text:
Talk:MGM Grand Las Vegas

MGM Grand article
I think the world's largest hotel should have its own page. The MGM Grand page redirects to the MGM Mirage article, which is about the company that owns the hotel. This is different from an article about the hotel itself.
 * I agree, but the term "MGM Grand" is sometimes used to refer to the one in Vegas and sometimes encountered as the prior name of the corporation. As it stands now, MGM Grand explains the different usages, and there are separate articles on the Vegas hotel-casino and the corporation. JamesMLane 03:16, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

MGM Grand Las Vegas → MGM Grand
The hotel's name is "MGM Grand" (according to the article, at least). There is another hotel with that name in Detroit, see MGM Grand (disambiguation), but it is much less famous. All links to MGM Grand mean the one in Las Vegas. dbenbenn | talk 02:48, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Certainly the MGM Grand Detroit is less famous than the MGM Grand Las Vegas, but the fact remains that's the name for the hotels listed under "The Resorts & Casinos" menu navigation at the corporate webpage http://www.mgmmirage.com/. Also, I took notice that both the website for the MGM Grand Detroit (http://detroit.mgmgrand.com) is a subdomain of the Las Vegas hotel/casino/resort's website (http://www.mgmgrand.com) but from what I see, the full name is the legal name for the incorporation (it is a subsidary corporation of MGM-Mirage), its Gaming license, SEC filings, I know everyone calls it the MGM Grand and for that reason it will pass any google test (725,000 versus 57,000), but most of that stems from if you're already in Las Vegas you don't need any more to remind you of that fact and people have a tendency to abbreviate from a subject's full name in conversation (hence why we call people by first names more often in conversation than using their full name).  I prefer full names, but there is a movement here for more common names and this is the predominate usage.  However, I feel that since there are no problems with the redirect as it stands that this discussion is a waste of time — and as with the others I group in this category, I OPPOSE. —ExplorerCDT 16:18, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * (P.S. However, I would have supported a move from MGM Grand (disambiguation) to MGM Grand. —ExplorerCDT 16:18, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC))

 * Oppose -Daeron 08:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose the redirect needs to be a disambig because there is an MGM Detroit. Even if there is no entry for that properity yet, it could happen, so having the structure in place to support it would seem logical.  If the page is changed to a disambig then current links would need to be updated to avoid the disambig page. Since the links should take you to the page without the rediret overhead, that should be done in any case.  Maybe I'll do that later today.

Moving the fire
Since the fire is not related to the current hotel and location, would it be better to move it to the history of the Bally's hotel? That would help add material for the Bally's site and remove something not really associated to the current site. The fire itself aleady has a page.Vegaswikian 21:29, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I think that since the hotel at the time was called "MGM Grand Hotel", there should be some disclaimer that this is not the hotel that was part of the fire that has its own page. As of now, if someone (like me) was looking into "MGM Grand Hotel Fire", we get to this page and it makes no mention or correction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jrrybock (talk • contribs) 00:27, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Room Count
B1link82 changed the room count from 5,034 to 5,044. Based on the offical press kit, http://www.mgmgrand.com/pages_html/pressroom_hotel_view.asp?HotelPressID=39 the room count is 5,034. So unless someone knows any better, I'll change it back. Also that page includes these statements: Does anyone know if the SYKLOFTS are included in the 5,034 count? How about the 29 rooms in The Mansion at MGM Grand? Vegaswikian 20:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 5,034 guest rooms, including 751 suites
 * SKYLOFTS at MGM Grand: 51 two-story Lofts located on top two floors

 * The "Accommodations" section of the website at http://www.mgmgrand.com/pages/accommodations.asp says 5,044 rooms, while the Press section that you cite does indeed say 5,034. We could call this to the hotel's attention and ask them to fix whichever one is wrong.  I confess, though, that I personally don't care enough to make that effort. JamesMLane 19:24, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

As of May 31st 2005, I see references that put the MGM Grand at #2 on the list of 'most hotel rooms' with Ambassador City in Thailand at #1 with 5,100.

1. Ambassador City, Jomtien, Thailand: 5,100  2. MGM Grand: 5,044 . 3. Mandalay Bay: 4,756 including Four Seasons (4,332 not including) 4. Luxor: 4,404 5. Venetian: 4,027 6. Excalibur: 3,993  7. Bellagio: 3,933 8. Circus Circus: 3,765 9. Flamingo: 3,545 10. Caesars: 3,443 when new tower opens Sept. 1 (2,493 currently) 11. Hilton Hawaiian Village, Oahu: 3,386 12. Las Vegas Hilton: 3,174 13. Mirage: 3,044 14. Monte Carlo: 3,002 15. Paris: 2,916 16. Treasure Island: 2,885 17. Gaylord Opryland, Nashville: 2,881
 18. Disney’s Pop Century, Orlando: 2,880
 19. Bally’s: 2,814
 20. Wynn Las Vegas: 2,716
 21. Imperial Palace: 2,700

SpikeJones 15:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have seen references that the Ambassador City, although designed as a hotel, is operated primarily as a residential dwelling. I will have to search for sources sometime. … G u y M … (soapbox) 14:46, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * According to the Ambassador City website the room count is 5,000. If you total the rooms listed in the 5 wings you get 4,972.  Both numbers are less then the MGM count.  Vegaswikian 07:55, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Building height
B1link82 changed the height from 280 feet to 293. I find the lower figure reported on the official website in the press kit that Vegaswikian cited and also at these sites: http://www.vacationidea.com/articles/mgm_grand.html and http://www.las-vegas-info.net/casino_dir/view_69.html (neither an official site, tnough). Does anyone know any support for the higher figure? JamesMLane 19:24, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

www.skyscrapers.com lists it as 293 and that is the correct height - b1link82

 * I don't think one can dogmatically state that "that is the correct height" when the MGM Grand website says otherwise. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat has four different ways of measuring a building's height.  I see that the "skyscrapers.com" URL actually goes to a company called Emporis; the page for this property at http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=122239 has lines for three different values for the height but gives only one of them.  I suspect that both 280 and 293 are correct, depending on what you count as the top of the building.  If we were to include only one measurement, I'd lean toward that announced by the MGM Grand itself, but perhaps we can include both without making it too confusing. JamesMLane 20:13, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

293 is structural height inclusive of all furnishings - whihc is internationally known as the correct height.

 * The correct height is to the highest point. The question is, which number is correct?  Where did www.skyscrapers.com get that number from and why is the MGM saying something different?  Given a source without support or the company information, I'd say use the company information since that would be the commonly accepted number.  Now, if you can show that the company's number is wrong, then it should be changed and noted why.  Various web pages list the room count as 5005, 5034 or over 5,000.  The building is either 29 or 30 stories.  The size of the smallest room is either 350 sqft, or 446 sqft or 475 sqft.  I think that data proves the need to use 'offical data' and not something from any web site.  While looking into this, I found [] which has a lot of info about the area. Vegaswikian 22:33, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Restaurants in infobox
This is for notable restaurants. Not every restaurant is notable. The last one added, L’Atelier de Joël Robuchon, has only one google hit. When adding entries they should be for the notable restaurants. Every restaurant should not be included. Vegaswikian 23:31, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * highly regarded restaurants (such as those with 3 or more AAA diamonds or Michelin stars) should be included in the infobox.--RadioFan (talk) 15:13, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

Largest hotel
Here we go again. The article was changed to state there is a larger hotel, First World Hotel. However according to this website it only has 2,018 rooms. It is also claimed that it opened in 2000. Given this issue with the size I have reverted this change. As in the past, we need to get a reliable source that shows that it has 6,000 rooms or at least more rooms then the MGM. If this hotel really had 6,000 rooms why has it taken 6 years to be mentioned here? I wonder if the 6,000 count is for all of the hotels in Genting? Please resolve the issue here before changing the article. Also this article provides some information but not the answer. This article supports the MGM as the largest. Vegaswikian 07:58, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

The wikipdia article for hotels states that the FWH is the largest.
 * And the only source is 'Ripley’s Believe It or Not' and that can not be confirmed anywhere else. That article also has an incorrect room count for the MGM Grand.  The MGM Grand is still the largest in a single building hotel.  Even if the First World is the largest, I believe that it is in two buildings.  Vegaswikian 23:43, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Then we should change the wiki artcle for hotels.

 * In any event, other Wikipedia articles can't be used as references. The "6,000" confusion here may arise from the fact that FWH is apparently 6,000 feet above sea level. Zaqwe 23:16, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW, if you add up all of the rooms available at the MGM you come up with 6,852 rooms available. Only 5,044 of which are in the main building. Vegaswikian 05:07, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Guinness World Record has indeed certified First World Hotel as world's largest hotel at 6,118 rooms. Here is the press release from Bernama (Malaysian News Agency) and from Genting Group (hotel owner) dated 18 Dec 2006.
 * And after that date, the MGM opened another 576 condo-hotel rooms for a total of 6,276 . Vegaswikian 18:56, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Interance photo
Leo the MGM lion bravely guards the... WTF? lol. What is this? Is it a fact ro a joke? The lion has a name? I just wanted to make sure. --Arad 23:08, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ithink every Lion is named Leo?--Redspork02 15:06, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Leo (the lion) is the mascot of MGM (I'm sure you've seen it), which is why there's a giant statue of him at the entrance... There's an entire article dedicated to him, so I'm going to link to it and assume it's safe to remove the "citation needed." Iminaufo 02:40, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Re: The CEO
I just watched a program called undercover Boss, and your CEO had me in tears. The employees of the MGM Grand are very blessed to have a boss and CEO like him. My husband and I said we would never go back to Las Vegas again, we went to another hotel it was horrible we were suppose to stay for 4 days but could not stand it any more left the 2nd day. with a complaints. so it we decided we would never come back to Las Vegas again. Buy the way that hotel used to be my favored spot. I was very disappointed. But after watching the under cover program I looked a my husband and said we can go back and stay at the MGM Grand with a great CEO it has to be a great hotel looking forward to meeting you all and hope it the same CEO--69.224.32.178 (talk) 21:56, 1 June 2013 (UTC)June Samu samuelassociates@yahoo.com21:56, 1 June 2013 (UTC)69.224.32.178 (talk)..

