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Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/May 5

Although it may be 'best practice' or somesuch that Ghandi shouldn't be listed on two selected anniversaries articles, this date is a bit America-heavy... What about the rest of the world? -- Graham :) | Talk 02:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Find some qualifying entries at May 5 that are not already used on other selected anniversaries and are about as major of events as the ones listed on this page. Better yet, do some research and update some articles to make them qualify. --mav 06:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I find it sad to note that every single event in the selected anniversiaries today is related to USA. I'll see if I can't find something else to put in there. ✏ Sverdrup 09:23, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

What about tthe death of Napoleon on 5 May 1821?

 * Only events go here. --mav 21:25, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Alan Sheppard's Spaceflight
THIS SHOULD BE INCLUDED AS A HIGHLIGHT
 * 1) 1961 - Mercury program: Mercury-Redstone 3 – Alan Shepard becomes the first American to travel into space, making a sub-orbital flight of 15 minutes. Abebenjoe 17:01, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:10, 4 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Kublai Khan (ineligible—maintenance); Battle of Hegra Fortress; Mercury-Redstone 3 (ineligible—maintenance); Bobby Sands
 * Included: Carnegie Hall (3rd appearance, last in 2010); March of the Iron Will (first appearance); 1991 Washington, D.C. riot (first appearance); Kenya Airways Flight 507 (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Expedition of the Thousand (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total)

5th May 1821
I red the FAQ (Q4) but still... IMHO it still seems to me that this date should be here. It is a date of a death of Napoleon Bonaparte. That is an important anniversary at this date. He was a person, who conquered almost the entire Europe... he was in fact tha arch-enemy of Britain... Grand homme, qui est mort sur petite île... I red the FAQ but I still don't know why he is not there. Thanks for answer Niusereset (talk) 14:19, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Articles about Napoleon are featured throughout the year, although it does appear the main article about that man himself is not currently assigned to any date. The anniversary of his death will be eligible to be listed in 2021 on the 200th anniversary. — howcheng  {chat} 11:07, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 12:00, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * New articles (Ineligible): History of Crimea
 * Omitted: Carnegie Hall; March of the Iron Will; Bobby Sands; 1991 Washington
 * Included: Cy Young (4th appearance, last in 2007); Battle of Hegra Fortress (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Alan Shepard (2nd appearance, last in 2004; blurb previously featured Mercury-Redstone 3, which is now ineligible); Iranian Embassy siege (2nd appearance, last in 2011; moved from April 30)
 * Repeats: Expedition of the Thousand (3rd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Kenya Airways Flight 507 (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:13, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Expedition of the Thousand; Cy Young; Battle of Hegra Fortress; Alan Shepard; Iranian Embassy siege
 * Included: Battle of the Wilderness (first appearance; 150th anniversary); March of the Iron Will (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Bobby Sands (3rd appearance, last in 2012); Michael P. Fay (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible; 20th anniversary); 2010–12 Greek protests (first appearance)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:16, 3 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Cinco de Mayo (ineligible—maintenance); Battle of the Wilderness; March of the Iron Will; Bobby Sands; Michael P. Fay; Anti-austerity movement in Greece
 * Included: Second Council of Constantinople (3rd appearance, last in 2010; rescued from Ineligible); Expedition of the Thousand (7th appearance, last in 2013); Carnegie Hall (4th appearance, last in 2012); Battle of Hegra Fortress (3rd appearance, last in 2013); 1991 Washington, D.C. riot (2nd appearance, last in 2012)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:43, 3 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Council of Europe
 * Moved to Ineligible: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (maintenance); Kenya Airways Flight 507 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Expedition of the Thousand; Carnegie Hall; Battle of Hegra Fortress
 * Included: Mary Dixon Kies (first appearance); Pravda (5th appearance, last in 2008; moved from April 22); Iranian Embassy siege (3rd appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Second Council of Constantinople (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total); 1991 Washington, D.C. riot (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total; 25th anniversary)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:43, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Carnegie Hall (maintenance); Council of Europe (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): United Kingdom general election, 2005 (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Pravda; Iranian Embassy siege; 1991 Washington, D.C. riot
 * Included: March of the Iron Will (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (2nd appearance, last in 2004; rescued from Ineligible; 25th anniversary); Kenya Airways Flight 507 (2nd appearance, last in 2012; rescued from Ineligible; 10th anniversary); Søren Kierkegaard (first appearance); Dorothy Garrod (first appearance); Adele (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Second Council of Constantinople (3rd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Mary Dixon Kies (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:50, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Battle of the Wilderness (maintenance); Pravda (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Mary Dixon Kies; March of the Iron Will; Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution; Kenya Airways Flight 507; Søren Kierkegaard; Dorothy Garrod
 * Included: Cromwell's Act of Grace (first appearance); Battle of Hegra Fortress (4th appearance, last in 2015); Alan Shepard (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Anti-austerity movement in Greece (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Guru Amar Das (first appearance); August Wilhelm von Hofmann (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Second Council of Constantinople (4th consecutive appearance, 6 total); Adele (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 30th birthday)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:34, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Second Council of Constantinople; Battle of Hegra Fortress; Alan Shepard; Anti-austerity movement in Greece; Guru Amar Das; August Wilhelm von Hofmann; Adele
 * Included: Mary Dixon Kies (3rd appearance, last in 2017); March of the Iron Will (4th appearance, last in 2017); Bobby Sands (4th appearance, last in 2014); Michael P. Fay (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Samuel Cooper (first appearance); Hubert Howe Bancroft (first appearance); Irene Gut Opdyke (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Cromwell's Act of Grace (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:39, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Second Council of Constantinople (maintenance); Anti-austerity movement in Greece (maintenance); Søren Kierkegaard (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Battle for Castle Itter
 * Omitted: Mary Dixon Kies; March of the Iron Will; Bobby Sands; Michael P. Fay; Samuel Cooper; Hubert Howe Bancroft; Irene Gut Opdyke
 * Included: Cy Young/Cy Young's perfect game (Young: 5th appearance, last in 2013; Game: first appearance); Prague uprising (first appearance; 75th anniversary); Iranian Embassy siege (4th appearance, last in 2016; 40th anniversary); Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (first appearance); Henryk Sienkiewicz (first appearance); Pritilata Waddedar (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Cromwell's Act of Grace (3rd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

