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Continuous and progressive aspects

The continuous and progressive aspects (abbreviated and ) are grammatical aspects that express incomplete action ("to do") or state ("to be") in progress at a specific time: they are non-habitual, imperfective aspects.

In the grammars of many languages the two terms are used interchangeably. This is also the case with English: a construction such as "He is washing" may be described either as present continuous or as present progressive. However, there are certain languages for which two different aspects are distinguished. In Chinese, for example, progressive aspect denotes a current action, as in "he is getting dressed", while continuous aspect denotes a current state, as in "he is wearing fine clothes".

As with other grammatical categories, the precise semantics of the aspects vary from language to language, and from grammarian to grammarian. For example, some grammars of Turkish count the -iyor form as a present tense; some as a progressive tense; and some as both a continuous (nonhabitual imperfective) and a progressive (continuous non-stative) aspect.

Continuous versus progressive
The progressive aspect expresses the dynamic quality of actions that are in progress while the continuous aspect expresses the state of the subject that is continuing the action. For instance, "Tom is reading" can express dynamic activity: "Tom is reading a book" – i.e. right now (progressive aspect), or Tom's current state: "Tom is reading for a degree" – i.e. Tom is a student (continuous aspect). The aspect can often be ambiguous; "Tom is reading Ulysses" may describe his current activity (it's in his hand), or the state of having started, but not yet finished, the book (it's in his bag).

Continuous and progressive in various languages
Unless otherwise indicated, the following languages treat continuous and progressive aspects the same, in which case the term continuous is used to refer to both.

Use
The continuous aspect is constructed by using a form of the copula, "to be", together with the present participle (marked with the suffix -ing). It is generally used for actions that are occurring at the time in question, and does not focus on the larger time-scale. For example, the sentence "Andrew was playing tennis when Jane called him." indicates what Andrew was doing when Jane called him, but does not indicate for how long Andrew played, nor how often he plays; for that, the simple past would suffice: "Andrew played tennis three hours every day for several years."

Salikoko Mufwene contrasts the effect of the progressive form on the meanings of action verbs versus those of lexically stative verbs:
 * [I]t converts events expected to be punctual into longer-lasting, even if transient, states of affairs [e.g., "Nancy is writing a letter"];
 * it [con]versely converts those states of affairs expected to last long (lexical statives) to shorter-lasting / transient states of affairs [e.g., "Tom is living with us"]; and
 * it simply presents those verbs whose denotations are neutral with regard to duration as in process / in (transient) duration [e.g., "The wall is cracking"], though duration is most expected of statives.

Origin
The progressive aspect in English likely arose from two constructions that were used fairly rarely in Old and Early Middle English. The first used a form of beon/wesan (to be/to become) with a present participle (-ende). This construction has an analogous form in Dutch (see below). The second used beon/wesan, a preposition, and a gerund (-unge), and has been variously proposed as being influenced by similar forms in Latin and French or British Celtic, though evidence one way or another is scant. Over the course of the Middle English period, sound shifts in the language meant that the (-ende) participle ending and the (-unge) gerund ending merged into a new ending, (-ing). This change, which was complete in southern England around the late fifteenth century and spread north from there, rendered participles and gerunds indistinguishable. It is at this point that a sudden increase in the use of progressive forms is visible, though they would not take their current form until the eighteenth century. Linguist Herbert Schendl has concluded that "with this feature, a polygenetic origin ... seems attractive, and at least the further extension of the progressive is a language-internal development."

Berber
In the Amazigh language, past continuous is formed by using the fixed participle  (original meaning: I forgot); is added before the verb that is in the present tense. So we have:

 * he writes / he is writing

 * he was writing

Present continuous is usually the same as the present tense. But in the Riff variety of Berber, the participle  is added before the verb to form present continuous.

Chinese
Chinese is one family of languages that makes a distinction between the continuous and progressive aspects.

Cantonese
Cantonese has a very regular system for expressing aspects via verb suffixes. is typically used to express progressive aspect while is used to express continuous aspect. Take the following example:

In the example, the progressive aspect expresses the fact that the subject is actively putting on clothes rather than merely wearing them as in the continuous aspect. This example is useful for showing English speakers the difference between continuous and progressive because "wearing" in English never conveys the progressive aspect. (Instead, "putting on" must be used).

In Cantonese, the progressive marker 緊 can express the continuous aspect as well, depending on the context (so the example above could also mean "I'm wearing clothes" in addition to "I'm putting on clothes"), but in general, the progressive aspect is assumed. In order to emphasize the progressive aspect rather than the continuous, (literally meaning "at here") can be used in front of the verb:

喺度 can also be used without 緊 to indicate the progressive aspect.

Mandarin
Unlike Cantonese, Mandarin does not have a verb suffix for expressing the progressive aspect, but it can use the pre-verbal auxiliary zhèngzài (or just 在), similar to how Cantonese uses 喺度 in front of the verb. The continuous aspect does have a verb suffix, / zhe, which is cognate with the Cantonese 住 in this context.

For more information see.

Danish
Danish has several ways of constructing continuous aspect.

 * The first is using the form er ved + infinitive ("is at" meaning "in the process of"). For instance han er ved at bygge nyt hus ("he is at to build new house") meaning "he is building a new house". This is similar to the German form using "beim".
 * Some verbs are always or default continuous, for instance verbs indicating motion, location or position, such as sidder ("sitting"), står ("standing"), ligger ("lying") or går ("walking"). This means their present tense forms are their continuous forms: Han står dér ("he stands there") means "he is standing over there", and jeg sidder ned ("I sit down"), means "I am sitting". Note this means Danish often has two different forms of simple verbs when they make sense both continuous and non-continuous – English has only one such fully functional pair remaining, and it happens to share this one with Danish at lægge (sig) ("to lay") and at ligge ("to lie") – "Lay down so you can lie down".
 * Using these default continuous verbs together with a non-default continuous verb makes both continuous. This is a form also used in other Germanic languages such as Norwegian and Dutch. For instance: Han står og ryger ("he stands and smokes") means "he is smoking (while standing)".
 * Another form is used for motions such as walking, driving or flying. When constructing perfect tense they can be constructed with either 'is' or 'has'. Where 'has' indicates a completed travel, and 'is' indicates a started journey. For instance han er gået ("he is walked") meaning "he has left (on foot)", versus jeg har fløjet meaning "I have flown (at some point in time)".

Dutch
The continuous aspect is commonly used in Dutch, though not as often as in English. There are various methods of forming a continuous:
 * One form is the same as in English: zijn (to be) with the present participle, e.g., Het schip is zinkende (The ship is sinking). This form puts stress on the continuous aspect and often gives some dramatic overtone, making it not commonly used.
 * The second method is the most common in Dutch. It is formed with zijn, followed by the preposition and definite article aan het and the gerund (verb used as a noun), e.g., Ik ben aan het lezen (literally I am at the reading), meaning I am reading.
 * The third method is by using a verb expressing a physical position, like zitten (to sit), staan (to stand), liggen (to lie), followed by te and the infinitive. Examples: Ik zit te lezen (lit. I sit to read), meaning I am reading (while sitting), Ik stond te wachten (lit. I stood to wait), meaning I was waiting (while standing), Zij ligt te slapen (lit. She lies to sleep), meaning She is sleeping (while lying down), Wij lopen te zingen (lit. We walk to sing), meaning We are singing (while walking). When translating into English or another language, the physical position generally isn't mentioned, only the action itself. In English, similar constructions exist but are uncommon and marginally more frequent only in certain dialects, e.g. I sat (there) reading, I stood (there) waiting, etc.
 * A fourth method, also available in English, is using zijn (to be) with the adverb and preposition bezig met (busy with) and the gerund, e.g., Ik ben bezig met lezen (lit. I am busy with reading), meaning I am (busy) reading. If there is an object, there are two forms: 1. the gerund is preceded by the neuter article het and followed by the preposition van (of) and the object, e.g. Ik ben bezig met het lezen van deze brief (lit. I am busy with the reading of this letter), meaning I am reading this letter; 2. the object comes before the full infinitive (instead of the gerund), e.g. Ik ben bezig met deze brief te lezen (lit. I am busy with this letter to read), meaning I am reading this letter. This form of the continuous is mostly used for a real (physical) activity. Grammar-wise, it is possible to say zij is bezig te denken (lit. she is busy to think, she is thinking) or hij is bezig te slapen (lit. he is busy to sleep, he is sleeping), but it sounds strange in Dutch. In these cases, other forms of the continuous are generally used, specifically the second method: Zij is aan het denken and hij is aan het slapen.
 * A fifth method also involves the use of zijn (to be) with the adverb bezig (busy), this time followed by te and the infinitive, e.g. Ik ben bezig te koken (lit. I am busy to cook), meaning I am cooking. If there is an object, it comes before the verb, e.g. Ik ben bezig aardappelen te koken (lit. I am busy potatoes to cook), meaning I am cooking potatoes. This form is also mainly used for real activities. Zij is bezig te denken and Hij is bezig te slapen are uncommon.
 * The sixth method is a special form of the continuous. It implicitly means that the subject is away to do an activity. It uses zijn (to be), followed by the infinitive, e.g., Zij is winkelen (lit. She is shop), meaning She is (away) shopping.

