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Pat Conroy

Donald Patrick Conroy (October 26, 1945 – March 4, 2016) was an American author who wrote several acclaimed novels and memoirs; his books The Water is Wide, The Lords of Discipline, The Prince of Tides and The Great Santini were made into films, the last two being nominated for Oscars. He is recognized as a leading figure of late-20th-century Southern literature.

Early life
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Patrick "Pat" Conroy was the eldest of seven children (five boys and two girls) born to Marine Colonel Donald Conroy, of Chicago, Illinois, and the former Frances "Peggy" Peek of Alabama. His father was a Marine Corps fighter pilot, and Conroy moved often in his youth, attending 11 schools by the time he was 15. He did not have a hometown until his family settled in Beaufort, South Carolina, where he finished high school. During his senior year in high school, he was a protégé of Ann Head who was an influence on his future writing. His alma mater is The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in Charleston, where he graduated from the Corps of Cadets as an English major.

Conroy had said his stories were heavily influenced by his military brat upbringing, and in particular, difficulties experienced with his own father, a US Marine Corps pilot, who was physically and emotionally abusive toward his children. The pain of a youth growing up in a harsh environment is evident in Conroy's novels, which use autobiographical material, particularly The Great Santini and The Prince of Tides. While living in Orlando, Florida, Conroy's fifth-grade basketball team defeated a team of sixth graders, making the sport his prime outlet for bottled-up emotions for more than a dozen years. Conroy also cites his family's frequent military-related moves and growing up immersed in military culture as significant influences in his life (in both positive and negative ways).

A standout athlete, he was recruited to The Citadel to play basketball; his 2002 book My Losing Season focused on his experiences playing his senior year, and like The Lords of Discipline, also served as a retrospective of his cadet years.

Writing career
As a graduate of The Citadel's Corps of Cadets, his experiences at The Citadel provided the basis for two of his best-known works, the novel The Lords of Discipline and the memoir My Losing Season. The latter details his senior year on the school's underdog basketball team, which won the longest game in the history of Southern Conference basketball against rival Virginia Military Institute in quadruple overtime in 1967.

His first book, The Boo, is a collection of anecdotes about cadet life centering on Lt. Colonel Thomas Nugent Courvousie, who had served as Assistant Commandant of Cadets at The Citadel from 1961 to 1968; Courvoisie was the inspiration for the fictional character Colonel Thomas Berrineau, a.k.a. "The Bear", in The Lords Of Discipline. Conroy began the book in 1968, after learning that Lt. Colonel Courvoisie had been removed from his position as assistant commandant and given a job in the warehouse; he paid to self-publish the book, borrowing the money from a bank.

After graduating from The Citadel, Conroy taught English in Beaufort, South Carolina; while there he met and married Barbara Jones, a young widow of the Vietnam War who was pregnant with her second child. He then accepted a job teaching children in a one-room schoolhouse on remote Daufuskie Island, South Carolina. Conroy was fired at the conclusion of his first year on the island for his unconventional teaching practices, including his refusal to use corporal punishment on students, and for his lack of respect for the school's administration. He later wrote The Water Is Wide based on his experiences as a teacher. The book won Conroy a humanitarian award from the National Education Association and an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award. It was also made into a feature film, Conrack, starring Jon Voight in 1974. Hallmark produced a television version of the book in 2006.

In 1976, Conroy published his novel, The Great Santini. The main character of the novel is Marine fighter pilot Colonel "Bull" Meecham, who dominates and terrorizes his family. Bull Meecham also psychologically abuses his teenage son Ben. The character is based on Conroy's father Donald. (According to My Losing Season, Donald Conroy was even worse than the character depicted in Santini. )

The Great Santini caused friction within the Conroy family, who felt that he had betrayed family secrets by writing about his father. According to Conroy, members of his mother's family would picket his book signings, passing out pamphlets asking people not to buy the novel. The friction contributed to the failure of his first marriage. However, the book also eventually helped repair Conroy's relationship with his father, and they became very close. His father, looking to prove that he was not like the character in the book, changed his behavior drastically.

According to Conroy, his father would often sign copies of his son's novels, "I hope you enjoy my son's latest work of fiction." He would underline the word "fiction" five or six times. "That boy of mine sure has a vivid imagination. Ol' lovable, likable Col. Don Conroy, USMC (Ret.), the Great Santini." The novel was made into a film of the same name in 1979, starring Robert Duvall.

Publication of The Lords of Discipline in 1980 upset many of his fellow graduates of The Citadel, who felt that his portrayal of campus life was highly unflattering. The novel was adapted for the screenplay of a 1983 film of the same name, starring David Keith as Will McLean and Robert Prosky as Colonel "Bear" Berrineau. The rift was not healed until 2000, when Conroy was awarded an honorary degree and asked to deliver the commencement address the following year.

In 1986, Conroy published The Prince of Tides about Tom Wingo, an unemployed South Carolina teacher who goes to New York City to help his sister, Savannah, a poet who has attempted suicide, to come to terms with their past. The novel was made into a film of the same name in 1991. Directed by Barbra Streisand, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

In 1995, Conroy published Beach Music, a novel about an American expatriate living in Rome who returns to South Carolina upon news of his mother's terminal illness. The story reveals his attempt to confront personal demons, including the suicide of his wife, the subsequent custody battle with his in-laws over their daughter, and the attempt by a film-making friend to rekindle old friendships which were compromised during the days of the Vietnam War.

In 2002, Pat Conroy published My Losing Season where he takes the reader through his last year playing basketball, as point guard and captain of the Citadel Bulldogs. The Pat Conroy Cookbook, published in 2004, is a collection of favorite recipes accompanied by stories about his life, including many stories of growing up in South Carolina. In 2009, Conroy published South of Broad, which again uses the familiar backdrop of Charleston following the suicide of newspaperman Leo King's brother, and alternates narratives of a diverse group of friends between 1969 and 1989.

In May 2013, Conroy was named editor-at-large of Story River Books, a newly created fiction division of the University of South Carolina Press. In October 2013, four years after being first publicized, Conroy published a memoir called The Death of Santini, which recounts the volatile relationship he shared with his father up until his father's death in 1998.

Conroy was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame on March 18, 2009.

Military brat cultural identity and awareness movement
Conroy was a major supporter of the research and writing efforts of journalist Mary Edwards Wertsch in her identification of the hidden subculture of American Military Brats, the children of career military families, who grow up moving constantly, deeply immersed in the military, and often personally affected by war.

Conroy's essay on military childhood
In 1991, Wertsch "launched the movement for military brat cultural identity" with her book Military Brats: Legacies of Childhood inside the Fortress. In researching her book, Wertsch identified common themes from interviews of over 80 offspring of military households, including the special challenges, strengths and also the unique subculture experienced by American "military brats". While this book does not purport to be a scientific study, subsequent research has validated many of her findings.

Conroy contributed a now widely circulated ten-page essay on American military childhood, including his own childhood, to Wertsch's book, which was used as the introduction. It included the following:

"Her book speaks in a language that is clear and stinging and instantly recognizable to me [as a brat], yet it's a language I was not even aware I spoke. She isolates the military brats of America as a new indigenous subculture with our own customs, rites of passage, forms of communication, and folkways .... With this book, Mary [Wertsch] astonished me and introduced me to a secret family I did not know I had."

Conroy's role in Brats: Our Journey Home
Conroy also authorized the use of his work in the award-winning documentary Brats: Our Journey Home directed by Donna Musil, that endeavors to bring the hidden subculture of military brats into greater public awareness, as well as aiding military brat self-awareness and support.

The documentary ends with a quote of Conroy about the invisibility of the military brat subculture to the wider American society. Conroy wrote, "We spent our entire childhoods in the service of our country, and no one even knew we were there."

Personal life
Conroy was married three times. His first marriage was to Barbara (née Bolling) Jones on October 10, 1969, while he was teaching on Daufuskie Island. Jones, who had been Conroy's next door neighbor in Beaufort, South Carolina, had been widowed when her first husband, Joseph Wester Jones III, a fighter pilot stationed in Vietnam, had been shot down and killed. Jones already had one daughter, Jessica, and was pregnant at the time of her husband's death with their second child, Melissa. He adopted both girls after he married their mother, and then they had a daughter of their own, Megan. They divorced in 1977.

Conroy then married Lenore (née Gurewitz) Fleischer in 1981. He became the stepfather to her two children, Gregory and Emily, and the couple also had one daughter, to whom he dedicated his 2010 book My Reading Life, "This book is dedicated to my lost daughter, Susannah Ansley Conroy. Know this: I love you with my heart and always will. Your return to my life would be one of the happiest moments I could imagine." Conroy and Fleischer divorced on October 26, 1995, Conroy's 50th birthday. Conroy married his third wife, writer Cassandra King, in May 1998.

A friend of Conroy, political cartoonist Doug Marlette, died in a car accident in July 2007. Conroy and Joe Klein eulogized Marlette at the funeral. There were 10 eulogists in all, and Conroy called Marlette his best friend, and said: "The first person to cry, when he heard about Doug's death, was God".

Conroy lived in Beaufort with wife Cassandra until his death. In 2007, he commented that she was a much happier writer than he was: "I'll hear her cackle with laughter at some funny line she's written. I've never cackled with laughter at a single line I've ever written. None of it has given me pleasure. She writes with pleasure and joy, and I sit there in gloom and darkness."

As an adult, Conroy suffered from depression, had several breakdowns and contemplated suicide. He attempted suicide in the mid-1970s while writing The Great Santini.

Death
On February 15, 2016, Conroy stated on his Facebook page that he was being treated for pancreatic cancer. He died on March 4, 2016, at 70 years old. Conroy's funeral was held on March 8, 2016, at St. Peter's Catholic Church in Beaufort, South Carolina.

Pat Conroy is buried in St. Helena Memorial Gardens cemetery (Ernest Drive, Saint Helena Island 29920) near the Penn Center. The Penn Center is a National Historic Landmark that provided educational facilities to freed Gullah slaves after the Civil War and continues to serve as an African-American cultural and educational center.

