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Send, Surrey

Send is a village and civil parish in the Guildford borough of the English county of Surrey. The name is thought to mean "sandy place" and sand was extracted at various periods until the 1990s at pits in the outskirts of the parish.

Send is buffered by Metropolitan Green Belt from other villages and towns except for the Grove Heath neighbourhood of Ripley. A rural band of the village adjoins the River Wey including Cartbridge and Send Marsh – this land has been drained and the river tamed by sluices, the Broadmead Cut and the Wey Navigation. The vast majority of the built-up areas are not within an area of flood risk. Between the river and the navigation, in the far north of the parish, are the Papercourt and Broad Mead SSSIs.

History
The first record of Send is from a 1063 copy of a survey from c. 960, in which the settlement appears as Sendan. Throughout the middle ages, it is recorded as Sande, Saunde and Sonde. The name is thought to derive from the Old English -sænde indicating a sandy place.

Send appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Sande. It was held by Rainald (Reginald) from Alvred de Merleburgh (Marlborough). Its Domesday assets were: 20 hides; 1 church, 10 ploughs, 2 mills worth £1 3s 6d, 5 fisheries worth 4s 6d, 84 acre of meadow, woodland for 160 hogs. It rendered £15 10s 0d per year to its overlords. In this case the manorial lords were simply recorded as Herbert; Reginald son of Erchenbald; and Walter, seemingly Anglo-Saxon. It was held at the time of the Norman Conquest by Karli of Norton.

The parish saw a little-known skirmish. On 14 June 1497 the first Cornish Rebellion was launched against Henry VII; the rebels were marching from Cornwall to Kent unbeknown to the King, and after passing Guildford they had a skirmish with some of the outposted royal troops on the road from Guildford to London. The troops fell back or were outmanoeuvred, for they had lost the rebels on the 16th and were looking for them on the Portsmouth Road again near Kingston when they were actually on the border of Kent. Old maps mark the place where the road crosses the stream which joins the Wey near Send as St. Thomas's Waterings.

Ripley was, at the time of the Domesday Book, a hamlet of Send. In 1878 Ripley gained its own parish. The earliest official record, such as a Patent Roll, revealing its manor's existence is in 1279. Growth in ambition of the local nobility coupled with a large enough population led to the first place of worship being built at Ripley, to become a chapelry to St Mary the Virgin, around the year 1160.

Brickfields were developed in the south of Send by the 1870s, and continued to be worked until at least 1911.

The Leese baronets "of Sendholme in Send in the County of Surrey", who lived at the large house of that name in the village, bore a title created in 1908 for Joseph Leese, Liberal Member of Parliament for Accrington from 1892 to 1910. The third Baronet was a Lieutenant-General in the Coldstream Guards and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Land Forces in South-East Asia from 1944 to 1945 and as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command from 1945 to 1946.

Send was the base of the defunct 1950s Formula One and sports car constructor Connaught Engineering.

Geography and transport
Send is a lightly dispersed village centred 23 mi south-west from Charing Cross and 6 mi south-west of junction 10 of the M25 and has a developed clustered centre on the old course of the Portsmouth Road which bisects the highest settled part of the village, Burntcommon, which is on the start of rise of the London Clay. This road was relieved by the construction of a six-lane bypass, part of the A3 trunk road, which now forms the long south-east border of the village. The other principal road is the A247 Woking to West Clandon road which passes through the village from north to south.

The parish is bounded to the west and part of its northern side by the River Wey, which is controlled by sluices and has been expanded in capacity by a navigable channel running alongside, the Wey Navigation.

The nearest railway stations are at West Clandon, on the New Guildford Line, and Woking, on the South West Main Line, which offer frequent fast and semi-fast services to London.

White Bus Services operate irregular routes 462 and 463 through Send village between Woking and Guildford, while Falcon Buses runs the hourly route 715 through Burntcommon between Kingston upon Thames and Guildford.

Soil
Send is on a gently rising patch of Bagshot Sand, with Cartbridge, like Ripley, on sand and gravel of the lower Wey Valley; a southern part of the parish is on generally higher still London Clay.

Elevation
Elevations range from 49 m Above Ordnance Datum in the south to 22 m at the far northern border on the Wey Navigation.

Cartbridge
Cartbridge is a mostly amorphous locality that covers the western end of the village's main street, particularly where it turns to the north towards Woking.

Send Marsh
The neighbourhood is contiguous with the clustered, built-up estates of Boughton Court Avenue and the Portsmouth Road forming Burntcommon. For census analyses of the largest neighbourhoods in Surrey, in 2001 the county council opted to consider Burntcommon as a non-notable locality jointly with Send Marsh. On this basis its population at the United Kingdom Census 2001 was almost half of the village as a whole, at 1,937.

Send Marsh has Send's Grade II listed late 17th century manor house by the village green. It is built of brown brick in English bond. The hamlet has one public house, called the Saddlers Arms, but no shops or church.

Unusually for Guildford schools it is within the admission priority area of Guildford's George Abbot School most years and the boundaries have not to date excluded it to be replaced by for instance closer areas of north-western Guildford.

Burntcommon
Burntcommon is a locality of Send that directly adjoins Send Marsh. Its nearest town is Woking, which lies approximately 3.1 mi north-west.

Health and well-being
The small Send Surgery on Send Road next to the Church Rooms closed in 2003 and reopened on Send Barns Lane as the modern Villages Medical Centre serving 7,000 people in Send, Ripley and the surrounding villages. The old surgery is now occupied by a beauty treatment business. The Old Hall, on Send Marsh Road, is now a residential care home.

Businesses
The main route through the community runs NE/SW, the A247 Send Road, along which are scattered the shops, businesses and facilities.

These include the post office, a takeaway, diving shop/centre, a fireplace outlet, an independent funerals firm, a hairdressers, a microscope and measuring devices manufacturer, Ghost Production Studios, based at the Old Riding Stables on Send Hill, have worked with several well-known clients, including Paul Connelly, Ben Lovejoy, Sue Macmillan, Social, Satellite State, Go West, Tony Hadley, Heat Wave, Charlie Morgan, Mark Brizickey, Adam Wakeman, Victoria Beckham, Elton John, and Draven.

Recreation
Send has a recreation ground, the Lancaster Hall and the Church Rooms. There are two pubs in the village: The New Inn in Cartbridge, adjacent to the Wey Navigation and The Saddlers Arms in Send Marsh.

Schools
Send National School, off Send Hill, was built in 1834 and enlarged in 1892. When the school closed, the building was converted to residential use. It is now known as The Old School.

Send Church of England Central School was built in 1939 but, with war imminent, its opening was delayed until 1941 in case the building was required for military use. During the planning process questions were raised in the House of Commons about the provision of adequate drainage. Initially conceived as a secondary school, it was built on a large plot of land with space for facilities including a light engineering workshop, a carpentry room, a domestic science room and a gymnasium, in addition to a vast playing field. Over time it became known as St Bede's and, from 1972, was relaunched as a middle school. Facilities grew to include two outdoor swimming pools.

Send Church of England (Foundation) First School was built in 1958.

Send's two schools formed the Federation of Send Church of England Schools on 29 March 2012.

Under its final title, St Bede's Church of England (Aided) Junior School buildings were demolished in Summer 2017 and a replacement building for 7– to 11-year-olds was erected on the Send First School site on Send Barns Lane.

Church of England
Send parish church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin and dates from around 1220. The nave was rebuilt and the tower added in around 1485. New kitchen and toilet facilities were completed in 2002. A York stone path was laid in the churchyard in 2003. The church is a Grade II* listed building and is the oldest building still in use in Send. In January 2008 the church was voted Visitor/Leisure Attraction of the Year in the Guildford Life with Style awards, attracting 75% of the votes and beating the Royal Horticultural Society gardens at Wisley, Watts Gallery, Guildford Tour Guides and Surrey Hills Llamas. In October 2008 the church received the Mayor of Guildford's Award for Access.

Roman Catholicism
St William of York (RC) church closed in 2007.

Evangelical
Send Evangelical Church opened in May 1974 using the former Congregational chapel in Cartbridge, built in 1875.

War memorials
Send has three such memorials.

A Celtic-style stone cross next to the Church Rooms on Send Road rises above these inscriptions: "1914–1918 In memory of the men of this village who at the call of duty gave their lives their country. Faithful unto death." The names of the fallen are:

 * (1914–1918) G. Frederick Barnes, William Barnett, Arthur Brackley, William C. Collins, George F. Craddock, Trevor Durrant, Robert G. Fuller, Albert Giles, William Giles, Alan F. M. Grant, David Millard, Archibald Muir, Maurice Simmonds, W. Kenneth Sinclair, Robin R. Skene, Ernest Tickner, Jack Tickner, Herbert W. Walls, Ernest A. Whapshot, Sidney Wright, Alfred Wye.
 * (1939–1945) Robert P. Dixon, Bradford W. O. Dockerty, Robin Giles, Rupert P. James, Frank Hack, Hubert E. Murrell, Ian Matheson, Brian T. Opperman, Donald W. S. Price, William Smith, Edward P. Winton, Edward Wood, Leslie Woolley, William Pratt.

A brick memorial mounted with a wrought iron "1914 1918" in the recreation ground near the corner of Send Road and Sandy Lane bears the words: "This recreation ground was purchased by public subscription and was opened on 1 June 1920 for the benefits of the inhabitants of Send as a memorial to the sailors and soldiers who fell and in grateful recognition of those in the village who took part in the Great War of 1914–1918. Trustees: S. S. Boorman, A. H. Lancaster, J. A. Shirer, W. M. Grant, F. W. Morgan Jones, W. G. Whitbourn."

A stone tablet on the north wall of the nave inside the parish church bears this inscription: "The peal of six bells was hung as a memorial to those of this parish who lost their lives in two world wars and as a thank offering for victory." The names listed are the same as on the Celtic-cross memorial but with the addition of five people "killed by enemy action": V. Bowers, H. C. Parsons, H. E. Privett, M. J. Privett and V. Privett. Members of the Privett family were killed on 21 August 1944 by the explosion of a V1 flying bomb which landed on their home at Burnt Common Cottages.

