text:
Robert F. Wagner

Robert Ferdinand Wagner I (June 8, 1877 – May 4, 1953) was an American attorney and Democratic Party politician who represented the state of New York in the United States Senate from 1927 to 1949.

Born in Prussia, Wagner immigrated to the United States with his family in 1885. After graduating from New York Law School, Wagner won election to the New York State Legislature, eventually becoming the Democratic leader of the New York State Senate. Working closely with fellow New York City Democrat Al Smith, Wagner and Smith embraced reform, especially to the benefit of their core constituency, the working class. They built a coalition for these reforms that embraced unions, social workers, some businessmen, and numerous middle-class activists and civic reform organizations across the state. Wagner left the state senate in 1918, and served as a justice of the New York Supreme Court until his election to the U.S. Senate in 1926.

As a Senator, Wagner was a leader of the New Deal Coalition, putting special emphasis on supporting the labor movement. He was a close associate and strong supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He sponsored three major laws: the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act), the Social Security Act of 1935, and the Housing Act of 1937. Wagner resigned from the Senate in 1949 due to ill health, and died in 1953. His son, Robert F. Wagner Jr., was mayor of New York City from 1954 through 1965.

Early life and education
Robert Ferdinand Wagner was born on June 8, 1877, in Nastätten, Hesse-Nassau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire (now in Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Federal Republic of Germany). The family immigrated to the United States in 1885 and settled in New York City's Yorkville neighborhood, where Wagner attended the public schools. His father was a janitor.

He graduated from the College of the City of New York (now named City College of New York) in 1898, where he was a brother of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and from New York Law School in 1900. He was admitted to the bar in 1900.

Political career
As a young lawyer he became part of the Tammany Hall Democratic machine in Manhattan. He was elected to New York State Assembly in 1905 (New York Co., 30th D.), 1907 and 1908 (both New York Co., 22nd D.).

New York State Senate
He was a member of the New York State Senate (16th D.) from 1909 to 1918, sitting in the 132nd, 133rd, 134th, 135th, 136th, 137th, 138th, 139th, 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures. He was President pro tempore of the New York State Senate from 1911 to 1914. Wagner became Acting Lieutenant Governor of New York after the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer, and the succession of Lieutenant Governor Martin H. Glynn to the governorship. In 1914, while Wagner remained President pro tempore, John F. Murtaugh was chosen Majority Leader of the State Senate. That was the only time before 2009 that the two offices were not held by the same person. After the Democrats lost their Senate majority, Wagner was Senate Minority Leader from January 1915 until he retired in 1918.

In the aftermath of the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, he was Chairman of the State Factory Investigating Committee (1911–1915). His Vice Chairman was fellow Tammany Hall politician, Al Smith. They held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3500 pages of testimony. They started with the issue of fire safety and moved on to broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to 38 new laws regulating labor in New York State and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help workers.

Wagner was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Conventions of 1915 and 1938 and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1919 to 1926.

U.S. Senate

Wagner was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1926 and re-elected in 1932, 1938, and 1944. He resigned on June 28, 1949, due to ill health. He was unable to attend any sessions of the 80th or 81st Congress from 1947 to 1949 because of a heart ailment. Wagner was the Chairman of the Committee on Patents in the 73rd Congress, of the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys in the 73rd and 74th Congresses, and of the Committee on Banking and Currency in the 75th through 79th Congresses. He was a delegate to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944.

Wagner, who had known the future President when they were in the New York state legislature together, was a member of Franklin Roosevelt's Brain Trust. He was very involved in labor issues, fought for legal protection and rights for workers, and was a leader in crafting the New Deal.

In April 1943, a confidential analysis by British scholar Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office stated of Wagner:
 * a veteran Liberal Tammany statesman, author of the United States labour code and devotee of the New Deal who is respected by the White House for his political acumen within his own State no less than for his political connexions. Greatest champion of the Liberal cause in the United States Senate since [George W.] Norris. A typical anti-Nazi German Democrat who has supported all the Administration measures, being usually well in advance of them.

His most important legislative achievements include the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 and the Wagner–Steagall Housing Act of 1937. After the Supreme Court ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act and the National Recovery Administration unconstitutional, Wagner helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) in 1935, a similar but much more expansive bill. The National Labor Relations Act, perhaps Wagner's greatest achievement, was a seminal event in the history of organized labor in the United States. It created the National Labor Relations Board, which mediated disputes between unions and corporations, and greatly expanded the rights of workers by banning many "unfair labor practices" and guaranteeing all workers the right to form a union. He also introduced the Railway Pension Law and cosponsored the Wagner–O'Day Act, the predecessor to the Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act.

Wagner was instrumental in writing the Social Security Act, and originally introduced it in the United States Senate.

The Wagner–Hatfield amendment to the Communications Act of 1934, aimed at turning over twenty-five percent of all radio channels to non-profit radio broadcasters, did not pass. In 1939 he co-sponsored with Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R–MA) the Wagner–Rogers Bill to admit 20,000 Jewish refugees under the age of 14 to the United States from Nazi Germany, but the bill never passed.

Wagner and Edward P. Costigan sponsored a federal anti-lynching law in 1934. They tried to persuade President Roosevelt to support the bill but Roosevelt refused for fear of alienating Southern Democrats and losing their support for New Deal programs. There were 18 lynchings of blacks in the South in 1935, but after the threat of federal legislation, the number fell to eight in 1936 and to two in 1939.

On June 28, 1949, Wagner resigned from the Senate because of ill health; John Foster Dulles was appointed by Governor Thomas E. Dewey on July 7, 1949, to fill the vacancy temporarily.

Personal life and death
Wagner was raised as a Lutheran, but he became a Methodist in his college years and taught Sunday school; he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1946.

In 1908, Wagner married Margaret Marie McTague. She died in 1919. They had one son, Robert F. Wagner Jr.

In 1927, he received the first honorary citizenship of Nastaetten, his town of birth.

In the 1930s, Wagner dated the communist journalist Marguerite Young.

He died on May 4, 1953, in New York City, and was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Queens.

Legacy
His son Robert F. Wagner Jr. was Mayor of New York City from 1954 to 1965. His grandson, Robert (Bobby) Ferdinand Wagner III, was a Deputy Mayor, Director Urban Planning Commission and President of the New York City Board of Education in the 80s and 90s.

On September 14, 2004, a portrait of Wagner, along with one of Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg, was unveiled in the Senate Reception Room. The new portraits joined a group of distinguished former senators, including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert M. La Follette, and Robert A. Taft. Portraits of this group of senators, known as the "Famous Five", were unveiled on March 12, 1959.

The public middle school located at 220 East 76th Street in New York City is named after him.

The former Wagner Hall on the campus of the City College of New York is named for him.

title: Robert F. Wagner


text:
Talk:In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003

Shiny Happy People
The article currently states "A notable omission from the album is the song "Shiny Happy People" which was deliberately left out by the band despite it being one of their biggest hits." The statement is vague at best. There are other hits that didn't make it despite being expected inclusions. What makes this one different? I presume that its exclusion was explained or pointed out by a band member in an interview or something. What was the source? What was their reasoning? Slow Graffiti 00:44, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I remember the band mentioning this in an interview, so I dug around and found this transcript. It seems to be a publicity interview made just before the release of In Time.  The most relevant section is a quote from Michael Stipe, as follows:

 * "Well, we have all these songs that were big hit singles that were basically our bubblegum echelon, is what I've referred to it as. Each of us taking those very kind of, very Monkees, Banana Splits, Josey and the Pussycats moments that we had growing up as kids. Me, without an older brother or sister to turn me on to the Who or the Kinks or the Rolling Stones or the Beatles. That was my reference point. And so, with a handful of songs, we kind of - we moved into our bubblegum echelon. And in those are The Sidewinder Sleeps Tonite, which did make the best of. Under pressure we capitulated to the international company, because they really wanted it on there. Shiny Happy People didn't, because it just kind of doesn't fit. Stand did, because it kind of does."

 * There's nothing in the album sleeve notes about the omission, incidentally. Hassocks5489 14:27, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Please stop the revert wars!
Hey! Between the two of you, you have edited over 10,000 pages; I have edited over 3500. As a disinterested observer, I am citing the unofficial "way too much time on our hands" doctrine: Let's compromise!

a) Dudesleeper is correct on the dating. The reason for this is very simple: for many years now release dates have standardized on Tuesdays in America and Mondays in other places. The difference of a single day is not worth this craziness.
 * Proposed: We can use (as as has been the case elsewhere) one date with the UK release date and the second with the US one. You can even use cute little flag icons for them. (b) There are no explicit guidelines on how to incorporate an album article in a discography.

Discuss, please. -- Fantailfan (talk) 20:19, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Proposed: We add a second discography using this format, with the albums discography taking top spot, the chronological one the second:
 * Misc        =

Disc B.
My copy has Disc A as per the single CD version & then has a Disc B, as follows :- Radio Song ; Low ; Near Wild Heaven ; Endgame ; Shiny Happy People ; Belong ; Half A World Away ; Texarkana ; Country Feedback ; Me In Honey ; I'll Take The Rain ; I've Been High ; She Just Wants To Be ; Saturn Return ; Imitation Of Life ; Beat A Drum ; You Are The Everything ; I Remember California.

It is a 24bit HDCD produced for/in Japan. It's not bad. Gwladys24 (talk) 08:51, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Name of the album/article
Since the name of the album as visible on the album cover (also shown on wikipedia) is clearly "The Best Of R.E.M. In Time 1988-2003" and NOT "In Time:...", I am puzzled why the album and hence the article is misnamed...anybody care to explain? - Joe King

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070426132458/http://www.kgsr.com/Interviews/Index_rem.aspx to http://kgsr.com/Interviews/Index_rem.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:14, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Joyce Cary

Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary (7 December 1888 – 29 March 1957), known as Joyce Cary, was an Anglo-Irish novelist and colonial official. His most notable novels include Mister Johnson and The Horse's Mouth.

