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P. Chidambaram

Palaniappan Chidambaram (born 16 September 1945), better known as P. Chidambaram, is an Indian politician and lawyer who currently serves as Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha. He served as the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs from 2017 to 2018. He also served as Interim Deputy Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 2022 to 2023 under Mallikarjun Kharge.

Chidambaram has served as the Union Minister of Finance four times. Most recently, he held the role for the entirety of the United Progressive Alliance government from 2004 to 2014, except for a three-year period as Minister of Home Affairs, during which he oversaw India's domestic security response to the 26/11 terrorist attack in Mumbai. Chidambaram returned as Finance Minister in July 2012, succeeding Pranab Mukherjee, who resigned to become the President of India. He was included in Time 100 list in 2013. He was also the head of Congress Manifesto Committee for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections and 2024 Indian General Elections.

Early life and education
Chidambaram was born to Kandanur L. Ct. L. Palaniappa Chettiar and Lakshmi Achi in Kanadukathan in the Sivaganga district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. His maternal grandfather was Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar, a wealthy merchant and banker from Chettinad.

Chidambaram did his schooling at the Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School, Chennai he passed the one-year pre-University course from Loyola College, Chennai. After graduating with a BSc degree in statistics from the Presidency College, Chennai, he completed his Bachelor of Laws from the Madras Law College (now Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College) and his MBA from Harvard Business School in the class of 1968. He also holds a master's degree from Loyola College, Chennai.

During this time his politics inclined to the left and in 1969 he joined N. Ram, later an editor of The Hindu, and the women's activist Mythili Sivaraman in starting a journal called the Radical Review.

Chidambaram has two brothers and one sister. His father's business interests covered textiles, trading and plantations in India. He chose to concentrate on his legal practice and stayed away from the family business.

He enrolled as a lawyer in the Madras High Court, becoming a senior advocate in 1984. He had offices in Delhi and Chennai and practiced in the Supreme Court and various high courts of India.

Political career
Chidambaram was elected to the Lok Sabha (lower house) of the Indian Parliament from the Sivaganga constituency of Tamil Nadu in general elections held in 1984. He was a union leader for MRF and worked his way up in the Congress party. He was the Tamil Nadu Youth Congress president and then the general secretary of the Tamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committee unit. He was inducted into the Union (Indian federal) Council of Ministers in the government headed by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi on 21 September 1985 as a Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Commerce and then in the Ministry of Personnel. His main actions during his tenure in this period was to control the price of tea and he has been criticized by the Government of Sri Lanka for destroying the Sri Lankan tea trade by fixing the prices of the commodity in India using state power. He was elevated to the rank of Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions in January 1986. In October of the same year, he was appointed to the Ministry of Home Affairs as Minister of State for Internal Security. He continued to hold both offices until general elections were called in 1989. The Indian National Congress government was defeated in the general elections of 1989.

In June 1991, Chidambaram was inducted as a Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce, by the then Prime Minister Mr P V Narasimha Rao; a post he held till July 1992. He was later re-appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce in February 1995 and held the post until April 1996. He made some radical changes in India's export-import (EXIM) policy, while at the Ministry of Commerce.

In 1996, Chidambaram quit the Congress party and joined a breakaway faction of the Tamil Nadu state unit of the Congress party called the Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC). In the general elections held in 1996, TMC along with a few national and regional level opposition parties, formed a coalition government. The coalition government came as a big break for Chidambaram, who was given the key cabinet portfolio of Finance. His 1997 budget is still remembered as the dream budget for the Indian economy. The coalition government was a short-lived one (it fell in 1998), but he was reappointed to the same portfolio in the government formed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2004.

In 1998, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) took the reins of the government for the first time and it was not until May 2004 that Chidambaram would be back in government. Chidambaram became Minister of Finance again in the Congress party led United Progressive Alliance government on 24 May 2004. During the intervening period Chidambaram made some experiments in his political career, leaving the TMC in 2001 and forming his own party, the Congress Jananayaka Peravai, largely focused on the regional politics of Tamil Nadu. The party failed to take off into mainstream Tamil Nadu or national politics. After the elections of 2004, when the Congress won the election he was inducted into the Council of Ministers under the new Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as cabinet Minister of Finance and he merged his party with the mainstream Congress party.

On 30 November 2008, he was appointed the Union Home Minister following the resignation of Shivraj Patil who had come under intense pressure to tender his resignation following a series of terror attacks in India, including the Mumbai attacks on 26 November 2008.

He has been credited with taking the bold decision of prioritising elections above corporate demands to deploy security for the 2009 Indian Premier League.

In 2009, Chidambaram was re-elected from the Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency in the Congress and retained the Home ministry. He was one of the representatives of the central government when a tri-party agreement was signed with the Gorkha Hill Council and the Government of West Bengal, an agreement which was a result of Mamata Banerjee's effort to end a decade long unrest in the hills of Darjeeling.

The Indian National Congress appointed P. Chidambaram as one of thirteen senior spokespersons on 15 September 2014. He ceded his seat to his son Karti in 2014, which resulted in electoral defeat for his son. In 2016, he was elected as an MP of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian parliament from the state of Maharashtra.

 * Parliamentary Committee assignments
 * 13 September 2021 onwards: Member Committee on External Affairs.

Family and personal life
Chidambaram's mother, Lakshmi Acchi, was the daughter of Sir Annamalai Chettiar, a banker and merchant, and was granted the title of Raja by British. Annamalai Chettiar was the founder of Annamalai University and United India Insurance Company Limited. His brother, Ramaswami Chettiar, was the founder of the Indian Bank and the co-founder of another major bank, the Indian Overseas Bank.

He is married to Nalini Chidambaram, daughter of Justice (Retd.) Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam, of the Supreme Court, and Mrs. Soundra Kailasam, a renowned Tamil poet and author. Nalini Chidambaram is a senior advocate practising in the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court of India. He has a son, Karti P. Chidambaram, who graduated with a BBA degree from the University of Texas, Austin, and a Masters in Law from the University of Cambridge. Karti, a member of the Congress Party's AICC, is active in Tamil Nadu state politics. Karti is married to Dr. Srinidhi Rangarajan, a well-known Bharathanatyam dancer and medical doctor, working with the Apollo Group of Hospitals in Chennai. Karti and Srinidhi have a daughter, Aditi Nalini Chidambaram.

Health Issues
He suffers from a medical condition referred to as Crohn's disease.

Controversies
The Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) 1997, which he announced when he was Finance Minister with the United Front government, was condemned by the Controller and Auditor General of India as abusive because of the loopholes that made it possible to fudge data to the financial advantage of the confessor.

Chidambaram was criticised for his ministry's failure to prevent the 2011 Mumbai bombings, despite massive investments in security following the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Three years after the 2008 attacks, security preparations were proven to be inadequate with channel breakdown and failures in modernising, procuring, and installing security equipment. Chidambaram defended the agencies under his ministry against the charge of intelligence failure with the response which was later ridiculed by many people in India and its media:

"Having no intelligence in this case, however, does not mean that there was a failure on part of the intelligence agencies.

There has been no intelligence failure. There was no intelligence warning about 13/7."

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayaram Jayalalithaa wrote to the Chief Election Commissioner in 2011 that data entry operators at Sivaganga had transferred 3,400 votes polled by Kannappan from 11 polling stations in Chidambaram's favour. News reports suggest that on May 16, 2009, the AIADMK candidate Raja Kannappan was declared elected by 3555 votes at 12.30 pm, and the news was also broadcast on television. But in a dramatic reversal a few hours later, P Chidambaram was declared elected by 3354 votes at 4.30 pm, and was confirmed as the winner after a recount at 8.30 pm.

On 7 April 2009, Chidambaram was assaulted by Sikh journalist Jarnail Singh during a press conference in Delhi on the issue of a "clean chit" to Jagdish Tytler. Singh, who writes for the Hindi daily newspaper Dainik Jagaran was dissatisfied with Chidamabaram's answer to a question on the Central Bureau of Investigation's (CBI) "clean chit" regarding Jagdish Tytler's involvement in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. It was the first shoe throwing incident in India.

Chidambaram was part of Vedanta's legal team and on its board before becoming finance minister in 2004 [42]. In 2002, a year before UK's Financial Services Authority allowed Sterlite to reconstitute itself as Vedanta Resources Plc, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) served a show-cause notice on three of Chairman Anil Agarwal's family. The notice was a demand that Sterlite directors answer allegations about using their holding companies-Volcan and Twinstar-to avoid paying taxes on forex transactions. It was a polite way of saying there was prima facie evidence, dating back to 1993, that the Agarwals were guilty of money laundering. For seven years the case dragged on in courts as Sterlite employed top lawyers to use every possible delaying tactic. P. Chidambaram argued in Sterlite's defence in a 2003 Bombay High Court case related to the ED's allegations. The following year, Chidambaram found himself appointed non-executive director on the board of Vedanta Resources Plc. And very soon, he became finance minister in UPA 1.

