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Dapsone

Dapsone, also known as 4,4'-sulfonyldianiline (SDA) or diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), is an antibiotic commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine for the treatment of leprosy. It is a second-line medication for the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia and for the prevention of toxoplasmosis in those who have poor immune function. Additionally, it has been used for acne, dermatitis herpetiformis, and various other skin conditions. Dapsone is available both topically and by mouth.

Severe side effects may include a decrease in blood cells, red blood cell breakdown especially in those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD), or hypersensitivity. Common side effects include nausea and loss of appetite. Other side effects include liver inflammation, methemoglobinemia, and a number of types of skin rashes. While the safety of use during pregnancy is not entirely clear some physicians recommend that it be continued in those with leprosy. It is of the sulfone class.

Dapsone was first studied as an antibiotic in 1937. Its use for leprosy began in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The form, which is taken by mouth, is available as a generic drug and not very expensive.

Infections
Dapsone is commonly used in combination with rifampicin and clofazimine for the treatment of leprosy. It is also used to both treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). It is also used for toxoplasmosis in people unable to tolerate trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole.

Dapsone by mouth was one of the first medications used to treat moderate to severe acne vulgaris, and is still occasionally prescribed for the treatment of severe cases. A topical form of dapsone is also effective with potentially less side effects.

It is unclear if the combination with pyrimethamine is useful in the prevention of malaria.

Autoimmune disease

 * Cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Dapsone is effective and safe in persons with moderate, severe, or refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
 * Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Dapsone is effective and safe for adjunctive glucocorticoid-sparing treatment of persons with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and is preferred over danazol or interferon alpha in those people with antinuclear antibodies.
 * Chronic spontaneous urticaria. Dapsone is effective and safe for treatment of second-line therapy for people with chronic spontaneous urticaria in those for whom antihistamines and other first-line agents have failed.
 * Relapsing polychondritis. There are no clinical trials but there are many case reports that dapsone is effective at doses of 25 mg/day to 200 mg/day for treatment of relapsing polychondritis.

Other
Dermatitis herpetiformis in combination with a gluten-free diet.

Dapsone may be used to treat brown recluse spider bites that become necrotic.

Dapsone is the recommended treatment for erythema elevatum diutinum, as a review found that using oral dapsone alone was effective in 80% of early cases of the disease. However, dapsone can potentially cause severe side effects, meaning that sometimes steroids or other antibiotics should be used instead, although these alternative treatments are much less effective.

An August 2015 review notes that dapsone is reported to be effective against generalized granuloma annulare.

Dapsone has been used as a monomer in the design of dye adsorbent polymers.

Contraindications and precautions
People with porphyria, anemia, cardiac disease, lung disease, HIV infection, G6PD deficiency, and liver impairment are at higher risks of adverse effects when using dapsone.

Adverse effects
Hypersensitivity reactions occur in 1.4% of persons treated with dapsone, and can be fatal in medical settings with low resources. It is a form of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in which a SCARs disorder, primarily the DRESS syndrome or a DRESS syndrome-like reaction occurs.

Blood
Hemolysis is the most prominent side-effect, occurring in about 20 % of patients treated with dapsone, although it is dose-related. It may lead to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. The side-effect is more common and severe in those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, leading to the dapsone-containing antimalarial combination Lapdap being withdrawn from clinical use. A case of hemolysis in a neonate from dapsone in breast milk has been reported. Agranulocytosis occurs rarely when dapsone is used alone but more frequently in combination regimens for malaria prophylaxis. Abnormalities in white blood cell formation, including aplastic anemia, are rare, yet are the cause of the majority of deaths attributable to dapsone therapy.

Methemoglobinemia occurs in about 15 % of patients treated with long-term dapsone at standard doses (100 mg/day). Only special multi-wavelength oximeters (CO-oximeters) can detect methemoglobinemia directly. When there is a "saturation gap" between a low ordinary pulse oximeter reading and a high arterial blood gas analysis result, methemoglobinemia may be suspected.

Liver
Toxic hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported by the manufacturer. These toxic reactions may also occur as part of the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (a form of SCARs-see above) or dapsone syndrome (see below). Dapsone is metabolized by the Cytochrome P450 system, specifically isozymes CYP2D6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2C19. Dapsone metabolites produced by the cytochrome P450 2C19 isozyme are associated with the methemoglobinemia side effect of the drug.

Skin
When used topically, dapsone can cause mild skin irritation, redness, dry skin, burning, and itching. When used together with benzoyl peroxide products, temporary yellow or orange skin discolorations can occur.

Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome
Hypersensitivity reactions occur in some patients. This reaction may be more frequent in patients receiving multiple-drug therapy.

The reaction always involves a rash, may also include fever, jaundice, and eosinophilia, and is likely to be one manifestation of the SCARs reaction viz., the DRESS syndrome (see above). In general, these symptoms will occur within the first six weeks of therapy or not at all, and may be ameliorated by corticosteroid therapy.

Other adverse effects
Other adverse effects include nausea, headache, and rash (which are common), and insomnia, psychosis, and peripheral neuropathy. Effects on the lung occur rarely and may be serious, though are generally reversible.

Mechanism of action
As an antibacterial, dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, via competition with para-aminobenzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthase, thereby inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. Though structurally distinct from dapsone, the sulfonamide group of antibacterial drugs also work in this way.

As an anti-inflammatory, dapsone inhibits the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide-mediated cytotoxic system in polymorphonucleocytes. As part of the respiratory burst that neutrophils use to kill bacteria, myeloperoxidase converts hydrogen peroxide into hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl is the most potent oxidant generated by neutrophils, and can cause significant tissue damage during inflammation. Dapsone arrests myeloperoxidase in an inactive intermediate form, reversibly inhibiting the enzyme. This prevents accumulation of hypochlorous acid, and reduces tissue damage during inflammation. Myeloperoxidase inhibition has also been suggested as a neuron-sparing mechanism for reducing inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

Dapsone's anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects are thought to be its mechanism of action in treating dermatitis herpetiformis.

Dapsone is an odorless white to creamy-white crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste.

Discovery
In the early 20th century, the German chemist Paul Ehrlich was developing theories of selective toxicity based largely on the ability of certain dyes to kill microbes. Gerhard Domagk, who would later win a Nobel Prize for his efforts, made a major breakthrough in 1932 with the discovery of the antibacterial prontosil red (sulfonamidochrysoidine). Further investigation into the involved chemicals opened the way to sulfa drug and sulfone therapy, first with the discovery of sulfanilamide, the active agent of prontosil, by Daniel Bovet and his team at Pasteur Institute (1935), then with that of dapsone independently by Ernest Fourneau in France and Gladwin Buttle in the United Kingdom.

