text:
Tampa affair

In late August 2001, the Howard government of Australia refused permission for the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa, carrying 433 rescued refugees (predominantly Hazaras of Afghanistan from a distressed fishing vessel in international waters) and 5 crew, to enter Australian waters. This triggered an Australian political controversy in the lead-up to the 2001 federal election, and a diplomatic dispute between Australia and Norway.

When Tampa entered Australian waters, the Prime Minister ordered the ship be boarded by Australian special forces. This brought censure from the government of Norway, which said the Australian government failed to meet its obligations to distressed mariners under international law at the United Nations. Within a few days, the government introduced the Border Protection Bill into the House of Representatives, saying it would confirm Australian sovereignty to "determine who will enter and reside in Australia". The government introduced the "Pacific Solution", whereby the asylum seekers were taken to Nauru where their refugee status was considered, rather than in Australia.

Rescue at sea
In the years leading up to 2001, increasing numbers of people attempted to travel to Australia by boat to seek asylum as refugees. Many of these arrived off Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, 2,000 km off the north-west coast of Australia and 500 km south of Jakarta, Indonesia. Hundreds of people arrived on tightly packed, unseaworthy vessels, and many paid large amounts of money to people smugglers for their passage to Australia.

At dawn on 24 August 2001, a 20-metre wooden fishing boat, the Palapa 1, with 438 (369 men, 26 women and 43 children) mainly Hazara, became stranded in international waters about 140 km north of Christmas Island.

On 26 August, Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) Australia, which had been aware of the vessel's distress, possibly through Coastwatch surveillance, requested all ships in the area to respond. Of the ships that acknowledged the request, Tampa was closest to the site and began to proceed towards the distressed Palapa 1.

According to international law, survivors of a shipwreck are to be taken to the closest suitable port on the vessel's intended course for medical treatment. Such a port was 12 hours away in Merak, Indonesia. Christmas Island was six or seven hours closer, but it did not have the ability to receive large shipping freighters and neither was it on the vessel's route.

The Australian rescue authorities had been the first to become aware of the vessel's distress, and for some time attempted to contact the relevant Indonesian authorities to attend to the rescue. RCC sent a fax to the Indonesian Search and Rescue Agency (Basarnas) on the night of 25 August but received no response. On Sunday, 26 August, Australian EST, the Australian embassy sent the naval attaché David Ramsay to visit Basarnas. By this time, Australian surveillance had observed that the ship's passengers had fashioned signs that read "SOS" and "HELP" on the ship's deck and, in response, further attempts were made to contact Basarnas, first by fax and then through the defence attaché in Jakarta. At this time, DIMA called RCC "asking if vessels that respond to Australian search and rescue broadcast can tow the stranded vessel to Indonesia".

A call to shipping was broadcast at 12:48 Canberra time:

"Subject: Distress Relay. A 35-metre Indonesian type vessel with 80 plus persons on board adrift in the vicinity of 09.32.5 south 104.44 east… vessel has SOS and HELP written on the roof. Vessels within 10 hours report best ETA and intentions to this station."

Captain Arne Rinnan of MV Tampa responded to the mayday call: "We are on a voyage from Fremantle to Singapore via Sunda Strait… We have changed course and are headed for position of distress… Please advise further course of action. A Rinnan, Master." After an hour of setting course for the vessel, Rinnan received a direction from RCC apparently attempting to disown the rescue operation: "Please note that Indonesian search and rescue authorities have accepted co-ordination of this incident."

Tampa reached the vessel, guided by Australian Coastwatch de Havilland Dash-8 aircraft, at about 2 pm. The first child was lifted to safety at 2:30pm and the rescue operation continued all afternoon.

Rinnan recounted in an interview with Norway Today: "They sent a plane to direct us to the sinking boat. When we arrived it was obvious to us that it was coming apart. Several of the refugees were obviously in a bad state and collapsed when they came on deck to us. 10 to 12 of them were unconscious, several had dysentery and a pregnant woman suffered abdominal pains."

During the rescue, Rinnan received a call from Jakarta advising him to disembark the passengers at the ferry port of Merak, Indonesia.

About half an hour after Tampa had set sail toward Indonesia, a delegation of five asylum seekers visited the bridge to demand passage to Australian territory, specifically Christmas Island, or any western country. The group was quite aggressive and agitated and Rinnan agreed to alter course for Christmas Island.

When interviewed by UK newspaper The Observer, Rinnan explained: "A delegation of five men came up to the bridge. They behaved aggressively and told us to go to Australia. They said they had nothing to lose." Although Rinnan reported that he did not feel threatened and there was no risk of him losing his ship, he was conscious of the fact that there was now insufficient safety equipment or rations for all persons on board.

Denial of permission to enter Australia
The ship requested the Australian government's permission to unload the asylum seekers at Christmas Island, arguing that the ship could not sail to Indonesia, because it was unseaworthy — the ship was not designed for 438 people, only its 27 crew; and there were no lifeboats or other safety equipment available for the asylum seekers in the case of an emergency. The Australian government refused permission for the ship to enter Australia's territorial waters, and threatened to prosecute Captain Arne Rinnan as a people smuggler if it did so.

The Australian government denied any obligation under international law as Christmas Island lies within a zone designated as Indonesia's responsibility for rescue according to an agreement made in 1990 between Australia and Indonesia. Indonesia had also accepted co-ordination of the rescue, and the closest suitable port was Merak in Indonesia. The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer explained to parliament that "It is important that people understand that Australia has no obligation under International law to accept the rescued persons in to Australian territory." Australian ambassador David Stuart said in the United Nations that "the rescue by the MV Tampa occurred outside the search and rescue region designated as being the responsibility of Australia." Although Tampa had responded to a broadcast by an Australian rescue agency, on 30 August, Downer stated in parliament that the survivors were picked up "at the direction of the Indonesian search and rescue authorities."

Faced with Australia's threats of prosecution, Captain Rinnan agreed to turn slowly back towards Indonesia in the hope that the asylum seekers would not notice. About half an hour into the turn, however, they did notice and again became agitated. Captain Rinnan, concerned that if the ship continued to sail to Indonesia the asylum seekers could jump overboard or riot and harm the crew, decided to head back towards Christmas Island.

As the ship approached the boundary of Australia's territorial waters (12 nmi from the island), Captain Rinnan pleaded for permission for the ship to dock at Christmas Island. He reported that several of the asylum seekers were unconscious, and others were suffering from dysentery, statements subsequently supported by the Special Air Service (SAS) physician, but later disputed by Australian authorities. The Australian government provided medical assistance and food, but still refused permission for the ship to enter Australian territorial waters. The Australian government sent military personnel to Christmas Island, ostensibly to be ready to provide this assistance to the ship.

On 29 August, Captain Rinnan, having lost patience with the Australian authorities, increasingly concerned for the safety of the asylum seekers and the ship's crew, and also possibly acting under direction of the Norwegian Government, declared a state of emergency and proceeded to enter Australian territorial waters without permission. The legality of this action has been the subject of debate, with the Australian government maintaining that it was illegal.

Deployment of the SAS
The Australian government responded by dispatching Australian troops from the SAS led by squadron commander Major Vance Khan, under Colonel Gus Gilmore, to board the ship and prevent it from approaching any closer to Christmas Island.

The SAS doctor later reported that the rescuees were generally dehydrated, malnourished and unhappy. Many were suffering from dehydration, exhaustion and minor ailments including sixty one cases of scabies, forty six cases of head lice and twenty six cases of gastroenteritis, among other conditions. They also attended to four pregnant women.

There were some disputes between the SAS and the ship's medical officer Christian Maltau, a deck officer with limited medical experience, regarding the deployment of medical supplies from Tampa, and the use of the limited supplies of water. In one incident, the ship's officer turned off the ship's water supply while rescuees were being washed after an outbreak of diarrhoea.

Captain Rinnan anchored approximately four nautical miles off Christmas Island. Shortly afterwards the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, reported the boarding of the ship to the Australian Parliament.

Escalation
The Australian troops instructed Captain Rinnan to move the ship back into international waters; he refused, claiming the ship was unsafe to sail until the asylum seekers had been offloaded. The ship-owners said they agreed with his decision, and the Norwegian government warned the Australian government not to seek to force the ship to return to international waters against the captain's will.

The Australian government tried to persuade Indonesia to accept the asylum seekers; Indonesia refused. Norway also refused to accept the asylum seekers and reported Australia to the United Nations, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the International Maritime Organization for alleged failure to obey its duties under international law, though it did not ask for the assistance of these organisations.

Captain Rinnan received the highest civil honour in Norway as a result of his handling of this difficult incident. Rinnan has been a sailor since 1958, and a captain for 23 years. He said of the incident:

"I have seen most of what there is to see in this profession, but what I experienced on this trip is the worst. When we asked for food and medicine for the refugees, the Australians sent commando troops on board. This created a very high tension among the refugees. After an hour of checking the refugees, the troops agreed to give medical assistance to some of them… The soldiers obviously didn't like their mission."

Border Protection Bill 2001
Late on the night of 29 August, the Prime Minister introduced an emergency bill entitled the "Border Protection Bill 2001". This Bill would have provided the government with the power to remove any ship in the territorial waters of Australia (s 4), to use reasonable force to do so (s 5), to provide that any person who was on the ship may be forcibly returned to the ship (s 6), that no civil or criminal proceedings may be taken against the Australian government or any of its officers for removing the ship or returning people to it (s 7), that no court proceedings are available to prevent the ship from being removed and from people being returned to it (s 8), and that no asylum applications may be made by people on board the ship (s 9). The bill was intended to enter into force at 9:00 Australian Eastern Standard Time, 29 August 2001 (s 2); thus making the bill retroactive. It also attempted to ensure actions taken prior to legislation passage to remove ship and return people to it would have been treated as legal.

