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Type 26 frigate

The Type 26 frigate, also known as City-class frigate, is a class of frigates being built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy, with variants also being built for the Australian and Canadian navies. The programme, known as the Global Combat Ship, was launched by the British Ministry of Defence to partially replace the navy's thirteen Type 23 frigates, and for export. Its primary role is to conduct advanced anti-submarine warfare missions while supporting air defence and general purpose operations. The type is the first naval platform shared between Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom since the pre-Second World War Tribal-class destroyer.

The programme began in 1998, under what was then known as the Future Surface Combatant (FSC). However, by March 2010, this procurement programme had evolved to become the Global Combat Ship, following the announcement of a four-year, £127 million design contract being awarded to BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships. The primary development phase started on 1 April 2015 and in August 2015, the first long lead time items for Type 26 were ordered, with manufacturing then expected to begin in 2016 and the first Type 26 to be delivered in 2023. Subsequently, the commissioning date for the first ship of the class slipped to late 2026, with initial operating capability now anticipated from 2028. The frigates will be built at BAE Systems' Govan and Scotstoun yards on the River Clyde in Glasgow. The contract award to manufacture the Type 26 was announced by BAE Systems on 2 July 2017, with steel cut for the first of class, HMS Glasgow on 20 July 2017.

In June 2018, the Australian Government announced that it had selected a modified version of the Type 26 platform as the planned replacement for its Anzac-class frigate. The Royal Australian Navy will procure six Hunter-class frigate s which will be constructed by BAE Systems Australia at ASC's shipyard in Osborne, South Australia.

On 8 February 2019, the Canadian government awarded Lockheed Martin Canada a C$185 million contract to design a fleet of up to 15 warships based on the Type 26 (the Canadian Surface Combatant), with a total program cost of $60 billion. The amount of the contract will increase as the design work increases. The initial design contract is with Irving Shipbuilding of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Future Surface Combatant
The Global Combat Ship started development under the original Future Surface Combatant (FSC) programme intended to replace the Royal Navy's Type 22 and Type 23 frigates. Planning for a replacement escort vessel started in 1998 with the ordering of a research vessel, RV Triton, to study whether a trimaran design was practical for such a large and complex vessel. However, more conventional designs were ultimately preferred. In March 2005, plans were released for a two-class solution, a cheaper "Medium Sized Vessel Derivative" entering service in 2016–19 and a more capable "Versatile Surface Combatant" entering service around 2023.

In early 2006 the MoD started a Sustained Surface Combatant Capability (S2C2) programme which explored synergies between the FSC and other needs, for minesweepers, patrol ships and survey ships. By early 2007 this had crystallised into the three requirements; C1, C2 and C3. The C1 was to be an anti-submarine warfare task group-enabled platform and would displace around 6,000 tonnes. C2 was to be a more general purpose platform displacing somewhere in the region of 4–5,000 tonnes, and C3 was to be a Global Corvette to replace a larger number of smaller vessels in service, such as minesweepers, patrol and survey ships. The Global Corvette was to displace around 2–3,000 tonnes.

The C3 concept began in early 2004 when the MoD issued a Request for Information (RFI) for a smaller class of ship known as the Global Corvette. Low running costs and the ability to operate forward in shallow, coastal areas where larger ships cannot were both important. BAE Systems, VT Group, Thales and Rolls-Royce responded in the autumn of 2004 with concepts ranging from a well-equipped Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) of 1,500 tonnes to an advanced and very capable "corvette" of 3,000 tonnes, along the lines of the USN's Littoral Combat Ship programme (LCS).

The FSC concept was brought forward in the 2008 budget, at the expense of options for two Type 45 destroyers not being taken up (ships 7 and 8). In 2009 BAE Systems received a contract to design the C1 and C2 frigates with a planned 25-year life. A total of 18 vessels (10 C1 and 8 C2) were planned to enter service from 2020, at a pace of roughly one per year. In early 2010 the C3 variant was dropped in favour of the Mine Countermeasures, Hydrography and Patrol Capability (MHPC) programme.

Global Combat Ship
Official mention of the Future Surface Combatant had all but disappeared by 2010, and on 25 March of that year, BAE Systems were given a four-year, £127 million contract by the Ministry of Defence to fully design a new class of warship, the "Global Combat Ship", previously C1 of the FSC. Expectations at the time were for the first ship to be "in service" by 2021. The October 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) reaffirmed the government's commitment to the Global Combat Ship, saying; "As soon as possible after 2020 the Type 23 will be replaced by Type 26 frigates, designed to be easily adapted to change roles and capabilities depending on the strategic circumstances". As part of the defence review it was also announced that the remaining Type 22 frigates would be decommissioned without replacement, reducing the Royal Navy's escort fleet from 23 destroyers and frigates to 19 (6 Type 45 destroyers and 13 Type 23 frigates).

BAE Systems' original working baseline for the Global Combat Ship design was a vessel 141 metres long with a displacement of 6,850 tonnes and a range of 7,000 nautical miles at 18 knots. However, on 30 November 2010 it was reported that the specifications had been pared down, in effort to reduce the cost from £500M to £250–350M per ship. Subsequently, new specification details began to emerge of a smaller 5,400 tonne ship emphasising flexibility and modularity.

Unlike the FSC, the Global Combat Ship has only one hull design. However like the Franco-Italian family of FREMM multipurpose frigates, three versions are proposed for export: a design optimised for anti-submarine warfare (ASW), an anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) variant and a general purpose (GP) variant.

Although a decision was made in November 2010 to reduce the specifications and capability requirements of the Global Combat Ship design, BAE Systems' design concepts by 2014 had returned to their original working baseline of a large 6,900 tonne warship. In February 2015, the MoD and BAE Systems signed a £859 million contract to continue development and progress towards manufacturing. A 12-month demonstration phase began on 1 April 2015 and, after a 12-month extension in March 2016, was scheduled to be completed in June 2017.

Primarily due to the costs of the ship, the 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review reduced the planned procurement of Type 26 vessels from 13 ships to 8. The resulting gap would now be filled by a new class of cheaper frigate designated Type 31.

On 2 July 2017, BAE Systems announced it had been awarded a c£3.7 billion contract by the UK MoD to manufacture the first three Type 26 ships. The statement said that steel would be cut for the first ship in Glasgow "in the coming weeks." In September 2015, the programme cost was estimated at £11.5 billion, for what was then assumed to be for 13 Global Combat Ships. The cost for the current eight ships was quoted as £8 billion in 2016. Three ships were ordered in 2017 for £3.7 billion. In July 2021 it was revealed in response to a Parliamentary question that it was intended that the Type 26 frigate would be equipped with a new Future Cruise/Anti-ship Weapon from 2028.

Partnerships
The Global Combat Ship has been designed from the outset with export in mind. During a House of Commons debate on 31 January 2011, it was revealed that Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Turkey had all expressed interest in collaborating on the Global Combat Ship.

Australia
The governments of the United Kingdom and Australia had previously been exploring the potential for cooperation on the C1 and C3 designs of the Future Surface Combatant, which corresponded closely to the Royal Australian Navy's requirements in replacing its Anzac-class frigates with a new class of frigate. The two countries signed a defence cooperation treaty in January 2013 and Australia pledged cooperation on the Global Combat Ship design in order to investigate its suitability for their own procurement programme. In April 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull confirmed that the Global Combat Ship was one of three designs shortlisted for the replacement of the Anzac-class frigates.

In September 2016 the Australian government awarded BAE Systems a contract to further refine the design of the Type 26 Global Combat Ship for the Royal Australian Navy under the SEA 5000 (Future Frigate) programme. Australia issued a request for tenders (RFT) in support of the programme in late March 2017. The programme is valued at AUD35 billion (US$26.25 billion). On 10 August 2017 BAE Systems announced it had submitted its bid for the SEA 5000 programme. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced in June 2018 that BAE had won the contract and Australia would build nine units of a modified version of the Type 26 concept vessel in Adelaide.

On 20 February 2024 the Australian government announced the Hunter class order will be reduced from nine to six ships. Another class of 11 new general-purpose frigates would be selected to serve alongside the Hunter class.

Canada
During the House of Commons debate of 31 January 2011, it was also disclosed that the Canadian government was interested in collaborating on the Global Combat Ship and that the UK and Canada were in "close discussion". However, a Canadian union campaigned that the Global Combat Ship threatened Canadian shipbuilders, and in the run-up to the May 2011 election a spokesman for Peter MacKay, at the time Canadian Defence Minister, ruled out involvement with the British programme. Turkey also later rejected the design in 2012 as not meeting its requirements.

Although Canada had previously ruled out partnership with the British programme, in May 2016 IHS Janes reported that the Global Combat Ship was still one of the contenders for the Canadian Surface Combatant requirement. Indeed, in November 2017, a Lockheed Martin-led consortium put forward their "CSC Proposal", based on the Type 26 design by BAE Systems, for the Royal Canadian Navy's future frigate project.

On 19 October 2018 it was announced that BAE-Lockheed Martin was selected as the 'preferred' bidder in the Canadian Surface Combatant programme and that the Canadian government would begin negotiations to award a contract for 15 ships worth CAD$60 billion with BAE and Lockheed Martin Canada, the primary contractors. The preferred bid beat out offers from Alion Science and Technology and their proposal based on the Dutch De Zeven Provinciën air defence and command (LCF) frigate and Navantia/Saab/CEA Technologies with their proposal based on the Spanish Navy F-105 frigate.

On 21 November 2018 Alion Science and Technology asked the Federal Court for a judicial review of the decision, claiming the winning bid was "incapable of meeting three critical mandatory requirements" of the design tender, including the mandatory speed requirements set by the Royal Canadian Navy.

