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Spuyten Duyvil Creek

Spuyten Duyvil Creek is a short tidal estuary in New York City connecting the Hudson River to the Harlem River Ship Canal and then on to the Harlem River. The confluence of the three water bodies separate the island of Manhattan from the Bronx and the rest of the mainland. Once a distinct, turbulent waterway between the Hudson and Harlem rivers, the creek has been subsumed by the modern ship canal.

The Bronx neighborhood of Spuyten Duyvil lies to the north of the creek, and the adjacent Manhattan neighborhood of Marble Hill lies to the north of the Ship Canal.

Etymology
The earliest use of the name "Spuyten Duyvil" was in 1653, in a document from Dutch landowner Adriaen van der Donck to the Dutch West India Company. It may be literally translated as "Spouting Devil" or Spuitende Duivel in Dutch; a reference to the strong and wild tidal currents found at that location. It may also be translated as "Spewing Devil" or "Spinning Devil", or more loosely as "Devil's Whirlpool" or "Devil's Spate." Spui is a Dutch word involving outlets for water. Historian Reginald Pelham Bolton, however, argues that the phrase means "sprouting meadow", referring to a fresh-water spring. A folk etymology, "to spite the Devil" or "in spite of the devil", was popularized by a story in Washington Irving's A Knickerbocker's History of New York published in 1809. Set in the 17th century, the story tells of fictional trumpeter Anthony Van Corlaer summoned by Dutch colonial governor Peter Stuyvesant to warn settlers of a British invasion attempt, with Corlaer attempting to swim across the creek in treacherous conditions.

An extensive appendix to Studies in Etymology and Etiology: With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages (2009) by David L. Gold, which includes commentary by Rob Rentenaar, professor of onomastics at the University of Amsterdam, goes into great detail about all the various translations for "Spuyten Duyvil" which have been mooted over the years. Rentenaar concludes that "Duyvil" means "devil", either literally or in a transferred sense, but he could not determine what the intended meaning of "Spuyten" was because of the many variants that have been used throughout history.

The local Lenape Native Americans referred to the creek by several names. The first was Shorakapok or Shorackhappok, translated as “the sitting down place” or “the place between the ridges”. A second term, spelled various ways including Paparinemo or Papiriniman, was shared with a triangular island formed by the junction of the creek and Tibbetts Brook in today's Kingsbridge neighborhood. The word has been translated as "place where the stream is shut" or to "parcel out" or "divide". A third name, Muscoota, was also used.

Early history
Spuyten Duyvil Creek was originally a narrow tidal strait connecting the Hudson River to the west and the headwaters of the Harlem River to the east, both of which were fed by the waters of Tibbetts Brook flowing south from the Bronx. When the Dutch settlers arrived they found its tidal waters turbulent and difficult to handle. Though its tides raced, there was no navigable watercourse joining it with the headwaters of the Harlem River, which flowed in an S-shaped course southwest and then north into the East River. Steep cliffs along the Spuyten Duyvil's mouth at the Hudson prevented any bridge there, but upstream it narrowed into a rocky drainage. Prior to the development of the Bronx, the creek was fed by Tibbetts Brook, which begins in Yonkers, Westchester County and intersected with the creek at modern West 230th Street. The brook currently ends above ground within Van Cortlandt Park, emptying into the Harlem River system at the Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant via underground sewers.

During the 17th century, the only mode of transportation across the Harlem River was by ferry from the east end of 125th Street. The ferry was established in 1667 and operated by Johannes Verveelen, a local landowner. Many settlers circumvented the toll for the ferry by crossing the creek from northern Marble Hill to modern Kingsbridge, Bronx, a point where it was feasible to wade or swim through the waters. This area was known as the "wading place", and had previously been used by Native Americans. In response, Verveelen had the creek fenced off at the wading place, though travelers simply tore the barrier down. In 1669 Verveelen transplanted his ferry to the northern tip of Marble Hill, at today's Broadway and West 231st Street.

In 1693 Frederick Philipse, a Dutch nobleman who had sworn allegiance to the Crown upon the British takeover of Dutch New Netherlands, built the King's Bridge at Marble Hill near what is now West 230th Street in the Bronx. Originally a merchant in New Amsterdam, Philipse had purchased vast landholdings in what was then Westchester County. Granted the title Lord of Philipse Manor, he established a plantation and provisioning depot for his shipping business upriver on the Hudson in present-day Sleepy Hollow. His toll bridge provided access and opened his land to settlement. Later, it carried the Boston Post Road. In 1758, the Free Bridge was erected by Jacob Dyckman, opening on January 1, 1759. Stagecoach service was later established across the span. The new bridge proceeded to take much of the traffic away from the King's Bridge. The Free Bridge was destroyed during the American Revolution. Following the war, Philipse Manor was forfeited to the state legislature, after which the King's Bridge was free.

Harlem River Ship Canal
Over time the channels of the Spuyten Duyvil and Harlem River were joined and widened and additional bridges were constructed, but maritime transit was still difficult and confined to small craft. By 1817, a narrow canal was dug through the south end of Marble Hill at approximately 222nd Street, known as "Boltons' Canal" or "Dyckman Canal".

With the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, and the advent of large steamships in the second half of the 19th century, a broad shipping canal was proposed between the Harlem and Hudson Rivers to allow them thru-transit by bypassing the tight turn up and around Marble Hill. The Harlem Canal Company (then stylized as the "Harlaem Canal Company") was founded in 1826, but did not make any progress towards building a canal. A second company also failed to complete the project. In 1863 the Hudson and Harlem River Canal Company was created, and began the final plans for the canal. The U.S. Congress broke the logjam in 1873 by appropriating money for a survey of the relevant area, following which New York state bought the necessary land and gave it to the federal government. In 1876, the New York State Legislature issued a decree for the construction of the canal. Construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal – officially the United States Ship Canal – finally started in January 1888. The canal would be 400 ft in width and have a depth of 15 ft to 18 ft. It would be cut directly through the rock of Dyckman's Meadow, making a straight course to the Hudson River. The first section of the canal, the cut at Marble Hill, was completed in 1895 and opened on June 17 of that year. Several festivities including parades were held to commemorate the occasion. At this time, Tibbets Brook was diverted into storm drains underneath Broadway, with the old right-of-way becoming Tibbett Avenue.

A bridge opened over the former Marble Hill alignment of the creek in 1900, carrying Broadway. The bridge's superstructure was demolished shortly afterward, with the construction of the IRT subway above Broadway in 1904. The effect of channeling through what had been 222nd and 223rd streets was to physically isolate Marble Hill on the Bronx side of the new creek. In 1914 the original creekbed was filled in with rock from the excavation of Grand Central Terminal's foundation during its construction; and the temporary island, comprising present-day Marble Hill, became physically attached to the Bronx, though it remained politically part of the borough of Manhattan, as it is today. The bridge carrying Broadway over the former alignment of the creek at 230th Street was destroyed in the late 1920s.

In 1919, New York State passed a bill in order to straighten the western end of the creek feeding into the Hudson. At the time, the creek was diverted south to avoid a peninsula that housed the Johnson Iron Works foundry. The foundry held out until 1923 when it vacated the premises, and in 1927 was awarded $3.28 million in compensation, just over a third of their original demand of $11.53 million. Plans to excavate the channel were finalized in 1935, and the channel was excavated from 1937 to 1938. The work severed the Johnson foundry's 13.5 acres peninsula of land from the Bronx, which was then absorbed into Manhattan's Inwood Hill Park; the peninsula now contains the park's Nature Center.

Today, Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the Harlem River Ship Canal, and the Harlem River form a continuous channel, referred to collectively as the Harlem River. Broadway Bridge, a combination road and rail lift span, continues to link Marble Hill with Manhattan. There is little evidence that the building of the Ship Canal enhanced commerce in the city.

Bridges
Three bridges cross the Spuyten Duyvil Creek; from west to east, they are:

 * The Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, a railroad swing bridge that carries Amtrak's Empire Corridor between Penn Station and Albany. The bridge opened in 1900 and carries one railroad track (though previously had two tracks).
 * The Henry Hudson Bridge, a bi-level steel arch toll bridge carrying the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY 9A). The bridge was proposed in 1904, but due to opposition by local residents, was not completed and opened until 1936.
 * Broadway Bridge, a vertical lift bridge carrying pedestrian and vehicular traffic using Broadway (US 9) on the lower level, and the New York City Subway's on the upper level. The first bridge opened in 1895 and was later relocated to 207th Street/Fordham Road on the Harlem River, becoming known as the University Heights Bridge; the current bridge, the third on the site, opened in 1962.

title: Spuyten Duyvil Creek


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Talk:Climate change/Archive 4

Disputed para from TDC
(William M. Connolley 09:52, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) TDC added 2 paras:

 * The problems many critics point to with mathematical modeling of climate systems is the lack of validation and verification of any climate models used. Climate modeling was used unsuccessfully on several occasions to predict near and long term climate effects from large scale environmental events such as the Kuwaiti oil field fires after the first gulf war and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The discrepancies between the predicted impact and the actual impact were so far off, the models showed little if any use as a long range predictive tool.

 * Although scientists have revised climate modeling software with the knowledge gained from earlier experiences, modeling software has still failed to accurately predict near and long term weather trends, such as the El Nino and La Nina effects.

There are several problems with these.

 * they are more about weather rather than climate
 * the "lack of validation" is just ignorance - see eg the IPCC reports
 * the Pinatubo predictions were quite good, as I recall
 * nothing but nothing in the above is sourced

So I've moved the paras here for repair.

 * There are several problems with these.

Response

 * they are more about weather rather than climate

 * They were not more about weather than climate. They were attempts to predict near to long term impacts, 3 month to 2 year, on global climate trends and they were totally off their mark.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:10, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) Predicting the impact of pinatubo on long term climate trends was and is easy. Zero. It was a short term effect. Climate isn't a few years - decades is more like it.

