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Metropolitan Borough of Bury

The Metropolitan Borough of Bury is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is north of Manchester, to the east of Bolton and west of Rochdale. The borough is centred around the town of Bury but also includes other towns such as Ramsbottom, Tottington, Radcliffe, Whitefield and Prestwich. Bury bounds the Lancashire districts of Rossendale and Blackburn with Darwen to the north. With a population of in, it is the smallest borough in Greater Manchester.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, which covers undefined km2, was created on 1 April 1974, with the transfer of functions from the County Borough of Bury and the boroughs of Prestwich and Radcliffe, along with the urban districts of Tottington and Whitefield, and part of the urban district of Ramsbottom, all previously in Lancashire.

History
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury was created on 1 April 1974, by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten metropolitan districts of Greater Manchester. Prior to this, the area was represented by six other boroughs and districts:
 * Bury (County Borough)
 * Prestwich (Municipal Borough)
 * Radcliffe (Municipal Borough)
 * Ramsbottom (Urban District) (part)
 * Tottington (Urban District)
 * Whitefield (Urban District)

In 2006, facing a budget shortfall of over £10 million, Bury Metropolitan Council decided to sell its painting by L. S. Lowry called "A Riverbank". The work, which depicts the River Irwell and cost £175 in 1951, was expected to fetch between £500,000 and £800,000. Between the announcement and the sale at Christie's, the council was accused of "selling off the family silver". The authority, which had the painting on display at Bury Art Museum, said it was putting its people before a picture. The painting raised £1.25 million for the authority on 17 November 2006 at the auction in London, costing the bidder £1,408,000 including commission. Consequently, the council's membership of the Museums Association was cancelled and it was deregistered by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council, a quango that was disbanded in 2011, transferring some of its duties to Arts Council England.

In July 2008 the borough was the first in Greater Manchester to hold a referendum on whether to install a directly-elected mayor. This was the result of a campaign against congestion charge plans that raised a petition with 9,460 names, well above the required five per cent of voters needed to trigger a mayoral vote. The proposal to have an elected mayor was rejected.

Parliamentary constituencies
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury currently consists of two parliamentary constituencies:
 * Bury North – James Daly (Conservative)
 * Bury South – Christian Wakeford (Labour)

Council
The borough has 17 wards, each represented by 3 councillors to form a council of 51 members. As of 2020, there were 148,595 electors, with an average of 2,914 per councillor.

At the 2023 Bury Metropolitan Borough Council election the average turnout to vote was 34.3%, varying locally from 45% in North Manor ward to only 25% in Bury East.

Combined Authority
The borough falls under the Greater Manchester Combined Authority, and is represented by the council leader, Eamonn O'Brien.

Unparished areas
The entirety of the borough is unparished.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms contains symbols representing the six constituent towns, with the design based on the arms of the old County Borough of Bury. The shield is divided diagonally by interweaving alluding to the textile industry. On the shield are a bee (representing industry) and papyrus (papermaking) from Bury; a ram's head and a bullock's head represent Ramsbottom and Tottington respectively. The silver field represents Whitefield, whilst the shield is supported with figures from the crests of Radcliffe and Prestwich. These represent the Radcliffe and Egerton families and wear a red rose (for Lancashire) and a cogwheel (for industry). The motto 'Forward in Unity' sits on a scroll under the shield.

Demography
At the 2021 UK census, the Metropolitan Borough of Bury had a total population of 193,846. The population density is 1815 /km2.

When the Census was taken there were 74,335 households in Bury with an average of 2.4 persons in each one. In more detail, 39.4% of households were married couples living together, 28.9% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 10.7% were lone parents. Of all the households 75.11% lived in houses they owned, with or without a mortgage, significantly higher than the national average of 68.07%.

Of people aged 16–74 in Bury 42.93% were economically active in 2001, higher than the national average of 40.81%. 29.2% of this age group (16–74) had no academic qualifications, slightly higher than 28.9% in all of England.

5.8% of Bury's residents were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. The largest minority group was recorded as Asian, at 4% of the population.

Population and employment change
The historical population table details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the Metropolitan Borough of Bury has only existed since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the borough.

In 1971 34,980 people living in Bury were employed in manufacturing. By 2001 this had fallen to 13,690 – a decrease of 61%. During the same period the numbers of people employed in service industries increased from 34,200 to 54,227, a gain of 58.5%.

Politics and services
Between 1974 and 1986, the Conservative Party controlled the council. In 1986, the Labour Party gained control and continued in power, at first with an overall Labour majority and subsequently through a Labour executive running the council in a state of no overall control, until 2007. The May elections in 2007 saw the Conservative Party become the largest group on the council and the Conservative Group took control of the council and its executive. The leader of the council was named as Councillor Bob Bibby. At the 2008 local elections, the Conservatives won three more seats and took overall control of the council. In 2010, the Conservatives lost overall control with the new council having 23 Conservative, 20 Labour and 8 Liberal Democrat councillors.

The Audit Commission reported in 2006 that Bury Council continues to make good and sustained progress in improving services for local people. Overall the council was awarded 'three star' status, similar to 47% of all local authorities.

The council was said to be improving well in children's services, particularly in social care. The Audit Commission also noted that resident satisfaction was rising, reflecting improvements in the quality of the environment and services generally. Ten parks have achieved green flag status, recycling levels are above average and street cleanliness is improving. The council is on target to reach its Decent Homes target by 2010.

The assessment concluded that the council has improved the way it uses its resources to deliver its plans, improving how it manages its finances and service performance and strengthening arrangements to make sure that it achieves good value for money.

Education
There are 60 primary schools, 13 secondary schools, 3 special schools and 2 Pupil Referral Units in the Borough. Overall, Bury was ranked 23rd of the all local education authorities in SATs performance and 3rd in Greater Manchester in 2006. In 2007, Bury LEA was ranked 45th out of 148 in the country – and 3rd in Greater Manchester – based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least 5 A*-C grades at GCSE including maths and English (47.8% compared with the national average of 45.8%). The schools of the area compete annually in the Bury Schools Athletics Championships.

The borough has two colleges of further education. Bury College, which was originally Bury Technical College. In 1974, it merged with Radcliffe Technical College to form the Bury Metropolitan College of Further Education and, in 1987, it was renamed Bury College following its merger with Peel Sixth Form College, Stand Sixth Form College and a number of Youth Training Schemes. Holy Cross College was formerly Bury Convent Grammar School. It was a direct grant Catholic girls' school founded in 1878 by the Daughters of the Cross, a congregation of religious from Liège. In 2007 it was named 7th in the country.

Bury is also home to one of the UK's oldest Islamic seminaries, Darul Uloom Bury, which was established in 1979 and located in Holcombe.

Landmarks
As of February 2004, Bury has 5 Grade I, 8 Grade II*, and 228 Grade II listed buildings.

Bury is at the heart of the largest public art scheme in the UK – the Irwell Sculpture Trail. Works in the borough include Ulrich Ruckriem's sculpture in Radcliffe, on the site of the former Outwood Colliery. Ruckreim is one of Germany's most eminent artists, best known for his monumental stone sculptures. His work at Outwood is one of his largest stone settings to date. Edward Allington's Tilted Vase sits in Market Place in the centre of Ramsbottom and has become a distinctive feature of interest.

Local Nature Reserves
There are six local nature reserves (LNRs) in the borough:
 * Chapelfield LNR, a Grade B Site of Biological Importance (SBI) with notable Water Violet Hottonia palustris.
 * Chesham Woods LNR, a group of six woodlands and grazing meadows, established as the borough's second LNR in 2000
 * Hollins Vale LNR, encompassing two Sites of Biological Importance: an area of grasslands which with historic hedgerows which Hollins Brook runs through; and woodland plantation.
 * Kirklees Valley LNR, through which the Kirklees Trail passes.
 * Philips Park LNR within the long-established Philips Park, the first and largest LNR in the borough, created in 1999, with a range of habitats, a countryside centre and a mountain bike trail.
 * Redisher LNR, also called Redisher Wood LNR, a woodland valley around Holcombe Brook

Religion

At the 2021 UK census, 48.8% of people in Bury stated they were Christian. 29.4% of people stated they had no religion, 9.9% following the Muslim and 5.5% the Jewish faiths. The Jewish community in Prestwich and Whitefield is the second largest in the country.

Bury is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford, and the Anglican Diocese of Manchester.

There are four Grade I listed churches in Bury. The Church of All Saints, at Stand in Whitefield, was built in 1826. The Parish Church of St Mary, Radcliffe, is a 14th-century church with a 15th-century tower. The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich, is a 15th-century church. The current Church of St Mary the Virgin, Bury, was built in 1876 by J. S. Crowther. Of the nine Grade II* listed buildings in Bury, two are churches: Christ Church, Walshaw and the Presbyterian Chapel in Ainsworth.

There are around 6 Mosques in Bury including one of the oldest Islamic seminaries in the United Kingdom, Darul Uloom Bury, which was established in 1979 in Holcombe.

The original Jewish immigrant community in Manchester was based in the inner city. As in other cities the community gradually moved outward geographically and upward economically from its roots establishing itself in the more leafy suburbs of Crumpsall and Broughton Park as well as the town of Prestwich. Later, a second migration of young families in the mid-1960s sought pastures even further away from these traditional areas settling in Whitefield, Sunny Bank and Unsworth. There are now about 10 synagogues in the borough.

Twin towns
The Metropolitan Borough of Bury has five twin towns, in China, France, Germany and the United States. Two of these were originally twinned with a place within the Metropolitan Borough prior to its creation in 1974.

Freedom of the Borough
The following individuals and groups have received the Freedom of the Borough of Bury.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Bury


text:
Kosovka

Kosovka may refer to:

 * Kosovka, Minsk Voblast, a town in Belarus
 * Kosivka, Kirovohrad Oblast, a village in Ukraine
 * Kosivka, Odesa Oblast, a village in Ukraine
 * Kosovka (river), Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
 * Kosovka devojka, a Serbian heroine, see Kosovo Maiden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kosovka


text:
Talk:Janis Karpinski

Untitled
I have made two changes:

Karpinski served with Special Forces. Special Forces

A newspaper article described Karpinski as "the only female US commander in Iraq." That is so vague as to be obviously incorrect. FC 02:47, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I don't think the photograph of Karpinski is in the public domain. It looks like it was cropped from a large photo. (zikzak23)
 * If it's from the government, it can't be copyrighted (the people paid for it, eh?). But it should use the appropriate template to indicate that.  ("Zikzak: We make everything you need, and you need everything we make!") DavidConrad 05:45, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

First Jewish Female General in U.S. military history
How do you know that Karpinski is Jewish? The only other sites that claim this seem to be anti-Semitic sites.

 * I removed this. The contributor has a history of writing wildly inaccurate articles. It can be re-instated if the contributer gives a reputable source for the statement. DJ Clayworth 18:55, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Various deletions

 * In 2003, Karpinski served as an unofficial spokesperson for the new Iraqi justice system.

Is there a source for this? As the into sentence for the paragraph I found it in, it looks like a contributor's personal opinion. Better let facts speak for themselves. Or quote someone. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 17:26, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Demotion and Abu Ghraib
Article said demotion was unrelated (?) to prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib, but even the liberal CNN seemed to find a direct, cause-and-effect relationship:

 * President Bush has demoted Army Reserve Brig. Gen. Janis Karpinski, who was in charge of Abu Ghraib during the prison abuse scandal in 2003, after an extensive investigation, the Pentagon said Thursday. Now a colonel, Karpinski was formally relieved of command of the 800th military police brigade last month.

I don't see why else the first two sentences in their article would mention scandal, investigation, demotion and being relieved of command all in one breath, if they were not related. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 17:29, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

Oh, maybe I get it:

 * Brigadier General Karpinski's performance of duty was found to be seriously lacking

This is army code for, "You screwed up royally, but we don't think we could convict you at courtmartial, so all that happens to you is that your career is over; let that be a lesson and warning to others." Once you are relieved of command (and demoted!), that's a clear signal that you are not to be trusted (see "dereliction of duty").

But it's also political code for, "Yeah, we let her off easy." Kind of like a limo driver who's fired by his company after an accident involving a pedestrian - even though police filed no criminal charges. There are two standards:
 * 1) being good enough to hold a command; as opposed to,
 * 2) being so bad as to merit prison time

Karpinski fell into the twilight zone between good enough and too bad. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 17:39, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

There are many positions of command within the US Army that warrant a rank increase during hostilities. A brigade commander normally wears the rank of Colonel. It would be natural to assume that Karpinsky would lose her star if she was no longer in the area of armed conflict. I also think that most officers would elect to retire, with the star, than to have it 'taken away' from them. Considering the pressure she was under, it may have been more to her advantage to be returned to her former grade. It would appear she was fomally punished, but punishment could occur only as a matter of courts-martial. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.162.161.47 (talk) 00:49, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

The movie "Gitmo: The New Rules of War" says that Karpinski was demoted for shoplifting perfume. (48 minutes in) Also see: http://www.nndb.com/people/657/000046519/

Ordered from on top
Orders from on top are a poor excuse for at least two reasons:
 * It is illegal to follow an illegal order. You can't obey it then, and protest it later (when you realize you can't get away with the crime).
 * If she or anyone else thought it was a crime at the time, where is the audit trail? The letters home to parents, relatives, congressmen - protesting the illegal orders? (You can also go to chaplain, or even hole up in a chapel and claim sanctuary, I hear - though I'd personally find a secure way to get a message home to civilians who are just as much against crime as I am.)

The only person who seemed to think what was going on was "wrong" was whoever anonymously slipped the disk of digital photos under the investigator's door in January 2004.

And how can you be in command of thousands of soldiers and have no fucking idea what they're up to? Eh?? Gimme a break. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 18:36, May 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * There are thousands of soldiers and nobody's talking to the commander -- I mean really talking. And when she goes out on walk arounds and inspections there was plenty of "notice" so everything was cleaned up. Haven't you ever been in a large unit where almost everthing is a facade and mission readyness is only in a bunch of reports in file drawers -- not real at all?--TGC55 23:52, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

What that would be is piss-poor leadership. Either Karpinski DID know what was going on, which was illegal, or she DIDN'T know what was going on under her command, which is dereliction of duty. I can't believe they were as easy on her as they were. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.216.100.250 (talk • contribs).
 * Exactly. A commander is responsible for everything that does or does not happen in their command. If she knew what was going on, she had an obligation to stop it any way she could, to include whistle-blowing. "Working from the inside" to effect change is a BS excuse. If she didn't know what was going on, then it most definately was dereliction of duty. There are ways to see what really goes on in your unit - for example, no-notice inspections, talking to soldiers away from their superiors, etc. Somehow, I suspect Karpinski was the type who relished her role as general and wanted to be treated as such when she visited a unit, so to ensure all the trappings of military protocol, she probably never did drop by unexpectedly, or try to "lower herself" by talking one-on-one with a "lowly" private. The average fire team leader knows those tricks of the trade.--Nobunaga24 01:03, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
The following statements were deleted due to the questionable veracity of Mr. Hersh's statements. There is no verifiable evidence that his statements are true and should not be included in this article.

 * In the same period, reporter Seymour Hersh, who helped uncover the scandal, said in a speech before an ACLU convention:

 * "Some of the worse that happened that you don't know about, ok? Videos, there are women there. Some of you may have read they were passing letters, communications out to their men. The women were passing messages saying 'Please come and kill me, because of what's happened.'

 * "Basically what happened is that those women who were arrested with young boys/children in cases that have been recorded. The boys were sodomized with the cameras rolling. The worst about all of them is the soundtrack of the boys shrieking that your government has. They are in total terror it's going to come out."

156.98.187.230 15:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

There seem to be some unwikified cut-and-paste segments in this article, and there's also poor organization around the Abu Ghraib material. It should probably all be under its own section and broken out better. --Dhartung | Talk 19:34, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

There are two paragraphs that have been quoted from somewhere, but they do not get a proper citation: <blockquote:The American public needs to understand we're talking about rape and murder here. We're not just talking about giving people a humiliating experience,’ Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina told reporters after Rumsfeld testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee. ’We're talking about rape and murder -- and some very serious charges. "'A report by Maj. Gen. Antonio Taguba on the abuse at the prison outside Baghdad says videotapes and photographs show naked detainees, and that groups of men were forced to masturbate while being photographed and videotaped. Taguba also found evidence of a ‘male MP guard having sex with a female detainee.'"

Whoever put this stuff in should be able to insert ahead of the quotation something like: New Amsterdam Times, 31 February 2006: P0M 03:30, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Rape Statements
Janis Karpinski has been in the news of late with her testimony that female soldiers in Iraq are dying of dehydration, because they fear getting raped in latrines by male soldiers. It's a shocking charge, and should be addressed here. Is she telling the truth, causing trouble, or just extending her 15 minutes? Who know's yet...

Check this http://www.mudvillegazette.com/archives/004141.html military blog for references and links. Her testimony is to a group sponsored by Not In Our Name that opposes the war. DesScorp 15:39, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

BGEN Karpinski
I hope you read this General. I've just finished your book "A Women's Army" and I'd like you to know that I'd serve with you as opposed to that idiot Sanchez. There are many of us former veterans who understand the bullshit politicals within the Services. I served with JSOG as a team leader during the Regan Adminstration and Bush (Senior) Adminstration. I'm a former Marine, but my team was combined with Navy Seals, Army Rangers, Air Force Para-rescue. You have the support of more people than you realize. Take Care, SmittyD. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DavidMichaelSmith (talk • contribs).

08/MAR/06 Dateline Interview, SBS, Australia
On the Dateline programme aired on SBS last night (four hours ago), Karpinski stated the following to a question by George Negus:

"GEORGE NEGUS: Janis, you have been attributed with the comment that Donald Rumsfeld ordered the torture that occurred in Abu Ghraib, that is a gigantic call. Are you prepared to stick by that, that it went that high?

''JANIS KARPINSKI: Absolutely... When the Secretary of Defence, when General Miller, when General Sanchez when General Taguba, when they testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee, they were very careful to say, in response to a question about the photographs, that they knew nothing about the photographs.  However, nobody on the Senate Armed Services Committee asked them "Did you know anything about the actions depicted in those photographs?" Because they would have had to give a truthful answer and the answer would have been yes, in fact they authorised the actions depicted in those photographs." The Secretary of Defence authorised it, in conversations with General Miller, his Under-Secretary for Intelligence not only authorised those actions but was staying on top of the progress of those actions and those activities.''

If this is of any use, you may want to add it into the article. It was again re-broadcast a couple of hours ago on other Ausralian television networks on their late night news programmes. Al-Andalus 14:43, 8 March 2006 (UTC).