Legacy
Located in Beaufort, South Carolina, the Pat Conroy Literary Center was incorporated as a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization on March 19, 2016. The center, which houses a collection of Conroy memorabilia, seeks to "continue his legacy in the magnificent coastal landscape where his storytelling began and beyond, supporting a vibrant literary community that reflects Pat Conroy’s undying delight in the power of the human voice." In 2017, the Pat Conroy Literary Center was designated a Literary Landmark by the American Library Association. The same year, it became the first site in South Carolina to be selected as an affiliate of the American Writers Museum.

The Pat Conroy Literary Center hosts a number of educational activities and cultural events, including an annual literary festival.

The Citadel in 2018 announced the Pat Conroy Writer’s Residency Fellowship to be given to a Bulldogs basketball player each season each year.

Works

 * 1970: The Boo
 * 1972: The Water Is Wide
 * 1976: The Great Santini
 * 1980: The Lords of Discipline
 * 1986: The Prince of Tides
 * 1989: Unconquered (teleplay)
 * 1992: (Introduction to book, "Military Brats: Legacies of Growing Up Inside the Fortress")
 * 1995: Beach Music
 * 2002: My Losing Season
 * 2003: Unrooted Childhoods: Memoirs of Growing Up Global (contributing author)
 * 2004: The Pat Conroy Cookbook: Recipes of My Life
 * 2009: South of Broad
 * 2010: My Reading Life
 * 2013: The Death of Santini
 * 2016: A Lowcountry Heart: Reflections on a Writing Life

Awards

 * 1973 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award
 * 1974 National Education Association Humanitarian Award
 * 1978 Georgia Governor's Award for the Arts & Humanities
 * 1981 Southern Regional Council Lillian Smith Book Award
 * 1988 South Carolina Academy of Authors Inductee
 * 1991 Writers Guild of America Award Nominee, Adapted Screenplay
 * 1992 Academy Award Nominee, Adapted Screenplay
 * 1992 University of Southern California Scripter Award Nominee
 * 1993 American Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award
 * 1995 Thomas Cooper Medal for Distinction in the Arts & Sciences
 * 1996 Georgia Commission on the Holocaust Humanitarian Award
 * 1997 Omicron Delta Kappa honoris causa inductee at Auburn University at Montgomery
 * 1997 University of South Carolina Honorary Doctorate
 * 1999 Georgia Center for the Book Stanley W. Lindberg Award
 * 2000 The Citadel Honorary Doctor of Letters
 * 2001 James Beard Foundation Award for Journalism, Magazine Feature Writing with Recipes
 * 2002 South Carolina Order of the Palmetto
 * 2003 Thomas Wolfe Prize, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of English
 * 2003 Southern Independent Booksellers Alliance (SIBA) Book of the Year Award
 * 2004 Georgia Writers Hall of Fame Inductee
 * 2005 F. Scott Fitzgerald Award
 * 2006 Southeastern Library Association Outstanding Southeastern Author Award
 * 2010 South Carolina Hall of Fame Inductee
 * 2010 Elizabeth O’Neill Verner Governor's Lifetime Achievement Award for the Arts
 * 2014 Beaufort Regional Chamber of Commerce Palmetto Achievement Award

title: Pat Conroy


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Tlepolemus

In Greek mythology, Tlepolemus (Τληπόλεμος) was the leader of the Rhodian forces in the Trojan War.

Family
Tlepolemus was a son of Heracles and Astyoche, daughter of Phylas, king of Ephyra. Though some sources say that his mother was Astydameia, daughter of Amyntor or Ormenus.

Mythology
Tlepolemus fled to Rhodes after slaying Licymnius, Heracles' aged maternal uncle. According to the Bibliotheca, this was an accident—Tlepolemus was beating a servant when Licymnius ran between the two, suffering a fatal blow, —but Pindar states that the death was intentional and motivated by anger. Accompanied by his Argive wife Polyxo, Tlepolemus made passage to Rhodes and divided the island into three parts, founding three Rhodian city-states: Cameirus, Ialysus and Lindus.

Hyginus lists Tlepolemus among the suitors of Helen; thus bound by the oath of Tyndareus, he was among the Greek allies in the campaign against Troy, leading a force of nine ships.

He encountered Sarpedon on the first day of fighting recounted in the Iliad and taunted him saying that he lacked courage and could not really be the son of Zeus. Tlepolemus then attacked him, and although he wounded Sarpedon, he was slain by the latter.

According to Pausanias, Polyxo killed Helen to avenge for her husband's death, though Polyaenus says that Menelaus had dressed up a servant in Helen's clothes and that the Rhodians killed her instead as Menelaus and Helen escaped.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tlepolemus


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Laval—Les Îles

Laval—Les Îles is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Its population in 2001 was 100,137.

Of the population, 15.9% are Christian Orthodox, and 14.0% are of Greek ethnic origin, both the highest such percentages in Canada.

Geography
The district includes the neighbourhoods of Îles-Laval, Laval-Ouest, Laval-sur-le-Lac, Sainte-Dorothée, the western part of the neighbourhood of Fabreville and the western part of Chomedey in the City of Laval. The neighbouring ridings are Vimy, Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, Pierrefonds—Dollard, Rivière-des-Mille-Îles, and Marc-Aurèle-Fortin.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census

 * Mother tongue: French (48%), English (10%), Greek (9%), Arabic (7%), Armenian (4%)

History
The electoral district was created in 2003 from parts of Laval West riding.

This riding lost territory to Vimy and Marc-Aurèle-Fortin during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Laval—Les Îles


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Leipsic River

The Leipsic River is a 16.7 mi river in central Delaware in the United States.

It rises in northern Kent County, approximately 8 mi northwest of Dover. It flows generally east, past Leipsic and entering Delaware Bay approximately 8 mi northeast of Dover. The mouth of the river on Delaware Bay is surrounded by extensive wetlands that are protected as part of Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge.

title: Leipsic River


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User talk:ShawnaJ

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia.

Can you please provide more information regarding the image Mouse2wb.jpg

--Mperkins 03:55, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * it appears to have come from http://sun.menloschool.org/~djensen/madagascar/communities/florafauna/fauna.html. Do you have any information on the copyright status of this image?

title: User talk:ShawnaJ


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Anne Brown

Anne Brown (August 9, 1912 – March 13, 2009) was an American lyric soprano for whom George Gershwin rewrote the part of "Bess" into a leading role in the original production of his opera Porgy and Bess in 1935.

She was also a radio and concert singer. She settled in Norway in 1948 and later became a Norwegian citizen.

Early life and career (1912–1936)
A native of Baltimore, Maryland, Annie Wiggins Brown was the daughter of Dr. Harry F. Brown, a physician, and his wife, the former Mary Allen Wiggins. Her father was the grandson of a slave and her mother's parents were of black, Cherokee Indian, and Scottish-Irish origins. She had three sisters, Henrietta, Mamie, and Harriet.

As an African-American, she was not allowed to attend a Roman Catholic elementary school in her native Baltimore. She trained at Morgan College and then applied to the Peabody Institute, but was rejected from the school due to her race.

Brown then applied to the Juilliard School in New York at the encouragement of the wife of the owner of The Baltimore Sun. She was admitted to Juilliard when she was 16, becoming the first African-American vocalist to attend there. She studied singing with Lucia Dunham and was awarded Juilliard's Margaret McGill scholarship when she was 20 years old. At the age of nineteen she married a fellow Juilliard student, but the marriage soon ended in divorce.

In 1933, she was a second-year graduate student at Juilliard. She learned that George Gershwin was going to compose an opera about African Americans in South Carolina. She decided to write him a letter, which led to Gershwin's secretary calling her to come and sing for him. After singing several classical arias and the spiritual "A City Called Heaven" for Gershwin, Brown was frequently invited by the composer to come down and sing parts of the opera for him as he was composing the work's music. As a result, the role of Bess grew from a secondary character, like it was in DuBose Heyward's novel Porgy, to one of the opera's leading roles. Brown recalled that: "[Gershwin] would telephone and say, 'I've finished up to page 33 or so. Come down; I want you to sing it. When can you come down?' 'When I get out of school today,' I would say. I'd always start off singing 'Summertime'. I loved it so. Then I would sing whatever he had written since the last time I'd been there, whatever the roles might be – sometimes I even sang Sportin' Life, sometimes we sang duets together. I knew that opera before I went onstage, not only the songs. I wound up playing about 500 performances in the original and then the 1942 revival. I can tell you what every instrument played. Finally, in our last days of rehearsals in New York before heading up to Boston for previews, George took me to lunch. 'Come on,' he said, 'I'm going to buy you an orange juice.' Then, when we were seated, he made this announcement. I remember his words exactly because they thrilled me so. 'I want you to know, Miss Brown,' he said, 'that henceforth and forever after, George Gershwin's opera will be known as Porgy and Bess."

Brown took part of opera history when she sang Bess for the world premiere of Porgy and Bess at the Colonial Theatre in Boston on September 30, 1935 – the try-out for a work intended initially for Broadway where the opening took place at the Alvin Theater in New York City on October 10, 1935. The production was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and ran on Broadway for 124 performances. Olin Downes in The New York Times praised Brown's performance as "a high point of interpretation." Critical responses to the work were mixed; some reviewers were uncertain as to whether or not Porgy was a folk opera, musical comedy, jazz drama, or something completely different. Others expressed concerns over the use of "negro stereotypes". Brown said, "My father was very displeased. He thought that those were the old cliches of black people – dope peddlers, near-prostitutes; he especially didn't like his daughter showing her legs and all that. I thought that DuBose Heyward and Gershwin had simply taken a part of life in Catfish Row, South Carolina, and rendered it superbly."

Following the show's run on Broadway, a United States tour started on January 27, 1936, in Philadelphia and traveled to Pittsburgh and Chicago before ending in Washington, D.C., on March 21, 1936. During the Washington run, the cast—as led by Todd Duncan— protested segregation at the theater. Brown said of her role in the protest, "I told them: 'I will not sing at the National. If my mother, my father, my friends, if black people cannot come hear me sing, then count me out.' I remember Gershwin saying to me, 'You're not going to sing?' And I said to him, 'I can't sing!'" Eventually management gave in to the demands, resulting in the first integrated audience for a performance of any show at the National Theatre. When the curtain came down on the final performance of Porgy and Bess, segregation was reinstated.

