text:
Mess

The mess (also called a mess deck aboard ships) is a designated area where military personnel socialize, eat and (in some cases) live. The term is also used to indicate the groups of military personnel who belong to separate messes, such as the officers' mess, the chief petty officer mess, and the enlisted mess. In some civilian societies this military usage has been extended to the eating arrangements of other disciplined services such as fire fighting and police forces.

The root of mess is the Old French mes, "portion of food" (cf. modern French mets), drawn from the Latin verb mittere, meaning "to send" and "to put" (cf. modern French mettre), the original sense being "a course of a meal put on the table"; cfr. also the modern Italian portata with the same meaning, past participle of portare, to bring. This sense of mess, which appeared in English in the 13th century, was often used for cooked or liquid dishes in particular, as in the "mess of pottage" (porridge or soup) or Eton mess.

Canada
Messing in the Canadian Forces generally follows the British model (see United Kingdom below), from which most traditions have descended. Basic regulations regarding the establishment and administration of messes is contained in the King's Regulations and Orders and the Canadian Forces Administrative Orders.

As in the British Forces, there are normally three messes: the officers' mess (called the wardroom in naval establishments), for commissioned officers and officer cadets; the warrant officers' and sergeants' mess (Navy: chiefs' and petty officers' mess), for senior non-commissioned officers and warrant officers; and the junior ranks mess, for junior non-commissioned officers, privates, and seamen. Some bases, such as CFB Kingston in the 1980s, had a master corporals' mess separate from the junior ranks'; all of these, with the exception of the CFB Valcartier master corporals' mess (known as the Mess des chefs), have been amalgamated with the junior ranks' messes. Certain other bases, mainly training establishments such as HMCS Venture have messes known as the gun room for the use of subordinate officers (naval or officer cadets).

Most bases and stations have three messes (officers', warrant officers' and sergeants', and junior ranks'). Many of these establishments have lodger units (such as air squadrons, army regiments, etc.) who also have their own messes. All of His Majesty's Canadian ships have three messes aboard; this extends to Naval Reserve divisions and other naval shore establishments which bear the title HMCS (see stone frigate). Due to limited budgets and declining revenues, many messes have been forced to close or amalgamate: for example, at CFS St. John's, the junior ranks' mess of the Newfoundland Militia District closed, its members moving to the station's junior ranks'; the station's officers' mess and warrant officers' and sergeants' mess later amalgamated.

Headdress is not worn in Canadian messes, except:
 * by personnel on duty, such as a duty or watch officer, or the military police;
 * as permitted on special occasions, such as during costume parties, theme events, etc.;
 * by personnel for whom wearing headgear is mandatory (e.g. for religious reasons).

All Canadian Forces personnel, regular and reserve, must belong to a mess, and are termed ordinary members of their particular mess. Although normally on federal property, messes have been ordered to comply with the legal drinking age laws of their province; for example, an 18-year-old soldier may legally consume alcohol in a Quebec mess, but not in one in Ontario, where the legal age is 19 years. However, despite being underage, the soldier may not be prohibited entry into the mess.

Canadian Forces personnel are normally welcome in any mess of their appropriate rank group, regardless of element; thus a regimental sergeant-major of an infantry battalion is welcome in a chiefs' and petty officers' mess (inter-service rivalries notwithstanding). Personnel of a different rank (except as noted below) must ask for permission to enter; that may be granted by the president of the mess committee, his designate, or the senior member present.

These restrictions are normally waived on certain special occasions, when the messes are "opened" to all personnel, regardless of rank. These occasions may include (and will be locally published by the mess committee)::
 * New Year's Day, January 1, called a levée
 * Canada Day, July 1
 * Remembrance Day, November 11

The commanding officer of the establishment or unit that owns the mess is permitted access to all his messes; thus a ship's captain has access to the vessel's chiefs' and petty officers' mess, the commanding officer of a regiment may enter any of the regimental messes, and the base commander is welcome in any of the base's messes. In practice, commanding officers rarely enter anything other than the officers' mess unless invited, as a point of etiquette. In addition, duty personnel — such as a duty NCO or officer of the watch — or the military police have access to any and all messes for the purposes of maintaining good order and discipline. Chaplains are usually welcomed in all messes.

As in the UK, Canadian messes are run by the mess committee, a group democratically elected by the members of the mess. One exception is on warships, where the president of the junior ranks mess is appointed by the commanding officer. The committee members are generally the same as those of their British counterparts, with the addition of special representatives for such things as sports, housing, morale, etc. These positions are normally spelled out in the mess constitution, which sets out the bylaws, regulations, and guidelines for such things as conduct of mess meetings, associate memberships, dress regulations within the mess, or booking of the mess by civilian organizations. The constitution and any amendments are voted upon by the members of the mess.

Germany
The Federal German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) differentiates between three different mess areas.

1. HBG (Heimbetriebsgesellschaft) - More commonly called Enlisted Mess (Mannschaftsheim): it is common for most bases to have one, where food and drink can be purchased. Newspapers and in some cases equipment and souvenirs such as key chains may also be available. There is generally no strict regulation of conduct, even though access is not limited to enlisted personnel, and NCOs or officers may also be present, ensuring some regulation of conduct.

2. UHG (Unteroffizierheim or Unteroffizierheimgesellschaft) (Gesellschaft lit. society) - also called UK (NCO Comradeship/Unteroffizierkameradschaft) - Non-commissioned Officers' Mess: this is the area where NCOs can dine or spend their evenings. As opposed to the HBG, the UHG has a constitution, bylaws and a board. Access is usually restricted to NCOs, while officers can gain entry, even though it is usually frowned upon by the NCOs. Some bases have a joint NCOs' and Officers' Mess.

3. OHG (Officers' Mess/Offizierheimgesellschaft) - Also called Casino (Kasino or Offizierkasino). Much like the UHG, the Kasino also has a constitution, bylaws and a board. Gentlemanly conduct is mandatory: for instance upon entering the main hall, officers are expected to stand at attention and perform a small bow. Additionally, veterans' meetings are usually held either in a UHG or in a Kasino. As with the UHG, Kasinos have permanent personnel, as a general rule enlisted men, called Ordonnanzen, a military term for waiter or barman. Some Kasinos have grand pianos, and hold recitals, as well as having music played during luncheons or dinners. Official events such as balls and unofficial events such as weddings, informational events and the like, are held here.

The German Navy call their messes Messen, with the distinction Offiziermesse. The land-based messes are also called Offiziermessen.

India
The Indian Army follows a system similar to the British. A typical regiment/unit would have one mess and two clubs, one for the commissioned officers, club for the Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO) and one for the NCOs. Havildars/Daffadars (equivalent to Sergeants) are considered to be NCOs. The Air Force, however has an SNCO (Sr. NCO) mess for Warrant Officers and sergeants, while lower-ranking NCOs would be members of the NCO's mess.

In the officer's mess and the JCO's club, there also is rank of Mess Havildar. A Mess Havildar is a senior NCO who manages and executes the day-to-day activities of the mess/club.

On Republic Day (Jan 26) the JCOs are formally invited for cocktails at the Officers mess. This is reciprocated on Independence Day (Aug 15) by the JCOs at the JCOs Club.

Israel
In the Israeli Navy, although Hebrew speaking, dining rooms on the Missile Ships, Dolphin submarines, and the kitchen in the Patrol Boats are named Messes, Crew Mess and Officers' Mess. Also, every special meal brought by a crewmember, say celebrating a birthday or a rank promotion, is called Mess.

United Kingdom
On a naval or military establishment there are usually two or three messes:
 * The Officers' Mess, for Commissioned Officers;
 * The Chief Petty Officer's or Warrant Officers' and Sergeants' Mess, for Senior Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs) and Warrant Officers (WOs);
 * The Junior Rates' or Junior Ranks Mess, for Junior NCOs, Rates, Airmen and Privates.

Officers and SNCOs are required under King's Regulations to be a member of a mess and unmarried members usually live, eat, and socialise in them. Members of the Officers’ and SNCO mess are also required to pay a subscription fee for supplies and upkeep. The amount is decided upon by the commanding officer within the limits stipulated by the Regulations.

Soldiers, sailors or airmen are welcome in any mess for their rank or equivalent, should they be away from their home unit, as long as they are paying dues in at least one mess. For the Warrant Officers' and Sergeants' Mess the highest ranking (normally the regimental sergeant major) member is known as the Presiding Member.

A mess is run by the Mess Committee, a group democratically elected by the members of the mess (except wardrooms), but normally agreed by the commanding officer or regimental sergeant major.
 * 1) President Mess Committee (PMC) - (Officers' Mess) or Chairman of the Mess Committee (Sergeants'/Petty Officers' Mess)
 * 2) Vice President of the Mess Committee (Mr Vice), who is responsible for toasts during mess dinners. He or she is rarely the deputy of the PMC (normally this is the Secretary) but instead the most junior person in the mess.
 * 3) Treasurer
 * 4) Secretary (Sec), who is responsible for records and minutes, etc.
 * 5) Wines Member, who is responsible for keeping the bar stocked.
 * 6) House Member, who is responsible for furniture and infrastructure.
 * 7) Entertainments (Ents) Member, for any special events or parties in the mess.

Some messes also have a Senior Living-In Member (SLIM) who represents the living-in members and supervises their conduct.

The commanding officer of the unit has right of veto over the mess, and any changes or events must have his approval. The CO is allowed into any mess (because they are legally all his), but it is often considered an abuse of power, unbecoming conduct or disturbing the order for a CO to drink in a lower rank mess, except when invited on special occasions.

The Officers' Mess in a Royal Navy ship or base is called the wardroom. Associated with the wardroom is a gunroom, the mess for midshipmen and occasionally junior sub-lieutenants. The captain of a vessel is not normally a member of the wardroom, which is always run by the first lieutenant or executive officer (XO), thereby known as the Mess President ("Mess Prez"). This post is part of the job of being a ship's XO. Other committee members are generally appointed (voluntarily or otherwise) by the XO.

Mess dress is the military term for the formal evening dress worn in the mess or at other formal occasions. It is also known as mess kit. Mess dress would be worn at occasions requiring white tie or black tie.

U.S. Army
In the United States Army, officers historically have had to purchase their own food using funds allocated to each officer. In the far-flung forts of the American Old West, officers would organize their food service in two ways:
 * "Closed Mess" was when the few officers of a small fort would pool all of their food funds to provide all meals to members only, thus being "closed" to outsiders except as guests.
 * In a larger post, the larger pool of officers could allow the officers to purchase meals on an individual meal basis (after payment of a small monthly dues amount). Such arrangements were called "Open Messes".

