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Darius Rucker

Darius Carlos Rucker (born May 13, 1966) is an American singer, musician, and songwriter. He first gained fame as the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of rock band Hootie & the Blowfish, which he founded in 1986 at the University of South Carolina along with Mark Bryan, Jim "Soni" Sonefeld, and Dean Felber. The band released five studio albums with Rucker as a member and charted six top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100. Rucker co-wrote most of the songs with the other members of the band.

His debut studio album, an R&B record titled Back to Then (2002) was released through Hidden Beach Recordings. Six years later, Rucker signed to Capitol Nashville as a country singer and released his second album, Learn to Live (2008). Its first single, "Don't Think I Don't Think About It", peaked at number one on Hot Country Songs chart, making it the first song by a Black artist to do so since Charley Pride in 1983. It was followed by three similarly successful singles: "It Won't Be Like This for Long", "Alright", and "History in the Making".

In 2009, he became the first Black American to win the New Artist Award from the Country Music Association, and the second Black person to win any award from the association. His third album, Charleston, SC 1966, was released on October 12, 2010. The album included the number one country singles, "Come Back Song" and "This". His fourth album, True Believers (2013), reached number 2 on the Billboard 200, and spawned the singles "True Believers", "Wagon Wheel", and "Radio". His first country Christmas album, Home for the Holidays (2014) reached number 31 on the US Billboard 200. His sixth album, Southern Style (2014) reached number 6 on the Billboard 200, supported by the singles "Homegrown Honey" and "Southern Style". His seventh and eighth studio albums, When Was the Last Time (2017) and Carolyn's Boy (2023) followed thereafter.

Early life
Rucker was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina. His single mother, Carolyn, a nurse at Medical University of South Carolina, raised him with his three sisters and two brothers. According to Rucker, his father was never around, and Rucker saw him only before church on Sundays. His father was in a gospel band called The Traveling Echoes. Rucker has said that he had a typical Southern African-American upbringing. His family attended church every Sunday and was economically poor, and at one point, his mother, her two sisters, his grandmother and 14 children were all living in a three-bedroom house. But he says that he looks back on his childhood with very fond memories. His sister, L'Corine, recalled that singing was always his dream.

Hootie & the Blowfish
Darius Rucker has been the lead singer of Hootie & the Blowfish since its formation in 1986. He met fellow band members Mark Bryan, Jim "Soni" Sonefeld, and Dean Felber while attending the University of South Carolina. Bryan first heard Rucker singing in the shower, and the two became a duo, playing R.E.M. covers at a local venue. They later recruited Felber and finally Sonefeld joined in 1989. As a member of Hootie & the Blowfish, Rucker has recorded seven studio albums: Cracked Rear View – 1994, Fairweather Johnson – 1996, Musical Chairs – 1998, Scattered, Smothered & Covered – 2000, Hootie & the Blowfish - 2003, Looking for Lucky – 2005 and Imperfect Circle - 2019, also charting within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 six times. All six albums feature songs that Rucker, Bryan, Felber, and Sonefeld wrote. As the frontman, Rucker began to be called simply "Hootie" by fans, though the band title combines the nicknames of his college friends. Before his rise to fame, he lived in the basement of the Sigma Phi Epsilon house at the University of South Carolina, attempting to launch his career through the college bar scene.

Rucker's signature contribution to the band is his baritone voice, which Rolling Stone has called "ingratiating," TIME has called "low, gruff, [and] charismatic," and Entertainment Weekly has characterized as a "barrelhouse growl." Rucker said they "flipped" the formula of the all black band with a white frontman, like Frank Sinatra performing with Count Basie. Musically, he has sometimes been criticized or spoofed for not being "black enough". Saturday Night Live ran a sketch of Tim Meadows playing Rucker leading beer-drinking, white fraternity members in a counter-march to Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March. He also received death threats for singing the Hootie song "Drowning," a protest song against the flying of the Confederate flag above the South Carolina statehouse.

Shortly after gaining a measure of fame, Felber and Rucker (who consider themselves best friends) moved into an apartment in Columbia, South Carolina. With Rucker's recognition as the frontman of a successful band came increased opportunities. In October 1995, he was asked to sing the national anthem at the World Series. Frank Sinatra invited him to sing at his 80th birthday party; he sang "The Lady Is a Tramp." That same week, he made a voice cameo in an episode of the sitcom Friends. He also joined Nanci Griffith on the song "Gulf Coast Highway" for her 1997 album Blue Roses from the Moons, and sang backing vocals on Radney Foster's 1999 album See What You Want to See. He encouraged Atlantic Records to agree to a deal with Edwin McCain and made a guest appearance on McCain's debut album, Honor Among Thieves.

In regard to the future of Hootie & the Blowfish, Rucker was quoted by CBS news as stating in late 2011, "I don't think we'll ever break up totally. We're Hootie & the Blowfish. ... We'll make another record and do another tour someday. I don't know when, but it will happen. There's one more in us." After a ten-year hiatus, Rucker and the band announced that they would be touring with Barenaked Ladies in 2019 while also releasing a new album that same year.

Their sixth studio album Imperfect Circle was released on November 1, 2019.

Solo career
In 2001, he made his solo R&B debut album, The Return of Mongo Slade, for Atlantic Records. Because of contractual changes, it was never released by the label. Hidden Beach Recordings, an independent label, acquired the masters from Atlantic and released the album as Back to Then in July 2002. The album included work from the production team of Jill Scott, and she made an appearance on the track "Sometimes I Wonder." The single "This Is My World" was featured in the 2001 comedy film Shallow Hal. In regards to the album, "That was just a minute in my life," he later told The Arizona Republic about the record. "I was listening to a lot of Notorious B.I.G. and Lauryn Hill at that time, and I wanted to make a neo soul record." He also said in the article that he doesn't anticipate recording an R&B-styled disc again. "Country music is my day job now. I'll probably do this till it's all over, but that album was a lot of fun."

Rucker appeared on a pop-star edition of the quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in July 2001. He also portrayed a singing cowboy in a television commercial for the fast-food company Burger King, promoting its TenderCrisp Bacon Cheddar Ranch sandwich in 2005. In the commercial, he sang a jingle set to the tune of "Big Rock Candy Mountain." In 2006 Rucker lent his voice to the track "God's Reasons" written by Dean Dinning and Joel A. Miller for the film The Still Life.

2008–2009: Learn to Live
In early 2008, Rucker signed to Capitol Records Nashville as the beginning of a career in country music. His first solo single, "Don't Think I Don't Think About It" (which he co-wrote with Clay Mills) debuted at No. 51 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts for the week of May 3, 2008. It is the first single from his second album, Learn to Live. For this album, Rucker worked with Frank Rogers, a record producer who has also produced for Brad Paisley and Trace Adkins. Rucker also made his Grand Ole Opry debut in July 2008. The single reached number one in September, making Rucker the first solo, African-American artist to chart a number one country hit since Charley Pride's "Night Games" in 1983.

Learn to Live was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on February 6, 2009, and received a platinum certification on August 7, 2009. The album's second single, "It Won't Be Like This for Long", spent three weeks at the top of the country chart in mid-2009. Its follow-up, "Alright", became Rucker's third straight No. 1 hit, making him the first singer to have his first three country singles reach No. 1 since Wynonna in 1992. The album's fourth single, "History in the Making" was released in September and peaked at No. 3. The singles also crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at 35, 36, 30 and 61.

Billboard magazine said that "there's a sense of purpose that makes Rucker feel like a member of the country family, rather than calculating interloper." Rucker made visits to various country stations around the United States, explaining that he was aware that he was the "new kid on the block." Mike Culotta, the program director of Tampa, Florida, radio station WQYK-FM expected that Rucker would be "somebody who would have entitlement," but instead said that "Darius engaged everybody." When Rucker found that "Don't Think I Don't Think About It" went to number one, he cried. On November 11, 2009, Rucker won the Country Music Association New Artist of the Year award (formerly known as the Horizon Award), making him the first African American to do so since the award was introduced in 1981. Only one other African American has won at the CMAs: Charley Pride, who won entertainer of the year in 1971 and male vocalist in 1971 and 1972.

2010–2011: Charleston, SC 1966
Rucker released his second country album, Charleston, SC 1966, on October 12, 2010. The title is inspired by Radney Foster's solo debut album, Del Rio, TX 1959. Its first single was "Come Back Song," which Rucker wrote with Chris Stapleton and Casey Beathard. It was his fourth country number one as well as a NO. 37 hit on the Hot 100. The album's second single was "This", which was released to radio in November 2010 and also reached No. 1 in the country chart. Rucker wrote it with Rogers and Kara DioGuardi. "I Got Nothin'" was the album's third single, peaking at No. 18. Also included on the album is a duet with Brad Paisley titled "I Don't Care". Charleston, SC 1966 received a gold certification.

2012–2014: True Believers
On May 20, 2011, Rucker delivered the commencement address to the graduating class of the Medical University of South Carolina.

On December 14, 2011, CBSnews.com reported that Rucker was working on a third country album with recording set to begin January 2012 followed by the release of the album early in the year. The album's lead-off single, "True Believers," made its chart debut in September. On October 12, 2012, Rucker told Broadway's Electric Barnyard that his album would also be titled True Believers. "True Believers" peaked at No. 18. Its second single is a cover of Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor's "Wagon Wheel" (previously made famous by Old Crow Medicine Show), featuring backing vocals from Lady Antebellum. "Wagon Wheel" reached No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart in May 2013. True Believers was released on May 21, 2013. The album's third single, "Radio", was released to country radio on July 22, 2013. The album's fourth single, "Miss You", was released to country radio on February 3, 2014.

On October 2, 2012, Rucker was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry. Halfway through his set at the Opry that night he answered questions from the audience which included a question from Brad Paisley. Paisley said: "I have two questions. One, are you still the worst poker player in the world? And two, would you like to become the newest member of the Grand Ole Opry?" Rucker accepted, and it became official on October 16.

Rucker was a featured performer at the C2C: Country to Country festival in London on March 17, 2013, which was headlined by Carrie Underwood.

On News Year's Day 2013. he sang the national anthem at the Outback Bowl in Tampa, Florida.

On May 11, 2013, Rucker was the speaker at the commencement ceremony for the University of South Carolina in Columbia. Before his speech, he received an honorary doctorate of music.

Rucker also sang the national anthem at the NBA finals on June 16, 2013.

