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Point Counter Point

Point Counter Point is a novel by Aldous Huxley, first published in 1928. It is Huxley's longest novel, and was notably more complex and serious than his earlier fiction.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Point Counter Point 44th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

The novel entered the public domain in the United States in 2024.

Title and construction
The novel's title is a reference to the flow of arguments in a debate, and a series of these exchanges tell the story. Instead of a single central plot, there are a number of interlinked story lines and recurring themes (as in musical "counterpoint"). As a roman à clef, many of the characters are based on real people, most of whom Huxley knew personally, such as D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Nancy Cunard, and John Middleton Murry, and Huxley is depicted as the novel's novelist, Philip Quarles. Huxley described the structure of Point Counter Point within the novel itself, in a stream of consciousness musing of Quarles:

"The musicalization of fiction.  Not in the symbolist way, by subordinating sense to sound. . . . But on a large scale, in the construction.  Meditate on Beethoven.  The changes of moods, the abrupt transitions . . . More interesting still, the modulations, not merely from one key to another, but from mood to mood.  A theme is stated, then developed, pushed out of shape, imperceptibly deformed, until, though still recognizably the same, it has become quite different. . . . Get this into a novel.  How?  The abrupt transitions are easy enough.  All you need is a sufficiency of characters and parallel, contrapuntal plots.   . . . You alternate the theme.  More interesting, the modulations and variations are also more difficult.  A novelist modulates by reduplicating situations and characters. He shows several people falling in love, or dying, or praying in different ways -- dissimilars solving the same problem. Or, vice versa, similar people confronted with dissimilar problems. In this way you can modulate through all the aspects of your theme, you can write variations in any number of different moods. Another way: The novelist can assume the god-like creative privilege and simply elect to consider the events in the story in their various aspects -- emotional, scientific, religious, metaphysical, etc. He will modulate from one to the other -- as, from the aesthetic to the physico-chemical aspect of things, from the religious to the physiological or financial. . . . Put a novelist in the novel. He justifies aesthetic generalizations, which may be interesting -- at least to me. He also justifies experiment. Specimens of his work may illustrate other possible or impossible ways of telling a story.'"

Main characters and storylines
Some of the main characters are:

 * Walter Bidlake, a young journalist. A weak and ineffectual man, Walter is living with Marjorie Carling, a married woman whose husband refuses to grant her a divorce. Marjorie is pregnant with Walter's child, but their relationship is disintegrating, largely because Walter has fallen desperately in love with the sexually aggressive and independent Lucy Tantamount (based on Nancy Cunard, with whom Huxley had a similarly unsatisfactory affair).
 * John Bidlake, Walter's father, a painter (based on Augustus John). He is famous for his work and for his scandalous love life. However, his recent paintings show a creative decline, which he himself recognises but refuses to admit. He has an illness which is eventually diagnosed as terminal cancer. His wife Mrs. Bidlake is inspired by Lady Ottoline Morrell.
 * Philip Quarles, a writer (a self-portrait of Huxley) and his wife Elinor, John Bidlake's daughter. They return from India to England. Quarles is a withdrawn, cerebral man, ill at ease with the everyday world and its emotions; Elinor loves him, but is tempted to enter into an affair with the bold and attractive Everard Webley, a political demagogue and leader of his own quasi-military group, the Brotherhood of British Freemen. (Webley is often assumed to be based on Oswald Mosley, but there are reasons for doubting this: see below.) Quarles' father, Sidney, is unlike his son: outwardly impressive, he is in reality pretentious, feeble and self-indulgent. An undistinguished MP and failed businessman, he has retired from public life, supposedly to concentrate on writing a vast and definitive study of democracy. In fact he has written nothing, but he employs a secretary; the girl becomes pregnant by him and threatens to make a scandal. Philip and Elinor have a young son, little Phil, who becomes ill and dies of meningitis.
 * Mark Rampion, a writer and painter. Based on D. H. Lawrence, whom Huxley admired greatly, Rampion is a fierce critic of modern society. A full chapter in flashback shows Rampion's courtship and marriage to his wife, Mary (based on Lawrence's wife Frieda).
 * Maurice Spandrell, an intellectual desperately and unsuccessfully searching for proof of the divine in his life (based on Charles Baudelaire, who of course did not live in Huxley's time). For years Spandrell has devoted himself to vice and deliberate wickedness in order to prompt a reaction from God. He has found some pleasure in the corruption of an innocent young girl, both in the act itself and in his own feelings of remorse, but when he is not divinely punished, he looks for an even larger sin to force God's hand. He believes  that if there is no real evidence of God's existence, everything in life is pointless. He meets Illidge, a young scientist of working-class origin, and taunts him for his angry left-wing rhetoric and actual political impotence in order to persuade him into helping him murder Everard Webley. Tragically, there is still no obvious heavenly negative and personal consequences for this ultimate sin, except to strengthen Webley's Brotherhood of British Freemen. Spandrell sends an anonymous note to the Brotherhood, informing them that the murderer is at his address. He tries one last time to find God's presence in the world when he asks Rampion whether Beethoven's String Quartet No 15, played on the newly invented gramophone, (to symbolize the collision of science and technology with art) is an indication or proof of God. Rampion answers that even the sublimest of music, such as Beethoven's composition that they are listening to, is not a proof of God, this motivates Spandrell to call the police, essentially committing suicide, since when they arrive he allows himself to be shot and killed, while the third movement from Beethoven's String Quartet No. 15 plays in the background.
 * Denis Burlap, Walter Bidlake's editor. Based on John Middleton Murry, Burlap is in his writings and public image a Christian and an anguished, self-accusing moralist; in his inner thoughts and private behaviour, however, he is calculating, avaricious and libidinous. He lives with Beatrice Gilray (based on Dorothy Brett, painter), who at thirty-five remains a virgin, having been molested as a young girl; for some time their relationship is platonic, but Burlap succeeds in seducing her. The novel ends with his having secured several thousand dollars for a book, St Francis and the Modern Psyche, and enjoying an evening of sensual pleasure with Beatrice.

Real-world British fascists
Comparisons have been made between the character Everard Webley with his Brotherhood of British Freemen and Oswald Mosley with the British Union of Fascists. However, when Huxley wrote Point Counter Point, Mosley was still a prominent member of the Labour Party and would remain so until 1931. The BUF was not founded until 1932. A number of other fascist groups preceded Mosley, the most prominent being the British Fascists, and possibly one of those may have been Huxley's inspiration. In the 1996 reprint of Point Counter Point, Mosley's son Nicholas discusses the connection in a new introduction to the novel. David Bradshaw has argued that the most likely source for Webley is John Hargrave, the founder of The Kindred of the Kibbo Kift.

Adaptations

 * Point Counter Point (1968), miniseries directed by Rex Tucker
 * A BBC mini-series by Simon Raven, starring Tristram Jellinek. It was later broadcast on PBS television in 1972.

title: Point Counter Point


text: User:Mrbrown

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mrbrown


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Talk:Ambiguous grammar

Wanted: linguistics content
Would like to see the linguistics side of things as well. - MGM 08:43, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

Wanted: inherently ambiguous example
Perhaps an example in the Inherently Ambiguous Grammars section? The union of the two languages is confusing. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.36.73.177 (talk • contribs).

 * Confusing and, what's worse, mistaken; the languages given by the regular expressions ab* (S → aT, T → bT, T → ε) and a*b (S → Tb, T → aT, T → ε) have one string in common: viz, "ab", but their union is the language given by the unambiguous regular expression a|abbb*|a*b (S → a, S → abbT, S → Ub, T → bT, T → ε, U → aU, U → ε). —RuakhTALK 18:03, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Microhunt

 * Moved from User talk:Svick.

hello Svick, I have read the page Ambiguous_grammar(computer science). Your contribution is worth appreciating! Since this page may be viewed by many computer scientists, I found it necessary to bring to your notice that one of the concept is logically false. I thought that it would be good to consult before committing any changes directly on the page or rather you make the changes by yourself if you accept my proposal, which as follows:-

At the beginning in 2nd paragraph its mentioned - " Some programming languages have ambiguous grammars; in this case, semantic information is needed to select the intended parse tree of an ambiguous construct. For example, in C the following:

x * y ; .......... " The definition of the ambiguous grammar is that: If ONE string in the language can be generated by grammar in TWO WAYS then it is ambiguous. But I think that the grammar(to generate x*y) is not ambiguous because the string x*y can be generated only in ONE way. It is problem of language designers that they have kept ONE string with TWO MEANINGS. So grammar has nothing to do with the semantics of the language. Resolving the meaning of language is not the part of the grammar. So the statement "Some programming languages have ambiguous grammars" may not be false, but the example provided is definitely incorrect(as far as my logic and knowledge is concerned).

