text:
Cooma

Cooma is a town in the south of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 114 km south of the national capital, Canberra, via the Monaro Highway. It is also on the Snowy Mountains Highway, connecting Bega with the Riverina.

At the, Cooma had a population of 6,742. Cooma is the main town of the Monaro region. It is 800 m above sea level. The name could have derived from an Aboriginal word Coombah, meaning 'big lake' or 'open country'.

Cooma is 5 km south of the banks of the Murrumbidgee River, a main tributary of the Murray–Darling basin. Cooma sources its water from the river.

History
The area now known as Cooma lies on the traditional lands of the Ngarigo people.

Cooma was explored by Captain J. M. Currie in 1823. It was first surveyed in 1840, and was gazetted in 1849. Cooma was proclaimed a municipality in 1879.

The railway from Sydney was extended from Royalla to Cooma in 1889 under the supervision of John Whitton. The line was closed to rail passenger traffic in 1989. The estimated population of Cooma was 47 in 1851 and it grew to 2330 (1911), 1969 (1933), 2249 (1947), 9103 (1966), 7353 (1976) and 7978 (1981).

In 1949, the town became the headquarters of the Snowy Mountains Scheme and grew rapidly. Those working on the Snowy Scheme depended on the railway and during construction of the scheme, the railways were one of the largest employers in the region. In 1959 the tenth anniversary of the scheme was celebrated with the erection of an avenue of flags representing the 27 nationalities of people working on the scheme.

Cooma has developed a growing tourism industry as it became the main rest stop for many travellers heading to the NSW snow fields during the winter months. As a result, the town nicknamed itself the 'Gateway to the Snowy Mountains'.

The Aviation Pioneers' Memorial at Cooma contains artifacts recovered from the Avro 618 Ten aircraft Southern Cloud, which crashed on 21 March 1931 in the Toolong range of the Australian Alps. The wreck was not found until 26 October 1958.

Heritage listings
Cooma has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bradley Street: Cooma railway station
 * 59–61 Lambie Street: Royal Hotel
 * Sharp Street: Rock Bolting Development Site

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 6,742 people in Cooma.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.2% of the population.
 * 76.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 2.6%.
 * 82.5% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 26.2%, No Religion 26.1% and Anglican 18.7%.

Education
Government schools include Monaro High School, a high school that serves the town and seven of the neighbouring rural towns and villages including Peak View,, , , Bredbo and. The other two government schools support primary education and are Cooma Public School and Cooma North Public School, both providing education for students in Kindergarten to Year 6.

The Roman Catholic school is called St Patrick's Parish School and provides education from Kindergarten to Year 10. The Snowy Mountains Christian School, an independent Christian school provides education from Kindergarten to Year 10.

Tertiary education is provided by TAFE NSW Illawarra Institute Cooma campus. Another Tertiary Education centre is the Cooma Universities Centre, which opened in 2014.

Climate
Cooma has a dry oceanic climate (Cfb). Summer averages are warm, though tend to swing wildly between hot and cool; and winters are chilly with particularly cold night time temperatures due to its valley location, high elevation, and frequent clear skies, sometimes recording the lowest temperatures in the country. However, daytime maximum temperatures in winter are often unremarkable, on account of the foehn effect.

The area is exceptionally dry by southeast coastal Australian standards because it is in a rain shadow; the region is flanked by mountain ranges on all sides, most notably on the west. Despite its dryness, it has only 90.1 clear days annually, lower than the adjacent coastal areas of Wollongong and Sydney (106 and 107 clear days respectively). Strong cold fronts often push through the region in winter and snow is not uncommon in Cooma from June to September, though it is generally light and rarely settles for more than 24 hours. Frost occurs in all months of the year and is frequent between April and October. Severe thunderstorms are semi-frequent in summer and owing to the elevation of the town can carry large quantities of hail.

Mean daily minimum temperatures range from -2.7 C (July) to 10.8 C (January), with an annual mean daily minimum of 4.1 C. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 11.4 C (July) to 27.3 C (January), with an annual mean daily maximum of 19.4 C.

The airport is located at a higher elevation than the town, causing maximum temperatures to be notably cooler but minima somewhat milder.

Mosaic Time Walk
The Cooma–Monaro Time Walk in Centennial Park was a community project to mark the Bicentennial Year of 1988, from designs by Cooma College of TAFE and the Cooma–Monaro Historical Society.  Image:AS Cooma Mosaic Timewalk.jpg Image:Cooma Wall Art-2 (8539380290).jpg Image:Cooma wall Art-3 (8539384454).jpg Image:Cooma Wall Art-1 (8539388692).jpg Image:Cooma mosaic section.jpg

Newspapers
One newspaper operates in Cooma, The Monaro Post, which began in 2006 and is independently owned by Gail Eastaway, Tracy Frazer and Louise Platts.

Radio stations

 * XLFM 96.1 FM (commercial)
 * Snow FM 97.7 FM (commercial)
 * Triple J 100.1 FM
 * ABC South-East 810 AM/1602 AM
 * Radio National 95.3 FM/100.9 FM
 * Classic FM 99.3
 * Monaro FM 90.5 (community)
 * Racing Radio 96.9 FM
 * Vision Radio 88.0 FM (narrowcast, relay)

Note: transmitters for XLFM and Snow FM, as well as some ABC services, are in place throughout the Snowy Mountains.

Television
Cooma receives five free-to-air television networks including all the digital free-to-air channels relayed from Canberra, broadcast from the Telstra site Radio Hill translator in Cooma Common, off Polo Flat Road.

The stations are: Another transmitter for the Cooma and surrounding Monaro region is located at Mount Roberts approximately 30 km NNE of the town, broadcasting The Three Commercial Networks and the ABC services, but not SBS Television Services.
 * ABC
 * SBS
 * Seven
 * WIN
 * Southern Cross 10

Sports
Cooma has several sports teams, the most popular sports played in town being Rugby League, Rugby Union, Cricket and Soccer.

The Cooma Colts is the town’s junior rugby league team, the Stallions is the senior rugby league team and the Rugby League Tag team known as the Fillies also plays during the rugby league season.

The Cooma Tigers soccer team plays in local competitions.

Transport
Cooma is served by Cooma–Snowy Mountains Airport, which is 15 kilometres from the CBD. Cooma has a bus service connecting various areas of town three times a day run by Cooma Coaches. Snowliner Coaches also operate services. Cooma has a taxi service run by Cooma Radio Taxis.

NSW TrainLink operate road coach services from Canberra to Bombala and Eden. Cooma was served by the Cooma Mail until May 1986 and the Canberra Monaro Express until September 1988.

The Cooma Monaro Railway is a heritage railway using CPH railmotors built in the 1920s. Until operations were suspended in January 2014 the railway provided a weekend and public-holiday service on an 18-kilometre section of the Bombala railway line north to Bunyan and Chakola.

Notable people

 * Samantha Armytage – breakfast show host
 * John Bērziņš – bishop of Caracas of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia; first Australian-born orthodox bishop
 * Torah Bright – Olympic snowboarder
 * Jamie Burns – NSW cricketer, 1927
 * Nick Cotric – rugby league player in the National Rugby League and New South Wales rugby league team representative
 * Carmen Duncan – actress
 * Paula Duncan – actress
 * Michael Gordon – rugby league player in the National Rugby League
 * A. D. Hope – poet and essayist
 * Pat Hughes DFC – Royal Australian Air Force pilot
 * Keegan Joyce – actor and singer has a song called "Cooma" included in his album, Snow On Higher Ground
 * Horst Kwech – Austrian born, Cooma raised, motor racing driver in the early US based Trans-Am Series
 * Steve Liebmann – journalist
 * Laurie Nichols – wood carter and rugby league fan
 * Joan Richmond – racing driver
 * Anneliese Seubert – German born, Cooma raised, model
 * John Tierney – Australian Senator
 * Imants Tillers – Sydney born, Cooma based artist and writer
 * John Tranter – poet
 * Wilton Welch – actor and playwright
 * Brett White – rugby league player in the National Rugby League
 * Jack Williams – rugby league player in the National Rugby League
 * Sam Williams – rugby league player in the National Rugby League
 * Charlotte Wood – writer

title: Cooma


text:
Talk:Pick matrix

I thought I understood the notation - but then not ...

Do we really have p = q = n here?

