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Kermit Hunter

Kermit Houston Hunter (3 October 1910 – 11 April 2001) was an American playwright known primarily for writing historical outdoor dramas. His many works include two dramas for Cherokee tribes, one for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina and one written for the larger Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.

Early life, education and military service
Born in McDowell County, West Virginia, in 1910, Hunter attended local schools. He started higher education at Emory & Henry College in Emory, Virginia. He transferred to Ohio State University, where he graduated in 1931. At Ohio State, Hunter was initiated into the Theta Delta chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. After graduation, he held a number of jobs during the difficult years of the Great Depression.

Hunter joined the U.S. Army in 1940. After rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel during World War II, he was assigned as the assistant chief of staff of the Caribbean Defense Command. He was later awarded the Legion of Merit.

Graduate work and academic career
After World War II, Hunter left the military and served as the business manager for the North Carolina Symphony. In 1947, Hunter decided to pursue graduate studies under the GI Bill in the Department of Dramatic Arts at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While he was enrolled, three of his plays were produced by the Carolina Playmakers, a dramatic group at the university.

The Cherokee Historical Association was looking for a playwright to write an historical outdoor drama about their people, to be performed in Cherokee, North Carolina, and Hunter won the commission. He wrote Unto These Hills (1950), which included history of the Cherokee from the early 19th century and illustrious ancestors. The play opened July 1, 1950, and is still produced at the Mountainside Theatre. This facility is owned and operated by the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI).

The Cherokee Nation based in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the largest tribe, also commissioned Hunter to write a drama. He completed The Trail of Tears. This drama covered their history and especially their forced removal to Oklahoma in 1838, then known as Indian Territory. This play was performed each summer from 1969 through 2005 at the Cherokee Heritage Center located south of Tahlequah.

After completing his master's degree, Hunter continued graduate studies at Chapel Hill. He received his Ph.D. in 1955, and started working as a professor of drama at Hollins College (now Hollins University) in Roanoke, Virginia.

In 1964, Hunter became the first dean of the Meadows School of Arts at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. After stepping down as dean in 1976, he served as a writer-in-residence at the university until 1978. He was named as a senior lecturer at the University of Texas at Arlington, where he taught until 1993. He died in Dallas on April 11, 2001.

Hunter wrote more than 40 historical dramas, which were performed in communities throughout the United States. It became a popular form in the second half of the 20th century, as Americans reflected on their history and widened their interest in groups who were part of that history. Of these, three continue to be produced: Unto These Hills, Horn in the West in Boone, North Carolina; and Honey in the Rock in Beckley, West Virginia. In other areas, changing tastes and competition from new media reduced the audiences so that local productions closed.

Published works

 * Beyond the Sundown
 * Brighthope
 * Chucky Jack
 * Dust in Her Petticoats
 * The Eleventh Hour
 * Forever This Land
 * The Home Road
 * Honey in the Rock
 * Horn in the West
 * The Liberty Tree
 * Next Day in the Morning
 * Stars in My Crown
 * The Bell and The Plow
 * The Third Frontier
 * The Trail of Tears
 * Unto These Hills
 * Voice in the Wind
 * Walk Towards Sunset

title: Kermit Hunter


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Talk:Halton sequence

What is the distinction between pseudo-random number sequences and quasi-random sequences? It might be good to explain it. Andris 22:52, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

pseudo-random numbers perform like random numbers. quasi random numbers perform better than random numbers. Both are created deterministically.

Math images?
Why does this article use images instead of the $$$$ syntax? -- Cyrius|&#9998 01:08, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

Two Articles with the same content
Why do you start a new article on the Halton sequence ?

It is already mentioned in the article on the Van der Corput sequence. I do no claim that the article on the Van der Corput sequence is written well. I think, it should be considered as a starting point on this subject. However, I dont think that we should do the same work twice.

Best wishes, Klaus.

Rewrite needed
The following is an edited copy (some parts omitted) of a discussion on Reference desk archive/Mathematics/2006 August 14:

Binary interval-filling sequence

Does the sequence 0, 1, 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, 7/8, 1/16, ... (or some sensible permutation thereof) have a name? Fredrik Johansson 16:30, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

...

This is known as the (binary) van der Corput sequence, after the Dutch mathematician J. G. van der Corput who described it in 1935. —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 11:09, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that the binary vdC sequence is a "sensible permutation" of the original sequence. --Lambiam Talk 18:29, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm -- as far as I can tell, this is the same thing as the binary Halton sequence. Should the articles be merged? Or is there a distinction I'm missing? --Trovatore 20:15, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I find that article quite incomprehensible. Where I come from, sequences are not particularly active; they do not "fill space" or "divide space into segments", nor do they "fill in empty spaces" or "use cycles" that in turn "place draws" (whatever these are) in segments. What I think I do understand is that there are several Halton sequences, all of which have finite lengths. There is an "original" Halton sequence, but it is not explained what it is and how it relates to the other ones. A small example might have worked wonders. In any case, the sequence we have here is infinite. --Lambiam Talk 23:23, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This paper: (P. L'Ecuyer and C. Lemieux "Recent Advances in Randomized Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods", in Modeling Uncertainty: An Examination of Stochastic Theory, Methods, and Applications, M. Dror, P. L'Ecuyer, and F. Szidarovszki, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, 419–474.), accessed online from, states: "Halton sequence This sequence was introduced in 1960 by Halton [37] for constructing point sets of arbitrary length, and is a generalization of the one-dimensional van der Corput sequence [86]." In the definition given there, it is clear that there is an (infinite) Halton sequence of points in (0,1)n for all finite dimensions n > 0, and that the one-dimensional Halton sequence is the van der Corput sequence. I can't access the original Halton paper (J.H. Halton. "On the efficiency of certain quasi-random sequences of points in evaluating multi-dimensional integrals". Numerische Mathematik, 2:84--90, 1960.) to verify that this conforms to the original definition. In any case, there appears to be a distinction, and my advice is to keep the articles separate, although they should of course cross-refer. --Lambiam Talk 23:41, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, got it: So the vdC sequence is the one-d H sequence. The Halton sequence article needs a serious rewrite, and someone should write up Sobol sequence too (currently a redirect). --Trovatore 23:47, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Right. I'm not really an expert on low-discrepancy sequences, but from what I gather the van der Corput sequence is more or less the granddaddy of them all, with the Halton and Hammersley sequences being generalizations of the van der Corput sequence to multiple dimensions.  —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 00:40, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Why a rewrite is needed: --Lambiam Talk 21:33, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) The present article is incomprehensible.
 * 2) It does not show how Halton sequences relate to the van der Corput sequences.

rewritten
i rewrote this and included an example. when i figure out a way to put in the references, i will do that. some things that should be added: (1) connections to other sequences, and (2) examples of application, i just used the one in the original article. any other suggestions? thanksEssap 16:18, 6 May 2007 (UTC)essap

Confusion
Is the binary sequence on this page really the Halton sequence ? I always thought that is is 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, 1/8,5/8,3/8,7/8, ... ?! In "your" sequence the monotonically increasing parts get longer and longer ... Regards, David Vonka —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vonkad (talk • contribs) 14:57, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Update: At this moment, I'm almost sure that the example is wrong. if there is no reaction within a few days, I'll change it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.56.140.22 (talk) 11:42, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've changed the examples in accordance with the references. Richard Pinch (talk) 05:54, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Name origin needed
As a sequence obviously named after some person "Halton", one would expect to find information of that person as well. Who is he and when did he live etc. Jahibadkaret (talk) 18:23, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The person Halton is Dr. John H Halton, who retired from the Comp Sci dept of UNC-Chapel Hill a number of years ago. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Halton 2607:F280:3010:41A0:0:0:0:8156 (talk) 21:37, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Prime number is needed?
The Halton sequence is constructed according to a deterministic method that uses a prime number as its base.(from article) Can we use s composite number as its base? I think it's possible to use two numbers a, b as its base where gcd(a,b)=1. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.190.39.217 (talk) 14:36, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

 * If you use a composite number, some of the fractions (eg. 2/4) will be equal to some of the previous fractions (1/2). You'd then have to filter those out. You may as well just use a prime. -naught101 (talk) 05:28, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Halton sequence


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Tempo (chess)

In chess and other chess-like games, a tempo (from tempo) is a "turn" or single move (a half-move or ply made either by White or Black). When a player achieves a desired result in one fewer move, the player is said to "gain a tempo"; conversely, when a player takes one more move than necessary, the player is said to "lose a tempo". Similarly, when a player forces their opponent to make moves not according to their initial plan, one is said to "gain tempo" because the opponent is wasting moves. A move that gains a tempo is often called "a move with tempo".

A simple example of losing a tempo may be moving a rook from the h1-square to h5 and from there to h8 in the first diagram; simply moving from h1 to h8 would have achieved the same result with a tempo to spare. However, such maneuvers do not always lose a tempo—the rook on h5 may make some threat which needs to be responded to. In this case, since both players have "lost" a tempo, the net result in terms of time is nil, but the change brought about in the position may favor one player more than the other.

