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Tony Yeboah

Anthony Yeboah (born 6 June 1966) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He is considered one of the most prominent and prolific goal scorers in Ghanaian and African football history and gained a reputation for scoring spectacular goals which often featured in Goal of the Month or Goal of the Season competitions in the 1990s.

Yeboah is most noted for his time at European clubs 1. FC Saarbrücken, Eintracht Frankfurt, Leeds United and Hamburger SV. He also played for Asante Kotoko, Cornerstones Kumasi, Okwawu United and Al-Ittihad Doha. He was capped 59 times by Ghana, scoring 29 goals. He now runs an international sports agency and a chain of hotels in Ghana. He won the Bundesliga golden boot on two occasions, 1992–93 and 1993–94, playing for Eintracht Frankfurt.

Club career
Yeboah was born in Kumasi, Ghana. After spending his youth in Kumasi, Yeboah joined German club 1. FC Saarbrücken in 1988. This move was of some historical significance, because Yeboah became one of the first black players to appear in the Bundesliga. Yeboah had a slow first year, but then scored 17 league goals in his second Saarbrücken year.

Eintracht Frankfurt
Yeboah moved to Eintracht Frankfurt in 1990, where he was at first booed by a section of fans and—being the first black player the team had ever signed—subjected to monkey-noises and other racist insults. In the Hesse metropolis, Yeboah quickly established himself as a deadly striker, silencing all critics, and became the first African Bundesliga club captain. He was the top Bundesliga scorer twice with Eintracht, in 1993 and 1994.

Leeds United
Yeboah joined English club Leeds United from Eintracht Frankfurt for £3.4 million in January 1995, scoring 12 times in 21 league appearances as Leeds finished fifth in the FA Premier League and qualified for the UEFA Cup. In his second season at Elland Road he was voted Player of the Year. Yeboah scored a total of 32 goals for Leeds United in 66 appearances, and is still revered as a cult hero for the Yorkshire club due to a series of memorable goals he scored. His volley against Liverpool and his strike versus Wimbledon in the 1995–96 season were among his most notable goals, and he was a regular feature in Goal of the Month in the Premier League. He told Newstalk's Team 33 in 2014 that his favourite goal was the one he scored against Liverpool. The goal against Wimbledon was awarded Goal of the Season in 1995–96. Until Gareth Bale equalled the feat in 2013, Yeboah was the only player ever to win successive BBC Match of the Day Goal of the Month competitions, doing so in September and October 1995.

He also scored three hat-tricks for Leeds; the first against Ipswich Town in the Premier League at Elland Road on 5 April 1995, which made him only the third foreign player to score a league hat-trick for Leeds (Cantona v Tottenham in August 1992 was the first, and Phil Masinga three months earlier in an FA Cup tie). Yeboah's second hat-trick came against Monaco in the 1995–96 UEFA Cup on 12 September 1995, and the third 11 days later in the Premier League match against Wimbledon at Selhurst Park which included the aforementioned Goal of the Season. A video was released named ‘Yeboah – Shoot to Kill’ while he was at Leeds. Injuries (several picked up while on international duty) restricted his game when he played and kept him out of the Leeds side on several occasions. When George Graham took over as manager, there was a clash of personalities and Yeboah was sold to Hamburger SV in September 1997, having played just six times in the 1996-97 season under Graham.

Later career
Yeboah joined German club Hamburger SV and remained there until 2001, scoring 28 goals. He left in order to join Al Ittihad, where he played under Austrian coach Josef Hickersberger.

International career
He was a member of Ghana's national team for over ten years, and represented his country at three Africa Cup of Nations during the 1990s. Yeboah scored 29 goals in 59 appearances for Ghana, the fourth highest goalscoring total in the nation's history behind Asamoah Gyan, Edward Acquah and Kwasi Owusu.

Post-playing career
On 3 November 2008, he was appointed as the new chairman of the newly promoted Ghana Premier League club Berekum Chelsea.

Personal life
Yeboah along with his cousin former Mainz player Michael Osei runs an international sports agency called Anthony Yeboah Sportpromotion and owns a chain of hotels in Ghana (Accra, Kumasi) called Yegoala. He is married and has two children.

His nephew, Kelvin Yeboah, is also a professional footballer.

International goals
African Cup of Nations only.

 * Scores and results list Ghana's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Yeboah goal.

Honours
Asante Kotoko
 * Ghana Premier League: 1981, 1982, 1983
 * African Cup of Champions Clubs: 1983

Leeds United
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 1995–96

Al Ittihad
 * Qatar Stars League: 2001–02
 * Emir of Qatar Cup: 2001–02
 * Qatar Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Ghana
 * African Cup of Nations runner-up: 1992
 * West African Nations Cup – SCSA Zone III: 1982, 1983, 1984

Individual
 * Ghana Premier League top scorer: 1986, 1987
 * Bundesliga top scorer: 1992–93, 1993–94
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1992–93, 1993–94
 * African Footballer of the Year third: 1992; second: 1993
 * FIFA World Player of the Year ninth: 1993
 * Leeds United Player of the Year: 1996
 * Ghana Footballer of the Year: 1997
 * Premier League Player of the Month: March 1995, September 1995

title: Tony Yeboah


text: Category:National legislatures

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:National legislatures


text: Category:National lower houses

title: Category:National lower houses


text: Category:National upper houses

title: Category:National upper houses


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User talk:Makaainana

Hello and welcome. You created quite a lot new articles on CDs, in which you added links to buy those CDs at amazon. While Wikipedia has a special mechanism for books to link the ISBN number to various online bookstores, it has no such system for CDs (and it is much less needed for CDs than for books). By adding a direct link to one online shop we would loose our neutrality, but what is more annoying is that you apparently used a affiliate ID from amazon in your links. If that one wasn't by accident and really was your ID you should be ashamed, trying to benefit from Wikipedia that way. Also all of your articles just consist of the track listing, which is not enough for an article in an encyclopedia - you might take a look at Abbey Road to see how an encyclopedic article on a musical album would look like.

So if you didn't come here just to promote your affiliate ID and want to contribute on music topics here, reading WikiProject Albums might be a good starting point. andy 20:04, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Makaainana


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Zhang Guotao

Zhang Guotao (November 26, 1897 – December 3, 1979) was a Chinese revolutionary who was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and rival to Mao Zedong. During the 1920s he studied in the Soviet Union and became a key contact with the Comintern, organizing the CCP labor movement in the United Front with the Kuomintang. From 1931 to 1932, after the Party had been driven from the cities, Zhang was placed in charge of the Eyuwan Soviet. When his armies were driven from the region, he joined the Long March but lost a contentious struggle for party leadership to Mao Zedong. Zhang's armies then took a different route from Mao's and were badly beaten by local Muslim Ma clique forces in Gansu. When his depleted forces finally arrived to join Mao in Yan'an, Zhang continued his losing challenge to Mao, and left the party in 1938. Zhang eventually retired to Canada, in 1968. He became a Christian shortly before his death in Scarborough, Ontario (a suburb of Toronto), in 1979. His memoirs provide valuable and vivid information on his life and party history.

Early and student life
Born in Pingxiang County, Jiangxi, Zhang was involved in revolutionary activities during his youth. Zhang studied Marxist thought under Li Dazhao while attending Peking University in 1916. After his active role in the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Zhang became one of the most prominent student leaders and later joined the early organization of the CCP in October 1920. At the same time, Mao Zedong was a librarian working at Peking University; the two knew each other. Zhang acted as the CCP's top party official at the first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and was elected a member of the Central Bureau of the CCP in charge of organizing the work of Professional revolutionaries. After the congress, Zhang held the position of Director of Secretariat of the China Labor Union and Chief Editor of Labor Weekly, from which he became an expert in labor unions and mobilization. He led several major strikes of railway and textile workers, which made him a pioneer of the labor movement in China along with such figures as Liu Shaoqi and Li Lisan.

Early career
In 1924 Zhang attended the First National Congress of the Kuomintang (KMT) during the policy of alliance between the Communists and the Kuomintang and was elected as Substitute Commissioner of Central Executive Committee. This was despite the fact that Zhang had opposed the alliance with Kuomintang in the Third National Congress of the CCP and had been reprimanded. In 1925 in the Fourth National Congress of the CCP, Zhang was elected Commissioner of Central Committee of CCP and Director of Labor & Peasant Work Department. In 1926 Zhang was the General Secretary of Hubei Division of CCP, and in 1927 he was Commissioner of Interim Central Committee of the CCP after the failure of the CCP uprising. Zhang with Li Lisan and Qu Qiubai were the acting leaders of the CCP. At that time Mao only led a small number of troops in Jiangxi and Hunan. In 1928 Zhang went to Moscow for the second time. He opposed Wang Ming and the rest of the "28 Bolsheviks", a group of Chinese students in Moscow. Nonetheless, Zhang was elected as a member of the politburo of the CCP in the Sixth National Congress held in Soviet Union, and then as a delegate of the CCP in Comintern. Zhang and the 28 Bolsheviks were mostly reconciled by 1930, however, and Zhang returned to China.

