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National Personnel Records Center fire

The National Personnel Records Center fire of 1973, also known as the 1973 National Archives fire, was a fire that occurred at the Military Personnel Records Center (MPRC) in the St. Louis suburb of Overland, Missouri, from July 12–16, 1973.

The fire destroyed some 16 million to 18 million official U.S. military personnel records. The MPRC, the custodian of U.S. military service records, is part of the National Personnel Records Center, an agency of the National Archives and Records Administration of the General Services Administration.

Background
The NPRC was created in 1956 through the mergers of predecessor agencies after World War II, including the Demobilized Personnel Records Center (DPRC) and the Military Personnel Records Center (MILPERCEN) of the Department of Defense, along with the St. Louis Federal Records Center of the General Services Administration. In final form, the NPRC handled the service records of people in federal civil service or American military service, overseen by the National Archives and Records Administration of the General Services Administration.

In 1951, the Department of Defense hired the Detroit firm of Hellmuth, Yamasaki, and Leinweber, architects, to design a facility for its Demobilized Personnel Records Center. The firm visited several similar operations, including a U.S. Navy records center at Garden City, New York, and a Department of Defense facility in Alexandria, Virginia, to study their functions and storage systems. Their February 1952 report detailed different approaches, including fire prevention, detection, and suppression systems. The Naval records center, for example, was outfitted with a full fire sprinkler system, while the Department of Defense facility was not. This reflected a debate among archivists and librarians: are documents at greater risk in a facility with sprinklers, which could cause water damage, or in one without sprinklers to guard against fire damage?

Department of Defense officials approved a design plan that omitted sprinklers and heat and smoke detectors. Moreover, each floor had large spaces for records storage stretching hundreds of feet and containing no firewalls or other measures to limit the spread of fire.

Set on a site of 70 acre, the building had six floors, each measuring 728 x and encompassing 205296 sqft for a total of 1231776 sqft. The building was constructed of prestressed concrete floors and roof supported by concrete interior columns and surrounded by a curtain wall of aluminum and glass. Along the north side of each floor were offices, separated from the records storage area by a concrete block wall.

Construction was completed in 1956 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers at a cost of $12.5 million ($0 today), an economical $10.15 per square foot ($109.25 per square meter).

When the facility opened in 1956, it housed some 38 million military personnel records.

By the time of the 1973 fire, it held more than 52 million personnel records plus some 500000 cuft of military unit records. The center's staff had grown past 2,200 personnel, including GSA management and staff as well as military and civilian personnel from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, the Army Reserve, the FBI, and others.

Fire
At 12:16:15 a.m. on July 12, 1973, the Olivette Fire Department reported to its dispatcher that the NPRC building was on fire. At 12:16:35, 20 seconds later, a building security guard picked up the fire phone and relayed the report of a passing motorcyclist who also observed the fire. By 12:17:25, the first fire trucks were dispatched: three pumpers and two other emergency vehicles from the Community Fire Protection, arriving at 12:20:35. Forty-two fire districts ultimately helped put out the fire.

Heat and smoke within compelled firefighters to withdraw from the building's interior at 3:15 a.m.

The fire burned out of control for 22 hours while firefighters fought from the exterior of the building. Insufficient water pressure plagued efforts and a pumper broke down mechanically in its 40th continuous hour of operation. Crews entered the building again on July 14; the fire smoldered for another two days. The fire was declared out on the morning of July 16, but crews continued using spray to suppress rekindling until the end of the month.

Cause
The exact cause of the fire was not fully determined. A custodian admitted in October 1973 that he had been smoking in the file room and stubbed out his cigarette on a shelf, and he assumed the fire started because of his actions. The case was presented to a grand jury, but the custodian was not arrested. Deliberate arson was ruled out as a cause almost immediately by investigators, as interviews of some personnel who had been in the building just 20 minutes before the first fire alarm reported nothing out of the ordinary. In 1974, investigators of the General Services Administration stated that an electrical short was most likely the cause of the fire but that, owing to the near-total destruction of the sixth floor, where the fire had occurred, a specific investigation into the electrical systems was impossible.

Affected records
The losses to federal military records collection included:
 * 80% loss to records of U.S. Army personnel discharged November 1, 1912, to January 1, 1960;
 * 75% loss to records of U.S. Air Force personnel discharged September 25, 1947, to January 1, 1964, with names alphabetically after Hubbard, James E.;
 * Some U.S. Army Reserve personnel who performed their initial active duty for training in the late 1950s but who received final discharge as late as 1964.

None of the records that were destroyed in the fire had duplicate copies made, nor had they been copied to microfilm. No index of these records was made prior to the fire, and millions of records were on loan to the Veterans Administration at the time of the fire. This made it difficult to precisely determine which records were lost.

Navy and Marine Corps records
On the morning of the National Archives Fire, a very small number of U.S. Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps records were out of their normal file area, being worked on as active requests by employees of the National Archives and Records Administration who maintained their offices on the 6th floor of the building. When the NPRC fire began, these Navy and Marine Corps records were caught in the section of the building which experienced the most damage in the fire.

The exact number of Navy and Marine Corps records destroyed in the fire is unknown, since such records were being removed only for a few days while information was retrieved from them and were not normally stored in the area of the building that experienced the fire. Estimates indicate that the number of affected records was no more than two to three dozen. Such records are considered "special cases," and no accounting could be made of which records were affected, so the present policy of NPRC is to state that there were no Navy and Marine Corps records destroyed in the fire and to treat these records as records that had been lost in ordinary circumstances.

The destroyed sixth floor of the NPRC also housed a security vault that contained high-profile and notable records of U.S. Navy and Marine Corps personnel. Known as the "Sixth Floor Vault," confirmed destroyed records included the Navy file of Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou as well as the record of Adolf Hitler's nephew William Patrick Hitler. The sixth-floor security vault also held all the records of current NPRC employees who had their own Navy and Marine Corps records retired at the agency.

Damage and reconstruction
The 1973 fire destroyed the entire sixth floor of the National Personnel Records Center and greatly affected the fifth floor with water damage. As part of the reconstruction, the entire sixth floor was removed owing to the extensive damage, resulting in the current structure's now consisting of five floors. The rehabilitated building has firewalls to divide the large, open records storage areas. Smoke detection and sprinkler systems have also been added to prevent a repetition of the 1973 fire. Signs of the fire can still be seen today.

A massive effort to restore destroyed service records began in 1974. In most cases where a military record has been presumed destroyed, NPRC is able to reconstruct basic service information, such as military date of entry, date of discharge, character of service, and final rank. Information is still being recovered from burnt files into the 2020s, especially with the aid of infrared cameras that can read blackened paper.

title: National Personnel Records Center fire


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Cadishead

Cadishead is a village in the City of Salford in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 10,739 in 2014. Within the historic county of Lancashire.

History
The earliest record of Cadishead date to 1212, and show that the whole of Cadishead – then called Cadewalesate – was rented from King John by Gilbert Notton for four shillings (20p) a year, a sum equivalent to about £650 today. The name derives from the Old English words wælla and set, and Cada, a personal name; it means the "dwelling or fold by the stream of a man called Cada".

Until the early 19th century most of the area was part of the peat bog known as Chat Moss, but by 1805 work had started to reclaim the land. The opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 had a major effect on the subsequent development of Cadishead.

Governance
Cadishead is represented in Westminster by Barbara Keeley MP for Worsley and Eccles South.

Councillors
Until 2021 the area was represented on Salford City Council by three councillors serving the ward of Cadishead.

indicates seat up for re-election.

Boundary changes coming in to effect at the 2021 Salford City Council election abolished the Cadishead ward and the Cadishead and Lower Irlam ward was created in its place.

Location
Cadishead is between Irlam and Rixton, on Liverpool Road (B5320) next to the Manchester Ship Canal and the M62 motorway, close to the border between Greater Manchester and Warrington.

Industry
The Northbank Industrial Park dominates the east of Cadishead and the border with Irlam and supplies many jobs to the local area.

Notable people
Ray Lowry was a painter and cartoonist originally from Cadishead. He created the London Calling album cover for the Clash.

Transport
Cadishead was once served by its own railway station. The station closed in November 1964 as part of the Beeching cuts which affected many railway stations in the UK at the time.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cadishead


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Byodo-In (Hawaii)

The Byodo-In Temple (平等院テンプル, Byōdōin Tenpuru) is a non-denominational Buddhist temple located on the island of Oahu in Hawaii in Valley of the Temples Memorial Park. It was dedicated in August 1968 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the first Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.

