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Mandal Church

Mandal Church (Mandal kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Lindesnes Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the town of Mandal. It is one of the two churches for the Mandal parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1821 using plans drawn up by the architect Jørgen Gerhard Løser. It was designed in an empire/neoclassical style. The church seats about 1,000 people, making it the largest wooden church in Norway.

The sanctuary is a large hall supported by colossal columns. A small, cylindrical pulpit is placed above the altarpiece, a rather unusual location compared to most churches in Norway. The church is notable for its distinctive rectangular shape with a simple tower on the roof above the main entrance.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1358, but the church was not new at that time. The stone church was called Halse Church at that time, but beyond that not much is known about. The church was almost certainly a fylkeskirke or a county church, since in medieval times the council council for Agder met at Halse (now Mandal). A map from 1766 has a depiction of the church, and from this it may appear that it was a rectangular building. The choir had probably been expanded or rebuilt in the late Middle Ages so that the building had a rectangular floor plan where the nave and choir where the same width and roof line. In 1785 the church was described as dilapidated with a number of dangerous cracks in the masonry, and a few years later a large part of the "east wall" was demolished and rebuilt. In 1810, the town of Mandal had a massive fire, and most of the town, including the church, burned down.

After the fire, the town and its roads were redesigned, and it was decided to move the church about 250 m to the northeast of the former location. The new church was built in a nice flat area with lots of space for a cemetery to surround the church. Construction of rebuilding the whole town began soon after the fire, but it was slow going. Work on the church began in 1812 and was mostly finished by 1819. The church was officially opened and consecrated in 1821.

The architect for the new church was Jørgen Gerhard Løser who used copper engravings of the old church from 1728 by James Gibbs as inspiration for his designs. It was the first monumental building built in Norway after the Norway's independence from Denmark in 1814.

The painting Oppstandelsen (Resurrection) is in the church and it was painted by Adolph Tidemand who grew up in Mandal. The church has not undergone major changes since it was opened, but in 2014 a major restoration project on the building was begun to remove extensive dry rot and make many structural repairs. The repairs cost about NOK33 million.

Election church
In 1814, this church served as an election church (valgkirke). Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway. This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year.

title: Mandal Church


text:
Talk:List of Polish-language radio stations

Question
Isn't this already coverd in Media in Poland?
 * Well, this is a list, and the media article is more of an, well, article. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 20:40, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Self-insurance

Self-insurance is a situation in which a person or business that is liable for some risk does not take out any third-party insurance, but rather chooses to bear the risk itself.

In the United States the concept applies especially to self-funded health care and may involve, for example, an employer providing certain benefits – generally health benefits or disability benefits – to employees and funding claims from a specified pool of assets rather than through an insurance company, as the term is traditionally used. In self-funded health care, the employer ultimately retains the full risk of paying claims, in contrast to traditional insurance, where all risk is transferred to the insurer.

title: Self-insurance


text:
Guido of Pisa

Guido of Pisa (died 9 July 1169) was an Italian geographer from Pisa. In 1119 he edited and updated the Geographica, a geographic encyclopedia first created in the eighth century by the Anonymous of Ravenna. It followed in the tradition of earlier geographies, such as Strabo's Geographica, Pomponius Mela's De situ orbis, Claudius Ptolemy's Geography, and the Antonine Itinerary. Guido's book included text, as well as maps of Italy and the world as it was known to the Romans. It also included the only known text of the Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum. His map of the Western Roman Empire contains the inscription Carantano, which is probably the first cartographical mention of the Slovene territory.

title: Guido of Pisa


text:
Talk:Black hole thermodynamics

Introduction
(William M. Connolley 17:31, 2004 May 26 (UTC)) Errrm... is this page dodgy? It starts off by saying that inside BH's classical thermo breaks down. Then it derives a pile of things using classical thermo. Then electrons go back in time.

 * I have no recollection of editing the intro; but I clearly did about six months ago. So you may rightly be suspicious of that bit. Charles Matthews 18:32, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Request for review
Requesting someone who is experienced in astrophysics looks over this article, becuase it's quite confusing and I'm not sure if it's all correct (September 2006) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.133.225.32 (talk • contribs) on 23:02, 31 August 2006.

 * To whoever is willing to improve the article, here is a link to a review article: Don N. Page, Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics, New Journal of Physics 7 (2005) 203.. --Lambiam Talk  18:16, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks (although the link seems to be broken), I plan on improving this article sometime, only I can't say when. I have a copy of Wald's 1994 Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics, which I will use to clean this article (although I still like to find one more book).  Later: --Sadi Carnot 19:38, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Sadi, I recommend the book by Birrel and Davies: Quantum Field Theory in Curved Space. -Joshua Davis 23:01, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Some sample calculations would be helpful, as the proper units to use are not obviouus to persons trained in other fields. ie mass in kilograms, distance in meters, gravity in meters per sec, per second k =? 12:02, 5 September 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ccpoodle (talk • contribs)

Proportionality
Shouldn't we say that the constant of proportionality is approximately 1/4, up to quantum gravity corrections, or is it somehow proven to be 1/4 regardless of what gravity looks like at Planck scale? Itinerant1 03:00, 12 January 2007 (UTC)--

 * There have indeed been cases studied where quantum corrections change it from 1/4. But this may be too technical to get into here.  PhysPhD 06:42, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Deleted "Problems" sections
There may be some parts of these sections that could be salvaged, but they were way below the bar as they stood. All that stuff with waves and rolling dice was some author making stuff up.PhysPhD 06:42, 19 May 2007 (UTC) It was all quoted from Hawking sciam (not physical review) article, so i dont know ho you might consider it making stuff up, the work about the duality of time arrows comes from Santa Fe institute work done by gellmann and George west (nobel prize and ex-president of alamos lab), so it is not original research, the general view of relativity comes from Gravitation by Wheeler, i will repost latter a shorter version. I acknoledge english is not my first language, but also a need in this encyclopedia of better defined concepts - most people dont undestand its mathematics, and critical opinions (which is idfferent fro oroginal research). That is what the britannica and larousse have and wikipedia lacks because most students who work here tend to have limited knowledge to do those improvements, which however distinguish a truly good encyclopedia like those 2 - —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.242.7 (talk) 01:10, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Black hole Evaporation?
The "laws of black hole mechanics" section lists dA > 0 as one of the laws, i.e. that black holes never decrease in size. Hasn't this theory been supplanted by the theory of black hole evaporation which allows black holes to shrink, and is in fact part of black hole thermodynamics? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.6.210.135 (talk) 07:51, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is correct. This law was disproved by Hawking.  I guess the correct law is just dS/dt > 0, where the term $$kA/4l_P$$ is included in the expression for S.  I will update the article with a note that this law has been superseded, but it would be good if someone with more knowledge of the subject and its history would take a closer look at this article and make it clearer.

 * (btw, pet hate: it should read dA/dt > 0, not just dA > 0, as the latter would imply that both dA/dt > 0 and dA/d(-t) = -dA/dt > 0, which is impossible) Nathaniel Virgo (talk) 14:36, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Then dA/dt < 0 implies d(S_BH)/dt < 0 for BH evaporation, assumed to be a dissipative process. dA/dt < 0 either violates the second law or we assume that evaporation is not an irreversible process!

Poor Quality

 * I am a chemist and fixed the parts on the page pertaining to thermodynamics. A lot of the definitions were sub par and the one for the 3rd law was flat out wrong. Whoever wrote this clearly has no training or grasp of thermodynamics. I do not know the quality of the astrophysics part, but from looking at it and reading other comments, this page is an unfortunate exception to wiki's very accurate scientific articles. Alchemist314 (talk) 09:34, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

As currently written, the part about the 3rd law is quite confusing, as it suddenly jumps from black hole thermodynamics to crystalline substances (which have nothing to do with black holes). ~ Peterwshor (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 13:13, 12 March 2011 (UTC).

Simply Wrong
You don't need an astrophysicist to look at the article. It is completely wrong. If the entropy is proportional to the area then you don't need temperature. It exists at absolute zero, and the third law? The point that the area increases while evaporation decreases the area is well-taken. Evaporation by black-body radiation is complete nonsense. You need a thermal source to keep the walls of the cavity at a given temperature so that the radiation will be thermal at that temperature. If the black hole is the final state what would give rise to a finite temperature that would allow for thermal radiation? The zeroth law is also wrong. It say that when two bodies at different temperatures are placed in thermal contact they will arrive at thermal equilibrium at a common temperature. What does it mean for a black hole to have a uniform temperature? Is it possible for a gradient in temperature to exist? Temperature inversely proportional to the energy (mass) is also wrong. The entropy must be a concave function, i.e. a negative second derivative, not a convex function. Concave functions are to be maximized, convex functions minimized. The Bekenstein-Hawking expression is a convex function of the mass (energy), and, hence, it is not a candidate for an entropy at all. See arXiv:1110.5322v1 and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpzbDfqcZSw for more detailed criticisms.Bernhlav (talk) 04:45, 26 December 2011 (UTC)bernhlav.