IMPORTANT MESSAGE

I hope you will not take my proposal in wrong way. Please reply with necessary details. People have general tendency of behaving like a lawyer and defending their statement if someone attacks on their statement! So I hope that you keep yourself neutral and hunt for the truth! May God bless you!!

" GOD IS ONE !" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Microhunt (talk • contribs) 07:01, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

 * First, I moved the discussion here, because I think it belongs here.
 * Also, I have made only one minor edit to this article, so I think your appreciation is misplaced.
 * Finally, about ambiguous grammars: I think the example is correct. Consider this context-free grammar for the subset of C the example uses:
 * expression → declaration
 * expression → identifier
 * expression → expression * expression

 * declaration → identifier decl_name

 * decl_name → identifier
 * decl_name → * identifier

 * In this grammar, “x * y” can be derived as
 * expression → expression * expression → x * y
 * or
 * expression → declaration → identifier decl_name → x * identifier → x * y
 * This means the grammar is actually ambiguous.

Svick (talk) 20:19, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

-

'Microhunt' Thanks svick I was not aware that Such ambiguous grammar is used in C language, But then when we can write an unambiguous grammar for expressions evaluation(example given below),why such ambiguous grammar is used? Example: G=(V,T,P,S) where V = {E,T,F} T = {+,-,*,/,,id} P = { E -> E + T | E - T | T            T -> T*F | T/F | F             F -> ( id ) | id          } S = E (Please read this-->please do not misunderstand me, when I said that "Your contribution is worth appreciating!", with this statement what I meant was; All your contribution are really worth appreciating! You took it wrong way! May be the statement I typed was ambiguous!!!!! wherein the reader may get two different point of views.. My intention was not to suppress you but to get something to know what is the truth.. You are the first person in the wiki with whom I have initiated my talk. I apologize if I have hurt you unintentionally.)

One more thing I would like to share with you that some of the authors of TCS say that the grammar is ambiguous if its leftmost derivation tree and rightmost derivation tree differs. I am 100% sure it is wrong. How shall I convince them.. can you suggest any way to do so.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Microhunt (talk • contribs) 09:05, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The ambiguity of the actual C grammar stems from the fact that the character  is used for two different purposes – as a multiplication operator and as pointer indicator. Your grammar is able to express arithmetic expressions, but not variable declarations (like  ). The authors of C could have used different character for pointers (e.g. Pascal uses  ), but I suppose there was no need to do so – both programmers and compilers can handle ambiguous grammars just fine.
 * About the derivation trees: You have to be careful what exactly do they say. If it's “if the leftmost derivation tree and the rightmost derivation tree differ, then the grammar is ambiguous” (it's an implication), then I think it's correct: if there are two different derivation trees, then the grammar is ambiguous. If they mean “grammar is ambiguous if and only if its leftmost derivation tree and rightmost derivation tree differ”, then it's wrong. See for example Context-free grammar. The grammar given there is ambiguous, but there is a leftmost derivation tree that is the same as a rightmost derivation tree.
 * Oh, and you certainly didn't hurt me. Svick (talk) 12:44, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Ambiguity
If, according to this article, it's impossible to algorithmically determine whether a grammar is ambiguous or not, how come YACC can detect these ambiguities? SamSim 13:52, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't have any experience with YACC, but my guess is that it can detect some ambiguities, but not all of them. Svick (talk) 04:15, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yacc checks to ensure that its input grammar is LALR(1); this question is decidable, and all LALR(1) grammars are unambiguous. But not all unambiguous grammars are LALR(1), so the algorithms used by yacc and other LALR(1) parser generators are not algorithms for determining whether an arbitrary grammar is ambiguous. C.M.Sperberg-McQueen (talk) 00:29, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ambiguous grammar


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Patrick Dewaere

Patrick Dewaere (26 January 1947 – 16 July 1982) was a French film actor. Born in Saint-Brieuc, Côtes-d'Armor, he was the son of French actress Mado Maurin. Actor from a young age, his career lasted more than 21 years, until his suicide in Paris, in 1982.

Early life
Patrick Dewaere was the third child of an actor's family. His biological father, Michel Têtard, was lyricist who had an affair with Dewaere's mother, Mado Maurin, who was married to Pierre-Marie Bourdeaux. Dewaere grew up believing Bourdeaux was his biological father. After Dewaere's parents divorced, his mother remarried Georges Collignon, who sexually abused Dewaere as a child. Under the direction of his mother, Dewaere, his four brothers and his sister performed in movies and television series. The family lived in Paris. Dewaere attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school.

One of his first TV appearances was in 1961, when he was 14 years old. He appeared in a video for the song "Nuits d'Espagne" by Dalida. Later, he was a promising and popular French actor in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Debuts as "Patrick Dewaere"
At the age of 17, Dewaere learned that he was not the biological child of his mother’s ex-husband, Pierre-Marie Bourdeaux, but that of conductor and singer Michel Têtard. In 1968, he took the name of "Dewaere" which his maternal great-grandmother inspired him. A year earlier, he had met his first wife, Sotha, an actress who co-founded the Café de la Gare, an experimental theatre. They separated in 1970 but remained married for eleven years.

From 1968, he collaborated with the Café de la Gare, where he met Miou-Miou and Gérard Depardieu, with whom he made a breakthrough after many secondary roles in various films, in the scandalous comedy Going Places. Miou-Miou became Dewaere’s companion and the mother of his daughter Angèle (1974). She left Dewaere for singer Julien Clerc, shortly before the shooting of F...like Fairbanks, in which both play a couple in separation.

Success and depression
Patrick Dewaere became one of the most popular actors in French cinema in the 1970s. Between 1977 and 1982, he was nominated five times to the Césars in the "Best Actor" category, the most important award in France. In his work, Dewaere was restless and very conscientious, which may have caused his depressed mood. He also had serious drug problems, and it is known that he had been sexually abused as a child. He consolidated his status as a savage and ruthless actor in Alain Corneau’s cult film Série noire (1979). In his roles, Dewaere was long attached to the kind of young rebel. Only in his later films did his comic and dramatic diversity manifest itself. He often worked with director Bertrand Blier.

In 1980, Dewaere hit a journalist who had announced against his will his union with Elsa Chalier. Subsequently, the actor was ignored by the French press, his name was even abbreviated with his initials (P.D).

Personal life
For eleven years Dewaere was married to French actress Sotha. In the early 1970s, he became the companion of French actress Miou-Miou, until they separated in 1976. They had one daughter. Shortly before the release of Paradis Pour Tous (1982), a black comedy where his character tries to commit suicide, the actor shot himself in his house in Paris. He was 35 years old.

He is the father of French actress Lola Dewaere with Elsa Chalier.

Death
Elsa Chalier left him in 1982 for his best friend Coluche. Shortly afterwards, on July 16, 1982, Dewaere shot himself in his house in Paris. He also had financial and addiction problems. At the time, he was preparing for the film Édith et Marcel by Claude Lelouch, where he was to play the boxer Marcel Cerdan.

He was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Lambert-du-Lattay, in the grave of his in-laws.

Distinctions
In 1975, Dewaere received the Crystal Star of the Best Actor for The Best Way to Walk, shared with Patrick Bouchitey. This "half trophy" was the only award the profession gave him.

Between 1976 and 1982, the Académie des arts et techniques du cinéma français nominated the actor six times for the César, but never gave him the award:

 * 1976: César nomination for Best Supporting Actor, Adieu Poulet.
 * 1977: César nomination for Best Actor, The Best Way to Walk.
 * 1978: César nomination for Best Actor, Le Juge Fayard dit Le Shériff.
 * 1980: César nomination for Best Actor, Série noire.
 * 1981: César nomination for Best Actor, Un mauvais fils.
 * 1982: César nomination for Best Actor, Stepfather.

The 1978 Academy Award for Best Foreign Film was awarded to Bertrand Blier's Get Out Your Handkerchiefs, due in part to the performance of its stars, Dewaere and Depardieu.

In cinema

 * The actor was the subject of the French documentary Patrick Dewaere, which was shown at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.

 * In Michel Gondry’s film La Science des rêves (2006), the hero played by Gael García Bernal metamorphoses into Patrick Dewaere during a scene and replays several major scenes from the film Série noire. The title of the original soundtrack accompanying this sequence is Rêve Patrick Dewaere.

