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Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace is the mother church and cathedral of the Diocese of Honolulu.

Groundbreaking
The first Catholic missionaries to Hawaii, three priests of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (also known as the Society of Picpus), arrived in Honolulu from France on July 7, 1827. Apostolic prefect Alexis Bachelot celebrated the first recorded Catholic Mass on Hawaiian soil on July 14 in a grass hut on a rented lot. On August 30, 1827, the missionaries acquired a royal land grant from 14-year-old King Kamehameha III with the help from the Catholic governor of Oahu, high chief Boki. On this property, in January 1828, the French erected the first Catholic church in Hawaii where the sanctuary of the cathedral is today.

However, King Kamehameha III under pressure by both American Protestant missionaries and the Kuhina Nui, Kaʻahumanu, Catholic priests were expelled from the islands between 1829 and 1839 to thwart any French or Catholic influence. During this “dark decade” of anti-Catholic persecution, foreign priests were deported and not allowed to come to shore, and known converts were tortured and imprisoned. Under the threat of force from the French government, the Hawaiian government issued the Edict of Toleration on June 17, 1839, creating freedom of religious expression. As reparation, Kamehameha III gave the first Roman Catholic missionaries under the leadership of Vicar Apostolic Étienne Rouchouze, a piece of the royal estate on which to build the first Roman Catholic church in the kingdom and $20,000 in compensation for the deportation of priests and the incarceration and torture of converts. The 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii enshrined religious liberty.

The missionaries broke ground for the new church on July 9, 1840 coinciding with the Feast of Our Lady of Peace, patroness saint of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts and dedicated their first church in the new land under this title of the Virgin Mary. A Mass was celebrated on the day of groundbreaking and 280 native Hawaiians received the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and first Eucharist. The cornerstone of the building was ceremonially laid on August 6, 1840. Construction continued after groundbreaking with native Hawaiian volunteers harvesting blocks of coral from the shores of Ala Moana, Kakaako, and Waikīkī. Down the street, Congregationalist missionaries had earlier begun the construction of Kawaiahao Church.

Development
On August 15, 1843, the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace was consecrated and dedicated, and about 800 people received holy communion.

When Louis Désiré Maigret inherited the church, the interior was furnished with a simple wooden altar, communion rail and pulpit. Instead of pews, the native Hawaiians preferred to sit on the floor covered in lauhala mats. Maigret had purchased a tower clock and cathedra, and a new larger bell. Maigret had built the first domed bell tower in the Hawaiian Islands, but he would later replace it with a wooden spire topped with a globus cruciger and a stationary rooster finial in 1866, often mistaken for a weather vane.

In the 1870s, after returning from the First Vatican Council, Maigret was inspired to continue improvements to the cathedral. In 1871, the low roof was replaced with redwood and raised by four feet. A vaulted ceiling with panels of hand-painted gold leaf decorations was installed. A choir loft and galleries overlooking the nave were built to increase the seating capacity and new stained glass windows were added. Thirty-six statuettes of the saints were placed above the gallery overlooking the nave partly as spite towards the Congregationalists and Presbyterians who accused Catholics of idolatry. Extensive work was done to install a French marble altar which had a poignant backdrop scene of Calvary. It was crowned by the gilded statues of the Virgin Mary, Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. The clock, which was originally positioned at the base of the tower, was now fitted on the back wall after the roof was raised and remains the oldest clock in Hawaii. Throughout his thirty-five years as bishop, Maigret transformed the humble grass hut into a European-styled church before dying in 1882.

The cathedral would remain rather unchanged for the next two decades. In December 1893, on the sixty-second anniversary of the first expulsion from the Hawaiian Islands of the first prefect apostolic, Msgr. Gulstan Ropert dedicated a large bronze statue of Our Lady of Peace, a recreation of an original 16th century wooden carving still venerated by the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts in their Paris convent.

When Libert Hubert John Louis Boeynaems inherited the church in 1903, he idealized the cathedral to be like the more famous Gothic churches of his native Europe, perhaps motivated by the nearby Anglican St. Andrew's Cathedral which was completed in 1902. He commissioned the construction of an elaborate porch which was completed in 1910. However, the Gothic endeavor became too costly to complete. Instead, he replaced the termite damaged wooden floors with cement and the wooden spire with a concrete bell tower topped with the original orb and cross installed by Maigret.

In 1926, Stephen Peter Alencastre assumed the episcopacy of the Hawaiian Islands. Not long after his appointment, Alencastre purchased land at the base of Punchbowl Crater to build a new cathedral. Stymied by the Great Depression of 1929, the project was cancelled. Instead, he established the present-day Romanesque revival style for the cathedral. The Gothic porch was replaced by a portico of doric columns. New stained-glass windows from Germany were installed. The Italian government presented a gift of a new Carrara marble altar with statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph, in anticipation for the celebration of the centennial of the arrival of the first Roman Catholic missionaries to the Hawaiian Islands. In 1940, steel trusses and concrete buttresses were added to support the terra cotta tiled roof that were installed in 1926.

Second Vatican Council
James Joseph Sweeney, was the first bishop of newly formed Diocese of Honolulu. In 1956, Bishop Sweeney made some significant changes to the interior. The wooden crucifix was removed and replaced with one made of marble, and behind it, the Calvary scene was painted over and a simple fleur-de-lis patterned wallpaper was added. A gothic tester (or "baldachin") was positioned above the high altar to match the canopy over the cathedra, then a bronze tabernacle and communion rails were fitted.

Liturgically innovative ideas in the 1960s and 1970s took hold of some liturgists and theologians after the Second Vatican Council. These ideas, which claimed to follow the "spirit of the council," inaugurated controversial changes in the architectural standards of churches worldwide, which some Catholics dub a "wreckovation". Sweeney, a council father at the Second Vatican Council, ordered for the communion rails to be removed and a freestanding altar constructed to allow a priest to face the congregation during Mass instead of ad orientem as indicated in the changes to the new Roman Missal. The elevated canopied pulpit was also removed in favor of a simple lectern to serve as an ambo. The ideology of this time encouraged churches to use native cultural implements in church architecture. Koa wood wainscot along the walls and heavy koa wood doors were installed.

Post-Vatican II
The cathedral had become too small to accommodate the increased population since its vicariate apostolic times. Joseph Anthony Ferrario, the third bishop of the diocese, successfully petitioned Pope John Paul II to elevate Saint Theresa Catholic Church to a co-cathedral in 1984. Meanwhile, Ferrario was also responsible for sending the thirty-six statuettes of saints back to France to be professionally preserved. When the statues returned, they were placed in a new, more logical order of placement in accordance with the Litany of the Saints. In one of the most drastic changes yet, pews were re-arranged to face each other while the altar and ambo were positioned in the center aisle in 1993. A eucharistic devotional area was created in front of the tabernacle and a semitransparent screen was raised to separate it from the rest of the church. The cathedra of the bishop was placed in front of this screen and the sedia, or the chair of the priest-celebrant, was positioned among the pews.

Francis X. DiLorenzo, fourth bishop of Honolulu hired architects to draft plans for an expansion of the cathedral but never progressed. DiLorenzo's capital improvement projects included the replacement of the flooring with stone tiles and installation of new sound systems.

In 2010, a $15M campaign was initiated by the fifth and current bishop, Clarence Richard Silva, to renovate the cathedral emulating the appearance of the later 1800s during the time of Damien de Veuster. The "renewal" project also includes installing replica oil-paintings of the Stations of the Cross that were present in the cathedral during the time period, "oil lamp" chandeliers, and confessionals. Other major plans include building a new chapel that will house the relics of both St. Damien de Veuster and St. Marianne Cope.

By 2018, at the hundred seventy-fifth anniversary of the dedication of the cathedral, Silva removed the screen and returned the altar back to an extensively renovated sanctuary area. The pews were also positioned back to their ad orientem direction. Four of the fourteen stained-glass windows were repaired and refurbished in Omaha. A few years later, the pillars were repaired and replastered then repainted to mimic marbled stone, and new paintings of saints Damien and Marianne were placed in the sanctuary wall above the high altar.