Former Union Minister and Senior Advocate Ram Jethmalani's letter to Chidambaram on 6 December 2013 accused him of acting in collusion with the NDTV and laundering Rs 5000 crores of money through Mauritius route back to India.

INX Media, Aircel-Maxis case
In 2006, political leader Dr. Subramanian Swamy alleged that a company controlled by Karti Chidambaram, the son of Minister of Finance P. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of ₹40 billion paid by Maxis Communications for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld Foreign Investment Promotion Board clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company. The issue was raised a number of times in Parliament by the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation. Although Chidambaram and the then ruling Congress government denied the allegations, The Pioneer and India Today reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the foreign direct investment proposal by about seven months. It was alleged that Chidambaram's son, Karti was a direct beneficiary of the 2G spectrum case. His company, Advantage Strategic Consulting  had a five per cent stake in Aircel Televentures, even as his father P Chidambaram, as Finance minister, was alleged to have offered FIPB clearance for the Aircel-Maxis deal only if his son's company, Advantage Strategic Consulting, got shares in Aircel Ventures. The Enforcement Directorate is currently investigating his involvement in Aircel deal. In 2012, and, subsequently, in 2016, information of wide-scale corruption by Chidambaram's son Karti Chidambaram and Robert Vadra, with the help of his father's position, including through the Airtel–Maxis deal and the Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam, was unveiled in prominent newspapers and media in India. Simultaneously, Chidambaram and his son Karti have been dogged with allegations of corruption, misuse of position, insider trading and money laundering.

Imprisonment
On 20 August 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed both anticipatory bail pleas of Chidambaram in connection with corruption charges in the INX Media case during his tenure as Finance minister in UPA Government. On 21 August, he appeared at the Congress HQ and addressed a press conference stating that he was "not accused"; however, he left the place, and, later, he was arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement Directorate at his home. On 5 September 2019, Supreme Court dismissed his appeal against rejection of anticipatory bail plea by Delhi High Court. The Special Court ordered Chidambaram to stay in judicial custody in Tihar Jail for 14 days. On 4 December he was granted bail by the supreme court.

Books, research papers and journals
Chidambaram is a published author of several books.

Books

 * Fearless in Opposition: Power and Accountability (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; ISBN 978-8129145291)
 * The Watershed Year: Which Way Will India Go (Publisher: Bloomsbury India; ASIN B0CWB4X4JK)
 * Standing Guard: A Year in Opposition (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; ISBN 978-8129139627)
 * Speaking Truth to Power: My Alternative View (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; ISBN 978-8129151063)
 * Undaunted: Saving the Idea of India (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; ISBN 978-9353333737)
 * A View from the Outside: Why Good Economics Works for Everyone (Publisher: Penguin India; ISBN 978-0670081165)

Books featuring Chidambaram

 * An Agenda for India's Growth: Essays in Honour of P. Chidambaram (Publisher: Academic Foundation; ISBN 978-9332700093)

title: P. Chidambaram


text:
Talk:Theodore Roethke

Comment
Which did he have- depression, or manic depression?
 * XXX encountered mention of Roethke exhibiting manic behaviors. Many people with recurrent episodes of major depression may best be diagnosed and treated as having bipolar disorder. However for the Roethke article, it would be best not to use the deprecated term "manic-depression" nor to give a medical diagnosis, but instead to write of nonspecific bouts of depression. This latter term, in lay use, covers a host of meanings. I'm modifying the article's text accordingly. Myron 16:53, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Theodore Roethke suffered from Manic Depression, or bipolar disorder. He would commonly experience bouts of depression as part of his illness, as apparent in some of his poetry. --76.121.88.200 (talk) 04:50, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Rothke should redirect here. 70.119.225.208 01:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Ogalala / Indian
good day. i'm reading a book by larry woiwode in which the works of mr roethke are discussed. one poem supposedly cited from roethke's works contains the words "i shall become an indian" or "i shall become an iroquois" or something to that effect. the book's author, mr. woiwode, also alludes to the poem having at one time---either by roethke's hand or by someone else and posthumously---contained the addendum "ogalala." ex: "i shall become an indian/iroquois.  ogalala?" is the suggestion of this addendum purely part of woiwode's imagination as a novelist, or does the word 'ogalala' actually appear in any of roethke's works? if it does appear, what is its meaning? thank you in advance. 138.88.206.5 16:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Someone seems to have vandalized the history section. Funny as it is, it needs to be cleaned up, and I don't personally know enough about Roethke to clean it up properly and sort fact from ridiculousness. Cwilli201 21:31, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Many inaccuracies in this article
gave some to enoc

There are many gaps in Roethke's experience, his illness appears to be depicted inaccurately, dates may be off  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bracbooks (talk • contribs) 14:27, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Beatrice O'Connell note
The web page below has a note on her return to Saginaw, MI

"Beatrice Roethke Lushington, now 85, and her husband traveled from England [..]"

http://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2011/05/theodore_roethkes_widow_return.html

G. Robert Shiplett 12:32, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Influences/Influenced
The Infobox writer template transclusion included some old parameters no longer supported. They are now commented out, but the names should be worked into the article body: — Theodore Kloba (☎) 21:45, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Influences: Leonie Adams, W.H. Auden, Louise Bogan. Rolfe Humphries, Emily Dickinson, Stanley Kunitz, Dylan Thomas, William Carlos Williams, Elinor Wylie, William Butler Yeats
 * Influenced: Richard Hugo, Sylvia Plath, James Wright, James Dickey, Robert Bly, Carolyn Kizer, Anne Sexton, William Stafford, David Wagoner

Ciardi
We do need to mention, somewhere, that John Ciardi's 1966 poem "Was A Man" is about Roethke.

(it's not OR, the poem explicitly mentions "Ted Roethke" several times.)

Any suggestions as to where this would fit? DS (talk) 21:00, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Theodore Roethke


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Welsh Open (snooker)

The Welsh Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament that has been held annually since 1992. It replaced the Welsh Professional Championship, which ran annually from 1980 to 1991 and was open only to Welsh players. The Welsh Open is now the longest running ranking event after the World Championship and the UK Championship. Since the 2016–17 season, it has been one of four tournaments in the Home Nations Series, alongside the Northern Ireland Open, the Scottish Open, and the English Open. Since 2017, the winner of the event has received the Ray Reardon Trophy, named after the Welsh six-time world champion. Reardon himself presented the newly named trophy to 2017 winner Stuart Bingham.

Mark Williams is the only Welsh winner, having captured the title in 1996 and 1999. John Higgins holds the record for the most Welsh Open wins, claiming the title five times.

Gary Wilson is the reigning champion.

History
The tournament began as a ranking tournament in 1992. It is now the third-longest-running ranking event on the World Snooker Tour, after the World Championship and the UK Championship. In the 2016–17 season, the event became part of the Home Nations Series, alongside the Northern Ireland Open, the Scottish Open, and the English Open. The event trophy was renamed the Ray Reardon Trophy; Reardon himself presented the first trophy bearing his name to the 2017 winner Stuart Bingham.

The event was sponsored by Regal until 2003, but UK restrictions on tobacco advertising meant that it was without a sponsor until 2009. The tournament was sponsored by Totesport.com in 2010, by Wyldecrest Park Homes in 2011, by 888真人 in 2012, and by BetVictor from to 2013 to 2016. In 2017 the tournament was sponsored by Coral.

In 1996, Paul Hunter reached the semi-finals at the age of 17 years and 111 days, becoming the youngest player to reach this stage of a ranking tournament.

John Higgins holds the record for the most Welsh Open titles, having won the event on 5 occasions. The other multiple winners are Ronnie O'Sullivan with 4 victories, Stephen Hendry with 3, and Steve Davis, Ken Doherty, Paul Hunter, Mark Williams and Neil Robertson with 2 wins each.

Like the Welsh Professional Championship, it was played at the Newport Centre in Newport, before moving to the Cardiff International Arena in 1999. It was moved back to Newport in 2005, where it remained until 2014. In January 2014, World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn announced that the 2014 tournament would be the last held in Newport, and that he would open negotiations to move the event to a larger venue, most likely in Cardiff. The event was held at the Motorpoint Arena in Cardiff from 2015 to 2020, before moving back to Newport in 2021 and 2022. The 2023 event was held in Llandudno, the first time in its history that it has been staged in neither Newport nor Cardiff. The tournament is broadcast by BBC Wales, Eurosport, CCTV, SMG, Now TV and Showtime Arabia. In the early days it was televised by both BBC Wales (in English), S4C (in Welsh) and Sky Sports.