In music

 * 1982: Friend of Dewaere, Murray Head sings the song Shades of the Prison House in the album Shade, which will be taken as soundtrack of the film Patrick Dewaere, directed by Marc Esposito in 1992.
 * 1983: Louis Chedid evokes the memory of the actor in his song Les absents sont toujours tort.
 * 1983: Catherine Lara also paid tribute to him, with the title T'es pas drôle.
 * 1994: Christian Décamps on the album Nu with the song Impasse du Moulin Vert.
 * 1996: In the song Nirvana of the album Premières Consultations, Doc Gynéco writes: «J'vais me foutre en l'air comme Patrick Dewaere» ("I'm gonna kill myself like Patrick Dewaere").
 * 2002: Renaud evokes Dewaere in his song Mon bistrot préféré on the album Boucan d'enfer.
 * 2005: Raphael pays tribute to him with his Chanson pour Patrick Dewaere on the album Caravane.
 * The Schneider-Dewaere Double Prize rewards the male and female hopes of French cinema.

Others

 * In 1995, a care unit for suicidal young adults took his name at Lierneux (Belgium).
 * In 2008, the Patrick-Dewaere Prize, intended to reward the promising actors of French cinema, was created to replace the Jean-Gabin Prize that had existed since 1980.
 * On December 22, 2009, the Théâtre de Verdure esplanade located in the Parc des promenades of Saint-Brieuc, his hometown, was named Patrick-Dewaere esplanade, in the presence of Mado Maurin, Jean-François Vlérick, Luc Béraud and Gilles Durieux.

title: Patrick Dewaere


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Talk:List of physicians

Doreen Rosenstrauch
This entry should be republished - clearly! Wikipedia page was deleted ? Why? 109.175.240.152 (talk) 18:34, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

history has its roots find out the best of it. MAINA N JOHN (talk) 14:43, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

rename this
Would anyone object if I renamed this to "List of historical physicians" as per WikiPedia naming conventions? - MGM 08:50, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I went with just "list of physicians", no obvious reason to make separate lists of past and present people. Stan 08:27, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

1334: the artisrt gioto introduces some paintings and puts expression on the faces odf his charecters —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.46.161 (talk) 13:09, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Carl Warburg
I have added Carl Warburg to this article list. I trust this is appropriate--Roland Sparkes (talk) 14:51, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Hans Asperger
Was listed twice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.209.212.103 (talk) 21:17, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

Ramón y Cajal
I have added Ramón y Cajal for his key development of what is today called the neuron doctrine. Hope he is worth it. --Egregio1 (talk) 01:11, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Galen
I added Hippocrates, and Galen. How could the two most famous physicians of antiquity be left off this list? I removed Magnus of Nisibis, Julian (orders xenones built), and Cassius Felix of Cirta. I cannot find any external information about any of these three. I also cannot find any definition for the word "xenones". I am sure it is not English, unless it is a highly restricted technical term. Before placing any of these back into this list, I request that you create their Wikipedia page, with enough information to make it clear why they are "notable" and deserve to be in this list. Please be sure to translate "xenone" from into plain English. Thanks, Nick Beeson (talk) 17:54, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of physicians


text: User talk:62.49.53.19

title: User talk:62.49.53.19


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Andrew Sachs

Andreas Siegfried Sachs (7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016), known professionally as Andrew Sachs, was a German-born British actor. He made his name on British television and found his greatest fame for his portrayal of the comical Spanish waiter Manuel in Fawlty Towers.

Sachs had a long career in acting and voice-over work for television, film and radio. He was successful well into his eighties, with roles in numerous films such as Quartet, and as Ramsay Clegg in Coronation Street.

Early life
Sachs was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Katharina (née Schrott-Fiecht), a librarian, and Hans Emil Sachs, an insurance broker. His father was Jewish and his mother was Lutheran, with Austrian ancestry. The family moved to Britain in 1938 to escape the Nazis. They settled in north London, and he lived in Kilburn for the rest of his life.

In 1960, Sachs married the actress, writer, and fashion designer Melody Lang, who took his surname. He adopted her two sons from a previous marriage, who became known as John Sachs and William Sachs, and the couple had one daughter, Kate Sachs, in 1961. Lang appeared in one episode of Fawlty Towers, "Basil the Rat", as Mrs. Taylor.

Early work
In the late 1950s, whilst still studying shipping management at college, Sachs worked on radio productions, including Private Dreams and Public Nightmares by Frederick Bradnum, an early experimental programme made by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.

Sachs's first film appearance was as a schoolboy in Hue and Cry, Ealing comedies first film in 1947. He began in acting with repertory theatre and made his West End debut as Grobchick in the 1958 production of the Whitehall farce Simple Spymen. He made his screen debut in 1959 in the film The Night We Dropped a Clanger. He then appeared in numerous television series throughout the 1960s, including some appearances in ITC productions such as The Saint (1962) and Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969).

Fawlty Towers
Sachs is best known for portraying Manuel, the Spanish waiter in the iconic sitcom Fawlty Towers (1975 and 1979), a role for which he was nominated for a BAFTA award (the award went to co-star John Cleese). He claimed in 1981 that Manuel was "really a very small part. In fact there was only one episode of Fawlty Towers – the one with the hamster – in which I had anything much to do."

Sachs recorded three singles in character as Manuel; the first was "Manuel's Good Food Guide" in 1977, in which he appeared, in character, on the cover. Sachs was co-author of the tracks. This was followed in 1979 by "O Cheryl" with "Ode to England" on the B side, under the name "Manuel and Los Por Favors". Sachs shares the writing credits for the B side with "B. Wade", who also wrote the A side. In 1981, at the urging of Elton John, "Manuel" released a cover version of Joe Dolce's worldwide hit "Shaddap You Face", with "Waiter, there's a Flea in my Soup" on the B side. When finally released it reached 138 in the UK Chart. Dolce prohibited Sachs from releasing his version until the original had been a hit.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1980, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while making a personal appearance as Manuel at the HMV store on London's Oxford Street.

Sachs, who had himself experienced life as a 'foreigner' in Britain, denied allegations that the character was based on racist stereotypes, arguing that Manuel could have been any 'foreign' worker.

During the shooting of the Fawlty Towers episode "The Germans", Sachs was left with second degree acid burns due to a fire stunt. He was also hit with a faulty prop on the set of the show by Cleese and suffered a severe headache.

Voice work and narration
Sachs was frequently heard as a narrator of television and radio documentaries, including all five series of BBC's BAFTA Award-winning business television series Troubleshooter presented by Sir John Harvey-Jones and ITV's ...from Hell series. He also narrated several audio books, including C. S. Lewis's Narnia series and Alexander McCall Smith's first online book, Corduroy Mansions, as well as two audiobooks of the popular children's TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends "Thomas and the Tiger" and "Thomas and the Dinosaur". He provided the voice of Puzzle the Donkey in the Focus on the Family production of The Last Battle by C. S. Lewis. In 2000, Sachs narrated the spoof documentary series That Peter Kay Thing. He also narrated the documentary series Eyewitness, based on the children's books of the same name.

Sachs performed all the voices in the English-language version of Jan Švankmajer's 1994 film Faust. He also did voices for children's animation, including William's Wish Wellingtons, Starhill Ponies, The Gingerbread Man, Little Grey Rabbit, The Forgotten Toys, Asterix and the Big Fight. and the horse in the English-language version of 1970's cult TV show Monkey.

Roles for radio include G. K. Chesterton's Father Brown, 1984–1986, Dr. John Watson in four series of original Sherlock Holmes stories for BBC Radio 4, Jeeves in The Code of the Woosters, Edmond Dantès in The Count of Monte Cristo on BBC Radio 7's "Young Classics" series, Snowy in The Adventures of Tintin, and Tooley in Neil Gaiman's Neverwhere.

Later work
Although no other role gained him the same attention as Manuel, Sachs continued to star in a range of productions, both comedic and dramatic. In a reversal of his Fawlty Towers role, he was the hotel manager Don Carlos Bernardo in the 1977 Are You Being Served? movie, In addition he also played the recurring character of Barrister Jeremy Nisbett Q.C. in the Granada Television daytime series, ''Crown Court.

In 1980 Sachs starred in the title role of a four-part BBC adaptation of H. G. Wells's The History of Mr Polly. The following year, he portrayed a French Revolutionary in Mel Brooks's History of the World, Part I.

1988 saw Sachs and his wife Melody returning to Berlin to make a three part BBC documentary following his early life in the city, comparing it to the divided Berlin of 1988. An excerpt exists in the BBC Archive.

