text:
Talk:Janick Gers

Ian Horne's notes
The first time i saw janick perform was in a band called white spirit. The word soon got round that there was a band from the north east touring yorkshire. The word was find them and just watch and listen, the first time i ever saw them was in the empire working mens club in south elmsall, nr pontefract west yorkshire. It was a sunday afternoon 1979/1980, i remember seeing their large windsreened transit van with a large W on the door parked outside the club. My expectations where extremely high because the word was that this band is on a par with a another of my favourite bands, a trio called limelight from mansfield i think. Anyway we entered the empire club it was packed solid, we all noticed the black fender strat and the array of marshall hardware scattered around the stage, very impressive but can they play? The good thing about the empire club in those days was the artistes played noon and night, was i in for a all my bithdays rolled into one. They opened the first set with shine on you crazy diamond, the only thing missing was syd barrett, ;the song is about him;. I was totaly gobsmacked and looking around the concert room so was everyone else. They played some of their own material, which in time to come became our favorites, Anyway back to the grind. I spoke to janick after their first spot and low and behold he,s a perfect gentleman, no arrogance, no frills just a guitarist, a brilliant guitarist. I followed them all over south and west yorkshire for about six months, there was a mention of white spirit in the sounds music paper. The article showed a little photo of janick and a caption underneath read uriah heap clones, i had never heard anything from heap at the time, but i thought they must be good also. Mick box would have been proud. After about six months white spirit disapeared from the scene, we where in total shock, had we upset them?. Limelight another favourite of the vast majority also vanished, the saying all good things come to an end comes to mind. So as not to be beat i went hunting for recordings of white spirit, i dropped on a record shop twenty miles away in sheffield. I bought the pink cover single back to the grind, the album white spirit and low and behold limelights album and single. Many years past, plenty of festivals/concerts under my belt, then i hear janick gers is touring with gillan. We saw janick on stage at sheffield city hall with gillan and john Mcoy, and he seemed at ease playing along side a singing legend, ritchie blackmore without the tantrums. Then some years later hes in supergroup iron maiden with ex sampson singer bruce dickinson, I think he got there with his skill as a guitarist and also his great personality. I would like to know what happened to malcolm pearson, bruce ruff etc from white spirit. Thank you from Ian Horne, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England

Last name
Is Gers his father's last name or has his father changed it after he stayed in Britain? It surely doesn't sound to be Polish. Norum 15:08, 28 July 2007

 * That is his original name. Janick's gradfather's name was Jan Gers.

Gers is a surname with distribution in Poland. Jannick's ancestral family are farmers and Gers may be a local variant or just a very localised surname, as happens in most languages, where forms vary much more than "frequent names" may suggest. It may be a variant of Groski. Or something quite different. Very often you cannot trace how a name has developed unless you can trace back the family line for many generations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.159.59.41 (talk) 13:35, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

picture
the picture on the page is a picture of adrian smith, not janick, someone needs to change it

Jannic
On the cover of I Will Be There (EP) by Gogmagog, Gers name is spelled Jannic Gers. Is this a misspelling or had the guitarist experimented with different spellings of his name? Ka'Jong would like to know how to add the info to the article. Does anyone have any ideas? This appears notable. Ka' Jong ( Ka' Talk ) 15:35, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

The form of the name most used in Poland seems to be Janek. However it's spelt lots of different ways outside Poland, at least. Janick seems to be the given form of Janick's name. It gets mis-spelled (and mis-said) quite a lot (even by people who know him). I put two ns in this entry before I caught myself at it and I have been a fan for years. He was certainly "Janick" long before Gogmagog. It think this does not answer your question but it might help :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.159.59.41 (talk) 13:45, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Sandra
Janick and his partner Sandra married in the USA as stated by Maiden fan club guvnor Steve Lazarus recently (2011). Date not known by me but it was some time ago.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Janick Gers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://blogs.sfweekly.com/shookdown/2012/08/live_review_8312_iron_maiden_a.php
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.winnipegsun.com/2012/07/25/iron-maiden-by-the-numbers-at-mts
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://bc.ctvnews.ca/iron-maiden-takes-fans-on-a-rampage-down-memory-lane-1.897760
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120402132743/http://www.bookofhours.net/bdwbn/acting.htm to http://www.bookofhours.net/bdwbn/acting.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:30, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Janick Gers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.winnipegsun.com/2012/07/25/iron-maiden-by-the-numbers-at-mts
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://bc.ctvnews.ca/iron-maiden-takes-fans-on-a-rampage-down-memory-lane-1.897760
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120815113428/http://vintage.guitargeek.com/rigview/352 to http://vintage.guitargeek.com/rigview/352/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:03, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

"although he does not use the B string"
The article says "He uses Ernie Ball Regular Slinky Nickel-wound guitar strings, although he does not use the B string". I guess that should read "He uses Ernie Ball Regular Slinky Nickel-wound guitar strings, although he uses a different B string" (or ideally "a lighter B string" or "a heavier B string", if the source actually says). Because, right now, it might be read to mean "he doesn't use any B string"), which would be ideosyncratic to say the least. Every photo I've seen of his guitar, including both in this article, shows the guitar string with a B strung as one would normally expect. -- Finlay McWalter··–·Talk 11:12, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Harlepool fan?
Can't be much of a fan if he stopped going because they got relegated from the football league. Shame on him if this is true, but have we a source for this? Bashereyre (talk) 17:06, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Janick Gers


text:
Habbo

Habbo, also called Habbo Hotel, is a virtual world and massively multiplayer online game. It is owned and operated by Sulake. Founded in 2000, Habbo has expanded to nine online communities (or "hotels"), with users from more than 150 countries. , 316 million avatars have been registered in the game.

The website is divided into three clients, Habbo, Habbo X, and Habbo Hotel: Origins. The Habbo client is aimed at teenagers and young adults, while Habbo X and Habbo Hotel: Origins cater for adult players.

Users on the game can create a virtual avatar (called a "Habbo"), converse and interact with other users, play games, build and design virtual rooms, take care of virtual pets, and complete quests.

History
Habbo stemmed from a 1999 hobby project by creative designer Sampo Karjalainen and technologist Aapo Kyrölä entitled Mobiles Disco, for a Finnish band. It was a virtual chat room running on Kyrölä's Fuse technology. After having been contracted to design a virtual game and chat called Lumisota (Snow Wars) for a Finnish internet service provider, they were contracted for another project. They developed Hotelli Kultakala (Hotel Goldfish) with a small team of developers. It launched in August 2000 on the ISP's web portal.

Kyrölä, Karjalainen and Dee Edwards, an entrepreneur from the UK, wanted to create an international business based on the virtual hotel concept, drafting a plan in autumn 2000, and raised finance. By the end of January 2001, Habbo Hotel had been launched in beta mode. The new hotel exited beta a few weeks afterwards, aimed at the teenage market, with marketing and payment partners in place, run from a HQ in London. It featured a new credits system with community and safety features. The next community ("hotel") was launched in Switzerland a few months later, in four languages. It has since been expanded to over 31 countries in five continents, with Hotelli Kultakala being rebranded as a local Habbo hotel, and has been invested in by venture capitalists.

In May 2006, the service's domain names were changed from  (.co.uk, .com.au, etc.) to   (.co.uk, .com.au, etc.).

In August 2007, Habbo's Chinese hotel closed down temporarily. The challenging Chinese market and high operational costs led to the decision of closing the service. Customers in China were redirected to other Habbo communities. In December 2008, the Russian hotel announced it was closing in February 2009 as a result of low numbers. Those on the site with "furni" (virtual furniture that can be used to furnish rooms in the hotel, bought with the use of Habbo credits that can be purchased with real money) received credit codes for use on the U.S. hotel.

In January 2010, it was announced that the U.S. and Canadian hotels would undergo a merger, to be finalized in April 2010. However, in April 2010, it was announced that all English-speaking hotels would be merged into one. On 5 May, the merger for Habbo U.S .and Habbo Canada was complete. On 2 June the Australian hotel merge was completed. The Singaporean hotel was officially merged on 4 June. On 10 June, the final hotel, Habbo UK, was merged and that completed the set, making Habbo.com the international, English-speaking game. Accounts were migrated to the final English-speaking hotel with varying degrees of automation until March 2011 – after that date any accounts not migrated from the initial Habbo Canada, Singapore, UK and Australia hotels were deleted.

On 12 June 2012, concerns about the game were raised by Channel 4 News. A two-month investigation found users posting pornographic and violent messages – despite the fact that Habbo is intended for children and young adults. A reporter posing as an 11-year-old girl claimed that explicit sex chats were common within minutes of logging on to the game, which she described as "very sexual, perverse, violent, pornographic." As a result of the allegations, Sulake immediately suspended all chat on the game. Speaking in a blog post, chief executive of Sulake, Paul LaFontaine, said that the firm "was reviewing the long-term plans for the Habbo community". The chat services were reinstated in June 2012. Two leading investors, Balderton Capital and 3i, withdrew their funding from Sulake, and some UK retailers stopped selling Habbo gift cards.

In August 2012, Sulake announced a new hotel, Habbo Turkey, fully localised for Turkish-speakers. The then CEO of Sulake, Paul LaFontaine commented, "We're thrilled to announce we have launched in Turkey. This is a very important market for us and we expect Habbo Hotel to be a big success there, with many teenagers joining to converse with friends, meet people with similar interests and enjoy access to the global Habbo Hotel network. Our launch in Turkey is the next big step on our global roadmap."

In May 2014, Sulake released a Habbo application for the iPad in the App Store worldwide.