There have been ten maximum breaks in the history of the tournament. The first was made by Ronnie O'Sullivan in 1999, against James Wattana. The second was made at the qualifying stage of the 2000 event by Barry Pinches, against Joe Johnson. The third was made by Andrew Higginson in 2007, against Ali Carter. The fourth 147 was made in 2011 by Stephen Hendry, against Stephen Maguire. This was Hendry's 10th 147 break, and with this he equalled the record for most maximums with Ronnie O'Sullivan. He also became the oldest player at the time to compile a maximum break at the age of 42 years and 35 days. The fifth maximum was made by O'Sullivan in 2014, in the last frame of the final against Ding Junhui. This was O'Sullivan's 12th 147 break, and with it he set the record for most maximums. It was also the last maximum to be compiled before the event moved to Cardiff. Ding Junhui made the sixth at the quarter-finals of the 2016 tournament, against Neil Robertson. Two maximum breaks were made at the 2019 event, one by Neil Robertson in the first round, against Jordan Brown, and one by Noppon Saengkham in the third round, against Mark Selby. The ninth maximum was made in 2020 by Kyren Wilson on his first visit to the table in his first round match against Jackson Page. Shaun Murphy made the tenth maximum break in 2023 in his third round match against Daniel Wells. The most recent maximum break was compiled by Gary Wilson in 2024, during the semi-final against Higgins.

title: Welsh Open (snooker)


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Emily the Strange

Emily the Strange is an illustrated fictional character featured in several comic books, graphic novels and in various merchandise and clothing lines. She was created by Rob Reger for his company Cosmic Debris Etc. Inc. located in San Francisco, California.

History
She first appeared on Santa Cruz Skateboards professional skater Ross Goodman's skateboard graphics. Nathan Carrico, graphic artist and creative director, designed Emily in 1991 for Santa Cruz Skateboards in Santa Cruz, California.

Publications
Emily the Strange is published in several formats by publishers including Chronicle Books, Dark Horse Comics, and later HarperCollins.

The Chronicle Books hardback graphic novellas include:
 * Emily the Strange (2001)
 * Emily's Secret Book of Strange (2003)
 * Emily's Good Nightmares (2005)
 * Emily's Seeing Is Deceiving (2006)

In 2005, the first two issues of the comic book series were released by Dark Horse Comics—"The Boring Issue" (#1) and "The Lost Issue" (#2). "The Dark Issue" (#3) was published in 2006. The collected edition of the first three comic books (Emily the Strange: Lost, Dark, and Bored) was published in November 2006. The fourth offering, "The Rock Issue" (#4), was published in 2007. An ongoing, monthly, standard-length series has been published since March 2008.

Dark Horse Comics announced the publication of The Art of Emily Volume One, the first collection of images showing the wide and inspired range of artistic styles and mediums that have been used to create the world of Emily the Strange: silk-screened vinyl skateboard stickers to custom rock-and-roll album art, large-scale psychedelic paintings, and intricate Mongolian paper cutting, the fantastic and artful imaginings of Rob Reger, Buzz Parker, and a large number of collaborators.

Since 2008 Emily the Strange has been published in France by Soleil Productions.

In October 2007, it was first announced that four young adult novels based on the Emily the Strange character will be published by HarperCollins. They will be co-written by Rob Reger and Jessica Gruner.

The first HarperCollins novel, Emily the Strange: The Lost Days, was released in June 2009. Written in a diary format, it opens with Emily attempting to recover her memory and regain her sense of style. Co-author Rob Reger says the book maps new territory inside the mind of his popular character. "In the past, it’s been us describing her," he says. "This is the first time anybody gets to hear how she talks to herself and her cats.".

The next book in HarperCollins' four-book series, Emily the Strange: Stranger and Stranger, was released in March 2010. In this book Emily is back in Blandindulle and preparing to move to a new town. While experimenting with her supply of Blackrock and duplicating device she accidentally clones herself. Enjoying the benefit of a second Emily at first, the real Emily comes across problems such as identity crisis and loss of some of her unique talents. Not to mention the fact that her clone thinks she is the real Emily and evidently plans to end Emily Strange for good.

The third HarperCollins book, Emily the Strange: Dark Times was released on December 27, 2011. Emily is in Duntztown when she needs a student ID to obtain a discount at the local hardware store. After going to school and borrowing an ID, she decides to homeschool herself literally, as opposed to lying about it in the past two books. During a seminar "History of the Strange Family 101", Emily finds out that her Great-Aunt Lily died by white fever at age 13, though she had healing powers and could probably heal herself. A rumor that a Dark Aunt caused her death is spreading too. Emily goes to Blackrock to find black rock for her Time Out Machine, only to find that Blackrock is not there and that the caravan is with her. She learns about Boris, Attikol's ancestor, and decides to time travel into 1790 to save Lily and take Boris off her tail using a moving, severed cat's tail.

The fourth and final HarperCollins book, Emily the Strange: Piece of Mind was also released on December 27, 2011. It includes:

1. The Thought Thief

2. Ancestral enemies (and a few ancestral friends)

3. Modern-day Seasidetown

4. FelinoMobileTranscriptoSpy devices

5. Abandoned souvenir kiosk

6. Jakey's memories

7. Super secret book vault

8. Stolen blueprints

9. Regret Maneuvers A through Z

10. Final exams in Particle Physics and How-to With Glue

11. Hero-worshipping engineers

12. The 13th Dark Girl

13. Black rock

On January 30, 2013, Dark Horse Comics and Rob Reger brought Emily and The Strangers #1. And then in March came Emily and The Strangers #2. In July came Emily and The Strangers #3.

Collected Comic Book editions
Emily the Strange is collected in trade paperbacks and limited-edition hardcovers, each including extra material from the original publications.

Harper Collins young adult novel series
In June 2009, Emily the Strange: The Lost Days was first published through HarperCollins’ children imprint branch. Subsequently, three more young adult novels followed, all written by Rob Reger and Jessica Gruner, and illustrated by Rob Reger and Buzz Parker.

Brand expansion
The Emily the Strange franchise has a considerable merchandising catalog, including clothing, stationery, stickers and fashion accessories. All of the products feature Emily's distinctive appearance and frequently feature one of her cynical sayings such as "Get Lost," "Be All You Can't Be," or "Wish You Weren't Here".

Retail stores
Cosmic Debris has opened four Emily the Strange flagship stores to date (Taiwan, Taipei, Hong Kong and Greece), with plans to open Emily the Strange retail stores in the Americas in the following years.

In 2005, the company partnered with British punk rock band The Damned, in the release and artwork for their single Little Miss Disaster. Other co-branding alliances and partnerships have included Jones Soda, Gibson Guitars, Zippo, and Manic Panic (hair coloring, nail polishes and colorful extensions).

Clothing
In July/August 2003 V magazine ran a double page spread of clothing inspired by the character, created by Chanel, Gautier, Helmut Lang, Marc Jacobs, and others. Emily has been shown in Vanilla Sky and on MADtv. Celebrities including Julia Roberts, Britney Spears, and Björk have all worn the brand. Epiphone has created an Emily the Strange-themed SG guitar, based on an Epiphone G-310, with a bolt-on neck, customized Emily the Strange graphics, and a special strap.

Since 2010 Emily the Strange apparel is manufactured and distributed by Italian company Pier Spa.

In other media
Rob Reger designed and included the Emily the Strange cartoon in a 12-page foldout booklet for the album BatBox by Miss Kittin in 2008.

Since 2000, Rob Reger has been trying to make a feature film adaptation of Emily. In 2005, it was reported that Fox Animation would make a live action/animated feature film, Kealan O’Rourke will rewrite the film's script. In December 2016, it was reported that Horse Entertainment and Amazon Studios were in negotiations to make an animated film.

Cats
Emily is usually shown accompanied by four black cats. Sabbath, the newest cat to join the Strange family, is usually identified by a tear on one of his ears and one bent whisker. Miles, the most artistic cat of the group and also the fastest, is identified by his pointy ears, X-mark over his right eye and two pointy whiskers. Nee Chee, the thinker of the group (also known as the schemer), is identified by the black and white stripes on his tail caused by a chemical spill, as well as three whiskers. Mystery, the leader of the group and the only female of the four cats, seems to be the closest to Emily, and therefore thought to be the cat that has been with Emily the longest. Mystery is identified by the star on her collar, one curly whisker and occasionally a star on her left eye.

Character origin controversy
The very first Emily the Strange illustration dates from 1991, but the 1978 children's book Nate the Great Goes Undercover features a very similar illustration of a young girl named Rosamond. She also has long black hair and is frequently accompanied by her black cats. When Rosamond is introduced she wears a short dress and white Mary Jane shoes, similar to Emily, and in a similar pose.

This illustration is accompanied by the text, "Rosamond did not look hungry or sleepy. She looked like she always looks. Strange." The first Emily the Strange design by Cosmic Debris says: "Emily did not look tired or happy. She looked like she always looks. Strange."

When Rosamond's creators, Marjorie Sharmat and Marc Simont, allegedly began contacting companies who had contracts related to Emily the Strange and urged them to drop their relationships with Cosmic Debris, Cosmic Debris sued Sharmat and Simont. Sharmat and Simont counter-sued. "Emily the Strange, like Rosamond, is a young girl in a short dress, black tights, and Mary Jane shoes. Emily, like Rosamond, has long dark hair with square-cut bangs. Emily, like Rosamond, is typically attended by four black cats. Emily, like Rosamond, is described as being strange and has a fascination with dark themes," alleged the complaint.