The mess now is called a dining facility or DFAC. The Officers' Club ("O Club") is an outgrowth comparable to the Officers' Open Mess, but also providing areas to allow officers to entertain guests. A similar version for enlisted personnel is the "E Club". Mess also describes the formal affair of having a "dining in", held for military members and closed to the public, or a "dining out", a social event for military personnel and their families.

For much of the 20th century the Army's mess food selection was spartan, but after the end of the draft they changed to a food court model with more variety including fast food, while also making fast food franchises available on bases. In 2011, the Army rolled out a program known as "Soldier Athlete" which promotes healthier foods including low-fat milk, whole grains, and veggie wraps.

U.S. Navy
At most United States Navy shore installations, galleys (previously called Enlisted Dining Facilities in the 1970s and early 1980s) provide messing for sailors (and, if assigned, enlisted marines) ashore and as an option for sailors (and, if assigned, enlisted marines) aboard ships while in port at those installations. Commissioned officers may use these facilities if in a "duty officer" status (e.g., squadron duty officer, command duty officer, etc.) under the pretext of "inspecting/sampling" the mess.

In addition to galleys ashore, various social clubs with dining facilities may also exist. These are enlisted clubs for sailors in the grade of Petty Officer First Class (E-6) and below; chief petty officer clubs for CPOs (E-7), senior chief petty officers (E-8) and MCPOs (E-9); and officers' clubs for commissioned officers, although many have been closed, merged into combination enlisted/CPO clubs, or converted into "all hands" enlisted and officer facilities. Such changes began to be imposed following the congressionally-mandated end of Department of Defense budgetary subsidies for all such clubs in the 1990s and the subsequent need for these clubs to be financially self-sufficient. Further impacting the club system ashore for the Navy is the fact that most naval units deploy for extended periods (e.g., six to ten months) on a regular basis with, especially for shipboard personnel, requiring for senior enlisted personnel and commissioned officers to maintain concurrent membership in a ship's CPO Mess or officers' wardroom, respectively.

At sea aboard naval vessels, messing is still separate, with E-6 and below utilizing the ship's mess decks, E-7 through E-9 utilizing the ship's CPO mess, and commissioned officers being part of the wardroom. Certain large vessels (e.g., aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships) may also include a first class mess for E-6, typically a separate dining area adjacent to the mess decks. This is considered a chance for future CPOs to learn how to be a part of a mess before they enter the CPO mess, often called by the sobriquet of "goat locker." Enlisted personnel normally receive all meals at what appears to be no cost, but in fact subsidize their meals through forfeiture of their Basic Allowance for Subsistence (BAS), also called "commuted rations," although chief petty officers may also have a mess "buy in" or monthly mess bill equivalent to the BAS. For those ships with embarked Marine Corps personnel, staff noncommissioned officers in the grades of E-7, E-8 and E-9 will also be part of the CPO Mess. Commissioned officers retain their BAS, a flat-rate allowance much smaller than the graduated by rank amount paid out to enlisted personnel; however, they must pay for all of their meals while afloat out of pocket. This usually entails a mess "buy in" as a member of the officers' mess and will typically have either a monthly mess bill or will purchase meals via some sort of debit card.

U.S. Air Force
Social clubs on United States Air Force installations were at one time called Open Messes, even though most were known in vernacular as Officers Clubs or NCO clubs. Those for officers were able to utilize their initials as colorful acronyms, among the more well-known of which in the 1960s and 1970s were Zaragosa and Zweibrücken (ZOOM), Danang (DOOM), Ramstein (ROOM), and Korat Air Bases or Kirtland Air Force Base (KABOOM), Randolph AFB (Auger Inn) and Nellis AFB (Robin's Nest), with the nicknames usually ascribed to those facilities' casual bars versus the entire club.

At one time, each squadron had its club, and some flying squadrons continue to maintain a bar in the squadron facilities for officer and enlisted aircrew to this day, but most disappeared after World War II and the various Airmen's Clubs, Senior NCO Clubs and Officers' Clubs became facilities of a base rather than a unit. Most are now officially referred to as officer or enlisted clubs; the term "mess" or "officers' open mess" having largely disappeared from the Air Force lexicon. Though a few bases (usually major training bases) have separate Airmen's Clubs for junior enlisted and NCO Clubs for noncommissioned officers, this is no longer normally the case. Physically separate Officers' Clubs still exist at some installations; however, smaller Air Force installations may have one consolidated club with separate lounges. Membership is voluntary, though highly encouraged for senior NCOs and officers. Most NCO and Officers Clubs contain a sit-down restaurant in addition to social lounges, meeting/dining rooms, and bars.

Mess halls in the USAF, where unmarried junior enlisted residing in the dormitories are expected to eat, are officially referred to as "dining facilities," but are colloquially called "chow halls," although dining facility workers traditionally take offense at the term.

U.S. Marine Corps
In the United States Marine Corps, enlisted dining facilities ashore are commonly referred to as 'galleys' or 'chow halls.' When embarked aboard naval vessels, enlisted Marines and NCOs in the rank of staff sergeant (E-6) and below use the same mess decks as sailors in the grade of petty officer first class (E-6) and below, while staff NCOs in the rank of gunnery sergeant (E-7) and above take meals in the chief petty officers (CPO) mess. Separate enlisted, NCO and officers clubs continue to exist at Marine Corps shore installations, following the Navy model of enlisted, CPO and officers clubs.

Marine Clubs have also been in decline. According to an article by USA Today:
 * "Alcohol deglamorization in the late '80s started the decline," says Carol Garland, head of the Marine Corps' Food and Hospitality, Personal and Family Readiness Division. "(Congressionally) appropriated funds to support the operation of clubs, including managers, were greatly reduced. Without appropriated funds, clubs had to be self-supporting businesses."

U.S. Coast Guard
The United States Coast Guard follows the U.S. Navy model in terms of messing facilities afloat and ashore in terms of the demarcation of galleys for petty officer first class (E-6) and below, chief petty officer messes for chief petty officers (E-7) through master chief petty officers (E-9), and wardrooms for commissioned officers. The only exception is that, given its small size, there are very few Coast Guard clubs aboard Coast Guard shore installations and those that do exist are typically "all hands" facilities.

title: Mess


text:
Days of Thunder

Days of Thunder is a 1990 American sports action drama film produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, and directed by Tony Scott. The film stars Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman, Robert Duvall, Randy Quaid, Cary Elwes, Caroline Williams, and Michael Rooker. It also features appearances by real life NASCAR racers, such as Richard Petty, Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, and Harry Gant. Commentator Dr. Jerry Punch, of ESPN, has a cameo appearance, as does co-producer Don Simpson.

Days of Thunder was released in the United States on June 27, 1990, by Paramount Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its racing sequences, Hans Zimmer's musical score, and the performances of Cruise and Duvall, but criticized its lack of originality, screenplay, and similarities to Top Gun, and has grossed $157 million worldwide against a production budget of $60 million.

Plot
Young USAC racer Cole Trickle is recruited by Chevrolet dealership tycoon Tim Daland to race for his team in the NASCAR Cup Series, bringing former crew chief and car builder Harry Hogge out of retirement to lead Cole's pit crew (Harry had left NASCAR a year prior to avoid investigation involving the death of driver Buddy Bretherton). After Cole sets a fast time in a private test at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Harry builds him a new chassis and hires him onto his team.

Cole makes his first start at Phoenix, where he has difficulty adjusting to the larger NASCAR stock cars and communicating with his crew, while being intimidated on the track by Winston Cup Champion and dirty driver Rowdy Burns; these obstacles, combined with crashes and blown engines, prevent Cole from finishing the next three races at Bristol, Dover, and Rockingham. Cole confesses to Harry that he does not understand any common NASCAR terminology, leading Harry to put him through rigorous training. This pays off at Darlington, when Cole uses a slingshot maneuver from the outside line to overtake Rowdy and win his first race.

The rivalry between Cole and Rowdy intensifies throughout the season until the Firecracker 400 at Daytona, where both drivers are seriously injured after being caught in a massive crash. Recovering in Daytona Beach, Cole develops a romantic relationship with Dr. Claire Lewicki, a neurosurgeon at a local hospital. NASCAR President Big John brings Rowdy and Cole together in a meeting and warns them that he and his sport will no longer tolerate any misbehavior from the two rivals. The two bitter rivals soon become close friends after having dinner and settling their differences by smashing rental cars in a race on the beach, per Big John's persuasion.

Daland hires another hot-shot rookie, Russ Wheeler, to fill Cole's seat until Cole returns, and then expands his team, with Daland now fielding two cars – the second car driven by Russ, despite Harry's disapproval. Though Cole shows signs of his old self, he falls into a new rivalry with Russ, leading to an engine failure at Atlanta. Daland offers no help to Cole or his crew, as he is defensive of his newest driver. At North Wilkesboro, Russ blocks Cole's path during their pit stop, and later forces Cole into the outside wall on the last lap to win the race. Cole retaliates by crashing into Russ' car after the race, leading to a fight between Harry, Daland, and both of Cole and Russ's pit crews, with Daland firing both Cole and Harry in the process.

Rowdy learns he has to undergo brain surgery to fix a broken blood vessel, and asks Cole to drive his car at the Daytona 500 so his sponsor will pay for the year. Cole reluctantly agrees and convinces Harry to return as his crew chief. Hours prior to the race, Harry discovers metal in the oil pan, a sign of engine failure, and manages to procure a new engine from Daland, who still believes in his former driver's promise. During the race, Cole's car is spun out by Russ and suffers a malfunctioning transmission, but the combined efforts of Harry's and Daland's pit crews manage to fix the problem and get Cole back on the lead lap. On the final lap, Russ predicts that Cole will attempt his signature slingshot maneuver from outside, but Cole tricks him with a crossover, overtaking him from the inside to win his first Daytona 500.

Cole drives into Victory Lane, where he and his pit crew celebrate with Claire. He approaches Harry, sitting alone, who is impressed by Cole's performance. Cole asks Harry to walk with him and Harry agrees, challenging him to a foot race to Victory Lane.

