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Lyle and Erik Menéndez

Joseph Lyle Menéndez (born January 10, 1968) and Erik Galen Menéndez (born November 27, 1970) are American brothers who were convicted in 1996 of the murders of their parents, José and Mary Louise "Kitty" Menéndez.

During their trial, the brothers stated that they committed the murders out of fear that their father would kill them after they threatened to expose him for years of sexual, emotional, and physical abuse, while the prosecution argued that they did it to inherit their father's multimillion-dollar estate. They were first tried separately with one jury for each brother. However, both juries deadlocked, resulting in a mistrial. For the second trial, they were tried together by a single jury that found them guilty. Both brothers were sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.

Background
José Enrique Menéndez was born on May 6, 1944, in Havana, Cuba. At age 16, shortly after the end of the Cuban Revolution, he moved to the United States. José attended Southern Illinois University, where he met Mary Louise "Kitty" Andersen (1941–1989). They were married in 1963 and moved to New York City where José earned an accounting degree from Queens College.

The couple's first son, Joseph Lyle, who goes by his middle name, was born on January10, 1968, in New York. Kitty quit her teaching job after Lyle was born and the family moved to New Jersey, where Erik Galen was born on November27, 1970, in Gloucester Township. The family lived in Hopewell Township and both brothers attended Princeton Day School.

In the summer of 1976, Lyle and Erik's cousin, Diane Vander Molen, came to stay with them. She stated Lyle confessed to her that he was being sexually abused by his father. Vander Molen told Kitty what Lyle had said, but Kitty sided with her husband and said Lyle was lying. Vander Molen recalls that afterward, Kitty put Lyle upstairs and that was the last Vander Molen heard of the claim.

In 1986, José's career as a corporate executive (he had joined the company then-known as International Video Entertainment) took the family to Beverly Hills, California. The following year, Erik attended Beverly Hills High School where he earned average grades but displayed a remarkable talent for tennis, ranking 44th in the US as a junior. About two weeks before the murders, Erik and his friend Michael Joyce entered the 1989 Boys' Junior National Tennis Championship. Erik reached the second round of qualifying in the Boys' 18 singles, while Joyce reached the quarterfinals.

Lyle attended Princeton University, but was placed on academic probation for poor grades and was eventually suspended for plagiarism.

Crimes
On the evening of August 20, 1989, José and Kitty were standing in the den of their Beverly Hills mansion when Lyle and Erik entered the den, carrying shotguns. José was shot six times, including a fatal shot in the back of the head with a Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun. Kitty was shot ten times in total. Before the fatal shot to her cheek, she was on the ground, slowly crawling and crying. Lyle ran to his car to reload before firing the fatal shot to her face.

Immediately after the killings, both brothers remained in the house expecting the police to respond due to the noise of the gunshots. When the police arrived, the brothers told them that the killings had occurred while they were at a movie theater watching Batman and attending the "Taste of L.A." festival at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium. The police did not seek gunshot residue tests from the brothers, which would have indicated whether they had recently discharged a firearm.

In the months after the killings, the brothers began to spend extravagantly on luxury items, businesses, and travel. Lyle bought Chuck's Spring Street Cafe, a Buffalo wing restaurant in Princeton, New Jersey, as well as a Rolex watch and a Porsche Carrera. Erik hired a full-time tennis coach and competed in a series of tournaments in Israel. The brothers eventually left the Beverly Hills mansion unoccupied, choosing to live in adjoining condominiums in nearby Marina del Rey. They also dined expensively and took overseas trips to the Caribbean and London. Collectively, they spent approximately $700,000 before their arrests; family members later disputed a connection between their spending and the murder of their parents, claiming that there were no changes in their spending habits after the killings. At one point, they attended a New York Knicks basketball game which became immortalized when they appeared courtside in the background of a Mark Jackson trading card.

During the early stages of the investigation, police tried to narrow their search to suspects who had motives to kill José and Kitty and also investigated potential mob leads. As the investigation continued, they began to suspect the brothers were the most likely perpetrators due to the obvious financial motive and their exorbitant spending after the killings. In an attempt to get a confession from Erik, police arranged for his friend, Craig Cignarelli, to wear a wire during a lunch with Erik at a local beachfront restaurant. When Cignarelli asked Erik whether he had killed his parents, Erik denied it. Erik eventually confessed to his psychologist, Jerome Oziel, who then told his mistress, Judalon Smyth. Oziel later broke up with Smyth and in a fit of rage she told the police about the brothers' involvement. Lyle was arrested on March8, 1990, and Erik turned himself in three days later after returning to Los Angeles from Israel. Both were held without bail and jailed separately.

In August 1990, Judge James Albrecht ruled that tapes of the conversations between Erik and Oziel were admissible evidence since Oziel stated that Lyle threatened him and violated doctor–patient privilege. Albrecht's ruling was appealed, after which the proceedings were delayed for two years. The Supreme Court of California ruled in August 1992 that most of the tapes were admissible, with the exception of the tape on which Erik discussed the murders. After that decision, a Los Angeles County grand jury issued indictments in December 1992, charging the brothers with the murders of their parents.

Trials
The Menéndez case became a national sensation when Court TV broadcast the trial in 1993. Represented by their defense lawyer, Leslie Abramson, the brothers stated that they killed their parents out of fear for their lives after a lifetime of abuse at the hands of their parents, especially sexual abuse at the hands of their father, who was described as a cruel perfectionist and pedophile. Meanwhile, their mother was described as an enabling, selfish, mentally unstable alcoholic and drug addict who encouraged her husband's behavior and was also violent toward the brothers.

The allegations against the couple were supported by the testimony of two family members. The brothers' cousin, Andy Cano, said that as a child Erik told him about the sexual abuse, which they both described as "penis massages". Diane Vander Molen, another cousin of the brothers, stated that she once told Kitty about José's molestation of Lyle, although Kitty told her that it was false. As physical evidence the defense presented a photograph of Lyle and Erik's genitalia allegedly taken by their father when they were children.

The prosecution argued that the killings were done for financial gain. This theory was disputed by the defense team, which claimed that the brothers did not think they were getting an inheritance. Lyle's prosecutor, Pam Bozanich, argued that "men could not be raped, because they lack the necessary equipment to be raped."

Erik testified that a couple of weeks before the night of the killings, he told his brother about the sexual abuse he was experiencing, which led to several confrontations within the family. The brothers also testified that their father threatened to kill them if they did not keep the abuse secret. They claimed the last confrontation happened inside their home's den on August20, 1989, a few minutes before Kitty and José were killed. The brothers stated that their father closed the den's door, which was unusual. Paranoid and afraid that they would be killed by their own parents, Lyle and Erik went outside to load their shotguns. Erik stated, "as I went into the room, I just started firing."

The trial ended with two deadlocked juries. As a result, Los Angeles County District Attorney Gil Garcetti immediately announced that the brothers would be retried. The second trial was somewhat less publicized, in part because Judge Stanley Weisberg did not allow cameras in the courtroom. During the second trial, Weisberg, relying upon a legal decision by the Supreme Court in an unrelated case, limited testimony about the sexual abuse claims and did not allow the jury to vote on manslaughter charges instead of murder charges.