Charles Matthews 13:29, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pick matrix


text:
Grachan Moncur

Grachan Moncur may refer to:
 * Grachan Moncur II (1915–1996), jazz bassist and father of Grachan Moncur III
 * Grachan Moncur III (1937–2022), jazz trombonist

title: Grachan Moncur


text:
Monaro

Monaro may refer to:
 * Monaro (New South Wales), a region in the south of the Australian state
 * Division of Eden-Monaro, federal electorate
 * Electoral district of Monaro, state electorate
 * Monaro Highway, the main state highway from Canberra to the Monaro region
 * Holden Monaro, an automobile manufactured by Holden, the Australian branch of General Motors, taking its name from the region
 * Chevrolet Lumina Coupe, Middle East model
 * Pontiac GTO, American model
 * Vauxhall Monaro, UK model

title: Monaro


text:
HEAnet

HEAnet is the national education and research network of Ireland.

HEAnet's e-infrastructure services support approximately 210,000 students and staff (third-level) in Ireland, and approximately 800,000 students and staff (first and second-level) relying on the HEAnet network. In total, the network supports approximately 1 million users.

Established in 1983 by a number of Irish universities, and supported by the Higher Education Authority, HEAnet provides e-infrastructure services to schools, colleges and universities within the Irish education system. Its network connects Irish universities, Institutes of technology in Ireland, the Irish Centre for High-End Computing (National Supercomputing Centre) and other higher education institutions (HEIs). It also provides internet services to primary and post-primary schools in Ireland and research organisations. Their clients also include various state-sponsored bodies, including hosting the online live conferencing service of the Oireachtas, the parliament of Ireland.

HEAnet also hosts a mirror service, which acts as a mirror for projects such as SourceForge, Debian, and Ubuntu.

In 2014, HEAnet hosted the TERENA Conference in Dublin. It was held between 19 and 22 May 2014 in Dublin.

In 2017, HEAnet announced additional investment in "100 Gbps [services] to boost bandwidth accessed by [...] 216 academic locations around Ireland".

title: HEAnet


text:
Philippe Néricault Destouches

Philippe Néricault Destouches (9 April 1680 – 4 July 1754) was a French playwright who wrote 22 plays.

Biography
Destouches was born at Tours, in today's department of Indre-et-Loire.

When he was nineteen years of age, he became secretary to M. de Puysieux, the French ambassador to Switzerland. In 1716 he was attached to the French embassy in London, where he remained for six years under abbé Dubois.

He later contracted a marriage with Dorothea Johnston, Lancashire lady; however, the marriage was not avowed for some years. In 1727 he portrayed his domestic circumstances in Le Philosophe Marié (The Married Philosopher).

Upon returning to France in 1723, he was elected to the Académie française. In 1727 he acquired considerable estates, the possession of which conferred the privileges of nobility.

He spent his later years at Fortoiseau, his chateau near Melun, and died July 4, 1754.

Destouches wished to revive the comedy of character as understood by Molière, but he thought it desirable that the moral should be directly expressed.

His early comedies were:

 * Le Curieux Impertinent (1710)
 * L'Ingrat (1712)
 * L'Irrésolu (1713)
 * Le Médisant (1715)
 * La Fausse Veuve (1715)
 * Le Triple Mariage (1716)
 * L'Obstacle Imprévu (1717)

The most highly regarded of these is L'Irrésolu (The Irresolute Man), in which Dorante, after vacillating throughout the play between Julie and Climène, marries Julie, but concludes the play with the reflection, "J'aurais mieux fait, je crois, d'épouser Climène" ("I would have done better, I think, to marry Climène").

After eleven years of diplomatic service, Destouches returned to the stage in 1727 with Le Philosophe Marié, followed in 1730 by Les Philosophes Amoureux and in 1732 by Le Glorieux, a picture of the struggle then beginning between the old nobility and the wealthy parvenus who found opportunity in the poverty of France.

He then wrote:
 * La Pupille (1734)
 * L'Ambitieux et l'Indiscrète (1737)
 * Les Dehor Trompeurs (1740)
 * La Belle Orgueilleuse (1741)
 * L'Amour Use (1741)
 * Les Amours de Ragonde (1742)

His later comedies were:
 * La Force du Naturel (1750)
 * Le Jeune Homme á l'Épreuve (1751)
 * Le Dissipateur (1753)

His last three plays were produced posthumously. They were:

 * La Fausse Agnès (1759)
 * Le Tambour Nocturne (1762)
 * L'Homme Singulier (1764, his last play)

Memorable phrase
Destouches's 1717 dramatic comedy L'Obstacle Imprévu (Act I, sc. vi) was the origin of the oft-quoted maxim, “The absent are always in the wrong.” Bergen Evans, in his Dictionary of Quotations, said: "“Though Néricault ... is credited with the first statement of this thought in this form, the idea is old and, in other forms, universal.”" In "le Glorieux" he wrote "To critic is easy, only the art is difficult".

title: Philippe Néricault Destouches


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Suvankar Sanyal

 * Vanity page. Jay 10:32, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity - Tεx τ urε 15:13, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Someone here once postulated that a majority of vanity pages come from software developers -- some of which are apparently 'famous'. Don't know where I'm going here, but it's an interesting correlation... Alcarillo 16:18, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity --bodnotbod 19:11, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:09, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:19, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Richmond, Tasmania

Richmond is a town in Tasmania about 25 km north-east of Hobart, in the Coal River region, between the Midland Highway and Tasman Highway. At the, Richmond had a population of 880.

Richmond's most famous landmark is the Richmond Bridge, built in 1823 to 1825, around the time of the town's first settlement. It is Australia's oldest bridge still in use.

St John's Catholic church was built in 1836, and is considered the oldest Roman Catholic church in Australia.

St Luke's was built in 1834-1836 and is the oldest Anglican Church in Australia. The clock mounted in the church tower chimes the hour is manually wound by a group of volunteers. The clock was previously from St David's Church in Hobart, which was demolished to build St David's Cathedral. St Luke's cemetery is located on Wellington Street, just before Paramore Street.

The town was initially part of the route between Hobart and Port Arthur until the Sorell Causeway was constructed in 1872.

Present-day Richmond is best known as being preserved as it was at that time. It is a vibrant tourist town, with many of the sandstone structures still standing. Many of these structures are built in the Georgian style.

History
Richmond was initially established as a pioneering district within the Van Diemen's Land penal colony. Richmond later developed as a police district for the surrounding region after Governor George Arthur appointed a number of paid magistrates to oversee penal discipline in 1827. Arthur implemented this measure as a way of increasing penal order, punishing crime and keeping an accurate record of the movements and behaviour of all convicts in attempt to hold the colony up as an orderly colony, enforcing strict convict discipline. Consequently, Richmond grew as a centre of local government with a centralised justice system, holding council and court hearings from the Coal River Valley to Campania and Colebrook. According to historian Peter Macfie, there was a high degree of prejudice among the senior public figures of Richmond toward the convicts, which resulted in a 'caste system' within the community – something that was maintained in the region through most of the nineteenth century. Immigrant settlers mostly occupied the estates within the township, whereas emancipists eventually settled on farms on the fringes of the township.

The Grass Tree Hill Road and Governor Arthur's Road leading into Richmond was built from 1833 to 1838 by groups of convicts known as ‘Chain Gangs’. These prisoners were sentenced to day labouring near the town and were employed in construction within the localised area. They frequently experienced shortages of food and clothing, which lead many of the men to steal from each other as well as from neighbouring houses. Prisoners also lay kangaroo traps as a means of supplementing rations. Anyone that was found to be stealing or was caught laying traps was severely punished. In 1834 and 1835, there were a number of resistance efforts in response to the shortages. Some men refused to attend church, refused to labour and there was even a rebellion led by five prisoners who wielded their picks against authorities. Many of the Georgian style buildings which are present in the township today were constructed by these convict gangs, including the Bridge, the Court House and the Gaol.

The name given to the region was the Coal River district. Lieutenant-Governor William Sorell was the first to take steps to form a town and later he took up land there himself. The Land Commissioners surveyed land for a township in the mid 1820s.

James Backhouse reported Richmond had a court house, a gaol, a windmill and about thirty houses by 1832. Backhouse visited the town again in February 1834 and reported Richmond had nearly doubled in size. The court house was built in 1825-26 and the northern part of the gaol in 1825. Richmond Post Office opened on 1 June 1832. Richmond bridge was built in 1823, using convict labour, and is known as the largest stone span bridge in Australia.