In 1990, he appeared as a contestant on Cluedo, facing off against fellow actor Keith Barron.

In 1992, he voiced the titular gingerbread man in the animated series The Gingerbread Man. He also voiced the characters Mr. Salt, Herr Von Cuckoo, and Sleek The Mouse.

In 1994 Sachs appeared in the popular Thames Television comedy drama series Minder. He played Sidney Myers in the episode "All Things Brighton Beautiful".

In 1996, Sachs portrayed Albert Einstein in an episode of the American PBS series NOVA entitled "Einstein Revealed". In 1997, Sachs played opposite Shane Richie in Chris Barfoot's Dead Clean: in a tale of mistaken identity, Sachs plays airport window cleaner Kostas Malmatakis who is hired to assassinate a businessman by his greedy partner (Mark Chapman); the British short won a Gold Remi at the Houston Worldfest in 2001.

Sachs has had several roles in Doctor Who productions. He played "Skagra" in the webcast/audio version of the Doctor Who story Shada, completed by Big Finish Productions and in 2008 he played the elderly version of former companion Adric, in another Doctor Who story for the same company, The Boy That Time Forgot. In the 1980s, Sachs had submitted his name to be considered for the part of the Seventh Doctor in the television series.

In 2005, Sachs served as the performer for the audiobook version of Urchin of the Riding Stars, the first book of The Mistmantle Chronicles. In 2007, the BBC broadcast an adaptation of Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency with Sachs portraying Reg (Professor Urban Chronotis, the Regius Professor of Chronology). He would later appear in another Adams adaptation as the Book in the live tour of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy during its run at Bromley's Churchill Theatre.

On 17 November 2008, it was announced that Sachs had been approached to appear in ITV soap Coronation Street. He later confirmed on 14 December that he was taking up the offer, saying "My wife was such a fan that I've been watching it since 1962". In May 2009 he made his debut on the street as Norris' brother, Ramsay. He appeared in 27 episodes and left in August 2009.

Sachs toured with the Australian pianist Victor Sangiorgio in a two-man show called "Life after Fawlty", which included Richard Strauss's voice and piano setting of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "Enoch Arden". 2012 saw his last major role, as Bobby Swanson in the movie Quartet.

Writing
Between 1962 and 1985 Sachs wrote a number of plays for theatre and radio, in parallel with his acting career. His first radio play, in 1962, was One Man and His Dog. Till Death Do Us Join, concerning Ernest Wire's desire to murder his wife, and Ruby Drab's hope to 'dispose of her spouse', was produced by the BBC in 1964 and broadcast in Australia as So You Want to Get Rid of Your Wife the following year. In 1978, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Revenge, a ground-breaking 30-minute play totally without dialogue (an experiment in binaural stereo recording), written and performed by Sachs. It was dismissed by playwright Jonathan Raban as a "wordless sequence of noises" and "a well-puffed curiosity". The play has however subsequently been repeated a number of times on BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Made in Heaven, which had starred Sachs's future Fawlty Towers co-star Prunella Scales when produced for radio in 1971, was brought to the stage in 1975. As performed at the Chichester Festival it starred Patrick Macnee. Though it was a popular success, Sachs said in 1981, "the critics really slaughtered it ... Actually, I had to agree with the critics. There was a lot wrong with the play." He professed his intention to rewrite the work and stage it again.

Sachs claimed he would "concentrate on writing if anything happened to impair my acting. But I'm very much a part-time writer."

Prank phone call controversy
On 25 October 2008, the BBC apologised to Sachs and his agent after they had been informed that Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross had made several obscene phone calls to him during an episode of The Russell Brand Show recorded on 16 October and broadcast two days later, on which Sachs had agreed to appear. Both presenters had left explicit messages on Sachs's telephone answering machine stating that Brand had sex with his granddaughter, Georgina Baillie.

Gordon Brown, the then Prime Minister, criticised Ross and Brand's actions, saying that it was "clearly inappropriate and unacceptable behaviour", and the television watchdog, Ofcom, launched an inquiry into the matter. Afterwards, Brand and Controller of Radio 2 Lesley Douglas resigned, with Ross soon suspended. In February 2014, Sachs was interviewed by the BBC about his autobiography. He spoke of how the scandal still affected him.

Illness and death
Sachs was diagnosed with vascular dementia in 2012, which eventually left him unable to speak and forced him to use a wheelchair. He died on 23 November 2016 at the Denville Hall nursing home in Northwood, London. His funeral took place on 1 December, the same day his death was publicly announced. Melody Sachs died the following year.

On 2 December 2016, BBC One broadcast the Fawlty Towers episode "Communication Problems" in his memory. John Cleese paid tribute to Sachs, describing him as a "sweet, sweet man".

Legacy
In July 2021 the BBC Two television series Secrets of the Museum reported on the waiter's costume, worn by Manuel, which had been gifted to Victoria and Albert Museum by the actor's daughter.

Books

 * 2015, I Know Nothing! The Autobiography, The Robson Press, ISBN 978-1849-5490-04 (shortlisted for The Sheridan Morley Prize, 2015)

title: Andrew Sachs


text:
Talk:Andrew Sachs

Filmography
I would like to see an expanded Filmography and some career highlights included in this article. - MGM 08:58, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

Dead Ernest
Am I correct in thinking that following Fawlty Towers Sachs played the character of Ernest in a programme called "Dead Ernest" about a man who dies before his time and ends up in a bureaucratic "heaven"? (Trevsy (talk) 20:26, 29 October 2008 (UTC))
 * Dead Ernest would appear to agree. Parrot of Doom (talk) 14:56, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I came here for a similar reason, trying to think of the name of that sitcom. Has it been deliberately omitted from the main page? I would have added it, but it does say "Selected" filmography. Periglio (talk) 08:37, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Audiobooks
He is presently doing the audiobook version of Alexander McCall Smith's serial novel Corduroy Mansions, and I was thinking of adding that to the article. However, if by chance he's done dozens or hundreds of audiobooks — as some actors do — then a section on his audiobook career would probably be more appropriate than mention of his latest audiobook, as if we were promoting it. Do others know of a source we could consult to see if he has done tons of audiobooks, only a few, or none before this one? Lawikitejana (talk) 07:00, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

He's been doing audiobooks a long time as this article suggests. Also, doing a search on Andrew Sachs within Amazon.co.uk brings back 100's of results if which most are Audiobooks --91.106.22.185 (talk) 23:20, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

A Phonecall
Surely not more than a sentence is required for such a trivial media invention, that it is a bigger section than his personal life seems sadly insulting - User:Anonnymouse 01:11, January 11, 2008 (UTC)

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William Sachs
... is listed as one of his children. Following the link takes one to a page about an American film director with the name William Sachs who seemed to be working in the 1970's. Something about that fact does not compute...  perhaps the William Sachs in question is no relation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.45.182.9 (talk) 13:13, 2 December 2016
 * You're right, it seems unlikely, so I've unlinked the name. If there is shown to be a connection, the link can be restored.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:13, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Sachs


text:
Basilica of the Sacred Heart

Basilica of the Sacred Heart may refer to one of several basilicas:

 * Belgium
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Belgium, or "Basilique Nationale du Sacré-Cœur", Brussels

 * France
 * Basilica of the Sacré Cœur or Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Paris

 * India
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pondicherry

 * New Zealand
 * Sacred Heart Basilica, Timaru, a Catholic church in Timaru

 * Poland
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Kraków

 * Portugal
 * Estrela Basilica, the first church dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Lisbon

 * United States
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Indiana, Notre Dame, Indiana
 * Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Newark, New Jersey
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Syracuse, New York
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Atlanta), Georgia
 * Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Conewago, Pennsylvania

title: Basilica of the Sacred Heart


text:
Whale and Dolphin Conservation

Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC), formerly Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society in the UK, is a wildlife charity that is dedicated solely to the worldwide conservation and welfare of all whales, dolphins and porpoises (cetaceans). It has offices in the UK, North America, Germany and Australia.

History
WDC was established in the UK in 1987. Its headquarters are in Chippenham in Wiltshire, UK. Until late 2012, it was known as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.

Mike Bossley established the Australian Dolphin Research Foundation, which was the precursor to the Adelaide branch of WDC Australasia. He was WDC's Manager of Science and Education in Australasia until his retirement in June 2015, after 12 years of working with the organisation. After retirement, he stayed on as a part-time consultant, devoting his time to the New Zealand dolphin campaign.