Leader of the Eyuwan Soviet
In Zhang's absence, Li Lisan had become de facto leader of the CCP. His "Li Lisan line" called for the rural soviets to launch immediate attacks on major cities, which had ended in disastrous failure. In the winter of 1930-1931, Zhang and the 28 Bolsheviks ousted Li from power and set about bringing the far-flung rural soviets under more centralized control. Zhang was sent to the Eyuwan Soviet on the border of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui provinces. Zhang came into immediate conflict with the leaders of the Fourth Red Army. Xu Jishen and the other commanders wanted to seize the breadbasket counties in eastern Hubei to fix Eyuwan's chronic food shortages. Zhang compared the plan to Li Lisan's "adventurism", and when they disobeyed his orders and took the land anyways, he got permission from the Central Committee to make Chen Changhao political commissar of the Fourth Red Army. Zhang and Chen accused the Fourth Red Army was acting like a "warlord-bandit" force, pillaging the countryside and rejecting proper discipline. Zhang and Chen then purged the army of hundreds of alleged traitors, including Xu.

Zhang's purges expanded during the second half of 1931. Thousands or tens of thousands of party members were arrested and accused of being part of the Reorganizationists, the Anti-Bolshevik League, or the Third Party. In some counties, Zhang even set up secret police. Zhang's main justification for the purge was that the local party was too strongly intertwined with local gentry and the traditional rural power structure. He argued that this had prevented the party from carrying out land reform properly, and land reform under Zhang went much further than it had in previous years. Zhang appointed a Red Army officer named Gao Jingting to chairman of the Eyuwan Soviet. Gao had a reputation for brutality against rich peasants and landlords. In order to "comb out" rich peasants, any Red army soldiers who were literate were dismissed. The purges led to opposition against Zhang from wide sections of the party and peasantry. They eventually came to an end during the latter half of 1932. Soldiers who had been purged for their literacy but had stayed with the Red Army were allowed to rejoin and in some instances promoted. The overall impact and scale of the purges are disputed. Reasonable estimates of the number arrested and killed range from the low thousands to 10,000. Historian William Rowe argues that this "meant... the near final extinction of the Party's base of indigenous supporters" in Eyuwan, but most other historians disagree. Benton points out that almost all of the purged cadres were replaced with other local supporters since there were very few non-native Communists in the region. Tony Saich argues that the Red Army's continued success showed that the purges had not affected the army's fighting capacity. In early 1932, the Fourth Red Army had helped defeat the Third Encirclement Campaign and reached 30,000 soldiers.

Retreat and the Long March
In 1932, the Nationalists' fourth encirclement campaign finally broke the Fourth Red Army and Zhang was forced to lead a retreat westwards. The main force lost half of its troops during the fighting and subsequent retreat, being reduced to 15,000 men. In the border region between Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces he decided to set up a new base. Slowly he turned it into a prosperous autonomous region by way of land reform and enlisting the support of locals, establishing the Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation. However, once the prosperity was in reach, Zhang launched another series of purges. As a result, he and the Red Army lost the popular support, and was driven from the Red base. In 1935 Zhang and his army of more than 80,000 reunited with Mao's 10,000 troops during the Long March. It was not long before Mao and Zhang were locked in disagreements over issues of strategy and tactics, causing a split in the Red Army. The main disagreement was Zhang's insistence on moving southward to establish a new base in the region of Sichuan that was populated by ethnic minorities. Mao pointed out the flaws of such a move, pointing out the difficulties to establish any communist base in regions where the general populace was hostile, and insisted on moving northward to reach the communist base in Shaanxi. Zhang tried to have Mao and his followers arrested and killed if needed, but his plan was foiled by his own staff members Ye Jianying and Yang Shangkun, who fled to Mao's headquarters to inform Mao about Zhang's plot, taking all of the codebooks and maps with them. As a result, Mao immediately moved his troop northward and thus escaped arrest and possible death.

Zhang decided to carry out his plan on his own, with disastrous results: over 75% of his original 80,000 + troops were lost in his adventure. Zhang was forced to admit defeat and retreat to the communist base in Shaanxi. More disastrous than losing most of his troops, the failure discredited Zhang among his own followers, who turned to Mao. Furthermore, because all of the codebooks were obtained by Mao, Zhang lost contact with Comintern while Mao was able to establish the link, this coupled with the fact of Zhang's disastrous defeat, discredited Zhang within Comintern, which begun to give greater support for Mao.

Zhang's remaining troops of 21,800 were later annihilated in 1936 by the superior force of more than 100,000 combined troops of warlords Ma Bufang, Ma Hongbin and Ma Zhongying during efforts to cross the Yellow River and conquer Ma's territory. Zhang lost the power and influence to be able to challenge Mao and had to accept his failure as a result of the disaster which only left him 427 surviving troops from the original 21,800.

In 2006, the writer and producer, Sun Shuyun, provided an account of the Long March that took exception to various ways in which the event has been propagandized. Although critical of Zhang Guotao, she argued that there was no evidence of a so-called "secret telegram" that had been intercepted by Mao in which Zhang intended to use force against the Central Committee. Moreover, she shows that the official History of the Chinese Communist Party was revised in 2002 to say that Zhang Guotao did not order the Western Legion into Gansu in order to build up his own power base. Rather, all orders originated from the Central Committee.

End of CCP career and exile

When Zhang reached the new CCP base at Yan'an, he had fallen from power and became an easy target for Mao. Zhang kept the now figurehead position of Chairman of Yan'an Frontier Area and was frequently subjected to humiliation by Mao and his allies. Zhang was too proud to ally with Wang Ming, who had recently come back from Moscow and was acting as the Comintern's representative in China. Zhang's popularity in the Comintern might have given him another chance of returning to power if he had allied with Wang. Another reason why Zhang did not ally with Wang was that Wang boasted that it was under his order that five senior CCP leaders (Yu Xiusong, Huang Chao, Li Te and two others—all opponents of Wang) had been arrested, and now worked for warlord Sheng Shicai in Xinjiang under the direction of the CCP. All five were tortured and executed in a prison under the control of Sheng Shicai, having been labeled as Trotskyists. However, Sheng Shicai was acting under direction from the CCP under Wang Ming. After that incident, Zhang despised Wang and would never consider supporting him.

Without any supporters, Zhang was purged in 1937 at the Extended Meeting of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, after which he defected to the Kuomintang in 1938. But without any power, resources, and support, Zhang never held any important positions afterward and only did research on the CCP for Dai Li. After the defeat of the Kuomintang in 1949 he went into exile in Hong Kong. He emigrated to Canada with his wife Tzi Li Young in 1968 to join their two sons who were already living in Toronto.

He gave his only interview in 1974, when he told a Canadian Press reporter, "I have washed my hands of politics". In 1978, he converted to Christianity under the influence of a Chinese scholar, Zhang Li Sang. After suffering several strokes, he died in a Scarborough, Ontario, nursing home on December 3, 1979, at the age of 82. He is buried in the Pine Hills Cemetery in Scarborough.

Zhang was highly critical of the proceedings of the first PRC Police leader Luo Ruiqing during the Chinese Civil War.

title: Zhang Guotao


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Emily Murphy

Emily Murphy (born Emily Gowan Ferguson; 14 March 1868 – 27 October 1933) was a Canadian women's rights activist and author. In 1916, she became the first female magistrate in Canada and the fifth in the British Empire after Elizabeth Webb Nicholls, Jane Price, E. Cullen and Cecilia Dixon of Australia (all appointed to office in 1915). She is best known for her contributions to Canadian feminism, specifically to the question of whether women were "persons" under Canadian law.

Murphy is known as one of "The Famous Five" (also called "The Valiant Five") —a group of Canadian women's rights activists that also included Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby. In 1927, the women launched the "Persons Case," contending that women could be "qualified persons" eligible to sit in the Senate. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that they were not. However, upon appeal to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council, the court of last resort for Canada at that time, the women won their case.

However, there has been some criticism of her later work, mainly for her role in the Sexual Sterilization Act of Alberta and her allegations that a ring of immigrants from other countries, particularly China, would corrupt the white race by getting Canadians hooked on drugs. In her book The Black Candle, she wrote: "It is hardly credible that the average Chinese peddler has any definite idea in his mind of bringing about the downfall of the white race, his swaying motive being probably that of greed, but in the hands of his superiors, he may become a powerful instrument to that end."

Early life
Emily Murphy was born in Cookstown, Ontario, the third child of Isaac Ferguson and Emily Gowan. Isaac Ferguson was a successful businessman and property owner. As a child, Murphy frequently joined her two older brothers Thomas and Gowan in their adventures; their father encouraged this behaviour and often had his sons and daughters share responsibilities equally.

Murphy grew up under the influence of her maternal grandfather, Ogle R. Gowan, a politician who founded a local branch of the Orange Order in 1830, and two uncles, one a Supreme Court justice and the other a senator. Her brother also became a lawyer and another member of the Supreme Court. Another uncle was Thomas Roberts Ferguson, an MP, and she was related to James Robert Gowan, who was a lawyer, judge, and senator.

Murphy benefited from parents who supported their daughter's receiving a formal academic education. She attended Bishop Strachan School, an exclusive Anglican private school for girls in Toronto where, through a friend, she met her future husband Arthur Murphy, who was 11 years her senior.

In 1887, they married, and subsequently had four daughters: Madeleine, Evelyn, Doris and Kathleen. Doris died. After Doris's death, the family decided to try a new setting and moved west to Swan River, Manitoba, in 1903 and then to Edmonton, Alberta, in 1907.

Dower Act

While Arthur was working as an Anglican priest, Murphy explored her new surroundings and became increasingly aware of the poverty that existed.

At the age of 40, when her children became independent and began their separate lives, Murphy began to actively organize women's groups where the isolated housewives could meet and discuss ideas and plan group projects. In addition to these organizations, Murphy began to speak openly and frankly about the disadvantaged and the poor living conditions that surrounded their society.