The foundation stone for St Luke's was laid on 3 February 1834 by Governor Arthur and it is considered one of the finest churches designed by John Lee Archer.

Low-grade coal was found, on the bank of the Coal River downstream, from the later site of Richmond, by the colonial surveyor, James Meehan, in November 1803. It was mined there, as early as 1805. A short-lived underground coal mine, the Lowland Coal Mine, was developed on the 'Lowlands' property, in 1840, but it had ailed in 1842.

Tourist attractions
Some notable tourist attractions in Richmond are the Richmond Bridge, the Richmond Gaol, Richmond Court House, Zoodoo Wildlife Park, a model of Old Hobart Town in the 1800s, and numerous old and heritage-listed buildings and parks.

title: Richmond, Tasmania


text:
Talk:Game classification

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Game classification. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070626023541/http://www.ipsi.fraunhofer.de/~publications/ambiente/2004/0402_pape-dietz-tandler_gaming_applications_-_final.pdf to http://www.ipsi.fraunhofer.de/~publications/ambiente/2004/0402_pape-dietz-tandler_gaming_applications_-_final.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031005052908/http://abiody.com:80/gamemining/publications/2002/GameUsageMining.pdf to http://abiody.com/gamemining/publications/2002/GameUsageMining.pdf

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:30, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Project and Archive
Added page to Games project, trying to get more eyes on it for improvement sake... Also added auto-archive...as the comments were over a decade old... Mjquinn_id (talk) 21:57, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Character/player/position
I came here looking for a discussion on chess pieces Think Queen/Pawn etc Ah now I am thinking goal keeper, bowler What is a game? Something you can win/lose, something you can play Compare Russian roulette and snap Can your child play snap? yes! Hope! No? No hope!!

146.199.68.23 (talk) 01:17, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Game classification


text:
Click (TV programme)

Click (formerly Click Online) is a weekly BBC television programme covering technology news and recent developments in the world of technology and the Internet, presented by Spencer Kelly and Lara Lewington. It was created by then BBC presenter Stephen Cole.

Since its debut on 6 April 2000, it has broadcast a new episode every week, marking its 1,000th episode on 6 July 2019.

Format
Each episode is introduced by the hosts, Spencer Kelly and Lara Lewington, and features reports about technology developments all over the world by a group of BBC contributors. Reports cover a variety of 'tech' subjects, including consumer technologies and issues, social impact of emerging technologies, video games, and innovations in mobile technology.

The show currently features a "Week in Tech" segment, compiling the week's biggest news in the technology area.

The programme previously included Webscape, a closing segment hosted by Kate Russell recommending new and useful websites. This segment was dropped but Russell continued doing general reporting for the show.

There are different editions of the programme, two 30-minute programmes (shown on UK feed of BBC News channel), a global edition (international feed of BBC News channel), and a 15-minute version (BBC One and UK feed of BBC News channel during BBC Breakfast). A four-minute version also appears on BBC World News at varying times of the week.

BBC World Service broadcasts a weekly sister radio show, Digital Planet, which, for a time, shared the same name. It is presented by Gareth Mitchell and contributors Bill Thompson, Ghislaine Boddington and Angelica Mari.

Local versions
Persian-speakers can also watch BBC Persian Click online and on BBC Persian TV presented by Nima Akbarpour. Further local versions are due to launch from Autumn 2018, including Click Tamil in October 2018, with the aim of having the show broadcast in up to 20 languages.

History
The show started as Click Online in April 2000, hosted by Stephen Cole, and featured reports focused on the rise of the Internet and related technologies. Thursday, 29 December 2005 marked the last edition of Click Online, as the show was previously known, coinciding with the departure of Stephen Cole after 295 shows. The programme was thereafter renamed Click, with new music and titles, and with Spencer Kelly, an existing reporter and producer on the show who also compiled reports for The Gadget Show on Channel 5, as the new host. Since then it has expanded its "online" focus, now featuring reports on technology developments from all over the world. Since April 2020, existing reporter Lara Lewington has become co-host.

Episode 774 was the world's first programme to be shot and edited entirely on mobile devices.

The 12 March 2016 programme (#827) was broadcast in 360 degrees, and is the first entire episode of a TV programme to be broadcast as such.

On 6 July 2019 the show's 1000th episode was broadcast. It consisted of an interactive episode where viewers could decide what to watch next.

In March 2021, the BBC announced that the technology department, including Click, would be relocating to Pacific Quay in Glasgow. The show stopped producing new episodes during April 2022 to facilitate the move, with repeats shown, and aired the first episode produced on Glasgow on 7 May 2022.

Botnet controversy
In 2009 the show and the BBC created some controversy when it aired a special episode highlighting the dangers of botnets and how easy it was to get caught in one. The show bought control of a botnet of some 22,000 infected computers (for "a few thousand dollars") from a Russian hacker, and used it to send spam to an email address set up for the experiment and to perform a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on a website set up by Prev-X (an internet security company that provided technical support for the show). After the programme was made the computers on the botnet were sent a piece of software to remove the malware and a warning was sent to them telling the users what had happened and that they were vulnerable.

The response was mixed with the show receiving many emails both for and against the programme along with some negative press. The BBC was criticized by some legal consulting organisations as well as computer security companies. Computer security expert and senior technology consultant at Sophos, Graham Cluley, asked in his blog whether the BBC was breaking the Computer Misuse Act - which makes it an offence in the UK to access or modify a third-party computer without the owner's consent. However internet security commentator Melih Abdulhayoğlu, founder of international computer security company Comodo Group, made a video in support of the BBC. Click rebutted criticisms by stating in its Twitter posts that: We would not put out a show like this one without having taken legal advice.

Presenters and reporters
In addition to presenters Kelly and Lewington, reporters include LJ Rich, Paul Carter, Marc Cieslak, Zoe Kleinman, Nick Kwek, Shiona McCallum, Alasdair Keane and Kitty Knowles. Former reporters include Dan Simmons, Omar Mehtab, Jen Copestake and Chris Fox.

Previous presenters of the show have included Stephen Cole who left the BBC to work for Al Jazeera International. Kate Russell left in August 2020 after 14 years being part of the Click team.

Other BBC journalists occasionally present segments of the programme.

title: Click (TV programme)


text:
Jean Galbert de Campistron

Jean Galbert de Campistron (3 August 1656 – 11 May 1723) was a French dramatist.

Biography
Campistron was born in Toulouse, France to a noble family. At the age of seventeen he was wounded in a duel and sent to Paris. Here he became an ardent disciple of Racine.

He secured the patronage of the influential duchesse de Bouillon by dedicating Arminius to her, and in 1685 he scored his first success with Andronic, which disguised under other names the tragic story of Don Carlos and Elizabeth of France. The piece made a great sensation, but Campistron's treatment is weak, and he failed to avail himself of the possibilities inherent in his subject.

Racine was asked by Louis Joseph, duc de Vendôme, to write the libretto of an opera to be performed at a fête given in honor of the Dauphin. He handed on the commission to Campistron, who produced Acis et Galatée for Lully's music. Campistron had another success in Tiridate (1691), in which he treated, again under changed names, the biblical story of Amnon's passion for his sister Tamar.

He wrote many other tragedies and two comedies, one of which, Le Jaloux Désabusé, has been considered by some judges to be his best work.

In 1686 he had been made intendant to the duc de Vendôme and followed him to Italy and Spain, accompanying him on all his campaigns.

Works

 * Virginie, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 12 February 1683)
 * Arminius, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 19 February 1684)
 * Alcibiade, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 28 December 1685)
 * Andronic, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 8 February 1685). La pièce reprend l'histoire de Don Carlos sous des noms d'emprunt.
 * Acis et Galatée, opéra-ballet, music by Lully (Château d'Anet, 6 September 1686 ; Académie royale de musique, 17 September). Pastorale héroïque en musique, représentée pour la première fois au château d'Anet devant Mgr le Dauphin par l'Académie royale de musique.
 * Phraate, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 26 December 1686).
 * Phocion, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 16 December 1688).
 * L'Amante amant, comédie (Comédie-Française, 2 August 1684).
 * Achille et Polixène, tragedy with music (Académie royale de musique, 7 November 1687).
 * Adrien, tragedy chrétienne tirée de l'Histoire de l'Église (Comédie-Française, 11 January 1690).
 * Tiridate, tragedy, (Comédie-Française, 12 February 1691)
 * Aétius, tragedy (Comédie-Française, 28 January 1693).
 * Alcide, tragedy with music (music by Marin Marais) (Académie royale de musique, 31 March 1693). Alcide fait, par deux fois, l’objet d’une reprise : sous le titre La Mort d'Hercule (1705), puis sous le titre La Mort d'Alcide (1716).
 * Le Jaloux désabusé, comedy (Comédie-Française, 13 December 1709).