Gaining a tempo
Gaining tempo may be achieved, for example, by developing a piece while delivering check, though here, too, if the check can be countered by the development of a piece, the net result may be nil. If the check can be blocked by a useful pawn move which also drives the checking piece away, the check may even lose a tempo.

In general, making moves with gain of tempo is desirable. A player is said to have the  if they are able to keep making moves which force their opponent to respond in a particular way or limit their responses. The player with the initiative has greater choice of moves and can to some extent control the direction the game takes, though this advantage is only relative and may not be worth very much (having a slight initiative when a rook down in material, for example, may be worthless).

A move that comes "with a tempo on a piece" is a move that gains a tempo by attacking that piece. For example, in the Scandinavian Defense opening, after 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5, White's 3.Nc3 comes "with a tempo on the queen": the knight attacks Black's queen, forcing it to move again, and White gains a tempo. A similar move gains a tempo in the Center Game.

Losing a tempo
In some endgame situations, a player must actually lose a tempo to make progress. For example, when the two kings stand in opposition (a form of zugzwang), the player to move is often at a disadvantage because he must move. The player to move may be able to triangulate in order to lose a tempo and return to the same position but with the opponent to move (and put him in zugzwang). Kings, queens, bishops, and rooks can lose a tempo; a knight cannot.

In the position from Artyom Timofeev–Ernesto Inarkiev, 2008, Black resigned because White will win with a tempo move. (Timofeev won the 2008 Moscow Open with this game.) White is threatening 118.Rh8+. If Black moves his king on move 117, White wins the bishop with 118.Rh8+, which results in a position which has an elementary checkmate. If Black moves 117...Bh5 then 118.Rh8 and Black is in zugzwang, and loses. So Black must move 117...Be2 to avoid immediately getting into a lost position. But then will come 118.Rh8+ Bh5 and now White makes a tempo move with 119.Rh7 (or 119.Rh6), maintaining the pin on the bishop, making it Black's turn to move, and Black must lose the bishop.

Spare tempo
A spare tempo in an endgame arises when a player has a pawn move that does not essentially change the position but that loses a tempo to put the opponent in zugzwang. In this example, if only the pieces were considered, it would be an instance of full-point reciprocal zugzwang – the player to move would lose. In the full position, White has two spare tempi (f2–f3 and h2–h3) whereas Black has only one (...f7–f6), so White has a spare tempo. By using these moves he can Black into a fatal zugzwang:
 * 1. h3 f6
 * 2. f3

and any move Black makes will lose.

If the black pawn had been on h7 instead of h6, White and Black would have an equal number of spare tempi, so the player to move would lose.

Reserve tempo
A pawn may have a reserve tempo, mainly in endgames involving only kings and pawns. This is especially true of a pawn on the second, where it has the option of moving one or two squares. Pawn moves held in reserve may be used to win a game.

In this position from a 1986 game between John Nunn and Klaus Bischoff, Black resigned because he must lose his pawn on the d- because White has a reserve tempo with his a-pawn. For example, after
 * 39... Kc6
 * 40. Kd4 a5
 * 41. a4

or
 * 39... Kc7
 * 40. Kd4 Kc6
 * 41. a3 a5
 * 42. a4

Black must now abandon the d5-pawn (or first move and lose his pawn on f7). White is able to place Black in zugzwang because he has the option of moving the a2-pawn either one or two squares.

title: Tempo (chess)


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Tapetum

Tapetum (Latin for carpet or tapestry) can refer to:

 * Tapetum (botany), tissue within the sporangium (especially the anther), which provides nutrition for growing spores . The innermost wall of microsporangium
 * Tapetum lucidum, a reflective tissue layer associated with the retina of some vertebrates
 * Tapetum of corpus callosum, a section of the corpus callosum in the brain

title: Tapetum


text:
Manuel Chaves (politician)

Manuel Chaves González (born 7 July 1945) is a Spanish politician who served as Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 2009 to 2011 and Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain in 2011. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and was the Chairman of PSOE from 2000 to 2012. From 1990 to 2009 he was the President of the Regional Government of Andalusia. He is a trustee of the Fundacion IDEAS, a socialist think tank. On 17 February 2015, together with former President of Andalusia, José Antonio Griñán, was implicated in the ERE case, a huge corruption scandal in the region.

National MP
Chaves entered national politics in 1977 when he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies, representing Cádiz serving in Congress until 1990.

Minister of the Spanish Government (1986-1990)
Manuel served as the Minister of Work and National Health Service (Seguridad Social) of Spain between 1986 and 1990, under Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez.

In 1988, he suffered a general strike (first in the current Spanish democracy) call by, among others, the UGT and CCOO due to a proposed law change.

President of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (1990-2009)
In 1990, he became president of the Regional Government of Andalusia. At the time he was considered to be one of three barons of the PSOE, together with Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra and José Bono, who were also autonomous presidents.

After the defeat of his party in the general election of 12 March 2000, after which Joaquín Almunia resigned as General Secretary of the party, Manuel took charge of the Political Commission. He organized the 35th Congress of the PSOE, which elected José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero as General Secretary.

Deputy Prime Minister of Spain (2009-2011)
In April 2009, Prime Minister Zapatero designated Chaves as Third Vice President of the Government and Minister of Territorial Policy (the former Ministry of Public Administrations). Chaves was promoted to Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain in July 2011 after Elena Salgado became First Deputy Prime Minister. He left office in December 2011.

title: Manuel Chaves (politician)


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Talk:Modafinil

Reference to esmodafinil not found on referenced page or internet search
The searching referenced page [7] on NIH.gov for esmodafinil does not find "esmodafinil". Internet search with Google also fails to find relevant info. Lloyd Ewing (talk) 22:03, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Through further investigation I find many internet occurrences of (S)-modafinil, which leads me to believe that is a more common name for the same chemical.
 * [Https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/S -Modafinil https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/S_-Modafinil]
 * Interestingly, Google searches for "s-modafinil" "half life" find enough occurrences to lead me to believe that this is likely to be a significant issue.
 * I did not find any explanation of whether or why (S)-modafinil is/not or could become available to the public. I have no significant education in chemistry or biology, but I understand that modafinil contains both (S)-modafinil and armodafinil, and apparently they are mirror images of the same chemical.
 * Perhaps (S)-modafinil is not available because the pharmaceutical companies would not be able to patent the medication? I am not sure whether any of this information is within the scope of this Wikipedia article. Lloyd Ewing (talk) 21:06, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello. I've authored the draft for (S)-modafinil so I thought I'd chime in.
 * Cephalon would have certainly been able to patent esmodafinil, as they did with armodafinil. Cephalon has never publicly stated why esmodafinil was never marketed on its own, but the reason is presumably that (S)-modafinil's half life is substantially shorter than (R)-modafinil, and it possesses only a third affinity for the dopamine transporter. I'm not sure if this lesser affinity would attenuate the wakefulness effect given modafinil's complex pharmacology, and I could find no paper evaluating the comparative eugeroic properties of modafinil's enantiomers.
 * The lack of exploration of (S)-modafinil is surprising considering that cephalon has not been shy in the past to acknowledge (and even promote) modafinil's off-label use. There's no doubt that a short acting modafinil formulation comprised of (S)-modafinil is a worthwhile avenue to explore, given modafinil's pre-existing use in circumstances where such a property may be useful (especially in nighttime military and occupational contexts). Oro Temp (talk) 13:02, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

Category:Nootropics
, I saw you removed the Nootropic and a few other categories in Special:Diff/1182852997. I agree with all but perhaps the Nootropic category removal. The other categories are more well-defined and evidence-based, but Nootropics, by its very nature, seems more informal and includes things taken for their purported nootropic effect. Even Nootropic says they are (emphasis mine). People certainly take modafinil with the intention of improving cognitive function, and so I think it should remain in that category. I'm not particularly invested in it either way, just thought I'd put in my 2 cents. Kimen8 (talk) 19:41, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your prompt reply. Would you mind I return the nootropics category. We will further watch for the other editors' opinion and behave accordingly, OK? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:44, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No worries either way. Kimen8 (talk) 19:46, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I returned it with appropriate comment. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:48, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Opinions of notable persons
- Maybe we need a separate apropriate section to put opinions of notable persons, such as the opinion at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modafinil&diff=1183154583&oldid=1182868451 However, I don't know whether such a section is welcome in a Wikipedia article about a medication drug, and whether a particular person is notable enough for their opinion to be attached to the encyclopedic data, and medical articles have stricter rules of source appropriateness and reliablility than general Wikipedia, as explained in WP:MEDRS. Putting verbatim opinions about drugs here on Wikipedia may be dangerous becuase some readers may misunderstand an opinion with a reliable information confirmed by reliable research. --Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:25, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think so, as "notable people" can (and often do) spout total nonsense about medical topics and so relaying that does not contribute to knowledge. If secondary sources cover such "opinions" there may be a case for inclusion but otherwise, well ... WP:ARSEHOLES. Bon courage (talk) 15:36, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, thank you, that makes sense! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:44, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Walter Tau -- anyway, your edit added 2 claims:
 * Modafinil and armodafinil have a low abuse potential.
 * D.M. Trott describes his experience as: [...]
 * The first claim was not backed up by a reliable source that can be identified as such by the rules of WP:MEDRS. If claim #1 was a claim per se, than a reliable source should be added. If claim #1 is supported by claim #2, than it is obviously does not fit the rules of WP:MEDRS. Therefore, regardless of whether a section of opinions of notable persons be added or not, claim #1 should be deleted until a reliable source be found that suits WP:MEDRS. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:43, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