2021 req
2021 is the 200th anniversary of the death of Napoleon. I've already added it the the page as a hidden entry, just needs unhiding at the time. Mjroots (talk) 05:32, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Argh, Napoleon already made an appearance this year, but it is a major anniversary and he's a major historical figure so I guess we can bend the rules. — howcheng  {chat} 21:19, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:58, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Mauthausen concentration camp/Gusen concentration camp (Mauthausen: maintenance)
 * Omitted: Cy Young/Cy Young's perfect game; Prague uprising; Iranian Embassy siege; Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis; Henryk Sienkiewicz; Pritilata Waddedar
 * Included: March of the Iron Will (5th appearance, last in 2019); Alan Shepard/Mercury-Redstone 3 (Shepard: 4th appearance, last in 2018; MR3: 3rd, last in 2011; 60th anniversary); Bobby Sands (5th appearance, last in 2019; 40th anniversary); 1991 Washington, D.C. riot (4th appearance, last in 2016; 30th anniversary); Napoleon (19th appearance, last in 2021; normally appears on February 26; 200th anniversary); Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (first appearance); Mavis Batey (first appearance; 100th birthday)
 * Repeats: Cromwell's Act of Grace (4th consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2022 req
Any chance of getting Lusophone Culture Day onto the holidays list? The Community of Portuguese Language Countries article that is linked is reasonably well sourced and the day itself is referenced in the "History" section. —  AjaxSmack 13:09, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Done, but ideally Lusophone Culture Day should be its own article focused solely on the observance itself. Might that be possible for next year? — howcheng  {chat} 07:27, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. —  AjaxSmack 15:16, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:40, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Battle of the Wilderness
 * New articles (unused): Netherlands Carillon
 * Omitted: Cromwell's Act of Grace; March of the Iron Will; Alan Shepard/Mercury-Redstone 3; Bobby Sands; 1991 Washington, D.C. riot; Napoleon (deleted—moved back to original date); Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler; Mavis Batey
 * Included: Carnegie Hall (5th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (3rd appearance, last in 2017); Aeroflot Flight 1492 (first appearance); Samuel Cooper (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 350th anniversary); William George Beers (first appearance); Irene Gut Opdyke (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 100th birthday)


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Sexual differentiation

Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. Sex determination is often distinct from sex differentiation; sex determination is the designation for the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype.

In many species, testicular or ovarian differentiation begins with appearance of Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females.

As male and female individuals develop from embryos into mature adults, sex differences at many levels develop, such as genes, chromosomes, gonads, hormones, anatomy, and psyche. Beginning with determination of sex by genetic and/or environmental factors, humans and other organisms proceed down different pathways of differentiation as they grow and develop.

Sex determination systems
Humans, many mammals, insects and other animals have an XY sex-determination system. Humans have forty-six chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. The Y chromosome must carry at least one essential gene which determines testicular formation (originally termed TDF). In transgenic XX mice (and some human XX males), SRY alone is sufficient to induce male differentiation.

Other chromosomal systems exist in other taxa, such as the ZW sex-determination system in birds and the XO system in insects.

Environmental sex determination refers to the determination (and then differentiation) of sex via non-genetic cues like social factors, temperature, and available nutrients. In some species, such as the hermaphroditic clownfish, sex differentiation can occur more than once as a response to different environmental cues, offering an example of how sex differentiation does not always follow a typical linear path.

There have been multiple transitions between environmental and genetic sex determination systems in reptiles over time, and recent studies have shown that temperature can sometimes override sex determination via chromosomes.

Humans
The early stages of human differentiation appear to be quite similar to the same biological processes in other mammals and the interaction of genes, hormones and body structures is fairly well understood. In the first weeks of gestation, a fetus is anatomically indistinguishable as male or female and lacks production of any particular sex hormones. Only a karyotype distinguishes male from female. Specific genes induce gonadal differences, which produce hormonal differences, which cause anatomic differences, leading to psychological and behavioral differences, some of which are innate and some induced by the social environment.

Various processes are involved in the development of sex differences in humans. Sexual differentiation in humans includes development of different genitalia and the internal genital tracts, breasts, body hair, and plays a role in gender identification.

The development of sexual differences begins with the XY sex-determination system that is present in humans, and complex mechanisms are responsible for the development of the phenotypic differences between male and female humans from an undifferentiated zygote. Atypical sexual development, and ambiguous genitalia, can be a result of genetic and hormonal factors.

The differentiation of other parts of the body than the sex organ creates the secondary sex characteristics. Sexual dimorphism of skeletal structure develops during childhood, and becomes more pronounced at adolescence.

Other animals
The first genes involved in the cascade of differentiation can differ between taxa and even between closely related species. For example: in zebrafish the first known gene to induce male differentiation is the amh gene, in tilapia it is tDmrt1, and in southern catfish it is foxl2.

In fish, due to the fact that modes of reproduction range from gonochorism (distinct sexes) to self-fertilizing hermaphroditism (where one organism has functioning gonadal features of multiple sexes), sexual differentiation is complex. Two major pathways in gonochores exist: one with a nonfunctional, undifferentiated phase leading to delayed differentiation (secondary), and one without (primary), where differences between the sexes can be noted prior to hatching. Secondary gonochorists remain in the bipotential phase until a biotic or abiotic cue directs development down one pathway. Primary gonochorism, without an intersex phase, follows classical pathways of genetic sex determination, but can still be later influenced by the environment. Differentiation pathways progress, and secondary sex characteristics such as anal fin bifurcation and ornamentation typically arise at puberty.

In birds, thanks to research on Gallus gallus domesticus, it has been shown that determination of sex is likely cell-autonomous, i.e. that sex is determined in each somatic cell independently of, or in conjunction with, the hormone signaling that occurs in other species. Studies on gynandromorph chickens showed that the mosaicism could not be explained by hormones alone, pointing to direct genetic factors, possibly one or a few Z-specific genes such as double-sex or DMRT1.

Flexibility
The most intensively studied species, such as fruit flies, nematodes, and mice, reveal that evolutionarily, sex determination/differentiation systems are not wholly conserved and have evolved over time. Beyond the presence or absence of chromosomes or social/environmental factors, sexual differentiation can be regulated in part by complex systems like the ratio of genes on X chromosomes and autosomes, protein production and transcription, and specific mRNA splicing.