Cosmic Debris contended that Emily and Rosamond both drew from a tradition of similar characters including Vampira and Wednesday Addams, and argued that while the text of the initial Emily illustration was nearly identical with Sharmat's text, that illustration had been withdrawn in 1998 and the statute of limitations had therefore run out.

On August 12, 2009, the creator of Emily the Strange and the creators of Nate the Great jointly announced an agreement resolving all disputes between them. Each side agreed to give up all claims against the other as part of their settlement. "We recognize that Emily and Rosamond are both unique and original characters, and we are pleased that we were able to resolve this dispute," said Marjorie Sharmat and Marc Simont. "We wish Rob, Cosmic Debris, Emily and her fans all the very best."

title: Emily the Strange


text:
Talk:Sapmi

Merge with Lapland
Why was this article started? The Sapmi region ought to be the same as the Lapland region, which already have an existing article. The relevant issue would be if it whould be placed at Sapmi or Lapland, but that question should have been raised at Talk:Lapland. -- Mic 13:39, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * I did not know that the Sápmi-region in Sweden, Norway, Finland and Russia was called "Lapland". Maybe both Sapmi and Lapland would be renamed to Sápmi? I think it is better to use the transcription "Sami" and my wish is that we named it Sápmi/Sapmi. I'm sorry Mic for my action (I though the earlier article refered to counties.) // Rogper 16:14, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The articles cover the same topic and I think your additions to Sapmi should be merged into Lapland. Including the map and flag. The real question however is whether it should remain at Lapland or whether it should be moved to Sapmi. From a Sami point of view it may be natural to call it "Sapmi", but so is using the term "Sverige" rather than Sweden if you are Swedish. What is relevant here is the proper English term. I feel that Lapland is still the proper term, even if the similar name "Lappland" in the Scandinavian languages may have a negative connotation. However, I would like to see more opinion on this. (A related issue is the recent move of the article from from Saami to Sami.) -- Mic 17:30, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * P.S. Just for a note: Länsstyrelsen in Norrbottens län calls it "Sapmi", i.e. the cross-country region . United Nations have used it in here, whereas Lapland refers to the Finnish province. :) D.S. // Rogper 20:12, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we need to stay clear from the meaning of "Lappland" in Swedish and Finnish, which refers to a historical province, as well as current administrative entities and only refers to those countries. In English "Lapland" also refers to Norway and Russia and the same would be true for "Laponie" in French, for instance.
 * If you wish to make a separation and define the Lapland region from an exclusively Sami perspective, I think it would be better to do that with in the existing Sami article. In this sense Lapland would also be the broader term since it would not exclude groups. The problem that arises from having both Lapland and Sapmi at the same time is that they both are competing to describe the same region and this will only lead to confusion among readers. In such a case Sapmi, instead of redirecting to Lapland should be made into a disambiguation page between;

 * Sápmi - the geographical region of Lapland
 * Sápmi - the ancestral lands of the Sami people

 * -- Mic 08:33, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * "Sapmi" is not the English-language terminology though ᚣᚷᚷᛞᚱᚫᛋᛁᛚ
 * P.S. Even though (the Swedish etymologi rooted) Lapland is used in Britannica, "Sápmi" is officially used in European Union to this cross-country region, as well officially word in United Nations. There is simply two words, and my opinion is that we follow the EU and UN and redirect Sapmi and Lapland to Sápmi. D.S. // Rogper 21:18, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This is the English-language wikipedia: Lapland is the English-language term used for this region, Sámpi is not. Lapland should be used in preference, but the term "Sámpi" should be given an explaination also. ᚣᚷᚷᛞᚱᚫᛋᛁᛚ

title: Talk:Sapmi


text:
Talk:Operation Mongoose (disambiguation)

Untitled
Deleted this ...

NOTE: Noam Chomsky says that the US was commiting acts of terror in the Cuban Operation Mongoose.

Seems somewhere between baseless and obvious. (Take your pick)

PaulinSaudi 13:42, 19 May 2004 (UTC)]]

But also true (sabotage of major target, probably mining of waters). Take a look at : Attorney General (and JFK's brother) agreeing "there should be considerably more sabotage". See also November 8 in , blowing up of a factory. Not the US's finest moment.

Rwendland 18:30, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Daniel James Wolf

Daniel James Wolf (born September 13, 1961 in Upland, California) is an American composer.

Studies
Wolf studied composition with Gordon Mumma, Alvin Lucier, and La Monte Young, as well as musical tunings with Erv Wilson and Douglas Leedy and ethnomusicology (M.A., Ph.D. 1990 Wesleyan University ). Important contacts with Lou Harrison, John Cage, Walter Zimmermann. Managing Editor of the journal Xenharmonikon, 1985-89. Based in Europe from 1989, he is known as a member of the "Material" group of composers, along with Hauke Harder, Markus Trunk and others.

Compositions
Wolf's compositions apply an experimental approach to musical materials, with a special interest in intonation, yet often display a surface that playfully - if accidentally - recalls historical music. Major works include The White Canoe, an opera seria for hand puppets to the libretto by Edward Gorey, six string quartets, Figure & Ground for string trio, Field Study for vn, tb, ban, gui, Decoherence for x orchestras of x players, Twoity fl,pf and A Beckett Gray Code for wind quintet. Much of his music is in just intonation, but his work with alternative tunings includes a collection of Etudes in all equal temperaments between 8 and 23 notes per octave.

Composer Wolf identifies with the experimental music tradition—especially its American West Coast manifestation—spiritually, intellectually and personally. He jokingly calls his method "dysfunctional harmony" or "not yet tonal", with some reference to the "anarchic harmony" found in the late music of John Cage. Three distinct streams combine to form Wolf's work: sound installations, experimental concert works based on sound structures mostly free from historical associations, and experimental concert works based on reifying the tradition of European art music (or other world musics) and then performing operations on its internal principles.

title: Daniel James Wolf


text:
Talk:Emily the Strange

Man death
Ghj 116.72.129.18 (talk) 04:39, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emily the Strange


text:
Jim Colclough

James Michael Colclough (March 31, 1936 – May 16, 2004) was an American football flanker-split end, member of the original Boston Patriots team in the American Football League (AFL) and later head coach of the Division III Boston State College football team. Known as Coleslaw, a spin off his last name, Colclough played college football at Boston College, one season as a defensive back in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Montreal Alouettes in 1959 and nine more with the Patriots from 1960 to 1968, including the AFL's inaugural 1960 season.

In 2009, Colclough was named to the Patriots' 1960s All-Decade Team. His 17.7-yards average per reception ranks third in franchise history and his 39 touchdown catches are fourth on its all-time list.

Among receivers, Colclough was one of the premier deep threats in Patriots history. His ten receptions for touchdowns and 21.7 yards per reception in 1962 earned him a spot on the East Division All-Star team. His career highlights included a seven-reception, 142-yard, two-touchdown performance in a 45-17 romp over the Denver Broncos on Sept. 16, 1961 at Nickerson Field. Overall, he had 283 receptions for 5,001 yards and 39 touchdowns in his AFL career.

In 1970, Colclough partnered with two of the most eligible bachelors in professional sports, Derek Sanderson of the NHL's Boston Bruins and Joe Namath of the NFL's New York Jets, as proprietors of the popular "Bachelors III" dating bar in downtown Boston.

After retirement as a player, Colclough served as the head coach at Boston State College in the 1978 and 1979 campaigns. Under his tutelage, the Warriors compiled a 10-8 record in the New England Football Conference (currently Commonwealth Coast Football). In his first season, they were NEFC co-champions with a 6-2 record (6-3 overall).

Colclough died on May 16, 2004 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston from complications of hepatitis C.

title: Jim Colclough


text:
Talk:Samir Geagea

{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=

}}
 * blp=yes

Trolling
I suggest this page being locked because several trollers are putting silly content... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.151.224.29 (talk) 09:25, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Bias
I dont even like geagea but compared to the aoun article its clear this article is against him —Preceding unsigned comment added by Miss-simworld (talk • contribs) 10:44, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, i myself too am not the biggest fan of Geagea as a person but this does not justify this atrocious bias. i'm currently reviewing the sources and fixing what can be fixed, your help is appreciated. Eli +  23:10, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

thanks im not Lebanese but i have stuided and researched alot into lebanese history and there is alot of biases. Samir Geagea is not someone im fond of, the LF would of probally been better of with another leader but the article mostly mentions the negative aspects of his life their is little neutrality. As far as the LF are concerned even if i may not agree with their views I do understtand them why they have anti-panarab views i do sometimes understand were the anger to Syria,Palestinains is sourced --- the war.

but on the topic of bias i think the aoun article should reviewed there are too many biases in that article more than this one. Reading it the first and not knowing anything about Lebanon you would think the man is a saint and hero to most christians (Which currently since his alliance with hezbollah he isnt) i know for a fact that he doesnt have 70% of support,and it doenst mention the controvesry there was when he visited syria and claims of him defending Syrian Leader Assad or him changing his mind on hezbollah.