 * the "lack of validation" is just ignorance - see eg the IPCC reports

 * I have seen the IPCC reports, no where in the IPCC reports do they lay out in any kind of detail the verification and validation methodology they used to validate their models that are in tune with any of the generally accepted standards for modeling V&V. They continually tweak their models with information used from past predictive failures, like the Kuwaiti oil fires, or En Nino, but they have never been able to correct them enough to accurately predict large scale / long term events and the total error range is unknown.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:10, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) Then you haven't looked very hard. Try http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/309.htm for the exec summary of TAR ch 8. If you want to know what they mean by evaluation, try: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/311.htm

 * The report goes through great extent and painstaking detail to inform the reader what they used to construct the climate models, but it does not mention what they did to validate the data that came out of it. All data coming from this is meaningless unless they can show that it can repeatedly predict various and known climate scenarios within an acceptably low [under .5%] error.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:27, 2004 Mar 4 (UTC)) You haven't looked, have you? See, e.g., http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/317.htm for validation of the data and/or http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/326.htm#861 for replication of 20th century climate. As for 0.5%, you've plucked that out of thin air.

 * Evaluation and validation are not the same thing. You should look it up in a dictionary some time. TDC 16:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Imagine it is like this, I tell you to measure the length of your coffee table and I give you a ruler to do so. Let us also say that I constructed and gauged this ruler in mm’s myself. How could you be certain that the ruler I gave you is accurate? If you measured your coffee table to be 900mm long what would this mean? If the accuracy of the ruler I gave you is off by a large margin, it means that your table might be 200mm or 20000mm, but without any standard known quantity to measure this up against, you have absolutely no idea how accurate your measurement was. So naturally, you would go out and buy some calibrated gauge blocks, and determine the margin of error in the measuring instrument I provided and make a correction. Predictive modeling software V&V is a very similar process.

 * I didn't find that terribly illuminating.

 * Somehow that does not surprise me. It is a simple illustration as to why verification and validation are important steps when using predicitve modeling software. TDC 16:44, 4 Mar 2004.

 * I am sure you have heard of the acronym GIGO, garbage in = garbage out, unless researchers are using climate modeling software that has been V&V’d, the results are completely absolutely meaningless on a scientific level. In other words, computer models that show a warming trend due to a buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere are meaningless.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:10, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) No. Whats happening is, you're coming in from a totally different field and trying to use your old knowledge in a new area. And so you're making obvious mistakes.

 * Different area true. But this does not mean that the methodology I use to generate, run, evaluate, and interpret predictive modeling software is any different than the methodology used in any other field. Whether its finite element, structural modeling, reaction modeling [like chemkin], or CFD, all users and programmers must go through a standardized process of writing and testing the predictive modeling software and users must also verify through a standardized process that the inputs used and results generated are within the known errors and deviations of the modeling software. No one knows what the known errors and deviations of climate modeling is because no one has taken the steps to prove that it works.

 * So what obvious mistake am I making? Is it a mistake to question the validity of climate data derived from unverified and unvalidated climate models.

 * Failure to read the existing literature, such as the IPCC report.

 * You are right, I am coming from a totally different field. My “field” forces me to validate my work against know quantities and be able to back and verify my work up through lab and field testing of my analyses. I think the difference is if I make a mistake, I get fired, If you make a mistake, you get a bigger grant. TDC 16:44, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Based on what I have seen and heard about climate modeling software used to make global warming predictions, this V&V does not exist, and in fact, researchers are modifying key input parameters so as to drive the model in the direction that their intuition tells them it should arrive at. Predictive modeling tells an individual what to expect, not the other way around.

 * the Pinatubo predictions were quite good, as I recall

 * The initial results for the Pinatubo eruption were dramatically revised months into it as more data became available and researchers could see that developing trends were not following what they had predicted earlier.

 * (William M. Connolley 18:10, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) Well, this is all rather sourceless. Try http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/449.htm for some pinatubo results that are well sourced.

 * As far as sources go, I have performed many V&V’s on all kinds of predictive software as well as writing standards and procedures for the use of an interpretation of results, and consider myself very knowledgeable on the subject.

 * TDC 16:26, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

(William M. Connolley 18:10, 2004 Mar 3 (UTC)) If you're so knowledgeable about this, you'll understand the importance of properly citing your sources. Not your qualifications. So... where are they?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Climate change/Archive 4


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Less than Zero (novel)

Less than Zero is the debut novel of Bret Easton Ellis, published in 1985. It was his first published effort, released when he was 21 years old and still a student at Bennington College. The novel was titled after the Elvis Costello song of the same name.

Plot summary
The novel follows the life of Clay, a rich young college student who has returned to his hometown of Los Angeles, California for winter break circa 1984. Through first-person narration, Clay describes his progressive alienation from the culture around him, loss of faith in his friends, and his meditations on events in his recent past.

After reuniting with his ex-girlfriend Blair, and friends like Trent, now a successful model, Clay embarks on a series of drug-fueled nights of partying, during which he has one-night stands with both sexes. While partying, he tries to track down his best friend from high school, Julian, with whom he hasn't spoken in months. In between descriptions of his days and nights, Clay recounts a vacation spent with his parents and grandparents, during which he seemed to be the only person concerned that his grandmother was dying of cancer.

Over time, Clay becomes progressively disillusioned with the party scene as he witnesses the apathy of his friends towards the suffering of each other and those around them. At one party he watches as the revellers joke and take Polaroids of his friend Muriel while she injects heroin; at another, he and Blair are the only two who exhibit revulsion when Trent shows a snuff film, which sexually excites several partygoers.

Clay ultimately tracks down Julian, who borrows a large sum of money from Clay. At first Julian says the money is for an abortion, but Clay doesn't believe him. Later when Clay asks Julian to pay him back, Julian brings him to meet his abusive pimp, Finn. It is revealed that Julian has become a heroin addict and turned to prostitution in order to pay off a debt to unnamed drug dealers. Believing what he has been told, yet still feeling an empty desire to witness this awful scene for himself, Clay accompanies Julian to a rendezvous in a hotel room with a married closeted businessman from Indiana, where he is compelled by the john to watch the man and Julian have sex for several hours.

After attending a concert with his friends, Clay accompanies them to an alleyway where they stare fascinated at the corpse of a young man, presumably dead by overdose. Afterward, Clay follows the group back to the home of his drug dealer Rip, who wants to show off his latest acquisition: a sex slave whom Rip has been keeping drugged in his bedroom. When Clay tells Rip, "I don't think it's right," Rip says, "What's right?" Clay leaves, but Trent decides to stay so that he can participate.

Now feeling completely isolated and with winter break coming to an end, Clay reflects on the brutal nature of his surroundings as he returns to college in New Hampshire.

Background
Ellis began work on what would become Less than Zero in 1980. He cites his major influences as Joan Didion and Los Angeles noir, but he was also inspired by the moral ambiguity of American Gigolo.

Less than Zero was to become Ellis' first attempt at a proper novel, following much roman à clef juvenilia. Its first draft was incredibly emotional and overwrought, and in the third-person. Ellis's creative writing teacher, novelist Joe McGinniss, advised that he return to the first-person style of roman à clef (which Ellis was hesitant to do) and Ellis stripped it back, from there evoking the minimalist style for which it became famous.

In the former child actor Danny Bonaduce's 2002 autobiography, Random Acts of Badness, Bonaduce notes the striking similarity between the fictional high school in Less than Zero and The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, California, where Bonaduce, recording artist Michael Jackson, film actor Christian Brando, and other children of wealth and celebrity, including Ellis himself, went to school together. In commenting on the novel, Bonaduce said, "When the book Less Than Zero came out, all my classmates were pissed. Not because it was an exact portrayal of our school – but because we failed to get any royalties."

Characters
Less than Zero has an extensive cast of characters; the ones listed play major roles throughout the novel.
 * Clay
 * The 18-year-old protagonist, a student at Camden College in New Hampshire, who comes home to Los Angeles for Christmas and meets his old friends. He revives his old life: parties, concerts, drugs, sex, the city. Clay has brief affairs (a male USC student named Griffin (pp. 35–39), and an unnamed female character (pp. 120–122)), but he goes through periods of apathy and longing for his girlfriend Blair.

 * Blair
 * Clay's ex-girlfriend who is studying at USC. Clay is unsure how he feels about her; neither has he been faithful to her. They vacation together and though at first they enjoy the experience, it eventually becomes tedious and ends on a sour note.

 * Julian Wells
 * Clay's friend from grade school and high school. Julian is often described as "thin" and many of Clay's friends declare him "completely fucked up". Julian has become a heroin addict and a prostitute.

 * Trent Burroughs
 * Another of Clay's friends, a model who attends UCLA. He says things that Clay doesn't understand and Clay gradually becomes disenchanted with him. Trent is shown as increasingly unethical and immoral, raping a drugged twelve-year-old girl in his penultimate scene.

 * Rip Millar
 * Clay's dealer. Sporting a fedora and a penthouse on Wilshire Boulevard, Rip is also a DJ, but feels his trust fund "might never run out." At the end of the story, he shows Clay and other boys a 12-year-old girl naked, drugged and tied to his bed to be a sex slave. When a distressed Clay questions Rip as to why he has done this, Rip replies "Why not? What the hell?"

 * Daniel Carter
 * Daniel is another student who attends Camden and is from Los Angeles. Many of the characters think he's gay. In his earlier appearances, he was worried he had gotten a girl from Camden, Vanden, pregnant, but then doesn't seem to care. In his final appearance, he tells Clay he won't return to Camden, opting instead to stay in LA and write a screenplay. (Vanden, who isn't seen in the book, later appears in American Psycho as well as The Rules of Attraction, in which she and Clay are briefly "involved".)

 * The Handsome Dunce
 * A minor character who has a cameo speaking to Clay at Blair's Christmas party. He goes on to appear in The Rules of Attraction, where it is revealed that he goes to Camden College and that his name is Steve.

 * Kim
 * One of Blair's friends. During the course of the book she's never sure where her film producer mother is and only knows what she reads in trade papers. At one point in the novel, she and Clay both agitate each other notably when they repeatedly question each other, "What do you do?", "What do you do?", this ending with Kim finally replying, "Don't ask me because...I don't know."

 * Alana
 * Another one of Blair's friends. She has an abortion and comes to Clay afterwards. Clay lets her stay in his room for the night while he lies by the pool until dawn. When he goes back up, she informs him she has bled a lot and feels weak before thanking him. When he asks "what for?" she says "I don't know" and leaves. When Clay flushes his toilet, it becomes clogged up with tissue and blood clouds the water. Clay puts the lid down as "there's nothing else for me to do".

