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Van Eck phreaking

Van Eck phreaking, also known as Van Eck radiation, is a form of eavesdropping in which special equipment is used to pick up side-band electromagnetic emissions from electronic devices that correlate to hidden signals or data to recreate these signals or data to spy on the electronic device. Side-band electromagnetic radiation emissions are present in (and with the proper equipment, can be captured from) keyboards, computer displays, printers, and other electronic devices.

In 1985, Wim van Eck published the first unclassified technical analysis of the security risks of emanations from computer monitors. This paper caused some consternation in the security community, which had previously believed that such monitoring was a highly sophisticated attack available only to governments; van Eck successfully eavesdropped on a real system, at a range of hundreds of metres, using just $15 worth of equipment plus a television set.

As a consequence of this research, such emanations are sometimes called "van Eck radiation", and the eavesdropping technique van Eck phreaking. Government researchers were already aware of the danger, as Bell Labs had noted this vulnerability to secure teleprinter communications during World War II and was able to produce 75% of the plaintext being processed in a secure facility from a distance of 80 feet (24 metres). Additionally, the NSA published Tempest Fundamentals, NSA-82-89, NACSIM 5000, National Security Agency (Classified) on February 1, 1982. Also, the van Eck technique was successfully demonstrated to non-TEMPEST personnel in Korea during the Korean War in the 1950s.

While phreaking is the process of exploiting telephone networks, it is used here because of its connection to eavesdropping. Van Eck phreaking of CRT displays is the process of eavesdropping on the contents of a CRT by detecting its electromagnetic emissions.

Basic principle
Information that drives the video display takes the form of high-frequency electrical signals. The oscillation of these electric currents create electromagnetic radiation in the RF range. These radio emissions are correlated to the video image being displayed, so, in theory, they can be used to recover the displayed image.

CRTs
In a CRT, the image is generated by an electron beam that sweeps back and forth across the screen. The electron beam excites the phosphor coating on the glass and causes it to glow. The strength of the beam determines the brightness of individual pixels (see CRT for a detailed description). The electric signal which drives the electron beam is amplified to up to around one hundred volts from TTL circuitry. This high-frequency, high-voltage signal creates electromagnetic radiation that has, according to Van Eck, "a remarkable resemblance to a broadcast TV signal". The signal leaks out from displays and may be captured by an antenna, and once synchronization pulses are recreated and mixed in, an ordinary analog television receiver can display the result. The synchronization pulses can be recreated either through manual adjustment or by processing the signals emitted by electromagnetic coils as they deflect the CRT's electron beam back and forth.

In the paper, Van Eck reports that in February 1985, a successful test of this concept was carried out with the cooperation of the BBC. Using a van filled with electronic equipment and equipped with a VHF antenna array, they were able to eavesdrop from a "large distance". There is no evidence that the BBC's TV detector vans used this technology, although the BBC will not reveal whether or not they are a hoax.

Van Eck phreaking and protecting a CRT display from it was demonstrated on an episode of Tech TV's The Screen Savers on December 18, 2003.

LCDs
In April 2004, academic research revealed that flat panel and laptop displays are also vulnerable to electromagnetic eavesdropping. The required equipment for espionage was constructed in a university lab for less than US$2000.

Communicating using Van Eck phreaking
In January 2015, the Airhopper project from Georgia Institute of Technology, United States demonstrated (at Ben Gurion University, Israel) the use of Van Eck Phreaking to enable a keylogger to communicate, through video signal manipulation,  keys pressed on the keyboard of a standard PC, to a program running on an Android cellphone with an earbud radio antenna.

Tailored access batteries
A tailored access battery is a special laptop battery with Van Eck Phreaking electronics and power-side band encryption cracking electronics built-into its casing, in combination with a remote transmitter/receiver. This allows for quick installation and removal of a spying device by simply switching the battery.

Potential risks
Van Eck phreaking might be used to compromise the secrecy of the votes in an election using electronic voting. This caused the Dutch government to ban the use of NewVote computer voting machines manufactured by SDU in the 2006 national elections, under the belief that ballot information might not be kept secret. In a 2009 test of electronic voting systems in Brazil, Van Eck phreaking was used to successfully compromise ballot secrecy as a proof of concept.

Further research
Markus Kuhn has discovered several low-cost techniques for reducing the chances that emanations from computer displays can be monitored remotely. With CRT displays and analog video cables, filtering out high-frequency components from fonts before rendering them on a computer screen will attenuate the energy at which text characters are broadcast. With modern flat panel displays, the high-speed digital serial interface (DVI) cables from the graphics controller are a main source of compromising emanations. Adding random noise to the least significant bits of pixel values may render the emanations from flat-panel displays unintelligible to eavesdroppers but is not a secure method. Since DVI uses a certain bit code scheme that tries to transport a balanced signal of 0 bits and 1 bits, there may not be much difference between two pixel colors that differ very much in their color or intensity. The emanations can differ drastically even if only the last bit of a pixel's color is changed. The signal received by the eavesdropper also depends on the frequency where the emanations are detected. The signal can be received on many frequencies at once and each frequency's signal differs in contrast and brightness related to a certain color on the screen. Usually, the technique of smothering the RED signal with noise is not effective unless the power of the noise is sufficient to drive the eavesdropper's receiver into saturation thus overwhelming the receiver input.

title: Van Eck phreaking


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Pro-Europeanism

Pro-Europeanism, sometimes called European Unionism, is a political position that favours European integration and membership of the European Union (EU).

Political position
Pro-Europeans are mostly classified as centrist (Renew Europe) in the context of European politics, including centre-right liberal conservatives (EPP Group) and centre-left social democrats (S&D and Greens/EFA). Pro-Europeanism is ideologically closely related to the European and Global liberal movement.

Pan-European level

 * 🇪🇺 EU: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, European Free Alliance, European Green Party, European People's Party, Party of European Socialists, Volt Europa

Within the EU

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Austrian People's Party, Social Democratic Party of Austria, The Greens – The Green Alternative, NEOS – The New Austria, Volt Austria
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Reformist Mouvement, Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats, Socialist Party, Vooruit, Christian Democratic and Flemish, Les Engagés, Ecolo, Green, Democratic Federalist Independent, Volt Belgium
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: We Continue the Change, Yes, Bulgaria!, Union of Democratic Forces, Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria, Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria, Bulgarian Socialist Party (factions),  Volt Bulgaria, Republicans for Bulgaria, Stand Up.BG, United People's Party, Bulgaria for Citizens Movement, Movement 21, There Is Such a People
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union, Social Democratic Party of Croatia, Croatian Peasant Party, Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats, Civic Liberal Alliance, Istrian Democratic Assembly, People's Party – Reformists, Croatian Social Liberal Party, Centre
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus: Democratic Rally, Democratic Party, Movement for Social Democracy, Democratic Alignment, New Wave – The Other Cyprus, Volt Cyprus
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic: TOP 09, Mayors and Independents, KDU-ČSL, Czech Pirate Party, Social Democracy, Green Party, Volt Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Danish Social Liberal Party, Social Democrats, Venstre, Conservative People's Party, Moderates, Volt Denmark
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Estonian Reform Party, Estonian Social Democratic Party, Estonia 200, Isamaa, Estonian Greens
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Centre Party, National Coalition Party, Social Democratic Party of Finland, Green League, Swedish People's Party of Finland
 * 🇫🇷 France: Renaissance, Democratic Movement, The Republicans, Socialist Party, Public Place, Radical Party of the Left, Europe Ecology – The Greens, The New Democrats, Génération.s, Radical Party, Union of Democrats and Independents, New Deal, Agir, En Commun, Horizons, Territories of Progress, Progressive Federation, Centrist Alliance, The Centrists, Ecologist Party, Democratic European Force, Volt France
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Christian Democratic Union, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Alliance 90/The Greens, Free Democratic Party, Christian Social Union in Bavaria, Die PARTEI, Volt Germany
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: New Democracy, Syriza, PASOK – Movement for Change, Union of Centrists, Movement of Democratic Socialists, Volt Greece
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Democratic Coalition, Jobbik, Hungarian Socialist Party, Momentum Movement, Dialogue – The Greens' Party, LMP – Hungary's Green Party, Hungarian Liberal Party, New Start
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil, Labour Party, Social Democrats, Green Party, Volt Ireland
 * Flag_of_Italy.svg Italy: Democratic Party, Forza Italia, Italia Viva, Italian Left, More Europe, Volt Italy, Civic Commitment, Action, Italian Socialist Party, Social Democrats, Italian Republican Party, Solidary Democracy, Green Europe, Italian Radicals, Possible, Us of the Centre, Europeanists, Centrists for Europe, Moderates, Article One, European Republicans Movement, Forza Europa, Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy, Alliance of the Centre (Italy), èViva, Sicilian Socialist Party, Team K
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Unity, For Latvia's Development, Movement For!, The Conservatives, The Progressives
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Homeland Union, Liberals' Movement, Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union, Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Freedom Party, Labour Party, Lithuanian Green Party
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Christian Social People's Party, Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party, Democratic Party, The Greens, Volt Luxembourg
 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Nationalist Party, Labour Party (factions), AD+PD, Volt Malta
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Democrats 66, People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Labour Party, Christian Democratic Appeal, GroenLinks, Volt Netherlands
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Civic Platform, Poland 2050, Polish People's Party, New Left, .Modern, Left Together, Your Movement, The Greens, Polish Initiative, Union of European Democrats, Polish Socialist Party
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Social Democratic Party, Socialist Party, Liberal Initiative, LIVRE, People–Animals–Nature Party, Volt Portugal
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: Save Romania Union, National Liberal Party, People's Movement Party, Renewing Romania's European Project, PRO Romania, Green Party, NOW Party, Volt Romania
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia: Progressive Slovakia, Christian Democratic Movement, Slovakia, Democrats, For the People, Voice – Social Democracy, Hungarian Alliance, Volt Slovakia
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia: Freedom Movement, Social Democrats, New Slovenia, Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia, Slovenian People's Party
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: People's Party, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, Citizens, Volt Spain
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Moderate Party, Centre Party, Liberals, Christian Democrats, Volt Sweden

