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David Naughton

David Walsh Naughton (born February 13, 1951) is an American actor and singer known for his starring roles in the horror film An American Werewolf in London (1981) and the Disney comedy Midnight Madness (1980), as well as for a long-running "Be a Pepper" ad campaign for beverage maker Dr Pepper. He also starred in the short-lived sitcom Makin' It and sang its hit theme song "Makin' It", giving him a Top 5 hit on the Billboard charts.

Early life
Naughton was born in West Hartford, Connecticut, the son of Rosemary (née Walsh) and Joseph Naughton, both of whom were teachers. He is the younger of two boys; his older brother is theater and film actor James Naughton. His family is Irish-American. Naughton attended the University of Pennsylvania and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Naughton was an Assistant Stage Manager and Understudy for the Broadway production of Hugh Leonard's Da.

Career
Naughton first became widely known as a result of his four-year stint (1977–1981) singing and dancing in television commercials and personal appearances to promote Dr Pepper. He starred in the sitcom Makin' It, and hit the Billboard Top Ten in 1979 with the sitcom's theme song, also titled "Makin' It." A US million selling disc, the track also peaked at No. 44 in the UK Singles Chart.

He starred in the Disney comedy Midnight Madness (1980) followed by his lead role in the Academy Award-winning horror film An American Werewolf in London (1981) directed by John Landis. He also appeared in the television series My Sister Sam and also in episodes of MacGyver, Melrose Place, Murder, She Wrote, JAG, and Seinfeld.

title: David Naughton


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Talk:David Bates

Untitled
I can't see any reason why the below should be in this article, if there is a good reason why the below should be listed in an encyclopedia, please discuss. Calexico (Talk) 00:33, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Also in Wikipedia:

David Bates, famous supporter of Stalybridge Celtic F.C.
 * David Bates, a pupil of The Blue Coat School, Oldham
 * David Bates, born September 29 1986 (since removed - see this old page)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:David Bates


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Problem Child 2

Problem Child 2 is a 1991 American black comedy film, and sequel to the 1990 film Problem Child; a continuation of the exploits of Junior (Michael Oliver), an adopted orphan boy who deliberately wreaks comedic havoc everywhere he goes. John Ritter returns as his adopted father, Ben Healy. Amy Yasbeck, who played Ben's wife, Flo, in the first film, also returns, this time as school nurse Annie Young with a daughter named Trixie (Ivyann Schwan) who's also a problem child.

It was directed by Brian Levant in his feature film directorial debut and produced by Robert Simonds, who also produced the first one. In addition, Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski return as screenwriters. It was rated PG-13, unlike the first one, which was rated PG. It did not fare as well as the first one, although it was still successful at the box office.

Plot
Ben Healy has divorced his controlling and overbearing wife, before he and his adoptive son Junior Healy move to Mortville, Oregon, a quiet community, as a way to start over. Ben is initially sad to leave Cold River until Junior reminds him that everyone there has been horrible to him his whole life. Before they arrive at their new house, Junior sees a girl roller skating on the sidewalk with a balloon. He pops it with his sling shot and laughs at her as he goes by. He and Ben arrive at their new house, and moments later, dozens of women line up in their front yard, all wanting to date Ben. Meanwhile, Ben's father, "Big Ben" Healy, moves in with them when he loses all of his money in a bad investment. When Junior starts third grade, he sees that Igor Peabody is the principal at his new school. Peabody screams at the sight of him and promptly promotes him to the sixth grade, claiming him a "genius". He gets on school bully Murph's bad side when he tapes him to the chalkboard. He retaliates by trying to drop the school's satellite dish on Junior, but it misses him and hits Ben instead, knocking him out. When Ben comes to, he sees the school nurse, Annie Young, and becomes smitten with her. Junior, annoyed at Ben's sudden love interest, retaliates by attempting to draw a mustache on Annie's picture hanging in the hall, only to be foiled by Trixie, the girl whose balloon he popped earlier. Throughout the film, they engage in an escalating prank war.

Around the same time, LaWanda DuMore, the richest lady in Mortville, takes an interest in Ben, much to Junior's chagrin. While Ben and Junior are gone for the day, she decorates their house to impress Ben. Junior ruins a dinner she makes by putting live cockroaches in it. Afterward, she tells him that when she is his stepmother she will send him to boarding school in Baghdad. He tries to tell Ben that she is bad, but Ben does not believe him.

While at a school function, Ben sees the puppet show go awry and thinks Junior is to blame. He stops it but is surprised to see it's Trixie instead (while Junior was in the audience watching the show). It is also revealed that Annie is her mother. As Annie rushes to take her home, Ben tries to tell her he understands what it is like raising a problem child and thinks they can help one another. She tells him she likes him, but if they date, Trixie's behavior would only get worse. He proposes to LaWanda believing she is the only woman who will marry him. By a chance meeting at a pizza restaurant, Ben, Annie, Junior, and Trixie have dinner together and a good time, even after the food fight the kids start with Peabody and his girlfriend gets them thrown out. Junior and Trixie apologize to each other and decide that Ben and Annie should date. Junior tries to stop the wedding by switching LaWanda's blood sample with that of a rabid dog. While celebrating her engagement to Ben, she gets icing on her face, which bears a resemblance to foaming at the mouth, a symptom of rabies. As a result, she is handcuffed by health department officers and sent to the hospital for observation. With her there, Junior overhears a patient in the room across from hers saying he wants to hold the world record for the longest nose. He sabotages her plastic surgery by switching the patient files, resulting in her receiving a gigantic nose – his attempt to make her so ugly that Ben will not marry her. However, she uses her funds to get last minute surgery to undo the damage. At the altar, Junior's and Trixie's work pays off, and Ben finally realizes that Annie is the one for him and Junior was telling the truth about LaWanda after LaWanda openly stated that she hates children (much to his shock). Big Ben decides to marry her, while Junior and Trixie use explosives to splatter them with the wedding cake.

Production
The film was shot on location in Orlando, Florida from January 16 to March 15, 1991, including the then newly, opened Universal Studios Florida. The "Pizzariffic" scene was filmed at a small, vacant restaurant on Orlando Avenue in Maitland (which became Buca di Beppo two years later). The gift shop in the opening montage is on International Drive in Orlando. At another point in the opening montage, Ben and Junior get donuts from Randy's Donuts in Inglewood, California. The scenes for their house were filmed at 1216 Lancaster Drive in Orlando. When they are leaving Cold River at the beginning, they are driving down Atlanta Avenue in Orlando. All of the "Mortville Elementary School" scenes were filmed at Orlando's Kaley Elementary School. Napasorn Thai on East Pine Street in Downtown Orlando was used for the Dunmore Bank, as evidenced by the restaurant's unique inlaid corner windows visible in the scene. Orlando's Harry P. Leu Gardens was used as the "Love Rock" backdrop for the wedding scene. The Hyatt Regency Orlando was used as the "Saint Pierre Club" backdrop for Ben and Debbie's date scene.

In 2014, during an interview on Gottfried's Amazing Colossal Podcast, screenwriters Alexander and Karaszewski revealed that the studio was reluctant to rehire them, only doing so because they wanted to shoot a sequel before Michael Oliver could noticeably grow and, as the writers of the first film, could produce a script quicker than writers new to the story and characters.

Frustrated with the criticisms of the first film, they deliberately increased the poor taste, intending to make a Pasolini or John Waters film for children, and went so far overboard that the first cut received an R rating from the MPAA, a secret kept until their 2014 appearance on the podcast. Dubbing over Junior's use of the term "pussy-whipped" got a PG-13 on appeal, but the studio was still so nervous that, at the last minute, they added the 1947 Woody Woodpecker cartoon Smoked Hams to its theatrical run, to reassure parents that it was suitable for children.

Reception
The film did not fare as well as the first one, earning half as much at the U.S. box-office. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 7% of 27 surveyed critics gave it a positive review, with an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "Crude, rude, puerile, and pointless, Problem Child 2 represents a cynical nadir in family-marketed entertainment". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave it a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.

Variety wrote: "At times this poor version of a sitcom seems written by five-year-olds for five-year-olds, so much so that one suspects its script was fingerpainted."

TV version
The film first aired on NBC on November 2, 1992, with 7 minutes of previously deleted scenes, an altered scene (in Peabody's office, Junior burps rather than let out a long fart) and the profanity was dubbed with appropriate phrases.

title: Problem Child 2


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Talk:Emerge

I have just rewritten the article totally. This was my first significant edit, hope everyone is happy with it. Comments are welcome --Jegerjensen 00:39, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

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Emacs Emerge
There's a tool in Emacs called emerge, that clashes with this article. It will probably need to be resolved at some point. --216.114.170.223 03:30, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

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Bernard Lefkowitz

Bernard Lefkowitz (1937/1938 – May 21, 2004) was an American author, sociologist, journalist and investigative reporter.

A reporter and assistant editor at the New York Post, Lefkowitz worked for the Peace Corps before becoming an author. He wrote many books, including The Victims, Break-time: Living Without Work in a Nine-to-Five World, and Tough Change: Growing Up on Your Own in America, and Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb.