 * Muriel
 * An anorexic girl who Clay visits at a rehabilitation center. She appears a few times in the novel, most notably at a New Year's party where she shoots heroin publicly while laughing and crying.

 * Finn Delaney
 * Julian's pimp, who "helps" him pay off his drug debt. In public, he acts kindly towards Julian, calling him "Julie" and "his best boy" and often showing him off to his clients, but in private he abuses Julian emotionally and sexually and forces him to shoot up heroin.

 * Clay's family
 * Clay has two sisters, aged 13 and 15, although his narration suggests he cannot distinguish between them and is unsure of their age. His parents are separated; his mother occupies their house while his father lives in an apartment. His mom has no job but nonetheless lives a life of luxury off of her ex-husband's large alimony payments, and his dad is "in the film business", with an office in Century City. In flashbacks, Clay talks about his grandfather, proprietor of several hotels, and his grandmother, now deceased.

Film adaptation
The book Less than Zero was very loosely adapted into a movie in 1987 by 20th Century Fox in title only. It starred Andrew McCarthy as Clay, Robert Downey Jr. as Julian, Jami Gertz as Blair, and James Spader as Rip. A then-unknown Brad Pitt also appeared as an extra. In the film, Clay is an anti-drug crusader who returns home from college to try to rescue his friends from their various narcotics addictions.

Due to all the liberties taken, Ellis refused to see the movie. In an interview, Ellis stated that he has warmed up to the movie, and appreciates it visually as a snapshot of a particular time. Ellis claimed that there was no connection between the book and the movie, except for the title, the location of Southern California and the names of the characters.

A long-running rumor in the film industry is that Quentin Tarantino has been interested in filming a new version of Less than Zero. His workmate Roger Avary adapted The Rules of Attraction (also based on a novel by Ellis) in 2002, and since both he and Tarantino like the works by Ellis, Tarantino has been eyeing the possibility of adapting Less than Zero. Ellis stated in an interview for Vice magazine that Quentin Tarantino has been "trying to get Fox to let him remake it." At a Q & A at Harvard Book Store in 2012 Ellis stated in a reply to a question of whether Less than Zero will be remade that Tarantino "has shown interest" in adapting the story.

TV adaptation
On July 31, 2018, it was announced that Hulu had ordered a pilot for the series. Bret Easton Ellis was set to executive produce alongside Craig Wright, who was also the series developer, and Brett Morgan was set to direct the pilot. However, Hulu chose not to produce a series based on the pilot.

Sequel
Ellis announced in 2005 that he would be writing a sequel to Less than Zero: a story following the same characters, set in the present day, that focuses on their lives as they approach middle age.

In January 2008, Ellis announced that his forthcoming novel Imperial Bedrooms would be the sequel to Less than Zero. In keeping with the original, the title is taken from the title of an Elvis Costello record (both a 1982 album and song). The book was published in 2010.

Reception
The author stated in 2005: "I read it for the first time in about 20 years this year—recently. It was so great. I get it. I get fan mail now from people who weren't really born yet when the book came out. I don't think it's a perfect book by any means, but it's valid. I get where it comes from. I get what it is. I know that sounds so ambiguous. It's sort of out of my hands and it has its reputation, so what can you do about it? There's a lot of it that I wish was slightly more elegantly written. Overall, I was pretty shocked. It was pretty good writing for someone who was 19. I was pretty surprised by the level of writing."

Upon the release of Imperial Bedrooms, Details commented on Less than Zero and its original reviews, stating: "Years ago people could have read some of your books and said, 'Oh, this is just nihilism. These people don't exist! There's nobody that rich and stupid and narcissistic!. (The article states, "When Michiko Kakutani first reviewed Less Than Zero in The New York Times in June of 1985, she began the review this way: 'This is one of the most disturbing novels I've read in a long time.) Ellis remarks "surprise!". They also credit him with "In a way, [inventing] Paris Hilton and Spencer Pratt and the Kardashians."

title: Less than Zero (novel)


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Pavonis Mons

Pavonis Mons (Latin for "peacock mountain") is a large shield volcano located in the Tharsis region of the planet Mars. It is the middle member of a chain of three volcanic mountains (collectively known as the Tharsis Montes) that straddle the Martian equator between longitudes 235°E and 259°E. The volcano was discovered by the Mariner 9 spacecraft in 1971, and was originally called Middle Spot. Its name formally became Pavonis Mons in 1973. The equatorial location of its peak and its height make it the ideal terminus for a space elevator, and it has often been proposed as a space elevator location, especially in science fiction. It is also an ideal location for a Sky Ramp.

General description

Pavonis Mons stands at the southern edge of the Tharsis quadrangle - approximately 400 km southwest of Ascraeus Mons (the northernmost of the Tharsis Montes) and 400 km northeast of Arsia Mons (the southernmost member of the chain). The Tharsis Montes volcanoes lie along the crest of a northeast-trending rise (Tharsis bulge) that extends more than 3,000 km across the western equatorial region of Mars. Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano in the Solar System lies at the edge of the Tharsis bulge, about 1,200 km northwest of Pavonis Mons.

Pavonis Mons is the smallest of the Tharsis Montes volcanoes, measuring about 375 km across and standing 14 km above Mars' mean surface level. As a shield volcano, Pavonis Mons has an extremely low profile with flank slopes that average only 4°. The summit contains a deep, circular caldera that is 47 km in diameter and almost 5 km deep. A larger, shallower depression lies immediately northeast of the smaller caldera. The large depression is about 90 km in diameter and structurally more complex than the small caldera.

Like most of the Tharsis region, Pavonis Mons has a high albedo (reflectivity) and low thermal inertia, indicating that the volcano and surrounding areas are covered with large amounts of fine dust (see Martian surface). The dust forms a mantle over the surface that obscures or mutes much of the fine-scale topography and geology of the region. Tharsis is probably dusty because of its high elevations. The summit experiences an atmospheric pressure of around 130 Pa (1.3 mbar), about 21% of Mars' mean surface pressure. The atmospheric density is too low to mobilize and remove dust once it is deposited.

Geology

The bulk of the volcano's surface consists of lava flows of the early Amazonian age. The northern flanks of the volcano are highly faulted with grabens and normal faults concentric to the volcano's summit caldera. To its lower east flank, there is a chain of elliptical, or oval-shaped, pits, lined up down the center of a shallow trough. These features were formed by faulting and associated collapse; the scarp on each side of the trough is a fault line.

Glaciers
Using MGS and Odyssey data, combined with developments in the study of glaciers, scientists suggest that glaciers once existed on Pavonis Mons and probably still do to some extent. Evidence for this includes concentric ridges (moraines "dropped" by glaciers), a knobby area (caused by ice sublimating), and a smooth section that flows over other deposits (debris-covered glacial ice). The ice could have been deposited when the tilt of Mars changed the climate, thereby causing more moisture to be present in the atmosphere. Studies suggest the glaciation happened in the Late Amazonian period, the most recent period in Mars chronology. Multiple stages of glaciation probably occurred. The ice present today represents one more resource for possible future colonization of the planet.

Possible evidence of plate tectonics
Pavonis Mons is the middle of three volcanos (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. The other Tharsis volcanoes are Ascraeus Mons and Arsia Mons. The three Tharsis Montes, together with some smaller volcanoes to the north, form a fairly straight line. It has been proposed that this straight line of volcanoes is the result of the sort of plate motion which on Earth makes chains of "hot spot" volcanoes.

In popular culture

 * Pavonis Mons provides the putative setting for the song "Approaching Pavonis Mons by Balloon (Utopia Planitia)" by The Flaming Lips, released as part of the album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots.
 * In Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars Trilogy, Mars's space elevator has its base on the southern rim of Pavonis – the highest place on the equator – and the city of Sheffield is built around it.
 * Pavonis Mons is also the base of Mars's space elevator in the GURPS Transhuman Space roleplaying game setting. The city of New Shanghai, the largest on Mars, is built around the elevator. Deimos is used as the anchor, having been shifted from its current orbit. Pavonis Mons also hosts a space elevator in other GURPS settings, including GURPS Mars.
 * Pavonis Mons hosts a space elevator to Deimos in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century franchise.
 * Pavonis Mons is the name of a Settlement Defense Front destroyer in the game Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare in the mission "Operation Deep Execute", Captain Khosi Siyada was the ship's commander.

title: Pavonis Mons


text:
TDF

TDF may refer to:

Rebel group

 * Tigray Defense Forces, a rebel group against the Ethiopian government situated in Tigray.

Defense force

 * Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine), the reserves of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Technology

 * Tab delimited files, a tabular data file format
 * Télé Distribution Française, a radio clock signal transmitter in France
 * TenDRA Distribution Format, a design of abstract machine
 * Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral drug
 * Testis determining factor, a gene (or product thereof) that results in maleness
 * Tire-derived fuel, recycled chipped tires burned for fuel
 * Trusted Data Format, a data tagging and protection standard used both commercially and by the United States Intelligence Community and US Department of Defense

Arts

 * The Dayton Family, an American horrorcore group
 * Thessaloniki Documentary Festival, a documentary film festival affiliated with the International Thessaloniki Film Festival
 * Totally Dysfunctional Family, known as TDF, the group pseudonym of Eric Clapton and other musicians for a one-off 1997 album
 * The Dhol Foundation, a dhol troupe from the UK

Other

 * Tour de France, a prestigious cycle race in France
 * TDF Group, a major French media and telecommunications conglomerate
 * Theatre Development Fund, a non-profit corporation dedicated to assisting the theatre industry in New York City
 * Theoretical Domains Framework, an implementation tool for Behavioural change theories
 * Total dietary fiber, the indigestible portion of food derived from plants
 * TDF, ticker of Templeton Dragon Fund on the New York Stock Exchange, see Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (T)
 * The Dawood Foundation, a Pakistani non-profit foundation founded by Ahmed Dawood
 * The Document Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes open-source document handling software, particularly LibreOffice
 * Target date fund, a type of mutual fund whose asset mix becomes more conservative as the target date approaches
 * Tierra del Fuego, an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland

title: TDF


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Later Yan

Yan, known in historiography as the Later Yan (384 – 407 or 409), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Xianbei people, located in modern-day northeast China, during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms.

