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Human Remains (TV series)

Human Remains is a British black comedy television series written by and starring Rob Brydon and Julia Davis that aired in 2000. Each episode documented the relationship of a different couple, all of whom were played by Brydon and Davis and were unhappy, in the style of a fly on the wall documentary. The show's humour derives from such bleak topics as domestic violence, chronic depression and death. Davis later used some of these themes in her solo project, Nighty Night. Ruth Jones, who would later work with Davis in Nighty Night, appears in the third episode. She would later co-write the acclaimed series Gavin & Stacey, in which both Brydon and Davis appear.

Writing and production
The series was written by Julia Davis and Rob Brydon, who were so sure of a commission they wrote all six episodes before finalising the deal. They wrote it in a flat in the same building complex where the late Kenneth Williams once lived. It was directed by Matt Lipsey and produced by Alison Mcphail. Executive producers were Henry Normal and Steve Coogan.

After creating the concept for the series, Davis and Brydon set about developing the material for the six episodes. Avoiding more conventional methods of writing the scripts, the pair instead opted to record themselves on camera and in character, to develop their various characters and written material. These recordings were then later on used as the basis for the written scripts.

"An English Squeak"
The apparently bucolic aristo-existence of Peter and Flick is shadowed by an ailment on her part that makes physical intimacy impossible. Still reeling from the death of her true love Geoffrey, Flick has little time for the downtrodden, childish, and unimpressive Peter. However, he waits on his reluctant wife hand and foot, nursing her through her struggle with an imaginary illness which, in Flick's own words, means "penile accommodation is absolutely impossible", despite a highly suspicious relationship with her masseur. Flick rarely acknowledges this compassion, is utterly exasperated with Peter's small stature, and is more than happy to bury him in the pet cemetery when his time to leave this world comes. Peter's main goal is to win a juvenile showjumping competition he is taking part in, but this falls on his birthday, much to the annoyance of Flick, who has gone to great efforts to throw a children's birthday party complete with clown and macabre piano music.

"Slither In"
"Ignorance is bliss, that to me is the beauty of a coma". Brummie B&B owners Gordon and Sheila fit their swinging lifestyle alongside looking after Sheila's coma stricken sister. Despite a relatively happy marriage Sheila isn't physically attracted to Gordon, describing the first time she saw him naked as "like a road accident. Shocking, but you can't help looking!" Uneasy at the thought of eventually losing her sister Val, Sheila doesn't know how to handle it. Gordon reminds her Val's death will be a blessing, as they can expand their swinging room into the bedroom she currently occupied. The episode concludes with Val having been relegated to the corner of the room and covered in a dust sheet as the sex-dungeon 'play room' is expanded into her current bedroom.

"All Over My Glasses"
Michelle and Stephen are planning their wedding day. The first dance is R-Kelly's "Bump and Grind" and there are five boxes of Doritos for the reception. The more than a little "simple" Michelle seems oblivious to abusive yob Stephen's latent homosexual tendencies, perhaps more preoccupied with her unhealthy obsession with Princess Diana. In fact, Michelle is so obsessed that on the night of Diana's death she drove down to the local underpass to "feel how she must have felt". Stephen was in the driver's seat "rightly or wrongly, speeding like a maniac" and her Uncle Roy was Mr. Dodi, "Laughing and swearing and that."

"Straight as a Flute"
When not making curly sausage casseroles for the vicar, Beverly and Tony survey their neighbour's Satan-inspired garden and tell of life under the full gaze of the Lord. They do have other ways of keeping busy though, to the detriment of Tony's heart. Whilst he isn't conducting bizarre demonstrations at his workplace and Beverly isn't dabbling in a bit of hair and beauty, they can be found attending to their dogs or indulging in Scottish country dancing. The pair also run "top up" meetings for their fellow church goers. As Beverly puts it "If Church is your vaccination against Satan, these meetings are your boosters".

"Hairless"
"My songs are like my children," says singer Fonte. "Yet they're also like my parents, or a special uncle who is particularly friendly at Christmas time". Fonte Bund seems to have no reservation at all about passing off the work of Alanis Morissette as her own ("All I'm taking is the tune and the lyrics, that's all I'm taking"), and is often casting aside her more creative musical partner Barne when it comes to singing - now opting to double up with her crippled lesbian pal Susan on stage. After the events of this episode, Fonte is left devastated after Susan's death. But, as Barne puts it; "If you've got an electric wheelchair and a cliffside bungalow, you're asking for trouble, and that's what she got!"

"More Than Happy"
Coastal shopkeeper Les's optimism has carried him and wife Ray through eight traumatic married years, which includes the loss of their children and subsequent suspicion that they were somehow involved. The two of them try and eke out a living by diversifying their trade as a florist by selling body piercings, bras and a banal range of sandwiches - "We don't do your fancy sandwiches, brown bread, or anything..." Ray seems to be getting ever more depressed by the loneliness, financial worries and the devastating events of the past. Her fleeting solace comes from an interest in arts and crafts (although she's clearly no Picasso) and a rather painful form of sexual relief. Les comments, "You hear of people who have all sorts of sexual hang-ups...and I'm one of them."

"The Fonte Bund Band Live"
Follow Fonte and Barne as they try to make a good impression as a support act at a real life music event. Will Fonte's flirting and sugary compliments help their chances of securing a place on the tour bus? Or will creative differences as well as Fonte's total hatred of Barne put a spanner in the works? Although in many respects a seventh episode, this special that was released as an extra on the 2003 DVD was never classed as part of the series as a whole, and differs in writing and visual style to the televised episodes.

Reception
In 2009, The Guardian called it "one of the best comedies in the past ten years". Vice wrote that it "stands as one of Britain's most unusual and innovative comedies".

DVD
The DVD contains the following extras:
 * Commentary with Rob Brydon and Julia Davis
 * Fonte Bund Band Live - following Fonte and Barne on tour
 * Multi-angle option to view original character improvisations
 * Deleted Scenes
 * Outtakes
 * Make Up and Wardrobe Tests
 * Three BBC trailers
 * Photo gallery
 * Les's songs

title: Human Remains (TV series)


text: File:GaryCurtis.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:GaryCurtis.jpg


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Talk:1879

Untitled
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1879 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1886 --BozMo 13:53, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

title: Talk:1879


text:
Talk:1878

[Greece Declares War on Turkey]
A citation is needed on this statement, and I can't find anything definitive that proves or disproves it. The most detailed account I could find on my limited search was the following on pp 584 of Illustrated Universal History: Being a Clear and Concise History of All Nations By Israel Smith Clare (1880) which states that there was an incursion of 12,000 Greek troops, and the island of Crete was annexed. A few days later an armistice was agreed upon by Greece and Turkey, but the insurgents on Crete continued to carry their arms. So whether this was a declaraition of war... is undecided and I will let more informed individuals decide. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joma888 (talk • contribs) 05:04, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1878 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1886

--BozMo 13:54, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk) jxjdsaku jkjdya iuuds au khui u sr kdu r eidh  msu hfkjfd suigdshua ynbyu huujhu asguihjkhut hjhjusjk8ul jlkui akl; ;isaf

1876 gold $ 5 dollar peice worth
1876 gold $5 dollar peice worth 172.58.192.160 (talk) 10:15, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:1878


text:
Rosuvastatin

Rosuvastatin, sold under the brand name Crestor among others, is a statin medication, used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and treat abnormal lipids. It is recommended to be used together with dietary changes, exercise, and weight loss. It is taken orally (by mouth).

Common side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, headaches, and muscle pains. Serious side effects may include rhabdomyolysis, liver problems, and diabetes. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Like all statins, rosuvastatin works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme found in the liver that plays a role in producing cholesterol.

Rosuvastatin was patented in 1991, and approved for medical use in the United States in 2003. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the thirteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 32million prescriptions.

Medical uses

The primary use of rosuvastatin is for prevention of cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and the treatment of abnormal lipids.

Effects on cholesterol levels
The effects of rosuvastatin on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are dose-related. Higher doses were more efficacious in improving the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolemia than milligram-equivalent doses of atorvastatin and milligram-equivalent or higher doses of simvastatin and pravastatin.

Meta-analysis showed that rosuvastatin is able to modestly increase levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well, as with other statins. A 2014 Cochrane review determined there was good evidence for rosuvastatin lowering non-HDL levels linearly with dose.

Side effects and contraindications
Side effects are uncommon:
 * constipation
 * heartburn
 * dizziness
 * sleeplessness
 * depression
 * joint pain
 * cough
 * memory loss or forgetfulness
 * confusion

The following rare side effects are more serious. Like all statins, rosuvastatin can possibly cause myopathy, rhabdomyolysis:
 * muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness
 * lack of energy
 * fever
 * chest pain
 * jaundice: yellowing of the skin or eyes
 * dark colored, or foamy urine
 * pain in the upper right part of the abdomen
 * nausea
 * extreme tiredness
 * weakness
 * unusual bleeding or bruising
 * loss of appetite
 * flu-like symptoms
 * sore throat, chills, or other signs of infection

Allergic reactions can develop:
 * rash
 * hives
 * itching
 * difficulty breathing or swallowing
 * swelling of the face, throat, tongue, lips, eyes, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs
 * hoarseness
 * numbness or tingling in fingers or toes

Rosuvastatin has multiple contraindications, including hypersensitivity to rosuvastatin or any component of the formulation, active liver disease, elevation of serum transaminases, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Rosuvastatin is not prescribed nor used while pregnant, as it can cause serious harm to the fetus. In the case of breastfeeding, it is unknown whether rosuvastatin is passed through breastmilk.

The risk of myopathy may be increased in Asian Americans: "Because Asians appear to process the drug differently, half the standard dose can have the same cholesterol-lowering benefit in those patients, though a full dose could increase the risk of side-effects, a study by the drug's manufacturer, AstraZeneca, indicated." Therefore, the lowest dose is recommended in Asians.

Myopathy
As with all statins, there is a concern of rhabdomyolysis, a severe undesired side effect. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has indicated that "it does not appear that the risk [of rhabdomyolysis] is greater with Crestor than with other marketed statins", but has mandated that a warning about this side-effect, as well as a kidney toxicity warning, be added to the product label.

Diabetes mellitus
Statins increase the risk of diabetes, consistent with FDA's review, which reported a 27% increase in investigator-reported diabetes mellitus in rosuvastatin-treated people.

