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City of Wanneroo

The City of Wanneroo is a local government area with city status in the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It is centred approximately 25 km north of Perth's central business district and forms part of the northern boundary of the Perth metropolitan area. Wanneroo encompasses the federal divisions of Cowan, Moore and Pearce.

The city's main commercial and residential town centres are located at Wanneroo in the east and Clarkson in the north. Further urban centres are planned at Alkimos, Yanchep and Two Rocks in the future to coincide with rapid metropolitan expansion and development in the area. It is also home to the Yanchep and Neerabup National Parks, as well as the Neerabup Industrial Estate in the north.

From the city's inception until 1998, it also incorporated the neighbouring City of Joondalup in its entirety.

Geography
Wanneroo covers a land area totalling 685.8 km2. The city is bounded by Beach Road and the City of Stirling to the south, Alexander Drive and the City of Swan to the east, Wanneroo Road and Lake Joondalup to the south-west, the Indian Ocean to the west and the Shire of Gingin to the north.

Wanneroo's population is concentrated in three locations: at the southern end centred on Girrawheen; in the region surrounding Wanneroo near the city's geographical centre; and along the northern Perth coastline centred on Clarkson, separated from Joondalup by the rural localities of Neerabup and Tamala Park. Land in the city's north and east is predominantly rural in character.

The City of Wanneroo encompasses one of Perth's busiest industrial areas, Wangara. It is situated roughly 20 km north of the central business district, and is the industrial hub of the north side of Perth. The suburb of Wangara is a hub for commercial manufacturing, vehicle dealerships, industrial glaziers and commercial distribution warehousing. It is also roughly 10 km from Joondalup, Perth's largest satellite city north of the Swan River.

History
Prior to 1902, Wanneroo was part of the Perth Road District, which eventually went on to become the City of Stirling. The Wanneroo Road District was established on 31 October 1902 under the Roads Act 1888. The board was named after the Wanneroo wetlands in the area, first explored and recorded by John Butler in 1834.

With the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, all road boards became shires effective from 1 July 1961, and the Shire of Wanneroo came into being, encompassing everything north of Beach Road and west of Alexander Drive. With the development of and subsequent population growth surrounding Joondalup, the Shire of Wanneroo attained City status on 31 October 1985.

On 1 July 1998, on the recommendation of a report by the Local Government Advisory Committee, the City of Wanneroo was bifurcated. The southwestern section, encompassing the urban centre of Joondalup, was separately incorporated as the new City of Joondalup. The remainder, including the inland suburbs east of Lake Joondalup and the coastal suburbs north of Burns Beach, formed a reduced Shire of Wanneroo, which quickly regained City status on 1 July 1999. As this was before the local government elections to elect a mayor and councillors, the second incarnation of the Shire did not have a Shire President.

Demographics
The City of Wanneroo has experienced significant population growth of almost 110,000 persons in the 15 years between the 2001 Census and 2016 Census. The city also has the second largest population of any local government area in greater Perth. With less than 53% of the population having been born in Australia at the 2016 Census, Wanneroo has a large immigrant populace. Over 13% of Wanneroo's residents were born in the United Kingdom, compared to less than 4.0% nationwide. New Zealanders, Vietnamese and South Africans compose the city's most significant minority populations.

Suburbs
The suburbs of the City of Wanneroo with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:

Transport
The City of Wanneroo is served by two major north–south arterial roads, Wanneroo Road and Marmion Avenue. The two roads run parallel to each other through Wanneroo's eastern and western suburbs respectively. A third north–south arterial route, the Mitchell Freeway, extends north from Joondalup to terminate in the south of Alkimos.

The City of Wanneroo has two railway stations in Clarkson and Butler. As a result of the Public Transport Plan for Perth 2031, the Joondalup line is currently being extended north to Yanchep with stations at Alkimos, Eglinton, and Yanchep.

Governance
The Wanneroo City Council operates out of the Council Chambers on Dundebar Road, Wanneroo.

The current mayor is Linda Aitken, who was elected in September 2022.

Elections are held every four years, for a mayor and 14 councillors across the city's seven electoral wards, covering 36 suburbs. Two councillors are elected to each of the wards.

Sister cities
Wanneroo has three sister cities. It was also formerly twinned with Sorrento in Italy, but this association was broken with the bifurcation of Wanneroo in 1998, when the Wanneroo suburb of Sorrento was incorporated into the City of Joondalup.
 * 🇮🇹 Sinagra, Sicily, Italy
 * 🇬🇷 Kastoria, Greece (1992)
 * 🇨🇳 Guigang, Guangxi, China (2005)

Heritage listed places
, 149 places are heritage-listed in the City of Wanneroo, of which 34 are on the State Register of Heritage Places, a large number of those located in Yanchep National Park.

title: City of Wanneroo


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Carlos Mendoza (outfielder)

Carlos Ramón Mendoza (born November 4, 1974) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder.

Career
Mendoza previously played parts of two seasons in the majors with the New York Mets (1997) and Colorado Rockies (2000), primarily as an outfielder. Listed at 5.11 (1.80 m), 160 lb (72 k), Mendoza batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela.

In a two-season MLB career, Mendoza hit .182 with one run batted in and no home runs in 28 games played.

In between, Mendoza played winterball with the Navegantes del Magallanes and Caribes de Oriente clubs of the Venezuelan League from 1994 through 2004. In addition, he represented his country in the 1999 Caribbean Series tournament, where he led all hitters with a .529 average and was included in the All-Star team.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carlos Mendoza (outfielder)


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Franz Halder

Franz Halder (30 June 1884 – 2 April 1972) was a German general and the chief of staff of the Army High Command (OKH) in Nazi Germany from 1938 until September 1942. During World War II, he directed the planning and implementation of Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Halder became instrumental in the radicalisation of warfare on the Eastern Front. He had his staff draft both the Commissar Order (issued on 6 June 1941) and the Barbarossa Decree (signed on 13 May 1941) that allowed German soldiers to execute Soviet citizens for any reason without fear of later prosecution, leading to numerous war crimes and atrocities during the campaign. After the war, he had a decisive role in the development of the myth of the clean Wehrmacht.

Halder began his military service in 1914. In 1937 he met and became a supporter of Adolf Hitler. Halder participated in the strategic planning for the 1939 German invasion of Poland. The plans authorised the SS to carry out security tasks – on behalf of the army – that included the imprisonment or execution of Poles. In July 1940 he began planning for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, which began on 22 June 1941. That summer Halder engaged in a long-running and divisive dispute with Hitler over strategy. Hitler removed Halder from command in September 1942. After the 20 July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler, Halder was arrested as it came to light that he had been involved in an earlier plot, leading to his imprisonment. As chief of OKH General Staff, he had kept extensive notes, later published as The Halder Diaries.

After World War II Halder served as a lead consultant for the US Army Historical Division. He oversaw the writing of over 2,500 historical documents by 700 former German officers, whom he instructed to remove material detrimental to the image of the German armed forces. Halder used his influence to foster a false history of the German-Soviet conflict in which the German army fought a "noble war" and which denied its war crimes. The US Army overlooked Halder's apologia because Halder's group was providing military insights on the Soviet Union that it deemed important in the light of the Cold War. Halder succeeded in his aim of exonerating the German Army: first with the US military, then amongst widening circles of politicians and eventually in American popular culture. In 1961, he was awarded the Meritorious Civilian Service Award.

Early life and military career
Halder was born in Würzburg, the son of an officer. In 1902, he joined an artillery regiment under the command of his father. Halder was educated at the Bavarian War Academy, graduating in 1914. During World War I, he served in a variety of staff roles and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class. In 1919, he was transferred to the Reichswehr, where he served in staff and training roles, including under Walther von Brauchitsch in the army training department. In 1931, he was appointed as chief of staff of a military district. After being promoted to generalmajor (general-major) in October 1934, Halder served as the commander of the 7th Infantry Division in Munich.

In the Wehrmacht
In August 1936, Halder was promoted to generalleutnant (lieutenant-general). He then became the director of the Manoeuvres Staff of the Wehrmacht. Between October 1937 and February 1938, Halder served as director of the Training Branch, on the General Staff of the Army, in Berlin. During the 1937 Wehrmacht manoeuvres, Halder met Adolf Hitler and became a loyal supporter. This personal contact also enabled him to progress through the ranks quickly.

On 1 February 1938, Halder was promoted to general of the Artillery. He was appointed chief of the General Staff of the Army High Command on 1 September. He succeeded General Ludwig Beck who had resigned on 18 August amid the Sudetenland crisis. Halder was approached by conservative nationalist officers about heading the envisaged coup d'état should Hitler start a war, but he declined. Halder discussed the situation informally with US diplomat Raymond Geist and indicated that the Army feared that Hitler was about to start a war with the West. In any case, the war was averted by the conclusion of the Munich Agreement that ceded Sudetenland to Germany.

Invasions of Poland and Western Europe
Halder participated in the strategic planning for the Invasion of Poland. His plans authorised the SS to carry out security tasks on behalf of the army that included the imprisonment or execution of Polish citizens, whether Jewish or gentile. On 1 September 1939, the German offensive began, resulting in declarations of war by France and the British Empire. On 19 September, Halder noted in his diary that he had received information from Reinhard Heydrich. The SS were beginning their campaign to "clean house" in Poland of Jews, intelligentsia, Catholic clergy, and the aristocracy. Halder was aware of The Holocaust but did not object to the murders. He dismissed the crimes as aberrations and refused one general's request to pursue the SS and police perpetrators.

At the end of 1939, Halder oversaw the development of the invasion plans of France, the Low Countries and the Balkans. During a meeting with Hitler on 5 November Walther von Brauchitsch, the Army commander-in-chief, attempted to talk Hitler into putting off the invasion of France. Hitler refused and berated Brauchitsch for incompetence. As a consequence, Halder and Brauchitsch discussed overthrowing Hitler because they feared the invasion was doomed. They decided against the idea. On 23 November 1939 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler met with Halder to ask him to reconsider his decision. He refused, saying that Hitler was a great leader, and "one does not rebel when face to face with the enemy". Halder's contemplation of resistance to Hitler owed more to political turf battles than it did to disagreement over the regime's racism and antisemitism.

