text:
Kliper

Kliper (Клипер, English: Clipper) was an early-2000s proposed partially-reusable (excluding orbital section and thermal protection shield) crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia. Due to lack of funding from the ESA and RSA, the project was indefinitely postponed by 2006.

Designed primarily to replace the Soyuz spacecraft, Kliper was proposed in two versions: as a pure lifting body design and as spaceplane with small wings. In either case, the craft would have been able to glide into the atmosphere at an angle that produces much less stress on the human occupants than the current Soyuz. Kliper was intended to be designed to be able to carry up to six people and to perform ferry services between Earth and the International Space Station.

Announcement of the program
In February 2004 Nikolai Moiseyev, the deputy director of Russian Federal Space Agency (FSA) told journalists that the Kliper project had been included in the Russian federal space program for 2005-15. At that point he announced that if the program was implemented successfully, the first launch would take place in five years' time. Kliper had been developed since 2000 and reportedly relied heavily on research studies as well as proposals for a small Russian lifting body spacecraft from the 1990s. Externally its design was comparable to the cancelled European minishuttle Hermes or the NASA study X-38. It was planned to be the successor to the Soyuz spacecraft, which has been built as various versions since 1961.

Early search for support
In 2005 Kliper was displayed in several air shows around Europe and Asia, in order to recruit international partners to co-fund and co-develop the spacecraft. The Russian Space Agency especially looked to Europe as the European Space Agency (ESA) had become its major partner in space activities during the preceding years. In May 2005, rumours started in the press that Europe would join the Kliper project in a specially funded venture that would be part of the Aurora Programme. These rumours turned out to be correct when both Russian and European space officials announced their intent to cooperate on Kliper during the Paris Air Show in Le Bourget on June 10, 2005.

Vladimir Taneev, the leading designer of the Kliper system, speculated on the contribution of Europe to the project in the following way:
 * The European companies will likely contribute avionics, materials, and cabin systems. Many different options are on the table, and in the near future we expect to form Russian-European working groups specialized in different subsystems and fields of design.

A further element of this process was made public on October 12, 2005, when various press agencies revealed that JAXA, the Japanese space agency, had been officially approached by Russia to participate in the project. JAXA has made it clear that they are more likely to join the project if ESA does so first, which was in doubt after ESA members rejected a study for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project in December 2005. The addition of Japan would make Kliper a truly multinational project, potentially combining the rugged reliability of Russian launchers with Japanese computer technology. A greater pan-national consensus would have allowed for a lighter funding burden on each participant as well.

Estimated costs
Announcements and speculations following the February 2004 press conference suggested a development budget of ₽10 billion (about US$400 million). In looking at costs for human space travel it was clear that the 10 billion rubles figure was a rather low estimate. In May 2005 The Guardian reported that costs were estimated to be roughly US$3 billion (for development and construction of Kliper until 2015) of which the bulk of US$1.8 billion was speculated to come from Europe. Different sources in 2005 have reported that the money needed for the program would be €1.5 billion (about US$1.8 billion) and on December 12, 2005 an article stated it would be €1 billion (solely in relation to development costs).

On July 14, 2005 the Russian government approved the national space program for 2006 to 2015 with a budget of ₽305 billion (about US$11 billion). The whole budget for the 10-year period was to have been ₽425 billion (about US$15 billion). The budget included the needed funding for the Kliper program. Thus in face of Europe's denial to fund a €50 million feasibility study for the Kliper project at the European space summit in December 2005, Russian space officials have announced that Russia would fund Kliper even without any European contribution.

The most recent article on Kliper stated that the project would have incurred ₽16 billion (about US$600 million) in development costs, ₽11 billion of which will be financed by the government and ₽5 billion by contractors.

First launch and target for regular flights
In 2004 it was announced that it was likely that Kliper would make its first launch as early as 2010 or 2011, the same time the Space Shuttle was scheduled to be retired. It was reported by BBC News on September 27, 2005, that the first flight tests were planned for 2011, with the first crewed flights in 2012 and the Soyuz being phased out over time until 2014. An article on December 3, 2005 cited the president of the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation Nikolai Sevastyanov that "the first regular lift-off is scheduled for 2012, while a complete transport system will be in place by 2015." After the termination of the Russian Space Agency's tender for a new spacecraft, Energia announced that this would push its Kliper proposal's first flight — if developed at all — back further. In the event, the development project did not continue.

ESA's part in Kliper — uncertainty over European cooperation
On September 28, 2005 the BBC reported that Alan Thirkettle, head of ESA's Human Spaceflight Development Department, stated that Kliper would be used: "For future exploration, when we have the objective of going to the Moon, it is important to have several possibilities to go there, and within this framework of cooperation to have our own access to orbit around the Moon." In the same context, Alain Fournier-Sicre, head of the ESA permanent mission in the Russian Federation, also stated that: "The objective is to have a vehicle which is more comfortable than the Soyuz capsule which will be used with pilots and four passengers… It is meant to service the space station and to go between Earth and an orbit around the Moon with six crew members."

Although there seemed to be a lot of enthusiasm for Kliper within Alan Thirkettle's team at ESA (as outlined in the above paragraph), on December 7, 2005, the European space summit of governmental officials of ESA member states declined to approve a 50-million-euro two-year study focusing on ESA's potential involvement in the Kliper project. In denying funding for the study ESA members stated that, among other factors that seemed unfavourable, under the current Russian proposal Europe would not share control over the design of the program and would be limited to being a small industrial contributor.

Jean-Jacques Dordain, ESA's Director General, put the refusal to fund the study into context: "It is not a question of member states for and member states against. I think the decision could not be taken for reasons that are not linked to Clipper itself.  The decision could not be taken because of budgetary restraints." Dordain concluded that he was convinced that European support for Kliper was vital for ESA's future involvement in space transport and that a favourable decision can be achieved until June 2006. In concluding "We need two transportation systems in the world", Dordain also outlined shortly after the European Space Summit that the primary requirement of Europe's involvement in the Kliper project was to rely on two separate systems to support the ISS as had been proven vital after the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster in 2003.

Dordain's remarks were echoed by Daniel Sacotte, ESA's director of human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration, in saying simply that "The Russians are not going to finance it, we will finance it from our side", despite adding a cautionary note that "We needed the support from at least two states out of France, Italy and Germany. We didn't get it." What this means in practical terms remains to be seen; ESA officials are still pushing for Europe's involvement in the Kliper project.

Very negative comments relative to Kliper were brought by the various national delegations at the December meeting, in particular by the French Minister of Research François Goulard. In short, there remain for the time being member states strongly committed to Kliper, and others just as strongly opposed. The long-term view remains uncertain.

Russian Space Agency's tender for Kliper
At the end of 2005, Roskosmos announced that a tender for Kliper would be held in January 2006 between RKK Energia, Khrunichev and Molniya with a selection date of February 3, 2006. Concerns about the bids led to a delay in the process, with a resubmission deadline of March 2006 and selection was rescheduled for April 2006. Following further delays, the tender was cancelled on 18 July 2006.

In late July 2006, the Russian Space Agency and the European Space Agency agreed to collaborate on a different project to develop a new spacecraft. They decided to fund a study under a program labelled Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) which started in September 2006 and evaluate a capsule type concept, derived from Soyuz. While this program is the follow-on project of the RSA's and ESA's collaboration on a new space vehicle, this program is no longer connected to Energia's winged Kliper design.

RSC Energia continued to pursue the project without Russian government support and announced that it would seek private investment for the craft. News reports in Russia indicated that Kliper was still expected to be ready for Russian Space Agency test flights around the year 2012. The project was officially halted in June 2007, after the biggest proponent of the project, Nikolai Sevastyanov, was dismissed from the position of the president of RSC Energia. The newly appointed president of RSC Energia, Vitaly Lopota, confirmed that Kliper would not be displayed at the 2007 MAKS air show. He said that Energia would spend more time on the project analysis, perform additional dynamic modeling, revise the design and appearance and then would come up with new proposals for Roscosmos.

In 2008 Vitaly Lopota shared his vision for the new Russian spacecraft. He mentioned two possible options: a space capsule, better for missions to the Moon and Mars, and a lifting body design for low Earth orbit missions. According to his new plans, instead of Kliper, the new Orel capsule would be developed from 2009 to 2017-2018.

Design
Given the Russian Space Agency's preference for Energia's lifting body proposal this part of the article concentrates entirely on Energia's design for Kliper.