The temple is a replica of a 900-year-old Buddhist temple at Uji in Kyoto Prefecture of Japan. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a functioning Buddhist temple in the proper sense as it does not host a resident monastic community nor an active congregation. Inside the Byodo-In Temple is a 18 ft statue of the Lotus Buddha, a wooden image depicting Amitābha. It is covered in gold and lacquer. Outside is a three-ton, brass peace bell. Surrounding the temple are large koi ponds that cover a total of 2 acre. Around those ponds are lush Japanese gardens set against a backdrop of towering cliffs of the Koʻolau Range. The gardens are home to sparrows and peafowl. The temple covers 11000 sqft.

The Byodo-In Temple is visited and used by thousands of worshipers from around the world. It welcomes people of all faiths to participate in its traditions. Apart from worship, the temple grounds are also used for weddings and office meetings.

Ancient Japan
Byodo-In Temple is a smaller-scale replica of the Byōdō-in, a World Heritage Site near the ancient city of Kyoto, originally a monastery founded by Fujiwara no Yorimichi in 1052 of the Heian period. It was famous for its Vairocana statue. The statue was lost and replaced in 1053 with a large wooden statue of Amitābha, a national treasure carved by the Japanese artisan Jōchō.

The Amitābha statue stands in the midst of the Phoenix Hall (鳳凰堂), an artistic reproduction of Sukhavati, the pure land of Amitābha. It is called the "Phoenix Hall" in English in reference to the two fenghuang birds stretching their wings upon the temple roof. Fifty two wooden images of bodhisattvas surround Amitābha, dancing and playing musical instruments on floating clouds.

From 2001 to 2007, the temple underwent restoration in the spirit of preservation of Japan's ancient heritage.

Modern Hawaii
Byodo-In Temple was commissioned and built largely by concrete (the original is wooden without the use of nails) in 1968 at its present location in the Valley of the Temples to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the arrival of Japanese culture to Hawaii. It was dedicated by Governor John A. Burns, a favorite of the Japanese community for his long service for the cause of Japanese rights during the state's territorial years. Japanese immigrants entered the Kingdom of Hawaii and later Territory of Hawaii to labor in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations. They joined the Chinese, Filipino, Korean, native Hawaiians and Portuguese.

Valley of the Temples Memorial Park
The Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, where the Byodo-in Temple is located, also contains large Catholic statues depicting the Passion of Christ, the Virgin Mary, various Catholic saints, crypts and mausoleums of some of the most influential people in Hawaiʻi. Most notable of those interred at the mausoleums of the Valley of the Temples is Walter F. Dillingham, Hawaii entrepreneur and statesman. For a time, former Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos was interred at a private mausoleum overlooking the Byodo-In temple. Thousands of Buddhist, Shinto, Protestant and Catholic residents of Hawaii are buried in this memorial park. It was founded by Paul Trousdale in 1963.

In popular culture
The TV series Hawaii Five-O and Magnum, P.I. featured several episodes where the temple is incorporated into the plot. The temple and its vicinity also served as a stand-in for South Korea in one episode of the ABC series Lost and as the Presidential Villa in an episode of seaQuest DSV.

The temple was also used in the 2001 movie Pearl Harbor as a replica of the Byodo-In Temple in Japan as well as several other movies.

title: Byodo-In (Hawaii)


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Irismeister 2/Evidence

To the arbitration committee: Wikipedia need not be so troll friendly. Ban this time wasting moron immediately and permanently. Thank you. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:32, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Shut up, you vile bile-spitting personal attacker! :O) - irismeister 21:57, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)


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John Gorrie

John B. Gorrie (October 3, 1803 – June 29, 1855) was a Nevisian-born American physician and scientist, credited as the inventor of mechanical refrigeration.

Born on the Island of Nevis in the Leeward Islands of the West Indies to Scottish parents on October 3, 1803, he spent his childhood in South Carolina. He received his medical education at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York in Fairfield, New York.

In 1833, he moved to Apalachicola, Florida, a port city on the Gulf coast. As well as being resident physician at two hospitals, Gorrie was active in the community. At various times he served as a council member, postmaster, president of the Bank of Pensacola's Apalachicola Branch, Secretary of his Masonic Lodge, and one of the founding vestrymen of Trinity Episcopal Church.

Gorrie's medical research involved the study of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever. At the time the theory that bad air — mal-aria — caused diseases was a prevalent hypothesis, and based on this theory, he urged draining the swamps and the cooling of sickrooms. For this he cooled rooms with ice in a basin suspended from the ceiling. Cool air, being heavier, flowed down across the patient and through an opening near the floor.

Experiments with artificial cooling
Since it was necessary to transport ice by boat from the northern lakes, Gorrie experimented with making artificial ice.

He first mechanically produced ice in 1844. After 1845, Gorrie gave up his medical practice to pursue refrigeration products. By 1850 he was able to routinely produce ice the size of bricks. On May 6, 1851, Gorrie was granted Patent No. 8080 for a machine to make ice. The original model of this machine and the scientific articles he wrote are at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1835, patents for "Apparatus and means for producing ice and in cooling fluids" had been granted in England and Scotland to American-born inventor Jacob Perkins, who became known as "the father of the refrigerator". Impoverished, Gorrie sought to raise money to manufacture his machine, but the venture failed when his partner died. Humiliated by criticism, financially ruined, and his health broken, Gorrie died in seclusion on June 29, 1855. He is buried in Magnolia Cemetery.

Another version of Gorrie's "cooling system" was used when President James A. Garfield was dying in 1881. Naval engineers built a box filled with cloths that had been soaked in melted ice water. Then by allowing hot air to blow on the cloths it decreased the room temperature by 20 degrees Fahrenheit. The problem with this method was essentially the same problem Gorrie had. It required an enormous amount of ice to keep the room cooled continuously. Yet it was an important event in the history of air conditioning. It proved that Gorrie had the right idea, but was unable to capitalize on it. The first practical refrigeration system in 1854, patented in 1855, was built by James Harrison in Geelong, Australia.

Monuments and memorials

 * In Apalachicola, Gorrie Square is named in his honor. The square contains his grave site, a monument, and the John Gorrie State Museum.
 * The John Gorrie Bridge, across Apalachicola Bay, connects Apalachicola with Eastpoint.
 * In 1914, the state of Florida gave a statue of Gorrie by sculptor C. Adrian Pillars to the National Statuary Hall Collection.
 * John Gorrie Junior High School, now an apartment building named The John Gorrie, in Jacksonville and John Gorrie Elementary School in Tampa is named in his honor.
 * John Gorrie Dog Park at Riverside Park in Jacksonville, Florida opened in the summer of 2016.
 * The World War II Liberty Ship SS John Gorrie was named in his honor.
 * The John Gorrie Award is awarded each year to a graduate of the University of Florida College of Medicine believed to be the "best all-around student showing promise of becoming a practitioner of the highest type."

title: John Gorrie


text:
Talk:Public holidays in Vietnam

Untitled
This lists September 29 as Independence Day, but the entry for Independence Day says it's September 2. Is this an artefact of the lunar calendar? -FZ

Number of Public Holidays
According to the description ("From last two days of the last lunar month to 3rd day of the first lunar month") the Tet Holiday is 5 days. Adding the other days, the total number of holidays is currently 10, not the stated 9, no? Stefanhanoi (talk) 11:36, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

Change National day from 2 days to 1 day
This holiday is only 1 day off not 2, so I made a change to 1.

title: Talk:Public holidays in Vietnam


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Norther

Norther was a Finnish melodic death metal band from Espoo formed in 1996 and broke up in 2012.

History
Norther formed under the name Requiem (Lindroos, Korpas, Hallio) in 1996 after various early stage band formations. The band's debut effort was the album, Dreams of Endless War, released through Spinefarm Records in 2002. The album entered the Finnish charts at position 17. At the time, Norther was playing shows only in and around the Helsinki area. That changed when the album Mirror of Madness came out in early 2003 (entering the Finnish charts at position 11). The group toured with Dimmu Borgir and Hypocrisy in late 2003. In early 2004, Norther released its third full-length album, Death Unlimited, which reached 17 on the Finnish charts.