In December 2020, Sulake released their new beta-version of Habbo. The game has moved to the Unity platform, since Adobe Flash marks its end in 2020. In February 2021, Sulake released the Adobe AIR client alongside the Unity client, with the plan to continue work on the Unity client and improve the user experience. In the official statement from the product owner, he acknowledged that the Unity client was lacking key features and did not reflect the needs of the community. The AIR client is a temporary solution to many of the concerns the community had initially about the Unity client and will eventually be retired when the new client is at an acceptable level and contains key features that the Habbo community rely on.

In 2021, Azerion reached an agreement with fellow Sulake shareholder Elisa Oyj to acquire the company fully. Azerion had a majority stake in Sulake until it secured a deal with Oyj for the remaining 49 per cent of shares. Azerion, which is a pan-European firm specialising in gaming and adtech, first purchased a controlling stake of 51% in Sulake back in 2018. It has since been helping to grow revenues, which have risen 46% between January 2019 and December 2020. Habbo joined a block within Azerion’s gaming content business which consists of other leading acclaimed products, including Woozworld and Governor of Poker.

In April 2021, Habbo brought back the mini game SnowStorm.

In September 2021, an NFT collection was introduced. The collection consists of Habbo avatars that can also be used in the community. In addition, a new NFT Habbo Hotel server named "Habbo X" entered Alpha access in December 2022. This new Hotel only allows access to those who own NFTs from certain collections.

In December 2022, Sulake released Habbo X. Currently in an alpha test phase, Habbo X is a game that focuses on community building, interoperability, and play-and-earn mechanics.

In June 2024, Sulake released Habbo Hotel: Origins, which is a version of the 2005 Habbo client software with a more community lead approach. Targeted at adults only.

Gameplay
Habbo's main feature is the "hotel", and consists of a client made using the Unity platform. The hotel can be accessed by logged-in users via the Habbo Homepage. When a user accesses the Hotel they are brought to a screen colloquially known as Hotel View/Landing View. From this screen, members can navigate to virtual rooms via the Navigator and browse the rooms of the hotel, look for items to buy in the catalogue, private message friends on their friends list or enter their preset Home room.

Public rooms & games
Public Rooms are rooms which are available to all members. They often depict scenes such as restaurants, cinemas, and dance clubs. Most Public Rooms contain automated bots (non-player characters) that shout pre-recorded messages and tips, and can give avatars drinks and food items. Public Rooms are designed by Sulake and are not customizable by users. Rooms in the Habbo Hotel: Origins client contain games such as Wobble Squabble, Lido Diving, Battle Ball and the Cunning Fox Gamehall with games such as Noughts and Crosses, Battleships, Chess and Poker.

In June 2011, most Public Rooms were removed from the Habbo client. Games such as Battle Ball, and Snow Storm were replaced with Freeze and Battle Banzai due to coding issues when they upgraded from Shockwave to Flash.

In June 2024, in the Habbo Hotel: Origins client, users can access classic games with the purchase of in game tickets such as Wobble Squabble, Lido Diving and Battle Ball. Players also have access to free games in the Cunning Fox Gamehall with games such as Noughts and Crosses, Battleships, Chess and Poker.

Guest rooms
Guest Rooms are special rooms which users can customize with furniture, wallpaper, and floor patterns; these can be purchased with credits. Users can choose from pre-made room blueprints or create their own with builders club. Guest rooms can be created by any member and can be locked to allow access only to specific users or password holder. Many users create their own games in their guest rooms, which give furniture or coins as a prize. These rooms are categorized on the navigator in many categories such as "Trading", "Parties", and "Role Playing". Virtual pets and bots can be bought and kept in Guest rooms. Users can interact with the pets and program bots, which will obey certain commands the player throws at them.

User created games
Users can create and host their own games in Habbo by buying and using furniture from the shop. Games such as Falling Furni, Cozzie Change, The Fridge Game, Mazes or by "buying game bundles" in the shop such as Battle Banzai, Freeze, Football and Ice Tag. Users can check out the hotel's Navigator and select the Games & Mazes category under the Rooms tab to play in other people's user-created rooms hosting games.

Role-play elements
Habbo users often create guest rooms which emulate real world businesses, police departments and other establishments. As the game's platform facilitates the creation of groups some users choose to design their groups based on a role-playing theme and go on to participate in activities which promote their groups to other users in the game.

Currency
There are three main types of currency on Habbo. Credits (or coins) are used to buy furniture in the catalogue, and Duckets (free currency earned by completing achievements such as logging in a number of days in a row) enable users to buy effects and 'Rentable furni' (furniture to decorate rooms for a period of time, before it is then removed). Diamonds are used to buy rewards such as exclusive furniture items or Habbo Club and are gained by buying credits (one diamond for each credit bought). As well as that, seasonally themed currencies (e.g. "Snowflakes" for Christmas) are given out to players by staff for completing certain quests which can then be used to buy seasonal Furni for a short time.

In addition to these three, NFT credits (and credit furni) have been added shortly after the release of the NFT avatar collection.

Credits
Credits (also called "coins" in some hotels) are an in-game virtual currency that can be purchased using a variety of different services, such as credit card, a telephone service, a prepaid card and via SMS. They can also be redeemed into Exchange, which displays the Credits as an item of virtual furniture; the furniture can then be traded among users, and redeemed back into Credits. Users can join Habbo Club (HC), which is a premium subscription purchased using Credits. Features of Habbo Club membership include a badge, new clothes and outfits for a player's avatar, more friends on their friends list, the ability to create groups, and a free piece of furni exclusive to club members every month.

Duckets
Duckets (a play on the word ducats) are part of a new and complementary currency introduced in February 2013. Users earn Duckets by completing certain achievements and quests.

The Duckets currency can be used to purchase effects, room promotions, furniture and even as far as pets.

Diamonds
Diamonds are another currency on Habbo. It was introduced in early July 2014. Diamonds are received through purchases of Credits with real money. Diamonds are used to buy Habbo Club, buy rare furniture items or they can be redeemed for credits in furniture form.

NFT credits
At the start of 2022 a new currency was added which is generated daily for NFT avatar holders (depending on the count and type of avatars held).

This currency can be used to buy exclusive furniture and clothes in a dedicated shop on the Habbo NFT website. Credits can also be exchanged for Credit Furni (NFT bank note items) which, together with the other NFT items, may be traded on Immutable X Marketplace for several common Cryptocurrencies.

Furthermore, owning a NFT avatar grants Habbo Club and Builders Club access (which both normally cost a monthly fee).

Moderation
Habbo's parent company Sulake has automated online moderation, and only house Community Coordinators are available for all hotels. Habbo stated in 2011 that the in-game moderators were tasked with tracking some 70 million lines of conversation worldwide every day, and blocking inappropriate users and filtering links to black-listed sites.

Sulake also worked with child safety organizations and local police forces to stop inappropriate behavior. Habbo's moderation and safety systems were recognized as making the service as one of the safest social networks in a 2011 European Commission report. In 2011, Habbo was also awarded the commendation of 'Safer by Design' from the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP). Sulake encouraged users to take responsibility for reporting any abuses or any bad behaviour on the site, providing education and rapid-response support to users who may experience uncomfortable conversations or questions.

As well as working within the Habbo online community, Sulake actively contributed to campaigns like Insafe and Safer Internet Day to be used on relevant user safety issues and collaborates in more than 30 charitable partnerships around the world to educate teens about a load of topics including safe internet use, trolling, the dangers of drugs, bullying etc. Partners include NSPCC (ChildLine), UNICEF, the Red Cross, the National Safety Hospital, Frank, Child Right, Power Child as well as many other market specific organisations.

Users in Habbo can report users breaking the Habbo Way (there are sets of rules on Habbo that everyone must obey) by clicking on the offending avatar, scrolling through their information and clicking report then trying to highlight the offending pieces of chat. Users can also ignore their user by clicking on them and pressing ignore, and this will block every action and chat line that comes from that user into their view.

Automatic moderation exists in Habbo's language filter, the "Bobba Filter", which replaces offensive text with the simple word "bobba". Replacement applies to anything from mild to highly offensive words, groups of 6 or more numbers, suggestive phrases, and websites.

From August 2000 to 31 December 2005, Habbo existed as a program for experienced members of each Habbo community to become a 'Hobba'. Hobbas were non-paid, volunteer moderators with limited powers that acted as Hotel Guides. On 31 December 2005, Sulake suspended the Hobba program completely due to major security issues and the rapidly growing Habbo community. It was decided that it needed a stronger, more professional moderation team, that would be followed by employees of Sulake. The following requests for the program to be revived, in June 2012, it was announced that modernized Hobbas, called Guardians, would be introduced into Habbo. These users will be limited and will be closely monitored to ensure safety is not compromised or advanced.

In June 2012, there was a two-month investigation by Channel 4 News that uncovered lapses in Habbo's online moderation, such as cyber sex, sexual frequences and sexual predation on minors, which subsequently led to withdrawals from two of the company's biggest investors. In response to the news, the company globally muted all chat and text, and launched "The Great Unmute", which allowed users to express their views on the company's future, their experiences with Habbo, and their thoughts on the Channel Four News report. Following this, launching The Great Go-Live, Habbo lifted the chat restrictions for Finnish users to allow testing on a new safety system. Chat restrictions were lifted for users in Brazil and Spain, followed by France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands. A Parental Advisory Summit was also launched, to allow parents and users the chance to answer how Habbo can deliver a safer experience, have a safe environment and influence what content children view on other social media platforms. Restrictions on chat were lifted in Norway, Denmark and Sweden, and finally in the English hotel on 6 July 2012.

Habbo raids
Habbo has been a frequent target for organized raids by Anonymous. In 2006, a meme began circulating on 4chan boards regarding racist conduct by Habbo moderators and arbitrary banning of players with darker-skinned avatars. As a result, users signed up to the Habbo site dressed in avatars of a black man wearing a grey suit and an Afro hairstyle (usually known as the nigra; see Patriotic Nigras) and blocked entry to the pool, declaring that it was "closed due to AIDS", flooding the site with internet sayings, and forming swastika-like formations. When the raiders were banned, they complained of racism.