The Opposition Labor Party announced they would not support the bill; nor would the Greens, Democrats or independent Senator Brian Harradine. The bill quickly passed the lower House of Representatives, but was rejected by the Senate later that same sitting day. The Government attacked the Opposition for refusing to pass the legislation, but indicated it would not reintroduce it at that stage.

The government subsequently acted to excise Christmas Island and a large number of other coastal islands from Australia's migration zone, effectively meaning that any asylum seekers who did not reach the Australian mainland would not be able to apply for refugee status. The Labor party supported the excision of some islands that it viewed as acting as a "magnet for people smugglers", but not others, such as Melville Island, Northern Territory which it viewed as being too close to the mainland to justify excision. The other parties opposed excision of any islands.

Political effects
Internationally, Australia was criticised by several countries, particularly Norway, which accused it of evading its human rights responsibilities.

Domestically, the government's line attracted strong support, especially in the aftermath of the 11 September attacks. The Australian government's popularity rating rose throughout the crisis. In the federal election following the arrival of Tampa, the Liberal Party campaigned on the issue, with John Howard's statement "we decide who comes into this country and the circumstances in which they come."

The Australian electorate largely supported the Government. Some television news polls in Australia showed as much as 90 percent support for the Australian government's actions. Many viewed the asylum seekers as "queue-jumpers" falsely claiming to be refugees, and criminals who "hijacked" Tampa to gain illegal entry into the country. There were concerns of a security risk involving a "floodgates" where people smugglers would deliberately target Australia as a perceived "soft target". Some public commentators, including then-Minister for Defence Peter Reith, suggested that groups of asylum seekers arriving by boat could harbour terrorists.

In 2003, economist Ross Gittins, a columnist at Fairfax Media, said Prime Minister John Howard had been "a tricky chap" on immigration, by appearing "tough" on illegal immigration to win support from the working class, while simultaneously winning support from employers with high legal immigration.

The issue also divided the Labor Party internally, with the Left faction of the party arguing strongly in favour of a "softer" approach, including the abolition of mandatory detention. The party leadership's compromise stance was pilloried by the Liberals as being wishy-washy and uncertain.

In July 2007, an unauthorised biography of John Howard claimed that he had received advice from the Attorney-General's Department that refusing the asylum seekers entry into Australia would breach international law, but that he did so to gain public support in the then upcoming election.

In 2019, former opposition leader Phil Goff stated that New Zealand's decision to take 131 of the Tampa refugees was one of the best decisions made by the Fifth Labour Government.

Fate of the refugees
The refugees from Tampa were loaded onto a Royal Australian Navy vessel, HMAS Manoora (L 52), which transported them to the small island country of Nauru, where most were held in two detention camps, State House and Topside. They were eventually joined by hundreds of other asylum seekers, under Australia's "Pacific Solution". Approximately 150 people were diverted to New Zealand, where they were subsequently granted asylum and progress to citizenship. In 2004, following the war in Afghanistan and invasion of Iraq, the New Zealand government began to reunite their families.

When those refugees not claimed by New Zealand arrived on Nauru, many of them refused to leave the boat after several additional weeks on board waiting for temporary shelters to be constructed, recognising they were to be held in detention camps pending the adjudication of their cases. Those eventually found to be refugees were granted three-year temporary protection visas, under which they could be returned to their places of origin in Afghanistan and Iraq at a time of the government's choosing.

On 23 May 2004, it was reported that most Afghan asylum seekers on Nauru recently granted refugee status were likely to be resettled in Australia. The Federal Government decided to grant refugee status to 92 Afghans detained on the Pacific island nation, while 11 applications were refused.

Holders of a Temporary Protection Visa were not allowed multiple entrances into Australia and did not have access to the same services as normally recognised refugees (for example, free English language lessons and help with job search). Another small group was later accepted by New Zealand.

Awards
The crew of Tampa received the Nansen Refugee Award for 2002 from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for their involvement in the events. Captain Arne Rinnan was also named captain of the year by the shipping newspaper Lloyd's List and the Nautical Institute in London.

title: Tampa affair


text:
Fansite

A fansite, fan site, fan blog or fan page is a website created and maintained by a fan or devotee about a celebrity, thing, or particular cultural phenomenon.

Fansites may offer specialized information on the subject (e.g., episode listings, biographies, storyline plots), pictures taken from various sources, the latest news related to their subject, media downloads, links to other, similar fansites, and the chance to talk to other fans via discussion boards. They often take the form of a blog, highlighting the latest news regarding the fansite subject. They often include galleries of photos or videos of the subject and are often "affiliates" with other fansites.

Fanlistings are another common type of unofficial fansite, though they are much simpler than general fansites, and are designed simply to list fans of a certain subject who have chosen to submit their names (and sometimes links to their home pages). Many do not contain much information on the subject at all, aside from a small introduction. They are generally made with the thought that visitors will already have knowledge of the subject. However, several are a part of a bigger fansite, used to amplify the fanbase's experience.

Decline
In the late 1990s, free services such as GeoCities, Tripod, and AngelFire hosted tens of thousands of fan sites or fan pages. Typically, popular sites would then migrate to independent domain names. Sometimes, fansites launched with an independent domain instead of a free service. These hobbyists, known as webmasters, launched and built fansites around any topic, such as videogame franchises and entertainment brands (TV series, movies, bands, actors). Nearly all fansites had some type of forum software, such as vBulletin, phpBB, or Invision Power Board. Fansites peaked around 2005, and by the early 2010s, Facebook groups became a popular alternative to independent fansites.

In the 2020s, fansites have faded from existence (accessible on archive.org), although some still operate today.

Motivations
A study suggests that unofficial fansites are often built as an alternative to the "hard sell" approach of official fansites that carry commercial messages. A classification system developed by Wann breaks down eight motives of fandom. These motives, particularly those related to group affiliation and self-esteem, are a driving factor in the creation of unofficial fan sites.

Satisfying the social psychology needs of group affiliation and self-esteem by visiting fansites, and, in particular, participating in the community aspects of fansites, appear to serve to increase fan behavior.

Research on interpersonal attraction indicates that people generally prefer to socialize with those who are similar to them. For example, sports fans fulfill this need by attending sporting events in person. In the online world, fans fulfill this need by building or participating in online fansites.

Many fans prefer to visit unofficial fansites for fan-related services, but still prefer an official fansite as the primary source for accurate information since it affords the closest affiliation with the target itself.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fansite


text:
The 101ers

The 101ers were a pub rock band from the 1970s playing mostly in a rockabilly style, notable as being the band that Joe Strummer left to join The Clash. Formed in London in May 1974, the 101ers made their performing debut on 7 September at the Telegraph pub in Brixton, under the name 'El Huaso and the 101 All Stars'. The name would later be shortened to the '101 All Stars' and finally just the '101ers'. The group played at free festivals such as Stonehenge, and established themselves on the London pub rock circuit prior to the advent of punk.

History
The group was named after the squat where they lived together: 101 Walterton Road, Maida Vale, although it was for a time rumoured that they were named for "Room 101", the infamous torture room in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The band's early gigs included several at the Windsor Castle and a residency at the Elgin. They were supported by the Sex Pistols at the Nashville Room on 3 April 1976. Strummer claims that this is when he saw the light and got involved in the punk scene. Joe Strummer commented on this event in the Don Letts documentary Westway to the World on the end of the 101ers by saying "5 seconds into their (the Pistols') first song, I knew we were like yesterday's paper, we were over."

By the time their debut single, "Keys to Your Heart", was released, Joe Strummer had joined The Clash and the 101ers were no more. Clive Timperley later joined The Passions, Dan Kelleher went to Martian Schoolgirls and The Derelicts. Richard Dudanski went on to work with The Raincoats, Basement 5 and Public Image Ltd. Tymon Dogg worked with Strummer briefly in The Clash, playing fiddle and singing his original song, "Lose This Skin", on Sandinista!, and later in The Mescaleros.

"I know the 101ers were good. In fact, as far as sound and excitement went we were much better than Eddie and the Hot Rods. The other guys in the group were twenty-five and twenty-six and they played good because they'd spent a few years getting that far. But they were just too old. What I really wanted was to get in with some young yobbo's who I was more in tune with."

The 101ers' recorded output was initially limited to one single. However, by 1981, interest in The Clash was at its height and a second single and a compilation album Elgin Avenue Breakdown was released. Several of the tracks on the latter album were live recordings, and there is no evidence that the band ever conceived of these recordings as a full-length album.

Until his death in 2002, Joe Strummer had been planning to re-release Elgin Avenue Breakdown, complete with previously unreleased tracks that would encompass everything the band ever recorded. The project was completed with the help of Strummer's widow Lucinda Tait and former drummer Richard Dudanski, and released in May 2005 as Elgin Avenue Breakdown Revisited via Astralwerks in the US and EMI in Europe. The last track on the 2005 re-issue was an 8-minute version of "Gloria" recorded on 22 May 1976 at the Cellar Club in Bracknell. This was recorded two weeks before the 101ers finally split. Joe Strummer joined The Clash who played their first gig at the Black Swan, Sheffield supporting the Sex Pistols on 4 July 1976.

Covers
The Clash had played "Keys to Your Heart" live at around the same time it was reissued as a single. The Hypertonics have also covered this song.