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Blank entire section on quantum corrections
I am blanking the following content, reproduced below. Its a mass of equations arriving without explanation, background, introduction, and far beyond the level of even sophisticated readers. Copying it here, because the shear heft is awesome. I am also removing nearly identical text that was added to Hawking radiation, Quantum gravity and Reissner–Nordström metric. If I recall correctly, there was also a fifth article, I think I blanked that one half a year ago. It appears to be associated with self-promotional placement that was added shortly after the last citation appeared in print. I'm directing those other talk pages to this one.

 * Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy
 * The Hawking formula for the entropy receives corrections as soon as quantum effects are taken into account. Any UV finite theory of quantum gravity should reduce at low energy to General Relativity. Works pioneered by Barvinsky and Vilkovisky   suggest as a starting point up to second order in curvature the following action, consisting of local and non-local terms::$$\begin{align}\Gamma=&\int d^4x\, \sqrt{-g}\,\bigg(\frac{R}{16\pi G}+c_1(\mu)R^2+c_2(\mu)R_{\mu\nu}R^{\mu\nu}    +c_3(\mu)R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}\bigg)\\    -&\int d^4 x \sqrt{-g}\bigg[\alpha R\ln\left(\frac{\Box}{\mu^2}\right)R    +\beta R_{\mu\nu}\ln\left(\frac{\Box}{\mu^2}\right)R^{\mu\nu} + \gamma R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}    \ln\left(\frac{\Box}{\mu^2}\right)R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}\bigg],\end{align}$$where $$\mu$$ is an energy scale. The exact values of the coefficients $$c_1,c_2,c_3 $$ are unknown, as they depend on the nature of the ultra-violet theory of quantum gravity. $$ \ln\left(\Box/\mu^2\right)$$  is an operator with the integral representation:$$    \ln\left(\frac{\Box}{\mu^2}\right)=\int_0^{+\infty}ds\, \left(\frac{1}{\mu^2+s}-\frac{1}{\Box+s}\right).$$The new additional terms in the action modify the classical Einstein equations of motion. This implies that a given classical metric receives quantum corrections, which in turn shift the classical position of the event horizon. When computing the Wald entropy, one then takes the shifted position $$r_h$$ of the event horizon into account::$$     S_{\text{Wald}}=-2\pi \int\limits_{r=r_h} d\Sigma\, \epsilon_{\mu\nu}\epsilon_{\rho\sigma}\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}}.$$Here, $$\mathcal{L}$$ is the Lagrangian density of the theory, $$d\Sigma=r^2\sin\theta d\theta d\phi$$, $$R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}$$ is the Riemann tensor and $$\epsilon_{\mu\nu}$$ is an antisymmetric tensor normalised as $$\epsilon_{\mu\nu}\epsilon^{\mu\nu}=-2.$$This method was applied in 2021 by Calmet et al. for Schwarzschild black holes. The Schwarzschild metric does not receive quantum corrections at second order in curvature and the entropy is:$$    S_{\text{Schw}}=\frac{A}{4G}+64\pi^2c_3+64\pi^2\gamma\Big[\ln\left(4G^2M^2\mu^2\right)+2\gamma_E-2\Big].$$A generalisation for charged (Reissner-Nordström) black holes was subsequently carried out by Campos Delgado.

67.198.37.16 (talk) 02:49, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

 * First thing to note, generally we don't copy-paste sections of articles onto talk pages, as this makes them unreadable. If you want to reference a specific edit or section, I suggest you link it by copying the diff, like this. Secondly, this is a technical article about some pretty high-level physics, so one would expect complex equations like those you removed. I'm not sure what you mean when you say that the section lacks context, as there is quite a bit of context surrounding the equations. I suggest you check out Jargon for more information on technical language on Wikipedia. For these reasons, I have reverted your edits. If you would like to edit the article to include a lower-level explanation of this section, you can, but removing a large amount of well-sourced content doesn't seem like a good idea. Catalyzzt (talk) 03:09, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Umm, I actually understand what those equations are saying. They are utterly inappropriate for this article. They are self-promotional spam, presumably from the last cited author. There is a small ocean of far more important stuff that can be said in this article, before the above is addressed. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 03:15, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia relies on reliable sources for information. The sources provided were published in reputable journals. Please provide a reliable source disputing this content, otherwise it looks a lot like WP:OR. Adam Black  t •  c 03:29, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * See above. While unsourced material may be challenged without any explanation, sourced material requires more than just saying "this source is bad". Catalyzzt (talk) 03:43, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There are multiple issues here. A mundane one is that these are primary sources, not secondary. Another issue is that almost exactly the same content was added to four different articles. A third issue is that the content is not particularly notable. There are more important and interesting topics that these four articles do not cover, but should. If it was actually notable, then it could be covered in a single article, (not cut-n-pasted into four of them). Doing this would require all the conventional rules of WP article structure: what's it about, an informal introduction, a review of the competing theories of quantum gravity, and which one this was derived from. Then a review of the classical action, then a review of what terms are possible in a quantum action. A discussion of gauge invarience. Then a review of contributing loop diagrams. Were there special vierbeins that were used to obtain this? A guage fixnig term, perhaps?. Why only scalar, Ricci and Riemann curvature terms, why not torson or contorsion terms?  And what about that renormalization term with mu in it? Is it anonomalous? Ordinary?  Many of these kinds of theories have solitions or instantons in them. Does this one? Are there string terms? Was this obtained by supersymmetric arguments?  There's an old joke: there are more theories of quantum gravity than there are researchers studying it. This is certainly an interesting topic, and perhaps an article could be devoted to it. But four cut-n-paste copies of dense jargon that are opaque even to experts in the field isn't appropriate. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 03:57, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I have also removed some other Campos Delgado spam, so I think you're right about this being self-promotion (EDIT: I confirmed that it was added by the same user that added citations to Campos Delgado everywhere, and went on a spree removing them from Primary field, Liouville field theory, Black hole, and Hawking radiation).
 * Independently of that, I concur that this content is WP:UNDUE. Even taken a face value it is just one possible second-order correction. It would be worth reporting if it were a well-stablished theory (as supported by secondary sources). Even then it would belong in a single article, copy-pasting the same content everywhere is indefensible. Tercer (talk) 07:39, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I notice my reversion of your blanking on Hawking radiation has been reverted. I am not going to revert again for risk of getting into an edit war. You appear to be a very experienced editor, so please take your own advice in the edit summary on joining the discussion. Wait for consensus before removing referenced content. You were bold and removed content, I contested that bold action by reverting it, you should then be waiting for the discussion to conclude before restoring your bold action. My background is in mathematics (I have a bachelors degree in mathematics and I'm currently studying for my masters); I've studied a decent amount of physics but this specific subject matter is beyond my expertise. My reversion was based on Wikipedia policy, not out of a certainty that it should be included or as an endorsement of the contents accuracy. I am leaving it to more qualified editors to discuss here and come to a consensus about whether the material should remain. Also as I said above, your actions did come across as WP:OR. Adam Black  t •  c 17:18, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think we should lump the Delgado and Barvinsky/ Vilkovisky works.
 * The Delgado paper is very new (WP:TOOSOON) and not highly cited. It should just be removed.
 * The Barvinsky work should not have 4 primary citations. Several of these papers are highly cited and therefore the content should be based on secondary, review articles. However, a recent review with over 600 citations does not mention Barvinsky (or Delgado) but does discuss quantum gravity.
 * Almheiri, A., Hartman, T., Maldacena, J., Shaghoulian, E., & Tajdini, A. (2021). The entropy of Hawking radiation. Reviews of Modern Physics, 93(3), 035002.a
 * Johnjbarton (talk) 17:39, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Maldacena is a highly respected author, and presumably the RMP article is well-written, clear, informative, educational (As a reminder: RMP, "Reviews of Modern Physics", mostly publishes actual reviews, something that starts at "square one" and gets you up to speed on that particular topic. So 600 citations is hardly surprising for something well-written.) If someone were to read that review, and claim to understand it, and boil it down to one or three or 5 or 10 paragraphs that could be added to this article, that would be ... excellent!
 * I am also 99.999% certain (five-sigma) that the quantum action up above appears nowhere in the Maldacena review. All right, maybe just four sigma. All right, three sigma, I do make mistakes at a human-mistake-making-frequency-level. I still hold that in the context of the present article, the eqns above are far too dense, just a blob of opaque jargon plopped into the middle of what is a non-technical, for-the-science-enthusiast article. If the Barvinsky/ Vilkovisky work is noteworthy, then let's make an actual article, that actually explains what all that stuff means, We have plenty of articles on WP that could be wikilinked to explain actions and tensors and loop diagrams, and so a good article could be written, if someone took the effort. The current form, above, though, is unacceptable. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 07:48, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * To illustrate the point: how many people in this conversation know what $$\sqrt{-g}$$ is called, why there's a minus sign in there, and how to actually obtain a value for it? I know what it is, and if you also know, don't spoil it (Hint: alternative notation for the same thing is $$*\omega$$). Yes, WP has one maybe three articles explaining what it is. Now imagine being the science enthusiast interested in knowing more about BH thermo, and you see this eqn, what exactly do you learn? That formulas are complicated? Next, imagine being an expert, able to not only recognize each and every symbol used in those formulas, but have actually computed their values in a variety of contexts. What do you get out of it? Personally, I've computed plenty of curvature tensors and loop diagrams in my life, and I look at that formula, and kind of get nothing out of it, other than warm fuzzies that it looks plausible, conventional, and not totally alien. I don't think WP is in the industry of creating warm fuzzies. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 08:08, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't believe that this section is overly complicated or technical for inclusion, on the contrary for articles on mathematics equations usually are incredibly useful. Essentially every single math article does this take say the Pythagorean theorem or any article relating to geometry. I don't think that simply because the equations become more difficult to understand it should be removed. To me it doesn't make sense, the equations are directly related to the content, while yes the equations are more difficult to understand then say simple geometry it is the same principle, not including equations results in large amounts of information being lost. From experience equations as a reference are always incredibly useful to the reader. Des Vallee (talk) 17:35, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think that simply because the equations become more difficult to understand it should be removed.
 * I agree. But the content proposed is not notable, and certainly not 4 copies of it. Johnjbarton (talk) 18:31, 4 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black hole thermodynamics


text:
Quasiparticle

In condensed matter physics, a quasiparticle is a concept used to describe a collective behavior of a group of particles that can be treated as if they were a single particle. Formally, quasiparticles and collective excitations are closely related phenomena that arise when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in vacuum.