On December 6, 2013, it was announced that Rucker's version of "Wagon Wheel" had earned him a nomination for Best Country Solo Performance for the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. At the awards ceremony on January 26, 2014, Rucker won, becoming only the third African American recording act (the first being Charley Pride, the second being The Pointer Sisters) to win a vocal performance Grammy Award in a country music category.

2014–2015: Southern Style and Home for the Holidays
On August 25, 2014, Rucker released a new single titled "Homegrown Honey" to country radio and to digital retailers. It served as the lead single to his fourth country studio album, Southern Style, released on March 31, 2015. It reached No. 2 on the Country Airplay chart in April 2015. The album's second single, the title track, released to country radio on May 4, 2015.

On September 15, 2014, it was announced that Rucker had completed his first Christmas album and that it would be released on October 27, 2014. Included is a collaboration with Sheryl Crow on "Baby, It's Cold Outside". May 30, 2015, Rucker headlined Philadelphia's famous XTU 31st Anniversary Show at the Susquehanna Bank Center. Christopher Bousquet named President of the Hootie fan club

Rucker makes an appearance on Sister Hazel's 2016 album, Lighter in the Dark.

2016–present: When Was the Last Time and Carolyn's Boy
On January 6, 2016, Rucker announced that he was working on his fifth country album. The album's lead single, "If I Told You" was released to country radio on July 5, 2016. It reached number one in the Country Airplay chart nearly a year later, and peaked at number four on the Hot Country Chart. Rucker also returned to the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK in March 2017, where he was second on the bill to Reba McEntire.

On May 29, 2016, Rucker performed the national anthem prior to the 100th running of the Indianapolis 500. Rucker also performed the national anthem for a game between the Buffalo Bills and the New York Jets on September 15. Rucker agreed to perform the song at the behest of personal friend and former Bills player Bruce Smith, whose jersey was being retired that night. He sang the national anthem again ahead of the Saints-Dolphins game held at London's Wembley Stadium in October 2017, as part of the NFL International Series.

Rucker was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of "Take Me Home, Country Roads", "On the Road Again" and "I Will Always Love You", which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On July 24, 2017, Rucker released the second single from his upcoming album, titled "For the First Time." On July 26, 2017, he shared details of his fifth country album, titled When Was the Last Time and it was released on October 20, 2017.

Rucker appeared as a mentor on seventeenth season of The Voice for Team Blake. Rucker released Beers and Sunshine in August 2020 under Capitol Records, and released a "summer mix" version of the song in 2021. In 2021, Rucker contributed a cover of the Metallica song "Nothing Else Matters" to the charity tribute album The Metallica Blacklist.

Rucker released a new single titled "Same Beer Different Problems" in April 2022. Later in the year, he confirmed that he would be releasing a new album which would feature a collaboration with Chapel Hart. Rucker subsequently announced that his seventh solo album, Carolyn's Boy, named after his mother, would be released in 2023. He featured on the single "To Be a Man" by Dax in October 2023.

Golf
On November 7, 2016, Rucker told ESPN that he had become a partner in MGC Sports, a sports agency that currently represents golfers (among them Steve Stricker and Kenny Perry), football players, and coaches. He added that he was planning to reduce his performance commitments from 100 dates per year to about 30, and that he thought his experience in the entertainment business would be an asset to potential clients. Rucker will be able to work without restrictions for golfers, but because he is not registered with the NFL players' union, he initially will only be able to meet with NFL players under very limited circumstances.

Rucker has hosted the Darius Rucker Intercollegiate at Long Cove Club in Hilton Head since 2012. The three-day tournament annually hosts some of the top women's intercollegiate golf teams in the country.

Personal life
Rucker is an ardent South Carolina Gamecocks fan as well as a Miami Dolphins and Cincinnati Reds fan.

Rucker's mother died in November 1992 of a heart attack. His grief inspired two Hootie & the Blowfish songs: "I'm Goin' Home" and "Not Even the Trees." On April 21, 1995, his girlfriend, Elizabeth Ann Phillips, gave birth to Rucker's first child, Carolyn Pearl Phillips. Rucker married Beth Leonard in 2000. Their first child, daughter Daniela Rose, was born on May 16, 2001, and their son, Jack, on October 27, 2004. The Hootie song "Where Were You" is about Rucker's strained relationship with his father, and was released only in Europe, where Rucker thought that his father would be unlikely to hear it. His country single "Alright" was inspired by his marriage. Rucker and his wife announced their divorce in 2020.

Rucker is a friend of golfer Tiger Woods, whom he met in a bar in 1993 when Woods was 18. Rucker sang at the golfer's wedding with Hootie & the Blowfish and at his father's funeral. His interest in golf goes well beyond his relationship with Woods; he was a VIP guest of Team USA at the 2016 Ryder Cup, and he attended Arnold Palmer's funeral shortly before the Cup.

For the Undercover Boss series episode "Celebrity Undercover Boss: Darius Rucker", which premiered May 12, 2017, Rucker disguised himself as a 62-year-old music teacher, ran an open mic night and worked as a roadie.

On February 1, 2024, Rucker was arrested in Williamson County, Tennessee on two misdemeanor drug charges and one misdemeanor vehicle registration violation. He was released after posting $10,500 bail. In a statement given to The Tennessean, Rucker's lawyer Mark Puryear claimed that Rucker was "fully cooperating with authorities related to the misdemeanor charges."

Rucker released Life's Too Short: A Memoir (ISBN 978-0-06323-874-9) in 2024.

Philanthropy and impact
Rucker has regularly worked with charities that support sick and underprivileged children, via benefit concerts, volunteering, the World Golf Foundation's The First Tee Program, and the Hootie & The Blowfish Foundation which has raised nearly $4.5 million to provide funding to public education systems throughout South Carolina.

He serves as a board member of the MUSC Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital in Charleston, where his mother worked for over thirty years from the time Rucker was a child, and has helped raise millions of dollars to help build a new hospital.

He also made a commitment to support St. Jude Children's Research Hospital after touring the facility in 2008. Since then, Rucker has spearheaded an annual event resulting in over $1.6 million raised for St. Jude's to date.

Tours
Headlining
 * Southern Style Tour (2015)
 * Good for a Good Time (2016)
 * Starting Fires Tour (2023)

Co-headlining
 * Summer Plays on Tour (2018) with Lady Antebellum

Supporting
 * with Brad Paisley (2012)
 * Own the Night Tour with Lady Antebellum (2012)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Back to Then (2002)
 * Learn to Live (2008)
 * Charleston, SC 1966 (2010)
 * True Believers (2013)
 * Home for the Holidays (2014)
 * Southern Style (2015)
 * When Was the Last Time (2017)
 * Carolyn's Boy (2023)

Awards and nominations
In November 2023, it was announced that Rucker would get a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

title: Darius Rucker


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A Touch of Frost

A Touch of Frost is a British television detective mystery drama series produced by Yorkshire Television (later ITV Studios) for ITV from 6 December 1992 until 5 April 2010, initially based on the Frost novels by R. D. Wingfield. Writing credit for the three episodes in the first 1992 series went to Richard Harris.

The series stars David Jason as Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, an experienced and dedicated detective who frequently clashes with his superiors. In his cases, Frost is usually assisted by a variety of detective sergeants or constables, with each bringing a different slant to the particular case. Comic relief is provided by Frost's interactions with the bureaucratically-minded Superintendent Norman "Horn-rimmed Harry" Mullett, played by Bruce Alexander.

A number of young actors had their major debut as supporting cast in the show, including: Matt Bardock, Ben Daniels, Neil Stuke, Mark Letheren, Colin Buchanan, Jason Maza, Jim Sturgess, Damian Lewis and Marc Warren.

Background
The series is set in the fictional southern England town of Denton. Denton may be in Berkshire, Oxfordshire or Wiltshire. There are many references to Reading, Oxford, and Swindon. In SE1E1 a character mentions going to Bishop's Stortford, implying it is a short journey away and thus in the Hertfordshire or Essex area. In SE2E3 a suspect talks about "Driving over to Chelmsford", implying reasonable proximity to Denton, again placing the action in the Herts/Essex area. Frost drives a blue Ford Sierra - D843 MPP. This is a Luton registration (ending 'PP'), a very common registration in Hertfordshire, consistent with Bishop's Stortford. In the earlier episodes, the M4 and A417 were often seen, and the map of Swindon was seen in the control room, although a map of Reading was used occasionally. Paperwork given to Frost and other characters refers to Denton station as being part of the Thames Valley Police. In SE2E4 Frost hurries to Denton station and Network SouthEast branding is visible on the station signs. This is broadly consistent with most of the putative locations listed, though not with the actual Yorkshire locations. In SE4E1 Frost and Toolan observe a train passing, consisting of a British Rail Class 141 Pacer in West Yorkshire Metro red and cream livery coupled with a British Rail Class 142 Pacer in BR Provincial Sector blue livery. Both units in those liveries are quite inconsistent with Network SouthEast but very much with the Yorkshire locations. In some episodes ambiguous references to 'County' are made. This is inconsistent with Denton being part of Thames Valley since this is not part of a County force. One reference implies 'County' has jurisdiction beyond that of Denton. Either 'County' is the HQ of the county force Denton belongs to, or Denton is a small city force, surrounded by a larger county force. A situation analogous to that of Oxford City Police and Oxfordshire Constabulary pre-1968.

The programme was produced by ITV in Leeds, and most of the outdoor locations were shot in West Yorkshire. Several scenes were filmed in and around the city and district of Wakefield and neighbouring small towns of Pontefract and Castleford, West Yorkshire. Filming location names are sometimes used in lieu of a fictional address, one such example occurs in SE2E1 where Frost is made aware of, and later visits, an address of interest located at King George Gardens. The scene was filmed at King George Gardens, Chapel Allerton, Leeds. The Denton Police Station of early seasons was filmed in an industrial complex at the intersection of Burley Road and Westfield Road in Leeds; this has since been demolished. Seacroft Hospital in Leeds was used as the 'Denton' Hospital.

The role of Frost was notable in changing the public perception of David Jason from a predominantly comic actor to a dramatic actor.

At a press conference in London on 15 September 2008, David Jason announced that he would be quitting the role of DI Jack Frost. Jason's main reason for quitting the role was that Frost was by now the oldest detective on television and he felt that it was 'natural' to retire as Frost. At 68, a police detective would already have been retired for eight years. Sir David said: "You wouldn't want me to play Frost in a wheelchair, would you?... Frost is getting a little long in the tooth. I still enjoy doing it and it's a great part but I just think he's got to retire. It'll be a sad day."