Both brothers were eventually convicted on two counts of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder; in the penalty phase of the trial, they were sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The jury noted the abuse defense was not a factor in its deliberations but it decided not to impose the death penalty because both brothers had no prior criminal record or history of violence. However, unlike the juries in the previous trials, the jury in the penalty phase rejected the defense's theory that the brothers killed their parents out of fear and believed that they committed the killings in order to inherit their father's wealth.

During the penalty phase, Abramson apparently told defense witness William Vicary to edit his own notes, but the district attorney's office decided not to launch a criminal investigation of Abramson. Both brothers also filed motions for a mistrial, claiming that they suffered irreversible damage in the penalty phase as a result of possible misconduct and ineffective representation by Abramson. On July2, 1996, Weisberg sentenced the brothers to life in prison without the possibility of parole to be served as consecutive sentences for the killings and the charges of conspiracy to commit murder.

Incarceration
As in their pretrial detention, the California Department of Corrections separated the brothers and sent them to different prisons. Since they were considered to be maximum-security inmates, they were segregated from other prisoners. They remained in separate prisons until February 2018, when Lyle was moved from Mule Creek State Prison to the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility where they were housed in separate units. Erik also spent some time at Pleasant Valley Prison in Coalinga, California.

On April4, 2018, Lyle was moved into the same housing unit as Erik, reuniting them for the first time since they began serving their sentences nearly 22 years earlier. The brothers burst into tears and hugged each other at their first meeting in the housing unit. The unit where they are housed is reserved for inmates who agree to participate in education and rehabilitation programs without creating disruptions.

Appeals
On February27, 1998, the California Court of Appeal upheld the brothers' murder convictions, and on May28, 1998, the Supreme Court of California declined to review the case, thus allowing the decision of the appellate court to stand. Both brothers filed habeas corpus petitions with the Supreme Court of California, which were denied in 1999. Having exhausted their appeal remedies in state court, they filed separate habeas corpus petitions in the United States District Court. On March4, 2003, a magistrate judge recommended the denial of the petitions, and the district court adopted the recommendation. The brothers then decided to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On September7, 2005, a three-judge panel denied both their habeas corpus petitions, although Judge Alex Kozinski noted that the trial judge changed many of his rulings during the two trials.

In May 2023, the brothers filed documents seeking a new hearing based on newly discovered evidence purporting to show that their father had also molested boy-band member Roy Rosselló. Specifically, on April 18, 2023, on a segment of the Today Show about an upcoming docuseries, Rosselló stated that he had been drugged and raped by José Menéndez when he was visiting the Menéndez's New Jersey home at the age of 14.

Marriages and interviews in prison
On July 2, 1996, Lyle married Anna Eriksson at a ceremony attended by Abramson and his aunt Marta Menéndez, officiated by Judge Nancy Brown; they divorced on April 1, 2001, after Eriksson discovered that Lyle was allegedly cheating on her with another woman. In November 2003, Lyle married Rebecca Sneed at a ceremony in a visiting area of Mule Creek State Prison; they had known each other for around ten years before their engagement.

On June 12, 1999, Erik married Tammi Ruth Saccoman at Folsom State Prison in a prison waiting room. Tammi later stated: "Our wedding cake was a Twinkie. We improvised. It was a wonderful ceremony until I had to leave. That was a very lonely night." In an October 2005 interview with ABC News, she described her relationship with Erik as "something that I've dreamed about for a long time. And it's just something very special that I never thought that I would ever have."

In 2005, Saccoman self-published a book, They Said We'd Never Make It – My Life with Erik Menéndez, but she said on CNN's Larry King Live that Erik also "did a lot of editing on the book". In an interview with People magazine, she stated: "Not having sex in my life is difficult, but it's not a problem for me. I have to be emotionally attached, and I'm emotionally attached to Erik ... My family does not understand. When it started to get serious, some of them just threw up their hands."

Saccoman also stated that she and her daughter drive 150 mi every weekend to visit Erik, and that her daughter refers to him as her "Earth Dad". Discussing his life sentence, Erik stated: "Tammi is what gets me through. I can't think about the sentence. When I do, I do it with a great sadness and a primal fear. I break into a cold sweat. It's so frightening I just haven't come to terms with it."

In 2010, A&E released Mrs. Menéndez, a documentary about Saccoman. In late 2017, A&E aired a five-part documentary titled The Menendez Murders: Erik Tells All, in which Erik describes via telephone the murders and the aftermath. The series also shows never-before-seen photos and new interviews with prosecutors, law enforcement, close family and friends, and medical experts.

Documentary

 * In 2000, "Menendez Brothers – Blood Brothers," an episode from the documentary series by Court TV (now TruTV) Mugshots, was aired at FilmRise.
 * In 2015, Barbara Walters Presents: American Scandals featured the Menéndez brothers in an episode, "Menendez Brothers: The Bad Sons."
 * In 2016, the Menéndez brothers were featured in the true-crime documentary, Snapped.
 * In 2017, the Menéndez brothers were featured in a documentary, Truth and Lies: The Menéndez Brothers – American Sons, American Murderers on ABC.
 * In 2017, HLN launched the new series How it Really Happened – with Hill Harper, with an episode featuring the Menéndez brothers story. The episode, "The Menéndez Brothers: Murder in Beverly Hills,” ends with a telephone interview of Lyle from jail with Chris Cuomo.
 * In 2020, BuzzFeed Unsolved features the Menéndez brothers in a one-episode special, "How They Were Caught: The Menendez Brothers."
 * In 2021, the Menéndez brothers were the subject of ABC's 20/20 special, Inside the Menendez Movement. The special features the popularity of the brothers on the video-sharing social media application TikTok and their growing number of supporters from young adults outside and inside of the United States.
 * In August 2022, Discovery+ released Menéndez Brothers: Misjudged?, a two-hour documentary focusing on the Menéndez brothers' case and trial.
 * In May 2023, Peacock released a documentary series titled Menendez + Menudo: Boys Betrayed, which features Puerto Rican singer and former Menudo member Roy Rosselló alleging that he was sexually assaulted as a teenager by José Menéndez.
 * On May 1, 2023, Netflix announced that they were given "exclusive access" to the Menéndez brothers and would release a forthcoming documentary feature.
 * In 2024, the brothers were featured in the third episode of Mastermind: To Think Like a Killer.

Films

 * In 1994, the Menéndez brothers were featured in the television film Menendez: A Killing in Beverly Hills on CBS. Lyle was portrayed by Damian Chapa, and Erik by Travis Fine.

 * In 1994, the film Dumb & Dumber a TV is playing an "A Current Affair" episode that states: "Inside the home of the Menéndez brother's attorney."