For example, as an electron travels through a semiconductor, its motion is disturbed in a complex way by its interactions with other electrons and with atomic nuclei. The electron behaves as though it has a different effective mass travelling unperturbed in vacuum. Such an electron is called an electron quasiparticle. In another example, the aggregate motion of electrons in the valence band of a semiconductor or a hole band in a metal behave as though the material instead contained positively charged quasiparticles called electron holes. Other quasiparticles or collective excitations include the phonon, a quasiparticle derived from the vibrations of atoms in a solid, and the plasmons, a particle derived from plasma oscillation.

These phenomena are typically called quasiparticles if they are related to fermions, and called collective excitations if they are related to bosons, although the precise distinction is not universally agreed upon. Thus, electrons and electron holes (fermions) are typically called quasiparticles, while phonons and plasmons (bosons) are typically called collective excitations.

The quasiparticle concept is important in condensed matter physics because it can simplify the many-body problem in quantum mechanics. The theory of quasiparticles was started by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau in the 1930s.

General introduction
Solids are made of only three kinds of particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. None of these are quasiparticles; instead a quasiparticle is an emergent phenomenon that occurs inside the solid. Therefore, while it is quite possible to have a single particle (electron, proton, or neutron) floating in space, a quasiparticle can only exist inside interacting many-particle systems such as solids.

Motion in a solid is extremely complicated: Each electron and proton is pushed and pulled (by Coulomb's law) by all the other electrons and protons in the solid (which may themselves be in motion). It is these strong interactions that make it very difficult to predict and understand the behavior of solids (see many-body problem). On the other hand, the motion of a non-interacting classical particle is relatively simple; it would move in a straight line at constant velocity. This is the motivation for the concept of quasiparticles: The complicated motion of the real particles in a solid can be mathematically transformed into the much simpler motion of imagined quasiparticles, which behave more like non-interacting particles.

In summary, quasiparticles are a mathematical tool for simplifying the description of solids.

Relation to many-body quantum mechanics
The principal motivation for quasiparticles is that it is almost impossible to directly describe every particle in a macroscopic system. For example, a barely-visible (0.1mm) grain of sand contains around 1017 nuclei and 1018 electrons. Each of these attracts or repels every other by Coulomb's law. In principle, the Schrödinger equation predicts exactly how this system will behave. But the Schrödinger equation in this case is a partial differential equation (PDE) on a 3×1018-dimensional vector space—one dimension for each coordinate (x, y, z) of each particle. Directly and straightforwardly trying to solve such a PDE is impossible in practice. Solving a PDE on a 2-dimensional space is typically much harder than solving a PDE on a 1-dimensional space (whether analytically or numerically); solving a PDE on a 3-dimensional space is significantly harder still; and thus solving a PDE on a 3×1018-dimensional space is quite impossible by straightforward methods.

One simplifying factor is that the system as a whole, like any quantum system, has a ground state and various excited states with higher and higher energy above the ground state. In many contexts, only the "low-lying" excited states, with energy reasonably close to the ground state, are relevant. This occurs because of the Boltzmann distribution, which implies that very-high-energy thermal fluctuations are unlikely to occur at any given temperature.

Quasiparticles and collective excitations are a type of low-lying excited state. For example, a crystal at absolute zero is in the ground state, but if one phonon is added to the crystal (in other words, if the crystal is made to vibrate slightly at a particular frequency) then the crystal is now in a low-lying excited state. The single phonon is called an elementary excitation. More generally, low-lying excited states may contain any number of elementary excitations (for example, many phonons, along with other quasiparticles and collective excitations).

When the material is characterized as having "several elementary excitations", this statement presupposes that the different excitations can be combined. In other words, it presupposes that the excitations can coexist simultaneously and independently. This is never exactly true. For example, a solid with two identical phonons does not have exactly twice the excitation energy of a solid with just one phonon, because the crystal vibration is slightly anharmonic. However, in many materials, the elementary excitations are very close to being independent. Therefore, as a starting point, they are treated as free, independent entities, and then corrections are included via interactions between the elementary excitations, such as "phonon-phonon scattering".

Therefore, using quasiparticles / collective excitations, instead of analyzing 1018 particles, one needs to deal with only a handful of somewhat-independent elementary excitations. It is, therefore, an effective approach to simplify the many-body problem in quantum mechanics. This approach is not useful for all systems, however. For example, in strongly correlated materials, the elementary excitations are so far from being independent that it is not even useful as a starting point to treat them as independent.

Distinction between quasiparticles and collective excitations
Usually, an elementary excitation is called a "quasiparticle" if it is a fermion and a "collective excitation" if it is a boson. However, the precise distinction is not universally agreed upon.

There is a difference in the way that quasiparticles and collective excitations are intuitively envisioned. A quasiparticle is usually thought of as being like a dressed particle: it is built around a real particle at its "core", but the behavior of the particle is affected by the environment. A standard example is the "electron quasiparticle": an electron in a crystal behaves as if it had an effective mass which differs from its real mass. On the other hand, a collective excitation is usually imagined to be a reflection of the aggregate behavior of the system, with no single real particle at its "core". A standard example is the phonon, which characterizes the vibrational motion of every atom in the crystal.

However, these two visualizations leave some ambiguity. For example, a magnon in a ferromagnet can be considered in one of two perfectly equivalent ways: (a) as a mobile defect (a misdirected spin) in a perfect alignment of magnetic moments or (b) as a quantum of a collective spin wave that involves the precession of many spins. In the first case, the magnon is envisioned as a quasiparticle, in the second case, as a collective excitation. However, both (a) and (b) are equivalent and correct descriptions. As this example shows, the intuitive distinction between a quasiparticle and a collective excitation is not particularly important or fundamental.

The problems arising from the collective nature of quasiparticles have also been discussed within the philosophy of science, notably in relation to the identity conditions of quasiparticles and whether they should be considered "real" by the standards of, for example, entity realism.

Effect on bulk properties
By investigating the properties of individual quasiparticles, it is possible to obtain a great deal of information about low-energy systems, including the flow properties and heat capacity.

In the heat capacity example, a crystal can store energy by forming phonons, and/or forming excitons, and/or forming plasmons, etc. Each of these is a separate contribution to the overall heat capacity.

History
The idea of quasiparticles originated in Lev Landau's theory of Fermi liquids, which was originally invented for studying liquid helium-3. For these systems a strong similarity exists between the notion of quasiparticle and dressed particles in quantum field theory. The dynamics of Landau's theory is defined by a kinetic equation of the mean-field type. A similar equation, the Vlasov equation, is valid for a plasma in the so-called plasma approximation. In the plasma approximation, charged particles are considered to be moving in the electromagnetic field collectively generated by all other particles, and hard collisions between the charged particles are neglected. When a kinetic equation of the mean-field type is a valid first-order description of a system, second-order corrections determine the entropy production, and generally take the form of a Boltzmann-type collision term, in which figure only "far collisions" between virtual particles. In other words, every type of mean-field kinetic equation, and in fact every mean-field theory, involves a quasiparticle concept.

Examples of quasiparticles and collective excitations
This section contains examples of quasiparticles and collective excitations. The first subsection below contains common ones that occur in a wide variety of materials under ordinary conditions; the second subsection contains examples that arise only in special contexts.

More common examples

 * In solids, an electron quasiparticle is an electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid. The electron quasiparticle has the same charge and spin as a "normal" (elementary particle) electron, and like a normal electron, it is a fermion. However, its mass can differ substantially from that of a normal electron; see the article effective mass. Its electric field is also modified, as a result of electric field screening. In many other respects, especially in metals under ordinary conditions, these so-called Landau quasiparticles closely resemble familiar electrons; as Crommie's "quantum corral" showed, an STM can image their interference upon scattering.
 * A hole is a quasiparticle consisting of the lack of an electron in a state; it is most commonly used in the context of empty states in the valence band of a semiconductor. A hole has the opposite charge of an electron.
 * A phonon is a collective excitation associated with the vibration of atoms in a rigid crystal structure. It is a quantum of a sound wave.
 * A magnon is a collective excitation associated with the electrons' spin structure in a crystal lattice. It is a quantum of a spin wave.
 * In materials, a photon quasiparticle is a photon as affected by its interactions with the material. In particular, the photon quasiparticle has a modified relation between wavelength and energy (dispersion relation), as described by the material's index of refraction. It may also be termed a polariton, especially near a resonance of the material. For example, an exciton-polariton is a superposition of an exciton and a photon; a phonon-polariton is a superposition of a phonon and a photon.
 * A plasmon is a collective excitation, which is the quantum of plasma oscillations (wherein all the electrons simultaneously oscillate with respect to all the ions).
 * A polaron is a quasiparticle which comes about when an electron interacts with the polarization of its surrounding ions.
 * An exciton is an electron and hole bound together.
 * A plasmariton is a coupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon.