Outside the EU

 * 🇦🇱 Albania: Democratic Party of Albania, Socialist Party of Albania, Freedom Party of Albania, Libra Party, Social Democratic Party of Albania, Republican Party of Albania, Unity for Human Rights Party, Alliance for Equality and European Justice, Volt Albania
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia: Armenian Democratic Liberal Party, Armenian National Movement Party, Bright Armenia, Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party, Civil Contract, Conservative Party, European Party of Armenia, For The Republic Party, Free Democrats, Heritage, Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia, National Progress Party of Armenia, People's Party of Armenia, Union for National Self-Determination, Republic Party, Rule of Law, Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Sovereign Armenia Party
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus: Belarusian Christian Democracy, BPF Party, United Democratic Forces of Belarus, Party of Freedom and Progress, United Civic Party of Belarus, Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly), Belarusian Social Democratic Assembly
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Party of Democratic Action, Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Democratic Front, People and Justice, Party of Democratic Progress, Our Party, People's European Union, For New Generations, Union for a Better Future, Independent Bloc
 * Georgia: United National Movement, For Georgia, Lelo, European Georgia, Girchi - More Freedom, Strategy Aghmashenebeli, Ahali, Republican Party of Georgia, Georgian Labour Party, For the People, Citizens, Droa, Free Democrats, For Justice, Tavisupleba, State for the People, National Democratic Party, Solidarity Alliance of Georgia
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland: Social Democratic Alliance, Reform Party
 * Kosovo: Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic League of Kosovo, Partia e Fortë
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova: Party of Action and Solidarity, National Alternative Movement, Liberal Party, European Social Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, European People's Party, Pro Moldova, People's Party of the Republic of Moldova
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro: Europe Now!, Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, Social Democratic Party of Montenegro, DEMOS, United Reform Action, Democratic Montenegro, Socialist People's Party, Liberal Party, Social Democrats, Bosniak Party, Civis, We won't give up Montenegro
 * North Macedonia: Social Democratic Union, BESA, New Social Democratic Party, Democratic Union for Integration, Alliance for Albanians, Liberal Democratic Party, VMRO-NP
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Conservative Party, Labour Party (factions), Liberal Party
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Yabloko, People's Freedom Party, Green Alternative, Russia of the Future, Democratic Party of Russia
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino: Civic 10, Euro-Populars for San Marino, Future Republic, Party of Democrats, Party of Socialists and Democrats, Sammarineses for Freedom, Socialist Party, Union for the Republic
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia: Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Movement of Free Citizens, People's Party, New Party, Serbian Progressive Party, Social Democratic Party of Serbia, Party of Freedom and Justice, Together for Serbia, Serbia 21, Civic Democratic Forum, Party of Modern Serbia, Movement for Reversal
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (factions), Green Party of Switzerland (factions), Green Liberal Party of Switzerland, Volt Switzerland
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey: Democracy and Progress Party, Democratic Left Party, Democrat Party, Future Party, Good Party, Homeland Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Peoples' Democratic Party, Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party, Republican People's Party
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: Servant of the People, Fatherland, European Solidarity, Voice, Self Reliance, Ukrainian People's Party, Our Ukraine, European Party of Ukraine, People's Front, Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform, Volt Ukraine
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats, Green Party of England and Wales,  Scottish National Party (SNP), Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), Scottish Greens, Women's Equality Party, Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, Green Party Northern Ireland, Mebyon Kernow, Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK, Volt UK, Animal Welfare Party

Pro-EU newspapers and magazines
Note: Media outside of Europe may also be included.
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Dagbladet Børsen, Politiken
 * 🇫🇷 France: Le Figaro, Le Monde, Le Parisien
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Der Spiegel, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Blikk
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: The Irish Times
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Corriere della Sera, la Repubblica, La Stampa
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Chunichi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: The Hankyoreh
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: El Confidencial, El País, El Mundo
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Financial Times, The Independent, The Guardian, The New European, The Economist

Multinational European partnerships

 * Council of Europe: an international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy, rule of law in Europe and to promote European culture. It has 46 member states.
 * Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, with 57 participating states mostly in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere.
 * Paneuropean Union: the oldest European unification movement.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pro-Europeanism


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Talk:Abu Ghraib (city)

How about naming this article Abu Ghraib, Iraq? Kingturtle 23:32, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abu Ghraib (city)


text:
Reborn

Reborn may refer to:

Film

 * Reborn, a 2015 video produced by the Augustine Institute
 * Re:Born (film), a 2016 Japanese action film
 * Reborn (film), a 2018 American horror film

Music

 * Reborn (band), a Moroccan death metal band

Albums

 * Reborn (Avalon album) or the title song, 2009
 * Reborn (Diaura album) or the title song, 2013
 * Reborn (Era album) or the title song, 2008
 * Reborn (Finding Favour album) or the title song, 2015
 * Reborn (Denny Laine album) or the title song, 1996
 * Reborn (Kavinsky album), by Kavinsky, 2022
 * Reborn (Living Sacrifice album), 1997
 * Reborn (Manafest album) or the title song, 2015
 * Reborn (Northern Kings album), 2007
 * Reborn (Stryper album) or the title song, 2005
 * Reborn (Trapt album), 2007
 * Re:Born (album), by Gackt, 2009
 * Re:Born (EP), by Soyou, 2017
 * Reborn, by Infected Mushroom, 2024

Songs

 * "Reborn" (song), by Kids See Ghosts, 2018
 * "Reborn", by AKB48 from Kibōteki Refrain, 2014
 * "Reborn", by As Blood Runs Black from Instinct, 2011
 * "Reborn", by Biohazard from Reborn in Defiance, 2012
 * "Reborn", by Damageplan from New Found Power, 2004
 * "Reborn", by the Living End from State of Emergency, 2006
 * "Reborn", by Rae Morris from Someone Out There, 2018
 * "Reborn", by Rebecca St. James song from Transform, 2000
 * "Reborn", by Scar Symmetry from Symmetric in Design, 2005
 * "Reborn", by Slayer from Reign in Blood, 1986

Literature

 * Reborn!, a Japanese manga, anime, and media franchise
 * Reborn (novel), a 1990 Adversary Cycle novel by F. Paul Wilson
 * Reborn (comics), a 2016–2017 comic book limited series by Mark Millar and Greg Capullo

Characters

 * Reborn (Arcobaleno), a fictional character in the manga and anime franchise Reborn!
 * Reborn, a group of fictional characters in the video game Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast

Other uses

 * Reborn doll, a type of art doll modified to resemble a living infant
 * "Reborn", the first episode of Servant (TV Series)

title: Reborn


text:
Talk:Transclusion

Object linking?
Is transclusion different from Microsoft's Object Linking?

 * Object linking and embedding (OLE) is a software component technology that enables, for example, a piece of a graphical user interface to be reused within another context. A text field could also be reused of course, yielding transclusion. But the aims of "plain old transclusion" concerns text only and focus on perceived usage, not specific technologies Nixdorf 08:14, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * And that comes after CORBA which in turn is based on Multics technology. So it's been around for a very very long time. And the terminology object linking is universal. This transclusion nonsense is just that - nonsense.

"Atomism" section
I found the following confusing:

 * For example, the following formulations, often found in written linear prose, are not possible... et seq.

The understanding at which I arrived after reading the whole section was that they would not (or, more consistent with the phrase "not possible", could not) appear in text written in atomic fashion, because they were examples of the previously-mentioned interference between sections, and thus counterexamples to the principle of atomicity (which is an attribute or characterization, as opposed to atomism, which is a metaphysical belief).

Initially, however, I was led to believe that the author was trying to illustrate, perhaps, a sequence of statements that were logically incompatible, rather than a set of examples of relative positional references that were subject to being invalidated by changes outside the section in which they appeared. This particular impression may have been unique to me, due to my particular thinking patterns and prejudices, and failure to consider fully the preceding content, but "not possible" seemed to divorce the list from the earlier context, so I was already building a new one, expecting it to be tied in later.

If my current understanding of the section is correct, then, I believe it should be re-titled "Atomicity" and the words "are not possible" above replaced with something more likely to evoke that understanding, such as:
 * are not acceptable (though this value judgement seems less specific to the context, so that it may seem to imply other, context-independent reasons to reject them)
 * are problematic (while this is not much more specific, it seems more natural to infer the context of sections interfering with one another. Perhaps adding in this way would help)
 * are not compatible with atomic composition (more explicit, but refers to a concept not yet fully developed)
 * are examples of non-atomic composition (likewise)
 * may be invalid if sections of a document are rearranged (my favorite, after "problematic", I think)
 * specify the locations of other sections that must be corrected if the locations change (too wordy; explains too much of what they do and too little of how they illustrate a problem in this context)

--Brianmthomas 16:21, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

This passage:

 * Of course, one solution would be to make all such verbal references into links themselves.

