text:
User talk:Magnum1

Hi, Welcome to Wikipedia! I have a question about you posted. I would like to upload it to the Japanese Wikipedia. In Japanese Wikipedia every image contribution should be reliese under GFDL. Before I will uproad your aardvark photo, I make it sure you released it under GFDL. Your answer to my notepage will be appliciated. Cheers. KIZU 13:38, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

re: Mike Piazza
Magnum1, I removed that image from Mike Piazza because of copyright issues. Who owns the rights to that image, and do we have permission to use it? Please read Copyrights and Image copyright tags. Wikipedia always has to err on the side of caution when it comes to copyrights.

Also, in the future, when you add images, place the image in a thumbnail box using this syntax... ....you can have the size of the thumbnail be between 100px and 300px, depending how it looks to you on the page....you can justify the thumbnail box right, left, or center, and you can provide a short caption.

Sincerely, Kingturtle 18:26, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Image:Aalst town hall.jpg
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Aalst town hall.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   21:13, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Re: Image:Aalst town hall.jpg
Hello! I made the copyright changes on Aalst's page.

Regards, Magnum1 15:50, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Paul tagliabue.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Paul tagliabue.jpg.

Please add an appropriate copyright tag, see image copyright tag. You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or   if you claim fair use, etc... If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much, Duk 17:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Re: Image:Paul tagliabue.jpg
I've made changes on page.

Magnum1 21:08, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Gene_wilder.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 22:27, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:El_Aaiún.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 04:59, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Also: Image:Robbins.jpg, Duk 08:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi Magnum. You need to put information about your images on the image description page. For example, Image:Paul tagliabue.jpg, which you were asked about above: follow the link in this sentence and add information there. You need to do the same thing for all the images you've uploaded. dbenbenn | talk 20:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Burt Lancester.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Burt Lancester.jpg. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rossrs 14:28, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Pollini.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pollini.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:22, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Your upload Image:A. A. Milne.jpg
Wikimedia seems to have lost or destroyed the picture, unless there is something I've missed. There's an unresolved call for help in identifying the problem here. Best. --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:38, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:A. A. Milne.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:A. A. Milne.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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File:Douglas Bader.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as File:Douglas Bader.jpg is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

If the information is not provided, the image may eventually be proposed for deletion, a situation which is not desirable, and which can easily be avoided.

If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:38, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Housman.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 11:02, 5 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:02, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Magnum1


text:
Walter Kohn

Walter Kohn (March 9, 1923 – April 19, 2016) was an Austrian-American theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist. He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to the understandings of the electronic properties of materials. In particular, Kohn played the leading role in the development of density functional theory, which made it possible to calculate quantum mechanical electronic structure by equations involving the electronic density (rather than the many-body wavefunction). This computational simplification led to more accurate calculations on complex systems as well as many new insights, and it has become an essential tool for materials science, condensed-phase physics, and the chemical physics of atoms and molecules.

Early years in Canada
Kohn arrived in England as part of the Kindertransport rescue operation immediately after the annexation of Austria by Hitler. He was from a Jewish family, and has written, "My feelings towards Austria, my native land, are – and will remain – very painful. They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Nazi regime, and by the subsequent murder of my parents, Salomon and Gittel Kohn, of other relatives and several teachers, during the Holocaust. ... I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and – over the years – have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.". Kohn also has identified as Deist.

Because he was an Austrian national, he was transferred to Canada in July 1940 after the outbreak of World War II. As a 17-year-old, Kohn traveled as part of a British convoy moving through U-boat-infested waters to Quebec City in Canada; and from there, by train, to a camp in Trois-Rivières. He was at first held in detention in a camp near Sherbrooke, Quebec. This camp, as well as others, provided a small number of educational facilities that Kohn used to the fullest, and he finally succeeded in entering the University of Toronto. As a German national, the future Nobel Laureate in Chemistry was not allowed to enter the chemistry building, and so he opted for physics and mathematics.

Scientific career
Kohn received a war-time bachelor's degree in applied mathematics at the end of his one-year army service, having completed only 2½ out of the 4-year undergraduate program, from the University of Toronto in 1945; he was awarded an M.A. degree in applied mathematics by Toronto in 1946. Kohn was awarded a Ph.D. degree in physics by Harvard University in 1948, where he worked under Julian Schwinger on the three-body scattering problem. At Harvard he also fell under the influence of J. H. Van Vleck and developed an interest in solid state physics.

He moved from Harvard to Carnegie Mellon University from 1950 to 1960, after a short stint in Copenhagen as a National Research Council of Canada post-doctoral fellow. At Carnegie Mellon he did much of his seminal work on multiple-scattering band-structure work, now known as the KKR method. His association with Bell Labs got him involved with semiconductor physics, and produced a long and fruitful collaboration with Luttinger (including, for example, development of the Luttinger-Kohn model of semiconductor band structure). In 1960 he moved to the newly founded University of California, San Diego, held a term as the physics department chair, and remained until 1979. It was during this period, he, along with his student Chanchal Kumar Majumdar developed the Kohn–Majumdar theorem related to Fermi gas and its bound and unbound states. He then accepted the founding director's position at the new Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara. He took his position as a professor in the Physics Department at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1984; where he worked until the end of his life.

Kohn made significant contributions to semiconductor physics, which led to his award of the Oliver E. Buckley Prize by the American Physical Society. He was also awarded the Feenburg medal for his contributions to the many-body problem. His work on density functional theory was initiated during a visit to the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, with Pierre Hohenberg, and was prompted by a consideration of alloy theory. The Hohenberg–Kohn theorem was further developed, in collaboration with Lu Jeu Sham, to produce the Kohn-Sham equations. The latter is the standard work horse of modern materials science, and even used in quantum theories of plasmas. In 2004, a study of all citations to the Physical Review journals from 1893 until 2003, found Kohn to be an author of five of the 100 papers with the "highest citation impact", including the first two.

In 1957, he relinquished his Canadian citizenship and became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

In 1963 Kohn became a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1969, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994. In 2011, he became an honorary member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). He was also a Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

Death
Kohn died on April 19, 2016, at his home in Santa Barbara, California from jaw cancer, at the age of 93.

Honors and awards

 * Oliver E. Buckley prize in Solid State Physics (American Physical Society, 1961)
 * Davisson-Germer Prize (American Physical Society, 1977)
 * National Medal of Science (1988)
 * Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1998)
 * Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1998
 * Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1999)
 * Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria (2008)
 * Harvard University awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Science (May 2012)

Selected publications

 * W. Kohn, "An essay on condensed matter physics in the twentieth century," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. S59–S77, Centenary 1999. APS
 * W. Kohn, "Nobel Lecture: Electronic structure of matter — wave functions and density functionals," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 1253–1266 (1999). APS
 * D. Jérome, T.M. Rice, and W. Kohn, "Excitonic Insulator," Physical Review, Vol. 158, No. 2, pp. 462–475 (1967). APS
 * P. Hohenberg, and W. Kohn, "Inhomogeneous Electron Gas," Physical Review, Vol. 136, No. 3B, pp. B864–B871 (1964). APS
 * W. Kohn, and L. J. Sham, "Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects," Physical Review, Vol. 140, No. 4A, pp. A1133–A1138 (1965). APS
 * W. Kohn, and J. M. Luttinger, "New Mechanism for Superconductivity," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 524–526 (1965). APS
 * W. Kohn, "Theory of the Insulating State," Physical Review, Vol. 133, No. 1A, pp. A171–A181 (1964). APS
 * W. Kohn, "Cyclotron Resonance and de Haas-van Alphen Oscillations of an Interacting Electron Gas," Physical Review, Vol. 123, pp. 1242–1244 (1961). APS

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Walter Kohn


text:
Talk:Canada and the American Civil War

Untitled
"Britain, with whom the British North American colonies were still closely linked, backed the south for economic reasons linked to the cotton trade."

That is not quite accurate.

"In the end, the government followed what it believed to be the will of the people, which was predominately pro-Northern in sympathy, particularly (and this defied all theories of economic determinism) in those areas hit hardest by the cotton shortage." (craig. "europe, 1815-1914") --Fellnearshiva 09:18, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The final sentence looks misleading to me in that it refers to the unelected [Canadian] Senate. In 1867 the US Senate was also unelected in the contemporary sense of the word. Direct popular election of US Senators dates from 1913. -- Alan Peakall 13:42, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Confusion
Sorry, just quickly reading the article myself, I'm struck by the fact it claims that Canada was largely sympathetic to the South, and then says thousands of Canadians fought for the North, and few if any fought for the South. Could somebody with a bit more knowledge maybe clean up those two statements so they don't appear to contradict each other? Much thanks Sherurcij 13:03, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The logical conclusion is that it's a simple matter of geography -- regardless of how the governing, political, or intellectual class in Canada felt, or how the prevailing sentiment throughout the country went, obviously individuals on the border (who would have the strongest ties with their neighbors overall) would have far stronger ties in the north than in the south. If you assume that most of the Canadians who enlisted did so because of bonds with friends or family, it's not that much of a surprise that they tended to enlist with the north. I don't know where you'd look for information about this, though...  --Aquillion (talk) 12:08, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Uh
"If the conflict had continued to escalate Canada would have been the first target of Union forces."

