text:
Donald P. Bellisario

Donald Paul Bellisario (born August 8, 1935) is an American television producer and screenwriter who created and wrote episodes for the TV series Magnum, P.I. (1980), Tales of the Gold Monkey (1982), Airwolf (1984), Quantum Leap (1989), JAG (1995), and NCIS (2003). He has often included military veterans as characters.

Early life
Bellisario was born in Cokeburg, Pennsylvania, to an Italian-American father, and a Serbian-American mother. He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1955 to 1959, and attained the rank of sergeant. According to Bellisario, he encountered—and nearly got into a fight with—Lee Harvey Oswald in 1958 at a supply shed at Marine Air Control Squadron 9 because Oswald was reading Pravda, which offended Bellisario.

Bellisario earned a bachelor's degree in journalism at Pennsylvania State University in 1961.

Bellisario became an advertising copywriter in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1965, and three years later became creative director of the Bloom Agency in Dallas, Texas. Upon rising to senior vice president after eight years, he then moved to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting and production.

Career
After working under such television producers as Glen A. Larson and Stephen J. Cannell, Bellisario adopted some of their production techniques, for example, using a small pool of actors for his many productions. He created or co-created the TV series Magnum, P.I.; Airwolf; Quantum Leap; JAG; and NCIS. He was a writer and producer on Black Sheep Squadron and the original Battlestar Galactica. He wrote and directed the 1988 feature film Last Rites.

Many of Bellisario's protagonists are current or former members of the United States Armed Forces. Tom Selleck's character in Magnum, P.I. was a United States Naval Academy graduate, former Naval Intelligence officer and Vietnam veteran; Jan-Michael Vincent's character in Airwolf was a Vietnam veteran; Commander Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr., the main character of JAG, was a Naval Academy graduate and former Naval Aviator; and NCISs main character, Leroy Jethro Gibbs, is a retired Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant and Scout Sniper; Jake Cutter (Stephen Collins) from Tales of the Gold Monkey was a former Flying Tigers pilot; and Albert "Al" Calavicci in Quantum Leap was a former Naval Aviator, Vietnam prisoner of war and rear admiral. Several of his main characters share August 8 as their birthday.

Bellisario received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004, which was shown in a Season 9 JAG episode, "Trojan Horse". In an interview with Sci-Fi Channel in the late 1990s, Bellisario said he was inspired to create Quantum Leap in 1988 after reading a novel about time travel. His service alongside John F. Kennedy's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was the basis for the Quantum Leap fifth season double-length episode "Lee Harvey Oswald" (originally aired September 22, 1992).

Bellisario retired in 2007, after widely reported tension with star Mark Harmon ended with the former's departure from NCIS. Although he retains the title of executive producer, he has not had any real creative or executive involvement with NCIS since then. Bellisario later sued CBS over the creation of NCIS: Los Angeles, arguing his contract with the network entitled him to the first rights to create any NCIS spin off, as well as some share of profits from the new show. The suit was settled before trial in 2011 for an undisclosed amount.

Bellisario's production company was named "Belisarius Productions" after the Roman general Belisarius, as "Bellisario" is an Italian-language variant of "Belisarius".

Personal life
Bellisario married Margaret Schaffran in 1956 and they divorced in 1974. They had four children, Joy Bellisario-Jenkins (born c. 1956), David Bellisario (1957–2020) a producer on NCIS: Los Angeles, Leslie Bellisario-Ingham (born c. 1961), and Julie Bellisario-Watson (producer on NCIS).

Bellisario married Lynn Halpern in 1979 and they divorced in 1984. They had a son, Michael Bellisario, born on April 7, 1980. Michael had a recurring role as Midshipman Michael Roberts on JAG and played Charles "Chip" Sterling on NCIS.

He married Deborah Pratt, known for her character in Bellisario's Airwolf, in 1984 and they divorced in 1991. They had two children, Troian (born October 28, 1985) and Nicholas (born August 27, 1991). Troian portrayed Sarah McGee on NCIS, Teresa on Quantum Leap, and Erin on JAG, but has become best known for her 2010–2017 role as Spencer Hastings on Pretty Little Liars, a series her father did not produce.

Bellisario married Vivienne Murray (née Lee), on November 27, 1998. He gained two stepsons from the marriage, Chad and Sean Murray, the latter an actor who plays Timothy McGee on NCIS.

Philanthropy and awards
In 2001, Penn State named Bellisario a Distinguished Alumnus, the highest honor bestowed on a graduate.

In 2006, Bellisario endowed a $1 million Trustee Matching Scholarship in the Penn State College of Communications. He recalled: "Growing up in a hardscrabble western Pennsylvania coal mining town, I know first hand the sacrifices that are made to give a son or daughter a university education ... and as a Marine veteran who returned to Penn State with two small children and little money, I remember all too well that struggle. It's my hope that this scholarship will also ease the financial burden of other young men and women who have defended our country to attain their academic goals."

On October 27, 2016, he received a Visionary Award at the UCLA Neurosurgery Visionary Ball.

On April 21, 2017, the Pennsylvania State University Board of Trustees voted to rename the College of Communications the Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications in recognition of a $30 million endowment from Bellisario. The donation is one of the largest gifts in Penn State history.

title: Donald P. Bellisario


text:
Bye (cricket)

In cricket, a bye is a type of extra. It is a run scored by the batting team when the ball has not been hit by the batter and the ball has not hit the batter's body.

Scoring byes
Usually, if the ball passes the batter without being deflected, the wicket-keeper will catch it. This normally prevents the scoring of runs because the batters will be unable to complete a run before being stumped or run out by the wicket-keeper. However, if the wicket-keeper fumbles or misses the ball, the batters may be able to score runs safely. These runs are scored as byes: they are added to the team's total, but not to the numbers of runs scored by either batter.

If the wicket-keeper misses the ball and it travels all the way to the boundary, the batting team scores four byes, just as if the batter had hit the ball to the boundary for four runs. In the virtually impossible case that a bouncer bounces so high that it flies directly over the boundary without touching the ground, only 4 byes are awarded.

If the ball was a wide, any extras are scored as wides and not as byes.

Whereas wides and no-balls are considered to be the fault of the bowler, and are considered negative statistics in a bowler's record, byes are considered to be the fault of the wicket-keeper, and are considered negatively against the wicket-keeper's record. However, some playing conditions make byes more likely, regardless of a wicket-keeper's ability – wayward fast bowling, or an uneven pitch, or the need for the keeper to stand directly behind the stumps.

Byes are relatively rare in one-day cricket, usually making the smallest component of extras in a score. This is because the batter is more likely to attempt to hit the ball. They are far more prominent in first-class cricket. For example, in the Test series between Australia and England in 2010–11, there were 258 extras in five matches, of which 76 were byes (29.4% of the extras). In the seven one-day and T20 matches that followed between the same sides, there were 262 extras, of which only 10 were byes (3.8% of the extras).

Normally batters never attempt to run byes when the wicket-keeper catches the ball. However, in situations at the end of a game when the batting team must score runs quickly in order to have a chance of winning, the batters may risk running a bye and hope that the wicket-keeper fumbles the ball or throws it inaccurately when attempting to run a batter out. The usual result of this is a batter's being run out, but sometimes the tactic pays off with a few One Day International matches, and at least one Test, having been won on byes.

Scoring notation
The conventional notation for a single bye is a triangle with a horizontal edge at the base and a point at the top. If more than one bye is taken the number scored is written within the triangle.

Records
The Test wicket-keeper who has conceded least byes per Test (out of all those who have played 10 tests or more) is Denis Lindsay, with 20 byes conceded in the 15 Tests in which he kept wicket; most of the best keepers in this regard have averaged around 3 or 4 byes per Test. Lindsay conceded no byes at all in his last four Tests.

Umpire's signal
The umpire signals byes by raising his arm into a vertical position, the palm of his hand open to distinguish between the signal for byes and out.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bye (cricket)


text:
Ladywood

Ladywood is an inner-city district next to central Birmingham. Historically in Warwickshire, in June 2004, Birmingham City Council conducted a citywide "Ward Boundary Revision" to round-up the 39 Birmingham wards to 40. As a result of this, Ladywood Ward's boundaries were expanded to include the neighbouring areas of Hockley, Lee Bank and Birmingham city centre.

Demographics
At the time of the 2001 Population Census, 23,789 people were living in the Ladywood Ward. The population density was 3,330 people per km2 living within its 7.1 km2 boundary, compared with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham. Nearly half of the population of Ladywood (49%) consisted of ethnic minorities compared with 29.6% for Birmingham in general. The largest ethnic minority groups were Afro-Caribbean at 13.18%, Indian at 11.65%, Pakistani at 10.64% and Mixed Race at 5.52%.

Housing and land use

The Ladywood ward combines areas of varying land-use, such that no generalisation is possible. There is the city centre (the economically valuable Central business district), the affluent Jewellery Quarter, and Broad Street areas which have become fashionable for "luxury flat" living, the Lee Bank area (now known as Park Central) which has been fully redeveloped, and there is the remainder of the ward, which is Ladywood itself (here referred to as "remainder Ladywood" – i.e., what is Ladywood itself) which is relatively economically impoverished.

Most of "remainder Ladywood" was redeveloped during the 1960s, with decaying terraced slums being cleared to make way for new low-rise housing and high-rise flats. Although the newer homes were an improvement on their predecessors in terms of quality and sanitation, social problems became prevalent in much of the local area including car crime, drug dealing, anti-social behaviour and many of the other problems commonly associated with inner city areas across England.

More than 20 multi-storey blocks of council flats were built around Ladywood during the 1960s and 1970s; however, six of them were demolished in the early 2000s.

More recently there has been investment in physical improvements to the area. Some tower blocks have been either demolished or improved, not least with introduction of concierge or CCTV security systems. These and other such measures may have resulted in a reduction of antisocial behaviour.