Norther played several shows in 2005 and then recorded an EP, Solution7 (recorded at Astia Studio). It landed in the official Finnish charts at position five. Norther added Kristian Ranta's vocals afterward. In the summer of 2005, Norther used Studio Fredman in Gothenburg, Sweden, to record their fourth full-length-album named Till Death Unites Us, with producers Fredrik Nordström and Patrick J. Sten. Soon after recording the album, Toni Hallio left the band to pursue other interests; Heikki Saari replaced him at drums. After its release in January 2006, Till Death Unites Us was number six on the Finnish album charts. Later the same year, the band composed the theme song ("Frozen Angel") for a major Finnish feature film, V2: Dead Angel produced by Solarfilms, Inc. The band is also featured in the film. In February 2007 Norther released a new EP, No Way Back, released only in Finland and Japan. The record hit number one in the Finnish charts. Later that year the released Amoral & Drone, and supported it with a European tour.

Petri Lindroos quit as lead vocalist on 1 February 2009 and was replaced by Aleksi Sihvonen (ex-Imperanon) on 14 April 2009. To mark his debut, the band released an alternate version of the song Frozen Angel from their previous album, with Sihvonen on vocals. Their sixth studio album, Circle Regenerated, and was released 19 April 2011.

The band made their final appearance at the Brutal Assault festival in the Czech Republic on 10 August 2012.

Band members

 * Final lineup
 * Kristian Ranta – guitars (2000–2012), clean vocals (2004–2012)
 * Tuomas Planman – keyboards, synthesizers, electronics (2000–2012)
 * Jukka Koskinen – bass (2000–2012)
 * Heikki Saari – drums (2005–2012)
 * Aleksi Sihvonen – harsh vocals (2009–2012)
 * Daniel Freyberg – guitars, backing vocals (2009–2012)

 * Former members
 * Petri Lindroos – harsh vocals, guitars (1996–2009)
 * Toni Hallio – drums (1996–2005)
 * Roni Korpas – guitars (1996–1999)
 * Tuomas "Stubu" – bass (1996–1997)
 * Joakim Ekroos – keyboards (2000)
 * Sebastian "Knight" Ekroos – bass (2000)

Studio albums

 * Dreams of Endless War (2002)
 * Mirror of Madness (2003)
 * Death Unlimited (2004)
 * Till Death Unites Us (2006)
 * N (2008)
 * Circle Regenerated (2011)

Demos and EPs

 * Warlord (Demo) (2000)
 * Solution 7 (2005)
 * No Way Back (2007)

Singles

 * "Released" (2002)
 * "Unleash Hell" (2003)
 * "Spreading Death" (2004)
 * "Spreading Death" (DVD) (2004)
 * "Scream" (2006)
 * "Frozen Angel" (Online single) (2009)
 * "Break Myself Away" (Online Single) (2010)

title: Norther


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Duncan McArthur

Duncan McArthur (1772 – April 29, 1839) was a military officer and a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the 11th governor of Ohio.

When first elected to state office as a representative, he was serving in the state militia during the War of 1812. He was later appointed as brigadier general in the U.S. Army. Shortly thereafter he was placed in charge of the Army of the Northwest, serving through 1817 and negotiating the Treaty of Fort Meigs of 1817 to ratify peace and land cessions with Native American tribes.

Biography
Sources vary as to McArthur's exact birthdate. It has been given as January 14, 1772, or June 14, 1772. He was born to Scottish immigrants in Dutchess County in the Province of New York, McArthur grew up in western Pennsylvania and later moved to Kentucky, where he was employed as an Indian ranger.

McArthur and his friend Alexander McGuffey volunteered in 1790 at Fort Pitt for expeditions against Native Americans during the Northwest Indian War, serving as a scout under Generals Josiah Harmar and Anthony Wayne. McArthur obtained a position with Nathaniel Massie in 1793, and worked with Massie on a surveying expedition in the Northwest Territory. In 1796, he worked with Massie to lay out the new town of Chillicothe, Ohio, which was to become the state capital in 1803. McArthur moved across the Ohio River in 1797 to Chillicothe, where he gained wealth by his land speculations in the Northwest Territory.

Career in the War of 1812
McArthur was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 3rd congressional district while serving in the state militia during the War of 1812. He never qualified for office as he preferred to continue serving in the military.

Using deception in the First American Invasion of Canada
He was appointed colonel of Ohio volunteers and was second-in-command to General William Hull at Fort Detroit. In July 1812, General William Hull was at Fort Detroit as the British fortified a defensive position across the Detroit River in Windsor, Ontario. Hull decided to move the British to Fort Malden, further away from Detroit, so that he could seize the defenses in Windsor. To implement his plan, Hull resorted to deception, which began when his troops collected all the boats and canoes they could find. On 11 July 1812, Hull sent some boats down the river to Springwells, south of Detroit, in full view of the British. At the same time, the American regiment commanded by Duncan McArthur marched from Detroit to Springwells, also observed by the British.

With the British now anticipating an American crossing south of Detroit, a second American force moved north in the dark until they reached Bloody Run, a crossing point a mile and a half north of Fort Detroit and opposite the Ontario town of Sandwich. Finding no activity at Springwells, the British believed the Americans had already crossed the river and marched on Fort Malden. Assuming Fort Malden was vulnerable, the British troops in Sandwich marched south, and in the morning the Americans at Bloody Run crossed to Sandwich unopposed. After landing in Sandwich, the Americans then marched from Sandwich to Windsor and seized the British defensive works.

Duncan McArthur’s deep penetration raid into Thames
It was July 13, 1812. The American militia and regulars were conducting paramilitary operations in their invasion of Canada. American intelligence claimed they found a group of enemy Indian fighters. American militia commander Duncan McArthur with one hundred American militiamen went in pursuit. The American militia chased the enemy fighters and fell upon their rear. The enemy Indian fighters dispersed into the woods and escaped. Duncan McArthur was about to return, when Captain Smith of the Detroit dragoons overtook him with orders to push forward into enemy territory to the settlements on the Thames in search of provisions. McArthur obeyed and penetrated as far as the Moravian towns, sixty miles from its mouth. There was a house McArthur encountered in his raid in Thames. The owner had fled, but the house was guarded by a file of British soldiers. The group of British soldiers were captured, disarmed, and paroled. McArthur and his militia raiding force seized the boats along the stream and loaded them with enemy supplies they commandeered. On July 17, 1812, McArthur and his militia raiding force returned to an American base camp with about 200 barrels of flour, 400 blankets, and a quite large quantity of military stores. These were chiefly public property, collected for the British troops at Malden and yet American commander Hull gave a receipt for the whole, public and private.

Engagement at bridge near Fort Malden
On July 19, 1812. American Colonel Duncan McArthur with a recon force combined with 150 Ohio infantry troops under Colonel Lewis Cass are near the bridge leading to Fort Malden. Two British artillery guns fire on the Americans and take out an American cannon. Cass and his fellow Americans capture two British troops after they cross the bridge. All the Americans withdraw with their prisoners safely.

Surrender of Detroit
He and Colonel Lewis Cass were not present at Detroit when Hull surrendered and were greatly angered to hear that Hull had included both of them in the capitulation. When a British officer notified him of the surrender, McArthur is said to have torn off his epaulettes and broke his sword in a fit of rage, although historians note similar stories were told about other officers as well. The British paroled him and McArthur returned to Ohio.

Enlisting in the U.S. Army
He was appointed a brigadier general in the U.S. Army. Shortly thereafter he was placed in charge of the Army of the Northwest following Harrison's resignation.

Duncan McArthur’s raid
Duncan McArthur conducted a cavalry raid deep into Thames Valley. Duncan’s objective was to devastate the settlement’s food supplies which was mainly flour. Duncan and 700 riflemen mounted on horses conducted their raid in October. Duncan and his mounted riflemen inflicted massive damage on infrastructure, burned many flour mills, surprised Canadian militia in separate engagements, and took provisions. McArthur’s mounted riflemen raided multiple population centers. McArthur’s raiders killed 18 Canadian militiamen, wounded 9 militiamen, and captured 126 Canadian militia soldiers. McArthur avoided contact with the main British army. After completing his raid, McArthur and his mounted riflemen withdrew back to American lines safely. The American raiders suffered only 1 killed and 6 wounded.

End of War of 1812
McArthur did not face much action any further, but he was engaged in negotiating treaties with the Indians. In 1817, he was one of two commissioners (along with Lewis Cass) who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, which was signed September 29 of that year with several Native American tribes.

