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Pope Anianus of Alexandria

Pope Anianus (Greek: Ανιανός, transliterated: Anianós) was the 2nd Patriarch of Alexandria. He was ordained by Saint Mark the Evangelist, and was also the first convert Mark won to Christianity in the region.

Connection with Saint Mark
As St. Mark was entering Rakotis, a suburb of Alexandria, after his trip from Cyrene to the Pentapolis, the strap of his sandal fell off. He found a cobbler, St. Anianus, to repair it. While he was working on the sandal, the awl slipped in Anianus' hand, piercing it. Anianus cried '"Heis ho Theos" ("God is one") in response to the pain. Mark took the opportunity to say the Gospel of Christianity to him, at the same time reportedly miraculously healing Anianus of his wound.

How it was that Anianus was a monotheist in Alexandria is a matter of conjecture. Some have suggested that he was himself a Jew, or perhaps a pagan native who had come under the influence of the wealthy Jewish community, and learned his monotheistic beliefs there. Others have held that Anianus was a noble, although this does seem to be contrary to the documents available.

In any event, Mark was invited to Anianus's house, where he taught Anianus' family the Gospel and baptized them all. A large number of natives of the area were quickly converted by Mark and his followers, causing those citizens who did not convert to feel obliged to defend their local gods against the new faith.

Ordination of Anianus
Mark, the outsider, decided it might be best if he were to leave the area for a while. He ordained Anianus to be bishop in his absence. He also ordained three presbyters and seven deacons at the same time, charging the group of them with watching over the church of the area in his absence.

Mark was gone for a period of two years, during which time he is said to have gone to Rome, Aquileia, and the Pentapolis, preaching, performing miracles, and winning converts to Christianity at each location. On Mark's return, he found that the church in Alexandria had grown significantly, and that they were able to build a church for themselves at Bucolia on the shore of the eastern harbor of Alexandria, also known as the Portus Magnus of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Following the martyrdom of Mark on the 30th day of Baramudah, Anianus became the patriarch of the church in Alexandria. He would remain in that capacity for over seventeen and one-half years. During that time, the number of Christians in the area grew significantly, and Anianus ordained new priests and deacons for the growing church. The extent of the evangelization they performed is unknown, although it has been thought by some that it was done at least somewhat covertly, given the hostility the pagan population demonstrated to the new faith. Anianus died in bed, and was buried next to Mark at the church in Baucalis.

Dispute
It is a matter of some dispute whether Anianus was the first or second Patriarch of Alexandria. The Catholic Church and some others hold that Anianus was the first patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria holds that Mark was the first patriarch of Alexandria, making Anianus second.

Veneration
He is regarded as a saint, with a feast day of 20 Hathor in the Coptic Orthodox Church and 25 April in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.

Church Dedications
The church of St. Anianus in Monroe Township, NJ is the first Coptic Orthodox Church in the world dedicated in the name of St. Anianus.

title: Pope Anianus of Alexandria


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List of Jeremiah episodes

The following is a list of episodes for the American-Canadian post-apocalyptic action-drama television series Jeremiah, starring Luke Perry and Malcolm-Jamal Warner that ran on the Showtime network from 2002 to 2004. The series takes place in a future wherein the adult population has been wiped out by a deadly virus.

The series ended production in 2003, after the management of Showtime decided they were not interested in producing science fiction programming anymore. Had the series continued, it would have run under a different showrunner than Straczynski, who decided to leave following the completion of the production of the second season due to creative differences between him and MGM Television.

Episodes for the final half of the second season did not begin airing in the United States until September 3, 2004.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Jeremiah episodes


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User:Trc

I am a student of the Catholic faith. I am also a Catholic in real life. I am fascinated by alternate theologies, and am in no way eager that their details should not be expressed; indeed quite the contrary. A clear expression of Protestant and other theologies is basic to knowledge of religion; many Church theologians have said as much.

My goal is that all positions in theological discussion should be fairly and fully manifested, with appropriate references and details.

I began wiki contributions as '207'. You can see my efforts. Pages I have begun include Bat Ye'or, Latria, Ecclesiastical Latin, and Book of Baruch.

title: User:Trc


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Entertainment Tonight

Entertainment Tonight (or simply ET) is an American first-run syndicated news broadcasting newsmagazine program that is distributed by CBS Media Ventures throughout the United States and owned by Paramount Streaming. Having premiered on September 14, 1981, it holds the Guinness World Record as the longest-running entertainment news program on television.

International versions of the show are distributed by CBS Studios International.

Format
The format of the program is composed of stories of interest from throughout the entertainment industry, exclusive set visits, first looks at upcoming film and television projects, and one-on-one interviews with actors, musicians and other entertainment personalities and newsmakers.

A one-hour weekend edition, ET Weekend (known as Entertainment This Week until September 1991), originally offered a recap of the week's entertainment news, with most or all episodes later transitioning to center (either primarily or exclusively) around some sort of special theme; though the weekend edition now utilizes either format depending on the episode, most commonly, the format of those broadcasts consists of replays of stories that were shown during the previous week's editions.

ET Radio Minute, a daily radio feature, is syndicated by Westwood One.

As of 2021, the program's weekday broadcasts are anchored by Kevin Frazier and Nischelle Turner, while the weekend editions are anchored by Rachael Smith.

History
In its early years from its September 1981 inception, Entertainment Tonight–following a local newscast-style format–consisted primarily of coverage of the latest movies, music and television releases and projects.

They signed an exclusive agreement to cover the wedding of convicted child molester Mary Kay Letourneau, who married the student she had an affair with, Vili Fualaau; and attorney Howard K. Stern, who represented Daniel Birkhead in the Dannielynn Birkhead paternity case of the late Anna Nicole Smith's daughter Dannielynn. ET aired exclusive stories related to Smith, including coverage of her funeral, and her surviving daughter.

In 1993, Entertainment Tonight had coverage of the premiere of "Emissary", the debut episode "Star Trek: Deep Space Nine". The premiere was the highest rated of syndicated series in television history.

In 1996, actor George Clooney decided to boycott Entertainment Tonight to protest the presence of intrusive paparazzi after Hard Copy did an exposé about his love life, violating an agreement that he had with Paramount, which produced and syndicated both shows. In a letter he sent to Paramount, Clooney stated that he would encourage his friends to do the same.

On September 8, 2008, Entertainment Tonight began broadcasting in high-definition television; concurrently, the program moved its production and studio operations from its longtime home at Stage 28 on the Paramount Pictures studio lot to Stage 4 at CBS Studio Center, one of the final steps involving the incorporation of Paramount's former syndication arm, Paramount Domestic Television, into CBS' distribution arms and the adoption of the then-new CBS Television Distribution name, which all took place following the breakup of CBS and the original Viacom into separate companies in December 2005.

After pressure via a social media campaign by actors Dax Shepard and Kristen Bell, ET announced in February 2014 that it would no longer accept footage or pictures of the children of celebrities from paparazzi photographers.

In January 2020, Entertainment Tonight set the Guinness World Record for the longest-running entertainment news show on TV.

ET Live
In November 2018, CBS launched a free, 24-hour over-the-top streaming service known as ET Live; it features the correspondents from the linear show with expanded coverage of entertainment news. It is available via web browsers, apps, and most recently, the free streaming service Pluto TV (which added ET Live to its channel lineup in November 2019).

Mixible
In July 2022, it was announced that the service would be rebranded as Mixible, and continue to air a mixture of entertainment, lifestyle, and pop culture-related programming (including ET's The Download), but with expanded contributions from other Paramount Global properties such as MTV, VH1, Awesomeness, ComicBook.com, Inside Edition, and The Drew Barrymore Show.

Anchor

 * Kevin Frazier – weekday co-anchor (2014–present; previously served as weekend co-anchor/correspondent from 2004 to 2011/2014–2023)
 * Nischelle Turner – weekday co-anchor (2021–present; previously served as correspondent/substitute weekday anchor from 2014 to 2021 and weekend co-anchor 2021-2023)

Correspondents

 * Brooke Anderson – contributor/substitute weekday anchor (2019–present; previously served as substitute weekday anchor/correspondent from 2013 to 2015 and as contributor from 2015 to 2018)
 * Deidre Behar – correspondent
 * Ash Crossan – correspondent
 * Cassie DiLaura – correspondent (2022—present)
 * Denny Directo – correspondent (2022—present)
 * Brice Sander – correspondent
 * Rachel Smith – weekend anchor/correspondent (2019–present)

Former on-air staff

 * Thea Andrews – fill-in weekend host/correspondent (2006–2009; later at The Insider)
 * Army Archerd – correspondent (1981; deceased)
 * Alan Arthur - weekend co-host (1983–1984)
 * Rona Barrett – correspondent (1983–1986)
 * Chris Booker – correspondent (2002–2003)
 * Lisa Canning – correspondent (1995–1998)
 * Jann Carl – fill-in weekend host/correspondent (1995–2008)
 * Matt Cohen - weekend anchor/correspondent (2019–2023)
 * Steven Cojocaru – fashion correspondent (2003–2011)
 * Leanza Cornett – correspondent (1994–1995, deceased)
 * Rocsi Diaz – weekend co-anchor/correspondent (2013–2015)
 * Steve Edwards – weekend co-host (1982–1983)
 * Leeza Gibbons – fill-in host/correspondent (1984–1995; later at Extra and co-host of America Now)
 * Garrett Glaser – correspondent (1989–1993)
 * Bob Goen – co-host/correspondent (1993–2004; now at WCPO-TV in Cincinnati)
 * Alan Hemberger – weekend co-anchor/correspondent (1981–1983; deceased)
 * Tom Hallick – host/correspondent (1981)
 * Bill Harris – correspondent (1984–1985, deceased)
 * Samantha Harris – correspondent (2010–2012, 2015–2016)/weekend co-anchor/substitute weekday anchor (2015–2016, now back at Extra)
 * Mary Hart – co-host/correspondent (1982–2011)
 * Ron Hendren – original co-host (1981–1984; deceased)
 * Huell Howser – correspondent (1982–1983; deceased)
 * Keltie Knight – correspondent/fill-in weekend anchor/fill-in weekday anchor (2017–2021; now at E! News)
 * Vanessa Lachey – correspondent (2005–2007)
 * Robin Leach – correspondent (1981–1984; deceased)
 * Leonard Maltin – film historian/reviewer (1982–2010)
 * Rob Marciano – weekday/weekend co-anchor (2013–2014; now at ABC News)
 * Will Marfuggi – correspondent (2022–2023; now at E! News)
 * Cameron Mathison – weekend anchor/correspondent (2015–2018; later co-host of Home & Family on Hallmark Channel)
 * Maria Menounos – correspondent (2001–2005; later at Extra and E! News)
 * Julie Moran – correspondent (1995–2001)
 * Nancy O'Dell – co-host/correspondent (2011–2019, later at PEOPLE, The TV Show!)
 * Al Owens – correspondent/fill-in co-anchor (1984–1987)
 * Carlos Ponce – correspondent (2004–2005)
 * Tony Potts – correspondent (1998; later at Access Hollywood; now at CNN and HLN)
 * Ahmad Rashad – fill-in weekend co-host (1988–1989); later host of Caesars Challenge and NBA Inside Stuff
 * Michael Scott – fill-in host/correspondent (1993–1994)
 * Carly Steel – correspondent (2016–2018)
 * Mark Steines – co-host/correspondent (1995–2012; later co-host of Home & Family on Hallmark Channel)
 * Andre Leon Talley – fashion correspondent (2012–2013, deceased)
 * John Tesh – co-host/correspondent (1986–1996)
 * Marjorie Wallace – host/correspondent (1981)
 * Robb Weller – co-host/correspondent (1984–1986)
 * Dixie Whatley – co-host/correspondent (1981–1982)
 * Roshumba Williams – correspondent (2002)
 * Jeanne Wolf – correspondent (1986–1990)
 * Chris Wragge – correspondent (1996–1997, later at WCBS-TV in New York and co-anchor of The Early Show on CBS)
 * Lauren Zima – correspondent (2019–2022)