 * In 1994, the television film Honor thy Father and Mother: The True Story of the Menendez Murders features Lyle and Erik Menéndez portrayed by Billy Warlock and David Berón, respectively.
 * In 1994, the Menéndez brothers were loosely depicted in the crime film Natural Born Killers.
 * In 2017, the Menéndez brothers were featured in the Lifetime television film Menendez: Blood Brothers (2017). Lyle was portrayed by Nico Tortorella, and Erik by Myko Olivier.

Television series

 * In 1990, the Law & Order Season 1 episode "The Serpent's Tooth" is loosely based on the Menéndez Brothers case.
 * In 1994, the sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air makes various comedic passing references to the Menéndez case. One such example is in season 4, episode 14, 19:20 into the episode.
 * In 1999, in The Sopranos Season 1 episode Boca, Junior Soprano makes a reference to the brothers' case, citing how their psychiatrist had appeared as a witness in the trial.
 * In 2008, "Gavin Volure", a season 3 episode of the TV series 30 Rock, features Tracy Jordan making multiple references to the Menéndez brothers as he fears that his own children will similarly attempt to kill him for his wealth, an act he termed as "Menendez-ing".
 * In 2010, the Menéndez brothers were referenced by Bobby Singer in season 6, episode 12 of the CW series Supernatural.
 * In 2016, the Menéndez brothers were mentioned several times in the FX drama The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016). Based on the true story of O. J. Simpson's highly televised trial, the series was set at the same time as the Menéndez brothers' trials. There are several characters who have worked in the brothers' and O. J. Simpson's respective cases, such as Robert Shapiro, Lance Ito, and Gil Garcetti. Shapiro (portrayed by John Travolta) mentioned Erik in Episode 2 stating, "In fact, I arranged the surrender of Erik Menendez from Israel." This statement is based on the actual speech by Shapiro during Simpson's infamous Bronco chase, in an attempt to have him surrender to the police.
 * In 2017, NBC aired Law & Order: True Crime – The Menéndez Murders. An 8-episode special from the Law & Order franchise, the series depicted the detailed killings, investigation, arrests, and trials of the Menéndez brothers. Compared to its predecessors, the series portrayed the brothers more sympathetically, focusing on the defense led by lawyer Leslie Abramson, and the physical and sexual abuse allegations. Lyle was portrayed by Miles Gaston Villanueva, who received a Best Actor nomination at the 33rd Imagen Awards, while Erik was portrayed by actor and singer Gus Halper. Its premiere at the Paley Center for Media was attended by Lyle's family and friends, who praised the series' depiction of the brothers. In an interview with Megyn Kelly Today after the first episode premiere, Lyle revealed that the series was "painful to watch", but said the depiction of him by Villanueva is "surprisingly accurate" despite the producers and the actor not being able to communicate with him. The 2018 Primetime Emmy Award's nominated Edie Falco for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series for her portrayal of Abramson.
 * In Netflix's That '90s Show, Red made a reference to the Menéndez brothers while talking to his wife Kitty; coincidentally "Kitty" was also the nickname of their mother.
 * On May 1, 2023, Netflix announced Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menéndez Story, the second season of Ryan Murphy's anthology series Monster, following Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (2022). It is set to be released in 2024. Cooper Koch and Nicholas Chavez were cast as Erik and Lyle, respectively, while Javier Bardem and Chloë Sevigny are set to play José and Kitty.

Parody and dark comedy

 * In 1993, Saturday Night Live aired a comedy sketch featuring guest host John Malkovich where the Menéndez brothers cry in an exaggerated manner, and blame the murder of their parents on their identical twin brothers. In 2015, the Menéndez brothers are referenced again in the sketch song "First Got Horny 2 U" from a Season 41 episode hosted by Elizabeth Banks.
 * The 1994 episode of "Married... with Children", called "The D'Arcy Files", features the line "It's too late to hire the Menéndez brothers" from Al.
 * In 1996, the media hype surrounding the first trial was parodied in the dark comedy film The Cable Guy.
 * In 1997, Gary Indiana published his novel Resentment: A Comedy, which is drawn in part from the Menéndez murders and trial.
 * In 2006, TV Show 30 Rock S03E04, titled "Gavin Volure", featured a running gag in which lead character Tracy Jordan believes his sons are plotting to murder him to inherit his fortune. When Tracy enters his family home at night, he timidly says, "Hey guys. Daddy's home. Don't Menéndez me."
 * In 2009, the TV Show The Venture Bros. featured two former boy detectives named Lance and Dale Hale who are strongly implied to have killed their father with a shotgun.
 * In 2010, the TV Show 30 Rock S06E16 featured a brief joke in which a character has a tattoo with the text "Free Lyle Menendez".
 * In 2016, the Menéndez brothers were subjects of the weekly comedic "true-crime" podcast The Last Podcast on the Left.

Others

 * The Menéndez brothers are seen in the background of the 1990–1991 NBA Hoops' Mark Jackson basketball card in which the New York Knicks point guard is seen making a bounce pass. They are sitting courtside behind Jackson. In December 2018, eBay began terminating auctions in which the brothers are mentioned in the listing. The New York Knicks played 28 games during the period in which the Menéndez brothers went on a spending spree after the murders. Some eBay sellers have continued to sell the card and have also altered the images accompanying the listing so that the Menéndez brothers are neither mentioned nor seen in photos of the card accompanying the listing.

title: Lyle and Erik Menéndez


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Johann Josef Loschmidt

Johann Josef Loschmidt (15 March 1821 – 8 July 1895), who mostly called himself Josef Loschmidt (omitting his first name), was an Austrian scientist who performed ground-breaking work in chemistry, physics (thermodynamics, optics, electrodynamics), and crystal forms.

Born in Karlsbad, a town in the Austrian Empire (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic), Loschmidt became professor of physical chemistry at the University of Vienna in 1868.

He had two early mentors. The first was Bohemian priest Adalbert Czech, who persuaded Loschmidt's parents to send young Josef to high school in the Piarist monastery in Schlackenwerth and, in 1837, to advanced high-school classes in Prague.

This was followed by two years of philosophy and mathematics at Prague's Charles University, where Loschmidt met his second important mentor. This was philosophy professor Franz Serafin Exner, whose eyesight was failing, and who asked Loschmidt to be his personal reader. Exner was known for his innovative school reforms, which included promoting mathematics and science as important subjects. He suggested to Loschmidt, who became a close personal friend, that he apply mathematics to psychological phenomena. In the process of doing this, he became a very able mathematician.

The era, when Loschmidt gradually developed his ideas on molecular structures, was to be a notable epoch in science. It was the time when the Kinetic Theory of Gases was being developed.

His 1861 booklet, Chemische Studien ("chemical studies"), proposed two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules in a style remarkably similar to that used by modern chemists. Among these were aromatic molecules such as benzene (C6H6), and related triazines. Loschmidt symbolized the benzene nucleus by a large circle, which he said was to indicate the yet-undetermined structure of the compound. Some have argued, however, that he intended this as the suggestion of a cyclical structure, four years before that of Kekulé, who is better known and is generally credited with the discovery of benzene's cyclic structure.

