text:
Ahmad Shah Qajar

Ahmad Shah Qajar (; 21 January 1898 – 21 February 1930) was the Shah of Persia (Iran) from 16 July 1909 to 15 December 1925, and the last ruling member of the Qajar dynasty.

Ahmad Shah was born in Tabriz on 21 January 1898 and ascended the throne at the age of 12 after the removal of his father Mohammad Ali Shah by the Parliament on 16 July 1909. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali-Reza Khan, took charge of his affairs as Regent. Upon reaching the age of majority, Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914.

Reign
On 16 July 1909, Mohammad Ali Shah was overthrown by rebels seeking to restore the 1906 Constitution. The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne.

The Grand Majlis enacted many reforms. They abolished class representation and created five new seats in the Majlis for minorities: two seats for Armenians, and one seat each for Jews, Zoroastrians, and Assyrians. The Majles also democratized the electoral system, diminished the electoral dominance of Tehran, and even lowered the voting age from twenty-five to twenty.

Not much is known about Ahmad's early life before his succession to the throne. Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali Reza Khan Azod al-Molk, governed as regent.

Ahmad Shah was formally crowned on 21 July 1914, upon reaching his majority. He attempted to fix the damage done by his father by appointing the best ministers he could find. He was, however, an ineffective ruler who was faced with internal unrest and foreign intrusions, particularly by the British Empire and Russian Empire. Russian and British troops fought against the Ottoman Empire forces in Persia during World War I. The Second Majlis convened in November 1910 and just like the First Majlis, did not lead to any relevant accomplishment. The Majlis was rendered ineffective because the central government was weak and did not have enough influence to rein in the changes that it had proposed. In 1917, Britain used Persia as the springboard for an attack into Russia in an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Russian Revolution of 1917. The newly born Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia as buffer states much like its Tsarist predecessor. Marching on Tehran, the Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Persian government – whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control. The weakness of the government in the face of such aggression by an atheist foreign power sparked seething anger among many traditional Persians – including the young Ruhollah Khomeini, who would later condemn both Communism and monarchy as treason against Persia's sovereignty and the laws of Islam. By 1920, the government had virtually lost all power outside the capital and Ahmad Shah had lost control of the situation. Ahmad Shah has also been described as "pleasure-loving, effete, and incompetent". The Anglo-Persian Agreement, along with new political parties, further immobilized the country. The Moderates and Democrats often clashed, particularly when it came to minority rights and secularism. The debates between the two political parties led to violence and even assassinations.

The weak economic state of Persia put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence; they had to obtain loans from the Imperial Bank of Persia. Furthermore, under the Anglo-Persian Agreement, Persia received only a small fraction of the income generated by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. On the other hand, the Red Army along with rebels and warlords ruled much of the countryside.

On 21 February 1921, Ahmad Shah was pushed aside in a military coup by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, who subsequently seized the post of Prime Minister. During the coup, Reza Khan used three thousand men and only eighteen machine guns, a very bloodless coup that moved forward quickly. One of Khan's first actions was to rescind the unpopular Anglo-Persian Agreement. In addition, he signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship. This agreement canceled all previous treaties between the two countries and also gave Persia full and equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea. Stripped of all his remaining powers, Ahmad Shah went into exile with his family in 1923. Ahmad Shah's apparent lack of interest in attending to the affairs of the state and poor health had prompted him to leave Persia on an extended trip to Europe. He was formally deposed on 31 October 1925, when Reza Khan was proclaimed Shah by the Majlis, as Reza Shah Pahlavi. This terminated the Qajar dynasty.

Exile and death
The coup of 1921 rendered Ahmad Shah politically weaker and less relevant. In 1923, Ahmad Shah left Persia for Europe for health reasons. Later, the formal termination of the Qajar dynasty by the Majles turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile.

Ahmad Shah died in 1930 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, outside Paris, France, and was buried in his family crypt in Karbala, Iraq. His brother, former crown prince Mohammad Hassan Mirza, assured the continuation of the dynasty through his descendants. French publications at the time reported that his estate was worth some seventy-five million francs.

Personal life
Ahmad Shah Qajar married five times. His first wife was Lydia Jahanbani. He had four children, each by a different wife.
 * Princess Maryamdokht (1915 – November 10, 2005), daughter of Delaram Khanum
 * Princess Irandokht (1916–1984), daughter of Princess Badr al-Molouk Vala
 * Princess Homayoundokht (1917–2011), daughter of Princess Khanum Khanumha Moezzi
 * Prince Fereydoun Mirza (1922 – September 24, 1975), son of Fatemeh Khanum

He had 12 grandchildren, who respectively carry the last names Albertini, Faroughy, Panahi and Qajar (also spelled Kadjar).

List of prime ministers

 * Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam (2nd Term) (29 April 1909 – 3 May 1909)
 * Najafqoli Khan Bakhtiari Saad od-Dowleh (1st Term) (3 May 1909 – 16 July 1909)
 * Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam (3rd Term) (16 July 1909 – 6 October 1909)
 * Hassan Vossug ed Dowleh (1st Term) (6 October 1909 – 15 July 1910)
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (1st Term) (15 July 1910 – 19 July 1911)
 * Hassan Vossug ed Dowleh (2nd Term) (19 July 1911 – 26 July 1911)
 * Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni Sepahdar A'zam (4th Term) (26 July 1911 – 23 December 1912)
 * Najafqoli Khan Bakhtiari Saad od-Dowleh (2nd Term) (23 December 1912 – 11 January 1913)
 * Mirza Mohammad-Ali Khan (11 January 1913 – 1 July 1914)
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (2nd Term) (1 July 1914 – 1 February 1915)
 * Prince Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma (1st Term) (1 February 1915 – 2 July 1915)
 * Prince Abdol-Majid Mirza Eyn od-Dowleh (1st Term) (2 July 1915 – 18 August 1915)
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (3rd Term) (18 August 1915 – 25 December 1915)
 * Prince Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma (2nd Term) (25 December 1915 – 1 March 1916)
 * Hassan Vossug ed Dowleh (3rd Term) (1 March 1916 – 7 July 1917)
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (4th Term) (7 July 1917 – 19 December 1917)
 * Prince Abdol-Majid Mirza Eyn od-Dowleh (2nd Term) (28 December 1917 – 20 May 1918)
 * Hassan Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Pirnia (1st Term) (20 May 1918 – 2 August 1918)
 * Samad Khan Momtaz os-Saltaneh (2 August 1918 – 20 August 1918)
 * Hassan Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Pirnia (2nd Term) (20 August 1918 – 16 October 1920)
 * Fathollah Khan Akbar Sepahdar Rashti (16 October 1920 – 21 February 1921)
 * Zia'eddin Tabatabaee (21 February 1921 – 4 June 1921)
 * Ahmad Qavam os-Saltaneh (1st Term) (4 June 1921 – 12 October 1921)
 * Prince Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa os-Saltaneh (12 October 1921 – 20 January 1922)
 * Hassan Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Pirnia (3rd Term) (20 January 1922 – 11 June 1922)
 * Ahmad Qavam (2nd Term) (11 June 1922 – 30 January 1923)
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Ashtiani Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (5th Term) (30 January 1923 – 15 June 1923)
 * Hassan Khan Moshir od-Dowleh Pirnia (4th Term) (15 June 1923 – 28 October 1923)
 * General Reza Khan Sardar-Sepah (28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925)

Persia

 * He was Grand Master of the following orders:
 * Order of Zulfiqar
 * Order of the August Portrait
 * Most Sacred Order of the Aqdas
 * Order of the Lion and the Sun

Foreign

 * Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (1914)
 * Kingdom of Egypt: Collar of the Order of Muhammad Ali (1919)
 * French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1914)
 * Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (14 February 1920)
 * Monaco: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (14 January 1915)
 * Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class (1914)
 * Russian Empire:
 * Knight of the Order of St. Andrew
 * Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
 * Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
 * Knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class
 * Knight of the Order of St. Anna, 1st Class
 * Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, with Collar (1914)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ahmad Shah Qajar


text:
User talk:Tyking

Golden Gaels
Hi Tyking, I agree with you about the pr department trying to make this change and I have reverted in the past but I wonder if there are not more reliable sources now going with the change. I haven't decided on that yet but I do know that you can't change the name of the article in the way you did. You must use the instructions at Help:Moving a page in order to preserve the article author history for but now that you've edited the Queen's Golden Gaels page it will not be possible to simply move it. It will require an administrator to do that and I'm not convinced that it is not controversial so you would likely need to make your case at WP:Requested moves. Cheers! Double Blue (talk) 02:57, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Brooks Bandits Logo 2013-.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Brooks Bandits Logo 2013-.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:27, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tyking


text:
Talk:Mämmi

Recipe queries
Syrup or sweeteners does not belong in the traditional recipe for making mämmi. The sweetening of the mämmi happens naturally as part of the process. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.48.161 (talk) 04:39, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I rewrote this page in March '08 and haven't visited it since, so if you give some references for this I'd be happy to insert. I don't imagine that there is such a thing as "the original recipe" except through inference as the dish's origins reach back into unrecorded time and habit and people will have had variations on the basic theme.  It would be like trying to define what the recipe originally was for bread. LookingGlass (talk) 15:48, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * So go ahead and edit the page and let us know that. I don't know enough of the process to do so, but perhaps you could! Cymydog Naakka 13:48, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope the edits were OK?
 * I've added some information that should help with this. (see below) LookingGlass (talk) 22:38, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