General Erich von Manstein's bold plan for invading France through the Ardennes Forest proved successful, and ultimately led to the fall of France. On 19 July 1940, Halder was promoted to generaloberst (colonel-general) and began to receive undisclosed monthly extralegal payments from Hitler that effectively doubled his already large wage. The payments helped ensure his loyalty to Hitler and reduced his qualms over sending millions of men to their deaths.

Invasion of the Soviet Union
On 30 March 1941 Halder attended the conference where Hitler described the planned invasion to about 200 senior Wehrmacht officers. He later wrote in his diary, summarising Hitler's remarks: "We must forget the concept of comradeship between soldiers. A Communist is no comrade before or after the battle. This is a war of extermination. (...) Commanders must make the sacrifice of overcoming their personal scruples."

Halder was instrumental in the subsequent preparation and implementation of war crimes during the invasion of the Soviet Union. He had his staff draft both the Commissar Order and the Barbarossa Decree without Hitler's instruction or interference. The author of the orders was Eugen Müller, who reported on his work directly to Halder. The Commissar Order required political commissars to be executed immediately when captured. Halder also insisted that a clause be added to the Barbarossa Decree giving officers the right to raze whole villages and execute the inhabitants. The decree freed soldiers from any form of prosecution for war crimes committed in the East. The decree had no specific target: Soviet citizens could be killed at any time and for any reason. Until this time only the SS could kill citizens without fear of later prosecution. These orders allowed officers throughout the army to execute citizens with no repercussions. Ulrich von Hassell, discussing the orders given by Halder, said the conquered population were being controlled by despotism. He added that Germans were being turned into a type of being that previously existed only in enemy propaganda. Omer Bartov described the orders as "the barbarisation of warfare".

The offensive began on 22 June 1941 where the German forces initially met muted resistance. Halder brashly wrote in his diary on 3 July that the war was already won. Nicolaus von Below reported that this confidence was shared at Fuhrer Headquarters in the month of July. Halder's confidence was dashed with dramatic effect in early August with the arrival of new intelligence information from his Foreign Armies East. He wrote in his diary on 11 August that he had underestimated the "Russian colossus". At the start of the campaign, he had reckoned the enemy had 200 divisions, but now 360 had been counted. He added: "We destroy a dozen of them, then the Russians put another dozen in their place." In mid-August, the German advance had stalled, and at the same time, effective long-term defence was impossible so far from friendly territory. Halder wrote of the situation: "Everything that has so far been achieved is for nothing." During that summer, Hitler and the Army General Staff led by Halder had been engaged in a long and divisive dispute over strategy. By mid-September, it was clear Operation Barbarossa had failed in its central objective to quickly overcome the Soviet Union.

Operation Typhoon
Operation Typhoon, the German offensive at the Battle of Moscow, began on 2 October 1941. In early October, the German forces encircled the bulk of the Soviet armies defending the capital city in the Vyazma and Bryansk pocket. Halder determined the strategy for Typhoon, and it was subsequently endorsed by Hitler. Typhoon had the same basic flaw as Barbarossa; officers on the front line were unable to change Halder's objectives even when those objectives were impossible.

The Barbarossa Decree and Commissar Order became a fundamental aspect of the battle for Moscow. By this time, thousands of Soviet civilians and defenceless prisoners in already occupied Russia were being murdered every day. The killings were unprecedented in the modern era and radicalised the defence of Moscow. On 5 December Operation Typhoon was over. Halder wrote in his diary there was no more strength and a withdrawal may be necessary. The withdrawal, when it came, was dictated by the Soviet army. The crisis on the battlefield prompted Hitler to remove von Brauchitsch and assume command of OKH himself.

Halder vehemently pushed for a blitzkrieg assault on Moscow and believed if the capital could be taken the war would be won. However, he did not understand the fundamental underpinnings of blitzkrieg and the impossibility of carrying out a lightning war in the vast expanse of the Soviet Union. Even if Moscow had fallen, Stalin would have moved his base of operations farther east and the war would have continued.

David Stahel writes: "The Soviet Union was nothing less than a militarised juggernaut and, while deeply wounded in Germany's 1941 campaign, there is no evidence to suggest it was about to collapse either politically or militarily." The responsibility for the failure fell on Halder, Hitler and Fedor von Bock. The war in the Soviet Union and the winter that followed was one of the worst chapters in the history of the German army—there were over one million casualties.

Case Blue
In the spring of 1942, Halder, along with the German high command, began planning a new ambitious offensive in the Soviet Union. This was despite the heavy losses the Wehrmacht had suffered in 1941. Under the code name "Case Blue", the plan envisaged an offensive against the southern sector of the front. The aim was to capture the Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus. The directive for the offensive was issued by Hitler on 5 April 1942, envisaging a complex sequence of staggered operations. The offensive began on 28 June 1942 and at the outset appeared successful; Friedrich Paulus cut through a defensive position with ease and Bock wrote: "There was nothing left: The enemy has not succeeded in organizing a new defense anywhere."

The Soviet army had adopted a new strategy known as the "elastic defence" that was highly uncharacteristic of prior engagements and left the German army closing in on an enemy that had already left. Confusion ensued leading to the failure of the campaign. Bock was removed as Commander of Army Group B, replaced by Maximillian von Weichs and Halder was marginalised. The relationship between Hitler and Halder became strained. Halder's diary entries became increasingly sarcastic, and Hitler mocked him. On one occasion Hitler said Halder had spent World War I in an office "sitting on that same swivel stool". On 24 September Hitler replaced Halder as Chief of Staff of the OKH with Kurt Zeitzler and retired him to the Führer Reserve.

Imprisonment
On 23 July 1944, after the failed 20 July assassination attempt on Hitler's life by German Army officers, the Gestapo arrested Halder. Although he was not involved in 20 July plot, intense interrogations of the conspirators revealed that Halder had been involved in earlier conspiracies against Hitler. Halder was imprisoned at both the Flossenbürg and Dachau concentration camps. Halder's wife Gertrud chose, and was allowed, to accompany her husband into imprisonment. He had no complaints about the quarters or provisions and was not treated poorly. He was in VIP company that included former French premier Leon Blum and former Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg. On 31 January 1945, Halder was officially dismissed from the army. In the last days of April 1945, together with other special prisoners, he was transferred to the South Tyrol where he was liberated by US troops.

Antisemitism
Before the invasion of the Soviet Union, three million soldiers destined for the front received a key order. It was titled "Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia". The language was determined by Halder. It described Bolshevism as the "mortal enemy of the National Socialist German people" and urged German forces to "crack down hard" and "eliminate all resistance". Jews were mentioned in the order and intended to be part of the elimination. In April 1941 Halder drafted an order for the security police and Security Service during Operation Marita. The order defined the enemy as saboteurs, terrorists, communists and Jews. The "criminal orders" drafted by Halder document his solidarity with Hitler's antisemitic and racist policies. The commanders under Halder including Erich Hoepner, Erich von Manstein and Walter von Reichenau gave antisemitic speeches and orders.

Criminal investigation
On 5 May 1945 Halder was arrested by the advancing American troops and was interned awaiting trial or release. He was relieved not to be part of the Nuremberg Trials; instead, he was tried in a German court on charges of aiding the Nazi regime. Halder denied any knowledge of the regime's atrocities and claimed to be outside the decision-making process; he was found not guilty.

During the trial the prosecuting attorney gained access to Halder's personal diary which detailed his formulation of the Barbarossa Decree and Commissar Order so he was subsequently sent for retrial. Halder was working for the American Historical Division providing information on the Soviet Union, and the Americans refused to allow the retrial. It was dropped in September 1950.

Myth of the clean Wehrmacht

Halder played a key role in creating the myth of the clean Wehrmacht. It was a false, mythic view of the Nazi-Soviet war in which the German army fought a "noble war". It denies the existence of, or disregards, German war crimes. The genesis for the myth was the "Generals' Memorandum" created in November 1945 and submitted to the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. The memorandum was titled "The German Army from 1920 to 1945". It was co-authored by Halder and former field marshals Walter von Brauchitsch and Erich von Manstein and other senior military figures. It aimed to portray the German armed forces as apolitical and largely innocent of the crimes committed by the Nazi regime. The strategy outlined in the memorandum was later adopted by Hans Laternser, the lead counsel for the defence at the High Command Trial of senior Wehrmacht commanders. The document was written at the suggestion of American General William J. Donovan, who later founded the CIA, and viewed the Soviet Union as a global threat to world peace. Donovan served as a deputy prosecutor at the International Military Tribunal; he and some other US representatives did not believe the trials should proceed. He believed America should do everything it could to secure Germany as a military ally against the Soviet Union in the growing Cold War.

As the Cold War progressed, the military intelligence provided by the German section of the US Army Historical Division became increasingly important to the Americans. Halder oversaw the German section of the research program which became known as the "Halder Group". His group produced over 2,500 major historical manuscripts from over 700 distinct German authors detailing World War II. Halder used the group to reinvent war-time history using truth, half-truth, distortion and lies. He set up a "control group" of trusted former Nazi officers who vetted all the manuscripts and, if necessary, required authors to change their content. Halder's deputy in the group was Adolf Heusinger who was also working for the Gehlen Organization, the United States military intelligence organisation in Germany. Halder expected to be addressed as "General" by the writing teams and behaved as their commanding officer while dealing with their manuscripts. His aim was to exonerate German army personnel from the atrocities they had committed.

