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Dismemberment

Dismemberment is the act of completely disconnecting and or removing the limbs from a living or dead being. It has been practiced upon human beings as a form of capital punishment, especially in connection with regicide, but can occur as a result of a traumatic accident, or in connection with murder, suicide, or cannibalism. As opposed to surgical amputation of limbs, dismemberment is often fatal. In criminology, a distinction is made between offensive dismemberment, in which dismemberment is the primary objective of the dismemberer, and defensive dismemberment, in which the motivation is to destroy evidence.

In 2019, American psychiatrists and medical professionals Michael H. Stone, Gary Brucato and Ann Burgess proposed formal criteria by which "dismemberment" might be systematically distinguished from the act of mutilation, as these terms are commonly used interchangeably. They suggested that dismemberment involves "the entire removal, by any means, of a large section of the body of a living or dead person, specifically, the head (also termed decapitation), arms, hands, torso, pelvic area, legs, or feet". Mutilation, by contrast, involves "the removal or irreparable disfigurement, by any means, of some smaller portion of one of those larger sections of a living or dead person. The latter would include castration (removal of the testes), disembowelment (removal of internal organs), and flaying (removal of the skin)." According to these parameters, removing a whole hand would constitute dismemberment, while removing or damaging a finger would be mutilation; decapitation of a full head would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a part of the face would be mutilation; and removing a whole torso would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a breast or the organs contained within the torso would be mutilation.

Slicing to pieces by elephant
Particularly in Southeastern Asia, execution by trained elephants was a form of capital punishment practiced for several centuries. The techniques by which the convicted person was executed varied widely but did, on occasion, include the elephant dismembering the victim by means of sharp blades attached to its feet. The Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, visiting Delhi in the 1330s, has left the following eyewitness account of this particular type of execution by elephants:

"Upon a certain day, when I myself was present, some men were brought out who had been accused of having attempted the life of the Vizier. They were ordered, accordingly, to be thrown to the elephants, which had been taught to cut their victims to pieces. Their hoofs were cased with sharp iron instruments, and the extremities of these were like knives. On such occasions the elephant-driver rode upon them: and, when a man was thrown to them, they would wrap the trunk about him and toss him up, then take him with the teeth and throw him between their fore feet upon the breast, and do just as the driver should bid them, and according to the orders of the Emperor. If the order was to cut him to pieces, the elephant would do so with his irons, and then throw the pieces among the assembled multitude: but if the order was to leave him, he would be left lying before the Emperor, until the skin should be taken off, and stuffed with hay, and the flesh given to the dogs."

Quartering procedure in the Holy Roman Empire
In the Holy Roman Empire emperor Charles V's 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina specifies how every dismemberment (quartering) should ideally occur:

"Concerning quartering: To cut and hack apart his entire body into four pieces, and thus be punished unto death, and such four parts are to be hanged on stakes publicly on four common thorough-fares."

Thus, the imperially approved way to dismember the convict within the Holy Roman Empire was by means of cutting, rather than dismemberment through ripping the individual apart. In paragraph 124 of the same code, beheading prior to quartering is mentioned as allowable when extenuating circumstances are present, whereas aggravating circumstances may allow pinching/ripping the criminal with glowing pincers, prior to quartering.

The fate of Wilhelm von Grumbach in 1567, a maverick knight in the Holy Roman Empire who was fond of making his own private wars and was thus condemned for treason, is also worthy of note. Gout-ridden, he was carried to the execution site in a chair and bound fast to a table. The executioner then ripped out his heart, and stuck it in von Grumbach's face with the words: "von Grumbach! Behold your false heart!" Afterwards, the executioner quartered von Grumbach's body. His principal associate was given the same treatment, and an eyewitness stated that after his heart had been ripped out, Chancellor Brück screamed horribly for "quite some time".

One example of a highly aggravated execution is illustrated by the fate of Bastian Karnhars on 16 July 1600. Karnhars was found guilty of 52 separate acts of murder, including the rape and murder of 8 women, and the murder of a child, whose heart he had allegedly eaten for rituals of black magic. To begin, Karnhars had three strips of flesh torn from his back, before being pinched 18 times with glowing pincers, having his fingers clipped off one by one, his arms and legs broken on the wheel, and finally, while still alive, quartered.

Fabled Turkish execution method
In the seventeenth century, a number of travel reports speak of an exotic "Turkish" execution method, where first the waist of a man was constricted by ropes and cords, and then a swift bisection of the trunk was performed. William Lithgow presents a comparatively prosaic description of the method:

"If a Turke should happen to kill another Turke ... he is brought forth to the market place, and a blocke being brought hither of foure foote high; the malefactor is stripd naked; and then layd thereupon with his belly downeward, they drawe in his middle together so small with running cords, that they strike his body a two with one blow: his hinder parts they cast to be eaten by hungry dogges kept for the same purpose; and the forequarters and head they throw into a grievous fire, made there for the same end – and this is the punishment for man-slaughter."

George Sandys, however, during the same period, tells of a method as no longer in use, in a rather more mythologized way:

"... they twitch the offender about the waist with a towell, enforcing him to draw up his breath by often pricking him in the body, until they have drawn him within the compasse of a span; then tying it hard, they cut him off in the middle, and setting the body on a hot plate of copper, which seareth the veines, they so up-propping him during their cruell pleasure: who not only retaineth his sense, but the faculties of discourse, until he be taken downe; and then he departeth in an instant."

Shekkeh in Persia
In 1850s Persia, a particular dismemberment technique called shekkeh is reported to have been used. Travelling as an official for the East India Company Robert Binning describes it as follows:

"the criminal is hung up by the heels, head downwards, from a ladder or between two posts, and the executioner hacks away with a sword, until the body is bisected lengthways, terminating at the head. The two severed halves are then suspended on a camel, and paraded through the streets, for the edification of all beholders. When the shekkeh is to be inflicted in a merciful manner, the culprit's head is struck off, previous to bisecting the trunk."

Mughal Empire/Mughal-Sikh Wars
Sikh martyr Bhai Mani Singh was dismembered on the orders of Zakaria Khan, the Mughal Subahdar of Lahore after failing to pay tribute.

Korea
Dismemberment was a form of capital punishment for convicts of high treason in the Korean kingdom of the Joseon Dynasty. This punishment was, for example, meted out to Hwang Sa-Yong in 1801.

China
The Five Pains is a Chinese variation invented during the Qin dynasty. During the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), truncation of the body at the waist by means of a fodder knife was a death penalty reserved for those who were seen to have done something particularly treacherous or repugnant. That practice of cutting in two did not originate in the Tang dynasty; in sources concerning the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220), no fewer than 33 cases of execution by cutting at the waist are mentioned, but occurs very rarely in earlier material.

Current use
Dismemberment is no longer used by most modern governments as a form of execution or torture, though amputation is still carried out in countries that practice Sharia law.

Tearing apart
Dismemberment was carried out in the Medieval and Early Modern era and could be effected, for example, by tying a person's limbs to chains or other restraints, then attaching the restraints to separate movable entities (e.g. vehicles) and moving them in opposite directions. Depending on the forces supplied by the horses or other entities, joints of the hips and shoulders were quickly dislocated, but ultimate severing of the tendons and ligaments in order to fully dismember the limbs would sometimes require assistance with cuts from a blade.

By four horses
Also referred to as "disruption", dismemberment could be brought about by chaining four horses to the condemned's arms and legs, thus making them pull him apart, as was the case with the executions of François Ravaillac in 1610, Michał Piekarski in 1620 and Robert-François Damiens in 1757. Ravaillac's extended torture and execution has been described like this:

"He was condemned to be tortured with red-hot pincers on four limbs and on each breast. His wounds were to be sprinkled with molten lead and boiling oil and his body was then to be torn in pieces by four horses, the remains being subsequently burnt."

