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The Beautiful Game (musical)

The Beautiful Game (sometimes performed as The Boys in the Photograph) is a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Ben Elton about a group of teenagers growing up during The Troubles in Belfast, Northern Ireland in 1969.

The title of the musical (The Beautiful Game) is a commonly used reference to association football, the origins of which are disputed. The plot, which is centred on a local football (soccer) team, focuses on the attempt to overcome the violence that has engulfed their community. The Catholic team has one atheist player, Del (who comes from a Protestant family) and the coach is a priest. The musical chronicles some of the key players during the emerging political and religious violence. Some of the players become IRA volunteers, and another is knee-capped. The musical also chronicles the emotional change in the protagonist from political ambivalence to becoming an IRA volunteer.

The most successful song from the score was "Our Kind of Love", which had originally been performed by Kiri Te Kanawa as "The Heart Is Slow to Learn". It was cut from the re-worked version of the show in 2008, and used as the title song to Lloyd Webber's sequel to The Phantom of the Opera, Love Never Dies.

Production history
In 1998, Lloyd Webber invited Elton to dinner to discuss the possibility of the latter working on a rewrite of the script for Starlight Express, updating the humour of the original. Elton declined but suggested the possibility of a new musical, with an entirely original storyline, having observed that most musicals were based upon existing ideas. The two writers settled upon the idea of setting a story amid The Troubles in Belfast.

The world premiere of The Beautiful Game opened on 26 September 2000 at the Cambridge Theatre in London and closed 1 September 2001, after a total run of slightly more than 11 months. The production featured Josie Walker, David Shannon, Ben Goddard, Hannah Waddingham, Alex Sharpe and Michael Shaeffer in leading roles. Dianne Pilkington and Shonagh Daly were ensemble members. It was directed by Robert Carsen with choreography by Meryl Tankard.

The show was met with a mixed reception from the critics: while the production and Lloyd Webber's score were largely praised, Elton's book and lyrics came under fire for being crass, predictable and undistinguished although John Peter in his review in The Sunday Times wrote "Elton's book and lyrics burst with energy, indignation and intelligence. Brave and bitterly truthful...this show...need not fear comparison with West Side Story.  Offhand, I cannot think of greater praise". The show never made it to Broadway.

A rewrite by Lloyd-Webber and Elton, with the new title The Boys in the Photograph, received a workshop production by students at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts in April 2008, directed by Nick Phillips. Subsequently, in April 2009 a full-scale production was presented at the Manitoba Theatre Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. This production transferred to the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in September 2009. The rewrite gave a more uplifting ending than in the original production.

In February 2012, Northern Ireland youth group Fusion Theatre produced the show for the first time in its native Northern Ireland. Directed by Ian Milford with choreography by Rebecca Leonard, the cross-community youth chorus performed it for a week-long run. The show was attended by representatives of Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group. The company took the show to compete at the Waterford Festival of Light Opera in Ireland in May 2012.

The original production's choreographer, Meryl Tankard, directed and choreographed the Australian premiere at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) in August 2016.

A new production performed by the National Youth Music Theatre students will open for a limited run at the Other Palace in London on 15–18 August 2018. Andrew Lloyd Webber has described the NYMT as "the best youth music theatre in the world".

In September 2019, Manilla Street Productions staged the professional Australian premiere in Melbourne at Chapel Off Chapel. Directed by Karen Jemison, it starred Stephanie Wall and Stephen Mahy.

Although being based in Northern Ireland, The Beautiful Game has only been performed there twice by two amateur theatre companies. The first being Fusion Theatre Lisburn in 2016 and the second time being Belvoir Players in 2023.

The Beautiful Game
Act One

Football is part of everyday life in 1960s and 1970s Northern Ireland, as the overture and opening number ("The Beautiful Game") demonstrate. It is especially important for Father O'Donnell's team, who are having their first practice on the first day of the season. The star player, John Kelly, seems to be a little more interested in one of the girls on the sidelines than he is in the priest, and as a punishment is forced to stay behind and take care of the equipment ("Clean the Kit"). Meanwhile, Thomas, a fervent Irish Catholic nationalist leads a group of thugs to force Del off the team. Mary, the girl John had been noticing during the practice, comes to the locker room to talk to him. Although they initially fight their attraction (Don't Like You), they soon decide to give it a try.

Time passes. John and Mary are quite serious with each other now. She asks him one evening to join her in a civil rights march but he is more interested in going drinking with his friends. Left alone, Mary is unable to understand why anyone would not love Ireland and want to make it better. Her sentiments are echoed - almost - by a girl with the rival Protestant team ("God's Own Country"). John changes his mind and returns to go to the march with Mary, because she is more important to him ("God's Own Country", "Protestant March").

The team makes it to the final, but their celebration is cut short when a group of Protestants trash the locker room. Christine and Del emerge to find the wreckage - they had been making love in hiding during the raid. Surveying the mess, they both wish all the fighting would stop so they could get on with their lives ("Let Us Love in Peace").

It comes down to the final. After the other team tied the goal on a penalty shot, John scores the winning goal ("The Final"). The boys celebrate at a local pub ("Off to the Party, The Craic"). Del comes to see Christine, but Thomas and his friends quickly remind him that he isn't welcome. Rather than causing any more unpleasantness, he leaves. Meanwhile, Ginger has finally got up the nerve to speak to Bernadette, who returns his affection ("Don't Like You Reprise"). They have a first, small kiss, and then she has to go, and Ginger helps Daniel home. After seeing him to his door, Ginger is about to head home himself when he's confronted by a gang of Protestant thugs. He attempts, unsuccessfully, to escape.

Christine and Mary are discussing the previous evening at Mary's house. Mary disapproves of the relationship with Del until Christine convinces her that love knows no boundaries ("Our Kind of Love"). They are interrupted by John who brings the horrible news - Ginger is dead. Thomas arrives and asks John to go with them to get revenge, but he refuses - more violence won't do any good. As they comfort each other and go to the funeral, they all long for an end to the division and for a chance to live a normal life ("Let Us Love in Peace Reprise").

Act Two

John and Mary are getting married, and there are some nerves on all sides ("The Happiest Day"). When the time comes to make their vows though, there are no doubts ("To Have and to Hold"). Finally, they are left alone in their hotel room for their first night together. Both are nervous, but together they work it out ("The First Time").

In the middle of the night, the phone rings. It's Thomas, in trouble. He asks for John's help. Mary doesn't want him to go, but John feels he owes it to his friend even though he doesn't agree with what he's doing. He finally finds Thomas and tells him it's the only time he'll ever do something like this. Thomas tries to explain to him why he has to do what he does ("I'd Rather Die on My Feet Than Live on My Knees"). John is finally going to get his big break at the football trials. On her way to watch, Mary says goodbye to Christine and Del, who are moving to New York to escape the situation there. Mary figures she and John will go to England, and they talk about leaving their home ("God's Own Country Reprise"). John makes a great impression and the coaches want him, but someone else wants him too - the police. Someone has tipped them off and he is taken to prison, before Mary even has a chance to tell him that she's pregnant ("The Selection").

John is put with the other IRA prisoners. He tries to stay apart from them, but they work away at him and eventually he begins to think like them. Even Mary has trouble getting through to him. ("Dead Zone"). She has her baby, a boy named Sean, and Daniel comes over to visit. While he's there, Thomas and two other IRA agents barge in and accuse Daniel of betraying John. They shoot him in the knee, crippling him. Mary is horrified and wonders if any good could possibly come out of all this violence ("If This is What We're Fighting For"). John is finally released, and his first stop is to see Thomas, because he has realized that it was Thomas who turned him over to the police. After confronting him, John kills him.

Mary enters. She tries to find the man within John that she fell in love with, but he is buried too deep. John is going to England to work for the IRA. He leaves his soccer jersey and a picture of the championship team for his son ("All the Love I Have"). As Father O'Donnell comes to collect Sean for the football practice, Mary hopes that the cycle of hate can be stopped with her son ("Finale").

The Boys in the Photograph
Act One

The Boys in the Photograph begins with Mary, Christine and Bernadette singing the titular number ("The Boys in the Photograph") in front of a monochrome photograph of the Belfast soccer team that is the focus of the play. After this the majority of the casts join in a number about the importance of soccer or football in the lives of the young people of Belfast, Northern Ireland which is currently on the brink of a cultural war. After this Father O'Donnell begins the roll call for the football team including: John Kelly, the team's star player who is more interested in showing off in front of girls than practicing seriously; Thomas Malloy, John's best friend, who is more driven, a fervent Catholic nationalist who wears glasses (which need to be taped to his head while playing and are referred to multiple times during the play); Del Copeland, the only Protestant on the team (who states he is an atheist); Daniel Gillen, who has a reputation of stealing radios from cars (though he argues that with so many riots taking place it only makes sense to steal the radios before the cars are burnt), and Ginger O'Shaughnessy, who wants the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics to end and to be called by his real name (Gregory). We also meet Mary a bright out-spoken young woman who believes that the conflict can be resolved through peaceful protests; Bernadette, a very religious and prudent girl who has been in love with Ginger since they were children; and Christine, who defies her Catholic up-bringing not only by going with several boys but also by the man she marries later on.

After the practice Father O'Donnell gives each member of the team a copy of the team photograph along with the lecture to "…Never forget the promise of your youth. This picture is who you are, who you become is up to you". He puts John on equipment cleaning duty, much to John's annoyance ("Cleaning Kit"). While John is imagining his future as the star player for a national team, Mary walks in and tells him that he'll never make a national team since he spends too much time chasing girls. Father O'Donnell then enters the locker room and tells John that the reason he's harder on him is because he believes that John could be great if he focuses on his game and that there will be plenty of time for girls once he's famous and can have any kind of girl he wants (to the disgust of Mary, who is hiding nearby as girls aren't allowed in the locker room). John and Mary further argue with each other ("Don't Like You") and eventually grow close and fall in love. Meanwhile, Thomas, along with a couple of nameless teammates, threaten Del with violence if he comes to practice again. (Thomas has no tolerance for Protestants after one beat up his sister; this also provides a hint of things to come).

