text:
User talk:Ratiocinate

Nephron
Hi ! Good job on the nephron page, Ratiocinate ! :-) The kidney page needs a clean-up. Are you planning to shorten this next ? A lot of the stuffs there are now redundant.  If you do, please let me know.  I'll move out some stuffs for the Bowman's capsule page, etc.  Or you can doing the moving yourself if you like. :-) Anyway, welcome to Wikipedia and enjoy ! PFHLai 02:48, 2004 May 31 (UTC)

Iran Hostage Crisis
Re: Talk:Iran hostage crisis, every single contribution by this anon IP 169.244.70.148 appears to be vandalism that has been reverted. Check the track record.

Image:Wikignome.jpg
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Wikignome.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   18:44, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

That image is not found on .. where did it come from? Can you verify it's license? -- Sy / (talk) 22:38, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for your concern regarding the wikignome image. It was previously on the cited web page, I believe, but it appears to be there no longer. Ratiocinate 22:48, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

No problem. I wrote a note on c2.com to ask for input. -- Sy / (talk) 23:57, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

User categorisation
Greetings, ! Please accept this message as an invitation to categorise your user page in the category Category:Chinese Wikipedians overseas and removing your name from the Wikipedians/China page. The page will be deleted when all users have been removed. Even if you do not wish to be placed in a category, could you take a moment to remove your name from the Wikipedians/China page? Thanks!!

To add your name to the category, please use the tag   to ensure proper sorting.

For more information, please see User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location. --Miborovsky 03:03, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

State College Area High School
Hey JMA. I see you found my article. Ryan Dizzydog11235 02:34, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

User Pennsylvania
I was clearing out Wikipedians/Pennsylvania. I added this template to your page. Feel free to remove it, and thanks for understanding. --evrik 04:23, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:SCASDLogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:SCASDLogo.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 04:07, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * To follow up on this, I would be happy to drive by and take some free content pictures of the school. I'm not sure if the article is nationally notable, but the Commons might be a great repository.  Just let me know.  Thanks, GChriss <always listening>  <c> 17:52, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SCASDLogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:SCASDLogo.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. When you use a generic fair use tag such as or , you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Konst.able 10:25, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Election results
I've noticed you are providing election results. You must provide a link/source for these claims for future reference. Thanks. --tomf688 (talk - email) 13:07, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Antivandalism
Thank you for letting me know. However, that was someone else on the same IP Adress. I have been an avid and valid user of wikipedia for nearly 4 years now. It hurts me that my reputation is being subjected by some ignorant fool who shares my IP adress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.214.78.27 (talk) 07:28, 24 May 2007

Cherry Stoner
Please leave this article well alone. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.163.145.49 (talk) 12:47, 4 July 2007

3RR
Look out for that 3RR rule, you wench! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.163.191.197 (talk) 16:40, 4 July 2007

Mac OSX 10.5
In what way is the fact that OSX's largest competition faced delays that resulted in it becoming a by-word for delay in software not relevant to a section that talks about damage to OSX due to delays? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.154.174.98 (talk) 27 July 2007

 * I appreciate that it belongs on the Vista page, and it is there, along with much more information. Do you not agree that context is important?  I admit that it may not be the style that is popular here, but I am not a regular contributor, I spend more time on everything2.  From anecdotal experience the fact that Vista was so late and had missing features has lead to more people moving to OSX, and outside the Mac community the general feeling is that Apple is much better at delivering major revions than Microsoft.  These are not very encyclopædic, so were not included.  As to unsourced information being enough for deletion, I believe you usually use citation needed, or add the citations yourself, rather than delete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.154.174.98 (talk) 27 July 2007

Mediation Cabal case
Hey Ratiocinate, thanks for the heads-up about the History Channel mediation cabal case. I hope that everything gets worked out! Cheers,  Neranei  T / C  02:25, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note on the MedCab case. I've added some comments. I'm afraid the current version of History Channel is a textbook case of undue weight. Let's hope things can be worked out without an edit war. Much of the strident criticism recently added to History Channel was already included in the article in much more encyclopedic terms, and the rest could be rephrased in a much briefer and more neutral fashion. The History Channel is a fairly high-profile operation, and the currently unbalanced article could embarrass WP. Casey Abell 17:52, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Mediation Cabal case
Hello, you have been listed as a potential participant in an informal mediation regarding a dispute over The History Channel. The case page is listed at Mediation Cabal/Cases/2007-07-28 The History Channel. I am reviewing the case and offering my assistance in resolving this matter. If you are willing to participate in the mediation and willing to accept my offer to mediate, please let me know. ɑʀкʏɑɴ 05:38, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey Arkyan, thanks for your message. I am not actually an editor of the page; I just noticed multiple controversial edits and reverts and wanted someone else to take a look at it.  Thank you for mediating the dispute; I'll step in to the discussion if I feel that there's a significant point not being covered by others.  Ratiocinate (t • c) 14:03, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for replying. Just to let you know, I've gone ahead and opened the case, as there seems to be enough interest to get the ball rolling.  Don't feel obliged to participate just because you made the request, but by all means feel free to do so if you would like. ɑʀкʏɑɴ 16:27, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Hi there.
Any chance you can stop scrutinising every single thing I have done on Wikipedia? I'd be forever grateful. s p u n k o 2 0 1 0 17:01, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Bit of a coincidence, isn't it? I've encountered problems with you in the past, of which I am sure you are aware. Out of purely personal interest, how is it that an American recognises a photograph of a UK Reality TV 'celebrity'? Do you have a strong interest in British TV? I'm intrigued. I just can't seem to downplay the fact that you have been reverting a lot of my edits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Spunko2010 (talk • contribs) 31 July 2007

King levitation
Hello... you may have noticed that I've added a significantly sterner warning to 82.37.53.95 for vandalism at King levitation. That article has been under attack for some time now by several people trying to delete the article. As such, it is more than likely that any deletions are deliberate attempts at censorship rather than honest mistakes or petty vandalism. Thanks. --Ckatz chat spy  01:15, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

I am JoshEdgar.
I blanked my User:JoshEdgar page for a reason. I don't care if I'm logged in or not: my userpage is my responsibility. thanks. 24.126.26.172 02:06, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, it's not vandalism. Vandalism is what you reverted the edits back to -- where a vandal changed my TV and Movie preference to chick flicks and baby shows. So please leave it alone.

 * I'd have to capitalize my username, which takes time since im used to entering usernames all lowercase...the most retarded login concept of all time. And I'm trying to prove a point: My userpage, leave it alone. I don't have the time to deal with this anymore. At least I have a life and a girlfriend and am not a lonely nerd spending his life browsing Special:Recentchanges.

 * Couldn't care less about the policies. I don't have to answer to some open-source PHP site. I'll edit my userpage how I want. Freedom of speech (or lack thereof.) 24.126.26.172 02:18, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There. I logged in. Are you happy now? personal attack removed Now, if you will excuse me, I'M GOING TO BLANK MY TALK PAGE. JoshEdgar 02:34, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Regarding User:JoshEdgar
I noticed you recently revered User:JoshEdgar's user page to a version edited by User:24.126.26.172. If I may inquire -- how did you verify that they were the same person? Thanks! Ratiocinate (t • c) 02:35, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Never mind; User:JoshEdgar logged in. Cheers! Ratiocinate (t • c) 02:37, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey Ratiocinate (t • c) I came across this situation by accident when on vandal petrol. After following up on the reverts and discussion page edits, involving more than a few people J I realized, and yes I did and IP check, they where one in the same.  However, I do agree with you, they should have logged in!  Hope this explains the situation. Shoessss |  Chat  02:44, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * At least you're rationale and make sense. Ratiocinate couldn't admin for Wiki to save his life. JoshEdgar 02:45, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

I actually had the same problem with this user. I was on VP when I discovered than an I.P. address had blanked a user's user page. I checked the user's page out on history and assumed it to be vandalism (The previous edit of the page looked presentable and nothing superficial seemed to be wrong) so I reverted it. I said something about the reversion on Josh's discussion page - as per courtesy. I then, soon after, discovered that the I.P. and user were the same person. I rapidly made my apologies on the discussion page and quickly reverted the accidental damage I had done (I had reverted to the vandalised version of the page by mistake) by reverting back to the last known good version. The said owner of the page then comes to me, quite rudely, and 'tells me off'. And I'll be honest, without reading Ratiocinate's original message which garnered the very rude above response, the user needs to learn about AGF. Scar ian Talk  05:06, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Image:54643.jpg
Hi, you reported this picture as a copyvio some time ago, but gave only the URL to the picture. Do you have an URL to the context in which it appears, so that we can see if there's any hint as to who owns the copyright, and how it's licensed? --Alvestrand 07:24, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Template:Temprot
Hi! I learnted there was vandalism done to Template:Temprot. I know what you can do to stop vandalism. You can add protection to it! But use template pp-semi-template. Will you do that? 86.142.158.16 17:35, 8 August 2007 (UTC) The vandalism is over now so there is no need to protect it. Cheers! 86.134.102.109 17:14, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Anoynmous Editing
Ratiocinate, I would like to apologize for my attitude a few evenings ago where I lost my temper at you and other Wikipedians for simply doing your job and reverting my user page when it was blanked. I understand that randomly seeing an IP clear a page is like an instant red flag. Please accept my apology. JoshEdgar 21:36, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm going to take a crash course in Wikipedia to learn all the rules of editing here! JoshEdgar 18:11, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