SAMPA
I would argue that the SAMPA for mämmi should not state that the double M is a result of syllable boundaries but a geminate, unless there's a counter arguement to that. Maybe that should be changed? --Alcarilinque 18:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * SAMPA = ?? LookingGlass (talk) 15:48, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Miscellaneous edits etc
Hi, I hope there's no offence to the original author but I've ended up doing a wholesale "clean up" and edit of the article! I'd only intended to "anglicise" the English. But I've ended up reorganising the article, adding recipes, references and providing more links. I've also deleted some references for instance to porridge that were incorrect. I would have liked to delete some more but I've added the "WEASEL" TAG regarding the sections that still seem unfounded e.g. around the reference to Samanu as I can find no justification for it either on this page or on the Samanu page. The two dishes are made out of different ingredients, one from wheatgerm (not flour) and the other from rye flour and no information on preparation is given so there is no justification for drawing the conclusion that they even share similarities in this. I suggest that if no data can be provided to back up the supposed similarity then the notes in both places suggesting there is one should be deleted. Anyway, I hope you approve. . . LookingGlass (talk) 22:38, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Weasel Words
I think I've mellowed. Would anyone object to taking out the weasel tags, maybe with a bit of toning down? LookingGlass (talk) 15:48, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the weasel tags are a bit extreme. Even though it's true that some of the statements are going to be impossible to source, I think most of what is being said is commonly held to be true, and adds a very important aspect to what mämmi is, and how it is viewed both in Finland and abroad. For example the part about Finns enthusiastically offering it to foreigners; I can think of at least 3 TV shows I've seen where fun is poked at innocent foreign visitors who cringe at mämmi being offered to them. I even recall something on MTV where the pop singer Anastasia declined a taste saying "I don't eat chocolate." Mämmi and unsuspecting foreigners just go together like bees and honey. ;) I'm rewording a couple of the statements and removing at least one weasel tag. Arcades (talk) 21:45, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Readily available all year round?
Really? It's found in abundance in supermarkets for a few weeks around Easter, but I have never seen or heard of anyone who eats the stuff in any other time of the year nor seen it sold in, say, June or January. It is very much still an Easter specialty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.145.79.221 (talk) 07:25, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Not as fresh, but I think it can be found frozen in larger stores... --82.130.29.94 (talk) 20:32, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

It isn't WikiKnight21 (talk) 21:15, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

Mämmi is sold around Easter, it's like Runeberg's tarts and Laskiaispulla, a seasonal delicacy. I've never seen mämmi sold outside of season in Finland by any major seller. You might get it from a baker by ordering, but not from your local store or supermarket. It's not exactly sweet or sour, or sweet-sour, it just tastes like what it looks like. Rye isn't very sweet in the first place, and fermenting it doesn't really make it any sweeter. 91.152.225.87 (talk) 22:51, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

I have bought frozen mämmi already in January. 94.101.4.115 (talk) 05:19, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Finnish wikipedia says "Tavanomainen myyntiaika on tammikuun alusta pääsiäiseen saakka." meaning "Common selling time is from start of January to the Easter." 82.141.73.182 (talk) 16:35, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Long sounds are marked with a colon in IPA, not by duplicating the letter
"[ˈmæmmi]" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Usr232 (talk • contribs) 16:06, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Easter
I would change the first sentence, since Good Friday is quite the opposite of Easter, and the cooking of Mämmi (as a fasting dish) is directly linked to that fact. Or is it nowadays typically eaten at Easter day itself?--128.176.125.4 (talk) 19:31, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's eaten in the whole general time period around Easter. This is just nitpicking. I'm removing that clarification needed tag. oatco (talk) 01:17, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Mämmi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002324/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/M%C3%A4mmi+Maestro+Ahmed+Ladarsi+is+an+expert+on+a+Finnish+delicacy/1101978893004 to http://www.hs.fi/english/article/M%C3%A4mmi+Maestro+Ahmed+Ladarsi+is+an+expert+on+a+Finnish+delicacy/1101978893004
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002324/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/M%C3%A4mmi+Maestro+Ahmed+Ladarsi+is+an+expert+on+a+Finnish+delicacy/1101978893004 to http://www.hs.fi/english/article/M%C3%A4mmi+Maestro+Ahmed+Ladarsi+is+an+expert+on+a+Finnish+delicacy/1101978893004
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090311060245/http://www.finlandlive.info/finns-finnish-culture/354-easter-finland.html to http://www.finlandlive.info/finns-finnish-culture/354-easter-finland.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:12, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mämmi


text:
User talk:ToddLo114

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:ToddLo114


text:
Talk:Anne (Radcliffe) Mowlson

Untitled
source:

 * http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/LONDON-COMPANYS/2001-03/0983793556

Doops 04:41, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne (Radcliffe) Mowlson


text:
Draw play

A draw play, or simply draw for short, is a type of American football play. The draw is a running play disguised as a passing play. It is the opposite of a play-action pass, which is a passing play disguised as a running play. The play is often used in long yardage situations.

The idea behind a draw play is to attack aggressive, pass-rushing defenses by "drawing" the defensive linemen across the line of scrimmage towards the passer while the linebackers and defensive backs commit to positioning themselves downfield in anticipation of a pass. This creates larger gaps between defenders and thereby allows the offense to effectively run the ball. Draw plays are often run out of the shotgun formation, but can also be run when the quarterback is under center. These types of draw plays are sometimes referred to as "delayed handoffs".

The running back will most often run straight downfield through the hole in the "A-gap" (the space between the center and the offensive guard), although there are more complicated variations. The most common variation of this play is the "quarterback draw," where the quarterback himself runs the ball, instead of handing it off, meaning the running back is free to help block.

History
The history of who came up with the draw play is disputed. One idea is that it arose from necessity in the late 1940s when Packers linebacker Buckets Goldenberg noticed a different stance on plays dropping back from center to pass in the Bears T formation with quarterback Sid Luckman and thus adjusted to go with persistent blitz or not. Bears center Bulldog Turner supposedly suggested to do a fake dropback that would go for a run. The draw was also allegedly invented by the Cleveland Browns during their years in the All-America Football Conference. A botched play, originally designed to be a pass play, caused quarterback Otto Graham to improvise a hand-off to fullback Marion Motley. A surprised Motley, who had been expecting to block on the play, instead ran for a big gain. Coach Paul Brown noted the success of the improvised play and began to work it in as a regular play, quickly creating four different versions of it. By 1950, the term began appearing in print among various places such as Rice vs North Carolina in the 1950 Cotton Bowl Classic.

Maneuvers

 * Offensive movement during a draw play
 * The quarterback drops back to pass, just long enough to get the pass rush to come upfield.
 * The offensive linemen momentarily show pass block, but also try to push the defenders to the outside, creating a crease in the middle.
 * The running back momentarily fakes as if he is staying in to help pass protect, then takes the hand-off from the quarterback and heads downfield through the crease created by the linemen.
 * The receivers run clear-out routes downfield in order to take the defensive backs out of the play.

title: Draw play


text:
Richard Walther Darré

Richard Walther Darré (born Ricardo Walther Óscar Darré; 14 July 1895 – 5 September 1953) was one of the leading Nazi "blood and soil" (Blut und Boden) ideologists and served as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. As the National leader (Reichsleiter) for agricultural policy, he was a high-ranking functionary in the Nazi Party and as a Senior group leader (Obergruppenführer) in the SS, he was the seventh most senior commander in that organisation. He was tried and found guilty on three counts at the Ministries Trial.

Early life
Darré was born in Belgrano, a Buenos Aires neighbourhood in Argentina, to Richard Oscar Darré, a German with Huguenot ancestry (born 10 March 1854, Berlin; died 20 February 1929, Wiesbaden) and Emilia Berta Eleonore, née Lagergren (born 23 July 1872 in Buenos Aires to a Swedish-born father and German-born mother; died 20 July 1936 in Bad Pyrmont). His father moved to Argentina in 1888 as a partner of the German international import/export wholesaler Engelbert Hardt & Co. His parents' marriage was not a happy one; Richard Walther remembered his father as "a hard drinker and a womaniser". They lived prosperously and educated their children privately, until they were forced to return to Germany as a result of worsening international relations in the years preceding World War I. Darré gained fluency in four languages: Spanish, German, English, and French.

Darré's parents sent him to Germany at age nine to attend school in Heidelberg. In 1911, he attended King's College School in Wimbledon as an exchange student. The rest of the family returned to Germany in 1912. Richard (as he was known in the family) then spent two years at the Oberrealschule in Gummersbach, followed in early 1914 by the Kolonialschule for resettlement in the German colonies at Witzenhausen, south of Göttingen, which awakened his interest in farming.

After a single term at Witzenhausen, he volunteered for army service. He was slightly wounded a number of times while serving during World War I.

