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Jones Day

Jones Day is an American multinational law firm based in Washington, D.C. As of 2023, it is one of the largest law firms in the United States with 2,302 attorneys, and among the highest grossing in the world with revenues of $2.5 billion. Originally headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, Jones Day ranks first in both M&A league tables and the 2017 U.S. Law Firm Brand Index. The firm has represented over half of the companies in the Fortune 500, including Goldman Sachs, General Motors, McDonald's, and Bridgestone. Jones Day has also represented the campaign of former president Donald Trump.

Many attorneys from the firm have served as federal officials or judges, including U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, former White House Counsel Donald McGahn, and former U.S. Solicitor General Noel Francisco.

History
Jones Day was founded as Blandin & Rice in 1893 by two partners, Edwin J. Blandin and William Lowe Rice, in Cleveland, Ohio. Frank Ginn joined the firm in 1899, and it changed its name to Blandin, Rice & Ginn. Rice was murdered in August 1910. In 1912, Thomas H. Hogsett joined the firm as partner, and it became Blandin, Hogsett & Ginn that year, and Tolles, Hogsett, Ginn & Morley a year later after the retirement of Judge Blandin and the addition of partners Sheldon H. Tolles and John C. Morley. After Morley retired, in 1928, the firm adopted the name Tolles, Hogsett & Ginn.

In its early years, the firm was known for representing major industries in the Cleveland area, including Standard Oil and several railroad and utility companies.

In November 1938, then managing partner Thomas Jones led the merger of Tolles, Hogsett & Ginn with litigation-focused firm Day, Young, Veach & LeFever to create Jones, Day, Cockley & Reavis. The merger was effective January 1, 1939. The firm's Washington, D.C., office was opened in 1946, becoming the firm's first office outside Ohio. In 1967, the firm merged with D.C. firm Pogue & Neal to become Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue.

Jones Day has a reputation for representing companies against labor unions.

International expansion
The international expansion of Jones Day began in 1986 when the firm merged with boutique law firm Surrey & Morse, a firm of 75 attorneys with international offices in New York City, Paris, London, and Washington, D.C. In the following years, the firm expanded to Hong Kong, Brussels, Tokyo, Taipei, and Frankfurt.

Operations
As of 2018, Jones Day was the fifth largest law firm in the U.S. and the 13th highest grossing law firm in the world. It is currently headquartered in Washington, D.C.

Compensation
The firm compensates each associate (after their first year) uniquely, based on the quality of their work and jurisdiction. Unlike many peer firms, Jones Day does not pay a year-end or mid-year bonus, compensating associates entirely with salary; salaries are not public and are not determined by class-year, and the firm has long said that its "black box" compensation system breeds collegiality, and that its associates—even though they are not paid a bonus—generally earn the same as, or more than, associates at other major firms. New associates have a starting salary of US$225,000. Some associates have said that they are under-compensated compared to their peers at other firms, sometimes by tens of thousands of dollars, and that their compensation is much lower than what they were promised when they interviewed.

Notable clients and cases
The firm's attorneys have argued more than 40 cases before the United States Supreme Court. Some of the firm's notable clients and cases include:

 * The firm has represented R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company since 1985. At one point, R.J Reynolds accounted for 19% of Jones Day's annual revenue. Jones Day continues to represent R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in high-profile litigation around the country.
 * In 2012, the firm challenged the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act.
 * the firm served as outside counsel for the Trump 2016 and Trump 2020 campaigns. Jones Day collected more than $19 million from Trump's operation since 2020.
 * the firm represented the North American Coal Corporation in a legal challenge to the Environmental Protection Agency's rule-making power under the Clean Air Act (West Virginia v. EPA).
 * the firm represented the Alabama Association of Realtors in a successful legal challenge to the Center for Disease Control's nationwide eviction moratorium (Alabama Association of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Services). The CDC eviction moratorium covered approximately 30-40 million renters at risk of eviction.
 * it represented National Public Radio in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency's ("FEMA") withholding of critical information. National Public Radio, Inc., et al. v. Federal Emergency Management Agency, et al., No. 1-17-cv-00091 (D.D.C.)
 * the firm represented the Arizona Republican Party in Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee. Jones Day successfully defended against the DNC's legal challenge to Arizona voting laws that had a disparate impact on racial minorities.
 * The firm submitted a brief of amicus curiae on behalf of its client Chevron in Nestle v. Doe, a 2020 case raised the pleading requirements for plaintiffs stating a claim under the Alien Tort Statute.
 * it served as lead restructuring counsel to the City of Detroit in connection with its chapter 9 bankruptcy case filed in July 2013 In re City of Detroit, Michigan, No. 13-bk-53846 (Bankr. E.D. Mich.)
 * the firm represented Access Industries
 * the firm represented Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation

 * the firm represented the National Rifle Association of America
 * Jones Day represented the losing party – a startup Myriad Genetics, Inc. – at the US Supreme Court in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.

Notable attorneys and alumni

 * Marvin Bower, McKinsey & Co. consultant
 * Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, former U.S. congresswoman
 * James Brokenshire, Northern Ireland Secretary under Prime Minister Theresa May
 * Yvette McGee Brown, first African-American female justice on the Supreme Court of Ohio
 * David L. Carden, former U.S. ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
 * Timothy Dyk, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
 * Noel Francisco, former United States Solicitor General in the Donald Trump administration
 * Benjamin Ginsberg, lawyer
 * Erwin Griswold, former United States Solicitor General and Harvard Law School Dean
 * Jane Harman, former U.S. Congresswoman
 * Justin Herdman, United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio
 * Sundaresh Menon, Chief Justice of Singapore
 * Gregory Katsas, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
 * Megyn Kelly, journalist
 * Deborah Platt Majoras, former Procter & Gamble Chief Legal Officer; former Federal Trade Commission chair
 * Donald McGahn, former White House Counsel in the Donald Trump administration
 * Carmen Guerricagoitia McLean, associate judge on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia
 * Eric E. Murphy, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
 * Morgan E. O'Brien, former co-founder and chairman of Nextel Communications
 * Kevyn Orr, former emergency financial manager for Detroit, Michigan
 * Chaka Patterson, fundraiser for Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, former Chief of the Cook County State's Attorney's Office, Civil Division
 * L. Welch Pogue, former Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board
 * Chad Readler, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
 * Antonin Scalia, former Supreme Court Associate Justice
 * Jeffrey Sutton, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Pro bono work

 * Since 2014, representing migrants, primarily women and children at the U.S.-Mexico border, with staffed office in Laredo,Texas.
 * Launched Global Compendium of Laws on human trafficking- the first standardized collection of the relevant laws, on a country-by-country basis with the Rotary Action Group Against Slavery (RAGAS).
 * With the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children wrote "The Attorney Manual: Guide to Representation of Children Victimized by the Online Distribution of Child Sexual Abuse Material," a more than 400-page document free to lawyers looking to help victims on a pro bono basis.
 * With the American Bar Association, created VetLex, a national pro bono legal network to help veterans find volunteer attorneys that provide free and low-cost legal services.

Rankings and awards
BTI has ranked Jones Day as the only firm to earn "Most Recommended Law Firm" for 20 consecutive years and also ranked it as "Fearsome Foursome" nine times since 2011.

Law360 named Jones Day a "Ceiling Smasher" in 2022 as one of the top 10 firms having the highest representation of women in equity partnership and as M&A Group of the Year in 2015.

The American Lawyer named Jones Day winner of the Litigation Department of the Year in 2017.

title: Jones Day


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Campus radio

Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. Programming may be exclusively created or produced by students, or may include program contributions from the local community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters.

Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness—or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement—to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as punk and new wave, alternative rock, indie rock, underground metal and hip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.

Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform, with much creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. Some of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.

Transmission
Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds—either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station—which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed traditional campus radio.

Argentina
The first (and one of the most popular) campus radio in Argentina's history is LR11 Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, which belongs to the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. It was inaugurated on 5 April 1924 as an element of scientific dissemination and university extension, and it is the first university radio station in the world.

The most famous campus/college radio in the country, FM Radio Universidad ("University Radio"), is an Argentine radio station based in the city of Rosario, belonging to the National University of Rosario (UNR). It was created in 1994, and it has a strong focus on programs covering national/international news and current political topics of discussion, as well as AOR musical segments. The station transmits on 103.3 MHz.

Australia
Student radio stations generally operate under a community broadcasting licence. Some services, such as 87.8 UCFM Canberra, operate under a narrowcast license, while others broadcast exclusively online.

Australia also once had two radio stations that were operated by universities and dedicated to delivery of course content:
 * Adelaide – Radio Adelaide, University of Adelaide
 * Armidale – TUNE! FM, University of New England
 * Batchelor – Radio Rum Jungle, Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education
 * Bathurst – 2MCE, Charles Sturt University
 * Canberra – 87.8 UCFM, University of Canberra
 * Darwin – 104.1 Territory FM, Charles Darwin University
 * Launceston – LCFM, Launceston College
 * Melbourne – 3SSR, Swinburne University of Technology
 * Melbourne – SYN, RMIT University
 * Newcastle – 2NUR, University of Newcastle
 * Perth – Curtin Radio, Curtin University
 * Sydney – 2SER, Macquarie University and University of Technology, Sydney
 * Sydney – SURG, Sydney University Radio Group
 * Sydney – Sydney TAFE Radio, Sydney Institute of TAFE
 * Wodonga – Wodonga TAFE Radio, Wodonga Institute Of TAFE

 * Sydney – VL2UV, University of New South Wales (commenced in 1961, using 1750 kHz, just outside the AM broadcast band, closed in 1986.)
 * Adelaide – VL5UV, University of Adelaide (commenced in 1972, but later that year converted to a community radio station, became Radio Adelaide.)

Austria

 * Radio Radieschen 91.3 - a campus radio station running a 24/7 program by students of FHWien.
 * Radio Campus - a campus radio station run by students of the University of Vienna.

Bangladesh
BU RADiO is the first campus radio station of the University of Barishal in Barishal, Bangladesh. It was founded on 19 May 2019 by a group of students and alumni of the university.

BUET Radio is the first campus radio in Bangladesh among the engineering universities. It was established on 30 October 2015 and is run by the students of the institution.

BRUR Campus Radio is the Campus Online Radio of Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur.

KUET RADIO is a university-based radio station in Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, established in 2016. This station broadcasts campus-based programs and public notices of the administration.

SUSTcast is the campus radio station made for Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. It is the first-ever AI-based online campus radio among universities in Bangladesh. SUSTcast, a joint project of RoboSUST, Dept. of CSE, and Team Meow is open for all the students and teachers of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Different organizations and teacher-students from the university can perform on this platform regularly.

UAPIANS RADIO is an online-based Radio which is organized by the Students of the University of Asia Pacific.

Belgium

 * Urgent.fm (Ghent University)
 * Radio Campus (Université Libre de Bruxelles)
 * XL AIR (VUB & EhB)

Brazil
In Brazil, most campus radios operate under an educational radio license, granted by the Ministry of Communications and the National Telecommunications Agency. In Brazil, educational radios are prohibited from broadcast commercial advertising on its programming, except in the form of cultural support. According to the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT), in April 2013, Brazil had 466 educational radios.
 * USP FM – 93.7 MHz – São Paulo – University of São Paulo
 * UNESP FM – 105.7 MHz – Bauru – São Paulo State University
 * FM Unitau – 107.7 MHz – Taubaté – University of Taubaté
 * Universitária FM – 104.7 MHz – Vitória – Federal University of Espírito Santo
 * Udesc FM – 100.1 MHz – Florianópolis – Santa Catarina State University
 * Universitária FM – 107.9 MHz – Fortaleza – Federal University of Ceará
 * Rádio da Universidade AM – 1080 kHz – Porto Alegre – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
 * Mix FM – 107.1 MHz – Canoas – Lutheran University of Brazil
 * UPF FM – 99.9 MHz – Passo Fundo – University of Passo Fundo
 * UCS FM - 106.5 MHz – Caxias do Sul – University of Caxias do Sul
 * Univates FM – 95.1 MHz – Lajeado – University of Taquari Valley
 * Uni FM – 107.9 MHz – Santa Maria – Federal University of Santa Maria
 * Federal FM – 107.9 MHz – Pelotas – Federal University of Pelotas
 * URI FM – 106.1 MHz – Santiago – Integrated Regional University of Upper Uruguay and Missões
 * Universitária FM – 99.9 MHz – Recife – Federal University of Pernambuco
 * Universitária FM – 95.9 MHz – Boa Vista – Federal University of Roraima
 * Universitária AM – 870 kHz – Goiânia – Federal University of Goiás

Brunei Darussalam
UBD FM is the first university-based radio station in Brunei Darussalam. The student-run organization operates under the Educational and Technology Center of the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and was established in 2008.

Canada
In Canada, radio stations are regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution". The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: instructional (for training of professional broadcasters) and community-based campus (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, including CFFF-FM in Peterborough and CJMQ-FM in Sherbrooke, have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio to community radio.

Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only by closed circuit, cable FM or Internet streaming. Also see United States section for more general information.

Canada's oldest community-based campus radio station is CFRC at Queen's University in Kingston, which has been on the air since 1923; it began as a commercial radio station and a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate but became the country's first university-owned station in 1942 and fully transitioned to a campus radio station in 1957. CJRT-FM, a campus radio station of the instructional type, has been on air since 1949.

The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use of conditions of license that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the Canadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%. Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on a particular program's content category. Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious, and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content. In early 2005, Humber College's radio station CKHC-FM became the first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk, and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming.

Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association.

On 23 January 2012, the CRTC announced it would be eliminating instructional radio stations.

Denmark
There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to the largest universities in Denmark. Only the town of Roskilde has a university and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on the Roskilde festival. The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization called DDS and could be considered a temporary radio station.

The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with the city they relate to in Denmark.
 * Universitetsradioen in Copenhagen
 * XFM Lyngby in Lyngby
 * Odense studenterradio in Odense
 * Arhus studenterradio in Århus
 * Aalborg studenterradio in Aalborg

All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses.

The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg student radio. As many of the American student radio Aalborg has speaker directly on the university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU.

France
Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping 22 public college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in French public Universities, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just a collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from the likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed.

The Radio Campus France radio stations include:
 * Amiens – Radio Campus Amiens 88.7
 * Angers – Radio Campus Angers 103.0
 * Besançon – Radio Campus Besançon 102.4
 * Bordeaux – Radio Campus Bordeaux 88.1
 * Brest – Radio-U 101.1
 * Caen – Radio Phénix 92.7
 * Clermont-Ferrand – Radio Campus Clermont-Ferrand 93.3
 * Dijon – Radio Dijon Campus 92.2
 * Grenoble – Radio Campus Grenoble 90.8
 * Lille – Radio Campus Lille 106.6
 * Lyon – Radio Brume 90.7
 * Marseille – Radio Grenouille 88.8
 * Montpellier – Radio Campus Montpellier 102.2
 * Orléans – Radio Campus Orléans 88.3
 * Paris – Radio Campus Paris 93.9
 * Rennes – Radio Campus Rennes 88.4
 * Strasbourg – Radio En Construction 90.7
 * Toulouse – Radio Campus Toulouse 94.0
 * Tours – Radio Campus Tours 99.5

The Confédération des radios de grandes écoles is the national non-profit network unifying 46 internet radios in the Grandes Ecoles, higher education establishments outside the main framework of the French university system, specialised schools spread in more than twenty cities: schools of business, engineering or political science for example. The CRGE represents more than 150 000 students and do reports in the main French international events like the Cannes Films Festival, the Monaco Grand Prix or the Paris Games Week. They have interviewed many CEOs like Xavier Niel, CEO of Free, or politicians, like the new French President François Hollande. They also have links with other campus radios and campus radios network in the world.