French
French does not have a continuous aspect per se; events that English would describe using its continuous aspect, French would describe using a neutral aspect. Many express what they are doing in French by just using the present tense. That being said, French can express a continuous sense using the periphrastic construction être en train de ("to be in the middle of") followed by a simple infinitive; for example, English's "we were eating" might be expressed in French either as nous étions en train de manger (literally "we were in the middle of eating"), or as simply nous mangions ("we ate").

An exception is in relating events that took place in the past: the imperfect (or imparfait) has a continuous aspect in relation to the simple (historic) past (or passé simple); e.g. nous mangions quand il frappa à la porte ("we were eating when he knocked at the door"). However, the compound past (passé composé) is more often used to denote past events with a neutral aspect in a non-narrative context.

It is also possible to use the present participle (or participe présent) as a gerund (or gérondif) in relation to the tense of the opposed verb, e.g. Nous mangeant, il frappait à la porte, opposed here to the imperfect but the simple past is also possible, e.g. nous mangeant, il frappa à la porte. In such construction (used without any leading preposition en), the required subject for the gerund verb takes the indirect form when it is a pronoun allowing such distinction, so the normal subjects je/tu/il/ils are changed to moi/toi/lui/eux, e.g. Moi mangeant... instead of Je mangeant..., but Nous mangeant...

If the subject of the gerund is the same as the opposed verb conjugated at any other tense, it is omitted in the progressive gerund, but implied by the preposition en, e.g. en mangeant et nous discutant, il ne nous écoute pas ("while eating and while we are discussing, he doesn't listen to us"). The preposition en may be omitted if the gerund has an implied subject and takes an object which is not a pronoun; in that case the object may be prefixed before the gerund verb (and its possessive may be omitted when it refers to that implied subject), e.g. Chemin faisant, il ne pense à rien (lit. "Path making," i.e. "While making his path", "he doesn't think about anything").

Quebec French often expresses a continuous sense using the periphrastic construction être après (lit. "to be after") followed by a simple infinitive; for example, English's "we were eating" might be expressed in Quebec French either as simply nous mangions with the imperfect (imparfait) like in France, or as nous étions après manger; but in France, this could be confusively understood as a discontinuous past (lit. "we were after having eaten", i.e. nous avions mangé "we had eaten"), especially in colloquial oral speech, as if the past infinitive (more commonly used with the preposition après) was changed into a simple infinitive with the omitted auxiliary.

Jèrriais
Formed exactly as in Rhenish German, Jèrriais constructs the continuous with verb êt'  (be) + à (preposition) + infinitive. For example, j'têmes à mangi translates as we were eating.

German
There is no continuous aspect in standard German. The aspect can be expressed with gerade (just now, at the moment) as in er liest gerade meaning he is reading. Certain regional dialects, such as those of the Rhineland, the Ruhr Area, and Westphalia, form a continuous aspect using the verb sein (to be), the inflected preposition am or beim (at the or on the), and the neuter noun that is formed from an infinitive. This construction was likely borrowed from Low German or Dutch which use the exact construction to convey the same meaning. For example, ich bin am Lesen, ich bin beim Lesen (literally I am on/at the reading) means I am reading. Known as the rheinische Verlaufsform (roughly Rhenish progressive form), it has become increasingly common in the casual speech of many speakers around Germany through popular media and music, although it is still frowned upon in formal and literary contexts. In Southern Austro-Bavarian, the aspect can be expressed using tun (to do) as an auxiliary with the infinitive of the verb as in er tut lesen for he is reading (cf. English he does reading).

Hawaiian
In Hawaiian, the present tense progressive aspect form ke + verb + nei is very frequently used.

Hindi-Urdu
Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) has distinct constructions to convey progressive and continuous actions. Progressive actions are marked through the progressive aspect participle rahā used along with the verb root, while the continuous action is conveyed through the perfective adjectival participle which is constructed by conjugating the verb into its perfective aspect participle and combining it with the perfective aspect participle of the verb honā (to be), which is huā.

Icelandic
Icelandic possesses a present continuous aspect much like that found in English. This feature is unique among the Scandinavian languages. It is formed with the copula vera (to be) + að (infinitive marker) + infinite verb. Its usage differs slightly from English, as it generally cannot be used in static contexts, for example standing or sitting, but rather to describe specific activities. The following examples illustrate this phenomenon.
 * Ég er að borða eplið.
 * I'm eating the apple.

In contrast with:
 * Ég stend á borðinu.
 * I'm standing on the table.

In the second example, the simple present tense is used as it describes a state, standing on the table. The construction *ég er að standa á borðinu is incorrect in Icelandic. In addition this method of constructing the continuous present there exists a second method akin to the one which exists in the other Scandinavian languages, where a present participle ending in -andi is used along with the copula vera. This is a way of using the present participle that is analysed as more adjectival or adverbial than verbal, as it cannot be used with transitive verbs. With certain verbs it also has a frequentative implication, as in the following example:
 * Ég er gangandi í skóla.
 * I walk to school (regularly).

Technically the use of the present participle is often not an example of continuous aspect in Icelandic.

Italian
Italian forms a progressive aspect in much the same way as in Spanish, using a conjugated form of the auxiliary verb stare ("to stay") followed by the gerund of the main verb. There are only two forms of gerunds, the choice depending upon the ending of the main verb in the infinitive: -ando for verbs whose infinitive ends in -are (parlare/parlando, mangiare/mangiando) or -endo if the infinitive ends in -ere or -ire (leggere/leggendo, dormire/dormendo). Thus 'I am speaking/reading/sleeping' is expressed Sto parlando/leggendo/dormendo.

Present tense
The present tense and the present progressive can have distinct meanings in Italian. Both can be used for present-time actions in progress: parlo con Mario and sto parlando con Mario can both mean 'I'm speaking with Mario (this moment, right now)', but only the bare present can be used to express ongoing state, as in parlo inglese 'I speak English', i.e. to convey the information 'I am able to speak English' (regardless of what I am doing at the time of speaking). Thus the present progressive clarifies immediacy: Sto uscendo 'I'm leaving (just now; on my way out)'.