Her strong interest in the rights and protection of women and children intensified when she was made aware of an unjust experience of an Albertan woman whose husband sold the family farm; the husband then abandoned his wife and children who were left homeless and penniless. At that time, property laws did not leave the wife with any legal recourse.

This case motivated Murphy to create a campaign that assured the property rights of married women. With the support of many rural women, Murphy began to pressure the Alberta government to allow women to retain the rights of their land. In 1916, Murphy successfully persuaded the Alberta legislature to pass the Dower Act that would allow a woman legal rights to one-third of her husband's property. Murphy's reputation as a women's rights activist was established by this first political victory.

Appointment as female magistrate

Murphy's success in the fight for the Dower Act, along with her work through the Local Council of Women and her increasing awareness of women's rights, influenced her request for a female magistrate in the women's court.

In 1916, Murphy, along with a group of women, attempted to observe a trial for women who were labelled prostitutes and were arrested for "questionable" circumstances. The women were asked to leave the courtroom on the claims that the statement was not "fit for mixed company". This outcome was unacceptable to Murphy and she protested to the provincial Attorney General. "If the evidence is not fit company," she argued, "then the government must set up a special court presided over by women, to try other women".

Murphy's request was approved and she became the first woman police magistrate in the British Empire.

However, her appointment as a judge became the cause for her greatest adversity concerning women within the law. In her first case in Alberta on 1 July 1916, she found the prisoner guilty. The prisoner's lawyer called into question her right to pass a sentence since she was not legally a person. The Provincial Supreme Court denied the appeal.

Persons case
In 1917, she headed the battle to have women declared as "persons" in Canada, and, consequently, qualified to serve in the Senate. With the achievement of female suffrage achieved (or about to be) at least in English Canada, the legal obstacle preventing the appointment of women to the Senate was the last area in which women were not legal equals to men in Canadian political affairs. Edmonton lawyer, Eardley Jackson, challenged her position as judge because women were not considered "persons" under the British North America Act 1867. This understanding was based on a British common law ruling of 1876, which stated, "women were eligible for pains and penalties, but not rights and privileges." His appeal was rejected out of hand.

In 1919, Murphy presided over the inaugural conference of the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada, which passed a resolution calling for a female senator to be appointed. The National Council of Women and the Montreal Women's Club also supported the resolution, selecting Murphy as their preferred candidate.

Murphy began to work on a plan to ask for clarification of how women were regarded in the BNA act and how they were to become Senators. She enlisted the help of four other Albertan women and on 27 August 1927 she and human rights activist and ex-MLA Nellie McClung, ex-MLA Louise McKinney, women's rights campaigner and author Henrietta Edwards, and sitting Alberta cabinet minister and MLA Irene Parlby signed the petition to the federal Cabinet, asking that the federal government refer the issue to the Supreme Court of Canada.

The women's petition set out two questions, but the federal government re-framed it as one question, asking the Supreme Court: "Does the word 'person' in Section 24 of the British North America Act include female persons?"

The campaign became known as The Persons Case and reached the Supreme Court of Canada in March 1928. The Court held that women were not qualified to sit in the Senate. The five women then appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain. On 18 October 1929, in a decision called Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), the Privy Council declared that 'persons' in Section 24 of the BNA Act of 1867 should be interpreted to include both males and females; therefore, women were eligible to serve in the Senate.

Despite the ruling, Murphy never did serve in the Senate. After the ruling, the first seat to open up in the Senate was in Quebec - Murphy lived in Alberta. As well, the Prime Minister at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, was a Liberal, and Murphy was a partisan Conservative. She was passed over in favour of philanthropist Cairine Wilson in 1930.

After the Conservatives under R. B. Bennett won the 1930 federal election, Murphy was denied a chance to sit in the Senate again in 1931, because the vacancy had been caused by the death of a Catholic senator, and Murphy was a Protestant. (Meat-packer Robert Burns got the seat.) Murphy died in 1933 without fulfilling her dream of sitting in Canada's upper chamber.

The five appellants in the Person's Case were known as the Famous Five (or the Valiant Five) and were considered leaders in education for social reform and women's rights. They challenged convention and established an important precedent in Canadian history. In Canada's Senate Chamber, the five women are honoured with a plaque that reads, "To further the cause of womankind these five outstanding pioneer women caused steps to be taken resulting in the recognition by the Privy Council of women as persons eligible for appointment to the Senate of Canada." Murphy, along with the rest of the Famous Five, was featured on the back of one of the Canadian 50-dollar bills issued in 2004 as part of the Canadian Journey Series.

In October 2009, the Senate voted to name Murphy and the rest of the Five Canada's first "honorary senators".

Drugs and race
Although Murphy's views on race changed over the course of her life, the perspective contained in her book The Black Candle is considered the most consequential because it played a role in creating a widespread "war on drugs mentality" leading to legislation that "defined addiction as a law enforcement problem". A series of articles in Maclean's magazine under her pen name, "Janey Canuck", forms the basis of The Black Candle. Using extensive anecdotes and "expert" opinion, The Black Candle depicts an alarming picture of drug abuse in Canada, detailing Murphy's understanding of the use and effects of opium, cocaine, and pharmaceuticals, as well as a "new menace", "marijuana". Murphy's concern with drugs began when she started coming into "disproportionate contact with Chinese people" in her courtroom because they were over-represented in the criminal justice system. In addition to professional expertise and her own observations, Murphy was also given a tour of opium dens in Vancouver's Chinatown by local police detectives. Vancouver at the time was in the midst of a moral panic over drugs that was part of the anti-Asian campaign that precipitated the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923.

Canadian drug historian Catherine Carstairs has argued that there is little documentary evidence on which to determine how early Canadian drug policy was formed. Although Murphy's anti-drug screeds were widely read and helped spread the drug panic across Canada, she was not respected by the Division of Narcotic Control because of the creative liberties she took in presenting research they had assisted her with. According to Carstairs, "There were insinuations in the records that the bureaucrats at the division of narcotic control did not think highly of Emily Murphy and did not pay attention to what she was writing about. They didn't consider her a particularly accurate or valuable source."

Carstairs also states that while Murphy was not the primary cause of the drug panic in Vancouver, but that nevertheless "her articles did mark a turning point and her book ... brought the Vancouver drug panic to a larger Canadian audience".

Race permeates The Black Candle, and is intricately entwined with the drug trade and addiction in Murphy's analysis. Yet she is ambiguous in her treatment of non-whites. In one passage, for example, she chastises whites who use the Chinese as "scapegoats", while elsewhere, she refers to the Chinese man as a "visitor" in this country, and that "it might be wise to put him out" if it turns out that this visitor carries "poisoned lollipops in his pocket and feeds them to our children". Drug addiction, however, not the Chinese immigrant, is "a scourge so dreadful in its effects that it threatens the very foundations of civilization", and which laws, therefore, need to target for eradication. Drugs victimize everyone, and members of all races perpetuate the drug trade, according to Murphy. At the same time, she does not depart from the dominant view of middle class whites at the time that "races" were discrete, biologically determined categories, naturally ranked in a hierarchy. In this scheme, the white race was facing degradation through miscegenation, while the more prolific "black and yellow races may yet obtain the ascendancy" and thus threatened to "wrest the leadership of the world from the British".

Murphy's distaste for non-whites is reflected in scholarly debates, but what is not controversial is that The Black Candle was written "for the express purpose of arousing public demands for stricter drug legislation" and that in this she was to some degree successful. This motivation may have influenced her racial analysis by playing to the popular prejudices of her white audiences. On the other hand, she may have deliberately tried to distance herself from those prejudices, especially the ones propagated by the more vulgar and excitable Asian exclusionists in British Columbia to maximize her credibility and sway her more moderate readers.

Eugenics movement
During the early twentieth century, scientific knowledge emerged at the forefront of social importance. Advances in science and technology were thought to hold answers to current and future social problems.

Murphy was among those who thought that societal problems like alcoholism, drug abuse and crime resulted from mental deficiencies. In a 1932 article titled "Overpopulation and Birth Control", she states: "over-population [is a] basic problem of all ... none of our troubles can even be allayed until this is remedied". As the politics behind the Second World War continued to develop, Murphy, who was a pacifist, theorized that the only reason for war was that nation needed to fight for land to accommodate their growing populations. She argued that people would not need as much land if there was population control. Without the constant need for more land, the war would cease to exist.

Her solution to these social issues was eugenics. Murphy supported selective breeding and the compulsory sterilization of those individuals who were considered mentally deficient. She believed that the mentally and socially inferior reproduced more than the "human thoroughbreds" and appealed to the Alberta Legislative Assembly for forced sterilization. In a petition, she wrote that mentally defective children were "a menace to society and an enormous cost to the state ... science is proving that mental defectiveness is a transmittable hereditary condition". She wrote to the UFA government's Minister of Agriculture and Health, George Hoadley that two female "feeble-minded" mental patients had already bred several offspring. She called it "a neglect amounting to a crime to permit these two women to go on bearing children".

The UFA government brought in a eugenics law in 1928, requiring parents' or guardians' approval of the operation. Later, after Murphy's death, William Aberhart's Social Credit government amended the law to allow forced sterilization.

Due in part to Murphy's heavy advocacy of compulsory sterilization, thousands of Albertan men and women were sterilized without their knowledge or consent under the Sexual Sterilization Act before its repeal in 1972.

Legacy
Her legacy is disputed, with her important contributions to feminism being weighed against her racist and nativist views and her advocation of eugenics. In addition to being against immigration, she was a strong supporter of Alberta's legislation for the Sexual Sterilization of the Insane at a time when compulsory sterilization was practised in some North American jurisdictions.