There are plans to build high-density housing, possibly over 1,100 units, on 54 acres of derelict industrial land at Icknield Port. The proposals include old-style back-to-backs with internal courtyards raising fears of future slums.

The area is served by two libraries; Spring Hill Library and Ladywood Library.

Politics
The ward is currently represented by two Labour councillors at the Birmingham City Council: Sir Albert Bore and Kath Hartley.

Ladywood Ward has adopted a "Committee Manager" and an "Interim Neighbourhood Manager". These are Kay Thomas and Sandra Lawrence respectively.

Notable residents

 * Washington Irving (1783–1859) American writer. Inspired to write while living with family in Birmingham.
 * Alfred Joseph Knight (1888–1960). World War I Victoria Cross recipient.
 * J.R.R. Tolkien (1892–1973) author and academic lived in an area of Edgbaston now taken over by the extension of the Ladywood Ward boundaries.
 * Dorian Yates (b. 1962) IFBB Professional Bodybuilder and 6 x Mr. Olympia.

title: Ladywood


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User:J3b4

j3b4 is the preferred non-anonymous username of Johana Eowyn Bearden, (me - so I can switch to first person).

I use this ID primarily because it is short, meaningful (to me) and eccentric enough to give me a high chance of getting to use it when I sign on to a new service. I have no idea how many places I've used it. I have yet to find it taken by someone else.

j3b4 represents my initials J.E.B. IV (with the '3' standing in for a capital E). The number 4 refers the fact that in my family I am the fourth person to have these initials.

I've never explained this before, I hope that by writing something so absolutely trivial I have not degraded the value of Wikipedia - something I consider to be a distillation of what is best about the internet.

title: User:J3b4


text:
Talk:Rheumatology

Thanks
Thanks, Nunh-huh, for adding all those yucky vasculitides. Frankly, I hadn't taken the time to properly expand on that list. I'm on the lookout for a good review article on Wegener's granulomatosis before I have a go at that disease... JFW | T@lk  09:23, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Introduction doesn't explain anything
"Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases"

If you don't know what rheumatic is, you can't understand this sentence. If you do know what rheumatic is, you don't need to read this sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.106.159.190 (talk) 14:33, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Merge with Rheumatism
I suggest this article be merged with Rheumatism, because they cover the same subject basically. What do you think? Mikael Häggström 19:23, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

.............

Thank you very much in deed regarding the suggestion to merge two pages. Rheumatology is a medical specialty, where as rheumatism is a lay term. It is very difficult to merge them. We can always explain and define these terms in different sites. Rheumatology is a rapidly expanding medical specialty which needs regular updates. Two sites can be highlighted in each page and they can be linked in order to click and find more information regarding each category. It is important to maintain a site on rheumatism as well, as it is also a commonly used term. Readers can be guided and diverted from the page rheumatism to that of the rheumatology in order to obtain more scientific information on this topic.

Rheumatism is an archaic, colloquial word that has nothing to do with the actual medical field of rheumatology. They should not be merged or referenced together. The term itself arose prior to the modern understanding of many diseases that symptomatically were thought to be related but in the modern era are now know to be nothing related and are treated by vastly different specialities. Nuclearzenfire (talk) 01:25, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

70% 'cure' of rheumatoid arthritis?
A citation is needed for this, I think, inprecise and misleading statement. Controlling a disease is not the same as curing it, and the new treatments will not help those in whom the disease is already well established. These pages are often a first hit for newly diagnosed patients, so it's important to make them correct and verifiable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.161.97.249 (talk) 02:03, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Patient outcomes
The article omits entirely to discuss the experiences of patients, or the clinical outcomes from treatment by Rheumatologists. While it may be true that some patients are helped, it is also true that many are not and some are severely harmed. The article is thus inaccurate and biassed. Rheumatologists' habitual practice of deliberately causing patients extreme pain- by applying pressure onto inflamed, sore joints- is identical to common assault, and should be mentioned; if only to warn new patients of what they face. Rheumatology cannot demonstrate its utility at all without reference to patients' experiences. Wiki should allow such perspectives space, instead of censoring them. There are more patients than doctors, and the content of Wiki should reflect the interests of this majority. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Snonsk (talk • contribs) 11:30, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

System: Immune System?
For some reason, "Immune System" is listed as the system. While rheumatology does have a lot of involvement with the immune system, that's more descriptive of immunology. Correct me if I'm wrong, despite rheumatology covering broad things such as vasculitis and systemic diseases (lupus), its main system is musculoskeletal -- and most of those other conditions are often treated due to their predominance of arthritic (and consequently, inflammatory and often auto-immune) conditions. CouchTomato (talk) 01:52, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

I can see how you are confused, but immune system is the correct category. In (clinical) medicine, immunology tends to deal with diseases in which the immune system is too weak and thus patients with such diseases are more susceptible to infections, whereas in rheumatology the immune system is too strong/misguided and attacks the body leading to damage. Many of the rheumatological disease have nothing to do with the joints or muscles, symptomatically, and even when the symptoms are primarily in the joints, it is not the joint that is the problem but the immune system. The treatments modify/suppress the immune system. Problems with the joints/muscles proper are mechanical in nature and primarily managed by orthopedists and physiatrists. This is a very common misunderstanding as most people are unfamiliar with the medical (rather than colloquial) use of words such as "arthritis". Nuclearzenfire (talk) 01:23, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I see your point, and I believe it would make sense to label it as both the immune system and musculoskeletal system. Many rheum conditions are indeed immune-based, and a similar reason explains why hematology and oncology are so intertwined. Many hematologic conditions are proliferative or neoplastic diseases, and a hematologist needs to be well trained in anti-neoplastic medications. Likewise, most rheumatologic and diseases that affect the joints are autoimmune in nature, and therefore a rheumatologist needs to be well trained in immunosuppresive medications. With that said, it is still very much a MSK-centric field.

 * First, look at the ACR's definition of a rheumatologist: "The role of the rheumatologist is to diagnose (detect), treat and medically manage patients with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. These health problems affect the joints, muscles, bones and sometimes other internal organs (e.g., kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, brain)." Second, the musculoskeletal exam is a key component of the rheumatologist's physical exam, and no other branch of internal medicine shares that expertise aside from Sports Medicine. Third, you say that many rheum diseases have nothing to do with the joints and muscles but have to do with autoimmune disease... but that doesn't explain the conditions that do and are NOT. Septic arthritis, crystal arthropathies, bursitis & other joint inflammatory issues, and even simple osteoarthritis (although rheumatologists don't really like treating that as there's not much you can do) are examples of arthritis. Non-autoimmune myopathies are muscular conditions that the rheumatologist has to work with. And finally, for skeletal, there is also osteoporosis. And many of the autoimmune conditions do have significant joint involvement -- the most notorious rheumatologic disease, lupus, often has significant joint manifestations. RA, spondyloarthropathies, and poly/dermatomyositis are no-brainers for their MSK involvement. Only the vasculitidies are more oddballs.

 * IF rheumatology was truly just a catch-all for autoimmune disorders, then conditions like multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, vitiligo, and so on would be rheumatology. There is also a very common misunderstanding in whose role is what with regards to "joints/muscle proper." You are correct that joint problems that are mechanical in nature are managed by orthopedists, but mainly in the surgical and interventional setting. Non-surgical joint issues that are mechanical can be medically and therapeutically managed by sports medicine doctors (although that is very specialized), and non-surgical joint issues that are inflammatory in nature are managed by rheumatologists. All three are MSK specialists, and many times their treatment and range of expertise can easily overlap. CouchTomato (talk) 22:23, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

Article Needs A Lot of Work
Grammatical and spelling errors abound. Rambling and disjointed, often mentions anecdotal or unsubstantiated claims. Thought there would be a thread mentioning all of this, was surprised to not find one. 2603:7000:9507:B2BF:D4C3:7E1A:147D:BC01 (talk) 19:17, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Someone called Bgeditor4  has been vandalizing this page with incoherent rewrites with references to big buses, Cambridge University, and the TV series House. The text is so incoherent I suspect it's some kind of automated bot spam. I've reverted those changes. Slocombe (talk) 19:59, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

rheumatologist
Rheumatologist 2A02:C7C:5B35:2600:CD9C:143E:60CD:7F99 (talk) 19:47, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Complete gibberish
An actual, English-speaking Rheumatologist needs to write this article. It makes no sense. 45.46.132.242 (talk) 04:03, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rheumatology


text:
Template talk:Politics of Germany

Untitled
I think the new English-only design is okay and small enough to stuff it into articles. -- till we *) (talk) 09:24, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, why are you two changing the eagle to and back? -- till we ☼ ☽ | Talk 09:37, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

I prefer the better drawing while the other guy is insisting on the ugly version.

 * Why not take a look at http://www.bund.de/nn_58892/Microsites/Protokoll/Staatliche-Symbole/Bundeswappen/Bundeswappen-knoten.html__nnn=true and decide for yourself which is the correct version? --213.54.217.1 15:10, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * In heraldry, there is no such thing as a "correct version". A coat of arms is defined solely by what in German is called Blasonierung, and the artist is free to interpret it. This very basic heraldic rule is clearly recognized by the German state, which itself uses several interpretations of the coat of arms. Just look at www.bundestag.de for an example.

 * This is not a coat of arms. Also, we are not talking about heraldry but about national symbols, which do have a precise definition. --213.54.217.1 15:56, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a coat of arms, and this is about heraldry. If you want to use heraldic symbols, you have to follow heraldic rules.