Competition
, despite competition from The Insider and even the more general-focus newsmagazine Inside Edition, both also produced by CBS Television Distribution, Entertainment Tonight remained among the ten highest-rated syndicated programs, according to Nielsen ratings weekly ratings. During the 2007–08 season, the program's daytime ratings fluctuated between fourth and fifth place due to competition from fellow CBS-syndicated program Judge Judy.

International versions
The international rights are distributed by CBS Studios International.

title: Entertainment Tonight


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Withdean 2000 F.C.

Withdean 2000 Football Club were an English football team based in Withdean, in Brighton, who most recently played in the Combined Counties League. Originally called Westdene, they changed their name to Withdean in the late 1980s and added the "2000" after a reorganisation in that year, after which they moved from the Sussex County League to the CCL.

They won the CCL championship in 2002–03, winning 40 games, drawing four and losing only two, coming from behind to overwhelm AFC Wallingford, who had won the previous season, and AFC Wimbledon, who would win the following season. A relentless series of resounding victories in re-arranged postponed games toward the end of the season placed them beyond the reach of their rivals.

However, circumstances promptly conspired against them. Since they had given up their home ground to Brighton & Hove Albion after the latter lost the Goldstone Ground, Withdean's playing facilities were not fit to qualify them for promotion from the CCL to the Isthmian League and in the close season of 2003 their wealthy backer Alan Pook and many of the best players left for Isthmian League team Worthing. Consequently, in the 2003–04 season Withdean 2000 struggled near the bottom of the table. Unable to finance their outgoings any longer, in June 2004 they withdrew from the CCL for the following season and the club were disbanded.

title: Withdean 2000 F.C.


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Entertainment Software Association

The Entertainment Software Association (ESA) is the trade association of the video game industry in the United States. It was formed in April 1994 as the Interactive Digital Software Association (IDSA) and renamed on July 21, 2003. It is based in Washington, D.C. Most of the top publishers in the gaming world (or their American subsidiaries) are members of the ESA.

The ESA also organized the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) trade expo in Los Angeles, California. The ESA's policy is based by member companies serving on the ESA's three Working Groups: "Intellectual Property Working Group", "Public Policy Committee" and "Public Relations Working Group".

History
The concept of the IDSA/ESA arose from the controversies that the violence depicted in the video game Mortal Kombat drew. This led to a United States Congress hearing in late 1993, where the video game industry was put under scrutiny for the level of violence in games like Mortal Kombat and Night Trap. During these hearings, Sega and Nintendo blamed the other for the situation, citing differences in how they would rate the content of games for players. Following the hearings, Congressman Joe Lieberman proposed the Video Game Ratings Act of 1994, which would have set a government-overseen commission to establish a ratings system for video games, and threatened to push it through legislation if the video game industry did not voluntarily come up with one of its own. Recognizing the threat of government oversight, the companies decided to establish the IDSA to be a unified front and represent all video game companies at this level, and subsequently developed the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) to create a voluntary but standardized rating approach to video games. At first, Sega proposed to IDSA that they wanted to use the Videogame Rating Council ratings, but Nintendo turned down the proposal, fearing it was out of place. In July 1994, IDSA representatives returned to Congress to present the ESRB, which Congress accepted and became the standard for the American industry.

The IDSA formally renamed itself to the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) on July 21, 2003. The renaming was made to reflect that the associated companies were primarily in the realm of creating entertainment software across ranges of devices, and the new name was selected to more clearly define the industry. Doug Lowenstein founded the ESA. On December 14, 2006, game blog Kotaku reported that he was resigning to take a job in finance outside the industry. On May 17, 2007, Mike Gallagher replaced Doug Lowenstein as the president of the ESA.

In 2019, Variety reported that Gallagher had lost the confidence of the board of directors over a number of related issues in the preceding years. His office was characterized as a toxic work environment in which he pitted his subordinates against each other and sent them belittling messages. He also fired an experienced high-level employee in favor of a new employee he preferred. With the 2016 election of Donald Trump, Gallagher attempted to publicly align the ESA with Trump's policies, such as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which was unpopular with members of the association. Robert A. Altman and Phil Spencer, then the chair and vice-chair of the board, respectively, spearheaded an internal investigation into Gallagher's conduct. Gallagher announced on October 3, 2018, that he would be stepping down as president; then ESA senior vice-president Stanley Pierre-Louis served as interim president during ESA's search for a permanent replacement. In the end, ESA opted to elect Pierre-Louis as the permanent president and CEO in May 2019.

Activities
In addition to overseeing the ESRB, the ESA organized the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). After the IDSA's formation, the video game industry became concerned over the treatment they had received at recent Consumer Electronic Shows and were seeking another trade show venue. The IDSA partnered with International Data Group (IDG) to organize the first E3, held in May 1995 in Los Angeles. The first E3 proved more successful than originally expected, and the IDSA negotiated with the IDG to take ownership of E3 and its intellectual property, with the IDG serving to help handle execution of the event. In a 1997 interview, IDSA president Doug Lowenstein said E3 is also the primary source of income for the IDSA. In 2016, revenues from running E3 accounted for about 48% of the organization's annual budget, with another 37% coming from membership dues. Some member companies criticized the ESA for its split focus between producing E3 and acting as a legislative advocacy group, with neither focus receiving adequate attention. Following the high profile withdrawals of companies like Sony and Electronic Arts from attending E3, the direction of E3 was called into question, with some members advocating for the business of running E3 to be split out into a separate company. The ESA ultimately discontinued E3 in December 2023.

The ESA leads in confronting legislation that would be harmful to the video game industry, particularly related to video game rating controversies under the ESRB, and encouraging legislation that would be beneficial to the industry. Of note, the ESA was one plaintiff in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, a Supreme Court case that judged that video games were protected works under the First Amendment in 2012, and helped get entertainment software included in the Information Technology Agreement of 1996.

The ESA also engages in government lobbying at the state and federal level. According to a Bloomberg report, the ESA spent approximately $1.1 million in the first quarter of 2011 on lobbying efforts in Washington D.C.  The ESA has initially been a proponent of the proposed anti-piracy SOPA and PIPA legislation, Red 5 Studios CEO Mark Kern founded the League For Gamers (LFG), a rival trade organization, in response. In January 2012, the ESA dropped its support for both SOPA and PIPA, while calling on Congress to craft a more balanced copyright approach.

Gregory Boyd, chairman of the Interactive Entertainment Group at the New York law firm stated, “When it comes to lobbying, the "main industry group" that individual companies defer to is the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), which spent $4.83 million on its own in 2012 — more than Facebook, Google, or even the National Rifle Association (NRA)."

The ESA also works to combat and reduce copyright infringement of video game-related works for the companies it represents. This is typically done through sending takedown or cease and desist notices to sites hosting infringing work, and working with search engines like Google to delist sites that host infringing files. They also work with law enforcement agencies to train agents how to handle copyright infringement.

ESA has spoken in favor of the loot box mechanics, arguing that it does not constitute gambling.

Criticism and controversies
On August 3, 2019, it had been found that an unsecured list of personal attendee data was publicly accessible from the ESA's site. The list contained the information of over 2000 people, most of them being the press and social media influencers that had attended E3 2019. ESA removed the list after its public visible was found, and apologized for allowing the information to become public. However, using similar techniques to access the 2019 data, users found similar dates for over 6000 attendees of past E3 events that were still available on user-authenticated portions of their website; these too were subsequently pulled by ESA once notified.

title: Entertainment Software Association


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Zangfu

The zangfu organs are functional entities stipulated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). These classifications are not based in physiology or science. They constitute the technological centrepiece of TCM's general concept of how the human body works. The term zang refers to the organs considered to be "solid" yin in nature – Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney – while fu refers to the "hollow" yang organs – Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Gall Bladder, Urinary Bladder, Stomach and San Jiao.

Each zang is paired with a fu, and each pair is assigned to one of the wuxing. The zangfu are also connected to the twelve standard meridians – each yang meridian is attached to a fu organ and each yin meridian is attached to a zang. They are five systems of Heart, Liver, Spleen, Lung, Kidney.

To highlight the fact that the zangfu are not equivalent to the anatomical organs, their names are often capitalized.

Anatomical organs
To understand the zangfu it is important to realize that their concept did not primarily develop out of anatomical considerations. The need to describe and systematize the bodily functions was more significant to ancient Chinese physicians than opening up a dead body and seeing what morphological structures there actually were. Thus, the zangfu are functional entities first and foremost, and only loosely tied to (rudimentary) anatomical assumptions.

