text:
Talk:Splinter (The Offspring album)

Josh Freese
I can see that Josh Freese have been mentioned in older edits of this page, why is he no longer mentioned? He helped the band with the recordings after their former drummer, Ron Welty, decided to leave The Offspring. --213.67.162.10 13:35, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Merger
I prodded the proposed single track to be merged because of copyvio and non-notability. The article at present really should just be deleted as there is nothing there that is not on the main album page. SM247 23:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Written and Produced By
Guys I'm no expert with this Wiki editing thing, so I'd rather not edit the front page, but by no means were any of the songs on splinter produced by Dexter and Noodles, even if the credits say so in the booklet (which I'm too lazy to check actually), it was produced by Brenden O'Brian, and all the songs were written by Dexter Holland. I think Dexter is credited as producer for their "I wanna be sedeated" cover, but other than that they always use big shot producers. They pretty much have to. So you guys might wanna change that! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.82.33.95 (talk • contribs) 10:24, 28 June 2007

Parental Advisory
This isn't their first album to get a parental advisory label, I'm looking at my copy of Conspiracy of One right now and it's got one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.144.184.34 (talk • contribs) 19:09, 22 November 2008

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
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title: Talk:Splinter (The Offspring album)


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Magny-le-Freule

Magny-le Freule is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magny-le-Freule


text:
Talk:Carrie (novel)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Bmhasset.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Maricarmen garciaramos, Rummens97, Jmirto95. Peer reviewers: Msalgueiro, Mzanders135, Grichmond96.

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COMMENT
^^ If you mean it's a scary book, yeah I guess so. Anyway...regarding "false documents", I have a rough idea what this means, but how is it demonstrated in Carrie (I haven't read it for about 8 years)..? pomegranate 23:59, Aug 4, 2004 (UTC)

Untitled
Carrie, the movie, is definately one of the better film adaptations of King's work. Directed by Brian De Palma and starring Sissy Spacek, it is a truly terrifying movie.

I expanded the plot synopsis a little — it barely described what happens in the story line. Leroi henri christophe 20:50, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The plot summary was in depth and very detailed even though there were some grammatical errors. The language used to describe the novel does not reflect the raw and gruesome language used in the book by King. The plot summary could have done a better job of reflecting the tone of the novel and could have described Carrie in a more unpleasing way. The description of the novel, the first paragraph of the wiki page, could demonstrate Carrie's physical appearance better and her life in more detailed. The organization of the article is a good way for the reader to understand what is happening in the same sequence as in the novel.Maricarmen garciaramos (talk) 21:02, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

Should this be in the Fantasy film category?
should this (and Carrie 2) really come in the Fantasy category, otherwise every Horror film that involves the supernatural would (which is a lot) and I wouldn't think of a lot of those as my idea of a Fantasy movie? Arnie587 00:20, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Remake
So where is the section on the remake of the film? There are obvious differences here. Alyeska 19:32, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Necessary?
I don't know if anyone's noticed, but there is an article called Carrie (1976 film), which basically includes all of the info in this plus a bit more. The silly thing is that, if you search for "Carrie", it comes to this one. I would recommend this page for deletion.

 * moved this page to Carrie (novel) with the original disambiguation moved to Carrie. Hbdragon88 04:54, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

King's attitude to adaptions of his work
The statement in the opening paragraph of this article, describing how the film version of Carrie is one of the few adaptions of King's work that he appreciates, is in direct conflict with the following quote from the main article on Stephen King:

Unlike some authors, King is not at all troubled when a movie based on his work differs from the derivative work itself, and is often pleased with film adaptations of his work. He has contrasted his books and its film adaptations as "apples and oranges; both delicious, but very different."

I'm not sure which of these concepts is accurate, since neither of them are backed up by relevant sources.

 * According to Harlan Ellison in Harlan Ellison's Watching, it's a lot more complicated than that; King has apparently not approved at all of a lot of the changes when film versions are made, but at least at first (Carrie, The Shining, Cujo) would say nothing, or try to keep things positive. I'll look up the exact quotes. --Bluejay Young (talk) 03:41, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Miss Desjardin
Does it ever specify if Miss Desjardin made it out of the prom alive? JackOfHearts 10:57, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Miss Desjardin does survive; I added this information. Miss Tabitha (talk) 22:19, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Similarity to Cho's Plays?
Is there any similarity between the VA Tech shooter's plays and this story? --Zeckalpha 12:42, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No. You can see Cho's plays at thesmokinggun.com; as far as I can remember they are mostly family dramas where sons stand up to or kill abusive fathers. Much more like Abel Harlingen in The Tommyknockers. However, the ambience of Carrie foreshadows Westboro, Columbine, VTech and all the rest. Some of the most famous school arsons may have had similar origins. --Bluejay Young (talk) 03:47, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Carrienovel.jpg
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Fair use rationale for Image:Carrienovel.jpg
Image:Carrienovel.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Sue's Miscarriage?
I don't think that the book says that Sue miscarries as the synopsis in this article does. That seems to be taking it a step beyond what is actually said in the book. In fact, Tabitha King's introduction in the Collector's Edition seems to insinuate that Sue was not actually pregnant. I think that should be changed in this article. (75.14.218.208 (talk) 08:24, 19 May 2008 (UTC))

 * I have taken it out several times, and someone always puts it back in. They want for there to be an abortion there where there wasn't one, I guess. There is no indication that Carrie had anything to do with Sue getting her period that night, and Sue only fantasizes that she might be pregnant because her period is a few days late. --Bluejay Young (talk)

Marital rape
"Revealing that Carrie's conception was a result of what may have been marital rape (although she admits she enjoyed the sex) ..."

This just sounds ridiculous. (I didn't read the book. But the concept is weird. ) --Zslevi (talk) 14:22, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps try reading the book before saying it's "weird." That is what is described in the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.0.11.205 (talk) 01:55, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

I've heard this before in regards to Margaret White. "How was it rape if she liked it? Lol" The concept that feeling physical pleasure during a rape, nullifies the fact that it's rape, is astounding to me. Physical pleasure is a physiological reaction that you can't control. Let's put it another way: Shoving food into someone's mouth is assault. (It is. I looked it up. Lol) Well what if someone shoves into another person's mouth something that tastes good, so that it's technically pleasurable going down their throat? That doesn't nullify the fact that it was still assault. It might have technically tasted good but that's a physiological reaction that a person can't control. The fact is that the person did not consent to having food shoved in their mouth - thus, it's assault. Likewise, even if a person's body reacts in such a way that pleasurable sensations are felt, that doesn't nullify the fact that it was rape (if the person didn't consent). - Jenna

Linked Review
The link to the "review" should be removed--the review is dreadful, amateurish, not-even-high-school-level writing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.132.218.4 (talk) 16:28, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Carrie doesn't forgive Sue?
It's been a lifetime since I read this book, but don't Carrie and Sue connect mentally, and doesn't Carrie make Sue get her period? I got from that that Sue was pregnant, and Carrie ended the pregnancy because Sue didn't want it. Either that, or when the entire hellish episode was all over, Sue just menstruated as a bookend to the beginning of the story with Carrie's nightmare intro to womanhood.

Seriously, am I hallucinating that part of the story? Haven't been able to get ahold of this book for YEARS. Helenabucket (talk) 04:50, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Reception
After reading that the paperback rights sold for 400,000, as compared to 2,500 for the first edition hardcover, I became curious as to how much of a blockbuster this book was, and when exactly it became a blockbuster, because if, as the article states, the first edition only sold 13,000 copies, why would the paperback be bought for so much? A reception section should be in order. Thank you. Renfield (talk) 14:43, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Plot summary
The plot summary is written terribly. I mean it is just awful. It gives me a headache to read it. Someone has to write it again, for example, "Carrie is at first real nervous, but soon she realizes that everyone is starting to like her because of getting treated so well", and, "She makes it to the roadhouse the Cavalier and then decides that nothing matters anymore". Now I may be mistaken but these are written just terribly. These are just a few extracts from this wall of just plain awful writing and someone needs to sort it. Zolstijers, innit brah!? —Preceding undated comment added 15:39, 25 November 2010 (UTC).