In 1865, Loschmidt was the first to estimate the size of air molecules: his result was only twice the true size, a remarkable feat given the approximations he had to make. His method allowed the size of any gas molecules to be related to measurable phenomena, and hence to determine how many molecules are in a given volume of gas. This latter quantity is now known as the Loschmidt constant in his honour, and its modern value is $2.65$ molecules per cubic centimetre at standard temperature and pressure (STP).

Loschmidt and his younger university colleague Ludwig Boltzmann became good friends. His critique of Boltzmann's attempt to derive the second law of thermodynamics from kinetic theory became famous as the "reversibility paradox". It led Boltzmann to his statistical concept of entropy as a logarithmic tally of the number of microstates corresponding to a given thermodynamic state.

Loschmidt retired from university in 1891 and died in 1895 in Vienna.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johann Josef Loschmidt


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Talk:Gray whale

incorrect info on baby Gray Whale
It is stated in your article that a Gray Whale calf drinks 130-150 gallons of milk per day. This is incorrect, they drink only 50 gallons of their mother's milk per day.2600:1702:4360:E540:6091:8424:868A:4E0E (talk) 06:55, 25 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source for this? The existing source in the article says 50-80 pounds (which is about 6-10 gallons); I've corrected the article to match that, but if you have a better source with more accurate information, we can use that. Anaxial (talk) 12:23, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

Article on gray whales approaching boats
I have visited Ojo de Liebre Lagoon & seen this. What the article does not indicate is that when the boats park themselves, some whales will head away, some will approach, & most will ignore the boats. Still, to have several gray whales approach your boat & surface close enough for you to pet them is pretty special, even with getting sprayed from a blow hole. I believe that the Mexican government puts limits on the number of boats that can go out, & requires the boat captains to have annual training. The article also links to this NOAA page that I do not think has been used in the article as of this comment. Peaceray (talk) 22:22, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

"These Gray Whales Are Shrinking and Scientists Aren’t Sure Why"
I just saw this: Peaceray (talk) 20:47, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gray whale


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Eureka, Nevada

Eureka is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in and the county seat of Eureka County, Nevada, United States. With a population of 414 as of the 2020 United States census, it is the second-largest community in Eureka County. Attractions include the Eureka Opera House (built in 1880 and restored in 1993), Raine’s Market and Wildlife Museum (built 1887), the Jackson House Hotel (built 1877), and the Eureka Sentinel Museum (housed in the 1879 Eureka Sentinel Newspaper Building).

Eureka is part of the Elko Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography and climate
Eureka is located at 39.51159°N, -115.96172°W, in the southern part of Eureka County, at 6481 ft in the Diamond Mountains, in a draw on the southern end of Diamond Valley, between Antelope and Newark valleys. At the 2018 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the population of the census-designated place of Eureka was 480, while the total population of Eureka and the surrounding area (Eureka CCD, Eureka County, Nevada) was 1,313.

The town is located along the Lincoln Highway / U.S. Route 50, nicknamed "The Loneliest Road in America": aptly named, as the nearest towns along the highway are Austin (70 mi west) and Ely (77 mi east). The nearest town is Duckwater, 46 mi south.

The climate is typical of the Great Basin: hot and dry with cool mornings in the summer with occasional monsoonal thunderstorms from late July through August; cold and relatively dry in the winter. Temperatures drop to 0 °F or lower on an average 3.2 mornings during the winter, though in the severe winter of 1916/1917 this happened twenty-five times. They drop to 32 F on an average 185.5 mornings, though maximum temperatures top freezing on all but 30.8 days during an average winter. During the summer temperatures rise to 90 F or hotter on 12.5 afternoons, though 100 F does not occur annually. However, the hottest temperature was 110 F on July 22, 1904. Snow accumulations vary from 10 to 30 in in mild winters to in excess of 80 in in more severe years; in the winter of 1906/1907, more than 150 in of snow fell.

The wettest calendar year has been 1941 with 23.86 in and the driest 2020 with 4.18 in, whilst May 1917 with 5.73 in has been the wettest single month. The snowiest month has been March 1902 with 54.0 in of fresh snowfall.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Eureka has a cold semi-arid (BSk).

History
The town was first settled in 1864 by a group of silver prospectors from nearby Austin, who discovered rock containing a silver-lead ore on nearby Prospect Peak. According to tradition, the town was named from an incident when a prospector exclaimed "Eureka!" when he discovered deposits of silver ore. The town became the county seat in 1873, when Eureka County was carved out of adjacent Lander, Elko, and White Pine counties.

Mining, especially for lead, was the town's economic mainstay, as the nearby hillsides ranked as Nevada's second-richest mineral producer, behind western Nevada's Comstock Lode. Two of the largest concerns in Eureka were the Richmond Mining Company and the Eureka Mining Company. These two companies often collided, and in one instance, their litigation reached the U.S Supreme Court. The population boomed, reaching a high of 10,000 by 1878, but shrank as decreasing mine production and changing market conditions led to the closing of mines.

The town was serviced by the narrow gauge Eureka and Palisade Railroad from 1873 to 1938.

Public services
Eureka is served by an all-volunteer fire department, which provides fire protection, rescue, and vehicle rescue services for Eureka and the surrounding areas. In 2009 a new brick and steel fire house was built on Main Street in Eureka. At the time of its building it was the second largest fire house in the state. In addition to being a modern fire fighting facility, it contains a museum of Eureka fire department equipment and vehicles dating back to the 1870s. The fire-museum may be viewed through the large glass windows, or a tour may be taken by contacting a local fireman.

Eureka boasts three parks, a modern enclosed swimming facility, two baseball fields, a track, and football field.

The 1880s Eureka Opera House was re-modeled in recent times and regularly schedules performers.

The 1876 Eureka Court House is both historic and modern. It stands as the functioning governmental and legal center of Eureka County.

Celebrations
July 4, Independence Day, is a huge celebration in Eureka. The Eureka Volunteer Fire Department organizes a parade followed by street events, which require closing central Eureka to vehicular traffic. At 9pm the Eureka Volunteer Fire Department stages a fireworks display.

Education
Eureka County School District is the local school district.

Eureka has a public library, a branch of the Elko-Lander-Eureka County Library System.

