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Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden

Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden is an 80 ha studio complex in Leavesden in Watford, Hertfordshire, in the East of England. Formerly known as Leavesden Film Studios and still colloquially known as Leavesden Studios or simply Leavesden, it is a film and media complex owned by Warner Bros. The studios were all converted from an aircraft factory and airfield called Leavesden Aerodrome, a centre of British aircraft production during World War II. The nearest railway station is King's Langley which is a walking distance of 1.3 mi.

The studios contain approximately 50000 m2 of flexible space which includes stage space, one of the largest filtered and heated stage-based water tanks in Europe, production office space, workshops and support buildings, along with an extensive 32 ha backlot which offers a 180-degree uninterrupted horizon, favourable for exterior sets. Following a £110 million refurbishment by Warner Bros., the studios are now one of the largest and most state-of-the-art filmmaking facilities in the world.

Though the studios are owned by Warner Bros., all of the studio facilities are available to rent for any production. Since acquiring the site, Warner Bros. has opened a public attraction named Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter, which receives over 6,000 visitors a day at peak times. The site maintains a secure studio space within the same complex.

Leavesden Aerodrome
Leavesden Aerodrome was a British airfield created in 1940 by the de Havilland Aircraft Company and the Air Ministry in the village of Leavesden, between Watford and Abbots Langley, in Hertfordshire.

Construction began in 1940 after the outbreak of World War II. The de Havilland company, who were based in nearby Hatfield, entered into a contract with the Air Ministry to produce would become known as the Mosquito fast bomber aircraft. Space for the large scale hangars needed to produce the huge number of aeroplanes required was not available at de Havilland's Hatfield Aerodrome. So the Ministry of Supply requisitioned this new site in Leavesden, which was an empty plot of land at the time from the Watford Corporation, and it was developed into the complex that it is today. The construction was enormously expensive so parts of the site were leased to the London Aircraft Production Group and The Second Aircraft Group. Under Handley Page, another Hertfordshire-based aeroplane manufacturer contracted to the Air Ministry, these groups produced the Handley Page Halifax heavy bomber. As a result, by the end of the war Leavesden Airfield was, by volume, the largest factory in the world.

The two planes were both critical successes for Britain during the conflict. Due to the high priority placed on aircraft production, large numbers of workers were drafted with little experience or training in aircraft production, with over half the workforce eventually being female. As part of constructing the aircraft factory an airstrip was created, first so the planes could be tested and later to deliver the craft to their final destinations. The runway and control tower still remain to this day, even after two major renovations, in an effort to preserve the site's history. The runway is now the main road through the complex and the tower is currently an observation lounge.

After the war, the aerodrome was purchased outright by de Havilland, who themselves had a succession of owners in the following decades, including Hawker Siddeley from 1959, but ultimately they and the site were acquired by Rolls-Royce who continued production and design of helicopter engines. Under Rolls-Royce ownership the RTM322 engine for the UK Apache, Merlin and NH90 helicopters was designed, developed and produced at Leavesden as a joint venture with Turbomeca of France. The airfield was also used by commercial small business aircraft as the field is close to both the M1 and M25 motorways. However, by the early 1990s, Britain's manufacturing industry was in decline and Rolls-Royce had sold their interests in the site and transferred all work to their Bristol facility. Unable to find a new owner, by 1994 Leavesden Aerodrome was left disused and all but abandoned.

The following units were here at some point:
 * No. 122 Gliding School RAF
 * Coastal Command Communication Squadron RAF

Leavesden Studios
In 1994, Eon Productions' James Bond film GoldenEye was to be the next film in the series. Pinewood Studios, their traditional home studio, was fully booked with other productions, not being prepared for the series' unexpected return (production had been delayed for several years thanks to legal issues between MGM and Eon Productions). Facing little time to find a space in which they could build the number of large scale sets required, the production discovered the unoccupied Leavesden. The wide, tall and open aircraft hangars were uniquely well suited to conversion into film stages. Eon leased the site for the duration of their shoot and went about gutting the factories, turning them into stages, workshops and offices – in short a working film studio. This process is shown on the 2006 DVD's special features. Members of the production crew, impressed by the enormous size of the filmmaking complex they suddenly had to themselves, jokingly called Leavesden "Cubbywood" after Eon's long serving producer Albert R. 'Cubby' Broccoli.

Leavesden Studios, as the site was rebranded by its owners, quickly became popular after filming of GoldenEye was completed. A succession of major feature films made use of the site; in 1997, the first of the Star Wars prequels, The Phantom Menace, and later Tim Burton's Sleepy Hollow.

By the year 2000, Heyday Films had acquired use of the site on behalf of Warner Bros. for what would be the first in a series of films, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Every one of the Harry Potter films was based at Leavesden Studios over the following ten years.

While other productions—almost exclusively other Warner Bros. productions—made partial use of the studios, the site was mostly occupied by Harry Potter's permanent standing sets. Indeed, some films, such as Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street and Sherlock Holmes actually made use of some of the Harry Potter sets since they were sufficiently appropriate for their Victorian setting and tone. During this time, however, it was noted that there were some ways in which the site's facilities might be improved. None of the stages were adequately soundproofed and the WW2 era ceilings had a tendency to leak during rainy weather.

One of the more noticeable exterior sets constructed on the Leavesden backlot (outdoors) was a row of ten houses (five per side) along a street, which was created for the Harry Potter series to represent Privet Drive.

On 21 March 2010, there was a fire on one of the Hogwarts sets during filming of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 at Leavesden Studios. Not much of the set was badly damaged.

In 2010, as the final Harry Potter film was nearing completion, Warner Bros. announced their intention to purchase the studio as a permanent European base, the first studio to do so since Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the 1940s.

Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden
By November 2010, Warner Bros. completed its purchase of Leavesden Studios and announced plans to invest more than £100 million into the site they had occupied for over ten years, rebranding it Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden. The studios make Warner Bros. the only Hollywood film studio with a permanent base in the United Kingdom.

Much of the redevelopment involved converting stages A to H into sound stages and equipping all the facilities with the latest fittings a production might require. The refurbished stages were conversions of the original buildings and the runway and control tower from the site's days as an aerodrome remain intact as well as all of the buildings' original structures. The full scale refurbishment and renovation of the production facilities were completed and the studios reopened to film and television work in 2012.

As part of this redevelopment Warner Bros. also created two entirely new soundstages, J & K, to house a permanent public exhibition named the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter, creating 300 new jobs in the local area. Currently the whole attraction is dedicated to the making of Harry Potter and is now home to many of the series' sets, props and costumes. It was opened to the public in early 2012.

The first film to start shooting at the newly refurbished studios was Edge of Tomorrow. Though the studios are privately owned, the shooting spaces are available to rent for any production.

On 30 June 2014, Warner Bros. announced the expansion of the studio, building three new state-of-the-art stages and adding a further 10000 m2 of office space. The announcements were made after a reception celebrating the Creative Industries, hosted by Prime Minister David Cameron, and attended by WB's CEO Kevin Tsujihara and WB UK's MD Josh Berger. Leavesden's trio of new sound-stages consist of one 3250 m2 building and two 1575 m2 buildings, along with 1860 m2 of adjacent office space which were completed by the end of 2014. On the same day the filming of live-action The Legend of Tarzan got underway at the studio. Following the refurbishments, the studios are now one of the largest and most state-of-the-art secure filmmaking facilities in the world.

Royal opening
Almost twenty years after the complex was converted from aerodrome to film studios—and over a year since the completion of work on the newly refurbished studios—the site was officially opened by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on 26 April 2013. On their visit, they were accompanied by the Duke's brother Prince Harry and J. K. Rowling (who had been unable to attend the tour's grand opening the year before), amongst other guests. Several hundred beneficiaries of supported charities were given invitations to the Studio Tour on the day of the visit. The royal entourage visited both the tour and the studios, viewing the props and costumes from Christopher Nolan's Batman films, before conducting the site's inauguration.

2019 fire
On 10 July 2019, a fire broke out in one of the studio's sets, and would take responders 15 hours to extinguish. A set for the HBO television series Avenue 5 was damaged in the fire.

Productions
Films that made use of the facilities include:

1990s

 * GoldenEye (1995)
 * Mortal Kombat Annihilation (1997)
 * An Ideal Husband (1999)
 * Onegin (1999)
 * Sleepy Hollow (1999)
 * Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)

2000s

 * Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001)
 * Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
 * Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
 * Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)
 * Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)
 * Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
 * Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)
 * Sherlock Holmes (2009)

2010s

 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
 * Inception (2010)
 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
 * Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011)
 * The Invisible Woman (2013)
 * Edge of Tomorrow (2014)
 * Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
 * Paddington (2014)
 * 300: Rise of an Empire (2014)
 * In the Heart of the Sea (2015)
 * Jupiter Ascending (2015)
 * Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015)
 * The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015)
 * Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)
 * Pan (2015)
 * Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016)
 * Jason Bourne (2016)
 * The Legend of Tarzan (2016)
 * Alien: Covenant (2017)
 * The Current War (2017)
 * Darkest Hour (2017)
 * Justice League (2017)
 * King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)
 * Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017)
 * The Mummy (2017)
 * Paddington 2 (2017)
 * Wonder Woman (2017)
 * Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)
 * Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018)
 * Hunter Killer (2018)
 * Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)
 * Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018)
 * Overlord (2018)
 * Ready Player One (2018)
 * Tomb Raider (2018)
 * Cats (2019)
 * Detective Pikachu (2019)
 * Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw (2019)
 * The Kid Who Would Be King (2019)
 * Men in Black: International (2019)
 * Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)

2020s

 * Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020)
 * The Witches (2020)
 * Wonder Woman 1984 (2020)
 * F9 (2021)
 * Tom & Jerry (2021)
 * Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021)
 * Last Night in Soho (2021)
 * The 355 (2022)
 * The Batman (2022)
 * Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022)
 * Fast X (2023)
 * The Flash (2023)
 * Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2023)
 * Barbie (2023)
 * Meg 2: The Trench (2023)
 * Wonka (2023)
 * Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom (2023)
 * Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024)
 * A Quiet Place: Day One (2024)
 * Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024)
 * Venom: The Last Dance (2024)
 * Blitz (2024)
 * Mickey 17 (2025)
 * The Batman part II (2026)
 * The Gorge (TBA)

Television shows that made use of the facilities include:
 * Longitude (2000)
 * Pennyworth (2019–22)
 * Avenue 5 (2020–22)
 * The Sandman (Season 1)
 * House of the Dragon (2022–Present)
 * You (Season 4)
 * The Regime (2024)
 * Euphoria (Season 3)

The footage used for theme parks that made use of the facilities include:
 * Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey (2010)
 * Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts (2014)
 * Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure (2017)

The studios have also been used for various music videos and television commercials, most notably support for the video for Jamiroquai's "Deeper Underground".

Studio tour
Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter is a public attraction in Leavesden Hertfordshire, England. It is a permanent behind-the-scenes exhibition of the Harry Potter films.

The Studio Tour, opened to the public in early 2012. The grand opening event was attended by many of the Harry Potter film series cast and crew members.

Each tour session typically lasting three and a half hours, the studio tour has the capacity to handle up to 8,000 visitors daily. Despite Warner Bros. being the studio behind Harry Potter, the tour is not styled as a theme park, due to the fact that Warner Bros. sold the licence to do so to Universal Studios.

Though the standard tour is self-guided, various guided tours are available at an additional cost.

Creation
As early as 2001, on the heels of the success of the first film, Warner Bros. planned to build an attraction dedicated to the series in place and so began storing items from the films when they were no longer being used.

The tour's layout and overall presentation was designed by the Los Angeles-based Thinkwell Group in close collaboration with Warner Bros. and the actual filmmakers, including Production Designer Stuart Craig, Set Dresser Stephenie McMillan, Creature Designer Nick Dudman and Special Effects Supervisor John Richardson. It only includes sets, props and costumes that were actually created for or used in the production of the Harry Potter film series. Sets like the Great Hall, Dumbledore's Office, Diagon Alley, the Ministry of Magic, Gryffindor Common Room and Boys' Dormitory, Hagrid's Hut and a 1:24 scale model of Hogwarts Castle.

Reception
Since opening in 2012, TripAdvisor has reported The Making of Harry Potter as the highest-rated attraction in the world every year since.

Expansions
Warner Bros. has continued to put on special features following a seasonal rotation, such as Dark Arts, Magical mischief and Hogwarts in the snow. Some installations like the Wand Choreography Interactive and the inside of the last No. 4 Privet Drive Exterior set have been so popular that they have remained after their respective features have closed.

In January 2015, the attraction's first expansion was announced – a new Platform 9¾ section, where visitors are able to board the original carriages behind the Hogwarts Express steam engine used in the films. The setup includes the locomotive GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall (dressed as 5972 Hogwarts Express) and the British Rail Mark 1 train that appeared in the films, brought to life by John Richardson's special effects team. Finally a new green screen experience illustrates what working on the films is like from an actor's point of view. This section opened in late March 2015.

The tour in Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank has been renamed Warner Bros. Studio Tour Hollywood (previously it was known as the Warner Bros. Studios VIP Tour). Warner has altered the tour, offering more facilities and options to visitors. The latest expansion opening in Summer 2023 is the Warner Bros. Studio Tour Tokyo

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John Rennie the Younger

Sir John Rennie FRSA (30 August 1794 – 3 September 1874) was the second son of engineer John Rennie the Elder, and brother of George Rennie.

Early life
John Rennie was born at 27 Stamford Street, Blackfriars Road, London, on 30 August 1794. He was educated by Dr. Greenlaw at Isleworth, and afterwards by Dr. Charles Burney at Greenwich. He subsequently entered his father's manufactory in Holland Street, Blackfriars Road, where he acquired a practical knowledge of his profession, and in 1813 he was placed under Mr. Hollingsworth, resident engineer of Waterloo Bridge, the foundations of which he personally superintended. In 1815 he assisted his father in the erection of Southwark Bridge, and in 1819 he went abroad for the purpose of studying the great engineering works on the continent.

J. & G. Rennie
On the death of his father in 1821, John remained in partnership with his brother George, the civil engineering portion of the business being carried on by him, whereas the mechanical engineering was supervised by George.

Royal William Victualling Yard
Rennie along with Philip Richards designed Royal William Victualling Yard, Plymouth, (1823–33). Covering 14 acre, this grand classical style ensemble built from Plymouth limestone and Dartmoor granite, consists of a grand gateway surmounted by a statue of King William IV. There is the Slaughterhouse, then around a central dock basin, to the south, Melville Square - a warehouse with a central courtyard - it has a clock tower over the main entrance; to the west of the basin is the Bakery with its mill and to the east the Brewery, with its cooperage.

Cannon Workshops
Rennie also was responsible for designing Cannon Workshops, which arose following the strike by the coopers employed by the West India Dock Company. The company decided to reorganise the cooperage department, and Rennie drew up the plans, submitting them in 1824. The buildings were completed in 1825.

Bridges and marine engineering
The most important of John Rennie's undertakings, from 1824, was the construction of London Bridge, the designs for which had been prepared by his father. The bridge was opened in 1831, when Rennie was knighted, being the first of the profession since Sir Hugh Myddleton to be thus distinguished. He was responsible for the New River Ancholme Drainage Scheme in Lincolnshire, and Horkstow Bridge, which he designed to cross the river at Horkstow in 1835–6, is one of the earliest suspension bridges to survive and remains substantially as designed. As engineer to the Admiralty, a post in which he succeeded his father, he completed various works at Sheerness, Woolwich, Plymouth, Ramsgate, and the great breakwater at Plymouth, of which he published an 'Account' in 1848. Many years of his life were spent in making additions and alterations to various harbours on different parts of the coast, both in England and in Ireland. One example would be his work in the 1850s designing a drydock for Joseph Wheeler at his Rushbrooke yard in Cork. He completed the drainage works in the Lincolnshire fens commenced by his father, and, in conjunction with Telford, constructed the Nene outfall near Wisbech (1826–1831). He also restored the harbour of Boston in 1827–8, and made various improvements on the Welland. He also re-modernised the Chatham Dockyards in 1862. Creating 3 huge basins and passageways.

Railway engineering
Although Rennie and his brother were early in the field as a railway engineers – having been involved, with George Stephenson, in the design of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway – their practice in this department was not very large. The company did however supply a number of locomotives for the London and Croydon Railway in 1838 and 1839. In 1852 John laid out a system of railways for Sweden, for which he received the order of Gustavus Vasa, and in 1855 he designed a series of railways and harbours for Portugal, none of which were, however, carried out.

Institution of Civil Engineers
Rennie was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 25 June 1844, and he became president on 21 January 1845, retaining the office for three years. His presidential address in 1846 was a complete history of the profession of civil engineering. He also contributed papers on the drainage of the level of Ancholme, Lincolnshire, and on the improvement of the navigation of the Newry. He published, besides his Account of Plymouth Breakwater, (1848), the Theory, Formation, and Construction of British and Foreign Harbours (1851–54). He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Retirement and death
Rennie retired from the active duties of his profession about 1862, and died at Bengeo, near Hertford, on 3 September 1874, just after his 80th birthday.

He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London on the edge of a southern spur path. The grave has a new plaque to compensate for the original worn slab.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Rennie the Younger


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User:VTEX

VTEX (short for "VORTEX") has been my screenname for various uses since 1994.

I am a senior computer science major at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.

Some of the articles I have started for Wikipedia:

 * Ivan Frederick
 * Javal Davis
 * Megan Ambuhl
 * Sabrina Harman
 * Jeremy Sivits
 * Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System
 * John Filo
 * University of Akron

title: User:VTEX


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Gardiners Island

 Gardiner's Island is a small island in the Town of East Hampton, New York, in Eastern Suffolk County. It is located in Gardiner's Bay between the two peninsulas at the east end of Long Island. It is 6 mi long, 3 mi wide and has 27 mi of coastline.

The island has been owned by the Gardiner family and their descendants since 1639 when Lion Gardiner purchased it from the Montaukett chief Wyandanch. At 5.19 sqmi, it is one of the largest privately owned islands in the United States, though slightly smaller than Naushon Island in Massachusetts, owned by the Forbes family.

Geography
The island is 5.19 sqmi in size. Its 3,318 acres include more than 1,000 acre of old growth forest and another 1000 acres of meadows. Many of the buildings date back to the 17th century. In 1989, the island was said to be worth $125 million.

The island has the largest stand of white oak in the American Northeast. Other trees include swamp maple, wild cherry and birch. The island is home to New York state's largest colony of ospreys and is one of the few locations in the world where they build their nests on the ground, as there are no natural predators to the bird on the island.

Structures

In addition to the family mansion and the Gardiners Island Windmill, structures on the island include a private airstrip on the south side and a carpenter's shed said to have been built in 1639.

The shed's claim to being the oldest surviving wood-frame structure in New York state is disputed by some. No primary sources authenticating its construction have been produced, only a description by Robert David Lion Gardiner in a 1976 documentary about the island. An earlier source that describes the settlement and early life on the island makes no mention of the shed.

First English settlement in New York
The island was settled by Lion Gardiner in 1639, who moved there with his family from the Connecticut Colony. He reportedly purchased the island from the local Montaukett people for "a large black dog, some powder and shot, and a few Dutch blankets." The Indians called the island Manchonake, while Gardiner initially called it Isle of Wight, because it reminded him of the Isle of Wight in England. The Montauketts gave Gardiner the title, at least in part because of his support for them in the Pequot War.

