text:
User talk:Burschenschafter

Hi. You might want to know that 'fall of Soviet' is meainingless English. Perhaps you mean 'fall of the Soviet Union'? 'fall of communism'? It is hard to tell. Morwen 22:13, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Your point in name of Torun from TORON in Palestine is interesting, but problem with it is that Teutonic Knights founded their city nearby Polish village called Torun, which existed there earlier. Those Polish peasants were per chance crusaders too ? Szopen 08:16, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

good point! Nevertheless, the teutonic city was the beginning of the present-day city. The name might be inspired by both. Burschenschafter 08:25, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Anyway, i kind can;'t understand your reasoning with Danzig. Danzig was incorporated into Poland with Pece of Thorn. It had substantial authonomy, but clearly it was part of Polish kingdom, as it was recognised both by citizens itself, and everyone in sight. It was not merely "under protection". From legal point of view, it was part of Polish kingdom. Szopen 08:30, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

The concept of nation-state did not exist, and it is historical falsification to call the city "Polish" because it had accepted the overlordship of the Polish king. It was a self-governing German city-state known as Danzig. Burschenschafter

Gdansk is historical POlish name, not invented later. Well, in 1490 maybe it doesn't sound exaclty "Gdansk", but neither it was exactly "Danzig". In that time they used probably "Kdansk" and "Dantzig" or similar, but this is out of scope of this discussion.

Also, Danzig was not city-state. It was part of Polish kingdom. It's status was regulated by laws issued by POLISH parliament (e.g. statut Karnkowskiego). It was part of KINGDOM, not merely recognising overlordship of the king. What supports your theory that it was city-state?

The nation-state as we know today surely don't exist, nevertheless people were calling themselves "Poles" and their kingdom "Polish", and they know what belong to it and what not.

Another point: there was already LONG discussion over using Danzig/Gdansk. You see, 1) Both names are historical names, Gdansk is older than Danzig 2) Both were used in historical period 3) Danzig was predominantly German-speaking (but always there were also Poles living there, especially amongst lower classes) 4) Nevertheless, Danzig/Gdansk was part of Polish kingdom. It had substantial authonomy, but it was "royal" city, it recognized overlordship of Polish kingdom (and not merely "Polish king"). It was incorporated unilateraly into Poland after Prussian confederation asked for it in 1454 or something and then it was confirmed (so it became official)by treaty in 1466 or soemthing. 5) Frankly, don't know how one could rpove that it was city-state. It sometimes tried to behave like that, that's for sure. But then, you could then say than every magnate was separate magnate-state. Poland-Lithuania was not centralised state, more something of federation. Szopen 08:42, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

My point is that it de facto was a city-state with, as you pointed out, substantial authonomy. When it recognized the overlordship, it was granted such rights. However, it was still known as Danzig, by itself as well as in English. The Polish name was in use by the Poles, but this was predominantly a German city (in the pre-1871 meaning).

A very large part of Europe have been formally part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, but that does not make all of it "German" either. Burschenschafter 08:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, de iure it was part of Polish kingdom - a fact recognised by foreign states and Danzigers themselves. You, may argue over de facto indeed - definetely Danzig on occasions tried to behave as independent state, e.g. during Polish-Swedish wars over Inflanty - and it had their own army (as many Polish magnates :) ). But it status was regulated by POlish parliament. The HRE anaology is not that good, since HRE states wre totally independent entities in fact and HRE was way more decentralised than Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. HRE had not common army, common treasure for example i believe, and HRE states waged wars amongst  themselves.

Also, then you wold have to call every magnate possession de facto a state (as had separate armies and also were sedning their own envoys etc).

Also, you couldn't actually argue that in say 1400s or even 1500s it was known by ame "Danzig". The variants i saw of that name in medeival maps are really numerous and amongst them are Kdansk, Dantzk etc etc etc. Szopen 09:02, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Indeed, de jure it was part of the Polish kingdom. However, accepting the overlordship of a stronger state/king was not unusual in those days, especially not for a city-state like Danzig, and it did not mean the same as it does today. It does not justify calling it by its Polish name. The Polish king did not care about which name was used for the city, the deal was not about that at all. Danzig was more independent than Poland was during the Soviet time. You are yourself pointing out that it behaved as a souvereign state, which was pretty usual! Burschenschafter ~

No, i said that on occassions it tried to behave as independent state. OTOH there were Polish officials inside of the city. Besides, status of souvereign state is not regulated by laws created by foreign parliaments, isn't it?

One minor point about Heweliusz: well, he wrote letters in fluent Polish (although this was not his native language - he was sent to learn it by his parents in 1627 to some village nearby Bydgoszcz/Bromberg), in which he wrote about "our beloved Polish lands". He was definetely both Polish (by allegation) and German (by ethnicity) astronom. His case also talks a lot about what Danzigers thought about their relation to Poland, since Hevelius was member of city council. He was also later Polish noble. Szopen 09:33, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Horst Köhler
I added some explanation for you. Pleas read the attached German-langauge link. You will learn that his parents were not refugees during the war: it was German government, who gave Bessarabia to Soviets, and Germany pulled volunteer imigrants: Volksdeutsche. Of course, if they stayed in Bessarabia, they would have been deported as other non-Germans experienced. The plan behind Nazi-Soviet population transfers was to use Volksdeutsche in German collonisation effort in Poland. If you don't like the history, better do not write at all. I don't think that he was guilty of it (child is not responsible for parent) and even his parents were only tools in the Nazi machine, but I would prefer to state historical truth. Cautious 13:15, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

The Köhler family were not German citizens. So decisions of the German and Soviet governments were not their resposibility. They were per definition refugees.

Should we have notes on Polish colonisation efforts in every articles related to Poles living or born in the German areas occupied after the war? Burschenschafter

There were no refugees. They made the decision of emigration to Germany themselves - read link I send you in German (on the talk page!). You hardly can compare the 2 situations. Poles from Skierbieszow were deported to Auschwitz and their children to Germany. Moreover Germans were settled in the area, that were not annexed to Germany even unitarely. Poles after WW2 were settled within of borders of Poland, recognized internationally. Cautious 07:51, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Sure I can compare the situations. The Germans were killed or deported by the Polish racist apartheid regime after the war. And the Köhlers were not German citizens; despite this fact, they were deported by Stalin. Btw, you should learn better English before you start messing with the Köhler article. Burschenschafter

First of all, Germans were not killed in Poland after WW2. The second: since they didn't posses Polish citizenship, they constituted the population of foreign aliens and according to international law, it is legal to deport such a person. However, it would have never happenned, if Germans hadn't been ethnic cleansing the parts of Poland. And Köhlers took part in it. Cautious 08:47, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Sockpuppet of Nico
Are you a sockpuppet of Nico?

Cautious 08:48, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Languages of Poland
If you insist on putting the false information that German language is one of the official languages of Poland, why don't you try to make it similarily to the note about Sorbian et.al. in the Germany article? German is an official language in several commons (6 AFAIR) while the overall number of all commons is 2489. Halibutt 00:36, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I do not agree that it is false information, but the way it is done in the Germany article is a good idea. Note that I never said German was an official language "of" Poland. Burschenschafter

 * I elaborated a bit, hope you like it. Halibutt 05:04, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Naming issues
I have made a proposition in Talk:Gdansk/Naming convention. In short, it's sing most controversial names when first name appears in artcile and making a msg saying that the names are controversial and pointing to article explaining why. Please, contribute your opinion.Szopen 10:42, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Naming wars
Since you were either directly or indirectly once involved into edits revolving around "proper" naming of cities like Gdansk/Danzig etc i thought you may be interested in my proposition in User:Szopen/NamingWar. I would want to create a way aimed at stopping the revert wars in future - through creating something like a msg (in see also list or header) explaining that's there is compromise and why, and by linking to the article explaining changes of the statuses of the Royal Prussia province (I would prefer it ot have it as separate article, not scatter it in plethora other articles). I would be happy to hear from you. Szopen 09:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Szczecin
Could you possibly explain your manipulating over Szczecin at Talk:Szczecin? I know that we are at revert war now, but let's discuss it. I can promise that at the moment when you start talking, I won't revert your changes. Nevertheless no more revert for tonight as I am going to sleep. Przepla 23:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

hi caddie
if you continue with your actions, we will have to separate the articles. One article Danzig which deals with the city before 1945/46 and one article Gdansk which deals with the city after 1946. How about that? Burschenschafter

How about serprate the WIKIPEDIAs. One that deals with the real world and one that deals with yours? Space Cadet 13:41, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dear Space Cadet,

the Wikipedias are already separated. The People's Republic of Poland version, dealing with your world, are found here: http://pl.wikipedia.org/

Viele Grüße -- Burschenschafter 18:43, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Dear Nico, People Republic of Poland doesn't exist for over 14 years, 11 before foundation of WIKIPEDIA. And how would you know which world the Polish WIKI is dealing with if you don't know the language? Why don't you write a book describing your alternate history - where Gdansk was never Polish before 1945, where all Polish kings were German and didn't even speak Polish, etc. - it could be fascinating, and you would be able to really unleash your imagination, instead of just quoting XIX century Prussian "historians", the way you do here. Your friend, SC

 * Guys, could you please stop the revert war and try to find a common version? What is wrong with the version proposed by Bwood and apparently accepted by all of us (none of us likes it, but it seems like a good compromise at least...)? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 21:27, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Everything is wrong. As I have said before, the former names needs to be bolded, especially in the cases of Danzig, Stettin and Breslau, and those names are not the "former German name(s)", but the current German names. Burschenschafter

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Image tag
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:East Prussia 1939.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status?