In the Plot Summary I added that Sue Snell convinces her boyfriend, Tommy, to take Carrie to the dance and how her mother forbids it in fear for Carri's chastity. Carrie uses her powers against her mother and attends the dance anyway. Originally it said that Sue wanted to become friends with Carrie but that's speculation, so I just added how she wanted to make the situation better by not going to the dance and having Tommy take her instead. I also added information on how King structured his novel. Maricarmen garciaramos (talk) 20:24, 23 October 2015 (UTC)
 * The plot summary was far too long before your additions. If you add, please trim other parts as much or more than you add. Sundayclose (talk) 00:55, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

American dad
Theres an American Dad episode where Stan gets pigs dumped on him at prom. When someone asks why it wasnt pigs blood someone else reveals they didnt actually finish the book. Someone else can add it if they want, I just didnt really know how to word it.--68.60.16.174 (talk) 16:58, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Something similiar in Ugly Betty, where she dreams she gets covered in pigs blood...should that be referenced? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.207.148.64 (talk) 19:49, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Carrie reference for IT
Hey, can anyone tell me what chapter Carrie Whites grave is mentioned? I just want to check to see if its the real deal Titan30 (talk) 02:39, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

Plot Summary
Although the facts surrounding the book and publication are in depth and worth mentioning, I find the actual summary doesn't do the book much justice. The summary is detailed, but the dictation and language being utilized fails to capture the very grunge and real language used in the book. That sort of diction and grime needs to be brought to the summary. Jmirto95 (talk) 20:51, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * A plot summary doesn't need to recreate the style that the author used in writing the novel, nor is that the case for the vast majority of plot summaries on Wikipedia. It simply needs to succinctly and accurately summarize the plot. See WP:PLOTSUM for more details about an acceptable plot summary. Sundayclose (talk) 21:03, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

The summary of the book is thorough, but it could've been made easier to understand with stating exact details of what actually occurred in the novel. The book was very gruesome and acute, and the summary could be made the same way.Rummens97 (talk) 16:08, 24 October 2015 (UTC)BriannaRummens
 * The plot summary DOES summarize "what actually occurred in the novel." There are limits to the length of plot summaries, per Wikipedia guidelines. And please cite the policy or guideline stating that plot summaries must recreate the style of the novel such as "gruesome and acute". Few, if any, Wikipedia plot summaries do so. Sundayclose (talk) 17:11, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Themes
Added a section for themes and briefly discussed the idea of gender and revenge, without going into too much detail to take away from free though. Jmirto95 (talk) 23:51, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * You added your own interpretations to those of the source you cite. All interpretations must be sourced. Sundayclose (talk) 02:48, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

Improvements
There were only a few grammatical errors that we could find, but the changes that we made to improve the article had to deal with the punctuation, word choice, finishing incomplete sentences. The issues that we found, and fixed, in the plot summary had to deal with punctuation, tenses, and incomplete sentences. In the publication section the issues had to deal with punctuation and word choice. Lastly, in the adaptations section, the issues we found had to deal with usage of the wrong tense, and incomplete sentences. These were all the language and grammatical issues that we could find in this article. Rummens97Maricarmen garciaramos (talk) 01:12, 3 December 2015 (UTC) (talk) 01:11, 3 December 2015 (UTC)BriannaRummens

I originally added to the article's publication history but received feedback that should relate to the article more and have it not be a random fact. I added more to it in hopes of having it relate to the previous statements in the section.Maricarmen garciaramos (talk) 01:35, 12 December 2015 (UTC)

Response to sundaydance
I assume that this is how I make a post here.

Anyway, sundaydance. I understand what you mean by the last paragraph having been my own interpretation. So we can scrap that. But the paragraph starting with "Although what Carrie did was violence..." was a summary of the *quote* that I cited afterward. Wait, I'll walk you through this.

Quote from Stephen King showing that Carrie is an allegory for feminism, which is what I quoted in the page: "Carrie is largely about how women find their own channels of power and what men fear about women and women’s sexuality…which is only to say that, writing the book in 1973, I was fully aware of what Women’s Liberation implied for me and others of my sex. The book is, in its more adult implications, an uneasy masculine shrinking from a future of female equality… Carrie is Woman, feeling her powers for the first time, and, like Samson, pulling down the temple on everyone in sight… and using her “wild talent” to pull down the whole rotten society…at the end of the book." Source: Danse Macabre

Then I said: "Although what Carrie does at the end of the book - when viewed on a literal level - is violence" <-- A summary of the novel

Then I said: "Stephen King did not intend for the novel to be anti-feminist. On a symbolic level, Stephen King viewed Carrie’s destruction of her school as a positive thing." Which I sourced in the quote I posted afterward: "I never viewed Carrie as evil, I saw her as good. When she pulls the house down at the end, she is not responsible." (Stephen King: The Art of Darkness)

Essentially my paragraphs weren't so much my interpretations of the novel but rather paraphrasing Stephen King's quotes about his own thoughts on the novel.

And yes, I did look at the links you posted. & I still don't understand what I did wrong. Yes, the other administrator removed my info, but what she asked (very politely, by the way) was for me to provide sources. Which I then did (by sourcing Stephen King's quote from Danse Macabre and the quote from Stephen King: The Art of Darkness).

Also I request that you do not end this conversation now because I'm genuinely curious about how to improve my posts so that I can Wiki better in the future. Also I think that the part about Carrie having been an allegory for feminism is actually pretty important to be on this page, because Stephen King said that it was his intent for the book (see the aforementioned quote). He dedicated several paragraphs to it in his book Danse Macabre. Why wouldn't it be relevant to post on Wikipedia?
 * (First of all, my username is Sundayclose.) For editors just joining this discussion, it began on my talk page if you want to read it. As for your interpretations, you wrote: "Although what Carrie does at the end of the book - when viewed on a literal level - is violence, Stephen King did not intend for the novel to be anti-feminist. On a symbolic level, Stephen King viewed Carrie’s destruction of her school as a positive thing, as can be seen in his description in the aforementioned quote as the society having been “rotten”". That is neither a summary of the novel nor a summary of King's quotation. It is your interpretation based on your understanding of the novel and the quotation. Similarly, you also wrote: "The novel ends with an implication that Carrie has been reincarnated, powers intact, into a new family which embraces her for her powers rather than alienating and demonizing her for them. This can be seen as symbolic for the destruction of a society which had been oppressive to women, in order to make room for a society that treated women well." Again, that is not a summary of the novel, King's quotation, or Winter's quotation. I don't know why you have so much trouble understanding the difference between a summary and your own interpretation. But if you can't, then Wikipedia is not the place for you to write. I have asked you repeatedly to read WP:V, WP:NOR, and WP:NPOV, but it's quite obvious that you haven't done so, or that you don't understand what you read. I have explained this as simply as I can. If someone else can help you understand here, I welcome other comments. But this is my final comment. You need to either source the unsourced paragraphs, or you need to get a clear consensus here. Sundayclose (talk) 15:56, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

I already agreed that the part about reincarnation symbolism was my own interpretation and could be scrapped. I quote myself: "I understand what you mean by the last paragraph having been my own interpretation. So we can scrap that." "Stephen King viewed Carrie’s destruction of her school as a positive thing" is a paraphrasing of when King said "I never viewed Carrie as evil, I saw her as good. When she pulls the house down at the end, she is not responsible." Edit: Hmmm I guess it sort of is a leap to go from "she's not responsible" to being "a positive thing."
 * As I said, the unsourced parts are much more than summary. There's a lot of your own interpretation. But thanks for discussing here. By the way, if you can use the quotations with a bit of non-interpretive description to create a section about theme(s), that might work. But I strongly suggest presenting it here and waiting for others to react first. That avoids a lot of disagreement in the article and reverting. You might look around at other articles about King's works or other novels to find examples of how it's done. A superb example for a film rather than a novel is Pulp Fiction. It's not that I entirely disagree with your conclusions, just that you mix your interpretations with the quotations without proper sourcing. Sundayclose (talk) 20:52, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

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Page Evaluation
after reading the article I have felt very informed when it came to the summary and the character analysis. If I had not read this article I would have felt underinformed when starting to read the novel, Carrie. the subtitles are accurate headings with clear and concise information provided to the reader.

