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Jimmy Fallon

James Thomas Fallon (born September 19, 1974) is an American comedian, television host, actor, singer, writer, and producer. Best known for his work in television, Fallon's breakthrough came during his tenure as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1998 to 2004. He was the host of the late-night talk show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon from 2009 to 2014 and became the anchor of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon following his departure from Late Night.

Fallon grew up with an interest in comedy and music, moving to Los Angeles at 21 to pursue stand-up comedy. He was commissioned to join Saturday Night Live as a cast member in 1998, fulfilling a lifelong dream. During his six years on SNL, Fallon co-hosted the program's Weekend Update segment. He left the show in 2004 to star in films such as Taxi (2004) and Fever Pitch (2005).

Following his film career, Fallon returned to television as the host of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on NBC in 2009, where he became known for his emphasis on music and video games. He moved from that show to become the sixth permanent host of The Tonight Show in 2014. In addition to his television work, he has released two comedy albums and seven books, mainly aimed at children.

Early life
James Thomas Fallon was born in the Bay Ridge neighborhood of New York City's Brooklyn borough on September 19, 1974, the son of Gloria (née Feeley) and James Fallon. His paternal grandmother was a German immigrant from Osterholz-Scharmbeck, while his maternal grandmother's father was a Norwegian immigrant from Fredrikstad. Another set of his great-great-grandparents were an Irish couple from County Galway, with this great-great-grandmother herself being born to an Irish couple in France.

Fallon's father spent his adolescence singing in street-corner doo-wop groups then served in the Vietnam War. Shortly after his son's birth, he started working as a machine repairman for IBM in Kingston, New York. In preparation, the family moved nearby to Saugerties, New York. Fallon has described his childhood as idyllic, while his parents have been described as overprotective. He and his sister, Gloria, were unable to leave their home and had to ride their bicycles in the backyard. Fallon attended the Roman Catholic school St. Mary of the Snow. He considered becoming a priest, inspired by his experiences as an altar boy, but became more interested in comedy instead. He spent many nights listening to the radio program The Dr. Demento Show, which exposed him to both comedy and music; he often recorded it on a reel-to-reel recorder.

As a teenager, Fallon developed an obsession with the late-night comedy program Saturday Night Live. He watched it religiously, although he was only allowed to see "the clean parts" that his parents taped for him. He and Gloria would re-enact sketches such as "The Festrunk Brothers" with friends. In his teens, he impressed his parents with impersonations, including of actor James Cagney and comedian Dana Carvey. He was musically inclined and started playing guitar at age 13, going on to perform comedy and music in contests and shows. By his junior high years, he was labeled a class clown but was also described as "nice and well-mannered".

At Saugerties High School, Fallon was a performer in most stage productions and was twice a class social director. He won a young comedian's contest with an impression of Pee-wee Herman. He graduated in 1992 and then attended The College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York, where he was a computer science major before switching to communications in his senior year. He was an average student who would perform stand-up comedy on weekends. He would often board buses from his aunt's house in Fort Hamilton to perform sets at Carolines on Broadway in Times Square. He did not graduate, leaving college a semester early to pursue a comedy career.

Fourteen years later, in May 2009, Fallon returned to receive a Bachelor of Arts in communications, awarded by Saint Rose officials who granted him experiential learning credits for his television work. He joined his classmates at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center to collect his degree, where along with his BA, he was also awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters.

Comedy beginnings
Fallon dropped out of the College of Saint Rose in 1995 to move to Los Angeles and pursue comedy full-time. He secured a manager and got bookings by the age of 21. He often did stand-up at the Improv, earning $7.50 per set, and he joined classes with the Groundlings, an improv comedy troupe. He appeared in the feature film The Scheme (originally entitled The Entrepreneurs). His one line in the 1997 film Father's Day was cut, but he can still be seen in the background. In 1998, Fallon appeared briefly on the show Spin City in the second season as a man selling photographs.

He remained fixated on joining Saturday Night Live. After two years of working with the Groundlings, he auditioned for the program in 1997 but was unsuccessful. When he was cast in a pilot presentation for The WB, Fallon made sure to include a clause in his contract specifying that if he were to join SNL he would be released from his contract. His manager sent videotapes to Marci Klein and Ayala Cohen, producers for SNL.

"This was my ultimate goal. If I ever cut into a birthday cake and made a wish, I would wish to be on SNL. If I threw a coin into a fountain, I would wish to be on SNL. If I saw a shooting star, I would wish to be on SNL. ... I remember saying to myself, 'If I don't make it on [the show] before I'm 25, I'm going to kill myself.' It's crazy. I had no other plan. I didn't have friends, I didn't have a girlfriend, I didn't have anything going on. I had my career, that was it."

Fallon landed his second audition at the age of 23. At the "notoriously difficult audition," he was told by several people that creator Lorne Michaels almost never laughed during auditions. He feared being outshined by the comic before him, who came armed with an arsenal of props. Despite this, Fallon went onstage and did well, performing a "celebrity walk-a-thon" with impressions of Jerry Seinfeld, Chris Rock, Bill Cosby, and Adam Sandler, an SNL alumnus who had recently left the show. Michaels and others laughed.

Head writer Tina Fey, who was in the room, later said, "He's one of two people I've ever seen who was completely ready to be on the show. Kristen Wiig is the other one.... And Jimmy was ready—like, if there had been a show to do that night." He rushed through his original characters in order to arrive at his musical impressions, which he felt were stronger. Three weeks passed, and despite his feeling that he had not gotten the position, he was asked to meet with Michaels at the Paramount lot in Los Angeles. Michaels informed him that they wanted him for the show, and Fallon characterized the moment as being in "slow motion", remarking to Michaels before he left, "I'm going to make you proud."

Early seasons (1998–2000)
Fallon debuted on Saturday Night Live as a featured player at the beginning of the show's twenty-fourth season in September 1998. He became a star by his fourth episode, when he performed Halloween-themed versions of songs by popular artists, as well as his Sandler impression. Fallon became a celebrity, considered charming by his largely female fan-base, receiving numerous letters from fans, and becoming the subject of numerous fan-sites. He became the program's most featured mimic, doing popular impressions of Robert De Niro, Jerry Seinfeld, and Howard Stern. He also starred as many original characters, including Nick Burns, an IT support nerd, Pat "Sully" Sullivan, one of the Boston Teens with Rachel Dratch, and in Jarret's Room, a fictional webcast hosted by stoner college students Jarret (Fallon) and Gobi (Horatio Sanz). He was promoted to repertory player in his second season.

In his off-time, Fallon released a book comprising e-mail exchanges with his sister Gloria, titled I Hate This Place: A Pessimist's Guide to Life (1999), and played a minor role in the film Almost Famous (2000). During their time at SNL, Fallon and Horatio Sanz often drank together. Sanz has described himself and Fallon as "super-functioning alcoholics", and said, "They say that kind of goes hand-in-hand with SNL, some kind of substance-abuse issues, because it's so stressful you easily find yourself blowing off steam a lot." On one occasion, they spent a Friday night watching The Strokes perform a midnight show, staying up drinking until the early morning, despite having to do SNL that night. "We actually took what we thought being on SNL was, what people think is awesome about it, and we made it happen," said Sanz, who said that he and Fallon got in more than a few bar fights.

Later years (2001–2004)
Fallon initially planned to spend three years at SNL, like John Belushi, but he was persuaded to stay on for three more when given the reins to Weekend Update. His co-hosting of Weekend Update with writer Tina Fey further increased his profile. During this tenure, he formed a close relationship with Michaels, whom he'd consult on dating, career advice, and more. Fallon called a December 2001 sketch, in which he imitates Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger in a mirror opposite Jagger, his favorite thing he had done up to that point.