Drug interactions
The following drugs can have negative interactions with rosuvastatin and should be discussed with the prescribing doctor:
 * Coumarin anticoagulants ('blood thinners', e.g. warfarin) can affect the removal of rosuvastatin
 * Ciclosporin, colchicine
 * Drugs that may decrease the levels or activity of endogenous steroid hormones, e.g. cimetidine, ketoconazole, and spironolactone
 * Additional medications for high cholesterol such as clofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and niacin (when taken in lipid-modifying doses of 1 g/day and above)
 * Specific protease inhibitors including atazanavir (when taken with ritonavir), lopinavir/ritonavir and simeprevir
 * Alcohol intake should be reduced while on rosuvastatin in order to decrease risk of developing liver damage
 * Aluminum and magnesium hydroxide antacids should not be taken within two hours of taking rosuvastatin
 * Coadministration of rosuvastatin with eluxadoline may increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis and myopathy

Grapefruit juice negatively interacts with several specific drugs in the statin class, but it has little or no effect on rosuvastatin.

Structure
Rosuvastatin has structural similarities with most other statins, e.g., atorvastatin, cerivastatin and pitavastatin, but unlike other statins, rosuvastatin contains sulfur (in sulfonyl functional group). Crestor is a calcium salt of rosuvastatin, i.e. rosuvastatin calcium, in which calcium replaces the hydrogen in the carboxylic acid group on the right of the skeletal formula at the top right of this page.

Mechanism of action
Rosuvastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, having a mechanism of action similar to that of other statins.

Putative beneficial effects of rosuvastatin therapy on chronic heart failure may be negated by increases in collagen turnover markers as well as a reduction in plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in patients with chronic heart failure.

Pharmacodynamics
The dose-related magnitude of rosuvastatin on blood lipids was determined in a Cochrane systematic review in 2014. Over the dose range of 1 to 80 mg/day strong linear dose‐related effects were found; total cholesterol was reduced by 22.1% to 44.8%, LDL cholesterol by 31.2% to 61.2%, non-HDL cholesterol by 28.9% to 56.7% and triglycerides by 14.4% to 26.6%.

Pharmacokinetics
Absolute bioavailability of rosuvastatin is about 20% and Cmax is reached in 3 to 5 hours; administration with food did not affect the AUC according to the original sponsor submitted clinical study and as per product label. However, a subsequent clinical study has shown a marked reduction in rosuvastatin exposure when administered with food. It is 88% protein bound, mainly to albumin. Fraction absorbed of rosuvastatin is frequently misquoted in the literature as approximately 0.5 (50%) due to a miscalculated hepatic extraction ratio in the original submission package subsequently corrected by the FDA reviewer.

Rosuvastatin is metabolized mainly by CYP2C9 and not extensively metabolized; approximately 10% is recovered as metabolite N-desmethyl rosuvastatin. It is excreted in feces (90%) primarily and the elimination half-life is approximately 19 hours.

Both AUC and Cmax are approximately 2-fold higher in Asian patients compared to Caucasian patients given the same dose of rosuvastatin.

Society and culture
Rosuvastatin is the international nonproprietary name (INN).

Economics
Because low- to moderate dose statins are strongly recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults aged 40–75 years who are at risk, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in the United States requires most health insurance plans to cover the costs of these drugs without charging the insured patient a copayment or coinsurance, even if he or she has not yet reached his or her annual deductible. Rosuvastatin 5 mg and 10 mg are examples of regimens meeting the USPTFS guideline; however, insurers have discretion as to which low- and moderate-dose statin regimens to cover under this requirement, and some only cover other statins.

The drug was billed as a "super-statin" during its clinical development; the claim was that it offers high potency and improved cholesterol reduction compared to rivals in the class. The main competitors to rosuvastatin are atorvastatin and simvastatin. However, people can also combine ezetimibe with either simvastatin or atorvastatin and other agents on their own, for somewhat similar augmented response rates. some published information for comparing rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, and ezetimibe/simvastatin results is available, but many of the relevant studies are still in progress.

First launched in 2003, sales of rosuvastatin were $129million and $908million in 2003, and 2004, respectively, with a total patient treatment population of over 4million by the end of 2004. Annual cost to the UK National Health Service (NHS) in 2018, for 5–40 mg rosuvastatin daily (of one person) was £24-40, compared to £10-20 for 20–80 mg simvastatin.

In 2013, it was the fourth-highest selling drug in the United States, accounting for approximately $5.2billion in sales. In 2021, it was the thirteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 32million prescriptions.

Legal status
Rosuvastatin is approved in the United States for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol (dyslipidemia), total cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), and/or triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia). In February 2010, rosuvastatin was approved by the FDA for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.

, rosuvastatin had been approved in 154 countries and launched in 56. Approval in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) came on 13 August 2003.

Patent protection and generic versions
The main patent which protected rosuvastatin (RE37,314, which expired in 2016) was challenged as being an improper reissue of an earlier patent. This challenge was rejected in 2010, and thus patent protection did continue until 2016.

In April 2016, the FDA approved the first generic version of rosuvastatin (from Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc). In July 2016, Mylan gained approval for its generic rosuvastatin calcium.

Debate and criticisms
In October 2003, several months after its introduction in Europe, Richard Horton, the editor of the medical journal The Lancet, criticized the way Crestor had been introduced. "AstraZeneca's tactics in marketing its cholesterol-lowering drug, rosuvastatin, raise disturbing questions about how drugs enter clinical practice and what measures exist to protect patients from inadequately investigated medicines," according to his editorial. The Lancet's editorial position is that the data for Crestor's superiority rely too much on extrapolation from the lipid profile data (surrogate end-points) and too little on hard clinical end-points, which are available for other statins that had been on the market longer. The manufacturer responded by stating that few drugs had been tested so successfully on so many patients. In correspondence published in The Lancet, AstraZeneca's CEO Tom McKillop called the editorial "flawed and incorrect" and slammed the journal for making "such an outrageous critique of a serious, well-studied medicine."

In 2004, the consumer interest organization Public Citizen filed a Citizen's Petition with the FDA, asking that Crestor be withdrawn from the US market. On 11 March 2005, the FDA issued a letter to Sidney M. Wolfe of Public Citizen both denying the petition and providing an extensive detailed analysis of findings that demonstrated no basis for concerns about rosuvastatin compared with the other statins approved for marketing in the United States. In 2015, Wolfe explained why he thought that "the drug should have been withdrawn and why it should not be used", due to the incidence of rhabdomyolysis, renal problems, and significant increase in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and fasting insulin levels, and decreased insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Rosuvastatin indeed lowered cholesterol more than other statins, but Wolfe asked "what about actually improving health, preventing heart attacks and strokes?"

title: Rosuvastatin


text:
Tanaji Malusare

Tanaji Kaloji Malusare or Subedar Tanaji Malusare was a military commander of the Maratha kingdom and a companion of Shivaji. A local poet Tulsidas, wrote a powada describing Subhedar Tanhaji's heroics and sacrifice of life in the Battle of Sinhagad, which has since made him a popular figure in Indian folklore.

Background
According to the historian David Hardiman, Kolis were the early helpers of Shivaji Maharaj in a revolt. Tanhaji Malusare is one such prominent example of a Koli whose name is memorizalized due to his act of capturing the fort of Singhad and handing it to Shivaji. Tanhaji's father's name was Kaloji Malusare.

Military career
Early military career

According to many historians including Jadunath Sarkar, Tanaji was involved in the capture of Torna fort or Battle of Torna (1646). In 1646, Shivaji sent his captains Netaji Palkar, Yesaji Kank and Tanaji Malusare to capture the fort of Torna taking advantage of the illness of the Adil Shahi Sultan, Mohammad Adil Shah.

As an official Army Officer

Tanaji was with Shivaji Maharaj around the time when he took his pledge at Rayareshwar temple to establish a sovereign kingdom. He was the commander of Maratha troops in the Battle of Jawali and also in the Battle of Pratapgarh, where Shivaji Maharaj killed Afzal Khan.

Last Battle and Death

Shivaji following his reconquest, he sent Maratha forces under the command of Tanaji Malusare to recapture the fort of Sinhagad (then,Kondhana fort) at the night of 4 February 1670. He was martyred in the battle but However, the Marathas recaptured the fort.

In popular culture

 * Vinayak Damodar Savarkar had written a ballad on him, which was banned by the colonial British government.
 * Gad aala pan sinh gela (Marathi: गड आला पण सिंह गेला) a Marathi novel by Hari Narayan Apte was written in 1903, based on his life.
 * In 1922 Bengali poet Jatindramohan Bagchi wrote a poem named Singhagarh stating the heroic death of Tanaji Malusare while recapturing the fort.
 * Sinhagad, a 1933 Marathi film was produced by Baburao Painter, based on the 1903 novel.
 * Bengali writer Saradindu Bandyopadhyay wrote the Sadashib series where the younger version of Tanhaji was mentioned as a close associate of Shivaji.
 * In 1971 Amar Chitra Katha released a comic book called Tanhaji, written by Meena Talim and illustrated by Vasant B. Halbe.
 * Tanhaji's character is portrayed by an actor in Raja Shivchatrapati serial of Star Pravah.
 * In the 2018 Marathi-language epic Farzand, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ganesh Yadav.
 * In the 2019 Marathi-language epic Fatteshikast, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ajay Purkar.
 * Bollywood actor Ajay Devgn produced and played the role of Tanhaji Malusare in Tanhaji. It was based on the Battle of Kondhana, Tanhaji film theatrically released on 10 January 2020. It was a box-office hit.
 * In the 2023 Marathi-language epic Subhedar, Tanhaji Malusare is portrayed by Ajay Purkar.

title: Tanaji Malusare


text:
Talk:1877

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1877 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a "see also" box as in 1886

--BozMo 13:55, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Comment moved from article space
''April 1 – Following years of murders of sharecroppers and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the Reconstruction era of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the South-Eastern American States. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, and begins the Gilded Age when large businesses begin monopolization of the American economy.''

The claim This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, is unclear in what it means and questionable in it's accuracy. It needs either clarification or removal. (comment by User:2603:6081:F600:98:68DA:639E:45EF:EC03) Joyous! Noise! 20:15, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1877


text:
CNAME record

A Canonical Name (CNAME) record is a type of resource record in the Domain Name System (DNS) that maps one domain name (an alias) to another (the canonical name).