Background
Murong Chui was the son of Murong Huang, the founder of the Xianbei Former Yan dynasty, and a key military general; in 369, he saved the state from ruin by defeating an Eastern Jin invasion led by Huan Wen at the Battle of Fangtou. On the other hand, he was also a subject of suspicion within the imperial family. After defeating Huan Wen, the regent, his uncle Murong Ping became apprehensive of his newfound reputation and wanted to kill him, prompting Chui to flee to the Di-led Former Qin dynasty.

In the next few years, Qin conquered Yan and reunified northern China. Although Qin's ruler, Fu Jian treated him favourably, Chui harboured ambitions to restore his state. He fought for Qin in campaigns against the Eastern Jin and was one of the few officials who supported the ill-fated invasion of 383, which saw the Qin's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fei River. As Chui's army remained mostly intact after the battle, he escorted the injured Fu Jian back to the north.

Sensing weakness, Chui began carrying out his restoration. Rather than kill Fu Jian, he requested to be transferred to Hebei, where Former Yan once ruled, ostensibly to maintain order in the region. There, he cooperated with Fu Jian's son, Fu Pi, under mutual suspicion while secretly contacting the old Yan families and officials to join his movement. In 384, the Dingling people led by Zhai Bin rebelled around Luoyang. Fu Pi sent Chui to attack them, but during the campaign, Chui finally rebelled, joining forces with Zhai Bin.

Siege of Ye
Initially, Murong Chui only took the title of Prince of Yan, as the last Former Yan emperor, Murong Wei, was still alive at the Qin capital, Chang'an. To distinguish between Former Yan and other Yan states of the period, historiographers refer to Chui's state as the Later Yan. He led his forces to besiege Fu Pi at Ye while his generals secured the rest of Hebei, cooperating with the various local Han gentry families and fortified settlements (塢堡; wubao).

Soon after Chui's rebellion, the Western Yan and Later Qin also broke away around Chang'an, constraining Fu Jian and preventing him from sending aid to the east. Despite rebelling, Chui upheld a framing of still being indebted to Fu Jian. While besieging Ye, he attempted to assure Fu Pi's safety and allowed him an escape route to the west. Members of the Fu clan that surrendered were also welcomed and allowed to serve under him.

The battle for Ye lasted around a year as Fu Pi held firmly to the city. During this time, the Zhai-Dingling rebelled and Chui had to fight a brief alliance between Qin and Jin. The war in Hebei and famines that accompanied it devastated the region's economy, but Fu Pi finally abandoned Ye for Jinyang in late 385. Later Yan captured the city, and at this point had occupied most of Hebei.

Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan
In 386, Murong Chui made Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei) his capital, as the city underwent significant development during the war. Later that year, his cousin, Murong Yong of Western Yan occupied Shanxi and declared himself emperor. By now, both Murong Wei and Fu Jian had died, so Chui also changed his title to emperor. The Dingling rebels under Zhai Liao founded the Zhai Wei state at Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan) in 388.

In 392, Murong Chui campaigned against and destroyed Zhai Wei. In 394, seeking to establish Later Yan as Former Yan's true successor, Chui began a campaign to conquer Western Yan. He captured the Western Yan capital and executed Murong Yong, annexing Shanxi for Later Yan. Then, he sent his generals to capture Shandong from the Eastern Jin dynasty, bringing the state to its peak.

At this point, Murong Chui was already at an advanced age, and so he began empowering his Crown Prince, Murong Bao. In 388, he assigned Bao to run the government from Zhongshan while still retaining his decision-making power on important matters. Chui also introduced a separate governing system between his Han Chinese and "Hu" subjects within Yan by appointing Bao the Grand Chanyu, tasked with supervising the tribes. This system was further developed during the reign of Murong Sheng, who established the Yan Ministry to manage the tribes, and then Murong Xi, who set up the Grand Chanyu Administration.

War with Northern Wei
Previously in 386, to counter Western Yan, Later Yan allied themselves with the Tuoba-Xianbei state of Northern Wei. Initially, Wei relied on Later Yan's assistance against their rival tribes, but an incident in 391 led to relations breaking down. Wei aligned themselves with Western Yan, and hostilities continued even after Western Yan fell. In 395, to further elevate his Crown Prince, he sent Murong Bao to lead a force of around 90,000 strong on a punitive expedition against Wei, but the campaign ended in disaster as the Yan was heavily routed at the Battle of Canhe Slope, with Bao barely escaping with his life. In 396, Murong Chui personally led a campaign against Wei, but despite early success, became extremely ill and was forced to withdraw. He soon died and was succeeded by Murong Bao.

Bao's rule was immediately troubled by conflict between him and his family members, along with his unpopular attempt at rectifying the state's household registry. Shortly after Bao's ascension, the Wei ruler, Tuoba Gui invaded Yan. Bao concentrated his forces to Zhongshan and other major cities, believing that Wei would besiege them and withdraw once their supply ran out. Instead, Wei forces quickly overran the Central Plains and consolidated their rule over captured territory. When a rebellion broke out near the Wei capital, Gui negotiated peace, but Bao refused to accept it. He attacked the Wei army as they prepare to retreat, but the Yan army was severely defeated at the Battle of Baisi.

After the loss at Baisi, Bao's brother, Murong Lin started a coup in Zhongshan but failed and escaped the city. Worried that Lin may occupy the key city of Longcheng, Bao decided to abandon Zhongshan for Longcheng. Hereafter, more infighting ensued; at Longcheng, Bao survived rebellions by his son, Murong Hui and his general Duan Sugu (段速骨). Meanwhile, at Zhongshan, a cousin, Murong Xiang held out against Wei and declared himself emperor, but was soon killed and replaced by Murong Lin. However, Zhongshan then fell to Wei, and Lin fled to Ye, where he convinced his uncle, Murong De to abandon the city for Huatai. There, De declared himself the Prince of Yan in 398, founding the Southern Yan and splitting the state into two.

Rule from Liaoning
Supplanted by the Northern Wei, the Later Yan ceased to be a major player on the Central Plains as their territory was reduced to present-day Liaoning. In 398, Murong Bao was assassinated by his granduncle, Lan Han, who was then killed by Bao's son, Murong Sheng, shortly after. Sheng demoted his imperial title from Emperor to Commoner Heavenly King in 400. He had success in waging war against the Kumo Xi and Goguryeo but was also very strict and suspicious of his own officials. In 401, he was killed during a coup, and his uncle Murong Xi replaced him as Heavenly King.

Murong Xi is described in records as a remarkably cruel and wasteful ruler, acting on the whims of his lovers, the sisters Fu Song'e and Fu Xunying. Xi engaged in several costly construction projects and launched repeated campaigns against the Khitan and Goguryeo. However, he was largely unsuccessful in his campaigns, even losing Liaodong to Goguryeo in 404. Taking advantage of Fu Xunying's funeral in 407, Murong Bao's adopted son, Murong Yun, launched a coup and killed Murong Xi.

Murong Yun was originally named Gao Yun and a descendant of the Goguryeo royal family. Upon ascending, he changed his name back to Gao Yun. Depending on one's interpretation, he was either the last ruler of Later Yan or the first ruler of a separate regime known as the Northern Yan (hence, Later Yan ending with Murong Xi's death in 407). Gao Yun established friendly relations with Goguryeo before he was assassinated in 409. His Han Chinese general, Feng Ba replaced him on the throne, thus ending the Later Yan and beginning the Northern Yan.

title: Later Yan


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Ascraeus Mons

Ascraeus Mons is a large shield volcano located in the Tharsis region of the planet Mars. It is the northernmost and tallest of three shield volcanoes collectively known as the Tharsis Montes.

Discovery
The volcano's location corresponds to the classical albedo feature Ascraeus Lacus.

Ascraeus Mons was discovered by the Mariner 9 spacecraft in 1971. The volcano was originally called North Spot because it was the northernmost of only four spots visible on the surface due to a global dust storm that was then enshrouding the planet. As the dust cleared, the spots were revealed to be extremely tall volcanoes whose summits had projected above the dust-laden, lower atmosphere.

Name
Ascraeus Lacus had been named after Ascra, the rustic birthplace of Hesiod; in Greek, the word "ascraeus" is a poetic metonym for "rural." The volcano's name officially became Ascraeus Mons in 1973.

General description
The volcano is located in the southeast-central portion of the Tharsis quadrangle at 11.8°N, 255.5°E in Mars' western hemisphere. A group of three smaller volcanoes (the Ceraunius-Uranius group) lies about 700 km to the northeast, and Pavonis Mons (the middle volcano of the Tharsis Montes) lies 500 km to the southwest. The 70-km diameter crater Poynting is located 300 km to the west-southwest.

Ascraeus Mons is roughly 480 km in diameter and is the second highest mountain on Mars, with a summit elevation of 18.1 km. The volcano has a very low profile with an average flank slope of 7°. Slopes are steepest in the middle portion of the flanks, flattening out toward the base and near the top where a broad summit plateau and caldera (collapse crater) complex are located.

Volcanic vents, located on the northeastern and southwestern edges of the volcano, are sources for broad lava aprons, or fans, that bury nearby portions of the volcano and extend over 100 km out into the surrounding plains. The southwest–northeast orientation of the aprons matches the orientation of the Tharsis Montes, suggesting that a major fissure or rift in the Martian crust is responsible for the orientation of both the aprons and the Tharsis Montes chain. The presence of the lava aprons causes some disagreement in the actual dimensions of the volcano. If the aprons are included as part of the edifice then Ascraeus Mons has dimensions closer to 375 × 870 km.

Like most of the Tharsis region, Ascraeus Mons has a high albedo (reflectivity) and low thermal inertia, indicating that the volcano and surrounding areas are covered with large amounts of fine dust. (See the Martian Surface.) The dust forms a mantle over the surface that obscures or mutes much of the fine-scale topography and geology of the region. Tharsis is probably dusty because of its high elevations. The atmospheric density is too low to mobilize and remove dust once it is deposited. The atmospheric pressure at the summit of Ascraeus Mons averages 100 pascal (1.0 mbar); this is only 17% of the average surface pressure of 600 pascal.