In his later years on SNL, Fallon co-starred in a skit, "The Barry Gibb Talk Show", in which he and musician Justin Timberlake portrayed Bee Gees brothers Barry and Robin Gibb. It marked the beginning of a long-running friendship and collaboration with Timberlake.

Fallon became known for his tendency to break character in sketches, an attribute he, as well as Michaels, disliked. It began in the famous "More Cowbell" sketch, when Will Ferrell wore a tighter shirt than expected, causing Fallon to crack up. After this, other cast members would try to get Fallon to break. Some cast members believed he was attempting to steal the moment, to make the sketch about himself. The joke became near-constant during Fallon's final year on the show. During this time, Fallon parlayed his SNL success into co-hosting the 2001 MTV Movie Awards and 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, and recording his debut comedy album, The Bathroom Wall (2002), which was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album. He also modeled for Calvin Klein. Fallon was named one of People magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2002, an honor Fallon found embarrassing.

Fallon appeared in blackface in a 2000 episode of Saturday Night Live, impersonating Chris Rock. After the sketch resurfaced online 20 years later, Fallon issued a tweet apologizing for an "unquestionably offensive decision".

Film career (2004–2008)
Fallon began to pursue a film career in 2004. He had spurned most major roles due to lack of time and disinterest in the dozens of scripts he read. He signed on for his first lead role in Taxi, a remake of a French film, after co-star Queen Latifah became attached to the project. He was also attracted to the film's action comedy tone, seeing comparisons with SNL alumnus Eddie Murphy's first big film, 48 Hrs. (1982).

In the fall of 2003, he split his time between shooting the film in Los Angeles and returning to New York City for SNL. With his contract ending, his sixth season at SNL was his last; Fallon signed off at the conclusion of the show's twenty-ninth season in May 2004.

With big expectations from the studio, Taxi premiered in the fall of 2004. A flop with critics and audiences, it was Fallon's first failure. 20th Century Fox had already signed him for his second major role, starring opposite Drew Barrymore in the 2005 romantic comedy Fever Pitch. Fever Pitch fared little better than Taxi, receiving mild reviews and tepid box office returns. He met his wife, producer Nancy Juvonen, during production of the film, and the two wed in December 2007.

Fallon began receiving fewer film offers. He had entered what he has called a "lost period", drinking more alcohol and beset by confusion over his next career moves. Fallon moved back east to New York, spending "a couple of years aimlessly knocking around." He wrote a screenplay during this time "about a guy in a goth band who has to pretend to be a country-music star."

Before leaving SNL, Michaels had told Fallon that he would be a good fit to take over NBC's Late Night franchise when then-host Conan O'Brien left for The Tonight Show. Michaels urged NBC to give Fallon a holding deal in February 2007 so that he could not be lured elsewhere.

To prepare for the role of a late-night host, Fallon toured college campuses and comedy clubs for eight months, where he tested out a new 50-minute routine. He also began watching the comedy of Chevy Chase, Dick Cavett, and Johnny Carson, as well as The Larry Sanders Show. In May 2008, Fallon was announced as the successor to O'Brien's Late Night.

Fallon was considered an odd choice for the job, both by executives at NBC (who "hated" the idea and predicted it to be a failure) and among the general public. This was alluded to in an early promo for the series: "You loved him on SNL! You hated him in the movies! Now you're ambivalent."

Back to television and Late Night (2009–2013)
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon premiered in March 2009 to mixed reviews. Producer Michael Shoemaker felt that the show's style solidified when it used Susan Boyle as a joke. While other late-night programs had centered on her appearance, Fallon's Late Night debuted a sketch in which Boyle's emotional performances could "salve any affliction." It was this style of humor, that Adam Sternbergh of New York dubbed "the comedy of unabashed celebration," that led to the program's success.

Fallon proved himself different from other late-night hosts, with more of a reliance on music, dancing, impersonations, and games. Between his own musical sensibilities and the recruitment of his house band, hip-hop collective The Roots, Fallon's incarnation of Late Night "evolved into the most deeply musical of TV's musical-comedy variety programs," with sketches in which he parodies Neil Young and Bruce Springsteen going viral online.

Fallon's show found its footing in 2010, during The Tonight Show debacle. The program embraced social media and the Internet, and online interaction and its presence on the show became crucial to its success. In 2010, the show scored its first viral clip: Fallon and Timberlake performing a "History of Rap."

Fallon also hosted the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards in 2010. In 2012, Fallon released his second comedy album, Blow Your Pants Off, which compiles many of his musical performances on Late Night. The album won a Grammy in 2013 for Best Comedy Album. Discussions for Fallon to take over The Tonight Show began in early 2013.

, Fallon was earning a salary of $11 million a year for his work on Late Night.

The Tonight Show (2014–present)
On April 3, 2013, following a period of speculation, NBC announced that Fallon would succeed Jay Leno, following the 2014 Winter Olympics, to become the sixth permanent host of The Tonight Show. Fallon and Leno sang a parody of the song "Tonight" about The Tonight Show together. Fallon's Tonight Show debut on February 17, 2014, on NBC's network engaged 11.3 million viewers.

Fallon's third book, Your Baby's First Word Will Be Dada, a children's book, was released in June 2015.

On September 15, 2016, Fallon hosted Donald Trump on The Tonight Show during the United States presidential election. Following the appearance, Fallon was criticized by some media critics and viewers on social media for the uncontroversial questions he asked of Trump. David Sims, writing in The Atlantic, called the interview an "embarrassment." In response to the criticism, Fallon said to TMZ: "Have you seen my show? I'm never too hard on anyone. We'll have Hillary [Clinton] on tomorrow, and we'll do something fun with her too." Fallon apologized in March 2017 for the interview, saying "I didn't do it to humanize him. I almost did it to minimize him. I didn't think that would be a compliment ... After this happened, I was devastated. I didn't mean anything by it. I was just trying to have fun." He again apologized for the interview in June 2018 on a podcast with The Hollywood Reporter, saying that he "made a mistake" and added "I did not do it to 'normalize' him or to say I believe in his political beliefs or any of that stuff."

In 2020, Fallon and pacifier company WubbaNub created limited-edition pacifiers based on the penguin and cow characters from his children's books.

In January 2022, Fallon was criticized for discussing NFTs (and promoting one of his own) on his show during an interview with Paris Hilton, which may have breached conflict-of-interest policies set by NBCUniversal's parent company Comcast; his own NFT was deduced to have most likely been purchased in November 2021 for about $216,000, and his promotion of it on the show could have boosted its asking price. NBC responded to the criticism by stating that it did not believe Fallon had broken its conflict-of-interest rules.

On November 16, 2022, a Twitter hoax spread with the hashtag #RIPJimmyFallon, which started trending nationwide. Fallon asked Twitter owner Elon Musk for help, who joked "Say something that only the real Jimmy would say..." On his show the following day, Fallon made fun of the rumors in a skit described by Vulture as "tent revival-esque."

On August 30, 2023, Fallon began hosting the comedy podcast Strike Force Five with Stephen Colbert, Seth Meyers, Jimmy Kimmel, and John Oliver to support their staff members out of work due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike.

In September 2023, Rolling Stone published an article about Fallon and The Tonight Show workplace culture titled "Chaos, Comedy, and 'Crying Rooms': Inside Jimmy Fallon's 'Tonight Show'", based on interviews with 16 former and then-active employees. It alleged that Fallon mistreated his staff, acted erratically, was prone to outbursts, and contributed to a toxic workplace culture. According to former employees, Fallon's behavior on a given day seemed to be related to whether he was allegedly hungover from the previous night. The abuse led to many employees referring to the special guests' dressing rooms as the crying rooms because that is where the employees would go to let out their emotions. NBC released a statement, defending the program, but they did not address the allegations against Fallon. The day of the article's publication, he apologized to his staff on a Zoom call, saying: "It's embarrassing and I feel so bad. Sorry if I embarrassed you and your family and friends."

