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Talk:Hebrew name

Phoenician Origins of Hebrew Names
Kaleb and "El" derived names have Phoenician roots, how should this be applied?"GESICC (talk) 00:28, 3 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Are you sure that they're Phoenician? What I mean is, for example, El was worshiped by both the Phoenicians and the Israelites, and the languages are very, very similar, to the point that there is evidence that both the Greeks and the Phoenicians and Israelites themselves considered them to be two forms of the same language.  I am not aware of any ancient sources from the Levant (including the Bible) that refer to the language as anything but "Canaanite" (yes, I know, I'm taking some liberties with translation), and the Greeks seem to have called it all "Phoenician." In light of that, how can you be sure that names like Caleb or names containing "el" come from one culture and not the other? messor (talk) 16:22, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Shoshana and Other Foreign
Susan/Shoshana comes ultimately from ancient Egyptian, if I recall rightly - I'll have to look into that one... - Mustafaa 23:16, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Personally, I think it's perfectly alright to list Hebrew names that were originally adapted from other languages, as long as they have undergone the hebraization process. That's why so many Aramaic names can also be considered Hebrew names.  Additionally, even the Tanakh occasionally attributes names to loan from a foreign language, such as Egyptian or Aramaic.  Another example of an Egyptian Hebrew name is Nephi.  Also, it is possible that Asenath is an Egyptian name, given that she was from Egypt. :) (Note: Unlike controversial BoM names, "Nephi" is an Egypto-Hebrew name documented historically in the eastern hemisphere, and is also appears in the non-LDS books of the Apocrypha.  The Arabic name "Nafiyah" is believed to be from the same source.) - Gilgamesh 01:01, 6 May 2004

 * Sure; but in such cases, their previous etymology is also of interest, and should be listed if possible. - Mustafaa 05:10, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Out of curiosity, where does Nephi appear in the Apocrypha? I havem't read most of them. - Mustafaa 05:11, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know, as I have never read the Apocrypha either. I just know that the name is there.  Easily confirmed, I imagine. - Gilgamesh 05:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Here it is: 2 Maccabees 1:36 "And Neemias called this thing Naphthar, which is as much as to say, a cleansing: but many men call it Nephi." But it doesn't seem to appear as a personal name. - Mustafaa 06:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That's okay. Lots of Hebrew place names are later adopted as personal names, and this trend continues among modern Jews and Christians; consider Christian names like "Adam" and modern Israeli names like "Chayim", which were both merely nouns in the Tanakh.  I'm rather flexible about this; if a name is of established Hebrew origin, and is used in a culture of national or international presence, then it can be considered a Hebrew personal name, equally as worthy of mention on the list.  And as Hebrew names, they can be presented both in scientific transliteration and in Modern Hebrew transliteration. - User:Gilgamesh 07:15, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Um, I hate to say it, but if the Apocrypha only have it as the name of a thing, we really need some attestation of it as a personal name to list it on the List of Hebrew names. Can you give a reference? - Mustafaa 06:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I never thought it guaranteed that Nephi would be a personal name in the Apocrypha, so that doesn't necessarily surprise me. The fact is that it's a personal name in LDS tradition, because it appears as a personal name in the Book of Mormon.  I merely cited the names mention in the Apocrypha as corrolation that the name is attested at least in some form in Middle Eastern record, and therefore not exclusively a BoM name.  If different unique traditions use a name as a personal name and attribute it to a known Hebrew form, then I see it worthy of mention in the names list.  I don't doubt that other religious and cultural groups also have their own personal names that are not used as personal names in their sister cultures.  (Did that make sense?  I hope this doesn't seem too autistic of me. :P) - User:Gilgamesh 07:15, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair enough; it's a personal name now, and it's derived from Hebrew, so that works! However, it may be worth commenting on this point in the article (or someone sooner or later will probably, being unaware of this discussion, remove it on the grounds that Hebrew speakers don't use it. - Mustafaa 07:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds like it would be a good idea to add a disclaimer of the neutral and all-inclusive criteria used to include names in the list. I can see potential NPOV arguments for both excluding and for including the names, so I'd personally lean to including them so as to make sure no one is discriminated against. - Gilgamesh 07:27, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh - and what Arabic name Nafiya? The only one I can think of (or find with Google, offhand) is Nâfi`, which has a ayin at the end and thus doesn't fit very well with the suggested etymology of Nephi... - Mustafaa 05:18, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I just remember encountering Nafiyah in a discussion about Nephi in a linguistic journal somewhere when I was browsing the Internet once. I remember it being "Nafiyah" (either that or "Nafiya") as an Arabic name, but I can't remember the location or the time period.  I got the impression that it was probably pre-Islamic.  I think you're witnessing the flaky side of my Wikipedia presence; it's not intentional, mind you. ^_^; - Gilgamesh 05:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't claim to know every single pre-Islamic name, so I won't deny the possibility. But it does sounds suspicious; Nafiyah (with a y) in Arabic means "negating" or "banishing"! - Mustafaa 06:22, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't discount the possibility that I may have been mistaken about "Nafiyah". It doesn't matter anyway, as it's not relevant to the content of Hebrew name. :) - Gilgamesh 06:42, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Both "Nephi" and "Nafiyah" are supposed to be Egyptian loans, as I said before. If I recall, the Egyptian form was N-F-R, where the final R had evolved to Y by the time of the Coptic.  So perhaps it can be found in Coptic records too, which would be especially good because Coptic is written with both consonants and vowels in Greek script. - Gilgamesh 05:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That makes some sense... It can in fact: the Coptic form is noufe. The ou is believed to derive from ancient Egyptian a (via o, as in Phoenician. - Mustafaa 06:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * (or noufi in northern dialects.) - Mustafaa 06:50, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Susan/Shoshana comes from Hebrew for rose (See Shoshanas Yaakov, After Megillas Esther)--Shaul avrom 11:27, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Mormon Hebrew Names
Could you provide some more details on that? (In particular - which inscriptions, and what exact spellings are given in the inscriptions, so the reader can better judge the extent of the similarity?) - Mustafaa 23:27, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure, I have links to PDFs that talk all about it, with their own bibliographies. I just wasn't sure where to put the links, or whether to add the links before I could also add some neutral links to balance the NPOV of the links provided.  Here are the links:  and  (LDS POV, but the scientific method is still very widely used).