In January 2021, the live-streamer Quackity and his viewers raided the game with the hashtag "#NOTMYHABBO", protesting the recent restrictions on item trading.

Sponsorship
As a website geared towards teenagers, Habbo has attracted sponsorship from outside entities and organizations. This sponsorship includes visits by musicians (such as Gorillaz, Skye Sweetnam, Jamelia, and Akon ) as well as various corporations. In 2014, Habbo associated itself with the company DitchTheLabel which hosts various anti-bullying sessions on Habbo.

Reception
In November 2001, The Daily Telegraph listed Habbo as a top-10 chat and instant messaging site, describing it as "great-looking" and "proving popular with teenagers." In 2005 and 2006, Habbo Australia received the NetGuide Online Web Award for "Best kids'/youth website". In September 2006, Sulake won Deloitte's Fast 50 competition.

Common Sense Media, a non-profit association advocating for children and families, and studying the effects that media and technology have on young users, reports that foul talk and sexy chat rooms dominate [this] virtual world, giving it one star out of five and not recommending it for kids of any age.

In 2009, Habbo won the Most Innovative Launch Campaign 2009 in The Media Guardian Innovation Awards.

Websites
There are currently 10 websites in operation, with as many as 12 up until 29 April 2015. This date saw the closure of the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish language hotels, having been in operation from December 2004, June 2004 and December 2003 respectively.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Habbo


text:
Talk:Genre fiction

A Strange Claim
""Genre" fiction is portrayed as those works that seek, in some degree, just to emulate these paradigms. Science fiction began with Jules Verne and then H. G. Wells, as a recognizable genre (although Mary Shelley is generally credited with having written the first science fiction novel, Frankenstein)."

I'm wondering how exactly it can be claimed any sort of speculation on the future, of social institutions and technology, are all attempts to emulate H. G. Wells? Running From Zombies (talk) 15:37, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Other "Genres"
"Though not as widely acknowledged as works of genre fiction, less conventional genres like comic books and video games often follow certain patterns and conventions which make them appeal to selected audiences."

I strongly question defining "Comic books" and "Video games" as "genres" -- they're *mediums*, no? That's like saying "film" is a genre. There's horror comics, sci-fi comics, et cetera...

Penner Theologius Pott 19:10, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

what was the purpose of the Warsaw ghetto?

Warsaw ghetto?
I suspect that the article on the Warsaw Ghetto is likelier to answer your question. Smerdis of Tlön 22:56, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Plans for Article
Over the next few days I propose to go through the article and expand or add material, especially material on listing and defining the main fiction genres. I'm also thinking of adding material on the origin and history of the genres. PaulV 19:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Added subheads for fiction genres; wrote text for the first two. Plan to keep on with it... PaulV 14:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Decided to delete some of the older material seeking to distinguish genre fiction from other forms of fiction that have common elements. The definition and conventions of genre are discussed under their own headings.

Also deleted material suggesting that genre conventions are essentially a time-saver for writer and reader (not having to define or explain certain things). It seems rather that the stability of genre conventions comes from the fact that readers like those elements, rather than that they are simply familiar with them.

Deleted the heading Genre in general, since this material is covered in the separate article for genre.

Deleted the paragraph discussing fantasy fiction and its evolution, since this is covered in depth in the Fantasy fiction article.

Still working on the heading The evolution of fiction genres. It's a work in progress. PaulV 18:50, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

I think that is a good idea.Goblyglook (talk) 00:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Erotica
I see someone has deleted the erotica heading, but has given no reason for doing so. Since it is a mainstream fiction genre, I intend to restore it. PaulV 00:40, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

I think you should reconsider your definition of Crime Fiction. Suggesting that all crime fiction takes place from the point of view of the perpetrator of the crime leaves out millions of books that are clearly part of the genre. The most common definition of crime fiction (and one that appears on Wikipedia) would be: Any fiction that deals with crimes, their detection, criminals and their motives.Detective Fiction is a sub-genre of crime fiction, not its own genre. So is noir, courtroom drama, police procedural, psychological thriller, etc. They all fit the parameter of crime fiction, but they have their own seperate indicators. Hope this is helpful.

One other thing - this is a highly objectionable sentence: "This is due to its relative lack of the highly developed and artistic language found in literary fiction, and the formulaic nature of many pieces of genre fiction - genre fiction is produced as a commercial product with the intent of appealing to a mass audience, rather than as an original work with intellectual interest."

True, this probably describes MOST genre fiction - but to say that anything that falls into a genre isn't an "original work with intellectual interest" overlooks the hundreds of writers who have produced works that are included in the classic canon - or modern literary landmarks - but still fit neatly into genre categories. What about Poe, or, more recently, Daniel Woodrell? You probably didn't mean it like this - but this sounds extremely dismissive and closed minded. Often, the only thing that makes a work "literary" is the subjective opinion of the reader. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grken (talk • contribs) 20:32, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

conrad as example of ...
how about mentioning some of Joseph Conrad's works (maybe Lord Jim or one of his shorter novellas) as examples of of the statement at the end of the section 'Genre fiction'

"'Indeed, many works now regarded as literary classics were originally written as genre novels.'"

Doldrums 17:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Romance
"Romance is currently the largest and best-selling fiction genre in North America. It has produced a wide array of subgenres, all of which feature the mutual attraction and love of a man and a woman as the main plot, and have a happy ending."

Does this preclude the possibility of homosexual romance novels? 68.255.232.59 19:14, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I changed "all" to "the majority". While this describes most romance novels, there are exceptions. There are exceptions - unrequited love, for one, and a romance novel doesn't have to have a happy ending.--RLent 20:21, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * To be a genre romance, it does indeed have to have a happy ending. Radway's Reading the Romance spends a couple of chapters on the structure of the "ideal romance".  To be fair, Radway's a little bit dated, but the structure of genre romance, while it's changed, hasn't changed that substantially.

 * Novels featuring romance don't have to have happy endings, but genre romances really do. Deborah-jl Talk 21:32, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Expansion of scope
This article appears to define genre fiction as a category only of literature. Is this term not also often used to describe other formats? Zombie movies are a good example. Preconceived plot structure and eventual outcome are expected by the audience. Kung-fu movies especially of the 70's also often followed the specifications of genre fiction.

If "fiction" in this context is meant to only refer to the written word and an expansion of definition of the term is inappropriate, I think at least a more significant mention of such literature’s influence on other aspects of pop culture would be. For example, the work of Quentin Tarantino is not only based off of but completely dependent on the concept of genre fiction.

I fully expected the discussion to be focused on solely literature based on the title and given I came to the link via another literature-related article (“speculative fiction”). I did not expect other art forms to be covered, in fact, and was not aware of their critical use in other areas (namely, cinema). IMHO this article reads better when focusing ONLY on printed media/literature. To the extent there is cross-over (i.e., adoption of these genre categories by film), that might be mentioned but would better seeve the topic as its own (separate) article. Cynthisa (talk) 05:26, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

Undisputed Literary Merit
The sci fi/fantasy works cited are in no way taken seriously as literature by the mainstream academic community. Very little of what people would call "sci fi" or "fantasy" is considered literature; even Tolkien doesn't always make it on people's lists. I'd say if you're going to cite so-called "literary" sci-fi writers, go with Robert Heinlein or perhaps Harlan Ellison, though I still think any sort of claim that that stuff is literature is tenuous at best. You occasionally see Stranger in a Strange Land taught in high school classrooms, though. I'm removing it, if for no other reason that it cites nothing and reflects a non-neutral point of view. This is why fanboys/girls should not be allowed to write encyclopedia articles.--Stonedinvenice 18:09, 16 January 2008

 * So my doctoral work on science fiction and fantasy is a creation of my fevered brain? And the academic journals for which I wrote essays? And the various conferences I attended, with all the papers read by university faculty? What was I smoking? RLetson (talk) 21:26, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Your assertion that science fiction has no literary merit is extremely POV, and is circular reasoning.--RLent (talk) 15:57, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Romances sometimes have sad endings
Some romances do have endings besides the "and they lived happily ever after" or happy endings. Even though they have differnt endings the section of the article dealing with the genre of romance/fiction says that they all have happy endings.Goblyglook (talk) 00:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Elizabeth is a beutiful woman! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.90.45.137 (talk) 22:05, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Musical fiction
Musical fiction harnesses music as its defining feature, using music both as subject matter and as the tool of its prosaic rhythm and flow.

Inspirational = Christian?
The section currently reads "Inspirational fiction is a term that refers to fictional works with religious themes and aimed at a Christian audience." Is inspirational literature really an exclusively Christian genre? Does this reflect a world-wide perspective? Kime1R (talk) 00:16, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

Extensive edits
My original plan was to essentially rewrite the article (this time, with sources), but it proved to be a bit too overwhelming. Also, I was worried that such a drastic change would prove to be too controversial. Instead, I settled for rewriting individual sections (the intro, some of the genre descriptions), adding a new section where I discussed the critical reception of genre fiction, and the controversy that has erupted over its increasing acceptance in critical circles. I generally kept the tone positive, but I don't think it should be a problem. I think that, overall, my edits are fairly neutral. I would have preferred to source a few more statements, but they proved to be problematic. For one, I really don't have any source that says that critics dislike genre fiction, which really kind of amuses me. One would think that such a statement would be trivially easy to source, but I found nothing satisfying. Instead of settling for a second-rate quote from a third rate source, I just left it unsourced. If anyone truly disputes such a statement, I can cough up something from Google, but I don't really see any particular need, at this time.