Angela Merkel
Hello, I as a resident of Germany think that the template should be slightly corrected. Angela merkel may not lay back on the chancellor's seat, since she still needs to be affirmed by parliament. Officially, Gerhard Schröder is still chancellor, even though Mrs. Merkel is highly probably the next Head of Government.
 * I agreeElectionworld 21:39, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Federal Convention and President of Germany
Hello, in the template there is on obvious mistake and one disputed: Habitator terrae (talk) 23:20, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) Obvious: The Federal Convention (Germany) is not part of the Legislature because it votes on no law.
 * 2) Disputed:
 * 3) * The Federal Constitutional Court [//www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20140610_2bve000209.html#abs94 2014] (highest court of Germany) states, that the President of Germany is not part of the executive:
 * German: "Der Bundespräsident lässt sich nach der Ausgestaltung seines Amtes nicht einer der drei klassischen Gewalten zuordnen".
 * Translation: "The Federal President cannot classified to one of the classical three powers according to the Organisation of his office".
 * 1) * But there is a dissent opinion by Manfred G. Schmidt [//google.com/books?id=09kHtqdLULYC&pg=PA68 2005]:
 * German: "An der Spitze der Exekutive in Deutschland stehen der Bundeskanzler als Regierungschef und der Bundespräsident als Staatsoberhaupt".
 * Translation: "At the top of the executive in Germany are the Federal Chancellor as head of government and the Federal President as head of state".
 * Now it is corrected by me. Habitator terrae (talk) 17:30, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

Why did you reverted it? Habitator terrae (talk) 13:31, 5 May 2022 (UTC) PS: link to the official translation of the verdict: "[T]he Federal President cannot be classified as belonging to any of the three traditional powers", which are widely known the executive, legislative, judicial powers.

title: Template talk:Politics of Germany


text:
List of New Zealand by-elections

By-elections in New Zealand occur to fill vacant seats in the House of Representatives. The death, resignation, or expulsion of a sitting electorate MP can cause a by-election. (Note that list MPs do not have geographic districts for the purpose of provoking by-elections – if a list MP's seat becomes vacant, the next person on his or her party's list fills the position.) Historically, by-elections were often caused by general elections being declared void.

Background
Under the Electoral Act 1993, a by-election need not take place if a general election will occur within six months of an electorate seat becoming vacant, although confirmation by a resolution supported by at least 75% of MPs is required. In 1996 the general election date was brought forward slightly, to 12 October, to avoid a by-election after the resignation of Michael Laws. Twice, in 1943 and 1969, by-elections were avoided after the deaths in election years of Paraire Karaka Paikea and Ralph Hanan by passing special acts, the By-election Postponement Act 1943 and the By-election Postponement Act 1969.

In recent years by-elections have not occurred particularly frequently – only one in the 2002–2005 parliamentary term, and none in the 1999–2002 or 2005–2008 terms. This is because most MPs who retire mid-term (e.g. Labour MPs Jim Sutton and Michael Cullen) were List MPs, so are simply replaced by the next member below them on their party list (unless that person is already an electorate MP, or does not agree). Some MPs have entered Parliament when two or more people above them on the list have declined, sometimes after pressure from their party: in 2008 Dail Jones (New Zealand First) and Russel Norman (Green); and in 2011 Louisa Wall (Labour) after five above her on the list declined.

Historically, however, they have taken place considerably more frequently – the 2nd Parliament of 1856–1860, for example, saw 33 by-elections and four supplementary elections, despite the House of Representatives originally having just 37 seats (increasing to 41 seats during the parliamentary term).

In the past it was not uncommon for an MP who died in office to be replaced with an immediate family member such as a brother, wife (see widow's succession), or son. This resulted in the election of the first woman MP Elizabeth McCombs (who was in turn succeeded by her son Terry McCombs), the first woman National MP Mary Grigg, and the first woman Māori MP Iriaka Rātana; all of whom took over their husband's seat. This practice has however fallen out of favour since the mid-seventies with the election of John Kirk to his late father's seat being the last occasion this happened at a by-election.

Mary Grigg was elected unopposed, and Wood notes that the 1942 Mid-Canterbury by-election is an extreme case where the election was gazetted without date of election, and four different dates are available from reputable sources: Official Year-book, Parliamentary Record, Journals of the House and J Boston.

Twelve Prime Ministers first came to parliament via by-elections: Julius Vogel, Harry Atkinson, Robert Stout, John Ballance, William Hall-Jones, William Massey, Peter Fraser, Keith Holyoake, Walter Nash, Bill Rowling, David Lange and Geoffrey Palmer. Six Prime Ministers (William Fox, Henry Sewell, Edward Stafford, George Grey, Joseph Ward and Jacinda Ardern) have won by-elections later in their parliamentary careers, while Labour leaders Harry Holland and David Shearer were also first elected via a by-election.

Some minor party founders have also launched their parties by resigning from a major party and their seat, then contesting it for their new party. Party founders who have done this include Matiu Rata and Tariana Turia. Both resigned from Labour to form Māori parties. In 1980 Rata was unsuccessful in retaking his Northern Maori electorate for his newly formed Mana Motuhake party, but in 2004 Turia successfully reclaimed Te Tai Hauauru for the Māori Party. In addition, Winston Peters resigned from National and his parliamentary seat in 1993, retaking the seat as an independent and going on to form the New Zealand First party. In these circumstances, by-elections are seen as a legitimisation of the MP's rejection of his or her old party. In addition, they provide vital publicity and something of a mandate for the new party.

By-elections for the party in government in the two-party era due to a resignation were sometimes an opportunity for party supporters to abstain or to vote against the government if they disapprove of their party's policies, without endangering the government. Bruce Beetham entered parliament for Social Credit at the 1978 Rangitikei by-election, as did Gary Knapp in the 1980 East Coast Bays by-election. In the 1994 Selwyn by-election National retained the seat, but the Alliance candidate came second, perhaps held by votes from disaffected Labour voters for the Alliance candidate. The 1926 Eden by-election was won by Labour who became the official opposition, helped by a split over the Reform candidate selection.

Pre-party era
{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | By-election and electorate !! Date !! Incumbent !! Reason !! Winner
 * - align=center
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

1st Parliament (1853–1855)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

2nd Parliament (1855–1860)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

3rd Parliament (1861–1865)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

4th Parliament (1866–1870)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

5th Parliament (1871–1875)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

6th Parliament (1876–1879)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

7th Parliament (1879–1881)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

8th Parliament (1882–1884)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

9th Parliament (1884–1887)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=6|

10th Parliament (1887–1890)

 * }

Liberal Party era
Key

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Electorate and by-election !! Date !! colspan=2 | Incumbent !! Cause !! colspan=2 | Winner
 * - align=center
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

11th Parliament (1891–1893)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

12th Parliament (1894–1896)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

13th Parliament (1897–1899)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

14th Parliament (1900–1902)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

15th Parliament (1903–1905)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

16th Parliament (1906–1908)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

17th Parliament (1909–1911)

 * }

Multi-party era
Key {| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Electorate and by-election !! Date !! colspan=2 | Incumbent !! Cause !! colspan=2 | Winner
 * - align=center
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

18th Parliament (1912–1914)

 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|
 * bgcolor=#EEEEEE align=center colspan=8|

19th Parliament (1915–1919)

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20th Parliament (1920–1922)

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21st Parliament (1923–1925)

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22nd Parliament (1926–1928)

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23rd Parliament (1929–1931)

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24th Parliament (1932–1935)

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25th Parliament (1936–1938)

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Two-party era (1938–1996)
Key

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Electorate and by-election !! Date !! colspan=2 | Incumbent !! Cause !! colspan=2 | Winner
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26th Parliament (1939–1943)

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27th Parliament (1943–1946)

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28th Parliament (1946–1949)

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29th Parliament (1950–1951)

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30th Parliament (1951–1954)

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31st Parliament (1955–1957)

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32nd Parliament (1958–1960)

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33rd Parliament (1961–1963)

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34th Parliament (1964–1966)

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35th Parliament (1967–1969)

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36th Parliament (1970–1972)

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37th Parliament (1973–1975)

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38th Parliament (1976–1978)

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39th Parliament (1979–1981)

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40th Parliament (1982–1984)

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41st Parliament (1984–1987)

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42nd Parliament (1987–1990)

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43rd Parliament (1990–1993)

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44th Parliament (1994–1996)

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MMP era (1996–present)
Key

{| class="wikitable" ! colspan=2 | Electorate and by-election !! Date !! colspan=2 width=120 | Incumbent !! Cause !! colspan=2 | Winner
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45th Parliament (1997–1999)

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46th Parliament (2000–2002)

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47th Parliament (2003–2005)

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48th Parliament (2006–2008)

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49th Parliament (2009–2011)

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50th Parliament (2011–2014)

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51st Parliament (2014–2017)

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52nd Parliament (2017–2020)

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53rd Parliament (2020–2023)

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title: List of New Zealand by-elections


text:
User talk:J3b4

Welcome
Hello Johana, welcome to Wikipedia.

Don't worry about what you've written on your user page. You can pretty much say what you like on your own user page (well, within reasonable limits of legality and good taste).

You might find these links helpful in editing pages or creating new ones: Tutorial, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

But don't feel you have to read every policy document before you do anything. Dive in, be bold in editing, and if you do anything wrong, someone will be quick to correct it and let you know (hopefully, politely!)

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

You may have already noticed that you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too, as I've done below. This is mostly useful, and is considered good etiquette, on talk pages. But be aware that the actual wikipedia articles should never be signed - they belong to the community, rather than the individual who created them.

Again, welcome! --ALargeElk 09:30, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:J3b4


text:
Wythall

Wythall is a village and civil parish in the Bromsgrove District, in the north-east corner of the county of Worcestershire, England. Wythall parish borders Solihull and Birmingham, and had a population of 12,269 in the UK census of 2021.

The civil parish was created in 1911 when the remainder of the previous King's Norton civil parish was absorbed into the then County Borough of Birmingham.