Eventually Mary and John are in a steady relationship with one another and although at first he does not want to join her in civil rights demonstrations, being more interested in having fun with his teammates leaving Mary disappointed, not only with John but with her neighbours' defeatist attitude ("God's Own Country/God's Own Country", "Protestant March"). John eventually comes around and decides that he at least should be there for Mary. Meanwhile, Christine and Del have had their own romantic encounter having both taken shelter in an abandoned car during a raid and discovering that despite their different backgrounds that they have a lot in common ("Born In Belfast").

Eventually the final game of the season comes and the team has a chance to win the championship ("The Final"), and despite Thomas being caught by the referee for tripping a member of the other team giving them a penalty kick, John manages to score the winning goal. After their victory the team and their supporters go celebrate at the local pub ("Off To The Party"/"The Craic"). Del and Christine also go to the party though Thomas makes it clear that they aren't welcome while John wonders where he's been all season and despite Christine's insistence that Del has as much of a right to be there as any other member of the team, Del insists that they should leave to avoid causing any trouble. At the same time Ginger and Bernadette begin to realize their feelings for each other, their shared wishes for peace and kiss for the first time ("Let Us Love In Peace"). However, after the party Ginger helps Daniel home and on the way back to his own home, is mortally wounded by a gang of young Protestants and is unable to get away.

Meanwhile, the girls are gathered at one of their homes and discussing the evening and their relationships when they receive news that Ginger has been killed and was found miles away from where he went missing. At the funeral Thomas wants to go get revenge for Ginger's death but is talked out of it when he is reminded that he does not know which Protestant boys are to blame and that if he were to attack some random boys that he would be no better than they are.

Act Two

The second act begins with John and Mary's wedding day and both are nervous about committing to marry ("The Happiest Day of Our Lives") but manage to get through the ceremony. Later the two are alone and spending their first night alone together in a hotel and looking back on their relationship so far ("All The Love I Have"/"Don't Like You" - reprise) and are nervous to be having their first intercourse, but eventually do manage to overcome the feelings of awkwardness ("The First Time"). Later that night they receive a phone call from Thomas who is wanted for his IRA activities, and while trying to reach a safe house has lost his glasses. Although Mary protests that he could be arrested also for helping Thomas or even killed, John insists that he can't leave his friend and that this will be the only time he does this. John eventually finds Thomas and drives him to the safe house while the two make it clear to the other that they don't understand their stance on the issue ("I'd Rather Die On My Feet Than Live On My Knees").

Some time later John is finally getting the chance to try out for a national team and is making a great impression on the team scouts. Meanwhile, Mary is saying good bye to Christine, Del and their baby son Hendrix who are moving overseas (God's Own Country-Reprise) and reveals to Christine that she is going to have a child of her own soon, but is waiting until after John's tryouts to tell him. Unfortunately she doesn't get the chance to tell him until much later as he's arrested after the tryouts for helping Thomas escape. John is then sent to prison after other IRA prisoners act as if he were one of them. He explains that he is not an IRA volunteer and was only arrested because he tried to help a friend while the other agents tell him the only friends he has now are his prison-mates. As John adjusts to prison life while waiting to be released, he becomes more and more frustrated with the world that has failed him ("The Dead Zone").

Eventually Mary has her child, a son Sean. One night Thomas (whom Mary recognizes immediately, due to his glasses) enters her home with other IRA members and tells her that Daniel, who is sitting in the living room, is the one who reported John to the authorities. Daniel argues that he would never do such a thing, but despite support from Mary and Bernadette, is still taken outside and kneecapped ("If This Is What We're Fighting For"). Eventually John is released from prison, but has been radicalized and wants to go to England on an IRA mission. After John gives her his football jersey for their son, Mary gives John a copy of the team photograph telling him that before he goes to England to remember that his true self was his first victim.

Although he still goes to "take care of some business", John does remember what Father O'Donnell said when he gave them the photo but still tracks down Thomas, having noticed while in jail how suspicious it was that Thomas wasn't arrested. Thomas then reveals that he has managed to stay out of jail by reporting others and that he no longer cares if he dies or not since the cycle of violence is endless and he has more than replaced himself with angry men ("It Will Never End"). John is poised to shoot Thomas but in the end he takes Mary's comment to heart and puts his gun away telling the other man "I could shoot the man you've become, but I can't shoot the man you were" and leaves. Thomas bids his last farewell to John, knowing that he probably won't live long. As John leaves a gunshot is heard off stage.

Meanwhile, Mary is sitting at home, looking at her copy of the team photograph and looking back on the fates of most of the boys, when John arrives having remembered who he really is ("All The Love I Have"). Then the finale begins ("The Beautiful Game" finale) and the screen that had been used throughout the play reveals the bright futures that awaited everyone including John, who, despite his not making the national team did become the coach of his school's team. Sean grew up hating football and went into fine arts while his younger sister did make a national team and that the division did eventually end after 30 years.

List of musical numbers

 * Act I
 * Overture
 * The Beautiful Game
 * The Boys in the Photograph*
 * Clean the Kit
 * Don't Like You
 * God's Own Country
 * God's Own Country – (Protestant March)
 * Born in Belfast*
 * The Final
 * The Party
 * Let Us Love In Peace
 * Let Us Love In Peace (reprise)

 * Act II
 * The Happiest Day of Our Lives
 * All The Love I Have*
 * Don't Like You (Reprise)
 * The First Time
 * I'd Rather Die On My Feet Than Live On My Knees
 * God's Own Country/Born in Belfast (reprise)
 * Our Kind of Love **
 * The Selection
 * Dead Zone
 * If This Is What We're Fighting For
 * It Will Never End*
 * All The Love I Have* (Reprise)
 * Finale – The Beautiful Game

(*= Songs added for The Boys in the Photograph)

(**= Songs removed from The Beautiful Game for The Boys in the Photograph)

Other performances

 * Shonagh Daly performed "Let Us Love in Peace" as the closing song at the memorial service for families of the September 11 attacks in October 2001
 * A selection of songs from the musical were performed for President-elect George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair at a reception in Washington on 18 January 2001

Awards and nominations

 * Best Musical Award, Critics' Circle Theatre Awards (2000)

 * Best Actress in a musical, Josie Walker (Olivier Awards 2001) Nominee

 * Best Performer in a Supporting Role – Musical Theatre, Samuel Skuthorp (Green Room Awards 2020) Nominee

 * Best Sound Design – Musical Theatre, Marcello Lo Ricco (Green Room Awards 2020) Nominee

title: The Beautiful Game (musical)


text:
Talk:Dependent territory

UN list of dependent territories
User:Chipmunkdavis, User:Roger 8 Roger, User:Xevres, User:Wee Curry Monster My addition of the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories was reverted and object of a dispute. We should discuss whether to add it or remove it or something else.

Although there is a stand-alone page for it, the practice is prevalent to mirror some content of subtopics in the relevant pages. Therefore, I don't think my succinct table is redundant. In fact, I think omitting said information from this page is less than ideal, because it is essential information to the subject of the page. There may be text indicating that a dependent territory is on the UN list but it would be more practical and better format to have a separate table of said list as well. Thinker78 (talk) 21:42, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Mirroring the table is redundant. We don't eg. have the US State Department list of dependent territories. CMD (talk) 00:52, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm puzzled by the section added above, aimed as it is toward a bunch of seasoned editors, it seems to me to violate WP:DTTR and aimed to browbeat your fellow editors. I'm sure that I may have misconstrued your motives but felt it important to bring to your attention, ie even if that were not your intention it rather frames your approach to comments.  To add to the discussion, I am mildly in favour of the addition of that table but I also recognise the strong arguments against it; namely that is to some extent redundant and incomplete.  As such I'm not inclined to press for inclusion, rather suggesting that a more rounded and complete approach is required. As currently formulated I'm not in favour of inclusion but I would be prepared to consider a constructive proposal that addresses the concerns presented. WCM email 17:16, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Argumentum ad verecundiam. I have been in Wikipedia long enough to know that senior editors are not perfect (btw, I did not use a template). But tbh before posting the policies I was going to report the page to the edit warring noticeboard to be analyzed by editors more experienced about the issue. I decided against and instead just post the aforementioned thread that generated irk. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 04:40, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

 * @Chipmunkdavis maybe we should, as the US is a world power. I would understand if we don't have 10 lists of 10 different countries or organizations in this page. But it may be a good idea to include a select few of the most notable ones and make mention of others. After all, how was the current list compiled? Does it pick and choose items to include, does it have consistency? Thinker78  (talk) 20:49, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * It was compiled by consensus, and does have consistency. There are always questions around the system (as there are with all similar topics), however these are more noticeable here as a reflection of the topic itself, which has always somewhat of a term of convenience. CMD (talk) 01:16, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment I think we should list the UN list of dependent territories at the top, since this is the official list of dependent territories recognized by the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization. Then we can add other remaining inhabited dependent territories by country. 2001:8003:9100:2C01:ACFE:7B23:904F:A674 (talk) 04:53, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. Regards, Thinker78  (talk) 05:52, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Uninhabited territories should be removed though. They aren't country-like dependencies, they don't even have a local government and they have no people to be governed either. 2001:8003:9100:2C01:ACFE:7B23:904F:A674 (talk) 07:18, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Uninhabited islands and Antarctic claims
Uninhabited islands are not dependent territories. To be a dependent territory, the entity needs to function like a country, i.e. it should have three key elements: a defined territory, a permanent population, and a functioning local government. Uninhabited islands only have a defined territory and nothing else, they are not dependent territories. It doesn't matter what their administering states call them, they are merely "overseas territories" directly administered by their central governments.

All Antarctic claims are also uninhabited and therefore they are not dependent territories too.