Recent memorializing of the Famous Five, such as the illustration on the back of the fifty-dollar bill, has been used as the occasion for re-evaluating Murphy's legacy. Marijuana decriminalization activists especially have criticized Murphy as part of the movement to discredit marijuana prohibition. It has been speculated that today's drug laws are built on the racist foundations laid by Murphy and that the drug war has harmed more women than the Persons Case has benefited. Conversely, Murphy's defenders note that she was writing at a time when white racism was typical, not exceptional and that Murphy's views were more progressive than many of her peers.

Emily Murphy's house in Edmonton, Alberta (at 11011 - 88th Avenue) is on the Canadian Register of Historic People and Places. She lived in this home from 1919 until she died in 1933. It is now located on the campus of the University of Alberta and houses the Student Legal Services.

In 1958, she was recognized as a Person of National Historic Significance by the government of Canada. A plaque commemorating this is installed at Emily Murphy Park on Emily Murphy Park Road in Edmonton. The "National Persons" case was recognized in 1997 as a National Historic Event with a plaque at the same place.

title: Emily Murphy


text: Category:Legislatures

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Category:Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology is a specialty of medicine that diagnoses (endoscopy) and treats diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Liver disease (the field of hepatology) is generally considered part of gastroenterology.

title: Category:Gastroenterology


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William Bebb

William Bebb (December 8, 1802 –October 23, 1873) was a Whig politician from Ohio. He served as the 19th governor of Ohio from 1846 to 1849 and was the third native Ohioan to be elected to the office.

Biography
Bebb was born in what was then Hamilton County in the Northwest Territory (his birthplace is now located in modern-day Butler County, Ohio) to Welsh immigrants. He is the son of Edward Bebb and Margaret Roberts Owens. Bebb's parents were early residents of Paddy's Run, now known as Shandon, Ohio. In 1826 the Paddy's Run school was organized under the new state law, a new building was erected, and William Bebb was employed as the first teacher.

On October 16, 1824 he married Sarah Shuck. In 1828, Bebb and his wife opened a boarding school for boys called the "Sycamore Grove School". While he taught school, Bebb studied for the bar and passed the state bar examination. He began practicing law in 1831 and worked in the office of John Woods.

Career
Bebb was a devoted campaigner for William Henry Harrison in 1840, and for Henry Clay in 1844. Bebb was a Presidential elector in 1844 for Clay/Frelinghuysen.

Bebb was nominated by the Whigs in 1846 for the governorship, and served a single term beginning in December 1846. His term technically expired in December 1848, but was extended into January 1849 due to a number of close statewide elections which necessitated delaying the inauguration of a successor.

He was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as examiner in the pension office at Washington, D.C. He declined an appointment as United States Diplomat to Tangier, Morocco in 1868.

Death
After Bebb retired from politics, he and his wife moved to their farm in Rockford, Illinois. Bebb died at his home on October 23, 1873, and Sarah Bebb died on January 10, 1892.

Bebb was interred in Greenwood Cemetery in Rockford, Illinois.

Trial of William Bebb
In 1857, Bebb fired a weapon and a man died. He was accused of manslaughter, and tried in Winnebago County, Illinois Circuit Court in 1858. One of his defense council summarized the case thus: "In the month of May, 1857, Michael Bebb, the second son of Gov. Bebb, had married a wife and brought her home to his father's house. On the night of the 18th, a company of young men, to the number of twelve, collected cow-bells, tin horns and other noise making instruments, together with a number of guns; and about 11 o'clock opened up a charivari, with cheers, ringing of bells, blowing of horns, rattling of pans and discharging of guns. The family of Gov. Bebb had no previous intimation of what was intended, and were very much alarmed. The Governor took a double-barrel fowling-piece in his hands and went out, and ordered the rioters off his premises. They may not have heard him, by reason of the noise they were making, being in full concert when he went out. Be that as it may, they gave no heed to the warning. He then discharged one barrel of his gun at too great a distance to do any serious execution, and again warned them to be gone. All the company except four retreated. These four made a rush toward the Governor, apparently for the purpose of seizing him. He retreated a few paces, and, turning round, shot the foremost man dead on the spot. The next morning he assembled the sheriff and other ministers of the law; showed them what was done; furnished them with the names of all the parties, so far as he had ascertained them in the meantime; and demanded an investigation. An investigation was had before the examining court, and the Governor was discharged. Some months afterward, when he was in the city of Cincinnati on business, he learned through the newspapers that the Grand Jury of Winnebago County had indicted him for manslaughter. He immediately telegraphed the sheriff of the county, informing him where he was and when he would be home. He went home, surrendered himself and gave bail for his appearance. The trial of the case was set for the 4th of February, 1858, and, in addition to the able council at home, he added the Hon. Thomas Corwin and Judge William Johnston, of Ohio, who were present, conducted the examination, and argued the case to the jury. The argument for the defense was opened by Gov. Corwin, in a speech replete with wit and eloquence. Immense numbers of people crowded to hear the trial, from various motives; chiefly to learn judicially how much an unoffending citizen might lawfully do in defense of his habituation and household when menaced by lawless assemblies. The result, it is believed, was satisfactory to all well-disposed persons. Gov. Bebb was acquitted, notwithstanding an able and learned effort on the part of the People, in which everything was done, that talent and industry could do, to secure a conviction."

- William Johnston

A fable grew out of the trial, which had Tom Corwin coming to the county anonymously before the trial, and charming its occupants to the point that, when he represented Bebb, his good will with the residents assured an acquittal. A later examination of the trial record showed the story to be fanciful, with Corwin and Johnston winning acquittal through competent representation.

title: William Bebb


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Joan Oró

Joan Oró i Florensa (October 26, 1923, in Lleida, Catalonia – September 2, 2004, in Barcelona, Catalonia) was a Spanish biochemist, whose research has been of importance in understanding the origin of life. He participated in several NASA missions, including Apollo mission to the Moon and the Viking lander. He received the Oparin Medal, awarded by the International Astrobiology Society for his contributions to the field of origins of life.

Life
Oró completed his undergraduate studies in Biochemistry at the University of Barcelona and moved to the United States in 1952, due to the scarce scientific resources offered by the Spanish academia at that time. Four years later he obtained his PhD in Biochemistry in Houston. He became a full professor in University of Houston in 1963 where he founded and directed the department of biochemistry and biophysics. From the 1960s he worked with NASA on the Viking missions which explored the planet Mars. His work was essential in the analysis of samples of Martian soil, questioning early suggestions that life might have been detected. He was also involved in political life after Spain's transition to democracy as member of the Parliament of Catalonia. He also served as a science advisor for many USA projects and committees, including those involved in the International Space Station and the future missions to Mars.

Origins of life
One of his most important contributions was the prebiotic synthesis of the nucleobase adenine (a key component of nucleic acids) from hydrogen cyanide (HCN). He also showed that amino acids can be made from HCN plus ammonia in an aqueous solution. This was achieved during the period 1959–1962 and stands, together with the Miller-Urey experiment, as one of the fundamental results of prebiotic chemistry. It opened up a research area eventually leading to the complete synthesis of other components of nucleic acids.

Cometary origin of prebiotic molecules
He was also the first scientist pointing towards comets as key carriers of organic molecules to our early biosphere. This conjecture (formulated in 1961) is broadly accepted today. Although such an idea had been around for a long time, it was only when both space exploration and prebiotic chemistry fully developed that extensive evidence was in place. Comets are rich in carbon and water, bearing along precursor molecules based on carbon chemistry, such as amino acids. In this context, in 1971, Oró and co-workers published a paper revealing the high abundance of amino acids, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite and studied the optical activity of the amino acids.

Viking mission
Oró also provided a chemical interpretation of a set of remarkable, and to some extent unexpected results reported by the Viking mission to Mars. The Viking lander performed a series of experiments, including one designed by Oró, involving a small gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer. In one of these experiments, where a set of nutrients was mixed with Martian soil samples, a sudden production of carbon dioxide was reported, initially suggesting the presence of Martian microbes, which would have shown some kind of metabolic processing of nutrients. Oró showed that a simpler, abiotic interpretation was more likely to be the correct one: the catalytic chemical oxidation of test nutrients.

Awards
He was awarded, among other honors, the Cross of Civil Order of Alfonso X el Sabio (Madrid, 1983), the Alexander Ivanovich Oparin Medal Award from the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL) (Berkeley, 1986), the Creu de Sant Jordi (1991), and the Medalla del President Francesc Macià (2000).

He was named Marquess of Oró in 2003 by Royal Decree 819-32003 of 23 June.

He died in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, on September 2, 2004.

title: Joan Oró


text: Category:National cabinets

title: Category:National cabinets


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Florence R. Sabin

Florence Rena Sabin (November 9, 1871 – October 3, 1953) was an American medical scientist. She was a pioneer for women in science; she was the first woman to hold a full professorship at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and the first woman to head a department at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. During her years of retirement, she pursued a second career as a public health activist in Colorado, and in 1951 received the Albert Lasker Public Service Award for this work.

Early life
On November 9, 1871, Serena Sabin gave birth to her youngest daughter, Florence Rena Sabin, in Central City, Colorado. Florence's mother was a schoolteacher who later died from puerperal fever (sepsis) in 1878. Her father, George K. Sabin, was a mining engineer living and working on site with his family. Shortly after her mother's death, Florence and her sister (Mary) moved in with their Uncle Albert in Chicago before relocating to Vermont with their paternal grandparents.