Main cast

 * David Jason as DI Jack Frost
 * Bruce Alexander as Superintendent Norman Mullett
 * John Lyons as DS George Toolan
 * Arthur White as PC Ernie Trigg

Supervising Officers

 * Neil Phillips as DCI Jim Allen (1992–1994)
 * Matthew Marsh as DCI Charlie Hawkes (1995)
 * Nigel Harrison as DCI Jim Peters (1996–1997)
 * Gwyneth Strong as DSI Bailey (1997)
 * Michael Cochrane as Chief Superintendent Babcock (2002)

Detective Sergeants

 * Tony Haygarth as Sandy Gilmore (1992)
 * Caroline Harker as WPC/DS Hazel Wallace (1992–2003)
 * Matt Bardock as DC/DS Clive Barnard (1992–1997)
 * Sally Dexter as DC/DS Maureen Lawson (1994–2003)
 * Neil Stuke as Frank Nash (1996)
 * Russell Hunter as Rab Prentice (1996)
 * Susannah Doyle as Liz Maud (1997)
 * Philip Jackson as Billy Sharpe (1999–2005)
 * Paul Jesson as Bill Dorridge (1999–2000)
 * Robert Glenister as Terry Reid (2001–2003)
 * Cherie Lunghi as Annie Marsh (2008)

Detective Constables

 * George Anton as DC Webster (1992)
 * Jon Sotherton as Mark Howard (1992–1996)
 * Lennie James as Carl Tanner (1994)
 * Neil Dudgeon as Frank Costello (1994)
 * Jim Shepley as DC Ketley (1994–1996)
 * Charles De'Ath as DC Collier (1997)
 * Stephen Moyer as DC Burton (1997)
 * Nicholas Burns as Jasper Tranter (2004)
 * Blake Ritson as Robert "Elvis" Presley (2006)

Uniformed Officers

 * Paul Moriarty as Sgt. Bill Wells (1992–1997)
 * Bill Roarke as Sgt. Arthur Hanlon (1992–1995)
 * Stuart Barren as Sgt. Johnnie Johnson (1992–1996)
 * James McKenna as Sgt. Don Brady (1996–2010)
 * Sean Blowers as Sgt. Alan Hadley (2003)
 * Martin Moss as PC Lambert (1992)
 * Ian Driver as PC Jordan (1992–1994)
 * Christopher Rickwood as PC Keith Stringer (1992–1994)
 * George Thompson as PC Simms (1992–1996)
 * Colin Buchanan as PC Mike Austin (1994)
 * Ian Mercer as PC Craven (1996)
 * Colette Brown as WPC Claire Toms (1996)
 * Katrina Levon as WPC Lindsey Hunter (1996)
 * Jan Graveson as WPC Jane Brent (1996)
 * Miranda Pleasance as WPC Annie Holland (1997–1999)
 * Georgia Mackenzie as WPC Susan Kavanagh (2000)
 * Michelle Joseph as WPC Ronnie Lonnegan (2002)
 * Daniele Lydon as WPC Tracy Miller (2003)
 * Stuart Bowman as PC Kenny Russell (2003)
 * Emily Corrie as WPC Louise Harmison (2006)

Police Pathologists

 * David McKail as Dr. David McKenzie (1992–2008)
 * David Gooderson as Dr. Derek Simpkins (1992–2006)

Other Service Personnel

 * Ralph Brown as Captain Carlisle (1996)
 * Sara Stewart as Martine Phillips (2005)

Local Press

 * Bill Stewart as Sandy Longford (1992–1999)

Main characters

 * DI William Edward "Jack" Frost (David Jason, 1992–2010) is a cynical and mercurial detective, whose talents are offset by human failings which include drinking other people's beverages, a scruffy fashion sense, and leaving his home, office, and car in states of disarray. This is marginally different from how he is portrayed in the novels, where he often lacks sympathy and has a stern, intimidating, almost vitriolic tone. He is frequently shown to avoid paperwork, leaving his subordinates to finish it. He never uses a police notebook to record evidence and other information, instead scribbling notes on various bits of paper which he stuffs in his coat pockets. Frost is widowed in the first episode. He had planned to abandon his wife, but, just as he was going to tell her, he was advised that she had been diagnosed with terminal cancer. After hearing this news, he drank heavily and deliberately angered an armed man, who shot him. As a result of subduing the man in what was perceived as a courageous, heroic act, Frost was awarded the highest British civilian award for gallantry, the George Cross, but which he describes in Episode 1 as anything but heroic. Whenever he is reminded of his award, he tends to suffer embarrassment and guilt. He is respected and admired by his colleagues and is shown to be a well-meaning but flawed man as acknowledged by troubled youth, the elderly and even by some criminals he has previously arrested. On several occasions, as in the novels, Frost breaks the law and plants evidence to get an arrest or conducts searches without permission (often gaining entry with one of his large bunch of keys, which, of course, is impossible, as he would need hundreds, and selecting the right one first time, equally unlikely) although he always has the correct suspect, as well as helping sympathetic villains or misdemeanours, often to get out of the paperwork. This type of behaviour regularly saw Frost suspended, disciplined or threatened with the same throughout the series. In the first novel, his name is shown to be Jack Frost, when DC Barnard finds his George Cross in a drawer and the inscription reads "To Jack Edward Frost". It was felt by the producers that the name Jack Frost was implausible for the TV series, so Frost was given William as his real first name, or "Billy" as his wife called him, with Jack becoming a nickname. Also in the novels, he was a chain-smoker; this again was altered in the series to have Frost quit smoking in the first episode and occasionally struggle with stopping the habit over the subsequent two series, with a penchant for unhealthy foods taking its place.
 * Superintendent Norman Mullett (Bruce Alexander, 1992–2010), a social climber concerned with appearances and ambitious for promotion, is Frost's boss and his constant foil on the job. Mullett has a love-hate relationship with Frost, whose detective skills he admires but whose people and political skills he abhors. The long-suffering Mullett frequently threatens to sack Frost, but Frost's ability to close cases usually saves him. In addition, receiving the George Cross made Frost "the Chief Constable's blue-eyed boy", thus protecting Frost from being sacked or retired by Mullett. His background in the novels was extensive; highly educated and a qualified solicitor, Mullett always drove a prestige car and was married in the series to Elspeth, who was occasionally seen, and was assured promotion to Chief Superintendent once the new police station was completed. Eventually, this promotion is turned down in a later episode thanks to yet another crisis caused by Frost who, surprisingly, gets off lightly. Frost's nickname for Mullett is "Horn-rimmed Harry" due to the traditional design of his spectacles. Frost also has a plastic, mounted grey mullet hanging on his office wall; a grey mullet is a fish commonly found in British coastal waters but not usually eaten as it is considered bland. Frost constantly tries to avoid Mullett but, just as he thinks he has managed to avoid him, Mullett spots him and generally calls out, "Ah, Jack" to which Frost replies, "Ah, there you are, sir". His first name was given in the novel "Hard Frost" as Stanley, but this novel was not written until a couple of years after the name Norman was given to the character by the writers of the TV series. In the final episode, Mr. Mullett appears to be wearing a blazer with the badge of the Army Intelligence Corps. However, in episode SE3E1, Mullett is shown wearing a blazer with an unidentified British military 'bullion' badge (but not that of the Army Intelligence Corps).

Supervising Officers

 * DCI Jim Allen (Neil Phillips, 1992–1994), the first DCI to feature in the series. He and Frost get on well, sharing jokes about Mullett and concern for each other's emotions on harrowing cases. They only argue when Frost is taken off a serial rape case. He is mentioned in the second episode of the third series as "being away", but is never seen again.
 * DCI Charlie Hawkes (Matthew Marsh, 1995), temporarily replaced DCI Allen. Popular with his subordinates, Hawkes' tenure is marked by his mishandling of the death of a young girl. Hawkes viciously obtains a confession from a local male with Down's Syndrome, but Frost finds the actual killer. Hawkes also inadvertently allows an imposter to pose as a visiting CID officer too.
 * DCI Jim Peters (Nigel Harrison, 1996–1997), replaces temporary DCI Charlie Hawkes. He is more laid-back and humorous than Allen and appears to have a good relationship with Frost. He is the last DCI featured in the series, with Frost taking over the position in all but name for the rest of the show.
 * DSI Bailey (Gwyneth Strong, 1997), is a Discipline & Complaints officer who suspends Frost, believing he's part of an evidence tampering conspiracy led by former superior Charlie Fairclough. Frost, innocent of the charge, persuades Fairclough to confess. Despite her clashes with Frost and Mullett during the case, Frost admits she is a good and effective officer.
 * Chief Superintendent Babcock (Michael Cochrane, 2002), is a senior officer within Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, reviewing Denton CID. Babcock strongly dislikes Frost, aiming to ensure his dismissal. After Frost stops a serial killer and numerous other crimes, Babcock is unable to get his wish.

