complete in September 1864, only $3.03 was left in the treasury. The remaining $80,000 needed to finish the church was brought in through more fundraising and additional donations.

From 1867 to 1922
On February 10, 1867, Bishop John Hennessy dedicated the new St. Mary's Church. Over the next 55 years, the population of Dubuque continued to grow. This was especially true in the 1880s with the arrival of the Milwaukee Railroad shops. St. Mary's was the mother parish of four other area parishes. Sacred Heart was established in 1879, followed by Holy Ghost in 1896. In 1910, a new Holy Trinity Church was built near Eagle Point Park in Dubuque in memory of the first church in Dubuque to carry that name. Finally in 1922, Nativity parish was built near what today is called Loras College.

In the early 1870s, the Hook and Hastings Company - a prominent 19th century organ builder - installed an organ in the choir loft. This organ was placed in a visually impressive case. The organ was significantly altered by the Lima Pipe Organ Company of Elida, Ohio, in 1965; the case and most of the pipes were retained, augmented by all new mechanism (including windchests constructed of aluminum) and several additional ranks of pipes. It currently has three manuals and 33 stops.

The sanctuary was extended in 1911, followed by the construction of two small chapels at the rear of the church. In 1914, stained glass windows built in Bavaria were installed in the church, though the shipment of the windows was nearly stopped because of the outbreak of World War I. Twelve large stained glass windows honor the Blessed Virgin Mary, and a large mural of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was painted behind the altar, because the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the patron saint of the parish.

From 1922 to the present
In 1935, Father Aloysius Schmitt was ordained in Rome, Italy. He returned to the United States, and his first assignment was as an associate at Saint Mary's Church. In 1941, he was killed in the attack at Pearl Harbor, becoming the first American chaplain of any faith to die in the Second World War.

In the early 1970s, the reforms of the Second Vatican Council were implemented. The parish removed the communion rail and placed a new altar in the sanctuary that faced the congregation. However, the original high and side altars were left largely intact.

In recent years, St. Mary's Church had combined efforts with the nearby St. Patrick's Church. The two parishes shared administrative staff and school facilities. The parish has been affected by the Priest shortage and a decline in membership as some families moved to suburban locations. The parish had a priest to lead Mass, but most of the administrative work was handled by a lay woman minister, the wife of a former U.S. Representative who is a deacon.

In the 1990s, St. Mary's built a new handicapped entrance. This entrance is located at the northeast corner of the church and has an elevator. Before that, the church was not as accessible as other churches in the area.

With a heavy debt load and a declining membership, the parish council recommended to the Archdiocese that the parish be closed. In late 2009 it was announced that the parish would be closed. On May 25, 2010, St. Mary's held its final mass as a Catholic parish with 700 attendees. The building is still considered a church, but the parish is no longer active.

The movie F.I.S.T., which was largely filmed in Dubuque, had a scene which featured exterior shots of St. Mary's Church.

A book entitled "St. Marys: Finest church west of the Mississippi" covering the complete history of the church was published in August 2010. In 2014 a conceptual plan (but no timeline or cost estimate) to renovate the campus to provide office space for small businesses, a community kitchen and 12 units of low income housing was jointly announced by the Dubuque Archdiocese, non-Catholic community groups such as Dubuque's Economic Development Department and the Washington Neighborhood Corporation, and Dubuque-based Gronen Restoration.

Schools
St. Mary's School merged with St. Patrick's Catholic School to form Downtown Catholic School in 1982. The organization Holy Family Catholic Schools took control of Downtown Catholic and other Dubuque-area Catholic schools in 2001. Downtown Catholic and Sacred Heart – Holy Trinity School became St. Francis School in 2002, and St. Francis closed in 2004. Four Oaks Family and Children Services bought the school building in 2006.


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Dev-C++

Dev-C++ is a free full-featured integrated development environment (IDE) distributed under the GNU General Public License for programming in C and C++. It was originally developed by Colin Laplace and was first released in 1998. It is written in Delphi.

It is bundled with, and uses, the MinGW or TDM-GCC 64bit port of the GCC as its compiler. Dev-C++ can also be used in combination with Cygwin or any other GCC-based compiler.

DevPaks
An additional aspect of Dev-C++ is its use of DevPaks: packaged extensions on the programming environment with additional libraries, templates, and utilities. DevPaks often contain, but are not limited to, GUI utilities, including popular toolkits such as GTK+, wxWidgets, and FLTK. Other DevPaks include libraries for more advanced function use. Users of Dev-C++ can download additional libraries, or packages of code that increase the scope and functionality of Dev-C++, such as graphics, compression, animation, sound support and many more. Users can create DevPaks and host them for free on the site. Also, they are not limited to use with Dev-C++ - the site says "A typical devpak will work with any MinGW distribution (with any IDE for MinGW)".