When the war ended, he contemplated returning to Argentina for a life of farming, but the family's weakening financial position during the years of inflation made that impossible. Instead, he returned to Witzenhausen to continue his studies. He then obtained unpaid work as a farm assistant in Pomerania. His observation of the treatment of returning German soldiers there influenced his later writings.

In 1922, he moved to the University of Halle to continue his studies. He undertook an agricultural degree, specialising in animal husbandry. He did not complete his PhD studies until 1929, at the age of 34. During those years, he spent some time working in East Prussia and Finland.

He married twice. In 1922, he married Alma Staadt, a schoolfriend of his sister Ilse. The marriage produced one daughter, Anneliese, born 1923. He and Alma divorced in 1927 and, in 1931, he married Charlotte Freiin von Vittinghoff-Schell, who survived him. The second marriage also produced one daughter, Elin, born 1938.

Political career

As a young man in Germany, Darré initially joined the Artaman League, a Völkisch youth-group committed to the back-to-the-land movement. In that context, he began to develop the idea of the link between the future of the Nordic race and the soil, the tendency which became known as "Blut und Boden" or Blood and Soil, where "blood" represents race and ancestry, while "soil" expresses the concepts of territory, land. The essence of the theory involved the mutual and long-term relationship between a people and the land that they occupy and cultivate.

Darré's first political article (1926) discussed Internal Colonisation and argued against Germany attempting to regain its lost colonies in Africa. Most of his writing at that time, however, concentrated on technical aspects of animal breeding. He wrote his first book, Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der nordischen Rasse ('Peasantry as the life-source of the Nordic Race'), in 1928. It asserted that German farms had previously been bestowed on one son, the strongest, ensuring the best were farmers, but partible inheritance had destroyed that. Darré demanded the restoration of the ancient tradition, as well as serious efforts to restore the purity of Nordic blood through eugenics.

In her biography of Darré, Anna Bramwell interprets his writing as an early example of "Green" or Conservationist thinking. He advocated more natural methods of land management, placing emphasis on the conservation of forests, and demanded more open space and air in the raising of farm animals. Other scholars, however, have challenged that view. One sees Bramwell's books as "devoid of credible evidence" and containing "gross errors". Another acknowledges Bramwell's biography as "undoubtedly the best single source on Darré in either German or English", while at the same time saying that she "consistently downplays the virulently fascist elements in his thinking, portraying him instead as a misguided agrarian radical."

Those who heard and heeded Darré's arguments included Heinrich Himmler, himself one of the Artaman.

Darré's work also glorified "peasant virtues" – as found in the remnants of the Nordics who lived in the country – and disparaged city living.

In his two major works, he defined the German peasantry as a homogeneous racial group of Nordic antecedents, who formed the cultural and racial core of the German nation, and promoted the idea that since the Nordic birth-rate was lower than that of other races, the Nordic race was under a long-term threat of extinction.

Nazi Party member
In July 1930, after Paul Schultze-Naumburg had introduced him to Adolf Hitler, Darré joined the Nazi Party (# 248,256) and the SS (# 6,882). On 1 January 1932, the chief of the SS (Reichsführer-SS) Himmler appointed him chief of the newly established SS Race and Settlement Main Office, a racist and antisemitic organization concerned with the implementation of racial policies and the control of the racial integrity of SS members. In 1932 Darré was given the rank of SS-Group leader (SS-Gruppenführer) and in November 1934 he was promoted to SS-Senior group leader (SS-Obergruppenführer). During the 1932 presidential election, Darré engaged in a campaign of anti-Semitic harassment against Theodor Duesterberg, the candidate of the conservative German National People's Party, who, it emerged during the campaign, was the grandson of a Jewish convert to Lutheranism. Duesterberg was so wounded by Darré's attacks that he challenged him to a duel, a challenge that Darré declined under the grounds that it was beneath him to fight a man with "Jewish blood". Duesterberg then took up his dispute with Darré before the court of honor of the Former Officers of the 1st Hanoverian Field Artillery Regiment of Scharnhorst, number 10 to which Darré belonged. The court ruled in Darré's favor.

Darré was first elected to the Reichstag in July 1932, and would continue to serve as a deputy until the fall of the regime. Darré was not part of the first coalition government headed by Hitler. However, on 29 June 1933, shortly after the approval by the Reichstag of the Enabling Act of 23 March, he became Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture, succeeding DNVP leader Alfred Hugenberg, who had resigned. He concurrently was made Prussian Minister of Agriculture, and subsequently was named to the Prussian State Council by Prussian Minister President Hermann Göring. He was also named Reich Farmers Leader (Reichsbauernführer) in May 1933. On 2 June 1933 Hitler appointed Darré a National Leader (Reichsleiter) of the Party. He was also a founding member of the Hans Frank's Academy for German Law in October 1933.

Darré went on to set up an agrarian political apparatus to recruit farmers into the party operating along three main directives: to exploit unrest in the countryside as a weapon against urban governments; to win over the farmers as staunch Nazi supporters; to gain a constituency of people to be used as settlers displacing the Slavs in future land grabs in the East. The German historian Klaus Hildebrand described Darré together with Himmler and Alfred Rosenberg as one of the leaders of the "agrarian" fraction within the NSDAP who championed anti-industrial and anti-urban "blood and soil" ideology, expansion into Eastern Europe to gain Lebensraum, an alliance with Great Britain to defeat the Soviet Union, and staunch opposition to restoring the pre-1914 German colonial empire. The "agrarian" fraction took the view that Wilhelmine imperialism had taken Germany in the wrong direction by colonizing lands that were unsuitable for mass colonization by German settlers and had unwisely antagonized Britain. The lesson that the Nazi "agrarians" drew from the German Empire was that Germany must focus its ambitions to the continent of Europe in order to win an alliance with Britain and land suitable for German colonization.

Darré was instrumental in founding the Nazi Reich Food Society (Reichsnährstand) as part of the Nazification process of the German society (Gleichschaltung ). Darré campaigned for big landowners to part with some of their land to create new farms, and promoted the controversial Hereditary Farm Law (Reichserbhofgesetz), which forcibly converted most of the country's small farms (from 7.5 to 125 hectares - 19 to 309 acres), into hereditary estates that were to be passed from father to son under the ancient laws of entailment. While the law protected small farmers from foreclosure and the ordeal of repossession, it also tied them and their descendants to their hereditary farm forever, not allowing it to be alienated nor mortgaged.

At the Nazi 'agricultural school' in Burg Neuhaus, the "Reich School of the Reichsnährstand for Physical Exercises" Darré promoted Nordic racial purity through eugenics and the "New nobility of blood and soil". Darré appointed the photographers Anna Koppitz and German sports photographer Hanns Spudich to produce pictures of the hand-picked young peasant farmers exercising for Rudolf Bode's Neuhaus gymnastik. The pictures appeared in the June 1939 ''Die 5. Reichsnährstands-Ausstellung ("5th Reich nutrition exhibition") in Leipzig and in Odal'', the organ of Nazi propaganda.

Darré developed a plan for "Rasse und Raum" ("race and space", or territory) along the ideological lines of "Drive to the east" ("Drang nach Osten"), "Living space" ("Lebensraum") and "Hitler's dream of conquest" earlier expounded in Mein Kampf.

Darré strongly influenced Himmler in his goal to create a German racial aristocracy based on selective breeding. The extreme Nazi policies of eugenics would lead to the annihilation of millions of non-Germans. In the course of the preparations for the "Master Plan for the East" (Generalplan Ost), Himmler would later break with Darré, whom he saw as too theoretical. Although Darré was considered one of the few Nazi ministers who knew his field well, he was generally on bad terms with Economy Minister Hjalmar Schacht, particularly as Germany suffered poor harvests in the mid-1930s.

Discrediting and displacement
Darré's influence began to wane as Hitler and Himmler both came to feel that he was too much of a theoretician and an incompetent administrator. By September 1938, Himmler demanded that Darré step down as leader of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office in favour of Günther Pancke. Darré was later placed on an extended leave of absence as Reich Minister on 23 May 1942, ostensibly on health grounds, and his duties were assumed by his State Secretary, Herbert Backe. Darré nominally remained Reich Minister until Backe formally took over as Reich Minister on 6 April 1944. However, Darré was effectively sidelined from May 1942 and retired to his hunting lodge in the Schorfheide forest outside Berlin until the end of the Nazi regime.

The transcript of a 1940 speech, supposedly given by Darré, was published in Life magazine, 9 December 1940, reads: "By blitzkrieg . . . before autumn . . . we shall be the absolute masters of two continents . . . a new aristocracy of German masters will be created . . . . [with] slaves assigned to it, these slaves to be their property and to consist of landless, non-German nationals . . . we actually have in mind a modern form of medieval slavery which we must and will introduce because we urgently need it in order to fulfil our great tasks. These slaves will by no means be denied the blessings of illiteracy; higher education will, in future, be reserved only for the German population of Europe . . .."

After the war
In April 1945, the American authorities arrested Darré, interned him at Flak-Kaserne Ludwigsburg and tried him at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, as one of 21 defendants in the Ministries Trial, also known as the Wilhelmstrasse Trial (1947–1949).