Detective Sergeants

 * DS George Toolan (John Lyons, 1992–2010), Jack's long-time friend and colleague with whom he shares an office. George is about the same age as Jack but a rank lower. Though he is more cautious, George is steadfastly loyal to Frost. Originally DCI Allen's assistant, he is later partnered with Frost on many occasions. In the first novel his name was George Martin, but as 'Toolan' he was retained for the series. He is known to have a wife, Mary, who confronts Frost after George is injured by falling from a flight of stairs. He was one of only three characters who stayed with the show until its demise and was the only permanent cast member to be killed off in the show's history. His death plays a role in Frost's decision to retire, as he no longer sees the office as a safe haven to escape his outside troubles without George there.
 * Hazel Wallace (Caroline Harker, 1992–2003) is a young, happy-go-lucky uniformed officer. In the first novel, she was originally named Hazel Page and did not appear in any subsequent books, replaced in succession by other female officers, but was retained in the series for continuity. In the first episode she starts a relationship with DC Clive Barnard, but this quickly fizzles out when he is transferred away from Denton. Upon his temporary return, Barnard attempts to rekindle their romance, but she is in another relationship. At the end of the same series, she moves to CID. Though she ceased to be a regular, she continued to make guest appearances in later series and was promoted to detective sergeant. She also gave birth to a daughter whom she brought into the station on one occasion. In the second series she almost fell victim to a serial rapist but overpowered him in her apartment.
 * Clive Barnard (Matt Bardock, 1992; 1995–1997) was the nephew of the Chief Constable and newly promoted into CID when he first meets Frost. Most people believe he has only got into CID through his family connections, but Frost sees beyond that and takes Barnard under his wing. Whilst Barnard is transferred away from Frost after only a brief tenure, the two still work together occasionally on cases over the following years. Later promoted to DS, Barnard is shot dead in the line of duty, saving Frost's life. Frost, saying Clive is the real hero, places his George Cross on Clive's body to be buried with him. He appeared in the first novel and was carried across onto the series for continuity.
 * Sandy Gilmore (Tony Haygarth, 1992) is a chain-smoking copper of the 80s, who is seconded to Denton CID to cover the number of officers on sick leave. Although he inappropriately tries to smoke in the houses of people he is interviewing and gets a reprimand, Frost begins to like his instinctive, proactive sense of policing.
 * Maureen Lawson (Sally Dexter, 1994; 2003) is a strong-willed, hardworking gay detective who sometimes lets her personal judgement get in the way. She left divisional CID after a burglary victim was stabbed by her jealous lover, though she was saved from further repercussions by Frost's protection. She later returned to help Frost investigate the murder of a local businessman.
 * Frank Nash (Neil Stuke, 1996) is a young, hardworking officer who, after a move to Denton from London, is trying to settle down with his wife and start a family. However, the long hours that Frost makes him work begin to strain his marriage, so he and his wife decide to up sticks and move back to London. Frost tipped Frank for good success and wished him all the best.
 * Rab Prentice (Russell Hunter, 1996) is an old-fashioned, laidback Scottish detective due for retirement. His constant bemoaning of sex and relationships, and repeated remarks to Frost about old age, easily rile the inspector. To Frost's shock, Prentice applies for the "ill health pension" at the end of the episode (citing "stress") in order to retire early and embark on a relaxed lifestyle.
 * Liz Maud (Susannah Doyle, 1997) is an ambitious, high-flying detective who transferred to Denton from the West End. Whilst investigating child abuse, Maud inadvertently risks Frost's career when a report she files implies Frost went easy on a murder suspect. After finding the real killers, Maud returns to London when Mullett refuses her application to become an Acting DI.
 * Billy "Razor" Sharpe (Philip Jackson, 1999; 2005) is nicknamed "Razor" because he's not very sharp. However, Frost rates him because he's a "plodder" who is methodical in his work. After once working with Frost, Sharpe returns to support him during an investigation into a serial killer, having previously worked on a similar case. Here, Sharpe is stabbed but non-fatally by the killer.
 * Bill Dorridge (Paul Jesson, 1999–2000) was assigned by newly promoted Assistant Commissioner Cremond to temporarily replace DS George Toolan, who was temporarily reassigned to "community duties" due to disciplinary action. Dorridge is an amiable, by-the-book detective with experience in most investigative sections, especially liking commercial fraud.
 * Terry Reid (Robert Glenister, 2001–2003) is a tough London detective who has suffered from alcohol and drug addictions. He has often been in trouble for his extreme methods, though he has mellowed by the time he works with Frost. Working together on several cases, Frost and Reid become friends. Frost also learns about an act of bravery by Reid, for which he was awarded the Military Medal.
 * Annie Marsh (Cherie Lunghi, 2008) is a hardworking detective from Manchester who is not keen on Frost's methods of cutting corners and bending the rules to get a result. Once, before she and Frost were posted at Denton, she reported him for endangering the life of a young PC and being unprofessional – something he took to heart and still remembers to this day.

Detective Constables

 * Vic Webster (George Anton, 1992) is briefly Frost's partner. When PC Shelby, a confident uniformed officer with a reputation as a ladies' man, is murdered, Frost investigates and finds Webster killed him because Shelby had been having an affair with his wife. Webster denies the charges, but Frost is ultimately successful in finding evidence to prove his case, resulting in Webster being sentenced for his crime.
 * Carl Tanner (Lennie James, 1994) is a black officer seconded to support Frost with investigations into a murder and burglaries within a black majority area of Denton. Appointed by Mullett purely for public relations, Tanner nonetheless proves himself as an able, dedicated officer. However, despite their newly formed working relationship, Tanner is reassigned again by Mullett following the conclusion of the cases.
 * Martin Costello (Neil Dudgeon, 1994) is an unpopular officer with a negative perception of him when he becomes Frost's partner. This is due to Costello being reassigned to Denton CID after punching a DCI in his former unit. Moody, sullen and cynical, it's only when Frost issues a stern warning about Costello's conduct that he lightens up and shows Frost exactly why he's a good officer.
 * Giles (Sarah Kirkman, 2003) is an officer protecting trial witness Cathy Thompson, as Cathy awaits to testify against gangland villain Jack Flynn. When one of Flynn's hitmen attempts to murder Cathy, Giles scares the hitman off. However, because her colleague DC Chandler had taken an unauthorised trip to the shop at the same time, Giles and Chandler are suspended and told bluntly their careers are over.
 * Chandler (Robert Horwell, 2003) is an officer protecting trial witness Cathy Thompson. Chandler's negligence results in Flynn's hitman nearly murdering Cathy, prompting Cathy to flee with her son Robbie. Alongside his partner Giles, Chandler is suspended and bluntly told his police career is as good as obliterated.

Uniformed officers

 * PC Ernie Trigg (Arthur White, 1994–2010), the police archivist. He helps Frost with knowledge of known associates and crime methods he has collected over the years that are not available in the police computer system. He and Frost knew each other long before they were stationed at Denton.
 * Sgt Alan Hadley (Sean Blowers, 2003), is a senior firearms officer overseeing a manhunt for gangland hitman Gary Tinley. Whilst chasing Tinley, Hadley's partner PC Kenny Russell is killed, supposedly by Tinley. However, Frost and Reid discover Hadley actually murdered Russell and framed Tinley as revenge for Russell having an affair with his wife Sheila. Before being arrested, Hadley commits suicide out of guilt.
 * WPC Claire Toms (Colette Brown, 1996), serves as Frost's partner when recovering a kidnap victim held to ransom. With training in kidnap recovery and hostage negotiation, Toms proves to be a useful and capable partner despite her youth and junior rank. After the successful conclusion of the operation, Toms returns to other duties.
 * PC Craven (Ian Mercer, 1996), a patrol officer Frost encounters a few times during investigations. When Frost is rendered homeless after a house fire and moves into the shared accommodation block for police officers, Craven is one of his flatmates. Craven is perturbed to find food from the shared kitchen going missing, unaware that Frost himself is the culprit.
 * WPC Lindsey Hunter (Katrina Levon, 1996), is temporarily seconded into CID to support Frost's investigation of an assault on a student at Denton University. After the case is solved and the culprit apprehended, Hunter returns to uniform, earning Frost's respect and gratitude for her competent conduct during the investigation.
 * WPC Holland (Miranda Pleasence, 1997–1999), attracts Frost's ire during an investigation into an elderly woman murdering her husband. Frost, sympathetic to the elderly woman's plight given the long-term abuse she suffered from her husband, chastises Holland's callous attitude. Holland is also romantically involved with DS Barnard and is devastated by his death in the line of duty.
 * WPC Ronnie Lonnegan (Michelle Joseph, 2002), is temporarily assigned to CID to support Frost when Denton station is under inspection. A black female officer who is recently widowed, Lonnegan dismisses a series of early gaffes from Frost, and the two work well together whilst hunting a serial killer stalking Denton. After the killer is caught, Lonnegan returns to her former duties.
 * WPC Tracy Miller (Daniele Lydon, 2003), is assigned to protect Cathy Thompson and her son Robbie, as Cathy is a key witness in a major murder trial against gangland criminal Jack Flynn. Miller is shot and badly wounded by Flynn's hitman, resulting in her losing an arm. The brutal crime drives Frost on to catch Flynn and those responsible, as Miller was a recruit of his.
 * PC Kenny Russell (Stuart Bowman, 2003), is an armed response officer, working on the manhunt for Gary Tinley, a gangland hitman. Russell is shot and killed, supposedly by Tinley. However, Frost and Reid discover Russell's partner, Alan Hadley, killed Russell as he'd been having an affair with his wife, Sheila.

Other Service Personnel

 * Sandy Longford (Bill Stewart, 1992-1999), Denton Evening News journalist who has a longstanding love–hate relationship with Frost, since each party is often either useful or a nuisance to the other. Longford regularly pesters Frost for confidential details of ongoing cases to report on, although Frost often uses Longford's local knowledge and contacts to help solves cases.
 * Captain Carlisle (Ralph Brown, 1996), a member of the Royal Military Police and Special Investigation Branch forced to partner with Frost during an investigation into the murder of a Territorial Army volunteer. Whilst Frost and Carlisle initially clash, they eventually work together to solve the murder and uncover other crimes, including the illegal selling of weapons and blackmail.
 * Eileen Cleary (Helen Masters, 2003), is a solicitor with the CPS assigned to the trial of gangland villain Jack Flynn. Cleary strikes up a rapport with key witness Cathy Thompson, but Terry Reid views Cleary negatively after previous experiences. After repeated attempts by Flynn's men to murder Cathy, Frost deduces Cleary as Flynn's informant. Upon being arrested, Cleary reveals Flynn is the father of her son, which informs her betrayal.
 * Martine Phillips (Sara Stewart, 2005), is a criminal profiler assigned to help Denton CID investigate the brutal murder of a mother. Phillips establishes they're dealing with a serial killer seeking sexual gratification and is threatened by the killer during the case. DS Sharpe develops a crush on her, but Phillips rejects any kind of romantic or sexual attention from him before leaving.
 * Christine Moorhead (Phyllis Logan, 2010), an RSPCA officer who works with Jack to help crack his final case, involving dog fighting. She later becomes a key witness in a murder, and the couple becomes closer. Jack finds himself bonding with her teenage children and, as such, the pair decide to marry. However, on their wedding day, her ex-husband, in a drunken fit of jealousy, tries to kill Jack by ploughing into the side of his car in his 4x4. However, he misses, instead killing DS George Toolan. It is on the strength of his relationship with Christine that Jack decides to retire, now that he has something outside the station to live for.