Differentiation pathways can be altered at many stages of the process. Sex reversal, where the development of a sexual phenotype is redirected during embryonic development, happens in the initiation phase of gonadal sex differentiation. Even in species where there is a well-documented master regulator gene, its effects can be overridden by a downstream gene.

Furthermore, hermaphrodites serve as examples of the flexibility of sexual differentiation systems. Sequential hermaphrodites are organisms that possess reproductive capabilities of one sex, and then that sex changes. Differentiated gonadal tissue of the organism's former sex degenerates, and new sex gonadal tissue grows and differentiates. Organisms that have the physiological capability to reproduce as a male and as a female at the same time are known as simultaneous hermaphrodites. Some simultaneous hermaphroditic organisms, like certain species of goby, have distinctive male and female phases of reproduction and can flip back and forth, or "sex reverse", between the two.

Socially-determined
In some species, such as sequentially hermaphroditic clownfish, changes in social environment can lead to sexual differentiation or sex reversal, i.e. differentiation in the opposite direction. In clownfish, females are larger than males, and in social groups, there is typically one large female, multiple smaller males, and undifferentiated juveniles. If the female is removed from the group, the largest male changes sex, i.e. the former gonad tissue degenerates and new gonad tissue grows. Furthermore, the pathway of differentiation in activated in the largest juvenile, which becomes male.

Alternative morphs
Sexual differentiation in a species does not have to produce one recognizable female type and one recognizable male type. In some species alternative morphs, or morphotypes, within one sex exist, such as flanged (larger than females, with large flap-like cheek-pads) and unflanged (about the same size as females, no cheek-pads) male orangutans, and sometimes differences between male morphs can be more noticeable than differences between a male and a female within such species. Furthermore, sexual selection can be involved in the development of different types of males with alternative reproductive strategies, such as sneaker and territorial males in dung beetles or haremic males and pair-bonding males in the Nigerian cichlid fish P. pulcher. Sometimes alternative morphs are produced by genetic differences, and in other cases, the environment can be involved, demonstrating some degree of phenotypic plasticity.

Brain differentiation
In many animals, differences in the exposure of a fetal brain to sex hormones are correlated with significant differences of brain structure and function, which correlate with adult reproductive behavior. The causes of differences between the sexes are only understood in some species. Fetal sex differences in human brains coupled with early differences in experience may be responsible for sex differences observed in children between 4 years old and adolescence.

Many individual studies in humans and other primates have found statistically significant sex differences in specific brain structures; however, some studies have found no sex differences, and some meta-analyses have called into question the over-generalization that women and men's brains function differently. Males and females statistically differ in some aspects of their brains, but there are areas of the brain which appear not to be sexually differentiated at all. Some scholars describe human brain variation not as two distinct categories, and not even a maleness-femaleness continuum, but as mosaics.

In birds, hypotheses of male-female brain sex differences have been challenged by recent findings that differences between groups can be at least partially explained by the individual's dominance rank. Furthermore, the behavioral causes of brain sex differences have been enumerated in studies of sex differences between different mating systems. For example, males of a polygynous vole species with intrasexual male competition have better spatial learning and memory than the females of their own species, but also better spatial learning and memory than all sexes of other closely related species that are monogamous; thus the brain differences commonly seen as "sex differences" have been instead linked to competition. Sexual selection does play a role in some species, though, as males who display more song behaviors are selected for by females—so some sex differences in bird song brain regions seem to have been evolutionarily selected for over time.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sexual differentiation


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User:M4-10

Pronounced "Emm Four Ten". Virtualdave web forums: a pseudo-collective blog (everyone welcome to contribute).

Articles I've Created

 * Richard Simpkin
 * Roger Trinquier
 * ISTAR (stub)

title: User:M4-10


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Buck Showalter

William Nathaniel "Buck" Showalter III (born May 23, 1956) is an American professional baseball manager. He served as manager of the New York Yankees (1992–1995), Arizona Diamondbacks (1998–2000), Texas Rangers (2003–2006), Baltimore Orioles (2010–2018) and New York Mets (2022–2023). He also is a former professional Minor League Baseball player and television analyst for ESPN and the YES Network.

Showalter has earned a reputation for building baseball teams into postseason contenders in short periods of time. He helped the Yankees rise from the bottom half of the AL East to first place before a players' strike prematurely ended the 1994 campaign. Under his watch, the Diamondbacks made their first-ever playoff appearance in only the second year of the team's existence. Despite this reputation, Showalter has never appeared in a World Series; coincidently, he left both the Yankees and Diamondbacks just prior to seasons when they won the World Series. Since Dusty Baker's win in the 2022 World Series, Showalter has become the winningest active manager in MLB never to win a World Series. However, in 22 seasons, he has reached the postseason six times, reaching the League Championship Series once.

A three-time American League (AL) and one-time National League (NL) Manager of the Year, he is the third manager to win four Manager of the Year awards, the seventh to win the award in both the American and National Leagues, and the only one to win the award with four different teams and in four different decades.

Early life
Showalter was born in DeFuniak Springs, Florida, on May 23, 1956, and grew up in nearby Century. His father, William Nathaniel Showalter II, served 23 years as a teacher and principal at Century High School, from which the younger Showalter graduated. Before becoming a teacher, his father had been a Little All-American fullback in 1940 at Milligan College, and had considered a career in the National Football League with the Pittsburgh Steelers, but chose to become a high school coach instead.

College career
Showalter was known as "Nat", and had not acquired the nickname "Buck" prior to turning professional. Showalter played college baseball at Chipola Junior College (now Chipola College) in Marianna, Florida, in 1976. From there he transferred to Mississippi State University to play for the Mississippi State Bulldogs.

In 1976, Showalter played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL) for the Hyannis Mets, where he won the league batting title with a .434 batting average, and was named league MVP. In 2002, he was inducted into the CCBL Hall of Fame.

Showalter was an All-American and set the Mississippi State record for batting average in a season by hitting .459 during the 1977 season.

Professional career
He was selected by the New York Yankees in the fifth round of the 1977 MLB draft, and spent seven seasons in the Yankees' minor league system where he had a career average of .294 with 17 home runs and 336 runs batted in. He never played in the major leagues, rising no higher than Triple-A Columbus (one rung below the majors).

Minor leagues
Showalter was hired as manager of the Single-A minor-league Oneonta Yankees of the New York–Penn League in 1985, leading them to 114 victories in two seasons. In August 2017, he was named as an inductee in the New York–Penn League Hall of Fame.