The present continuous is formed by using the present tense of the verb stare + the gerund. As in English, the gerund conveys the main meaning of the utterance: sto pattinando (skating), I am skating. For the regular verbs, the gerund is formed from the infinitive of the verb by taking the stem and attaching the appropriate gerund suffix: -are verbs take -ando and the -ere and -ire verbs both take -endo. The table shows the conjugations of stare in the present tense with a gerund to exemplify the present continuous:

 * {|class="wikitable"

!person || avere || essere || parlare || credere || finire || dire || opporre
 * io || sto avendo || sto essendo || sto parlando || sto credendo || sto finendo || sto dicendo || sto opponendo
 * tu || stai avendo || stai essendo || stai parlando || stai credendo || stai finendo || stai dicendo || stai opponendo
 * egli/ella || sta avendo || sta essendo || sta parlando || sta credendo || sta finendo || sta dicendo || sta opponendo
 * noi || stiamo avendo || stiamo essendo || stiamo parlando || stiamo credendo || stiamo finendo || stiamo dicendo || stiamo opponendo
 * voi || state avendo || state essendo || state parlando || state credendo || state finendo || state dicendo || state opponendo
 * essi/esse || stanno avendo || stanno essendo || stanno parlando || stanno credendo || stanno finendo || stanno dicendo || stanno opponendo
 * }
 * noi || stiamo avendo || stiamo essendo || stiamo parlando || stiamo credendo || stiamo finendo || stiamo dicendo || stiamo opponendo
 * voi || state avendo || state essendo || state parlando || state credendo || state finendo || state dicendo || state opponendo
 * essi/esse || stanno avendo || stanno essendo || stanno parlando || stanno credendo || stanno finendo || stanno dicendo || stanno opponendo
 * }
 * essi/esse || stanno avendo || stanno essendo || stanno parlando || stanno credendo || stanno finendo || stanno dicendo || stanno opponendo
 * }

The present continuous tense has a very predictable conjugation pattern even for verbs that are typically irregular, such as essere ("to be") and avere ("to have"). For verbs with reduced infinitives, the gerund uses the same stem as the imperfect (which sometimes corresponds to the stem of the 1st person singular indicative present).

 * {|class="wikitable

!infinitive || ''1st sing. present || 1st sing. imperfect || gerund''
 * dire || dico || dicevo || dicendo
 * bere || bevo || bevevo || bevendo
 * fare || faccio || facevo || facendo
 * porre || pongo || ponevo|| ponendo
 * fare || faccio || facevo || facendo
 * porre || pongo || ponevo|| ponendo
 * porre || pongo || ponevo|| ponendo
 * porre || pongo || ponevo|| ponendo

 * }

Past tense
To form the past progressive, stare is conjugated in the imperfect and used with the gerund. For example, while sto andando means "I am going", stavo andando expresses I was going. In conventional Italian speaking, stavo andando and imperfect andavo are mostly interchangeable in the progressive meaning (stavo andando/andavo in ospedale... 'I was going [i.e. on my way] to the hospital...'), whereas past habitual "I used to go", "I went (often, repeatedly)" is expressible only with the imperfect andavo.

Conjugations of the Past Progressive:
 * {|class="wikitable"

!person || avere || essere || parlare || credere || finire || dire || opporre
 * io || stavo avendo || stavo essendo || stavo parlando || stavo credendo || stavo finendo || stavo dicendo || stavo opponendo
 * tu || stavi avendo || stavi essendo || stavi parlando || stavi credendo || stavi finendo || stavi dicendo || stavi opponendo
 * lui/lei || stava avendo || stava essendo || stava parlando || stava credendo || stava finendo || stava dicendo || stava opponendo
 * noi || stavamo avendo || stavamo essendo || stavamo parlando || stavamo credendo || stavamo finendo || stavamo dicendo || stavamo opponendo
 * voi || stavate avendo || stavate essendo || stavate parlando || stavate credendo || stavate finendo || stavate dicendo || stavate opponendo
 * loro || stavano avendo || stavano essendo || stavano parlando || stavano credendo || stavano finendo || stavano dicendo || stavano opponendo
 * }
 * noi || stavamo avendo || stavamo essendo || stavamo parlando || stavamo credendo || stavamo finendo || stavamo dicendo || stavamo opponendo
 * voi || stavate avendo || stavate essendo || stavate parlando || stavate credendo || stavate finendo || stavate dicendo || stavate opponendo
 * loro || stavano avendo || stavano essendo || stavano parlando || stavano credendo || stavano finendo || stavano dicendo || stavano opponendo
 * }
 * loro || stavano avendo || stavano essendo || stavano parlando || stavano credendo || stavano finendo || stavano dicendo || stavano opponendo
 * }

Like the present progressive, the Italian past progressive is extremely regular. Forms of stare are those common to -are verbs in the imperfect (stare/stavo, parlare/parlavo, etc.).

There is no readily available means in Italian for expressing the distinction between English "We were reading" and "We have been reading."

Japanese
Standard Japanese uses the same grammar form to form the progressive and the continuous aspect, specifically by using the -te iru form of a verb. Depending on the transitivity of the verb, they are interpreted as either progressive or continuous. For example:

Intransitive:
 * ペンが鞄に入っている.
 * The pen is in the bag (continuous).
 * The pen is in the bag (continuous).

Transitive:
 * 彼は晩ご飯を食べている.
 * He is eating dinner (progressive).
 * He is eating dinner (progressive).

 * 彼はペンを鞄に入れている.
 * He is putting the pen in the bag (resultative). – this is usually understood to be resultative state as in "he keeps the pen in the bag" but can syntactically be interpreted as progressive, however this is highly strange and pragmatically incorrect.
 * He is putting the pen in the bag (resultative). – this is usually understood to be resultative state as in "he keeps the pen in the bag" but can syntactically be interpreted as progressive, however this is highly strange and pragmatically incorrect.

Some dialects such as Chūgoku dialect and Shikoku dialect have different grammar forms for the progressive and the continuous aspect; the -toru form for the progressive and the -yoru form for the continuous. For example:

Continuous:
 * 桜の花が散っとる.
 * The cherry blossoms have fallen.
 * The cherry blossoms have fallen.

Progressive:
 * 桜の花が散りよる.
 * The cherry blossoms are falling.
 * The cherry blossoms are falling.

Portuguese
In Portuguese the continuous aspect is marked by gerund, either by a proper -ndo ending (common in Brazil and Alentejo) or a (to) and the infinitive (gerundive infinitive – the standard form in most of Portugal); for example to be doing would be either estar a fazer or, similar to other Romance languages, estar fazendo.

Quechua
Quechua uses a specific suffix: -chka or -ykaa; which is directly attached before the conjugation suffixes. Although the continuous aspect in Quechua is similar to that of English, it is more used than the simple tenses and is commonly translated into them (simple present and past), because of the idea that actions are not instantaneous, but they have a specific duration (mikuni [I eat] and mikuchkani [I am eating] are both correct, but it is preferred to use mikuchkani because we do not eat in a second).

Slavic languages
In Slavic languages, there is a clear distinction between perfective and imperfective grammatical aspects in the verb stem, with the latter emphasizing that the action is, was or will be in progress (habitual or otherwise). It was in relation to these languages that the modern concept of grammatical aspect in general originally developed. The majority of verbs in Slavic languages have at least one complementary verb for both aspects – e.g. Czech koupit (perfective; done on a single occasion) and kupovat (imperfective; done over a longer period of time) which translates as "to buy" and "be buying" respectively.

Perfective verbs are commonly formed from imperfective ones by the addition of a prefix; conversely the imperfective verb can be formed from the perfective one by modification of the stem or ending. Suppletion also plays a small role. Perfective verbs generally cannot be used with the meaning of a present tense – their present-tense forms in fact have future reference. An example of such a pair of verbs, from Polish, is given below:
 * Infinitive (and dictionary form): pisać ("to write", imperfective); napisać ("to write", perfective)
 * Present/simple future tense: pisze ("writes"); napisze ("will write", perfective)
 * Compound future tense (imperfective only): będzie pisać ("will write, will be writing")
 * Past tense: pisał ("was writing, used to write, wrote", imperfective); napisał ("wrote", perfective)

In at least the East and West Slavic languages, there is a three-way aspect differentiation for verbs of motion, with two forms of imperfective, determinate and indeterminate, and one form of perfective. The two forms of imperfective can be used in all three tenses (past, present, and future), but the perfective can only be used with past and future. The indeterminate imperfective expresses habitual aspect (or motion in no single direction), while the determinate imperfective expresses progressive aspect. The difference corresponds closely to that between English "I (regularly) go to school" and "I am going to school (now)". The three-way difference is given below for the Russian basic (unprefixed) verbs of motion. When prefixes are attached to Russian verbs of motion, they become more or less normal imperfective/perfective pairs, although the prefixes are generally attached to the indeterminate imperfective to form the prefixed imperfective and to the determinate imperfective to form the prefixed perfective. For example, prefix при- + indeterminate ходи́ть = приходи́ть; and prefix при- + determinate идти́ = прийти (to arrive (on foot)).