Proposed use in antimalarial drugs
The spread of drug-resistant malaria in Africa has encouraged the development of new, low-cost antimalarial drugs. Plasmodium falciparum, one of the Plasmodium species that causes malaria, has developed resistance both to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, two of the most common treatments for malaria. Artemisinin, another antimalarial drug, had been developed in the 1980s but was too expensive for large-scale use. This led GlaxoSmithKline to develop Lapdap, a combination drug consisting of chlorproguanil and dapsone. Lapdap was licensed in the United Kingdom starting in October 2003.

One advantage of Lapdap was that chlorproguanil and dapsone are both low-cost drugs. Another was that by virtue of being a combination drug, it was less likely to cause drug resistance. However, because dapsone causes hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency, and because G6PD deficiency affects 10-25% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa, it was discovered that Lapdap is not safe for use in Africa. It was available in many African countries for four years before GlaxoSmithKline took it off the market in February 2008.

Dapsone gel
Dapsone had been reported in a few cases to effectively treat acne, but the risk of hemolytic anemia kept it from being widely used for this purpose. For many years scientists attempted to develop a topical formulation of dapsone that would be as effective against acne as oral dapsone, but without the hemolysis side effect. This was difficult to accomplish because dapsone is highly insoluble in aqueous solvents. In the early 2000s QLT USA developed Aczone, a 5% dapsone gel that was shown to be effective against acne without causing clinically significant declines in hemoglobin levels, even in subjects with G6PD deficiency. In February 2016, the FDA approved a 7.5% dapsone gel. This higher strength has the advantage of a once-daily application, versus twice-daily application of the 5% formulation.

Other uses
4,4-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone also finds uses as a curing agent for materials like epoxy resins and imine-based vitrimers, applications include in printed circuit boards, adhesives and coatings. Its use in epoxy systems typically give a resin with a high glass-transition temperature.

title: Dapsone


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Broken Arrow (TV series)

Broken Arrow is a Western television series that ran on ABC-TV in prime time from September 25, 1956, through September 18, 1960. .The show was based on the 1947 novel Blood Brothers, by Elliott Arnold, which had been made into a film in 1950, starring James Stewart as Tom Jeffords and Jeff Chandler playing as Cochise.

Synopsis

Broken Arrow was set in the 1870s. The main characters were Tom Jeffords, an Indian agent, and Cochise, an Apache Chief.

The program differed from other Westerns because Jeffords and Cochise were equal in stature and respected each other. They practiced tolerance of each other.

Cast

 * Tom Jeffords - John Lupton
 * Cochise - Michael Ansara
 * Duffield - Tom Fadden
 * Nukaya - Steven Ritch
 * Geronimo - Charles Horvath

Production
Mel Epstein was the producer; directors included Alvin Ganzer, and writers included Clark E. Reynolds. The show was filmed at 20th Century Fox Studios. The sponsor was General Electric's Appliance and Television Receiver Division. Broken Arrow initially was on Tuesdays from 9 to 9:30 p.m. Eastern time. From April 1960 through the end of its run it was on Sundays from 7 to 7:30 p.m. E. T Reruns were shown on Sunday afternoons during the 1959-60 TV season. Its competition included To Tell the Truth on CBS and Dotto on NBC.

The pilot for Broken Arrow was broadcast on May 2, 1956, as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour. Lupton portrayed Jeffords, with Ricardo Montalban as Cochise and Anthony Caruso as Geronimo. The pilot included some stock footage that was used in the Broken Arrow film, and Lupton wore the costume that Stewart wored in that film. Use of the costume continued in the series.

Lupton said, "We've tried to stay as close to the book as possible." He added that at one point episodes began concentrating on Jeffords, but the original format was restored after the audience began to diminish.

Cochise was the name used for the series in syndication.

Critical response
Donald Kirkley wrote in The Baltimore Sun, "Broken Arrow is hitting the bulls-eye and setting a good example." Kirkley noted that "some soft-pedalling" occurred in adapting content from the book to the TV show, but he concluded, "It's a good story, and if it helps to give some viewers a new perspective on the Indian's version of our history, it will be doing an excellent service."

A review in the trade publication Broadcasting noted "obvious handicaps (and a too obvious plot)" and called Broken Arrow "a passable show". It said that Lupton's "appearance does not convey the rugged impression the job demands."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Broken Arrow (TV series)


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Foxtrot (album)

Foxtrot is the fourth studio album by the English progressive rock band Genesis, released on 15 September 1972 on Charisma Records. It features their longest recorded song, the 23-minute track "Supper's Ready".

The album was recorded following the tour in support of their previous album, Nursery Cryme (1971), which saw them gain popularity, including a well-received slot at the Great Western Express Festival, Lincolnshire in May 1972. The album was written over the summer of 1972 and combined songs that had already been performed live with new material worked out in jam sessions. Recording began in August with John Anthony, but sessions were prone to tension and disagreements. After a short Italian tour, sessions resumed with Dave Hitchcock as producer. The cover was the final Genesis work to be designed by Paul Whitehead, featuring a fox wearing a red dress. Frontman Peter Gabriel wore the dress and a fox's head on stage for the following tour, which gathered press attention and raised the group's profile.

Foxtrot was the first Genesis album to chart in the UK, reaching, and received largely positive reviews. It went to number one in Italy. A non-album single "Happy the Man" was released at the same time. The album has continued to attract critical praise and was reissued with a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix as part of their 2008 Genesis 1970–1975 box set.

Background
By the end of 1971, Genesis consisted of frontman and singer Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, bassist and guitarist Mike Rutherford, guitarist Steve Hackett and drummer Phil Collins. They had played around 400 gigs in the UK, but had yet to achieve commercial success. However, they had begun to become popular abroad; their 1970 album Trespass had reached  in Belgium, while 1971's Nursery Cryme had reached   in Italy. The Italian leg of the tour in April saw Genesis play to large and enthusiastic crowds, which gave the band a new sense of their audience appeal.

The tour concluded in May that saw Genesis perform a set at the Great Western Festival in Lincoln. Gabriel appeared wearing a jewelled Egyptian collar, black eye makeup, and had shaved the front of his head, which drew attention from the press. Upon returning home the group dedicated time to write and rehearse new material for a new studio album. Hackett considered leaving the band after feeling "fairly shattered" from the lengthy tour, but his bandmates persuaded him to stay.

Recording
Initial rehearsals were held in a rehearsal space at Blackheath in London before they relocated underneath the Una Billings School of Dance in Shepherd's Bush. Some material Hackett used for his first solo album, Voyage of the Acolyte, was rehearsed by Genesis during the Foxtrot sessions but not used on the album. Material that became "Watcher of the Skies" and "Can-Utility and the Coastliners" was performed live before recording of Foxtrot started.