I don't quite get it. What does this mean? Nixdorf 22:04, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Media wiki transclusion?
Why is there nothing here about Wikipedia's own transclusion? I know it exists, I saw it on the help pages, but I have not found any detailed explanation of it (when it is updated, which parts are used, etc.) Now, there may be this fabled page somewhere, but my point is that this page is the most logical place to look for it, and there is nothing here. Any suggestions?

 * See the last link.--Patrick 12:34, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

There is a Wikipedia page :), and it would be very nice if this page and it were properly integrated:  this page could deal with Ted a little better,  and the WikiPedia page certainly should mention him.  KenThomas 06:31, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

This is a Ted Nelson memorial or a Transclusion wiki??
WE CAN DROP section "Publications", ok?

And include, for example, links to Transclusion costs and benefits.

"Server-side Transclusion" Section
The lead in here, "Transclusion can also be accomplished on the server side..." seems to undersell server-side transclusion. Although iframes and objects do allow for transclusion, they are very rarely used in comparison to server-side includes. Almost every page out there uses some form of server side transclusion, including the very few that also use client side transclusion.

I think there are two major reasons for this...

One reason that server-side rather than client-side transclusion is generally preferrable is that it isolates the complexity of integration to the server, where it can be solved once and used by a multitude of diverse clients. It is true that server technology changes and advances as fast as client technology. However, a publisher will always have more control over their own servers than over their constellation of clients.

Another somewhat more subtle advantage is transaction cost. Unless a piece of data is relatively large, it is cheaper from a communications point of view to bundle it with other small pieces of data into a single transaction. So having clients pull HTML pages, then pull the images works very well. However, having the client pull a master document, then a lots of little pieces of text from different locations would be very slow. Doing the same thing from the server, where the bandwidth and processing power is much larger, and where the consolidated pages can be cached rather than built every time they are requested, provides a much better experience for the user.

So, server-side transclusion is generally better in both content integration and network performance. I think this is why server-side transclusion is unbiquitous, and transclusion can also be accomplished on the client side.

Could be wrong, though. That's why this is in the Talk rather than the article...

JohnsonDavis 15:02, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

minor comment: What does "recently" mean?
Where it says Nelson has recently delivered [...] the Little Transquoter shouldn't the word "recently" be followed by a date? Or at least a year? Just a suggestion. Mike Schwartz (talk) 22:27, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * PS: This also applies to the phrase "At present" in the statement
 * "At present, transclusion in HTML is somewhat limited [...]"
 * in the "Use on the Web" section, of the article, under "in HTML".
 * Shouldn't that also have some "as of" time stamp? (at least a year?).
 * (PS added by Mike Schwartz, 22:35, 27 May 2008 (UTC))

Minor edit; & internal link: out of date.
At the first line of the article (or 2nd one; today) : It must say (today): There's no problems with the former (it takes us to the beggining of the article), but you think the LINK is desorienting yourself. Cfr: (actual) Contents, I write them down, now (here) ! 1 Template Uses 1.1 Effective separation 1.2 Flexible presentation 1.3 Reusability 1.3.1 Open source templates 2 Notes and references 3 See also 3.1 Examples 4 External links  You can see, it's not like the older one was: Web template#Simple substitution templates ! Ciao! --PLA y Grande Covián (talk) 10:50, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It is a feature of substitution templates.
 * It is a feature of substitution templates.

This is a common concept
This concept, although the technical term is one thing, has other terms that you can search on when looking it up in various contexts.

see e.g., "drupal transclusion" "embedded content" http://drupal.org/project/node_embed dr.ef.tymac (talk) 20:44, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Origin of the word?
There is no mention of whether the term transclusion is a portmanteau, perhaps of the words transfer and inclusion. Does anyone know the actual origin/roots of the word? — Loadmaster (talk) 15:41, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Examples
Shouldn't HTML frames and Mediawiki templates be mentioned? --Error (talk) 01:37, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

Nothing to do with "computer "science"
The article starts with "in computer science", but even if this made up term was a real word, it still has nothing whatsoever to do with "computer science".

Regardless of that, I think the article should be deleted. The concept being described here is no different from the concept of "inclusion". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.6.177.154 (talk) 03:47, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

correction needed
The article currently says: Ted Nelson did coin the term. His description of it in Literary Machines is not his first description of it. He certainly described it in his 1974 work Computer Lib. Computer Lib covers Sutherland's work, and I am sure that Nelson would have properly credited Sutherland, if Sutherland had coined the term.

I knew Nelson, decades ago. My recollection was that most or all of the key terms he coined were in his senior honors thesis, when he graduated from Swarthmore College, in 1959 - ie four years before Sutherland's Sketchpad. Geo Swan (talk) 18:22, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

HTTP is not a means of transclusion
"HTTP, as a transmission protocol, has rudimentary support for transclusion via byte serving: specifying a byte range in an HTTP request message." Has anybody ever done this? I wouldn't think so, it should be removed.

J12t (talk) 23:32, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transclusion


text:
Pascal Affi N'Guessan

Pascal Affi N'Guessan (born 1 January 1953) is an Ivorian politician who is the President of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He was the Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast from 27 October 2000 to 10 February 2003.

Biography
N'Guessan was born in Bouadikro in the sub-prefecture of Bongouanou. In 1986, he joined the FPI. He was Mayor of Bongouanou from 1990 to 1996 and Vice-President of the Union of Towns and Communes of Côte d'Ivoire (UVICOCI) from 1990 to 1995.

Political career
N'Guessan joined the Secretariat-General of the FPI in 1990, and in 1994 he became Deputy Secretary-General. In January 2000, after a military coup in December 1999, he became Minister of Industry and Tourism under military leader Robert Gueï, serving in that position until October 2000. N'Guessan was the campaign director for FPI candidate Laurent Gbagbo in the October 2000 presidential election, and after Gbagbo's victory he was appointed Prime Minister.

Gbagbo was constitutionally barred from being party leader after he became president, and at the FPI's Third Extraordinary Congress, held from 20 to 22 July 2001, N'Guessan was elected as President of the FPI, receiving 94.55% of the vote. He was elected as a Vice-President of the Socialist International at its 22nd Congress, held from 27 to 29 October 2003 in São Paulo, Brazil.

Following the overthrow of the Gbagbo regime in April 2011 by forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara backed by French and UN forces, N'Guessan was arrested and held at a detention centre in Bouna, north-east Ivory Coast.

On 8 August 2015, N'Guessan was designated as the FPI's presidential candidate for the October 2015 presidential election. He denounced the incarceration of Gbagbo by the International Criminal Court and political conditions under Ouattara: "Peace isn't only the silence of weapons. Can we say that Ivory Coast is in peace when President Gbagbo is in The Hague? With hundreds of political prisoners in jail, Ivory Coast is not in peace." Some hardliners in the FPI did not want to participate in elections as long as Gbagbo remained imprisoned, but others felt the party needed to remain engaged in the electoral process.

In the December 2016 parliamentary election, N'Guessan was elected to the National Assembly as an FPI candidate in Bongouanou Department, receiving 59% of the vote.

He was arrested during the night of 6 to 7 November, shortly after the 2020 Ivorian presidential election. He was allegedly arrested for forming a rival government to that of President Alassane Ouattara.

In October 2021, N'Guessan announced his candidacy for the 2025 presidential election.

title: Pascal Affi N'Guessan


text:
Horace Panter

Horace Panter (born Stephen Graham Panter, 30 August 1953) also known as Sir Horace Gentleman, is the bassist for the British 2 Tone ska band The Specials.

Early life
Panter was born in Croydon, Surrey and spent most of his formative years in Kettering, Northamptonshire starting a one-year art course at Northampton College in 1971. In 1972, he began studying fine art at Coventry's Lanchester Polytechnic (now Coventry University).

Music
In his second year at Lanchester Polytechnic he met Jerry Dammers and together they formed The Specials. The band started playing in Coventry bars and clubs before releasing their first single, 'Gangsters' on their own record label (2-Tone). Following the break-up of The Specials in 1981, Panter went on to play with General Public with Dave Wakeling and Ranking Roger from the original Beat, and then with the reformed Specials in the 1990s. Panter then joined forces with Neol Davies of The Selecter to form a Blues band, Box of Blues. Today, he is a full-time member of the reformed Specials and is also in a blues combo, called 'Blues 2 Go'. He has also played with Malik & Pettite (formerly The Tones), and is in the process of getting together a ska orchestra called 'The Uptown Ska Collective' who began touring in 2014.

Panter has been playing with The Dirt Road Band since 2022, although an earlier incarnation of the band briefly appeared in 2017. DRB are in the process of recording a new album due for release in 2024.

Teaching, autobiography and art
During the 1990s, Panter qualified as a teacher and taught art to special needs children at Corley Special School in North Warwickshire from 1998 to 2008.

He has written an autobiography, Ska'd for Life, in which he described his involvement in the creation of the punk-ska hybrid that became known as '2-Tone, and described his experiences since the band's creation.

An occupation of Panter's alongside his performing with the Specials is art. He has been a professional artist since 2010 and has exhibited throughout the UK. His work is based on traditional forms of iconography fused with the sensibilities of British pop art.

title: Horace Panter


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Cecil Spring Rice

Sir Cecil Arthur Spring Rice, (27 February 1859 – 14 February 1918) was a British diplomat who served as British Ambassador to the United States from 1912 to 1918, as which he was responsible for the organisation of British efforts to end American neutrality during the First World War.

He was also a close friend of US President Theodore Roosevelt, and served as best man at his second wedding.

He is best known as the writer of the lyrics of the patriotic hymn, "I Vow to Thee, My Country".

Early life and family
Spring Rice was born into an aristocratic and influential Anglo-Irish family. He was the son of a diplomat, The Hon. Charles William Thomas Spring Rice, who was the second son of the prominent Whig politician and former cabinet minister Lord Monteagle of Brandon. Spring Rice's maternal grandfather was the politician William Marshall, and he was a cousin of Frederick Spring. He was the great-grandson of The 1st Earl of Limerick, John Marshall, and George Hibbert. Spring Rice's father died when he was eleven, and he was raised at his mother's family's house at Watermillock on the shore of Ullswater. During his childhood, he was often ill, and he later suffered from Graves' disease, despite maintaining an active lifestyle.

He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, at both of which he was a contemporary and close friend of George Nathaniel Curzon, and at the latter of which he studied under the direction of Benjamin Jowett. Spring Rice rowed for Balliol, and achieved a double first in Classical Moderations (1879) and Literae Humaniores (1881). At Oxford, he was also a contemporary and close friend of John Strachey and Edward Grey. However, Spring Rice contributed, alongside John William Mackail, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about Curzon that was published in The Balliol Masque, and, when British Ambassador to the United States, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married. However, Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you will restore the vanished glory of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'.

After completing university, Spring Rice travelled in Europe, where he improved his French, at the time the language of diplomacy. Uncertain about which career to pursue, he took an examination for the Foreign Office and was accepted. Although brought up as an Englishman, Spring Rice maintained a close affinity with Ireland, and he later wrote a poem about his dual Rice (Irish) and Spring (English) roots.

Spring Rice had four sisters and four brothers, two of whom predeceased him. Stephen Spring Rice died in 1902 and Gerald Spring Rice was killed while serving as an officer on the Western Front in 1916.

Marriage and issue
In 1904, Spring Rice married Florence Caroline Lascelles, the daughter of Sir Frank Cavendish Lascelles and a cousin of the Duke of Devonshire. He had two children with Florence:

 * Mary Elizabeth Spring Rice (1906–1994), married Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur in 1935.
 * Anthony Theodore Brandon Spring Rice (1908–1954), died unmarried.

Early diplomatic career
Spring Rice began his career as a clerk in the Foreign Office in 1882. In 1886, he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, the Liberal politician Lord Rosebery. Spring Rice was known to be a supporter of the Liberal Party and was sympathetic to the Irish Home Rule movement so he was relieved of his post when the Conservatives came to power later that year. Spring Rice subsequently made the unusual move to the diplomatic service, where he remained for the rest of his life, starting with his first posting to the British legation in Washington, D.C. in 1887.

In 1892 he was posted to Japan, and undertook a tour of Korea with Curzon later that year. While in Japan Spring Rice was instrumental in laying the foundations of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, which he identified as vital to British interests if Russian expansionism in the region was to be challenged. He left Japan in October 1893 and was posted again to Washington until October 1895, when he was posted to the British embassy in Berlin. During his time in Germany he fell in love with his future wife, Florence Lascelles, the daughter of the then British ambassador. He left Berlin in July 1898, and after spending several months with his family on Ullswater was posted to Constantinople. In May 1899 he was given his first posting to Persia as Secretary of Legation, and he became the British chargé d'affaires in Tehran in March 1900, when the Minister, Sir Mortimer Durand, left for London due to his wife's health. In 1901 Spring Rice was appointed Commissioner of Public Debt in Cairo, where he remained for two years. In November 1901, he had been promoted to the rank of Secretary of Embassy. He was made Chargé d'Affaires in St. Petersburg in 1903, and in June of that year began to warn the British government that war between Russia and Japan was becoming increasingly likely. He was still serving in Russia when the Russo-Japanese War began in January 1904, and he corresponded at length with his close friend and confidant President Roosevelt about the United States' mediation in the conflict and the subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth. In January 1905 Lord Lansdowne appointed Spring Rice as the Foreign Office's special representative to the US president. Spring Rice was carrying out the duties of the British ambassador to Russia, who was unwell, during the 1905 Russian Revolution and was involved in the early negotiations which resulted in the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907.

In September 1906 Spring Rice undertook his first ambassadorial role when he was made British Minister to Persia, before becoming Ambassador to Sweden in 1908.

Ambassador to Sweden
Upon being appointed ambassador, Spring Rice was instructed by Edward VII to help improve relations between Sweden and Norway following the dissolution of the Union between the two countries in 1905. The primary concern of the British government, however, was the increasingly friendly relations between Sweden and Germany, and the growing diplomatic, cultural and economic influence of Germany in Scandinavia. In a letter to Lord Cranley in May 1909, Spring Rice stated "I suppose you realise that Sweden is in effect a province of Prussia [Germany], not in will but in necessity". He went on to say that "in case of war I think we should regard Sweden as German in effect...". Spring Rice became irritated by what he saw as Sweden's deference to Wilhelm II, and his embassy was involved in an intensifying rivalry between Germany and Britain for control of Sweden's important iron and timber resources. Nonetheless, relations between Sweden and London remained amicable.

In November 1912, after four years in Sweden, it was announced that Spring Rice's next diplomatic posting was to be as ambassador to the United States.

Ambassador to the United States
Spring Rice had long held the ambition of being appointed ambassador to the United States. In his biography of Spring Rice, Stephen Gwynn stated that Spring Rice's main concern, throughout his diplomatic career, was to "improve relations between the two great English-speaking powers". Within the diplomatic service Spring Rice had unique entrée into Washington's corridors of power, and his work alongside President Roosevelt in 1905 led the British government to regard him as a natural choice for ambassador by 1912. The diplomat Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol observed that Spring Rice's "whole career seems to have been a preparation for the final struggle in Washington".

Within two years of Spring Rice's posting to Washington DC, the First World War had broken out in Europe, and his principal task became that of ending American neutrality. The United States was the largest potential supplier of munitions, arms and food to the United Kingdom and its allies, as well as a potential ally in the war. However, in 1914 public opinion in America favoured neutrality, and Spring Rice had to grapple with the strong anti-British and non-interventionist elements in American politics at the time. Spring Rice also had the complex task of justifying British policies that violated America's rights as a neutral state, such as the monitoring of mail and telegrams and the seizure of contraband at sea. Furthermore, German diplomats under Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff were active in attempting to influence American political opinion against the Allies. Of particular concern to Spring Rice was liaison between German and Irish groups in America, and his embassy was closely involved in gathering intelligence regarding the actions of anti-British spies and informants. He successfully engaged with his many Atlanticist American friends, including Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Stimson and Joseph Hodges Choate, who applied pressure on Woodrow Wilson to abandon neutrality.

In January 1915 Arthur Balfour, the former prime minister, was sent on a mission to convince the United States Congress of Britain's friendship. In a series of meetings, Spring Rice and Consul-General, Sir Courtenay Bennett, were marginalised by the delegation's representatives. Spring Rice and Bennett agreed to support the subsequent Commercial Agreement on the condition that Spring Rice's friend, J. P. Morgan Jr., was appointed as the sole purchasing agent. Spring Rice was able to keep the feeble commission alive, but voiced his concerns that British finances in the United States were reaching a critical point as chaotic credit arrangements by-passed the body set up by parliament to effectuate co-ordination. Spring Rice sent daily wires to London warning that Gold runs would seriously undermine British bank facility, but these were largely ignored. Spring Rice had served as best man at J. P. Morgan's wedding and his influence over the commission was too great for him to be seen as impartial.

As the war went on, Spring Rice's embassy increasingly assumed an advisory role to the many British special delegations which were sent to secure the support of the US government. Spring Rice complained about the limited part he was able to play in the 1915 Anglo-French Financial Commission led by Lord Reading. Spring Rice was also concerned by the large number of private brokers and agents, both with and without official authority, who were operating in the United States on behalf of the government and British businesses. As a result, Spring Rice had to request for the War Office to provide him with an official list of accredited agents, which was reluctantly compiled in late 1914.

By 1916, the British government was becoming increasingly worried about the Ghadar Party, a US-based political movement which was agitating for rebellion against British rule in India. The American authorities had been reluctant to check the Indian seditionist movement earlier in the war, and fear about the potential political fallout had prevented Spring Rice from pressing the matter diplomatically. However, in February 1916 Spring Rice was ordered to raise the issue with the new US Secretary of State, Robert Lansing. The subsequent Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial uncovered plans to incite an armed revolt in India with German support.

In 1916, Spring Rice constantly sought a reprieve for Roger Casement, citing the danger of protests from Irish Americans, but he also advised political and religious leaders of Casement's "perversion" and the existence of the Black Diaries. In January 1917 he signed the agreement of the third US War Loan to Britain on behalf of his government. Spring Rice's efforts to end US neutrality eventually met with success when the USA entered the conflict on the side of the Allies in 1917. In mid-January 1918, following a disagreement with Lord Northcliffe, the head of the British war mission to America, he was abruptly recalled to London in a one-line telegram.

Spring Rice immediately travelled to Canada to begin his journey back to Britain. In Canada, Spring Rice was the guest of his wife's cousin, the Duke of Devonshire, who was at the time serving as Governor General of Canada. Although only 58 and in reasonably good health, Spring Rice unexpectedly died at the viceregal seat, Rideau Hall in Ottawa, a mere three weeks after leaving his post. It is believed that his underlying health condition (Graves' disease) had been exacerbated by exhaustion and stress. It was suggested by his family and close friends that Spring Rice had died of a broken heart following his removal from office, with Henry Cabot Lodge commenting that "the sudden cessation of his work and responsibilities in which his heart was bound up caused him the loss of the will to live". He is buried in Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa. Spring Rice was replaced as ambassador by Lord Reading, who was a direct representative of Britain's war cabinet and had been afforded additional negotiating powers, thus combining the roles previously held by Northcliffe and Spring Rice.