He was charged under the following counts:

 * Count I: participation in the planning, preparation, initiation, and waging of wars of aggression and invasion of other countries. Found not guilty.
 * Count II: conspiracy to commit crimes against peace and crimes against humanity: The count was dismissed, the tribunal finding that no evidence was offered.
 * Count IV: crimes against humanity, relating to offenses committed against German nationals from 1933 to 1939. The count was dismissed upon the arguments of defense counsel.
 * Count V: atrocities and offenses committed against civilian populations between 1938 and 1945. Found guilty.
 * Count VI: plunder and spoliation. Found guilty.
 * Count VII: slave labor. Found not guilty.
 * Count VIII: membership of criminal organizations. Found guilty.

Darré was sentenced to seven years at Landsberg Prison. He was released in 1950 and spent his final years in Bad Harzburg. He died in a Munich hospital, on 5 September 1953, of liver cancer. He is buried in Goslar.

Works
Darré's works were primarily concerned with ancient and present Nordic peasantry, and the ideology of blood and soil. Within this context, he made an explicit attack against Christianity. In his two main writings, Darré accused Christianity, with its "teaching of the equality of men before God," of having "deprived the Teutonic nobility of its moral foundations", the "innate sense of superiority over the nomadic tribes".
 * Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der nordischen Rasse, [Peasantry as Life-source of the Nordic Race] (1928)
 * Neuadel aus Blut und Boden, [New Nobility from Blood and Soil] (1930),

title: Richard Walther Darré


text:
Laki

Laki or Lakagígar (, Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur. The fissure is properly referred to as Lakagígar, while Laki is a mountain that the fissure bisects. Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Þórðarhyrna. It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull, in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction.

The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn. It poured out an estimated 42 billion tonnes or 14 km3 of basalt lava as well as clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil, leading to the death of over 50% of Iceland's livestock population, and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops. This led to a famine which then killed at least a fifth of the island's human population, although some have claimed a quarter.

The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures, as 120 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere. This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India.

1783 eruption
On 8 June 1783, a 25 km fissure of at least 130 vents opened with phreatomagmatic explosions because of the groundwater interacting with the rising basalt magma. Over a few days the eruptions became less explosive, Strombolian, and later Hawaiian in character, with high rates of lava effusion. This event is rated as 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, but the eight-month emission of sulfuric aerosols resulted in one of the most important climatic and socially significant natural events of the last millennium.

The eruption, also known as the Skaftáreldar ("Skaftá fires") or Síðueldur  produced an estimated 14 km3 of basalt lava, and the total volume of tephra emitted was 0.91 km3. Lava fountains were estimated to have reached heights of 800 to 1400 m. The gases were carried by the convective eruption column to altitudes of about 15 km.

The eruption continued until 7 February 1784, but most of the lava was ejected in the first five months. One study states that the event "occurred as ten pulses of activity, each starting with a short-lived explosive phase followed by a long-lived period of fire-fountaining". Grímsvötn volcano, from which the Laki fissure extends, also erupted at the time, from 1783 until 1785. The outpouring of gases, including an estimated 8 million tonnes of fluorine and an estimated 120 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, gave rise to what has since become known as the "Laki haze" across Europe.

Consequences in Iceland
The consequences for Iceland, known as the Móðuharðindin (mist hardships), were disastrous. An estimated 20–25% of the population died in the famine after the fissure eruptions ensued. (Some sources specify a death toll of between 9,000 to 9,500 people.) Approximately 80% of sheep (190,500 head), 50% of cattle (11,500 head) and 50% of horses (28,000 head) died because of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis from the 8 million tons of fluorine that were released. The livestock deaths were primarily caused by eating the contaminated grass, while humans deaths were mostly from the subsequent famine.

The parish minister and provost of Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla, Jón Steingrímsson (1728–1791), grew famous for the eldmessa ("fire mass") that he delivered on 20 July 1783. The church farm of Kirkjubæjarklaustur was endangered by a branch of the lava flow that halted not far from the farm while the Rev. Jón and his parishioners were worshipping in the church. The spot at which the lava diverted away from the church became known thereafter as Eldmessutangi ("Fire Mass Point").

"This past week, and the two prior to it, more poison fell from the sky than words can describe: ash, volcanic hairs, rain full of sulfur and saltpeter, all of it mixed with sand. The snouts, nostrils, and feet of livestock grazing or walking on the grass turned bright yellow and raw. All water went tepid and light blue in color and gravel slides turned grey. All the earth's plants burned, withered and turned grey, one after another, as the fire increased and neared the settlements."

Consequences in monsoon regions
There is evidence that the Laki eruption weakened African and Indian monsoon circulations, leading to between 1 and 3 mm less daily precipitation than normal over the Sahel of Africa, resulting in, among other effects, low flow in the River Nile. The resulting famine that afflicted Egypt in 1784 cost it roughly one-sixth of its population. The eruption was also found to have affected South Arabia and the already ongoing Chalisa famine in India.

Consequences in East Asia
The Great Tenmei famine of 1782–1788 in Japan may have been worsened by the Laki eruption. In the same year, Mount Asama erupted in Japan (Tenmei eruption). The eruption may have affected a drought in eastern China.

Consequences in Europe
An estimated 120,000,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide was emitted, about three times the total annual European industrial output in 2006 (but delivered to higher altitudes, hence its persistence), and equivalent to six times the total 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. This outpouring of sulfur dioxide during unusual weather conditions caused a thick haze to spread across western Europe, resulting in many thousands of deaths throughout the remainder of 1783 and the winter of 1784.

The summer of 1783 was the hottest on record and a rare high-pressure zone over Iceland caused the winds to blow to the south-east. The poisonous cloud drifted to Bergen in Denmark–Norway, then spread to Prague in the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic) by 17 June, Berlin by 18 June, Paris by 20 June, Le Havre by 22 June, and Great Britain by 23 June. The fog was so thick that ships stayed in port, unable to navigate, and the sun was described as "blood coloured".

Inhaling sulfur dioxide gas causes victims to choke as their internal soft tissues swell – the gas reacts with the moisture in the lungs and produces sulfurous acid. The local death rate in Chartres was up by 5% during August and September, with more than 40 dead. In Great Britain, the east of England was most affected. The records show that the additional deaths were among outdoor workers; the death rate in Bedfordshire, Lincolnshire, and the east coast was perhaps two or three times the normal rate. It has been estimated that 23,000 British people died from the poisoning.

The weather became very hot, causing severe thunderstorms with large hailstones that were reported to have killed cattle, until the haze dissipated in the autumn. The winter of 1783–1784 was very severe; the naturalist Gilbert White in Selborne, Hampshire, reported 28 days of continuous frost. The extreme winter is estimated to have caused 8,000 additional deaths in the UK. During the spring thaw, Germany and Central Europe reported severe flood damage. This is considered part of a volcanic winter.

The meteorological impact of Laki continued, contributing significantly to several years of extreme weather in Europe. In France, the sequence of extreme weather events included a failed harvest in 1785 that caused poverty for rural workers, as well as droughts, bad winters and summers. These events contributed significantly to an increase in poverty and famine that may have contributed to the French Revolution in 1789. Laki was only one factor in a decade of climatic disruption, as Grímsvötn was erupting from 1783 to 1785, and there may have been an unusually strong El Niño effect from 1789 to 1793.

Consequences in North America
In North America, the winter of 1784 was the longest and one of the coldest on record. It was the longest period of below-zero temperatures in New England, with the largest accumulation of snow in New Jersey, and the longest freezing over of Chesapeake Bay. At the time, the capital of the United States was situated on the Chesapeake at Annapolis, Maryland; the weather delayed Congressmen who were traveling there to vote for the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the American Revolutionary War. A huge snowstorm hit the South; the Mississippi River froze at New Orleans and there were reports of ice floes in the Gulf of Mexico.

Contemporaneous reports

Gilbert White recorded his perceptions of the event at Selborne, Hampshire, England:

"The summer of the year 1783 was an amazing and portentous one, and full of horrible phaenomena; for besides the alarming meteors and tremendous thunder-storms that affrighted and distressed the different counties of this kingdom, the peculiar haze, or smokey fog, that prevailed for many weeks in this island, and in every part of Europe, and even beyond its limits, was a most extraordinary appearance, unlike anything known within the memory of man. By my journal I find that I had noticed this strange occurrence from June 23 to July 20 inclusive, during which period the wind varied to every quarter without making any alteration in the air. The sun, at noon, looked as blank as a clouded moon, and shed a rust-coloured ferruginous light on the ground, and floors of rooms; but was particularly lurid and blood-coloured at rising and setting. All the time the heat was so intense that butchers' meat could hardly be eaten on the day after it was killed; and the flies swarmed so in the lanes and hedges that they rendered the horses half frantic, and riding irksome. The country people began to look, with a superstitious awe, at the red, louring aspect of the sun; ..."

Benjamin Franklin recorded his observations in America in a 1784 lecture:

"During several of the summer months of the year 1783, when the effect of the sun's rays to heat the earth in these northern regions should have been greater, there existed a constant fog over all Europe, and a great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect towards dissipating it, as they easily do a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the Earth was exceedingly diminished. Hence the surface was early frozen. Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and received continual additions. Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more severely cold. Hence perhaps the winter of 1783–84 was more severe than any that had happened for many years.