Genesis recorded Foxtrot in August and September 1972 in London at Island Studios. They were set to record with producer John Anthony, who had worked with them on their new song "Happy the Man" earlier in the year, but escalating costs due to the slow progress of completing it caused disagreements among Anthony and Charisma Records, the group's label, so they looked for a new producer. Banks recalled Charisma were anxious for the group to make a hit recording. The group's first choice for producer was Bob Potter, who had worked with Charisma labelmates Lindisfarne with Bob Johnston engineering. The band did not get on with Potter as he disliked their music; he compared Banks's Mellotron opening to "Watcher of the Skies" to the soundtrack to the science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey and felt the song was better without it. The band curtailed these unproductive sessions and toured in Italy in August 1972 before resuming work on the album the following month. The group tried out Tony Platt as a producer, but this was abandoned owing to personality clashes. Genesis then settled with co-producer Dave Hitchcock and John Burns as engineer, who would continue to work with Genesis on their next three albums. Banks disliked Hitchcock's production work.

During the album's sessions, Genesis recorded the live favourite "Twilight Alehouse", which had been performed when founding member and guitarist Anthony Phillips was in the band. It remained unreleased until it was put out as a limited single by ZigZag magazine and the band's fan club in 1973. A piece devised by Rutherford and rehearsed by the band in a 3/4 time signature was not used, but it was adapted by Hackett into "Shadow of the Hierophant" on Voyage of the Acolyte. The group tried an early take of the Banks-penned "Firth of Fifth" but it failed to inspire the band's interest. Banks worked on it over the course of the following year and it was released on their next album, Selling England by the Pound. When Charisma's owner Tony Stratton Smith heard the album for the first time upon completion, he said to the band's friend and roadie Richard Macphail: "This is the one that makes their career". Smith added: "I had to wipe a tear from my eye. Everything that one had believed about the band had come through". Banks was particularly pleased with Foxtrot which he thought contained no weak tracks.

Side one
"Watcher of the Skies" takes its title from a line of the 1817 sonnet On First Looking into Chapman's Homer by John Keats. The song begins with a solo played on a Mellotron that the band had bought from King Crimson. Banks was "searching for chords that actually sounded good ... because of its tuning problems" and settled on the opening two chords "that sounded great ... There was an atmosphere about them". Banks and Rutherford wrote the music during band rehearsals at a gig at the Palasaport, Reggio Emilia in April 1972 during their first Italian tour. The lyrics were written in Naples a week later. They wondered what an empty Earth would look like if surveyed by an alien visitor. Banks described them as "a sort of sci-fi fantasy" loosely based on the novel Childhood's End (1953) by Arthur C. Clarke and the Watcher race of extraterrestrials featured in the Marvel Comics. Rutherford thought they were "interesting words but they didn't sing very well". Collins felt the need to bring in "some tricky arrangements" into the song's rhythm from seeing Yes perform live.

"Time Table" features a romantic theme that yearns for tradition, decency, and an age of kings and queens that is banished by war and conflict. Written by Banks, he presented the song as a complete piece and had the band perform it. Melody Maker's Chris Welch described the track as light relief and a "gentle but stirring pop song" after the "pounding excitement" of "Watcher of the Skies". Gabriel biographer Daryl Easlea considered the song the most overlooked from the Gabriel-era of the band's history with its "sweet and touching" flavour and its resemblance to Genesis songs of the late 1970s.

"Get 'Em Out by Friday" is a song described as a "comic opera" that Gabriel described as "part social comment, part prophetic". It was partly inspired by Gabriel's own landlord problems he was having with his flat (apartment) on Campden Hill Road, and a television documentary he had seen about housing in the borough of Islington. Similar to "Harold the Barrel" and "The Fountain of Salmacis" from Nursery Cryme, the song features characters with Gabriel adopting a different vocal style for each one. The track features four characters: John Pebble, a business man of Styx Enterprises; Mark Hall (aka The Winkler), an employee of Styx who evicts tenants; Mrs. Barrow, a tenant of a house owned by Pebble; and Joe Ordinary, a customer in a pub. The song starts with Hall informing Mrs. Barrow that her property has been purchased and must be evicted, but she refuses to leave, leaving Pebble to raise her rent. Hall then offers Mrs. Barrow £400 to move to a new property in Harlow New Town, which she does, before Pebble raises her rent again. After an instrumental section, the date is 18 September 2012 and Genetic Control announce on a Dial-A-Program television service its decision to shorten the height of all humans to 4 ft. Joe reasons this so housing blocks will be able to accommodate twice as many people. Rutherford and Collins singled out "Get 'Em Out by Friday" as one of the early Genesis songs that suffered from Gabriel's dense lyrics which made the track busy and crowded. Collins later said this was because the instrumental tracks were recorded before the vocal part was written. Nevertheless, Rutherford considered the lyrics to be among Gabriel's best.

"Can-Utility and the Coastliners" was one of the first songs written for the album, and played during the Italian tour. It is based on King Canute and his inability to hold back the incoming tide. Welch theorised that the song may be in fact about Gabriel and the idea of a singer growing wary of his role and his flattering admirers.

Side two
Side two begins with "Horizons", a short guitar instrumental performed by Hackett that was recorded in the short time that Potter was the album's producer. It was written in the course of a year, and took musical inspiration from the Prelude of Suite No. 1 in G major, BWV 1007 for cello by Bach. He presented the piece to the group at a rehearsal on an electric guitar, though he had written it on a steel-string acoustic. Despite his nerves in playing it through, he initially thought the band would reject it. Hackett remembered Collins saying that there should be applause added to the end of the piece, and felt surprised when the band agreed to include it on the album. Hackett wrote it with English composers of the Tudor period in mind, including William Byrd, who often composed very short pieces, and a piece by Julian Bream. He pointed out the common mistake adopted by some listeners that "Horizons" was an opening to "Supper's Ready", but it did not bother him.