WP:CVU status
The Counter-Vandalism Unit project is under consideration to be moved to and/or  status. Another proposal is to delete or redirect the project. You have been identified as a project member and your input as to this matter would be welcomed at WT:CVU and at the deletion debate. Thank you! Delivered on behalf of xaosflux 16:58, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Hello to you :)
Seems that way (that we have a common approach). :) I've enjoyed reading your comments. (ETA: Oh, and I like your username.) And I really need to come up with a consistent policy of where to respond to comments, because I don't always do what my page says I will. :D--Moonriddengirl 15:24, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Regarding your edits
Friend, I have unarchived that which you have archived, because it was an ongoing discussion, one that I had also commented just earlier. I would recommend for perhaps not to archive until at least a day has passed since the last comment to a discussion. Please feel free to reply here if you have any question about my action, I will be happy to explain in more detail. Very best regards, Navou banter 00:15, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know; I'll wait until the current discussion ends before archiving it. Cheers! --Ratiocinate (t • c) 01:06, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Unidentified VANDALISM!!!
I was on wikipedia today when I saw this. UNIDENTIFIED VAANDALISMMMMM! But I've reveted it now okay Thanks for letting you know. Cheerio! 86.154.66.59 17:41, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Ratiocinate
Excuse me, but it was I who wrote the article in the first place, and I have vastly improved the article. The User who started it made several errors, copied code off of incorect pages and then inserted them in the article. If you wish I will not lend my expertise in the area and shall delete all that I have writtin in this particular piece, which is the entire article. Jonzo12 18:06, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Akai's page article almost all gone by user GlassFET
User:GlassFET feels that the Akai article is not well referenced and therefore, almost everything must go. It all started when he deleted a reference to a manual that gives reference to an Akai machine listed there and he converted it into a "footnote". As a contributor, I didn't object. I asked him why though, he said, because the manual is copyrighted, so I didn't object to that answer but felt a "footnote" was probably not needed. Then he erased the word "broke ground" and re-arranged the paragraph (See: and his edits ) from the unit's paragraph because there was no reference that can verify that it did "break ground" as a porta studio of its time (1985). So, I found one ref, he dismissed as "not notable" because the link was to a studio page. Then, he told me that I wrote the paragraph on that unit wrong. Which is untrue. I wrote it factual and with the right machine specs. He decided at that point that rather than look for better sources for references, the article should be drastically trim down for lack of references. I think this user wants to meet Wikipedia standards, but also wants to incite me into to losing my civility and to disrupt the normal development of the Akai article. Can anyone help by making comments. Thanks. 19:45, 22 August 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jrod2 (talk • contribs).
 * Hi Ratiocinate, Thanks again for intervening on the issue of the Akai page. One question, what makes the link to the MG-1212 manual in place before GlassFET deleted and changed it to a footnote, less suitable or desirable than this link at the Loudness War page (See: AES Convention Paper 5538 On Levelling and Loudness Problems at Broadcast Studios) (Download manual ) where it clearly says: "All rights reserved". Conversely, I haven't been able to find anywhere on the Akai MG-1212 manual's 32 pages, the words "Copyright" or "All Rights Reserved". Thanks.Jrod2 15:52, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The manual is for a machine that was made in 1985. MusicGuy.com seems to be the only site that has the manual for free download. Other sites actually sell it. That tells me 2 things, 1) It's most likely in the public domain and 2) It's a sought after item. The manual gives concrete reference to the Akai MG-1212's specs and its amazing features (Best analog porta studio ever, bar none). I think many users and people out there will be thrilled that WP knows where the link to download is. But you are right, without MusicGuy.com consent, I guess we can't link it. Jrod2 19:44, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Actually it's me who wants to say thank you
You were so quick to respond, I am so happy that you looked at it and agreed. I was not sure if it was me or what, since I contributed to the article myself in a small way one has to be careful. But i knew something was not right with GlassFET's edit. Thanks very much again for the objectivity and for paying attention to my RFC. Jrod2 20:21, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

YOU CANNOT BLOCK ME
YOU CANNOT BLOCK ME

I AM IMMORTAL --194.80.22.131 11:13, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for reverting vandalism off my user page. It was very much appreciated :D AngelOfSadness  talk  19:59, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Your template
Hi there, I was blocking a vandal yesterday and came across this template of yours on a user page. This type of warning has been discussed many times, the last I can find (that I was involved in) is here, and everytime has been rejected. I will not repeat again what I wrote in the above link, but I and many others think that this type of template, does not add anything constructive to a situation and almost certainly will inflame it, potentially causing more vandalism. I am certainly not telling you to delete it, though in my personal opinion I would very rarely use it or find any reason to use it, other than an almost childlike glee in telling a vandal they'd been reported. I'm open to chat, or if you wish to reword it to be used before a final warning has been reached then by all means, however I think most of the uw- series of warnings covers most situations and if you feel they don't, bring it up. All the best. Khu kri  13:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, and thanks for your understanding. I've deleted it now. All the best. Khu  kri  14:20, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

TF code
It should be fairly easy... I'll come up with an example real quick. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 18:28, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your help with StatusBot on my user page. I must have overlooked that simple error.Billy 17:52, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, Ratiocinate! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page.  Daniel  10:06, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Portal3.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Portal3.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. βcommand 18:54, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Image:Wikignome.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Wikignome.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Rocket000 15:24, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:SCAHSnorth.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:SCAHSnorth.JPG. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the media description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use media which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. The Evil Spartan 06:06, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:SCAHSsouth.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:SCAHSsouth.JPG. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the media description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use media which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. The Evil Spartan 06:07, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Academic Technology Specialist
I have nominated Academic Technology Specialist, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Academic Technology Specialist. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. ukexpat (talk) 18:59, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Editor assistance list
Hello. Since your account has been inactive for some time, it has been removed from Editor assistance/list. There is an explanation at Wikipedia talk:Editor assistance/list. You are, of course, welcome to re-add yourself to the list if you wish to. JamesBWatson (talk) 12:07, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Palantir Logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Palantir Logo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information.

To add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia. For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 09:07, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Palantir logo.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Palantir logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. – ∃   Aditya   7   ¦  09:26, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

You are invited to join Stanford's WikiProject!
ralphamale (talk) 22:02, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Palantir Logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:Palantir Logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:32, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

RC Patrol-related Proposals in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey
Greetings Recent Changes Patrollers!

This is a one-time-only message to inform you about technical proposals related to Recent Changes Patrol in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey that I think you may be interested in reviewing and perhaps even voting for:

 * 1) Adjust number of entries and days at Last unpatrolled
 * 2) Editor-focused central editing dashboard
 * 3) "Hide trusted users" checkbox option on watchlists and related/recent changes (RC) pages
 * 4) Real-Time Recent Changes App for Android
 * 5) Shortcut for patrollers to last changes list

Further, there are more than 20 proposals related to Watchlists in general that you may be interested in reviewing. (and over 260 proposals in all, across many aspects of wikis)

Thank you for your consideration. Please note that voting for proposals continues through December 12, 2016.

Note: You received this message because you have transcluded User wikipedia/RC Patrol (user box) on your user page. Since this message is "one-time-only" there is no opt out for future mailings.

Best regards, — Delivered: 01:09, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 18
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited University Park Airport, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page American Eagle ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/University_Park_Airport check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/University_Park_Airport?client=notify fix with Dab solver]). Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 07:24, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ratiocinate


text: File:Twin Cities.png

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Twin Cities.png


text:
Ceolwulf I of Mercia

Ceolwulf I was the King of Mercia, a kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England, from 821 until his deposition in 823. He was the brother of Coenwulf, his predecessor, and was deposed by Beornwulf.

William of Malmesbury declared that, after Cœnwulf: "the kingdom of the Mercians declining, and if I may use the expression, nearly lifeless, produced nothing worthy of historical commemoration." Actually, Mercia did have a moment of glory that William was unaware of. Indicating the year 822, the Annales Cambriae states: "The fortress of Degannwy (in Gwynedd) is destroyed by the Saxons and they took the kingdom of Powys into their own control." A later charter depicts a disturbed state of affairs during Ceolwulf's reign: "After the death of Cœnwulf, king of the Mercians, many disagreements and innumerable disputes arose among leading persons of every kind—kings, bishops, and ministers of the churches of God—concerning all manner of secular affairs". In 823, sometime after 26 May, on which date he granted land to Archbishop Wulfred in exchange for a gold and silver vessel, Ceolwulf was overthrown. His replacement was Beornwulf, whose pedigree is not known.

Ceolwulf ruled Kent directly—in his two charters, he is styled as "King of the Mercians and of the men of Kent".