Description
Today it is a leading NGO solely dedicated to the protection of cetaceans and their living environments. WDC operates worldwide with offices in Munich, Germany; Adelaide, South Australia; Wiltshire, UK; and Massachusetts, United States.

WDC is a founding partner of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention), which is part of the United Nations Environment Programme. The organisation also develops regional protection agreements and conventions and closely cooperates with the orca (killer whale) research station OrcaLab in British Columbia, Canada.

Wildlife visitor centre
The flagship Scottish Dolphin Centre is based at the mouth of the River Spey on the southern shore of the Moray Firth on the east coast of Scotland. On the north side of the Firth lies Chanonry Point which is reputed to be one of the best spots in the UK to view bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the land.

title: Whale and Dolphin Conservation


text:
Whaling in the Faroe Islands

Whaling in the Faroe Islands, or grindadráp (from the Faroese terms grindhvalur, meaning pilot whale, and dráp, meaning killing), is a type of drive hunting that involves herding various species of whales and dolphins, but primarily pilot whales, into shallow bays to be beached, killed, and butchered. Each year, an average of around 700 long-finned pilot whales and several hundred Atlantic white-sided dolphins are caught over the course of the hunt season during the summer.

The practice dates back to the 9th century, and many Faroe Islanders consider eating whales to be an important part of their history. Since 1948, the hunt has been regulated by the Faroese authorities, required its participants to be trained, involved modern boats and communications, and been supervised by police.

The hunt has been under increasing scrutiny since the 1980s. Domestically, concerns have arisen over the potential toxicity of whale meat, particularly for young children and pregnant women. Internationally, animal rights groups, who consider the hunts cruel and unnecessary, have targeted them with protests, boycotts, and occasional direct interventions.

History
The evidence for whaling on the Faroe Islands dates back to the early days of Norse settlement (800–900 AD) during the Viking Age. After 999 AD, when Sigmundur Brestisson brought Christianity to the Faroes, the islanders began keeping records of their whale kills for the purpose of the taxes due to the King of Norway. There is archaeological evidence of whaling in the form of pilot whale bones found in household remains dating back to around 1200 AD, and laws regulating the whale hunt appear in the 1298 Sheep Letter. Written records of whale kills survive from 1584, and the statistical records are considered particularly reliable from 1709 to the present.

The 20th century saw increased regulation of Faroese whaling. On 4 June 1907, the Danish amtmaður (governor) and sysselmann (sheriff) sent the first draft for whaling regulations to the Danish authorities in Copenhagen, and in 1932 the first modern whaling legislation was introduced. As a part of the Home Rule act of 1948, the powers relating to legislating on and regulating fishing and hunting on the Faroes were devolved from the Danish Parliament to the Faroese Parliament. The 21st century has seen ongoing regulation alongside a Faroese whaling culture revival both as part of "an international preoccupation with reclaiming, preserving and reconstituting the past" and a national and local "quest for defining identity".

The whale hunt
There are no fixed hunting seasons, but whale hunts are likely to happen during spring and summer periods, from June to October. Whale drives only take place when sea and weather conditions permit. When the men hear of a grindaboð (a whale pod spotted close to shore), and after approval from the sysselman, the fishermen already at sea head towards the whales and wait for others to arrive. Women usually do not actively take part in the whale hunt, but support it as bystanders or onlookers.

Whaling regulations specify how the school of whales is to be driven ashore, and the drive works by surrounding the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of boats. On the signal of the whale hunt foremen, stones attached to lines are thrown into the water behind the pilot whales to prevent their escape and the boats drive the whales towards an authorised beach or fjord, where the animals are driven to beach themselves. In older times, the boats which were used to the whale hunt were traditional wooden rowing boats known as grindabátarnir; today they use wooden or fibreglass boats with engines. In the village of Vágur however they have preserved ten traditional whaling boats, the oldest dating back to 1873. These boats are still in use, but for pleasure trips. Once beached, the pilot whales are killed by a single deep cut through the dorsal area made with a special whaling knife, a mønustingari that severs the spinal cord. The mønustingari began to be used in 2011, and became a legal requirement in 2015. After the whales are confirmed to be dead, their necks are cut open with a grindaknívur, so that as much blood as possible can run from the whale in order to better preserve the meat.

The pilot whales that are not beached were historically stabbed in the blubber with a sharp hook, called a sóknarongul (a kind of gaff), and then pulled ashore. In 1993, a blunt gaff or blásturongul was invented that could be used to hold the beached whales steady by their blowholes and pull them ashore. In 1985, the Faroe Islands outlawed the use of spears (skutil) and harpoons (hvalvákn) in the hunt, as these weapons were considered to be unnecessarily cruel to the whales. According to the 2013 Whale Hunt Law, whales must be either ashore or stuck on the seabed before they can lawfully be killed, and, as of 26 January 2017, only the men waiting on the beaches with blásturkrókur, mønustingari and grindaknívur are permitted to kill the whales, and it is no longer permitted to harpoon the whales while at sea, or hook those outside of the encircling net.

Hunted species and populations
The main target of the Faroese whale hunt is the long-finned pilot whale. In 1993, it was estimated that there were a total of 780,000 short and long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic. The study combined both as they are hard to distinguish at sea. The North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission has noted that there is little current information on the abundance of pilot whales in the North Atlantic. The American Cetacean Society (ACS) has estimated that there may be as many as one million long-finned pilot whales and 200,000 short finned animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in its Red List of Threatened Species, rates both species of pilot whale as "least concern", and has estimated that the long-finned pilot whale subpopulation around the Faroes is around 100,000 individuals and that the Faroese catch is "likely sustainable".

According to Faroese legislation, it is also permitted to hunt certain species of small cetaceans other than pilot whales. These include the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), and harbour porpoise (Phocaena phocaena). The hunting of these species is carried out in much the same way as the pilot whale hunt, with the exception of harbour porpoises, which are killed with shotguns. Occasionally, the northern bottlenose whale is also opportunistically killed when individuals stray too close to shore, or, on occasion, are stranded. The hunting of larger whale species (fin and minke whales) ended in 1984 in the Faroe Islands.

Impression

As the use of harpoons, spears, and firearms at sea is now prohibited, the whales are now all killed on beaches in full view of spectators. The process, in which a pilot whale's dorsal region is cut, their spine severed and their main arteries opened, is naturally graphic in nature. The entire sea surrounding a whale hunt beaching location tends to turn a bloody red, and this vivid imagery can have a shocking effect on onlookers. In this regard, the whale hunt is not considered a tourism-friendly practice, as compared to, say, the mattanza tuna fishing process in Sicily and Sardinia. In 2006, Ólavur Sjúrðaberg, the chairman of the Faroese Pilot Whalers' Association, said of the pilot whale hunt: "I'm sure that no one who kills his own animals for food is unmoved by what he does. You want it done as quickly and with as little suffering as possible for the animal."

Locations
The best locations for whale drives have highly specific "coastal geomorphology", with sandy bottoms, a lack of large rocks or mud, and lack what are known locally as a marbakki, which are sharp land shelves close to shore that whales can see clearly with their echolocation and tend to avoid. At appropriate locations, whales can readily be driven close to or fully ashore, and can sometimes even accidentally strand themselves.

There are close to 30 historic whale hunt locations (hvalvàgir). These include: Bøur, Fámjin, Fuglafjørður, Funningsfjørður, Húsavík, Hvalba (three sites), Hvalvík, Hvannasund, Klaksvík (in both bays), Kollafjørður, Leynar, Miðvágur, Norðragøta, Norðskáli, Sandavágur, Sandur, Syðrugøta, Tjørnuvík, Tórshavn (in Sandagerð), Trongisvágur, Vágur, Vestmanna, Viðvík (near Hvannasund, but on the east coast of Viðoy) and Øravík.

Catch statistics
Records of the drive exist in part since 1584, and continuously from 1709. Faroese whaling catches have gone through several peaks and troughs in the last century, with notable peaks just before World War II, in the 1950s and 1980s. Each catch is divided into the Faroese 'skinns', a unit of measurement for dividing whale carcasses into combined meat and blubber portions weighing about 75 kg.

The largest catch of pilot whales in a single season in recent decades was 1,203 animals in 2017. The average, since 2000, has been 670 animals. In the same period, the average number of white-sided dolphins caught has been 298 animals.

On 15 September 2021, a highly unusual white-sided dolphin hunt took place in which 1,428 were caught and slaughtered in a single day. This was nearly five times the average annual catch of this species and roughly double the previous record number of the animals caught in recent decades. The previous recent record was a total of 773 of the animals caught across the entire season in 2002.