The rest of the second side contains "Supper's Ready", a 23-minute track formed of seven parts and the longest the band recorded. Gabriel believed the band's growing support as a live act gave them the confidence to start writing extended pieces. The song and its theme of good versus evil was inspired by an experience Gabriel and his then-wife Jill had with Anthony at Kensington Palace, when she reportedly entered a trance state as the room's windows suddenly blew open. Gabriel compared the ordeal to a scene from "a Hammer Horror film". Initially, the song took form as an acoustic track similar to "Stagnation" from Trespass or "The Musical Box" from Nursery Cryme, something the band wished to avoid repeating. To develop the piece further, Gabriel pitched his idea for what became the song's fifth section, titled "Willow Farm", on the piano. Banks noted the change from the song's more romantic introduction into "Willow Farm", with its "ugly chord sequence", worked as it took the song "into another dimension". Genesis went to the street and picked eight children to record vocals for the song and paid them ten 'bob' (shillings) each. "Apocalypse in 9/8" was improvised by Banks, Rutherford and Collins. It is a mostly instrumental performed in a 9/8 time signature that began with Rutherford playing his bass pedals which Collins recalled as "totally abstract with no time signature" and incorporated a drum pattern to it. Banks assumed his organ solo would have no vocals, but after Gabriel proceeded to record lyrics over it, something that he disagreed with initially, he said, "it only took about ten seconds to think 'This sounds fantastic, it's so strong. Banks picked "Apocalypse in 9/8" and "As Sure as Eggs Is Eggs" as "the best piece of composition" Genesis recorded during Gabriel's tenure as lead singer, but thought Gabriel had written the lyrics too quickly. Collins supported this view, who recalled Gabriel rushing to get them written while the backing tracks were being recorded.

Sleeve design
The album's cover was the last of three Genesis releases designed by Paul Whitehead, following Trespass and Nursery Cryme. He was a former art director for Time Out and gained inspiration from the lyrics to "Supper's Ready", which alludes to the apocalypse. Whitehead wanted to present the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in an original way but it turned into something "a little more whimsical", with two horse riders being a monkey and an alien. The cover for Nursery Cryme had depicted croquet which represented the English upper class which Whitehead repeated on Foxtrot with the depiction of fox hunting. The croquet scene is also repeated, placed in the background which has the Victorian manor now replaced with a hole in the ground. Whitehead devised the album's title, which he had done for Trespass and Nursery Cryme as he recalled the group were stuck for ideas. He had heard the word "foxy", an American slang term for an attractive woman, during a visit in the United States, and "Foxy Lady" by The Jimi Hendrix Experience, which he used as inspiration to draw a female with a fox head. Whitehead's original illustrations for the three albums were stolen from the Charisma archives when it was sold to Virgin Records in 1983. Whitehead claimed that Charisma staff got wind of the imminent sale and proceeded to loot its office.

The band disliked the cover. Gabriel felt less pleased with the design than Whitehead's previous works. Hackett felt "unsure" about the cover when he saw it for the first time, calling it a "strange" design that has made more sense to him over time. Banks thought it was the weakest cover Whitehead designed for Genesis. Rutherford felt the design was a decline in quality following the "lovely atmosphere" of the Trespass and Nursery Cryme covers, saying the Foxtrot cover was "a little bit weak". Collins thought it was not "particularly special" and lacked a professional look.

Release
Foxtrot was released in September 1972. A non-album single, "Happy The Man" was issued as a single at the same time. "Watcher of the Skies" was rerecorded in a shorter version for a single.

It became the band's highest-charting album at the time of its release, peaking at No. 12 for a seven-week run on the UK Albums Chart. Like their previous three albums, Foxtrot failed to chart in the United States. It reached  in Italy, signifying their growth in popularity in Europe after Trespass had topped the charts in Belgium. Foxtrot is certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 60,000 units.

Critical reception
Initial reception for this album was mixed. Robert Christgau gave the album a "C". In his review for Sounds magazine, Jerry Gilbert thought Genesis "almost achieved the perfect album". At times he noticed "the overall sound does lack the required vitality" and moments where the band "are trying just that little bit too hard", but such moments "are sporadic", and considered it more interesting than Trespass and Nursery Cryme. Welch thought Foxtrot was "a milestone in the group's career", "an important point of development in British group music", and that the band had reached "a creative peak". A short critical review from Rich Aregood in the Philadelphia Daily News read: "Genesis still has trouble putting songs together, but they play and sing beautifully."

Retrospective reviews of the album have been more positive. Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Foxtrot was "the first time that Genesis attacked like a rock band". François Couture, on AllMusic, described "Supper's Ready" as the band's "undisputed masterpiece". BBC Music gave a favourable review, liking the production but feeling the lyrics had dated. The Rolling Stone Record Guide gave the album three stars (out of five) in its 1979 first edition, then dropped it in its 2nd edition in 1983 when the album went out of issue.

In 2015, the album was ranked in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time. XTC guitarist Dave Gregory said: "To this day Foxtrot is a magical album. "Supper's Ready" became like an addiction. It had such a great sound, and enough mystery to make you want to hear it over and over again ... To this day, I will never tire of it". Faith No More bassist Bill Gould named it one of the ten albums that changed his life.

Reissues
Foxtrot was re-released in 1994 as a digitally remastered CD issued by Virgin. As part of the band's box set Genesis 1970–1975 released in 2008, Foxtrot was reissued as a hybrid CD/Super Audio CD with a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix with a DVD of previously unreleased bonus material. The reissue includes sleeve notes written by Queen drummer Roger Taylor. Later in 2014, Foxtrot was reissued on a remastered 180 gram LP and remastered CD by Rhino Records, Atlantic Records, and Charisma Records.

Tour
At the end of September 1972, Genesis played a warm-up gig at the National Stadium, Dublin. During the last song, "The Musical Box", Gabriel disappeared during the instrumental section, and re-appeared wearing his wife's red dress and a fox's head, mimicking Foxtrot's front cover. He had not told his bandmates he would do this, but he appeared in this getup on the front cover of Melody Maker, raising the band's profile.

The tour covered Europe and North America between September 1972 and August 1973. It opened with a UK leg with Lindisfarne as co-headliners. The group played their first US shows during the tour, including a warm up show at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts followed by a gig at Philharmonic Hall in New York City with String Driven Thing in December 1972. The latter was in benefit for the United Cerebral Palsy Fund. Despite the band's critical opinion of the concert due to a lack of rehearsal time, technical problems, and a perceived unenthusiastic audience, it went down well with the crowd that requested more Genesis songs be played on local radio stations, thus increasing their exposure.

Track listing
All songs composed, arranged, and performed by Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford. Actual songwriters listed below.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's 1972 liner notes.

Genesis
 * Tony Banks – Hammond organ, Mellotron, electric and acoustic pianos, 12-string guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Hackett – electric guitar, 6-string guitar, 12-string guitar
 * Phil Collins – drums, backing vocals, assorted percussion
 * Peter Gabriel – lead vocals, flute, bass drum, tambourine, oboe
 * Mike Rutherford – bass guitar, bass pedals, cello, 12-string guitar, backing vocals

Production
 * David Hitchcock – production
 * John Burns – engineer
 * Richard Macphail – technician, stage sound (sound friend)
 * Paul Whitehead – sleeve design
 * Armando Gallo – photography
 * Barry Wentzell – photography
 * Geoff Terrill – photography
 * Martin Nunn – photography

title: Foxtrot (album)


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TPG (Internet service provider)

TPG is an Australian internet service provider that specialises in consumer and business internet services as well as mobile telephone services. TPG is the second largest internet service provider in Australia and is the largest mobile virtual network operator. As such, it has over 671,000 ADSL2+ subscribers, 358,000 landline subscribers and 360,000 mobile subscribers, and owns the second largest ADSL2+ network in Australia, consisting of 391 ADSL2+ DSLAMs. It also operates in New Zealand.