In 1987, Showalter became manager of the minor league Fort Lauderdale Yankees, leading the league with an 85–53 record in his first season. In 1989, Showalter managed the Double-A Albany-Colonie Yankees of the Eastern League, where he was named Minor League Manager of the Year by Baseball America.

New York Yankees (1990–1995)
In 1990, Showalter was promoted to the coaching staff of the New York Yankees, and eventually succeeded Stump Merrill as the team's manager for the 1992 season. During his four years as the Yankees' manager, the team posted a record of 313–268, finishing first during the strike-shortened 1994 season, thereby being named by the Associated Press as the American League Manager of the Year and became the 1995 American League manager for the All-Star Game. The Yankees won the AL wild card in 1995, participating in the playoffs for the first time since 1981. However, they lost to the Seattle Mariners in the Division Series. Following the season, owner George Steinbrenner offered Showalter a new, two-year contract, but demanded that Showalter fire his hitting coach, Rick Down. Showalter was unwilling to do this. On October 26, 1995, the Yankees announced that Showalter and the team had parted ways "'under amicable terms'"; Showalter expressed surprise at the announcement. While some sources say that Showalter was fired from the Yankees, others indicate that he resigned his position. Showalter finished his Yankees tenure with a regular-season record of 313 wins and 268 losses and a playoff record of two wins and three losses.

Showalter was not re-hired after that season in part because of the playoff loss, but mostly because he stood up for his players during the strike. The Yankees won the World Series the following year and they would win the World Series in four of the next five years. However, Showalter could not watch the Yankees win the World Series, saying, "I feel badly for the fans" in New York for what they lost during the 1994 strike.

Showalter appeared as himself along with Danny Tartabull in the September 1994 Seinfeld television episode "The Chaperone".

Arizona Diamondbacks (1998–2000)
In November 1995, Showalter was approached to manange an expansion team that would begin play in 1998. Named the Arizona Diamondbacks, Showalter was interested in taking a more active role in developing the eventual roster, complete with a $7 million contract for seven years. He had a handshake deal with the team, but Yankees owner George Steinbrenner made one last ditch effort to his home in Florida about wanting him back (Joe Torre had been tapped to manage for the moment). Showalter elected to honor his agreement with Arizona. In the Diamondbacks' first season (1998), Showalter managed the team to a 65–97 record, but following numerous off-season player acquisitions, which included Randy Johnson, Armando Reynoso, Todd Stottlemyre, Luis Gonzalez, Tony Womack, and Steve Finley, Showalter managed the 1999 team to a 100–62 record and the National League West title, making them the fastest expansion team in MLB history to win a division title. They lost in the NLDS to the New York Mets. After the team regressed to an 85–77 record in 2000, the Diamondbacks fired Showalter on October 1, 2000, with the team citing a need for a "lighter touch" as compared to the disciplinarian approach by Showalter. He had a three-year record of 250–236. Just as the Yankees did after replacing him, the Diamondbacks, managed by Bob Brenly, won the World Series the following year.

Texas Rangers (2003–2006)
After a few years as an analyst on ESPN, Showalter was hired as manager of the Texas Rangers on October 11, 2002, following a last-place season under manager Jerry Narron. In his first season with the Rangers, Showalter managed the team to a 71–91 record—again in last place; but following the high-profile, off-season trade which sent Alex Rodriguez to the Yankees, Showalter's Rangers jumped out to an early-season record of 17–9 by early May of the 2004 season. The Rangers stayed in playoff contention for most of the season, performing far better than most had predicted. The Rangers failed to make the playoffs, finishing third in the AL West, though Showalter was again named Manager of the Year. In Showalter's four years with the Rangers the team failed to finish better than third (of four teams) in the AL West. He was fired as manager on October 4, 2006. He finished his Rangers career with a 319–329 record.

Baltimore Orioles (2010–2018)

Showalter was hired as a senior advisor to baseball operations for the Cleveland Indians on December 1, 2006, and then returned to ESPN as an analyst, before being appointed to succeed Juan Samuel as manager of the Baltimore Orioles on July 29, 2010. He chose to wear uniform number 26 as a tribute to Johnny Oates. Signed to a contract through the 2013 campaign, he inherited a ballclub with the worst record in the majors at 32–73. In his debut as manager on August 3, the Orioles recorded a 6–3 win over the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim at Oriole Park, leading to a three-game sweep. The team's first-ever season series sweep of the Angels was completed by the end of the month. The 2010 Orioles won 34 of 57 games played under Showalter, second only to the Phillies during the same stretch.

Showalter managed the 1,000th victory of his major-league career in a 7–1 triumph at Yankee Stadium on May 1, 2012. Showalter finished the 2012 season with a .574 winning percentage, winning 93 games, and ending a streak of losing seasons for the Orioles at 14.

Under Showalter, the Orioles reached the postseason for the first time since 1997, defeating the Texas Rangers in the Wild Card game on October 5, 2012. The Orioles were later defeated by the New York Yankees in the 2012 American League Division Series, 3 games to 2. Showalter was named the AL Manager of the Year by The Sporting News. He was re-signed through 2018 with the Orioles.

After finishing out of playoff contention in the 2013 season, Showalter led the 2014 Orioles to the AL East title—the franchise's first in 17 years. The Orioles subsequently swept the Detroit Tigers (3–0) in the ALDS for Showalter's first major league ALDS title, before being swept themselves (4–0) by the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS.

On November 11, 2014, Showalter won his third AL Manager of the Year award, his first since 2004.

The Orioles finished the 2015 season with an 81–81 record, giving them their fourth consecutive non-losing season. And in 2016, the Orioles finished tied for second in the American League East with an 89–73 record. They made the postseason for the third time in five years, but lost 5–2 in 11 innings to the Toronto Blue Jays during the AL Wild Card game.

On October 3, 2018, days after the Orioles finished with a franchise-worst 115 losses, Showalter's and General Manager Dan Duquette's contracts ran out and the team announced that they would not be brought back.

New York Mets (2022–2023)
On December 18, 2021, the New York Mets hired Showalter as their manager, signing him to a three-year contract. Showalter wore number 11—the number he wore every other place he managed except Baltimore, where he wore number 26 as a tribute to Johnny Oates.