Human casualties
On Saturday 13 February 1915 there was a whale hunt in Sandvík. During the drive, two boats capsized because of rough seas with 15 men on board, fourteen of whom lost their lives, while one was rescued. The men came from the villages Sandvík and Hvalba. The only man who survived the accident, Petur í Køkini, wrote a letter on the following day in which he described the accident and his loss of his son and his brother. The letter begins:

"It is with great sorrow, that I must write you these lines. Yesterday we have lost our beloved son [Niels Peter Joensen] during a whaling in Sandvík. The sea was so rough that two boats capsized, 9 men on board one and 6 in the other. I was myself on board one of these boats and was the only one who got rescued. Several times I got loose of the boat and was deep down in the sea, but I kept grabbing the boat again. After a long time a boat came to rescue me. You must not think, that I was just glad to be rescued. It was just because of Mariane [his wife] and the daughters. My brother Hans also died. All together 14 young men and boys like Peter. It is an unbelievable grief, both out where he used to work, and not at least here at home."

Cultural significance
The meat and blubber of the pilot whale are a traditional part of the diet of the Faroese community. Marine mammal blubber has also historically been processed for lamp oil and for medicinal purposes. The skin of pilot whales was once used to make fishing lines and ropes, while their stomachs were used as fishing floats. Other parts of the animals were used to make shoes.

Faroese cuisine is generally dominated by the use of animal products, as only about 2% of the 1,393 km2 of land on the islands is at all suitable for arable crops. As a result, during the winter months, the Faroe Islanders traditionally eat mostly salted or dried food, including mutton, fish, seabirds and the meat and blubber from sea mammals.

The pilot whale hunt is also a recurring motif in Faroese literature and art, such as the grindadráp paintings by Sámal Joensen-Mikines, which are exhibited in the Faroese art museum in Tórshavn. Whale hunts were also once celebrated with a traditional cultural dance known as the grindadansur, and in 1835, one Danish governor (amtmand) of the Faroe Islands, Christian Pløyen, published a whaling ballad called the grindavísan. Faroese place names often speak explicitly to whaling culture, such as that of the town of Hvalvík, which means 'whale bay'.

Culinary tradition

The tradition of eating pilot whale meat and blubber dates back many centuries. Today, it is consumed as a Faroese delicacy. Meat and blubber, Tvøst og spik in Faroese, can be stored and prepared in various ways. When fresh, pilot whale meat can be served as a steak called a grindabúffur. Meat, blubber and potatoes are also boiled together in stews, while slivers of the blubber are a popular accompaniment to dried fish. On special occasions, a dish called kalt borð, a spread of cold dishes and cakes often including dried pilot whale meat and salted blubber, can be served.

The traditional means of preserving meat and blubber is by salting or outdoor wind-drying – a process that takes around eight weeks. Salting is done by immersing the meat or blubber in brine that is sufficiently saline that a potato can float in it. The meat and blubber can last for a long time in this condition, but cannot be eaten directly. Instead, the salt water must be allowed to drain back out of the meat or blubber before consumption. Today, many people also freeze the meat and the blubber, but the traditional way of storage is still practiced, particularly in the villages.

Dietary health risks
Studies in the late 1980s and 1990s exposed high levels of ocean-borne pollutants such as methyl mercury and PCB in the Faroese diet, and raised the alarm over the possible effects of the level of exposure on young children.

In August 2008, a WHO report summarising much of the prior research noted that the Faroe Islands population was exposed to methyl mercury largely from contaminated pilot whale meat, which contained very high levels of about 2 mg per kg. It noted that a 10-year study by Philippe Grandjean with a sample of about 900 Faroese children had shown that prenatal exposure to methyl mercury had resulted in neuropsychological deficits at 7 years of age, and that the developmental delays were significantly associated with methyl mercury exposures, even in lower exposure ranges.

In November 2008, Høgni Debes Joensen, the chief medical officer of the Faroe Islands, and scientist Pál Weihe recommended that pilot whales should no longer be considered healthy for human consumption due to the high levels of mercury, PCB and DDT derivatives in the animals. The research by Joensen and Weihe led to recommendations, but no ruling, by the Faroese government against the consumption of pilot whale meat.

In June 2011, the Faroese Food and Veterinary Authorities recommended that adults should only eat one portion of pilot whale meat and blubber per month, that the kidneys and liver of pilot whales should never be eaten, and that women should take particular care surrounding pregnancy.

In July 2012, Joensen and Weihe published a follow-up study showed that pilot whales contain an average of twice the EU limit for mercury in food. In the paper, Weihe also revealed the detrimental impact of ingested mercury from the regular consumption of pilot whales on the foetal development of the human nervous system. It also raised the risk of Parkinson's, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and negative impacts on reproductive function later in life.

In 2013, a survey revealed that students tended to consume more meat than blubber, and men more meat than women, probably due to warnings for pregnant women. The Faroese generally agree that these health considerations mean whale meat consumption may have to be reduced, and that pregnant mothers should avoid it.

Competing interpretations
Faroese whaling practices have been challenged by environmental organisations, most notably by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, as being cruel and unnecessary, with critics pointing out that the suffering of the animals is not as limited as claimed. Reports on the length of time it takes the mammals to die are extremely variable, ranging from a few second to tens of minutes, and that is without touching on the psychological suffering that the animals endure as they are herded into the bays and killed in the presence of each other – a point emphasised by Sea Shepherd, which has also noted that the hunts can wipe out an entire whale pod or dolphin family group. Critics and legal experts also point to the violation of the Faroes Islands of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Berne Convention, which Denmark subscribes to. The State of Denmark has also pushed back on and refused to ratify the International Whaling Commission (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling. Internationally, animal rights groups have targeted the hunts with protests, boycotts, and occasional direct interventions.

Proponents of Faroese pilot whaling defend it as essential to Faroese culture and argue that the number of whales taken are not harmful to the general pilot whale population. They also point to recent Faroese laws to make the whale hunts more humane and reduce the unnecessary suffering of the animals. One locally supported perspective, as illustrated by material published by the Faroese Department of Fisheries is that opposition to Faroese whaling is rooted in "the ambiguities it presents in relation to predominant cultural perceptions of nature and human society found in the urbanized Western world." This notion has been reiterated by other academics, such as in a 2008 paper in Australian Archaeology that said conservationists find Faroese whaling particularly offensive because it does not conform to traditional Western perspectives on "primitive" tribes. On a related note, the Dutch anthropologist Rob van Ginkel has argued that the Faroese whale hunt is unfairly singled out due to the "obviously important" symbolic dimension of whales "in human classifications of the pecking order of sea creatures". It has also been suggested that a reduction in the whale hunt could lead to an increase in other, less sustainable fishing practices by the Faroese. Proponents of whaling also argue that international whaling regulations have already scaled down the whale hunt from a profit maximisation model to a fairly limited form, and that, as with efficient fishery management, the whaling communities are economically incentivised to ensure that the whale hunt remains sustainable.

Anthony Hopkins film
In 1989, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society commissioned a one-minute-long animated public information film voiced by Anthony Hopkins, directed by Charlie Paul and with music from Gary Bell, to raise awareness about the Faroe Islands' whaling of long-finned pilot whales. The film portrays the practice in a negative light, focusing on the suffering of the whales and the claimed sadism of the islanders.

Sea Shepherd campaigns
Sea Shepherd has been involved in campaigning against the Faroese whale hunt since the 1980s, but stepped up its efforts in mid-June 2014 when it launched "Operation GrindStop", which saw hundreds of volunteers travelling to the Faroes Islands to patrol the waters and attempt to help protect the whales and dolphins. The subsequent year, Sea Shepherd led a further high-profile operation on the Faroe Islands called Sleppið Grindini, literally meaning "set the whales free" (a traditional order used by the whale hunt foreman to call off a whale hunt), that resulted in confrontations with local police and several arrests. The organisation's campaigning aimed to pressure the Danish Parliament into stopping the whale hunt, and it received some international media coverage.

The Faroese government had asked the Danish government to forbid Sea Shepherd from entering the Faroe Islands after their 2014 GrindStop campaign before the 2015 Sleppið Grindini started, but the Danish government had refused.

The confrontations led to trials both in the Faroese court and in Østre Landsret. The Faroese Court found five activists from Sea Shepherd guilty, issuing them fines from 5,000 DKK to 35,000 DKK, while Sea Shepherd Global was fined 75,000 DKK. The five activists in the case subsequently appealed in the higher Danish court, Østre Landsret, which lowered some of the sentences, though the 5,000 DKK fine was raised to 12,500 DKK.