Cast

 * Tom Cruise as Cole Trickle, a young race car driver out to make a name for himself in NASCAR. He drives the No. 46 City Chevrolet, the SuperFlo Chevrolet and later the No. 51 Mello Yello Chevrolet. The character was patterned after Tim Richmond, while his name is a nod to veteran racer Dick Trickle.
 * Robert Duvall as Harry Hogge, Cole's crew chief (patterned after Harry Hyde).
 * Randy Quaid as Tim Daland, a wealthy car dealership and race team owner who first recruits Cole into NASCAR (patterned after Rick Hendrick).
 * Nicole Kidman as Dr. Claire Lewicki, a neurosurgeon who develops a relationship with Cole.
 * Michael Rooker as Rowdy Burns, the current Winston Cup Champion and Cole's first rival and friend. He drives the No. 51 Exxon Chevrolet (patterned after Dale Earnhardt).
 * John C. Reilly as Buck Bretherton, Cole's car chief, and Buddy Bretherton's son.
 * Cary Elwes as Russ Wheeler, a rookie driver who fills in for Cole, but later on becomes his teammate and bitter rival. He drives the No. 18 Hardee's Chevrolet (patterned after Rusty Wallace).
 * Fred Thompson as Big John, president of NASCAR (patterned after "Big Bill" France).
 * Caroline Williams as Jennie Burns, Rowdy's wife.
 * J. C. Quinn as Waddell, Rowdy's crew chief.
 * Nick Searcy as a highway patrol officer.

Richard Petty, Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, Harry Gant, and Dr. Jerry Punch all appear in cameo roles as themselves. Bob Jenkins had a voice-over role as a public address announcer, and his ESPN colleagues Benny Parsons and Ned Jarrett portray radio announcers.

In addition, character actress Margo Martindale is seen in her first film role, as Harry's timekeeper, while Don Simpson, one of the film's producers, has a cameo as driver Aldo Bennedetti, patterned after Mario Andretti and using his twin brother Aldo Andretti's first name.

Production
Principal photography took place in early 1990 in and around Charlotte and Daytona Beach. It was plagued with delays due to frequent arguments on set between Simpson and Bruckheimer, Scott, and sometimes Towne over how to set up a shot. Crew members sat idle for long hours; some later said they had accumulated enough overtime pay to go on vacation for a full four months after filming was completed. The completion date was pushed back many times, with filming being completed in early May, three months later than it had originally been scheduled. At one point, following the third revision of the shooting schedule in a single day, the unit production manager, who represents the studio on the set or location, confronted Simpson and Bruckheimer and was told bluntly that the schedule no longer mattered.

In Daytona, Simpson and Bruckheimer spent $400,000 to have a vacant storefront in their hotel converted into their private gym, with a large neon sign reading "Days of Thunder". Simpson also kept a closet full of Donna Karan dresses to offer the attractive women his assistants found on the beach, and held private parties with friends like rapper Tone Lōc. Towne also played a role in the film's increasing cost by scrapping more barn scenes when he didn't like either of two barns built to his specifications. The film's original budget of $35 million nearly doubled; at that level it would have had to make at least $100 million, a rare gross at that time, to break even. In addition, when Tom Cruise lost the Oscar for Born on the Fourth of July, some additional budget was cut. Despite the budget overruns and delays, reportedly it was only after shooting was finished that the filmmakers discovered they had neglected to film Cole Trickle's car crossing the finish line at Daytona. Nine million dollars of the film's budget plus gross percentage went to star Tom Cruise.

With the delay in completion of filming and no delay in release date, post production had to be completed in five weeks rather than the five months it would normally take for such a film.

Race cars
The cars used as those of Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler were provided by Hendrick Motorsports, with racers Greg Sacks, Tommy Ellis, Bobby Hamilton, and Hut Stricklin as the stand-in drivers. In order to provide authentic race footage involving the cars, these cars were actually raced on three occasions. In late 1989, Hamilton and Sacks raced at Phoenix. Hamilton officially qualified fifth and led a lap before his engine blew. In 1990, the cars were raced again at Daytona and Darlington. Sacks drove a car during the Busch Clash, while Hamilton and Ellis drove unscored entries in the Daytona 500. At Darlington, Stricklin and Sacks drove two of the cars, but both were pulled from the race early after Sacks broke a crankshaft. Cole's first car in the film is sponsored by City Chevrolet, a real-life car dealership in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Rick Hendrick.

Music
The score for Days of Thunder was composed by Hans Zimmer, with Jeff Beck making a guest appearance on guitar. This was the first of an ongoing list of films in which Zimmer would compose the score for a Jerry Bruckheimer production. An official score album was not released until 2013, by La-La Land Records. The film's theme song "Last Note of Freedom" was sung by David Coverdale of the band Whitesnake at the request of Tom Cruise himself. Coverdale's vocal parts were recorded in 1990 in Los Angeles during a day off of the Whitesnake Slip of the Tongue Liquor and Poker world tour. "Show Me Heaven", written and sung by Maria McKee, reached number one in the music charts of the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway.

Release
Days of Thunder was released on Wednesday, June 27, 1990 on 2,307 screens in the United States and Canada and grossed $21,502,162 in its first five days. It opened on 170 screens in Japan on June 29 and grossed $2,105,932 for the weekend. The film was a financial success grossing a total of $157,920,733. The film was also successful on home video.

Home media
Having been previously released on VHS and then DVD, Days of Thunder was released as the fifth film entry in the Paramount Presents series on remastered Blu-ray in May 2020. A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was also released the same day. Extra features include a new Isolated Score and a six-minute featurette - Filmmaker Focus: Days of Thunder with Producer Jerry Bruckheimer.

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics who mostly shrugged off the sometimes over-the-top special effects and plot which greatly resembled the earlier Bruckheimer, Simpson, Scott and Cruise vehicle Top Gun, which had been hugely successful four years earlier. Halliwell's Film Guide dismissed Days of Thunder as "An over familiar story rendered no more interestingly than usual", while the Monthly Film Bulletin described it as "simply a flashy, noisy star vehicle for Tom Cruise, one which – like the stock car he drives – goes around in circles getting nowhere". It holds a rating of 37% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Days of Thunder has Tom Cruise and plenty of flash going for it, but they aren't enough to compensate for the stock plot, two-dimensional characters, and poorly written dialogue." Metacritic gave it a score of 60 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Reassessment
Following Tony Scott's death in 2012, film critic Stephen Metcalf argued that the film marked an important turning point in the history of the American film industry. "The best film he made may well have been Crimson Tide," he wrote in Slate, "but the most important film he made was Days of Thunder." The excesses of its production and its failure to equal Top Gun ' s magnitude of box-office success, he argues, helped end the era that had followed the failure of Heaven's Gate ten years earlier. The studio's willingness to indulge director Michael Cimino on that film, as other studios had been doing up to that point, led to a backlash where studios favored producers like Simpson and Bruckheimer whose films bore far more of their imprint than any director who worked for them. Crimson Tide, made several years after Days of Thunder, was the critical and commercial success it was, Metcalf says, because after similar excesses on the producers' part like those that occurred on Thunder directors were allowed to reassert themselves.

Quentin Tarantino said the film was his favorite big budget racing movie: "Yeah, yeah, you laugh but seriously I'm a big fan. To me Days of Thunder is the movie Grand Prix and Le Mans should have been. Sure, it had a big budget, big stars and a big director in Tony Scott, but it had the fun of those early AIP movies. I just don't think it works if you take the whole thing too seriously."

In 2024, Producer Jerry Bruckheimer also praised the film: “[It] was a terrific film. Tom was great in it.“

In popular culture
While the movie was neither based on a true story, nor a biographical film, the main character Cole Trickle was very loosely based on the careers of Tim Richmond and Geoff Bodine, and several scenes reenacted or referenced real-life stories and personalities from NASCAR history. The scene where Big John tells Cole and Rowdy they will drive to dinner together is based on an actual meeting Bill France Jr. had in the 1980s between Dale Earnhardt Sr. and Geoff Bodine. Richard Childress and Dale Earnhardt Jr. discussed how Days of Thunder was based on the rivalry between Earnhardt Sr. and Bodine. One scene in which Cole deliberately blows his engine by over-revving it reflects upon an incident in which Tim Richmond was said to have done at Michigan in 1987. In another scene, Trickle is told he cannot pit because the crew is too busy eating ice cream. This incident actually occurred at the 1987 Southern 500 involving the Hendrick Motorsports No. 35 team with crew chief Harry Hyde and Richmond's replacement driver Benny Parsons. The scene where Cole and Rowdy destroy a pair of rental cars by racing them through the city streets loosely referenced early 1950s NASCAR superstars Joe Weatherly and Curtis Turner, each of whom were known to rent cars, race, and crash them with abandon. In the final race at Daytona, Harry tells Cole they had to change engines; when asked where the engine came from, Harry says "we stole it" when in reality it came from his previous owner Tim. In the final race at Atlanta in 1990, the championship race between Earnhardt and Mark Martin was neck and neck; Martin did not feel any of his cars were good enough, so Robert Yates allowed Roush Racing to borrow one of Davey Allison's cars for a test run and the race as Yates wanted a Ford to win the championship. Earnhardt edged out Martin by 26 points for the championship.

A year after the film's release, the fictional Mello Yello sponsorship depicted on Trickle's No. 51 car was followed by a real-life sponsorship arrangement. The No. 42 Pontiac of SABCO Racing driven by Kyle Petty carried the paint scheme from 1991 to 1994. Mello Yello also sponsored the fall race at Charlotte from 1990 to 1994. At the 2013 Subway Firecracker 250, driver Kurt Busch had his unsponsored No. 1 Phoenix Racing Chevy painted to resemble Cole Trickle's No. 46 City Chevrolet car as part of an awareness campaign for the Armed Forces Foundation.

The Darlington throwback race weekend has also seen drivers race with paint schemes based on those from the film. The 2015 Bojangles' Southern 500 saw the Mello Yello car on the No. 42 Chevy of Kyle Larson. Rick Ware Racing executed the throwback in 2017 for Cody Ware's No. 51, but with a "Pray for Texas" message in support of the survivors of Hurricane Harvey. At the following year's race, RWR's No. 51 for B. J. McLeod resembled Russ Wheeler's No. 18 Hardee's car, but with Jacob Companies as the sponsor. In 2019, the City Chevrolet paint scheme returned on the No. 24 Hendrick Motorsports car of William Byron. The NASCAR Xfinity Series' 2019 Darlington race saw the No. 51 of Jeremy Clements use a paint scheme resembling Rowdy Burns' Exxon car, but with RepairableVehicles.com as the sponsor.

The 1991 Simpsons episode "Saturdays of Thunder" is named after the film.

In 2015, M&M's released a promo video on YouTube to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Days of Thunder and to promote M&M's Crispy. The video features driver Kyle Busch and crew chief Adam Stevens parodying scenes from the film.

Accolades
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound (Charles M. Wilborn, Donald O. Mitchell, Rick Kline and Kevin O'Connell).