Overview
Kliper's design was another attempt to solve the geometric problems of spacecraft. Soyuz has an Orbital Module, a hollow sphere, to be used for eating and hygiene, and an airlock located above the Reentry module (the capsule), with the docking mechanism at the top. In the event of an emergency, it would be lifted away from the rocket along with the reentry module, and the fairing over the spacecraft was designed to successfully split apart either circumferentially just below the reentry module in such an emergency or longitudinally if the flight should be successful. Kliper was designed with the Orbital Module below its reentry module, and the docking mechanism below that. This was made possible by constructing a reentry module broader than the orbital module, so that a pair of rocket nozzles for orbital maneuvering could have been fitted alongside it, as the later Salyut space stations had.

In connection with this new design, Kliper would feature a launch escape system that would enable it to detach from the carrier rocket if an abort of the mission during orbital ascent is required. An abort would be possible during every phase of the launch with the limitation of the first seconds after launch.

Lifting body design
On return from space, Kliper's lifting body design would not only allow a smoother descent into Earth's atmosphere than the capsule design, such as Soyuz; but also permit control. RKK Energia claimed that the craft would be able to land in a predetermined one-square-kilometre area. Artistic impressions showed that the Kliper would have resembled a cylinder topped by a cone. Originally, landing proposals involved both a landing by parachute and as an alternative, in a modified version, a landing on a runway similar to an aircraft, or the Space Shuttle. Leading designer Vladimir Daneev commented on this issue in June 2005:
 * We are 99% sure that it will be a spaceship with upturned little wings, enabling the Kliper to land on any class-one military airfield with a runway from three to three and a half kilometres in length.

Kliper, as a vehicle alone, would have been primarily a crewed spaceship, carrying six cosmonauts and payloads of up to 700 kilograms (mostly experiments and other equipment used for carrying through experiments in orbit) and was planned to stay in orbit for approximately 15 days independently and for up to 360 days if docked to the International Space Station. This highlighted both the Russian/European and the American change in space transportation philosophy. Rather than focusing on the lifting of cargo and a crew, in the same way as the Space Shuttle or Buran, the Russian space agency adopted a 'people first' philosophy with the aim of 'bolting' extra capabilities for more advanced missions onto Kliper at a later date. Each orbiter was intended to make 25 flights prior to retirement.

Using a space tug
In late 2005 Kliper's design was changed again. In order to fit the Kliper on the planned upgraded version of the Soyuz-2 rocket, labeled the Soyuz-2-3, Kliper would be 'split up' into two spacecraft, the Kliper crew vehicle and Parom (rus. "ferry"), a space tug. Parom would have been a permanent orbital spacecraft awaiting Kliper in orbit, docking with it and then providing orbital manoeuvering and boosting Kliper to higher orbits in order to dock with the International Space Station. The Parom was planned to be indefinitely reusable, refueling itself via the cargo container, space station, or spacecraft that it is attached to.

Missions
The Kliper program was proposed as the Russian-European counterpart to the American Orion Spacecraft and was therefore designed (similar to the Orion) to be part of a modular system that enabled it to be both a LEO-shuttle type vehicle as well as part of a spacecraft able to go beyond Earth orbit to the Moon and even Mars (there were outline suggestions of lunar applications in September 2005). The modular design would have included the Kliper crew module and - depending on the mission - a mission module or propulsion module. Although far-fetched, this corresponds to announcements by the Russian Space Agency that according to a lunar mission study, using the Soyuz, a landing on the Moon could be achieved within the next decade.

Information on Kliper's beyond LEO mission capabilities were expanded further by RSC Energia, with a picture released in December 2005 of what a possible Kliper interplanetary configuration might have looked like. The design was entirely theoretical but made for a view of where RSC Energia saw the Kliper operating, and how it might have done so. This configuration was unlike anything seen so far for a crewed space vehicle, with the solar arrays needed for electrical power vastly bigger than the habitable volume at the centre. It was also unclear what the mode of propulsion was. The very large solar array suggested an ion propulsion system might have been contemplated for such a mission, though it might also simply be that there was another reason for such a large array, such as increased power for better telemetry transmission rates over large distances.

Carrier rockets
The present Soyuz rocket would not be able to lift Kliper into low earth orbit, because the spacecraft (the version designed without Parom) was expected to weigh between 13 and 14.5 metric tons (with payload and crew) whereas Soyuz only has a lifting capacity of around 8 metric tons. It was originally planned to heavily enhance the Soyuz rocket - a project that was labelled the Onega rocket or Soyuz-3. Until late 2005 it was much more likely that Kliper would have used an Angara-A3 rocket, which was scheduled to make its first launch in 2012 (the Angara program has been delayed and Angara-A3 may not be developed in light of the funding of the development of Soyuz 2-3) or possibly a Zenit rocket that is built in Ukraine.

At the end of 2005, Kliper's design was changed again (as outlined above) and the most likely solution for a carrier rocket became the Soyuz 2-3, an upgraded Soyuz 2 rocket. This enhanced Soyuz should have been able to launch Kliper into space because of weight reduction resulting in the use of the Parom as a space tug.

With regard to launch sites for Kliper, further information became available as of October 2005, with a planning-stage declaration from Nikolai Moiseev, Deputy Director of the Russian Space Agency that Kliper could have been launched from ESA's Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. Though this aim had already been suggested, the comment was made in the context of facility upgrades for Kourou that are already under way since 2003 and expected to be finished in 2007 with the first launch of a Soyuz rocket from French Guiana in 2008. It had been suggested that Kliper could have been launched from both Baikonur and Kourou, by Alan Thirkettle, head of ESA's human spaceflight, microgravity and exploration directorate, in December 2005.

In the news

 * July, 2006 - RSC Energia: Concept of national manned space navigation
 * April, 2006 - Russian Space - Manned Spaceflight To Be Cost-Efficient
 * February 14, 2006 - Kliper choice delayed
 * January 31, 2006 - Energia holds lead in Kliper contest
 * January 18, 2006 - Tender to build new-generation spaceship has started. (in Russian)
 * December 9, 2005 - ESA vows to clinch cash for shuttle
 * December 9, 2005 - Europe keen to join Russia in new spaceship project
 * December 6, 2005 - Europeans Unlikely to Back Russia's Manned Space Vehicle
 * November 1, 2005 - A lighter version of Kliper (which would work in combination with the Parom space tug) is under consideration by RSA and ESA
 * October 12, 2005 - Japanese Space Agency confirms its invitation to participate in the project
 * October 6, 2005 - Short note concerning the RSA's outline intention to use the Kourou launch site for Kliper
 * September 28, 2005 - ESA chiefs release more information on the collaboration
 * August 21, 2005 -- ESA and Russia collaborate on Kliper
 * July 15, 2005 -- Europeans take on NASA
 * June, 2005 -- Report on the Paris Air Show, partly about Kliper (in Russian)
 * June 17, 2005 -- Spectrum article on Kliper at Le Bourget
 * June 15, 2005 -- Article in the Pravda over the European-Russian partnership with Kliper (English)
 * February 15, 2005 -- Article in the Pravda on planned Kliper exposition at Le Bourget'2005 airshow
 * September 2004 -- Mosnews - Russia Prepares Launch of New Space Shuttle -- (with image of barebone Kliper)
 * April 2004—Energija's Nikolaj Brjuchanov and ESA's Joerg Feustel-Buechl on Kliper in ARD (German TV) (in German)

title: Kliper


text:
List of Canadian electoral districts

This is a list of Canada's 338 federal electoral districts (commonly referred to as ridings in Canadian English) as defined by the 2013 Representation Order.

Canadian federal electoral districts are constituencies that elect members of Parliament to House of Commons of Canada every election. Provincial electoral districts often have names similar to their local federal counterpart but usually have different geographic boundaries. Canadians elected members for each federal electoral district most recently in the 2021 federal election on September 20, 2021.

There are four ridings established by the British North America Act of 1867 that have existed continuously without changes to their names or being abolished and reconstituted as a riding due to redistricting: Beauce (Quebec), Halifax (Nova Scotia), Shefford (Quebec), and Simcoe North (Ontario). These ridings, however, have experienced territorial changes since their inception.

On October 27, 2011, the Conservative government proposed Bill C-20, a measure that would expand the House of Commons from 308 to 338 seats, with 15 additional seats for Ontario, 6 additional seats each for Alberta and British Columbia, and 3 for Quebec. This follows two previous measures to expand the chamber. The new electoral districts came into effect for the 2015 federal election.