Transportation

 * Eureka Airport (Nevada)

Notable people

 * John Cradlebaugh, first delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Nevada Territory
 * Warren J. Ferguson, who served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
 * Antonio Mendez, CIA operative, who orchestrated the smuggling of six US hostages out of Iran. The Academy Award-winning film Argo was based on the experience. Mendez was born in Eureka.

title: Eureka, Nevada


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Talk:Adlai Stevenson II

Proposed move 2011

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: pages moved by rough consensus.   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 02:55, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

– Doesn't really meet the criteria for primary topic. His grandfather Adlai Stevenson I was Vice-President and was the first Adlai Stevenson, so likely quite a few people who are coming here are actually looking for him. You also have Adlai Stevenson III as a possible topic. Adlai Stevenson needs to be either a disambiguation page, or AS I needs to be mentioned in the hatnote  Purpleback pack  89  ≈≈≈≈  21:19, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Adlai Stevenson → Adlai Stevenson II
 * Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation) → Adlai Stevenson
 * Support: He is the one I think of first but a former Vice President is extremely notable as well, so no clear primary topic. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 06:25, 26 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose. He meets all the criteria of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC: more than 3 times the pageviews of the other three combined in June, more incoming links, and a quick search of Google Books shows in the real world Adlai Stevenson usually means the presidential candidate. Few readers are surprised to find this article at this title - fewer than 3% go on to the dab page.  No objection to mentioning the others in the hatnote though. Station1 (talk) 08:15, 26 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support pageview count distorted because he is at the undabbed page.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 20:32, 26 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, slightly, but even in the extremely unlikely event that every single pageview of all 3 other Adlais came thru this article, still more than 2/3 of readers landing here want this article, and in reality closer to 97%. A move would incovenience a large majority with no benefit to the minority clicking on a hatnote. Station1 (talk) 04:35, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Station, your 97% figure is way too high  Purpleback pack  89  ≈≈≈≈  17:56, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Why do you think so? It is based on the fact that over 97% of readers arriving at this article in June did not go on to click on the dab page. Of course a few might have given up instead or got to one of the other Adlais via a different route, but on the other hand a few might have clicked on the dab page out of curiosity. But even if only 90% or 80% or 70% really want this article, why would we want to inconvenience a definite majority when the minority won't even get any benefit; it's still one click for them whether it's through a dab page or a hatnote. Station1 (talk) 08:09, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The traffic stats for 2010 were 239986 hits for Adlai Stevenson versus 49301 hits for Adlai E. Stevenson I. This is less than a 5-fold advantage that normally doesn't meet the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC threshold, even before you factor in that the former is at the undisambiguated name. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 18:47, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I believe very few editors would agree that a 5x advantage is necessary for a primary topic. I think we'd have only a fraction of the primary topics we do, if that were the case. The guidelines only say much more than the next topic (which is of course subjective, but imo even 190685 is much more than 49301) and more than all other topics combined, which this article definitely and easily meets. Station1 (talk) 08:09, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I hear an order of magnitude as a common threshold. We should also throw in 20080 hits for Adlai Stevenson III and 4960 hits for Adlai Stevenson IV, so it's now closer to a 3:1 advantage. And again, this is all with Adlai Stevenson II at the undisambiguated name. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 16:09, 29 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Opening Section
In the opening section Stevenson was described as an "American lawyer, politician, and diplomat". This is entirely accurate - and by any definition he fit all three categories at various times during his career - yet someone recently removed the lawyer and diplomat descriptors and left only politician. The other career categories should not have been removed, especially diplomat, as he was a diplomat during his four-plus years working as UN Ambassador and he also was a diplomat in the 1940s for the State Department. IMO, the accurate descriptors diplomat and lawyer should be restored, as he was known and referred to in the news media by all three job categories, not just as a politician.

1960 campaign
His name was put into nomination, why isn't this mentioned?Ericl (talk) 14:23, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Alger Hiss
Stevenson didn't testify before HUAC. He gave a sworn statement.

Agreed. I have corrected the inaccurate claim. Stevenson actually gave a private, sworn deposition to lawyers regarding Hiss's character. His "defense" of Hiss, based on a brief period of working with him in the 1930s (they were not close friends or associates), consisted of telling the lawyers that Hiss's reputation for integrity, loyalty, and veracity was "good". That's a long way from the distorted claims of Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon - then Eisenhower's running mate - in the 1952 presidential campaign that Stevenson had actively defended Hiss and was a close associate or friend of Hiss. McCarthy repeatedly ("accidentally") even confused the two men's first names in the campaign, stating "Alger...I mean Adlai" in his speeches.70.145.229.162 (talk) 17:29, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Council on Foreign Relations
Why is there no mention of the CFR? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.219.224.19 (talk) 07:38, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Primary topic
You know who is not actually "extremely notable"? An obscure nineteenth century vice president. This Adlai Stevenson is clearly the primary topic for the name. We ought to go back to the way it was before. john k (talk) 14:32, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

1948 Victory
Changed: "he defeated incumbent Republican Dwight H. Green in the Truman landslide" to "he defeated incumbent Republican Dwight H. Green on President Truman's coattails." Truman did not win by anything approaching a landslide.Ctnelsen (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:14, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

I would happily update the citation for the Eleanor Roosevelt support of Stevenson in his 1956 bid for the presidency, but am not sure how. In any event, here is the source.

Roosevelt, Eleanor. On My Own. Pages 162-163.

Pioneercynthia (talk) 23:44, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Differing account of accidental shooting
In today's Slate, there is an article about this aspect of Stevenson's life which suggests (and cites an apparently reliable source for) a different account of the incident in which the young Stevenson looks far more reckless: "That's the official story. But in his thorough 1976 biography, Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, John Bartlow Martin tells a different tale. An anonymous eyewitness whom Martin interviewed claims that "Adlai took the gun from the other boy, pointed it at one of the girls, Ruth Merwin, and pulled the trigger." This, honestly, sounds more believable than the other story, and more in line with what we know about how unintentional child shooting deaths generally happen."

Martin's biography does not otherwise appear to be cited here. Is there a reason for this that is not immediately apparent? If there isn't, can and should we put this in the article? It seems relevant—Stevenson was the son of a prominent political family even at that time, and I have little trouble imagining that rules were bent to spare the family with a story that lets him off the hook a little more (although from today's perspective an unintended discharge that results in a death caused by someone untrained attempting the manual of arms with a working weapon in front of a party crowd is still very poor gun safety and negligent). Daniel Case (talk) 05:34, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

The Slate article is based on a single source - John Bartlow Martin - and Martin's explanation of the shooting is based on speculation, and is one of only several versions of the shooting. The version in the article is from Porter McKeever's biography, and in her book The Stevensons: A Biography of an American Family historian Jean Baker notes that Buffie Ives, Stevenson's sister, "angrily rejected [Martin's] interpretation" of the shooting. Furthermore, even Martin in his book notes that "according to most versions" the shooting happened as described in this article, while only "one eyewitness" described the shooting as portrayed by Martin and The Slate article. Martin's biography (Adlai Stevenson of Illinois) is an excellent biography (I own a copy), but Martin's version of the shooting is based on a single eyewitness and is counter to most other eyewitness accounts and versions of the shooting. Of course, that doesn't mean that Martin's version is incorrect, but to replace the current version of the shooting with the one mentioned in The Slate article would be to endorse a version of the shooting that is based on speculation and is contrary to the official version. I agree that the Martin version should be mentioned, but it should not replace the version which is already cited and is considered by most Stevenson biographers to be the "official" version of the shooting. 2602:304:691E:5A29:A849:DBEC:E381:C93F (talk) 20:12, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 2013

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Only the nominator supports moving the article. Armbrust The Homunculus 10:18, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Adlai Stevenson II → Adlai Stevenson
 * Adlai Stevenson → Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation)

– WP:PRIMARYTOPIC Gamaliel  ( talk ) 23:50, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