Ahead of The Venetian?
There reads: The MGM Grand is the second largest hotel in the world by number of rooms and the largest hotel resort complex in the United States, ahead of The Venetian.

However, List of largest hotels in the world has The Venetian only fifth of the Las Vegas hotels. And the source does not claim that MGM Grand is ahead of The Venetian. It claims The Venetian has 7,200 rooms after the expansion, which would place it second after Izmailovo Hotel in Moscow and ahead of MGM Grand. The source seems not to be right. 82.141.126.28 (talk) 21:09, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Blame The Venetian press department. Sometimes they use The Venetian to identify a resort which includes The Venetian Hotel and The Palazzo hotel.  That changes the room count to about what you are seeing. Vegaswikian (talk) 17:09, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

 * But the problem is the source does not say what that sentence says. Actually, it does not mention "MGM Grand", only "MGM Mirage" and some guy consulting them, nothing about number of rooms in it. This is what it says about rooms: At 7,200 rooms, the expanded Venetian is the world's largest hotel. 82.141.126.28 (talk) 15:46, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Facts are what they are. The Venetian only has about 4,000 rooms.  You can get sources for that number.  This just shows you that some writers don't do research or understand what they wrote. Vegaswikian (talk) 17:21, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Original front.
The original lion was graphic, not cartoon. You walked in under the lion not through its mouth. The cartoon lions were characters and part of the theme park. Seek original pictures posted of MGM Grand opening circa 1993. I found pics from Las Vegas based entertainment magazines. Also worked there since opening December 1993. 68.227.4.4 (talk) 20:36, 11 October 2014 (UTC) Oct 11, 2014. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.227.4.4 (talk) 20:27, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

my information is public 67.143.128.170 (talk) 08:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:MGM Grand Las Vegas


text:
Category:Cities by country

In some countries no official distinction is made between cities and towns, or even between cities, towns and villages, so the categories are combined.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Category:Cities by country


text: Category:Amplified instruments

title: Category:Amplified instruments


text:
Index of geography articles

This page is a list of geography topics.

Geography is the study of the world and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. Geography research addresses both the questions of where, as well as why, geographical phenomena occur. Geography is a diverse field that seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they came to be, and how they have changed since then.

0–9
3D city models

A
Anatopism · Ancient Indian subcontinent · Arbia's law of geography · Atlantic World

B
Behavioral geography · Biogeography · Border · British Cartographic Society

C
Cartography · Chevron (land form) · Climatology · Continental Island · Cross-border town naming · Cultural geography · Cultural region · China

D
Demography · Development geography · Digital orthophoto quadrangle · Direction (geometry, geography) · Distance decay

E
Earth · Economic geography · Ecogovernmentality · Ethnography · Extreme environment

F
Feminist geography · Field (geography) · Fundamental plane (spherical coordinates)

G
Gazetteer · Geoarchaeology · Geodesy · Geographic feature · Geographic information science · Geographic targeting · Geographers on Film · Geography and wealth · Geomorphology · Geopolitics · Geostatistics · Glossary of geography terms · Governmentality

H
Health geography · Hermit kingdom · Historical geography · History of geography · Household electricity approach · Human ecology · Human settlement · Hydrology

I
Ice island · Incorporation of nature within a city · Indian subcontinent · Indices of deprivation 2004 · Indices of deprivation 2007 · Intermontane

K
Kappa effect

L
Land cover · Landform · Landlocked developing countries · Landscape connectivity · Landscape ecology · Linear Reference System

M
Map · Military geography · Minimum bounding rectangle · Muslim world

N
Nunatak hypothesis

P
Palaeogeography · Pedology · Philosophy of geography · Place · Place identity · Political ecology · Political geography · Population density · Population geography · Poquoson (geographic term) · Provisional Administrative Line

R
Rank-size distribution · Region · Regional geography · Rock-cut basin

S
Sense of place · Small Island Developing States · Snow line · Social geography · South American capital cities · Spatial analysis · Strategic geography · Subregion · Swath width

T
Technical geography · Time geography · Tidewater (geographic term) · Tobler's first law of geography · Tobler's second law of geography · Tourism geography · Traditional knowledge GIS · Transportation geography · Triangulated irregular network · Tropical geography

U
Urban geography · Urban semiotics

title: Index of geography articles


text:
Category:Cities

This category includes articles on cities themselves. For articles on the study of cities, see Category:City.

title: Category:Cities


text: Category:Social conventions

title: Category:Social conventions


text:
Talk:Pebbles Flintstone

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 23:33, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pebbles Flintstone


text: Category:Internet standards

title: Category:Internet standards


text: Category:Electronic documents

title: Category:Electronic documents


text:
Talk:Voyager program

Propulsion?
I'm really puzzled by the lack of a section on PROPULSION and the lack of mention of it on the talk page. Number one amazing feature of this program has got to be, how did we get this enormous machine into space, how did we get it to the end of the solar system. There is some talk of propellant, but how much propellant and how long does it last? APDEF (talk) 08:08, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Questions
Hmmm, very nice to get a lot of details... But I don't know a fifth of all the three-letter abreviations used... I guess space-program insiders might be familiar with them. I suggest someone explains them so that the rest of humanity can better understand all the nice techno details outlined in the text. 129.241.139.73 23:45, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, we need to get some Wiki links for some of those TLAs. I would especially like to know what UVS is. - Eisnel 00:10, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Done! :) though this article needs much MUCH more work. The Voyager missions did a huge amount of science and this page could easily be quadrupled in size....
 * A UVS is an Ultra-Violet Spectrometer. However, all such abbreviations ought to be explained by writing them out on their first appearance. Why can't people get this through their heads? I have already corrected this a time or two in the article.74.249.82.221 (talk) 19:25, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Major cleanup of this page plus Voyager 1 and 2 pages
I've taken these pages to stub status, they're Wikified.

They need more science results. I recommend putting Jupiter and Saturn results/discoveries on this page, with the corresponding sections in Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 pages referring here.

I also recommend putting Uranus and Neptune discoveries in this same Results/Discoveries section, but noting that this is only from Voyager 2, and having some duplication in the Voyager 2 entry. JamesHoadley 03:23, 8 February 2005

 * Recommend adding additional details about trajectory, speed (initial and final), final intersteller destination and time to reach. Some info here:

 * http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0225.shtmlJoema 19:27, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I guess that can go at the end of the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 articles. JamesHoadley 21:35, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This article could at the very least LIST the instruments that were built-in to the two space probes. As far as I know, they were all identical ones, and therefore, they belong in this article about the overall program.74.249.82.221 (talk) 19:25, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * the voyager was launched before I graduated high school. I'm now middle aged. I'd like to know more about the people who created it - are they still alive, and who still are in charge of making the decisions and tracking the data from it. Thanks to all who've contributed, and please no flaming me this'll be my 2nd edit ever on a wiki. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.79.60.181 (talk) 01:15, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

the most widely-separated man-made objects
"Voyager 1 and Pioneer 10 are also the most widely-separated manmade objects in the Universe." This is, stricktly, incorrect. Man made satellites and Voyager 1 would be the most widely-seperated. --ProdigySportsman 01:29, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Voyager 1 and Pioneer 10 are proceeding in nearly opposite directions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.125.110.223 (talk) 19:01, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Claiming that the Voyager 1 and Pioneer 10 are not the most widely-separated manmade objects show lack of knowledge of basic trigonometry. Those two space probes are at the opposite vertices of a vast obtuse triangle, with either the Earth or the Sun at the other vertex - take your choice. The angle at this other vertex is approaching 180 degrees.74.249.82.221 (talk) 18:36, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

New Horizons
I believe that New Horizons will overtake Voyager 1 in distance from the sun, but I have read it will take about 200 years before they are equidistant.

User: Petroleum
 * Incorrect : See http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=16057

 * Voyager 1 is traveling faster than the New Horizons probe because besides the speeds from their launch rockets, Voyager 1 received gravitational boosts in speed from both Jupiter and Saturn. As for Voyager 2, it received gravitational boosts in speed from Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, but it lost speed in its fly-by of Neptune. A good chunk of the kinetic energy (K.E. = 1/2mv^2) was expended in changing its flight path well out of the plane of the ecliptic, in a direction can be considered as partially "south" with respect to the Sun. Hence, Voyager 2 is leaving the Solar System at a speed less than that of Voyager 1, and in a different plane.74.249.82.221 (talk) 18:49, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Soviet equivalents?
As I know Soviets never launched their probes further than to Mars, Venus, and Halley's Comet. But didn't they make any plans? Such opportunity as in the late 70's couldn't pass unnoticied. Does anybody know if they had any conceptions similar to Voyager program? Amakthea computer 16:32, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have never seen anything that said that they even considered the idea. Not even a space probe like Pioneer 10 that went through the asteroid belt and to Jupiter. The Soviet's electronics technology and other space probe technologies simply never were good enough to build a space probe that would last for the years and years that it would take. For example, the two Voyagers, launched in 1977, reached Jupiter in 1979 and 1980. That's too long a time in outer space for the Soviets. Thus, they concentrated on Venus, and occasionaly sent a space probe to Mars.74.249.82.221 (talk) 18:57, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It's hard to say exactly what the state of the Soviet Union's electronics and technological prowess of the time was. It's possible it may not have been sufficiently advanced, but I suspect the reasons are more politically-focused. Being the first to a world that people could see might have been more beneficial politically to the Politburo and the Central Committee than some more nebulous target of "somewhere out there in space". I don't claim to hold any special insight into the workings of the Soviet Union, but it is my general understanding that they were more obsessed with material things than ethereal scientific achievements. Capedude2005 (talk) 18:12, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

How does information from it reach earth?
And when will we no longer be able to receive transmissions from it?