Romantic Interests

 * Shirley Fisher (Lindy Whiteford, 1992–2000), the nurse who cared for Jack's terminally ill wife. She later develops a relationship with Jack, which continues for some time. The relationship is strained when Shirley realises she can't cope with the demands of Jack's job and how he frequently stands her up on important occasions. The pair separate, although Jack on several occasions seems to regret their parting.
 * Rosalie Martin (Isla Blair, 1996–1997), is a widow who encounters Frost when he investigates the murder of a gigolo whom Rosalie had been seeing. A spark develops, and Rosalie promises to contact him when she's ready to move on romantically. She does so a year later, leading her and Frost to begin a relationship. However, this is brief and ends when Rosalie confesses she has feelings for another man.
 * Kitty Rayford (Gwyneth Powell, 1997), an ex-prostitute who Jack knew in her youth. She and Jack meet again in "Penny for the Guy" when he crashes into her car after skipping a temporary red light. The pair maintain a physical relationship until they go their separate ways in "True Confessions" as Frost realises he cannot give Kitty the ongoing companionship she desperately desires.
 * Dr. Pam Hartley (Susan Penhaligon, 2002), is a criminal profiler who Jack meets at a training course. Frost seeks Pam's advice about a suspected serial killer and the two also begin a relationship. However, the killer kidnaps Pam because she had previously recommended he be taken into care as a child. Frost saves Pam from being murdered, but sometime later, off-screen, they break up.

Production
The series is based on the novels of R. D. Wingfield:
 * Frost at Christmas (1984)
 * A Touch of Frost (1987)
 * Night Frost (1992)
 * Hard Frost (1995)
 * Winter Frost (1999)
 * A Killing Frost (2008)

By discarding several minor sub-plots in "Frost at Christmas", the two major cases were able to be investigated in the one episode, being the pilot "Care and Protection". This novel, and the pilot, introduced the characters of Frost, Mullet, DI Allen (DCI in the series), DS George Martin (Toolan in the series), Sgt. Bill Wells, Sgt. Johnny Johnson, DS Arthur Hanlon (uniform sergeant in the series), DC Barnard, PC Jordan, PC Simms, WPC Hazel Page (Wallace in the series), PC Stringer, newspaper reporter Sandy Lane (Longford in the series), Dr McKenzie, pathologist Drysdale (Simpkins in the series), his assistant Miss Grey and Shirley, Frost's on/off love interest.

Due to their length, many of the other books were split into multiple episodes. "A Touch of Frost" was split over three episodes. "Night Frost" was split over two (although the element of DS Gilmore's marriage break-up was used in the series 4 episode "The Things We Do for Love", which has no other reference to "Night Frost", for the series-only character of DS Nash). "Hard Frost" was the last and perhaps most closely referenced novel filmed, which was split across two almost unrelated episodes. Despite the show still being produced when the last two novels were written, they were never used as source material for episodes, possibly due to their more graphic subject matter.

The iconic saxophone solo heard during the show's theme music was performed by Barbara Thompson.

The aspect ratios of A Touch of Frost have been the subject of discussion. From series 1 through to 5, the series was originally shown and transferred to DVD in the 4:3 aspect ratio (which was still mostly the UK television norm in the 1990s). From series 6 onwards, the show was shown in a widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio. The DVD releases reflected this change. However, from 2012, ITV3 HD have been broadcasting a growing number of episodes of the series in high definition, remastered from the original 16mm source. In these HD versions, even the opening series are shown in widescreen. Comparisons to the 4:3 version of the shows (still available on DVD) have shown that the frame has been "opened-up" to include previously unseen parts of the frame. This not only means that these episodes fit the widescreen ratio without cropping out important material, they are a new experience.

International broadcast
In Australia, the series aired on ABC, UK.TV and 7Two. In Canada, the series aired on Knowledge, SCN and TVOntario. In New Zealand, the series aired on Prime, TV1 and UK.TV. In the United States, the series aired on A&E Network. In the Netherlands, the series aired on KRO, while in Italy on La7. Other countries that have aired the series include Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Japan, Norway and Sweden.

In Ireland the series originally aired on RTÉ, but was later dropped by RTÉ in the early 2000s and was not acquired by TV3 Ireland (which was then part owned by ITV, until 2006), however with the introduction of UTV Ireland in 2015 the series made a return and has aired across all Virgin Media channels (formerly TV3) since UTV Ireland's takeover in 2017.

Prequel series
Free @ Last TV, who produced the Sky1/Acorn TV series Agatha Raisin, are developing a prequel series, based on the novel First Frost, published in 2011 by Transworld Publishers Ltd.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Touch of Frost


text:
Dromaeosaurus

Dromaeosaurus (lit. 'running lizard') is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period (middle late Campanian and Maastrichtian), sometime between 80 and 69 million years ago, in Alberta, Canada and the western United States. The type species is Dromaeosaurus albertensis, which was described by William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown in 1922. Its fossils were unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation, Horseshoe Canyon Formation and Dinosaur Park Formation. Teeth attributed to this genus have been found in the Prince Creek Formation. Dromaeosaurus is the type genus of both Dromaeosauridae and Dromaeosaurinae, which include many genera with similar characteristics to Dromaeosaurus such as possibly its closest relative Dakotaraptor. Dromaeosaurus was heavily built, more so than other dromaeosaurs that are similar in size, like Velociraptor.

Discovery and naming
Despite receiving widespread attention in popular books on dinosaurs, and the usage of a complete mounted skeleton cast in museums throughout the world, Dromaeosaurus is poorly known from actual fossils. The preparation of the popular cast by the Tyrrell Museum was only made possible by knowledge gained from other dromaeosaurids that have been discovered more recently.

The first known Dromaeosaurus remains were discovered by paleontologist Barnum Brown during a 1914 expedition to Red Deer River on behalf of the American Museum of Natural History. The area where these bones were collected is now part of Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. The find, holotype AMNH 5356, consisted of a partial skull 24 cm in length, a mandible, two hyoids, a first metacarpal and some foot bones. The skull lacked most of the top of the snout. Several other skull fragments, and about thirty isolated teeth, are known from subsequent discoveries in Alberta and Montana.

In 1922 William Diller Matthew and Brown named and described the type species of Dromaeosaurus: Dromaeosaurus albertensis. The generic name is derived from the Greek δρομεύς (dromeus) meaning 'runner' and σαύρος (sauros) meaning 'lizard'. The specific name, "albertensis", refers to Alberta.

Another seven species of Dromaeosaurus were named: Dromaeosaurus laevifrons (Cope 1876) Matthew & Brown 1922; Dromaeosaurus cristatus (Cope 1876) Matthew & Brown 1922 (Troodon); ''Dromaeosaurus? gracilis (Marsh 1888) Matthew & Brown 1922; Dromaeosaurus explanatus (Cope 1876) Kuhn 1939; Dromaeosaurus minutus (Marsh 1892) Russell 1972 (an alvarezsaurid); Dromaeosaurus falculus (Cope 1876) Olshevsky 1979 and Dromaeosaurus mongoliensis (Barsbold 1983) Paul 1988 (Adasaurus''). Most of them were based on fragmentary material, some belonging to other genera, and far less complete than that of Dromaeosaurus albertensis, and those that haven't been reclassified are considered nomina dubia today. Nevertheless, it has grown apparent that Dromaeosaurus albertensis is even rarer in its habitat than other small theropods, although it was the first dromaeosaurid of which reasonably good cranial material was described. The genus Chirostenotes was considered to be synonymous with Dromaeosaurus at one point in time.

Description
Dromaeosaurus was a medium-sized carnivore, about 2 m in length and 16 kg in body mass. Its mouth was full of sharp teeth, and it probably would have had a sharply curved "sickle claw" on each foot. It lived during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. However, some fragmentary remains such as teeth that may belong to this genus have been found from the late Maastrichtian age Hell Creek and Lance Formations, dating to 66 million years ago. Teeth have also been found in the Aguja Formation.

Dromaeosaurus had a relatively robust skull with a deep snout. Its teeth were rather large and were shaped like a curved cone with a coat of enamel covering the crown. It had only nine teeth in each maxilla. Dromaeosaurus also had a vein at the back of the head, the vena capitis dorsalis, that drained the front neck muscles through two long canals running to the posterior surface of the brain. The Meckelian groove of Dromaeosaurus is rather shallow and does not have much depth.

Classification
Matthew and Brown originally placed Dromaeosaurus to its own subfamily, the Dromaeosaurinae, within the "Deinodontidae" (now known as Tyrannosauridae) based on some similarities in the general proportions of the skull. In 1969, John H. Ostrom recognized that Dromaeosaurus shared many features with Velociraptor and the newly discovered Deinonychus, and assigned these forms to a new family: Dromaeosauridae. Since then, many new relatives of Dromaeosaurus have been found.

The exact relationships of Dromaeosaurus are somewhat unclear. Although its rugged build gives it a primitive appearance, it was actually a very specialized animal. In an analysis of the clade Dromaeosaurinae, species such as Utahraptor, Achillobator and Yurgovuchia have been recovered. The genus Dakotaraptor has been classified as the sister taxon to Dromaeosaurus, but more recent analysis do not recover such a close relationship.

Below is a cladogram by Senter et al. in 2012. Dromaeosaurus is recovered as the sister taxon to Yurgovuchia, Utahraptor and Achillobator.

The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma, David Burnham, Larry Martin, Peter Larson, and Robert Bakker, using updated data from the Theropod Working Group. In this analysis, Dromaeosaurus is classified as the sister taxon of Dakotaraptor.

Paleobiology
Dromaeosaurus differs from most of its relatives in having a short, massive skull, a deep mandible, and robust teeth. The teeth tend to be more heavily worn than those of its relative Saurornitholestes, suggesting that its jaws were used for crushing and tearing rather than simply slicing through flesh. Therrien et al. (2005) estimated that Dromaeosaurus had a bite nearly three times as powerful as that of Velociraptor and suggested it relied more on its jaws than on the sickle claw to kill its prey. In a study predominantly centered around Shuvuuia, Dromaeosaurus was compared to the former and also to Alioramus, in which both Dromaeosaurus and Alioramus were discovered to be diurnal predators.

Feeding behavior
Dromaeosaurus' feeding habits were also discovered to be typical of coelurosaurian theropods, with a characteristic "puncture and pull" feeding method. Studies of wear patterns on the teeth of this animal by Angelica Torices et al. in a study regarding theropod feeding habits indicate that dromaeosaurid teeth share similar wear patterns to those seen in the tyrannosauridae and troodontidae, respectively. However, micro-wear on the teeth indicated that Dromaeosaurus likely preferred larger prey items than the troodontids it shared their environment with. Such differentiations in its diet likely allowed the theropod to inhabit the same environment as its more distant maniraptoran relatives. The same study also indicated that both Dromaeosaurus and Saurornitholestes (also analyzed in the study) likely included bone in their diet and were better adapted to handle the stresses associated with attacking struggling prey while troodontids, equipped with weaker jaws, preyed on softer animals and prey items such as invertebrates and carrion. This feeding strategy and ability to handle struggling prey was also a feature that the theropod also shared with tyrannosaurids such as Gorgosaurus, which was also analyzed in said study alongside these smaller theropods.

title: Dromaeosaurus


text:
Talk:GNOME Files

nautilus
Anyone feel up to writing a description of "spatial" as relates to file managers -- and Nautilus in particular? The link to spatial in the article was all but irrelevant. I should warn anyone attempting it... it's probably best not to use Nicholas Petreley's article as a source ;-) Motor 14:28, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have wrote a stub about it on Spatial file manager. It could do with some more work though. Krik 22:13, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Improvements
The screenshot with the browser mode should include the browser sidebar which enables a view to the directory tree.