Early life and education
Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary was born in 1888 in his grandparents' home, which was above the Belfast Bank on Shipquay Street in Derry in Ulster, the Northern province in Ireland. His family had been 'Planter' landlords in neighbouring Inishowen, a peninsula on the north coast of County Donegal, also in Ulster, since the early years of the Plantation of Ulster in the early seventeenth century. However, the family had largely lost its Inishowen property on the western shores of Lough Foyle after the passage of the Irish Land Act in 1882. The family dispersed and Cary had uncles who served in the frontier US Cavalry and the Canadian North-West Mounted Police. Most of the Carys wound up in Great Britain. Arthur Cary, his father, moved to London in 1884 and trained as an engineer. He then married Charlotte Joyce, elder daughter of James John Joyce, manager of the Belfast Bank, Derry, in August 1887 and they settled in London. His mother died of pneumonia in October 1898.

Throughout his childhood, Cary spent many summers at his grandmother's house in the north of Ireland and at Cromwell House in England, home of a great-uncle, which served as a base for all the Cary clan. Some of this upbringing is described in the fictionalised memoir A House of Children (1941) and the novel Castle Corner (1938) – i.e., Cary Castle, one of his family's lost properties in Inishowen in Ulster. Although Cary remembered his West Ulster childhood with affection and wrote about it with great feeling, he was based in England for the rest of his life. The feeling of displacement and the idea that life's tranquillity may be disturbed at any moment marked Cary and informs much of his writing. His health was poor as a child. He was subject to asthma, which recurred throughout his life, and was nearly blind in one eye, which caused him to wear a monocle when he was in his twenties. Cary was educated at Clifton College in Bristol, England, where he was a member of Dakyns House. His mother died during this period, leaving him a small legacy which served as his financial base until the 1930s.

In 1906, determined to be an artist, Cary travelled to Paris. Discovering that he needed more technical training, Cary then studied art in Edinburgh. Soon enough, he determined that he could never be more than a third rate painter and decided to apply himself to literature. He published a volume of poems which, by his own later account, was "pretty bad," and then entered Trinity College, Oxford. There he became friends with fellow student John Middleton Murry and introduced Murry to Paris on a holiday together. He neglected his studies and graduated from Oxford with a fourth class degree.

Nigeria and early writing
Seeking adventure, in 1912 Cary left for the Kingdom of Montenegro and served as a Red Cross orderly during the Balkan Wars. Cary kept and illustrated a record of his experiences there, Memoir of the Bobotes (1964), that was not published until after his death.

Returning to Britain the next year, Cary sought a post with an Irish agricultural cooperative scheme, but the project fell through. Dissatisfied and believing that he lacked the education that would provide him with a good position in the United Kingdom, Cary joined the Nigerian political service. During the First World War, he served with a Nigerian regiment fighting in the German colony of Kamerun. The short story "Umaru" (1921) describes an incident from this period in which a British officer recognises the common humanity that connects him with his African sergeant.

Cary was wounded at the battle of Mount Mora in 1916. He returned to England on leave and proposed marriage to Gertrude Ogilvie, the sister of a friend, whom he had been courting for years. Three months later, Cary returned to service as a colonial officer, leaving a pregnant Gertrude in England. Cary held several posts in Nigeria including that of the magistrate and executive officer in Borgu. He began his African service as a stereotypical district officer, determined to bring order to the natives, but by the end of his service, he had come to see the Nigerians as individuals with hard lives.

By 1920, Cary was concentrating his energies on providing clean water and roads to connect remote villages with the larger world. A second leave had left Gertrude pregnant with their second child. She begged Cary to retire from the colonial service, so that they could live together in Britain. Cary had thought this impossible for financial reasons, but in 1920, he obtained a literary agent and some of the stories he had written while in Africa were sold to The Saturday Evening Post, an American magazine, and published under the name Thomas Joyce. This provided Cary with enough incentive to resign from the Nigerian service and he and Gertrude took a house in Oxford on Parks Road opposite the University Parks (now marked with a blue plaque) for their growing family. They had four sons, including the composer, Tristram Cary, and the civil servant, Sir Michael Cary.

As a novelist in the 1930s
Cary worked hard on developing as a writer, but his brief economic success soon ended as the Post decided that his stories had become too "literary". Cary worked on various novels and a play, but nothing sold, and the family soon had to take in tenants. Their plight worsened when the Depression wiped out the investments that provided them with income and, at one point, the family rented out their house and lived with family members. Finally, in 1932, Cary managed to publish Aissa Saved, a novel that drew on his Nigerian experience. The book was not particularly successful, but sold more than Cary's next novel, An American Visitor (1933), even though that book had some critical success. The African Witch (1936) did a little better, and the Carys managed to move back into their home.

Although none of Cary's first three novels was particularly successful critically or financially, they are progressively more ambitious and complex. Indeed, The African Witch (1936) is so rich in incident, character, and thematic possibility that it over-burdens its structure. Cary understood that he needed to find new ways to make the narrative form carry his ideas. George Orwell, on his return from Spain, recommended Cary to the Liberal Book Club, which requested Cary to put together a work outlining his ideas on freedom and liberty, a basic theme in all his novels. It was released as Power in Men (1939) [not Cary's title], but the publisher seriously cut the manuscript without Cary's approval and he was most unhappy with the book. Now Cary contemplated a trilogy of novels based on his Irish background. Castle Corner (1938) did not do well and Cary abandoned the idea. After this came one last African novel, Mister Johnson (1939), written entirely in the present tense. Although now regarded as one of Cary's best novels, it sold poorly at the time. But Charley Is My Darling (1940), about displaced young people at the start of World War II, found a wider readership, and the memoir A House of Children (1941) won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for best novel.

Final years
Cary now undertook his great works examining historical and social change in England during his own lifetime. The First Trilogy (Herself Surprised, To Be a Pilgrim, and The Horse's Mouth) finally provided Cary with a reasonable income, and The Horse's Mouth remains his most popular novel. Cary's pamphlet The Case for African Freedom (1941), published by Orwell's Searchlight Books series, had attracted some interest, and the film director Thorold Dickinson asked for Cary's help in developing a wartime movie set partly in Africa. In 1943, while writing The Horse's Mouth, Cary travelled to Africa with a film crew to work on Men of Two Worlds.

Cary travelled to India in 1946 on a second film project with Dickinson, but the struggle against the British for national independence made movie-making impossible, and the project was abandoned. The Moonlight (1946), a novel about the difficulties of women, ended a long period of intense creativity for Cary. Gertrude was suffering from cancer and his output slowed for a while. Gertrude died as A Fearful Joy (1949) was being published. Cary was now at the height of his fame and fortune. He began preparing a series of prefatory notes for the re-publication of all his works in a standard edition published by Michael Joseph.

He visited the United States, collaborated on a stage adaptation of Mister Johnson, and was offered an appointment as a CBE, which he refused. Meanwhile, he continued work on the three novels that make up the Second Trilogy (Prisoner of Grace, Except the Lord, and Not Honour More). In 1952, Cary had some muscle problems which were originally diagnosed as bursitis, but as more symptoms were noted over the next two years, the diagnosis was changed to that of motor neuron disease (known as Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS) in North America), a wasting and gradual paralysis that was terminal. As his physical powers failed, Cary had to have a pen tied to his hand and his arm supported by a rope to write. Finally, he resorted to dictation until unable to speak and then ceased writing for the first time since 1912. His last work, The Captive and the Free (1959), the first volume of a projected trilogy on religion, was unfinished at his death on 29 March 1957, aged 68.

Legacy
He had appointed his close friend Winnie Davin as his literary executor, and she supervised the transfer of his library to the Bodleian Library, posthumously published some unfinished works, and supported scholars who studied his papers. She also wrote Cary's entry for the Dictionary of National Biography.

Selected works

 * Verse (as Arthur Cary, 1908)
 * Aissa Saved (1932)
 * An American Visitor (1933)
 * The African Witch (1936)
 * Castle Corner (1938)
 * Power in Men (1939)
 * Mister Johnson (1939)
 * Charley is My Darling (1940)
 * A House of Children (1941)
 * Herself Surprised (1941)
 * The Case for African Freedom (1941)
 * To Be a Pilgrim (1942)
 * Process of Real Freedom (1943)
 * The Horse's Mouth (1944)
 * Marching Soldier (1945)
 * The Moonlight (1946)
 * Britain and West Africa (1947)
 * The Drunken Sailor: A Ballad-Epic (1947)
 * A Fearful Joy (1949)
 * Prisoner of Grace (1952)
 * Except the Lord (1953)
 * Not Honour More (1955)
 * The Old Strife at Plant’s (1956)
 * Art and Reality (1958)
 * The Captive and the Free (1959)
 * Spring Song and other Stories (1960)
 * The Case for African Freedom, and Other Writings on Africa (1962)
 * Memoir of the Bobotes (1964)
 * Cock Jarvis: An Unfinished Novel (1974)
 * Selected Essays (1976), ed. Alan Bishop

title: Joyce Cary


text: User talk:82.33.73.82

title: User talk:82.33.73.82


text:
Ightham Mote

Ightham Mote, at Ightham, is a medieval moated manor house in Kent, England. The architectural writer John Newman describes it as "the most complete small medieval manor house in the county".

Ightham Mote and its gardens are owned by the National Trust and are open to the public. The house is a Grade I listed building, and parts of it are a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

14th century–16th century
The origins of the house date from circa 1340–1360. The earliest recorded owner is Sir Thomas Cawne, who fought in France with Edward the Black Prince and who acquired the Mote in the 1360s. He died in 1374 and there is a memorial to him in St Peter’s Church. In 1399 on the death of his son Robert the house passed by the marriage of Robert’s daughter Alice to Nicholas Haute and their descendants, their grandson Richard Haute being Sheriff of Kent in the late 15th century. It was then purchased in 1521 by the courtier Sir Richard Clement (d.1538). In 1591, Sir William Selby bought the estate.