Development status
From February 22, 2005 the project was not noticeably active, with no news posted nor any updated versions released. In a 2006 forum post, lead developer Colin Laplace stated that he was busy with real-life issues and did not have time to continue the development of Dev-C++. In a 2020 forum post, Orwell lead developer Johan Mes stated that he "will probably still not have any time to work on this project".

There are three forks of Dev-C++ since then: wxDev-C++, the Orwell version, and the Embarcadero-maintained fork version.

wxDev-C++ version
wxDev-C++ is a development team that has taken Dev-C++ and added new features such as support for multiple compilers and a RAD designer for wxWidgets applications.

Orwell version
On June 30, 2011 an unofficial version 4.9.9.3 of Dev-C++ was released by Orwell (Johan Mes), an independent programmer, featuring the more recent GCC 4.5.2 compiler, Windows' SDK resources (Win32 and D3D), numerous bugfixes, and improved stability. On August 27, after five years of officially being in the beta stage, version 5.0 was released. This version also has its own separate SourceForge page since version 5.0.0.5, because the old developer is not responding to combining requests. In July 2014, Orwell Dev-C++ 5.7.1 was released featuring the then-recent GCC 4.8.1 which supports C++11.

Embarcadero version
On July 1, 2020 a new fork version 5.50 of Dev-C++ was sponsored and released by Embarcadero featuring a code upgrade to Delphi 10.4. On October 12, 2020 a new fork version 6.0 of Dev-C++ was sponsored and released by Embarcadero with a more recent GCC 9.2.0 compiler with C++11 and partial C++20 support, new high DPI support, UTF8 file support, upgraded icons, dark theme, and additional changes.

Notable uses
On May 4, 2015, The Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong posted his Sudoku solver program in C++ on Facebook. In his screenshot, he's using Microsoft Windows and Dev-C++ as his IDE.

It is often recommended for beginners learning C or C++,     and is available on Wine. It is compared with Turbo C++ or other IDEs.

title: Dev-C++


text:
Second-generation programming language

The label of second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. They belong to the low-level programming languages.

The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level machine independent third-generation programming languages (3GLs) (such as COBOL, C, or JavaScript) and earlier first-generation programming languages (machine code)

Second-generation programming language
Second-generation programming languages have the following properties:
 * Lines within a program correspond directly to processor commands, essentially acting as a mnemonic device overlaying a first generation programming language.
 * The code can be read and written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form, a process called assembly.
 * The language is specific to a particular processor family and environment.

Second-generation languages are sometimes used for parts of kernels or device drivers, and are sometimes used in video games, graphics programs, and other intensive programs.

In modern programs, second generation assembly languages are rarely used. Programming in second generation languages may yield speed benefits, but several disadvantages have led to its decline:

 * Programming is expressed in terms of individual processor instructions, rather than higher level logic.
 * Low-level memory and hardware details must be manually managed which is often bug-prone.
 * Programs are machine-dependent, so different versions must be written for every target machine architecture.

The vast majority of programs are written in a third-generation programming language or a fourth-generation programming language. Assembly's main advantage, speed, has degraded by the fact that well written C code can often be as fast or even faster than hand written assembly

Second generation languages are perhaps most significant in their place in computing history. For a long time, Second generation assembly languages were the only good option for development for many machines, such as the NES or the Commodore 64. Second generation languages represented a massive step away from the tradition of programmers conforming to the needs of a machine, and the first step towards the machine accommodating for the programmer, a phenomenon that would be repeated in all subsequent programming language generations.

title: Second-generation programming language


text:
Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori

The Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori) is an autonomous Crown entity in New Zealand set up under the Māori Language Act 1987 with the following functions:

 * 1) To initiate, develop, co-ordinate, review, advise upon, and assist in the implementation of policies, procedures, measures, and practices designed to give effect to the declaration in section 3 of this Act of the Māori language as an official language of New Zealand
 * 2) Generally to promote the Māori language, and, in particular, its use as a living language and as an ordinary means of communication
 * 3) The functions conferred on the Commission by sections 15 to 20 of this Act in relation to certificates of competency in the Māori language
 * 4) To consider and report to the Minister upon any matter relating to the Māori language that the Minister may from time to time refer to the Commission for its advice
 * 5) Such other functions as may be conferred upon the Commission by any other enactment

title: Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori