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Avalon (electoral district)

Avalon is a federal electoral district on Newfoundland Island in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, at the first election held after April 22, 2024. It will lose the eastern shore of Placentia Bay to Terra Nova—The Peninsulas, gain Salmon Cove from Bonavista—Burin—Trinity, lose the remainder of Paradise to Cape Spear, gain Witless Bay, Bay Bulls and the Southlands and Goulds areas of St. John's from St. John's South—Mount Pearl.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census; 2013 representation

Ethnic groups: 97.9% White, 1.5% Aboriginal Languages: 99.3% English Religions: 95.7% Christian (43.0% Catholic, 30.2% Anglican, 13.5% United Church, 3.5% Pentecostal, 5.4% Other), 4.1% No religion Median income (2010): $27,528 Average income (2010): $36,436

Geography
The neighbouring ridings are Random—Burin—St. George's to the west and north, and St. John's South—Mount Pearl and St. John's East to the east.

As of the 2013 representation order, the riding of Avalon consists of:
 * All that area consisting of that part of the Avalon Peninsula on the Island of Newfoundland lying southerly of a line described as follows:
 * commencing at a point in the Eastern Channel at latitude 47°25'49"N and longitude 54°03'34"W;
 * thence easterly in a straight line to a point in the Eastern Channel at latitude 47°26'11"N and longitude 53°57'51"W;
 * thence southeasterly in a straight line to a point in Long Harbour at latitude 47°24'13"N and longitude 53°55'10"W;
 * thence easterly in a straight line to the southwesterly limit of the Town of Long Harbour-Mount Arlington Heights at the mouth of Rattling Brook;
 * thence generally westerly, generally northeasterly, generally southeasterly and generally southwesterly along the westerly, southerly, northerly and easterly limits of said town to a point at approximate latitude 47°26'32"N and longitude 53°44'50"W (on the southwesterly shoreline of Warrens Pond);
 * thence southeasterly in a straight line to a point at latitude 47°24'44"N and longitude 53°43'54"W;
 * thence easterly in a straight line to the southwesternmost point of the limit of the Town of Whitbourne;
 * thence generally easterly and northerly along said limit to the northeasternmost point of the limit of said town;
 * thence northeasterly in a straight line to the southwesternmost point of the limit of the Town of Spaniard's Bay;
 * thence generally northerly along the westerly limit of said town to the northwesternmost point of the limit of said town;
 * thence northerly in a straight line to a point in Hound Pond at latitude 47°46'36"N and longitude 53°22'23"W;
 * thence northeasterly in a straight line to a point in Broad Cove Gull Pond at latitude 47°49'47"N and longitude 53°12'51"W;
 * thence southerly in a straight line to a point on the westerly limit of the Town of Salmon Cove at approximate latitude 47°46'51"N and longitude 53°11'48"W;
 * thence generally southerly, northeasterly and northwesterly along the westerly, southerly and easterly limits of said town to a point at approximate latitude 47°47'21"N and longitude 53°08'40"W;
 * thence easterly in a straight line to a point in Conception Bay at latitude 47°46'33"N and longitude 52°59'22"W;
 * thence generally southerly along Conception Bay to a point at latitude 47°35'58"N and longitude 53°06'22"W;
 * thence southeasterly in a straight line to a point in Conception Bay at latitude 47°32'07"N and longitude 53°02'09"W;
 * thence southeasterly in a straight line to the northwesterly limit of the Town of Conception Bay South at the mouth of Long Pond Harbour;
 * thence northeasterly along the northwesterly limit of said town to the northwesterly limit of the Town of Paradise;
 * thence northeasterly along the limit of said town to the northerly limit of said town;
 * thence generally southeasterly along said limit to Camrose Drive;
 * thence southerly along said drive to Paradise Road; thence generally southeasterly along said road to Topsail Road;
 * thence generally easterly along said road to the southeasterly limit of the Town of Paradise;
 * thence southerly and westerly along said limit to the easterly limit of the Town of Conception Bay South;
 * thence generally southerly and westerly along said limit to the southerly limit of the City of St. John's;
 * thence generally southeasterly along said limit to the northwesternmost point of the Town of Bay Bulls;
 * thence generally southerly along the westerly limit of said town to the northwesternmost point of the Town of Witless Bay;
 * thence southerly and generally easterly along the westerly and southerly limits of said town to the easterly limit of said town.
 * Including Iona Islands, East Green Island, North Green Island, Harbour Island, Fox Island, Great Colinet Island and all other islands adjacent to the shoreline of the above-described area.

Political geography
Avalon is divided between the Liberal north and the Conservative south. Conservative support is found along the southern coast from the community of Bay Bulls to Southern Harbour. The Conservatives also have some concentration in the north central peninsula, including winning the town of Harbour Grace. The Liberals dominate the central and northern parts of the riding. In 2008, the NDP won two polls, one was a mobile poll, and the other contained the community of Hopeall. The Greens also won a poll in Witless Bay.

History
The electoral district was created in 2003 from 57.6% of Bonavista—Trinity—Conception, 21.9% of St. John's West and 20.5% of St. John's East ridings. It consisted of:
 * that part of the Avalon Peninsula on the Island of Newfoundland described as follows:
 * commencing at a point in Placentia Bay approximately 20 km west of Cape St. Mary's;
 * thence generally northerly along Placentia Bay and the Eastern Channel of Placentia Bay to the intersection of the shoreline of Placentia Bay with the westerly limit of the Town of Come By Chance;
 * thence northerly and easterly along the westerly and northerly limits of said town to the Trans-Canada Highway (Route No. 1);
 * thence northerly along said highway to the northerly limit of the Town of Sunnyside;
 * thence easterly along said limit and its production into Trinity Bay;
 * thence northerly along said bay to a point midway between East Random Head on Random Island and Hant's Head on the eastern shoreline of Trinity Bay;
 * thence northeasterly along said bay to a point approximately 5 km north of Grates Point on the Bay de Verde Peninsula;
 * thence easterly approximately 20 km to a point N45°E of Baccalieu Island;
 * thence generally southerly along Conception Bay to a point midway between Western Bay Head on the western shoreline of Conception Bay and Cape St. Francis;
 * thence southerly along Conception Bay to a point approximately 2 km west of the most westerly extremity of Bell Island;
 * thence southerly along Conception Bay to a point approximately 2 km S45°W of the most southwesterly extremity of Kellys Island;
 * thence easterly along Conception Bay to the mouth of Long Pond Harbour;
 * thence southerly along said harbour and Conway Brook to the limit of the City of St. John's;
 * thence generally southwesterly and easterly along the northwesterly and southerly limits of said city and its production to the Atlantic Ocean;
 * thence generally southerly and generally westerly along the Atlantic Ocean, Trepassey Bay, St. Mary's Bay and Placentia Bay to the point of commencement.
 * Including Baccalieu Island, Great Colinet Island and all other islands adjacent to the shoreline of the above-described area.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Avalon should be adjusted. The redefined Avalon had its boundaries legally defined in the 2013 representation order which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015. 21% of this riding will be moved into Bonavista—Burin—Trinity, and 3% will be moved into St. John's South—Mount Pearl, and will gain 25% of its new territory from St. John's East. It was given the boundaries described above.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

2011
In the 2011 election, the Liberal candidate was the incumbent MP, Scott Andrews, a former municipal councillor from Conception Bay South. He defeated the Tory candidate, Senator Fabian Manning of St. Bride's, for the second election in a row. Manning was the Conservative MP for this riding from 2006 to 2008, when he lost to Andrews.

title: Avalon (electoral district)


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Romanel-sur-Morges

Romanel-sur-Morges is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Morges.

History
Romanel-sur-Morges is first mentioned in 967 as villa Romanella.

Geography
Romanel-sur-Morges has an area,, of 1.8 km2. Of this area, 1.13 km2 or 64.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.28 km2 or 16.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.28 km2 or 16.0% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 7.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.9%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 14.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 55.4% is used for growing crops and 3.4% is pastures, while 5.7% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Romanel-sur-Morges became part of the new district of Morges.

The municipality is located between Morges and Cossonay on the right bank of the Venoge river.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Chief Gules, overall on a Bend Sable in chief a Corn-ear bendwise Or.

Demographics
Romanel-sur-Morges has a population of. , 9.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 13.5%. It has changed at a rate of 6% due to migration and at a rate of 7.5% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (412 or 93.4%), with German being second most common (13 or 2.9%) and Italian being third (5 or 1.1%).

Of the population in the municipality 96 or about 21.8% were born in Romanel-sur-Morges and lived there in 2000. There were 222 or 50.3% who were born in the same canton, while 72 or 16.3% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 46 or 10.4% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 2 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 5 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 2 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 9 and the non-Swiss population increased by 3 people. This represents a population growth rate of -1.3%.

The age distribution,, in Romanel-sur-Morges is; 51 children or 10.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 67 teenagers or 14.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 54 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 66 people or 14.0% are between 30 and 39, 78 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 59 people or 12.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 45 people or 9.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 34 people or 7.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 16 people or 3.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is 90 and older.