 * Also, I'm sorry for "Phenomenon", I didn't know the right word to use. The reason I thought "phenomenon" is because many of the names don't appear in other books, but have been found in abundance in archaeological digs in Israel-Palestine. - Gilgamesh 01:01, 6 May 2004

 * Hmm... Looking through the first one, I notice a couple of problems: why would yrm be interpreted as "Jarom", when the Old Testament already has the name Joram? And "Sariah" relies on a reconstruction of missing text; and one would expect Aha to be Acha, if the etymology is as proposed. Still, Alma and Aha are interesting. - Mustafaa 05:01, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Theoretically attributable to Israelite tribal dialects, maybe? Compare the study's comparison of "Mattaniah"/"Mathoniah", "Laman"/"Lamoni", etc.  The habit where qamez becomes a more closed "o", whether in etymology or in inflection.  Which syllable is stressed in "Joram"?  That might give a clue.  Though if YRM is reduced to "Yirm-" in "Yirmeyahu", then that suggests the emphasis is on the first syllable.  The fact of the matter is, I don't know. :P The actual details of Mormon Hebrew tradition are only mentioned by the article, not endorsed by it.  If necessary, we could refine that section's language to emphasize scientific non-endorsement. - Gilgamesh 07:22, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The second link has a lot more names, but a lot less detail on the evidence for them, so there's no real way for me to judge it. - Mustafaa 05:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

More Proposed Names
Havatzelet (Habassaleth) - woman's name; means some kind of plant. - Mustafaa 00:02, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it's okay to tentatively add names even if you don't know all the details (spellings, Tiberian vowels, etc.). If found, those details can be added later.  Also, names don't have to be Hebrew-alphabetized right away. - Gilgamesh 01:01, 6 May 2004

 * I have never heard Havatzelet used as a name.--Shaul avrom 11:29, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Movement of Hebrew names list
I've just discovered that our ambitious new article is already larger than 30K. I suspect that the vast majority of that is the names list. Maybe we should move it to List of Hebrew names. For now, I can copy the list there, and if you all think it's proper, we can turn it into the permanent new home of the list. Hebrew name and List of Hebrew names can link to each other, so everything is peachy. - Gilgamesh 05:35, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Moving it sounds good to me! I worry that that too may grow longer than 30K, but we can cross that bridge when we come to it. - Mustafaa 05:41, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, the names are already on the other article. I'm clearing them off the main article now. - Gilgamesh 05:59, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

List conventions
I'm very happy with how the List of Hebrew names has been turning out so far, and how it's been growing. However, it occurred to me that perhaps we need a better concensus on how to format the list. Specifically, the format of each entry. Until now, I've been deciding this myself, hoping that I'm making the right choices. But there are aspects of the list format I'm not sure about. (It might help if these articles had greater input from a Hebrew-speaker or an Israeli.) Concerns: - Gilgamesh 06:02, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If a name starts with one of בגדכפת should both the soft and daghesh forms be listed (e.g. Par‘ōh/Phar‘ōh)? Or just one or the other?  And if so, which one?
 * If a name has multiple voicings (e.g. Yāredh/Yéredh), should we list both forms, or just the left form (less common but often used for introductions), or just the right form (more common but used more passively)?
 * Should the phonemic (Tiberian) transliteration be on the left and the Sephardic (Israeli) transliteration be on the right? Or, should the phonemic be on the left and the Sephardic be on the right?  I know there might be some people who would get rid of the phoneme representation altogether in favor of the Sephardic (I've had at least two of my edits reverted over that insistence), but I think both are relevant because one is detailed linguistics while the other is more lay-familiar.
 * Should the Hebrew-script letters of each name be strongly emphasized?

Well, my two cents would be: Mustafaa 06:39, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Just the dagesh form; it's more the "default". But maybe add the KJV name?
 * Dunno. Both, I guess...
 * Did I revert those? If so, it was an accident - sorry!  Listing both is fine with me, though adding familiar English versions - especially the KJV and Douay ones - might be good too.
 * Not worth it - that would take too long to fix! :)

My -$0.02 (^_^) is: - Gilgamesh 06:56, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, daghesh-only it is. :)
 * Well, I just wanted to see if there was disagreement.
 * No, you didn't revert anything. The first reversion was when I added the phonemic transliteration to the Hebrew form of Jerusalem, and someone reverted my "pseudo-IPA" and admonished that I was not helping.  The second reversion was when I added the phonemic transliteration to the Sephardi article; later, someone added details, and also casually removed the phonemic forms to leave only Sfardi and Sfardim.  I suppose people don't agree on whether an ideal encyclopedia should be for lay people or for dry academics; personally, I think there is room for both interests. :)

 * Ah. Jerusalem is such a controversial article any edits need care... Maybe if we added a separate section on its name?  It has at least four names in Arabic (one artifically imposed by Israel, one borrowed from Hebrew, one borrowed from Latin, and one native Arabic); maybe a section on the name could be worth putting... As for Sephardi, I'm betting someone couldn't see them on his screen, and assumed they were gibberish.  I for one am totally in favor of academic detail; what's an encyclopedia for, otherwise? :) - Mustafaa 08:02, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it's not of extreme importance to me; I was just miffed because my edit on the Jerusalem article was reverted. :P Later, I felt a little better after I made an edit that wasn't reverted (the two centers of learning located on Mount Scopus, as well as the new Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center article I created). - Gilgamesh 09:12, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

If you really want to get complete, you could always go through www.jcsm.org/StudyCenter/kjvstrongs/STRHEB2.htm... :) - Mustafaa 03:02, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I just got a lot of the definitions from some dictionary. And I didn't copy them; I read them, committed them to memory, then fished them from my memory.  So, it's from my memory. :P Besides, I added detail to quite a few, particularly the names with "'el-", "'eli-", "-'el", "yeho-", "-yahu", etc.  Besides, I don't care where I get the definitions, as long as I get them, check more than one source, and make sure that more than one source agrees. :) Otherwise, I'd wrack my brains out...  Until now, I've been big on phonology, and poor on definitions. :P The definitions, just like all the names, can be refined over time. :) - Gilgamesh 03:45, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * ...did I do bad by consulting a dictionary? It didn't even occur to me that it might be improper.  I mean...I'm not fluent in everything.  Besides, I don't expect the definitions to stand 100% as I added them.  If someone sees a mistake or a clearer phrasing, they can change it.  ...I mean, was I wrong in taking that approach?  I mean, what good is a dictionary if you can't use it? :P - Gilgamesh 04:42, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Nothing wrong with consulting a dictionary! What are they gonna do, sue you for getting the spelling right? You can't copyright words, thankfully... - Mustafaa 06:09, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hooray!!! \(^_^)/ - Gilgamesh 06:31, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Tetragrammaton
I've been thinking about this, and I think constantly using the Tetragrammaton in the two articles may be a bad idea, and may be offensive to many people browsing. Also, virtually every name affixed with the four letters has at least two possible forms; I can understand listing multiple forms for names like Mattanyahu/Mattayyahu and such, but it seems like a lot of clutter to list every Yo/Yeho- and -yah/yahu/ihah/etc. form. I wish we could come up with a sort of key...a shorthand affix for names with these spellings. And yet, using the spellings "יהוה" and "Yahweh" are unnacceptable to virtually every remotely devout religious Jew who browses these articles. It is unkosher to use them. What should we do? I can see potential NPOV arguments against hiding full forms of the Tetragrammaton, but I think it may be common courtesy so people won't feel enflamed by its random mention. - Gilgamesh 06:58, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm... I don't know what to do about the former, but for the latter, why not just translate the word as "Lord", a la KJV? - Mustafaa 07:00, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Is the new wording "Hebrew devotion to the Tetragrammaton ..." intended to be taken literally, or is it a mistaken redition of "Hebrew devotion to the entity whose name is the Tetragrammaton ..."? --Zero 07:24, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My mistake. I meant "devotion to the one whom the Tetragrammaton represents."  When I say "the Tetragrammaton", I mean "the LORD", "Adonai", etc.  Sorry about that. - Gilgamesh 07:52, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. This article is part of the template on Judaism, and thus is very likely to be read by Jews. I am removing it right now, because I can't read it like this.--Doom777 23:57, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