Honours
Many honours were conferred on him. The king of Spain bestowed on him the order of St James of the Sword; the duke of Mantua made him marquis of Penango in Montferrat; and in 1701 he was received into the Academy. After thirty years of service with Vendôme he retired to his native place, where he died on 11 May 1723.

title: Jean Galbert de Campistron


text:
Talk:Rodney Brooks

Reference to Intelligent Inspection Corporation?
I can't find any web references to Intelligent Inspection Corporation, and http://www.iictech.com/ is not operational today. Is it defunct? Matt Stan 13:51, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

It is probably inappropriate to associate Alan Turing exclusively with old-fashioned AI. His work on morphogenesis clearly indicates a sophistication that is missing from this article, especially in his later work.

 * Your comments are puzzling. First, this is an article about Brooks, not Turing.  Second, Turing invented much of "old-fashioned" AI; associating him with its modern beginnings is quite reasonable.  Third, Turing's work on morphogenesis is not relevant to an article about AI, let alone an article about Brooks.  Finally, Turing is mentioned in the article to provide historic context, which I believe is both accurate and relevant.  The reference in no way impugns him.  Non-Riemann Hypercube 19:40, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Added cleanup tag
I added a 'prose' tag because most of this important article is in bullet form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.5.108.184 (talk) 01:58, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Link Dead
The .pdf file in the introductory paragraph is dead. Should be fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Glench (talk • contribs) 22:07, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Roomba?
No mention of the Roomba? That was his big commercial success. --John Nagle (talk) 20:37, 25 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rodney Brooks


text:
Lindsey Nelson

Lindsey Nelson (May 25, 1919 – June 10, 1995) was an American sportscaster best known for his long career calling play-by-play of college football and New York Mets baseball.

Nelson spent 17 years with the Mets and three years with the San Francisco Giants. For 33 years Nelson covered college football, including 26 Cotton Bowls, five Sugar Bowls, four Rose Bowls, and 14 years announcing syndicated Notre Dame games. He is in or honored by 13 separate Halls of Fame. Fans remember a talented broadcaster, an expert storyteller, and a true sports enthusiast. From his colorful jackets to his equally colorful broadcasts and enthusiastic manner of speaking, Nelson established himself as one of the industry's leading sportscasters.

Early life
Nelson was born on May 25, 1919, in Pulaski, Tennessee, the third child of Jon and Asie Nelson. He graduated from Columbia Central High School in Columbia. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1941, taught English, and then served in the U.S. Army, where he was a captain in North Africa and Europe during World War II. He also served as a war correspondent and public relations specialist, and played on an Army baseball team managed by Harry Walker.

Career
Nelson broke into broadcasting in 1948 following a short career as a reporter in Columbia, Tennessee, for the Columbia Daily Herald newspaper. Nelson then returned to his alma mater in Knoxville, Tennessee to create and become the first play-by-play announcer for the Vol Network, broadcasting the college football games of the Tennessee Volunteers.

Affectionately known as "Mr. New Year's Day," Nelson subsequently did the play-by-play of the Cotton Bowl Classic for 26 seasons on CBS television, where he earned widespread recognition for his Tennessee drawl and signature opening greeting: "Happy New Year; this is Lindsey Nelson in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas." He also called many Army–Navy Games for CBS, including the 1963 contest in which instant replay was first introduced. (After the initial replay, it fell to Nelson to reassure viewers that Army had not scored again. ) For 14 years Nelson was the syndicated television voice of Notre Dame football, and he also called the Mutual Broadcasting System's Monday night radio broadcasts of NFL games from 1974 to 1977, in addition to NFL games for CBS television for many years.

Nelson began his national baseball broadcast career as one of Gordon McLendon's radio announcers for the Liberty Broadcasting System, which primarily did recreations of games. After a stretch as an administrator with NBC Sports, he began doing the network's baseball broadcasts in 1957. He also broadcast college football, NBA and college basketball, and professional golf and tennis during his NBC tenure.

New York Mets
In 1962, he was hired as the lead broadcaster by the expansion New York Mets, and for the next 17 seasons did both radio and television with Ralph Kiner and Bob Murphy. Nelson and Murphy were eventually honored with the Ford C. Frick Award, presented annually to an announcer for "major contributions to baseball" during a ceremony at the Baseball Hall of Fame. While with the Mets, Nelson made the first (and only) radio broadcast of a baseball game from directly above the field. On April 28, 1965, Nelson accompanied the team to the Houston Astrodome for their game against the Astros, and his producer noticed that there was a gondola suspended from the ceiling; Nelson and a broadcast executive agreed to be hoisted in the gondola to a point 208 feet above second base, and called the play-by-play, though as Nelson described it, "At first, I couldn't see anything except a lot of tiny figures. Everybody looked the same height... You couldn't tell a line drive from a pop fly." The Mets lost, 12-9, and Nelson declined to repeat the stunt. When Chicago White Sox pitcher and former Mets ace Tom Seaver went for his 300th victory in August 1985 against the host New York Yankees, the Yankees TV flagship station WPIX had Nelson call the final half-inning of Seaver's history-making win.

San Francisco Giants
In 1979, Nelson moved on to the San Francisco Giants, for whom he worked three seasons. He also worked with CBS Radio broadcasts of Major League Baseball in 1985. He is remembered for being the announcer during the first NFL game on CBS to use "instant replay", which he had to explain repeatedly during the game, reminding viewers that "this is not live."

Honors
Nelson's honors and awards include induction into the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame in Salisbury, North Carolina in 1979; the New York Mets Hall of Fame in 1984; the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame in 1986; the Tuss McLaughry Service Award for sports broadcasting in 1988; the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988; the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990; and many more. He was awarded an Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1991. Nelson was inducted into the University of Tennessee, Knoxville Army ROTC Hall of Fame in 2021. He is a member of the 2020 Class.

The Tennessee Volunteers baseball team's home field was named Lindsey Nelson Stadium after him.

Personal life and retirement
Television broadcasts featuring Nelson were notable for his multi-colored plaid sports jackets. He reportedly owned 335 of them at one time. During a broadcast, his jackets often clashed with the set and produced a scintillation effect in the broadcast image. But he figured that if fans could see rather than just hear broadcasts, he might as well give them something interesting to talk about. Nelson's television fashion sense was an inspiration for Jim Brockmire, the title character played by Hank Azaria in the IFC series.

After his retirement from active broadcasting, he moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, to an apartment across the Tennessee River from the University of Tennessee campus from which he had a view of Neyland Stadium, the Vols' home football field. He wrote an autobiographical memoir entitled Hello Everybody, I'm Lindsey Nelson, his landmark opening phrase.

Nelson died of Parkinson's disease at age 76 on June 10, 1995, in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried in Polk Memorial Gardens in Columbia. His wife, Mickie, died in 1973. They had two daughters, Nancy and Sharon.

title: Lindsey Nelson


text:
Alpine Way

Alpine Way is a 121 km rural road located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. The road connects in the east to the New South Wales-Victorian border in the west, crossing the Murray River near Bringenbrong and Upper Towong.

Route
Alpine Way commences at the intersection with Kosciuszko Road in Jindabyne, on the eastern side of the Snowy Mountains, and heads in a south-westerly direction, adjacent to the Thredbo River and eventually past Thredbo. It then climbs and crosses the crest of the Great Dividing Range at Dead Horse Gap at an altitude of 1580 m, then winds a descent down to and eventually crosses Snowy Creek at Murray Gorge at an altitude of 580 m, very close to the Murray River. Thereafter, it continues in a northerly direction around the western side of the range along the upper reaches of the Murray River Tributaries, crossing the Swampy Plain River at Geehi Hut and continuing northwards to. It then heads in a northwesterly direction to eventually cross the Murray River and terminate at Murray Valley Highway on the river's southern bank, within Victoria.