Wythall village is around 7 miles south of Birmingham City Centre (a 20-minute train journey from Wythall railway station) along Alcester Road. There are a number of 19th century buildings on this road including the Wythall Institute (erected 1888/89). The civil parish of Wythall has always included Drake's Cross, Hollywood and Headley Heath and today also includes Major's Green and the formerly undeveloped Worcestershire part of Walker's Heath. Wythall village itself is generally the area covered by the parish ward of Grimes Hill and the northeastern portion of the Wythall Heath parish ward, combined population 2,080, although the Silver Street and Chapel Lane areas are also usually included (the remainder of the Wythall Heath parish ward additionally includes the subsidiary settlements of Inkford and Tanner's Green along with the Kings Norton Golf Course ). The easternmost section of Wythall village, around the railway station, was traditionally referred to as Grimes Hill.

The former St Mary's Anglican church has a roof and stair turret added by W.H. Bidlake.

There are two primary schools within Wythall parish, the Coppice Primary School in Hollywood and Meadow Green Primary School in Wythall village. There was previously a school in Silver Street from circa 1875 to 1992 which for many years catered for all primary aged school children in Wythall and the surrounding area, until a growing population required more school development. Woodrush High School in Hollywood opened in 1958 for children aged 11 and over, and Shawhurst Infants School (next door to Woodrush) opened around 1967, leaving what was by now called Silvermead School as a junior school. Meadow Green School opened in the early 1960s to give additional junior and infant provision. During 1991-92 an extension was built on Shawhurst Infants School, and its development became the Coppice Primary School. The Silvermead site was then closed, although many of its buildings have been converted into homes as Silvermead Court. The Coppice Primary School became an Academy in December 2011 and since 2012 is the largest primary school in the area with a three form entry.

The local secondary school, Woodrush High School, has an Astroturf and playing fields backing on to the Coppice Primary School.

Until 2002 a private school, Innisfree House, existed in Station Road. Its original purpose was the education of the children of officers of the RAF station (see below), and in the years post-World War II was attended by the young Bruce Chatwin whose parents were living on a smallholding at Umberslade some 3 miles away.

From 1939 to 1959 Wythall was home to a Royal Air Force station, initially housing a barrage balloon facility, and latterly, 1952–57, a Joint Services School of Applied Linguistics, training men from the RN and RAF in Russian military terminology and the use of radios for Signals Intelligence purposes; additionally, Chinese, Czech, German and Polish were taught to small numbers of RAF men. Part of the site is now occupied by the Transport Museum, Chapel Lane, which has a collection of historic buses and battery electric vehicles.

A sawmill, currently named Davies Timber Ltd., has been in operation for over 100 years and was steam powered at some point in its history, with maps from 1838 also showing a brickyard opposite the site.

Hourly West Midlands Railway services are run between Stratford-Upon-Avon and Kidderminster, through Wythall Station and Earlswood, and hourly to and from Worcester Foregate Street terminating at Whitlocks End Station, one stop short of Wythall. The village is linked to Redditch and Kings Heath by Diamond Bus service 150 and hourly Landflight service A4 to Solihull, both operating Mon-Sat.

title: Wythall


text:
European Open

Sporting events called the European Open include:

 * Disc Golf European Open, a PDGA major disc golf tournament
 * European Open (golf), a golf tournament on the European Tour
 * Ladies European Open (golf), Ladies European Tour
 * Colgate European Open (golf), LPGA tour, women's golf tournament
 * European Open (judo), European judo tournament
 * European Open (snooker), a professional snooker tournament
 * European Open (tennis), a 250 Series ATP tournament starting in 2016 in Belgium
 * WTA Swiss Open (tennis), a defunct WTA tennis tournament, in its latter years it was titled as the European Open

title: European Open


text:
Talk:The Wedge

(moved opinion from article page) '' Despite the one dude who surfs the Wedge in Endless Summer, not many would call it a surf spot. It's a body-surfing, body-boarding, knee-boarding, skim-boarding spot.'' - User:208.54.143.1, 11:31, 3 May 2004

title: Talk:The Wedge


text:
Hodge Hill

Hodge Hill is an area 4 miles east of Birmingham City Centre, England. It is also a council constituency, managed by its own district committee. The MP of Hodge Hill is currently Liam Byrne.

The constituency includes the smaller constituency ward and the wards of Bordesley Green, Shard End and Washwood Heath.

Politics
Hodge Hill is in the larger constituency of the same name.

The Hodge Hill ward is currently represented by three councillors on Birmingham City Council. The ward has a Ward Support Officer.

Geography
The boundaries of the Hodge Hill Ward are defined by the M6 motorway to the north and A4040 outer circle to the west.

Hodge Hill Common and the Cole Valley, which are covered by the Kingfisher Country Park, are major areas of open space within the ward.

Population
The 2001 Population Census recorded 24,825 people living within the ward with a population density of 4,566 people per km2 compared with 3,649 people per km2 for Birmingham. Ethnic minorities represent 13.9% (3,442) of the ward's population as opposed to 29.6% for Birmingham in general.

Transport
The B4114 Coleshill Road is the main road that separates the area. Stechford station on the Coventry to Birmingham New Street line, as well as occasional services to Walsall via Aston, serves the area.

Coleshill Road was the A47 before 1997, when the Heartlands Spine Road was completed.

Facilities
The local library is Glebe Farm Library, which was the first library to be built in Birmingham after World War II. It was constructed out of pre-fabricated concrete sections and took one year to build. On 22 April 1952 it was opened to the public by Alderman Ralph Yates, then Lord Mayor of Birmingham. The Glebe Farm Local History Society gather at the library once every month.

Shopping facilities are mainly provided at the Fox & Goose; however, many travel to nearby Stechford to shop.

Primary schools in the area include Colebourne Primary School and Hodge Hill Primary School, while the main secondary schools serving the area are Hodge Hill College and Hodge Hill Girls' School. Special schools in Hodge Hill include Beaufort School and Braidwood School for The Deaf.

People
People from Hodge Hill include:

 * Reuben Colley, artist
 * Stefan Moore, footballer attended Hodge Hill College
 * Luke Moore, footballer attended Hodge Hill College

title: Hodge Hill


text:
The Twelve Chairs

The Twelve Chairs (Двенадцать стульев) is a classic satirical picaresque novel by the Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, published in 1928. Its plot follows characters attempting to obtain jewelry hidden in a chair. A sequel was published in 1931. The novel has been adapted to other media, primarily film.

Plot
In the Soviet Union in 1927, during the NEP era, a former Marshal of the Nobility, Ippolit Matveyevich "Kisa" Vorobyaninov, works as the registrar of marriages and deaths in a sleepy provincial town. His mother-in-law reveals on her deathbed that her family jewellery was hidden from the Bolsheviks in one of the twelve chairs from the family's dining-room set. Those chairs, along with all other personal property, were taken away by the Communists after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Vorobyaninov wants to find the treasure. The “smooth operator” and con-man Ostap Bender forces Kisa to become his partner, and they set out to find the chairs. Bender's street-smarts and charm are invaluable to the reticent Kisa, and Bender comes to dominate the enterprise.

The "conсessioners" trace the chairs, which are to be sold at auction in Moscow. They fail to buy them and learn that the chairs have been split up for resale individually. Roaming all over the Soviet Union in their quest to recover the furniture, they have a series of comic adventures, including living in a students' dormitory with plywood walls, posing as bill-painters on a riverboat to earn passage, bamboozling a village chess-club with promises of an international tournament, and traveling on foot through the mountains of Georgia. Father Fyodor (who had known of the treasure from the confession of Vorobyaninov's mother-in-law), their obsessed rival in the hunt for the treasure, follows a bad lead, runs out of money, ends up trapped on a mountain-top, and loses his sanity. Ostap remains unflappable, and his mastery of human nature eliminates all obstacles, but Vorobyaninov's mental state steadily deteriorates.

They slowly acquire each of the chairs in turn, but no treasure is found. Kisa and Ostap finally discover the location of the last chair. Finally fed up with his deceitful partner's greedy arrogance and condescending meanness, Vorobyaninov murders Ostap in his sleep so as to keep all the loot for himself, but then discovers that the jewels have already been found and were used to fund the building of the new public recreation center in which the chair was found, a symbol of the new society. Angered, Vorobyaninov loses his own sanity.

Sequel
Ostap Bender reappears in the book's sequel The Little Golden Calf, despite his apparent death in The Twelve Chairs.

Adaptations
The novel has inspired at least twenty adaptations in the Soviet Union and abroad:

 * The first cinematic adaptation of the novel is the joint Polish-Czech film Dvanáct křesel (1933). The original plot was considerably altered, yet many following adaptations were primarily based on this film rather than on the novel itself (e.g., the former marshal of nobility from the novel was replaced in the Polish-Czech film by a barber who then appeared in several later adaptations).
 * In England, the book inspired the film Keep Your Seats, Please (1936), directed by Monty Banks at Ealing Studios and starring George Formby. The action takes place in Britain and involves seven chairs, not twelve.
 * In Nazi Germany, the film Thirteen Chairs (1938) is based on the novel. However, the film does not credit the novel's authors.
 * Dmitri Shostakovich's unfinished operetta The Twelve Chairs (1939) is based on the novel.
 * In Hollywood, the comedy It's in the Bag! (1945) starring Fred Allen is very loosely based on the novel, using just five chairs.
 * A Brazilian version called Thirteen Chairs (1957) stars comedians Oscarito, Renata Fronzi, and Zé Trindade. In this version, the main character, played by Oscarito, inherits his aunt's mansion, which is soon confiscated, leaving him with only 13 chairs. After selling them, he finds out that his aunt had hidden her fortune in the chairs. He then goes on a quest to get the chairs back.
 * Tomás Gutiérrez Alea made a Cuban version titled Las Doce Sillas (1962) with Reynaldo Miravalles as Ostap. Set in a tropical context, in this version the hero "sees the light", becomes corrected and joins Cuban revolutionary youth in zafra campaign (sugar cane harvesting).
 * The story also served as the basis for the 1969 film The Thirteen Chairs starring Sharon Tate.
 * A Syrian TV series entitled Hamam al-Hana (1968) is based on the premise of this novel. It involves three guys looking for the hidden treasure (a stash of money) all over Damascus, with a chair for every episode. In the last episode, they find the right chair, but the treasure turns out to be old paper money which by then had become useless.
 * Mel Brooks made a version titled The Twelve Chairs (1970), following the novel more closely, but with a happier ending. Frank Langella plays the part of Ostap Bender with Ron Moody as Vorobyaninov and Dom DeLuise as Father Fyodor.
 * In the 1970s, two adaptations were made in the USSR: a film in 1971 by Leonid Gaidai with Archil Gomiashvili as Bender and a miniseries in 1976 by Mark Zakharov with Andrei Mironov as Bender.

title: The Twelve Chairs


text:
Talk:Land (economics)

Land economics
is it appropriate to say that land economics has to do with the buying and selling of land?PLS throw more light on this

 * Not really, land economics is more to do with the allocation of land to its "highest and best use". It asks what use should any given parcel of land be put? Build housing? Build office tower? Keep as nature reserve? Use for farming? mydogategodshat 03:57, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The journal Land Economics concerns itself with the study of land use, natural resources, public utilities, housing, and urban land issues.