The cause of this universal fog is not yet ascertained ... or whether it was the vast quantity of smoke, long continuing, to issue during the summer from Hekla in Iceland, and that other volcano which arose out of the sea near that island, which smoke might be spread by various winds, over the northern part of the world, is yet uncertain."

According to contemporary records, Hekla did not erupt in 1783; its previous eruption was in 1766. The Laki fissure eruption was 45 mi east and the Grímsvötn volcano was erupting about 75 mi northeast. Katla, only 31 mi southeast, was still renowned after its spectacular eruption 28 years earlier in 1755.

Sir John Cullum of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England, recorded his observations on 23 June 1783 (the same date on which Gilbert White noted the onset of the unusual atmospheric phenomena), in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the Royal Society:

"... about six o'clock, that morning, I observed the air very much condensed in my chamber-window; and, upon getting up, was informed by a tenant that finding himself cold in bed, about three o'clock in the morning, he looked out at his window, and to his great surprise saw the ground covered with a white frost: and I was assured that two men at Barton, about 3 mi off, saw in some shallow tubs, ice of the thickness of a crown-piece."

Sir John goes on to describe the effect of this "frost" on trees and crops:

"The aristae of the barley, which was coming into ear, became brown and withered at their extremities, as did the leaves of the oats; the rye had the appearance of being mildewed; so that the farmers were alarmed for those crops. The wheat was not much affected. The larch, Weymouth pine, and hardy Scotch fir, had the tips of their leaves withered."

title: Laki


text:
Talk:Polaroid Corporation

article
(This refers to my accidentally anonymous edit as 128.12.90.73) I didn't really expand this article - and it could really use some expanding on the history of the company - but I did make the introduction more comprehensive and fixed some sloppy spelling and grammar. A great starting place for a brief history of the company is on the company's own page. As always, it would be a good idea to consult other sources to confirm and expand on what the company chooses to publish in its history.

--Jeff 04:48, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Petters
We can learn a lot from what Petters puts on its website. Notably, on its Sunbeam page: "Petters Consumer Brands can help you tap into the rich and historic brand equity to help you reach more buyers more often with a brand name they trust." It think this means something like: "We're hanging on to this name for now, but if you'd like to exploit it, we'll be delighted to sell it to you for a hefty profit." -- Hoary 02:21, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)

What do Polaroid actually *do* nowadays?
Question; now that the "new" Polaroid Corporation have sold their manufacturing facilities, what do they actually do beyond licensing the Polaroid name to any random company that wants to use it?

The sale of manufacturing facilities in itself isn't why I ask this. Nowadays, countless big names subcontract a lot- if not all- of their manufacturing. I'm not even thinking of shared design, which is common with more generic items, and- the most extreme case- badge engineering. The latter is still being done on behalf of the parent company (though it's only "their" product in the sense that they slap their name on it and sell it).

However (given that cameras were the old Polaroid's core business), their granting of an exclusive three-year license to another company for the manufacture of Polaroid-branded cameras (*) suggests that the new Polaroid's core business is licensing the Polaroid name, and little else.

(*) I assume here that Polaroid themselves have no real involvement in the design, production or sale of the Polaroid-branded cameras produced by the third-party licensee. Ditto the LCD televisions, DVD players, etc.

Fourohfour 12:57, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Additional: Just re-read the article, it states the license is for "digital cameras"; someone else added something, although there is no reference given. Fourohfour 19:36, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Now, nine years after Fourohfour asked the question, I regularly see Polaroid smartphones sold at Blokker. When googling for them, I only stumble upon pages in Dutch (even when asking Google to show pages in English only), so perhaps they're only sold here in NL. Unfortunately, I don't know a particular lot about them other than that they run Android 4.4... PPP (talk) 12:13, 26 August 2015 (UTC)
 * It's possible that the company selling Polaroid smartphones has nothing to do with the Polaroid Corporation this article is about. — Lentower (talk) 01:57, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Possible, but I doubt it. The phones carry the same logo and feature an app which one can use to take "Polaroid" pictures (i.e. the photos slide onto the screen, and one needs to shake the phone for the photo to become visible). Also, the phones are featured on the polaroid.com website. I took the liberty of purchasing a polaroid phone yesterday (I needed a new phone anyway, it's not like I bought it just to be able to write something about it, don't worry ;)) and I must say it's a very decent phone, especially for the only €90 euro it's cost me. PPP (talk) 20:29, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Even after the second sale of the name (the "new" Polaroid formed after the bankruptcy itself went bankrupt in 2008), it appears that while Polaroid Mk 3 designs and sells some cameras and accessories in its own right, the brand is still massively licensed to third party distributors.
 * Many of these licensing agreements appear to be specific to particular regions (see this for an example). In the UK, the ASDA supermarket chain has an exclusive agreement to sell "Polaroid" branded TVs and audiovisual equipment, though as far as I can tell this simply means they can slap the name on generic electronic goods, much like Tesco do with their "Technika" own brand.
 * Blokker may have a similar regional agreement (since they apparently don't own any stores in the UK, it wouldn't overlap with the ASDA deal). I'm just guessing here.
 * At any rate- aside from the products designed and distributed by Polaroid themselves- the name appears to indicate little other than the fact that some distributor bought a license to use the Polaroid name on some arbitrarily-sourced products. It's clear that many people are still unaware of this and that the name still has some value in the consumer market, however. Ubcule (talk) 10:48, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

George Wheelwright
No mention of George Wheelwright? (Mind meal (talk) 02:16, 17 March 2008 (UTC)) 'Bold text' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.23.166.12 (talk) 23:10, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Page needs Work, Out Of Date
Polaroid has new owners, having been liquidated, the new owners are now licensing out the brand, and one of its factories was apparently sold to the small group that wants to re-start Polaroid film production. This group is apparently legit and includes a bunch of former Polaroid engineers, and a couple enthusiasts; see.

The holding company that now owns Polaroid and licensed out PoGo has decided to re-start the manufacture (or license out, it's not clear from the sources I read) of Polaroid film cameras. However, this could simply mean that they've decided to test-run reproduction of their existing top of the line model as a "legacy" model, like Canon and Nikon seem to be doing; someone who knows more about film ought to do some research on this.

They have also licensed out the right to produce and refine the Polaroid film-making process to the aforementioned people who basically bought the factory for $2M before the $130M of equipment inside was going to be liquidated. In other words, the small group of enthusiasts has been given the right to patent their own process for making Polaroid compatible film.

Cites are all on-line but mostly contained in tv news reports and the website for the aforementioned small company... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.15.63.67 (talk) 11:05, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: some pages moved. I moved Polaroid to Polaroid (polarizer) and Polaroid (disambiguation) to Polaroid. While there wasn't any consensus here as to what the primary use of "Polaroid" is, there seems to be agreement that it's not the plastic sheet with the optical properties. Thus, the dab page at the main title is an improvement, even if not the ultimate solution. - GTBacchus(talk) 00:02, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Polaroid Corporation → Polaroid — When people type in "Polaroid" on Wikipedia, they're probably more likely searching for information on the company, Polaroid Corporation (the company that makes instant and digital cameras, HDTVs, etc.), than searching for information on the "synthetic plastic sheet used to polarize light". I'd suspect there may very well be some users that don't even know about the polarizer, and are just looking for info on the company. Polaroid is a brand and company name, and that's likely what most people will be looking for. So what I'm proposing here is, since the polarizer seems to be a more minor subject than the company, let's move the Polaroid Corporation article to Polaroid, and move the info on the polarizer in that article to Polaroid (polarizer), or some other suitable title. | Relisting billinghurst  sDrewth  16:00, 21 July 2010 (UTC) | [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 01:09, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Polaroid → Polaroid (polarizer)