Influences
Fallon told David Steinberg on the Showtime series Inside Comedy that as a child he and his sister would imitate Steve Martin and Dan Aykroyd's "Wild and Crazy Guys" routines from Saturday Night Live, and that he listened to comedy records, learning to imitate Rodney Dangerfield from them. In 2009 he spoke on the influence of Monty Python when he appeared in the television documentary, Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut).

Personal life
Fallon married film producer Nancy Juvonen on December 22, 2007. They initially met on the set of Saturday Night Live, but they did not become friends until later on the set of Fever Pitch. Fallon proposed in August 2007 with a Neil Lane–designed engagement ring on the dock of Juvonen's family home in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. They were married four months later. Their daughters were born via surrogate in 2013 and 2014. They live in Sagaponack, New York, previously living in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, they also have a female English cream Golden Retriever named Gary Frick that has appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.

On November 4, 2017, Fallon's mother Gloria died from undisclosed causes at the age of 68 at NYU Langone Medical Center. Scheduled tapings of the following week's Tonight Show episodes were canceled. One week later, Fallon paid tribute to his mother following that night's monologue, becoming emotional and calling her "the best audience".

Fallon was raised Roman Catholic. In a 2011 interview with NPR, he expressed his fondness for the Latin Mass, but he stated he was no longer a regular churchgoer.

Health problems
On June 26, 2015, Fallon suffered a ring avulsion injury when he tripped over a rug in his home and tried to break his fall by holding onto a countertop, causing his finger to nearly get torn off by his wedding ring. He was taken to the emergency room and then sent to a surgeon who performed microsurgery on his finger. He spent 10 days in the ICU before going home. He discussed this on the July 13 episode of The Tonight Show and thanked the doctors and nurses who helped him. A month later, he was still expecting to spend another eight weeks without any feeling in his finger. In an interview with Billboard magazine in September 2015, he explained that his finger still had limited mobility and that another surgery would be required. He reiterated this point at the 67th Emmy Awards on September 20, 2015, when he appeared in public without his finger bandaged for the first time since the accident.

On January 4, 2022, Fallon announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 over the holiday season. He thanked medical professionals and credited the COVID-19 vaccine with making him "lucky enough to only have mild symptoms".

Guest appearances
Notes

title: Jimmy Fallon


text:
The Buzz

The Buzz may refer to:
 * The Buzz (Marvel Comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics' series Spider-Girl
 * The Buzz (talk show), a television entertainment news and talk show in the Philippines (known as Buzz ng Bayan since 2013, but later was reverted to its original name in the 2nd quarter of 2014)
 * KRBZ, a Kansas City radio station known as "The Buzz"
 * KTBZ-FM, a Houston radio station known as "The Buzz"
 * WBUZ-FM, a Nashville, Tennessee radio station also known as "The Buzz"
 * WSBU-FM, a college radio station at St. Bonaventure, NY known as "The Buzz"
 * WBTZ, an FM alternative rock radio station broadcasting from Plattsburgh, NY known as "99.9 The Buzz"
 * WIRK, an FM radio station in West Palm Beach, FL formerly known as "The Buzz"
 * The Buzz (Australian radio show)
 * The Buzz, a Boston Bruins Top 10 countdown on New England Sports Network
 * A London band backing David Bowie on the 1966 singles "Do Anything You Say" and "I Dig Everything"
 * The Buzz (film), a 1992 film directed by Hart Bochner
 * "The Buzz", a 2014 song by New World Sound.
 * Peter Bosustow (born 1957), Australian rules footballer known as "The Buzz"
 * Da Buzz, Swedish band
 * Buzz (TV series), often known as The Buzz, Canadian TV series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Buzz


text:
Talk:Halftone

dpi clarification
I think the article could be improved by clarifying that DPI refers to the resolution of the rendering of halftone dots and not to PPI or any other type of resolution. For instance I do not think that it is clear that Laser Printer 300DPI refers the fineness of the dots being drawn and not to the digital file being printed. 97.75.161.222 (talk) 19:53, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

dots get too small?
The effect has its limits, when the dots get too small or spaced too far apart, the eye starts seeing dots again.

How so? Obviously, when dots are too far apart, they will look like individual dots, but when they are too small? I'd think the smaller they get (that is, the greater the lines-per-inch of the halftone screen), the more smooth they would appear to the human eye. Can someone clarify this? -- Wapcaplet 01:28, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * When the halftone frequency is too high for the reproducing medium's resolution (be this the Laser Printer or Image Setter dpi resolution or the repro film's grain size) an effect of posterization occurs. Maybe this is what the comment is getting at.  Another possibility is due to the flaw that this article refers to 'Screened halftoning' only and not other forms of halftone such as dithering.  Under Floyd-Steinberg or Error-Diffusion dithered halftoning (halftoning processes used in inkjet printers) areas of low intensity (ie where the dots are spaced wide apart) have the dots much clearer to the eye (due to high contrast).  This is the reason that reverse grey component replacement is used.  It is also the reason for the new generation of 6 or 7 colour inkjet printers (often called photo printers).  One day I will explain this clearly in the article itself, but it's a big ask as I'm new to wiki... --Bb3cxv 7 July 2005 14:15 (UTC)

halftone before digital processes
I've always been fascinated to learn how this process actually took place before digital. How did a newspaper in the 70s take a photograph and turn it into this dots pattern? Can someone add this in - a brief descrption of the actual process? TeamCoachingNetwork 06:43, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It was originally done in about the 1880s by using closely-spaced parallel lines etched onto glass - hence the 'lines-per-inch' measurement and the 'screen ruling' term. 2 sheets of ruled glass were glued face to face at 90 degrees at first. This was called the 'screen.' Dropping an expensive glass screen was a disaster. Aligning the rules diagonally rather than at right angles would give diamond-shaped cells that generated elliptical dots, which were useful for printing certain types of image. By the 1970s when I was doing this at print college, the 'contact screens' were single cross-ruled sheets of thin clear plastic.

 * The screen was placed in a very large 'process' camera. It was positioned ruled-side down in close contact with a sheet of unexposed film, and the whole sandwich held flat by a vacuum plate. A photograph was then taken of the continuous tone photographic original. A high contrast 'lith' film was used, which gave essentially pure black or pure white images, ie close to binary. As the original greyscale image was projected by the lens, it fell onto the screen where it was split up by the cells into small discrete areas which formed the basis of individual dots.

 * The dots were round despite the square screens because of diffraction effects around the cell edges, coupled with the high contrast film/paper which ignored the grey tones due to light fall-off around the edges of the cells. The dots were therefore sharp-edged, with different sizes depending on the light intensity of the particular area of the original that they represented.

 * The haltoned film image was a negative, which was then placed face-down in contact with a photo-sensitive surface on the printing plate (which might be letterpress, lithography, flexography or gravure). Placing the film face-down was vital for maximum image transfer quality, but meant that the image was mirror-image reversed. To allow for this, a reversing mirror set was placed in front of the lens of the process camera, so the initial screened negative image was reversed to start with. This meant that the final plate was correct.

 * So actually the halftone dots were originally formed by a relatively simple optical effect and the challenge of early electronic systems was to recreate this effect digitally for scanners and laser film recorders. Simoneccles 03:48, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Newspapers created "Screen Prints"
 * Many newspapers could not afford a process camera, a PMT processor, and a huge darkroom which many process cameras required.  Therefore, a different halftoning process was created for newspapers. (I believe that this process was created by Kodak since most of the original supplies were available from Kodak and sold exclusively to newspapers. However, by the time I began to use this process, most people bought their screens from a Japanese company.)