Alberta – 34 seats

 * Banff—Airdrie
 * Battle River—Crowfoot
 * Bow River
 * Calgary Centre
 * Calgary Confederation
 * Calgary Forest Lawn
 * Calgary Heritage
 * Calgary Midnapore
 * Calgary Nose Hill
 * Calgary Rocky Ridge
 * Calgary Shepard
 * Calgary Signal Hill
 * Calgary Skyview
 * Edmonton Centre
 * Edmonton Griesbach
 * Edmonton Manning
 * Edmonton Mill Woods
 * Edmonton Riverbend
 * Edmonton Strathcona
 * Edmonton West
 * Edmonton—Wetaskiwin
 * Foothills
 * Fort McMurray—Cold Lake
 * Grande Prairie—Mackenzie
 * Lakeland
 * Lethbridge
 * Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner
 * Peace River—Westlock
 * Red Deer—Lacombe
 * Red Deer—Mountain View
 * Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan
 * St. Albert—Edmonton
 * Sturgeon River—Parkland
 * Yellowhead

British Columbia – 42 seats

 * Abbotsford
 * Burnaby North—Seymour
 * Burnaby South
 * Cariboo—Prince George
 * Central Okanagan—Similkameen—Nicola
 * Chilliwack—Hope
 * Cloverdale—Langley City
 * Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam
 * Courtenay—Alberni
 * Cowichan—Malahat—Langford
 * Delta
 * Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke
 * Fleetwood—Port Kells
 * Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo
 * Kelowna—Lake Country
 * Kootenay—Columbia
 * Langley—Aldergrove
 * Mission—Matsqui—Fraser Canyon
 * Nanaimo—Ladysmith
 * New Westminster—Burnaby
 * North Island—Powell River
 * North Okanagan—Shuswap
 * North Vancouver
 * Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge
 * Port Moody—Coquitlam
 * Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies
 * Richmond Centre
 * Saanich—Gulf Islands
 * Skeena—Bulkley Valley
 * South Okanagan—West Kootenay
 * South Surrey—White Rock
 * Steveston—Richmond East
 * Surrey Centre
 * Surrey—Newton
 * Vancouver Centre
 * Vancouver East
 * Vancouver Granville
 * Vancouver Kingsway
 * Vancouver Quadra
 * Vancouver South
 * Victoria
 * West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country

Manitoba – 14 seats

 * Brandon—Souris
 * Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia—Headingley
 * Churchill—Keewatinook Aski
 * Dauphin—Swan River—Neepawa
 * Elmwood—Transcona
 * Kildonan—St. Paul
 * Portage—Lisgar
 * Provencher
 * Saint Boniface—Saint Vital
 * Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman
 * Winnipeg Centre
 * Winnipeg North
 * Winnipeg South
 * Winnipeg South Centre

New Brunswick – 10 seats

 * Acadie—Bathurst
 * Beauséjour
 * Fredericton
 * Fundy Royal
 * Madawaska—Restigouche
 * Miramichi—Grand Lake
 * Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe
 * New Brunswick Southwest
 * Saint John—Rothesay
 * Tobique—Mactaquac

Newfoundland and Labrador – 7 seats

 * Avalon
 * Bonavista—Burin—Trinity
 * Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame
 * Labrador
 * Long Range Mountains
 * St. John's East
 * St. John's South—Mount Pearl

Northwest Territories – 1 seat

 * Northwest Territories

Nova Scotia – 11 seats

 * Cape Breton—Canso
 * Central Nova
 * Cumberland—Colchester
 * Dartmouth—Cole Harbour
 * Halifax
 * Halifax West
 * Kings—Hants
 * Sackville—Preston—Chezzetcook
 * South Shore—St. Margarets
 * Sydney—Victoria
 * West Nova

Nunavut – 1 seat

 * Nunavut

Ontario – 121 seats

 * Ajax
 * Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing
 * Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill
 * Barrie—Innisfil
 * Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte
 * Bay of Quinte
 * Beaches—East York
 * Brampton Centre
 * Brampton East
 * Brampton North
 * Brampton South
 * Brampton West
 * Brantford—Brant
 * Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound
 * Burlington
 * Cambridge
 * Carleton
 * Chatham-Kent—Leamington
 * Davenport
 * Don Valley East
 * Don Valley North
 * Don Valley West
 * Dufferin—Caledon
 * Durham
 * Eglinton—Lawrence
 * Elgin—Middlesex—London
 * Essex
 * Etobicoke Centre
 * Etobicoke—Lakeshore
 * Etobicoke North
 * Flamborough—Glanbrook
 * Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
 * Guelph
 * Haldimand—Norfolk
 * Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock
 * Hamilton Centre
 * Hamilton East—Stoney Creek
 * Hamilton Mountain
 * Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas
 * Hastings—Lennox and Addington
 * Humber River—Black Creek
 * Huron—Bruce
 * Kanata—Carleton
 * Kenora
 * King—Vaughan
 * Kingston and the Islands
 * Kitchener Centre
 * Kitchener—Conestoga
 * Kitchener South—Hespeler
 * Lambton—Kent—Middlesex
 * Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston
 * Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes
 * London—Fanshawe
 * London North Centre
 * London West
 * Markham—Stouffville
 * Markham—Thornhill
 * Markham—Unionville
 * Milton
 * Mississauga Centre
 * Mississauga East—Cooksville
 * Mississauga—Erin Mills
 * Mississauga—Lakeshore
 * Mississauga—Malton
 * Mississauga—Streetsville
 * Nepean
 * Newmarket—Aurora
 * Niagara Centre
 * Niagara Falls
 * Niagara West
 * Nickel Belt
 * Nipissing—Timiskaming
 * Northumberland—Peterborough South
 * Oakville
 * Oakville North—Burlington
 * Orléans
 * Oshawa
 * Ottawa Centre
 * Ottawa South
 * Ottawa—Vanier
 * Ottawa West—Nepean
 * Oxford
 * Parkdale—High Park
 * Parry Sound-Muskoka
 * Perth Wellington
 * Peterborough—Kawartha
 * Pickering—Uxbridge
 * Renfrew—Nipissing—Pembroke
 * Richmond Hill
 * St. Catharines
 * Sarnia—Lambton
 * Sault Ste. Marie
 * Scarborough—Agincourt
 * Scarborough Centre
 * Scarborough—Guildwood
 * Scarborough North
 * Scarborough—Rouge Park
 * Scarborough Southwest
 * Simcoe—Grey
 * Simcoe North
 * Spadina—Fort York
 * Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry
 * Sudbury
 * Thornhill
 * Thunder Bay—Rainy River
 * Thunder Bay—Superior North
 * Timmins—James Bay
 * Toronto Centre
 * Toronto—Danforth
 * Toronto—St. Paul's
 * University—Rosedale
 * Vaughan—Woodbridge
 * Waterloo
 * Wellington—Halton Hills
 * Whitby
 * Willowdale
 * Windsor—Tecumseh
 * Windsor West
 * York Centre
 * York—Simcoe
 * York South—Weston

Prince Edward Island – 4 seats

 * Cardigan
 * Charlottetown
 * Egmont
 * Malpeque

Quebec – 78 seats

 * Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou
 * Abitibi—Témiscamingue
 * Ahuntsic-Cartierville
 * Alfred-Pellan
 * Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation
 * Avignon—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia
 * Beauce
 * Beauport—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île d’Orléans—Charlevoix
 * Beauport—Limoilou
 * Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel
 * Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis
 * Beloeil—Chambly
 * Berthier—Maskinongé
 * Bourassa
 * Brome—Missisquoi
 * Brossard—Saint-Lambert
 * Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles
 * Châteauguay—Lacolle
 * Chicoutimi—Le Fjord
 * Compton—Stanstead
 * Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle
 * Drummond
 * Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 * Gatineau
 * Hochelaga
 * Honoré-Mercier
 * Hull—Aylmer
 * Joliette
 * Jonquière
 * La Pointe-de-l'Île
 * La Prairie
 * Lac-Saint-Jean
 * Lac-Saint-Louis
 * LaSalle—Émard—Verdun
 * Laurentides—Labelle
 * Laurier—Sainte-Marie
 * Laval—Les Îles
 * Lévis—Lotbinière
 * Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne
 * Longueuil—Saint-Hubert
 * Louis-Hébert
 * Louis-Saint-Laurent
 * Manicouagan
 * Marc-Aurèle-Fortin
 * Mégantic—L'Érable
 * Mirabel
 * Montarville
 * Montcalm
 * Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup
 * Mount Royal
 * Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount
 * Outremont
 * Papineau
 * Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères
 * Pierrefonds—Dollard
 * Pontiac
 * Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier
 * Québec
 * Repentigny
 * Richmond—Arthabaska
 * Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques
 * Rivière-des-Mille-Îles
 * Rivière-du-Nord
 * Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie
 * Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot
 * Saint-Jean
 * Saint-Laurent
 * Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel
 * Saint-Maurice—Champlain
 * Salaberry—Suroît
 * Shefford
 * Sherbrooke
 * Terrebonne
 * Thérèse-De Blainville
 * Trois-Rivières
 * Vaudreuil—Soulanges
 * Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs
 * Vimy