Where did that gem of knowledge sprout from? In terms of the first paragraph there is a large logical gap between there being tensions between Canada and the Union states and that sentence I mentioned above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.216.38.113 (talk) 06:10, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Deleting "Effect of the American Civil War upon British North America"
I'm going to delete the section "Effect of the American Civil War upon British North America" because I don't think there is a way to bring up to Wikipedia standards. I see from the article history that it was originally in the American Civil War article, then cut and pasted to this article, presumably because the editors were having problems with it in its original place. It doesn't have citations, and it has a vague odour of original research or at least a novel synthesis of historical facts. It also wanders way off the topic at hand, "Canada in the American Civil War", but I can't see a way of cutting out the off-topic stuff without making it more incoherent than it already is. Indefatigable (talk) 21:32, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

To whom was Canada sympathetic?
In the beginning of this article it states that Canada was sympathetic to the union because it was largely against slavery. However, the line directly after that says Quebec media supported secession. This line seems a little out of place. If Canada is supportive of the union proof should be given after that line is said instead of proof that Canada *wasn't* entirely supportive.

 * "Canadians were largely opposed to slavery, the preservation of which was one of the main goals of the Confederate States of America, and Canada had recently become the terminus of the Underground Railroad. Close economic and cultural links across the long border also encouraged Canadian sympathy towards the Union. The conservative Catholic press in Quebec supported the secession and ridiculed the Yankees as lacking in morality."

Furthermore, there's a section called "Confederate Activity in Canada", which states:

 * "Because of Canada's location and sympathy for the Southern cause, Confederate operators secretly used Canada as a base"

So which is it? Are we sympathetic to the north or the south? If it's both, should the article say "opinion on the matter was divided"? Or should these lines be removed altogether? As this article currently stands it's rather contradictory and a little confusing. Instead of saying "Canada was sympathetic" or "Canada wasn't sympathetic" perhaps it's best to divide these sentences in to saying *which* parts of Canada were and were not sympathetic to the cause of the north/ south. Saying "Canada" implies some sort of consensus. This article seems to state that there was none. Celynn (talk) 06:13, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bahamas in the American Civil War which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 20:00, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 3 March 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. — Amakuru (talk) 17:41, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

Canada in the American Civil War → British North America in the American Civil War – Since "Canada" did not refer to all of British North America at the time of the Civil War and the article isn't just about the Province (explicitly mentioning Nova Scotia for one thing), the manual of style on proper names would dictate such a change to the article title. Dissident (Talk) 20:31, 3 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I oppose the change. the Wiki rule is  uses the name which is likely to be most familiar to readers of English. So look at the books and articles by RS:  1) Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years; 2) Confederate operations in Canada and the North: a little-known phase of the American Civil War; 3) Canadian public opinion on the American civil war; 4) "The Creation of a Myth: “Canadian” Enlistments in the Northern Armies During the American Civil War";  I find N=1 RS that use "British North America" in place of "Canada."  [British North America and a Continent in Dissolution, 1861–71]. Rjensen (talk) 20:51, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose this article does not cover British North America it covers the region north of the USA/CSA which was in the British Empire, this is a distinctly different proposition. There are other regions in British North America at this time that are SOUTH of the CSA/USA in this period -- 70.51.46.39 (talk) 05:30, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose - no need for this. The article constantly refers to "Canada" through-out the page, not "British North America". - the WOLF  child  08:56, 5 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose Canada would seem to be the more accessible term for the reader. Pincrete (talk) 21:46, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Morton (1964)
I don't understand this sentence, and i cannot find the source. The British decided that colonial union was now a high priority, as it would relieve London of the need to defend Canada. --Zaurus (talk) 08:59, 16 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok I rephrased it to read: "The British decided that unification of the Canadian colonies was now a high priority--a new strong dominion would relieve London of the need to station large British forces to defend Canada." [footnote: ] Rjensen (talk) 09:23, 16 August 2017 (UTC)
 * , much better. --Zaurus (talk) 15:39, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canada and the American Civil War


text:
Uruguaiana

Uruguaiana is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is located on the eastern shore of the Uruguay River bordering Argentina. Opposite to Uruguaiana, and joined to it by a road/railway bridge, lies the Argentine city of Paso de los Libres, Corrientes. North of Uruguaiana lies the Brazilian municipality of Itaqui, connected by a bridge constructed by the British in 1888 over the Ibicuí River. The municipality also borders the municipalities of Alegrete, Barra do Quaraí and Quaraí, and, also, Uruguay, making it one of the few international triple-border municipalities of Brazil.

The city marks the southernmost point reached by the Paraguayans in the Paraguayan War; after being taken without resistance, it was recaptured after a six-week siege that effectively ended the phase of Paraguayan offensive operations.

Nowadays, Uruguaiana represents the biggest in population and arguably most important municipality of the sparsely populated western Rio Grande do Sul.

Communications and distances
The major highways connecting Uruguaiana with other cities in Rio Grande do Sul are BR 472, to Barra do Quaraí in the south and São Borja in the north, BR 290, to Alegrete and Porto Alegre in the east.

The city is served by Ruben Berta International Airport, the largest airport in the interior of the state. It had a traffic of over 3,000 passengers in 2008 with 1,409 planes using the facilities.

Some of the distances between Uruguaiana and other cities in the state are:
 * Porto Alegre: 649 km.
 * Santa Maria: 365 km.
 * Pelotas: 649 km.
 * Rio Grande: 701 km.
 * Bagé: 454 km.
 * Chuí: 904 km.
 * Passo Fundo: 562 km.

Climate
Uruguaiana has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot summers and mild winters.

Economy
The economy is mainly based on services, followed by industry and agriculture in that order. The sectors employing the most workers were industry, 1,187 workers; commerce, 7,662 workers; public administration, 2,248 workers; transport, communications and storage, 3,303 workers; education, 573 workers; and health, 774 workers.

In 2006 there were 829 agricultural establishments, employing around 3,400 workers. There were 207,000 head of cattle. The main crops were soybeans (633 hectares), wheat (320 hectares), and rice (58,000 hectares).

Health
Health care for the population is mainly provided by public facilities. In 2005 there were 49 health establishments, of which 25 were public facilities. The Municipal Secretariat of Health and the Environment had 16 health centers, including the Health Center of Uruguaina and the Municipal Emergency Care operated by 235 workers.

Uruguaiana had two hospitals, both linked to the national health service. They had 268 beds (2005), with 176 public and 92 private.

Education
The municipal school network was made up of 27 schools, 10 urban and 17 rural, with 567 teachers who administered to 6,222 students in the urban area and 485 in the rural area. In the rural schools there were 30 teachers. The total number of schools both public and private was 110 in 2005. There were 52 primary schools, 4 middle schools, and 44 pre-primary schools in 2007.

Uruguaiana had a university campus with schools of Animal Science, Veterinarian Science, Agronomy, Philosophy, Letters, Accounting, Business Administration, Computer Science, and Law. Enrollment in 2005 was 1,850 students.

Music
Uruguaiana is the home of the yearly Califórnia da Canção Nativa regional gaucho music festival.

Notable construction works
International bridge

On May 21, 1947, the International Getúlio Vargas/Agustín P. Just Road/Railway Bridge on the Uruguay River was inaugurated by presidents Eurico Gaspar Dutra of Brazil and Juan Domingo Perón of Argentina, linking Uruguaiana to the Argentine city of Paso de los Libres. At the time of its construction, the bridge was the greatest work of engineering of South America.

Since 1994 there is a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) back-to-back station for power exchange with Argentina at Uruguaiana. This facility, which was built by Toshiba, can transfer a maximum power of 50 megawatts. The applied DC voltage is 15 kV.

The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Uruguaiana.

Consular representation
Argentina has a Consulate in Uruguaiana.

title: Uruguaiana


text:
User talk:DanielZM

Hi, please partake in the discussion on Talk:Albania before changing the emblem (also there was a better version than the one you used). Thanks, Dori | Talk 13:51, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

Flags
I found your list of Flags via the PRC flag. I like the idea - and it looks good, why not complete it and put it on to the main namespace? --Oldak Quill 22:16, 20 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Pinophyta in Polish Wiki
Hi Daniel - I've noticed a discrepancy between pl:Szpilkowe and pl:Nagonasienne, that Taxus (pl:Cis (drzewo)) is given as an included family pl:Cisowate in the former, but as a distinct order pl:Cisowce (Taxales) in the latter. The latter order is no longer regarded as distinct, so Cisowce should be changed to Cisowate (and edited accordingly); unfortunately my zero knowledge of Polish prevents me from doing so - MPF 23:32, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:DanielZM


text:
N4 road (Ireland)

The N4 road is a national primary road in Ireland, running from Dublin to the northwest of Ireland and Sligo town. The M6 to Galway diverges from this route after Kinnegad, while the N5 to Westport diverges at Longford town. Most sections of the N4 that are motorway-standard are designated the M4 motorway.