The majority of the road is contained within Kosciuszko National Park and since 2004 has been maintained by Roads & Maritime Services.

Road restrictions
Road restrictions in the region require all two-wheel drive vehicles carry snow chains between Thredbo and Tom Groggin from the long weekends marking the King's Official Birthday in June and the Labour Day in October. It is also quite possible that snow chains may be needed to drive safely along other (more dangerous) parts of Alpine Way.

History
The road was initially built in the 1950s as part of the access for the Snowy Mountains Scheme. However, the paving of it was only completed approximately forty years later in the 1990s.

The Roads and Traffic Authority declared Main Road 627 along the western portion of Alpine Way, from the border with Victoria along Murray River in Bringenbrong through Khancoban to the western boundary of Kosciuszko National Park to its east, on 15 January 1993. Main Road 677 was declared along the eastern portion of Alpine Way, from Jindabyne to the eastern boundary of Kosciuszko National Park at Bullocks Flat, on 31 October 1997; this was extended west along the remaining section of Alpine Way to the western boundary of Kosciuszko National Park east of Khancoban on 17 May 2004.

The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Alpine Way retains its declaration as Main Roads 627 and 677.

title: Alpine Way


text:
Boothferry

Boothferry is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire in England. It is situated on the north bank of the River Ouse where the A614 road crosses the river. It is about 2 mi north-west of Goole.

Boothferry is split between civil parishes; areas to the west of the B1228 road are in the civil parish of Asselby, and those to the east are in Howden.

Boothferry is home to Boothferry Bridge which, built in 1929, was for many years the first physical road crossing of the Ouse (if travelling inland), although a lower rail crossing was built at Goole in 1869. Boothferry Bridge was very heavily used by vehicles travelling between the north and south banks of the Humber before the opening of the M62 motorway in the mid-1970s and the Humber Bridge in 1981. Boothferry Bridge is celebrated in the song "Boothferry Bridge" written by Harvey Andrews and released in 1972 on his album 'Writer of Songs"' and by the musical group "The Lonesome Travellers", which was released in the early 1970s. The M62 now crosses the Ouse on a viaduct approximately one mile downstream (east) of the old bridge.

Boothferry gave its name to the Boothferry borough of Humberside from 1974 to 1996, and to the Boothferry parliamentary constituency which, in 1997, was largely amalgamated into the Haltemprice and Howden constituency represented by David Davis MP. Boothferry was also chosen to be the name taken by a local resident when he took the title of lord in 2004. Boothferry has also lent its name to many roads and buildings along with businesses within the borough, although it is now defunct. Hull City Football Club played from 1946 to 2002 at a football stadium named Boothferry Park, which also took its name from a road (the A63 – Boothferry Road) that leads from Hull to the village.

title: Boothferry


text:
Thredbo, New South Wales

Thredbo is a village and ski resort in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 500 km south of Sydney, accessible by the Alpine Way via Cooma, Berridale and Jindabyne. The village is built in the valley of the Thredbo River, also known as the Crackenback River, at the foot of the Ramshead Range.

The town has approximately 4,150 beds, but a permanent population of only approximately 477 people. When the mountain is fully covered by snow, Thredbo has the longest ski runs in Australia, attracting approximately 700,000 winter visitors annually. In summer, Thredbo is a hiking and summer sport destination, offering rock climbing and abseiling, fishing, cross-country cycling and downhill MTB riding and hosts a blues music festival, with approximately 300,000 summer visitors (figures are ).

Thredbo resort was developed by a syndicate of people who were at the time working on the Snowy Mountains Scheme. In 1957, the syndicate was granted a head-lease over the area that Thredbo now occupies. Development occurred in the following years under Lendlease. In January 1987, Amalgamated Holdings Limited (AHL) purchased the head lease from Lendlease. Event Hospitality and Entertainment operates Thredbo village's services, real estate, and lease arrangements as a public company; however, a range of private businesses operate around the year providing activities, shopping, restaurants, accommodation, tours and nightlife.

History
The origin of the name “Thredbo” has been attributed to the Aboriginal inhabitants of the Snowy Mountains.

Thredbo hosted the first race of the Men's 1989 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup.

Ski resort
Thredbo is an Australian ski resort set within Kosciuszko National Park in NSW and was modelled on a European skiing town, reflecting the heritage of workers on the Snowy Mountains Scheme such as Tony Sponar, who is credited with having established the location as a ski field. Contrasting with the primarily lodge-based Perisher, Thredbo is a town with lodges, shopping and nightlife. Thredbo has 14 lifts: an 8-person gondola, 3 hi-speed quads, 1 quad, 5 t-bars, 1 double chair (following the removal of Merritts Chairlift in 2020, and the Ramshead Chairlift in 2010), and 3 snow runners.

Thredbo has the steepest overall terrain of any ski resort in mainland Australia, and also the highest lifted point (2037 m AHD). From this highest access point at Karel's T-Bar, the lease-holder Kosciuszko Thredbo and private adventure companies have access for backcountry ski tours to Mt. Kosciuszko and multiple other locations on the Main Range. Thredbo Village sits at the base of the Crackenback Valley, and due to its low altitude (1365 m) the ski resort does not always retain snow on the lower half of the mountain as a result of higher temperatures, although temperature inversions at night and below zero temperatures enable snow making. Because of this, Thredbo has invested almost $6 million in the largest snowmaking system in the Southern Hemisphere, covering some 65 hectares of trail and using a three-stage automated process. The system is operated mainly at night to top up the lower half of the mountain and any other high traffic areas. The automated areas include the Supertrail, Friday Flat, High Noon, The Cruiser area's Walkabout and Ballroom, Sundowner, Lovers Leap bypass, World Cup, and Lower True Blue.

Thredbo has over 50 ski runs and employs a standard 3-colour grade system; green for beginners, blue intermediate and black diamond advanced. The longest continual run is from the top of Karel's T-Bar to Friday Flat and is 5.9 km long; however, this is composed of several trails. The longest single run is the Crackenback Supertrail, which is the longest run in Australia.

During the Vietnam War, Australia was one of the destinations soldiers could pick for a week-long R & R. At Sydney Airport the USO had different activities that could be chosen if the soldier wished. One option was skiing at Thredbo at a reduced rate. The package included round trip transportation (part by air, part bus), lodging, breakfast and dinner, equipment, a group lesson, and a lift ticket. Also included were gloves, ski pants, and a warm jacket; soldiers in Vietnam didn't have any of these items, and so needed them to be furnished.

At the end of the season, mats were placed on the lower slopes, enabling one to ski to the bottom.

The village offers a free shuttle bus service during winter that links the Valley Terminal, Friday Flat, and the majority of the ski lodges throughout the village.

Lifts
son Gondola)

Terrain parks
Thredbo has several terrain parks;
 * Wombat World— a terrain park for younger children, featuring bumps, fun boxes and arches. Located on Friday Flat.
 * Merritts Park— A terrain park for beginners to intermediates, featuring jumps and boxes. It is located at the base of the Cruiser chairlift, and can be accessed from the Merritts Mountain House Restaurant. A T-bar runs from the base for exit from this park.
 * Cruiser Park — This park features rails, boxes, big jumps and a picnic table. The layout is regularly changed. Located just below the top of "The Cruiser" chair.
 * Antons Park— A terrain park for experienced freestyle skiers and boarders with large jumps, rails and a wall ride. Located on Antons.
 * Ridercross— Changes location from year to year.

Gunbarrel Express chairlift
The Gunbarrel Express is a detachable quad chairlift in Thredbo. It runs from the Friday Flat beginners area to a point on The Traverse trail roughly halfway between the Central Spur and the Merritts Spur. The lift was constructed in 1988 as part of a thirty million (Australian) dollar investment in the mountain by its new owners, Amalgamated Holdings Limited. It is unique in Thredbo in that it crosses over other lifts, namely the Easy Does It fixed-grip quad and the Merritts fixed-grip double. This chairlift provides good access to a variety of runs and is convenient to the Woodridge and Friday Flat lodges, as well as major carparks.