Assessment of work
In The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, Edmund Morris described Spring Rice as "a born diplomat [who] invariably picked out and cultivated the most important person in any place". He was well respected in London's diplomatic circles, and had a wide network of influential friends in the United States and Britain. The diplomat Sir Malcolm Robertson described Spring Rice as "one of the two or three really brilliant ambassadors whom I have met in thirty years of diplomatic life."

However, Spring Rice's success in turning the earlier close links to the US administration to a relationship of use to his government is debatable. By the end of his appointment, Spring Rice had earned the enmity of his government after becoming paranoid about the threat posed by German spies, and also because of his immense dislike of the many British delegations to Washington that were not under the control of his embassy. Furthermore, Spring Rice's personal connections to many notable Republican politicians was well known, so some members of the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson were dubious about trusting him. He was damaged by his association with Roosevelt following the former President's attacks on Wilson for his policy of neutrality and for a lack of military preparedness. Spring Rice found William Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of State, hard to take seriously and disliked having to deal with Edward M. House, Wilson's confidential adviser, who held no official post in the US government. Even so, after his death the British government publicly recognised Spring Rice's extraordinary contribution to the war effort. His untiring attempts to get the United States to join the Allies were evident as well as his success in frustrating the work of the German ambassador, von Bernstorff.

In a speech in the House of Commons in 1919, Lord Robert Cecil said:

"'No ambassador has ever had to discharge duties of greater delicacy or of more far reaching importance than fell to his lot. Nor has any ambassador ever fulfilled his task with more unwearied vigilance, conspicuous ability and ultimate success.'"

Writings and friendships
Spring Rice was a poet throughout his adult life. In 1918, he rewrote the words of his most notable poem, Urbs Dei (The City of God) or The Two Fatherlands, to become the text for the hymn I Vow to Thee My Country. The hymn was first performed in 1925, after Spring Rice's death and has since become a widely recognised British anthem. His poetry was published in the 1922 edition of Poems of Today, and has since been published in several other poetry collections.

He became acquainted with Theodore Roosevelt on a trans-Atlantic crossing from New York in 1886, and the two men quickly became close friends and confidants. He has been described as "one of President Theodore Roosevelt's most ardent and loyal admirers" and acted as Roosevelt's best man in Roosevelt's wedding to Edith Carow. Roosevelt became the godfather of Spring Rice's son in 1908. Spring Rice memorably remarked about Roosevelt: "You must always remember that the president is about six". The two men continued to write to each other until Spring Rice's death, and their close relationship undoubtedly added to the latter's diplomatic clout in the US.

He was a close friend of Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol, a British journalist and later diplomat, and Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, with whom he corresponded for many years. One of his closest political friends was the Irish nationalist, John Dillon; his unwavering sense of duty attempted to overcome his sister's very public espousal of nationalist causes and friendships within the hierarchy of Sinn Féin. The personal moral overtones and private contradictions failed to dent an overwhelming sense of obligation to the British Empire. However it may have informed his uneasy relationship with the Balfour Mission.

A fluent speaker of Persian (as well as German and French), Spring Rice was responsible for translating numerous Persian poems into English. Spring Rice's letters and poems were collected together by his daughter, Lady Arthur, and many are now held by The National Archives. Further papers, relating to his diplomatic postings, and diaries of his travels in Japan, are held by the Churchill Archives Centre.

Honours and legacy
Spring Rice was appointed a Knight Commander Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George on 29 June 1906 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 17 November 1908. In 1906 he was made a Grand Cordon of Order of the Medjidie. In 1912 he was made a Commander (1st Class) of the Order of the Polar Star and he was made a member of the Imperial Privy Council on 7 March 1913. Spring Rice was going to be offered a peerage upon his return to the United Kingdom, but died before the honour could be proposed.

In his will he left money to Balliol College to found the Cecil Spring Rice Memorial Fund which funds the learning of languages by students who intend to join the diplomatic service. Before his death, Spring Rice gave substantial funds for repairs to be carried out on St Peter and St Paul's Church, Lavenham, the ancestral church of the Spring family.

Commemorations
Shortly after his death, Spring Rice's family, friends and colleagues erected a bridge to his memory over the waterfall at Aira Force, near his childhood home on Ullswater. All Saints Church, Watermillock, contains a stone memorial tablet to Spring Rice.

In July 2013 a memorial was unveiled by Cecil Spring Rice's granddaughter, Caroline Kenny, at Spring Rice's graveside in Ottawa. The grave was cleaned up and a memorial plaque and ceremony was organised by the then British Consul, Ashley Prime, working in Toronto with support from the Freeman of the City of London (North America). Mount Spring-Rice in British Columbia was named after Spring Rice in 1918 by surveyor Arthur Wheeler.

title: Cecil Spring Rice


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General Confederation of Labour (Spain)

The General Confederation of Labour (Confederación General del Trabajo, CGT) is a Spanish trade union federation.

The CGT was a result of a split in the anarchist National Confederation of Labour (CNT). In 1979, at the first CNT congress after Spain's transition to democracy, there was a fundamental disagreement concerning union elections. Such elections allow Spanish workers to elect union delegates to factory committees every four years. Some deemed this a renewal of anarcho-syndicalism, but the more orthodox in the organization considered such elections a "government intervention in labour–capital relations". Moreover, this would involve receiving state funding. The two factions split and there were two CNTs. They fought over ownership of the name CNT. In 1989, the orthodox CNT prevailed in court and the renovators took the name CGT.

The CGT has since participated in union elections since 1989, receiving the fourth most votes behind CCOO, the UGT, and the CSIF. It has 100,000 members, as of 2018.

Since the division of the CNT in 2018, with the formation of the ICL/CIT (International Confederation of Labour) the CGT has developed a constructive relationship with the CNT-CIT and another union with roots in the CGT, Solidaridad Obrera. This resulted in a joint statement of intent by the three organisations to work productively together in April 2023. The alliance is to be known as "La Confluencia Anarcosindicalista".

title: General Confederation of Labour (Spain)


text:
Provencher

Provencher is a federal electoral district in Manitoba, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1871. It is a largely rural constituency in the province's southeast corner. Its largest community is the city of Steinbach, which makes up 15% of the riding's total population.

Geography
The district is in the most southeastern part of Manitoba.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census

Languages: 67.7% English, 17.3% German, 10.5% French, 1.2% Russian, 1.1% Ukrainian

Religions: 79.6% Christian (35.8% "Other Christian", 23.6% Catholic, 6.3% United Church, 4.8% Lutheran, 2.5% Anglican, 2.2% Baptist), 19.5% None.

Median income: $29,184 (2010)

Average income: $36,186 (2010)

History
The electoral district was created in 1871, and was one of the four original ridings allocated to Manitoba when it joined the Canadian Confederation in 1870. It is notable for being the riding that elected Louis Riel to the House of Commons as an independent.

Through its history the riding has alternated between representation by the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives (or Conservative Party of Canada).

This riding lost territory to Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman and Portage—Lisgar, and gained territory from Selkirk—Interlake during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
Minister of Public Safety Vic Toews resigned from cabinet and as an MP, effective 9 July 2013, to spend more time with his family and join the private sector.

Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.

title: Provencher


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Whippany River

The Whippany River is a tributary of the Rockaway River, approximately 20 mi (30 km) long, in northern New Jersey in the United States.

It rises in Morris County, in Mendham Township west of Morristown, and flows generally ENE in a meandering course, through Morristown and the Whippany area of Hanover. It flows through the Troy Meadows and joins the Rockaway in the Hatfield Swamp in eastern Morris County, just above the confluence of the Rockaway with the Passaic River.

The river drainage area is 69 sqmi.

There are three USGS water gauges on the river. The gauge in Parsippany just before the Whippany River empties into the Rockaway River has an average flow of 178 cuft per second.

The river derives its name from the Whippanong Native Americans, a tribe that once inhabited the area. Whippanong meant "place of the willows", named for the trees growing along the banks of the river.

Munsee Lenape
Circa 1500, the Whippany River was part of the Lenapehoking (along with the rest of New Jersey) and was inhabited by the Munsee Lenape. The Munsee harvested mussels from the Whippany River.

Colonial settlement
In 1685, European settlers constructed homes along the Whippany River. The river provided the hydropower for the various mills of Whippany.

Modern history
In 1998, the Mayor's Action Committee (later known as the Whippany River Watershed Action Committee) was established, with the goal of protecting the watershed. The Committee is sponsored by grants from NJDEP, Victoria Foundation, Rutgers University, Pfizer, and other corporations. It is partnered with 16 local municipalities. The Committee hosts canoe trips, festivals, hikes, educational outreach, classes, civic organizations, engineering roundtables, goose workshops, and stormwater conferences. Volunteers form a significant part of its research teams and workforce.

title: Whippany River


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CICA

CICA may refer to:

 * Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * Comité Internacional de Críticos de Arquitectura (International Committee of Architectural Critics)
 * Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse or Ryan Commission, Ireland, 1999-2009
 * Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia
 * Context Inspired Component Architecture, a data architecture Standard; see ASC X12
 * Competition in Contracting Act, US law on federal procurement
 * Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority, UK
 * CICA-DT, TV station of TVOntario, Canada

title: CICA


text:
Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the largest of the many reflecting pools in Washington, D.C.. It is a 2030 by rectangular pool located on the National Mall, directly east of the Lincoln Memorial, with the World War II Memorial and Washington Monument to the east of the reflecting pool.