 * This rename doesn't really make sense to me. Why would people more likely be looking for information about the company? When I think Polaroid, I think of the instant cameras. Is there some way to determine the numbers on which is the primary topic? --WikiDonn (talk) 02:22, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Polaroid is the brand of instant cameras. The article about the brand would be the article about the company that owns the brand. This would be what the average reader would likely be looking for, not the polarizer which basically has nothing to do with instant cameras. [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 02:36, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * O.K., well if you ask me, Polaroid should redirect to Instant camera. You still never answered whether there was a way to detect the amount of traffic each page gets, because that would be really helpful. --WikiDonn (talk) 16:26, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is a way to view monthly page traffic: click the History tab, then click Page View Statistics. The Polaroid article on the polarizer currently for this month has recieved around double the traffic of the Polaroid Corporation article, however, as I said above, I believe that many readers were probably looking for info on Polaroid as a brand and company, not a polarizer, and that some people may not know anything about a Polaroid "polarizer". The primary topic should get the better page name, see WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 03:14, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Or Polaroid (disambiguation) to Polaroid? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:51, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Relisting for consensus. Has anyone reviewed Special:WhatLinksHere/Polaroid to see the spread of general linking is there, and whether it is a confused linking to the article?  If there is a broad mix of links for the articles, that may indicate that it may be worthwhile to have the disambiguation page at the base, especially as it then makes it easy to correct the links. billinghurst  sDrewth  16:00, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * While Special:WhatLinksHere/Polaroid shows more links than Special:WhatLinksHere/Polaroid Corporation, I see that some of the links that Polaroid is getting are really meant for Polaroid Corporation. I say that moving Polaroid (disambiguation) to Polaroid would be the least we could do (and I agree that it would help with the mixed up links). A product made by a company having the primary article name instead of the company itself? That's whats wrong here. Moving the disambiguation page is not a bad idea actually. [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 23:18, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Instant camera gets more page views than Polaroid though. I would think that instant camera is the primary topic here. Doesn't that make sense? --WikiDonn (talk) 18:16, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Polaroid was not the only manufacturer of instant cameras and film. And besides, they made and still make more than just film cameras. Sunglasses, HDTVs, digital cameras and accessories, etc. Polaroid is a company, which is notable enough to have its own article. And again, as I said above: A product made by a company having the primary article name instead of the company itself? That's whats wrong here. [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 00:43, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Support move I'm not totally sure what's going on above; it would be easier if people bothered to indent their discussions. But I am wholeheartedly convinced that when people look up "Polaroid" on Wikipedia, they're more likely to be looking for information on the camera or the camera company, than a kind of "synthetic plastic sheet." The camera is simply a much more common usage, at least in the U.S.; maybe in Russia or Argentina they talk about synthetic plastic sheets all the time, I don't know. But the idea that "there may very well be some users that don't even know about the polarizer" seems to be a breathtaking understatement; I'd be amazed if 10% of Americans had any idea what "Polaroid" meant besides a camera. Propaniac (talk) 17:08, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That's pretty much what I was trying to say. Oh, about the indenting, this discussion was indented properly originally, but then Anthony Appleyard came along and changed it all into a bulleted list. (don't ask me why he did it, but I agree it's harder to understand. :-) [|Retro00064|☎talk|✍contribs|] 23:16, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose move as proposed above, but I do believe a move is the correct thing to do. When I think of Polaroid I think of an instant camera or of the photograph that comes out of the instant camera.  I think the best location for Polaroid is to have it as the DAB page and leave this article where it is.   GB fan  talk 06:47, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Tablet
What about an electronic tablet? According to Time (jan. 24, 2011, p. 40), "Even Polaroid was showing" a tablet at the International Consumer Electronics Show.

Involvement with other companies
There is no info about Polaroid's involvement with other companies. For example, PNY has a multi-year licensing agreement to market Polaroid branded memory cards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.185.82.190 (talk) 05:05, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

This article may be slanted towards recent events
No kidding! There is almost nothing here about the real Polaroid Corporation, and way too much on what happened after the company effectively went out of business. There is far more information about the company at Edwin H. Land than there is here. Kendall-K1 (talk) 17:58, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * You are free to copy that information here, rewording as necessary. — Lentower (talk) 01:58, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

So who the heck owns Polaroid?
Is it too much to ask that a little simple and fundamental information be included regarding the current company? I'll need to keep looking. 32.214.171.44 (talk) 16:03, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 4 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091218094818/http://www.polaroid.com:80/About/News/Press+Release:+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38 to http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release:+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071031082045/http://www.hogandrift.com:80/copy_of_index.html to http://hogandrift.com/copy_of_index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090607014550/http://www.polaroid.com:80/ifilm/en/index.html to http://www.polaroid.com/ifilm/en/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120315133351/http://polaroid.com:80/en/press/2012/1/10/polaroid-announces-sc1630-smart-camera to http://www.polaroid.com/en/press/2012/1/10/polaroid-announces-sc1630-smart-camera

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:46, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111011162936/http://www.manufacturing.net/News-Polaroid-Instant-Film-In-Demand.aspx?menuid=36 to http://www.manufacturing.net/News-Polaroid-Instant-Film-In-Demand.aspx?menuid=36
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060413195906/http://www.rrpc-ny.org:80/Data/newsletter/27_sept_05nl.htm to http://www.rrpc-ny.org/Data/newsletter/27_sept_05nl.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090414110827/http://www.chipganassiracing.com:80/sponsors/index.cfm?cid=1370 to http://www.chipganassiracing.com/sponsors/index.cfm?cid=1370

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:47, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 8 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130531235712/http://www.polaroid.com/global/printer_friendly.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760524&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=2534374302023841&bmUID=1164973407121&bmLocale=en_US to http://www.polaroid.com/global/printer_friendly.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760524&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=2534374302023841&bmUID=1164973407121&bmLocale=en_US
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091223202109/http://www.polaroid.com:80/About/News/Press+Release:+Hilco+Consumer+Capital+and+Gordon+Brothers+Brands+Announce+Closing+of+Polaroid+Sale/39 to http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release:+Hilco+Consumer+Capital+and+Gordon+Brothers+Brands+Announce+Closing+of+Polaroid+Sale/39
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100405091650/http://www.jpmontoya.com:80/2010/index.php/en/team to http://www.jpmontoya.com/2010/index.php/en/team
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100530225622/http://sports.yahoo.com:80/irl/news?slug=ap-indy500 to http://sports.yahoo.com/irl/news?slug=ap-indy500
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090213170536/http://www.baynews9.com:80/content/36/2007/10/29/298798.html to http://www.baynews9.com/content/36/2007/10/29/298798.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100325003856/http://www.bjp-online.com:80/public/showPage.html?page=873885 to http://www.bjp-online.com/public/showPage.html?page=873885
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140117102828/http://www.polaroid.com:80/faqs/photo-printer-faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-a-cza-10011-cza-20011-and-a-pogo-printer to http://www.polaroid.com/faqs/photo-printer-faqs/what-is-the-difference-between-a-cza-10011-cza-20011-and-a-pogo-printer
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140227082758/http://products.polaroid.com/products/productdetail/CZA-05300B%3A+5+MP+Polaroid+PoGo%26%238482%3B+Instant+Digital+Camera/part_number=PG009/1848.0.1.1.61264.61265.0.0.0 to http://products.polaroid.com/products/productdetail/CZA-05300B%3A+5+MP+Polaroid+PoGo%26%238482%3B+Instant+Digital+Camera/part_number=PG009/1848.0.1.1.61264.61265.0.0.0

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:46, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20030505100141/http://www.cfo.com:80/Article?article=8524 to http://www.cfo.com/Article?article=8524
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060607065656/http://www.house.gov/delahunt/EAPA.shtml to http://www.house.gov/delahunt/EAPA.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:52, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Minnesota
Another one that says they are Minnesota based. I don't think they would consider themselves such.--WondoMathias (talk) 00:21, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091218094818/http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release:+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38 to http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release:+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071031082045/http://hogandrift.com/copy_of_index.html to http://hogandrift.com/copy_of_index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133351/http://www.polaroid.com/en/press/2012/1/10/polaroid-announces-sc1630-smart-camera to http://www.polaroid.com/en/press/2012/1/10/polaroid-announces-sc1630-smart-camera

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:19, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release:+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://hogandrift.com/copy_of_index.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.polaroid.com/en/press/2012/1/10/polaroid-announces-sc1630-smart-camera

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:03, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Polaroid Corporation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0266%28200010/11%2921%3A10/11%3C1147%3A%3AAID-SMJ128%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R/abstract
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cool-icam.com/web/eng/press/PolaroidInt%27l1.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 to https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=afOdWSvgMXtM&refer=home
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release%3A+Hilco+Consumer+Capital+and+Gordon+Brothers+Brands+Announce+Closing+of+Polaroid+Sale/39
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release%3A+Polaroid+Brand+Announces+Partnership+with+The+Summit+Global+Group+of+Companies/38
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140822150823/http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release%3A+Lady+Gaga+Named+Creative+Director+for+Specialty+Line+of+Polaroid+Imaging+Products/4339 to http://www.polaroid.com/About/News/Press+Release%3A+Lady+Gaga+Named+Creative+Director+for+Specialty+Line+of+Polaroid+Imaging+Products/4339
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://products.polaroid.com/products/productdetail/CZA-05300B%3A+5+MP+Polaroid+PoGo%26%238482%3B+Instant+Digital+Camera/part_number%3DPG009/1848.0.1.1.61264.61265.0.0.0

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:16, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

corporations
I am not sure about the rules for corporations, but if you buy the "brand and intellectual property" of a company, what else is there? I suppose there is also the physical property, such as production plants. In any case, legally, how does the new Polaroid differ from the old one? Gah4 (talk) 18:59, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Polaroid Revolutionary Worker Movement
, you removed a section of sourced content about the PRWM with the edit summary "Relocating", but the content hasn't been moved anywhere else. Where did you intend to move it? Schazjmd  (talk)  21:24, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

You are correct,. I’m in the middle of editing multiple pages, and indeed got distracted from relocating that to a “Controversy“ heading, where it belongs, before (re-) using the cut-and-paste function and losing it, and that train of thought.

It is absolutely WP:Undue to be in the history section at that length (while that section is completely absent of any content on the explosive growth of Polaroid and its introduction of instant photography).