After reading the article I would use it to further describe the novel to a friend! — Preceding unsigned comment added by RylanOConnor (talk • contribs) 15:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

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I'm Not Okay With This adaptation
There is a Netflix series which is an adaptation of Carrie.

It's got the pigs blood, the telekinesis, the prom. The story had been fleshed out with more characters, and updated a bit. But it's pretty clearly based on Carrie. 103.12.191.101 (talk) 11:47, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carrie (novel)


text:
Polymer chemistry

Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic metals and ceramics to DNA and other biological molecules. However, polymer chemistry is typically related to synthetic and organic compositions. Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in commercial materials and products in everyday use, such as plastics, and rubbers, and are major components of composite materials. Polymer chemistry can also be included in the broader fields of polymer science or even nanotechnology, both of which can be described as encompassing polymer physics and polymer engineering.

History
The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose, which, when treated with camphor, produced celluloid. Dissolved in ether or acetone, it becomes collodion, which has been used as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In years 1834-1844 the properties of rubber (polyisoprene) were found to be greatly improved by heating with sulfur, thus founding the vulcanization process.

In 1884 Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber plant based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first polymer made independent of the products of organisms, a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin called Bakelite. Around the same time, Hermann Leuchs reported the synthesis of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides and their high molecular weight products upon reaction with nucleophiles, but stopped short of referring to these as polymers, possibly due to the strong views espoused by Emil Fischer, his direct supervisor, denying the possibility of any covalent molecule exceeding 6,000 daltons. Cellophane was invented in 1908 by Jocques Brandenberger who treated sheets of viscose rayon with acid.

The chemist Hermann Staudinger first proposed that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds, which he called macromolecules. His work expanded the chemical understanding of polymers and was followed by an expansion of the field of polymer chemistry during which such polymeric materials as neoprene, nylon and polyester were invented. Before Staudinger, polymers were thought to be clusters of small molecules (colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force. Staudinger received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953. Wallace Carothers invented the first synthetic rubber called neoprene in 1931, the first polyester, and went on to invent nylon, a true silk replacement, in 1935. Paul Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 for his work on polymer random coil configurations in solution in the 1950s. Stephanie Kwolek developed an aramid, or aromatic nylon named Kevlar, patented in 1966. Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta received a Nobel Prize for their discovery of catalysts for the polymerization of alkenes. Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of polyacetylene and related conductive polymers. Polyacetylene itself did not find practical applications, but organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emerged as one application of conducting polymers.

Teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry were introduced in the 1940s. An Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Staudinger. In America, a Polymer Research Institute (PRI) was established in 1941 by Herman Mark at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic Institute of NYU).

Polymers and their properties
Polymers are high molecular mass compounds formed by polymerization of monomers. They are synthesized by the polymerization process and can be modified by the additive of monomers. The additives of monomers change polymers mechanical property, processability, durability and so on. The simple reactive molecule from which the repeating structural units of a polymer are derived is called a monomer. A polymer can be described in many ways: its degree of polymerisation, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching, by its end-groups, crosslinks, crystallinity and thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature. Polymers in solution have special characteristics with respect to solubility, viscosity, and gelation. Illustrative of the quantitative aspects of polymer chemistry, particular attention is paid to the number-average and weight-average molecular weights $$M_n$$ and $$M_w$$, respectively.

M_n=\frac{\sum M_i N_i} {\sum N_i},\quad

M_w=\frac{\sum M_i^2 N_i} {\sum M_i N_i},\quad $$

The formation and properties of polymers have been rationalized by many theories including Scheutjens–Fleer theory, Flory–Huggins solution theory, Cossee–Arlman mechanism, Polymer field theory, Hoffman Nucleation Theory, Flory–Stockmayer theory, and many others.

The study of polymer thermodynamics helps improve the material properties of various polymer-based materials such as polystyrene (styrofoam) and polycarbonate. Common improvements include toughening, improving impact resistance, improving biodegradability, and altering a material's solubility.

Viscosity
As polymers get longer and their molecular weight increases, their viscosity tend to increase. Thus, the measured viscosity of polymers can provide valuable information about the average length of the polymer, the progress of reactions, and in what ways the polymer branches.

Classification
Polymers can be classified in many ways. Polymers, strictly speaking, comprise most solid matter: minerals (i.e. most of the Earth's crust) are largely polymers, metals are 3-d polymers, organisms, living and dead, are composed largely of polymers and water. Often polymers are classified according to their origin:
 * biopolymers
 * synthetic polymers
 * inorganic polymers

Biopolymers are the structural and functional materials that comprise most of the organic matter in organisms. One major class of biopolymers are proteins, which are derived from amino acids. Polysaccharides, such as cellulose, chitin, and starch, are biopolymers derived from sugars. The polynucleic acids DNA and RNA are derived from phosphorylated sugars with pendant nucleotides that carry genetic information.

Synthetic polymers are the structural materials manifested in plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, building materials, furniture, mechanical parts, and adhesives. Synthetic polymers may be divided into thermoplastic polymers and thermoset plastics. Thermoplastic polymers include polyethylene, teflon, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyurethane, Poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl chloride, nylons, and rayon. Thermoset plastics include vulcanized rubber, bakelite, Kevlar, and polyepoxide. Almost all synthetic polymers are derived from petrochemicals.

title: Polymer chemistry


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Anissimov

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Michael Anissimov.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

 * Vanity. Delete. (unsigned addition at 18:44, May 15, 2004 by User:Janus san)
 * This appears to be linked to the Bruce Klein article below. I've heard of transhumanism of course, but are these folks at all well-known? Isomorphic 20:10, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. RickK 20:40, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 03:35, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:22, May 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete all vanity pages Ensiform 03:38, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Maisoncelles

Maisoncelles is the name or part of the name of several communes in France.

 * Maisoncelles, Haute-Marne, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Maisoncelles, Sarthe, in the Sarthe département
 * Maisoncelles-du-Maine, in the Mayenne département
 * Maisoncelles-en-Brie, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Maisoncelles la Jourdan, in the Calvados département
 * Maisoncelles-Pelvey, in the Calvados département
 * Maisoncelles sur Ajon, in the Calvados département
 * Maisoncelle, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Maisoncelle-et-Villers, in the Ardennes département
 * Maisoncelle-Saint-Pierre, in the Oise département
 * Maisoncelle-Tuilerie, in the Oise département

title: Maisoncelles


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Flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted by the Kazakh government on 24 January 1953. The flag resembles the flag of the Soviet Union in defaced form with a 2/9 horizontal blue (azure) bar in the lower part of the flag and the hammer and sickle in the near centre.

History
Between 1937 and the adoption of the above flag in 1940, the flag was red with a gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, with the Latin characters QAZAQ SSR and the Cyrillic characters КАЗАХСКАЯ ССР (KAZAKHSKAYA SSR) in gold in a sans-serif font beneath the hammer and sickle.

The second flag was red with the gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, with the Cyrillic characters Қазақ ССР (Qazaq SSR) and Казахская ССР (Kazakhskaya SSR) in gold to the right of the hammer and sickle was adopted on 10 November 1940 which adopted a law on the transfer of Kazakh writing in Russian alphabet charts, modified accordingly and the inscription on the emblem.

On 24 January 1953, the new flag of the Kazakh SSR was approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR. It was the flag of the Soviet Union; with the blue horizontal stripe at the bottom of the cloth. The width of the blue band is equal to 2/9 of the flag width, and the distance to it from the lower edge of the flag, 1/9 of the flag's width.