16th century-late 19th century
The house remained in the Selby family for nearly 300 years. Sir William was succeeded by his nephew, also Sir William, who is notable for handing over the keys of Berwick-upon-Tweed to James I on his way south to succeed to the throne. He married Dorothy Bonham of West Malling but had no children. The Selbys continued until the mid-19th century when the line faltered with Elizabeth Selby, the widow of a Thomas who disinherited his only son. During her reclusive tenure, Joseph Nash drew the house for his multi-volume illustrated history Mansions of England in the Olden Time, published in the 1840s. A brownwash watercolour painting dated c.1828 by Samuel Palmer shows that part of the building had been converted to an oast house.

The house passed to a cousin, Prideaux John Selby, a distinguished naturalist, sportsman and scientist. On his death in 1867 he left the house to his daughter Lewis Marianne Bigge. Her second husband, Robert Luard (with whom she had two children, including the organist Bertram Luard-Selby, who had been born at Ightham Mote), changed his name to Luard-Selby. Ightham Mote was rented in 1887 to the American railway magnate William Jackson Palmer and his family and for three years became a centre for artists and writers of the Aesthetic Movement, with visitors including John Singer Sargent, Henry James and Ellen Terry. When Mrs Bigge died in 1889, the executors of her son Charles Selby-Bigge, a Shropshire land agent, put the house up for sale in July 1889.

Late 19th century-21st century
The Mote was purchased in 1889 by Sir Thomas Colyer-Fergusson. He and his wife brought up their six children at the Mote. In 1890–1891, he carried out much repair and restoration, which allowed the survival of the house after centuries of neglect. Ightham Mote was opened to the public one afternoon a week in the early 20th century.

Sir Thomas Colyer-Fergusson's third son, Riversdale, died aged 21 in 1917 at the Third Battle of Ypres, and was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross. A wooden cross in the New Chapel is in his memory. The oldest brother, Max, was killed at the age of 49 in a bombing raid on an army driving school near Tidworth in 1940 during World War II. One of the three daughters, Mary (called Polly) married Walter Monckton.

On Sir Thomas's death in 1951, the property and the baronetcy passed to Max's son, James. The high costs of upkeep and repair of the house led him to sell the house and auction most of the contents. The sale took place in October 1951 and lasted three days. It was suggested that the house be demolished to harvest the lead on the roofs, or that it be divided into flats. Three local men purchased the house: William Durling, John Goodwin and John Baldock. They paid £5,500 for the freehold, in the hope of being able to secure the future of the house. In 1953, Ightham Mote was purchased by Charles Henry Robinson, an American of Portland, Maine, United States. He had known the property from vacations in England during the 1920s, and many years later happened to see the house for sale in Country Life. He lived there for only fourteen weeks a year for tax reasons. He made many urgent repairs, and partly refurnished the house with 17th-century English pieces. In 1965, he announced that he would give Ightham Mote and its contents to the National Trust. He died in 1985 and his ashes were immured just outside the crypt. The National Trust took possession in that year.

In 1989, the National Trust began an ambitious conservation project that involved dismantling much of the building and recording its construction methods before rebuilding it. During this process, the effects of centuries of ageing, weathering, and the destructive effect of the deathwatch beetle were highlighted. The project ended in 2004 after revealing numerous examples of structural and ornamental features which had been covered up by later additions.

Architecture and description
Originally dating to around 1320, the building is important because it has most of its original features; successive owners effected relatively few changes to the main structure, after the completion of the quadrangle with a new chapel in the 16th century. Pevsner described it as "the most complete small medieval manor house in the county", and it remains an example that shows how such houses would have looked in the Middle Ages. Unlike most courtyard houses of its type which have had a range demolished so that the house looks outward, Nicholas Cooper observes that Ightham Mote wholly surrounds its courtyard and looks inward, into it, offering little information externally. The construction is of "Kentish ragstone and dull red brick," the buildings of the courtyard having originally been built of timber and subsequently rebuilt in stone.

The house has more than 70 rooms, all arranged around a central courtyard, "the confines circumscribed by the moat." The house is surrounded on all sides by a square moat, crossed by three bridges. The earliest surviving evidence is for a house of the early 14th century, with the great hall, to which were attached, at the high, or dais end, the chapel, crypt and two solars. The courtyard was completely enclosed by increments on its restricted moated site, and the battlemented tower was constructed in the 15th century. Very little of the 14th century survives on the exterior behind rebuilding and refacing of the 15th and 16th centuries. The structures include unusual and distinctive elements, such as the porter's squint, a narrow slit in the wall designed to enable a gatekeeper to examine a visitor's credentials before opening the gate. An open loggia with a fifteenth-century gallery above, connects the main accommodations with the gatehouse range. The courtyard contains a large, 19th century dog kennel. The house contains two chapels; the New Chapel, of c.1520, having a barrel roof decorated with Tudor roses. Parts of the interior were remodelled by Richard Norman Shaw.

In literature
Much of Anya Seton's novel Green Darkness takes place at Ightham Mote. The novel was inspired by a visit Seton made in 1968. Charles Henry Robinson allowed Seton to access his library and notes for research.

title: Ightham Mote


text:
Permission culture

Permission culture is a term often employed by Lawrence Lessig and other copyright activists such as Luis Villa and Nina Paley to describe a society in which copyright restrictions are pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of copyrighted works need to be explicitly leased. This has both economic and social implications: in such a society, copyright holders could require payment for each use of a work and, perhaps more importantly, permission to make any sort of derivative work.

Lawrence Lessig describes permission culture in contrast with free culture. While permission culture describes a society in which previous creators or those with power must grant people permission to use material, free culture ensures that anyone is able to create without restrictions from the past. An example Lessig cites in his book, Free Culture, is photography. In this example, if the legal environment surrounding the early stages of photography had been stricter with what constituted ownership and leaned more towards permission culture, photography would have developed in a drastically different manner and would be limited.

An implication of permission culture is that creators are blocked by systemic procedures and this discourages innovation. Requiring permission in this sense means that creators will have to prove their usage of material is fair, even where legally unnecessary, which is a process that some would decide not to continue.

This term is often contrasted with remix culture.

title: Permission culture


text:
Edward Craggs-Eliot, 1st Baron Eliot

Edward Craggs-Eliot, 1st Baron Eliot (London, 8 July 1727 – 17 February 1804, Port Eliot, Cornwall) was an English official and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1748 to 1784, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Eliot.

Life and career
He was born to Richard Eliot (c.1694 – 19 November 1748) and Harriot Craggs (c.1704 – January 1769), the illegitimate daughter of the Privy Counsellor and Secretary of State, James Craggs (9 April 1686 – 2 March 1721) and the noted actress, Hester Santlow. His sister Anne, who married Captain Hugh Bonfoy, was a noted beauty who was painted twice by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Another sister, Elizabeth, married Charles Cocks, 1st Baron Somers.

In 1742, he matriculated at St Mary Hall, Oxford but did not graduate. During 1747–1748, he travelled in Continental Europe, principally the Dutch Republic, Germany and Switzerland. On 19 November 1748, he succeeded his father. From 1748 to 1768 he was Member of Parliament for St Germans, Cornwall, the place of his family estate Port Eliot. In succession, he became Member of Parliament (MP) for Liskeard (1768–1774), for St Germans (1774–1775), and for Cornwall (1775–1784).

In 1751, Edward was appointed Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall. From 1760 until 1776, Edward was one of the eight Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, and in 1775 he again became Receiver General of the Duchy. However, in 1776 he notably voted against the employment of Hessian Troops, and resigned from the Board of Trade and Plantations, and from the government.

On 13 January 1784, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Eliot, of St Germans in the County of Cornwall, and took his seat in the House of Lords on 2 February 1784. On 15 Apr 1789, according to the stipulation in his Craggs-estate inheritance, he changed his surname from Eliot to Craggs (on occasion using "Craggs Eliot" instead of Edward Craggs Lord Eliot). At the same time, the Eliot arms were quartered with those of the Craggs family and used by Edward and his sons.

Eliot was an acquaintance of Dr Samuel Johnson and a friend and patron of Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Family
On 25 September 1756, he married Catherine Elliston (September 1735 – 23 February 1804), daughter of Captain Edward Elliston and Catherine Gibbon, the aunt of Edward Gibbon, at St James' Church, Westminster.

Together, they had four children:
 * 1) Edward James Eliot (9 August 1757 – September 1757)
 * 2) Edward James Eliot (24 August 1758 – 17 September 1797)
 * 3) John Eliot, 1st Earl of St Germans (30 September 1761 – 17 November 1823)
 * 4) William Eliot, 2nd Earl of St Germans (1 April 1767 – 19 January 1845)

Eliot died at his Port Eliot estate on 17 February 1804, and he was buried at St Germans, Cornwall

title: Edward Craggs-Eliot, 1st Baron Eliot


text:
Talk:Kinetic energy

Make technical articles understandable
Our article on kinetic energy is clearly a technical article. A large amount of useful information on these articles is provided at WP:Make technical articles understandable.

The lead section of the article on kinetic energy does not fare well when reviewed using the principles at “Make technical articles understandable”. Here are two of the violations I see in the lead section:

 * 1) The first paragraph contains “Formally, a kinetic energy is any term in a system’s Lagrangian which includes a derivative with respect to time and the second term in a Taylor expansion of a particle’s relativistic energy.” I don’t doubt this is true, but not everything true can, or should, be placed in the first paragraph of the lead section of an article. WP:EXPLAINLEAD is highly relevant and shows why the lead of this article, and particularly the first paragraph, is failing.
 * 2) The first paragraph contains “It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.” If this were true it means the concept of kinetic energy is subordinate to the concepts of work and acceleration; readers will not be able to comprehend the concept of kinetic energy if they don’t already have an understanding of both work and acceleration. This is clearly an invalid implication because kinetic energy can be readily understood by readers who don’t have an understanding of work or acceleration. The first paragraph of the lead can introduce the quantitative meaning of kinetic energy simply by saying it is $$\tfrac{1}{2} m v^2$$. More complex properties of kinetic energy deserve a place in the article, but not in the first paragraph of the lead, and maybe not even in the lead itself.