Geagea is no saint in my opinion but the aoun article should reflect it too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Miss-simworld (talk • contribs) 23:37, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I am not going anywhere near Aoun related articles, any edit that doesn't please his zealots would spark a never ending edit war. Eli +  04:13, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Protected for 48 hours to stop ongoing edit war. DGG (talk) 22:32, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Please When this is unprotected, please fix the misspelling of Condoleezza Rice. -Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 00:55, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Professor Juan Cole from the University of Michigan has accused this article of lacking a neutral POV:

http://www.juancole.com/2009/06/march-14-faction-wins-in-lebanon.html

"Then there is the Lebanese Forces, which is a revival of a rightwing Christian group that played a very sinister role in the Lebanese civil war and after, led by Samir Geagea,who was convicted of terrorism. (BTW, Geagea's Wikipedia entry is pro-Geagea propaganda and an example of why wikipedia is worthless when it comes to controversial subjects)."

He links to a December 15, 2008 LA Times article by Borzou Daragahi:

http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/15/world/fg-warlord15 68.178.59.178 (talk) 20:09, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

I dont actually agree.. i find this article to be far from neutral! it is true that negative sides of geagea were put out but COME ONE let's face it, he didnt do too much good during civil war. Plus the Tal el Zaatar massacre, the Karantina massacre but mostly the SAbra and Chatila massacre werent even mentioned! That is a disgrace! I know a guy that used to fight near Geagea during the civil war and he openly told me that geagea was the head of Tony Frangieh's assassination (with Hobeika of course). HE has blood all over his hands —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hindhamdan (talk • contribs) 07:54, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

This article is still very biased years later, especially the trial section. It says that Geagea was framed and that it was unfair that only he was not given amnesty for previous crimes. Wikipedia is not the place for that kind of judgment, it's supposed to be impartial and encyclopedic...J'onn J'onzz (talk) 18:11, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Juan Cole is a Far-Leftist and pro palestinian
That alone makes him bias. Palestinians didnt do much good either, but there is rarely a wikipedia article let alone sections within PLO leaders or members mentioning the massacres they did. Geagea isnt the only one with blood on his hand. Berri,Joumblatt,SSNP all have their share too, the difference is geagea is the ONLY one to be charged for them. Sabra Shatila had nothing to do with geagea that was HOBEIKA who led that massacre, tel zatar and karantina was an attacked against the PLO who based their strongholds within those camps(1000s of PLO fighters) were there at the time, this was in 1976 there was No LF then and it was SYRIA who facilitated those attacks with the phlange and yes many innocents died. but initially it was attack against the PLO who were basing terrorist activites within those camps to attack lebanese. it was back and forth retalitiaion,which the article should mention the palestinians started in the early 1970s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Miss-simworld (talk • contribs) 19:23, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

What SHOULD be mention if we are too be fair and negative to geagea is the incident with Karami,narh al moot incident(geagea is resposible for) and the war with the army(which ironically aoun started). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.5.38.77 (talk) 15:50, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Edit warring
Would someone please protect the page, vandals are unstoppable, writing defamatory content and politically driven attacks and propaganda is not acceptable, please stop user:Stayplus12 's fabrications, he clearly has no intent of refraining from vandalizing the page, i'm running close to my 3rrr. Eli +

This isn't the correct avenue for protecting the page. See WP:Dispute resolution if there's any argument about content (from the recent edits, I don't see a whole lot of dispute, if any, but I could be wrong). If you want the page protected you'll have to go to WP:RFPP, and request it be protected due to a dispute. But please don't waste people's time in looking at the matter if there's no major dispute, or if it can be worked out without a third party. Killiondude (talk) 16:32, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Samir Geagea


text:
Talk:Norman Lamm

Rabbi Lamm
This is better than the copyvio page that was here before. I'm concerned, however, by the repeated use to words like "greatest", "gifted", "eloquent" and what not. All have the smell of POV to them. This article is not supposed to convince the reader of Rabbi Lamm's greatness; a reasonable reader can make inference without having to be bombarded with commendations as to Reb Norman's oratorial skill. I have left most of these words in place for now. Another concern is the link to the article on the controversy between Rabbi Lamm and Rabbi Elya Svei. Is this pertinent to the article? Is it a chillul hashem? JFW | T@lk  13:56, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Jfd:Rabbi Lamm is considered to be "great" by the Modern Orthodox world. He is a "gifted" speaker and fundraiser. How else to understand his prominence and importance in that domain? It would make no sense to say that "no-one" considers him great, or that he is "not" a good fundraiser or speaker as that would be neither true nor accurate. If someone wants to, they can insert how Dr. Lamm is viewed by other groups. As for the dispute with Rabbi Svei, the article shows how the "YU crowd" reacted to it, it's open information and no secret, after all Rabbi Svei made that announcement (against Rabbi Lamm) in public in front of hundreds of people with the media nearby, (in fact I put it in as an extrenal link rather than going into the entire issue in the body of the article, but it is actually mentioned on Wikipedia (I had nothing to do with the "hate speech" Wiki article, in fact one day I hope to put in a good response on behalf of the Torah world (Bli Neder), see it at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Orthodox_Judaism/hatespeech_towards_other_Jews#Ultra-Orthodox_views_of_Modern_Orthodox_Jews ), and since when is Wikipedia concerned about Chilul H-shem? If that's the case you can delete 90% of the stuff on Judaism from Wikipedia as it's full of anti-Torah views where-ever you look. It's a tough neighborhood, that I will tell you. IZAK 04:42, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

It would make no sense to say that "no-one" considers him great - IZAK, I wasn't saying this at all. But: this is an encyclopedia article, not aimed at lauding Rabbi Lamm, who is effectively leading Modern Orthodoxy and has written and spoken about very important issues facing Judaism nowadays. The article on Rabbi Lamm will stand without promotional terms as to his oratorial skills; this is a matter of personal preference and therefore POV. I was making the chillul Hashem comment more tongue-in-cheek than in any other form. But: the purpose of this link might be worthy of reexamination. The link doesn't work, by the way. The "hatespeech" page has moved to Relationship between segments of Judaism, which is a much more NPOV title anywayz. JFW | T@lk  08:21, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

POV
This article is crammed with the most outragous POV. I'm only removing the obvious poiints that clearly defy the guidelines.jucifer 18:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I certainly agree and will do my best help out. Watch out for IZAK in particular; apparently he feels the need to censor pertinent criticism of Dr. Lamm within the orthodox community.  IZAK, please understand that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, "NOT a soapbox"  --Ryu Kobayashi

Really? Who is "Rabbi Nissim Cahn"? Where did he criticize Lamm? Jayjg (talk) 23:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Have you bothered reading the sources that are already posted? Apparently Rabbi Nissim Cahn is an accomplished Talmudist and Rabbi in contemporary orthodox Judaism; I would think that his criticism of Dr. Lamm is pertinent to the topic and is legitimate for inclusion in encyclopedia.  Keep in mind that keeping this here does not in any way shape or form endorse this view.  It is merely presenting the fact that the criticism exists.  I am not an expert on this topic but I do want to reduce the POV in any article I see (please click my user name for more info on my campaign to improve Wikipedia), and this one article struck me as very POV.  If you want to reword the criticism, by all means go ahead (it actually does look sloppy) but do not outright delete it.  Once again, Wikipedia is not a soapbox for you to censor valid criticisms of your favorite leaders.  -- Ryu Kobayashi

There are no other sources posted; you've invented Cahn. Please stop playing games. Jayjg (talk) 23:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

By the way, 0 Google hits. Jayjg (talk) 23:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I assure you I did not "invent" Cahn. I could care less about Google hits.  Please do the reading for yourself, do not jump to conclusions, and do not continue the blatant and destructive censorship that IZAK has begun.  Thank you.  Ryu Kobayashi

Who is he then? Please provide some credible reference. Jayjg (talk) 23:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree. The Zionism section desperately needs an objective rewrite. I will look into it -- FeldBum 23:18, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Kahn, or Cahn, was and is a prominant member of the RIETS staff. He was the "Rosh Kollel", or Dean of the Graduate Rabbinical Dptmnt. After crossing swords with R'Lamm on more than one occasion concerning Lamm's more "relaxed" religious views, the Board took Lamm's side and demoted Kahn to head a less prestigious Kollel within RIETS. Even though this discussion is old, I thought I would clear it up.  Shykee 21:27, 19 May 2006 (UTC)shykee
 * I am not sure if he is the same Kahn mentioned in the article. I will have to clear that up before doing any edits.   Shykee 21:32, 19 May 2006 (UTC)shykee
 * See my profile. He's certainly not a YU RY or RK anymore. --Yodamace1 18:13, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems that this "Nissin" fellow is indeed fictitious. I was referring to R' Ahron Kahn.