Road standard
The N4 originates at an intersection with the M50 motorway at Junction 7. This is also Junction 1 of the N/M4. The Liffey Valley Shopping Centre is located at Junction 2. The road has three lanes and a bus lane in each direction between the M50 and Junction 5 which is also the start of the M4 motorway at Leixlip.

The N4 was the only one of the main inter-urban national routes whose dual-carriageway section continued into the city centre; however, the section inside the M50 was re-classified as the R148 in 2012.

Heading west, the PPP motorway section (see below) ends west of Kinnegad, and the motorway terminates 5 km further west; it continues as HQDC and bypasses Mullingar. From the Mullingar bypass to Edgeworthstown, the road is a wide single carriageway with hard shoulders. Between Edgeworthstown and Longford, there is a lower standard single carriageway road. Between Longford and Rooskey single carriageway continues at a higher standard. Dromod and Rooskey were bypassed in late 2007. This section of the road consists of three roundabouts and a Type 2 dual carriageway, i.e.: two lanes in each direction and no hard shoulder. The road resumes as a single carriageway with hard shoulders until it reaches Carrick-on-Shannon, where it becomes a local urban road through five roundabouts, and passing over the River Shannon into County Roscommon. The road becomes a high-quality single carriageway bypass 3 km outside of Boyle town, with periodic alternating overtaking lanes passing Lough Key Forest Park and Ballinafad until it reaches Castlebaldwin. From Castlebaldwin to Collooney the road is a Type 2 dual carriageway. Funding for the expansion of this section was announced in October 2018, and it opened in 2021. The road becomes near-motorway standard dual carriageway again at Collooney, approaching Sligo town.

M4 motorway
The section from Leixlip to the west of Kinnegad is the M4 motorway. The first section of this motorway (Leixlip – Kilcock) was opened on 19 December 1994.

Tolled section of the M4 motorway
Under the Government announcement of the pilot projects on 1 June 1999 this project was to be assessed by the NRA for its suitability to be advanced as a Public-private partnership (PPP). Subsequently, the project was included as one of the projects approved under Tranche II of the PPP Roads programme as announced by the NRA in June 2000. The project involved the construction of 39 km of motorway from Kinnegad to Kilcock and is an extension of the Kilcock-Maynooth-Leixlip motorway on the N4/N6 Sligo/Galway to Dublin route. The motorway bypasses the towns of Enfield and Kinnegad.

The PPP contract was awarded in March 2003 to the EuroLink Consortium (SIAC Construction Ltd and Cintra - Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte S.A.) and allows for them to collect tolls for 30 years from that date.

This tolled section (from Kilcock to Kinnegad) opened on 12 December 2005, almost a year ahead of schedule. It is the second-most expensive toll road in Ireland (after the Dublin Port Tunnel). A toll of €3.40 (as of 2024) for cars is charged at a toll plaza just west of Kilcock and at smaller toll plazas at on and off-ramps at Enfield. Between Enfield and Kinnegad, no further access to the M4 is possible.

Eurolink operates this tolling scheme, the first in Ireland not operated by NTR plc. From 2005 to 2007, Eurolink started to accept several tags issued by other motorways such as M1, M8, eTrip and Dublin Port Tunnel tags. On 14 June 2007 NTR plc joined the Nationwide Electronic Toll Payment System introducing their popular EazyPass tags on the system and allowing all other toll plazas in the country (different from those owned by NTR plc) to accept them, meaning that each toll company's electronic tag will work on all toll roads in the State.

In the 1 July 2006 edition of the Meath Chronicle it was claimed that up to 10% of the €420 million road project had "to be ripped up and replaced" shortly after it opened due to rushed construction, however this cost would have had to be carried by the toll operators, not the state, as per the contract.

The bypassed former N4 road has been reclassified as the R148.

Motorway reclassification
On 28 August 2009, the Department of Transport implemented the second round of proposed reclassifications of dual carriageways as motorways under the Roads Act 2007. A short section of the N4 between Kinnegad (J12) and McNead's Bridge (J13) was affected by this. This extended the M4 westward by 6.8 km.

Junctions
The route begins as a dual carriageway at junction 7 of the M50, becoming a motorway after junction 5. It then becomes a dual carriageway after junction 13. After Mullingar, it becomes a regular national road.

{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" !scope=col|County !scope=col|km !scope=col|mi !scope=col|Junction !scope=col|Destinations !scope=col|Notes Continues as M4 motorway. – Clane Continues as N4 regular national road.
 * rowspan="8"|County Dublin
 * 1
 * – Dublin Airport, Dublin Port, Dún Laoghaire
 * Continues as R148 towards Dublin city centre and Palmerstown.
 * 2
 * ‒ Fonthill, Liffey Valley
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|2a
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|Ballyowen Lane
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|Westbound exit only. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 3.
 * 3
 * – Ballyowen, Lucan
 * 4
 * – Lucan, Adamstown
 * 4a
 * – Dodsboro, Kew Park
 * Only Dodsboro is signposted on eastbound approach. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 5.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|5
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| – Celbridge, Leixlip (westbound)
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|Heading eastbound, both destinations are followed by the (East) cardinal direction.
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|Westbound exit only. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 3.
 * 3
 * – Ballyowen, Lucan
 * 4
 * – Lucan, Adamstown
 * 4a
 * – Dodsboro, Kew Park
 * Only Dodsboro is signposted on eastbound approach. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 5.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|5
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| – Celbridge, Leixlip (westbound)
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|Heading eastbound, both destinations are followed by the (East) cardinal direction.
 * – Lucan, Adamstown
 * 4a
 * – Dodsboro, Kew Park
 * Only Dodsboro is signposted on eastbound approach. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 5.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|5
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| – Celbridge, Leixlip (westbound)
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|Heading eastbound, both destinations are followed by the (East) cardinal direction.
 * Only Dodsboro is signposted on eastbound approach. Exit lane runs parallel to mainline, ending at slip road at junction 5.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|5
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| – Celbridge, Leixlip (westbound)
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|Heading eastbound, both destinations are followed by the (East) cardinal direction.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|5
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| – Celbridge, Leixlip (westbound)
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|Heading eastbound, both destinations are followed by the (East) cardinal direction.
 * rowspan="6"|County Kildare
 * 6
 * ‒ Celbridge (West), Leixlip (West)
 * Dunboyne
 * 7
 * ‒ Maynooth, Naas
 * Straffan
 * 8
 * ‒ Kilcock
 * 7
 * ‒ Maynooth, Naas
 * Straffan
 * 8
 * ‒ Kilcock
 * 8
 * ‒ Kilcock
 * 8
 * ‒ Kilcock
 * ‒ Kilcock
 * Enfield, Trim
 * bgcolor="dcdcfe" colspan="3" align="center"|IE road sign symbol F-060.svg M4 Toll
 * 9
 * ‒ Edenderry, Enfield
 * Toll at westbound entrance and eastbound exit slip roads.
 * County Kildare
 * colspan="3" align="center"|Motorway Services Ireland.png Enfield Service Area
 * County Meath
 * 10
 * ‒ Kinnegad
 * rowspan="8"|County Westmeath
 * 11
 * ‒ Galway, Athlone
 * Tullamore (N52)
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|12
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"| ‒ Kinnegad, Galway (M6)
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|13
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| ‒ Coralstown
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|LILO junction. Continues as N4 dual carriageway.
 * 14
 * ‒ Killucan, The Downs
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|LILO junction. Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only.
 * 15
 * ‒ Tullamore, Mullingar (East)
 * 16
 * ‒ Dundalk, Mullingar (Centre)
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|12
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"| ‒ Kinnegad, Galway (M6)
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only.
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|13
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"| ‒ Coralstown
 * bgcolor="dff9f9"|LILO junction. Continues as N4 dual carriageway.
 * 14
 * ‒ Killucan, The Downs
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|LILO junction. Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only.
 * 15
 * ‒ Tullamore, Mullingar (East)
 * 16
 * ‒ Dundalk, Mullingar (Centre)
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|
 * bgcolor="ffdddd"|LILO junction. Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only.
 * 15
 * ‒ Tullamore, Mullingar (East)
 * 16
 * ‒ Dundalk, Mullingar (Centre)
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * 16
 * ‒ Dundalk, Mullingar (Centre)
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * 17
 * ‒ Castlepollard, Mullingar (West)
 * Mullingar Hospital
 * Mullingar Hospital

Bypasses

 * Palmerstown – 1984
 * Lucan – 1988
 * Leixlip, Maynooth, Kilcock – 1994
 * Mullingar – 1994
 * Longford – 1995
 * Drumsna, Jamestown – 1997
 * Collooney, Ballisodare – January 1998
 * Boyle, Ballinafad – 1998–1999
 * Sligo (partial) – September 2005
 * Enfield, Kinnegad – December 2005
 * Edgeworthstown – June 2006
 * Dromod, Roosky – December 2007
 * Castlebaldwin – August 2021

Upgrades

In July 2009, an upgrade of the section between the M50 junction and the Leixlip interchange was completed. In this section the road is three lanes in each direction, the median crossings were removed and the junction with the R120 is a fully grade-separated junction. Private accesses and some left turns remain which prevents the section from being designated a motorway. The speed limit is 80 km/h. There are currently no signal-controlled junctions on the N/M4 between the M50 motorway and the Sligo through-pass.