Uh, shoplifting?
The article says she was guilty of shoplifting…sounds like a joke edit that slipped through. I'm removing that. -Pete 23:52, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Nope, it really happend. I know its not the kind of thing you'd expect to hear about from a 1 Star general, but it also says to me that she should have never been promoted that high in the first place. I've added several referances to back this up -FLJuJitsu 23:04,29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops, sorry for getting that wrong. I made a further correction, though -- the news reports question whether the arrest actually took place. -Pete (talk) 01:41, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

It happened, it did not help that she was involved with Abu Ghraib, but if you are a General and you get popped shoplifting, you are not going to remain a General. I saw the report. It was in the papers as well, especially the Stars and Stripes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.143.145.64 (talk) 03:16, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

LOL I saw the report. Military sources say so. LOL We have now lost any common sense, right? She accused the Defense Secretary of approving torture in Abu Ghraib, and at the same time, she was shoplifting a $22 bottle of perfume, because military sources say so. LOL. I've never seen a more bullshit story in my life. --Raphael1 00:57, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

Article needs updating
The article needs updating to account for the effect of the Torture Memos - specifically, John Yoo of the Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ) wrote a legal opinion March 14, 2003 to the General Counsel of DOD, five days before the US started the invasion of Iraq, saying that federal laws related to torture and other abuses did not apply to interrogators working overseas. This followed three memos narrowly defining torture and authorizing enhanced interrogation techniques issued by OLC to the CIA in August 2002. The NY Times and the ACLU both have websites with the various memos related to enhanced interrogation techniques, commonly known as torture. Yoo's March 2003 memo was not revealed until Senate hearings in 2008, but now there have also been reports by former appointees, such as Jack Goldsmith in the OLC, of the policy making to encourage the use of coercive techniques at the top levels of government, as Karpinski had contended. The Bush administration kept it secret for a long time, but much has been written about the use of torture and extraordinary rendition, as in Jane Mayer's study, The Dark Side (2008).Parkwells (talk) 20:18, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

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Perspective of someone who served under LTC Karpinski
I retired from the Army Reserve after 32 years as a WO5, I was the Command Chief Warrant Officer for the 200th Military Police Command at Ft Meade, our 2-star General commanded all AR MP Reserve forces in the US. I spent about half my career in MI units having 2 MI MOSs, and the other half as a supply or maintenance WO, mostly in MP (POW-type units) units here in north Florida. From my working in both MI and MP units, Col Karpinski's defense is wholly fair and accurate from what I've seen. MPs would NEVER be able to tell MI interrogators how to do their job, that just doesn't happen and isn't in the MP's responsibility domain. I've been on many MP EPW exercises and we were the 'inn keepers' for the EPWs, that is, a tent, concertina wire and perimeter security, and we have feeding and medical responsibilities. The MI folks would come over and what they did with the EPWs just wasn't our business. The gentleman below who said that Col Karpinski SHOULD HAVE KNOWN what ever solider was up to, obviously never commanded a unit. That's like saying the Mayor of NYC is responsible for every crime committed as they SHOULD HAVE known about it. And finally, yes, I served under LTC Karpinski when she was the CO of the 160th MP BN in Tallahassee FL. She was perhaps the finest example of an Army BN commander I've personally seen. She would NEVER do anything in a negligent manner and was meticulous in handling her staff and the operational planning effort. She was a tough and critical commander, who paid great attention to detail. I say too, being a former Marine and having worked as a civilian for the Navy and Marine Corps for 35 years, have seen many dozens of commanding officers up through 2-star, in those 35 years.

Bottom line - Col Karpinski was the 'fall guy' here. I've seen this happen before, she was at the 'political break point' - folks above her had political backing, and she didn't. Just that simple

God Bless America and our marvelous fighting men and women.

Richard Horne Jrhornefl (talk) 16:43, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Janis Karpinski


text:
Metropolitan Borough of Oldham

The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester in England. It is named after its largest town, Oldham. The borough had a population of in, making it the sixth-largest district by population in Greater Manchester. The borough spans undefined km2.

Geography
Part of Oldham is rural and semi-rural, with a quarter of the borough lying within the Peak District National Park.

The Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale lies to the north-west, the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees (of West Yorkshire) to the east, and the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside to the south. The City of Manchester lies directly to the south west and the Derbyshire Borough of High Peak lies directly to the south east, but Derbyshire is only bordered by high moorland near Black Hill and is not accessible by road.

History

Following both the Local Government Act 1888 and Local Government Act 1894, local government in England had been administered via a national framework of rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs and county boroughs, which (apart from the latter which were independent) shared power with strategic county councils of the administrative counties. The areas that were incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham in 1974 had formed part of Chadderton Urban District, Crompton Urban District, Failsworth Urban District, Lees Urban District and Royton Urban District from the administrative county of Lancashire, Saddleworth Urban District from the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the politically independent County Borough of Oldham. By the early 1970s, nationally, this system of demarcation was described as "archaic" and "grossly inadequate to keep pace both with the impact of motor travel, and with the huge increases in local government responsibilities". After the exploration of reform, such as the proposals made by the Redcliffe-Maud Report in the late 1960s, the Local Government Act 1972 restructured local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham as a local government district of the new metropolitan county of Greater Manchester on 1 April 1974. The district was granted honorific borough status on 23 November 1973 by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, which allowed the council to have a mayor. The new dual local authorities of Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council and Greater Manchester County Council had been running since elections in 1973 however. The leading article in The Times on the day the Local Government Act came into effect noted that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".

The borough is noted as one of the more unpopular amalgamations of territory created by local government reform in the 1970s. This being especially true of residents of the parish of Saddleworth who viewed the new arrangement as a "retrograde step". It had been proposed in a government White paper that the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham include the former mill town of Middleton. However this was given to the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale once it was decided that Rochdale and Bury would not be merged. Before its creation, it was suggested that the metropolitan borough be named New Oldham, but that was rejected. For its first 12 years the borough had a two-tier system of local government; Oldham Council shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council. Since the Local Government Act 1985 Oldham Council has effectively been a unitary authority, serving as the sole executive, deliberative and legislative body responsible for local policy, setting council tax, and allocating budget in the district. The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham has two civil parishes and 20 electoral wards. Noted as one of the more unpopular amalgamations of territory created by local government reform in the 1970s,  the Oldham borough underwent a £100,000 rebranding exercise in early 2008. The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating, and the borough's architecture has been described as "mediocre". There have been calls for the borough to be renamed, but that possibility was dismissed during the rebranding of 2008.

In the early 20th century, following some exchanges of land, there were attempts to amalgamate Chadderton Urban District with the County Borough of Oldham. However, this was resisted by councillors from Chadderton Urban District Council.

The Oldham borough underwent a rebranding exercise in 2008 with a view to improving cross-community unity. Officials believed the borough's image was outdated and that "often negative" national media coverage held and continues to hold back businesses and hampers attempts to attract new investors, visitors and external funding. There had been calls for the borough to be renamed to a "settlement-neutral" name (such as those of neighbouring districts of Calderdale, Kirklees and Tameside) as part of the rebranding. However, consultants cited that this idea came from a "vocal minority" wishing to distance themselves from Oldham. The borough name was unchanged.

Council
For the first 12 years after the county was created in 1974, the borough had a two-tier system of local government, and so Oldham Council shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council. The Greater Manchester County Council, a strategic authority running regional services such as transport, strategic planning, emergency services and waste disposal, comprised 106 members drawn from the ten metropolitan boroughs of Greater Manchester. However, in 1986, along with the five other metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council, the Greater Manchester County Council was abolished, and most of its powers were devolved to the boroughs. Since 1986, Oldham Council has effectively been a unitary authority that serves as the sole executive, deliberative and legislative body responsible for setting local policy, and allocating budget. Its duties also include setting levels of council tax, monitoring the health service in the borough, providing social care, and providing funding for schools. The borough's centre of administration is Oldham Civic Centre.

Civil parishes form the bottom tier of statutory local government; the parish councils are involved in planning, management of town and parish centres, and promoting tourism. In 2001, 46,072 people lived in Oldham's two civil parishes—Saddleworth and Shaw and Crompton—20.9% of the borough's population. The rest of the borough is unparished.

In 2008 a critical Audit Commission inspection found that Oldham Council's rate of improvement was ‘adequate’ and gave it a two-star rating. It said the rate of improvement had increased but had been "inconsistent".

Since 2011 Oldham is one of the ten member authorities of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority (GMCA) which is a top tier local authority with responsibility for Transport, Health, Housing and Economic matters. The membership of the Combined Authority is drawn from the Leaders or Executive Mayors of each of the ten councils. In December 2012, Oldham was named ‘Most Improved Council’ at the Local Government Chronicle awards. A team of six experienced politicians and officers from the Local Government Association carried out another independent ‘peer review’ of Oldham Council in December 2013. Their report said: "There has been a remarkable transformation in Oldham in recent years, both in terms of the place and in having established an ambitious and effective council. The authority can be proud of what has been achieved."

In February 2014 ex-Council Leader Jim McMahon was named ‘Council Leader of the Year’ by the LGiU thinktank who said his "strong leadership has helped lead to a dramatic improvement in service delivery and correlating significant improvement in resident satisfaction rates."

Decision making
The council operates a "strong leader" cabinet model, under which the person elected to be the leader of the council personally holds all the executive decision making powers. It a matter of discretion for the leader whether he/she exercises those powers personally or delegates them. Generally decisions are delegated to individual cabinet members or to the council's cabinet.

The cabinet is made up of leader, a deputy leader and up to nine councillors appointed by the leader. The cabinet is responsible for strategic decisions and recommends proposals for approval by full council on the budget, Council tax levels and the council's policy framework.

Some decisions are delegated by council to district executives. There are six districts containing between two and five wards; Chadderton, Failsworth & Hollinwood, Oldham, Royton, Saddleworth & Lees and Shaw & Crompton. Membership of each district executive is drawn from the elected councillors within each district.

Political composition
Since the council's formation it has generally been under the control of the Labour Party. Since 2011, the Labour Party has had overall control and now holds 32 of the 60 seats on the council.