Demography and housing
The United Kingdom Census 2011 reported Send's population to be 4,245, an increase of 107 since the 2001 census. The number of households was 1,665, an increase of 42 since the 2001 census.

Of the accommodation in the region, 28% was composed of detached houses, and 22.6% was composed of apartments.

The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).

Occupations
The high street provides some professional occupations and technical businesses, the schools and nearby prison form most of the government merit services; other occupations existing in the parish include manufacturing, agriculture and food and leisure-related categories of employment. Nonetheless, the village demographically has a very high proportion of professionals and in relation to these, it is part of the London Commuter Belt, with the City of London being the main destination by train from Woking. The nearest entertainment and large retail premises are in Woking. A former landfill in Send is a 20 hectare plantation of short rotation coppice willow. Occupations of the 2,114 workers between the ages of 16 and 74 were broken down in the 2011 census as follows:

Population over time
Data for 1801–1961 is available at Britain Through Time. The loss of Ripley in 1878 ecclesiastically and in 1933 as a secular administrative unit (civil parish) represented almost half of the land area of the village.

Music
The Send Barns Orchestra, conducted by Jeremy Gilbert, are credited on the 1977 Anthony Phillips album The Geese and the Ghost, large parts of which were recorded at his home in Send.

Film location
In 1969, a scene for The Telling Bone episode of Catweazle, featuring Geoffrey Bayldon, filmed two backgrounds in Send: Church Lane using the lych gate and Send Parish Church and 1 Heath Farm Cottages, Tannery Lane as "Sam's Cottage". "Sam Woodyard" was played by Neil McCarthy. In 1999, scenes for The Mrs Bradley Mysteries, starring Dame Diana Rigg and Neil Dudgeon, were filmed in the churchyard.

In April 2009, scenes for a BBC Drama production of Jane Austen's "Emma", adapted by Sandy Welch and starring Romola Garai, Michael Gambon, Jonny Lee Miller, Blake Ritson, Dan Fredenburgh, Tamsin Greig and Rupert Evans, were filmed in and around Send Parish Church.

In August 2012, Willow Drive was used to film scenes for Cuban Fury, starring Nick Frost.

Prison
Counterintuitively now named after the village is HMP Send, a women's prison on the site of a former isolation hospital. Following parish area reduction in the south the jail is now in the southern part of the parish of Ripley surrounded by farmland and woodland.

Sport
Send's local football team is Send United. There is sailing on Papercourt Lake, which is owned by Papercourt Sailing Club. There is fishing on the River Wey and in the nearby sandpits.

The Concorde Cricket Club, formerly the British Aerospace Cricket Club, is based at Sendholme on Potters Lane. Sendholme was the home of William Hargreaves Leese, who played for the Marylebone Cricket Club in the late 19th century.

Military residents and events
Lieutenant-General William Evelyn Colonel of the 29th Foot in the British Army and Member of Parliament for Helston (1767–74), a son of Sir John Evelyn of Wotton, established his home at Send Grove, Church Lane, and he laid out the grounds. On his death, in 1783, it was bought by Admiral Sir Francis William Drake, Governor of Newfoundland (1750–1752), second in command to Rodney in his victory of 1782 over De Grasse. As Rear-Admiral, Drake flew his flag on HMS Victory from 26 September to 29 December 1780.

Flight Lieutenant Robin R Skene, one of the first members of the Royal Flying Corps, was buried in the churchyard after crashing in his Blériot monoplane shortly after take-off from Netheravon, Wiltshire, in 1914 on 12 August en route to Dover and France at the start of the First World War. He and mechanic R. Barlow were the first members of the Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty and among the first British casualties of the war.

Flooding
Following flooding in the east of Send Marsh in 2000, when 16 properties were flooded to a depth of 1m, causing £600,000 of damage, a five-month Environment Agency (EA) scheme costing £400,000 began in February 2007 to reduce the risk from the East Clandon stream. The stream was diverted in the 1870s for brick-making and could revert to its original course when flooded. Demonstrated by the relatively few properties affected, almost all built-up areas in the parish are not subject to flood risk according to EA data.

Notable residents

 * The British guitarist Eric Clapton spent two years as a pupil at Send's one-time secondary modern school (which became St. Bede's Church of England Junior School).
 * Musician Paul Weller lived for several years in Vicarage Lane.
 * Anthony Phillips, former Genesis guitarist, lived and recorded at Send Barns on Send Barns Lane until 1981.
 * Elizabeth Macarthur-Onslow (1840–1911), an Australian pastoralist and property manager born in Menangle, New South Wales, died during a visit to England and is buried in Send churchyard.
 * In 1911 Send Grove was the property of and occupied by the Misses Onslow.
 * Woodhill was the principal home of the Dowager Countess of Wharncliffe.
 * Sir Herbert Holt (1856–1941), divided his time between Send Grove and his other home in Montreal's Golden Square Mile. His son, also called Herbert, inherited Send Grove after his death.
 * Loelia Lindsay (1902–1993), Duchess of Westminster, lived at Send Grove and later at the Old Vicarage in Church Lane.
 * Former Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond lives in Send Barns.
 * British entrepreneur, soldier and spy Charles Letts was born in Send.
 * The children's novelist Monica Edwards lived at Send from 1939 to 1947.
 * Barrister, Liberal MP and first class cricketer Joseph Leese lived at Send Holme from 1875 until 1914.

title: Send, Surrey


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Tommie Smith

Tommie C. Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete and former wide receiver in the American Football League. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith, aged 24, won the 200-meter sprint finals and gold medal in 19.83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken officially. His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium caused controversy, as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games. It remains a symbolic moment in the history of the Black Power movement.

Early life and career
Tommie Smith was born on June 6, 1944, in Clarksville, Texas, the seventh of twelve children born to Richard and Dora Smith. He suffered from pneumonia as a child, but still grew to be an athletic youth. While attending Lemoore High School in Lemoore, California, Smith showed great potential, setting most of the school's track records, many of which remain. He won the 440-yard dash in the 1963 CIF California State Meet. He was voted Lemoore's "Most Valuable Athlete" in basketball, football, and track and field, and was also voted vice president of his senior class. His achievements earned him a scholarship to San José State University.

On May 7, 1966, while he was at San Jose State, Smith set a world best of 19.5 seconds in the 200m straight, which he ran on a cinder track. That record for 200m was finally beaten by Tyson Gay on May 16, 2010, just over 44 years later, though Smith still holds the record for the slightly longer 220-yard event. Since the IAAF has abandoned ratifying records for the event, Smith still retains the official record for the straightaway 200m/220 yards in perpetuity.

A few weeks later, on June 11, 1966, Smith set the record for 200 meters and 220 yards around a turn at 20.0, the first man to do that in 20 seconds. Six days later he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship. Smith also won the national collegiate 220-yard (201.17 m) title in 1967 before adding the AAU furlong (201.17m) crown as well. He traveled to Japan for the 1967 Summer Universiade and won the 200m gold medal. He repeated as U.S. 200m champion in 1968 and made the Olympic team.

1968 Summer Olympics

Leading up to the Olympics, at the U.S. Olympic Trials at Echo Summit, California, San Jose State teammate John Carlos beat Smith and his world record, running 19.92A. John Carlos' record was disallowed because of the brush spike shoes he was wearing, as was a similar record by Vince Matthews in the 400 meters.

As a member of the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) Smith originally advocated a boycott of the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games unless four conditions were met: South Africa and Rhodesia uninvited from the Olympics, the restoration of Muhammad Ali's world heavyweight boxing title, Avery Brundage to step down as president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the hiring of more African-American assistant coaches. As the boycott failed to achieve support after the IOC withdrew invitations for South Africa and Rhodesia, he decided, together with Carlos, to not only wear their gloves but also go barefoot to protest poverty, wear beads to protest lynchings, and wear buttons that said OPHR.

At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico, Smith nursed an injured groin into the 200m final. In the race, teammate Carlos powered out to the lead through the turn, while Smith got a slow start. Coming off the turn, Smith charged past Carlos and sped to victory. Knowing he had passed his training partner and closest opponent, his victory was so clear, he raised his arms to celebrate 10m before the finish line. Still, he improved upon his own world record that would last for 11 years until Pietro Mennea would surpass it on the same track. Smith's time of 19.83 was among the first automatically timed world records for the event as recorded by the IAAF.

Carlos and Smith made headlines around the world by raising their black-gloved fists at the medal award ceremony. Both athletes wore black socks and no shoes on the podium to represent African-American poverty. In support, Peter Norman, the silver medalist who was a white athlete from Australia, participated in the protest by wearing an OPHR badge. IOC president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be. In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games.

A spokesman for the IOC called Smith and Carlos's actions "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit." Brundage, who was president of the United States Olympic Committee in 1936, had made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics. He argued that the Nazi salute, being a German national salute at the time, was acceptable in a competition of nations, while the athletes' salute was not of a nation and therefore unacceptable.

Smith and Carlos faced consequences for challenging white authority in the U.S. Ralph Boston, a black U.S. long jumper at the 1968 games, stated: "The rest of the world didn't seem to find it such a derogatory thing. They thought it was very positive. Only America thought it was bad." The men's gesture had lingering effects for all three athletes, the most serious of which were death threats against Smith, Carlos and their families. Following their suspension by the IOC, they faced economic hardship. Silver medalist Norman's career suffered greatly in his native Australia as "he returned home […] a pariah, suffering unofficial sanction and ridicule as the Black Power salute's forgotten man. He never ran in the Olympics again."

Smith stated in later years that "We were concerned about the lack of black assistant coaches. About how Muhammad Ali got stripped of his title. About the lack of access to good housing and our kids not being able to attend the top colleges."

Athletics and later career

During his career, Smith set seven individual world records and also was a member of several world-record relay teams at San Jose State, where he was coached by Lloyd (Bud) Winter. With personal records of 10.1 for 100 meters, 19.83 for 200 and 44.5 for the 400, Smith still ranks high on the world all-time lists.

Smith, who had been drafted by the National Football League's Los Angeles Rams in the ninth round of the 1967 NFL Draft, signed to play for the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals and was part of the team's taxi squad for most of three seasons as a wide receiver. During the 1969 season, he played in two games, catching one pass for 41 yards.