It is challenging to relocate a large hunk of text like that using a phone, but give me a minute to retrieve it and I’ll put it under a new heading. Thank you for your patience. Wikiuser100 (talk) 21:30, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No problem, just didn't want it to get lost. If I can help at all, just ping me. Schazjmd   (talk)  21:31, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Thanks. Done. Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 21:36, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Who else thinks this article should be renamed?
The name 'Polaroid Corporation' does not reflect the article well enough. I would say at least half the content in this article is about things after 2001, when the original company went bust. And since the original company is long gone, it is unlikely info about that would be expanded further from here on. Polaroid since 2001 survives as a brand name with various different products by different owners and companies. This article's current name is long redundant and no longer reflects it. Prqofgoɘg (talk) 23:03, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * - Disagree. I think you're worrying too much about some well-intentioned but overly rigid and illusory idea of correctness.

 * My gut reaction is we'd simply end up making things more complicated just to (unsuccessfully) satisfy some minor quibble with the title.

 * Unless you have a specific proposal of what the new title should be *and* unless it would make things obviously clearer, I'd rather the whole thing was left as-is.

 * A few thoughts... Note that, in particular:-
 * The immediate successor entity was- AFAICT- also known as Polaroid Corporation
 * We *already* have a separate article for the current brand holders Polaroid B.V. (the company formerly known as The Impossible Project) and future business they're conducting. (If there's a lot about them in the Polaroid Corporation article, that might indicate overlap or content that would be better moved to the BV article).

 * I mean, you *could* (but IMHO shouldn't) rename the existing Polaroid Corporation to something unwieldy like "History of Polaroid Corporation and its immediate successors", and even then that would normally imply a "parent" article whose history section got long enough to justify splitting off.

 * And unless one plans on splitting off "Polaroid v2" (2002) and "v3" (2009) into their own "correctly"-titled articles those would have to remain in the main Polaroid Corporation article. (Which is preferable as those short-lived incarnations are better off served in the context of the larger history).

 * Ubcule (talk) 19:16, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polaroid Corporation


text:
Wikipedia:Archived articles for deletion discussions/2004 May 30

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of many pages.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The results of these debates were to delete the relevant articles.

Please do not edit this page.

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring cast
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers cast The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King cast

This applies to the pages for the sequels as well: Obviously, a ton of work went into the tables, but the pages are only exact copies of the cast/crew lists on IMDb, and all the names are external links to the IMDb pages for those people. There's only a few active links to other Wikipedia pages (generally for the main cast members and character names), along with a lot of ghost links, but these can all generally be covered in the main articles for the films. If the article for each film simply has an external link to the IMDb crew list (they're already linked to the main IMDb pages for the films), precisely the same thing is accomplished. I also note that the list for the first film is over 150K, nearly 4 times what usually leads to splitting up a page - this would make it tough to edit, or to add to the areas which the creator of the page seems to want (such as quotes). I just think it's unnecessarily cumbersome. MisfitToys 00:34, May 22, 2004 (UTC) Correction: apparently very little work went into this; it's all just automatically generated from IMDb pages by a software program. Is there any rational reason for doing this? Or are we just duplicating pages of formatted data from other sites? MisfitToys 00:47, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Possible violation of IMDb's copyright on the data compilation. The page for the movie itself has all the notable credits on it already. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:33, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ugh. Definitely delete.  RickK 02:21, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * While it's cool that there is a program that converts pages to a format suitable for posting on Wikipedia, I question the need to duplicate a page that already exists (as MisfitToys has suggested) and if this is allowed I would recommend to the writer of the program that he comes up with a format that is more pleasing to the eye. Large tables are not.  Delete. tslack2000 06:57, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Probable copyright violation. I'll flag & list the pages as such. --Zigger 18:24, 2004 May 22 (UTC)

 * Delete. The formatting is utterly unsuccessful. Ugly, unreadable, screen-real-estate-wasting, bandwidth-wasting. Not appropriate for separate article (as opposed to cutting down to reasonable size and including in the article about the film). And probable copyright violation. archive.org has its hands full being a copy of the entire web, Wikipedia does not need to be a reformatted copy of the entire web. Dpbsmith 18:44, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say we already have a reasonable sized version of the credits in the article about the film. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:14, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree w/ Cyrius.  blankfaze 23:42, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for copyvio and other reasons. There is no need to duplicate data that is easily accessible elsewhere on the web. DJ Clayworth 18:04, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Facts are not copyrightable, and the use is the same as that of other lists of people. anthony (see warning) 21:00, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Werner Cohn
More like an essay than an encyclopaedia article, and it also stinks of copyvio. DO'Neil 02:19, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Has been listed on Copyright problems by Maximus Rex. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:50, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

Seite bearbeiten
wrong language and wrong namespace -- 141.40.169.148 18:24, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It's copy/paste of one of the German Wikipedia's user guide pages. See also Erste Schritte, Zweite Schritte, and Neue Seite anlegen, by the same anonymous user. -- Cyrius|✎ 18:39, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually a candidate for speedy -- Gauss 21:22, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Niteowlneils 19:56, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

Space Science Board
multiple copyvios (Copyright notices copied right into the article!), strictly a cut-and-paste job, probably more wrong with it by I didn't keep looking. Delete. -- Jmabel 18:46, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Copyvios belong on Copyright problems, not here. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:10, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if there were no copyright violations the article is just some alternative physics theories, which probably don't have merit.Thue 20:10, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - some sort of vanity article? - no merit in science - Tεx τ urε 02:27, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No mention of the Space Science Board in the article, so the title may be completely bogus which is not a good start. Contents appear to be copyrighted original research at best, crankery most likely, or possibly just a joke. No useful material so far as I can tell. Andrewa 04:18, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

AberSeeSaw
Three-line article states in part, these are old terms that can't be found anywhere else on the web, and that no one remembers. Smells like "I just made this word up, and it's fun to say". Even if it were a real phrase/word (which I'm not convinced of), the article would belong over at wiktionary. grendelkhan|(blather) 09:32, 2004 May 23 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 10:40, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense. Once previously deleted, when created with similar content by the same IP who has edited this page. Andrewa 11:15, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yuck, delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:35, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - nonsense - Tεx τ urε 02:58, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Ben Wilson
A nobody, or a fictional character, one of a long series of nonsense articles that User:Sexyfoxboy has been creating. No useful content. —Morven 12:30, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This person exists and is 100 % accurate. [This was added to the main VfD page by User:Sexyfoxboy, and was moved here to be with the rest of the discussion].
 * Those are not sufficient qualities to be included in an encyclopedia. Relevance and importance are also required.  I could write articles about my cats, for example, and swear that everything in the articles was true.  Even if it were, it would still not be anything anyone else in the world who doesn't know me would care about knowing. —Morven 12:44, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you please? -- Cyrius|✎ 20:32, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Non-famous. Delete. Morwen
 * Delete - David Gerard 13:13, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * This person may exist, and there's a 99% chance he's Sexyfoxboy. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 20:32, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No reason to think this is encyclopedic. Andrewa 04:06, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Insignif. --Jerzy(t) 04:19, 2004 May 28 (UTC)
 * Delete. Johnleemk 11:43, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Metarmorphosis
A supposed band that the above mentioned Ben Wilson is supposedly involved with. Non notable, or fiction. —Morven 12:32, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 13:13, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Duncharris 14:00, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Not listed on Allmusic.com, google can't find it. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:30, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Status unknown? Delete.  RickK 22:49, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. unfamous. --Jerzy(t) 04:19, 2004 May 28 (UTC)
 * Delete. Johnleemk 11:43, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

College Road
Street in the English town of Oswestry. Whether fiction or not, the content is unencyclopedic and uninformative. —Morven 12:37, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Roads that are notable for some reason are fine (e.g. Akeman Street or Icknield Way) but this is simply not encyclopedic.  If you want to know where a road is go to streetmap or some such. -- Graham  :) | Talk 13:03, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless some remarkable justification can be added - David Gerard 13:12, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Penny Lane yes, CollegeRoad, no. Wyllium 16:47, 2004 May 23 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:18, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. -- jaredwf 20:47, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Nutty Norman
Alleged resident of the above street (College Road -also for deletion, Duncharris 13:39, May 23, 2004 (UTC)). Nothing encyclopedic. —Morven 12:38, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * All my articles are 100 % accurate and none are of fictional places or characters. (this was added to VfD by User:Sexyfoxboy and was moved here)
 * This individual is non-famous and is not therefore encyclopedic here —Morven 12:50, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete promptly. See if clues can be introduced to User:Sexyfoxboy. - David Gerard 13:10, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Also Oswestry School, perhaps worthy of inclusion (founded 1407), and thus one of the oldest in the country, and probably had some spiffing old boys, but content is presently copyvio. The rest of 'em, delete. but don't bite the newcomers Duncharris 13:39, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * This is even worse than College Road. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:19, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic at all. -- jaredwf 20:43, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Whether true or not, slanderous.  RickK 22:18, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Irrelevant quibbles, for the record, as noted in the article whose link i added above: slander is spoken, not written as here.  There is also no such thing as a true slander or a true libel. --Jerzy(t) 04:33, 2004 May 28 (UTC)

David Barker
Irrelevant and inaccurate. (User:203.217.68.196)