Saskatchewan – 14 seats

 * Battlefords—Lloydminster
 * Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek
 * Cypress Hills—Grasslands
 * Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River
 * Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan
 * Prince Albert
 * Regina—Lewvan
 * Regina—Qu'Appelle
 * Regina—Wascana
 * Saskatoon—Grasswood
 * Saskatoon—University
 * Saskatoon West
 * Souris—Moose Mountain
 * Yorkton—Melville

Yukon – 1 seat

 * Yukon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Canadian electoral districts


text:
Fresne

Fresne may refer to:

 * Communes in France
 * Fresne, Le Fresneand Fresné is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 * Le Fresne, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Le Fresne, Marne, in the Marne département
 * Le Fresne-Camilly, in the Calvados département
 * Le Fresne-Poret, in the Manche département
 * Le Fresne-sur-Loire, in the Loire-Atlantique département
 * Fresne-Cauverville, in the Eure département
 * Fresne-l'Archevêque, in the Eure département
 * Fresnes, Val-de-Marne, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Fresne-Léguillon, in the Oise département
 * Fresne-le-Plan, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Fresne-lès-Reims, in the Marne département
 * Fresne-Saint-Mamès, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Fresné-la-Mère, in the Calvados département

 * Other
 * Le Fresne (lai), one of the Lais of Marie de France

title: Fresne


text:
Starr Kempf

Starr Gideon Kempf (August 13, 1917 in Bluffton, Ohio – April 7, 1995 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) was an American sculptor, architect, and artist best known for his graceful steel wind kinetic sculptures.

Life
Starr Kempf was raised on a small farm in Ohio, near the Swiss Mennonite community of Bluffton. His family, including his father and seven uncles, were blacksmiths and carpenters, from whom he learned craftsmanship and engineering at an early age.

He attended the Cleveland Institute of Art on a scholarship, where he received high marks for his paintings and drawings. After graduating, he served in the United States Air Force during World War II. He married recent German immigrant Hedwig Roelen in 1942, who was a nurse at Glockner Penrose Hospital in Colorado Springs. In 1948, they purchased the property of their future home in Cheyenne Canyon, where Starr designed and built a house and art studio. They had three children: Madelin, Michael, and Charlotte.

Starr began to work in bronze sculpture in 1955, which he sold to collectors around the United States. As of 1977, his vision had blossomed into the creation of elaborate steel wind sculptures, each of which took him up to three years to construct. His kinetic wind sculptures were designed to exhibit graceful movement and interaction with the wind; with a few powering spotlights to showcase his pieces and one that triggered music as it rotated. His work often took the form of birds or weather vanes, and typically stood more than fifty feet in height.

Starr Kempf committed suicide by gunshot on April 7, 1995.

title: Starr Kempf


text:
NMRI

NMRI may refer to:

 * Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
 * Naval Medical Research Institute, now part of the U.S. Navy's National Naval Medical Center

title: NMRI


text:
Bathyteuthis

Bathyteuthis is the singular genus of squid in the family Bathyteuthidae, encompassing three species.

Bathyteuthis species are found scattered throughout the world's oceans at mesopelagic to bathypelagic depths, commonly between 700-2000 m. They are found in deep-sea territories and can be spotted on the coast of New England.

The genus contains bioluminescent species.

Description
Bathyteuthis are deep reddish maroon in colour and small in size, with none exceeding 80 mm in mantle length. The arms on Bathyteuthis are short, joined by a low, fleshy web, with suckers arranged in irregular rows (two proximally increasing to four distally). Tentacular clubs are short and narrow, with 8–10 longitudinal series of numerous, minute suckers. Buccal connectives have small suckers attached to the dorsal border of the ventral arms (arms IV). Fins are small, round and separate. The head has eyes turned slightly to the front. Suckers lack circularis muscles. Females have paired oviducts.

Reproduction
While the reproduction of many deep-sea squids is poorly known, one Bathyteuthis species, B. berryi, is known to brood its eggs after spawning. It lays relatively few eggs but these eggs are large, protected from predators and parasites, and develop and hatch at a depth decided by the parent.

Taxonomy
Bathyteuthis shares some characters with oegopsid squid and others with the Myopsida, hence its placement in a separate suborder, the Bathyteuthoidea, by some authorities. The paired oviducts (in females) and suckers without circularis muscles are characteristic of ordinary Oegopsida. However, buccal connective tissue with suckers and tentacle pockets in the head are characters found in myopsid squid, but absent in the Oegopsida.

Species

 * Bathyteuthis abyssicola, deepsea squid
 * Bathyteuthis bacidifera
 * Bathyteuthis berryi

title: Bathyteuthis


text:
Maturana

Maturana is a surname, and may refer to:

 * María Pilar López de Maturana Ortiz de Zárate, Blessed (1884-1984), Spanish Catholic religious and founder of the Mercedarian Missionaries of Bérriz

 * Carlos Maturana (born 1953), in art Bororo, Chilean artist
 * Eduardo Acevedo Maturana (1815-1863), Uruguayan jurist and politician
 * Francisco Maturana (born 1949), Colombian ex-football player and football manager
 * Humberto Maturana (1928–2021), Chilean biologist turned philosopher
 * Marcos Maturana del Campo (1906-1973), Chilean politician and military
 * Marcos Segundo Maturana Molina (1830-1892) Chilean military war hero and art collector's fork.
 * Nicolás Alexander Maturana Caneo (born 1993), Chilean professional football midfielder
 * Orlando Maturana Vargas (born 1965), retired Colombian footballer
 * René Gabriel Maturana Maldonado (1955–2009), Chilean journalist and the 36th Mayor of Pichilemu

 * Religion
 * Capilla Maturana in Montevideo, Uruguay
 * the adjacent Colegio Maturana, held by the Salesians of Don Bosco, in Montevideo, Uruguay

title: Maturana


text: Talk:Bathyteuthis

title: Talk:Bathyteuthis


text:
Fresnes

Fresnes may refer to the following places in France:

 * Fresnes, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Fresnes, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Fresnes, Yonne, in the Yonne département
 * Fresnes, Val-de-Marne, in the Val-de-Marne département
 * Fresnes-au-Mont, in the Meuse département
 * Fresnes-en-Saulnois, in the Moselle département
 * Fresnes-en-Tardenois, in the Aisne département
 * Fresnes-en-Woëvre, in the Meuse département
 * Fresnes-lès-Montauban, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Fresnes-Mazancourt, in the Somme département
 * Fresnes-sous-Coucy, in the Aisne département
 * Fresnes-sur-Apance, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Fresnes-sur-Escaut, in the Nord département
 * Fresnes-sur-Marne, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Fresnes-Tilloloy, in the Somme département

title: Fresnes


text:
Fresné-la-Mère

Fresné-la-Mère is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Fresné-la-Mère's only hospitality business is La Vieille Ferme inn ran by Peter and Susan Stevens.

title: Fresné-la-Mère


text:
Fresney-le-Puceux

Fresney-le Puceux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Fresney-le-Puceux


text:
Talk:Military dictatorship

5/1 Revision
Mostly I cleaned up grammar and miscellaneous wording stuff. However, I did delete the sentence: Few Communist regimes are military dictatorships, and controlling the military so that it cannot challenge the party has been a persistent concern of these regimes. Not because it was innacurate or controversial, but because it is basically repeated later in the article and it destroys the flow of the article where it was. --Xinoph 23:03, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

Latin America and Cold War
The end of the Cold War didn't had much to do with the end of military dictatorships in Latin America. By the time Gorbachev started his government, there weren't that many dictators in Latin America and the fact the remaining few became democracies had a lot more to do with internal problems than external. For example, in Brazil the slow democratization process started way back in the 70s.

Possible false info?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship#Current_cases

Did something happen recently to Canada, or is this info false?