A year after his Olympic win, Smith finished his BA in Social Science at San Jose State University and went on to earn a master's in Social Change from Goddard College, whose program enabled Smith to integrate his teaching and writing practices into his coursework.

After his track and football careers, he became a member of the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1978. In 1996, Smith was inducted into the California Black Sports Hall of Fame, and in 1999 he received that organization's Sportsman of the Millennium Award. In 2000 and 2001 the County of Los Angeles and the State of Texas presented Smith with commendation, recognition and proclamation awards.

He later became a track coach at Oberlin College in Ohio, where he also taught sociology and until 2005 was a faculty member teaching physical education at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California.

In August 2008, he gave 2008 Olympic triple gold winner Usain Bolt of Jamaica one of his shoes from the 1968 Olympics as a birthday gift.

In 2010, Smith put his gold medal and spikes up for auction. Bids started at $250,000, and the sale was scheduled to close November 4, 2010. In 2013, Goddard College honored Smith as an alumnus by awarding him the Presidential Award for Activism in 2013.

Books
Smith's autobiography (co-written with David Steele), Silent Gesture was published in 2007 by Temple University Press. It was named a 2008 Adult Nonfiction Honor Book by the Black Caucus of the American Library Association and nominated for a 2008 NAACP Image Award.

Smith's second book ''Victory. Stand! Raising My Fist for Justice'' was published in 2022 by Norton Young Readers. The graphic memoir was co-written with Derrick Barnes and illustrated by Dawud Anyabwile. The book received literary acclaim. It won the 2023 YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction and was recognized as a 2023 Corretta Scott King Award Author and Illustrator Honor Book as well as a finalist for the 2022 National Book Award for Young People's Literature.

Personal life
Smith first married Jimi Denise Paschal from 1967 to 1973, with whom he had one child. He then married Denise M. "Akiba" Kyle in 1977, with whom he had four children. The two divorced in 2000, and Smith married Delois Jordan in the same year.

Recognition

Tommie Smith is featured in the 1999 HBO documentary Fists of Freedom: The Story of the '68 Summer Games. The documentary looks at events leading up to, during and after the 1968 Olympics. It features interviews with Smith, Carlos and sociologist Harry Edwards. There is archival footage of the Games and the fallout after the raised fist salutes by Carlos and Smith. Smith says in the programme:

"We were not Antichrists. We were just human beings who saw a need to bring attention to the inequality in our country. I don't like the idea of people looking at it as negative.  There was nothing but a raised fist in the air and a bowed head, acknowledging the American flag – not symbolizing a hatred for it."

For his lifelong commitment to athletics, education, and human rights, Smith received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts. In 2004, a sports hall bearing his name was inaugurated in his presence at Saint-Ouen, France.

In 2005, a statue titled Victory Salute showing Smith and Carlos on the medal stand was constructed by political artist Rigo 23 and dedicated on the campus of San Jose State University. Norman's silver medal position was left vacant at his request, so visitors could pose for photos in solidarity with Smith and Carlos, as Norman had stood.

A mural of the photo taken with Smith on the podium at the 1968 Olympics with Carlos and Norman was painted on the brick wall of a residence in Newtown, New South Wales, Australia, titled "Three Proud People Mexico 68". The house's owner, Silvio Offria, allowed an artist known only as "Donald" to paint the mural, and said that Norman came to Newtown to see the mural and have his photo taken with it before he died in 2006. The mural faces the train tracks linking Sydney city to the Western and Southern Suburbs. In 2012, the Sydney City Council heritage listed the mural to safeguard it, after it had faced possible demolition in 2010 to make way for a railway tunnel. Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at Norman's funeral in Melbourne in 2006.

On July 16, 2008, Smith and Carlos accepted the Arthur Ashe Award for Courage for the salute at the 2008 ESPY Awards. In 2018, Smith received the Dresden Peace Prize.

The Tommie Smith Youth Track Meet is held annually in his honor. It has been both an AAU and USATF-sponsored event, held at the University of California, Berkeley at Edwards Stadium.

San Jose State University has secured funding to rebuild the track and field complex. The centerpiece is Speed City Legacy Center, which pays tribute to SJSU alumni track stars and civil rights advocates.

Videos

 * Tommie Smith wins the 1968 Olympics men's 200 meters final in 19.83 seconds via Team USA on YouTube
 * Tommie Smith on his 1968 Olympics gold medal and black power salute via Team USA on YouTube

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tommie Smith


text:
Talk:Acromegaly

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 12 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Epaukner. Peer reviewers: Aahoward13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:21, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Original
Original article copyright (just in case someone changes it later)

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Visible on thep page now Mozzerati 14:15, 2004 May 16 (UTC)

Statistics on Acromegaly prevalence?
I heard that Acromegaly is about 50 cases per million at any given time, but it would be nice to have some concrete stats here.

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A 2004 study showed a vastly higher prevalence: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=15274075 It seems as if acromegaly is extremely rarely diagnosed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.0.229.236 (talk) 16:59, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

And what's the geographical distribution, if any? I think the ancient Romans probably called it the Morbus Campanus (countryside disease) and I've seen it in at least one or two Italian movies set in the Sicilian countryside. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.152.151.189 (talk) 12:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC) I believe except for one valley in Belgium, there has not been a geographical distribution found.--CSvBibra (talk) 18:28, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

Acromegaly patients are not abnormally tall
By definition, acromegaly is the clinical picture of a patient with high circulating levels of growth hormones following the closure of epiphyseal (growth) plates, and hence are of normal height. I am therefore highly suspicious of the claims that famous tall people had acromegaly (instead, they are more likely to have had pubertal giantism.

You write as if human growth in height normally ceases at puberty (when the epphyseal plates close). Rediculous. 64.71.2.189 (talk) 21:23, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Since lay people assume that acromegaly causes giantism, please add text to the article linking to more common hormonal causes of giantism. The Notable People section makes no distinction, and combines normal-sized people and giants. Mdmcginn (talk) 18:11, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

Please use the metric system
In the "Notable sufferers" section, all heights are shown in feet/inches. As this is an international website, please always use, or at least indicate the equivalent, metric units. Thank you. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Byron.calisto (talk • contribs) 05:48, 14 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Do you think that, if we all try to use metric measures, they might catch on? --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 15:52, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

 * A penny to a pint they won't. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 18:45, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Guidelines
2002 guidelines: JFW |  T@lk  07:00, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Antonio Silva suffers from this disease and recently had surgery. His Elite XC world heavyweight atm and should be included. Intresting to note he was accused of taking steroids even though they would kill someone with this disease. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.171.81.173 (talk) 12:30, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't see why my entries for Primo Carnera and Nikolai Valuev were deleted. You can easily see that they have this condition.

http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=primo%20carnera

http://images.google.com/images?um=1&hl=en&safe=off&q=nikolia+valuev —Preceding unsigned comment added by Urbanchampion (talk • contribs) 00:37, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Normal people
Do many "normal people" show mild acromegalic changes as they age? Wnt (talk) 09:06, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I grew six inches last week and I'm completely normal. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 20:19, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Living people
We can't just list a bunch of names and assert that living people have a disease. Wikipedia's policies on writing about people absolutely demands reliable sources for information like this. Speculation and "I think I heard this on TV one day" are not good enough.

Furthermore, a long list of every person ever known to have a disease is just trivia, which is not encyclopedic.

So if you want to include someone's name here as a person living with this disease, then you need to first consider whether this person is really an important example of this disease (like Lou Gehrig was for Lou Gehrig's disease in America), and then provide a solid reliable source to demonstrate that they really do have this disease. This will help us comply with Wikipedia's policies. Thanks, WhatamIdoing (talk) 05:36, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Tony Robbins certainly qualifies to be here: e.g. http://weirdtechnewshub.blogspot.com/2008/02/biography-tony-robbins.html 64.71.2.189 (talk) 21:33, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Melmed
JCI - review on pathogenesis and treatment JFW |  T@lk  14:28, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Namigoro Rashomon
The character "Kannuki the giant" in Yojimbo is played by Namigoro Rashomon. Does anyone know whether he had (has?) acromegaly? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.206.92.205 (talk) 04:16, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Acromegaly resulting from HGH use/abuse
Since HGH has become more commonly available by bodybuilders and professional athletes (and Carrot Top, seriously), its use should be mentioned as a cause of Acromegaly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.198.241.132 (talk) 21:40, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Kevyn Aucoin was also less than 2 meters tall so that little note should probably be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.57.154.36 (talk) 06:29, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Race
Does acromegaly affect races other than whites? I have never seen a black person with acromegaly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.85.3.79 (talk) 06:03, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Can we say true disfigurement? Is there a refrence for the definition of said disfigurement? I don't find any of the pictures of the people shown to be terribly unattractive by any means of the stretch. Need a citation as disfigurement is defined as using wikipedia itself:

"Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, as from a disease, birth defect, or wound."

I just don't see it...

Need Citation of "severe disfigurement"
Can we say true disfigurement? Is there a reference for the definition of said disfigurement? I don't find any of the pictures of the people shown to be terribly unattractive by any means of the stretch. Need a citation as disfigurement is defined as using wikipedia itself:

"Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, as from a disease, birth defect, or wound."

I just don't see it... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.11.173.196 (talk) 23:58, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Proposed new classification
10.1210/jc.2014-2468 - technically a primary source, so a secondary source for validation may still be needed. JFW | T@lk  12:27, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

Guideline
10.1210/jc.2014-2700 - new Endocrine Society guideline.