Family

Ceolwulf was the son of Cuthberht of Mercia and the brother of Coenwulf of Mercia (d. 821) and Cuthred of Kent (d. 807). Coenwulf ruled as king of Mercia from 796 until his death in 821. In 798 Coenwulf installed his brother Cuthred as king of Kent in 798. Cuthred ruled there until his death in 807, after which Kent reverted to Mercia. Upon Coenwulf's death in 821 he was succeeded by Ceolwulf.

The name of Ceolwulf's wife is not recorded; however, they had one known child, a daughter: Ælfflæd of Mercia.

According to a tradition preserved at Evesham, Ceolwulf's daughter Ælfflæd married Wigmund, the son of Wiglaf, King of Mercia (827–839). Wiglaf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf and his son Berhtfrith sought to marry King Wigmund's widow so that he could become king. This was opposed by Wigstan, the son of Wigmund and Ælfflæd, and Berhtfrith slew Wigstan in 849. However, there is no record outside this Evesham tradition that Wigmund was ever king. Alfred Smyth suggests that Ceolwulf II, who became king following the Viking expulsion of King Burgred in 874, may have been another son of Ælfflæd, and thus a grandson of Ceolwulf I.

title: Ceolwulf I of Mercia


text:
Milanese dialect

Milanese (endonym in traditional orthography Milanes, Meneghin) is the central variety of the Western dialect of the Lombard language spoken in Milan, the rest of its metropolitan city, and the northernmost part of the province of Pavia. Milanese, due to the importance of Milan, the largest city in Lombardy, is often considered one of the most prestigious Lombard variants and the most prestigious one in the Western Lombard area.

In Italian-language contexts, Milanese (like most indigenous Romance varieties spoken in Italy other than standard Italian) is often called a dialetto "dialect". This can be misunderstood to mean a variety of the Tuscan-derived national language, which it is not. Lombard in general, including Milanese, is a sister language of Tuscan, thus also of Italian, rather than a derivative. Typologically, Lombard is a Western Romance language, and more closely resembles other Gallo-Italic languages in Northern Italy (e.g. Piedmontese, Ligurian, Emilian, Romagnol) as well as others further afield, including Occitan and Romansh.

Milanese has an extensive literature, reaching as far back as the 13th century and including the works of important writers such as Bonvesin da la Riva (mid 13th century–1313), Carlo Maria Maggi (1630–1699) Carlo Porta (1775–1821). In addition to the large literary corpus, various dictionaries, a few grammar books and a recent translation of the Gospels are available in the language.

Distribution
The Milanese dialect as commonly defined today is essentially concentrated around Milan and its metropolitan city, reaching into the northernmost part of the province of Pavia. Subdialects of Milanese – also known as dialètt arios – are spoken in the western part of the province (Castano Primo, Turbigo, Abbiategrasso, Magenta), the eastern part (Gorgonzola, Cassina de' Pecchi, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Segrate, Bellinzago), the parts to the north of the Naviglio Martesana (Carugate, Cassano d'Adda, Inzago, Gessate), certain areas where the dialect becomes transitional (between Saronno and Rho), the southern parts (Binasco and Melegnano), and the northern parts of the Province of Pavia (north of the line between Bereguardo and Landriano, which includes places such as Trovo and Casorate Primo).

Historically, up to the late 19th century, "Milanese" was also used to define the dialects spoken in Brianza and in the areas of Varese (Varesòtt) and Lecco (Lecches); less commonly it was also used to cover the whole Western Lombard dialect area, which had in Milanese its most prestigious variety.

Orthography
As Milanese, like the Lombard language as a whole, is not an officially recognized language anywhere, there have been many different orthographic conventions, including pan-Lombard proposals (like the Scriver Lombard orthography), and conventions limited to Western Lombard (the Unified Insubric Orthography). The de facto standard for Milanese, though, is the literary classical Milanese orthography (Ortografia Milanesa Classega).

Classical Milanese orthography is the oldest orthographic convention still in use and it is the one used by all writers of Milanese literature, most famously by Carlo Porta. The trigraph $⟨oeu⟩$ (sometimes written $⟨œu⟩$), used to represent the phoneme, is considered the most distinctive feature of this standard. Since the latter half of the 20th century, as a consequence of the Italianization of Lombardy with the Lombard language ceasing to be the main language of daily use in Milan, the Classical orthography has been contested and lost ground as Italian speakers often find it counterintuitive. Classical Milanese orthography, which often reflects etymology, has indeed many words closely resembling their Italian cognates, but pronunciation is often different, one of the most striking examples being orthographic doubled consonants which represent geminates in Italian but a short preceding vowel (if stressed syllable) in Milanese: compare Italian $⟨caro⟩$ (dear) and $⟨carro⟩$  (cart) with its Milanese cognates $⟨car⟩$  and $⟨carr⟩$.

English
Our Father, Who art in heaven, Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy Kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

Milanese
Pader nòster, che te seet in ciel che 'l sia faa sant el tò nòmm che 'l vegna el tò regn, che 'l sia faa 'l tò vorè, come in ciel, inscì anca in su la terra. Dann incoeu el nòster pan de tucc i dì, e perdonon i nòster peccaa, inscì come anca num ghe perdonom a quij che n'hann faa on tòrt. E menon minga in de la tentazion, ma liberon del maa, e che 'l sia inscì.

Italian
Padre nostro che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il tuo Nome, venga il tuo Regno, sia fatta la tua Volontà come in cielo così in terra. Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano, e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, e non ci indurre in tentazione, ma liberaci dal Male. Così sia/Amen.

Latin
Pater noster qui es in caelis / sanctificetur nomen tuum / adveniat regnum tuum / fiat voluntas tua sicut in caelo et in terra / panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie / et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris / et ne nos inducas in tentationem sed libera nos a malo. Amen.

title: Milanese dialect


text: Category:Japanese language

title: Category:Japanese language


text: User talk:67.171.148.182

title: User talk:67.171.148.182


text:
Play (TV series)

Play (stylized as >play) is a Canadian news magazine series, focusing on pop culture and entertainment, which aired on CBC Newsworld between 2002 and 2005. The show was hosted by Jian Ghomeshi, a former member of pop group Moxy Früvous. The show initially aired weekly. Then themed episodes aired once every several weeks. However, the show was cancelled due to poor ratings.

title: Play (TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Irismeister 2/Evidence

Evidence by Jwros
Relevant behavior on talk pages

Irismeister is once again editing the section of this page which is restricted to my complaint. I hate to be a nuisance, but I feel that my moving the text may escalate matters. If a neutral party would oblige again (thank you Mav, for helping the first time) I would appreciate it.

I have not participated in arbitration as a primary party (although I contributed small amounts of evidence in two cases some time ago, as I recall), so I ask that you forgive me if I violate any of the guidelines, and correct me if I do. Below are the comments by Irismeister that caused my complaint most directly, although I believe them to be emblematic of a pattern of behavior pursued generally since his arrival here.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk:Iridology&dummy=1&diff=3644517&oldid=3644245

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk%3AJwrosenzweig&diff=3648932&oldid=3648102

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk%3AJwrosenzweig&diff=3649713&oldid=3649549

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&diff=3650680&oldid=3650523

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&diff=3650342&oldid=3649960

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk:Iridology&diff=3645074&oldid=3644832

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&diff=0&oldid=3830577

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AIridology&diff=3217569&oldid=3217413

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&diff=3647196&oldid=3645307

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&diff=3628829&oldid=3628268

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_arbitration/Irismeister_2/Evidence&diff=0&oldid=3940957

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Talk%3AIridology&diff=3940657&oldid=3829158

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_arbitration%2FIrismeister_2%2FEvidence&diff=3941830&oldid=3941802

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FTheresa_Knott&diff=3853881&oldid=3829655

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FTheresa_Knott&diff=3829077&oldid=3828445

My two chief complaints are the abusive treatment suffered by anyone who questions Irismeister and his statements, and the continued thinly-veiled legal threats (note the promise on at least two occasions that he will "see me soon" in Washington). I believe a general consideration of Talk:Iridology and the discussion there over the past month will further demonstrate that Irismeister continues to avoid and evade dialogue, preferring to disrupt discussion by labeling editors as "bullies", "Wikicops", and other epithets preferred by him, and by his trademark use of non sequiturs. It is my belief that this behavior constitutes a flagrant disregard for the judgment handed down by the AC earlier this year. I do not know if I, as complainant, am to offer the consequence I think fitting, or comment in any other way concerning the behavior that Irismeister has directed at myself and others. I hope that the AC will instruct me on these matters. Thank you for your time and consideration in this matter. Jwrosenzweig 16:28, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * In adding additional diffs, I will note that in some cases other editors made remarks to Irismeister which are not part of productive dialogue (although they believe they have reasons for doing so, and I understand the kind of frustration that drives editors to such ends). I would ask that those remarks not be used as justification for a reduced consequence for User:Irismeister.  I know that, if I have personally attacked Irismeister in any way, or abused my editing privileges here for the pursuance of a personal grievance, I would be more than willing to accept censure (as I never intended any such behavior and will apologize the moment it is made known to me) -- I believe the other editors who have dealt with Irismeister would accept the same.  I do not know if this is a reasonable comment to make here, and I do not wish to give the indication that I doubt your judgment: I simply want to be sure that, if, among the cases noted above, there are cases where Irismeister appears to have fought fire with more fire, the AC knows that I am asking for consequences on both sides rather than simply calling it all "fair play".  And I believe that the links above do not show a case of editors harassing and attacking each other equally. Thank you for your consideration, Jwrosenzweig 23:05, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I know that there is no place for me to respond to allegations made in the "responses by the accused/supporters" section -- I would respectfully ask the members of the AC what I am to do if Irismeister continues to direct this abuse at me? Having returned from 12 days away in an effort to avoid this kind of attack, I find myself subject to it within hours - is the best solution for me to leave the site again, perhaps this time for a longer period of time?  If someone can advise me, it would be much appreciated. Jwrosenzweig 23:35, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

After being informed of an injunction by the AC not to edit any pages but the arbitration pages, his user page, and user talk page (an injunction it is evident that he saw because he replied to it on his talk page), Irismeister edited Talk:Alternative medicine in violation of that ban. I would further note for the AC that Irismeister's promise to leave the site (bidding us farewell, etc.) should not be considered trustworthy, as this comment demonstrates he's made such promises before.