More specialized examples

 * A roton is a collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex.
 * Composite fermions arise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect. These quasiparticles are quite unlike normal particles in two ways. First, their charge can be less than the electron charge e. In fact, they have been observed with charges of e/3, e/4, e/5, and e/7. Second, they can be anyons, an exotic type of particle that is neither a fermion nor boson. An anyon has a simple kind of memory which is being investigated for use in quantum computing.
 * Stoner excitations in ferromagnetic metals
 * Bogoliubov quasiparticles in superconductors. Superconductivity is carried by Cooper pairs—usually described as pairs of electrons—that move through the crystal lattice without resistance. A broken Cooper pair is called a Bogoliubov quasiparticle. It differs from the conventional quasiparticle in metal because it combines the properties of a negatively charged electron and a positively charged hole (an electron void). Physical objects like impurity atoms, from which quasiparticles scatter in an ordinary metal, only weakly affect the energy of a Cooper pair in a conventional superconductor. In conventional superconductors, interference between Bogoliubov quasiparticles is difficult for an STM to detect. Because of their complex global electronic structures, however, high-Tc cuprate superconductors are another matter. Thus Davis and his colleagues were able to resolve distinctive patterns of quasiparticle interference in Bi-2212.
 * A Majorana fermion is a particle which equals its own antiparticle, and can emerge as a quasiparticle in certain superconductors, or in a quantum spin liquid.
 * Magnetic monopoles arise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass. They may be formed through spin flips in frustrated pyrochlore ferromagnets and interact through a Coulomb potential.
 * Skyrmions and Hopfions
 * Spinon is represented by quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin-charge separation, and can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquid in some minerals like Herbertsmithite.
 * Angulons can be used to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015, the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory.
 * Type-II Weyl fermions break Lorentz symmetry, the foundation of the special theory of relativity, which cannot be broken by real particles.
 * A dislon is a quantized field associated with the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a crystal dislocation. It is a quantum of vibration and static strain field of a dislocation line.
 * Hydrodynamic pair (or duon) is a quasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow. The pairs are stabilized because the forces the particles exert on each other are of the same magnitude and direction (in contrast to momentum-conserving forces which are opposite by Newton's 3rd law). The resulting pairs ("duons") are zero-frequency excitations that emerge at the Dirac cones of the crystal's spectrum.

title: Quasiparticle


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User:MarkH

C'est moi!

title: User:MarkH


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Effective field theory

In physics, an effective field theory is a type of approximation, or effective theory, for an underlying physical theory, such as a quantum field theory or a statistical mechanics model. An effective field theory includes the appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring at a chosen length scale or energy scale, while ignoring substructure and degrees of freedom at shorter distances (or, equivalently, at higher energies). Intuitively, one averages over the behavior of the underlying theory at shorter length scales to derive what is hoped to be a simplified model at longer length scales. Effective field theories typically work best when there is a large separation between length scale of interest and the length scale of the underlying dynamics. Effective field theories have found use in particle physics, statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, general relativity, and hydrodynamics. They simplify calculations, and allow treatment of dissipation and radiation effects.

The renormalization group
Presently, effective field theories are discussed in the context of the renormalization group (RG) where the process of integrating out short distance degrees of freedom is made systematic. Although this method is not sufficiently concrete to allow the actual construction of effective field theories, the gross understanding of their usefulness becomes clear through an RG analysis. This method also lends credence to the main technique of constructing effective field theories, through the analysis of symmetries. If there is a single mass scale M in the microscopic theory, then the effective field theory can be seen as an expansion in 1/M. The construction of an effective field theory accurate to some power of 1/M requires a new set of free parameters at each order of the expansion in 1/M. This technique is useful for scattering or other processes where the maximum momentum scale k satisfies the condition k/M≪1. Since effective field theories are not valid at small length scales, they need not be renormalizable. Indeed, the ever expanding number of parameters at each order in 1/M required for an effective field theory means that they are generally not renormalizable in the same sense as quantum electrodynamics which requires only the renormalization of two parameters.

Fermi theory of beta decay
The best-known example of an effective field theory is the Fermi theory of beta decay. This theory was developed during the early study of weak decays of nuclei when only the hadrons and leptons undergoing weak decay were known. The typical reactions studied were:

\begin{align} n & \to p+e^-+\overline\nu_e \\ \mu^- & \to e^-+\overline\nu_e+\nu_\mu. \end{align} $$

This theory posited a pointlike interaction between the four fermions involved in these reactions. The theory had great phenomenological success and was eventually understood to arise from the gauge theory of electroweak interactions, which forms a part of the standard model of particle physics. In this more fundamental theory, the interactions are mediated by a flavour-changing gauge boson, the W±. The immense success of the Fermi theory was because the W particle has mass of about 80 GeV, whereas the early experiments were all done at an energy scale of less than 10 MeV. Such a separation of scales, by over 3 orders of magnitude, has not been met in any other situation as yet.

BCS theory of superconductivity
Another famous example is the BCS theory of superconductivity. Here the underlying theory is the theory of electrons in a metal interacting with lattice vibrations called phonons. The phonons cause attractive interactions between some electrons, causing them to form Cooper pairs. The length scale of these pairs is much larger than the wavelength of phonons, making it possible to neglect the dynamics of phonons and construct a theory in which two electrons effectively interact at a point. This theory has had remarkable success in describing and predicting the results of experiments on superconductivity.

Effective field theories in gravity
General relativity itself is expected to be the low energy effective field theory of a full theory of quantum gravity, such as string theory or Loop Quantum Gravity. The expansion scale is the Planck mass. Effective field theories have also been used to simplify problems in General Relativity, in particular in calculating the gravitational wave signature of inspiralling finite-sized objects. The most common EFT in GR is "Non-Relativistic General Relativity" (NRGR),  which is similar to the post-Newtonian expansion. Another common GR EFT is the Extreme Mass Ratio (EMR), which in the context of the inspiralling problem is called EMRI.

Other examples
Presently, effective field theories are written for many situations.
 * One major branch of nuclear physics is quantum hadrodynamics, where the interactions of hadrons are treated as a field theory, which should be derivable from the underlying theory of quantum chromodynamics. Quantum hadrodynamics is the theory of the nuclear force, similarly to quantum chromodynamics being the theory of the strong interaction and quantum electrodynamics being the theory of the electromagnetic force. Due to the smaller separation of length scales here, this effective theory has some classificatory power, but not the spectacular success of the Fermi theory.
 * In particle physics the effective field theory of QCD called chiral perturbation theory has had better success. This theory deals with the interactions of hadrons with pions or kaons, which are the Goldstone bosons of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. The expansion parameter is the pion energy/momentum.
 * For hadrons containing one heavy quark (such as the bottom or charm), an effective field theory which expands in powers of the quark mass, called the heavy quark effective theory (HQET), has been found useful.
 * For hadrons containing two heavy quarks, an effective field theory which expands in powers of the relative velocity of the heavy quarks, called non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD), has been found useful, especially when used in conjunctions with lattice QCD.
 * For hadron reactions with light energetic (collinear) particles, the interactions with low-energetic (soft) degrees of freedom are described by the soft-collinear effective theory (SCET).
 * Much of condensed matter physics consists of writing effective field theories for the particular property of matter being studied.
 * Hydrodynamics can also be treated using Effective Field Theories

Books

 * A.A. Petrov and A. Blechman, ‘’Effective Field Theories,’’ Singapore: World Scientific (2016). ISBN 978-981-4434-92-8
 * C.P. Burgess, ‘’Introduction to Effective Field Theory,‘’ Cambridge University Press (2020). ISBN 978-052-1195-47-8

title: Effective field theory


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Lithuanian Football Federation

The Lithuanian Football Federation (LFF; Lietuvos futbolo federacija) is the governing body of football in Lithuania. The Federation is responsible for football development in the country and for the national teams, including the Lithuania national football team. It is based in Vilnius. LFF became a member of FIFA in 1923, but following Lithuania's annexation by the Soviet Union it was disbanded. It became a member again in 1992 after Lithuania regained its independence. The top division is A Lyga.

When one French journalist saw a full basketball arena (where "Lietuvos rytas" fought in ULEB cup semifinals) close to an empty stadium (where a Baltic Football League match took place) he published an article that Lithuania is a land where the beautiful game has to live in basketball's shadow.

In reality, the popularity of football is on the rise and the very few games that are on par in terms of quality with the ULEB cup semifinals also attract full stadiums as well as a TV following. This craze is mostly imported from other European nations, such as England, where many Lithuanians emigrated since the country has joined the European Union in 2004.