Two runs, The Glades and Pegasus, run underneath the higher part of the Gunbarrel Express, with the former running into the latter. The lower half is significantly steeper, with many concealed obstacles, including a creek. Pegasus often suffers from only partial snow cover and is out-of-bounds for most of the season, only opening after significant snowfall.

Statistics:
 * Base elevation: 1365 m
 * Base location: Friday Flat
 * Terminal elevation: 1791 m
 * Terminal location: The Traverse, approx. halfway between Cruiser terminal and Antons base.
 * Length: 1679 m
 * Vertical Rise: 426 m
 * Average gradient: 1 in 3.9

Merritts Gondola
Merritts Gondola, built by Doppelmayr, opened in 2020 and is Australia's first purpose-built Gondola. It replaced the previous Merritts Chairlift while quadrupling its capacity, lifting approximately 2,000 people per hour.

1997 Thredbo landslide
Eighteen people died when the Bimbadeen and Carinya lodges collapsed at Thredbo Alpine Village at 11:30 pm on 30 July 1997. John Cameron, a member of Brindabella Ski Club, and 17 residents of Bimbadeen Ski Lodge lost their lives when Carinya (owned by the Brindabella Ski Club) and Bimbadeen Lodges collapsed when the slope above Carinya Lodge slipped downhill, destroying Carinya. Bimbadeen Staff Lodge was then hit, and it too collapsed. Witnesses reported hearing "a whoosh of air, a crack and a sound like a freight train rushing the hill". The sole survivor, Stuart Diver, was pulled from the wreckage after lying trapped for three days. Stuart was confined to a small space between two concrete slabs where his wife, Sally, drowned beside him in a torrent of water, which Stuart was able to keep his face above.

The landslide was caused by a water leak from a ruptured water pipe that ran alongside the Alpine Road situated above the two lodges. The leaking water pipe caused the ground to become lubricated, allowing the top layer to slip away from the lower part.

Brindabella Ski Club opened its new lodge on 5 June 2004.

Climate
The climate of the area is typical of the Snowy Mountains, cold snowy winters and cool summers (summer snow is not unheard-of in Thredbo). Temperatures have ranged from -12.8 to 34.8 °C. According to the IBRA, Thredbo Village has a montane grasslands climate, as it lay between 1100 m and 1400 m in altitude; closely bordering on subalpine (1400 - 1800 m). The village receives an average of 34.9 snowy days annually. Although the village receives great precipitation, it is relatively sunny due to being downwind of the persistent cloud cover that Victorian resorts often experience, as evident by the lower relative humidity readings in the cooler season.

In Köppen climate classification Thredbo Village would fit the criteria of having a cool oceanic climate (Cfb), though approaching a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc); with cool summers and cold, snowy winters; with a lack of temperature extremes.

According to the IBRA, Thredbo Top Station has an Alpine climate, as it lay in excess of 1800 m above sea level. It is one of the coldest stations on mainland Australia by maximum temperatures, second only to Mount Hotham which is lower in elevation but more exposed than Thredbo. On average, the Top Station receives 56.9 snowy days annually.

In Köppen climate classification terms, Thredbo Top Station would fit the criteria of having a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc); one with short, cool summers and long, cold winters. It is bordering on a Subantarctic climate (Dfc), as the mean temperature in its coolest month approaches -3 C.

Climate data for the area are taken from a station at the village at the bottom of the ski resort and another station at the top of the mountain—some 577 m higher. The Thredbo Top Station is significantly colder than the village and includes some of the lowest temperatures recorded in Australia, including a maximum of -6.9 °C on 9 July 1978.

On 3 February 2023, Thredbo Top Station reached a maximum of just 0.1 C — its coldest on record for the height of summer. The coldest maximum temperature for any summer month was -1.0 C on 2 December 2019. Temperature records commenced in 1966 at Thredbo AWS.

Thredbo Leisure Centre
The Thredbo Leisure Centre, opened in 1996, houses a 50 m and 25 m indoor swimming pool, wading pool with a waterslide, an inflatable obstacle course (known as the "Mission Inflatable"), two full-size basketball courts, a gymnasium, squash courts, a physiotherapist and a traverse climbing wall. It has been used by the many high-profile athletes, including the Australian Institute of Sport for high-altitude training in the lead up to the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.

Mountain biking
Since the early 1990s, Thredbo has been popular during the summertime for recreational and competitive mountain biking, attracting serious racers from across Australia and overseas. There are kilometres of cross country singletrack and firetrail around Thredbo Village, the Thredbo golf course, and other trails connecting Thredbo to its neighbouring villages. Two local businesses operate cross-country mountain bike tours from Thredbo and across the Snowy Mountains region.

Thredbo is host to the world-renowned downhill track, the Cannonball Run, which is accessed by taking the Kosciusko Express Quad-Chairlift up to Eagles Nest. From Eagles Nest, the course runs back to the bottom of the chairlift, 600 m below. With approximately 4.2 km of fast singletrack, rock gardens, a wall-ride, tight switchbacks and multiple drops and jumps, the Cannonball Run is one of Australia's longest downhill courses. The Cannonball Run is host to many races through the summer months, including national rounds, state rounds, the National Interschools Mountain Biking Competition. Track engineering has made a significant difference to the sustainability of downhill mountain biking in a sensitive alpine environment. Two Gravity Trails have been opened at Thredbo in the past 5–10 years, the Kosciuszko Flow Trail and the All Mountain Train offering a more varied level of riding from the technical Cannonball. The All Mountain Trail connects the National Parks and Wildlife Service installed Thredbo Valley Track, which follows the course of the Thredbo River from Thredbo Village through Ranger Station, Ngarigo Campgrounds and the Diggings Campgrounds to terminate at Lake Crackenback Resort.

The Thredbo Mountain-cross track, designed by Glen Jacobs, an Australian trail expert, opened in 2005. It is situated on Friday Flat and comprises a start gate, multiple doubles, rollers, berms, moguls, gaps, step-downs and step-ups. The track has hosted numerous races since its opening including national rounds, state rounds and the National Interschools Mountain Biking Competition.

Alpine Coaster
Due to open in the winter of 2024, the Alpine (Roller) Coaster is a 1.5km (0.93 mi) track through the Resort. Available year-round and reaching speeds of up to 40km (24.85 mi).

Certification
Thredbo has achieved EarthCheck Sustainable Destinations Gold certification, aligning with its commitment to environmental responsibility and climate sustainability. This achievement is part of Thredbo's broader strategy to reduce energy consumption and emissions, furthering its environmental conservation efforts.

Waste Reduction Efforts
The resort is actively working to diminish its waste generation impacts on the Snowy Mountains region. Recognising the limitations and environmental drawbacks of landfill waste, Thredbo has set targets to minimise waste-to-landfill by promoting waste avoidance, reuse, and recycling as viable alternatives.

Water Management
Thredbo's location within the Australian Alps places it within the catchment areas of significant rivers like the Snowy and Murray Rivers. The resort acknowledges the importance of these water bodies in Australia's freshwater system and is committed to responsible water usage. The Thredbo River, a crucial source for the resort's water supply for drinking, washing, and swimming, is a key focus of their water conservation efforts.

Measuring Impact: "Person Year" Metric
To effectively measure and manage its waste-to-landfill and water usage, Thredbo employs the "Person Year" metric. This metric accounts for the amount of time an individual spends in Thredbo, allowing for a consistent annual comparison that takes into account the seasonal nature of tourism in the area. This approach is designed to encourage all residents, staff, and visitors of Thredbo to contribute to waste reduction and efficient water use.

title: Thredbo, New South Wales


text:
Haboush's theorem

In mathematics Haboush's theorem, often still referred to as the Mumford conjecture, states that for any semisimple algebraic group G over a field K, and for any linear representation ρ of G on a K-vector space V, given v ≠ 0 in V that is fixed by the action of G, there is a G-invariant polynomial F on V, without constant term, such that

 * F(v) ≠ 0.

The polynomial can be taken to be homogeneous, in other words an element of a symmetric power of the dual of V, and if the characteristic is p>0 the degree of the polynomial can be taken to be a power of p. When K has characteristic 0 this was well known; in fact Weyl's theorem on the complete reducibility of the representations of G implies that F can even be taken to be linear. Mumford's conjecture about the extension to prime characteristic p was proved by W. J., about a decade after the problem had been posed by David Mumford, in the introduction to the first edition of his book Geometric Invariant Theory.