Round trip time for information as of 2007: 28.5 Hours Voyager 1

22.5 Hours Voyager 2 The spacecraft will run out of power in 2020 and it seems up to then we should still be able to receive signals.

Taken from a NPR science Friday Podcast: Voyager spacecraft the never-ending journey (this is quite informative) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.2.246.111 (talk) 00:33, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The round-trip radio time (or even the one-way time) has nothing to do with it. Nothing. The Voyagers can be programmed to send transmissions toward the Earth automatically and periodically. The question really has to do with how much electric power remains. All instruments can be turned off for good, and only the computer and the radio transmitter left on. The electric power from the radioisotope electric generators can be accumulated in the storage batteries, and tranmissions can be sent in bursts, but there will come time when even that won't work anymore. Also, there could possibly arise an antenna-pointing problem after the Voyager's attitude-control fuel runs out.74.249.82.221 (talk) 19:06, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

How far way is it from the next solar system?
How far away is Voyager from getting to the next solar system? How long will it take? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.150.5.54 (talk) 03:48, 7 March 2007 (UTC).
 * They never will reach another solar system. You need to realize that solar systems are very small and very widely-scattered. The Voyagers aren't aimed at any of them, anyway, and we don't rally know where any other solar systems are - and we certainly did not in 1977. It was really out-of-the-question.74.249.82.221 (talk) 19:10, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It depends on the timescale you think in. There are not an infinite number of solar systems (otherwise space would appear white from the infinite number of stars associated with those systems) and there are not an infinite number of galaxies, either, but who knows what might be "in their path" a billion or so years' hence. Of course, next Tuesday, the probes could run into a pebble-sized asteroid and it'd be game-over for either or both of them. I think it would be really awesome if we were to keep track of where the probes are so that, perhaps in a few hundred years, if we develop the means for interstellar travel, we could catch up to one and shoot some video and stills and do scans to check on their physical conditions. Capedude2005 (talk) 18:19, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I do know that back in the '80s Bob Ceserone of JPL wrote a paper on what stars the Voyager craft would go (fairly) near over the next several million years. Alas, I don't have a copy and haven't taken the time to search for an on-line cite, but I do know that the subject has been investigated.  BTW, Ceserone was also the man who was responsible for sending one of the two craft behind Titan to get the first measure of the depth and density of its atmosphere.  (I was at JPL for several years in the mid-80s and learned this from conversations with him and some of his co-workers.)JDZeff (talk) 23:37, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

How did the two Voyager spacecraft withstand 180,000 degrees Fahrenheit? ???
At the boundary of the Solar System, where the solar wind and interstellar wind cancel each other, Voyager 2 recorded the temperature as 99,982 degrees centigrade = 180,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1/10 the expected 1.8 million Fahrenheit). With 65,000 parts many made up of sub-parts, including sensing, computing and communications equipment, what exactly about their construction allowed these spacecraft to continue into interstellar space after withstanding temperatures that melt: tungsten (mp 1650 C), carbon (mp 3,500 C), halfnium (mp 3,890 C), and halfnium carbide (mp 4,215 C), listed as the substance with the highest melting point? ??? Please tell, I am fascinated! That temperature is 20 times the mp of halfnium carbide. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.108.114.23 (talk) 02:13, 3 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe it has to do with density of space. While there are particles flying extremely fast, and thus qualifies as having an extremely high temperature, there are way too few of them to pose any risk to the probe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AndersFeder (talk • contribs) 01:41, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Absolutely - the matter density in interplanetary and interstellar space is way too small to contain very much heat, no matter what the "temeperature" is. The key concept is specific heat capacity, and not temperature.

Celestial Navigation wiki link useless
From the article "use celestial or gyro referenced attitude control to maintain pointing" There is a link on celestial that goes to the Celestial navigation page. However that page is mostly about terrestrial celestial navigation. Should the link be changed to point to Star tracker as this is the actual device used for spacecraft attitude control and provides more relevant details than the operation of a sextant, or should the article on Celestial navigation be expanded to cover spaceflight in more detail? 70.252.164.180 (talk) 08:17, 27 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I have changed the link to point to Attitude dynamics and control HumphreyW (talk) 14:12, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Can anyone contribute some facts regarding...
I heard an astronomy podcast a while back, which stated that one of the more interesting mysteries of our solar-system is the fact that the Voyager and Pioneer probes are not as far away from us as they should be. In other words - there is an unknown factor causing these probes to not proceed on their way at the anticipated rate. Can anyone contribute any data on this? I would be really interested to know about the size of this discrepancy? any what hypotheses there are to explain it? M62902 (talk) 18:54, 26 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Oops - ignore me - I found this article which covers it.M62902 (talk) 18:59, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

In the Media
Possibility to add a particular reference to a certain "Motion Picture" that fictitiously refers to the Voyager program, 'Voyager 6'? I'll leave this up to you guys. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.239.242.7 (talk) 19:08, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

bow shock
"Beyond the heliopause is the bow shock" needs revision, as other articles say the expected bow shock turned out not to exist — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.253.98.254 (talk) 08:39, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Where are the Voyagers?
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Website's page has interactive distance counters for both Voyagers and some additional information which enhances this article. (Retrieved July 29,2012.)

O = M C 4 21:28, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Table of instruments with activity status - which craft ?
There are two such tables in the "Voyager program" and "Voyager 1" articles. The two lists appear to be slightly different. In the "Voyager 2" article, however, there is no such list. Could the 2 lists be checked against recent data and moved to the appropriate articles? At the moment, it is hard to tell which one is for V1 and which is for V2. In particular, the table in the "Voyager program" does not indicated to which craft it pertains. Thanks. Fi11222 (talk) 09:32, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Should the hatnote have "For the TV program, see Star Trek Voyager"?
Not because I want pop culture over science but because it could be a legitimate way of looking for it......it is a television program, I can imagine people typing in "Voyager program" looking for it. -- occono (talk) 01:38, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Instrument Status Removal
Since this article nominally concerns both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, showing a single instrument status cannot reflect the program's instrument status. As of this writing, the instrument status shown in this article fails to agree with status in neither the Voyager 1 nor Voyager 2 articles. Whereas correcting this article to reflect correct instrument status for both Voyager spacecraft involves substantial work for marginal benefit, I propose removing instrument status status from this article and stating instrument status for the individual Voyagers are maintained within their respective articles. – Conrad T. Pino (talk) 22:34, 20 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Good point, this seems to be typical WP-overeagerness. I removed it. --79.223.26.73 (talk) 21:02, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Budget/Costs
Is there any information on the original budget of the program and probably also on its annual cost today (cost for staff and DSN-capacities)? The Grand Tour program article mentions 360 Mio US$ but excluding the Uranus and Neptune visits. --92.76.197.111 (talk) 15:22, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Conflicting Information in Article
In the History section, it says "In September 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had crossed the heliopause on August 25, 2012, making it the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space.[14][15][16]"

In the Voyager Interstellar Mission section, it says that they haven't crossed the heliopause yet. Seems like this segment needs updating. Quoting one part of the current iteration: "The heliopause has never been reached by any spacecraft so far and the Voyagers may be the first spacecraft to reach it. " — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thisissami (talk • contribs) 09:01, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Voyager program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050617/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html to http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050617/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html to http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/faq.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721050912/http://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/pds/viewHostProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=VG2 to http://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/pds/viewHostProfile.jsp?INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID=VG2
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185312/http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2007/Aug/hour1_082407.html to http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2007/Aug/hour1_082407.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:21, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Voyager program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130708092850/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/transitional_regions.html to http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/transitional_regions.html
 * Added tag to http://www.stickings90.webspace.virginmedia.com/voyager.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:51, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Addition of "Influence on popular culture" section
Hello, I added this section a few days ago and it was deleted subsequently based on the claim that it was inaccurate or not sourced. All of the information I added was sourced, to, for example, relevant wikipedia pages (star trek movies and tv shows) and to a a website which mentioned the Voyager program popping up in an episode of the X files. If you (BillCat) have any specific information concerning errors in the additions I made, please feel free to tell me what they are and I can address. I feel that the program's influence on popular culture is an important piece of the program's history and deserves a section on this page. It's not just another NASA mission, it's a seminal development in 20th century astronomy and one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Dorfbier (talk) 14:56, 18 December 2021 (UTC) Dorfbier
 * The Astronomy.com article cited, How the Voyager missions rippled through pop culture, is interesting, however it doesn't support most of your content. The source makes no mention of "The Changeling" episode (which involved a space probe called NOMAD); the source discusses Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Editors need to summarize sources accurately. Also, using Wikipedia articles as sources is never allowed.I'm removing the section because it is inadequately sourced. If you get consensus to include influence on popular culture using the Astronomy.com source or additional sources, it can then be added. Schazjmd   (talk)  15:29, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose to merge Mariner Jupiter-Saturn into this article. Same team, same goal, same spacecrafts. It is just a new name, we traditionally do not create separate articles in cases of such clear continuity. Size of this article is within acceptable limits. Викидим (talk) 03:34, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Support: MJS article explains nothing but a brief period of its name and how it had to be changed. Pretty much all of this content can be moved to Voyager article's history section. A redirect can be made from the MJS towards Voyager. Footy2000♡; 05:09, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Support, it belongs to the History section. Artem.G (talk) 06:23, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voyager program


text: Category:Word games

title: Category:Word games


text:
Talk:MGM Grand

I assume people searching for 'MGM Grand' will be more interested in the hotel than the operating company, so this article will help them find what they are looking for.

title: Talk:MGM Grand


text:
Category:Australian musical groups

Stub category for this category: Category:Australian musical group stubs

title: Category:Australian musical groups


text: Category:Musical groups

title: Category:Musical groups


text:
Category:University of London

The University of London is a federation of colleges which together constitute one of the world's largest universities. Approximately 5 percent of all UK students attend one of its colleges, which include some of the most prestigious places of study in the world. Many universities in Britain and abroad began life as associate colleges of the university, offering its degrees under licence. The main offices of the University of London are at Senate House in Bloomsbury, which includes a substantial library and the residence of the Chancellor.