Halder laid down a version of history that all the writers had to abide by. This version stated that the army was the victim of Hitler, and they had opposed him at every opportunity. The writers had to emphasise the "decent" form of war conducted by the army and blame the SS for the criminal operations. He enjoyed a privileged position, as the few historians working on World War II history in the 1950s had to obtain historical information from Halder and his group. His influence extended to newspaper editors and authors. Halder's instructions were sent down the chain of command and were recorded by former field marshal Georg von Küchler. They said: "It is German deeds, seen from the German standpoint, that are to be recorded; this will constitute a memorial to our troops", "no criticism of measures ordered by the leadership" is allowed and no one is to be "incriminated in any way," instead the achievements of the Wehrmacht were to be emphasised. The military historian Bernd Wegner, examining Halder's work, wrote: "The writing of German history on the Second World War, and in particular on the Russian front, was for over two decades, and in part up to the present day—and to a far greater extent than most people realize—the work of the defeated." Wolfram Wette wrote, "In the work of the Historical Division the traces of the war of annihilation for which the Wehrmacht leadership was responsible were covered up".

Halder sought to distance himself and the German army from Hitler, Nazism and war crimes. He claimed to have been against the Russian campaign and that he had warned Hitler against his "adventure" in the East. He omitted any mention of the Barbarossa Decree that he had helped formulate or the Commissar Order which he had supported and disseminated. Halder also claimed implausibly that the invasion of the Soviet Union was a defensive measure.

The Americans were aware the manuscripts contained numerous apologia. However, they also contained intelligence that the Americans viewed as important in the event of a war between the US and the Soviet Union. Halder had coached former Nazi officers on how to make incriminating evidence disappear. Many of the officers he coached such as Heinz Guderian went on to write best-selling biographies that broadened the appeal of the apologia. Halder succeeded in his aim of rehabilitating the German officer corps, first with the US military, then widening circles of politics and finally millions of Americans.

In 1949 Halder wrote Hitler als Feldherr which was translated into English as Hitler as Commander and published in 1950. The work contains the central ideas behind the myth of the clean Wehrmacht that were subsequently reproduced in countless histories and memoirs. The book describes an idealised commander who is then compared to Hitler. The commander is noble, wise, against the war in the East and free of any guilt. Hitler alone is responsible for the evil committed; his complete immorality is contrasted with the moral behaviour of the commander who has done no wrong.

Halder's myth-making was not concentrated solely on absolving himself and the German army from war crimes; he also created two strategic and operational myths. The first is that Hitler alone was responsible for the military blunders during the invasion of the Soviet Union. The second myth is that the blitzkrieg campaign he so strongly advocated would have resulted in the capture of Moscow and won the war for Germany. The historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies writing in The Myth of the Eastern Front said "Franz Halder embodies better than any other high German officer the dramatic difference between myth and reality as it emerged after World War II".

Retirement
Halder's work with the Historical Commission drew to a close at the end of the 1950s, and he received praise from The Pentagon. Rear Admiral Walter Ansel who had worked with Halder while researching Operation Sealion, the planned Invasion of England, recommended he become an associate of the United States Naval Institute. In 1961 he was awarded the Meritorious Civilian Service Award for this work. This award was bestowed by Major General Edgar C. Doleman on behalf of President John F. Kennedy. Halder thus became the only German to be decorated by both Adolf Hitler and an American president. (He had received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross from Hitler in 1939.)

During the 1960s, Halder became akin to a "historical icon", fielding questions from historians and general public alike. Halder died in 1972 in Aschau im Chiemgau, Bavaria.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1914) 1st Class
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 October 1939 as General of the Artillery and Chief of General Staff of the German Army
 * US Meritorious Civilian Service Award (1961)

title: Franz Halder


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Luis Ordaz

Luis Javier Ordaz (born August 12, 1975), is a former Major League Baseball utility infielder and coach. Ordaz played for the St. Louis Cardinals (1997–1999), Kansas City Royals (2000–2002) and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2006). He bats and throws right-handed.

In a six-season career, Ordaz posted a .219 hitter with 30 runs batted in and no home runs in 205 games played.

In 2013, Ordaz, was the hitting coach for the Class-A Auburn Doubledays. In 2014, Ordaz became the hitting coach for the South Atlantic League Hagerstown Suns. In the 2018 season, he was the hitting coach for the Potomac Nationals (Class A - Advanced).

title: Luis Ordaz


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Marcus Antonius Primus

Marcus Antonius Primus (born between 20 AD and 35 AD – died after 81 AD) was a senator and general of the Roman Empire.

Early life
Primus was born at Tolosa (Toulouse) in Gaul. Possibly he was descended from Gauls who had been enfranchised by Mark Antony during his Gallic campaign. He was nicknamed Beccus ("Beaky"), likely due to his physique.

Career
During the reign of Nero, he was resident in Rome and a member of the Senate, from which he was expelled for conspiring to forge a will with Valerius Fabianus, and was banished from the city. He was subsequently reinstated by Galba, and placed in command of the Legio VII Galbiana in Pannonia.

During the civil war, Primus was one of Vespasian's strongest supporters. Advancing into Italy, he gained a decisive victory over the Vitellians at Bedriacum in October 69, and on the same day stormed and captured Cremona. His victorious troops then sacked and burned the city. Embarrassed by the incident he forbade enslavement of captive Cremonans, and their captors then began murdering those who could not be ransomed. He then crossed the Apennines, and made his way to Rome, into which he forced an entrance after considerable opposition. Vitellius was seized and put to death. For a few days, Primus was virtually ruler of Rome, and the Senate bestowed upon him the rank and insignia of a consul, but on the arrival of Licinius Mucianus, he left Rome.

Primus must have been alive during the reign of Domitian, since four epigrams of Martial are addressed to him. Tacitus describes him as brave in action, ready of speech, clever at bringing others into odium, powerful in times of civil war and rebellion, greedy, extravagant, in peace a bad citizen, in war an ally not to be despised.

title: Marcus Antonius Primus


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Alex Delgado

Alexander Delgado (born January 11, 1971) is a former Venezuelan catcher in Major League Baseball who played with the Boston Red Sox in their 1996 season. Listed at 6' 0", 160 lb., Delgado batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Palmarejo, Zulia.

In a 26-game career, Delgado posted a batting average of .250 (5-for-20) with one RBI and five runs without home runs. Delgado also spent 18 seasons in the Minor Leagues, mostly in the Red Sox system, and had stints in the Mexican League with the Rieleros de Aguascalientes and Olmecas de Tabasco.

In between, Delgado played winter ball with four clubs of the Venezuelan League during 23 seasons spanning 1988–2011.

His teammates dubbed him El Señor de los Anillos (The Lord of the Rings), as he was a member of 11 champion teams while collecting the most Championship Series rings of any player in Venezuelan professional baseball history. Additionally, he caught for the Tigres de Aragua club that clinched the 2009 Caribbean Series title.

A dependable and durable catcher for 23 years, Delgado played more than 2,000 games in his career before retiring in 2011 at the age of 40.

title: Alex Delgado


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Pola

Pola or POLA may refer to:

People

 * House of Pola, an Italian noble family
 * Pola Alonso (1923–2004), Argentine actress
 * Pola Brändle (born 1980), German artist and photographer
 * Pola Gauguin (1883–1961), Danish painter
 * Pola Gojawiczyńska (1896–1963), Polish writer
 * Pola Illéry (born 1908), Romanian actress
 * Pola Kinski (born 1952), German actress
 * Pola Negri (1897–1987), Polish actress
 * Pola Oloixarac, Argentine writer
 * Pola Raksa (born 1941), Polish actress and singer
 * Pola Susswein, Holocaust survivor and subject of Pola's March, a 2001 documentary film
 * Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin (born 1959), British politician
 * Spike Pola (1914–2012), Australian rules footballer
 * Adrián Alonso Pereira (born 1988), Spanish futsal player commonly known as Pola

Places

 * Pola (Buenos Aires Premetro), a railway station in Villa Lugano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Pola, Italian name for Pula, the largest city in Istria, Croatia
 * Pola (Italian province), in the Kingdom of Italy, 1923–1947
 * Pola, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in south Poland
 * Pola, Oriental Mindoro, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Pola (river), Russia
 * Pola (river), Russia

Acronyms

 * Principle of least astonishment, in human–computer interaction
 * Principle of least authority, in computer security
 * Port of London Authority, more often referred to as PLA
 * Port of Los Angeles
 * POLA, a German factory of plastic model kits for model railroad, since 1997 owned by Faller

Other uses

 * Italian cruiser Pola, World War II Italian warship
 * Pola Flotilla, an Imperial Germany Navy formation of the First World War
 * polA, the bacterial gene encoding DNA polymerase I
 * Pola (festival), a bull-centered festival in India
 * Pola (skipper), a genus of skipper butterflies
 * "Pola" (song), 2019 song by Muniek Staszczyk
 * Pola (given name)

title: Pola


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Inuktitut

Inuktitut (, syllabics ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ; from, 'person' + -titut, 'like', 'in the manner of'), also known as Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the North American tree line, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with Canadian Aboriginal syllabics.

It is recognised as an official language in Nunavut alongside Inuinnaqtun, and both languages are known collectively as Inuktut. Further, it is recognized as one of eight official native tongues in the Northwest Territories. It also has legal recognition in Nunavik—a part of Quebec—thanks in part to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, and is recognised in the Charter of the French Language as the official language of instruction for Inuit school districts there. It also has some recognition in Nunatsiavut—the Inuit area in Labrador—following the ratification of its agreement with the government of Canada and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The 2016 Canadian census reports that 70,540 individuals identify themselves as Inuit, of whom 37,570 self-reported Inuktitut as their mother tongue.

The term Inuktitut is also the name of a macrolanguage and, in that context, also includes Inuvialuktun, and thus nearly all Inuit dialects of Canada. However, Statistics Canada lists all Inuit languages in the Canadian census as Inuktut.

Inuktitut in the Canadian school system
Before contact with Europeans, Inuit learned skills by example and participation. The Inuktitut language provided them with all the vocabulary required to describe traditional practices and natural features. Up to this point, it was solely an oral language. Colonialism brought the European schooling system over to Canada. The missionaries of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches were the first ones to deliver formal education to Inuit in schools. The teachers used the Inuktitut language for instruction and developed writing systems.