It should also show them as they might actually be used. Showing the result of double-clicking on "Computer", "Filesystem", "usr", and "bin" doesn't actually show something that anybody would actually use it for (when was the last time you opened these windows, just like that?). How about something like a window showing ~/Photos/, with a bunch of digital photo thumbnails?

Comparison of file managers???
Anyone really familiar with Nautilus up for filling in its entry in Comparison of file managers??? There are lots of holes in terms of what Nautilus can do.

Pun?
How is the name of the file manager a pun on the shell of the nautilus? Is this an obscure pun that requires explanation, or is it an esoteric use of the word "pun"? POV? The name of the line of exercise equipment is a pun on the shell (the cams used in the machines to reduce inertia vaguely resemble the cross section of the shell), but how could the name of a file manager be one? If the "pun" is based on a file manager being a tool to work with objects within a shell [pun=> shell (operating system gui)=shell (nautical fauna)], that's more than a bit of a stretch, and not really a pun; the choice of name is too random. You could just as easily have named it "Hermit Crab." Can we get an explanation or a source citation? Or is it not a pun, but a case where the software was simply named after the shell of the sea creature? Canonblack 13:09, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nautilus isn't the pun, "shell" is the pun, so let's see if we can fix it... MFNickster

List/Comparison
I don't see any point in having both List and Comparison... I picked "List of" for the time being... but I've also posted on Talk:Comparison of file managers asking what's happening with the merge between that and List of file managers. - Motor (talk) 15:09, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Move
Shouldn't this be at Nautilus (file manager), as it seems a better place? bruce89 14:57, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think it matters much, plus people writing nautilus file manager don't need to pipe link it like this: nautilus file manager it, which helps keep the page sources cleaner. Pro or anti arguments are all pretty minor here. I'd just leave it as it is unless there's a real need to move it. - Motor (talk) 15:03, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

It has been moved, thank you. bruce89 17:31, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Problems
Why don't you cover the way it locks up X windows —Preceding unsigned comment added by Br0dely (talk • contribs) 14:13, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
 * and tries to take up all my ram and do everything i have other programs for —Preceding unsigned comment added by Petchboo (talk • contribs) 20:49, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Original Author.
There should be a section about the creator of nautilus and how he used his experience designing the user interface of the macintosh.

 * Do you have a reliable source to back up these claims?  [ジャム] [ t  -  c  ] 21:36, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

GNOME Files
I noticed that Nautilus (file manager) has been recently moved to GNOME Files. However, I don't find any reliable source for the information about the GNOME Files in the article. --Ykhwong (talk) 12:07, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:GNOME Files


text:
John C. Pemberton

John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881) was a United States Army officer who fought in the Seminole Wars and with distinction during the Mexican–American War. He resigned his commission to serve as a Confederate lieutenant-general during the American Civil War. He led the Army of Mississippi from December 1862 to July 1863 and was the commanding officer during the Confederate surrender at the Siege of Vicksburg.

Early life and career
Pemberton was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the second child of John and Rebecca Clifford Pemberton. His ancestor, Phineas Pemberton, traveled to the Colony of Pennsylvania from Lancashire, England , along with William Penn in 1682. John entered the United States Military Academy in 1833 and was a roommate and close friend of George G. Meade. He graduated in 1837, standing 27th in his class out of 50 cadets. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Artillery Regiment on July 1, 1837. He participated with the 4th during the U.S. Army actions against the Seminole Indian tribe during the Second Seminole War in 1837 and 1838, fighting in Florida at the Battle of Loxahatchee on January 24, 1838.

Pemberton and the 4th Artillery served in garrison duty at Fort Columbus, Governors Island, New York, from 1838 to 1839, and then at the Camp of Instruction located near Trenton, New Jersey, in 1839. He then served along the northern U.S. frontier during the brief Canadian Border Disturbances of the Aroostook War. Pemberton and the 4th were next stationed in Michigan, serving at Detroit in 1840, at Fort Mackinac in the upper Great Lakes in Michigan in 1840 and 1841, and at Fort Brady in 1841. He then served in Buffalo, New York, from 1841 to 1842, and was promoted to first lieutenant on March 19, 1842. Pemberton and the 4th returned to garrison duty at Fortress Monroe, in Hampton Roads harbor on coastal Virginia in 1842, then were stationed at the U.S. Army Cavalry School at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, in 1842 and 1843, and returned to Fort Monroe from 1844 to 1845.

Mexican-American War
From 1845 to 1846, Pemberton and the 4th Artillery were part of the U.S. military occupation of Texas before the admission of the Republic of Texas into the United States as the 28th state in 1845. Then the 4th was sent to Mexico at the start of the Mexican–American War the following year. He fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma the next day. He then fought well at the Battle of Monterrey in that fall and was appointed a brevet captain "for Gallant Conduct in the several Conflicts at [Monterrey]" on September 23.

Pemberton then fought in the U.S. Army's 1847 actions in Mexico, including the Siege of Vera Cruz in March, the Battle of Cerro Gordo in April, the skirmish near Amazoque in May, the capture of San Antonio and the Battle of Churubusco in August, and most notably in the Battle of Molino del Rey that September. Pemberton was appointed a brevet major for his performance at Molino del Rey on September 8. He then was part of the storming of Chapultepec Castle on September 13, and the Battle for Mexico City that day and the next, where Pemberton was wounded. Pemberton held the position of Aide-de-Camp to Brevet Brigadier General William J. Worth from August 4, 1846, to May 1, 1849, and was a fellow staff lieutenant in the same division as his future opponent in the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant. He was an original member of the Aztec Club of 1847 – a military society founded by U.S. Army officers who served in Mexico City during the military occupation following the war.

After Mexican-American War
In 1848, Pemberton married Martha Thompson of Norfolk, Virginia.

After the war with Mexico, Pemberton and the 4th Artillery served in garrison duty at Fort Pickens near Pensacola, Florida, in 1849. He then fought in Florida during hostilities against the Seminoles in 1849 and 1850. The 4th returned to garrison duty at New Orleans Barracks in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1850, and Pemberton was promoted to captain on September 16. He next served in Fort Washington, Maryland, along the lower Potomac River below the capital in 1851 and 1852, at Fort Hamilton, New York, from 1852 to 1856. He and the 4th Artillery fought again in Florida during further hostilities against the Seminoles from 1856 to 1857.

Pemberton and the 4th were then on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1857 to 1858, and participated in the Utah War in 1858. He was then stationed at Fort Kearny in the New Mexico Territory in 1859, at Fort Ridgely in Minnesota from 1859 to 1861. After returning from the West in April 1861, he passed through Baltimore during the infamous Baltimore riot of 1861 in command of a regiment in transit on April 18–19, 1861, en route to Fort McHenry. Later he was briefly on garrison duty at the Washington Arsenal in Washington, D.C., in April 1861.

American Civil War
At the start of the American Civil War in 1861, Pemberton resigned from his commission in the United States Army and joined the Confederate States Army, despite his birth in a free state and the fact that his two younger brothers both fought for the United States. He resigned his commission, effective April 29, despite pleas from his family and his former commander Winfield Scott. His decision was due to the influence of his Virginia-born wife and many years of service in the slave states before the war. He was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the Army of the Confederate States of America (ACSA) on March 28, and was made assistant adjutant general of the forces around and in the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, on April 29, the date of his resignation from the U.S. Army. He was promoted to colonel on May 8. On May 9, Pemberton took a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the Artillery of the Provisional Army of Virginia. Upon the absorption of the Provisional Army of Virginia into the PACS, Pemberton was appointed a major of artillery, a line field commission, on June 15, 1861, and was quickly promoted to brigadier general two days later. His first brigade command was in the Department of Norfolk, Virginia, leading its 1st Brigade from June to November.

Pemberton was promoted to major general on January 14, 1862, and given command of the Confederate Department of South Carolina and Georgia, an assignment lasting from March 14 to August 29, with his headquarters in Charleston, South Carolina. As a result of Pemberton's abrasive personality, his public statement that if he had to make a choice, he would abandon the area rather than risk the loss of his outnumbered army, and the distrust of his free-state birth, the governors of both states in his department petitioned President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis for his removal. Davis needed a commander for a new department in Mississippi and also a command for Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, so he sent Pemberton west and assigned the more popular Beauregard to Charleston.

Vicksburg
On October 10, 1862, Pemberton was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, and assigned to defend the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and the Mississippi River, known as the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana. Davis gave him the following instructions regarding his new assignment: "... consider the successful defense of those States as the first and chief object of your command." Pemberton arrived at his new headquarters in Jackson, Mississippi, on October 14.

His forces consisted of fewer than 50,000 men under the command of Maj. Gens. Earl Van Dorn and Sterling Price, with around 24,000 in the permanent garrisons at Vicksburg and Port Hudson, Louisiana. John D. Winters described the men under Pemberton as "a beaten and demoralized army, fresh from the defeat at Corinth, Mississippi." Pemberton faced his former Mexican War colleague, the aggressive U.S. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and over 70,000 U.S. soldiers in the Vicksburg Campaign.

In an attempt to carry out his orders from both Davis and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Pemberton and his Army of Mississippi set out east to combine with Johnston's forces gathering around Jackson while remaining in contact and covering Vicksburg. Another order from Johnston changing their proposed meeting location caused Pemberton to turn around. When he did, he accidentally collided with Grant's army at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16 and suffered a significant defeat. Pemberton retreated to the Big Black River, where he fought and suffered even more heavy losses on May 17. Pemberton resolved to defend Vicksburg and led his defeated men back into its defenses on May 18. In the process, he gave up the high ground on Hayne's Bluff, which Sherman had failed to take in December. Johnston had advised him that if this ground ever fell, Vicksburg would be untenable and that he should escape with his army of 31,000, sacrificing the city. Pemberton refused to take this advice. He held firm for over six weeks while soldiers and civilians were starved into submission. (Pemberton, well aware of his reputation as a Northerner by birth, was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation as a traitor if he abandoned Vicksburg.)