Video games
In 1990, Mindscape released a video game adaptation of the film for multiple platforms such as the PC, NES and Amiga. A Game Boy version was released in 1992. The game was available for the PlayStation Network and iOS. Paramount Digital Entertainment released a new video game based on the film for the iOS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Portable. iOS version was released in 2009 and other versions were released in 2011. The game includes 12 NASCAR sanctioned tracks—including Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway—and the film characters Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler. The PS3 version, labeled Days of Thunder: NASCAR Edition has more than 12 select NASCAR Sprint Cup drivers, including Denny Hamlin, Ryan Newman and Tony Stewart.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Days of Thunder


text:
Macaronic language

Macaronic language is any expression using a mixture of languages, particularly bilingual puns or situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context (rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages). Hybrid words are effectively "internally macaronic". In spoken language, code-switching is using more than one language or dialect within the same conversation.

Macaronic Latin in particular is a jumbled jargon made up of vernacular words given Latin endings or of Latin words mixed with the vernacular in a pastiche (compare dog Latin).

The word macaronic comes from the Neo-Latin macaronicus, which is from the Italian maccarone, or "dumpling", regarded as coarse peasant fare. It is generally derogatory and used when the mixing of languages has a humorous or satirical intent or effect but is sometimes applied to more serious mixed-language literature.

Mixed Latin-vernacular lyrics in Medieval Europe
Texts that mixed Latin and vernacular language apparently arose throughout Europe at the end of the Middle Ages—a time when Latin was still the working language of scholars, clerics and university students, but was losing ground to vernacular among poets, minstrels and storytellers.

An early example is from 1130, in the Gospel book of Munsterbilzen Abbey. The following sentence mixes late Old Dutch and Latin:

Tesi samanunga was edele unde scona et omnium virtutum pleniter plena

Translated: This community was noble and pure, and completely full of all virtues.

The Carmina Burana (collected c.1230) contains several poems mixing Latin with Medieval German or French. Another well-known example is the first stanza of the famous carol In Dulci Jubilo, whose original version (written around 1328) had Latin mixed with German, with a hint of Greek. While some of those early works had a clear humorous intent, many use the language mix for lyrical effect.

Another early example is in the Middle English recitals The Towneley Plays (c.1460). In The Talents (play 24), Pontius Pilate delivers a rhyming speech in mixed English and Latin.

A number of English political poems in the 14th century alternated (Middle) English and Latin lines, such as in MS Digby 196: The taxe hath tened [ruined] vs alle, Probat hoc mors tot validorum The Kyng þerof had small fuit in manibus cupidorum. yt had ful hard hansell, dans causam fine dolorum; vengeaunce nedes most fall, propter peccata malorum (etc)

Several anthems also contain both Latin and English. In the case of 'Nolo mortem peccatoris' by Thomas Morley, the Latin is used as a refrain: Nolo mortem peccatoris; Haec sunt verba Salvatoris. Father I am thine only Son, sent down from heav’n mankind to save. Father, all things fulfilled and done according to thy will, I have. Father, my will now all is this: Nolo mortem peccatoris. Father, behold my painful smart, taken for man on ev’ry side; Ev'n from my birth to death most tart, no kind of pain I have denied, but suffered all, and all for this: Nolo mortem peccatoris.

Translated: "'I do not wish the death of the wicked'; These are the words of the Saviour." An allusion to John 3:17 and 2 Peter 3:9.

Latin–Italian macaronic verse
The term macaronic is believed to have originated in Padua in the late 15th century, apparently from maccarona, a kind of pasta or dumpling eaten by peasants at that time. (That is also the presumed origin of maccheroni.) Its association with the genre comes from the Macaronea, a comical poem by Tifi Odasi in mixed Latin and Italian, published in 1488 or 1489. Another example of the genre is Tosontea by Corrado of Padua, which was published at about the same time as Tifi's Macaronea.

Tifi and his contemporaries clearly intended to satirize the broken Latin used by many doctors, scholars and bureaucrats of their time. While this "macaronic Latin" (macaronica verba) could be due to ignorance or carelessness, it could also be the result of its speakers trying to make themselves understood by the vulgar folk without resorting to their speech.

An important and unusual example of mixed-language text is the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of Francesco Colonna (1499), which was basically written using Italian syntax and morphology, but using a made-up vocabulary based on roots from Latin, Greek, and occasionally others. However, while the Hypnerotomachia is contemporary with Tifi's Macaronea, its mixed language is not used for plain humor, but rather as an aesthetic device to underscore the fantastic but refined nature of the book.

Tifi's Macaronea was a popular success, and the writing of humorous texts in macaronic Latin became a fad in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in Italian, but also in many other European languages. An important Italian example was Baldo by Teofilo Folengo, who described his own verses as "a gross, rude, and rustic mixture of flour, cheese, and butter".

Other mixed-language lyrics
Macaronic verse is especially common in cultures with widespread bilingualism or language contact, such as Ireland before the middle of the nineteenth century. Macaronic traditional songs such as Siúil A Rúin are quite common in Ireland. In Scotland, macaronic songs have been popular among Highland immigrants to Glasgow, using English and Scottish Gaelic as a device to express the alien nature of the anglophone environment. An example:

When I came down to Glasgow first, a-mach air Tìr nan Gall. I was like a man adrift, air iomrall 's dol air chall. [...]

translation: When I came down to Glasgow first, down to the Lowlands (lit. "out to the land of foreigners"). I was like a man adrift, astray and lost.

Folk and popular music of the Andes frequently alternates between Spanish and the given South American language of its region of origin.

Some Classical Persian poems were written with alternating Persian and Arabic verses or hemistichs, most famously by Saadi and Hafez. Such poems were called molamma' (ملمع, literally "speckled", plural molamma‘āt ملمعات), Residing in Anatolia, in some of his poems Rumi mixed Persian with Arabic as well as the local languages of Turkish and Greek.

Macaronic verse was also common in medieval India, where the influence of the Muslim rulers led to poems being written in alternating indigenous Hindi and the Persian language. This style was used by poet Amir Khusro and played a major role in the rise of the Urdu or Hindustani language.

Unintentional macaronic language
Occasionally language is unintentionally macaronic. One particularly famed piece of schoolyard Greek in France is Xenophon's line "they did not take the city; but in fact they had no hope of taking it" (οὐκ ἔλαβον πόλιν· άλλα γὰρ ἐλπὶς ἔφη κακά, ouk élabon pólin; álla gàr elpìs éphē kaká). Read in the French manner, this becomes Où qu'est la bonne Pauline? A la gare. Elle pisse et fait caca. ('Where is Pauline the maid? At the [railway] station. She's pissing and taking a shit.')

Prose
Macaronic text is still used by modern Italian authors, e.g. by Carlo Emilio Gadda and Beppe Fenoglio. Other examples are provided by the character Salvatore in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, and the peasant hero of his Baudolino. Dario Fo's Mistero Buffo ("Comic Mystery Play") features grammelot sketches using language with macaronic elements.

The 2001 novel The Last Samurai by Helen DeWitt includes portions of Japanese, Classical Greek, and Inuktitut, although the reader is not expected to understand the passages that are not in English.

Macaronic games are used by the literary group Oulipo in the form of interlinguistic homophonic transformation: replacing a known phrase with homophones from another language. The archetypal example is by François Le Lionnais, who transformed John Keats' "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" into "Un singe de beauté est un jouet pour l'hiver": 'A monkey of beauty is a toy for the winter'. Another example is the book Mots d'Heures.

Macaronisms figure prominently in The Trilogy by the Polish novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, and are one of the major compositional principles for James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake.

In Michael Flynn's science fiction novels of the Spiral Arm series, a massive interplanetary exodus from all Earth language groups has led to star system settlements derived from random language and culture admixtures. At the time of the novels' setting, several hundred years later, each planet has developed a macaronic pidgin, several of which are used for all the dialogs in the books.

The Reverend Fergus Butler-Gallie's second book bears a cross-lingual pun as its title, Priests de la Résistance.

Poetry
Two well-known examples of non-humorous macaronic verse are Byron's Maid of Athens, ere we part (1810, in English with a Greek refrain); and Pearsall's translation of the carol In Dulci Jubilo (1837, in mixed English and Latin verse).

An example of modern humorous macaronic verse is the anonymous English/Latin poem Carmen Possum ("The Opossum's Song"), which is sometimes used as a teaching and motivational aid in elementary Latin language classes. Other similar examples are The Motor Bus by A. D. Godley, and the anonymous Up I arose in verno tempore.

Ezra Pound's The Cantos makes use of Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Italian, among other languages.

Recent examples are the mużajki or 'mosaics' (2007) of Maltese poet Antoine Cassar mixing English, Spanish, Maltese, Italian, and French; works of Italian writer Guido Monte; and the late poetry of Ivan Blatný combining Czech with English.

Brian P. Cleary's "What Can I C'est?" makes use of macaronic verse, as do other poems in his book Rainbow Soup: Adventures in Poetry:

My auntie Michelle is big in the BON (As well as the hip and the thigh). And when she exhales, OUI haul out our sails And ride on the wind of VERSAILLES.

A whole body of comic verse exists created by John O'Mill, pseudonym of Johan van der Meulen, a teacher of English at the Rijks HBS (State Grammar School), Breda, the Netherlands. These are in a mixture of English and Dutch, often playing on common mistakes made when translating from the latter to the former.

Theatre
The finale of act 1 of Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy Opera Iolanthe has several instances of humorous macaronic verse.

First, the three lords mix Italian and Latin phrases into their discussion of Iolanthe's age: Lord Mountararat: This gentleman is seen, / With a maid of seventeen, / A-taking of his dolce far niente...

Lord Chancellor: Recollect yourself, I pray, / And be careful what you say- / As the ancient Romans said, festina lente...

Lord Tolloller: I have often had a use / For a thorough-bred excuse / Of a sudden (which is English for repente)...

Lord Mountararat: Now, listen, pray to me, / For this paradox will be / Carried, nobody at all contradicente...

Then, the chorus of peers sing macaronic verse as they attempt to resist the fairies' powers: Our lordly style you shall not quench with base canaille! (That word is French.)

Distinction ebbs before a herd of vulgar plebs! (A Latin word.)

Twould fill with joy and madness stark the oι πoλλoί! (A Greek remark.)

One Latin word, one Greek remark, and one that's French.