You can use   if you wish to release your own work under the GNU Free Documentation License,    if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,    if you claim fair use of someone else's work, and so on. Click here for a list of the various tags.

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the image from, and I'll tag it for you. (And if you know exactly what this means and are really tired of the constant reminders, please excuse me. They will stop once the tagging project is complete.) Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 22:50, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Image:Gustavstresemann.jpg
Thankyou for this uploaded image, please cite source and copyright, thanks. Duk 06:15, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Burschenschafter


text:
Sevin

Sevin may refer to:

 * Sevin (given name), a Turkish feminine given name
 * A commercial version of carbaryl (insecticide)
 * Sevin (rapper), an American Christian hip hop musician
 * Sévin (surname), a French surname

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sevin


text:
Fall River

Fall River may refer to:

Canada

 * Fall River, Nova Scotia

United States

 * Fall River, Massachusetts
 * Fall River station, a commuter rail station in Fall River, Massachusetts
 * Fall River, Kansas
 * Fall River County, South Dakota
 * Fall River, Tennessee, site of a National Register of Historic Places listing in Lawrence County, Tennessee
 * Fall River, Wisconsin

Canada

 * Fall River (Ontario)

United States

 * Fall River (Plumas County, California), a Lake Oroville source tributary
 * Fall River (Shasta County, California), a river tributary to the Pit River in Shasta County, California.
 * Fall River (Clear Creek County, Colorado), a tributary of Clear Creek in Clear Creek County, Colorado.
 * Fall River (Larimer County, Colorado), a tributary of the Big Thompson River in Larimer County, Colorado
 * Fall River (Wyoming, Idaho), a river in Yellowstone National Park and Idaho
 * Fall River (Fremont County, Idaho), a river in Fremont County, Idaho
 * Fall River (Kansas), a river in Wilson County, Kansas
 * Fall River (Maryland), a river in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Fall River (Connecticut River tributary), a river in Franklin County, Massachusetts
 * Fall River (Farmington River), a river in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
 * Fall River (Middle Fork Feather River), a tributary of the Middle Fork Feather River in Butte County, California
 * Fall River (Minnesota), a stream in northeastern Minnesota
 * Fall River (Oregon), a tributary of the Deschutes River in central Oregon
 * Fall River (South Dakota), a river in Fall River County
 * Hoback River or Fall River, a river in Wyoming

Other

 * Fall River, Warren and Providence Railroad, a railroad in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island
 * Fall River murders, three murders committed from October 1979 to February 1980 in Fall River, Massachusetts
 * Fall River (TV series), a 2021 Epix documentary series about the murders
 * "Fall River" (short story), a 1931 short story by John Cheever

title: Fall River


text:
Legislator

A legislator, or lawmaker, is a person who writes and passes laws, especially someone who is a member of a legislature. Legislators are often elected by the people, but they can be appointed, or hereditary. Legislatures may be supra-national (for example, the European Parliament), national (for example, the Japanese Diet), sub-national, such as provinces, or local (for example, local governments).

Overview
The political theory of the separation of powers requires legislators to be independent individuals from the members of the executive and the judiciary. Certain political systems adhere to this principle, others do not. In the United Kingdom and other countries using the Westminster system, for example, the executive is formed almost exclusively from legislators (members of the parliament), and the executive Cabinet itself has delegated legislative power.

In continental European jurisprudence and legal discussion, "the legislator" (le législateur) is the abstract entity that has produced the laws. When there is room for interpretation, the intent of the legislator will be questioned, and the court is directed to rule in the direction it judges to best fit the legislative intent, which can be difficult in the case of conflicting laws or constitutional provisions.

Terminology
The local term for a legislator is usually a derivation of the local term for the relevant legislature. Typical examples include
 * Parliament: member of parliament
 * Assembly: member of the assembly
 * Legislature: member of the legislature
 * Congress: member of congress
 * Senate: senator
 * House of Representatives: representative
 * The generic term "deputy" may also be used, deriving from the concept that the legislator is "deputising" for the electorate of their electoral district.

By country
This is an incomplete list of terms for a national legislator:

Substitute legislator
Some legislatures provide each legislator with an official "substitute legislator" who deputises for the legislator in the legislature if the elected representative is unavailable. Venezuela, for example, provides for substitute legislators (diputado suplente) to be elected under Article 186 of its 1999 constitution. Ecuador, Panama, and the U.S. state of Idaho also have substitute legislators.

title: Legislator


text:
Heping, Tianjin

Heping District is a district in the center of Tianjin, China. It is named after the He Ping Road, the most prosperous street of the district at the time of renaming in 1956.

The district has a long history. Its total area is 9.97 km2. There are six subdistricts divided into 88 residential committees (社区居委会). As of 2020, the district has a total population of 449,100.

In history, Heping District is the center of culture, commerce, and finance in Tianjin. The Tianjin CBD, shopping centres, and banks are concentrated in this District.

From 2006 to 2008, the leader of the district is Li Runlan.

Yaohua High School is located in the district.

All Nippon Airways has its Tianjin Office in Tower 2 of The Exchange in the district.

History
During the Song dynasty, the lands of today's Heping District was under Qingchi count of Cangzhou. Following the Jingkang incident, Qingchi county, along with most of Song territories north of Yellow River was occupied by Jin dynasty. Jin renamed the county as Jinghai in 1193.

In 1730, Jinghai county was combined into Tianjin. Due to its long distance from the originally city center, the district was sparsely populated and underdeveloped. Since 1860, many part of the district was given to Britain, United States, France and Japan as concessions. With the return of the concessions following the end of World War II, former Japanese and French concessions were grouped into the First District, and the former British concessions was changed into the Tenth District. After the founding of People's Republic of China, the District was divided into the First and Fifth Districts on October 10, 1952. On the first day of 1956, the First and Fifth Districts were renamed to Heping District and Xinhua  District respectively, and the Xinhua District was later combined into Heping District on September 9, 1958.

Administrative divisions
There are six subdistricts in the district:

Metro
Heping District is currently served by two metro lines operated by Tianjin Metro:

 * - Xiaobailou, Yingkoudao, Anshandao
 * - Xikanglu, Yingkoudao, Hepinglu, Jinwan'guangchang

title: Heping, Tianjin


text:
Green Party of Minnesota

The Green Party of Minnesota is a green political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is affiliated with the Green Party of the United States.

History
The Minnesota Greens Confederation, founded c. 1990–1991, fostered the development of local Green Party organizations in the state. The Green Party of Minnesota was organized in December 1993. It was officially established in February and June 1994 at two founding conventions.

Twin Cities Greens was organized in 1988. The Green Party of St. Paul was established in 1997 to 1998.

The Green Party of Minnesota was founded in 1994 on the Four Pillars of the Green Party: Ecological Wisdom, Social and Economic Justice, Grassroots Democracy, and Nonviolence and Peace.

In the 2000 presidential election, Green Party presidential nominee Ralph Nader and vice presidential nominee Winona LaDuke received 5% of the vote in Minnesota, which earned major party status for the Green Party in Minnesota. But in the election of 2004, neither Green Party presidential nominee David Cobb nor any candidate for statewide office received 5% or more, thus losing major party status in the state.

In 2003 Elaine Fleming became the first elected Green mayor in Minnesota. Fleming is mayor of Cass Lake, Minnesota, and was elected mayor for her first term by seven votes. Fleming was elected mayor for a second term as a write-in candidate. As of 2006, Fleming was serving her second and last term as Mayor.

While the party is currently defined as a minor political party, it has had recent success in some city elections, especially in Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 2005, Cam Gordon, a former chair of the Green Party of Minnesota, was elected in Ward 2 to the Minneapolis City Council, winning over DFLer Cara Letofsky in a 51% to 48% vote. Ward 2 is considered one of the most diverse areas of Minneapolis, representing the University of Minnesota Minneapolis Campus and the Cedar-Riverside and Seward neighborhoods. Despite this gain on the council, two Green incumbents on the council, Natalie Johnson Lee (Ward 6) and Dean Zimmermann (Ward 7), were unseated during the 2005 election. Redistricting had pitted both against other council incumbents.