The CRGE members are for the Business Schools:
 * Audencia – FM'Air
 * Grenoble School of Management – Micro-Ondes
 * Rouen Business School – Rou'On Air
 * Reims Management School – On AirMS
 * Euromed Management – Dynam'hit
 * IESEG School of Management – NePap Radio
 * Toulouse Business School – CulturESC
 * ESC Rennes School of Business – Descibel
 * EM Strasbourg Business School – EM Radio
 * Burgundy School of Business – Dij'ital
 * Iscool – Iscool
 * EDHEC – On Air
 * HEC – Hechoes – FMR
 * ISC – Voice
 * ESG – ESGMS Media
 * INSEEC – Inseec'Ond
 * ESC Clermont Business School – Radio'Actif
 * EDC Paris Business School – Radio Ooh
 * École de management de Normandie – L'Havrai Radio
 * Bordeaux École de Management – Start hit
 * Emlyon Business School – Propulsound Radio
 * ESC Troyes – Radio Trente Troyes Tours

The CRGE Engineering Schools radios includes:
 * Ponts et Chaussées – the air
 * HEI – GB Radio
 * INSA Toulouse – Radio Insa
 * EPITA – Air Radio
 * EFREI – Ready'O
 * École centrale d'électronique – No Larsen
 * ENSEA – Fuse
 * École Centrale de Nantes – Nuclérez
 * École polytechnique – X-Ray
 * École centrale Paris – Radio Pi
 * INSA Lyon – Gatsun
 * INSA Rennes – Le Mégaphone
 * Sup Info – Sup Radio
 * ESTP – Radio ESTP
 * ENSTA – Bruitage

The other member Grandes Ecoles radios are:
 * Sciences Po – Radio Sciences Po
 * ENS Lyon – TrENSistor
 * École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Nancy – Radar
 * ÉNS Cachan – WebRadio Cachanaise
 * École normale supérieure (rue d'Ulm — Paris) – TrENSmission
 * Université Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne – Sorb'On Air
 * Dauphine – Dauphine On Air
 * Sciences Po Bordeaux – Radio Lado
 * Sciences Po Aix – Sciences Po Hertz

Germany

 * South Westfalia University of Applied Sciences, Meschede – radioFH! 94,7 MHz

Greece
PolyteXneio FM is the National Technical University of Athens Students' Radio Station. It is an open student project; its character is strictly non-profit and participation is free for any student of the NTUA.

Guatemala

 * Radio Universidad

Hungary

 * Pécsi Egyetemi Rádió – University Radio Pécs
 * Első Pesti Egyetemi Rádió – ELTE, Budapest

Iceland

 * Seyðisfjörður Community Radio is an experimental radio station run from the art school LungA School, Seyðisfjörður.

India
Community groups in India, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been campaigning for permission to set up community radio (CR) radio stations since the late 1990s.

News, as of November 2006, has it that the India cabinet decided to grant permission to non-profit organizations and educational institutions to set up community radio stations. The cabinet decision will allow civil society and voluntary organizations, state agriculture universities and institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras or agricultural science centers, registered societies and autonomous boards, and public trusts registered under Societies Act to start community radio stations. Broadcast Engineering Consultants of India is a government-owned corporation that helps setup of Community FM radio stations in India.

Ravi Shankar Prasad, the then Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government, told India's upper house of parliament the Rajya Sabha on 22 December 2003, that four organizations including Jammu University and Kashmir University were found ineligible for grant of license as per the laid down guidelines. The minister also ruled out any review of the policy despite limited response to the non-commercial, low-powered FM radio scheme which former information and broadcasting minister Sushma Swaraj had said would "revolutionize" radio broadcast in the country.

Radio enthusiast Alokesh Gupta saying: "The announcement of the Government was to have seen 1000 radio stations by December 2003. Instead administrative wrangling came in the way of implementing the project as colleges spent time running around for licenses and approval from four ministries — Home Affairs, Communications & Information & Broadcasting — as they took their time processing applications."

On 2 February 2004, Anna University in Chennai unveiled the country's first campus radio station, Anna FM. Radio Ujjas in Kutch (in the western state of Gujarat) is one such CR and gets its funding from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Central Government. Similarly, a community-based radio programme titled Panchayat Vani (People's Voice) was recently broadcast on All India Radio (AIR), Darbhanga, Bihar. The campus radio station Gyanvaani has also been licensed.

Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences established a community radio station, Radio Adan (90.4 MHz) in 2008, which brings together experts, students, farmers, and local population, through various popular programmes, focussing on agriculture, education, employment, women empowerment, child marriage, health and culture.

Pune University is the first university in the state of Maharashtra to have an FM radio station. The University of Pune's FM Radio inaugurated on 1 May 2005, has been named as Vidyavani. It covers a wide range of subjects, focusing specifically on the requirements of students of various departments and affiliated colleges. It reaches an area around the campus within eight-km radius.

Unsuccessful attempts have been also made to start CR without obtaining any permission. The small village of Orvakal in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh (South India) launched "Mana Radio" (Our Radio) in November 2002. This project run under the aegis of the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty used a tiny transmitter that covered a radius of half a kilometer to enable rural women members of self-help groups. Four months later, officials from the Central Government brought in police to seize the equipment and declared the broadcasts illegal.

The Government policy to permit educational institutions to have their own FM Channels at low-frequency levels emerged in mid-December 2002, as a result of years of campaigning by activists and a strongly worded Supreme Court judgment directing the opening up of the airwaves.

A unique experiment in using media technologies, especially radio, for development and empowerment of marginalized, rural communities is the community radio initiative "Chalo Ho Gaon Mein" a programme that is broadcast once a week on AIR Daltonganj in the Palamu district of Jharkhand, eastern India. This radio programme is supported by the National Foundation for India and produced by Community representatives, of Alternative for India Development (AID), a non-governmental organization. School of Communication of Manipal also has its own campus radio.

Ravenshaw Radio 90.4 MHz is Odisha state's first campus community radio station (CRS) of Ravenshaw University in Cuttack, Odisha. It started broadcasting in April 2011.

According to the terms of the campus broad license, a number of aspects are disallowed from broadcasts. This includes anything that offends good taste or decency, contains criticism of friendly countries, contains an attack on religion, contains anything obscene, defamatory, false, and suggestive innuendos and half-truths, likely to encourage or incite violence, contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation, criticizes, maligns or slanders any individual in person, encourages superstition or blind belief, denigrates women, denigrates children, or presents or depicts or suggests as desirable the misuse of drugs, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco.

Indonesia
Radio Syiar FM, Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Alauddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Is a campus (student) community base radio broadcasting system, originally it has a function as an engineering laboratory to train students in broadcast engineering skills, which are currently being sought to turn into a radio commercial for the students also can improve their skills in terms of broadcast management and broadcast business

Ireland
Belfield FM, University College Dublin.

Belfield FM is University College Dublin's student radio station. The station began broadcasting in 1990. It was initially run as a part of the UCD Students' Union, under the remit of the entertainments office, before becoming an independent entity within the Students' Union. Belfield FM disaffiliated with the SU at the end of the 2011/2012 college year, and is now run independently within the UCD Societies Council framework. The station forms part of UCD's 'Student Media Network', along with The University Observer and The College Tribune. The station is run by volunteer staff and contributors, and broadcasts on week-days as well as hosting a coterie of Podcasts on their Mixcloud account. The station has won multiple accolades from the National Student Media Awards, and has an annual 24-hour charity broadcast that has raised funds in aid of organisations such as the Dublin Rape Crisis Centre and the Peter McVerry Trust.

ITTFM, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Tallaght, Co Dublin, Ireland.

ITTFM is a college radio station that broadcasts twice a year on FM over Freshers Week and at the beginning of semester 2 each year. The station also streams their shows online live around the world and use live streaming during the year as an alternative to FM broadcasts. Many of the shows have won awards for their creativity. The shows range from music, informal chat, news and current affairs, with many people of the locality praising the station for its involvement in local affairs. The station is primarily run by students in the Creative Digital Media (CDM) course but is open to students of all disciplines. The station is largely self-funding from sponsorships and usually have prizes to give away during broadcasts. The station is however forbidden from promoting alcohol or drug use. The station uses the tagline "Your Big, Little Station" associated with the size of the college and the scope of the work students undertake. The frequency of the station has changed many times over the years and is unknown for 2015.

Israel
Campus radio also exists in Israel, where several colleges, universities, and high schools have successful programs. One of the most famous is Kol HaCampus (Voice of the Campus/Campus Voice), broadcast out of Tel Aviv on 106 MHz. More information can be found with the Israeli Broadcasting Authority. Another college radio station is the Hebrew University's in Jerusalem, broadcasting mostly indie and alternative music. In 2011 the Technion has joined these universities with a new campus radio station, Radio 1m. In 2017 the students of Sede Boquer Campus of the Ben Gurion University established SB Campus Radio, which function as a podcast network.

Italy

 * Radio WAU, the web radio of University of Salento
 * Radio 6023 (operated by University of Eastern Piedmont)
 * radioeco.it, the web radio of the University of Pisa
 * RadioBue.it, the web radio of the University of Padua
 * radiobocconi.it, Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi di Milano
 * Radio Catt (operated by Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore)
 * FuoriAulaNetwork, Università degli Studi di Verona
 * Sanbaradio.it, the web radio of the University of Trento
 * UCampus, the web radio of the University of Pavia
 * Unica Radio, the student's radio of University of Cagliari
 * Radio Urca – Urbino Radio Campus
 * Radiophonica.com, web radio and web TV
 * POLI.RADIO, students' radio station of Politecnico di Milano, Milano

Malaysia

 * Radio Monash (operated by Monash University Malaysia)
 * Wings Radio (operated by Limkokwing University of Creative Technology)
 * RMMU (operated by Multimedia University)
 * IIUM FM (operated by International Islamic University Malaysia)
 * UFM (operated by Universiti Teknologi MARA)
 * Putra FM (operated by Universiti Putra Malaysia)
 * iRadio OUM (operated by Open University Malaysia)
 * UMS KKFM (operated by Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
 * WINTI (operated by INTI International University & Colleges)
 * MyUFM (operated by Universiti Teknologi MARA, Terengganu campus)
 * KDU Campus Radio (operated by [UOW KDU MALAYSIA ], Utropolis Glenmarie Campus)

Mexico

 * XEUN-FM, UNAM, Mexico City
 * XEANAH-AM, Anahuac University, Huixquilucan, State of Mexico
 * XHUDG-FM, UAG, Guadalajara, Jalisco
 * XEUT-AM, UABC, Tijuana, Baja California

New Zealand

 * Human FM, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
 * MUNTfm, Massey University, Wellington
 * Radio One, University of Otago, Dunedin
 * RDU, University of Canterbury, Christchurch
 * Radio Control, Massey University, Palmerston North
 * Contact FM, University of Waikato, Hamilton
 * 95bFM, University of Auckland, Auckland
 * The VBC, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
 * Static FM, AUT, Auckland

Nigeria

 * Abuja – University of Abuja, Abuja
 * Akwa Ibom – Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, UNIUYO100.7FM, University of Uyo, Uyo, HERITAGE104.9 FM (Heritage Polytechnic), Eket
 * Anambra – UNIZIK94.1FM, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, MADONNA93.4FM, Madonna University (Ihiala), Okija
 * Cross River – Cross River State University of Science and Technology, Ogoja
 * Edo – HILLSIDE94.1FM, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Igbinedion University, Okada
 * Enugu – GOU-UNI106.9fm, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, CARITAS98.7FM, Caritas University, Enugu, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
 * Kaduna – Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, National Teachers Institute, Kaduna
 * Kano – Bayero University, Kano
 * Kwara State – UNILORIN89.3FM, University of Ilorin, Ilorin
 * Lagos – NOUN105.9FM, National Open University of Nigeria Victoria Island, UNILAG103.1FM, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos State University, Ojo 95.7FM
 * Niger – Search FM 92.3, Federal University of Technology Minna, Ultimate FM 103.9 Niger State College of Education Minna Minna
 * Ogun – Babcock University, Ilesan-Remo, Hebron 95.9 FM, Covenant University, Canaanland
 * Ondo – FUTA93.1FM, Federal University of Technology, Akure, AAU FM, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Ondo
 * Osun – Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
 * Oyo – DIAMOND101.1FM, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Crowther FM, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo
 * Plateau – University of Jos, Jos
 * Rivers – Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt
 * Sokoto – Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto

Norway

 * Hurradio, Tromsø
 * Radio Nova, Oslo
 * Radio Revolt, Trondheim
 * SmiS Radio, Stavanger
 * Studentradioen i Bergen, Bergen
 * Studentradioen i Kristiansand, Kristiansand
 * Volda Studentradio, Volda
 * Gjøvik Studentradio, Gjøvik
 * Narvik Studentradio, Narvik
 * Ventus Studentradio, Bodø

Pakistan

 * SMIU FM 96.6 The Voice OF Education (Sindh Madressatul Islam University)
 * Campus Voice Fm 106.6
 * Radio Kinnaird 97.6 FM (Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore)
 * Radio IBA (Institute of Business Administration Karachi)
 * Karachi university campus radio FM 90.6 (University of Karachi)
 * University of Gujrat Campus Radio UOG Community radio 106.6
 * 24/7 An Educational Radio Network By SZABIST Karachi, larkana ZAB FM 106.6 "Education On Air"
 * AIOU FM 91.6 The Voice OF AIOU (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad)

Poland

 * Radio Meteor (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań)
 * Radio Afera (Poznań University of Technology)
 * Radio Aktywne (Warsaw University of Technology)
 * Students Radio Żak (Łódź University of Technology)
 * Akademickie Radio LUZ (Wrocław University of Technology)
 * Radio Akadera (Technical University of Białystok)
 * Radio Index (University of Zielona Góra)
 * Radio Kampus (University of Warsaw)
 * Radio Sfera UMK (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń)
 * UJOT.FM (Jagiellonian University)

Portugal
In Portugal, there are several college and university radio stations continuously broadcasting programs. Rádio Universidade de Coimbra and Rádio Universidade Marão, founded in 1986, are the oldest university student radio stations in the country still in operation. There are also many online-only radio sites belonging to higher education institutions.

Portugal's major college and university radio stations include:
 * Rádio Universidade de Coimbra (University of Coimbra)
 * Rádio Universitária da Beira Interior (University of Beira Interior)
 * Rádio Universitária do Algarve (University of the Algarve)
 * Rádio Universitária do Minho (Minho University)
 * Rádio Zero (Instituto Superior Técnico)
 * Universidade FM (former Rádio Universidade Marão) (Trás-os-Montes and Alto-Douro University)

Puerto Rico

 * WRTU, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.

Romania

 * Radio Campus Craiova, University of Craiova, Craiova.
 * Radio Campus Transilvania, Transilvania University of Brașov, Brașov

Russia

 * STUD FM, Moscow State Educational Complex, Moscow

Singapore
There is one student radio station for each of the three universities in Singapore, namely Singapore Management University, National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University. Some polytechnics have their own student radio stations, namely Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and Temasek Polytechnic.
 * SMU Campus Radio, Singapore Management University
 * SPACEradio, Singapore Polytechnic
 * Radio Fusion, Nanyang Technological University Off-Air/closed down
 * Radio Heatwave, Ngee Ann Polytechnic
 * Radio Pulze, National University of Singapore
 * RadioAct!ve, Temasek Polytechnic

Slovenia
Radio Študent – founded by University of Ljubljana

Sri Lanka
The Voice of Hanthana Audio Visual Radio, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

founded by Peradeniya University of Arts Faculty Alumni Association

Housed within the esteemed University of Peradeniya, the Voice of Hanthana Audio Visual Radio remains a beacon of connectivity and cultural enrichment in Sri Lanka. In 2023, the voice of Hanthana emerged through the visionary aspirations of the students and faculty of the University of Peradeniya. Its commencement was facilitated by the approval of the University Council according to a proposal submitted by Mr. Susil Pathirana, Media Secretary of the Faculty of Arts Alumni Association Executive committee. Since its inception, it has rapidly evolved into a multifaceted platform, covering both audio and visual fields for its various audiences. This collaborative effort underscores the university community's commitment to fostering innovation and connectivity through media and cultural initiatives.

Community Engagement: To act as a unifying force within the University of Peradeniya and beyond, fostering a sense of belonging and collaboration not only locally but with local universities as well as international universities.

Information Dissemination: Provide a reliable channel for the dissemination of relevant updates, be it academic announcements, cultural events or administrative communications, ensuring the community remains well informed.