Part of the iconic image of Washington, D.C., the reflecting pool hosts many of the 24 million visitors who visit the National Mall annually. It is lined by walking paths and shade trees on both sides. Depending on the viewer's vantage point, it dramatically reflects the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Mall's trees, and the expansive sky.

Description
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool was designed by Henry Bacon, and was constructed in 1922 and 1923, following the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial. It is approximately 2030 ft long and 167 ft wide. The perimeter of the pool is therefore 4,392 ft around. It has a depth of approximately 18 in on the sides and 30 in in the center. It holds approximately 6,750,000 USgal of water.

Restoration
Using funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the National Park Service reconstructed the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool. The pool's water supply system was updated to eliminate stagnant water by circulating water from the Tidal Basin; the pool was formerly filled using potable water from the city. Paved walking paths were added to the north and south sides of the pool to replace worn grass and to prevent further erosion. Construction on the 18-month, $30.74 million project began in November 2010. In May 2011, workers began sinking the first of 2,113 wood pilings into a 40 ft layer of soft, marshy river clay and some dredged material atop bedrock to support a new pool. The pool reopened on August 31, 2012. The project was managed by the Louis Berger Group.

Post-restoration operation
Within weeks of the pool's reopening in 2012, it had to be drained and cleaned at a cost of $100,000 due to algae in the pool. The algae growth was so extensive it almost completely covered the surface of the pool. Using an ozone disinfectant system installed during the renovation, the National Park Service said it would double the amount of algae-killing ozone in the pool to control future outbreaks.

In 2013, construction on the National World War II Memorial damaged the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool. NPS workers closed the eastern 30 ft of the pool in August 2015 to repair the basin, work that was completed in the summer of 2016.

The Reflecting Pool was completely drained in June 2017 to control a parasitical outbreak. The parasite, which causes swimmer's itch, infects snails which inhabit the pool. More than 80 ducks and ducklings have died at the pool due to parasitical infection since May 20. Park Service workers said the work and refilling of the pool would take 10 days.

Historic events
Located at the base of the Lincoln Memorial's steps, the Reflecting Pool area has been the site of many historic events, including:
 * In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was denied permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because she was African American. An open-air concert was held on Easter Sunday, with a crowd of over 75,000 people.
 * On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom used the area for its Civil Rights rally. It was there that Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered to a crowd of 250,000 people.
 * On October 21, 1967, 100,000 anti-Vietnam War protesters met at the pool and memorial to begin the March on the Pentagon.
 * In 2009, We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial was held, with a crowd of 400,000 people.
 * In 2010, the restoration project began.
 * On August 28, 2010, the Restoring Honor rally was held. Notable speakers included Alveda King, the niece of Martin Luther King Jr., former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, and the event's organizer Glenn Beck.
 * As of 2012, the restoration project was completed and the pool was reopened on August 31.
 * On December 31, 2012, National Park Rangers, using their personal funds and time, lit over 2,000 candles around the reflecting pool in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, where the Park Service rang in the New Year with a Night Watch and Freedom Vigil and the singing of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee."
 * On August 28, 2013, the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech was commemorated by an all-day event. The event featured various speakers including then President Barack Obama and John Lewis, the only living speaker from the original rally.
 * On January 19, 2021, then President-elect Joe Biden and then Vice President-elect Kamala Harris held a memorial honoring the 400,000 Americans who had died in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

title: Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool


text:
Grom-class destroyer

The Grom-class destroyers were two destroyers, built for the Polish Navy by the British company of J. Samuel White, Cowes. They were laid down in 1935 and commissioned in 1937. The two Groms were some of the fastest and most heavily armed destroyers of World War II.

Design
Despite having ordered its previous pair of destroyers (ORP Burza and ORP Wicher (1928)) from France, a country with which it had strong ties, Poland decided to acquire the second pair from the United Kingdom, possibly in recognition of the excellence of British destroyer designs at the time. The selected design resulted in large and powerful ships, superior to German and Soviet destroyers of the time, and comparable to the famous British Tribal-class destroyer (1936) of 1936.

The main armament was changed from the 130 mm used on the Wicher-class destroyer to the standard British destroyer calibre of 4.7 inch (120 mm). However, the guns were not British, but were instead Swedish Bofors 50cal QF M34/36, the same as those used previously on the minelayer ORP Gryf (1936).

Original Grom class
There were two ships built:
 * ORP Grom (1936) - Sunk on 4 May 1940 in Ofotfjord near Narvik
 * ORP Blyskawica - Currently preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia

Improved Grom class
Two more ships of this class (Huragan and Orkan) were ordered in 1939 to be built in Gdynia, but war broke out soon after the first was laid down. They would have been the first major modern warships to be built in Poland.

Operational service
Just before the war broke out, the two destroyers were evacuated to Britain to fight alongside the Royal Navy. Since they were designed for Baltic operations, they had to be modified soon after their arrival there to improve stability, to enable them to operate successfully in the rough waters of the North Sea and the Atlantic. Grom was lost in this state in 1940. In December 1941 the remaining ship, Błyskawica, had the original 4.7 inch guns replaced by eight 4-inch (102 mm) guns in twin mountings. Various other modifications of armaments and sensors were made as the war progressed.

title: Grom-class destroyer


text:
Reflecting pool

A reflecting pool, also called a reflection pool, is a water feature found in gardens, parks and memorial sites. It usually consists of a shallow pool of water with a reflective surface, undisturbed by fountain jets.

Design
Reflecting pools are often designed with the outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation. They can be as small as a bird bath to as large as a major civic element. Their origins are from ancient Persian gardens.

List of notable pools

 * The Miroir d'eau (Water mirror) on Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, France.
 * The Mughal garden reflecting pools at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India
 * Chehel Sotoun in Iran
 * The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and Capitol Reflecting Pool, in Washington, D.C.
 * Mary Gibbs and Jesse H. Jones Reflection Pool, Hermann Park, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * The modernist Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada in Brasília, Brazil
 * Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park in Atlanta, Georgia
 * The Oklahoma City National Memorial, at the site of the Oklahoma City bombing
 * The Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California, where a former reflecting pool was located in front of the stage, c. 1953 – 1972
 * The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located at the World Trade Center site in New York City, with two reflecting pools on the location where the Twin Towers stood

title: Reflecting pool


text:
Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre

Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre (formerly known as Regina—Arm River) was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015.

Geography
The district included the northwestern part of the city of Regina and extended outward from Regina to Nokomis in the north, Davidson in the northwest and Tugaske in the west.

History
The electoral district was created as "Regina—Arm River" in 1996 from Regina—Lumsden and portions of Moose Jaw—Lake Centre, Mackenzie and Regina—Qu'Appelle ridings.

In 1997, its name was changed to "Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre".

The riding was dissolved in the 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, redistributed between Regina—Lewvan, Regina—Qu'Appelle, and Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan.

title: Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre


text:
Edmund Spencer

Edmund Spencer may refer to:

 * Edmund Spenser (1552/53–1599), English poet
 * Edmund Spencer (chess player) (1876–1936), English chess player
 * Edmund Charles Spencer (1896–1999), Australian World War I veteran

title: Edmund Spencer


text:
Talk:Semicolon

Irony
This is off-topic, but notice the irony:

You probably noticed, but if you didn't: this paragraph uses no less than 3 semicolons!

LONG LIVE THE SEMICOLON!

Invention
I challenge the statement that Manutous invented the semicolon. The ";" mark was used as a question mark in ancient Greek, where a raised dot served the semicolon function and the paired dots ":" we know as a colon was used as a colon.

Aldus MAY have "invented" the use of this mark in Italian printing, but the mark was used centuries earlier.

 * AIUI, Aldus Manutius invented the semicolon we use now. The ancient Greek question mark looks the same, but is used for something completely different.   — Gwalla | Talk 06:25, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Comparing the Semicolon with the Im Dash
It seems to me that the em dash can be used in a similar manner to the Semicolon, but that the em dash is generally closer to being used like a comma, while a semicolon is closer to a period. Am I correct in this belief? Should this article address this subject?

Thanks, --Pordaria 18:25, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Em dash, commas and parentheses may be used interchangably to set-off a separate (severable) clause. The only difference is their relative weights and how distinct the enclosed phrase is. Unfortunately, there is no clear convention on ordering other than comma being the lowest of three i.e; the text is more integrated/essential to the sentence. At least that's what I was able to determine when I recently had this same question. --Belg4mit 22:41, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say that the semi-colon is a silent conjunction, similar to saying "in other words" or "by that I mean", whereas an em dash is rather like saying "besides" or "except that" and parentheses are used to say "by the way". So, I don't really see how they could be interchangeable. Stjohn1970 (talk) 15:16, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Use
Is there a proper way to use a semicolon to join two sentences if the first is an interrogative? ie, "Can you clarify this for me; I need to take it to the boss"

would proper use avoid this situation? or could it be terminated with a question mark/period? --CGW 19:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thats a good question; I'm afraid I have no answer for you, but you can email it to writelabuwf(dot)edu, and they will answer it in a day or so.--Smallwhitelight 20:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Justify this
The semicolon is frequently considered to be the greatest of the punctuation marks, primarily due to its supposed ability to encompass all other punctuation in one simple yet elegant symbol.