People's opinions about drugs, whether they themselves are notable or not, are not noteworthy unless they appear in a WP:MEDRS source. We need to keep our "in popular culture" sections free of quackery influence. Tom Cruse might have strong opinions on it published in a dozen reliable news sources, but including those opinions will not help readers, even if some of them come here looking for such statements of opinion. Sandizer (talk) 11:02, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

Patent protection and litigation
Can you please review the section Modafinil? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:56, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The section is so WP:UNDUE. I don't even understand how much of it even relevant to aid the reader's understanding of modafinil. It should be heavily trimmed and a huge chunk of it should be removed. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 03:16, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * My understandig of the History section from Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles is that it is Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections and should not aid the reader's understanding of modafinil. Even the meaning of the word "trivia" is unimportant matters. Lawsuits of modafinil related to Cephalon have been covered by mainstream media such as The New York times. Therefore, this patent litigation is prominent enough. However, a shorter recapitulation of the even would have been better, as there are some details that might have been removed. Do you have an idea on which details can be removed and which should be kept?
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/business/30drug.html
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/business/a-biotech-outcast-awakens.html
 * Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:31, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The policy I was talking about is WP:WEIGHT. It's okay to cover the lawsuits, but it's WP:UNDUE to have multiple large paragraphs of irrelevant information in there. The whole section should be at most two short paragraphs. Wikipedia is not WP:INDISCRIMINATE collection of information. I'll prepare a suggested version. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 04:29, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please feel free to edit the page straight away to not later mess with references and wikilinks. THank you! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 05:01, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Rewrote the section, see this diff. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 05:10, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * So far, you made a good summary! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 05:22, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * IMO this article still requires significant work to make it ready for GA-tier. I suggest that we withdraw the GA nomination, make the changes/polish, and then nominate it once it's ready. Otherwise, it may prematurely fail the review. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 06:05, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Let us risk and improve the article while the review is in the queue. If we the article will fail, we will have additional feedback from the reviewer on how to improve the article. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 07:12, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I have another article about a medication, Ketotifen, pending GA review. Could you please also take a look at it to suggest where should it be improved to meet GA requirements? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 07:17, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll work on other section later, possibly tomorrow or Monday. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 05:14, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Maxim Masiutin - I strongly agree with WikiLunz that it's more useful to withdraw nomination until the article is improved further. It is more usual to request a copyedit that would further an article's quality. Any would-be reviewer would be put off by an article in obvious need of much further work. There is no urgency for any article to reach GA status - better to let it first evolve more.--Iztwoz (talk) 08:57, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Iztwoz ok Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:01, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Economics section
Just a note to say that pricing of drugs is not needed or wanted - there was a lot of discussion on this some time ago and the consensus reached was that it is of no relevance to the general reader. Best --Iztwoz (talk) 19:04, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much, I removed it. I saw general guides on the sections on a drug article and prices were required there, but I didn't know that another rule clarified that such prices should be taken from secondary sources. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 00:53, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There were articles that described the the price of modafinil was artificially inflated:
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/health/wakefulness-finds-a-powerful-ally.html
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/07/world/europe/european-students-use-of-smart-drugs-is-said-to-rise.html
 * https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/business/global/eu-fines-drug-companies-for-delaying-generics.html
 * May I use information from those sources to describe this overpricing of modafinil? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 00:57, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you please review this variant about ? According to WP:NOTPRICE, an independent source and encyclopedic significance for the mention of price is allowed, which may be indicated by mainstream media sources such as the New York Times providing commentary on these details instead of just passing mention; in this case the price was provided in case of overpricing attention to generic drugs. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 01:27, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Maxim Masiutin, For what it's worth, I think the information you proposed is relevant and should be included in the article. Vontheri (talk) 09:50, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

Usage § Sleep disorder section
In Modafinil

I don't think this is a reliable source for this (besides that it's WP:UNDUE to have a whole paragraph for a single study). -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 02:36, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Fix the first two citations in optimal dosing protocols for modafinil in narcolepsy patients, including the use of doses higher than the recommended dose of 200 mg, as well as split dosing to achieve. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 02:38, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Can you please do that change, as you are the same editor as me? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:48, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you please review the revised "Uses" section, I have addressed the issues that you have noticed. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 04:01, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the "Sleep disorders" section should be rewritten. It has WP:UNDUE amount of irrelavant information about study protocols (which isn't really helpful for a reader). It should be trimmed. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 02:40, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, let me fix that. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:49, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Section contradicts first sentence in lead described as stimulant, section describes as eugeroic.--Iztwoz (talk) 09:04, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @Iztwoz why do you think it is a contradiction? Eugeroics are classified as central nervous system stimulants because they need to stimulate CNS to promote wakefulness. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:31, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Iztwoz I tried to resolve the supposed contradiction that you spotted by modifying the lead, please review. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:40, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Usage § Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue
Why is some NGOs given so much WP:PROMINENCE? Their websites are not MEDRS, therefore should be removed and better source should be used. I think unapproved medical uses shouldn't even be in "Usage" section; it should be within it's own "Research" section. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 02:49, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Can you please give a few quotes so I can check and replace with proper quotes or remove the claims which are not supported by a reliable source? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:49, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think "Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue" under "Usage" should be merged with the "Research" section since modafinil isn't indicated for this condition.I'm not sure why we should include these two particular organization's guidelines in the first place. Since the Modafinil is already pretty clear. Any reason? -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 04:15, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The section of "Uses" describes current use (approved use) whereas "Research" describes details of studies and current and future research.
 * While modafinil is recommended of multiple sclerosis by an executive non-departmental public body, in England, of the Department of Health and Social Care, that publishes guidelines, I would propose to keep this use in the "Uses" section. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 04:59, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * See also, https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/modafinil-provigil-now-restricted-to-narcolepsy -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 05:05, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you!
 * @WikiLinuz, @Iztwoz, let me move all the data from lead to the body together with the references. Then we will make a new lead that better aligns to the rules of WP:MOSLEAD without references at all because it will be a recapitulation on what is told in the body; those references in the lead make it harder to read. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:30, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Usage § Bipolar depression
* https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bdi.12859 This study cited in this subsection is a WP:PRIMARY source and isn't appropriate here. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 02:52, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * My understanding that primary sources are research studies on people or cells, whereas reviews of those studies are secondary sources, at least it is specified in WP:MEDDEF.
 * A secondary source summarizes one or more primary or secondary sources to provide an overview of current understanding of the topic, to make recommendations, or to combine results of several studies. Examples include literature reviews or systematic reviews found in medical journals, specialist academic or professional books, and medical guidelines or position statements published by major health organizations.
 * The study you cited was a review of 58 primary studies, therefore it is a reliable source. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 04:06, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right. I mistook this source for something else. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 04:10, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Exclusive
@Iztwoz, you wrote "is an exclusive psychostimulant newly classed as a eugeroic, a wakefulness-promoting medication".