Shykee 05:05, 12 June 2006 (UTC)shykee

The section about TuM is horribly slanted. The idea that those who espouse TuM do so out of convenience whereas those who oppose it do so out of a concern for "purity" is insane. There is not one major proponent of TuM who would claim that the strength of TuM lies in any way in its convenience. Furthermore, I highly doubt how many of those who oppose TuM have actually read R. Lamm's book, so before we go about trumpeting the "purity" of R. Lamm's opponents, let's source this section a little better (or just keep it as I just left it - even though the comparison between Hirschian Torah Im Derekh Eretz and TuM is also awful). ---JSMajor

Image
Removing unverifiedimage see:. IZAK 06:13, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Controversy
Can someone add some sources to this? -- FeldBum 22:00, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

What about the (in)famous "Gifter Shechts Lamm on Pesach" speech? NeverWorker (Drop me a line) 07:58, 5 October 2009 (UTC) Yes, its definitely enclopedic and important to mention. Rabbi Gifter gave over the Haredi take on Lamm and his views.  Jackthepriest

Rabbi Nissim Cahn
Can't find that name anywhere so I deleted the part of the article mentioning him. I have a feeling it's a spelling error. --Yodamace1 19:02, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Please see my comment above. Shykee 21:29, 19 May 2006 (UTC)shykee

Sexual abuse scandal and his current mental health and involvement in YU?
Someone should add a sexual abuse scandal section. Also what is his current mental health status? (i.e. dementia) and is he actually still involved in YU like the current article says? This isn't a great source since it's an opinion piece but see the following Beacon article that says he has dementia and is no longer involved with YU. http://thebeaconmag.com/2012/12/opinions/unneccessary-evil-the-crimes-of-a-newspaper/ Infoinfoinfo123 (talk) 19:19, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Centrist Orthodoxy
I do not think the explanation is accurate. Centrist Orthodoxy has little to do with modern orthodoxy itself. I believe MO is a category outside of the idea of centrist versus right/left orthodoxy. Centrist orthodoxy could maybe attached to traditionalist yeshivot that are more centered. 184.59.65.106 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:05, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Norman Lamm


text:
Talk:Trollhättan Municipality

Hätta don´t mean Hill. The word "Hätta" is a type of hat the nurses had in older time. Hill in swedish are "kulle".

My name is Leif and i am born in Trollhättan 1963 where i still live.

At the Trollhättan city homepage: you can read:

The name "Trollhättan" comes from the folkloristic tales. People once believed that big trolls were living in the river and that the islands in the river where the trolls' hoods (=hättor).

Manhattan
Trollhattan:Troll::Manhattan:Man? :)

 * I noticed that, too. I doubt it will be long before someone creates a "Trollhattan" user account and claims an exception from the policy against names containing the word "troll". jdb ❋ 07:20, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Demonym
What is the demonym for the residents of Trollhattan? LorenzoB (talk) 04:46, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * In Swedish they are called "Trollhättebor", which means Trollhattan residents. --BIL (talk) 13:53, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I think demonyms are seldom used in Swedish (other that nationalities and such things). We use to attache the word -bor - residents or perhaps -are (Stockholmare - Stockholmers). There are some rare cases like kalmarit for a person from Kalmar. But in such cases the person is born and raised in Kalmar (but perhaps living in another place) and not just a resident (born and raised in another place) Otherwise he is just a Kalmarbo. --Muniswede (talk) 19:19, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trollhättan Municipality


text:
Psychedelic therapy

Psychedelic therapy (or psychedelic-assisted therapy) refers to the proposed use of psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, and ayahuasca, to treat mental disorders. As of 2021, psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy is not legally available outside clinical trials, with some exceptions.

The procedure for psychedelic therapy differs from that of therapies using conventional psychiatric medications. While conventional medications are usually taken without supervision at least once daily, in contemporary psychedelic therapy the drug is administered in a single session (or sometimes up to three sessions) in a therapeutic context. The therapeutic team prepares the patient for the experience beforehand and helps them integrate insights from the drug experience afterwards. After ingesting the drug, the patient normally wears eyeshades and listens to music to facilitate focus on the psychedelic experience, with the therapeutic team interrupting only to provide reassurance if adverse effects such as anxiety or disorientation arise.

As of 2022, the body of high-quality evidence on psychedelic therapy remains relatively small and more, larger studies are needed to reliably show the effectiveness and safety of psychedelic therapy's various forms and applications. On the basis of favorable early results, ongoing research is examining proposed psychedelic therapies for conditions including major depressive disorder, anxiety and depression linked to terminal illness, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The United States Food and Drug Administration has granted "breakthrough therapy" status, which expedites the potential approval of promising drug therapies, to psychedelic therapies using psilocybin (for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder) and MDMA (for post-traumatic stress disorder).

Prehistoric use of psychedelic substances
Humans have long consumed psychedelic substances derived from cacti, seeds, bark, and roots of various plants and fungi. Since ancient times, shamans and medicine men have used psychedelics as a way to gain access to the spirit world. Though western culture usually views the practice of shamans and medicine men as predominantly spiritual in nature, elements of psychotherapeutic practice can be read into the entheogenic or shamanic rituals of many cultures.

Research in the mid-20th century
Shortly after Albert Hofmann discovered the psychoactive properties of LSD in 1943, Sandoz Laboratories began widespread distribution of LSD to researchers in 1949. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, scientists in several countries conducted extensive research into experimental chemotherapeutic, and psychotherapeutic uses of psychedelic drugs. In addition to spawning six international conferences and the release of dozens of books, over 1,000 peer-reviewed clinical papers detailing the use of psychedelic compounds (administered to approximately 40,000 patients) were published by the mid-1960s. Proponents believed that psychedelic drugs facilitated psychoanalytic processes, making them particularly useful for patients with conditions such as alcoholism that are otherwise difficult to treat. However, many of these trials did not meet the methodological standards that are required today.

Researchers like Timothy Leary felt psychedelics could alter the fundamental personality structure or subjective value-system of an individual to great potential benefit. Beginning in 1961, he conducted experiments with prison inmates in an attempt to reduce recidivism with short, intense psychotherapy sessions. Participants were administered psilocybin during these sessions weeks apart with regular group therapy sessions in between. Psychedelic therapy was also applied in a number of other specific patient populations including individuals with alcoholism, children with autism, and persons with terminal illness.

Regulation and prohibition in the late 20th century
Throughout the 1960s, concerns raised about the proliferation of unauthorized use of psychedelic drugs by the general public (and, most notably, the counterculture) resulted in the imposition of increasingly severe restrictions on medical and psychiatric research conducted with psychedelic substances. Many countries either banned LSD outright or made it extremely scarce, and, bowing to governmental concerns, Sandoz halted production of LSD in 1965. During a congressional hearing in 1966, Senator Robert F. Kennedy questioned the shift of opinion, stating, "Perhaps to some extent we have lost sight of the fact that (LSD) can be very, very helpful in our society if used properly." In 1968, Dahlberg and colleagues published an article in the American Journal of Psychiatry detailing various forces that had successfully discredited legitimate LSD research. The essay argues that individuals in government and the pharmaceutical industry sabotaged the psychedelic research community by canceling ongoing studies and analysis while labeling genuine scientists as charlatans.

Studies on medicinal applications of psychedelics ceased entirely in the United States when the Controlled Substances Act was passed in 1970. LSD and many other psychedelics were placed into the most restrictive "Schedule I" category by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Schedule I compounds are claimed to possess "significant potential for abuse and dependence" and have "no recognized medicinal value", effectively rendering them illegal to use in the United States for all purposes. Despite objections from the scientific community, authorized research into therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs had been discontinued worldwide by the 1980s.

Despite broad prohibition, unofficial psychedelic research and therapeutic sessions continued nevertheless in the following decades. Some therapists exploited windows of opportunity preceding scheduling of particular psychedelic drugs. Informal psychedelic therapy was conducted clandestinely in underground networks consisting of sessions carried out both by licensed therapists and autodidacts within the community. Due to the largely illegal nature of psychedelic therapy in this period, little information is available concerning the methods that were used. Individuals having published information between 1980 and 2000 regarding psychedelic psychotherapy include George Greer, Ann and Alexander Shulgin (PiHKAL and TiHKAL), Myron Stolaroff (The Secret Chief, regarding the underground therapy done by Leo Zeff), and Athanasios Kafkalides.

Resurgence in the early 21st century
In the early 2000s, a renewal of interest in the psychiatric use of psychedelics contributed to an increase in clinical research centering on the psychopharmacological effects of these drugs and their subsequent applications. Advances in science and technology allowed researchers to collect and interpret extensive data from animal studies, and the advent of new technologies such as PET and MRI scanning made it possible to examine the sites of action of hallucinogens in the brain. Furthermore, retrospective studies involving users of illicit drugs as voluntary subjects were conducted, allowing data to be collected on how psychedelics affect the human brain while simultaneously sidestepping bureaucratic difficulties associated with providing illegal substances to subjects. The new century also ushered in a broader change in political attitude towards psychedelic medicine—specifically within the Food and Drug Administration. Curtis Wright, then deputy director of the FDA Division of Anesthetic, Critical Care and Addiction Drugs explained a motivation for this change: "the agency was challenged legally in a number of cases and also underwent a process of introspection, asking 'Is it proper to treat this class of drugs differently?'"