Uncle Albert was a tremendous influence on Florence, and from her relationship with him, she developed a love of nature and a keen interest in books and music. The Sabin girls soon moved with their uncle to an old family farm in Vermont.

Florence became very interested in the life story of Levi Sabin, an ancestor who had graduated from medical school in 1798. Florence's father had always wanted to be a doctor, but the obligations of mining overwhelmed him, and his thoughts of a medical career slowly disappeared. But Florence began to secretly harbor her father's dream. In 1885 Florence enrolled at Vermont Academy (and graduated in 1889), where her scientific interests were finally allowed to develop.

Throughout her childhood Sabin had intentions of becoming a pianist, however, she was never musically talented, causing her to shift her focus on a future in science during her time at Vermont Academy, Saxtons River, Vermont.

Higher education
Sabin earned her bachelor's degree from Smith College in 1893. For two years she taught high school mathematics in Denver followed by one year of zoology at Smith as a means to finance her first year of graduate school.

In 1896, Sabin enrolled at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine as one of fourteen women in her class. The school opened in 1893 and was co-ed from the beginning because of an early donor's contingency which required the admittance of female students.

While at Hopkins, Sabin's observational skills and perseverance in the laboratory caught anatomist Franklin P. Mall's attention. Mall inspired Sabin by helping narrow her focus onto two projects well regarded by scientists and foundational to her future research and consequent legacy. The first project was to produce a three-dimensional model of a newborn baby's brain stem which became the focus of the textbook, An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain (1901). The second project involved the embryological development of the lymphatic system which asserted that the lymphatic system is formed from the embryo's blood vessels and not other tissues.

Sabin graduated from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1900.

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (1902-1925)
Upon graduation, Sabin obtained an internship at Johns Hopkins Hospital under physician Sir William Osler. Following a one-year internship with Osler, she won a research fellowship in the Department of Anatomy at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine where she continued to work with Mall. Shortly thereafter, a Fellowship in the Department of Anatomy at Johns Hopkins was created for her.

In 1902 she began to teach in the Department of Anatomy at Johns Hopkins. By 1905 she was promoted to associate professor and finally appointed professor of embryology and histology in June 1917, the first woman to become a full professor at a medical college.

She continued her research on the origins of blood, blood vessels, blood cells, the histology of the brain, and the pathology and immunology of tuberculosis at Hopkins. In 1924, Sabin's work on the origins of blood vessels earned her presidency of the American Association of Anatomists.

In 1925, Sabin left Johns Hopkins after completing her research amidst institutional discrimination and her desire to research full time.

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (1925-1938)
In September 1925 she became head of the Department of Cellular Studies at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. Her research focused on the lymphatic system, blood vessels and cells, and tuberculosis.

In 1925, she was voted into the National Academy of Sciences. She was the first woman to gain membership in this prestigious body and would remain the lone female member for the next 20 years.

In 1926, she joined the research committee of the National Tuberculosis Association. The committee's purpose was to consolidate all of the tuberculosis research taking place with the hope of controlling the disease proactively. While here, Sabin devoted her research to immune cells, monocytes in particular, which developed into other cells. Sabin spent her final years at the institute determining the effects imposed by foreign substances and their consequent formation of antibodies.

In 1938, Sabin left her position at Rockefeller Institute and moved back to Colorado for retirement.

Final years & legacy
After six years of quiet retirement, Sabin accepted Colorado Governor John Vivian's request to chair a subcommittee on health beginning in 1944. She presented her findings asserting that the state was “backward in regard to public health” in a letter to the Governor in April 1945. Knowing that health care legislation had been voted down consistently in the past due to uninterested politicians, she was relentless in her demand for reform.

While she was in her early seventies, Sabin refused to let a snowstorm prevent her from making it to a speech in support of her cause despite public travel concerns. Beginning with this speech, Sabin worked to have politicians who opposed health reform defeated by those in support of it. These efforts resulted in the passing of a set of laws in her name. The “Sabin Health Laws” modernized public health in Colorado by providing more hospital beds to treat tuberculosis, resulting in significant reductions in cases.

In an address to the Illinois Statewide Health Committee in 1947, Sabin said that she was chosen as committee chair because the Governor had no interest in public health and appointed “an old lady” because he did not think she would be able to accomplish anything. In 1948 she became manager of health and charities for Denver, donating her salary over the next three years to medical research.

In 1951 Sabin retired for a second and final time, continuing to advocate for public health issues. Sabin's lifetime of service resulted in the University of Colorado’s Department of Medicine being named the Florence R. Sabin Building for Research in Cellular Biology. Sabin died of a heart attack on October 3, 1953 (she was 81). She was cremated and her ashes were interred in the Fairmount Mausoleum at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Colorado.

In 1959, the state of Colorado donated a statue of Sabin to the National Statuary Hall Collection. In 1973, Sabin was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, In 1985, Sabin was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. In 2005, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine honored Sabin's legacy by naming one of its four colleges after her.

Research projects and papers
In the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes Archives, Sabin's collection of papers and medical records from 1903 - 1941 are stored and some even released upon request. The Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College holds many of Dr. Sabin's papers. Other collections are located in the American Philosophical Society Library in Philadelphia, the University of Colorado Medical School, the Colorado State Historical Society's Division of Museums, the Rockefeller Institute, and in the Alan Mason Chesney Papers at Johns Hopkins University.

title: Florence R. Sabin


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Drax the Destroyer

Drax the Destroyer (Arthur Douglas) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973).

The character's origin story relates that Arthur Douglas was a human whose family was attacked and killed by the supervillain Thanos. Needing a champion to combat Thanos, the being known as Kronos took Arthur's spirit and placed it in a powerful new body, and Drax the Destroyer was born. Drax's powers included enhanced strength and resilience, flight, and the ability to project energy blasts from his hands. The character often battled Thanos, and on occasion the superheroes Captain Marvel and Adam Warlock. He was also a member of the group known as the Infinity Watch.

In 2004, the character lost his flight and energy blasts, and a portion of his strength and resilience. This version of the character played a role in the crossover comic book storylines "Annihilation" and "Annihilation: Conquest", and became a member of the relaunched Guardians of the Galaxy.

Drax has been featured in a variety of associated Marvel merchandise, including animated television series, action figures, and video games. Dave Bautista portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), Guardians of the Galaxy: Holiday Special (2022 television film) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Drax also appears in the Disney+ animated series What If...? (2021).

Creation
Starlin commented on the character's creation stating "In the beginning, Drax was versatile, because I didn't know what the hell to do with him," Starlin confessed. "He was an element; he was supposed to be Thanos' Kryptonite. I sort of drifted away from that idea, and when I came back to using him, I made a big change in him. I brain-damaged him and made him into the Hulk, because Marvel didn't have a dumb green thing at the time, and I thought they should. And so I sort of made him like that. Later on they wanted to change his visuals, which I had no problem with because I was never crazy about that costume. It didn't make a lot of sense. I wasn't invested enough in the character to go back and do anything more with it."

Publication history
Drax first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), and was created by Jim Starlin with the help of writer Mike Friedrich. He had a recurring role in Captain Marvel, beginning with issue #27 (July 1973). He also appeared in Warlock #10 (December 1975), Iron Man #88 (July 1976), Warlock #15 (November 1976), Logan's Run #6 (June 1977), Thor #314 (December 1981), and Avengers #219 (May 1982), before being killed by Moondragon in The Avengers #220 (June 1982).

Starlin resurrected Drax in Silver Surfer vol. 3 #35 (1990), and he had a recurring role until issue 50. After appearing in The Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (1991), he was featured in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–42 (1992–1995) as a member of the titular team, the Infinity Watch. The character reappeared in Warlock vol. 3 #1–4 (1998–1999) and Captain Marvel vol. 4 #4–6 (2001).

Drax received an eponymous 4 issue miniseries in 2004, and was a starring character in Annihilation: Nova #1–4 (2005) and Annihilation #1–6 (2006). After a follow-up appearance in Nova vol. 4 #4–7 (2007) and the 2008 "Annihilation: Conquest" storyline, he was featured as a team member in the 2008 relaunch of Guardians of the Galaxy, and appeared in the 25 issue series of the same name. The character had a small role in The Thanos Imperative #1–3 (2010), in which he was killed.

The character reappeared in Avengers Assemble issues #4–8 (June–October 2012), with no reference to his death. He then starred in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch.

Creation and early life
While driving through a desert with his wife and daughter, Arthur Douglas' car is attacked by a spaceship piloted by Thanos, who thinks the humans have seen him. His daughter, Heather, survives the crash and is adopted by Thanos' father, Mentor, and raised on Titan. She later becomes Moondragon.

Needing a champion to combat the threat from Thanos, Mentor and his father Kronos capture Douglas' spirit and place it in a powerful new body. He is rechristened "Drax the Destroyer", and his sole purpose is to kill Thanos. With Iron Man, Drax battles Thanos and the Blood Brothers, but Thanos escapes. While trying to prevent Thanos from getting the Cosmic Cube, Drax's memories are restored to him. After seeing Captain Marvel defeat Thanos, Drax attacks Captain Marvel for robbing him of his purpose. Drax wanders space in grim contemplation, searching for a resurrected Thanos. By the time he learns that Thanos had managed to rematerialize himself, Thanos has once again been destroyed in battle with Captain Marvel, the Avengers, and Adam Warlock. Alongside Captain Marvel, Drax battles ISAAC, Stellarax, Lord Gaea, Elysius, and Chaos.