Outlying towns, villages and suburbs
Aside from Oldham, the borough covers other towns and villages including:

 * "Chadderton"
 * "Failsworth"
 * "Shaw and Crompton
 * "Saddleworth" (Which consists of numerous villages and halmets including Delph, Diggle, Dobcross, Greenfield, Grasscroft, Grotton and Springhead)
 * "Royton"
 * "Glodwick"
 * "Werneth"

Electoral wards
The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham is divided into 20 electoral wards, each which elects three councillors who generally sit for a four-year term on the Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council. The twenty wards are:

Coat of arms
Following the 1974 reorganisation, a new coat of arms was granted to Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council, based closely on that of the predecessor Oldham County Borough Council. Like the county borough's arms, which dated from 1894, the new coat is derived from the arms of the Oldham family. The most famous member of the family was Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter and founder of the Manchester Grammar School. The Oldham family arms were: "Sable a chevron Or between three owls argent on a chief of the second as many roses gules.''"

The owls were a "canting" reference, or heraldic pun, on the original pronunciation of the name. This is still reflected in the local pronunciation of "Ow'dom". In the Metropolitan Borough's arms the gold chief (upper third of the shield) and chevron have "invected" or fluted edges. The arms are further differenced by the replacement of the three red roses by three red annulets or circles, representing the initial "O" of the authority's name.

The crest, an owl upon a rock, is placed on a helm above the shield. In order to distinguish the crest from that of the county borough, it rises from a gold circlet bearing six red annulets. The crest wreath and decorative mantling repeat the black and gold colouring of the arms.

Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council was granted supporters and a heraldic badge. The supporters recall the local authorities merged in 1974, and are made up of portions of the arms of the ancient manorial lords. The red griffins come from the arms of the Chadderton and Chetham families. Each griffin wears a collar with an "engrailed" edge recalling the arms of the Radcliffe family. Each collar bears red bendlets from the arms of the Byrons. From the collars hang heptagons, the seven sides representing the union of seven councils. One heptagon bears a black spur-rowel from the Assheton family arms, the other a black saddle, recalling the derivation of the name "Saddleworth".

The badge is a black heptagon bearing a silver owl, the whole contained within a red annulet.

The Latin motto of the county borough continues in use: Sapere Aude or "dare to be wise" refers to the owls in the arms, while "Aude", pronounced "Owd" continues the pun. The motto is also used by Manchester Grammar School.

The blazon is as follows: "Sable a chevron invected or between three owls argent on a chief engrailed or as many annulets gules; and for a Crest: On a wreath of the colours issuant from a circlet or charged with six annulets gules a rock proper thereon an owl argent.

Supporters: On either side a griffin gules each gorged with a collar engrailed argent charged with six bendlets gules pendant therefrom a heptagon argent that on the dexter charged with a pierced mullet that on the sinister with a saddle both sable.

Badge or Device: On a heptagon sable environed by an annulet gules an owl argent."

Parishes
Showing status at 31 March 1974 (prior to the Local Government Act 1972 taking effect).

 * 1) Saddleworth (Saddleworth Urban District)
 * 2) Shaw and Crompton (Crompton Urban District)

Unparished areas
Showing former status.

 * 1) Chadderton (Chadderton Urban District)
 * 2) Failsworth (Failsworth Urban District)
 * 3) Lees (Lees Urban District)
 * 4) Oldham (County Borough of Oldham)
 * 5) Royton (Royton Urban District)

Religion
The following table shows the religious affiliation of residents in Oldham.

Other demographic statistics
As of the 2011 UK census, the borough of Oldham had a population of 224,897.

Of the 89,703 households in Oldham, 56.6% of those aged 16 and over either live as a couple, are married, in a civil partnership or co-habiting, in line with the national average. A relatively high proportion of 9.3% of people are separated or divorced compared with England (8.6%) but in line with Greater Manchester (9.2%).

The population density is higher in Oldham (15.8 people per hectare) than in England (4.1) although it is lower than that for Greater Manchester (21).

Females continue to make up over half (51%) of Oldham's population, which is comparable to Greater Manchester, North West and national figures (50.6%, 50.9%, 50.8% respectively). Oldham has a younger age structure than England, with under 16s making up 22.4% of the population in Oldham compared with 18.9% nationally. People aged 75 and over make up 6.5% of Oldham's population compared with 7.8% of England's population.

Despite improvements in school and college outcomes, the proportion of residents with degree-level qualifications (18.6%) has fallen further behind national rates (27.4%). The proportion of residents with no qualifications has dropped and the gap between Oldham and England has narrowed to 29.6% with no academic qualifications in 2011 compared to 37.7% ten years earlier.

The rise of the middle classes in Oldham has reflected the wider national trend, roughly steady from 1841 until 1921 and then increasing almost exponentially until 2001. However, the proportion of middle-class people was always 5–10% below the national average. Over the same period, the proportion of working class people in Oldham decreased steadily from 60% in 1841 to 23% 1991; since then there has been an increase in the percentage of working-class people to 34%. This was roughly the same pattern as the national averages, however Oldham has a greater proportion of working-class people than the whole of England. In the 2007/2008 financial year, the crime rates in Oldham were broadly similar to the national averages. However, the number of theft from a vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 10.6 and 4.5 compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.

Population change
The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham has only existed 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the borough.

Economy
The average gross weekly income in the borough of Oldham is £297; not only is this below the national average but it is the lowest of Greater Manchester's ten boroughs. Environmental technologies and life science industries have been identified as growth industries in Greater Manchester and are concentrated in Oldham as well as Bolton, Manchester, and Tameside. Out of the ten metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester, the average house prices in Oldham are seventh highest, 15% below the average for the county.

At the 2001 census, Oldham had 152,602 residents aged 16 to 74. Of these people, 2.1% were students with jobs, 3.9% students without jobs, 6.7% looking after home or family, 7.7% permanently sick or disabled and 3.8% economically inactive for other reasons.

In 2001, of 92,777 residents of Oldham in employment, the industry of employment was 20.4% retail and wholesale, 20.3% manufacturing, 10.7% health and social work, 9.2% property and business services, 7.5% education, 7.1% construction, 6.7% transport and communications, 5.0% public administration and defence, 4.6% hotels and restaurants, 3.6% finance, 0.8% energy and water supply, 0.5% agriculture, and 3.7% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, although the proportion of jobs in agriculture was below the national average of 1.5% and the rates of people working in the areas of finance and property were below the national averages of 4.8% and 13.2 respectively; the proportion of people working in retail and wholesale was above the national average of 16.7%, and much higher than the national average of 14.8% for people working in manufacturing.

Education
There are a total of 107 schools in Oldham. This includes 86 primary schools, 15 secondary schools, 5 special schools and 1 independent grammar school. In 2007, the Oldham LEA was ranked 122nd out of 148 in the country—and 8th in Greater Manchester—based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least 5 A*-C grades at GCSE including maths and English (35.4% compared with the national average of 45.8%).

In June 2014 the Oldham Education and Skills Commission was launched, chaired by former Education Secretary Estelle Morris. This 12-month inquiry is to review Oldham's classrooms from 0 to 19 years and aims at raising standards and aspirations so that every child can achieve their full potential. It will report findings in June 2015.

Landmarks
There were 11 Grade II* listed buildings, and 524 Grade II in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, and thirty-six Conservation Areas. Although the borough has no Grade I listed buildings, it does have the second highest number of Grade II buildings in Greater Manchester after Manchester. The listed buildings range from former weavers' cottages in Saddleworth to some of the large former cotton mills in the West of the borough through to fine civic buildings such as the Old Town Hall in Oldham town centre.

Oldham has two of Greater Manchester's 38 Scheduled Monuments. Castleshaw Roman fort was built in 79 AD and was one of a chain of forts built along the route connecting the fortresses at Chester (Deva Victrix) and York (Eboracum). It is one of only two known Roman forts in Greater Manchester, the other is at Manchester (Mamucium). Oldham's other Scheduled Monuments is a Bronze Age bowl barrow in Saddleworth. Also in the borough are five of Greater Manchester's Sites of Special Scientific Interest, they are a section of Dark Peak, the Ladcastle and Den Quarries, the Lowside Brickworks, the Rochdale Canal, and part of the South Pennine Moors.

Alexandra Park status on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England was upgraded in 2013 from Grade II to Grade II* due to the large number of listed statues and buildings in the park. It is one of only 30 parks and gardens to receive the award in the North West and the only open space in Oldham to receive the distinction. Alexandra Park has also been a Green Flag Award winner. It was reported in March 2014 that within the year the Grade II-listed Old Town Hall would be transformed into an entertainment complex with a cinema and restaurants in Oldham town centre. A 360-degree virtual tour of the building was put online before restoration work began as part of a wider project to bring some of Oldham's civic buildings to life on Google Streetview.

Transport
There are two railway lines that serve places in the Oldham borough; one is the main line service running between Huddersfield and Manchester, with Greenfield railway station the only station served by this line in the borough, and the only railway station within the borough. The other line is the main line service running between Manchester and Leeds via Halifax and Rochdale, with Mills Hill railway station (in the borough of Rochdale, and the most used station of the 3 mentioned) serving North Chadderton and Mills Hill, and Moston railway station (in the borough of Manchester) serving South Chadderton and Hollinwood.

A former railway line, the Oldham Loop Line has been converted to be part of the Manchester Metrolink light rail network. Oldham & Rochdale Line services serve Derker, Shaw & Crompton, Oldham Mumps, Freehold, South Chadderton, Hollinwood and Failsworth.

There are many bus services running in the Oldham borough. The main bus operator is First Greater Manchester, whose headquarters is based in Oldham at Wallshaw Street, which is located at Oldham Mumps Bridge.