Cultural Showcase: Celebrating the rich diversity of cultures and talents that thrive on campus through music, art, literature and insightful conversation, thereby promoting cultural appreciation and understanding.

Empowerment through Education: Serving as a platform for intellectual growth through educational programs, interviews with thought leaders and discussions on social issues, thereby nurturing informed and empowered individuals.

Hanthana Voice uses various broadcasting platforms to increase its impact: Radio waves: Broadcasting traditional radio waves to engage local listeners in and around the University of Peradeniya.

Online Streaming: Facilitating global access to its content through seamless live streaming through its official website and dedicated mobile apps.

Social Media Integration: Leveraging the ubiquity of platforms like Facebook, Instagram and YouTube for real-time interaction, engagement and content distribution.

Radio Garden App: Enhances user experience by integrating with the Radio Garden App, enabling users to explore and tune into Hanthana Voice broadcasts. The station prepares a series of attractive programs for different tastes and preferences

Morning Tunes: An enjoyable blend of music, news and interactive segments to start the day on a positive note.

Campus Chronicles: A weekly digest providing insight into campus life, including events, achievements and upcoming activities. Cultural Caravan: An immersive journey through different cultures, music, folklore and interviews with cultural ambassadors, cross-cultural appreciation.

Youth Talks: Providing a platform for students to express their views, discuss relevant issues and create positive change in the community. Beyond the pavilion, Hanthana Voice has earned acclaim for its commitment to excellence in broadcasting and community engagement, cementing its position as a leading institution in Sri Lanka's media industry. For further exploration, you can visit their official website https://voiceofhanthana.com/ or contact them through their Facebook page and YouTube channel.

See also: University of Peradeniya Campus Radio Broadcasting in Sri Lanka

Sweden
Student radio has been broadcast in Sweden since the beginning of 1980. Among the first, and still active stations were Studentradion 98,9 in Uppsala and Radio AF in Lund. It is common among the older student radio stations to broadcast both on FM and the web.

Studentradion i Sverige is a cooperation organization for the student radio stations in Sweden, they have 13 member stations.

 * DUR in Falun
 * K103 in Gothenburg
 * PiteFM in Piteå
 * Radio AF in Lund
 * Radio Campus in Örebro
 * RadioLUR in Växjö
 * Radio Shore in Kalmar
 * Radiosvallet in Sundsvall
 * SH Radio in Stockholm
 * Stampus FM in Helsingborg
 * Stockholm College Radio in Stockholm
 * Studentradion 98,9 in Uppsala
 * Umeå Studentradio in Umeå

South Africa

 * VUT FM (Vaal University of Technology)
 * Radio Turf (University of Limpopo)
 * PUKfm (North-West University)
 * UCT Radio (University of Cape Town)
 * MFM (University of Stellenbosch)
 * Voice of Wits (University of the Witwatersrand)
 * KOVSIE FM (University of the Free State)
 * TshwaneFm (Tshwane University of Technology)
 * Tuks FM (University of Pretoria)
 * UJFM (University of Johannesburg)
 * Rhodes Music Radio (Rhodes University)
 * Madibaz Radio (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University)
 * UNIFM (Cape Peninsula University of Technology)
 * CUT FM (Central University of Technology)
 * Radio DUT (Durban University of Technology)

Switzerland
Fréquence banane is the student radio of the University of Lausanne (UNIL) and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), in Lausanne (Lausanne campus). It exists since 1993 and is broadcasting on the internet and CATV network on FM 94.55 MHz in Lausanne and region. In the past Fréquence banane has broadcast with former Radio Acidule from 1992 to 1996 and then had its independent FM transmitter operating on 92.4 MHz from 1998 to 2005. In 2005, Swiss frequency regulation authority (BAKOM) decided to end the low power FM licence.

Radio Radius is an uprising campus radio in Zürich on ETHZ and UNIZH campus. It's broadcasting on the Internet only. Radius is trying to get a permanent licence to broadcast on FM but it is very hard in Zurich. Right now Radius is negotiating with BAKOM.

Tunisia
Radio Campus Tunis is a non-profit Student radio station powered by Disk Red Association. Founded in 2014 and broadcasting on the Internet since 21 June 2016, the radio can be listened from 6.00 a.m. to 4.00 a.m on www.radiocampustunis.radiostream321.com . Managed by volunteers (mainly students), this radio focuses on emerging local music and student-related matters.

Turkey

 * Radyo Boğaziçi on Boğaziçi University
 * Radyo Bilkent on Bilkent University
 * Radyo Çankaya on Çankaya University
 * KU Radyo on Koç University
 * RadyoSU on Sabancı University
 * Radyo ODTÜ on Middle East Technical University
 * ÇOMÜ Kampüs FM on Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University
 * Radyo ÖzÜ on Özyeğin University
 * Radyo Arel on Istanbul Arel University
 * Radyo SDÜ on Suleyman Demirel Universitesi

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, campus radio is generally referred to as 'student radio'.

Founded in 1960, the University of Hertfordshire's Campus Radio Hatfield (now Crush Radio) was the UK's first student radio station, though it was a pirate radio station. This was followed by the first legal station, Radio Heslington (now University Radio York) in 1967, Swansea University's Action Radio (now Xtreme Radio) in 1968, Stirling University's University Radio Airthrey (now Air3 Radio) from 1970, University of Essex's University Radio Essex in 1971, and Loughborough University's Loughborough Campus Radio in 1973.

Some student radio stations operate on the FM waveband for short periods at a time under the Restricted Service Licence scheme, while others choose to broadcast full-time on the AM waveband using an LPAM license. There are only five UK student radio stations permitted to broadcast all year on LPFM. These are Xpression FM (Exeter), Radio Roseland (Truro, Cornwall), Storm FM (Bangor), Bailrigg FM (Lancaster) and 1386 HCR (Halesowen College). None of these licenses provides for a reception area greater than four kilometres from the point of transmission. To counteract these license restrictions and, in the case of AM broadcasts, poor quality audio, many radio stations simulcast on the Internet.

The UK Student Radio Association works on behalf of more than fifty UK-based member radio stations to further their development, encourage and facilitate communication between member radio stations and links to the commercial radio industry, and lobby for the membership's interests on both a regional and national level. The association organises and hosts the annual Student Radio Awards in conjunction with BBC Radio 1.

United States
College radio (as it is generally known in the United States) became commonplace in the 1960s when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began issuing class D licenses for ten-watt radio stations to further the development of the then new FM band. Some colleges had already been broadcasting for decades on the AM band, often originating in physics experiments in the early 20th century.

One of the first college radio stations in the country is WRUC from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Its first experimental audio broadcasts under the call sign 2YU were in 1916. Regular programing for the public under call sign 2ADD began in 1920. WHUS, (the UConn HUSkies), the radio station of the University of Connecticut went on the air as WABL, a 100-watt AM radio station, in 1922 with two 103 ft steel towers serving as the radio station's antennae. In 1925 power increased to 500-watts and the call letters changed to WCAC (Connecticut Agricultural College, at that time the name of the university). Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida started WDBO (Way Down By Orlando) in 1924. WDBO was given away by Rollins College in 1926. College radio returned to Rollins College when the FM radio station, WPRK began broadcasting on 10 December 1952.

Most of the FM radio stations received higher-class licenses than ten watts, typically a few hundred watts. A few got several kilowatts, and a small handful got licenses in the range of tens of thousands, sometimes reaching up to maximum-power 100-kilowatt outlets. WRAS 88.5 FM and WREK 91.1 FM in Atlanta are the most powerful college radio station, operating at 100,000 watts. Still, due to strict class D regulations, some radio stations were prohibited from a wattage upgrade for possible signal interference with adjacent radio stations, such as KWUR 90.3 FM interfering with KWMU 90.7 FM in St. Louis, Missouri. KTUH 90.3 FM in Honolulu, Hawaii has had many increases in its wattage since they started broadcasting at 10 watts as a Non-commercial educational FM radio station in 1969. In 1984 KTUH received permission from the board of regents to increase to 100 watts of power. More recently, in 2001, KTUH began transmitting at 3000 watts of power. KTUH is heard on an island wide frequency in Honolulu, Hawaii from 90.1 FM, as well as online at KTUH.ORG and on digital cable channel 866.