 * Rather than take a postive image and turn it into a negative halftone, the low-budget newspaper process used the same darkroom and the same photograph enlarger to create a positive image which could be placed on a page of typesetting to be photographed by a process camera onto a printing plate (without any additional halftoning.) This positive image was called a "screen print" or "screened halftone print" or erroneously, "paper halftone".

 * A black and white roll of film (usually Tri-X) was developed normally. Then a negative was placed in the photographic enlarger but rather than printing onto photographic gray tone paper, the image was printed onto a high contrast paper. To create the halftone, a specially designed plastic screen was placed over the high contrast paper from Kodak and other companies.  The paper and the contact screen was held in place on a tiny frame by a tiny vacuum pump or for really inexpensive operation, the screen and the high contrast paper were held down by a piece of glass with extra pressure applied by the darkroom operator.  The light from the enlarger created a positive image on the high contrast paper. The image was developed with a very high contrast developer to get pure back and white dots.  This was called a "Screen Print". As long as the resolution was 85 dpi or less (some low quality newspapers used 65 dpi which is the same as the shading used in newspaper cartoons), a printing plate could be photographed directly from the screen print. Some very high quality newspaper printers could capture higher resolution than 85 dpi but it was better to use a negative halftone for higher quality work.  Most instant presses (using paper plates or, better yet, plastic plates) could easily use page layouts which contained screen prints without doing any halftoning of the printing plate as long as the screen print was not more than 85 dpi.

 * Care had to be taken in creating the screened print because of dot gain of the printing plate running on the printing press. A screen print ranged in dot sizes of roughly 15% to 85%. Any dots smaller than 15% would fade out entirely when photographed onto a printing plate leaving big white splotches in the final image from the newspaper printing press. And dots larger than 85% turned to solid black which not only looked bad but also were hard on the newspaper printing press. The dot gain was different for each newspaper printing press (and for each instant printer printing press). Calibration had to be done for each press. Robert Elliott 16:56, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * 2,000 dpi resolution for positive halftones (Screened Prints made on an photographic enlarger)
 * A very special note: The resolution of a screen print or "positive halftone" (unlike the resolution of a negative halftone) is over 2,000 dpi.  Computer programmers do not know this.

 * While the dots on a screen print are spaced 85 to the inch, the resolution of the center of the dot (where the half tone screen for a screened print is almost completely transparent) is the resolution of the very high contrast photographic paper (not the line resolution of the screen used to make the screened print.)

 * For big, fat dots, the resolution is only 85 dpi since the dots are big and round (the same as the halftone screen.)

 * In the center of dots (which is the highlights on a screen print and contains the most important details of the image), there is a posterized image at the center every dot smaller than about 25%. This posterized image includes a very accurate image of that portion of the dot. The resolution of that posterized image was limited only the the limits of the photographic emulsion on the halftone paper which is at least 2,000 dpi. If there was an image with a sharp line, that line will clearly be seen in the center of the dots at full 2,000 dpi resolution.

 * This effect is not important with negative halftones since the tiny dots of a negative halftone are the shadow areas so you only see detail in black areas where there is little detail, not sharp lines or detailed images that you see in the center of a screened print dot (the highlight.)

 * When computer software companies began creating software for halftoning on a computer, they programmers did not know about the screen print effect. They just assumed that a screen print was simply the reverse of a negative halftone. Not so! Programmers did not know that a postive halftone can be made which combines a half tone with a posterized image of the highlights to give an huge increase in halftone quality (2,000 dpi).

 * Therefore, even today, all computer software for creating positive halftone dots is wrong. Hopefully, someone will read this and correct their software to allow 2,000 dpi digital positive halftones just like the screen prints made long ago on photgraphic enlargers. Robert Elliott 16:49, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

I find it interesting that people see any connection between half-toning and digital scanning. There is none, other than that both systems sample the original image. Half-toning is wholly analog. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 12:39, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

talk page purpose
While I very much enjoy and benefit from the technical discussion, below, in my confusion I'd thought that this talk page's purpose was for writers to discuss the merits of the current wiki page. This writer, for example, longs for a definition or three of "halftone," a definition that will precede the descriptions of "halftoning" that dominate the wiki page. Walter Dufresne 20:21, 3 January 2007 (UTC) walterdufresne Brooklyn, New York, 3 January 2007

 * Talk pages can also be used for relevant general questions about the subject. Such questions often help improve articles as much as pointed critiques, as they show the gaps in the article's current explanations. --jacobolus (t) 10:58, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

seeking a working definition of "halftone"
The page does a wonderful job of defining, at length and in detail, such compelling processes as "halftoning." This seems good. I miss reading any kind of definition of a slightly different thing, the "halftone" of the page's title.

What is a halftone? How might we define such a thing? Is it possible to write a working definition of "halftone"?

Walter Dufresne 17:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC)Walter Dufresne, Brooklyn, NY, USA

 * Yes - something is missed in this article. An actual definition of "halftone", the names derivation, the invention and history of the process. This article seems to be written backwards from the modern process and doesn't seem to dig very deep. Needs a little work. Fountains of Bryn Mawr 04:37, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Missing title in references
I have just completed a missing title in the references, but I'm not sure it is correct:

"Twyman, Michael. Printing 1770-1970: an illustrated history of its development and uses in England. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London 1970."

I noticed the title was missing. Library of Congress has only two titles by this author in the year of 1970; this one and Lithography, 1800-1850: the techniques of drawing on stone in England and France and their application in works of topography.

I made an educated guess (that section deals with printing, not litography), but I'm not sure this is correct. Could someone confirm? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Miguel Vieira (talk • contribs) 21:33, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

image described as the first halftone
In Penrose Annual 1928 page 93, Stephen Horgan describes the "Shanty Town" as the first highlight halftone published in the Daily Graphic. Can some one confirm that Steinway Hall in Manhattan image is in fact a halftone and not perhaps some other process such as photogravure.

JHM —Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnhenrymartin (talk • contribs) 10:18, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Reference issue with 1st printed halftone photo
Concerning the claim that the Steinway Hall in Manhattan was the 1st halftone photo published in a paper in 1873's NY Daily Graphic, is this from a reliable source. Every source I have ran into, other than LIFE's "100 Photographs That Changed the World", has said the first printing was the 1880 printing in the NY Daily Graphic of a "Shanty Town". Is there a way to get a better scan of that page to show the publishing date? Could it be that LIFE has propagated this entire claim, since every other source says the 1880 as the date, and the 7 year gap between the two seems suspicious? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.68.221.173 (talk) 00:29, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree. Relying on the 2003 text LIFE's "100 Photographs That Changed the World" is risky. Until a 'first' halftone is verified in more than one reliable authoritative source, the current illustration captioned "The first printed photo using a halftone in an American periodical, December 2, 1873" is misleading (is it actually a letterpress image?) and thus should be kept out of the article, and so what if it is the first 'American' halftone when Germany or Canada were first? The LIFE publications are a rehash of older magazine articles and are journalistic, US-centric, and not scholarly. After exhaustive searching I too can find no claim for a first letterpress halftone in the major texts on photo process and industrial printing other than for the Stephen Horgan's single-line halftone image, 'Shantytown', (cited in Meggs, but—be aware—it's a claim made by Horgon in his own Horgan, Stephen H (1913). Horgan's half-tone and photomechanical processes. Inland Printer Co, Chicago) which appeared in the New York Daily Graphic in 1880—it's reproduced in numbers of publications so why not replace the existing 'Steinway Hall' pic with that? It must be out of copyright. As to 'Steinway Hall' preceding it, Terresa McIntosh, 'W. A. Leggo and G. E. Desbarats: Canadian Pioneers in Photomechanical Reproduction'. In History of Photography, vol. 20, no. 2 (Summer 1996), p. 146 pushes for acceptance of the Leggo process as the first halftone in a newspaper, the Canadian Illustrated News, October 1869, though it was an intaglio print...see: Notman, creator of the first halftone at Google Arts & Culture Jamesmcardle(talk) 03:37, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

Do these items need rethinking and rewriting?
"Where continuous tone imagery contains an infinite range of colors or greys, the halftone process reduces visual reproductions to a binary image that is printed with only one color of ink. This binary reproduction relies on a basic optical illusion—that these tiny halftone dots are blended into smooth tones by the human eye. At a microscopic level, developed black and white photographic film also consists of only two colors, and not an infinite range of continuous tones. For details, see film grain."