This can prove convenient when running multiple services (like an FTP server and a web server, each running on different ports) from a single IP address. One can, for example, use CNAME records to point ftp.example.com and www.example.com to the DNS entry for example.com, which in turn has an A record which points to the IP address. Then, if the IP address ever changes, one only has to record the change in one place within the network: in the DNS A record for example.com.

CNAME records must always point to another domain name, never directly to an IP address.

Details
DNS CNAME records are specified in and clarified in Section 10 of.

CNAME records are handled specially in the domain name system, and have several restrictions on their use. When a DNS resolver encounters a CNAME record while looking for a regular resource record, it will restart the query using the canonical name instead of the original name. However, if the resolver is specifically told to look for CNAME records, the canonical name (right-hand side) is returned, rather than restarting the query. The canonical name that a CNAME record points to can be anywhere in the DNS, whether local or on a remote server in a different DNS zone.

For example, if there is a DNS zone as follows:

when an A record lookup for bar.example.com is carried out, the resolver will see a CNAME record and restart the lookup for foo.example.com and will then return 192.0.2.23.

Possible confusion
With a CNAME record, one can point a name such as "bar.example.com" to "foo.example.com". Because of this, during casual discussion, the "bar.example.com." (left-hand) side of a DNS entry can be incorrectly identified as "the CNAME" or "a CNAME". However, this is inaccurate. The canonical (true) name of "bar.example.com" is "foo.example.com". Because CNAME stands for Canonical Name, the right-hand side is the actual "CNAME"; on the same side as the address "A".

This confusion is specifically mentioned in RFC 2181, "Clarifications to the DNS Specification". The left-hand label is an alias for the right-hand side (the RDATA portion), which is (or should be) a canonical name. In other words, a CNAME record like this:

may be read as:
 * "bar.example.com" is an alias for the canonical name (CNAME) "foo.example.com". A client will request "bar.example.com" and the answer will be "foo.example.com".

DNAME record
A DNAME record or Delegation Name record is defined by (original RFC 2672 is now obsolete). The DNAME record provides redirection (alias) for a subtree of the domain name tree in the DNS. That is, all names that end with a particular suffix are redirected to another part of the DNS. In contrast, the CNAME record creates an alias for a single name and not its subdomains. Like the CNAME record, the DNS lookup will continue by retrying the lookup with the new name. The name server synthesizes a CNAME record to actually apply the DNAME record to the requested name—CNAMEs for every node on a subtree have the same effect as a DNAME for the entire subtree.

For example, if there is a DNS zone as follows:

An A record lookup for foo.example.com will return no data because a DNAME is not a CNAME and there is no A record directly at foo.

However, a lookup for xyzzy.foo.example.com will be DNAME mapped and return the A record for xyzzy.bar.example.com, which is 192.0.2.24; if the DNAME record had been a CNAME record, this request would have returned name not found.

Lastly, a request for foobar.foo.example.com would be DNAME mapped and return 192.0.2.25.

ANAME record
Several managed DNS platforms implement a non-standard ALIAS or ANAME record type. These pseudo records are managed by DNS administrators like CNAME records, but are published and resolved by (some) DNS clients like A records. ANAME records are typically configured to point to another domain, but when queried by a client, answer with an IP address. While ANAME record types were submitted for standardization, there are other non-conforming implementations, so they can do whatever the owner of the DNS platform chooses, including existing at the apex of a zone and existing for domains that receive mail.

The main advantage of ANAME records over CNAME records is that they can be used on a zone apex, while a standards-following resolver will not treat domain names with CNAME records as a zone apex. Also, while a DNS client requires at least two queries to resolve a CNAME to an A record to an IP address, an ANAME will shift the second and subsequent query to the server. If the DNS server can resolve the A record and cache the requested IP address more efficiently and with less latency than its DNS clients can, then the DNS client can resolve the query faster.

The ANAME record type was submitted as a draft standard to IETF. However, the latest draft document expired in January 2020 and has been superseded by a series of proposals, the most recent of which is the one for the SVCB and HTTPS record types.

title: CNAME record


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Baji Prabhu Deshpande

Baji Prabhu Deshpande (c. 1615 – 13 July 1660) was a general of the Maratha Army. He is known for his role in the Battle of Pavan Khind at Ghod Khind, where he sacrificed his life defending Shivaji Maharaj from incoming Adil Shahi forces of Siddi Johar. He also was a landlord or Vatandar in the Maval region.

Early life
Baji Prabhu was born around 1615 in a Chandraseniya Kayastha family. Earlier he worked under Krishnaji Bandal of Rohida near Bhor. After Shivaji Maharaj defeated Krishnaji at Rohida and captured the fort, many commanders along with Baji Prabhu joined Shivaji.

Battle of Pavan Khind
Shivaji Maharaj continued to push into the Bijapur territory, after defeating Afzal Khan and the rout of the Bijapur army at Pratapgad. Within a few days, the Marathas captured Panhala fort (near the city of Kolhapur). Meanwhile, another Maratha force, led by Netaji Palkar, pushed towards Bijapur. Bijapur forces repulsed this attack, forcing Shivaji, some of his commanders and soldiers to retreat to Panhala fort.

The Bijapur troops was led by Siddhi Johar, an Abyssinian general. Discovering Shivaji's location, Johar laid siege to Panhala. Netaji Palkar made repeated attempts to break the Bijapur force siege from outside, but these failed.

A risky plan was then put into action: Shivaji, Baji Prabhu Deshpande with a select band of troops would attempt to break through the siege at the night, and make for Vishalgad. In order to deceive the Bijapur forces, to avoid a chase if they found out that Shivaji had broken the siege, Shiva Kashid a barber by profession, had physical resemblance to Shivaji, volunteered to dress like the king and let himself be captured.

On a stormy full moon night (night of Guru Purnima) 600 men led by Baji Prabhu and Shivaji, broke through the siege. They were pursued by the Bijapur force. As planned, Shiva Kashid allowed himself to be captured and taken back to the Bijapur camp, guessing that he would be put to death once the charade was discovered. This gave the fleeing Maratha force some breathing space.

As soon as the Bijapur force realized their mistake, the chase was on again, led by Siddhi Masood, the son-in-law of Siddhi Johar. Near the pass of Ghodkhind (Horse's Pass), the Marathas made a final stand. Shivaji and half of the Maratha force pushed for Vishalgadh, while Baji Prabhu, his brother Phulaji and the remaining Bandal Sena of a few hundred men blocked the pass and fought against 10000 Bijapur soldiers in the Ghodkhind Pass for more than 18 hours.

Baji Prabhu used a weapon called "Dand Patta". Through the battle, Baji Prabhu, though grievously injured, continued fighting, inspiring his men to fight on until Shivaji's safe journey to Vishalgadh was signaled by the firing of three cannon volleys. It should be mentioned that when Shivaji approached Vishalgad with 300 men, the fort was already under siege by Bijapur sardars named Suryarao Surve and Jaswantrao Dalvi. Shivaji with his 300 men had to defeat Surve to reach the fort.

The Ghod Khind pass was subsequently named Pavan Khind ("Holy Pass") by Shivaji, in honor of the sacrifice of Baji Prabhu and his troops.

Descendants
The village, Shind, Bhor in Maharashtra, was the native place of Baji Prabhu Deshpande. The descendants of Baji Prabhu Deshpande still live in that area. Another part of his family live in Bhor village and they have been continuing the heritage of their ancestors.

Vishnu Narayan Deshpande, the 10th descendant and former Sarapanch of Parhar Budruk, was a freedom fighter. His wife Latika Deshpande was a relative of the author Ram Ganesh Gadkari. The family has a relationship with the family of Rango Bapuji Gupte. Vishnu Narayan Deshpande had four sons and four daughters. His son Dilip Deshpande upheld the cause of dam affected displaced people and their rehabilitation and farming is their family business. The family conducts social work and is aware of the legacy passed by previous generations.

One of Baji Prabhu Despande's descendants, Ramchandra Kashinath Deshpande, was an Indian freedom fighter against the British rule, educationalist and a social activist who worked in Dhule, Jalgaon. He participated in the Quit India Movement during the British rule and was imprisoned for 19 months in the Kolhapur Central Jail. He was felicitated after Independence by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. For his social work, he was conferred the title of ‘Special Executive Magistrate’ by the Maharashtra government in 1989.

In popular culture

 * In 1909, Sri Aurobindo composed an English poem titled Baji Prabhou, describing his heroic sacrifice at the battle at the Panhala Fort.
 * Baji Prabhu Deshpande, an Indian silent film on the warrior was made by Baburao Painter in 1929. Another silent film, Veer Baji, released in the same year and was produced by Omkar Films.
 * Indian independence activist and politician Vinayak Damodar Savarkar wrote a Ballad on Baji Prabhu but it was banned by the colonial British government. This ban was lifted on 24 May 1946.
 * Baji Prabhu's character featured Raja Shivchatrapati tv series of Star Pravah in 2000s.
 * Ajinkya Deo portrayed Baji Prabhu in 2021 series Jai Bhawani Jai Shivaji aired on Star Pravah.
 * A Marathi-language film, Pawankhind, directed by Digpal Lanjekar and starring Ajay Purkar as Baji Prabhu Deshpande, was released on 18 February 2022.
 * Har Har Mahadev, a film directed by Abhijit Deshpande, starring Sharad Kelkar as Baji Prabhu Deshpande and produced by Zee Studios released 25 October 2022 in 5 language (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada, along with Marathi).

title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande


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Talk:1875

Layout
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1875 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1886

--BozMo 13:59, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Cost of living
Can someone update the "centuries" to include the 21st? thanks.