On 27 November 2018, the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT) ordered the Government to postpone the finalising of the deal to purchase the ships, while the complaint from Alion was investigated. On 11 December 2018, the CITT gave the government a green light to proceed with the Lockheed contract, but its inquiry into the compliance of the Type 26 with Canada's requirements continued. The Tribunal dismissed the case entirely in February 2019.

The Canadian Surface Combatant design contract was signed on 7 February 2019 by the Liberal government. The design contract with Irving and the Lockheed Martin-BAE consortium was negotiated in near record time, taking only three months.

On 28 June 2024, the construction of production test modules for the first three ships began, with the new ships designated as the River class; the names of the first three ships were also announced as HMCS Fraser, HMCS Saint-Laurent and HMCS Mackenzie. The ships were to be rated as "destroyers" in the RCN. Full rate production was expected to begin in 2025 with the first ship planned for service entry in the early 2030s.

Brazil
In September 2010, the British and Brazilian governments reached a defence agreement, including the potential sale of five or six Global Combat Ships to the Brazilian Navy. The following month, BAE Systems formally made a detailed proposal to the Brazilian Navy, for a package including the Global Combat Ship as well as variants of the Wave-class tanker and River-class patrol vessel.

Norway
On 15 April 2024, The Daily Telegraph reported that Norway, which had a plan to purchase at least five frigates, was a potential customer for the Type 26 frigate. However, as Norway was reportedly seeking at least one frigate by 2029, the article stated that this would require the Royal Navy to sell one of its early-stage hulls, as BAE is committed to deliver the Type 26 to the UK first. The MoD confirmed that it was involved in discussions about the issue but that no decisions had been made.

Characteristics
The Global Combat Ship is designed with modularity and flexibility in mind to enhance versatility across the full range of operations, including maritime security, counter-piracy, counter-terrorist and humanitarian and disaster relief operations. The adaptable design will facilitate through-life support, ensuring upgrades can easily be undertaken as technology develops. , BAE Systems' website suggests a displacement of 6,900 tonnes, a length of 149.9 m a beam of 20.8 m and a top speed in excess of 26 kn. The Global Combat Ship will have a core crew of 157 with room for a total of 208.

The Global Combat Ship is designed for up to 60 days' endurance and a range of approximately 7000 nmi. Located at the stern are facilities allowing for the deployment of rigid-hulled inflatable boats, unmanned surface vehicles or a towed array sonar. A large Integrated Mission Bay and hangar is located amidship, enabling a variety of missions and associated equipment. Aircraft similar in size to the Boeing Chinook can be flown off the large flight deck, and the hangar can accommodate up to two helicopters the size of an AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat or AgustaWestland Merlin. The hangar also has space to accommodate unmanned aerial vehicles.

The Royal Navy's version of the Global Combat Ship is referred to as the Type 26 frigate. This will be equipped with the Type 997 Artisan 3D search radar and Sea Ceptor (CAMM) air-defence missiles launched via 48 vertical launching system (VLS) canisters. Following a renovation of the Royal Navy's website in mid-2023 the section outlining the Type 26's weapon suite refers to Sea Ceptor being quad-packed into a separate 12-cell vertical launch system, seemingly indicate of an Extensible Launching System (ExLS) outfit for the same number of missiles, however there has been no official information outside of the website to confirm any such change. Additionally, 24 Mark 41 "strike-length VLS" cells are positioned forward of the bridge. On 8 July 2021, it was confirmed that the Anglo-French-Italian Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon(s) would be brought into service on the Type 26, which is likely to be launched from the Mark 41 VLS. The Mark 41 is also capable of firing missiles such as the Tomahawk land-attack cruise missile, anti-submarine rockets, or quad-packed ESSMs.

Like the Type 23 frigate it will replace, the Global Combat Ship will have an acoustically quiet hull for anti-submarine warfare and fitted with an Ultra Electronics Type 2150 next-generation bow sonar and a powerful Sonar 2087 towed array. The Global Combat Ship will also be fitted with guns of various calibres. Instead of the RN's current 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun, the Global Combat Ship will be equipped with a NATO-standard BAE 5-inch, 62-calibre Mark 45 naval gun. Smaller guns include two Phalanx CIWS, two 30mm DS30M Mark 2 Automated Small Calibre Guns and a number of miniguns and general-purpose machine guns. On 26 March 2024, it was announced that Sea Gnat fixed decoy launching system would be replaced across the entire Royal Navy's escort fleet with SEA's Ancilia trainable decoy launcher including on the Type 26 following a £135 million contract. A pair of launchers will be mounted to the deck and will each provide twelve ready rounds of Infrared seduction decoys and radio frequency distraction decoys to defeat missile threats and possibly the ability to launch Martlet missiles in the future.

The propulsion system of the RN ships will have a gas turbine direct drive and four high speed diesel generators driving two electric motors in a combined diesel-electric or gas (CODLOG) configuration. In 2012 Rolls-Royce repackaged the MT30 used in the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers so that it would fit into smaller ships. The MT30 will be used in the Type 26. BAE Systems has suggested that some customers will install gas turbine engines and others will prefer to sacrifice 2–3 knots of speed by choosing cheaper diesel engines. The CODLOG configuration for propulsion is a simpler version of the Combined diesel-electric and gas (CODLAG) propulsion used on the Type 23 which this ship is to replace, and both of the Global Combat Ship's design contemporaries – the Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier and the Type 45 destroyer – use integrated electric propulsion (IEP).

Construction
The first steel for the first three of eight Royal Navy ships was cut on 20 July 2017. BAE Systems announced the award of the Type 26's first seven equipment manufacturing contracts in July 2015, these worth in excess of £170 million. Contracts were awarded to Babcock International for the ship's air weapons handling system; David Brown Gear Systems Ltd for the propulsion gearbox and the test facility; GE Power Conversion for the electric propulsion motor and drive system and testing facility; Raytheon Anschütz for the integrated navigation and bridge system including customer-specific design and development, a land-based integration facility, and a wide range of services; Rolls-Royce Power Engineering for the gas turbine; Rohde & Schwarz UK Ltd for the communications systems; WR Davis of Canada for the uptakes and downtakes of the ship's funnel and exhaust system.

In December 2016, BAE Systems announced the award of six additional Type 26 equipment manufacturing contracts with Detegase of Spain for sewage and water treatment, Salt Separation Services for desalination equipment, Johnson Controls for chilled water plants, Marine Systems Technology Ltd for gas-, weather-, and water-tight doors, hatches, and Rolls-Royce for stabilisers and steering components. Also awarded a contract was Pellegrini Marine Equipments of Italy. These awards brought to £380 million the total investment in the supply chain for the Type 26.

According to Gary McCloskey, head of Type 26 supply chain at BAE Systems, by March 2017 between 40 and 50 suppliers were engaged in the Type 26 programme, and about 33 had full contracts.

On 5 April 2017 Raytheon Anschütz announced successful integration of Warship Electronic Chart Display Information System (WECDIS) into their Integrated Navigation and Bridge Systems (INBS) for the Type 26.

In July 2017 BAE Systems stated that the Type 26 programme currently employs more than 1,200 people in the UK supply chain, and in the future, the programme would secure more than 3,400 jobs across BAE Systems and the wider UK maritime supply chain. It was also stated in July 2017, coinciding with the announcement of additional contracts, total investment in the Type 26 supply chain had reached £500 million. The 14 companies awarded contracts in the July announcement include Babcock for the helicopter landing grid, MSI Defence Systems for the small calibre gun, and Thales for the towed array system. The largest of the July-announced contracts are for the procurement of structural steel for the first three ships from UK and European steel mills by Dent Steel Services Ltd.

Ships of the class
The original planning assumption for the Royal Navy was for thirteen Global Combat Ships (eight ASW and five GP), replacing the Type 23 frigate fleet like-for-like. However, as a result of the November 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review, it was decided that only the eight anti-submarine warfare Type 26 frigates would be ordered. The funding for the remaining five general purpose Type 26 frigates is instead to be spent on developing a new class of lighter and more affordable general purpose frigates (GPFF).

Due to an expected lower cost, the government suggested it may allow an eventual increase in the total number of frigates in the Royal Navy. This general purpose frigate will be designated as the Type 31 frigate. In July 2016, BAE revealed two general purpose frigate designs to meet the requirement; the Avenger class and the Cutlass class. On 12 September 2019 it was announced that Babcock's Arrowhead 140 design, based on the Danish Iver Huitfeldt-class frigate, had been selected for the Type 31 frigate program.

Royal Navy
During 2014, a campaign emerged to name one of the ships HMS Plymouth, although Royal Navy ship names are formed via the Ships' Names and Badges Committee. In July 2017, construction of the first ship began in Govan; at the same time as work on the ship was started, it was announced that it would be named HMS Glasgow. The second named unit (although planned as the third ship of Batch 1) was announced as HMS Belfast in September 2017. The Second World War era light cruiser HMS Belfast (C35), a museum ship, will be named "HMS Belfast (1938)" by the Imperial War Museum to avoid "any possibility of confusion".

In March 2018 the First Sea Lord, Admiral Philip Jones, announced that the second ship of the class would be HMS Cardiff. In September 2018 it was announced that the first of the planned five Batch 2 ships would be HMS Birmingham. In November 2018, subsequent Batch 2 ships were announced as HMS Sheffield, HMS Newcastle, HMS Edinburgh and HMS London. Of the eight names, six were previously used as names of Type 42 destroyers, while the previous HMS London was a Type 22 frigate. HMS Sheffield was previously used on both a Type 22 frigate and a Type 42 destroyer before that. An order for the final five ships in the class was formally placed in November 2022.