While initially elected as a Democrat in 1986 to the Minneapolis Park Board, Annie Young ran as a Green from her third term on, becoming one of the longest serving Park Board Commissioners in Minneapolis history.

In 2009, Cam Gordon was re-elected to Minneapolis City Council. In 2011 Green Party endorsed Laura Libby was elected to the Section 1 seat of the City Council of Crystal, Minnesota. Cam Gordon was elected to a third term on the Minneapolis City Council in 2013.

In 2014, the Green Party of Minnesota ran former DFL State Representative Andy Dawkins for Attorney General receiving 1.49% of the vote statewide and regaining minor party status.

Despite restrictive Minnesota ballot access laws, volunteers collected three times the required signatures to place Green endorsed presidential candidate Dr Jill Stein on the ballot in 2016. Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon refused to replace the ballot petitions stand-in vice presidential candidate Howie Hawkins with Ajamu Baraka, the only candidate of color in the race, despite no law denying his ability to do so. Dr Jill Stein went on to receive 1.26% of the vote statewide – double the Green presidential vote from 2012 – and again securing minor party status for the Green Party of Minnesota until 2020.

Three additional Greens were elected in 2016, including the first elected Green in Ramsey County history – Lena Buggs winning a seat on the Ramsey County Soil & Water District Board unseating the incumbent. In Anoka County, Greens Sharon Lemay and Steve Laitinen were both elected to the Anoka County Soil and Water District Board as well.

Current elected officials
City councils

Boards and commissions
 * Samantha Pree-Stinson, Minneapolis Board of Estimate and Taxation, At-Large (2022–Present)

Ideology
The Green Party of Minnesota follows the ideals of green politics, which are based on the Four Pillars of the Green Party: Ecological wisdom, Social justice, Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence. The "Ten Key Values," which expand upon the four pillars, are as follows:
 * 1) Grassroots democracy
 * 2) Social justice
 * 3) Ecological wisdom
 * 4) Nonviolence
 * 5) Decentralization
 * 6) Community-based economics
 * 7) Women's rights
 * 8) Respect for diversity
 * 9) Global responsibility
 * 10) Future focus

The Green Party of Minnesota constitution Article XI Section 2 prohibits donations from corporations or political action committees (PACs). The party's platforms and rhetoric harshly criticize any corporate influence and control over government, media, and society at large.

Leadership
The party is led by a 17-member coordinating committee which sets the party's long-range goals, budget, and strategy. These decisions are then implemented by an executive committee made of five party co-chairs, each of whom is responsible for one of five portfolios of party business (membership, political affairs, finances, communications, and internal organization). Each portfolio co-chair oversees a number of committees and party functions. While the coordinating and executive committees handle day-to-day operations of the state party, most organizing, activism, and decision-making is decentralized into a number of autonomous local party organizations (or "seedlings") located throughout the state.

GPMN Coordination Committee

 * Seth Kuhl-Stennes – Co-Chair
 * Cam Gordon – Co-Chair
 * Michelle Parker
 * Samantha Pree-Stinson
 * David Strand
 * Adam Schneider
 * Tom Dunnwald

title: Green Party of Minnesota


text:
Guadalupe River (California)

The Guadalupe River (Río Guadalupe; Muwekma Ohlone:Thámien Rúmmey) mainstem is an urban, northward flowing 14 mi river in California whose much longer headwater creeks originate in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The river mainstem now begins on the Santa Clara Valley floor when Los Alamitos Creek exits Lake Almaden and joins Guadalupe Creek just downstream of Coleman Road in San Jose, California. From here it flows north through San Jose, where it receives Los Gatos Creek, a major tributary. The Guadalupe River serves as the eastern boundary of the City of Santa Clara and the western boundary of Alviso, and after coursing through San José, it empties into south San Francisco Bay at the Alviso Slough.

Much of the river is surrounded by parks. The river's Los Alamitos and Guadalupe Creek tributaries are, in turn, fed by smaller streams flowing from Almaden Quicksilver County Park, home to former mercury mines dating back to when the area was governed by Mexico. The Guadalupe watershed carries precipitation from the slopes of Loma Prieta and Mount Umunhum, the two major peaks of the Sierra Azul, the historical Spanish name ("Blue Mountains") for that half of the Santa Cruz Mountains south of California Highway 17. Two of the Guadalupe River's major tributaries, Los Gatos Creek and Guadalupe Creek have their sources in the Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve on the western and eastern flanks of the Sierra Azul.

History
The Guadalupe River was named by the Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition on March 30, 1776, Río de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the principal patron saint of the expedition. Specifically, Juan Bautista de Anza camped along the banks of the Guadalupe River at Expedition Camp 97 on March 30, 1776 near the present-day site of Agnews State Hospital (Santa Clara County, 2001). The historic de Anza Expedition explored much of Santa Clara County, traversing western areas en route from Monterey to San Francisco, and traveling around the south end of San Francisco Bay and thence through the eastern portions of the county on the return trip after exploration of parts of the East Bay.

In 1777, the original Mission Santa Clara de Thamien and el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe were established on the banks of Mission Creek, un tiro de escopeta (a musket shot away) from its confluence with the Guadalupe River. Both had to be moved away from the river because of mosquitoes in the summertime and flooding during the winter. Today Santa Clara Mission is 2 mi away from the original location.

Historically the Guadalupe River was even shorter, originating several miles further north, at the downstream end of a large willow swamp that is now Willow Glen. Its main tributary was known as Arroyo Seco de Guadalupe on 1860 maps and then as Arroyo Seco de Los Capitancillos on the 1876 Thompson & West maps.

On July 9, 2005, the fossilized bones of a juvenile Columbian mammoth were discovered by San Jose resident Roger Castillo in the Lower Guadalupe River near the Trimble Road overcrossing. Roger founded the Salmon and Steelhead Restoration Group conservation organization and has served as a board member of the Guadalupe–Coyote Resource Conservation District. The Pleistocene mammoth was nicknamed "Lupe" by area residents and Lupe's fossils are exhibited at Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose.

Guadalupe watershed

Historically, the Guadalupe River flowed into Guadalupe Slough, 1.0 mi west of its current drainage into Alviso Slough. To make it easier to get sailboats up the Guadalupe River to the port of Alviso, the river was redirected into the straighter Alviso Slough by the 1870s. Alviso Slough, also known as Steamboat Slough historically, was relatively straight, while Guadalupe Slough meandered extensively through the marshes. Alviso Slough was historically not fed by any upland streams, but simply carried tidewater in and out of the extensive salt marshes.

The re-routing of the river to Alviso Slough in the 1870s also disconnected it from several tributaries, and had the effect of shrinking the Guadalupe watershed. San Tomas Aquino Creek (current) and its Saratoga Creek tributary (previously known as San Jon Creek and Campbell Creek) and Calabazas Creek (historic), used to enter the Guadalupe River upstream of Alviso. These tributaries were disconnected from the river and re-routed directly into Guadalupe Slough between 1876 and 1890 according to historic maps. Reportedly, Saratoga Creek (Campbell Creek) had steelhead and coho salmon runs. Large portions of the tributaries of the river were straightened and armored starting in the late 19th century and continuing through the 20th century first by farmers and then by the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) and its predecessor organizations. They now go dry in the summer months and their lower segments have become denuded ditches requiring continuous maintenance. Mission Creek used to harbor trout and salmon but today it is buried in a culvert. The historic watershed can be viewed in the Thompson and West 1876 maps.

The Guadalupe River watershed today drains an area of 171 sqmi. Below its origination at the confluence of Guadalupe Creek and Los Alamitos Creek, the mainstem is joined by three other tributaries:  Ross, Canoas, and Los Gatos Creeks. The SCVWD manages water flows (supply) and provides flood control on the river, and recently has started to promote watershed stewardship. Six major reservoirs exist in the watershed: Calero Reservoir on Calero Creek, Guadalupe Reservoir on Guadalupe Creek, Almaden Reservoir on Alamitos Creek, Vasona Reservoir, Lexington Reservoir, and Lake Elsman on Los Gatos Creek.

Restoration of the river mouth
Ending nine years of study and passionate debate about the future of the San Jose/Alviso waterfront, the Santa Clara Valley Water District in November, 2009 voted to approve a $6 million project to clear bulrushes, tule reeds and thick sediment from the Guadalupe River in Alviso. The construction of salt evaporation ponds in the 1930s rerouted the river, cutting off tidal action. Later, in the 1960s, as Alviso was being annexed into San Jose, the Army Corps of Engineers and the water district straightened the river to improve flood safety, which inadvertently increased sedimentation into Alviso Slough. The current project will open a former Cargill salt pond (known as A8) as the beginning of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, considered the largest tidal wetland restoration project on the West Coast. When complete, the project should restore 15100 acre of industrial salt ponds to tidal wetlands. Pond A8 will be the first one worked on.