10.1210/jc.2014-2900 - meta analysis; surgical interventions may help but the data is low quality. JFW | T@lk  07:50, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Other tumours
The final sentence in this section uses the word 'hypoglycoma'. As a lowly med student, I'm loathe to correct the article as it stands but as I'm not getting any google hits, is this a typo or am I missing something? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.235.65.22 (talk) 13:39, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Very old vandalism, reverted. Thanks, Avb 22:04, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

I will just mention that Novartis received approval by FDA and EU for pasireotide (trade name Signifor) as a treatment for acromegaly, in injectable suspension for IM use, for patients that have had an inadequate response to surgery or for whom surgery is not an option. I have no ties to Novartis and came across this incidentally.Danleywolfe (talk) 02:29, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

Past historical cases of acromegaly or individuals from history suspected of having it.
Adding a section about figures from history that are suspected of having had acromegaly would be a nice addition. I heard on a program on The History Channel that Goliath from the Biblical tale of David and Goliath is suspected to have had the condition. It is also likely possible that many accounts (true or not) of ogres that terrorized people in Europe may have been individuals with the condition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jabs9950 (talk • contribs) 21:33, 23 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Goliath is pretty much a fictional character. As far as I know there is no extrabiblical evidence of his existence. I would oppose such a section as it would be based on crappy sources, and nothing but speculation. Jytdog (talk) 01:51, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

 * On July 20,2016 I added a citation needed tag to the inclusion of Ted Cassidy in the Notable cases section. I have been unable to find a credible source that Mr. Cassidy had been diagnosed with this condition. There are a number of sites that express the "supposition" that based on his height and facial features that he had acromegaly. There are a number of conditions that would cause similar facial features and, many individuals with acromegaly are of normal height. It's been over 10 weeks since a citation needed tag was added to the statement that Mr. Cassidy had acromegaly. As none has been provided I am removing this statement. Cbs527 (talk) 19:09, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

Wording
"Diagnosis is by measuring growth hormone after a person has drunk a glucose solution" was perfectly fine IMO and provides more information that "is administered" Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:54, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Were does the ref say "suspected by finding an elevated blood insulin-like growth factor I" or "The mutation permanently switches on the signal for cell division and growth hormone secretion. " Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:08, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Some contents topics are repeated
e.g. "Treatment", "Diagnosis" 62.74.17.185 (talk) 08:49, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acromegaly


text:
Simon Reeve (British TV presenter)

Simon Alan Reeve (born 21 July 1972) is an English author, journalist, adventurer, documentary filmmaker and television presenter.

He makes global travel and environmental documentaries, and has written books on international terrorism, modern history, and his adventures. Amongst his many television programmes and series for the BBC, Reeve has presented Holidays in the Danger Zone: Places That Don't Exist, Tropic of Cancer with Simon Reeve, Equator and Tropic of Capricorn.

Reeve is the author of The New Jackals (1998), One Day in September (2005) and Tropic of Capricorn (2007). He has received a One World Broadcasting Trust Award and the 2012 Ness Award from the Royal Geographical Society (RGS).

Reeve divides his home time between London and Devon.

Early life
Reeve was born and raised in Acton, West London, by his parents, Alan Reeve, who was a teacher, and Cindy Reeve, who was an occupational therapist and worked in restaurants. He has a younger brother called James. He attended the Twyford Church of England High School in Acton.

Reeve had a ‘tense and sometimes violent relationship’ with his father when he was growing up. He said that in his house ‘there was endless shouting, lots of crashing and banging, and a few times it was so violent we or our neighbours called the police to come and break us up’.

From the age of 14, he required counselling due to behavioural problems, such as starting fires, vandalism, and setting off an explosive at the Ealing Broadway Centre. He ended up carrying a knife by the time he was 12 or 13.

He described his final months at school being "a bit of a blur". He left school with one GCSE, living on benefits, and with mental health problems. At the age of 17, Reeve stated he was even a "whisker away" from suicide. He found himself standing on the edge of a bridge, unable to "face existence", but something made him climb back.

Career
After leaving school, he took a series of jobs, including working in a supermarket, a jewellery shop and a charity shop. At the age of 18, he began work at the British newspaper The Sunday Times, initially as a post boy  and then in the cuttings library, where he assisted a team of investigative journalists. During this time he spent nights working on investigations into nuclear and weapons smuggling, and terrorism. One of his formative roles at 18 was to follow a weapons dealer from Gatwick Airport.

At the age of 21, citing his "fearlessness of youth", Reeve was investigating the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He wrote a book The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism; eventually published in 1998, it was the first book on Osama bin Laden, Ramzi Yousef, and al-Qaeda; this became a New York Times bestseller. Classified documents obtained by the author, with uninhibited access from the likes of the FBI and the CIA, detailed the existence, development, and aims of al-Qaeda, yet his book warning of an apocalyptic act by terrorists went unnoticed.

After the attacks of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America, Reeve became a media expert on terrorism on the basis of his book. The BBC initially wanted him to make a programme involving infiltrating al-Qaeda. He eventually began making travel documentaries. Tom Hall, travel editor for Lonely Planet publications, has described Reeve's travel documentaries as "the best travel television programmes of the past five years".

In January 2013, Reeve appeared in a charity special of The Great British Bake Off.

6 September 2018 saw the release of Reeve's autobiography called Step by Step: The Life in My Journeys; covering his humble beginnings to successful author and television presenter.

After catching malaria on a journey around the Equator, Reeve became an ambassador for the Malaria Awareness Campaign. Along with Sir David Attenborough and other conservation specialists, Reeve is a member of the Council of Ambassadors for WWF, one of the world's leading environmental organisations.

In 2020, Reeve was commissioned to present his first UK-based travel show Cornwall With Simon Reeve, which was ordered by BBC Two alongside Incredible Journeys With Simon Reeve. The latter show is due to be a 'look back' programme similar to Joanna Lumley's Unseen Adventures or Michael Palin: Travels of a Lifetime (a show which featured both Reeve and Lumley talking about the ex-Monty Python actor's travels).

Television

 * 2003 – Holidays in the Danger Zone: Meet the Stans
 * 2004 – House of Saud (also broadcast as: Saudi: The Family in Crisis)
 * 2005 – Holidays in the Danger Zone: Places That Don't Exist
 * 2006 – Equator (Silver Award winner, 2007 Wanderlust Travel Awards)
 * 2008 – Tropic of Capricorn
 * 2009 – Explore
 * 2010 – Tropic of Cancer with Simon Reeve
 * 2012 – Indian Ocean with Simon Reeve
 * 2012 – Cuba with Simon Reeve
 * 2013 – Australia with Simon Reeve
 * 2013 – Pilgrimage with Simon Reeve
 * 2014 – Tea Trail/Coffee Trail with Simon Reeve
 * 2014 – Sacred Rivers with Simon Reeve
 * 2015 – Caribbean with Simon Reeve
 * 2015 – Ireland with Simon Reeve
 * 2016 – Greece with Simon Reeve
 * 2017 – Turkey with Simon Reeve
 * 2017 – Colombia with Simon Reeve
 * 2017 – Russia with Simon Reeve
 * 2018 – Burma with Simon Reeve
 * 2018 – Mediterranean with Simon Reeve
 * 2019 – North Americas with Simon Reeve
 * 2020 – Cornwall with Simon Reeve
 * 2021 – Incredible Journeys with Simon Reeve
 * 2021 – The Lakes with Simon Reeve
 * 2022 – Simon Reeve's South America
 * 2023 – Simon Reeve's Return to Cornwall
 * 2024 – Wilderness with Simon Reeve
 * 2025 – Scandinavia with Simon Reeve (w/t)
 * TBA – Wilderness with Simon Reeve (Series two)

Awards and accolades

 * 2005 – One World Broadcasting Trust (OWBT) Popular Features Award (with Will Daws)
 * 2007 – Wanderlust Travel Awards Silver Award
 * 2012 – Royal Geographical Society (RGS) Ness Award

Personal life
Reeve is married to Anya Reeve (née Courts), a television camerawoman and campaigner who has stood as a Green Party candidate. The couple have a son called Jake.

title: Simon Reeve (British TV presenter)


text:
Operation Cartwheel

Operation Cartwheel (1943 – 1944) was a major military operation for the Allies in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Cartwheel was an operation aimed at neutralising the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The operation was directed by the Supreme Allied Commander in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA), General Douglas MacArthur, whose forces had advanced along the northeast coast of New Guinea and occupied nearby islands. Allied forces from the South Pacific Area, under Admiral William Halsey, advanced through the Solomon Islands toward Bougainville. The Allied forces involved were from Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the US, and various Pacific Islands.

Background
Japanese forces had captured Rabaul, on New Britain, in the Territory of New Guinea, from Australian forces in February 1942 and turned it into their major forward base in the South Pacific, which became the main obstacle in the two Allied theatres. MacArthur formulated a strategic outline, the Elkton Plan, to capture Rabaul from bases in Australia and New Guinea. Admiral Ernest J. King, the Chief of Naval Operations, proposed a plan with similar elements but under Navy command. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, whose main goal was for the US to concentrate its efforts against Nazi Germany in Europe and not against the Japanese in the Pacific, proposed a compromise plan in which the task would be divided into three stages, the first under Navy command and the other two under MacArthur's direction and the control of the Army. This strategic plan, which was never formally adopted by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff but was ultimately implemented, called for the following:
 * Capturing Tulagi (later Guadalcanal) and the Santa Cruz Islands (Operation Watchtower)
 * Capturing the northeastern coast of New Guinea and the central Solomons
 * Reducing Rabaul and related bases

The protracted battle for Guadalcanal, followed by the unopposed seizure of the Russell Islands (Operation Cleanslate) on 21 February 1943, resulted in Japanese attempts to reinforce the area by sea. MacArthur's air forces countered in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea from 2–5 March 1943. The disastrous losses suffered by the Japanese prompted Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto to initiate Operation I-Go, a series of air attacks against Allied airfields and shipping at both Guadalcanal and New Guinea, which ultimately resulted in his death on 18 April 1943.

Implementation
On 12 February 1943 MacArthur presented Elkton III, his revised plan for taking Rabaul before 1944. It called for him to attack northeastern New Guinea and western New Britain and for Admiral William F. Halsey Jr., commander of the South Pacific Area, to attack the central Solomons. The plan required seven more divisions than were already in the theatre, which raised objections from the British. The Joint Chiefs responded with a directive that approved the plan if forces already in the theatre or en route were used, and the implementation was delayed by 60 days. Elkton III then became Operation Cartwheel.