Royal Australian Navy
In June 2018, on the announcement that the Type 26 had been selected as the basis for the Future Frigate programme of the Royal Australian Navy, it was also announced that they would be known as the Hunter-class, with the names of the first three given as HMAS Hunter, HMAS Flinders and HMAS Tasman. All three were named for seafarers that had played a significant role in the early history of modern Australia - John Hunter was an officer of the Royal Navy who, between 1795 and 1800, served as the second Governor of New South Wales; Matthew Flinders was a cartographer who undertook the first inshore circumnavigation and survey of the Australian continent between 1802 and 1803; and Abel Tasman was a Dutch explorer who discovered the island that came to be called Tasmania in 1642. Of the first three, only Flinders has been used previously in the RAN, having been used as the name of a survey ship in service between 1973 and 1998.

Royal Canadian Navy
In June 2024, the announcement of the order being placed for the first three ships of the Canadian Surface Combatant programme also saw them being named as River class (with the Canadian ships being classed as destroyers rather than frigates). The names of the three individual ships was also announced, with each being named for a Canadian river. All three had previously been used as the names of ships from a series of destroyer escorts in service with the Royal Canadian Navy from the 1950s to the 1990s. HMCS Fraser and HMCS Saint-Laurent are named for members of the St. Laurent-class destroyer, a class of ASW destroyers commissioned in the mid to late 1950s. HMCS Mackenzie is named for the lead ship of the Mackenzie-class destroyer, a type of destroyer used for general purpose and training duties.

List of ships
{{legend|#ADE2B8|Planned / expected dates}}

Similar ships

 * FREMM multipurpose frigate – a Franco-Italian design adopted by the navies of France, Italy, Morocco, Egypt and the United States
 * Nilgiri-class frigate stealth frigates of the Indian Navy
 * Álvaro de Bazán-class frigate, a Spanish design adopted by the Spanish and Australian navies
 * MKS 180 frigate of the German Navy
 * Defence and intervention frigate (FDI) of the French Navy

title: Type 26 frigate


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Talk:The Hawthorns

(No subject)
On the name derivation: 'American hawthorn' can refer to any of about 200 species of Crataegus native to North America; the one cited before ("C. coccinea") is an invalid name. Anyone have any info on the species grown at the stadium? - MPF 09:49, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

More on the name derivation- according to the Tony Matthews book "Albion- A complete record of West Bromwich Albion" the ground was merely a field full of common hawthorn bushes, rather than a nursery where it was sold. I have edited to show thisThePennyDrops 16:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100902034141/http://www.oldgrounds.co.uk:80/rainbow_stand_west_brom.htm to http://www.oldgrounds.co.uk/rainbow_stand_west_brom.htm

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Hawthorns pitch
There is an interesting piece about the Hawthorns pitch here, though I'm not sure if any of the information is of use for this Wikipedia article. --Jameboy (talk) 23:35, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Hawthorns


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1957 and 1958 Packards

The 1957 and 1958 Packard lineup of automobiles were based on Studebaker models: restyled, rebadged, and given more luxurious interiors. After 1956 production, the Packard engine and transmission factory was leased to the Curtiss-Wright Corporation while the assembly plant on Detroit's East Grand Boulevard was sold, ending the line of Packard-built cars. However, Studebaker-Packard executives hoped to keep the Packard name alive until a fully restyled model could be funded, developed, and produced. These cars were built in hopes that enough would be sold to enable the company to design and build a completely new luxury Packard.

1957 Packard Clipper
For the 1957 model year, Studebaker-Packard took its top-of-the-line model, the President, and added a revised front clip with new fenders and hoods while using the 56 Packard Front Bumper. The Packard Clipper emblem was used in the grill to replicate the styling of the 56 Clipper. The designers also changed the quarter panels to accept 1956 Packard taillights. along with a Packard dash gauges from the 1956 to make a new dash board for the Packard. and called the car the Packard Clipper. Two models were produced in 1957, a four-door Town Sedan and a station wagon Clipper Country Sedan.

Carryover parts from earlier Packard models included taillights, wheel covers, block letters on hood, instruments and radios. The headlight 'eyebrows' and front bumper assembly were styled for a Packard appearance. A 1955 hood ornament was modified to fit the Studebaker hood shape and the long, wide side trim was designed to be reminiscent of recent Packard trim. A stamped overlay for the lower rear fenders also gave them a body crease line suggestive of the side trim of the 1956 Caribbean.

Dashboard and interior were all Packard styled. Some former president features like the rear folding seat armrest and faired-in door armrests were reserved for the Clippers, with the addition of door mounted ashtrays, thick pile carpeting, and exclusive Packard-style cloth/vinyl fabrics. Other unique features included under-dash courtesy lights, fully padded dash top (that did not hold up well long term in the sun), padded sun visors, and gold-plated horn ring.

When Packard dealers saw the resulting car at regional previews, the response was quick, angry, and loud. Many dealers felt the Clipper was too similar to the Studebaker on which it was based and dropped Packard completely. Sales were a low 4,809, almost all of which were the Town Sedan. Critics bestowed the derisive name "Packardbaker" on the cars.

In order to produce an engine of appropriate power for a Packard, a McCulloch-supercharged version of Studebaker's 289 in3 (4.7 L) small-block V8 was used, giving 275 bhp (205 kW), equivalent to the Packard engines in use the year before (and likewise used in the Studebaker Golden Hawk). Since the Studebaker-bodied cars were quite a bit lighter than the previous year's Packards, the 1957 Packard range actually had quite exceptional performance for the time.

Writer and auto historian Richard Langworth has noted that while these cars were not truly Packards, they were, however, very good Studebakers.

Final Packards
1958 saw the Packard line expanded to four models; a 4-door sedan, a 2-door hardtop (sometimes referred to as the "Starlight", a name used by Studebaker), a 4-door station wagon, and the Packard Hawk, a modification of Studebaker's Golden Hawk with a "fishmouth" Packard grille.

Restyled by Duncan McRae, Studebaker-Packard's finances dictated that the changes for 1958 be made as cheaply as possible. Quad headlights, as on Studebakers, were achieved by affixing pods to the previous year's front fenders designed for two headlights. In the rear, McRae attempted to follow the tailfin craze established by Chrysler's 1957 "Forward Look" by crafting outward-canted steel fin extensions that were mounted to the tops of the existing vertical rear fenders, they were very reminiscent of the 1957 Dodge Custom Royal in styling. This same trick of adding fins was used by Studebaker on the 1957 Hawks and the Raymond Loewy designed Rootes group cars of 1957. 1956 Clipper taillight units continued to be used. Packards also adopted a low, wide "fishmouth" grille to further distinguish them from their Studebaker cousins. Other notable changes included the hardtops' astonishingly attractive rooflines, very similar to concurrent Chrysler/Desoto designs. Also, the switch to a one-piece drive shaft allowed Studebaker engineers to flatten the floor, which also allowed flattening of the roof panels on sedan and hardtop models. Packard (and Studebaker) also switched to 14" wheels so most 1958 models are noticeably lower.

Despite McRae's efforts, the car that emerged appeared cobbled together, rather than as a cohesive design. Auto reviewer "Uncle" Tom McCahill remarked that from the rear it looked as if the cars had been left in the sun too long and the canted fiberglass fins had started to melt down the straight rear fender sides.

Only 2,034 of the three standard models (sedan, hardtop and station wagon) were produced; an additional 588 Packard Hawks were built as well. The rarest of all '58 Packards is the station wagon, with only 159 produced. The last Packard rolled off the South Bend assembly line on July 25, 1958.

In 1962 the Studebaker-Packard Corporation officially dropped "Packard" from its name.

Trivia
A pink, purple, and gold 1958 Packard estate car is seen in the 2001 film Hearts in Atlantis.

title: 1957 and 1958 Packards


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Kateryna Lagno

Kateryna Aleksandrovna Lagno (Екатерина Александровна Лагно, Катерина Олександрівна Лагно; born 27 December 1989) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, she earned the title Woman Grandmaster (WGM) at the age of 12 years, four months and two days. In 2007, she was awarded the grandmaster title.

She is a twice European Women's Champion and won two team gold medals at the Women's Chess Olympiad, in 2006 and 2014, playing for Ukraine and Russia respectively. She also won team gold at the Women's World Team Championship in 2013 playing for the Ukrainian team and in 2017 and 2021 playing for the Russian team. Lagno won the Women's European Team Championship in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, playing for the Ukrainian team in 2013 and for the Russian team in all following championships. Lagno was the Women's Vice World Champion in 2018, Women's World Rapid Champion in 2014 and Women's World Blitz Champion in 2010, 2018 and 2019.

1999–2005
At junior level, she won the Girls Under 10 section of the World Youth Chess Championships in 1999 and the Girls Under 14 at the European Youth Chess Championships in 2001.

Lagno was nominated by FIDE president to play in the 64-player knockout Women's World Chess Championship 2004, where she was the fifth seed. She reached the third round and lost to eventual runner-up Ekaterina Kovalevskaya. At the age of 15 she won the 2005 European Individual Women's Championship, held in June in Chişinău, Moldova. Tied with Russian IM Nadezhda Kosintseva at the end of the 12th round with 9 points each, Lagno won both games of a two-game blitz tie-break playoff to win the championship. The following year, she won the women's super-tournament "North Urals Cup", attaining a grandmaster norm in the process.

2008
In May 2008, Lagno won the European Individual Women Chess Championships again in Plovdiv, by one-half point in the 11-round open tournament.

2009
In 2009, she played for the club "Spartak" that won the Russian team championship and the European Club Cup in Ohrid.

2010
In August 2010, Lagno became Women's World Blitz Champion. She finished third in the Grandmaster Group C of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2011 in Wijk aan Zee. At the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul in 2012, she won the individual bronze medal for her performance on board one.