The company was formed from the merger between Total Peripherals Group, which was established in 1986 by David and Vicky Teoh, and SP Telemedia in 2008. In August 2018, TPG and Vodafone Hutchison Australia announced their intention to merge, with TPG holding a 49.9% stake in the merged company. In February 2020, the Federal Court of Australia decided against an objection by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission opposing that merger.

TPG provide five ranges of products and services including Internet access, networking, OEM services, mobile phone service and accounting software.

On 13 July 2020, Vodafone Hutchison Australia merged with TPG via a scheme of arrangements. TPG was renamed to TPG Corporation Limited and delisted from Australian Securities Exchange, with Vodafone Hutchison taking on the TPG Telecom name.

History
Total Peripherals Group was established in 1986 by Malaysian-born Australian businessman David Teoh, as an IT company that sold OEM computers and later moved to provide internet and mobile telephone services.

In 2007, TPG took a 70 per cent controlling interest in then struggling Adelaide internet provider Chariot. David Teoh shored up TPG's role as Chariot's parent company a year later, in April 2008, and then quickly followed up with the $225 million reverse takeover of SP Telemedia to bring Soul, Chariot and TPG under the one banner.

Soul Converged Communications, formally known as Comindico, was an Australian telecommunications company based in Sydney. Soul's main activities revolve around telecommunications, with business and home and small business divisions. In April 2005, it bought a 43 per cent stake in mobile phone company B Digital. In September 2006 Soul increased its stake in B Digital to 75 per cent and made a full takeover offer.

In April 2008, SPT merged with Total Peripherals Group at a cost of $150 million in cash and $230 million in shares (approximately 80 million) with TPG owner David Teoh becoming the largest shareholder and Executive Chairman of the combined group. On 25 November 2009, following shareholder approval, SP Telemedia Ltd (Trading as Soul) changed its name to TPG Telecom Ltd. The ASX code was changed also from SOT to TPM.

Post-merger acquisitions
In November 2009, TPG, which already owned a substantial portion of PIPE Networks' shares, announced it intended to acquire the company. TPG completed its acquisition of PIPE for $373 million by way of scheme of arrangement on 31 March 2010, after shareholders and government bodies approved the transaction. The acquisition allows TPG to gain full control of PIPE Networks' fibre optic network in Australia and the Pipe Pacific Cable (PPC-1), connecting Sydney to Guam.

TPG, in a statement released on 14 July 2011, announced it intended to acquire IntraPower for $12.8 million. It was also stated in the statement that the Board of Directors of IntraPower recommended the shareholders of the company approve the transaction. The acquisition was completed on 30 August, allowing TPG to benefit from TrustedCloud and other IntraPower products.

On 9 December 2013, TPG purchased AAPT from Telecom New Zealand for $450 million. The transaction allows TPG to gain control of AAPT's fibre-optic network, which extends across six Australian states and territories, and is estimated to be 11,000 km in length. The transaction was expected to be finalised by February 2014.

On 13 March 2015, TPG advised of its intent to take over Australia's third Largest ISP iiNet at A$8.60 per share, giving a value of $1.4 billion. TPG offered $8.60 per iiNet share, on top of the entitlement to the already-declared 10.5-cent interim dividend, valuing iiNet at about 21 times its underlying net profit for 2014. The deal was approved by shareholders on 27 July, and by the ACCC on 20 August 2015. This made TPG Australia's second-largest ISP by customer volume after Telstra.

Ventures
On 7 May 2013, TPG won a $13.5 million bid for two 10 MHz spectra of the 2.5 GHz band in Australia. TPG, which operates a mobile virtual network, in a statement, announced that the network would allow it to offer "value-adding" wireless broadband products to its customers. Although TPG did not reveal what the purpose of the spectra would be, the 2.5 GHz band is expected to be used as a 4G channel. The network will be switched on in October 2014.

On 17 September 2013, during TPG's financial year results presentation, it was announced that the company plans on constructing fibre to the Building (FTTB) networks, capable of offering a bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s, in five major capital cities. It was also estimated that the cost of the plans would be $69.99 per month, lower than the current price of NBN plans though it excludes initial connection and setup costs. Although, final costs have yet to be determined, the network is expected to compete with the NBN, leading to calls from the research director of Ovum, David Kennedy, for NBN Co to respond competitively.

On 13 July 2020, Vodafone Hutchison merged with TPG via a scheme of arrangements. TPG was renamed to TPG Corporation Limited and delisted from ASX, with Vodafone Hutchison taking on the TPG Telecom name.

In September 2020, TPG Telecom announced a partnership with the National Australia Bank to deliver fixed and mobile network services for the bank.

SIMBA Telecom
On 14 December 2016, it was announced that TPG had secured the fourth telecommunications license in Singapore for S$105 million (A$122 million). They were provisionally allocated 60 MHz of spectrum made available in the New Entrant Spectrum Auction (NESA), with spectrum rights that commenced in April 2017. TPG was also expected to provide street level coverage nationwide within 18 months of the start date. TPG launch commercial service in March 2020.

For voice communications, it makes use of Voice over LTE technology which saw subscribers have initial troubles setting up during the trial rollout at the start of 2019 as existing phones did not contain the configuration profile required for the VoLTE functionality to work. These was largely resolved when the major brands added the configuration profile into their operating systems, with Apple adding the profile only in September 2019.

On 30 June 2020, as part of the Vodafone-TPG merger, the Singapore operations were spun off into an independent entity, Tuas Limited. As part of the spin off, Tuas Limited was also listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. In December 2021, TPG won 10MHz of the 2.1GHz frequency spectrum in the government auction, allowing it to deploy its 5G network across the island. SIMBA Telecom has since been an independent company in Singapore, effectively making it a local company with zero TPG Australia's involvement in any of its business operations. In April 2022, the Singapore operations was rebranded from TPG to SIMBA Telecom, in reference to Singapore's 'Lion City' nickname.