 * Move to Bad Jokes and delete - David Gerard 13:11, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * He is now working on a cure for cancer however as yet has been unsuccessful. -Hahaha. That's so stupid!  LOL.  blankfaze | &#9835 03:33, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't move to BJAODN - not funny.  btw, He's not even 25, so how could he have performed an operation at that age? Duncharris 13:32, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - don't move to BJAODN - not worthwile - Tεx τ urε 16:11, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wyllium 16:58, 2004 May 23 (UTC)
 * Should have been tagged for speedy deletion as nonsense. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:15, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Utter nonsense. -- jaredwf 20:36, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unfunny fiction. Denni 01:15, 2004 May 25 (UTC)

Sean Flowers

 * Delete. Doesn't look like something appropriate for Wikipedia. 66.32.71.239 18:57, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Anonymous votes aren't given much weight. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:02, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity page. Thue 19:01, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Quite the vanity, delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:02, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity... -- jaredwf 20:28, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 20:59, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, man, some of the best vanity I've ever seen. Delete.  RickK 22:13, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Quick, delete. Wyllium 23:49, 2004 May 23 (UTC)
 * Del. Unfamous vanity. --Jerzy(t) 04:39, 2004 May 28 (UTC)

CheShA
Not notable. No hits for Vintage Gramofone Company, some hits for chesha, but none seem to be this person, and certainly none use the odd capitalization. Niteowlneils 17:07, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not even appear on Allmusic.com and reads like vanity. Wyllium 17:19, 2004 May 23 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable, unverifiable. -- Cyrius|✎ 20:09, May 23, 2004
 * If it could be verified, and made more encyclopaedic, keep. Otherwise delete. - David Gerard 21:26, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

Social surplus
Entire current content is:
 * "Social surplus is when there are more people in a country then there are in the world and taxes imposed are greater then exported goods revenue resulting in high prices and competition and also loss of skills."

More people in a country than there are in the world? I think this is arrant nonsense, but I'm not quite confident enough to just delete it. I think there is a real term "social surplus" in economics, but I don't think this is the definition. Dpbsmith 01:26, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think so either. Delete, unless a genuine article can be worked up.  blankfaze | ♫ 02:01, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The article links from political economy which has a stub definition which at least makes sense. (It still sounds like hooey, but that's probably because, in that article's terms, I was trained in the libertarian school of economics.) Move to Clean-up so someone more familar with the term can fix it. Rossami 03:02, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If somebody wants to write an article about this then they might as well start over. The current contents are not usable as a starting point.Thue 12:24, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Social surplus is a legitimate and well-defined economic term. However, this article is patent nonsense. Delete. Denni 01:44, 2004 May 25 (UTC)

French Region
No reference of "French Region" as defined in the article could be found elsewhere. The content of the article is just a repeat of information from the France and Monaco articles. olivier 10:51, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * See talk page for further arguments. I agree that we need proof that this term is actually in use. Otherwise, get rid of it as quickly as possible. Possibly this should be a redirect to List of regions in France in stead. -- Jao 10:54, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep for now. It's used in Europe. It will be looked at. Zoney 19:45, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've never seen any document outside Wikipedia talking about this alleged "region". I suspect that Europe is equal baloney. Remove. David.Monniaux 07:48, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Appears to be a term made up for the purpose of grouping countries together in the Europe article. Agreed w/ comments of David Monniaux on the talk page. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:24, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

See also: Talk:French Region

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Hymn to Intellectual Beauty
Two poems, in full. From Project Gutenberg, so copyright isn't a problem, but these should be moved to wikisource or wikibooks or wherever such things live, and deleted from wikipedia. --Stormie 03:51, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm a Byron fan, but the entire text of Childe Harold is a bit much for an encyclopedia article. Satori 22:47, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource. That's where these things live. Ambivalenthysteria 13:12, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not transwiki to wikisource. There's no need to duplicate Project Gutenberg's archives in a piecemeal fashion. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:34, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

VP3.2 Public License
Contains only the text of the licence. -- Jim Regan 05:25, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless rewritten to be a useful stub. We probably should have an article about this, but maybe this can be moved to Wikisource? Or we could have a link to a website, as this is not an OSI approved-license(because then we could link there). Burgundavia 07:46, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Copied from . No need for us to have the license text. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:29, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

Yuen Fong Lum
Article about a not-especially noteworthy person. The author seems to have a history of genuine edits, so I put this here instead of speedy deletion. Thue 19:57, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Borderline Delete. If an article on this person is really merited, then this could be cleaned up/wikified, but right now it's a crappy article about someone that doesn't really seem encyclopædia-worthy.  blankfaze | &#9835 00:40, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Oregon Legislative Councel's opinion on gay marriage
This is another source text dump. I doubt Wikisource would want it. Guanaco 16:12, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought this was on VfD already. Transwiki if possible, but delete even if not. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:42, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * I know it's been here before--I remember the misspelling of "councel". Delete (transwiki optional). Niteowlneils 19:31, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

It had been listen on the copyvio page for several months with no action. Texture removed the copyvio notice and restored the source text. Move to Wikisource and delete from here. If Wikisource doesn't want it, just delete it. It doesn't belong here. RickK 19:54, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In my personal opinion, I can't see this belonging at Wikisource either (not important). Ambivalenthysteria 01:37, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. DJ Clayworth 18:06, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Recyclopedia
Debate moved to: Talk:Recyclopedia/Delete

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debates and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issues or the deletions should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Shingō, Aomori

Shingō (新郷村) is a village located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. , the village has an estimated population of 2,192 in 895 households and a population density of 15 persons per km2 (42 people per square mile). The total area of the village is 150.77 km2.

Geography
Shingō is in south-central Aomori Prefecture, east of Lake Towada. The western edge of the village borders Akita Prefecture. Much of the village is mountainous with the outer ring mountains of Lake Towada, including Mt. Okomagatake (1,144 m) and Mt. Toraidake (1,159 m). The village area extends along National Route 454, which connects Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture and Lake Towada.

Neighboring municipalities
Aomori Prefecture Akita Prefecture
 * Towada
 * Sannohe District
 * Gonohe
 * Nanbu
 * Sannohe
 * Kazuno

Climate
The village has a cold humid continental climate characterized by cool short summers and long cold winters with very heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification Dfa). The average annual temperature in Shingō is 8.7 C. The average annual rainfall is 1342 mm, with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.2 C, and lowest in January, at around -3.7 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shingō has declined steadily over the past 70 years.

History
The area around Shingō was controlled by the Nanbu clan of Morioka Domain during the Edo period. During the post-Meiji Restoration establishment of the modern municipalities system on 1 April 1889, Herai Village and neighboring Nozawa Village were formed. On July 29, 1955, the western portion of Nozawa Village merged into Herai, which was then renamed Shingō.

Government
Shingō has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of eight members. Shingō is part of Sannohe District which contributes three members to the Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of Aomori 2nd district of the House of Representatives of the National Diet.

Education
Shingō has one public elementary school, one public middle school, and a preschool operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

Economy
The economy of Shingō is heavily dependent on agriculture. Notable crops include garlic, edible chrysanthemum, Japanese yam and tobacco. Traditionally a horse breeding area, Shingō is also known for its cattle ranches.

Railway

 * The village has no passenger railway service. The nearest train station is JR East Hachinohe Station, served by the Tohoku Shinkansen and Hachinohe Lines, and the Aoimori Railway Aoimori Railway Line.

"Tomb of Jesus"

Shingō village is the location of what is purported to be the resting place of Jesus, the "Tomb of Christ", and the residence of Jesus' last descendants, the family of Sajiro Sawaguchi. According to these claims, Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead, a man alleged to be his brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross, while Jesus escaped across Siberia to Mutsu Province, in northern Japan. Once in Japan, Jesus changed his name to Torai Tora Daitenku and became a garlic farmer. In Japan, Jesus allegedly married a woman named Miyuko, with whom he fathered three children, all daughters. The eldest daughter married into the Sawaguchi family, which is claimed to hold a direct lineage to Jesus, evidenced by certain non-Japanese physical characteristics. After his death at an age exceeding 100, Jesus was said to have been interred into one of two grave mounds in the village. A remnant of the crucified Isukiri, was Isukiri's ear and he was also believed to have had a lock of hair that belonged to his mother, is allegedly buried in the other mound.

Few people seem to believe in the legend at face value, especially as many of the details come from the controversial documents (竹内文書), which are believed by most scholars to be a hoax. These documents report that Jesus studied Buddhism in Japan in the time between his childhood and the start of his ministry, and that his teachings in the New Testament were rooted in ancient Buddhist wisdom. These documents were reportedly destroyed during World War II, making verification of their authenticity impossible. Some theorize that the legend originated from 17th century Jesuit missionaries. Following the outlawing of Christianity in Japan, these missionaries, as well as Japanese Catholic converts, were persecuted and driven into hiding.

A Christian church, repurposed into a Legend of Christ Museum, currently sits at the Tomb of Christ site in Shingō and can be visited for a ¥100 entrance fee. This museum includes displays and artifacts detailing the different elements of the legend and daily life in Shingō over history. The museum claims that many of the unique customs of the village, like the now-lost custom of drawing a cross on the forehead of infants, come directly from the teachings and direction of Jesus. Each year, a festival is held at the site on the first Sunday of June. Thousands of pilgrims and tourists travel to the site annually, making it the small village's primary source of tourism.

title: Shingō, Aomori