My page move was reverted due to a preexisting consensus, but a 2-1 consensus of three editors should not be permanently binding. The guideline WP:PRIMARYTOPIC is clear. When you say Adlai Stevenson without qualifiers, this is the person who comes to mind, not any of the others. This Stevenson is the first and dominant result in searches in Google, Google Image, Google Books, JSTOR, and the Encyclopedia Britannica. Page view statistics on Wikipedia show this as well. In the last month alone, this page has been viewed 21 thousand times, compared to a mere 1-3 thousand for the others. This is a no-brainer. Gamaliel ( talk ) 23:50, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Survey

 * Oppose - Never mind popularity and usage. Problems are the name itself and the significance of all people of the same name. The II/so-called primary guy here worked for the United Nations as the U.S. Ambassador and was an unsuccessful presidential candidate. But I don't see how II is more significant than his grandfather Adlai Stevenson I, who was the Vice President of the United States, which is a significant occupation as an Ambassador, or more than that. Well, obviously, III and IV aren't more popular and significant. Nevertheless, I is more significant than II, but II is more popular. Still, disambiguation is enough. Secondly, I haven't heard of the name until I stumbled upon this page and cleaned up the mess. But familiarity itself is not more important than the meaning of the name. Should the base name "Adlai Stevenson" refer to solely the Ambassador (popularity) or the Vice President (significant)? United Nations holds many nations and tries peace on them, and is located at NYC, and is international. The White House is big landmark in Washington, DC. II's career was worldwide, and I's was domestic. But even major events, like Cuban Missile Crisis, don't make one person more notable than the other. George Ho (talk) 00:39, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * This is a malformed move request. You needed to also include the move of Adlai Stevenson to another location; say, Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation). In any case, it's doubtful there's a primary topic here. I strongly oppose the move of AS2 to the base name. Too many people are going to click on the link thinking of the vice president. Both III and IV exist as well. Red Slash 17:03, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * 'Oppose per User:George Ho. In terms of long term significance, the vice president is clearly up there in the notability stakes with his ambassador grandson. — Amakuru (talk) 10:22, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Discussion

 * We can't substitute our own personal opinion for what sources and databases tell us. I work in a college library and just looked at all the history textbooks assigned for the classes here.  They all mention only one Stevenson.  I checked the catalog, we own numerous biographies of this Stevenson, none of the others.  Stevenson was an important figure in 20th century American history and being an obscure 19th century vice president, of which there were 23, does not automatically trump that.  Whatever metric we use to measure the comparison, this Stevenson is more significant.  Gamaliel  ( talk ) 00:50, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * There you go, calling the vice president obscure and the II guy significant just because the II guy was mentioned in many textbooks. According to the article, the II guy tried to make a difference, but his role was just trying to make peace. Well, he proposed peace for the North Vietnam, but the President of the U.S. rejected the peace plan and went for the Vietnam War. As for the vice president, probably look at this and that and that (which also mentions II). The grandfather also tried presidency twice, but lost elections. George Ho (talk) 03:26, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * There are more sources discussing the vice president of Grover Cleveland: . According to sources, under Amendment XII, Stevenson would have been President should anything fatal would have happened to President Cleveland. Also, Vice President of the United States is a bigger role and responsibility than an UN Ambassador. George Ho (talk) 03:37, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * "just because the II guy was mentioned in many textbooks"? Seriously? This is exactly what we are supposed to do, to measure importance through academic sources.  I'm aware of the role of the vice-president, as I'm sure you are aware that many vice presidents are figures of marginal importance and little power, relatively speaking.  Are there sources about this vice president? Sure, but that doesn't prove anything. In fact, one of your own sources says that the VP was "one of the least remembered" vice presidents, which makes my case more than it makes yours. Did that VP run for president? Yes, but he received only a "smattering" of votes in the primary and isn't even mentioned in the Wikipedia article for the election.  The UN Ambassador also ran for president, twice in the general election in two historically significant campaigns.   I agree that the vice president is generally more notable than a UN Ambassador, and if that were the only evidence we had at hand, you would be correct in your opposition.  But every VP isn't automatically more notable than every UN Ambassador, and the sources that you dismiss make it clear that this particular UN Ambassador is more historically important than this particular VP.  Gamaliel  ( talk ) 04:10, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I wasn't dismissing the sources regarding the II. I just can't weigh significance by numbers of sources and schools. Reading WP:PRIMARYTOPIC again, a long-term significant topic must have "greater enduring notability and educational value". Words, like numerous, many, sources, all, and textbooks, imply usage and popularity. A "value" would imply something worth educating. Reading the II article again, he died in 1965 of a heart attack, making him unable to prevent more terrible years of Vietnam War. I'm unsure why the schools name after the II guy, but that would still imply popularity, unless the school educates people about the II guy, making him significant. Well, my middle school names after Luther Burbank, but I barely know or remember that guy, and the school barely teaches the person whom the school names after. At least my high school names after Benjamin Franklin, more well-known figure who discovered electricity. George Ho (talk) 04:46, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I've supplied more than enough metrics to satisfy WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. I'm baffled that you'd dismiss textbooks, the Encyclopedia Britannica, etc. as weighing "popularity" over historical significance.  What metrics would you personally accept as a measure of historical significance?   Gamaliel  ( talk ) 04:50, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The I guy in his VP years fired many Republicans in favor of Democrats, favored silver, and opposed gold. The II guy in UN years accused Soviet Union of trying to install missiles in Cuba. Well, could that make I guy more significant than II guy, or the other way around? Or equally significant? I wonder if what you did would make you more significant than the other person of the same name. To be honest, "historical significant" would to me mean worth something educating not just for popularity, but influence, as well. I'm unsure about how one is more influential than the other. But both guys were somehow influential, and III and IV would have been more influential, but that won't happen. --George Ho (talk) 05:01, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Red Slash, here are stats: dabpage, vice president, ambassador, senator, and television personality/business executive. Well, as I can see, many people look for the ambassador, but that's 21,000 viewers on November. Nearly 7,500 people look for other people of the same name. But that proves the ambassador more popular than any other. Yet there's not shred of proof that popularity overcomes significance. George Ho (talk) 20:05, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The academic sources I've cited are a measure of significance over popularity. You have yet to clarify why you reject these sources as measures of mere popularity or what sources you would accept as measures of significance.  I should also reiterate that many of the sources you've rejected are cited by WP:PRIMARYTOPIC.  Gamaliel  ( talk ) 20:08, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * How do academic sources indicate greater significance? Academic sources indicate notability and significance, not "greater notability" and greater "educational value". They do teach the subject, but they don't make the near-forgotten vice president less notable than his grandson. And vice president's son conceived the future ambassador. George Ho (talk) 20:44, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * So what would be an acceptable indicator of greater significance and notability for you if you do not accept the academic sources presented here and the metrics suggested by WP:PRIMARYTOPIC?  Gamaliel  ( talk ) 21:02, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * What about subjects' achievements? I think they are good indicators. George Ho (talk) 21:07, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay, according to Britannica, he "helped found the United Nations", as governor "His administration was characterized by far-reaching reforms: establishment of a merit system for state police, improved care and treatment of patients in state mental hospitals, greater state aid for schools, and a revitalized civil service", as ambassador he "help[ed] to assuage some of the worst international tensions", he held numerous political posts and published numerous books, and ran twice for president in the general election.  Gamaliel  ( talk ) 21:22, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I am reading history of the UN, and I found no Adlai Stevenson. Same for United Nations article. I tried searching for him in the website, but I found references of him as a passing. From Brittanica: The vice president's father was the tobacco farmer. Adlai I studied and practiced law, served in chancery court (aka court of equity) during Civil War, became a member of House of Representatives, favored low tariffs and soft-money policy, worked for a post office under future President Cleveland, became associate justice for the supreme court of the DC, etc. George Ho (talk) 21:45, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