Spanish
In Spanish, the continuous is constructed much as in English, using a conjugated form of estar (to be) plus the gerundio (gerund/gerundive/adverbial participle) of the main verb; for example, estar haciendo means to be doing (haciendo being the gerundio of hacer, to do).

Like English, Spanish also has a few related constructions with similar structures and related meanings; for example, seguir haciendo means to keep doing (seguir being to continue).

Conjugations of the Present Progressive in Spanish:
 * {|class="wikitable"

!person     ||estar (to be)|| hablar (to talk)|| creer (to believe)|| terminar (to finish)|| decir (to say)|| trabajar (to work)
 * yo     ||estoy    || estoy hablando   || estoy creyendo   || estoy terminando  || estoy diciendo   || estoy trabajando
 * tú ||estás   || estás hablando   || estás creyendo   || estás terminando  || estás diciendo   || estás trabajando
 * usted  ||está     || está hablando    || está creyendo    || está terminando   || está diciendo    || está trabajando
 * él/ella ||está    || está hablando    || está creyendo    || está terminando   || está diciendo    || está trabajando
 * nosotros|| estamos || estamos hablando || estamos creyendo || estamos terminando || estamos diciendo || estamos trabajando
 * ustedes || están  || están hablando   || están creyendo   || están terminando  || están diciendo   || están trabajando
 * ellos  || están   || están hablando   || están creyendo   || están terminando  || están diciendo   || están trabajando
 * }
 * nosotros|| estamos || estamos hablando || estamos creyendo || estamos terminando || estamos diciendo || estamos trabajando
 * ustedes || están  || están hablando   || están creyendo   || están terminando  || están diciendo   || están trabajando
 * ellos  || están   || están hablando   || están creyendo   || están terminando  || están diciendo   || están trabajando
 * }
 * ellos  || están   || están hablando   || están creyendo   || están terminando  || están diciendo   || están trabajando
 * }
 * }

Swedish
Swedish has several ways of constructing continuous aspect.

 * The first is using the form hålla på att + infinitive ("hold on" meaning "in the process of"). For instance jag håller på att skriva ett brev ("I'm writing a letter").
 * Some verbs are always or default continuous, for instance verbs indicating motion, location or position, such as gå "walk", ligga "lie", sitta "sit" and stå "stay". This means their present tense forms are their continuous forms: Han ligger i min säng ("he lies in my bed") means "he is lying in my bed", and hon sitter i köket "she sits in the kitchen" means "she is sitting in the kitchen". Note this means Swedish often has two different forms to simple verbs when they make sense both continuous and non-continuous – English has only one such fully functional pair remaining, and it happens to share this one with Swedish att lägga (sig) ("to lay") and "att ligga" (to lie) – "Lay down so you can lie down" = "Lägg dig ner så du kan ligga ner".
 * Using these default continuous verbs together with a non-default continuous verb makes both continuous. This is a form also used in other Germanic languages such as Norwegian, Danish and Dutch. For instance: Han ligger och läser, han står och läser, han sitter och läser and han går och läser, all mean "he is reading (while lying/standing/sitting/going)". Also note that these may be in the past tense: Han låg och läste, han stod och läste, han satt och läste and han gick och läste, all mean "he was reading (while lying/standing/sitting/going)".

title: Continuous and progressive aspects


text:
User:JamesMLane

Brief bio
White, male, middle-aged, attorney, New York City resident. Hostile to the right wing and the parapsychology/quackery mindset. Anyone who wants to bother wikilinking any more of that stuff, feel free.

This user is a spelling champ and spells "pejorative" with only one r.

Licensing
For information on licensing of my Wikipedia contributions beyond what's in the GFDL, see User:JamesMLane/Licensing.

Articles I've started
I never compiled a list, but this list appears on a bot-compiled page.

The New York Times notices Wikipedia
Thanks to Carl for this report on Talk:George W. Bush:
 * The New York Times did a story about the edit war on this page: Mudslinging Weasels Into Online History. I guess it's good publicity, but it would be nice if the author had pointed out that all the vandalism here could be (and was) rapidly undone. Oh well.--Carl 03:12, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Good point. The article also includes this passage: Two days after the election Wikipedia's users began to punctuate Bush's new term. "Is it really correct to put '2001-2009' for Bush's term of office?" one reader wrote. "He could be assassinated, impeached, could resign, die in office ... . Unless someone has a crystal ball, this ought to be changed to '2001-present' or '2001-2009 (expected)' or something like that."

"Yes," another reader responded, "or he might suddenly disappear from Earth in the 'twinkling of an eye.' " That quote included a link to a site about Christian rapture.

Wrong! I was the "another reader" and I didn't link to a site about the Rapture. As per the MoS, I linked to the Wikipedia article about the Rapture. Here's my actual edit. "Paper of record", my fanny....

Comment from User:128.206.193.181: I was the Diebold and ESS guy and I gotta admit it gave me a little thrill to know that my throwaway conspiracy theory remark is now one with the annals of history.

''For additional context, see Talk:George W. Bush/Archive 16. Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 21:29, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)''

Pages useful for dealing with images

 * Image description page
 * Extended image syntax
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 * Picture tutorial
 * Captions
 * Special:Upload

General usefulness

 * Manual of Style
 * Glossary
 * Edit summary legend
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 * Special:Newpages
 * Special characters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:JamesMLane


text:
Pacific Western Airlines

Pacific Western Airlines Ltd (PWA) was an airline that operated scheduled flights throughout western Canada and charter services around the world from the 1950s through the 1980s.

In 1987, PWA purchased Canadian Pacific Air Lines, and the merged airlines became Canadian Airlines International.

History
Pacific Western Airlines was a pioneer in the aviation history and known for its ability to profitably operate short haul air routes. The company raised profits and reserves and eventually formed Canadian Airlines in 1987. In 2001, Air Canada took over the aviation entities that Pacific Western Airlines had created.

Predecessor air carrier Central British Columbia Airlines was started by pilots Russ Baker and Walter Gilbert with financing supplied by Karl John Springer. Springer was a successful prospector, familiar with the importance of air transportation to prospecting and mine development. The company was based in Prince George and Fort St. James, British Columbia. At incorporation July 8, 1945, Frank Cooke and Lawrence Dickinson were recorded as President and Secretary-Treasurer as the pilots continued with Canadian Pacific Air Lines before CBCA went into operation. Baker's wife Madge paid the lawyer's fees for incorporation. After Baker had secured a contract with BC Forest Service to patrol for forest fires, Springer advanced $150,000 at 6% interest, secured by aircraft and other CBCA property.

Pilots provided air service to remote mining camps and logging operations in the North, delivering men and materials to isolated destinations.

It was in 1949 that Central B.C. Airways was commissioned to do aerial surveys for the giant aluminium and power complexes at Kitimat and Kemano in the rugged mountainous backcountry of British Columbia. During the development of this project, Central B.C. Airways handled 95% of the air support, consisting mainly of heavy industrial freight and workers.

Between 1949 and 1952, the company acquired seven other smaller flying services. With each acquisition, the company expanded its base of operations, providing the much needed manpower and equipment necessary to maintain a rapidly expanding air service. These companies included Associated Air Taxi, Associated Airways, Kamloops Air Service, Skeena Air Transport, Whitehorse Flying Services and Port Alberni Airways.

1950s to 1970s
In 1953, the company adopted the name Pacific Western Airlines. Additional companies were acquired, such as Queen Charlotte Airlines in 1955, giving the company a foothold in scheduled services, and Associated Airways in 1955, leading to a vital contract in the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line in Canada's north.

In 1958, Russ Baker died. A year later, in 1959, Pacific Western was part of the largest single transfer of scheduled services in Canadian aviation history. In that year, Canadian Pacific Airlines released licensed routes from Edmonton to 18 points in Northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. With this transfer, in addition to its existing routes, Pacific Western was licensed to provide scheduled air services over approximately 7,000 miles throughout Western and Northern Canada.

At this point in time, the company acquired a reputation for innovation and aggressiveness by developing several unique services for freight customers and passengers.