Historical significance
Its perilous beginnings and fruitful growth has left an indelible mark on the history of Hawaii. The cathedral is reminder of the great religious struggles that took place in the Hawaiian Kingdom between 1820 and 1850, and as a symbol of its final acceptance of the Catholic Church. It was the church in which Damien de Veuster was ordained to the presbyterate on May 21, 1864, the starting point in the ministry of Mother Marianne Cope in Hawaii on November 8, 1883, and also the church where the Requiem Mass for Joseph Kahahawai was conducted in 1932. It is the oldest existing building in the downtown area of Honolulu. Considering the earliness of its construction date, it is also of considerable aesthetic value and is unique in its architectural design in Hawaii. The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace was placed on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace is said to be the oldest cathedral in continuous use in the United States. Though older, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore, completed in 1821, was a co-cathedral throughout its history. The current Saint Louis Cathedral in New Orleans was completed in 1850 after the Great New Orleans Fire destroyed the original 1727 church in 1788. The Royal Presidio Chapel, completed in 1791, was designated a pro-cathedral in 1849.

Burials
Following the Requiem Mass (funeral) of Bishop Louis-Désiré Maigret in 1882, his body was carried in procession to the King Street Cemetery but was not buried there. His final resting place goes unrecorded for 100 years until his tomb is discovered under the sanctuary of the cathedral during renovations in 1981. Other vicar apostolics were buried at the King Street Cemetery.

The only other bishop buried at the cathedral is John Joseph Scanlan who was buried in an adjacent space near Maigret after his death in 1997. Four additional spaces were created for future prelates in the renovations that were completed in 2018.

The mortal remains of St. Marianne Cope were enshrined on July 31, 2014. The Sisters of St. Francis of the Neumann Communities announced that they were closing their motherhouse in Syracuse where the remains were originally. The remains are encased in a reliquary near the sanctuary next to the relic of St. Damien.

Elevation to a Minor Basilica
Pope Francis, through the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, conferred the title of Minor Basilica upon the Cathedral on May 10, 2014, the liturgical memorial of St. Damien. The inaugural Mass was celebrated on October 11, 2014, the fifth anniversary of the canonization of St. Damien. The privileges attached to the status of minor basilica include the right of the umbraculum (ceremonial canopy) and the tintinnabulum (ceremonial bell), which were carried in procession and installed at this inaugural Mass.

Pipe organ
The first pipe organ, installed shortly after the cathedral was built, came from France and had one manual and a pedal clavier. The second organ, fitted in 1885, was built in England as the gift of parishioner Godfrey Rhodes, featuring great, swell, and pedal organs. The large statue of Saint Cecilia, patroness of sacred music, was placed on the casing in front of the organ in 1906.

The third and present one, Opus 916, consists of great, swell, choir, and pedal organs installed in the choir loft by organ-builder Alfred G. Tickner of the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company of Boston. It features 3 manuals, 37 stops, 33 ranks, and 2,159 pipes. This instrument was solemnly blessed on September 9, 1934, by Msgr. Stephen Alencastre, followed by a dedicatory recital by organist Don George, broadcast over radio station KGU in Honolulu.

Campus
The church at 1175 Fort Street Mall is just one building in a larger campus owned by the Diocese of Honolulu and purchased during the Hawaiian Kingdom Era from Charles Brewer, Charles Reed Bishop, Julius Anthon, Joseph Carter, Alexander Muir, James Makee and Romila Whiting. Much of the land was formerly used as a boarding and day school in the late 1800s – the predecessor institution of Saint Louis School. The campus includes the Diocesan Chancery which houses the offices of the bishop and vicar general, as well as the Hawaii Catholic Herald newspaper. The same high-rise building also houses the rectory, the office and residence of the rector, the parochial vicar and other priests serving the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.

The diocese has leased some of the campus to commercial entities. The Century Square building, a modern skyscraper at 1188 Bishop Street, is rented as office and residential space. Finance Factors is a minority landowner where the Finance Factors building sits. Plans are in place for a new affordable housing development for seniors where the parish hall used to stand. Directly beneath the campus is a cavernous basin dug by early missionaries as a freshwater well. It is now leased to a private company which operates it as an underground public parking lot.

title: Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace


text:
Nordic walking

Nordic walking is a Finnish-origin total-body version of walking that can be done both by non-athletes as a health-promoting physical activity and by athletes as a sport. The activity is performed with specially designed walking poles similar to ski poles.

History
Nordic walking (originally Finnish sauvakävely) is fitness walking with specially designed poles. While trekkers, backpackers, and skiers had been using the basic concept for decades, Nordic walking was first formally defined with the publication of "Hiihdon lajiosa" (translation: "A part of cross-country skiing training methodic") by Mauri Repo in 1979. Nordic walking's concept was developed on the basis of off-season ski-training activity done using one-piece ski poles. For decades hikers and backpackers used their one-piece ski poles long before trekking and Nordic walking poles came onto the scene. Ski racers deprived of snow have always used and still do use their one-piece ski poles for ski walking and hill bounding. The first poles specially designed and marketed to fitness walkers were produced by Exerstrider of the US in 1988. Nordic Walker poles were produced and marketed by Exel in 1997. Exel coined and popularized the term 'Nordic Walking' in 1999.

Benefits
Compared to regular walking, Nordic walking (also called pole walking) involves applying force to the poles with each stride. Nordic walkers use more of their entire body (with greater intensity) and receive fitness building stimulation not present in normal walking for the chest, latissimus dorsi muscle, triceps, biceps, shoulder, abdominals, spinal and other core muscles that may result in significant increases in heart rate at a given pace. Nordic walking has been estimated as producing up to a 46% increase in energy consumption, compared to walking without poles. Several research studies have been conducted on the effects of Nordic walking. One study in particular compared regular walking to Nordic walking. This study showed that Nordic walking led to more significant decreases in BMI and waist circumference compared to regular walking. The Nordic walking group was the only group that experienced reductions in total body fat and increases in aerobic capacity. Another research study that was done compared the effects of Nordic walking, conventional walking, and resistance-band training on overall fitness in older adults. The study concluded that while all three methods are useful for improving overall fitness, Nordic walking is the most effective. Harvard Medical School has evidence that shows Nordic walking has more calorie burning characteristics than regular walking.

Equipment
Nordic walking poles are significantly shorter than those recommended for cross-country skiing. Nordic walking poles come in one-piece, non-adjustable shaft versions, available in varying lengths, and telescoping two or three piece twist-locking versions of adjustable length. One piece poles are generally stronger and lighter, but must be matched to the user. Telescoping poles are 'one-size fits all', and are more transportable.

Nordic walking poles feature a range of grips and wrist-straps, or rarely, no wrist-strap at all. The straps eliminate the need to tightly grasp the grips. As with many trekking poles, Nordic walking poles come with removable rubber tips for use on hard surfaces and hardened metal tips for trails, the beach, snow and ice. Most poles are made from lightweight aluminium, carbon fiber, or composite materials. Special walking shoes are not required, although there are shoes being marketed as specifically designed for the sport.

Technique
The cadences of the arms, legs and body are, rhythmically speaking, similar to those used in normal, vigorous, walking. The range of arm movement regulates the length of the stride. Restricted arm movements will mean a natural restricted pelvic motion and stride length. The longer the pole thrust, the longer the stride and more powerful the swing of the pelvis and upper torso.