Yin/yang and the Five Elements
Each zangfu organ has a yin and a yang aspect, but overall, the zang organs are considered to be yin, and the fu organs yang.

Since the concept of the zangfu was developed on the basis of wuxing philosophy, they are incorporated into a system of allocation to one of five elemental qualities (i.e., the Five Elements or Five Phases). The zangfu share their respective element's allocations (e.g., diagnostics of colour, sound, odour and emotion etc.) and interact with each other cyclically in the same way the Five Elements do: each zang organ has one corresponding zang organ that it enfeebles, and one that it reinforces.

The correspondence between zangfu and Five Elements are stipulated as:

 * Fire (火) = Heart (心) and Small Intestine (小肠) (and, secondarily, Sanjiao [三焦, ‘’Triple Burner‘’] and Pericardium [心包])
 * Earth (土) = Spleen (脾) and Stomach (胃)
 * Metal (金) = Lung (肺) and Large Intestine (大肠)
 * Water (水) = Kidney (肾) and Bladder (膀胱)
 * Wood (木) = Liver (肝) and Gallbladder (胆)

Details
The zang organs' essential functions consist in manufacturing and storing qi and blood (and, in the case of the Kidney, essence). The hollow fu organs' main purpose is to transmit and digest (传化, ) substances (like waste, food, etc.).

Zang
Each zang has a corresponding "orifice" it "opens" into. This means the functional entity of a given zang includes the corresponding orifice's functions (e.g. blurry vision is primarily seen as a dysfunction of the Liver zang because the Liver channel "opens" into the eyes).

In listing the functions of the zang organs, TCM regularly uses the term "governing" – indicating that the main responsibility of regulating something (e.g. blood, qi, water metabolism etc.) lies with a certain zang.

Although the zang are functional entities in the first place, TCM gives vague locations for them – namely, the general area where the anatomical organ of the same name would be found. One could argue that this (or any) positioning of the zang is irrelevant for the TCM system; there is some relevance, however, in whether a certain zang would be attributed to the upper, middle or lower jiao.

Heart
The Heart:
 * "Stores" (藏, ) the shen (usually translated as "mind"), paired with small intestines
 * Governs xuě (blood) and vessels/meridians
 * Opens into the tongue
 * Reflects in facial complexion

Pericardium
Since there are only five zang organs but six yin channels, the remaining meridian is assigned to the Pericardium. Its concept is closely related to the Heart, and its stipulated main function is to protect the Heart from attacks by Exterior Pathogenic Factors. Like the Heart, the Pericardium governs blood and stores the mind. The Pericardium's corresponding yang channel is assigned to the San Jiao ("Triple Burner").

Spleen
The Spleen:
 * "Stores" the yi
 * Governs "transportation and transformation", i.e. the extraction of jing wei (, usually translated with food essence, sometimes also called jing qi [, essence qi]) – and water – from food and drink, and the successive distribution of it to the other zang organs.
 * Is the source of "production and mutual transformation" of qi and xue (blood)
 * "Contains" the blood inside the vessels
 * Opens into the lips (and mouth)
 * Governs muscles and limbs

Liver
The Liver:
 * "Stores" blood, and the hun (魂, Ethereal Soul) and is paired with the gall bladder.
 * Governs "unclogging and deflation" primarily of qì. The free flow and harmony of qì in turn will ensure the free flow of emotions, blood, and water.
 * Opens into the eyes
 * Governs the tendons
 * Reflects in the nails

Lung
Yin Metal. Home of the po (魄, Corporeal Soul), paired with the yang organ the Large Intestine.

The function of the Lung is to disperse and descend qi throughout the body. It receives qi through the breath, and exhales the waste and helps the peristaltic action of the gastrointestinal tract.The Lung governs the skin and hair and also governs the exterior (one part of immunity) and the closing of the skin pores. A properly functioning Lung organ will ensure the skin and hair are of good quality and that the immune system is strong and able to fight disease. The normal direction of the Lung is defending, when Lung qi "rebels" it goes upwards, causing coughing and wheezing. When the Lung is weak, there can be skin conditions such as eczema, thin or brittle hair, and a propensity to catching colds and flu. The Lung is weakened by dryness and the emotion of grief or sadness.

Kidney
Water. Home of the zhi (志, Will), paired with the Bladder.

The Kidneys store jing Essence, govern birth, growth, reproduction and development. They also produce the Marrow which fills the spinal cord, brain and control the bones. The Kidneys are often referred to as the "Root of Life" or the "Root of the Pre-Heaven Qi".

Criticism
The concept of the zangfu is not scientific – the underlying assumptions and theory have not been (and are not expected to be) verified or falsified by experiment. Probably because of this, the concept (and TCM as a whole) has been criticized as pseudoscientific.

title: Zangfu


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Spermaceti organ

The spermaceti organ is an organ present in the heads of toothed whales of the family Physeteroidea, in particular the sperm whale. This organ contains a waxy liquid called spermaceti and is involved in the generation of sound.

Description
In the modern sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), it is far larger in proportion to the animal's body than what would be explained by simple allometry. Its evolution has caused changes in basal skull morphology, which may implicate that a tradeoff was made that compromised the functionality of other features. The high investment in this organ suggests that it has some adaptive advantage, although its function isn't yet clearly understood.

The spermaceti organ in sperm whales is shaped like an elongated barrel and sits on top of the whale's melon. Historically, the spermaceti oil found within it was used in a variety of products – including lamp oils, candles, and lubricants – providing the economic basis for the sperm whaling industry. A sperm whale may contain as much as 1,900 liters of this oil.

The morphology of the nasal complex morphology is believed to be homologous in all of the echolocating Odontoceti (toothed whales), with the spermaceti organ homologous to the dorsal bursa in the dolphin. The hypertrophied quality of the sperm whale's nose can be interpreted as an adaptation for deep diving unique to Physeteroidea.

Hypotheses
Two main hypotheses exist for use of the spermaceti organ:

 * It assists in controlling buoyancy by manipulating the spermaceti oil's temperature and, consequentially, its density, facilitating deep diving by cooling and surfacing by warming, as well as allowing the animal to remain motionless at great depth.
 * It aids the whale in echolocation, by functioning as a form of sonar.

The first has been challenged by many authors, with the following points raised as problematic: the change in density that could be achieved by manipulation of spermaceti oil temperature would likely have a negligible impact on the animal's overall buoyancy; the anatomical features that would be needed for heat exchange with the spermaceti organ don't appear to be present; a mechanism of temperature regulation would necessitate high physical exertion while at great depth, which deep-diving animals tend to avoid; sperm whales appear to be highly active during dives, countering the suggestion that buoyancy manipulation would be advantageous because of its benefit in remaining motionless while diving; and the evolution of the spermaceti organ with buoyancy as a selective pressure would be very difficult and is unlikely due to the fact that the organ wouldn't have any impact on buoyancy until it became extremely large in proportion to the body.

Thus, the hypothesis that the organ aids in echolocation is generally more accepted. Under this hypothesis, it assists in echolocation for foraging during deep dives, allowing the whale to manipulate the sound waves' direction and power to more easily detect prey.

title: Spermaceti organ


text:
Blantyre

Blantyre is Malawi's centre of finance and commerce, and its second largest city, with a population of 800,264. It is sometimes referred to as the commercial and industrial capital of Malawi as opposed to the political capital, Lilongwe. It is the capital of the country's Southern Region as well as the Blantyre District.

History
Blantyre was founded in 1876 through the missionary work of the Church of Scotland. It was named after Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, birthplace of the explorer David Livingstone. The site was chosen by Henry Henderson, who was joined there on 23 October 1876 by Dr T. T. Macklin and others. Dr Macklin took over the leadership of the mission and began the work of building; but it was not until 1878 that the first ordained minister, Rev. Duff MacDonald, joined the mission. The original missionaries, for various reasons, faced local opposition and three of them were recalled.

From 1881–1898 the mission was run by David Clement Scott, who was famous not only for building the St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, between 1888 and 1891, but also for his Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Mang'anja Language, the foremost dictionary for Mang'anja and the closely related Chichewa language. It was subsequently edited by Scott's successor in Blantyre, Alexander Hetherwick. The church was famously built by a team of local workmen with no knowledge of European architecture or building techniques.

Alongside the mission a commercial trading company was established. The Livingstonia Central Africa Trading Company, renamed the African Lakes Corporation in 1878, was founded in Glasgow in 1877. In 1881, it moved to Mandala, not far away on the other side of the River Mudi. The company's original base in Blantyre, Mandala House, still exists and is a National Monument and the oldest building in Malawi.

Blantyre became a British consular station in 1883 and attained municipality status by 1895, making it Malawi's oldest municipality. By the time of World War I, Blantyre had a diverse population with Africans from neighbouring districts as well as South Asian traders.

The city's status as Malawi's centre of commerce and industry began through its role as a centre for colonial trade in ivory. Thus, Blantyre quickly established itself as a crossroads for trade in Southern Africa. Today the city is Malawi's main manufacturing centre for activities including shoe manufacturing, corn (maize) milling, brewing, soft drink production, baking, printing, and tobacco manufacturing.

From 1876 to 1905, urban development in Blantyre was confined to three distinct areas within 2 km of each other: Blantyre Mission, Mandala (European commercial venture), and the government zone and commercial centre triangle marked by Haile Selassie Road, Glyn Jones Road and Hannover Street. In Limbe development started in 1906 following the establishment of the Shire Highlands Railways Company headquarters and repair and servicing facilities and Imperial Tobacco Group (ITG) packaging and tobacco grading factory nearby. As a result of the establishment of these large operations, easy accessibility and flat topography, Limbe experienced a development boom of Indian wholesale and retail shops. By 1910 Limbe town surpassed Blantyre town. Low- and medium-density housing for the European and Asian staff was in Mpingwe, ITG and Mudi in Limbe and in Mount Pleasant, Sunnyside, Namiwawa, Kabula and Mandala in Blantyre. The Indian shops included accommodation at the rear or on the top floor. High-density housing for the African workforce was far away except the Chiwembe compound in Limbe.

The development history of Blantyre was principally dictated by piecemeal uncoordinated development as a result of individual and interest group decisions relating to evangelism, commerce, farming, industry and administration.

Urban development in Blantyre was further stimulated by the construction of the railway. In 1956 it was merged with its sister city, Limbe (11 km east, founded in 1909), to form one city. Here, it became the "headquarter of Malawi (then Nyasaland) Railways."