, there were 189 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 215 married individuals, 19 widows or widowers and 18 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 170 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 41 households that consist of only one person and 15 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 171 households that answered this question, 24.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 2 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 44 married couples without children, 70 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 2 households that were made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 87 single-family homes (or 71.3% of the total) out of a total of 122 inhabited buildings. There were 17 multi-family buildings (13.9%), along with 11 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.0%) and 7 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.7%). Of the single-family homes 7 were built before 1919, while 16 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (33) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (5) were built between 1971 and 1980 and the next most (4) were built before 1919. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 173 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 43. There were 2 single-room apartments and 78 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 162 apartments (93.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 10 apartments (5.8%) were seasonally occupied and one apartment was empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.59%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 25% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (17.28%), the SP (13.95%) and the CVP (12.43%). In the federal election, a total of 174 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.4%.

Economy
It is the seat of the European headquarters of Logitech, a major producer of items such as, keyboards, computer mice and speakers.

, Romanel-sur-Morges had an unemployment rate of 2.4%. , there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 120 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 17 businesses in this sector. 368 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 34 businesses in this sector. There were 238 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.1% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 467. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 113 of which 101 or (89.4%) were in manufacturing and 12 (10.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 344. In the tertiary sector; 205 or 59.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 99 or 28.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 10 or 2.9% were in a hotel or restaurant, 18 or 5.2% were in the information industry, 5 or 1.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 4 or 1.2% were in education.

, there were 378 workers who commuted into the municipality and 188 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 3.4% of the workforce coming into Romanel-sur-Morges are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 72.3% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 93 or 21.1% were Roman Catholic, while 264 or 59.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 4 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.91% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 9 individuals (or about 2.04% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.45% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4 (or about 0.91% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 individual who belonged to another church. 53 (or about 12.02% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 14 individuals (or about 3.17% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Romanel-sur-Morges about 180 or (40.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 82 or (18.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 82 who completed tertiary schooling, 64.6% were Swiss men, 23.2% were Swiss women, 9.8% were non-Swiss men.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 70 students in the Romanel-sur-Morges school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 33 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 37 students in those schools.

, there were 24 students in Romanel-sur-Morges who came from another municipality, while 62 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Romanel-sur-Morges


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Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation may also be due to genetic diseases/flaws such as SCID.

In clinical settings, immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti-rejection measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency.

A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised individual may particularly be vulnerable to opportunistic infections, in addition to normal infections that could affect anyone. It also decreases cancer immunosurveillance, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills neoplastic ones. They are also more susceptible to infectious diseases owing to the reduced protection afforded by vaccines.

By affected component

 * Humoral immune deficiency (including B cell deficiency or dysfunction), with signs or symptoms depending on the cause, but generally include signs of hypogammaglobulinemia (decrease of one or more types of antibodies) with presentations including repeated mild respiratory infections, and/or agammaglobulinemia (lack of all or most antibody production) which results in frequent severe infections and is often fatal.
 * T cell deficiency, often causes secondary disorders such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
 * Granulocyte deficiency, including decreased numbers of granulocytes (called as granulocytopenia or, if absent, agranulocytosis) such as of neutrophil granulocytes (termed neutropenia). Granulocyte deficiencies also include decreased function of individual granulocytes, such as in chronic granulomatous disease.
 * Asplenia, where there is no function of the spleen
 * Complement deficiency is where the function of the complement system is deficient

In reality, immunodeficiency often affects multiple components, with notable examples including severe combined immunodeficiency (which is primary) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (which is secondary).

Primary or secondary
The distinction between primary versus secondary immunodeficiencies is based on, respectively, whether the cause originates in the immune system itself or is, in turn, due to insufficiency of a supporting component of it or an external decreasing factor of it.

Primary immunodeficiency
A number of rare diseases feature a heightened susceptibility to infections from childhood onward. Primary Immunodeficiency is also known as congenital immunodeficiencies. Many of these disorders are hereditary and are autosomal recessive or X-linked. There are over 95 recognised primary immunodeficiency syndromes; they are generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as lymphocytes or granulocytes.

The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics and (in some cases) stem cell transplantation. The characteristics of lacking and/or impaired antibody functions can be related to illnesses such as X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and Common Variable Immune Deficiency

Secondary immunodeficiencies
Secondary immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired immunodeficiencies, can result from various immunosuppressive agents, for example, malnutrition, aging, particular medications (e.g., chemotherapy, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplants, glucocorticoids) and environmental toxins like mercury and other heavy metals, pesticides and petrochemicals like styrene, dichlorobenzene, xylene, and ethylphenol. For medications, the term immunosuppression generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term immunodeficiency generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection.

Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression. This includes many types of cancer, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma), and certain chronic infections. Immunodeficiency is also the hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of T helper cells, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.

Various hormonal and metabolic disorders can also result in immune deficiency including anemia, hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia.

Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse also depress immune response.

Heavy schedules of training and competition in athletes increases their risk of immune deficiencies.

Causes
The cause of immunodeficiency varies depending on the nature of the disorder. The cause can be either genetic or acquired by malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions. Only for some genetic causes, the exact genes are known.

Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation. One example is common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune thyroid disease. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency, is another example. Low blood levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, rashes, lymph node enlargement, and enlargement of the liver and spleen are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of perforin are thought to be responsible. In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and chronic inflammation of the gut and lungs are seen in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase by neutrophils. Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with midline granulomatous disease; an autoimmune disorder that is commonly seen in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and NK/T cell lymphomas. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients also present with eczema, autoimmune manifestations, recurrent bacterial infections and lymphoma. In autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.

Diagnosis
Medical History and Physical Examination: A physician will inquire about past illnesses and family history of immune disorders to identify inherited conditions. A detailed physical examination helps recognize symptoms indicative of an immune disorder. Blood Tests: these tests are instrumental in diagnosing immunodeficiency as they measure: Infection-fighting proteins (immunoglobulins): Essential for robust immune defense, these protein levels are measured to evaluate immune function. Blood cell counts: Deviations in specific blood cells can point to an immune system anomaly. Immune system cells: These assessments are used to measure the levels of various immune cells. Genetic testing involves collecting samples from patients for molecular analysis when there is a suspicion of inborn errors in immunity. Most Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDs) are inherited as single-gene defects. The key genes associated with immunodeficiency diseases include CD40L, CD40, RAG1, RAG2, IL2RG, and ADA. Here is a summary of some methods utilized to identify genetic anomalies: Sanger Sequencing of Single Genes: Sanger sequencing is widely recognized as the benchmark method for accurately identifying individual nucleotide changes, as well as small-scale insertions or deletions in DNA. It is particularly valuable for confirming known familial genetic variations, for validating findings from next-generation sequencing technologies, and in specific scenarios that require sequencing of single genes. An example is its use to confirm mutations in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, which are linked to X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) •	Targeted Gene Sequencing Panels (tNGS): This technology is ideal for examining genes in specific pathways or for follow-up experiments (targeted resequencing) from whole genome sequencing (WGS). It is rapid and more cost-effective than WGS, and because it allows for deeper sequencing. •	Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): is a commonly used method which captures the majority of coding regions of the genome for sequencing, as these regions contain the majority of disease-causing mutations Useful for identifying mutations in specific genes •	Trio or Whole-Family Analyses: In some cases, analyzing the DNA of the patient, parents, and siblings (trio analysis) or the entire family (whole-family analysis) can reveal inheritance patterns and identify causative mutations

Treatment
Available treatment falls into two modalities: treating infections and boosting the immune system.

Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the early 1950s Immunoglobulin(Ig) was used by doctors to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency through intramuscular injection. Ig replacement therapy are infusions that can be either subcutaneous or intravenously administered, resulting in higher Ig levels for about three to four weeks, although this varies with each patient.

Prognosis
Prognosis depends greatly on the nature and severity of the condition. Some deficiencies cause early mortality (before age one), others with or even without treatment are lifelong conditions that cause little mortality or morbidity. Newer stem cell transplant technologies may lead to gene based treatments of debilitating and fatal genetic immune deficiencies. Prognosis of acquired immune deficiencies depends on avoiding or treating the causative agent or condition (like AIDS).

title: Immunodeficiency


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Saint-Prex

Saint-Prex is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.

In 1973, St-Prex was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its architectural heritage.

History
Saint-Prex is first mentioned in 885 as Sanctus Prothasius.

The town was founded with the construction of the chateau in 1234AD. The bourg (old town) forms a peninsula extending from the north shore of Lake Geneva. In recent years the commerce of the town has mostly moved to outer areas. St-Prex is a port for the CGN lake steamers in summer.

Geography
Saint-Prex has an area,, of 5.5 km2. Of this area, 2.9 km2 or 52.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.46 km2 or 8.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.12 km2 or 38.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.9% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 20.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 2.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.9%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 36.2% is used for growing crops and 2.5% is pastures, while 13.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

The municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Saint-Prex became part of the new district of Morges.