Some time later, Drax, possessed by an alien entity, battles his daughter Moondragon and the superhero Thor. After Drax recovers, he and Moondragon journey through space in search of knowledge. Eventually, they come upon the planet Ba-Banis, a world of humanoid aliens caught in a vast civil war. Moondragon uses her mental powers to quell the conflict and then decides to set herself up as the world's goddess. Drax recognizes that her ambitions are ignoble and so sends their ship to Earth with a holographic distress message. The Avengers respond and discover Moondragon's world of mentally enforced tranquility. Freed by the Avengers from his daughter's mental domination, Drax advances toward her, seeking to end her menace. To stop him, Moondragon mentally forces Drax's life essence to vacate his artificial body.

Infinity Watch
When Thanos is resurrected by Mistress Death, Kronos reanimates the Destroyer and grants him even greater physical power. However, Kronos does not consider the effects of Drax's death, and the Destroyer's mind retains the damage done by Moondragon. Alongside a multitude of other heroes, Drax helps battle Thanos and Nebula for possession of the Infinity Gauntlet. Drax is chosen by Adam Warlock to safeguard the Power Gem as part of the Infinity Watch.

After the energy vampire Rune steals the gems, the Watch members go their separate ways. Drax returns to Titan with Moondragon, who successfully petitions Kronos to restore Drax's mind to its former acuity at the cost of some physical power. Thus, Drax is restored to his original condition. Drax is accused of the murder of Elysius and several others, but is cleared when it is discovered that the creature Syphon was manipulating him. While seeking out Moondragon, Drax enters into an altercation with Genis-Vell. In the course of this struggle, Drax is transported to the Microverse with Genis, where, for a time, he finds acceptance and happiness on the planet K'ai.

Reborn
Later, Drax is seen on a prison transport ship with Paibok, Lunatik, and the Blood Brothers. The ship crashes in Alaska, and Drax attacks the others to keep them from harming innocent lives. He mistakes a young girl named Cammi for his daughter, and tries to protect her from Paibok. Drax appears to be killed, but a slimmer, smarter Drax emerges from the larger shell of the dead body. When a second prison ship arrives to recapture the prisoners, both Drax and Cammi are arrested.

Surviving Annihilus' attack on the intergalactic prison known as the Kyln, Drax and Cammi team up with the last member of the Xandarian Nova Corps, Richard Rider. Together they fight against the advancing Annihilation Wave as Drax trains Nova to be a warrior. Drax learns that Thanos has taken Moondragon hostage, and that she will be killed if Drax pursues him. During a doomed battle between the Annihilation Wave and the United Front, Drax stays behind to fight off the invaders while Nova and the rest of the group (including Cammi) finish the evacuation. Drax fights his way to the Annihilation Wave's mother ship, where he finds Thanos and kills him. Drax helps to free a captive Galactus, who teleports Moondragon and Drax to a far-off planet to spare them from his wrath on the Annihilation Wave. Afterwards, Moondragon says Drax just "disappeared". Cammi is later seen, alive, allied with Skreet, one of Thanos' powerful, miniature assistants.

When the Phalanx invade the Kree home-world, Drax is assimilated as a "select" of the Phalanx hive mind. They dispatch him, along with Gamora, to apprehend Nova, who had fled the planet. Following Nova to Kvch, the home planet the Technarchy (parental race of the Phalanx), Drax and Gamora are freed from the Phalanx by the Technarch Tyro. Together they return to Hala where they help in the defeat of Ultron.

Guardians of the Galaxy
Star-Lord recruits Drax for the new Guardians of the Galaxy. The Guardians are forced to ally themselves with a resurrected Thanos and travel into an alternate reality known as the "Cancerverse". While experiencing a bout of madness, Drax attacks Thanos and is killed. Drax later reappears with the Guardians on Earth without reference to his death.

Powers and abilities
Drax's initial incarnation's powers included superhuman strength, stamina and resistance to physical injury as well the ability to project concussive blasts of cosmic energy from his hands. He could also travel at high speeds in outer space and hyperspace without air, food, or water. Drax also had telepathy, having used it to engage Thanos in a psychic battle and stalemating him mind to mind.

After his resurrection, his physical capabilities are greatly enhanced beyond their original levels but he suffered severe mental disability in his new incarnation. Instead of his telepathy which enabled him to track Thanos across vast distances, he now possessed the ability to sense either him or other beings who have been in recent contact with Thanos, alongside a precognitive ability to sense when beings will be in contact with Thanos in the near future. For a time, Drax possessed the Power Gem that had the potential to grant him superhuman physical and energy manipulation powers with no feasible limit. However, because of his severely-reduced intellect, he lacked the mental capacity and imagination to use the gem for anything other than bolstering his physical strength. While possessing the gem, Drax's strength has been compared with that of the merged incarnation of the Hulk, but lacking the latter's rage-fueled potential.

Just prior to the 2006 "Annihilation" mini-series and continuing through the present, Drax undergoes a physical change, resulting in a much-smaller physical form, reduced physical abilities comparable to those of his original form, and the loss of his energy projection, flight and most of his psionic abilities. However, his intellect has returned to its original level, and he has taken a liking to using knives in battle. At least temporarily, he had the ability to pass through Thanos's force field; his power levels seem to increase the closer he is to Thanos. He could also heal at an accelerated rate and had senses sharp enough to tell humans from aliens by smell, root out a Skrull in disguise, and detect when energy weapons were about to go off.

Television

 * Drax appears in the Silver Surfer episode "Learning Curve", voiced by Norm Spencer. This version is a cyborg with a mechanical body and organic brain, and companion of Mentor.
 * Drax the Destroyer appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by David Sobolov.
 * Drax the Destroyer appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "Guardians and Space Knights", voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax the Destroyer appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax the Destroyer appears in Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes – Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by David Sobolov.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

Drax the Destroyer appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Dave Bautista. He first appears in the live-action film Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) before making subsequent appearances in the live-action films Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Additionally, Bautista reprises his role in The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) while an alternate timeline version of Drax appears in the Disney+ animated series What If...?, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.

Video games

 * Drax makes a cameo appearance in Marvel Super Heroes.
 * Drax appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Drax appears as an unlockable assist character in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 * Drax the Destroyer appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 2.0, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax appears as an unlockable playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0, voiced again by David Sobolov.
 * Drax appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Brandon Paul Eells.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force, voiced by Dave Bautista.
 * Drax appears in Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy, voiced by Jason Cavalier.
 * Drax appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Brandon Paul Eells.
 * Drax appears as a purchasable outfit in Fortnite: Battle Royale.

title: Drax the Destroyer


text:
Talk:Inland Northwest

Untitled
I'm from western Montana and I've never heard the name "Inland Empire". It strikes me as a tourist slogan, can anyone confirm the term's use? Hyacinth 20:12, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

According to Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, the Inland Empire covers not only Eastern Washington (as the article originally had it) but northern Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and far-western Montana, as well. The far-western Montana and northeastern Oregon bit were news to me, though I always knew about eastern Idaho--but there it is in the dictionary, plus a little Googling did turn up mentions of the other areas. Perhaps it should be specified that only FAR-western Montana is meant.

It's definitely not a tourist slogan, though--I hate those. It's been in use for many years.

--Lukobe 21:20, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I'm a student from MSU and my science work is about Inland Empire. Could someone help me? I've written to Mr.Lukoff who created the map, but no answer received... I'm very interested in the way counties were included. For example it seems strange to me that Missoula and other Montana counties are included cause they're separated by the Bitterroot range. Thank you. --Boardpizza 14:37, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry I never got back to you. I included those Montana counties because of evidence in the geographical dictionary, and Web evidence that some others, at least, considered far western Montana part of the region. Examples: http://www.aahaminlandempire.org/, http://visitmt.com/categories/moreinfo.asp?IDRRecordId=14180&SiteId=1, http://www.betterinvesting.org/chapter/inland/volunteers (these aren't the particular sources I used when I made the map, just ones I just now found on Google). So I picked the far western counties of Montana and the far northeastern ones of Oregon. --Lukobe 21:58, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * By the way, shouldn't this be merged with Inland Northwest? --Lukobe 22:02, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much! Well, im trying to define it's modern borders through cities and counties websites research. My investigation is based on your map so it was important to know the source. The other question deals with these terms. Are "Inland Empire" and "Inland Northwest" equal? Or Inland Empire is a kind of relic and Inland NW is just a way to emphasize its contrast to Pacific NW? I may be wrong. Thank you for your time. I hope my english is quite understandable.. --Boardpizza 02:25, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your English is fine, and better than my Russian! I think the "Inland Empire" and the "Inland Northwest" are the same thing, and that the latter is just a more modern term, to get away from the negative connotations of "empire." (It wouldn't be in contrast to "Pacific Northwest," because Eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon are unquestionably part of the Pacific Northwest, and the Idaho Panhandle is often considered part of the PNW too. --Lukobe 03:49, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Exact boundaries?
I'm curious -- who determined the rather exact boundaries of the region? This is very rare among U.S. regions that include parts of more than one state. Is there some sort of regional commission or board? How did individual counties get included or excluded? If there's a central authority of any sort, it should be included in the article. (What I'm really hoping here is that the exact boundaries were not created by a Wikipedia editor, which would raise a no original research issue.) MCB 00:22, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Out here in the West, we've got things known as "mountain ranges". They're pretty effective at determining boundaries.  Western Washington is considered to run from the Pacific ocean to the Cascade Mountains -- and guess what?  The eastern borders of the counties making up Western Washington run along the ridgeline of the Cascades.  The Inland Northwest is usually considered to be bounded by the Cascade Mountains in Washington and the Bitterroot Mountains separating Idaho and Montana.  Since the county borders also follow these lines, it's possible to have very precise borders on a map. --Carnildo 20:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Source?
Does anybody know the source/meaning of the name? It's rather confusing to me, who's never been out there. --Dd42 17:59, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I would like some information on this as well. Why is it called this? Who decided what counties were included?Kiaparowits 20:05, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * See discussion below, "Inland Empire investigation" for detailed response, but look up "Empire Builder" Jim Hill.