On the evening of July 2, 1863, Pemberton asked in writing his four division commanders if they believed their men could "make the marches and undergo the fatigues necessary to accomplish a successful evacuation" after 45 days of siege. With four votes of no, the next day, Pemberton asked the U.S. soldiers for an armistice to allow time for the discussion of terms of surrender, and at 10:00 a.m. on July 4, he surrendered the city and his army to Grant. The written terms (which in the first talks were simply unconditional surrender) were negotiated so that the Confederate soldiers would be paroled and:

"...be allowed to march out of our lines, the officers taking with them their side-arms and clothing, and the field, staff, and cavalry officers one horse each. The rank and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property."

Pemberton surrendered 2,166 officers and 27,230 men, 172 cannons, and almost 60,000 muskets and rifles to Grant. This, combined with the successful Siege of Port Hudson on July 9, reestablished the United States complete control over the Mississippi River, a major strategic loss for the Confederacy that cut off Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's command and the Trans-Mississippi Theater from the Confederacy for the rest of the war.

After his surrender, Pemberton was exchanged as a prisoner on October 13, 1863, and returned to Richmond. There he spent some eight months without an assignment. At first, Gen. Braxton Bragg thought he could use Pemberton. Still, after conferring with his ranking officers, he advised Davis that taking on the discredited lieutenant general "would not be advisable." Pemberton finally wrote Davis directly, asking to return to duty "in any capacity in which you think I may be useful." Davis replied that his confidence in him remained unshaken, saying:

"I thought and still think that you did right to risk an army for the purpose of keeping command of even a section of the Mississippi River. Had you succeeded none would have blamed; had you not made the attempt, few if any would have defended your course."

Pemberton resigned as a general officer on May 9, 1864, and Davis offered him a commission as a lieutenant colonel of artillery three days later, which he accepted, a testimonial of his loyalty to the Confederacy and the Confederate cause. He commanded the artillery of the defenses of Richmond until January 9, 1865. He was appointed inspector general of the artillery as of January 7, and held this position until he was captured in Salisbury, North Carolina, on April 12. Along with Pemberton and his 14 remaining guns, the U.S. soldiers rounded up about 1,300 men and nearly 10,000 small arms. There is no record of his parole after his capture.

Postbellum life
After the war, Pemberton lived on his farm near Warrenton, Virginia, from 1866 to 1876. He carried on a feud with Johnston about the Vicksburg campaign. His mother, Rebecca Clifford Pemberton (1782–1869), survived her husband John Pemberton (1783–1847) by more than two decades, and a few years after her death, Pemberton returned to Pennsylvania.

Death and legacy
Pemberton died in Lower Gwynedd Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, on July 13, 1881, although his widow Martha Thompson Pemberton would survive until 1907. The families of several famous people, including General George Meade and Admiral John A. Dahlgren (whose brother also served as a Confederate General), protested against the unrepentant Confederate Pemberton's burial at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, where his mother and father had been buried. He was interred at the cemetery despite a supposed decision that the Confederate Pemberton would be interred elsewhere. His sisters Rebecca Clifford Pemberton Newbold (1820–1883) and Anna Clifford Pemberton Hollingsworth (1816–1884) and brother Israel Pemberton (1813–1885, a railroad engineer) were buried at Laurel Hill shortly thereafter.

A statue depicting Pemberton, sculpted by Edmond Thomas Quinn, was erected in the Vicksburg National Military Park. His grandson, also John C. Pemberton (1893–1984), in 1942 published a book about his grandfather's defense of Vicksburg, and donated family papers and his research concerning his grandfather to the University of North Carolina, which maintains them in its Special Collections.

title: John C. Pemberton


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Robin Ventura

Robin Mark Ventura (born July 14, 1967) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and manager. Ventura played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, New York Mets, New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was also the manager for the White Sox for five seasons. The White Sox selected Ventura with the tenth overall pick in the 1988 amateur draft from Oklahoma State University (OSU). He is a six-time Rawlings Gold Glove winner, two-time MLB All-Star selection and a National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee.

While playing college baseball for the Cowboys at OSU, Ventura was a three-time All-American who achieved a Division I-record 58-game hitting streak. In 1988, he won the Dick Howser Trophy and Golden Spikes Award and played for the gold medal-winning Olympic baseball team. In his MLB career, he hit 18 grand slams, ranking fifth all-time. In Game 5 of the 1999 National League Championship Series, Ventura hit the "Grand Slam Single" that won the game but did not actually become a home run because he was unable to complete the circuit around the base paths. Later in his playing career, cartilage and arthritis issues in his ankle hampered his abilities in the field.

After the 2011 season, the White Sox hired Ventura to be their manager. He managed the team from 2012 until 2016.

Amateur career
Born to parents John and Darlene Ventura on July 14, 1967, in Santa Maria, California, Ventura is of Italian and Portuguese descent. After attending Righetti High School in Orcutt, California, Ventura was a 3-time All-American at Oklahoma State University, where he played college baseball for the Oklahoma State Cowboys.

With the Cowboys, Ventura led the nation in runs (107), runs batted in (RBIs; 96) and total bases (204) in 69 games as a freshman in 1986. In 1987, he had an NCAA-record 58-game hitting streak, breaking the previous record of 47; he also led Division I in RBIs two years in a row. His hitting streak remains the Division I record, though his mark was surpassed in 2003 by Damian Costantino of Division III Salve Regina University, who had a 60-game streak.

Ventura helped OSU reach the finals of the 1987 College World Series, although they lost the championship game to a Stanford University team that included future teammate Jack McDowell. Ventura collected four hits – including a pair of doubles – in the final game and batted .364 for the series. That summer, he played for the Hyannis Mets in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), hitting .370 and led the league in runs batted in with 37. On January 19, 2002, Ventura was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 2001. In January 2020, Ventura returned to Oklahoma State to complete his degree and serves as a student assistant coach for the baseball team.

In 1988, Ventura earned a spot on the gold medal-winning Olympic baseball team, batting .409 during the tournament. He won both the Golden Spikes Award and the Dick Howser Trophy for outstanding collegiate play, concluding his 3-year OSU career with a .428 batting average, a .792 slugging percentage, and 302 RBI. On July 4, 2006, Ventura was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of its inaugural class.

Chicago White Sox
After being picked tenth in the 1988 Major League Baseball draft by the White Sox, Ventura spent much of 1989 at AA Birmingham before joining the White Sox that September. While in Birmingham, he earned a spot in the Southern League All-Star Game and was voted the league's top defensive third baseman. He was named to the 1990 Topps All-Star Rookie Roster and earned the starting third base role with the White Sox the next spring. While his 1990 rookie year was marred by an 0-for-41 slump and 25 errors, his 123 hits were the most by a White Sox rookie since Ozzie Guillén in 1985; he also led AL rookies with 150 games played. The next year he won his first Gold Glove Award for fielding excellence, set a team record for RBI at third base, and led the AL in putouts. In 1992, Ventura won another Gold Glove and earned a spot on the All-Star team.

In 1993, Ventura saw his batting average drop 20 points to .262, though both his slugging and on-base percentages rose slightly. He also collected his 500th hit that May and won his third straight Gold Glove, while becoming the first AL third baseman with three consecutive 90-RBI campaigns since Graig Nettles (1975–78). On August 4, 1993, during a game against the Texas Rangers, Ventura was hit by a pitch thrown by Nolan Ryan. Ventura charged the mound, where Ryan, 20 years Ventura's senior, placed Ventura in a headlock and punched him six times, causing a bench-clearing brawl. This brawl was voted the top baseball brawl of all time by ESPN's SportsCenter. The White Sox won the AL West that year, which resulted in Ventura's only playoff trip while in Chicago. They would lose in the ALCS to the Toronto Blue Jays.

When play resumed in 1995 following the 1994 strike, Ventura had ten errors in the first ten games. He spent some time at first base that year amid trade rumors, but ended the year with a career-high .295 average, and on September 4 hit two grand slams in one game, the eighth player in history to do so and the first since Frank Robinson in 1970. The next season, he won his fourth Gold Glove, reached new highs in fielding percentage, homers and RBIs, and set team records in career homers by a third baseman (142) and grand slams (9).

When spring training began in 1997 the White Sox were picked by many to win their division. In a spring training game at Ed Smith Stadium, Ventura slid into home plate and caught his foot in the mud, suffering a compound fracture and dislocation to his right ankle. The initial prognosis was that he would be lost for the season. However, Ventura was able to return on July 24, more than a week ahead of the most optimistic predictions. He collected the game-winning hit that night, and homered in his first at-bat the next evening. The White Sox did not make the playoffs, in part due to the "White Flag Trade". In 1998, Ventura's final season with the Sox, he won his fifth Gold Glove, but only hit .263. His homer and RBI totals were close to his career averages, but the White Sox attempted repeatedly to trade him and declined to renew his contract, with owner Jerry Reinsdorf claiming that he was "deteriorating."

New York Mets
Ventura departed Chicago in December 1998 when the New York Mets signed him to a four-year deal. In his first year in New York, Ventura hit .301 with 32 homers, 120 RBI and just nine errors in the field. On May 20, he became the first player ever to hit a grand slam in both games of a doubleheader. In 1999, he and fellow infielders Edgardo Alfonzo, Rey Ordóñez, and John Olerud were featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated as the "Best Infield Ever." However, Ventura injured his left knee in August; when the problem finally came to light, just before the postseason, it had worsened into a tear of the cartilage. Ventura borrowed the phrase "Mojo Risin" from The Doors' "L.A. Woman" and made it the rally cry for the Mets that year, meeting Doors lead singer Jim Morrison's widow Patricia Kennealy-Morrison when the Mets invited her to a game just before the playoffs.

Despite his injury, Ventura provided the game-winning, bases-loaded, two-out single in the eleventh inning against the Pirates on the final weekend of the regular season. After sweeping Pittsburgh, the Mets defeated the Cincinnati Reds in a play-in game to determine the National League Wild Card team. In Game 5 of the 1999 NLCS, with the Atlanta Braves up 3–2 in the fifteenth inning, a bases-loaded walk to Todd Pratt forced in the tying run and brought Ventura to the plate. Ventura hit a home run into right-center field. Pratt, however, did not see the ball leave the park and ran back to first base, hoisting Ventura into the air and lugging him off the field before he could round the bases. The hit was officially scored an RBI single, commonly referred to as the "Grand Slam Single." The Mets eventually lost the series. He won his first NL Gold Glove that fall, bringing his career total to six.