In 1928 the first residential school for Inuit opened, and English became the language of instruction. As the government's interests in the north increased, it started taking over the education of Inuit. After the end of World War II, English was seen as the language of communication in all domains. Officials expressed concerns about the difficulty for Inuit to find employment if they were not able to communicate in English. Inuit were supposed to use English at school, work, and even on the playground. Inuit themselves viewed Inuktitut as the way to express their feelings and be linked to their identity, while English was a tool for making money.

In the 1960s, the European attitude towards the Inuktitut language started to change. Inuktitut was seen as a language worth preserving, and it was argued that knowledge, particularly in the first years of school, is best transmitted in the mother tongue. This set off the beginning of bilingual schools. In 1969, most Inuit voted to eliminate federal schools and replace them with programs by the General Directorate of New Quebec (Direction générale du Nouveau-Québec, DGNQ). Content was now taught in Inuktitut, English, and French.

Legislation
Inuktitut became one of the official languages in the Northwest Territories in 1984. Its status is secured in the Northwest Territories Official Language Act. With the split of the Territory into NWT and Nunavut in 1999, both territories kept the Language Act. The autonomous area Nunatsiavut in Labrador made Inuktitut the government language when it was formed in 2005. In Nunavik, the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement recognizes Inuktitut in the education system.

Nunavut
Nunavut's basic law lists four official languages: English, French, Inuktitut, and Inuinnaqtun. It is ambiguous in state policy to what degree Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun can be thought of as separate languages. The words Inuktitut, or more correctly Inuktut ('Inuit language') are increasingly used to refer to both Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut together, or "Inuit languages" in English.

Nunavut is the home of some 24,000 Inuit, over 80% of whom speak Inuktitut. This includes some 3,500 people reported as monolinguals. The 2001 census data shows that the use of Inuktitut, while lower among the young than the elderly, has stopped declining in Canada as a whole and may even be increasing in Nunavut.

The South Baffin dialect (Qikiqtaaluk nigiani, ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ ᓂᒋᐊᓂ) is spoken across the southern part of Baffin Island, including the territorial capital Iqaluit. This has in recent years made it a much more widely heard dialect, since a great deal of Inuktitut media originates in Iqaluit. Some linguists also distinguish an East Baffin dialect from either South Baffin or North Baffin, which is an Inuvialuk dialect.

As of the early 2000s, Nunavut has gradually implemented early childhood, elementary, and secondary school-level immersion programmes within its education system to further preserve and promote the Inuktitut language. , "Pirurvik, Iqaluit's Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home."

Nunavik
Quebec is home to roughly 15,800 Inuit, nearly all of whom live in Nunavik. According to the 2021 census, 80.9% of Quebec Inuit speak Inuktitut.

The Nunavik dialect (Nunavimmiutitut, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ) is relatively close to the South Baffin dialect, but not identical. Because of the political and physical boundary between Nunavik and Nunavut, Nunavik has separate government and educational institutions from those in the rest of the Inuktitut-speaking world, resulting in a growing standardization of the local dialect as something separate from other forms of Inuktitut. In the Nunavik dialect, Inuktitut is called ` (ᐃᓄᑦᑎᑐᑦ). This dialect is also sometimes called Tarramiutut or Taqramiutut (ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ or ᑕᖅᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ).

Subdialects of Inuktitut in this region include Tarrarmiut and Itivimuit. Itivimuit is associated with Inukjuak, Quebec, and there is an Itivimuit River near the town.

Labrador
The Nunatsiavut dialect (Nunatsiavummiutut ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᕗᒻᒥᐅᑐᑦ or, often in government documents, Labradorimiutut) was once spoken across northern Labrador. It has a distinct writing system, developed in Greenland in the 1760s by German missionaries from the Moravian Church. This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, has made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition. The Nunatsiavummiut call their language Inuttut (ᐃᓄᑦᑐᑦ).

Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported Inuktitut to be their native language in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of Nain. Inuktitut is seriously endangered in Labrador.

Nunatsiavut also had a separate dialect reputedly much closer to western Inuktitut dialects, spoken in the area around Rigolet. According to news reports, in 1999 it had only three very elderly speakers.

Greenland
Though often thought to be a dialect of Greenlandic, Inuktun or Polar Eskimo is a recent arrival in Greenland from the Eastern Canadian Arctic, arriving perhaps as late as the 18th century.

Phonology
Eastern dialects of Inuktitut have fifteen consonants and three vowels (which can be long or short). Consonants are arranged with six places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular; and three manners of articulation: voiceless stops, voiced continuants and nasals, as well as two additional sounds—voiceless fricatives. Natsalingmiutut has an additional consonant, a vestige of the retroflex consonants of Proto-Inuit. Inuinnaqtun has one fewer consonant, as and  have merged into. All dialects of Inuktitut have only three basic vowels and make a phonological distinction between short and long forms of all vowels. In Inuujingajut—Nunavut standard Roman orthography—long vowels are written as a double vowel.

All voiceless stops are unaspirated, like in many other languages. The voiceless uvular stop is usually written as q, but sometimes written as r. The voiceless lateral fricative is romanized as ɬ, but is often written as &, or simply as l.

/ŋ/ is spelt as ng, and geminated /ŋ/ is spelt as nng.

Grammar
Inuktitut, like other Eskimo–Aleut languages, has a very rich morphological system, in which a succession of different morphemes are added to root words to indicate things that, in languages like English, would require several words to express. (See also: Agglutinative language and Polysynthetic language.) All words begin with a root morpheme to which other morphemes are suffixed. Inuktitut has hundreds of distinct suffixes, in some dialects as many as 700. However, it is highly regular, with rules that do not have exceptions like in English and other Indo-European languages, though they are sometimes very complicated.

One example is the word qangatasuukkuvimmuuriaqalaaqtunga (ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒻᒨᕆᐊᖃᓛᖅᑐᖓ) meaning 'I'll have to go to the airport:

Latin alphabets
The western part of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories use a Latin alphabet usually called Inuinnaqtun or Qaliujaaqpait, reflecting the predispositions of the missionaries who reached this area in the late 19th century and early 20th.

Moravian missionaries, with the purpose of introducing Inuit to Christianity and the Bible, contributed to the development of an Inuktitut alphabet in Greenland during the 1760s that was based on the Latin script. (This alphabet is distinguished by its inclusion of the letter kra, ĸ.) They later travelled to Labrador in the 1800s, bringing the Inuktitut alphabet with them.

The Alaskan Yupik and Inupiat (who additionally developed their own syllabary) and the Siberian Yupik also adopted Latin alphabets.

Qaniujaaqpait
Most Inuktitut in Nunavut and Nunavik is written using a scheme called Qaniujaaqpait or Inuktitut syllabics, based on Canadian Aboriginal syllabics.

In the 1860s, missionaries imported this system of Qaniujaaqpait, which they had developed in their efforts to convert the Cree to Christianity, to the Eastern Canadian Inuit. The Netsilik Inuit in Kugaaruk and north Baffin Island adopted Qaniujaaqpait by the 1920s.

In September 2019, a unified orthography called Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait, based on the Latin alphabet without diacritics, was adopted for all varieties of Inuktitut by the national organization Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, after eight years of work. It was developed by Inuit to be used by speakers of any dialect from any region, and can be typed on electronic devices without specialized keyboard layouts. It does not replace syllabics, and people from the regions are not required to stop using their familiar writing systems. Implementation plans are to be established for each region. It includes letters such as ff, ch, and rh, the sounds for which exist in some dialects but do not have standard equivalents in syllabics. It establishes a standard alphabet but not spelling or grammar rules. Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g., aa, ii, uu). The apostrophe represents a glottal stop when after a vowel (e.g., mana), or separates an n from an ng (e.g., avin'ngaq) or an r from an rh (e.g., qar'rhuk).

In April 2012, with the completion of the Old Testament, the first complete Bible in Inuktitut, translated by native speakers, was published.

Noted literature in Inuktitut has included the novels Harpoon of the Hunter by Markoosie Patsauq, and Sanaaq by Mitiarjuk Nappaaluk.

The Canadian syllabary
The Inuktitut syllabary used in Canada is based on the Cree syllabary devised by the missionary James Evans. The present form of the syllabary for Canadian Inuktitut was adopted by the Inuit Cultural Institute in Canada in the 1970s. Inuit in Alaska, Inuvialuit, Inuinnaqtun speakers, and Inuit in Greenland and Labrador use Latin alphabets.

Though conventionally called a syllabary, the writing system has been classified by some observers as an abugida, since syllables starting with the same consonant have related glyphs rather than unrelated ones.

All of the characters needed for the Inuktitut syllabary are available in the Unicode block Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The territorial government of Nunavut, Canada, has developed TrueType fonts called Pigiarniq (ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ ), Uqammaq (ᐅᖃᒻᒪᖅ ), and Euphemia (ᐅᕓᒥᐊ ) for computer displays. They were designed by Vancouver-based Tiro Typeworks. Apple Macintosh computers include an Inuktitut IME (Input Method Editor) as part of keyboard language options. Linux distributions provide locale and language support for Inupiaq, Kalaallisut and Inuktitut.

Braille
In 2012 Tamara Kearney, Manager of Braille Research and Development at the Commonwealth Braille and Talking Book Cooperative, developed a Braille code for the Inuktitut language syllabics. This code is based on representing the syllabics' orientation. Machine translation from Unicode UTF-8 and UTF-16 can be performed using the liblouis Braille translation system which includes an Inuktitut Braille translation table. The book ᐃᓕᐊᕐᔪᒃ ᓇᓄᕐᓗ (The Orphan and the Polar Bear) became the first work ever translated into Inuktitut Braille, and a copy is held by the Nunavut Territorial Library at Baker Lake, Nunavut.