Later life and career: 1937–2009
After her appearance as the first Bess, Brown returned to Broadway in the 1937 musical revue Pins and Needles. This was later followed by an appearance in the 1939 Broadway play Mamba's Daughters in the roles of Gardenia and the "Lonesome Walls" Singer. Brown sang Bess in several revivals of Porgy and Bess during this time, including the 1942 Broadway revival. She also sang Bess for the Decca Records album Selections from George Gershwin's folk opera Porgy and Bess and sang some of Bess's music in an appearance in the 1945 Gershwin biography film Rhapsody in Blue.

Brown toured Europe as a concert artist from 1942 to 1948. Brown said that she left the United States because of continued racial prejudice. As she told The New York Times in 1998, "We tough girls tough it out. I've lived a strange kind of life—half black, half white, half isolated, half in the spotlight. Many things that I wanted as a young person for my career were denied to me because of my color". She also noted, regarding her light complexion, "Though there is no place on earth without prejudice. In fact, a French journalist wrote an article during one of my tours there asking: 'Why does she say she is colored? She's as white as any singer. It's just a trick to get people interested.' Can you imagine? Of course I was advertised as 'a Negro soprano.' What is 'a Negro soprano'?" She also stated that she felt her singing was better received in Europe because she mainly sang works by European composers, such as Brahms, Schubert, Schumann, and Mahler.

In 1948, Brown settled in Oslo, Norway and became a Norwegian citizen after marrying skier Thorleif Schjelderup, a medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics. He was her third husband, and like her previous marriages, their union ended in divorce. The marriage to Schjelderup was her third, his second. She had married for the first time at 19, eloping with a medical student, F. H. Howard, in New York and keeping the marriage secret from her father for two years; the union ended two years after that. Her second marriage in 1938 to C. C. Pettit produced her daughter, Paula, who was born in 1939. She had a second daughter, Vaar Inga, born in 1951 (the name means "springtime" in Norwegian), with Schjelderup, who also adopted Paula. Paula Schjelderup rarely saw her father, because of her parents’ poor relationship. Instead, Schjelderup considered Brown’s husband, Thorleif Schjelderup, to be her father figure.

Brown continued working as a professional musician into the 1950s, mostly working as a concert singer and recitalist. She did. however, appear in a few more operas, like Gian Carlo Menotti's The Medium and The Telephone. Her career as a singer was cut short due to problems with asthma; she no longer sang professionally after 1955. (She sang at the Teatro Colón in October 1955.) At this point, she embarked on a second career as a voice teacher. Among her students were actress Liv Ullmann, soprano Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz, ballad singer and former Minister of Culture Åse Kleveland, jazz singer Karin Krog, and opera singer Trond Halstein Moe. On October 9, 1980, Brown was interviewed for an article written by James A. Standifier called, "Reminiscences of Black Musicians". Brown also staged several operas in France and Norway. Brown was a guest of honor at the gala opening of the Oslo Opera House on April 12, 2008. She resided in Oslo up until her death in 2009 at age ninety-six. Her interment was at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

It is not clear if she maintained her United States citizenship as well. Her papers and personal artifacts are housed in the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Awards
In 1998, Anne Brown received the George Peabody Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Music in America from the Peabody Institute, the institution that had denied her music education 70 years earlier. She was also made an honorary citizen of Baltimore in 1999. In 2000, she was awarded Norway's Council of Cultures Honorary Award.

title: Anne Brown


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User:Arilang1234/Sand box/Chinese Holocausts

Holocaust (sacrifice), a burnt offering, from Greek holo-kauston "all burnt". The original sense, referring to a completely-burnt sacrifice. By extension the word is being used in English to refer to other acts of obliteration by burning (or massacres in general). For example:Nuclear Holocaust, American Holocaust and Black Holocaust.

Since the mid-19th century, the word has been used by many authors to refer to large catastrophes and massacres, particularly those caused by immolation. According to the OED, the earliest attested such usage dates from 1671, but it became common in the 19th century.

Destruction under the Mongol Empire
Destruction under the Mongol Empire is considered very significant in many historical sources, ranging to around 40 million or more deaths caused by the Mongol invasion as a result of direct casualty and disruption of farming resulting in famine, flooding and diseases. This casualty amount is considered to be from early 1200s to mid 1400s.

Mongols' raids and invasions are generally ranked as one of the deadliest to human life.

Nanking massacre
The 'Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was an infamous war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing (Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937. The duration of the massacre is not clearly defined, although the violence lasted at least until early February 1938. Estimates of the death count vary, with most reliable sources holding that 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians were massacred in this period.

Great Chinese Famine
The Great Chinese Famine, officially referred to as the Three Years of Natural Disasters(Chinese:三年自然災害), was the period in China between 1958 and 1961 characterized by widespread famine, during which time the national harvesting of grains was normal, and the government was exporting grains. According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths in this period. Unofficial estimates vary, but are often considerably higher. Yang Jisheng, a former Xinhua News Agency reporter who spent over ten years gathering information available to no other scholars, estimates a toll of 36 million. His published book on this human disaster is called Tomb Stone

Anna Applebaum of The Washington Post wrote: A combination of criminally bad policies (farmers were forced to make steel instead of growing crops; peasants were forced into unproductive communes) and official cruelty (China was grimly exporting grain at the time) created, between 1959 and 1961, one of the worst famines in recorded history. "I went to one village and saw 100 corpses," one witness told Yang. Then another village and another 100 corpses. No one paid attention to them. People said that dogs were eating the bodies. Not true, I said. The dogs had long ago been eaten by the people.

Tiananmen Square Massacre
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two other Tiananmen Square protests) were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 15 April and 4 June 1989. They were mainly led by Beijing students and intellectuals. The protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of Socialist governments around the world.


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Kemper Military School

Kemper Military School & College was a private military school located in Boonville, Missouri. Founded in 1844, Kemper filed for bankruptcy and closed in 2002. The school's motto was "Nunquam Non Paratus" (Never Not Prepared).

The 46-acre campus played a key role in Boonville's identity as a popular 19th-century Missouri river town. Boonville has more than 400 antebellum and other architectural sites on the National Register of Historic Places, including Kemper. Its core historic buildings are included in Historic District A.

Early years under Frederick T. Kemper
On June 3, 1844, Frederick T. Kemper (1816–1881) gave his first lesson at the “Boonville Boarding School”, an all-male school designed to educate the sons of the frontier West. It started as a one-room schoolhouse on the corner of Spring and Main streets, and opened with five students. By the fall of 1844, it had 50 students. Its first year being a success, Mr. Kemper had the south wing of the long-time administration building constructed in 1845, and utilized the site as both a boarding school and as classroom space. Operating the school essentially by himself, Kemper changed the school's name quite regularly. From 1844 through 1899, it was known variously as the Boonville Boarding School, Male Collegiate Institute, Kemper Family School, Kemper & Taylor Institute, and the Kemper School.

In 1856, the school closed when Professor Kemper accepted a teaching and administrative position at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. However, in 1861 he returned to Boonville and reopened the school as the “Kemper & Taylor Institute” in partnership with his wife's brother, Edwin H. Taylor. It was one of only a few schools in the state to remain open during the Civil War, partly due to Professor Kemper's willingness to accept female students for the first time. Kemper prudently chose to keep a guarded neutrality throughout the war. However, it was widely known that his brother was Confederate General James L. Kemper, who gained fame as a primary participant in Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, and later became governor of Virginia. Kemper graduates fought on both sides during the war, and many participated in the local Battle of Boonville. After the war, Taylor left and the school again became all-male. Kemper continued to run the school, known again as "Kemper Family School", until his death in 1881.

Transition to a military school
Kemper's successor, alumnus Thomas A. Johnston, guided the school through its largest period of growth and established its national reputation. He was known as the "Builder of the School", and oversaw the transition to a military school. During the 1880s, five other schools in Missouri added formal military training to their operation. Kemper students had been required to wear West Point-style grey uniforms to promote a "feeling of equality" among the students since at least the early 1870s. Kemper's 1873 school catalogue also indicated that the school had hired a "Drill Master" to oversee the military side of the operations, but Johnston wanted to go a step further. By the mid-1880s, Johnston became "carried away with the idea...that military training for boys and future citizens had great educational value", according to Colonel A.M. Hitch's Centennial History of Kemper. "He adopted a military training program and structure in 1885, employing as military instructor a recent graduate of Virginia Military Institute, and from that day to this, the military feature has been a prominent one in Kemper life." The school changed its name to Kemper Military School in 1899, and began to advertise itself as "The West Point of the West".

Kemper's most famous alumnus, Will Rogers, attended the school in the 1890s. Rogers went on to gain worldwide fame as an actor, humorist, political commentator and performer.

Era of growth
The campus expanded from 1900 to 1925. The major growth in the physical plant began in 1904 when "B" barracks was enlarged, then "Math Hall" was built in 1906 (originally as a gymnasium), "A" Barracks (or Harvey Barracks) was erected in 1909, "D" Barracks in 1917, and the Johnston Field House and the indoor pool were constructed in 1924.

There was a corresponding growth in enrollment. During F.T. Kemper's era, the school usually had around 50 students. By 1900, enrollment was around 100, and by 1915, it was up to 150. During World War I, enrollment soared, peaking at 502 students in 1918 – almost more than the school could handle. During the 1920s, enrollment remained strong, in the mid-300s.

Many traditions were established. The Kemperite was first published in 1912. Kemper's Standard of Honor was introduced in 1915. A formal ROTC program was begun in 1916, and in 1923, a junior college was added. By that time, the annual football game with rival Wentworth Military Academy and College in Lexington, Missouri had become a huge event on Thanksgiving, with both corps of cadets boarding trains and sometimes meeting on a neutral field in Sedalia or Marshall, Missouri. The Kansas City and St. Louis newspapers referred to the gridiron battle as the “Little Army-Navy Game”, and gave front-page coverage to the outcome.

From the Great Depression to post-World War II prosperity
In 1928, Colonel Johnston announced his retirement and his successor: Colonel Arthur M. Hitch, his son-in-law and principal since 1907. Hitch ably guided the school through the severe financial crisis of the Great Depression, when enrollment plummeted, and into World War II, during which the school operated year-round with over 500 students. During Hitch's presidency, the new stadium and football fields were constructed in 1937, Academic Hall was built in 1939, and Science Hall was added in 1941. Colonel A.M. Hitch retired in 1948 and selected the son of Colonel T. A. Johnston, Colonel Harris Johnston, as the new superintendent. Johnston served for eight years, until 1956.

Decline
Kemper Military School survived the Mexican–American War, Civil War, Spanish–American War, World War I, World War II, Korean War and Vietnam War. But it didn't survive the 21st Century.

In 1956, the school went nonprofit, and the leadership of the school passed from the "Old Guard" and became much less stable. In the first 112 years of Kemper's history only four men had led the school. After 1956, no Superintendent served for more than a few years. Major General Joseph P. Cleland, a 1921 Kemper graduate, became superintendent in 1956, the Reverend Sam West in 1959, Frederick J. Marston in 1962, Colonel James P. Kelly in 1964, Dr. Joseph B. Black in 1969, Colonel Carroll S. Meek in 1973, Wilbur Windsor in 1974, General William H. Blakefield in 1976, General Loyd P. Rhiddlehoover in 1980, Colonel Frank Duggins in 1984, Colonel Roger Harms in 1985, Charles W. Stewart in 1993, and Edward Ridgley in 1999.

The unstable management hurt most in the early 1970s, when many military schools struggled because of double-digit inflation and anti-military backlash caused by the Vietnam War. Enrollment, which peaked at 544 students in the mid-1960s, bottomed out when just 89 cadets showed up in 1976. The school piled up debt, but was able to keep its doors open. The school employed different tactics to get enrollment up, including admitting female cadets in the 1970s, reviving junior college football in the 1980s, and instituting more liberal admissions policies. Kemper seemed to be on the upswing for brief periods during the 1980s and the 1990s.

In 2000, Kemper shut down the junior college and its expensive athletic program. The junior college football team, in particular, was a big money loser for the school, but achieved great on-field success and actually produced a number of NFL players, including Jamal Williams, long-time Pro Bowl defensive tackle for the San Diego Chargers, and future Green Bay Packers Torrance Marshall, the MVP of the 2001 Orange Bowl for the National Champion Oklahoma Sooners. For many years, Kemper was also one of six military junior colleges that participated in the Army's two-year Early Commissioning Program (ECP), an Army ROTC program through which a qualified student could earn a commission as a second lieutenant after only two years of college. At one time, ECP was Kemper's signature program, but it had to be cut with the rest of the junior college. Ridgley tried to rebuild Kemper through the high school, but by 2002, enrollment was down to 124 students and the school could no longer pay its bills.

On May 31, 2002, 158 years after Frederick T. Kemper taught his first class at the Boonville Boarding School, the flag was lowered for the final time and Kemper Military School was closed.

School records
After Kemper closed in 2002, the City of Boonville donated the school's records to the State Historical Society of Missouri-Columbia Research Center. Access to student records is restricted due to privacy laws. Former students can request transcript via the center's website.

As of 2012 a small building (named the Library Learning Center) was renovated and used by State Fair Community College for people pursuing an associate's degree or a high school equivalency diploma. SFCC remodeled the large northernmost building (named Science Hall) starting in 2015. As of 2019, SFCC-Boonville operations were moved out of the Library building and into Science Hall, using three of the four floors. The Boonslick Regional Library made plans beginning in 2019 to move into the Library Learning Center and transferred ownership of the property from the City in 2023. Expected date of move in is 2024.

Buildings and grounds
In 1983, the campus was added to the National Register of Historic places as Historic District A. The district includes 15 contributing buildings.

In 2003, the contents of the school were auctioned, and the school was sold as a parcel. The Kemper facilities were purchased by the City of Boonville and named "Frederick T. Kemper Park". The park contains 46 acre and ten buildings on the former Kemper campus. The city has plans to retain ownership of the T.A. Johnston Field House and of 30 acre of open space. Johnston Field House is home to the Boonslick Heartland YMCA and contains a cardio theater, weight room, aerobics room, 25 yd indoor pool, indoor batting cage, office space and five basketball courts. The park also contains a regulation football field, soccer fields, a lake and three baseball fields. The city hopes to repair and put into use the five tennis courts. Additional development will be deferred until a master plan is developed after the best use of the space has been determined. The remainder of the core campus is being marketed by Boonville's Industrial Development Authority.

In 2005 a group associated with the Utah-based World Wide Association of Specialty Programs and Schools made an offer to buy the campus to open a new school for adolescents needing help with discipline, responsibility and leadership skills. Boonville City Council rejected the proposal.

On April 6, 2010, a tower connected to the old administration building collapsed to the ground, damaging at least one wall of the administration building as well as the roof. The City of Boonville has attempted to salvage as many bricks and ornaments as possible but has no plans to rebuild the tower.

Movies filmed at Kemper
At one time, Kemper was asked to be the location to shoot the movie National Lampoon's Animal House. Kemper turned down the offer. In 1981, the makers of Taps made an offer to shoot the movie at Kemper. The president at the time, General Blakefield, declined the request, despite the financial opportunity it presented for Kemper, stating that "it portrayed the military school student as a radical." In 1986, Combat Academy was filmed on campus.

Since the campus has a 19th-century feel, it has been used as the setting for a number of movies. The motion pictures Combat High and Child's Play 3 were filmed at the school with cadets and instructors serving as extras. The school depicted in Child's Play 3 was reputedly modeled after Kemper itself.

In September and October 2007, Kemper's abandoned campus was used for location shots for the movie Saving Grace, which is about a little girl's trip back to Boonville in the summer of 1951, during the Great Flood of 1951. Many downtown Boonville buildings were also used for filming, with Kemper the setting for an asylum. The movie, released in 2008, was directed by Connie Stevens and stars Penelope Ann Miller, Tatum O'Neal, Joel Gretsch, Piper Laurie and Michael Biehn.

Name history

 * Boonville Boarding School, 1844–1845
 * Boonville Male Collegiate Institute, 1845-1854
 * Kemper Family School, 1854-1856
 * Kemper and Taylor's Institute, 1861-1865
 * Kemper's Family School, 1865–1874
 * Kemper Family School, 1874-1896
 * Kemper School, 1896-1899
 * Kemper Military School, 1899-1923
 * Kemper Military School and College, 1923–2000
 * Kemper Military School, 2000–2002

Presidents and superintendents

 * Frederick T. Kemper, 1844–1856, 1861–1881
 * Thomas A. Johnston, 1881–1928
 * Colonel Arthur M. Hitch, 1928-1948
 * Colonel Harris Johnston, 1948-1956
 * Major General Joseph P. Cleland, 1956-1959
 * Reverend Sam West, 1959-1962
 * Frederick J. Marston, 1962-1964
 * Colonel James P. Kelly, 1964-1969
 * Doctor Joseph B. Black, 1969-1972
 * Colonel Carroll S. Meek, 1973-1974
 * Wilbur Windsor, 1974-1976
 * General William H. Blakefield, 1976-1980
 * General Loyd P. Rhiddlehoover, 1980-1984
 * Colonel Frank Duggins, 1984–1985.
 * Colonel Roger Harms, 1985–1993
 * Charles W. Stewart, 1993–1999
 * Ed Ridgley, 1999–2002

Arts, entertainment and popular culture

 * Robert Clarke - "B" movie actor, best known for cult movie The Hideous Sun Demon
 * George Lindsey – actor best known for role as Goober Pyle on The Andy Griffith Show
 * Henry Lee McFee – American cubist painter
 * Hugh O'Brian – actor, star of The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp
 * Frank O'Rourke - author
 * Addison Randall - actor in cowboy "B" movies in the 1930s and '40s
 * Will Rogers – humorist, actor (attended 1897–1898)
 * Johnny Stompanato – Mobster boyfriend of actress Lana Turner, killed by Turner's daughter. Depicted in L.A. Confidential (film).

Politics

 * Adam Benjamin, Jr., U.S. Congressman from Indiana, 1977–1982
 * John Chilton Burch, U.S. Congressman from California, 1859–1861
 * Dan Houx, member of the Missouri House of Representatives
 * Harold Lane, State Representative District 58 of the State of Kansas 2003–2014
 * Emil Lockwood, Majority Leader in the Michigan Senate
 * John B. McCuish - Republican, 34th Governor of the state of Kansas
 * William Neff Patman, U.S. Congressman from Texas, 1981–1985
 * Lawrence Vest Stephens, Governor of Missouri 1897–1901

Business

 * James E. Stowers, founder of American Century Investments and the Stowers Institute for Medical Research
 * Donald J. Tyson, former president and CEO of Tyson Foods

Military

 * Sergeant Travis W. Atkins, Medal of Honor, United States Army
 * Major General Edward B. Giller, United States Air Force
 * Lieutenant General Charles R. Hamm - eleventh Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy
 * Major General William P. T. Hill, United States Marine Corps
 * Brigadier General Dennis Rogers, United States Army
 * Private Joseph T. White, United States Army defector to North Korea
 * Private First Class David F. Winder, Medal of Honor, United States Army

Academia

 * Willis Henry Bocock, dean of the University of Georgia Graduate School
 * William Appleman Williams, historian, professor at Oregon State University

Athletics

 * James Adkisson - NFL football player, Oakland Raiders
 * Jason Brookins - NFL football player, Baltimore Ravens
 * Tim Hall - NFL football player, Oakland Raiders
 * Torrance Marshall - NFL football player, Green Bay Packers
 * Jamal Williams - NFL football player, San Diego Chargers

title: Kemper Military School


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Marc-Aurèle-Fortin (electoral district)

 * Sainte-Rose (electoral district) re-directs here. For the provincial electoral district, see Sainte-Rose (provincial electoral district)

Marc-Aurèle-Fortin is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004.

Geography
The district includes the neighbourhoods of Auteuil and Sainte-Rose, the eastern part of the neighbourhood of Fabreville, and the western part of neighbourhood of Vimont in the City of Laval. The neighbouring ridings are Rivière-des-Mille-Îles, Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel, Terrebonne—Blainville, Alfred-Pellan, and Vimy.

History
The district was created in 2004 from Laval Centre, Terrebonne—Blainville, Laval East and Rivière-des-Milles-Îles ridings. It is named in honour of the artist Marc-Aurèle Fortin.