More Font-friendly Phonemic Orthography
It has occurred to me that the Unicode characters ḤḥḪḫṬṭṢṣƏə are not very font-friendly, because most default fonts cannot supply these characters. Usually, such characters can only be found in massive fonts such as Arial Unicode MS, Caslon, etc. I propose replacing those characters in the phonemic transliteration of Hebrew with more font-friendly characters ĦħXxŢţŞş, all of which have Unicode values less than 0x180 (384), and can be displayed easily by default fonts. Ħħ is used (as far as I know) only in Maltese, but it's used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative, which is perfect in this case. Xx is a simple replacement for Ḫḫ, which seems okay to me because Xx is often used anyway for transliteration of voiceless velar fricative in a variety of Middle-Eastern languages, including some other peoples' transliterations of Hebrew phonemes. Ţţ and Şş were not originally designed as pharyngeal glyphs, but they match Ṭṭ and Ṣṣ very well; besides, if they're good enough for Arabic names in commercial encyclopedias, they should be okay for Wikipedia. :) And as for Əə...I'm not sure what to do with it. It's not the same phoneme as Ĕĕ, although they are often transliterated the same.  I'm thinking...maybe Ëë (which is used in Albanian as a schwa) or Cyrillic Ээ.  Thoughts on all of this? - Gilgamesh 21:57, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Sounds good... how about a superscript e for schwa? I've seen that usage occasionally. - Mustafaa 22:12, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Actually, it occurred to me... We could keep the real schwa Əə and it won't be so bad. Though the other "real" characters are indeed rarely supplied in fonts and hard to display, the real schwa is found in Palatino Linotype (serif) and Lucida Sans Unicode (sans-serif), both of which are distributed with Windows 2000 and Windows XP, right? So, maybe we won't have to use HTML tags like e. I think it's probably better to reduce the dependance of HTML in Wikipedia markup. :) ...Pardon me, my calico cat accidentally drooled on my keyboard; but fortunately, cat drool is thin, like water, and not very messy. - Gilgamesh 22:29, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

Names of Hebrew Origin
Some names ending with -el like the two listed are also the names of angels according to the Kabbalah and of archangels according to Christianity. I think this is worth mentioning, but I don't know whether their usage for people or for angels came first. Probably the latter, because these names are not traditional among Jews, and their current usage by Jews seems to be mimicking the Gentiles. - Lev 20:12, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Invitation for Hebrew linguistics project participation
WikiProject Judaism is trying to decide all Hebrew linguistics issues for Wikipedia by themselves. But Hebrew is not purely the realm of Judaism; it is also the realm of Samaritans, Christians and Abrahamic religion as a whole, and also secular Canaanite languages studies. I'm trying to challenge mono-cultural mono-sectarian dominance over a linguistic field that we all should be sharing together. I invite you to participate in trying to pluralize Hebrew language conventions for Wikipedia. In particular, not only is Tiberian Hebrew transliteration challenged, but also Standard Hebrew transliteration, as some people want to use only Israeli Hebrew colloquial transliteration or Ashkenazi Hebrew liturgical transliteration. I think these are perfectly valid and worthy of participation, but not at the total expense of every other Hebrew linguistics study concern. Please support a multi-religious multi-cultural scientific NPOV mandate for studying Hebrew linguistics on Wikipedia. - Gilgamesh 02:57, 18 July 2004 (UTC)

Family name
Perhaps I am missing something, but shouldn't this article discuss Hebrew family name structure, i.e. the convention of refering to men as so-and-so ben so-and-so and women as so-and-so bat so-and-so? --agr 11:18, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Luke as a Greek Jewish name
IIRC, most people believe that Luke was not a Jew at all. Unless someone can find another Jewish example of a Luke, I recommend substituting the name Stephen/Stephanos. I believe most people speculate that St. Stephen was a proselyte before converting to Christianity. (The Book of Acts may even say this, but I don't recall.) One might want to find an example of a Jew by birth of that era with such a name. I'm thinking that the name Philip, which belonged to at least two Christians (an apostle, and "Philip the Evangelist") might be an example, but someone should look into it to see if I'm right.

In any case, Luke was not an apostle, and I will remove that from the article. 199.176.87.2 15:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

== Hmmm. A doctor in the Diaspora, who knew? With a non-Jewish name (who ever heard of such a thing?) that means "white," and alliterates with "Laban" and "Levi." And his Gospel has more original material, and more Hebraisms, than any of the other Synoptics. Oh, and if he was a Gentile, he would be the only New Testament author who was not Jewish. Though I guess if you consider a non-Jewish name and residence out of country evidence, yeah, pretty sure he was a Gentile ;-) Alfarero (talk) 22:34, 2 June 2021 (UTC)
 * 1.) What Hebraisms? Matthew is widely regarded as being more "Hebraic" because it is aimed for a Jewish audience. 2.) It is the vast consensus that the Gospels were not written by the people attributed to them. 3.) Luke comes from Leukos which is the Greek version of Lucius, which is an exceedingly common Greco-Roman name. 4.) Mark's name is similarly based on the Greco-Roman name Markos/Marcus, so if we're going by names he would be another non-Jewish author of a Gospel.Bagabondo (talk) 05:11, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Jewish names
This article seems to be totally about the etymology and origin of names. I have no problem at all with that, but I'd like to see something about the Jewish practice of having a specifically Jewish name for religious purposes. That practice is mentioned only very lightly here. My question is if this is a good place to amplify it, or if a separate article is a better idea. In any case, I think that the "Jewish lifecycle" box at the bottom is appropriate only for an article containing that info. (PS: The ideas I've expresed here are very similar to the unanswered questions of AGR, in the "Family name" section above, see there.) --Keeves 11:49, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

What happened to the list of Hebrew names?
What happened to the list of Hebrew names article that used to be linked to from this page and was a very handy resource? Has it moved or has some vandal deleted it? BroadArrow 00:48, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It was voted to be deleted because, even though they might be handy, huge lists of names are outside the scope of an encyclopedia. See Articles for deletion/Lists of given names 2. The list currently resides on Wiktionary at wikt:Appendix:Hebrew given names. DopefishJustin 22:46, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll check it out there. BroadArrow 09:36, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Modern Hebrew names?
This list says nothing of modern Hebrew names. By this, I mean names that were created by people in Modern Isael, which do not have a long history. Seing as these names are very common in modern Israel, there should be something written about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.100.181.91 (talk) 20:58, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Greek
This article said that "eis/is" is Greek for "powerful," or something of the sort. It actually means "into." With rough breathing (which renders it "heis" in Roman letters) it means one. Liddell & Scott confirm this, as do other lexica. Additionally, "rha" does not mean "king." It basically translates as "right away." "El," as far as my research indicates, does not stand for "Helios." It is simply a Canaanite/Phoenician/Hebrew word meaning "strength," or "god." I will concede that later on into the Koine period, when sun-worship came into vogue, it may have come into use as an abbreviation, but I can't find any evidence for it. I find the second Greek definition of "Emmanuel" to be similarly suspicious, but less of a stretch. I have deleted the "Greek" translation of Israel, because as near as I can tell, it's nothing but rot. messor (talk) 07:35, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I have deleted the uncited information about the name "Emmanuel" again, for reasons stated above. messor (talk) 15:46, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