In 2013, a 5 km stretch of dual carriageway with at-grade crossover junctions between the M4 and the Mullingar bypass was upgraded to HQDC.

Construction of a 2+2 road at the 15 km stretch between Collooney and Castlebaldwin began in 2019 to improve road safety. The road was opened on 18 October 2021.

Planned improvements to the route

 * Mullingar to Longford; 40 km dual carriageway, including bypass of Longford Town. As of November 2023, route corridor options have been presented, awaiting decision on preferred route corridor.
 * Dromod to Carrick-on-Shannon 21 km, including 10 km bypass of Carrick-on-Shannon. At planning stage, as of November 2023.

title: N4 road (Ireland)


text:
1984–85 snooker world rankings

The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), the governing body for professional snooker, first introduced a ranking system for professional players in 1976, with the aim of seeding players for the World Snooker Championship. The reigning champion would be automatically seeded first, the losing finalist from the previous year seeded second, and the other seedings based on the ranking list. Initially the rankings were based on performances in the preceding three world championships, with five points for the winner, four for the runner-up, three for losing semi-finalists, two for losing quarter-finalists, and one for losers in the last 16 round.

After the 1982 World Snooker Championship, two other tournaments – the International Open and the Professional Players Tournament – which were open to all members of the WPBSA carried points as per the previous system. Points for world championship finishes from 1983 became worth double the previous tariff, with ten points for the winner, eight for the runner up, and so on. In the 1983/84 snooker season, the Lada Classic was added as a ranking tournament. Merit points were awarded to players who were required to compete in qualifying rounds of ranking tournaments and reached the last 32, with a full merit point awarded if this was achieved in the world championship, and half a merit point otherwise. No points were awarded to a player who did not win any matches in a given tournament: for example, a top 16 player seeded into the last 32 of the world championship would not win any merit points if they lost their first match.

The tournaments that counted towards the 1984/1985 rankings were those which were open to all professional players, over three seasons. These were the Jameson International Open 1982 and 1983, the Professional Players Tournament 1982 and 1983, the 1984 Lada Classic, and the 1982, 1983 and 1984 Embassy World Championships. The list was published after the 1984 World Championship.

Steve Davis was ranked first with 32 points, ahead of Tony Knowles in second place with 21 points. Cliff Thorburn was third, with 20 points, a point ahead of Kirk Stevens in fourth. Ray Reardon dropped from second to fifth place. The top 16 players in the rankings were seeded into the main event of the 1985 World Snooker Championship, while all other players would need to enter the qualifying rounds. John Virgo, who did not win any ranking points in the 1983/1984 season, was the only player to lose their place in the top 16 from the previous year. Willie Thorne joined the top 16.

After the initial ranking list was published, the board of the WPBSA voted to award merit points, as well as ranking points, to players who had won qualifying groups and then progressed in the main tournament; the initial list had not included merit points for those players. Three pairs of players exchanged positions as a result: Tony Meo moved from eleventh to tenth place, ahead of Dennis Taylor; Dean Reynolds took 22nd place from Cliff Wilson who moved to 23rd; and Patsy Fagan overtook George Scott to be ranked 37th rather than 38th.

Rankings
The world rankings for the professional snooker players in the 1984/85 season are listed below. In the table, numbers in parentheses indicate that the player earned merit points.

title: 1984–85 snooker world rankings


text:
Sweetheart Cup Company

Sweetheart Cup Company was a North American company that made paper cups, plastic cups and related products. In 2004, Sweetheart was acquired by the Solo Cup Company, which itself was acquired by Dart Container on May 4, 2012.

History
1911: Predecessor to Maryland Cup founded in Boston by Joseph Shapiro and his three brothers. The company sells ice cream, then expands to baked ice cream cones. The headquarters move to Baltimore.

1932–1936: Company diversifies, making matches and straws. Sweetheart, the name used on products, is inspired by picture of two children using straws to drink a milkshake from the same glass.

1947: Company executives vote, 14-to-1, against entering the cup business. But Joseph Shapiro votes yes - and the cup business is born.

1961: Maryland Cup goes public, consolidating 32 companies controlled by Shapiro family members.

1968: Joseph Shapiro dies.

1983: Maryland Cup bought by Fort Howard Paper Company, a Wisconsin-based paper manufacturer. At the time, Maryland Cup has 33 plants, more than 10,000 employees and a net worth of $250 million.

1983–1985: Fort Howard boosts capital spending in cup business, while cutting costs through layoffs.

1986: Customer service deteriorates and cup sales start to slide. Fort Howard acquires Lily-Tulip, cup-maker with net worth of $108 million.

1988: Fort Howard itself acquired in leveraged buyout by Morgan Stanley for $3.9 billion.

1989: Fort Howard spins off cup business as Sweetheart Holdings. Business has 15 U.S. factories and more than 8,000 employees.

1991: Sweetheart turns a profit on operations, but saddled by debt, net worth falls to −$95 million.

1992: Sweetheart introduces its Jazz disposable cups, which would become the company's top-grossing stock design as of 2002.

2004: Sweetheart is purchased by Solo Cup Company.

title: Sweetheart Cup Company


text:
Austerfield

Austerfield is a village and civil parish in the City of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. It is 1 mi to the north-east of the market town of Bawtry on the A614 road, and adjacent to the hamlet of Newington in Nottinghamshire, close to the River Idle. The population in 2001 was 571, which fell to 536 at the 2011 Census.

Heritage
The name Austerfield was first recorded in 715 and derives from the Old English Ouestraefelda (eowestre), which means open land with a sheepfold. It was mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to Robert of Mortain, and having 27 villages, 40 freemen, a priest and a church.

The Council of Austerfield was convened here by King Aldfrith of Northumbria in AD 702 and attended by Berhtwald, Archbishop of Canterbury to decide on whether Saint Wilfrid should become Archbishop of York. Austerfield was then on the border between the two Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia.

Austerfield contains the 11th-century church of St Helena, which was built in 1080 by John de Builli, using stone from quarries at Roche Abbey. The church today has 19th-century several stained-glass windows designed by Charles Eamer Kempe. The nave has a sheela na gig, a rare type of quasi-erotic stone carving of a female figure sometimes found in Norman churches. This had been blocked into a wall in the 14th century and was rediscovered in 1898 during restoration work.

Notable people
In birth order:
 * William Bradford (1590–1657), a Pilgrim Father and Governor of Plymouth Colony, was born in Austerfield and baptised in a font rediscovered at a local farm 40 years ago, which can now be seen in the church.
 * Roy Clarke (born 1930), an English comedy writer known for the sitcoms Last of the Summer Wine and Open All Hours, was born in Austerfield.

Transport
The nearest railway station to Austerfield is at Doncaster (9½ miles, 15 km). It is served by a bus route, as are Bawtry, Worksop and Sheffield. The A1M trunk road between London and the North passes 8 km to the west of the village.

title: Austerfield


text:
Talk:Jabber

Badly formulated criticism on XMPP addresses

 * In the criticism section, the second item mentions the XMPP address (the JIDs) format as a problem. I feel that it is bullshit. First of all, the XMMP address format is also common to other IM services like MSN messenger. Second, the Jabber protocols or even the server themselves don't demand that, when registering an account, the user also registers or supplies an email account with the same address. That makes me feel that the criticism is misguided because, frankly, it's a non-issue.

Therefore I suggest that the second item of the criticism section is removed and the section rewritten. --Mecanismo | Talk 13:29, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Original research
The section on the lack of nudges and other crap slowing adoption is obviously original commentary. It really needs to be sourced, it looks pretty obviously POV just now. Chris Cunningham 15:47, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems that you missed the point. The section you just edited out was about criticism pointed at the jabber protocol and the lack of adoption it is having. One of the things which is hindering adoption is the lack of small, unimportant features which are presented in other IM services with large adoption. I stated a couple of features present in the dominant IM service, which the lack of them are stated as the number one reason for not migrating. So please at least read what is being written before giving away silly statements and accusations like those. --Mecanismo | Talk 11:06, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You didn't source them, so as far as anyone is concerned it's your personal opinion. When you can justify the inclusion of your opinion piece with some suitable references from elsewhere, it can go back in. My reading skills are perfectly decent, thanks. Chris Cunningham 13:23, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Possible mistake
The text says,

 * Users can then contact from a client such as MSN Messenger using the JID form user%msn.com@msn.jabberserver.com

Isn't this the other way, i.e., contacting an MSN user from a Jabber client? – Torsten Bronger 07:49, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think this looks backwards too, from my understanding of it. Perhaps it should read "Jabber users can then, for example, contact MSN Messenger users using the JID form user%msn.com@msn.jabberserver.com"? -Maebmij 02:52, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Meebo is listed as a Jabber Service Provider. I'm fairly sure this is incorrect; the confusion may be because Meebo is a Jabber client --CCouzens 15:41, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Request for article clean-up
The words "Proven", "Flexible", and "Secure" are not encyclopedia terms. They are used more in marketing articles and are subjective. I would request citations or sticking to words that do not a convey an opinion. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by User: (talk • contribs).