Our Guys dealt with the Glen Ridge Rape of a mentally disabled girl by a group of popular high school students and the town (Glen Ridge, New Jersey) that rallied around them. Lauded by The New York Times as a notable book of the year, as well as an Edgar Award finalist, Our Guys was made into a television movie starring Ally Sheedy and Eric Stoltz.

Lefkowitz taught journalism at City College, Duke University and Columbia University.

Lefkowitz died due to thymus gland cancer on May 21, 2004.

title: Bernard Lefkowitz


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Talib El-Shibib

Talib El-Shibib (22 March 1934 – 12 October 1997) was an Iraqi politician. Born in Babylon Province, he studied engineering at Imperial College in London.

El-Shibib was elected to the leadership of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and was one of a triumvirate who planned the later coup against President Abdul Karim Qassim. He became foreign minister under the new regime in 1963.

Internal disagreements led him to go in exile. After the second coup in 1968, El-Shibib was given several ambassadorial posts. In 1976 he resigned from the post as Iraqi ambassador to Germany and went into exile again when disagreements arose between him and Saddam Hussein’s policies. He devoted the remainder of his life in exile while campaigning against Saddam and for a democratic Iraq.

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Torsades de pointes

Torsades de pointes, torsade de pointes or torsades des pointes (TdP; also called torsades) (,, translated as "twisting of peaks") is a specific type of abnormal heart rhythm that can lead to sudden cardiac death. It is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram (ECG). It was described by French physician François Dessertenne in 1966. Prolongation of the QT interval can increase a person's risk of developing this abnormal heart rhythm, occurring in between 1% and 10% of patients who receive QT-prolonging antiarrhythmic drugs.

Signs and symptoms
Most episodes will revert spontaneously to a normal sinus rhythm. Symptoms and consequences include palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness (during shorter episodes), fainting (during longer episodes), and sudden cardiac death.

Causes
Torsades occurs as both an inherited (linked to at least 17 genes) and as an acquired form caused most often by drugs and/or electrolyte disorders that cause excessive lengthening of the QT interval.

Common causes for torsades de pointes include drug-induced QT prolongation and less often diarrhea, low serum magnesium, and low serum potassium or congenital long QT syndrome. It can be seen in malnourished individuals and chronic alcoholics, due to a deficiency in potassium and/or magnesium. Certain drugs and combinations of drugs resulting in drug interactions are common contributors to torsades de pointes risk. QT-prolonging medications such as clarithromycin, levofloxacin, or haloperidol, when taken concurrently with cytochrome P450 inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, cimetidine, or particular foods including grapefruit, can result in higher-than-normal levels of medications that prolong the QT interval in the bloodstream and therefore increase a person's risk of developing torsades de pointes. A TdP cardiac event precipitated by loperamide causing has been reported (although the dose was well beyond the therapeutic range of the medication).

Medications as causes
Knowledge that TdP may occur in patients taking certain prescription drugs has been both a major liability and reason for removal of 14 medications from the marketplace. Forty-nine drugs known to cause TdP and another 170 that are known to prolong QT remain on the market because the drugs provide medical benefit and the risk of TdP can be managed and mitigated by instructions in the drug label. Examples of compounds linked to clinical observations of TdP include amiodarone, most fluoroquinolones, methadone, lithium, chloroquine, erythromycin, azithromycin, pimozide, and phenothiazines. The anti-emetic agent ondansetron may also increase the risk of developing TdP. It has also been shown as a side effect of certain anti-arrhythmic medications, such as sotalol, procainamide, quinidine, ibutilide, and dofetilide. In one example, the gastrokinetic drug cisapride (Propulsid) was withdrawn from the US market in 2000 after it was linked to deaths caused by long QT syndrome-induced torsades de pointes. This effect can be directly linked to QT prolongation mediated predominantly by inhibition of the hERG channel and, in some cases, augmentation of the late sodium channel.

Risk factors
The following is a partial list of factors associated with an increased tendency towards developing torsades de pointes:
 * Medications
 * Hypokalemia (low serum potassium)
 * Hypomagnesemia (low serum magnesium)
 * Hypocalcemia (low serum calcium)
 * Bradycardia (slow heartbeat)
 * Heart failure
 * Left ventricular hypertrophy
 * Hypothermia
 * Subarachnoid hemorrhage
 * Hypothyroidism

Pathophysiology
Action potential of cardiac muscles can be broken down into five phases:
 * Phase 0: Sodium channels open, resulting in the entrance of Na+ into the cells; this results in the depolarization of the cardiac muscles.
 * Phase 1: Sodium channels close; this stops depolarization. Potassium channels open, leading to an outward current of K+ out of the cells.
 * Phase 2: Potassium channels remain open (outward current of K+), and calcium channels now also open (inward current of Ca++), resulting in a plateau state.
 * Phase 3: Calcium channels close (inward Ca++ stops), but potassium channels are still open (outward K+ current); this persists until the cells gain back normal polarization (repolarization achieved). Please note that phase 0 leads to a net gain of Na+, while phases 1–3 lead to a net loss of K+. This imbalance is corrected by the Na+/K+-ATPase channel that pumps K+ into the cell and sodium out of the cell; this does not change polarization of the cells, but does restore ionic content to its initial state.
 * Phase 4: Exciting triggers (e.g. sinus node) will cause minor depolarization in the cells; this will result in increasing permeability of sodium channels, which trigger the opening of sodium channels.

Repolarization of the cardiomyocytes occurs in phases 1–3, and is caused predominantly by the outward movement of potassium ions. In Torsades de pointes, however, the repolarization is prolonged; this can be due to electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia), bradycardia, certain drugs (disopyramide, sotalol, amiodarone, amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, erythromycin) and/or congenital syndromes.

The prolongation of repolarisation may result in subsequent activation of an inward depolarisation current, known as an early after-depolarisation, which may promote triggered activity. Re-entry, due to a dispersion of refractory periods, is also possible; this is because M Cells (found in the mid myocardial layer) show a more prolonged repolarization phase in response to potassium blockage than other cells. In turn, this produces a zone of functional refractoriness (inability to depolarize) in the mid myocardial layer. When new action potential is generated, the mid myocardial layer will remain in a refractory period, but the surrounding tissue will depolarize. As soon as the mid myocardial layer is no longer in a refractory period, excitation from nearby tissue will cause a retrograde current and a reentry circuit that will result in a positive chronotropic cycle, leading to tachycardia.

Diagnosis
The ECG tracing in torsades demonstrates a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a characteristic illusion of a twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric baseline (peaks, which are at first pointing up, appear to be pointing down for subsequent "beats" when looking at ECG traces of the "heartbeat"). It is hemodynamically unstable and causes a sudden drop in arterial blood pressure, leading to dizziness and fainting. Depending on their cause, most individual episodes of torsades de pointes revert to normal sinus rhythm within a few seconds; however, episodes may also persist and possibly degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, leading to sudden death in the absence of prompt medical intervention. Torsades de pointes is associated with long QT syndrome, a condition whereby prolonged QT intervals are visible on an ECG. Long QT intervals predispose the patient to an, wherein the R-wave, representing ventricular depolarization, occurs during the relative refractory period at the end of repolarization (represented by the latter half of the T-wave). An R-on-T can initiate torsades. Sometimes, pathologic T-U waves may be seen in the ECG before the initiation of torsades.

A "short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes", which presents without long QT syndrome, was also described in 1994 as having the following characteristics:
 * Drastic rotation of the heart's electrical axis
 * Prolonged QT interval (LQTS) - may not be present in the short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes
 * Preceded by long and short RR-intervals - not present in the short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes
 * Triggered by a premature ventricular contraction (R-on-T PVC)

R-on-T phenomenon
The R-on-T phenomenon is the superimposition of a premature ventricular contraction on the T wave of a preceding heart beat. Studies suggest that R-on-T phenomenon is likely to start a sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. It's considered a cardiac arrhythmia in which the ventricles of the heart become again excited during the repolarization of the previous heart action. Because part of the heart muscle cannot be excited at this early point in time, a premature chamber action can trigger life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias (e.g. ventricular fibrillation or Torsades de pointes).

On the ECG, this phenomenon is showing when a ventricular extrasystole (R) (T-wave) is superimposed during the repolarization phase of the previous action of the heart. Not all premature chamber actions can trigger these dangerous arrhythmias; the risk is increased with ischemia of the heart muscle or with prolonged repolarization time (long QT syndrome). The arrhythmia can also be triggered when an external stimulus such as cardioversion falls in the vulnerable phase of the cardiac cycle.

In the Lown grading system of ventricular arrhythmias, the R-on-T phenomenon is the fifth, most threatening class.

Treatment
The treatment of torsades de pointes aims to restore a normal rhythm and to prevent the arrhythmia recurring. While torsades may spontaneously revert to a normal sinus rhythm, sustained torsades requires emergency treatment to prevent cardiac arrest. The most effective treatment to terminate torsades is an electrical cardioversion - a procedure in which an electrical current is applied across the heart to temporarily stop and then resynchronise the heart's cells. Treatment to prevent recurrent torsades includes infusion of magnesium sulphate, correction of electrolyte imbalances such as low blood potassium levels (hypokalaemia), and withdrawal of any medications that prolong the QT interval. Treatments used to prevent torsades in specific circumstances include beta blockers or mexiletine in long QT syndrome. Occasionally a pacemaker may be used to accelerate the heart's own sinus rhythm, and those at risk of further torsades may be offered an implantable defibrillator to automatically detect and defibrillate further episodes of the arrhythmia.