I found an interesting rant, written by a romance author. I wanted to use it in the article, but there are a couple problems.

 * 1) The background image has erotica in it
 * 2) It's on a personal home page (of an apparently notable author, though—she's got a Wikipedia entry)

So, I didn't use it. It just seemed too potentially contentious. If there are no complaints, I'd still like to use it, but I figured I should at least give people a chance to comment on its validity. In particular, I wanted to quote the part where the author claims that romance novels and chick lit are looked down upon by men, because it's written by women. It seems like a legitimate complaint. She also rants a bit about the legitimacy of other genres, as well as the tendency of critics to retroactively legitimize what was once considered pulp/genre fiction.

Does anyone else find the list of genres to be a bit gratuitous? I'm not 100% sure that it needs to be in this article, though I did end up expanding it. I figure that, since it's here, I should probably try to make it as presentable and complete as possible. Still, if others agree that it's unnecessary, I wouldn't mind removing it.

If I get around to it, I'd like to expand the article further and rewrite some of the other sections, but it's a bit too much work for right now. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 08:09, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

controversial subject to begin with
so "genre" is either used to label stories by their theme settings (eg. crime, fantasy, sci-fi, etc) or it is used as an adjective in itself to call a story shallow as contrary to "literary value focused" though the latter can as well have a theme setting and threfore can be labeled in the first sense of the word. but the bad news is that on the one hand it isnt very informative to label a story about a detective as a detective-story and on the other hand there seems to be no useful definition of what should be considered shallow and what valuable. 80.98.114.70 (talk) 00:01, 22 April 2016 (UTC).

British literature article
The long section on genre fiction in the British literature article could well be used to expand this article (where it would be more appropriate). The original – which is too long for the Brit. lit. article – could then be reduced in length. See also the shorter section in English literature. Rwood128 (talk) 17:14, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

 * There is also a section on nineteenth-century genre fiction

Literature for children and young adults
This was recently added with the material from British literature. I don't think that it is genre fiction (which I'm presuming just includes adult fiction) but I'm no expert. Unless there is objection I'll delete. Rwood128 (talk) 20:25, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I have been thinking further about this while editing Young adult fiction, and now wonder if there is YA genre fiction? In addition to the main YA article there is one on Young adult romance literature. Rwood128 (talk) 23:39, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Genre fiction. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150506221319/http://www.loa.org:80/sciencefiction/introduction.jsp to http://www.loa.org/sciencefiction/introduction.jsp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:38, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Genre fiction. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130414150715/http://lareviewofbooks.org:80/article.php?type=&id=784&fulltext=1&media= to http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=784&fulltext=1&media=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141215222935/http://www.scifidimensions.com/Nov03/arcturus.htm to http://www.scifidimensions.com/Nov03/arcturus.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:32, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Agatha Christie
The description of the The Murder of Roger Ackroyd might be a bit misleading. It is not the twist ending that makes the work groundbreaking, but its use of the unreliable narrator trope. Like previous works of detective fiction, the novel is narrated in the first person by one of its major characters. But in this case the narrator himself is the murderer, and he has omitted details about his own involvement in the crime. It went against the conventions of the genre. Dimadick (talk) 17:50, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Genre fiction. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071223085813/http://www.rwanational.org/cs/the_romance_genre/romance_literature_statistics to http://www.rwanational.org/cs/the_romance_genre/romance_literature_statistics
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101203140439/http://www.rwanational.org/cs/home to http://www.rwanational.org/cs/home
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=784&fulltext=1&media=

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:52, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Magic realism
I'm not a student of magic realism but thought it was generally associated with literary writers like Salman Rushdie and others in South America than with genre fiction? Where is it listed as a popular literature genre?Rwood128 (talk) 16:27, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:37, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * J. R. R. Tolkien, 1940s.jpg

title: Talk:Genre fiction


text:
Talk:Keith Moon

Performing at Olympic Games?
The very last bit in the section on Moon's death says:

 * The London 2012 Summer Olympic Committee contacted Curbishley about Moon performing at the games, 34 years after his death. In an interview with The Times Curbishley quipped, "I emailed back saying Keith now resides in Golders Green Crematorium, having lived up to the Who's anthemic line 'I hope I die before I get old' ... If they have a round table, some glasses and candles, we might contact him.

What in the heck does that even mean? Why did the IOC contact Curbishley in the first place? Did they think it was a funny joke? Did they not know Moon was dead? This just seems so odd and out of place ... I'll give whoever put it in that it sounds like a stunt Moon himself might play, but in this article it's really odd. Jyg (talk) 21:46, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

 * They approached Curbishley because, I'd think, he is The Who's manager. It was quite a well known tale at the time, as to whether it happened, well sources seem to think so..  A large number of famous British acts appeared at the ceremony, so it is likely it was some junior member of staff given the task of phoning around to sound out who'd be up for it.  They probably weren't that aware who The Who were, never mind Keith Moon, and so just looked up the names of their "classic" line up.  -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 22:08, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Either the opening or closing ceremony used archive footage of Freddie Mercury, who was obviously also dead by that stage. I wonder if the original intention with Moon was similar, but somewhere along the way the communication got scrambled, and the press were all over the supposed "gaffe," so it was probably better for the ceremony organisers to just not comment. Nick Cooper (talk) 21:28, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Deterioration
I am sorry to see the article has rather deteriorated since it passed GA some years back, largely through people adding unsourced and questionable content in the middle of prose that was previously fact check. I've done a quick spot check but it looks like I'll need a couple of hours free in an evening to go through and check everything else. I still have Marsh & Fletcher's books which are still my go-to sources for Moon. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  13:19, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The mention of him passing out over his drums in 1976 in Boston Garden is accurate because I was there to witness it. It could be added the makeup show was April 1. 151.203.70.159 (talk) 19:25, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Editing
I have just edited what is not accurately correct, and I've made this edit before. Lo and behold, and in a flash, the edit has been undone again.

Can anybody explain why, please? The information I added is correct, and some adjustment was made due to the original content.

I didn't do much, and I'm absolutely a novice at this. I can't believe somebody would remove my edit just because they are too proud! It's just wasted my time and effort.

Many thanks, Debbie. 2A02:C7E:428A:1400:6864:327A:B1D7:63A3 (talk) 02:30, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The problem is one of WP:Verifiability. You didn't cite a source. What is the source for your version of events? Is there a book or interview or magazine article which supports your version of events? Binksternet (talk) 03:58, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Naming the journalists
This source backs up the names of the journalists who were interviewing Entwistle when the news of Moon's death came in. So we could probably include this, if we wanted to. Do we? , this is your chance to say what it adds to the article. John (talk) 16:58, 31 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's important to put in the article; it's only a minor tangential point. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  17:08, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keith Moon


text:
Category:Sophists

Those ancient Greeks who called themselves, or were called by others, Sophists. The term was popular both in the 5th century BC and the 2nd century AD (the Second Sophistic). The target of sophist as an insult does not belong here.

title: Category:Sophists


text:
Peter DeFazio

Peter Anthony DeFazio (born May 27, 1947) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for OR's 4th congressional district from 1987 to 2023. He is a member of the Democratic Party and is a founder of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. A native of Massachusetts and a veteran of the United States Air Force Reserve, he previously served as a county commissioner in Lane County, Oregon. On December 1, 2021, DeFazio announced he would not seek reelection in 2022.

Early life, education, and pre-congressional career
DeFazio was born in 1947 in Needham, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, graduating from Needham High School in 1965. He credits his great-uncle with shaping his politics; that great-uncle almost never said "Republican" without adding "bastard" (or "bastud", as it sounded in a Boston accent). He served in the United States Air Force Reserve from 1967 to 1971. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Tufts University in 1969 and a Master of Arts degree in gerontology from the University of Oregon in 1977.

From 1977 to 1982, DeFazio worked as an aide to U.S. Representative Jim Weaver. He was elected as a Lane County Commissioner in 1983 and served as chairman from 1985 to 1986.

Elections
In 1986, DeFazio ran for the U.S. House from Oregon's 4th congressional district, upon the retirement of incumbent Democratic congressman Jim Weaver. DeFazio narrowly won a competitive three-way primary against State Senators Bill Bradbury and Margie Hendriksen, 34%–33%-31%. He won the general election with 54% of the vote.

DeFazio did not face another contest nearly that close until 2010, winning every election before then with at least 61% of the vote. He forged a nearly unbreakable hold on a district that is only marginally Democratic on paper. This is due almost entirely to the presence of his base in Lane County, which has almost half the district's population. The district narrowly voted for George W. Bush in 2000, John Kerry in 2004, and Hillary Clinton by 0.1 percentage point in 2016. In 2020, DeFazio defeated Alek Skarlatos by over 25,000 votes (5.4%). Pacific Green Party candidate Daniel Hoffay finished third with 2.2% of the vote.

2008
DeFazio won 82% of the vote over two minor-party candidates.

Earlier, he reportedly considered and reconsidered running against Gordon H. Smith in the 2008 Senate election. On April 20, 2007, DeFazio announced he would not run for Smith's seat.

After Barack Obama was elected president in 2008, it was reported that DeFazio was under consideration for Secretary of Transportation. U.S. Representative Ray LaHood was named to the post in December 2008.

2010
In 2010, DeFazio was challenged by Republican Art Robinson and Pacific Green candidate Michael Beilstein. As permitted by Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, a Super PAC group called The Concerned Taxpayers of America paid $300,000 for ads attacking DeFazio. It was not revealed until the mid-October 2010 quarterly FEC filings that the group was solely funded by Daniel G. Schuster Inc., a concrete firm in Owings Mills, Maryland, and New York hedge fund executive Robert Mercer, the co-head of Renaissance Technologies of Setauket, New York. According to Dan Eggen at The Washington Post, the group said "it was formed in September 'to engage citizens from every walk of life and political affiliation' in the fight against 'runaway spending.'" The only expenditures were for the ads attacking DeFazio and Democratic Representative Frank Kratovil of Maryland.