Serving in the House of Representatives
McArthur served intermittently thereafter in the Ohio House of Representatives and Ohio State Senate. He was elected and served a single term from 1823 to 1825 in the United States House of Representatives before winning election to the governorship in 1830. McArthur served a single term and did not seek re-election.

Death
McArthur was buried in Grandview Cemetery, Chillicothe, Ross County, Ohio, US. The trust established in his will later became the subject of litigation that went before the U.S. Supreme Court in McArthur v. Scott.

Legacy
The small village of McArthur, Ohio, the seat of Vinton County, is named for him.

McArthur founded the city of Greenfield, Ohio in 1799. Greenfield is located at N39 21.11958 W83 22.96284 (GPS coordinates), about 21 miles due west of Chillicothe. State Route 28, which runs between Greenfield and Chillicothe, in 1973 was named as General Duncan McArthur Highway per act of the 113th Ohio General Assembly.

title: Duncan McArthur


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North Springfield

North Springfield is the name of the following cities in the United States of America:

 * North Springfield, Missouri, now part of Springfield, Missouri
 * North Springfield, Oregon
 * North Springfield, Vermont, village in Springfield, Vermont
 * North Springfield, Virginia

title: North Springfield


text:
Talk:Etymology of Al-Andalus

Etymology of Al-Andalus was listed on vfd with consensus to redirect. See: Talk:Etymology of Al-Andalus/Delete -- Wile E. Heresiarch 03:21, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Please view Speedy deletions before deleting for any possible reasons not to delete. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:42, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Etymology of Al-Andalus


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The Political Graveyard

The Political Graveyard is a website and database that catalogues information on more than 277,000 American political figures and political families, along with other information. The name comes from the website's inclusion of burial locations of the deceased (when known). It is also a pun; where bodies are buried can refer to the politicians accused of crimes or touched by scandal.

History
The site was created in 1996 by Lawrence Kestenbaum,  then an academic specialist at Michigan State University, and later on staff at the University of Michigan.

Kestenbaum was formerly a county commissioner, and in 2004 was elected to be County Clerk/Register of Deeds of Washtenaw County, Michigan. The site and its underlying database were developed from a personal interest triggered by the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, which was its original data source. Since then his personal research, and the information contributions of hundreds of volunteers, have greatly expanded the information available. It is licensed under the "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 1.0" Creative Commons License.

Over the years, the definition of "eligible political figure" has been expanded. It now includes most high federal officials, ambassadors, all elected and some appointed statewide officeholders, and many mayors. It lists unsuccessful candidates, presidential electors, and delegates to U.S. presidential nominating conventions of the major political parties.

The database attempts to capture very basic biographical and office-holding data for its political figures. Besides where they are buried, cause of death is broken down into dozens of categories.

Politicians are listed alphabetically, by office held or sought, and by dates and locations of birth, residence, and death. The names are sorted and indexed by surname, birthplace, positions held, demography, geography, religion, occupation, cause of death, and final resting place.

Some are listed in categories, including occupations, ethnicity, religious and organizational affiliation, honors, and awards. "For example, 18 politicians were born into slavery; six have been in space; 69 survived assassination attempts; and 908 were in trouble or disgraced." An exhaustive cataloging of transgressions are listed by the nature of the accusation, as well as by decade and by state.

It reports their relation (at least by blood and marriage) with other politicians listed, their political party, and limited military history. The site also lists political families. Individuals listed on the site are linked together if their relationship meets the Rule of 1/1000 common ancestry. Each cluster of three or more linked politicians is treated as a family, with family name and location assigned by an algorithm; the largest individual family cluster is the Kennedys, with 34 members. The site's largest cluster, with 2,134 members, is called "Four Thousand Related Politicians", most of the larger families are subsets of this group, with each subset defined and named by an algorithm. The largest subset family is the Huntington-Chapin-Waterman family of Connecticut, with 229 members.

title: The Political Graveyard


text:
Talk:Junius (writer)

untitled comment
I added some material from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica including the rest of a sentence which ,as it was, was a fragment. People might want to note that the scanned versions of the 1911 EB online are sometimes indifferently edited.Dhodges 21:47, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * (heading added above this comment, for consistency, by: Xover (talk) 16:28, 11 February 2017 (UTC))

NPOV
The section taken from the EB show a late 19th century view, corresponding rather closely to the Whig interpretation of history, which assumes the virtue of the cause supported by the author of the letters. This was not proper encyclopedic writing even at the time, and is not so today. The exact portion taken from the EB needs to be specifically cited, and some indication given of its characteristic POV. Other views need to be given also . DGG ( talk ) 05:34, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Note that I did not immediately recognise which section of the article you're referring to here. A bit more detail may increase the likelihood that a future editor (not me, I'm just passing by) correctly addresses the problem. --Xover (talk) 16:28, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

 * that is exactly the problem: the section taken from the EB must be indicated exactly by the use of quotation marks or other indicator, and it has not been, One will find the whole EB article at https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Junius  DGG ( talk ) 03:15, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

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Requested move 2 March 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move to "Junius (writer)" and move the current contents of the dab to the basename. I leave it up to other editors to decide what to put on that dab page vs. a potential separate article for the name. (t · c)  buidhe  19:12, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

– I believe the primary topic is the given name. If this proposal is accepted, then the given name (and maybe surname) entries would remain at the base article, with the rest going back to the dab page. Clarityfiend (talk) 19:57, 2 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Junius → Junius (letter writer)
 * Junius (disambiguation) → Junius

 * Support per nom. No primary topic (among the writer, the given name and surname, the month, and others). Move disambiguation page to basename. (Also, I think that the writer's article could just be at "Junius (writer)".) Paintspot Infez (talk) 00:35, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. The writer does not quite rise to the level of a primary topic, but |Junius_(band)|Junius_(album)|Junius_(horse)|Junius_(gens)|Junius_(disambiguation)|Junius,_New_York|Junius,_South_Dakota|Junius_Bassus pageviews indicate that a name page would also not be a primary topic. The dab page should remain at Junius, especially because of the writer and the band, with the names remaining or split to Junius (name). This article could be at simply Junius (writer) per WP:PRECISE and WP:CONCISE, but no objection to the proposed title. - Station1 (talk) 03:40, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Junius (writer) per others in Category:18th-century English writers since "letter" doesn't appear to be needed and no primary topic per Station1.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 08:10, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - The disambiguation page should take precedence. I also support using the qualifier (writer) instead of (letter writer) for the sake of brevity and because there is a very small chance of confusion. PraiseVivec (talk) 14:10, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 15:21, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Junius (writer)


text: User talk:168.28.128.203

title: User talk:168.28.128.203


text:
Rivellino

Roberto Rivellino (also Rivelino, ; born 1 January 1946) is a Brazilian football pundit and former footballer. He was one of the stars of Brazil's 1970 FIFA World Cup winning team. Rivellino currently works as a pundit for Brazilian TV Cultura.

The son of Italian immigrants from Macchiagodena (Isernia), he was famous for his large moustache, bending free kicks, long range shooting, accurate long passing, vision, close ball control and dribbling skills. He also perfected a football move called the "flip flap", famously copied by Romário, Mágico González, Ronaldo, Ronaldinho and Cristiano Ronaldo in later years. A former attacking midfielder, he is widely regarded as one of the most graceful football players ever, and one of the greatest players of all time. With the close control, feints and ability with his left foot, Diego Maradona named Rivellino among his greatest inspirations growing up. In 2004, he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.

Club career
Rivellino was born in São Paulo, and started as a futebol de salao player at Clube Atletico Barcelona. After that, he tried his luck with Barcelona's biggest rival, Corinthians, where he moved on to professional football and quickly became a favourite of the fans—and was therefore nicknamed "O Rei do Parque" (King of the Park) (after the club's home ground, Parque São Jorge). However, the late 60s and early 70s were one of the most troubled periods in the history of the club, which did not win a single São Paulo state league title between 1954 and 1977.

In 1974, after Corinthians was defeated by arch-rivals Palmeiras in the São Paulo league finals, as the star player Rivellino was singled out by most fans as one of the most responsible for not winning. He moved on to Rio de Janeiro, where he defended Fluminense until the end of the 1970s. Rivellino was undoubtedly the greatest star in the excellent Fluminense of the mid 70s, dubbed "the tricolor machine", among Doval, Pintinho, Gil and Carlos Alberto Torres. He won the Rio de Janeiro league championship in 1975 and 1976. By the end of the decade, he moved on to play for Al Hilal in Saudi Arabia; he retired from professional football in 1981.