 * Janosabel 22:09, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Land Economics involves the study of the allocation (use) of a scarce resouce; land. The TV series "Flip This House" has little to do with land economics, but the study land use succession does (for example, bulding sites in Rome have been used and re-used (recycled) many times in the past 2,500 years). Considering geologic time, land uses change at a brisk pace. //Don K. (talk) 21:44, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

even real land isn't land (economics)
I think it's worth making very clear that the economic term models reality rather than reflecting it; today, new land is regularly "produced" on earth, albeit at prices that are still far higher, in most cases, than just buying real land would be.

There is no serious question today about whether it would be possible, in principle, to produce land outside of earth's atmosphere - it definitely is, at astronomical prices.

Ultimately, the difference between land and capital was (and is) one of technology. Today, one could argue that all the forms of land mentioned in the article are available in unlimited quantities (excepting "the universe is finite" arguments), though there are sharp jumps in how expensive a given quantity of each would be.

RandomP 06:00, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This is a brave effort to prove by sophistry that there is no real distinction between land and man created capital. True, you can create artificial islands and (in theory) extend beaches into the sea indefinitely. But in the economic meaning of the term. land includes all natural resources including the electromagnetic spectrum revealed (not created) by modern communications technology.

 * This kind of exercise is a favourite pastime of many neoclassical economists who love to simplify economic models by conflating categories of entities. In the process mainstream economics moves further and further from modeling actual economic reality in their theories. Janosabel 21:12, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Land (economics)


text:
The Little Golden Calf

The Little Golden Calf (Золотой телёнок, Zolotoy telyonok) is a satirical picaresque novel by Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, published in 1931. Its main character, Ostap Bender, also appears in a previous novel by the authors called The Twelve Chairs. The title alludes to the "golden calf" of the Bible.

Plot summary
Ostap Bender is still alive (but sports a scar across his neck), after barely surviving the assassination attempt in the previous book, which he once briefly mentions as "stupid business". This time he hears a story about a "clandestine millionaire" named Alexandr Koreiko. Koreiko has made millions through various illegal enterprises by taking advantage of the widespread corruption in the New Economic Policy (NEP) period while pretending to live on an office clerk's salary of 46 rubles a month. Koreiko lives in Chernomorsk (literally: Black Sea city, referring to the city of Odesa) and keeps his large stash of ill-gotten money in a suitcase, waiting for the fall of the Soviet government, so that he can make use of it.

Expecting a long time of search for Koreiko, Bender decides to legalize himself and sets up a fictional enterprise "Horns and Hoofs", allegedly in charge of procurement of raw material for hair comb and button industry, headed by "sitz-chairman Funt", a professional "prison-sitter" (German "sitzen" means to "sit"), whose sole responsibility was to "sit" in a prison in the case of legal troubles, with salary doubled. Literary critic Yuri Shcheglov writes that there indeed was such an occupation at the break of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Together with two petty criminals Balaganov and Panikovsky, and an extremely naive and innocent car driver Kozlevich, Bender finds out about Koreiko and starts to collect all the information he can get on his business activities. Koreiko tries to flee, but Bender eventually tracks him down in Turkestan, on the newly built Turkestan–Siberia Railway. He then blackmails him into giving him a million rubles.

Suddenly rich, Bender faces the problem of how to spend his money in a Communist country where there are no legal millionaires. Nothing of the life of the rich that Bender dreamt of seems possible in the Soviet Union. Frustrated, Bender even decides to anonymously donate the money to the Ministry of Finance, but changes his mind. He turns the money into jewels and gold, and tries to cross the Romanian border, only to be robbed by the Romanian border guards, leaving him only with a medal, the Order of the Golden Fleece.

Main characters

 * Ostap Ibragimovich Bender, the main character and protagonist
 * Shura Balaganov, the second "Son of Lieutenant Schmidt"
 * Mikhail Samuelevich Panikovsky, the third "Son of Lieutenant Schmidt"
 * Adam Kazimirovich Kozlevich, a "Wildebeest" taxi ("Антилопа Гну") driver
 * Alexandr Ivanovich Koreiko, a clandestine millionaire who works as a simple accountant

Two endings
There are two alternative endings to The Golden Calf. One was written at the time the novel was originally submitted for publication to the Thirty Days magazine. The other appeared later, probably due to the objections to the writers for lionizing their main character. According to the first, Ostap Bender, after obtaining his "million", gets to know the sorrow of a lonely man who has fulfilled his purpose, renounces the fortune, and marries his beloved, Zoya Sinitskaya. In the second, he is torn. At first, he returns his "million" to the Commissariat of Finance, but then changes his mind. Determined to travel to Rio de Janeiro, he is caught crossing the Romanian border and sent back home, after being robbed of his fortune by Romanian border guards.

Cultural influence
The book contributed a number of catchphrases and colorful terms into the Russian language, such as "Horns and Hoofs company ("Рога и копыта")" for dummy corporation, "sitz-chairman" for a chairman with no real rights, and "Children of Lieutenant Schmidt" for con men, see the Wikiquote page for the book for more.

Adaptations
Mikhail Schweitzer made a black-and-white film The Golden Calf (1968) with Sergey Yursky as Bender. It was adapted as Mechty Idiota (Idiot's Dreams, 1993) by director Vasili Pichul, starring pop singer Sergei Krylov as Bender. The Russian Channel One aired an eight-part TV series  (2006) starring Oleg Menshikov as Bender. Miklós Szinetár directed a 3.30 hours Hungarian adaptation TV-series Aranyborjú (1974) starring Iván Darvas as Ostap Bender. The 2009 translation into English, The Little Golden Calf by Annie O. Fisher (published by Russian Life Books) was the first unabridged, uncensored translation into English of the novel. The translation won the 2010 AATSEEL Award for Best Translation into English from any Slavic Language.

title: The Little Golden Calf


text:
Talk:International Prize Court

What are prize cases?
What are "Prize cases"? Legal cases having to do with prizes like the Nobel Prize? That surely can't be what this was about, but the article doesn't really say otherwise. Jimbo Wales 09:46, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Subsequent edits have expanded the article, also an introductory sentence has been included to clarify the general scope of the entity. Ellsworth 00:43, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:International Prize Court


text:
Mark King

Mark King is the name of:

 * Mark King (musician) (born 1958), singer and bass guitar player with Level 42
 * Mark S. King (HIV/AIDS activist and writer) (born 1960)
 * Mark King (snooker player) (born 1974)
 * Mark King (footballer) (born 1988), English footballer
 * Mark King (politician), New Hampshire politician

title: Mark King


text:
Allan Smethurst

Allan Francis Smethurst (19 November 1927 – 22 December 2000), aka The Singing Postman was an English folk singer and postman. He is best known for his self-penned novelty song, "Hev Yew Gotta Loight, Boy?", which earned him an Ivor Novello Award in 1966, “Come Along A Me” and "A Miss from Diss". The Guardian dubbed him a "bookishly melancholy folk-satirist".

Life and career
Born in Walshaw, near Bury, Lancashire, England, the son of Allan and Gladys Mabel (née Curson), Smethurst was raised in Sheringham, Norfolk from the age of 11. His mother came from the village of Stiffkey, 15 miles to the west. It is often thought that he became a postman in Lavenham, Suffolk, but photos of him in the area are just promotional material. Smethurst joined the Post Office in 1953, and later worked in Grimsby. He never worked for the GPO in Norfolk or Suffolk.

Smethurst hummed tunes on his daily post round for 12 years, writing and singing songs in his characteristic Norfolk dialect. An audition tape sent to the BBC earned him a spot on Ralph Tuck's BBC East regional radio programme Wednesday Morning. His popularity led to Tuck recording Smethurst on his own record label, ‘The Smallest Recording Organisation in the World’, based in Lowestoft. A four track EP containing his signature tune “Hev Yew Gotta Loight Boy”, made the EP charts in 1965. This was followed by another EP release by Ralph Tuck, and an album The Singing Postman's Year. He was then signed to EMI who re-released earlier songs and recorded new items. A colour promotional film was made of “Hev Yew Gotta Loight Boy” which has survived to this day. He made numerous live and promotional performances, including on Top of the Pops, but was afflicted by nerves and stage fright. His live performances included a summer season in 1965 at the Windmill Theatre in Great Yarmouth.

In 1966, the Singing Postman's best known hit "Hev Yew Gotta Loight, Boy?" won Smethurst the Ivor Novello Award for best novelty song of the year. Rolf Harris recorded a cover version without success. The song had a small comeback in 1994, when it was featured on a television commercial for Ovaltine. It was also covered by punk band Splodgenessabounds in 1981.