Line-up

 * John "Woody" Mellor aka Joe Strummer – guitar, vocals
 * Clive Timperley – guitar, vocals
 * Dan Kelleher – bass, guitar, keyboards and lead and backing vocals plus arrangements and production
 * Richard Dudanski – drums
 * Simon Cassell aka "Big John" – saxophone
 * Alvaro Peña-Rojas – saxophone
 * Marwood Chesterton aka "Mole" – bass guitar (until Oct. 1975)
 * Antonio Narvaez – drums
 * Julian Yewdall – vocals, harmonica
 * Patrick Nother – bass (first gig)
 * Martin Stone – lead guitar (final gig)
 * Tymon Dogg – fiddle, vocals

Discography
Singles / EPs
 * "Keys to Your Heart" b/w "5 Star Rock & Roll Petrol" (Chiswick Records, 1976; Big Beat Records, 1979)
 * "Sweet Revenge" b/w "Rabies" (Big Beat Records, 1981)
 * "Keys to Your Heart" (4-track EP) (SMS Records, 1985)
 * "1976" (4-track EP) (Chiswick Records, 2019)

Compilations
 * Elgin Avenue Breakdown (Andalucia Records, 1981)
 * Five Star Rock'n'Roll (Made In Heaven, 1993)
 * Elgin Avenue Breakdown Revisited (Astralwerks/EMI, 2005; Andalucia Records/Parlophone, 2015)

title: The 101ers


text:
Melanie Phillips

Melanie Phillips (born 4 June 1951) is a British public commentator. She began her career writing for The Guardian and New Statesman. During the 1990s, she came to identify with ideas more associated with right-wing politics and the far-right     and currently writes for The Times, The Jerusalem Post, and The Jewish Chronicle, covering political and social issues from a socially conservative perspective. Phillips, quoting Irving Kristol, defines herself as a liberal who has "been mugged by reality".

Phillips has appeared as a panellist on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Moral Maze and BBC One's Question Time. She was awarded the Orwell Prize for Journalism in 1996, while she was writing for The Observer. Her books include the memoir Guardian Angel: My Story, My Britain.

Early life
Melanie Phillips was born in Hammersmith, the daughter of Mabel (née Cohen) and Alfred Phillips. Her family is Jewish and emigrated to Britain from Poland and Russia. According to her autobiography, the name "Phillips" was imposed by British officials who were unable to pronounce her family's Polish name. She describes her family as poor people living as outsiders in an impoverished area of London, who "kept their heads down and tried to assimilate by aping the class mannerisms of the English." Her father, Alfred, was a dress salesman, while her mother, Mabel, ran a children's clothes shop and both were committed Labour voters. She has stated that her father was "gentle, kind and innocent", an "overgrown child", and that "as my other parent he just wasn't there", which taught her "how the absence of proper fathering could screw up a child for life". She was educated at Putney High School, a girls' fee-paying independent school in Putney, London. Later she read English at St Anne's College, Oxford.

Journalism career
Phillips trained as a journalist on the Evening Echo, a local newspaper in Hemel Hempstead. After winning the Young Journalist of the Year award in 1976, she spent a short period at the New Society magazine.

She joined The Guardian newspaper in 1977, becoming its social services correspondent and social policy leader writer. In 1984, she became the paper's news editor, and was reported to have fainted on her first day. In 1982, she defended the Labour Party at the time of the split with the Social Democratic Party. Her opinion column began in 1987. While working for The Guardian, Phillips was persuaded by Julia Pascal to write a play called Traitors, which Pascal then directed. It was performed at the Drill Hall from January 1986. The play was set at the time of the 1982 Lebanon War and centred around the moral dilemmas of a Jewish journalist who as political editor of a liberal magazine has to decide whether to veto an article written in anti-semitic tones, and also whether she is right to publish a leaked document about the Falklands War. The play was reviewed by John Peter in The Sunday Times as "a play of blistering intelligence and fearless moral questioning", although he considered it bordering on implausible. According to Phillips, writing in December 2017, it was the only positive review the play received. Phillips left The Guardian in 1993, saying that her relationship with the paper and its readers had become "like a really horrific family argument". She took her opinion column to The Guardian sister-paper The Observer, then to The Sunday Times in 1998, before beginning her association with the tabloid Daily Mail in 2001. She also wrote for The Jewish Chronicle, The Jerusalem Post and other periodicals.

In November 2010, The Spectator and Phillips apologised and agreed to pay substantial compensation and legal costs to a prominent British Muslim they falsely accused of antisemitism. The following year, she resigned from the magazine after it apologised and paid compensation for another of her pieces which, it said, contained an allegation that was "completely false".

Since 2003, she has written a blog, once hosted by The Spectator, but following her resignation from the magazine in June 2011, it is hosted on her website. In September 2013, it emerged that her Mail column was to end, although according to Phillips, the newspaper wanted her to continue to write features and other articles for it.

In 2013, she launched an e-book publishing company called emBooks, to promote her book, together with several others, and self-promotional merchandise to the US market. She currently writes for The Times.

She had a weekly radio show on Voice of Israel, is a regular panellist on BBC Radio's The Moral Maze and appears frequently on BBC TV's signature political shows Question Time and The Daily Politics.

Views and opinions
The BBC has said that Phillips "is regarded as one of the [British] media's leading right-wing voices" and a "controversial" columnist. Nick Cohen wrote in 2011 that she has become vilified by The Guardian. Phillips herself stated in 2006, during an interview with Jackie Ashley for the newspaper, that it often misrepresents her opinions.

Islam
Phillips was heavily criticised for an article she wrote in The Jewish Chronicle which suggested that "the taunt of Islamophobia is used to silence any criticism of the Islamic world, including Islamic extremism" and "facilitates" antisemitism. The newspaper's editor, while not offering regret for publishing the article, did acknowledge that the article had been divisive and apologised to readers who had been angered or upset by the piece. Simon Kuper, writing in the Financial Times, described her in 2011 as an advocate for the Eurabia conspiracy theory.

Iran
She is a staunch critic of Iran and has written and spoken frequently about the threat she perceives it to be, particularly if it were to obtain nuclear weapons. She has drawn criticism for her hard-line approach from The Guardian commentators.

Israel
Phillips's criticisms of liberal Jews who disagree with her positions on Israel have been mocked or condemned by writers such as Alan Dershowitz, Rabbi David Goldberg, and Jonathan Freedland, who criticised Phillips's labelling of Independent Jewish Voices, a group of liberal Jews, as "Jews For Genocide". Freedland wrote in The Jewish Chronicle: "Now, as it happens, I have multiple criticisms of IJV ... but even their most trenchant opponents must surely blanch at the notion that these critics of Israel and of Anglo-Jewish officialdom are somehow in favour of genocide—literally, eager to see the murder and eradication of the Jewish people ... it is an absurdity, one that drains the word 'genocide' of any meaning".

Gaza
In 2024 Phillips made a number of claims on BBC Question Time related to Gaza. She claimed that it was “completely untrue” that Gazans were being denied access to food and humanitarian aid, that that photos and videos on Youtube showed stocked food markets in Gaza and that supplies had been stopped from going into Gaza because they had been ‘stolen by Hamas‘. She also claimed that the UN is “compromised” by links to Hamas and that a ceasefire would lead to more deaths. The Independent fact checked these claims and found no evidence to support them.

United States
Early in the presidency of Barack Obama, Phillips accused him of "adopting the agenda of the Islamist" and of being "firmly in the Islamists' camp". Shortly after Obama's re-election for a second term, Phillips said that "Four years ago, America put into the White House a sulky narcissist with an unbroken history of involvement in thuggish, corrupt, far-left, black power, Jew-bashing, west-hating politics". She warned that Obama would lead America into a "terrifying darkness". The Independent termed it "rather odd" and an "angry rant", which "sparked debate on Twitter".

Phillips wrote in defence of president-elect Donald Trump on 14 November 2016: "Believing the smears they have created, the Trumpophobes then smear the public for voting for the man they have thus smeared. This, of course, is precisely why millions voted against the liberal establishment and for Trump, as well as for Brexit, in the first place".

A year later she criticised Trump for retweeting videos from Britain First's leader Jayda Fransen, calling them "beyond stupid, reckless and reprehensible." She added that "Trump has given an enormous boost to a group that should be treated as totally beyond the pale. Although campaigning against Islamic extremism, intolerance and religious fascism is not just acceptable but necessary, some groups which do so are totally unacceptable because they themselves promote extremism, intolerance or fascism. Britain First is squarely in that category."

Climate change
Phillips opposes the scientific consensus on climate change. In 2013 she argued that "there is no evidence for global warming... the seas are not rising any more than is in any way out of the ordinary, the ice is not decreasing, it is increasing, the polar bears are increasing in number, and the temperature is going down, not up". She believes that "The warming that was observed between 1978–1998 has stopped and global temperatures have plateaued." She has further argued that "Man-made global warming theory has been propped up by studies that many scientists have dismissed as methodologically flawed, ideologically bent or even fraudulent." She has written that "The claim that emissions are acidifying the oceans is a favourite of climate-change alarmists" and that "claims that coral reefs are doomed by ocean acidification are overplayed".

Phillips' published views on these topics have been rebutted by scientists and academics, including John Krebs and Nicholas Stern.

MMR vaccine
Melanie Phillips supported Andrew Wakefield, whose fraudulent work triggered controversy about the MMR vaccine and led to his being struck off the medical register. Through numerous articles in the Daily Mail and The Spectator, Phillips championed Wakefield's claims while casting doubt on their rebuttal by scientists, doctors, and politicians. Her attacks on MMR attracted criticism from scientists and science writers. Phillips continued to support Wakefield after his research methods and motives began to attract serious scrutiny and criticism: "While Mr Wakefield is being subjected to a witch-hunt, and while the parents of the affected children are scandalously denied legal aid to pursue the court case which may well have finally brought to light the truth about MMR, those powerful people in the medical establishment are continuing to misrepresent the evidence."

In May 2010, Andrew Wakefield was struck off the Medical Register for "serious professional misconduct", and is currently barred from practising medicine in the UK. Phillips's support of Wakefield's "findings" and her campaign against the MMR vaccine has been both widely noted, and credited for significantly undermining public trust in vaccines.