Habitat and wildlife

A recent ancient DNA sequencing study of salmonid remains excavated from Mission Santa Clara dating to 1781–1834 CE found that of 58 salmonid vertebrae analyzed, three samples had DNA sequences indicating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the other 55 were steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The same study also found 53 marine specimens at Mission Santa Clara. Chinook salmon were historically abundant in the Sacramento River and would pass through San Francisco Bay to marine habitats, but rarely entered streams south of San Francisco Bay, and were not documented in the Guadalupe River watershed or other Santa Clara County streams prior to the 1980s. Both steelhead trout, which were recorded in select Santa Clara County streams historically, and Chinook salmon runs occur in the Guadalupe River watershed today when conditions are appropriate. Two genetic analyses found that Chinook salmon in the Guadalupe River are closely related to fall-run Central Valley stock with a genetic affinity to the Feather River hatchery and genetically differentiated from coastal Chinook. Chinook salmon are adept at colonizing neighboring and even distant streams and rivers, as evidenced by the recent finding of juvenile Chinook salmon from the Klamath River in the Napa River, and hatchery fish are known to stray at higher rates than naturally spawned fish. In 2012, the Santa Clara Valley Habitat Plan reported that Chinook salmon currently spawn in the Guadalupe River and its tributaries, as well as Coyote Creek. Because Chinook spawn in early winter and juveniles may migrate to the ocean in their first spring, Chinook are able to use habitats that turn very warm or have low water quality in summer.

On the Los Gatos Creek tributary a population of California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus) has been re-established between Lake Elsman and Lexington Reservoir. The beaver were re-introduced to the portion of Los Gatos Creek where it enters Lexington Reservoir sometime prior to 1997, and recently, a beaver reportedly served as "a hearty meal" for a local mountain lion. Video documentary by Greg Kerekes documented beaver in the Guadalupe River mainstem in downtown San Jose in April, 2013. These are the first beaver recorded in the Santa Clara Valley since zoologist James Graham Cooper captured one in Santa Clara for the Smithsonian Institution on Dec. 31, 1855. Historical evidence of beaver in the area includes reference by Captain John Sutter who around 1840 recorded that 1,500 beaver pelts were sold "at a trifling value" by the Indians to Mission San José. In 1840, from the port of Alviso, California, beaver pelts, cattle hides and tallow were shipped to San Francisco. In addition, in 1828 fur trapper Michel La Framboise travelled from the Bonaventura River to San Francisco and then the missions of San José, San Francisco Solano and San Rafael Arcángel. La Framboise stated that "the Bay of San Francisco abounds in beaver", and that he "made his best hunt in the vicinity of the missions". Golden beaver were apparently wiped out by trappers in the Bay Area sometime after the end of the California Fur Rush.

Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), North America's largest tern, return to the Bay every spring to nest, migrating from as far away as Colombia. According to scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, Caspian tern populations in the South Bay are declining at the same time that high levels of mercury are being found in their eggs. The highest mercury levels found in animals from the Bay were in the eggs of Caspian and Forster's (Sterna forsteri) terns that nest near the Cargill salt ponds at the mouth of the Guadalupe River. A study conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has found that nearly three-quarters of the eggs examined from black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) nests in the Guadalupe watershed contained mercury exceeding thresholds known to kill the embryos of other bird species.

Flooding

The river occasionally floods in downtown San Jose, south of downtown, as well as in Alviso. Flooding prompted President Clinton to declare a National Disaster Area in 1995 and 1997. In March 1995, flooding of this river around the San Jose Arena caused the cancellation of a San Jose Sharks game, the only rainout in the history of the National Hockey League. This flood, like most Guadalupe River floods, was triggered by undersized bridges, in this case the Julian Street Bridge.

The river has flooded 15 times since World War II. In response to this flooding, the Santa Clara Valley Water District (SCVWD) launched a series of flood protection projects along the Guadalupe River to ensure that residential and commercial areas near the river are protected from 100-year floods. A major component of the flood control project, designed to control a 100-year flood along the Lower Guadalupe, was completed in late 2008. The greatest Guadalupe River flood on record occurred in 1955 and was part of the legendary "Christmas Week Floods" when the Guadalupe River flooded 8300 acre.

Drought
After four years of the harsh California drought, in July 2015, the river ran dry for an 8-mile stretch through the city of San Jose. This was due to inadequate storage in upstream reservoirs for the releases of water needed to sustain flow to the river mouth until winter rains returned.

Mercury contamination
The Guadalupe watershed was an area of intense activity during the California Gold Rush, with the quicksilver mines within Santa Clara County supporting the gold refinement process. Thus, mercury toxicity and its effects on surrounding humans and wildlife is a major concern for the area. Because mercury is an effective magnet for gold, miners during the Gold Rush would regularly line their sluices with Mercury to amalgamate the gold. An estimated 6,500 tons of mercury was lost in the system of creeks and rivers along the coast between 1850 and 1920, and is currently being detected today in the local streams, animal life, and riverbeds of these affected tributaries. Mercury loads are mobilized during large storm events. An evaluation of mercury loads during the large January 2017 rainstorms was similar to data gathered during a similar storm in 2002. Animals at the top of the food chain that consume fish contaminated with mercury are the most vulnerable, including predatory fish, birds, mammals, and humans that consume fish due to a process called biomagnification.

Recreation

The Guadalupe River Trail runs along 11 mi of the river bank.

title: Guadalupe River (California)


text:
Carbaryl

Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) is a chemical in the carbamate family used chiefly as an insecticide. It is a white crystalline solid previously sold under the brand name Sevin, which was a trademark of the Bayer Company. Union Carbide discovered carbaryl and introduced it commercially in 1958. Bayer purchased Aventis CropScience in 2002, a company that included Union Carbide pesticide operations. Carbaryl was the third-most-used insecticide in the United States for home gardens, commercial agriculture, and forestry and rangeland protection. As a veterinary drug, it is known as carbaril (INN).

Production
Carbaryl is often inexpensively produced by direct reaction of methyl isocyanate with 1-naphthol.
 * C10H7OH +  CH3NCO  →   C10H7OC(O)NHCH3

Alternatively, 1-naphthol can be treated with excess phosgene to produce 1-naphthylchloroformate, which is then converted to carbaryl by reaction with methylamine. The former process was carried out in Bhopal. In comparison, the latter synthesis uses exactly the same reagents, but in a different sequence. This procedure avoids the potential hazards of methyl isocyanate.

Biochemistry
Carbamate insecticides are slowly reversible inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. They resemble acetylcholine, but the carbamoylated enzyme undergoes the final hydrolysis step very slowly (minutes) compared with the acetylated enzyme generated by acetylcholine (microseconds). They interfere with the cholinergic nervous system and cause death because the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine cannot be terminated by carbamoylated acetylcholinesterase.

Applications
The development of the carbamate insecticides has been called a major breakthrough in pesticides. The carbamates do not have the persistence of chlorinated pesticides. Although toxic to insects, carbaryl is detoxified and eliminated rapidly in vertebrates. It is neither concentrated in fat nor secreted in milk, so is favored for food crops, at least in the US. It is the active ingredient in Carylderm shampoo used to combat head lice until infestation is eliminated.

Ecology
Carbaryl kills both targeted (e.g., malaria-carrying mosquitos) and beneficial insects (e.g., honeybees), as well as crustaceans. Because it is highly toxic to zooplankton, the algae they feed on experience blooms. Boone & Bridges 2003 find that larger algae eaters such as Bufo woodhousii benefit from this effect.

Although it can increase survival rates for organisms that benefit from consequential algae blooms, the long term effects of these changes in competition levels and predation can be detrimental to many aquatic ecosystems, particularly those dominated by Anurans.

It is approved for more than 100 crops in the US. Carbaryl is illegal in the EU and Angola.

Safety
Carbaryl is a cholinesterase inhibitor and is toxic to humans. It is classified as a likely human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA.) The oral  is 250 to 850 mg/kg for rats and 100 to 650 mg/kg for mice.