DeFazio won with 54.5% of the vote, his lowest winning percentage since he was first elected in 1986. The Oregonian said that DeFazio's reelection to his 13th term was notable more for the amount of outside money spent on the campaign than for the candidates themselves.

2012
In September 2011, the National Journal cited DeFazio as an example of "swing-district Democrats seeking reelection in 2012", and who, in "begin[ning] to focus on their reelection bids after Labor Day...are increasingly calculating how close is too close to an unpopular President Obama." It also noted that DeFazio's district "nearly went for Republican George W. Bush in 2004."

Redistricting made the 4th slightly friendlier for DeFazio. He picked up almost all of Benton County, including all of Corvallis, home to Oregon State University.

2020
DeFazio faced a challenge in 2020 from Alek Skarlatos, a Roseburg High School graduate, a former Oregon National Guard soldier who helped subdue a terrorist in the 2015 Thalys train attack. DeFazio won the election by 5.3 points, his narrowest victory since taking office.

Tenure
DeFazio has a progressive voting record. In 1992, he co-founded the Congressional Progressive Caucus with Bernie Sanders, Ron Dellums, Lane Evans, Thomas Andrews, and Maxine Waters, and was its chair from 2003 to 2005. During the 1999 World Trade Organization meetings in Seattle, DeFazio marched with protesters who opposed the WTO's new economic globalization policies.

Infrastructure
DeFazio spent his entire career on the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, becoming its chairman when Democrats won the House in 2018. During his time on the committee, he has served as chair or ranking member of four of the six subcommittees: Aviation, Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, Highways and Transit, and Water Resources and Environment.

In 2020, DeFazio sponsored H.R. 2, the Moving Forward Act. This bill invested $1.5 trillion in highways, rail, transit, airports, ports and harbors, wastewater and drinking water infrastructure, brownfields, broadband, and more.

DeFazio felt shunted aside when Senate negotiators secured a deal on the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act which became law largely without input from the House. He blasted the legislation in closed-door meetings, earning the moniker the "Tiger of the House".

DeFazio eventually supported and helped pass the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and joined President Biden a number of times to promote it.

Investigation into Boeing and 737 MAX crashes
As chair of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, DeFazio led an investigation into the causes of the crashes of two Boeing 737 MAX planes, which resulted in 346 deaths. DeFazio's 18-month investigation laid out serious flaws and missteps in the design, development, and certification of the aircraft. The committee's Majority Staff prepared a 238-page report outlining the repeated and serious failures made by Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration.

DeFazio helped pass comprehensive aircraft certification reform and safety legislation in the wake of his committee's report as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which President Donald Trump signed into law on December 27, 2020.

In 2022, Netflix premiered Downfall: The Case Against Boeing, a documentary film by Rory Kennedy that details DeFazio's investigation.

Immigration
In October 2011, DeFazio demanded that the U.S. Department of Labor strengthen restrictions on the hiring of foreign guest workers for forestry jobs intended for unemployed U.S. citizens.

DeFazio issued a statement condemning President Donald Trump's January 2017 executive order suspending all refugee admissions to the U.S. for 120 days and barring entry for 90 days to immigrants from Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.

In January 2018, DeFazio's guest for the State of the Union Address was Jesus Narvaez, a "Dreamer", DACA activist, and member of Movimiento Estudiantil Chicanx de Aztlán (MEChA).

In June 2018, DeFazio and other members of Congress from Oregon demanded that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) permit individuals held at a federal prison in Sheridan, Oregon, under the Trump administration's "zero-tolerance policy" to make free telephone calls to arrange legal representation.

Abortion
DeFazio supports legal abortion.

Military
DeFazio has voted against legislation that would increase U.S. military power. In 2000, he voted against legislation to create a national missile defense network, calling the system a "comic book fantasy". He has consistently voted against the Patriot Act, including its inception after 9/11 and the recurring reauthorization bills, arguing that it infringes on Americans' civil rights. He also voted against the USA Freedom Act, which reauthorized certain provisions of the Patriot Act in modified form. He voted multiple times to set an itinerary for bringing U.S. troops home from Iraq.

Postal Service
In 2013, DeFazio introduced the Postal Service Protection Act, a bipartisan proposal to comprehensively reform the United States Postal Service. The legislation included a provision that would eliminate the retiree health benefits fund prefunding mandate, which required the Postal Service to set aside billions each year for retiree health benefits.

In 2019, DeFazio introduced the USPS Fairness Act, which would have solely repealed the prefunding mandate. In February 2020, the legislation passed the House, 309 to 106.

U.S. Representative Carolyn Maloney, chair of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, included DeFazio's provision to repeal the prefunding mandate in the Postal Service Reform Act, which President Biden signed into law on April 6, 2022.

Israel and Palestine
In 2015, DeFazio was one of 19 members of Congress to sign a letter urging Secretary of State John Kerry to "prioritize the human rights of Palestinian children living in the Occupied West Bank in the bilateral relationship with the Government of Israel." The letter called Israel's treatment of Palestinian children "cruel, inhumane and degrading" and an "anomaly in the world". In 2017, he was one of 10 members of Congress to introduce a bill that would "require the Secretary of State to certify that United States funds do not support military detention, interrogation, abuse, or ill-treatment of Palestinian children".

Financial
In 2008, DeFazio and Representative Pete Stark signed a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi proposing a 0.25% transaction tax on all trades in financial instruments, including stocks, options, and futures. Subsequently, DeFazio introduced the "No BAILOUT Act."

Somewhat controversially, DeFazio declined to support the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, voting against it on February 13, 2009. He was one of only seven Democratic House members to vote against the bill. DeFazio said that his vote was due to his frustration over compromises made to win support from moderate Republicans in the Senate. "I couldn't justify borrowing money for tax cuts", he said, referring to a bipartisan group's decision to cut funding for education and infrastructure initiatives he had supported in favor of steeper tax reductions. He also advocated that the U.S. Senate change its cloture rules, doing away with the filibuster.

DeFazio made headlines in mid-November 2009 when he suggested in an interview with MSNBC commentator Ed Schultz that Obama should fire Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and National Economic Council Director Lawrence Summers. "We may have to sacrifice just two more jobs to get back millions for Americans", DeFazio said. The comment made top headlines at The Huffington Post. DeFazio also suggested that a formal call by the Congressional Progressive Caucus for Geithner and Summers to be removed might be forthcoming. A year later he called for the impeachment of Chief Justice John Roberts because of the Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.

In 2009, DeFazio proposed a financial transaction tax.

During his tenure, DeFazio has butted heads with fellow Democratic politicians, including Obama, on key Democratic legislation. In December 2010, he told CNN that the White House was "putting on tremendous pressure" about legislation extending the Bush tax cuts, with Obama "making phone calls saying this is the end of his presidency if he doesn't get this bad deal." White House spokesman Tommy Vietor told The Hill that Obama hadn't "said anything remotely like that" and had "never spoken with Mr. DeFazio about the issue".

Occupy Wall Street
In August 2011, DeFazio said that Obama lacked the fight to follow through on ending the Bush tax cuts, citing the pressure placed on him by the Republicans. DeFazio, Representative Dennis Kucinich and Senator Bernie Sanders said that it would be good for the Democratic Party if Obama faced a meaningful primary in which all the issues would be aired out.

In October 2011, Think Progress noted that DeFazio was echoing the demands of the Occupy Wall Street protesters by proposing to tax the trading of stocks, bonds, and derivatives.

Fuel prices
DeFazio opposed the Lowering Gasoline Prices to Fuel an America That Works Act of 2014 (H.R. 4899; 113th Congress), a bill that would revise existing laws and policies regarding the development of oil and gas resources on the Outer Continental Shelf. The bill was intended to increase domestic energy production and lower gas prices. DeFazio argued that the bill would not solve the true cause of high gas prices, which he blamed on "Big Oil in the United States and speculation on Wall Street". DeFazio called the bill the "drill everywhere" bill.

In 2022, following a report from Accountable.US that showed the largest oil and gas companies in the United States made a record $205 billion profit in 2021, DeFazio introduced the Stop Gas Price Gouging Tax and Rebate Act. This legislation would impose a windfall profits tax on excessive corporate profits and return the revenue to Americans in monthly payments.

Health insurance reform
In 2020, DeFazio introduced legislation to repeal a law that allows insurance companies an exemption from antitrust enforcement. The Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act. It gives the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission the authority to apply federal antitrust laws to any potential anti-competitive behavior by health insurance companies. President Trump signed the legislation into law in January 2021.

Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund
In December 2020, DeFazio helped pass the bipartisan Water Resources Development Act of 2020. This legislation included a measure he fought for for decades which would allow Congress to appropriate any funds collected from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund for authorized harbor maintenance needs. This unlocked billions in already collected fees to support the infrastructure of federal ports and harbors.

Organic Farming Standards
DeFazio and Senator Patrick Leahy are credited with helping establish the National Organic Program in the 1990 Farm Bill.

DeFazio co-chairs the bipartisan House Organic Caucus.