Ascraeus Mons is surrounded by lava flow plains that are mid to late Amazonian in age. The elevation of the plains averages about 3 km above datum (Martian "sea" level), giving the volcano an average vertical relief of 15 km. However, the elevation of the plains varies considerably. The plains northwest of the volcano are less than 2 km in elevation. The plains are highest (>3 km) southeast of the volcano.

The lava plains northwest of Ascraeus Mons are notable for having two dark collapse pits photographed by the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) in November 2010 (pictured in gallery below). The pits resemble those imaged around Arsia Mons by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. The two pits measure about 180 and 310 m wide, and the larger pit is approximately 180 meters deep. The eastern walls of the pits consist of steep, overhanging ledges. The bottoms of both pits contain sediments and large boulders. These rimless pit craters are believed to form by collapse of surface material into a subsurface void created either by a dike or lava tube. They are analogous to volcanic pit craters on Earth, such as the Devil's Throat crater on the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. In some cases, they may mark skylights/entrances to subsurface lava caves.

Geology
Ascraeus Mons was built by many thousands of fluid basaltic lava flows. Except for its great size, it resembles terrestrial shield volcanoes like those that form the Hawaiian Islands. The flanks of Ascraeus Mons are covered with narrow, lobate lava flows and lava channels. Many of the lava flows have levees along their margins. Levees are parallel ridges formed at the edges of lava flows. The cooler, outer margins of the flow solidify, leaving a central trough of molten, flowing lava. Partially collapsed lava tubes are visible as chains of pit craters.

By examining the morphologies of lava flow structures on Ascraeus Mons, geologists are able to calculate the rheological properties of the lava and estimate the rate at which it poured out during eruption (effusion rate). Results show that the lava was highly fluid (low viscosity) with low yield strength, resembling Hawaiian and Icelandic basaltic lavas. Average effusion rates are about 185 m3/s. These rates are comparable to those seen in Hawaii and Iceland. Earth-based radar studies show that Ascraeus Mons has a higher radar echo strength than other volcanic structures on the planet. This could indicate that the lava flows on the flanks of Ascraeus Mons consist of rough Aā-type flows, a conclusion supported by photogeologic analysis of lava flow morphologies.

The flanks of Ascraeus Mons have a rumpled appearance caused by numerous low, rounded terrace-like structures arranged concentrically around the summit of the volcano. The terraces are spaced 30 to 50 km apart, have lengths up to 100 km, radial widths of 30 km, and heights of about 3 km. Individual terraces are not continuous around the volcano, but instead consist of arcuate segments that overlap with each other, forming an imbricate pattern. They are interpreted to be the surface expression of thrust faults that formed due to compression along the volcano's flanks. Flank terraces are also common on Olympus Mons and the other Tharsis shield volcanoes. The source of the compressive stresses is still debated. The flank terraces may be due to compressional failure of the volcano, flexing of the underlying lithosphere due to the volcano's massive weight, cycles of magma chamber inflation and deflation, or shallow gravitational slumping.

Fissures, or flank vents, at the southwestern and northeastern edges of the volcano are the sources of the lava aprons that spread out across the surrounding plains. The fissures seem to have formed by the merger of numerous, narrow rille-like depressions. In places, the depressions form sinuous channels with islands and other features suggestive of erosion by a fluid. Whether the channels were formed predominately by water or lava is still a topic of debate, though extensive study of analogous environments (e.g. Hawaii, the Moon, elsewhere on Mars) and morphologic features by multiple researchers has led to the conclusion that a volcanic origin is most probable.

The caldera complex consists of a central caldera surrounded by four coalesced calderas. The central caldera measures about 24 km across and 3.4 km deep and is the youngest of the collapse structures. Crater counting indicates that the central caldera is about 100 million years (Myr) old. The surrounding calderas have ages of about 200, 400, and 800 Myr old, or earlier. A small, partly preserved depression southeast of the main caldera may be as old as 3.8 billion years (Gyr). If the dates are valid, then Ascraeus Mons may have been active through most of Mars' history.

An area of peculiar, fan-shaped deposits (FSD) lies on the volcano's western flank. The FSD consists of a zone of knobby terrain outlined by a semicircular zone of concentric ridges. Similar deposits are also found at the northwestern edges of the other two Tharsis Montes, Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons, as well as on Olympus Mons. The FSD at Ascraeus Mons is the smallest of those on the Tharsis Montes, covering an area of 14,000 km2 and extending outward from the volcano's base for about 100 km. The origin of these deposits has been debated for decades. However, recent geologic evidence suggests that FSDs are deposits left by glaciers, which covered portions of the volcanoes during a recent period of high obliquity. During periods of high obliquity (axial tilt) the polar regions receive higher levels of sunlight. More water from the poles enters the atmosphere and condenses as ice or snowfall in the cooler equatorial regions. Mars changes its obliquity from about 15° to 35° in cycles of 120,000 years.

title: Ascraeus Mons


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Arsia Mons

Arsia Mons is the southernmost of three volcanoes (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. To its north is Pavonis Mons, and north of that is Ascraeus Mons. The tallest volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, is to its northwest. Its name comes from a corresponding albedo feature on a map by Giovanni Schiaparelli, which he named in turn after the legendary Roman forest of Arsia Silva. Historically, it was known as Nodus Gordii ("Gordian knot") before being renamed.

Structure
Arsia Mons is a shield volcano with a relatively low slope and a massive caldera at its summit. The southernmost of the three Tharsis Montes volcanoes, it is the only major Tharsis volcano south of the equator.

The volcano is 435 km in diameter, almost 20 km high (more than 9 km higher than the surrounding plains ), and the summit caldera is 110 km (72 miles) wide. It experiences atmospheric pressure lower than 107 pascals at the summit. Excluding Olympus Mons, it is the largest known volcano in terms of volume. Arsia Mons has 30 times the volume of Mauna Loa in Hawaii, the largest volcano on the Earth.

The caldera of Arsia Mons was formed when the mountain collapsed in on itself after its reservoir of magma was exhausted. There are many other geologic collapse features on the mountain's flanks. The caldera floor formed around 150 Mya ago.

The shield is transected roughly northeast to southwest by a set of collapse features. The collapse features on the shield are connected by a line of small shield volcanoes on the floor of the caldera. It is possible that this line represents a significant fault similar to others found on the Tharsis bulge. This fault may represent the source of the Arsia lavas.

The rift area to the southwest has been imaged in significant detail by the European Space Agency probe Mars Express. In 2004, a 3D map of this region was created at high resolution. Cliffs, landslides, and numerous collapse features can be seen in this detailed image. Combined with the extensive lava flows at the termination of the rift, this may reveal areas that drained the caldera lavas and contributed to the collapse.

The northwest flank of the volcano is significantly different and rougher than the southeast flank, and the features may represent evidence of glaciers.

Possible plate tectonics
The three Tharsis Montes, together with some smaller volcanoes to the north, form a rather straight line. It has been proposed that these are the result of plate tectonics, which on Earth makes chains of "hot spot" volcanoes.

History
The most recent eruptive episode in the history of Arsia Mons, among the youngest on Mars, involved at least 29 vents within the caldera and also eruptions on the flank aprons along the north-south axis of the volcano. This activity is thought to have extended from 200–300 Ma to 10–90 Ma ago, peaking at 150 Ma with eruption rates in the caldera of 1–8 km3 per Ma. This low recent rate contrasts with an average rate of 270 km3/Ma over the volcano's inferred entire 3400 Ma history.

Weather
A repeated weather phenomenon occurs each year near the start of southern winter over Arsia Mons. Just before southern winter begins, sunlight warms the air on the slopes of the volcano. On the leeward slope, water ice condenses, forming a cloud which can extend westward for more than 1000 km. The autumn of 2018 saw a particularly pronounced version of this orographic cloud, as the planet-wide dust storm finally subsided. The presence of some dust undoubtedly emphasised the phenomenon. This phenomenon has been repeatedly observed by the Mars Express orbiter.

A study using a global climate model found that the Medusae Fossae Formation could have been formed from ancient volcanic ash from Apollinaris Mons, Arsia Mons, and possibly Pavonis Mons.

Glaciers
Recent work provides evidence for glaciers on Arsia Mons at both high and low elevations. A series of parallel ridges resemble moraines dropped by glaciers. Another section looks as if ice melted under the ground and formed a knobby terrain. The lower part has lobes and seems to be flowing downhill. This lobed feature may still contain an ice core that is covered with a thin layer of rocks that has prevented ice from sublimating.

Possible cave entrances
As of 2007 seven putative cave entrances, have been identified in satellite imagery of the flanks of Arsia Mons. They have been informally dubbed Dena, Chloë, Wendy, Annie, Abbey, Nikki, and Jeanne and resemble "skylights" formed by the collapse of lava tube ceilings.

 * Dena (-6.084°N, 239.061°W)
 * Chloë (-4.296°N, 239.193°W)
 * Wendy (-8.099°N, 240.242°W)
 * Annie (-6.267°N, 240.005°W)
 * Abbey and Nikki (-8.498°N, 240.349°W)
 * Jeanne (-5.636°N, 241.259°W)

From day to night, temperatures of the circular features change only about one-third as much as the change in temperature of surrounding ground. While this is more variable than large caves on Earth, it is consistent with there being deep pits. However, due to the extreme altitude, it is unlikely that they will be able to harbour any form of Martian life.

A more recent photograph of one of the features shows sunlight illuminating a side wall, suggesting that it may simply be a vertical pit rather than an entrance to a larger underground space. Nonetheless, the darkness of this feature implies that it must be at least 178 meters deep.

title: Arsia Mons


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Ottawa Centre (federal electoral district)

Ottawa Centre (Ottawa-Centre) is an urban federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. While the riding's boundaries (mainly to the south and west as the north and east borders have remained the Ottawa River and Rideau River, respectively) have changed over the years to account for population changes, the riding has always comprised the central areas of Ottawa, the nation's capital.

The House of Commons of Canada meets in the West Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill, which is located within this district.