The Metrolink extension, which was completed in 2014, was seen as crucial to regeneration plans for Oldham town centre and to change the nature of what it offers to residents, investors, and visitors. It offers good connectivity to Manchester city centre and beyond. Trams run directly to Manchester Victoria in under 30 minutes and onwards to national networks, and also to Rochdale railway station and town centre.

Oldham bus station provides a transport hub at the heart of the town centre. Combined with a network of bus corridors the services include express bus services every town minutes into Manchester city centre. The Metrolink network also extends to Manchester Airport which has direct flights to more than 200 destinations and is also only a 30-minute drive from Oldham.

Twin towns
The Metropolitan Borough of Oldham has formal twinning arrangements with three European places: Each was originally twinned with a place within the Metropolitan Borough boundaries prior to its creation in 1974.

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Oldham.

Individuals

 * Dame Sarah Lees: 9 November 1909.
 * Winston Churchill: 2 April 1941.
 * J. R. Clynes: 9 January 1946.
 * Sir William Walton: 7 December 1960.
 * Dame Eva Turner: 7 July 1982.
 * Sir Norman Stoller: 16 April 2008.
 * Michael Meacher: 17 July 2013.
 * Nicola White: 7 September 2016.
 * Frank Rothwell: 18 March 2021.
 * Matthew Walls: 8 September 2021.
 * Kevin Sinfield: 20 March 2023.

Military Units

 * 41st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment (TA): 3 March 1954.
 * 75 Engineer Regiment (Volunteers): 13 June 1999.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Oldham


text:
Talk:Timing crystal

I think these could all be merged: Timing crystal, Quartz oscillator, Crystal oscillator. If no one objects, I will put them all under Crystal oscillator. And maybe Quartz clock, also. - Omegatron 20:16, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timing crystal


text:
Kosawka

Kosawka (Косаўка; Косовка) is an agrotown in Byerazino District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It is part of Kaplantsy selsoviet. It is located south of Byerazino.

title: Kosawka


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CBET-DT

CBET-DT (channel 9) is a CBC Television station in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The station's studios are located on Riverside Drive West and Crawford Avenue (near the Detroit River) in Downtown Windsor, and its transmitter is located near Concession Road 12 in Essex.

Residents of the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan, also receive CBET over-the-air as well as on cable.

As CKLW-TV
By 1953, CBC Television's distribution throughout Canada was growing. The Windsor market, however, was already being served by the Detroit stations across the border. That same year, Western Ontario Broadcasting Company, Ltd., parent company of CKLW radio (800 AM and 93.9 FM, now CIDR-FM), applied for a television license for Windsor. The city's Chamber of Commerce approved the deal, feeling that the market was lacking in a television station that was distinctly Canadian in nature.

The station first signed on the air at 2:50 p.m. on September 16, 1954, as CKLW-TV. Channel 9, which was the first television station in Windsor, originally operated as a CBC affiliate, though it also maintained a secondary affiliation with the DuMont Television Network (which was shared with Detroit's WJBK, channel 2) until that network's demise in 1956.

In 1956, American industrial and communications firm General Tire and Rubber purchased a controlling interest in Western Ontario Broadcasting. This move, done through General Tire's broadcasting subsidiary General Teleradio, made the CKLW stations perhaps the only stations in Canada to be owned by an American company. In 1959, General Teleradio was renamed RKO General. In 1963, RKO bought out Western Ontario Broadcasting's other shareholders and gained full ownership of the CKLW stations. CKLW-AM-FM-TV was now fully integrated with RKO General's American broadcast interests, located in New York City, Memphis, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Hartford, Connecticut, among other cities. CKLW-TV transmitted its programming in black and white until 1968 when it upgraded its transmitter and began broadcasting in colour.

Programming
Under RKO's ownership, CKLW-TV aired only the minimum block of CBC programming. During this period, the CBC carried a number of American originated shows that were also broadcast on the Detroit stations; these programs, however, were blacked out on CKLW-TV because Windsor was, then as now, considered part of the Detroit market. The blackout of American network shows allowed RKO General an opportunity to reach the more lucrative American audience across the border. Outside of network programming, most of channel 9's schedule consisted of the standard fare of independent stations in the United States—old movies, cartoons, children's programs and off-network syndicated programming. Its lineup was similar to the programming on RKO's two American independent stations, WOR-TV in New York City (now MyNetworkTV O&O WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey) and KHJ-TV in Los Angeles (now KCAL-TV). Much like its radio counterparts (especially CKLW-AM, which became a Top 40 powerhouse in the Detroit market in the mid-1960s), the station looked more American than Canadian.

There was some local programming and personalities during this era, including Toby David as Captain Jolly, Art Cervi as Bozo the Clown (who would later move to WJBK), and Bill Kennedy hosting Bill Kennedy's Showtime (which would soon relocate to WKBD-TV (channel 50) under that name, renamed Bill Kennedy at the Movies by the start of 1972; CKLW would retain the Showtime title). Another popular show on CKLW-TV during the 1960s was Swingin' Time, a local teenage dance party show similar to American Bandstand, hosted by WKNR (now WDTW) radio personality Robin Seymour (and also, for a time, CKLW radio's Tom Shannon). The show featured recording artists, both nationally and locally popular, lip-synching to their latest releases while teenagers showcased the latest dances on the show's huge dance floor. Due to the show's connection to Detroit's popular rock-and-roll AM radio stations, Swingin' Time was used by many artists, especially local acts such as The Supremes, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, the MC5, and Mitch Ryder, to reach a substantially larger teen audience than they could have achieved through solely working the record hop circuit.

Transition
Through the 1968 Broadcasting Act, the Canadian Radio-television Commission (the forerunner to today's Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)) decreed that broadcast stations licensed within Canada must be at least 80 percent owned by Canadians. With this ordinance in effect, RKO General was forced to put the CKLW stations up for sale. Western Ontario Broadcasting's licence to operate the stations was renewed for only one year, and in 1969, General Tire decided to get out altogether rather than accept a 20 percent share.

Two Canadian broadcasting firms, Maclean Hunter (which owned CTV station CFCN-TV in Calgary), and Baton Broadcasting (owners of Toronto's CTV flagship station CFTO-TV), made a joint offer to purchase the stations, but were turned down by the CRTC. Both Maclean Hunter and Baton wanted to convert CKLW-TV into a CTV affiliate, which was an unrealistic prospect, given the large number of American imports on CTV's schedule. Maclean Hunter also owned CFCO in Chatham (also in the Windsor–Detroit market), and neither company could agree whether to sell CFCO or the CKLW stations. Baton was undeterred in its quest and reapplied again, and with a new partner—the CBC, which had wanted an owned-and-operated station in southwestern Ontario for some time. Baton and CBC formed a holding company, known as St. Clair River Broadcasting Ltd., which was 75 percent owned by Baton; the CBC held the remaining 25 percent. This time, the CRTC approved the application, and in 1970 the CBC/Baton alliance took control of CKLW-TV. St. Clair River was granted a five-year licence by the CRTC to operate the station, after which Baton would sell full ownership to the CBC. Meanwhile, Baton took sole control of CKLW-AM-FM, operating them until they were sold to CUC Broadcasting in 1984 and to CHUM Limited in 1993. The radio outlets are now owned by Bell Media Radio, successor-in-interest to Baton, after Bell acquired CHUM in 2007.

When CBC/Baton took over, more Canadian-produced programming was added to channel 9's schedule, including programs from CTV, such as People in Conflict, Here Come the '70s, The Pig and Whistle and The Starlost. The CTV programming was mainly seen in place of CBC's American programming as a result of border protection rules prohibiting the broadcast of American programs carried on the CBC network. Channel 9 also carried CTV's mid-week NHL hockey telecasts, as well as games from the Stanley Cup playoffs and finals, when CTV held the rights. Before the sale, and especially before Detroit's WKBD-TV went on the air in 1965, CKLW-TV was often likely to preempt games involving the Toronto Maple Leafs if the Montreal Canadiens hosted the Detroit Red Wings on Hockey Night in Canada.

After its sale, CKLW-TV also produced a significant amount of local programming that ranged from music and variety to daytime talk, sports, agriculture, current affairs and documentaries. CKLW-TV was the first CBC station (and, prior to 2009, maybe the only station) to produce a 90-minute local, national and international newscast during the supper hour. During the 1972 football season, CKLW-TV aired the weekly Alex Karras Football Show, hosted by former Detroit Lion Alex Karras.

As CBET
The Baton/CBC partnership in CKLW-TV ended in May 1975 when, per the original 1970 arrangement, the CBC purchased Baton's 75 percent ownership stake in St. Clair River Broadcasting. Channel 9 became a CBC owned-and-operated station on September 1, 1975, and changed its call letters to CBET. The station's schedule did not change much early on; it still featured the same formula of CBC and CTV programs, along with British and American television shows (mostly reruns and movies) with Detroit rights. CBET also carried some special programming aimed at American viewers, such as the annual Weekend With the Stars telethon for United Cerebral Palsy in the early 1980s. CTV content on CBET would remain at some capacity through the 1980s, despite the fact that after the CBC took full control of channel 9 in 1975, Kitchener-based CTV affiliate CKCO-TV signed on a repeater transmitter in Sarnia on channel 42, with a signal that reached Windsor at least marginally.

The station also sometimes purchased rights to sports programming, such as Maple Leafs games from CHCH-TV in Hamilton in the early 1980s, after CHCH picked up the mid-week rights from CFTO in 1977. CBET was known as "CBET 9" when it first adopted the new call letters, and later branded as "TV 9 Windsor".

Budget cuts
In 1985, a major budget reduction decimated all locally produced programs by the CBC except for news, even though CBET was one of the few profitable CBC stations in Canada. The 90-minute evening news program Newsday remained as well as late and weekend news programs, but the music, variety, daytime talk and the popular Reach for the Top were all cancelled. In 1990, CBC closed down CBET's news department, resulting in protests from Windsor area residents. A large rally of about 5,000+ citizens marched down Riverside Drive West to the station in protest.