The Calgary-Edmonton Chieftain Airbus shuttle service was inaugurated in 1963, with passengers carrying their luggage to the aircraft and depositing it on the ramp for loading. A ticket agent on board a 66-seat Douglas DC-4 propliner would then collect the fare during the 55-minute flight. The airline operated the service from the close-in Edmonton City Centre Airport (YXD, formerly Edmonton Industrial Airport).

When the "Chieftain Airbus" service first started, it was estimated that it would take ten years to move one million passengers. That goal was reached in less than eight years.

1964 marked the introduction of another unique service known as Inclusive Tour Charter programs. This was another first for Canada, with excursion flights from Vancouver to Grand Cayman Islands. Later in the same year, Pacific Western pioneered group charters across the Atlantic, mainly to the United Kingdom.

In 1966, in anticipation of a regional air policy for Canada, Pacific Western began placing orders for jet and turboprop equipment. The regional policy became a reality in 1968, and the company was able to add many more ports of call to the already long list of destinations in Western Canada. Services at this point stretched from the U.S.Pacific Northwest to the Arctic Archipelago. Boeing 707 equipment was added to the fleet in 1967, and Inclusive Tour programs were introduced to Mexico and Hawaii in the winter, with several European destinations served during the summer, all on a charter basis. The addition of a cargo model Boeing 707 meant that livestock and perishables could now be carried all over the world, and the name Pacific Western became synonymous with "World Air Cargo". The company aircraft visited more than 90 countries during this period of time.

Pacific Western operated a worldwide Boeing 707 cargo and passenger charter program until the last aircraft was sold in 1979.

In 1967, Pacific Western became the first commercial operator of the Lockheed L-100 Hercules turboprop freighter. The Hercules were acquired to support Canada's extensive search for energy and minerals in Northern Canada. Then, following the Spring ice break-up, the Hercules would rejoin the main cargo fleet in worldwide operations. Diverse cargoes included 21,000 kilos of dimes, 20,000 kilos of Christmas cake, and a shipment of electronic equipment to the People's Republic of China, the first commercial air shipment to that country. In November 1968, the company introduced jet service on its scheduled route system with the delivery of its first Boeing 737-200 jetliner. Pacific Western was the first Canadian carrier to order the 737. The "Stampeder Service" linking Alberta and B.C. began on December 17, 1968.

Another transfer of licensing authority from CP Air (formerly Canadian Pacific Airlines) to Pacific Western provided the company with routes throughout the Interior of B.C. in 1969. The acquisition and control of B.C. Air Lines in September 1970 enabled the company to supply expanded air service to routes in the B.C. Interior and on the coast. PWA then began operating small Nord 262 turboprop aircraft that had been previously flown by B.C. Air Lines.

With larger equipment such as the Douglas DC-4, Douglas DC-6, Convair 640, Lockheed L-188 Electra, Boeing 727-100C and Boeing 737-200, Pacific Western provided scheduled air service throughout B.C., Alberta and the Northwest Territories. By 1969, the "Chieftain Airbus" shuttle service between Calgary and Edmonton was being flown with Boeing 737-200 jets, Convair 640 turboprops and Douglas DC-6 propliners.

As the 1970s progressed, the airline's equipment varied and the company began a fleet rationalization program, concentrating on the 117-seat Boeing 737-200 as the backbone of the mainline fleet. During the mid 1970s, Pacific Western was operating Boeing 727-100C jetliners in addition to its Boeing 737-200 and -200C aircraft. By the late 1970s, the company operated an all-jet mainline fleet.

Government of Alberta ownership
In 1974, the Government of Alberta under Progressive Conservative Premier Peter Lougheed assumed ownership of Pacific Western Airlines to assure the development of the North and Western Canada. The province purchased the airline for $37.5 million during a secret takeover bid. The Alberta government moved quickly out of worries British Columbia Premier Dave Barrett had a similar plan.

Following the acquisition, PWA's headquarters moved from Vancouver International Airport in Richmond, British Columbia, moved to Calgary, Alberta. Calgary International Airport became the airline's new hub.

In 1983 the Peter Lougheed government sold the airline for $37.7 million after promising to do so during the 1982 Alberta general election.

In 1976, Pacific Western was continuing to operate its "Chieftain Airbus" shuttle service between Calgary (YYC) and the Edmonton City Centre Airport (YXD, formerly the Edmonton Industrial Airport) with up to fourteen round trip flights a day operated with Boeing 737-200 jetliners.

In 1978, the company acquired the regional carrier Transair Ltd. of Winnipeg which included that airline's Boeing 737-200 jets. In February 1979, in an agreement with the Canadian Transport Commission, Transair ceased all scheduled operations east of Winnipeg and Calgary/Edmonton via Regina and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This linked the Pacific Western/Transair systems, completing the first step to eventual merger. On December 1, 1979, all operating licences and routes were transferred to Pacific Western Airlines and Transair ceased as a regional carrier.

Like Pacific Western, Transair comprised several companies. Its history dated back to 1947 with the founding of Central Northern Airways. In 1956, Central Northern Airways and Arctic Wings merged under the name Transair. The most significant of various amalgamations during the years took place in 1969 when Transair and Midwest Airlines combined their operations to form a diversified regional carrier serving midwest prairie Canada to Toronto and the Arctic with the Transair fleet including Boeing 737-200 and Fokker F28 Fellowship jets for scheduled services and the Boeing 707 for charter flights.

1985 Labour disputes
On November 20, 1985, labour disputes began between the International Union, the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, the International Association of Machinists and the Canadian Air Line Flight Attendants' Association against Pacific Western. Between 90 and 125 picketers paraded for two hours through the terminal in December.

The unions appealed from the judgment of the honourable Mr. Justice Dixon on December 24, 1985, in which he granted an interim injunction restraining from various picketing activities and limiting the number of pickets permitted at one time at various locations.

Dixon, J. gave oral reasons for judgment stating that, despite the stated purpose of the picketing, improper and lawful activities had occurred during the course of it. He said:

"I am persuaded on the evidence before me that the interest of the travelling public and the business interest of the applicant have been compromised by the picketing activities of the respondents and that such activities have exceeded the bounds of that which is proper and lawful, such that limited picketing only is to be permitted."

The labour dispute lasted until April 1986.

Late-1980s and merger
By 1986 Pacific Western was the largest airline in Western Canada, carrying over 3 million passengers per year. In 1986, joint marketing agreements were signed with local service carriers: Calm Air of Thompson, Manitoba and Time Air of Lethbridge, Alberta, under the Pacific Western Spirit Program. Pacific Western employed nearly 3,000 people throughout Western Canada and Ontario.

Organizational changes in 1986 established a formal structural relationship between the holding company, Pacific Western Airlines Corporation, and the airline operating company, Pacific Western Airlines Ltd.

On December 2, 1986, PWA Corporation announced its intention to purchase Canadian Pacific Air Lines for $300 million, effective February 1, 1987.

The airline went through several iterations, originally consisting of small float planes in the 1950s, evolving to include a varied fleet of Convair 640 turboprops and Douglas propliners including DC-3, DC-4, DC-6 and DC-7C into the 1960s. PWA had a major impact in the Arctic and was instrumental in providing service to many isolated communities. The airline also operated several Boeing 707 aircraft that served in both a passenger and cargo capacity for charter work. Along with a number of Lockheed L-100 (the civilian version of the C-130 Hercules), PWA became a major player in the world air cargo business (also used extensively too support oil exploration in the High Arctic). The airline expanded to include a variety of aircraft, including Boeing 727-100s, Boeing 737-200s and two Boeing 767-200 aircraft. The airline was briefly owned by the Alberta provincial government in the mid 1970s. According to the July 1, 1983, edition of the Official Airline Guide (OAG), the airline was operating its Boeing 767 aircraft on scheduled services into Vancouver, Calgary, Regina and Winnipeg. The 767s were the largest aircraft ever operated in scheduled passenger service by PWA. However, they were then removed from the fleet in favor of the smaller Boeing 737.

Following the removal of the Boeing 767 aircraft during the mid 1980s, the fleet then exclusively consisted of Boeing 737-200 and 737-200C jetliners. Pacific Western had become one of the most innovative airlines on the west coast of Canada, servicing communities throughout western Canada and across the country.