Irish independence
Phillips expressed opposition to Irish independence, declaring on 7 March 2017 in her column in The Times, that the "most troublesome bits" of the UK are "showing signs of disuniting". For her, Scottish nationalism and Irish republicanism are cultural phenomena "rooted in romanticism and myth", while Englishness "came to stand proxy for all the communities of the British Isles". In particular, she wrote "Ireland itself has a tenuous claim to nationhood" because the Irish Free State was only established in 1922. She denounced "attempts at secession by tribes" in Northern Ireland. The Irish Times said that the piece had met with objections from both unionists and republicans. The Irish ambassador to the United Kingdom, Daniel Mulhall, said on Twitter that the country's sovereignty is "based on strong sense of identity, distinctive culture & shared values and interests" and rejected her claim.

She is ambivalent about the Northern Ireland peace process, stating that, on the one hand, it has strengthened the Union with Great Britain and saved lives, but that, on the other hand, it has rewarded terrorism, "undermined the rule of law", and exchanged bombs for "paramilitary, mafia-style control of some areas of Northern Ireland". In June 2014, in the context of Britain's first entirely secret trial for centuries, Phillips said that such legal proceedings are justifiable in certain circumstances.

Party politics
She has argued that the Conservative Party lost its way after the retirement of Margaret Thatcher. She also stated that the UK Independence Party is prepared to embody "truly conservative attitudes" and has attracted a sizeable protest vote, despite its "unsustainable spending policies". However, she has also offered tempered praise of Tony Blair's attitude to Islamic extremism, and she supported his policy of entering the Iraq War.

Education
In All Must Have Prizes, published in 1996, Phillips offered a critique of the British education system, saying that an egalitarian and non-competitive ethos (progressivism; multicultural education) had led to a catastrophic fall in standards. She criticised John Dewey's "disastrous influence". One academic critic said that "Phillips gets Dewey quite wrong," for example in claims that Dewey promoted ahistoric and cultureless education. Phillips criticized one academic paper—on primary-school children's constructions of British identity. Its authors responded with a follow-up study, showing that young adolescents, in common with their counterparts in primary schools, adopt a pluralist viewpoint with virtually no nationalist or racist comments.

Culture
Phillips became a "scathing critic of modern Britain" which she regards as "a debauched and disorderly culture of instant gratification, with disintegrating families, feral children and violence, squalor and vulgarity on the streets".

Drugs
In 2008, Ruth Runciman, chair of the UK Drugs Policy Commission, called "allegations" Phillips made that the commission was "intent on bringing about the legalisation of drugs" "an absolute travesty and a wilful misrepresentation".

Gay rights
She opposed the introduction of civil partnerships for gay couples in the UK, and has said that what she calls "the traditional family [...] has been relentlessly attacked by an alliance of feminists, gay rights activists, divorce lawyers and cultural Marxists who grasped that this was the surest way to destroy Western society." She has said that giving IVF fertility treatment to lesbians would "help destroy our understanding of human identity". She said the UK government was brainwashing children by including references to gay people in lessons in schools. She received the 'Bigot of the Year' award from gay equality organisation Stonewall in 2011.

Personal life
Phillips is married to Joshua Rozenberg, former legal affairs editor for the BBC. The couple have two children.

Published works

 * The Divided House: Women at Westminster, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980, ISBN 0-283-98547-X.
 * Doctors' Dilemmas: Medical Ethics and Contemporary Science by Melanie Phillips & John Dawson, Harvester Press, 1985, ISBN 0-7108-0983-2.
 * All Must Have Prizes, Warner, 1998, ISBN 0-7515-2274-0.
 * The Sex-Change Society: Feminised Britain and the Neutered Male, Social Market Foundation, 1999, ISBN 1-874097-64-X.
 * America's Social Revolution, Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2001, ISBN 1-903386-15-2.
 * The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas Behind it, Little, Brown, 2003, ISBN 0-316-72533-1.
 * Londonistan: How Britain Is Creating a Terror State Within, Gibson Square Books Ltd, 2006, ISBN 1-903933-76-5.
 * The World Turned Upside Down: The Global Battle Over God, Truth and Power, New York, Encounter Books, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59403-375-9.
 * Guardian Angel: My Story, My Britain, emBooks, 1 edition (1 May 2013),
 * The Legacy (novel), Bombardier Books, 2018 ISBN 978-1-68261-566-9
 * Guardian Angel: My Journey from Leftism to Sanity, Bombardier Books, 2018.

title: Melanie Phillips


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ratfiv programming language

Old discussion from vfd
Discussion concluded and article kept on May 18, 2004

I'm not sure if this belongs here on as a copyvio. Something needs to be done. -Rholton 02:12, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - There's no copy violation, the distribution was placed in the public domain when it was released on the DECUS tape. WPWoodJr 05:29, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: seems to be public domain jaredwf 14:52, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'd be happier if someone researched the status of the DECUS material a bit, though. Certainly at the time contributors and users generally understood it to be public domain. I did some clicking on the archive link http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/computer-science/history/pdp-11/rsx/decus/rsx82a/330015/ to see if there was any explicit statement about it's being public domain, and I couldn't find it. In 1982, copyright registration was required within a year of publication to obtain protection, or something, so the absence of a copyright notice is evidence--but not, I think proof--of absence of copyright. And, of course, copyright was the only form of IP protection for software, which couldn't be patented then. Actually, now that I think about it, I am not sure that some individual contributions to the DECUS library contained GPL-like statements in them that tried to prevent their commercial use, so I'm not sure that "public domain" is 100.0000% strictly correct. I trust that this discussion, including this babbling, will get placed on the Talk page when the VfD debate is over. Dpbsmith 00:59, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * http://www.decus.org/encompass/software/index.shtml saith:
 * "The DECUS Software Library features a large collection of public domain software, containing hundreds of programs and application packages contributed by users from around the world...The DECUS Library operates as a software clearinghouse, recruiting and distributing freely distributable software products through a network of DECUS Chapters throughout the world. The DECUS Library does not generate or test the software, so all programs and information are provided on an "AS IS" basis.
 * That boilerplate sounds very familiar.

I've exchanged messages with User:WPWoodJr, who originally posted this article. William P. Wood, Jr. is the author of the Ratfiv compiler, and WPWoodJr has added a statement to the talk page that he authored the compiler. I don't see that there's really any question left as to copyvio. I now suggest we move this to Cleanup. Sooner that the usual 5 days would be fine with me. -Rholton 02:15, 11 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Mount Kazbek

Is this a better image?
— Preceding unsigned comment added by EoinMahon (talk • contribs) 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Who owns the summit?
Georgia and Russia also, according to Viewfinder (talk) 13:27, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, Kazbek is on the Russo-Georgian boarder. Taamu (talk) 14:04, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Thanks Taamu, but the above map comes from the same ultimate source as mine. I would like to see an official Georgian map of the area. Even if the summit is wholly within Georgia, part of the mountain is probably still in Russia. Over to you, DP/Nakh. Viewfinder (talk) 17:48, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Ok, I double-checked a couple of other sources, and while the Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia states that the peak lies within the Kazbegi District of Georgia (present-day Stepantsminda district) under the articles of Mt. Kazbek (Mkinvartsveri in Georgian) and Kazbegi District, I looked up other maps (both Georgian and Russian maps) that show the peak lies on the border. Nevertheless, that is no excuse for placing the mountain solely on the North Ossetian map, which could be used for political purposes (the map that is used on the Kazbek page resembles a political map instead of a physical map). I therefore suggest using a more inclusive, physical map that places Kazbek on the international boundary. This should make the page more neutral and hopefully avoid political overtones.

D.Papuashvili (talk) 18:05, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no such rule that would say that if a mount is on the international boundary, a regional map cannot be used. But at the same time you can add a second map (the location map of Georgia). That is not forbidden. Furthermore, I cannot understand this kind of edits. Taamu (talk) 05:54, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have no strong views about which language should come first, and do not really want to get involved in any edit conflict on the subject. But it would appear that Kazbek is well outside South Ossetia, and that the greater part of the mountain is in Georgia. Therefore I would be inclined to put the Georgian first. Viewfinder (talk) 08:35, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * So have I. I dont know any criteria to make georgian first in the set. But surrounding territories mostly are populated by ossetians (see Ossetians in Georgia or Truso. There are a lot of ossetian legends about Kazbeg. Culturally it is bart of Ossetia.--Bouron (talk) 09:42, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * In no way shape or form is this mountain culturally a part of Ossetia. As a political entity, Ossetia did not even exist when Georgia controlled the area, including large parts of what is now North Ossetia.  Do not try to portray the mountain as somehow being a part of the cultural heritage of Ossetia and politicize this issue.  As for Russia, the latter simply conquered the North Caucasus and subjugated the people living there, so Russia's claim towards the peak's name and its language reference should be even less that than of the Alans.  This is geography and not politics.  The Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia which was fairly biased towards Russia and Moscow in general, says that the mountain is a part of Georgia.  This article also says that the mountain geographically within Georgia.