This riding was significantly changed during the 2012 electoral redistribution. It lost territory to Thérèse-De Blainville and Rivière-des-Mille-Îles, and gained territory from Laval, Laval—Les Îles and Alfred-Pellan making the riding entirely within the city of Laval.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Marc-Aurèle-Fortin (electoral district)


text:
Tacoma Narrows

The Tacoma Narrows (or the Narrows), a strait, is part of Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington. A navigable maritime waterway between glacial landforms, the Narrows separates the Kitsap Peninsula from the city of Tacoma.

The Narrows is spanned by the twin Tacoma Narrows Bridges (State Route 16). An earlier bridge collapsed shortly after it opened.

In 1841 Charles Wilkes, during the United States Exploring Expedition, named the strait simply Narrows. Its name was formally set as The Narrows by Henry Kellett during the British Admiralty chart reorganization of 1847.

title: Tacoma Narrows


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Brandywine Creek (Christina River tributary)

Brandywine Creek (also called the Brandywine River) is a tributary of the Christina River in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware in the United States. The Lower Brandywine (the main stem) is 20.4 mi long and is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River with several tributary streams. The East Branch and West Branch of the creek originate within 2 miles (3 km) of each other on the slopes of Welsh Mountain in Honey Brook Township, Pennsylvania, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of their confluence.

The mouth of the creek on the Christina River in present-day Wilmington, Delaware, is the site of the New Sweden colony, where colonists first landed on March 29, 1638. The Battle of Brandywine was fought around the creek near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution. Water-powered gristmills in Brandywine Village, near the creek mouth, and the nearby DuPont gunpowder mill were important in developing American industry before the introduction of steam power.

Course

The headwaters of both the East Branch and West Branch of Brandywine Creek are in western Chester County, Pennsylvania, near Honey Brook. The East Branch and West Branch flow southeast for 27.4 mi and 33.1 mi, respectively, to their confluence about 10 mi southeast of Coatesville, between East Bradford Township and Pocopson Township. The combined drainage of the East Branch and West Branch, downstream of the confluence, is defined as Brandywine Creek and continues to flow southeast through Chester County, past Chadds Ford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania then enters the state of Delaware about 5 mi north of Wilmington.

The creek continues south through First State National Historical Park and Brandywine Creek State Park, into Wilmington, where it flows through Brandywine Park near the city center. Brandywine Creek joins the Christina River 1 mi east of downtown Wilmington and about 2 mi upstream from the mouth of the Christina, which also includes flows from the White Clay Creek and Red Clay Creek basins, and finally discharges into the Delaware River estuary. The confluence of the Christina and Delaware rivers is the approximate dividing point between the freshwater Delaware River and the saltwater Delaware Bay.

In Pennsylvania, Chadds Ford, Elam, Downingtown, Unionville, and parts of West Chester, are all in the Brandywine Valley, as well as the Delaware towns of Centreville, Greenville, Montchanin, Hockessin, and Yorklyn. Nearby Avondale (in the White Clay Creek basin) and Kennett Square, Pennsylvania (in the Red Clay Creek basin) are often considered part of the Brandywine Valley.

History
Native Americans of the Algonquian-speaking Lenape (or Delaware) Nation lived in the area between the Hudson River Valley and southern Delaware before the European settlement. They lived by hunting, farming corn, beans, and squash, and by fishing. The Brandywine had an especially rich shad fishery. The Lenape called the creek Wauwaset, Wawasiungh, or Wawassan, and other Native American names for it included Suspecough and Trancocopanican.

The first European settlement on the Brandywine was Swedish. On March 29, 1638, Peter Minuit, who had earlier explored the area for the Dutch, founded the colony of New Sweden near the confluence of the Christina and Brandywine, at Fort Christina, in present-day Wilmington. About 600 Swedes, Finns, and Dutch settled in New Sweden. They tended to settle along the Delaware River rather than move inland along the Brandywine and are credited with introducing the log cabin into America. They called the creek Fiskiekylen, or "Fish Creek", and the Dutch heritage is also reflected in Fiske Creek and variant names using the Dutch word "Kill" or stream, Bainwend Kill, Brandewyn Kill, and Brandywine Kill. The creek’s current name may be from an old Dutch word for brandy or gin, brandewijn, or from the Swedish word brännvin (swedish vodka). During the colonisation of the Swedes the creek was called brännvins kilen. It has been asserted that in 1655, a Dutch vessel carrying brandy, wintered in the stream and was sunk due to ice accumulation. The name might also derive from an early mill owner, Andreas Brainwende or Brantwyn. A 1681 map labels the creek Brande wine Cr. Thomas Holme's 1687 map of Pennsylvania gives the name as simply Brandy Wine and shows it flowing into Christian Creek and then the Delaware River.

The Swedes, Dutch and English disputed possession of the area until 1674, when the English gained control. William Penn was granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681 and gained control over the "lower three counties," as Delaware was then known, soon thereafter. The population of New Sweden had only reached about 1,000, on the western shore of the Delaware, by the time of Penn's arrival. By 1687, a Swedish colonist, Tyman Stidham, opened the first mill on the Brandywine, near Wilmington. Holme's 1687 map shows only five land claims along the Brandywine, all near present-day Chadds Ford. Land claims of the earlier Swedish and Dutch colonists were not noted on this map.

While the Lenape still remained along the Brandywine, they had by this time been decimated by European diseases and wars with Susquehannock and later Iroquois tribes over control of the fur trade with Europeans. Their estimated population had fallen from 10,000–20,000 in 1600 to 2,000 in 1682. The Lenape signed a series of treaties with the Europeans, beginning with a 1682 treaty with William Penn, but were forced out of eastern Pennsylvania by the time of the French and Indian War. During the 1720s and 1730s, the Lenape claimed that William Penn had granted them all the land 1 mile on each side of the creek, and complained that mill dams on the creek were ruining their shad fishery. Hannah Freeman (1730–1802), believed to be the last Lenape to have lived in Chester County, is buried in Embreeville, near the forks of the creek.

The valley was settled by Quakers, and other dissident Protestants, following Penn’s Charter. Their activities were mainly farming and milling. Quaker influence is still felt with over 16 Quaker Meetings and several Quaker schools operating in the area. The Quaker millers near the mouth of the Brandywine cooperated in maintaining quality and branding the flour. "Brandywine Superfine" flour was shipped all along the Atlantic coast and to the West Indies even before the American Revolution.

A base point for surveying the Mason-Dixon line, known as the Stargazers’ Stone, was established in Embreeville 31 mi west of Philadelphia and 15 mi north of the Maryland-Pennsylvania border by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in 1764. They used the adjoining John Harlan house as their center of operations until 1768.

The creek lends its name to the 1777 Battle of Brandywine of the American Revolutionary War. General William Howe, commanding the British forces, was marching north on Baltimore Pike (now U.S. Route 1) toward Philadelphia and needed to ford the Brandywine near Chadds Ford. General George Washington, massed most of his American forces on the banks of the creek near Chadds Ford, and protected other fords as far as 5 mi north and 3 mi south. The Brandywine Battlefield Park covers only 50 acre, but during the battle British troops marched about 6 mi north, fording the creek above the forks, to outflank Washington's forces. Before the battle, General Anthony Wayne had his headquarters in Brandywine Village, across the creek from Wilmington, and Continental troops camped nearby, near Lovering Avenue. The poet Bayard Taylor wrote of the battle and the creek:  And once thy peaceful tide Was filled with life-blood from bold hearts and brave; and heroes on thy verdant margin died, The land they loved, to save.

These vales, so calm and still, Once saw the foeman's charge,—the bayonet's gleam; And heard the thunders roll from hill to hill From morn till sunset's beam.

Early paper mills were located along the creek, during the Revolution. They supplied Benjamin Franklin's print shop and also supplied the paper to print Continental currency and the Declaration of Independence.

The Conestoga wagon was first built to haul grain from the Conestoga Valley to Brandywine flour mills.

A group of painters, including N. C. Wyeth, Andrew Wyeth, Jamie Wyeth and Howard Pyle, are referred to as the "Brandywine School" especially for their landscape works which depict the Brandywine valley. Many of their works are on view at the Brandywine River Museum in Chadds Ford.

Brandywine Village and early industrialization
The Brandywine crosses the Fall Line just north of Wilmington. The elevation falls from about 160 ft above sea level in Chadds Ford, to just a few feet above sea level in Wilmington. The steep descent powered many early industrial activities, including flour milling and the original DuPont gunpowder mills, while the navigable channel to the Delaware River and Delaware Bay allowed manufacturers to load ocean-going ships from near their mills.

By 1687, a Swedish colonist, Tyman Stidham opened the first mill on the Brandywine, near Wilmington. About 1735, Brandywine Village was founded across the creek from Wilmington. Quakers Elizabeth Levis Shipley, her husband William Shipley, and Thomas Canby were important in establishing the village and its supporting flour mills. By 1743, a dam and a millrace south of the creek had been built.

In 1760, a bridge was built at the current site of the Market Street Bridge, and the north race and two more flour mills were built by Joseph Tatnall.

Oliver Evans in the 1780s helped local mills increase their efficiency, ushering in the industrial revolution.

The first paper mill in Delaware, Gilpin's mill in north Wilmington, opened in 1787. This site was later used by one of the largest textile mills in the world, Bancroft Mills, which is now closed.

In 1796, the village contained 12 mills that could grind 400,000 bushels of grain per year.

By 1806, there were "about fifty or sixty snug brick, stone, and frame houses" in the village.

In 1795, Jacob Broom built the first cotton mill on the Brandywine, a few miles north of the village, but it burned down two years later. In 1802, Broom sold the site, complete with a working dam and millrace, to Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who paid $6,740 for the 95 acre. Gunpowder mills, known as the Eleutherian Mills, operated on the site from 1802, and by 1810, the site was the largest gunpowder producer in the country. During the Civil War alone, over 4 million barrels of gunpowder were produced here. The mills, which operated until 1921, are now part of the Hagley Museum and Library.

By 1815, several toll roads connected the village with Pennsylvania's grain-growing regions, including the Lancaster, Kennett and Concord Pikes. These roads later became Delaware Route 41, Delaware Route 52, and parts of US 202 combined with Delaware Route 202.