Operations
Cartwheel identified 13 proposed subordinate operations and set a timetable for their launching. Of the 13, Rabaul, Kavieng, and Kolombangara were eventually eliminated as too costly and unnecessary, and only 11 were actually undertaken (the Green Islands, only 117 miles from Rabaul, were substituted for Kavieng):

 * Operation Chronicle – 30 June 1943
 * Woodlark Island (112th Cavalry Regiment)
 * Kiriwina (158th Regimental Combat Team RCT US)
 * Operation Toenails – 30 June 1943
 * New Georgia (43d Infantry Division US) – 30 June 1943
 * Segi Point, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – 21 June 1943
 * Rendova (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – 30 June 1943
 * Zanana, New Georgia (169th and 172nd RCT's US) – 5 July 1943
 * Bairoko, New Georgia (4th Marine Raider Battalion US) – 5 July 1943
 * Arundel Island (172nd RCT, 43rd Infantry Division US) – 27 August 1943
 * Vella Lavella (35th RCT, 25th Infantry Division US, 3rd Division New Zealand) – 15 August 1943
 * Operation Postern – 5 September 1943
 * Lae, New Guinea (9th and 7th Division Australia, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment US)
 * Operation Goodtime – 27 October 1943
 * Treasury Islands (8th Brigade New Zealand)
 * Operation Blissful – 28 October 1943
 * Choiseul Island (2nd Marine Parachute Battalion US)
 * Operation Cherryblossom – 1 November 1943
 * Bougainville (3d Marine Division US, 37th Infantry Division US)
 * Operation Dexterity
 * Arawe, New Britain (112th Cavalry US) – 15 December 1943
 * Cape Gloucester (1st Marine Division US) – 26 December 1943
 * Saidor (32nd Infantry Division US) – 2 January 1944
 * Green Islands - 15 February 1944 (3rd Division New Zealand)
 * Admiralty Islands – 29 February 1944 (1st Cavalry Division US)
 * Emirau Island – 20 March 1944 (4th Marine Regiment US)

The New Guinea Force, under General Thomas Blamey, was assigned responsibility for the eastward thrusts on mainland New Guinea. The US 6th Army, under General Walter Krueger, was to take Kiriwina, Woodlark, and Cape Gloucester. The land forces would be supported by Allied air units under Lieutenant General George Kenney and naval units under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender.

In the midst of Operation Cartwheel, the Joint Chiefs met with President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Quadrant Conference in Quebec City in August 1943. There, the decision was made to bypass and isolate Rabaul rather than attempting to capture the base and to attack Kavieng instead. Soon afterward, the decision was made to bypass Kavieng as well. Although initially objected to by MacArthur, the bypassing of Rabaul instead of its neutralisation meant that his Elkton plan had been achieved, and after invading Saidor he then moved into his Reno Plan, an advance across the north coast of New Guinea to Mindanao. The campaign, which stretched into 1944, showed the effectiveness of a strategy of avoiding major concentrations of enemy forces and instead aiming to sever the Japanese lines of supply and communication.

Neutralisation of Rabaul
The Japanese Navy decided to try to save Rabaul by sending hundreds of airplanes from aircraft carriers based at Truk in December 1943 to counter the US and Australian bombers. But the only thing that this operation accomplished was the destruction of 200–300 of their own irreplaceable carrier planes and the loss of experienced naval aviators. This degradation of the Japanese aircraft carrier air fleet led to preparations by the US Navy to start the Marianas campaign a few months later. Also, the Admiralty Islands campaign was conducted starting in late February after the Allies confirmed that Rabaul no longer had any airplanes.

By February 1944 Rabaul had no more fighters or bombers for the rest of the war because of the non-stop bombing by land-based Allied airplanes only a few hundred miles from Rabaul after most of Operation Cartwheel was completed. 120 airplanes were evacuated to Truk on 19 February in an attempt to replace the destroyed Navy carrier airplanes. Rabaul's valuable mechanics attempted to leave Rabaul by ship on 21 February, but their ship, the SS Kokai Maru (1939), was sunk by Allied bombers. Rabaul became a death trap as the Japanese refused to surrender even as their food and medicine ran out.

Official histories
Australia
 * The New Guinea Offensives (Army)
 * Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945
 * Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945 (RAAF)

New Zealand
 * The Pacific

United States

title: Operation Cartwheel


text:
Savitch's theorem

In computational complexity theory, Savitch's theorem, proved by Walter Savitch in 1970, gives a relationship between deterministic and non-deterministic space complexity. It states that for any function $$f\in\Omega(\log(n))$$,
 * $$\mathsf{NSPACE}\left(f\left(n\right)\right) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}\left(f\left(n\right)^2\right).$$

In other words, if a nondeterministic Turing machine can solve a problem using $$f(n)$$ space, a deterministic Turing machine can solve the same problem in the square of that space bound. Although it seems that nondeterminism may produce exponential gains in time (as formalized in the unproven exponential time hypothesis), Savitch's theorem shows that it has a markedly more limited effect on space requirements.

Proof
The proof relies on an algorithm for STCON, the problem of determining whether there is a path between two vertices in a directed graph, which runs in $$O\left((\log n)^2\right)$$ space for $$n$$ vertices. The basic idea of the algorithm is to solve recursively a somewhat more general problem, testing the existence of a path from a vertex $$s$$ to another vertex $$t$$ that uses at most $$k$$ edges, for a parameter $$k$$ given as input. STCON is a special case of this problem where $$k$$ is set large enough to impose no restriction on the paths (for instance, equal to the total number of vertices in the graph, or any larger value). To test for a $$k$$-edge path from $$s$$ to $$t$$, a deterministic algorithm can iterate through all vertices $$u$$, and recursively search for paths of half the length from $$s$$ to $$u$$ and from $$u$$ to $$t$$. This algorithm can be expressed in pseudocode (in Python syntax) as follows: Because each recursive call halves the parameter $$k$$, the number of levels of recursion is $$\lceil\log_2 n\rceil$$. Each level requires $$O(\log n)$$ bits of storage for its function arguments and local variables: $$k$$ and the vertices $$s$$, $$t$$, and $$u$$ require $$\lceil\log_2 n\rceil$$ bits each. The total auxiliary space complexity is thus $$O\left((\log n)^2\right)$$. The input graph is considered to be represented in a separate read-only memory and does not contribute to this auxiliary space bound. Alternatively, it may be represented as an implicit graph. Although described above in the form of a program in a high-level language, the same algorithm may be implemented with the same asymptotic space bound on a Turing machine.

This algorithm can be applied to an implicit graph whose vertices represent the configurations of a nondeterministic Turing machine and its tape, running within a given space bound $$f(n)$$. The edges of this graph represent the nondeterministic transitions of the machine, $$s$$ is set to the initial configuration of the machine, and $$t$$ is set to a special vertex representing all accepting halting states. In this case, the algorithm returns true when the machine has a nondeterministic accepting path, and false otherwise. The number of configurations in this graph is $$O(2^{f(n)})$$, from which it follows that applying the algorithm to this implicit graph uses space $$O(f(n)^2)$$. Thus by deciding connectivity in a graph representing nondeterministic Turing machine configurations, one can decide membership in the language recognized by that machine, in space proportional to the square of the space used by the Turing machine.

Corollaries
Some important corollaries of the theorem include:
 * PSPACE = NPSPACE
 * That is, the languages that can be recognized by deterministic polynomial-space Turing machines and nondeterministic polynomial-space Turing machines are the same. This follows directly from the fact that the square of a polynomial function is still a polynomial function. It is believed that a similar relationship does not exist between the polynomial time complexity classes, P and NP, although this is still an open question.

 * NL ⊆ L2
 * That is, all languages that can be solved nondeterministically in logarithmic space can be solved deterministically in the complexity class $$\mathsf{\color{Blue}L}^2 =\mathsf{DSPACE}\left(\left(\log n\right)^2\right).$$ This follows from the fact that STCON is NL-complete.

title: Savitch's theorem


text:
Nampeyo

Nampeyo (1859 – 1942) was a Hopi-Tewa potter who lived on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. Her Tewa name was also spelled Num-pa-yu, meaning "snake that does not bite". Her name is also cited as "Nung-beh-yong," Tewa for Sand Snake.

She used ancient techniques for making and firing pottery and used designs from "Old Hopi" pottery and shards found at 15th-century Sikyátki ruins on First Mesa. Her artwork is in collections in the United States and Europe, including many museums like the National Museum of American Art, Museum of Northern Arizona, Spurlock Museum, and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University.

A world record for Southwest American Indian pottery was declared at Bonhams Auction House in San Francisco on December 6, 2010, when one of Nampeyo's art works, a decorated ceramic pot, sold for $350,000.

Early life
Nampeyo was born on First Mesa in the village of Hano, also known as Tewa Village which is primarily made up of descendants of the Tewa people from Northern New Mexico who fled west to Hopi lands about 1702 for protection from the Spanish after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Her mother, White Corn was Tewa; her father Quootsva, from nearby Walpi, was a member of the Snake clan of the Hopi Nation. According to tradition, Nampeyo was born into her mother's Tewa Corn clan. Tradition also gave her paternal grandmother the role of naming her. Her grandmother, a member of the Snake clan, named the baby Tcu-mana, or snake-girl in the Hopi language. Her mother's family, who she lived with, spoke Tewa, and so called her Nampeyo, which has the same meaning. She had three older brothers, Tom Polacca, Kano, and Patuntupi, also known as Squash; Her brothers were born from about 1849 to 1858. Nampeyo could not read or write and never went to school.

William Henry Jackson first photographed her in 1875; she was reputedly one of the most photographed ceramic artists in the Southwest during the 1870s.

Shortly after this photograph, Nampeyo married Kwivoya, but their marriage was unsuccessful and they never cohabitated. About 1878 or 1881, Nampeyo married her second husband, Lesou (or Lesso), a member of the Cedarwood clan at Walpi. Their first daughter, Annie, was born in 1884; William Lesso, was born about 1893; Nellie was born in 1896; Wesley in 1899; and Fannie was born in 1900.

Artwork
Hopi people make ceramics painted with beautiful designs, and Nampeyo was eventually considered one of the finest Hopi potters. Nampeyo may have learned Hopi pottery making through the efforts of her father's mother, though her biographer Barbara Kramer believes this theory implausible.