Smethurst left the music industry in 1970 citing stage fright and arthritic hands. He later admitted to an alcohol problem and revealed all his earnings were gone and he was penniless. He spent his last 20 years living quietly in a Salvation Army hostel in Grimsby, where he died from a heart attack in December 2000.

In September 2010, a BBC Radio 4 programme, "In Search of the Singing Postman", was broadcast which was written and presented by D. J. Taylor.

Albums

 * The Singing Postman's Year (RTP)
 * Recorded Delivery (Parlophone, 1966)
 * The Sound Barrier (Parlophone, 1967)
 * The Best of the Singing Postman (Starline, 1967)
 * First Class Male (1971, Gemini)
 * Hev Yew Gotta Loight, Boy? (Parlophone, 2005)

Singles and EPs

 * "First Delivery EP" (EMI, 1966)
 * "Second Delivery EP" (Parlophone, 1966)
 * "Third Delivery EP" (Parlophone, 1966)
 * "Fourth Delivery EP" (Parlophone, 1966)
 * "Ladies Darts Team" / "Roundabout" (Parlophone, 1966)
 * "Mind How You Go" (Parlophone, 1967)
 * "Please Mr. Postman" (Parlophone, 1967)
 * "Fertilising Lisa" / "Ballad of A Ten Bob Note" (President PVK.005, 1977)
 * "Hey the Bottom Dropped Owt" (Ralph Tuck, 1997)

title: Allan Smethurst


text:
Fox Islands (Alaska)

The Fox Islands (Лисьи острова) are a group of islands in the eastern Aleutian Islands of the U.S. state of Alaska. The Fox Islands are the closest to mainland North America in the Aleutian chain, and just east of Samalga Pass and the Islands of Four Mountains group.

Inhabited by the Aleut for centuries, the islands, along with the rest of the Aleutians, were first visited by Europeans in 1741, when a Danish navigator employed by the Imperial Russian Navy, Vitus Bering, was searching for new sources of fur for Russian fur trappers.

Foggy almost all year round, the islands are difficult to navigate due to constantly adverse weather and numerous reefs. The Fox Islands Passes are the waterways surrounding the islands. As with the other Aleutian islands, the Fox Islands are prone to frequent earthquakes year-round.

The larger Fox Islands are, from west to east, Umnak, Unalaska, Amaknak, Akutan, Akun, Unimak and Sanak. Islands lying west of Akutan are in the Aleutians West Census Area. From Akutan eastward they are in the Aleutians East Borough.

Fox Islands is the English translation of the name given to the islands in the 18th century by Russian explorers and fur traders.

Popular culture
The islands are depicted as the "Fox Archipelago" in the Metal Gear video game franchise, serving as the location of the fictional Shadow Moses Island, which is the main setting of its 1998 installment Metal Gear Solid and one of the settings of the 2008 follow-up Metal Gear Solid 4.

title: Fox Islands (Alaska)


text:
User talk:Slivester

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Singapore meetup invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Tuesday evening (4 September). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Singapore 6. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 00:53, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

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October 2012 Singapore meetup invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup on Wednesday the 31st of October. Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Singapore 7. Hope you can make it. JVbot (talk) 04:14, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slivester


text:
Warwickshire County Cricket Club

Warwickshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Warwickshire.

Founded in 1882, the club held minor status until it was elevated to first-class in 1894 pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895. Since then, Warwickshire have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

Warwickshire currently competes in four main competitions. In the County Championship, they compete in Division One (the top division), and last won it outright in 2021 (for a total of eight championship wins). The 50 over Royal London One Day Cup they compete as 'Warwickshire', but for other short-format cricket, they are named differently. For the T20 Blast they are the Birmingham Bears, and they compete in The Hundred as Birmingham Phoenix.

Warwickshire's kit colours are all white with a dash of navy blue for the county championship, and for short-format cricket, they use navy blue and gold. Shirt sponsors include Scrivens Opticians (County Championship), Talbots Law (T20 Blast), and Butterkist (The 100). The club's home is Edgbaston Cricket Ground in central Birmingham, which also regularly hosts Test and One-Day International matches.

First XI honours

 * County Championship (8) – 1911, 1951, 1972, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2012, 2021
 * Division Two (2) – 2008, 2018

 * Gillette/NatWest/C&G/Friends Provident Trophy (5) – 1966, 1968, 1989, 1993, 1995
 * Sunday/Pro 40 League/CB40/Royal London One-Day Cup (5) – 1980, 1994, 1997, 2010, 2016
 * Division Two (1) – 2009

 * Benson & Hedges Cup (2) – 1994, 2002
 * NatWest t20 Blast (1) – 2014
 * Bob Willis Trophy (1) – 2021

Second XI honours

 * Second XI Championship (2) – 1979, 1996
 * Second XI Trophy (1) – 2006
 * Minor Counties Championship (2) – 1959, 1962

Earliest cricket
Cricket may have reached Warwickshire by the end of the 17th century. The Warwickshire & Staffordshire Journal was certainly aware of the sport in 1738 for it carried a report of a London v Mitcham game at the Artillery Ground on 11 August (London won by 1 wicket).

The earliest confirmed reference to cricket in the county is a match announcement in Aris’ Gazette on 15 July 1751.

There was a prominent club in Coventry towards the end of the 18th century which played two well-documented matches against Leicester in 1787 and 1788. Reports of both games are included in Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket by G. B. Buckley. Leicester won both games by 45 and 28 runs respectively.

Club history
Warwickshire CCC was officially founded on 8 April 1882 at a meeting in The Regent Hotel, Leamington Spa. The club developed so well that by the time of the first official County Championship in 1890 it was playing some of the top first-class counties such as Surrey and Yorkshire. Warwickshire became first-class themselves in 1894 and surprised the cricket world with wins over Surrey at The Oval and Nottinghamshire. They competed in the County Championship from 1895 but despite being strong in batting, their bowling was, until the arrival of Sam Hargreave and Frank Field in 1899, very weak. From 1900 to 1906 they were strong enough to be in the upper-middle reaches of the table, but the decline of their bowling from 1907 returned them to the lower reaches of the table late in that decade.

Frank Foster, who first played as an amateur left-arm pace bowler in 1908 but improved greatly in 1910 as a result of slowing his pace to gain accuracy, still stands as Warwickshire's greatest all-rounder. In 1911 he headed both batting and bowling averages and, along with a fully fit Frank Field, enabled Warwickshire to take the Championship from the "Big Six" for the only time between 1890 and 1935. Foster and Field took between then 238 wickets, but in Wisden nobody doubted that Warwickshire's win was largely caused by an abnormally dry summer, and the following three years saw them return to mid-table although Foster in 1914 displayed all-round form equal to that of 1911.

In 1919, with Foster having had an accident that ended his short career, Warwickshire fell to last in the table. They did not improve a great deal until the 1930s when Bob Wyatt's captaincy and the bowling of Mayer, Paine and Hollies moved them to fourth in 1934, but as Paine rapidly declined, they fell away. When Wyatt left for Worcestershire after World War II, they declined even further despite Hollies' wonderful bowling in 1946 – with no support at all, he took 175 wickets for only 15 each. The acquisition of New Zealand speedster Tom Pritchard gave Hollies the necessary support and by 1948 they had one of the strongest attacks in county cricket. It was this bowling power, along with effective, if not wonderful batting, that gave them the Championship in 1951. However, as with 1911, they fell off rapidly as their batting became unreliable over the rest of the decade. After Hollies' retirement in 1957, there were some very poor seasons (though they came fourth in 1959 due to Mike Smith's superb batting) until Tom Cartwright emerged as a top-class seam bowler in 1962. The county came second in 1964 but did not establish itself at the top until the late 1960s. In 1971 Lance Gibbs' magnificent bowling enabled them to come second, whilst brilliant batting gave them a clear Championship win in 1972.

Yet again, though, a Championship win was followed by a decline and the next twenty years saw the county almost always in the lower half of the table. In 1981 and 1982, with Bob Willis doing nothing for them whilst producing match-winning form for England, they averaged over 45 runs for each wicket they took – still a record. Only under the coaching of Bob Woolmer and captaincy of Dermot Reeve (with their allowed foreign player being one of Brian Lara, Shaun Pollock or Allan Donald) did the team become consistently successful. Although they had won the NatWest Trophy in 1989, it was their astonishing victory in the same competition in 1993, overhauling a record score posted by Sussex in the final, which launched their most dominant period in English cricket. In 1994 they secured a historic treble, winning the County Championship, Axa Equity & Law League (later the National Cricket League and Pro40) and Benson & Hedges Cup. In that season Lara set the world record for a first-class cricket score of 501 whilst playing for Warwickshire against Durham County Cricket Club; the team total of 810–4 declared in that match is also a club record. In 1995 they won the County Championship again, and also won the C&G Trophy. This was to be the last trophy of Dermot Reeve's captaincy with him stepping down during the 1996 season, Bob Woolmer also having moved on to coach South Africa. 1997 saw them lifting the AXA league trophy once again, but this proved to be a false dawn. Performances for the next few years were poor, including relegation to the second division of the County Championship and National Cricket leagues.

However they have since been promoted in both competitions (though relegated again in the National Cricket League), won the Benson & Hedges Cup in 2002 and strong performances with the bat saw the county reclaim the County Championship in 2004. Warwickshire were once again promoted in the national cricket league and played in the top division of both competitions in 2006.

Until the year 2005, the club captain was Nick Knight, the coach was John Inverarity, and the Chief Executive was Dennis Amiss, though all three stepped down at the end of the season. Heath Streak was appointed as captain for the 2006 and 2007 seasons, but resigned after one game of the 2007 season on 25 April 2007, and Darren Maddy replaced Streak as captain.