An interesting way of forming names - should we elaborate on it?
Our article Maharam says that it "is an acronym of the words ...מורנו הרב רבי מ (Morenu Ha-Rav rabi M..., Our teacher the Rabbi M...)." I've never heard of names that are formed from a standard formula + one initial as the distinguishing last letter before. When I asked about it at WP:RD/H, User:Deor made me aware that there are also combinations with names that start with other letters than Mem: "Two such are "Maharal" for Judah Loew ben Bezalel and "Maharash" for either Meir Wahl or Shmuel Schneersohn." I'd like to somehow preserve this information for our readers, and it seems the best place to add this would be here. Are there any objections to this? Another reply in the RD thread made me aware that this way of forming names doesn't seem to stick out as much to other people. — Sebastian 20:22, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think the place where this would fit best is Hebrew acronyms. Deor (talk) 14:05, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Done. Thanks for the good suggestion. — Sebastian 22:26, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Conversion
What's the convention for acquiring a Jewish name upon conversion? kencf0618 (talk) 15:06, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Judeo-Aramaic?
The section on Aramaic states without attestation that Judeo-Aramaic was the lingua franca of Israel in the first century. This is nineteenth-century speculation that has been grandfathered in as truth, and it is now being questioned on archaeological grounds. It seems more likely that Aramaic was in second or third place with Hebrew and Greek, especially in Judea, and that Hebrew was spoken in the marketplace and taught in schools. I do not have time to document this right now, but I have made a tentative edit to the section. Please respect my edit and get sources to establish the true situation as time permits.

title: Talk:Hebrew name


text:
Diadochi

The Diadochi (singular: Diadochos; from Διάδοχοι, ) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River Valley.

The most notable Diadochi include Ptolemy, Antigonus, Cassander, and Seleucus as the last remaining at the end of the Wars of the Successors, ruling in Egypt, Asia-Minor, Macedon and Persia respectively, all forging dynasties lasting several centuries.

Ancient role
In ancient Greek, diadochos is a noun (substantive or adjective) formed from the verb, diadechesthai, "succeed to," a compound of dia- and dechesthai, "receive." The word-set descends straightforwardly from Indo-European *dek-, "receive", the substantive forms being from the o-grade, *dok-. Some important English reflexes are dogma, "a received teaching," decent, "fit to be received," paradox, "against that which is received." The prefix dia- changes the meaning slightly to add a social expectation to the received. The diadochos, being a successor in command or any other office, expects to receive that office.

Basileus
It was exactly this expectation that contributed to strife in the Alexandrine and Hellenistic Ages, beginning with Alexander. Philip had married a woman who changed her name to Olympias to honor the coincidence of Philip's victory in the Olympic Games and Alexander's birth, an act that suggests love may have been a motive as well. Macedon's chief office was the basileia, or monarchy, the chief officer being the basileus, now the signatory title of Philip. Their son and heir, Alexander, was raised with care, being educated by select prominent philosophers. Philip is said to have wept for joy when Alexander performed a feat of which no one else was capable, taming the wild horse, Bucephalus, at his first attempt in front of a skeptical audience including the king. Amidst the cheering onlookers Philip swore that Macedonia was not large enough for Alexander.

Philip built Macedonia into the leading military state of the Balkans. He had acquired his expertise fighting for Thebes and Greek freedom under his patron, Epaminondas. When Alexander was a teenager, Philip was planning a military solution to the contention with the Persian Empire. In the opening campaign against Byzantium he made Alexander "regent" (kurios) in his absence. Alexander used every opportunity to further his father's victories, expecting that he would be a part of them. At the report of each of Philip's victories, Alexander was said to lament that his father would leave him nothing of note to do.

There was a source of disaffection, however. Plutarch reports that Alexander and his mother bitterly reproached him for his numerous affairs among the women of his court. Philip then fell in love and married a young woman, Cleopatra, when he was too old for marriage. (Macedonian kings traditionally had multiple wives.) Alexander was at the wedding banquet when Attalus, Cleopatra's uncle, made a remark that seemed inappropriate to him. He asked the Macedonians to pray for an "heir to the kingship" (diadochon tes basileias). Rising to his feet Alexander shouted, using the royal "we," "Do we seem like bastards (nothoi) to you, evil-minded man?" and threw a cup at him. The inebriated Philip, rising to his feet and drawing his sword to defend Attalus, promptly fell. Making a comment that the man who was preparing to cross from Europe to Asia could not cross from one couch to another, Alexander departed, to escort his mother to her native Epirus and to wait himself in Illyria. Not long after, prompted by Demaratus the Corinthian to mend the dissension in his house, Philip sent Demaratus to bring Alexander home. The expectation by virtue of which Alexander was diadochos was that as the son of Philip, he would inherit Philip's throne.

In 336 BC Philip was assassinated, and the 20-year-old Alexander "received the kingship" (parelabe ten basileian). In the same year Darius succeeded to the throne of Persia as Šâhe Šâhân, "King of Kings," which the Greeks understood as "Great King." The role of the Macedonian basileus was changing fast. Alexander's army was already multinational. Alexander was acquiring dominion over state after state. His presence on the battlefield seemed to ensure immediate victory.

Hegemon
When Alexander the Great died on June 10, 323 BC, he left behind a huge empire which comprised many essentially independent territories. Alexander's empire stretched from his homeland of Macedon itself, along with the Greek city-states that his father had subdued, to Bactria and parts of India in the east. It included parts of the present day Balkans, Anatolia, the Levant, Egypt, Babylonia, and most of the former Achaemenid Empire, except for some lands the Achaemenids formerly held in Central Asia.

Successors
The hetairoi (ἑταῖροι), or companion cavalry, added flexibility to the ancient Macedonian army. The hetairoi were a special cavalry unit composed of general officers without fixed rank, whom Alexander could assign where needed. They were typically from the nobility; many were related to Alexander. A parallel flexible structure in the Achaemenid army facilitated combined units.

Staff meetings to adjust command structure were nearly a daily event in Alexander's army. They created an ongoing expectation among the hetairoi of receiving an important and powerful command, if only for a short term. At the moment of Alexander's death, all possibilities were suddenly suspended. The hetairoi vanished with Alexander, to be replaced instantaneously by the Diadochi, men who knew where they had stood, but not where they would stand now. As there had been no definite ranks or positions of hetairoi, there were no ranks of Diadochi. They expected appointments, but without Alexander they would have to make their own.

For purposes of this presentation, the Diadochi are grouped by their rank and social standing at the time of Alexander's death. These were their initial positions as Diadochi.

Craterus

Craterus was an infantry and naval commander under Alexander during his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire. After the revolt of his army at Opis on the Tigris in 324, Alexander ordered Craterus to command the veterans as they returned home to Macedonia. Antipater, commander of Alexander's forces in Greece and regent of the Macedonian throne in Alexander's absence, would lead a force of fresh troops back to Persia to join Alexander while Craterus would become regent in his place. When Craterus arrived at Cilicia in 323 BC, news reached him of Alexander's death. Though his distance from Babylon prevented him from participating in the distribution of power, Craterus hastened to Macedonia to assume the protection of Alexander's family. The news of Alexander's death caused the Greeks to rebel in the Lamian War. Craterus and Antipater defeated the rebellion in 322 BC. Despite his absence, the generals gathered at Babylon confirmed Craterus as Guardian of the Royal Family. However, with the royal family in Babylon, the Regent Perdiccas assumed this responsibility until the royal household could return to Macedonia.