Subsidiaries

 * AAPT
 * PIPE Networks
 * Chariot
 * Soul
 * Lebara Australia
 * IntraPower
 * iiNet
 * Internode
 * RuralNet
 * Country NetLink
 * Origin Internet
 * Octa4
 * TransACT
 * Grapevine
 * Westnet
 * Netspace
 * Adam Internet

TPG Internet
TPG Internet sells many internet services, such as dialup, ADSL, ADSL2+, fibre and SHDSL broadband access, IPTV, VoIP solutions and virtual phone cards. TPG also include plans and bundles on the National Broadband Network (NBN).

Unlimited broadband
On 24 September 2010, TPG introduced a phone-line bundled unlimited plan that included unlimited, unmetered uploads and downloads and free IPTV.

IPTV
After a limited beta, TPG officially launched IPTV service on 12 June 2007. IPTV was available to all ADSL2+ customers on supported exchanges. It was discontinued in 2019.

TPG Systems
TPG Systems was an OEM of PCs, laptops and servers. This division of the company ceased trading in early 2004.

TPG Software
TPG Software, trading as Catsoft, makes and sells accounting software to businesses.

TPG Boomerang TV
TPG Boomerang TV was a subscription television service that operated using PAS 8. It was launched in February 2000.

TPG Mobile
TPG Mobile acts as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator for the Optus network since August 2008. In late 2015, TPG switched its mobile service provider to Vodafone.

AAPT
AAPT is TPG's wholesale arm.

Subscribers
It is Australia's second-largest internet service provider and largest mobile virtual network operator.

ACCC lawsuit
A lawsuit over TPG's advertising campaigns was filed against TPG Telecom by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) in December 2010. The ACCC accused TPG of misleading its customers by advertising that its "unlimited" broadband package only cost $29.99 per month when the actual minimum monthly cost for the plan is $59.99. The ACCC also claimed in the lawsuit that TPG did not adequately disclose other costs associated with the setting up of the connection. In response, TPG released a statement saying that it believes all costs were adequately noted in the advertisement and that it was "disappointed" with the ACCC's decision to bring the issue to court. In November 2011, the Federal Court ruled against TPG and fined the company $2 million, however the fine was reduced to $50,000 after TPG appealed to the full bench of the Federal Court. The ACCC later filed an appeal in the High Court, which was approved in August 2013.

Email Migration
In 2023, TPG commenced steps to discontinue provision of email services. An option was given to customers to close their email account or migrate email accounts to an independent organisation called 'The Messaging Company'.

title: TPG (Internet service provider)


text:
Talk:Pope John XII

Really?
It would be nice to see even ONE SINGLE CITATION on this article. All I hear is, "Someone said..." over and over again.

Year of birth, age when Pope
Before I changed it, our article said that he was born in 938 and became Pope when he was 16. Our source is obviously the 1911 edition of Britannica. However the more recent edition of Britannica claim that he was born in 937, and became Pope when he was 18 years old. The Columbia Encyclopedia and MSN Encarta also support 937 as the year of birth. The online source Catholic-forum.com also support 937 as YOB. The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Date of birth unknown". I can't find other sources than the 1911 Britannica, that support the claim that he was 16 years old when he became Pope/938 as YOB. So I changed it for now. I also removed: "Some legends say he was actually 18 when he died, but if that were the case, he would have only been 11 at the time he became pope." It was added by an anon user: and I can't find anything that support the claim, so until a source is provided, I think it should be removed. Stereotek 06:58, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Because it is my favorite .sig line ever, I have to include this (found on soc.hist.what-if )

"There is furthermore a sentence in your letter more fitting for a stupid boy than a bishop. You excommunicated us all if we appointed another bishop to the see of Rome, and yet gave us power to celebrate the mass and ordain clerical functionaries.  You said: 'You have no power to ordain no one.'  We always thought, or rather believed, that two negatives make an affirmative, if your authority did not weaken the verdict of the authors of old."

--Excerpt from a letter in which a synod of fifty Italian and German bishops came together in 963 to depose Pope John XII, citing sacrilege, simony, perjury, murder, adultery, incest, and the use of a double negative.

Kd5mdk 20:12, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

John XII, was confirmed by many historians as worst Pope ever. He was killed in bedroom when caught with someones wife. --90.157.231.38 (talk) 12:37, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Or had a stroke while with another man's wife http://time.com/4633580/young-pope-history/ Legacypac (talk) 21:03, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Sorted in LGBT cats

 * Category:LGBT Roman Catholic popes

Pope John XII was a LGBT Roman Catholic pope. That should be sorted in catsegory. --188.96.230.248 (talk) 20:52, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Advocate.con: 21 Gay Popes, Cardinals, and Assorted Catholic Leaders, By Jacob Ogle

Was John XII Antipope?
John XII ever when He held Mass without Communion. He also invoke Jupiter, Saturnus, and Demons showed him as Antipope. And He wasn't a Pope.

This principle is most certain. The non-Christian cannot in any way be Pope, as Cajetan himself admits (ib. c. 26). The reason for this is that he cannot be head of what he is not a member; now he who is not a Christian is not a member of the Church, and a manifest heretic is not a Christian, as is clearly taught by St. Cyprian (lib. 4, epist. 2), St. Athanasius (Scr. 2 cont. Arian.), St. Augustine (lib. de great. Christ. cap. 20), St. Jerome (contra Lucifer.) and others; therefore the manifest heretic cannot be Pope. To this Cajetan responds (in Apol. pro tract. praedicto cap. 25 et in ipso tract. cap. 22) that the heretic is not a Christian “simpliciter” [i.e. without qualification, or absolutely], but is one “secundum quid” [i.e. in a qualified or relative sense]. For, granted that two things constitute the Christian — the faith and the [baptismal] character — the heretic, having lost the faith, is still in some way united to the Church and is capable of jurisdiction; therefore, he is also Pope, but ought to be removed, since he is disposed, with ultimate disposition, to cease to be Pope: as the man who is still not dead but is “in extremis” [at the point of death].