I find this confusing and even self-contradictory. If one wants to get picky about it, even a "continuous-tone" image made from pigment or dye (eg, a Rembrandt) comprises discrete molecules of the coloring agent, and cannot be truly said to be "continuous". It simply looks continuous to the eye. If film grain is invisible to the eye, then the image is, for all practical purposes, "continuous".

And as for "one color of ink"... A fine-grain color photographic print appears "continuous", but is printed with only three ink colors, each a primary.

"Just as color photography evolved with the addition of filters and film layers, color printing is made possible by repeating the halftone process for each subtractive color — most commonly using what is called the "CMYK color model". [2] The semi-opaque property of ink allows halftone dots of different colors to create another optical effect — full-color imagery.[1]"

Why does the writer use "semi-opaque"? I think he meant "The near-transparency of ink in thin layers allows the printing primaries to produce a wide range of colors." It also should be pointed out that color half-toning is generally design to minimize primary overlap, thus rendering the issue of transparency or opaqueness moot.

Regardless, these paragraphs need work. The writer has not properly thought through what he's trying to say. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 12:54, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. Work on it, please.  And cite sources if you can.  Let us know here if you need help. Dicklyon (talk) 18:08, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yep, sounds somewhere between misleading and wrong. Feel free to rewrite those paragraphs altogether if you can. –jacobolus (t) 21:00, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

poor picture
the example picture would not appear the same as the gradient beside it, this might be confusing 76.102.137.73 (talk) 07:57, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

whether or not the gradient beside the large dots example will appear like it depends quite a bit onthe "gamma" adjustment of the viewer's monitor.--23.119.205.88 (talk) 20:30, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Half tone process not explained
The article explains what a halftone is but never explains how it is made except to vaguely cite that a screen is used. An explanation of how the screen, which we can presume has holes of all equal size, creates dots of unequal size woudl be useful in this article.--23.119.205.88 (talk) 20:30, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

File:Halftoningcolor.svg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Halftoningcolor.svg will be appearing as picture of the day on July 12, 2016. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2016-07-12. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 01:52, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

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Clarification on differing definitions
In the section Multiple screens and color halftoning, the measure of Screen Angle is defined as being "measured in degrees clockwise from a line running to the left (9 o'clock is zero degrees)", yet farther down (near the See also section) the picture shows angles measured counter-clockwise with 3 o'clock being zero. Which is correct??

Thanks! WesT (talk) 22:10, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

Suggesting 'Halftone' moves to 'Photomechanical reproduction'
May I propose that this article, given its content, would be more correctly titled 'Photomechanical reproduction' with a redirect from Halftone? 'Halftone' is too narrow, and really most of the article deals with the problem of the translation of photographs, whether emulsion or digital, to ink...i.e. photomechanical reproduction as it is broadly known. Such a change will give the article better scope and allay the frustration of finding that searching the common term photomechanical reproduction on Wikipedia currently leads down a weird but intriguing rabbit hole to Photomechanical effect. I'll of course hold off for a suitable duration for others' opinions before making such a move, but I feel strongly that it should be done. Thank you for considering this suggestion. Jamesmcardle(talk) 01:50, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Let's start by making Photomechanical reproduction a redirect to Halftone. When I do, your red links will turn blue.  Not sure how you got to Photomechanical effect; autocomplete in the search box?  Dicklyon (talk) 02:27, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you, that would be good to start with and save some frustrated searching. Yes finding Photomechanical effect was probably due to autocomplete in the search box.  Jamesmcardle(talk) 02:32, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Take a look at WP:AT, and if you still think that moving to the other title could be a win, use the process at WP:RM to propose it and make your case here. I doubt that I could support it.  Dicklyon (talk) 02:39, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, 'Halftone' is a more common, 'everyday' term but it is a specific technology within 'photomechanical reproduction'. Maybe you'd support a 'photomechanical reproduction' article that is more encompassing of the big subject, with a link to the 'halftone' specifics? Jamesmcardle(talk) 03:43, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * You could write a section such as ==Other photomechanical reproduction technologies== and then we can discuss how we like it and whether it merits a split or re-org/move. Dicklyon (talk) 03:51, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * An eminently sensible suggestion. Shall do. Jamesmcardle(talk) 06:30, 9 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Halftone


text: File:Day of the death album cover.jpg

title: File:Day of the death album cover.jpg


text:
Talk:Estacion del Norte

There is a Estación del Norte in Bilbao, and probably in many other cities. -- Error 01:29, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estacion del Norte


text:
Talk:Lesbian Avengers

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Additional Sources
Hello, I am currently compiling additional sources for this article. There seems to be a lack of scholarly work cited so that was my primary focus. Additionally, looking for some more primary sources. Here is a bit of what I have, it is a work in progress.. comments are appreciated

Pursley, Sara. "Gay Politics in the Heartland: With the Lesbian Avengers in Idaho." The Nation 260 (January 23, 1995) pp 90-94 Details about Lesbian Avengers organizing in Idaho from a magazine article written at the time.

Cvetkovich, Ann. “Fierce Pussies and Lesbian Avengers: Dyke Activism Meets Celebrity Culture.” Feminist Consequences: Theory for the New Century, edited by Elisabeth Bronfen and Misha Kavka, Columbia University Press, 2001, pp. 283–318 Book that discusses the Lesbian Avengers use of media, symbols, and other imagery as a way to garner attention.

Erin J. Rand (2013) An Appetite for Activism: The Lesbian Avengers and the Queer Politics of Visibility, Women's Studies in Communication, 36:2, 121-14 Provides some primary sources for some images, there is also great analysis on the bodily expression commonly used by the Avengers

Kameya, Valerie. "The Lesbian Avengers Fight Back." Canadian Woman Studies 16.2 (1996): 99-101. ProQuest. Web. 8 Feb. 2022 Peer reviewed article that goes into depth about the initiatives that different chapters had and going into detail about their importance.

Leng, K. (2020), Fumerism as Queer Feminist Activism: Humour and Rage in the Lesbian Avengers' Visibility Politics. Gender & History, 32: 108-130. Scholarly article that includes background and history of the Avengers, additionally the different tactics they used to further their goals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ncarril4 (talk • contribs) 06:22, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lesbian Avengers


text:
Talk:Pelargonium

Untitled
Note to anonymous user 62.246.38.222: if there was a reason why you deleted the image from the taxobox on this page, please explain it here. I have put it back since I can't think of any good reason for removing it, and I guess it was probably just an accident. seglea 01:31, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

--- It seems to me that the two flowers at the foot of the page are both cranesbills; i.e. genus Geranium, not the genus Pelargonium? Imc 22:44, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Picture from Wikimedia Commons - Common Garden Geranium
I stumbled across this picture on the picture of the day page in Wikimedia Commons. There the title is rose-scented pelargonium, whereas in the English Wikipedia, it is called "Common pink garden geranium". I'm not an expert, but some clarification is needed, especially since the German translator invented, as it seems, a "Rosenduft-Pelargonie" which in turn in the German Wikipedia is called "Zitronenduft-Geranie". --wpopp 09:50, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