Blantyre City has a total of eight National Monuments, mostly buildings of historic importance. The City Assembly has nominated two sites for designation as National Monuments and another 23 sites for investigation with regard to their eligibility for designation as national and local monuments.

Ethnic groups
According to the 2018 census, the Lomwe are the largest ethnic group in the city with 39.59% of the population. The largest ethnic minority are the Ngoni with 19.12% of the population. Other minor ethnic groups include the Yao with 14.32%, Chewa with 9.34%, Sena with 5.74%, Mang'anja with 4.26%, Tumbuka with 4.01%, Tonga with 1.24%, Nyanja with 0.87%, Nkhonde with 0.34%, Lambya with 0.2%, Sukwa with only 0.02%, and other ethnic groups with 0.93% of the city's population.

Religion
The largest religious denomination in Blantyre City is Catholicism with 17.94% of the city. The largest religious minority is Church of Central Africa Presbyterian with 17.61%. Other minority religions include Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist, and Apostolic with 15.44% combined, Pentecostal with 9.75%, Anglican with 1.7%, other Christian with 24.33%, Islam with 10.11%, Traditional with only 0.08%, other religions with 2.41%, and no religion with 0.63% of the city.

Geography
Blantyre City, the largest commercial and industrial capital of Malawi, is in the Shire Highlands and geographical centre of the Southern Region of the country and lies 35° east of Greenwich Meridian and 15° 42' south of the Equator. It is a transport communications node with road, rail and air links to all parts of the country and neighbouring countries of Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Zambia and Tanzania. It covers an area of 228 km2. The city is classified as a 'National Urban Centre' within the designated six hierarchical levels system of urban centres of the country and is the regional administrative headquarters of the Southern Region.

The geology of the city consists of two principal types of rocks of an ancient Basement Complex, a result of a process that took place during the late Pre-Cambrian period about 500 million years ago. The most extensive rock formation consists of pyroxene granulite gneiss that covers more than 50% of the city area, from the northwest to the east and extends in two small bands southward in the western part of the city. Syenitic gneiss accounts for about 40% covering the southern, western and north-eastern corner of the city and also in form of scattered small intrusions into the pyroxene granulite gneiss. In their unweathered state, both rock types are impervious hence poor aquifers, but they provide a valuable resource for road and building construction. Blantyre City is on the eastern edge of the southern branch of the Eastern African Rift, and thus some prominent faults occur within and in the vicinity of the city rendering it prone to earthquakes. The main faults and associated zones of deeply fractured bedrock run from the north of the city in a southwesterly direction and are potential aquifers for groundwater.

Blantyre City lies in a hilly area; it has varied topography ranging from an elevation of about 780 to 1,612 metres above sea level. There are three main types of topographical features, which have major implications for the development of the city: the hills, plateau and ridge, and the natural drainage system.

The most conspicuous and dominant physical features are the numerous hills found in all parts of the city. The main hills are the headwaters of several rivers and streams that originate and radiate from the city, forming a natural drainage system with nine distinct catchment areas: Likhubula, Lunzu, Mombezi and Khombwi, which drain the northern part of the city, and Mudi, Chisombezi, Limbe, Luchenza and Mwampanzi draining the middle and southern parts. Because of the hilly topography, these natural drainage channels are narrow and have steep sides and gradients.

The plateau and ridge comprises all the land that is suitable for urban development including extensive relatively flat land, the mountain piedmonts and plains, and long narrow watersheds and strips of land that separate the rivers and streams.

Its rather unconventional location has meant that Blantyre is surrounded by Mount Soche, Ndirande mountain, Chiradzulu mountain and Michiru Mountain, which constitute the Michiru Mountain Conservation Area.

Climate
The climate of Blantyre is classified by Köppen-Geiger climate classification system as a Tropical climate, more specifically a tropical savanna climate (Aw) and is greatly influenced by its location in the tropical zone and altitude. The city experiences the tropical continental climate with two distinct seasons in the year (three proper seasons). The rainy season is from November to April, with continuing light cold showers locally known as chiperoni from the end of May to July. The dry season is from May to October. The mean annual rainfall is 1122 mm, of which about 80% falls within $3 1/2$ months between November and March.

The city is generally cool with mean monthly temperatures ranging from 19 °C during the cool season (May to July) to 26 °C during the hot season (September to November). There are two particularly uncomfortable spells of weather; the hottest season associated with high humidity soon before the onset of the first rains (end October to November), and the frost along rivers, mist and chilly showers and winds characteristic of the cold season in June and July.

Economy
Blantyre City is the commercial and industrial capital. It is by far the major employment generator in the country and has the greatest multiplier effect on the urban economy. The city is Malawi's industrial centre with many manufacturing plants, having eight designated industrial areas: Makata, Ginnery Corner, Maselema, Limbe, Chirimba, South Lunzu, Maone and Chitawira. Of these Makata, Ginnery Corner, Maselema, Limbe, Chirimba and Maone are actively hosting industries whilst South Lunzu is yet to be developed.

The existing industrial sites are further categorised into heavy and light sites. Makata and Limbe, for example, are the sole heavy industrial sites hosting more than 30 companies.

While Chirimba industrial area is designated a heavy industrial area, it is the least developed in terms of number of industries. Apart from Makata, Ginnery corner industrial site is another active site followed by Limbe and Maselema. The least are Chirimba and Maone industrial sites. Chitawira and Maselema are classic examples of light industrial areas. All the industrial areas are located along the banks of the main rivers or streams of Blantyre city. Makata industrial area lies between Mudi and Nasolo streams whilst Ginnery Corner industrial area is along Mudi River. Maselema industrial area exists along the Naperi river and Chirimba stream hosts Chirimba industrial area.

There are several rules for treatment of wastes in the industries, but disposal of untreated wastewater into drains and, subsequently, into the city's major streams is very common, thus posing a potential health and environmental risk to the people in Blantyre and downstream. Other sources of water pollution in the city such as run-offs from domestic and agricultural activities and vehicle emissions have been identified. Previous studies have indicated substantial heavy metal pollution in the city's water bodies including streams. Major changes in industrial activities have occurred in the city including a decrease in volumes of wastewater generated by the David Whitehead company, which used to be a major contributor of wastewater effluent in Makata industrial area; change of ownership and wastewater management of Cold Storage Company; closure of the Shire Bus Line; doubling of wastewater generation from both Carlsberg and Chibuku Products due to increase in production and installation of some industrial pre-treatment plants such as at Chibuku, Plascon and Dulux.

Manufacturing contributes approximately 14% to GDP. In the period 1996–1999 the sector showed 0% growth, partly due to the rapid liberalisation of markets exposing Malawi's manufacturers to competition from South Africa and Zimbabwe. The sector is still hampered by monopolistic behaviour (cotton), trade barriers, lack of access to capital, illegal imports, and unpredictable implementation or lack of implementation of existing bilateral trade agreements.

The employment structure includes formal and informal sectors, together offering employment that is estimated to be between 50,000 and 55,000 jobs and absorbing 62% of the labour force. The formal sector employment consists of primary, secondary and tertiary industry sub-sectors, and the informal sector is principally small-scale business operations. The tertiary or services industry sub-sector is leading in terms of employment creation and importance to the economy of the city; it employs 26,074 people accounting for 56.5% of total formal employment. The secondary industry sub-sector employs 18,824 people principally in manufacturing and accounts for about 41% of the total employment. Information on informal sector activities is scanty or non-existent. But a recent study by Africon and field investigation under the Blantyre City Environmental City Profile, leads to the conclusion that it is a substantial and vibrant economy, offering employment to about 4,500 people who would otherwise be unemployed.

Blantyre is home to the Malawi Stock Exchange located on Victoria Avenue, the heart of the city. It opened its doors in November 1996 and operates under the Capital Market Development Act 1990 and the Companies Act 1984. Before the listing of the first company, the major activities that were being undertaken were the provision of a facility for secondary market trading in Government of Malawi bonds, namely Treasury Bills and Local Registered Stocks.

As Malawi's main economic and financial hub, the city plays host to an annual international trade fair each May. The event seeks to showcase the best of Malawian commerce, industry, agriculture and information technology and opened under a theme of "Building Productivity Capacity to Achieve Export Competitiveness" in 2007.

According to the Mercer 2017 and Preciousgift Kulumbasi, Cost of Living Rankings, Blantyre is the city with the fifth-lowest cost of living for expatriates in the world.

Sport facilities
Malawi's largest stadium (Bingu International Stadium) is in the capital city of Lilongwe. Construction finished in 2016 and it is estimated to hold 70,000 people. The stadium is home to the Malawi Flames, the country's national football team. It is also used for track and field events as well as the majority of the important functions of the nation.

Malawi's second-largest stadium, Kamuzu Stadium, which holds an estimated 40,000, is in Chichiri, Blantyre. Due to the age of the structure, however, it has been downsized to seat an estimated 25,000. International football games are played here as well as major Malawian events such as presidential inaugurations and Independence Day celebrations. Other sports centres are College of medicine sports complex, Blantyre Youth centre and the Chiwembe Sports complex.

Transport
The city has an important railway station on the Sena railway, which connects it by operating a connection between Blantyre to Nsanje, near the southern border with Mozambique, and connects Malawi with the Mozambican ports of Beira and Nacala; Mchinji, near the border with Zambia; Salima and Lilongwe; and between Nkaya and Nayuchi on the eastern border with Mozambique, covering a total of 797 km.

Chileka International Airport, located approximately 9 mi from Blantyre city centre, has two runways and serves Blantyre with flights to South Africa, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and domestic points. The airport is the second base for the country's flagship airline, Malawian Airlines. Chileka airport also houses important weather stations. In 2007, the Government of Malawi proposed expansion plans that are yet to be realised. In 2009 it was announced that the Government of Malawi was seeking partners for a $1 billion rehabilitation of the airport, which will include the construction of a new terminal building and the widening of the current runway.

The city has coach services that run from the city centre and Wenela bus station to Lilongwe, Mzuzu and other African cities including Johannesburg and Harare.