A few comments
Just following up with a few introductory comments on the lead in response to the request at Milhist for a quick opinion on suitability for FAC. If the above statements accurately summarise the body, the article needs a lot of work. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 02:45, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * "known as a strongman" is unnecessary and a generalisation, it could be deleted.
 * "The military nominally seeks power to restore order or fight corruption, but the personal motivations of military officers will vary." is completely unsustainable on the basis of the wider literature and practical examples. Their intent varies widely, but like all rulers, power is at the core of what they do. Altruism comes a long way behind personal power, gain etc.
 * "and the military is often willing to give up power voluntarily rather than have the military destabilized" on what basis has that been concluded?
 * "Military dictatorships are less involved in political affairs than other regimes, with their policy mainly directed toward benefiting the military as an institution" is completely unsupportable.

Some suggestions for reliable sources to be examined: Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 03:40, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Jerry Davila's (2013) "Dictatorship in South America"
 * Klapsis, Arvanitopoulos, and Hatzivassiliou's (2020) "The Greek Junta and the International System"
 * Kanchoochat and Hewison's (2017) "Military, Monarchy and Repression: Assessing Thailand's Authoritarian Turn"

title: Talk:Military dictatorship


text:
Fresney-le-Vieux

Fresney-le-Vieux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Fresney-le-Vieux


text:
Talk:Tambon

Sadly the link to the english versions does not work.
 * Act on Conversion of Sanitary Area Status to Municipality, B.E. 2542 (1999)
 * Local Administration Act, B.E. 2457 (1914)

The following should be incorporated into the article once it gets sorted out: Maybe to incude to external links: http://www.thailocaladmin.go.th
 * According to tesaban and sukhapiban are converted to standard tambon with the 1997 constitution.
 * According to there are three types of tambon
 * Tambon municipality (Township): elevated to this status if have more than 7,000 citizen, population density 1,500 per km² or higher, high enough income and consent of population
 * Mueang Municipality (Town): population higher than 10,000, pop. density more than 3,000 per km², adequate income - or have the changwat administrative seat
 * Nakhon Municipality (City): More than 50,000 citizen, more than 3,000 citizen per km², adequate income
 * Sanitation District was the level below tambon, all 981 Sukapibans were elevated to Tambon by the Act Changing the Status of Sanitary District to Municipality, B.E. 2542, effective 24 February 1999

And more different tambon status: what is the Tambon Administrative Organization (Ongkarn Boriharn Suan Tambon = องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล) and Supha Tambon (สภาตำบล)? andy 16:12, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Can't we have a Thai scholar to edit this page. Having foreigners who don't fully understand Thai local administrative system only make the incorrect article and lead to confusion. User:dhanakorn 02 May 2005

 * I have tried my very best to put only those parts into the article which seem to be clear, while leaving those confusing points in the notes above. Thus I think the article can't be that far from the facts, but incomplete for sure. Of course I'd love to see an expert clear up those confusing points, but so far sadly noone showed up. If you have anything to correct - be bold. andy 11:17, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Explaining
I am one of the Thai that knows the administrative of Thailand well. It's unlikely to the United States that you have the state but we have the province. However, เทศบาล and ตำบล are different. We oragnized like this: and เทศบาล (municipality) is different from Tambon - anyway, I don't know for sure that you already have a synopsis or not, but I could give the information later if you want. --Passawuth (talk) 13:26, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thailand
 * Provinces (76) controlled by อบจ.
 * Amphur (อำเภอ)
 * Tambon (ตำบล) controlled by อบต.

It's like this - Ongkarn Boriharn Suan Tambon or องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล (อบต.) is the organization which look after Tambon. It's nothing to do with เทศบาล. --Passawuth (talk) 13:28, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you refer to the text posted at the top of this talk page, or to anything in the article itself. The one on top I had posted long time ago, when I did not know yet what thesaban actually are, but in the meantime I think I understood the difference between the two, and already made the article Thesaban and rewrote some part of this article. So maybe best would be that you check both this article and the one on thesaban (and sukhaphiban) if they contain any serious misconception. But the TAO (อบต.) does have some connection with thesaban, as newly created thesaban were previously TAOs. As you said you know the administrative system of Thailand well - may I invite you to read my blog? I often post things there which are not yet ready to be written into an article here. But sadly so far I did not get any feedback on the topics where I asked questions from someone who know better than me, who cannot read much Thai yet. andy (talk) 17:09, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Anyway, I will give you brief summary like this : THIS IS IMPORTANT
 * TAO or อบต. comes from องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล which means "Tambon Organization" - each Tambon must have TAO. to look after each Tambon.
 * Tesaban (เทศบาล) is one kind of องค์การบริหารส่วนท้องถิ่น - I don't know what to say in English.
 * Sukhaphiban (สุขาภิบาล) is smaller than Tesaban - is one kind of ราชการบริหารส่วนท้องถิ่น
 * Hope this will help you. If you needs some more information, I will put on my userpages and refers to Thai Administrative Website and the กระทรวงมหาดไทย site for if you can understand some using any Thai-English translator.
 * P.S. Next time talk to me in Deustch would be great ! I want to learn some - but am learning French. :D
 * P.S. (2) It's not like States in Deustchland such as Bavaria that you have own government and rules ! Thailand rules from the parliament, at Bangkok, from the capital - and divided into smaller administration - each province stills have the same rules which Deutsch people would hardly understand anyway. --Passawuth (talk) 14:29, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Don't miss-understand

 * 1) Thesaban and TAO are same level, they do all as same as each other do. the area controlling of Local Administration Organizations (องค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น :- Thesaban /TAO /PAO /BMA /Pattaya City) is not a same type to the Regional Administration (ราชการส่วนภูมิภาค). That means you could not say "Nakhon Ratchasima is the capital of the Nakhon Ratchasima Province and Nakhon Ratchasima district" because in fact capital of that province is amphoe mueang and capital of that amphoe is tambon Nai Mueang.
 * 2) Thesaban/TAO area is not exactly the same boundary to the "Regional" area. For example: Thesaban Tambon Mae Sai (เทศบาลตำบลแม่สาย) covers area which the first part come from a part of tambon Mae Sai (ตำบลแม่สาย) and the second part from a part of tambon Wiang Pang Kam (ตำบลเวียงพางคำ) and there are Mae Sai TAO (อบต.แม่สาย) and Wiang Pang Kam TAO (อบต.เวียงพางคำ) (now upgrade to Thesaban Tambon Wiang Pang Kam) control the remain areas of each tambon, this example says 2 Tambon hav 3 Local Admin Org., second exaple: City of Chiang Mai (Thesaban Nakhon Chiang Mai) that says one Local Admin Org. control 14 Tambol. That mean User:Passawuth could not says Tambon controlled by อบต. in the previous reply.
 * 3) for further informations, see also: Thailand_subdivisions on Mananaliksik's User Talk page (but i think i'm not update new PAO's duty) -- aIqCuEa •17:26, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. I already know that the thesaban boundaries not necessarily are the same as the one of the tambon,and that the local administration and the central administration are two different things in Thailand sharing tasks for the same areas. But if I am not totally wrong, the TAO usually cover a complete tambon, unless of course there is already some part of the tambon covered by a thesaban, of course. And some TAO are responsible for more than one neighboring tambon. The thesaban created recently were formerly TAO upgraded to a higher status with more responsibilities, so these now also control a full tambon. So I guess one can say that usually a TAO is responsible for a complete tambon. andy (talk) 19:42, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Township Administration Organization (TAO)
Added level 3 heading. --Pawyilee (talk) 12:34, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Guess this should be better a 2nd level heading, and as the recommended translation for Tambon is subdistrict, it should be named "Subdistrict Administrative organization". And it seems SAO is the recommended English acronym, though TAO is very common as well. The word Township I was using for the "Thesaban Tambon" as the lowest municipal level, but for these the recommended translation is now "subdistrict municipality" . andy (talk) 08:41, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Help available
Isaan Record is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Click on their ABOUT link. Note the editor has an email link. I've already solicited an article about how these various boards of commissioners of public works are affecting grass-roots democracy, and the stifling effect on corrupt practices. --Pawyilee (talk) 17:37, 10 October 2011 (UTC) Got a reply by return mail saying staff will look into. @andy should share links. --Pawyilee (talk) 07:15, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't get what you mean by the above. What links should I provide? I mostly have links for the administrative acts, and also have links to many of the TAO websites, yet not sure which ones should be added to this article, only maybe a link to the Local Administration Act law text is missing. andy (talk) 16:27, 11 October 2011 (UTC)
 * @andy, I found both your ChAmT site and that of Isaan Record helpful, yours focusing on administrative practices, and IR focusing on practical effects. I feel there could be fruitful exchanges with IR that would work to the benefit of Wikipedia, as they can be reached by email without the trouble of registering. I feel it would be helpful to visitors to your site should you make mention there of IR. They focus on Isan while yours has Thai-wide applicability, but as of yet I know not of any other scholarly websites with a direct bearing on TAO/SAO. I also feel this information could be of help to other editors interested here, which is why I posted here rather than there. It is also helpful to me when I find someone to help me say what I mean — which I feel is one of duties of conscientious editors. --Pawyilee (talk) 04:07, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Tambon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090520131045/http://www.dopa.go.th:80/dopanew/doc/dopastat52.pdf to http://www.dopa.go.th/dopanew/doc/dopastat52.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:29, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

capital towns
Is the capital town of a township also part of the township, or does it serve only for its administration, while having a separate government? E.g. is Mudon a part of the Mudon Township? The state overview template lists separately townships nad cities+towns. JiriMatejicek (talk) 11:51, 15 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Are you asking at the right place? The examples you provide are in Myanmar, while the tambon system is used in Thailand. --Paul_012 (talk) 14:29, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tambon


text:
Lussy-sur-Morges

Lussy-sur-Morges is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the Morges district.