2012
In December 2012, Lagno tied for first with Hou Yifan, Humpy Koneru and Anna Muzychuk in the women's rapid chess event of the SportAccord World Mind Games in Beijing, taking the gold medal on tie-break score.

2014
In April 2014, Lagno won the Women's World Rapid Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk by tie-break over Alexandra Kosteniuk. On 11 July 2014, FIDE officially approved her transition from the Ukrainian Chess Federation to the Russian Chess Federation, as filed in March 2014.

2016
In 2016, Lagno won the gold medal in the women's blitz chess event of the IMSA Elite Mind Games in Huai'an, China.

2018
In November 2018, Lagno lost to world champion Ju Wenjun in the finals of the Women's World Championship. In December 2018, Lagno won the Women's World Blitz Chess Championship held in St. Petersburg without losing any games.

Personal life
Born in Lviv, Lagno grew up in the industrial and chess-friendly town Kramatorsk, later moving to Donetsk. She is half Russian and half Ukrainian.

On 25 February 2009, Lagno married Robert Fontaine, French chess grandmaster and TV reporter. The couple had a son together, but divorced several years later.

As of 2019, Lagno has four children, and is married to Russian grandmaster Alexander Grischuk.

title: Kateryna Lagno


text:
Amli

Amli is the Gujarati term for tamarind and may also refer to:

 * Amli, India, a town in the Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli
 * Åmli, a town in Norway
 * Amli, a play by Hrishikesh Sulabh in Bideshiya Shaili
 * AMLI Residential, a real estate company in the US

title: Amli


text:
St. Roch (ship)

RCMPV St. Roch is a Royal Canadian Mounted Police schooner, the first ship to completely circumnavigate North America, and the second vessel to transit the Northwest Passage. She was the first ship to complete the Northwest Passage in the west to east direction (Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean), using the same route that Amundsen on the sailing vessel Gjøa had traversed east to west, 38 years earlier.

The ship was most often captained by Henry Larsen.

Liverpool-born Sgt. Fred S. Farrar RCMP (1901-1954) was a crew member of St. Roch for various voyages including the 1950 voyage that circumnavigated North America; he wrote the book Arctic Assignment: The Story of the St. Roch which was published posthumously in 1955.

The Stan Rogers song "Take It From Day To Day" is the lament of a crew member on St. Roch.

The ship is located at the Vancouver Maritime Museum in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and is open to the public for scheduled visits.

Construction
St. Roch was made primarily of thick Douglas fir, with very hard Australian "ironbark" eucalyptus on the outside, and an interior hull reinforced with heavy beams to withstand ice pressure during her Arctic duties. St. Roch was designed by Tom Halliday and was based on Roald Amundsen's ship Maud.

Service history
St. Roch was constructed in 1928 at the Burrard Dry Dock Shipyards in North Vancouver. Between 1929 and 1939 she supplied and patrolled Canada's Arctic.

In 1940–1942 she became the first vessel to complete a voyage through the Northwest Passage in a west to east direction, and in 1944 became the first vessel to make a return trip through the Northwest Passage, traversing the more northerly route considered the true Northwest Passage, and was also the first to navigate the passage in a single season. Between 1944 and 1948 she again patrolled Arctic waters. On May 29, 1950, she became the first vessel to circumnavigate North America, travelling from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Vancouver via the Panama Canal. In all she made three arctic voyages.

Exhibition
In 1954, the St. Roch was decommissioned in Halifax and returned to Vancouver. In 1958, she was placed in dry dock at Kitsilano Point for restoration, partly inspiring the location of the planned Vancouver Maritime Museum, which opened the following year. In 1962, St. Roch was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. Although the ship was placed indoors in an A-frame building adjoining the museum, it remained formally under the control of Parks Canada. In 1995 Parks Canada handed over full control of the St. Roch to the museum.

title: St. Roch (ship)


text:
Academy of Arts, Berlin

The Academy of Arts (Akademie der Künste) is a state arts institution in Berlin, Germany. The task of the Academy is to promote art, as well as to advise and support the states of Germany.

The Academy's predecessor organization was founded in 1696 by Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg as the Brandenburg Academy of Arts, an academic institution in which members could meet and discuss and share ideas. The current Academy was founded on 1 October 1993 as the re-unification of formerly separate East and West Berlin academies.

Membership
The Academy is an incorporated body of the public right under the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany. New members are nominated by secret ballot of the general assembly, and appointed by the president with membership never to exceed 500.

The academy's recent presidents include:
 * Adolf Muschg – (2003–2006)
 * Klaus Staeck – (2006–2015)
 * Jeanine Meerapfel – (2015– )

History
Beginning in the 1690s, the Prussian Academy of Arts, under various names, served as an arts council and learned society for the Prussian government. Founded by the Hohenzollern elector Frederick III (King in Prussia from 1701), it was the third-oldest such academy in Europe. The institution was housed on No. 8 Unter den Linden, until from 1902 the site was cleared and rebuilt as seat of the Berlin State Library. The Academy then moved to Pariser Platz next to Hotel Adlon, where the Palais Arnim, former residence of Prime Minister Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg, was refurbished according to plans designed by Ernst von Ihne.

The Academy also served as a training school since its founding, and created a number of affiliated schools. The first was the Bauakademie for architectural training, founded in 1799. The academic arm was fully separated in 1931 and developed into the present-day Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste Berlin). In 1938 the academy building was seized by Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer to evolve his Welthauptstadt Germania plans; temporarily relocated to the Kronprinzenpalais, the Prussian Academy ultimately ceased operations in 1945. In postwar divided Germany, two parallel organizations took its place. The western successor organization was called the Akademie der Künste, founded in 1954 under President Hans Scharoun, which resided in the rebuilt Hansaviertel quarter of West Berlin. The eastern successor organization was founded on 24 March 1950 as the Deutsche Akademie der Künste in East Berlin which became the Akademie der Künste der DDR in 1972, then the Akademie der Künste zu Berlin in 1990. Its presidents included Arnold Zweig, Ludwig Renn, Johannes R. Becher, Otto Nagel, Willi Bredel, Konrad Wolf, Manfred Wekwerth and Heiner Müller.

These two were merged on 1 October 1993 into the present-day academy, which took its seat in a new building at the former location on Pariser Platz

Estates
The Otto Dix Foundation, created by artist Otto Dix’s widow Martha, entrusted his estate to the academy. It includes 4,000 index cards of his works, around 300 letters to the artist, catalogues and publications that include mention of exhibitions of his work and even his paintbox containing all his equipment. It opened to the public at the academy in 2024.

Awards and honours

 * Berliner Kunstpreis
 * Käthe Kollwitz Prize
 * Heinrich Mann Prize
 * Konrad Wolf Prize
 * Hörspielpreis der Akademie der Künste
 * Alfred Döblin Prize
 * Joana Maria Gorvin Prize
 * Will Lammert Prize

title: Academy of Arts, Berlin


text:
Wikipedia:Historical archive/Logs/Offline reports/This page has a lot of red links

Overview
The list below shows pages in the main English article namespace containing the greatest number of links to articles which do not exist. It was generated on 1st November 2004 from the 23rd October 2004 database dump.

Preamble
Normally, links to articles which do not exist (broken links) indicate an article that has not yet been written. It may be the case than an appropriate article already exists under a different name. In this case, the article containing the link can be edited to refer to the correct thing. Alternatively a redirect page may be appropriate - use the what links here tool to see if it's a mistake made in many articles.

Where an article contains a very large number of broken links, there's a good chance that it is exploring an area in which very few people have chosen to write articles - perhaps it is not encyclopedic ?

Regenerating this report
This report is generated from a Link Analysis Database using the SQL:

select concat( '#', art.art_title, ' (', bad_links_from, ' red links)' ) from art order by bad_links_from desc limit 200;

Suggested improvements

 * Nobody seems to have used this list - it may not be useful in its current form. Perhaps better guidelines on when it's best to omit links to non-existent articles are needed?  - TB 09:54, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Broken links" isn't the correct term to use. - TB 11:49, Jun 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you could split this into two reports:
 * One that only includes those pages in List of lists
 * Having seen some of the pages this report finds, a suggested feature for the WikiMedia software is to allow redisplay of a page with all references to red links and subsequent blank lines removed, leaving live links without needing to scroll through the 100s of missing links.

 * Another that excludes lists.
 * Any list appearing here should be corrected to really be a list.
 * Documents here are more likely to be given the TLC they need.