WP:Make technical articles understandable gives the following advice: “If an article is written in a highly technical manner, but the material permits a more understandable explanation, then editors are strongly encouraged to rewrite it.”

We should rewrite it. I’m interested in what other Users think, and what changes they might propose on this Talk page. I’m willing to start work on rewriting in a few days Dolphin ( t ) 09:31, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree that both of the sentences you identified are problematic. Because the connection to special relativity from sentence (1) is described in the relativistic kinetic energy section, I think that removing that comment is justified.  Some connections between kinetic energy and Lagrangian mechanics are contained in the Lagrangian mechanics article, so, for now, it might be helpful to link to that article somewhere in this one.  Eventually, I think a discussion of connections to Lagrangian mechanics contained directly in the kinetic energy article could be helpful.  IncompleteBits (talk) 19:02, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I have taken the existing lead section, amended, added and subtracted various bits and come up with a new lead. What do others think?

 * In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.(Ref 1)

 * In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is $ \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ .(Ref 2)

 * It can be shown that the kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work needed to accelerate an object of mass m from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the object maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. The same amount of work is done by the object when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.(Ref 2)

 * The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the English unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound.

 * In relativistic mechanics, $ \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ is a good approximation of kinetic energy only when v is much less than the speed of light.

 * Ref 1: Mahesh C. Jain, Textbook of Engineering Physics (Part I)
 * Ref 2: Resnick & Halliday (1960), Physics, Section 7-5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dolphin51 (talk • contribs) 10:37, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

No objection has been raised to my proposed new lead section after a week so I will paste it into the article as the new lead. Dolphin ( t ) 12:22, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Sorry I was away for the US holiday so my comment comes late.
 * Overall your changes are a great improvement, thanks.
 * However, one aspect concerns me: possession of kinetic energy. As I heard it put one time: energy is not a magical fluid added and removed from objects. Rather it is a relative property, useful only by comparison.  Objects have different amounts of kinetic energy depending on the reference frame.  We humans assign kinetic energy to objects based on our analysis of the object's velocity relative to our chosen reference frame.
 * Now I understand that introductory discussions choose to ignore these basics. Introductory works imply an Earth bound frame of reference as absolute and universal. Having been taught to think of energy as possessed by objects, I found relativity to be simply unbelievable. Had I been introduced to idea that kinetic energy only has meaning between two objects or between an object and a collections of objects, I would not have had to unlearn the "fluid" model of energy.
 * There are some hints at this point of view in the article. Unfortunately the relativity section fails to discuss physics and jumps right to math.
 * It seems to me that this fundamental, critical aspect of kinetic energy deserves attention in the lead. If you think the article needs more referenced content along these lines first, please let me know. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:25, 8 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your thoughtful reply. I think your comments are entirely valid, but I doubt that the lead section is the place to resolve these concerns. Your principles have universal truth and can be applied to every Wikipedia article - if a reader is to acquire a mature understanding of a subject, the lead section of the Wikipedia article will never be sufficient; a mature understanding will always require the reader to go beyond the lead section and begin to absorb some or all of the information in the body of the article. WP:EXPLAINLEAD says it all.
 * I suggest you proceed with one or both of the following steps:
 * Start a new discussion thread on this Talk page to raise your concerns. (It could contain a cut/copy and paste of your comments immediately above.) It could also include a draft of your proposed changes (or a link to your sandbox in which you have written your proposed new version of one or more sections for this article.)
 * Use your sandbox to draft a new version of one or more sections for this article. When completed, or well advanced, you could use this Talk page to direct interested Users to your sandbox and invite them to provide their comments.
 * Dolphin ( t ) 22:50, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Further information: Self-powered dynamic systems
@JoeNMLC I have reverted a change to add template Further information: Self-powered dynamic systems to the section "Kinetic energy of systems". The section is about internal kinetic energy of eg the Solar System. The referenced article is about systems that use energy harvesting internally. While there might be some overlap, the referenced article is not "further information" about the concept of kinetic energy.

If the kinetic energy article had an Applications section, the reference article might be linked there. (this would have to be a general purpose section with more than just the single application). Johnjbarton (talk) 02:26, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Johnjbarton - Thankyou for explaining the revert. I'm totally okay with that. While I did have two semesters Physics, it was so many years ago, I am out of my element on this topic. Regards, JoeNMLC (talk) 03:12, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

Newtonian kinetic energy?
how Newton is related to history of kinetic energy?

It is classical kinetic energy and not whole classic Physics is produced by Newton. 79.202.40.58 (talk) 07:17, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. Fixed. Johnjbarton (talk) 14:53, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Kinetic energy as a relative concept.
(Follow up from a previous topic)

One aspect of the current article concerns me: possession of kinetic energy. As I heard it put one time: energy is not a magical fluid added and removed from objects. Rather it is a relative property, useful only by comparison. Objects have different amounts of kinetic energy depending on the reference frame. We humans assign kinetic energy to objects based on our analysis of the object's velocity relative to our chosen reference frame.

In one sense this is obvious: velocity is relative. Object's don't possess velocity, thus they cannot possess kinetic energy. The difficult part is presenting this naturally and clearly for an introductory audience and with sufficient reliable references.

I think such changes are important for this kind of article as noted in WP:OVERSIMPLIFY.

My proposal is to first develop a short section explaining 1) why kinetic energy is not an object property and 2) why assigning kinetic energy to objects is so darn useful.

And second to make small changes to the article to reduce the dependence on the possession model. For example, rather than we might say
 * the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion
 * the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy associated with its motion.

I will look for appropriate references first. Johnjbarton (talk) 01:04, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately I don't have the right books needed to add references to this article. Johnjbarton (talk) 22:39, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kinetic energy


text:
Ightham

Ightham is a parish and village in Kent, England, located approximately four miles east of Sevenoaks and six miles north of Tonbridge. The parish includes the hamlet of Ivy Hatch.

Ightham is famous for the nearby medieval manor of Ightham Mote (National Trust), although the village itself is of greater antiquity. Ightham is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but place-name evidence implies the name is derived from the Saxon 'Ehtaham'. 'Ehta' is a Jutish personal name, while 'ham' means settlement.

Stone Age
The presence of flint workshops at Oldbury Hill, excavated by Benjamin Harrison in 1905 and at Rose Wood on Ightham Common are evidence of the presence of humans in the Palaeolithic period. The earliest trackway crossing the parish runs mainly as a ridgeway on top of the North Downs from East Kent to Salisbury Plain.

Iron Age
The fortification of Oldbury is dated to the late Iron Age. Oldbury was in the centre of a series of forts running 70 miles from Holmbury in Surrey to the west to Bigberry near Canterbury to the east. Oldbury is the largest of all at 123 acres.

Roman period
Benjamin Harrison of Ightham excavated the site of a tile works and possible Roman villa at Patchgrove Wood on the northwest edge of Oldbury Hill, close outside the parish.

Medieval period
It is not known how the boundaries of the parish were established. There is no hard evidence for the establishment of a Saxon church, and Ightham was not mentioned in the Domesday Book. The inclusion of the church in the Textus Roffensis 1122-3 may reflect an older church as it may be a copy of an earlier Saxon list. The network of parishes has been relatively stable since Anglo-Saxon times. In North West Kent parishes are single townships and cover 1000-6000 acres. Originally Ightham had 2611 acres. Tithes were paid to a parish priest.

In 1336 Edward II granted a request for permission to hold an annual fair in the village.

War Years
During the First World War 50 men of the parish died in the fighting. A war memorial was erected in their honour opposite the George and Dragon and unveiled on 5 December 1920 by Major General Sir William Furse. The Bishop of Rochester unveiled a tablet in their honour in February 1921 in St Peter’s Church.

Other
Ightham was famous for growing Kentish cob nuts. These seem to have been cultivated first by James Usherwood, who lived at Cob Tree Cottage. There was a public house nearby called the Cob Tree Inn, which has now reverted to a private house. There are still a number of cob trees in and around the village, but the work of pruning them and picking the nuts is labour-intensive, and the industry has fallen into decline.the local school has a cobnut as its logo.

Ightham also has its own football team, Ightham FC. Home games are played at the recreation ground adjoining the A25 motorway. It also has a Scout group 1st Ightam scouts

Main Manor Houses
There were three Manor buildings House's in the original parish - the St Clere estate, Ightham Court (Court/Ightham Lodge) and Ightham Mote in the far south of the parish, at the northernmost Kent Weald. All three have origins stretching back to at least the late 12th Century. At the end of the 1400s the parish consisted of the village centre, several hamlets and a large number of dispersed farms.

St Peter’s Church
The earliest record of a church in Ightham is in the Textus Roffensis, a document commissioned by Earnulf, Bishop of Rochester in 1122/23, which lists the churches paying for blessed chrism oil on Thursday of Holy Week. Ightham was charged nine pence.

The position of St Peter’s Church on a knoll overlooking the village and with views over the parish is typically Saxon; however there is no trace of the earliest, perhaps wooden church. The fabric of the church is early Norman onwards. There are several fine monuments.

Place Names
The name Ightham derived from the name of Ehte, possibly a Jute and ham or homestead. Many place names in the parish are of Anglo-Saxon or Jutish origin. Places were named as these settlers found them. Oldbury had clearly been fortified so the Jutes called it Eald-byrig from the Anglo-Saxon eald (old) and byrig (fortified place).