In 1987, PWA Corp, the parent corporation of Pacific Western Airlines, purchased Canadian Pacific Airlines (which formerly operated as CP Air but had changed its name back to Canadian Pacific) to form Canadian Airlines International. Wardair, another Canadian airline, was later purchased by PWA in 1989, resulting in only two major airlines in Canada: Canadian Airlines International and Air Canada. PWA and later Canadian airlines were based in Calgary. In December 1999, Air Canada took over Canadian Airlines International.

Incidents and accidents

 * July 16, 1969: Dean Maclagan, a pilot, crashed a Lockheed L-100 Hercules freighter into the Peruvian jungle with the wing hitting ground during go-around in fog.

 * January 2, 1973: The first of the Boeing 707-321C freighters, Flight 3801, a 707-321 (CF-PWZ) crashed at Telford Lake, Canada during a blizzard near Edmonton; five crew and the cargo of 86 cattle were killed, the cause was not determined as the investigation was not done in accordance with ICAO Annex.

 * November 21, 1976: Dean Maclagan died with four of his crew in another Lockheed L-100 Hercules freighter crash at Eastville, near Kisangani, Zaire, due to low fuel and an emergency landing in fog at night. Circumstances concerning the accident included airfield landing lights off on arrival, not enough fuel to return, and an approach and let down in the jungle. There was one survivor.

 * February 11, 1978: Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a Boeing 737-200; Cranbrook Airport, Canada: The aircraft crashed after thrust reversers did not fully stow following a rejected landing that was executed in order to avoid a snowsweeper. The crash killed four of the crew members and 38 of the 44 passengers.

 * March 22, 1984: Pacific Western Airlines Flight 501 was a regularly scheduled flight that flew between Calgary, Alberta, and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The Boeing 737-200 aircraft caught fire during takeoff on March 22, 1984. No one was killed and 27 people were injured, five seriously. The plane burned to the ground as fire crews attempted to extinguish the fire.

 * July 14, 1986: Pacific Western Airlines Flight 117, a Boeing 737-200 flying from Calgary International Airport to Vancouver International Airport with a stop in Kelowna, left the runway while landing in Kelowna and came to rest approximately 1,300 feet beyond the end of the runway. No fatalities or serious injuries were reported, however, 5 crew members and 76 passengers suffered minor injuries.

Destinations in 1985
According to the April 28, 1985, Pacific Western system route map, the airline was operating scheduled passenger service to the following destinations in Canada and the U.S. Pacific Western had recently removed its Boeing 767-200 aircraft from the fleet by this time and was operating all flights with Boeing 737-200 jetliners:

 * Brandon
 * Calgary - Hub and airline headquarters
 * Cambridge Bay
 * Campbell River
 * Castlegar
 * Comox
 * Churchill
 * Cranbrook
 * Dawson Creek
 * Edmonton - Hub (the airline served both the Edmonton City Centre Airport and the Edmonton International Airport)
 * Flin Flon
 * Fort McMurray
 * Fort Simpson
 * Fort Smith
 * Gillam
 * Hay River
 * Inuvik
 * Kamloops
 * Kelowna
 * Lynn Lake
 * Norman Wells
 * Penticton
 * Port Hardy
 * Prince George
 * Quesnel
 * Regina
 * Resolute
 * Sandspit
 * Saskatoon
 * Seattle - only U.S. destination
 * Smithers
 * Terrace
 * The Pas
 * Thompson
 * Thunder Bay
 * Toronto
 * Vancouver - Hub
 * Victoria
 * Whitehorse
 * Williams Lake
 * Winnipeg - Hub
 * Yellowknife - Focus city

Fleet

 * Avro Anson (Aircraft spotted on 1962 film from Granduc mine airstrip British Columbia Canada)
 * Avro York
 * Boeing 707-138B
 * Boeing 707-321C
 * Boeing 707-351C
 * Boeing 727-092C
 * Boeing 727-171C (B727-100 aircraft included Combi aircraft capable of mixed passenger/freight operations)
 * Boeing 727-200
 * Boeing 737-275
 * Boeing 737-275A
 * Boeing 737-275C
 * Boeing 737-2T7A
 * Boeing 737-2T7
 * Boeing 737-2A9C (B737-200 aircraft included Combi aircraft capable of mixed passenger/freight operations)
 * Boeing 737-3Y0 (B737-300 model leased from Monarch Airlines)
 * Boeing 767-275ER
 * Convair 640
 * Curtiss C-46
 * De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
 * De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
 * De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
 * Douglas DC-3
 * Douglas DC-4
 * Douglas DC-6
 * Douglas DC-7C
 * Grumman G-73 Mallard (amphibious aircraft)
 * Lockheed L-100 Hercules
 * Lockheed L-188 Electra
 * Noorduyn Norseman (amphibious aircraft)
 * Nord 262
 * Junkers W 34

title: Pacific Western Airlines


text:
Libinia emarginata

Libinia emarginata, the portly spider crab, common spider crab or nine-spined spider crab, is a species of stenohaline crab that lives on the Atlantic coast of North America.

Distribution
Libinia emarginata occurs from Nova Scotia to the Florida Keys and through the Gulf of Mexico. It lives at depths of up to 160 ft, with exceptional records of up to 400 ft.

Description
Libinia emarginata is roughly triangular in outline and very heavily calcified, with a carapace about 4 in long and a leg span of 12 in. The whole crab is khaki, and the carapace is covered in spines and tubercles, and, as with other decorator crabs, often clothes itself in debris and small invertebrates.

Reproduction
Mating takes place, and eggs are produced from June to September. The eggs are initially a bright orange-red, but turn brown during development, which takes around 25 days. The eggs then hatch as zoea larvae, and the female can produce another brood of eggs within 12 hours, unlike many other crab species whose females only mate immediately after molting.

Similar species
Libinia emarginata is very similar to Libinia dubia with which it is largely sympatric. They can be told apart by examining the row of spines along the center of the carapace: in L. emarginata there are nine, while in L. dubia there are only six. Also, the rostrum of L. dubia is more deeply forked than that of L. emarginata.

Ecology and behavior
Libinia emarginata lives on various substrates, at depths of up to 150 ft. Adults are sluggish and not aggressive, and younger crabs are frequently covered with sponges and hydroids.

Despite its small size, in comparison to other predatory crabs, L. emarginata feeds on large starfish such as Asterias forbesi.

Unusually for crabs, L. emarginata preferentially walks forwards, rather than sideways, although they are also capable of sidelong movement. Its skeletal, muscular and neural anatomy more closely resembles that of forward-walking species, rather than that of more closely related sideways-walking species.

L. emarginata will mate in large aggregations. These aggregations may function as a protective mechanism during reproduction. Males of L. emarginata show an unusual "obstetrical behavior", in which gravid females who are about to release their larvae are held behind the male and aggressively protected.

title: Libinia emarginata


text:
User:Dupes

Substantive contributions:

Wrote initial article for Aslyn

Took photograph used in West Quoddy Head Light and Lubec, Maine

Posted photograph used in Fredericton, New Brunswick

title: User:Dupes


text:
Khartoum Resolution

The Khartoum Resolution (قرار الخرطوم) of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit, which was convened in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in the wake of the Six-Day War. The resolution is famous for containing (in the third paragraph) what became known as the "Three Noes" (اللاءات الثلاث) or "The Three Noes of Khartoum" (لاءات الخرطوم الثلاث).