I've removed it because:

 * 99% of the population don't even know what a semi-colon is.
 * It does not encompass all other punctuation - it does not perform the role of a question mark or exclamation mark.
 * If we were having a punctuation beauty contest, I'd go for a full stop as about the only bit of punctuation that gets used properly most of the time and people understand ;)

I don't think this sentence adds anything to the article. Spenny 07:46, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * On your second point, I think that this is an unsettled question. An earlier post in this discussion page askes this, but there has been no satisfactory response.--Smallwhitelight 21:08, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I would just like to proclaim my love for the semicolon! Wright123 22:49, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

I, too, love the semicolon. It's my favourite punctuation mark by far; simply enchanting... Finnif 19:04, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Quite, she's a beauty. However, Spenny's deletion is most justified. I do love the cheeky use of a semicolon in the first paragraph; inspired stuff! Spuddddddd 13:42, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

I've always referred to it as the Super Comma. You can generally replace commas between two statements with a semicolon, and it eats the conjuction you'd need otherwise. -- Kingoomieiii ♣    Talk    15:28, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

I, too, am a huge semicolon fan. signed, SH from digital writing 320. Sheldonjh17 (talk) 02:22, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Semicolon Dividing Statements on the Same Line ?
I seem to recall in my early days of Basic there was a syntax for doing this, but I don't think it is a true statement for Pascal and JavaScript. These both have the principle of tokens separated by white space (which can include line endings) which then combine to make a statement. The difference between Pascal and say C is that in C a statement is always ended with a semi-colon whereas compound statements in Pascal are divided by a semi-colon and the final statement does not need a semi-colon (e.g. a statement before an end). Don't know enough about JavaScript to know whether the comment is correct but I suspect it is not.

Greek example
Do we really need the greek example? It seems a) out of place on the english wikipedia, and b) could confuse some english-learners, as we normally put the semicolon mid-way (or so) in a sentence, whereas the greek put it all the way at the end, (in that example anyway).. I don't feel bold enough to remove it, so feel free to remove it :).. Just my two cents.. oh and yes, I know i'm on a wikibreak :P --D e on555talk Review 06:48, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wht not keeping it? It doubles as both an example of the use of the "proper" semicolor (middle dot) in that language, plus shows how the "english" semicolon is used as a question mark. The example is a bit poor, I admit (a comma would be better instead of a semicolor/middle dot in this case) but still there should still be some reference to the Greek usage...or at least a better example. EpiVictor 14:30, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Also not forgetting that people who are new to English are usually found more on simple.wikipedia.org, the learners here are either fairly proficient or do interwiki links :-) Michael Billington (talk • contribs) 23:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I definately have to disagree. This page is about English grammar, not Greek. I personally do not see how the Greek example is in any way relevant to the examples. 62.30.54.65 18:10, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe keeping a reference to usage in Old Slavonic and Greek without an example would be OK? But then one would wonder why an example of this isn't present...or eliminating the references altogether? EpiVictor 20:21, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it would be something for a separate page, but the current semicolon page only refers to the English Language usage of it. it is a bit confusing as to the usage of the Greek semicolon in the example... Maybe instead it could be fleshed out and added as another section. 62.30.54.65 15:05, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well....a Middle dot article would be the perfect thing, then. Of course it would link back to semicolon...and offer a Greek example and an english translation...so back to square one :-D EpiVictor 19:32, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Can an explanation be put in as to why Greek and Old Church Slavonic do not use a question-mark? Does it resemble a Greek letter too much?  Which letter?   66.241.130.86 (talk) 15:00, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

The English Wikipedia is not about English - it is about everything, including the Greek language. It just happens to be written in English. -- Beland 02:58, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Characters v. glyphs
The Greek question mark is indicated with a glyph very much like that use for the semi-colon, but these are not the same character. The semicolon is U+003B, and the Greek question mark is U+037E. This article may be rewritten to note the similarity of glyphs, but it is at present quite incorrect. —SlamDiego 02:37, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. I was just about to add basically the same comment.  I think that in some fonts (supporting both characters) the glyphs are probably identical.  However, I can give the example of Palatino Linotype, where character U+037E is rendered with a glyph where the lower portion looks less like a comma (i.e. like a spiral) than like a prime.  It would be nice to check this on the Greek-language page about semicolons ...except there isn't one.  (Suggesting that Greek-speakers don't themselves feel they use semicolons???)
 * Perhaps the article could mention that the semicolon has often been used to render the Greek 'erotimatiko' character, as they have similar glyphs (see ).
 * It's good to keep the info. on this Greek character, but the question is whether the detail belongs in this page or on a separate page.
 * Does anyone know if this is relevant to the historical use/development of the semicolon?
 * —DIV (128.250.204.118 06:58, 30 May 2007 (UTC))
 * In Greek the word is ερωτηματικο. However I now suspect that there is no Greek article purely because there are very few Greek articles altogether ...just 23,456 at last count (compared to 1,807,989 in English).
 * — DIV (128.250.204.118 07:55, 30 May 2007 (UTC))

(BTW, the punctus versus is U+F1EA.) —SlamDiego 02:47, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Criticism of the Semicolon
I don't think this section belongs in the article. We're not talking about a theory or art, we're talking about a standard convention of english writing. Whether or not you prefer its use is a matter of taste, and faulting its use as some kind of pretentiousness promotes a kind of anti-intellectualism, assuming that people who make full use of the language conventions at their disposal are only trying to show off.

I would say remove the Kurt Vonnegut quote, and its tenuously quoted retort. Wikipedia shouldn't be discouraging people from using all of the punctionation at their disposal to produce good writing. Cbrislain 19:59, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

"It should be noted that excessive use of the semicolon is considered pretentious by many writers and readers in the English language; especially when the mark is employed to create lengthy, multisegmented sentences. To wit, a quote from Kurt Vonnegut: "...do not use semicolons. They are transvestite hermaphrodites, standing for absolutely nothing. All they do is show you’ve been to college."

An English professor faced with the above quote: "Perhaps, and using full stop punctuation just shows you've been to pre-school.""

 * I think the Vonnegut quote is relevant and should be included. The retort is unattributed, so it should probably not be included. I must say that I'm a heavy semicolon user, but after reading the Vonenegut quote elsewhere, I started to think about it. I began to look more carefully at texts by authors whom I admire for their clarity and style (names not relevant here), and was surprised by how little they use the semicolon! Perhaps there is something to the claims that the semicolon can be stuffy and academic. --Itub 13:54, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I forgot to add: of course, the semicolon is a standard convention of English writing. However, its use can often be avoided by structuring and phrasing things differently. The writers I was referring to didn't violate any well-defined rule about the use of the semicolon; they just worked around it. --Itub 13:57, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

URL
'' In a web browser's URL bar, a semicolon looks like: %3B. ''

I've removed the above: it does not stand on its own as a comment (I can type ; in the bar for example) and so should really be expanded on - but really it is just one special case of presenting ASCII encoding mentioned earlier. I could explain what a semicolon looks like in an IBM hex dump. This article is about semicolons not about the technicalities of implementing the Internet. Spenny 15:14, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Examples
The numbered examples should correspond to the numbered usage cases preceding them. --Belg4mit 22:32, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Once, I actually used a semi-colon in my writing for math class. The teacher gave me a good grade and congratulated me on my exellent usage of the exquisite punctuation mark. I suggest that you should also use semi-colons in your math class.

I loved the examples. Especially the Bioshock quote.Anonymous 9:48, 27 October 2008

Haha, I too was pleasantly surprised by the Bioshock quote. Got a good grin out of me, even though I've only played the demo. =) 75.121.54.162 (talk) 09:30, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

The Bioshock quote is quite nice but am I the only one who feels like it's out of place with the rest of the article? Especially since there are no other literary references. Zacqary Adam Green (talk) 19:01, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Whoever wrote this article is quite awesome. The Assassin's Creed right next to the most famous Bioshock Quote. Genius. 71.96.127.249 (talk) 05:38, 28 March 2012 (UTC)Anonymous

Concerns
The introduction states that a semicolon indicates a long pause in speech. This is a deprecated principle in modern grammar, and as the first statement in the article serves to give an entirely spurious definition, contradicted later; this should be done away with.

The second section (English usage) then goes on to give two forms of usage. The second is more or less correct; the first understandable, but not quite right. It refers, for instance, to two sentences separated by a semicolon, which is a problematic idea in itself. These two statements, aside from being largely unsatisfactory in the usages they address, are also incomplete. Bewilderingly, they are followed almost immediately by a far more accurate, lucid, concise and complete list of the various usages. This renders the earlier definitions quite obsolete.