However, unlike basketball, Lithuanian football is relatively weak. The national team has never qualified for the European Championships or World Cup. In football, the element of luck is bigger than in basketball, therefore there were times when the Lithuanians scored draw against major teams such as Germany, Italy or Spain. However, defeats to the likes of the Faroe Islands or Liechtenstein soon afterward dash the hopes of Lithuanian fans and decrease the popularity of football.

Football clubs of Lithuania attract less funding than their basketball counterparts and so they are weak, relying on Lithuanian players and foreigners who did not manage to get a hold into their national leagues. Not a single Lithuanian team ever took part in the main stages of the Champions’ League or the UEFA Cup until 2022. Moreover, the Lithuanian national football league is frequently dipped into scandals of betting fraud. Panevėžio Ekranas from Panevėžys long dominated this league in the early 2010s, amassing a yearly budget of 2 million Euros. FBK Kaunas used to prevail in the 1990s and 2000s (both the Kaunas and Panevėžys teams were eventually expelled from the league in 2009 and 2015 respectively, because of debts and controversies). FK Zalgiris Vilnius was the best Lithuanian team in the 1980s and still has a larger fan base than other Lithuanian football clubs. It has recently returned to prominence, dominating the league once again in the 2010s.

The national futsal team have taken part in both FIFA Futsal World Cup and UEFA Futsal Euro.

Their first appearance team was in 2021 as the host and will do the same for the UEFA Futsal Euro 2026 also as host alongside Latvia.

title: Lithuanian Football Federation


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Talk:Aerobic organism

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 January 2021 and 10 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Seanj18. Peer reviewers: JazzyPants97.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:29, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I added the " - which is a factor of 19x more energy per sugar molecule than the typical anaerobic reaction." edit. Since I am not a chemist, I hope I did the correct calculation. This is such a dramatic difference, I thought it should be highlighted. FrankH 17:47, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

Cannot seem to figure out if there is a difference between facultative aerobes and facultative anaerobes, I think the mention on this page needs its own article or stub or else should be renamed anearobic and linked as such.Brallan 00:29, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Aerobic respiration in bacteria

How is aerobic respiration in bacteria achieved since they don't have mitochondria? The respective link in wikipedia links to aerobic respiration requiring mitochondria. If the cellular membrane is to be used instead, is the proton gradient achieved the same way as in mitochondria?

Section Blanked
I see this happened a year ago, but is there a good reason that this edit by 174.49.125.135 blanked the "Types" section? I see that some types are sort of defined in the figure, but I don't see a good reason to take out this section. I will reinstate it in a week or so. See this: Section blanking. -Slapmaster3000 (talk) 17:20, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Did it -Slapmaster3000 (talk) 02:05, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

I added information to this section, today. The information. About the Pasteur effect. I think it would have been most appropriate in a place that discussed both facultative anaerobes AND aerotolerant organisms. This is the only place I found that meets that criteria, best. However, I also have a feeling that someone will want me to move the data onto the page for either "facultative anaerobes" or "aerotolerant". But it seems, to me, to fit best in a place that includes a description of all of the features in this section.

Opinions? Tmbirkhead (talk) 21:06, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Lead Section
I added the sentence starting with "The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration" along with an associated citation, will likely tweak the wording in future and probably continue to find ways to slowly build this article up a bit, the lead section still feels slightly clunky to me. Seanj18 (talk) 04:39, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Prokaryotic Processes
— Assignment last updated by AlexanderMSOE (talk) 19:45, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerobic organism


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User:Kefka

Large, rotund simian indigenous to Pacific Northwest yet exhibits socio-cultural characteristics of areas outside of natural habitat; specifically Eastern Europe. Attempts to communicate in a strange Creole of English and German interspersed with guttural stops and squeaks, as well as own idiolect of personal phrases and running jokes. This includes aspirations to learn other languages, primarily modern Lower Germanic dialects such as Dutch. This attempts include the continued adoption of slang. Great mimicking abilities despite lack of grammatic comprehension.

Perhaps an even stranger dichotomy is the need of this species for affectionate companionship despite signs of great misanthropy (toward chosen individuals) and extreme selectiveness in this necessary companionship. Adaptable, successful yet cannot feed and care for own self without a support unit. In rare cases is even known to undergo a decline known as "withering" when this emotional support is absent. The subject is a rare example of admitting all motivation being the satisfaction of pleasing others, very developed despite immaturity. This could be the explanation of strange need for interaction in spite of solitary aspirations and pursuits. Independence is asserted with continued solitary living arrangement, as well as previous solitary travel and frequent planned future roaming.

Linguistic proficiency is surpassed only by technological abilities. This subject show great ability as well as a startling desire to learn despite total lack of social graces. Most foreign language is self taught, as well as historical, theological and computer science knowledge, the latter of which has resulted in an impressive employment record at a young age. This has created an even greater contrast with the comparably very young state of emotional maturity. Enjoys many varied intellectual and pseudo-intellectual pursuits and the enjoyment of learning is constant in all of them. Perhaps the one greater pastime is the love of music, more specifically dissonant, mechanical noise of a mostly European origin.

Most noticeably has undergone many personal and intellectual growths in recent years. The progress of this subject continues to be fascinating and unpredictable.

title: User:Kefka


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Little Deuce Coupe

Little Deuce Coupe is the fourth album by the American rock band the Beach Boys, released October 7, 1963 on Capitol Records. It reached number 4 in the US during a chart stay of 46 weeks, and was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA. It is considered to be one of the earliest examples of a rock concept album.

The album was released three weeks after Surfer Girl. Four of the tracks from Little Deuce Coupe ("409", "Shut Down", "Little Deuce Coupe", and "Our Car Club") had already appeared on previous albums, and discounting an alternate recording of "Be True to Your School", no tracks from the album were issued as an A-sided single.

Production
As with the preceding Surfer Girl album, the date assigned for recording all eight of the new tracks (September 2, 1963) is highly doubtful. However, as no AFM contracts from these sessions are known to exist, the actual dates are currently unknown.

Although Nick Venet was listed as producer for "Shut Down" and Murry Wilson for "409", the official producer's credit for the entire Little Deuce Coupe album cites only Brian Wilson. Despite the rushed nature of the album's sessions, Wilson's song arrangements were notably becoming more complex, specifically songs like "No-Go Showboat" and "Custom Machine". This was the last Beach Boys album to officially include rhythm guitarist David Marks until 2012's That's Why God Made the Radio.

After the album's recording, Wilson re-recorded "Be True to Your School" for single release on October 28, resulting in another top 10 hit. An original Christmas-themed composition, "Little Saint Nick" was also recorded that month and issued as a Christmas single.

Title and cover art

A Deuce Coupe is a 1932 Ford Coupe (deuce being for the year). This was considered by many to be the definitive "hot rod". The Model B had four cylinders and the Model 18 featured the Ford flathead V8 engine when the car was introduced. A pink slip (mentioned in the lyrics) was the title to the car, named for the color of the paper then used in California.

The picture featured on the front cover of the album was supplied by Hot Rod magazine, and features the body (with his head cropped in the photo) of hot-rod owner Clarence 'Chili' Catallo and his own customized three-window 1932 Ford Coupe – known to hot rod enthusiasts as "the lil' deuce coupe".

Track listing
Notes
 * Some reissues of the album omit "Car Crazy Cutie" and "Custom Machine".
 * Because "409" was only available in mono, a Duophonic (fake stereo) mix was used on the otherwise true stereo version of the album. Both stereo and mono mixes are available on the 2012 CD.
 * Mike Love was not originally credited for "Be True to Your School", "409", "Don't Back Down", and "Custom Machine". His credits were awarded after a 1994 court case.

title: Little Deuce Coupe


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St. Joe

St. Joe or Saint Joe may refer to:

Communities
In the United States:
 * St. Joe, Arkansas
 * Port St. Joe, Florida
 * Saint Joe, Idaho
 * St. Joe, Illinois
 * Saint Joe, Indiana
 * St. Joseph, Michigan, colloquially known as St. Joe
 * St. Joe, Missouri
 * Saint Joe, West Virginia
 * St. Joe, Wisconsin
 * St. Joe, Oregon

Parks and geographic features

 * St. Joe River, in northern Idaho
 * St. Joe National Forest, in the Idaho panhandle
 * St. Joe State Park, in Missouri

Other

 * St. Joe Company, a land developer

title: St. Joe


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Talk:National Citizens Coalition

old comments
Is there a better word for "hypocritical" (spelled wrong in article) in the following snippet:

"It has campaigned in the courts against any attempt at electoral financing legislation that would limit third-party advertising spending during elections. Critics call this action hippocritical because such financing has been done by the NCC itself by funding campaigns aimed at impacting the outcome of elections."

Clearly they have a stake in that court case, but I don't see that as "hypocritical". They are openly fighting to be able to continue to fund 3rd party advertising. What they say and do are in alignment: They desire 3rd party advertising to be legal.

If they were doing 3rd party advertising, and fightinig to STOP others from doing 3rd party adversting, then we'd have obvious hypocrisy.

"Self serving" might be a better term, but I wonder if we should just drop the sentence: "Critics call this action hippocritical because such financing has been done by the NCC itself by funding campaigns aimed at impacting the outcome of elections."?

The point is well made in the rest of the article that the NCC is a partisan organization which attempts to influence the public during elections, and is willing to go to court to continue to do so.