 * I've made some changes to the section you disputed above; it certainly seems strange to use marketing terms to describe something that's not a company or a product. The problem here is that the article is a link farm. —ptk✰fgs 00:35, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

The terms "Totally secure and anonymous", used in the disambiguation page, do not seem to apply to general article policies. 88.153.64.78 (talk) 21:43, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Jabber chat is broken
The Jabber chat is broken, due to the owner being AWOL and the chat being set to make people visitors instead of participants by default. This needs to be fixed. I would be willing to moderate. BalooUrsidae 04:07, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Does anyone know what jabber.org's policies on taking over abandoned channels are? Plugwash 11:11, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not clear what you mean by "the Jabber chat" but if you mean the room located at xmpp:jabber@conference.jabber.org then you are incorrect that the owner is AWOL (synic and I are owners) or that the room is unmoderated. If you desire moderation privileges in the room or if you would like to suggest room configuration changes, feel free to contact me via email or IM via stpeter@jabber.org! Stpeter 20:34, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I fixed the room configuration on the xmpp:wikipedia@conference.jabber.org room. Ping me if you need moderator privileges... Stpeter 20:49, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Inappropriate external links?
Can't see why anyone might think that. I'm going to remove the template. Cain Mosni 00:44, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The list of regional communities is inappropriate. This isn't a directory service. I'm planning on removing it. Chris Cunningham 15:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I was just thinking the same thing. If nothing else, it should be scaled back a bit (do we really need a half dozen Ukrainian servers)? But I think the whole thing can go—it does seem to violate Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files. – Mipadi 15:39, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I just got here to suggest the same thing. Go ahead, do it. --lynX

 * Done. NaturalBornKiller 13:58, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Jabber Service Providers
Notable Jabber providers include... - what is the point in saying include here, as far as I can see this is a directory listing already.. who needs this list? If we have this here, can we add the same kind of listing to other protocols as well? I bet the list would be quite big for IRC... --lynX
 * Since there has been no reaction in weeks I opt for removal of this list. It is not the job of Wikipedia to recommend this or that host for your Jabber experience. Use the appropriate websites. --lynX

I started the section with Jabber Service Providers. First: there was no single external link, therefore I felt free to change the subject. Jabber is more than Google Talk. Jabber is an open network like e-Mail. The article should note that there are other large networks that use Jabber — worldwide. Some of these have millions of users (e.g. United Internet). Sure this section would be more interesting if it would include the numbers of Jabber users, but do you have the data?--Hhielscher 10:43, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I find the excessive mentioning of Google Talk unfortunate, too. But concerning your directory of large installations, just recently a List of web chat sites got deleted from Wikipedia, which had most large scale webchats listed by popularity - the popularity being measured by a pretty nifty tool that would figure out the popularity of the webchats in search engines. So apparently even such added value doesn't make a directory less of a directory. *shrug* Go figure. I personally am not Adam Ant about the no-directory policy, but if you'd like to have such a list, I'd like to have one for IRC, PSYC and to revert the deletion of the list of webchats. --lynX

 * This list of notable jabber service providers was not a directory. Thousands of pages, that are lists, exist in Wikipedia, see Category:Lists and List of social networking websites as an example.--Hhielscher 19:55, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * What would your explanation be for this list to be legitimate whereas List of web chat sites not? And yes, List of social networking websites probably shouldn't exist either. It's a directory and apparently also a notorious battleground. If you think all of these should exist, how can we restore the List of web chat sites? --lynX

This article is far too technical for the average user
If I wanted to explain what Jabber was to somebody who was only familiar with say AIM and MSN Messenger, I'd not link to this.

The introduction would be just gibberish to them. --angrykeyboarder (a/k/a:Scott) 10:19, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Chatroom
can we have a chatroom which is also accessible by IRC? --lynX
 * Why would you need IRC support? MUC is more powerful than IRC and there are at least the same amount of clients available with MUC (or conference) support as there are for IRC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by NaturalBornKiller (talk • contribs) 13 January 2007
 * Its certainly not impossible and i belive some irc networks may have done it (i don't have any names to hand though). it is tricky though especially if you want private messaging of users in the channel to work between the two sides. A particular problem is that jabber chat nicks are normally per room while irc nicks are global accross the whole network. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Plugwash (talk • contribs) 02:15, 14 January 2007 (UTC).
 * MUC is certainly not more powerful than IRC, but there is no reason to serve up a religious discussion of MUC vs IRC here anyway because there are implementations that allow you to provide a chatroom for both IRC and Jabber users. So why go for less? Why force anyone to a specific system? --lynX
 * I'm going to go out on a limb here and suggest that seeing as it's a chatroom for, errr, discussing Jabber, that this might be a factor in the choice made. A bit of a logical leap I know, but it might just be true. Chris Cunningham 18:13, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not see the problem. Is there a problem about only allowing Jabber clients with MUC/conference support? This is a Talk page about Jabber... Afterall, if you believe allowing only MUC and no IRC clients is not a good thing, can you then tell my why these chatrooms are not accessible using MUC? Also, if you take in account that most (potential) Wikipedia contributors do not even know what IRC means without looking in Wikipedia ;-), it seems a bit strange that this 'instant messaging generation' do not has access to most rooms about Wikipedia. NaturalBornKiller 21:58, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I know IRC Channels that are very well accessible by MUC protocol, and I thought the MUC you are promoting here is about discussing work on Wikipedia, because if it is about discussing Jabber, why does it have to be promoted here? Wikipedia is not a web directory. Alright so it is about discussing Jabber on Wikipedia - I see, well I wouldn't mind being able to join it. And yes I totally agree that the Wikipedia channels should also be accessible by MUC. So let's change that..? --lynX

I presume this is the wrong place to run this discussion. Continuation on Wikipedia_talk:IRC_channels

Merge with XMPP article
I propose that Jabber be merged with Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol, since these two articles describe the same protocol and this will minimize confusion. I suggest making the XMPP the current article and creating a history section with an overview of how Jabber came into being. riffic 13:47, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jabber


text:
Talk:Masterpiece

Tate
could add a link to the Tate gallery online can't really think of any points that wouldn't be covered elsewhere e.g. paintings, sculptures. :AllieK

France
This system also subsists in France. Rhinoracer 13:15, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Sgt. Pepper
Removed the Sgt. Pepper references, as they seem entirely out of place in this article. Trevor (talk) 05:40, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

Hendrix
Electric Ladyland is cited in its article as "the peak of Hendrix's mastery of the electric guitar, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest rock albums of all time", and while Are You Experienced contains many of their most famous work, Ladyland is arguably their best defining work and their masterpicie. It was also their last work (all other after are remanecent tapes, no matter how much they follow Hendrix's style).

Zep
Added Stairway to Heaven, a situable example.