Film
"Macaronisms" are frequently used in films, especially comedies. In Charlie Chaplin's anti-war comedy The Great Dictator, the title character speaks English mixed with a parody of German (e.g. "Cheese-und-cracken"). This was also used by Benzino Napaloni, the parody character of Benito Mussolini, using Italian foods (such as salami and ravioli) as insults.

Other movies featuring macaronic language are the Italian historical comedies L'armata Brancaleone and Brancaleone alle crociate (d. Mario Monicelli), which mix modern and medieval Italian as well as Latin (sometimes in rhyme, and sometimes with regional connotations, such as the Italo-Normans using words from modern Sicilian).

Song
A macaronic song is one that combines multiple languages. Macaronic songs have been particularly common in Ireland (Irish–English)  and also occur for other languages, such as Yiddish–Ukrainian.

Macaronic language appearing in popular songs include Rammstein's "Amerika" (German and English), the Beatles' "Michelle", Talking Heads' "Psycho Killer" and The Weeknd's "Montreal" (French and English), The Clash's "Spanish Bombs", José Feliciano's "Feliz Navidad" (Spanish and English), Bandolero's "Paris Latino", Magazine 60's "Pancho Villa", "Don Quichotte", "Costa del Sol", etc. JJ Lin's track as "只對你說 (Sarang Heyo)" has trilingual lyrics (Mandarin, English, and Korean).

title: Macaronic language


text:
Canadian Computing Competition

The Canadian Computing Competition (CCC) is an annual programming competition for secondary school students in Canada, organized by the Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing at the University of Waterloo. Stage 1 is written at high schools and can be written in the programming language of the students' choice, with only a few, such as Maple and Mathematica, disallowed. There are two levels of problems presented, Junior and Senior. The top 20 (or so) students in the Senior division are invited to the University of Waterloo to participate in Stage 2, the Canadian Computing Olympiad (CCO). CCO participants are restricted to languages permitted at the IOI, which currently includes only Java, C and C++. (Pascal was discontinued in 2019). The CCO is used to select students to represent Canada at the IOI.

The questions in the CCC are algorithmic in nature, designed to test a student's ability to design and code algorithms rather than their knowledge of APIs or language-specific features. Stage 2 is more difficult than Stage 1, but still easier than the IOI. The problems generally have memory or time constraints, forcing the programmer to find efficient solutions to earn full marks.

The contests are also open to students from Hong Kong (since 2005) and Beijing (since 2007), although they are not eligible to participate on the Canadian IOI team.

Canadian Computing Olympiad (CCO)
The CCO is two days long, with four hours to do three questions each day. There are six questions, each weighted 25 points. Contestants' combined stage 1 and CCO scores are used to determine final scores for the Canadian Computing Competition. Bronze, silver, and gold medals are awarded, with each competitor receiving a medal; winners of gold medals are invited to represent the Canadian team at the IOI.

title: Canadian Computing Competition


text:
Musée National d'Art Moderne

The Musée National d'Art Moderne ("National Museum of Modern Art") is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in the 4th arrondissement of Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou. In 2021 it ranked 10th in the list of most visited art museums in the world, with 1,501,040 visitors. It is one of the largest museums for modern and contemporary art in the world.

In 1937, the Musée National d'Art Moderne succeeded the Musée du Luxembourg, established in 1818 by King Louis XVIII as the first museum of contemporary art created in Europe, devoted to living artists whose work was due to join the Louvre 10 years after their death. Imagined as early as 1929 by Auguste Perret to replace the old Palais du Trocadero, the construction of a museum of modern art was officially decided in 1934 in the western wing of the Palais de Tokyo. Completed in 1937 for that year's International Exhibition of Arts and Technology, it was temporarily used for another purpose, since the exhibition of national and foreign art indépendant was then preferably held in the Petit Palais and the Musée du Jeu de Paume. Although due to open in 1939, construction was eventually interrupted by the war; following the nomination of its first Chief Conservator in September 1940, the museum partially opened in 1942 with only a third of the collection brought back from some national collection caches hidden in the province. But its real inauguration didn't take place until 1947, after World War II and the addition of the foreign schools collection of the Musée du Luxembourg, which had been held at the Musée du Jeu de Paume since 1922. In 1947, then housed in the Palais de Tokyo, its collection was dramatically increased by its first director, Jean Cassou, thanks to his special relationship with many prominent artists or their families, such as Picasso and Braque. With the creation of the Centre Pompidou, the museum moved to its current location in 1977.

The museum has the second largest collection of modern and contemporary art in the world, after the Museum of Modern Art in New York, with more than 100,000 works of art by 6,400 artists from 90 countries since Fauvism in 1905. These works include painting, sculpture, drawing, print, photography, cinema, new media, architecture, and design. A part of the collection is exhibited every two years alternately in an 18500 m2 space divided between two floors, one for modern art (from 1905 to 1960, on the 5th floor), the other for contemporary art (from 1960, on the 4th floor), and 5 exhibition halls, on a total of 28000 m2 within the Centre Pompidou. The Atelier Brancusi is located in its own building adjacent to the museum.

The works displayed in the museum often change in order to show to the public the variety and depth of the collection. Many major temporary exhibitions of modern and contemporary art have taken place on a separate floor (the 6th) over the years, among them many one-person exhibitions. Since 2010, the museum has also displayed unique, temporary exhibitions in its provincial branch, the Centre Pompidou-Metz, in a 10000 m2 space divided between 3 galleries and since 2015, in Málaga, Spain, and 2018, in Brussels, Belgium.

Modern art (1905–1960)
Many styles of modern art, including Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dada, Abstract art, Surrealism are represented with works by Matisse, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, Albert Marquet, Le Douanier Rousseau, Paul Signac, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Frida Kahlo, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Alexej von Jawlensky, Emil Nolde, Oskar Kokoschka, Otto Dix, George Grosz, Kurt Schwitters, Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Marc Chagall, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov, Alexander Rodchenko, František Kupka, Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Kasimir Malevich, Jacques Villon, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Georges Rouault, Balthus, Max Beckmann, Constantin Brâncuși, Alexander Calder, Chaïm Soutine, Amedeo Modigliani, Kees van Dongen, Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, André Breton, Magritte, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Man Ray, Alberto Giacometti, Salvador Dali, Nicolas de Staël, André Masson, Yves Tanguy, Jean Tinguely, Simon Hantaï, Yves Klein, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Willem de Kooning, and Francis Bacon.

Contemporary art (art from 1960 on)
Pop Art, Nouveau Réalisme, Conceptual art and other tendencies or groups are represented with works by Andy Warhol, Richard Hamilton, Rauschenberg, Dan Flavin, Eduardo Arroyo, Dan Graham, Daniel Buren, George Brecht, Arman, César, Bill Viola, Anish Kapoor, Wim Delvoye, Yves Klein, Niki de Saint-Phalle, Yaacov Agam, Vasarely, John Cage, Cindy Sherman, Dieter Roth, Beuys, Roy Lichtenstein, Burhan Dogancay, Dubuffet, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Gilbert & George, David Hockney, Louise Bourgeois, and Art & Language.

Works of architecture and design include Philippe Starck, Jean Nouvel, and Dominique Perrault.

Nazi-looted art
In 1999, the heirs of Alphonse Kann requested the return of Georges Braque's The Guitar Player, which the Centre Pompidou had acquired from Heinz Berggruen in 1981.

In 2011, Centre Pompidou admitted that it held three paintings, Les Peupliers (Poplars), Arbres (Trees), and Composition by the artist Fédor Löwenstein that had been looted during the Nazi occupation of France.

In 2021, after the French government restituted a looted Max Pechtstein painting to the heirs of Hugo Simon, the Centre Pompidou held an exhibition in a tribute to the persecuted art collector.

Directors

 * 2021 – present: Xavier Rey
 * 2013 – 2021 : Bernard Blistène
 * 2000 – 2013 : Alfred Pacquement
 * 1997 – 2000 : Werner Spies
 * 1992 – 1997 : Germain Viatte
 * 1991 – 1992 : Dominique Bozo
 * 1987 – 1991 : Jean-Hubert Martin
 * 1986 – 1987 : Bernard Ceysson
 * 1981 – 1986 : Dominique Bozo
 * 1973 – 1981 : Pontus Hultén
 * 1968 – 1973 : Jean Leymarie
 * 1965 – 1968 : Bernard Dorival
 * 1945 – 1965 : Jean Cassou
 * 1941 – 1944 : Pierre Ladoué
 * 1940 : Jean Cassou

title: Musée National d'Art Moderne


text:
My Old Man's a Dustman

"My Old Man's a Dustman" is a song first recorded by the British skiffle singer Lonnie Donegan. It reached number one in the British, Irish, Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand singles charts in 1960. The chorus of the song is:

Composition
The song was written by Lonnie Donegan, Peter Buchanan (Donegan's manager between 1956 and 1962), and Beverly Thorn; Thorn was not credited on the original release. According to his autobiography, Beverley Thorn was a pseudonym of Leslie Bricusse, the songwriter who wrote hit shows with Anthony Newley.

It probably has its origins in "My Father Was a Fireman", a song sung by British World War I troops. The two songs share a lyrical similarity in their reference to "cor blimey trousers". A song beginning with the line "My old man's a dustman", but otherwise sharing no lyrics with Donegan's, is recorded as a playground song in the 1956 novel My Old Man's a Dustman by Wolf Mankowitz. This song tells of the exploits of the protagonist at the Battle of Mons. A version concerning a football game and beginning "My old man's a scaffie [dustman or street-sweeper, from scavenger] /He wears a scaffie's hat" (echoing the first two lines of Donegan's song) is recorded as a Scottish playground song during the 1950s. A very similar song, beginning "My old man's a baker", is recorded in Chester-le-Street in 1967. All of these songs share the same metric structure.

The melody is borrowed from the theme starting at around 2 minutes and 20 seconds into the music for the ballet Petrushka, composed by Igor Stravinsky.

The song represented a change in style for Donegan, away from American folk and towards British music hall.

Single release
On 16 March 1960, through Pye Records in the UK, Donegan released a version of the song recorded live at the Gaumont cinema in Doncaster just a few weeks earlier, on 20 February. The B-side was a version of the English folk song "The Golden Vanity". The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 31 March and maintained that position for four weeks. It also reached number one in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand and on the Canadian CHUM Chart, selling over a million copies in total.

Cover versions
In 1960, a Dutch version was released by Toby Rix. Also in 1960, a parody version, "My Old Man's An All-Black", was released in New Zealand by the Howard Morrison Quartet in reaction to the New Zealand rugby tour of Apartheid-era South Africa. The song was performed by the Bee Gees on the Australian TV show Bandstand in 1963, and, in the US, the Smothers Brothers included a parody based on the song on their LP Think Ethnic. In 1966, The Irish Rovers included a version of the song on their LP The First of the Irish Rovers.