Geography
The chalk North Downs have a layer of clay-with-flints in many places, including the finger of Ightham parish which reaches the crest of the Downs near Drane Farm. The highest point of the ancient parish in the north was near Drane Farm at over 700 feet above sea level. The Vale of Holmesdale runs through the parish south of the Downs. There is a steep drop to about 320 feet in the Vale of Holmesdale south of St Clere. Along the length of the Vale runs a band of Gault, blue-grey clay, a mile wide with some alluvial deposits. This was cultivated by the early settlers. To the south the land climbs gradually towards the northern part of Oldbury Hill. This hill covers 123 acres and climbs from 400 to over 600 feet then drops and climbs to nearly 650n feet at the edge of the Chart at Beacon or Raspit Hill.In the southern part of the parish are the Chart Hills or Greensand Ridge.Ightham common is at the western end of the eastern end of the eastern part of the hills and was covered with woodland and ferns, often boggy, limiting agricultural use. To the South of the Chart Hills the parish edges into the Wealden forest. The land was more suitable for agriculture than on the chart Hills. The inhabitants of Ightham would have used the forest to fatten their pigs in autumn on acorns.

Demographics
The estimated population of the parish of Ightham in 1660 was 325 and this approximately doubled to 709 by the first national census in 1801.

At the 2001 UK census, the Ightham electoral ward had a population of 1,940. The ethnicity was 99.1% White, 0% Mixed Race, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% Black and 0% Other. The place of birth of residents was 91.9% United Kingdom, 0.5% Republic of Ireland, 2% other Western European countries, and 5.6% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 82.4% Christian, 0.2% Buddhist, 0% Hindu, 0% Sikh, 0.5% Jewish, and 0.2% Muslim. 11.6% were recorded as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 4.7% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 38.2% in full-time employment, 11.6% in part-time employment, 14.7% self-employed, 1.9% unemployed, 1.9% students with jobs, 3.5% students without jobs, 13.9% retired, 11.2% looking after home or family, 1.1% permanently sick or disabled and 1.9% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 12.3% retail, 9.4% manufacturing, 7.2% construction, 18.3% real estate, 8.2% health and social work, 8.3% education, 4.3% transport and communications, 3.2% public administration, 4.3% hotels and restaurants, 17.9% finance, 1.3% agriculture and 5.3% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in finance and real estate. There were a relatively low proportion in manufacturing, public administration, transport and communications. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 35.7% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.

Notable people

 * William Sutton (1830 – 1888), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Benjamin Harrison (1837–1921), a grocer who won international recognition as a pioneer in the realm of archaeology. He contended that flints he found in the pre-glacial drift on the North Downs near Ash were artefacts, thus vastly antedating the antiquity of man.
 * William Lambarde, author of the first English county history, A Perambulation of Kent, married his first wife, Jane, in 1570 at Ightham Church on her 17th birthday. They then lived at the family home of the Manor of St Clere. Jane died on 21 September 1573, but William continued to live at the house for another 10 years.
 * Lord Eversley (when Mr. George John Shaw-Lefevre), and his wife, Constance, lived at Oldbury Place in Ightham during the time he was Postmaster General.
 * Anna Lee, MBE (2 January 1913 – 14 May 2004), was a British-born American actress.
 * Thomas Riversdale Colyer-Fergusson, VC (18 February 1896 – 31 July 1917) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross. His Victoria Cross is displayed in the chapel at Ightham Mote.
 * William Tomkin (25 November 1860 – 7 April 1940), British watercolour artist, draughtsman and Assistant to General Augustus Pitt Rivers. Along with other family members he is buried in the village churchyard.
 * Cheryl Baker singer with The Fizz and tv presenter lives in the village.
 * Martina Cole (born 30 March 1959), novelist. Has lived in the village since 2005.
 * Len Goodman - (1944 - 2023) - TV presenter
 * Roger K. Furse - (1903-1972) - costume designer

title: Ightham


text:
Tom Mann

Thomas Mann (15 April 1856 – 13 March 1941), was an English trade unionist and is widely recognised as a leading, pioneering figure for the early labour movement in Britain. Largely self-educated, Mann became a successful organiser and a popular public speaker in the British labour movement.

Early years
Mann was born on 15 April 1856, on Grange Road, Foleshill. His birth house was previously maintained by Coventry City Council, but is now privately owned after being sold in 2004. The property still stands today. Mann was the son of a clerk who worked at a colliery. He attended school from the ages of six to nine, then began work doing odd jobs on the colliery farm. A year later he became a trapper, a labour-intensive job that involved clearing blockages from the narrow airways in the mining shafts.

In 1870, the colliery was forced to close and the family moved to Birmingham. Mann soon found work as an engineering apprentice. He attended public meetings addressed by Annie Besant and John Bright, and this began his political awareness. He completed his apprenticeship in 1877 and moved to London, however he was unable to find work as an engineer and took a series of unskilled jobs.

In 1879, Mann found work in an engineering shop. Here he was introduced to socialism by the foreman, and decided to improve his own education. His reading included the works of William Morris, Henry George, and John Ruskin. In 1881 he joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, and took part in his first strike. In 1884, he joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in Battersea. Here he met John Burns and Henry Hyde Champion, who encouraged him to publish a pamphlet calling for the working day to be limited to eight hours. Mann formed an organisation, the Eight Hour League, which successfully pressured the Trades Union Congress to adopt the eight-hour day as a key goal.

Activist and leader
After reading The Communist Manifesto in 1886, Mann became a communist. He now believed the main purpose of the labour movement should be to overthrow capitalism, rather than just to ameliorate the condition of workers under it. He moved to Newcastle in 1887 and organised the SDF in the north of England. He managed Keir Hardie's electoral campaign in Lanark before returning to London in 1888, where he worked in support of the Bryant and May match factory strike. With Burns and Champion, he began producing a journal, the Labour Elector, in 1888.

Along with Burns and Ben Tillett, Mann was one of the leading figures in the London dock strike of 1889. He was responsible for organising relief for the strikers and their families. With the support of other unions and various organisations, the strike was successful. Following the strike, Mann was elected President of the newly formed Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union, with Tillett as General Secretary. Tillett and Mann wrote a pamphlet called New Unionism, which advanced the utopian ideal of a co-operative commonwealth. Mann was also elected to the London Trades and Labour Council and as secretary of the National Reform Union, and was a member of the Royal Commission on Labour from 1891 to 1893. In 1894, he was a founding member of the Independent Labour Party and became the party Secretary in 1894. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the party in the 1895 general election. In 1896 he was beaten in the election for Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. He helped create the International Transport Workers' Federation, and was its first President. He was deported from a number of European countries for organising trade unions.

Mann's religious belief was as strong as his politics. He was an Anglican and organised support from Christian organisations like the Salvation Army during a number of strikes. In 1893 there were rumours that he intended to become a church minister. He advocated the co-operative model of economic organisation, but resisted alliance between the ILP and other socialist organisations in Britain, like the Fabians. In 1895, the Fabian Beatrice Webb criticised Mann's absolutism and described his goal derogatorily as, "a body of men all professing exactly the same creed and all working in exact uniformity to exactly the same end". Philip Snowden, a member of the ILP, liked Mann but was critical of his inability to stay with any one party or organisation for more than a few years.

Australia and Liverpool

In 1902, Mann emigrated to Australia, to see if that country's broader electoral franchise would allow more "drastic modification of capitalism". Settling in Melbourne, he was active in Australian trade unions and became an organiser for the Australian Labor Party. However, he grew disillusioned with the party, believing it was being corrupted by the nature of government and concerned only with winning elections. He felt that the federal Labor MPs were unable and unwilling to change society, and their prominence within the movement was stifling and over-shadowing organised labour. He resigned from the ALP and founded the Victorian Socialist Party.

Returning to Britain in 1910, Mann wrote The Way to Win, a pamphlet that argued that socialism could be achieved only through trade unionism and co-operation, and that parliamentary democracy was inherently corrupt. He founded the Industrial Syndicalist Education League, and worked as an organiser for Ben Tillett. He led the 1911 Liverpool General Transport Strike. In 1912 he was convicted under the Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 of publishing an article in The Syndicalist, as an "Open Letter to British Soldiers", urging them to refuse to shoot at strikers (later reprinted as a leaflet, Don't Shoot); his prison sentence was quashed after public pressure. He was opposed to Britain's involvement in World War I on socialist and religious grounds and addressed pacifist rallies.

On 10 June 1913 he spoke at Wednesbury Market Place in support of strikers in the Great Black Country Trades Dispute, which lasted for two months and threatened government preparations for World War I. Mann returned to the area again on 3 July.

In 1917, he joined the successor to the Social Democratic Federation, the British Socialist Party, which had affiliated to the Labour Party the previous year.

Veteran campaigner
In 1919, he again ran for election as Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, this time successfully. He held the post until 1921, when he retired at the age of sixty-five. He welcomed the Russian October Revolution in 1917 and the Communist government, and called for soviets to be formed in the United Kingdom. In 1920, he was one of many members of the British Socialist Party, inspired by the Revolution, who formed the Communist Party of Great Britain. Mann was chairman of the British Bureau of the Red International of Labor Unions and its successor, the National Minority Movement, from their formation in 1921 until 1929.

Tom Mann continued to actively champion socialism, communism, and co-operation, until his death in 1941. He published further pamphlets and regularly addressed public meetings, in Britain and abroad. He was arrested for sedition, on several occasions. He continued to be a popular figure in the labour movement, attracting large audiences to rallies and benefits. Mann advocated animal rights and was supportive of the Humanitarian League.

Spanish Civil War
On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Mann became a member of the Spanish Medical Aid Committee, an organization that had been set-up by the Socialist Medical Association and other progressive groups. During the Spanish Civil War, he wanted to fight on the Republican side, but was by that time far too old. A unit of the International Brigade, the Tom Mann Centuria, was named in his honour.