In the 1870s, Nampeyo made a steady income by selling her work at a local trading post operated by Thomas Keam. By 1881 she was already known for her works of "old Hopi" pottery of Walpi. Nampeyo became increasingly interested in ancient pottery form and design, recognizing them as superior to Hopi pottery produced at the time. Lesou, her husband, was reputedly employed by the archaeologist J. Walter Fewkes at the excavation of the ancient ruins of the Hopi village Sikyátki on the First Mesa in the 1890s. Lesou helped Nampeyo find potsherds with ancient designs which they copied onto paper and were later integrated into Nampeyo's pottery. However, she began making copies of protohistoric pottery from the 15th through 17th centuries from ancient village sites, such as Sikyátki, which was explored before Fewkes and Thomas Varker Keam. Nampeyo developed her own style based on the traditional designs, known as Hopi Revival pottery from old Hopi designs and Sikyátki pottery. This is why researchers refer to her style as Sikyatki Revival after the proto-historic site. Keam hired First Mesa potters to make reproductions of the works. Nampeyo was particularly skilled. Her pottery became a success and was collected throughout the United States and in Europe. "When I first began to paint, I used to go to the ancient village and pick up pieces of pottery and copy the designs. That is how I learned to paint. But now, I just close my eyes and see designs and I paint them."

Kate Cory, an artist and photographer who lived among the Hopi from 1905 to 1912 at Oraibi and Walpi, wrote that Nampeyo used sheep bones in the fire, which are believed to have made the fire hot or made the pottery whiter, and smoothed the fired pots with a plant with a red blossom. Both techniques are ancient Tewa pottery practices. Nampeyo used up to five different clays in one creation when the usual was two.

Nampeyo and her husband traveled to Chicago in 1898 to exhibit her pottery. Between 1905 and 1907, she produced and sold pottery out of a pueblo-like structure called Hopi House, a tourist attraction (combination of museum, curio shop, theatre, and living space for Native American dancers and artists) at the Grand Canyon lodge, operated by the Fred Harvey Company. She exhibited in 1910 at the Chicago United States Land and Irrigation Exposition.

One of her famous patterns, the migration pattern, represented the migration of the Hopi people, with feather and bird-claw motifs. An example is a 1930s vase in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Her work is distinguished by the shapes of the pottery and the designs. She made wide, low, rounded, shaped pottery and, in later years, tall jars. Many of her works are identifiable by her "recognizable designs" and "her artistic idiosyncrasies."

Nampeyo's photograph was often used on travel brochures for the American southwest.

Nampeyo began to lose her sight due to trachoma about the turn of the 20th century. From 1925 until her death she made pottery by touch and they were then painted by her husband, daughters or other family members. Because the painters were different, the style changed to be busier and more geometric.

Death and legacy
Nampeyo died in 1942 at the home of her son Wesley and her daughter-in-law, Cecilia.

She was a symbol of the Hopi people and was a leader in the revival of ancient pottery. She inspired dozens of family members over several generations to make pottery, including daughters Fannie Nampeyo and Annie Healing. A 2014 exhibit at the Museum of Northern Arizona presents the works of four generations of artists descended from Nampeyo.

In 2010, one of Nampeyo's artworks, a pot with a bulbous form with Hopi Kachina figures with "stylized faces" wearing "flamboyant black and burnt-umber headdresses" painted on "four sides of the pot"—sold for $350,000. Previous owners included Carter Harrison Jr. who was mayor of Chicago from 1911 to 1915, and Chicago's Cliff Dwellers art club, who received the work from Harrison in the 1930s.

Public collections

 * Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona
 * Denver Art Museum, Colorado
 * Kansas City Museum, Kansas City, MO
 * Koshare Indian Museum, La Junta, CA
 * Millicent Rogers Museum, Taos, NM
 * Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ
 * National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
 * Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
 * Union Station, Kansas City, MO
 * Museum of Indian Arts and Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, NM
 * Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology at Brown University, Providence, RI

title: Nampeyo


text:
Eco-industrial park

An eco-industrial park (EIP) is an industrial park in which businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in an attempt to reduce waste and pollution, efficiently share resources (such as information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure, and natural resources), and help achieve sustainable development, with the intention of increasing economic gains and improving environmental quality. An EIP may also be planned, designed, and built in such a way that it makes it easier for businesses to co-operate, and that results in a more financially sound, environmentally friendly project for the developer.

The Eco-industrial Park Handbook states that "An Eco-Industrial Park is a community of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. Members seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues."

Based on the concepts of industrial ecology, collaborative strategies not only include by-product synergy ("waste-to-feed" exchanges), but can also take the form of wastewater cascading, shared logistics and shipping & receiving facilities, shared parking, green technology purchasing blocks, multi-partner green building retrofit, district energy systems, and local education and resource centres. This is an application of a systems approach, in which designs and processes/activities are integrated to address multiple objectives.

EIPs can be developed as greenfield land projects, where the eco-industrial intent is present throughout the planning, design and site construction phases, or developed through retrofits and new strategies in existing industrial developments.

Examples
"Industrial symbiosis" is a related but more limited concept in which companies in a region collaborate to utilize each other's by-products and otherwise share resources. In Kalundborg, Denmark, a symbiosis network links a 1500MW coal-fired power plant with the community and other companies. Surplus heat from this power plant is used to heat 3500 local homes in addition to a nearby fish farm, whose sludge is then sold as a fertilizer. Steam from the power plant is sold to Novo Nordisk, a pharmaceutical and enzyme manufacturer, in addition to a Statoil plant. This reuse of heat reduces the amount thermal pollution discharged to a nearby fjord. Additionally, a by-product from the power plant's sulfur dioxide scrubber contains gypsum, which is sold to a wallboard manufacturer. Almost all of the manufacturer's gypsum needs are met this way, which reduces the amount of open-pit mining needed. Furthermore, fly ash and clinker from the power plant is utilized for road building and cement production.

The industrial symbiosis at Kalundborg was not created as a top-down initiative, but instead evolved gradually. As environmental regulations became stricter, firms were motivated reduce the cost of compliance, and turn their by-products into economic products.

In Canada, eco-industrial parks exist across the country and have enjoyed some success. The best known example is Burnside Park, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. With support from Dalhousie University’s Eco-Efficiency Centre, the more than 1,500 businesses have been improving their environmental performance and developing profitable partnerships. Subsequently, two greenfield industrial developments have been started in Alberta: TaigaNova Eco-Industrial Park is in the heart of the Athabasca oil sands, while Innovista Eco-Industrial Park is a gateway to the Rocky Mountains ~300 km west of Edmonton.

UNIDO Viet Nam (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) has compiled a list in 2015 of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIP) in the ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic Zones in the ASEAN " written by Arnault Morisson.

Other usage
EIPs also refer to industrial parks where a "green" approach has been taken towards the infrastructure and development of the site. This can include green infrastructure related to Renewable Energy Systems; stormwater, groundwater and wastewater management; road surfaces; and transportation demand management. Green building practices can also be encouraged or mandated

EIPs are often used as a stimulus for economic diversification in the community or region where they are located. Anchor tenants, such as bio-based product manufacturers or waste-to-energy facilities, etc., can attract complementary businesses as suppliers, scavengers/recyclers, service providers, downstream users and other businesses that could benefit from eco-industrial strategies.

Suggested usage
It is suggested that EIPs be used as a means of growing the renewable energy sector. In the case of a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Manufacturing plant, an EIP can increase the manufacturing efficiency to make it more economical, while reducing the environmental impact of producing the solar cells. In essence, this assists the growth of the renewable energy industry and the environmental benefits that come with replacing fossil-fuels.

title: Eco-industrial park


text:
Amado Nervo

Amado Nervo (August 27, 1870 – May 24, 1919) also known as Juan Crisóstomo Ruiz de Nervo, was a Mexican poet, journalist and educator. He also acted as Mexican Ambassador to Argentina and Uruguay. His poetry was known for its use of metaphor and reference to mysticism, presenting both love and religion, as well as Christianity and Hinduism. Nervo is noted as one of the most important Mexican poets of the 19th century.

Early life
Amado Nervo was born in Tepic, Nayarit in 1870. His father died when Nervo was 5 years old. Two more deaths were to mark his life: the suicide of his brother Luis, who was also a poet, and the death of his wife Ana Cecilia Luisa Dailliez, just 10 years after marriage.

His early studies were at the Colegio San Luis Gonzaga, located in Jacona, Michoacán. After graduation, he began studying at the Roman Catholic Seminary in nearby Zamora. His studies at the seminary included science, philosophy and the first year of law. It was here, that Nervo cultivated an interest in mystical theories, which were reflected in some of his early works.

While Nervo had early plans to join the priesthood, economic hardship led him to accept a desk job in Tepic. He later moved to Mazatlán, where he alternately worked in the office of a lawyer and as a journalist for El Correo de la Tarde (The Evening Mail). He went on to become a successful poet, journalist, and international diplomat.

Writing career
In 1894, Nervo continued his career in Mexico City, where he became known and appreciated, working in the magazine Azul, with Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera. It was during this time that he was introduced to the work of Luis G. Urbina, Tablada, Dávalos, Rubén Darío, José Santos Chocano, and Campoamor. His background in journalism and news reporting flourished during these years, as he continued writing for El Universal, El Nacional, and El Mundo. He maintained a formal partnership with El Mundo through June 1897.

In October 1897, El Mundo launched a supplement called La Comedia del Mundo, with Nervo taking responsibility for the overall production. In January 1898, the supplement was established independently from El Mundo and changed its name to La Comedia.

Nervo gained a national reputation in the literary community after the publication of his novel El bachiller (The Bachelor) and his books of poetry, including Místicas (Mystical) and Perlas Negras (Black Pearls).

In 1898, Nervo founded, along with Jesús Valenzuela, La Revista Moderna (The Modern Magazine). The magazine was the successor to Azul. He was the cousin of the renowned artist Roberto Montenegro Nervo. His cousin's first illustrations were produced for La Revista Moderna magazine.

In 1902, Nervo wrote "La Raza de Bronce" ("The Bronze Race") in honor of Benito Juárez, former president of Mexico. In 1919, Bolivian writer Alcides Arguedas used the term in his novel, Raza de Bronce. In 1925, the term was used by Mexican luminary José Vasconcelos in his essay, La Raza Cósmica.

Nervo spent the first years of the twentieth century in Europe, particularly in Paris. While there, he was an academic correspondent of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. While in Paris, Nervo befriended Enrique Gómez Carrillo and Aurora Cáceres, for whom he wrote a prologue for the book La rosa muerta.