Magnesium is used in the treatment of torsades de pointes because it functions as a physiologic calcium channel blocker. By blocking the calcium channels in phase 2 of the myocardial action potential, magnesium suppresses the early afterdepolarizations that occur in this phase with calcium influx into the cell.

History
The phenomenon was originally described in a French medical journal by Dessertenne in 1966, when he observed this cardiac rhythm disorder in an 80-year-old female patient with complete intermittent atrioventricular block. In coining the term, he referred his colleagues to the "Dictionnaire Le Robert", a bilingual French English dictionary, of which his wife had just given him a copy. Here, "torsade" is defined as:
 * a bundle of threads, twisted in a helix or spiral, for ornamental purposes (such as in an Aran sweater);
 * long hair twisted together;
 * an ornamental motif, as seen on architectural columns.

Terminology
The singular and plural forms (torsade de pointes, torsades de pointes and torsades des pointes) have all often been used. The question of whether each one is grammatically "correct" and the others "incorrect" has repeatedly arisen. This is seen among major medical dictionaries, where one enters only the plural form, another enters the plural form as the headword but lists the singular as a variant, and yet another enters the singular form as the headword and gives a usage comment saying that the plural is not preferred. One group of physicians has suggested that it would make the most sense to use the singular form to refer to the arrhythmia entity (where an arrhythmia may involve one or multiple episodes), and that one might best reserve the plural form for describing repeated twisting during a single episode. Other authors have suggested all three words should be plural. Regarding the natural language variation, they concluded, in good nature, "Wasn't it the French who coined the term vive la difference?"

title: Torsades de pointes


text: User:Jawed

title: User:Jawed


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Irish Terrier

The Irish Terrier is a dog breed from Ireland, one of many breeds of terrier. The Irish Terrier is considered one of the oldest terrier breeds. The Dublin dog show in 1873 was the first to provide a separate class for Irish Terriers. By the 1880s, Irish Terriers were the fourth most popular breed in Great Britain and Ireland.

The Irish Terrier is an active and compactly sized dog that is suited for life in both rural and city environments. Its harsh red coat protects it from all kinds of weather.

Appearance
Breed standards describe the ideal Irish Terrier as being racy, red and rectangular. Racy: an Irish Terrier should appear powerful without being sturdy or heavy. Rectangular: the outline of the Irish Terrier differs markedly from those of other terriers. The Irish Terrier's body is proportionately longer than that of the Fox Terrier, with a tendency toward racy lines but with no lack of substance. The deep chest is distinctive.

Formerly, the tail was customarily docked soon after birth to approximately two-thirds of the original length. In countries where docking is prohibited, the conformation judges emphasise tail carriage. The tail should start up quite high, but it should not stick straight up or curl over the back or either side of its body. The ears are small and folded forward just above skull level. They are preferably slightly darker than the rest of the coat.

Coat and colour
The Irish Terrier is coloured golden red, red wheaten, or wheaten. Dark red is often mistaken as the only correct colour, possibly because wheaten coats are often of worse quality. As with many other solid-coloured breeds, a small patch of white is allowed on the chest. No white should appear elsewhere. As an Irish Terrier grows older, grey hair may appear here and there.

The outer part of the double coat should be straight and wiry in texture, never soft, silky, curly, wavy, or woolly as might be expected in the Kerry Blue Terrier. The coat should lie flat against the skin, and, though having some length, should never be so long as to hide the true shape of the dog. There are longer hairs on the legs, but never so much as a Wire Fox Terrier or Schnauzer. That means you have to have the coat trimmed often which can be expensive.

The inner part of the coat, called the under-wool or undercoat, should also be red. The under-wool may be hard for the inexperienced eye to see. Coat should be quite dense and so that "when parted with the fingers the skin is hardly visible".

A properly trimmed Irish Terrier should have some "furnishings" on legs and head. The slightly longer hair on the front legs should form even pillars, while the rear legs should only have some longer hair and not be trimmed too close to the skin. The chin is accentuated with a small beard. The beard should not be as profuse as that of a Schnauzer.

The eyes should be dark brown and quite small with a "fiery" expression. The eyes are topped with well-groomed eyebrows. The whole head should have good pigmentation.

Size
Most countries have breed descriptions that say that the Irish Terrier should not be more than 48 cm measured at the withers. However, it is not unusual to see females that are 50 cm tall or dogs that are even 53 cm (20 in). Younger generations are closer to the ideal, but there is a downside to this: when an Irish Terrier is very small and light-boned, it loses the correct racy type.

Very seldom does one see Irish Terriers that weigh only 11 to 12 kg (25–27 lb), as the original Kennel Club breed description states. 13 kg for a female dog and 15 for a male dog are acceptable.

Temperament
Irish Terriers are active dogs and need and enjoy consistent mental and physical challenges; well-trained Irish Terriers may do well at a variety of dog sports, such as dog agility. The Irish Terrier is full of life, but not hyperactive; it should be able to relax inside the house and be roused to full activity level quickly.

Irish Terriers are good with people. They have a highly developed sense of loyalty and it is important that they have a strong responsible leader, for whom they have natural respect. Most Irish Terriers love children and tolerate rough-housing to a certain extent. Irish terriers need exercise; do not get one if you are not prepared to walk it. They enjoy training, new tasks are easily mastered with food and toys working equally well as motivation. Irish terriers have less of an eagerness to please people than some other breeds but have mental ability and enjoy puzzle solving. They respond best to consistent, reward based training from a relaxed, authoritative person. As with all dog breeds, violence should never be used – instead use distraction and reward the behaviour you want. It is always best to outwit and lure. When seeking a trainer, one should look for a person who has experience with terriers.

Irish Terriers are often dominant with other dogs. As with any dog, poorly socialised individuals can start fights and early socialisation is a necessity. Most have strong guarding instincts and when these instincts are controlled, make excellent alarming watchdogs.

There are more people joining organised dog sports with their terriers. The obedience training required at a certain level in most dog sports is fairly easy, though the precision and long-lasting drive needed in the higher levels may be hard to achieve. Many Irish Terriers excel in dog agility, even though it may be hard to balance the speed, independence and precision needed in the higher levels.

Irish Terriers have a good nose and can learn to track either animal or human scent. Many Irish Terriers enjoy Lure Coursing, although they are not eligible for competition as sight hounds are. In Finland one Irish Terrier is a qualified Rescue Dog specialising at Sea Rescue.

History

The breed's origin is not known. It is believed to have descended from the black and tan terrier-type dogs of Britain and Ireland, just like the Kerry Blue and Soft-coated Wheaten Terriers in Ireland or the Welsh, Lakeland and Scottish Terriers in Great Britain. There is also conjecture that the breed may share bloodlines with the Irish Wolfhound.

F. M. Jowett writes in The Irish Terrier, 'Our Dogs' Publishing Co. Ltd., Manchester, England 1947 – 7th Edition: They are described by an old Irish writer as being the poor man's sentinel, the farmer's friend, and the gentleman's favourite...These dogs were originally bred not so much for their looks as for their working qualities and gameness, the Irish Terrier being by instinct a thorough vermin killer. They were formerly of all types and of all colours – black-and-tan, grey-and-brindle, wheaten of all shades, and red being the predominant colours. Colour or size evidently did not matter if they were hardy and game."

The proper selection process of the breed began only in the latter 19th century. They were shown now and then, sometimes in one class, sometimes in separate classes for dogs under and over 9 pounds.

The first breed club was set up in Dublin in 1879. Irish Terriers were the first members of the terrier group to be recognised by the English Kennel Club as a native Irish Breed – this happened just before the end of the 19th century. The first Irish Terriers were taken to the US in the late nineteenth century and quickly became somewhat popular.

Care
When groomed properly, the Irish Terrier coat will protect the dog from rain and cold. A properly cared-for Irish Terrier does not shed either. The wiry coat is fairly easy to groom, pet dogs (rather than show dogs) needing stripping only once or twice a year.

The coat must be stripped by hand or a non-cutting knife to retain its weather-resistant qualities. This does not hurt the dog when done properly. Keeping the skin above the stripped section taut with the other hand helps especially where the skin is looser, i.e. belly and chest. Never cut the coat – use your fingers or a non-cutting knife. If the coat is clipped, it loses colour and becomes softer, thus losing its weather-resistant characteristics. For the same reason the coat should not be washed too often, as detergents take away the natural skin oils. Most Irish terriers only need washing when dirty.

When stripping, the coat may be "taken down" entirely to leave the dog in the undercoat until a new coat grows in. For a pet, this should be done at least twice a year. When a show-quality coat is required, it can be achieved in many ways. One is by "rolling the coat", i.e. stripping the dog every X weeks to remove any dead hair. Before a show an expert trimmer is needed to mould especially the head and legs.