History
Lussy-sur-Morges is first mentioned in 1026 as in villa Luciaco.

Geography
Lussy-sur-Morges has an area,, of 2.3 km2. Of this area, 1.75 km2 or 74.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.31 km2 or 13.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.28 km2 or 12.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 9.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 58.5% is used for growing crops and 5.6% is pastures, while 10.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Lussy-sur-Morges became part of the new district of Morges.

It consists of the village of Lussy-sur-Morges and the hamlet of Coinsin, which was known in the 15th and 16th Centuries as Saint-André.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is ''Per pale: 1. Gules, a Cross bottony Argent; Azure, a Key Or.''

Demographics
Lussy-sur-Morges has a population of. , 15.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 0.3%. It has changed at a rate of 7.9% due to migration and at a rate of -7.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (507 or 87.7%), with German being second most common (26 or 4.5%) and English being third (20 or 3.5%). There are 3 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 124 or about 21.5% were born in Lussy-sur-Morges and lived there in 2000. There were 217 or 37.5% who were born in the same canton, while 110 or 19.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 118 or 20.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 3 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 4 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there was 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population remained the same in 2008 and the non-Swiss population increased by 6 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.1%.

The age distribution,, in Lussy-sur-Morges is; 67 children or 11.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 87 teenagers or 15.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 50 people or 8.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 58 people or 10.0% are between 30 and 39, 97 people or 16.7% are between 40 and 49, and 83 people or 14.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 78 people or 13.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 40 people or 6.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 17 people or 2.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.7% who are 90 and older.

, there were 229 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 298 married individuals, 27 widows or widowers and 24 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 189 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household. There were 30 households that consist of only one person and 23 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 193 households that answered this question, 15.5% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 56 married couples without children, 95 married couples with children There were 6 single parents with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 75 single-family homes (or 61.0% of the total) out of a total of 123 inhabited buildings. There were 27 multi-family buildings (22.0%), along with 13 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.6%) and 8 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.5%). Of the single-family homes 9 were built before 1919, while 8 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (30) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (9) were built before 1919 and the next most (4) were built between 1981 and 1990. There were 3 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 189 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 59. There were 5 single-room apartments and 88 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 176 apartments (93.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (4.2%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (2.6%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 12 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 22.87% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.1%), the Green Party (14.39%) and the FDP (10.73%). In the federal election, a total of 176 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.6%.

Economy
, Lussy-sur-Morges had an unemployment rate of 2.3%. , there were 31 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 32 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 123 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 23 businesses in this sector. There were 269 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.9% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 150. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 17, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 28 of which 2 or (7.1%) were in manufacturing and 26 (92.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 105. In the tertiary sector; 17 or 16.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 4.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 10.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 27 or 25.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education and 35 or 33.3% were in health care.

, there were 95 workers who commuted into the municipality and 206 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 5.3% of the workforce coming into Lussy-sur-Morges are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 10.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.2% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 152 or 26.3% were Roman Catholic, while 285 or 49.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 6 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.04% of the population), and there were 73 individuals (or about 12.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and there was 1 individual who was Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist. 70 (or about 12.11% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 24 individuals (or about 4.15% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Lussy-sur-Morges about 188 or (32.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 133 or (23.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 133 who completed tertiary schooling, 58.6% were Swiss men, 23.3% were Swiss women, 7.5% were non-Swiss men and 10.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 76 students in the Lussy-sur-Morges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 33 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 43 students in those schools.

, there were 7 students in Lussy-sur-Morges who came from another municipality, while 102 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Lussy-sur-Morges


text:
Batoteuthis

Batoteuthis skolops, the bush-club squid, is the single rare species in genus Batoteuthis, which is the only genus in family Batoteuthidae. The squid is found in Antarctic waters, and reaches a mantle length of at least 350 mm. Some features of this creature are a small head, a long tail and a very peculiar tentacle, with six series of suckers on the club.

The genus contains bioluminescent species.

Distribution
B. skolops occurs in the Southern Ocean. Its range may be circumpolar with a strict Antarctic distribution and it may live in bathypelagic depths.

Ecology
This squid is eaten by several predators in the Southern Ocean, like albatrosses and sperm whales.

Their diet is unknown, but 15N ratios showed high values in their tissues which point towards either a high trophic level, or living in great depths (or both).

title: Batoteuthis


text:
File:MMGoodNews5075.jpg

Summary
Good News for People Who Love Bad News

title: File:MMGoodNews5075.jpg


text:
Talk:Frederic Morton

Untitled
This biography is another instalment in a series (certainly not a "project") which is growing very slowly and which could be entitled "(Not too famous) Jewish Austrian artists who escaped the Nazis and started their career elsewhere". So far, I have written articles on Leon Askin, Walter Jurmann (although I am not quite sure if he was Jewish), and Fritz Spiegl. It would be great if you decided to join me.  23:09, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frederic Morton


text:
Monnaz

Monnaz was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

The municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges merged on 1 July 2011 into the municipality of Echichens.

History
Monnaz is first mentioned in 1200 as Monna. In 1221 it was mentioned as Muna.

Geography
Monnaz had an area,, of 1.6 km2. Of this area, 1.17 km2 or 72.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.27 km2 or 16.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.15 km2 or 9.3% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.9%. Out of the forested land, 13.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 65.8% is used for growing crops and 1.9% is pastures, while 5.0% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Monnaz became part of the new district of Morges.

The former municipality is located on the left bank of the Morges river.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Saltire Or, two Grape bunches and as many Mullets of Five of the same.

Demographics
Monnaz has a population of 396. , 15.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 43.5%. It has changed at a rate of 29% due to migration and at a rate of 14.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (244 or 87.5%), with German being second most common (21 or 7.5%) and Swedish being third (5 or 1.8%). There are 4 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 57 or about 20.4% were born in Monnaz and lived there in 2000. There were 91 or 32.6% who were born in the same canton, while 67 or 24.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 57 or 20.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 5 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 3 Swiss men and 8 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 1 non-Swiss woman who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 16 and the non-Swiss population increased by 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.7%.

The age distribution,, in Monnaz is; 52 children or 13.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 72 teenagers or 18.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 30 people or 7.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 38 people or 9.6% are between 30 and 39, 75 people or 19.0% are between 40 and 49, and 55 people or 13.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 36 people or 9.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 29 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 7 people or 1.8% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

, there were 109 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 144 married individuals, 12 widows or widowers and 14 individuals who are divorced.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.51 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 59.8% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 111 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 29 households that consist of only one person and 9 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 116 households that answered this question, 25.0% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 37 married couples without children, 37 married couples with children There were 4 single parents with a child or children. There were 3 households that were made up of unrelated people and 5 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 45 single family homes (or 59.2% of the total) out of a total of 76 inhabited buildings. There were 17 multi-family buildings (22.4%), along with 11 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.5%) and 3 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.9%). Of the single family homes 6 were built before 1919, while 5 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (13) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (6) were built between 1961 and 1970 and the next most (4) were built before 1919.

there were 116 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 38. There were 5 single room apartments and 54 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 107 apartments (92.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and one apartment was empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.64%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the Green Party which received 22.61% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.56%), the SP (19.92%) and the FDP (15.52%). In the federal election, a total of 136 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 57.6%.

Economy
, Monnaz had an unemployment rate of 3.8%. , there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 4 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 19 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 9 businesses in this sector. There were 141 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.7% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 30. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 4 of which 3 or (75.0%) were in manufacturing and 1 was in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 16. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 12.5% were in the information industry, 8 or 50.0% were technical professionals or scientists,.