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2000.pdf
 * In 1875 on 2011-05-25 02:08:54, 404 Not Found
 * In 1875 on 2011-06-01 23:19:42, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 23:20, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:1875


text:
Talk:1874

[Untitled]
The year in topic layout on this page is one of three versions. I seek opinions before making them all the same; see comment on my talk page

1874 is NOT currently conforming to proposed general model. The year in topic paragraph should be replaced by a see also box as in 1886

--BozMo 12:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Ethel Reed was born in this year, but i don't know what month.-hotspot

Estonian Flag Consecration on June 4
The pages for 1884, Flag of Estonia and Estonian Students Society all state that the flag was consecrated in 1884, not 1874. OsirisMuhammad (talk) 00:16, 2 June 2010 (UTC)OsirisMuhammad

jeans-patent
20th may is correct but the year was 1873 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=XnZNAAAAEBAJ&dq=139121) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.74.50.45 (talk) 11:54, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:1874


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Frank A. Gerbode

Frank A. Gerbode wrote of a method known as traumatic incident reduction (TIR). He is an Honors graduate of Stanford University and later pursued graduate studies in philosophy at Cambridge University. He received his medical degree from Yale University, and completed a psychiatric residency at Stanford University Medical Center in the early 1970s.

Gerbode is the author of numerous papers and articles, which have been published in the Journal of Neurochemistry, the International Journal of Neuropharmacology, the Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, IRM Newsletter and elsewhere. They include at least one article in Nature

He teaches and lectures internationally, and is the author of Beyond Psychology: An Introduction to Metapsychology (ISBN 1-887927-00-X), published in 1988. This book provided the first published description of TIR.

He edited the special issue "Trauma treatment techniques : innovative trends" of Haworth Press's Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma.

Gerbode was for many years a Scientologist, and at one time ran the Palo Alto, California Mission of Scientology. He broke from the Church of Scientology in 1982. He later developed TIR, starting from Dianetics and working back to its origins.

In 1984, Gerbode founded the Institute for Research in Metapsychology and the Center for Applied Metapsychology in Palo Alto, California. Today, this function is fulfilled by the Traumatic Incident Reduction Association, a division of Applied Metapsychology International.

Gerbode currently resides in Sonoma, California.

Gerbode and "Modern Metapsychology"
Frank A. Gerbode created a psychotherapeutic modality (whose adherents often characterize it as a "movement") that he called "metapsychology," forming the term not as a compound of "psychology" with the prefix "meta," but as a portmanteau representing a fusion of metaphysics and psychology. Gerbode uses a client-centered approach that supports clients in their efforts to improve their self-organization, enhancing their strength for coping with past negative experiences. Using metapsychology as the basis, Gerbode uses traumatic incident reduction (TRI) to treat people experiencing psychological effects from traumatic incidents or clients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Gerbode's Metapsychology is a theoretically explicit psychology, which has the main purpose to connect the mind and body while maintaining a client-centered setting. It serves as a solid base in a client-centered psychology system because it involves what is common in experience, leading to an agreement and understanding It considers different aspects and views from the client to explain how the psychological issue is functioning in whole. This psychology is meant to emphasize the experiences as viewed by the client and not by the views of a psychologist trying to find out what the experience means to that person. Metapsychology allows people to recognize that they are in control of their own experiences. Once they can recognize these experiences, then they become aware of ways in which they can improve themselves and the environment around them. The "modern metapsychology" movement was founded by psychiatrist Frank A. Gerbode, and frames therapy as a way of developing the spirit for personal growth, rather than as a treatment for mental disorders. Gerbode's reasoning in his choice of the term "metapsychology" is best illustrated in his formulation, "While parapsychology and metaphysics concern themselves with uncommon experiences, metapsychology deals with what is common in experience."

Note that while the term "parapsychology" is universally understood (by its practitioners and critics alike) to refer to the study of unexplained powers of the human mind, "metaphysics" has two separate meanings that have little to do with each other. In the popular discourse of the New Age movement, upon which Gerbode's work draws, metaphysics is an important but vague term with a broad range of usages, generally having to do with alternatives to physics, rather than philosophical foundations for it. New Age metaphysics concerns claims about the numerous elements of New Age culture including reincarnation, divination, psychedelics, and parapsychology (each of which has its own history and outside the New Age movement). But among philosophers, metaphysics is a term coined by Aristotle, denoting the branch of philosophy that engages with fundamental questions that transcend physics (especially ontology, the study of existence and being). Gerbode used the term in its New Age sense, not the philosophical one.

Gerbode has a main focus in traumatic incident reduction (TIR) which is a very structured and self-centered process that is used to lessen the negative effects of past traumas and encourage the person to become more aware of their inner strengths and embrace them. In 1985, he founded the Applied Metapsychology International (AMI). The main objective of this group was to develop metapsychological "techniques, methods, and training material" for psychologists seeking to practice TIR. Gerbode strongly believed in TIR as a way to treat patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). His metapsychology promotes a person-centered process, based on direct experiences, to eliminate psychological symptoms experienced by people who experiences traumatic incidents.

title: Frank A. Gerbode


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National Union of Students Scotland

The National Union of Students Scotland (Aonadh Nàiseanta na Oileanaich na h-Alba, Naitional Union o Collegianers Scotland) is an autonomous body within the National Union of Students (NUS). It is the national representative body of Scotland, and serves to protect and caring about Scottish students, having around 500,000 students that are pursuing higher education in Scotland. It was formed following the merger of NUS in Scotland with the Scottish Union of Students in 1971.

As of 2020, the president of NUS Scotland is the sole full-time elected officer and is elected for a two-year term. The current president is Sai Shraddha Suresh Viswanathan.

Affiliated Students' Unions
Students' associations in Scotland which are affiliated to NUS:

Higher Education
 * University of Aberdeen
 * University of Abertay Dundee
 * University of Edinburgh
 * Glasgow Caledonian University
 * Heriot-Watt University
 * Edinburgh Napier University
 * Open University
 * Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
 * The Robert Gordon University
 * Stirling University
 * University of Strathclyde
 * University of the West of Scotland

Further Education
 * Ayrshire College
 * Borders College
 * City of Glasgow College
 * Dumfries and Galloway College
 * Dundee and Angus College
 * Edinburgh College
 * Fife College
 * Forth Valley College
 * Glasgow Clyde College

 * Glasgow Kelvin College
 * New College Lanarkshire
 * North East Scotland College
 * South Lanarkshire College
 * West College Scotland
 * West Lothian College

Tertiary Education:

 * University of the Highlands and Islands
 * Scotland's Rural College

NUS Scotland Officers
The full list of past officers of NUS Scotland are as follows:

title: National Union of Students Scotland


text:
Shadow Warrior (1997 video game)

Shadow Warrior is a first-person shooter video game developed by 3D Realms and published by GT Interactive. The shareware version was released for the PC on May 13, 1997, while the full version was completed on August 25, 1997 and released in stores on September 16, 1997. Shadow Warrior was developed using Ken Silverman's Build engine and improved on 3D Realms' previous Build engine game, Duke Nukem 3D. Mark Adams ported Shadow Warrior to Mac OS in August 1997.

The game's improvements included introduction of true room-over-room situations, the use of 3D voxels instead of 2D sprites for weapons and usable inventory items, transparent water, climbable ladders, and assorted vehicles to drive (some armed with weapons). Although violent, the game had its own sense of humor and contained some sexual themes. A combination of Shadow Warrior and Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition was published by GT Interactive in March 1998, titled East Meets West.

In 2005, 3D Realms released the source code for Shadow Warrior (including compiled Build engine object code) under the GPL-2.0-or-later license, which resulted in the first source port a day later on April 2, 2005. In 2013, Devolver Digital announced the game would be free to obtain for a limited time on Steam. Later, Devolver Digital announced that they would permanently offer the game for free.

A reboot, also titled Shadow Warrior, was developed by Flying Wild Hog and published by Devolver Digital, launched on September 26, 2013.

Plot
Lo Wang is a bodyguard and enforcer for Zilla Enterprises, a powerful conglomerate that controls every major industry in a futuristic Japan. Although he is aware of the unchecked corruption and crime that has resulted from Zilla Enterprises' dominance, Lo Wang is too content with his well-paid position to challenge his employers. This changes when Master Zilla, the company president who desires even more power and wealth, embarks on a plan to conquer Japan using creatures from the "dark side", having formed an alliance with the ancient deities that rule over them. When he discovers this, Lo Wang finds he can no longer stomach Zilla's evil and quits his job. Master Zilla soon realizes the threat that Lo Wang poses and orders the creatures to kill him.

Forced to fight for his life, Lo Wang manages to slaughter dozens of Zilla's minions until he discovers that Zilla also had his old mentor, Master Liep, murdered. Following his mentor's dying words, Lo swears to put an end to Zilla's schemes. The game ends with Lo Wang defeating Master Zilla, who tries and fails to kill him while piloting a massive war mech styled after a samurai. However, Zilla is able to escape, and informs his old bodyguard that they will meet again someday.

Gameplay

Shadow Warrior is a first-person shooter similar to Duke Nukem 3D and using the same Build engine. Players navigate the protagonist, Lo Wang, through three-dimensional environments or "levels". Throughout levels are enemies that attack Lo Wang, which can be killed by the player using weapons such as a katana. Shadow Warrior also features puzzles that must be solved to progress in various levels.

Lo Wang's arsenal of weaponry includes Japanese-themed weapons such as shurikens—which were "likely [to] be dropped in favor of [a] high tech fun weapon" in development —and a katana, and marked the first appearance of a sticky bomb in an FPS, an idea popularized later by Halo. It also includes guns such as Uzis, a riot gun that fires shotgun shells, and the Eraser-inspired railgun (Lo Wang frequently says "Time to get erased! Ha ha!" when picking up this weapon). In addition, the head and heart of certain enemies can be used as weapons.

Shadow Warrior was an ambitious game, containing many features not seen until later first-person shooter games. For example, the game features turrets and various vehicles (such as tanks) that the player can drive around freely in, climbable ladders, and multiple firing modes for various weapons.

Development
Development of Shadow Warrior began in early 1994 as Shadow Warrior 3D, and preliminary screenshots were released with Hocus Pocus in May 1994. Jim Norwood came up with the game idea, George Broussard designed the character Lo Wang and Michael Wallin did some concept sketches.

Broussard in 1996 stated: "We want Shadow Warrior to surpass Duke Nukem 3D in features and gameplay and that's a TALL order." To this end, more tongue-in-cheek humor was added to the existing game in order to better match the style of the popular Duke Nukem 3D. The shareware version of Shadow Warrior was published in North America by GT Interactive on May 13, 1997, and the full version was published on September 12, 1997. At E3 1997, an area in the GT Interactive booth was dedicated to Shadow Warrior.