A "Save Our Station" committee was formed and politicians on every level lobbied both CBC and the Canadian government to preserve the Windsor operation. Only three reporters remained at CBET, who produced stories for the early evening newscast on Toronto sister station CBLT. First came 5:30 Live, which was followed by CBC Evening News with Bill Cameron (which earlier was known as CBC at 6 on CBLT).

The Windsor experiment
With an editorial and tech staff of about 32, CBC reinstated local news in pilot project form. New operating methods and new technologies were introduced. This meant videojournalists (cross-skilling) multi-skilling, and the use of non-linear editing technology (AVID newscutters and air-play for news item playback). The Windsor Council was also formed. This group made up of managers and union reps oversaw the progress of the "experiment" and dealt with issues that arose on an almost weekly basis. The new methods of the operation paved way for some of the new language in the collective agreements reached in 1996–97.

Windsor was not only in the spotlight in the CBC, but was also of interest to many other broadcasters and union leaders across the country. Two local half-hour news programs were produced when CBET presented the Windsor Evening News, anchored by Carole MacNeil, at 5:30 p.m. and the Windsor Late News at 11 p.m. (CBET would continue to show the Toronto-based CBC Evening News at 6 p.m.)

In the mid-1990s, the CBC increased the amount of Canadian-produced programming on its schedule. However, the few American shows left on CBC Television had disappeared from CBET some years before. These shows were replaced with older CBC programs or shows from other Commonwealth countries, such as the popular British television drama Coronation Street (a national CBC program) and the Australian drama, Neighbours (exclusive to CBET at first, but which later began to be distributed nationally).

The station had also moved its transmitter tower from Downtown Windsor to near McGregor in 2002, by dismantling the top 600 ft and erecting it up as a new structure. The bottom 400 ft still remained for the analogue signal on channel 9, while the new tower houses the digital signals for CBET (post-transition digital channel 9) and CICO-TV-32 (TVOntario), and for unrealized digital facilities for CBEFT (post-transition digital channel 35, or virtual channel 54.1).

Sale of studio
On September 8, 2014, it was announced that the CBC would be selling its Riverside Drive studio complex to Clayland Developments Ltd. of London, Ontario for $1,425,000. The CBC will continue its operations at the complex, leasing 13,000 square feet of the 32,000 square-foot complex from Clayland on a ten-year lease. While employees would relocate out of areas not leased by the CBC, the transition is not expected to be noticed by viewers and listeners. The 1954 building is on Windsor's heritage registry, meaning that it could not be torn down without approval by the city government.

Sports
The CBC's sports programming, including Hockey Night in Canada and its coverage of the Olympic Games, has historically been quite popular in the Detroit area, sometimes even more popular than American network coverage of the same events.

During the CBC's original run of Toronto Blue Jays telecasts (before Sportsnet's 2004 takeover), Jays games were often subject to blackout on CBET in order to protect Detroit Tigers home games available on broadcast stations. During 2007, CBC carried eight Jays games; CBET was able to air all CBC Jays games that season. However, blackouts returned during the 2008 season. Jays telecasts on CBC was discontinued beginning with the 2009 season, with Sportsnet and TSN having exclusive carriage within Canada.

Conversely, CBC's National Hockey League coverage is not subject to local blackout. During Hockey Night in Canada, CBET often aired games involving the Detroit Red Wings in lieu of Ontario's designated game when available, during both the regular season and the playoffs (such as a Western Conference quarter-final series in 2006 against the Edmonton Oilers, many of which were originally designated to air regionally on Edmonton's CBC station CBXT). As 2014–15 season, with Rogers Communications taking over the production of HNIC and broadcasting other games on its services, Red Wings games only air on CBET during Hockey Night if they are involved in the game allotted to CBC, as games are no longer split regionally.

American programming preemptions and other variances
As Windsor is part of the Detroit market, CBET is required to preempt American shows on the CBC network schedule of which exclusive rights are claimed by American stations in the market. Most American programming that was part of the CBC schedule throughout Canada (except for children's programs that met E/I regulations) could not be broadcast by CBET and, thus, was replaced by other programming.

As of the 2011–12 season, these programs were Wheel of Fortune (which aired on the national CBC schedule at 4:30 p.m.) and Jeopardy! (7:30 p.m.). These preemptions are due to Detroit rightsholder WDIV-TV (channel 4), which airs both programs during the 7 p.m. hour. This ended at the start of the 2012-13 season, as the CBC decided not to renew its rights to Wheel and Jeopardy! when its contract to run both shows expired, and replaced the shows with Canadian-produced programming.

CBET handled these anomalies (as well as its one-hour 6 p.m. local newscast, which as noted below differs from most CBC stations) by airing repeats of Rick Mercer Report or 22 Minutes at 4:30 p.m., various documentaries from the CBC library at 5 p.m. (different from the ones aired across the network at 1 p.m.), and Coronation Street from 7 to 8 p.m. (whereas Corrie airs from 6:30 to 7:30 on most other stations).

Following the CBC's removal of Wheel and Jeopardy! in the fall of 2012, some evening programming variations remain, with Rick Mercer Report at 5 p.m., various programming (specials, documentaries, and repeats of other shows) at 5:30 p.m., and the one-hour 6 p.m. local newscast, with the remainder of the schedule in pattern with the other CBC stations (including Coronation Street, which is reduced to a single episode weeknights at 7:30 p.m. on the CBC network). After CBET's expansion of its supper-hour newscast in September 2013, variances involve Rick Mercer Report at 5 p.m. (seen on other stations at 6:30 p.m.), and a simulcast of the 11 p.m. newscast from sister station CBLT-DT in Toronto instead of its own late news program.

Despite all of the U.S. preemptions, however, some shows on the CBC Kids lineup, including Arthur, Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood, and Molly of Denali (which could also be seen on PBS member station WTVS in Detroit), are not affected due to them being E/I compliant, and thus are not subject to preemption on CBET.

News operation
CBET-DT presently broadcasts 5 hours, 50 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 1 hour, 10 minutes each weekday); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the lowest local newscast output among CBC Television's owned-and-operated stations. On October 2, 2000, local news programming on CBET and other CBC owned-and-operated stations was reduced to a half-hour each weeknight, and late newscasts were cancelled. With the introduction of Canada Now (which began at CBET before it went national), CBC's new hybrid hour-long dinnertime newscast at 6 p.m. made its debut. National news segments originated from Vancouver and were anchored by Ian Hanomansing, with the Windsor segment broadcast from the CBET studios presented by Blake Roberts.

Carole MacNeil would move to Toronto to anchor the Toronto segment there; she would later co-anchor with Evan Solomon on the CBC network's Sunday morning news program, CBC News: Sunday, and its nighttime complement, CBC News: Sunday Night. As a result of the dinnertime news change, CBC's local news operations faced some layoffs—especially CBET, which terminated ten of its 29 news staffers. Prior to the 2006 format change, Canada Now was last locally anchored by Susan Pedler with Tony Doucette from a state-of-the-art news set inside the CBET newsroom.

On January 9, 2006, under the CBC's local programming expansion initiative, CBET's newscasts were renamed as CBC News at Six, with the national half-hour remaining as Canada Now. Most CBC owned-and-operated stations also began offering expanded local newscasts under the CBC News at Six name.

On November 30, 2006, CBC announced plans to discontinue Canada Now in February 2007, in favour of hour-long early evening local newscasts on its stations. While CBCT-DT in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, decided to name its new supper hour newscast Compass and CBUT-DT in Vancouver kept the Canada Now title, CBET retained the CBC News at Six brand rather than returning to its original Newsday title. Susan Pedler would continue as lead anchor, with Jim Lagogians on sports and Tara Weber reporting on weather. CBET later renamed its newscast to CBC News: Windsor at Six, following the lead of most of its sister stations across Canada by inserting the city's name into the newscast title.

In September 2009, most CBC stations began to carry a 90-minute block of local news from 5 to 6:30 p.m. each weeknight; however, CBET opted to keep its hour-long newscast at 6 p.m. In addition to the main 6 p.m. newscast, CBET introduced a 10-minute late night newscast CBC News: Windsor Late Night on October 26, 2009, which aired at 10:55 p.m. each weeknight following The National. On July 3, 2012, Pedler announced that she would take a leave of absence for a year, as she was adopting a baby girl.

On September 2, 2013, CBET expanded its early evening newscast to 90 minutes from 5:30 to 7 p.m., while it discontinued its 11 p.m. newscast in turn; besides differing from the early evening newscast slot of most CBC Television stations (5:30 to 7 p.m. on CBET, as opposed to 5 to 6:30 p.m. elsewhere), this differed from most CBC O&Os in other markets where stations carry both an early and late evening newscast; in lieu of its own 11 p.m. newscast, CBET simulcasts the newscast from CBLT instead. Asha Tomlinson, who previously worked the breaking news desk at CBC News Network, became anchor of the expanded newscast; she replaced Amanda Ferguson (who became anchor during Pedler's maternity leave) as anchor.

Analogue-to-digital conversion
CBET shut down its analogue signal at 11:58 p.m. on August 31, 2011, when Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, and flash-cut its digital signal into operation on VHF channel 9 three minutes later at 12:01 a.m. on September 1. While the CBC originally planned on requesting that analogue operations for CBET and some of its other stations be extended by one year, taking those stations digital in 2012, the corporation later revised its plan, and converted all of its originating stations to digital in August 2011.