In 2022, following news of his retirement, the Organic Trade Association honored DeFazio with the Organic Champion Award for his career-long work to support a strong organic label.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (Chair)

Caucus memberships

 * Animal Protection Caucus
 * Bike Caucus
 * Coast Guard Caucus
 * Community Health Care Caucus
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Congressional Biomass Caucus
 * Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
 * Congressional Progressive Caucus
 * Healthy Forest Caucus
 * House Small Brewer's Caucus (Founder and Co-Chair)
 * Human Rights Caucus
 * Indian Caucus
 * Northwest Energy Caucus (Co-Chair)
 * Organic Caucus (Co-Chair)
 * Populist Caucus
 * Pro-Choice Caucus
 * Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus
 * Rural Caucus
 * Sportsmen's Caucus
 * United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 * Veterinary Medicine Caucus
 * Waterways Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus

1995
After Senator Bob Packwood resigned in early September 1995, DeFazio ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in a special primary, losing to 3rd district Congressman Ron Wyden.

1996
DeFazio had been mentioned as a possible candidate for the seat of Senator Mark Hatfield, who announced after the special primary election that he would not seek reelection in 1996. Faced with the prospect of having to take on well-funded millionaires in both the primary and general election, DeFazio announced in February 1996 that he would not run.

2008
DeFazio again considered running for the United States Senate. At the time he was considered a top-tier candidate, but he later defused such talk, citing seniority and monetary concerns about a potential campaign.

Personal life
DeFazio is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He and his wife, Myrnie L. Daut, reside in Springfield.

Electoral history

 * + Oregon's 4th congressional district: Results 1986–2020

! Year ! ! Democratic ! Votes ! % ! ! Republican ! Votes ! % ! ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! % ! ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! % ! ! Other ! %
 * 1986
 * |Peter DeFazio
 * |105,697
 * |54%
 * |Bruce Long
 * |89,795
 * |46%
 * |56
 * |0%
 * 1988
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |108,483
 * |72%
 * |Jim Howard
 * |42,220
 * |28%
 * |32
 * |0%
 * 1990
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |162,494
 * |86%
 * |No candidate
 * |Tonie Nathan
 * |Libertarian
 * |26,432
 * |14%
 * |426
 * |0%
 * 1992
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |199,372
 * |71%
 * |Richard Schulz
 * |79,733
 * |29%
 * |194
 * |0%
 * 1994
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |158,981
 * |67%
 * |John Newkirk
 * |78,947
 * |33%
 * |273
 * |0%
 * 1996
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |177,270
 * |66%
 * |John Newkirk
 * |76,649
 * |28%
 * |Tonie Nathan
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,919
 * |2%
 * |Bill Bonville
 * |Reform
 * |3,960
 * |1%
 * |7,058
 * |3%
 * 1998
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |157,524
 * |70%
 * |Steve Webb
 * |64,143
 * |29%
 * |Karl Sorg
 * |Socialist
 * |2,694
 * |1%
 * |276
 * |0%
 * 2000
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |197,998
 * |68%
 * |John Lindsey
 * |41,909
 * |31%
 * |David Duemler
 * |Socialist
 * |3,696
 * |1%
 * |421
 * |0%
 * 2002
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |168,150
 * |64%
 * |Liz VanLeeuwen
 * |90,523
 * |34%
 * |Chris Bigelow
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,602
 * |2%
 * |206
 * |0%
 * 2004
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |228,611
 * |61%
 * |Jim Feldkamp
 * |140,882
 * |38%
 * |Jacob Boone
 * |Libertarian
 * |3,190
 * |1%
 * |Michael Marsh
 * |Constitution
 * |1,799
 * |0%
 * |427
 * |0%
 * 2006
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |180,607
 * |62%
 * |Jim Feldkamp
 * |109,105
 * |38%
 * |532
 * |0%
 * 2008
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |275,133
 * |82%
 * |No candidate
 * |Jaynee Germond
 * |Constitution
 * |43,133
 * |13%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |13,162
 * |4%
 * |2,708
 * |1%
 * 2010
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |162,416
 * |54%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |129,877
 * |44%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |5,215
 * |2%
 * |524
 * |0%
 * 2012
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |212,866
 * |59%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |140,549
 * |39%
 * |Chuck Huntting
 * |Libertarian
 * |6,205
 * |2%
 * |468
 * |0%
 * 2014
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |181,624
 * |59%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |116,534
 * |38%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |6,863
 * |2%
 * |David L. Chester
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,676
 * |2%
 * |482
 * |0%
 * 2016
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |220,628
 * |55%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |157,743
 * |40%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |12,194
 * |3%
 * |Gil Guthrie
 * |Libertarian
 * |6,527
 * |2%
 * |476
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |208,710
 * |56%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |152,414
 * |41%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |5,956
 * |2%
 * |Richard Jacobson
 * |Libertarian
 * |5,370
 * |1%
 * |443
 * |0%
 * 2020
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |240,950
 * |52%
 * |Alek Skarlatos
 * |216,018
 * |46%
 * |Daniel Hoffay
 * |Pacific Green
 * |10,118
 * |2%
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |180,607
 * |62%
 * |Jim Feldkamp
 * |109,105
 * |38%
 * |532
 * |0%
 * 2008
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |275,133
 * |82%
 * |No candidate
 * |Jaynee Germond
 * |Constitution
 * |43,133
 * |13%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |13,162
 * |4%
 * |2,708
 * |1%
 * 2010
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |162,416
 * |54%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |129,877
 * |44%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |5,215
 * |2%
 * |524
 * |0%
 * 2012
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |212,866
 * |59%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |140,549
 * |39%
 * |Chuck Huntting
 * |Libertarian
 * |6,205
 * |2%
 * |468
 * |0%
 * 2014
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |181,624
 * |59%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |116,534
 * |38%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |6,863
 * |2%
 * |David L. Chester
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,676
 * |2%
 * |482
 * |0%
 * 2016
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |220,628
 * |55%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |157,743
 * |40%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |12,194
 * |3%
 * |Gil Guthrie
 * |Libertarian
 * |6,527
 * |2%
 * |476
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |208,710
 * |56%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |152,414
 * |41%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |5,956
 * |2%
 * |Richard Jacobson
 * |Libertarian
 * |5,370
 * |1%
 * |443
 * |0%
 * 2020
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |240,950
 * |52%
 * |Alek Skarlatos
 * |216,018
 * |46%
 * |Daniel Hoffay
 * |Pacific Green
 * |10,118
 * |2%
 * |482
 * |0%
 * 2016
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |220,628
 * |55%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |157,743
 * |40%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |12,194
 * |3%
 * |Gil Guthrie
 * |Libertarian
 * |6,527
 * |2%
 * |476
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |208,710
 * |56%
 * |Art Robinson
 * |152,414
 * |41%
 * |Mike Beilstein
 * |Pacific Green
 * |5,956
 * |2%
 * |Richard Jacobson
 * |Libertarian
 * |5,370
 * |1%
 * |443
 * |0%
 * 2020
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |240,950
 * |52%
 * |Alek Skarlatos
 * |216,018
 * |46%
 * |Daniel Hoffay
 * |Pacific Green
 * |10,118
 * |2%
 * |0%
 * 2020
 * |Peter DeFazio (incumbent)
 * |240,950
 * |52%
 * |Alek Skarlatos
 * |216,018
 * |46%
 * |Daniel Hoffay
 * |Pacific Green
 * |10,118
 * |2%
 * |Daniel Hoffay
 * |Pacific Green
 * |10,118
 * |2%

title: Peter DeFazio


text:
User talk:Larry Gross

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Larry Gross


text:
User:Phlo452

Pleased to meet you. I don't always have time to Wiki, but I try.

title: User:Phlo452


text:
Harry L. Davis

Harry Lyman Davis (January 25, 1878 – May 21, 1950) was an American politician of the Republican Party. He served as the 38th and 44th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio and as the 49th governor of Ohio.

Life and career
Davis was born in Cleveland, Ohio on January 25, 1878 in the Newburgh area to Evan and Barbara Jones Davis. He was of English and Welsh ancestry, all of his ancestors having emigrated to North America from Great Britain during the era of the Thirteen Colonies. At age thirteen, he left school to work in the steel mills, studying at home and night school. He became a solicitor for the Cleveland Telephone Co. at age twenty-one and later founded the Davis Rate Adjustment Co., selling telephone securities and the Harry L. Davis Co., selling insurance.

In 1909, Davis was elected Republican city treasurer. David defeated his opponent Peter Witt in the 1915 Cleveland mayoral election. As the city's new mayor, Davis established the Mayor's Advisory War Committee in 1917 to aid the American effort in World War I. As mayor Davis reached out to and supported immigrant ethnic communities in Cleveland. The Polish-American community voted for him "almost unanimously" in his 1915 mayoral election and supported him throughout the rest of his political career. He was known for being sensitive to the concerns of Polish immigrants and Italian immigrants in Cleveland. His work gained national recognition. Mayor Davis also had to deal with the communist May Day Riots of 1919 and the bombing of his home by communist agitators; the Red Scare presented a new set of dilemmas. Davis responded to the outrages by campaigning for the expulsion of all "Bolsheviks" from America. Since 1919 was an election year, Davis resigned from the mayor's office and went on to successfully campaign for governor of Ohio. The Communist Party USA and the Socialist Party of America both unsuccessfully campaigned against him.

Davis won the governor's seat and served one term. While in office, Davis restructured the executive branch to include a cabinet of seven directors to help administer state affairs. Davis did not run again in 1922, but rather 1924, when he was soundly defeated by incumbent A. Victor Donahey. Davis later returned to Cleveland and became a strong opponent of the city manager plan. He later served again as mayor from 1934 to 1935.

Death
In his later years, Davis suffered from frequent periods of ill health. He died at his home in Shaker Heights, Ohio, on May 21, 1950, soon after he was stricken with a blood clot in the brain. He was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.

title: Harry L. Davis


text: User talk:65.170.38.10

title: User talk:65.170.38.10


text:
Para-Azoxyanisole

para-Azoxyanisole (PAA) is an organic, aromatic compound. Its chemical formula is C14H14N2O3. In a solid state, it appears as a white powder, but when heated it forms a liquid crystal. As one of the first known and most readily prepared liquid crystals, PAA has played an important role in the development of liquid crystal displays.