International Nordic Walking Federation region members

 * 🇫🇮 finland: Nordic Walking Finland
 * undefined: Croatian Nordic Walking Association
 * 🇪🇪 estonia: Estonian Nordic Walking Union
 * 🇫🇷 france: France
 * 🇬🇧 united kingdom: British Nordic Walking
 * undefined: Greece
 * 🇨🇳 china: Hangzhou Nordic Gull Sports development Co., Ltd
 * 🇭🇰 hong kong: China Hong Kong Newly Emerged Sports Association Limited
 * 🇮🇳 india: Federation of Nordic Walking INDIA (https://nordicwalking.in)
 * 🇮🇷 iran: Iranian Nordic Walking Association
 * 🇮🇶 iraq: Federation of Iraqi Sports Companies
 * 🇮🇱 israel: Israel Hapoel
 * 🇮🇹 italy: Associazione Nordic Walking Italia
 * 🇯🇵 japan: Japan Nordic Fitness Association (JNFA)
 * undefined: Latvian Sports for All Association
 * 🇳🇱 netherlands: Stichting Nordic Walking Nederland
 * 🇳🇿 new zealand: Nordic Walking Fitness Association of New Zealand
 * 🇵🇱 poland: PZNW Polish Nordic Walking Association
 * 🇷🇺 russia: Russian Nordic Walking Association (RNWA)
 * 🇷🇸 serbia: Nordic Walking Serbia
 * 🇰🇷 south korea: Korea
 * 🇪🇸 spain: (AENWC) INWA Spain

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nordic walking


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ktuvok

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Ktuvok.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

It's about creatures in an invented world. People can and will go to zompist.com if they want to know what a ktuvok is. Also, they will not even know they should know what a ktuvok is unless they've already been to zompist.com, in which case they probably already know what a ktuvok is. Cymydog Naakka 20:27, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. There are articles for orcs and other Tolkeinesque races, as well as Star Wars sentient species.  User:DarkFantasy
 * Delete. Lord of Rings and Star Wars are famous as they were seen by millions of people. Kvutok returns just 1 hit on google . Andris 01:42, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should have spelled it right. Ktuvok returns 74 hits. DarkFantasy
 * Sorry for mistake. Does not change my opinion, though. 74 hits are not enough, even if we do not notice that most of those hits are about some Polish person whose e-mail is ktuvok@poczta.onet.pl. Andris 17:27, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is significant fiction, and insignificant fiction. Famous books and billion dollar grossing series of films are significant. This doesn't appear to be. Average Earthman 12:10, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it makes more sense to have "insignificant" fictional things here as well. If it's significant, chances are the people looking it up have already found information about it elsewhere, while when stumbling across the word "ktuvok" on a website, they may not know where to turn for information about it. DarkFantasy
 * According to google, zompist.com is the only website where they can stumble upon that. Andris 17:29, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * In which case, this should go bye-bye. - Lucky 6.9 19:38, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: idiosyncratic, insignificant. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:16, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ktuvok


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User:Tothebarricades.tk

''notes toward a manifesto

 * 1) Deletionism for its own sake is a form of nihilism. Rubbish tends to get taken out without any extreme exertion. You know: NOTPAPER.
 * 2) Ignorance is never a proper basis for censorious action. If you think something is non-notable, and you are alien to the relevant context, you may be an improper judge.
 * 3) But, of course, ignorance is not a form of malice. WP:goodfaith
 * 4) Minor edits are not always minor.
 * 5) Bias against IP-identified users is wrong, and even if most vandalism comes from anonymous users, the bots that target them with impunity need to be leashed. Anyone who edits without bothering to log in has faced these problems - which drives new people away from the project. Institutionalization, technocracy, and the regime of robotic fiat means death to the project.
 * 6) Ceaseless alteration of basic markup and administrative channels also punishes non-obsessive users. With every tweak, Wikipedia becomes less democratic. Consistency, even to the point of redundancy, is more important than efficiency.
 * 7) The current policies on "living persons" are comically cautious and counter to the idea of the free spread of information. It's only libel if you're wrong; and published rumors are perfectly legitimate sources, if used with careful discrimination. Let us hire more lawyers specializing in libel, ramp up RC patrol, and dispense with invariably self-censorious temerity.
 * 8) We must invest a serious amount of labor in adapting to the changing technological environment: as much as one may abhor those who access the internet primarily through their phones, this population is growing and, at present, the barriers make it frustratingly difficult to make even minor edits; to me, at least, writing a long-form article on an iPhone is unthinkable at present.
 * 9) Increase pace of translation exponentially, particularly with "minor" linguistic communities with a disproportionate stature in literary and political history (i.e., Dutch, and major linguistic communities with disproportionately low representation on the internet (e.g., Bantu and other indigenous African languages) due to the inequity of the distribution of power-knowledge in societies deemed insignificant by the machinations of global capital.
 * 10) Organize groups of specialists, in or out of academia, to work on neglected subjects. Given the precarity of academic labor, there are strong incentives to hoard research for publication given the necessity of novelty in scholarship; however, someone writing a dissertation on Dickens could surely write with authority on Thackeray, for example, without taking on such risks.
 * 11) Heated argumentation is not antagonistic to the mission of Wikipedia; indeed, it is essential. In the balance, the decline of the chaotic edit wars of years past is a blessing; false consensus and the sufferance of (unrepentant/pointlessly mischievous) fools is a curse.

---

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title: User:Tothebarricades.tk


text:
Strict conditional

In logic, a strict conditional (symbol: $$\Box$$, or ⥽) is a conditional governed by a modal operator, that is, a logical connective of modal logic. It is logically equivalent to the material conditional of classical logic, combined with the necessity operator from modal logic. For any two propositions p and q, the formula p → q says that p materially implies q while $$\Box (p \rightarrow q)$$ says that p strictly implies q. Strict conditionals are the result of Clarence Irving Lewis's attempt to find a conditional for logic that can adequately express indicative conditionals in natural language. They have also been used in studying Molinist theology.

Avoiding paradoxes
The strict conditionals may avoid paradoxes of material implication. The following statement, for example, is not correctly formalized by material implication:

 * If Bill Gates graduated in medicine, then Elvis never died.

This condition should clearly be false: the degree of Bill Gates has nothing to do with whether Elvis is still alive. However, the direct encoding of this formula in classical logic using material implication leads to:

 * Bill Gates graduated in medicine → Elvis never died.

This formula is true because whenever the antecedent A is false, a formula A → B is true. Hence, this formula is not an adequate translation of the original sentence. An encoding using the strict conditional is:

 * $$\Box$$ (Bill Gates graduated in medicine → Elvis never died).

In modal logic, this formula means (roughly) that, in every possible world in which Bill Gates graduated in medicine, Elvis never died. Since one can easily imagine a world where Bill Gates is a medicine graduate and Elvis is dead, this formula is false. Hence, this formula seems to be a correct translation of the original sentence.

Problems
Although the strict conditional is much closer to being able to express natural language conditionals than the material conditional, it has its own problems with consequents that are necessarily true (such as 2 + 2 = 4) or antecedents that are necessarily false. The following sentence, for example, is not correctly formalized by a strict conditional:

 * If Bill Gates graduated in medicine, then 2 + 2 = 4.

Using strict conditionals, this sentence is expressed as:

 * $$\Box$$ (Bill Gates graduated in medicine → 2 + 2 = 4)

In modal logic, this formula means that, in every possible world where Bill Gates graduated in medicine, it holds that 2 + 2 = 4. Since 2 + 2 is equal to 4 in all possible worlds, this formula is true, although it does not seem that the original sentence should be. A similar situation arises with 2 + 2 = 5, which is necessarily false:

 * If 2 + 2 = 5, then Bill Gates graduated in medicine.

Some logicians view this situation as indicating that the strict conditional is still unsatisfactory. Others have noted that the strict conditional cannot adequately express counterfactual conditionals, and that it does not satisfy certain logical properties. In particular, the strict conditional is transitive, while the counterfactual conditional is not.

Some logicians, such as Paul Grice, have used conversational implicature to argue that, despite apparent difficulties, the material conditional is just fine as a translation for the natural language 'if...then...'. Others still have turned to relevance logic to supply a connection between the antecedent and consequent of provable conditionals.

Constructive logic
In a constructive setting, the symmetry between ⥽ and $$\Box$$ is broken, and the two connectives can be studied independently. Constructive strict implication can be used to investigate interpretability of Heyting arithmetic and to model arrows and guarded recursion in computer science.

title: Strict conditional


text:
Giants' grave

Giants' tomb (Italian: Tomba dei giganti, Sardinian: Tumba de zigantes / gigantis) is the name given by local people and archaeologists to a type of Sardinian megalithic gallery grave built during the Bronze Age by the Nuragic civilization. They were collective tombs and can be found throughout Sardinia, with 800 being discovered there.

A stone cairn lies over the burial chambers, with some examples having a cup-shaped entrance similar to the court cairn tombs of Ireland.