Evidence by Irismeister
Leave me alone, will you ? - I have no time to lose in "defending" myself for bogus arbitrations, meant only to keep my away from doing serious work in Wiki. Whenever a pair of creative, idealistic medical writers appears, a pack of Wikipolice wolves "arbitrates" their work, which by the way is free, not paid and volunteer, and might as well stop bluntly (if this weren't the purpose of arbitration harassment in the first place) - irismeister 23:56, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

It's not a bad idea afterall! But let's be serious, Jwrosenzweig - you are only diverting the diversion again. You are not abused, you are the abuser. You are a wolf dressed as a lamb, crying wolf :O) For the only abuse here is to chase away MDs from contributing medical stuff with your paranoid diversions. You were looking after me in Google instead of reading what you or Theresa kept cutting. So yes, go get a life! Go on vacation! And yes, do edit with more professional proofreading Theresa agendas in mind (that really does help anyone here). Lastly, OK, you can thank me for my consideration - for I do not divert your diversions (see your long history of iridologic "cuts-and-asking-for-proof-which-you-justt-cut"). I am currently measuring your Wikipolice indices using all my archives - irismeister 23:45, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

Thank you for your disconsideration! Hi, Jwrosenzweig, so you are back from your blushing vacation! Only to keep the dirty Wikipolice habits, that is. But what did you (beyond us mortals) do when you saw yourself proposed for desysoping and review of admin actions? What did you do when you saw FACTS proving your anti-alternative medicine POVs, and diversionist tactics ? You ran away, my fellow editor! Not recommended for an ice hockey player! And your thin veiled threats mindset reveals only your thin contorted ratiocinations - for FACTS NEVER THREAT ANYONE ONLY SETTLE THE RECORD STRAIGHT, FOR THE RECORD! irismeister 23:14, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

Tell you what: Do you consider yourself to be beyond critic? If yes - go away, complete with your lousy "arbitration" - your figleaf for your craving to see me banned! If not, then why the hell did you faint and leave as a coward the very moment I presented evidence for desysoping you ? The emperor is naked, the figleaf has fallen, and the crux of the unfolding drama is that there is nothing there left for us to see. Nothing at all, ball-wise! :O- irismeister 22:48, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)

First resort: talk to the other parties involved
'''The first resort in resolving almost any conflict is to discuss the issue on a talk page. Either contact the other party on that user's talk page, or use the talk page associated with the article in question. Never carry on a dispute on the article page itself. When discussing an issue, stay cool and don't mount personal attacks. Take the other person's perspective into account and try to reach a compromise. Assume that the other person is acting in good faith unless you have clear evidence to the contrary. - irismeister 22:52, 2004 Jun 4 (UTC)''' DID YOU READ THAT, CHIEF COMPLAINANT ?

Evidence by John Gohde
This is User:Mr-Natural-Health whose name has some how gotten dragged into this dispute in the following Statement by affected party as well as comments that were made by User:Fred Bauder.

 * Emergency, Mayday, Wiki Wiki
 * Mayday! The WikiRepublic is in danger! Wikipolice make their coup d'êtat! Please add your voice and come help John  here  wiki wiki. He is subject not only of personal attacks, this he is getting used to, but to a seven-months full blown campaign of character assasination - by SYSOPS. Look what they say  here ! If you stand by your principles, sysops, and editors, it's time to act now. Thank you ! - Yours, - irismeister 17:25, 2004 May 19 (UTC)

This comment by irismeister was written in plain English. It was irismeister's way of coming to my assistance. And, was referring to Requests for comment/Theresa Knott which was and still is explained in more detail on my talk page. In fact, I believe that I actually could have used this comment by irismeister as one of the required attempts of resolving my dispute with Theresa Knott on a talk page. Thanks in part to this effort of irismeister Requests for comment/Theresa Knott was certified within the 48 time limit.

Therefore, this quote of irismeister cannot be used as part of the Statement by affected party since it was a totally proper statement written in plain English.

Furthermore, I totally resent being dragged into this mess by the comments of User:Fred Bauder. I have nothing to do with this matter. I am not a party in this arbitration. And, I want to be offically removed as having anything to do with any such arbitration process since I clearly have nothing to do with the behavior of irismeister. -- John Gohde 03:57, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * This matter should also address Iridology enlisting other users such as Mr. Natural Health to evade our prior decree. - What kind of a statement is this?

 * I am not on probation. You had that option, but you all elected not to put me on probation.  In regards, to irismeister you had the option to apply your ban to the talk page, but you all elected not to ban irismeister from using Talk:Iridology. The same goes for irismeister enlisting other users to evade your prior decree.  Beyond the fact, that I see no evidence that anybody actually did what you are alleging; you all had the option to put that in writing, but you all elected not to.  I saw irismeister babbling away on Talk:Iridology precisely because your prior decree did not specifically ban irismeister from posting on Talk:Iridology.  That is entirely your own fault, and I have absolutely nothing to do with how you guys failed to properly word your original decree.  As a lawyer, you should have a lot of experience writing court orders for judges.  So, why you all elected to allow irismeister to babble away on Talk:Iridology is totally beyond me.  So, please stop trying to blame me and other users for what you guys actually wrote in your prior decree against irismeister. -- John Gohde 05:04, 31 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Ludeca of Mercia

Ludeca or Ludica was the King of Mercia from 826 to 827. He became king after the death of Beornwulf in battle against the rebellious East Angles, but he too was killed in another failed attempt to subjugate them in the following year.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle simply states that Ludeca "was slain, and his five Ealdormen with him", but Florence of Worcester (who, incidentally, carries the same two-year error as the earlier 'Chronicles' - both place this event in 825 instead of 827) fleshes out the story: "Ludecan, king of the Mercians, mustered his forces and led an army into the province of the East Angles, for the purpose of taking vengeance for the death of king Beornulf, his predecessor. He was quickly met by the natives and their king, who in a severe battle slew him and five of his Ealdormen, and very many of his troops, and put to flight the remainder. Wiglaf succeeded to his splendid kingdom."

Prior to Ludeca's rule, he was mentioned in two charters from 824 as a dux under Beornwulf. The Fitzwilliam Museum also holds a silver penny minted during Ludeca's reign, thought to have been minted at Ipswich by a moneyer named Wærbeald.

In 2016, a coin establishing Ludeca's rule over London in 826 was found. Prior to the discovery, it had been thought that Wessex took London from the Mercians at the Battle of Ellandun in 825.

title: Ludeca of Mercia


text: Category:History of the Republic of Ireland


text:
Category:Documentary films

A documentary film is a film based in fact, documenting some aspect of life. It usually involves narration, interviews, facts and figures.

Documentary films made for television should be categorized under Category:Documentary television films.

Documentaries made for a television series should be categorized under Category:Documentary television series.

Films in the comedic mockumentary genre, which mimic documentary films, have their own category at Category:Mockumentary films.

title: Category:Documentary films


text:
Match referee

A match referee is an official appointed to oversee professional cricket matches. Match referees for Test matches and One Day Internationals are appointed by the International Cricket Council (ICC). Most matches below international level do not have a referee.

A match referee remains off the field of play at all times during the actual play of the game, observing events from a spectator area. The referee makes no decisions of any relevance to the play or result of the game; such decisions are the sole responsibility of the appointed umpires.

The match referee's responsibility is to ensure that the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct is upheld during the game, to assess any breaches of the Code, and to hand out penalties for any breaches.

Following every game, the match referee composes and submits a match report to the ICC, noting any events or actions by players or umpires that may be a concern in terms of the Code of Conduct or the Laws of Cricket.

Match referees are frequently former cricket players who have had distinguished careers on the field.

In recent years the law regarding the unlawful delivery of the cricket ball by a bowler because of straightening of the arm at the elbow has been interpreted as the domain of the match referee and a system of reports to the ICC, rather than a matter for the umpires to decide and call on the field as a no-ball at each incidence. This de facto migration of responsibility has caused controversy, with some commentators claiming it has eroded the official support and authority owed to the umpires.