International diplomacy
When Nervo moved back to Mexico, he was appointed the Mexican Ambassador to Argentina and Uruguay.

Personal background
In 1901, while he was in Paris he met and married Ana Cecilia Luisa Dailliez. They lived happily until her death in 1912. Out of his grief and desperation, Nervo wrote his most important work, La Amada Inmóvil (The Immovable Loved One), published posthumously in 1922. There is a rumor that when his wife died he used to go to the cemetery every night for one year.

Death
Following Amado Nervo's death in Montevideo, Uruguayan president Baltasar Brum ordered that his body be returned to Mexico aboard the cruiser Uruguay and Nervo was interred November 14, 1919, in the Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres of Panteón de Dolores, in Mexico City.

Legacy

 * The Amado Nervo Museum displays photos and writings of Nervo. The museum can be found in the home where he was born, on the street which now bears his name.
 * A long stretch of the Durango State Highway at San José de Tuitán and Villa Unión, Durango is named after Nervo.
 * The Amado Nervo International Airport, the principal airport in the Mexican state of Nayarit, located in Tepic was also named after him.
 * The Amado Nervo Institute in Camargo, Chihuahua is a private school, serving kindergarten through junior high school.
 * In 1929, Mexican writer, Francisco Monterde wrote a biographical work about Nervo simply titled, Amado Nervo.
 * In 1943, Mexican poet, Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano wrote a biographical work about Nervo entitled, Figura, amor y muerte de Amado Nervo.
 * In 1961, Argentine composer Julia Stilman-Lasansky used Nervo’s text for her composition Cantata No. 1.
 * In 2002, Carlos Monsiváis, the Mexican journalist and political activist wrote an essay entitled, Yo te bendigo, vida, which was about Amado Nervo.
 * In 2006, musical artist Rodrigo de la Cadena presented "Poema: Por Cobardia", which was a poem by Nervo's set to music. The song was recorded on de la Cadena's second solo album, Boleros con Orquesta.

Published works

 * El bachiller (The Bachelor) 1895, novel
 * El dia que me quieras, poetry
 * Perlas Negras (Black Pearls) 1898, poetry
 * Místicas (Mystical) 1898, poetry
 * Poemas publicada en París (Poems published in Paris) 1901, poetry
 * El éxodo y las flores del camino (The Exodus and the Flowers Along the Way) 1902, poetry
 * Lira heroica (Heroic Lyre) 1902, poetry
 * Los jardines interiores (The Inner Gardens) 1905, poetry
 * Almas que pasan (Souls That Pass) 1906, prose
 * En voz baja (In Lower Voice) 1909, poetry
 * Ellos (Them) prose
 * Juana de Asbaje: biografía de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Joan of Asbaje: biography of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz) 1910, essay
 * Serenidad (Serenity) 1912, poetry
 * Mis filosofías (My Philosophies) 1912, review
 * Elevación (Elevation) 1916, poetry
 * El diablo desinteresado (The Disinterested Devil) 1916, novel
 * Plenitud (Wholeness) 1918, poetry
 * El estanque de los lotos (The Lotus Pond) 1919, poetry
 * El arquero divino (The Divine Archer) 1919, poetry, published posthumously
 * Los balcones (The Balconies) 1920, novel
 * La amada inmóvil (The Immovable Loved One) 1922, poetry, published posthumously
 * Gratia plena
 * Una Esperanza (A Hope)
 * Muerto y Resucitado (Dead and Resurrected)
 * La raza de bronce (The Bronze Race)
 * Éxtasis (Ecstasy)
 * El primer beso (The first kiss)
 * Poems of Faith and Doubt selection translated by John Gallas, Contemplative Poetry 1 (Oxford: SLG Press, 2021)

title: Amado Nervo


text:
Jacques Poos

Jacques François Poos (3 June 1935 – 19 February 2022) was a Luxembourgish politician from the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP).

Early life and education
Born in 1935, in Luxembourg, Poos was a trained economist and became a doctor of economics in 1961, when he graduated from the University of Lausanne.

Career in politics
Poos was a long-time member of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. Between 1964 and 1976, he was director and editor in Chief of the daily newspaper Tageblatt in Esch-sur-Alzette. In the same period he also became a member of the town council of Esch-sur-Alzette.

In July 1976, he was appointed Minister of Finance. As the foreign minister of Luxembourg he held Presidency of the Council of the European Union for three half-year terms in 1985, 1991 and 1997. He was Deputy-Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development, first in Jacques Santer’s (from 1984 to 1995), then in Jean-Claude Junckers’s cabinets (from 1995 to 1999).

In 1991, he was one of the negotiators of the Brioni Agreement that ended the ten-day war in Slovenia. In May of that year, upon disembarking from an airplane en route to beginning negotiations, he declared, "The hour of Europe has dawned."

European Parliament
In 1999, Poos left the government and was elected as a Member of European Parliament, where he sat on the Committee for Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defence Policy, and was the draftsman for Cyprus’ accession into the EU. In 2003, he received an honorary doctor of law degree from Panteion University of Athens, Greece.

Retirement and death
In 2004, Poos retired from political life, but remained active as non-executive director in the boards of different national and international institutions and companies. He died on 19 February 2022, at the age of 86.

title: Jacques Poos


text:
NSPACE

In computational complexity theory, non-deterministic space or NSPACE is the computational resource describing the memory space for a non-deterministic Turing machine. It is the non-deterministic counterpart of DSPACE.

Complexity classes
The measure NSPACE is used to define the complexity class whose solutions can be determined by a non-deterministic Turing machine. The complexity class NSPACE(f(n)) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine, M, using space O(f(n)), where n is the length of the input.

Several important complexity classes can be defined in terms of NSPACE. These include:

 * REG = DSPACE(O(1)) = NSPACE(O(1)), where REG is the class of regular languages (nondeterminism does not add power in constant space).
 * NL = NSPACE(O(log n))
 * CSL = NSPACE(O(n)), where CSL is the class of context-sensitive languages.
 * PSPACE = NPSPACE = $$\bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{NSPACE}(n^k)$$
 * EXPSPACE = NEXPSPACE = $$\bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{NSPACE}(2^{n^k})$$

The Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem states that NSPACE(s(n)) is closed under complement for every function $s(n) ≥ log n.$

A further generalization is ASPACE, defined with alternating Turing machines.

DSPACE
NSPACE is the non-deterministic counterpart of DSPACE, the class of memory space on a deterministic Turing machine. First by definition, then by Savitch's theorem, we have that: $$\mathsf{DSPACE}[s(n)] \subseteq \mathsf{NSPACE}[s(n)] \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}[(s(n))^2].$$

Time
NSPACE can also be used to determine the time complexity of a deterministic Turing machine by the following theorem: If a language L is decided in space S(n) (where S(n) ≥ log n) by a non-deterministic TM, then there exists a constant C such that L is decided in time O(CS(n)) by a deterministic one.

Limitations
The measure of space complexity in terms of DSPACE is useful because it represents the total amount of memory that an actual computer would need to solve a given computational problem with a given algorithm. The reason is that DSPACE describes the space complexity used by deterministic Turing machines, which can represent actual computers. On the other hand, NSPACE describes the space complexity of non-deterministic Turing machines, which are not useful when trying to represent actual computers. For this reason, NSPACE is limited in its usefulness to real-world applications.

title: NSPACE


text:
Talk:Close-in weapon system

Turkish Laser
I see the Turkish laser ciws is heavily footnoted, but it's also very improbable. I moved it to the bottom and editted it.

Goalkeeper info
Some information about the Goalkeeper CIWS can be found at

To remind me when I make the article sometime in my Copious Free Time. Feel free to beat me to it. :-) Kim Bruning 14:37, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

Automagical CIWS
A CIWS is an autonomous system. The computer selects the target. This dependancy on computer decision may explain the Captain/Christ It Wont Shoot.

 * Sure -- no human being would possess a quick enough nervous system to handle up to several incoming missiles and planes in essentially the same instant. The crew's nervous systems would be busy at work making them -eh- nervous, I guess... --Wernher 19:28, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)\

 * The CIWS can work in either a semi-automatic or fully-automatic mode. In semi-automatic, the gun tracks a target as usual, but does not fire until a human operator tells it to do so. I would imagine this would be useful against ASuW aircraft and slow moving ASMs like the Silkworm. It would also be very helpful in an environment in which both friendly missiles are outgoing, and enemy missiles are incoming, as the Phalanx can not determine friend from foe (if a SH-60 Seahawk helicopter tries to land on the back of, say, a Perry-class frigate and the CIWS is in fully-automatic mode, the Seahawk will be fired on). Fully automatic would be best for use against supersonic and multiple targets. (USMA2010 18:10, 20 June 2006 (UTC))

 * Logically, I would think the CIWS would only fire on inbound targets above a certain speed, ergo the outbound missles will not be fired upon. This could be accomplished using doppler. Also, the helicopter would only be going at a speed not approaching an inbound target and the speed of the rotating blades would not meet the profile of an inbound target.

Check out this link.
http://www.defencejournal.com/nov98/angrysea.htm

This page also contains the same dual spelling of Mr. Hanif's first name. Is there any way to verify the gentleman's name?

question
Can the system use 2 guns per target? or is each CIWS gun/kit on a separate computer? I saw the control panel, but i guess the navy doesn't want people to know how to run killing machines. Kinda like how railroads dissagree with train sim games, that treach people to run trains.