Types

There are two general types of giants' tomb. In the so-called "slab type", uncut slabs are buried on end in the ground, and are arranged side-by-side. There is usually a central stele, which is the largest slab (up to 4 m in height) and has a doorway cut through it.

In the more primitive slab-type giants tombs, the central slab is unmodified aside from the entrance that is cut through it at the base, or else there is a crude dolmen-like arrangement of 3 uncut rocks to form the entrance (Osono, Sortali, Lolghi, Pescaredda). In more advanced slab-type giants tombs, the central slab is modified so as to be rounded on top, and has a simple design carved into the front surface (Dorgali, Goronna, Santu Bainzu, Coddu Vecchju).

The sepulchres have a characteristic rectangular plan with an apse. The burial chamber is usually 5 to 15 metres long and 1 to 2 metres high. The structures were originally covered by a mound resembling the shape of an overturned ship. Near the entrance an obelisk (betile in Sardinian) is usually found, which symbolizes the gods or ancestors who watched over the dead.

The so-called "block type" tombs are made of rectangular-cut blocks (Bidistili, Madau II, Seleni II, Iloi, Mura Cuata).

There are also structures similar to the block-type giants tombs on the island of Malta, in the United Kingdom and in Menorca (naveta).

List of major tombs

 * Su Mont'e s'Abe, near Olbia
 * Sa Dom'è s'Orcu, near Quartucciu
 * Two 18th-century BC tombs near Lanusei
 * Aiodda, near Nurallao
 * Coddu Vecchiu and Li Lolghi, Arzachena
 * Sa Dom'è s'Orcu, Siddi
 * Imbertighe, Borore
 * Madau, Fonni
 * Muraguada, Bauladu
 * Osono, near Triei
 * Tomb of San Cosimo, near Gonnosfanadiga
 * S'Ena'e Thomes, Dorgali
 * Bainzu, Borore
 * Sa Farch'e S'Artare, Seneghe

title: Giants' grave


text:
Amelia Boynton Robinson

Amelia Isadora Platts Boynton Robinson (August 18, 1905 – August 26, 2015) was an American activist who was a leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in Selma, Alabama, and a key figure in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.

In 1984, she became founding vice-president of the Schiller Institute, which was affiliated with Lyndon LaRouche, a far-right activist. She was awarded the Martin Luther King Jr. Freedom Medal in 1990.

Early life
Amelia Isadora Platts was born in Savannah, Georgia, to George and Anna Eliza (née Hicks) Platts,  both of whom were African-American. She also had Cherokee and German ancestry. Church was central to Amelia and her nine siblings' upbringing. As a young girl, she became involved in campaigning for women's suffrage. Her family encouraged the children to read. Amelia attended two years at Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth (now Savannah State University, a historically black college). She transferred to Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), earning a degree in home economics in 1927. (Platts later also studied at Tennessee State, Virginia State, and Temple University.)

Career and civil rights
Platts taught in Georgia before starting with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in Selma as the home demonstration agent for Dallas County. She educated the county's largely rural population about food production and processing, nutrition, healthcare, and other subjects related to agriculture and homemaking.

She met her future husband, Samuel William Boynton, in Selma, where he was working as a county extension agent during the Great Depression. They married in 1936 and had two sons, Bill Jr. and Bruce Carver Boynton. Her son, Bruce Carver Boynton, was the godson and namesake of George Washington Carver. Later they adopted Amelia's two nieces Sharon (Platts) Seay and Germaine (Platts) Bowser. Amelia and Samuel had known the noted scholar George Washington Carver at the Tuskegee Institute, from which they both graduated.

In 1934, Amelia Boynton registered to vote, which was extremely difficult for African Americans to accomplish in Alabama, due to discriminatory practices under the state's disenfranchising constitution passed at the turn of the century. It had effectively excluded most blacks from politics for decades, an exclusion that continued into the 1960s. A few years later she wrote a play, Through the Years, which told the story of the creation of Spiritual music and a former slave who was elected to Congress during Reconstruction, based on her father's half-brother Robert Smalls, in order to help fund a community center in Selma, Alabama. In 1954, the Boyntons met Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., and his wife, Coretta Scott King at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, where King was the pastor.

In 1958, her son, Bruce Boynton, was a student at Howard University School of Law when he was arrested while attempting to purchase food at the white section of a bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia. Arrested for trespassing, Bruce Boynton was found guilty in state court of a misdemeanor and fined, which he appealed and lost until the case, Boynton v. Virginia, was argued before the U.S. Supreme Court by Thurgood Marshall, reversing lower court decisions.

In 1963, Samuel Boynton died. It was a time of increased activism in the Civil Rights Movement. Amelia made her home and office in Selma a center for strategy sessions for Selma's civil rights battles, including its voting rights campaign. In 1964, Boynton ran for the Congress from Alabama, hoping to encourage black registration and voting. She was the first female African American to run for office in Alabama and the first woman of any race to run for the ticket of the Democratic Party in the state. She received 10% of the vote. She was also part of the steering committee of the Dallas County Voters League, becoming part of the "courageous eight".

In late 1964 and early 1965, Boynton worked with Martin Luther King Jr., Diane Nash, James Bevel, and others of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to plan demonstrations for civil and voting rights. While Selma had a population that was 50 percent black, only 300 of the town's African-American residents were registered as voters in 1965, after thousands had been arrested in protests. By March 1966, after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 11,000 were registered to vote.

To protest continuing segregation and disenfranchisement of blacks, in early 1965 Amelia Boynton helped organize a march to the state capital of Montgomery, initiated by James Bevel, which took place on March 7, 1965. Led by John Lewis, Hosea Williams and Bob Mants, and including Rosa Parks and others among the marchers, the event became known as Bloody Sunday when county and state police stopped the march and beat demonstrators after they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge into Dallas County. Boynton was beaten unconscious; a photograph of her lying on Edmund Pettus Bridge went around the world.

"Then they charged. They came from the right. They came from the left. One [of the troopers] shouted: 'Run!' I thought, 'Why should I be running?' Then an officer on horseback hit me across the back of the shoulders and, for a second time, on the back of the neck. I lost consciousness."

Boynton suffered throat burns from the effects of tear gas. She participated in both of the subsequent marches. Another short march led by Martin Luther King Jr. took place two days later; the marchers turned back after crossing the Pettus Bridge. Finally, with federal protection and thousands of marchers joining them, a third march reached Montgomery on March 24, entering with 25,000 people.

The events of Bloody Sunday and the later march on Montgomery galvanized national public opinion and contributed to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965; Boynton was a guest of honor at the ceremony when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law in August of that year.

Later life
Boynton remarried in 1969, to a musician named Bob W. Billups. He died unexpectedly in a boating accident in 1973. Amelia Boynton eventually married a third time, to former Tuskegee classmate James Robinson in 1976. She moved with him to his home in Tuskegee after the wedding. James Robinson died in 1988.

In 1983, Robinson met Lyndon LaRouche, considered a highly controversial political figure in the Democratic Party. A year later she served as a founding board member of the LaRouche-affiliated Schiller Institute. LaRouche was later convicted in 1988 of mail fraud involving twelve counts, over a ten-year period, totaling $280,000. In 1991, the Schiller Institute published a biography of Robinson, who even into her 90s was described as "LaRouche's most high-profile Black spokeswoman."

In 1992, proclamations of "Amelia Boynton Robinson Day" in Seattle and in the state of Washington were rescinded when officials learned of Robinson's involvement in the Schiller Institute. It was the first time the state had pulled back such an honor. A spokesman for the Seattle mayor said, "It was a very difficult decision. The mayor has a lot of respect for her courage during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, but we don't feel her handlers gave us full and accurate information about her current activities." Robinson said in an interview, "I have had worse things than that done to me when I was fighting for people's right to vote. I have been called rabble-rouser, agitator. But because of my fighting, I was able to hand to the entire country the right for people to vote. To give me an honor and rescind it because I am fighting for justice and for a man who has an economic program that will help the poor and the oppressed ... if that is the reason, then I think they did more good than they did harm." According to the Associated Press, she said that people got the wrong image of LaRouche because government leaders were spreading lies about him."