In 2022, he tied for the lead among all major league managers in overturns (26), and had the highest overturn percentage (78.6%), while he was the only full-season manager not to be ejected from any games. Under Showalter, the Mets had their first 100-win season since 1988, but their division lead (one that reached 10 games at one point) was gradually whittled away by September, with a three-game-sweep by the Atlanta Braves proving key to the finish as the Mets lost the division title to the Braves in an automatic tiebreaker. The Mets would go on to lose the NLWCS in Game 3 to the San Diego Padres. He was named NL Manager of the Year.

Amid a disappointing start to the 2023 season, in the words of The Athletic's Tim Britton, Showalter's performance came "under justified fire" from fans. In spite of that, on June 28, 2023, Mets majority owner Steve Cohen held a press conference in which he affirmed that Showalter's job would be guaranteed at least until the end of what Cohen conceded was an "incredibly frustrating" season. Showalter then announced on the final day of the season that he was fired as Mets manager by newly appointed President of Baseball Operations David Stearns.

Personal life
Showalter has been married to his wife, Angela, since 1983. They have two children, Allie, born in 1987, and William, born in 1991. The couple met in Nashville when he was playing for the Nashville Sounds. When Showalter was manager of the Orioles, his wife was active in the KidsPeace charity for foster children.

title: Buck Showalter


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Talk:Sexual differentiation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 January 2020 and 29 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Pktka. Peer reviewers: Mjsalnic, TanishaT.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:05, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Brain differentiation - independent research and poor citations
Just at quick look of this section: there are at least a few statements and conclusions in the section’s text which are *contradicted* by their reference citations.

Many of the references used to support broad, generalized claims are primary source articles written with the rhetorical feel of niche, activist scholarship. Moreover, these single journal citations make claims which run counter to large, decades-long bodies of established research — this section text essentially ignores.

I’m not actually familiar with the protocol ins-and-outs of collaborating on Wikipedia. And don’t want to step on any toes, here — so just thought I’d leave a note. :) Hedonistbot4000 (talk) 09:23, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

For example: “thus the brain differences commonly seen as "sex differences" have been instead linked to competition.”

In a sexually dimorphic species: Differences linked to male mate competition, and mating organizational structure — this is causal evidence FOR sex differences. This is literally how sexual selection works to create biological, evolutionary sex differences. I’m confused that the text implies this is counter-evidence Hedonistbot4000 (talk) 09:38, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Anatomy and physiology
Voice 45.215.255.148 (talk) 21:02, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sexual differentiation


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Talk:Anti-twister mechanism

Untitled
If I understand this right, it's related to the plate trick for demonstrating spinors. Not sure, though, and that's not mentioned on the spinor page. But maybe this page should have a "see also". --Andrew 02:31, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Dirac's belt trick? -- The Anome (talk) 13:10, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-twister mechanism


text:
Parhelia

Parhelia may refer to:

 * Parhelia (phenomenon), the scientific name for sun dogs
 * Matrox Parhelia, a series of computer graphics processors

title: Parhelia


text:
Carlsbad Decrees

The Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town of Carlsbad, Austrian Empire. They banned nationalist fraternities ("Burschenschaften"), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. They were aimed at quelling a growing sentiment for German unification and were passed during ongoing Hep-Hep riots which ended within a month after the resolution was passed.

Background
The meeting of the state's representatives was called by the Austrian Minister of State Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich after the liberal Burschenschaft student Karl Ludwig Sand had murdered the conservative writer August von Kotzebue on 23 March 1819, and an attempt had been made by apothecary Karl Löning on the life of Nassau president Karl von Ibell on 1 July 1819. In the course of the European Restoration Metternich feared liberal and national tendencies at German universities which might conduct revolutionary activities threatening the monarchistic order. At this time, the two outrages cited were a welcome pretext to take action.

The Carlsbad Decrees had consequences not only for the rights of the member states but also for the independent academic jurisdiction that had partially been in existence for centuries. An important instrument for the application of the decrees for these and other purposes was the Mainzer Zentraluntersuchungskommission.

An essential attribute of the decrees was that the reactionary German Confederation understood liberal and nationalistic ideas as sedition and persecuted those spreading these ideas as demagogues. This persecution of demagogues, Demagogenverfolgung, was especially vigorous in Prussia.

After the Hambach Festival in 1832 the persecution was renewed for the last time. Only after the March Revolution of 1848 were the Carlsbad Decrees abrogated by the German Bundestag, on 2 April 1848.

Text of the decrees
The decrees effectively dissolved the Burschenschaften Studentenverbindungen as well as the Turnerschaften and also provided for university inspectors and press censors. Reformers in many local governments were forced out and by 1820 all significant liberal and nationalistic German reform movements had come to an end. The decrees were organized into three sections.

Student organizations
1. A special representative of the ruler of each state shall be appointed for each university, with appropriate instructions and extended powers, and shall reside in the place where the university is situated. This office may devolve upon the existing curator or upon any other individual whom the government may deem qualified. The function of this agent shall be to see to the strictest enforcement of existing laws and disciplinary regulations ; to observe carefully the spirit which is shown by the instructors in the university in their public lectures and regular courses, and, without directly interfering in scientific matters or in the methods of teaching, to give a salutary direction to the instruction, having in view the future attitude of the students. Lastly, he shall devote unceasing attention to everything that may promote morality, good order, and outward propriety among the students.

2. The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important office entrusted to them.

No teacher who shall have been removed in this manner shall be again appointed to a position in any public institution of learning in another state of the union.

3. Those laws which have for a long period been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced. These laws apply especially to that association established some years since under the name Universal Students' Union (Allgemeine Burschenschaft), since the very conception of the society implies the utterly unallowable plan of permanent fellowship and constant communication between the various universities. The duty of especial watchfulness in this matter should be impressed upon the special agents of the government.

The governments mutually agree that such persons as shall hereafter be shown to have remained in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have entered such associations, shall not be admitted to any public office.

4. No student who shall be expelled from a university by a decision of the university senate which was ratified or prompted by the agent of the government, or who shall have left the institution in order to escape expulsion shall be received in any other university.

Press law
1. So long as this decree shall remain in force no publication which appears in the form of daily issues, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall go to press in any state of the union without the previous knowledge and approval of the state officials.

Writings which do not belong to one of the above-mentioned classes shall be treated according to the laws now in force, or which may be enacted, in the individual states of the union.