In all, a total of 28 Sea Shepherd campaigners were arrested and four boats were confiscated between 2014 and 2015.

In 2017, Sea Shepherd followed up on its campaigns by made a legal complaint to the European Commission, delivering a dossier of what it claimed to be evidence showing Denmark had broken EU law by facilitating the slaughter of dolphins in the Faroe Islands. The case was initially dismissed by the commission, according to Sea Shepherd statements.

2021 dolphin hunt
On 15 September 2021, Faroese whalers slaughtered 1,428 Atlantic white-sided dolphins after herding them into shallow waters at Skálabotnur beach in Eysturoy – a record-breaking mass killing event that drew criticism even from some members of the pro-whaling community, which typically hunts a fraction of that number in an entire year. The relevant hunt foreman was also not notified about and did not approve the hunt, as is required.

Subsequent reporting has suggested that "many errors" were made in driving so many dolphins into the bay and that the lack of whalers on hand prolonged the dolphins' suffering. Following the hunt a survey found that the majority of Faroese opposed hunting dolphins, but wanted whale hunts to continue. Animal rights campaigners have called on a boycott of Faroese-sourced seafood, and the suspension of the £580 million post-Brexit trade agreement. On 16 September, the Faroese Prime Minister Bárður á Steig Nielsen pledged an official review of the dolphin hunt amid the outcry and international media attention.

In July 2022, the Faroese government set a provisional dolphin hunt quota of 500 animals a year. Campaigners criticized the target as "farcical", as, since 1996, aside from the 2021 slaughter, there have been only three other years where more than 500 dolphins were killed: 2001, 2002 and 2006. The government's proposal of a specific quota, noted Sally Hamilton of the marine conservation charity Orca, was to "formalise something that was previously unformalised", even though there is little market for dolphin meat and 53% of Faroese islands oppose dolphin hunting, as compared with 83% of islanders that support the killing of pilot whales.

title: Whaling in the Faroe Islands


text:
LOKI

In cryptography, LOKI89 and LOKI91 are symmetric-key block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The ciphers were developed based on a body of work analysing DES, and are very similar to DES in structure. The LOKI algorithms were named for Loki, the god of mischief in Norse mythology.

LOKI89
LOKI89 was first published in 1990, then named just "LOKI", by Australian cryptographers Lawrie Brown, Josef Pieprzyk, and Jennifer Seberry. LOKI89 was submitted to the European RIPE project for evaluation, but was not selected.

The cipher uses a 64-bit block and a 64-bit key. Like DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher and has a similar general structure, but differs in the choice of the particular S-boxes, the "P-permutation", and the "Expansion permutation". The S-boxes use the non-linearity criteria developed by Josef Pieprzyk, making them as "complex" and "unpredictable" as possible. Their effectiveness was compared against the known design criteria for the DES S-boxes. The permutations were designed to "mix" the outputs of the S-boxes as quickly as possible, promoting the avalanche and completeness properties, essential for a good Feistel cipher. However unlike their equivalents in the DES, they are intended to be as clean and simple as possible (in retrospect perhaps a little too simple), aiding the analysis of the design.

Following the publication of LOKI89, information on the new differential cryptanalysis became available, as well as some early analysis results by (Knudsen 1993a). This resulted in the design being changed to become LOKI91.

LOKI91
LOKI 91 was designed in response to the attacks on LOKI89 (Brown et al., 1991). The changes included removing the initial and final key whitening, a new S-box, and small alterations to the key schedule.

More specifically, the S-boxes were changed to minimise the probability of seeing different inputs resulting in the same output (a hook which Differential cryptanalysis uses), thus improving LOKI91's immunity to this attack, as detailed by the attacks authors (Biham and Shamir 1991). The changes to the key schedule were designed to reduce the number of "equivalent" or "related" keys, which resulted in the exhaustive search space for the cipher being reduced.

Whilst the resulting cipher is clearly stronger and more secure than LOKI89, there are a number of potential attacks, as detailed in the papers by Knudsen and Biham. Consequently these ciphers should be viewed as academic efforts to advance the field of block cipher design, rather than algorithms for use. The number of citations and published critiques suggests this aim has been achieved.

title: LOKI


text:
Fruit Bat

Fruit Bat(s) or Fruitbat(s) may refer to:
 * Fruit bat or Megabat, a suborder of bats that eat fruit
 * Fruit Bats (band), an American band
 * Fruitbat (born 1958; Les Carter), English musician and guitarist of Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine
 * "Fruitbat" (Bluey), an episode of the first season of the animated TV series Bluey

title: Fruit Bat


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Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope was the study of ancient inscriptions (epigraphy) and historical literature (see Belles-lettres).

History
The Académie originated in 1663 as a council of four humanists, "scholars who were the most versed in the knowledge of history and antiquity": Jean Chapelain, François Charpentier, Jacques Cassagne, Amable de Bourzeys, and Charles Perrault. In another source, Perrault is not mentioned, and other original members are named as François Charpentier and a M. Douvrier. The organizer was King Louis XIV's finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Its first name was the Académie royale des Inscriptions et Médailles, and its mission was to compose or obtain Latin inscriptions to be written on public monuments and medals issued to celebrate the events of Louis' reign. However, under Colbert's management, the Académie performed many additional roles, such as determining the art that would decorate the Palace of Versailles.

In 1683 Minister Louvois increased the membership to eight. In 1701 its membership was expanded to 40 and reorganized under the leadership of Chancellor Pontchartrain. It met twice a week at the Louvre, its members began to receive significant pensions, and was made an official state institution on the king's decree. In January 1716 it was permanently renamed to the Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres with the broader goal of elevating the prestige of the French monarchy using physical symbols uncovered or recovered through the methods of classical erudition.

The Académie produced a catalogue of medals created in honor of Louis XIV, Médailles sur les événements du règne de Louis le Grand, avec des explications historiques, first published in 1702. A second edition was published in 1723, eight years after Louis' death. Each page of the catalogue featured engraved images of the obverse and reverse of a single medal, followed by a lengthy description of the event upon which it was based. The second edition added some medals for events prior to 1700 which were not included in the first volume, and in some cases the images of medals in the earlier edition were altered, resulting in an improved version. The catalogues may therefore be seen as an artistic effort to enhance the king's image, rather than as an accurate historical record.

Role
In the words of the Académie's charter, it is:

primarily concerned with the study of the monuments, the documents, the languages, and the cultures of the civilizations of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the classical period, as well as those of non-European civilizations.

Today the academy is composed of fifty-five French members, forty associate foreign members, fifty French corresponding members, and fifty foreign corresponding members. The seats are distributed evenly among "orientalists" (scholars of Asia and the Islamic world, from ancient times), "antiquists" (scholars of Greece, Rome, and Gaul, including archaeologists, numismatists, philologists and historians), "medievalists", and a fourth miscellaneous group of linguists, law historians, historians of religion, historians of thought, and prehistorians.

The Volney Prize is awarded by the Institut de France, based on the proposal of the Académie. It publishes Mémoires.

Prizes, grants and medals awarded by the Académie
Prizes

 * Prix Ambatielos
 * Prix d'histoire des religions de la fondation "Les Amis de Pierre-Antoine Bernheim"
 * Prix des antiquités de la France
 * Prix Emile Benveniste
 * Prix Bordin
 * Prix du budget
 * Prix Honoré Chavée
 * Prix Croiset
 * Prix Duchalais
 * Prix Paule Dumesnil
 * Prix Roman et Tania Ghirshman
 * Prix Gobert
 * Prix Hirayama
 * Prix de la Grange
 * Prix Serge Lancel
 * Prix Raymond et Simone Lantier
 * Prix Marie-Françoise et Jean Leclant
 * Prix Gaston Maspero
 * Prix Jean-Charles Perrot
 * Prix George Perrot
 * Prix Jeanine et Roland Plottel
 * Prix Saintour
 * Prix Émile Sénart
 * Prix Léon Vandermeesch
 * Prix de l'Institut de France 2018
 * Prix de la Fondation Colette Caillat
 * Grand Prix d'archéologie de la Fondation Simone et Cino del Duca
 * Prix Jean_Edouard Goby
 * Prix Hugot
 * Prix Stanislas Julien

Grants

 * Subvention Louis de Clercq
 * Bourse Courtois
 * Subvention de la Fondation Dourlans
 * Subvention Garnier-Lestamy
 * Subvention Max Serres de la Fondation Eve Delacroix
 * Bourse Jacques Vandier