In 2004, Robinson sued The Walt Disney Company for defamation, asking for between $1 and $10 million in damages. She contended that the 1999 TV movie Selma, Lord, Selma, a docudrama based on a book written by two young participants in Bloody Sunday, falsely depicted her as a stereotypical "black Mammy," whose key role was to "make religious utterances and to participate in singing spirituals and protest songs." She lost the case.

In June 2007, Robinson attended the funeral of former Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark, who had once beaten and arrested her in 1965 during the Selma to Montgomery marches. When asked about her lack of hatred for a person who had committed egregious acts against her and fellow protestors, Robinson explained that:

"As the Bible says, 'Everybody’s your brother. Love your brother as you do yourself. Do good unto those who do harm to you.' And I look at Jim Clark as I do all of the other racists: Those people may not be totally responsible. Because they are weak and they live according to the way that they were trained. Many of them conceived in the bed of hated, and rocked in the cradle of discrimination. And when people come up like that, you have to blame the background as much as blaming the weakness of them. And there are so many people who are like that, particularly in the South, they are considered great leaders by the racists, and they succumb to whatever those racists want them to do, they will do it."

From September to mid-November 2007, Robinson toured Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and Italy in her capacity as Vice President of the Schiller Institute. She spoke with European youth about her support for LaRouche (who had denied facts about the 9/11 attacks), Martin Luther King Jr., and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as well as the continuing problem of racism in the United States, which she said was illustrated by the recent events in Jena, Louisiana.

Robinson retired as vice president of the Schiller Institute in 2009.

In February 2011, aged 99, Robinson returned to her hometown of Savannah, to address students at Savannah State University.

After suffering a series of strokes, Robinson died on August 26, 2015, in Montgomery, Alabama. All the reports at the time of her death gave her age as 104, but a later report revealed that she was 110 at the time of her death. This age was later verified by the Gerontology Research Group.

Legacy and awards
In 1990, Boynton (by then remarried and using the surname of Robinson) was awarded the Martin Luther King Jr. Freedom Medal. Her memoir, Bridge Across Jordan, includes tributes from friends and colleagues, including Coretta Scott King and Andrew Young.

King wrote: "In Bridge Across Jordan, Amelia Boynton Robinson has crafted an inspiring, eloquent memoir of her more than five decades on the front lines of the struggle for racial equality and social justice. This work is an important contribution to the history of the black freedom struggle, and I wholeheartedly recommend it to everyone who cares about human rights in America."

In 2014, the Selma City Council renamed five blocks of Lapsley Street as Boyntons Street to honor Amelia Boynton Robinson and Sam Boynton.

Robinson is played by Lorraine Toussaint in the 2014 film Selma, about the Selma Voting Rights Movement and its Selma to Montgomery marches. Robinson, then 103 years old, was unable to travel to see the film. Paramount Pictures set up a private screening in her home to include her friends and family. A CNN reporter was present to discuss the film and her experiences at Selma, and she said she felt the film was fantastic.

In 2015, Robinson attended the State of the Union Address in January at the invitation of President Barack Obama, and, in her wheelchair, was at Obama's side as he and others walked across the Edmund Pettus Bridge during the Selma Voting Rights Movement 50th Anniversary Jubilee that March.

title: Amelia Boynton Robinson


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Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll

Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll (c. 1575–1638), also called "Gillesbuig Grumach" ("Archibald the Grim"), was a Scottish peer, politician, and military leader.

Life
Campbell was the son of Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll and Agnes Keith.

His nickname, "Gillesbuig Grumach", is the Gaelic for "Archibald the Grim". This may originate from his first wife, Agnes Douglas, whose 14th-century ancestor, Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas was so called.

On 15 July 1594 James VI gave him a commission to wage war with "fire and sword" against the Catholic Earls of Huntly and Erroll. He commanded royal troops at the Battle of Glenlivet on 3 October 1594 and was defeated by the rebel earls and their followers.

After the Union of Crowns, Argyll accompanied Anne of Denmark on her journey south to Windsor Castle in June 1603. On the way he quarrelled with the Earl of Sussex. At Worksop Manor, the Duke of Lennox and the Earls of Shrewsbury and Cumberland made a proclamation at that her followers should put aside any private quarrels.

In January 1610 he argued over the precedency of seating of his wife, Anne Cornwallis, with the Earl of Pembroke, at a dinner hosted by Lady Hatton. King James commanded Argyll to yield place to Pembroke until Parliament decided their issue.

By 1619, he had surrendered his estates to his son, Archibald Campbell. He was made a Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1624. He had announced his conversion to Catholicism from the Netherlands and as a consequence he was declared a traitor in Edinburgh on 16 February 1619 and banned from his country. He was very supportive of his new religion even after he was allowed back in 1621. He was interested in military solutions in Ireland in 1622, but he was unable to raise an army. He and his wife returned to Britain and lived at Drury Lane in London having abandoned everything apart from his title to his heir. In 1636, the Earl was indicted for recusancy.

He died in 1638 and was buried at Kilmun Parish Church.

Family
On 24 July 1592, he married his first wife, Lady Agnes Douglas, youngest daughter of the Earl of Morton at Dalkeith Palace. Some "very great personages" had tried to persuade Argyll to marry Marie Stewart sister of the king's favourite, the Duke of Lennox. On the day after their wedding Argyll rode at speed to Falkland Palace to help James VI who was threatened by the Earl of Bothwell.

Argyll and Agnes Douglas had at least five children, including:
 * Annabel Campbell (d. 1652), who married Robert Kerr, 2nd Earl of Lothian
 * Anne Campbell (d. 1638), who married George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly
 * Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll (1607-1661), who married Margaret Douglas (1610–1678)
 * Jane Campbell (? - 1675) became Viscountess Kenmure

After the death of his first wife in 1607 or 1608, Argyll considered marrying Jean Drummond, a lady in waiting to Anne of Denmark. Instead, in 1608 he married Anne (Cornwallis), with whom he had at least four more children. Her sister Cornelia, the wife of Sir Richard Fermor, accidentally shot a young lawyer with a pocket pistol in April 1617. The Earl of Argyll bailed her from the Marshalsea Prison.

In 1618 Archibald Campbell converted to Roman Catholicism, the religion of his new wife, from Presbyterianism. She was at Spa in Belgium in August 1618 and travelled on to Brussels in her coach.

title: Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll


text:
Dilolo Lake

Dilolo Lake is the largest lake in Angola. It is located in Moxico Province. The lake is located right outside of Cameia National Park.

title: Dilolo Lake


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Bruce Grobbelaar

Bruce David Grobbelaar (born 6 October 1957) is a Zimbabwean former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, most prominently for English team Liverpool between 1981 and 1994, and for the Zimbabwean national team. He is remembered for his gymnastic-like athletic ability, unflappable confidence and eccentric and flamboyant style of play, as well as his rushing ability, which has led pundits to compare him retrospectively to the sweeper-keepers of the modern era.

Born in South Africa, Grobbelaar grew up in neighbouring Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe), and served in the Rhodesian Army before he joined the Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League in 1979. He gained Liverpool's attention during a loan spell at Crewe Alexandra during the 1979–80 season, and signed for the Merseyside club in 1981. Making 628 appearances for Liverpool over the next 13 years, including 440 in the League, he won the League championship with the club six times, as well as three FA Cups, three League Cups and the 1983–84 European Cup.

Grobbelaar left Liverpool for Southampton in 1994, transferred to Plymouth Argyle two years later, and thereafter played for an assortment of English lower-league teams, never for more than a few games. He was appointed as goalkeeper coach for Ottawa Fury FC of the North American Soccer League in 2014. In March 2018 he was announced as goalkeeper coach for the Matabeleland football team.

Early years
In his teenage years, Grobbelaar was a talented cricketer and was offered a baseball scholarship in the United States, but a career in football was his main ambition. He attended David Livingstone Primary School in Harare before moving onto Hamilton High School (Bulawayo). His footballing career started with a Bulawayo-based team, Highlanders FC, in Rhodesia's second biggest city. In his late teens he was signed up by Durban City Football Club in South Africa, but left claiming to have been sidelined owing to his colour in a predominantly black team — the team had played in an all-white league until the previous year. Immediately after leaving Highlands Park, he was conscripted into National Service, spending eleven months on active service in the Rhodesia Regiment during the Rhodesian Bush War.