The earliest college radio stations carried news, intercollegiate sports, and music along with educational shows and sometimes distance learning courses. In the latter portion of the 20th century, many U.S. radio stations played what came to be known as "college rock" (later known as alternative rock), a type of rock music that had not yet hit the mainstream. Most radio stations have now diversified, with many following a very commercial-like music rotation during the weekdays, and having specialty shows on evenings and weekends. A few radio stations still employ a freeform programming.

College radio stations are typically considered to be public radio radio stations in the way that they are funded by donation and grants, but as a radio format the term "Public radio" generally refers to classical music, jazz, and news. A more accurate term is community radio, as most staff are volunteers, although many radio stations limit staff to current or recent students instead of anyone from the local community.

By the late 1970s, FM had taken off, and competition for channels for new radio stations was intensifying. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the newly founded National Public Radio (NPR) convinced the FCC that local low-power radio stations were somehow detrimental to broadcasting, and class D licenses were no longer issued for applications made after 1979, except for broadcast translators to repeat NAB and NPR members' radio stations. Making matters worse for the college stations, they were demoted to secondary status, meaning that they could be forced to downgrade or go silent if a full-power station chose to upgrade or to relocate closer to the college station.

Many radio stations were forced to upgrade their facilities at considerable expense. Many other radio stations were eventually forced off the air, because they could not afford the upgrades at all, or not in time to avoid being locked in by other expanding radio stations. There have also been situations where some college radio stations have been forced off the air either temporarily or permanently by the school's administration.

Many college radio stations in the U.S. also carry syndicated programming, such as that of National Public Radio and affiliated regional networks. Some radio stations have had student programming taken off the air by the administration in favor of other uses, such as WWGC and KTXT. The original WGST was the subject of an involuntary takeover which saw the state's board of regents sell the radio station as "surplus" property.

A few radio stations have been added to the airwaves as the result of LPFM licensing in the U.S. One example of a Campus Radio station licensed as an LPFM is WIUX-LP of Indiana University, which is able to cover the entire city with its LPFM signal and is competitive in listenership numbers to nearby higher-powered commercial radio stations. Another example of this is WDSW-LP at Delta State University in Cleveland, Mississippi. WDSW-LP fully covers its community with a AAA/roots driven format unserved by other local broadcasters.

A number of campus radio stations in the US are available using alternate means such as streaming audio over the Internet. Though continuing to broadcast traditionally over the air at 88.5FM, William Penn University's station KWPU in Oskaloosa, IA streams using RadioBOSS. Other such examples are WPTS-FM at the University of Pittsburgh, WJHU at Johns Hopkins University, and KUTU at Utah Tech University Some radio stations use a variety of methods, such as Loyola University Chicago's WLUW, Lewis University's WLRA (The Start), University of Michigan's WCBN-FM and Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University's WIKD-LP who use terrestrial FM, streaming, and mobile media apps. Michigan State University's WDBM ("The Impact"), University of Minnesota's KUOM ("Radio K"), and the University of Wisconsin–Madison's WSUM. All three radio stations broadcast traditionally and via online streaming internet radio. WWEC of Elizabethtown College streams online as well.

Uruguay
In 2006, the University of the Republic from Uruguay got the permits to host its own radio in the frequency 89.1 FM, which is controlled by its own team and students.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Campus radio


text:
Chang'e (disambiguation)

Chang'e is a Chinese moon goddess.

Chang'e may also refer to:

 * Chang'e program, China's Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP):
 * Chang'e 1, the first CLEP lunar orbiter, launched on 24 October 2007
 * Chang'e 2, the second CLEP orbiter, launched on 1 October 2010
 * Chang'e 3, a CLEP lunar lander and rover, launched on 1 December 2013
 * Chang'e 4, a CLEP lunar lander and rover, launched on 7 December 2018
 * Chang'e 5-T1, a lunar mission launched on 23 October 2014
 * Chang'e 5, a lunar sample-return mission, launched on 23 November 2020
 * Chang'e 6, a second lunar sample-return mission, launched on 3 May 2024
 * Chang'e 7, a lunar mission expected to launch in 2026
 * Chang'e 8, a lunar mission expected to launch in 2028

 * 4047 Chang'E, an asteroid.

title: Chang'e (disambiguation)


text:
Cheese-eating surrender monkeys

"Cheese-eating surrender monkeys", sometimes shortened to "surrender monkeys", is a pejorative term for French people. The term was coined in 1995 by Ken Keeler, a writer for the television series The Simpsons, and has entered two Oxford quotation dictionaries.

Origin
The term "cheese-eating surrender monkeys" first appeared in 'Round Springfield", an April 1995 episode of The Simpsons, an American animated television show. In the episode, budget cuts at Springfield Elementary School force the school's Scottish janitor, Groundskeeper Willie, to teach French. Expressing his disdain for French people, he says in a heavy Scottish burr to the class: "Bonjourrrrrrrrr, you cheese-eating surrender monkeys!"

On the episode's audio commentary, executive producer Al Jean said the line was "probably" written by The Simpsons staff writer Ken Keeler. In a February 2012 interview, Keeler confirmed that he coined the term; he said he considers it his best contribution to the show. Al Jean commented that the staff did not expect the term to become widely used and never intended it as any kind of genuine political statement.

When Round Springfield" was dubbed for a French audience, the line became "Rendez vous, singes mangeurs de fromage" ("Surrender, cheese-eating monkeys"). For the French-Canadian audience, the dubbed version skips over the line and says "Bonjour, aujourd'hui on va étudier l'accord du participe futur" ("Hi, today we'll be studying the agreement of the future participle").

Politics
On 6 March 2014, opposition Leader Bill Shorten used the term in the Australian Parliament. He called the Government of Australia "the cheese-eating surrender monkeys of Australian jobs". When asked to withdraw the comment, Shorten claimed he borrowed the line from an American politician, whom he could not name. On 28 July 2014, Australia's Immigration Minister Scott Morrison used it to describe the Labor and Greens position on asylum seekers.

Journalism
Jonah Goldberg, an American National Review journalist, used it in the title of an April 1999 column on the "Top Ten Reasons to Hate the French". In the run up to and during the Iraq War, Goldberg reprised it to criticize European nations and France in particular for not joining the Coalition of the Willing, the United States-led invasion and occupation of Iraq.

Ben Macintyre of The Times wrote in August 2007 that it is "perhaps the most famous" of the coinages from The Simpsons and it "has gone on to become a journalistic cliché". The New York Post used it (as "Surrender Monkeys") as the headline for its December 7, 2006, front page, referring to the Iraq Study Group, and its recommendation that American soldiers be withdrawn from Iraq by January 2008.

The Daily Telegraph (November 2010) cited it in relation to Anglo-French military cooperation. In August 2013, The Independent suggested an evolution away from the term, in a headline about French-American relations over the Syrian Civil War.

Other uses
Anthony Bourdain described fellow chef Patrick Clark in his book Kitchen Confidential (2000) as follows: "He was kind of famous; he was big and black; most important, he was an American, one of us, not some cheese-eating, surrender specialist Froggie."

Jeremy Clarkson used it on Top Gear in June 2003, describing the handling of the Renault Clio V6. He later used it in a 4 June 2006 episode of Top Gear, to describe the manufacturers of the Citroën C6. Later on in the television show, (Series 13, Episode 5) Clarkson describes the other French drivers as "cheese-eating sideways monkeys", referring to the fact that the other drivers were overtaking him while sliding sideways.

In 2005, Nigel Farage used the phrase in a debate with Tony Blair over the United Kingdom's financial contributions to the European Union, in which Farage contrasted Blair with Jacques Chirac, whom Farage praised for standing up for the French people, while accusing Blair of failing to do the same for the British people.

Ned Sherrin selected it for inclusion in the Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations, being introduced in the third edition in 2005. It is also included in the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations.

title: Cheese-eating surrender monkeys


text:
Ruppert Jones

Ruppert Sanderson Jones (born March 12, 1955) is an American former Major League Baseball center fielder. He was the first player selected in the 1976 Major League Baseball expansion draft by the Seattle Mariners.