Culture
The Mandala House is a historic building in Blantyre that was built in 1882 as a place of relaxation for the managers of the Mandala Trading Company. Inside there is a cafe, as well as the Society of Malawi Library and Archive. The Chichiri Museum is located in the city. Carlsberg Brewery is a location where visitors can try the country's favourite drink, the "Green". This drink was created by a Danish foreign minister who visited Malawi during the independence celebration in 1966.

Places of worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Lutheran Church of Central Africa (Lutheran World Federation), Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Convention of Malawi (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Blantyre (Catholic Church). There are also Muslim mosques.

Education
Blantyre City has a wide range of educational facilities comprising primary school, secondary school and tertiary education as well as pre-school. These are provided by the government, City Assembly, missionary institutions and the private sector.

Tertiary education includes technical and higher learning institutions mostly in the Chichiri-Ginnery Corner area, the then Malawi Polytechnic now Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS), University of Malawi College of Medicine, Kamuzu College of Nursing, Blantyre School of Health Sciences and Malawi College of Accountancy, Telecommunications National and SADCC Multi-Country Training Schools, Technical School, Police Training School and Blantyre Teachers' College.

Schools include Bedir International School, Saint Andrews International Primary and Saint Andrews International High School, Central High School, Nyasa Junior Academy, St Patrick's Primary School, St Patrick's Academy, South End Secondary School, Phoenix Primary School, Hillview International Primary School in Limbe and Kalibu Academy.

Health
The health care delivery system in the city has both curative and preventative health care services, and this is provided through a network of hospitals and health centres/clinics that are distributed throughout different parts of the city. The government runs Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), the biggest referral hospital in the country, which has a total of 1,000 hospital beds, and the three private hospitals that have a total of 122 hospital beds. The 18 public clinics are run by the District Health Office in partnership with the Blantyre City Assembly and service Bangwe, Chigumula, Chilomoni, Chirimba, Limbe, Ndirande, Manyowe, Masala, Mapanga, Misesa, Mzedi, Nancholi, Nkolokoti, Ntenje, Ntonda, South Lunzu, Zingwangwa and Civic Centre.

There are several clinics run by religious organisations where people receive paying health care services, and there are also clinics owned by statutory corporations/companies (serving their staff) such as ADMARC, Malawi Railways, Portland Cement, Lever Brothers, Tobacco Processors, and National Seed Company of Malawi. Following the liberalisation policy, the city has witnessed the establishment of many private clinics and hospitals (including Blantyre Adventist Hospital and Mwaiwathu PVT Hospital) that complement the few limited old facilities. The majority of these offer outpatient services while the few well-established ones offer both. Besides the city-based health services, many city residents make regular use of mission hospitals that are outside the city to the extent that these form part of the city's health delivery system (Mlambe Hospital and Nguludi). In addition, traditional healers (herbalists) and traditional birth attendants play an important role in providing health care to the city residents.

The health delivery system of the city is grossly inadequate. The public hospital wards are very congested and long queues are characteristic of outpatient services.

Mwaiwathu Private Hospital and Blantyre Adventist Hospital provide the best medical services in the city, with many residents of Lilongwe travelling to Blantyre to receive treatment from them. There is also the Beit CURE International Hospital, one of the very few hospitals where hip and knee replacement surgery can be done in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Twin towns – sister cities
Blantyre is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Hanover in Germany
 * Kaohsiung in Taiwan

Notable people from Blantyre

 * Cate and Bronte Campbell, Olympic swimmers for Australia
 * Anthea Stewart, Olympic field hockey player for Zimbabwe
 * Isaac Chilemba, professional boxer and former IBO and WBC-International champion
 * Kay Chiromo, Malawian artist and illustrator
 * Vera Kamtukule, Malawian author, writer, activist and politician
 * Mwai Kumwenda, international professional netball player
 * Aubrey Mwasinga, pastor, founder of Raised For a Purpose Ministries
 * James John Skinner QC, Chief Justice of Malawi from 1970 to 1985

title: Blantyre


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Karonga

Karonga is a township in the Karonga District in Northern Region of Malawi. Located on the western shore of Lake Nyasa, it was established as a slaving centre sometime before 1877. As of 2018 estimates, Karonga has a population of 61,609. The common and major language spoken in this district is the Tumbuka language, which is also a regional language of Northern Malawi.

History
Pre-historic tools and remains of hominids discovered in Malawi's remote northern district of Karonga provides further proof that the area could be the cradle of humankind. Professor Friedemann Schrenk of the Goethe University in Frankfurt told Reuters News that two students working on the excavation site in September 2009 had discovered prehistoric tools and a tooth of a hominid. "This latest discovery of prehistoric tools and remains of hominids provides additional proof to the theory that the Great Rift Valley of Africa and perhaps the excavation site near Karonga can be considered the cradle of humankind." Schrenk said. The site also contains some of the earliest dinosaurs which lived between 100 million and 140 million years ago and early hominids believed to have lived between a million and 6 million years ago. The discovery was at Malema excavation site 10 km from Karonga.

In terms of more recent prehistory, Karonga has an abundance of Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological materials dating especially to the Middle and Later Stone Ages, as well as the Iron Age.

Some time before 1877 Karonga existed as the stronghold of Mlozi, a famous Arab slaver. In 1883 a British trading post, which formed the basis of the modern town, was opened there. British explorer Sir Harry Johnston bought the post in 1895 and ended the slave trade on Lake Nyasa's western shore. At this point Karonga became an important commercial and agricultural centre. According to Lonely Planet, the town "still bears a strong Swahili-Arab influence today."

On 11 July 2008 the Kayelekera mine in Karonga celebrated 1.5 million hours of accident-free uranium mining. "Analysts" claim this is a rare achievement. The mine previously met with controversy due to exposing people to radiation.

In December 2009 the area suffered a series of earthquakes.

Geography
Karonga is at an elevation of 1568 ft on the western shore of Lake Nyasa. It is situated 17+1/4 mi from Kenan Ngomba, 11 mi from Kaporo, 26+1/2 mi from Kilondo and 7+1/2 mi from Lupembe.

Languages
Tumbuka is commonly used in Karonga for both home and school. Karonga is known as "an island of Tumbuka language and culture in a sea of Ngonde people."

Economy
The economy of the area is based on cotton, rice and maize production along the lake and on coffee and livestock in the west. Karongans are dependent on subsistence fishing.

Climate
Karonga's climate is classified as tropical. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Karonga. The climate here is classified as Aw by the Köppen-Geiger system. In Karonga, the average annual temperature is 25.6 °C (78.8 °F).

Arts and culture
The Cultural & Museum Centre Karonga is Karonga's most popular attraction to tourists. It is home to the Malawisaurus, a 150-million-year-old fossil discovered 45 km south of Karonga. It displays an exhibit entitled "From Dinosaurs to Democracy", which chronicles the area's history.

Infrastructure
Karonga is home to the Karonga Airport which handles only daytime domestic flights for Air Malawi. Buses travel from Mzuzu and Nkhata Bay to Karonga.

title: Karonga


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Mzimba

Mzimba is a town in the Mzimba District of Malawi. The district is inhabited by descendants of Tumbuka and few Ngoni people.

The district of Mzimba has a number of Traditional Authorities from the Ngoni people. The head of these Traditional Authorities, or Paramount Chief (Inkosi), is M'Mbelwa V.

Formerly an administrative centre, the town has declined in importance since 1940. The surrounding region includes the Mzimba Plain, the northern extension of the Central Region Plateau, Mount Hora (5,742 feet [1,750 metres]), and the Viphya Mountains. Poor soils support subsistence agriculture, as well as a Turkish-tobacco cash crop. Pop. (2008) 20,756.

Notable residents

 * Goodall Edward Gondwe Former Minister of Finance and a Politician.
 * Mwayi Kumwenda Malawi star and international Netball player.

title: Mzimba


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The body in traditional Chinese medicine

The model of the body in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the following elements:
 * the Fundamental Substances;
 * Qi, Blood, Jing (Essence), Shen (Mind) that nourish and protect the Zang-Fu organs;
 * and the meridians (jing-luo) which connect and unify the body.

Every diagnosis is a "Pattern of disharmony" that affects one or more organs, such as "Spleen Qi Deficiency" or "Liver Fire Blazing" or "Invasion of the Stomach by Cold", and every treatment is centered on correcting the disharmony.

The traditional Chinese model is concerned with function. Thus, the TCM Spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and studying. Indeed, the San Jiao or Triple Burner has no anatomical correspondent at all, and is said to be completely a functional entity.

Chinese medicine and the model of the body is founded on the balance of the five elements: Earth, Metal, Water, Wood, and Fire. The elements are infinitely linked, consuming and influencing each other. Each element corresponds to different organs in the body. The organs act as representatives of the qualities of different elements, which impact the physical and mental body in respective ways. Each organ is categorized as either Yin or Yang. The energies of Yin and Yang are conflicting yet inter-reliant. When the two (Yin+Yang) forces are united they create a divine energy, which supports the flow of all life.

Yin organs represent: femininity, coldness, compression, darkness, and submission. Yang organs represent: masculinity, expansion, heat, motion, and action.

This duality (yin+yang) must be in balance or else disease of the mind and body will occur.

Each organ governs energy channels, which distribute qi and connect all parts of the body to one another. These channels are called meridians.

Wood
Wood is an element of growth, originality, creativity, and evolution.

The Liver (1) and the Gallbladder (2) are the two wood-governed organs in the body.

(1) The Liver, a Yin organ, influences emotional flexibility and the flow of energy on a cellular level.

The organ has a strong impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of the immune system along with storing the body's blood, a physical manifestation of one's true self. The Liver rules one's direction, vision, sense of self-purpose and opens into the eyes. Lastly, the Liver absorbs what is not digested and regulates blood sugar. Imbalance in the Liver can lead to great problems.

Moodiness, anger, pain, poor self-esteem, lack of direction, addiction, and indecision are all associated with the Liver organ. Muscle spasms, numbness, tremors, eye diseases, hypertension, allergies, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis are also a result of Liver imbalances.

The Liver Meridian begins on the big toe, runs along the inner leg through the genitals and ends on the chest.

(2) The Gallbladder, a wood controlled Yang organ, governs decisiveness and judgement.

The Gallbladder also stores bile. Imbalance of the Gallbladder can lead to indecisiveness along with obesity.

The Gallbladder meridian begins at the outer edge of the eye, moves to the side of the head and trunk, and ends on the outside of the fourth toe.