Antipater
Antipater was an adviser to King Philip II, Alexander's father, a role he continued under Alexander. When Alexander left Macedon to conquer Persia in 334 BC, Antipater was named Regent of Macedon and General of Greece in Alexander's absence. In 323 BC, Craterus was ordered by Alexander to march his veterans back to Macedon and assume Antipater's position while Antipater was to march to Persia with fresh troops. Alexander's death that year, however, prevented the order from being carried out. When Alexander's generals gathered at the Partition of Babylon to divide the empire between themselves, Antipater was confirmed as General of Greece while the roles of Regent of the Empire and Guardian of the Royal Family were given to Perdiccas and Craterus, respectively. Together, the three men formed the top ruling group of the empire.

Somatophylakes
The Somatophylakes were the seven bodyguards of Alexander.

Macedonian satraps
Satraps (Old Persian: xšaθrapāwn) were the governors of the provinces in the Hellenistic empires.

The Epigoni
Originally the Epigoni (/ɪˈpɪɡənaɪ/; from Ἐπίγονοι "offspring") were the sons of the Argive heroes who had fought in the first Theban war. In the 19th century the term was used to refer to the second generation of Diadochi rulers.

Partition of Babylon
Without a clear successor, Alexander's generals quickly began to dispute the rule of his empire. The two contenders were Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus and his unborn child with Roxana. Meleager and the infantry supported Arrhidaeus while Perdiccas and the cavalry supported waiting until the birth of Roxana's child.

A compromise was arranged, with Arrhidaeus being crowned as Philip III. If Roxana's child was a son, they would rule jointly. Perdiccas was named Regent and Meleager as his lieutenant. Eventually, Roxana did give birth to Alexander's son, Alexander IV. However, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered and assumed full control.

Perdiccas, summoned a council of the great men of Alexander's court to appoint satraps for the parts of the Empire in the partition of Babylon. Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia. Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be jointly ruled by Antipater and Craterus, while Alexander's former secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.

Alexander's arrangements in the east were left intact. Taxiles and Porus governed over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes governed Gandara; Sibyrtius governed Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor governed Aria and Drangiana; Philip governed Bactria and Sogdia; Phrataphernes governed Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates governed northern Media; Archon got Babylonia; and Arcesilaus governed northern Mesopotamia.

Revolt in Greece
Meanwhile, the news of Alexander's death had inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the Lamian War. Athens and other cities joined, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of Lamia. Antipater was relieved by a force sent by Leonnatus, who was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, 322 BC. For a time, this brought an end to any resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the Empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia.

First War of the Diadochi (322–320 BC)
Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas' marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was initiated by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body and its transfer to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt.

Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Partition of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia, to which was added Lycaonia. Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas—Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigenes—were given the provinces of Babylonia, Media, and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former Regent, received Hellespontine Phrygia. Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as leader of the largest army east of the Hellespont, held a similar position in Asia.

Death of Antipater
Soon after the second partition, in 319 BC, Antipater died. Antipater had been one of the few remaining individuals with enough prestige to hold the empire together. After his death, war soon broke out again and the fragmentation of the empire began in earnest. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. A civil war soon broke out in Macedon and Greece between Polyperchon and Cassander, with the latter supported by Antigonus and Ptolemy. Polyperchon allied himself to Eumenes in Asia, but was driven from Macedonia by Cassander, and fled to Epirus with the infant king Alexander IV and his mother Roxana. In Epirus he joined forces with Olympias, Alexander's mother, and together they invaded Macedon again. They were met by an army commanded by King Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, which immediately defected, leaving the king and Eurydice to Olympias's not so tender mercies, and they were killed (317 BC). Soon after, though, the tide turned, and Cassander was victorious, capturing and killing Olympias, and attaining control of Macedon, the boy king, and his mother.

Wars of the Diadochi (319–275 BC)

The Wars of the Diadochi were a series of conflicts, fought between 322 and 275 BC, over the rule of Alexander's empire after his death.

In 310 BC Cassander secretly murdered Alexander IV and Roxana.

The Battle of Ipsus (301 BC)
The Battle of Ipsus at the end of the Fourth War of the Diadochi finalized the breakup of the unified Empire of Alexander. Antigonus I Monophthalmus and his son Demetrius I of Macedon were pitted against the coalition of three other companions of Alexander: Cassander, ruler of Macedon; Lysimachus, ruler of Thrace; and Seleucus I Nicator, ruler of Babylonia and Persia. Antigonus was killed, but his son Demetrius took a large part of Macedonia and continued his father's dynasty. After the death of Cassander and Lysimachus, following one another in fairly rapid succession, the Ptolemies and Seleucids controlled the vast majority of Alexander's former empire, with a much smaller segment controlled by the Antigonid dynasty until the 1st century.

Ptolemaic Egypt
Under the rule of its first three monarchs Ptolemy I Soter, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, and Ptolemy III Euergetes, Ptolemaic Egypt reached its zenith of power and prestige in its first eighty years of existence, while heading off a number of crises and challenges along the way. However, beginning with the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221–203 BC), his reign is marked by historians as the beginning of the decline of Ptolemaic Egypt. However, the kingdom would persist for another 200 years.

The Ptolemaic rulers gradually embraced Egyptian traditions, such as sibling royal marriages, which the Ptolemaic dynasty frequently partook in. The cosmopolitan nature of Ptolemaic Egypt can be seen with the Rosetta Stone, an edict ordered by Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204–180 BC), would be written in three languages: Egyptian hieroglyphs, Coptic, and Greek. However, the Ptolemaic rulers' insistence on the incorporation of Greek influences into Egyptian society led to many peasant revolts and uprisings throughout the course of the kingdom's existence.

Decline and fall
This division was to last for a century, before the Antigonid Kingdom finally fell to Rome, and the Seleucids were harried from Persia by the Parthians and forced by the Romans to relinquish control in Asia Minor. A rump Seleucid kingdom survived in Syria until finally conquered by Pompey in 64 BC. The Ptolemies lasted longer in Alexandria, though as a client under Rome. Egypt was finally annexed to Rome in 30 BC.

Aulic
In the formal "court" titulature of the Hellenistic empires ruled by dynasties we know as Diadochs, the title was not customary for the Monarch, but has actually been proven to be the lowest in a system of official rank titles, known as Aulic titulature, conferred – ex officio or nominatim – to actual courtiers and as an honorary rank (for protocol) to various military and civilian officials. Notably in the Ptolemaic Kingdom, it was reported as the lowest aulic rank, under Philos, during the reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

Modern concept
Diadochi (Διάδοχοι) is an ancient Greek word that currently modern scholars use to refer primarily to persons acting a role that existed only for a limited time period and within a limited geographic range. As there are no modern equivalents, it has been necessary to reconstruct the role from the ancient sources. There is no uniform agreement concerning exactly which historical persons fit the description, or the territorial range over which the role was in effect, or the calendar dates of the period. A certain basic meaning is included in all definitions, however.

The New Latin terminology was introduced by the historians of universal Greek history of the 19th century. Their comprehensive histories of ancient Greece typically covering from prehistory to the Roman Empire ran into many volumes. For example, George Grote in the first edition of History of Greece, 1846–1856, hardly mentions the Diadochi, except to say that they were kings who came after Alexander and Hellenized Asia. In the edition of 1869 he defines them as "great officers of Alexander, who after his death carved kingdoms for themselves out of his conquests."