Some Irish Terriers need to have their ears trained when young.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.5 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Appearances in arts and culture

 * The 2021 movie, Finch, starring Tom Hanks includes an Irish Terrier-cross called Goodyear.
 * Jack London's books Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry were about Irish Terriers that, according to the bloodlines recorded in the beginning of the book, may actually have lived.
 * The 2007 film Firehouse Dog features an Irish Terrier as the title character, portrayed by four different Irish Terriers.
 * Former Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King owned several Irish Terriers (all named Pat), and had séances to "communicate" with the first Pat after the dog's death.
 * William Wordsworth's poem "Fidelity" was written after the death of Charles Gough, who fell from Striding Edge, Helvellyn in 1805. His body found below Red Tarn some months later by a shepherd, his body still being guarded by his Irish Terrier, Foxey. Nearby were discovered the bones of her dead puppies.
 * The University of Notre Dame used an Irish Terrier as its mascot until the 1960s when it was replaced by the Notre Dame Leprechaun. The dogs had various names, the latest of which was Clashmore Mike.  Two Irish Terriers are depicted in limestone on the east elevation of Alumni Hall.

Irish Terrier in literature
"As I stood up, I saw that she was crying. ..."Oh, for heaven's sake, Pat ..." ...From all my experiences I knew that there was no one you could rely on and trust except your own self and, in the best case scenario, your friend.

''...Of course, with us was it altogether a different matter but still, after all is said and done, Pat was also spending all her days staying at home alone. ..."A dog!" I said in surprise as it dawned on me "damn it, of course, a dogl You are straight to the point! With the dog one will never feel lonely!" ...It was a lovely, playful little doggie. Straight legs, square body, oblong head, intelligent and cheeky. ..."Do you know what you've got there?" Gustav asked me when we were outside. "Something really rare: an Irish terrier. Best of the best. Without a single blemish. And with a pedigree too."''

''..."I have to go and make my evening round right now. I would like you to come with me." ...Ward after ward it went on and on, room after room was it all the same: groaning, tormented bodies all around; motionless, almost dried-out human forms; a bunch of seemingly endless instances of misery, fear, surrender, pain, desperation, hope, distress. ..."Now you have seen for yourself that many of these people are much more worse off than Pat Hollmann. Some of them have got nothing left but their hope. Yet the majority are going to make it. ...You can't be sure of anything in advance. The hopelessly ill can pull it off and live much longer than the healthy one. Life is quite an amasing affair."''

''...I drove off. While on the Nikolaistraße, I suddenly remembered that I have completely forgotten about the dog. So I turned around and drove back to pick him up. ...The terrier sprang towards me, sniffed me and licked my hand. His eyes shone green in the oblique light that was coming from the street. ...I took the dog which was cuddling warmly towards me and went away. Compliantly, with the long soft steps, he was walking along by my side to the car. ...The dog quickly pulled away and, passing between my legs, ran barking across our room. "Good heavens!" Pat exclaimed. "This is a real Irish Terrier!" ...She was breathlessly happy with the joy." - From the "Three Comrades" novel by Erich Maria Remarque''

title: Irish Terrier


text:
Talk:Irish Terrier

Vulnerable Native Breed
This breed is classed in Britain as a VNB - a breed which originated in the UK but now has registration numbers with the Kennel Club of less then 300 puppies per year.

I'm a Canadian teenager on a gap year before Uni and I'm really interested in this. Would anyone like a VNB paragraph/link on this page? I can write it, but am ignorant about formatting etc. Plus, I'm trying to put together a whole collection on all 29 breeds on this list, including history and so on, using Wikipedia as one of my many sources. If you can help, or are interested at all, please contact me either on my talk page or at green_ied_dragon@hotmail.com

--The Wizard of Magicland 19:30, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Not a dog-fighting breed?
Is there really any evidence that this terrier was ever developed specifically for fighting? I'd guess that most terriers are feisty and people might have put them up to it, but I find it hard to believe that most terriers were ever developed with dog fighting in mind. Elf | Talk 01:04, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * List of dog fighting breeds states:

Dog Fighting Breeds is a list of dog breeds originally developed for, or commonly used at some time in their history for dog fighting.

 * Indeed, this dog was used for dog fighting at one point in it's history. In contemporary times, Western culture only use PitBulls and Tosas.  In the Middle East Gull Terr, Gull Dong and Bully Kutta's are used. Please stop following me around, it's strange... LaLa 02:22, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there much conclusive evidence that the breed was used for fighting? I have been searching the web, as well as my most reliable dog books, and can't find many (barely any at all in fact) places that say that irishes were used commonly, or at all, in dog fighting. Most places I've looked don't even mention the sport being associated with the breed. Pharaoh Hound 00:20, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I have recently purchased my adorable Irish Terrier, feisty-yes, intelligent-most definitely, but i do not think for fighting!..I do think if they had to defend themselves or their owners, they would do it without thought or hesitation. I read they were used as messengr dogs throughout several wars/battles, because they had spectacular memories, did not get distracted nor did loud noises detour them. So i just thought i would add my two cents. ty

Some accurate information was needed...
I have now taken some time over a few days and deleted weird information on this breed - such as "all of them are aggressive", "they are frequently used in flyball" etc.

I have also written something ïn the appearance, history and temperament sectiosn. Feel free to agree or disagree :-) Much remains to be done...

Then I created a Wikipedia account for myself :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Singeri (talk • contribs)

 * Good, the article needs a bit of rewrite - I found several spelling errors yesterday, but I'm sure there are more.. (Please sign your posts - see Sign your posts on talk pages thanks. -- Armadillo From Hell 13:24, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Armadillo, I am not sure which ones were typos and which ones just my bad English - not a mother tongue, you see!

I posted info about this page in The Irish Terrier Community (see External Links). Before soon somebody replied and had checked the date of the founding of the first breed club. Thanks! I started rewriting the History Section.

Singeri 10:04, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Irish Terriers are one of the seven true rish breeds they are extremely compatible with children and a great family dog ,they were bred in Ireland as a farmyard dog for dispatchment of vermin and also a versatile cattle dog ,they are one of the earliest breeds of terrier and used as messenger dogs in WW1

Edits by 172.129.200.135
Not vandalism but appaling style (hence Tone tag). Would it be better and easier to revert all these or try to tidy up ?? Pete Orme 13:52, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Personally, I would revert. The edits really don't add anything significant, and it removed some stuff from the history section. Additionally, the edits to the temperament section seem extremely pro-irish terrier. I like the breed, but the edits portay it as saintly ("The Irish Terrier is a winsome dog!"). -- Pharaoh Hound  (talk)  18:00, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I know nothing about the subject, and just bumped into it somewhow, I've been trying to catch spelling wrrors and grossly bad parts, but as a whole the article is very poor and needs a lot of rewrite. I've been tempted to revert anything added that is not done with some degree of quality. There is too much fluff and POV that adds nothing. -- Armadillo From Hell 01:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. Neither one of you knows anything about the subject. So why not just revert it to the drivel that was there. It was full of inaccurate information that had nothing to do with Irish Terriers. But I guess your point is to fill a page with balderdash and piddle waddle rather than something worth reading about Irish Terriers from someone who knows Irish Terriers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.155.223.212 (talk • contribs)

 * Instead of posting negative messages which contribute nothing, you could contribute to the article - since you claim to know something.-- Armadillo From Hell 00:42, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

The Appearance section truly was bit on the fluffy side now :-). I edited the page a bit and tried to use a matter-of-fact tone. As for the older version, the history section contained some incorrect stuff. So if a revertion is done, at least the errors will have to be deleted.Singeri 07:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

A new try
I came accross the Dog Breed Project and decided to give this page a go. I tried to adopt the Table of Contents specified. I do not feel qualified to join the project per se, but am awaiting everybody's comments on my contributions on this specific breed.Singeri 14:08, 19 December 2006 (UTC) How does one make additions to the info box? i would like to see the nicnames Red Devil, Daredevil and Redhead there. Singeri 08:27, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Tone of the article
In my opinion this article is getting a lot better, after I have deleted a lot of "fluff". When and who takes away the banner stating "this page is not written on a formal tone"?Singeri 08:27, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the article is quite improved since I've had a serious look at it, and I'm going to remove the banner. -- Pharaoh Hound  (talk)  13:50, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

Hand stripping
I got my Irish Terrier as an 8 week old puppy in November 2006 and absolutely love him to bits - having never owned a terrier I was not familiar with how to care for his coat but have managed to do the hand stripping very easily. I've read loads on the web and from books but I can't find any information on whether I should pull out the hairs that are around the edges of his ears. This hair is very soft and is firmly attached and not going to be plucked out like the rest of his coat. Should I use scissors? Does anyone know of any resources that might provide advice on this? 160.9.41.23 15:08, 9 February 2007 (UTC)Archies mum
 * After a quick bit of searching I turned up this statement from the Irish Terrier Association (UK) "the ears must be free of fringe" . Unfortunately it doesn't elaborate further. The Irish Terrier Club of America has this to say on grooming "Strip hair from the inside and outside of the ears" . I've never owned an IT (or indeed any dog, thus far), so I can't say anything from experience. Hope this helps. -- Pharaoh Hound  (talk)  16:35, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

After a little bravery, I managed to answer my own question! I figured that as all other literature strongly advises against clipping or anything other than hand stripping then I should try again with the fringing round the ears. The fine hair does pull out as it does on the rest of the coat but my dog did notice I was doing it. I found that if I gently gripped the ear between forefinger and thumb and held it steady avoiding any jerky movements whilst pulling the fine hair out at the same time (with my other hand), then he didn't mind so much. I did have to be quick though and it took several sessions as his attention uickly wandered and keeping his head and ears still is extremely difficult for him (in fact, his ears seem to have a life of their own, they are more like periscopes or antennae than ears!). I will post pictures of the before and after results shortly. 160.9.41.115 13:41, 28 February 2007 (UTC)Archies mum

You should cut it. A good scissors and two minutes of your time. Do not torture your own dog! Ears are very sensitive. I'm wondering that you wasn't bited. (I had Irish Terrier) Ias130 —Preceding comment was added at 16:21, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Irish Terrier


text:
Justine Bateman

Justine Bateman (born February 19, 1966) is an American actress and filmmaker. Her acting work includes Family Ties, Satisfaction, Men Behaving Badly, The TV Set, Desperate Housewives, and Californication. Her feature film directorial debut, Violet, starring Olivia Munn, Luke Bracey, and Justin Theroux, premiered at the 2021 SXSW Film Festival. Bateman also wrote, directed and produced the film short Five Minutes, which premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.