Soundtrack
Lee Jackson, who had already composed the soundtrack for Duke Nukem 3D also composed the soundtrack for Shadow Warrior. A Kurzweil K2500RS keyboard was used to produce the music. Shadow Warrior uses the audio tracks of the game's CD for music playback rather than the system's MIDI device, which allows for a higher general quality and the use of samples and effects not possible with MIDI music. This allowed Lee Jackson to include a wide variety of instruments which support the game's East Asian theme as well as to include ambient tracks which depend on advanced sound design. MIDI support including MIDI versions of five songs from the game's soundtrack was added exclusively to the shareware version which had to be kept small in size.

A special song called Lo Wang's Rap was included in one of the game disc's audio tracks. It was created out of sound bites and outtakes from recording sessions with John William Galt, the voice actor cast in the role of Lo Wang. This song was played during the credits sequence after completing the game. Jackson wrote and recorded a backing music track and then used a DAW to arrange the vocals over it in a way that made it sound like Lo Wang was actually rapping. The song was released as an MP3 on 3D Realms' website in 1999.

Versions

 * Shadow Warrior Registered is the original 1.2 version released on September 12, 1997 for MS-DOS and on October 1, 1997 for Mac OS.
 * Shadow Warrior Classic Complete is the PC version of Shadow Warrior that was released onto GOG.com and includes the main game and both expansion packs, Wanton Destruction and Twin Dragon. While the Steam version is free (see below), the GOG.com version used to be paid, and has a digital copy of the game's soundtrack in MP3 and FLAC and the game's manual delivered with the game. Published by Devolver Digital, it was released on November 15, 2012, using DOSBox to run on modern systems. Since September 2, 2016, with the release of Classic Redux on GOG, Classic Complete became free.
 * Shadow Warrior (iOS) is the iOS version of Shadow Warrior that was ported and published by indie developer General Arcade. It was released on December 19, 2012 to the App Store.
 * Shadow Warrior Classic (previously Shadow Warrior Original) is the original MS-DOS version of Shadow Warrior that was released onto Steam using DOSBox. It is free to play and includes the original registered version but does not include the expansion packs. Published by Devolver Digital, it was released on May 29, 2013.
 * Shadow Warrior Classic Redux is a PC version of Shadow Warrior, released on GOG.com & Steam for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux with the main game and both expansion packs, Wanton Destruction and Twin Dragon. Developed by General Arcade and published by Devolver Digital, it was released on July 8, 2013 with improved, OpenGL graphics and visuals, remastered audio and modern PC compatibility.
 * Shadow Warrior (Classic) is the PC version rebuilt with Microsoft Windows and OS X support, published by 3D Realms as part of the 3D Realms Anthology Bundle, it was released on October 23, 2014 on their own website and on May 5, 2015 on Steam.

Expansion packs
Two expansion packs, Wanton Destruction and Twin Dragon, were released. The third one, Deadly Kiss from SillySoft, remains unreleased, but screenshots were released in January 1998.

 * Twin Dragon was released as a free download on July 4, 1998. It was created by Level Infinity and Wylde Productions. The game reveals that Lo Wang has a twin brother, Hung Lo, with whom he was separated in early childhood. Hung Lo becomes a dark person whose goal is to destroy the world. Similar to Master Zilla, he uses the creatures from the "dark side", criminal underworld and Zilla's remnants to further his goals. Lo Wang has to journey through his dark minions, reach his palace and defeat the evil Twin Dragon Hung Lo once and for all. The game features 13 new levels, new sounds, artwork and a new final boss, Hung Lo, who replaced Zilla.
 * Wanton Destruction was created by Sunstorm Interactive and tested by 3D Realms, but was not released by the distributor. Charlie Wiederhold presented the four maps he created to 3D Realms, and was consequently hired as a level designer for Duke Nukem Forever. With permission, he released the maps on March 22, 2004. On September 5, 2005, Anthony Campiti—former president of Sunstorm Interactive—notified 3D Realms by e-mail that he found the Wanton Destruction add-on, and it was released for free on September 9, 2005. The add-on chronicles Lo Wang's adventures after the original game. He visits his relatives in USA, but is forced to fight off Zilla's forces again. The game culminates with a battle against Master Zilla above the streets of Tokyo, which ends with Master Zilla's death. The game features 12 new levels, new artwork and a couple of new enemy replacements, such as human enemies; though they still act as their original counterparts.

Reception
NPD Techworld, a firm that tracked sales the United States, reported 118,500 units sold of Shadow Warrior by December 2002. The shareware version has been downloaded 400,000 times.

Reviews from critics are mostly positive and ratings vary from average to positive. Thierry Nguyen of Computer Gaming World commented: "Shadow Warrior is an average action game. While there are some good enhancements to the BUILD engine and some good level design and enemy AI, the rest of the game is mediocre." By contrast, GamePro said that "Shadow Warrior scores high in both style and level design. ... It's enhanced by a high difficulty level, a great audio soundtrack, and ambient music and environments you can can really believe exist ..." Tim Soete of GameSpot called it "a late entry into the realm of sprite-based action games that's pretty fun despite its dated qualities." AllGame editor Jason White described it as "a solid game" and "a keeper".

Legacy
3D Realms released the source code of the Shadow Warrior engine on April 1, 2005 under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. Due to the timing of the source code release, some users initially believed that it was an April Fools joke. The first source port, JFShadowWarrior, was created by Jonathon Fowler and released a day later on April 2, 2005, including Linux support and improvements from his JFDuke3D source port. It was later forked by Ben "ProASM" Smit for the SWP port. Shadow Warrior for iOS was released on December 19, 2012 by 3D Realms and indie developer General Arcade. Modern source ports for the game include WangGDX, VoidSW and its forks IcedSW and Raze.

The official website was created by Jeffrey D. Erb and Mark Farish of Intersphere Communications Ltd.

Two original novels featuring Lo Wang were published. For Dead Eyes Only was written by Dean Wesley Smith and You Only Die Twice by Ryan Hughes. The titles of the novels parody titles in the James Bond book series by Ian Fleming.

title: Shadow Warrior (1997 video game)


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Yacht club

A yacht club is a boat club specifically related to yachting.

Description
Yacht clubs are mostly located by the sea, although there some that have been established at a lake or riverside locations. Yacht or sailing clubs have either a marina or a delimited section of the beach or shoreline with buoys marking the areas off-limits for swimmers as well as safe offshore anchorages. On shore they also include a perimeter reserved for the exclusive use of the members of the club as well as a clubhouse with attached bar, café or restaurant where members socialize in a pleasant and informal setting.

Although the terms Yacht Club and Sailing Club tend to be synonymous, some general differences regarding the recreational use of boats can be broadly outlined. Historically a Yacht Club tended to focus on a membership composed of yacht owners, including motorboats. This type of club often was extremely exclusive, attracting the aristocracy or the high class and leaving small boat owners out of the circle. On the other hand, a Sailing Club tended to focus on a membership composed exclusively of owners of sailboats, including smaller boats such as dinghies. These became very popular towards the end of the 19th century when small boats began to be produced on an industrial scale.

Yacht clubs are often known by their initials (e.g. New York Yacht Club abbreviated as NYYC and Kingston Yacht Club abbreviated as KYC). Many well known yacht clubs, including the Yacht Club de France, the Yacht Club Italiano and the Royal Yacht Squadron, have been established under royal patronage or have been granted the title at some point in their history.

Organized and run by the membership, Yacht Clubs became a place to promote the sport of sailboat racing and cruising, as well as provide a meeting place for the particular social community. The membership is a mixture of people with specific recreational affinities, and the members often include those who sail as crew for cruising or racing, as well as boat owners. Also it is up to the members decide on the objectives of the club to satisfy the membership and to attract other like-minded individuals. For example, some clubs include owners of powerboats, while others specifically exclude them. In order to overcome difficulties concerning the affinities of their members one particular club may have two sections, a sailing section and a powerboat section.

Members Clubs often have paid staff for catering, bar duty, boat yard duty, accounts, office etc. Control and organization of the club is done for the membership via members elected by the membership into roles such as Sailing Secretary, Commodore, Cruising Captain, Racing Captain etc. Smaller clubs typically have a condition of membership which requires active participation of the membership in activities such as maintenance of club facilities and equipment.

Unlike the classical clubs where the membership is the focus, certain 'clubs' are run on a commercial basis. They may be owned by individuals or a company to provide a service and generate a profit. Often they are associated with a particular marina or port. Objectives are usually broadly similar to members clubs, but the social side may be more dominant.

Traditions
There is a long historical tradition behind yacht clubs. According to the date of establishment, the Neva Yacht Club, founded in 1718 in Russia, is the oldest yacht club. However, since this Russian Yacht Club was established by a decree of Tsar Peter the Great, it does not fully qualify as a proper club in the modern sense, understood as a voluntary association of members who organize and run the club. Therefore, the Royal Cork Yacht Club founded in Ireland in 1720 is also widely acknowledged as the oldest yacht club in the world, despite having gone through periods of dormancy and undergone name changes in its long history, much in the same manner as the Neva Yacht Club. It was only in 1846 that the first yacht club in Russia to adopt British-style Members Club regulations was established. Using this Western understanding of what a club or society is, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club, KSSS, founded 1830, becomes the oldest European yacht club outside the British Isles, and the fifth oldest in the world.

A number of the world's most renowned Yacht Clubs are located in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Canada, and the United States. The first yacht club in North America was the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, located on the Northwest Arm in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada established in July 1837. Some yacht clubs are affiliated with an international body, the International Council of Yacht Clubs, which exists to improve the quality of the services yacht clubs provide to their members as well as to promote environmental awareness and responsibility towards the environment.

The Kieler Yacht-Club in Northern Germany organizes the yearly Kiel Week, the second-biggest sailing event in the world, that is celebrated since 1882. Kiel Week was an attempt to imitate the much older and larger Cowes Week, long-admired by Wilhelm II.

Racing and sailing activities
Most clubs, regardless of the size of their craft, have a well defined racing program. Clubs may host regattas ranging from informal local events to national championships. Often clubs have a regular weekday evening racing schedule or a weekend racing schedule organized by the membership. Many yacht clubs field teams to compete against other clubs in team racing. There are also some specific boat models and lengths which have their own club. These boat ownership clubs often hold single design races for their members. With the growth of sailing at secondary schools and universities many yacht clubs host Interscholastic Sailing Association or Intercollegiate Sailing Association regattas. Additionally, a number of yacht clubs enter into agreements with schools to provide dock space and practice facilities for the school teams year-round.