The island was not part of the Connecticut Colony or the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations of the British, nor was it a part of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands. It evidently fell under the jurisdiction of Earl of Stirling, William Alexander, who had been given Long Island by the King of England in 1636 and required Gardiner to gain his approval of the land grant through his agent James Farrett. It has been privately owned by Gardiner's descendants for years.

The royal patent of 1639 gave Gardiner the "right to possess the land forever", with the island being declared a proprietary colony Gardiner was given the title of Lord of the Manor and the attenuating privileges of governorship.

On October 5, 1665, after the British had taken over New Netherlands and established the Province of New York, and it had been established that Long Island would not be part of the Connecticut Colony, Richard Nicolls, the first Governor of the Province, issued a new patent to Lion Gardiner's son David. In 1688, when Governor Thomas Dongan granted a patent formally establishing the East Hampton municipal government, there was an attempt to annex the island, which the Gardiners successfully resisted. Gardiner's Island would remain independent of outside municipal jurisdiction until after the American Revolution, when it was formally annexed to East Hampton.

Gardiner established a plantation on the island, raising corn, wheat, fruit, tobacco, and livestock.

Captain Kidd
Privateer William Kidd stopped at the island in June 1699 while sailing to Boston to answer charges of piracy. With the permission of the island's proprietor, he buried a chest, a box of gold, and two boxes of silver in a ravine between Bostwick's Point and the Manor House. Indicating to Mrs. Gardiner that the box of gold was intended for the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Lord Bellomont, Kidd gave Mrs. Gardiner a length of gold cloth, captured from a Moorish ship off the coast of India, and a sack of sugar in thanks for her hospitality.

A legend developed that Kidd warned that if the treasure was not there when he returned he would kill the Gardiners, though trial testimony given by John Gardiner on July 17, 1699, makes no mention of any threats, and Kidd's conduct appears to have been quite civil. Kidd was tried in Boston, and Gardiner was ordered by Governor Bellomont to deliver the treasure as evidence. The booty included gold dust, bars of silver, Spanish dollars, rubies, diamonds, candlesticks, and porringers. Gardiner kept one of the diamonds which he later gave to his daughter. A plaque on the island marks the spot where the treasure was buried.

American Revolution
The Gardiners sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. A fleet of thirteen British ships sailed into the island's Cherry Harbor and began foraging and pillaging its manor house at will; they were planning to turn it into a private hunting preserve. Among the British interlopers were Henry Clinton and John André. At one point, Major André and Gardiner's son Nathaniel Gardiner exchanged toasts on the island. Nathaniel Gardiner was a surgeon for the New Hampshire Continental Infantry. He was the American surgeon who later attended to André before he was executed for spying with Benedict Arnold.

Following the revolution, the island was formally brought under East Hampton town jurisdiction.

War of 1812
During the War of 1812, a British fleet of seven ships of the line and several smaller frigates anchored in Cherry Harbor and conducted raids on American shipping through Long Island Sound. Crews would come ashore for provisions, which were purchased at market prices. During one of the British excursions, Americans captured some of the crew. The British came to arrest then owner John Lyon Gardiner, who, being a delicate man, adopted the "green room defense", where he stayed in a bed with green curtains surrounded by medicine to make him look feeble. The British, not wanting a sick man on board, let him be.

The British were to bury several personnel on the island during the course of the war. Some of the British fleet that burned Washington assembled in the harbor in 1814.

Gardiner's supply boats were manned by slaves during the war, and this made it easier for them to pass through British lines. After the State of New York abolished slavery in 1827, many of the freed Gardiner slaves went to live in Freetown, just north of East Hampton village.

Remainder of 19th century
Julia Gardiner, who was to become President John Tyler's second wife and First Lady in 1844, was born on the island in 1820.

Gardiners Point Island is an tiny islet in Block Island Sound that is the former location of both the Gardiners Island Lighthouse and Fort Tyler. Once a peninsula of Gardiner's Island, it is the location of a 14 acre parcel the federal government purchased from the Gardiners in 1851 for $400. Work on the lighthouse began in 1854, with the lighthouse being first lit in 1855 following a $7,000 construction expenditure. It was a 27 ft square 1½ story brick building with a sixth order Fresnel Lens producing a fixed white light located 33 ft above sea level.

A March 1888 nor'easter caused a break in the peninsula, permanently turning the point into an island (but leaving it under the jurisdiction of East Hampton). Between 1890 and 1893 the island was shrinking at the rate of 10+3/4 ft per year. On March 7, 1894, the lighthouse was abandoned and shortly afterward fell into the ocean. A lighted buoy was then moored ¼ miles northeast of the lighthouse.

During the Spanish–American War, the War Department appropriated $500,000 to build the Fort Tyler battery on the island. One source states it was named in General Order 194 of 27 December 1904 for Daniel Tyler, a general and Civil War veteran who died in 1882. Another claim is that it was named for former President John Tyler (1841–1845), who married Julia Gardiner Tyler, born on Gardiners Island.

The fort was intended to consist of Battery Edmund Smith, with emplacements for two 8-inch M1888 disappearing guns and two 5-inch M1900 guns on pedestal mounts. Records indicate that it was never armed. The shifting sands caused problems for the fort and it was abandoned in the late 1920s.

20th century
In 1938, Gardiners Point Island was declared a National Wildlife Refuge by Franklin D. Roosevelt and transferred to the Agriculture Department. During World War II, the former Fort Tyler was used for target practice and was reduced to its present state of ruin. The state of New York briefly considered turning it into a park, but it is deemed a navigational hazard because of the possibilities of unexploded ordnance. It is privately owned now.

A manor house built by David Gardiner in 1774 burned to the ground in 1947, it is thought after a guest fell asleep while smoking. Valuable antiques were destroyed, with the caretaker escaping by jumping from a window. Owing to the high cost of upkeep, the island was put up for sale in 1937. It was bought by a multimillionaire relative, Sarah Diodati Gardiner, for $400,000. She erected a new 28-room manor house in the Georgian style. She died in 1953, unmarried, at age 90. Upon her death in 1953, the island passed in trust to her nephew Robert David Lion Gardiner and niece Alexandra Gardiner Creel (brother and sister).

From 1955 until 1963, Sperry Rand leased the island for top echelon meetings.

Robert David Lion Gardiner and Alexandra Gardiner Creel occupied the island at the expiration of Sperry Rand's lease in 1963. Gardiner inherited three Gardiner fortunes: from his father, his uncle and his Aunt Sarah.

The island was designated as a National Natural Landmark (NNL) in April 1967 by the National Park Service, in recognition of its waterfowl and shorebird habitat, and its role as a breeding ground for osprey.

Bickering ownership
Sarah Diodati Gardiner had also set aside a trust fund for upkeep of the island, but it was exhausted by the 1970s. When Alexandra Gardiner Creel died, her rights passed to her daughter, Alexandra Creel Goelet. Robert David Lion Gardiner and Goelet were to have a highly publicized dispute over ownership and direction of the island.

Robert accused Alexandra of wanting to sell and develop the island. She accused him of not paying his share of the estimated $2 million per year upkeep and taxes of the island. Robert said he would not oppose ownership by the government or a private conservancy group. The case went to court in 1980 and Robert was initially barred from visiting the island, but in 1992, courts ruled that he could visit the island (although the Goelets and Gardiner were not on the island at the same time).

Robert Gardiner, who claimed the notional title "16th Lord of the Manor of Gardiner's Island" and lived in East Hampton, married in 1961 but had no children, leaving him with no direct heir. In 1989, Gardiner attempted unsuccessfully to adopt a middle-aged Mississippi businessman, George Gardiner Green Jr., as his son. Green was a descendant of Lion Gardiner. Upon Robert's death in 2004, total ownership passed to Goelet. Shortly before his death he said:

"We have always married into wealth. We've covered all our bets. We were on both sides of the Revolution, and both sides of the Civil War. The Gardiner family always came out on top."

21st century
In 2005, the Goelets offered to place a conservation easement on the island in exchange for a promise from the Town of East Hampton not to rezone the land, change its assessment or attempt to acquire it by condemnation. The Goelets and East Hampton agreed upon the easement through 2025.

Gardiners Island's NNL status was removed in July 2006, following a request from the island's owner, Alexandra Creel Goelet.

Ownership

 * Poggatacut (sachem) and Aswaw, his wife, deeded Manchonat to Lion Gardiner. He was succeeded by Wyandanch as Grand Sachem.

 * Lion Gardiner as a proprietary colony, 1st Proprietor and Lord of the Manor, 1639–63
 * David Gardiner
 * John Gardiner
 * David Gardiner
 * John Lyon Gardiner I
 * Joseph Gardiner jr 1992
 * David Johnson Gardiner, 1825–29
 * John Gardiner, 1829–61
 * Samuel Buell Gardiner, 1861–82
 * John Lyon Gardiner II, 1882–1910
 * Lion Gardiner, 1910–?
 * Joseph Gardiner sr 1969–
 * Joseph Gardiner
 * Sarah Diodati Gardiner 1937–53
 * Alexandra Gardiner Creel and Robert David Lion Gardiner, 1953–2004
 * Alexandra Creel Goelet, 2004—

Notable people

 * Lewis A. Edwards (1811–1879), was an American businessman, manufacturer, politician and a Democratic member of the New York State Senate (1st D.)
 * Julia Gardiner Tyler, former First Lady of the United States; wife of U.S. President John Tyler (1844–1845)

title: Gardiners Island


text:
Gödel Prize

The Gödel Prize is an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, given jointly by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computational Theory (ACM SIGACT). The award is named in honor of Kurt Gödel. Gödel's connection to theoretical computer science is that he was the first to mention the "P versus NP" question, in a 1956 letter to John von Neumann in which Gödel asked whether a certain NP-complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time.