The regulations of the state flag of the Kazakh SSR was approved on 28 August 1981. It specified the proportions of the hammer and sickle and red star: the hammer and sickle are within a square side of the flag's width to 1/4 the length of the hammer handle - 3/4 of the diagonal of the square, the star fits into the diameter of a circle 1/8 of the flag width, distance of the vertical axis stars from the flagpole - 1/4 of the flag's width, the distance from the top edge to the center of the star - 1/8 of the flag's width.

The flag remained in use as the first flag of Kazakhstan until the new one was adopted on 4 June 1992.


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Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan

Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire Normandie.

title: Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan


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Flag of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Kirghiz SSR was adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kirghiz SSR decreed by its Decree on 22 December 1952. The 1978 constitution of the Kirghiz SSR states that the ratio of the flag is 1:2 with the blue/white/blue stripes in the middle taking 1⁄3 of the flag height and the white stripes $1/undefined$ of flag height. The red, blue and white colors were derived from the Pan-Slavic colours.

According to the constitution in detail in article 168:

"'The national flag of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is a red cloth with a blue stripe in the middle of the entire length of the flag. The blue bar is one third of the width of the flag. Along the blue stripe in the middle is a white strip, equal to one-twentieth of the width of the flag. On the upper red part of the flag, at the shaft, are depicted a golden hammer and sickle and above them a red five-pointed star framed with a gold border. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1:2.'"

The flag differences from the flag of the Soviet Union and the flags of the Soviet Republics was a larger star (in comparison with the image of the sickle and hammer) and the location of the hammer and sickle practically on the border of the red and blue stripes: on the flags of all other republics (except for Georgia and Turkmenia), the diameter of the circle into which the 5-terminal star was inscribed was exactly half the size of the side of the square in which the sickle and hammer were inscribed, and on the flag of Kirghizia, the diameter of the star (1/10 of the width of the flag) was more than half Side of the square (1/6 of the width of the flag).

History
After the formation of the Kirghiz SSR on 5 December 1936 the first flag of the Kirghiz SSR was adopted.

"'The national flag of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is a red cloth with text 'Kyrgyz SSR' printed in the Kyrgyz language on top and in the Russian language at the bottom in the top-left corner of the flag. The height-to-width ratio is 1:2.'"

The first variant of the flag used the Latin version of the Kyrgyz alphabet. This flag was in use from 1937 to 1940.

After the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet new flag design was created.

On 22 December 1952, the red flag was replaced with a new red flag with a blue and white stripes in the middle of the entire length of the flag.

After independence, this flag remained the flag of the newly independent Kyrgyzstan until 1992 when a new flag was introduced.


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Maisoncelles-Pelvey

Maisoncelles-Pelvey is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maisoncelles-Pelvey


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Flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic shows a yellow hammer and sickle and outlined star on a red field above rippling water at the bottom, and was adopted by the (former) Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic on January 17, 1953.

History
The first socialist Latvian state, the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, shown a red flag with the inscription LSPR.

Prior to this, from 25 August 1940, the flag was red with the gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, with the Latin characters LPSR (Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika) above them in gold in a serif font.

The Soviet-era flag was officially replaced on 27 February 1990, when the national flag of Latvia was reintroduced. Since 2013, the use of a Latvian SSR flag at public events is banned.


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Flag of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Lithuanian SSR was first adopted by the Lithuanian SSR in 1918, which was a plain red flag. After the Lithuanian SSR was established again in 1940, the flag was a red flag with the national name and a hammer and sickle in the upper canton. The flag in use from 1953 to 1988 was a red flag with the golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star in its upper canton with a white thin stripe and green thick band on the bottom.

History
During the Lithuanian–Soviet War, the first Lithuanian SSR used a plain red flag. This was later adopted by Lithuanian–Byelorussian SSR (Litbel).

When Lithuanian SSR was established again as a republic of the USSR, it adopted a new national flag on 30 July 1940. The flag was red with the Latin characters LIETUVOS TSR (Lithuanian SSR in the Lithuanian language) in gold sans-serif typeface in the upper canton, and a gold hammer and sickle below the text.

On 15 July 1953, a new flag was adopted. It was modified to meet the new requirements for all flags of the Soviet socialist republics. The top red portion took 2⁄3 of the width and incorporated the mandatory hammer and sickle and red star. The bottom part could be customized by each republic. Lithuania added a narrow white ($1/12$ of the width) and a larger green (1⁄4 of the width) strips. The green and white stripes thus represented the country's wide fields and forests, which serve the country's agricultural and forestry industries.

On 18 November 1988, the tricolour of Lithuania was adopted as the flag of the SSR, even before Lithuania declared independence in March 1990. The Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR, inspired by pro-independence Sąjūdis, amended the constitution and adopted the tricolour flag of Lithuania that was used during the interwar years.

Legal status
Since Lithuania banned Soviet symbols in 2008, raising or otherwise using the Lithuanian SSR flag in public is illegal.


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Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon

Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon


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Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted on 31 January 1952. The flag has three horizontal bands of red, green (1/4) and red, with a hammer and sickle in the canton. As defined by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the flag description:

"The national flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red color with a green stripe in the middle of the whole flag length, with the image on top of the red part of the flag from the flagpole golden hammer and sickle above a five-pointed red star framed by gold border. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1:2 with the bandwidth of green to the width of the flag 1:4"

Moldavian ASSR
Between 1924 and 1940, part of Moldova was organized as the Moldavian ASSR within the Ukrainian SSR. A red flag, with the gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, above the Cyrillic characters УРСР (Ukrainian initials of Ukrainian SSR) and the Latin characters RSSU (Moldovan initials of Ukrainian SSR in Latin script) was adopted in 1938. The Moldovan text on the flag was later changed to PCCУ (Moldovan initials of Ukrainian SSR in Cyrillic script).

Moldavian SSR
In 1940, a red flag with the gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, with the Cyrillic characters РССМ (Moldovan initials of Moldavian SSR in Cyrillic script) above them in gold in a serif font was adopted for the newly founded Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

With perestroika in force, the Moldovan nationalism came in place with the Popular Front of Moldova being involved. On 27 April 1990, the new flag of the Moldavian SSR consisted of the Romanian tricolor with the emblem of the Moldavian SSR in the centre. However, it was decided to use the flag without the emblem until new symbols were worked on. When Moldavia declared sovereignty in June 1990, the new flag was adopted on 6 November 1990 and remains the flag of Moldova to this day.

Use in Transnistria
The 1992 flag is readopted as the flag of Transnistria, a breakaway region which is recognised as Moldova's territory by the United Nations.


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Environmental chemistry

Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It should not be confused with green chemistry, which seeks to reduce potential pollution at its source. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity and biological activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science.

Environmental chemistry involves first understanding how the uncontaminated environment works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present naturally, and with what effects. Without this it would be impossible to accurately study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals.

Environmental chemists draw on a range of concepts from chemistry and various environmental sciences to assist in their study of what is happening to a chemical species in the environment. Important general concepts from chemistry include understanding chemical reactions and equations, solutions, units, sampling, and analytical techniques.

Contaminant
A contaminant is a substance present in nature at a level higher than fixed levels or that would not otherwise be there. This may be due to human activity and bioactivity. The term contaminant is often used interchangeably with pollutant, which is a substance that has a detrimental impact on the surrounding environment. Whilst a contaminant is sometimes defined as a substance present in the environment as a result of human activity, but without harmful effects, it is sometimes the case that toxic or harmful effects from contamination only become apparent at a later date.

The "medium" such as soil or organism such as  fish affected by the pollutant or contaminant is called a receptor, whilst a sink is a chemical medium or species that retains and interacts with the pollutant such as carbon sink and its effects by microbes.

Environmental indicators
Chemical measures of water quality include dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, nutrients (nitrates and phosphorus), heavy metals, soil chemicals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), and pesticides.