Vancouver Whitecaps
In 1979, Grobbelaar was signed by the Vancouver Whitecaps of the NASL after he had attended their scouting camp in South Africa. At the Vancouver Whitecaps, Grobbelaar played under the management of former England and Blackpool goalkeeper, Tony Waiters, making his debut on 4 August 1979 against the Los Angeles Aztecs away. The Whitecaps lost 0–2, Johan Cruyff scoring one of the Aztecs' goals. Grobbelaar spent the rest of the season as second choice to former Wolverhampton Wanderers keeper Phil Parkes.

During 1979, he visited England to see family friends, and a chance phone call from Ron Atkinson, brought him an impromptu trial with West Bromwich Albion. Atkinson was keen to sign Grobbelaar but owing to difficulties over gaining a work permit, the deal fell through. In stepped Crewe Alexandra, signing Grobbelaar on loan on 18 December 1979. In an early League appearance for the Railwaymen in Division 4, the unknown Grobbelaar was named on the Team Sheet in the York City Match Day Programme as "Bill Grobbelaar". During his time at Crewe, Grobbelaar played 24 League games and scored his only professional goal, a penalty, in his last game. By good fortune, on the evening when he gave his greatest performance for Crewe, he was spotted by Liverpool's head scout Tom Saunders.

At the end of the loan period, Grobbelaar returned to Vancouver for the 1980 NASL season.

Liverpool
By the time Liverpool had completed their research on Grobbelaar, he had returned to Vancouver with his loan spell now over. Liverpool approached Tony Waiters with the idea of taking Grobbelaar to Anfield, and Waiters, who had a working relationship with Liverpool in the 1970s, paved the way for the move. Grobbelaar signed for Liverpool for £250,000 on 17 March 1981 as their reserve goalkeeper, but in mid-1981, regular goalkeeper Ray Clemence's departure to Tottenham Hotspur gave Grobbelaar his opportunity.

Grobbelaar made his debut on 28 August 1981 but failed to prevent Wolverhampton Wanderers winning the league fixture 1–0 at Molineux. Also making their debuts were defender Mark Lawrenson and midfielder Craig Johnston. His first clean sheet came a fortnight later at Anfield on 5 September, Arsenal were the visitors who were beaten by a 2–0 scoreline.

Grobbelaar's early days as No.1 were strewn with errors and the Reds struggled to obtain any sort of consistency, Grobbelaar taking a lot of the blame. By the end of the calendar year Liverpool were mid table in the league and looked to be out of the running for title honours, especially as they had just lost to Manchester City 3–1 at Anfield in the Boxing Day fixture – a defeat which put John Bond's team top of the league. The New Year brought a new momentum as Bob Paisley began to get the best out of his players; they began the year in South Wales visiting the Vetch Field to play Swansea City in the FA Cup, Liverpool were in fine form and thumped their hosts 4–0. This set them on their way in the league and dropped just seven of the 50 available points overhauling the points gap that Ipswich Town had opened on them.

Grobbelaar added the championship medal to the League Cup winners medal he had gained at Wembley on 13 March; the Reds beat Spurs 3–1, who had Ray Clemence in goal.

During the period 1981–1994, Grobbelaar played 627 first team games for Liverpool, becoming known for his eccentric and flamboyant style. In 1984, the European Cup final between Liverpool and Roma finished 1–1 after extra time, and went to a penalty shootout. As Roma's Bruno Conti prepared to take his kick, Grobbelaar walked towards the goal smiling confidently at the cameras lined-up behind, then proceeded to bite the back of the net, in imitation of eating spaghetti. Conti sent his spot kick over the bar. Grobbelaar then produced a similar performance before Francesco Graziani took his kick, wobbling his legs in mock terror. Graziani missed and Liverpool went on to win the shootout 4–2.

Grobbelaar was retained by three of Liverpool's greatest managers; Paisley, Fagan and Dalglish, over a period of 13 years. His strengths were his gymnastic-like agility, and an unflappable confidence. He was never afraid to be seen to berate his defenders if he thought they had given easy opportunities to the opposition, such as in his verbal assault on Jim Beglin in the first all Merseyside FA Cup final against Everton in 1986. Over the course of his Liverpool career he won more medals than any of his contemporaries.

In 1984–85, Grobbelaar brought down a spectator who had invaded the pitch during a game, allowing the police to handcuff the offending spectator.

Although there were occasional challenges to his position as Liverpool's number 1, Grobbelaar was a virtual ever-present from Clemence's departure to the start of the 1990s which coincided with the end of the club's dominance. He was an ever-present in his first five league campaigns at Anfield, when Liverpool were champions four times and runners-up on the other occasion. However, in 1988–89, injuries and illness restricted his first team opportunities and he played 21 times in the league, with Mike Hooper taking his place on the other 17 occasions. However, he was fit to face Everton in the 3–2 FA Cup win on 20 May 1989, though six days later he conceded a last minute goal to Arsenal midfielder Michael Thomas on the final day of the league season as the league title was wrenched from Liverpool's grasp and headed to Highbury instead. A month earlier, he played in the FA Cup semi-final win over Nottingham Forest which was played at Old Trafford after the original match at Hillsborough was cancelled due to the tragedy that led to 96 fans dying on terracing just behind Grobbelaar's goal. Grobbelaar attended many of the victims' funerals.

It was the signing of David James from Watford in mid-1992 that spelt the beginning of the end for Grobbelaar. Although James struggled to impress at first, Grobbelaar's insistence on playing for Zimbabwe gave James chances; Grobbelaar only played six times for Liverpool during 1992–93 and spent a short period on loan at Second Division side Stoke City where he made four appearances. James's uncertainty allowed Grobbelaar to regain his place in the first team at the start of the 1993–94 season, in which his performance, like the team's, started well but fell away badly. In a notorious incident in a Merseyside derby that year, Grobbelaar even physically assaulted young teammate Steve McManaman. He was ever-present until he was injured in the final minute of a 2–0 defeat at Leeds United on 19 February 1994. It turned out to be his final appearance for the club.

In 14 years at the club, he had won six league title medals, three FA Cup winner's medal, three Football League Cup winner's medals and a European Cup winner's medal.

Southampton
Grobbelaar left Liverpool in mid-1994, transferring on a free to Southampton. He made his debut on 20 August 1994 in the 1–1 league draw with Blackburn Rovers at The Dell. He spent two seasons with the Saints competing with another goalkeeper with a reputation for eccentricity, Dave Beasant. Despite the fuss caused by the match-fixing allegations (see below), manager Alan Ball maintained faith in him, and he kept his place in the team for most of the 1994–95 season.

Allegations that Grobbelar had been match-fixing first appeared in November 1994. Nevertheless, in his next game, at home to Arsenal, he managed to keep a clean sheet despite the media frenzy that surrounded the game. The Southern Daily Echo reported that Grobbelaar was "swept along on a tidal wave of emotion, to emerge triumphant from the toughest match of his life".

In the 1995–96 season, Grobbelaar only managed two games for the Saints, before moving on to Plymouth Argyle.

After Southampton
Grobbelaar spent the 1996–97 season with Plymouth, after which he spent short spells at Oxford United, Sheffield Wednesday, Oldham Athletic, Chesham United, Bury, Lincoln City and Northwich Victoria over the next 2 years before returning to his native country.

International career
Grobbelaar was born in Durban, South Africa to ethnic Afrikaner parents. When he was two months old he emigrated to Rhodesia with his mother and sister to join his father, who had got a job on the railways there.

Grobbelaar grew up and learnt his football in Rhodesia. He made his international debut for Rhodesia as a 19-year-old in a friendly versus South Africa in 1977. Grobbelaar played for Zimbabwe in both of their 1982 World Cup qualifying matches versus Cameroon. He also appeared for his country in a qualifying match for the 1986 World Cup versus Egypt.

In 1992, he returned to the national team after an absence of several years. With a team including Grobbelaar and Adam and Peter Ndlovu, Zimbabwe came just a victory short of qualification for the 1994 World Cup under the guidance of manager Reinhard Fabisch. Grobbelaar earned 32 caps for Zimbabwe between 1980 and 1998.