2. Each state of the union is responsible, not only to the state against which the offense is directly committed, but to the whole Confederation, for every publication appearing under its supervision in which the honor or security of other states is infringed or their constitution or administration attacked.

3. The Diet shall have the right, moreover, to suppress on its own authority, without being petitioned, such writings included in Article I, in whatever German state they may appear, as, in the opinion of a commission appointed by it, are inimical to the honor of the union, the safety of individual states, or the maintenance of peace and quiet in Germany. There shall be no appeal from such decisions, and the governments involved are bound to see that they are put into execution.

4. When a newspaper or periodical is suppressed by a decision of the Diet, the editor thereof may not within a period of five years edit a similar publication in any state of the union.

Investigating committee
1. Within a fortnight, reckoned from the passage of this decree, there shall convene, under the auspices of the Confederation, in the city and federal fortress of Mainz, an extraordinary commission of investigation to consist of seven members, including the chairman.

2. The object of the commission shall be a joint investigation, as thorough and extensive as possible, of the facts relating to the origin and manifold ramifications of the revolutionary plots and demagogical associations directed against the existing constitution and the internal peace both of the union and of the individual states; of the existence of which plots more or less clear evidence is to be had already, or may be produced in the course of the investigation.

...

10. The central investigating commission is to furnish the Diet from time to time with a report of the results of the investigation, which is to be carried out as speedily as possible.

title: Carlsbad Decrees


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Sacking out

Sacking out is a method used by horse trainers to desensitize a horse to potentially frightening situations or objects. It is a process that, done properly, teaches a horse to not fear certain objects or situations, and, over time can be used to teach a horse to stop and listen to its handler in any potentially frightening situation, thus, in effect, to assess the situation instead of immediately acting upon its fight or flight instinct.

An example of the need for desensitizing training is when an object, such as a plastic bag, suddenly blows across the path of horse and rider, which, if the horse has not been properly desensitized, could result in spooking. Spooking is potentially dangerous, as it can result in fallen riders or horses bolting into danger. Another example would be the need to desensitize a horse to the sound of traffic, music, loudspeakers and other stimuli seen at public events. In some cases, a previous bad experience may have given a horse reason to fear a specific situation, requiring a form of systematic desensitization to gradually overcome its fear.

A typical method to desensitize the horse to things like plastic bags is to begin in a step-by-step process with a mildly worrisome object, such as a towel or blanket. A handler reduces the animal's wariness of a strange object by showing it to the horse in increasingly vigorous ways, first by simply allowing the animal to sniff it, then to touch or rub it gently over the animal until it shows no sign of fear, then, ultimately to flap it and wave it about. Through multiple sessions, the horse will first become accustomed to a specific object, then, as the horse is introduced to additional stimuli, including large blankets, plastic bags and other potentially frightening but harmless objects, the animal learns to not fear items that a human handler presents to it.

There is controversy over various techniques. Some training methods advocate putting only slight pressure on the horse, allowing it to gradually become accustomed to a frightening object, while other methods sometimes advocate techniques that are based on the operant conditioning principle of flooding, for example, waving a large blanket on and over a horse tied to a sturdy post so that it cannot escape -- the latter methods often being quicker at first, but also far more dangerous because rapid exposure to frightening stimuli can cause a horse to panic, and, if tied or confined, to risk injury to the animal or handler in an attempt to free itself.

title: Sacking out


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Talk:Epicurus' paradox

This "proof" falls apart on the thrid statement. Stating that "if God is all power and good then tghere would be no evil" is one's perception of God not a true statement. Actually it falls apart from the beginning... --;; Highwind

Uhh, aren't steps 3. and 5. the same? - DropDeadGorgias (talk) 02:44, May 5, 2004 (UTC)

Not anymore ;) --Tagishsimon

The usual English spelling of the adjectival form of Epicurus is "Epicurean", but I don't know how to change the title of the article. I'm going to to copy the text to a new article "Epicurean paradox" and leave it at that. Arkuat 19:04, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

DON'T DO THAT! I'll fix it. -- Derek Ross | Talk 19:05, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

Oops. Sorry. I won't do this again. Arkuat 19:10, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

Don't worry about it. I know that you meant well. It's just that there is a proper way to do it. Next time use the Move Page option. Cheers -- Derek Ross | Talk 19:17, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

Can an Administrator please delete the page "Epicurean paradox" and move this page there ? Thanks. -- Derek Ross | Talk 19:31, 2004 Jul 17 (UTC)

I've successfully gotten the "Epicurean paradox" article and its talk page together at "Epicurean paradox", each with their histories, but that was awfully confusing. Next time you move a page, look for the option to move the talk page with it. I hope this is what you wanted. Derrick Coetzee 23:51, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Good man. Thanks. -- Derek Ross | Talk 06:57, 2004 Aug 17 (UTC)

Omnipotence
The concept of "omnipotence" is absurd per se. If a god was omnipotent, it would be able to make a rock too heavy for itself to lift. -- Anonymous

 * No, this problem goes away when you view God is completely independent of the rest of existence, as indeed He must be if He created all that exists. When seen this way, it is the question of making such a rock that becomes absurd. Wesley 05:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Epicurus' paradox which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:08, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Epicurus' paradox


text:
Opacity (disambiguation)

Opacity or opaque may refer to:
 * Impediments to (especially, visible) light:
 * Opacities, absorption coefficients
 * Opacity (optics), property or degree of blocking the transmission of light
 * Metaphors derived from literal optics:
 * In linguistics:
 * Opaque context, a term to describe the linguistic context of co-referential terms
 * Phonological opacity, a term in phonology
 * Semantic opacity, the opposite of semantic transparency
 * Opaque travel inventory, the market of selling unsold travel inventory at a discounted price
 * Musical works:
 * Opacities (EP)
 * Computer science:
 * Measure of obscuration of background by "painting" an image, e.g. alpha channel
 * Use of an opaque data type
 * Property attributed to data that can be interpreted only by using an external entity, e.g. magic cookie technology
 * Opaque binary blob, in network-engineering and computer-science technology, a large set of binary data (a blob) that looks like garbage to those unacquainted with its internal structure.

title: Opacity (disambiguation)


text:
Titular see

A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbishop" (intermediary rank) or "titular bishop" (lowest rank), which normally goes by the status conferred on the titular see.