Resolution text

 * 1) The conference has affirmed the unity of Arab states, the unity of joint action and the need for coordination and for the elimination of all differences. The Kings, Presidents and representatives of the other Arab Heads of State at the conference have affirmed their countries' stand by an implementation of the Arab Solidarity Charter which was signed at the third Arab summit conference in Casablanca.
 * 2) The conference has agreed on the need to consolidate all efforts to eliminate the effects of the aggression on the basis that the occupied lands are Arab lands and that the burden of regaining these lands falls on all the Arab States.
 * 3) The Arab Heads of State have agreed to unite their political efforts at the international and diplomatic level to eliminate the effects of the aggression and to ensure the withdrawal of the aggressive Israeli forces from the Arab lands which have been occupied since the aggression of 5 June. This will be done within the framework of the main principles by which the Arab States abide, namely, no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it, and insistence on the rights of the Palestinian people in their own country.
 * 4) The conference of Arab Ministers of Finance, Economy and Oil recommended that suspension of oil pumping be used as a weapon in the battle. However, after thoroughly studying the matter, the summit conference has come to the conclusion that the oil pumping can itself be used as a positive weapon, since oil is an Arab resource which can be used to strengthen the economy of the Arab States directly affected by the aggression, so that these States will be able to stand firm in the battle. The conference has, therefore, decided to resume the pumping of oil, since oil is a positive Arab resource that can be used in the service of Arab goals. It can contribute to the efforts to enable those Arab States which were exposed to the aggression and thereby lost economic resources to stand firm and eliminate the effects of the aggression. The oil-producing States have, in fact, participated in the efforts to enable the States affected by the aggression to stand firm in the face of any economic pressure.
 * 5) The participants in the conference have approved the plan proposed by Kuwait to set up an Arab Economic and Social Development Fund on the basis of the recommendation of the Baghdad conference of Arab Ministers of Finance, Economy and Oil.
 * 6) The participants have agreed on the need to adopt the necessary measures to strengthen military preparation to face all eventualities.
 * 7) The conference has decided to expedite the elimination of foreign bases in the Arab States.

Interpretations
Commentators have frequently presented the resolution as an example of Arab rejectionism. Abd al Azim Ramadan stated that the Khartoum decisions left only one option—war. Efraim Halevy, Guy Ben-Porat, Steven R. David, Julius Stone, and Ian Bremmer all agree the Khartoum Resolution amounted to a rejection of Israel's right to exist. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) itself enlisted the Khartoum Resolution to advocate against acceptance of Israel's right to exist as articulated in United Nations Security Council Resolution 242. Benny Morris wrote that the Arab leaders "hammered out a defiant, rejectionist platform that was to bedevil all peace moves in the region for a decade" despite an Israeli offer on 19 June 1967 "to give up Sinai and the Golan in exchange for peace." Odd Bull of the UNTSO opined in much the same manner in 1976.

Avi Shlaim has argued that Arab spokesmen interpreted the Khartoum declarations to mean "no formal peace treaty, but not a rejection of peace; no direct negotiations, but not a refusal to talk through third parties; and no de jure recognition of Israel, but acceptance of its existence as a state" (emphasis in original). Shlaim states that the conference marked a turning point in Arab–Israeli relations by noting that Gamal Abdel Nasser urged Hussein of Jordan to seek a "comprehensive settlement" with Israel. Shlaim acknowledges that none of that was known in Israel at the time, whose leaders took the "Three Nos" at face value. Fred Khouri argued that "the Khartoum conference cleared the way for the Arab moderates to seek a political solution and to offer, in exchange for their conquered lands, important concessions short of actually recognizing Israel and negotiating formal peace treaties with her."

In the event, indirect negotiations between Israel, Jordan and Egypt eventually opened through the auspices of the Jarring Mission (1967–1973), and secret direct talks also took place between Israel and Jordan, but neither avenue succeeded in achieving a meaningful settlement, which set the stage for a new round of conflict.

title: Khartoum Resolution


text:
Malpighian corpuscle

There are at least two anatomical structures called a Malpighian corpuscle. They are also known as:
 * Renal corpuscles — the initial filtering component of nephrons in the kidneys
 * White pulp, splenic lymphoid nodules, or white nodules — follicles in the white pulp of the spleen, containing many lymphocytes

These structures are named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist regarded as the father of microscopical anatomy and histology.

title: Malpighian corpuscle


text:
Brian Sutter

Brian Louis Allen Sutter (born October 7, 1956) is a Canadian former ice hockey forward and former head coach in the National Hockey League (NHL). Brian is the second oldest of the famous Sutter brothers and the oldest of the six that played in the NHL. He is also the only one to have his number retired by an NHL team.

Player
Sutter was drafted by the St. Louis Blues during the 2nd round (20th overall) in the 1976 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Blues until 1988, when a nagging back injury forced him into retirement. In 12 years with the Blues, he played in three NHL All-Star Games – 1982, 1983, and 1985. For the last nine years of his career, he was the Blues' captain. His jersey, #11, was retired by the St. Louis Blues on December 30, 1988.

Coaching
Immediately after retiring, he was named the Blues' head coach (1988–1992). In 1991, he won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL's best coach. All told, he spent the first 16 years of his adult life at ice level with the Blues.

Sutter subsequently held head coaching positions with the Boston Bruins, Calgary Flames, and Chicago Blackhawks (2001–2004). On June 21, 2005, the Blackhawks hired Dale Tallon as their new general manager; Tallon and the rebuilding Blackhawks decided not to renew Sutter's contract.

During the 2006–07 season, Sutter coached the Bentley Generals of the Chinook Hockey League, leading the team to its first berth in the Allan Cup, Canada's senior men's hockey championship.

Sutter was named the head coach of the Western Hockey League's Red Deer Rebels on July 12, 2007, replacing his younger brother Brent, who left the Rebels to become the head coach of the NHL's New Jersey Devils. On March 24, 2008, the Rebels announced that Brian Sutter had resigned as head coach of the team, citing personal reasons.

Sutter returned as head coach of the Generals for the 2008–09 season, leading them to its first Allan Cup title in 2009. In August 2012, Sutter left the Generals to become the new head coach of the Innisfail Eagles, also of the Chinook Hockey League.

Personal life
Sutter and his wife Judy have two children, a son Shaun and a daughter, Abigail.

title: Brian Sutter


text:
Co-curricular activity (Singapore)

In Singapore, a co-curricular activity (CCA), is a non-academic activity that all students must undertake as part of their education. Introduced by the Ministry of Education (MOE), CCAs are strongly encouraged at the primary and post-secondary level but compulsory at secondary level. Students can choose from 4 categories: clubs and societies, physical sports, uniformed groups, and visual and performing arts. They may also start their own activities with the school’s approval. Anyone offering enrichment activities to schools must be registered with the MOE.

Structure
CCA choices vary widely from school to school, although schools at each education level are required to conform to national standards prescribed for that level. Joining a CCA is strongly encouraged in the primary and post-secondary education level. However, in secondary schools, CCAs are treated more seriously. Students are required to pick at least one Core CCA to join in Secondary One, while being able to choose a second CCA if they wish. If the student excels and achieves results in their CCA, 1 to 2 'O' Level points are removed from the examination aggregate (a lower aggregate indicates better marks) at the end of the fourth/fifth year.

The activities available as CCA choices can be divided into 4 key categories:

 * Clubs & Societies
 * Physical Sports
 * Uniformed Groups
 * Visual & Performing Arts

Competitions
Many CCA-related competitions are held in Singapore, creating a competitive environment which provide CCA groups an objective to work towards.

The Ministry of Education organises competitions for competitive sports at the zonal and national level, respectively the yearly Zonal and National Schools Competitions. MOE also organises the biennial Singapore Youth Festival (SYF) for the Aesthetics CCAs.