Clubs with active adult sailing programs most often feature junior sailing programs as well. Most often these programs enroll children from ages 8 to 16. Children most often learn to sail in the optimist (dinghy) and then progress to a larger single handed dinghy such as starling or laser dinghy or two handed such as 420 (dinghy). These junior sailing programs often also teach children rowing, kayaking, general seamanship and navigation. Children are also taught how to race competitively from an early age and most clubs host junior sailing regattas each season.

Yacht club burgee
Members belonging to a yacht club or sailing organization may fly their club's unique flag (usually triangular), called a burgee, both while under way and at anchor (however, not while racing). Traditionally, the burgee was flown from the main masthead; however, it may also be flown from a small pole on the bow pulpit, or on the starboard rigging beneath the lowest starboard spreader on a flag halyard. Some traditional clubs have also been granted the right to fly a special yacht ensign at the stern.

At traditional clubs the burgee and the ensign is hoisted at 08:00 each morning and lowered each evening at sunset. This ceremony is called colors. Traditionally, the first time a member of one club visits another, there is an exchange of burgees. Exchanged burgees are often displayed on the premises of clubs, such as at their clubhouse or bar.

Organization
Yacht clubs are organized like any other club or organisation with committees, chairman, directors, etc. Due to the connection with the sea and hence the navy, the various posts use naval terminology. For example, the chairman/CEO is the Commodore. Usually, under the Commodore there are also the Vice Commodore (in charge of land-based activities) and the Rear Commodore (in charge of water-based activities); for clubs in the United States they might in turn be assisted by the Port Captain and the Fleet Captain respectively. In a few clubs in the United Kingdom the Admiral, which is one rank above the Commodore, is the senior officer. Each of these ranks has specific responsibilities to ensure the smooth sailing of the club.

Clubhouse or shore station
Members of yacht clubs typically gather at a clubhouse or shore station which may also have docks. The oldest yacht club in the world without a clubhouse is Sheldrake Yacht Club (Mamaroneck, New York).

Use of the term "yacht club"
The traditions and prestige normally associated with yacht clubs have to some extent been subverted or appropriated unofficially by groups and businesses calling themselves "yacht clubs". For example, the "Gowanus Yacht Club" is a beer garden restaurant in Brooklyn, NY, the Van Buren Yacht Club is a bar and hotel in Maine, the "Crystal Bay Yacht Club" is a beach resort in Ko Samui, Thailand and "The Eagle Rock Yacht Club" is a non-profit dodgeball league in Glassell Park, Los Angeles. These so-called "yacht clubs" don't necessarily involve sailing on private yachts of members as their main purpose or activity, but often outwardly maintain a nautical or water-oriented theme.

Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club was the unofficial name for the United States Seventh Fleet during the Vietnam War. In this case the term "yacht club" was appropriated with humorous intentions. The Seventh Fleet's nickname became very popular among its members at the time.

Oldest European clubs
The oldest yacht clubs are:
 * 1718 Neva Yacht Club in St. Petersburg, Russia.
 * 1720 Royal Cork Yacht Club	in Cork, Ireland
 * 1770 Lough Ree Yacht Club in Ballyglass, Ireland
 * 1772 Starcross Yacht Club	on the Exe estuary in England
 * 1775 Cumberland Fleet also known as the Royal Thames Yacht Club, in England
 * 1815 The Yacht Club in London, England, renamed the Royal Yacht Squadron in 1833
 * 1823 Thames Yacht Club in	England
 * 1827 Port of Plymouth Royal Clarence Regatta Club in Plymouth, England, becoming the Royal Western Yacht Club in 1833
 * 1827 Royal Western Yacht Club of Ireland dissolved later in the century
 * 1830 Royal Swedish Yacht Club in Stockholm, Sweden
 * 1831 Royal Irish Yacht Club in Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
 * 1835 Lough Derg Yacht Club in County Tipperary, Ireland
 * 1837 Royal Southampton Yacht Club (renamed Royal Southern Yacht Club in 1844)
 * 1838 Royal London Yacht Club (founded as the Arundel Yacht Club) in London, England (later moved to Cowes)
 * 1838 Royal St. George Yacht Club (founded as the Kingstown Boat Club) in Dun Laoghaire, Ireland
 * 1838 Deben Yacht Club in Woodbridge, United Kingdom
 * 1844 Royal Mersey Yacht Club in Rock Ferry, United Kingdom
 * 1845 Royal Harwich Yacht Club in England
 * 1847 Royal Welsh Yacht Club in Wales
 * 1847 Koninklijke Nederlandsche Zeil en Roei Vereeniging, Netherlands
 * 1855 Segelclub Rhe in Hamburg, Germany
 * 1856 Lisbon Naval Association in Lisbon, Portugal
 * 1857 Kingstown Model Yacht Club in Kingstown, Ireland, renamed the Royal Alfred Yacht Club in 1870
 * 1858 Società delle Regate in Belgirate, Italy
 * 1860 Royal Windermere Yacht Club in England
 * 1863 Royal Torbay Yacht Club in Devon, England
 * 1865 Airisto Segelsällskap in Turku, Finland
 * 1866 Royal Danish Yacht Club in Kopenhagen, Denmark
 * 1867 Berliner Yacht Club in Berlin, Germany
 * 1867 Balatonfüredi Yacht Club in Balatonfüred, Hungary
 * 1870 Thames Sailing Club in England
 * 1871 National Yacht Club (founded as Kingstown Royal Harbour Boat Club) in Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
 * 1875 Black Sea Yacht Club in Odesa, Ukraine

Oldest North American clubs
The oldest yacht clubs are:
 * 1837 Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron in Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * 1839 Detroit Boat Club in Detroit, Michigan.
 * 1844 New York Yacht Club in Newport, Rhode Island
 * 1847 Mobile Yacht Club in Mobile, Alabama
 * 1849 Biloxi Yacht Club in Biloxi, Mississippi
 * 1849 Southern Yacht Club in Louisiana
 * 1850 Springfield Yacht & Canoe Club in Springfield, Massachusetts
 * 1852 Royal Canadian Yacht Club in Toronto, Ontario
 * 1853 Carolina Yacht Club in Wrightsville Beach, NC
 * 1857 Maryland Club in Baltimore, Maryland
 * 1860 Buffalo Yacht Club in Buffalo, New York
 * 1861 Quebec Yacht Club in Quebec, Quebec
 * 1864 Neenah Nodaway Yacht Club in Neenah, Wisconsin
 * 1865 Raritan Yacht Club in Perth Amboy, New Jersey
 * 1865 Riverton Yacht Club in Riverton, New Jersey
 * 1867 Longueuil Boating Club in Longueuil, Quebec
 * 1869 New Hamburg Yacht Club (founded as New Hamburg Ice Yacht Club) in New Hamburg, New York
 * 1869 San Francisco Yacht Club, first club on the Pacific coast
 * 1871 Milwaukee Yacht Club, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * 1871 Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club, in Centre Island, New York
 * 1872 Beverly Yacht Club, in Marion, Massachusetts
 * 1875 Savin Hill Yacht Club in Dorchester, Massachusetts
 * 1875 Rhode Island Yacht Club, in Cranston, Rhode Island
 * 1877 New Bedford Yacht Club, in New Bedford, Massachusetts
 * 1878 The Cleveland Yachting Club, in Rocky River, Ohio
 * 1879 Monmouth Boat Club, in Red Bank, New Jersey
 * 1882 Minnetonka Yacht Club, in Deephaven, Minnesota
 * 1883 American Yacht Club, in Rye, New York
 * 1886 Shelter Island Yacht Club, in Shelter Island, New York
 * 1886 Put-in-Bay Yacht Club, in Put-in-Bay, Ohio
 * 1887 Lake Champlain Yacht Club, Shelburne, Vermont
 * 1888 Bay Head Yacht Club, Bay Head, New Jersey
 * 1888 Carolina Yacht Club, Charleston, South Carolina
 * 1890 Tacoma Yacht Club, in Tacoma, Washington
 * 1891 Manhasset Bay Yacht Club, in Port Washington, New York
 * 1892 Seattle Yacht Club, in Seattle, Washington
 * 1894 Huguenot Yacht Club, in New Rochelle, New York
 * 1896 South Bay Yacht Club, in Alviso, California - SF Bay Area
 * 1901 Los Angeles Yacht Club, in San Pedro, California
 * 1905 Lake Hopatcong Yacht Club, in Mount Arlington, New Jersey
 * 1907 Sheldrake Yacht Club, in Mamaroneck, New York

Oldest clubs rest of the world

 * 1826 Republic of Singapore Yacht Club, Singapore
 * 1844 Royal Bermuda Yacht Club, Bermuda
 * 1849 Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, Hong Kong
 * 1862 Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron, Australia
 * 1865 Royal Perth Yacht Club, Australia
 * 1871 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, New Zealand
 * 1883 Yacht Club Argentino, Argentina
 * 1883 Clube Naval de Luanda, Angola

title: Yacht club


text:
William Mayne

William James Carter Mayne (16 March 1928 – 24 March 2010) was an English writer of children's fiction. The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature calls him one of the outstanding children's authors of the 20th century and The Times Literary Supplement reportedly called him "the most original good writer for young people in our time". In 2004, he was convicted of sexual abuse.

Life
Mayne was born in Hull, the son of a doctor. He attended school until the age of 17 but "the only part of his education he valued" was five years at the choir school attached to Canterbury Cathedral; those experiences were the foundation for his Choir School series of four novels. The school was evacuated during the Second World War from Kent to Cornwall.

He lived for most of his life in North Yorkshire.

In 2004, Mayne was charged with eleven counts of indecent assaults of "young girl fans" aged between eight and sixteen. At trial one victim gave evidence of events some forty years in the past. According to The Guardian, the prosecutor said Mayne had "treated young visitors as adults". He was described in the courtroom as "the greatest living writer of children's books in English". Mayne had pleaded guilty to the charges, but his solicitor said he had done so while under huge stress and would try to clear his name. On conviction, Mayne was imprisoned for two and a half years and was placed on the sex offenders register for life. According to The Guardian, "Mayne's books were largely deliberately removed from shelves from 2004 onwards", as a result of his conviction.