Applications
Environmental chemistry is used by the Environment Agency in England, Natural Resources Wales, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Association of Public Analysts, and other environmental agencies and research bodies around the world to detect and identify the nature and source of pollutants. These can include:
 * Heavy metal contamination of land by industry. These can then be transported into water bodies and be taken up by living organisms.
 * PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) in large bodies of water contaminated by oil spills or leaks. Many of the PAHs are carcinogens and are extremely toxic. They are regulated by concentration (ppb) using environmental chemistry and chromatography laboratory testing.
 * Nutrients leaching from agricultural land into water courses, which can lead to algal blooms and eutrophication.
 * Urban runoff of pollutants washing off impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots, and rooftops) during rain storms. Typical pollutants include gasoline, motor oil and other hydrocarbon compounds, metals, nutrients and sediment (soil).
 * Organometallic compounds.

Methods
Quantitative chemical analysis is a key part of environmental chemistry, since it provides the data that frame most environmental studies.

Common analytical techniques used for quantitative determinations in environmental chemistry include classical wet chemistry, such as gravimetric, titrimetric and electrochemical methods. More sophisticated approaches are used in the determination of trace metals and organic compounds. Metals are commonly measured by atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-AES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric (ICP-MS) techniques. Organic compounds, including PAHs, are commonly measured also using mass spectrometric methods, such as Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Tandem Mass spectrometry MS/MS and High Resolution/Accurate Mass spectrometry HR/AM offer sub part per trillion detection. Non-MS methods using GCs and LCs having universal or specific detectors are still staples in the arsenal of available analytical tools.

Other parameters often measured in environmental chemistry are radiochemicals. These are pollutants which emit radioactive materials, such as alpha and beta particles, posing danger to human health and the environment. Particle counters and Scintillation counters are most commonly used for these measurements. Bioassays and immunoassays are utilized for toxicity evaluations of chemical effects on various organisms. Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR is able to identify species of bacteria and other organisms through specific DNA and RNA gene isolation and amplification and is showing promise as a valuable technique for identifying environmental microbial contamination.

Published analytical methods
Peer-reviewed test methods have been published by government agencies and private research organizations. Approved published methods must be used when testing to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.

Notable environmental chemists
Joan Berkowitz Paul Crutzen (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995) Philip Gschwend Alice Hamilton John M. Hayes Charles David Keeling Ralph Keeling Mario Molina (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995) James J. Morgan Clair Patterson Roger Revelle Sherry Roland (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995) Robert Angus Smith Susan Solomon Werner Stumm Ellen Swallow Richards Hans Suess John Tyndall

title: Environmental chemistry


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Flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was the red Soviet flag with white and green stripes below the gold hammer and sickle, with the measures: 1/2 red, 1/5 white, 1/10 green, 1/5 red. The flag sported the Pan-Iranian colors of red, white and green, as a nod to the republic's Persian-descended culture. The flag was adopted on March 20, 1953 by decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR:

"The national flag of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic is a panel consisting of four horizontal colored stripes: the upper band of red which is half the width of the flag; white stripe, making one fifth of the width of the flag; green stripes, is one-tenth the width of the flag, and the lower band of red color, is one-fifth the width of the flag. On top of the red band at the flagpole located gold hammer and sickle and above them is a five-pointed red star framed by a gold border. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1: 2.

The fitting of the hammer and sickle into a square whose side wound 1/4 width of the flag. The sharp end of the sickle falls in the middle of the upper side of the square, handles the sickle and hammer rest on the bottom corners of the square. hammer with a handle length is 3/4 of the diagonal of a square. The five-pointed star in a circle fits 1/8 width of the flag relating to the upper side of the square. Distance vertical axis of the star, the hammer and sickle from the grapnel is equal to 1/4 of the flag's width. The distance from the top edge of the flag of the flag to the center of the star - 1/10 of the flag's width."

The red represents the unity of the republic and the aspect of workers' revolution, white symbolized cotton production, the basis of Tajik agriculture, and the green was for other agricultural produce.

After 1953, the flag received a unique reverse side. The reverse side of the flag was the same as the obverse with the exception of it lacking the yellow hammer and sickle. In 1991, after Tajikistan became an independent country, the reverse side was used as the national flag until a new flag was created and adopted in 1992.

Historical flags
The first specifically Tajik flag was introduced in 1929. Before that, Tajikistan had been part of the Bukharan SSR (partly transferred to the Turkestan SSR in 1924); before the Russian revolution it had been part of the Emirate of Bukhara (since 1873 a protectorate of the Russian Empire).

Following independence on September 9, 1991, the reverse side of the Tajik SSR flag remained in use as the Tajik national flag until a new Tajik flag was adopted in November 1992, becoming the last post-Soviet country to receive a completely new flag.


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Flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted by the Turkmen SSR on August 1, 1953. Although similar to the Flag of the Soviet Union, the layout is identical to the flag of the Kirghiz SSR with a ratio of 1:2. The two blue stripes (1⁄3) between the red ($1/undefined$) represents the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, the red represents the "revolutionary struggle of the working masses", the hammer and sickle represents the peasants' and workers' union, and the red star is the symbol of the ruling Communist Party.

In 1926, the Turkmen flag was red with a large gold hammer and sickle in the top-left corner, similar to the flag of the Soviet Union. From 1937, the flag was red with the Latin characters (T.S.S.R.) in gold in the top-left corner, in a sans-serif font. From the 1940, the flag was the same, but with the characters in Cyrillic characters ТССР (TSSR).

On September 26, 1973, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR modified the regulation of the flag of Turkmen SSR. The position of the star and hammer and sickle was moved closer to the flag pole.

Between independence in 1991 and adoption of the new flag in February 1992, this flag remained the national flag of independent Turkmenistan.

Early project flags
During the creation of the Constitution of the Turkmen SSR, a draft design for the flag of Turkmen SSR was created. The proposed flag was a red rectangular cloth depicting a golden sickle and hammer under the red 5-pointed star with a gold border and with drawings of four carpet gels on the main flag. But in the process of discussing the draft, this proposal was rejected.

First version
On October 6, 1926, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of the Turkmen SSR adopted the Constitution of the Turkmen SSR, which was then approved by the 2nd All-Turkmen Congress of Soviets on 30 March 1927.

The flag was described on the Article 83 of the Constitution : "The state flag of the Turkmen Socialist Soviet Republic consists of a panel of scarlet color, with an aspect ratio of 1: 2. In the upper left corner of the cloth, the yellow color of the sickle and hammer is placed with the handles down. Above this image is placed a five-pointed star in the color of a cloth, bordered with a yellow stripe; with the sickle size $5/16$ times the size of the flag and the star size $1/undefined$ times the size of the flag. The image of the sickle and hammer are located from the left edge of the flag on $1/undefined$ of its width, and the bottom of the sickle and hammer is half that size, counting from the bottom edge of the flag."

Second version
On March 2, 1937, the Extraordinary 6th Congress of Soviets of the Turkmen SSR adopted a new Constitution of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. The flag of the Turkmen SSR is described in Chapter X, Article 122 of the constitution :

"The state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a red cloth, in the left corner of which, at the top of the shaft, is written in golden letters “T.S.S.R.". The ratio of width to length is 1:2."

Revision
In May 1940, the Turkmen script was translated from the Latinized alphabet into the alphabet based on the Russian alphabet. On July 19, 1940, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR "On the inscription on the national flag of the Turkmen SSR," it was approved "to change the text of the inscription in accordance to the new alphabet." The Article 122 was changed in accordance to this decree: "The state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a red cloth, in the left corner of which, at the top of the shaft, is written in golden letters “T.C.C.P.". The ratio of width to length is 1:2."