My understanding is that modafinil is not exclusive and there are other medications with similar action (given that the exact mechanisms are still unknown) and effects which are not metabolites of modafinil. Examples of such drugs are soliumfetol and pitrisant. Would you mind if I remove the word "exclusive"? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:43, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It was used in the ref given ?--Iztwoz (talk) 14:33, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It was an article published in 2012. Later articles do not use the word "exclusive" and explain other medications with similar effect. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:15, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe it was exclusive in 2012, but not now. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:16, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Have changed it to atypical with ref Iztwoz (talk) 15:38, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you please use reference linked to an id, such as pmidXXXXXX where PMID exist, or similar to semantic sholar or DOI? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:54, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It is usual and preferred to use named references - they are much easier to look for and normally give the related year as well. Iztwoz (talk) 15:59, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * They are hard to look because editors have to guess while pmid is fixed and have no variance on editor. Do you have a tool to replace all to pmid? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:00, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You can revert if you wish but I suggest you take a look at other edit pages of good articles and B class too.--Iztwoz (talk) 16:05, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If that were easy than the tool of https://citation-template-filling.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi would have generated such refs. Instead, it generates by pmid so that the refs are inherently unique and you don't need to use clunky forms like -2, -3, etc. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:11, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please just take a look at Gout, Alcoholism, COPD, Epilepsy, Asthma and any other good article - It is far easier to look for a name than a number Iztwoz (talk) 16:21, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Aren't Amphetamine, 21-Hydroxylase, Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator, Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia not good? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:29, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You can rename references that have no pmid. This renamer probably was not meant to be used for medical articles, it does not know about pmid. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:41, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * When you can hundreds of refs it is hard to memorize, easer to refer by pmid, I looked at GA and FA articles to find out the use ref name="pmid....
 * Amphetamine
 * 21-Hydroxylase
 * Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator
 * Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
 * Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:18, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I prefer we use format as well. -- Wiki Linuz   ( talk ) 20:05, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is very convenient when using the https://citation-template-filling.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi Maxim Masiutin (talk) 20:10, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Neat tool. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 21:30, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * RefRenamer did not support pmid, s2cid or other attributes, but I added support of these attributes to my local version of RefRenamer and asked the author to consider supporting them in the main instance, see Maxim Masiutin (talk) 20:41, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I make nice reference names (as you did) for all the references except those which had PMID. For works that didn't have PMID but had s2cid, I used that as a reference name. I am sorry that it turned out that way with the references. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:11, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I am moving references from lead to body to make a new clean lead, please disregard if currently the lead is incomplete Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:20, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Amphetamine uses names. Others use mixed which is why the Refnamer tool is used.--Iztwoz (talk) 16:37, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Can Refnamer rename to pmid? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:41, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You didn't edit this page almost and then used an automated tool and tell that it is easier. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:49, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Mechanism of action
There is far too much unneeded detail on connexins that is available on links.--Iztwoz (talk) 15:42, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I removed the details on connexins.
 * What else should we improve? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 20:03, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * See also WP:TOOMANYREFS. -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 21:47, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Reference Names
Please keep the reference names that have a PubMed ID (PMID) as "pmidXXXX", for example for, as I rely on this small unique ID to search for the articles, avoid duplication, etc. however, feel free to rename other references that do not have PubMed ID. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 20:08, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

Explanation of Jargon
@WikiLinuz, thank you for your improvement of the article! Please try to keep the explanation of jargon and not remove it, I refer to jargon like "operational tempo". And if you encounter jargon which is not explained, try to explain it for the general audience. That was not me who pointed to this issue. If you see the page revision at about June 2023, you will see tags like, I tried to address all these issues. I agree that "operational tempo" is a jargon worth explaining, moreover, I didn't know it's meaning myself, and when I started to search, I figured out that "operational tempo", which means the rate at which military operations or activities are conducted, whereas increase of the "operational tempo" refers to the enhancement the unit's overall performance and efficiency. There were dozens of such jargon like "operational tempo" or "postmarketing surveliance" which I hope I addressed all of them, but if you find some other which were not tagged as, please let me know or try to address by yourself! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 07:42, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't find that term be confusing; it's pretty intuitive. "Tempo" comes from music (which generally means "speed"—in musical context for example). But if you think it warrants an explanation, I don't have an objection. If the jargon has its own wiki page, we generally just link to it (but in this case it doesn't it seems so I guess it's okay to have a short explanation). -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 07:54, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I am not skilled in music either, I just took the page as it was and found out that this was marked as jargon using a template, and I also didn't know its meaning. English is not my native language and this is first time when I saw this term. Probably English is your language, that's why you didn't find it confusing. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:27, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please see that diff: Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:41, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * For example, Postmarketing_surveillance has its own wikipage so we can just link it there since I think it's not super important to explain it inline (because it's not related to the subject of the article itself). It's good practice to make encyclopedic entries as concise as possible at the same time have relevant info about the subject itself (without giving WP:UNDUE importance to minor details). -- Wiki Linuz  ( talk ) 08:10, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not WP:UNDUE when you can explain a term in a couple of words or use simpler words, we should not rely on the links always but write in a simpler language instead or use a couple of words explanation when possible. Even Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles advises to avoid jargon when there are suitable plain English words. If you exclude the explanation, that guy will come again and put [jargon] again and will be right. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:33, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Let me ask that person to give reasoning. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:36, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikilinks are needed when a reader wants go get details or more information, not when the reader does not know at all; we should write in such a way that the reader would not need to click links. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 14:03, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The initial editor mentioned that the wikilink should be sufficient (see ), let it be so. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 14:42, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Postmarketing surveillance
you put on the modafinil page, in particular, you tagged postmarketing surveillance as a jargon. Do you think it can be addressed by a wikilink to the postmarketing surveillance article as suggested by WikiLinuz at, or should it be addressed some other way, such as giving a 3-4 words explanation on what is it, or rewriting it in a simple language, or something else? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:48, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I think a wikilink would be sufficient. ― Moorlock (talk) 14:21, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 14:41, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Should you have time, we would appreciate if you review the article again, because we resolved all the tags that you inserted. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 14:43, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Reference format
According to Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers, the editors should refrain from altering the style of elements such as date format, units, and so on, within an article unless there is a significant reason that is not merely a preference for a different style. Engaging in revert-wars over optional styles is not acceptable. If a consensus cannot be reached through discussion regarding the style to be used in an article, the style established by the first major contributor should be respected. My understanding is that this rule also applies to reference formats. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 21:38, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Usage section
@WikiLinuz, @Iztwoz I moved all mentioning of studies from "Usage" section to "Research" section. Can you please review the research section and mark all claims that are not supported by secondary studies by a header section template, so I could find secondary studies? My understanding that Wikipedia should not discuss all primary research studies unless they are mentioned in the secondary research, anyway, it is better to get research directions from secondary research:

WP:MEDMOS: Research directions: Include only if addressed by significant sources. See Trivia, and avoid useless statements like "More research is needed". Wikipedia is not a directory of clinical trials or researchers. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 11:36, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @User:WikiLinuz], @[[User:Iztwoz, do you have any idea on how can we improve the article any further, or may we submit it to GA? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 06:15, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Deviate from prescribed dosages
I have clarified the "deviate from prescribed dosages", it was a slightly different meaning in the referenced article, which I hope I explained correctly. Please let me know whether it is now OK. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 08:08, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Brand names
Your observation about the brand names was correct. Would you mind if I remove them altogether to keep consistency with the other places in the article, where nowhwere the brands are mentioned? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 21:13, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * You will need to be a bit more specific about what my observation regarding brand names was. If you mean my most recent edit where I moved proprietary names into parentheses, then I think it is safe to remove the proprietary name. Those terms are wikilinked and the proprietary name is generally mentioned there in the lede if it's noteworthy anyway. Kimen8 (talk) 21:16, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I slightly changed the wording in your edit to be a bit less clunky. It is amphetamine (racemic), or dextroamphetamine, or salts thereof. Kimen8 (talk) 21:20, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

About Edit
Hi, Im student from Uskudar University. I edit this article (Neuroenhancement) as an assignment for my course (Recent Development in Biotechnology). I already completed Wikipedia training modules to be proficient in Wikipedia editing. I would appreciate any support.