Early life
Bateman was born to Victoria Elizabeth, a former flight attendant for Pan Am who was originally from Shrewsbury in the United Kingdom, and Kent Bateman. She is the older sister of actor Jason Bateman.

Growing up, Bateman idolized actresses such as Jeanne Moreau, Charlotte Rampling and Anna Magnani. She attended Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California. However, Bateman could not attend college at the time due to her contractual obligations with Family Ties. Bateman stated that she was informed by the series' line producer Carol Himes, "You're under contract to Paramount Studios."

Acting
Bateman's most prominent acting role began when she was a teenager, playing the role of superficial Mallory Keaton on the television sitcom Family Ties in 1982; she continued the role throughout the show's run which ended in 1989. She hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live during its 13th season in 1988.

In the 1996–97 NBC American version of the British TV comedy Men Behaving Badly, featuring Rob Schneider and Ron Eldard, she starred as Sarah, Eldard's character's girlfriend. Bateman returned to TV with the 2003 Showtime mini-series Out of Order, alongside Eric Stoltz, Felicity Huffman and William H. Macy.

In the third-season Arrested Development episode "Family Ties," which was broadcast in February 2006, her character is initially believed to be Michael Bluth's sister, but she turns out to be a prostitute taken advantage of by his father, and pimped by his brother. Michael Bluth was played by Bateman's brother Jason.

Recurring roles included Men in Trees, Still Standing, and Desperate Housewives.

In 1988, Bateman starred in the lead role in the motion picture Satisfaction. The film, about an all-girl musical band, also featured Julia Roberts, Liam Neeson, and Britta Phillips. Bateman starred as the lead vocalist and also performed the vocals on the soundtrack. Other films include The Night We Never Met, with Matthew Broderick, and The TV Set, with David Duchovny and Sigourney Weaver.

Bateman has acted in several web series. She acted in John August's Remnants, Illeana Douglas' IKEA-sponsored Easy to Assemble  (for which in 2010 Bateman was among the winners of the Streamy Award for Best Ensemble Cast and was nominated for a Streamy Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Web-Series), and Anthony Zuiker's digi-novel series Level 26: Dark Prophecy, in which she plays a tarot card reader.

Bateman's theater experience includes Arthur Miller's The Crucible (Roundabout Theater), David Mamet's Speed the Plow (Williamstown Theater Fest), and Frank Wedekind's Lulu (Berkeley Rep).

Writer
Bateman wrote her feature film directorial debut, Violet, premiered at the 2021 SXSW Film Festival. Bateman also wrote her short film directorial debut, Five Minutes. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2017. She made her first script sale to Disney's Wizards of Waverly Place. She also co-wrote the adaptation of Lisi Harrison's teenage book series The Clique for a Warner Bros. internet series. Bateman's first book, Fame: The Hijacking of Reality, was published in 2018 by Akashic Books. Her second book, Face: One Square Foot of Skin, was also published by Akashic Books in 2021.

Producer
Bateman co-produced and co-presented with fashion maven Kelly Cutrone on their internet talk show Wake Up and Get Real (WUAGR). Described as an alternative to the television series The View, WUAGR was last broadcast in June 2011. She was also a producer on the internet series Easy to Assemble (which garnered more than 5.1 million views during its second season. ),

Bateman produced the film short, Z, Five Minutes (Toronto Film Festival 2017 premiere), and Push, and the feature film, Violet (SXSW 2021 Film Festival Premiere).

Her production company is Section 5.

Director
Her feature film directorial debut, Violet, starring Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux, and Luke Bracey, premiered at the SXSW 2021 film festival. Her short film directorial debut, Five Minutes, was an official selection at various film festivals, including the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival. It was a winner in Amazon Prime's Festival Stars competition, and one of Vimeo's Short of the Week.

Other work
During a hiatus from the entertainment business, Bateman established a clothing design company in 2000. She managed it until its closure in 2003. Justine Bateman Designs was known for one-of-a-kind hand knits. It sold to BendelsNY, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Fred Segal.

She served on the national board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild until July 2009, when she resigned just before the end of her initial three-year term.

Personal life
In 2001, Bateman married Mark Fluent, with whom she has two children. An outspoken supporter of net neutrality, she testified before the United States Senate Commerce Committee in support of it in 2008.

Bateman earned a degree in computer science and digital media management from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 2016. During the film industry strikes in 2023, Bateman was a vocal critic of the use of AI for human characters in productions, and has proposed a label designating that AI was not used for the actors.

Bateman is a licensed pilot of single-engine planes and a certified scuba diver.

Bateman has been an advocate for natural aging and has not had any cosmetic surgery.

title: Justine Bateman


text:
Frank de Boer

Franciscus de Boer (born 15 May 1970) is a Dutch former professional footballer and current manager. A former defender, De Boer spent most of his playing career with Ajax, winning five Eredivisie titles, two KNVB Cups, three Super Cups, one UEFA Super Cup, one UEFA Cup, one UEFA Champions League, and one Intercontinental Cup. He later spent five years at Barcelona, where he won the 1998–99 La Liga title, followed by short spells at Galatasaray, Rangers, Al-Rayyan and Al-Shamal before retiring.

De Boer is the third-most capped outfield player in the history of the Netherlands national team, with 112 caps. He captained Oranje to the semi-finals of both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000. He is the twin brother of Ronald de Boer, with whom he was a teammate at Ajax, Barcelona, Rangers, Al-Rayyan, Al-Shamal and the Netherlands national team.

After retiring from playing, De Boer went into management with the Ajax youth team and as assistant to Bert van Marwijk with the Netherlands national team. In December 2010, he took over as manager of Ajax and went on to win the Eredivisie title in his first season. In 2013, he received the Rinus Michels Award for manager of the year in the Netherlands after leading Ajax to their third successive Eredivisie title. The following year, he became the first manager to win four consecutive Eredivisie titles. He then had brief spells managing in Serie A with Internazionale in 2016, Crystal Palace in the Premier League in 2017, and Atlanta United in MLS from 2018 to 2020. De Boer was appointed head coach of the Netherlands national team in September 2020, but left less than a year later in June 2021 after the team's disappointing Euro 2020 campaign.

Ajax
De Boer began his career as a left back at Ajax before switching to centre-back, a position he made his own for many years in the national team. He won both the 1991–92 UEFA Cup and 1994–95 UEFA Champions League while at Ajax, in addition to five Eredivisie titles and two KNVB Cups. However, after signing a six-year contract extension with Ajax for the 1998–99 season, he and his twin brother Ronald took successful legal action to have it voided. Ajax had a verbal agreement that if a lucrative offer for one brother came by, he would be released provided the other stayed. Ajax, however, apparently backed down on that agreement after floating the club on the stock market and pledging to shareholders that it would hold both of the De Boers and build around them a team to recapture the Champions League.

Barcelona
In January 1999, Frank and Ronald de Boer signed for Spanish La Liga club Barcelona for £22 million, joining their former Ajax manager Louis van Gaal at the Camp Nou. After winning the 1998–99 La Liga title, they were unable to repeat their earlier triumphs. In 2000, Van Gaal was sacked by Barcelona and Frank suffered the ignominy of testing positive for the banned substance nandrolone a year later. He was suspended but he was reinstated after a successful appeal.

Later career
De Boer briefly moved to Galatasaray in the summer of 2003 before joining his brother at Rangers in January 2004. He made his Rangers debut in a 1–0 win away at Partick Thistle, but in his second appearance for the club he missed the decisive penalty in the shootout as Rangers lost to Hibernian in the Scottish League Cup semi-final. He made a total of 17 appearances for Rangers, scoring two goals against Aberdeen and Dundee. The De Boer brothers left Rangers after UEFA Euro 2004 to play the rest of their football careers in Qatar with Al-Rayyan. De Boer announced his retirement from football in April 2006.

International career
Having represented his national team 112 times, he was the most capped player in the history of the Netherlands national team, until Edwin van der Sar surpassed him. De Boer made his debut for the Netherlands in September 1990 against Italy.