Third version
On August 1, 1953, by the Decree "On the State Flag of the Turkmen SSR", the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR decided:

"...to make changes to the state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and approve the state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic from a red cloth with a blue stripe in the middle along the entire length of the flag. The blue stripe is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. A red stripe runs along the blue stripe, equal to $1/undefined$ of the flag's width. On the upper red part of the flag panel, at the hoist, there is a golden sickle and a hammer and above them is a red five-pointed star framed gold border. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1:2."

In accordance with this decree, the Constitution of the Turkmen SSR was amended. The design of the new flag is described in Article 122 of the constitution :

"The state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a red cloth with a blue stripe in the middle the full length of the flag. The blue bar is $1/undefined$ the width of the flag. Along the blue strip, in the middle, there is a red strip, equal to $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. On the upper red part of the flag panel, at the flagpole, there is a golden sickle and a hammer, and above them is a red five-pointed star framed by a gold border. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1:2."

On May 16, 1956, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR approved the Regulations on the State Flag of the Turkmen SSR, in which it was specified that :

"The hammer and sickle fit into a square whose side is $1/undefined$ the width of the flag. The sharp end of the sickle falls in the middle of the upper side of the square, the sickle and hammer handles rest on the lower corners of the square. The length of the hammer with a handle is $4/5$ of the diagonal of the square. The five-pointed star fits into a circle with a diameter of $1/undefined$ of the flag's width, touching the upper side of the square. The distance of the vertical axis of the star, sickle and hammer from the shaft is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. The distance from the top edge of the flag to the center of the star is 1/10 of the width of the flag."

On September 20, 1966, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Armed Forces of the Turkmen SSR, the provision on the Turkmen SSR flag was supplemented: the list of holidays on which the flag of the republic was required was changed.

Approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the TSSR on September 26, 1973 (Resolution No. 353), the Instruction on the use of the Regulations on the State Flag of the Turkmen SSR, among other things, stipulated the possibility of raising the TSSR flag on sea vessels (forstenge) and on self-propelled vessels sailing (on bow mast) when they are the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the TSSR or other officials representing the Supreme Council of the TSSR and the Council of Ministers of the TSSR.

Revision
On September 23, 1974, by a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR, an amendment was made to the Regulations on the State Flag of the Turkmen SSR of 1956, which established a reduction in the side of the square into which the sickle and hammer fit, from $1/undefined$ of the flag's width to $1/undefined$ of the flag's width, and reducing the distance from the vertical axis of the star, sickle and hammer to the pole edge of the cloth from $1/undefined$ of the flag's width to $1/undefined$ of the flag's width, as a result of which the size of the sickle and hammer emblem decreased and was shifted closer to the flagpole.

On April 13, 1978, the extraordinary 9th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR of the 9th convocation adopted a new Constitution of the Turkmen SSR. The flag was described in article 169 of the Constitution:

"The state flag of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a red rectangular panel with a blue stripe in the middle the full length of the flag. The blue bar is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. Along the blue strip, in the middle, there is a red strip, equal to $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. On the upper red part of the flag panel, at the flagpole, there is a golden sickle and a hammer, and above them is a red five-pointed star framed by a gold border. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length - 1:2."

This description of the flag on May 6, 1978 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR was included in the Regulations on the State Flag of the Turkmen SSR of 1956, which was amended by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on September 23, 1974.


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Wilson, Maryland

Wilson, Maryland may refer to the following places in Maryland:
 * Wilson-Conococheague, Maryland, a census-designated place
 * Wilson, Calvert County, Maryland, an unincorporated community
 * Wilson (ghost town), Calvert County, Maryland
 * Wilson, Garrett County, Maryland, an unincorporated community
 * Wilson, Maryland and West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Garrett County

title: Wilson, Maryland


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Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The first flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (UkSSR) was adopted on 10 March 1919 to serve as the symbol of state of the Ukrainian SSR. Details of the official flag changed periodically before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, but all had as their basis the communist red flag. According to the decree of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of Ukrainian SSR on 21 November 1949, the blue in the bottom "symbolises the mightiness and beauty of the people, and the blue banner of Bohdan Khmelnytsky".

History
Before this 1919 flag, a flag in 1918 was used with red and blue, with yellow stripes in the canton.

The first flag was red with the gold Cyrillic sans-serif letters У.С.С.Р. (USSR, acronym for Ukrayinskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika (Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic) in the Russian language). A decade later, the Ukrainian initials У.С.Р.Р. appeared (USRR, for Ukrayinsʹka Sotsialistychna Radyansʹka Respublika). In the 1930s a gold border was added. In 1937, a new flag was adopted, with a small gold hammer and sickle added above the gold Cyrillic serif letters УРСР (the name had changed, transposing the second and third words).

The Soviet Union and two of its republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia) all became members of the nascent United Nations (UN) in 1945. Since all of their flags were red with only small markings in the upper left corner, the UN demanded changes to the flags in 1949. To comply, the Ukrainian Soviet authorities dropped the lettering and added an azure horizontal stripe (1⁄3 of the width). The Ukrainian SSR adopted this new design as its official flag on 5 July 1950. Other constituent republics of the Soviet Union soon followed suit and customised the bottom third of their flags.

While the Soviet flag was flown in the later months of 1991, even after the failed coup d'état, the blue and yellow flag, even though it was a criminal offense under the Soviet law, was raised spontaneously throughout Ukraine by local activists between 14 March 1990 beginning at town of Stryi until the country's independence on 24 August 1991. The blue and yellow flag was provisionally adopted for official ceremonies in September 1991, although the Soviet-era flag officially remained until it was replaced on 28 January 1992.

In 2015, all Soviet symbolism, including the flags of the Ukrainian SSR, was recognized as a symbol of the totalitarian past and officially banned in Ukraine. Despite the ban, the flags of the Ukrainian SSR have been used in the some areas occupied by Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


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Maisons

Maisons (French for "houses") is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 * Maisons, Aude, in the Aude department
 * Maisons, Calvados, in the Calvados department, Normandy
 * Maisons, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir department
 * Maisons-Alfort, in the suburbs of Paris
 * Maisons-du-Bois-Lièvremont, in the Doubs department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
 * Maisons-en-Champagne, in the Marne department
 * Maisons-Laffitte, in the Yvelines department, Île-de-France
 * Château de Maisons, a 17th-century manor house
 * Maisons-lès-Chaource, in the Aube department, Grand Est
 * Maisons-lès-Soulaines, in the Aube department, Grand Est

title: Maisons


text:
Flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

The flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted by the Uzbek SSR on 29 August 1952. The red represents the "revolutionary struggle of the working masses", the hammer and sickle represents the peasants' and workers' union, and the red star is the symbol of the communist party. There is no official explanation for the symbolic meanings of other elements. However, in some material the white stripes represent cotton, the blue band represents Amu Darya and irrigation in general.

Before that, from 9 January 1926, the flag was about the same, but with the country's name in Uzbek, Russian and Tajik.

The first flag was hoisted on 22 July 1925 and was red, with the country's name in Arabic and the Cyrillic characters УзССР in the top-left corner in gold. Between 1931 and 1937, the flag was very similar, but with the Uzbek abbreviation OzSSC, and its Russian equivalent: "УзССР."

Between 14 February 1937 and the adoption of the flag in the 1940s, the flag was the same, but with the Uzbek country's name in Latin characters: "OZBEKISTAN SSR." In 1940, the flag was red with the country's name in both Uzbek (Ўзбекистон ССР, Oʻzbekiston SSR) and Russian (Узбекская ССР, Uzbekskaya SSR) languages in gold in the top-left corner.

The last Uzbek SSR flag was adopted on 29 August 1952. Although the flag is visually identical to the Soviet flag, the red panel has a light blue (azure) down the middle of the whole flag length. At the edges of the light blue stripes are narrow white. The blue stripe with white edges is 1/5 (one-fifth) of the flag width. The specification amendments were accepted on 27 September 1974 and 30 June 1981.

On 31 August 1991, the Uzbek SSR was renamed to the Republic of Uzbekistan and the flag remained in use until 18 November 1991.