If he invoked Jupiter, Venus and other demons. And then I cite again, " They even said he did not celebrate Matins at the canonical hours nor did he make the sign of the cross. "

That Action is Apostasy on Catholic View. So, If many Roman Catholics who knew about his life at later life, Maybe Pope John XII would become an Antipope in his life because his apostasy. 139.192.161.70 (talk) 23:42, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Without citations, this seems to be opinion at best. Peaceray (talk) 00:51, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * @Peaceray If you don't believe, please check this website which contains many thesis about that :
 * https://cmri.org/articles-on-the-traditional-catholic-faith/on-the-roman-pontiff/
 * Pope who embraces Heresy or Apostasy Publicly, can and must be deposed by the Church.
 * And about Apostate and Heretic can't be a Pope,
 * Pope Julius II said that,
 * "It shall be lawful for each and all of the cardinals,…as well as for all the clergy and the Roman people,… to withdraw without penalty and at any time from obedience and loyalty to the person so elected even if he has been enthroned (while they themselves, notwithstanding this, remain fully committed to the faith of the Roman church and to obedience towards a future Roman pontiff entering office in accordance with the canons) and to avoid him as a magician, a heathen, a publican and a heresiarch.” Pope Julius II, Council of Lateran V. 1513
 * You can see Julius II Citations on this website :
 * https://www.virgosacrata.com/catholic-church-teaching-on-heresy.html 139.193.86.30 (talk) 15:15, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The term Antipope does not mean what you believe it means. It merely signifies a rival claimant for the papal throne who is in opposition to the then current occupant of the chair of St Peter. The title has nothing to do with the person's morals or character. The Catholic Church officially recognises John XII as a legitimate Pope - if you go to the Vatican website, you will see John XII there listed https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father/giovanni-xii.html Oatley2112 (talk) 09:43, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
 * About Antipope term, what do you know about it?
 * Antipope is not only rival to legitimate or claimant true papal, but also someone who try to replace Catholicism Dogma or Catholicism Doctrine with false doctrines which is infiltrated to Magisterium or Tradition.
 * That's what we have known as antipope.
 * Who contradicts Catholicism dogma publicly, he is outside from Catholic Church de facto.
 * Of Course John XII is really pope because his Heresy and also his Apostasy aren't published ny himself. But himself had done it despite secretly, but many cardinals and then next Pope Candidate like Leo VIII try to deposed John XII from Papal Throne because Octavian's Heresy and Octavian's Apotasy which were known on his life by cardinals. But He still a Pope during He didn't publish his apostasy and his Heresy.
 * This is History as you know. 139.193.86.3 (talk) 14:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * A commonly accepted definition for antipope can be found on Wiktionary.
 * Since you are trying to introduce your own interpretation of what the word antipope means, you are engaged in original research, which is not allowed on English Wikipedia. We only accept material that can be verified from reliable sources.
 * That is Wikipedia dogma. This is the way. Peaceray (talk) 14:49, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, as it explained at the Synod of Rome in 963 (on John XII wikipedia article) :
 * " Then, rising up, the cardinal priest Peter testified that he himself had seen John XII celebrate Mass without taking communion. John, bishop of Narni, and John, a cardinal deacon, professed that they themselves saw that a deacon had been ordained in a horse stable, but were unsure of the time. Benedict, cardinal deacon, with other co-deacons and priests, said they knew that he had been paid for ordaining bishops, specifically that he had ordained a ten-year-old bishop in the city of Todi ... They testified about his adultery, which they did not see with their own eyes, but nonetheless knew with certainty: he had fornicated with the widow of Rainier, with Stephana his father's concubine, with the widow Anna, and with his own niece, and he made the sacred palace into a whorehouse. They said that he had gone hunting publicly; that he had blinded his confessor Benedict, and thereafter Benedict had died; that he had killed John, cardinal subdeacon, after castrating him; and that he had set fires, girded on a sword, and put on a helmet and cuirass. All, clerics as well as laymen, declared that he had toasted to the devil with wine. They said when playing at dice, he invoked Jupiter, Venus and other demons. They even said he did not celebrate Matins at the canonical hours nor did he make the sign of the cross."
 * Yes, He performed many deprivation like mass without communion, invoking ancient roman gods like Jupiter, Venus, and other demons which it explains if He is outside of Catholic Church de facto if it performs deprivation publicly.
 * But, for this, need to source and strongly proofs to judge John XII as Heretic and Apostate because He didn't perform his deprivation publicly. If this is proved, maybe John XII to be an Antipope as we can simply. And Synod of Rome (963) was only Synod which is made by some Cardinal with political goal in Rome. Vincentferrer77 (talk) 14:51, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, neither of those sources that 139.193.86.30 cites seems to mention John XII. Peaceray (talk) 19:49, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pope John XII


text: User talk:148.78.243.24

title: User talk:148.78.243.24


text:
User:Bigben~enwiki

I am from China mainland, I like Wikipedia very much.Right now I sdudy in graduate scholl in Xi'an. My interest is country music, programming,Communism, socialism, and swimming. As English is not my native language, I appreciate your help when I am creating and editing. You can reach me by atidybear@hotmail.com or Skype me "benyanxiong".

title: User:Bigben~enwiki


text:
Bronco (TV series)

Bronco is a Western television series on ABC from 1958 through 1962. It was shown by the BBC in the United Kingdom. The program starred Ty Hardin as Bronco Layne, a former Confederate officer who wandered the Old West, meeting such well-known individuals as Wild Bill Hickok, Billy the Kid, Jesse James, Theodore Roosevelt, Belle Starr, Cole Younger, and John Wesley Hardin.

Overview
Bronco premiered in the fall of 1958 when Warner Bros. executives and actor Clint Walker clashed over Walker's contract on the series Cheyenne. Walker had walked out on his show over such stringent clauses as a requirement that he return half of all personal appearance fees to Warner Bros., and that he only record for Warner music labels. When the two sides came to an impasse, the network hired newcomer Ty Hardin to play the new character of Bronco Layne, but kept the title of Cheyenne.

When Walker came back to his series, Bronco became a spin-off of Cheyenne. Bronco at first alternated with another Western series, Sugarfoot, featuring Will Hutchins. In 1960, the two began alternating with Cheyenne under the Cheyenne title. Sugarfoot was dropped in 1961, leaving only Bronco and Cheyenne to alternate. Other Warner Bros. Westerns in production around this time included Maverick with James Garner, Jack Kelly, and Roger Moore, Colt .45 with Wayde Preston, and Lawman with John Russell; series characters occasionally crossed over into each other's series.

According to the theme song, Bronco came from the Texas Panhandle, but episodes of the series are set throughout the West.

In the eighth episode, "Freeze-Out" (December 30, 1958), a writer calling herself Mary Brown, played by Grace Raynor, hires Bronco to escort her to a ghost town in the high country, where they encounter three men amid the isolation. As it develops, Mary is not interested so much in story ideas, but in the body of a man buried in a nearby glacier and missing gold. Some four years before the debut of his The Virginian, James Drury plays the part of John Smith, who develops a romantic interest in Mary. Edgar Stehli (1884–1973) plays the part of "Pancake" Riddle.