A version titled "My Old Man's a Provo" became one of the most popular Irish republican rebel folk songs in the latter part of the twentieth century.

The tune to the chorus has become a popular football chant in recent years. For example, Arsenal supporters sang "Arsène Wenger's magic, he wears a magic hat, and when he saw the double, he said 'I'm having that!'" at the end of their double winning season in 2002; Chelsea fans later adopted it after ex-Arsenal player Cesc Fabregas assisted the Blues in securing a double of their own in 2015.

title: My Old Man's a Dustman


text:
User talk:Ed Cormany/Archive

Papotages
Hello Ed As a comment to answer what you said to Papotages, I would like to indicate you this link http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_ra%EBlien. Thank you. Ant

 * Ant, thank you for this link, although I am not sure what your exact purpose was. In this case it seems that Papotages made a disputably NPOV addition to the article, and then upon entering an edit war regarding that addition proceeded to make his characteristic cries of censorship in his edit summaries.  Again, I think this NPOV dispute should have been handled in a better manner and the correct manner for a sysop to handle the problem was not to blank and then protect the page.  In its earliest forms, this article had much factual information about an undoubtedly real, if controversial, group.  I wish that I could express my sentiments on this article's talk page to both Papotages and the fr.wikipedia.org sysops that they are all acting inappropriately, but I unfortunately do not know any French.  Nonetheless, I may even add an English comment.  Ed Cormany 18:49, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hello Ed. I fear things are slightly more complicated than that. And I am in a rather difficult position regarding that case. Papotages is a difficult contributor. When I came back from holidays last august, I found the whole place in an uproar, I spent hours fixing the case, to restore peace over there. Then Papotages hardly edited. Just from time to time, but nearly all the time controversial stuff. I confirm we have 2 or 3 very strong censors; so that Papotages was indeed subject to difficulties with them; I tried to help as much as I could, but, alone, that is tough. Last week end, I was away, and during my being away, a big crisis erupted, with very strong comments on both parts, Papotages being very rude. He was then blocked, with rather little discussion (but granted, it was best); he then created several vandal accounts and behaved very bad. When I came back, things were totally messy. In the past few days, the peace was basically restored, I spent many hours on the article in question to help fixing the pov issue (as I had spent hours on the problematic article in august), I succeeded to motivate most people to regain quiet, and best of all, several people contributed, politely and quietly to the article. are the last contributions of Papotages (not counting the contributions under 9 vandal names and many ips). I unblocked him yesterday (we did not have time yet to set a proper policy for blocking user names). He is busy "discussing" with his censors.

So, I feel wronged when you write all french sysops has been acting inapropriately :-) I think I did well, though I was late. But I am a bit tired of spending several days each time to fix issues, with certainty it will happen again. I know there will be another time. Likely, on catholicism and pedophilia, I already feel it. Also, Papotages has been blocked 3 or 4 days. We have been discussing the unblocking for that long. The result is so clear cut, that I boldly decided to unblock him anyway. Bottom line, some people are practicing censorship (just like on en), but if it were that simple, that would be paradise :-)))) ant

I'm sorry if I categorically denounced the fr.wikipedia.org sysops too much...I understand you were dealing with a tough situation. At least on the English Wikipedia, it appears that the recent Papotages problem has died down. Best luck to you all in keeping censoring and conflict to a minimum. Share the Wikilove =) Ed Cormany 05:34, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * thanks Ed. Unfortunately, I fear I have given up my hopes to succeed there. He completely blew it up. I just pray for minimal collateral damages and hope we will get out of the experience, stronger. I would have liked that we all agree on what to do as well, but it is like no one is going in the same direction :-). Sigh :-) Anthère

better to hunt for what is fun in that story :-) (banning is basically decided. I suspect next vote will be to call his FAI). Anthère

title: User talk:Ed Cormany/Archive


text:
Talk:Macaronic language

Commments
Would this be better located at macaronic verse? (I just wrote it here because there was demand for it from elsewhere.) Also, there's some stuff under macaroni that needs to be reconciled with this. Doops 03:41, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Finnegans Wake
Hi, I'm Pedro Felipe from Wikipedia in Spanish. I'm interested in translating this article, and I have a question. Does Finnegans' Wake is a macaronic text? If yes, I think you should say it's the uttermost important example. (I'm afraid I have not the level for writing that information in English). Saludo para todos. Pedro Felipe--200.118.220.229 (talk) 18:48, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Single-word macaronic terms?
I've heard one-word terms such as "Pentium®" or "polysomnograph" described as macaronic, since they are pieced together from elements of two languages. I came to this article hoping to find a list of such terms. Having such a list might [a] be cool and [b] help relieve any sense of teetering on the boundary line between a dictionary article and an encyclopedia article. DSatz 17:33, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'm unable (^^) to write such a list now, but I heard that these words also could be called hybrids, at least words such as "television"...

Etymology?
I'd like to see some etymology behind the word "macaronic" -- is it the same word as the pasta, or does it have a different origin? Zrajm Wed Feb 22 09:28:11 CET 2006

It has for sure the same root, I mean it's stright derived form "maccheroni" the tubular type of pasta, which is the most common and cheap and popular and simple. In Italian "maccheronico" simply means "a simplyfied thing" Clutcher

 * In Italian "maccheronico" does NOT mean "a simplyfied thing" (and "maccheroni" is not "the most common and cheap and popular and simple" type of pasta: "spaghetti" are definitely more common, and the price is usually the same for all types...). The word "macaronic" was first used in 1517 by the Italian writer Teofilo Folengo (1491-1544), and since then it is used to denote a language which is deformed and filled with errors by a non-native speaker, due to contamination with his native language ("maccheronico" is instead not used for multilingual mixtures). Although the corrupted Latin used by writers of the XVI century such as Folengo was an intentional parody, "maccheronico" is nowadays most often used to denote unintentional (but systematic and funny) corruption of a foreign language.
 * See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofilo_Folengo or, for more detailed information, http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/cento_opere/folengo_baldus.htm (in Italian).
 * [guido.magnano@unito.it] September 24, 2006

 * Agreed. In Portuguese usage the word "macarrônico" (derived from "macarrão", maccheroni) is an adjective used usually to describe unintentional corruption of a foreign language (usage example: "ele tentava se comunicar num inglês macarrônico"/"he tried to communicate with a macaronic English") -- but not specifically mixture of two or more languages. I always considered the term a sort of slang though; I didn't know it had a well-defined meaning. Still not sure if it has in Portuguese. --LodeRunner (talk) 03:06, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it perhaps related to the 18th century use--slang for foppishness--famously exemplified in the song Yankee Doodle? Nathan McKnight -- Aelffin (talk) 14:45, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Bilingual?
What's the difference between a macaronic and a bilingual song? I would have always termed Siúil a Rúin as bilingual but macaronic sounds like a nice new word ;-) El Gringo 04:41, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * My gut would be that "Siúil a Rúin" borders on being a macaronic, but doesn't do quite as much code switching as a proper macaronic. If I remember right, it has English verses and a Gaelic refrain, right? Whereas I tend to think of a macaronic as switching within a single grammatical construct. I'd be interested in hearing from others on this; I'm not at all sure there is a sharp line. -- Jmabel | Talk 16:56, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't remember the last time I've personally heard O Canada sung in a single language. Bilingual/macronic (?) renditions are enormously common, but I won't add it to the article (or a link to this article on the anthem's) until there's a clearer consensus here... Samaritan 04:55, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

More Examples of Macronic Verse
The Handbook for Latin Clubs has some interesting macronic verse, in the sense of mixing at the vocabulary and grammatical levels, including a piece that it says "The Journal of Education commends this ingenious poem, written in seven languages— English, French, German, Greek, Latin, Spanish, and Italian— as one of the best specimens of Macaronic verse in existence, and worthy of preservation by all collectors."--Prosfilaes 18:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Cut an ad
I cut the following:
 * Historia domini Quijoti Manchegui Traducta in latinem macarronicum per Ignatium Calvum cura misae et ollae, a macaronic version of Don Quixote.

The topic might be relevant, but the linked page is just an ad for the book, and gives no examples of its macaronics. It is not a useful link. If someone wants to add mention of the book, and give its publication info & ISBN, fine, but there is no reason to link this vacuous commercial page. - Jmabel | Talk 04:49, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Spanglish macaronic?
Is Spanglish speech or writing considered macaronic? It would seem so, given the definition in the article here, but there's no mention of the Spanish/English mixture. +ILike2BeAnonymous 01:02, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

To be added to the article as soon as I find the time...
Tisi Degli Odassi

Teofilo Folengo, dissolute Benedictine monk Baldus "Le maccheronee" Description of macaronic as literary equivalent of the Italian dish - crude mixture of flour, butter and cheese

Polemo-Middinia inter Vitarvam et Nebernam 1684, William Drummond

Charles G. Leland, Hans Breitmann´s Ballads, 1884 inc. "To a friend studying German"

See also macaronic limericks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Antoinecassar (talk • contribs) 20:12, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

See also: http://thomondgate.net/doc/companion/Companion.htm#macaronic Antoinecassar (talk) 12:57, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

BC and AD
Is this an example? Dating using English Before Christ and Latin Anno Domini. Nitpyck (talk) 20:42, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Europanto
Isn't Europanto in fact a multilingual macaronic? ... said: Rursus ( m b o r k³ ) 08:13, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Macaroni Combat
This being the war-film equivalent of a Spaghetti Western, which typically features Italian and non-Italian actors, generally over-acting in atrociously-dubbed and para-histrionic war genre operas, I can't entirely shake the suspicion that this particular pasta was chosen because of its dual-language associations. Nuttyskin (talk) 15:58, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Macaronic Cityspeak
Although not extensively used in the movie Bladerunner(1983), cityspeak could be also termed a Macaronic language , it is however not applied in a comical sense. It was considered to be what people would evolve their communication in when left undereducated and as part of a defense mechanism against oppression by law enforcement and people higher up the ladder.17:52, 21 june 2010 (UTC +1) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.198.131.30 (talk)

in music
Hmmm, is any song that mixes 2 or more languages "macaronic"? That's thousands upon thousands of songs from all countries. The most common is the mix of the national or local language with English. Most French pseudo "artists" can't seem to write a song fully in French (which helps them hide their poor knowledge of their native language), but the process is well-used by some, notably by Mylène Farmer. From Japan I can think of many songs by X-Japan using the same process (Tears balances both languages, Forever love has a chorus in English, their last performed song Endless rain has a few lines in Japanese), I could name several Russian groups using it: Сплин notably shows sarcasm about this trend in Англо-Русский Словарь (English-Russian dictionary) which uses 8 English words. The list of bilingual songs using English is literally endless. Concerning bilingual songs not using English in Europe, I can think of Un premier matin (a chorus line in German, the rest in French) by Killerpilze, the French version of Ich kann auch ohne dich). I know there are some Ukrainian-Russian songs and it wouldn't take much effort to find Tatar-Russian, Uzbek-Russian etc. All I'm sayin' is: if all bilingual songs are macaronic, there should be a line about the fact that it's pretty damn common. If they're not, there should be a line explaining why. --2.37.41.63 (talk) 11:56, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