The Gödel Prize has been awarded since 1993. The prize is awarded alternately at ICALP (even years) and STOC (odd years). STOC is the ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, one of the main North American conferences in theoretical computer science, whereas ICALP is the International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, one of the main European conferences in the field. To be eligible for the prize, a paper must be published in a refereed journal within the last 14 (formerly 7) years. The prize includes a reward of US$5000.

The winner of the Prize is selected by a committee of six members. The EATCS President and the SIGACT Chair each appoint three members to the committee, to serve staggered three-year terms. The committee is chaired alternately by representatives of EATCS and SIGACT.

In contrast with the Gödel Prize, which recognizes outstanding papers, the Knuth Prize is awarded to individuals for their overall impact in the field.

title: Gödel Prize


text:
Password (American game show)

Password is an American television game show in which two teams, each composed of a celebrity player and a contestant, attempt to convey mystery words to each other using only single-word clues, in order to win cash prizes.

The show was created by Bob Stewart and originally produced by Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions. It aired on CBS from 1961 to 1967, and ABC from 1971 to 1975. The original host was Allen Ludden, who had previously been well known as the host of the G.E. College Bowl.

Two revivals later aired on NBC: Password Plus from 1979 to 1982, and Super Password from 1984 to 1989, followed by a primetime version, Million Dollar Password, on CBS from 2008 to 2009. All of these versions introduced new variations in gameplay.

In 2022, NBC premiered a primetime revival of Password executive produced by Jimmy Fallon, and hosted by actress Keke Palmer. This version is a modernization of the original CBS version, and features Fallon as a regular panelist.

In 2013, TV Guide ranked it #8 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever.

Rules
Two teams, each consisting of one celebrity player and one "civilian" contestant, competed. The word to be conveyed (the "password") was given to one player on each team and was shown onscreen to viewers as well as spoken softly on the audio track. Gameplay alternated between the two teams. On each team, the player who was given the password gave a one-word clue from which their partner attempted to guess the password. (For example, the opposite clue "stop" might be given for the password "go", or the next instructional clue "synonym" might be given to elicit the password "halt"). If the partner failed to guess the password within the allotted five-second time limit, or if an illegal clue was given (two or more words, a hyphenated word, "coined" words, or any part or form of the password), play passed to the opposing team. If the password was revealed by the clue-giver it was thrown out.

The game continued until one of the players guessed the password correctly, any form of the password was given as a clue, or until ten clues had been given. Scoring was based on the number of clues given when the password was guessed, e.g. ten points were awarded for guessing the password on the first clue, nine points on the second clue, eight points on the third clue, etc., down to one point on the tenth and final clue. On the ABC version, a limit of six clues was imposed to expedite gameplay, with the last clue worth five points. In addition, teams were given the option of either playing or passing control of the first clue to the opposing team. Specifically, the team that was trailing in score, or that had lost the previous game, was offered the pass/play option; when the score was tied, the team that failed to get the previous password was awarded the pass/play option.

On the CBS daytime edition, the first team to reach 25 points won that contestant $100. On the nighttime edition, the winner won $250. The winning team earned a chance to win up to an additional $250 by playing the "Lightning Round", in which the civilian contestant on the prevailing team tried to guess five passwords within 60 seconds from clues given by his/her celebrity partner. The Lightning Round passwords were shown on a small, pop-up display which appeared only in front of the clue-giver (which the camera could also see), and the contestant was allowed to give multiple responses to each clue. The clue-giver was also allowed to skip to the next password, but after all 5 were given, if time allowed, the outstanding ones were redisplayed in sequence. $50 was awarded for each correctly guessed password; this was increased to $100 from 1973 to 1974.

The Lightning Round was among the first bonus rounds on a television game (along with the scrambled phrase game on the original Beat the Clock). On the ABC version from 1971 to 1974, immediately after completing the Lightning Round, the player was given a chance at "the Betting Word," in which they could wager any amount of their winnings on their celebrity partner's ability to guess it within 15 seconds. This increased the maximum bonus prize to $500 ($1,000 from 1973 to 1974 when the regular Lightning Round values were doubled).

In each episode from 1961 to 1975, Ludden would caution the players about unacceptable clues by stating, "When you hear this sound (a buzzer would sound) it means your clue has not been accepted by our authority, (name of word authority)." Word authorities on the CBS version included New York University professor David H. Greene and World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary editor Dr. Reason A. Goodwin (that dictionary being still a work-in-progress at the time of the show's first airing, first appearing in print form in 1963). Robert Stockwell from UCLA and Carolyn Duncan served as word authorities during the ABC version.

Jack Clark, Lee Vines, and John Harlan whispered the password to viewers on the first two versions of the show, but the practice was discontinued, beginning with Password All-Stars, when a computer (referred to as "Murphy" by Ludden) was incorporated. The computer would display the password one letter at a time (like a typewriter), followed by the quotation marks. A beeping sound would accompany each letter as it appeared on the screen. A final beep would signal that the password was revealed to the home viewer, and play would start. On Password Plus, a bell would ring when the password was revealed. On Super Password from September 24, 1984, to October 31, 1986, a chirping sound was heard when the password was revealed. However, Gene Wood began whispering the words on Super Password just like in the original, starting on November 3, 1986. The practice was again discontinued on Million Dollar Password, while the 2022 revival reinstated it.

Before the cancellation of the Goodson-Todman game show Snap Judgment on NBC in 1969, that program's set was changed to make it resemble the look of the CBS Password. Goodson-Todman did this to correspond to rule changes that made Snap Judgment identical to Password.

Contestants
On the CBS daytime version, contestants played two matches, win or lose, with each game awarding $100 to the winner. For most of the CBS nighttime version's first year, the same two players stayed for the entire show, playing as many matches as time allowed with each player guaranteed at least $100. However, after three contestants managed to break the $1,000 mark, this practice was changed in November 1962 to having two new contestants play each game (generally, three pairs of contestants competed in the course of each show), with winning contestants receiving $250 and losers receiving a consolation prize (usually $50).

For two shows in July 1965, the nighttime version experimented with a "championship match" format, in which the winners of games 1 and 2 would return to compete against each other in the final game. Also in 1965, the show adopted an annual "Tournament of Champions" where contestants on the daytime version who won both their games were invited back to compete for more money.

Early on in the ABC version, contestants played a single-elimination game; winning contestants could stay until they were either defeated or won a maximum of 10 games, thus retiring them as undefeated champions. Later on, the limit was dropped, and champions stayed on the show until defeated. From 1973 to 1974, the first contestant to win a two-out-of-three match played the Lightning Round.

Every three months, the four top winners during that period would return for a quarterly contest. The winner would earn $1,000 and the right to compete in the annual Tournament of Champions. The winner of the annual contest won $5,000, received a free trip to Macedonia, and faced the previous year's champion in a best-of-seven match for $10,000. Lewis Retrum, from Boston, won the Tournament of Champions two years in a row and retired undefeated when the show went off the air.

Format changes
From November 18, 1974, to February 21, 1975, Password became Password All-Stars, where teams of celebrities played for charity in a tournament-style format. At the end of each week, the highest scorer would win $5,000 and advance to the Grandmasters' Championship, which would award the winner another $25,000. The first tournament's finalists were Dick Gautier, James Shigeta, Peter Bonerz, and Don Galloway, with Shigeta winning the championship; the second tournament's finalists were Richard Dawson, Bill Bixby, Hal Linden, and Betty White, with Dawson winning the championship (Dawson had almost made it to the first tournament finals, but Gautier beat him out during their preliminary week by just one point).

After the celebrity format modification proved unpopular with viewers, Goodson-Todman made Password All-Stars simply Password again, but the show carried over elements of All-Stars mainly to use the set that had been redesigned for the all-celebrity period. Among these was an elimination round in which four contestants (two new players and the two players from the previous game) competed with the help of the two celebrities in the first round. In the qualifying round, one of the two celebrities used a one-word clue to a password (with both celebrities alternating turns on giving clues), and the four contestants would ring in with the password. If no contestant identified the password after four clues, the word would be discarded. A correct response earned that contestant one point, with three points needed to qualify for the regular game. An incorrect response locked that player out of the word in play. The first two contestants to reach three points went on to play the regular Password game.

In the regular game, an addition to the rules was the "double" option, in which the first clue giver could ask to increase the word value to 20 points by giving only one clue; if that word was missed, the other team could score the 20 points with a second clue. The first team to reach 50 points or more could win thousands of dollars in the Big Money Lightning Round, using a three-step structure in which the winning team attempted to guess three passwords within 30 seconds per step. The contestant was paid as follows:
 * Part One: Each password paid $25. Guessing all three passwords in 30 seconds further netted $5 for each second left on the clock. The round ended if the contestant was unable to guess at least one of the three passwords.
 * Part Two: The money earned in part one would be multiplied by the number of passwords guessed here. Naming all three passwords this time added $10 for each second left. If the receiver failed to identify at least one of the passwords here, the round ended and the contestant still kept all part-one winnings; he or she then returned to the elimination panel to compete for the right to play the main game again.
 * Part Three: Naming all three passwords in 30 seconds multiplied the contestant's part-two winnings tenfold (meaning if a player accumulated $500 after two parts, guessing all three passwords in this part would earn $5,000).

Winners of $20,000 retired from the show. Until April, contestants could win no more than $20,000. However, later champions were allowed to win over $20,000 but had to retire immediately upon doing so.

CBS: 1961–1967
With Goodson–Todman established as a reliable producer of highly rated games for CBS, including What's My Line?, To Tell the Truth, and I've Got a Secret, the network gave the new word-association game the 2:00 PM (1:00 Central) time slot, replacing the courtroom-themed game Face the Facts. As television's first successful celebrity–civilian team game, Password attracted a large and loyal audience that made it into a solid Nielsen favorite for nearly five years while shows came and went with great frequency on the other networks. A concurrent prime-time version, which debuted in January 1962, was also successful, but less than the daytime show. Both versions performed strongly in the ratings.