International career
Rivellino was a key member of Brazil's 1970 FIFA World Cup winning team, which is often cited as the greatest-ever World Cup team. Wearing the number 11 jersey, Rivellino was deployed on the left side of midfield and scored three goals, including the powerful bending free-kick against Czechoslovakia, which earned him the nickname "Patada Atómica" (Atomic Kick) by Mexican fans. Rivellino also played in the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cups, finishing in fourth and third place respectively.

After retirement
After his professional retirement, Rivellino started a career as a football commentator and coach (he has managed Shimizu S-Pulse in Japan's J. League). Rivellino further represented Brazil in the 1989 edition of the World Cup of Masters, scoring in the final against Uruguay. Rivellino is sometimes credited with scoring the fastest goal in football history when he supposedly scored a goal direct from the kick-off after noticing the opposition goalkeeper on his knees finishing off pre-match prayers.

Regarding the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in his country, Rivellino criticized the inclusion of the Amazonian city of Manaus with its stadium Arena da Amazônia in the hosting venues, saying "it’s absurd to play in Manaus. You start sweating the moment you leave the locker room".

Honours
Corinthians
 * Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1966

Fluminense
 * Campeonato Carioca: 1975, 1976

Al Hilal
 * Saudi Premier League: 1978–79
 * King Cup: 1980

Brazil
 * FIFA World Cup: 1970

Individual
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team player: 1970; third place: 1978
 * Bola de Prata Brazilian Championship All-Star Team: 1971
 * World XI: 1971
 * CONMEBOL All-Star Team: 1973
 * Bronze ball South American Footballer of the Year: 1973, 1976
 * Silver ball South American Footballer of the Year: 1977
 * FIFA 100 Greatest Living Footballers: 2004
 * Premio Golden Foot Award (Football Legend Award): 2005
 * The Best of The Best – Player of the Century: Top 50
 * World Soccer: 38th Greatest Player of the 20th Century
 * IFFHS Brazilian Player of the 20th Century (12th place)
 * Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame

title: Rivellino


text:
North Star (disambiguation)

North Star is a name of Polaris in its role as northern pole star.

North Star or North Stars may also refer to:

United States

 * Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska
 * North Star, California, a place in Yuba County, California
 * North Star, Delaware, a census-designated place
 * North Star, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * North Star, Ohio, a village
 * North Star, U.S. Virgin Islands
 * North Star, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * North Star Township (disambiguation)

Elsewhere

 * North Star, New South Wales, Australia, a village
 * North Star, Alberta, Canada, a hamlet

Air

 * Canadair North Star, a passenger aircraft manufactured by Canadair for Trans Canada Airlines
 * Custom Flight North Star, a Canadian amateur-built aircraft design

Rail

 * North Star (broad gauge locomotive) (1837–1871), a Star class locomotive of the Great Western Railway
 * North Star (1866–1902), a GWR 378 Class locomotive
 * North Star (1898–1912), a GWR 3031 Class locomotive renamed Bulkeley in 1906
 * North Star (1906–29), a GWR 4000 Class locomotive, rebuilt to 4073 Class in 1929
 * North Star (1929–57), a GWR 4073 Class locomotive rebuilt from the above
 * North Star (Amtrak train), a former train route in Minnesota
 * North Star (NYC train) a New York Central Railroad train, 1947–1962, operating New York–Cleveland, with a branch to the Adirondacks
 * Northstar Line, a commuter train line in metropolitan Minneapolis, Minnesota

Road

 * North Star, a brand of NZ Bus in Auckland, New Zealand

Sea

 * HMS North Star, several ships in the British Royal Navy
 * MS North Star, built in 1966 as Marburg, a small expedition ship
 * North Star (sternwheeler 1897), a river steamer in Montana and British Columbia
 * North Star (sternwheeler 1902), a steamboat in Washington state
 * North Star, built 1937, used by the U.S. Navy as coastal minesweeper USS Crossbill
 * North Star, a roll-on/roll-off cargo ship featured in the documentary series Mighty Ships
 * North Star (narrowboat), a wooden horse-drawn icebreaker built in 1868, now at the Black Country Living Museum, England
 * USCGC North Star (WPG-59), U.S. Coast Guard Cutter during the Second World War
 * USMS North Star III, originally MV Emory Victory (MCV-654), a U.S. Victory ship later used in the Alaska Resupply Program

Film

 * North Star (1925 film), directed by Paul Powell
 * The North Star (1943 film), a war film directed by Lewis Milestone
 * North Star: Mark di Suvero, 1977 documentary
 * The North Star (1982 film) or L'Étoile du Nord, a French film
 * North Star (1996 film), an action Western directed by Nils Gaup
 * The North Star (2016 film), an American film about slavery and the underground railroad
 * The North Star: Finding Black Mecca, a 2021 film about Black Canadian settlements in Ontario
 * North Star (2023 film), a British drama film & the directorial debut of Kristin Scott Thomas

Television

 * North Star (TV series), an Israeli teen drama
 * "North Star" (Black-ish), a 2018 episode of the American television sitcom
 * "North Star" (Glenn Martin, DDS episode), an episode of Glenn Martin, DDS
 * "North Star" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a third season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise

Music

 * The North Star (Roddy Frame album), 1998
 * North Star (Curved Air album), 2014
 * North Star, a 2023 album by Pendragon
 * "North Star", a song by Offset from the 2019 album Father of 4
 * "North Star", a song from the 1979 album Exposure by Robert Fripp
 * "North Star", a song by Faithless featuring Dido from the 2010 album The Dance
 * "North Star", an unreleased song from the U2 360° Tour
 * "North Star", a 1977 composition by Philip Glass, written for the soundtrack of the 1977 documentary
 * North Star, a British record label and music group formed by members of Tottenham Mandem

Companies and brands

 * North Star, a brand of shoes owned by Bata Shoes
 * North Star (My Little Pony), a toy animal
 * North Star (Thai company), the producer of Polaris drinking water
 * Beijing North Star, a conglomerate company in Beijing, China
 * North Star Computers, a company established in 1976
 * North Star Mine and Powerhouse, Grass Valley, California, USA
 * North Star Mall, a shopping center in San Antonio, Texas
 * North Star Hotel, a hotel in Vancouver, Canada
 * North Star Yachts, a Canadian boat builder

Education

 * North Star Middle School (disambiguation)
 * North Star School District, Pennsylvania
 * North Star Self-Directed Learning for Teens, an education center based in Sunderland, Massachusetts, United States
 * North Stars, nickname of St. Charles North High School, Illinois

Sports

 * North Star Cup, the current championship trophy of the Canadian Premier League
 * North Star Shield, a former championship trophy of the Canadian Premier League used from 2019 to 2022
 * Minnesota North Stars, a team in the National Hockey League between 1967 and 1993
 * Île-des-Chênes North Stars, a defunct Canadian senior hockey team, 2003 Allan Cup champions
 * Kildonan North Stars, a team in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League between 1976 and 1990

Other uses

 * The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper), published from 1847–1851 by the abolitionist Frederick Douglass
 * North Star (organization), an organization for LGBT Mormons
 * North Star House (Grass Valley, California), on the National Register of Historic Places, associated with the mine
 * The North-Star News, a former newspaper in Oklahoma
 * The North Star, an online newspaper launched in 2018 by activist Shaun King
 * North Star, the name of a bell used by CF Montréal supporters to celebrate a goal, win, etc.
 * North Star, the code name of the Turkish Brigade with the United Nations Command during the Korean War

title: North Star (disambiguation)


text:
Louis Horst

Louis Horst (born January 12, 1884, Kansas City, Missouri – died January 23, 1964, New York City) was a composer, and pianist. He helped to define the principles of modern dance choreographic technique, most notably the matching of choreography to pre-existing musical structure and the use of contemporary music for dance scores.

Biography and work
Horst was the musical director for the Denishawn company (1916-25) before working as musical director and dance composition teacher for Martha Graham's school and dance company (1926-48).