Wordnet
Why is the link to princeton wordnet important? (see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masterpiece&diff=223674538&oldid=222337428 ) The definition/synonym from wordnet are "chef-d'oeuvre (the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman)" and "(an outstanding achievement)". Wikitionary has more than that. 84.203.39.26 (talk) 08:07, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Specific Role of Masterpiece in the Guild System
Currently the article starts "Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system, on which his fitness to qualify for guild membership was judged, and which, if he was successful, was retained by the guild. Great care was therefore taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking, or many other trades." This is inaccurate, as it was only a masterpiece IF he was sucessful. I attempted to substitute "Under the old European guild system a journeyman could be received as a master craftsman. This would require the approval of all masters of a guild, a donation of money and other goods, and in many practical handicrafts the production of a so-called masterpiece, which would illustrate the abilities of the aspiring master craftsman." but had it reverted as too specific?Research Method (talk) 03:13, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes it is much too specific. Guild, which is not very good, has been amended. Actually even a failed masterpiece was still a masterpiece. Something tells me medieval guilds are not your particular subject.  What were the "impractical crafts" I wonder?  Johnbod (talk) 03:19, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't understand you. How is it too specific to say journeyman instead of apprentice when the meaning differs. Are you saying that the current entry for Guild is inaccurate? Please give sources. I am particularly interested to know about failed masterpieces because I thought you could try to enter a guild a number of times, and only on success would it be a masterpiece. Before I started to edit this entry, there were no references in it at all.Research Method (talk) 04:12, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * You will see some of the edits I have made to Guild. Many skipped the journeyman stage. With a couple of dozen guilds even in small cities, and hundreds of cities with guilds in Europe, over a period of 500 years or more, all with different, and changing, rules, over-specific generalization is almost always wrong. The 1579 "masterstik" OED quote illustrates the other point - it talks of masterstiks being submitted - it was the intention, not the achievement, that made it one.  Johnbod (talk) 04:25, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Alchemy was normally considered an impractical craft:)Research Method (talk) 04:15, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It was intended to be supremely practical, but did not have guilds (being mostly illegal, apart from anything else). Johnbod (talk) 04:25, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * They were very secretive.Research Method (talk) 04:27, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Confectionery?Research Method (talk) 04:36, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Highly practical. Johnbod (talk) 04:42, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Did they eat or keep the masterpieces?Research Method (talk) 04:46, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Introduction
The first line is too specific, contradicts the body of the article, and is not supported by any references.Research Method (talk) 04:27, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Definition
Is an E-Type Jaguar a masterpiece? It has certainly been described as such. Can we reach a consensus on this.Research Method (talk) 02:45, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Although I agree it is a beautiful car, I don't think it is an archetypal masterpiece. I think the point of this article is to have some unquestionable examples of masterpiece works, like the Mona Lisa, to demonstrate the meaning. The car is in the MOMA, but not all MOMA pieces are masterpieces. --Clubmarx (talk) 05:12, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The citation I have provided is one of many, and there is no reasoning provided in the article that the definition should now only apply to works of art.Peas & Luv (talk) 16:51, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The article needs regular trimming to about 6 examples, 1 per genre. This is not a list of masterpieces. Johnbod (talk) 17:08, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Which car would you suggest?Peas & Luv (talk) 17:12, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * None. We have no operas, buildings etc etc. The more there are, the more people want to add their favourite rock album or computer game. Johnbod (talk) 17:19, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * In western painting people add their favourite genres, and artists, why shouldn't they here? Currently the article is very short.Peas & Luv (talk) 17:24, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, in a few weeks it will be longer by a random bunch of albums, films, etc. Until the next trim. It is not an article that needs to be huge frankly. Johnbod (talk) 17:55, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

"The article needs regular trimming to about 6 examples, 1 per genre"
Please provide a rationale for this, including a description of the genres which should be added to the article.Peas & Luv (talk) 17:22, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Reconsider the entire example section. Consider either removing the section because it's very subjective, especially the more modern ones, or giving easily recognized and near universally accepted examples like David and Mona Lisa as pictured in the article. --173.69.175.155 (talk) 23:29, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If they were all removed people would only start adding them again! Johnbod (talk) 23:33, 8 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Please provide reasons - why include any examples, and what is your justification behind the current selection? 6 examples is very suspicious, and un-sourced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.96.148.42 (talk) 02:21, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Why are no masterpieces acceptable to muslims or jews included?
All of the masterpieces cited are acceptable to Muslims and Jews. Mr.Slade (talk) 22:09, 20 August 2020 (UTC)

It is ridiculous to be so restrictive as to limit illustrations to portrayals of the human form. Why not the taj mahal or An Oak Tree? 93.96.148.42 (talk) 06:05, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Links
I got here following a link called "magnum opus". Now that goes to "masterpiece" which is fine as they are perfectly equivalent terms. However there are alternate disambiguation pages for "masterpiece" and "magnum opus". There is no reason for separate "magnum opus" and "masterpiece" articles both essentially like this one. The top of the article should probably link to both disambiguation pages I think. I'm not sure how to create an alternate "other uses" link matching "magnum opus".Ekwos (talk) 23:48, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Additions
Before adding more additions ad infinitum, first achieve consensus here...Modernist (talk) 14:24, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Add:

 * Les Demoiselles d'Avignon - et al.
 * Ingmar Bergman's Persona
 * The Beatles's Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Examples
I have removed all of these examples. Calling something a masterpiece is a subjective, POV decision. Thus, it must be sourced by a high quality source with the credentials to judge such a work. Yes, I certainly think that some of those things I removed deserve to be called "masterpieces", but my subjective judgment doesn't cut it on Wikipedia. If any of them are re-added with a source, the line should probably read, "Examples of works that have been described as masterpieces are..." 04:03, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Clearly I think the section is relevant. I think human consensus - common knowledge and common sense says a few are quite obvious and therefore ok per WP:UCS, if you want sources then add them...Modernist (talk) 04:11, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * WP:BURDEN: the responsibility isn't on me to provide sources. And there's no such thing as "common sense" in aesthetic judgment.  For example, I don't think Don Giovanni is a masterpiece, I've never heard of Os Lusíadas, Canterbury Tales is notable only for its place in history not as a great work of art, etc.  Furthermore, I sincerely doubt that someone from non-European or European influenced countries is going to consider most of these masterpieces.  What about pieces like Tales of Genji (from Japan), the I Ching (from China), or Infinite Jest (from the US)?  How about Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which was just added yesterday?
 * While normally I would wait for a discussion, claiming that any given artistic work is "creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill or workmanship" (our definition) is POV unless attributed, thus keeping the list directly violates not only WP:V but also WP:NPOV. I'm going to re-remove the list, and you will need to provide sources to support any inclusions.  Qwyrxian (talk) 06:05, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * You know and I know - that this is ridiculous...Modernist (talk) 12:42, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * You may "know" that, but I honestly do not. I honestly have never heard of Os Lusíadas, and I honestly believe that Canterbury Tales doesn't even come close to being a masterpiece.  I also honestly believe that neither my nor your opinion matters, per WP:NPOV.  And I certainly believe that a list that consists of only European artworks is clearly insufficient and a terrible example of systemic bias.  So the correct solution is for those who want to include th einfo to find sources.
 * Having said that, though, just finding sources isn't actually going to solve the problem. For example, in a quick search of recent news, I see that a Japanese article has called Bruegel's The Way to Calvary a masterpiece, a Russian article called Vasily Polenov's He That Is Without Sin a masterpiece, and touchArcade (which is an RS for video games), calls the new iPod game "Infinity Blade 2" a masterpiece.  So, if people want to include a list, we're going to need to do better than a simple citation calling something a "masterpiece".  So, how do we solve this problem?  Note, again, that we can't just take a poll here and decide what to include.  Personally, I prefer to simply not worry about the issue, and leave the list out.  Note that I've been generous and kept the two pictures in the article, when technically even their inclusion could be a matter of debate. Qwyrxian (talk) 13:40, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
 * While your arguments are valid - this is an absurd precipice; beyond which in my opinion it has become ridiculous...Modernist (talk) 13:51, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

Music
Can't a masterpiece also refer to a piece by a classical composer?--95.116.210.145 (talk) 02:13, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

In academia
I've removed the unreferenced "Originally the paper which a student needs to present in order to gain the degree of Master of Arts was also such a "masterpiece" - i.e. a fine piece of scholarship, the particular craft in which the student sought to be admitted as a master craftsman." because I don't think it's true, in English anyway - but I could be wrong. This meaning is not in OED. Anyone (with a reference)? Johnbod (talk) 11:39, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

Mona Lisa
The sources given for the statement that Mona Lisa "is the archetypal masterpiece" of painting, while making abundantly clear that the work is the best-known on a cultural level, do not support the assertion that Mona Lisa is the archetypal masterpiece of painting. They would support the claim that it is the most famous of all acclaimed paintings. This is an important difference. AndrewOne (talk) 03:50, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * That's your opinion; the sources make clear the clarity, beauty and aesthetics of the art of Leonardo Da Vinci, fortunately...Modernist (talk) 11:12, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Not really. Plenty more sources here. Johnbod (talk) 14:52, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Unsurprisingly, the article from The Independent only backs up my argument. After pointing out what is considered to make the Mona Lisa great from an artistic standpoint, the article specifically notes, "Her status as 'the one painting everyone knows' is, [Professor Sassoon] says, the 'product of a long history of political and geographical accident, fantasies conjured up, connections made, images manufactured, and luck.'" In The Washington Post, Blake Gopnik even uses the Mona Lisa as an example of how "works of art become popular icons from exposure, not from intrinsic worth". The difference is indeed an important one. AndrewOne (talk) 15:47, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * As stated others disagree with you and your opinion...Modernist (talk) 15:53, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about: "Masterpiece, magnum opus (Latin, great work) or chef d'œuvre (French, master of work, plural chefs d'œuvre) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship." Tick. Johnbod (talk) 16:26, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Neither of these past two responses specifically addresses the claims of my most recent comment. Modernist, you have simply said that my "opinion" is disagreed with when it is a fact, not an opinion, that to be the best-known is not necessarily to be the most critically acclaimed. It is once again an important difference. Johnbod, you have used Wikipedia as a source, and the only source currently on the first page of that Google link which would support your favored version is perhaps the Khan Academy page, which is of questionable reliability. Once again, if you want to state in the main page that Mona Lisa is the "archetypal masterpiece" of its art form, please find a source that confirms it as such. In the meantime, please skim the articles mentioned in my previous comment. If you two are unwilling to respond seriously, I will begin an RfC. AndrewOne (talk) 17:17, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Let's get this straight - according to you Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci is not a masterpiece; it's just a famous painting. Paint quality, landscape, poetry, intensity, beauty, and surface aside; Yeah, I totally disagree with your erroneous opinion...Modernist (talk) 23:04, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's quite what he's saying, but if he's going to do a RFC he needs to articulate his issue rather more clearly than he has here. This and this search might help. For example: The Lost Mona Lisa - Page 84