The image on the left is Geranium sanguineum, the bloody cranesbill. The image on the right could be Geranium versicolor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.54.128.34 (talk) 21:52, 10 December 2005

just to note the images look to be not actual size — Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.246.8.60 (talk) 05:22, 6 October 2006

"long stacks"?
In the text "Geranium leaves are usually alternate, and palmately lobed or pinnate, often on long stacks, and sometimes with light or dark patterns.", what doese the long stacks mean? Thanks.--218.244.60.37 12:46, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Surely it's a typo for "long stalks". Fixing. JöG 22:02, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

distinctive smell
The main article should note that the common geranium (in the US) has a pervasive ambience of distinctive odor. And how could one describe this smell? 69.87.202.68 13:22, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Fragrance, not odor. Flowers, perfume, soap = fragrance. Dirty laundry, spoiled food, wet dog = odor. 205.174.22.28 05:49, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And the common geranium has a definite odor, from the leaves. Pee-ew!  I've never smelled the ones in the article which have rose, citrus, nice mint or other nice fragrances.  The only description I can think of is "strong." 82.93.133.130 17:34, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The smell seems to me to be metallic - it also transfers to the hands if you touch the leaves. I added the line about the plant possibly detering mosquitoes - could it be the odour that does that and is there any evidence that mozzies are deterred? --Toh-maag 13:48, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Not all of the Pelargoniums smell nice. Only the scent of P. gravolens can be IMHO classified as a fragrance Sjschen 12:26, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

common Geranium
The main article should have more details about the specific plants most commonly called "Geranium" (in the US). Even though this article has a different title, this is actually the main article in wikipedia about the plants commonly called Geranium. 69.87.202.68 13:22, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Even though botanically there's a name mixup, shouldn't we first assume wikireaders typing in "geranium" are looking for info on the common ones, and have links in the paragraph explaining the naming issues to the other plants? 82.93.133.130 17:37, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Absolutely correct, 2 1/2 years ago! This is the article that should be at Geranium. --Born2cycle (talk) 19:01, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Seed
I have a photo of this plant's seed. I won't claim it to be high quality but I'd bet that most people never saw one before, despite how common the plant is. Should I upload it? --DustWolf (talk) 13:53, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Common cold remedy
I understand that Pelargonium sidoides is used as a common cold remedy. It would be good to have some reference to this. 78.151.171.85 (talk) 20:11, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Obnoxious weed
Perhaps should be mentioned that it is an obnoxious weed in Australia. As are many South African plants. 61.9.246.247 (talk) 07:42, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Reference
The reference of René Morin isn't good. Balázs Gergő (talk) 18:20, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Edible?
"The edible leaves and flowers are also used as a flavouring in desserts, cakes, jellies and teas."

Are all Pelargonium's edible, or just the scented variety?

Conversely, are all Geraniums not edible? AnnanFay (talk) 17:51, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

commonly known as geraniums (storksbills in the United States)
This gives the erroneous impression that the name "geranium" is not used in the US. At least for cultivated varieties, "geranium" is certainly the usual word. Kostaki mou (talk) 01:56, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

I am an expert on offshore commercial geranium cutting production. Would it be useful to include this information in this article? Zonal Man (talk) 23:29, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * All information added to Wikipedia should comply with the 3 core policies of verifiability (see WP:V), no original research (see WP:OR) and neutral point of view (see WP:NPOV). Hence you would need to find reliable secondary sources (see WP:IRS) to support any additions. I hope that hasn't baffled you with jargon, but those links should answer your question. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 12:08, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

Cultivation
I've removed some material (see below) that belongs more in a how-to guide than an encyclopedia (see WP:NOTHOWTO), and is also largely devoid of references to reliable sources. —Coconutporkpie (talk) 14:17, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

Their main requirement is a warm, sunny, sheltered location. Many varieties will tolerate drought conditions for short periods. They are commonly seen in bedding schemes in parks and gardens, but can also be grown indoors as houseplants if given enough light. More compact erect and trailing varieties are ideal for window boxes and hanging baskets, in association with other half-hardy plants like lobelias, petunias and begonias. Thousands of pelargonium cultivars are available from garden centres or specialist suppliers during the spring and summer months.

 Overwintering

Despite not being frost-hardy, pelargoniums are extremely easy to grow and to propagate, but are usually grown as annuals. As they are evergreen perennials, they can be kept in flower throughout the winter months in a sufficiently favoured spot (or indoors). There are even one or two fully hardy species from Turkey. There are a number of methods for successfully overwintering pelargoniums in cooler zones than their native habitats.

 Cuttings

For large numbers of plants, and particularly soft-stemmed pelargoniums that cannot be kept in a semi-dormant state, softwood cuttings can be taken in late summer and the old woody plants discarded. The cuttings are then planted, and once rooted, overwintered in compost-filled trays in well-lit indoor sites, with minimal watering. If fed in late winter and the shoot tips pinched out to encourage bushy growth, they can be potted up in mid-spring and placed outside once the risk of frost has passed.

 Under glass

For small numbers of plants or limited space, plants can be lifted before the first frost and cut back to 10 cm, and placed in potting compost in a well-lit frost-free location, with minimal watering, and then repotted in mid-spring.

 Semi-dormant state

Suitable for pelargoniums with tough woody stems where there are large numbers of plants. Plants can be lifted and allowed to dry out in a frost free location, wrapped in newspaper or hung. In early spring the roots can be soaked, and the plants cut back and then potted up.

 * I think there should be some material on how pelargoniums are cultivated (factual, not how-to), but I agree that what was removed wasn't correctly written. Peter coxhead (talk) 15:58, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

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text:
Don S. Davis

Donald Sinclair Davis (August 4, 1942 – June 29, 2008) was an American character actor  best known for playing General Hammond in the television series Stargate SG-1 (1997–2007), and earlier for playing Major Garland Briggs on the television series Twin Peaks (1990–1991). In animation, he was also known as Wild Bill in the 2003 direct-to-video animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and its 2004 sequel, G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom. He was also a theater professor, painter,  and United States Army captain.

Early life and education
Davis was born and raised in Aurora, Missouri. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in theater and art from Southwest Missouri State College. He said that "during the Vietnam era" he "was with the 7th Infantry in Korea" and at another point was "a personnel and administration officer; I ran records branches." He was a captain at Fort Leonard Wood by the time he left the U.S. Army, "and worked with General Officers, so I've been able to use that in Hammond and other characters."

In 1970 he received a master's degree in theatre from the Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIU); his thesis was "Design and Construction of Stage Settings for Black Comedy and The Two Executioners". He taught for several years before returning to SIUC to complete a Ph.D. degree in theatre; his dissertation was "The Evolution of Scenography in the Western Theater".

He began working in the film industry in the 1980s, while teaching at the University of British Columbia. In 1987, he stopped teaching in order to pursue acting full-time.

Career
Davis stated that he landed the role of the eloquently spoken Major Briggs when "I was living in Vancouver and doing local work. But because of my accent in the '80s I couldn't play a Canadian in commercials. So someone suggested that I get an agent in Seattle. I did and was able to get commercial work and acting jobs there. I had a good resume. So when they were casting the Twin Peaks pilot my agent sent me out to the audition. I met series creator David Lynch and didn't actually read for him—we just visited. ... David liked me and started writing for me. He liked the chemistry I had with other players. I did three days on the pilot and then went on to the series. That was the luckiest break I could have had. There are at least a dozen people from that show who are lifelong friends because of that show. It was a life-changing experience."