I propose the removal of the following 24 territories and territorial claims from the list of dependent territories:

 * Uninhabited islands

 * 1) Akrotiri and Dhekelia (military bases)
 * 2) Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 * 3) Bajo Nuevo Bank
 * 4) Baker Island
 * 5) Bouvet Island
 * 6) British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago)
 * 7) Clipperton Island
 * 8) Coral Sea Islands
 * 9) Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 * 10) Howland Island
 * 11) Jarvis Island
 * 12) Johnston Atoll
 * 13) Kingman Reef
 * 14) Midway Atoll
 * 15) Navassa Island
 * 16) Serranilla Bank
 * 17) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 * 18) Wake Island

 * Antarctic claims

 * 1) Australian Antarctic Territory
 * 2) British Antarctic Territory
 * 3) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
 * 4) Peter I Island
 * 5) Queen Maud Land
 * 6) Ross Dependency

2001:8003:9100:2C01:ACFE:7B23:904F:A674 (talk) 04:00, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Where did you get these definitions? Did you just make them up? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 04:40, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * It has been defined by the United Nations. All dependent territories should function like countries. A dependent territory should have a permanent population. Its local people should have the option to break away from their parent state and create their own independent sovereign state via self-determination.
 * Uninhabited islands cannot become independent sovereign states. Hence, they are not dependent territories.
 * Source:
 * https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1514 120.16.127.229 (talk) 03:33, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Where exactly in that source does it say that? Roger 8 Roger (talk) 03:53, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Basically, the whole source talks about that. The United Nations use the term "non-self-governing territories" instead of dependent territories, dependent areas, or dependencies to describe these country-like political entities, but they are the same thing.
 * Obviously, uninhabited islands are not dependencies since they don't function like countries, they are just remote external territories located far away from the mainland. They don't "depend" on their mainland administration, they are "administered" by their mainland administration. 120.16.127.229 (talk) 23:55, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * They are not the same thing: you are mistaken. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 00:04, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What are the differences? Could you elaborate on details? 120.16.127.229 (talk) 00:14, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Colonies are not dependent territories. They are just different things and you are conflating them. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:21, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, all dependent territories have been classified as colonies by the United Nations. There are only two ways to avoid being classified as colonies:
 * 1. Independence (i.e. becoming a sovereign State).
 * 2. Fully incorporated with your parent state (i.e. becoming a normal administrative division). 120.16.48.249 (talk) 02:23, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Is this more made-up stuff on your part? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:33, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Please quote the part that says "all dependent territories should function like countries" or anything even like that and the part about uninhabited islands. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 04:08, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @user:120.16.127.229, What you are saying is just your interpretation of what the UN writes or thinks. Even if it is obvious, it is still your opinion (primary source) and is therefore not a secondary source, and therefore should not be used a such. I also have doubts about your interpretation anyway. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 00:14, 12 April 2024 (UTC)
 * And even if that were true, this is not UN-pedia. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 02:21, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

"Dependencies and other territories" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependencies_and_other_territories&redirect=no Dependencies and other territories] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 21:07, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Possible vandalism
Please roll back the latest edits in the article to approximately the state of January 7, 2024. User Koavf changed the header of the tables of the dependent territories of New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. Firstly, the matter has not been completed, and secondly, it has only gotten worse, since it is now unclear which territories are uninhabited and which are claimed.

Also, Palmyra Atoll was added to the table of dependent territories of the United States, although the table states before the table that this territory is excluded from the list because “it is classified as an incorporated territory under US law”. The result is a contradiction between the text, table and image at the very beginning of the article.

I apologize in advance for possible mistakes—I live in Russia and do not fully speak English.

Откатите, пожалуйста, последние правки в статье примерно до состояния на 7 января 2024 года. Пользователь Koavf изменил шапку таблиц зависимых территорий Новой Зеландии, Норвегии и Соединённого Королевства. Во-первых, дело не доведено до конца, а во-вторых, стало только хуже, поскольку теперь непонятно, какие территории необитаемы, а какие — заявлены.

Также в таблицу зависимых территорий Соединённых Штатов был добавлен атолл Пальмира, хотя перед таблицей сказано, что данная территория исключена из списка, так как «в законодательстве США она классифицируется как инкорпорированная территория». В итоге получается противоречие между текстом, таблицей и изображением в самом начале статьи.

Заранее извиняюсь за возможные ошибки — я живу в России и не в полной мере владею английским языком. Alexander Berezin 17.12.2002 (talk) 13:09, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support The old version is indeed a better one. The edits made by Koavf violate both WP:NPOV and WP:POINT. These edits should be reverted. 2001:8003:9100:2C01:D8C5:91F5:82F8:EFF4 (talk) 15:52, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What? How are they NPOV or POINT-y? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:21, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Your tables are ugly, man. The main purpose of this article is creating a list of dependent territories, so these territories should be the first (main) item in the table, not their political status. The original tables are easier for the readers to acquire information, not the weird ones created by you. 2001:8003:9100:2C01:B150:204C:65CD:3FA0 (talk) 01:34, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * That in no way answers my questions at all. Have you read MOS:DTAB? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 01:50, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * These are required by MOS:TABLECAPTION. Do not remove them, just improve them. See also MOS:COLHEAD. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 17:21, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Koavf, your edits seem to have created new "Status" titles for NZ and Norway. Where were they from and why were the old ones changed? As for Palmyra that was not in Koavf's edits, and either way I have reverted. CMD (talk) 04:34, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * "Where were they from" ??? and "why were the old ones changed?" MOS:TABLECAPTION. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 04:39, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Could you explain how MOS:TABLECAPTION requires the changing of "Dependent territory" to "Territory" in some cases and "Dependency" in other cases? CMD (talk) 04:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It does not. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 05:18, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, so is there another reason for why you changed the status titles if not MOS:TABLECAPTION as you indicated in your previous answer? CMD (talk) 05:28, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What are "status titles"? I still have no clue what you're talking about. There were no captions, there need to be captions, therefore, I added captions. I don't see what the problem is. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 07:01, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I provided specific examples two messages above. Given there was apparently no reason, I have restored the long-standing version. I do agree with OP that it is unusual for the tables to be inconsistent, so would suggest a future change be made to all tables instead of just 3. CMD (talk) 14:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * So to be clear, you know that table captions are required per MOS:DTAB and they are used by the blind, but you removed them and you also know that MOS:COLHEAD says to not insert columns that span the table in the middle like this because they are difficult for blind users to navigate and you inserted them anyway? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 15:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What I did was ask very openly why the content was changed. I got one answer, then a note that this was not actually the answer, then a dismissal. Those who are blind benefit as do all our readers from accurate and explainable content choices. CMD (talk) 02:55, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I in no way dismissed you: I asked you what you meant. You on the other hand dismissed me just now. The solution to what you perceive to be deficient table captions is not remove them, but improve them. Have you read MOS:DTAB? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 05:53, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have openly asked you from the beginning to explain the edits, which were clearly not just adding captions. I have provided specific quotes. I'm in some cases getting 3 word replies to my questions. And yes I have read the MOS. CMD (talk) 09:04, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have answered all your questions, but I don't know what a "status title" is, hence I asked. I explained that I did two things: I added table captions and removed column headers and gave you citations as to why: MOS:TABLECAPTION and MOS:COLHEAD. Since you have evidently read the entire MOS, I am still waiting on an answer to my yes–no question above. You know that captions are obligatory and you removed them. You know that column headers are disallowed and you added them (back). Why? ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 09:10, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Prior to your question I had already quoted the changes, which were not one of those two things you list now. I ma not sure why this is still being missed, despite my repeated mention of them. I already answered your second question too, here, also apparently missed. CMD (talk) 09:37, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This is neither a yes nor a no: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Dependent_territory&diff=prev&oldid=1217989001. Please do not play games while others are trying to be serious. You can easily answer "Yes, I did that, knowing better because I have read the MOS", but you are just being unserious. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 09:53, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * "Why?" is not a yes or no question. At any rate, I have as mentioned answered the questions, with an actual answer rather than the made up quote there. There is a very simple path forward, which is explaining the content changes I noted, explaining the content changes Alexander Berezin noted, and explaining the inconsistency within the page Alexander Berezin noted. I can't see how you can claim to be serious when none of these have been done over the past few days. CMD (talk) 10:05, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * "So to be clear, you know that table captions are required per MOS:DTAB and they are used by the blind, but you removed them and you also know that MOS:COLHEAD says to not insert columns that span the table in the middle like this because they are difficult for blind users to navigate and you inserted them anyway?" does not include the word "why". I did not ask you "why", I asked you: "to be clear, you did x, yes or no" and you keep on not answering and then come up with demonstrably untrue nonsense about how I asked "Why..." which never happened. I'll add table captions and remove column headers to all the tables since you seem unwilling or unable to help blind users as the MOS explicitly says is necessary and per your directive to do so above. You could have also done this, but were motivated to write this noise instead. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 10:10, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You literally asked me "Why?" here. It is two of your messages above. Clearly the previous answers are still being missed, so I do not see this as productive. I have already noted a possible way forward above. CMD (talk) 10:15, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes and prior to that, I asked another question that you did not answer, which is clearly the one that I am waiting on you to answer and which you won't because you're playing games. Go ahead and answer it. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 10:17, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Your question prior to that was "Have you read MOS:DTAB?" to which I literally replied "yes". Further direct personal attacks assuming bad faith will be reported. CMD (talk) 10:25, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * lol, I didn't make any personal attacks. Anyway, you've made it clear what your intentions are. You have a nice life and be good and be well. ―Justin ( koa v f ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 10:32, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

The Azores, the Canary Islands, and Madeira
I just want to point out that the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Madeira have been classified as dependent territories by Collins World Atlas. 203.174.173.6 (talk) 05:51, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It's not an authority. Legally, under both domestic and international law, the territories have been incorporated into Spain and Portugal respectively. TFD (talk) 04:40, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I can't see any differences between them and the likes of Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk island. 120.16.66.177 (talk) 09:45, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I can see the difference clearly. The Canary Islands are an autonomous region of Spain, and the Asores and Madeiras are autonomous regions of Portugal, while Christmas, Cocos and Norfolk are external dependent territories of Australia.  AuH2ORepublican (talk) 03:04, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I can't see any differences between them and Tasmania. TFD (talk) 04:26, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dependent territory


text:
Walter Donaldson (snooker player)

Walter Weir Wilson Donaldson (2 February 1907 – 24 May 1973) was a Scottish professional snooker and billiards player. He contested eight consecutive world championship finals against Fred Davis from 1947 to 1954, and won the title in 1947 and 1950. Donaldson was known for his long and his consistency when playing, and had an aversion to the use of. In 2012, he was inducted posthumously into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame.