Dictionaries and lexica

 * (133 KB)

Webpages

 * A Brief History of Inuktitut Writing Culture
 * Inuktitut Syllabarium (Languagegeek)
 * Our Language, Our Selves
 * Government of Nunavut font download
 * Inuktitut-friendly website hosting and development
 * Tusaalanga ("Let me hear it"), a website with Inuktitut online lessons with sound files

Utilities

 * NANIVARA – Inuktitut Search Engine. – NANIVARA means "I've found it!" in Inuktitut.

title: Inuktitut


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Trashigang District

Trashigang District (Dzongkha: བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྒང་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: Bkra-shis-sgang rdzong-khag; also spelled "Tashigang") is Bhutan's easternmost dzongkhag (district).

Culture
The population of the district is mainly Sharchop, which means "easterner" in Dzongkha, the national language.

Languages
The dominant language of Trashigang is Tshangla (Sharchopkha), the lingua franca of eastern Bhutan. Two significant minority languages are spoken in the far eastern region of the district: the East Bodish Dakpa language and the Southern Bodish Brokpa language. Dakpa is spoken by descendants of yakherding communities, and may in fact be a divergent dialect of Brokpake, heavily influenced by Dzalakha.

Economy and education
While it has no major urban area, Trashigang has the densest population in Bhutan. It used to be part of an important trade route connecting Assam to Tibet, and still is a primary route for Bhutanese trade with India. Towns include Trashigang (the district capital), Radi, Rangjung, and Phongmey. The district produces rice and lavender.

There are several tourist packages to Bhutan that include trips from Thimphu to Trashigang, despite the 17-hour journey from the capital over the rough and dangerous Lateral Road.

Trashigang is also the site of Sherubtse College, the original college within the Royal University of Bhutan system.

Landmarks
Trashigang Dzong, or fortress, was built in 1659 by the third Druk Desi Chögyal Mingyur Tenpa to defend against Tibetan invaders. Because of its altitude, invading armies remarked that "it is not a dzong on the ground, it is in the sky".

An ancient lhakhang or temple in the district, known for its rock garden, contains a sacred footprint said to be either that of Guru Rimpoche or that of a khandroma (angel).

Rangjung, 16 km east of the district capital, is the site of Rangjung Ösel Chöling Monastery, established by Dungse Garab Dorje Rinpoche in 1989. The temple contains particularly fine images of Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita and Chögyal Trisong Detsen (Khen-Lop-Chö sum).

Administrative divisions
Trashigang Districts is divided into fifteen village blocks (or gewogs):

 * Bartsham Gewog
 * Bidung Gewog
 * Kanglung Gewog
 * Kangpara Gewog
 * Khaling Gewog
 * Lumang Gewog
 * Merak Gewog
 * Phongmey Gewog
 * Radhi Gewog
 * Sakten Gewog
 * Samkhar Gewog
 * Shongphu Gewog
 * Thrimshing Gewog
 * Uzorong Gewog
 * Yangneer Gewog

Protected area
The Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, one of ten protected areas of Bhutan, was created in part to protect the migoi, a type of yeti in whose existence most Bhutanese believe. The sanctuary covers the eastern third of the district (the gewogs of Merag and Sakteng), and is connected via biological corridor to Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary in Samdrup Jongkhar District to the south.

title: Trashigang District


text:
Talk:David Bowie (1967 album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bowie-davidbowie.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Cheers, Ian Rose (talk) 07:31, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Edwardian flam
I know what the Edwardian period is, and I know what a flam is, but I'm at a loss as to what the phrase "Edwardian flam" is supposed to signify in "...and the Edwardian flam shared by such contemporary songs as the Beatles' 'Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!'" Can anyone clarify this?  · rodii ·  22:01, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Typo?
Did Fearnley assert a "bar had four crotches" Doug butler (talk) 11:38, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Bowie (1967 album)


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José Malavé

José Francisco Malavé [mah-lah-VEY] (born May 31, 1971) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder who played from 1996 to 1997 with the Boston Red Sox. He was born in Cumaná, Sucre.

In parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball, Malavé was a .226 hitter with four home runs and 17 RBI in 45 career games.

Besides, he played professional baseball in Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and Venezuela.

Malavé also served as third base coach for the Venezuela national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

title: José Malavé


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Dhruva

Dhruva (Sanskrit: ध्रुव,, lit. "unshakeable, immovable, or fixed") was an ascetic devotee of Vishnu mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana.

The Sanskrit term dhruva nakshatra (ध्रुव नक्षत्र, "polar star") has been used for Pole Star in the Mahabharata, personified as son of Uttānapāda and grandson of Manu, even though Polaris at the likely period of the recension of the text of the Mahabharata was still several degrees away from the celestial pole.

Devotion towards Vishnu
Dhruva was born as son of the King Uttānapāda (the son of Svayambhuva Manu) and his wife Suniti. The king also had another son Uttama, born to his second queen Suruchi, who was the preferred object of his affection. Once, when Dhruva was a child of five years of age, he saw his younger brother, Uttama sitting on his father's lap at the King's throne. Suruchi, who was jealous of the older son from the first wife (since he - Dhruva - would be heir to throne, and not Suruchi's son), cruelly scolded young Dhruva for his efforts to sit on his father's lap. When Dhruva protested and asked if he could not be allowed to sit on his father's lap, Suruchi berated him saying, 'Go ask god to be born in my womb. Only then will you have the privilege'. Suniti - being of gentle nature and now the lesser favorite wife - tried to console the distraught child, but Dhruva was determined to hear of his fate from the Lord himself. Seeing his firm resolve, his mother bade him farewell as he set out on a lonely journey to the forest. Dhruva was determined to seek for himself his rightful place, and noticing this resolve, the divine sage Narada appeared before him and tried to desist him from assuming a severe austerity upon himself at such an early age. But, Dhruva's fierce determination knew no bounds, and the astonished sage guided him towards his goal by teaching him the rituals and mantras to meditate on when seeking lord Vishnu. The one mantra which Narada taught and which was effectively used by Dhruva was Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya. Narada advised Dhruva following three things to always remember in life, he mentioned you will meet three kinds of people 1. People who are elder to you and more knowledgeable to you, show them respect to them and heed to their advise 2. People who are at same knowledge level as you are, show them respect and work together so both of you can higher level together. 3. People who are at lesser knowledge level as you are, show them respect and help them gain knowledge as you have.

Note that all three people you meet respect is common action you have perform as everyone is form of the same god. Having been advised, Dhruva started his meditation, and went without food and water for six months. The austerity of his tapasya shook the heavens and Vishnu appeared before him, but the child would not open his eyes because he was still merged in his inner vision of Vishnu's form described to him by Narada. Vishnu had to adopt a strategy of causing that inner vision to disappear. Immediately Dhruva opened his eyes, and, seeing outside what he had been seeing all along in his mental vision, bowed down before Vishnu. But he could not utter a single word. Vishnu touched Dhruva's right cheek by his divine conch and that sparked off his speech. Out poured forth a beautiful poem praising Vishnu in 12 powerful verses, which together are called Dhruva-stuti.

Vishnu Purana gives a slightly different account here. When Vishnu was pleased with Dhruva's tapasya (penance) and asked him for a varadāna (grant of wishes), he asked for the varadāna of knowledge of a stuti (hymn). Other persons would have asked for worldly or heavenly pleasures, or for moksha at most, but Dhruva had no personal desire. Renunciation of all desires is regarded to be essential for eternal peace in Hinduism: this is the meaning of Dhruva-pada. That was the reason why the Saptarshis decided to give Dhruva the most revered seat of a star - the Pole Star.

Having spent a long time in Vishnu's remembrance he even forgot the objective of his tapasya, and only asked for a life in memory of Vishnu. Pleased by his tapasya, Vishnu granted his wish and further decreed that he would attain Dhruva-pada: the state where he would become a celestial body which would not even be touched by the Maha Pralaya.

Dhruva returned to his kingdom, to be warmly received by his family, and attained the crown at the age of six. He ruled for many decades in a fair and just manner.

The Yaksha War
According to the Srimad Bhagavata, once, Dhruva's step-brother Uttama went to the foothills of the Himalayas to hunt. However, he was killed by a Yaksha. Uttama's mother Suruchi went looking for him, but she too was killed.

This news reached Dhruva. He was enraged and so, he declared a war against the Yakshas. He travelled to the Yaksha kingdom of Alakapuri fought valiantly, and vanquished his opponents. After defeating the Yaksha soldiers, he began killing even innocent Yakshas. Alarmed by this, Dhruva's grandfather, Svayambhuva Manu appeared before him and bade him to stop. He calmed Dhruva's anger down.

After realising his mistake, Dhruva apologised to the Yaksha king, Vaishravana. Vaishravana asked Dhruva for a boon, and Dhruva asked for being able to preserve his devotion towards Vishnu.

title: Dhruva


text:
Wikipedia talk:GNU Free Documentation License resources

Disinfopedia attribution
After discussion on wikien-l, I've added a suggested attribution line to GNU Free Documentation License resources. (Originally for Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, where they can openly call the AdTI scoundrels, but we must be strictly fair.) - David Gerard 15:58, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

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Treacle mining

Treacle mining is a joke about mining black treacle (also known as molasses ) in a raw form similar to coal. The subject purports to be serious but is an attempt to test credulity. Thick black treacle makes the deception plausible. The topic has been a joke in British humour since the mid-19th century.

Origins
One possible origin of the joke is from 1853 when 8,000 British Army soldiers were camped on Chobham Common. The camp included storehouses containing barrels. When the soldiers left for the Crimean War and the site was dismantled, they buried barrels to avoid having to remove them. Some of the barrels contained treacle and Chobham villagers who discovered and removed them were called "treacle miners" as a joke. Local folklore about treacle mining was extended into history back to Roman Britain.

Another explanation is that the word treacle meant "a medicine", derived from the appearance of the Greek derivative theriacal meaning medicinal (Greek theriake "curative", "antidote"), leading to the various healing wells around Britain being called "treacle wells". Treacle later came to mean a sticky syrup after the popularity of a honey-based drug called "Venice treacle", and the continued use of the old form in the treacle wells led to the joke.