In the TV show MacGyver, Davis was the stunt/photography double for Dana Elcar. He was often mistaken for Elcar, and vice versa. Davis did appear in two episodes of MacGyver, as a different character each time. His first appearance was as a cement truck driver in the episode "Blow Out", and his second appearance was as the poacher Wyatt Porter in "The Endangered". He also played Dana Scully's father in the series The X-Files. Canadian audiences may also be familiar with Davis thanks to his appearance in one of the famous Heritage Minutes, in which he played an arrogant American gold prospector who pulls a gun on Mountie Sam Steele. He also played the role of the Racine Belles' manager in the movie A League of Their Own. He also had a guest-starring role in the pilot episode of the comedy-drama television series Psych, playing the character of Mr. McCallum.

He was a member of the main cast of Stargate SG-1 during the first seven seasons of that television series, portraying General Hammond, commander of Stargate Command (SGC). He appeared in a recurring role during Seasons 8 to 10, cutting back his commitment due to health problems. He also played the character in one episode of the Stargate spin-off series Stargate Atlantis.

Later life and death
Davis died of a heart attack on June 29, 2008, at the age of 65. He had been suffering from heart disease and diabetes. At the time of his death, Davis was living in Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.

The writers of Stargate Atlantis paid him homage by mentioning the death of his character George Hammond and naming a spaceship after him in the final episode of the show airing January 9, 2009. He was again honored in October 2009, with the appearance of the spaceship Hammond in the pilot episode of Stargate Universe. Coincidentally, in episode 16 of season 4 of SG-1, "2010" (an episode set in the future which originally aired in January 2001), it is stated that General Hammond had died of a heart attack prior to the episode's events. His character on The X-Files, William Scully, had also died of a heart attack fourteen years earlier.

Davis did not live to see the release of one of his final performances, Stargate: Continuum, released on July 29, 2008, one month after his death.

Personal life
Davis married Ruby Fleming in 2003, by which time he had a son, Matt Davis, from a previous marriage.

Davis was also a visual artist, spending most of his free time painting or carving. He grew up painting, sculpting, and drawing, and continued to pursue these crafts his entire life, supplementing his income with design commissions and art sales. On the DVD commentary track for Stargate SG-1 season 6 episode 17 ("Disclosure"), Davis said that he once had a job carving wooden cigar store Indians that were sold at Silver Dollar City.

Selected filmography

 * The Journey of Natty Gann (1985) — Railroad Brakeman
 * Malone (1987) — Buddy
 * Stakeout (1987) — Prison Gate Guard
 * Watchers (1988) — Veterinarian
 * Beyond the Stars (1989) — Phil Clawson
 * Look Who's Talking (1989) — Dr. Fleischer
 * Cadence (1990) — Haig (uncredited)
 * Look Who's Talking Too (1990) — Dr. Fleischer
 * Omen IV: The Awakening (1991, TV movie) — Jake Madison
 * Chaindance (1991) — Sergeant
 * Mystery Date (1991) — Doheny
 * The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991, TV movie) — Rodeo announcer
 * Hook (1991) — Dr. Fields
 * Kuffs (1992) — Police gun instructor
 * Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992) — Maj. Garland Briggs (scenes deleted)
 * A League of Their Own (1992) — Charlie Collins (Racine coach)
 * Cliffhanger (1993) — Stuart
 * Needful Things (1993) — Reverend Willie Rose
 * Max (1994) — Earl Pomerance
 * Hideaway (1995) — Dr. Martin
 * The Fan (1996) — Stook
 * Alaska (1996) — Sergeant Grazer
 * Prisoner of Zenda, Inc. (1996, TV movie) — Colonel Zapf
 * Volcano: Fire on the Mountain (1997, TV movie) — Mayor Bob Hart
 * Dad's Week Off (1997, TV movie) — Hank
 * Con Air (1997) — Man driving Volvo
 * Suspicious River (2000) — Golf shirt man
 * Best in Show (2000) — Mayflower Best in Show Judge Everett Bainbridge
 * The 6th Day (2000) — Cardinal de la Jolla
 * Deadly Little Secrets (2002) — The Chief
 * G.I. Joe: Spy Troops — The movie (2003, TV movie) — Wild Bill (voice)
 * Miracle (2004) — Bob Fleming
 * Stargate: SG3000 (2004, Short) — Computer Representation of George Hammond (voice)
 * Savage Island (2004) — Keith Young
 * Meltdown (2004, TV movie) — NRC Carl Mansfield
 * G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom (2004) — Wild Bill (voice)
 * The Still Life (2006) — Mr. Fernot
 * Seed (2006) — Davis
 * Beneath (2007) — Joseph
 * Beyond Loch Ness (2008, TV movie) — Neil Chapman
 * Stargate: Continuum (2008) — Lt. Gen. George Hammond
 * Vipers (2008, TV movie) — Dr. Silverton
 * Far Cry (2008) — General Roderick
 * The Uninvited (2009) — Mr. Henson
 * Wyvern (2008, TV movie) — Colonel Travis Sherman (dedicated to Davis)
 * Stargate SG-1: Children of the Gods - Final Cut (2009) — Maj. Gen. George Hammond (dedicated to Davis)
 * Woodshop (2009) — Principal Jamison
 * Twin Peaks: The Missing Pieces (2014) — Major Garland Briggs

Partial television credits

 * MacGyver (1985–1991) — stunt double for Dana Elcar
 * 21 Jump Street (1987) — Principal Harris, and (1988) — Frank
 * Booker (1989) — Sheriff
 * L.A. Law (1990) — Judge Richard Bartke
 * Twin Peaks (1990–1991) — Major Garland Briggs
 * Columbo: A Bird in the Hand (1992) — Bertie
 * Highlander: The Series (1993) — Palance
 * Heritage Minutes (1993) — Norris
 * The X-Files (1994) — Captain William Scully (2 episodes)
 * Northern Exposure (1994) — Lloyd Hillegas, season 5, episode 23
 * Madison (1994—1996) — Mr. Winslow (7 episodes)
 * Black Fox (1995 miniseries) — Sergeant
 * The Outer Limits (1995) — General Callahan, Detective Wilson
 * Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996) — Harold Taggart
 * In Cold Blood (1996 miniseries)
 * Viper (1996) — Lloyd
 * Stargate SG-1 (1997–2007) — Major General/Lieutenant General George Hammond
 * Atomic Train (1999 miniseries) — General Harlan Ford
 * The Chris Isaak Show (2002) — Del
 * Just Cause (2002) — Thornton
 * The Twilight Zone (2003) — Dr. Tate
 * Stargate Atlantis (2004) — Major General George Hammond
 * Andromeda (2004) — Avineri
 * NCIS (2004) — MTAC Control Officer
 * The West Wing (2005) — Reverend Don Butler
 * The Dead Zone (2005) — Senator Harlan Ellis (3 episodes)
 * Psych (2006) — Mr. McCallum
 * Supernatural (2007) — Trotter
 * Flash Gordon (2007) — Mr. Mitchell
 * Burn Up (2008 miniseries) — The Man
 * Twin Peaks: The Return (2017) — Major Garland Briggs (archival footage)

title: Don S. Davis


text:
Talk:Chromosomal crossover

Disambiguation
Someone needs to disambiguate this. KirbyMeister 01:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

F. A. Jannsens
The Idea of crossing over was first proposed by F.A. Janssens. Does anybody know anything more about him? Fawcett5 18:17, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that needs to be changed. The cytological basis of crossing over (and even the term "crossing-over") was first described by F.A. Janssens.  TH Morgan just used that knowledge to help him expain gene linkage.  Morgan postulated that the crossing over (that Janssens had already discovered) created new chromosomal types in a few gametes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.170.160.178 (talk • contribs) 23:32, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
This article should probably be merged with / redirect to genetic recombination. Gringer 03:02, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, after reading Genetic recombination, it makes sense to keep this. The pictures, at least, should be changed to reflect the breakage and rejoining mentioned in the first paragraph, rather than physical twisting of chromosomes. --Gringer 03:12, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

significance of crossing over
what is its significance can naybody tell me please —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.101.182.58 (talk) 11:28, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