The municipality is located along Lake Geneva. It consists of the village of Saint-Prex and the hamlets of Les Iles, Beaufort, Senaugin and Fraidaigue. The currently abandoned villages of Dracy and Marcy are also in the municipal area.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Fleur-de-lys Argent.

Demographics
Saint-Prex has a population of. , 32.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 25%. It has changed at a rate of 16.3% due to migration and at a rate of 9.1% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (3,472 or 82.5%), with German being second most common (212 or 5.0%) and Italian being third (137 or 3.3%).

Of the population in the municipality 848 or about 20.1% were born in Saint-Prex and lived there in 2000. There were 1,266 or 30.1% who were born in the same canton, while 773 or 18.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,213 or 28.8% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 43 live births to Swiss citizens and 21 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 22 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 21 while the foreign population increased by 18. There were 2 Swiss men and 1 Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 59 non-Swiss men and 66 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 45 and the non-Swiss population increased by 106 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.1%.

The age distribution,, in Saint-Prex is; 629 children or 12.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 562 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 578 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 842 people or 16.7% are between 30 and 39, 864 people or 17.1% are between 40 and 49, and 652 people or 12.9% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 510 people or 10.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 247 people or 4.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 129 people or 2.6% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 27 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.

, there were 1,750 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,008 married individuals, 175 widows or widowers and 277 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 1,799 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.2 persons per household. There were 613 households that consist of only one person and 84 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,835 households that answered this question, 33.4% were households made up of just one person and there were 7 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 529 married couples without children, 527 married couples with children There were 94 single parents with a child or children. There were 29 households that were made up of unrelated people and 36 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 373 single family homes (or 52.5% of the total) out of a total of 710 inhabited buildings. There were 216 multi-family buildings (30.4%), along with 72 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (10.1%) and 49 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.9%). Of the single family homes 66 were built before 1919, while 46 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (63) were built before 1919 and the next most (28) were built between 1961 and 1970. There were 12 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

there were 1,983 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 604. There were 129 single room apartments and 411 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,753 apartments (88.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 190 apartments (9.6%) were seasonally occupied and 40 apartments (2.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.34%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Swiss Reformed Church of Notre-Dame is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire old city of Saint-Prex is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 26.04% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.35%), the Green Party (14.13%) and the FDP (14.06%). In the federal election, a total of 1,188 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.5%.

Economy
, Saint-Prex had an unemployment rate of 4.5%. , there were 51 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 15 businesses involved in this sector. 740 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 31 businesses in this sector. 966 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 126 businesses in this sector. There were 2,321 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.6% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,481. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 36, of which 35 were in agriculture and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 718 of which 669 or (93.2%) were in manufacturing and 48 (6.7%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 727. In the tertiary sector; 167 or 23.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 24 or 3.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 25 or 3.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 15 or 2.1% were in the information industry, 9 or 1.2% were the insurance or financial industry, 21 or 2.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 137 or 18.8% were in education and 228 or 31.4% were in health care.

, there were 533 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,697 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.3% of the workforce coming into Saint-Prex are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 13.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 66% used a private car.

Ferring Pharmaceuticals, a multinational pharmaceutal company, is headquartered in Saint-Prex.

Vale, a Brazilian mining company, has a regional office in Saint-Prex.

Religion
From the, 1,638 or 38.9% were Roman Catholic, while 1,521 or 36.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 48 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.14% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 220 individuals (or about 5.23% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 individuals (or about 0.21% of the population) who were Jewish, and 124 (or about 2.95% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 8 individuals who were Buddhist and 12 individuals who belonged to another church. 538 (or about 12.78% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 180 individuals (or about 4.28% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Saint-Prex about 1,436 or (34.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 775 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 775 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.8% were Swiss men, 22.8% were Swiss women, 13.5% were non-Swiss men and 12.8% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 632 students in the Saint-Prex school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 336 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 289 students in those schools. There were also 7 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 120 students in Saint-Prex who came from another municipality, while 227 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality has a railway station, St-Prex, on the Lausanne–Geneva line. It has regular service to Allaman, Lausanne, and Palézieux.

Notable people

 * Annie Leuch-Reineck (1880 - 1978 in Saint-Prex) a Swiss mathematician and women's rights activist
 * André Bugnon (born 1947) politician, mayor of Saint-Prex 1990 to 2002, member of the Swiss National Council

title: Saint-Prex