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:University of London


text:
Personal pronouns in Portuguese

The Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives display a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (nominative), a direct object (accusative), an indirect object (dative), or a reflexive object. Several pronouns further have special forms used after prepositions.

The possessive pronouns are the same as the possessive adjectives, but each is inflected to express the grammatical person of the possessor and the grammatical gender of the possessed.

Pronoun use displays considerable variation with register and dialect, with particularly pronounced differences between the most colloquial varieties of European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese.

Basic forms
The personal pronouns of Portuguese have three basic forms: subject, object (object of a verb), and prepositional (object of a preposition).

 * 1 direct object (masculine and feminine)
 * 2 indirect object
 * 3 reflexive or reciprocal, direct or indirect object

Forms of address
Like most European languages, Portuguese has different words for "you", according to the degree of formality that the speaker wishes to show towards the addressee (T-V distinction). In very broad terms, tu, você (both meaning singular "you") and vocês (plural "you") are used in informal situations, while in formal contexts o senhor, a senhora, os senhores and as senhoras (masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural "you", respectively) are preferred. However, there is considerable regional variation in the use of these terms, and more specific forms of address are sometimes employed.

Generally speaking, tu is the familiar form of address used with family, friends, and minors. Você indicates distance without deference, and tends to be used between people who are, roughly, social equals. O senhor / a senhora (literally "the sir / the madam") are the most ceremonious forms of address. English speakers may find the latter construction akin to the parliamentary convention of referring to fellow legislators in the third person (as "my colleague", "the gentleman", "the member", etc.), although the level of formality conveyed by o senhor is not as great. In fact, variants of o senhor and a senhora with more nuanced meanings such as titles as o professor ("the professor"), o doutor ("the doctor"), o colega ("the colleague") and o pai ("the father") are also employed as personal pronouns. In the plural, there are two main levels of politeness, the informal vocês or vós and the formal os senhores / as senhoras.

This threefold scheme is, however, complicated by regional and social variation. For example, in many communities of Brazilian Portuguese speakers, the traditional tu/você distinction has been lost, and the previously formal você tends to replace the familiar tu in most cases (the distinction remains, however, in most parts of the country). On the other hand, in Portugal it is common to use a person's own name as a pronoun more or less equivalent to você, e.g., o José, o senhor Silva, which is rare in Brazil (though it is found in parts of the Northeast region, for example). The explicit use of "você" may be discouraged in Portugal because it may sound too informal for many situations. In Mozambique, however, the use of the imperative neutralizes the forms of the 2nd person singular (tu) and (você/senhor). Thus, forms of the imperative with features [+ informal] associated with the pronoun [- informal] (você/senhor) are observable. Also if find shapes with features [+ formal] associated with the pronoun [- formal] (tu)

When addressing older people or hierarchical superiors, modern BP speakers often replace você/tu and vocês with the expressions o(s) senhor(es) and a(s) senhora(s), which also require third-person verb forms and third-person reflexive/possessive pronouns (or, for the possessive, the expressions de vocês, do senhor, etc.). The expressions o(s) senhor(es) and a(s) senhora(s) are also used in formal contexts in modern EP, in addition to a large number of similar pronominalized nouns that vary according to the person who is being addressed, e.g. a menina, o pai, a mãe, o engenheiro, o doutor, etc.

Historically, você derives from vossa mercê ("your mercy" or "your grace") via the intermediate forms vossemecê and vosmecê.

Nós vs. a gente
A common colloquial alternative to the first-person-plural pronoun nós "we" is the noun phrase a gente (literally meaning "the people"), which formally takes verbs and possessives of the third person singular (or the expression "da gente"). Although avoided in the most formal registers, it is not considered incorrect, unless it is accompanied by verbs conjugated in the first person plural, as in "*A gente moramos na cidade", instead of the normative "A gente mora na cidade" "We live in the city".

Vós
In nearly all Portuguese dialects and registers, the second-person plural subject pronoun vós is usually replaced by vocês and in many cases it is no longer in use, as is the case with its corresponding verb forms. Currently, vós (with its verb forms) is frequently employed only in the following contexts:
 * In some dialects of northern Portugal (i.e., in the colloquial spoken language).
 * In some forms of address (e.g. Vossa Senhoria, Vossa Santidade...)
 * In religious texts and services.
 * In old texts.
 * In formal registers being used as a singular second-person pronoun, for archaism.
 * In historical fiction.

For this reason, many associate the pronoun with solemnity or formality, not knowing that vós is used for plural in the same context as tu is used for singular.

Instead, the word vocês is used, or equivalent forms of address which take verbs and possessives of the third-person plural. In European Portuguese, however, object vos as well as convosco (but not prepositional vós) and vosso have survived, even in formal situations; see the "Forms of address" section, above, and also the notes on colloquial usage, at the bottom of the page.

Proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis
As in other Romance languages, object pronouns are clitics, which must come next to a verb, and are pronounced together with it as a unit. They may appear before the verb (proclisis, lhe dizer), after the verb, linked to it with a hyphen (enclisis, dizer-lhe), or, more rarely, within the verb, between its stem and its desinence (mesoclisis, dir-lhe-ei).

Enclisis and mesoclisis may entail some historically motivated changes of verb endings and/or pronouns, e.g. cantar + o (originally *lo, from Latin illum) = cantá-lo "to sing it". The direct and indirect object pronouns can be contracted, as in dar + lhe + os = dar-lhos "to give them to him"; cf. Spanish dar + le + los = dárselos.

 * comprá-lo-ei = comprarei (Late Latin comparāre habeō, two words) + o "I will buy it".
 * dar-to-ia = daria (dare habēbam) + te + o "I would give it to you".
 * dar-lho-ia = daria + lhe + o "I would give it to him".

When a verb conjugated in the 1st person plural, ending in -s, is followed by the enclitic pronoun nos or vos, the s is dropped: Vamo-nos [vamos + nos] embora amanhã ("We are leaving tomorrow"), Respeitemo-nos [respeitemos + nos] mutuamente ("Let's respect each other"), Vemo-vos [vemos + vos] ("We see you"), etc.

Allomorphs
Third person direct object clitic pronouns have several forms, depending on their position with relation to the verb and on the verb's ending. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a consonant, or if the pronoun is mesoclitic and the root of the verb ends with a consonant, then that consonant is elided, and an l is added to the beginning of the pronoun. If the pronoun is enclitic and the verb ends with a nasal diphthong (spelled -ão, -am, -em, -ém, -êm, -õe, or -õem), an n is added to the beginning of the pronoun. The same happens after other clitic pronouns, and after the adverbial particle eis.

The third person forms o, a, os, and as may present the variants lo, la, los, las, no, na, nos, and nas:
 * The variants lo, la, los, and las are used after verbal forms ending with a consonant, which is elided. Examples: seduz + a = sedu-la, faz + o = fá-lo, diz + o = di-lo, destróis + os = destrói-los (different from destrói-os, in which the verb is conjugated in the imperative mood), comes + a = come-la (different from come-a = come + a), apanha-las (apanhas + as), amá-lo (amar +o), fazê-lo (fazer + o), partire-lo (partires +o), tem-la (tens + a—the n changes to m). Exceptionally, quer + o gives quere-o, rather than *qué-lo (qué-lo is still permitted, but uncommon).
 * This also occurs when the pronoun is in mesoclitic position: matá-lo-ás (matarás + o), fá-lo-ias (farias + o), feri-lo-ias (feririas + o), comê-lo-ias (comerias + o).
 * The variants no, na, nos and nas are used after a verbal form ending with a nasal diphthong. Examples: põe-no (põe + o), tem-na (tem + a), comeram-nos (ambiguous, can mean comeram + os "they ate them", or comeram + nos "they ate us").
 * The pronouns o, etc. present the same forms as above when they follow other clitic pronouns, such as nos and vos, or the adverbial particle eis. Examples: ei-lo aqui (eis + o), deram-no-lo (deram + nos + o), "Não vo-lo [vos + o] quero dar a entender."

Contractions between clitic pronouns
The contraction for lhes + o is lho, not *lhe-lo or *lhos. This occurs because lhe used to be employed indistinctly for the singular and the plural and, while the agglutinated form suffered no alteration, lhe evolved into lhes for the plural number.

These contracted forms are rarely encountered in modern Brazilian usage.

Syntax
Apart from the pronouns that act as subjects of a sentence, and from the stressed object pronouns which are employed after prepositions, Portuguese has several clitic object pronouns used with nonprepositional verbs, or as indirect objects. These can appear before the verb as separate words, as in ela me ama ("she loves me"), or appended to the verb after the tense/person inflection, as in ele amou-a ("he loved her") or ele deu-lhe o livro ("he gave her/him the book"). Note that Portuguese spelling rules (like those of French) require a hyphen between the verb and the enclitic pronoun.

In West Iberian-Romance, the position of clitic object pronouns with respect to the verbs which govern them was flexible, but all Romance languages have since adopted a more strict syntax. The usual pattern is for clitics to precede the verb; e.g. Sp. Yo te amo, Fr. Je t'aime "I love you"; Fr. Tu m'avais dit "You had told me" (proclisis). The opposite order occurs only with the imperative: Sp. Dime, Fr. Dis-moi "Tell me" (enclisis). Spoken Brazilian Portuguese has taken more or less the same route, except that clitics usually appear between the auxiliary verb and the main verb in compound tenses, and proclisis is even more generalized: Eu te amo "I love you", but Me diz "Tell me", and Você tinha me dito "You had told me".