Applications
Haboush's theorem can be used to generalize results of geometric invariant theory from characteristic 0, where they were already known, to characteristic p>0. In particular Nagata's earlier results together with Haboush's theorem show that if a reductive group (over an algebraically closed field) acts on a finitely generated algebra then the fixed subalgebra is also finitely generated.

Haboush's theorem implies that if G is a reductive algebraic group acting regularly on an affine algebraic variety, then disjoint closed invariant sets X and Y can be separated by an invariant function f (this means that f is 0 on X and 1 on Y).

C.S. Seshadri (1977) extended Haboush's theorem to reductive groups over schemes.

It follows from the work of, Haboush, and Popov that the following conditions are equivalent for an affine algebraic group G over a field K:
 * G is reductive (its unipotent radical is trivial).
 * For any non-zero invariant vector in a rational representation of G, there is an invariant homogeneous polynomial that does not vanish on it.
 * For any finitely generated K algebra on which G act rationally, the algebra of fixed elements is finitely generated.

Proof
The theorem is proved in several steps as follows:
 * We can assume that the group is defined over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic p>0.
 * Finite groups are easy to deal with as one can just take a product over all elements, so one can reduce to the case of connected reductive groups (as the connected component has finite index). By taking a central extension which is harmless one can also assume the group G is simply connected.
 * Let A(G) be the coordinate ring of G. This is a representation of G with G acting by left translations. Pick an element ' of the dual of V that has value 1 on the invariant vector v. The map V to A(G) by sending w∈V to the element a∈A(G) with a(g) = '(g(w)). This sends v to 1∈A(G), so we can assume that V⊂A(G) and v=1.
 * The structure of the representation A(G) is given as follows. Pick a maximal torus T of G, and let it act on A(G) by right translations (so that it commutes with the action of G). Then A(G) splits as a sum over characters λ of T of the subrepresentations A(G)λ of elements transforming according to λ. So we can assume that V is contained in the T-invariant subspace A(G)λ of A(G).
 * The representation A(G)λ is an increasing union of subrepresentations of the form Eλ+nρ⊗Enρ, where ρ is the Weyl vector for a choice of simple roots of T, n is a positive integer, and Eμ is the space of sections of the line bundle over G/B corresponding to a character μ of T, where B is a Borel subgroup containing T.
 * If n is sufficiently large then Enρ has dimension (n+1)N where N is the number of positive roots. This is because in characteristic 0 the corresponding module has this dimension by the Weyl character formula, and for n large enough that the line bundle over G/B is very ample, Enρ has the same dimension as in characteristic 0.
 * If q=pr for a positive integer r, and n=q−1, then Enρ contains the Steinberg representation of G(Fq) of dimension qN. (Here Fq ⊂ K is the finite field of order q.) The Steinberg representation is an irreducible representation of G(Fq) and therefore of G(K), and for r large enough it has the same dimension as Enρ, so there are infinitely many values of n such that Enρ is irreducible.
 * If Enρ is irreducible it is isomorphic to its dual, so Enρ⊗Enρ is isomorphic to End(Enρ). Therefore, the T-invariant subspace A(G)λ of A(G) is an increasing union of subrepresentations of the form End(E) for representations E (of the form E(q−1)ρ)). However, for representations of the form End(E) an invariant polynomial that separates 0 and 1 is given by the determinant. This completes the sketch of the proof of Haboush's theorem.

title: Haboush's theorem


text:
List of amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy

This is a list of amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom.

Active ships

 * Albion-class landing platform dock Landing platform dock (LPD)
 * Albion - extended readiness (uncrewed reserve)
 * Bulwark - extended readiness (available for reactivation if required)

Ocean class
Landing platform helicopter ship
 * Ocean

Fearless class
Landing platform dock ships
 * Fearless
 * Intrepid

Centaur class
Commando carriers
 * Albion
 * Bulwark
 * Hermes

Colossus class
Commando carriers
 * Ocean
 * Theseus

Landing Ships, Tank (LST)

 * HMS Misoa (F117)
 * HMS Tasajera (F125)
 * HMS Bachaquero (F110)
 * HMS Boxer (F121)
 * HMS Bruiser (F127)
 * HMS Thruster (F131)
 * LST 3001
 * LST 3002
 * LST 3003 Anzio
 * LST 3004
 * LST 3005
 * LST 3006 Tromsø
 * LST 3007
 * LST 3008
 * LST 3009
 * LST 3010 Attacker
 * LST 3011 Avenger
 * LST 3012 Ben Nevis
 * LST 3013 Ben Lomond
 * LST 3014
 * LST 3015 Battler
 * LST 3016 Dieppe
 * LST 3017
 * LST 3018
 * LST 3019 Vaagso
 * LST 3020
 * LST 3021
 * LST 3022
 * LST 3023
 * LST 3024
 * LST 3025 Bruiser
 * LST 3026 Charger
 * LST 3027 Lofoten
 * LST 3028
 * LST 3029 Chaser
 * LST 3031
 * LST 3033
 * LST 3035
 * LST 3036 Puncher
 * LST 3037
 * LST 3038 Fighter
 * LST 3042 Hunter
 * LST 3041
 * LST 3043 Messina
 * LST 3044 Narvik
 * LST 3501
 * LST 3502
 * LST 3503
 * LST 3504 Pursuer
 * LST 3505 Ravager
 * LST 3506
 * LST 3507
 * LST 3508 Searcher
 * LST 3509
 * LST 3510 Slinger
 * LST 3511 Reggio
 * LST 3512
 * LST 3513 Salerno
 * LST 3514 Smiter
 * LST 3515 Stalker
 * LST 3516 Striker
 * LST 3517 St Nazaire
 * LST 3518 Sulva
 * LST 3519
 * LST 3520 Thruster
 * LST 3522 Tracker
 * LST 3523 Trouncer
 * LST 3524 Trumpeter
 * LST 3525 Walcheren
 * LST 3532 Zeebrugge
 * LST 3534

Casa Grande class
Landing platform dock ships
 * HMS Eastway (F140)
 * HMS Highway (F141)
 * HMS Northway (F142)
 * HMS Oceanway (F143)


text:
Glanford

Glanford was, from 1974 to 1996, a local government district with borough status in the non-metropolitan county of Humberside, England.

Creation
The district was created on 1 April 1974 as part of a general reform of local government in England and Wales under the Local Government Act 1972. Among the innovations of the 1974 reorganisation was the creation of a new county of Humberside uniting areas of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire previously divided by the Humber estuary. Glanford was one of nine districts into which Humberside was divided.

Glanford was formed by merging three districts, previously part of the administrative county of Lincolnshire - Parts of Lindsey: Barton upon Humber Urban District, Brigg Urban District and Glanford Brigg Rural District. The borough was bounded by Cleethorpes to the east, Lincolnshire to the south, Boothferry to the west, and had a shore on the Humber estuary to the north. It entirely surrounded the Borough of Scunthorpe.

Abolition
Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, both the County of Humberside and Borough of Glanford were abolished on 1 April 1996. Four unitary authorities replaced both the county council and nine district councils, and Glanford was merged with the Borough of Scunthorpe and part of the Borough of Boothferry to form the unitary authority of North Lincolnshire.

title: Glanford


text:
JNC

JNC may refer to:

 * JNC Corporation, formerly Chisso, a Japanese chemical company
 * Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, a constituent of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency
 * Jewish National Council, an institution in Mandatory Palestine
 * Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, a political youth organisation in Catalonia
 * Judicial nominating commission, a selection body for judges in some U.S. states
 * JnC, a South Korean boy group including Jang Su-won

title: JNC


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City of Carlisle

The City of Carlisle was a local government district of Cumbria, England, with the status of a city. It was named after its largest settlement, Carlisle, but covered a far larger area which included the towns of Brampton and Longtown, as well as outlying villages including Dalston, Scotby and Wetheral. In 2011 the district had a population of 107,524, and an area of 1039.97 km2.

The district boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and covered an amalgamation of two former local government districts, the City and County Borough of Carlisle and the Border Rural District of Cumberland. The district shared a border with Scotland (to the north), and was bounded on the southwest by the borough of Allerdale, and on the south by the district of Eden. The county of Northumberland was to the east.