In the case of Damiens, he was condemned to essentially the same fate as Ravaillac, but the execution did not quite work according to plan, as the eyewitness Giacomo Casanova could relate:

"Damiens' agony went on for hours as each torture was applied. When the horses failed to disconnect the sinews between his body and his limbs, his body, still alive, was quartered with a knife. His friend, the infamous Casanova, reports that he "watched the dreadful sight for four hours". "I was obliged to turn away my face and to stop my ears as I heard his piercing shrieks, half his body having been torn from him.""

As late as in 1781, this gruesome punishment was meted out to the Peruvian rebel leader Túpac Amaru II by the Spanish colonial authorities. The following is an extract from the official judicial death sentence issued by the Spanish authorities which condemns Túpac Amaru II to torture and death. It was ordered in the sentence that Túpac Amaru II be condemned to have his tongue cut out, after watching the executions of his family, and to have his hands and feet tied

"to four horses who will then be driven at once toward the four corners of the plaza, pulling the arms and legs from his body. The torso will then be taken to the hill overlooking the city ... where it will be burned in a bonfire ... Tupac Amaru's head will be sent to Tinta to be displayed for three days in the place of public execution and then placed upon a pike at the principal entrance to the city. One of his arms will be sent to Tungasuca, where he was the cacique, and the other arm to the capital province of Carabaya, to be similarly displayed in those locations. His legs will be sent to Livitica and Santa Rosas in the provinces of Chumbivilcas and Lampa, respectively."

Fate of Queen Brunhilda
Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia, executed in 613, is generally regarded to have suffered the same death, though one account has it that she was tied to the tail of a single horse and thus suffered more of a dragging death. The Liber Historiae Francorum, an eighth century chronicle, describes her death by dismemberment as follows:

"Then King Chlothar ordered that she be lifted onto a camel and led through the entire army. Then she was tied to the feet of wild horses and torn apart limb from limb. Finally, she died."

The story of Brunhilda being tied to the tail of a single horse (and then to die in some gruesome manner) is promoted, for example, by Ted Byfield (2003), in which he writes: "Then they tied her to the tail of a wild horse; whipped into frenzy, it kicked her to death". The cited source for this claim, however, the seventh century Life of St. Columban by the monk Jonas, does not support this claim. In paragraph 58 in his work, Jonas just writes: "but Brunhilda he had placed first on a camel in mockery and so exhibited to all her enemies round about then she was bound to the tails of wild horses and thus perished wretchedly".

The storyline of Brunhilda being tied to the tail of a single horse and being subsequently dragged to death has become a classical motif in artistic representations, as can be seen by the included image.

Torn apart by four ships
According to Olfert Dapper, a 17th-century Dutchman who meticulously collected reports from faraway countries from seamen and other travelers, a fairly frequent maritime death penalty among the Barbary corsairs was to affix the hands and feet to chains on four different ships. When the ships then sailed off in different directions, the chains grew taut, and the man in between was torn apart after a while.

Torn apart by two trees
Roman military discipline could be extremely severe, and the emperor Aurelian (r. AD 270–275), who had a reputation for extreme strictness, instituted the rule that soldiers who seduced the wives of their hosts should have their legs fastened to two bent-down trees, which were then released, ripping the man in two. Similarly, in an unsuccessful rebellion against the emperor Valens in AD 366, the usurper Procopius met the same fate.

After the defeat of Darius III by Alexander the Great, the Persian empire was thrown into turmoil, and Darius was killed. One man, Bessus, claimed the throne as Artaxerxes V, but in 329 BC, Alexander had him executed. The manner of Bessus' death is disputed, and Waldemar Heckel writes:

"The exact details of Bessus' death are disputed. He may have been crucified, or torn apart by recoiling trees, or (what is most likely) mutilated before being sent to Ecbatana for execution."

The method of tying people to bent down trees, which are then allowed to recoil, ripping the individual to pieces in the process is, however, mentioned by several travelers to nineteenth century Persia. The British diplomat James Justinian Morier travelled as a special envoy to the Shah in 1808, and Morier writes the following concerning then-prevailing criminal justice:

"... for the King never pardons theft, and orders a convicted thief to be executed instantly. The mode is as follows: two young trees are by main strength brought together at their summits, and there fastened with cords together. The culprit is then brought out, and his legs are tied with ropes, which are again carried up and: fixed to the top of the trees. The cords that force the trees together are then cut; and, in the elasticity and power of this spring, the body of the thief is torn asunder, and left thus to hang divided on each separate tree. The inflexibility of the King in this point has given to the roads a security, which, in former times, was little known."

Torn apart by stones
An obscure Christian martyr Severianus was, about the year AD 300, martyred in the following way, according to one tale: One stone was fastened to his head, another bound to his feet. His middle was then fastened by a rope to the top of a wall, and the stones released from the height. His body was ripped apart.

A Christian martyr withstands being torn apart
During the reign of the Roman Emperor Diocletian a Christian named Shamuna withstood being torn apart in the following manner:

"The governor immediately ordered that Shamuna should be made to kneel down on one side and that an iron chain should be fastened on his knee. This having been done, he hung him up head downwards by the foot with which he had made him kneel; the other he pulled downwards with a heavy piece of iron, which cannot be described in words: thus endeavouring to rend the champion in two. By this means the socket of the hip-bone was wrenched out of its place and Shamuna became lame."

Some time thereafter, Shamuna was taken down from his hanging position, and was beheaded instead.

title: Dismemberment


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Washita River

The Washita River is a river in the states of Texas and Oklahoma in the United States. The river is 295 mi long and terminates at its confluence with the Red River, which is now part of Lake Texoma (33.91667°N, -96.58333°W) on the Texas–Oklahoma border.

Geography
The Washita River forms in eastern Roberts County, Texas (35.63333°N, -100.6°W), near the town of Miami in the Texas Panhandle. The river crosses Hemphill County, Texas and enters Oklahoma in Roger Mills County. It cuts through the Oklahoma counties of Roger Mills, Custer, Washita, Caddo, Grady, Garvin, Murray, Carter, and Johnston before emptying into Lake Texoma, which is the modern border between Bryan County and Marshall County.

The river bisects the heart of the Anadarko Basin, the fifth-largest natural gas formation area in the United States. When the river reaches the Arbuckle Mountains, it drops 30 ft/mi as it cuts through Big Canyon, a limestone gorge 300 ft deep.

The Washita's river bed is made up of unstable mud and sand, and its banks are composed of steeply incised and erosive red earth. This makes it one of the most silt-laden streams in North America.

Tributaries
Along its path, the Foss Dam impounds the Washita River in Custer County to create the Foss Reservoir. Several reservoirs in the Washita River valley hold the waters of small tributaries, including Fort Cobb Lake, Lake Chickasha, and Arbuckle Reservoir.

History
French explorers encountered the Washita River in the early 18th century while traveling upstream on the Red River and thought it was the same stream described by friendly Choctaw tribesmen as the Ouachita River. They soon found that it appeared very different from descriptions of the Ouachita, and named it the Faux Ouachita (False Ouachita). The name was later referred to by English-speaking American settlers as False Washita. After the American Civil War, Americans referred to the river as the Washita.

In 1842, General and future President Zachary Taylor established Fort Washita near the lower end of the river to protect resettled citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, who had been removed from the Southeastern United States, from the Plains Indians inhabiting the area. The fort was about 19 miles above the confluence of the Washita and Red rivers.

During the later Indian Wars, the Battle of Washita River (also known as the Washita River Massacre) occurred at dawn on November 27, 1868. Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer’s 7th U.S. Cavalry attacked Black Kettle’s Cheyenne village on the Washita River near present-day Cheyenne, Oklahoma, killing many inhabitants.

Capt. Wyllys Lyman's wagon train was besieged by Indians near the Washita in Hemphill County on September 9–14, 1874.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Washita River


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Talk:Competitive local exchange carrier

Article title
This article needs to have the capital letters removed from the page title, as it is not a proper name! Would an admin please do this?