The 2007 Championship season was a big disaster for Warwickshire, who were relegated to Division Two, after not winning a single game since they topped the table in early May. They also got relegated from Pro40 league, a matter made worse when local rivals Worcestershire CCC clinched the title.

Since the end of the disastrous 2007 season, Warwickshire made several changes to the team and management staff. Controversial coach Mark Greatbatch was sacked and Ashley Giles replaced him as Director of Cricket. Former Warwickshire Bear and South Africa international Allan Donald joined the Bears' coaching staff. Fans favourite Dougie Brown also took up an Academy Coaching role. After a successful campaign in Division 2, the Bears were promoted back to the top flight after only a season's absence in September 2008.

Maddy stepped down from the captaincy in November 2008. Ian Westwood was announced as his replacement. In 2009 Indian seamer Sreesanth replaced Jeetan Patel, who was busy with national duties for New Zealand, to become the first Indian to join the club. Westwood, in turn, stepped down as captain at the end of the 2010 season. Jim Troughton took over as captain shortly after, before struggling with injury during the 2014 season. Varun Chopra stood in before Troughton retired from first-class cricket in 2015, promoting Chopra to permanent captain.

Early in 2016, Varun Chopra resigned the captaincy in order to focus on batting, with Ian Bell taking over as captain.

At the end of the 2016 season despite winning the Royal London Cup earlier in the season, Director of Cricket Dougie Brown was replaced by Jim Troughton as Head Coach with former Director of Cricket Ashley Giles returning to Edgbaston to take responsibility for all cricket associated with Warwickshire. Bell resigned as captain on 20 August 2017.

Twenty20 Cup history
2003

Warwickshire's first-ever game in Twenty20 cricket was against Somerset at Taunton, where the Bears defeated the Sabres by 19 runs. This result was followed by wins over Worcestershire (by 20 runs), Glamorgan (by 68 runs), and Northamptonshire (by 54 runs). Gloucestershire, who finished first in the division, were the only team to beat the Bears when they won by 8 wickets at Edgbaston. This meant that Warwickshire finished second in the Midlands, West and Wales Division behind Gloucestershire, and qualified for the finals day as the best runner-up.

The finals day was held on 19 July at Trent Bridge, Nottingham. Warwickshire met Leicestershire in their semi-final, who they defeated by 7 wickets, with Trevor Penney top-scoring for the Bears with 43 runs. Surrey claimed victory over Gloucestershire in their semi-final to set up a Surrey-Warwickshire final. Unfortunately, Warwickshire were unable to perform in the final and only scored 115 runs. Surrey managed to score 119 runs in just 11 overs and claimed victory.

2004

With expectations high at Edgbaston, Warwickshire entertained Somerset in the first clash of the 2004 season. The Bears secured victory by 7 wickets. After Warwickshire lost to Glamorgan (by 26 runs), things started to look bad for the Bears. Defeats against Worcestershire (by 3 wickets), and Northamptonshire (by 4 wickets), left the team in danger of not qualifying for the Quarter-Finals, but victory over Gloucestershire (by 2 wickets) on the last day, meant that Warwickshire qualified as one of the best third-placed team.

The Bears drew Glamorgan in the quarter-finals. Although they had managed to beat Glamorgan at Cardiff once, Warwickshire were not able to achieve victory again, and lost by 5 wickets to the Dragons, who progressed to the finals day, and eventually went out to the 2004 victors, the Leicestershire Foxes.

2005

With changes to the format for the 2005 season, Warwickshire now had to play 8 games in the group stage to qualify. Their first game of the season was against Worcestershire at New Road, where the Bears lost by only 1 run. This was followed by defeats to Northamptonshire (by 38 runs), and another 1-run defeat to Worcestershire. Warwickshire secured qualification from the MMW division in second after victories over Glamorgan (by 20 runs and by 4 runs) Somerset (by 47 runs) Northamptonshire (by 41 runs), and a no-result against Gloucestershire.

Warwickshire bowed out of the competition in the quarter-final to Surrey. After sharing a nail-biting draw (Surrey 149 (20 Overs), Warwickshire 115 (15 Overs)), a bowl off followed, with Surrey claiming victory 4–3. Surrey would go on to be defeated in the Semi-Final to Lancashire, who themselves lost in the final to Somerset.

2006

Warwickshire started the 2006 season by playing Northamptonshire at the County Ground, Northampton where the Bears won by 24 runs. This was followed by wins over Somerset (by 7 wickets), Northampton (by 20 runs), Worcestershire (by 11 runs); defeats to Glamorgan (by 6 wickets), Gloucestershire (by 3 runs), Worcestershire (by 4 runs), and a no-result against Glamorgan. Warwickshire secured third position in the table, but their record was worse than both Yorkshire and Kent (who both finished third in their respected leagues), so did not qualify for the quarter-final.

The final's day was once again controlled by Leicestershire, who beat Nottinghamshire in a spectacular final that lasted to the last over of the game.

2007

Warwickshire recruited the services of twice winner, and Twenty20 expert Darren Maddy for the 2007 season, and his expertise helped the team to once again reach the quarter-finals of the competition. The Bears started with a victory over Somerset by 7 runs. This was followed by wins against Glamorgan (by 3 runs and by 9 runs) Northamptonshire (by 12 runs), Gloucestershire (by 27 runs), defeats against Northamptonshire (by 4 wickets), Worcestershire (by 13 runs), and no results against Worcestershire. The Bears qualified as the MMW leaders, with 11 points from 8 games.

In the quarter-final, Warwickshire hosted Lancashire in an entertaining game. After Lancashire set the Bears 194 to win, Warwickshire were able to claw back to 187 for 7, and lost by 7 runs. It was Lancashire who would go through to face Gloucestershire, Sussex, and Kent on the Finals day, held at Edgbaston in August.

2012

Warwickshire finished fourth of six teams in the Midlands/Wales/West division, failing to make the quarter-finals.

2013

Warwickshire finished fourth of six teams in the Midlands/Wales/West division, failing to make the quarter-finals. After the season, Warwickshire changed their name to Birmingham Bears for T20 competitions. The Bears has been synonymous with the team for many years and will continue to play under the Warwickshire banner in the other two competitions.

2014

The Birmingham Bears came fourth in the North Group (behind Lancashire Lightning, Nottinghamshire Outlaws and Worcestershire Rapids) to qualify for the knockout stages. They faced Essex in the quarter-finals which they won by 19 Runs, to reach finals day at their home ground. On Finals Day, having beaten Surrey in the semi-final, they went on to beat Lancashire by 4 runs to win their first T20 title.

Current squad

 * No. denotes the player's squad number, as worn on the back of their shirt.
 * ‡ denotes players with international caps.
 * denotes a player who has been awarded a county cap.

Notable Warwickshire players
England
 * 🏴 Dennis Amiss
 * 🏴 Bob Barber
 * 🏴 Ian Bell
 * 🏴 David Brown
 * 🏴 Tom Cartwright
 * 🏴 Tom Dollery
 * 🏴 Frank Foster
 * 🏴 Ashley Giles
 * 🏴 Eric Hollies
 * 🏴 John Jameson
 * 🏴 Nick Knight
 * 🏴 Dick Lilley
 * 🏴 Tim Munton
 * 🏴 George Paine
 * 🏴 Keith Piper
 * 🏴 Willie Quaife
 * 🏴 Boyd Rankin
 * 🏴 Dermot Reeve
 * 🏴 Gladstone Small
 * 🏴 A. C. Smith
 * 🏴 M. J. K. Smith
 * 🏴 Neil Smith
 * 🏴 Paul Smith
 * 🏴 Tiger Smith
 * 🏴 Dick Spooner
 * 🏴 Jonathan Trott
 * 🏴 Jim Troughton
 * 🏴 Bob Willis
 * 🏴 Chris Woakes
 * 🏴 R. E. S. Wyatt

India
 * 🇮🇳 S. Sreesanth
 * 🇮🇳 Hanuma Vihari

Ireland
 * William Porterfield
 * Boyd Rankin
 * Mark Adair

Kenya
 * 🇰🇪 Collins Obuya

New Zealand
 * 🇳🇿 Martin Donnelly
 * 🇳🇿 Brendon McCullum
 * 🇳🇿 Jeetan Patel
 * 🇳🇿 Tom Pritchard
 * 🇳🇿 Roger Twose
 * 🇳🇿 Daniel Vettori

Pakistan
 * 🇵🇰 Younis Khan
 * 🇵🇰 Waqar Younis
 * 🇵🇰 Mohammad Yousuf

Scotland
 * Dougie Brown
 * Navdeep Poonia

South Africa
 * Allan Donald
 * Shaun Pollock
 * Dale Steyn
 * Imran Tahir
 * Monde Zondeki

Sri Lanka
 * Kumar Sangakkara

West Indies Zimbabwe
 * Shivnarine Chanderpaul
 * Lance Gibbs
 * Alvin Kallicharran
 * Rohan Kanhai
 * Brian Lara
 * Deryck Murray
 * Kraigg Brathwaite
 * Trevor Penney
 * Heath Streak

For a full list of Warwickshire players see List of Warwickshire CCC players.

First-class runs
Qualification: at least 20,000 runs

First-class wickets
Qualification: at least 1,000 wickets

Other records

 * Notes
 * 1) Brian Lara's 501* in 1994 is a current world record.

Birmingham Bears
Birmingham Bears are a T20 cricket team located in Birmingham, founded as Warwickshire Bears in 2003 and rebranded as Birmingham Bears in 2014. They are a part of Warwickshire County Cricket Club and play at Edgbaston Cricket Ground in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. They have won one Natwest T20 Blast, the 2014 t20 Blast, beating Lancashire Lightning in the final at Edgbaston. Their playing squad and coaching staff are the same as the Warwickshire first-class and List A team, although an additional overseas player is granted for the T20 Blast.