 * For situations like this, we've got to handle it pretty delicately. Back when Bush was president, he would outrank his dad in pageviews by a ratio of something like 3 to 1. Nobody would have ever seriously considered redirecting George Bush to the article on the younger son. (This leads to one of my favorite stories ever--while we have a disamb page for George Bush, Napoleon takes you directly to Napoleon I's article. But until 2009, if you put in Napoléon you got a disambiguation page instead. Everyone has their own perspective on primary topic, it seems!) Red Slash 23:31, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

How he shot dead Ruth Merwin
Adlai Stevenson: Citizen of the World by Bill Severn - Page 23, and Almost President: The Men Who Lost the Race but Changed the Nation By Scott Farris. page 164 give rather different accounts to what is confidently stated in the WP article page here. So does the text of ref 10 a NYT article (KILLED IN STEVENSON HOME.; Girl Shot Accidentally by Former Vice President's Grandson) too. It seems the rifle was his brother's .22 hunting rifle and a repeater that Stevenson brought out for an older boy, not Stevenson,  to demonstrate drill during a party. The older boy supposedly checked it was unloaded, but there was a faulty spring that left a cartridge. After the boy was through demonstrating drill, Stevenson took the gun and by some accounts pointed the gun at the girl. It doesn't say how it came to go off at that moment(another faulty spring perhaps) but she was shot in the forehead. According to Adlai Stevenson And The Killing Of Ruth Merwin some said Stevenson was aiming the gun at Miss Merwin from a balcony when it went off. Overagainst (talk) 02:42, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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Grave caption
The burial place of national figures is highly variable, and may be a primary point of interest for a brief visitor to an article. E.g., William Jennings Bryan, like Stevenson, was nominated by the Democratic Party more than once for President. He was born in Illinois, but like most people, I associate him with Nebraska. So where is he buried? Arlington. If the mausoleum was not itself so famous, few would guess that the Ohio born Illinois resident Ulysses Grant, who won the Civil War and became President would be buried in Manhattan. In my most humble opinion, given that some people skim articles quickly, for us to add a few words to the caption of his grave is hardly bad editing. --Unschool 15:22, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

St. Georges Hospital
St. Georges Hospital, it is now in Tooting but in 1965 it was at Hyde Park Corner before moving to Tooting in 1980's. It would have been the nearest major hospital to Grosvener Sq. It may be of interest that President Johnson held Adlia in such high esteem that he sent Vice Pres. Hubert Humphrey to London to collect the body and escort it back to America. I know as I was part of the Police escort that collected the V.P. from Heathrow 77.97.36.28 (talk) 08:39, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

1960 campaign - offer of Secretary of State role by Kennedy
What is the source for the suggestion that Stevenson was offered this role in advance by Kennedy? Arthur M. Schlesinger in his work, "A Thousand Days" page 25-26 (First Mariner Books edition, 2002) explicitly says that Kennedy didn't offer the State Department to Stevenson at the meeting. Wikley (talk) 14:04, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adlai Stevenson II


text:
Zin

Zin or ZIN may refer to:

Places

 * Zin, Afghanistan, a town in Afghanistan
 * Zin Desert, an area mentioned in the Bible
 * Interlaken Airport, Switzerland (by IATA code)

Other uses

 * Zin (vodou) Three-legged cauldron used in kanzo rite
 * Zin (water spirits), mythical water spirits of West Africa
 * Zinfandel, a variety of red grape commonly used to make wine
 * Zin Hizaki, a character from Sky Girls
 * Zin (band), a compas band whose lead singer is Alan Cavé
 * Zinza language (by ISO 639 code), a Bantu language of Tanzania

title: Zin


text:
Mr. Prospector

Mr. Prospector (January 28, 1970 – June 1, 1999) was a Thoroughbred racehorse who became an outstanding breeding stallion and notable sire of sires. A sprinter whose career was cut short by repeated injuries, he won seven of his 14 starts, including the Gravesend Handicap at Aqueduct Racetrack and the Whirlaway Handicap at Garden State Park.

Mr. Prospector began his stallion career in Florida as a regional sire. He proved so successful that he was moved to Kentucky where he became a leading sire and later a leading broodmare sire. His descendants have dominated the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for several decades and his impact on Thoroughbred bloodlines is felt worldwide.

Background
Mr. Prospector was a bay stallion who was bred in Kentucky by Leslie Combs II, the owner of Spendthrift Farm. His sire was Raise a Native, a son of Native Dancer. Raise a Native was brilliantly fast but unsound, going undefeated in four races at age two before injury. Raise a Native became a notable sire but tended to pass on his "heavy-topped" build and other conformation issues associated with unsoundness. By contrast, Mr. Prospector's dam, Gold Digger, was a multiple stakes winning mare known for her toughness and durability. A daughter of Nashua, Gold Digger was from a highly distinguished female family tracing back to champion racemare and "blue hen" Myrtlewood.

Mr. Prospector was the highest-priced horse at the 1971 Keeneland July sale of selected yearlings, selling to A. I. "Butch" Savin for $220,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). "Mr. P", as he came to be known, raced for owner Savin under his nom de course, Aisco Stable. The colt was trained by Jimmy Croll, a future Hall of Fame member who went on to train Holy Bull.

At maturity, he reached high. He had excellent hindquarters and strong hind legs, but his right forefront was turned-out and his knees were offset, making him vulnerable to injury.

Racing career
Mr. Prospector raced at the same time as Hall of Fame members Secretariat and Forego. Though not of their class, he was the top-ranked sprinter of 1974 on the Daily Racing Form's Free Handicap.

Mr. Prospector did not race at age two, but won his first two starts at age three with "ridiculous ease" before being sidelined by illness. He returned on April 1, 1973, in a six-furlong allowance race at Gulfstream Park, which he won by nine lengths. The time of 1:07$4/5$ was a new track record and was only two-fifths of a second off the American record.

He next entered the Calumet Purse on April 17, 1973. In his first start at a distance of more than seven furlongs, he took the early lead but faded in the final quarter-mile to finish third. He next entered the Derby Trial on May 2 as the heavy favorite but finished second after a troubled start. This was his last start at age three.