, there were 8 workers who commuted into the municipality and 110 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 13.8 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.8% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 64 or 22.9% were Roman Catholic, while 171 or 61.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.08% of the population), and there were 2 individuals (or about 0.72% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. 35 (or about 12.54% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 4 individuals (or about 1.43% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Monnaz about 105 or (37.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 63 or (22.6%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 63 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.8% were Swiss men, 25.4% were Swiss women, 15.9% were non-Swiss men and 7.9% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 72 students in the Monnaz school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 29 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 42 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there was one student in Monnaz who came from another municipality, while 40 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Monnaz


text:
Brachioteuthis

Brachioteuthis is a genus of squid comprising six species.

The genus contains bioluminescent species.

Species

 * Brachioteuthis beanii
 * Brachioteuthis behnii
 * Brachioteuthis bowmani *
 * Brachioteuthis picta, ornate arm squid
 * Brachioteuthis riisei, common arm squid. This squid is potentially part of a species complex.
 * Brachioteuthis linkovskyi

The species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) is questionable and needs further study to determine if it is a valid species or a synonym.

title: Brachioteuthis


text:
Talk:Brachioteuthis

Orphaned references in Brachioteuthis
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Brachioteuthis's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "WoRMS": From Oegopsida:  From Squid:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:12, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brachioteuthis


text:
Earl of Clanricarde

Earl of Clanricarde (Iarla Clanricard; ; ) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland, first in 1543 and again in 1800. The former creation became extinct in 1916 while the 1800 creation is extant and held by the Marquess of Sligo since 1916.

Clanricarde (or Lord of Clanricarde) was a Gaelic title meaning "(head of) Richard's family" (also known as Mac William Uachtar/Upper Mac William) and this family were descended from Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connacht (d.1243), son of William de Burgh (d.1205/6), founder of the de Burgh/Burke family in Ireland.

In 1543, Ulick na gCeann Burke, 12th Clanricarde, was created Baron of Dunkellin and Earl of Clanricarde in the Peerage of Ireland. His great-grandson, the fourth Earl, was created Baron of Somerhill and Viscount Tunbridge in the Peerage of England in 1624, Baron of Imanney and Viscount Galway in the Peerage of Ireland and Earl of St Albans in the Peerage of England in 1628. His son, Ulick Burke, the fifth Earl, was a prominent Royalist during the Civil War. In 1646 he was created Marquess of Clanricarde in the Peerage of Ireland. In c.1650 he also succeeded his cousin as third Viscount Bourke of Clanmories according to a special remainder in the letters patent (see below). On his death, in 1657, the marquessate and the English titles became extinct. However, he was succeeded in the Irish titles by his second cousin, the sixth Earl. He was the son of The Hon. Sir William Bourke, third son of the third Earl. He died without male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Earl.

His younger son, the ninth Earl (who succeeded his elder brother Richard), fought in the army of James II of England (VII of Scotland), was created by him Baron Bourke of Bophin, and was taken prisoner at the Battle of Aughrim in 1691. He was outlawed and attainted with his estates forfeited. However, in 1701, Lord Clanricarde was acquitted by Act of Parliament and restored to his estates. His grandson, the eleventh Earl, assumed the ancient surname of de Burgh in lieu of Burke (or Bourke). His eldest son, the twelfth Earl, was created Marquess of Clanricarde in the Peerage of Ireland in 1789. He was childless and on his death the marquessate became extinct. He was succeeded in the other titles by his younger brother, the thirteenth Earl. He was a general in the British Army. Lord Clanricarde was elected as one of the 28 original Irish representative peer in 1800. The same year, he was created Earl of Clanricarde (second creation) in the Peerage of Ireland, with remainder, failing male issue of his own, to his daughters Lady Hester Catherine de Burgh (wife of Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo) and Lady Emily de Burgh, and the heirs male of their bodies according to priority of birth.

His son, the fourteenth Earl, was a noted politician. He was created Marquess of Clanricarde in the Peerage of Ireland in 1825. In 1826 he was also made Baron Somerhill, of Somerhill in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the Marquesses an automatic seat in the British House of Lords. Lord Clanricarde married The Hon. Harriet Canning, daughter of Prime Minister George Canning and his wife Joan. His eldest son, Lord Dunkellin, died in 1867. The 1st Marquess was succeeded by his second son, the 2nd Marquess, who assumed by Royal Licence the additional surname of Canning in 1862 as heir of his maternal uncle, Charles, 1st Earl Canning. Lord Clanricarde later represented County Galway in Parliament as a Liberal. On his death, in 1916, all the titles became extinct, except the second (1800) creation of the Earldom of Clanricarde, which passed according to the special remainder to his cousin, The 6th Marquess of Sligo. He was the grandson of the aforementioned Lady Hester Catherine de Burgh and Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo.

The title of Viscount Bourke of Clanmories in the County of Mayo, was created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1629 for The Hon. John Bourke, fourth son of Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde. The peerage was created with remainder to the heirs male of his father. Lord Bourke was succeeded by his son, the second Viscount. On his death, around 1650, he was succeeded according to the special remainder by his cousin the fifth Earl of Clanricarde. The titles remained united until their extinction in 1916.

Other members of the family included John "na Seamar" Burke, younger son of the second Earl, who claimed the Barony of Leitrim and his sons Redmond Burke, Lord Leitrim and William Burke, Lord of Bealatury. Another was Ulick Burke, younger son of the seventh Earl, who was created Viscount Galway in 1687.

Earls of Clanricarde; First creation (1543)

 * Ulick nagCeann Burke (de Burgh), 1st Earl of Clanricarde (died 1544)
 * Richard Burke, 2nd Earl of Clanricarde (died 1582)
 * Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde (died 1601)
 * Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde, 1st Earl of St Albans (died 1635) (created Earl of St Albans in 1628)
 * Ulick Burke, 5th Earl of Clanricarde, 2nd Earl of St Albans (died 1657) (created Marquess of Clanricarde in 1646)

Marquess of Clanricarde; First creation (1646)

 * Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (died and extinct in 1657)

Earls of Clanricarde; First creation (1543; Reverted)

 * Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde (died 1666)
 * William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde (died 1687)
 * Richard Burke, 8th Earl of Clanricarde (died 1704)
 * John Burke, 9th Earl of Clanricarde (1642–1722) (created Baron Bourke of Bophin in 1691)
 * Michael Burke, 10th Earl of Clanricarde (died 1726)
 * John Smith (Burke) de Burgh, 11th Earl of Clanricarde (1720–1782)
 * Henry de Burgh, 12th Earl of Clanricarde (1743–1797) (created Marquess of Clanricarde in 1789)

Marquess of Clanricarde; Second creation (1789)

 * Henry de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (1743–1797)

Earls of Clanricarde; First creation (1543; Reverted)

 * John de Burgh, 13th and 1st Earl of Clanricarde (1744–1808) (created Earl of Clanricarde in 1800)
 * Ulick de Burgh, 14th and 2nd Earl of Clanricarde (1802–1874) (created Marquess of Clanricarde in 1825)

Marquess of Clanricarde; Third creation (1825)

 * Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (1802–1874)
 * Ulick Canning de Burgh, Lord Dunkellin (1827–1867)
 * Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess, 15th and 3rd Earl of Clanricarde (1832–1916)

Earls of Clanricarde; Second creation (1800; Reverted)

 * George Ulick Browne, 6th Marquess of Sligo, 4th Earl of Clanricarde (1856–1935)
 * Ulick de Burgh Browne, 7th Marquess of Sligo, 5th Earl of Clanricarde (1898–1941)
 * Arthur Howe Browne, 8th Marquess of Sligo, 6th Earl of Clanricarde (1867–1951)
 * Terence Morris Browne, 9th Marquess of Sligo, 7th Earl of Clanricarde (1873–1952)
 * Denis Edward Browne, 10th Marquess of Sligo, 8th Earl of Clanricarde (1908–1991)
 * Jeremy Ulick Browne, 11th Marquess of Sligo, 9th Earl of Clanricarde (1939–2014)
 * Sebastian Ulick Browne, 12th Marquess of Sligo, 10th Earl of Clanricarde (b. 1964)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Christopher Ulick Browne, Earl of Altamont (b. 1988)

Viscounts Bourke of Clanmories (1629)
see above for further Viscounts Bourke of Clanmories
 * John Bourke, 1st Viscount Bourke of Clanmories (d. 1635)
 * Thomas Bourke, 2nd Viscount Bourke of Clanmories (d. c.1650)
 * Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde, 5th Earl of Clanricarde, 3rd Viscount Bourke of Clanmories (d. 1657)
 * Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde, 4th Viscount Bourke of Clanmories (d. 1666)

title: Earl of Clanricarde


text:
Préverenges

Préverenges is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. It is a Suburb of the city of Lausanne.