One memorable piece of advice that Horst gave dancers in his lessons in the 1930s, at times delivered in a sarcastic tone: "when in doubt, turn." This is a variant of Ted Shawn's famous line "When in doubt, twirl." The Grateful Dead Almanac adopted it as their motto.

Apart from being a personal friend and mentor to Graham, Horst worked and wrote scores for many other choreographers, including:
 * Ruth St. Denis
 * Ted Shawn
 * Helen Tamiris
 * Martha Hill
 * Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman
 * Agnes de Mille
 * Ruth Page
 * Michio Ito
 * Adolph Bolm
 * Harald Kreutzberg
 * Pearl Lang
 * Jean Erdman
 * Anna Sokolow, Horst's assistant and demonstrator

Career
Horst composed scores for the Denishawn company, including Japanese Spear Dance (1919). He composed several of Graham's early group works: Primitive Mysteries (1931), Celebration (1934), Frontier (1935), and El Penitente (1940). For Anna Sokolow, Horst composed Noah (1935). He also composed several movie scores.

Horst taught art of choreography at Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater (1928-1964), Bennington College (1934-45), Mills College, Connecticut College (1948–63), Barnard College, Sarah Lawrence College, Columbia University, and The Juilliard School (1951-64).

Horst lectured often on "Dance Composition", "Music Composition for Dance", and "Modern Dance and Its Relation to the Other Modern Arts". He wrote and published two books: Pre-classic Dance Forms (1937) and Modern Dance Forms (1960). He founded and edited Dance Observer Journal (1933-64).

In 1964 he became the second recipient of the Heritage Award of the National Dance Association.

title: Louis Horst


text:
Allen Trimble

Allen Trimble (November 24, 1783 – February 3, 1870) was a Federalist and National Republican politician from Ohio. He served as the eighth and tenth governor of Ohio, first concurrently as Senate Speaker, later elected twice in his own right.

Biography
Governor Trimble was born Hugh Allen Trimble in Augusta County, Virginia to James Trimble, Revolutionary War veteran, and Jane Allen Trimble. He was of Ulster Scots ancestry. In October 1784, his father moved his family to a veterans land grant in then Fayette County, Kentucky. In October 1804, James Trimble died leaving Allen head of the family. Allen Trimble moved them to a homestead he and his father had established outside of Hillsboro, Ohio.

Career
Trimble was a clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1808. He also served as recorder of deeds in 1808.

After briefly serving during the War of 1812, Trimble served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1816 to 1817 and then in the Ohio State Senate from 1818 to 1826. Trimble became Speaker of the Senate, and it was in this capacity that he became governor from January to December 1822 when Governor Ethan Allen Brown resigned to take a seat in the United States Senate.

Trimble ran an election for a full term in 1822, but narrowly lost. He challenged Jeremiah Morrow again in 1824, narrowing the distance between the two, but still losing. He won a landslide election in 1826, however, as a National Republican and then won a second full term in 1828. Trimble did not seek re-election in 1830.

He then retired to farming, taking little part in politics for the next quarter-century, but did consent to accepting the nomination of the Know-Nothings for governor in 1855. Trimble came in third, losing to Republican US Senator Salmon Chase and incumbent Democrat William Medill. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Constitutional Union Party convention in Baltimore.

Death
Trimble died at his family farm in Ohio, and was buried in Hillsboro Cemetery in Hillsboro, Ohio.

Legacy
Trimble, Ohio, a village in Athens County, Ohio, is named in Trimble's honor. Court Street, a street in Hillsboro, Ohio, on the north side of the Highland County Courthouse, was renamed "Governor Trimble Place" in 1974.

Trimble's daughter, Eliza, helped to initiate the temperance movement in the United States.

Trimble is an ancestor of astronomer Virginia Louise Trimble

title: Allen Trimble


text: User talk:64.63.192.239

title: User talk:64.63.192.239


text:
Rajendra Prasad

Rajendra Prasad (born Rajendra Prasad Srivastava; 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician, lawyer, journalist and scholar who served as the first president of India from 1950 to 1962. He joined the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement and became a major leader from the region of Bihar. A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 and the Quit India movement of 1942. After the constituent assembly 1946 elections, Prasad served as 1st Minister of Food and Agriculture in the central government from 1947 to 1948. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as President of the Constituent Assembly of India, which prepared the Constitution of India and which served as its provisional Parliament.

When India became a republic in 1950, Prasad was elected as its first president by the Constituent Assembly. As president, Prasad established a tradition for non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer and retired from Congress party politics. Although a ceremonial head of state, Prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised government on several occasions. In 1957, Prasad was re-elected to the presidency, becoming the only president to serve two full terms. Prasad stayed in office for the longest term of around 12 years. Post the completion of his tenure, he quit the Congress and set up new guidelines for parliamentarians which are still followed.

Early life
Prasad was born on 3 December 1884 in a Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family in Ziradei, Bihar. His father, Mahadev Sahay Srivastava, was a scholar of both Sanskrit and Persian languages. His mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout woman who would tell stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata to her son. He was the youngest child and had one elder brother and three elder sisters. His mother died when he was a child, and his elder sister then took care of him.

Student life
After the completion of traditional elementary education, he was sent to the Chhapra District School. Meanwhile, in June 1896, at the early age of 12, he was married to Rajavanshi Devi. He, along with his elder brother, Mahendra Prasad Srivastava, then went to study at T.K. Ghosh's Academy in Patna for a period of two years. He secured first in the entrance examination to the University of Calcutta and was awarded Rs. 30 per month as a scholarship.

Prasad joined the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1902, initially as a science student. He passed the F. A. under the University of Calcutta in March 1904 and then graduated with a first division from there in March 1905. Impressed by his intellect, an examiner once commented on his answer sheet that the "examinee is better than examiner". Later he decided to focus on the study of arts and did his M.A. in Economics with a first division from the University of Calcutta in December 1907. There he lived with his brother in the Eden Hindu Hostel. A devoted student as well as a public activist, he was an active member of The Dawn Society. It was due to his sense of duty towards his family and education that he refused to join Servants of India Society, as it was during that time when his mother had died as well as his sister became a widow at the age of nineteen and had to return to her parents' home. Prasad was instrumental in the formation of the Bihari Students Conference in 1906 in the hall of Patna College. It was the first organisation of its kind in India and produced important leaders from Bihar like Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Krishna Singh who played a prominent role in the Champaran Movement and Non-cooperation Movement.

A teacher
Prasad served in various educational institutions as a teacher. After completing his M.A in economics, he became a professor of English at the Langat Singh College of Muzaffarpur in Bihar and went on to become the principal. However, later on he left the college to undertake legal studies and entered the Ripon College, Calcutta (now the Surendranath Law College). In 1909, while pursuing his law studies in Kolkata he also worked as Professor of Economics at Calcutta City College.

A lawyer
In 1915, Prasad appeared in the examination of masters in law from the Department of Law, University of Calcutta, passed the examination and won a gold medal. He completed his Doctorate in Law from Allahabad University. In 1916, he joined the High Court of Bihar and Odisha. In 1917, he was appointed as one of the first members of the Senate and of the Patna University. He also practised law at Bhagalpur, the famous silk town in Bihar.

Role in the freedom Movement
Prasad had a major role in the Independence Movement. Prasad's first association with Indian National Congress was during 1906 annual session organised in Calcutta, where he participated as a volunteer, while studying in Calcutta. Formally, he joined the Indian National Congress in the year 1911, when the annual session was again held in Calcutta. During the Lucknow Session of Indian National Congress held in 1916, he met Mahatma Gandhi. During one of the fact-finding missions at Champaran, Mahatma Gandhi asked him to come with his volunteers. He was so greatly moved by the dedication, courage and conviction of Mahatma Gandhi that as soon as the motion of Non-Cooperation was passed by Indian National Congress in 1920, he retired from his lucrative career of lawyer as well as his duties in the university to aid the movement.

He also responded to the call by Gandhi to boycott Western educational establishments by asking his son, Mrityunjaya Prasad, to drop out of his studies and enrol himself in Bihar Vidyapeeth, an institution he along with his colleagues founded on the traditional Indian model.

During the course of the independence movement, he interacted with Rahul Sankrityayan, a writer, and polymath. Rahul Sankrityayan was greatly influenced by Prasad's intellectual powers, finding him to be a guide and guru. In many of his articles he mentioned about his meeting with Sankrityayan and narrated about his meetings with Sankrityayan. He wrote articles for the revolutionary publications Searchlight and the Desh and collected funds for these papers. He toured widely, explaining, lecturing, and exhorting the principles of the independence movement.