De Boer also played for the Netherlands in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 1992, 2000 and 2004 UEFA European Championships; he missed UEFA Euro 1996 due to an injury. He is well-remembered for the arching 60-yard pass which allowed Dennis Bergkamp to score the last-minute goal that eliminated Argentina in the quarter-finals of the 1998 World Cup. During Euro 2000, hosted in his home country and Belgium, De Boer reached another semi-final with the Dutch team. De Boer missed an important penalty kick in the first half of the semi-finals against 10-man Italy and another in the penalty shootout, which led to the Netherlands' elimination from the tournament.

On 29 March 2003, in a home match against Czech Republic, De Boer became the first Dutch male footballer to gain 100 caps. He ended his international career after an injury forced him to be replaced in a quarter-final match with Sweden at Euro 2004. The injury ruled him out from the semi-final match against Portugal, which the Netherlands lost 2–1.

Style of play
A talented and well-rounded world-class defender, in addition to his defensive skills, De Boer was also known for his pace, technical ability, accurate passing, and leadership, which enabled him to carry the ball out of defence, play it out from the back, or contribute to his team's offensive play by initiating attacks and creating chances for strikers with long balls. A versatile, intelligent, and elegant left-footed defender, with an ability to read the game and intercept loose balls, he was capable of playing both on the left and in the centre, and was even deployed as a sweeper. He was also a dangerous set-piece taker, renowned for his accurate bending free kicks from anywhere around the penalty area.

Managerial career
In 2007, De Boer took up a coaching role at his former club Ajax where he was in charge of the club's youth sector. During the 2010 World Cup, he was the assistant of the Netherlands national football team to manager Bert van Marwijk, together with retired player Phillip Cocu. The Dutch team reached the final of the tournament, losing to Spain.

Ajax
On 6 December 2010, after the resignation of Martin Jol, De Boer was appointed caretaker manager of Ajax until the winter break. His first game in charge was a Champions League match against Milan at the San Siro, a match Ajax won 2–0 through goals from Demy de Zeeuw and Toby Alderweireld. De Boer then went on to help Ajax become champions of the Eredivisie for the 2010–11 season in a 3–1 home victory over Twente, the champions of the previous year, on the final matchday, making the first year of his professional coaching career a golden one. "I couldn't have wished for a more beautiful birthday present", said De Boer, as the club's 30th championship was won on his 41st birthday.

In two-and-a-half years at the helm of Ajax, De Boer won three championships, making eight in total (when including the five that he won as a player). According to reports, De Boer was offered the chance to interview for the Liverpool job but turned it down to remain with Ajax. "I am honoured by the request [from Liverpool] but I have only just started with Ajax", he said. In 2013, De Boer received the Rinus Michels Award for manager of the year in the Netherlands after leading Ajax to their third successive Eredivisie title.

On 27 April 2014, De Boer won his fourth successive Eredivisie title with Ajax, the first manager ever to achieve this in the Dutch league. Moreover, it marked the first time Ajax has ever won four successive Eredivisie titles. De Boer has now won a total of nine Eredivisie championships with Ajax as a player and manager, another record; Johan Cruyff, Sjaak Swart and Jack Reynolds all won eight Eredivisie championships with Ajax. Ajax finished the 2014–15 Eredivisie in second position, a massive 17 points behind champions PSV.

On 11 May 2016, De Boer announced his resignation as manager of Ajax following a disappointing season when Ajax again lost out on the Eredivisie title to PSV on the final matchday of the season.

Inter Milan
On 9 August 2016, after the departure of Roberto Mancini, De Boer signed a three-year contract with Internazionale for the start of the 2016–17 season. De Boer's first match in charge was Inter's final pre-season friendly, a 2–0 win against Celtic on 13 August, played on neutral ground at Thomond Park, Republic of Ireland.

The club management board also approved expensive signings João Mário and Gabriel Barbosa for the team and De Boer (they were in fact linked to Mancini and Inter in July), and the return to Turkey of recent acquisition Caner Erkin in the last days of transfer window. Barbosa, however, was rarely used in Serie A matches and could not be registered in European competitions due to a penalty imposed on Inter for breaching UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations in previous seasons.

De Boer's first competitive match was a 2–0 away loss to Chievo on 21 August. After the match, De Boer was criticized for using a three-man defence, a style that he had never used while at Ajax. Milan-based newspaper Corriere della Sera went as far as calling Inter's performance a "disaster". Fortunes soon turned, however, as Inter drew 1–1 against Palermo on 28 August, before winning three games in a row, against Pescara, title-holders Juventus and Empoli. The win against Juventus was highly praised, with De Boer being lauded for substituting Éder for Ivan Perišić, who provided the winning goal. Inter's form would not last long, as the club would go on to lose against Roma, Cagliari and Atalanta.

Inter also struggled in the UEFA Europa League under De Boer, as they lost the opening match 0–2 at home against Israeli team Hapoel Be'er Sheva on 15 September, and 3–1 against Sparta Prague on 29 September. Inter would then go on to finish last in their group with a total of six points, with three points under De Boer and another three under his successor.

Following a run of four defeats in the last five Serie A matches, which left Inter in 12th place in Serie A, De Boer was sacked on 1 November, having been in charge for only 85 days. His last match was a 1–0 loss to Sampdoria on 30 October. Ironically, during a press interview in the annual general meeting of the shareholders of Internazionale on 28 October, CEO Michael Bolingbroke had confirmed that the club was 100% backing De Boer. (Bolingbroke himself resigned a few days later. Liu Jun, vice-president of sister company Suning Sports, replaced Bolingbroke.)

De Boer argued that he "needed more time" in order to make a mark as manager at Inter, and thanked his fans on his Twitter profile for the support. He was replaced by former Lazio manager Stefano Pioli on 8 November, the ninth manager Inter had appointed since winning the Treble in 2010 under José Mourinho. Following Pioli's initial struggles at Inter, De Boer hit back at the lack of leadership following Suning's takeover of Inter, which he credits for the lack of trust he was given while there.

Crystal Palace
On 26 June 2017, De Boer was announced as the new manager of Premier League side Crystal Palace, replacing Sam Allardyce. He signed a three-year deal with the South London club, but was sacked 10 weeks later when Palace lost their first four league matches of the season without scoring a single goal – the first team in 93 years to have begun a top-flight season in such a fashion. He left having managed the team for only 450 minutes of game time, making it the shortest reign of the Premier League era (in terms of number of matches, rather than number of days). De Boer's only win came in an EFL Cup second-round game, in which Crystal Palace won 2–1 against Ipswich Town. He was replaced by Roy Hodgson.

Whilst at the club, De Boer attempted to implement a possession-based style of play; after his sacking, he criticised the club's players for their resistance to his approach, arguing that the club had signed only two players to fit his philosophy. Palace winger Wilfried Zaha commented on De Boer's brief time at the club, stating "There wasn't really the right mixture [of players] for the way we wanted to play."

Referencing De Boer's stint at Crystal Palace, José Mourinho described De Boer as "the worst manager in the history of the Premier League".

Atlanta United
On 23 December 2018, De Boer was announced as the head coach of Major League Soccer side Atlanta United, succeeding Gerardo "Tata" Martino to become the second head coach in the club's history. In his first season, the team won both the U.S. Open Cup and Campeones Cup, while in MLS action finishing second in the Eastern Conference and reaching the Eastern Conference final.

On 24 July 2020, following Atlanta's elimination from the MLS is Back Tournament after losing all three of their matches, Atlanta and De Boer mutually agreed to part ways.

Netherlands
On 23 September 2020, the KNVB announced that De Boer would be the new manager of the country's national football team, signing a contract until the end of 2022. On 11 November 2020, after a 1–1 draw with Spain, De Boer became the first ever Netherlands manager to fail to win any of his first four fixtures.

He managed the Netherlands at the UEFA Euro 2020, where despite topping their group, they ultimately lost 2–0 to Czech Republic in the round of 16 and were eliminated. As a result of the team's poor Euros performance, on 29 June 2021, the KNVB announced that it had parted ways with De Boer.

Al Jazira
On 5 June 2023, De Boer was appointed head coach of UAE Pro League club Al Jazira, signing a two-year contract to succeed his compatriot Marcel Keizer. On 11 December 2023, with the club sitting in 7th place in the league table and following a 4–2 defeat to Al Wahda in the quarter-finals of the UAE League Cup, De Boer was sacked.

International

 * Source:

Appearances by national team and year International goals

(Source)
 * Scores and results list Netherlands' goal tally first.

Player
Ajax
 * Eredivisie (5): 1989–90, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98
 * KNVB Cup (2): 1992–93, 1997–98
 * Johan Cruijff Shield (3): 1993, 1994, 1995
 * UEFA Champions League: 1994–95
 * UEFA Cup: 1991–92
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1995
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1995

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1998–99

Al Rayyan
 * Emir of Qatar Cup: 2005

Netherlands
 * FIFA World Cup fourth place: 1998

Individual
 * ESM Team of the Year: 1995–96
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998
 * UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2000
 * Golden Foot: 2016, as football legend

Manager

Ajax
 * Eredivisie (4): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 2013

Atlanta United
 * Campeones Cup: 2019
 * U.S. Open Cup: 2019

Individual
 * Amsterdamse coach van het jaar (De Fanny) (2): 2012, 2014
 * Rinus Michels Award (2): 2013, 2014
 * JFK's Greatest Man Award: 2013

title: Frank de Boer


text:
Ford Nucleon

The Ford Nucleon is a concept car developed by Ford in 1957, designed as a future nuclear-powered car—one of a handful of such designs during the 1950s and 1960s. The concept was only demonstrated as a scale model. The design did not include an internal-combustion engine; rather, the vehicle was to be powered by a small nuclear reactor in the rear of the vehicle, based on the assumption that this would one day be possible by reducing sizes. The car was to use a steam engine powered by uranium fission, similar to those found in nuclear submarines.