Grote cites no references for the use of Diadochi but his criticism of Johann Gustav Droysen gives him away. Droysen, "the modern inventor of Hellenistic history," not only defined "Hellenistic period" (hellenistische ... Zeit), but in a further study of the "successors of Alexander" (nachfolger Alexanders) dated 1836, after Grote had begun work on his history, but ten years before publication of the first volume, divided it into two periods, "the age of the Diadochi," or "Diadochi Period" (die Zeit der Diodochen or Diadochenzeit), which ran from the death of Alexander to the end of the "Diadochi Wars" (Diadochenkämpfe, his term), about 278 BC, and the "Epigoni Period" (Epigonenzeit), which ran to about 220 BC. He also called the Diadochi Period "the Diadochi War Period" (Zeit der Diadochenkämpfe). The Epigoni he defined as "Sons of the Diadochi" (Diadochensöhne). These were the second generation of Diadochi rulers. In an 1843 work, "History of the Epigoni" (Geschichte der Epigonen) he details the kingdoms of the Epigoni, 280-239 BC. The only precise date is the first, the date of Alexander's death, June, 323 BC. It has never been in question.

Grote uses Droysen's terminology but gives him no credit for it. Instead he attacks Droysen's concept of Alexander planting Hellenism in eastern colonies: "Plutarch states that Alexander founded more than seventy new cities in Asia. So large a number of them is neither verifiable nor probable, unless we either reckon up simple military posts or borrow from the list of foundations really established by his successors." He avoids Droysen's term in favor of the traditional "successor". In a long note he attacks Droysen's thesis as "altogether slender and unsatisfactory." Grote may have been right, but he ignores entirely Droysen's main thesis, that the concepts of "successors" and "sons of successors" were innovated and perpetuated by historians writing contemporaneously or nearly so with the period. Not enough evidence survives to prove it conclusively, but enough survives to win acceptance for Droysen as the founding father of Hellenistic history.

M. M. Austin localizes what he considers to be a problem with Grote's view. To Grote's assertion in the Preface to his work that the period "is of no interest in itself," but serves only to elucidate "the preceding centuries," Austin comments "Few nowadays would subscribe to this view." If Grote was hoping to minimize Droysen by not giving him credit, he was mistaken, as Droysen's gradually became the majority model. By 1898 Adolf Holm incorporated a footnote describing and evaluating Droysen's arguments. He describes the Diadochi and Epigoni as "powerful individuals." The title of the volume on the topic, however, is The Graeco-Macedonian Age..., not Droysen's "Hellenistic".

Droysen's "Hellenistic" and "Diadochi Periods" are canonical today. A series of six (as of 2014) international symposia held at different universities 1997–2010 on the topics of the imperial Macedonians and their Diadochi have to a large degree solidified and internationalized Droysen's concepts. Each one grew out of the previous. Each published an assortment of papers read at the symposium. The 2010 symposium, entitled "The Time of the Diadochi (323-281 BC)," held at the University of A Coruña, Spain, represents the current concepts and investigations. The term Diadochi as an adjective is being extended beyond its original use, such as "Diadochi Chronicle," which is nowhere identified as such, or Diadochi kingdoms, "the kingdoms that emerged," even past the Age of the Epigoni.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Diadochi


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Talk:James Hinks

Untitled
oh hello, just wondered where all my hard work went to???????

 * Not gone. Didn't mean to startle you. When you're curious about something like that, you can click the "Page history" link for the article and most people put comments about what they're doing. In this case, most of the info here was really about the dog, and a lot of it duplicated what was already under the dog, so it's now under Staffordshire Bull Terrier--which, incidentally, I think maybe is confused with the Bull Terrier, which it seems from what I've read is *still* what Hinks' breed is called.  Couple of us are trying to double-check that. If you create a username,  we could leave you a message, too. :-)    Elf | Talk 23:43, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and thanks for doing the work! Elf | Talk 23:45, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Hinks


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Radio Fun

Radio Fun was a British celebrity comics comic paper that ran from (issues dates) 15 October 1938 to 18 February 1961, when it became the first out of twelve titles to merge with Buster.

The comic strips included the uncredited work of industry regulars such as Roy Wilson and George and Reg Parlett. The format of the humorous strips was to pack in as many gags and slapstick situations as possible.

Publication history
Wonder merged with it in 1953.

The title became Radio Fun and Adventures towards the end of its run.

Radio Fun ran for 1167 issues.

Strips
The comic mainly featured comic strip versions of radio and film stars, including:
 * Arthur Askey
 * Benny Hill
 * Bernard Bresslaw
 * Charlie Chester
 * Petula Clark
 * Charlie Drake
 * Clark Gable
 * Tommy Handley
 * Jimmy Jewel and Ben Warriss
 * Tom Keene
 * Sandy Powell
 * Jack Warner
 * Norman Wisdom

In its last few years, it ran a Superman strip abridged and reformatted from DC Comics. Other later cover strips were The Falcon and Wagon Train.

title: Radio Fun


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Talk:Occupation

Attempting to classify
Looks like either a definition page more than an encyclopedia entry or perhaps a disambiguation page to lead to more articles... or is this supposed to turn into an article on military occupations? --Krupo 23:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Removal of "Tenant, lessee, renter"
Per the Wikipedia Manual of Style, each bulleted item on a disambiguation page should contain only one blue link (not three). I have removed this line, rather than turning it into three entries, because I don't believe these links belong on this page. The word "occupation" does not appear in any of these three articles. They relate to the concept of "Occupancy", which is already listed, and they would be appropriate as links under "See also" in that article. SlackerMom 16:27, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Addition of "Occupation (occupational therapy)"
Occupational therapists have a different use of the word "occupation" as it refers to self-care, productive work (ie. job, volunteer work, parenting, etc.), and leisure. That is, it is meant to encompass all activity that gives meaning to life. Jipy 18:28, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Occupation


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The Battlefords

The Battlefords is the collective name given to the adjacent communities of the City of North Battleford and the Town of Battleford in west-central Saskatchewan, Canada. As of the 2011 census, the two communities have a combined population of 18,744 and a total regional population of 19,623.

The Battlefords are served by the Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway), Highway 4, Highway 29, and Highway 40 (Poundmaker Trail).

North Battleford CA
Census agglomerations (CA) is the term Statistics Canada uses to determine the demographics of urban areas with a population between 10,000 and 100,000 people. The North Battleford CA includes the North Battleford, Battleford, and the Rural Municipality of North Battleford No. 437. The Rural Municipality of Battle River No. 438, which encompasses the Town of Battleford, as well as the Sweet Grass Indian Reserve No. 113-M16 were part of the North Battleford CA in 2011, but were removed in 2016.

title: The Battlefords


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Halton Arp

Halton Christian "Chip" Arp (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American astronomer. He is remembered for his 1966 book Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which catalogued unusual looking galaxies and presented their images.

Arp was also known as a critic of the Big Bang theory and for advocating a non-standard cosmology incorporating intrinsic redshift. Arp developed those views in a book, Seeing Red: Redshift, Cosmology and Academic Science in 1998.

Biography

Arp was born on March 21, 1927, in New York City. He was married three times, has four daughters, including comic artist Andrice Arp, and five grandchildren.