Kansas City Royals
Jones was born in Dallas and moved to California as a pre-teen. He played baseball, basketball and football at Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California, earning all-East Bay honors in each sport. He received scholarship offers to play football at Arizona State University, Oregon State University and the University of California, but opted to focus on baseball as he considered himself a better outfielder than wide receiver.

He was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the third round of the 1973 Major League Baseball draft. After three seasons in their farm system, in which he batted .287 with 38 home runs and 173 runs batted in, Jones went into Spring training 1976 competing for the open outfield job in right field. Though he had a decent Spring, he was beaten out by Tom Poquette, and reassigned to triple A Omaha just as the regular season was set to begin.

After batting .262 with nineteen home runs and 73 RBIs in half a season with the Omaha Royals, Jones earned a call up to the majors for the second half of the 1976 season. He was the hero of his second major league game, going two-for-five and driving in three runs to lead the Royals to an 8–3 victory over the Chicago White Sox. For the season, he batted .216 with one home run and seven RBIs as a fourth outfielder and left-handed bat off the bench.

Seattle Mariners
Royals manager Whitey Herzog called Jones one of the top three prospects in his team's organization, and realized that they were likely to lose Jones when he was left unprotected in the 1976 expansion draft. However, given the amount of young talent in the organization, Jones did not fit the team's future plans, and was thereby left unprotected. Actor Danny Kaye, who was part owner of the Seattle Mariners, called Jones' name as the first overall pick in the expansion draft.

Jones' power and range in center field immediately made him a fan favorite in Seattle. He was batting .256 with seventeen home runs and fifty RBIs at the All-Star break to be named the first ever All-Star representative of the club at the 1977 game. He ended the season at .263 with 24 home runs and 76 RBIs to be named the 1977 Topps Rookie All-Star center fielder.

On May 16, 1978, Jones tied a major league record for outfielders with twelve putouts in an extra innings game against the Detroit Tigers. His 1978 season was interrupted by an appendectomy in mid June. He returned in late July, but managed just a .214 batting average the rest of the way. For the season he batted .235 with six home runs and 46 RBIs.

He returned healthy in 1979, and established career highs in runs (109), hits (166), triples (9), RBIs (78) and stolen bases (33) while playing a full 162 game schedule. He became the first Mariner to have at least fifteen home runs and stolen bases before the All-Star break; no Mariner would do so again for nineteen years. Following the season, he was traded to the New York Yankees with pitcher Jim Lewis for Rick Anderson, Jim Beattie, Juan Beníquez and Jerry Narron. He left the Mariners with the club record for most runs scored in a season (109 in 1979) and he is tied for club records for runs and walks in a game.

New York Yankees
Jones was batting .223 with nine home runs and 42 RBIs playing center and batting second in the Yankees' line-up when he separated his shoulder on August 25, 1980 crashing into the outfield wall in Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum chasing a Tony Armas fly ball. The Yankees won 103 games that season to win the American League East, however, Jones was unable to appear in the post-season as his injury required season ending surgery. He sued A's owner Charlie Finley after the season.

At one point during the Winter Meetings, Jones was rumored to be heading to the Boston Red Sox in a rare Yankees–Red Sox deal. However, following the Yankees' signing of Dave Winfield as a free agent, the deal fell through. Instead, he was dealt to the San Diego Padres the following Spring with Joe Lefebvre, Tim Lollar and Chris Welsh for Jerry Mumphrey and John Pacella.

San Diego Padres
The Padres finished in last place in both halves of the strike shortened 1981 season. For his part, Jones batted .249 and tied for the team lead with 53 runs scored. He was batting .312 with eleven home runs and fifty RBIs at the 1982 All-Star break to earn the second All-Star nod of his career. He was the Padres' sole representative despite the fact that San Diego was in second place in the National League West at the time. In his only at-bat, he led off the third inning with a triple, and scored on a Pete Rose sacrifice fly. Jones was a fan favorite on the 1982 Padres, and Padre Yellow "Rupe's Troops" T-shirts were a frequent sight during the season.

Jones appeared in 133 games for the Padres in 1983, the fewest he'd played in a full season uninterrupted by injury. He was a free agent at the end of the season, and when the Padres acquired Carmelo Martínez from the Chicago Cubs at the Winter meetings, Jones became expendable.

Detroit Tigers
Jones spent Spring training 1984 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, but failed to make the club. A week into the season, he signed with the Detroit Tigers. He began the season assigned to triple A with the Evansville Triplets; a .313 batting average, nine home runs and 45 RBIs earned him a call up to the majors by the beginning of June. He spent the rest of the season platooning with Larry Herndon in left field and occasionally spelling a day off for Chet Lemon in center. Perhaps his most indelible moment of his season in Detroit came on June 24, when he cleared the right field roof of Tiger Stadium with a shot off Milwaukee Brewers right-hander Tom Tellmann. For the season, Jones batted .284 with 37 RBIs and nine home runs. Six of which came at Tiger Stadium to earn him the nickname "Rooftop" Ruppert.

The 1984 Tigers won 104 games and coasted into the post-season. Jones went hitless in eight at-bats in the American League Championship Series and World Series (in which he faced off against the Padres), winning the Series with the Tigers. He became a free agent at the end of the season. The Tigers believed that he was a part-time player at this stage of his career, and were only willing to pay him as such. After some bitter negotiation between Jones and the Tigers organization, he signed with the California Angels.

California Angels
Jones served as a fourth outfielder and designated hitter his first season in California. His 21 home runs were second only to Reggie Jackson. He and Jackson switched roles in 1986, with Jackson assuming DH duties and Jones earning most of his playing time in right field. The Angels won the American League West that year, earning Jones his second trip to the post-season, but lost the 1986 American League Championship Series to the Boston Red Sox in heart-breaking fashion. Jones collected three hits in the ALCS, scoring four runs and driving in two.

His role became far more diminished in 1987 as he didn't even log his first plate appearance until the eighth game of the season. He ended up with eight home runs and 28 RBIs in just 213 plate appearances.

1988 season
Jones was invited to the Milwaukee Brewers' Spring training camp in Tucson, Arizona as a non-roster invitee in 1988. Though he hit well, he failed to make the club. He signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers in the beginning of May, and earned American Association "Player of the Week" honors his second week with the Oklahoma City 89ers. His stay in Oklahoma City, however, was brief. After fifty games, he left for Japan, signing with the Hanshin Tigers. He returned to Oklahoma City in 1989, but with a torn rotator cuff and a torn labrum, he called it quits after 27 games.

Personal life
Jones is divorced from the mother of his daughter and son (Gabrielle and Ranon Jones), and has been married to his second wife, Betty, since 1997. He lives in Rancho Bernardo, California, a suburb of San Diego, California, and works with The Boon Group, a third-party administrator that sells employee benefits and administrative services to government contractors. He and former major league pitcher Dave Stewart coach the Easton A's, a San Diego-based Travel Ball Team for ages thirteen and fourteen.

title: Ruppert Jones


text:
Five hindrances

In the Buddhist tradition, the five hindrances (පඤ්ච නීවරණ; Pali: ) are identified as mental factors that hinder progress in meditation and in daily life. In the Theravada tradition, these factors are identified specifically as obstacles to the jhānas (stages of concentration) within meditation practice. Within the Mahayana tradition, the five hindrances are identified as obstacles to samatha (tranquility) meditation. Contemporary Insight Meditation teachers identify the five hindrances as obstacles to mindfulness meditation.

The five hindrances are:

 * 1) Sensory desire (kāma cchanda ): seeking for pleasure through the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste and physical feeling.
 * 2) Ill-will (vyāpāda; also spelled byāpāda): feelings of hostility, resentment, hatred and bitterness.
 * 3) Sloth-and-torpor (thīna-middha): half-hearted action with little or no effort or concentration.
 * 4) Restlessness-and-worry (uddhacca-kukkucca): the inability to calm the mind and focus one's energy.
 * 5) Doubt (vicikiccha): lack of conviction or trust in one's abilities.

Etymology
According to Gil Fronsdal, the Pali term nīvaraṇa means covering. Fronsdal states that these hindrances cover over: the clarity of our mind, and our ability to be mindful, wise, concentrated, and stay on purpose.