Cleanup
This article is a bit difficult to read without greater context/background. For example, the sentance "Many CLECs operate using the unbundled network element platform (UNE-P), in which they lease the underlying copper and port space on the local switch," might be particularly painful for a layperson. As a network engineer, I understand terms like underlying copper, port space and local switch, but I suspect the average person would not. I added information about DLECs, but there are also ELECs. ELECs are a bit unusual and really fit both here and in the LEC article. Now I'm wondering if perhaps this should be merged back into the LEC article with appropriate sections for each type of LEC (LEC, CLEC, DLEC, ELEC, others?) and an additional section for contrast/comparison of the different types. Thoughts?? ++ Arx Fortis 06:27, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Unless, for example, "local exchange carrier" is a term used outside of US telecommunications and CLEC isn't, I'd say merge them. The LEC article needs work anyway (not acknowledging CLECs except as a See Also, for example), and I think merging would help reduce duplication of effort. Merging might also make this page less of a spam magnet. Two other pages look related to the more general LEC page: telephone company and interexchange carrier. Both of those could use lots of work too. Afiler 19:05, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

US POV
This article isn't neutral because it has only a US worldview. --Me-123567-Me (talk) 00:09, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

 * This is an article about a term used in the telecommunications industry in the United States. How could the article not have a US worldview, when the term is not used outside of the US?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.100.187.94 (talk) 23:51, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The term is also used in Canada. --Me-123567-Me (talk) 00:20, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Why not simply change the heading of the article to reflect that this is about the US and Canada only, then provide a link for other countries (or allow others to create them)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.243.145.65 (talk) 12:56, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Scrub-a-dub incontinent puffy capitalization, among many other small flaws
oldid for this edit the last edit in this series, in case all those Upstanding Rand-Caps re-blossom at the hand of whomever thought this was good form in the first place.

 * Competitive local exchange carrier

Now the cat doesn't always come back, but there's a certain threshold of sustained breathlessness that truly disturbs me. — MaxEnt 22:08, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Competitive local exchange carrier


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Talk:Local Exchange Carrier

This article needs to have the capital letters removed from the page title, as it is not a proper name! Would an admin please do this?

title: Talk:Local Exchange Carrier


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Dave (film)

Dave is a 1993 American political comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman, written by Gary Ross, and starring Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver. Frank Langella, Kevin Dunn, Laura Linney, Ving Rhames, Charles Grodin, and Ben Kingsley appear in supporting roles. Dave was a box office success, and was met with critical acclaim.

Plot
Dave Kovic runs a temporary employment agency in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and, as a side job, capitalizes on his remarkable resemblance to President Bill Mitchell by comically impersonating him at events. Secret Service agent Duane Stevenson recruits him to impersonate Mitchell after a speech, ostensibly as a security precaution, but actually to allow Mitchell to meet Randi, a White House staffer with whom he is having an affair.

Dave's appearance goes well, but Mitchell suffers a major stroke while having sex with Randi. His Chief of Staff, Bob Alexander, is inspired to ask Dave to continue in his role. Bob's scheme is to force Vice President Gary Nance to resign by embroiling him in a savings and loan scandal; then Dave, acting as Mitchell, will appoint Bob vice president; then Dave will fake a more serious stroke and Bob will become president. Communications Director Alan Reed is initially hesitant, but eventually acquiesces and tells the press corps the stroke was minor. Claiming that Nance is mentally unstable, Bob and Alan convince Dave he must continue impersonating Mitchell for the good of the country. Nance is sent on a goodwill tour of Africa.

Dave's charm and enthusiasm improves Mitchell's image and popularity. First Lady Ellen Mitchell, who has been estranged from her husband for years, initially suspects nothing and treats Dave with contempt on the few occasions they see each other. When she sees Dave's empathy towards a shy boy at a homeless shelter for which she is a staunch advocate, she begins to soften towards him. Her fury returns, though, after Bob forges Mitchell's signature on the veto of a bill that included funding for the shelter. Dave, after consulting his accountant friend Murray Blum, works with the Cabinet to restore the funding. A furious Bob threatens to destroy Dave, but Alan vows to expose their scheme if he does.

Ellen, having witnessed Dave's considerable efforts to save the shelter, tricks him into admitting he's an impostor and asks to see her husband. Dave has Duane escort them to the secret hospital room beneath the White House, where Mitchell remains in a coma. They are told he won't recover. They both resolve to leave the White House, but after spending a night out alone together, they begin to fall in love. Ellen tells Dave she's gone along with the charade of a happy marriage because she thought that as First Lady, she could help people. Dave tells her he wishes he could.

The next day, Dave, still as Mitchell, calls a press conference, making Bob furious that Dave is no longer obeying him. Dave fires Bob, who in turn tries to fire him, but Dave dares Bob to tell the press about the switch. At the press conference, Dave announces a monumental plan to provide a job to every American who wants one.

Nance returns from Africa and confronts Dave for trying to frame him for crimes of which Bob and the real Mitchell are actually guilty. In retaliation against Dave, Bob reveals evidence implicating Mitchell in the scandal, which Alan admits is true. Despite talk of impeachment, Dave refuses to back off his jobs plan, while Bob quietly begins to garner support for a presidential run.

During a joint session of Congress, Dave admits that Bob's allegations are true and produces proof, provided by Alan, that shows that Bob was also involved, and that Nance is innocent. After Dave apologizes to Nance and the country, he fakes another stroke; switching places with Mitchell, he resumes his previous life. The hospital pronounces the "second" stroke as major, and Mitchell continues to lie in a coma for five more months before dying. As acting president and then president, Nance backs the jobs plan, which becomes law. Bob and several Mitchell administration officials are indicted, while Alan continues working in the White House.

Dave runs for the D.C. city council with the help of Murray and his employment agency staff. Dave is surprised one day when Ellen visits. He escorts her into his office, where they share their first kiss. Dave closes the shades to give them privacy and Duane, wearing one of Dave's campaign buttons, steps in front of the door.

Cameos

 * Politicians

 * Media personalities

Senators Al D'Amato, Lloyd Bentsen, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan were scheduled to make cameo appearances in the film but withdrew in protest of Warner Records's decision to release Body Count's song "Cop Killer." NBC also prohibited Andrea Mitchell from making a planned appearance in the film.

Production
Producer Lauren Shuler Donner and screenwriter Gary Ross had known each other since taking a Stella Adler class in the 1970s, and in 1988 Ross told Shuler Donner his idea for Dave. Ross wrote the script while working on the Michael Dukakis presidential campaign during the 1988 election, and he was inspired by the Iran-contra affair. Ross also received advice from First Lady Barbara Bush's press secretary Anna Perez. Shuler Donner approved it, but her employer Walt Disney Productions refused to release it while a conservative such as Ronald Reagan or George H. W. Bush held the presidency. Warner Bros. bought the project with the intent to have it directed by Shuler Donner's husband Richard Donner, but he decided against continuing with the project in 1990. Production was delayed by three years to wait for Shuler Donner to be released from her contract with Disney and for director Ivan Reitman to become available.

According to Reitman, Warner Bros. wanted a box office star to portray the lead role and that one executive even suggested Arnold Schwarzenegger to play the part. Michael Keaton was briefly cast in the role but had to drop out. Both Warren Beatty and Kevin Costner were also considered for the role. In fact, it was Beatty who brought Dave to Reitman's attention. Kevin Kline almost turned down the role, because he thought he would be playing the same character he played in A Fish Called Wanda.

Nevertheless, Kline was hired to play the protagonist, as Reitman considered him to have a presidential look and be an actor "who was both dramatically strong and was light on his feet," as Kline would not only be playing a double role, but the film was a comedy that dealt with very serious subject matter. Reitman then called Sigourney Weaver, with whom he had worked in Ghostbusters, for the First Lady role. Ross was present for production, as he was interested in starting a directing career as well.