In European Portuguese, by contrast, enclisis is the default position for clitic pronouns in simple affirmative clauses: Eu amo-te "I love you", Diz-me "Tell me". In compound tenses, the clitic normally follows the auxiliary verb, Você tinha-me dito "You had told me" (like in Brazilian Portuguese, but conventionally spelled with a hyphen), though other positions are sometimes possible: Você vai dizer-me "You are going to tell me" (Spanish allows this syntax as well, for example Vas a decirme), Você não me vai dizer "You are not going to tell me". Still, in formal Portuguese the clitic pronouns always follow the verb in the infinitive. The Brazilian proclisis is usually correct in European Portuguese (often found in medieval literature), though nowadays uncommon and emphatic. Only sentences that begin with a clitic pronoun, such as Te amo or Me diz, are considered unacceptable in European Portuguese.

With verbs in the future indicative tense or the conditional tense, enclitic pronouns are not placed after the verb, but rather incorporated into it: eu canto-te uma balada "I sing you a ballad" becomes eu cantar-te-ei uma balada "I will sing you a ballad" in the future, and eu cantar-te-ia uma balada "I would sing you a ballad" in the conditional (mesoclisis).

This is because these verb forms were originally compounds of the infinitive and haver: cantarei = cantar hei, cantarás = cantar hás. In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, where proclisis is nearly universal, mesoclisis never occurs. Although the mesoclisis is often cited as a distinctive feature of Portuguese, it is becoming rare in spoken European Portuguese, since there is a growing tendency to replace the future indicative and the conditional with other tenses.

Although enclisis (or mesoclisis) is the default position for clitic pronouns in European Portuguese, there are several instances in which proclisis will be used due to certain elements or words that "attract" the pronoun to appear before, rather than after, the verb. For example, a simple affirmative sentence or command will be enclitic (mesoclitic in the future or conditional). However, the following elements attract the pronoun and cause proclisis even in European Portuguese: (1) negative words, (2) interrogative words, (3) conjunctions/dependent clauses, (4) certain common adverbs such as ainda, já, sempre, etc., and (5) indefinite pronouns such as todos. Since proclisis is already the normal default position for clitic pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese, this marking between enclisis and proclisis does not exist.

Governance
The personal pronouns labelled "object of preposition" above are always employed after a preposition, and most prepositions govern those pronouns, but a few of them require subject pronouns. For example, prepositions denoting exception, such as afora, fora, excepto, menos, salvo, and tirante. In those cases, the subject pronouns eu, tu, ele, ela, eles and elas are used. Examples: Todos foram ao cinema excepto eu, Ele referiu toda a gente excepto ele mesmo (not *Ele referiu toda a gente excepto si), but Ele referiu-se a toda a gente excepto a si, Falaste a todos menos a mim, Falaste com todos menos comigo (not *com eu).

Contractions with the prepositions de and em
The following 3rd person pronouns contract with the prepositions de "of/from" and em "in/on/at".

Contractions with the preposition com
The following prepositional pronouns contract with the preposition com "with" (circumstantial complement).

The form connosco is used in European Portuguese, while conosco is used in Brazilian Portuguese.

These contractions are derived from the Latin practice of suffixing the preposition cum "with" to the end of the ablative form of personal pronouns, as in mecum or tecum. In Vulgar Latin, enclitic cum (later shifted to -go) became fossilized and was reanalysed as part of the pronoun itself. Then, a second cum began to be used before those words, and finally cum mecum, cum tecum, etc. contracted, producing comigo, contigo, and so on.

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when one wants to express the action is exercised upon the same person that exercises it or refers to such person. Examples: In the third person, the reflexive pronoun has a form of its own, se, or si if preceded by a preposition. Examples: The reflexive pronoun forms, when used in the plural (me and te are therefore excluded), may indicate reciprocity. In those cases, they do not have reflexive character – for instance, as pessoas cumprimentaram-se does not mean that each person complimented him-/herself, rather they complimented each other. In some situations, this may create ambiguity; therefore, if one means "they love each other", one might want to say eles amam-se mutuamente or eles amam-se um ao outro (although eles amam-se will probably be interpreted this way anyhow); if one means "each one of them loves him-/herself", one should say eles amam-se a si mesmos ou eles amam-se a si próprios.
 * EP: Eu vi-me ao espelho. BP: Eu me vi no espelho.
 * Não te levas muito a sério.
 * EP: De repente, vimo-nos perdidos na floresta. BP: De repente, nos vimos perdidos na floresta.
 * EP: Hoje ele levantou-se cedo. BP: Hoje ele se levantou cedo.
 * EP: Eles lavam-se sempre muito bem. BP: Eles se lavam sempre muito bem.
 * O gato sabe cuidar bem de si.
 * Os ladrões levaram consigo tudo o que puderam. (see above for compounds with com)

Sometimes, especially in the spoken Portuguese, ele mesmo, ela mesma, com ele mesmo, com eles mesmos, etc. may be used instead of si and consigo. Example: "Eles têm de ter confiança neles [em + eles] mesmos" or Eles têm de ter confiança em si (mesmos).

Possessive pronouns and adjectives
The forms of the possessives depends on the gender and number of the possessed object or being.

The possessive pronouns are identical to possessive adjectives, except that they must be preceded by the definite article (o meu, a minha, os meus, as minhas, etc.) For the possessive adjectives, the article is optional, and its use varies with dialect and degree of formality.

Clearing ambiguity in the 3rd person
Due to the use of seu(s), sua(s) as 2nd-person possessive pronouns, dele(s) and dela(s) are normally used as 3rd-person possessive markers in lieu of seu(s)/sua(s) to eliminate ambiguity, e.g. Onde está o seu carro ("Where is your car?") vs. Onde está o carro dele? ("Where is his car?"). Seu/Sua used as 3rd-person possessive pronouns are still frequent, especially when referring to the subject of the clause or when the gender is unknown and ambiguity can be solved in context, e.g. O Candidato Geraldo Alckmin apresentou ontem a sua proposta para aumentar a geração de empregos no Brasil ("The candidate Geraldo Alckmin presented yesterday his proposal to increase job creation in Brazil").

In European Portuguese
In European Portuguese, si and consigo can also be used to refer to the person to whom the message is directed in the formal treatment by o senhor, etc. or in the treatment by você. They are employed in the same circumstances ti and contigo would be used in the treatment by tu. Actually, in those circumstances você and com você is uncommonly used and considered incorrect.

Examples:

 * Se você não se importar, eu vou consigo. "I'll go with you, if you don't mind." (Se você não se importar, eu vou com você would sound strange in some regions and is generally considered a wrong construction.)
 * Quando estava a passar pela Praça do Chile, lembrei-me de si. "When I was going through the Praça do Chile (the Chile park), it reminded me of you."

Thus, in modern colloquial European Portuguese, the classical paradigm above is modified to (differences emphasized):

Se, si, and consigo are used in standard written BP exclusively as reflexive pronouns, e.g. Os manifestantes trouxeram consigo paus e pedras para se defenderem da violência policial ("Protesters brought (wood) sticks and stones with them to protect themselves against police brutality"), or  Os políticos discutiam entre si o que fazer diante da decisão do Supremo Tribunal ("Politicians discussed among themselves what to do in face of the Supreme Court decision"). In colloquial language, those reflexive forms may be replaced however by subject pronouns (e.g. Discutam entre vocês em que data preferem fazer o exame vs standard Discutam entre si em que data preferem fazer o exame, Eng. "Discuss among yourselves when you prefer to take the exam"). Note also that in both standard and colloquial BP, it is considered wrong to use se, si, consigo in non-reflexive contexts. Therefore, unlike in modern colloquial EP, para si for example cannot ordinarily replace para você, nor can consigo ordinarily replace com você.

In Brazilian Portuguese
For modern Brazilian Portuguese, one could propose the following chart (departures from the norm are in italics):

Tu vs. você
Although the 3rd person pronoun você tended to replace the classical 2nd-person pronoun tu in several Brazilian dialects and, especially, in the media communication, the use of tu is still frequent in several Brazilian Portuguese dialects. Most of the dialects that retain tu also use accordingly te (accusative pronoun), ti (dative postprepositional pronoun), contigo, and the possessive teu, tua, teus, and tuas. The use of tu is dominant in the South (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and parts of Paraná) and Northeast (with the exception of most of Bahia and some other areas, mostly in the coast), and it is also very frequent in the Northern region and Rio de Janeiro.

However, even in some of the regions where você is the prevailing pronoun, the object pronoun te and ti and the possessive pronoun teu/tua are quite common, although not in most of São Paulo, Brazil's most populous state. In fact, in the city of São Paulo the pronoun tu is almost nonexistent.

That distinction, object and possessive pronouns pattern likewise, is still maintained in the South and in the area around the city of Santos (in State of São Paulo) and in the Northeast. In Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, for instance, você is rarely used in spoken language—in most occasions, o senhor/a senhora is employed whenever tu may sound too informal.

In most of the Northeast, você is frequently used only in semi-formal and formal conversations, mostly with people whom one does not know well or when a more polite or serious style is required. As for Rio de Janeiro and the North of Brazil, both tu and você (and associated object and possessive pronouns) are used with no clear distinction in their use.

However, when one talks to older people or people of higher status (a boss, for example), most Brazilians prefer to use o senhor and a senhora.

In standard Portuguese (both in Brazil and in Portugal), você and vocês are always accompanied by 3rd-person verb forms (e.g. você é, vocês são), whereas tu requires 2nd-person verb forms (e.g. tu és). However, in tuteante BP dialects like gaúcho, tu is almost always accompanied by 3rd-person verb forms, e.g. tu é, tu bebeu vs. standard tu és, tu bebeste. That particular usage is considered ungrammatical by most Brazilian speakers whose dialects do not include tu (e.g. paulistanos).