Although the district boundaries dated to the 20th century, the city traces its origins to a 1st-century Roman outpost associated with Hadrian's Wall. The Brythonic settlement that expanded from this outpost was destroyed by the Danes in 875. Thereafter the region formed part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, until colonised under King William II of England in 1092. William II built Carlisle Castle, which houses a military museum. Carlisle Cathedral, founded in the 12th century, is one of the smallest in England.

A border city, and the third most northerly city in England, Carlisle district predominantly spanned the flood plain of the River Eden. Commercially, it was linked to the rest of England via the M6 motorway, and to the Scottish Lowlands via the A74(M) and M74 motorways.

In July 2021 the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government announced that in April 2023, Cumbria would be reorganised into two unitary authorities. On 1 April 2023, Carlisle City Council was abolished and its functions transferred to the new unitary authority of Cumberland, which also incorporates the former districts of Allerdale and Copeland.

From 1 April 2023 the "City of Carlisle" was redefined to cover the following wards: Belah and Kingmoor, Botcherby and Harraby North, Cathedral and Castle, Currock and Upperby, Denton Holme and Morton South, Harraby South and Parklands, Newtown and Morton North, Sandsfield and Morton West and Stanwix and Houghton.

Charter Trustees were formed from the councillors that cover the said areas; they act as appropriate bodies in which historic rights and privileges of Carlisle, including the Mayoralty will continue until a governance review will determine the need of a Town Council.

History
Following both the Local Government Act 1888 and Local Government Act 1894, local government in England had been administered via a national framework of rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs and county boroughs, which (apart from the latter which were independent), shared power with strategic county councils of the administrative counties. The areas that were incorporated into the City of Carlisle district in 1974 had formed part of the Border Rural District from the administrative county of Cumberland, and the politically independent County Borough of Carlisle.

After the exploration of reform during the mid-20th century such as the proposals made by the Redcliffe-Maud Report in the late 1960s, the Local Government Act 1972 restructured local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established the City of Carlisle as a local government district of the new shire county of Cumbria on 1 April 1974. The new dual local authorities of Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council had been running since elections in 1973 however. The leading article in The Times on the day the Local Government Act came into effect claimed that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".

Parliamentary constituencies
The residents of the City of Carlisle district were represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by members of parliament (MPs) for two parliamentary constituencies. At the 2019 general election, Conservative Party MPs won the seats of Carlisle and Penrith and The Border, John Stevenson and Neil Hudson respectively.

Council
In 1974, Carlisle City Council was created to administer the newly formed non-metropolitan district, which shared power with the strategic Cumbria County Council. The council offices were in Carlisle, at the Civic Centre. The Labour Party controlled the council for much of the first 25 years and from 1979 to the 1999 election had an overall majority. Until 2003 the Conservative Party then controlled the council with a majority, and from the 2003 elections they ran the council with no majority, but in alliance with the Liberal Democrats. At the 2012 election Labour gained a majority of the seats, which they held until the 2019 local election when the Conservative Party retook the council with the backing of the one Liberal Democrat, one UKIP councillor, and an Independent. In May 2021, three city council by-elections took place, triggered by the departure of three Labour councillors, that resulted in two Conservative gains from Labour.

In November 2021, the former chair of the Labour Party, Jo Ellis-Williams, joined the Conservatives to give overall control of the council to the Conservative Party.

Electoral wards
There were 39 councillors representing the electoral wards of the City of Carlisle district. Together they formed the Carlisle City Council. Councillors were elected and accountable to the residents of their wards.

Parishes
Civil parishes form the bottom tier of local government in England; parish councils are consulted on planning applications and commonly manage some local services, such as allotments, burial grounds, bus shelters, car parks, and commons. The City of Carlisle district was almost entirely parished, the exception being the central settlement of Carlisle—an unparished area. As of 2008, there were 36 civil parishes in the district, covered by 34 parish councils, which are:

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Carlisle City Council were those granted to the city council of the County Borough of Carlisle by the College of Arms on 7 July 1924. These arms were derived from more ancient designs of or relating to Carlisle and its governance.

The city council's coat of arms were emblematic of the city's history. The arms incorporated a golden shield with a red cross, upon a green mount, surmounted by a mural crown, relating to Carlisle's history as an ancient walled city. This was supported by two red wyverns—legendary dragons used in heraldry—their wings strewn with golden roses, with reference to the city's Brythonic history. The motto beneath the arms came from Thomas Wolsey's speech to Thomas Cromwell, in Shakespeare's play, Henry VIII: Be just and fear not.

Geography
The City of Carlisle district was at the extreme north of North West England. It encompassed Cumbria's county town, Carlisle, and its surrounding rural hinterland, which together totalled 1039.97 km2, making the district the largest in England by area. Although 70% of the district's 100,750 people lived in central Carlisle, 98% of the district's land use was rural. The district was traversed by several major rivers, including the Caldew, Eden, and Petteril, and was bisected by the M6, A74(M) motorways.

Along the City of Carlisle's northern extent was the Solway Firth, which forms the western section of the Anglo-Scottish border, and thus separated the district from Dumfries and Galloway, one of the council areas of Scotland. To the east was the English county of Northumberland; to the south was the former district of Eden and to the west and south-west the former borough of Allerdale, both in the county of Cumbria.

Much of the district spanned the flood plain of the River Eden resulting in large parts of the district being vulnerable to flooding. Two further tributaries, the Petteril and Caldew nearly surround the historic walled centre.

Carlisle experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).

Demography
At the 2011 UK census, the City of Carlisle district had a total population of 107,524. 46.8% of the residents over the age of 16 were married or in a registered same-sex civil partnership, 11.9% were co-habiting couples, and 41.2% were not living in a couple.

In 1841, 15.7% of Carlisle's population was middle class compared to 14% in England and Wales; this increased to 18.9% in 1931 (15% nationally) and 35.7% in 2001 (48% nationally). Carlisle's proportion of working-class people increased slowly from 1841 to 1931, changing from 33.0% to 37.9 while the national average changed from 37% to 36% in the same period. Since 1931 it has fallen and risen again to 34.0% in 2001 (26% nationally). The rest of the population was made up of clerical workers and skilled manual workers.

Population change
The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the City of Carlisle has existed as a district since 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the city.

Religion
At the 2011 UK census, 69.1% of Carlisle's residents reported themselves as Christian, 22.9% had no religion and 6.8% did not state any religion. Other religions were represented with 0.4% of residents Muslim, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.2% Hindu and 0.3% had an alternative religion. The district was covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lancaster, and the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle.

Economy
At the United Kingdom Census 2001, Carlisle had 73,431 residents aged 16 to 74. Of these people, 2.4% were students with jobs, 3.1% students without jobs, 4.9% looking after home or family, 6.1% permanently sick or disabled and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons.

In 2001, of 46,858 residents of the City of Carlisle district in employment, the industry of employment was 20.4% retail and wholesale, 15.9% manufacturing, 11.1% health and social work, 8.1% property and business services, 7.7% transport and communications, 7.3% construction, 6.4% education, 5.9% hotels and restaurants, 5.8% public administration and defence, 3.1% agriculture, 2.3% finance, 0.7% energy and water supply, 0.3% mining, and 4.5% other. This was roughly in line with national figures, although the proportion of jobs in agriculture which was more than the national average of 1.5% and the percentage of people working in finance was less than half the national average of 4.8%; the proportion of people working in property was also below the national average of 13.2%.

Railway
Carlisle railway station is on the West Coast Main Line and serves the Settle and Carlisle Line, Tyne Valley Line, Cumbrian Coast Line and trains to South West Scotland.

Air

The city has an airport, Carlisle Lake District Airport, owned by Ettyl. After a 25-year absence, commercial flights returned to the airport in July 2019 with a single airline, Loganair, providing services to London Southend, Belfast City and Dublin. In March 2020, however, the airline permanently suspended all flights from the airport due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Buses
Carlisle bus station is operated by Stagecoach on Lonsdale Street in the city centre.

Twin cities
Carlisle has formal twinning arrangements with two northern border cities on mainland Europe. They are since 1961 Flensburg in northern Germany and since 1987 Słupsk in northern Poland.

Notable people

 * List of people associated with Carlisle

Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Carlisle.

Individuals

 * Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein: 7 July 1902.
 * Diana, Princess of Wales: 29 January 1986.
 * Ivor Broadis: 8 October 2018.

Military Units

 * RAF Spadeadam: 2 June 2018.

title: City of Carlisle