First version
On July 22, 1925, the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Soviets of the Uzbek SSR adopted Resolution No. 67 "On the Emblem and Flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic". The resolution approved the first flag of the Uzbek SSR with the following description :

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which, near the tree above, are placed the golden letters: above (in Uzbek) – .ئوز.ئـ.شـ.جـ below (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р "

The 2nd All-Uzbek Congress of Soviets on March 31, 1927, adopted the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR, which was published on July 11, 1927. The flag is described in chapter 113:

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which the golden letters are placed at the top: above (in Uzbek) – .ئوز.ئـ.شـ.جـ below (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р  The ratio of flag width to length is 1:2."

First revision
In 1927, the 4th session of the CEC of the Soviets of the Uzbek SSR amended Article 113 of the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR. The name of republic was depicted in Uzbek and Tajik language.

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which the golden letters are placed at the top: above (in Uzbek) – .ئوز.ئـ.شـ.جـ middle (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р below (in Tajik) – .جـ.شـ.ا.اوز
 The ratio of flag width to length is 1:2."

Second revision
On May 9, 1929, the 3rd All-Uzbek Congress of Soviets approved the changes made by the 4th session of the CEC in 1927. The inscription of the name of the republic in Tajik and Uzbek were depicted in Latin alphabet.

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which the golden letters are placed at the top:
above (in Uzbek) – ӨZ.Ь.Ş.Ç

middle (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р

below (in Tajik) – Ç.Ş.Ь.ӨZ

 The ratio of flag width to length is 1:2."

Third revision
On 5 December 1929, the Tajik ASSR was transformed into the Tajik SSR and removed from the Uzbek SSR. In accordance with this, references to the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were excluded from the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR, including the inscription in the Tajik language in the description of the flag of the Uzbek SSR.

The new version of the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR was adopted on February 28, 1931, at the 4th All-Uzbek Congress of Soviets in the city of Tashkent. The new version of the flag was described in the Article 103 of the Constitution. "The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which the golden letters are placed at the top:
above (in Uzbek) – ӨZ.Ь.Ş.Ç

below (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р

 The ratio of flag width to length is 1:2."

Fourth revision
From 1934, the spelling of the initial letters in the name of the republic in the Uzbek language and in the translation of the word "socialist" has changed. The change resulted in the initial name of the republic "Өzвekistan Ьҫtьmaьь Şoralar Ҫymhyrijәti (ӨZ.Ь.Ş.Ç)" to "Ozвekistan Sotsialistik Sovet Ҫumhurijәti (OZ.S.S.Ҫ)".

Fifth revision
From 1935, the translation of the word "republic" into the Uzbek language has changed. This change resulted in the change of the name of the republic : from "Ozвekistan Sotsialistik Sovet Ҫumhurijәti (OZ.S.S.Ҫ)" to "Ozвekistan Sotsialistik Sovet Respublikasi (OZ.S.S.R)"

Second version
On February 14, 1937, the Extraordinary 6th All-Uzbek Congress of Soviets approved the new Constitution of the Uzbek SSR. The flag was described in Article 144 of the Constitution:

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a panel of red (scarlet) color, in the left corner of which the golden letters are placed at the top:
above (in Uzbek) – Ozʙekistan SSR

below (in Russian) – Уз.С.С.Р

The ratio of flag width to length is 1:2."

First revision
On 23 July 1938, the constitution of the Uzbek SSR was amended. The name of the country in Uzbek "Ozʙekistan SSR" was changed into "Ozʙekstan SSR".

Second revision
On May 8, 1940, the 3rd session of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR adopted a law on transition to the alphabet on the basis of Cyrillic alphabet.

On January 16, 1941, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, the text of the inscription on the state flag of the Uzbek SSR was translated into Russian alphabet.

Third version
On August 29, 1952, a new flag design, designed by the Uzbek artist Anatoly Kuzmich Osheyko was approved, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR.

"To approve the state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic from a red cloth with a blue stripe in the middle of the entire length of the flag. Narrow white borders go along the edges of the blue stripe. The blue stripe along with the white edging is one-fifth of the flag's width. the shaft, the golden sickle and the hammer are depicted, and above them is a red five-pointed star, framed by a gold border. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1:2'."

By the Law of the Uzbek SSR of May 30, 1953, this decree was approved. The flag description in Article 144 of the Constitution of the Uzbek SSR was amended to include the design of the new flag.

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic consists of a red cloth with a blue stripe in the middle of the entire length of the flag. Along the edges of the blue strip are narrow white rims. The blue bar with white rims is one-fifth the width of the flag. On the upper red part of the flag panel, at the flagpole, there is a golden hammer & sickle, and above them is a red five-pointed star framed by a gold border."

On October 31, 1955, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR "On the Procedure for Raising the State Flag of the Uzbek SSR" was adopted. By the Decree of the PVS of the Uzbek SSR of November 30, 1966, the Decree was amended.

On September 27, 1974, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR approved the Regulations on the State Flag of the Uzbek SSR, which, in clarifying and supplementing the description of the flag in the Constitution, established:

"The state flag of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic is a red rectangular panel with a blue stripe in the middle of the entire length of the flag. Along the edges of the blue stripe are narrow white rims with a size of $1/undefined$ of the flag's width. The blue stripe with white rim is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag.

On the upper red part of the flag panel, at the flagpole, there is a golden sickle and hammer and a red five-pointed star framed by a gold border. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length – 1:2.

The hammer and sickle fit into a square whose side is $1/undefined$ of the flag's width. The sharp end of the sickle falls in the middle of the upper side of the square, the sickle and hammer handle rest on the lower corners of the square. The length of the hammer with a handle is $3/4$ diagonal square. The five-pointed star fits into a circle with a diameter of $1/undefined$ of the flag's width, touching the middle of the upper side of the square. The distance of the vertical axis of the star, sickle and hammer from the pocket for the shaft is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag. The distance from the top edge of the flag to the center of the star is $1/undefined$ of the width of the flag."

By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR of October 14, 1974, the instruction on the application of the Regulations on the State Flag of the Uzbek SSR was introduced.

The amendment to the decree "On the State Flag of the Uzbek SSR" was approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR dated June/July 30, 1981. According to the amended decree, the reverse side of the flag was still the same, but without any hammer and sickle.

Symbolism
There was no official explanation of the symbolism of the flag. In various publications, white stripes represents the cotton-growing fields, and the blue bar represents the Amudarya river and irrigation in Uzbekistan. Another source describes the blue bar as the symbol of Pan-Turkism, as seen in the flag of the Turkic Council, although Uzbekistan was against Pan-Turkism in the USSR.

Fourth version
A search for a national flag began soon after, with a contest being held to determine the new design. More than 200 submissions were made, and a commission was formed in order to evaluate these suggestions coming from a variety of stakeholders. The winning design was adopted on 18 November 1991, after being selected at an extraordinary session of the Uzbek Supreme Soviet. In doing so, Uzbekistan became the first of the newly independent republics in Central Asia to choose a new flag. Pertaining to its tricolour combination of horizontal stripes of blue, white and green colour, it is similar to the flags of Lesotho, an enclaved country within the border of South Africa, and Puntland, a Somali federal state at the tip of the Horn.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Swazi symbol

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Swazi (symbol).

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Google finds nothing. If this is slang, it shouldn't be here anyways. Grendelkhan 20:18, 2004 May 15 (UTC)

Ugh, delete. Way too POV, and doesn't even deserve a redirect to Swastika. RickK 20:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, POV. And is someone really going to make a link to 'swazi', let alone 'swazi (symbol)'? DO'Neil 00:06, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Turned into a redirect. Mikkalai 03:41, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. (Not quite sure of the protocol as it's already been turned into a redirect.) Article just duplicates swastika article. Useless redir. Andrewa 05:11, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I object to the redirect, and will list it on Redirects for deletion. RickK 05:12, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete the whole thing.Beelzebubs 03:20, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect. Nobody will ever come looking for Swazi (symbol). If they hope to find it at Swazi, two clicks will lead them right in seconds anyway. -- Jao 13:09, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The swastika article is excellent, and this is an exact copy. It serves absolutely no purpose to keep it. Denni 21:14, 2004 May 18 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Maizet

Maizet is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maizet


text:
Maisons, Calvados

Maisons is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Maisons, Calvados


text:
Seven stages (Yogi)

According to Vedic and Sanatana (Hindu) philosophy, every Yogi goes through seven stages of development before achieving complete liberation. They are listed in the commentary on the Yoga Sutras by Vyasa.