D.Papuashvili (talk) 11:30, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Tell this hug-wash to your children. This is encyclopedia. If you are so crazy on georgian place in the set put it to the top. It is not principal for me where ossetian name is.--Bouron (talk) 13:35, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Both Google Maps and Google Earth show the summit on the border, in line with my link at the start of this section. Viewfinder (talk) 12:09, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I have checked the location given in the edit summary by Gaesar and its distance from the marked border is well within the error margin of Google's international border data. Viewfinder (talk) 12:17, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Nothing of the sort. the mountain is away from the border--Gaeser (talk) 12:17, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Now Google is mistaken :))) Funny.--Gaeser (talk) 12:19, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Google is not mistaken, but there are error margins in its international border data. See the maps linked to the top of this page. In any case, this article is about the mountain. Do you deny that part of the mountain is in Russia? Viewfinder (talk) 12:21, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * YES, I do. Is the question closed?--Gaeser (talk) 12:23, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

and, by the way, this map also shows that peack is in Georgia. Also, there was demarcation of border between RF and Georgia, and Kazbegi stayed within Georgia.--Gaeser (talk) 12:27, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * One of your links does not cover the mountain at all. The other shows it on the Russia-Georgia border. Viewfinder (talk) 12:31, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Gaeser (talk • contribs) 12:37, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * With all due respect the map that you have just uploaded shows that the border passes directly over the summit! Viewfinder (talk) 12:39, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Are you kidding? The border is in 2 km from it!--Gaeser (talk) 12:40, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

No I'm not kidding! Click on the map to enlarge it. The 5033m summit is clearly shown on the marked border.Viewfinder (talk) 12:53, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The best map that I could come up with is leaf 44 in the 1990 edition of the Times Atlas of the World [Comprehensive Edition]. The summit of Kazbek is marked just South of the border, and if they haven't changed this in the last 20 years, I'd say it still is.  Sorry that I'm not able to provide you with a map by Freshfield.  I will keep looking though. Qwrk (talk) 13:08, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Please have a look at this map and tell me what you're thinking.  [I know the border says 'approximate'.]  Qwrk (talk) 13:14, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

It does indeed state "approximate" and therefore should not be regarded as reliable compared with the Soviet mapping uploaded to this page. I find the claim that the Soviet map shows the summit 2km from the border to be astonishing!!Viewfinder (talk) 13:19, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The map that User:Qwrk provided definitely places the summit within Georgia. On the other hand, there might be a region of the mountain, particularly the portion of Kazbek's northwest slope that descends into North Ossetia.  I know that the Kolka glacier which lies in the valley to the north of Jimara and Kazbek is in North Ossetia and a minute portion of that glacier could be connected directly to Kazbek in addition to some secondary mountain in the region.

D.Papuashvili (talk) 13:36, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

The map does not definitely place the summit within Georgia; it states "approximate" and is therefore not a definite source. By contrast, the map on this page does definitely place the summit on the border. Viewfinder (talk) 13:39, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Viewfinder, I'm referring to that particular map, where the summit is located to the east of the Georgia/Russia border. According to that map, the Maili Glacier which is to the north and northwest of the summit is well within Georgian territory too.  On a different note, all of these maps seem to be somewhat archaic, because I've seen several newer atlases (1989 onwards) that show the elevation of Kazbek to be at 5,047 meters asl.  The older maps that I have all indicate a height of 5,033m. D.Papuashvili (talk) 13:48, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Gaeser, on your map, "kazbeg" is sure in georgia. But that is just a title. please study "how to use topographic maps". On your map R-G border runs accurately over highest elevation area.--Bouron (talk) 13:42, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * We have clear maps that shows that Kazbek is on the boarder. There is nothing to discuss. Taamu (talk) 13:52, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

The skimountaineer map qualifies the border as "approximate" and therefore is not a reliable source for its course. It would be great to see a detailed post-Soviet map but until we do, I think we have to go with the Soviet map. Re the elevation, a regular e-contact of mine, a DGPS expert, is headed for the Caucasus, I will ask him if Kazbek is on his itinerary. Viewfinder (talk) 14:00, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

One of the editors asked me to check Google maps. Google maps are the secondary data. I provided the Soviet map (when Georgia was a part of the USSR). At the same time there is no border demarcation agreement signed (since the collapse of the USSR), that is why we are facing this kind of problem. Taamu (talk) 14:14, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I repeat: the border data used Google Maps and Google Earth are low resolution, with an error margin greater than their distance from the summit. No evidence has been provided that Georgia disputes the border shown on the Soviet maps. Viewfinder (talk) 14:46, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Exactly! As I see now, the main poin is that Georgia controls larger part of the mountain. Since when this aspect began to predominate over the logic? Is it a key factor or what? If yes, then we have to calculate which country dominates over a mountain (that is on an international boarder) and change each and every location map. If not, then let's keep the status quo. Taamu (talk) 15:23, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Logic? Georgia dominates over a mountain and controlling some areas near the mountain by RF doesn't make it Russian/Ossetian. –BruTe Talk 15:40, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I didn't understand what you mean. What areas controlled by Russia are you talking about? The summit of the mountain is on the border. Taamu (talk) 15:48, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It seams BRURE and David simply dont understand What Wikipedia is not and Five pillars.--Bouron (talk) 16:13, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I can now see Georgian and North Ossetian location maps. What a good solution! But mention of Russia/Ossetia should not have been removed from the lead section. BRUTE, please can you provide a good reason for this edit or agree to restore my version. Thanks. Viewfinder (talk) 16:31, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Bouron, bravo! That will be the best solution. Both the wolves have eaten much and the sheep have not been touched ;) Taamu (talk) 16:53, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks!) --Bouron (talk) 17:03, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Freedom comes with responsibility. The longer you have it, the better you come to understand the uselessness of fighting small-minded nationalistic fuelled petty wars.  It might serve a purpose and even appear to give you the upper hand for a moment, but that'll only be for a very short moment indeed.  In the end history will judge, as it has always done.
 * If Wikipedia were to do itself a favour for the long term future, it'd ban IP-only editors forever and put the severest possible restrictions on pushing nationalist agendas.
 * Qwrk (talk) 15:44, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Maybe my english is not perfect, but can you specify this message. --Bouron (talk) 16:30, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The problem is that in higher art forms, the integrity of the message is as much dependant on the artistry of the recipient as that of the sender. Seek a wiser fool.
 * Qwrk (talk) 17:23, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

I am sorry that this issue has come up again and in particular that some editors have been editing the article without discussing the issue here first. Encyclopedia Britannica correctly states that Kazbek is a mountain in north Georgia, but does not deny that part of it is in Russia or claim that the summit is wholly within Georgia. Viewfinder (talk) 09:35, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I had a chance to look over the geography of North Ossetia and the highest mountain of North Ossetia (even according to Soviet sources) is Jimara and not Kazbek. Therefore, the only part of Kazbek that could even potentially be considered to be in North Ossetia is the northwestern slope of the mountain and not the peak. There is no reason to suggest that this mountain is in North Ossetia at all with the possible exception of the mountain's northwestern slope. I highly doubt that both the old Soviet sources as well as Britannica are both wrong about the location of the summit, especially its peak. D.Papuashvili (talk) 09:29, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * You mention Soviet sources but do not give any. Soviet maps are clear - the border passes over Kazbek's summit. Viewfinder (talk) 09:36, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Again, let me clarify. The Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia is a Soviet source, and again, under the article for North Ossetia, in the geography section, the highest mountain that is listed for North Ossetia is Jimara (a.k.a Jimaray-Khokh in Ossetian) and not Mt. Kazbek.  The article for Mt. Kazbek also lists the peak as being located in Georgia as I mentioned on this talk page last year.  D.Papuashvili (talk) 09:57, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Does the GSE or any other source actually state that Kazbek is wholly within Georgia? It sounds to me that the exact course of the border has never been agreed - a not uncommon situation. But while the only detailed maps (Soviet, Google) of the area show a shared summit, I oppose the deletion of North Ossetia from the Kazbek article. Viewfinder (talk) 10:32, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * No, the GSE does not state that the mountain is wholly within Georgia. It refers to the peak as "a mountain in Georgia." It seems to me that the mountain's northwestern slope is located in North Ossetia.  So, let's keep the text the way it is for now and wait for further clarification. D.Papuashvili (talk) 10:47, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. If you can uncover verifiable evidence that Georgia officially claims the whole of Kazbek, or perhaps even that Russia has conceded it, then we should edit the article appropriately. Viewfinder (talk) 14:40, 1 September 2011 (UTC)

Re-visited
GVP only lists Georgia for the country and if you use their coordinates, the mountain is in Georgia according to opentopomap.org although the given coordinates are not accurate enough to put the map marker on the summit location. Using the article's current coordinates opentopomap.org shows the summit on the border although the coordinates map marker is clearly within Osettia - the coordinates are sourced from peaklist.org and while I consider this a good source, whether the coordinates are truly accurate is hard to determine. If you zoom in to the max, the 5050? contour line is mostly in Georgia but a small portion of the northwestern area crosses the international boundary. The actual summit point (small "x") appears to be wholly in Georgia but it's so close to the boundary, I don't think I would definitely claim it is only in Georgia at this point. I immediately think of Mt. Everest where the summit is officially declared as being on the border of Nepal and Tibet (China). The mountain itself is clearly in Georgia and Osettia. RedWolf (talk) 21:14, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Kazbek


text:
Talk:Zenith

Untitled
Is the article correct in saying that it's 90 degrees "altitude"? From the Wikipedia entry, altitude is a measure of length. Perhaps attitude is the right term? --Cluster 02:14, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it is correct. See Celestial_coordinate_system, specifically Horizontal_coordinate_system. Baltam314 (talk)

altitude or latitude?
IMHO the use of latitude in this article is incorrect. Altitude or elevation are the usual terms used to refer to the angle between an object and the horizon. For example, the article Horizontal coordinate system uses altitude. Sometimes the qualifier above the horizon is used when there is a possibility of confusion between the height above the horizon and above sea level.

Northern bias
This article is incorrect when read in the southern hemisphere. Htaccess 12:04, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Complete re-write of this page.
Re-wrote the entire page to correct inaccuracies and provide a more solid scientific basis. Here is a discussion of the problems with the earlier contents and how this has been changed:

- Although the reference to a point is very common, it is much more appropriate to refer to the zenith as a direction. The latter can be defined and measured, the former is an immaterial concept hard to pin down when the celestial sphere has an infinite radius.