Mayne was found dead at his home in Thornton Rust, North Yorkshire, on the morning of 24 March 2010.

Writer
Mayne's first novel, Follow the Footprints, was published in 1953. He wrote more than a hundred books, including the Choir School quartet, comprising A Swarm in May, Choristers' Cake, Cathedral Wednesday and Words and Music (1955–1963); and the Earthfasts trilogy, an unusual evocation of the King Arthur legend, comprising Earthfasts, Cradlefasts and Candlefasts (1966–2000).

For A Grass Rope he won the 1957 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject. He was also a commended runner up for the Medal five times – twice in competition with himself – for A Swarm in May (1955), Choristers' Cake (1956), Member for the Marsh (1956), Blue Boat (1957), and Ravensgill (1970). Finally he won the 1993 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize for Low Tide, a once-in-a-lifetime book award established in 1966, judged by a panel of British children's writers.

A Swarm in May was adapted as a feature film by the Children's Film Unit in 1983 and a five-part television series of Earthfasts was broadcast by the BBC in 1994.

After 1957, Mayne wrote mostly under his own name, but he also used the names Dynely James, Charles Molin, and Martin Cobalt.

The contemporary children's author Aidan Chambers calls Mayne "notoriously little read by children and much read by adults", essentially an observer and watcher. The Guardian Children's Book Editor Julia Eccleshare calls him "one of the most highly regarded writers" and influential although "sometimes thought of as inaccessible for his young readers". He once said, "All I am doing is looking at things now and showing them to myself when young."

Awards

 * 1957 Carnegie Medal, A Grass Rope
 * 1993 Guardian Prize, Low Tide
 * 1997 Kurt Maschler Award, or the "Emils", to Mayne and Jonathan Heale for Lady Muck, recognising integrated writing and illustration in a British children's book

Selected works

 * Follow the Footprints (1953)
 * The World Upside Down (1954)
 * A Swarm in May (1955) †
 * Member for the Marsh (1956)
 * Choristers' Cake (1956) †
 * The Blue Boat (1957)
 * A Grass Rope (Oxford, 1957)
 * Underground Alley (1958)
 * Cathedral Wednesday (1960) †
 * The Glass Ball (1961)
 * The Twelve Dancers (1962)
 * Sand (1962)
 * Words and Music (1963) †
 * Plot Night (1963)
 * The Changeling (1963)
 * A Parcel of Trees (1963)
 * Underground Alley (1963)
 * Whistling Rufus (Hamish Hamilton, 1964)
 * No More School (1965)
 * Pig in the Middle  (1965)
 * Earthfasts (1966) ‡
 * Book of Heroes (1966)
 * ''The Old Zion (1967)
 * Over the Hills and Far Away (1968)
 * Book of Giants (1968)
 * The House on Fairmount (1968)
 * The Hill Road (1969)
 * Ravensgill (1970)
 * A Game of Dark (1971)
 * Royal Harry (1971)
 * The Incline (1972)
 * Skiffy (1972)
 * The Pergola (1974)
 * A Year and a Day (Hamilton, 1976), illus. Krystyna Turska
 * It (1977)
 * While the Bells Ring (1979)
 * Winter Quarters (1982)
 * Salt River Times (1982) illus. Elizabeth Honey
 * All the King's Men (1982)
 * Drift (1985)
 * Kelpie (1987)
 * Antar and the Eagles (Walker Books, 1985)
 * Low Tide (Jonathan Cape, 1992)
 * Oh Grandmama (Hamish Hamilton, 1993), illus. Maureen Bradley
 * Cuddy (Red Fox, 1994)
 * Bells on her Toes (OUP, 1994), illus. Maureen Bradley
 * Cradlefasts (Hodder, 1995) ‡
 * Lady Muck (Heinemann, 1997), illus. Jonathan Heale
 * Midnight Fair (Hodder, 1997)
 * Candlefasts (Hodder, 2000) ‡
 * The Animal Garden (2003)
 * Emily Goes To Market (Jonathan Cape, 2004)
 * Every Dog (2009)

 * † Choir School series (1955 to 1963)
 * ‡ Earthfasts series (1966 to 2000)

title: William Mayne


text:
Talk:1946

Year by topic
I have put a general comment on year layout on my talk page, particularly on the way year by topic is dealt with. There are three different variants and I would like agreement to standardise. This would involve deleting the year by topic from the paragraph list on this page but keeping the box at the top --BozMo 14:05, 5 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format
[See: Talk:1950. -Wikid77 12:54, 13 December 2006 (UTC)]

Mensa International
Please note that Mensa International is an umbrella organisation for the national Mensas, which means that when there was only the one original Mensa there was no umbrella organisation. :) 192.137.163.5 (talk) 07:02, 6 August 2008 (UTC) Mensa member

Mid-20th century baby boom
Seeing as how this year was when the Baby Boom began, shouldn't there be a note of it? I believe more people were born this year (at least in the US) than any other, although the succeeding years might offer some competition. Brutannica (talk) 17:51, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * according to some sources, the period January 1 1946 to December 31 1946 is the most people ever born in 365 days, a Guinnes Record. ```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.230.94.194 (talk) 15:02, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Some countries had much more marked post-WW2 baby booms than others; some didn't have one at all. It shouldn't be on this article, but should be on year by country articles of countries which had a marked baby boom, including 1946 in the United States. Jim Michael (talk) 22:20, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1946


text:
Talk:1947

Comment on my talk page
I have put a general comment on year layout on my talk page, particularly on the way year by topic is dealt with. There are three different variants and I would like agreement to standardise. This would involve deleting the year by topic from the paragraph list on this page but keeping the box at the topBozMo(talk)

Death of priest
Its important to include, killed by kgb on 11/1/1947! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kremliner (talk • contribs) 00:30, 20 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Only if you tell us the priest's name and place of death, along with the reason his death was important. Qzm (talk) 02:39, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom
I've added a couple of paragraphs, links, references to the UK's big freeze, which is still talked about to this day. But perhaps it needs a page of its own. As per Winter of 1962–1963 in the United Kingdom which was colder but with less snowfall. Or as per North American blizzard of 1947.

I'm not sure what is the right way to go about this - what is the preferred layout, where to get the details.--Robert EA Harvey (talk) 19:22, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Type 1
This page says the first Type 1 arrived 25 Feb. This page says it was 19 January. Which is it? TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  18:32, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Collage
It's time for a collage for the year 1947... What events should be placed? Here are my suggestions:

 * '''March 12 – The Cold War begins: The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed, to help stem the spread of Communism

 * The Indian Independence Act of 1947 - The act created two new independent dominions; India and Pakistan.

 * February 28 Massacre: Anti-government uprising in Taiwan is violently put down by Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang-led Republic of China government with the loss of 18,000-28,000 lives. Marks the beginning of the White Terror.

 * May 3 Japan's post-war constitution goes into effect, granting universal suffrage, stripping Emperor Hirohito of all but symbolic power and outlawing Japan's right to make war

''' What else do you guys have? Here are a bunch of events: https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1947 Setarip (talk) 16:29, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Jun 5 US Secretary of State George Marshall outlines the "Marshall Plan" to rebuild Western Europe

 * 1947 was the year we got flying saucers in mainstream culture, perhaps File:Rhodes UFO photos.png or File:Supposed UFO, Passaic, New Jersey (cropped).jpg Feoffer (talk) 00:44, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "1947 was the year we got flying saucers in mainstream culture" If you are referring to the 1947 flying disc craze, all the reports were from the United States. Single-country event. Dimadick (talk) 14:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Single-country event Not at all!  Within the summer / during the craze, the "Flying disc" reports spread to Mexico, Canada, Australia, South Africa, and I'm pretty sure UK (though the article should reflect that, it currently doesn't).   But eventually, the flying disc/saucer/ufo/uap reports show up everywhere.    To use the meme-virus analogy, it's like saying COVID-19 was a single-country event in 2019 --  it was definitely China-centric in 2019 but it had spread outside China's borders, but it quickly spread everywhere.  (again, bad analogy because folklore is harmless and most viruses we know about are deadly). Feoffer (talk) 11:58, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine and Malagasy Uprising were also very important. Nagae Iku (talk) 12:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Should we include the 1947 Jammu massacres / Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948 ? I feel like those two are also pretty significant. Setarip (talk) 11:20, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:1947


text:
Round Table-class landing ship logistics

The Round Table class, also known as the Sir Lancelot class, was a British ship class designed for amphibious warfare missions in support of the main amphibious warfare ships. They were designated landing ship logistics (LSL).

All ships were named after Knights of the Round Table.

Class history
In December 1961, the Ministry of Transport ordered the first in a new class of 6,000-ton military supply vessels from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Govan. The class was designed to replace the World War II-era Mark 8 Landing Craft Tank vessels in service. The first ship, RFA Sir Lancelot, was launched in June 1963. In March 1963, two more vessels were ordered, with RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Geraint launched by Alexander Stephen and Sons of Linthouse in April 1966 and January 1967. The final three ships were ordered in April 1965; RFA Sir Bedivere and RFA Sir Tristram were launched by Hawthorn Leslie and Company of Hebburn in July and December 1966, followed by RFA Sir Percivale from Swan Hunter of Wallsend in October 1967. At, Sir Lancelot was slightly larger than her successors, and was powered by two 12-cylinder Sulzer diesel engines, while the others were and had two 10-cylinder Mirrlees Monarch engines.

The ships had both bow and stern doors leading onto the main vehicle deck, making them roll-on/roll-off, combined with ramps that led to upper and lower vehicle decks. Thanks to their shallow draught, they could beach themselves and use the bow doors for speedy unloading of troops and equipment. The ships also had helicopter decks on both the upper vehicle deck and behind the superstructure.

The ships were operated and managed by the British India Steam Navigation Company for the Royal Army Service Corps until January 1970, then were transferred to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. One vessel, RFA Sir Galahad, was lost during the Falklands War, while another, RFA Sir Tristram, was badly damaged. The former was replaced by a new, vessel of the same name, while the latter was rebuilt and returned to service. All of the vessels in this class were replaced by the Bay-class landing ship, with RFA Sir Bedivere the last to leave service in 2008.