Fire
Fire is an element of transformation, demolition, primal power, and divinity.

(1)The Heart, (2) Small Intestine are the organs that fire controls. (3) Heart Protector, (4) Triple Heater are organs that secondary (ministerial) fire controls.

(1) The Heart, a Yin organ, regulates the pulse, manifests in the face and tongue, and bridges the connection between the human and the celestial.

Dysfunction of the Heart leads to insomnia, disturbance of the spirit, and an irregular pulse.

The Heart Meridian begins in the chest moves to the inner aspect of the arm down to the palm of the hand and ends on the pinky.

(2)The Small Intestine, a Yang organ, separates pure food and fluid essences from the polluted.

The pure essences are distributed to the spleen while the polluted are sent to the bladder and the large intestine.

Dysfunction of the Small Intestine can lead to bowel problems and a sense of distrust of one's self.

The Small Intestine Meridian begins on the pinky, moves to the underside of the arm, up to the top of the shoulder blade, the neck, and ends on the front of the ear.

(3) The Heart Protector, a Yin organ, shields the heart. It filters psychic inclinations and stabilizes emotions.

A problem with the Heart Protector can lead to anxiety and heart palpitations.

The Heart Protector Meridian begins on the chest, travels through the armpit to the arm and ends on the top of the middle finger.

(4) The Triple Heater, a Yang organ, disperses fluids throughout the body and regulates the relationship between all organs.

The Triple Heater Meridian begins on the ring finger, moves up the back of the arm to the side of the neck, goes around the ear and ends of the eyebrow.

Earth
Earth is an element of fertility, cultivation, femininity, and wrath.

Earth governs the Spleen (1) and the Stomach (2).

(1) The Spleen, a Yin organ, regulates digestion and the metabolism. It also holds the flesh and organs in their proper place while directing the movement of ascending fluids and essences. Mentally, the Spleen aids in concentration.

Imbalance of the Spleen leads worry and pensive behaviour, chi deficiencies, diarrhea, organ prolapses, and headaches,

The Spleen Meridian begins at the big toe, moves to the inner aspect of the leg, up to the front of the torso, and ends on the side of the trunk.

(2) The Stomach, the most active yang organ, breaks down food and controls the descending movement of chi.

Imbalance of the stomach leads to vomiting and belching.

The Stomach Meridian begins below the eye, moves down the front of the face, torso, to the outer part of the leg, and ends on the third toe.

Metal
Metal is an element of purity, treasure, and masculinity.

Metal controls the Lungs (1) and the Large Intestine (2).

(1) The Lungs, a Yin organ, draws in pure chi by inhalation and eliminates impurities by exhalation. The lungs also disperse bodily fluids, defend the body from a cold or flu, govern the sense of smell, and open in the nose.

Dysfunction of the Lungs leads to colds, the flu, phlegm, and asthma.

The Lung Meridian begins at the chest moves to the inner arm, palm, and ends on the thumb.

(2) The Large Intestine, a Yang organ, controls the removal of waste and feces.

Imbalance in the Large Intestine leads to constipation, diarrhea and the inability to emotionally detach and let go.

The Large Intestine Meridian begins on the forefinger, moves to the back of the arm, shoulder, side of the neck, cheek, and ends beside the opposite nostril.

Water
Water is an element of life and death.

Water governs the Kidneys (1) and the Bladder (2).

(1) The Kidneys, a Yin organ, are the source of all the Yin and Yang energy in the body.

The Kidneys also govern the endocrine system, receive air from the lungs, govern bones, govern teeth, control water in the body, and store essence. Dysfunction of the Kidneys leads to deficiencies of Yin or Yang.

It also leads to imbalanced hormones, weak bones, an impaired sex drive, and dizziness. Water in excess leads to bipolar disorder. Depressive episodes are characterized by Kidney Yin excess while manic episodes are characterized by Kidney Yang excess.

The Kidney Meridian begins on the sole, moves up the inner leg to the groin, up the trunk, and ends under the collarbone.

(2) The Bladder, a Yang organ, stores and removes fluid from the body by receiving Kidney chi.

Imbalance of the Bladder leads to frequent or uncontrolled urination.

The Bladder Meridian begins in the corner of the eye, moves down the back, and ends on the back of the knee. The Bladder also has another line, which starts alongside the previous line, moves down to the outer edge of the foot and ends on the small toe.


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Rumphi

Rumphi is the capital of the Rumphi District (Rumphi Boma) in the Northern Region of Malawi. It is a lively town with a market which serves the widespread farming community. Rumphi is noted for the kindness of the people (it is even rude to pass by someone without greeting them). It is directly on the way to Nyika National Park Nyika Plateau and Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve. Unlike its larger neighbour, Mzuzu, which has mild sunny weather almost all year, Rumphi has a differing climate. The town, being surrounded by hills, always has a nice wind. The town is bounded by the Rumphi river in the east and the South Rukuru River in the south.

Rumphi is famous for the cattle market. On every Saturday morning at 6:00 a.m. farmers and dealers are coming from far to sell and buy cattle. It is the biggest cattle market between Lilongwe, Karonga, and Mzimba. Along the road to Bolero, opposite the FDH Bank is Roscher Youth Development Centre and on its plot to the South Rukuru River the Support Malawi e.V. foundation initiated the first Earthbag House Lodge in Rumphi built by the youth with walls of stacked sand bags. In addition an Earthbag Restaurant got attractive for visitors of the park-like area at the river as well as residents of the nice lodges. Around Rumphi you find many tobacco fields as well as fields of maize, groundnuts, cassava, potatoes and much more.

title: Rumphi


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Dedza

Dedza is the main township of Dedza District in the Central Region of Malawi.

Description
Dedza is located about 85 km south of Malawi's capital, Lilongwe, off the M1 road to Blantyre at a point where a trans-African highway from Johannesburg enters the country.

At an altitude of 1590m it is the highest town in Malawi. In June and July it can be chilly, especially in the mornings and evenings.

The town is based around a bypass loop of tarmac road connected to the M1. At the northern end of the town centre there is a bus station, Town Assembly offices, sports stadium, police station, banks and petrol station. At the southern end there is a hospital and large market. There are many shops and businesses along the road and a parallel dirt road. Two other petrol stations are located on the M1.

Accommodation is available at the Dedza Pottery, Panjira Lodge, Rainbow Resthouse and other local resthouses. There are a number of bars and cafes in the town centre, such as the Boiz Club and Golden Dish and a cyber-café – AY Business Cafe. The Dedza Pottery Coffee Shop is 1 km along a dirt road near the M1 northern junction.

The Dedza Pottery sells a wide range of ceramics and there are a number of craft shops along the dirt road to it. A walk up to the top of Dedza Mountain (2198m) is possible on a maintenance road for the communication aerials.

The main industries of the town are Paragon Ceramics, which makes floor and roof tiles, etc., located at the Dedza Pottery and the WICO Sawmill on the opposite side of the road.

The offices of the various departments of the Dedza District Assembly are located in the township. So also are offices for several NGOs operating in the district, such as Save the Children, Concern Universal and the Red Cross. The town has several primary schools, Mchisu day secondary school and Umbwi and Dedza Secondary boarding schools.

Dedza is linked with Norwich, England by the Norwich-Dedza Partnership, a UK-based charity. The partnership supports education, health, agriculture, tourism development and public sector organisations in Dedza District through volunteer workers, supply of computers and other materials and small scale funding.

The eye clinic at Dedza District Hospital is supported by Norwich charity Far Sight which has provided training and equipment.

Climate
Dedza has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) with cool to warm temperatures year round. The rainy season runs from November to April, and the dry season runs from May to October.

title: Dedza


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Kasungu

Kasungu is a town in the Kasungu District of the Central Region of Malawi. The population of Kasungu was 58,653 according to the 2018 census. Kasungu is approximately 130 km north-west of the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe, and is 35 km east of Kasungu National Park. The main industry in Kasungu is tobacco-growing.

History
A farm close to Kasungu was the birthplace of the first President of Malawi, Hastings Banda and William Kamkwamba.

Geography and climate
Kasungu is in central Malawi, lying at an elevation of 1342 m. It has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) and a rainy season that lasts from November–December to March–April. The dry season lasts from May to October. The town receives, on average, between 500-1200 mm rainfall each year.

Language
Chichewa is the main language spoken in Kasungu.

Transport
Kasungu is served by buses and minibuses that travel to Lilongwe and Mzuzu. In June 2008, Central East Africa Railways announced plans to extend the rail line from Lilongwe to Kasungu.

Amenities
There are guesthouses, bars, restaurants, and four petrol stations in Kasungu; according to Lonely Planet, there are "no major attractions" in Kasungu. Kasungu National Park is an hour's drive to the west, and Kamuzu Academy is 25 minutes by road to the east.

Emergency services
Kasungu has a police station. The town is also home to a 179-bed government-funded district hospital. The hospital is often overcrowded, and suffers from a lack of nurses and anti-retroviral drugs. The hospital's 13-bed paediatric department can receive over 100 patients, leaving some patients on the floor. UNICEF-Hamburg has sent over US$6000 to train care-workers in Kasungu.

Land and economy
The land in Kasungu lacks nutrients and water, and is mostly "sand veld"; the Kasungu area is suffering from depleted forests. A tribal chief stated in 2004 that over 250,000 people in Kasungu own no land. Tobacco is the only cash crop grown in Kasungu district, and the area has been described as a "tobacco heartland" by Xinhua News Agency. The opening of Kasungu National Park in 1970 has increased tourism in the area. Due to their poverty, most residents of Kasungu live in houses made of hand-made mud bricks, covered by roofs of straw or corrugated iron. According to AllAfrica, Kasungu is a "child labour hotspot."

Politics
Kasungu is a "stronghold" of the Malawi Congress Party. The Member of the Malawian Parliament for Kasungu Central is Allan Kabuluzi. The MP for Kasungu North North West is Rodger Sithole, and the MP for Kasungu North West is Gerald Jere.

Foreign links
Kaluluma School in Kasungu has formed a relationship with Greenford High School, Southall, England. A church in Kasungu also formed a relationship with two churches near Peterborough, England, in 2001. Parishioners from the two churches have travelled to Kasungu several times and have built a new church and a fish farm. In February 2008, the church group built a maize mill in Kasungu.