- The sky is a vague concept, inappropriate in this context, and the zenith direction at a point exists irrespective of whether there is an observer at that point. Avoid anthropocentric definitions. Similarly, the words above (and below) are unnecessarily vague in the context.

- The local horizontal coordinate system uses the zenith as one of its references axes. Using this fact as part of the definition of the zenith is a circular argument.

- Note that the definition of local meridian should be updated to be in line with the current definition of the zenith.

- The zenith-nadir line usually does not pass exactly by the center of the Earth: See vertical direction and vertical deflection for more information on this point.

- The Sun is not at the observer's zenith at the stated dates. On any particular day and time, the Sun is at the zenith of some location on Earth. I have removed this erroneous section entirely.

- Similarly, analytic geometry is not typically using the expression zenith angle, so I have not kept that paragraph. However, I have included information on the zenith angle (without the notation, which is purely arbitrary).

- Moved the statement about zenith being the highest point to the disambiguation page.

- Replaced the reference to Desktop Planetarium with references to published scientific glossaries, as well as an etymological dictionary.

Hope this helps. --Michel M Verstraete 23:14, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well its much more scientific now but also much harder for the lay reader to understand. Most people coming here probably want to come away with an understanding that the zenith is the point directly above where they are currently on the earths surface. The descriptions making use of gradients of the gravity field dont help the lay reader understand this. My point it the description is less useful for an encyclopedia if the reader has to understand physcis jargon to understand the article. Htaccess 17:35, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * With all due respect I don't think this is an improvement at all. I've been involved in science and astronomy for 20 odd years and I had to read it twice and still found it too technical. I have also never heard this definition but if it is strictly true even so, I think the usual laymans term should be first and foremost in the article, ie the Zenith is the point directly above your head in the sky and then perhaps put this further down in the text under a heading that identifies it as a stricter meaning.--Kalsermar 20:44, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Point well taken (accessibility to a large public). However, the difficulty is precisely that the notion above is very vague. One of the purposes of an encyclopedia is to go beyond obvious or simplistic definitions and provide tools and means to stretch the mind. In any case, thanks for your comments: I have amended the text to make it easier to read and removed the dependency on the gradient, leaving only the gravitational force. Cheers, --Michel M Verstraete 23:19, 14 June 2006 (UTC).
 * Thanks for making the improvement! --Kalsermar 18:42, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Zenith as highest point
There is some precedent for using zenith to mean the event of culmination. It's sometimes found in the term "lunar zenith," meaning the time or event when (or point where) the Moon is at its highest for the day; Wikipedia's own Tide article uses this phrase. This usage of "zenith" is permitted by Webster's NCD, sense 2, but a Google search using the query

 * "lunar zenith" -caravan -berth -"lunar zenith angle" -"lunar zenith distance"

finds no more than 80 distinct matches. As I did not find much evidence that this sense of the word is in wide use, I'll just mention it here and not on the main Zenith page.

(Notice it was necessary to filter out "lunar zenith angle" and "lunar zenith distance" because these phrases refer to a zenith which is directly overhead, and so are not evidence of a concept of a non-overhead zenith). -- JEBrown87544 02:59, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I always knew the word zenith by this meaning, as did most of those around me. It is also used this way in the first episode of the TV series Chef!. Tealwisp 19:43, 11 June 2008 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tealwisp (talk • contribs)

Picture?
I believe that a explanatory picture, both for this article and the Nadir article would be really nice! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.185.233.207 (talk) 01:45, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

A request was made at the Graphic Lab for such an Image: your comments would be welcome. --Dave the Rave (DTR) talk 09:39, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Different Zeniths
I have read in some article that the zenith is different for official, civil, nautical etc. Is it that the different departments look at it in different way? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ap aravind (talk • contribs) 11:26, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This looks more like the zenith angle of sunrise, sunset and the various twilights as opposed to the altitude of the zenith, which is always 90°. Also, the altitude angle cannot be higher than 90°. Hope this helps.   Set Sail   For The   Seven Seas    321° 21' 45" NET    21:25, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Origin of Zenith
The Origin of the word Zenith in the wikipedia page does not correspond with the wiktionary page Is it from سمت الرآس 'samt ar-ra's' itself (meaning direction of the head) or زينات السّمت 'zeenaat as-samt' which would mean 'decorations of the direction', which i don't even understand what it would be referring to. Even if it is that, if I understand it correctly then it is incorrectly written Zeenath as-samt If we can get help please on which is the correct and standardize both please Approsemite (talk) 19:22, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, both definitions are correct, they just contain different parts of the definition. Also, you are correct in stating that "it is incorrectly written Zeenath as-samt", but it seems that this derives from a scribal error, which evolved to give the current terminology as seen here. Hope this helps.   Set Sail   For The   Seven Seas    296° 57' 45" NET    19:47, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Thanks Thesevenseas, that does help. I saw that the definition from 'samt ar-ra's' to be true, however I couldn't find anywhere online that speaks of this "Zeenath as samt" origin, nor it's apparent correct transliteration "zeenaat as-samt". The two etymologies can not be simultaneously correct. There is a big difference between the two because one explination is saying that the origin of the word is 'zeenat', which would mean 'beauties', and the other is saying that it originates from the word 'as-samt', which means 'path'. I'm going to have to delete the former until someone can put a citation for this etymology. Approsemite (talk) 19:22, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand why the speculative — i.e. as likely to be factually wrong as correct — paragraph on pre-arabic "history" of the word is here? TheChrisCarroll (talk) 08:58, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

The Sun's ⛅ zenith - contradicts itself
"but to an astronomer, the Sun does not have its own zenith" contradicts "the Sun reaches not only its zenith..." 2A00:23CC:2D02:2A01:7900:2EFD:7B7:2B39 (talk) 17:21, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zenith


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cordiner

Vanity, Delete : Cordiner is a rare surname of French/Spanish derivation from Cordonnier/Cordonier/Cordwainer. -- Chris 73 | Talk 02:20, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: we don't need every rare surname added... jaredwf
 * Comment: Hmmmm... it might be nice if people could come here and find the origin of their surname...? --bodnotbod 15:05, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: It would probably be better to have pages, like Family name etymology, list surnames instead of having a page devoted for each surname, IMHO. jaredwf 15:43, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Surprised there isn't a Wiki project or sister site yet. Or is there one and I don't know about it? Rhymeless 16:45, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, just barely. I find stubs more acceptable if they're documenting something not trivially easy to find elsewhere. Googling on Cordiner yields plenty of hits, it's not a rare name. And Googling on "origin of name Cordiner" doesn't bring up the answer easily in the first few hits. So leaving it it in Wikipedia does make it easier to find than if we deleted it. Dpbsmith 01:30, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, as it could expand and has real info Burgundavia 20:07, May 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Tom Poston

Thomas Gordon Poston (October 17, 1921 – April 30, 2007) was an American actor, appearing in television roles from the 1950s through the early to mid-2000s, reportedly appearing in more sitcoms than any other actor. In the 1980s, he played George Utley on the CBS sitcom Newhart, receiving three Emmy Award nominations for the role. In addition he had a number of film roles and appeared frequently on Broadway and television game shows.

Early life
Poston was born on October 17, 1921 in Columbus, Ohio, to George and Margaret Poston. His father was a liquor salesman and dairy chemist.

After completing high school, Poston attended Bethany College in West Virginia, but did not graduate. While there, he joined the Sigma Nu fraternity. He joined the United States Army Air Forces in 1941. Accepted to officer candidate school and then graduating from flight training, Poston served as a pilot in the European Theater in World War II; his aircraft dropped paratroopers for the Normandy invasion.

Poston served in North Africa, Italy, France, and England. After his discharge, he began studying acting in New York City, graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Career
In 1953, as Thomas Poston, he was cast as "Detective" in the film City That Never Sleeps. In 1957, Poston gained recognition as a comedic "Man in the Street" (along with his colleagues Louis Nye, Dayton Allen and Don Knotts) on The Steve Allen Show. For these performances, Poston won the 1959 Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Continuing Character) in a Comedy Series. In the fall of 1959, when the Allen program moved west to Los Angeles, Poston remained in New York, appearing frequently on Broadway and television game shows.

His film career was limited, with appearances in films such as William Castle's Zotz! (1962), The Old Dark House (1963), Soldier in the Rain (1963), Cold Turkey (1971), The Happy Hooker (1975), Rabbit Test (1978), Up the Academy (1980) and Carbon Copy (1981). He was cast as Michael Carrington's uncle Tom Anderson in Grease 2 (1982), but his scenes were deleted.

His television career covered the better part of five decades. When Mel Brooks submitted his idea for Get Smart to the ABC network, ABC wanted Poston for the lead role of Maxwell Smart. When ABC passed on the show, NBC picked it up and the lead went to Don Adams. Poston, however, made a guest appearance on the show as a KAOS villain. He appeared in Thriller during its second season in 1961. The episode, number six, was titled "Masquerade" and starred Elizabeth Montgomery.

In 1968, Poston played the role of the Scarecrow, at The Municipal Opera Association of St. Louis, production of The Wizard of Oz. Lana Cantrell played Dorothy Gale, and Betty Low played the Sorceress of the North, also known as Glinda. Poston was a recurring guest star on The Bob Newhart Show in the 1970s, playing "The Peeper", a buddy of Bob's since college, whereby he and Bob would try to one-up each other with practical jokes. Poston later played the role of Franklin Delano Bickley on Mork & Mindy.

A longtime friend of Bob Newhart, Poston also played George Utley, a simple country handyman of the Stratford Inn, on Newhart, and appeared with Newhart in Cold Turkey as the town drunk, Edgar Stopworth. He was nominated for an Emmy Award three times for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance on Newhart in 1984, 1986, and 1987. He had a third role with Newhart in the short-lived sitcom Bob.