I just reverted a massively-POV rewrite. I'm not familiar with the organization, but I can spot a partisan editing job when it is that blatant. To the anonymous editor, thanks for your contributions, but in the future please build on other's work in a NPOV fashion. -Willmcw 00:34, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

budget
I'm not a big fan of the NCC, but the following sentence seemed inappropriate: "As few as four people control the organization and its self-reported $2.8-million annual budget." It might be true, but there's no reference or backing information or even a statement of who the people are. So I moved the statement about the $2.8million further up in the article. If someone actually has some evidence or further details on the "4 people" claim, it's appropriate by all means, but it needs a little more work. Tim Bray 01:02, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know anything about the NCC at all, but that seems inappropriate. There's no explanaiton for the NCC's budgeting procedures or how this is significant. -Willmcw 02:09, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Lobby Group? Conservative? Vietnamese Refugees? Unions?
I intend to attempt a significant rewrite of the article shortly based on the following thoughts and comments. I've a number of problems with this article as it stands.

First, while the NCC definitely does seek to influence public opinion, it is not remotely a "lobby group" in any rational meaning of the term. It does not lobby politicians or bureaucrats. It does conduct court cases and ad campaigns.

Second, the term conservative is slightly misleading. The group's generally for a limited government, including on social conservative matters. All I've seen them say on the gay marriage issue, for example, is that they disagree with the CPC's plan to reopen the issue; it's not worth fighting over, it should be accepted and we move on. I would characterize them as closer to capitalist/libertarian/pro-individual freedom in most of their concerns, with conservative more as a background factor.

Third, the heavy prominence of the group's past concerns over Vietnamese refugees (incorrectly characterized as "anti-immigration") is odd; this happened nearly 30 years ago, as one of dozens (if not hundreds) of campaigns the group has conducted over the years and I've not seen the group take a stance on refugees since. I agree it merits inclusion, but it's a surprisingly heavy given what I've seen from the group since.

Fourth, I think some of their anti-union (or to spin it another way pro-individual worker rights) stance deserves some attention (from an NPOV of course).

Other miscellaneous comments: I don't buy the "enigmatic neither grassroots nor coalition" line. The people who are members (I'm not, but I know a couple) would obviously feel differently. Many left-wing coalitions are not all that grass-roots either, taking most of their membership from a relatively narrow stratum of society. Do we disparage the "Save the Rain-Forest Coalition" simply because 80% of its membership is idealistic middle-class university educated young people in their 20's?

Like the refugees issue, many of the listed campaigns are from over 30 years ago concerning matters of little historical significance. (e.g. mid 1970's Trudeau wage and price controls) I don't intend to remove them, but I think the list needs to be brought up to date.

Staunch free trade support probably merits inclusion as well.

Their stance on an expanded military budget is at odds with their general push for less government; hypocrisy or an evolution in thinking ("more freedom through BETTER government" instead of "less". It may also be an indication of a strong conservative tilt. Holmwood 18:51, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Origins of NCC in opposition to Medicare
Canada's national health insurance program, often referred to as "Medicare", was clearly the original target of the NCC. Based on the reference given in the article, Colin M. Brown was the son of a doctor and an insurance agent. He had a particular beef with a Liberal MP John Turner, who happened to be the Health Minister at the time (1967) the NCC began its campaign. Three times I have had to replace this information into this article, because of editor User:Friendshipgal removing it, clearly in an effort to make the Conservative Party look good at the time of an election. This editor started editing again on April 14, 2011, after almost a year hiatus, precisely for only one purpose, to whitewash this article (National Citizens Coalition). If this editor persists in removing referenced material from the article, and replacing it with POV material, I will proceed in filing a COI report to have this editor blocked for biased editing.

I have yet to see Friendshipgal provide us a valid reason why the information should not be included. Please add your thoughts here, if you have an opinion on this matter. --Skol fir (talk) 05:15, 23 April 2011 (UTC) - Not sure if this is the right area, sorry for not responding but I had no idea that this area existed.. I changed the content re: NCC because it was incorrect,  based on an email verifying it from the NCC President, the NCC was NOT founded to fight health care, which I still have which said

That is not true at all. Colin Brown started the National Citizens Coalition in 1967. He was unhappy with the direction of the LIberal government at the time and the creeping of national programs.

He did say that universal unlimited health care would eventually be the demise of the federal and provincial budgets because in his view unlimited access to a service like health care would eventually result in the budgets being used up entirely by health care. What he said 40 years ago about that is still true today. HOWEVER- he never said that and the NCC was founded on the motto of " more freedom through less government" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Friendshipgal (talk • contribs) 18:29, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Please see Wikipedia's guidelines regarding reliable sources. Some information from the NCC's website is appropriate, but it must be re-worded so that it is not a direct copy. Given the group's importance in trying to influence Canadian politics, a description from a well-referenced, journalistic secondary source (i.e. Dobbin's book) is appropriate. I have updated the article to reflect this. Walkinxyz (talk) 21:14, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:National Citizens Coalition


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Lucrezia Borgia (opera)

Lucrezia Borgia is a melodramatic opera in a prologue and two acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Felice Romani wrote the Italian libretto after the play Lucrezia Borgia by Victor Hugo, in its turn after the legend of Lucrezia Borgia. Lucrezia Borgia was first performed on 26 December 1833 at La Scala, Milan.

19th century
Because of its scandalous subject matter, Lucrezia Borgia was taken up slowly in Italy and presented in many Italian theatres with altered titles and, in some cases, altered character names. It was given in Florence, beginning on 12 November 1838, as Eustorgia da Romano, in Trieste in the autumn of 1838 as Alfonso Duca di Ferrara, in Ferrara on 14 April 1841 as Giovanna I di Napoli, and in Rome on 26 December 1841 as Elisa da Fosco.

The first London production was at Her Majesty's Theatre on 6 June 1839 with Giulia Grisi and Mario. When the opera was staged in Paris (Théâtre des Italiens) in 1840, Victor Hugo obtained an injunction against further productions within the domain of French copyright law. The libretto was then rewritten and retitled La rinnegata, with the Italian characters changed to Turks, and the performances were resumed.

The first English-language production was in London on 30 December 1843. The English tenor Sims Reeves was a noted Gennaro. Lucrezia was first presented in New Orleans on 27 April 1843 and then at New York's American Theatre on 11 May 1843 and later at the Palmo's Opera House in 1847: with Giulia Grisi in 1854; and with Thérèse Tietjens and Brignoli in 1876. It was given at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, in 1882, and at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York, in 1904, with Enrico Caruso as Gennaro and Arturo Vigna conducting.

20th century and beyond
A famous performance of Lucrezia Borgia presented by the American Opera Society Ensemble in 1965 at Carnegie Hall with soprano Montserrat Caballé, who was making her American debut, was soon followed by a recording featuring Caballé, Shirley Verrett, Alfredo Kraus, and Ezio Flagello, conducted by Jonel Perlea, who also led the Carnegie Hall performance.

Lucrezia Borgia is often produced as a vehicle for a star soprano, including Leyla Gencer, Mariella Devia, Beverly Sills, Dame Joan Sutherland, Renée Fleming, Edita Gruberová and Sondra Radvanovsky.

Synopsis

 * Time: Early 16th century
 * Place: Venice and Ferrara

Scene 1
The Palazzo Grimani in Venice

Gennaro and his friends, including Orsini, celebrate on the brightly lit terrace, in front of which lies the Giudecca Canal ("Bella Venezia!"). The friends' conversation turns to Don Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara, to whose house they will be travelling the next day, and to his wife, the infamous Lucrezia Borgia. On hearing Lucrezia's name, Orsini tells of how Gennaro and he, alone in a forest, were warned by a mysterious old man to beware her and the entire Borgia family, and that the two of them would die together ("Nella fatal di Rimini"). Professing his boredom with Orsini's tale Gennaro wanders off and falls asleep nearby. His friends are invited to rejoin the festivities, and he is left behind ("Senti! La danza invitaci").

Scenes 2 and 3
A gondola appears, and from it a masked woman exits onto the terrace ("Tranquillo ei posa..."). She observes the sleeping Gennaro with affection and hurries over to him ("Com'è bello! Quale incanto in quel volto onesto e altero!"). When she kisses Gennaro's hand, he wakes and is instantly struck by her beauty ("Leggiadra e amabil siete"). He expresses his love for her, but admits that the one person nearer to him is his mother that he has never met. He sings of his childhood as an orphan brought up by a common fisherman father ("Di pescatore ignobile esser figliuol credei"). The woman, sympathetic to his plight, weeps for him ("Ama tua madre, e tenero sempre per lei ti serba...").

The others return ("Gente appressa... io ti lascio") and seem to recognise her, listing in turn the members of their families she has killed, to Gennaro's horror and disbelief ("Maffio Orsini, signora, son'io"). Gennaro is then finally told that the woman is Lucrezia Borgia.

Act 1
Ferrara

The Duke, believing Gennaro to be Lucrezia's lover, plots his murder with his servant Rustighello ("Vieni: la mia vendetta è meditata e pronta"). Gennaro and his companions leave the house for a party and pass the Duke's palace with its large gilded coat of arms reading Borgia. Keen to show his contempt for the Borgia family, Gennaro removes the initial "B", leaving the obscene "Orgia" (orgy).