Under the guidance of Dougie Brown and captained by Jim Troughton Birmingham won 7 of their 14 group games, finishing fourth in the North Group and qualifying for the quarter-finals. In the quarter-finals they defeated Essex by 19 runs, qualifying for Finals Day. In their Finals Day semi-final, they defeated Surrey by 16 runs, setting up a final with Lancashire. In the Final they defeated Lancashire by 4 runs, securing them their first Twenty20 title. The overseas players were Shoaib Malik and Jeetan Patel, who finished the season as leading wicket-taker with 25 wickets.

This season captained by Varun Chopra Birmingham won 10 of their 14 group games, finishing top of the North Group and qualifying for the quarter-finals. Once again they met Essex in the quarter-finals, defeating them again by 24 runs. At Finals Day however they lost their semi-final to Northamptonshire who would go on to win the title. Jeetan Patel returned as an overseas player, but was this year joined by fellow New Zealander Brendon McCullum. The Bears also set the highest team score of the competition, scoring 242/2 against Derbyshire in the group stages, with McCullum scoring 158 not out in this game.

Once again under a new captain in Ian Bell Birmingham performed poorly, finishing sixth in the North Group winning just 6 of their 14 games. Jeetan Patel returned as overseas player for a third season, this year joined by wicketkeepers Luke Ronchi and Matthew Wade who both played half the tournament each.

Under new leadership for the fourth season, this time by former New Zealand international Grant Elliott and new coaching in former player Jim Troughton the Bears improved on their previous season, winning 8 of their 14 group games, finishing third in the North Group qualifying them for the quarter-finals. In the quarter-final they met Surrey defeating them by 6 wickets in a high-scoring game, qualifying them for Finals Day. In the semi-final they met Glamorgan, winning by 11 runs qualifying them for the Final. However, they lost the final to Nottinghamshire by 22 runs. Patel returned as overseas player for a fourth season, this year joined by Colin de Grandhomme, with captain Elliott qualifying as a Kolpak player due to being born in South Africa.

Under the same captain and same coaching, with the same overseas players, the Bears missed out on the quarter-finals for just the second time in their history, winning just 6 of their 14 group games. Former England international Ian Bell though finished as third top run-scorer, finishing the season with 580 runs from his 14 games.

title: Warwickshire County Cricket Club


text:
Studebaker Avanti

The Studebaker Avanti is a personal luxury coupe manufactured and marketed by Studebaker Corporation between June 1962 and December 1963. A halo car for the maker, it was marketed as "America's only four-passenger high-performance personal car."

Described as "one of the more significant milestones of the postwar industry", the Raymond Loewy-designed car offered safety features and high-speed performance. Called "the fastest production car in the world" upon its introduction, a modified Avanti reached over 170 mph with its supercharged 289 cuin R3 engine at the Bonneville Salt Flats. In all, it broke 29 world speed records at the Bonneville Salt Flats.

Following Studebaker's discontinuation of the model, a succession of five ventures manufactured and marketed derivatives of the Avanti model through 2006. These ventures licensed intellectual property and, in some cases procured parts, through arrangements with the successors to the Studebaker assets.

Name
Studebaker's advertising agency provided the name Avanti. In Italian it means "forward" or "onward".

Design
The Avanti was developed at the direction of Studebaker president, Sherwood Egbert, who took over in February 1961. The car's design theme was "allegedly doodled by Egbert on the proverbial back of an envelope during an airplane flight." Egbert's 'doodle' was to answer Ford's Thunderbird and an attempt to improve the automaker's sagging performance. Designed by Raymond Loewy's team of Tom Kellogg, Bob Andrews, and John Ebstein on a 40-day crash program, the Avanti featured a radical fiberglass body mounted on a modified Studebaker Lark 109-inch convertible chassis and powered by a modified 289 Hawk engine. A Paxton supercharger was offered as an option.

In eight days the stylists finished a "clay scale model with two different sides: one a two-place sports car, the other a four-seat GT coupe." Tom Kellogg, a young California stylist hired for this project by Loewy, "felt it should be a four-seat coupe." "Loewy envisioned a low-slung, long-hood-short-deck semi-fastback coupe with a grilleless nose and a wasp-waisted curvature to the rear fenders, suggesting a supersonic aircraft."

The Avanti's complex body shape "would have been both challenging and prohibitively expensive to build in steel" with Studebaker electing to mold the exterior panels in glass-reinforced plastic (fiberglass), outsourcing the work to Molded Fiberglass Body in Ashtabula, Ohio — the same company that built the fiberglass panels for the Chevrolet Corvette in 1953.

The Avanti featured front disc-brakes that were British Dunlop designed units, made under license by Bendix, "the first American production model to offer them." It was one of the first bottom breather designs where air enters from under the front of the vehicle rather than via a conventional grille above the front bumper, a design feature much more common after the 1980s.

Launch
The Avanti was publicly introduced on April 26, 1962, "simultaneously at the New York International Automobile Show and at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting." Rodger Ward, winner of the 1962 Indianapolis 500, received a Studebaker Avanti as part of his prize package, "thus becoming the first private owner of an Avanti." A Studebaker Lark convertible was the Indianapolis pace car that year and the Avanti was named the honorary pace car.

In December 1962 the Los Angeles Times reported: "Launching of operations at Studebaker's own fiber-glass body works to increase the production of Avantis." Many production problems concerning the supplier, fit, and finish resulted in delays and cancelled orders.

Egbert planned to sell 20,000 Avantis in 1962, but could build only 1,200.

End of production
After the closure of Studebaker's factory on December 20, 1963, Competition Press reported: "Avantis will no longer be manufactured and contrary to the report that there are thousands gathering dust in South Bend warehouses, Studebaker has only five Avantis left. Dealers have about 2,500, and 1,600 have been sold since its introduction." This contrasted with Chevrolet which produced 23,631 Corvette sports cars in 1963. According to the book My Father The Car written about Stu Chapman, Studebaker Corporation's Advertising & Public Relations Department head in Canada, Studebaker seriously considered reintroducing the Avanti into Studebaker showrooms in 1965/66 after production resumed in 1965 via Studebaker-Packard dealership owners Newman & Altman.

Succession

The Avanti name, tooling, and plant space were sold to two South Bend, Indiana, Studebaker dealers, Nate Altman and Leo Newman. They reintroduced a slightly modified hand-built version of the original Avanti using leftover Studebaker chassis and engines from General Motors. There was no connection with the Studebaker brand name.

Revival
Following Altman and Newman's effort, a succession of additional entrepreneurs purchased the tooling and name to manufacture small numbers of increasingly modified variants of the car, including the Avanti II, through 2006.

Avanti Owners Association
The Avanti Owners Association International is an active association with nearly 2,000 members worldwide and meeting yearly in various cities in the United States and in Switzerland. Members of the not-for-profit organization receive the full-color quarterly "Avanti Magazine" publication, published since the organization's founding in 1965.

title: Studebaker Avanti


text:
German Masters

The German Masters is a professional ranking snooker tournament held at the Tempodrom in Berlin, Germany since 2011, except for 2021, when it was held at Milton Keynes in England because of the COVID-19 pandemic. An earlier ranking event, the German Open, was held in Germany from 1995 to 1997. This was followed by an invitation event, called the German Masters, in 1998. The reigning champion is Judd Trump.

History

The tournament started as the German Open and was a ranking tournament from 1995 to 1997. The first event was played in Frankfurt in December 1995, replacing the European Open in the December place in the calendar, the European Open being moved to early 1996. The tournament involved the top 16 players in the world ranking who were joined by 16 qualifiers and 4 wild-card players. The four lowest ranked qualifiers played the wild-card players, winning all their four matches and advancing to the last-32. John Higgins met Ken Doherty in the final. The match was level at three frame each before Higgins won the next six frames to win 9–3 and take the first prize of £40,000. Higgins made a break of 139 in the final to also win the high break prize of £5,000.

The 1996 event was again held in December, at the British military base at Osnabrück. Only 16 players competed in Germany. The final qualifying round in which the top-16 seeds played 16 players from earlier qualifying rounds was played in Preston, Lancashire in November. Ronnie O'Sullivan met Alain Robidoux in the final, winning 9–7. O'Sullivan led 7–3 before Robidoux won the next four frames to level the match at 7–7. O'Sullivan then won the next two frames to win the match, finishing with a break of 108. Robidoux took the high break prize for a break of 145 in the final.

The 1997 event was held in Bingen am Rhein using the same format as in 1996. The final qualifying round was held in Hereford in September. John Higgins met Ken Doherty in the final, Higgins led 5–3 lead after the first session and then won the first three frames in the evening session to lead 8–3. Parrott won frame 12 but Higgins finished the match with a break of 105 in the next frame, winning the first prize of £50,000. In 1998 the event was again held at Bingen am Rhein but became an invitation event with 12 players competing. The name of the tournament was changed to German Masters. The winner received £25,000 with all 12 players guaranteed a minimum of £5,000. John Parrott beat Mark Williams 6–4 in the final. Williams led 4–3 but Parrott won the next three to win the match. The event then was discontinued, but returned for the 2010/2011 season as a ranking tournament.

The revived tournament has been held at the Tempodrom in Berlin since the 2011 edition. It has traditionally been run as a five-day event (from Wednesday to Sunday) with the format being a flat-128 player draw and the first two rounds played as qualifiers away from the venue sometime before the main event. The format received occasional criticism over the years, but the 2023 German Masters received notable criticism as a result of many Top 16 players failing to reach the main stages of the tournament and Ronnie O'Sullivan withdrawing before his first round qualifying match (initially there was just six players who qualified, but this dropped to four as two were suspended). In the main event itself, two of those players failed to progress beyond the Last 16.

Following those criticisms and with support of the promoter SnookerStars.de, the World Snooker Tour confirmed that the televised stages of the tournament were to be increased from its normal five days to the traditional seven days.

title: German Masters