On July 11, 1966, CBS preempted Password in favor of live coverage of a press conference held by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara on the progress of the Vietnam War. The other two networks went ahead with their regular schedules because their news divisions had not been granted the power to make programming decisions. A new show beginning that day on ABC, The Newlywed Game, attracted some Password fans. NBC also benefited from the CBS programming decision, experiencing success with the recently launched soap opera Days of Our Lives.

Over the next year, The Newlywed Game and Days of Our Lives got higher ratings than Password. CBS daytime head Fred Silverman canceled Password in the spring of 1967 after squabbles over where the show would be taped (New York City or Hollywood). Silverman wanted the show permanently moved to CBS Television City, where it was moved for part of the 1966–1967 season for taping in color because CBS's New York studios had not made the full switch to color. Mark Goodson, however, opposed permanently moving the show to Hollywood.

Password was most often taped in New York at CBS-TV Studio 52 (later converted to the Studio 54 discothèque) and CBS-TV Studio 50 (the Ed Sullivan Theater) until the end of the daytime run in 1967. The original CBS version made annual trips to CBS Television City during the 1960s, including once when the CBS New York studios were upgraded for color TV. During its run, Password was taped in all four of the studios at different times (31, 33, 41 and 43).

ABC: 1971–1975
Goodson-Todman sold reruns of the CBS version to local stations via syndication in the late 1960s, and in some markets, they performed quite well in mid-morning or late-afternoon slots. This prompted ABC to contact Mark Goodson about reviving the game; this time around, Goodson agreed to have the show tape in Hollywood per ABC's wishes. Password would become Goodson-Todman's first show to be staged in Los Angeles full-time rather than New York City. The company eventually moved almost all production to southern California during the 1970s. The show was taped at ABC Studio TV-10, "The Vine Street Theater," in Hollywood and the ABC Television Center.

The network slated Password to replace the cult soap Dark Shadows at 4:00 PM (3:00 Central) on April 5, 1971. Some of the more devoted Shadows fans threatened ABC with physical disruption of the first tapings of Password at the Hollywood studios. These plans never materialized and ABC went ahead, managing strong results against NBC's Somerset and reruns of Gomer Pyle, USMC on CBS.

ABC promoted the show to 12:30 PM (11:30 AM Central) on September 6, where it faced stronger challenges in the form of CBS' long-running Search for Tomorrow and NBC's The Who, What, or Where Game, which had been on for two years. Password held up well there for six months until the network moved it up a half-hour to 12:00 PM (11:00 AM Central) on March 20, 1972, for the new Hatos-Hall game Split Second. Password came in a solid second to NBC's Jeopardy! and out-performed three-year-old CBS soap Where the Heart Is. CBS replaced Heart on March 26, 1973, with the youth-oriented The Young and the Restless, causing Password and Jeopardy! to hit ratings trouble that year.

Even though NBC moved Jeopardy! on January 7, 1974, from 12:00 PM to 10:30 AM (9:30 Central) in favor of Jackpot!, the ABC Password was sliding into third place. In May, the show won the first-ever Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show. A large Emmy statue then became part of the set's backdrop until the overhaul in November.

Beginning on July 15, 1974, several gimmicks were tried to boost ratings. This included:
 * Monty Hall guest-hosting for several weeks; from July 15 to the 26th he did two weeks with Ludden and Elizabeth Montgomery as the celebrities, while the third (September 23–27) was a "Four-Celebrity Charity Week" with Ludden and his wife Betty White competing as a team against celebrities including Richard Dawson, Arlene Francis, Vicki Lawrence, and White's mother Tess.
 * Several other celebrity-filled weeks for charity were also held from July 29 to August 2, September 16–20, and October 14–18.
 * A week (September 2–6) in which Joyce Bulifant and Joseph Campanella played with their children ("Celebrities and Their Children Week"); this was followed by "Celebrities and Their Wives Week" from September 9 to the 13th and a "Celebrity Husbands & Wives Charity Week" from September 30 to October 4.
 * Two weeks containing big winners from throughout the show's run aired from October 21 to November 1; this was followed from November 4 through the 8th by a week in which the show's producers and writers played the game for charity with George Peppard and Linda Kaye Henning.

On November 18 (after one final week of unknown content), the show ran an all-celebrity format called Password All-Stars. Although Goodson-Todman had success with celebrity-driven formats such as Match Game (which debuted in 1973) and Tattletales (which began earlier in the year) through the late 1970s, the lack of civilian contestants and significantly altered rules on Password drove more viewers away.

On February 24, 1975, Goodson-Todman abandoned the all-stars format (but changed the contestant configuration in order to avoid another set redesign) in a last-ditch effort to save the program. Although Password was given another eighteen weeks, ABC had all but given up on the show. Aside from a week in which Betty White hosted while her husband played (March 24–28), no more gimmicks were attempted for the rest of the run.

On June 27, 1975, four members of the show's staff played a "mock game" which filled some time after the final Lightning Round. Mark Goodson then appeared to declare Ludden "Mr. Password" and mentioned that numerous elementary schoolteachers in the U.S. used the various editions of the Milton Bradley-packaged home game as a tool to teach their pupils English. Ludden and White then gave an emotional farewell. Password was replaced with Showoffs, which lasted six months.

Password Plus
In 1978, Goodson-Todman tried again and successfully brought Password to NBC on January 8, 1979, with Allen Ludden returning as host. It was originally announced in Variety magazine as Password '79, in the manner that Match Game named its 1973 version with the year. Celebrity guest Carol Burnett remarked during a run-through that with the various new elements the show had adopted, it was "Password Plus". The name stuck and became the title of the revival. Gene Wood served as the primary announcer (with Johnny Olson and Bob Hilton as substitutes); however, the announcers did not announce the passwords as in previous editions.

Ludden hosted until 1980 when he was forced to step down due to a bout with stomach cancer. Initially, Ludden took a month off from taping to deal with his illness, and Bill Cullen took time off from hosting Chain Reaction to step in for him. (During this time Geoff Edwards stepped in for Cullen on Chain.) Eventually, Ludden's cancer worsened and he left the series after October 24, 1980; he succumbed to the disease in 1981. The producers, reportedly at Ludden's request, hired Tom Kennedy - whose TV credits included the Password-inspired You Don't Say! - to take over Password Plus, and he remained as host until its final episode aired on March 26, 1982.

Super Password
On September 24, 1984, NBC brought the format back as Super Password with Bert Convy hosting; with few tweaks, gameplay remained in the Password Plus format. Rich Jeffries was the first announcer until November 23, 1984, and filled in for the returning Gene Wood sporadically thereafter, as did Bob Hilton. As noted above, the tradition of the announcers reading the passwords was reinstated midway through the show's run.

Super Password ran until March 24, 1989, and was canceled on the same day as another NBC game show, Sale of the Century. In some markets in the Eastern time zone, the show was preempted by local news due to its 12:00 PM time slot. NBC stations in the Central and Pacific time zones usually preempted Scrabble at 11:30 for local news and aired Super Password at 11:00.

Million Dollar Password
CBS picked up a new version of the show entitled Million Dollar Password, hosted by Regis Philbin, which premiered on June 1, 2008, and ran for 12 episodes over two seasons. The series was taped in New York and was the second million-dollar game show that Philbin has hosted (the first being the American network version Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?). The first season was taped at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York City, and the second season was taped at the CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles.

Buzzr (YouTube)
From March 4, 2015, until June 18, 2016, the Buzzr YouTube channel had an online reboot of Password hosted by Steve Zaragoza where various internet celebrities were teamed up as contestants instead of a celebrity and civilian being paired up.

NBC: 2022
NBC greenlit a new version of Password from Fremantle with Jimmy Fallon as executive producer, on May 17, 2021, during NBCUniversal's upfronts presentation. On January 24, 2022, a casting notice was put out. In April 2022, it was reported that Keke Palmer would serve as host, and that the show would premiere in the summer, later specified as August 9. The first episode was dedicated to Betty White. Each hour-long episode consists of two half-hour matches, each with different pairs of contestants. On May 12, 2023, the series was renewed for a second season; however, production was delayed to November 2023 due to Fallon's support of the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike. After a holiday special on December 18, 2023, it was announced on January 29, 2024 that the second season would premiere on March 12, 2024.

The gameplay is reminiscent of the 1961–75 versions, with games played to 15 points and the point value for each password starting at 6 for the first clue. Starting in the second season, someone from each team can "Shoot the Moon" if a player can get the other player to get the password. They earn 8 points if they can get the password (2 extra points). If not, the opposing team will have a chance to steal those points (but if neither team gets the password, they lose the chance to try again). "Shoot the Moon" can only be used once per game, and can be activated throughout the game. Another addition in the second season is the "Password Prize of the Night", where correctly guessing the password earns the team points and the player a trip to a Universal Studios theme park. Starting in the second season, the passwords in round two are related to the category, since the passwords are harder. If an illegal clue is given, the opposing team gets two points. Two such games are played, with the celebrities switching partners for the second game; if the contestants each win one game, a tie-breaker round, presented on-screen similarly to the Password Puzzle format from Password Plus and Super Password, is played. Palmer reads a series of up to five clues to the final password; whoever buzzes in with the correct answer moves on to the bonus round. An incorrect answer, however, allows the opponent to guess with all five clues revealed. If both players answer incorrectly, the procedure repeats until one buzzes in with the correct answer. Starting in the second season, Palmer gives the clues. If a player buzzes in with an incorrect answer, their opponent moves on to the bonus round.