 * - Mark Hurd 13:13, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

List

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 * 12) TLAs_from_AAA_to_DZZ (1789 red links)
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 * 14) List_of_Amiga_games (1656 red links)
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 * 16) List_of_craters_on_the_Moon (1615 red links)
 * 17) List_of_firearms (1540 red links)
 * 18) List_of_Australian_musicians (1471 red links)
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 * 25) List_of_LSTs (1151 red links)
 * 26) List_of_amphibious_assault_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy (1133 red links)
 * 27) List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons (1111 red links)
 * 28) List_of_gay_erotic_actors (1033 red links)
 * 29) List_of_placental_mammals (1025 red links)
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 * 31) List_of_asteroids_(1001-2000) (1020 red links)
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 * 34) List_of_asteroids_(2001-3000) (992 red links)
 * 35) List_of_hereditary_baronies (979 red links)
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 * 48) Protected_areas_of_Western_Australia (828 red links)
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 * 50) List_of_cities_in_Minas_Gerais (811 red links)
 * 51) List_of_Baronetcies (807 red links)
 * 52) Table_of_prime_factors (803 red links)
 * 53) Table_of_divisors (802 red links)
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 * 56) List_of_life_peers (783 red links)
 * 57) List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States (780 red links)
 * 58) List_of_Roman_cognomina (779 red links)
 * 59) Communes_of_the_Aisne_department (776 red links)
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 * 61) List_of_television_stations_in_the_U.S._by_call_sign_(initial_letter_K) (752 red links)
 * 62) Communes_of_the_Somme_department (747 red links)
 * 63) List_of_Poaceae_genera (747 red links)
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 * 65) List_of_Boston_Bruins_players (724 red links)
 * 66) Public_Bodies_and_Task_Forces_of_the_UK_Government (721 red links)
 * 67) Communes_of_the_Moselle_department (720 red links)
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 * 72) List_of_asteroids_(6001-7000) (703 red links)
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 * 75) List_of_universities_in_Japan (700 red links)
 * 76) Communes_of_the_Côte-d'Or_department (688 red links)
 * 77) List_of_ocean_liners (687 red links)
 * 78) Henri_Debehogne (686 red links)
 * 79) List_of_Game_Boy_games (681 red links)
 * 80) Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame (671 red links)
 * 81) List_of_21st_century_classical_composers (669 red links)
 * 82) Olympic_medalists_in_swimming_(men) (666 red links)
 * 83) Communes_of_the_Oise_department (666 red links)
 * 84) List_of_Chicago_Blackhawks_players (660 red links)
 * 85) List_of_communities_in_Wales (654 red links)
 * 86) List_of_PlayStation_games (651 red links)
 * 87) Olympic_medalists_in_boxing (650 red links)
 * 88) List_of_fish_common_names (647 red links)
 * 89) Communes_of_the_Eure_department (640 red links)
 * 90) Olympic_medalists_in_basketball (640 red links)
 * 91) List_of_music_videos_by_year (634 red links)
 * 92) List_of_ancient_Romans (633 red links)
 * 93) List_of_asteroids_(7001-8000) (629 red links)
 * 94) List_of_bondage_models,_writers,_photographers_and_artists (621 red links)
 * 95) Communes_of_the_Nord_department (613 red links)
 * 96) List_of_Albania-related_articles (613 red links)
 * 97) Rubiaceae (610 red links)
 * 98) List_of_asteroids_(8001-9000) (608 red links)
 * 99) List_of_musicals (608 red links)
 * 100) Federal_Standard_1037C (602 red links)
 * 101) List_of_Famicom_games (601 red links)
 * 102) List_of_diseases_starting_with_M (601 red links)
 * 103) Communes_of_the_Marne_department (594 red links)
 * 104) List_of_aircraft_(A-B) (592 red links)
 * 105) List_of_NES_games (591 red links)
 * 106) Olympic_medalists_in_athletics_(women) (588 red links)
 * 107) List_of_ships_of_the_Canadian_Navy (584 red links)
 * 108) List_of_SNES_games (580 red links)
 * 109) List_of_First_World_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients (577 red links)
 * 110) List_of_asteroids_(9001-10000) (574 red links)
 * 111) List_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_2004-2009 (570 red links)
 * 112) List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1952-present) (570 red links)
 * 113) List_of_monotremes_and_marsupials (568 red links)
 * 114) Communes_of_the_Doubs_department (568 red links)
 * 115) Communes_of_the_Meurthe-et-Moselle_department (566 red links)
 * 116) Communes_of_the_Haute-Garonne_department (562 red links)
 * 117) Penstemon (562 red links)
 * 118) Edward_L._G._Bowell (561 red links)
 * 119) List_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_1994-1999 (558 red links)
 * 120) Academy_Award_for_Best_Art_Direction (553 red links)
 * 121) Deputies_of_the_12th_French_National_Assembly (550 red links)
 * 122) List_of_Sega_Genesis_games (547 red links)
 * 123) Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film (546 red links)
 * 124) List_of_English_Victoria_Cross_recipients (544 red links)
 * 125) Communes_of_the_Manche_department (544 red links)
 * 126) Ontario_general_election,_2003 (544 red links)
 * 127) List_of_saints_by_name:A (541 red links)
 * 128) Communes_of_the_Dordogne_department (539 red links)
 * 129) List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy (538 red links)
 * 130) Nikolai_Stepanovich_Chernykh (537 red links)
 * 131) Communes_of_the_Saône-et-Loire_department (535 red links)
 * 132) List_of_ancient_Greeks (535 red links)
 * 133) Academy_Award_for_Writing_Adapted_Screenplay (532 red links)
 * 134) Communes_of_the_Haute-Saône_department (527 red links)
 * 135) List_of_postal_codes_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein (525 red links)
 * 136) List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Ohio (524 red links)
 * 137) List_of_diseases_starting_with_P (524 red links)
 * 138) Communes_of_the_Pyrénées-Atlantiques_department (523 red links)
 * 139) Communes_of_the_Gironde_department (522 red links)
 * 140) Communes_of_the_Jura_department (520 red links)
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 * 142) MacArthur_Foundation (515 red links)
 * 143) List_of_asteroids_(10001-11000) (512 red links)
 * 144) List_of_current_NHL_players (512 red links)
 * 145) Communes_of_the_Bas-Rhin_department_sorted_by_arrondissements_and_cantons (510 red links)
 * 146) List_of_rivers_of_Europe (509 red links)
 * 147) List_of_poets (509 red links)
 * 148) Communes_of_the_Bas-Rhin_department (508 red links)
 * 149) Communes_of_the_Isère_department (507 red links)
 * 150) List_of_Members_of_the_European_Parliament_1999-2004 (507 red links)
 * 151) List_of_NGC_objects (506 red links)
 * 152) U.S._House_election,_2004 (504 red links)
 * 153) List_of_comic_creators (502 red links)
 * 154) List_of_Aloe_species (501 red links)
 * 155) List_of_Sydney_suburbs (499 red links)
 * 156) Communes_of_the_Vosges_department (497 red links)
 * 157) Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department (496 red links)
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 * 159) Communes_of_the_Orne_department (486 red links)
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 * 161) Football_World_Cup_1994_(squads) (481 red links)
 * 162) List_of_Towns_of_Portugal (481 red links)
 * 163) List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons (481 red links)
 * 164) Official_Handbook_of_the_Marvel_Universe (477 red links)
 * 165) List_of_diseases_starting_with_A (476 red links)
 * 166) Protected_areas_of_Tasmania_(Australia) (475 red links)
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 * 168) List_of_Knights_and_Ladies_of_the_Garter (473 red links)
 * 169) List_of_diseases_starting_with_S (472 red links)
 * 170) List_of_Formula_One_drivers (471 red links)
 * 171) Eighty-second_United_States_Congress (471 red links)
 * 172) List_of_painters (470 red links)
 * 173) 72nd_United_States_Congress (466 red links)
 * 174) List_of_computer_viruses (462 red links)
 * 175) 73rd_United_States_Congress (458 red links)
 * 176) List_of_heavy_metal_musicians (458 red links)
 * 177) List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music (457 red links)
 * 178) List_of_members_of_the_Académie_française (456 red links)
 * 179) Communes_of_the_Hautes-Pyrénées_department (455 red links)
 * 180) List_of_billionaires (451 red links)
 * 181) Communes_of_the_Charente-Maritime_department (450 red links)
 * 182) Communes_of_the_Puy-de-Dôme_department (447 red links)
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 * 188) MPs_elected_in_the_UK_general_election,_1974_(October) (436 red links)
 * 189) French_Academy_of_Sciences (432 red links)
 * 190) Faboideae (432 red links)
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 * 192) List_of_hip_hop_musicians (431 red links)
 * 193) 34th_Canadian_parliament (430 red links)
 * 194) Academy_Award_for_Animated_Short_Film (429 red links)
 * 195) List_of_cranesbill_species (428 red links)
 * 196) List_of_National_Wildlife_Refuges (425 red links)
 * 197) 28th_Canadian_Parliament (424 red links)
 * 198) List_of_characters_in_fighting_games (423 red links)
 * 199) Communes_of_the_Côtes-d'Armor_department (423 red links)
 * 200) Communes_of_the_Aude_department (421 red links)


text:
Talk:Disc brake

Motorbikes
This page is awfull there is almost no mention whatso ever of motorcycle disk brakes, which are completly diffrent from car ones. There is also next to no mention of the matreials used or their structure ect, sorry but this page is poor and almost useless. someone sort it out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.142.163.122 (talk) 10:42, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

One item that is very important to the development of disc brakes is the inverted caliper, it is most commonly used on the Buell motorcycle. The design allows an immense rotor to be used within a specific wheel size.

Another interesting note is the recent bonding of steel to aluminum discs, reducing the weight of the vehicle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.193.81.191 (talk) 05:30, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Full-Circle/Annular brakes?
User:24.21.241.47 added a large discussion of "full circle" disc brakes including a single external link to a company that makes (?) them. Sounds like a real technology, but has never been mentioned by autoweek or ward's. Google didn't have anything like it in the top 10 in a search for '"full circle" brake'. I've never heard of it. I removed it. What do you all think? Reminds me of Quasiturbine... --SFoskett 03:13, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Exactly. Come back when people have heard of you. —Morven 10:01, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

they're called "full contact disc brakes" http://www.newtechbrake.com/ http://www.carbibles.com/brake_bible.html —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.80.224.238 (talk • contribs).

Wasn't that in PM or PopSci a few yrs ago, a spl ish on "future car" tech? (Anybody remember what ish that was?!) Trekphiler 17:38, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

In wheels?
The picture caption states "On automobiles, disc brakes are located within the wheel". Is that always the case? Doesn't Jaguar use a rear axis where the discs are located almost at the differential? // Liftarn

 * Good catch - inboard brakes. --SFoskett 15:46, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

yes have a Jaguar XKE 1967 and it has inboard brakes located at the rear differential.