His bachelor's degree was awarded by Harvard (1949), and his PhD by Caltech (1953). Afterward he became a Fellow of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1953, performing research at the Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory. Arp became a research assistant at Indiana University in 1955, and then in 1957 became a staff member at Palomar Observatory, where he worked for 29 years. In 1983 he stopped obtaining observing time on the Palomar telescopes, due in part to his unorthodox theories but also because he refused to submit observing proposals, on the grounds that everybody knew what he was doing. As a reaction, he took early retirement and joined the staff of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Germany.

He died in Munich, Germany on December 28, 2013. He was an atheist.

Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
Arp compiled a catalog of unusual galaxies titled Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which was first published in 1966. Arp's motivation for the project was his realization that astronomers understood little about how galaxies change over time. This atlas was intended to provide images that would give astronomers data from which they could study the evolution of galaxies. Arp later used the galaxies of the atlas as arguments for his views in the debate on quasi-stellar objects (QSOs).

Astronomers now recognize Arp's atlas as an excellent compilation of interacting and merging galaxies, with some admixture of chance alignments of two unrelated objects at vastly different distances. Many objects in the atlas are referred to primarily by their Arp number, and some (particularly Arp 220) are used as spectral templates for studying high-redshift galaxies. Arp himself totally rejected the idea that the peculiar galaxies were merging, claiming, rather, that apparent associations were prime examples of ejections from a host galaxy.

Quasars and redshifts
During the 1950s bright radio sources, now known as quasars, had been discovered that did not appear to have an optical counterpart. In 1960 one of these sources, 3C 48, was found to be associated with what appeared to be a small blue star. When the spectrum of the star was measured, it contained unidentifiable spectral lines that defied all attempts at explanation; John Gatenby Bolton's suggestion that these were highly redshifted sources was not widely accepted. In 1963 Maarten Schmidt found a visible companion to the quasar 3C 273. Using the Hale Telescope, Schmidt found the same odd spectra, but was able to demonstrate that it could be explained as the spectrum of hydrogen, shifted by a very large 15.8% If this was due to the physical motion of the "star", it would represent a speed of 47,000 km/s, far beyond the speed of any known star and defying an obvious explanation. Schmidt noted that redshift is also associated with the expansion of the universe, as codified in Hubble's law. If the measured redshift was due to expansion, then the object in question would have to be very far away, and therefore have an extraordinarily high luminosity, equally beyond any object seen to date. This extreme luminosity would also explain the large radio signal. Schmidt concluded quasars are very distant, very luminous objects. Schmidt's explanation for the high redshift was not universally accepted at the time. Another explanation that was offered was that it was gravitational redshift that was being measured. Several other mechanisms were proposed as well, each with their own problems.

In 1966, Arp published the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which contained photographs of 338 nearby galaxies that did not fall into any of the classic categories of galaxy shapes. His goal was to produce a selection that modellers could use in order to test theories of galactic formation. By testing against the collection, one could quickly see how well a particular theory stood up. One group of these, numbers 1 through 101, were otherwise conventional galaxies that appeared to have small companion objects of unknown origin. In 1967 Arp noted that several of these objects appeared on the list of quasars. In some photographs a quasar is in the foreground of known galaxies, and in others there appeared to be matter bridging the two objects, implying they are very close in space. If they are, and the redshifts were due to Hubble expansion, then both objects should have similar redshifts. The galaxies had much smaller redshifts than the quasars. Arp also noted that quasars were not evenly spread over the sky, but tended to be more commonly found in positions of small angular separation from certain galaxies. This being the case, they might be in some way related to the galaxies. Arp argued that the redshift was not due to Hubble expansion or physical movement of the objects, but must have a non-cosmological or "intrinsic" origin, and that quasars were local objects ejected from the core of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Nearby galaxies with both strong radio emission and peculiar morphologies, particularly M87 and Centaurus A, appeared to support Arp's hypothesis.

Since the 1960s, telescopes and astronomical instrumentation have advanced greatly: the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, and cosmological theory and observation has advanced considerably. Black holes and supermassive black holes have been directly as well as indirectly detected, extremely distant objects are routinely studied and contextualized, and multiple 8-10 meter telescopes (such as those at Keck Observatory and the Very Large Telescope) have become operational, and detectors such as CCDs are now more widely employed. These developments, have led to quasars being understood to be very distant active galaxies with high redshifts. Many imaging surveys, most notably the Hubble Deep Field, have found many high-redshift objects that are not QSOs but that appear to be normal galaxies like those found nearby. The spectra of the high-redshift galaxies, as seen from X-ray to radio wavelengths, match the spectra of nearby galaxies (particularly galaxies with high levels of star formation activity but also galaxies with normal or extinguished star formation activity) when corrected for redshift effects.

Arp never wavered from his stand against the Big Bang, and until shortly before his death in 2013, he continued to publish articles  stating his contrary view in both popular and scientific literature, frequently collaborating with Geoffrey Burbidge (until Burbidge's death in 2010) and Margaret Burbidge. He explained his reasons for believing that the Big Bang theory is wrong, citing his research into quasars or quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Instead, Arp supported the redshift quantization theory as an explanation of the redshifts of galaxies.

As more recent experiments have expanded the amount of collected data by orders of magnitude Arp's theories can now be scrutinized further. For instance a recent study by Tang and Zhang about the periodicity of redshifts (a hypothesis articulated by Arp) stated that:

 * "... the publicly available data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and 2dF QSO redshift survey to test the hypothesis that QSOs are ejected from active galaxies with periodic noncosmological redshifts. For two different intrinsic redshift models, [...] and find there is no evidence for a periodicity at the predicted frequency in log(1+z), or at any other frequency."

However, a follow-up study by Bell and McDiarmid shows that Arp's hypothesis about the periodicity in red-shifts cannot be discarded easily. The authors argue that
 * "The Tang and Zhang (2005) analysis could thus have missed, or misidentified, many of the parent galaxies, which could explain why the pairs they found differed little from what would be expected for a random distribution. In spite of this, although it was not pointed out by these authors, their pairs did show a slight excess near the expected value of 200 kpc….In fact, most of the conclusions reached by Tang and Zhang (2005) appear to have resulted because they have assumed that many of the values [that they have used] are much more accurate than they really are. …[we found by examining 46400 quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey that] the locations of the peaks in the redshift distribution are in agreement with the preferred redshifts predicted by the intrinsic redshift equation"

Honors and awards
In 1960, Arp was awarded the Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy by the American Astronomical Society, a prize "normally awarded annually for a significant contribution to observational or theoretical astronomy during the five years preceding the award."

In the same year, Arp was awarded the Newcomb Cleveland Prize for his address, "The Stellar Content of Galaxies", read before a joint session of the American Astronomical Society and AAAS Section D.

In 1984, he was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award.