History
The riding was created in 1966 from Carleton, Ottawa West and Ottawa East ridings. It initially consisted of that part of Ottawa north of the Rideau River, west of a line following the Rideau Canal to the Canadian Pacific Railway line (currently about where Nicholas Street is), and generally east of Bayswater Road (now Ave.), and south of that the CPR line where the O-Train currently is.

1976 Federal Redistribution
The 1976 redistribution saw significant changes to the riding. It lost territory around Mechanicsville (north of Wellington Street West, west of the current O-Train) and Old Ottawa East (north of Clegg St), while gaining all of the Civic Hospital and Hintonburg neighbourhoods east of Holland Avenue and south of Wellington, Carleton Heights, Riverside Park and the Hunt Club area west of the current O-Train line.

1987 Federal Redistribution
The 1987 redistribution saw the riding expand westward to Island Park Drive, while losing all of its territory south of the Rideau River. Additionally, the riding gained back all of Old Ottawa East south of The Queensway.

1996 Federal Redistribution
The 1996 redistribution saw the riding expand further westward to Sherbourne Road / Maitland Avenue north of the Queensway, as well as gaining the eastern half of Carlington (east of Merivale Road). Also, the area of Old Ottawa East north of the Queensway was added back to the riding.

2003 Federal Redistribution
The riding did not change its boundaries in 2003.

2012 Federal Redistribution
Following the Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012, there was a minor change in the riding's southwestern boundary, which was moved from the former city limits to Baseline Road and Fisher Avenue.

2022 Federal Redistribution
The 2022 Federal Redistribution has become law and will be in effect for the next Federal election which must be held no later than 2025.

Several neighbourhoods in the west end of the riding were moved to Ottawa West—Nepean following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution. North of the Queensway the western boundary was moved from Maitland Ave and Sherbourne Rd east to Golden Ave and then along Carling Ave. As a result the neighbourhoods of McKellar Park and McKellar Heights were shifted to Ottawa West—Nepean.

The south-west boundary along Merivale Rd was moved east to Fisher Ave, reallocating the entire Carlington neighbourhood to Ottawa West—Nepean (previously the eastern portion of Carlington was within Ottawa Centre).

This was somewhat compensated for by changes in the riding's southern boundary, which pushed south and east of the Rideau River for the first time following Bank St and the railway line north of Heron Rd. This change affects the neighbourhoods of Riverside Park, Billings Bridge and Heron Park which are in future part of Ottawa Centre and not Ottawa South.

Members of Parliament
The riding was won in the 1984 election by New Democrat Mike Cassidy. The riding was subsequently won by Liberal Mac Harb in the 1988 election who held it until 2003 when he was appointed to the Senate. The riding was left vacant by Prime Minister Paul Martin until the 2004 election when Ed Broadbent, a former leader of the NDP, defeated Liberal Richard Mahoney, a high-profile lawyer and Liberal strategist and long-time ally of former Prime Minister Paul Martin. The other candidates in 2004 were Mike Murphy of the Conservatives, David Chernushenko of the Greens, Louis Lang of the Marxist-Leninists, Michael Foster, Stuart Ryan of the Communists, Robert Gauthier, and Carla Marie Dancey. Paul Dewar, son of former Ottawa mayor, Marion Dewar, held the riding from 2006 until 2015. Notably, Dewar won the riding with 52 percent of ballots cast in the 2011 federal election.

Ottawa Centre is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Yasir Naqvi from the Liberal Party of Canada.

Geography
The riding covers most of downtown Ottawa, including the Parliament Buildings. From the Rideau River, the riding stretches west encompassing the neighbourhoods of Downtown, Centretown (Centretown West which includes Little Italy is usually considered a distinct neighbourhood), LeBreton Flats, Civic Hospital, Mechanicsville, Hintonburg, Wellington Village, Westboro, eastern part of Carlington, Highland Park, and McKellar Park. The riding encompasses additional neighbourhoods south of downtown, including The Glebe, Old Ottawa South, Lees Avenue, Old Ottawa East and others.

Many public sector workers live in the riding. The northern part of the riding contains many government office buildings, including Parliament Hill. The riding also includes Carleton University and Saint Paul University's (where many UOttawa students have residence) campuses and residences.

Demographics

 * According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 72.4% White, 5.5% Black, 4.5% Chinese, 4.1% South Asian, 3.8% Indigenous, 2.4% Arab, 1.7% Southeast Asian, 1.4% Latin American, 1.0% West Asian

Languages: 67.0% English, 9.1% French, 1.9% Arabic, 1.8% Mandarin, 1.5% Spanish, 1.1% Cantonese, 1.1% Italian

Religions: 42.2% Christian (22.9% Catholic, 4.4% Anglican, 3.4% United Church, 1.8% Christian Orthodox, 1.0% Presbyterian, 8.7% Other), 4.8% Muslim, 2.0% Jewish, 1.4% Hindu, 1.3% Buddhist, 46.9% None

Median income: $54,800 (2020)

Average income: $77,800 (2020)

The Ottawa Centre riding has the highest percentage of master's degree holders in all of Canada (12.7%)

In the 2015 election, the riding had the highest turnout in the country with just over 82% of electors casting a ballot in the election.

2019 federal election
Still holding the Cabinet post of Environment Minister, Ms McKenna was challenged by a new NDP candidate, Emilie Taman, along with other challengers Carol Clemenhagen for the Conservative Party, Angela Keller-Herzog for the Green Party, and Merylee Sevilla for the People's Party. Ms McKenna gained over 4,000 votes from the previous election in 2015, beating her nearest rival by over 15,000 votes.

2015 federal election
Ottawa Centre lost a sliver of territory to Ottawa West—Nepean, as its southwestern border moved from the former Ottawa City limits to Fisher Avenue and Baseline Road. The total population of this area lost (2011 Census) was 424.

Ottawa Centre saw the highest turnout in the entire country in the 2015 election.

2006 federal election
Broadbent announced in 2005 that he would not run for re-election so he could devote more time to care for his ailing wife, Lucille. Richard Mahoney was again the Liberal candidate, hoping that, without an opposing star candidate, such as Broadbent, he would be elected this time. The NDP nominated Paul Dewar, a teacher and son of former mayor Marion Dewar. As the Liberal national numbers declined over the course of the campaign, it seemed more likely that the NDP could retain the seat. Mahoney went on the offensive late in the campaign, claiming a vote for Paul Dewar would help the Conservatives. Dewar retained most of Broadbent's voters and won by over 5000 votes. The riding also gave the Green Party of Canada one of its best performances nationwide with over 6,500 votes, over 10%.

2006 nomination contests

2004 federal election
The 2004 election was an unusual campaign in Ottawa Centre. The seat was vacated in September 2003 when Liberal incumbent Mac Harb received his patronage appointment to the Senate of Canada from outgoing Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. Paul Martin loyalist Richard Mahoney won the Liberal nomination and expected to win the riding.

Former NDP leader and widely respected statesman Ed Broadbent came out of political retirement to win the NDP nomination in January. As the seat was vacant, a by-election was expected to fill the seat and campaigning began in early 2004. However, Prime Minister Paul Martin delayed calling the by-election, in the expectation that a general election would soon be called.

In May 2004, a federal election was called, pre-empting the by-election. Broadbent was increasingly favoured to win, a mid-campaign poll showed him ahead. In addition to Broadbent's personal popularity, the NDP under new leader Jack Layton had greatly increased its popularity, especially in urban Ontario. The campaign was still hard-fought. In the end, Broadbent won a strong victory, and subsequently announced his retirement the following year, in April 2005.

2004 nomination contests

Previous elections
Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

Electoral district associations

 * Liberal Party
 * Green Party
 * NDP


text:
Home for the Holidays

Home for the Holidays may refer to:

Film and television

 * Home for the Holidays (1972 film), an American television slasher film
 * Home for the Holidays (1995 film), an American film directed by Jodie Foster
 * Home for the Holidays, a 2017 holiday special of the TV series Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh
 * "Home for the Holidays" (Home Improvement), a 1998 television episode
 * "Home for the Holidays" (Roseanne), a 1996 television episode

Albums

 * Home for the Holidays (Anthony Hamilton album) or the title song, 2014
 * Home for the Holidays (Darius Rucker album), 2014
 * Home for the Holidays (Glen Campbell album), 1993
 * Home for the Holidays (Lynn Anderson album), 1999
 * Home for the Holidays (Mormon Tabernacle Choir album), 2013
 * Home for the Holidays (Point of Grace album), 2010
 * Home for the Holidays, by LVRN, with 6lack and Summer Walker, 2020

Songs

 * "Home for the Holidays" (song), a 1954 song popularized by Perry Como
 * "Home for the Holidays", a song by Destiny's Child from 8 Days of Christmas, 2001

title: Home for the Holidays


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Space vehicle

A space vehicle is the combination of a spacecraft and its launch vehicle which carries it into space. The earliest space vehicles were expendable launch systems, using a single or multistage rocket to carry a relatively small spacecraft in proportion to the total vehicle size and mass. An early exception to this, the Space Shuttle, consisted of a reusable orbital vehicle carrying crew and payload, supported by an expendable external propellant tank and two reusable solid-fuel booster rockets.

Reusable launch systems are currently being developed by private industry.

Early spacecraft or space vehicles were sometimes known as "spaceships", a term which comes from science fiction to designate a hypothetical vehicle which travels beyond low Earth orbit and is 100% reusable, needing only to be refueled like an airplane.

History
In the 1865 Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon, successful attempts are made to launch three people in a projectile with the goal of a Moon landing. In 1880, The Pall Mall Gazette described Verne’s Columbiad as a "space-ship" — the first recorded use of this term.

The concept of a "space ship" (or "rocket ship") was further developed in twentieth century science fiction such as Flash Gordon, as a self-contained, presumably rocket-powered, unitized vehicle capable of reaching an extraterrestrial destination keeping its structure intact, and requiring only refueling, like an airplane. Real-world rocket technology did not make this possible; while the airplane requires an amount of fuel occupying a relatively small fraction of the total size and mass, the rocket requires an oxidizer in order to operate in the vacuum of space. It also cannot use atmospheric air as its propellant; this function is served by the high-volume and high-mass fuel and oxidizer. Also, the high amount of energy required to reach at least low Earth orbital speed requires an extremely high proportion of propellant to dry vehicle mass. Also, mid-twentieth century structural technologies made it impossible to construct a single set of propellant tanks capable of holding enough mass to reach the required velocity. Thus, expendable multi-stage launch vehicles were the necessary design choice when spaceflight began in the late 1950s. However, starting in the 1990s, developmental work began on such unitary single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) space vehicles with projects like X-33, Roton, McDonnell Douglas DC-X, and Skylon. By 2020, most SSTO developmental projects had failed with the exception of Skylon, which continues development.