Match referees give ratings to the quality of the pitch after the match and submit it to the ICC.

Three of the notable match referees are David Boon, Javagal Srinath and Ranjan Madugalle.

title: Match referee


text:
Wigstan

Wigstan (, ; died c. 840 AD), also known as Saint Wystan, was the son of Wigmund of Mercia and Ælfflæd, daughter of King Ceolwulf I of Mercia.

History

Like many Mercians of the period very little is known about Wigstan. He was the son of Wigmund and Ælfflæd, both the offspring of Mercian kings, Wiglaf and Ceolwulf I respectively. Wigmund, according to the Croyland Chronicle, died of dysentery before his father King Wiglaf, making Wigstan heir to the kingdom of Mercia. However, when Wiglaf died in 839, Wigstan declined the kingship preferring religious life and monastic orders instead. Beorhtwulf, possibly Wigstan's great-uncle, became king instead. William of Malmesbury claims that Beorhtwulf's son, Beorhtfrith, wished to marry Wigstan's widowed mother, Ælfflæd, but Wigstan forbade the union as they were too closely related. As revenge Beorhtfrith went to visit the young King ostensibly in peace but, when the two greeted each other, he struck Wigstan on the head with the shaft of his dagger and his servant ran him through with his sword.

"Beorhtfrith, son of Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia, unjustly put to death his cousin, St Wigstan on the Kalends of June [1st June], being the eve of Pentecost. He was grandson of two of the kings of Mercia; his father, Wigmund, being the son of King Wiglaf, and his mother, Ælfflæd, the daughter of King Ceolwulf. His corpse was carried to a monastery which was famous in that age, called Repton, and buried in the tomb of his grandfather, King Wiglaf. Miracles from heaven were not wanting in testimony of his martyrdom; for a column of light shot up to heaven from the spot where the innocent saint was murdered, and remained visible to the inhabitants of that place for 30 days."

The site of Wigstan's martyrdom has been variously claimed to be Wistanstow, Shropshire, and Wistow, Leicestershire, with Wigston being the nearest town which happens to be derived from his name. Wigstan became a famous saint and Repton became a centre of pilgrimage as a result, which led Cnut the Great to move Wigstan's relics to Evesham, where the Vita Sancti Wistani was written by Dominic of Evesham, a medieval prior there.

Hagiography
The saint's relics were relocated to the Abbey at Evesham. His vita (meaning "life", a history recording reputed acts of sanctity) has been attributed to the Benedictine chronicler Dominic of Evesham, an early 12th-century Prior at Evesham. The edifice of the abbey (including the tomb of the four saints and many monastic buildings) were demolished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Noted Edwardian artist Margaret E.A. Rope was commissioned for the windows in the parish church of Wistanstow in Shropshire dedicated to the miraculous pillar of light, leading to discovery of the earthly remains of the slain martyr.

title: Wigstan


text:
Allegheny National Forest

The Allegheny National Forest is a National Forest in Northwestern Pennsylvania, about 100 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. The forest covers 513175 acre of land. Within the forest is Kinzua Dam, which impounds the Allegheny River to form Allegheny Reservoir. The administrative headquarters for the Allegheny National Forest is in Warren. The Allegheny National Forest has two ranger stations, one in Marienville, Forest County, and the other in Bradford, McKean County.

The Allegheny National Forest lies in the heart of Pennsylvania's oil and gas region. It is only 40 mi from the site of the first commercial oil well in the United States at Titusville, Pennsylvania. In 1981, about 17 percent of the state's crude oil production came from mineral rights owned by private individuals within the Forest boundary.

History before 1923
Today the Allegheny Plateau is known for black cherry, maple and other hardwoods, but two hundred years ago these species were less numerous. Today's forest is largely the result of two things: the exploitation of timber at the turn of the 20th century and being managed by the Forest Service since 1923.

18th century
In the 18th century, the forest in northwest Pennsylvania was mostly Eastern Hemlock and American beech. Sugar maple, birch, chestnut, white pine, white oak and red maple were also common. White pine occurred in the original forest in relatively small, well-defined areas where it was typically accompanied by chestnut and to a lesser degree oak. Black cherry accounted for less than one percent of the plateau's trees. This old-growth forest contained rich, vibrant biodiversity, and was characterized by large trees, fallen logs, and a multi-layered forest canopy. Predation by the native eastern wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) and eastern cougar (Puma concolor couguar) kept deer populations at naturally regulated low levels, estimated at ten deer per square mile. The understory vegetation was dense and richly diverse.

Disturbances such as tornado, blowdown, and ice storms were common events that created a random mosaic of small openings in the forest canopy across the landscape before human beings arrived to the North American continent. Later, Native Americans burned small areas of the understory of the forest in locations to improve berry and oak mast production, hunting, and ease of travel.

Early colonization
European settlers reached this area in the early 19th century. At first, trees were cut mostly to clear land for agriculture and provide timber for cabins and barns. Soon, the first commercial water-powered mills cut small amounts of lumber from selected pine, hemlock and large hardwoods. By 1840, portable steam engines made circular sawmills practical, and mills that could process 10,000 board feet (24 m³) of lumber per day were common.

Tanneries that used hemlock bark as their source of tannin for curing leather began to appear in the late 1850s. This infant industry received a great boost by the Civil War demand for harness, military equipment and industrial belting. By the end of the century, the tanning industry was a major forest industry in Pennsylvania that used huge quantities of hemlock bark. The logs were removed later and sawn into lumber products.

1850 to 1900
Between 1850 and 1900, American society and technology changed in dramatic ways. People, moving West and in the growing cities in the East, demanded lumber to build homes, stores and furniture. Demand for paper and other wood pulp products increased. An eightyfold increase in coal production led to the need for more lumber for mine props, timbers, and planks. Band saws came into use after 1880, making possible the construction of huge mills capable of sawing 100000 ft or more of lumber per day. Railroads provided convenient transportation to consumers and markets. They also opened up extensive and previously inaccessible areas of timber with specialized locomotives such as the Shay which could traverse steep hillsides, uneven tracks and sharp curves. All of these factors supported large sawmill and tannery industries.

20th century
By 1900, deer and their predators were almost eliminated due to overhunting. The Pennsylvania Game Commission began to restore the deer herd by importing deer from other states.

A new enterprise, the wood chemical industry, changed the course of forest development. Between 1890 and 1930, wood chemical plants produced charcoal, methanol, acetic acid, acetate of lime and similar products, and provided a market for virtually every size, species and quality of tree growing on the Allegheny Plateau. Harvests during this era were the most complete ever made in the area, clearing nearly every accessible tree of every size. The once vast forest of the Allegheny Plateau was almost completely removed, leaving barren hillsides as far as the eye could see.

Many large forest landowners in Pennsylvania and other northeastern states simply abandoned the land and moved West in search of new forests. The land left behind often ended up on delinquent tax rolls, prompting a financial crisis for rural counties. The bare soil and logging slash made floods and wildfires a constant danger.

1911
In 1911, the United States Congress passed the Weeks Act, allowing the federal government to buy land in eastern states for the establishment of National Forests. The Allegheny National Forest was established in 1923.

But with low deer populations, a new forest quickly grew. This forest was different from the previous one because conditions were now different. Shade-tolerant, long-lived trees like hemlock and beech gave way to sun-loving, shorter-lived species like black cherry, which readily germinated on the bare sunny ground. Cherry, red maple, black birch, and sugar maple became common species in the understory.

Today many of the Eastern National Forests are primarily second-growth and different in character from National Forests in the West created from huge reserves of largely virgin forest. In the Allegheny National Forest, the trees are roughly the same age because they started growing about the same time and the Forest Service continues to manage the land through a silvicultural system known as even-aged management—a practice very closely related to clearcutting.

History after 1923
An old-growth forest of hemlock and beech once stretched along northern Pennsylvania, but heavy logging between 1890 and 1930 left only pockets of that early forest in places like Hearts Content. Since the Forest Service began to manage the Allegheny National Forest in 1923, a different forest of hardwood trees like black cherry (that are more valuable as a timber product) was established through the use of herbicides and selective fertilizing. This weeded out the "undesirable" native trees while allowing the black cherry tree to thrive.

The Forest Service brought new concepts in forest management to the Allegheny Plateau, multiple benefits and sustainability. The Organic Act of 1897 introduced the National Forest mission: to improve the forest, provide favorable conditions for water flows, and furnish a continuous supply of timber to meet people's needs. On these lands, seedlings for tomorrow's forest are the focus of forest management activities. Watersheds are managed to ensure clear water for fisheries like trout and clean drinking water for all.

Conservation
Over time, various laws added other benefits like wilderness, heritage resources and grazing to the original idea of watershed protection and continuous timber. The Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 recognized outdoor recreation, wilderness preservation, and habitat for wildlife and fisheries.

The motto "Land of Many Uses" captures the National Forest goal of a healthy, vigorous forest that provides wood products, watershed protection, a variety of wildlife habitats and recreational opportunities, not only for today, but in a sustainable way so future generations can enjoy these benefits, too.