In Devon, on the eastern edge of Dartmoor, the remains of mines that produced micaceous hematite, used as pounce to dust early ink to prevent smearing, are known locally as "treacle mines" since they show a glistening black residue that looks like treacle.

Locations
The village of Sabden in Lancashire cultivated a considerable body of folklore about local treacle mining in the 1930s. The local newspaper helped foster the myth, publishing numerous stories about the fictitious mines.

The paper mills around Maidstone in Kent were known as "The Tovil Treacle Mines" by locals, after the area where one of the mills owned by Albert E. Reed was situated. The company helped the myth with a float in Maidstone carnival with a "treacle mine" theme.

One suggested source of the story in this area is a rumour that the paper industry was threatened during the Second World War because there was no imported timber. Fermentation of straw was tried, creating a sticky goo. There were attempts to make paper from other than rags in the 19th century and an early commercial success was achieved by Samuel Hook and his son, Charles Townsend Hook, using straw at Upper Tovil Mill in the 1850s. The road next to Upper Tovil Mill became known, and was later named, as Straw Mill Hill. To produce pulp, the straw was cooked in hot alkali. After separation of the fibre, the remaining liquid looked like black treacle. Upper Tovil Mill closed in the 1980s and the site was used for a housing estate.

Tudeley and Frittenden in Kent are also said to have had treacle mines. A tank wagon on the Kent and East Sussex Railway was painted in sham "Frittenden Treacle Mines" livery in 2009.

Suggestions of a treacle mine in Buxted were published by the "Friends of Horwich".

Tadley treacle mines had a local hotel named after them and a Tadley Treacle Fair is held. Legend says the name derives from using treacle tins to store money because banks could not be trusted. The tins were buried around the village. Criminals mined for tins.

Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire has a legend of having a treacle mine and a local nickname since around World War I was "Treacle Bumstead". Wareside, also in Hertfordshire, has long had its own "treacle mines". When asked "where have you been?", it was often a popular answer in and around Ware, to say "down the treacle mines!"

Treacle mines have also been claimed in the twin villages Trimley St. Martin and Trimley St. Mary (Suffolk), Wem (Shropshire), Talskiddy, Bisham, Nuneaton, Sway (Hampshire), Ginge (Oxfordshire), Chobham (Surrey), Tongham, Tadley, Skidby, Ditchford, Crick (Northamptonshire), Debdale (Leicestershire), Dunchideock and many other locations across Somerset and Devon, in several northern towns including Natland and Baggrow in Cumbria and Pudsey in Yorkshire, in Croftamie, Scotland, and in the fictional village of Wymsey.

Actual places
Several public houses, restaurants and hotels have borne the name. The Treacle Mine public house in Grays, Thurrock, Essex (pictured above) is an example, and the adjacent Treacle Mine Roundabout, which features on the local bus timetable, is named after the public house.

There is a restaurant/pub named Treacle Mine in Polegate, East Sussex;. The name refers to the Polegate treacle mines, a long-running tale in the area that is very popular, with locals dressing as treacle miners for the 1978 Eastbourne carnival. The origins are believed to be associated with a nearby sweet factory.

The Broomsquire Hotel in Tadley, Hampshire, was previously the Treacle Mine Hotel; and another Treacle Mine pub is in Hereford.

Since April 2009 the town of Wincanton in Somerset, twinned with Ankh-Morpork, has had a Treacle Mine Road.

Cultural references
The Treacle Mine has been a joke played on children and the gullible since at least the nineteenth century.
 * Ottershaw School in Surrey (a state boarding school founded in 1948 and closed in 1980) encouraged all new boys, on their first Sunday, to wait outside the Main gate for the coach that would take them on an outing to the Chobham Treacle Mines.
 * In Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll, Alice is shushed at the Mad Hatter's tea party for disbelieving a story told by the Dormouse about a treacle well, inspired by the holy well at Binsey, Oxfordshire.
 * In Uncle and the Treacle Trouble (1967), a children's book by J. P. Martin, the main character (an elephant named "Uncle") discovers the true meaning of a cryptic sign which reads "Treac Levat"; the characters soon discover that it relates to a vast hidden treacle vat.
 * Treacle mining features in several novels by Terry Pratchett. On the fictional Discworld treacle is mined from buried deposits of compressed ancient sugarcane. In the city of Ankh-Morpork there is a street named Treacle Mine Road, with the current watch house (analogous to a police station) found in the building formerly housing the entrance to a treacle mine. The books also make references to "deep treacle" deposits beneath the city. As with many features of the Discworld, treacle mines exist because people believe in them, according to the Discworld's Theory of Narrative Causality.
 * The Treacle People was a children's TV show from 1996 based around the treacle mines of Sabden in Lancashire.
 * All the members of the Seven Champions Molly Dancers from Kent are reputed to be treacle miners.
 * Some of Ken Dodd's Diddy Men were said to work in a jam butty mine. This appears to be a similar concept.

title: Treacle mining


text:
Nathaniel Folsom

Nathaniel Folsom (September 28, 1726 – May 26, 1790) was an American merchant and statesman. He was a delegate for New Hampshire in the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1777 to 1780, signing the Continental Association. He served as major general of the New Hampshire Militia during the American Revolutionary War.

Private life
Folsom was born into a large family in Exeter, New Hampshire. His ancestors were among Exeter's earliest settlers, having arrived with the Gilman family, to whom they were related, from Hingham, Massachusetts, where both families settled for a time before moving on to New Hampshire. The original spelling of the family name was Foulsham. The Folsoms continued to hold land outside Hingham, Norfolk, England, many years after leaving for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1673, John Folsom of Exeter gave his son Peter 50 acre of land in Norfolk County, England, which he had inherited from his family.

Nathaniel Folsom's father Jonathan (c. 1685–1740) married Ann Ladd (1691–1742), and she gave birth to Anna, Sarah, Lydia, Elizabeth, Abigail, John, Mary, Nathaniel, Jonathan, Samuel, Josiah and Trueworthy (named for Folsom's Treworgy ancestors). When Folsom's father died in January 1740, the thirteen-year-old Nathaniel went to work for a merchant. He invested in timber and opened a sawmill. Then in 1761, he went into business with some distant cousins, Joseph and Josiah Gilman. They became Folsom, Gilman & Gilman and opened a general store, built ships, and carried on an import/export business. The firm operated in Exeter and Portsmouth. Though the partners separated in 1768, Folsom continued in foreign commerce, timber, and lumber operations for the rest of his life.

Folsom married twice, first to Dorothy Smith (1726–1776). Their children included: Nathaniel, Dorothy, Jonathan, Anna, Arthur, Mary, and Deborah. Deborah was New Hampshire Governor John Taylor Gilman's first wife, and Mary was his second). Folsom married again to Mary Fisher, and they had one daughter, Ruth Weare.

Military career
Folsom joined the militia as did most young men. During the French and Indian War he was captain of a company in the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment during the Crown Point expedition led by Sir William Johnson in 1755. At the Battle of Lake George, his company, supported by artillery from Massachusetts, surprised and captured Baron Dieskau, the French commander-in-chief. Besides capturing the Baron, they dispersed the French troops, took the French baggage train and seized a critical mass of supplies, with the loss of only six men.

Folsom went on to become a colonel of the Fourth Regiment of New Hampshire Militia. His formal commission was revoked by Governor John Wentworth after the raid on Fort William and Mary in December 1774. Disregarding this, Colonel Folsom marched his regiment to Portsmouth and escorted the captured cannons safely back to Durham.

Near the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the Provincial Congress named him brigadier general in command of New Hampshire's forces. This created some confusion, as the Massachusetts provisional government had named John Stark to the same position. At the time, Colonel Stark was the senior commander of the New Hampshire men who had marched to the Siege of Boston. The confusion was resolved in June 1775, when the Continental Congress named John Sullivan general of those New Hampshire forces in service with the Continental Army. Folsom was the senior officer for militia forces within the state. He was later named a major general, and continued recruiting, training, and supply efforts throughout the war.

Political career
Folsom had served several years as moderator of the town meetings at Exeter. When the revolutionary Provincial Congress first met on July 21, 1774, he was a delegate. The Provincial Congress named him their delegate to the First Continental Congress that met in Philadelphia, during which he was a signatory to the Continental Association.

Folsom was a member when everything relating to the success of the Revolution wore a dubious aspect. At this period too, when there were so many scattered and dispersed throughout the country who sympathized with the mother country and who were denominated Tories, it became necessary to adopt some method, or to institute some measure, by which it could be known who were friends and who were enemies of the cause of Independence. Accordingly, the Continental Congress made a provision whereby all persons friendly to the cause of liberty and independence were required to associate and sign an obligation to oppose, by arms and money, the hostilities of the British. This obligation was denominated the Association Test. All who refused to sign it were disarmed and watched with jealous care, and every hostile demonstration noted and reported to the Committee of Safety, which was composed of a body of men appointed by the General Assembly. Their order and recommendations had all the force and effect and was considered equally binding as the acts and resolves of the General Assembly.

In 1775, Folsom continued his service in the provincial congress, as he would do until 1783. He became a close political ally of Meshech Weare and Josiah Bartlett, as he was named to the New Hampshire Committee of Safety. In January 1776, he also became a justice in the Rockingham County court of common pleas. In 1777 and 1779 he was returned as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress.

In 1783, he became the chief judge in the common pleas court. That same year he went to, and presided over, the state's constitutional convention. When a constitution was adopted, as president of the convention, he wrote a cover letter, then forwarded it to the towns for ratification. Ironically, one problem addressed by the constitution was to limit the number of offices held by one man. Folsom thus resigned from the Assembly, as head of the militia, and from the Governor's Council. He held the position of chief judge in Rockingham County until his death in Exeter on May 26, 1790. He is buried in Exeter's Winter Street Cemetery.

title: Nathaniel Folsom


text:
Vellescot

Vellescot is a commune in the Territoire de Belfort department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in northeastern France.

Geography
The village is located on the secondary road départementale D13 which connects Belfort to Suarce, 16 km from Belfort. Primarily agricultural, it is surrounded by forests and ponds whose formation is supported by the impermeable clay soil.