Alfa Romeo did, can't remember which model though. The idea is to reduce unsprung mass. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.4.120 (talk) 05:50, 26 April 2011 (UTC) Citroen used the same "discs near differential" on their smaller cars. "Oltcit", licensed Citroen made in Romania, used the same technology. Unfortunatelly, the stress on CV axles is very high during breaking.

Pinion mounted disc brakes are used on many off road vehicles. These vehicles are modified by using Rockwell 2-1/2 ton axles from military trucks. To reduce weight, the stock drum brakes are removed, and a disc brake set up is mounted on the pinion of the differential. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Somebodyalreadytookmyclevername (talk • contribs) 20:55, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Inboard disc brakes were also used on the Lotus 72 F1 car; it is widely believed that the failure of the shaft connecting front wheel to brake disc was the cause of Jochen Rindt's fatal crash in practice for the 1970 Italian GP. The inboard rear brakes on Jags had a nice side effect of cooking the differential oil seals. Mr Larrington (talk) 06:43, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Recent additions
Do some of the recent additions/changes seem a bit dodgy to anyone else? At a minimum, there's now grammar cleanup that's needed, and I'm not sure I agree with the technical accuracy of some of the changes.

Atlant 20:28, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

fudu —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.62.117.238 (talk) 11:16, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Concerns about runout
I'm new here, so I was hestiant to make changes myself, but I agree. Particularly, the setench about how .007 inch thickness variation can be felt - this is entirely dependant on the rest of the braking system. I was going to change it to this:

The thickness variation can often be felt by the driver when it approaches or exceeds the maximum allowable value specified by the manufacturer.

but thought I should get some feedback here first, seeing as I'm new :)

--Emesis 16:08, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You might keep the data that's there now by including something like: "when it approaches or exceeds the maximum allowable value specified by the manufacturer; .007 inches is a typical maximum value allowed."

 * Atlant 16:44, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Disc Brakes on Bicycle
There is a lot of information about disc brakes and how they are used for motorized vehicles (e.g. cars), but how about disc brakes used on bicycles, because surely they are not the same.

 * Actually, the basic operating principle is identical; only the implementation details vary. You know: master cylinder, hydraulic fluid, caliper, disc. But please, be bold and add to the article as you see fit!

 * Atlant 16:46, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Bicycle disc brakes work in an identical way to cars, in that they all have a master cylinder, a disc (known as a rotor on a bike) and a caliper, interconnected by brake fluid, which operates the pistons. The main difference is the mounting and the overall size and weight of the brake. The bicycles' rotor is mounted on the wheel therefore making it easier to replace the brake pads. Also, the brakes are considerably lighter, approximately 300 grams for each brake, although this excludes the rotors. The size of the rotors also differ, from 140mm to 225mm in diameter. The brakes are not vented either unlike a car that has effectively two rotors attached with a gap in between, although new brake designs are being released by the likes of Hope Technology, which are vented. All bike rotors are cross-drilled, reducing the build up of gasses which can affect braking performance, and it also helps to keep both the pads and the rotor cooler, by increasing the surfac area they have to cool down. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.19.153.145 (talk • contribs).

Re: Materials used for bicycle disc-brake rotors. While it's true that stainless steel is preferable to mild steel for disc rotors, in my experience it's incorrect to state that most rotors are currently made of stainless steel - most of them are mild steel as a quick glance at the rusty discs on many MTBs at a meet, or at a shopping centre, will readily attest. Further, there's also currently no in-line citation to support this assertion. Chapter 11, page 13 (11-13), however, of Sutherland's Handbook for Bicycle Mechanics (7th Edition) states that "Stainless steel is preferred due to its anti-rust properties." Therefore, citing Sutherland's Handbook, I intend to amend the current assertion that "Most bicycle brake discs are made of stainless steel, ..." to "Most bicycle brake discs are made of steel. Stainless steel is preferred due to its anti-rust properties." 123.211.218.67 (talk) 15:01, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

Cross Drilling
Why do my edits regarding cross drilling keep getting removed!

The drilling of discs is to remove/vent high temperature gases from the brake pad/disc surface. They also increase the discs surface area allowing more heat to transfer to the atmosphere.

Any effect on unsprung mass is negligible/incidental. They do not 'in the main crack', this is dependant on use and manufacturing quality.

"Manufacturers use drilled discs if they determine that the average owner of the vehicle model will not overly stress them"
 * Is that suggesting that manufacturers send out marginally safe vehicles based on an estimate of the owners driving style?
 * Dispite the poor wording, the phrase does get at a very important fact. Manufacturers base brake system design around what the vehicle is expected to be used for. Try and take a minivan out to racetrack and run 25 hard laps in a row. I can nearly guarantee the brakes will not function 100% properly by lap 25. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.56.71.163 (talk • contribs) 04:17, 8 December 2010 (UDT)

This article is grossly inaccurate, I am a highly qualified vehicle engineer with nearly 25 years experience in the industry.
 * Thank you for the completely unhelpful insult. Maybe help improve instead of talking trash on the article?

I see your point but contact area is not a major factor. The arguments for/against cross drill include 1) removal of metal lowering thermal mass.... If you work this out for ordinary cars this is small and accounts for about 0.004 material spread across the disc, using my estimates. This is small compared to a typical thickness spec that allows 0.040 removal per side of material due to wear and machining. 2) Increasing air movement and surface area helping cooling.... surely this is small.. forgot to sign this...Ianhenderson007 (talk) 13:12, 9 July 2010 (UTC) I see the comment about pad temp going up, I think the area change is small, and the contact is wiped across the pad, so surely the pad temp is dependent on the rotor temp and physics of the interface being the overwhelming factor.Ianhenderson007 (talk) 13:12, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Might I ask what qualifications the author of these half baked opinions holds? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Goldenthesarge (talk • contribs) 11:22, 30 June 2008 (UTC) Surely this is a format for brain storming, we should be bring opinions and then facts to this discussion. (I see lots of this but not much half backed ideas.) hopefully a better public page then emerges, or am i stating the obvious.Ianhenderson007 (talk) 13:26, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

I added some information about cross-drilled rotors under the "Discs" subsection. I'd like to add something somewhere that brakes work by converting the car's kinetic energy to thermal energy; a dramatic illustration of this can be seen here: http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v306/RiddleFox/cars/RedHotBrembos.jpg Just not so sure where. Riddlefox 21:03, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 'Sounds like an item that belongs near or in the lede. Of course, one might also argue that that's info that's already in the cross-referenced (I hope!) article on plain-old-brakes. ;-)

 * Atlant 23:35, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

What's that nonsense about "heat dissipation"? Cross-drilling does not improve heat dissipation. Quite the opposite, disk brakes with cross-drilled disks are more prone to overheating due to lower contact area and, consequently, higher heat accumulation in the pad. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.56.71.163 (talk • contribs) 04:17, 8 December 2010 (UDT)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.182.56.5 (talk) 20:03, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that the real purpose of cross-drilling or cutting grooves is to dissipate offgasing that occurs under severe braking. Since the heat dissipates primarily through conduction and then convection, the drilled holes may actually restrict the flow of heat through the rotor disk.  The vents in vented rotors adds convective heat transfer to the cooling process.-- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  TALK 13:24, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but outgasing has not been an issue for >30 years. Modern brake pads do not break down the same way the adhesives in 1970s brake pads did, outgasing was solved by revision of the compound which brake pads are composed of a few decades ago. This is a common misconception about modern brake systems. It was the original reason for cross-drilling on race cars. Now that the problem has been eliminated, so have the gains.... but that is another whole argument. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.56.71.163 (talk • contribs) 04:17, 8 December 2010 (UDT)

 * Cross-drilling is actually to help remove rainwater from the disc when on wet roads, reducing the film of water that builds up under the pad. It was first used on aircraft discs in conjunction with the Dunlop Maxaret system. The film of water is forced into the holes, where it becomes one larger, heavier drop, which then gets flung-off by the centrifugal force. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 22:08, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Bedding Rotors to reduce Squeal
Pad and rotor bedding procedures are often overlooked by drivers. In performance automobiles, properly bedding new pads in old rotors is essential for performance, comfort and squeal reduction. Is it appropriate to add a procedure to the article? Wpjonathan 13:27, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, it is unrealistic to expect most drivers to go through the complicated and time consuming process required to bed the pads. 500 miles (as I have read in one source) is rather long to expect the average driver to pay attention to bedding pads.  Frankly I wouldn't expect my wife to drive more than 5 miles before she decides it's been long enough. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  TALK 13:28, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Most/ some? manufacturers give a simple 10 stop procedure for this. So any recommendation should refer to the manufacture's specification for bedding in.Ianhenderson007 (talk) 21:45, 8 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ianhenderson007 (talk • contribs) 21:22, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Brake repair and maintence
Having recently shelled out ~$90 to replace a "brake switch" I'd like to see more general information on the parts that go into the brakes and how to replace/repair them. So if someone could add a section for this, that'd be nice. Also, after poking around a bit most places seem to have "brake light switches" for about $3 and they go into the main fuse box under my hood...takes a good 3-4 seconds to replace it. Am I getting hosed on this deal or is the "brake switch" something different? -Anon 12:33, 2 May 2006 (CST)Really? You go to Wikipedia to complain about the cost of a minor repair? And you talk as if you actually know something about the topic. If it was such a simple repair, why didn't you just do it yourself?

 * Old joke:

 * The big factory has been shut down for a while, costing the company millions of dollars a day. They call in the consultant who arrives, looks at the situation, pushes one switch, observes the factory start working again, and presents his bill: "$50,000 for services rendered".

 * The CEO says "That's outrageous! I won't pay it! Break it down so I can see just where my $50,000 went!"