Titular sees are dioceses that no longer functionally exist, often because the territory was conquered by Muslims or because it is schismatic. The Greek–Turkish population exchange of 1923 also contributed to titular sees. The see of Maximianoupolis along with the town that shared its name was destroyed by the Bulgarians under Emperor Kaloyan in 1207; the town and the see were under the control of the Latin Empire, which took Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Parthenia, in north Africa, was abandoned and swallowed by desert sand.

Catholic Church
During the Muslim conquests of the Middle East and North Africa, some bishops fled to Christian-ruled areas. Even if they did not return and the Christian population of their dioceses dispersed, were killed or abandoned the Catholic faith, they continued to be seen as the bishops of those dioceses, who could give rise, even after long interruption (exile and/or vacancy), to a 'restored' line of apostolic succession on each see.

The Ordinary or hierarch of a Catholic titular see may be styled a "Titular Metropolitan" (highest rank), "Titular Archbishop" (intermediary rank) or "titular bishop" (lowest rank), which normally goes by the status conferred on the titular see (mostly corresponding to its historical rank), but exceptions ad hoc are currently made on a regular basis, either above or below the titular see's rank, while titular sees have repeatedly been promoted or demoted.

There are practical advantages in certain circumstances in not establishing a permanent diocese in a given territory, for reasons of the limited size of the Catholic population, its lack of permanence, the likelihood of having to divide the jurisdiction in the near future, and so on. In these circumstances the Catholic Church establishes sometimes not a diocese but a canonical jurisdiction of another kind. This may be, for example, a Mission sui iuris, an Apostolic Administration (permanently constituted), an Ordinariate, a Prefecture Apostolic, a territorial Abbey, a Vicariate Apostolic, or a Prelature. The ecclesiastic placed in charge of one of these jurisdictions has a corresponding title, such as Superior of a Mission sui iuris, Apostolic Administrator,  Ordinary, Prefect Apostolic, territorial Abbot, Vicar Apostolic, or Prelate. The ecclesiastic may be in priestly or episcopal orders. In recent practice an Apostolic Administrator, Vicar Apostolic, or Prelate (in this precise sense) is often appointed (and consecrated) a bishop. If that happens he is assigned a titular see, in addition to his status as head of the territorial jurisdiction. the appointment as bishop is less likely in the case of a Superior of a Mission sui iuris, or a Prefect Apostolic, but may happen, especially when a man who is already a bishop governing a particular jurisdiction is appointed cumulatively to govern one of these others. A particular territory may have its canonical status changed more than once, or may be united to a neighbouring territory or subdivided, according to developing circumstances. An example might be the uniting on November 30, 1987, of two Egyptian vicariates apostolic, Heliopolis of Egypt and Port Said, to become the single Vicariate Apostolic of Alexandria of Egypt–Heliopolis of Egypt–Port Said, governed by Egypt's only Latin Ordinary at present. A different example would be the division, on 6 July 6, 1992, of the Ghanaian diocese of Accra, to separate from its territory the new diocese of Koforidua. At the same date, the diocese of Accra became a Metropolitan Archdiocese.

After a name change, an abandoned name may be 'restored' as a titular see, even though a residential successor see exist(ed). Furthermore, the Catholic Church may create more than one titular see named after a single city, by creating one or more lines of apostolic succession assigned to the Latin and/or one or more Eastern Catholic rites, which are not necessarily of the same rank.

It was formerly the practice to add the term in partibus infidelium, often shortened to in partibus or i.p.i., meaning "in the lands of the unbelievers", to the name of the see conferred on titular (non-diocesan) Latin Church bishops. Formerly, when bishops fled from invading Muslims, they were welcomed by other churches, while preserving their titles and their rights to their own dioceses. They were entrusted with the administration of vacant sees of other dioceses, or with assisting in such government of a see which already had a residential bishop. In later days it was deemed fitting to preserve the memory of ancient Christian churches which no longer existed; this was done by giving their names to auxiliary bishops or bishops in missionary countries. These bishops did not reside in the sees whose titles they bore, nor could they exercise any power over them, and are not entrusted with their care. They are therefore called titular bishops, as opposed to diocesan bishops, and the sees themselves are called titular sees, as opposed to residential sees.

The regular appointment of titular bishops is said to date back to the time of the Fifth Lateran Council, in 1514; cardinals alone were authorized to ask for titular bishops to be appointed to assist them in their dioceses. Pope Pius V extended the privilege to all sees in which it had become customary to have auxiliary bishops. Since then the practice has become more widespread.

Although the normal constitution of the hierarchy has always been built on the idea of local jurisdiction of the bishops, there are indications, in the early history of the Church, of many who did not enjoy what is usually called ordinary jurisdiction. Besides those who were endowed with the episcopal character, in order to assist the local bishops there were those who had been driven from their dioceses by infidels or by heretics, or who for other reasons could not reside in the places to which they had been appointed. The spread of Islam through Muslim conquests in Asia and Africa was responsible for hundreds of abandoned sees. During the Crusades, the Latins, who established new Christian communities, composed of Europeans and belonging to the Latin Church, procured the erection of new dioceses for their benefit, and these in turn, during the growth of the Ottoman Empire, increased the number of abandoned sees. The final development of the list of sees, called in partibus infidelium, took shape, at first, from the attempt of the Holy See to keep up the succession of bishops in these dioceses, in the hope of reconquering their territory from the infidel. When all hope of such redemption was given up, these titles were still conferred on those who were chosen to assist the diocesan bishops in their labors. After the 14th century the large increase of population in the great centers rendered such assistance particularly necessary. In the 16th century the Holy See inaugurated the policy of consecrating nuncios and other prelates, delegated to represent the Pope in his relations with the different nations, so that they would be equals with the diocesan bishops of the countries in which they were ambassadors.

The foundation of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in 1622, gave a great impetus to the missionary work of the Church in China and Japan, and elsewhere a great increase in the number of bishops became necessary and those received their titles from the ancient abandoned sees.

Only about 1850, was any attempt made to compile a list of such sees. Gaetano Moroni had already, in 1840, began publication of his 103 volume Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica with a separate six volume index. Moroni acknowledged the great difficulties in compiling this work, even after he thoroughly examined all the sources available to him.

In 1851, the Annuario Pontificio began to have such a list, but it did not purport to be complete. On the contrary, it contained only those that were in general use. Names of dioceses disappeared and were listed again when the titles were actually assigned.