Donaldson became a professional player shortly after winning the under-16's British Junior English Billiards Championship in 1922 and won the Scottish professional billiards title six times. He first competed in the World Snooker Championship in 1933, but after a heavy defeat by Joe Davis did not enter again until 1939. After serving in the Fourth Indian Division during World War II, Donaldson entered the 1946 World Championship, where he lost to Davis in his first match. As a player that did not reach the championship final, he was eligible to enter the 1946 Albany Club Professional Snooker Tournament, which he won. Following Joe Davis's retirement from the World Championship in 1946, Donaldson practised intensively and won the 1947 Championship by defeating Fred Davis in the final. Davis won the following two championships, with Donaldson taking the next and then being runner-up to Davis for the next four years. Donaldson then retired from World Championship competition, although he continued to play in the News of the World Snooker Tournament until 1959.

Early life
Walter Weir Wilson Donaldson was born in Edinburgh, on 2 February 1907, the son of a billiard hall manager. The family moved to Coatbridge when Donaldson was five. His father coached him in English billiards from age five, having constructed a 1 ft platform around one of the billiard tables so that the younger Donaldson could reach the table to play. Donaldson told an interviewer for The Billiard Player in 1939 that starting to play at a young age was a common feature among many professional players, as "when a kiddie is brought up like that, the game gets fairly into his bones, and he has much more chance than other people of becoming a good player". His father also trained Margaret Lennan, who became the unofficial "British Isles Champion" of women's billiards in 1928. Donaldson won the under-16 division of the British Junior English Billiards Championship in 1922 at the age of 15, and turned professional the following year.

Early professional career
Donaldson moved to Rotherham in South Yorkshire, where he managed a billiard hall, and travelled to Glasgow to win the Scottish professional billiards and snooker championships in the 1928/1929 season. He later became the owner of a billiard hall in New Ollerton, Nottinghamshire. He first entered the World Snooker Championship in 1933 defeating Willie Leigh 13 to 11 before losing 1–13 in the semi-finals to Joe Davis. In 1939, Donaldson said he realised from watching Davis "annihilate" him that "there was far more in the game than I had ever dreamt of". He did not participate in the championship again until 1939. His six-year absence has been attributed to a commitment to practise and improve his standard of play following the resounding defeat by Davis. In 1939, he defeated Herbert Holt and Dickie Laws in the qualifying competition, both 18–13, then Claude Falkiner 21–10 in the first round, before losing 15–16 to Sidney Smith in the quarter-finals. He finished fourth of seven players in the 1939/1940 Daily Mail Gold Cup. The BBC World Service radio station broadcast part of his match against Fred Davis.

Donaldson spoke about his playing philosophy in 1939, saying he avoided playing risky shots because he believed matches were typically lost by one player making errors: "It isn't so much that one man wins the game but that the other man loses it." Asked by the interviewer for hints for The Billiard Player's readers to help them improve their standard of play, Donaldson advised against the use of  as "it spoils the shot in at least 90 per cent of cases when it's applied by any but a first class player. And generally it really isn't necessary." He also said he had claimed the title of Scottish snooker champion because despite issuing an invitation to any challenger to play for that title, no-one had taken up the challenge.

In the 1940 World Championship, he eliminated Holt 24–7 in the first round; Joe Davis then defeated him 9–22 in the semi-final. The championship was suspended for the remainder of World War II. Donaldson was called up in 1940, and served in Canada, North Africa, Greece and Italy as a sergeant in the Royal Corps of Signals attached to the Fourth Indian Division, which was an original component of the Eighth Army when it was formed in September 1941.

The championship resumed in 1946, with Joe Davis winning again, including a 21–10 victory over Donaldson in the quarter-finals. The professional players that did not reach the 1946 final were invited to participate in the 1946 Albany Club Professional Snooker Tournament. Donaldson won, some six months after being demobilised, by defeating Alec Brown 20–11 in the final. Following his 1946 World Championship win, Davis retired from the event. In November 1946, Donaldson compiled what would have been a new world record for the highest break, 142, against John Pulman, but as the billiard table being used was not of the standard type required for a record, it was not recognised as such.

World championship finals and later professional career
Donaldson practised intensively in preparation for the 1947 World Snooker Championship, using a billiard table in a neighbour's attic. He defeated Stanley Newman 46–25 and then eliminated Horace Lindrum 39–32 to reach the final. Building refurbishment delays postponed the final, held at Leicester Square Hall, for several weeks. Donaldson used the time to continue practising. In a two-week final over 145 frames against Fred Davis, Donaldson led 4–2 after the first and 7–5 after the second, later extending his lead to sixteen frames at 35–19. After this, Davis won six successive frames to reduce the lead to 35–25. Donaldson secured victory at 73–49 and finished the match at 82–63. His tactics during the championship involved compiling breaks of around 30 to 50 points, and playing rather than attempting difficult. Davis became frustrated with the lack of scoring chances Donaldson left for him, and missed a number of difficult pot attempts allowing Donaldson chances to win frames. There were three century breaks during the match's 145 frames, all made by Davis. Joe Davis commented after the match that, "Donaldson's long potting at present is the equal of anything seen in snooker history," whilst Fred Davis said "he is playing the best snooker I have ever seen". In his book Talking Snooker, first published in 1979, Fred Davis reflected that he had probably been "perhaps overconfident" and also had not expected Donaldson's standard to have improved so much as a result of his many hours of practice. This was the first of eight consecutive finals, from 1947 to 1954, featuring the two players.

Two wins by Joe Davis in challenge matches against Donaldson after the 1947 championship reinforced the public perception that the 15-time champion Davis was still the best player. Donaldson took a playing break of several months on medical advice, having been diagnosed with conjunctivitis after experiencing headaches. In the 1948 World Snooker Championship, held only six months after the 1947 tournament, Donaldson reached the final with wins against Kingsley Kennerley and Albert Brown. Fred Davis won 84–61 against Donaldson, having reached a winning margin at 73–52. In Talking Snooker, Davis wrote that he had consciously used the same risk-averse tactics that had paid off for Donaldson in 1947. At the 1948 Sunday Empire News Tournament, which was a round-robin event with handicaps applied, Donaldson finished fourth of five players.

In the 1949 World Snooker Championship final, Fred Davis won 80–65 against Donaldson, having taken a winning lead of 73–58 on the previous day. The score had been 63–58 before Davis won 10 frames in a row to take the title. Donaldson made the highest break of the tournament with 115 on the last day of his semi-final match against Pulman. In the handicapped 1949/1950 News of the World Snooker Tournament, Donaldson won only two of his seven round-robin matches and placed seventh out of the eight participants.

Donaldson defeated Kennerley and Albert Brown to reach the 1950 world final against Fred Davis. the final was played over 97 frames. Davis led 8–4 after the first day, but after two more days Donaldson levelled the match at 18–18, including winning five of the last six that day. He took a four-frame lead the following day, and maintained it for several days, eventually extending it to six frames at 45–39 on the penultimate day. Donaldson's victory was confirmed on the last day when the score was 49–32, with the match ending at 51–46. Almost 3,000 spectators watched one session of the match in Blackpool. The Billiard Player magazine attributed Donaldson's success to his strong safety play and a below-par performance from Davis. The highest break Donaldson achieved during the match was 80, with Davis's highest break 79. A column in the Manchester Evening News, after the final, commented that, "So afraid were Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson ... of making any rash move which would cost them a frame that play was painfully slow at times."

With only one win from seven matches in the 1950/1951 News of the World Snooker Tournament, Donaldson finished joint-last. Donaldson and Fred Davis played the 1951 world final in Blackpool, again over 97 frames, in front of a record crowd for a World Snooker Championship match. From 6–6, Davis moved into a 12–6 lead, reaching a winning margin at 49–36 before the match concluded 58–39. Donaldson won half of his matches at the 1951/1952 News of the World Snooker Tournament, leading to a sixth-place ranking out of the nine players.

Following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BA&CC), which derived partly from the PBPA members feeling that the BA&CC was taking too large a share of the income from tournaments, most professional players boycotted the 1952 World Snooker Championship and competed instead in their own 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship. As this event included most of the leading players, the public perceived it as the real world championship. The World Professional Match-play Championships are now accepted by snooker historians as part of the World Snooker Championship series. The 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship final featured Fred Davis and Donaldson and was contested across 73 frames. Davis won six of the eight frames in their first session, and led 7–5 after the first day. Donaldson had compiled a break of 104. Donaldson recorded another century break of 106 in the twentieth frame, but Davis increased his lead over him to 14–10 by the end of the second day. On the third day, Davis achieved a break of 140, a new World Championship record, and Donaldson made a 111. Davis finished the day 21–15 ahead. After another day's play, Davis was 29–19 ahead, after which Donaldson won eight of the next twelve frames. Davis won the title, finishing the last day at 38–35.

The 1952/1953 News of the World Snooker Tournament finished in January 1953, with Donaldson's three wins in eight matches enough to see him finish third. The 1953 World Professional Match-play Championship final in March saw Donaldson and Davis even at 6–6 after the first day of the 71-frame match. Donaldson took a 13–11 lead after day two, despite a break of 107 by Davis. Donaldson was ahead 20–16 after day three, but Davis tied the match at 24–24 after the fourth day which included a century of 102. Davis led 28–26, but Donaldson took a 31–29 lead at the end of the fifth day. The match was again level at 33–33 after the final afternoon session, before Davis won 37–34.