 * The Consultant re-writes his bill:
 * Pushing Switch: $2
 * Knowing which switch to push: $49,998

 * You're kind of in the same boat. By the way, I doubt the replacement switch was $3, but let's say it was $10. Where did your other $80 go? It went to knowing what part to replace and how to replace it correctly. For some switches (the mechanical kind that are operated by the brake pedal lever), that means knowing how to adjust it. For others (the hydraulic kind), that means knowing how to replace it without introducing dirt or air bubbles into your brake fluid or knowing enough to bleed the brake system afterwards.

 * Brakes are pretty serious stuff; you do want the technician who works on your brakes to know their stuff, right? ;-)

 * You may also have been hit with a "minimum shop time" charge. When my Audi dealer works on my car, the minimum workshop time is one hour at $90/hour. no matter how long the repair takes. But no matter what type of brake switch you had, you can trust that it probably took more than "3-4 seconds".

 * Atlant 17:52, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Early History
Crosley's '49-50 discs were not "a type of" but true modern discs: http://www.ggw.org/~cac/Images/Misc/DiscBrakes-Sm.JPG Examination via a '35-53 MOTOR manual diagram further proves this fact. The apologetic wording "type of" needs to be stricken. Sorry, Jag. Imperial's '49-53 disc brakes should by right be mentioned, though those DO fit the billing of being "a type of", as they were fully enclosed with dual expanding full-circle pressure plates. WQ59B 03:02, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * yes but they were fixed brakes that also floated, they were fixed directally on but relied on one piston contacting the rotor first then pulling the other one in... believe me that was my uni thesis for engineering science.
 * So yes they were the first "modern brakes" however they were not under the general specification headdings and so are not recognised.

Pad retraction?

 * How do the brake pads retract after application - are springs or negative hydraulic pressure used? What stops the brakes staying "on"? 59.167.41.84 06:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * They don't ever really retract (well, more than an infinitesimal amount). It's just that once you stop putting pressure on them (with the brake fluid or air pressure), they have no normal force relative to the rotor surface and so they exert essentially no friction force on the rotor. And the slight non-planarity of the rotors then drives the pistons back an infinitesimal amount, leaving a slight clearance with the rotor except at the rotor's "high spots". That the pads remain almost in contact with the rotors is actually useful as it helps to keep the rotor "swept" of any significant thickness of water and also prevents the intrusion of sand, grit, and other road debris.

 * When you finally change out worn pads and rotors, you use a clamping mechanism (of various sorts) to force the pistons back into the calipers. (Or, for calipers equipped with parking brakes, you often screw the piston back into the caliper.)

 * Atlant 12:42, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

In fact the Dunlop Brakes on my 1964 MkII Jaguar had a mechanism to retract the pads away from the Disc / Rotor. The Spec on this pull back was 0.010 inches. This was achieved using a pin and hat holding the pad to the piston.Ianhenderson007 (talk) 13:19, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

And I think its worth discussing the knock back that occurs on typical Automobile brakes. The small amount of play in the bearings knocks the pads back away from the rotor, and with no clamping force they effectively do not cause drag. It is also possible that lateral run-out does the same thing.Ianhenderson007 (talk) 13:19, 9 July 2010 (UTC) Ianhenderson007 (talk) 21:38, 8 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ianhenderson007 (talk • contribs) 20:56, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

The brake pistons retract because of the elasticity of their seals. Pads stay behind, pushed away initaially by the uneven rotor and after that by the air wedge created at high rotating speeds. Lubicating the guides helps.

DTV?
One of the sections near the end makes reference to the acronym 'DTV' but it's not readily apparent what this is. Either I'm blind or the article could use a bit explaining it :) Ayocee 16:41, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

DTV = Disc Thickness Variance, and refers to a condition where there are different thicknesses (high/low spots) across the face of the disc —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.54.4.120 (talk) 05:57, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Liquid cooled disc brakes
One of my friends has developed a liquid cooled disc brake ("liquid cooled drive line" I think is the official description) called the "D-Brake." It attaches to the tail end of the vehicle's transmission and applies braking force to the drive shaft. Is this technology worth noting in the article? I don't know if this is the first of its kind or not, but I have detailed information available should it be deemed noteworthy. --Jack 22:27, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Use on trains
This article completely overlooks the use of disc brakes on modern passenger trains a "hole" that needs to be filled by an expert in the field. Peter Horn 14:23, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Picture of carbon disc brakes from the Concorde airliner?
The article on the Concorde uses a picture of its disc brakes, which are made out of carbon because of the high temperatures they must withstand when stopping a nearly-200 ton airliner. Would it be useful to put that picture in this article? Ilikefood (talk) 17:43, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Article content and quality
This article has some major problems.
 * Almost no coverage of non-automotive disc brakes. Disc brakes are widely used in aircraft, railroad and industrial applications.  Yet, other than some coverage of a mountain bike application, I see little that would even indicate that disc brakes are used in other applications.
 * Little description of how disc brakes actually work. Some illustrations of a disc brake assembly cross-section would be very helpful.
 * Way too much information on failure modes. I doubt that most readers are that interested in details about how to measure rotor runout. Speaking of which, I've never seen anyone do that sort of thing in some 40 years of working around high performance cars. If there's ever any suspicion in that regard, the rotor is turned or replaced.
 * I work as a brake product manager in a big auto firm, and we sell quite a few run out dial gauges so i suspect someone still does this! 210.54.4.120 (talk) 05:59, 26 April 2011 (UTC) Rob S

Bigdumbdinosaur (talk) 22:07, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The history section is hard to follow and, again, ignores anything other than automotive applications.

Callipers or Calipers?
The British standard is 2 Ls, the American standard is with one. Both spellings are present in the article? Should it be standardized?

If so, to the American or British spelling? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kopitarian (talk • contribs) 16:03, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * If we were going to follow the Wiki Guidelines for spelling and grammar then yes it should all be one convention - the American standard as is mandated.

That will never happen nor will you get the moderators to agree to use one spelling here - unless of course we ignore the fact that 70%+ "English" speaking people in the world are using American and just put the article in British standard. It would make the British and Aussies happy but would annoy the hell out of everyone else. Of course it is only a matter of time until every article is just that. It is almost impossible to find an article very accurate — Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.203.42.50 (talk) 13:39, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

'48 Tucker
Didn't the Tucker Torpedo use disc brakes? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.1.156.204 (talk) 00:07, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Yep.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  11:09, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

 * This photo suggests not. Andy Dingley (talk) 19:28, 12 July 2011 (UTC)
 * It appears my source is wrong. :(  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  19:51, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

No mention of Elmer Ambrose Sperry
In 1889 Elmer Ambrose Sperry of Cleveland invented a disk brake for his electric car which employed electrically actuated pistons to clamp down on the disk. This is a known and widely accepted fact. In 1902 F. W. Lanchester received a patent for a nonelectric disc brake system that employed copper linings that clamped upon a metal disc. There are two types of disk brakes, Spot type and clutch types, again there is no mention here. I suggest that this page needs to be reworked and properly referenced. ((http://www.fourproducts.com/Images/Development_of_the_FSBC.pdf)). Jacob805 (talk) 07:14, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Sperry received Improvements in or relating to Motor Road Vehicles and Devices for Controlling the Various Operations relating to Starting, Stopping, Accelerating, and Retarding the same.
 * Frederick William Lanchester received many patents, but I think the one that relates is . LeadSongDog come howl!  18:17, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Uncited sections
Many sections of this article lack any references, and should be deleted if inline citations are not added. Of 31 citations, the brake judder section contains the majority. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 14:27, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
 * That's a fairly radical view, IMO. The guideline IIRC says "if likely to be challenged". AFAIK, none of it is. TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  22:28, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Information in articles are to have citations to support them, otherwise it could be challengeed as OR. A vast majority of the text is uncited. There is nothing radical about what I'm suggesting. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE  15:19, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Could be challenged for a number of reason, yes. That's what the cite tags are for. To remove it absent challenge is going a bit far IMO.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  23:17, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Please go ahead and at wherever there's any real doubt of the accuracy. LeadSongDog  come howl!  00:06, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

No mention of aircraft brakes?
I was surprised to read nothing in the article concerning disc brakes as used on aircraft. Despite their early origins in automobiles, I'm pretty sure the first practical disc brakes were used on airplanes because of their thin profile and light weight, and it was at least 20 years before they were used on cars. I do have plenty of knowledge of the subject, but I unfortunately don't have much time to dig up source material. Are there any other aviation buffs on here that can at least provide some source material to at least give aviation a mention here? Shreditor (talk) 07:38, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's a big omission, especially as this is where disk brakes started. R.A. Beaumont's Aeronautical Engineering is the usual 'entry level' source for 1930s stuff like this, as it's detailed, well written, but pretty common, so many editors have a copy of it. Aircraft in the 1960s should also cover the development of multi-disk packs, antilock brakes and exotic materials for brake disks. Andy Dingley (talk) 08:49, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

"Cryogenically treating" Brake Discs - validity thereof
Whilst searching for some replacement brake discs for my motor car I became aware that some performance part suppliers are offering discs that have been treated by taking them down to a low (sub -200°C ?) temperature for a time seemingly of hours or a couple of days (?) possibly with a further post refrigeration heat treatment. This is supposed to improve them by making them more uniformly hard so that they wear less and last longer or perform better at high temperature/loading. Is there any evidence that can be linked in to support such claims, if so then it is a topic that would be a useful addition to this article in my opinion. 82.39.233.172 (talk) 18:54, 15 June 2014 (UTC)