His railways opened up & connected his rich "Inland Empire" here (a.k.a. the Inland NW) with the rest of the nation in the 19th century.

Amtrak's "Empire Builder" line still runs through the region partially along the route of his railways.

The title "Inland Empire" was in no small part due to the vast natural resources in the region that in turn spawned several economic empires & helped create several titans of commerce that would rival even Morgan, Cargenie & the Vanderbilt's.

In fact, some of the biggest winners of the mining lottery (see Silver Valley, ID) would later summer in Newport & tour Europe with the most influential & wealthiest families of the day, as well as hobnob & even marry into royalty in a couple cases (hence a couple of the blue-blood power-families that still call the region home & still wield more political influence behind closed doors than should ever be tolerated or permitted in a healthy democracy... but that's best left for another article=). With wealth also comes crime and Spokane also 'boasted' among other things, a speakeasy owned & operated for a time by none other than Bugsy Malone (drawn by the money to be had & a love interest here at the time) who would later go on to bigger & better things including establishing a certain (in)famous city in NV.

The amount of wealth (legal & illicit) that was extracted and passed through the region's unofficial capital (Spokane) was so great that the afterglow remains to this day: the large & impressive castle-like courthouse overlooking the city of Spokane, based on several French and German castles; the "skyscrapers"(of the day)-monuments to wealth from the mining era still looking down on the downtown area, one even capped with an extravagant stair-step villa based on a European villa recreated using nearly all imported materials of the finest quality for its royal residents here.

The wealth was so significant it created a boomtown that never busted and instead developed into basically a self sustaining economy, continued to grow long after the mines closed, trees were gone, and the flour & lumber mills went by way of.

For those actually from here, the region is the "Inland Empire" with "Inland Northwest" being politely tolerated but usually used only by newcomers &/or those trying to be politically correct (or not confuse Californian transplants who may associate it with their more recently christened "Inland Empire" in their central valley).

People from the Inland Empire generally do not usually associate ourselves with "Pacific Northwest", least of all "Pacific Inland Northwest" since Pacific NW is VERY closely associated with just the coast (west of the Cascades) & coastal living.

This is an entirely different world this side (east) of the Cascades with respect to climate and culture alike (in fact it'd be hard to find climates so vastly different, not to mention a fairly tree-hugging, liberal westside politically dominating a generally very conservative eastern 2/3rds of the state), all resulting in a mild tension between the two unequal parts of the state. The coast/westsiders tend to be generally ambivalent at best towards the eastern 2/3rds of the state & the eastern 2/3rds often feel its regarded as little more than a source of tax funds, but otherwise ignored if not outright disregarded by those on the other side of the Cascade Range. This tension doesn't run all that deep, but is a very real tension that exists.

The "Inland Northwest" for many born & raised here is a separate & distinct region & culture from anything to do with "Pacific Northwest". It would be analogous to some outsider calling Montana part of the Pacific NW - yeah from the perspective of NYC or Boston it's in the NW corner of the country, but for those from Montana I know they regard it to be firmly a Mountain State with strong pioneering roots still just under the surface (but I'll leave that to a Montanan to confirm). I mean in all my life, I've never once heard any part of Montana called a part of the "Inland Empire" or even "Inland Northwest". I mean yeah, they get Spokane news programs and Spokane news used to always talk "Inland Empire" (until the recent Californian invasion resulted in the sudden shift to "Inland Northwest" - money corrupts all after all & can buy anything even forced name changes, but I digress).

Bottom-line, this article needs a lot of work as it doesn't do the region justice. InlandEmpireNative 05:39, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Distinctions?
Is there even a vague theme distinguishing the Inland Empire from surrounding regions? Lonestarnot 20:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Culturally, the Inland Empire/Inland Northwest is those parts of the US for which Spokane is the biggest city in the area. In terms of industry, agriculture and mining are big.  In terms of climate, it's the semi-desert areas in the rainshadow of the Cascade Mountains.
 * Of course, I don't have references for any of this. --Carnildo 20:23, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, I don't have references for any of this. --Carnildo 20:23, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Inland Empire investigation
Hey everybody. I'm the student of Moscow State University (Department of foreign countries), Russia, and my sience work is tightly connected with Inland Empire region. The main target is to define its borders nowadays. I try to define it through internet sites research. So i'm really intersted in the region. Could you please (citizens of Washington, Idaho, Montana and Oregon) tell me some facts about it? Is the term "Inland Empire" widely used? Do you think you're living in it? Is the term "Inland Empire" means the same thing as "Inland Northwest"? Any kind of information would be very valuable for me! Thank you. Simon Freydlin --Boardpizza 14:19, 23 January 2006 (UTC) P.S. Feel free to write me on this theme: boardpizza@mail.ru

 * The "Inland Empire" or "Inland Northwest" doesn't really have well-defined boundaries. It's basically the part of the United States that has the city of Spokane as the cultural and economic center.  The western boundary area is traditionally considered to be the Cascade Mountains, and the northern boundary is the Canadian border.  The eastern and southern boundaries aren't as well-defined, and people in Yakima and the Tri-Cities area don't always agree that they're part of the Inland Northwest.

 * As for the difference between "Inland Empire" and "Inland Northwest", "Inland Empire" is an older term, and is used mostly when someone wants to create a feeling of greater importance or refer to some time in the past, while "Inland Northwest" is used the rest of the time. --Carnildo 05:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The Inland Empire is connotative of the geographic region under control by capitalist interests centered in Spokane in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century. Local railroad magnates like D.C Corbin and Jay P. Graves also had interests in mining and hydro power and used Spokane as their center of operations. Mountain ranges or rivers were not the boundaries of this region, rather, it was a function of a place's economic ties to Spokane that drove the region's definition. In fact, southern portions of British Columbia were arguably part of the Inland Empire, as they were the reach of these early capitalist. William Cowles, whose family still owns the Spokesman-Review and the NBC affiliates in Spokane and the Tri-Cities, is also an important character in the Inland Empire. For those researchers out there, a good book to read would be the "News for an empire; the story of the Spokesman-review of Spokane, Washington, and of the field it serves." By Ralph E. Dyar, 1952. It reads somewhat like propaganda for the Inland Empire, but it provides historical insight into how the capitalist interests in the region guided growth and development as well as big federal dollars to the arid Columbia Basin. As noted above, parts of the Columbia Basin and Western Montana do not consider themselves part of this Inland Empire anymore. This is the consequence of substantial population growth and greater independence in news media and economic development influences over the past 50 years. One might argue that the Inland Empire has been shrinking since the the construction of Hanford with the emergence of the Tri-Cities as an independent economic region. The Inland Empire these days is probably shrunk to match the newspaper market of the Spokesman-Review as shown in this map: http://www.nwnn.com/dmaspok.html. I would suggest that Inland Empire be separate from Inland Northwest, since Inland Northwest is a new marketing scheme that seeks to divorce itself from old capitalist interest and focuses more on the geographic region.--Multimodalman 09:06, 27 March 2006 (PDT)

There's a bunch of historical and geographical info on the term Inland Empire in the book The Great Columbia Plain by D.W. Meinig. Some brief paraphrasing from there: Before the 1880s, Walla Walla was the focus of the inland region, the first area where wheat farming boomed, with relatively workable export transportation down the Columbia River. In the 1880s and 1890s, wheat farming spread and boomed in the Palouse region and Big Bend Country, while railroads appeared on the scene and quickly proliferated. These changes led to Spokane undergoing rapid growth and development. As a railroad hub, the city became the central node for not only the wheat regions but also the mining districts of Coeur d'Alene, the Kootenay region in Canada, and various other mining boom areas in Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Additionally, the timber of the Idaho panhandle was logged and routed through Spokane. The wheat regions were very short on lumber. The newspaper Spokane Falls Review wrote in 1883 of a "new" region, which Spokane would dominate, "known and suggestively spoken of as the Inland Empire." By 1890, it was not just a dream, and Spokane grew to the largest city within hundreds and hundreds of miles, east of the Cascades. The Spokane newspapers published news about "tributary cities". The common claim, made mainly by Spokane interests, was that the Inland Empire reached west to the Cascades and south to the Blue Mountains, north to the mining districts of Canada, and east to the mines of Montana. But not all of this region was wholly dominated by Spokane. To the east, the Bitterroot Mountains were a major barrier and the Montana mines beyond them had ties to Minneapolis and St Louis. While Spokane did dominate the Palouse and Big Bend regions, the Walla Walla Valley retained a degree of independence via its old trade links straight to Portland. The Lewiston and Camas Prairie districts of Idaho were also not wholly dominated. To the west, cities like Wenatchee had better links to Seattle than to Spokane, and the western parts of Big Bend Country, like the Waterville Plateau, had ties to Wenatchee at least as strong as those to Spokane. The Tri-Cities were also not wholly dominated, and in time grew to rival Spokane in some ways.