On February 25, 1974, Mr. Prospector finished third in the Paumonok Handicap at Aqueduct Racetrack as the 1-2 favorite. The crowd reportedly responded to the loss by booing jockey Walter Blum "like rutting moose". He then ran second in the Royal Poinciana on March 6 at Hialeah to Lonetree, who set a track record for seven furlongs.

On April 20, Mr. Prospector won the Whirlaway Handicap at Garden State Racetrack, setting a track record of 1:08$3/5$ for six furlongs. He then entered the Carter Handicap at Belmont Park on May 18, where he finished second to eventual Horse of the Year Forego. He then finished fourth at the favorite in a turf race, a surface with which the colt was unfamiliar.

Mr. Prospector returned to the winner's circle in the Gravesend Handicap, held on June 19 at Belmont Park. As the second choice in a field of eight, he settled in second place behind Lonetree, then pulled away to win by five lengths. Mr. Prospector made what would prove his final start on July 4 in the Firecracker Handicap, finishing second. Shortly afterwards, he fractured a sesamoid bone and was retired.

Stud career
Mr. Prospector retired to stud in 1975 at Aisco Farm near Ocala, Florida. As a regional sire with limited support, he exceeded expectations when he became North America's leading freshman sire of 1978. In 1980, he was relocated to historic Claiborne Farm in Kentucky. He became an outstanding sire, leading the North American general sire list in 1978 and 1979. From 1,195 named foals, he sired 182 stakes winners (15.1%). Although primarily known for the success of his offspring on the dirt in North America, he also was a top-ten sire for several years in Europe.

Mr. Prospector sired one winner of each of the Triple Crown races, a feat his grandson, Unbridled, also accomplished. His Triple Crown race winners were 2000 Kentucky Derby winner Fusaichi Pegasus; 1985 Preakness Stakes winner Tank's Prospect; and 1982 Belmont Stakes winner and American Horse of the Year Conquistador Cielo. Mr. Prospector's bloodline has been highly influential in the top echelons of Thoroughbred racing. All eight horses entered into the 2015 Belmont Stakes were descendants, through their sires, of Mr. Prospector. Similarly, all of the horses in the 2018 Kentucky Derby were descendants of Mr. Prospector.

Mr. Prospector's stud fee, even without the guarantee of a live foal, peaked at $460,000 in the early and mid-1980s. By March 1994 he was still commanding fees of $170,000-$180,000 even though the market had suffered a downturn. During breeding season, he was often able to "cover" two mares in one day. Mr. Prospector was jointly owned by a 40-member syndicate.

On June 1, 1999, Mr. Prospector died in his stall of complications from colic at Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. He was buried between Nijinsky and Secretariat.

Major winners
Mr. Prospector's Grade/Group One winners are shown in the table below. The majority raced in North America on the dirt. However, he also had several significant winners in Europe who established more turf-oriented branches of the sire line.

c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding

Influence on the American Triple Crown
Mr. Prospector's male-line descendants have had great success in the American Triple Crown races, primarily through his sons Fappiano, Forty Niner and Smart Strike who themselves became sires of sires.

Mr. Prospector’s lineage can be found in every American Triple Crown race winner from 2012 onward, with the last horse not to contain lineage through Mr. Prospector was 2011 Kentucky Derby winner Animal Kingdom. His lineage extends even further back for the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes, as he appears in every pedigree from 2009 onward for those two legs of the triple crown races.

The family tree below lists only the winners descended in the male line.

 * Mr. Prospector
 * Fappiano (foaled 1977)
 * Cryptoclearance (1984)
 * Ride the Rails (1991)
 * Candy Ride (1999)
 * Twirling Candy (2007)
 * Rombauer (2018) 2021 Preakness Stakes
 * Gun Runner (2013)
 * Early Voting (2019) 2022 Preakness Stakes
 * Victory Gallop (1995) 1998 Belmont Stakes
 * Quiet American (1986)
 * Real Quiet (1995) 1998 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes
 * Unbridled (1987) 1990 Kentucky Derby
 * Grindstone (1993) 1996 Kentucky Derby
 * Birdstone (2001) 2004 Belmont Stakes
 * Mine That Bird (2006) 2009 Kentucky Derby
 * Summer Bird (2006) 2009 Belmont Stakes
 * Unbridled's Song (1993)
 * Arrogate (2013)
 * Arcangelo (2020) 2023 Belmont Stakes
 * Seize the Grey (2021) 2024 Preakness Stakes
 * Red Bullet (1997) 2000 Preakness Stakes
 * Empire Maker (2000) 2003 Belmont Stakes
 * Pioneerof the Nile (2006)
 * American Pharoah (2012) 2015 Triple Crown winner (Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes)
 * Bodemeister (2009)
 * Always Dreaming (2014) 2017 Kentucky Derby
 * Conquistador Cielo (1979) 1982 Belmont Stakes
 * Tank's Prospect (1982) 1985 Preakness Stakes
 * Woodman (1983)
 * Hansel (1988) 1991 Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes
 * Timber Country (1992) 1995 Preakness Stakes
 * Gulch (1984)
 * Thunder Gulch (1992) 1995 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes
 * Point Given (1998) 2001 Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes
 * Gone West (1984)
 * Elusive Quality (1993)
 * Smarty Jones (2001) 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes
 * Quality Road (2006)
 * National Treasure (2020) 2023 Preakness Stakes
 * Commendable (1997) 2000 Belmont Stakes
 * Afleet (1984)
 * Northern Afleet (1993)
 * Afleet Alex (2002) 2005 Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes
 * Forty Niner (1985)
 * Editor's Note (1993) 1996 Belmont Stakes
 * Distorted Humor (1993)
 * Funny Cide (2000) 2003 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes
 * Flower Alley (2002)
 * I'll Have Another (2009) 2012 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes
 * Drosselmeyer (2007) 2010 Belmont Stakes
 * Maclean's Music (2008)
 * Cloud Computing (2014) 2017 Preakness Stakes
 * Seeking the Gold (1985)
 * Jazil (2003) 2006 Belmont Stakes
 * Machiavellian (1987)
 * Street Cry (1998)
 * Street Sense (2004) 2007 Kentucky Derby
 * Kingmambo (1990)
 * Lemon Drop Kid (1996) 1999 Belmont Stakes
 * Our Emblem (1991)
 * War Emblem (1999) 2002 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes
 * Smart Strike (1992)
 * Curlin (2004) 2007 Preakness Stakes
 * Palace Malice (2010) 2013 Belmont Stakes
 * Keen Ice (2012)
 * Rich Strike (2019) 2022 Kentucky Derby
 * Exaggerator (2013) 2016 Preakness Stakes
 * Good Magic (2015)
 * Mage (2020) 2023 Kentucky Derby
 * Dornoch (2021) 2024 Belmont Stakes
 * Lookin at Lucky (2007) 2010 Preakness Stakes
 * Country House (2016) 2019 Kentucky Derby
 * Fusaichi Pegasus (1997) 2000 Kentucky Derby
 * Roman Ruler (2002)
 * Ruler on Ice (2008) 2011 Belmont Stakes

title: Mr. Prospector


text: User talk:69.37.75.219

title: User talk:69.37.75.219