When the Allegheny National Forest was established in 1923, the immediate challenge was nurturing the young trees growing amongst logging slash on the recently cleared hillsides. Because of such heavy logging and mining, wildfires, floods and erosion were a threat. With care and a general absence of overt human interference and manipulation, the forests grew. Since they started growing at roughly the same time, most of the trees in today's second-growth forest on the Allegheny Plateau are the same age (70–100 years old).

1900 to Present
Between 1900 and 1940, the young forest grew and evolved from openings to young forest to maturing forest.

Young forests offer diverse vegetation like seedlings, saplings, wildflowers and berries. Deer, grouse, songbirds and other wildlife thrive with the abundant food and cover. Rapidly growing trees soak up carbon, add much oxygen to the atmosphere, and protect soil. Taller trees shade streams, helping to regulate water temperature for aquatic life.

By the 1940s, the forest began to take on an appearance familiar to us today. The older trees provide acorns, cherries, and beech nuts for bear and turkey. Birds find sites for nests in the leafy tree crowns and plants like trillium prefer the filtered light of the maturing forest. In the 1940s, the Forest Service gradually resumed timber harvesting under strict research-based guidelines to ensure sustainability for future generations.

Abundant browse led to a dramatic increase in the deer population, which peaked in the 1940s and again in the late 1970s. Since the mid-1980s, the deer population has remained fairly constant, although at a level higher in many places than the forest can support.

Today the trees are mature and able to provide quality hardwood for furniture and other needs. Foresters deal with challenges like deer, insects, disease, drought and competing vegetation such as fern through research and careful management. A small percentage of the ANF, in select sections, will be left in its natural condition undisturbed by logging on a permanent basis, gradually progressing toward the biologically diverse old-growth condition.

This large region of Pennsylvania remains one of the least densely populated areas east of the Mississippi River.

Forests and old growth
The Forest lies within the Allegheny Highlands forests ecoregion and about 90% of its area is covered in forests. The Forest contains some of the most extensive tracts of remaining old-growth forest in Pennsylvania, totaling thousands of acres. These include northern hardwood forests in Hearts Content Scenic Area and Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Areas as well as riverine forests on Crull's and Thompson's Islands.

Forest research
The Forest Service also established a research station for the Northeast in 1923. Soon, research scientists were studying complex relationships among vegetation, animals, soil, nutrients, weather and disease. For decades, scientists have shared both research results and management guidelines based on these results with the ANF, other public and private landowners, and other scientists.

Recreation

During the 1920s, recreation on the ANF focused mostly on dispersed activities like hunting and fishing. In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps changed the face of National Forests across the country by building hundreds of recreation facilities, including Twin Lakes and Loleta Recreation Areas on the ANF. These and other facilities became popular after World War II when newly mobile families discovered the joys of outdoor recreation.

The creation of the Allegheny Reservoir when the Kinzua Dam was completed in 1965 brought the most dramatic change to developed recreation on the ANF. Within ten years, a tremendous development program resulted in campgrounds, boat launches, beaches, picnic areas, hiking trails and overlooks around the reservoir shoreline and elsewhere throughout the forest.

Over time, people's changing and more sophisticated expectations led to campground improvements like electricity, hot showers, and baby-changing stations. Areas to watch wildlife (Buzzard Swamp, Little Drummer), trails for cross-country skiing and motorized recreation (all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles) and fully accessible fishing piers, trails and restrooms have been added, too. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan signed the Pennsylvania Wilderness Act into law, which designated the Hickory Creek Wilderness Area and Allegheny Islands Wilderness Area as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.

Multiple benefits, sustainability and the future
Today, the Forest Service carries out a variety of management and research activities, providing multiple benefits with a strong scientific basis.

Defining the way a National Forest is to be managed can be controversial. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 required each National Forest to implement a Forest Plan with extensive public involvement, outlining a vision for how and where management activities will be emphasized. The ANF's initial Forest Plan, which was approved in 1986, is currently undergoing revision. The revision process began in the fall of 2003, and was expected to be complete by early 2007. Additional parcels of the ANF are expected to be recommended to Congress for permanent protection as wilderness areas under the Wilderness Act of 1964 as a result of the Forest Plan revision process. (In a related connection, the Wilderness Act was authored in 1956 primarily by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society, who grew up in the ANF town of Tionesta.)

Conflict over oil and gas drilling rights
Recently a conflict has arisen in the Allegheny National Forest over mineral rights. In 1923 the land that is now the Allegheny National Forest was purchased by the Federal Government, but the federal government did not buy the subsurface or mineral rights of the land because of financial issues. Private citizens currently own ninety-three percent of the subsurface land in the forest. Since the spike in oil prices around 2000, oil companies that own mineral rights have placed more drilling equipment in the forest. During an out of court settlement in April 2009, the United States Forest Service decided that the National Environmental Policy Act will govern all oil and gas drilling in the forest. The National Environmental Policy Act will make any oil or gas drilling in the forest subject to public judgement. On June 1, 2009, the Minard Run Oil Co., Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Association, Allegheny Forest Alliance and Warren County Government filed suit in the United States District Court in Erie, Pennsylvania over the National Forest Service's use of the National Environmental Policy Act.

title: Allegheny National Forest


text:
Beorhtwulf of Mercia

Beorhtwulf (, meaning "bright wolf"; also spelled Berhtwulf; died 852) was King of Mercia, a kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England, from 839 or 840 to 852. His ancestry is unknown, though he may have been connected to Beornwulf, who ruled Mercia in the 820s. Almost no coins were issued by Beorhtwulf's predecessor, Wiglaf, but a Mercian coinage was restarted by Beorhtwulf early in his reign, initially with strong similarities to the coins of Æthelwulf of Wessex, and later with independent designs. The Vikings attacked within a year or two of Beorhtwulf's accession: the province of Lindsey was raided in 841, and London, a key centre of Mercian commerce, was attacked the following year. Another Viking assault on London in 851 "put Beorhtwulf to flight", according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the Vikings were subsequently defeated by Æthelwulf. This raid may have had a significant economic impact on Mercia, as London coinage is much reduced after 851.

Berkshire appears to have passed from Mercian to West Saxon control during Beorhtwulf's reign. The Welsh are recorded to have rebelled against Beorhtwulf's successor, Burgred, shortly after Beorhtwulf's death, suggesting that Beorhtwulf had been their overlord. Charters from Beorthwulf's reign show a strained relationship with the church, as Beorhtwulf seized land and subsequently returned it.

Beorhtwulf and his wife, Sæthryth, may have had two sons, Beorhtfrith and Beorhtric. Beorhtric is known from witnessing his father's charters, but he ceased to do so before the end of Beorhtwulf's reign. Beorhtfrith appears in later sources which describe his murder of Wigstan, the grandson of Wiglaf, in a dispute over Beorhtfrith's plan to marry Wigstan's widowed mother Ælfflæd. Beorhtwulf's death is not recorded in any surviving sources, but it is thought that he died in 852.

Background and sources
For most of the 8th century, Mercia was the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Mercian influence in the south-eastern kingdoms of Kent, East Anglia, and Essex continued into the early 820s under Coenwulf of Mercia. However, Coenwulf's death in 821 marked the beginning of a period in which Mercia suffered from dynastic conflicts and military defeats that redrew the political map of England. Four (possibly five) kings, from what appear to be four different kin-groups, ruled Mercia throughout the next six years. Little genealogical information about these kings has survived, but since Anglo-Saxon names often included initial elements common to most or all members of a family, historians have suggested that kin-groups in this period can be reconstructed on the basis of the similarity of their names. Three competing kin-groups are recognizable in the charters and regnal lists of the time: the C, Wig and B groups. The C group, which included the brothers Coenwulf, Cuthred of Kent, and Ceolwulf I, was dominant in the period following the deaths of Offa of Mercia and his son Ecgfrith in 796. Ceolwulf was deposed in 823 by Beornwulf, perhaps the first of the B group, who was killed fighting against the East Anglians in 826. He was followed by Ludeca, not obviously linked to any of the three groups, who was killed in battle the following year. After Ludeca's death, the first of the Wig family came to power: Wiglaf, who died in 839 or 840. Beorhtwulf, who succeeded to the throne that year, is likely to have come from the B group, which may also have included the ill-fated Beornred who "held [power] a little while and unhappily" after the murder of King Æthelbald in 757.

An alternative model of Mercian succession is that a number of kin-groups may have competed for the succession. The sub-kingdoms of the Hwicce, the Tomsæte, and the unidentified Gaini are examples of such power-bases. Marriage alliances could also have played a part. Competing magnates—those called in charters "dux" or "princeps" (that is, leaders)—may have brought the kings to power. In this model, the Mercian kings are little more than leading noblemen.

An important source for the period is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals in Old English narrating the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The Chronicle was a West Saxon production, however, and is sometimes thought to be biased in favour of Wessex. Charters dating from Beorhtwulf's reign have survived; these were documents which granted land to followers or to churchmen and were witnessed by the kings who had the authority to grant the land. A charter might record the names of both a subject king and his overlord on the witness list appended to the grant. Such a witness list can be seen on the Ismere Diploma, for example, where Æthelric, son of king Oshere of the Hwicce, is described as a "subregulus", or subking, of Æthelbald of Mercia.