Best wishes,

Büşra GÜLER Busragulerr (talk) 13:30, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello, this article is about Modafinil, not about Neuroenhancement.
 * Was your assignment in Modafinil or in Neuroenhancement? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:33, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I would like to assign you about modafinil, which is within the scope of Neuroenhcament. Busragulerr (talk) 13:36, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Modafinil is not a neuroenhancer but a drug to treat symptoms narcolepsy and other conditions. In healthy people, modafinil can make congition worse. Modafinil may increase confidence in one's own abilities and judgments, which can lead to overestimating one's performance and underestimating the risks or challenges involved in a task. This can result in poor decision-making, reduced learning, and increased errors. For example, modafinil may increased confidence but not accuracy in a gambling task resulint in a average loss comparing to controls that did not take modafinil. Reduced creativity of modafinil may also be the case, as modafinil may impair creativity and divergent thinking, which are the abilities to generate novel and original ideas or solutions. This can limit one's ability to cope with complex or ambiguous problems, or to find new ways of doing things. For instance, modafinil may reduce creativity and flexibility in verbal fluency tasks. Modafinil may have different effects on different types of cognitive tasks, depending on the level of difficulty, complexity, and domain. Modafinil may impair overall speed, efficiency, and accuracy, such as worsening performance on tasks such as a knapsack task, so that modafinil may increase the level of effort, but decreased the quality of effort, in solving the knapsack task, making total time higher and results worse. Modafinil did not improve the cognitive performance of the participants, but rather worsened it. You can refer to those studies if you wish. So you will mention that for neuroenhancment, modafinil negatively affect cognitive performance. But why do you need modafinil for that? There are drugs that negatively affect cognition even more than modafinil. Examples of such drugs that negatively affect performance even at a larger degree than modafinil are anticholinergic drugs, such as amitriptyline, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, antipsychotics, and antispasmodics, as they can impair memory, attention, and speed of information processing by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory; besides that, opioids, such as morphine, oxycodone, and codeine can impair cognitive flexibility, working memory, and reaction time by affecting the opioid receptors in the brain, which are involved in pain perception, reward, and mood regulation; also, antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine, valproic acid, and lamotrigine can impair verbal memory, working memory, and reaction time by altering the electrical activity of neurons in the brain, which are involved in various cognitive functions; and, antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin, can sometimes and in some cases impair verbal reasoning and memory by affecting the glucose metabolism in the brain, which is essential for neuronal function and survival; and, to certain degree, proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole; can impair verbal reasoning and memory by reducing the absorption of vitamin B12, which is important for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and the maintenance of myelin sheath around nerve fibers; so that the drugs above mentionsed, as nagative neuroenhancers can much more affect negatively cognition than modafinil - consider describing them also. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 18:35, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Delete of the Modafinil section
I propose to delete subsection Modafinil (the one from Research section), because it contradicts with the subsection Modafinil from the Usage section). The subsection from "Research" lists old primary stidies and old review whereus the subsesection from the "Usage" section lists no primary studies and later reviews. The earlier review mentioned in subsection from "Research" found that the evidence is weak and inconclusinve, but later reviews from "Usage" section found sufficient evidence. Therefore, to remove this contradition, I propose to remove the subsection from reseach, as it adds no value and also lists primary research which is not a solid evidence per se, and Wikipedia is not mean to be a collection of reiteration of primary studies. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 13:38, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Citation after each sentence in Society and culture / economy section
Why did you request to put a citation after each sentence in when the proper sources were at the end of the paragraph? Wikipedia does not mandate to put a reference after every sentence. References after each section should be enough. Also, your change from "In 2004 the New York Times reported" to "as of 2004" was an alteration of meaning and was not supported by the original source. Please consider geting a subscription and read the articles referenced. As you requested, but I think that it is superfluous. Would you mind I remove these "after-each-section" references and keep as it was before? Thank you for cooperation! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 18:00, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Please keep the citations. Medical articles should be relatively dense with inline citations. WP:MEDMOS. Other parts of the article should have more citations. The discussion and mention of the NYT article doesn't seem neutral WP:NPOV. Is it necessary to mention the name of the NYT in the article? Is the article from 2004 relevant 20 years later (or the other two from ten years ago)? Where are the counterpoints? Is the price in 2004 relevant? Do any of the sources validate the claim about location being a factor in the cost? --Whywhenwhohow (talk) 20:20, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Whywhenwhohow you raised good points, let me think a day on how to address them Maxim Masiutin (talk) 04:30, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I revamped the whole Modafinil section, so it is now presents the information in historical flow, from earlier to later events which present historical interest. I also removed the reference to NY times, I agree with you that it is not relevant who mentioned what. As for the historical flow that it is now, I hope, this resolves your concenrs of whether some pieces of information are still relevant that was published 10 or 20 years ago. While now the situation changed, this information is intersting from the historical point of view, i.e. to show how the situation evolved over time. Thank you very much again for your valuable contributions.
 * Still, can you please read the whole Modafinil section now and let me know whether it is now OK. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 04:43, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Modafinil
can you please review the subsection Modafinil in the Research section, as I rearranged studies mentioned by year and made a conclusion. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:51, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Distinct mechanisms of action of modafinil make it an option for sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not desired due to their euphoric effects
Hello, @Tea with toast! You have indicated that the sentence "Modafinil's unique mechanism of action sets it apart from other stimulants, making it a valuable medication for managing sleep disorders" has a promotional-sounding language, and suggested to removed it. This sentence was in the paragraph after the sentence that other stimulants may produce euthoria whereas modanil may not. When I wrote that sentence, I wanted to emphasize that distinct mechanisms of action of modafinil make it an option to consider when the euphoric effects of potential abuse or dependence are wanted to be avoided. However, that sentence turned out to sound like a promotional statement. I also noticed that, but didn't have the idea at that time how to rewrite it, and, it didn't seem to me at that time to sound such promotional as it was now when I re-read it after some time passed.

Did I understand correctly that you suggested to remove the promotional tone, not the sentence itself that sounded like a promotion? Was my understanding correct that you suggested to rewrite the sentence, if possible, in a more neutral language?

If my understanding was correct, then let me know. I rewritten this sentence. Now it is (quote): "Modafinil has a different mechanism of action from other stimulants, therefore, modafinil is an option for treating sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not desired due to their potential for abuse or addiction." There are other variants to consider, such as "Modafinil works differently from other stimulants, thus it can be used to treat sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not preferred because of their possible addictive effects" or "Modafinil's mechanisms of action are different from other stimulants, which makes it a viable option for treating sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not suitable due to their potential for addiction or abuse".

Here are the other version of this sentence that I used now, with minor tweaks. @Tea with toast, please let me know whether you like the current version, or some variant from below. The feedback from all Wikipedia editors is welcome!

 * Modafinil has a different mechanism of action from other stimulants, and this makes it an alternative for treating sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not desired due to their potential for abuse or addiction.
 * Modafinil has a different mechanism of action from other stimulants, and this makes it an option for treating sleep disorders when the other stimulants are not desired due to their potential for abuse or addiction that they may cause.

Please note that this sentence is used in the lead, so I wanted to have the language as plain and simple as possible, as required by the Wikipedia rules on the lead section. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 08:43, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Extra citations
you noticed that in a edit by Tea with toast that added a "citation needed" template were you revered that edit. I also noticed that in most templates added by Tea with toast, the citation is given at the end of paragraph. According to Wikipedia rules, citations to support for all the claims made in a paragraph can be done at the end of this paragraph.

We already had a similar discussion where Whywhenwhohow also proposed to include more citations by adding the "citation needed" templates in a paragraph where there were already sources at the end of the paragraph. Still, Whywhenwhohow quoted the rules, in particular, that "Medical articles should be relatively dense with inline citations" according to WP:MEDMOS.

In my opinion, duplicated citations may be justified when there are several citations at the end of the paragraph, and there is a claim of particular importance supported by less than all those citations so that it may be beneficial to only indicate those citations (citation) that support a particular claim. Also, there may be claims of particular importance when additional citations may be needed from sources of higher quality in the context of that particular claim, so that additional citations may be needed to support this claim, citations that are not given at the end of the paragraph.

So, in my opinion, suggesting additional citations by adding the "citation needed" template is a way to improve the article. In my opinion, additions of such requests should not be reverted even in cases when subsequent sentences have this statement. In the particular case that we had, the source at "StatPearls" was probably not good enough, so that additional sources might have been needed. Such requests should be kept. If such requests are inappropriate, we may first discuss them on a Talk page and then remove them. I prefer to first discuss issues on the Talk page rather than simply removing them unless there is an urgency to revert, such as vandalism or the addition of unsourced information to a biography of a living person.

As I already mentioned, Whywhenwhohow pointed out that Wikipedia’s medical citation guidelines recommend that "Medical articles should be relatively dense with inline citations, with at least one citation for every paragraph, except for the lead section and paragraphs that summarize other cited material". Still, this "at least" statement should not be extensively applied. This is because medical information is subject to frequent change and scrutiny, and requires high-quality sources to ensure accuracy and reliability. Therefore, the guidelines also suggest that "Citations should be placed at the end of the sentence or clause that they support, and should not be placed at the end of a paragraph unless they support the entire paragraph". In our case, my understanding is that the application of Tea with toast of these rules was correct. This requirement to put citations to the end of a sentence or clause that they support is to avoid confusion and ambiguity about which source supports which claim and to make it easier for readers and editors to verify the information. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:22, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

Conclusion in the section Modafinil
Hello, Zefr!

I would like to discuss conclusion in the section Modafinil. In particular, I am concerned about your edit where you, among other,. I agree with that edit in most part except the deletion of the following paragraph: "Despite initial optimism, modafinil's potential to improve cognitive function in healthy individuals and those with post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment remains uncertain due to mixed and inconclusive research results. Current evidence implies that modafinil may not be significantly effective as a cognitive enhancer for non-sleep-deprived individuals."

I read on Wikipedia rules that Wikipedia should not be a catalog of results of particular studies, even meta-analysis studies and review studies. According to these rules, it should be stated and generalized what did these studies found, rather than merely explaining that study X found Y. I tried to make such a conclusion, but you deleted it. Would you mind writing a different conclusion? I found many articles in Wikipedia when there is a long list of study results, so my head messes up and I cannot understand the final point. That's why the rules prescribe to write a summary of what these studies found, without explicitly referring to any particular study, still, they have to be properly cited. That's why I written such a conclusion, because I found such enumeration of studies inappropriate. Still, I didn't dare to delete that long enumeration. So I thought that a conclusion would resolve the issue.