I will make the changes I allude to here. This ought to explain my motives --Che Gannarelli (talk) 22:16, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Purpose of Flipped Semicolon
Does anyone know the purpose of the ؛ symbol? AlexGemeo (talk) 23:28, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Cecelia Watson (2019) — cited in the "Further Reading" section of the article — notes in this regard that in "a time period of writerly experimentation and invention" (p. 11), the Italian "humanists tried out a lot of new punctuation ideas, but most of those marks had short lifespans. [...] For instance, there was once a punctus percontativus, or rhetorical question mark, which was a mirror-image version of the question mark" (p. 15). Filippo Valente (talk) 10:07, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Use in lists
How common is it to use the semicolon to separate items in a list (if those items contain commas)? I was quite surprised to see this use mentioned in the article. Several style guides I consulted failed to mention this usage (including WP:STYLE), although I did manage to find one that did condone it. Most style guides mention only the usage to connect independent clauses. The only online reference listed in the article's references that supports this usage is a blog entry. Julesd 20:58, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Fowler's supports it by implication and example:
 * "To which it should be added that the semicolon is a useful device for separating a list of items set out in consecutive (as opposed to columnar) form: Those present at the conference included Professor R. H. Robins, School of Oriental and African Studies; Dr M. K. C. MacMahon, University of Glasgow; Dr Rod McConchie, University of Helsinki; and Dr Brigitte Nerlich, University of Nottingham."
 * but without explicitly saying containing commas. --catslash (talk) 21:51, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Among many, many other handbooks I've read over the years, Diana Hacker's Bedford Handbook gives this rule. At one point it was listed in the references. I added it there 3 or 4 years ago when I first listed the rules for semicolon use on this page.  Sadly, I am currently away from home for a few days, or I would offer the text from Bedford.--66.181.243.69 (talk) 19:46, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not so much of a rule as it is a styling option. One particular situation where semicolons are useful for separating list items (and I note that Fowler's example is one such case) is when the items in the list themselves contain commas. In such situations using commas to also separate the list items would be too confusing. Firejuggler86 (talk) 03:49, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

""Your sister did not get high marks; because she didn't study sincerely"
I think this example quote is disingenuous because women in most Arabic-speaking countries aren't allowed to go to school, or even leave the house without a man. I suggest the example should read "Example: "Your brother did not get high marks; because he didn't study sincerely". Then it would be somewhat more accurate.

82.18.152.80 (talk) 11:55, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This is both besides the point and false. Egypt, the most populous Arabic-speaking country and with relatively low female literacy, has 92% participation in primary schools (both sexes) . Arab countries don't do well on women's rights, but there are no Arab countries where it is normal for women to need a male escort outside the house: it is precisely male-female contact that is considered suspect!  Cf. Women's rights in Saudi Arabia. — Charles Stewart (talk) 13:09, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Just in case (because I almost did it), this thread refers to the use of the Semicolon in Arabic. This particular usage is 100% wrong in English, and I almost jumped the gun and corrected you '>.<  --  King ♣    Talk    15:23, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

British English Vs US English use of Semicolon
The semicolon has a slightly different use in US english compared to UK english... To my knowledge the semicolon is not used to list items.

For example - true story.

Once when i was in secondary school (British high school) I plagiarised some text from an American encyclopeida listing various ancestors of a type of mammal - upon showing the the finished peice of work to my teacher she immediately gave me a detention as she knew i had copied it from my use of the semicolon - it was the US English use of the symbol which we were never taught. Later on i mentioned this a few years later to another English teacher and he confirmed that the American use of the semicolon differs from the british.

I think this is an important issue with this wiki page as its main purpose is to explain and define the meaning of the semicolon, it could easily mislead British users.

I have no information on how the australian english use differs if at all. --213.7.41.207 (talk) 11:38, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Bioshock
Props to whoever put the Bioshock reference in there; it makes this article 1000 times more awesome! (+1 semicolon use!) 130.76.32.182 (talk) 16:19, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

It's a little embarrassing to have to read. Even Wikipedia is filled with these internet types. --74.37.35.133 (talk) 20:19, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Agreed, I thought it was a great little easter egg, along with the Assassin's Creed reference. Hey, as long as its a valid example, I don't think it's against any rules. Editor's can have fun too, no need to be embarrassed. 68.194.127.233 (talk) 19:14, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Serial Comma
"Examples of familiar sequences are: one, two and three; a, b, and c; and first, second, and third." I don't know if we're Americans or Brits here at Wikipedia, and I'm too lazy to find out, but we should be consistent in our use of serial commas before the last element in a list, at least in the same sentence. --76.229.68.82 (talk) 19:53, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is acceptable both to put a comma before the and and not to do so. Different manuals of style say different things about this, though. 96.48.109.20 (talk) 14:20, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

The Oatmeal
The final external link in the article refers to The Oatmeal's guide on the semicolon. Is this really a reliable source? Matthew Inman isn't a linguistics professor; he's a website designer turned web comic author. I think the link should be removed. Inter changable | talk to me | what I've changed 22:07, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Archaic use of the semicolon
In early 20th-century and 19th-century texts the semicolon seems to be used very often in a way that seems flagrantly incorrect according to the modern rules. Two examples from separate books:
 * "It has already been remarked that the oldest tradition knew only one Tarquin; and that at a later time . . . two Lucii Tarquinii were substituted for one . . ." "There was war also in the middle march, where in 1220 a royal army was assembled against Llewelyn; but Pandulf negotiated a truce . . ."

Obviously it isn't the article's usage #1, and since "and" and "but" are coordinating conjunctions it's not usage #2. "And" and "but" aren't transitional phrases or conjunctive adverbs so it isn't #3 either (strictly it fails the traditional diagnostic of being able to write the clauses separated by the semicolon as separate sentences). Can anyone clarify this usage, preferably in the article as well? --80.5.221.26 (talk) 16:39, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

Punctuation Inside Quotation Marks
I'm certainly no linguist, but in reading this page I was wondering- shouldn't punctuation be inside the quotes? As of now, the examples of opinions against the semicolon appear incorrect.

"They are old-fashioned", "They are middle-class", "They are optional", "They are mysteriously connected to pausing", "They are dangerously addictive (vide Virginia Woolf)", and "The difference between them is too negligible to be grasped by the brain of man".

Rjhomuth (talk) 18:46, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

 * There are differing conventions concerning the placing of punctuation at the end of quoted material; the Manual of Style subscribes to logical quotes. --catslash (talk) 21:47, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

Math Language
The explanation for mathematics usage "separate variables and parameters" is ambiguous language. It can mean "separate the variables from the parameters", "separate variables and/or parameters; whichever is in the list", "individually separate all variables and parameters". It's not really clear what the author meant here - can we have a more specific explanation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.83.253.61 (talk) 09:19, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for spotting this. It meant "separate the variables from the parameters". I've clarified it in the article. Duoduoduo (talk) 19:50, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Constraints
I can't find a reference to these rules that can't be traced back to this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.183.7.75 (talk) 22:47, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Truss info
I returned the Truss info to the lede:

 * 1. Much of the rest of the lede is sourced by Truss's work as well. Her work is notable; it doesn't need to be "scholarly". It just needs to meet the requirements of a reliable source.
 * 2. The rest of the article only talks about specific languages. General comments about the semicolon don't belong only in one section.
 * 3. The lede needs expansion, not reduction.

Glad to see some interest though. I hope others will work to continue to improve this article. Airborne84 (talk) 20:44, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Utterly ridiculous. There are as many published authors with opinions on semicolons as there are birds in the sky. None of their opinions on a stylistic matter - especially when they only apply to the English language; that's systemic bias in action - are appropriate for solely gracing the introduction of the article. Read MOS:INTRO. —  Scott  •  talk  21:17, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:9:900:B6C:4C55:7C0E:4DD7:AA35 (talk) 10:19, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Tattoos?
Are semicolon tattoos a significant enough occurrence in modern society to claim that they have a definitive symbolism which people agree on? Are they significant enough to warrant a section of the Wikipedia article on semicolons to explain them? Either way, what we've got is a poorly-written one-sentence section which leaves more questions than answers. If anyone else knows better than I how to find more information about this, do add some citations or discuss here. Crawldragon (talk) 01:05, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

Uses of the semicolon
Assertions that particular uses are more or less common seem improperly sourced and based on unsound assumptions and original research. I am also sceptical about the idea that these two uses should be distinguished: Unless a source can be found, I'm tempted to merge and trim this bit.--Lo2u (T • C) 19:31, 29 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Between closely related independent clauses not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction.
 * Between independent clauses linked with a transitional phrase or a conjunctive adverb.
 * I have removed it. I don't believe the claims about this being the rarest usage or about usage being mainly academic. They certainly aren't sourced. This is simply an example of two closely related sentences. --Lo2u (T • C) 15:24, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

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Semicolon before non-independent clause
I frequently see usages of the semicolon such this one from Dumbing down:

 * Dumbing-down varies according to subject matter, and usually involves the diminishment of critical thought, by undermining intellectual standards within language and learning; thus trivializing meaningful information, culture, and academic standards, as in the case of popular culture.

Here the semicolon comes before a non-clause (or at least a non-independent clause, depending on whether "clause" is meant to include non-finite expressions). I see this a lot in Wikipedia, and I see it sometimes in the respected British magazine The Economist.

But this article only mentions the usage in serial lists of things that themselves contain commas, and the usage before a second independent clause. Is the usage before a non-clause or non-independent clause valid in all British styles, for example in The Economist's style guide? And, should we add that usage to this article? Loraof (talk) 03:48, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

My cat hates biscuits she loves eating tinned food — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.202.235.1 (talk) 13:02, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

Sentence with an unproven claim.
"The semicolon is one of the least understood of the standard marks, and so it is probably not used by many English speakers."

This sentence is indicative of a fact. The source "Insights to English" does not provide any source or link to a study to prove this claim. While indicative of a fact, it is followed by the subjunctive "probably", indicating that there is no proof to back up this claim.

Furthermore, this sentence also begs the question "according to whom?" There is no author listed other than the publisher.

I think this should be deleted outright and replaced.

--Ulse X (talk) 16:09, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

questionable first footnote
Though I agree that semicolon may be hyphenated, the first footnote, about semicolon being hyphenated, is not a valid source since there is no mention on that page (BBC Learning) that it is an option. (They only choose to use that spelling.) I would simply remove it. There are many English words that can be written either together, separately or with hyphenation. It is a choice, not a rule. The only "rule" is which is considered more legible. (And often the typeset, or font, determines that.) Stjohn1970 (talk) 12:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Semicolon