It can, but that would be a waste of valuable ammo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Munchito696 (talk • contribs) 21:20, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

CIWS Missile Systems
"The current trend in CIWS is to use missile systems instead of guns, because guns have certain limitations ... Because of their greater range, a missile-CIWS can also be dual-used as a short-ranged area-defence anti-air weapon, eliminating the need of a second mount for this role. " Is it just me, or is this just a little to biased against guns and towards the use of missiles as point defence? Explaining the negatives of one type of system (ie guns), and the benefits of another type (missiles) kinda skews the point a little. Perhaps if someone mentioned disadvantages of missiles (such as once those 6 missiles have been expended, the mount is totally useless), and the benefits of guns (fire "warning shots", <10 min reloading time for Goalkeeper, more difficult to jam or whatever), this might help to make the article more neutral. 202.72.148.102 07:38, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Just a question was the use of a sea dart agaisnt an exocet missle the first combat use of a missle on missle engagement.This was during the gulf war i think when an iraqi plane fired on a us ship and a royal navy ship shot the missle down after the us ship launched chaff and tried to engage with a phalax system. Corustar 17:33, 6 June 2006 (UTC). i have just found the info on the phalax page.Corustar 17:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

RIM-66/SM-2 Standard Missile
I know that the Standard has the ability to intercept some cruise and anti-ship missiles, and was wondering if this would justify it's mentioning in this article? Any thoughts? (USMA2010 18:15, 20 June 2006 (UTC))

 * The Sea Dart also has this ability, however its not its primary job. so maybe mentioning about SAM which can intercept missles would be relevant to the article.Corustar 16:06, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The Article discusses Close In Weapon Systems - missiles like Standard and Sea Dart are very definately classified as Area Defence missile systems, and as such are not "Close In" - whether they can intercept missiles or not. Further, i dont believe that Standards are overly effective in launching/intercepting inbound anti-ship missiles (especially supersonic) within a 2km range that is typical of CIWS systems, let alone multiple missiles - the reaction system simply isnt fast enough i would imagine (particularly with a 1s warm up time of Standards). At the extreme, rifle/pistol bullets are capable of shooting down stuff ("Golden BB"), and presumably missiles as well, however this is highly improbable - though extending your argument that they can destroy missiles would mean that every small arms would also deserve a mention. Thus, i dont think Area AA should be included in the article. 58.7.186.48 08:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Oto 76mm DART in CIWS mode
What does everyone think about adding main gun with anti-missile guided munitions used in CIWS role? -- Adeptitus (talk) 23:10, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

If you can show that it is meant for and actually can knock out the missile in the last few seconds before impact (the meaning of "close-in") then I don't see a problem. Roger (talk) 16:27, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Yes it's meant for and actually can knock out the missile in the last seconds before impact, and it says so on it's page. And so can the Bofors 57 Mk 3 cannon, AKA the Mk 110 57 mm gun which was selected for the Zumwalt as a CIWS. In fact both these guns can intercept missiles and ranges rivaling missile CIWS, and I'm surprised they aren't mentioned on this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DArhengel (talk • contribs) 12:26, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

CIWS-sparrow missiles
The statement "Evolved Sea Sparrow missile, used aboard all Sea Sparrow-capable warships" may be incorrect, as trainable launchers such as the Mk 132 GML of the NSSMS Mk 57 and GMLS Mk 29 systems require modification in order to be capable of using the heavier, faster, longer-range quick-reaction ESSM. Also, there are modifications to the hardware and software of the fire controlling systems. I.E. not all NSSMS ships, and not even all re-architectured NSSMS (RNSSMS) ships are ESSM capable; they do not use missiles which they are not capable of using; ESSM is not used on those Sea Sparrow-capable ships. Suggest changing word "all" to read "some". 144.183.224.2 (talk) 20:55, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Reversed ranges
There is no way the 20mm M-61 has almost twice the range of the heavier, faster 30mm GAU-8. As it says "lighter projectiles have shorter effective ranges". Then look at the numbers for all the other 30mm+ weapons...all 10,000m+. But somehow the notoriously ballistically poor 20mm round matches them, while the superior GAU-8 30mm round makes a very poor last place? Sorry, I don't buy it. Considering that the same table on DARDO gives identical numbers, only with the 20mm taking last place, I'm comfortable saying this is an obvious mistake, and have swapped the numbers..45Colt 08:53, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

EDIT: Sorry, 10,000ft+.

Speed of anti-ship missile
"This also makes the timeframe for interception relatively short; for supersonic missiles moving at 1,500 metres per second (4,900 ft/s) it is approximately one-third of a second."

Which anti-ship missiles travel 1500 meters per second? That is 3355 miles per hour, about Mach 5 at sea level. Any examples? I don't think so. This is a nonsense calculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.147.177.54 (talk) 22:58, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Close-in weapon system


text:
DSPACE

In computational complexity theory, DSPACE or SPACE is the computational resource describing the resource of memory space for a deterministic Turing machine. It represents the total amount of memory space that a "normal" physical computer would need to solve a given computational problem with a given algorithm.

Complexity classes
The measure DSPACE is used to define complexity classes, sets of all of the decision problems that can be solved using a certain amount of memory space. For each function f(n), there is a complexity class SPACE(f(n)), the set of decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using space O(f(n)). There is no restriction on the amount of computation time that can be used, though there may be restrictions on some other complexity measures (like alternation).

Several important complexity classes are defined in terms of DSPACE. These include:

 * REG = DSPACE(O(1)), where REG is the class of regular languages. In fact, REG = DSPACE(o(log log n)) (that is, $Ω(log log n)$ space is required to recognize any non-regular language).

Proof: Suppose that there exists a non-regular language L ∈ DSPACE(s(n)), for s(n) = o(log log n). Let M be a Turing machine deciding L in space s(n). By our assumption L ∉ DSPACE(O(1)); thus, for any arbitrary $$k \in \mathbb{N}$$, there exists an input of M requiring more space than k.

Let x be an input of smallest size, denoted by n, that requires more space than k, and $$\mathcal{C}$$ be the set of all configurations of M on input x. Because M ∈ DSPACE(s(n)), then $$|\mathcal{C}| \le 2^{c.s(n)} = o(\log n)$$, where c is a constant depending on M.

Let S denote the set of all possible crossing sequences of M on x. Note that the length of a crossing sequence of M on x is at most $$|\mathcal{C}|$$: if it is longer than that, then some configuration will repeat, and M will go into an infinite loop. There are also at most $$|\mathcal{C}|$$ possibilities for every element of a crossing sequence, so the number of different crossing sequences of M on x is

 * $$|S|\le|\mathcal{C}|^{|\mathcal{C}|} \le (2^{c.s(n)})^{2^{c.s(n)}}= 2^{c.s(n).2^{c.s(n)}}< 2^{2^{2c.s(n)}}=2^{2^{o(\log \log n)}} = o(n) $$

According to pigeonhole principle, there exist indexes i < j such that $$\mathcal{C}_i(x)=\mathcal{C}_j(x)$$, where $$\mathcal{C}_i(x)$$ and $$\mathcal{C}_j(x)$$ are the crossing sequences at boundary i and j, respectively.

Let $x'$ be the string obtained from $x$ by removing all cells from i + 1 to j. The machine $M$ still behaves exactly the same way on input $x'$ as on input $x$, so it needs the same space to compute $x'$ as to compute $x$. However, $|x' | < |x|$, contradicting the definition of $x$. Hence, there does not exist such a language $L$ as assumed. □

The above theorem implies the necessity of the space-constructible function assumption in the space hierarchy theorem.

 * L = DSPACE(O(log n))
 * PSPACE = $$\bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{DSPACE}(n^k)$$
 * EXPSPACE = $$\bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} \mathsf{DSPACE}(2^{n^k})$$

Machine models
DSPACE is traditionally measured on a deterministic Turing machine. Several important space complexity classes are sublinear, that is, smaller than the size of the input. Thus, "charging" the algorithm for the size of the input, or for the size of the output, would not truly capture the memory space used. This is solved by defining the multi-tape Turing machine with input and output, which is a standard multi-tape Turing machine, except that the input tape may never be written-to, and the output tape may never be read from. This allows smaller space classes, such as L (logarithmic space), to be defined in terms of the amount of space used by all of the work tapes (excluding the special input and output tapes).

Since many symbols might be packed into one by taking a suitable power of the alphabet, for all c ≥ 1 and f such that f(n) ≥ 1, the class of languages recognizable in c f(n) space is the same as the class of languages recognizable in f(n) space. This justifies usage of big O notation in the definition.

Hierarchy theorem
The space hierarchy theorem shows that, for every space-constructible function $$f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$$, there exists some language L which is decidable in space $$O(f(n))$$ but not in space $$o(f(n))$$.

Relation with other complexity classes
DSPACE is the deterministic counterpart of NSPACE, the class of memory space on a non-deterministic Turing machine. By Savitch's theorem, we have that

 * $$\mathsf{DSPACE}[s(n)] \subseteq \mathsf{NSPACE}[s(n)] \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}[(s(n))^2].$$

NTIME is related to DSPACE in the following way. For any time constructible function t(n), we have

 * $$\mathsf{NTIME}(t(n)) \subseteq \mathsf{DSPACE}(t(n))$$.

title: DSPACE


text:
Talk:Earl of shaftesbury

new page,cool

-

This page can be deleted - it's misnamed and nothing links here. --Steinsky 19:40, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of shaftesbury


text:
Jailbird (novel)

Jailbird is a novel by Kurt Vonnegut, published in 1979. The book is regarded as Kurt Vonnegut's "Watergate novel."

The novel is narrated by protagonist Walter F. Starbuck, a man recently released from a minimum-security prison in Georgia after serving time for his small role in the Watergate Scandal. Jailbird is written as a standard memoir, revealing Starbuck's present situation, then coming full circle to tell the story of his first two days after being released from prison. Through Starbuck, Jailbird discusses the history of the American labor movement, alongside corporate America, McCarthyism, the Nixon administration, and Watergate.

Jailbird includes a cameo by Kilgore Trout, a recurring Vonnegutian character known for writing science fiction novels and short stories. Unlike other versions of the character, this "Kilgore Trout" is revealed to be the pseudonym of a character in prison, deliberately contradicting the autobiographical details of Trout's life in other Vonnegut novels. This is an example of Vonnegut using the unreliable narrator narration device.

Literary significance and reception
The New York Times Book Review called Jailbird Vonnegut's "Sermon on the Mount." Kirkus Reviews described the book as "[n]ot top-drawer Vonnegut...but...there's enough of the author's narrative zip to keep fans happy even while the novel fizzles into foolishness."

In a 2013 piece, Jacobin called Jailbird Vonnegut's "most extensive exploration of labor" and "Vonnegut's clearest articulation of sympathies with the labor movement."

Vonnegut himself gave the novel a grade of "A" when grading all of his published works in his book Palm Sunday.

title: Jailbird (novel)