The mock-up of the car can be viewed at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

Design concept
At the time of the concept's unveiling, nuclear technology was relatively new, and it was believed that nuclear fission technology could be made compact and affordable, such that nuclear fuel would become the primary energy source in the U.S., and gasoline would become obsolete. Ford envisioned a future where gas stations would be replaced with full service recharging stations, and that the vehicle would get 5000 mi before the reactor would have to be exchanged for a new one. These would be scaled-down versions of the nuclear reactors that military submarines used at the time, utilizing uranium as the fissile material. Because the entire reactor would be replaced, Ford hypothesized that the owner would have multiple choices for reactors, such as a fuel-efficient model or a high-performance model, at each reactor change. Ultimately, the reactor would use heat to convert water into steam and the power train would be steam-driven.

In popular culture
The Nucleon is the inspiration for nuclear cars in the Fallout video game franchise. For example, in-game billboards describe the fictional Chryslus Corvega Atomic V8 as having an "Atomic V8" engine. The game's depiction is purely satirical, as the cars explode into an implausible mushroom cloud and release radiation when shot.

title: Ford Nucleon


text:
Stanley Cavell

Stanley Louis Cavell (September 1, 1926 – June 19, 2018) was an American philosopher. He was the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. He worked in the fields of ethics, aesthetics, and ordinary language philosophy. As an interpreter, he produced influential works on Wittgenstein, Austin, Emerson, Thoreau, and Heidegger. His work is characterized by its conversational tone and frequent literary references.

Life
Cavell was born as Stanley Louis Goldstein to a Jewish family in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother, a locally renowned pianist, trained him in music from his earliest days. During the Depression, Cavell's parents moved several times between Atlanta and Sacramento, California. As an adolescent, Cavell played lead alto saxophone as the youngest member of a black jazz band in Sacramento. Around this time he changed his name, anglicizing the family's original Polish name, Kavelieruskii (sometimes spelled "Kavelieriskii"). He entered the University of California, Berkeley, where, along with his lifelong friend Bob Thompson, he majored in music, studying with, among others, Roger Sessions and Ernest Bloch. After graduation, he studied composition at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City, only to discover that music was not his calling.

He entered graduate school in philosophy at UCLA, and then transferred to Harvard University. As a student there he came under the influence of J. L. Austin, whose teaching and methods "knocked him off ... [his] horse." In 1954 he was awarded a Junior Fellowship at the Harvard Society of Fellows. Before completing his Ph.D., he became an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1956. Cavell's daughter by his first wife (Marcia Cavell), Rachel Lee Cavell, was born in 1957. In 1962–63 Cavell was a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he befriended the British philosopher Bernard Williams. Cavell’s marriage to Marcia ended in divorce in 1961. In 1963 he returned to the Harvard Philosophy Department, where he became the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value.

In the summer of 1964, Cavell joined a group of graduate students, who taught at Tougaloo College, a historically black Protestant college in Mississippi, as part of what became known as the Freedom Summer. He and Cathleen (Cohen) Cavell were married in 1967. In April 1969, during the student protests (chiefly arising from the Vietnam War), Cavell, helped by his colleague John Rawls, worked with a group of African-American students to draft language for a faculty vote to establish Harvard's Department of African and African-American Studies.

In 1976, Cavell's first son, Benjamin, was born. In 1979, along with the documentary filmmaker Robert H. Gardner, Cavell helped found the Harvard Film Archive, to preserve and present the history of film. Cavell received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1992. In 1996-97 Cavell was president of the American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division). In 1984, his second son, David, was born. Cavell remained on the Harvard faculty until retiring in 1997. Thereafter, he taught courses at Yale University and the University of Chicago. He also held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam in 1998.

Cavell died in Boston, Massachusetts of heart failure on June 19, 2018, at the age of 91. He was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Philosophy
Although trained in the Anglo-American analytic tradition, Cavell frequently interacted with the continental tradition. He includes film and literary study in philosophical inquiry. Cavell wrote extensively on Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, and Martin Heidegger, as well as the American transcendentalists Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. His work was for a time frequently compared to that of Jacques Derrida, whom he met in 1970. Although their exchange was congenial, Cavell denied the full extent to which deconstruction could undermine the possibility of meaning, instead taking an explicitly ordinary language approach to language and skepticism. He writes about Wittgenstein in a fashion known as the New Wittgenstein, which according to Alice Crary interprets Wittgenstein as putting forward a positive view of philosophy as a therapeutic form. Cavell's work incorporates autobiographical elements concerning how his movement between and within these thinkers' ideas influenced his views in the arts and humanities, beyond the technical study of philosophy.

Cavell established his distinct philosophical identity with Must We Mean What We Say? (1969), a collection of essays that addresses topics such as language use, metaphor, skepticism, tragedy, and literary interpretation from the point of view of ordinary language philosophy, of which he is a practitioner and ardent defender. One of the essays discusses Søren Kierkegaard's work on revelation and authority, The Book on Adler, in an effort to help reintroduce the book to modern philosophical readers. In The World Viewed (1971) Cavell looks at photography, film, modernism in art and the nature of media, mentioning the influence of art critic Michael Fried on his work.

Cavell is well-known for The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy (1979), which forms the centerpiece of his work and has its origins in his doctoral dissertation. In Pursuits of Happiness (1981), Cavell describes his experience of seven prominent Hollywood comedies: The Lady Eve, It Happened One Night, Bringing Up Baby, The Philadelphia Story, His Girl Friday, Adam’s Rib, and The Awful Truth. Cavell argues that these films, from 1934–1949, form part of what he calls the genre of "The Comedy of Remarriage," and finds in them great philosophical, moral, and political significance. Specifically, Cavell argues that these comedies show that "the achievement of happiness requires not the [...] satisfaction of our needs [...] but the examination and transformation of those needs." According to Cavell, the emphasis these movies place on remarriage draws attention to the fact that, within a relationship, happiness requires "growing up" together with one's partner.

In Cities of Words (2004) Cavell traces the history of moral perfectionism, a mode of moral thinking spanning the history of Western philosophy and literature. Having used Emerson to outline the concept, the book suggests ways we might want to understand philosophy, literature, and film as preoccupied with features of perfectionism. In Philosophy the Day After Tomorrow (2005), a collection of essays, Cavell makes the case that J. L. Austin's concept of performative utterance requires the supplementary concept of passionate utterance: "A performative utterance is an offer of participation in the order of law. And perhaps we can say: A passionate utterance is an invitation to improvisation in the disorders of desire." The book also contains extended discussions of Friedrich Nietzsche, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, and Fred Astaire, as well as familiar Cavellian subjects such as Shakespeare, Emerson, Thoreau, Wittgenstein, and Heidegger. Cavell's final book, Little Did I Know: Excerpts from Memory (2010), is an autobiography written in the form of a diary. In a series of consecutive, dated entries, he inquires about the origins of his philosophy by telling the story of his life.

A scholarly journal, Conversations: The Journal of Cavellian Studies, engages with his philosophical work. It is edited by Sérgio Dias Branco and Amir Khan and published by the University of Ottawa.

Honorary degrees

 * Doctor of Humane Letters, Kalamazoo College, 1980
 * Doctor of Letters, Iona College, 1985
 * Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Chicago, 1987
 * Docteur, Honoris Causa, Université de Strasbourg, 1996
 * Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa, Hebrew University, 1997
 * Doctor of Letters, Honoris Causa, University of East Anglia, 2009
 * Docteur, Honoris Causa, Ecole Normale Superieure, Lyon, 2010
 * Doctor of Letters, Wesleyan University, 2010
 * Doctor of Theology, Institut Protestant de Théologie de Paris, 2010

Selected honors

 * Junior Fellow, Society of Fellows, Harvard University, 1953–56
 * Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, 1962-1963
 * Distinguished Teaching Award, University of California, Berkeley, 1961
 * Fellow, Wesleyan University Center for the Humanities, 1970-1971
 * Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1978-
 * Fellow, Macarthur Foundation
 * President, American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division), 1996–97
 * 2000 Centennial Medalist, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
 * Romanell Phi Beta Kappa Professorship, 2004–05
 * Member, American Philosophical Society, 2005-