Current space vehicles
A majority of space vehicles currently in use are expendable, designed to carry a single payload into space but not for recovery and reuse. They typically consist of several stages which detach in sequence as the vehicle gains speed and altitude and propellant is exhausted.

Reusable launch systems are capable of launching multiple payloads and can be recovered after each use. The only fully reusable space vehicles currently in use are New Shepard and SpaceShipTwo. Both of them perform suborbital spaceflights. SpaceX is developing their Starship to be a fully reusable orbital space vehicle.

title: Space vehicle


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User:Exia

Exia.

title: User:Exia


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Bayside (band)

Bayside is an American punk rock band from the Bayside, Queens neighborhood of New York City, formed in 2000 by lead vocalist Anthony Raneri. The group also consists of lead guitarist Jack O'Shea, bassist Nick Ghanbarian, and drummer Chris Guglielmo.

Since their formation, the group has released nine full-length albums, with their debut, Sirens and Condolences, in 2004, and the release of 2005's follow-up, Bayside, launching the band into mainstream success. The band released seven more albums: The Walking Wounded (2007), Shudder (2008), Killing Time (2011), Cult (2014), Vacancy (2016), Interrobang (2019) and There Are Worse Things Than Being Alive (2024).

Early years and debut album (2000–04)
Bayside was formed by Anthony Raneri and Mike Kozak in October 2000 in Queens, New York City. The band got its name when on their way to a New Found Glory show on Long Island, with the intention of giving New Found Glory a demo CD, and they were trying to think of a name to write on the CD. The demo included a song called down-time, with bassist Chris Jackson formerly of the Showoffs and Waste Management. They passed the Bayside train station, and decided to write "Bayside" on the CD simply as a name for New Found Glory, but the name became permanent. The group self-released a five-song demo and signed to Dying Wish Records to issue their first release, Long Stories Short EP in 2001. In early 2002, the band toured with the likes of My Hotel Year, Don't Look Down, A440, Brand New, and Hot Rod Circuit.

In June 2002, Kozak left the band and was replaced by JR Manning of Caroline. In October 2002, the band supported Shelter for two weeks on their headlining US tour, before spending November and December touring with Unsung Zeros and Junction 18, and two weeks with the Rocking Horse Winner and Twothirtyeight. In March 2003, the band released a split EP with Name Taken, through Dying Wish Records. It was promoted with an east coast US tour with the Goodwill and Junction 18 in April and May 2003. Later in 2003, Bayside signed to Victory Records, where the band resided for the next six years. Bayside's debut full-length album, Sirens and Condolences, was released on January 27, 2004, through Victory Records.

Self-titled album and Acoustic EP (2004–06)
The band's self-titled follow-up album, Bayside, was released on August 23, 2005, by Victory Records. While touring in support of the album, the band was involved in a van accident on October 31, 2005, at 3 AM in Cheyenne, Wyoming. After leaving their Boulder, Colorado show, their vehicle hit a patch of ice, skidded off the road, and flipped over. Drummer John "Beatz" Holohan, age 31, was killed, and bassist Nick Ghanbarian was seriously injured when he was ejected through one of the van's windows. Ghanbarian broke his L-4 (lumbar vertebrae) which required surgery, while bandmates Anthony Raneri and Jack O'Shea escaped with minor injuries.

Bayside released Acoustic, a collection of acoustic versions of their songs which featured the song "Winter", a tribute to Holohan. The band Punchline dedicated their album 37 Everywhere to the memory of Holohan. The first song on the record, "Flashlight," features backing vocals from Raneri, and the song "They Are Strong Hands" is a reference to Bayside's song "They Looked Like Strong Hands" from their self-titled album. "They Are Strongs Hands" also makes a lyrical shout out to Holohan saying "Ain't nobody gonna bring me down, 'cause my boy John Beatz got my back." Several other bands wrote songs dedicated to his memory, including Aiden, I Am the Avalanche, Silverstein, and The Sleeping.

The Walking Wounded and Shudder (2006–09)
The band released The Walking Wounded on February 6, 2007, and was re-released as The Walking Wounded: Gold Edition on July 22, 2007, with the newer edition containing bonus live acoustic tracks as well as a bonus DVD, which includes live acoustic recordings, music videos, and documentaries. The drums and percussion on the album were performed by Chris Guglielmo, who joined the band as their new drummer after the death of John Holohan. A remix of the song "Duality" was featured in the soundtrack to Resident Evil: Extinction.

On September 30, 2008, the band released its fourth full-length album, Shudder, and a live album, Live at the Bayside Social Club. The album had been leaked onto various file-sharing sites earlier in the month on September 5, 2008. A week before the official release on September 22, 2008, the album was put up to stream on the band's official MySpace page. On October 4, 2008, the music video for the song "No One Understands" was posted for viewing on the band's official MySpace page.

Killing Time (2009–12)
On May 2, 2009, the band performed at Bamboozle Festival at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, the band's third stint at the festival. During this time, Bayside finished their contract obligations with Victory Records, and released a cover of "Beautiful Girls" by Sean Kingston for the Fearless Records' cover compilation album Punk Goes Pop 2. The following summer the band finished its fourth stint on the Vans Warped Tour, and much of 2010 the band worked on its fifth album with plans on releasing it in early 2011, which the magazine Alternative Press named one of the most anticipated albums of 2010 in its annual feature.

On March 10, 2010, the Alternative Press website released news that Bayside has signed to the record label Wind-up Records, projecting the band's next release to be fall of the same year. The band began tracking their fifth album and Wind Up Records debut on June 1, 2010, at Dreamland Studios in Woodstock, New York. Bayside enlisted the help of prolific British rock producer Gil Norton, who is best known for his work with the Foo Fighters, The Pixies, Counting Crows, Echo and the Bunnymen, Jimmy Eat World and Dashboard Confessional. In September 2010 the band announced through their Twitter account that the new album will be called Killing Time, and will be released on February 22, 2011. On October 5, 2010, the band announced the track listing for Killing Time on their Twitter. The first song, "Already Gone", was put up for streaming exclusively on AbsolutePunk.net on October 18, 2010. Their first single from Killing Time, "Sick, Sick, Sick", was released on November 16, 2010. On February 3, 2011, "Mona Lisa" was released on the Alternative Press website to be streamed for free, although it was played previously at an Acoustic set for 104.5 Radio with "On Love, On Life".

Bayside played the 2011 Take Action Tour with Silverstein co-headlining, with opening acts including Polar Bear Club, The Swellers, and Texas In July. On April 26, 2011, the Take Action Vol. 10 compilation was released, which included a previously unreleased Bayside song, "Battle Scars". Bayside announced that they would be going on tour with Saves The Day, I Am The Avalanche, and Transit from the middle of September 2011 to the middle of November 2011. During the tour, Rise Records released a 7" vinyl compilation featuring one song from each of the bands touring, which was limited to only 2000 copies. The Bayside song featured on the 7" split was the original demo of their new single "Sick, Sick, Sick." After a break from touring, the band announced that they would be doing Warped Tour 2012 from June 16 to July 30, and Raneri would be playing solo acoustic sets on the Acoustic Basement Stage for the same tour dates.

Covers Volume #1 (EP) and Cult (2012–15)
On September 17, 2012, Bayside announced they were self-releasing a cover EP entitled Covers Volume #1, through their own record label Gumshoe Records, which would be released on October 23, 2012. The EP contained covers of songs from Van Morrison, The Ronettes, Del Shannon, Elvis Costello and Billy Joel. They also announced that they would start writing a new album tentatively in January 2013. In an interview with Alternative Press on September 25, 2012, Raneri stated the intention of making more volumes of cover EPs as the reasoning behind naming this first one Covers Volume #1. Previously they had announced that they would be going on tour with Taking Back Sunday for their "Tell All Your Friends" 10 Year Anniversary Tour, which for Bayside started on October 4, 2012, and ended on November 23, 2012, in their hometown of New York City. On August 16, 2013, the band revealed that they have signed to Hopeless Records.

On November 12, 2013, Bayside revealed their sixth album, Cult, after a series of photos on their Instagram page symbolizing their previous albums. In the last picture, all symbols were depicted inside of a hexagram with six tally marks in the six point of the star. With the release, Bayside provided pre-orders that included a download of "Pigsty", and a track list of the new album was also released on the band's website. The album released on February 18, 2014, and the following April the band went on a UK tour with Alkaline Trio in support of the new album. They also featured on 2014 Warped Tour.

Bayside announced a 15-year anniversary tour beginning on March 5, 2015, with Senses Fail, Man Overboard, and Seaway. On June 25, 2015, the band announced a tour to be supported by The Early November and Better Off. The tour ran from August 31, 2015, through to September 18 with the tour concluding with a date at Riot Fest in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Vacancy and Acoustic Volume 2 (2016–2018)
On August 19, 2016, Bayside released their seventh studio album entitled Vacancy through Hopeless Records.

The band embarked on a US tour to support the album through August and September 2016 and have announced Australian tour dates for November 2016.

On August 16, 2018, the band announced they would be making another acoustic album, titled Acoustic Volume 2, updated with songs from newer albums. The album includes a new song, "It Don't Exist", and a music video was released for it on the day of the announcement. The album was released on September 28, 2018.

Interrobang, The Red EP and The Blue EP (2019–present)
On August 20, the band released a new single, titled "Prayers".

On September 20, the band announced their eighth studio album, Interrobang, and released the title track along with a music video. The album's release date was also set as October 4, only two weeks from this announcement.

A week later, a tour in support of the new album was announced along with a battle of the bands submission and voting based on the band's website. The Contest was meant as a way for the band to support local unsigned bands and give them a chance to perform in front of a large crowd. Each concert would feature a local band as an opener.