As of 2014, global treaties listing LSD and psilocybin as "Schedule I" controlled substances continues to inhibit a better understanding of these drugs. Much of the renewed clinical research has been conducted with psilocybin and MDMA in the United States with special permission and breakthrough therapy designations by the FDA, while other studies have investigated the mechanisms and effects of ayahuasca and LSD. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is being actively researched by MAPS.

As of 2023, many new centers for psychedelics research have been launched, including the Centre for Psychedelic Research at Imperial College London, the UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics, the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at Johns Hopkins University,  the Center for Psychedelic Research and Therapy at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, the Center for Psychedelic Psychotherapy and Trauma Research at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, the Psychae Institute in Melbourne, and the Naut sa mawt Center for Psychedelic Research at Vancouver Island University. Harvard will create a Study of Psychedelics in Society and Culture.

A survey published in 2023 found strong support for psychedelic therapy among psychiatrists in the United States, revealing a significant positive shift in attitudes toward this treatment modality in comparison to a previous survey published in 2018. More than half of psychiatrists in the 2023 study expressed intentions to incorporate psychedelic therapy into their practice if regulatory approval is granted. In Australia, authorised psychiatrists can prescribe psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Applications
Psychedelic substances which may have therapeutic uses include psilocybin (the main active compound found in "magic" mushrooms), LSD, and mescaline (the main active compound in the peyote cactus). Although the history behind these substances has hindered research into their potential medicinal value, scientists are now able to conduct studies and renew research that was halted in the 1970s. Some research has shown that these substances have helped people with such mental disorders as obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, depression, and cluster headaches. Some of the well known particular psychedelic substances that have been used to this day are: LSD, DMT, psilocybin, mescaline, 2C-B, 2C-I, 5-MeO-DMT, AMT, ibogaine and DOM. In general, the mechanism of action of how these drugs have therapeutic effects is poorly understood. Their effects are strongly dependent on the environment in which they are given and on the recipient's state of mind (set and setting).

In substance use disorders
Studies by Humphry Osmond, Betty Eisner, and others examined the possibility that psychedelic therapy could treat alcoholism (or, less commonly, other addictions). Bill Wilson, the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, used LSD during supervised experiments with Betty Eisner, Gerald Heard, and Aldous Huxley. He ingested LSD for the first time on August 29, 1956. With Wilson's invitation, his wife Lois, his spiritual adviser Father Ed Dowling, and Nell Wing also participated in experimentation of this drug. Later Wilson wrote to Carl Jung, praising the results and recommending it as validation of Jung's spiritual experience. According to Wilson, the session allowed him to re-experience a spontaneous spiritual experience he had had years before, which had enabled him to overcome his own alcoholism.

A 1998 review of the effectiveness of psychedelic therapy for treating alcoholism concluded that due to methodological difficulties in the research prior to that time, it was not possible to state whether it was effective. A 2012 meta-analysis found that "In a pooled analysis of six randomized controlled clinical trials, a single dose of LSD had a significant beneficial effect on alcohol misuse at the first reported follow-up assessment, which ranged from 1 to 12 months after discharge from each treatment program. This treatment effect from LSD on alcohol misuse was also seen at 2 to 3 months and at 6 months, but was not statistically significant at 12 months post-treatment. Among the three trials that reported total abstinence from alcohol use, there was also a significant beneficial effect of LSD at the first reported follow-up, which ranged from 1 to 3 months after discharge from each treatment program."

In 2022 a systematic review was published on the efficacy of ibogaine/noribogaine, an indole alkaloid with “anti-addictive” properties, to treat substance use disorders looking at studies up to December 2020. Oral ingestion of ibogaine leads to an intense psychedelic experience with effects lasting up to 72 hours that lead participants to insights that may change the way they view life and their ways of thinking, however, the mechanism of how this drug works to reduce substance use is not yet understood. Evidence suggests that ibogaine does have some reduction on opioid and cocaine misuse, but more well designed, larger randomly controlled trials are required to fully understand the therapeutic benefits. Significant adverse reactions were experienced by participants including cardiotoxicity, QT prolongation, ataxia, psychosis, and several fatalities were reported due to toxic adverse events. Analysis of the fatalities concluded that patients with cardiac comorbidities and that those that are taking concurrent medications are at higher risk of a medical emergency.

A systematic review completed in 2023 containing studies from the past decade, looked at the ability of psychedelic therapy in combination with psychotherapy to help reduce substance use, cravings and abstinence of addictions including alcohol, cocaine, opioids and nicotine. Studies commonly reported reductions in substance misuse, however, the quality of evidence is too low to draw solid conclusions on the efficacy of psychedelic treatments for substance use disorders.

However, a systematic review of human and animal studies showed that a single dose of LSD for treatment of AUD led to greater odds of improvement in alcohol consumption than control participants.

In terminal illness
During the early 1950s and 1960s the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored the study of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD to alleviate the debilitating anxiety and depression patients with terminal diagnoses may feel. While these early studies are hard to find, the resurgence of interest in psychedelic drugs to treat humans end of life mindset has led to some small studies in the 21st century. The more recently published research strengthens the findings from the 1950s and 1960s showing the drug is extremely effective in reducing anxiety and depression in this patient population once carefully screened and has few adverse effects when administered in a psychotherapy setting and under medical supervision. The psychologists leading psychedelic drug therapy trials found that end of life patients often experience the emotional turmoil of dying more than the physical aspects. This mindset makes it difficult for patients to find meaning and enjoyment in life during their last few months or years. While all patients have completely different experiences on these mind altering drugs the research subjects interviewed all expressed they had, "heightened clarity and confidence about their personal values and priorities, and a renewed or enhanced recognition of intrinsic meaning and value of life." More recently, researchers have argued that psychedelic therapy is beneficial for these patients because it may specifically reduce their fear of dying.

As of 2016, Johns Hopkins University and New York University have conducted large randomized, placebo-controlled studies. These two studies are some of the first large controlled studies measuring the effects of psychedelic therapy on depression and anxiety in cancer patients. Across clinician-ratings and self-ratings, the psychedelic treatment produced statistically significant lowered anxiety and depression, with sustenance for at least 6 months. The studies monitored for adverse effects from the drugs but no serious adverse effects were observed. Both studies also attributed the efficacy in part to patients experiencing a "mystical experience". A mystical experience is a very personal introspective experience where some sort of unity or transcendence of time and space is described. More research is necessary to expand generalizability of the conclusions. Also, more research is necessary to understand the biological properties of a mystical experience.

Evidence is growing for the use of atypical psychedelics such as ketamine for treating depression in terminally ill patients, with repeated IV administration having the most therapeutic effect. These studies did not have any patients experience any serious adverse effects; however, ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis is a concern for repeated long-term administration. Qualitative studies are required to better understand the mechanism and thought process changes that lead to therapeutic outcomes.

In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is conducting studies in the psychedelic treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Phase 2 trials of these studies, conducted in the U.S., Canada, and Israel, consisted of 107 participants who had chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD, and had had PTSD for an average of 17.8 years. Out of the 107 participants, 61% no longer qualified for PTSD after three sessions of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy two months after the treatment. At the 12-month follow-up session, 68% no longer had PTSD. Phase 2 trials conducted between 2004 and 2010 reported an overall remission rate of 66.2% and low rates of adverse effects for subjects with chronic PTSD. In 2017, MAPS and the FDA reached an agreement on the special protocol for phase 3 trials.

Evidence shows that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy versus control shows clinically significant improvement in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) scores from baseline, with most of the patients no longer meeting the CAPS score for PTSD. Effects of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can be observed up to 12 months after receiving 2-3 active sessions of moderate to high dose MDMA (75-125 MG). It is important to note that given the difficulties with appropriate blinding in trials of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy the results are likely overestimated. Furthermore, there are no superiority or non-inferiority clinical trials comparing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to already existent evidence-based treatments for PTSD, but given the effects reported in clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD there is no reason to believe that this treatment modality is more effective than existent trauma-focused psychological treatments.

In depressive and anxiety disorders
In 2019, the FDA approved the use of esketamine for intranasal use for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), in conjunction with an oral antidepressant.

Also in 2019, the FDA granted "breakthrough therapy" status to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder in order to hasten the process for potential regulatory approval. The designation of "breakthrough therapy" fast-tracks the study of drugs where preliminary clinical evidence shows that they could be substantially more effective than therapies that are already available.

Studies on the clinical effects of ayahuasca have found significant antidepressant and anxiety-reducing effects, leading to calls for further research to overcome methodological limitations in the existing studies.

There is some evidence that psilocybin in combination with MDMA might help with psychiatric disorders, but only when administered in a controlled clinical setting.

There is limited evidence that reductions in suicidality scores can be observed immediately after administration of ayahuasca or psilocybin, observable up to 6 months after administration.