Guest stars

 * Peter Breck was Theodore Roosevelt in "Yankee Tornado" (1961).
 * Ahna Capri appeared as the child Emily in "A Town That Lived and Died" (1962).
 * Russ Conway appeared as Willis Turner, with Chris Alcaide as Brutus Traxel, in "The Silent Witness" (1959).
 * Walter Coy was Sheriff Walters in "The Turning Point" (1958), Victor Leggett in "Backfire" (1959), and Sheriff Springer in "Beginner's Luck" (1962).
 * Francis De Sales was Lawrence Larson in "Hero of the Town" (1959).
 * Med Flory appeared as Vance Pelham in "Then the Mountains" (1962).
 * Dean Fredericks was Great Wolf in "Seminole War Pipe" (1960).
 * Tod Griffin was Sheriff Garth Nelson in "The Silent Witness" (1959) and Chip Garnes in "Volunteers from Aberdeen" (1960).
 * Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. portrayed Manuel Figueres in "Flight from an Empire" (1959).
 * I. Stanford Jolley was Stover in "Brand of Courage" (1958) and Old Man Shirley in "Shadow of Jesse James" (1960).
 * Douglas Kennedy as Paul Duquesne in "Four Guns and a Prayer" (1958)
 * Scott Marlowe appeared as John Wesley Hardin in "The Turning Point" (1958).
 * Gregg Palmer was Colton in "Destinies West" (1962).
 * Judson Pratt was Marlow in "Manitoba Manhunt" (1961).
 * Pernell Roberts appeared as Reverend Dave Clayton in "The Belles of Silver Flats" (1959).
 * Randy Stuart was Claire Russo in "Tangled Trail" (1960).
 * Olive Sturgess was Virginia Munger in "Guns of the Lawless" (1961).
 * Gary Vinson appeared four times in different roles between 1958 and 1961: "Four Guns and a Prayer", "The Devil's Spawn" (as Bud Donner), "The Invaders", and "Cousin from Atlanta".
 * Tony Young appeared twice, as Cpl. Red Bird in "The Burning Springs" (1959) and as Tod Chapman in "One Evening in Abilene" (1962).
 * Jack Nicholson appeared as the young lover Bob in the episode "The Equalizer" in season four, episode four (1961). Jack Elam played Mr. Thompson in the same episode.

Home media
Warner Bros. has released the first three seasons on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. These are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. The fourth and final season was released on May 19, 2015.

title: Bronco (TV series)


text:
Garretson W. Gibson

Garretson Warner Gibson (May 20, 1832 – April 26, 1910) was the 14th president of Liberia from 1900 to 1904. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, his family emigrated to Liberia in 1845. After receiving an education in mission schools, he returned to Maryland to study theology. Ordained a priest, he served as rector of the Episcopalian Trinity Church in Monrovia. He also served as Chaplain of the Liberian Senate. Later, he served as President of the Trustee Board of Liberia College and at one time President of the college.

Gibson began his political life as a justice of the peace. With the election of William D. Coleman as president in 1896, Gibson was appointed secretary of the interior. He was secretary of state when Coleman resigned in 1900, and because there was no vice-president, Gibson was chosen to succeed him. He won his own term later that year and served until 1904.

Gibson died in Monrovia on April 26, 1910. He was the last Liberian president to have been born in the United States.

Presidency (1900–1904)
Prior to attaining the presidency, Gibson had had a long career in government including serving as Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of State.

In 1903, the British forced a concession of Liberian territory to Sierra Leone, but tension along that border remained high.

Whenever the British and French seemed intent on enlarging at Liberia's expense the neighboring territories they already controlled, periodic appearances by U.S. warships helped discourage encroachment, even though successive American administrations rejected appeals from Monrovia for more forceful support.

title: Garretson W. Gibson


text:
User talk:TuyenLe

Hi,

The information you added to latrodectus (widow spiders) is actually common to all spiders, and so the information should be included there. P0M 03:25, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:TuyenLe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spacker

The term "spacker" to refer to crackers working for spammers is not in active usage. It is not used in online forums which discuss spam. A look through Google and Google Groups hits suggests that it is not a common word at all (~1860 and ~2400 hits respectively for spacker -"spacker dave" -"spacker-dave" -- that being some guy's handle). Almost all of these uses are in the offensive-slang sense referring to a mentally retarded person, not to a cracker working for spammers.

As far as I can tell, the "cracker working for spammers" usage was invented by Wired columnist Brian McWilliams for the hook of an article, and the very few extant uses of the word in this sense are quotes and imitations of that article. I suggest, therefore, that this article be deleted. It is describing a made-up word that is at best a piece of idiolect. --FOo 03:24, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My suggestion (sorry this doesn't fit any of the normal vote patterns) is to delete spammer (as a speedy delete to allow a move, it is currently a redirect with no useful history), move this article there, and then merge and redirect this article to spamming. The redirect the move would create at spacker could then be listed for deletion as a neologism with no significant history, and the useful material and history would all be preserved. Andrewa 03:51, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete "spacker," just delete it, after rewriting and merging any relevant commentary into spamming. I'm getting very tired of people believing that they're making a useful contribution by adding alleged memes-on-the-rise into Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not Slashdot or Google News. We're not trying to scoop anyone or be the first to report anything. Contributors get no brownie points for being the first to create an article on some alleged new recent coinage. On items dealing specifically with current events there's some point in updating them as they unfold in order to keep close track, sources are fresh and easy to refer to, and POV issues benefit from continuing discussion. Everything else, no rush. If "spacker" is an accepted term six months from now, that will be plenty of time to put it in. Dpbsmith 15:02, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: While minimum waste of time is dear to my heart, I think your proposal violates our system for implementing the GFDL. We need to either use and attribute this content or delete it. Perhaps if we delete it we don't lose much on this occasion, but I think we do lose something that has been well thought out and expressed. Andrewa 17:18, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I like the page but suggest it should be improved somewhat. Other than that, I vote to 'Keep it'.  Rajesh918 16:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Sockpuppet. RickK 22:50, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but to be fair, it's Mikula's sockpuppet, so this could count as his one allowed vote. He's casting it to try and be sly about his new puppets, so he probably didn't give it any thought.  But lets let him participate when he's not being obnoxious. --Starx 04:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed w/ Dpbsmith on all points. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:09, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. - David Gerard 18:43, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Dpbsmith's sentiment. Andrewa's solution is probably best, but somebody would have to be willing to do the work. Delete whatever is at spacker when the time comes, be it this article or an Andrewa-suggested redirect for deletion. -- Cyrius|&#9998 19:00, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It's not a lot of work IMO and I'm happy to do it. This article has significant history, and GFDL compliance is extremely important. I don't want to short-circuit the VfD process by moving the article now, which is the first step. But assuming the vote allows it, I will. Andrewa 20:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.Beelzebubs 20:29, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Andrewa's suggestion, especially since he's volunteering to take care of it :-) Isomorphic 03:02, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I cast my vote for Andrewa's idea. --Starx 04:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spacker