Carbaryl can be produced using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an intermediary. A leak of MIC used in the production of carbaryl caused the Bhopal disaster, the most lethal industrial accident in history.

title: Carbaryl


text:
Fairhaven

Fairhaven or Fair Haven may refer to:

Australia

 * Fairhaven, Victoria
 * Fairhaven, an area of French Island

Canada

 * Fairhaven, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * Fairhaven, Deer Island, New Brunswick
 * Fair Haven, Newfoundland and Labrador

Norway

 * Fairhaven (Svalbard)

United Kingdom

 * Fairhaven, Lancashire

United States

 * Fair Haven, Illinois
 * Fair Haven, New Haven, a neighborhood in New Haven, Connecticut
 * Fair Haven, Michigan
 * Fair Haven, Missouri
 * Fair Haven, New Jersey
 * Fair Haven, New York
 * Fair Haven, Vermont
 * Fair Haven (CDP), Vermont
 * Fair Haven Heights, New Haven, Connecticut
 * Fairhaven, Alaska
 * Fairhaven, California
 * Fairhaven, Kansas
 * Fairhaven, Massachusetts
 * Fairhaven, Anne Arundel County, Maryland
 * Fairhaven, Carroll County, Maryland
 * Fairhaven, Frederick County, Maryland
 * Fairhaven, Minnesota
 * Fairhaven, Ohio
 * Fairhaven, Oregon, in Klamath County
 * Fairhaven, Washington (now merged with the town of Bellingham)
 * Fairhaven, West Virginia
 * Fairhaven Township (disambiguation), including Fair Haven Township

Education

 * Fairhaven School (Upper Marlboro, Maryland), a democratic school built on the Sudbury model
 * Fairhaven College, a school within Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington
 * Fairhaven Baptist College, in Chesterton, Indiana
 * Fairhaven High School, in Fairhaven, Massachusetts

Transportation

 * Ansdell and Fairhaven railway station, in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire, United Kingdom
 * Fairhaven Branch Railroad, a former short-line railroad in Massachusetts, United States
 * Fairhaven Bridge Light, located on the bridge between New Bedford and Fairhaven, Massachusetts, United States
 * Fairhaven Station (Amtrak), in Bellingham, Washington, United States
 * Fairhaven (sternwheeler), an 1889 sternwheel steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet

Other

 * "Fair Haven" (Star Trek: Voyager), an episode of the Star Trek: Voyager television series
 * Fairhaven (film), a 2012 American comedy film by Tom O'Brien
 * Fair Haven (film), a 2016 independent film starring Tom Wopat
 * Fairhaven, a city in the fantasy novel series The Saga of Recluce, where the February 2021 novel is titled Fairhaven Rising
 * Fairhaven, Kent, a fictitious village in Richard Osman's first novel The Thursday Murder Club

title: Fairhaven


text:
USS Eagle (1814)

USS Eagle, a brig, was launched 11 August 1814 as Surprise at Vergennes, Vermont, by Adam and Noah Brown. She was renamed Eagle 6 September and placed under the command of Lieutenant R. Henley.

Barely finished in time to participate in the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain on 11 September 1814, Eagle rendered service. The first vessel in the American line, she fought HMS Chub, HMS Linnet (1813), and HMS Confiance (1814) alongside the USS Saratoga (1814). During the course of the battle she was holed 39 times and had 13 men killed and 20 wounded. After the battle she was laid up for preservation at Whitehall, New York, but was sold in 1825.

title: USS Eagle (1814)


text:
Hemoglobinuria

Hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine. The condition is caused by excessive intravascular hemolysis, in which large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed, thereby releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma. Excess hemoglobin is filtered by the kidneys, which excrete it into the urine, giving urine a purple color. Hemoglobinuria can lead to acute tubular necrosis which is an uncommon cause of a death of uni-traumatic patients recovering in the ICU.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis is often made based on the medical history, blood samples, and a urine sample. The absence of urine RBCs and RBC casts microscopically despite a positive dipstick test suggests hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. The medical term for RBCs in the urine is hematuria.

title: Hemoglobinuria


text:
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title: User:Goodralph/finance


text:
Michael Watts (geographer)

Michael J. Watts (born 1951 in England) is Professor Emeritus of Geography at the University of California, Berkeley. He retired in 2016. He is a leading critical intellectual figure of the academic left.

His first book, Silent Violence:Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria (1983, 2013), is considered a pioneering work in political ecology. Other published works include Reworking Modernity: Capitalisms and Symbolic Discontent (1992, with Allan Pred), Liberation Ecologies (1996, 2004, with Richard Peet), The Hettner Lectures: Geographies of Violence (2000), Violent Environments (2001, with Nancy Lee Peluso) and the Curse of the Black Gold (2008, with photojournalist Ed Kashi). Watts has also been an assistant editor of the award-winning New Encyclopedia of Africa (2008) and its predecessor, the Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (1997).

Biography
After spending his childhood in a village between Bath and Bristol, Watts attended University College London, from which he received his distinction bachelor's degree in geography in 1972.

Watts received his PhD in geography in 1979 from the University of Michigan. His PhD work was on agrarian change and politics in Northern Nigeria, based on over two years of fieldwork and archival research and supervised by Bernard Q. Neitschmann, before the Michigan Geography Department was disestablished. It was published in revised form as Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria in 1983. Silent Violence is considered a pioneering work in the field of political ecology.

Watts joined the faculty of the Geography Department at UC Berkeley in 1979 and remained there his whole career. He served from 1994 to 2004 as Director of the Institute of International Studies, a program that promotes cross-disciplinary global and transnational research and training. He has supervised over 75 PhD students and post-docs, including those contributing to a Festschrift volume in 2017 edited by Chari, Friedberg, Gidwani, Ribot and Wolford.

Watts is married to Mary Beth Pudup, who is a UC Santa Cruz faculty member, and has two children. He is a member of the Retort collective, a Bay Area-based collective of radical intellectuals, with whom he authored the book Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War, published by Verso Books.

Watts is also on the advisory board of FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA), a network of Palestinian, Israeli, and International faculty, and students, working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace. In 2021, with other faculty at the University of California, he joined a letter calling Palestinian activism "a global movement for liberation from settler colonialism and racial apartheid."

On 25 July 2007, Watts was shot in the hand in Port Harcourt, Nigeria by unknown gunmen who attacked the office of the National Point newspaper, apparently in an attempted robbery.

Scholarship
Watts works on a variety of themes from African development to contemporary geopolitics, social movements and oil politics. As Tom Perrault notes, his work charted a "rigorous and wide-ranging theoretical engagement with Marxian political economy", with contributions to the development of political ecology, struggles over resources, and – more recently – how the politics of identity play out in the contemporary world. His first major study, Silent Violence, dealt with the effects of colonialism on the susceptibility of Northern Nigerians to food shortage and famine. Over the last decade he has continued to work in Nigeria, but on the political ecology of oil and the effect of oil exploitation on Ogoni people in the Niger delta. He has also explored issues of global agriculture and food availability, gender and households, irrigation politics, and Islam.

Watts's work has been much debated in the social sciences, in terms of its attachment to Marxist and post-Marxist theory, and in terms of the appropriate role for academic thinking in contemporary struggles against inequality and poverty alleviation.

Awards

 * 2020, American Association of Geographers Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2017, Festschrift,
 * 2016–2017, Berlin Prize (Siemens Fellowship), American Academy in Berlin
 * 2010, Conover-Porter Award for Africana Bibliography or Reference Work, African Studies Association for New Encyclopedia of Africa (associate editor)
 * 2007, Smuts Memorial Lecturer, University of Cambridge
 * 2007, Robert McC. Netting Award, Cultural and Political Ecology Specialty Group, Association of American Geographers
 * 2004, Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
 * 2004, Awarded the Victoria Medal, Royal Geographical Society
 * 2003, Guggenheim fellow for his research on oil, politics and economies of violence in Nigeria
 * 2000, winner, Conover-Porter Award for Africana Bibliography or Reference Work, African Studies Association for Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (assistant editor); also 1998 honorable mention
 * 1999, Hettner Lecture, Universität Heidelberg
 * 1997–1998, Chancellor's Professorship, University of California, Berkeley
 * 1994, Distinguished Research Award, Association of American Geographers
 * 1984, Distinguished Teaching Award, National Council for Geographic Education

Books

 * Levien, M, MJ Watts & Y Hairong (eds.). 2019. Agrarian Marxism. Routledge.
 * Rajan, R., A. Romero, and M.J. Watts (eds.). 2016. Genealogies of Environmental Thought: The Lost Works of Clarence Glacken. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
 * Horowitz L.S. and M.J. Watts (eds.). 2016. Grassroots Environmental Governance: Community engagements with industry. London: Routledge.
 * H Appel, A Mason and MJ Watts. (eds.) 2015. Subterranean Estates: Life Worlds of Oil and Gas. Ithaca. Cornell University Press.
 * Boal, I., C. Winslow, J. Stone and MJ Watts (eds.). 2012. West of Eden: Communes and Utopia in Northern California. Oakland: PM Press.
 * Peet R, Robbins P and MJ Watts (eds.). 2011. Global Political Ecology. Routledge.
 * Watts MJ (ed.) with photographs by E. Kashi. 2008. Curse of the Black Gold: 50 Years of Oil in the Niger Delta. Brooklyn NY: Powerhouse Books.
 * Associate editor. 2007. New Encyclopedia of Africa (ed. Joseph C. Miller) Simon and Schuster, New York (5 volumes). Second Edition. (ISBN 9780684314549) Winner of the 2010 Conover-Porter Award for Africana Bibliography or Reference Work, Africana Librarians Council; Update to Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (1997), a 1998 Conover-Porter honorable mention, a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title, Library Journal's Best Reference awardee
 * Retort collective (Iain Boal, T.J. Clark, Joseph Matthews, Michael Watts). 2005. Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War. London: Verso.
 * Peet, R & Watts, MJ (eds). 2004. Liberation Ecologies (2nd edition). Routledge. (first edition 1996)
 * Peluso N. and MJ Watts (eds.). 2001. Violent Environments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. The Hettner Lectures: Geographies of Violence. Heidelberg: University of Heidelberg. review
 * Johnston RJ, D Gregory, G Pratt, MJ Watts, DM Smith. (eds) 2000. Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Blackwell.
 * Goodman, DS, and MJ Watts (eds.) 1997. Globalising Food: Agrarian Questions and Global Restructuring . London and New York: Routledge.
 * RJ Johnson, P Taylor, and MJ Watts (eds.) 1995. Geographies of Global Change. Blackwell. Second Edition 1998, Third Edition in 2002.
 * P.D. Little & M.J. Watts (eds.) 1994. Living under contract: contract farming and agrarian transformation in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.
 * Pred, A. and M.J. Watts (eds.) Reworking Modernity: Capitalisms and Symbolic Discontent.  Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
 * Watts, M.J. 1987 (ed.). State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria. Institute of International Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley.
 * Watts, MJ. 1983. Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley:  University of California Press.  [runner-up for Herskovitz Prize, 1984, reprinted 2013, University of Georgia Press]