I understand that you may have a different perspective on how to summarize the research on modafinil as a cognitive enhancer. However, I think that deleting the conclusion entirely is not the best way to present the information to the readers. By deleting the conclusion, you are leaving the section with a list of studies that may not be easy to follow or understand for the average reader. A conclusion would help to synthesize the main findings and implications of the research, and provide a clear and concise message to the reader.

Therefore, I kindly request you to reconsider your edit and either restore the conclusion that I wrote or write a new one that reflects the current state of the research. I think that this would improve the quality and readability of the article, and adhere to the Wikipedia policies and guidelines on summarizing research. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 14:00, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Concerning the last paragraph of this section, there is no reason to state there was "initial optimism", as that is original research and is inaccurate - no reputable review stated that perspective.
 * Further: 1) the use of modafinil in people who received chemotherapy should not be discussed because a) the source is an outdated (2011) opinion article, and b) the article found it was not different than placebo anyway - as this is not worth mentioning, I removed it.
 * 2) the other two sources in the paragraph, here and here are already discussed and dismissive of any significant modafinil effect. I see no justification to expand discussion of such negative results. Zefr (talk) 16:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your opinion. What do you think on this: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AModafinil&diff=1200505802&oldid=1200494156 ? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:13, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I rewritten the summary of the studies to present the findings in such a way that the results of the reviews are not contradictory. Can you please review the section now? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:44, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

For example, a 2020 review found that modafinil had a small, positive effect on memory updating, whereas a 2019 review on mental function in healthy, non-sleep-deprived people found that the drug did not improve cognitive function in non-sleep-deprived persons. Did these reviews contradit each other? Besides that, a 2015 review found whilst most studies employing basic testing paradigms show that modafinil intake enhances executive function, only half show improvements in attention and learning and memory, and a few even report impairments in divergent creative thinking. In contrast, when more complex assessments are used, modafinil appears to consistently engender enhancement of attention. Question is, did 2020 review evaluate "complex assessments" or "basic testing paradigms" to figure out positive effect on memory updating? We should make a summary of all this. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:12, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * If there's a review summarizing what you state, then that should be used rather than a user doing the editorializing. Zefr (talk) 17:17, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, I will think on what can we do with that, let us keep it as is for now. Thank you for your help in editing. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:30, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your trimming. I am OK with the trimmed versions, as long as the sections are not deleted altogether. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 11:25, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Inflammation
You also deleted the "Inflammation" subsection from the "Research directions" section via this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modafinil&diff=1199334323&oldid=1199332564

As a reason for deletion, you specified "speculation from primary research". However, the articles cited in that subsection, such as , , were systematic reviews and meta-analysys, they were not primary research as you mentioned. These articles correctly described the current research directions of anti-inflammatory properties of modafinil.

Please consider restoring this information. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:19, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * You do not need to ping me for every discussion issue - obviously, I'm watching the article and talk page.
 * The brain or liver "anti-inflammatory" hypothesis for modafanil seems quite preposterous as the 3 sources are based on animal or in vitro models, preliminary human studies, and admission that the concept is "controversial and far from conclusive." No WP:MEDRS review supports such an idea. Zefr (talk) 17:38, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Zefr I understand that these anti-inflammatory properties are not proven, but these reviews believe that such properties are woth analyzing. When we are in a Research Direction section, we should mention topics of current research if these topics are touched by significant sources, such as the reviews I cited, we should also mention that this is an area of research. And sorry for the pings. What do you think if we mention it as research area, in a way it was mentioned in a subsection that you deleted, or in some other way? Do you have access to the full text of all the eorks cited in that deleted section? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:13, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * oops, sorry again: when I clicked Reply, it automatically put a Wikilink that pings. I will have to be careful and manually delete it. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:21, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Still, this is an area of ongoing research direction. Can you please restore this section somehow, maybe with different content? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 09:41, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Zefr, I wanted to ask you to not make substantial deletions or otherwise substantial edits while the article is in the GA review, because such edits may trigger violation of GA crriteria 5 (Stable: it does not change significantly from day to day because of an ongoing edit war or content dispute) (WP:GACR). If you think that some information is inappropriate, please comment at Talk:Modafinil/GA2 about that information instead of deleting this information. Insect.eate - thank you for keeping an eye on the page and that you reintroduced deleted content at at . Maxim Masiutin (talk) 07:30, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * You seem to be more motivated to check off GA status than to provide a concise, review-sourced article.
 * This edit was justified because the prior content was leading the reader with conjecture and synthesis from loosely-related primary research - if a source reviews lab studies, it is still a weak source for an encyclopedia.
 * I would prefer nothing is said about possible anti-inflammatory activity because it is just a projection of possible effects from what can be interpreted as an experimentally "dirty" drug on diverse neuronal targets as studied in the lab, disabling understanding of an anti-disease property in humans. The available literature is far too premature for encyclopedic content. Zefr (talk) 17:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I am OK with the current concise version of the inflammation section, as soon is inflammation is mentioned at all in the research directions. I saw many primary studies on animals and cell cultures, so I think it is worth mentioning. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 11:18, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Pharmacodynamics section
This trimming was justified because the existing content and sources are from basic lab research, leading to jargon-filled conjecture and synthesis of possible modafinil effects. The remaining content is mostly consistent with the 2023 Greenblatt summary which is really all we need to say and source, as it is concise and relatively easy to follow for the general, non-science encyclopedia user.

The pharmacodynamics section should follow the MEDMOS guide about "writing for the wrong audience": it is not a comprehensive medical or pharmaceutical resource. Zefr (talk) 17:23, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Zefr, I think it is really important to distinquish between the level of evidence required to determine if a drug works (review articles of human clinical trials) vs. how a drug works. The later is normally relies on lab/animal studies, not human studies. Invasive human clinical trials to determine mechanism are not ethical.  I agree with you that it is not permissible to imply efficacy in humans based on laboratory studies.  But that is not was done here.  Efficacy has been supported with MEDRS compliant sources.  The mechanism of how it works has not been completely worked out.  Discussing leading theories of how it works is fair game. We should always strive to make articles understandable to a wide auidence. But the pharmacodynamics section is inherently technical, so writing it in a technical manner is somewhat unavoidable.  Boghog (talk) 17:44, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Sources in the lede
I disagree with the opinion behind this revert. The lede "is the first thing most people will read upon arriving at an article, and may be the only portion of the article that they read."

For a drug widely misunderstood and misused particularly by young adults, it would be useful to have concise, lay-friendly reviews in the lede, such as MedlinePlus, Drugs.com, or the Greenblatt summary. Zefr (talk) 17:40, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you for discussing that on the talk page. I agree with that edit on substance, but can you please not add references (citations) to the lead section to keep it clean and easy to read? and make sure instead that the claims that made in the lead are duplicated in the body with correct. I will add a substituted template "Leadcite comment" for future information for the editors. it is common for citations to appear in the body and not the lead, see WP:MOSLEAD and MOS:LEADCITE. Can you please do the edit, but without adding citations to the lead, and make sure the information is present in the body and is cited in the body? Thank you! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 11:16, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Pretty much every sentence in a medical article, including the lead, should have a citation. Readers should not have to search for relevant text or relevant citations within the document. Please see discussions about citations at WT:MED, WP:MEDMOS, WP:MEDRS, and WP:MEDCITE. -- Whywhenwhohow (talk) 22:50, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Whywhenwhohow I read discussions about citations that you mentioned but there wasn't mentioned anything specific about the lead. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 05:50, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Medical articles should be dense with citations and that includes the lead. WP:MEDCITE has a section about citations in the lead. MOS:LEADCITE states Complex, current, or controversial subjects may require many citations. Please get consenus at WT:MED before removing citations from the lead of medical articles. --Whywhenwhohow (talk) 05:59, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Whywhenwhohow this essay you refer doesn't aim to mandate a rule, it describes a use case; the information in the lead section of modafinil is not complex or controversial, it is mostly the same as can be found in a leaflet (monograph). Anyway, you try to misinterpret the rule and mandate your understanding of the rules. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 10:36, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * There is no logical reason not to have general references in the lede to aid users who may be doing a quick check on what modafinil is and what reputable consumer sources say about it. Also, the current lede does not adequately highlight the potential adverse effects and interactions with prescription drugs, warnings for existing clinical conditions, or overdosing. Proceeding with an edit. Zefr (talk) 19:43, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Can you please also add the reference to the last paragraph at the lede, that ends with "cognitive functions? If you wish the lead had reference, than the reference use in the lead has to be consistent, you should not expect other people continue a change that you begun over an otherwise valid page (when the rules give options). Maxim Masiutin (talk) 17:48, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I've added the missing references to the lead Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:10, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "It is classified as an eugeroic (a wakefulness-promoting drug) rather than a classical psychostimulant due to its lack of euphoric effects." This statement was removed from the lede because modafinil does have euphoric properties, according to the DailyMed (under Drug Abuse) and the monograph under Abuse and Misuse Potential. Zefr (talk) 17:30, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing that out. I also re-read the review studies and found out that they don't completely rule out euphoric effects, they mention that the euphoric effect in modafinil exists, but it is lower than in classical stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamine. I modified the section "Addiction and dependence" and "Sleep disorders", mentioning that modafinil has euphoric effects, albeit to a lower degree than classical stimulants. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 18:33, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Small clarifications for general audience who are not health care practitioners
I tried to make the text to understand for the general audience as much as possible, and tried to use simple terms whenever possible. When I could not find a simple term, I wrote short explanations. For example, there were an explanation "CPAP is a device that is used during sleep to deliver pressurized air into the nose and mouth to keep airways open and prevent breathing interruptions."