Filming began on August 13, 1992, in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. White House interior sets were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank while exterior scenes were filmed at the Los Angeles County Arboretum in Arcadia, California. The film's Oval Office set was constructed based on a replica at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and would be reused more than 25 times, for television shows and films such as The Pelican Brief, In the Line of Fire, Hot Shots! Part Deux and Absolute Power.

Box office
Dave debuted at number 2 at the US box office, behind Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story. It reached number 1 in its second weekend. In total, Dave made $63.3 million in the United States and Canada and $28.5 million internationally for a worldwide total of $91.8 million.

Critical response
Dave was met with critical acclaim. It has a 95% approval rate and an average score of 7.6 out of 10 on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews. The critic's consensus states: "Ivan Reitman's refreshingly earnest political comedy benefits from an understated, charming script and a breezy performance by Kevin Kline." It has a score of 76 out of 100 Metacritic, based on 30 reviews.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four. Ebert praised the film's acting and wrote, "Dave takes that old plot about an ordinary person who is suddenly thrust into a position of power, and finds a fresh way to tell it. [...] When I first heard this story line, I imagined that Dave would be completely predictable. I was wrong. The movie is more proof that it isn't what you do, it's how you do it: Ivan Reitman's direction and Gary Ross's screenplay use intelligence and warmhearted sentiment to make Dave into wonderful lighthearted entertainment. [...] Both Kline and Weaver are good at playing characters of considerable intelligence, and that's the case here. The movie may be built on subtle variations of the Idiot Plot, in which the characters skillfully avoid tripping over obvious conclusions, but they bring such particular qualities to their characters that we almost believe them."

Then-President Bill Clinton approved of the film, and gave Ross a framed script, which Clinton had autographed, writing that it was a "funny, often accurate lampooning of politics." Clinton also gave Ross a picture of himself holding a Dave mug.

Musical
A musical based on the movie opened at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., in July 2018. The book is written by Thomas Meehan and Nell Benjamin, with music by Tom Kitt. The production is directed by Tina Landau and stars Drew Gehling as Dave and Douglas Sills as Chief of Staff Bob Alexander.

title: Dave (film)


text:
Category talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four

Untitled
Shouldn't this be "Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four"? Wikipedia standard is that articles titled after numbers in the fashion of "1984" are dedicated to that year, not to anything else relating to that number (including the number itself). -Sean Curtin 06:24, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, it should be moved. Hypernovean 12:12, 31 May 2004 (UTC)
 * So do I - it looks really peculiar in the "Categories" list, which is how I discovered it - Robin Patterson 05:46, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Definitely - it's the name of the novel. Using numbers is just short-hand, and incorrect. --HappyDog 00:30, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Nineteen Eighty-Four


text: Category:Marvel Comics

title: Category:Marvel Comics


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Foundation (engineering)

In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.

Purpose
Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground:
 * To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).
 * To anchor the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods, droughts, frost heaves, tornadoes and wind.
 * To provide a level surface for construction.
 * To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing overloading.
 * To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).

Requirements of a good foundation
The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must possess some basic requirements:
 * The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can cause stability issues for the structure.
 * Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.
 * Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling because of temperature changes.
 * The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not affected or influenced by future works or factors.

Earthfast or post in ground construction
Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the ground. Post in ground construction may technically have no foundation. Timber pilings were used on soft or wet ground even below stone or masonry walls. In marine construction and bridge building a crisscross of timbers or steel beams in concrete is called grillage.

Padstones
Perhaps the simplest foundation is the padstone, a single stone which both spreads the weight on the ground and raises the timber off the ground. Staddle stones are a specific type of padstone.

Stone foundations
Dry stone and stones laid in mortar to build foundations are common in many parts of the world. Dry laid stone foundations may have been painted with mortar after construction. Sometimes the top, visible course of stone is hewn, quarried stones. Besides using mortar, stones can also be put in a gabion. One disadvantage is that if using regular steel rebars, the gabion would last much less long than when using mortar (due to rusting). Using weathering steel rebars could reduce this disadvantage somewhat.

Rubble-trench foundations
Rubble trench foundations are a shallow trench filled with rubble or stones. These foundations extend below the frost line and may have a drain pipe which helps groundwater drain away. They are suitable for soils with a capacity of more than 10 tonnes/m2 (2,000 pounds per square foot).

Shallow foundations
Often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.

Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures.

Another way to install ready-to-build foundations that is more environmentally friendly is to use screw piles. Screw pile installations have also extended to residential applications, with many homeowners choosing a screw pile foundation over other options. Some common applications for helical pile foundations include wooden decks, fences, garden houses, pergolas, and carports.

Deep foundations
Used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, screw piles, geo-piers and earth-stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete.

Monopile foundation
A type of deep foundation which uses a single, generally large-diameter, structural element embedded into the earth to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.

Many monopile foundations have been used in recent years for economically constructing fixed-bottom offshore wind farms in shallow-water subsea locations. For example, a single wind farm off the coast of England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.74-meter-diameter monopile footing in ocean depths up to 16 meters of water.

Floating\barge
A floating foundation is one that sits on a body of water, rather than dry land. This type of foundation is used for some bridges and floating buildings.

Design
Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity depending on the type of subsoil/rock supporting the foundation by a geotechnical engineer, and the footing itself may be designed structurally by a structural engineer. The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure which the foundation is supporting. Expansive clay soils can also cause problems.

title: Foundation (engineering)


text:
User talk:Mmm~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. I see you've been here a while, so I expect you know what you're doing by now, but if you do have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. Feel free to introduce yourself at the new users page too. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Angela. 06:28, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! I was wondering if someone would stop by to say hi! Yes, I have enjoyed contributing a bit back to the web in this way. Looks like you have done a lot. Congratulations! Mmm 06:54, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

Birgus Latro (coconut crab)
Just like to let you know that i have seen Birgus latro close to five feet measured across the back carapace however not documented officially I'm from the island of Guam the largest of many islands of the Marianas. When I was growing up we had to rely a lot on our natural resources because our culture wasn't impacted by outside influences as we are now. As a kid we would go fishing around the other islands and make stops to harvest coconut crabs. Of the 14 islands in the Marianas only four heavily populated. Guam is the largest and is the commercial hub of the south pacific. Large coconut crabs still exist in these uninhabitated islands. Here is a picture of just how large they get. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.47.147.234 (talk) 16:46, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Pigment umber raw iconofile.jpg
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File permission problem with File:Pigment sienna raw iconofile.jpg
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 * I gave the information necessary to contact the owner of the image. If you want to contact the guy, go ahead. Otherwise delete the image.

Can't you just forward the email to OTRS? Magog the Ogre (talk) 15:46, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

WP:DISCLAIM
I've removed a disclaimer you've added here.Curb Chain (talk) 06:04, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I added that because there is a notice on the relevant website which states that any materials derived from it should have language to this effect. Please see . The WP:DISCLAIM page is talking about information that is redundant with one of the standard disclaimers, and this is not one of those disclaimers. MMM (talk) 10:05, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Mmm~enwiki


text: Category:DC Comics

title: Category:DC Comics


text: Category:Zope

title: Category:Zope


text:
Numerical control

In machining, numerical control, also called computer numerical control (CNC), is the automated control of tools by means of a computer. It is used to operate tools such as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers and 3D printers. CNC transforms a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, stone, or composite) into a specified shape by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation.

A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer, according to specific input instructions. Instructions are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a sequential program of machine control instructions such as G-code and M-code, and then executed. The program can be written by a person or, far more often, generated by graphical computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. In the case of 3D printers, the part to be printed is "sliced" before the instructions (or the program) are generated. 3D printers also use G-Code.

CNC offers greatly increased productivity over non-computerized machining for repetitive production, where the machine must be manually controlled (e.g. using devices such as hand wheels or levers) or mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated pattern guides (see pantograph mill). However, these advantages come at significant cost in terms of both capital expenditure and job setup time. For some prototyping and small batch jobs, a good machine operator can have parts finished to a high standard whilst a CNC workflow is still in setup.