The bonus round uses a modified Alphabetics/Super Password round format (again from Plus/Super). The contestant now plays with both celebrities, where they have a total of 60 seconds to guess all ten passwords that begin with consecutive letters of the alphabet. After one celebrity plays for the first 30 seconds, they switch out and gameplay resumes. If an illegal clue is given during the first 30 seconds, a new word beginning with the same letter will be used during the second 30. The contestant wins $1,000 per guessed word, and $25,000 for solving all ten before time runs out. If all ten are not solved in time, the contestant receives one more password, which is not revealed to the home audience, for both celebrities to jointly guess. After giving a single clue, the contestant puts on headphones and turns their back to the celebrities, while they deliberate for up to 30 seconds. If they are correct, the contestant's winnings are doubled; if not, they keep their previous winnings.

The final episode of the first season featured four celebrities playing for charity and switching teams for the second half of the episode. One member of the winning team gives the clues in the bonus round and the other guesses the password in 60 seconds. If all ten passwords are not solved, the celebrity gives a clue to the other celebrities and puts on headphones during the deliberation. Fallon, instead of playing in the second half of the episode, let Palmer take his place playing, while he hosted.

Episode status
All of the CBS primetime episodes were preserved on videotape, and have aired on GSN and Buzzr. The final year of the CBS daytime version and the second primetime version was preserved on color videotape, as the producers chose to syndicate those reruns following the program's first cancellation. Most of the earlier daytime episodes are presumed lost; at least two daytime episodes are available on home video, each one as part of a general game show compilation package. A number of episodes exist in the UCLA Film and Television Archive.

The ABC version is considered to be almost completely gone. Clips from the December 7, 1971, episode featuring Brett Somers and Jack Klugman were featured on VH1's I Love the '70s: Volume 2 in 2006. GSN aired the complete Somers/Klugman episode on September 11, 2006, in the early morning hours as part of its weekly overnight classic game-show programming (and aired it again in tribute following Somers' death). Buzzr aired the complete Somers/Klugman episode on August 8, 2022.

A second studio master from February 14, 1972, with Sheila MacRae and Martin Milner is also known to have survived; the opening of that episode can be seen on YouTube, with the complete episode being uploaded in May 2020. Five episodes from 1975 circulate amongst collectors, three as recorded by home viewers: the Password All-Stars Finale; a studio master of episode #15 of the big-money revamp (March 14, 1975) with Betty White and Vicki Lawrence; a kinescope of episode #24 of the revamp (March 27, 1975); a June 1975 episode with Carol Burnett and Jack Cassidy; and the June 27, 1975 finale with Kate Jackson and Sam Melville. An audio recording of an episode featuring Jack Klugman and Loretta Swit from 1975 is also known to have survived. A few more episodes from this run are held in UCLA's film and television archive.

It is believed that the videotapes that were used for the ABC Password were recycled and reused for the Dawson version of Family Feud, which began on July 12, 1976.

Both NBC daytime versions were preserved and have aired in reruns on GSN and Buzzr, though a few select episodes are skipped due to either poor tape condition, puzzles or clues that may be deemed offensive, or celebrity clearance issues.

Home media
On December 2, 2008, BCI Entertainment Company LLC (under license from FremantleMedia Enterprises) released a DVD box set "The Best of Password, starring Allen Ludden: The CBS Years - 1962–1967". The set predominantly features the nighttime show, with most of the final disc containing daytime episodes from 1967; notably, despite their existence, neither the nighttime nor daytime finales are present. This 3-Disc set contains 30 episodes of Password (1961 daytime episodes and 1962-1967 primetime episodes), uncut and unedited, and also digitally transferred, remastered, and restored from the original B&W kinescopes and original 2-inch color videotapes.

Although Password began in 1961, the DVD set consistently states "The CBS Years: 1962–1967". This misleading title may be due to the earliest episode on the set being the nighttime premiere, which aired in early 1962. A rerelease by Mill Creek, which acquired the rights to the Fremantle game-show DVD sets following BCI's collapse, corrected this error.

An early mock-up of the packaging showed host Ludden on the later CBS set, with the original ABC logo on the front of the desk (as well as on the spine), while a slew of celebrities was listed on the bottom of the cover. Further, the press release stated that the set would range "from the early 1960s all the way up to the mid 1970s", indicating that ABC episodes would be included. A later update to the box art removed the celebrity list and clarified that the set would only cover the CBS era, although the ABC logo was still present (the front cover now had it in place of the CBS logo above Ludden). The ABC logo was omitted altogether when the DVD set was released, with the CBS logo behind Ludden in the original picture being enlarged.

1998 version
According to a November 11, 1997, issue of Broadcasting & Cable magazine, it was reported that former talk show host and emcee of the short-lived 1990 NBC daytime revival of To Tell the Truth, Gordon Elliott was being prepped to become the brand new host of a version of Password planned for syndication in the Fall of 1998, with Pearson/All-American Television to have produced the series. However, those plans never materialized.

2016 version
On May 14, 2016, an article from Buzzerblog received word from an anonymous but reputable source that Password was listed as a possible new alternative series on the internal ABC affiliate website. But neither the host, premiere date, nor taping/casting information have been mentioned since.

Home games
The Milton Bradley Company introduced the first home version of Password in 1962 and subsequently released 24 editions of the game until 1986. Owing to common superstition, these releases were numbered 1–12 and 14–25, skipping 13. It was tied with Concentration as the most prolific of Milton Bradley's home versions of popular game shows and was produced well into the Super Password era of the television show. Milton Bradley also published three editions of a Password Plus home game between 1979 and 1981, but never did a version for Super Password.

Since 1997, Endless Games has released seven editions of Password, including a children's edition (with gameplay closer to the various incarnations of Pyramid), a special "50th Anniversary Edition" in 2011 and a DVD edition featuring the voice of Todd Newton (notably, the latter uses the original ABC logo on its packaging). In addition, Endless released a home version of Million-Dollar Password in 2008.

A computer version of Super Password was released by GameTek for MS-DOS systems, as well as the Apple II and Commodore 64, shortly before the series was canceled. A Nintendo Entertainment System version was also planned but never released. Tiger Electronics released an electronic hand-held "Super Password" game in the late 1990s. More recently, Irwin Toy released a new hand-held electronic version featuring a touch screen with a stylus to enter words.

An online version of Password was once available on its now-defunct website Uproar.com where instead of just one partner every time, you were allowed to play along with lots of other people in a party atmosphere. However, as of September 30, 2006, the website no longer offers any game show-based online games of any kind.

Interactive online versions of Password Plus and Super Password were once available from Game Show Network where you would play along while watching the show.

As with several other Goodson-Todman/Goodson game shows, Password has been adapted into a slot machine by WMS Gaming. A simulated Allen Ludden emcees the proceedings, with the voices and caricatures of Rose Marie, Dawn Wells, Adam West, and Marty Allen. One bonus round offers the player free spins; the other involves choosing from four envelopes offered by the celebrities. Finding the "Password" envelope advances the player to a new level with four more envelopes, worth more prize money.

title: Password (American game show)


text:
Talk:Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius as Patriarch.
The Council of Nicaea 325, declared the positions of the Bishop of Alexandria to be Patriarch.... This is key to Athanasius' position. Some called him 'Pope'.. This declaration at the beginning is important in understanding the Rôle he held. Hence, this deletion should be undone....This is quite necessary in lead.. MacOfJesus (talk) 15:27, 27 July 2020 (UTC). If this has been discussed, surely I should have been communicated with, prior.. MacOfJesus (talk) 15:58, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Calling Athanasius the Pope of Alexandria is ahistorical. While he may have been called Father, an affectionate and appropriate title for any ordained minister, and certain forms of the word father can evolve to the word "pope" the ecclesiastical title of Pope, with a capital "P," was asserted much later, after the Great Schism in 1054 and in direct opposition to the long held Roman Catholic doctrine of primacy for the Bishop of Rome. I am aware of no evidence indicating that Athanasius was not in faithful communion with Rome. Much better to call him Patriarch. To do otherwise is to read the controversies beginning in the 11th century backwards to a time when the didn't exist. JohnGHissong (talk) 04:53, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @JohnGHissong That is incorrect.
 * (From Patriarch of Alexandria article)
 * This office has historically held the title of Pope—Πάπας (Papas), which means "Father" in Greek and Coptic—since Pope Heraclas of Alexandria, the 13th Alexandrine Bishop (227–248), was the first to associate "Pope" with the title of the Bishop of Alexandria.
 * The word pope derives from the Greek πάππας "father". In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied informally (especially in the east) to all bishops and other senior clergy. In the west it began to be used particularly for the Bishop of Rome (rather than for bishops in general) in the sixth century; in 1075, Pope Gregory VII issued a declaration widely interpreted as stating this by-then-established convention. By the sixth century, this was also the normal practice in the imperial chancery of Constantinople.
 * The earliest record of this title was regarding Pope Heraclas of Alexandria (227–240) in a letter written by his successor, Pope Dionysius of Alexandria, to Philemon (a Roman presbyter): "τοῦτον ἐγὼ τὸν κανόνα καὶ τὸν τύπον παρὰ τοῦ μακαρίου πάπα ἡμῶν Ἡρακλᾶ παρέλαβον." This is translated, "I received this rule and ordinance from our blessed father/pope, Heraclas." According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest recorded use of "pope" in English is in an Old English translation (c. 950) of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, "Þa wæs in þa tid Uitalius papa þæs apostolican seðles aldorbiscop." In modern English, "At that time, Pope Vitalian was chief bishop of the apostolic see."
 * Pope is a title of Coptic/Greek origin. Furthermore, the Copts, being pre-Chalcedonian and thus wholly unaffected by the Great Schism, refer to all their canonized Alexandrian Patriarchs as Popes, so your argument about the title being used only after 1054 by the E.O. is null.
 * Also, it is clear that you made that edit with no small amount of disingenuous Roman Catholic bias, since you changed his denomination to Catholic, when at his time all churches were one.
 * Please do not make such edits and strong claims on this platform without being informed, seemingly trying to push low-end apologetics. Even though saint Athanasius' entitlement or not to the word Pope in this article is close to irrelevant, it is not for you to change it in this manner. ValidUsernamefr (talk) 13:07, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, it is clear that you made that edit with no small amount of disingenuous Roman Catholic bias, since you changed his denomination to Catholic, when at his time all churches were one.
 * Please do not make such edits and strong claims on this platform without being informed, seemingly trying to push low-end apologetics. Even though saint Athanasius' entitlement or not to the word Pope in this article is close to irrelevant, it is not for you to change it in this manner. ValidUsernamefr (talk) 13:07, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