It is easier to read the text when there are the explanations, rather than clicking hyperlinks.

The user Whywhenwhohow made some good edits, I like those edits, still, one of the edits deleted this explanation.

Whywhenwhohow: can you please restore that explanation, or, if you think that it is too long, add a shorter explanation on what is CPAP? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 12:51, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

age restrictions
@Whywhenwhohow: Regarding your revert here, I looked over the references you added and can't find anything about age limits. I believe you, don't get me wrong, I'm just a bit confused. I originally removed the sentence because I interpreted "age limits" to mean restrictions similar to how there are age restrictions on the purchase of alcohol or tobacco in most countries, which wouldn't make sense for a drug that requires a prescription to begin with. I found this reference which states "PROVIGIL is not approved for use in children for any medical condition", however my understanding is that physicians can still choose to prescribe the drug off-label to patients of any age, similar to how lamotrigine is frequently prescribed off-label for a wide range of conditions. I also found this source that says "Children under 16 years old: not recommended". Note "not recommended" does not mean "completely prohibited". Are you aware of a specific law or regulation that specifically prohibits the prescription of modafinil to patients under 17 or 18 or whatever age? I think the sentence at least needs rewording, to avoid others having the same misconception that I had, that sales were age restricted in a way analogous to alcohol or tobacco.

Also, may I kindly request that when reverting an edit due to a problem with a portion of that edit, that you instead only revert the specific part of the edit that you disagree with, instead of the entire edit? As I mentioned in the edit summary, I was doing two things: I was removing the sentence about "age limits", and also "updating terminology". I assume you have no objections to the latter portion of my edit, as you took part in the relevant discussion and didn't raise any objection to me making those types of changes. (for example, a quote from you: "I think your next step is to copyedit a dozen articles. Aside from improving the articles, it would let you know if your ideas about improvement will scare up any opposition (I don't expect any)." I'm going to go ahead and re-do that portion of the edit I made. In the mean time, could you please let me know what your thoughts are about rewording the sentence about age limits to avoid others misinterpreting it in the way that I did?

Thank you! Vontheri (talk) 20:34, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I apologize, I just realized that I had you confused with another editor! When I said you had participated in the previous discussion and I quoted you, I was actually referring to @WhatamIdoing. You have similar names, both are similar lengths and multiple words and both start with "W". This entire time I thought you were the same person! Very sorry! Vontheri (talk) 20:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with you about partial roolbacks. In the https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modafinil&diff=1211018837&oldid=1210884185 I didn't find any part that could be kept. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 12:32, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Did you see where that type of terminology (such as oral/by mouth) has been discussed previously? My preference was for "oral". Saying "oral administration (swallowed by mouth)" was agreed on as a compromise. Same goes for similar terms such as "intramuscular (injection into a vein).
 * I am adding "if taken during or two months prior to pregnancy." to the part about "harm to the fetus", as otherwise it sounds as though it is only harmful during pregnancy.
 * And by the way, I removed "broken down", not added it, so you were restoring (rather than reverting) my edit when you made that change.
 * Regardless, my primary concern was regarding the sentence about "age limits", as though it is certainly possible this exists in some country, I at least can't find anything confirming this for the United States. I do see references saying it is not approved for use in children, but nothing saying the prescribing of it to children is specifically restricted. Doctors prescribe drugs off label all the time, including prescribing drugs to children that have only been approved for use in adults. I can't find any source (including the ones @Whywhenwhohow found) that says anything about Modafinil being a special case in this regards. There certainly are specific medications that are restricted in specific ways. For example, if buprenorphine is prescribed as maintenance therapy for opioid addiction, it may only be legally prescribed by a physician who has undergone a specific certification (although any physician is free to legally prescribe buprenotprhine to other patients for other reasons, such as for pain control.) Perhaps modafinil has a similar specific restriction on prescribing it to children, but I can't find any evidence of this anywhere. Vontheri (talk) 18:09, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I also found this source from the Mayo Clinic that implies it can be prescribed to children. Quote "Teenagers and children younger than 17 years of age—Use and dose must be determined by your doctor." Vontheri (talk) 18:25, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not sure whether Mayo Clinic is a reliable source, let us experience colleague editors let us know. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 18:30, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your edits. I think that the age limit is a sensitive topic. If FDA does not approve it for children, that we should not imply that the doctors may prescribe it off-label. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 18:32, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, but we should also not say something that is not true and say that there are "age limits" that specifically prevent it from being prescribed to children. How would you feel about changing the sentence to something like "Modafinil is not FDA approved for use in children and teenagers under age 17"? Vontheri (talk) 18:48, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri that should probably be ok. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 22:10, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I suggest using '... for use in people under age 17' in that sentence.
 * In addition, the off-label use may be restricted in some countries. --Whywhenwhohow (talk) 22:45, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Whywhenwhohow "some countries" may attract Maxim Masiutin (talk) 22:49, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * For example, France has restrictions on off-label use.
 * https://www.insideeulifesciences.com/2021/07/06/new-early-access-and-off-label-use-rules-in-france/
 * -- Whywhenwhohow (talk) 22:53, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That is much better! :-) Maxim Masiutin (talk) 23:20, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * FYI, some more on off-label.
 * https://jaapl.org/content/early/2020/11/24/JAAPL.200049-20
 * https://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/2023/10/fda-issues-draft-guidance-on-off-label-statements-a-new-frontier-or-acknowledgement-of-the-status-quo
 * https://www.dechert.com/knowledge/onpoint/2021/8/fda-issues--final-rule--on-drug-and-medical-device-marketing.html
 * -- Whywhenwhohow (talk) 23:32, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Whywhenwhohow great findings! that's why I eas so concerned about promoting off-label use Maxim Masiutin (talk) 23:34, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm changing the sentence to "Modafinil is not FDA approved for use in people under age 17." Of course, the situation may be different in France or other countries that don't recognize FDA approval (some small countries that don't have their own FDA/EMA equivalent also recognize FDA approval, so it doesn't apply only to the U.S.), so I'll leave information about non-FDA-following (such as France) countries for someone else who is familiar with those countries' policies on pediatric use of modafinil or off-label use of drugs in general.
 * The specific reason it was not approved by the FDA for pediatric use was because of an increased risk in that population of Stevens–Johnson syndrome after taking modafinil. source (I would add that part the the article too, but Citer keeps giving me an error message for some reason, and I'm too tired at the moment to fill out the whole citation manually... there's probably a better reference that is more WP:MEDMOS-style for the same information out there, anyway.)
 * And by the way, nothing I said or was proposing to say was intended to be promoting off-label use, only recognizing the reality that it does occur and is, except in a few specific circumstances, completely legal. What is illegal (in the United States) is for drug manufacturers to advertise, market, or otherwise encourage off-label use of their drugs. Vontheri (talk) 01:33, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You can just fill DOI and title and I will keep the rest via the Citation expander. As for the substance, I would defer to my colleagues to come up with the opinion. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 01:56, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I will do that later when I have more time.
 * Sorry, I don't understand, what substance are you referring to? And opinion about what? Vontheri (talk) 03:08, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri I mean the essence of the issue. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:10, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Of which issue? Sorry, I'm not trying to be difficult, I just honestly don't understand what you mean.Vontheri (talk) 03:13, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri I mean I did only express my intention to expand the citation you mentioned without expressing any opinion about the context around the citation. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:15, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh okay, I think I understand now. I thought by "substance" you meant the definition of the word that is "drug" or "medication", thus my confusion. Vontheri (talk) 03:17, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri there are 6 citations after the sentence about age in the lead, could you please keep at most 2-3 best sources? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:00, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Whywhenwhohow added those 6 citations, not me. I didn't remove any because I thought he should be the one to decide which to keep or not since he is the one who added them. Vontheri (talk) 03:06, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri ok, thank you for letting me know. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:11, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @Vontheri I agree with you. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 03:11, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Parkinson's disease
Apparently modafinil has been used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's. Could somebody competent add a section about this please? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4252229/ 92.239.195.55 (talk) 17:50, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * There is too little information, there was one small controlled trial of 19 adult patients. We need more, bigger controlled trials to appear and wait for a review or a meta-analysis on these trials, see WP:MEDRS for more details on the procedure. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 22:00, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