He took an active role in helping people affected by the 1914 floods that struck Bihar and Bengal. When an earthquake affected Bihar on 15 January 1934, Prasad was in jail. During that period, he passed on the relief work to his close colleague Anugrah Narayan Sinha. He was released two days later and set up Bihar Central Relief Committee on 17 January 1934 and took on the task of raising funds to help the affected people. After the 31 May 1935 Quetta earthquake, when he was forbidden to leave the country due to government's order, he set up the Quetta Central Relief Committee in Sindh and Punjab under his own presidency.

He was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He again became the president when Subhash Chandra Bose resigned in 1939. On 8 August 1942, Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay which led to the arrest of many Indian leaders. Prasad was arrested in Sadaqat Ashram, Patna and sent to Bankipur Central Jail. After remaining incarcerated for nearly three years, he was released on 15 June 1945.

After the formation of Interim Government of 12 nominated ministers under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946, he was allocated the Food and Agriculture department. He was elected as the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946. On 17 November 1947 he became Congress President for a third time after J. B. Kripalani submitted his resignation.

Presidency
Two and a half years after independence, on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified, and he was elected as the first President of India. On the night of 25 January 1950 (a day before the Republic Day of India), his sister Bhagwati Devi died. He arranged her cremation but only after his return from the parade ground.

As the President of India, Prasad duly acted as required by the Constitution and was independent of any political party. He travelled the world extensively as an ambassador of India, building diplomatic rapport with foreign nations. He was re-elected for two consecutive terms in 1952 and 1957 and is the only President of India to achieve this feat. The Mughal Gardens at the Rashtrapati Bhavan were open to public for about a month for the first time during his tenure, and since then it has been a big attraction for people in Delhi and many other parts of the country.

Prasad acted independently of political parties, following the expected role of the president as required by the constitution. Following the tussle over the enactment of the Hindu Code Bill, he took a more active role in state affairs. In 1962, after serving 12 years as president, he announced his decision to retire. After relinquishing the office of the President of India in May 1962, he returned to Patna on 14 May 1962 and stayed on the campus of Bihar Vidyapeeth. His wife died on 9 September 1962, a month before Indo-China War. He was subsequently honoured with Bharat Ratna, the nation's highest civilian award.

He died on 28 February 1963, aged 78. Rajendra Smriti Sangrahalaya in Patna is dedicated to him.

In popular culture
Babu Rajendra Prasad is 1980 short documentary film directed by Manjul Prabhat and produced by the Films Division of India which covers the life of the first president of India.

title: Rajendra Prasad


text:
Category:Shopping malls

See also: Category:Shopping districts and streets, a parallel category.

title: Category:Shopping malls


text:
Category:Retailers

This category is about companies that sell goods to the public.

For articles on the retail concepts and venues, see Category:Retailing.

For articles about people in retail, historically known as retailers, see Category:People in retailing.

title: Category:Retailers


text:
Talk:Zero-point energy

Bell Labs show Casimir force on nano machine
http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/021401/Quantum_effect_moves_machine_021401.html

A very interesting article about the work Bell Labs has been doing to look into the potential problems of "Nano bots" due to zero-point energy.

Don't forget to Spellcheck
The header "Fondational Physics" does not do wonders for your credibility. Use your spell-checker!

Adopting New Views as a Key For New Findings
Don't use talk pages for advertising.

Articles in the press?
This article has a whole section entitled "Articles in the press". Why? Johnjbarton (talk) 15:07, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Alternative theories
The section on "Alternative theories" has two paragraphs. The first one discusses alternative analysis and the second paragraph refutes it. The second paragraph misconstrues Jaffe. Jaffe is saying that vacuum fluctuations are needed by QED, but they are not real. His last sentence: Johnjbarton (talk) 16:37, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Still, no known phenomenon, including the Casimir effect, demonstrates that zero point energies are “real”.

title: Talk:Zero-point energy


text:
User talk:Klores

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

June 2015
Hello, I'm Northamerica1000. I noticed that you recently removed some content from Multiplying billiard balls without explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; another user restored the removed content. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. North America1000 19:59, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Klores


text:
User:Kevin Saff/monobook.js

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title: User:Kevin Saff/monobook.js


text:
Lorrie Moore

Lorrie Moore (born Marie Lorena Moore; January 13, 1957) is an American writer, critic, and essayist. She is best known for her short stories, some of which have won major awards. Since 1984, she has also taught creative writing.

Biography
Marie Lorena Moore was born in Glens Falls, New York, and nicknamed "Lorrie" by her parents. She attended St. Lawrence University. At 19, she won Seventeen magazine's fiction contest. The story, "Raspberries," was published in January 1977. After graduating from St. Lawrence, she moved to Manhattan and worked as a paralegal for two years.

In 1980, Moore enrolled in Cornell University's M.F.A. program, where she was taught by Alison Lurie. Upon graduation from Cornell, Moore was encouraged by a teacher to contact literary agent Melanie Jackson, who agreed to take her as a client. In 1983, Jackson sold Moore's collection Self-Help, almost entirely stories from her master's thesis, to Knopf.

Short stories
Her short story collections are Self-Help (1985), Like Life, the New York Times bestseller Birds of America, and Bark. She has contributed to The Paris Review. Her first story to appear in The New Yorker, "You're Ugly, Too," was later included in The Best American Short Stories of the Century, edited by John Updike. Another story, "People Like That Are the Only People Here," also published in The New Yorker, was reprinted in the 1998 edition of the annual collection The Best American Short Stories; the tale of a young child falling sick, the piece was loosely patterned on events in Moore's own life. The story was also included in the 2005 anthology Children Playing Before a Statue of Hercules, edited by David Sedaris.

Moore's Collected Stories was published by Faber in the UK in May 2008. It included all the stories in each of her previously published collections, excerpts from her novel Anagrams, and three previously uncollected stories first published in The New Yorker.

Moore's latest collection, Bark, was published in 2014. It became a finalist of The Story Prize and was short-listed by Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award.

Novels
Moore's novels are Anagrams (1986), Who Will Run the Frog Hospital? (1994), and A Gate at the Stairs (2009). Anagrams, with its experimental form, received a rather cold critical response. Who Will Run the Frog Hospital is the story of a woman vacationing with her husband who recalls an intense friendship from her adolescence. A Gate at the Stairs takes place just after the September 11 attack and is about a 20-year-old Midwestern woman's coming of age.

Of Moore's 2023 novel I Am Homeless if This Is Not My Home, The New Yorker's Parul Sehgal wrote: "One might say of Lorrie Moore what she said of Updike—that she is our greatest writer without a great novel—but how tinny ‘greatness’ can feel when caught in the inhabiting, staining, possessing power of a work of such determined strangeness and pain. An almost violent kind of achievement: a writer knifing forward, slicing open a new terrain—slicing open conventional notions and obligations of narrative itself."

Children's books
Moore has written a children's book entitled The Forgotten Helper, about an elf whom Santa Claus mistakenly leaves behind at the home of the worst child on his "good" list. The elf must help the child be good for the coming year so Santa will return next Christmas.

Essays
Moore writes occasionally about books, films, and television for The New York Review of Books. A collection of her essays, criticism and comment was published by Knopf as See What Can Be Done in April 2018.

Academic career
Moore was the Delmore Schwartz Professor in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she taught creative writing for 30 years. She joined the faculty in 1984 and left to join the faculty at Vanderbilt University in the fall of 2013, where she is now the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of English.

She has also taught at Cornell University, as the Sidney Harman Writer-in-Residence at Baruch College, and at the MFA in Creative Writing program at the University of Michigan, as well as at Princeton and NYU.

Short stories

 * 1985 – Self-Help; ISBN 0-446-67192-4
 * 1990 – Like Life; ISBN 0-375-71916-4
 * 1998 – Birds of America; ISBN 0-312-24122-4
 * 2008 – The Collected Stories; ISBN 978-0-571-23934-4
 * 2014 – Bark; ISBN 0-307-59413-0
 * 2020 – Collected Stories; ISBN 978-0-375-71238-8

Novels

 * 1986 – Anagrams; ISBN 0-307-27728-3
 * 1994 – Who Will Run the Frog Hospital?; ISBN 1-4000-3382-9
 * 2009 – A Gate at the Stairs; ISBN 978-0-375-40928-8
 * 2023 - I Am Homeless if This Is Not My Home; ISBN 978-0-593-74415-4

Children's books

 * 1987 – The Forgotten Helper; ISBN 0-440-41680-9

Non-fiction

 * 2018 – See What Can Be Done; ISBN 978-1524732486

Awards and recognition
Moore won the 1998 O. Henry Award for her short story "People Like That Are the Only People Here," published in The New Yorker on January 27, 1997.