The millers cooperated in maintaining quality and branding the flour. "Brandywine Superfine" flour was shipped all along the Atlantic coast and to the West Indies before the American Revolution.

A mill race once used to provide water power is still in working condition in Brandywine Park, designed in the 1890s by Frederick Law Olmsted, near downtown Wilmington.

To the north, Downingtown on the east branch was originally known as Milltown. Its first building, the Downingtown Log House, was built about 1700 where the road between Philadelphia and Lancaster, later known as the Lancaster Pike, crossed the east branch. Thomas Moore built a grist mill in 1716 and Roger Hunt built another in 1739, which operated through at least 1908. Both the Downingtown Log House and the Roger Hunt Mill still stand today.

Milltown was the halfway point on the journey between Philadelphia and Lancaster, so several inns served travelers, including the Ship Inn (c. 1730), the King-in-Armes or Washington Inn (1761), the Half-Way House (1790), and the Swan Hotel (1800).

In the 1880s, Downingtown became known for its paper mills.

Coatesville on the west branch became famous for producing iron goods as early as 1810, and later, rolling steel plate. Lukens Steel Company has dominated the economy of the town since 1810; today, Cleveland Cliffs continues to make steel there.

Historic preservation
These places near the Brandywine are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Ecology
Several dams block passage to American shad (Alosa sapidissima) spawning runs which cannot access the Pennsylvania reaches of the river. The first of eight dams on Brandywine Creek was removed in 2019, enabling shad to migrate further up the river. The plan to remove all 8 dams is known as "Brandywine Shad 2020" and has been led by Professor Jerry Kauffman of the University of Delaware Water Resources Center.


text:
User talk:Xmashl

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Xmashl


text:
Talk:You Don't Know Jack (franchise)

Untitled
Hey, don't wanna start any thing, but this page looks alot like another one I just came from:
 * See the bottom of the page. They get their content from wikipedia under the GDFL.  blankfaze | &#9835 04:17, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

Being forced to answer a question
I distinctly remember a humerous aspect of the game. In a multi-player game, if nobody buzzed in and one of them had a substantial amouont of money, the host would ask something like "What? Nobody wants to answer? Hey player (with substantial amount), you've got money to lose, you give it a try." The player would be buzzed in and forced to answer the question. Amount of money gained or lost from answering right or wrong stayed the same. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.18.60 (talk) 10:12, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

You can't remember? come on, DON'T BE A WIMP! Sorry... what were we saying? VmKid (talk) 21:50, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

What's with the sudden accolades for Buzz
I thought most players hated Buzz and that's why he gets his ass kicked in his cameo in The Ride. Why on earth do we suddenly have a huge outpouring of enthusiasm for him and a list of companies that have approached him? Shouldn't this information be in an article about him and not in the main description?

Agreed.
I was also convinced that nobody liked Buzz's 'nasal' speech, wikipedia is the first time I've read anything differently. I always heard that nobody liked the 'change of host' when Volume 2 came around, because they preferred the original host, and thought Buzz was irritating. --CherryMay 09:41, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Fixed
I reverted it back to the original version, due to A: Overwhelming agreement of dislike and B. No evidence of the offers made by companys.

Screwed
For some reason I remeber that in one YDKJ game (possibly the first) that you could "screw" other players, and a screw would impale their number and they would have to answer the current question. 24.240.41.48 21:39, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Available in versions 1-4 (US), and 1-3 (foreign territories), and it's called Screw Your Neighbo(u)r Elcondor 11:10, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

In YDJK 4: The Ride, it was more than just making your opponent answer the question. The person administrating the Screw Your Neighbor would press the S key repeatedly, and the screen would fill with screws, making the question hard to read in addition to making the opponent answer the question. It should also be noted that if you tried to Screw Your Neighbor, but didn't pick another player, the screw would come back to you, thereby screwing yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.13.18.117 (talk) 12:10, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

It's in all of 'em except for the online versions (excluding NetShow). VmKid (talk) 21:48, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality dispute
Someone has tagged this article as needing a discussion regarding its neutrality. I cannot see what the problem is, and the individual in question has not given any reasons. However, rather than immediately remove the flag, I'm going to leave this discussion open for people to state their case. If no-one does after a reasonable period of time, the tag will be removed. Elcondor 13:46, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Here's a few examples:

 * Clever text art
 * ranging from the sublime to the ridiculous
 * an amusing but crushing punishment
 * still quite popular today
 * one of the most memorable features
 * Additionally, the article does not source any of it's other claims. --InShaneee 23:08, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * While it's difficult to discuss a game like this without such adjectives, and I can't see what particular claims can't be traced back to Jellyvision or any video game review site. I appreciate that this was written largely by fans, of which I am one.

 * I've rewritten your specific cases, but feel that I may not be able to provide an NPOV. Elcondor 10:59, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Tag removed - specific cases fixed, no need for continued mark Teque5

Todd Rundgren credit
Todd Rundgren is a guitarist with some measure of popularity. In You Don't Know Jack: The Ride, a credit for a 'Todd Rundgren' is listed as providing wickedly awesome guitar licks, or somesort. I can't imagine that this would be some OTHER Todd Rundgren, but I don't know for certain, and can't verify from any other source. Anyone know for certain? If it is the famous guy, I would think that the information would be notable enough to be included in the article. KensterFox 14:08, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I know someone who has contacts at Jellyvision. I'll see what they can find out. Coolgamer 20:26, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I work at Jellyvision, and I can confirm that the credit is for THE Todd Rundgren. Someone knew someone, etc. KnowsJackSomewhat 22:56, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Say hi to Harry for me. Coolgamer 18:41, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Proper Title
The proper capitalization of the title is: YOU DON'T KNOW JACK —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.185.194.215 (talk) 17:32, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It is disappointing this comment has been ignored for so long. While it is true that the logos for many titles employ ALL CAPS while the title is meant to otherwise be proper case, this does appear to be the case with YOU DON'T KNOW JACK.  The title is a phrase that is both an exclamation and American slang (meaning "you don't know anything").  Thus, to me, the all caps are an indication that this exclamation is being shouted--as they usually are--and, thus, intended as part of the official title.  But, don't take my word for it, look at the press releases and game materials around it.  The property owners appear to nearly always put this title in all caps--even when listing it among other titles that are not.
 * To see an encyclopedia list this title in proper case is not only incorrect (in my opinion), it flatly ignores the wishes of the property owners and creators, and lessens that encyclopedia overall. Sure, all caps all over the place may make the article uglier... but that shouldn't be the limiter, should it?
 * Furthermore, not using all caps makes it harder to properly distinguish the odd case of some of titles in the series, such as YOU DON'T KNOW JACK the netshow (not You Don't Know Jack: The Netshow, possibly YOU DON'T KNOW JACK: the netshow). Even weirder: YOU DON'T KNOW JACK Sports the netshow (or YOU DON'T KNOW JACK: Sports: the netshow).
 * https://ia803009.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/13/items/YDKJ101D/YDKJ101D.ISO&file=README.TXT
 * https://ia903009.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/13/items/YDKJ101D/YDKJ101D.ISO&file=YDKJDEMO%2FYDKJ2%2FREADME.TXT
 * https://ia903001.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/12/items/you-dont-know-jack-offline/You%20Don%27t%20Know%20Jack%20Offline.iso&file=Readme.txt
 * https://ia903106.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=/22/items/You_Dont_Know_Jack_5th_Dementia_Sierra_2000/YDKJ5.ISO&file=ReadMe.txt
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19980125152433/http://www.berzerk.com/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19980125153110/http://www.berzerk.com/htmls/geninfo.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19990508092652/http://www.berkeleysystems.com/products/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000818045051/http://www.won.net/info/press/won.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000818054020/http://won.net/channels/bezerk/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010412121013/http://www.ydkj.com/pressrelease002.php
 * And, yet, also acknowledging that the current property owners (far removed from the original creators, Jellyvision and Berkeley Systems) sometimes resort to proper case for unknown reasons:
 * https://www.jackboxgames.com/about/
 * Also acknowledging that some early forms on publisher websites included an exclamation mark with proper case like "You Don't Know Jack!" and sometimes all of the above with "YOU DON'T KNOW JACK!":
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000815053936/http://www.won.net/gameslist.html
 * Or, in other words, we shouldn't be changing capitalization when it changes the meaning like it does here.
 * juanitogan (talk) 19:38, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

Developer Name Incorrect and Two Other Items
Hi, full transparency, I work for Jackbox Games - used to be Jellyvision Games. Anyways, couple large factual things incorrect that I respectfully bring to the editors' attention. First, the company name is actually Jackbox Games and no longer Jellyvision Games. The name change came about this year as part of the finalizing of the split off of Jellyvision Labs - an interactive conversation company. We are the same company that has always been the developer and IP holder for YDKJ - just a new name. So the link for the company website is also now incorrect and it is jackboxgames.com

Second, YDKJ is not only on Facebook now but also iOS and Android (cross-platform between the three casual platforms) and we just came out on Ouya.

Third, IF it is of interest to the editors, YDKJ won the Social Game of the Year category for the SPIKE TV video game awards in 2012 (http://www.polygon.com/2012/12/7/3741630/spike-video-game-awards-2012-trailers)

Thank you for any help in addressing these inaccuracies.