Donaldson placed seventh in the 1953/1954 News of the World Snooker Tournament, having lost five of his eight matches. In the 1954 World Professional Match-play Championship, Fred Davis and Donaldson met in their eighth successive final. It was the most one-sided of the finals, with Davis leading 33–15 after four days in the 71-frame contest. Even before losing the match, Donaldson said he would not enter the World Championship again because he could not give enough time to the practice he felt was necessary. Davis secured victory by winning the first three frames on the fifth day to lead 36–15. The final score was 45–26 with Donaldson making a break of 121 on the final day.

After the 1954 World Match-play final, Donaldson announced that he would not be playing in any future World Snooker Championships, as he wanted to focus more on the management of his smallholding, although he stated his intention to continue to play in other tournaments and in exhibition matches. With three wins at the 1954/1955 News of the World Snooker Tournament, he failed to gain a high placing. He finished third in 1955/1956, and last in 1956/1957. Donaldson inflicted Fred Davis's only defeat in the 1957/1958 News of the World Snooker Tournament (21–16), before finishing third of five players in the final table. Earlier in the same tournament he defeated Joe Davis, also by 21–16, but had received a 14-point start. He did, however, make the highest break of the season, 141. He finished bottom of four players in the 1958 News of the World Snooker Tournament table, with one win in nine matches. In 1960, he retired completely from competitive play.

Retirement and legacy
Donaldson was married to Ida, whom he met whilst working in Rotherham in the 1920s. After retiring from the sport, he converted his snooker room into a cowshed, breaking up the slates from his billiard table to make a path, and preferred to play bowls rather than snooker. In 1971, he stood as a Conservative Party candidate for the Newport Pagnell Urban District council and was elected. He died in an ambulance on his way to hospital after suffering a heart attack at his home in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, on 24 May 1973.

He was considered one of the greatest long potters of all time, and a very consistent player, partly due to his avoidance of the use of side. Joe Davis wrote of Donaldson in 1948 that: "'He pots with great accuracy, and that cool leisurely style of his will take a lot of breaking down. Many players who watch Donaldson go away vowing to copy his square 'two-eyed' stance, but the chief merits of his style are the closeness to his body of both arms and the quiet, slow, easy-looking rhythm of his action.'"

Fred Davis praised Donaldson's potting ability and described him as a "fierce competitor" although "very limited technically". In noting that Fred Davis and Donaldson dominated the game of snooker for several years, Lindrum described their "new approach" to snooker of "extensive safety tactics", recalling that the pair once shared 32 strokes on a single, and suggesting that although safety play demanded skill, "if safety had continued to be used without regard to audience appreciation, it may eventually have brought about a sharp decline in popularity".

Donaldson's obituary in Snooker Scene highlighted his "imperturbability" as a playing strength and claimed "his long potting was the best the game has ever seen", whilst noting that his aversion to applying side was probably the reason that he did not achieve more century breaks, as it limited his. The 2005 book Masters of the Baize describes Donaldson as "one of the most underrated [world professional snooker] champions", who "redefined the standards of long potting", while a 1989 book by Ian Morrison describes him as "the first great Scottish snooker professional". In 2012, Donaldson was inducted into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame.

title: Walter Donaldson (snooker player)


text:
Ginny

Ginny or Ginnie is an English feminine given name or diminutive, frequently of Virginia. "Ginny" has also become a long time slang term used in Virginia, and mainly Western Virginia in the very rural areas and deepest hollars in which poverty is very high, and where secondary English is mainly used in everyday communication. Example: "I remember back down in the Ginny, we used to do that all the time."

Virginia

 * Ginny Arnell (born 1942), American singer and songwriter born Virginia Mazarro
 * Ginny Blackmore (born 1986), New Zealand singer and songwriter
 * Ginny Brown-Waite (born 1943), American politician
 * Ginny Burdick (born 1947), American politician
 * Ginnie Crawford (born 1983), American sprinter
 * Ginny Duenkel (born 1947), American former swimmer and 1964 Olympic champion
 * Ginny Fiennes (1947-2004), British explorer and wife of adventurer Ranulph Fiennes
 * Virginia Gilder (born 1958), American former rower
 * Virginia Grayson (born 1967), New Zealand-born Australian artist
 * Virginia Leng (born 1955), British equestrienne
 * Ginny Montes (1943–1994), civil rights activist and feminist
 * Ginny Owens (born 1975), contemporary Christian music singer
 * Ginny Simms (1913-1994), American singer and actress
 * Ginny Stikeman, Canadian filmmaker, director, producer and editor
 * Ginny Tyler (1925-2012), American voice actress
 * Ginny Vida (born 1939), American editor and community leader
 * Ginnie Wade (1843-1863), only direct civilian fatality of the Battle of Gettysburg
 * Ginny Wood (1917–2013), American environmental activist
 * Ginny Wright (1932—2021), American country music singer

Ginny

 * Ginny Buckley, British television presenter
 * Ginny Capicchioni, American lacrosse goaltender and coach, first woman to play in a men's professional lacrosse game
 * Ginny Fields (born 1945), American politician

Fictional characters

 * Ginny Gordon, protagonist of a series of mystery novels for
 * Ginny Weasley, sister of Ron Weasley, girlfriend then wife of Harry Potter in the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling

Other

 * Hurricane Ginny, in the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season
 * "Ginnie", a generator used to power a secret radio by British prisoners of war in the Batu Lintang camp during the Second World War
 * Ingenuity, a NASA helicopter nicknamed Ginny

title: Ginny


text:
Without Warning (1994 film)

Without Warning (also known as July 13th ) is an American television film directed by Robert Iscove. It follows a duo of real-life reporters covering breaking news about three meteor fragments crashing into the Northern Hemisphere. It aired on CBS on October 30, 1994, and is presented as if it were an actual breaking news event, complete with remote reports from reporters. The executive producer was David L. Wolper, who produced a number of mockumentary-style films since the 1960s. The movie was heavily influenced by Orson Welles' 1938 The War of the Worlds radio broadcast, but just like said broadcast, Without Warning caused a nationwide panic.

Plot
Broadcast of a murder mystery film starring Loni Anderson, titled Without Warning, is interrupted with a news bulletin of a series of three earthquakes, one of them located in the Thunder Basin National Grassland area of Wyoming. The film resumes but a few moments later is interrupted for good as coverage, led by Sander Vanocur and Dr. Caroline Jaffe, begins of a worldwide impact event. Three impacts were observed, all along the 45th parallel north in remote areas: one in Wyoming, one in southern France, and one in the Gobi Desert in China. Lone survivors are found at the Wyoming and France impact sites, a girl and a young man, respectively. Both survivors are badly burned and their speech is unintelligible.

NASA determines the three impacts originated from 6645 Venturi, an asteroid that approached Earth directly over the North Pole before fragmenting in 45-degree separations. The three impact sites begin broadcasting an ear-piercing radio signal that cripples aircraft flying near the 45th parallel. Another large asteroid is detected moving towards the North Pole in an identical trajectory to 6645 Venturi. The United States, with consent from world leaders but disagreement from scientists, orders two F-16s to destroy the asteroid with low-yield nuclear weapons. The destruction is successful, though the attacking aircraft are brought down by another radio signal shortly before the asteroid's destruction. All of the mysterious radio signals suddenly cease. At the same time, a power surge is detected in the devoutly religious community of Faith, Wyoming, less than 50 miles from the Thunder Basin impact site. Repair crews sent to investigate discover that the citizens have all vanished without a trace.

Scientist Dr. Avram Mandel, who has been studying the impacts, is flown by an F-16 to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, where reporters are being briefed on the latest incident. He reveals his determinations: the impacts were an attempt at first contact by an extraterrestrial species; the radio signal was a transponder to help steer a follow-up vehicle; and, by destroying the follow-up vehicle, Earth has declared war. The two survivors, Kimberly Hastings and Jean-Paul Chounard, succumb to their wounds. A colleague of Mandel, Dr. Robert Pearlman, links 6645 Venturi's fragmentation pattern to an identical shape present on Pioneer 11's pioneer plaque.

Mandel resigns from NASA and reveals to reporters that three more asteroids, each at least two miles wide, will soon impact Washington, D.C., Moscow, and Beijing, the capital cities of the only three nations capable of first-strike nuclear warfare. The radio signals begin again. Two nuclear weapons are launched from the USS Ohio to intercept the Beijing and Moscow asteroids, while a third nuclear weapon is launched from F.E. Warren Air Force Base to destroy the D.C. asteroid. All three are successful and celebrations break out, but the radio signals do not cease.

Chounard and Hastings' speech is aired on the broadcast in stereo, and Vanocur recognizes the combined speech as "one hundred and forty seven member states," a recital of the message from the U.N. Secretary General included on the Voyager Golden Record aboard Voyager 2. The celebrations halt as, moments later, NASA detects hundreds more asteroids heading towards Earth all at once. As a stunned Vanocur and Jaffe react to reports of cities being destroyed worldwide, Vanocur solemnly quotes from William Shakespeare, "The fault, dear Brutus, lies not in our stars, but in ourselves," before a rumble is heard and the picture cuts to static.