Famine and disease
Over 100 people died in a famine in 2002, according to official estimates; Kasungu was the worst affected area in Malawi. In 2005 a famine occurred in Malawi, affecting 4.2 million Malawians. The efforts to distribute food to the needy were concentrated in Kasungu. During 2004 and 2005, there was an outbreak of cholera, with eight people recorded to have suffered the disease.

June 2003 riots
In June 2003, Kasungu Muslims rioted with police, after five Malawians, suspected of being al-Qaeda operatives, were arrested and taken into United States custody. One demonstrator was treated for "serious gunshot wounds".

Chess championships
In January 2008, the African Junior Chess Championships were held at Kamuzu Academy near Kasungu. The academy, which The Nyasa Times describes as "highly regarded" and "Eton in the bush", was founded by the first President of Malawi, Hastings Banda.

title: Kasungu


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Mosaik

Mosaik is a German comic book magazine. First published in December 1955, it is the longest-running German (and European) monthly comic book and the only one originating in East Germany that still exists. Mosaik also appeared in other countries and other languages. In its English-language edition it was published under the title Mosaic.

Mosaik was created by illustrator and caricaturist Hannes Hegen. From 1955 to 1975, the protagonists of Mosaik were Dig, Dag and Digedag, known together as the Digedags. They were replaced in 1976 by Abrax, Brabax and Califax, known together as the Abrafaxe, who are still the main characters today.

More than 200 million issues have been sold from 1955 until today. At the height of its popularity, prior to German reunification, Mosaik had a print run of almost a million copies per month. After reunification, the print run has varied from more than 100,000 in the early 1990s to about 80,000 in 2007.

Digedags years
The East German publisher Verlag Neues Leben, in East Berlin, had wanted to counter Western comics and magazines with a magazine of their own when Hannes Hegen approached them with his ideas for Mosaik and the Digedags. Reaching an agreement with Neues Leben, Hegen created the first issue of Mosaik for publishing in December 1955. Mosaik was published quarterly until July 1957, when it switched to a monthly schedule that has continued uninterrupted to this day. To support the schedule, the publisher hired additional artists, colorists and writers to support Hegen – a team which became known as the Mosaik-Kollektiv (Mosaik Collective). Only Hegen was credited on the cover, however.

Abrafaxe years
In 1975, Hegen left the publisher over a disagreement and took the rights to the Digedags characters with him. The Mosaik-Kollektiv, not wanting to end publication of Mosaik, together created new characters to replace the Digedags. The final versions of the Abrafaxe were created by writer Lothar Dräger and artist Lona Rietschel. During the half-year period of creating the new characters and stories, reprints of old Digedags stories were run in Mosaik, until the new characters premiered in January 1976.

English-language editions
The English editions of Mosaik have mostly appeared mostly under the name Mosaic. Of Hannes Hegen's Mosaik, issue 105, Die Seeräuberburg, was issued in a limited run in 1965 in English as The Pirates Castle. According to a former staff member at the publishing house, this was intended as a promotional issue for the United States market. An agreement had been reached to publish the comic books in the US; however, because of the US policy of economic embargo policy against Eastern European states in the Cold War, the contract could not be fulfilled.

Ten anthology volumes of Hegen's Mosaik were published in English for the international market under the name Mosaic Comic Books:

 * 1) The Digedags in America
 * 2) The Digedags on the Mississippi
 * 3) The Digedags and the Indians
 * 4) The Digedags in the Rocky Mountains
 * 5) The Digedags in New Orleans
 * 6) The Digedags on the Missouri
 * 7) The Digedags and the Golden Treasure
 * 8) The Digedags in Panama
 * 9) The Digedags and the Pirate Island
 * 10) The Digedags in New York

In the mid-1980s, 42 Mosaic books were published in English in the GDR for India. There is also a promotional flyer for these issues, which states that the Mosaic with the Abrafaxe is published in English and Arabic in addition to German, advertises for subscriptions, and includes an order form.

Other known foreign-language publications
Reissues of Mosaik magazines and books have appeared in many different countries, almost always in the respective national language.

 * Albania
 * Mozaik comic magazine (1971)
 * Belgium and Netherlands (Mosaik in Dutch language)
 * Mosaic book – Dig en Dag op Stap (1972 – 1978?)
 * Mosaic anthology – Dig en Dag op Stap (1978)
 * Mosaic-Books
 * Een Stripboek – Dikkerdaks In America
 * Een Stripboek – Dikkerdaks Aan Mississippi
 * China
 * Mosaik books (2000–present)
 * Mosaik Albums
 * Mosaik Onepager
 * Croatia
 * Mozaik books 1– (2004–present, bimonthly)
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Newspaper Reprints Comic magazine of the Czechoslovak Communist Youth Organization Pionýr with Rytíř Runkl – Ritter Runkel (1968)
 * Czech Republic
 * Albums (2003–present)
 * Congo – Abrafaxové v Africe
 * Small detectives
 * Onepager
 * Mateřídouška (Onepager – from # 9 / 2005)
 * Finland
 * Mosaiikki – Mosaik comic magazine (1962–1967)
 * Mosaic-Books
 * Mosaiikki (1980–7 Books)
 * France
 * Hollywood Pursuit 2 (1998)
 * Greece
 * Mosaic books and Mosaik comic magazine (2001–present)
 * Hungary
 * Mozaik comic magazine 1971 – 1976 Digedags, 1976–1990 and 2001–present Abrafaxe
 * Mosaic-Books:
 * Digedagék Amerikában (1987)
 * Detektív Palánták: Forró nyomon a három manó (2001)
 * Na még egyszer Robin! (2002)
 * Kongó (2003)
 * Vitorlát fel, Robin! (2006)
 * Mozaik books of Abrafaxe and Digedags (2006–present): reprints of previously published books in anthologies
 * India
 * Mosaic – 1–42 in English (1986)
 * Indonesia
 * Abrafaxe issues
 * Mosaik Abrafaxe – 1–6 (2001–2002)
 * Albums – Among black flag (2002) – The Abrafaxe – Harta karun
 * Korea
 * Mosaic books – 1 – (2003–present)
 * Lebanon
 * Mosaik – released in Arabic (1984)
 * Romania
 * Mozaic comic magazine 1–3 (2005–2006)
 * Russia
 * Mosaika – comic magazine No. 1–14 (1993–1994) in Russian
 * New Life (Journal of the German-speaking population of Russia) – The journey of Abrafaxe to Goslar (in German)
 * Slovenia
 * Onepager (2003–present)
 * Hepko (Slovene edition)
 * Happy (English edition)
 * Spain
 * Various Mosaik albums in Spanish and Catalan (2004–present)
 * Turkey
 * Abrafaxe issues
 * Bacaxizlar 1 – (2001/ # 1–8)
 * Yugoslavia
 * Mozaik – in *Serbo-Croatian (1971)
 * Vietnam
 * Mosaik comic magazine - 1-8 (2005–present)

title: Mosaik


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Mchinji

Mchinji is a town and the capital of the Mchinji District in the Central Region of Malawi. Mchinji Boma, located 12 km from the Zambian border and 109 km from the national capital, Lilongwe, is the major hub of government and general business. It has a major railroad junction, being the railhead nearest to Zambia. The area's economy is sustained by rain-fed agriculture.

History
Mchinji Boma was formerly known as Fort Manning, after governor William Manning. Fort Manning was called a "fort" because the local government offices (the "boma") were once fortified.

In 1930, Fort Manning was attacked by a lion that caused over thirty-six deaths over a five-month period.

A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Mchinji on 10 March 1989. At least 9 people were killed, 100 injured and about 50,000 left homeless in Malawi. It was also felt in Zambia.

American pop singer Madonna adopted 13-month-old David Banda from Mchinji in October 2006. This generated international controversy because Malawian law stated that one year of residence was required of potential adoptive parents. The effort was highly publicised and culminated in legal disputes.

On 19 June 2008 Gillian Merron, the British Minister for International Development, responsible for Africa, visited Mchinji and spoke about maternal health and the challenges faced by residents.

Geography
Mchinji Boma lies at an elevation of 3877 ft, 12 km from the Zambian border. It is situated 7.7 mi away from Katambo, 2.2 mi away from Kadulama Lambo, 1.4 mi away from Daka and 2.8 mi away from Tsumba.

Languages
Chichewa is the main language spoken in Mchinji. Senga is spoken by some quarters of the population and Ngoni is also spoken by some major population surrounding Mchinji Boma

Economy
Mchinji is described as "dirt poor" by The Times. Harvesting rain-fed agriculture is the main occupation in Mchinji, with groundnuts, tobacco, soya and casava beans being the primary cash crops. Maize, yams, velvet beans and pumpkin are prominent food crops. During the dry season, secondary activities are pursued, such as brick-making, beer brewing, bicycle repair and carpentry. Due to a food shortage partially caused by the region's many droughts and partially caused by poor government planning, a UNDP rural development program was established in Mchinji. Mchinji is currently the location of a pilot project of a social cash transfer to benefit very poor members of rural areas.

Politics And Traditional Authority Areas
There are 10 Traditional Authorities namely; Mkanda, Mavwere, Zulu, Mlonyeni, Pitala, Simphasi, Dambe, Kapondo, Mduwa, Mponda and Nyoka.

The Members for the Malawian National Assembly are six in total. They are for Honorable Kayo Zimchetera East Constituency (in Traditional Authorities Mduwa, Mponda and Nyoka), Honorable Rachel Zulu Mazombwe for Mchinji North Constituency (in Traditional Authorities Mkanda and Pitala), Honorable Alex Chitete for Mchinji North East Constituency (in Traditional Authorities Kapondo and Dambe), Honorable Jerome Waluza for Mchinji South Constituency (in Traditional Authority Mavwere), Honorable Mussa Banda for Mchinji South West Constituency (in Traditional authority Mlonyeni), and Honorable Teleza Mwale for Mchinji West Constituency (in Traditional Authorities Zulu and Simphasi). The members are from the Peoples Party, Malawi Congress Party and Democrat Progressive Party.