Its liquid crystal range is from 118 °C to 136 °C. The solid to nematic transition is at 118 °C and the nematic to isotropic liquid transition at 136 °C.

title: Para-Azoxyanisole


text:
User:Mic/Infobox Län test

 County, or  is a county or län in the Sweden. It borders to.

Province
For History, Geography and Culture see:

Administration
''Main article:

title: User:Mic/Infobox Län test


text:
Arthur (magazine)

Arthur magazine was a bi-monthly periodical that was founded in October 2002, by publisher Laris Kreslins and editor Jay Babcock. It received favorable attention from other periodicals such as L.A. Weekly, Print, Punk Planet and Rolling Stone. Arthur featured photography and artwork from Spike Jonze, Art Spiegelman, Susannah Breslin, Gary Panter and Godspeed You! Black Emperor. Arthur's regular columnists included Byron Coley, Thurston Moore, Daniel Pinchbeck, Paul Cullum, Douglas Rushkoff, and T-Model Ford. Some of the magazine's influences included Joan Didion, Thomas Paine, William Blake, Lester Bangs, Hunter S. Thompson, Tom Wolfe, and Greil Marcus, as well and the exhibit and book A Secret Location on the Lower East Side: Adventures in Writing, 1960-1980.

Arthur magazine was particularly drawn to noise music, stoner metal, folk and other types of psychedelia. The first issue of Arthur featured an interview with journalist and author Daniel Pinchbeck (author of Breaking Open the Head); artwork by Alan Moore (Watchmen, From Hell, League of Extraordinary Gentlemen); and an interview with Arthur C. Clarke.

Previous to creating the publication, Laris Kreslins created the popular music journals Sound Collector and Audio Review. Jay Babcock was a contributor to Mojo magazine and the L.A. Weekly.

Arthur magazine also released CDs and DVDs under the imprint of their label. On Labor Day weekend in 2005, they curated Arthurfest in Barnsdall Park; in February 2006, Arthur Ball in Echo Park; and in October 2006 Arthur Nights at The Palace Theater, in downtown Los Angeles.

On February 25, 2007, it was announced on the magazine's web site that it would be ceasing publication indefinitely. The hiatus was due to a breakdown in negotiations between Lime Publishing (Arthur's original publisher) and another unnamed publisher. In April 2007, it was announced that the magazine would return as Arthur Vol. II in the near future. The magazine resumed publication in September 2007.

In June 2008, owner Jay Babcock moved Arthur's headquarters from Los Angeles to New York, the seat of North America's publishing industry.

On March 6, 2011, Jay Babcock announced that the magazine would cease to exist in any form as of March 15, 2011, though its archive and store would remain active for an unspecified period thereafter.

In November 2012, the Arthur website announced the return of the magazine as of December 22, 2012. However, this resurgence proved to be brief, and in March 2014 the magazine once again announced that its online and print versions would go dormant.

As of April 20, 2017, Jay Babcock announced the start of Landline bulletin, a continuation of Arthur Magazine email bulletin. As Babcock describes it, "What is this stuff? Ideas and nudges, hopefully forming a small bailiwick outside the unceasing current of cruddiness — irregular epistles intended for friends, colleagues, Arthur heads, pastoral people, plant people, rural country people, dharma people, herbalists, gardeners, wild people and other curious sweetfolk."

title: Arthur (magazine)


text:
Talk:Military strategy

strategy or its lack of use
I'm not entirely sure that the claim of a lack of strategy on the western front is correct. A lack of manuever doesn't necessarily imply a lack of strategy (despite what Hart might think :P ). I'm going to see if I can reword some of this to a more pleasing form. Stargoat 15:28, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Another point is that there is a difference between no strategy and a bad strategy.

Roadrunner 16:37, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Development of Stategy
Do you think this might need its own article? Stargoat 16:32, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

stratagem
Should we add something about a stratagem as being an execution of a strategic campaign to achieve a strategic goal? (Okay, I admit it, that sentence made my brain hurt.) I'm not sure about the best way to accomplish that. Anyone have any thoughts? Stargoat 17:08, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

rubbish
the section on Communist China's strategy is almost all rubbish, they didn't fight the Japanese several nationalist generals were communist & each turned over 500,000 man armies to Mao and the rest sounds like it was written by the chinese gov — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.9.22.214 (talk) 19:10, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Principles and the Maginot Line example
The current text says (wrongly, IMO)

France entered World War II with a purely defensive doctrine, epitomized by the "impregnable" Maginot Line, but only to be completely circumvented by the German blitzkrieg in the Fall of France.

Background: Their doctrine wasn't purely defensive, and it wasn't "circumvented by the German blitzkrieg". The Maginot Line wasn't described as 'impregnable' except by the newspapers and by politicians in public speeches. The French strategy was reactive, i.e. they wanted to fight in the Low Countries but had to wait until the Germans entered Belgian territory before they went on the offensive, which they duly did with maximum speed and force, which meant that they stepped into the trap that the Germans had set for them. If they had had a purely defensive strategy and kept their own army and the BEF behind the "soft Maginot Line" in the north, they might have been able to hold the Germans off and avoided defeat.

In any case, I think that text would be better formulated as

France attempted to use its Maginot Line to apply the principles Mass and Economy of force (troops could be concentrated in the north for an offensive there while the Line acted as force multiplier in the south), Maneuver and Security (the Germans couldn't go directly from Alsace to Paris).

Possibly adding

The Germans used Surprise with their assault through the Ardennes.

Rationale: how the French made their strategy based on these principles is of historical interest as it represents two of the most prominent (out of a very short list) attempts to deal with modern, mechanised war. Common wisdom held that the combat aircraft and the armoured vehicles would, mostly penetrate any defences. The British set up a radar network along their shores to attempt to keep aircraft out, and the French built the Maginot Line to deal with, specifically, armoured vehicles. Infantry could, slowly and with great losses, penetrate the Line (but not reliably roll it up), but vehicles would, by and large, be stopped.

Hoodiecrow (talk) 16:00, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Military strategy


text:
Earl Blumenauer

Earl Francis Blumenauer (born August 16, 1948) is an American lawyer, author, and politician serving as the U.S. representative for OR's 3rd congressional district since 1996. The district includes most of Portland east of the Willamette River.

A member of the Democratic Party, Blumenauer previously spent over 20 years as a public official in Portland, including serving on the Portland City Council from 1987 to 1996, when he succeeded Ron Wyden in the U.S. House of Representatives. Wyden was elected to the U.S. Senate after Bob Packwood resigned.

Early life and education
Blumenauer was born in Portland on August 16, 1948. In 1966, he graduated from Centennial High School on Portland's east side and then enrolled at Lewis & Clark College. He majored in political science and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark in 1970. Blumenauer completed his education in 1976 when he earned a Juris Doctor degree from the school's Northwestern School of Law (now Lewis & Clark Law School). Before starting law school in 1970 and until 1977, he worked as an assistant to the president of Portland State University.

Early political career
In 1969–70, Blumenauer organized and led Oregon's "Go 19" campaign, an effort to lower the state voting age (while then unsuccessful, it supported the national trend that soon resulted in the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which lowered the voting age to 18). In 1972, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, representing the 11th district in Multnomah County. He was reelected in 1974 and 1976, and continued representing Portland and Multnomah County until the 1979 legislative session. From 1975 to 1981 he served on the board of Portland Community College. After his time in the Oregon legislature, he served on the Multnomah County Commission from 1979 to 1986. He lost a race for Portland City Council to Margaret Strachan in 1981. He left the county commission in March 1986 to run again for city council.

Blumenauer was elected to the Portland City Council in May 1986. His first term began in January 1987, and he remained on the council until 1996. From the start of his first term, he was named the city's Commissioner of Public Works, which made him the council member in charge of the Portland Bureau of Transportation (also known as the Transportation Commissioner). During his time on the council, Blumenauer was appointed by Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt to the state's commission on higher education, on which he served in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, Blumenauer was defeated by Vera Katz in an open race for mayor of Portland—to date, only the second time that Blumenauer has lost an election. At the time he was called "the man who probably knows the most about how Portland works", but he left local politics to run for Congress. After winning election to Congress, he resigned from the city council in May 1996. In 2010, Blumenauer received The Ralph Lowell Award for outstanding contributions to public television.

Tenure
Blumenauer was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1996 in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Ron Wyden to the U.S. Senate. He received 69% of the vote, defeating Republican Mark Brunelle. He was elected to a full term that November, and was reelected 10 times without serious difficulty in what has long been Oregon's most Democratic district, never with less than 66% of the vote.

Blumenauer served as Oregon campaign chair for both John Kerry's and Barack Obama's presidential campaigns.

In Congress, Blumenauer is noted for his advocacy for mass transit, such as Portland's MAX Light Rail and the Portland Streetcar, and, as a strong supporter of legislation promoting bicycle commuting, cycles from his Washington residence to the Capitol and even to the White House for meetings.

Among the bills Blumenauer has sponsored that have become law are the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 and the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. In addition, the Legal Timber Protection Act passed as part of the 2008 Farm Bill, while the Bicycle Commuter Act passed with the 2008 bailout bill.

Blumenauer was active in pressuring the United States to take greater action during the Darfur conflict.