Accession and coinage
It is possible that Beorhtwulf is the same person as the Beorhtwulf who witnessed a charter of Wiglaf's in 836. If so, this is Beorhtwulf's first appearance in the historical record. His accession to the throne of Mercia is usually thought to have occurred in about 840. The date is not given directly in any of the primary sources, but it is known from regnal lists that he succeeded Wiglaf as king. Historian D. P. Kirby suggests that Wiglaf's death occurred in 839, basing this date on the known chronology of the reigns of Beorhtwulf and Burgred, the next two Mercian kings. It is possible that Wigmund, the son of Wiglaf, was king briefly between Wiglaf and Beorhtwulf. The evidence for this possibility comes only from a later tradition concerning Wigmund's son, Wigstan, so it is uncertain whether he actually did so. Almost no Mercian coins are known from the 830s, after Wiglaf regained Mercia from Egbert of Wessex. Beorhtwulf restarted a Mercian coinage early in his reign, and the extended gap in the 830s has led to the suggestion that Wiglaf's second reign was as a client king of Egbert's, without permission to mint his own coinage. Beorhtwulf's coinage would then indicate his independence of Mercia. However, it is more usually thought that Wiglaf took Mercia back by force. An alternative explanation for Beorhtwulf's revival of the coinage is that it was part of a plan for economic regeneration in the face of the Viking attacks. The Viking threat may also account for the evident cooperation in matters of currency between Mercia and Wessex which began in Beorhtwulf's reign and lasted until the end of the independent Mercian kingdom on the death of King Ceolwulf II in the years around 880.

The earliest of Beorhtwulf's coins were issued in 841–842, and can be identified as the work of a Rochester die-cutter who also produced coins early in the reign of Æthelwulf of Wessex. After ten years without any coinage, Beorhtwulf would have had to go outside Mercia to find skilled die-cutters, and Rochester was the closest mint. Hence the link to Rochester probably does not indicate that the coins were minted there; it is more likely that they were produced in London, which was under Mercian control. Subsequent coins of Beorhtwulf's are very similar to Æthelwulf's. One coin combines a portrait of Beorhtwulf on the reverse side with a design used by Æthelwulf on the obverse; this has been interpreted as indicating an alliance between the two kingdoms, but it is more likely to have been the work of a forger or an illiterate moneyer reusing the design of a coin of Æthelwulf's.  A different coinage appears later in the 840s, and was probably ended by the Viking attacks of 850–851. There are also coins without portraits that are likely to have been produced at the very end of Beorhtwulf's reign.

Reign
Beorhtwulf's kingship began auspiciously. In the battle of Catill or Cyfeiliog, he killed King Merfyn Frych of Gwynedd and later sources imply (see below) that he was able to subjugate the northern Welsh after this.

However, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records Viking raids in 841 against the south and east coasts of Britain, including the Mercian province of Lindsey, centred on modern Lincoln. The city of London, chief centre of Mercia's trade, was attacked the following year. The Chronicle states that there was "great slaughter" in London, and large coin hoards were buried in the city at this time.

Berkshire appears to have passed out of Mercian hands and become a part of the kingdom of Wessex at some point during the late 840s. In 844 Ceolred, the bishop of Leicester, granted Beorhtwulf an estate at Pangbourne, in Berkshire, so the area was still in Mercian hands at that date. Asser, writing in about 893, believed that King Alfred the Great was born between 847 and 849 at Wantage in Berkshire. The implication is that Berkshire had previously come under the control of Wessex, though it is also possible the territory was divided between the two kingdoms, possibly even before Beorhtwulf's accession. Whatever the nature of the change, there is no record of how it occurred. It appears that the Mercian ealdorman Æthelwulf remained in office afterwards, implying a peaceful transition.

In 853, not long after Beorhtwulf's death, the Welsh rebelled against Burgred and were subdued by an alliance between Burgred and Æthelwulf.

Charters
The synod at Croft held by Wiglaf in 836, which Beorhtwulf may have attended, was the last such conclave called together by a Mercian king. During Beorhtwulf's reign and thereafter, the kingdom of Wessex had more influence than Mercia with the Archbishop of Canterbury. A charter of 840 provides evidence of a different kind concerning Beorhtwulf's relations with the church. The charter concerns lands that had originally been granted by Offa to the monastery of Bredon in Worcestershire. The lands had come under the control of the church in Worcester, but Beorhtwulf had seized the land again. In the charter Beorhtwulf acknowledges the church's right to the land, but forces a handsome gift from the bishop in return: "four very choice horses and a ring of 30 mancuses and a skilfully wrought dish of three pounds, and two silver horns of four pounds ... [and] ... two good horses and two goblets of two pounds and one gilded cup of two pounds." This is not an isolated case; there are other charters that show Mercian kings of the time disputing property with the church, such as a charter of 849 in which Beorhtwulf received a lease on land from the bishop of Worcester, and promised in return that he would be "more firmly the friend of the bishop and his community" and, in the words of historian Patrick Wormald, "would not rob them in future". Wormald suggests that this ruthless behaviour may be explained by the fact that landed estates were becoming harder to find, as so much land had been granted to monasteries. The problem had been mentioned over a century before by Bede, who in a letter to Egbert, the Archbishop of York, had complained of "a complete lack of places where the sons of nobles and of veteran thegns can receive an estate". Beorhtwulf's concession of wrongdoing suggests that he could not rely on his nobles to support him in such a disagreement, and may indicate that his hold on the throne was insecure.

Holders of land were under an obligation to the king to support the king's household, though exemptions could be obtained. A charter of the late 840s released the monastery of Breedon on the Hill from the requirement to supply food and lodging to Beorhtwulf's servants and messengers, including "the royal hawks, huntsmen, horses, and their attendants". The exemption cost a substantial sum, and did not release the monastery from every burden; the obligation to feed messengers from neighbouring kingdoms or from overseas was excluded from the exemption.

End
In 851, a Viking army landed at Thanet, then still an island, and over-wintered there. A second Viking force of 350 ships is reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to have stormed Canterbury and London, and to have "put to flight Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia, with his army". The Vikings were defeated by Æthelwulf and his sons, Æthelstan and Æthelbald, but the economic impact appears to have been significant, as Mercian coinage in London was very limited after 851.

No surviving contemporary source records Beorhtwulf's death, but according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle his successor, Burgred, reigned for twenty-two years and was driven from his throne by the Vikings in 874, implying that Beorhtwulf died in 852. From Burgred's charters it is known that his reign began before 25 July 852. It has been suggested that an otherwise unknown king named Eanred may have reigned briefly between Beorhtwulf and Burgred; the evidence for this consists of a single silver penny inscribed "EANRED REX", which has similarities to some of Beorhtwulf's and Æthelwulf's pennies and hence is thought to have been produced after 850. The only recorded King Eanred ruled in Northumbria and is thought to have died in 840, though an alternative chronology of the Northumbrian kings has been proposed that would eliminate this discrepancy. Generally the penny is considered to belong to "an unknown ruler of a southern kingdom", and it cannot be assumed that an Eanred succeeded Beorhtwulf.

Family
Beorhtwulf was married to Sæthryth, apparently a figure of some importance in her own right as she witnessed all of his charters between 840 and 849, after which she disappears from the record. Beorhtwulf is said to have had two sons, Beorhtfrith and Beorhtric. Beorhtric is known from witnessing his father's charters, but he ceased to do so before the end of Beorhtwulf's reign.

The story of Beorhtwulf's other known son, Beorhtfrith, is told in the Passio sancti Wigstani, which may include material from a late 9th-century source, with some corroboration in the chronicle of John of Worcester. Beorhtfrith wished to marry the royal heiress Ælfflæd, King Ceolwulf's daughter, widow of Wiglaf's son Wigmund and mother of Wigstan. Wigstan refused to allow the marriage, since Beorhtfrith was a kinsman of Wigmund's and was also Wigstan's godfather. In revenge, Beorhtfrith murdered Wigstan, who was subsequently venerated as a saint. The story, though of late origin, is regarded as plausible by modern historians.

title: Beorhtwulf of Mercia


text:
Ceolwulf II of Mercia

Ceolwulf II (died c. 879) was the last king of independent Mercia. He succeeded Burgred of Mercia who was deposed by the Vikings in 874. His reign is generally dated 874 to 879 based on a Mercian regnal list which gives him a reign of five years. However, D. P. Kirby argues that he probably reigned into the early 880s. By 883, he was replaced by Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, who became ruler of Mercia with the support of Alfred the Great, king of Wessex.

Dynastic background
On anthroponymic grounds, Ceolwulf is thought to belong to the C dynasty of Mercian kings, a family which claimed descent from Pybba of Mercia. The C dynasty, beginning with Coenwulf, may have had ties to the ruling family of Hwicce in south-west Mercia.

Ceolwulf's immediate ancestry is unknown, but he is thought to be a descendant of Ceolwulf I through his daughter Ælfflæd. Ælfflæd was first married to Wigmund, son of King Wiglaf, and then to Beorhtfrith, son of King Beorhtwulf. Far from being "an unwise king's thane", it is clear that Ceolwulf was a descendant of previous kings. A number of thegns who witnessed charters under Burgred witnessed charters under Ceolwulf, and his charters were witnessed by Mercian bishops, testifying to his acceptance in Mercia.