Selected special lectureships

 * Patricia Wise Lecture, American Film Institute, 1982
 * Mrs. William Beckman Lectures, University of California, Berkeley, 1983
 * Tanner Lecture, Stanford University, April 1986
 * Carus Lectures, American Philosophical Association, 1988
 * Plenary Address, Shakespeare World Congress, Los Angeles, 1996
 * Presidential Address, American Philosophical Association, Atlanta, 1996
 * Howison Lectures, University of California, Berkeley, February, 2002

title: Stanley Cavell


text:
Talk:Lina Medina

Concern about how this pregnancy is discussed
In this piece, it reads as though precocious puberty was the cause of this child’s pregnancy. Yes there is a sentence in one section about the father being held and then released on suspicion of child abuse. However, in the effort to be “just the facts” there is an absurd lacunae that ends up colluding with the abuse she clearly suffered. The cause of the pregnancy was child sexual abuse, not precocious puberty. 24.151.78.219 (talk) 14:10, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Rape, not precocious puberty
Lina Medina was a victim of sexual abuse. This article claiming that she was just experience "precocious puberty" is covering up what really happened to her, and is grossly insensitive towards both children's and women's rights and issues. Wikipedia is a source used by many people, and allowing such a dangerous thing to be promoted and misconstrued can result in potential abusers being misinformed and justifying their actions. "Well it's not rape, it's precocious puberty! I can assault children." 24.184.101.129 (talk) 13:38, 6 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the thing is, even though that's probably the case, there doesn't seem to be any actual sources reporting that she was sexually abused, so saying that she was would technically be speculation, which isn't allowed under Wikipedia's guidelines. If there's a reliable source that you can point to that says that she was sexually abused, feel free to list it here. 70.124.147.243 (talk) 03:54, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
 * So, you're claiming that a four year old can consent to sex? Seriously? 76.202.192.102 (talk) 22:56, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

The four IP comments above stem from a fundamental misunderstanding. "Precocious puberty" is not meant as some subjective judgmental comment implying inappropriate sexual behavior, promiscuity, or consent for sex on the part of a child. Instead, precocious puberty is a purely biological condition in which puberty occurs at an unusually early age. Regards, AzureCitizen (talk) 23:23, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * To be fair, the wording of that first paragraph is extremely misleading. It really does sound like it's implying she was impregnated by her precocious puberty. That would be a case of human parthenogenesis which is... impossible. Frankly, I can't blame the other IP commenters for reading it as a way to write off her obvious sexual assault, even though I don't think that was the intent of writing it that way. I think it's more likely it was just worded poorly. Given the highly disturbing nature of this story, I can't really blame anyone for having kind of a kneejerk reaction like that. It's a really morbid topic.
 * Personally, I think a better wording might be something like "It remains yet unknown who committed the sexual assault leading to her pregnancy, but she was biologically able to conceive a child at the age of less than five years (based on the medical assessment of the stage of her pregnancy) due to an extreme case of precocious puberty." This is just a suggestion, though.
 * As to the assertion that her sexual abuse would be "speculation", I must emphatically disagree. The fact that she was impregnated is incontrovertible evidence she was abused. As the last IP commenter said, a 4 year old can't consent, so by definition, she was raped. The likelihood of this case being the only recorded occurrence of human parthenogenesis is basically zero. Not even worth considering. And since it's the only other option, the sole remaining explanation is that the pregnancy was the result of coitus. Since she was too young to consent, that coitus was rape. She was raped. It was sexual assault. 68.102.134.99 (talk) 07:54, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not a case of somebody wording this so as to push a particular point of view, but rather, somebody editing existing valid content and making it invalid. Whether that's vandalism or just an editor with a poor understanding of English is speculative.  See revision of 19:07, 1 November 2022

 * With regard to the state of the article before the November 2022 edit... the implication was that the precocious puberty made this possible. There's no problem with that claim ...  had it not been for the precocious puberty, she couldn't have gotten pregnant, i.e. she could only have become pregnant because of her precocious puberty. Fabrickator (talk) 21:27, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry to butt in with a semi-off-topic technical question, but or anyone else really, if you're reading this and you know:
 * I see you used the syntax of Special:Diff/1119466269 to link to that November 1 revision. I've never seen that syntax before. Is there any advantage to using your Special page syntax when linking to a particular edit, and where can I find more information about this? Thank you. —ReadOnlyAccount (talk) 02:43, 15 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The number is an "edit sequence number" ... I haven't found any specific name for this, but it literally is referring to the sequential edit number on that wiki host, i.e. the edit sequence number is incremented for each edit that's saved. Hence it refers to a particular revision of a page, and thus provides a permanent link. The edit sequence number can be used with a wikilink using Special:PermanentLink to refer to a specific revision of a page.  If you instead want the link to show the diff associated with that edit, use Special:Diff with the edit sequence number, but you can also supply two edit sequence numbers, in which case it will provide the "diff" between the two revisions ... and FWIW, this will work even if the two edits are associated with completely different pages.
 * Admittedly, these links can be a little disconcerting because the page name isn't part of the Wikilink syntax, but of course you can include it as the "piped" name. In any case, I suggest that wikilinks should be used in preference to urls because this avoids providing the hostname (which is a little bit more relevant given that hostnames are device-dependent, i.e. the "m" prefix for mobile devices). Fabrickator (talk) 05:24, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

Passed away in 2015
She passed away in November 2015 see here LegoFCB (talk) 05:26, 12 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That source is a blog. See WP:BLOGS. --Hammersoft (talk) 11:16, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

Her death is cited on Legit.ng, which appears to be a reliable source. https://www.legit.ng/1228037-lina-medina-story-youngest-mother-world.html Chessrat  ( talk, contributions ) 03:07, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

Spanish Wikipedia
Just to add to this catalog of life and death claims, Lina's article in the Spanish version of Wikipedia doesn't seem to mention it - here.

My Spanish is not good. Someone with greater skills in that language might find something there. HiLo48 (talk) 00:42, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

Remove "mere" from "mere fact"
Under "Identity of the father", change "the mere fact of Medina's pregnancy" to "the fact of Medina's pregnancy". The word "mere" contributes nothing and affects the tone of the article. 98.118.9.141 (talk) 22:25, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * done-- Martin 01:08, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * In this context, "mere" means "in and of itself".  Ordinarily, pregnancy in and of itself would not be proof of rape.  The claim is that under these circumstances, the "mere" fact of pregnancy is sufficient to be proof of rape.  Please revert. Fabrickator (talk) 05:39, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * alright. Sorry about that. Martin  06:06, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that pregnancy in and of itself is not evidence of rape, but I think most people would agree that the pregnancy of a five year old would suffice as evidence of rape. Also, what courts "ordinarily" consider to be proof of rape differs all over the world. In any case, the point that the article intends to make is that the court concluded that she had been raped, and used her pregnancy as evidence, and that can be stated without using "mere". Adding that word creates this whole other claim about what courts ordinarily do that seems to go outside the scope of this article. (I don't mean to imply that anybody involved in writing this article tried to downplay this event, just that the use of that word can mislead without contributing much to the sentence.) 98.118.9.141 (talk) 22:17, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Your opinion of what constitutes rape is actually quite irrelevant. The statement is explicitly made with respect to Peruvian law, so while you might reasonably conclude that a young child cannot give consent to sex, thus this was "common law rape", the purpose of that sentence is to make clear the factual legal status of the situation.  Now I kind of like the use of the word "mere" in this situation, because it makes me think a little bit.
 * We do hear "merely" used so as to minimize the significance of some event. Since no assertion is being made about the seriousness (or lack thereof) of her having become pregnant, this forces the reader to consider how "mere" is being used, and so to realize that it is being used to mean that sexual intercourse with a 4-year-old was presumably sufficient to constitute the crime of rape (I'm not actually familiar with what Peruvian law was at the time, I'm giving the benefit of the doubt to this assertion).  Dropping "mere" while claiming it's rape means you're making a different assumption about Peruvian law (whatever it was at the time), so that would require citing a source.  Fabrickator (talk) 10:57, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I can see your point and I'll accept the current state of the article, but I'm confused about what the last point you're making is. If the sentence said "the fact of Medina's pregnancy meant that she had been raped at some point before her fifth birthday", then it would convey the same point you're making: that (presumably) sex with a 4-year-old is sufficient to constitute rape under Peruvian law at the time. As I read it, adding the word "mere" just emphasizes that point. Are you saying that if the word "mere" were not included, then that would imply that other, unmentioned facts would have also been used to prove her pregnancy? That seems odd to me. The claims "if X is true, then Y is true" and "if merely X is true, then Y is true" carry the same meaning to me, and the word merely only serves to emphasize the claim that, indeed, X alone is sufficient to imply Y.98.118.9.141 (talk) 19:11, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Under Peruvian law, the "mere" fact that sexual intercourse occurred with a minor is proof of (statutory) rape. But for this provision of Peruvian law, it would not have been rape.  Fabrickator (talk) 21:27, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't understand your second sentence. Do you mean that without that provision, it would not have been rape? Or are you distinguishing between statutory rape and "common law" rape? 98.118.9.141 (talk) 22:01, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * For the purpose of this discussion, I have basically been accepting that "statutory rape" constitutes rape, but "statutory rape" doesn't exist in common law, it is defined by statute. It is only the fact of a Peruvian statute that decrees sex with a minor to be a crime regardless of consent, so we could not otherwise a priori know that whoever had sex with her was committing a crime.  Fabrickator (talk) 22:14, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 April 2024
Original: Medina gave birth to song Gerardo by caesarean section.

Edit request: Medina gave birth to son Gerardo by caesarean section.

(small typo fix, changing "song" to "son")

thanks! :) 107.182.222.55 (talk) 22:00, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Cannolis (talk) 23:16, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lina Medina