https://books.google.co.uk/books?isbn=0553818309 R. A. Scotti - 2010 - Preview - More editions "As the crown jewel of the Louvre collection, Mona Lisa had become a symbol of the stale museum art that the avant-garde believed was stifling new ideas and new talent. She was the archetype of the dead masterpieces they were rejecting ..." Johnbod (talk) 02:58, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Rather a well-attested case, really, but interesting to see someone trying to take on ... the rest of the known universe. Chiswick Chap (talk) 20:52, 10 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I see the wording has been changed to say that the Mona Lisa is "an archetypal masterpiece". While better alternatives still exist, this is better than what was there before. In response to Chiswick Chap, I am not taking on "the rest of the known universe". Read the sources I mentioned in earlier comments to this section. Doing so will make clear why I had an issue with the statement that the Mona Lisa is "the archetypal masterpiece" of painting. I had no intention of starting an argument over whether or not the Mona Lisa is a highly acclaimed work. Everyone here, I would presume, knows that it is. The phrase "the archetypal masterpiece" is not the same. Pulp Fiction is both a widely acclaimed film and one of the most prominent films in popular culture, but this does not mean that it is "the archetypal masterpiece" of cinema. Such a grand description would be more appropriate for a work such as Citizen Kane or Persona. The public are not critics; we should not simply take the widely acclaimed works which happen to be the best-known culturally and write that they are "the archetypal masterpieces" of their crafts. In the case of the Mona Lisa, there are several paintings which would likely be praised more highly by art historians. Diego Velázquez's Las Meninas comes to mind, and so does Pablo Picasso's Guernica. The current phrasing is better, though. AndrewOne (talk) 05:58, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

Élevé?
In Chapter 2 of “The Craftsman”, Richard Sennett distinguishes between the chef d’œvre which was, he says, the gate between Apprentice and Journeyman, and the chef d’œvre élevé which took the Journeyman to the rank of Master. Is that worth mentioning in the article? 70.123.153.76 (talk) 02:20, 19 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I doubt this was a general distinction. One would need more specificity - who, where, when? Johnbod (talk) 03:42, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Masterpiece in modern use
This article's words are mainly about the guild system of long ago. This word "masterpiece" is in modern use, so I made a new section with that title, put in the sentence from the lead, and added a sentence about the novel David Copperfield being considered the masterpiece of Charles Dickens. I included the sources used for that statement in the English Wikipedia and French Wikipedia re the novel.

 * I do have a question about the word 'archetypal' in overuse in the photo captions. What precisely does it mean here? It is unclear to me if you mean archetypal for the historical usage of masterpiece, or the modern use of masterpiece; perhaps some text could make say archetypal in other words, give it a setting. As Leonardo da Vinci did not need the approval of any guild for his painting, I take it that Mona Lisa, the painting, is a masterpiece in the modern sense, despite the century in which it was painted. The judgment of masterpiece is recent based on the sources inserted into the image caption. People have judged it a masterpiece among Leonardo da Vinci's paintings, and also among paintings in the Louvre. Thus I moved that painting down to the new section.

 * I see that this article is under the auspices of the visual arts. Will you be rejecting my addition of a novel as an example of a masterpiece? I hope not. I do hope some other examples of masterpieces in the modern sense, no guild involved, will be added to the new section. --Prairieplant (talk) 04:12, 16 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with one such example, but the last thing we need is a long list, to which people keep adding. Yes, the Mona Lisa is a masterpiece in the modern sense. Really we need to know more on when this "modern" sense developed, which I suspect was a very long time ago. Johnbod (talk) 16:59, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Masterpiece


text:
Talk:Heel

Untitled
Can we put all this at separate articles called Heel (foot), Heel (shoe), and Heel, Netherlands?? 66.32.102.16 14:00, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

 * We could if we wanted, but none of the meanings of heel is that long yet, so nobody's bothered. If you created an account, you would gain access to the "Move Page" function, and could do it yourself, if you'd like.  It's free and completely anonymous. Hope that helps. Meelar 14:07, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

This is still a very ugly disambig. JFW | T@lk  10:38, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In my opinion heel spur should form a separate article, since I believe that it is a distinct medical condition.

title: Talk:Heel


text:
Prague astronomical clock

The Prague astronomical clock or Prague Orloj (Pražský orloj ) is a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.

The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation.

Description
The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town Hall in the Old Town Square. The clock mechanism has three main components – the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; statues of various Catholic saints stand on either side of the clock; "The Walk of the Apostles", an hourly show of moving Apostle figures and other sculptures, notably a figure of a skeleton that represents Death, striking the time; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months. According to local legend, the city will suffer if the clock is neglected and its good operation is placed in jeopardy; a ghost, mounted on the clock, was supposed to nod its head in confirmation. According to the legend, the only hope was represented by a boy born on New Year's night.

History
The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410, when it was created by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Charles University professor of mathematics and astronomy Jan Šindel. The first recorded mention of the clock was on 9 October 1410. Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and the clock facade was decorated with gothic sculptures.

Formerly, it was believed that the Orloj was constructed in 1490 by clockmaster Jan Růže (also called Hanuš); this is now known to be a historical mistake. A legend, recounted by Alois Jirásek, has it that the clockmaker Hanuš was blinded on the order of the Prague Councillors so that he could not repeat his work; in turn, he disabled the clock, and no one was able to repair it for the next hundred years.

In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Táborský (1500–1572), master clockmaker of Klokotská Hora, who also wrote a report of the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as the maker of this clock. This mistake, corrected by Zdeněk Horský, was due to an incorrect interpretation of records from the period. The mistaken assumption that Hanuš was the maker is probably connected with his reconstruction of the Old Town Hall in the years 1470–1473. The clock stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. The legend was used as the main plot in the 2008 animated film Goat story – The Old Prague Legends.

In 1629 or 1659 wooden statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after a major repair in 1787–1791. During the next major repair in the years 1865–1866 the golden figure of a crowing rooster was added.

The Orloj suffered heavy damage on 7 and especially 8 May 1945, during the Prague uprising, when the Nazis fired on the south-west side of the Old Town Square from several armoured vehicles in an unsuccessful attempt to destroy one of the centers of the uprising. The hall and nearby buildings burned, along with the wooden sculptures on the clock and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. After significant effort, the machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948.

The Orloj was renovated in autumn 2005, when the statues and the lower calendar ring were restored. The wooden statues were covered with a net to keep pigeons away.

The last renovation of the astronomical clock was carried out from January to September 2018, following a reconstruction of the Old Town Tower. During the renovation, an electric clock mechanism that had been in operation since 1948 was replaced by an original mechanism from the 1860s.

600th anniversary
On 9 October 2010, the Orloj's 600th anniversary was celebrated with a light show on the face of the clock tower. Two projectors were used to project several animated videos on the clock. The videos showed it being built, torn down, rebuilt, and peeled away to show its internal mechanisms and the famous animated figures, as well as various events in the clock's history. The video interacted with the tower's architecture, such as rain rolling off the arch, and showing the passage of time with moving shadows.

605th anniversary
On its 605th anniversary, 9 October 2015, the Orloj appeared on the Google home page as a Google Doodle.

2018 reconstruction
The Orloj was taken down for reconstruction and replaced by a LED screen in early 2018, with the restoration works scheduled to last for the whole summer tourist season of 2018 and the restored actual Orloj eventually being back in service soon enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Czechoslovakia at the end of October 2018. With the reconstruction and restoration work completed, it resumed operations at 6 p.m. local time on 28 September 2018.

2022 reconstruction controversy
The artwork on the Orloj became the center of controversy after a local heritage group noticed the reproduction had "radically changed the appearance, ages, skin tone, dress and even genders of the figures" illustrated by Mánes in 1866. A member of the Club for Old Prague, Milan Patka, registered a complaint with the Ministry of Culture, alleging that in the restoration, painter Stanislav Jirčík had deviated from the "spirit and detail" of the original. The National Heritage Inspectorate began investigations into the allegations.

The Guardian reported that the artist may have put the likenesses of his friends and acquaintances into the work, "possibly as a joke." Upon this discovery, the Prague city council's deputy mayor for transport and heritage criticized the botched restoration as "banal and done by an amateur" and suggested the city might need to commission a replacement. It is not yet known how the restoration's discrepancy with the original had escaped detection when the work was installed in 2018.

Astronomical dial
The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current orientation of the universe relative to the Earth.

The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.

Stationary background
The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the centre represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the Sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.

Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).

Golden Roman numerals at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24-hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal "hours". These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.