Requested move
Chromosomal crossover → Homologous recombination — Chromosomal crossover is a naturally occurring type of homologous recombination, but homologous recombination also refers to an artificial technique for introducing different DNA sequences into an organism. "Homologous recombination" has been redirecting to "Chromosomal crossover"; rather than create a different page at "Homologous recombination" (which I started to do), I think "Chromosomal crossover" should change name as it is a significant subset homologous recombination. Madeleine 01:17, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

If you really add more information, I think it will be fine to move the page. As it stands, though, the article is only about the natural version, so I can't really support the move at the moment. Dekimasu よ! 03:41, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I wasn't comfortable starting to add any information about artificial homologous recombination until this article stood as "homologous recombination", because right now that information does not belong here. But, if that's what is needed to get the move to happen, then I can go ahead and do that. -- Madeleine 04:07, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved. --Stemonitis 07:09, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

I strongly feel that homologous recombination should be a separate article. Chromosomal crossover, as described in the first sentence of the current article, occurs during prophase of meiosis. However, as mentioned above, chromosomal crossover is only one type of homologous recombination. There are also other types of natural homologous recombination that would not fit into an article on "chromosomal crossover." For example, homologous recombination is necessary for certain types of DNA repair in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Another example that could not be included in the current article is the homologous recombination that occurs following introduction of homologous DNA into a bacterium by conjugation, transduction, or natural transformation. If you look at textbooks and research articles, all of these examples are said to occur by homologous recombination, not chromosomal crossover. Therefore, a separate article entitled "homologous recombination" is necessary so that these examples can be described somewhere. At the very least, the current article should be renamed "homologous recombination" so that these other examples can be added. NighthawkJ 18:41, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I should have mentioned other types of naturally occurring homologous recombination as well ... I've been intending to create an article for homologous recombination. I had an exchange with User:Jasu, who had created the article Gene_targeting, and he had a draft suggestion you can see if you look at the history for Homologous recombination... but then I never got around do following through. (He felt HR should be a separate article that can mention Chromosomal crossover as a main article, among others).
 * Your suggestion here is adding more reasons to do this. I'll try to get it done asap. Madeleine 18:57, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

? isn't this the same as synapsis? 70.246.127.92 20:23, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

I think it is best to give chromosomal crossover its own page, if not for its scientific significance then for its significance as a phenomena of the history of genetics. I do not have citable or certain examples of this, but I suggest that this be looked into. In Mendelian genetics, an allele (consisting of a "homologous pair of chromosomes" per modern genetic theory) was an unchanging factor in the phenotypes of the following generations. However, there is a phenomena, the observation and/or observer of which I do not know, that disproves this principle: the spectrum of dominance (Biology Seventh Edition, Campbell and Reece, 250-60). I am not certain about this, but I believe that chromosomal crossover is a factor of the spectrum of dominance. The spectrum of dominance also was the basis for the earlier theories of inheritance, which held that inheritance was a process of blending. I think it is worth a mention, and it would not be practical to mention it in the page for homologous recombination. Quintus Twig (talk) 01:19, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Frequency
The article does not mention how frequently crossover occurs. Not even extreme values are given. Does it happen once in a million times? All the time? Albmont 13:23, 16 November 2007 (UTC) It happens in every cell undergoing meiosis I. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.226.94.200 (talk) 20:50, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * When crossover occurs how many pieces from each chromosome crossover. There are illustrations for single and double crossover, are these the only possibilities, with what frequency does each occur, i.e. roughly what proportion of crossover event are single crossover compared to double crossover. Lastly (and this might be in the text but in scientific gobbledegook) does each pair of chronosomes have one crossover event only during meosis or may it experience several successive crossover events before meosis is completed? Neutrino 16:53, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

 * In section "Consequences of crossover", it says," Meiotic recombination allows a more independent selection between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes, as recombination shuffles the allele content between sister chromatids." Should it be between non-sister

chromatids ? sister chromatids have identical DNA content, so shuffling between them would produce no change ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.82.71.137 (talk) 08:44, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that a discussion on the frequency of crossovers should be one of the central components of this article. Crossover frequency, and the mechanisms that govern it, are integrally connected to the term's common usage in general genetics courses and to the entire history of recombination mapping as was developed by T.H. Morgan.  Also, an article (or subset of this article) is needed to address interference, which is only a portion of the discussion on recombination frequency.

 * There is currently a decent description of 'interference' on the disambiguation page, but it seems like it needs a more permaneant home. (I'm appending that disambiguation text below)

"Interference (genetic) is a phenomenon by which a chromosomal crossover in one interval decreases the probability that additional crossovers will occur nearby. The distribution of crossovers by interference has been postulated to ensure that every pair of homologs receives at least one. The degree of interference and the number of crossovers per meiosis varies between organisms." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.169.123.210 (talk) 20:23, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Currently the article mentions frequently in the sense that crossover involves genes at the ends of the chromosome more often than those in the middle. This fact is important for evolutionary analysis. But I still see no mention, what is the average number of times that a given homologous chromosome pair will typically cross over in any single instance of meiosis? One? Many? Fractionally many, say one crossover in tens of meiosis cycles? Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:16, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Possible inaccuracy: "Chromosomal crossover is important in DNA repair"
This article says the following at the end of its first paragraph: "Chromosomal crossovers also occur in asexual organisms and in somatic cells, since they are important in some forms of DNA repair." I think this is incorrect. The journal article being used as a reference for this statement says: "Recombination in somatic cells is rarely associated with crossovers, and crossovers have the potential to generate genomic rearrangements and large-scale loss of heterozygosity (LOH)." (See: ) To my understanding, it is exclusively non-crossover (i.e. gene conversion) products of recombination that result from accurate recombinatorial DNA repair in bacteria and somatic cells in eukaryotes. I've reworked the lead to give what I think is a more accurate description of the subject; any feedback would be appreciated. Emw (talk) 15:08, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it effect repair simply in the sense that the broken gene is sometimes swapped with a working equivalent, thereby allowing a mechanism for the defective gene to be selected out from the population without also affecting all the surrounding genes? (And moreover, that recombination is intimately involved with the whole concept of maintaining homologous chromosomes, which themselves are a system for surviving damage to one version of a gene?) Even in asexual reproduction, it seems like the same processes would at least have the potential to achieve the same functions. Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:07, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

 * It sounds like you're referring to homologous recombination that results in non-crossover products, i.e. not chromosomal crossover. Emw (talk) 14:50, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Not ONLY "problems"!
Several of our biology articles have a somewhat confused mixture of narrowly human and more general biological view points. I think this goes for the section titled Problems in this article, which now reads:
 * Although crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes, similarities in sequence can result in mismatched alignments. These processes are called unbalanced recombination. Unbalanced recombination is fairly rare compared to normal recombination, but severe problems can arise if a gamete containing unbalanced recombinants becomes part of a zygote. The result can be a local duplication of genes on one chromosome and a deletion of these on the other, a translocation of part of one chromosome onto a different one, or an inversion.

It is true that gene duplication, gene deletion, and gene inversion in general have negative effects for the concerned individuals, and I suppose that therefore unbalanced recombination in a human in general may be considered as a medical problem. However, in the long run, the much rarer instances when the effects are beneficial have had a rather large positive impact on the evolution of certain lines of organisms.

I think both the negative medical effects and the rare but important positive evolutionary effects should be mentioned here. I'll make a try at rewriting the section in such a manner. JoergenB (talk) 22:40, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:43, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Crossover and intron/exon structure
(Warning, haven't read article, this ma be a stupid question already answered) Is it known how crossover works with reference to intron/exon boundaries? Jimw338 (talk) 13:03, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:51, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Chromosomal crossover


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