Death and legacy
Tom Mann died at age 84, on 13 March 1941 in Grassington, Northern Yorkshire. He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. A memorial stands in front of the cottage where he died. There is also a memorial on his birthplace in Coventry. As mentioned, in 1936 a unit of the International Brigade was named the Tom Mann Centuria in his honour. The Tom Mann Theatre in Sydney, Australia, was named after him. His great-grandson was Nicholas Bennett, Conservative MP for Pembroke from 1987 to 1992 and a Welsh Office minister from 1990 to 1992.

title: Tom Mann


text:
User:Jewbacca

I'm no longer posting at Wikipedia.

title: User:Jewbacca


text:
Anglican Use

The Anglican Use, also known as Divine Worship, is a use of the Roman Rite celebrated by the personal ordinariates, originally created for former Anglicans who converted to Catholicism while wishing to maintain "aspects of the Anglican patrimony that are of particular value" and includes former Methodist converts to Catholicism who wish to retain aspects of Anglican and Methodist heritage, liturgy, and tradition. Its most common occurrence is within parishes of the personal ordinariates which were erected in 2009. Upon the promulgation of Divine Worship: The Missal, the term "Anglican Use" was replaced by "Divine Worship" in the liturgical books and complementary norms, though "Anglican Use" is still used to describe these liturgies as they existed from the papacy of John Paul II to present.

Definition
The Anglican Use was originally "the liturgy of The Book of Divine Worship [...] formulated and authorized in response to Pope John Paul II's 1980 Pastoral Provision that allowed Episcopalian priests and laity in the United States to join the Catholic church while preserving elements proper to their Anglican tradition." It gives the name "Ordinariate Use" to the liturgy, since December 2015, of the personal ordinariates for former Anglicans, which is that contained in Divine Worship: The Missal and Divine Worship: Occasional Services. At a time when a specific liturgy for the personal ordinariates was still under preparation, the Anglican Use community in Indianapolis applied the term "Anglican Use" to the Book of Divine Worship liturgy that was then the interim liturgy of the North American personal ordinariate. The Pasadena parish calls the present form "the Ordinariate Form" and adds that it is unofficially but popularly known as the "Anglican Use". The American National Catholic Register has also distinguished between "Anglican Use" and "Ordinariate Use". Other sources and commentators apply the term 'Anglican Use' to all the books known by the 'Divine Worship' appellation.

Origins
In 1977, some of those Anglicans and Episcopalians who desired union with the Catholic Church contacted individual Catholic bishops, the Apostolic Delegate (Archbishop Jean Jadot) and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in Rome, to inquire about the possibility for married Anglican priests to be received into the Catholic Church and function as Catholic priests.

After the United States National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith had reacted favorably to the proposals that had been put before them, a formal request for union was presented in Rome on 3 November 1979 for acceptance into the Catholic Church, for steps to be taken to eliminate any defects that might be found in their priestly orders, and that they be granted the oversight, direction, and governance of a Catholic bishop.

Pastoral Provision
The decision of the Holy See was officially communicated in a letter of 22 July 1980 from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to the president of the United States episcopal conference, who published it on 20 August 1980. Though admittance of the Episcopalians in question to the Catholic Church was considered as reconciliation of individuals, the pastoral provision gave them a common group identity. After a period of being subject to the local Latin Church bishop, the bishop could set up personal parishes for them, with the use, within the group, of a form of liturgy that retained certain elements of the Anglican liturgy; and married Episcopalian priests could on a case-by-case basis be ordained as Catholic priests, but not as bishops.

In 1983, the first Anglican Use parish, Our Lady of the Atonement, was established in San Antonio, Texas. Our Lady of Walsingham parish in Houston, Texas, followed the next year.

Personal ordinariates
On 9 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI issued the Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus, authorizing the establishment of personal ordinariates for former Anglicans. The first to be established was the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham for England and Wales in January 2011, followed by the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter for the United States in January 2012 and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross for Australia in June 2012. These "Anglican Use ordinariates" were a response to Anglicans outside the United States, and hence beyond the remit of the Pastoral Provision, but they also supplied some of the perceived needs of that previous provision.

Canonical differences between the Anglican Use parishes and the personal ordinariate are outlined in a study published in the 23 January 2012 issue of the National Catholic Reporter.

Anglican Use liturgy
The Congregation for Divine Worship gave provisional approval for the Anglican Use liturgy, the Book of Divine Worship, in 1984, an approval rendered definitive in 1987. This book incorporates elements of the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer, but the Eucharistic liturgy is from the 1979 prayer book, with the eucharistic prayers taken from the Roman Missal and the ancient Sarum Rite (with the modern English Words of Institution inserted in the latter). New texts were promulgated by the congregation on 22 June 2012, the feast of English saints Thomas More and John Fisher, namely the Order for Funerals and the Order for the Celebration of Holy Matrimony.

A new liturgy for use in all three personal ordinariates for former Anglicans that had been established from 2011 on was authorized in 2013 and came into use on 29 November 2015. With the promulgation of Divine Worship: The Missal, the Book of Divine Worship was phased out.

The Book of Divine Worship had been based closely on the United States Episcopal Church liturgy, which had developed in ways different from that of Anglican churches in England and Australia, making it unsuitable for imposing on all personal ordinariates for former Anglicans. Its Order of Mass drew elements also from the original Book of Common Prayer, from different later versions of it, from the Tridentine Mass and from the Roman Rite as revised after the Second Vatican Council. The Holy See's 'Anglicanae Traditiones Commission' that developed the updated form of Anglican patrimonial liturgy used the Book of Divine Worship as its "lead" source.

In the new liturgical books for the personal ordinariates, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Congregation for Divine Worship retained the generic title Divine Worship for the entire liturgical provision for the personal ordinariates, dropping the "Book of" naming convention in favor of Divine Worship: The Missal.

As an interim Divine Office, the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham in 2012 adopted the Customary of Our Lady of Walsingham. Combining elements from the most common Roman Rite books of hours–the Liturgia Horarum and the Breviarium Romanum–and both the 1549 and 1662 editions of the Church of England Book of Common Prayer, the Customary contained the full psalter. It also contained Terce, Sext, and None–hours present in the Roman Rite but not in most Anglican prayer books.

Divine Worship: The Missal
Divine Worship: The Missal, the missal containing the complete expression of the Divine Worship Eucharistic liturgy, took effect on 29 November 2015, and as of 1 January 2016, the Book of Divine Worship is no longer authorized for use in public worship. As a result, even the Pastoral Provision parishes at that time still remaining outside the ordinariates adopted Divine Worship: The Missal instead of the Book of Divine Worship. The term "Anglican Use" has been replaced by "Divine Worship" in the liturgical books and complementary norms.

Divine Worship: Daily Office
Divine Worship: Daily Office is the Divine Office approved for Anglican Use Ordinariates. There are two editions: The North American Edition, printed by Newman House Press and released in late 2020, is used in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in the United States and Canada. The Commonwealth Edition, printed by the Catholic Truth Society, is used in the Personal Ordinariates of Our Lady of Walsingham and Our Lady of the Southern Cross in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Japan, and Oceania.

Liturgy

 * The Book of Divine Worship
 * Online version of Anglican Use Mass, Rite 1, according to the BDW
 * Online version of the Daily Office from the BDW
 * Text of the Anglican Use Mass

title: Anglican Use


text:
Hildenborough

Hildenborough is a village and rural parish in the borough of Tonbridge and Malling in Kent, England. It is located 2 miles (3.2 km) north-west of Tonbridge and 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Sevenoaks. The village lies in the River Medway valley, near the North Downs, in an area known as The Weald.

Origin of name
Hildenborough was originally just Hilden – or, in its 13th-century form, Hyldenn. The elements here are Old English hyll 'hill' and denn 'woodland pasture', so the sense is of a 'pasture on or by a hill'. By 1349 the name had become Hildenborough, since Hilden was one of the boroughs of the Lowy of Tunbridge.

World War II
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Hildenborough was considered a quiet safe location, and children from London schools were evacuated to the Village School. In October 1939 there were 250 evacuees on the school roll. In the absence of air raids on London during this period of the "phoney war" many of these children returned home. The quiet was not to last.

In July 1940, the Battle of Britain got underway in the skies above Kent and the village became anything but quiet. Hildenborough is only ten miles from RAF Biggin Hill, an important airfield and a Sector headquarters co-ordinating airfields in Kent. Other airfields under Biggin Hill were at Gravesend some fifteen miles away and night fighters were at West Malling ten miles away. There were emergency landing strips in Stocks Green Road, Hildenborough less than a mile from the village centre and at Penshurst Airfield, Charcotte only 3 miles away. Most of the evacuees had left the village before the bombs started to fall.

On 6 September a Hurricane piloted by Flying Officer Bowring attacked a Junkers Ju 88 Bomber and the pilot of the crippled plane ordered his radio operator to bail out. This was Corporal Heinrich Agel and he landed on the roof of the "Boiling Kettle" tea rooms. He was taken in by the owners and given tea and cakes while they waited for the Police to arrive. The plane went on to crash-land at Tanyard Farm in Hadlow Road, Tonbridge. The crew of five were reunited at Tonbridge Police station before being taken to a POW camp for the duration of the war.

On 11 September a twin-engine Heinkel He 111 bomber was shot down by two Hurricanes and crash-landed on the airstrip behind the Old Barn in Stocks Green Road. The Hurricanes circled to watch as the crew of five walked away from the wreckage and were captured by a group of soldiers. 27 October, a Sunday, started with a Spitfire Mk 11 (P7539) diving to earth behind the Half Moon pub killing the Pilot John R.Mather. (Investigations of the crash site in the 1972 did not reveal any battle damage. The cause of the crash was probably mechanical failure). Later that same day a Messerschmitt Bf 109 was shot and forced to land on Penshurst airfield, a temporary air-strip near Penshurst. The pilot of the Spitfire was flying officer Peter Chesters.

After this busy spell the village did not suffer from the war until one day in 1942 bombs fell on the "Grenadier Pub" in Riding Lane. There were no injuries; the landlord was safe in his cellar tapping a new barrel.