Possible photograph to be added?
I took this photograph at a car show and was wondering if it would fit in this article? Hope it helps! Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Envy fstop (talk Envy fstop (talk) 03:57, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Intro
Why does the intro now sound like the point of a disc brake is to generate heat, and slowing the wheel is a side effect? Besides making heat, they also wear down the pads, and the discs. They also make noise, sometimes a lot of noise. And they generate profits for the brake industry. These are all side effects: the point is to slow the wheel, and along the way they also create heat, noise, wear, and profits. See also WP:OBVIOUS. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 19:04, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

 * "A disc brake is a mechanical device that converts the energy of a vehicle's motion into waste heat which is then dispersed." :A disc brake is a mechanical device that converts overcomes the energy inertia of a vehicle's motion momentum by the application of controlled pressure, producing waste heat which is then dispersed by conduction and convection. That any better? One thing I would agree with, though, is dropping the "A disc brake is a wheel brake..." aspect as they're not exclusive to wheels.--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 00:31, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You obviously favour utter completeness and impenetrable obscurity rather than clarity or a representative accuracy, so why not go with your full version as here? Andy Dingley (talk) 01:42, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Vehicle brakes don't only overcome inertia. If a vehicle is stationary, they can be used to hold it in place, against gravity, or any other force trying to move it. Bandits pushing your car, perhaps. And on vehicles in motion, brakes are also sometimes used to retard not just inertia, but engine forces. For example, to do a burnout, or on a motorcycle coming of a corner, some riders use the rear brake to smooth out lumpy engine power output, or to control chain lash. Without getting bogged down in the reasons, we can say for sure that brakes retard the motion of a shaft or axle, either to slow it or keep it stationary. There may or may not be momentum and inertia involved. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 03:09, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * So the lead, of a commonplace mechanical device that is almost entirely used to slow down moving vehicles, needs a lead that includes drag-race burnouts and any other obscure trivia that we can scrape up from the bottom of the barrel? No.  Such a lead would be (and is) impenetrable to readers.  A lead should not (as a general principle in encyclopedia writing) rely on any context other than that which is already familiar to readers: so it should be based on car or motorbike braking, not on obscure drag racing or even too much on vaguely broad terms like "rotating shafts".   There is a body in the article: if racing unicycles need to be included, they blong there rather than in the lead. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:39, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Even I would have to admit to a bit of 'left-foot braking'...but only to control the pitching over the speed humps. I linked "retard" to Wikt as it has a completely different inference in American...--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 10:06, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

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"Rotor" or "disc"?
I thought the word "rotor" is usually used for the disc component of a disc brake system, but I barely see this used in the article. I'm inclined to update the lead sentence to:
 * A disc brake is a type of brake that uses calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc (or rotor) in order to...
 * (bolding in this example only)

I'm inclined to just update the lead paragraph now, but would like to confirm if this is the more commone usage, including British usage. If "rotor" is indeed more common, updates may need to be applied at numerous places in the article.—LithiumFlash (talk) 16:24, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * That's still an Americanism. Whether for cars or bikes. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:27, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't think a pejorative like "Americanism" is relevant or helpful here. Maybe I'm mistaken when I interpret "That's still an Americanism" to mean "That's not a valid/important/standard term".I can't find any evidence that rotor is US English or UK, or that it's considered non-standard. We do know that rotor is a common term for the disc, so it is important to tell the reader in the lead that the terms are interchangeable. Disc is the more frequent term than rotor, but it's not an overwhelming difference.If anyone does find a good source which tells us whether rotor is definitively UK or US English, mention of that factoid would belong down in the body of the article, in a history or etymology section.We really need to get past this terrible habit of literally the very first thing we tell the reader about a topic is "Foo (or Foo' in UK/US English)..." As if the nationality of the alternate term was the #1 most important fact about every topic. The English variety of synonyms doesn't belong in the lead of any article, unless that is actually the central reason why a Wikipedia article on the topic exists. There was a terribly long discussion about this at Talk:Car and there was near-unanimous support for this kind of approach: just tell the reader the synonyms in the lead. Go into detail about nationality further down int he body of the article, if sources exist.That's why I have so much to say about this. We spend too much time discussing UK and US varieties of alternate terms, which is largely fueled by the fact that it's in the lead of so many articles. Move it out of the lead and editors will stop caring so much. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 19:04, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * By "rotor is a common term for the disc" then of course it will be, if you cite a US dictionary and a US ecomm site that lists pages of "brake discs" rather than "rotors". Did you read that page, or just read the URL? Andy Dingley (talk) 19:26, 31 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I did a google search, and it seems like part suppliers (such as AutoZone) use "rotor", i.e. "Duralast Brake Rotor- Front". If you search for "rotor" you find rotors. If you search for "disc" or "disc brake discs", you find a variety of parts (rotors and other parts). "Rotor" seems to be the prefered term among U.S. part suppliers.—LithiumFlash (talk) 02:03, 1 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I think you're both behaving extremely disruptively by creating a conflict where none exists. Nobody has cited any evidence that there is any dispute (or curiosity) in the real world over the disc vs rotor (non) issue. Cite a compelling source that this is a "Tomato/Tomahto" question. No source? Then it's not a conflict. Don't create one. This edit is disruptive and provocative, and should be reverted. Andy Dingley's comments here are unjustifiably provocative. There is no reason to pick a fight here. Let it go. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 03:10, 1 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I have to admit I don't understand your point. Andy's last comment was a question, and did not appear to be a statement favoring one term or the other. You are also correct that there is no dispute, and I see none either. My edits support that, and nothing else. What I wrote of course can be refined or ammended, and especially so if references are included (as I did).—LithiumFlash (talk) 08:44, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Superstition about pad and disc bedding
This section was on the main page. It is superstition and does not follow any logic. You might as well say you need to put fuzzy dice on the mirror to prevent brake problems.

Please provide factual evidence before returning it to the main page. By "factual evidence", I mean actual evidence, not communally-reinforced theories that have been done for decades without justification.

The superstition:
 * Brake discs and pads require sometime to adhere to each other smoothly. The pads need to deposit an even transfer layer. For street and urban driving with new pads and discs it is best to treat them as a break in period as you would a new car for 200 to 300 miles after this period the manufactures bedding procedure can be followed. This is typically some number of stops from a certain max speed to a minimum speed. For example, 10 moderate stops from 60 mph to 10 mph in a safe controlled environment where no hazards are present. The goal is to get the brake pads and brake discs hot. During this time it is ideal to keep the brake pressure and stops consistent without engaging the Anti lock braking system or skidding the tires. There will likely be smells and a light amount of smoke. This is normal. Once the brakes begin to suffer from fade(braking effectiveness slightly reduced) the process is complete. Continue to drive at moderate speeds to cool the brake discs avoiding the use of the brakes unless needed for emergency situations. Also take note when coming to a complete stop until everything has cooled not to hold your foot on the brakes which could create an imprint.
 * This procedure can be done at any time during the pad's or rotor's life to attempt to alleviate some of the common issues associated with disc brake systems. Ensure the discs and pads are in adequate shape before attempting a bedding procedure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.119.62.62 (talk) 18:08, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Disc brake and anonymous contributors
I firmly believe that anonymous contributors, spammers, should be systematically blocked. Peter Horn User talk 12:34, 14 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disc brake


text:
Closed manifold

In mathematics, a closed manifold is a manifold without boundary that is compact. In comparison, an open manifold is a manifold without boundary that has only non-compact components.

Examples
The only connected one-dimensional example is a circle. The sphere, torus, and the Klein bottle are all closed two-dimensional manifolds. The real projective space RPn is a closed n-dimensional manifold. The complex projective space CPn is a closed 2n-dimensional manifold. A line is not closed because it is not compact. A closed disk is a compact two-dimensional manifold, but it is not closed because it has a boundary.

Properties
Every closed manifold is a Euclidean neighborhood retract and thus has finitely generated homology groups.

If $$M$$ is a closed connected n-manifold, the n-th homology group $$H_{n}(M;\mathbb{Z})$$ is $$\mathbb{Z}$$ or 0 depending on whether $$M$$ is orientable or not. Moreover, the torsion subgroup of the (n-1)-th homology group $$H_{n-1}(M;\mathbb{Z}) $$ is 0 or $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$ depending on whether $$M$$ is orientable or not. This follows from an application of the universal coefficient theorem.

Let $$R$$ be a commutative ring. For $$R$$-orientable $$M$$ with fundamental class $$[M]\in H_{n}(M;R) $$, the map $$D: H^k(M;R) \to H_{n-k}(M;R)$$ defined by $$D(\alpha)=[M]\cap\alpha$$ is an isomorphism for all k. This is the Poincaré duality. In particular, every closed manifold is $$\mathbb{Z}_2$$-orientable. So there is always an isomorphism $$H^k(M;\mathbb{Z}_2) \cong H_{n-k}(M;\mathbb{Z}_2)$$.

Open manifolds
For a connected manifold, "open" is equivalent to "without boundary and non-compact", but for a disconnected manifold, open is stronger. For instance, the disjoint union of a circle and a line is non-compact since a line is non-compact, but this is not an open manifold since the circle (one of its components) is compact.

Abuse of language
Most books generally define a manifold as a space that is, locally, homeomorphic to Euclidean space (along with some other technical conditions), thus by this definition a manifold does not include its boundary when it is embedded in a larger space. However, this definition doesn’t cover some basic objects such as a closed disk, so authors sometimes define a manifold with boundary and abusively say manifold without reference to the boundary. But normally, a compact manifold (compact with respect to its underlying topology) can synonymously be used for closed manifold if the usual definition for manifold is used.

The notion of a closed manifold is unrelated to that of a closed set. A line is a closed subset of the plane, and a manifold, but not a closed manifold.

Use in physics
The notion of a "closed universe" can refer to the universe being a closed manifold but more likely refers to the universe being a manifold of constant positive Ricci curvature.

title: Closed manifold