Cast

 * Sander Vanocur as Himself
 * Jane Kaczmarek as Dr. Caroline Jaffe
 * Bree Walker as Herself
 * Dwier Brown as Matt Jensen
 * Brian McNamara as Mike Curtis
 * James Morrison as Paul Whitaker
 * Ashley Peldon as Kimberly Hastings
 * James Handy as Dr. Norbert Hazelton
 * Kario Salem as Dr. Avram Mandel
 * Spencer Garrett as Paul Collingwood
 * Gina Hecht as Barbara Shiller
 * John de Lancie as Barry Steinbrenner
 * Patty Toy as Denise Wong
 * Dennis Lipscomb as Dr. Robert Pearlman
 * Ron Canada as Terrence Freeman
 * Victor Wilson as Mark Manetti
 * John M. Jackson as Dale Powell
 * Ernie Anastos as Himself
 * Phillip Baker Hall as Dr. Kurt Lowden
 * Jim Pirri as Robert Marino
 * Alan Scarfe as General Lucian Alexander
 * Cynthia Allison as Herself
 * Arthur C. Clarke as Himself
 * Sandy Hill as Herself
 * Michelle Holden as Herself
 * Mario Machado as Himself
 * Warren Olney as Himself
 * Saida Pagan as Herself
 * Richard Saxton as Himself
 * Debra Snell as Herself

Co-starring

 * Randy Crowder as Deputy Anson Peters
 * Frank Bruynbroek as Jean-Paul Chounard
 * Diana Frank as Sylvie Chounard
 * Marnie McPhail as Donna Hastings
 * Sherri Paysinger as Pamela Barnes
 * Robert Peters as Dwayne Haskell
 * Lou Beatty Jr. as Dr. Jonas Tremblay
 * John DeMita as Major Powers
 * Tyler Cole Malinger as Tyler O'Neal
 * Marnie Mosiman as Annie O'Neal
 * Armand Schultz as David Case

Production
The film employed "accelerated time" (i.e. events said to have taken place an hour apart actually take place a few minutes apart), among other storytelling devices to make it clear to viewers paying attention that it was not real, including the mention of the year's G7 Summit, which had already come and gone three months before the film released. This, combined with the casting of Jane Kaczmarek, a recognizable actress, as well as several other well-known performers in secondary roles (Star Trek: The Next Generation guest star John de Lancie as a reporter and Philip Baker Hall as one of the doctors in the space station), was expected to alleviate any concerns that the story being shown was actually happening. Ron Canada, who appeared in the film as a science author being interviewed by Sander Vanocur, had previously worked as a television news reporter for stations in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. during the 1970s before becoming an actor. However, the casting of noted (albeit retired) news anchor Vanocur and noted journalist Bree Walker (who had previously anchored for Los Angeles CBS O&O station KCBS-TV) in major roles portraying themselves, plus a faux interview with noted author Arthur C. Clarke, still left some viewers wondering.

Broadcast
During the film's broadcast, CBS had warnings during the commercial breaks stating that the film was completely fictional, and that the events were not actually happening. Some CBS affiliates, such as KHOU in Houston, had similar warnings in the form of a news ticker "crawl" during the broadcast. The producers used actual CBS News graphics to help accentuate the feeling that it was real (though they used a different network logo, a sphere within an outline of a TV screen), however, leading to at least one uproar over the events. In Fort Smith, Arkansas, the CBS affiliate (KFSM-TV) reported that they had received dozens of calls regarding the incident and whether it was actually happening. The area's ABC, Fox, and NBC affiliates (respectively KHBS, KPBI and KPOM-TV) were also flooded with complaints, asking them why they were not covering this event at the same time that CBS was covering it. In several other markets, including Detroit, Michigan, and San Diego, California, the local CBS affiliates (respectively, WJBK, which would switch to Fox six weeks later, and KFMB-TV) refused to air this TV movie.

Some accused CBS of being irresponsible in showing the movie during the primetime hours, when some children were still out trick-or-treating (even though the movie actually aired the night before Halloween). Indeed, the film explicitly takes place on Oct. 31, with trick or treaters featured in several news reports within, but very few occasions have happened since Orson Welles' 1938 The War of the Worlds radio broadcast (which also aired on October 30) that so many people have been taken in by a production such as Without Warning. The film borrowed one of the locations from Welles' broadcast. Welles used the village of Grover's Mill, New Jersey, as the first landing site of the Martians in his tale. Without Warning uses the fictional town of Grover's Mill, Wyoming, as a homage to Welles' broadcast, and the original broadcast was preceded by a brief prologue referencing the War of the Worlds broadcast, with the narrator reiterating that the film about to be shown was fiction and presented in the same spirit.

Other releases and home media
The film was released on DVD on July 8, 2003, nearly nine years after its initial, and only, showing on CBS.

title: Without Warning (1994 film)


text: Template:Snooker world rankings

title: Template:Snooker world rankings


text:
Workplace Shell

The Workplace Shell (WPS) is an object-oriented desktop shell (also called desktop environment) produced by IBM's Boca Raton development lab for OS/2 2.0. It is based on Common User Access and made a radical shift away from the Program Manager type interface that earlier versions of OS/2 shared with Windows 3.x or the application-oriented WIMP interface of the Apple Macintosh. The Workplace Shell was also used in OS/2 Warp 3 and Warp 4, and the OS/2-based operating systems eComStation and ArcaOS.

IBM originally intended to deliver the Workplace Shell as part of the OfficeVision/2 LAN product, but in 1991 announced plans to release it as part of OS/2 2.0 instead.

Although mostly written in C, under the covers the Workplace Shell is implemented as an object-oriented class library, basing on the System Object Model (SOM). The WPS classes are glued together with an interface definition language (IDL). SOM and its IDL was developed by IBM in their Austin, Texas lab. The classes can easily be manipulated by sending simple settings strings (like "KEYWORD=VALUE;") to them both via a C and a Rexx API.

When implementing a new WPS class, it is derived from an existing class from within the WPS class hierarchy. For modifying, extending or removing certain functionality of the parent class, often only a few methods of the parent class need to be overwritten by the developer. All other functionality of the parent class can safely remain unchanged, ensuring the seamless integration of the added or modified functionality and with that the consistency of the remaining user interface.

The resulting object class is shipped in DLL form. Once the new object class implemented by it is registered with the Workplace Shell and an instance of this class is created, it can be acted on by the user or other programs as every other Workplace Shell object.

A part of the WPS design allows for the developer of a class Y which extends or modifies a class X to execute an additional API on installation which will let the WPS 'replace' class X by class Y. This will make even all existing instances of class X behave as instances of the modified class Y; i.e., almost a retroactive inheritance. This allows for many useful third-party desktop utilities that add or modify functionality to or of existing objects without access to IBM's source code. Where the IDL and class headers also of derived classes are published, these classes can as well be extended in turn in the same way.

title: Workplace Shell


text:
Bank of India

Bank of India (BoI) is an Indian public sector bank headquartered in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai. Founded in 1906, it has been government-owned since nationalisation in 1969. BoI is a founding member of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunications), which facilitates provision of cost-effective financial processing and communication services.

As on 31 December 2023, Bank of India's total business stands at inr 12728870000000, has 5,139 branches and 8166 ATMs & CRM around the world (including 22 overseas branches).

History
Bank of India was founded on 7 September 1906 by a group of eminent businessmen from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Bank was under private ownership and control till 19 July 1969 when it was nationalised along with 13 other banks.

Beginning with one office in Mumbai, with a paid-up capital of inr 5000000 and 50 employees, the Bank has made a rapid growth over the years and blossomed into a mighty institution with a strong national presence and sizable international operations. In business volume, the Bank occupies a premier position among the nationalised banks.

The bank has over 5,084 branches in India spread over all states and union territories including specialized branches. These branches are controlled through 54 zonal offices. There are 60 branches, 5 subsidiaries, and 1 joint venture abroad.

The Bank came out with its maiden public issue in 1997 and follow on Qualified Institutions Placement in February 2008.

CMDs since nationalization

 * 1969–1970 : Tribhovandas Damodardas Kansara
 * 1970–1975 : J.N.Saxena
 * 1975–1977 : C.P.Shah
 * 1977–1980 : H C Sarkar
 * 1981–1984 : N Vaghul
 * 1984–1986 : T. Tiwari
 * 1987–1991 : R. Srinivasan
 * 1992–1995 : G. S. Dahotre
 * 1995–1997 : G. Kathuria
 * 1997–1998 : M.G.Bhide
 * 1998–2000 : S Rajagopal
 * 2000–2003 : K.V.Krishnamurthy
 * 2003–2005 : M.Venugopalan
 * 2005–2007 : M Balachandran
 * 2007–2009 : T. S. Narayanswami
 * 2009–2012 : Alok Kumar Misra
 * 2012–2015 : Ms. V.R.Iyer
 * 2015–2015 : B.P. Sharma [Executive Director with Additional charge as MD & CEO]
 * 2015–2017 : Melwyn Rego [MD & CEO]
 * 2017–2019 : Dinabandhu Mohapatra [MD & CEO]
 * 2019–2023: Atanu Kumar Das
 * 2023–Present: Rajneesh Karnatak

title: Bank of India


text:
William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)

Sir William Alexander Smith (27 October 1854 – 10 May 1914), the founder of the Boys' Brigade, was born in Pennyland House, Thurso, Scotland. He was the eldest son of Major David Smith and his wife Harriet. He had one sister and two brothers.

Education
Smith was educated at the Miller Institution, known as the "Thurso Academy". There is now a building at Boys' Brigade Headquarters in Hemel Hempstead called the Thurso Centre.

Following his father's death, his family moved to Glasgow. In early January 1869, he became a pupil in a private school, The Western Educational Institution, more widely known as "Burns' and Sutherland’s School". In his first and only term there, he took seven prizes. His time in the institution was short-lived as he ended his school days late in May, aged 14.

Nonetheless, Smith did not cease his education altogether. His writings in a notebook indicated that he continued to take French classes after joining his uncle's business.

Late adolescence and adulthood
In October 1869, a few days before his 15th birthday, be began working in his uncle's business. Alex. Fraser & Co. were wholesale dealers in "soft goods", shawls being one of their chief markets.

He later joined the 1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, part of the local Volunteer Force, and at the age of 19, he was promoted to the rank Lance-Corporal. He also joined the Church of Scotland in that same year.

Smith was commissioned into the Rifle Volunteers in 1877 and promoted to Lieutenant later the same year. He also became a Sunday School teacher. It was a combination of these two activities that led him to found the Boys' Brigade on 4 October 1883 at Free Church Mission Hall, North Woodside Road, Glasgow. In 1909 he was knighted by King Edward VII for his services to children. He reached the rank of Honorary Colonel in the Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers.