Mercia, Wessex and the Vikings
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle offers the following account of Ceolwulf:"This year went the army [i.e., the Great Heathen Army] from the Kingdom of Lindsey to Repton, and there took up their winter-quarters, drove the king [of Mercia], Burgred, over sea, when he had reigned about two and twenty winters, and subdued all that land. He then went to Rome, and there remained to the end of his life. And his body lies in the church of Sancta Maria, in the school of the English nation.  And the same year they gave Ceolwulf, an unwise king's thane, the Mercian kingdom to hold; and he swore oaths to them, and gave hostages, that it should be ready for them on whatever day they would have it; and he would be ready with himself, and with all those that would remain with him, at the service of the army."

The Chronicle was compiled on the orders of Alfred the Great, brother-in-law of King Burgred. This account is considered to be biased and politically motivated, written with a view of strengthening the claims of Alfred and Edward the Elder to the overlordship of Mercia, evidenced by a 2015 find of Anglo-Saxon Imperial coins dated to around 879, near Leominster, presumed to have been buried by retreating Vikings. The coins depict both Ceolwulf as a king as well as Alfred, leading some experts to indicate that the two were equals. According to Gareth Williams of the British Museum, "these coins enable us to reinterpret our history at a key moment in the creation of England as a single kingdom."

Ceolwulf's kingdom is presumed to have been reduced to the northern and western parts of Mercia.

Wales
In 878, King Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd was killed in battle against the English. As Alfred was then occupied fighting the Vikings, and Mercia traditionally claimed hegemony over Wales, the English leader was probably Ceolwulf. In 881 Rhodri's sons defeated the Mercians at the Battle of the Conwy, a victory described in Welsh annals as "revenge of God for Rhodri". The Mercian leader was Edryd Long-Hair, almost certainly Ceolwulf's successor as Mercian ruler, Æthelred.

Coinage and London
Three types of penny have been found which were issued in Ceolwulf's name. The bulk of them were minted at London and of the type designated as Cross-and-Lozenge, which was also in use by King Alfred of Wessex. Ceolwulf's coinage appears to be closely related to that of Alfred of Wessex, and it has been suggested on this basis that the two kings co-operated against the Vikings.

Simon Keynes and the numismatist Mark Blackburn initially suggested that in about 875, Alfred was the sole recognised ruler in London, while Ceolwulf's involvement would have come about only towards the end of his reign, 879. However, in 1998, the same year that their discussion was published, another Cross-and-Lozenge penny struck in Ceolwulf's name came to light, which appears to be contemporary with Alfred's earliest coinage.

In 2015, a metal-detectorist uncovered a hoard of Viking Age coins, jewellery and silver ingots near Watlington, Oxfordshire. The find, dating to the late 870s, included thirteen examples of the rare ‘Two Emperors’ penny which depict Alfred and Ceolwulf seated side by side.

title: Ceolwulf II of Mercia


text:
Annabella Sciorra

Annabella Gloria Sciorra (, ; born March 29, 1960) is an American actress. She came to prominence with her film debut in True Love (1989) and worked steadily throughout the 1990s in films such as Jungle Fever (1991), The Hard Way (1991), The Hand That Rocks the Cradle (1992), The Addiction (1995), Cop Land (1997), and What Dreams May Come (1998). She received an Emmy Award nomination for her portrayal of Gloria Trillo on The Sopranos (2001–2004), appeared as Det. Carolyn Barek on Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2005–2006), and had recurring roles on GLOW (2018), Truth Be Told (2019–2020), and Tulsa King (2022). Her stage credits include The Motherfucker with the Hat (Broadway, 2011).

Sciorra was regarded as one of the key figures of the #MeToo movement after speaking out against Harvey Weinstein and subsequently testifying at his sexual assault trial.

Early life
Sciorra was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City to Italian immigrant parents. Her mother was a fashion stylist from Formia, Lazio, and her father a veterinarian from Carunchio, Abruzzo. Sciorra studied dance as a child, and later took drama lessons at the Herbert Berghof Studio and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

1989–1990: Film debut and early roles
After making her professional debut in 1988 with a small part in the television miniseries The Fortunate Pilgrim, Sciorra landed her first major film role starring as Donna in True Love (1989), a romantic comedy-drama that won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Festival. Her performance was praised by critics, with Janet Maslin of The New York Times commenting, "Ms. Sciorra, with her gentle beauty and hard-as-nails negotiating style, perfectly captures the mood of the film, and makes Donna fully and touchingly drawn". The part earned Sciorra a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead the following year. Key roles in Internal Affairs, Cadillac Man and the acclaimed drama Reversal of Fortune (all 1990) came next, with the latter receiving three Oscar nominations.

1991–2000: Critical acclaim and box office successes
In 1991, after co-starring in buddy cop comedy The Hard Way, Sciorra garnered widespread attention with her portrayal of Angie Tucci in the acclaimed Spike Lee drama Jungle Fever, which was shortlisted for the Palme d'Or at that year's Cannes Film Festival. In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan wrote that Sciorra was "possessed of considerable presence, assurance and vulnerability". Meanwhile, Vincent Canby of The New York Times commented:

"In a cast of equals, Ms. Sciorra may be just a little more equal than everyone else. She shines. She glows. Her Angie is a delight, a woman of guts and humor and enormous resilience."

The following year, Sciorra headlined Curtis Hanson's hit psychological thriller The Hand That Rocks The Cradle (1992), which held the top position at the U.S. box office for four weeks. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly felt that, with her portrayal of Claire Bartel, Sciorrra "brings her eye-of-the-storm serenity to the role of a passionately ordinary middle-class woman", giving an "accomplished performance", while Variety said in their review, "A totally deglamorized Sciorra becomes unglued subtly and slowly, eliciting sympathy without begging for it". In subsequent years, the film has been highlighted as one of the quintessential examples of 1990s genre filmmaking.

Sciorra continued to work steadily throughout the decade. Film parts included romantic leads in The Night We Never Met, neo-noir crime thriller Romeo Is Bleeding and Mr. Wonderful (all 1993); The Addiction (1995), her first of several projects with cult filmmaker Abel Ferrara; James Mangold's critically acclaimed, financially successful Cop Land (1997); and the fantasy drama What Dreams May Come (1998). Film critic Roger Ebert described her portrayal of Annie Nielsen in the latter as "heartbreakingly effective".

2001–present: The Sopranos and subsequent television work
In 2001, Sciorra was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress for her "electric" portrayal of Gloria Trillo on HBO's The Sopranos, a part described as "career changing" by Entertainment Weekly, which she played intermittently until 2004. Next, she co-starred in the Sidney Lumet-directed Find Me Guilty (2006). Based on the true story of the longest Mafia trial in American history, the film was described as "gripping" by Stephen Holden of The New York Times, who also called Sciorra's performance "excellent".

Subsequent credits included main roles in the CBS courtroom drama series Queens Supreme (2003) and the Fox medical drama Mental (2009), guest parts on shows such as The L Word, ER (both 2007), The Good Wife (2012), Blue Bloods and CSI (both 2013), and recurring roles on Law & Order: Criminal Intent—as Det. Carolyn Barek (2005–2006)—and GLOW, where she played Rosalie Biagi (2018).

In 2018, Sciorra portrayed Rosalie Carbone on the second season of Netflix's Luke Cage. Executive producer Cheo Hodari Coker said of her casting, "I've been a huge fan of [Sciorra] since Jungle Fever, and [she's] no joke as Rosalie Carbone. You haven't seen her this gangster since ... The Sopranos. I'm thrilled her introduction to the Marvel Universe will be [this show]". Later that year, she reprised the part of Carbone for two episodes of Netflix's Daredevil.

Between 2019 and 2020, Sciorra played Erin Buhrman in seven episodes of the Apple TV+ legal drama Truth Be Told. She has since appeared in recurring roles on NBC's New Amsterdam (2021), the MGM+ crime series Godfather of Harlem (2021), CBS drama Blue Bloods (2021–2022), and the Paramount+ series Tulsa King (2022).

Personal life
Sciorra was married to actor Joe Petruzzi from 1989 to 1993. In 2004, she began a relationship with Bobby Cannavale which lasted for three years; the relationship ended in 2007.

In October 2017, Sciorra leveled allegations of rape against the film producer Harvey Weinstein. In an article published by The New Yorker, Sciorra alleged that Weinstein raped her after he forced his way into her apartment in 1993, then over a number of years repeatedly harassed her. Sciorra was the key witness addressing the predatory sexual assault charges during Weinstein's trial in 2020, leading to his conviction.

title: Annabella Sciorra


text:
Category:Fiction

Articles relating to fiction, a narrative form, in any medium, consisting of people, events, or places that are imaginary—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. In its most narrow usage, fiction refers to written narratives in prose and often specifically novels.

 * Individual book articles should not be categorized here. For books of fiction, please use Category:Fiction books.

title: Category:Fiction


text: Category:Nuclear physics

title: Category:Nuclear physics