I'll give two examples of what 2.37.41.63 may be referring to. The current version of the page gives Jose Feliciano's "Feliz Navidad" as an example, but I'd say that it isn't humorous macaroni -- at most it is reasonable code switching. An even more egregious example in the current version is Paul McCartney's "Michelle". That's not even code switching - the French in that song is nothing more than a sincere attempt to speak in the girlfriend's language. --Keeves (talk) 20:25, 17 September 2018 (UTC)

naturally occuring macaronic speech
I just realized I often use various types of macaronic speeches, so I can explain the mechanism. Starting with a famous example. Jean-Claude Van Damme, who is a French speaking Belgian leaving in California, is often made fun of in French for his tendency to use English words when speaking to French journalists. In fact this happens because he likes to speak fast, and therefore uses the first word coming to his mind, which is sometimes the English one, due to his frequent use of English. In my case I often use macaronic speech when I don't want to slow down my speech by filtering it for language. As a result I've conjugated Spanish verbs using the Japanese grammar rules while in Japan, thrown Italian words (using the adequate declension) in a Russian conversation while in Italy, and whichever language I used during the previous hours tends to sprinkle my speech in after I switch to another language. I can block this tendency, but it requires efforts and can slow down my speech, depending on the language and the environment (speaking exclusively French in France is not an issue for example). Although this is occurs naturally, I noticed that the language that sprinkles the conversation is always a language known to the person I'm talking to. I know that wiki is not about personal research, I'm just giving some hints of what could be added if one wants to look for studies about naturally occurring macaronic speech, I'm pretty sure the different aspects I noticed in my own speech are pretty common among multilingual people. And of course the example of Van Damme can be used to start a paragraph about it.--2.37.41.63 (talk) 12:40, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't know of a usual term for speech riddled with spontaneous borrowings, of single words as opposed to longer phrases or even full sentences, in bilingual or multilingual individuals, but spontaneous mixing of languages in bilinguals or multilinguals is usually treated under the headwords code-switching or code-mixing. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 11:41, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Attribution of "It's not the fart..."
Greetings. I've altered the article slightly, attributing the quote to rally driver Petter Solberg. Along with several other such wonderful instances of Bad English, this one is claimed by a large percentage to have come from him at some point. I am as of yet unable to find a good solid reference for this, but I am fairly confident in that I first heard this coming from him some time before Subaru stopped doing rally. --Kenneaal (talk) 22:39, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

1950's macaronic books
At least three books, these titled "Fractured French," "Garbled Greek,"and "Liberated Latin" were collected from occasional installments in magazines (I think, Saturday Evening Post or Collier's) during the 1950s in the U.S. I can remember only a few (although Googling turns up some others). Fractured French: Coup de grace/Cut the lawn. Garbled Greek: Omega nu pi/Let's have lemon meringue for a change. Liberated Latin: Status quo ante bellum/ No, I don't think Auntie's gained any weight. Further research will reward those who, like me, haven't enough to do.Jim Stinson (talk) 22:17, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

Hybrid Place Names
Are hybrid place names, such as those place names in the UK, US & Canada ending in -thorpe or, for example, Waugoshance (the name of a point/peninsula near the tip of Michigan's Lower Peninsula), which is a combination of the Anishinaabemowin word waugoosh and the French word anse, macaronic?Drdpw (talk) 18:31, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Spaghetti Code
The comment about computer code is strange. 'Spaghetti code' refers not to code written in many languages, but to code with a complex structure. Understanding such code is like trying to follow an individual strand of spaghetti in a plate of spaghetti. Such code is hard to understand, and likely to have bugs. The term dates from the days when GOTO was a part of most languages. I've never heard "spaghetti code" used to refer to code that mixes languages in one file, and indeed it's rare to find such code in an environment where one knows one of the languages and not the other. Anniepoo (talk) 07:28, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

Is this referring to REST? If so, that would be a better section title. An example of different programming languages combined in a REST expression would also be nice.166.137.101.159 (talk) 15:12, 20 August 2014 (UTC)Collin237

Greek
The dog Greek involving Pauline is perfectly straightforward macaronic language. There may be reasons to remove it but Wikipedia generally doesn't censor and it does fall under the rubrik of this page. — Llywelyn II   22:47, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Ah. Reviewing sources, it's possible that it isn't macaronic dog Greek by de Vigny but an actual direct quote from Xenophon. (Anyone want to go check if it is being faithfully quoted?) That would make it less straightforwardly macaronic, but (a) the Swedish example certainly is and (b) it's still in the ballpark and should be mentioned here, with its link to the larger article. We shouldn't overly expand that area or give it undue importance, but the maid Pauline made an appearance in Finnegan's Wake so she's a notable example. — Llywelyn II   00:52, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

 * This should not come under Unintentional. As far as I know, this is conscious pun, intentional schoolyard Greek, from schoolboys and not from Xenophon. A reference mentions the quotation and then mentions also Alfred de Vigny. This does not mean that Vigny ever quoted this sentence. A Finnegans wiki is about language. The page on this quotation does not say that it is quoted in Finnegans Wake. Gérard Genette and al. mention the sentence without explanation. It is indeed a nice and well known (in French) example of macaronic language, but not unintentional and all references are void. --Dominique Meeùs (talk) 10:52, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I did download the text of Finnegans Wake from the Internet Archive. There are two occurrences of Pauline, but nothing to do with this. Nowhere ouk, or elabon, or polin. I have also the book and saw nowhere anything composed in Greek characters. So this all looks like an urban legend. This said, again this is an interesting example of pseudo-classical, schoolboy’s macaronic. This part should be kept but rewritten (without Finnegans). (I am allowed to write should be, instead of doing, because English is not my mother language.) As speaking French, I understand la bonne Pauline as our good old beloved Pauline, not a maid called Pauline. --Dominique Meeùs (talk) 14:41, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Well! Found. The section (you may number it 2.2) beginning with As we there are where are we are we there… appears as scholarly with notes in left and right margins. On p. 269 indeed, left margin: οὐκ ἔλαϐον πόλιν. Referenced in http://www.finwake.com/1024chapter22/prevod269.htm (see ouk elabon polin) and http://www.rosenlake.net/fw/FWconcordance/fw-concordance-other.html (see Greek at the end). --Dominique Meeùs (talk) 19:19, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

"The Great Dictator" - Macaronic??
In The Great Dictator the title character, Adenoid Hynkel, most of the time speaks a 'nonsense language', not some mixture of German and English. There is the occasional very short sequence that can be identified. If AH really spoke some macaronic mixture of English and German people with a good knowledge of both languages would be able to understand what he says, but apart from the odd word or phrase, they can't. I think the 'example' should be removed. Norvo (talk) 04:16, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Macaronic language. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.arbredor.com/vmchk/pluton-ciel-que-janus-proserpine
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080914195322/http://www.celat.ulaval.ca/acef/posena.htm to http://www.celat.ulaval.ca/acef/posena.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:59, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

Translate the examples, please
It'd make more sense if the people who added some of the examples could translate the non-English parts of the samples. Now, I'm a polyglot, but unfortunately I don't speak Middle-English-mixed-with-Latin (!) or Irish (and yet the samples seem to expect that I do). Snowgrouse (talk) 16:34, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

Franglais
there is no mention of  Franglais subject of Let's parler Franglais! by Miles Kington also encountered in other comedic articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.37.162.56 (talk) 08:34, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macaronic language


text:
User talk:Charlie Rankin

looking for shipmates that served inthe fireroom-"B" Division on the CVE 89 during WWII.

title: User talk:Charlie Rankin


text: User talk:66.119.33.170

title: User talk:66.119.33.170


text:
Michael Rooker

Michael Rooker (born April 6, 1955) is an American actor who mainly plays roles of antagonists. He first rose to prominence for portraying Henry Lee Lucas in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986), and is best known for starring as Merle Dixon in the AMC series The Walking Dead (2010–2013) and as Yondu Udonta in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), followed by its sequels Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). He is a recurring collaborator of Guardians of the Galaxy director and co-CEO of DC studios James Gunn, appearing in all of his films to date including Slither (2006), Super (2010) and The Suicide Squad (2021).

Rooker's other notable roles include Chick Gandil in Eight Men Out (1988), Frank Bailey in Mississippi Burning (1988), Terry Cruger in Sea of Love (1989), Rowdy Burns in Days of Thunder (1990), Bill Broussard in JFK (1991), Hal Tucker in Cliffhanger (1993), Sherman McMaster in Tombstone (1993), Jared Svenning in Mallrats (1995), Detective Edward Kennesaw in Deceiver (1997), Detective Howard Cheney in The Bone Collector (1999), Detective Jake Riley in Replicant (2001), and Buddy in F9 (2021).

Early life
Rooker was born in Jasper, Alabama. He has nine brothers and sisters. His parents divorced when he was 13, and he moved with his mother and siblings to Chicago, where he attended Wells Community Academy High School and studied at the Goodman School of Drama at DePaul University.

Career
Rooker made his film debut in 1986, playing the title role in Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, based on the confessions of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas. He was acting in a play when the play's director, who was going to do the prosthetics for Henry, told him about the role. Rooker did not care if the script was good or bad; he just wanted to act in a film as it would "challenge" him. Henry was a critical success and Rooker received more film roles.

He was given more dramatic roles in films such as Eight Men Out, Mississippi Burning, and JFK, but he became widely known for his roles in action and thriller films such as Sea of Love, Days of Thunder, Cliffhanger, and Tombstone. He also starred in Mallrats, Rosewood, The 6th Day, Slither, Jumper, Super and Hypothermia.

In June 2010, Rooker revealed via Twitter that he was to appear in the AMC television series The Walking Dead as Merle Dixon, one of the survivors of a zombie apocalypse. He guest-starred in two episodes of the first season and one of the second season before becoming a series regular for the third season.