Student associations

 * Prefectorial Board
 * Students' Council
 * The Peer Support Board
 * The Junior and Senior Leaders Board
 * The Civics Tutorial Council / Monitor / Class Leaders' Council
 * The House Committee
 * Technology Student Association (TSA)
 * National Education Ambassadors
 * Key Club
 * Student Congress
 * Environment Councillors
 * Choir

Sports and games

 * Aikido
 * Archery
 * Badminton
 * Basketball
 * Bowling
 * Canoe Polo
 * Climbing
 * Cricket
 * Cross country
 * Fencing
 * Flatwater canoe/kayak racing
 * Floorball
 * Football
 * Fun Go Kart Club (only offered in ITE CW )
 * Golf
 * Gymnastics
 * Artistic gymnastics
 * Rhythmic gymnastics
 * Trampoline gymnastics
 * Hockey
 * Handball
 * Netball
 * Outdoor Adventure (usually in polytechnics)
 * Rugby
 * Sailing
 * Sepak Takraw
 * Shooting
 * Air pistol
 * Air rifle
 * Skipping
 * Softball
 * Sports Invention Club
 * Squash
 * Swimming
 * Table tennis
 * Taekwondo
 * Tchoukball
 * Tennis
 * Track and field
 * Ultimate (Frisbee)
 * Volleyball
 * Water polo
 * Wushu

Uniformed groups

 * Boys' Brigade (BB)
 * Girls' Brigade (GB)
 * Girl Guides Singapore (GG)
 * Brownies
 * National Cadet Corps (Air) (NCC Air)
 * National Cadet Corps (Sea) (NCC Sea)
 * National Cadet Corps (Land) (NCC Land)
 * National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (NCDCC)
 * National Police Cadet Corps (Land) (NPCC)
 * Red Cross Youth (RCY)
 * Singapore Scout Association (SSA)
 * St. John Ambulance Brigade (SJAB)

Performing arts
Note that Band may either count as a uniformed group or a performing arts group.
 * Angklung Ensemble
 * Bands
 * Brass Band
 * Concert Band
 * Display Band
 * Marching band
 * Military band
 * Symphonic Band
 * Wind band
 * Chinese orchestra
 * Chinese Drama
 * Choir
 * Dance Clubs
 * Chinese Dance
 * Indian Dance
 * International Dance
 * Malay Dance
 * Modern Dance
 * English Drama
 * Gamelan
 * General Music
 * Guitar Ensemble
 * Guzheng Ensemble
 * Handbell Ensemble
 * Harmonica and Keyboard Ensemble
 * Harp Ensemble
 * Indian Orchestra
 * Percussion Band
 * Piano Ensemble
 * Orchestra
 * String Ensemble
 * Violin

Clubs and societies

 * Advanced Mathematics Club
 * AVA Club (Audio and Visual Aid)
 * Art Club
 * Astronomy Club
 * Cabin Club (with Singapore Children's Society)
 * Comics Club
 * Chess Club
 * Chinese Cultural Club
 * Chinese Calligraphy Club
 * Computer Club
 * Culinary Club (One school only)
 * Debate Club
 * Drama Club
 * English Calligraphy Club
 * Entrepreneurship Club
 * Environment Club
 * First Aid Club
 * Future Problem Solving Programme
 * Game Designing Club
 * Gardening Club
 * Green Club
 * Guitar Club
 * Infocomm Club
 * Interact Club
 * Innovation Programme
 * Indian Cultural Society
 * Inventions Club
 * Research Programme
 * Robotics Club
 * Language Club
 * Library Club
 * Mathematics Club
 * Media Club
 * Mind Sports Club
 * Multimedia Club
 * Outdoor Activities Club (OAC/ODAC)
 * Philatelic Club
 * Philosophy Club
 * Photography Club
 * Photoshop Club
 * Robotics Club
 * Science Club
 * Singapore Youth Flying Club (SYFC)
 * Scrabble Society
 * Tactics Club
 * Tamil Literary, Drama and Debate Society (TLDDS)
 * Video Animation Club
 * World Scholar's Cup (WSC)

In some schools, instead of separate clubs for Language, Debate and Drama (and even Culture), these domains are grouped under the heading of Language Debate and Drama Societies, an example of which is the English Literary Drama and Debate Society (ELDDS).

title: Co-curricular activity (Singapore)


text:
List of mayors and lord mayors of Melbourne

This is a list of mayors and lord mayors of the City of Melbourne, a local government area of Victoria, Australia.

Lord mayors (1902–1980)
The title of "Lord Mayor" was conferred on the position of mayor by King Edward VII on 18 December 1902.


text:
Eastern Washington

Eastern Washington is the region of the U.S. state of Washington located east of the Cascade Range. It contains the city of Spokane (the second largest city in the state), the Tri-Cities, the Columbia River and the Grand Coulee Dam, the Hanford Nuclear Reservation and the fertile farmlands of the Yakima Valley and the Palouse. Unlike in Western Washington, the climate is dry, including some desert environments.

Climate
A significant difference between Eastern Washington and the western half of the state is its climate. While the west half of the state is located in a rainy oceanic climate, the eastern half receives little rainfall due to the rainshadow created by the Cascade Mountains. Also, due to being farther from the sea, the east side has both hotter summers and colder winters than the west. Most communities in Eastern Washington, for example, have significant yearly snowfall, while in the west snowfall is minimal and not seen every year. The east and west do still have some climatic traits in common, though: more rainfall in winter than summer, a lack of severe storms, and milder temperature ranges than more inland locations.

There is some variation in both temperature and rainfall throughout Eastern Washington. Generally, lower elevations are both hotter and drier than higher elevations. This is easily seen in the comparison between low-elevation Richland with higher elevation Spokane.

Nomenclature
Other terms used for Eastern Washington or large parts of it include:
 * Columbia Basin
 * Eastside or east side of the state
 * Inland Empire/Inland Northwest (also includes the Idaho Panhandle)

Cities
The following cities and towns in Eastern Washington have over 10,000 inhabitants.

 * Spokane (pop. 217,300)
 * Spokane Valley (pop. 94,919)
 * Yakima (pop. 93,701)
 * Kennewick (pop. 80,280)
 * Pasco (pop. 71,680)
 * Richland (pop. 54,150)
 * Wenatchee (pop. 34,070)
 * Walla Walla (pop. 33,840)
 * Pullman (pop. 33,280)
 * Moses Lake (pop. 22,720)
 * Ellensburg (pop. 19,550)
 * Sunnyside (pop. 16,640)
 * West Richland (pop. 14,660)
 * East Wenatchee (pop. 13,600)
 * Liberty Lake (pop. 12,003)
 * Cheney (pop. 11,880)
 * Grandview (pop. 11,170)
 * Airway Heights (pop. 10,757)

Protected areas

 * Hanford Reach National Monument
 * Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area
 * Juniper Dunes Wilderness
 * Salmo-Priest Wilderness
 * Wenaha-Tucannon Wilderness (partial)

 * Colville National Forest
 * Idaho Panhandle National Forest (partial)
 * Kaniksu National Forest (partial)
 * Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest
 * Umatilla National Forest (partial)
 * Columbia National Wildlife Refuge
 * Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge
 * Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge
 * McNary National Wildlife Refuge
 * Saddle Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
 * Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge
 * Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge
 * Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge (partial)
 * Crawford State Park

Counties
Eastern Washington is composed of Adams, Asotin, Benton, Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, Walla Walla, Whitman, and Yakima counties. Some definitions also include part of Skamania County that lies east of the ridge line of the Cascade Mountains.

Population
Compared to Western Washington, Eastern Washington has roughly twice the land area and one-fifth the population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the population estimate as of July 2019 was 1,641,900. The population growth rate between the two is roughly the same. Of Washington's ten Congressional districts, Eastern Washington exactly encompasses two (the 4th and 5th), aside from a small portion of the 3rd in Skamania County.

Education
Eastern Washington hosts a number of universities including three of the state's five public universities.

Public institutions

 * Central Washington University
 * Eastern Washington University
 * Washington State University
 * A number of local community colleges including:
 * Big Bend Community College
 * Columbia Basin College
 * Spokane Community College
 * Spokane Falls Community College
 * Walla Walla Community College
 * Wenatchee Valley College
 * Yakima Valley College

Private institutions

 * Gonzaga University
 * Heritage University
 * Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences
 * Walla Walla University
 * Whitman College
 * Whitworth University

Research institutions

 * Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
 * Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute at Central Washington University

Proposed statehood
There have been sporadic movements to create a 51st state out of Eastern Washington by splitting the current state down the Cascades, but proposals have rarely progressed out of the state legislature's committees. Bills in the Washington State Legislature which would have requested the United States Congress to take up the question were proposed in 1996, 1999, 2005, and 2017. Proposed names for the new state have included Lincoln, Columbia, Liberty, or simply Eastern Washington. Many of these proposals would include the Idaho Panhandle as part of the proposed state of Lincoln.

Eastern Washington tends to vote Republican, whereas Western Washington usually votes Democratic. However, Spokane, the proposed capital and largest city, tends to have a higher democratic vote than other Eastern Washington cities. Additionally, Whitman County votes Democratic.

title: Eastern Washington