The você (subj.) / te (obj.) combination, e.g. Você sabe que eu te amo, is a well-known peculiarity of modern General Brazilian Portuguese and is similar in nature to the vocês (subj.) / vos (obj.) / vosso (poss.) combination found in modern colloquial European Portuguese. Both combinations would be condemned, though, by prescriptive school grammars based on the classical language.

When Brazilians use tu, it is mostly accompanied by the 3rd-person verb conjugation: Tu vai ao banco? — "Will you go to the bank?" (Tu vai is wrong according to the standard grammar, yet is still used by many Brazilians). The pronoun tu accompanied by the second-person verb can still be found in Maranhão, Piauí, Pernambuco (mostly in more formal speech) and Santa Catarina, for instance, and in a few cities in Rio Grande do Sul near the border with Uruguay, with a slightly different pronunciation in some conjugations (tu vieste — "you came" — is pronounced as if it were tu viesse), which also is present in Santa Catarina and Pernambuco (especially in Recife, where it is by far the predominant way to pronounce the past tense particle -ste).

2nd person singular conjugation in Brazilian Portuguese
The table for 2nd person singular conjugation in Brazilian Portuguese is presented below:

O(s) and a(s)
In Brazil, the weak clitic pronouns -o(s) and -a(s) are used almost exclusively in writing or in formal speech (e.g. TV newscasts). In colloquial speech, ele(s) and ela(s) replace the clitics as direct objects (e.g. Vi eles na praia ontem versus Vi-os na praia ontem; in English, "I saw them on the beach yesterday"). The standard written variants -lo(s) and -la(s) (used after an infinitive ending in r) are more frequent though in the speech of polite speakers, but seem to be losing ground as well. Note, however, that ele(s) or ela(s) are never used as direct objects in formal writing, such as newspaper articles, academic papers, or legal documents. The use of -lo, -la, etc. replacing "você" as direct object is restricted mostly to the written language (in particular, movie subtitles) although it occurs frequently in a few fixed expressions like Prazer em conhecê-lo ("Pleased to meet you") or Posso ajudá-lo? ("May I help you?").

Lhe(s)
The use of lhe and lhes as indirect object forms of você and vocês ("[to] you", plural and singular) is currently rare in General BP, where lhe is often replaced as noted above by te or, alternatively, by para você. On the other hand, lheísmo, i.e. the use of lhe not only as an indirect object (e.g. Eu lhe dou meu endereço, "I will give you my address"), but also as a direct object (e.g. Eu lhe vi na praia ontem, Eng. "I saw you at the beach yesterday") is frequent in Northeastern Brazilian dialects, especially in Bahia.

In standard written BP, it is common to use lhe(s) as indirect object forms of ele(s)/ela(s) ("[to] him / her / it / them"), e.g. O presidente pediu que lhe dessem notícias da crise na Bolívia. In the colloquial language, 'lhe' in that context is frequently replaced by para ele, etc., although educated speakers might use lhe in speech as well.

Replacement of object pronouns with subject pronouns
In nonstandard BP, especially in regional dialects like caipira, object pronouns may be avoided altogether, even in the first person. For example: Ele levou nós no baile (standard BP Ele nos levou ao baile) or Ela viu eu na escola (standard BP Ela me viu na escola). These examples, although common in rural areas and in working-class speech, would sound ungrammatical to most urban middle-class BP speakers in formal situations.

title: Personal pronouns in Portuguese


text:
List of places named for Richard Montgomery

This is a list of places named for Richard Montgomery, a major general of the Continental Army killed in the 1775 Battle of Quebec.

 * Cities:
 * Montgomery, Alabama (The city was named for Richard Montgomery, but Montgomery County, Alabama, in which it is located, was named for Major Lemuel P. Montgomery.)
 * Montgomery, Massachusetts
 * Montgomery, Minnesota
 * Montgomery Twp, New Jersey
 * Montgomery, Vermont
 * Town of Montgomery, Orange County, NY
 * Village of Montgomery, Orange County, NY
 * Montgomery, Illinois (Note: This community was actually named in honor of Montgomery County, New York from which its original settlers emigrated. Montgomery County, New York was named after Richard Montgomery)
 * Counties:
 * Montgomery County, Arkansas
 * Montgomery County, Georgia
 * Montgomery County, Illinois
 * Montgomery County, Indiana
 * Montgomery County, Iowa
 * Montgomery County, Kansas
 * Montgomery County, Kentucky
 * Montgomery County, Maryland
 * Montgomery County, Mississippi (there is some question as to whether this county was named for Richard Montgomery. There are two origins given in sources.)
 * Montgomery County, Missouri
 * Montgomery County, New York
 * Montgomery County, North Carolina
 * Montgomery County, Ohio
 * Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (there is some question as to whether this county was named for Richard Montgomery.)
 * Montgomery County, Virginia
 * High Schools:
 * Richard Montgomery High School, Rockville, Maryland

There was also a ship, the SS Richard Montgomery, the wreck of which remains a potential hazard due to unexploded ordnance.


text: Category:Music of Australia

title: Category:Music of Australia


text: Category:Culture of Australia

title: Category:Culture of Australia


text:
Talk:Bret Easton Ellis

Deleted line
The line "He keeps the details of his personal life cryptic, media stories debating his sexuality or drug use are usually ignored." has been deleted twice already. If there is no explaination for the reason to do so, I'm putting it back. -- LGagnon 23:51, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Bisexual?
I've noticed that the article is tagged under the "Bisexual writers from the United States" category. However, the only relationship discussed in the article is a relationship with a man. Where has Ellis ever said he was bisexual? That should be placed in the article. --MgCupcake (talk) 05:41, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added some sources to his bisexuality. Whoever changed the page to say he was a gay writer really should've done some googling first.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.13.151.158 (talk) 18:07, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Exactly. He even wrote about this in his memoirs white and shards, and said so in interviews. 100.34.234.175 (talk) 10:37, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bret Easton Ellis


text:
Category talk:Alternative rock musicians

Untitled
There is some talk on the Categorization page and/or talk page, about "Musicians" being a member of "People" and therefore bands shouldn't be members of "Musicians". I think "Musical groups" was suggested. As there are a lot of bands listed here I thought I should raise the point before changing them all! --Chuq 23:53, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, this should be changed to groups. At this point, I think the easiest thing to do would be to have an admin rename this page "Alternative music groups", and change it to be a subcat of "Musical groups"- DropDeadGorgias (talk) 04:07, Jun 8, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Flash Comics

Flash Comics is a comics anthology published by All-American Publications and later by National Periodical Publications (DC Comics). The title had 104 issues published from January 1940 to February 1949. Despite the title, the anthology featured the adventures of multiple superheroes in addition to Jay Garrick, the original Flash. Characters introduced in the series include the Flash, Hawkman (Carter Hall), Hawkgirl and Black Canary.

Publication history
The series debuted with a January 1940 cover date, while initially published on November 20, 1939. The first issue featured the first appearances of the Golden Age versions of the Flash, Hawkman, and Johnny Thunder. The Flash was later given a solo comic book series, All-Flash which ran for 32 issues between Summer 1941 to January 1948.

Artist Joe Kubert's long association with the Hawkman character began with the story "The Painter and the $100,000" in Flash Comics #62 (Feb. 1945). The Monocle was introduced in #64 as a new foe for Hawkman.

Carmine Infantino's first published work for DC was "The Black Canary", a six-page Johnny Thunder story in Flash Comics #86 (August 1947) that introduced the superheroine the Black Canary. Writer Robert Kanigher and Joe Kubert created the Thorn in issue #89 (November 1947).

Flash Comics was cancelled in 1949 with issue #104. The series' numbering would be continued by the first volume of The Flash series, which debuted during the Silver Age in 1959 and featured Barry Allen as the new Flash.

 * Hawkman - issues #1 (January 1940) – #104 (February 1949)
 * Johnny Thunder - issues #1 (January 1940) – #91 (January 1948)
 * The Whip - issues #1 (January 1940) – #55 (July 1944)
 * Cliff Cornwall - issues #1 (January 1940) – #19 (July 1941)
 * Ghost Patrol - issues #29 (May 1942) – #104 (February 1949)
 * Black Canary - issues #92 (February 1948) – #104 (February 1949)

Collected editions

 * Golden Age Flash Archives:
 * Vol. 1 collects the "Flash" stories from Flash Comics #1–17, 224 pages, September 1999, ISBN 978-1563895067
 * Vol. 2 collects the "Flash" stories from Flash Comics #18–24, 224 pages, February 2006, ISBN 978-1401207847
 * The Flash Archives Vol. 1 includes the "Flash" story from Flash Comics #104, 224 pages, May 1998, ISBN 978-1563891397
 * Golden Age Hawkman Archives Vol. 1 collects the "Hawkman" stories from Flash Comics #1–22, 224 pages, February 2006, ISBN 978-1401204181
 * JSA All-Stars Archives Volume 1 includes the "Johnny Thunder" stories from Flash Comics #1–4, 256 pages, October 2007, ISBN 978-1401214722
 * Black Canary Archives collects the "Johnny Thunder" stories from Flash Comics #86–91 and the "Black Canary" stories from Flash Comics #92–104, 224 pages, December 2000, ISBN 978-1563897344

title: Flash Comics


text:
Wikipedia talk:Maintenance

Unintended and unneeded apostrophe in list?
The link Template:Resources for collaboration, has an apostrophe right in front of it. This in the "Maintenance and collaboration resources" section, under Miscellaneous. No explanation is forthwith, and I did not see any others like this in this list or any other on the page. Ken K. Smith (a.k.a. Thin Smek) 00:32, 16 December 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thin Smek (talk • contribs)
 * -thank you !1--Moxy (talk) 00:37, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Discussion at Wikipedia talk:Task Center
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Task Center. Sdkb (talk) 00:40, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

RfC on categorizing redirects to the same namespace
Please see: Template talk:R to project namespace

— SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  19:16, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

Template:Expand language has an RFC
Template:Expand language, which is within the scope of this WikiProject, has an RFC for possible consensus. A discussion is taking place. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. --N8wilson 11:34, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia sourcing and used as a tracking method.
https://en.wikipedia.ord/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup The article contracts and retracts within itself several times and claims a world audience. Is used as an "explore" example inside of Google's sheets. Moderators and Administrators should take a look. 174.214.48.187 (talk) 20:14, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Category "Wikipedia pages with to-do lists"
For all the links on Wikipedia:Maintenance page, I didn't see Category:Wikipedia pages with to-do lists - might this be useful here? Stefen Towers among the rest!  Gab • Gruntwerk 01:09, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Maintenance


text:
Mandalay Resort Group

Mandalay Resort Group (formerly Circus Circus Enterprises) was an American hotel and casino operator based in Paradise, Nevada. Its major properties included Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur and Circus Circus, as well as half of the Monte Carlo. In terms of market capitalization, it was one of the largest casino operators in the world. Its stock traded on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol "CIR" and "MBG".