Athanasius' Theology
The person responsible for the recent edits to this entry's Theology section has elsewhere rhetorically asked if Athanasius was Sabellian in theology. Both here and there, there aren't any direct citations of Athanasius' actual words, and there, this lack of direct citation (or mis-citation) of Athanasius' works is pointed out. I've found multiple other errors in this section, also indicating what appears to be a poor use of one of the section's predominant sources:

 * The doctrine of Sabellius, normally understood to be synonymous with modalism, may in reality be considered the heresy of "partialism" (going off of Von Mosheim's exposition) in that it asserts that the Son and Spirit are "sections" or parts of the Father ("....Hence, fourthly, it is manifest, that Sabellius considered that divine thing, which dwelt in the man Christ, as being a part or portion of God; so that the Son differed from the Father, as the part differs from the whole.") Regardless of which is properly termed as the doctrine of Sabellius, Athanasius' "Statement of Faith" contradicts either conception in saying: "For neither do we hold a Son-Father, as do the Sabellians, calling Him of one but not of the same essence, and thus destroying the existence of the Son. Neither do we ascribe the passible body which He bore for the salvation of the whole world to the Father. Neither can we imagine three Subsistences separated from each other, as results from their bodily nature in the case of men, lest we hold a plurality of gods like the heathen. But just as a river, produced from a well, is not separate, and yet there are in fact two visible objects and two names. For neither is the Father the Son, nor the Son the Father. For the Father is Father of the Son, and the Son, Son of the Father. For like as the well is not a river, nor the river a well, but both are one and the same water which is conveyed in a channel from the well to the river, so the Father’s deity passes into the Son without flow and without division.
 * It is asserted that Athanasius was a "one-hypostasis" theologian. However, Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318-381, which is repeatedly cited in this section, makes clear that Athanasius conflated "hypostasis" and "ousia": "Apparently Athanasius thought that hypostasis in theological contexts always meant ousia, and that if any spoke of three hypostases they must mean three ousiai, and probably different ouisiai at that, and so must be well on the way to Arianism.... But the evidence that for Athanasius hypostasis was the same as ousia was unmistakable." (p. 445). On multiple occasions the authors exposit the lack of distinction both terms had in this time period (e.g. chapter 7.1), so it's improper to term Athanasius as a "one-hypostasis theologian" as though his conception of "hypostasis" is identical to later theologians.
 * It's written that Athanasius' use of "idios" in referring to the Son's relation to the Father is meant to convey that He is one of the Father's faculties (and that this means that He is part of the Father), but the link provided to define the term does not indicate this.
 * That the Son is the Logos of the Father, according to Athanasius' assertion, does not indicate that he is a part of the Father. That the Son is the Logos is asserted by the Gospel of John, and Trinitarians along with and following Athanasius simultaneously assert the Son is the Logos of the Father without indicating that this makes him a "section" of the Father, as Sabellius did.
 * It's written that Athanasius rejected the idea that the Logos was the mediator between God and creation, with the citation: "He said: 'He (the Father) was no remote God who required a lesser god (the Logos) to reveal Him.' (Hanson, p. 423)" This glosses over the context that the "Mediator" that Athanasius refutes is that of the Greek philosophers, according to the authors of the book: "Though Athanasius’ thought is deeply indebted to philosophy and he defends constantly what is a philosophical principle, the ontological unity of the Father and the Son, his philosophical language is all devoted to what was ultimately a Scriptural argument. He is no favourer of Greek philosophy; he decries it in the Contra Gentes, though he can occasionally refer to philosophical doctrines which are apparently like Christian teaching, as when he compares the Stoic doctrine of the Logos dwelling immanent in the whole world to the doctrine of the Incarnation. But the main and paramount source of his doctrine is the Bible.... He was capable, perhaps alone among his contemporaries, of freeing himself from the enticing but damaging tendency to speculation about the relation of the pre-existent Son to the Logos of the philosophers.... For him both skopos and content of Scripture, in Old and New Testaments, are the two modes of existence of Christ, as Son/Logos and as incarnate. For him, too, God’s relation to the world was not static but dynamic; he was no remote God who required a lesser god to reveal him. The divine ousia, he says, is ‘productive’ (καρπογόνος). As has been frequently observed, Athanasius approaches the central theological problem of his day from a soteriological, not from a cosmological, viewpoint. He removed altogether the problem raised and apparently solved by borrowing from Middle Platonism, viz how God or the Supreme Reality can come into contact with the world, with transitory, human affairs, at all. He refused to use the pre-existent Christ as a convenient philosophical device. ‘For the Father creates everything through the Logos in the Spirit’: ' God needed no mediator to create the world. So the concept of the Deity who has redeemed mankind is to be separated from the concept of the world . . . the Logos/Son is a redemptive, not a cosmic principle.' "
 * This is not a "limitation of Christ's role as Mediator to the Incarnation", because the "mediation" that Athanasius does not bother with in regards to speaking of Christ as Logos is the mediation of the Greek philosophers who thought it necessary for a supreme being to create a lower deity to intervene in creation. Elsewhere in the book, speaking of the Homoian Arians, the authors assert: "The Homoian Arians, in contrast to the followers of Aetius and Eunomius, were not particularly interested in philosophy. They do not therefore specially emphasize, as Arius and his early followers certainly did, the role of the Son as a convenient philosophical device whereby an unapproachable, remote God is connected with transience and human affairs." (p. 568). Later still, the writers assert: "The three theologians were responsible, building on the foundation which Athanasius had laid, for establishing finally that the Son (and ultimately the Holy Spirit too) must not be in any sense subordinated to the Father. They thereby extinguished a long tradition of theological thought. The pre-existent Christ or Logos could no longer be used as a convenient means of envisaging how the metaphysically remote high god or supreme good could come into contact with this transient, corruptible, passible world in which we live." (p. 730)

Arsenic-03 (talk) 21:07, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

wrong searche engine abstract
when i searched this article the text snipped says 20th pope of alexandria but in the text it says 20th patriarch 212.92.104.243 (talk) 18:19, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Athanasius of Alexandria


text: Talk:Symbols of Europe

title: Talk:Symbols of Europe


text:
Balaka, Malawi

Balaka, Malawi may refer to:

 * Balaka District in the Southern Region of Malawi
 * Balaka Township, Malawi, a township in the aforementioned district

title: Balaka, Malawi


text:
North West Europe campaign

The North West Europe campaign was a campaign by the British Commonwealth armed forces in North West Europe, including its skies and adjoining waters during World War II. The term Western Front has also sometimes been used informally. The United States military refers to this campaign as the European Theater of Operations.

Hence the battle honour "North-West Europe" was awarded to any unit involved in land, sea and air campaigns and operations in, over or near Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II. It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours.

Subsidiary battle honours
The battle honour "North-West Europe campaign of 1940, was awarded to some army units that were involved in the Battle of France, and was restricted to the Belgian and French Channel ports. During this campaign, the French Army was responsible for the rest of the Western Front from Luxembourg to Switzerland, much of which was defended by the Maginot Line. The first campaign ended for the British forces with the defeat of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and its evacuation from the beaches of Dunkirk.

Between 1940 and 1944, Commonwealth army units conducted coastal raids in German-Occupied Europe, the largest of which was the Dieppe raid of 1942.

British Commonwealth air force units who served over Occupied Europe, between the fall of France and D-Day were awarded the battle honour "Fortress Europe 1940–1944."

The battle honour North-West Europe campaign of 1944–45, was typically awarded to units of the British Second Army and First Canadian Army, as elements of the British 21st Army Group. The campaign started with the landings in Normandy and ended on 4 May 1945 with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery taking the German military surrender of all German forces in the Netherlands, north west Germany and Denmark on Lüneburg Heath, (situated between the cities of Hamburg, Hanover and Bremen).

title: North West Europe campaign


text:
Talk:Thomas Blood

Affrontery
What does "affrontery" mean? It's not in Merriam-Webster Online, nor Dictionary.com. Since I suspect it may be either a British word that doesn't exist in American English, I pose the question here. Alternatively, could the author mean "effrontery"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Madoka (talk • contribs) 23:20, 9 May 2004

 * Probably just a spelling error, but "effrontery" isn't really all that apt. I've substituted 'boldness'. Feel free to change it if you think of a better alternative. - Nunh-huh 23:24, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I could claim I used the 17th century spelling :) but it was just a typo.   I meant effrontery as in shamlessness or chutzpah.  But I've just found another meaning which involves "lack of ability to understand that your behaviour is not acceptable to other people",  and by all accounts that is Blood.  Concerned only with getting back land  given to him by Cromwell or at least its value.  I think he was also prepared to abandon his accomplices for his own ends too.    garryq 00:54, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Effrontery - "audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to." Seems suitable enough.
 * Affronter - "One who affronts, or insults to the face." If there were a word "affrontery", I doubt that was what Blood displayed when he met the king :-)
 * 195.24.29.51 11:27, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Capture and arrest
I remember reading somewhere he was captured in a pub called "The Crown and Cushion", but here it says he never got out of the tower. Any ideas? EamonnPKeane 21:18, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * According to page 45 of 'Cove - Old and New' by Maye Watson and L. F. CALLINGHAM (circa. 1925) "Col. Thomas Blood, a distant relation of the Castlemaine family, on 9th May, 1671, attempted to steal the Crown and Regalia from the Tower of London, disguised as a clergyman. He lived at Minley Warren and was arrested at the Crown and Cushion Inn." (The Crown and Cushion public house is still in existence on the Minley Road, Minley, Hampshire.) NJGray 20:22, 6th August 2012

What happened to Edwards?
The text only says he was stabbed in the stomach.