Recent articles

 * Watts M.J. and Elden S. 2015. Interview with Michael Watts: On Nigeria, political ecology, geographies of violence, and the history of the discipline. Society and Space online
 * Watts, M.J. 2010. Now and Then. Antipode 41 (s1): 10–26.
 * Watts, M.J. 2009. Oil, Development, and the Politics of the Bottom Billion. Macalester International 24,11.
 * Watts, M.J. 2009. Reflections. Development and Change 40 (5): 1191–1214.
 * Watts, M.J. 2009. Radicalism, Writ Large and Small. In J. Pugh (ed). What Is Radical Politics Today?. London: Palgrave. Pp. 103–112.
 * Watts, M.J. 2009. Slipping into Darkness: Nigeria on the brink. Counterpunch, 12 August
 * Watts, M.J. 2007. Revolutionary Islam and Modern Terror. In Allan Pred and Derek Gregory (eds)., Violent Geographies, London, Routledge, pp. 175–205.
 * Watts, M.J. 2007. The sinister political life of community, in G. Creed, The Romance of Community, SAR Press.
 * Watts, M.J. and I Boal. 2006. The Liberal International. Radical Philosophy, 140, Dec, pp. 40–45.
 * Watts, M.J. 2006. Empire of Oil. Monthly Review, 58/4, 1–16.
 * Watts, M.J. 2006. Neither There War nor their Peace/All Quiet on the Eastern Front. In Okwui Enwezor (ed)., The Unhomely. BIACS @: Seville, pp. 27–31 (reprinted in New Left Review, 41, September 2006, pp. 88–92).
 * Watts, M.J. 2006. Culture, Development and Global Neoliberalism. in S.Radcliffe (ed)., Culture and Development in a Globalising World, London, Routledge, pp. 30–58
 * Watts, M.J. and A Zalik. 2006. Imperial Oil. Socialist Review, April.
 * Watts, M.J. 2005. Baudelaire over Berea, Simmel over Sandton? Public Culture 17/1.
 * Watts, M.J. 2005. Righteous Oil?: Human rights, the oil complex and corporate social responsibility. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30
 * Watts, MJ. 2004. Resource Curse? Governmentality, Oil and Power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geopolitics [Special issue] 9/1.
 * McKeon N, MJ Watts and W Wolford. 2004. Peasant Associations in Theory and Practice. Civil Society and Social Movements Programme Paper Number 8, UNSRID.
 * Watts, MJ. 2003. Thinking With the Blood. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 24/2.
 * Watts, MJ. 2003. Development and Governmentality. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 24/1, pp. 6–34.
 * Watts, MJ. 2003. Alternative Modern: Development as Cultural Geography, in S. Pile, N. Thrift and K. Anderson M. Domosh, (eds)., Handbook of Cultural Geography, Sage: London, pp. 433–453.
 * Watts, MJ. 2002. Migrations. Commentary on Sebastiao Salgado. Occasional Paper # 26, Townsend Center for the Humanities, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 35–42.
 * Watts, MJ. 2002. Chronicle of a Death Foretold: Some Thoughts on Peasants and the Agrarian Question. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften, 4, pp. 22–51 (and commentary pp. 51–61).
 * Watts, MJ. 2002. Hour of darkness. Geographica Helvetica, 57/1, pp. 5–18.
 * Watts, MJ. 2002. Green Capitalism, Green Governmentality. American Behavioral Scientist, 45/9, pp. 1313–1317.
 * Watts, MJ. 2001. Lost in Space. Progress in Human Geography, 25/4, pp. 625–628.
 * Watts, MJ. 2001. "2001 Black Acts", New Left Review, 9, pp. 125–140.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. "1968 and all that...", Progress in Human Geography, 25/2, pp. 157–188.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. "Violent Geographies: speaking the unspeakable and the politics of space", City and Society, XIII/1,pp. 83–115.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. "Development Ethnographies", Ethnography 2/2, pp. 283–300.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. "Development at the Millennium", Geographische Zeitschrift, 88/2, pp. 67–93.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000."Political Ecology", in T. Barnes and E. Sheppard (eds.), A Companion To Economic Geography, Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 257–275.
 * Watts, MJ. 2000. "The Great Tablecloth", in G. Clark, M. Gertler and Feldmann (eds.), A Handbook of Economic Geography. London, Oxford University Press, pp. 195–215.
 * Watts, MJ. 1999. "Islamic Modernities," in James Halston (ed)., Cities and Citizenship, Durham, Duke University Press, pp. 67–102.
 * Watts, MJ. 1999. "Collective Wish Images: Geographical Imaginaries and the Crisis of Development," in John Allen and Doreen Massey (eds.), Human Geography Today, Cambridge, Polity Press, pp. 85–107.

title: Michael Watts (geographer)


text:
Staffing

Staffing is the process of finding the right worker with appropriate qualifications or experience and recruiting them to fill a job position or role. Through this process, organizations acquire, deploy, and retain a workforce of sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the organization's effectiveness. In management, staffing is an operation of recruiting the employees by evaluating their skills and knowledge before offering them specific job roles accordingly.

A staffing model is a data set that measures work activities, how many labor hours are needed, and how employee time is spent.

Importance
Staffing helps to find and hire people who are qualified for the job position and will benefit the company. It also improves the quality and quantity of work done by the company because they have staffed the optimum people. Job satisfaction rates are likely to increase because everyone is well-suited for their position and is happy to be doing their specialty of work. Higher rates of productive performance from the company are also common, as they have staffed the right people to do their jobs. It provides employees the opportunity for further growth and development.

Quantity and quality
Staffing an organization focuses on both the quality and the quantity of the staff.

The quantity is the number of staff. The organization forecasts workforce quantity requirements and then compares it to the available workforce. If the headcount matches the requirement, then the organization is fully staffed. If the requirement exceeds the number of available employees, then the organization is understaffed. If the available staff exceeds the requirements, then the organization is overstaffed and may need to stop hiring and layoff employees. When a company is understaffed, the staffing process may restart.

The quality is having the right person for the job. The right person should have a job and an organization match. The job match involves the employee's knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics and how they work with the job's tasks. The organization match is when the person has the same organizational values as the organization.

Core staffing activities
Human resource management (HRM) encompasses a spectrum of functions and activities aimed at managing an organization's workforce effectively. Core staffing activities are integral components of HRM, focusing on the acquisition and management of human resources within an organization. These activities are fundamental in building and maintaining a skilled and motivated workforce. The five core staffing activities are recruitment, selection, employment, training and retention.

Recruitment: The Foundation of Workforce Building
Recruitment serves as the foundation of an effective staffing system. Unlike the private sector, where profit motives often drive hiring decisions, the public sector focuses on providing essential public services. A well-executed recruitment process is instrumental in identifying, attracting. and engaging potential candidates who possess the requisite qualifications and characteristics to excel in specific job roles. Key components of recruitment include:

Goals and Job Descriptions

Prior to initiating the recruitment process, organizations must define clear goals and job descriptions. This entails evaluating positions and job categories by conducting a thorough examination known as job analysis, which is a comprehensive procedure for documenting and defining job roles and tasks. Job analysis is widely regarded as a fundamental component of successful HRM, and it holds particular significance in staffing processes such as recruitment and selection, where it helps gauge the extent of job performance. It centers on delineating the job's duties, obligations, necessary expertise, skills, and other essential attributes needed to execute the role.