Until 1882, these titles were given as in partibus infidelium. According to Corrigan, the story goes that King George I of Greece (a Lutheran) complained to Pope Leo XIII that he and his (mostly Eastern Orthodox) people were injured by this appellation, saying to Leo XIII, "we are not infidels, we are Christians; we are Catholics." Leo XIII, through a Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith decree, in 1882, abolished the phrase in partibus infidelium and ordered that future appointments should be made as "titular bishops". The custom, when Boudinhon wrote his article, was to join to the name of the see that of the district to which it formerly belonged, or else merely to say "titular bishop".

The Annuaire Pontifical Catholique published a very complete list of the titular sees and titular bishops. Although it did not claim to be perfect, it contained the names of the sees and the bishops who had held the titles as far back, in some cases, as the 14th century.

Titular sees, according to Corrigan in 1920, were conferred on
 * Cardinals, who, being only priests, were promoted in Curia to be bishops.
 * Nuncios, apostolic delegates and other dignitaries of the Curia, unless they were already diocesan bishops, and under the 1920 custom they were, in that case, translated to titular archbishoprics.
 * Coadjutors and Auxiliary bishops.
 * Apostolic vicars and, sometimes, on Apostolic prefects in missionary countries.
 * Bishops who resign their dioceses, although this was not always done. Sometimes the Holy See refused to do so, and sometimes the bishops did not want it.

In the context of improved relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy after the Second Vatican Council, the Holy See, while continuing to appoint bishops to titular sees in North Africa, ceased to make such appointments to sees that were historically part of the Eastern patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. It began instead to treat as titular sees also those Catholic dioceses in any country no longer used as titles of diocesan bishops because of having been absorbed into other dioceses or having been renamed due to a change of the bishop's place of residence. (For example, several of the sees added by this change of policy are in the western and central United States, such as Grass Valley, California.) The change of practice is reflected in the inclusion from then on of such sees in the official lists of titular sees in editions of the Annuario Pontificio.

Previously, titular sees were routinely (yet not always) assigned not only to auxiliary bishops, similar pseudo-diocesan offices and pre-diocesan apostolic vicars or (Eastern Catholic) apostolic exarchs (not apostolic prefects), but also to retired bishops by way of emeritate (sometimes with a 'promotion' from a suffragan see to an archiepiscopal titular see; however sometimes transferred to another during an incumbent emeritus bishop's life) and even to coadjutor bishops. That practice was largely replaced for the last categories by the present one of referring to a retired bishop as a bishop emeritus of the see that he held, and to a coadjutor bishop simply as coadjutor bishop of the see to which he has been appointed. This change too is reflected in editions of the Annuario Pontificio of the period, which include information on renunciation by retired and coadjutor bishops of titular sees to which they had been appointed.

In 1995, when Jacques Gaillot, Bishop of the Diocese of Évreux, who was controversial for his positions on religious, political and social matters, refused to retire and become Bishop Emeritus of Évreux, he was transferred to the titular see of Partenia.

Crusader see-in-exile titles
The crusading William IV, Count of Nevers, dying in the Holy Land in 1168, left the building known as the Hospital of Panthenor in the town of Clamecy in Burgundy, together with some land, to the Bishops of Bethlehem, in case Bethlehem should fall under Muslim control. After Saladin took Bethlehem in 1187, the Bishop took up residence in 1223 in his property, which remained the seat of titular Bishops of Bethlehem for almost 600 years, until the French Revolution of 1789.

The Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Nazareth first had two centuries of Metropolitan Archbishops of Nazareth in Barletta (southern Italy), and gave rise in the 19th century to two separately 'restored' titular successor sees: a Latin titular archbishopric of Nazareth and a Maronite (Antiochian Rite) titular (Arch)bishopric of Nazareth, both suppressed only in the early 20th century.

Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy
The granting of titular sees is occasionally practised in the Eastern and other Orthodox churches.

title: Titular see


text:
Operation Southern Focus

Operation Southern Focus was a period in the months leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq (called "Operation Iraqi Freedom" in the United States) in which the military responses to violations of the southern Iraqi no-fly zones were increased, with more intensive bombing of air defense artillery installations and other military complexes. It also marked a period of increased intelligence gathering. The operation lasted from June 2002 until the beginning of the invasion in March 2003. It was intended to be a "softening up" period prior to invasion, degrading Iraq's air defense and communication abilities. Lieutenant General T. Michael Moseley revealed the operation's existence in mid-2003.

Operation
The operation was not publicly declared at the time, and was just said to be an intensification of the already-existing Operation Southern Watch. When it began, the United States Defense Department and CENTCOM stated that increasing numbers of bombings of Iraqi installations in the region were merely in response to more attacks by the air-defense forces of that country. The Iraqi no-fly zones had been patrolled continuously since the end of the 1991 Gulf War, and bombings by American and coalition fighter aircraft had taken place on a regular basis. However, Southern Focus saw many more engagements. Coalition forces responded to 651 attacks by dropping 606 bombs on 391 targets over the course of the operation.

Bombs usage
The tonnage of bombs dropped increased from 0 in March 2002 and 0.3 in April 2002 to between 7 and 14 tons per month in May–August, reaching a pre-war peak of 54.6 tons in September – prior to Congress' 11 October authorisation of the invasion. The September attacks included a 5 September 100-aircraft attack on the main air defence site in western Iraq. According to New Statesman this was "Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shias, it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected."

Success
Iraq's only success came on 23 December 2002, when a USAF RQ-1 Predator UAV was experimentally armed with AIM-92 Stingers and sent to patrol the no-fly zone in an attempt to bait Iraqi fighters into combat. It was spotted by two Iraqi MiG-23s and attacked, however both planes were unable to achieve a lock-on. A MiG-25 of the 1st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was then scrambled to assist. Both aircraft fired missiles at each other, however, the Iraqi jet was outside of the range of the Stinger so the American missile fell short. The Iraqi missile hit the Predator, destroying it. This was the first time an unmanned aircraft had been used in air-to-air combat.

The first combat use of the U.S. Navy's new F/A-18E Super Hornet fighter-bomber occurred in November 2002 during Operation Southern Focus, when aircraft from Strike Fighter Squadron 115 (VFA-115) flying from the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) struck surface-to-air missile sites and command and control targets near Al Kut.

title: Operation Southern Focus