Coverage
Over-the-air, CBET can be received in Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio, with a really strong and reliable rooftop and/or indoor antenna. The station was also listed in some TV Guide editions in northern Ohio. Prior to July 31, 2012, CBET was the only CBC-owned station not to have any repeaters; transmitters in Sarnia and Chatham instead relayed CBLN-TV, which was CBC's London-based Southwestern Ontario repeater network, rebroadcasting Toronto's CBLT, but with variations in advertising and some programming.

CBET is carried on cable providers in Metro Detroit and much of Southeast Michigan, as far away as Flint and East Lansing. In Northwest Ohio, CBET is carried on Toledo-based Buckeye Broadband, which serves areas as far east as Sandusky. During a carriage dispute with the market's local NBC affiliate WNWO-TV, Buckeye temporarily moved CBET to WNWO's standard and high-definition channel allotments to ensure that viewers would still have access to coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Until January 2009, CBET maintained cable coverage as far south as Findlay, Ohio. This ended when Time Warner Cable (now Charter Spectrum) dropped CBET as well as Columbus' CBS affiliate, WBNS-TV, from its Northwestern Ohio systems. CBET still is carried on Spectrum's system in Port Clinton.

title: CBET-DT


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Two-seam fastball

A two-seam fastball is a pitch in baseball and softball. It is a variant of the straight fastball. The pitch has the speed of a fastball and can also include late-breaking action caused by varying the pressure of the index and middle fingers on the ball.

Grip and action
Several grips are used for a two-seam fastball, the most common of which is to place the index and middle fingers along the seams where they are closest together (where the horseshoes point in towards each other) with the thumb placed directly below on the leather with the rear of the thumb just touching the bottom near seam. The arm action is identical to a four-seam fastball, although the hand action differs slightly. Typically, the two-seam has more movement if the pitcher applies index fingertip pressure, or holds the baseball deeper in the hand. Both techniques cause the ball to spin out of the hand off-center and away from the pitcher, similar to the spin of a changeup.

The two-seam fastball often is perceived to be slower than the four-seam fastball, but the slight pronation of the hand and off-center spin on the ball carries the ball down and toward the pitcher's dominant side, down and to the right for right-handers, and down and to the left for left-handers.

A two-seam fastball that has a high horizontal break and drops less is often referred to as a running fastball. It is often higher in average velocity than a traditional two-seamer. In either case, the pitch is thrown in a two-seam orientation and has a gyro angle far from 0 degrees, leading to seam-shifted wake effects that cause downward and lateral movement compared to a four-seam fastball.

Effectiveness
The two-seam fastball appears to have more movement than a four-seam fastball, but can be more difficult to master and control. The amount of break on the pitch varies greatly from pitcher to pitcher depending on velocity, arm slot angle, and pressure points of the fingers. The two-seamer is a very natural pitch to throw, and is often taught to pitchers at a very early age. Its use is widespread throughout all levels of baseball, and most pitchers at any level have a two-seamer in their repertoire. Many pitchers, especially those without exceptional velocity, prefer a two-seam fastball to the four-seam because of its movement at the plate. However, power pitchers such as Justin Verlander combine control, high velocity, and break to make the two-seamer one of the most effective pitches in baseball.

The velocity of this pitch also varies greatly from pitcher to pitcher. At the major collegiate level and higher, two-seam fastballs are typically thrown in the low 90s (MPH), but with much variation. Pitchers such as Greg Maddux, Bob Stanley, Brandon McCarthy, David Price, Eddie Guardado and Marcus Stroman are notable for having success at the major-league levels with two-seam fastballs in the mid 80s to lower 90s.

Notable two-seam fastball pitchers

 * Henderson Alvarez
 * Kevin Appier
 * Jake Arrieta
 * Bill Lee
 * Chad Bradford
 * Bartolo Colón
 * Johnny Cueto
 * Doug Fister
 * Eddie Guardado
 * Lucas Harrell
 * Félix Hernández
 * Tim Lincecum
 * Kyle Lohse
 * Greg Maddux
 * Brandon McCarthy
 * Dallas Keuchel
 * Corey Kluber
 * Charlie Morton
 * Jamie Moyer
 * Jake Peavy
 * Rick Porcello
 * Tanner Roark
 * David Price
 * Bob Stanley
 * Max Scherzer
 * Gerrit Cole
 * Tommy Milone
 * Matt Harvey
 * Marcus Stroman
 * Zach Britton
 * Dustin May

title: Two-seam fastball


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Joe Primeau

Alfred Joseph Francis "Gentleman Joe" Primeau (January 29, 1906 – May 14, 1989), was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.

Playing career
Born in Lindsay, Ontario, and raised in Victoria, British Columbia, Primeau moved to Toronto at an early age and began his professional career in 1927 with the Toronto Ravinas, an affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs. He became a full-time member of the Maple Leafs in the 1929–30 season.

Primeau played on the Leafs' Kid Line with Charlie Conacher and Busher Jackson. He won his only Stanley Cup as a player in 1931–32 and won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy that same season. He retired in 1936 at age 30. Over his NHL career, Primeau scored 66 goals and 177 assists in 310 games.

Primeau was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

He died in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 83.

He was interred in the Assumption Catholic Cemetery, Mississauga, Peel Regional Municipality.

In 1989, Primeau was ranked number 92 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

Coaching career
Primeau won the Stanley Cup in his first year as head coach of the Maple Leafs in 1950–51.

He also remains the only coach to ever lead teams to both the Memorial Cup, Allan Cup and Stanley Cup championships.

Miscellany
Following the Canada-Sweden game at the 1976 Canada Cup tournament, Primeau presented the award to the top Canadian player of the game: Bob Gainey.

Player

 * 1931–32 – Stanley Cup Champion – Toronto Maple Leafs
 * 1931–32 – Lady Byng Memorial Trophy
 * 1933–34 – Second Team All-Star – Centre
 * 1963 – Honoured member – Hockey Hall of Fame

Coach

 * 1946–47 – Memorial Cup Champion – Toronto St. Michael's Majors
 * 1949–50 – Allan Cup Champion – Toronto Marlboros
 * 1950–51 – Stanley Cup Champion – Toronto Maple Leafs

title: Joe Primeau


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Redbournbury Mill

Redbournbury Mill, is a Grade II* listed flour mill in Redbournbury, Hertfordshire, England, which is thought to have been first built in the early 11th Century. Having operated as a watermill on the River Ver, the mill is now powered by a diesel engine.

History
The date of inception of Redbournbury Mill is unknown, however, a mill on the same site was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and it is possible that the existing mill was built on these foundations. Prior to that however, in c. 1030 the Manor of Redbourn was given to the Abbot of St Albans by Aegelwyne le Swarte and his wife Wynfreda, wealthy Saxon landowners, and possible lords. It is likely that the mill which once stood at the approximate site of Redbournbury would have been within the Manor of Redbourn, and was thus passed on to the Abbey. The nearby farmhouse was used by the Abbot's Chamberlain, and was referred to as Chamberlain's Mill. The lane that passes the mill crosses the River Ver by a deep ford.

Following the mention in the Domesday book, the next mention of a mill in the area was c. 1290 (during the Abbacy of John de Berkhamstede), during which time Chamberlain's Mill burnt down. The fire threatened all of the Manor of Redbourn, but area was protected by the local woodland. There are an increasing amount of records regarding the mill from the mid Tudor period onward; following the dissolution of the monasteries by King Henry VIII, the lands of the Abbey of St Albans, of which the mill was a part, were seized by the King. Upon his death, these lands were bequeathed to his daughter Princess Elizabeth. Upon Elizabeth's passing, the land was passed on to her successor on the throne, James I.

James I would, via the Treasury, lease the mill (now called "Redbourne Greate Mill") to a series of private renters. Several decades after James' death, the mill was purchased in 1652 by Sir Harbottle Grimston a lawyer and politician for £200. Grimston had also purchased Old Gorhambury House and as a result the mill became part of the Gorhambury Estate. The Grimston family would go on to make an indelible mark in the surround area, due to the Earl of Verulam peerage bestowed upon them.

Little of record is known over the next 200 years or so, aside from a series of improvements and upgrades. Notable amongst these improvements was the installation of three 'in line' millstones. Typically millstones are laid around a central gearing mechanism as opposed to in a single straight line - as is the case here. The layout found in Redbournbury is the only known example in the county, and is rare in United Kingdom as a whole. The mill building now standing dates from c.1780.

In 1841, the tenant of the mill was one Edward Hawkins. This tenancy would be passed down through the Hawkins family for the next 144 years, aside from a 35-year gap beginning in 1855. Edward's great-granddaughter would be the last of the Hawkins family to mill at Redbournbury. Ivy began milling in 1916 at the age of 19, and would continue to live on site until 1985. Ivy's father Henry died in 1932, leaving the mill to his wife (Julia) and Ivy. Four years later, much of the Gorhambury Estate was sold by the 4th Earl of Verulam and as a result reverted to the Crown Estate; despite this change in ownership Ivy and Julia would continue the tenancy. Following her mother's death in 1944, Ivy would go on to have an eventful career. In 1956 Ivy was trapped in the waterwheel for over an hour, having climbed inside to undertake repairs. Despite being trapped between an inner spoke and the outer wheel, whilst taking the weight of the water, Ivy was rescued, and, after a brief hospital stay returned home unscathed. Ivy would receive national attention three years later when The Times would run an article declaring her to be "Britain's only lady miller".

It is unknown when the River Ver alone was no longer enough to power the milling process, however, by the beginning of the early 20th Century the mill had been fitted with an engine (either steam or gas). There is little record of this however, as it was scrapped in 1915 during World War I. Whilst the River was no longer strong enough to operate the mill, the water wheel itself was still able to turn; this was how Ivy Hawkins is recorded to have powered her circular saw up until the 1970s.