Internal vs. External Recruitment

Organizations face a critical decision regarding whether to recruit internally or externally. Internal recruitment involves filling a vacancy from within the existing workforce, promoting loyalty and potentially reducing costs. However, it may limit innovation and leave gaps in the workforce. External recruitment, on the other hand, seeks candidates outside the organization, increasing the chances of recruiting experienced and qualified individuals. Yet, external recruits may lack a deep understanding of the company culture, and internal disputes may arise.

Depending on the chosen recruitment approach, organizations can employ various communication strategies. In an open recruitment system, all employees are notified about job openings and are given the opportunity to apply. In a closed recruitment system, only specific employees are informed about the vacancy. A hybrid recruitment system combines elements of both open and closed recruitment.

Sourcing Candidates

Effective recruitment hinges on diverse sourcing strategies. Job boards like LinkedIn and Indeed serve as central hubs, reaching a wide audience. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter provide direct access to candidates. Furthermore, organizational career pages offer convenience. It is important to collaborate with external agencies broadens the talent pool.

Selection: Identifying the Right Fit
Selection holds significant importance within the staffing procedure, as mishandling it may result in the organization missing out on potential candidates. The primary aim of the selection process is to assess whether a candidate is a suitable fit for employment within the organization or not.

Candidate Evaluation: This process starts with the review of the job applications, résumés, and cover letters of the job candidates. During the reviewing of candidates, initial screening is an important aspect too. As part of evaluating a candidate, testing include personality, ability, and intelligence tests can be undertaken.

Interviews: Interviews are vital for HR professionals to assess candidates. Behavioral interviews focus on past experiences to predict future performance. Technical interviews evaluate candidates' skills. Panel interviews involve multiple interviewers, providing diverse perspectives. These methods help in comprehensive candidate evaluation.

Contingent assessment: Depending on the organization, this is the last step. It includes drug tests and medical exams. The final step may encompass drug tests and medical exams to ensure candidates meet specific health and safety requirements.

Standards for Recruitment and Selection
When staffing, mainly for the public sector, recruitment and selection processes are distinctive due to the heightened importance of transparency, accountability, and alignment with public values. These processes are often subject to intense public scrutiny, necessitating a commitment to transparency in all stages of sourcing, evaluation, and selection. to ensure that candidates are assessed solely on their qualifications and competencies, thereby mitigating personal connections or favoritism. Below are some of them:

Merit Based Selection: This is an important standard to ensure that candidates are evaluated based on qualifications and competencies rather than personal connections or favoritism.

Alignment with Organizational Values: Candidates in the public sector are typically assessed for their alignment with public service principles, commitment to transparency, and ability to make decisions in the public interest.

Diversity and Inclusion: Public sector recruitment efforts place a strong emphasis on diversity and inclusion to ensure that the government workforce reflects the diverse populations it serves.

Employment
Employment is the process of hiring the individual who was selected in the selection process. The organization should first propose a job offer, which typically includes starting date, duration of the contract, compensation, starting rate, benefits, and hours of the position. The organization then prepares for the new employee's arrival. Ideally, the company should make sure that the employee has all of the tools required to do their job effectively, such as security badges, keys, and any other technology.

Training
After the selection of an employee, the employee receives training. With the various technological changes in modern history, the need for training employees is increased to keep the employees in touch with the various new developments. Staffing can be influenced by how staffers are trained and the type of training they receive.

Training is generally classified into two types, on the job and off the job. Some examples of training programs include:

 * Technical training – training that teaches employees about a particular technology or a machine.
 * Quality training – trains employees to identify faulty products.
 * Skills training – training that is given to employees to perform their particular jobs.
 * Soft skills – personality development
 * Team training – training establishes a level of trust and synchronicity between team members for increased efficiency.

Training associated with High-Performance Work System (HPWS) perspective
A scenario in the U.S Federal Workforce suggested that High-Performance Work System (HPWS) perspective is a theoretical framework that discovers the connections between human resource practices and organisational outcomes. Significantly, HPWS focuses on the belief that effective HR practices within an organisation implementation will fabricate a workforce that compromised both effective and efficient employees with the qualities of trained, motivated, and dedicated. HPWSs are composed of interrelated HR practices (HPWPs) that are used to cultivate employees' talents and skills and ultimately apply their abilities to their work, which encourage positive organisational outcomes such as motivation, dedication, and retention. Training and development opportunities are one such HPWP that is explored further. The efficacy of a HPWS increases when multiple HPWPs are administered simultaneously in bundles. Some HPWPs include efficient recruitment and selection, enhanced training and development, and competitive compensation and incentives.

Training vs job demand and resources
The Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) model is a theoretical framework that explains how job demands and job resources can impact employee well-being and work engagement. In this model, training and development is considered a job resource that can buffer the impact of job demands and increase rates of work engagement. Even though training and development is contemplated a job resource in the JD-R model, relatively few studies examine whether having access to training and developmental opportunities buffer the impact of job demands and rocket rates of work engagement, especially on a sample from the federal workforce. Studies have connected training to work outcomes and have seen its positive effects on employees. These outcomes include four increased rates of (i)positive efficacy, (ii)job satisfaction, (iii)job performance, and (iv)organisational performance. Moreover, access training, as a job resource, positively correlates with work engagement and negatively correlates with burnout and turnover.

Training implementation beliefs
Self-efficacy- refers to an individual belief in their ability to perform a specific task or achieve a specific goal. It is the passion and mentality that an individual has and to head on all the challenges faced while striving to accomplish target goals. Individuals with high self-efficacy are more motivated and committed to transferring the learned skills to their workplace. In short, self-efficacy is having the 'I can do it' belief.

Instrumentality/utility- refers to an individual's perception of the usefulness of training activities. Perception could be based on how employees interpret different sensations. When trainees attach value to training activities, they are more likely to be motivated to learn and apply the learned skills in their jobs. In short, instrumentality is having the 'I will do it' belief.

For instance, if an individual has the passion and competence to do the job, he/she will enjoy it, and it will be more meaningful in having lots of ideas for improvement and innovation implemented into the workplace, which will be a very different scenario from those who are not interested, who will just be keep watching the time to go home, more like looking busy doing nothing.

Therefore, both beliefs are significant predictors of training implementation behaviours as individuals with high self-efficacy and high instrumentality beliefs are more likely to implement the training they received on their jobs and transforming the skills to reality in workplaces.

Factors affecting training implementation behaviours
Perceived flexibility - refers to the extent to which employees perceive their work environment as flexible, moderates the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and training implementation behaviours.

Performance feedback - refers to the extent to which employees receive feedback on their performance, and moderates the relationship between instrumentality beliefs and training implementation behaviours.

Supervisor support – refers to the direct effect on training implementation behaviours.

Five practical implications to improve training programs in public sector organisations

 * 1) Design training programs that enhance trainees' self-efficacy beliefs and instrumentality beliefs to improve training transfer.

 * 1) Provide a flexible work environment that allows employees to apply the skills learned in their jobs.

 * 1) Provide performance feedback to employees to reinforce the usefulness of the training activities.

 * 1) Provides supervisor support to employees to encourage them to implement the learned skills in their jobs.

 * 1) Evaluate the effectiveness of their training programs by measuring the extent to which the learned skills transfer to the job and lead to meaningful changes in work performance.

Retaining
Employees can leave jobs for a variety of different reasons. Employers should listen to the needs of their employees and make them feel valued. Employers need to create a positive work culture and motivating practices into their organization to keep employees.

Retention methods have a positive impact on the organization's turnover rate. Benefits can include training, positive culture, growth opportunities within the organization, trust and confidence in leaders, and lower stress from overworking.

Staffing agencies
Staffing agencies are becoming more common because of their ease of use and low cost. Companies save a lot of money through using a staffing agency because they do not have to spend extra money on employee recruitment or fund any of the screenings new hires must undergo. Using a staffing agency eliminates the need for companies to do extensive advertisements about the positions they are hiring for. The agencies save time by avoiding having to spend a large amount of time searching for applicants and recruiting new people. Staffing agencies provide a large network of job candidates, so it is easy to find people to fill the jobs. They have many tools and the knowledge to find the perfect applicants for the jobs each company needs to fill. If a company has an unexpected need to fill a position, a staffing agency can usually quickly find someone.

Staffing Technologies
Staffing technology is a broad term that encompasses the systems, processes, and software used by modern-day recruiting teams. It includes databases, applicant tracking systems (ATS), and complex web-based job boards. Staffing technology has come a long way from fax machines and telephones. In the last decade, modern-day technology, including live and asynchronous online video interviewing, artificial intelligence, chatbots, and social media, has influenced the staffing field. It has evolved significantly over the past decade, and today, it is no longer a matter of either/or when it comes to sourcing strategies. Staffing technologies can be used in unison to generate even better results in many cases. For instance, sourcing algorithms can identify candidates who are likely to fit a job well. Technology is being utilized to speed up the hiring process, reduce hiring costs, enhance the candidate experience during the hiring processes, facilitate candidate assessment and selection. Staffing technology can also be used to socialize new hires, track employees' skills and promotion readiness, along with retention enhancement and the creation of better relationships with high-potential future applicants (. Staffing technologies have made the job search process more efficient for companies and transparent for job seekers and employers alike.