Rooker is also known for his roles in video games such as Call of Duty: Black Ops (where he played himself), Mike Harper in Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 in November 2012, and as Merle in The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct, the video game based on the television series.

He played Yondu Udonta in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy, directed by James Gunn, and reprised the role in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) as well as The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022). In 2021 he appeared in the action film F9, directed by Justin Lin.

Personal life
Rooker lives in California with his wife Margot. They married in 1979 and have two daughters. He practices Kyokushin style of karate.

title: Michael Rooker


text:
Riverside City College

Riverside City College (RCC) is a public community college in Riverside, California. The college is part of the Riverside Community College District, as well as the larger California Community Colleges System.

History
RCC first opened in 1916 at the same site as the Riverside Polytechnic High School (Riverside Poly). Originally known as Riverside Junior College and later as Riverside City College, the school changed its name to Riverside Community College in the mid-1980s. In 2008, the board of trustees renamed the institution back to Riverside City College. "With the opening of school next fall, Riverside's Junior College will be at the disposal of those who see fit to take advantage of the newest educational facility. The school board realized that the benefits of such a school would be great and according to their March meeting voted to establish such a college. – Anonymous, 1919"

The junior college expanded from the Riverside Poly campus and in 1924 constructed the first two buildings of the campus quadrangle in 1924. When Riverside Poly re-located to its own campus on Victoria Avenue in 1965 the college assumed total control of the Magnolia property.

Today, Riverside City College is part of the greater Riverside Community College District which enrolls about 21,000 students each semester. Students may earn an associate degree, transfer to a four-year college or university, or earn a career certificate.

In addition to the campus located in downtown Riverside, there are campuses in Moreno Valley and Norco. Separate education centers include the Riverside County Sheriff's Department Ben Clark Public Safety Training Center, the Center for Teaching Excellence at Stokoe, and the Rubidoux Annex in Rubidoux. RCC is also home to Gateway to College, a charter school that serves those returning to high school seeking diplomas as adults.

RCC maintains programs in liberal arts and science, athletics, and performing arts and vocational education. The school band is the RCC Marching Tigers, which includes the Fantasia Winter Guard, which has won several Winter Guard International awards, a Fall Marching Band, a Winter Drum Line, and a Spring Pep Band. The student newspaper is Viewpoints. The college is home to the School for Nursing.

In 2016, RCC opened the Henry W. Coil Sr. and Alice Edna Coil School for the Arts on University Avenue and Market Street, adjacent to the historic White Park. The school is the home of the college's music program, including the internationally renowned RCC Chamber Singers, and the RCC Jazz Ensemble. The school combining classrooms, studios, and digital media labs, built around a state of the art concert hall designed with adjustable acoustics. The new school serves around 1,000 students preparing for careers in vocal or instrumental performance, music education, and careers in the music industry.

The college's marching band performed at the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California on January 1, 2010, and at Bandfest at Pasadena City College.

Athletics
The Riverside City College Tigers compete in the Orange Empire Conference (OEC) and Southern California Football Association, which operates within the California Community College Athletic Association. The college currently fields nine men's teams and nine women's teams.

The athletic facilities include Fran Bushman Tennis Courts, Riverside Aquatics Complex, Samuel C. Evans Complex, Wheelock Gymnasium and Wheelock Stadium.

Notable alumni

 * Jeff Bajenaru – Major League Baseball
 * Chester Carlson – Physicist, inventor, and patent attorney
 * Jesse Chavez – Major League Baseball
 * John Gabbert – California Court of Appeal and Superior Court judge.
 * Mike Garcia – Major League Baseball
 * Tommy Hanson – Major League Baseball
 * Jess Hill – Major League Baseball from 1935 to 1937, first person to both play for and coach Rose Bowl champions
 * J. C. Jackson – NFL cornerback
 * Domaine Javier – Transgender actress, writer, reality TV personality, registered nurse, and activist
 * Sharon Jordan – Film and television actress
 * Bobby Kielty – Major League Baseball
 * Noureddine Morceli – Olympic track champion
 * Ryan Navarro – American football player
 * Douglas Negrete – All-American marathoner
 * Paul Oglesby – American football player
 * Miné Okubo – Artist and writer
 * AJ Rafael – Singer-songwriter
 * Kathy Raymond – Model
 * Bob Rule – NBA All-Star center
 * Richard S. Prather – Mystery novelist, pseudonyms David Knight and Douglas Ring
 * Will Smith – Dallas Cowboys linebacker
 * Chris Stewart – Major League Baseball
 * Jeff Soto – Professional artist, painter
 * Brian Stokes – Major League Baseball
 * Susan Straight – Writer and novelist, professor at the University of California, Riverside
 * Charles Tuaau – NFL nose tackle

Notable former faculty

 * Kurt Barber – National Football League, Coach at RCC
 * Bob Boyd (basketball) – William Robert "Bob" Boyd, Head coach at the University of Southern California (USC) and Mississippi State University, Head coach at RCC
 * Edmund Jaeger – noted biologist (the Edmund C. Jaeger Desert Institute on the Moreno Valley College campus is named in his honor)
 * Jess Mortensen – NCAA champion track athlete, USC track and field, Coach at RCC
 * Jerry Tarkanian – NCAA Basketball coach, RCC coach
 * Bob Schermerhorn – NCAA Basketball coach, RCC coach

title: Riverside City College


text:
John Bennett Ramsey

John Bennett Ramsey (born December 7, 1943) is an American businessman, author, and father of JonBenét Ramsey.

Early life and education
Ramsey was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Mary Jane (née Bennett) (1919–1978) and James Dudley "Jay" Ramsey (1916–1992), a decorated World War II pilot. He attended Okemos High School in Michigan. In 1966, he graduated from Michigan State University (MSU) with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. Ramsey earned a master's degree in business administration from MSU in 1971.

Ramsey joined the Navy in 1966, served as a Civil Engineer Corps officer in the Philippines for three years, and in an Atlanta reserve unit for an additional eight years.

Career
In 1989, Ramsey formed the Advanced Product Group, one of three companies that merged to become Access Graphics. He became president and chief executive officer of Access Graphics, a computer services company that became a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin in 1991.

In 1996, Access Graphics grossed over $1 billion, and Ramsey was named "Entrepreneur of the Year" by the Boulder Chamber of Commerce. Immediately following the murder of his daughter he was "temporarily replaced so the company did not have to bother him about business matters as he grieved", according to Lockheed Martin spokesman Evan McCollum, but Ramsey returned to his job within weeks.

Ramsey, along with his wife Patsy and young son Burke, moved back to Atlanta shortly thereafter. Access Graphics was later sold to General Electric in 1997.

In 2015, Ramsey told Barbara Walters in an interview that the death of JonBenét and the ensuing investigation and cost of the case had drained his finances. He also claims that because of the notoriety of the case he now finds it very difficult to find work.

Case file for JonBenét murder
The murder of Ramsey's six-year-old daughter, JonBenét, was the only murder in Boulder, Colorado, in 1996.

The Boulder police considered various scenarios regarding who had committed the murder, with Rolling Stone magazine naming eight possible suspects including John

Linda Arndt, the detective first assigned to the case, stated in a deposition that she believed John Ramsey was responsible for the murder.

Grand Jury voted to indict John Ramsey
In 1999 a grand jury voted to indict the parents of murdered 6-year-old beauty pageant winner JonBenét Ramsey on charges of child abuse resulting in death and of being accessories to a crime. The indictment alleges that between Christmas Day and Dec. 26, 1996, John and Patsy Ramsey “unlawfully, knowingly, recklessly and feloniously permit a child to be unreasonably placed in a situation which posed a threat of injury to the child’s life or health,” which resulted in her death.

District Attorney is split
On July 9, 2008, the Boulder County District Attorney's office announced that, as a result of newly developed DNA sampling and testing techniques known as Touch DNA analysis, the Ramsey family members were no longer considered suspects in the case. In light of the new DNA evidence, Boulder County District Attorney Mary Lacy gave a letter to John Ramsey that same day, however, Stan Garnett, the current Boulder County DA, regarding Lacy's exoneration letter, said, "This letter is not legally binding. It's a good-faith opinion and has no legal importance."

Defamation lawsuits
Several defamation lawsuits have ensued since JonBenét's murder. L. Lin Wood  was the attorney for the Ramsey family, filing defamation claims on their behalf against St. Martin's Press, Time, Inc., The Fox News Channel, American Media, Inc., Star, The Globe, Court TV, and The New York Post.

John and Patsy Ramsey were sued in two separate defamation lawsuits arising from the publication of their book, The Death of Innocence. These suits were brought by two persons named in the book as having been investigated by Boulder police as suspects in JonBenét's murder. The Ramseys were defended in those lawsuits by Lin Wood and three other Atlanta attorneys, James C. Rawls, Eric P. Schroeder, and S. Derek Bauer, who obtained dismissal of both lawsuits, including an in-depth decision by U.S. District Court Judge Julie Carnes that "abundant evidence" pointed to an intruder having committed the murder.

Political campaign
In 2004, Ramsey campaigned for a seat in Michigan's House of Representatives for the 105th district. He received 24.3 percent of the vote in the Republican Party primary, finishing in second place to Kevin Elsenheimer.

Personal life
Ramsey married Lucinda Pasch in 1966. They had three children. The couple divorced in 1978. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was killed in a car crash at age 22 in 1992.

Ramsey married his second wife, Patricia (Patsy) Paugh, in 1980, with whom he had two children, Burke and JonBenét. Patsy died of ovarian cancer in 2006 at age 49.

After his wife's death, Ramsey met Beth Holloway, mother of missing Natalee Holloway. It was reported that the two began dating. However, Ramsey played down their relationship, stating that they "developed a friendship of respect and admiration" out of common interests related to their children.

Ramsey relocated to Moab, Utah, and met his third wife, Jan Rousseaux, in 2011. They later married and relocated to Michigan.

In popular culture

 * Ramsey was portrayed by Ronny Cox in the 2000 miniseries Perfect Murder, Perfect Town.
 * The Ramseys were also portrayed in the 2001 South Park episode "Butters' Very Own Episode". In a 2011 interview, South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone stated that they regretted how the Ramseys were portrayed in the episode.
 * The Ramseys were also portrayed in two MADtv sketches, one parodying Hollywood Squares, with John portrayed by Michael McDonald and Patsy by Alex Borstein.

title: John Bennett Ramsey


text: User talk:66.157.35.101

title: User talk:66.157.35.101


text: User talk:65.96.209.133

title: User talk:65.96.209.133