In reducing criminal behavior
In 2017, researchers mainly from the University of Birmingham published research suggesting that psilocybin use is correlated with reduced criminal behavior. The researchers analyzed data from 480,000 U.S. adults collected by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health on their past use of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, LSD, mescaline, peyote, San Pedro, and psilocybin mushrooms. While other illicit drugs have been associated with increased criminal behavior, the researchers found that psychedelic substances were instead associated with reduced criminal behavior. Usage of these substances was associated with a 12% reduction in likelihood of assault, 18% reduction in likelihood of other violent crimes, 27% reduction in likelihood of committing larceny and theft, and 22% reduction in likelihood of committing other property crimes. These findings potentially support the use of psychedelic therapy in forensic and clinical settings.

In a prior 2014 study, researchers explored the relationship between recidivism and naturalistic hallucinogens in criminal justice populations with a history of substance use. The results concluded that hallucinogens promoted prosocial behaviors in a population which is typically associated with high recidivism rates. The usage of hallucinogens has been found to reduce supervision failure in ex-convicts. This inherently encourages drug abstinence, including the use of alcohol, resulting in lower rates of recidivism.

A 2018 study found that men who had used psychedelic drugs in the past were less likely to commit violence against their current partners compared to those who hadn't used these substances. The study suggests that the use of psychedelic drugs in men might be associated with a reduced likelihood of committing violence against intimate partners, potentially due to improved emotion regulation.

A 2022 U.S. study found that use of classic psychedelics was associated with lowered odds of criminal arrest. The research suggests that 7 of the 11 arrest variables were reduced with lifetime psilocybin use. Peyote use was found to reduce the odds of driving under the influence and vehicle theft. Lastly, mescaline use was found to reduce drug possession/sale. No other substances shared a positive relationship with reducing criminal behavior.

Contraindications
Psychedelic therapy is contraindicated for people who:
 * are pregnant,
 * have a history of epilepsy/other seizure disorder,
 * have severe cardiovascular disease including uncontrolled blood pressure, heart failure, coronary artery disease or previous heart attack or stroke,
 * use medications like SSRI or MAO-I antidepressants,
 * have a personal or family history of primary psychotic or affective disorders like Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder, Bipolar 1 disorder, or psychotic symptoms in the setting of depression.

Standard psychedelic therapy
The main approach used in the contemporary resurgence of research, often simply called psychedelic therapy, involves the use of moderate-to-high doses of psychedelic drugs. The psychedelic therapy method was initiated by Humphry Osmond and Abram Hoffer (with some influence from Al Hubbard) and replicated by Keith Ditman, and is more closely aligned to transpersonal psychology than to traditional psychoanalysis. Most recent research on psychedelic therapy has used psilocybin or ayahuasca.

Patients spend most of the acute period of the drug's activity lying down with eyeshades listening to music selected beforehand and exploring their inner experience. Dialogue with the therapists the drug session(s) but essential during the preparation session before and the integration session afterwards. The therapeutic team normally consists of a man and a woman, who are both present throughout the psychedelic experience. One aspect that occurs in most participants undergoing psychedelic therapy with moderate-to-high doses is transcendental, mystical, or peak experiences. Research has suggested that the strength of these experiences, together with discussion of them soon after in a therapeutic session, could be a major determinant of how great the longer-term effects on symptoms will be.

Some studies of psychedelic therapy have incorporated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or motivational enhancement therapy (MET). Within a structured CBT intervention and a dose of psilocybin, patients are given the opportunity to experience cognitive and emotional states that are altered. With these psychedelic effects, cognitive reframing of detrimental schemas and self-identity can be modified positively.

In a MET environment, patients are able to reflect on their own behaviors to make changes in problematic manners, such as alcohol use disorder. Additionally, it could potentially enhance motivation to change and decrease possible ambivalence about behavioral changes. Within psychedelic drug sessions, through a reevaluation of the concept of self and reconnecting with core beliefs and values, this can be achieved.

Psychedelic-assisted group psychotherapy can be more cost-efficient, because therapists can split the costs among all participants of the group.

Psycholytic therapy
Psycholytic therapy involves the use of low-to-medium doses of psychedelic drugs, repeatedly at intervals of 1–2 weeks. The therapist is present during the peak of the experience to assist the patient in processing material that arises and to offer support. This general form of therapy was mostly used to treat patients with neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. The name psycholytic therapy was coined by Ronald A. Sandison, literally meaning "soul-dissolving", refers to the belief that the therapy can dissolve conflicts in the mind. Psycholytic therapy was historically an important approach to psychedelic psychotherapy in Europe, and was also practiced in the United States by some psychotherapists, including Betty Eisner. In the time since the 1970s, psycholytic therapy has not been a focus of research.

Psychedelic drugs are useful for exploring the subconscious because a conscious sliver of the adult ego usually remains active during the experience. Patients remain intellectually alert throughout the process and remember their experiences vividly afterward. In this highly introspective state, patients are actively aware of ego defenses such as projection, denial, and displacement as they react to themselves and their choices.

The ultimate goal of the therapy is to provide a safe, mutually compassionate context through which the profound and intense reliving of memories can be filtered through the principles of genuine psychotherapy. Aided by the deeply introspective state attained by the patient, the therapist assists him/her in developing a new life framework or personal philosophy that recognizes individual responsibility for change.

In Germany, Hanscarl Leuner designed a form of psycholytic therapy, which was developed officially but was also used by some socio-politically motivated underground therapists in the 1970s.

In Switzerland, Friedericke Meckel Fisher (trained by Stanislav Grof in Breathwork and Samuel Widmer in group psychedelic sessions) practiced group psycholytic therapy mainly from the early 2000s and until 2015. Meckel Fischer developed her own system of psycholytic therapy which she conducted underground, in group weekend sessions of 15 to 19 people, using medium dosages of psychedelic substances. She added and combined into this psycholytic group work, techniques of her own modified family constellation work, cathartic body work, evocative music, and periods of sharing and feedback within the group.

Claudio Naranjo
The Chilean therapist Claudio Naranjo developed a branch of psychedelic therapy that utilized drugs like MDA, MDMA, harmaline and ibogaine.

Anaclitic therapy
The term anaclitic (from the Ancient Greek "ἀνάκλιτος", anaklitos – "for reclining") refers to primitive, infantile needs and tendencies directed toward a pre-genital love object. Developed by two London psychoanalysts, Joyce Martin and Pauline McCririck, this form of treatment is similar to psycholytic approaches as it is based largely on a psychoanalytic interpretation of abreactions produced by the treatment, but it tends to focus on those experiences in which the patient re-encounters carnal feelings of emotional deprivation and frustration stemming from the infantile needs of their early childhood. As a result, the treatment was developed with the aim to directly fulfill or satisfy those repressed, agonizing cravings for love, physical contact, and other instinctual needs re-lived by the patient. Therefore, the therapist is completely engaged with the subject, as opposed to the traditional detached attitude of the psychoanalyst. With the intense emotional episodes that came with the psychedelic experience, Martin and McCririck aimed to sit in as the "mother" role who would enter into close physical contact with the patients by rocking them, giving them milk from a bottle, etc.

Hypnodelic therapy
Hypnodelic therapy, as the name suggests, was developed with the goal to maximize the power of hypnotic suggestion by combining it with the psychedelic experience. After training the patient to respond to hypnosis, LSD would be administered, and during the onset phase of the drug the patient would be placed into a state of trance. Levine and Ludwig found the combination of these techniques to be more effective than the use of either of these two components separately.

Public interest
A resurgence of public interest in psychedelic drug therapy in the 21st century has been driven in part by articles in The New Yorker, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.

Psychedelic tourism
The first article to bring attention to the uses of psychedelic drugs for mental health was titled, "Seeking the Magic Mushroom," written by Robert Gordon Wasson and published in 1957 by TIME magazine. It detailed his experience traveling to Oaxaca, Mexico and taking "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin) within the cultural practices that started the "trip" experience. Since that time there has been growing interest within the United States to travel for these unique psychedelic experiences. The market for psychedelic tourism is currently growing rapidly. While typically the vacation destinations for psychedelics are based in Central and South America there is a rise in western culture taking over their traditional practices. In the Netherlands there are psychedelic society retreats that range from $500–1200 that center on a ceremony in which tourists take magic mushrooms and trip together for around six hours. There are also underground psychedelic "guides" popping up around the United States that include leaders who claim to assist people through their trip similar to shamans in other cultures. An article in The Guardian entitled "Welcome to the trip of your life: the rise of underground LSD guides" details various styles of guides that can be found within the United States.

Psilocybin facilitators
As of January 1, 2023, psilocybin services facilitator training is available for individuals aged 21 and above who are Oregon residents. To become a psilocybin facilitator, an individual must complete a 120-hour regulated facilitator course, after which they may guide a client through a psilocybin experience. The facilitator may not engage the client in therapy; the therapeutic sessions held before and after the psilocybin experience itself are held by a psychotherapist. As of March 2023, there are currently graduates who can practice as licensed facilitators; however, no licensed service centers are yet operating.

title: Psychedelic therapy