In 1999, Moore was named as the winner of the Irish Times International Fiction Prize for Birds of America.

In 2004, she was selected as winner of the Rea Award for the Short Story, for outstanding achievement in that genre. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2006, and is a fellow of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters. In 2008, she delivered Oxford University's annual Esmond Harmsworth Lecture in American Arts and Letters at the university's Rothermere American Institute.

Her 2009 novel, A Gate at the Stairs, was a finalist for the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction and for the Orange Prize for Fiction.

Bark was shortlisted for the 2014 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award and was a finalist for The Story Prize.

Her novel I Am Homeless if This Is Not My Home was the winner of the 2023 National Book Critics Circle Award in Fiction.

title: Lorrie Moore


text: Category:Supermarkets

title: Category:Supermarkets


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National 12

The National 12 is a two-person, two-sail, twelve-foot (3.6 metre) long sailing dinghy. They are sailed extensively in the UK. The class was started in 1936 by the Royal Yachting Association as an alternative to the more expensive International 14s.

The rules limit the length of the boat to 12 ft, beam to 6 ft 6 in, an all up weight to 78 kg and a sail area of 10.4 m2. National 12s are sailed on all types of water from narrow rivers to the open sea. The class holds a national championships on an annual basis – known as Burton Week after the premier prize of the week: The Sir William Burton Cup – at various venues around the UK coast.

The National 12 is a development class where within a set of rules (and with occasional considered changes to those rules) the boats have been able to evolve over time, moving from wood and clinker construction to high-performance glass and carbon fibre-foam composite boats.There have been over two hundred different designs since the class inception. One of the most noticeable changes in the boats is the steady increase in beam over the history of the class – early examples were less than 5 ft while modern ones are usually at the maximum 6 ft 6 in to provide maximum righting moment for the crew. The Twelve has developed into a racing boat which performs well in all conditions being highly manouvreable and challenging to sail in windy weather.

The History

N1 "Gipsy" was designed by Uffa Fox and launched at Cowes in April 1936. The Twelve proved extremely popular and by the first championships in September of that year over 150 boats had been built. Gipsy accepted honourable retirement at the former Exeter Maritime Museum as a landmark in dinghy sailing history. Although his design, the "Uffa King", was very successful Fox himself built only two boats, Anemone N452, and Westwind N456, the latter for Bruce Banks, later to become famous as a sailmaker, in whose hands the boat was successfully campaigned for more than a decade, winning the Burton Cup both in 1939 and again in 1950. Westwind is now in the collection of the National Maritime Museum Cornwall

From 1936 to the present day the class has continued to develop. Rule changes have been made where necessary, for example, a minimum width rule was introduced in 1937, and a maximum width in 1980. Clinker construction went out in 1970 with the development of GRP hulls and 'four plank' wooden construction.

Ian Proctor started experimenting with metal masts to replace wooden spars in 1952 and Terylene sails arrived in 1954. The minimum weight was reduced to 80 kg in the 1980s.

A further reduction in late 1990s and a recent reduction in 2000 reduced the minimum weight down to the currently 78 kg (this includes mast & centreboard), reflecting the ability of even amateur builders to build lightweight hulls. Today most new boats are built using carbon fibre-foam sandwich construction with a self draining floor. This makes the boats very light and stiff, adding to the responsive character of the boats.

Winged rudders have been mainstream in the class since around 2010. They provide a number of benefits including: allowing the 12 to carry a little more helm/crew weight as they provide lift at the transom, increasing straight line speed in certain conditions and acting as a stabiliser on high speed reaches and runs.

Handicap and Other Racing
In a mixed fleet, the National 12 competes with other boats off a Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 1064. In mixed fleet racing in North America, it is more likely to use a D-PN of 98.0.

title: National 12


text:
Jeremiah Morrow

Jeremiah Morrow (October 6, 1771 – March 22, 1852) was a Democratic-Republican Party politician from Ohio. He served as the ninth governor of Ohio, and was the last Democratic-Republican to hold that office. He also served as a United States Senator and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He also served in the Ohio Senate.

Biography
Morrow was born near Gettysburg in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was of Scots-Irish descent, his Irish grandfather, also Jeremiah Morrow, had come to America from County Londonderry, and was descended from 17th century Scottish settlers. He moved to the Northwest Territory in 1795. He lived at the mouth of the Little Miami River for a short time before moving to what is now Warren County. As a member of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, he sought the services of a minister of his denomination soon after settling in the region, and he was one of the original elders of the Mill Creek congregation when it was organized shortly before 1800.

After serving in the Territorial House of Representatives and Territorial Senate, and as a Hamilton county delegate to the 1802 Constitutional Convention, he was elected to the first State Senate a year later and served six months before becoming Ohio's first member of the United States House of Representatives. Morrow won four additional full terms. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1812 and served a single term from 1813 to 1819, and did not seek re-election. As such, he was the first U.S. Senator for Ohio to serve a full six-year term. Morrow was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. In 1820, he served as one of Ohio's Presidential electors for James Monroe. He won election to the governorship in 1822 and served for two two-year terms. He declined to serve a third term, instead returning to the Ohio House of Representatives and State Senate. Morrow was sent back to Washington again in 1841, and served two more years in the House, but refused to be renominated in 1842, believing himself too old.

Death and legacy
After retiring from politics, Morrow returned to his farm and gristmill in Warren County. He died in 1852.

Morrow is the namesake of the Jeremiah Morrow Bridge, the highest bridge in Ohio. Morrow County and Morrow, Ohio are named after him. His grandson, George E. Morrow, was a professor at the University of Illinois and Iowa State University, and was president of Oklahoma State University.

title: Jeremiah Morrow


text: User talk:128.12.190.118

title: User talk:128.12.190.118


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Jacques Joseph

Jacques Joseph (born Jakob Lewin Joseph; 6 September 1865 – 12 February 1934) was a German medical doctor. "Nose Joseph" (Nasenjoseph) as he was known, is considered a pioneer of rhinoplasty.

Joseph was the third child of Rabbi Israel Joseph and his wife Sara. He was an innovator in modern plastic surgery and reconstructive surgery who developed methods for aesthetic plastic surgery, including cosmetic rhinoplasty. He noted that cosmetic surgery, while not a physical necessity, was worth the risks to a person's health because of its positive impact on their spirit, personality, and role in the world. He was a pioneer of rhinoplasty, which he developed and performed on many of Berlin's Jewish community (to which he also belonged).

From 1885 to 1889, he was a student of medicine at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1892 he joined the staff of the Berlin University Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery. In the same year he married his wife, Leonore. In 1904, Jacques Joseph published his first report on the simultaneous, intranasal correction of a hump nose with the correction of the front nasal septum. In 1916, he was appointed head of the newly founded Department of Facial Plastic Surgery at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic at the Charité by the Prussian Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs.

In 1919, he was appointed professor despite not having habilitated and was awarded the Iron Cross. In 1922, Joseph set up his own practice where he dedicated himself to work in several fields of plastic surgery. A report on Jacques Joseph was published by "raving reporter" Egon Erwin Kisch. In 1928 and 1929 the first two sections of Jacques Joseph's book on 'Nasal plastic surgery' were published at Curt Kabitzsch Publishers, Würzburg and Leipzig. In 1931 the expanded final version of his book on 'Nasal Plastic Surgery and Other Facial Reconstructive Procedures, With an Appendix on Reconstructive Breast Surgery and Some Other Procedures in the Area of External Plastic Surgery. An Atlas and Text Book.' was published. This book is called a milestone in plastic surgery. On 12 February 1934, Jacques Joseph died of a heart attack in the hallway of his house in Berlin on his way to his practice. Joseph's grave, long thought to be lost, was discovered in the early 2000s in the Jewish Weißensee cemetery. After reconstruction of the gravestone, it was rededicated by leading members of the Jewish community of Berlin on October 17, 2004.

title: Jacques Joseph