In the political aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Blumenauer noted that he was among those who had pointed out the vulnerability of New Orleans and encouraged Congress to help that city and the gulf coast get better prepared:
 * 2004: "Barely have we recovered from Hurricane Hugo and we are seeing Hurricane Ivan pose the threat that has long been feared by those in Louisiana, that this actually might represent the loss of the City of New Orleans. Located 15 feet below sea level, there is the potential of a 30-foot wall of water putting at risk $100 billion of infrastructure and industry and countless lives."
 * 2005: "I recently had the opportunity to view the devastation in Southeast Asia as a result of the tsunami. As appalled as I was by what I saw, I must confess that occasionally my thoughts drifted back to the United States. What would have happened if last September, Hurricane Ivan had veered 40 miles to the west, devastating the city of New Orleans? One likely scenario would have had a tsunami-like 30-foot wall of water hitting the city, causing thousands of deaths and $100 billion in damage...The experience of Southeast Asia should convince us all of the urgent need for congressional action to prevent wide-scale loss of life and economic destruction at home and abroad. Prevention and planning will pay off. Maybe the devastation will encourage us to act before disaster strikes."

Blumenauer supports the World Trade Organization and has voted for free trade agreements with Peru, Australia, Singapore, Chile, Africa, and the Caribbean. His support for these agreements has angered progressives, environmental and labor activists. In 2004, he voted against the Central America Free Trade Agreement. On September 24, 2007, four labor and human rights activists were arrested in Blumenauer's office protesting his support for the Peru Free Trade Agreement.

In February 2009, after a domesticated chimpanzee in Connecticut severely mauled a woman, gaining national attention, Blumenauer sponsored the Captive Primate Safety Act to bar the sale or purchase of non-human primates for personal possession between states and from outside the country. In June 2008, Blumenauer had sponsored legislation to ban interstate trafficking of great apes, which had passed in the House but been tabled by the Senate.

Blumenauer received some media attention during the political debate over health care reform for sponsoring an amendment to the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 to change procedures to mandate that Medicare pay for end-of-life counseling. The amendment, as introduced, was based on an earlier proposal cosponsored by Blumenauer and Republican Representative Charles Boustany of Louisiana. The amendment generated controversy, with conservative figures, such as 2008 vice presidential nominee and former Alaska governor Sarah Palin, suggesting that the amendment, if made law, would be used as a cover for the federal government to set up "death panels" that would be used to determine which people received medical treatment. Blumenauer called the claim "mind-numbing" and an "all-time low." His rebuke was echoed by Republican Senator Johnny Isakson of Georgia, who called the death panels claim "nuts."

On July 24, 2014, Blumenauer introduced the Emergency Afghan Allies Extension Act of 2014 (H.R. 5195; 113th Congress), a bill that would authorize an additional 1,000 emergency Special Immigrant Visas that the United States Department of State could issue to Afghan translators who served with U.S. troops during the War in Afghanistan. He argued that "a failure to provide these additional visas ensures the many brave translators the U.S. promised to protect in exchange for their services would be left in Afghanistan, hiding, their lives still threatened daily by the Taliban."

Blumenauer skipped all of President Trump's State of the Union addresses, saying, "I refuse to be a witness to his continued antics." In 2019 he was one of the first lawmakers to come out in support of the Green New Deal.

In July 2019, Blumenauer voted against a House resolution introduced by Representative Brad Schneider opposing efforts to boycott the State of Israel and the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel for its continued occupation of Palestine. The resolution passed 398–17.

In November 2020, Blumenauer was named a candidate for Secretary of Transportation in the incoming Biden administration. Pete Buttigieg was eventually chosen instead.

During the 117th Congress, Blumenauer voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 99.1% of the time according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis.

Blumenauer voted to provide Israel with support following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel.

On October 30, 2023, Blumenauer announced he would not run for re-election in 2024.

On July 10, 2024, Blumenauer called for Joe Biden to withdraw from the 2024 United States presidential election.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Ways and Means
 * Subcommittee on Health

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Progressive Caucus
 * Congressional Cannabis Caucus
 * Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus
 * Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition
 * National Guard and Reserve Component Caucus
 * Animal Protection Caucus
 * Historic Preservation Caucus
 * International Conservation Caucus
 * Congressional Coalition on Adoption
 * Fitness Caucus
 * Bosnia Caucus
 * Korea Caucus
 * Diabetes Caucus
 * Congressional Bike Caucus
 * Caucus to Control and Fight Methamphetamine
 * Human Rights Commission
 * House Oceans Caucus
 * Internet Caucus
 * Congressional Asian and Pacific American Caucus
 * Dem Caucus Congressional Taskforce on Seniors
 * Wild Salmon Caucus
 * High Performance Building
 * Congressional Human Trafficking Caucus
 * Congressional Land Conservation Caucus
 * Urban Caucus
 * Wine Caucus
 * Small Brewers Caucus
 * Quality Care Caucus
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 * Climate Solutions Caucus
 * U.S.-Japan Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus

Political positions
In 1996, Blumenauer's first year in Congress, he voted in support of the Defense of Marriage Act, which passed that year. The law was found unconstitutional in 2013 and repealed. Since then he has supported LGBTQ rights.

On October 1, 2015, following the Umpqua Community College shooting, Blumenauer tweeted his report addressing the issue of gun violence in America, Enough is Enough: A Comprehensive Plan to Improve Gun Safety, which he had published earlier that year.

Blumenauer has supported alternative energy sources, health care reform, and continuing federal support for education. He is also known as one of the most fervent advocates for the legalization of marijuana, co-founding the Congressional Cannabis Caucus. He was the chief sponsor of a bill to expand the research of medical cannabis and its drug derivatives that passed the House in July 2022 and the Senate in November.

Personal life
Blumenauer has been married to Margaret Kirkpatrick since 2004.

An avid cyclist, Blumenauer is the founder and co-chair of the Congressional Bike Caucus.

Each year, in the weeks leading up to Christmas, Blumenauer bakes and delivers hundreds of fruitcakes to his colleagues on the Hill.

Electoral history
Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1996, write-ins received 531 votes. In 2000, write-ins received 576 votes. In 2002, write-ins received 1094 votes. In 2014, write-ins received 1,089 votes. In 2018, write-ins received 514 votes.

title: Earl Blumenauer


text:
Tim Collins (politician)

Timothy William George Collins, CBE (born 7 May 1964) is a British politician, once a prominent member of the Conservative Party. Collins was active in the 1990s and was later the Member of Parliament (MP) for Westmorland and Lonsdale in north-west England from 1997 until his defeat at the 2005 general election by Tim Farron, later leader of the Liberal Democrats.

Education
Collins was educated at Chigwell School, the London School of Economics (BSc) and King's College London (MA).

Political career
Collins had significant political experience before his election to Parliament. He acted as Press Secretary to the then Prime Minister John Major, serving in that role during the successful 1992 general election campaign. He was a member of the 10 Downing Street Policy Unit and was a speechwriter to Margaret Thatcher, John Major, William Hague, David Hunt, Michael Howard, Chris Patten, Norman Fowler and Brian Mawhinney.

Collins was appointed a CBE in the Birthday Honours List in 1996, at the age of 32. The award was given 'for political services'.

According to The Almanac of British Politics, Collins was selected to fight Westmorland and Lonsdale, then considered a safe seat for the Conservatives, at 1997 general election "partly through his family's farming background, but more by his endorsement from John Major. When elected to parliament in 1997, Collins was the second youngest Conservative MP, after Graham Brady who was three years his junior.

During his time in Parliament, Collins served as a Whip and later as a Senior Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party. In this role, in the run up to the 2001 election, Collins was a senior aide to the then Conservative leader William Hague. Collins supported the focus on tax cuts and opposition to the Euro that characterised that campaign.

After the election, the new Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed him to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office later moving him to Shadow Transport Secretary. When Michael Howard became leader in 2003 he was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Education.

In this post, he developed policies to give anonymity for accused teachers until a court trial, to allow successful schools to expand and to stop the closure of schools for children with Special Educational Needs.

At the 2005 general election, he lost his seat to Liberal Democrat Tim Farron, by a margin of 267 votes. It has been suggested that this was due to a Liberal Democrat "decapitation" strategy which was aimed at unseating senior Conservative candidates.

In 2006, he was reported to be part of the so-called "A-List" of priority parliamentary candidates whom the Conservative leadership most wish to see in Parliament after the next general election, but, in April 2008, the ConservativeHome website reported that he left the Conservative candidate list, quoting him as saying "I firmly now do not wish to return to the House of Commons".

Lobbyist
In October 2009, Collins was appointed Managing Director of Bell Pottinger Public Affairs, one of the UK's largest lobbying companies, replacing David Sowells and reporting to Chairman Peter Bingle. BPPA is part of Chime Communications plc, created and chaired by Lord Bell, the former advertising and communications adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during the 1970s and 1980s. In the December 2009 edition of PA News, a magazine covering the lobbying industry, Shadow Arts Minister Ed Vaizey MP praised the hiring of Collins, saying he had "a huge brain" and would be "a huge asset" to the company. In the same issue, Charles Lewington, MD of consultancy Hanover, said it was "a smart hire by Tim Bell" while the man who beat Collins in 2005, Liberal Democrat MP Tim Farron, said it was "very good news for Bell Pottinger". In December 2011, The Independent claimed that Collins had been filmed by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism saying that PM David Cameron had raised a copyright issue with Chinese premier Wen Jiabao on behalf of Dyson Limited "because we asked him to".

Television
Collins is a fan of the British science-fiction television programme Doctor Who, and has appeared on television several times to discuss the programme.

In a 2003 DVD documentary Putting the Shock into Earthshock (included as part of the BBC Worldwide DVD release of the Doctor Who serial Earthshock), he jokingly stated that the Cybermen were more convincing when the Conservatives were in power. He was also reported to have read The Dying Days in one sitting on the night of the 1997 general election so that he could claim to have read the whole New Adventures series while the Conservatives were in government.

Collins has also appeared as a guest on a number of current affairs programmes since leaving Parliament.

title: Tim Collins (politician)