In the palace, Lucrezia is shown into the Duke's chamber. Having seen the defaced crest, she demands death for the perpetrator, not knowing that it is Gennaro. The Duke orders Gennaro to be brought before her and accuses him of staining the noble name of Borgia, a crime to which he readily confesses. Lucrezia, horrified, attempts to excuse the insult as a youthful prank, but Don Alfonso accuses Lucrezia of infidelity, having observed her meeting with Gennaro in Venice. In a scene full of drama and tension, she denies any impropriety, but he demands the prisoner's death and forces her to choose the manner of Gennaro's execution. Pretending to pardon him, the Duke offers Gennaro a glass of wine and he swallows it. After a stunning trio ("Guai se ti sfugge un moto, se ti tradisce un detto!") the Duke leaves and Lucrezia hurries to Gennaro, giving him an antidote to the poison the Duke has mixed with the wine. He drinks, and in a last duet, she implores him to flee the city and her husband ("Bevi e fuggi... te'n prego, o Gennaro!").

Act 2
The palace of the Princess Negroni

Ignoring Lucrezia's advice, Gennaro attends a party at the palace, swearing never to be parted from his friend Orsini. Orsini leads the party in a brindisi or drinking song ("Il segreto per esser felici") and they drink. Lucrezia enters and announces that in revenge for their insults in Venice she has poisoned their wine and arranged five coffins for their bodies. She has hitherto believed that Gennaro fled Ferrara on her advice, and is thus dismayed when he steps forward and announces that she has poisoned a sixth. Orsini, Liverotto, Vitellozzo, Petrucci and Gazella fall dead. Gennaro seizes a dagger and attempts to kill Lucrezia, but she stops him by revealing that he is in fact her son. Once again she asks him to drink the antidote, but this time he refuses, choosing to die with his friends. In a final cabaletta ("Era desso il figlio mio"), Lucrezia mourns her son and expires.

Music
The closing cabaletta "Era desso il figlio mio" was added by Donizetti upon insistence by renowned soprano Henriette Méric-Lalande, who created the role of Lucrezia Borgia. It is one of the most demanding arias in all the operatic repertoire, with trills and coloratura passages that demand extreme vocal agility. Donizetti later removed the aria because he believed it damaged the credibility of the ending.

Cited sources

 * Ashbrook, William and Sarah Hibberd (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.
 * Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). Annals of Opera 1597–1940 (third edition, revised). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 9780874718515.

Other sources

 * Allitt, John Stewart (1991), Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr, Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc.(USA)
 * Ashbrook, William (1982), Donizetti and His Operas, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23526-X
 * Ashbrook, William (1998), "Donizetti, Gaetano" in Stanley Sadie  (Ed.),  The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7  ISBN 1-56159-228-5
 * Kobbé, Gustav, The Complete Opera Book, English edition (London and New York 1922), 339-343.
 * Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). Annals of Opera, 1597-1940, 2nd edition. Rowman and Littlefield
 * Osborne, Charles, (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini,  Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-71-3
 * Rosenthal, Harold and Warrack, John (1974), Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera London & Oxford: Cambridge (Corrected edition)
 * Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan.  ISBN 978-0-19-517067-2  (hardcover). ISBN 0-19-517067-9  (eBook).
 * Weinstock, Herbert (1963), Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Pantheon Books.
 * Weinstock, Herbert (1963), Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Pantheon Books.

title: Lucrezia Borgia (opera)


text:
Talk:Centrul Civic

Much of the following, mostly my writing, was dropped in a recent edit as being POV. I suppose I can't really argue the issue, but I hope no one minds my preserving this on the talk page.

 * "The facelessness and placelessness of the Centru Civic is due not only to its architectural uniformity, but also to having been designed in accord with Ceauşescu's general hostility to commerce. Few spaces were left for retail business of any sort, leaving the Centru Civic nearly devoid of the small shops and restaurants found in the areas immediately to its north. The few street-facing business spaces in the Centru Civic retain a cold, communist-era look.

 * "As one goes east, the eerie bleakness of the western part of the Centru Civic gives way to the outright devastation of the eastern portion, known to Bucharesteans as "Hiroshima". Construction cranes, disused and rusting since Ceauşescu was overthrown, hover over the concrete hulks of half-completed buildings whose vacant windows, in turn, stare out onto pits of rubble, where historic buildings (including much of the city's historic Jewish quarter) once stood; street dogs roam the neighborhood from which their one-time masters are long departed.

 * "Although the destruction of historic Bucharest for the Centru Civic was extensive, it was not total. Nearby Lipscani remains to give some of the flavor of what was lost, and some older buildings survive even in small pockets within the general area of the Centru Civic itself. Many churches, such as the Sf. Nicolai-Mihai Vodă Church, were moved rather than demolished, and the nearby Antim Monastery remains largely intact, although minus its eastern wing. Immediately adjacent to the Centru Civic, just off of Unirii Square, is the Metropolitan Hill (Dealul Metropoliei) with the Patriarchal Cathedral and Palace, seat of patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church."

-- Jmabel 17:51, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Proposed move
What really bothers me about that article is not that it is Romanian, but that it is in absurd Romanian. All dictionary entries for it would actually be Centrul Civic. Dahn 19:33, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Right, and "the Centru Civic", used throughout the article, strikes me as redundant. Biruitorul 02:38, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * "The Centrul Civil" is gramatically incorrect since "Centrul" already contains the article; "The Centru Civic" would not be incorrect, since there is no article in the Romanian. For some reason, however, Centru Civic sounds more natural (perhaps in the same way that Sighetu Marmaţiei is not named "Sighetul", or "Târgu Mureş" is not "Târgul". Also note that the Romanian Wikipedia article is also at Centru Civic. Quarters and place names should generally not have the article included, so Centru Civic follows this convention. It translates literally as "Civic Centre", instead of "The Civic Centre", which I think is more correct for a place name. On the other hand, Centrul Civic does seem to have a bit more Google hits (when searching for Centru Civic, Wikipedia articles and mirrors come up first). [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 06:59, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not se why "Centru" would sounc more natural, and I cannot see the parallel with "Sighetu". Centru, as you indicate, features nowhere but on wiki. This is the clear policy we should establish: in the proper version,the article is implicit, which should include the English article topic; the simple and correct way is to change all mentions to "Centrul Civic" and drop the "the" in front of any mention ("In Centrul Civic, I eat mushrooms" etc.). This method is flawless: paradigms I can think of refer to languages that do not have the article as part of the word, but consider that, even if "going to the Observatoire" is right and "going to the L'Observatoire" is wrong, one cannot go wrong with "going to L'Observatoire". Dahn 12:31, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, my mistake–"the Centru Civic" could work; it's just that I was already considering it as "Centrul Civic". I think part of the problem is the tendency in spoken Romanian to barely pronounce that final l. Someone who said "Băiatul a băgat mărul în sacul meu", hitting the l every time, would sound like a fool to my ears, while "Băiatu' a băgat măru'n sacu' meu" would be quite natural. Also, note that while pronouncing the l in a phrase like "băiatul meu" might be all right, "Centrul_Civic", said together, is problematic because that combination (l_ch) is awkward and so the l drops out even more naturally.
 * Since no one (to my knowledge) actually says "Centrul Civic", and since this place hasn't been written on extensively, that may be what gave rise to the current title. But Google and the rules of grammar appear to back up Centrul, so I'd support a move.
 * The Sighet and T-M examples are interesting, but one can equally talk about Parcul Carol, Piaţa Mare, Oraşul Vechi, etc.
 * Also, when you have a common noun and common adjective together, you must use either a definite or an indefinite article, no? "centrul civic" or "un centru civic", but "centru civic" is, in fact, non-existent. Biruitorul 00:08, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd have no problem with Centrul Civic as a title; I was merely arguing that "Civic Center" (or "Civic Centre") are bad choices in this case. - Jmabel | Talk 05:16, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Good to hear. Do we have a consensus to move? Or should we move this to Talk:Centru Civic first? Biruitorul 06:53, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, move. And it would be helpful to also move this discussion to the talk page of Centru Civic. [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 07:47, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Centrul Civic


text:
Geant4

Geant4  (for GEometry ANd Tracking) is a platform for "the simulation of the passage of particles through matter" using Monte Carlo methods. It is the successor of the GEANT series of software toolkits developed by The Geant4 Collaboration, and the first to use object oriented programming (in C++). Its development, maintenance and user support are taken care by the international Geant4 Collaboration. Application areas include high energy physics and nuclear experiments, accelerator and space physics studies. The software is used by a number of research projects around the world.

The Geant4 software and source code is freely available from the project web site; until version 8.1 (released June 28, 2006), no specific software license for its use existed; Geant4 is now provided under the Geant4 Software License.

Features
Geant4 includes facilities for handling geometry, tracking, detector response, run management, visualization and user interface. For many physics simulations, this means less time needs to be spent on the low level details, and researchers can start immediately on the more important aspects of the simulation.

Following is a summary of each of the facilities listed above:
 * Geometry is an analysis of the physical layout of the experiment, including detectors, absorbers, etc., and considering how this layout will affect the path of particles in the experiment.
 * Tracking is simulating the passage of a particle through matter. This involves considering possible interactions and decay processes.
 * Detector response is recording when a particle passes through the volume of a detector, and approximating how a real detector would respond.
 * Run management is recording the details of each run (a set of events), as well as setting up the experiment in different configurations between runs.
 * Geant4 offers a number of options for visualization, including OpenGL, Open Inventor, VRML or VTK and a familiar user interface, based on tcsh or Qt.