History
In the Gallo-Roman era, a minor road connecting Delle with Froidefontaine crossed Boron and Vellescot. A section of a hundred meters length was excavated around 1851. The first mention of the name of Vellecort is in the charter of equipment of the priory of Froidefontaine on 8 March 1105. The village then formed part of the town hall and the parish of Grosne and returned in 1125 to Frederic, count of Ferrette. In the Austrian period, which lasted from the middle of the fourteenth to the middle of the sixteenth century, the name of the village was Germanized to Hanendorf. Before the Second World War a metric gauge railroad of local interest ran between Belfort and Réchésy, which crossed Grosne, Vellescot and Suarce.

title: Vellescot


text:
William M. Crane

Commodore William Montgomery Crane (February 1, 1776 – March 18, 1846) was an officer in the United States Navy during the First Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of General William Crane who was wounded at the Battle of Quebec while serving under Richard Montgomery in honor of whom he was given the middle name of Montgomery. His brother was Colonel Ichabod Crane who also served in the War of 1812 as well as the Mexican War.

Biography
Crane was born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey on February 1, 1776, and appointed midshipman in 1799. Serving as a lieutenant on the USS Vixen (1803) he won honors for his gallant fighting in the attacks on Tripoli in 1804.

He was in command of the brigantine USS Nautilus on 29 July 1812, when it was captured by a British squadron, according to the then Lieutenant Crane;

"the chaseing ship put her helm up hoisted a broad pendant and English colours and ranged under my lee quarter--unable to resist I was compelled to strike the Flag of the United States."

Crane was promoted to master commandant on March 4, 1813, and to captain on November 22, 1814. He was assigned command of the Mediterranean Squadron in 1827 and acted as one of the commissioners in the negotiations with the Ottoman Empire.

He was on the Board of Navy Commissioners and the first Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography from 1842 until his death by suicide at the age of 70 years on March 18, 1846.

Legacy
The Naval Ammunition Depot in Burns City, Indiana was renamed US Naval Ammunition Depot, Crane, in honor of Commodore Crane. The depot is currently named Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division. USS Crane (DD-109) was also named in his honor. The town of Crane, Indiana was named for him.

title: William M. Crane


text:
Robert Machado

Robert Alexis Machado [ma-cha'-do] (born June 3, 1973) is a former Venezuelan catcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1998 through 2004 for the Chicago White Sox, Montreal Expos, Seattle Mariners, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers and Baltimore Orioles. Listed at 6' 1", 205 lb., Machado batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Puerto Cabello, Carabobo.

Machado was a solid defensive catcher with a strong arm, but his little offensive value limited his effectiveness as an everyday player. His most productive season came in 2001 with the Cubs, when he posted a .997 of fielding percentage and threw out 13 of 39 baserunners who attempted to steal off him. He also had eight multi-hit games, including three over a six-game span, when he went 9-for-23 with three doubles and a home run.

On June 9, 2002, the Cubs traded Machado to the Brewers for previously heralded prospect Jackson Melián.

Machado also played in all or part of 13 Minor League seasons spanning 1991–2004, posting a .273 average with 70 homers and 392 RBI in 862 games.

In February 2009, Machado received a 15-game suspension for violating MLB-Minor League drug treatment and prevention program while trying to return to organized baseball.

title: Robert Machado


text:
Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board

The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) is a United States self-regulatory financial organization that writes investor protection rules and other rules regulating broker-dealers and banks in the municipal securities market. This including tax-exempt and taxable municipal bonds, municipal notes, and other securities issued by states, cities, and counties or their agencies to help finance public projects or for other public policy purposes.

History
The MSRB was created by the Section 15B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as amended by the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975,, and codified at ) to create a mechanism for the regulation of municipal securities as well as brokers, dealers, and banks in the municipal securities business.

The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 broadened the MSRB's rulemaking authority to also regulate so-called municipal advisors, which include financial advisors, swap advisors, brokers of guaranteed investment contracts and other market participants that advise on the issuance of municipal securities and provide certain other types of advice to state and local governments, public pension funds and other municipal entities on municipal derivatives, investment strategies and other financial matters. , since the SEC has not released the definition of "municipal advisor", the MSRB's rules in this regard are suspended and there is considerable concern in the industry as to whether underwriters and/or other regulated professionals may be viewed as municipal advisors, thereby having the related fiduciary duties. The MSRB's investor protection rules will be extended to protect municipal entities as well.

Mandate
Like the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the MSRB is a self-regulatory organization that is subject to oversight by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The MSRB is authorized to create rules designed "to prevent fraudulent and manipulative acts and practices, to promote just and equitable principles of trade, to foster cooperation and coordination with persons engaged in regulating, clearing, settling, and processing information with respect to, and facilitating transactions in municipal securities, to remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a free and open market in municipal securities, and, in general, to protect investors and the public interest." While the MSRB sets standards for broker-dealers, banks, and municipal advisors, MSRB rules do not apply to issuers of municipal securities or other municipal entities, which Congress generally exempted from most provisions of the federal securities laws (such as the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940) otherwise applicable to private-sector issuers of corporate and other types of securities. MSRB rules are enforced by various other federal regulatory organizations, including the SEC, FINRA, the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC).

Among its investor protection rules, the MSRB is best known for adopting the first nationwide Pay to Play rule, known as Rule G-37, designed to eliminate the use of political contributions to obtain municipal underwriting business from state and local governments. The MSRB's investor protection rules also apply to state-operated 529 plans marketed by broker-dealers, as well as to the underwriting, sales and trading of Build America Bonds and other taxable municipal obligations. In addition, the MSRB operates the Electronic Municipal Market Access (EMMA) system, which provides free on-line access to comprehensive municipal securities disclosure documents, trade prices, interest rate information, and market statistics.

Structure
The MSRB is composed of members from regulated broker-dealers and banks as well as from the public. Beginning on October 1, 2010, the MSRB will be recomposed to consist of a majority of independent public members and to include representatives of municipal advisors.

title: Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board


text:
Lugger

A lugger is a sailing vessel defined by its rig, using the lug sail on all of its one or more masts. Luggers were widely used as working craft, particularly off the coasts of France, England, Ireland and Scotland. Luggers varied extensively in size and design. Many were undecked, open boats, some of which operated from beach landings (such as Hastings or Deal). Others were fully decked craft (typified by the Zulu and many other sailing drifters). Some larger examples might carry lug topsails.

History
A lugger is usually a two- or three-masted vessel, setting lug sails on each mast. A jib or staysail may be set on some luggers. More rarely, lug topsails are used by some luggers — notably the chasse-marée. A lug sail is an asymmetric quadrilateral sail that fastens to a yard (spar) along the head (top edge) of the sail. The yard is held to the mast either by a parrel or by a traveller (consisting of a metal ring that goes round the mast and has an eye for the halyard and a hook which fastens to a strop on the yard). A dipping lug sail is fastened at the tack (front lower corner) some distance in front of the mast, often at the stemhead. A standing lug's tack is fastened near the foot of the mast. The halyard for a dipping lug is usually made fast to the weather gunwale, thereby allowing the mast to be otherwise unstayed. A common arrangement is to have a dipping lug foresail and a standing lug mizzen. This arrangement is found on many traditional British fishing vessels, such as the fifie, but there are examples of dipping lugs on two masts or standing lugs on two or three masts (as in the chasse-marée).

Rig
A standing lug may be used with or without a boom; most working craft were boomless to allow more working space. The dipping lug never uses a boom. A dipping lug has to be moved to the leeward side of the mast when going about, so that the sail can take a good aerodynamic shape on the new tack. There are several methods of doing this, one of which is to simply lower the sail, manhandle the yard and sail to the other side of the mast and re-hoist. All the various methods are time and labour consuming. A standing lug can be left unaltered when tacking as it still sets reasonably well with the sail pressed against the mast. Some users (such as in the Royal Navy Montagu whaler) would still dip the yard of a standing lug (with a sharp, well timed downward pull on the leech at the moment when the wind is not filling the sail). Conversely many fishermen would always hoist a standing lug on the same side of the mast regardless of which tack they expected to be sailing on.

Performance
Sailing performance with a standing lug relies on the right amount of luff tension. An essential component of this rig is the tack tackle, a purchase with which luff tension is adjusted for various points of sail.

The balanced (or balance) lug has a boom that projects in front of the mast roughly the same distance as the yard. This is generally used in dinghies. The sail is left on the same side of the mast regardless of the wind direction. A downhaul is set up from the boom to a point close to the heel of the mast and its adjustment is critical to getting this sort of sail to set correctly. Luggers were used extensively for smuggling from the middle of the 18th century onwards; their fast hulls and powerful rigs regularly allowed them to outpace any Revenue vessel in service. The French three-masted luggers also served as privateers and in general trade. As smuggling declined from about 1840, the mainmast of British three-masted luggers tended to be discarded, with larger sails being set on the fore and mizzen. This gave more clear space in which to work fishing nets.

Local types

 * British Isles
 * Coble, used on the English east coast from Yorkshire to Northumberland
 * Five Man boats, large 55–65 foot boats used for line fishing on the Yorkshire coast
 * Cornish lugger
 * Deal lugger, the two larger types of boat used by Deal boatmen to service ships anchored in the Downs. These were beach-launched open boats, originally three masted, but the main-mast was later dispensed with to allow more room, ultimately giving jib, dipping lug foresail and a standing lug mizzen sheeted to an outrigger. A first-class lugger or "fore-peaker" was typically 38 feet long, 12 ft 3 inches at greatest beam, carried 6 tons of ballast in a clinker-built hull weighing 3.5 tons. They could carry a replacement anchor and cable out to a large ship – a load of at least six tons.
 * Fifie, a herring drifter of the Scottish east coast
 * Hastings lugger
 * Manx nickey
 * Manx nobbyCorenting-IMG 9716.JPG
 * Sgoth Niseach, dipping lug

 * Continental Europe
 * Barca-longa, of the Iberian and Mediterranean coasts
 * Breton chasse-marée. These were fast-sailing cargo vessels that took fresh fish to market, sometimes taking general cargo for the return trip. They set standing lugs on three masts and a jib. Topsails were often used and topgallants when racing.
 * French lugger (lougre), of the coast of Normandy

 * United States of America
 * New Orleans LuggerOyster Luggers in New Orleans.jpg (also known as an Oyster Lugger). These shallow draft vessels were typically 37 ft overall with a 12 ft beam, although they could vary substantially in size. They set a dipping lug on a single mast and had a centre board to help go to windward in deeper waters. They were used principally for fishing, with some cargoes occasionally carried. They could be found from Texas to the West coast of Florida.