An interesting related issue is the attempt to great the new state of Lincoln, which came relatively close to actually happening, and was apparently more or less the same as the Inland Empire. Pfly 21:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

''

"..."Inland Empire" is an older term, and is used mostly when someone wants to create a feeling of greater importance or refer to some time in the past, while "Inland Northwest" is used the rest of the time"

This statement is as false as it is derogatory and patronizing. Our region's name of "Inland Empire" alludes to the railway man Jim Hill, widely known as the "Empire Builder" (see Amtrak: their line through the region is still officially called "Empire Builder" in his honor), as well as to this land rich in natural resources that his railways opened up & connected with the rest of our nation & the world. (*NOTE: the old "Hillyard" town, now a neighborhood in NE Spokane, is even directly named in honor of Mr. Hill).

Until the Empire Builder's railways came, the region was for all intents & purposes cut off with no navigable rivers to traverse out to the world (with multiple impassible falls on the Spokane R. & the great cataracts of the Columbia) and was walled in with mountain passes to the east (through the Rockies) and to the west (over the Cascades) that to this day still often close in winter.

"Inland Empire" also refers to the vast wealth that was extracted from this region & the many vast fortunes made & lost here (see "Silver Valley" for example). It's no coincidence that the largest theater stage east of the Mississippi was located in Spokane, or that Spokane boasted its own stock exchange for many years and the fact that every President since FDR that visits the NW also stops in the Inland Empire: Spokane has always been the unofficial capital of this region (and it doesn't hurt that several powerful 'old money' families, including at least one set of very wealthy, well-connected & powerful blue-bloods descended of European royalty, still calls the region home).

Spokane remains the largest city & center of commerce between Seattle & Minneapolis and is the 2nd largest city in the State of Washington, second only to Seattle. A desire to "create a feeling of greater importance" might be appropriately directed at the 2 upstart "Inland Empires", but not the Spokane/CDA region.

In fact, the glaring omission of any reference to the Empire Builder, Jim Hill, in this Inland Empire article needs to be remedied ASAP - the article is not complete without an accurate discussion of where the term "Inland Empire" came from (*possibly avoiding further ignorant comments as quoted above).

Clarification on geography: the region stretching from the peaks of the Cascades in the west, to the border with Canada in the North, the banks of the Columbia & Snake Rivers to the South (*NOT including the Blues & Wallowa country in NE Oregon, as currently depicted incorrectly in this article), and to the foothills of the Rockies to the west (not extending into Montana) was called the "Inland Empire" since before the territory even became a State in the 19th century and the region is still commonly referred to as such by people from here/born & raised here, for no other reason than the fact that's what the region is called.

A recent mass immigration of historic proportions by 10s of thousands (millions?) of people from other regions (largely from California) in the past 5-10 years has no doubt contributed to the phenomenon of newcomers & a mainly non-native media attempting to rename several areas throughout the region (to no small annoyance for people from here).

Recent immigrants from California no doubt associate "Inland Empire" to an area of their central valley in CA, which was only recently named this (circa 1950s). However, the lions share of the blame for this rampant re-naming campaign in the region can't really be pinned on recent arrivals/newcomers.

The Spokane City Council & Chamber of Commerce have been aggressively advertising our region ("Near Nature, Near Perfect" campaign, for example) throughout California, the Southwest & Texas (possibly further afield) attempting to entice more taxpayers & businesses to flock here for obvious economic ambitions.

These marketing campaigns avoid any reference to our historic "Inland Empire" title, no doubt to avoid confusion among the target demographic (Californians) with the "other" upstart "Inland Empire" in CA.

Also, please note: the reason that Montanan's have written above in confusion at them being included as part of the Inland Empire as far east as Missoula (?!) is the simple fact that they aren't and never have been a part of the Inland Empire & represent a separate and very distinct region of their own. This may be another case of revisionism or hopefully just a lack of intimate knowledge of the region & its history. The Inland Empire region never included Montana, ending at/before the mountain passes at the border of ID/MT.

In short, Inland Empire = Eastern WA & N. Idaho ONLY. Not Oregon, not Montana or anywhere else. Please revise this article & its map to accurately reflect & respect this local tradition & history. Thank you. InlandEmpireNative —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.165.188.200 (talk) 04:40, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Got no comments on that, though I did add the MT and OR WikiProjects, given the current content/map. But I did want to comment re:
 * ''A recent mass immigration of historic proportions by 10s of thousands (millions?) of people from other regions (largely from California) in the past 5-10 years has no doubt contributed to the phenomenon of newcomers & a mainly non-native media attempting to rename several areas throughout the region (to no small annoyance for people from here).

This is very similar to what's gone on in BC in recent times, notably the rebranding of the Kootenay region of BC as "the Kootenay Rockies", though not all such rebrandings are "immigrant" based, but rather new-era concoctions like Salish Sea and Great Bear Rainforest where a political agenda, fired up by a quasi-visionary desire to change the world by doing away with historical names; similarly there are new British Columbians who get all hot under the collar that BC isn't in the Pacific Northwest, supposedly, because that's supposedly an American designation. We've even had people complain about the "British" in the province's name....anyway, other examples abound, just commenting re parallel situation north of the border; btw the Boundary Country and West Kootenay/Slocan areas are historically tied into the Inland Empire and Spokane's position as economic capital of same, though the term was never applied north of the border; and thte Boundary Country, formerly the most dynamic and populated part of the area and now underpopulated, has been variously rebranded as being either part of the Okanagan or of the West Kootenay even though it was settled and industrialized before either of the other two.....Skookum1 (talk) 14:31, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This article really needs to be renamed back to "Inland Empire (Northwest)". How is that done? Note that the article "Inland Empire (California)" is correctly named, while this one is not.Wikiphoto 2010 (talk) 06:10, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Purpose?
What is the purpose or reasoning of this article? I've never heard of the Inland Empire, and wonder why this is even here. The only thing I can find on the PNW Inland Empire is a history book. Ryoga-2003 (talk) 02:32, 19 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Where are you from? I'm not surprised if you haven't heard of it if you're not from around the Pacific Northwest. --76.104.196.236 (talk) 07:41, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

The poulation estimate as well as the boundaries don't seem to be referenced and can only surmise that it was calculated with original research. Ill come back in a couple days and remove the population at the very least. Have a nice day and no, I'm not gonna get an account.

What's the purpose of listing information on any regions, anywhere? To tell of that region's unique history and cultural contributions to a larger society. The true "Inland Empire" of E. Washington & N. Idaho is a regional name going back to the mid to late 1800s, only recently also taken by a region in S. California and possible elsewhere. However, because you've never heard of it does not make it less valid or less important than that of any other region of our nation or others. Also, as shown by numerous references easily found online and in published books, the region is and always has been known as the "Inland Empire" with a storied history and culture distinctly all its own. Again, lack of regional knowledge or respect for regional history and flavor, with all due respect, does not equate historical/cultural fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.90.204.68 (talk) 01:07, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

why it is "Inland Empire"
Research Theodore Wilcox and the Portland Flouring Mills Company. The development of Pacific rim trade. He made an "Inland Empire" of wheat production out of the inland region able to grow dryland wheat encompassing northeastern Oregon, eastern Washington and Northern Idaho in the early 20th century to feed this trade by driving the local community flour mills out of business and creating a captive market. The name stuck. 66.119.193.155 (talk) 21:42, 30 August 2016 (UTC)Larry the Goat

Single Source: "Census Bureau" Out Of Touch With Reality
Just calling it like it is. I'm sure the Census Bureau is fine at counting people, but as the apparent sole justification for everything on this page, I'm not convinced that this is a worthwhile super-region to even speak of. Nobody's seen fit to bolster this article with additional scholarship in two years since the warning was added in 2019, and as a long-time Yakima resident I don't feel that we have anything in common with Spokane, the supposed regional hub, at all. Our local news media have been consolidated in the Tri-Cities: Richland, Pasco & Kennewick. It might look like the same sort of place to the government paper-pushers in DC and I suppose it must look like the center of the universe to anyplace within an hour's drive of them, but Spokane may as well be Chicago for all anyone here gives a care. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C54:4500:4C1:65B6:AA79:1785:94BA (talk) 06:38, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Inland Northwest
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Inland Northwest's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Fox": From Spokane, Washington:  From History of Spokane, Washington:  From Polynesia:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 08:42, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inland Northwest


text:
User:Jeremiah

Link to Jeremiah's discussion page

title: User:Jeremiah


text:
Magne Havnå

Magne Havnå (16 September 1963 – 29 May 2004) was a Norwegian professional boxer who once held the WBO world title in cruiserweight, beating American myBoone Pultz in 5 rounds in May 1990. His son Kai Robin Havnaa is also a boxer in the cruiserweight division, currently undefeated as a professional.

Amateur career

 * Club: Sentrum BK, Oslo, under legendary trainer Leif Hvalby, who was amateur champion and a sparring partner for the Danish EBU champion Christian Christensen in the 1950s and '60s.
 * 1981 Scandavian Junior Amateur heavyweight champion
 * 1984 Norwegian heavyweight champion
 * Represented Norway as a Heavyweight at 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games.
 * Lost to Haakan Brock (Sweden) KO by 3
 * 1985 Norwegian heavyweight champion
 * 1986 Norwegian heavyweight champion

Professional career
After boxing in the 1984 Summer Olympics, Havnå turned pro in 1986. During his career, Havnå had 22 professional fights with 19 wins. His first fight was a 4-round decision over the UK's Johnny Nelson, who later on also became a world champion.

Death
Havnå died in May 2004 in Lindgrov, Risør, Aust-Agder in a boat accident at the age of 40. Magne Havnå's brother Erling Havnå is one of the men convicted for participating in the NOKAS bank robbery of 2004.

title: Magne Havnå