Geant4 can also perform basic histogramming; it requires external analysis tools for exploiting advanced histogramming features.

Since release 10.0, Geant4 implements multithreading, making use of thread-local storage to allow for efficient generation of simulated events in parallel. Geant4 can be installed under a Unix-based operating system such as MacOS, Linux or under Microsoft Windows.

Some high energy physics experiments using Geant4

 * BES III at BEPCII
 * BaBar and GLAST at SLAC
 * ATLAS, CMS and LHCb at LHC, CERN
 * COMPASS at SPS, CERN
 * Borexino at Gran Sasso Laboratory
 * DUNE, MINOS, Muon g-2, and Mu2e at Fermilab
 * Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO)
 * SNO+
 * IceCube
 * T2K
 * CUORE
 * Dark Matter Detectors: SuperCDMS, LUX, LZ, XENON

Applications outside high energy physics
Because of its general purpose nature, Geant4 is well suited for development of computational tools for analysing interactions of particle with matter in many areas. These include:
 * Space applications where it is used to study interactions between the natural space radiation environment and space hardware or astronauts;
 * Radiation effects in microelectronics where ionizing effects on semiconductor devices are modeled.
 * Nuclear physics

title: Geant4


text:
1967: The Last Good Year

1967: The Last Good Year is the original title of a book written by Canadian author Pierre Berton. When it appeared in paperback, the title was changed to 1967: Canada's Turning Point. The book describes events of 1967 in Canada which was the Canadian Centennial.

The many topics covered include Expo 67, the World's Fair held in Montreal; the Centennial Voyageur Canoe Pageant; the Stanley Cup finals between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Montreal Canadiens (still the last such pairing ); and the rising popularity of future Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who at the time was serving as Minister of Justice in Lester B. Pearson's cabinet.

The book also touches on themes that signify the transition western society was undergoing, such as the birth of the hippie movement, the Women's liberation movement, and the prevalence of the drug culture among youth. Canadian society in particular, as the author points out, was starting to shed its strait-laced conservative nature and had begun to adopt more liberal and open-minded viewpoints, confronting such issues as divorce, abortion, homosexuality and the questioning of authority (or the "establishment", as per the lexicon of the times).

Like many of Berton's books, 1967 is written in prose style with distinctly sentimental overtones, as the original title suggests. In fact, many accounts listed in this work reflect Berton's own personal experiences (such as interviews he had conducted with various personalities on his own television program, The Pierre Berton Show) and quite often are told in the first person form.

title: 1967: The Last Good Year


text:
Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus

The Northrop Grumman X-47 is a demonstration unmanned combat aerial vehicle. The X-47 began as part of DARPA's J-UCAS program, and is now part of the United States Navy's UCAS-D program to create a carrier-based unmanned aircraft. Unlike the Boeing X-45, initial Pegasus development was company-funded. The original vehicle carries the designation X-47A Pegasus, while the follow-on naval version is designated X-47B.

Design and development
The US Navy did not commit to practical UCAV efforts until mid-2000, when the service awarded contracts of US$2 million each to Boeing and Northrop Grumman for a 15-month concept-exploration program.

Design considerations for a naval UCAV included dealing with the corrosive salt-water environment, deck handling for launch and recovery, integration with command and control systems, and operation in a carrier's high electromagnetic interference environment. The Navy was also interested in using their UCAVs for reconnaissance missions, penetrating protected airspace to identify targets for the attack waves.

The Navy went on to give Northrop Grumman a contract for a naval UCAV demonstrator with the designation of "X-47A Pegasus", in early 2001. The proof-of-concept X-47A vehicle was built under contract by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites at the Mojave Spaceport. The Pegasus demonstrator looks like a simple black arrowhead with no vertical tailplane. It has a leading edge sweep of 55 degrees and a trailing edge sweep of 35 degrees. The demonstrator has retractable tricycle landing gear, with a one-wheel nose gear and dual-wheel main gear, and has six control surfaces, including two elevons and four "inlaids". The inlaids are small flap structures mounted on the top and bottom of the wing forward of the wingtips.

The X-47A is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-5C small high-bypass turbofan engine with 3,190 lbf (14.2 kN) thrust. This engine is currently in use with operational aircraft such as the Aermacchi S-211 trainer. The engine is mounted on the demonstrator's back, with the inlet on top behind the nose. The inlet duct has a serpentine diffuser to prevent radar reflections off the engine fan. However, to keep costs low, the engine exhaust is a simple cylindrical tailpipe, with no provisions for reducing radar or infrared signature.

The X-47A's airframe is built of composite materials, with construction subcontracted out to Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites company, which had the expertise and tooling to do the job inexpensively. The airframe consists of four main assemblies, split down the middle with two assemblies on top and two on bottom.

The X-47A was rolled out on 30 July 2001 and performed its first flight on 23 February 2003 at the Naval Air Warfare Center at China Lake, California. The flight test program did not involve weapons delivery, but Pegasus does have two weapons bays, one on each side of the engine, that may be each loaded with a single 500 pound (225 kg) dummy bomb to simulate operational flight loads. The Pegasus was also used to evaluate technologies for carrier deck landings, though the demonstrator did not have a tailhook. Other issues related to carrier operations involve adding deck tie-downs without compromising stealth characteristics, and designing access panels so that they would not be blown around or damaged by strong winds blowing across the carrier deck. The J-UCAS program was terminated in February 2006 following the US military's Quadrennial Defense Review. The US Air Force and US Navy proceeded with their own UAV programs. The Navy selected Northrop Grumman's X-47B as its Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstrator (UCAS-D) program.

Variants

 * X-47A
 * X-47B
 * X-47C: Proposed larger version with a payload of 10000 lb and a wingspan of 172 ft.

title: Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus


text:
Wikipedia:Links to (disambiguation) pages/How to update

Updating the list can be done by anyone.

 * 1) Download the most recent dump of the Wikipedia database from download.wikimedia.org. For the English version of Wikipedia, select the entry labeled "enwiki."
 * 2) Uncompress the database with bzip2. Other uncompression software may fail silently.
 * 3) Install and start AutoWikiBrowser.
 * 4) In the pane on the left, change the dropdown to "Database dump" and click the button labeled "Make list."
 * 5) In the Wiki Database Scanner window that appears, select "File" from the menu, and select the XML file which bzip2 extracted. This file will be named in the format of "enwiki-20061130-pages-articles.xml" in regards to the date it was created.
 * 6) On the right side, under "Title," check the box labeled "Title does contain:" and insert "(disambiguation)" (without the quotation marks) into the text field.
 * 7) Click the button labeled "Start," and wait for the program to finish.
 * 8) Click the button marked "abc..." to alphabetize the list.
 * 9) On the right side of the window labeled "Make wikified list from results," check the box which says "A B C... headings" and click the button labeled "Make."
 * 10) Click the button labeled "Copy to clipboard" and paste your results to the proper places.


text:
Branson

Branson may refer to:

Places

 * Canada
 * Branson, Toronto

 * United States
 * Branson, Missouri, a popular tourist destination in the Ozark Mountains
 * Branson, Colorado
 * Branson City, California
 * The Branson School, in Ross, California
 * Warrenpoint (Knauertown, Pennsylvania), also known as the William Branson House

Other uses

 * Branson (surname)
 * Branson Ultrasonics, an ultrasonic technology company

title: Branson


text:
Tappan Zee

The Tappan Zee (also Tappan Sea or Tappaan Zee) is a natural widening of the Hudson River, about 3 mi across at its widest, in southeastern New York. It stretches about 10 mi along the boundary between Rockland and Westchester counties, downstream from Croton Point to Irvington. It derives its name from the Tappan people of the Lenape, and the Dutch word , meaning a sea.

Flanked to the west by high steep bluffs of the Palisades, it forms something of a natural lake on the Hudson about 10 mi north of Manhattan. Communities along the Tappan Zee include Nyack on the western side as well as Ossining and Tarrytown on the eastern side. It was formerly crossed by the Governor Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge, opened in 1955 and about 3.1 mi long, connecting Nyack and Tarrytown. Today, it is crossed by the new Tappan Zee Bridge (officially the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge), which opened in 2017 (north or westbound span) and 2018 (south or eastbound span) at about the same length as the old bridge.

On September 14, 1609, the explorer Henry Hudson entered the Tappan Zee while sailing upstream from New York Harbor. At first, Hudson believed the widening of the river indicated that he had found the Northwest Passage. He proceeded upstream as far as present-day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there.

The Tappan Zee is mentioned several times in Washington Irving's famous short story, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The tale is set in the vicinity of Tarrytown, in the area near Irving's own home at Sunnyside. In Frederik Pohl's 1977 Hugo award-winning novel Gateway, the main character Robinette Broadhead has "a summer apartment overlooking the Tappan Sea and The Palisades Dam." Pohl lived in the area while writing the book. Jazz pianist Bob James named one of the tracks from his 1977 album BJ4, in addition to his record label he founded, after the Tappan Zee.

title: Tappan Zee