The village and surrounding area played host to American troops who all left the area in the follow-up from D-Day. The war returned in June 1944 with the first of the flying bombs. On 29 June a flying bomb damaged School House and there are numerous records of the disturbance caused by the flying bombs. The window in the north transept of St John's Church was blown out at this time. It became so dangerous in the village that in July children were evacuated in what was now called "Buzz Bomb Alley". There were other V-1 and V-2 events in the village but these are not well documented as many of these fell in fields. Ref.1 Hildenborough School Log book. Ref.2 Blazing Bomber to Boiling Kettle by Gordon Church. Bygone Kent Vol. II No. 5. Ref.3 Courier Newspaper 1972 Ref.4 "The Airmen's Stories – P/O P Chesters". Battle of Britain Museum. Retrieved 14 January 2010. Ref. 5 Courier Newspaper.

Transport
Hildenborough stood on the first road in Kent to be turnpiked in 1710: the highway from Sevenoaks through Tonbridge to Tunbridge Wells; carrying much traffic en route to "the Wells". A number of inns sprang up to service this traffic, including the Hilden Manor and the Half Moon.

Today the village, along with Tonbridge and Sevenoaks, is by-passed by the modern A21 road.

The railway was late coming to Hildenborough: the South Eastern Railway did not open its direct line from London until 1 May 1868. The six-mile (ten-kilometre) gradient up to Sevenoaks takes its name from the village. The railway station was situated close to the existing houses at the time, which is now about one mile (one and a half kilometres) from the village centre. There are regular direct routes to London Bridge, London Waterloo East and London Charing Cross, taking approximately 30–45 minutes. In the opposite direction, direct trains go to Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells and Hastings.

Religion
By the 1840s, the Parish of Tonbridge was approximately 10 mi long and 2+1/2 mi wide. A circular letter dated 26 September 1842 explained that, "as the Parish was so large, a great many people were unable to attend the church [in nearby Tonbridge]." It was proposed that, "a new church should be built for the people living in the Hildenborough district." Dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, the church was consecrated on 9 July 1844.

In 1992 a "church plant" was established by St John's at Stocks Green School, to serve the southern part of the village, initially meeting monthly until 1994 when weekly services started. The congregation moved back to the Church Centre (hall) at St John's in 2008.

Hildenborough Gospel Hall, located in Mount Pleasant, was established some time around 1850.

The Soka Gakkai International and SGI-UK– a Buddhist group, meet in the Village Hall.

Modern Hildenborough
Sackville School, a private educational establishment, now occupies Foxbush House, built in 1866 for Charles Fitch Kemp, a London chartered accountant, who had an "ambition to be a country landowner". The house was subsequently sold twice before the Second World War, when it was occupied by the military. It was used by various educational establishments from 1949; Sackville School was established in 1987 and its grounds are a Registered Historic Park.

Another private school, Fosse Bank, occupies a Grade II listed Victorian building known as Mountains Country House. The building and estate are also used as a wedding and event venue.

Commerce in the village is primarily based on small businesses. Fidelity Investments has been a major local employer, with its UK headquarters based in Hildenborough, however in 2017 the company announced that the site would be closing in 2020. GlaxoSmithKline was formerly a significant local employer, with a research factory at the Old Powder Mills, until the site was closed in 2010. Hildenborough is very much a commuter village with its good transport links with London.

One of the village's oldest buildings, the Hilden Manor restaurant owned by Whitbread, was burnt down by a fire caused by an electrical fault, and has now been restored and rebuilt by Oaklands. It was officially re-opened in 2006 with a Premier Inn hotel newly built next to it.

The village's GP practice can be traced back to 1879. The Hildenborough and Tonbridge Medical Group now has a large, purpose-built medical centre in Westwood which also houses a dispensary. The practice has over 16000 patients, with branch surgeries in the villages of Leigh and Weald, as well as the Trenchwood Medical Centre in north Tonbridge.

The Raphael Medical Centre in Coldharbour Lane offers Speech Therapy, Art & Music Therapy to help patients regain mental and physical abilities lost through serious illness or accidents.

In 2014 Dame Kelly Holmes opened Cafe 1809 on the main road through Hildenborough. In 2018 she closed the cafe and reopened it as The 1809 Hub space for community events.

Hildenborough has a weekly farmers' market which is held every Tuesday morning at the church centre. The farmers' market opened in 2008 and as of 2020 hosts around stalls each week.

Education
There is one private primary school, Fosse Bank, one private secondary, Sackville, and two state primaries, Stocks Green school and Hildenborough CEP school. Hildenborough primary was the first school in the village, and is over 150 years old.

Road Safety
In 2015, after various anti speeding campaigns and to reduce fatalities and casualties in the village, the speed limit of the B245 Tonbridge Road and from Foxbush to the Hilden Manor' was reduced from 40 to 30mph. It was an historic moment as the speed limit had not been changed for 85 years The speed limit on parts of Stocks Green Road was reduced from 60mph to 40. There were also traffic calming alterations along Leigh Road by Stocks Green School.

Hildenborough Community Speedwatch, part of Kent Community Speedwatch, started by road safety activists in 2016 after concern for speeding in the village. Volunteers run regular speed checks in the village and in particular speeding hotspots. Their purpose is to educate motorists not to enforce.

Kent Police operate various road safety checks every so often in the village. In 2021, 21 motorists received speeding tickets. A Wanted male was caught by Foxbush.

Activities
There are several activities for children and teenagers, including those run by Hildenborough Church, and a Scout troop (8th Tonbridge). There are two football teams associated with Hildenborough Athletic FC, the reserves play in the local Sevenoaks & District League and the first team playing football in the Kent County Division One league as of 2011–2012 season.

Riding Farm Equestrian Centre on Riding Lane offers horse riding lessons, livery facilities and school holiday activities.

Action Medical Research have a regular charity cycling event, the 'Castle 100' every year that runs through Riding Lane and Shipbourne http://www.kent.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/explore-kent/cycling/Tonbridge-Castle-charity-ride.htm On the first bank holiday Monday in May the Hildenborough Sports Association organises the Hildenborough Road Races Hildenborough Road Races. 2015 marks the 30th time the races have taken place.

Campaigners called for Hildenborough to have an outdoor gym in the Recreation Ground to encourage inexpensive exercise for adults including older and disabled people. It was opened by Dame Kelly Holmes on 31 October 2016. It was supported by local residents in a survey and funded by a Tesco grant and some local businesses and the Kent Police Property Fund. Extra equipment for the children's playground was also funded including the zip wire that local children from the Cubs asked for.

Notable residents
Hildenborough is the family home of Olympic double-gold medallist Dame Kelly Holmes. Other famous residents included the late Sir Henry Cooper.

Henry (real name Hyla) Stallard MBE (1901–73) lived in Mill Lane, he was an athlete in the 1924 Paris Olympics and represented Great Britain in the 800 and 1500m. He hurt his foot in one of the races but he picked himself up and carried on running. An actor played him in film Chariots of Fire. He became a pioneering eye surgeon at St Barts Hospital and Moorfields. He later moved with his wife Gywnneth to Forest Row in Sussex but used to spend Christmas in Hildenborough with his relatives.

World War I Victoria Cross recipient, William Allison White (1894–1974) has a memorial headstone in Hildenborough churchyard.

Andy Titterrell, England and British Lions rugby player lived in Hildenborough.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Hildenborough electoral ward had a population of 4,588. The ethnicity was 98.7% white, 0.6% mixed race, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% black and 0.2% other. The place of birth of residents was 94.3% United Kingdom, 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 1.7% other Western European countries, and 3.4% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 78.8% Christian, 0.1% Buddhist, 0.2% Hindu, 0% Sikh, 0.1% Jewish, and 0.2% Muslim. 12.6% were recorded as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 7.6% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 39.1% in full-time employment, 13.5% in part-time employment, 10.9% self-employed, 1.5% unemployed, 2.4% students with jobs, 3.2% students without jobs, 17.1% retired, 7.8% looking after home or family, 2.8% permanently sick or disabled and 1.7% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 13.4% retail, 9.3% manufacturing, 7.2% construction, 17.6% real estate, 9.2% health and social work, 10.2% education, 5.5% transport and communications, 3.9% public administration, 3.2% hotels and restaurants, 12.5% finance, 1.5% agriculture and 6.5% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in education, finance and real estate. There were a relatively low proportion in manufacturing, public administration, hotels and restaurants. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 25.9% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.

title: Hildenborough


text:
Legal lexicography

Legal lexicography is the complex of activities concerned with the development of theories and principles for the design, compilation, use, and evaluation of dictionaries within the field of law, see e.g. Nielsen 1994.

Overview
As a branch of the general discipline lexicography, legal lexicography may be divided into theoretical legal lexicography and practical legal lexicography. The result of practical legal lexicography is called a law dictionary. Law dictionaries are available in print and online.

Legal lexicography is not just about terms, but also about language and usage. Especially when making bilingual law dictionaries, the lexicographers need to take a broad view of what legal lexicography involves. Most users of bilingual law dictionaries need information about language and law, and the lexicographer's task is to present the information as clearly and structured as possible. This involves various lexicographic analyses: user research, dictionary typology, and a clear structure for presenting and linking the information in the dictionary. The information must be presented in such a way that the user is not burdened with heavy lexicographic information costs.

As pointed out in Nielsen 1994, law dictionaries can serve different functions. The traditional law dictionary with definitions of legal terms serves to help users understand the legal texts they read (a communicative function) or to help users acquire knowledge about legal matters independent of any text ( a cognitive function) – such law dictionaries are usually monolingual. Bilingual law dictionaries may serve several functions. First, they may have entry words in one language and definitions in another language – these dictionaries give help to understand legal texts, usually written in a foreign language, and to acquire knowledge, usually about a foreign legal system. Second, bilingual law dictionaries with entry words in one language and equivalents in another language provide help to translate legal texts, into or from a foreign language, and sometimes also to produce legal texts, usually in a foreign language.

The aim of legal lexicography is to suggest principles and strategies that lead to good law dictionaries. A good monolingual law dictionary will contain relevant terms with appropriate definitions, and if the purpose of the dictionary is to facilitate legal translation, e.g. a bilingual law dictionary, it will contain definitions, translation equivalents and other relevant information such as collocation and phrases in the source language and in the target language, as described in Nielsen 1994.