According to Rhys Davids, the Pali term nīvaraṇa (Sanskrit: nivāraṇa) refers to an obstacle or hindrance only in the ethical sense, and is usually enumerated in a set of five.

In the Pali Canon
In the Pali Canon's Samyutta Nikaya, several discourses juxtapose the five hindrances with the seven factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga). For instance, according to SN 46.37, the Buddha stated:

"Bhikkhus, there are these five obstructions, hindrances, corruptions of the mind, weakeners of wisdom. What five? Sensual desire... ill will... sloth and torpor ... restlessness and remorse... doubt...

There are, bhikkhus, these seven factors of enlightenment, which are nonobstructions, nonhindrances, noncorruptions of the mind; when developed and cultivated they lead to the realization of the fruit of true knowledge and liberation. What seven? The enlightenment factor of mindfulness... equanimity..."

Anālayo underlines:

"To overcome the hindrances, to practise satipatthana, and to establish the awakening factors are, indeed, according to several Pali discourses, the key aspects and the distinctive features common to the awakenings of all Buddhas, past, present, and future."

Anālayo further supports this by identifying that, in all extant Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Satipatthana Sutta, only the five hindrances and seven factors of enlightenment are consistently identified under the dhamma contemplation section; contemplations of the five aggregates, six sense bases and Four Noble Truths are not included in one or more of these non-Pali versions.

In terms of gaining insight into and overcoming the Five Hindrances, according to the Satipatthana Sutta, the Buddha proclaimed:

"How, monks, does a monk live contemplating mental objects in the mental objects of the five hindrances?

Herein, monks, when sense-desire is present, a monk knows, 'There is sense-desire in me,' or when sense-desire is not present, he knows, 'There is no sense-desire in me.' He knows how the arising of the non-arisen sense-desire comes to be; he knows how the abandoning of the arisen sense-desire comes to be; and he knows how the non-arising in the future of the abandoned sense-desire comes to be."

Each of the remaining four hindrances are similarly treated in subsequent paragraphs.

The Buddha gives the following analogies in the Samaññaphala Sutta (DN 2, "The Fruits of the Contemplative Life"):

"[W]hen these five hindrances are not abandoned in himself, the monk regards it as a debt, a sickness, a prison, slavery, a road through desolate country. But when these five hindrances are abandoned in himself, he regards it as unindebtedness, good health, release from prison, freedom, a place of security."

Similarly, in the Sagārava Sutta (SN 46.55), the Buddha compares sensual desire with looking for a clear reflection in water mixed with lac, turmeric and dyes; ill will with boiling water; sloth-and-torpor with water covered with plants and algae; restlessness-and-worry with wind-churned water; and, doubt with water that is "turbid, unsettled, muddy, placed in the dark."

From post-canonical Pali literature
According to the first-century CE exegetic Vimuttimagga, the five hindrances include all ten fetters: sense desire includes any attachment to passion; ill will includes all unwholesome states of hatred; and, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt include all unwholesome states of infatuation. The Vimuttimagga further distinguishes that "sloth" refers to mental states while "torpor" refers to physical states resultant from food or time or mental states; if torpor results from food or time, then one diminishes it through energy; otherwise, one removes it with meditation. In addition, the Vimuttimagga identifies four types of doubt:
 * doubt regarding self is a hindrance to tranquility;
 * doubt regarding the Four Noble Truths and three worlds is a hindrance to insight;
 * doubt regarding the Triple Gem is a hindrance to both tranquility and insight;
 * doubt regarding places and people is a hindrance to "non-doctrinal" things;
 * doubt regarding the Discourses is a hindrance to solitude.

According to Buddhaghosa's fifth-century CE commentary to the Samyutta Nikaya (), one can momentarily escape the hindrances through jhanic suppression or through insight while, as also stated in the Vimuttimagga, one eradicates the hindrances through attainment of one of the four stages of enlightenment (see Table 1).

The five mental factors that counteract the five hindrances, according to the Theravada tradition:
 * 1) vitakka ("applied thought", "coarse examination") counteracts sloth-torpor (lethargy and drowsiness)
 * 2) vicāra ("sustained thought", "precise investigation") counteracts doubt (uncertainty)
 * 3) pīti (rapture, well-being) counteracts ill-will (malice)
 * 4) sukha (non-sensual pleasure) counteracts restlessness-worry (excitation and anxiety)
 * 5) ekaggatā (one-pointedness, single-pointed attention) counteracts sensory desire

title: Five hindrances


text:
Molbo story

A Molbo story is a Danish folktale about the people of Mols, who live in eastern Jutland near the town of Ebeltoft. In these tales the Molboes are portrayed as a simple folk, who act foolishly while attempting to be wise.

History
Molbohistorier (Molbo stories) were handed down by generations of Danes before finally appearing in print. Christian Elovius Mangor, who by permission of the Danish monarch Christian VII had started a printing press in Viborg, published the first collection, Tales of the well-known Molboes' wise and brave actions, in 1771. A second edition followed in 1780. Over the years Molbo stories have been published in books for adults and children in several languages, including Danish, Norwegian and English. Similar narratives are found in other cultures. England, for instance, has "Lazy Jack" and "The Wise Men of Gotham." In Finland there are stories about the people of Hölmölä (Hölmöläiset).

In 1898 the operetta "Molboerne" (The People of Mols) by composer Olfert Jespersen and lyricist Herman Petersen premiered in Copenhagen. The work not only had a memorable score but also references to Molbo stories, such as "The Stork in the Grain Field" and "The mixed legs".

Norway, which for nearly three centuries was part of the kingdom of Denmark-Norway, received many cultural influences from Denmark. Consequently, Molbo stories are known in both Denmark and Norway, and the word “Molbo” is used in both countries as a term of disparagement. The expression "Molbo politics" is prohibited when speaking from the rostrum in Norway's parliament.

The Stork in the Grain Field
From Tales of the well-known Molboes' wise and brave actions, 1771 One summer, when the grain was high in the field, the Molbo people had been visited by a stork. It had acquired the nasty habit of strutting back and forth on their fields to catch frogs. And it was bad news, because the Molbo people were very afraid that it would trample all the grain down on the field. They talked together for a long time back and forth about,... how to chase it away. In the end, they agreed that the shepherd should go into the field and drive the stork out.

But just as he stood and was about to enter the grain, they discovered that he had such big and wide feet, and then they were afraid that he would step on more grain than the stork. There they stood -. Finally one of them got a good idea! He suggested that the shepherd should be carried into the field, then he could not tread down the grain. They all thought that was good advice. So they lifted the field gate and set the shepherd on it; ... and then eight men carried him into the corn, so that he could chase the stork out. That way, the shepherd did not trample down traces in the grain field with his big feet.

The Wise Men of Chelm used a similar trick to prevent the city shammes to trample the beautiful fresh show in the early morning.

The Motif-Index of Folk-Literature includes the motif J2100: Remedies worse than the disease

The Headless Man

 * The Molboes have a long way to the forest so they must rise early to collect wood. One morning some of them drove to the forest to bring home a tree they had bought. But on the way the one who drove first happened to lose his axe, and when the others saw that, they thought he threw it away on purpose, so they threw away their axes as well. Now, as they stood in the forest, they had nothing with which to chop, they didn't know what to do at all, and they certainly didn't want to come home empty-handed. Finally one of them had the brilliant idea to pull the tree down; but as they hadn't brought a rope, one of them had to climb the tree and lay his head in the cleavage between two branches then the others were to pull his legs until the tree yielded. Very well, they pulled and they pulled, and eventually they all fell backwards, including the chap they had been pulling, only he had no head. This they couldn't fathom, they went searching and searching, but no, they didn't find the head, because it was stuck in the tree. Well, that couldn't be helped, now it was time to return home. And so they laid the headless man in the wagon and took him home to his wife and asked if she was sure that her husband had brought his head when he left home this morning. "I can't remember that right now!", said the wife; but then she thought for a while: "Oh yes, he did bring his head!" she said. "He ate cabbage with it this morning before he left."

A similar story is known for the dwellers of Fünsing.

title: Molbo story