In 2000, still recovering from off-season surgery on both his knee and right shoulder, he hit just .232 with 24 homers and 84 RBI. He spent part of July on the disabled list with inflammation in his repaired shoulder, and was plagued with errors; but rebounded to hit .320 with three homers and 13 RBIs in the last two weeks of the season. When the Mets reached the World Series, he hit his only World Series home run against the Yankees' Orlando Hernández. In 2001, he batted .237 with 21 homers and 61 RBI.

New York Yankees
At the end of the season, the Mets traded Ventura to the Yankees for David Justice. In 2002, Ventura batted .247 with 27 homers and 93 RBI, the eighth time he topped 90 RBI. He was selected to his second and final All-Star team, along with all other members of the Yankees infield. In that year, Ventura had the lowest fielding percentage of all third basemen in the major leagues at .941. The Yankees lost the Division Series, where Ventura hit .286 with four RBI.

After hitting free agency, Ventura re-signed with the Yankees on a one-year deal with $5 million. In 2003, he was platooned at third base with Todd Zeile, another former Met. Ventura struggled through the first few months of the year; by late July he hit nine homers and 42 RBI. He tied Shea Hillenbrand for the major league lead in errors by a third baseman, with 23.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On July 31, 2003, Ventura was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for Bubba Crosby and Scott Proctor. On August 3, he hit an inside-the-park home run in Atlanta for his first home run as a member of the Dodgers. He spent most of the remainder of the season on the bench.

Re-signed by the Dodgers in December, Ventura entered 2004 with a chance to be the Dodgers' starting first baseman, but that changed during the last week of spring training when new general manager Paul DePodesta traded for Cleveland outfielder Milton Bradley. This set off a domino effect that ended in Ventura being relegated to a bench role as a backup infielder and pinch hitter.

He had a game-winning RBI in the second game of the season against the San Diego Padres. He only hit five home runs that season, two of which were pinch-hit game-winning home runs: on July 17 against the Arizona Diamondbacks and on August 1 against the San Diego Padres. He also hit his 17th career grand slam on August 29 against the Mets and his 18th career grand slam on September 7 against the Arizona Diamondbacks. Ventura made his pitching debut on June 25 during a blowout loss against the Anaheim Angels, allowing a single amid three fly ball outs. The Dodgers made it to the NLDS, but lost in four games. The Dodgers went a perfect 10–0 in games that he hit a home run. Ventura retired after the season due to arthritis in his right ankle.

Retirement
Ventura's 1997 ankle injury—a compound fracture and dislocation—also affected his leg muscles, which began to atrophy following the accident. Full strength in his leg never returned, and the daily pain from his ankle and leg contributed to Ventura's decision to retire from baseball. After retirement, Ventura limped badly and was forced to walk with a cane regularly. On November 18, 2005, Ventura underwent an ankle allograft. Following the surgery and rehabilitation, he now walks without pain and without a limp. He returned to Shea Stadium for the final game on September 28, 2008, for the closing ceremonies with ex-teammates Edgardo Alfonzo, John Franco, Todd Zeile and Mike Piazza.

Ventura's first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame was in 2010, when he received just 1.3% of the votes, failing to reach the 5.0% threshold to stay on the ballot. His next opportunity for Hall of Fame consideration will be in 2023 by the Expansion Era Committee.

He was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame in 2018. In January 2020, Ventura returned to Oklahoma State to complete his degree and serve as a student assistant coach for the baseball team. He earned his bachelor's degree in 2022. Ventura remained on staff with the Cowboys as a volunteer assistant for the 2023 season.

Managerial career
In June 2011, Ventura joined the White Sox organization as special advisor to director of player development Buddy Bell. Just four months later, he was hired as the 39th manager for the Chicago White Sox on October 6, 2011, succeeding interim manager Don Cooper (who succeeded Ozzie Guillén for two games). Ventura was the 17th former White Sox player to manage the club. In his first season as their manager, the White Sox finished 85–77, three games behind the AL Central champion Detroit Tigers. Ventura's first ejection as a manager came on May 30, 2012, when he was thrown out by umpire Mark Wegner while protesting Wegner's ejection of White Sox pitcher José Quintana. Ventura was a finalist to be the American League Manager of the Year, which was ultimately awarded to Oakland Athletics manager Bob Melvin. Despite ending 2013 in last place, the White Sox re-signed Ventura for the 2014 season.

Chicago planned to bring him back for the 2017 season, despite growing dissatisfaction with Ventura among the fan base. However, after four straight losing seasons, he resigned after the 2016 season.

Broadcasting
Ventura has also provided color commentary for the College World Series. In 2010, he worked as a color commentator for the Little League Southwest Region Finals on ESPN with Carter Blackburn. Ventura also occasionally appeared on ESPNU as an anchor.

Highlights

 * Golden Spikes Award (nation's best amateur player) (1988)
 * 2-time All-Star (1992, 2002)
 * 6-time Gold Glove winner at third base (1991–93, 1996, 1998–99)
 * Hit two grand slams in one game (September 4, 1995)
 * Only player to hit one grand slam during each end of a double-header (May 20, 1999)
 * Hit 18 career grand slams, placing him in a tie with Willie McCovey for 5th on the all-time list, behind Alex Rodriguez (25), Lou Gehrig (23), Manny Ramírez (21), and Eddie Murray (19). 6.1% of his career home runs were grand slams, the highest ratio of any player with at least 250 career home runs.
 * Hit a "Grand Slam Single" in the 1999 NLCS against the Atlanta Braves (see walk-off home run)
 * Named American League Player of the Month, July 1991
 * Was one of the first class of inductees into the College Baseball Hall of Fame on July 4, 2006
 * Inducted into Oklahoma State University Athletic Hall of Fame on October 17, 2009, along with Barry Sanders, and Garth Brooks.
 * Introduced as inductee into Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame on February 19, 2018.

Career rankings
Third basemen with most 90-RBI seasons Note: Schmidt also had one 90-RBI season as a first baseman; Jones had two 90-RBI seasons as a left fielder.
 * Mike Schmidt – 11 (1974–1977, 1979–1981, 1983–1984, 1986–1987)
 * Eddie Mathews – 10 (1953–1957, 1959–1962, 1965)
 * Robin Ventura – 8 (1991–1993, 1995–1996, 1998–1999, 2002)
 * Pie Traynor – 8 (1923, 1925–1931)
 * Ken Boyer – 8 (1956, 1958–1964)
 * Ron Santo – 8 (1963–1970)
 * Chipper Jones – 8 (1996–2001, 2004, 2007)

Third basemen with highest career slugging average (Minimum 1500 games at 3B)
 * Chipper Jones – .533
 * Mike Schmidt – .527
 * Eddie Mathews – .509
 * Matt Williams – .489
 * George Brett – .487
 * Scott Rolen – .474
 * Ron Santo – .464
 * Ken Boyer – .462
 * Ken Caminiti – .447
 * Ron Cey – .445
 * Doug DeCinces – .445
 * Robin Ventura – .444

title: Robin Ventura


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User:Squatront

This is a place holder for my user page. I will come back to update this more later. For now, here's a pointer to my livejournal: http://ts52.livejournal.com

title: User:Squatront


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Anti-incumbency

Anti-incumbency is sentiment in favor of voting out incumbent politicians, for the specific reason of being incumbent politicians. It is sometimes referred to as a "throw the bums out" sentiment. Periods of anti-incumbent sentiment are typically characterized by wave elections. This sentiment can also lead to support for term limits.

In a two-party system, anti-incumbent voters have only one party to vote for, when voting against the incumbent; in a multi-party system, public mood, i.e., the tendency of opinions held by voters over a set of related policy issues, can determine which parties receive the anti-incumbent vote.

Causes
When voters perceive times as bad, this can cause anti-incumbent sentiment. However, this is subject to biases. Perceptions of whether, e.g., economic conditions have worsened during a politician's term are influenced by partisan bias, for instance. In the U.S., reliance on partisan media, as opposed to mainstream media, is associated with anti-incumbent attitudes toward Congress. New democracies' elections, such as those in Central and Eastern Europe, and in Latin America and Asia, often are characterized by anti-incumbency.

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, virtually every government has been ousted from power after one legislative period.

Bhutan
The 2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election had an anti-incumbent result.

India
India has the highest rate of anti-incumbency in the world, with incumbents from the ruling party having only a fifty-fifty shot at returning to parliament. For example, since 1985, the electorate in Assam, India has oscillated between voting the Asom Gana Parishad and the Indian National Congress to power. In Karnataka, the last time the ruling government was re-elected was in the 1985 Indian elections. Kerala has always voted in whichever is the opposition pre-poll alliance since 1982 assembly elections. Voter turnout does not appear correlated with incumbents' electoral performance.

In 2018, India's period of anti-incumbency was accompanied by acute rural distress, multiple farmer agitations and serious joblessness.

Mexico
In the 2010 Mexican gubernatorial elections, incumbents from the Institutional Revolutionary Party, National Action Party, and Party of the Democratic Revolution were rejected.

United States
Eras of anti-incumbent sentiment included the Gilded Age, in which the majority party in the U.S. House of Representatives shifted six times in the 15 Congressional elections between 1870 and 1900, with three of those shifts involving losses of more than 70 seats by the majority party. David M. Kennedy notes, "Generations of American scholars have struggled to find a coherent narrative or to identify heroic leaders in that era's messy and inconclusive political scene."

The 1992 United States elections were also characterized by anti-incumbent sentiment, as a stubborn recession and persistently high unemployment fuelled voter dissatisfaction. A 2013 poll found that 60% of Americans would vote to "defeat and replace every single member of Congress, including [their] own representative" if that option were available.

The 2024 United States presidential election also has fueled considerable anti-incumbent sentiment, particularly among Generation Z, primarily due to immigration policy, post-COVID inflation, the Israel–Palestine conflict, and the age of the incumbent president at the time.

The concept of anti-incumbency, at least with regard to U.S. elections, is controversial, since more often voters will punish only one party. Three organizations that supported voting out incumbents were Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out, Vote Out Incumbents Democracy and Tenure Corrupts.

Criticism
A perceived disadvantage of anti-incumbency, with regard to judicial elections, is that good lawyers will not want to accept what they regard as a revolving-door judgeship. Another criticism of anti-incumbency is that it causes political parties to focus on single-term policies rather than long-term development.

title: Anti-incumbency