On 7 June 2018, Grobbelaar played a one-off game for Matabeleland in the ConIFA World Cup against the Chagos Islands, playing 30 minutes.

Match-fixing allegations
On 10 November 1994, Grobbelaar was accused by the British tabloid newspaper The Sun of match fixing during his time at Liverpool to benefit a betting syndicate, after being caught on videotape discussing match-fixing. He was charged with conspiracy to corrupt, along with the Wimbledon goalkeeper Hans Segers and Aston Villa striker John Fashanu (only recently signed from Wimbledon), and a Malaysian businessman, Heng Suan Lim.

Despite these allegations, Grobbelaar and Segers were allowed to continue playing, while Fashanu retired from playing less than a year after being charged. Grobbelaar pleaded not guilty, claiming he was only gathering evidence with the intent of taking it to the police. After two successive trials, in both of which the jury could not agree on a verdict, he and his co-defendants were cleared in November 1997. Grobbelaar later sued The Sun for libel and was awarded £85,000. The Sun appealed, and the case was eventually taken to the House of Lords where it was found that, though the specific allegations had not been proved, there was adequate evidence of dishonesty. The Lords slashed his award to £1, the lowest libel damages possible under English law, and ordered him to pay The Sun's legal costs, estimated at £500,000. In his judgement, Lord Bingham of Cornhill observed:

"The tort of defamation protects those whose reputations have been unlawfully injured. It affords little or no protection to those who have, or deserve to have, no reputation deserving of legal protection. Until 9 November 1994 when the newspaper published its first articles about him, the appellant's public reputation was unblemished. But he had in fact acted in a way in which no decent or honest footballer would act and in a way which could, if not exposed and stamped on, undermine the integrity of a game which earns the loyalty and support of millions."

Grobbelaar was unable to pay the costs and was declared bankrupt. He and Segers did not retire from playing until some time after being cleared of their involvement in the alleged match fixing.

Retirement and coaching
Grobbelaar moved back to South Africa, his place of birth, where he coached a number of teams with various degrees of success. He managed Seven Stars in 1999 and took the team from the relegation zone to finish fourth in the final league table. In 2001, he took over struggling Hellenic. While at the club, he saved them from relegation, and played in their last match of the season, against Kaizer Chiefs, starting the game, and substituting himself after 20 minutes after cracking his ribs. He was the oldest player ever to have played in the South African league, at 44 years old, until his record was beaten in 2013 by fellow keeper Andre Arendse. He also spent time coaching Supersport United, Manning Rangers (2004) and Umtata Bush Bucks (2004), as well as in Zimbabwe, where he was twice briefly player-manager of Zimbabwe's national team in 1997 and 1998.

Grobbelaar came back to the United Kingdom briefly to help coach a number of clubs. Grobbelaar has recently stated that he "hopes to one day return to Anfield as the manager of Liverpool FC."

Grobbelaar returned to England in 2006 to play in a replay of the 1986 FA cup final against Everton for the Marina Dalglish Appeal, a charity for Cancer research set up by former team-mate and manager Kenny Dalglish and his wife, Marina, a cancer survivor. Liverpool won the match 1–0.

Grobbelaar played in the Sky One's The Match in 2004 and The Match 3 in 2006, keeping a clean sheet in both games.

Grobbelaar, also known as "Brucie", is still a firm favourite amongst the Anfield faithful, and was voted as No.17 in a poll 100 Players Who Shook The Kop conducted in mid-2006 by the official Liverpool Football Club website. Over 110,000 worldwide voted for their best 10 players in the Anfield club's history, with Grobbelaar finishing 2nd in the goalkeeping stakes.

In March 2007, Liverpool's official website announced that Grobbelaar would come out of retirement for a one-off game and play for non-league Castleford side Glasshoughton Welfare to help them in their fight for survival. He played against Maltby Main on 14 April 2007, helping Glasshoughton to a 2–1 win.

On a 16 April 2009 episode of ITV's Hell's Kitchen, Grobbelaar wore a black armband on his left arm in remembrance of the 20th Anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster. On 22 April, he left the show citing a need to be reunited with his wife.

He was persuaded to play for Winterbourne United in their Gloucestershire FA Trophy game against Patchway Town on 5 December 2009 but in the end did not make an appearance. Winterbourne at that time were managed by Nicky Tanner, who was a teammate of Grobbelaar at Liverpool.

During the World Cup 2010 in South Africa, he appeared on Norwegian TV-channel TV 2.

As of 2012, Grobbelaar resided in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada, where he was active in the local soccer scene, playing keeper for Corner Brook Men's Soccer League team West Side Monarchs, and occasionally lending his expertise to the Corner Brook Minor Soccer Association as a coach.

From July 2014 to January 2018, he was the goalkeeping coach for Ottawa Fury FC of the North American Soccer League and subsequently the United Soccer League.

In May 2018, he became goalkeeping coach for the Matabeleland football team, and on 1 June it was announced that he would join the playing roster for their remaining group games. It was subsequently announced by head coach Justin Walley that he would start in goal against Chagos Islands on 7 June 2018. He later became the goalkeeping coach with Norwegian club Øygarden FK.

Career statistics
Source:

 * A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Charity Shield, Screen Sport Super Cup, Intercontinental Cup, and Centenary Trophy.

Honours
Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
 * FA Cup: 1985–86, 1988–89, 1991–92
 * League Cup: 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
 * FA Charity Shield: 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990
 * European Cup: 1983–84
 * Football League Super Cup: 1986

Appearances in popular culture

 * Grobbelaar appears on the track "Anfield Rap", a song released by members of Liverpool F.C. before the 1988 FA Cup Final.
 * Grobbelaar made a guest appearance as himself in an episode of Brookside, the Liverpool based TV soap opera on Channel 4 which was aired on 14 January 1994.

title: Bruce Grobbelaar


text:
Crystallographic point group

In crystallography, a crystallographic point group is a three dimensional point group whose symmetry operations are compatible with a three dimensional crystallographic lattice. According to the crystallographic restriction it may only contain one-, two-, three-, four- and sixfold rotations or rotoinversions. This reduces the number of crystallographic point groups to 32 (from an infinity of general point groups). These 32 groups are one-and-the-same as the 32 types of morphological (external) crystalline symmetries derived in 1830 by Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel from a consideration of observed crystal forms.

In the classification of crystals, to each space group is associated a crystallographic point group by "forgetting" the translational components of the symmetry operations. That is, by turning screw rotations into rotations, glide reflections into reflections and moving all symmetry elements into the origin. Each crystallographic point group defines the (geometric) crystal class of the crystal.

The point group of a crystal determines, among other things, the directional variation of physical properties that arise from its structure, including optical properties such as birefringency, or electro-optical features such as the Pockels effect.

Notation
The point groups are named according to their component symmetries. There are several standard notations used by crystallographers, mineralogists, and physicists.

For the correspondence of the two systems below, see crystal system.

Schoenflies notation
In Schoenflies notation, point groups are denoted by a letter symbol with a subscript. The symbols used in crystallography mean the following:

 * Cn (for cyclic) indicates that the group has an n-fold rotation axis. Cnh is Cn with the addition of a mirror (reflection) plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Cnv is Cn with the addition of n mirror planes parallel to the axis of rotation.
 * S2n (for Spiegel, German for mirror) denotes a group with only a 2n-fold rotation-reflection axis.
 * Dn (for dihedral, or two-sided) indicates that the group has an n-fold rotation axis plus n twofold axes perpendicular to that axis. Dnh has, in addition, a mirror plane perpendicular to the n-fold axis. Dnd has, in addition to the elements of Dn, mirror planes parallel to the n-fold axis.
 * The letter T (for tetrahedron) indicates that the group has the symmetry of a tetrahedron. Td includes improper rotation operations, T excludes improper rotation operations, and Th is T with the addition of an inversion.
 * The letter O (for octahedron) indicates that the group has the symmetry of an octahedron, with (Oh) or without (O) improper operations (those that change handedness).

Due to the crystallographic restriction theorem, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 in 2- or 3-dimensional space.

D4d and D6d are actually forbidden because they contain improper rotations with n=8 and 12 respectively. The 27 point groups in the table plus T, Td, Th, O and Oh constitute 32 crystallographic point groups.