In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its manufacturing program are highly automated. The part's mechanical dimensions are defined using CAD software and then translated into manufacturing directives by CAM software. The resulting directives are transformed (by "post processor" software) into the specific commands necessary for a particular machine to produce the component and then are loaded into the CNC machine.

Since any particular component might require the use of several different tools – drills, saws, touch probes etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, several different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that meets every specification in the original CAD drawing, where each specification includes a tolerance.

Description
Motion is controlling multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y), and a tool spindle that moves in the Z (depth). The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive stepper motors or servo motors to provide highly accurate movements, or in older designs, motors through a series of step-down gears. Open-loop control works as long as the forces are kept small enough and speeds are not too great. On commercial metalworking machines, closed-loop controls are standard and required to provide the accuracy, speed, and repeatability demanded.

Parts description
As the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. One change has been to enclose the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure (with safety glass in the doors to permit the operator to monitor the machine's function), often with additional safety interlocks to ensure the operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. Most new CNC systems built today are 100% electronically controlled.

CNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operations. These include laser cutting, welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding, flame and plasma cutting, bending, spinning, hole-punching, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewing, tape and fiber placement, routing, picking and placing, and sawing.

History
The first CNC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the tool or part to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern CNC machine tools that have revolutionized machining processes.

Today
Now the CNC in the processing manufacturing field has been very extensive, not only the traditional milling and turning, other machines and equipment are also installed with the corresponding CNC, which makes the manufacturing industry in its support, greatly improving the quality and efficiency. Of course, the latest trend in CNC is to combine traditional subtractive manufacturing with additive manufacturing (3D printing) to create a new manufacturing method - hybrid additive subtractive manufacturing (HASM). Another trend is the combination of AI, using a large number of sensors, with the goal of achieving flexible manufacturing.

Other CNC tools
Many other tools have CNC variants, including:

 * 3D printing
 * CNC router
 * Canned cycle
 * Cylindrical grinders
 * Drills
 * Embroidery machines
 * Glass cutting
 * Hot-wire foam cutters
 * Induction hardening machines
 * Laser cutting
 * Lathes
 * Leather cutter
 * Milling machine
 * Oxy-fuel
 * Plasma cutters
 * Sheet metal works (Turret punch)
 * Submerged arc welding
 * Surface grinder
 * Tube, pipe and wire bending machines
 * Vinyl cutter
 * Water jet cutters
 * Wood routers

Tool/machine crashing
In CNC, a "crash" occurs when the machine moves in such a way that is harmful to the machine, tools, or parts being machined, sometimes resulting in bending or breakage of cutting tools, accessory clamps, vises, and fixtures, or causing damage to the machine itself by bending guide rails, breaking drive screws, or causing structural components to crack or deform under strain. A mild crash may not damage the machine or tools but may damage the part being machined so that it must be scrapped. Many CNC tools have no inherent sense of the absolute position of the table or tools when turned on. They must be manually "homed" or "zeroed" to have any reference to work from, and these limits are just for figuring out the location of the part to work with it and are no hard motion limit on the mechanism. It is often possible to drive the machine outside the physical bounds of its drive mechanism, resulting in a collision with itself or damage to the drive mechanism. Many machines implement control parameters limiting axis motion past a certain limit in addition to physical limit switches. However, these parameters can often be changed by the operator.

Many CNC tools also do not know anything about their working environment. Machines may have load sensing systems on spindle and axis drives, but some do not. They blindly follow the machining code provided and it is up to an operator to detect if a crash is either occurring or about to occur, and for the operator to manually abort the active process. Machines equipped with load sensors can stop axis or spindle movement in response to an overload condition, but this does not prevent a crash from occurring. It may only limit the damage resulting from the crash. Some crashes may not ever overload any axis or spindle drives.

If the drive system is weaker than the machine's structural integrity, then the drive system simply pushes against the obstruction, and the drive motors "slip in place". The machine tool may not detect the collision or the slipping, so for example the tool should now be at 210mm on the X-axis, but is, in fact, at 32mm where it hit the obstruction and kept slipping. All of the next tool motions will be off by −178mm on the X-axis, and all future motions are now invalid, which may result in further collisions with clamps, vises, or the machine itself. This is common in open-loop stepper systems but is not possible in closed-loop systems unless mechanical slippage between the motor and drive mechanism has occurred. Instead, in a closed-loop system, the machine will continue to attempt to move against the load until either the drive motor goes into an overload condition or a servo motor fails to get to the desired position.

Collision detection and avoidance are possible, through the use of absolute position sensors (optical encoder strips or disks) to verify that motion occurred, or torque sensors or power-draw sensors on the drive system to detect abnormal strain when the machine should just be moving and not cutting, but these are not a common component of most hobby CNC tools. Instead, most hobby CNC tools simply rely on the assumed accuracy of stepper motors that rotate a specific number of degrees in response to magnetic field changes. It is often assumed the stepper is perfectly accurate and never missteps, so tool position monitoring simply involves counting the number of pulses sent to the stepper over time. An alternate means of stepper position monitoring is usually not available, so crash or slip detection is not possible.

Commercial CNC metalworking machines use closed-loop feedback controls for axis movement. In a closed-loop system, the controller monitors the actual position of each axis with an absolute or incremental encoder. Proper control programming will reduce the possibility of a crash, but it is still up to the operator and programmer to ensure that the machine is operated safely. However, during the 2000s and 2010s, the software for machining simulation has been maturing rapidly, and it is no longer uncommon for the entire machine tool envelope (including all axes, spindles, chucks, turrets, tool holders, tailstocks, fixtures, clamps, and stock) to be modeled accurately with 3D solid models, which allows the simulation software to predict fairly accurately whether a cycle will involve a crash. Although such simulation is not new, its accuracy and market penetration are changing considerably because of computing advancements.

Numerical precision and equipment backlash
Within the numerical systems of CNC programming, the code generator can assume that the controlled mechanism is always perfectly accurate, or that precision tolerances are identical for all cutting or movement directions. While the common use of ball screws on most modern NC machines eliminates the vast majority of backlash, it still must be taken into account. CNC tools with a large amount of mechanical backlash can still be highly precise if the drive or cutting mechanism is only driven to apply cutting force from one direction, and all driving systems are pressed tightly together in that one cutting direction. However, a CNC device with high backlash and a dull cutting tool can lead to cutter chatter and possible workpiece gouging. The backlash also affects the precision of some operations involving axis movement reversals during cutting, such as the milling of a circle, where axis motion is sinusoidal. However, this can be compensated for if the amount of backlash is precisely known by linear encoders or manual measurement.

The high backlash mechanism itself is not necessarily relied on to be repeatedly precise for the cutting process, but some other reference object or precision surface may be used to zero the mechanism, by tightly applying pressure against the reference and setting that as the zero references for all following CNC-encoded motions. This is similar to the manual machine tool method of clamping a micrometer onto a reference beam and adjusting the Vernier dial to zero using that object as the reference.

Positioning control system
In numerical control systems, the position of the tool is defined by a set of instructions called the part program. Positioning control is handled using either an open-loop or a closed-loop system. In an open-loop system, communication takes place in one direction only: from the controller to the motor. In a closed-loop system, feedback is provided to the controller so that it can correct for errors in position, velocity, and acceleration, which can arise due to variations in load or temperature. Open-loop systems are generally cheaper but less accurate. Stepper motors can be used in both types of systems, while servo motors can only be used in closed systems.

Cartesian coordinates
The G & M code positions are all based on a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. This system is a typical plane often seen in mathematics when graphing. This system is required to map out the machine tool paths and any other kind of actions that need to happen in a specific coordinate. Absolute coordinates are what are generally used more commonly for machines and represent the (0,0,0) point on the plane. This point is set on the stock material to give a starting point or "home position" before starting the actual machining.