Best,

Marc Alan Blumer (talk) 21:36, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Roku app
YDKJ was released as a Roku app on 2013-03-05 — see here — but is not metioned in this article. (Curiously, the Roku app has not been updated since its initial release, and still shows the developer as "JellyVision" both in the channel listing and within the app itself, as the name change from "JellyVision" to "Jackbox" did not take place until a few months after release.) — Jaydiem (talk) 20:25, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000308222739/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_02/18_ydkj/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000311105320/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_10/14_jack/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000303115821/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_08/12_berkeley/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010818114134/http://www.feedmag.com/bottomfeeders/bf127_master.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19961224001956/http://www.news.com:80/SpecialFeatures/0,5,4804,00.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20181114074938/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-10-18-0310180081-story.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000901015005/http://pc.ign.com:80/news/10592.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000818042423/http://pc.ign.com:80/news/6798.html
 * https://archive.org/stream/boot-magazine-issue05-pure-power-preview-jan-1997/Boot%20Magazine%20-%20Issue%20005%20-%20Pure%20Power%20Preview%20-%20January%201997#page/n111/mode/2up
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012044939/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news071497.html#10
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19980218070436/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news-1997-10-20.html
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20000303115821/http://headline.gamespot.com:80/news/97_08/12_berkeley/index.html
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20000309045524/http://headline.gamespot.com:80/news/97_12/18_berk/index.html
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20000307162223/http://headline.gamespot.com:80/news/98_01/21_berk/index.html
 * http://web.archive.org/web/20000422054020/http://headline.gamespot.com:80/news/98_03/26_ydkj/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012045134/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news0331.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012045229/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news02-10-97.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012045413/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news1111.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012044833/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news091597.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012044939/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news071497.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19971012045112/http://www.pcgamer.com:80/news/news0421.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19980125120313/http://www.berksys.com:80/lite/news/newsroom/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19980215034859/http://www.machome.com:80/Commentary/feb98levitus.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19970205055723/http://www.gamecenter.com:80/News/Item/0,3,353,00.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20001213042700/http://www.gamesdomain.com:80/gdreview/depart/jul97/ydkjt.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19970720112349/http://www.gamecenter.com:80/Features/Exclusives/E3/News/061897/story02.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000301181025/http://pc.ign.com:80/news/5755.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19961018191528/http://www.nuke.com:80/cgr/news/9604/jack.htm

German You Don't Know Jack 4 correction
Hello, after I read "You Don't Know Jack Vol.4 – carbon copy of U.S. Vol.6 ("The Lost Gold") in German" I was a bit confused because this would indicate that (like Germanys Games 1-3) it is a regionalization of "Lost Gold" and just translates/changes the questions. But in this case it is the other way around: US "Lost Gold" came out on December 1, 2003 while Germanys 4th game came out on September 10, 2003 plus the US version mentions the German game in one of the opening texts, still has the player renamed "Arschloch" (German for "Asshole") when "Fuck You" is typed in by a player during a gibberish question (in German it is the mentioned "Arschloch") and still has US YDKJ 5th D. music in it's files (I did not rechecked this, however: the German game uses music from US YDKJ 5th D.). In comparison to Germans Vol. 4, US Vol. 6 uses new music and added the pirate theme, but graphically it is the same (exept regional changes of course). In my opinion the following should be changed: "You Don't Know Jack Vol.6: "The Lost Gold" – December 1, 2003" should become "You Don't Know Jack Vol.6: "The Lost Gold" – December 1, 2003, based of German Volume 4" and "You Don't Know Jack Vol.4 – carbon copy of U.S. Vol.6 ("The Lost Gold") in German" should become "You Don't Know Jack Vol.4 – foundation for U.S. Vol.6 ("The Lost Gold")" However, I want to discuss this here first. Cedrik Ple (talk) 14:14, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Sales of da FIRST game please 🥺
PLEASE I NEED TO KNOW I HAVE BEEN SEARCHING FOR 5 MINS 184.17.75.231 (talk) 20:32, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:You Don't Know Jack (franchise)


text:
Windermere Real Estate

Windermere Real Estate is a real estate company founded in 1972 and based in Seattle, Washington. It is a privately held company and is the largest regional real estate company in the Western U.S., with over 300 offices and 6,500 agents.

History
Windermere Real Estate was founded by John W. Jacobi in 1972, when he purchased an eight-agent office in Seattle, Washington. It grew outside Seattle in 1984 with an office on Bainbridge Island. , Windermere had offices in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Arizona, Hawaii, Utah, Alaska, Mexico, and Colorado. All Windermere offices are locally owned and operated.

In 1989, the company created the Windermere Foundation to support low-income and homeless children and families throughout its footprint. A portion of every commission on a real estate transaction is donated directly to the Foundation in addition to other fundraisers held at office, regional, or company-wide events, including an annual Community Service Day.

In 2010, Windermere created Windermere Solutions, a web platform for agents. Windermere Solutions rebranded as MoxiWorks in 2014 and began operating independently of Windermere Real Estate. In 2015, Windermere partnered with Porch.com to integrate their data with MoxiWorks.

On March 12, 2013, Windermere announced that it would add drive times to and from work as an attribute of new home buying. According to INRIX, Windermere is the first real estate company to offer this feature. On August 9, 2013 Windermere added Search by Drive Time as a new home buyer feature to its website.

In 2016, Windermere Real Estate entered a three-year agreement to be the "Official Real Estate Company of the Seattle Seahawks". In November 2016, Windermere launched the "W" Collection, a luxury residential real estate brand for houses priced over $3 million. The "W" Collection was an extension of the company's Premier Properties program.

In 2006, D'Ambrosio & Associates Realtors joined Windermere as a subsidiary. In 2018, Windermere Real Estate acquired a 50 percent stake in West Coast Commercial Realty, a Seattle-based commercial real estate firm.

Geoff P. Wood, the son-in-law of founder John Jacobi, became president of the Windermere Real Estate Company in 1999. He was promoted to CEO in 2003 and became co-president in 2007. Jill Jacobi Wood, daughter of John Jacobi, was appointed President of Windermere Real Estate Company in 2003. In 2009, OB Jacobi, John Jacobi's son, was appointed co-president. As of 2007, John Jacobi served as chairman of the board for Windermere Real Estate Company after ceasing participation in day-to-day operations.

In 2017, Windermere appointed its first COO, Brooks Burton.

Philanthropy and awards
In 1987, Windermere Real Estate sponsored the first Windermere Cup, a crew race in the Montlake Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which became an annual event. In 2002 the company began sponsoring the Cascade Cup.

In 1989, the company established The Windermere Foundation to support low-income and homeless families. The foundation won the Corporate Philanthropy Award in 2018 from the Portland Business Journal.

In 2003, Windermere launched a program called Home For The Holidays, which pays one year's rent for seven families in the Puget Sound Region.

In 1999, Windermere Real Estate received the Washington Family Business of the Year Award (Large Business) from the Pacific Lutheran University Family Enterprise Institute.

In 2008, Windermere Real Estate was named the "Top Private Company" by Washington CEO magazine. In 2013, Windermere was awarded the Succession Award from Seattle Business Magazine. In 2015, Inman nominated Windermere for their Most Innovative Real Estate Company award.

title: Windermere Real Estate


text: Talk:Grumman A-6 Intruder

title: Talk:Grumman A-6 Intruder


text: User talk:66.136.169.122

title: User talk:66.136.169.122


text:
Tully's Coffee

Tully's Coffee is an American specialty coffee manufacturing brand owned by Keurig Dr Pepper, which acquired Tully's brand and wholesale business in 2009.

Tully's branded coffee continues to be sold by Keurig in its K-Cup format and as bagged ground coffee.

At the time of the Keurig wholesale acquisition, the "Tully's" name and retail-store rights were retained by the now-defunct original retailer and wholesaler chain of coffee shops based in Seattle, Washington, which had been originated by Tom "Tully" O'Keefe in 1992. Its stores served specialty coffees, espresso, baked goods, pastries, and coffee-related supplies. The U.S. chain permanently closed in September 2018.

The coffee-shop chain also has overseas licensing agreements in Japan, which since 2006 have been owned by Ito En, Inc. The brand name is used for over 760 Tully's coffee houses in Japan (as of April 2022).

Tully's coffee shops were well known for once following an expansion strategy of opening stores adjacent to those of the considerably larger coffee chain Starbucks, also based in Seattle.

Inception
Tully's opened its first store in Kent, Washington in September 1992.

The founder of Tully's Coffee, Tom "Tully" O'Keefe, who retired from the company in 2010, planned to rival the quickly expanding Starbucks coffee. Tully's quickly developed into a strong regional specialty coffee retailer concentrated in Puget Sound, where coffee loyalty is so deep there is one coffee shop for every 4,000 people. In 2006, Tully's made its first net profit. Tully's focus was no longer on competing against Starbucks but on serving hand-crafted coffee in its local Seattle area retail coffee shops. The company had franchisees and grocery chain coffee shops in the U.S. and Asia.

It operated stores in the Greater Puget Sound area of Washington, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Idaho, Arizona, California and licensed its brand for use in South Korea and Japan. It had also opened stores in Singapore, Metro Manila, Beijing and Stockholm, Sweden.

Tully's opened its first Japanese outlet in Ginza, Tokyo, in 1997. Tully's opened in Japan after a 33-year-old Sanwa Bank employee, Kota Matsuda, personally appealed to O'Keefe to open a chain of high-quality coffee shops in Japan. Matsuda became the CEO of Tully's Coffee Japan, a joint venture between Tully's, Matsuda and several outside investors. Unlike its rival Starbucks, which chose to run its stores in Japan directly, Tully's expanded in Japan through franchising. Tully's sold a portfolio of intellectual property to TCJ in August 2005 for over $13 million, and the Japanese tea maker acquired TCJ Ito En in 2006.

In August 2007, plans for an IPO were placed on hold by the company, citing a "volatile market." This decision was made right after the company was advised by its bankers to refrain from going forward with the IPO due to a tremendously declining stock market. The company pursued alternative sources of capital and sought all strategic investment or sale opportunities as a result. Fiscal 2006 losses amounted to $9.7 million.

Sale of wholesale coffee-bean distribution business, brand, and roasting operation
Tully sold its North American wholesale coffee-bean distribution business, brand (which it licensed back for $1/year in perpetuity), and roasting operation to Green Mountain Coffee Roasters in 2009, earning $40.3 million in the deal, allowing the company to pay off 100% of its debt, including trade debt, make a cash distribution to shareholders, and maintain substantial cash reserves for the expansion of its retail business. Tully's retained all retail rights for North America, and all wholesale and retail rights for the balance of the world, excluding Japan.

In 2010, Tully's Coffee International and DK Retail Co., Ltd. entered into a Master Licensing Agreement to develop up to 100 retail stores in South Korea.

Founder and Chairman Tom T. O'Keefe retired in 2010.