Zodiacal ring
Inside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the Sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photograph accompanying this section, the Sun is currently moving anticlockwise from Cancer into Leo.

The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.

The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals. The zodiac is on the 365-tooth gear inside the machine. This gear is connected to the Sun gear and the Moon gear by a 24-tooth gear.

Old Czech time scale
At the outer edge of the clock, golden Schwabacher numerals are set on a black background. These numbers indicate Old Czech Time (or Italian hours), with 24 indicating the time of sunset, which varies during the year from as early as 16:00 in winter to 20:16 in summer. This ring moves back and forth during the year to coincide with the time of sunset. The outermost diameter of the ring is approximately 300cm (9.8ft).

Sun
The golden Sun moves around the zodiacal circle, thus showing its position on the ecliptic. The Sun is attached to an arm with a golden hand, and together they show the time in three different ways:

 * 1) The position of the golden hand over the Roman numerals on the background indicates the time in local Prague time.
 * 2) The position of the Sun over the curved golden lines indicates the time in unequal hours.
 * 3) The position of the golden hand over the outer ring indicates the hours passed after sunset in Old Czech Time.

Additionally, the distance of the Sun from the center of the dial shows the time of sunrise and sunset. The Sun and its hand are on the 366-tooth gear inside the machine.

Moon
The movement of the Moon on the ecliptic is shown similarly to that of the Sun, although the speed is much faster, due to the Moon's orbit around the Earth. The Moon's arm is on the 379-tooth gear inside the clock machine.

The half-silvered, half-black sphere of the Moon also shows the Lunar phase. The Moon has a 57-tooth gear inside its sphere, and is slowly rotated by a screw-thread attached to a weight, advancing two teeth per day. This movement, powered only by gravity, makes the Orloj unique in the world among astronomical clocks showing the phases of the Moon. The mechanism was created by an unknown maker, probably in the mid-17th century. Unlike the original device, the construction of which was described in a report from 1570, this mechanism produces much smaller deviation from the actual lunar phase of about one day in five years.

Animated figures
The four figures flanking the clock are set in motion on the hour, and represent four things that were despised at the time of the clock's making. From left to right in the photographs, the first is Vanity, represented by a figure admiring himself in a mirror. Next, the miser holding a bag of gold represents greed or usury. Across the clock stands Death, a skeleton that strikes the time upon the hour. Finally, there is a Turkish figure representing lust and earthly pleasures. On the hour, the skeleton rings the bell and immediately all other figures shake their heads side to side, signifying their unreadiness "to go".

Every hour of the day, statues of the Twelve Apostles with their attributes appear at the doorways above the clock. The left and right windows above the astronomical clock slide aside to reveal the Apostles as viewed from the square in this order: James the Less and Peter, Andrew and Matthias, Thaddeus and Philip, Thomas and Paul, John and Simon, Barnabas and Bartholomew. Unlike the list of the Twelve Apostles mentioned in the canonical gospels, James the Great and Matthew are missing, replaced by Paul and Barnabas.

Calendar
The calendar plate below the clock was replaced by a copy in 1880. The original made by Josef Mánes is stored in the Prague City Museum. On the edge of the circle is a church calendar with fixed holidays and the names of 365 saints. The board displays allegories of the months. Smaller images represent zodiac signs.

Next to the calendar stands a philosopher, archangel Michael pointing at the top of the dial, an astronomer and a chronicler.

title: Prague astronomical clock


text:
Richard Wright

Richard Wright may refer to:

Arts

 * Richard Wright (author) (1908–1960), African-American novelist
 * Richard B. Wright (1937–2017), Canadian novelist
 * Richard Wright (painter) (1735–1775), marine painter
 * Richard Wright (artist) (born 1960), British artist and musician, band member of Correcto
 * Richard Wright (musician) (1943–2008), founding member of Pink Floyd

Politics

 * Richard Wright (MP) (1568–1639), MP for Dorchester from 1597 to 1598
 * Richard L. Wright (born 1943), American political leader
 * Richard R. Wright (1855–1947), American military officer, educator, politician, civil rights advocate, and banking entrepreneur

Sports

 * Richard Wright (cricketer, born 1877) (1877–1942), English cricketer
 * Richard Wright (cricketer, born 1903) (1903–1991), English cricketer
 * Richard Wright (footballer) (born 1977), retired English football goalkeeper

Other

 * Richard Wright (headmaster) (1572–1638), headmaster of Eaton College 1611
 * Richard Wright (Unitarian) (1764–1836), Unitarian minister
 * Richard Cotsman Wright (1841–1921), Canadian architect
 * Richard R. Wright Jr. (1878–1967), American sociologist
 * Richard T. Wright (born 1951), American criminologist
 * Orville Wilbur Richard "Rick" Wright, a character in the TV series Magnum, P.I., named Orville "Rick" Wright in the 2018 series reboot

title: Richard Wright


text:
Kevin Phillips

Kevin Phillips may refer to:

 * Kevin Phillips (actor) (born 1981), American actor
 * Kevin Phillips (Australian footballer) (1928–2018), Australian footballer for Collingwood
 * Kevin Phillips (English footballer) (born 1973), former Sunderland and England football player
 * Kevin Phillips (political commentator) (1940–2023), American political commentator and writer
 * Kevin Phillips (politician) (1954–2017), Canadian politician
 * Kevin Phillips (rugby union) (born 1961), Wales international rugby union player

title: Kevin Phillips


text:
Planet (disambiguation)

A planet, in astronomy, is one of a class of celestial bodies that orbit stars. (A dwarf planet is a similar, but officially mutually exclusive, class of body.)

 * For articles on specific types of planet, see List of planets

Planet or Planets may also refer to:
 * Planets in astrology, celestial bodies used in prophecy
 * The planet, a term often used to refer to Earth

As an acronym

 * Professional Landcare Network, a US organization for lawn care, landscape architecture and related professionals
 * Probing Lensing Anomalies Network, a network of optical astronomical telescopes used for photometry
 * Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique, a barcoding system for sorting mail used by the US Postal Service

Computing

 * Planet (software), software for collecting posts from RSS feeds and republishing them on a website
 * Planet Network, network of video game-related websites operated by GameSpy
 * Planet Online, UK Internet service provider
 * The Planet Internet Services, large dedicated hosting service provider

Film and television

 * The Planet (film), a 2006 Swedish documentary film
 * The Planets (film), 1983
 * The Planets, first-season title of The Planets and Beyond, a Science Channel documentary series
 * The Planets (1999 TV series), a BBC TV documentary series
 * The Planets (2019 TV series), a BBC TV documentary series presented by Professor Brian Cox
 * Planète (TV channel), a French television channel, now known as Planète+
 * Planetes, 2003 Sunrise, Inc. manga and anime television series
 * Planet or Captain Planet, character in Captain Planet and the Planeteers

Magazines and newspapers

 * Planet (magazine), a Welsh cultural and political quarterly
 * Planet Magazine, on-line science fiction magazine
 * Planet PC, a British computer gaming magazine
 * Planet Stories, science fiction magazine published from 1939-1955
 * Planète (review), a French magazine of the fantastic realism literary movement
 * Daily Planet, a fictional newspaper in the Superman universe

Music

 * The Planets, a suite of orchestral music by Gustav Holst
 * The Planets (band), a classical music band formed by Mike Batt
 * Planets (Adema album), by Adema
 * Planets, an album by the art rock band One Ring Zero
 * Planets (Eloy album), by the German band Eloy from 1982
 * "Planets" (song), a 2010 song by the Australian pop-rock band Short Stack
 * "Planet", a song from the album Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week! by The Sugarcubes
 * Planet, a series of EPs by Basement Jaxx
 * "Planets", a song by Avenged Sevenfold from Hail to the King
 * The Planet (album), by Young Ejecta
 * "The Planet", a 2023 song by BTS

Transport

 * Planet (locomotive), an early British steam railway locomotive
 * 'Planet' trademark for petrol locomotives produced by Kent Construction and Engineering Ltd in England after WW1
 * 2-2-0, a class of railway locomotives including the latter
 * Planet Airways, a US airline
 * Cagiva Planet, an Italian motorcycle
 * The PLANET series of Japanese uncrewed spacecraft:
 * PLANET-A, alternative name for Suisei (probe)
 * PLANET-B, alternative name for Nozomi (probe)
 * PLANET-C, alternative name for Akatsuki (probe)
 * Name of several German oceanographic research vessels:
 * SMS Planet (1905), survey ship of the Kaiserliche Marine
 * Planet (1967), research vessel of the German Navy
 * Planet (2005), research vessel of the German Navy

Sport

 * "The Planets", nickname given to Kenyan association football club Ligi Ndogo S.C.
 * Planet (horse), a racing horse

Other uses

 * Planet, a Jacques Vert retail clothing brand
 * Planet (company), a financial services company specialised in multicurrency payments, credit card processing and the management of Tax-free shopping
 * Planet Labs, an American public Earth imaging company

title: Planet (disambiguation)