He died on 10 May 1914 in London. He was buried in Glasgow Western Necropolis. There is a memorial stone in honour of him in St Paul's Cathedral, London, and in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. There is also a Memorial Plaque in Glasgow Cathedral, it is at the Northwest corner of the Nave.

title: William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)


text:
Open Your Eyes (1997 film)

Abre los ojos (English: Open Your Eyes) is a 1997 Spanish film directed and co-scored by Alejandro Amenábar & written by Amenábar and Mateo Gil. It stars Eduardo Noriega, Penélope Cruz, Chete Lera, Fele Martínez and Najwa Nimri. In 2002, Open Your Eyes was ranked no. 84 in the Top 100 Sci-Fi List by the Online Film Critics Society.

The film's intersecting planes of dream and reality have prompted some critics to suggest comparisons to Calderón de la Barca's 1635 play Life Is a Dream. An American remake entitled Vanilla Sky, directed by Cameron Crowe, was released in 2001, with Penélope Cruz reprising her role.

Plot
A handsome young man wakes up to a female voice telling him to open his eyes. He drives to an empty city. He wakes again, this time to a woman in his bed. He tells her not to leave him messages on his alarm clock.

From a prison cell in Madrid, the 25-year-old man, César (Eduardo Noriega), tells his story to psychiatrist Antonio (Chete Lera) while wearing a prosthetic mask. Flashbacks reveal the following events: good-looking César is attractive to women. At his birthday party, he flirts with Sofía (Penélope Cruz), his best friend Pelayo's (Fele Martínez) date. Later, he takes her home and stays the night, but they do not sleep together. The next morning, César's obsessive ex-lover Nuria (Najwa Nimri) pulls up outside Sofía's flat, offering him a ride and sex. On the way to her house, however, she crashes the car with the intent to kill them both. César survives the crash but is horribly disfigured, beyond the help of cosmetic surgery, so he decides to wear a mask to conceal his face. Sofía cannot bear to see him and tries to keep her distance.

After César's disfigurement, he begins to have a series of disorienting experiences. Drunk, César falls asleep in the street. On awakening, everything has changed: Sofía now claims to love him and the surgeons restore his lost looks. But as he makes love to Sofía one night, she suddenly changes into Nuria. Horrified, César smothers her to death with a pillow. Yet everyone else believes Nuria is indeed the woman everyone else calls Sofía, and he is imprisoned for her murder.

While he is confined to the prison, fragments of his past return to him as if in a dream. It is revealed that, shortly after falling asleep drunk on the street, César signed a contract with Life Extension, a company specializing in cryonics, to be cryogenically preserved and to experience extremely lucid and lifelike virtual reality dreams. Returning to their headquarters, under supervision by prison officers, he discovers they specialize in cryonics with a twist: "artificial perception" or the provision of a fantasy based on the past to clients who are reborn in the future. He committed suicide at home shortly after signing the contract and was placed in cryonic suspension. Duvernois, the L.E. representative who explains César's experiences to him while dreaming, reveals that the era is 150 years in the future and César's time from his awakening in the street onward has been a dream, spliced retroactively into his actual life and replacing his true memories. At the end of the film, César decides to wake and be resurrected by committing suicide. Convinced his life since the drunken night in the street has been a nightmarish vision created by Life Extension, he leaps from the roof of the company's high-rise headquarters, and the film ends, apparently ambiguously, on a black screen with a woman telling him to open his eyes.

Cast

 * Eduardo Noriega as César, a confident and wealthy young man who has money and is successful with women
 * Fele Martínez as Pelayo, César's best friend, whose personality is marked by his inferiority complex when it comes to meeting women
 * Penélope Cruz as Sofía, César's love interest
 * Najwa Nimri as Nuria, César's former lover, who still has feelings for him
 * Tristán Ulloa as Camarero
 * Chete Lera as Antonio, a psychologist who tries to help
 * Gérard Barray as Duvernois, a representative of the L.E. company

Release
The film was theatrically released on 19 December 1997.

Critical reception
Open Your Eyes received mostly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 85% approval rating based on reviews from 47 critics, with a weighted average score of 7.39 out of 10. The site's critical consensus states: "Director Alejandro Amenábar tackles some heady issues with finesse and clarity in Open Your Eyes, a gripping exploration of existentialism and the human spirit". James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars (out of four), writing that movies "of this intelligence, audacity, and complexity come along so rarely that it's mandatory to cry out their arrival" and that "those who see it will not quickly forget the experience". Rob Blackwelder of SplicedWire gave the film four stars (out of four), calling it "a jaw-dropping psychological thriller" that's "beautifully orchestrated".

Richard Scheib of The Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review also gave Open Your Eyes four stars, writing that it is "quite a remarkable film". Holly E. Ordway of DVD Active wrote "I don’t give out “perfect 10” ratings lightly, but Open Your Eyes earns one by all accounts". However, Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk gave a more lukewarm review, writing that he "found most of Open Your Eyes interesting" but remarked that "there's something about the picture that kept me from being completely involved".

In 2016, Alejandro Amenábar said in a retrospective that Open Your Eyes was his worst film, saying that it had been written by teenagers, who did not know anything about life.

Box office
In Spain, the film was the second highest-grossing Spanish film of the year behind Torrente, el brazo tonto de la ley with a gross of $7.8 million. In the United States and Canada it grossed $370,720. Elsewhere it grossed $0.7 million.

Soundtrack

 * Vol. #1
 * 1) "Glamour" - Amphetamine Discharge (6:03)
 * 2) "Risingson" - Massive Attack (5:29)
 * 3) "El detonador EMX-3" - Chucho (5:17)
 * 4) "How do" - Sneaker Pimps (5:04)
 * 5) "Sick of you" - Onion (4:28)
 * 6) "T-sebo" - Side Effects (5:44)
 * 7) "Flying away" - Smoke City (3:50)
 * 8) "Arrecife" - Los Coronas (3:11)
 * 9) "Yo mismo" - If (3:37)
 * 10) "Tremble (goes the night)" - The Walkabouts (5:02)
 * 11) "El detonador remix" – Chucho / Side Effects (5:01)

 * Vol. #2 (Instrumental)
 * 1) "Abre los ojos" (2:28)
 * 2) "Sofía" (1:12)
 * 3) "Soñar es una mierda" (1:04)
 * 4) "La operación" (1:33)
 * 5) "¿Dónde está Sofía?" (0:54)
 * 6) "El parque" (3:08)
 * 7) "Hipnosis" (2:20)
 * 8) "Quítate la careta" (2:56)
 * 9) "Eres mi mejor amigo" (2:41)
 * 10) "La única explicación" (2:05)
 * 11) "Quiero verte" (6:38)
 * 12) "Esa sonrisa" (0:53)
 * 13) "Deja vu" (1:51)
 * 14) "Excarcelación" (4:28)
 * 15) "La vida" (1:46)
 * 16) "La azotea" (5:21)
 * 17) "Créditos finales" (3:31)

Source:.

Awards and nominations

 * align = "center" rowspan = "10" | 1999 || rowspan = "10" | 13th Goya Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film || Nominated || rowspan = "10" |
 * Best Director || Alejandro Amenábar || Nominated
 * Best Original Screenplay || Alejandro Amenábar y Mateo Gil || Nominated
 * Best Actor || Eduardo Noriega || Nominated
 * Best Editing || María Elena Sáinz de Rozas || Nominated
 * Best Art Direction || Wolfgang Burmann || Nominated
 * Best Production Supervision || Emiliano Otegui || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Colin Arthur, Paca Almenara, Sylvie Imbert || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Daniel Goldstein, Patrick Ghislain, Ricardo Steinberg || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Alberto Esteban, Aurelio Sánchez || Nominated
 * }
 * Best Art Direction || Wolfgang Burmann || Nominated
 * Best Production Supervision || Emiliano Otegui || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Colin Arthur, Paca Almenara, Sylvie Imbert || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Daniel Goldstein, Patrick Ghislain, Ricardo Steinberg || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Alberto Esteban, Aurelio Sánchez || Nominated
 * }
 * Best Sound || Daniel Goldstein, Patrick Ghislain, Ricardo Steinberg || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Alberto Esteban, Aurelio Sánchez || Nominated
 * }
 * }

American remake
Director Cameron Crowe's film Vanilla Sky (2001) is a remake of Open Your Eyes. It stars Tom Cruise in the lead role (renamed David Aames), Penélope Cruz reprising her role as Sofia, Cameron Diaz as the woman who disfigures David (renamed Julianna Gianni), Jason Lee as the friend (renamed Brian Shelby), and Kurt Russell as the psychiatrist (renamed Curtis McCabe). Transporting the action from Madrid to New York City, Vanilla Sky follows its source material's plot very closely, but makes several changes to the ending.

title: Open Your Eyes (1997 film)


text:
Talk:Collocation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Shevajia.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:02, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Valuable external links
http://www.visuwords.com/?word=referee http://llohe-ocd.appspot.com/

Peterkempen (talk) 09:56, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

For the section, ‘expanded definition’, it would be beneficial to expand on the theory by Gledhill about the 3 different perspectives of collocation and possibly provide examples so that readers can understand a bit better. Also, if the article could expand on how collocation is presented differently in usual phraseological studies compared to Gledhills 3 perspectives. I do not understand in what way that they are different in this small paragraph. Providing at least one example to the six main types of collocation would also help reader grasp this concept better. User:sofiamcor 11:58, 18 Sept 2014

Should there also be a discussion of collocation in the mathematical (PDE approximation method) sense here?
 * How about in the computer server sense, i.e., the Wikipedia servers are collocated at a data center in Florida? cluth 11:05, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps examples would aid in understanding this, I'm not 100% clear on what a Collocation is after reading this is.