 * Australia
 * Some of the early pearling luggers used off the northern coast line of Australia from about the 1870s, often ship's boats, carried a lug sail, but the purpose-built boats that were used from the 1880s stopped using it over time. The majority of these were gaff-riged ketches, although they continued to be called pearling luggers until the present day.

title: Lugger


text:
Talk:Women's college

Now 2 lists
There are now two lists of women's colleges, one here and one at List of women's colleges in the United States. Still, I think we can make a distinction -- the list there seems to be of those currently all-women, whereas this can be an historical list.

That said, I think that while the "other" list is sorted by location, it would be nice to sort this one by date. **BUT** the problem is that colleges like to exaggerate their founding dates, using the founding date of an affiliated prep school (or something) to make themselves seem older. To take an example from non-women's colleges, Bradford College, which has now closed, was founded in 1971, but claimed a founding date of 1803 (!), because Bradford Academy existed from 1803-1932, Bradford Junior College from 1932-1971, and Bradford College from 1971-2000.

On the women's college front, Judson College claims to be the sixth oldest women's college, with a founding in 1838, whereas this says that Oread Institute, founded in 1849, was the first college made exclusively for women. Mount Holyoke College was founded as a seminary in 1837, but didn't grant degrees until... when?

Which leads to the question. I think to make this article good, we need to sort by date. But to sort by date, we have to agree on some basic principles, viz., what date should be applied to a school? The date that some affiliated high school came into existence? The date when post-secondary women were admitted? The date when degrees were first granted? The date when the school was chartered or incorporated? etc. --Rjyanco 16:29, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Between the list of women's colleges in the United States and the list in the article on coeducation, I'm not sure if there's a need for another list of colleges... however, more history of women's education as distinct from coeducation would be a welcome addition to this article, and some of the dates you discuss (founding of colleges, beginning to grant degrees, etc.) could be incorporated into a timeline on the subject. How about a timeline/history of women's higher education, instead? -- Rbellin 17:58, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think more historical information and even a timeline would be great additions to this article. However, I'm pretty sure coming up with "real" dates for the founding of many women's colleges will be impossible.  I am not sure what "chartered" means exactly.  "Degree-granting" could work, but is there agreement on what this means?  What I think we would be trying to get to the heart of is, when did a particular institution stop being a girl's etiquette and finishing school, and when did it start offering a rigorous academic curriculum comparable to the education then being offered to men?  Mount Holyoke claims to have implemented an academic curriculum before they were chartered or became degree-granting.  Yet many prestigious women's colleges (my alma mater included) continued to be known for their "MRS" degrees right up until the 1960s (or, one might argue, the present day).  I just don't think "when did this institution become rigorous" is documented or knowable for most colleges, beyond the "no, we were first!" propaganda they all seem to put out. —Bsktcase 21:06, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Village pump proposal
I've got a proposal up on Village pump to reorganize and overhaul the list on this page, plus the existing categories and the other list page. If you are interested, please go check it out. I would appreciate feedback! —Bsktcase 21:03, 18 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * It's all done! The list of colleges on this page has been moved to its own new page.  Complete progress report available at Village pump.  Enjoy, I hope. —Bsktcase 04:00, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Help! Women's colleges in Japan
I'm finding a huge list of women's universities in Japan. Some have English-language pages; many don't. Should we list them here (or on whatever this page becomes)? Or only on a Japanese wikipedia page? The systemic bias crusader in me is wondering if we should include them here/on the new list.

I don't know a thing about the accreditation process in Japan or the college & university system there, and on the Japanese-only pages I usually can't determine where the institution is located. There are a few I've found that might be co-ed now (they don't include "Women's" in their English names on their websites). I suppose if I can't figure them out, I should omit them.

I've got a list saved locally until we can get some consensus on whether I should add it here or elsewhere or leave it to people who actually know something about Japan. :) Same question applies to other, say, non-English-speaking women's colleges, if I find any.  —Bsktcase 04:41, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Plural title?
Can someone offer the rationale for changing the title to the plural case? In addition to being unorthodox in terms of the MoS, it's created a lot of unnecessary redirects. Unless this can be explained, it really ought to be changed back. (And just for the future, renames for pages with lots of traffic and in-links are supposed to be discussed first.) Beginning 00:10, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Australian colleges are residential
The two Australian women's colleges listed are residential colleges, not academic colleges. In Australia, the term college is most usually used to refer to residences associated with Universities (like dorms are in the US) rather than academic institutions. As such, they probably aren't appropriate to include in this article alongside academic institutions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.207.146 (talk) 08:22, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Access to library resources for experienced editors interested in this area
Hunter College is looking for a Wikipedia Visiting Scholar interested in women's education, historical women's colleges, or other topics at the intersection of history and gender studies. If you like to work on articles in these topic areas and would like remote access to a full suite of college library resources, including databases, journals, and ebooks, see the call for applications at the Visiting Scholars application page.

If the idea of access to university library resources is appealing to you but your interests lie elsewhere, the application page has information about other open possibilities as well. --Ryan (Wiki Ed) (talk) 00:08, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Women's college


text:
Talk:Flag of Ethiopia

Ancient
Can someone add some more data about how long the flag has been in use? Thanks.

Yom 00:23, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Correct me if I'm wrong...
...but doesn't the Star of David have 6 points to it? Examination of Star of David doesn't turn anything about 5 points up, so I removed it. 68.39.174.238 08:34, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Good call-- the Seal of Solomon sometimes has 5 points, but never that of David (to my knowledge). Lusanaherandraton (talk) 20:26, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Trinity
In Mauro Talocci's Guiode to the Flags of the World, it says that the original symbolism of the flag was connected with the Christian Trinity... AnonMoos 10:30, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

1996-2009
This article says the flag introduced in 1996 was used until 2009, and this is reflected by one of the files, File:Flag of Ethiopia (1996-2009).svg. The image in the file, at least, is different from File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg. Does this reflect a change in the flag (which appears to be different hues of the same basic colors) or is this just a difference between different files? It isn't clear that the flag was officially changed. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:43, 30 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The difference is in the size of the emblem. In the old flag it's 1/2 of the height and in the new flag it's 2/3 of the height. However I've looked into it some more and apparently whoever uploaded that image was mistaken. The law which changed the size of the emblem took effect in 1996, not 2009: . I don't know whether the 1/2 version existed for a while in 1996 or what but I'm undoing my last edit for now. Orange Tuesday (talk) 01:18, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Lion on the flag
The Lion you see on the flags here are not the correct Lion that was on the Ethiopian flag, Its very different! The lion on these flags look like a fantasy monster or a devil. Haile Selassie I Lion was realistic, all black holding a red, yellow and green banner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.254.228.186 (talk) 20:00, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Image mistake, 1996 and onward
The same graphic, File:Flag of Ethiopia (1996).svg, is being displayed for the period FebruaryOctober 1996 as for the period 19962009. Largoplazo (talk) 19:08, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

I just figured out why. The code behind the 19962009 flag, File:Flag of Ethiopia (1996-2009).svg, looks OK, but it redirects to the 1996 SVG. There is a graphic for 19962009, but it's a PNG, File:Flag of Ethiopia (1996-2009).png. The colors of the stripes in that graphic look very different from those in the flags for the periods before and after, as viewed on my display. I don't know whether that difference is correct. But other than the stripe colors, the only difference I can discern when flipping back and forth between the two graphics is a slight shifting in the positions of some of the short lines in the emblem. Largoplazo (talk) 19:49, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Come with a reliable source
@BlinxTheKitty the shaddy Italian site even when translated is not reliable, it does not state where it gets its sources from. So come with a reliable source or it will be challenged and removed. Brittanica for example is a reliable source [], first state flag dates back to 1897. Dawit S Gondaria (talk) 00:08, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Ethiopia traditionel flag, unsourced attribution to Derg

This flag attribution to the Derg in the article is incorrect, there's no reliable sources that supports that. According to https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ethiopia The official flag of the derg is the one with the plough(socialist symbol).

The flag with the three colours without an insignia is much older (even though i can't find an reliable source that says it's older, right now) it was used as the transitional flag between 1991-1996. The flag without an insignia has been used by the Orthodox Church and the public well before 1975, if anyone can find reliable sources on when it was first used, that would be helpful. Dawit S Gondaria (talk) 09:00, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

The 1870s flag
This 1870s flag with the colours white, Red and Purple and the Lion in the middle is not Historically true. The only source that I could find about this flag is a twitter post claiming that this flag was found in Debre Tabor and that it’s 150 years old. Shehb32 (talk) 05:38, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

Ethiopian national flag history
The first Ethiopian national flag was adopted in October 11 1897 in May 31 there was a a war between Italian and Ethiopia one Ethiopia won when Ethiopia won she had the three color green yellow and red horizontal blue disc the pentagram pen telegram star with Ray 196.190.60.126 (talk) 10:36, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Ethiopia


text:
MSRB

MSRB may refer to:

 * Karl G. Maeser Building, Brigham Young University
 * Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, an organisation
 * Peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase (MsrB), an enzyme

title: MSRB


text:
Sorbia (disambiguation)

Sorbia may refer to:
 * Lusatia, a region split between Germany and Poland
 * Sorbia (beetle), a genus of beetles

title: Sorbia (disambiguation)