History
The company was originally known as Circus Circus Enterprises and originated with Jay Sarno's 1968 opening of the Circus Circus as well as a Circus Circus in Reno, which opened in 1978.

The company incorporated as Circus Circus Enterprises (CCE) in 1974 to purchase Circus Circus from Sarno at a time when the casino was experiencing financial difficulties. The original majority owners of CCE were William Pennington, a former oil lease speculator and William Bennett, a former furniture salesman and the manager of The Mint Las Vegas casino.

Circus Circus Enterprises purchased the Silver City Casino and Slots-A-Fun Casino in 1979 for $30 million, then refurbished both the interior and exterior.

The company went public in 1983 and traded on the New York Stock Exchange. The company's properties found success in the 1980s offering a Las Vegas experience to families subsequently experimented upon by its competitors. Its converted Circus Circus (originally developed for the upmarket) and later Excalibur properties offered gaming opportunities for adults and separate non-gambling games and theme-park-style experiences for underage visitors under the same roof.

In 1983, Circus Circus purchased the Edgewater Hotel and Casino in Laughlin, Nevada for $17 million. The next year, the company bought the neighboring Colorado Belle casino from Advanced Patent Technology and John Fulton for $4 million. The company planned to move the unprofitable Colorado Belle to make room for an expansion of the Edgewater.

The group subsequently developed the Excalibur in 1990, the Luxor in 1993 and the Mandalay Bay in 1999 for which the group was renamed.

The group entered into a joint venture in 1993 with Don Carano of Eldorado in Reno to develop and build Reno's largest and tallest megaresort titled Silver Legacy. The $350 million hotel opened on July 28, 1995. Circus Circus Enterprises held a majority stake in that Reno resort.

Circus Circus Tunica opened on August 29, 1994. It was rebranded in 1997 as Gold Strike Tunica and given a more upscale theme. The total cost for the remodel was estimated to be $125 million.

On March 20, 1995, Circus Circus Enterprises announced that it had agreed to acquire Gold Strike Resorts, a closely held budget casino owner and operator based in Jean, Nevada, in a deal valued at more than $600 million. At the time of the acquisition, Gold Strike Resorts owned the Gold Strike Hotel and Gambling Hall, Nevada Landing Hotel and Casino, Railroad Pass Hotel and Casino and 50% of the under-construction Monte Carlo Resort and Casino. The acquisition did not include the original Gold Strike near Boulder City, because the owners wanted to pass it on to their children.

In 1995, Circus Circus purchased the Hacienda from Archon Corporation. By this time, the Hacienda was dwarfed by the many new megaresorts that were being built, in particular the Luxor, which had just been recently completed. On December 10, 1996, the Hacienda was closed to the public after 40 years, and imploded later that month. This implosion was broadcast on the Fox Network as a part of their New Year's Eve 1996 telecast. Despite the implosion, parts of the old resort still stood, due to the building not falling into its footprint, but toppling into its parking lot. The next day a wrecking crew was brought in to bring down the remaining parts. In March 1999, it was replaced by the Mandalay Bay.

The group was also a partner with Mirage Resorts on the 1996 opening of the nearby Monte Carlo Resort and Casino.

Circus Circus Enterprises closed the Silver City Casino on October 31, 1999.

Following the completion of Mandalay Bay in 1999, the name of the company was changed to Mandalay Resorts Group.

On December 14, 1999, MotorCity Casino Hotel opened.

On May 23, 2002, the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122-room hotel tower at their Mandalay Bay property, with a cost of at least $200 million. Construction began on the tower in September 2002. The name of the tower, THEhotel at Mandalay Bay, was chosen in September 2003. The tower opened on December 17, 2003.

On June 4, 2004, one of Mandalay's largest competitors, MGM Mirage, announced a bid to acquire it for $68 per share plus assumption of debt. The stock closed at $60.27 per share on June 4. Although the proposal was announced after the close of trading on June 4, the volume of trading in Mandalay Resort Group stock on that day was quadruple the normal, with the stock closing at $60.27 per share. The ensuing negotiations between the two companies included at one point an announcement that the Mandalay board was rejecting the offer because of antitrust concerns. On June 15, 2004, however, both companies' boards approved a revised offer of $71 per share. The agreement called for MGM Mirage to pay $4.8 billion and to assume $2.5 billion in debt. The transaction was completed on April 26, 2005 for $7.9 billion.

MGM executives were confident that antitrust regulators would not require the sale of any of the two companies' properties. Michigan law, however, forbade one company from owning multiple casinos, requiring the sale of either the MGM Grand Detroit or Mandalay's 54% stake in the MotorCity Casino. After some vacillation about which property to sell, Mandalay accepted a $525-million offer for its interest in MotorCity from Marian Ilitch, the casino's second largest shareholder.

Hotels and casinos when acquired by MGM Mirage

 * Circus Circus, Winchester, Nevada
 * Circus Circus, Reno, Nevada
 * Colorado Belle, Laughlin, Nevada
 * Edgewater, Laughlin, Nevada
 * Excalibur, Paradise, Nevada
 * Gold Strike, Jean, Nevada
 * Gold Strike, Tunica, Mississippi
 * Grand Victoria, Elgin, Illinois
 * Luxor, Paradise, Nevada
 * Mandalay Bay, Paradise, Nevada
 * THEhotel at Mandalay Bay, Paradise, Nevada
 * Monte Carlo, Paradise, Nevada (50% owner in partnership with MGM Mirage)
 * Nevada Landing, Jean, Nevada
 * Railroad Pass, Henderson, Nevada
 * Silver Legacy, Reno, Nevada (50% owner in partnership with Eldorado Resorts)
 * Slots-A-Fun, Winchester, Nevada

Former properties

 * Hacienda, Paradise, Nevada
 * MotorCity, Detroit, Michigan
 * Silver City Casino, Winchester, Nevada

title: Mandalay Resort Group


text:
Columbia River drainage basin

The Columbia River drainage basin is the drainage basin of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It covers 668000 km2. In common usage, the term often refers to a smaller area, generally the portion of the drainage basin that lies within eastern Washington.

Usage of the term "Columbia Basin" in British Columbia generally refers only to the immediate basins of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers and excludes that of the Okanagan, Kettle and Similkameen Rivers.

Description
The Columbia Basin includes the southeastern portion of the Canadian province of British Columbia, most of the U.S. states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, the western part of Montana, and very small portions of Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. The south and southeastern drainage divide borders the interior drainage of the northern Great Basin. To the northeast the region borders the basins of the Saskatchewan River (Hudson Bay) and the Mackenzie River (Beaufort Sea), and to the northwest the basin of the Fraser River. The Columbia Basin extends from the Rocky Mountains in the east through the Cascade Range to the Columbia River's outflow at the Pacific Ocean in the west.

The Columbia River pours more water into the Pacific Ocean than any other river in North or South America. In its 1270 mi course to the Pacific Ocean, the Columbia flows through four mountain ranges—the Rockies, Selkirks, Cascades, and coastal mountains—and drains 258000 mi2. The mainstem of the Columbia rises in Columbia Lake on the west slope of the Rocky Mountain Range in Canada. Its largest tributary, the Snake, travels 1038 mi from its source in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming before joining the Columbia.

Washington region
Residents of the area surrounding the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers—a region centering on the Tri-Cities, Washington metropolitan area—use the term "Columbia Basin" to refer to their own, much smaller region. This usage is roughly synonymous with the Columbia Plateau or roughly equivalent to the relatively unforested area bounded by the Cascades, Blue, Wallowa, and Rocky mountain ranges and the Okanagan Highland. This sense of the term Columbia Basin has expanded from its early focus on the land irrigated by Grand Coulee Dam and the Columbia Basin Project to include other irrigation districts such as the Yakima and Walla Walla valleys. The area includes valuable farmland that has excellent soil profile and underlying silty loess. At its center is the Pasco Basin, an area roughly double the size of, and fully containing, the Hanford Site.

History
When Lewis and Clark explored the region in the early 19th century, huge numbers of fish (salmon) returned to spawn every year. "The multitudes of this fish are almost inconceivable," Clark wrote in the autumn of 1805. At that time, the Columbia and its tributaries provided 12935 mi of pristine river habitat. In the early 20th century, the government and private interests began constructing dams on the tributaries of the Columbia River to provide water for irrigation or flood control. The federal dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers devastated salmon runs, inundated Columbia River Basin Tribes villages and burial grounds, and deprived tribal members of the ability to exercise traditional ways of life.

title: Columbia River drainage basin


text:
Category:Canadian politicians

Most Canadian politicians should be listed in one or more of the subcategories listed below. The main category should only list politicians who are associated with the national political scene but do not fit any subcategories.

title: Category:Canadian politicians


text:
Gens du pays

"Gens du pays" has been called the unofficial national anthem of Quebec. Written by poet and singer-songwriter Gilles Vigneault (with music co-written by Gaston Rochon), it was first performed by Vigneault on June 24, 1975 during a concert on Montreal's Mount Royal at that year's Fête nationale du Québec ceremony. It quickly became a folk classic, and it has been played frequently at Fête nationale ceremonies since then. The chorus is by far the most famous part of the song: Gens du pays, c'est votre tour / De vous laisser parler d'amour, which, translated, says, "Folks of the land, it is your turn to let yourselves speak of love."