I'd like to contribute but am not sure about the terminology. Is a collocation a semantic unit? Is 'united states of america' a colocation ? If yes I could write a lot about it, but I don't want to mess with something else... Kh251

U.S.A. is more a compound word IMHO - not a collocation. The problem with collocations is, that there is not the "one definition". Several linguists have tried to define this phenomenon, and some of these definitions differ slightly (as far as I know). For example there are some who believe, that collocations can only be made off two lexems while other linguists say that they can contain more than two. There is no clear cut border between collocations and compound words on the one side and collocations and idioms on the other. Collocations are relatively free in their syntactic use, much more than ie. proverbs are. I think another good example of a collocation is the word "commit" in English. Commit has a relatively fixed set of words which co-occur with it. Commit is very often found with crime words like: commit (a crime / suicide / murder / etc.). You wouldn't say, I don't know: to peform suicide or something like that. (of course there is also "to perpetrate a crime", but this is far less frequent, isn't it). So "commit" + crimeword = collocation - AFAIK. --80.129.150.208 10:59, 5 December 2005 (UTC) LINNE

Regarding the fine line between collocations, compounds, and idioms --

IDIOMS differ from the other two because their meaning is not literal. Collocations and compound words pretty much mean what they say. The latter two categories are hierarchical.

COLLOCATIONS are more general because they can be either within or across syntactic categories e.g., "row a boat" and "commit suicide" include both verbs and noun or noun phrase; "crystal ball" is a noun phrase.

COMPOUNDS are either NOUNS or VERBS, without mixing, for the most part: (N) greenhouse, (V) look after

The reason compounds and collocations are so easily confused is that most discussions leave out prosodic features.

COLLOCATIONS are stressed with default phrase intonation - adj NOUN - "crystal BALL"; verb phrase - "row a BOAT" COMPOUNDS shift stress to make one large noun: PARKing meter or one large verb: look AFter --66.30.203.16 13:58, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Something someone may want (or not) to address:

I've always wondered about the words commingle and collocate. At first glance (and the first time I heard them), I thought they should be colocate and comingle (co signifying "with," as in cooperate, coworker, etc.). The definitions of both words certainly seem to indicate that the co- prefix is an accurate description of the word, so why is there a double letter after the co- prefix? Why collocate and commingle? It looks funny and doesn't make any sense. You wouldn't write coooperate or cowworker (unless that worker were a real moo-er...); why this?

Someone know the etymology or something? Should it be addressed here and in commingling? cluth 11:05, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

According to the OED, it comes from latin ad. L. collocQtiZn-em, n. of action f. collocQre (see prec.). Cf. F. collocation. Also, the orthography for collocation signals a couple of things--first, this is *not* "location" plus prefix "co-", rather it's a borrowing from Latin with its original use being as a noun describing an action (1600s). It's first use in Linguistics is shown as 1940; I'd say the spelling is fixed at this point.

Anyway, if you say the words (using the prescribed pronounciation, at least), you'll see that there's definitely some lengthening of the glide "l" in "collocation" vs. "location" and the nasal "m" in "commingle" vs. "mingle." Hope that's useful. King Mongo 17:35, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

motor cyclist?
I think the motor cyclist example is a poor one. A google search today shows about 57,800 hits for "motor cyclist" with the quotes, and about 3,100,000 hits for motorcyclist, about six times more common. A better example would be any two-word compound that is never combined to form one word. But, as I am not a linguist, I leave it for someone more expert to confirm my intuition and make this change. Anomalocaris 06:03, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

kick the bucket
'kick the bucket' (an example used) is more than a collocation - it is an idiom!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.64.147 (talk) 08:40, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

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Collocation?
Dear writer, I don't know if I am here at the right address, but by here my remark.

As far as I could analyze the word "mad" is a collocation of the words "mean angry and dangerous".

Am I wrong?

Regards. 85.149.24.135 (talk) 12:48, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

 * For one thing, the word mean got that sense long after the word mad ('insane') existed. —Tamfang (talk) 06:43, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Ingliz tili
Describe a helpful a person at study — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.113.196.186 (talk) 15:17, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collocation


text:
Sonia Manzano

Sonia Manzano (born June 12, 1950) is an American actress, screenwriter, and author. She is best known for playing Maria on Sesame Street from 1971 to 2015. She received a Lifetime Achievement Daytime Emmy Award in 2016.

Her memoir, Becoming Maria: Love and Chaos in the South Bronx was published in 2015, and her works include the novel The Revolution of Evelyn Serrano as well as several children's books. She is the creator of the animated children's television series Alma's Way, from Fred Rogers Productions, and serves as an executive producer, writer and voice actor for the show.

Early life and education
Manzano was born and raised in the South Bronx in New York City. Her parents came from Puerto Rico. Manzano attended the High School of Performing Arts, where she began her acting career. She attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh on a scholarship. In her junior year, she came to New York to star in the original production of the off-Broadway show Godspell.

Career
Manzano joined the production of Sesame Street in 1971, where she eventually began writing scripts for the series. On June 29, 2015, it was announced that Manzano would be retiring from the show after 44 years. Manzano did, however, later reprise the role of Maria in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration.

She has performed on the New York stage, in The Vagina Monologues and The Exonerated. She has written for the Peabody Award-winning children's series Little Bill, and has written a parenting column for the Sesame Workshop web site called "Talking Outloud". She has also appeared in multiple films, including Death Wish, Firepower, Night Flowers, Wonder Woman in Cheetah on the Prowl, Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland, The Guitar, Dumped!, Missing Grandma, and Godmothered, and television programs, including BJ and the Bear, Law & Order, and Law & Order: SVU.

Manzano is the author of a novel, children's books, and a memoir. Her children's book No Dogs Allowed was published by Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing in 2004. The book has been adapted as a stage play. She is also the author of the novel The Revolution of Evelyn Serrano (2014). In 2015, her memoir, Becoming Maria: Love and Chaos in the South Bronx, was published. In 2022, her novel for children Coming Up Cuban was published, as part of a contract with Scholastic to publish two novels and two picture books for children.

She has served on the March of Dimes Board; the board of the George Foster Peabody Awards; and the board of a New York City theatrical institution, Symphony Space. She is a member of the board of advisors of the Project Sunshine Book Club. She was featured in the Learning Leaders (volunteers helping students succeed) poster, designed to encourage reading in NYC public schools.

In several episodes of the animated Nickelodeon series The Loud House, Manzano provides the voice of Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago's grandmother, Rosa Casagrande, a role she reprises in the spinoff The Casagrandes. She also portrays Judge Gloria Pepitone in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. She also provided the voice-over narration in several animated segments in the English version of the Swedish television show Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter.

On December 3, 2020, Deadline reported that Manzano would return to PBS to create a new animated children's television series titled Alma's Way. In Alma's Way, which was launched by PBS in October 2021, she is the creator, as well as an executive producer, writer, and voice actor.

Honors and awards
Manzano was nominated twice for the Emmy Award as Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series. As a writer for Sesame Street, Manzano won 15 Emmy Awards.

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Manzano's name and picture. In 2004, she was added to the Bronx Walk of Fame.

Manzano has received awards from the Association of Hispanic Arts, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, the Committee for Hispanic Children and Families, the Hispanic Heritage Award for Education in 2003, and the "Groundbreaking Latina Lifetime Achievement" award from the National Association of Latina Leaders in 2005. In 2005, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from University of Notre Dame. The Dream Big Initiative of the Bronx Children's Museum honored Manzano in 2014.

On May 1, 2016, she received the Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences presented to her by Rita Moreno and Mario Lopez, with a special introduction by Lin-Manuel Miranda and a retrospective of her career on Sesame Street featuring a montage of clips of her most iconic moments including Maria's classic Charlie Chaplin routine, her marriage to Luis, the birth of her daughter Gabi, coping with the death of Mr. Hooper, and appearances by fellow cast and guests including Emilio Delgado, Bob McGrath, Alan Muraoka, Loretta Long, Big Bird, Rosita, Elmo, and Sonia's real life friend Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor.

Books

 * No Dogs Allowed! (2004)
 * A Box Full of Kittens (2007)
 * The Revolution of Evelyn Serrano (2014)
 * Becoming Maria: Love and Chaos in the South Bronx (2015)
 * Miracle on 133rd Street (2015)
 * A World Together (2020)
 * Coming Up Cuban (2022)

title: Sonia Manzano


text:
1980–81 snooker world rankings

The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), the governing body for professional snooker, first published official world rankings for players on the main tour for the 1976–77 season. Before this, for each tournament the defending champion was seeded first, and the previous year's runner-up second.

Players' performances in the previous three World Snooker Championships (1978, 1979 and 1980) contributed to their points total. For each of the three years, the World Champion gained five points, the runner-up received four, losing semi-finalists got three, losing quarter-finalists got two, and losers in the last-16 round received a single point. Ray Reardon, who had not won a major title for two years, retained the number one ranking that he had held since the inception of the rankings, despite only reaching the quarter-finals of the 1979 and 1980 championships. The 1980 World Champion, Cliff Thorburn, was ranked second, and Eddie Charlton was placed third, as he had been for each year since the 1976/1977 list. John Spencer, the 1977 champion, dropped from fourth place to 15th. Player and commentator Jack Karnehm remarked that in the 1976/1977 rankings Reardon was ten points ahead of the player ranked tenth, but in the 1980/1981 list there were only four points between the first and tenth-ranked places, which Karnehm considered showed a greater parity between the top players.

The eight highest-ranked players were placed directly into the last-16 round of the 1981 World Snooker Championship, with defending champion Thorburn as the top seed. The next eight from the list were placed into the first round and would face a player from the qualifying competition. Karnehm criticised the ranking system for not taking into consideration players' performances at tournaments other than the world championship and, because the points were accumulated over three years, having a bias against new players. The article in Snooker Scene magazine discussing the ranking list for 1980/1981 also contained concerns about the advantage to established players, whilst arguing that no better alternative system had been proposed.

Rankings
The professional world rankings for snooker players in the 1980–81 season are listed below. Points gained in each of the three World Snooker Championships are shown, with the total number of points given in the last column. A "–" symbol indicates that the player did not participate in that year's championship.

title: 1980–81 snooker world rankings