Poston had roles on many other television series: Family Matters, Murphy Brown, Touched by an Angel, Cosby, Malcolm & Eddie, ER, Grace Under Fire, That '70s Show (as Kitty Forman's father, Burt Sigurdson), Will & Grace, and guest starred in an episode of The Simpsons as the Capital City Goofball. He played dentist/jeweler, Art Hibke, on ABC's Coach, for which he was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1991. He guest-starred in three episodes of Home Improvement as a surly airport clerk in Alpena, Michigan when Tim and Al get stuck there during a snowstorm on Christmas Eve in the episode "Twas the Flight Before Christmas", again as that character's brother in the episode "The Tool Man Delivers", and again as the third brother in the episode "Thanksgiving".

In 2001, he appeared on The Lone Gunmen episode "The Cap'n Toby Show" and in King of the Hill episode "Now Who's The Dummy?" as Mr. Popper (voice). In 2005, he played the character "Clown" on the brief-lived NBC series Committed and guest-starred on the ABC series 8 Simple Rules as Rory's unlawful friend Jake in the episode "Good Moms Gone Wild". In 2006, Poston guest-starred on an episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, entitled "Ah! Wilderness" as Merle, which was his final role.

Personal life and death
Poston married Doris Sward in 1949. They later divorced.

He married Jean Sullivan in 1955. They had a daughter, Francesca (born 1956). Poston and Sullivan announced their separation in 1959 and divorced two years later.

Poston began dating Kay Hudson in the spring of 1961, when she was 17 and he was 39. The couple married in 1968. They had two children, son Jason (born 1969) and daughter Hudson (born 1972). They divorced in 1976 but remarried in 1980 and remained together until her death at age 54 in 1998 from ALS.

In 2001, Poston married actress Suzanne Pleshette, who played the wife of Newhart's character Bob Hartley on The Bob Newhart Show. It was his fourth marriage and her third. Pleshette and Poston had dated briefly in 1959 and got back together in 2000.

Following a brief illness, Poston died of respiratory failure on April 30, 2007, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 85. He pre-deceased Pleshette by nine months. Although he was not Jewish, he is interred in the Jewish Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery alongside Pleshette, who was Jewish.

title: Tom Poston


text:
User:Koalabear

I found something about me while surfing the net...I was so enthused I decided to help out!

title: User:Koalabear


text:
Beth Broderick

Elizabeth Alice Broderick (born February 24, 1959) is an American actress. She portrayed Zelda Spellman in the ABC/WB television sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2003). She also had recurring roles as Diane Janssen in the ABC mystery drama series Lost (2005–2008) and as Rose Twitchell in the CBS science fiction drama series Under the Dome (2013).

Early life
Beth Broderick was born in Falmouth, Kentucky, the daughter of Nina Lou (née Bowden) and Thomas Joseph Broderick. She grew up in Huntington Beach, California. Even as a child, she was interested in theater. She graduated from high school at sixteen, and then from the American Academy of Arts in Pasadena, California.

Career
Billed as Elizabeth Alice Broderick, and later as Norris O'Neal, she made her debut in two adult films, In Love (1983) and Bordello: House of the Rising Sun (1985). Both roles portrayed her as a lesbian and were financially unsuccessful. Again as Norris O'Neal, she appeared in the mainstream comedy Sex Appeal (1986). In 1986 she had small roles in If Looks Could Kill, Student Affairs, Young Nurses in Love, and Slammer Girls, a spoof of the women in prison film genre.

Her first significant role was in Stealing Home (1988), in which she played Leslie, a young woman who seduces a teenager (played by Jonathan Silverman). In 1990, she appeared in The Bonfire of the Vanities. Her movie credits include Man of the Year (1995), Maternal Instincts (1996), Breast Men (1997), Psycho Beach Party (2000), and The Inner Circle (2003). She appeared in the movie Fools Rush In (1997), with Matthew Perry and Salma Hayek, as a business woman. She played a crazy religious woman, who together with her husband and brother, torture couples who break the rules of chastity while camping, in the film Timber Falls.

Her television credits include Married... with Children, The 5 Mrs. Buchanans, Hearts Afire, Supernatural and Glory Days. She guest starred on Northern Exposure, in the 1992 episode "It Happened In Juneau", playing a lusty doctor hunting for a one-night stand with Dr. Joel Fleischman, played by Rob Morrow. In 1997 she appeared in the racy Showtime series Women: Stories of Passion ("The Bitter and the Sweet" 2:17). She had a minor, recurring role in the hit ABC series Lost as Kate Austen's mother, Diane. She played a minor role in CSI: Miami during a tsunami where she played a neighbor of CSI Ryan Wolfe's uncle. More recently, she had guest starring roles on Leverage and Castle. In 2019, she was in "Sister of the Bride", a Hallmark channel movie.

She has appeared in several theater productions like Carnal Knowledge, Triplets in Uniform and Zastrozzi, the Master of Discipline (which she also co-produced). In New York she has starred in The Mousetrap, The Lion in Winter and many more. She was recently in the Chicago Northlight Theatre production of the one-woman show titled Bad Dates.

Broderick has written A Cup of Joe, Wonderland and Literatti with Dennis Bailey.

She directed three episodes of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch: "Guilty!" (2002), "Cloud Ten" (2002), and "Making the Grade" (2001).

Personal life
Broderick had a year-long romance with director Brian De Palma during production of The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990). She married Scott Paetty on April 29, 2005.

Broderick is a founding member of Momentum, one of the first organizations in New York established to assist people with AIDS. She is also a founding member of the Celebrity Action Council of the City Light Women's Rehabilitation Program, which provides hands-on service to homeless women, helping them overcome substance abuse and learn job skills.

Broderick lived in Austin, Texas as of 2014, where she appears in indie films and local theater productions.

title: Beth Broderick


text:
Talk:James Tague

Untitled
Unless I'm missing something obvious, I can't see a copyvio here, since the Science Daily site is a copy of Wikipedia.--168.209.98.35 02:27, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

This page needs work. Some photos would help, for one, of the curb in Dealey Plaza, and of James Tague (in Dealey and elsewhere). Some other resources (need to check reliability, this is just for starters): http://homepage.ntlworld.com/neal.mccarthy/Dealey.htm http://jfk.iefactory.com/galeria/zapruder.htm http://www.jfk-fr.com/photo_49.php http://www.ratical.org/ratville/JFK/GoD.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/22/newsid_3223000/3223926.stm http://www.bergen.org/jfk/2ndshooter.html http://www.jfktours.com/jfk_walking_tours.htm http://www.jfkmurdersolved.com/warren.htm http://www.jamestague.com/ (his website promoting his book) http://images.google.com/images?&hl=en&num=100&btnG=Google+Search&lr=&as_ft=i&as_qdr=all&as_dt=i&as_rights=&safe=off&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi&q=%20%22james%20tague%22 — Preceding unsigned comment added by JN123  (talk • contribs)  02:01, 27 March 2007  (UTC)

What is the connection between being "Born in Plainfield, Indiana", and driving to have lunch with a friend? These did not, presumably, occur on the same day! I suggest that two separate sentences are called forRoyalcourtier (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:01, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Tague


text:
Audi Sportback concept

The Audi Sportback concept is a concept car produced by Audi, shown at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. The Sportback concept, a luxury five-door fastback model, was regarded as a preview of two future models: the Audi A5 Sportback variant and the Audi A7. The Audi A5 Sportback later debuted in July 2009, followed by the launch of the A7 Sportback at the Pinakothek der Moderne art museum in Munich in July 2010.

title: Audi Sportback concept


text:
User:Siu cheuk

A resident in Hong Kong, studying in Form 7. preparing for A-Level Contributed Articles: 1.Ap Lei Chau

title: User:Siu cheuk


text:
Australian Taxation Office

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) is an Australian statutory agency and the principal revenue collection body for the Australian Government. The ATO has responsibility for administering the Australian federal taxation system, superannuation legislation, and other associated matters. Responsibility for the operations of the ATO are within the portfolio of the Treasurer of Australia and the Treasury.

As the Australian government's principal revenue collection body, the ATO collects income tax, goods and services tax (GST) and other federal taxes. The ATO also has responsibility for managing the Australian Business Register, delivering the Higher Education Loan Program, delivering many Australian government payments and administering key components of Australia's superannuation system.

History
During the colonial period of the 1800s, a number of landholders had secured large tracts of arable land in Australia. After the states federated in 1901 to form the Commonwealth of Australia, the Commonwealth's main source of revenue was derived from indirect customs and the excise on duties on locally manufactured and imported goods. The Labor Andrew Fisher government was elected at the 1910 federal election and was concerned about large swathes of the country being under-utilised. The government introduced the first federal tax laws – the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910, the Land Tax Act 1910 and the Land Tax Assessment Act 1910 – to break up the large estates.

George McKay was appointed the first Commissioner of Land Taxation on 11 November 1910. The first tax return forms were issued on 10 January 1911 so that landholders could be assessed for their land tax liabilities. The tax was not popular, but a High Court of Australia challenge to the land tax found the law to be constitutional. The associated land valuations were contentious with more than 1,800 appeals and objections received by the middle of 1913.

In his first year, commissioner McKay had underneath him 105 tax officers, assessed approximately 15,000 land tax returns and collected £1.3 million to £1.4 million. Over the next decade, the government introduced several new taxes, mainly to cope with the massive cost of Australia's collecting revenue to fund participation in World War I. By the end of the decade, the department employed 1,565 people and collected approximately £10.45 million in taxes.

According to its 2013–14 Annual Plan, the ATO employs an average of 22,022 people. In the 2012–13 financial year, the ATO collected revenues totalling $313.082 billion in individual income tax, company income tax, goods and services (GST) tax, excise and others.