According to this "Edwards was promised a reward of two hundred pounds but never received it, the unfortunate man died of his wounds shortly after." he died, and Blood & Co thereby committed murder.

195.24.29.51 11:22, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Consequences of the attempted theft
The article omits to tell us what happened to Blood and co. after they were arrested. --APW 13:27, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

A strange turn of phrase
"succeeded in eventually dying of natural causes." This just seems wierd to me, but I can sort of see what it is trying to say, I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.171.233.138 (talk) 10:02, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Section on his death
The section is a bit confusing: First it says: "His body was buried in the churchyard of St. Margaret's Church (now Christchurch Gardens) near St. James's Park. It is alleged that Blood's body was exhumed..." and then "Blood's grave is now believed to be located in the graveyard of Saint Andrew's church in Hornchurch."

Huh? If he was buried St. Margaret's churchyard but now he's in St. Andrew's wouldn't he have to have been more than just allegedly exhumed? Or did he get up and walk? Tgpaul58 (talk) 13:41, 21 May 2011 (UTC)
 * While being slightly facetious doesn't really help you in making the point, I agree the section could be drafted a little better. However the content is still valid: he was "allegedly" exhumed because no-one appears to know for certain. You'll appreciate his burial at St Andrew's comes with the caveat that it is "believed" (presumably in the absence of definitive evidence). He may well still be buried at St Margaret's and never exhumed.Dick G (talk) 09:10, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Colonel?
Was he in fact a Colonel? This article http://www.chilit.org/Published%20Papers/57.%20Puttkammer%20--%20Blood.PDF suggests he was self commissioned - 49.176.36.206 (talk) 14:40, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

Related move
In ictu oculi (talk) 23:45, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

What palace? (under Aftermath, "Irish discontent" section)
Blood refused to answer to anyone but the King and was consequently taken to the palace in chains, where he was questioned by King Charles, Prince Rupert, and others

Is it known on record which palace he was taken to? The King had several royal palaces in the vicinity of London Blood could have been taken to, notably St James', Whitehall, Hampton Court, Richmond and the Tower itself was officially a palace though the royal family had gravitated away from using it.Cloptonson (talk) 17:12, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Blood


text:
Talk:Robert Schuman

Information that had been above the Table of Contents

 * Moved by Adavis444 (talk) 01:39, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Can we have some detail on why he might become a saint? — Trilobite (Talk) 16:35, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

He never married. At one stage he appears to have contemplated marriage but the war intervened. He later devoted himself full time to his work and vocation.

His father was a Reichsdeutscher (German national)?. His mother luxembourgish? (check).

Also, it should be confirmed his exact role in the WWI - Wehrmacht or civil service ? - Title - Functions

Regarding the nationality of his parents and his role in the WWI, there are several versions.

http://www.robert-schuman.org/gb/robert-schuman/biographie2an.htm

German by birth?
He was born in lucembourgiaeClausen, in Luxembourg; since Luxembourg was not part of the German Empire, he could not have been German by birth. Does it mean that he was German from birth, on account of his father's nationality? Bastin 12:44, 2 July 2006 (UTC)he was helpless to the ussr

Nationality
Yes. Germany applied and mostly still apply Jus sanguinis.

While Germany did and does follow Jus sanguinis, you automatically renounce German nationality when taking on another one. So the conclusion is no. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.132.242.1 (talk) 14:20, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:59, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Robert schuman.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 17:23, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Munich Agreement
What was the role of Mr. Schuman in Munich Agreement? As I read he voted for this act of betrayal of Czechoslovakia(an agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland). It is not very good act for the person who is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, including Czech and Slovak republic now. What can people of Czech and Slovak republic think about such a person who betrayed them once? Do you know more about this dark side of Mr. Schuman? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.36.87.81 (talk) 08:48, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

Joined the French Resistance? When?
Please, could you provide some proof that Schuman ever joined the French resistance (let alone "re-joined")? Schuman was a "Marechalist", a partisan of Marechal Pétain and he was charged after the war with collaboration with the Germans. He was never convicted, but to turn him into a Resistance fighter, I think, is going too far in this shocking whitewashing of someone whose bio is so well known... Please, correct this. It's shameful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.213.205.18 (talk) 19:03, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Was Robert Schuman paid by OSS ?
A paper by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in The Telegraph on the 19th September 2000 says :
 * DECLASSIFIED American government documents show that the US intelligence community ran a campaign in the Fifties and Sixties to build momentum for a united Europe. It funded and directed the European federalist movement.
 * The leaders of the European Movement - Retinger, the visionary Robert Schuman and the former Belgian prime minister Paul-Henri Spaak - were all treated as hired hands by their American sponsors. The US role was handled as a covert operation. ACUE's funding came from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations as well as business groups with close ties to the US government.
 * The leaders of the European Movement - Retinger, the visionary Robert Schuman and the former Belgian prime minister Paul-Henri Spaak - were all treated as hired hands by their American sponsors. The US role was handled as a covert operation. ACUE's funding came from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations as well as business groups with close ties to the US government.

Could someone verify this information ? and eventually complete the page on Robert Schuman --Neimault (talk) 12:59, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Old news "OSS, CIA and European unity: The American committee on United Europe, 1948-60

Richard J. Aldrich, University of Nottingham, Online Publication Date: 01 March 1997"

http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/publications/oss_cia_united_europe_eec_eu.pdf

"After 1945, a variety of Western organizations, not just intelligence agencies, drew up programmes of covert operations designed both to undermine Communist influence in Europe and to ensure a welcome for the Marshall Plan. [..] One of the most interesting US covert operations in postwar Europe was the funding of the European Movement. [..] It will be argued here that the discreet injection of over three million dollars between 1949 and 1960, mostly from US government sources, was central to efforts to drum up mass support for the Schuman Plan." But it's the other way round, Europeans searching for funds, were given it when the US agreed with them and they agreed with the US. It was kept secret so the UK kept believing in the special relationship, or because they supported some political parties and not others.

QuentinUK (talk) 13:44, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

German sergeant
Was he not a sergeant in his brief stint in the German Army? I seem to recall this was later used at his expense, the joke being that to have been a commissioned officer could have been excused as an accident of birth, but to have been a sergeant suggested (rightly or wrongly) a certain degree of keenness.Paulturtle (talk) 13:38, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Robert Schuman


text:
George Rennie (engineer)

George Rennie (3 December 1791 – 30 March 1866) was an engineer born in London, England. He was the son of the Scottish engineer John Rennie the Elder and the brother of Sir John Rennie.

Early life
Born in the parish of Christchurch, Blackfriars Road, Southwark, London, he was educated by Dr. Greenlaw at Isleworth, and was subsequently sent to St. Paul's School and to the University of Edinburgh. In 1811 he entered his father's office, where many great works were in progress. In 1818, on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks and James Watt, he was appointed inspector of machinery and clerk of the irons (i.e. dies) at the Royal Mint, which post he held for nearly eight years.

J. & G. Rennie
On the death of his father in 1821 he entered into partnership with his younger brother John, as J. and G. Rennie, and for many years they were engaged in completing the vast undertakings originated by the elder Rennie. John concentrated on the civil engineering portion of the business, whereas George supervised the mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, about 1826 he was entrusted with the construction of the Grosvenor Bridge (Chester) over the Dee at Chester, from the designs of Harrison.

In 1825 the brothers were hired by the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway as George Stephenson's original plan had been thrown out of Parliament due to inconsistent figures and measurements This was however, a technicality, as the reason for the Bill's failure was the political pressure applied by Lord Derby and Lord Sefton, since the original route encroached on, or near, their estates on the outskirts of Liverpool. So a new route was required. However, the brothers were too busy with existing work, so they subcontracted the work to Charles Blacker Vignoles, and it was he who plotted and surveyed a new route, which was successful in its passage through Parliament, and it the route still used to this day. As soon as the Bill received Royal Assent on 5 May 1826, the Directors wished to appoint the Rennie brothers as principal engineers for the building of the railway, but no agreement could be made over the amount of time the brothers would commit to attending site, and also which other engineers they were prepared to work with on the project, so the Directors offered the job back to George Stephenson.

He had considerable practice as a railway engineer, and made plans for lines to connect Birmingham and Liverpool, the Vale of Clwyd line, the railway from Mons to Manage in Belgium, and the Namur and Liege railway, of which he was appointed chief engineer in 1846.

Mechanical engineering
George Rennie's genius was chiefly mechanical, and he superintended the manufacturing business of the firm in Holland Street, where a great variety of machinery was turned out, including the first biscuit-making machinery, corn and chocolate mills for Deptford victualling yard, and the machinery at the Royal William Victualling Yard, Plymouth. They also constructed some locomotives for the London and Croydon Railway. Many orders for foreign governments were executed, and the firm were employed by the Admiralty in making engines for the Royal Navy. He was much interested in the screw-propeller, and his firm built the engines for SS Archimedes, the world's first propeller-driven steamship. Subsequently, in 1840, the firm built for the Admiralty the Dwarf, the first vessel in the British navy propelled by a screw.

Roe (1916) discusses Rennie's contributions to the development of the planer.

In 1822 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and contributed papers to the Transactions in 1829 on the friction of metals and other substances. He also presented papers to the British Association and to the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which body he was elected a member in 1841.

Death
He died on 30 March 1866, at his house, 39 Wilton Crescent, from the effects of an accident in the street in the previous year, and was buried on 6 April at Holmwood, near Dorking. He married, in 1828, Margaret Anne, daughter of Sir John Jackson, 1st Baronet, M.P., who survived him; they had two sons and one daughter.

title: George Rennie (engineer)