Borderline sources
I've noticed that the script User:Headbomb/unreliable.js marks a few sources in the Modafinil article as borderline, such as. User:JoelleJay can you please help us sorting out these yellow sources in Modafinil, such as (a) replacing them with better sources, (b) adding a comment that a source is appropriate in this particular case via, for example, or some other way, or (c) removing a statement when there are no good sources left. I am not very good in distinguishing really bad sources that should be removed from marginally bad that can be kept. Can you please help in that and/or guide me what should I do on each of those sources, or maybe there are other options to address yellow sources? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:52, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, I can look into replacement sources. JoelleJay (talk) 17:03, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much, will be looking for your feedback. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 19:12, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll try to get to it this week, unless there is a time constraint here? JoelleJay (talk) 02:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * There is no time constraint, please do that when you have time if at all. Thank you! Maxim Masiutin (talk) 15:41, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Drug Tolerance
The section on drug tolerance contradicts itself. The first para states that "Extensive clinical research has not demonstrated drug tolerance...."; the next four paras describe development of tolerance! The first para references different cites from the remainder of the section. One would need to check these references rather carefully to see what confidence can be placed in this opening statement, and whether it needs to be qualified. I believe modafinil has a much lower risk of developing tolerance in short-term or occasional use than the amphetamines, but I would be very surprised if it were shown to have no tolerance after 40 weeks of regular use.

The rest of the section is a bit verbose and could be redacted.

I don't have time in the next couple of days to do the edit justice, but I'll keep this on my to do list. As usual, feel free to preempt me ;-) D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 17:09, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modafinil


text:
Westmob

Westmob, is a primarily African-American street gang located in San Francisco, California. Since 1999, they have been in conflict against the Big Block gang which is its major rival in the area. Westmob is known to associate with the Oakdale Mob and Sunnydale Gangsters. Its rivalry with Big Block was the subject of the 2002 documentary Straight Outta Hunter's Point and is linked to rap and drugs. They claim territory from West Point to Middle Point in San Francisco's notoriously dangerous Hunters Point projects.

The gang made headlines around the nation when one of its members, David Hill, was arrested for murdering a police officer in April 2004.

title: Westmob


text:
CITS-DT

CITS-DT (channel 14) is a religious television station in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, serving as the flagship station of Yes TV. Owned by Crossroads Christian Communications, the station has studios on North Service Road (adjacent to Highway 403) in Burlington, and its transmitter is located on the CHCH Television Tower on Hwy 5 near Millgrove Side Road in Dundas, Ontario.

CITS-DT also operates rebroadcasters in Ottawa and London, extending the station's coverage to almost all of Southern Ontario as well as portions of Western New York.

History
On December 4, 1996, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) denied Crossroads Christian Communications a licence to operate a religious television station in Burlington. Two years later on April 2, 1998, the company became successful in obtaining a licence for Hamilton, beating out Trinity Television Inc. for the licence. CITS-TV first signed on the air on September 30 of that year, as a religious independent station. It had planned to launch two weeks earlier on September 14, but the sign-on date was pushed back to allow cable providers to make changes to some of their channel designations.

Throughout the years, CITS-TV expanded its coverage across southern Ontario by adding rebroadcast transmitters in London and Ottawa and by securing carriage on various cable providers across Ontario and Canada and on satellite.

CTS was rebranded as "Yes TV" on September 1, 2014. The rebranding coincides with the introduction of several secular programs into the schedule such as American Idol, Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!.

Programming
Yes TV airs programming intended for family viewing, mostly based on Christian values, including dramas, comedies, mini-series and reality, game, and talk shows; although Yes TV also features shows on political commentary and other religions, including Judaism, Islam and Sikhism. Yes TV also airs secular mainstream programs during prime time hours. It is governed by the CRTC's Religious Broadcast Regulations and follows a policy of not airing shows containing "coarse language, gratuitous violence or explicit sexual scenes".

Most syndicated programs are timed to air on CITS for maximum simultaneous substitution benefits to coincide with the timing of the airings in the nearest American market, Buffalo, New York.

Analogue-to-digital conversion
CITS-TV began broadcasting its digital signal on UHF channel 35 in January 2008. CITS shut down is analogue signal, over UHF channel 36, on August 31, 2011, the official date on which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts; The station relocated its digital signal from its pre-transition UHF channel 35 to its former analogue-era UHF channel 36 for post-transition operations. CITS and its digital rebroadcast transmitters switched to digital as follows: Ottawa repeater CITS-DT-1's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42, remapping to virtual channel 42.1; while London repeater CITS-DT-2's digital signal remained on UHF channel 14, remapping to virtual channel 14.1.

Spectrum reallocation
As part of the joint effort between the United States and Canada to repurpose the 600 MHz band, CITS-DT was required to change its broadcast frequencies in all three markets that it serves. On July 29, 2019, the Hamilton transmitter (CITS-DT) moved from UHF 36 to UHF 14, while the London transmitter (CITS-DT-2) moved from UHF 14 to UHF 19. On May 25, 2020, the Ottawa transmitter (CITS-DT-1) moved from UHF 42 to UHF 15. In all three cases, the virtual channel is identical to the physical channel, appended with the .1 decimal.

title: CITS-DT


text:
Abu Ghraib

Abu Ghraib (أبو غريب, Abū Ghurayb) is a city in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq, located just west of Baghdad's city center, or northwest of Baghdad International Airport. It has a population of 189,000 (2003). The old road to Jordan passes through Abu Ghraib. The government of Iraq created the city and Abu Ghraib District in 1944.

The placename has been translated as "father of little crows" (in the sense of "place abundant in small crows"), but this translation has been suspected of being a folk etymology, and the name may be related to gharb ("west"), or ghariib ("strange, foreign") instead.

Abu Ghraib was known for the Abu Ghraib Infant Formula Plant, which Western intelligence agencies perennially claimed to be a biological weapons production facility. The plant was built in 1980 and painted with a dappled camouflage pattern during the Iran–Iraq War. It was bombed during the Gulf War, and the Iraqi government allowed CNN reporter Peter Arnett to film the destroyed building along with a conspicuous hand-painted sign that read, "baby milk factory". Iraq partially rebuilt the facility afterward, and US Secretary of State Colin Powell falsely cited it again as a weapons production plant in the run-up to the Iraq War, even though the CIA's own investigation had concluded that the site had been bombed “in the mistaken belief that it was a key BW [Biological Weapon] facility.” Also, an examination of suspected weapons facilities by the Iraq Survey Group later determined that the plant, in disuse for some time, housed discarded infant formula, but found no evidence of weapons production.

The city is also the site of Abu Ghraib prison, which was one of the sites where political dissidents were incarcerated under former ruler Saddam Hussein. Thousands of these dissidents were tortured and executed. After Saddam Hussein's fall, the Abu Ghraib prison was used by American forces in Iraq. In 2003, Abu Ghraib prison earned international notoriety for the torture and abuses by members of the United States Army during the post-invasion period.

title: Abu Ghraib


text:
Talk:Xian

Move requested
I have made a Move Request for this redirect to be moved back to Xian to preserve its history, after a complicated muddle. I have temporarily copied the content about the abbreviation to Draft:Xian (abbreviation) and have asked for it to be moved back to this title. We should then end up with everything in place, just a little more tidying up to do. Pam D  16:31, 10 May 2016 (UTC)
 * And the move has been made, and all is now well I believe. (This long-established redirect was over-written by a newby editor to create an article about the abbreviation, and after various reversions and edit conflicts we needed to get an admin involved to get the edit history of the redirect complete again. The article on the abbreviation is at Xian (abbreviation), with a copied (as above) to show its attribution. Pam  D  22:06, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

Xian (Taoism)?
You have now twice retargetted this redirect to Xian (Taoism), and I have reverted. Your edit summary was Primary topic doesn't matter when the redirect makes no linguistic sense. Xian is one word (仙）. "Xi'an" is two words (西安) . These are not equivalent words. A proper redirect would be "Xi an" where there is a break. Let alone that in the page for Xi'an it doesn'teven link to the Xian article but an article on Cixi, using one component of her tie she is rarsly known for.

"Linguistic sense" is irrelevant here: it's a matter of helping readers find what they are looking for. At present the city Xi'an is the Primary Topic, ie the article believed to be the most likely to be looked for by a reader searching for Xian. Many anglophone readers do not use the correct form, but refer to the city as "Xian".

We would not redirect from Xian to a disambiguated title Xian (Taoism). If that article is the primary topic, it should be moved to Xian, and other changes made appropriately. If no article is a primary topic, then the disambiguation page Xian (disambiguation) should be moved to Xian. Neither of these moves would be uncontroversial, so each would require a formal "Request Move" process so that it could be properly discussed.

See WP:RM for how to request a page move. Please do not retarget this redirect again. Thanks. Pam D  16:04, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xian