Medals

 * Médailles des Antiquités de la France
 * Médaille Jean-Jacques Berger
 * Médaille Clermont-Ganneau
 * Médaille du Baron de Courcel
 * Médaille Delalande-Guérineau
 * Médaille Drouin
 * Médaille Alfred Dutens
 * Médaille Fould
 * Médaille Gobert
 * Médaille Stanislas Julien
 * Médaille le Fèvre-Deumier
 * Médaille Gustave Mendel
 * Médaille Gabriel-Auguste Prost

Prominent members

 * Eugène Albertini
 * Antoine Anselme
 * Jean Sylvain Bailly
 * Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy
 * Charles Batteux
 * Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas
 * Michel Bréal
 * Antoine Leonard de Chézy
 * Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau
 * Jean-Baptiste Colbert
 * Henri Cordier
 * André Dacier
 * Léopold Delisle
 * Jean Denis, comte Lanjuinais
 * Gabriel Devéria
 * Louis Duchesne
 * Émile Egger
 * Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès
 * André Félibien
 * Jean François Boissonade de Fontarabie
 * Nicolas Fréret
 * Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle
 * Étienne Fourmont
 * Antoine Galland
 * Ernst Hoepffner
 * Pierre Amédée Jaubert
 * Stanislas Julien
 * Alexandre Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d'Hauterive
 * Pierre Henri Larcher
 * Jean Lebeuf
 * Edmond Le Blant
 * Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance
 * Jean Leclant
 * Émile Littré
 * Leonardo López Luján
 * Jean Mabillon
 * Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury
 * Joachim Menant
 * Franz Miklosich
 * Agénor Azéma de Montgravier
 * Jean Marie Pardessus
 * Alexis Paulin Paris
 * Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret
 * Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval
 * Charles Perrault
 * Francois Pouqueville
 * Louis Racine
 * Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
 * Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry
 * Jacques de Tourreil
 * Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
 * Joseph Vendryes
 * William Henry Waddington
 * Charles Athanase Walckenaer
 * Henri-Alexandre Wallon

Publications

 * Publications of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1710-1843)


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User talk:Lukeradaich

Luke Radaich... Truly A Great Man
This is the Life Story of Luke Radaich, undoubtedly one of the greatest men in the History of his life. He was born on April 22nd, 1988. He was the son of Josephine Elizabeth and Tony Paul Radaich. He was born in Attadale Hospital, a town in Western Australia.

title: User talk:Lukeradaich


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Exclusion Crisis

The Exclusion Crisis ran from 1679 until 1681 in the reign of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. Three Exclusion Bills sought to exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland because he was a Roman Catholic. None became law. Two new parties formed. The Tories were opposed to this exclusion, while the "Country Party", who were soon to be called the Whigs, supported it. While the matter of James's exclusion was not decided in Parliament during Charles's reign, it would come to a head only three years after James took the throne, when he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Finally, the Act of Settlement 1701 decided definitively that Roman Catholics were to be excluded from the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones, later the British throne.

Background
In 1673, when the Duke of York refused to take the oath prescribed by the new Test Act, it became publicly known that he was a Roman Catholic. In the five years that followed, growing concern regarding the shift towards the king and court's pro-French stance and perceived emulation of its Catholicism and arbitrary ('absolute') behaviour, led to growing opposition amongst some politicians and peers in Parliament. Between 1675 and 1678, the First Earl of Shaftesbury for example, highlighted in print and in the House of Lords the dangers of arbitrary government and adherence to Rome to Parliament, the nation, the rule of law, and the English rights and liberties. This concern was exacerbated by the discovery of the Duke of York's new religious affiluation and by the Secret Treaty of Dover (1670).

In 1678, during the Popish Plot, the Duke of York's secretary, Edward Colman, was named by Titus Oates as a conspirator to subvert the kingdom. Members of the Anglican English establishment could see that, in France, a Roman Catholic king was ruling in an absolutist way, and a movement gathered strength to avoid such a form of monarchy from developing in England, as many feared it would if James were to succeed his brother Charles, who had no legitimate children. Sir Henry Capel summarised the general feeling of the country when he said in a parliamentary debate in the House of Commons of England on 27 April 1679:

"From popery came the notion of a standing army and arbitrary power... Formerly the crown of Spain, and now France, supports this root of popery amongst us; but lay popery flat, and there's an end of arbitrary government and power. It is a mere chimera, or notion, without popery."

Crises
The impeachment of Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby, for use as a scapegoat for a scandal by which Louis XIV bought the neutrality of Charles's government with an outright bribe, caused anti-Catholic sentiments in parliament to boil over, resulting in a parliamentary push to exclude James from the throne. Though Danby had, for many years, been using his power as Lord Treasurer to attempt to divert the King away from a pro-France foreign policy, his effort to gain funds for the crown achieved the opposite, while bringing the ire of the parliament down upon him. In late 1677, Danby persuaded Charles to raise an army to threaten the French into paying them off to avoid an English incursion into the Franco-Dutch War. However, when news of the French victory against the Dutch at Ghent reached the Commons in February 1678, a motion was passed to address the King for an immediate war with France, despite the fact that parliament had granted no supply and had stopped the lucrative trade across the Channel. All too aware that the King lacked sufficient funds, Danby was forced into accepting a secret French proposal to give Charles money in return for an alliance. The letters confirming the secret proposal acceptance were later captured by other MPs who, upon revelation to parliament in late summer 1678, voted to impeach the Lord Treasurer on the charges that he had "encroached to himself regal power through his conduct of foreign affairs, that he had endeavored to introduce arbitrary power by raising an army on pretense of a war, and that he was 'popishly affected' and had concealed the plot." Over the following months Danby tried to retain his position, even getting Charles to save him from a trial in the House of Lords by dissolving the Cavalier Parliament. Worked up by the Popish Plot however, the newly assembled Habeas Corpus Parliament was actually much more hostile to the king and Danby, eventually banning him from entering the royal presence. On 6 March 1679, it committed Danby to the Tower of London. On 15 May 1679, the supporters of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, introduced the Exclusion Bill in the Commons with the intention of excluding James from the succession to the throne. A fringe group there began to support the claim to the throne of Charles's illegitimate – but Protestant – son, the Duke of Monmouth. As it seemed likely that the bill would pass in the House of Commons, Charles exercised his royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament again. Successive Parliaments attempted to pass such a bill, and were likewise dissolved.

End of the Crisis
While it should be treated with caution, the Exclusion Crisis is often identified as the point at which discernible political parties first emerged in England. Those who supported petitions asking Charles to recall Parliament and complete the passage of the Exclusion Bill were known as 'Petitioners' and later became Whigs. Those who opposed the Bill or the so-called Abhorrers developed into the Tories.

The nature of politics in this period is illustrated by the fact that Shaftesbury, who opposed James due to his similarities to the absolutist Catholic French regime, was supported financially by Louis XIV of France, who saw benefit in deepening English internal divisions. The Popish Plot was used by the Whigs to mobilise support, but moderates grew increasingly concerned by the hysteria that it generated, including causing the execution of 22 'conspirators' and accusing the Queen of conspiring to poison her husband. Many of Shaftesbury's supporters, such as the Earl of Huntingdon, now switched sides and after two failed attempts to pass the Bill, Charles succeeded in labelling the Whigs as subversives. Louis now switched financial support to Charles, allowing him to dissolve the 1681 Oxford Parliament. It was not called again during his reign, depriving the Whigs of their main source of political support, i.e., government patronage; the failed 1683 Rye House Plot then completed their isolation.

One long-lasting result of the crisis was the codification of the writ of Habeas Corpus: the one concrete achievement of the short-lived Habeas Corpus Parliament of 1679 before it was dissolved. In passing this act, the Whig leaders were concerned for their own persons, apprehensive (correctly) that the King would try to move against them through the courts. But the act far outlived the specific crisis, having long-term implications for the British legal system (and later, the American one).

In fiction
Robert Neill's 1972 historical novel The Golden Days depicts the Exclusion Crisis as experienced by two Members of Parliament representing a rural constituency. Sir Harry Burnaby is a staunch Royalist who had been knighted for having helped Charles II's Restoration; his neighbour and fellow MP is Richard Gibson, an ex-Colonel in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and an outspoken member of the Green Ribbon Club and of the emerging Whig party. Despite their sharp political differences, Burnaby and Gibson come to deeply respect each other, and they share the anxiety lest the unfolding crisis escalate beyond control and England be plunged again into all-out civil war. Eventually, Burnaby's son marries Gibson's daughter, with the full blessing of both fathers.

title: Exclusion Crisis