G-codes
G-codes are used to command specific movements of the machine, such as machine moves or drilling functions. The majority of G-code programs start with a percent (%) symbol on the first line, then followed by an "O" with a numerical name for the program (i.e. "O0001") on the second line, then another percent (%) symbol on the last line of the program. The format for a G-code is the letter G followed by two to three digits; for example G01. G-codes differ slightly between a mill and lathe application, for example:
 * [G00 Rapid Motion Positioning]
 * [G01 Linear Interpolation Motion]
 * [G02 Circular Interpolation Motion-Clockwise]
 * [G03 Circular Interpolation Motion-Counter Clockwise]
 * [G04 Dwell (Group 00) Mill]
 * [G10 Set offsets (Group 00) Mill]
 * [G12 Circular Pocketing-Clockwise]
 * [G13 Circular Pocketing-Counter Clockwise]

M-codes
[Code Miscellaneous Functions (M-Code)]. M-codes are miscellaneous machine commands that do not command axis motion. The format for an M-code is the letter M followed by two to three digits; for example:

 * [M01 Operational stop]
 * [M02 End of Program]
 * [M03 Start Spindle - Clockwise]
 * [M04 Start Spindle - Counter Clockwise]
 * [M05 Stop Spindle]
 * [M06 Tool Change]
 * [M07 Coolant on mist coolant]
 * [M08 Flood coolant on]
 * [M09 Coolant off]
 * [M10 Chuck open]
 * [M11 Chuck close]
 * [M12 Spindle up]
 * [M13 BOTH M03&M08 Spindle clockwise rotation & flood coolant]
 * [M14 BOTH M04&M08 Spindle counter clockwise rotation & flood coolant]
 * [M15 BOTH M05&M09 Spindle stop and Flood coolant off]
 * [M16 Special tool call]
 * [M19 Spindle orientate]
 * [M29 DNC mode]
 * [M30 Program reset & rewind]
 * [M38 Door open]
 * [M39 Door close]
 * [M40 Spindle gear at middle]
 * [M41 Low gear select]
 * [M42 High gear select]
 * [M53 Retract Spindle] (raises tool spindle above current position to allow operator to do whatever they would need to do)
 * [M68 Hydraulic chuck close]
 * [M69 Hydraulic chuck open]
 * [M78 Tailstock advancing]
 * [M79 Tailstock reversing]

Example
Having the correct speeds and feeds in the program provides for a more efficient and smoother product run. Incorrect speeds and feeds will cause damage to the tool, machine spindle, and even the product. The quickest and simplest way to find these numbers would be to use a calculator that can be found online. A formula can also be used to calculate the proper speeds and feeds for a material. These values can be found online or in Machinery's Handbook.

title: Numerical control


text: Category:Marvel Comics characters

title: Category:Marvel Comics characters


text:
Talk:Sōka University

IP address 4.46.1.85 periodically deletes information across wikipedia about topics related to Soka Gakkai. Controversy at Soka University is well documented, including serious questions about it being controlled by a sect that many call a cult. I think it is fitting to include this information and links to relevant press reports. --Goettel 06:38, May 31, 2004 (UTC)

Personally as a member of the Soka Gokkai I find some of the debate hurtful however I feel it is necessary and shouldn't be censored. My personal opinion is that the Soka Gokkai as an organization believes that religions and society are not separate entities. I would like to note that Soka University isn't a Buddhist only school and that it is unfortunate that the controversy exists. If anything I feel that this controversy is often supported by the fact that many people are anti-SGI often vehemently so. The links for instance don't include links to the SUA webpage or any articles defending the organization. To say that anything is a cult is simply a way of trying to subvert a religious practice. Yes the organization own newspapers, magazines, and publishes books, yes we donate and support schools that we feel coincide with our values and beliefs. We do indeed try to get people to learn about the organization and it's goals, and we try to convert people into Buddhists. As far as the cult argument goes I don't believe there is much weight to it, I do support the discussion. I don't think it is a valid argument that my religion is a cult, and I would question the background and motives of people that make arguments that we are a cult. A lot of bad blood exists between our organization and the former priesthood and it unfortunate that we are at present still in a war or words.

The above was written by Prof_of_asskickology October 13th, 11:38 PM PST

Proposal to Disambig
Even the Soka Universities in the US and Japan are related to the Soka Gakkai, there's no reason that the two have to be crowded into an article. I propose this article to be Disambig'd to Soka University (USA) and Soka University (Japan). Samuel Curtis 17:51, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I just read this (after the fact) and I agree because the two are not technically the same university system (it's like the various Loyola universities in the US, all related to the Catholic church but not to each other) --I went ahead and did the disambiguation, however there was an easy out: The USA campus is actually called Soka University of America. The Japanese campus is officially Soka University, and I think we can get away with a simple disambig line at the top of this page.  What do you think? --Bobak 19:30, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Soka Women's College
Soka Women's College is a two-year program (短期大学) affiliated with Sōka University (Japan). The article is currently a two-sentence stub. I propose it be merged here until there is enough content to warrant separate articles. (Editors interested in this discussion may wish to see a list of similar proposed merges at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Universities.) Cnilep (talk) 03:28, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Support. The current poorly-sourced details at Soka Women's College can easily be appended as a couple of lines to the related Sōka University (Japan) article until some future date when sufficient reliably-sourced information can be provided to justify a separate self-standing article. --DAJF (talk) 11:55, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

Hearing no objections after two months, I have merged the page. Cnilep (talk) 01:51, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 26 August 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Doesn't seem to be any support for the proposed move. Number  5  7  16:11, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

Sōka University → Soka University – the title with a diacritic does not "predominate in English language reliable sources" per WP:TITLE, and is not advertised as the translation in all publications by the institution itself. Malayy (talk) 13:02, 26 August 2017 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:49, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

 * What do the WP Japan naming conventions say? Sōka University is used in third party book sources, (a) since short-o "Soka" (そか soka 粗菓 "cheap candy") means something different to Souka/ Sōka "value-adding", and (b) Sōka Gakkai, which is always written with long ou/ō. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:44, 26 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Sōka Gakkai is always written with long ou/ō? Malayy (talk) 15:18, 26 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Queried move request Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:49, 26 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I think this is a technical request. I know JA Wikipedia's rules but I'm not as familiar with the rules here in this case so I did my research. Per WP:JATITLE, honor the current anglicization used officially by that party. The official website of this institution uses "Soka University" without macron. Book sources also favour "Soka University" over "Sōka University". Malayy (talk) 08:57, 27 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes Sōka Gakkai is always written with long ou/ō. Re WP:JATITLE generally that means spelling, not fonts. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:50, 27 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see Soka Gakkai being predominantly written with a macron at all, this being the religious group the school takes its name from. And I'm not sure what you meant by the second part. Malayy (talk) 03:28, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Lack of macron :: how often is it by choice, and how often because people's typewriters and word-processor programs can't easily make vowels with macrons? Anthony Appleyard (talk) 10:59, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

About the rankings
Hello, this page used to present Soka University as one of the top universities in Japan, according to a 2014 rankings. It's a misunderstanding : this ranking does not designate the best universities in Japan, but establishes a list of japanese universities that are "leading the internationalization of Japan’s education by launching new programs to encourage and deepen interactions and partnerships with the world’s top universities". That is why I corrected this point. If you have further informations about rankings in Japan, please share it here ! --Raoul mishima (talk) 16:39, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sōka University


text: Category:DC Comics characters

title: Category:DC Comics characters


text:
Talk:David Hockney

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ChloeJBorders.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:05, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Style
it is they are artists and they have artist eyes.....anyway how the hell can u trace of a mirror when youd have to stand infront of it therefore you would be seeing your own reflection --User:219.88.118.254 06:27, May 31, 2004

 * I can only suggest you try to get a copy of Hockney's book and/or the TV programme. He shows that projecting and tracing like this is possible, though whether it was actually done is a different matter, of course. --Camembert
 * Hockney's deductive theory satisfies the precept of Occam's Razor much more than pure artistic skill. Furthermore, as Hockney himself asserts, the use of a lens as a tool no more invalidates the role of the artist than does the use of a paintbrush as a tool.  "Optics don't make marks." 139.84.48.249 14:57, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Listen to me you fucking modernist, go to artrenewal.com and read the rebuttal of Hockney's outlandish claims. Hockney is jealous that the old masters could paint so well and he is stuck painting filthy Modernist shit.