HMAS Tobruk (L 50), formerly operated by the Royal Australian Navy, was based on the Round Table design.


text:
Overspill

In nonstandard analysis, a branch of mathematics, overspill (referred to as overflow by Goldblatt (1998, p. 129)) is a widely used proof technique. It is based on the fact that the set of standard natural numbers N is not an internal subset of the internal set *N of hypernatural numbers.

By applying the induction principle for the standard integers N and the transfer principle we get the principle of internal induction:

For any internal subset A of *N, if
 * 1 is an element of A, and
 * for every element n of A, n + 1 also belongs to A,

then
 * A = *N

If N were an internal set, then instantiating the internal induction principle with N, it would follow N = *N which is known not to be the case.

The overspill principle has a number of useful consequences:
 * The set of standard hyperreals is not internal.
 * The set of bounded hyperreals is not internal.
 * The set of infinitesimal hyperreals is not internal.

In particular:
 * If an internal set contains all infinitesimal non-negative hyperreals, it contains a positive non-infinitesimal (or appreciable) hyperreal.
 * If an internal set contains N it contains an unlimited (infinite) element of *N.

Example
These facts can be used to prove the equivalence of the following two conditions for an internal hyperreal-valued function ƒ defined on *R.

 * $$ \forall \epsilon\in \mathbb{R}^+,  \exists \delta \in\mathbb{R}^+, |h| \leq \delta \implies |f(x+h) - f(x)| \leq \varepsilon$$

and

 * $$ \forall h \cong 0,  \ |f(x+h) - f(x)| \cong 0 $$

The proof that the second fact implies the first uses overspill, since given a non-infinitesimal positive ε,

 * $$ \forall \mbox{ positive } \delta \cong 0, \ (|h| \leq \delta \implies |f(x+h) - f(x)| < \varepsilon).$$

Applying overspill, we obtain a positive appreciable δ with the requisite properties.

These equivalent conditions express the property known in nonstandard analysis as S-continuity (or microcontinuity) of ƒ at x. S-continuity is referred to as an external property. The first definition is external because it involves quantification over standard values only. The second definition is external because it involves the external relation of being infinitesimal.

title: Overspill


text:
Talk:1949

Format
I have put a general comment on year layout on my talk page, particularly on the way year by topic is dealt with. There are three different variants and I would like agreement to standardise. This would involve deleting the year by topic from the paragraph list on this page but keeping the box at the topBozMo(talk)
 * [ See Talk:1950. -Wikid77 13:09, 13 December 2006 (UTC)]

Type 1
This page says the first Type 1 arrived 17 Jan. This page says it was 25 February. Which is it? TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  18:30, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Walt Disney's Cinderella
Production for Walt Disney's Cinderella was finished by October 13, 1949. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.255.216.208 (talk) 17:11, 21 January 2019 (UTC)

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 * Blessed Roman Lysko (1914 – 1949).jpg

Foley Square Trial Info…
…Is incorrect. No longer longest federal trial in US history. 2001:569:5813:2200:1891:79FA:B902:C998 (talk) 19:03, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

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collage
what images should be on the 1949 collage.  4me689  (talk) 02:39, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I think Superga air disaster, Prüm explosion, and 1949 Kemi strike are not significant enough. I propose to replace them with 1949 Ambato earthquake, 1949 Khait earthquake, and implementation of the first law of racial segregation in South Africa: Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 Nagae Iku (talk) 09:42, 5 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Good idea  4me689  (talk) 12:34, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:1949


text: User talk:81.178.225.20

title: User talk:81.178.225.20


text:
Western Football League

The Western Football League is a football league in South West England, covering Bristol, Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, western Dorset, parts of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire. The league's current main sponsor is Toolstation, so it is also known as the Toolstation League for sponsorship reasons.

Recent restructuring of the English football league system has placed the two divisions, known as the Premier Division and Division One (each a maximum of twenty-two clubs) at the ninth and tenth tiers overall, known as Step 5 and Step 6 of the National League System.

The champion club get promoted to a Step 4 league, which in practice will almost certainly be the Southern League Division One South. Below the Western League are four local leagues covering smaller areas, the Gloucestershire County League, the Somerset County League, the Dorset Premier League and the Wiltshire League. The South West Peninsula League Premier Divisions East and West are also feeders to the Western League but due to having Step 6 status (the same level as the Western League Division One), they feed directly into the Western League Premier Division.

History
The league was formed in 1892 as the Bristol & District League, and became the Western League in 1895. Another Bristol & District League was later formed, which remains active at a much lower level than the Western League. In the years before World War II, many teams played in both the Southern and Western Leagues; the Western League was considered as secondary to the Southern League.

On four occasions, member clubs have lifted the FA Vase, Tiverton Town twice, Taunton Town once and most recently Truro City, who beat A.F.C. Totton in 2007 at the first final to be held at the new Wembley Stadium before a competition record crowd of 27,754. Truro City were the only one of the three to win the FA Vase while in Division One, while none are current members of the Western League, as all three have since progressed to the Southern League.

Founder members

 * Bedminster (later merged with Bristol South End to form Bristol City)
 * Clevedon (later Clevedon Town)
 * Clifton Association
 * Eastville Rovers (later Bristol Rovers)
 * Mangotsfield
 * St. George (later merged with Roman Glass F.C. to form Roman Glass St George)
 * Trowbridge Town
 * Warmley
 * Wells

title: Western Football League


text:
William Caslon

William Caslon I (1692/93 – 23 January 1766), also known as William Caslon the Elder, was an English typefounder. The distinction and legibility of his type secured him the patronage of the leading printers of the day in England and on the continent. His typefaces transformed English type design and first established an English national typographic style.

Life
Caslon was born in Cradley, Worcestershire in 1692 or 1693 and trained as an engraver in nearby Birmingham. In 1716, he started business in London as an engraver of gun locks and barrels and as a bookbinder's tool cutter. Having contact with printers, he was induced to fit up a type foundry, largely through the encouragement of William Bowyer.

He died on 23 January 1766, and was buried in the churchyard of St Luke Old Street, London, where the family tomb is preserved (bearing his name and others).

Typefaces
Though his name would come to be identified with an enduring style of Latin alphabet, Caslon's first typefaces were what contemporary typefounders called "exotics." His first design was an Arabic made at the English size (14pt), commissioned by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge before 1725, followed by a Hebrew created for William Bowyer in 1726, and a Coptic for Wilkins first used in 1731. His first Latin typefaces were a roman and italic cut in the pica size (12pt), of a style that was fully realized by the publication of his foundry's specimen sheet in 1734.

Caslon's typefaces were inspired by the Dutch Baroque types, the most commonly used types in England before Caslon's faces.

Caslon typefaces were immediately popular and used for many important printed works, including the first printed version of the United States Declaration of Independence. Caslon's types became so popular that the expression about typeface choice, "when in doubt, use Caslon," came about. The Caslon types fell out of favour in the century after his death, but were revived in the 1840s. Several revivals of the Caslon types are widely used today.

The Caslon Foundry as a business
William Caslon I founded the Caslon Foundry in 1739, based on what previously had been Godfrey Head's (1685–1700). The other half of that business was purchased by John James, son of Thomas James. John James in the period 1716–1764 also built up by purchase what became the leading English type foundry of the 18th and early 19th centuries. He acquired moiety of half of Robert Mitchell and Jacob Ilive in 1740. A later and important purchase was the foundry of Thomas Grover in 1758. James ultimately combined under his own direction nine old English Foundries.

John James, William Caslon I and John Baskerville were left by consolidation as the only three representatives of the trade in the country. Caslon had two apprentices in his Foundry, Thomas Cottrell and Joseph Jackson. They started a foundry of their own in direct competition to their employer in 1757. In 1759 Jackson entered the Navy leaving Cottrell to carry on alone. Jackson left the navy in 1763 and continued to be employed in Thomas Cottrell, Neveil's court 1759–1785 Foundry for a short time. He commenced business in a separate Foundry with two fellow workman who helped to find the capital 1764 – 1792. When Jackson died in 1792 it was William Caslon I's grandson, William Caslon III who purchased the foundry in Salisbury Square.

Following the death of William Caslon I in 1766, his son William Caslon II took over the Caslon Foundry, running it with the assistance of his wife, Elizabeth Cartlich, until his own death in 1778. Elizabeth Caslon then continued to manage it jointly with her two sons, William Caslon III (1754–1833) and Henry Caslon (c.1755–1788) trading as "Elizabeth Caslon and Sons". Henry died in 1788, and in 1792 William III sold his share of the business to his mother and his sister-in-law, Elizabeth Rowe, Henry's widow: the two Elizabeth Caslons continued to run it until the elder Elizabeth's death in 1795. As a result of a legal dispute over the terms of her will, the Foundry was then thrown into Chancery and put up for auction in 1799. It was bought by the younger Elizabeth Caslon, who took into partnership a distant relative, Nathaniel Catherwood. Both partners died in 1809. The subsequent proprietors were: Henry Caslon II and F. F. Catherwood, 1809–1821; Henry Caslon II, H. W. Caslon and M. W. Livermore (trading as Caslon, Son and Livermore), 1821–1840; Caslon & Son, 1840–1850; H. W. Caslon and Co., 1850–1873. H. W. Caslon died in 1873, when the Foundry was acquired by T. W. Smith and partners. However, the Company name remained H. W. Caslon and Co. Ltd., and continued running until 1937, when it was acquired by Stephenson Blake.

Meanwhile, following his sale of his share in the original foundry in 1792, William Caslon III had purchased (in the same year) the Salisbury Square foundry from the estate of the recently deceased Joseph Jackson, and renamed it W. Caslon & Son. In 1807, W. Caslon & Son was passed to William Caslon IV. In 1819, William IV sold the business to the new Sheffield foundry of Blake, Garnett & Co. In 1837, the Salisbury Square Caslon Foundry became the property of Stephenson, Blake & Co.

H. W. Caslon and Company Limited
In 1998, Justin Howes reestablished the Caslon foundry, under the name H. W. Caslon & Company Limited, with an expanded version of ITC Founder's Caslon as the company's initial product. However, following the death of Justin Howes in 2005, the revived H. W. Caslon & Company was no longer in business, and the expanded Founders Caslon is no longer offered in the retail market.

title: William Caslon