Important aspects
Based on the discussion in Nielsen 1994, there are a number of aspects that lexicographers should take into account when working with legal lexicography. One of the important aspects of legal lexicography is to establish a profile of the intended dictionary users. This is particularly significant if the dictionary is to be used by other than "native" lawyers, for instance bilingual law dictionaries for translation. A user profile should focus on the following competencies: The users' legal competence in their "native" field of law; the users' legal competence in the foreign field of law; the users' legal-language competence in their native language; the users' legal-language competence in the foreign language. When lexicographers have thus profiled the intended user group they have a clear picture of what types of data to include in the dictionary so that it can be of the most help to the users. The profile will also help lexicographers presenting the necessary data, such as definitions, in the appropriate language so that, in particular, "foreign" users can benefit from the data. The typical example is where a European continental lawyer consults an English law dictionary.

Another important aspect is the scope of coverage of a dictionary. This refers to the extent to which a law dictionary covers the field of law. The basic distinction is between general-field dictionaries and sub-field dictionaries. A general-field dictionary of law is one whose purpose is to cover the entire field of law as represented by all its subfields, and a sub-field dictionary of law is one whose purpose is to cover one or few distinct sub-fields of law, for instance a dictionary of contract law and a dictionary of family law. It is obvious that more data about the law and legal language can be included in a sub-field dictionary than in a general-field dictionary of law of the same size. The result is that sub-field dictionaries can give a much more detailed description of the law and its language than other types of dictionary.

Relevant literature

 * Nielsen, Sandro. The Bilingual LSP Dictionary. Principles and Practice for Legal Language. (Gunter Narr Verlag, 1994).
 * Stone, John. 'The Law, the Alphabet, and Samuel Johnson.' Anniversary Essays on Johnson's Dictionary, ed. Jack Lynch and Anne McDermott(Cambridge UP, 2005).

title: Legal lexicography


text:
User:Adomnan

Well, G'Day, Hello, Moin, moin,

I guess something has to go here. I am both Theologian and an IT-Engineer and look forward to further the work of Wikipedia in German and English. de:Benutzer:Adomnan

title: User:Adomnan


text:
Mýrdalsjökull

Mýrdalsjökull (pronounced, Icelandic for "(the) mire dale glacier" or "(the) mire valley glacier") is an ice cap on the top of the Katla volcano in the south of Iceland. It is to the north of the town of Vík í Mýrdal and to the east of the smaller ice cap Eyjafjallajökull. Between these two glaciers is the Fimmvörðuháls pass.

The glacier contributes to the most serious natural hazard area of Iceland.

Setting
The icecap of the glacier covers an active volcano. The caldera of Katla has a diameter of 10 km and the volcano erupts usually every 40–80 years. The last eruption took place in 1918. Scientists are actively monitoring the volcano, particularly after the eruption of nearby Eyjafjallajökull began in April 2010. There is a further historic relationship with Eyjafjallajökull as the two glaciers were continuous as a single ice cap at the end of the 19th century and only separated into the larger Mýrdalsjökull and smaller Eyjafjallajökull in the middle of the twentieth century. Since the year 930, 16 eruptions have been documented and in the last 8400 years about 300 explosive basalt eruptions are known to have originated from Katla.

While Katla mountain is 30 – in diameter at its base, more relevant to the present ice cover is its diameter closer to 20 km at 700 m elevation. The lowest pass out of the caldera is at 740 m. This caldera is between 650 – deep and is surrounded by a rim of 1300 – high mountains. Ice cauldrons are found within the caldera. The glacier's recent peak ice cover has reached 1493 m in height and in the year 1980 it covered an area of approximately 595 km2. In 2016 the covered area of Mýrdalsjökull was believed to be 540 km2. The area was 520 sqkm in 2019. The volume of ice is about 140 km3.

The Eldgjá, a volcanic eruption fissure about 30 km long, which erupted in the year 939, is part of the same volcanic system.

Before the Hringvegur (the main ring road round the island) was built, people feared traversing the plains in front of the volcano because of the frequent jökulhlaups (glacial floods) and the deep rivers to be crossed, although the road is still vulnerable to major events. Especially dangerous was the glacial flood after the eruption of 1918 when the coastline was extended by 5 km by laharic flood deposits.

Mýrdalsjökull is an exceedingly high precipitation location, with models suggesting parts of it receive more than 10 metres of rainfall equivalent annually.

Glaciation History
The last glacial period came to an end 11,500 years ago and was followed by the Holocene. Mýrdalsjökull is likely to have been present throughout the Holocene and definitely the last 8400 years as there is no evidence of degassed erupted tephra from Katla. Jökulhlaup's 8000 to 6000 years ago took a path over the highest pass in the caldera wall which does not support a crater lake source but would happen with an ice cap.

Until the development of remote satellite imaging it was impossible to monitor to annual accuracy the mass balance of Mýrdalsjökull. Such techniques allowed it to be determined for Mýrdalsjökull that it is the summer temperatures that are the predominant driving factor in the recent recession of the glacier. However past proxy means of measurement such as outlet length of the Sólheimajökull outlet glacier were also consistent with this. Any such studies related to climate change have to be qualified as past volcanic processes have resulted in the loss of up to 5% of the ice cap on more than one occasion.

Jökulhlaups
There is complexity with assigning the outlet glacier catchments, but from the point of view of hazard assessment related to the glaciers this is simplified considerably, as the hazard risk of jökulhlaups relates to water drainage sectors based upon the ice caps surface topography rather than ice flow. Such an approach creates three drainage sectors which do not reflect intracaldera bedrock topography or many of the outlet glaciers.

The biggest Mýrdalsjökull jökulhlaups, as in the 1775 eruption, are massive floods by any standard with maximum discharges of the order of several 100000 m3/s ten to a hundred times other recent jökulhlaup's in Iceland. Most recent jökulhlaup (17 out of the 20 since the year 874) have descended to the east through Kotlujökull onto the Mýrdalssandur plain with about two large floods a century (i.e. presently overdue). This Ko sector has about 60 km2 within the caldera rim but underlies about 323 km2 of the ice cap itself. However due to location factors of the original melt water, the Katla 934 and 1860 jökulhlaups also descended through Sólheimajökull to the Sólheimasandu flood plain. This So sector has about 19 km2 of its water drainage catchment within the caldera rim and a total ice cap catchment of 108 km2. There have been 5 jökulhlaups since 874. It is perhaps not so significant from a hazard point of view as the 23 km2 water drainage catchment within the caldera rim northwest through Entujökull where a large jökulhlaup occurred in 874. This En sector with total ice cap catchment of about 167 km2, has rare but very large jökulhlaups every 500 to 800 years down the fairly well populated and developed Markarfljótsaurar flood plain.

Jökulhlaup triggering can be complex (there are at least seven potential causes), and at Mýrdalsjökull results from geothermal processes, ice dams and their sudden removal by floating as well as eruptions which can be primary or secondary to the removal of overpressure. Björnsson originally described 12 geothermal ice cauldrons and three eruption sites since 1755 associated with Mýrdalsjökull. Later work clarified that these newly formed and could become inactive. Further work mapped at least 17 ice cauldrons, all associated with the caldera of Katla and three areas of increased seismic activity, that have been postulated to be likely jökulhlaup sources, being Austmannsbunga in the north-east of the caldera and the 1755 and 1823/1918 eruption sites to the west and south as noted by Björnsson. There are regular surveys now, with by 2019 twenty mapped ice cauldrons. Smaller and more frequent jökulhlaups tend to be associated with the geothermal ice caldron process. There is a warning system which uses in the case of geothermal events the increased conductivity of the river waters and can detect seismic flood tremor.

The most likely next very disruptive volcanogenic jökulhlaup will almost certainly flow from Kotlujökull, over Mýrdalssandur to the sea. This has been assigned a 89% probability within 30 years, affecting possibly the town of Vík, likely associated with eruption of 1.5 km3 of tephra (so disruptive to air travel) and likely occurring in the months June to September. There is a lower probability of an Entujökull jökulhlaup of the same size which is expected to have far graver environmental, social and geomorphological consequences affecting the town of Hvolsvöllur and surrounds.

title: Mýrdalsjökull


text:
Talk:Khorasan province

Razavi Khorasan:
Torbat-e Heydarieh is an imprtant town in Khorasan, but the list dosn't include it! and the right spell of "Rashtkhar" is "Roshtkhar".
 * Then... change it... maybe? --Cadby (talk) 19:34, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Meaning of Khorasan
Khorasan has a clear meaning in modern Kurdish:  Rasan, as a verb in Kurdish means To Rise. Hence Khor (Sun)+Rasan(Rising) means the place from which sun rises, i.e., the East. I would be glad if someone shows me the meaning of the second part in modern Persian(the first part is obvious from Khorshid).Heja Helweda 03:48, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The name is not Persian maybe. Parthians lived there before the sassanid era and as you know the Parthian language is a west Iranian language and a close relative of kurdish. The translation you just gave is the exact meaning of that name. حضرت محمود (talk) 12:50, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
How is this pronounced in English? Is the "Kh" supposed to be like German "ch"? The Jade Knight 07:09, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Khorasan now known as Afghanistan
i didnt see anywhere in the article that khorasan was once the name of Afghanistan. I only see it as eastern Iran which is incorrect because during the time of the Persian Empire, Khorasan was a province including all of Afghanistan as well. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.75.39.15 (talk) 01:16, 8 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Northern Afghanistan to the extent that Tajiks live today were parts of Khorasan in ancient times. I am not sure whether southern Afghanistan has always been included in Khorasan or not. حضرت محمود (talk) 12:50, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

I am sick of these afghan nationalist saying khorasan is the same as afghanistan. only herat was part of khorasan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.207.242.4 (talk) 05:46, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Where this khorosan ? is it exist?
in this video has a map .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeJ8CUt1kEs .is it real? help please.is Khorasan another place. help me--3210 04:59, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:41, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Ferdows Congregation Mosque1.png

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Alborz Province which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 04:50, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khorasan province