 * "Anyone who paints a blue sky green ought to be sterilyzed." - Adolf Hitler —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.137.172.220 (talk • contribs) 02:14, 26 August 2006.
 * Time to invoke Godwin's Law I think... -- Solipsist 09:18, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The irony of this trollish post, of course, is that David Hockney himself has often questioned his relationship to Modernism and modern art. I read the website s/he recommended, and I must say it's kind of disturbing how anti-modern an intolerant some people can be. Ghamming 06:08, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd like to add to questioning the validity of quoting artrenewal.com as the article in question makes out that Hockney is jealous because he can't draw, which invalidates the argument almost straight away. Sfgreenwood 14:55, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

I think a more NPOV about this would be good. It is interesting as an idea regardless of whether it happened (and there are some engravings suggesting that some people did this), and as an issue in the history of technology and art. It probably deserves a seperate article. Justinc 22:23, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * A good description of the technical side you will find in the article Camera lucida Xauxa 4 July 2005 22:20 (UTC)

Can I add a second (or third) for removing the reference to Art Renewal in this article? They are--to say the least--not a well recognized organization with tenuous connections to the art world. Their critique largely consists of fairly obvious distortions of Hockney's thesis. There are certainly more recognized names that participated in the debate--Keith Christiansen, a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Susan Sontag, Linda Nochlin,--as indicated by the following New York Time article:

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/04/arts/design/04OPTI.html?scp=1&sq=hockney%20sontag&st=cse&pagewanted=1 76.67.16.61 (talk) 06:58, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Paper pools?
Would I be right in thinking that David Hockeny was involved in a series of artwroks known as the paper pools?

These were IIRC pictures constructed using colored paper pulp?

See Also : http://www.nga.gov.au/BigAmericans/Detail/Diver.htm

 * Yep, that's right. Julia Rossi 12:13, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Old masters' techniques
i believe that the statement about the hockney theory satisfying the principle of Occam's razor, that the use of optical devices was commonplace among so called old masters to be a fallacious one. anyone who has experience with academic drawing and painting will realize that such devices aren't necessary, or would be auxiliary. however whether they were used extensively as an aid is really a matter which should rest on historical evidence of an empirical nature. furthermore i propose that the idea that using them is a way of cheating is also fallacious, since the production of realistic painting techniques isn't a proof of an absolutely valued artist's skill. such language ascribes literal measurements of skill through objective comparisons. the purpose and function of the vast majority of art pieces produced within human history was not to simulate visual reality, but rather to fulfill certain aesthetic or philosophic/religious/cultural needs. by and large realism was the focus of oil painting during a certain development of european painting, and was later adopted by academic or ecclectic painters who sought to combine techniques in previous painting instead of exploring new aesthetic territory. most art has been about producing an artifact which performs and reflects a social function and that culture's concepts of what the symbolic artifact means. realism in oil painting began when a particular culture decided the valued quality in art was in how well it imitated visual reality. for most of oil painting this was actually considered genre painting, and the highest value was accorded to grand manner painting of mythological and historical subjects. these were no less detailed but involved often a monumentality or sense of composition that is absent in the more photograph-like rendered still lives or portraits of tromp l'oeil. my inclination would be to point out that perhaps there is a congruency between photography and realistic painting, however if there isn't a lot of evidence for his historical claims, and i'm not a historical literatus in this particular field, he may be dreaming.

perhaps, David could explain how Johan Sebastian Bach achieved the intricate sound textures in his works. Or how Michelangelo worked his statues. Yes, not painting, but related anyway: barroque style is highly intricate and detailed, regardless of the artistic expression. Compare that to the simplicity of classic or the gritty and minimalist modernist approach. What Bach used? mirrors too? They could've used mirrors, yes, but highly skilled artists, even today, have not much trouble looking at a scene and reproducing it to perfection, without extra devices other than eye and hand.

This article is not up to wiki standards, it reads like an essay written by a schoolkid and furthermore seems to be signed in such a manner
Also, I am not sure if individual paintings should get entire articles. Flying Hamster 22:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It depends, I think, on the painting. See Guernica as opposed to The Matador. Amphytrite 04:42, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Disambig of RA
Can anyone find a definition for the RA mentioned after Hockney's name? The placing leads me to believe it's short for that Royal Artillery, but I can't be certain. Amphytrite 04:42, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it's more likely to be Royal Academician, a member of the Royal Academy, also known as the Royal Academy of Arts because military service doesn't seem to be in Hockney's history. Julia Rossi 01:43, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! Amphytrite 02:09, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * He was a conscientious objector to mandatory military service in England. He spent two years between his Bradford Art School days and his Royal College art school days working in healthcare. This might have been resolved already, I dunno. Ghamming 17:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Yep,it is Royal Academician! All the Best,Jared Harrell

Wiki cleanup
Yes, I did it. It's a good project and I wanted to clean it up to save its little hide. I also removed some of the weasel-ish words and some sweeping statements though I could see it was written with love and enthusiasm which is greattttttt, so didn't wanna be too heavy handed there. You might like to expand about the Pools which was a californianising of Hockney or Hockney's song of praise to Cal - I guess it applies either way. The context is that he was freer to express his lifestyle in LA and he came from cloudy ole England. His experimentation in art history circles is considered a post-modern exercise in working across disciplines and he championed printmaking, simply by churning them out and using whatever, which is normally seen (in an elitist way) as poor cousin to painting. He's quite egalitarian really. Continue having fun, Julia Rossi 01:37, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Oils?
a PS - about oils being his preferred medium, I saw a documentary showing Hockney's assistant madly spraying water across a huge canvas to prevent the acrylic paint from drying out. These paintings were large and very flat in rendering. Did he switch to acrylics, and if so, when? Julia Rossi 01:41, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

ThanksStokes.thomas 16:38, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * He switched to acrylic when he moved to LA in 1964, I know that much. He liked the quality and range of colors of American acrylics much better than he did English acrylic. I don't know as much about his work post-1974 or so, though I'd be happy to research it once the copyright issues are resolved. I can cite sources on the acrylic thing, too. Ghamming 17:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Acrylics were the medium used for the works of the 1960s and the Clark's double portrait, so the reference to oils was inaccurate. Philip Cross (talk) 22:24, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * ...but some of his most recent work DO use the older medium. Philip Cross (talk) 22:29, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Copyright violations
Most of this article is taken from the David Hockney biography at http://www.davidhockney.com/bio.shtml -- it is paraphrased to some extend, but very clearly plagiarized. I don't know what steps to take to mark this article as a copyvio; will someone with more knowledge on the matter help me out? CDrecche 22:39, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It looks as though the copyright violation was added around 21 January 2007 by an anonymous editor. Reverting to versions prior to that would seem to be safe. DCB4W 02:24, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Done, nice detective work DCB :) -- Cactus.man  ✍  06:49, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought versions prior (as in closer to the pinched original) would be more likely copy vio. Turned out that's what the article starter did before running out of time to mutate it. That's why when I tackled it, I tried to paraphrase. Since then it's looking quite different.Julia Rossi 04:10, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Image of Hockney?
Can anyone find an appropriate picture of David Hockney for this article? It seems necessary, especially because of his distinctive appearance (blonde hair, thick black glasses), i.e. the Hockney look. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Graymornings (talk • contribs) 16:00, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