Books

 * Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (1966)
 * The Redshift Controversy (1973, with George B. Field and John N. Bahcall)
 * Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies (1987)
 * Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science (1998)
 * Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations (2003)
 * A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations with Barry F. Madore (1987)

title: Halton Arp


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User talk:Krupo

Hello
Hey, welcome to Wikipedia. I've noticed several edits of yours, including I believe VfD, so this is kind of embarassingly belated, but I thought I'd get in a plug for Help desk, just in case you need anything. Yours, Meelar 23:24, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks very much - I made an edit on VfD just now that you mentioned it but hadn't earlier - at least I think I hadn't - if so, let me know what it was b/c that reference confused me a bit. :) --Krupo 23:36, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

I could have sworn that I saw your name there. My mistake, I guess. Anyway, welcome once again, and sorry for the confusion. Yours, Meelar 23:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the greetings anyway. :) --Krupo 23:52, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi! I'm glad you're contributing to the votes for deletion page. If you click on the "add to this deletion debate" link under the topic you want to vote on, it helps keep the comments in order and reduces edit conflicts. Otherwise, welcome, and I hope you hang around for a while. --Ben Brockert 00:40, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

Ah, thanks for the pointer, I'll be more careful with the link I use next time. :) --Krupo 00:51, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Awesome. Nice addition to Clapping. Think it should be safe from the deletionists now? :-) — Wikisux 04:20, 5 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I've had a fairly successful history of making edits that helped stave off VfD's (see alt.tv.simpsons . Krupo 14:00, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Elections Canada has the results up for all of the ridings. It's my understanding that the parliamentary results are final, unless I'm mistaken, though I'd understand that the popular results probably aren't absolute. --DMG413 03:53, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Polish Green Party
Hi, you added an entry for the Polish Green Party, Zieloni -- could you enhance the stub a bit more? -- till we ☼ ☽ | Talk 17:46, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

RCM/U of T
Hi there. Yes, I see what you mean. I changed "Other" in the article to "Other Academic Units" to emphasize that they are still a part of U of T. Maybe if we have an extra "Other" section (maybe just called "Other") or a "Facts" section saying that the Conservatory is on the U of T campus, but is not actually a part of the University. As for the McMaster stuff, I would put that in the history section. What do you think? Darkcore 20:51, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Done, thanks.
[[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 20:43, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

LOL.
That would be ironic. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 20:45, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Individual Savings Account
Ironically, ING also calls their savings account the same thing - does this deserve any mention? Krupo 21:04, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * There is no irony. The only thing they have which is called an individual savings account (ISA) is a cash ISA exactally as described in the article and most companies call their ISA an ISA (why call a spade anything but a spade?) Dainamo 17:11, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the banks I used to deal with are unlike ING so I'm just unused to it. :) Krupo 02:12, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

Chrétien edit
Good point on the Chrétien article (re: talking out of both sides of his mouth). You've added some nuance to a pretty crude piece. HistoryBA 17:19, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Canadian_twenty_dollar_bill
I don't know what that discussion is about. I don't know what the laws are in Canada, but in the US, it's illegal to take photos of US money and post them places -- it's considered counterfeiting. RickK 04:43, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, there may be copyright issues, euro banknotes for example have © BCE ECB EZB EKT EKP 2002 printed on them. zoney ▓  ▒ talk 11:19, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting! Especially since Canadian_dollar already has imagery of Canadian coins... hmm... Ironically, the information from seems to pertain more to coinage than banknotes! The Bank of Canada, on the other hand, has the goods.  They have specimens posted online, with the word SPECIMEN superimposed on the images. The site does mention this, however: Copyright © 1995-2004, Bank of Canada. Permission is granted to reproduce or cite portions herein, if proper attribution is given to the Bank of Canada. Does that make it fair game to use the images on their site if credit is given? Krupo 02:28, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Page dedicated to the topic at hand found: here. The earlier note seems to imply that it would be okay to go ahead and use copies of the images on the bank of Canada site. Also interesting, this exception: It is not necessary to request the Bank's permission to use bank note images for film or video purposes, provided that the images are intended to show a general indication of currency, and that there is no danger that the images could be misused. I wonder if this applies to websites? However, it's probably better to play it safe - will e-mail them to ask for formal permission to use the images on Wikipedia. Krupo 02:50, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Hi there. It was late at night when I finally finished that article so there must've been some typos, but when I read it now I couldn't find any. Did you correct all of them? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 22:12, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the corrections. It's high time I started looking for some on-line spellcheck.. Cheers and have a nice trip. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 18:14, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

Seniomeritocracy
Observation: the way seniors currently get more representation by virtue of the fact that they turn out to vote in larger numbers implies that at least a Seniocracy exists; in addition, if statistics correlate education with voter turnouts, then this 'hypothetical' concept actually exists in reality, albeit to a limited and unintentional degree. This observation holds true, of course, only in democracies where voting isn't mandatory. The Australians, from what I understand, enforce mandatory turnouts, which would logically turn this back into a purely hypothetical scenario.

I wonder if any of these observations would actually make sense in the article itself? Krupo 04:32, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * Please, do add your observations to the article, and as many others as you think. I am sure there will be other wikipedians editing what we all write there.  I think that the more we write, the better.--AAAAA 04:36, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

H-92
Thanks - I'm very excited about Wikipedia's potential as an aviation encyclopedia and like to nurture it as much as possible! --Rlandmann 05:03, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Database error
Yeah, it must have been a database error. Try asking on the Village Pump. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (talk)]] 20:52, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)

Good quick work on SMAC
Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is now looking like a distinctly-better-than-average article. And I see you have numerous other good-quality contributions under your belt. Keep it up! Robin Patterson 04:47, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * thanks - doing those edits made me reinstall the game and quickly take over the world again. Krupo 03:49, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

Montinia
Hi, thanks for the heads up. You can always list copyright violations at Copyright problems. RickK 07:08, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * thanks, I'll keep that link handy. Krupo 21:59, Oct 28, 2004 (UTC)

Old a.t.s.-er
Yup, I'm an old poster from years back. I still do the online fan thing at NoHomers.net. - Andrew Levine 08:35, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Question: How do you take a screen shot in Alpha Centauri?

SMAC
Well I tried taking a Screen Shot by pressing Print Screen, but it doesn't work. So I installed a Screen Shot taking program, but when I take a screen shot the colors look really wierd, please help if you can.

Fair use rationale for Image:AlphaCentauriGameCD.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:AlphaCentauriGameCD.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  « ₣M₣ »  15:58, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:AlphaCentauriGameCD.jpg
A tag has been placed on File:AlphaCentauriGameCD.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section I5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an image which is not under a free license or in the public domain and it has not been used in any article for more than seven days.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. MacMedtalk stalk 22:01, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The image was deleted because it didn't meet the non-free criteria. In addition to being too large in size, the image does not reinforce any critical commentary in the text of the article. It was a CD cover that appeared to be used for decorative purposes. I would recommend that the article instead add an additional screenshot if there is commentary in the article to warrant it. If you still believe that the image should be undeleted, please let me know your rationale beyond these reasons. --Happy editing! Nehrams2020 (talk • contrib) 05:42, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:SMACx-DiploScreenshot1.jpg)
 Thanks for uploading File:SMACx-DiploScreenshot1.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. MacMedtalk stalk 22:11, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:SMACx-DiploScreenshot1.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:SMACx-DiploScreenshot1.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  F ASTILY  (T ALK ) 23:55, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Re:Added the hangon criteria
Hi Krupo. I've rewritten the fair use rationale for File:SMACx-DiploScreenshot1.jpg so that it may better present the rationale behind the usage of the image on Wikipedia. Let me know if you have any questions or comments. Regards,  F ASTILY  (T ALK ) 19:42, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 12:29, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Forté Agent for deletion
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File:WheelTransBus.jpg listed for discussion
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title: User talk:Krupo