Orphanage
The Mchinji Mission Orphanage, popularly known as the "Home of Hope", is one of the largest children's homes in Malawi. Reverend Thomson Chipeta, remembering losing both his parents, brought orphaned children into his home in 1992 and construction of an orphanage began in 1998. As of 2007, there are six large residential houses, a dining/assembly hall, a clinic, classrooms for nursery, primary and secondary classes, and staff housing. "Baby David" lived in the orphanage prior to being adopted by Madonna. The children are divided into different houses and each house has its own 'amayi'. An amayi acts as the house mother for the children. Each morning all the children must attend a daily devotion, in which there will be much singing and praying. Following the devotion ceremony the children will all line up outside the 'kitchen' where they will get nsima for their breakfast. Nsima, maize and beans is typically what they will eat for every meal. Not all children living at the orphanage are 'orphans', many still have family however they are unable to provide basic necessities so they send them to Home of Hope. During summer vacation and other holidays many of the children will return to their villages to spend time with their family.

Education
The "Home of Hope" provides a primary school to its residents. Due to a shortage in secondary schools in Malawi, the orphanage built one in January 2006 to cater to all residents in the surrounding area. Children are taught in smaller groups than at government schools and have November and December off. In March 2007, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) donated 600 textbooks to that secondary school. In 2014, American charitable organisation Youth of Malawi, Inc. built a solar-rain water harvesting primary school in Chimphamba Village, Mchinji, for 180 first and second graders.

Religion
Roman Catholic is dominant in the district with Parishes such as Guilime, Ludzi, Kapiri, Kachebere, Mkanda and Mchinji Boma. It has a Major Catholic Seminary Called KACHEBERE. Other churches are Presbyterian, Pentecostal and few Muslims. Mponda Catholic Choir is the best in the district.

Medical
Mchinji Hospital is the only medical facility for several miles. According to actress Claire Sweeney, mothers "only come here if their children are really sick because work on the farm nearly always comes first." As of 2008, the children's ward of the hospital contains 185 children suffering from malaria, pneumonia or anaemia. Patients at the hospital are fed a blend of milk, protein and medicine. The hospital does not have beds for those accompanying the sick, cooking or washing facilities, although in early 2008 a brick shelter was created to protect parents from nature.

Transport
Mchinji was previously the railhead nearest the Zambian border, after the 570 mi railway from Lilongwe was extended to Mchinji in 1980. In September 2010, an extension of the Sena railway was opened to the border town of Chipata, providing a new rail access point to Zambia via Mchinji. The idea of a Mchinji-Chipata railway was conceived in 1982 as part of a bilateral project between Zambia and Malawi, and the Malawi section of the railroad was completed in 1984, though Zambia did not actively pursue the project until 2006.

Minibuses run from Mchinji to Lilongwe, and local shared taxis can be taken from Mchingi to the Zambian border. A water transport system existed from Lilongwe to Mchinji, though Bakili Muluzi favoured road transport and the system was dropped. The nearest airport is at Lilongwe, 47 mi away, although there is a closer airstrip at Chipata.

As of May 2020, the Malawi Revenue Authority indicated that the one-stop-border post (OSP), under construction at Mchinji would be completed by December 2020. The OSP will benefit Mwami, Zambia and Mchinji, Malawi crossings. It was built with US$5.8 million, borrowed from the African Development Bank.

title: Mchinji


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Mponela

Mponela is a town in Dowa District in the Central Region of Malawi.

Mponela lies at 1,200 m in the Dowa District in the Central Region of Malawi, 60 km north of Lilongwe, with a population of 24,543 (2018 Census). It is on the tarred road between Lilongwe–Mzuzu, is connected with power and phone lines and has an airstrip.

Mponela is primarily an agricultural town without touristic interest. The government maintains a nutrition centre in which 700 children per day obtain food.

title: Mponela


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Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III

Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III also known as Chaacal III and Akul Anab III, (13 September 678–c.736), was an ajaw of the Maya city of Palenque. He took the throne on 30 December 721, reigning until c.736.

Biography
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb was born to nobleman Tiwol Chan Mat and Lady Kinuw. His probable brother was Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II. He was married to Lady Men Nik and was succeeded by his son ajaw Kʼinich Kʼukʼ Bahlam II. Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III was born in 678, during the reign of his grandfather, Palenque's long-lived ruler Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I, often referred to as "Pakal the Great", because this ruler righted a kingdom that had been destabilized by enemy attacks and oversaw a building program that culminated in the Temple of the Inscriptions. His construction program rivaled that of his predecessors, in the newly discovered inscriptions of Temple XIX he contributed enormously to the surviving records of Palenque history. The monuments and text associated with Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III are: Temple XVIII texts, Temple XIX bench and texts, Temple XXI texts, Tablets of the Orator and Scribe, Bundle Panel and House E Painted text?.

title: Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III


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Nkhotakota

Nkhotakota (Un-kho-tah-kho-tuh) (formerly Kota Kota) (name derived from the Chichewa for "Corner Corner") is a town and one of the districts in the Central Region of Malawi. It is on the shore of Lake Malawi (formerly Lake Nyasa) and is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi. As of 2018, Nkhotakota had a population estimated at 28,350. The district had a population of 301.000.

History
Nkhotakota was originally a group of villages in the 19th century which later served as a market for Swahili-Arabian slave traders. David Livingstone convinced Chief Jumbe to stop trading slaves under a tree in Nkhotakota in the 19th century, which is currently in existence under a mission. Later Malawi president Hastings Banda gave speeches under another tree in Nkhotakota during the 1960s, this one ironically known as the Livingstone Tree. This town was hit by the 2001 floods, and was the worst hit area of Malawi's Central region. Today, Nkhotakota is the largest traditional African town in Malawi and bears a strong Swahili-Arab influence.

Geography
Nkhotakota lies at an elevation of 1548 ft on the shore of Lake Malawi. It is located on a rocky ridge overlooking a natural harbour overlooking Nkhotakota Bay, formed by a sandbar. In addition, Nkhotakota is 200 km from Lilongwe, Malawi's capital, and 378 km from Blantyre, Malawi's largest city.

Wildlife
Nkhotakota is home to the Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, where, according to Lonely Planet, one has a good chance of seeing elephants. The reserve is also home to several antelope species, buffalo, and leopards. Several large rivers cross this reserve, the largest in Malawi.

Roughly 24 km south of Nkhotakota is the Chia Lagoon, a large bay linked to Lake Malawi by a narrow channel, crossed by a bridge near Nkhotakota's one major road.

Economy
The biggest formal 'private' employer in the districts is a sugar manufacturing company "Dwangwa Sugar corporation" (currently under Illovo). Most Locals are small holder farmers of Rice, Cassava and maize, while many others are small scale fishermen, who regularly fish along Lake Malawi, Chia Lagoon and many other rivers including Bua, Dwangwa, Dwambazi and Chilua, using triangular nets on poles, hooks, etc.

Another notable antiquity (tourist attraction) in Nkhotakota is the Mawira hot springs, an area of about 3km2 of hot water that continuously gushes from the ground since time immemorial. Mawira hot springs is situated at the central area of the district, 5 km + – from the Ntchisi/Kasungu road junction. Sungu Island (made of sand and rocks) is another fascinating place to visit in Nkhotakota central. This Island is situated inside the Lake Malawi, 1.5 km from the shores, and approximately 2 km from Kaliba station (dock), where passenger boats cruising along the lake Malawi picks or drops passengers and small scale traders.

Languages
Chichewa is the main language spoken in this town. A Swahili settlement was also established in Nkhotakota. Several Chewa speakers live to the south of Nkhotakota, and Tonga is spoken in its north.

Medical
There are two hospitals in Nkhotakota: Nkhotakota District Hospital and St. Anne's Mission Hospital. However, in the whole district there are 23 health facilities including 1 district hospital, 1 mission hospital, 1 government rural hospital, 1 mission rural hospital, 11 health centres, 10 private clinics and 2 dispensaries. In its efforts in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the Society for Women Against AIDS in Malawi (SWAM) implemented a two-year project in Nkhotakota. Nkhotakota is also a regional hub for the [World Medical Fund] – a UK-based medical charity, whose rural outreach services provide the region's villages with basic medical care including anti-retrovirals, anti-malarial treatment and infectious disease management.

Banks
Branches of the First Discount House FDH Bank and NBS Bank are closely located at the central point of the town, on the junction of Salima/Lilongwe and Ntchisi/Kasungu. While Standard Bank (a branch of Standard Bank South Africa) is situated 50 km away at Illovo sugar company's premises in Dwangwa, where National Bank of Malawi and NBS Bank are situated. These commercial Banks provide several banking and other financial services including; foreign currency exchange facilities for local residents and foreign tourists. There are also many Bank agents at the Boma and many trading Centers around the district.

Petrol stations
There are three stations, SIMSO Oil, Mount Meru petroleum and GAM Filling Station at Nkhotakota Boma and others at Dwangwa and Mkaika Trading Center.

Transport
Nkhotakota is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi, and it is served by the ferry MV Ilala that weekly crosses Lake Malawi. The nearest airport is at Kasungu, 48 mi away. Buses run from Salima for two hours daily. In addition, minibuses run from here to Nkhata Bay along the main road which connects these towns.

title: Nkhotakota


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Salima, Malawi

Salima is a township in the Central Region of Malawi and the capital of the Salima District.

Transport
The city has a railway station on the Sena railway, under concession of Central East African Railways.

Taxi bicycles, called "Dampa/kabaza" in the local language, are the most common mode of transport in the district.

title: Salima, Malawi


text:
User:Audioslave~enwiki

Audioslave's real name is Laura. She is a middle school student in Oklahoma. Her hobbies are listening to music, going to concerts and shows, playing bass guitar, singing, acting, dancing (hip hop), going to the movies, and shopping.

For Laura, music is life. Her favorite bands are A Perfect Circle, Pearl Jam, Rage Against the Machine, Soundgarden, Tool, Temple of the Dog, Stone Temple Pilots, Audioslave, and Alice in Chains. Her favorite local bands are Dark Crysalis, Blank Stare, and Minutes Too Far. Her musical heroes are Tom Morello, Maynard James Keenan, Eddie Vedder, Chris Cornell, Matt Cameron, and Tim Commerford.She is a big fan of grunge, but doesn't like Nirvana.

Laura's Websites, Projects, etc

 * Laura's blog
 * The Tom Morello Fanlisting
 * The Temple of the Dog Fanlisting
 * Rock Trivia Quizzes

Contact
AIM: superunknown1990 EMAIL: lauraksw@cox.net

title: User:Audioslave~enwiki