The Stages
The seven stages are grouped into two phases:
 * 1) The first four stages form the first phase where the Yogi is liberated from the 'products of mindfulness (mental) processes',(i.e.) results of his thoughts.
 * 2) The last three stages form the second phase in which the Yogi is liberated from the mind itself.

Stage 1:

"That which is to be known is known by me". At this stage the yogi realises that all true knowledge comes from within oneself, and the mind becomes satisfied that meditation will lead to all truth.

Stage 2:

At this stage the yogi recognises the causes of his sufferings, uses this knowledge to free himself from those causes and hence becomes free from pain.

Stage 3:

The yogi attains full discriminative knowledge of the state of samādhi, in which the Yogi is completely absorbed into The Self.

Stage 4:

The yogi no longer needs to carry out acts (religious duties) as he has attained the end of all acts through discrimination.

Stage 5:

At this stage the yogi becomes free of all waverings of the mind, (i.e.) The yogi obtains complete control over all mental processes.

Stage 6:

The mind of the yogi becomes free of the influences of external natural processes whenever he desires so.

Stage 7:

The Self of the yogi becomes identical with Purusha and the state of absolute freedom (kaivalya) is achieved.

title: Seven stages (Yogi)


text:
Suzuki Harunobu

Suzuki Harunobu (鈴木 春信; c. 1725 – 8 July 1770) was a Japanese designer of woodblock print art in the ukiyo-e style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints (nishiki-e) in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints. Harunobu used many special techniques, and depicted a wide variety of subjects, from classical poems to contemporary beauties. Like many artists of his day, Harunobu also produced a number of shunga, or erotic images. During his lifetime and shortly afterwards, many artists imitated his style. A few, such as Harushige, even boasted of their ability to forge the work of the great master. Much about Harunobu's life is unknown.

Influences

Though some scholars assert that Harunobu was originally from Kyoto, pointing to possible influences from Nishikawa Sukenobu, much of his work, in particular his early work, is in the Edo style. His work shows evidence of influences from many artists, including Torii Kiyomitsu, Ishikawa Toyonobu, the Kawamata school, and the Kanō school. However, the strongest influence upon Harunobu was the painter and printmaker Nishikawa Sukenobu, who may have been Harunobu's direct teacher.

Artistic career
Little is known of Harunobu's early life; his birthplace and birthdate are unknown, but it is believed he grew up in Kyoto. It is said he was 46 at his death in 1770. Unlike most ukiyo-e artists, Harunobu used his real name rather than an artist name. He was from a samurai family, and had an ancestor who was a retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Mikawa Province; this Suzuki accompanied Ieyasu to Edo when the latter had his capital built there. Harunobu's grandfather Shigemitsu and father Shigekazu were stripped of their hatamoto status when they were found to be involved in financing of gambling and other activities; they were exiled from Edo and relocated to Kyoto. At some point, Harunobu became a student of the ukiyo-e master Nishikawa Sukenobu.

Harunobu began his career in the style of the Torii school, creating many works which, while skillful, were not innovative and did not stand out. It was only through his involvement with a group of literati samurai that Harunobu tackled new formats and styles.

In 1764, as a result of his social connections, he was chosen to aid these samurai in their amateur efforts to create. Calendars prints of this sort from prior to that year are not unknown but are quite rare, and it is known that Harunobu was close acquaintances or friends with many of the prominent artists and scholars of the period, as well as with several friends of the shōgun. Harunobu's calendars, which incorporated the calculations of the lunar calendar into their images, would be exchanged at Edo gatherings and parties.

These calendar prints would be the very first nishiki-e (brocade prints). As a result of the wealth and connoisseurship of his samurai patrons, Harunobu exclusively created these prints using the best materials available. Harunobu experimented with better woods for the woodblocks, using cherry wood instead of catalpa, and used not only more expensive colors, but also a thicker application of the colors, in order to achieve a more opaque effect.

The most important of Harunobu's innovations in the creation of nishiki-e was the use of multiple separate wood blocks in the creation of a single image, an expense afforded through the wealth of his clients. Just 20 years previously, the invention of benizuri-e had made it possible to print in three or four colors; Harunobu applied this new technique to ukiyo-e prints using up to ten different colors on a single sheet of paper. The new technique depended on using notches and wedges to hold the paper in place and keep the successive color printings in register. Harunobu was the first ukiyo-e artist to consistently use more than three colors in each print. Nishiki-e, unlike their predecessors, were full-color images. As the technique was first used in a calendar, the year of their origin can be traced precisely to 1765.

In the late 1760s, Harunobu thus became one of the primary producers of images of bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women), actors of Edo and related subjects for the Edo print connoisseur market; however, he did not produce prints of kabuki actors, reported to have said, "Why should I paint pictures of such trash as Kabuki actors". In a few special cases, notably his famous set of eight prints entitled Zashiki hakkei (Eight Parlor Views), the patron's name appears on the print along with, or in place of, Harunobu's own. The presence of a patron's name or seal, and especially the omission of that of the artist, was another novel development in ukiyo-e of this time.

Between 1765 and 1770, Harunobu created over twenty illustrated books and over one thousand color prints, along with a number of paintings. He came to be regarded as the master of ukiyo-e during these last years of his life, and was widely imitated until, a number of years after his death, his style was eclipsed by that of new artists, including Katsukawa Shunshō and Torii Kiyonaga.

Style
In addition to the revolutionary innovations that came with the introduction of nishiki-e, Harunobu's personal style was unique in a number of other respects. His figures are all very thin and light; some critics say that all his figures look like children. However, it is these same young girls who epitomize Harunobu's personal style. Richard Lane describes this as "Harunobu's special province, one in which he surpassed all other Japanese artists - eternal girlhood in unusual and poetic settings". Though his compositions, like most ukiyo-e prints, may be said to be fairly simple overall, it is the overall composition that concerned Harunobu. Unlike many of his predecessors, he did not seek to have the girls' kimono dominate the viewer's attention.

Harunobu is also acclaimed as being one of the greatest artists of this period in depicting ordinary urban life in Edo. His subjects are not restricted to geisha, courtesans, actors, and sumo wrestlers, but include street vendors, errand boys, and others who help to fill in the gaps in describing the culture of this time. His work is rich in literary allusion, and he often quotes Japanese classical poetry, but the accompanying illustrations often gently poke fun at the subject.

Many of his prints have a solid, single-color background, created by a technique called tsubushi. Though many other artists used the same technique, Harunobu is generally regarded as having used it to the strongest effect. The colored background sets a mood and tone for the entire image.

Collections

Harunobu's work is held in several museums worldwide, including:

 * Asian Art Museum
 * British Museum
 * Brooklyn Museum
 * Harvard Art Museums
 * Hill-Stead Museum
 * Kislak Collection of Japanese Prints
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
 * National Museum of Korea
 * Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
 * Philadelphia Museum of Art
 * Portland Art Museum
 * Suntory Museum of Art
 * University of Michigan Museum of Art
 * Victoria and Albert Museum
 * Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

In philately
Harunobu's works have been featured three times in commemorative postage stamps issued by the Japanese post office:
 * 1957 Philatelic Week
 * 1969 16th Universal Postal Union Congress
 * 1981 Philatelic Week (se-tenant pair)

His works have also been depicted in topical stamps from the Federated States of Micronesia, Sierra Leone and St Vincent.

title: Suzuki Harunobu