Top Trends in Staffing Technologies:

Applicant Tracking System (ATS)

An applicant tracking system enables firms to gather data, classify prospects according to experience and skill level, and screen candidates. ATS is time efficient for organisations as the recruiters spend less time eliminating the less suitable individuals who have applied for certain roles due to the fact that many vacant positions can get hundreds or even more applicants that are unqualified. It screens and sort through CV’s using cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and natural language processing matching an analyzing data using other algorithms.

Benefits of using ATS in Staffing processes

 * Improve quality of hire: Only the top applicants in the applicant pool are selected due to the initial automatic matching of candidates that recruiters will interact with.
 * Speed up recruitment cycle: Recruiters can plan and carry out a more effective workflow using ATS.
 * Reduce administrative tasks: Less paper-based work.
 * Provide better and faster CV screening: Some vacancies receive an average of 250 applications, making it burdensome for recruiters to screen every incoming application. With ATS, the process is significantly shortened.

Candidate Recruitment Management (CRM)

CRM for recruiting helps companies find the best candidates for each role and fill positions by automating communications, creating an organized and accessible candidate database. The database includes real-time insights and offers multiple views to showcase data in various ways. The most powerful CRM software includes several beneficial features that simplify the development of candidates' profiles and talent pools, reduce time-to-hire, and increase recruitment team productivity.

CRM promotes engagement and enhances candidates' experience by streamlining candidate communication and maintaining and enhancing relationships through automated email marketing, recruiting features, a job suggestion portal, and other means. Some of the features of CRM include:

 * Automations: Saving time and eliminating the repetition of work, directing recruiters' focus on the next stage of staffing.
 * Integrations: Storing all tools within CRM, creating custom automation recipes without developers. Manage the entire pipeline without needing to switch tabs.
 * Views: Visualize data and the recruitment tools within minutes. For example, use the timeline view to see how long it takes candidates to go through the hiring process.
 * Dashboards: View all important information in one place with custom boards, increasing visibility into hiring rate, job openings, salary expectations, and team performance. This feature of CRM helps run reports from a high-level view of your recruitment funnel down to the tiny details.

Benefits of using CRM in Staffing processes

 * 1) Assist in finding candidates: By distributing jobs with a single click to numerous free and paid employment platforms, CRM is very effective and efficient for large organizations, such as public organizations.
 * 2) Attracting Candidates: By utilizing social media platforms and recruiting through social media forms, CRM improves employer branding and search engine optimization.
 * 3) Engage and Nurture candidates: The recruitment platform provides solutions for candidate relationship management, email recruiting campaigns, and talent networking.

Overall benefits of staffing technologies include:

 * Faster hiring
 * Gain a competitive advantage: Improving the hiring process minimizes the risk of losing top talent to other employers.
 * Select the best candidates: Identification of the best and most qualified candidates quickly and accurately.
 * Create a better hiring experience: The digital transformation of the staffing process is becoming more flexible, transparent, and practical.

title: Staffing


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User:Nsandwich

Nsandwich is a lover of all things.

title: User:Nsandwich


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Study

Study or studies may refer to:

General

 * Education
 * Higher education
 * Clinical trial
 * Experiment
 * Field of study
 * Observational study
 * Scientific study
 * Research
 * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning

Other

 * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawings done in preparation for a finished piece
 * Study (film), a 2012 film by Paolo Benetazzo
 * Study (Flandrin), an 1835/36 painting by Hippolyte Flandrin
 * Study (room), a room in a home used as an office or library
 * Study (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2012 film
 * The Study, a private all-girls school in Westmount, Quebec, Canada
 * Studies (journal), published by the Jesuits in Ireland
 * Eduard Study (1862–1930), German mathematician
 * Facebook Study, a market research app

title: Study


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User talk:Nsandwich

Welcome to Wikipedia. Beelzebubs 22:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Ontario-cottage.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Ontario-cottage.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Acather96 (talk) 18:17, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nsandwich


text:
Talk:Webdings

Copyright issues?
Hi there - are there copyright issues with this? I am not sure. Mark Richards 22:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No, no copyright issues. The font itself is copyrighted, of course, but everything I produce with it — pictures or text — is mine. — Monedula 00:25, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, Thanks! Mark Richards 01:55, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

I was just wondering - it doesn't say anything about why the font was developed on the page - Yugikotai 16:23, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

The Peloponnesian Snows
Possibly first purely webdings book, The Peloponnesian Snows by Daniel C. Boyer, might be mentioned, though the book isn't that notable in and of itself. --Nothing Nobo (talk) 14:22, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.107.104.36 (talk) 12:25, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

It's a self published book, I don't think self-published books really count? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:9F7:ED1:3427:35BE (talk) 00:14, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

ICT?
What does "ICT" stand for in the context of this article? — President Lethe (talk) 21:53, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Information and communications technology. — Edokter  ( talk ) — 23:07, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Image replacement
The picture should be replaced by ASCII characters, that can be cut & pasted, the article would be a lot more useful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:9F7:ED1:3427:35BE (talk) 00:13, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Modern Design
— Assignment last updated by Antje Gamble (talk) 16:17, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Is this 'font' still being updated by the originator? Or has it been finalized and is not planned to be edited?AnimalLover257 (talk) 04:43, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

— Assignment last updated by Antje Gamble (talk) 20:04, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Webdings


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Pluggable authentication module

A pluggable authentication module (PAM) is a mechanism to integrate multiple low-level authentication schemes into a high-level application programming interface (API). PAM allows programs that rely on authentication to be written independently of the underlying authentication scheme. It was first proposed by Sun Microsystems in an Open Software Foundation Request for Comments (RFC) 86.0 dated October 1995. It was adopted as the authentication framework of the Common Desktop Environment. As a stand-alone open-source infrastructure, PAM first appeared in Red Hat Linux 3.0.4 in August 1996 in the Linux PAM project. PAM is currently supported in the AIX operating system, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, macOS, NetBSD and Solaris.

Since no central standard of PAM behavior exists, there was a later attempt to standardize PAM as part of the X/Open UNIX standardization process, resulting in the X/Open Single Sign-on (XSSO) standard. This standard was not ratified, but the standard draft has served as a reference point for later PAM implementations (for example, OpenPAM).

Criticisms
Since most PAM implementations do not interface with remote clients themselves, PAM, on its own, cannot implement Kerberos, the most common type of SSO used in Unix environments. This led to SSO's incorporation as the "primary authentication" portion of the would-be XSSO standard and the advent of technologies such as SPNEGO and SASL. This lack of functionality is also the reason SSH does its own authentication mechanism negotiation.

In most PAM implementations, pam_krb5 only fetches Ticket Granting Tickets, which involves prompting the user for credentials, and this is only used for the initial login in an SSO environment. To fetch a service ticket for a particular application, and not prompt the user to enter credentials again, that application must be specifically coded to support Kerberos. This is because pam_krb5 cannot itself get service tickets, although there are versions of PAM-KRB5 that are attempting to work around the issue.

title: Pluggable authentication module


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USS Eagle (1812)

USS Eagle, was a ship which served in the United States Navy in 1813-1815. Originally a merchant sloop, she was purchased at Vergennes, Vermont on Lake Champlain in 1812 and fitted as either sloop of war or brig for naval service. The British captured her in 1813 and renamed her HMS Finch, only to lose her back to the Americans at the Battle of Lake Champlain in 1814. She was sold in 1815.

American service and capture
She cruised on the lake under the command of Sailing Master J. Loomis as a member of Commodore Thomas Macdonough's squadron blockading the British advance from Canada. Major George Taylor of the 100th Regiment captured Eagle on 3 June 1813 on the Sorrell River near Ile aux Noix on the Canadian side of the lake, after a fight of three-and-a-half hours; British casualties were three men wounded and American casualties were one man killed and eight severely wounded. (Both vessels were taken into Royal Navy service, but the Americans recaptured them the next year.) The British took her into the Royal Navy as HMS Shannon but later renamed her HMS Chubb.

British service and recapture
Finch accompanied the expedition that burned the arsenal and storehouses at Plattsburgh, New York. She was under the command of Lieutenant William Hicks on 11 September 1814 at the Battle of Lake Champlain. She was bringing up the rear of the British line together with some gunboats. She was ordered to sail towards and engage the USS Preble, a sloop of seven guns. As she did so, the schooner USS Ticonderoga fired on Finch shooting away her rigging. Finch ran aground near Crab Island where a small American shore battery commenced firing on her. Unable to free herself, and with two men wounded, Hicks struck the colors.

Fate
After the Americans recaptured Finch they took her back into the U.S. Navy under her original name. After the war, she was sold in July 1815 at Whitehall, New York.

title: USS Eagle (1812)