History
Préverenges is first mentioned in 1224 as Preverenges.

Geography
Préverenges has an area,, of 1.9 km2. Of this area, 0.61 km2 or 32.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.1 km2 or 5.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.12 km2 or 60.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km2 or 0.5% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 7.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 32.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 10.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.8% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 5.9%. Out of the forested land, 2.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 25.8% is used for growing crops and 1.1% is pastures, while 5.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Préverenges became part of the new district of Morges.

The municipality is located on Lake Geneva along the Lausanne-Geneva road.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Sail-ship affrontee with two Sails Argent.

Demographics
Préverenges has a population of. , 27.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18%. It has changed at a rate of 9.4% due to migration and at a rate of 8.7% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (3,428 or 84.1%), with German being second most common (206 or 5.1%) and Italian being third (123 or 3.0%). There are 6 people who speak Romansh.

Of the population in the municipality 624 or about 15.3% were born in Préverenges and lived there in 2000. There were 1,447 or 35.5% who were born in the same canton, while 758 or 18.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,109 or 27.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 38 live births to Swiss citizens and 19 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 16 deaths of Swiss citizens and 5 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 22 while the foreign population increased by 14. There were 11 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 38 non-Swiss men and 39 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 72 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.6%.

The age distribution,, in Préverenges is; 569 children or 11.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 509 teenagers or 10.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 599 people or 12.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 818 people or 16.9% are between 30 and 39, 723 people or 15.0% are between 40 and 49, and 627 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 598 people or 12.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 281 people or 5.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 101 people or 2.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 11 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,646 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,989 married individuals, 148 widows or widowers and 295 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,754 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 555 households that consist of only one person and 87 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,789 households that answered this question, 31.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 6 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 494 married couples without children, 570 married couples with children There were 98 single parents with a child or children. There were 31 households that were made up of unrelated people and 35 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 300 single family homes (or 56.3% of the total) out of a total of 533 inhabited buildings. There were 164 multi-family buildings (30.8%), along with 54 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.1%) and 15 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.8%). Of the single family homes 21 were built before 1919, while 33 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (70) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (45) were built between 1971 and 1980 and the next most (32) were built between 1981 and 1990. There were 5 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 1,942 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 651. There were 153 single room apartments and 334 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,729 apartments (89.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 190 apartments (9.8%) were seasonally occupied and 23 apartments (1.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.6 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.08%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Twin Town
Préverenges is twinned with the town of Préveranges, France.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 25.77% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.1%), the Green Party (15.08%) and the FDP (13.86%). In the federal election, a total of 1,197 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.8%.

Economy
, Préverenges had an unemployment rate of 4.6%. , there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. 355 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 37 businesses in this sector. 750 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 145 businesses in this sector. There were 2,263 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.8% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 959. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, of which 9 were in agriculture and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 331 of which 213 or (64.4%) were in manufacturing and 119 (36.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 618. In the tertiary sector; 257 or 41.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 31 or 5.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 3.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 89 or 14.4% were in the information industry, 75 or 12.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 60 or 9.7% were in education and 18 or 2.9% were in health care.

, there were 802 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,910 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.7% of the workforce coming into Préverenges are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 17.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 67% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 1,507 or 37.0% were Roman Catholic, while 1,550 or 38.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 78 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.91% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 154 individuals (or about 3.78% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6 individuals (or about 0.15% of the population) who were Jewish, and 56 (or about 1.37% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist, 3 individuals who were Hindu and 7 individuals who belonged to another church. 570 (or about 13.98% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 211 individuals (or about 5.17% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Préverenges about 1,496 or (36.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 798 or (19.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 798 who completed tertiary schooling, 47.5% were Swiss men, 27.1% were Swiss women, 14.9% were non-Swiss men and 10.5% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 515 students in the Préverenges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 296 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 213 students in those schools. There were also 6 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 99 students in Préverenges who came from another municipality, while 266 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Préverenges


text: Talk:Batoteuthis

title: Talk:Batoteuthis


text:
Earl of St Albans

The Earl of St Albans was a titlte that was created twice in the 17th century, first to Richard Bourke, Earl of Clanricarde, then to Henry Jermyn, Baron Jermyn. It became extinct after the latter's death.

Earls of St Albans, first creation (1628)

 * Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde (c. 1572–1635)
 * Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (1604–1657) (extinct)

Earls of St Albans, second creation (1660)

 * Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans (d. 1684)

title: Earl of St Albans


text:
Reverolle

Reverolle is a former municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges. On 1 July 2021 the former municipalities of Apples, Cottens, Pampigny, Sévery, Bussy-Chardonney and Reverolle merged into the new municipality of Hautemorges.

History
Reverolle is first mentioned in 1177 as Ruuilora.

Geography
Reverolle has an area,, of 1.2 km2. Of this area, 0.94 km2 or 79.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.02 km2 or 1.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.18 km2 or 15.3% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 10.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.1%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 67.8% is used for growing crops and 1.7% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Reverolle became part of the new district of Morges.

The municipality is located on a terrace between Lake Geneva and the Jura Mountains.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Chevron Argent between three Acorns, two and one of the same.

Demographics
Reverolle has a population of. , 10.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 6.9%. It has changed at a rate of 0.3% due to migration and at a rate of 6% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (304 or 94.1%), with German being second most common (8 or 2.5%) and Portuguese being third (5 or 1.5%). There is 1 person who speaks Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 84 or about 26.0% were born in Reverolle and lived there in 2000. There were 148 or 45.8% who were born in the same canton, while 39 or 12.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 33 or 10.2% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens and were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population remained the same. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 9 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.2%.

The age distribution,, in Reverolle is; 48 children or 13.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 61 teenagers or 17.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 45 people or 12.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 52 people or 14.6% are between 30 and 39, 65 people or 18.3% are between 40 and 49, and 44 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 30 people or 8.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 7 people or 2.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 4 people or 1.1% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 148 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 151 married individuals, 7 widows or widowers and 17 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 120 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 28 households that consist of only one person and 9 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 126 households that answered this question, 22.2% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 25 married couples without children, 50 married couples with children There were 13 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 6 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 42 single family homes (or 53.8% of the total) out of a total of 78 inhabited buildings. There were 11 multi-family buildings (14.1%), along with 19 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.4%) and 6 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (7.7%). Of the single family homes 11 were built before 1919, while 4 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (18) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (6) were built before 1919 and the next most (2) were built between 1981 and 1990.

there were 118 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 35. There were 4 single room apartments and 49 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 107 apartments (90.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 8 apartments (6.8%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (2.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 2.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 22.78% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (20.26%), the SVP (19.26%) and the Green Party (13.99%). In the federal election, a total of 99 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.5%.

Economy
, Reverolle had an unemployment rate of 1.1%. , there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 2 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 30 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 181 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 47.0% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 37. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 2, all of which were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 25. In the tertiary sector; 13 or 52.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the information industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 8 or 32.0% were in education.

, there were 23 workers who commuted into the municipality and 138 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 14.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 68.5% used a private car.

The municipality is served by a station on the Bière–Apples–Morges railway.

Religion
From the, 53 or 16.4% were Roman Catholic, while 186 or 57.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 12 individuals (or about 3.72% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 1 individual who belonged to another church. 56 (or about 17.34% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 21 individuals (or about 6.50% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Reverolle about 121 or (37.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 55 or (17.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 55 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.0% were Swiss men, 36.4% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 65 students in the Reverolle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 33 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 29 students in those schools. There were also 3 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 52 students in Reverolle who came from another municipality, while 42 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Reverolle


text:
File:MMLonesomeCrowdedWest.jpg

Fair use rationale for The Lonesome Crowded West
The use of this non-free image in the article The Lonesome Crowded West is fair because:
 * 1) No free or public domain images can be created for this record cover.
 * 2) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the record in any way.
 * 3) This image is widely distributed in other venues, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is.
 * 4) The cover art is being used for educational and informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original album in any way, or deprive its copyright holders of any financial gain.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD copies of the album.
 * 6) It is used as the primary means of visual identification of the album.
 * 7) It is only a small portion of the commercial product.

title: File:MMLonesomeCrowdedWest.jpg