It's done with (concave) mirrors
Hockney did not provide a clear explanation of the use of mirrors. He didn't sufficiently emphasize that the mirrors that were used were concave mirrors, not flat mirrors. If you stand in front of a window and point a concave mirror at the window, the image of the objects that are outside the window will be projected onto the wall in front of you. This projection is upside down, but otherwise it is a true image of the objects. The artists duplicated this phenomenon by placing objects inside of a windowed space and projecting them onto a canvas for tracing by using a concave mirror.Lestrade (talk) 18:41, 10 March 2008 (UTC)Lestrade
 * I have to laugh at humanity. Here's a man who hands everyone an obviously true explanation of a phenomenon and many people reject it because they don't understand. People would rather have mysteries and paradoxes than clear explanations.Lestrade (talk) 22:38, 15 March 2008 (UTC)Lestrade

Vandalism
someone thought funny to add "this website sucks!" in the early years part. I removed it.Gigakight (talk) 04:04, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

"He also had the audacity to say he hoped this was the end for new labour, therefore showing public support for the Conservatives even though not voting makes his political opinion less valid." Removed for want of NPOV. 71.233.245.97 (talk) 23:40, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Category:English expatriates in the United States
Looks like an erroneous category to me: he appears to spend most, if not all, of his time in Bridlington. I've removed it. --GuillaumeTell 22:13, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Death of Dominic Elliot was not from a fall
The truth of Dominic's death is completely different, he died from drinking acid after ingesting alcohol, cannabis, temazepan, cocaine and ecstasy NOT from the fall go here http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-23885509 please correct data Veryscarymary (talk) 13:43, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

edit request
In 2004, David Hockney was invited to serve as a mentor for the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative, an international philanthropic programme that pairs masters in their disciplines with emerging talents for a year of one-to-one creative exchange. Out of a very gifted field of candidates, Hockney chose Matthias Weischer, a German painter his protégée. RMP2014 (talk) 14:28, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Source:

 * I would agree that this is entirely relevant and should be added to the article. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:07, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Where do you suggest this be inserted? May be "Public life" section. Keith D (talk) 19:28, 7 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think that's as good a place as any. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:32, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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David Hocking
Why does "David Hocking" redirect to "David Hockney"? David Hocking and David Hockney are completely different people.98.149.97.245 (talk) 19:36, 28 February 2021 (UTC)
 * He has a Bible Teaching Ministry? He has no Wikipedia article. I guess the redirect is to help those people who can't spell or who get the two names confused. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:58, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

Books by Hockney
Larry Stanton: Paintings and Drawings (1986) is not a "book by Hockney," it's "a book of 39 drawings and paintings by Larry Stanton with writings on Stanton by Arthur Lambert, David Hockney, Henry Geldzahler and others". Martinevans123 (talk) 09:29, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Worldcat entry says Larry Stanton : painting and drawing -- Author:	Larry Stanton; David Hockney, JISC says by David Hockney, OttoBib says Hockney, David, et al., etc. Why is it that you, Martinevans123, feel that the book is not by Hockney given that numerous library catalogs state that it is? -- Jamplevia (talk) 00:06, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * You could call him a joint author. I'm happy to go along with how Stanton describes his own book. He's the one who actually has his name on the cover. It's also not a "book by Arthur Lambert," or "a book by Henry Geldzahler" or a "book by others". It's a book by Stanton with contributions by others. Do you know how many words Hockney contributed? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 09:35, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Larry Staton's name is on the cover because it is part of the title of the book. Are you really basing your opinions on a picture of the cover of the book on a webstore that appears to be a primary source? -- Jamplevia (talk) 16:12, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I tend to assume that the publisher of a book knows who it's by. So I'd expect their description to be pretty accurate. I have no reason to suppose that the image of the cover of that book has been faked in some way. But you might want to answer my question. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:09, 11 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm sitting here with the book at my side. It was published in 1986. Stanton died in 1984. The cover says simply "Larry Stanton: Painting and Drawing". (The spine reads "Larry Stanton – Twelvetrees Press".) The title page repeats this, followed by "writing by David Hockney[,] Henry Geldzahler, Tim Dlugos[,] Julia Mayo, Arthur Lambert Jr." and "Twelvetrees Press". None of the forewords or afterwords by the named contributors mentions who curated the works included in the book or otherwise prepared it for the publisher. In a sense, the book doesn't have an author or authors per se?
 * Having written a foreword or afterword doesn't itself confer status as an author of the book. Having said that, it was my understanding from sources I read years ago that Geldzahler and Hockney instigated the publication of this (with Lambert's input too?). Perhaps, if that's so, "author" is nevertheless the wrong term. "Editor"? The same as a person who compiles a selection of a given writer's writings into a single book and slaps a foreword onto it? Even so, it would still be a "book by Hockney (et al.)". Just compiled by him, not written by him.
 * On the other hand, Stanton certainly wasn't the author of the book. Largoplazo (talk) 02:10, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for clarifying. Even if someone died in 1984, it's still quite possible for them to be the author of a book first published in 1986. I still see it as a book with content mainly "by Stanton", as all the artworks are by him? But perhaps you could also tell us how many words Hockney wrote for the book? If Hockney did indeed instigate the publication of the book, that might be worth mentioning in the text. I'm not sure why it still can't be listed under "Contributions by Hockney". Or perhaps we need another sub-section of books headed "Edited by Hockney". Many thanks for your help. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:34, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Confirming that the book was conceived as a posthumous memorialization: From the publisher's website, "When an artist dies young there begins the task of editing his oeuvre .... Several remarkable men have participated in editing Larry Stanton's work for this volume, among them Henry Geldzahler, David Hockney, and Nicholas Wilder ... a tribute by his friends in recognition of his talent and our loss."; Twin Palms Publishing and the book's listed publisher, Twelvetrees Press, are a single concern. Yes, the appropriate term for the contributors would be "editor", not "author". I agree that "works by" Hockney oughtn't to include this. It could be acknowledged as a work he co-edited, but whether that rates a mention is a matter of perspective. As far is having written a foreword is concerned, though, I'm pretty sure, though, that few, if any, bios on Wikipedia list, under the subject's works, the various forewords the subject may have written for other people's books. If that were to happen at all, I'd expect it only to be in cases where some note had been made in sources of the subject's having contributed such a forewordwhich I believe does happen. Largoplazo (talk) 00:38, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree about "editor", not "author". So those are the words (and the only words) written by Hockney in that book? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:40, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes. Largoplazo (talk) 11:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. I guess if there were multiple secondary sources that described Hockney's interest in Stanton and/or his part in creating the book, that might warrant a mention in the text. As it stands, I think it's somewhat debatable if the book warrants inclusion in "Books" at all. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:28, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:Web design

Wiki Education assignment: Composition I - Writing Wikipedia, section 2
— Assignment last updated by DarthVetter (talk) 17:05, 13 October 2022 (UTC) In the Web design Article, I added more information to the history section to add more in-depth and new knowledge about the history of web design. At the beginning of the article, they never mention is the first website ever made. Then Added a sub-section on UX design it needed its section for people to understand it more. The last I added to the skills and techniques section added more information on what web designers do daily. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Majorartstudio (talk • contribs) 23:45, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

Make bracelets
Make bracelets 108.30.70.210 (talk) 01:01, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 April 2023
I'd like to edit this section: "Since the end of the browsers wars[when?] new browsers have been released. Many of these are open source meaning that they tend to have faster development and are more supportive of new standards. The new options are considered by many[weasel words] to be better than Microsoft's Internet Explorer.

The W3C has released new standards for HTML (HTML5) and CSS (CSS3), as well as new JavaScript API's, each as a new but individual standard.[when?] While the term HTML5 is only used to refer to the new version of HTML and some of the JavaScript APIs, it has become common to use it to refer to the entire suite of new standards (HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript)."

Thanks! P1naep (talk) 15:30, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 15:40, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical Writing
— Assignment last updated by RoeJogan712 (talk) 03:40, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web design