US coffeeshop closures
The Tully's Coffee board and management filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in October 2012, citing low cash reserves and the need to renegotiate leases with landlords. At the time of the filing, Tully's had recently closed or was about to close 17 unprofitable company-owned stores. Global Baristas, an investment group led by actor Patrick Dempsey had the highest bid of US$9.15 million to buy Tully's at a bankruptcy auction on January 3, 2013. U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Karen Overstreet subsequently approved the sale to Global Baristas, rejecting objections from Starbucks and other prospective buyers. The deal became final on June 30, with all employees keeping their jobs and getting a bonus of two vacation days as a "thank you" for their commitment to the company. Dempsey later backed out of the partnership and filed a lawsuit against his former partner and attorney Michael Avenatti.

In September 2017, Tully's Coffee announced it would close 12 locations in the Puget Sound region that were located inside Boeing facilities, including the Everett and Renton assembly factories. They had originally opened in 2006 as part of an agreement between the two companies.

On March 8, 2018, Tully's announced that it was closing its remaining stores temporarily due to a lack of coffee. Later that month, many Tully's locations remained closed with eviction notices posted by landlords indicating the lack of payment.

In April 2018, Tully's coffee was sued by Daytona International Speedway.

Tully's US coffeehouse business was officially closed when Keurig and Global Baristas entered a permanent injunction in September 2018. Global Baristas agreed to never operate a coffee chain, or any other food or beverage business, under the name again, and Keurig will continue to sell Tully's branded coffee.

An involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation petition was filed against Global Baristas in October 2018.

Tully's still operates overseas through franchise agreements, with 760 stores in Japan as of April 2022.

title: Tully's Coffee


text:
Talk:Homocystinuria

note
At least a portion of the page's text appears to be copied directly from http://www.emedicine.com/derm/byname/homocystinuria.htm; it's possible more is becuase I don't have access to the full article. --Mperkins 04:28, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

If anyone reads this & is a doctor, I need your opinion. PLEASE.
Removed request for medical advise. Plrase consult your physician as Wikipedia is not meant as substitute for that. Nomen Nescio Gnothi seauton 00:32, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homocystinuria


text:
Psychic cost

A psychic cost is a subset of social costs that specifically represent the costs of added stress or losses to quality of life. In managerial economics and marketing, psychic costs "measure the stress of having to think about a transaction". In the early 2000s, one of the important psychic costs are the "search costs" of hunting for content that interests us on the Internet. Psychic costs should not be confused for psychic activity, which is when an individual claims to use extra-sensory perception.

Managerial economics
In managerial economics, economists examine the issue of psychic costs and benefits. An example of a psychic cost is the guilt that a US-restaurant-goer feels if they do not make a voluntary tip to a waiter. There is no requirement for the client to give the tip, but if they do not, they may feel bad when they leave; to avoid this psychic cost, people are inclined to tip, even if the service was sub-standard. On the other hand, a psychic benefit occurs when one of the rewards of an action or choice are non-monetary.

Some jobs pay poorly, such as beach resorts, guitar stores, model train stores, and small colleges, but they always have applicants, because the jobs provide a substantial psychic benefit to the applicants. Seaside resorts such as Club Med pay poorly, but young adults find the prospect of living in a tropical sea resort to be very attractive. Special interest stores such as guitar stores and model railroad stores usually have small margins, and they cannot afford good wages; however, for a guitar enthusiast or a model railroad hobbyist, working in these types of stores is very rewarding, because they are surrounded by other enthusiasts, and they are respected for their knowledge of these areas. Teaching in a small college does not pay well, but new PhD graduates still want to work at these institutions, because it is so pleasant to live in a small town and work in a park-like campus filled with young people and because there is so much competition for tenure-track positions at more prestigious schools.

Stores often introduce strategies to reduce customers' perceived psychic costs, because these can cause customers to delay or forgo purchases that they are considering. Customers have many areas of perceived psychic costs in regards to making purchases. They may be worried that there will be a sale after they buy the item, in which case they will pay a higher price. For mechanical items such as cars and appliances, customers may be worried about getting a mechanically-faulty "lemon" or a product that does not suit their needs.

For technological items, customers may be concerned that the product may not be compatible with their computer or hardware. To reduce these perceived psychic costs, and encourage customers to make purchases, businesses have developed many strategies, including exchange policies, which allow customers to return the product and exchange it for a similar model within 30 days; return policies, which allow the return of the item with money back; service guarantees, which promise technical support or in-home technician visits; and price guarantees, which promise to refund the difference should their store or a competitor drop the price within a certain period.

During the holiday period, some shoppers find gift-buying very stressful, because they are concerned that gift recipients will not like the gift, either because it is the wrong size, or because it is not suitable; to counter this psychic risk, stores offer "gift receipts" which allow a recipient to return the item and exchange it, and gift cards, which the recipient can use for any item they want. For big-ticket items, such as cars, the purchaser may be worried about all of the upfront costs such as the down payment and registration, along with the new finance payments; dealers have responded with promotions in which the buyer does not have to make the first one or two payments, which gives them "breathing room" and makes them feel more comfortable about buying a costly vehicle. Similar promotions are used by apartment building managers, who offer "first month free" deals for people who sign a one-year lease.

Minorities and immigrants
In The Psychic Cost of Segregation, a 1954 article by James W. Prothro and Charles U. Smith of Clark Atlanta University, the authors examined the impact of segregation on the personalities of black Americans. An example of the psychic cost is that some white people still feel fear of blacks, which can make it hard for black people to get jobs or apartments in white-dominated neighbourhoods. As well, for business owners with mainly black clientele, some white clients may not come into their restaurant or theater because of perceptions that it may not be safe. In Michael Spence's model, black students in a biracial university face psychic costs, such as the stigma of "acting white" to convince the admissions committee that they will be a good student, or the threat of stereotyping. Research on discrimination against employees has indicated that in businesses with white employees and black employees, the white employees may get better tips.

Research on illegal immigration indicates that illegal immigrants face psychic costs from the whole ordeal of being smuggled across a border, using false papers, lying to border officials, hiding from border patrols, and avoiding detection once they are living in their new country.

Other types
Slate writer Steven Landsburg argues that "psychic costs shouldn't count because they're too easy to exaggerate. Anyone can claim to have suffered $1 million worth of emotional distress, but we have no way of knowing which claims are simply fabricated." As well, he claims that a second problem with "... counting psychic harm is that once you start counting it, people train themselves to start feeling it". In Mark A. Runco and Ruth Richards' book Eminent Creativity, Everyday Creativity, and Health, they argue that creative people face psychic costs when they are thinking up new ideas, because the mental process drains them emotionally, and because there is a social stigma associated with being different, and being an artist. In the article Putting a Price Tag on Friends, Relatives, and Neighbours, N Powdthavee argues that there are substantial psychic costs associated with being unemployed or separated from a marriage partner by divorce, because these situations reduce the social ties that keep us emotionally healthy.

Psychologist and former U.S. Army officer David Allen Grossman argues that only a small fraction of soldiers kill during warfare, because the soldiers have an innate resistance to killing a fellow human being. He claims that soldiers during World War II resisted by purposely firing above their target or not firing their rifles. When the military realized that soldiers faced such high psychic costs from killing people, they began developing strategies to encourage more soldiers to kill their targets. Nevertheless, after the Vietnam War, one of the impacts of killing enemy soldiers was that US soldiers faced post-traumatic stress syndrome. Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall concluded in his book, Men Against Fire, (1946, 1978), that "only 15 to 20 percent of the individual riflemen in World War II fired their weapons at an exposed enemy soldier". Over the centuries, armies have developed a range of "tactical and mechanical mechanisms to enable or force combatants to overcome their resistance to killing".

Research on tax evasion shows that tax cheaters may face psychic costs from their deception, because they feel guilty about not paying their fair share for the services that they use. These psychic costs may also be from fear of shame if they are prosecuted for tax evasion and damage to their reputation; with these psychic costs, taxpayers may even pass up fairly low-risk opportunities to hide income from the taxman.

David Hemenway of Harvard School of Public Health claims that when some people in a community own guns, it "imposes psychic costs on most other members of the community". He claims that "eighty-five percent of non-gun-owners report they would feel less safe if more people in their community acquired guns; only 8% would feel more safe". This is purportedly because non gun-owners would worry about guns being used in the neighbourhood.

As the monetary costs of information and digital information fall (e.g., downloadable music recordings, magazine articles, etc.) towards zero, the main impediments to a transaction are becoming non-monetary factors such as search costs and psychic costs. Search costs are the time and effort costs of finding something. If a person has to search through a poorly-catalogued list of songs on the Internet, it may take hours to find the song that they want. Even if the song is free to download, they have to spend a lot of free time to find that song. Obtaining this "free" downloadable song may impose other psychic costs that make a person worry. The song file may have to be reformatted to work with one's media player and it may have to be screened for viruses or spyware.

title: Psychic cost


text:
Anthony Williams

Anthony or Antony Williams may refer to:

Government

 * Anthony Williams (diplomat) (1923–1990), former British Ambassador to Cambodia, Libya and Argentina
 * Anthony Williams (Medal of Honor) (1822–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Anthony Williams, candidate in the United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois, 2010
 * Anthony A. Williams (born 1951), mayor of Washington D.C., 1999–2007
 * Anthony D. Williams (politician) (1799–1860), Liberian politician
 * Anthony H. Williams (born 1957), Pennsylvania State Senator

Others

 * Anthony Ratliff-Williams (born 1997), American football player
 * Anthony Williams (bishop) (1892–1975), Anglican bishop in the Caribbean
 * Anthony Williams (comics), Welsh artist
 * Anthony Williams (footballer) (born 1977), Welsh former goalkeeper
 * Anthony Williams (musician) (1931–2021), Trinidadian music pioneer and inventor of the steel pans
 * Anthony Williams or Roc Raida (1972–2009), American turntablist and hip hop deejay
 * Anthony Williams, American fashion designer and winner of season 6 of Project Runway All Stars
 * Antony Williams (technologist), English physicist, Microsoft software architect, designer of OLE and COM; see Component Object Model
 * Anthony D. Williams (author) (born 1974), co-author of Wikinomics
 * Antony John Williams (born 1960), Welsh chemist, president of ChemSpider
 * Anthony Williams (criminal), British criminal known as 'Lord Williams of Tomintoul'

title: Anthony Williams