In 2020, the band announced a 20th anniversary tour with Senses Fail, Hawthorne Heights, and Can't Swim, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In May of 2022, the band announced that they would be releasing an EP later in the year. With this announcement came the EP's first single, "Strangest Faces". On August 11, the second single, "Good Advice", was released and on October 19 The Red EP was fully released via Hopeless Records.

The band then released The Blue EP on March 17, 2023, also via Hopeless Records.

Anthony Raneri solo project
Frontman Anthony Raneri, through his personal blog, Twitter account and various interviews, hinted to a solo release. At midnight on December 4, 2009, Raneri released a demo version of the solo song "The Ballad of Bill the Saint" on his personal Myspace page, the first recorded song from a reported upcoming solo album. The song was recorded in one night at Chris Kirkpatrick's studio in his own home, after the two met at one of Raneri's solo shows in Orlando, Florida. On January 22, 2011, in an interview with Alternative Press, Raneri stated that he has no plans to release a solo album any time soon. However, as recently as August 20, 2011, Raneri stated at a solo show he was playing in Rhode Island, "I was thinking about maybe putting out a solo record next year," and also mentioned that he had not revealed to his record label of his intentions about putting out a solo album yet, but joked that they would know of his intentions after he would post a video of the show on the internet. Raneri began recording his solo EP on December 13 in Los Angeles. Steve Choi from Rx Bandits, Davey Warsop from Beat Union, and Jarrod Alexander of My Chemical Romance were announced as his backing band and collaborators on the recording. On December 20, 2011, it was announced via Facebook that the solo EP was named New Cathedrals and was scheduled for an early 2012 release. On December 31, Raneri posted to his Facebook page that the EP would be released before the start of the "Where's the Band? Tour" in January.

On January 10, 2012, the first song from the EP, "Sandra Partial", was released for free streaming on Alternative Press. Also, via his Facebook page, Raneri released the artwork and track list of the EP. On January 16, another song from the EP, entitled "Please Don't Leave", was released on AbsolutePunk. That same day the full EP was released on iTunes, and within hours made it to number seven on the iTunes Store Top 10 Alternative Albums chart. On June 30, 2015, Raneri's second EP was released on Hopeless Records. The title of the EP is "Sorry State of Mind" and its first single is titled "Gone". The EP was recorded at his longtime friend Steve Soboslai's, guitarist from the band Punchline, studio on Nashville's Music Row.

Gumshoe Radio
On November 14, 2011, Gumshoe Radio, a weekly radio show hosted by band members Anthony Raneri and Nick Ghanbarian, was announced. The show is set to air every Friday from 7pm-9pm ET on their site www.GumshoeRadio.com.

Chris Guglielmo solo project
In 2024, drummer Chris Guglielmo launched his own solo project under the name headtrip. His first EP "no love" featured three new original songs, released on January 5, 2024. This was quickly followed the next week by the single "Black Tongues".

Current members

 * Anthony Raneri – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2001–present), lead guitar (2001–2003)
 * Jack O'Shea – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–present)
 * Nick Ghanbarian – bass, backing vocals (2004–present)
 * Chris Guglielmo – drums, percussion (2006–present)

Former members

 * Andrew Elderbaum – bass, backing vocals (2001–2004)
 * Jason Enz – drums, percussion (2001–2003)
 * Jim Mitchell – drums, percussion (2003–2004)
 * John "Beatz" Holohan – drums, percussion (2004–2005; his death)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Sirens and Condolences (2004)
 * Bayside (2005)
 * The Walking Wounded (2007)
 * Shudder (2008)
 * Killing Time (2011)
 * Cult (2014)
 * Vacancy (2016)
 * Interrobang (2019)
 * There Are Worse Things Than Being Alive (2024)

title: Bayside (band)


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Wik2/Decided

On May 23, Wik went on a vandalism spree, even though he had been banned for 7 days beginning with May 20. First using the account of User:(Wik), then a variety of anonymous IDs, he first began making edits to his own Talk page, then to the Request for Comments page, and then, when he was blocked from editing and his Talk page protected because he was not allowed to make edits, he began vandalizing my Talk page. I unblocked him and reverted his block to 7 days beginning on May 23 because he has not lived up to the requirements of his blocking. RickK 03:03, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If you haven't noticed, I quit. You might as well turn the week's ban into a permanent one - I don't intend to edit any more articles. However, the least I can ask is that my talk page is protected from vandalism. And if this is not done (i.e. if the page is not permanently protected on my last version) I am forced to give you the same treatment. See how you like your talk pages being vandalized. Wik
 * If you quit, why are you still editing? And no, you do NOT have the right to edit your own Talk page when you've been blocked for 7 days.  And in case you haven't noticed, your page has been blocked so that it CAN'T be vandalized.  Maybe a nice note to your ISP about your vandalism might get your attention.  RickK 03:15, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm only trying to ensure my talk page isn't vandalized, then I'm gone. And it is now protected on a version that contains vandalism. Revert it to my version, and things are fine. Wik


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St Erth

St Erth (Lannudhno) is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

St Erth takes its name from Saint Erc, one of the many Irish saints who brought Christianity to Cornwall during the Dark Ages, and is at the old crossing point of the River Hayle. The Cornish name of the place derives from St Uthinoch of whom little is known. The church of St Erth dates from the 15th-century, though an older church is said to have once stood on St Erth Hill overlooking the village.

The St Erth railway station is 0.75 miles from the village, at Rose-an-Grouse, and is on the Cornish Main Line from London Paddington to Penzance. It is also the junction for scenic St Ives Bay Line.

Geography
The village is four miles (6.5 km) southeast of St Ives and six miles (10 km) northeast of Penzance. The parish shares boundaries with Ludgvan in the west, Hayle in the north, and St Hilary in the south.

The old coaching road once led through the village, before the building of the causeway in 1825 along the edge of the Hayle Estuary. Prior to 1825 anyone wanting to go from Hayle to St Ives or Penzance had to cross the sands of the Hayle Estuary or make a significant detour crossing the River Hayle at the ancient St Erth Bridge. The Star Inn, in St Erth village centre, is a Grade II listed building coaching inn dating from the fourteenth/fifteenth centuries. It was along this route that tin was carried upcountry from the stannaries of Penwith. Guides took travellers across the sands, but, even with guides, it was sometimes a perilous journey and the shifting sand and racing tide claimed several lives. Because of this major obstacle to trade, a turnpike trust was formed, with Henry Harvey a trustee, to build the causeway which now takes the road below the plantation west to the Old Quay House. Costing £5000 in 1825, the investors charged a toll to use the causeway to recover their costs.

St Erth was the site of a large creamery operated by United Dairies: this was responsible for processing a large quantity of milk produced in Penwith.

Manor houses
Trewinnard Manor is an early 18th-century house built on a different site from its medieval predecessor by the Hawkins family. Trelissick Manor is a medieval house remodelled in 1688 for the Jacobite James Paynter, again remodelled in the 18th century and extended in the 19th century. Tredrea Manor is a 17th-century house but it was largely rebuilt c. 1856. The front is of five bays built in ashlar.

St Erth Sand Pits
St Erth Sand Pits were worked for Pliocene sands and clays. The clay was used for fixing candles to miners' helmets and also for puddling the dry dock at Penzance. Later it was used by Bernard Leach at his pottery in St Ives. The clay was the source of significant fossil finds and in 1886 the Royal Society obtained a government grant to search the shell-beds. In 1962 the pits were designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). However, the main use of the sand in this location was for the metal foundries throughout Cornwall, but especially for Harvey's of nearby Hayle, and beyond. The sand grains are found coated with a thin film of clay. With gentle pressure and the correct percentage of water the sand grains will bind together and can be used for making a sand mould into which molten metals can be poured to make engineering castings. One of the disused pits is a geological nature reserve owned by Cornwall Wildlife Trust. Another good source of clay for fixing candles to miners' helmets was on St Agnes Beacon.

Parish church
The parish church is dedicated to St Erc (Latin Ercus) and is probably of the 14th-century. It is not a large church and has a west tower of three stages. There are north and south aisles, the arcade in the north aisle having piers of two different types. The church was restored in 1874, at which time two dormer windows were inserted in the roof. The wagon roof of the south porch is old and the font is Norman and of an unusual square design. The ornate wooden roofs of the nave and aisles and fine oak screen decorated with the Four Evangelists are due to the restoration of 1874.

The church is sited in a wooded area and the churchyard, according to Charles Henderson, "greatly enhances the building". The names of eight places in the parish are recorded as having chapels or shrines in the medieval registers, including Bosworgey (St Mary Magdalene) and Gurlyn.

There are six Cornish crosses in the parish: two are in the churchyard and the others are in the churchtown and at Battery Mill, Tregenhorne and Trevean.

Cornish wrestling
There have been Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, have been held in St Erth at least throughout the last century. Tournaments have been held at the field at Treloweth, near St Erth station and at Tredrea Manor.

Local government
For the purposes of local government St Erth forms a civil parish and elects eleven parish councillors every four years to St Erth Parish Council. The local authority is Cornwall Council.

Twinning
St Erth has been twinned with Ploulec'h in Brittany, France since 1998.

Notable people

 * The Rev. William Paynter, (1637 – 1716) Anglican clergyman and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University was born at Trelissick Walbert, in the parish of St Erth.
 * Davies Gilbert PRS (1767–1839) Cornish engineer, author, and politician. Born Davies Giddy, he lived in St Erth in family home of Tredrea.
 * David Charleston (1848 in St Erth – 1934) Cornish-born Australian politician, emigrated to Australia in 1884 and in 1901 he was elected to the Australian Senate
 * Major Herbert Augustine Carter VC (1874 – 1916) son of the vicar of St Erth. Served in two campaigns in East Africa. He is buried at St Erth in a plot planted with tropical plants including laurels and castor oil plants. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry Museum at Bodmin.
 * Admiral Sir Henry Bernard Hughes Rawlings GBE KCB (1889 in St Erth – 1962) Royal Navy officer, became Flag Officer, Eastern Mediterranean during World War II.
 * Sir John William Frederic Nott KCB (born 1932) former British Conservative Party MP for St Ives from 1966 to 1983, Secretary of State for Defence during the Falkland war, now lives on his farm in St Erth.

title: St Erth