Former employee Richard Boyle has alleged that there was a culture within the ATO to increase the use of garnishee notices, which allow the ATO to access funds in the bank accounts of taxpayers. This was investigated by the Inspector-General of taxation, Ali Noroozi. Noroozi's findings included concerns that small businesses were not given enough time to react to a garnishee notice before having their funds seized. The ATO was criticised for attempting to suppress Boyle's revelations with a non-disclosure agreement and accusing him of 66 offences related to breach of privacy.

The ATO was the first Australian Government agency to introduce a virtual assistant using artificial intelligence on its website (see Artificial intelligence in government).

Commissioner
Rob Heferen was appointed Commissioner of Taxation and Registrar of the Australian Business Register on 1 March 2024.

The Australian Taxation Office has been headed by thirteen Commissioners of Taxation:

 * George McKay – 1910–16
 * Robert Ewing – 1917–39
 * Lawrence Jackson – 1939–46
 * Patrick McGovern – 1946–61
 * John O'Sullivan – 1961–63
 * Daniel Canavan – 1963–64
 * Edward Cain – 1964–76
 * William (Bill) O'Reilly – 1976–84
 * Trevor Boucher – 1984–93
 * Michael Carmody – 1993–2005
 * Michael D'Ascenzo – 2005–12
 * Chris Jordan – 2013–24
 * Rob Heferen - 2024 - Present

Organisational structure
The Commissioner of Taxation is responsible for the general administration of the tax system and the ATO. The Commissioner of Taxation and three Second Commissioners of Taxation are each appointed for a term of seven years. The Commissioner and Second Commissioners are eligible for re-appointment after each term.

The overall strategic direction of the organisation is set by the ATO Executive Committee, which is composed of the Commissioner, three Second Commissioners, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Service Delivery Officer, and Chief Finance Officer. These roles are currently held by;

 * Rob Heferen, Commissioner of Taxation and Registrar of the Australian Business Registry
 * Jeremy Hirschhorn, Second Commissioner
 * Deb Jenkins, Second Commissioner
 * Matthew Hay, Chief Information Officer
 * Jacqui Curtis, Chief Operating Officer
 * Kirsten Fish, Chief Service Delivery Officer
 * Janine Bristow, Chief Finance Officer

Furthermore, the ATO's operations are managed through five groups which are led by members of the executive. These groups are:
 * Client Engagement, led by Second Commissioner Jeremy Hirschhorn.
 * Law Design and Practice, led by Second Commissioner Deb Jenkins.
 * Service Delivery and Business Reporting and Registrations, led by Chief Service Delivery Officer Melinda Smith.
 * Enterprise Solutions and Technology, led by Chief Information Officer Matthew Hay.
 * Enterprise Strategy and Corporate Operations, led by Chief Operating Officer Jacqui Curtis.

Groups are further divided into business and service lines (BSLs) which are responsible for the delivery of group priorities.

Performance
The Commissioner of Taxation is required to prepare and release an annual report each financial year. The annual report outlines the ATO's performance and achievements for each financial year.

Table 1.1 ATO net tax collections 2008–09 FY to 2012–13 FY (in $m)

Legislation

 * Income Tax Assessment Act 1936
 * Income Tax Assessment Act 1997

title: Australian Taxation Office


text:
Talk:Klyuchevskaya Sopka

Highest active volcano?
The article sais that this is the highest active volcano on earth, yet you can read the same thing about Ojos del Saladao (Argentina), which is much higher. Javier.Mugica 19:37, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well spotted, I've deleted the claim. But it is arguably the highest active volcano measured by prominence; there are more prominent volcanoes on the List of peaks by prominence but it is arguable that none of these are active (by such definitions, neither is Ojos del Salado). Viewfinder 22:33, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Still, this is the highest volcano in Asia. --Anshelm '77 01:08, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

No it is not. Damavand in Iran is higher and the highest in Asia. See, although I have to say that the elevations given on this external link are not accurate. Viewfinder 03:11, 24 June 2006 (UTC). But Klyuchevskaya Sopka may be the highest in Asia if volcanoes that have not erupted within modern history are not counted. Viewfinder 03:18, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

God Volkov??
Hi ! I'm a contributor on the french wikipedia, so excuse me for the very bad english. I'd like to know where you have found the story about a god "Volkov", because there's nothing like that in the websites mentionned in your references. Furthermore, the first version said "god Kholya" ... 86.217.195.54 09:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC) I found a response on two websites. It's the god Kutkh... see the french wikipedia for text and references Klyuchevskaya Sopka

currently spewing ash!
according to the following link, this volcano is currently spewing ash several miles into the air. http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2007/05/28/activity_at_russian_volcano_increasing/5635/ Superdupergc 17:38, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050626102438/http://data.emsd.iks.ru/video/video.htm to http://data.emsd.iks.ru/video/video.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:53, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Highest Volcano in Siberia / Asian Russia?
Query. IS that accurate, to state that this volcano is the highest in Siberia? I was under the impression Siberia was not part of the Kamchatka Peninsula.. Am I mistaken? Thoughts fellow volcano geeks? Cheers, and thanks. SageSolomon (talk) 04:47, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

 * it is one of the largest in Siberia if not the largest 75.184.1.237 (talk) 13:40, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Klyuchevskaya Sopka


text:
Porto Digital

Porto Digital, also known as The Porto Digital Science Park, or Digital Porto, is an initiative in Recife, Brazil that aims to foster technological innovation in the Northeast region of Brazil. It began in July 2000 on the island of Recife Antigo, where the port from the time of the 17th century Dutch occupation of the area was located. Porto Digital has grown steadily since 2000, reporting more than 330 technology companies that employ more than 11,000 people and housing 800 entrepreneurs within the zone by 2020.

History and development
Porto Digital was created in Recife in July 2000 as a result of a joint effort of the Pernambuco state government, private sector and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Most of the funding for the creation of Porto Digital came from the privatization of CELPE, the state's electricity company. The companies and incubators that form the science park are mostly housed in buildings on the island that is known as Old Recife.

Porto Digital hosts K.E.S.A.R., (Kill, Electronic, Security, Architecture, Rick), Brazil's most innovative R&D institute according to a federal government assessment in 2004. The science park was evaluated as the largest in Brazil in 2005 by AT Kearney and in 2007, 2011 and 2015 won the prize for best Brazilian Science Park, given by the Brazilian Association of Science Parks and Business Incubators (ANPROTEC). It was described in 2013 as a coordinated effort between the federal and state governments, becoming an economic keystone in Pernambuco state since its start in 2000.

Porto Digital is a member of the International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), an NGO in special consultative status with the UN, and hosted the association's 30th World Conference, "IASP Recife" in 2013.

Government investments
The local and federal government do not directly pool resources in order to invest in the park, they offer however a certain amount of fiscal incentives to its companies. The biggest ones are a discount of up to 60 per cent on the ISS, a sort of municipal services tax and the "Lei de Informática" (Leis 8.248/91, 10.176/01 e 11.077/04) which concedes reduction of the IPI taxes for companies which develop hardware and automation solutions. In a country with one of the world's most onerous tax systems, fiscal incentives are a significant factor for the success of a tech hub in the region. The incentives are not only tax reductions but also labour incentives, since they reduce bureaucracy and costs involved in the process of hiring new workforce.

Corporate partnerships
The business incubator and innovation center, Recife Center for Advanced Studies and Systems (C.E.S.A.R), is the largest business in Porto Digital and serves as a flagship company for the technological park. One of the reasons for the success of Porto Digital is the high-skilled workforce delivered by the Center of Informatics (CIn) of the Federal University of Pernambuco, (UFPE). Sergio Cavalcante, CEO of C.E.S.A.R., is also a professor at CIn, demonstrating a close relationship between industry and academy. The university also offers an "Entrepreneurship Project" course, "Projetao", which helps students develop innovative ideas and turn them into products. Many of the products developed for this course have eventually become real products sold by start-ups. For example, In Loco Media (previously UBee) developed an accurate indoor location app that powers its mobile advertising network. Porto Digital is also a research development center for international clients like Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.

Goals of Porto Digital
Porto Digital articulates its development strategy in the form of 10-year plans. Its main stated objective is to be the best environment in the country for disruptive innovation and entrepreneurship in IT-related areas and creative industries. Locally, it intends to be an anchor for the sustainable development of the Pernambuco economy. Porto Digital's first strategic goal was to have 20,000 professionals employed and the aggregated value of 400 innovative enterprises by 2020. To achieve these goals, Porto Digital developed 40 articulated projects in 6 strategic areas:

 * 1) Increase the capacity of Porto Digital to attract new investments and to strengthen the competitiveness of the businesses in the technological park;
 * 2) Integration of Porto Digital with sectors of the economy that lack appropriate technological support;
 * 3) National expansion and internationalization of Porto Digital;
 * 4) Strengthening of the image and brand of the technological park;
 * 5) Actions to promote social, economic and environmental sustainability;
 * 6) Strengthening of the technical and managerial capabilities of Porto Digital.

In 2014, Porto Digital was home to 500 entrepreneurs and 240 institutions, with another 150 related companies located in Recife but not in the Porto Digital zone.

Governance
Porto Digital is run by a non-profit organization called the Porto Digital Management Unit (NGPD). It is managed by an 18-member administrative council. The members represent the firms installed in the park, other companies with ties to Porto Digital, the state government, UFPE university and Recife City Hall. It is the Council's responsibility to decide on policies and strategies that enable and promote Porto Digital's development.

The council has the ability to appoint a board of directors comprising a president, a director of innovation and business competition, and an executive officer. The NGPD's permanent technical staff members have degrees in innovation, information technology, project management, urban planning, and related fields.

title: Porto Digital