Revival and present day
Following Ivy Hawkins leaving the mill in 1985, the Crown Estate placed Redbournbury up for sale, and in 1987 sold it to its current owners, the James family. The James family were the only interested party who intended to restore the mill to full working order, it having been unused for milling since the 1950s. Subsequently, English Heritage offered the new owners a significant grant to help cover the costs of the renovation, and also reclassified the site to Grade II* listed status, meaning that both the mill and the house are historically protected buildings. On 22 August 1987, just days after renovations had started, a fire broke out in the roof of the mill. The fire quickly spread and gutted most of the mill's interior, as well as the upstairs of the house. The gearing of the mill itself was saved however, which ensured that the mill could be fully restored.

The ensuing restoration project took ten years to complete, and also saw the full repair and installation of a diesel engine which had not been used in approximately 30 years. The Crossley engine, which had been kept in an enthusiast's garden, had previously been used at a water pumping station in Aldershot before being scrapped. A diesel engine was needed because the modern day River Ver suffers from a reduced flow, and as such lacks the power to sufficiently drive the water wheel.

In 2005 a bakery was built in one of the disused barns at the front of the mill and was first opened to the public in July 2006. The bakery is open to the public on Saturday mornings and sells a range of breads and cakes all of which are made using flour ground within the mill. In addition, Redbournbury volunteers regularly man stalls at farmers markets in the surrounding area, including those at Harpenden, Kings Langley and St Albans. The bakery is currently overseen by baker Steven Mansbridge. The cereals used to produce the Redbournbury flour are grown locally at Hammonds End farm, Harpenden. This ensures that all Redbournbury products have very low food miles, as Hammonds End is less than 2 miles away from the mill.

Media appearances
Since 2013 Redbournbury Mill has appeared on a variety of television shows. Celebrity baker Paul Hollywood visited the mill in 2013 as part of his BBC Two series Paul Hollywood's Bread, whilst his Great British Bake Off co-host Mary Berry also visited the mill in 2016 as part of her "Easter Feast" programme to learn more about the Alban bun, an alleged forerunner to the Hot cross bun. Chef Jay Rayner had previously visited the mill in 2013 to learn more about the Alban bun for a segment on BBC One's The One Show.

title: Redbournbury Mill


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2003 European Grand Prix

The 2003 European Grand Prix (formally the 2003 Allianz Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 June 2003 at the Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany. It was the ninth race of the 2003 Formula One season. The 60-lap race was won Ralf Schumacher driving in a Williams car. Juan Pablo Montoya, also driving for Williams finished second, with Rubens Barrichello third in a Ferrari.

Race report
Approximately 123,000 people attended the race. For 25 laps of the European Grand Prix, Kimi Räikkönen looked set to win from his first pole position and regain his championship lead. Then his McLaren’s Mercedes engine broke down and instead it was Ralf Schumacher who came through to score his first win of the year.

Having taken pole, Räikkönen soon built a lead over Ralf Schumacher. He was nine seconds clear when he made his first refuelling stop on the 16th lap, with Michael Schumacher another ten seconds further back. Ralf led briefly for Williams and ran until lap 21 before pitting, but this was still insufficient to keep Räikkönen out of the lead. Ralf Schumacher was still 4.8 seconds behind when Räikkönen's Mercedes engine blew up, making him the first retirement of the race.

On the 43rd lap Juan Pablo Montoya and Michael Schumacher collided while fighting for second place. Montoya had gradually reeled in Schumacher until they were side-by-side on the rundown to the Dunlop Kurve. Schumacher ran up the kerb and tagged Montoya’s Williams as it passed the German's Ferrari for second place. As Schumacher spun and sat stranded, his Ferrari’s rear wheels spinning in the gravel, Montoya continued. By the time three marshals and fireman pushed the Ferrari from its dangerous spot on the corner’s apex, Schumacher was down to sixth.

“Michael was quick on the straights, but in the corners he was very slow,” said Montoya. “He was on the inside and I was on the outside. I thought I gave him plenty of room. I wasn’t going to give him all the track, but I thought it was all right.”

Schumacher agreed that Montoya had given him enough room and after a stewards’ enquiry, no action was taken. Ferrari’s Ross Brawn was not content with the situation, but Williams technical director Patrick Head remarked that, had Montoya been penalised, it would effectively have been a declaration that overtaking was no longer allowed in Formula One racing.

Then, on the 57th lap, McLaren's David Coulthard suddenly had to swerve around Fernando Alonso approaching the chicane, and spun into retirement. “Alonso braked ten metres earlier than he had the lap before,” said Coulthard. “He was dealing inconsistently with problems, as his rear tyres looked completely worn out. But I just got caught out.” The Spaniard continued, and was very nearly caught on the final lap by the recovering world champion. The stewards investigated the incident after a report was filed to them by the FIA race director Charlie Whiting. They spoke to both Alonso and Coulthard and members of their respective teams. After a review of telemetry and video data, no driver was imposed a penalty.

Williams’ haul of points from a race in which McLaren went home with none moved them up into second place in the constructors’ championship. Sir Frank Williams was careful to play down talk of a championship challenge for his team. But with Ferrari only 13 points ahead, everyone within the team believed that they had a chance of challenging before the season was over.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2003 European Grand Prix


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Four-seam fastball

A four-seam fastball, also called a rising fastball, a four-seamer, or a cross-seam fastball, is a pitch in baseball. It is a member of the fastball family of pitches and is usually the fastest ball thrown by a pitcher. It is called what it is because with every rotation of the ball as it is thrown, four seams come into view. A few pitchers at the major league level can sometimes reach a pitch speed of over 100 mph. It is often compared with the two-seam fastball.

Grip and action
The four-seam fastball is designed purely for velocity; it travels to the batter's box with little or no "break" from straight-line flight—the intent being to challenge the batter's reaction time instead of fooling him with a pitch that breaks downward or to one side or the other. The ball is gripped with the index and middle fingers set on or across a line (cross-seam) of the "horseshoe" seam that faces outward, i.e., away from the pitcher's body. The thumb is placed directly underneath the ball; it rests on smooth leather with the base of the thumb overlaying a seam on the underside of the ball.

The four-seam fastball typically is thrown with a straight overhead swing of the throwing arm. The ball leaves the thumb at the top of the throwing motion as the index and middle fingers play their grip on the "top" seam to roll it down the "back" of the ball, which imparts backspin to the ball that lasts the distance of the pitch. The backspin affects the exchange of momentum between ball and surrounding air such that a lifting force called the Magnus effect offsets the downward pull of gravity on the ball; thus a hard-thrown fastball doesn't drop as much as other types of pitches and may even appear to rise as it approaches the plate. Further, backspin combined with the steady rotation of four seams in alignment with the direction of the pitch stabilizes the ball's flight-path.

A successful four-seam fastball overpowers the batter with velocity, normally zipping through the strike zone before the batter can timely commit to swing. The faster a four-seamer pitch is accurately thrown, the more effective it will be. It is very difficult for a batter to get "around on" the pitch—to quickly swing the bat around to meet the ball—because they must swing very early to "catch up" to the speedy pitch. One of the most dramatic and frequent scenes in baseball are tableaux of frustrated batters helplessly swinging "empty" on a fastball that has already passed the hitting zone, and frequently, has already made the catcher's mitt.

Conversely, because the four-seamer doesn't break, it is quite hittable by the quick, "good-eye" batter who can "see" where the pitch will arrive. Moreover, its extreme velocity helps experienced batters to hit it extremely hard; that is, if a batter can "square up" on it, a four-seamer pitch can be readily hit for power. Further, a fastball's effectiveness decreases substantially if it is not accurately thrown, i.e., if the pitch is not under control. Due to its straight and level flight an errant fastball will not fool many batters as to its direction; thus, it elicits fewer swings and produces more walks when thrown outside the strike zone. As a pitcher's fastball loses "heat" (speed), more batters will have sufficient time to read and hit the pitch.

Pitching or throwing a fastball comes naturally to most athletes who throw baseballs. The four-seam and two-seam fastballs are typically the first pitches taught to young pitchers. They requires very little unnatural motion of the arm, elbow or shoulders, and the ball comes off the fingers easily when the pitch is completed as it is intended to be thrown. The fastball is the most common of pitches, as almost all pitchers throw a fastball as part of their standard repertoire.

Scientific studies have shown that the four-seam and two-seam fastballs have essentially the same flight paths and speeds, but, typically, a batter  perceives a difference between them. The perceived difference is due to flicker fusion threshold, which is defined as the frequency that a flashing light appears "steady" to the human eye. For example, for a series of flashed still-pictures to appear steady, the frequency of flashing has to be at a rate greater than the flicker fusion threshold, which for humans is about 60 Hz, or 60 cycles per second.

A major league pitcher throws a baseball with a spin of around 20 rotations per second (rps). With each rotation, a four-seam fastball presents four seams crossing the vision of the batter, producing a flicker rate of 80 Hz, which results in the batter not perceiving any features on the ball and having fewer visual cues than with the two-seamer to track it. Thus, the batter often perceives the four-seam fastball as faster and higher than a two-seam fastball.

Velocity
The velocity of a 4 seam fastball is measured in miles per hours (mph) in Major League Baseball. As of 2018, the average velocity of a Major League Baseball pitcher was 92.8 mph.

Spin rate
The spin rate of a 4 seam fastball is measured in rotations per minute (rpms) in Major League Baseball.

SPV
Commonly referred to as “Bauer Units” (slang invented by Driveline Baseball), SPV is defined as Spin Rate per Velocity. This metric allows research to compare the quality of 4 seam fastballs of different pitchers throughout Major League Baseball.

On the field
Four-seam fastball is also the most preferred throw for fielding as it is the fastest and has no stray lateral movement in the air, according to Harold Reynolds and Kevin Kiermaier.

title: Four-seam fastball