The song is also associated with the Quebec sovereignty movement and the sovereigntist Parti Québécois, which use it as a sort of anthem. A famous instance of this took place at René Lévesque's concession speech after the citizens of the province rejected independence in the 1980 Quebec referendum. At the end of Lévesque's speech, the crowd assembled to hear him speak stood up and sang "Gens du pays", which Lévesque called "the most beautiful Québécois song in the minds of all Quebecers."

Birthday adaptation
In Quebec, a modified version of the chorus is often sung to celebrate a person, for example on a birthday (in the specific case of the birthday, the idea was explicitly introduced by Gilles Vigneault, Yvon Deschamps and Louise Forestier at the song's 1975 introduction):

 * Mon cher ami (or Ma chère amie), c'est à ton tour
 * De te laisser parler d'amour.

("My dear friend, it's your turn / To let yourself be lovingly spoken to.")

Alternatively, "ami(e)" (friend) is replaced with the name of the person being celebrated.

For instance, at René Lévesque's funeral, mourners outside the church broke out singing "Mon cher René, c'est à ton tour de te laisser parler d'amour."

The birthday adaptation uses the familiar, informal and singular "tu" form French personal pronouns, in contrast with the original which uses "vous" pronouns which are either singular but formal, or plural (as with other Latin languages such as Spanish).

title: Gens du pays


text: Template:Timeline WWII – Pacific Theater


text:
Category talk:World War I guns

Like the World War II guns catagory, I'd like to rename this to World War I infantry weapons to avoid confusion with heavy stationary guns and include weapons like the flamethrower. Oberiko 23:59, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:World War I guns


text: Category:Canadian people

title: Category:Canadian people


text:
Framheim

Framheim was the name of explorer Roald Amundsen's base at the Bay of Whales on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica during his successful quest for the South Pole. It was used between January 1911 and February 1912.

Cabin and tents
The hut was constructed in sections by a master carpenter, Jørgen Stubberud and erected at Amundsen's home in Norway, then dismantled for shipment to Antarctica on the Fram. Framheim literally means "home of the Fram". During its construction in Norway, Amundsen maintained that the hut was for "observation", which would fit in nicely with his supposed intent to head to the North Pole. To the more than casual student of exploration, it was obvious that the hut was intended as living quarters. Amundsen was headed to the South Pole.

The cabin was an early example of a pre-fabricated structure, and employed a custom dining table which could retract to the ceiling for cleaning beneath. It measured eight by four meters, and the walls were made up of four layers of three one inch wood lumber with cardboard between for insulation.

During the long Antarctic winter, Amundsen and the members of his expedition constructed a network of workshops and storage rooms, including a steam-bath room, carved out of the ice surrounding the main hut. In this complex the men busied themselves in preparing for the upcoming journey to the South Pole.

Amundsen spurned the traditional white tent, and instead dyed his tent material black. He stated that this was to serve three purposes: First, black would absorb what little solar radiation would fall upon the tent. Second, a black tent would provide the best possible contrast against the endless snow and ice if one became lost. And finally, the black provided a rest for the eyes. In addition, the square, pyramid-style tent was equipped with a single central pole that was lashed to one of the sledges in its full length during travel, avoiding the need to assemble tent-poles and making the job of pitching the tent very simple and quick. The tent also featured a sewn-in floor, which was an innovation several years ahead of its time.

Equipment
At Framheim, Amundsen continually upgraded his equipment, since he was largely dissatisfied with standard polar gear. The sledges were refined by shaving down portions of their frames and runners, achieving a 60% weight reduction without compromising their overall strength.

Amundsen designed special sledge-cases for food and equipment that remained permanently lashed to the sledges, with access through a lid that could easily be pried off without the need to remove mitts. This saved the time of unloading and re-loading packing boxes when making and breaking camp while on the march, and also eliminated the risk of frostbite when unpacking the sledges. The sledge-cases were also refined during the winter by planing down the wood to reduce their weight. Further, food selection and packing had been refined for both efficiency and maximum space usage. Amundsen brought only four foods: pemmican (made according to his own recipe), chocolate, milk powder and biscuits, although this diet was supplemented by seal and penguin meat stored in the supply depots on the Barrier, and by fresh dog-meat from the dogs that they culled during the journey. This fresh, vitamin-rich meat in their diet prevented the onset of scurvy.

To prepare for the trip to the pole, the ski bindings were fitted with hooks so they could be removed during sleeping hours and hung inside the tent. Since the bindings were made of leather, the ravenous sledge dogs would often gnaw at them when the men were asleep. Footwear and the risk of frostbite was a major concern for Amundsen, especially after some negative experiences during the autumn depot-laying trips and the abortive first attempt to reach the Pole. He and his men re-constructed and refined their ski-boots several times before the final polar journey, to obtain maximum insulation against the cold and to provide the necessary flexibility for skiing. Each man brought spare boots in case of breakage or malfunction, with the risk of debilitating frostbite outweighing the issue of weight. None of Amundsen's men experienced frostbitten feet during the polar journey, despite the extreme temperatures.

Fate of the base
The Polar Party returned to Framheim on 25 January 1912 and left in the Fram on 30 January after "two days of bustle in getting on board the things we were (to) take with us". They left behind the buried hut "that strong little house that now lay entirely hidden beneath the snow behind Mount Nelson" and doubtless many artefacts. The site on the eastern flank of the Bay of Whales was used extensively in the 1930s by a series of American expeditions led by Richard E. Byrd. They established bases somewhat to the north of Framheim - Little America I to III. There is, however, apparently no definite evidence that the original Framheim hut was rediscovered, possibly because it was deeply buried. Sometime between 1957 and 1962 calving of the Ross Ice Shelf resulted in the block on which Framheim and the Little America bases were sited being detached from the barrier ice. The floe then probably drifted west and progressively broke up along the edge of the Ross Barrier.

title: Framheim


text:
Category:World War II infantry weapons

A listing of weapons used by the various armies during World War II.

title: Category:World War II infantry weapons


text:
Hawkworld

Hawkworld is a comic book series published by American company DC Comics from 1989 to 1993. The initial storyline was published as a three-issue mini-series and then, based on the high sales and interest level generated by this limited series, launched as an ongoing monthly book. Katar Hol and Shayera Thal were rebooted in the prestige format limited series.

Publication history
The three-issue limited series written and drawn by Timothy Truman and inked by Enrique Alcatena was published in 1989. The ongoing series lasted for four years (1990–1993) and included 32 issues, along with 3 annuals. Timothy Truman contributed to the plotting of the first six issues, which were scripted by John Ostrander. Ostrander was the sole credited writer for the remainder of the series. After the Hawkworld ongoing series ended in 1993, a new series simply named Hawkman (vol. 3) picked up the story line and ran from 1993 to 1996. Ostrander wrote the first six issues of this new series, tying up some dangling plot threads from Hawkworld.

Plot
Katar Hol was a young police officer on the planet Thanagar, and a child of a privileged family. But his homeworld had the policy to conquer and mine other worlds for their resources to maintain its high standard of living, and Hol realized that this was wrong. He rebelled against the system, and was sent into exile. 10 years later, he escaped and got the help of Shayera Thal, a young officer from a lower class of society, to uncover and defeat the renegade police captain Byth. As a result, Hol was reinstated in the Wingmen Force and given a new partner, Thal.

Themes
The primary themes Timothy Truman focused on in the limited series were social inequality and class. When John Ostrander took over the writing duties with the monthly series he continued to develop and expand upon Truman's original ideas. After relocating the setting of the series from Thanagar to the city of Chicago, Katar and Shayera were exposed to the founding documents of the United States as part of their education on America's criminal justice system. Neither characters were familiar with the concept of natural rights and found the contrasts between America's founding principles and the reality of pragmatic governance perplexing. Their different ways of coming to terms with these ideas and the possibility of spreading them back to their home world drove the story lines of the series. Katar was inspired by the possibilities he found in this new way of thinking while Shayera initially rejected them as unrealistic and unworkable. During the series both characters eventually concluded that, much like Thanagar, the United States was also a "Hawkworld", a predatory society in which the powerful oppress the weak; despite this, they came to see American society as offering more long-term hope for social justice through its embrace of natural rights, even if these values were only embraced on a rhetorical level by most.

Continuity
Along with its contemporaries The Man of Steel, Batman: Year One, Aquaman Special #1, and Green Lantern: Emerald Dawn, Hawkworld was intended to revise DC Universe continuity for the post-Crisis continuity that explored the origins of the Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkwoman. However, DC editors decided that it was not just an origin story; rather, it was occurring in the present, concurrently with the rest of DC's output (similar to Wonder Woman: Gods and Mortals and The Power of Shazam!). This meant that the Hawks' entire history from the Silver Age onward had to be disregarded, including their memberships in the Justice League (including his brief membership in Justice League International). This began a series of retcons to the Hawkman characters that ended with a new Hawkman returning in the pages of JSA.

During the Brightest Day storyline (2010), Hath-Set has collected the bones from all of Carter's and Shiera's past bodies and created from them a portal to Hawkworld. He was followed, however, by Carter and Shiera. While there, it is revealed that Hawkworld is now under the rulership of Shiera's mother, Queen Khea. There is also a tribe of creatures that resemble Lion-Mane living on Hawkworld.

title: Hawkworld


text:
User:Nanashi~enwiki

there is very little to say

title: User:Nanashi~enwiki