Hermann–Mauguin notation
An abbreviated form of the Hermann–Mauguin notation commonly used for space groups also serves to describe crystallographic point groups. Group names are

Isomorphisms
Many of the crystallographic point groups share the same internal structure. For example, the point groups $\overline{3}$, 2, and m contain different geometric symmetry operations, (inversion, rotation, and reflection, respectively) but all share the structure of the cyclic group C2. All isomorphic groups are of the same order, but not all groups of the same order are isomorphic. The point groups which are isomorphic are shown in the following table:

This table makes use of cyclic groups (C1, C2, C3, C4, C6), dihedral groups (D2, D3, D4, D6), one of the alternating groups (A4), and one of the symmetric groups (S4). Here the symbol " × " indicates a direct product.

Deriving the crystallographic point group (crystal class) from the space group

 * 1) Leave out the Bravais lattice type.
 * 2) Convert all symmetry elements with translational components into their respective symmetry elements without translation symmetry. (Glide planes are converted into simple mirror planes; screw axes are converted into simple axes of rotation.)
 * 3) Axes of rotation, rotoinversion axes, and mirror planes remain unchanged.

title: Crystallographic point group


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HMS Java (1811)

HMS Java was a British Royal Navy 38-gun fifth-rate frigate. She was originally laid down in 1805 as Renommée, described as a 40-gun Pallas-class frigate (1808) French Navy frigate, but the vessel actually carried 46 guns. The British captured her in 1811 in a noteworthy action during the Battle of Tamatave, but she is most famous for her defeat on 29 December 1812 in a three-hour single-ship action against USS Constitution. Java had a complement of about 277, but during her engagement with Constitution she allegedly had 426 aboard, in comparison with her opponent's 475.

French service
In May 1811, she was part of a three-sail squadron under François Roquebert, comprising Renommée, FRENCH FRIGATE Clorinde and Néréide, and ferrying troops to Mauritius. On 20 May, the French encountered a British squadron comprising HMS Astraea (1810), HMS Phoebe (1795), HMS Galatea (1810), and HMS Racehorse (1806). In the ensuing Battle of Tamatave, Renommée struck after her mainsail was set on fire. The British captured Néréide five days later at Tamatave, Madagascar. Clorinde, commanded by Jacques de Saint-Cricq, escaped. The British brought Renommée into service as Java and Néréide as HMS Madagascar (1811).

Royal Navy service
In July Java was under Captain William Gordon, but not commissioned until August under Captain Henry Lambert, a senior commander who had seen combat on a number of occasions in His Majesty's service.

Java sailed from Portsmouth on 12 November for Bombay to deliver the appointed governor, Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Hislop, and his staff with their baggage, and naval stores (including copper plates for the under-construction HMS Cornwallis (1813), at Bombay, and plans for the new ship, HMS Trincomalee). She was carrying additional personnel for other ships at the time and included another Royal Navy commander in transit.

Capture by USS Constitution
Captain Lambert of Java was a well-qualified officer, having seen much combat during his service. Java had more than a full crew, having been rounded out while in Portsmouth, but many were landsmen still raw to service at sea, and even more damning to her cause, they had only practised gunnery once without shot loaded in the guns. Still, Java was well supplied and manned, and would prove to be well handled and well fought. USS Constitution had an experienced crew manning a heavy frigate carrying 54 cannon: thirty 24-pounder guns and twenty-four 32-pounder carronades, plus two 24-pounder bow chasers.

On 13 December 1812, sailing from Boston by way of Cape Verde, USS Constitution, under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, accompanied by USS Hornet (1805 brig), commanded by James Lawrence, arrived off the coast of Brazil at St. Salvador. On 26 December Hornet was sent into the port to communicate with the American consul stationed there. On 29 December at 9:00 a.m., still out at high sea in search of prizes, crewmen aloft Constitution sighted strange sails on the distant horizon. Bainbridge initially was unsure of the disposition of the ships, but hours later as they drew closer he was able to discern that the approaching vessels were large and now assumed them to be British. To ascertain the disposition of the unidentified ships Constitution hoisted private signals (flags) at 11:30 a.m., while the assumed British vessel also hoisted its signals, but neither ship made the correct counter-signal.

Constitution, tacking the wind, made her way from the neutral Portuguese territorial waters with Java giving chase. At 12:30 p.m. that day Java hoisted her colors and ensign with Constitution hoisting her colors in reply. With the dispositions of each ship confirmed, Java, with the weather gauge to her advantage, came about to position herself to rake Constitution. Being French-built, she was comparatively light for a frigate and was consequently faster and more maneuverable than Constitution. In reply Constitution fired a shot across Java's bow with Java returning fire with a full broadside.

Java started the battle badly out-matched both in terms of the experience of her crew and the weight of her broadside. Constitution, with her experienced commander and crew, countered by not shortening sail as was standard (this reduced strain on the masts, thus making it less likely to lose a mast under fire). By 2:00 p.m., both ships were heading southeast. The opening phase of the action comprised both ships turning to and fro, attempting to get the better position for which to fire upon and rake the other, but with little success. Bainbridge now wore Constitution to a matching course and opened fire with a broadside at half a mile. This broadside accomplished nothing and forced Bainbridge to risk raking to close Java. Another broadside from Java carried away Constitution's helm, disabling her rudder and leaving Bainbridge severely wounded; however he still maintained command, refusing to sit out the battle. Both ships resumed firing broadsides but by now Java had a mast and sail falling over her starboard side that prevented most of her guns on that side from firing, which also prevented her from laying alongside Constitution. The guns that attempted to fire only managed to set the fallen sail and rigging ablaze.

Constitution's accuracy of fire and the greater weight of her broadside put the much smaller Java at a large disadvantage. Within one hour, after several close encounters involving the rigging of each ship getting entangled with the other's, Java's masts collapsed. During this encounter a sharpshooter aloft in Constitution mortally wounded Lambert. Lieutenant Henry Ducie Chads now took over command, assisted by the captain in transit to his ship. Bainbridge used this opportunity to distance Constitution so as to make immediately-needed repairs, taking approximately an hour. Clearing the masts and fallen rigging aboard Java had hardly begun when Constitution returned from repairing her damage and immediately took a raking position from which Java could not defend herself. This left Lieutenant Chads no choice but to surrender Java. Constitution hoisted out a boat and sent First Lieutenant Parker to take possession of the prize.

In the battle, Java suffered 22 men killed, including Lambert, and 102 wounded. Constitution lost nine men initially and 57 wounded, including Bainbridge. Some four or five later succumbed to their wounds.

In the course of battle Java was rendered a dismasted hulk that was not worth taking as a prize. Instead Bainbridge removed her helm and installed it on Constitution, replacing the one that had been shot away. On New Year's Day 1813, two days after the engagement, Bainbridge gave the order to set Java ablaze; she subsequently blew up.

Upon learning of the death of Captain Lambert, Commodore Bainbridge expressed deep sorrow for a commander he credited to be brave and noble. On 23 April 1813, Lieutenant Chads and the other surviving officers and men of Java faced the customary court martial aboard HMS Gladiator (1783) for the loss of their ship. They were honourably acquitted.

In fiction
The engagement between Java and Constitution was fictionalized in the novel The Fortune of War by Patrick O'Brian and in the novel "Yankee Mission" by Julian Stockwin.

title: HMS Java (1811)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avi Kaiser

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Avi Kaiser.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Delete - a complete Vanity page. Google gets only dancers and non-english pages. Burgundavia 20:36, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maximus Rex 21:42, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Decumanus | Talk 21:44, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Why do we have to put up with this crap? Delete. Beelzebubs 21:45, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why don't they ever learn? JFW | T@lk  22:03, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, also for heinous crime of deleting msg:vfd twice ;-). Ianb 22:17, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Domus de Janas

Domus de Janas (Sardinian for 'House of the Fairies' or, alternatively, 'House of Witches') are a type of pre-Nuragic rock-cut chamber tomb found in Sardinia. They consist of several chambers quarried out by the people of the San Ciriaco through Ozieri cultures and subsequent cultures, resembling houses in their layout.

Built mostly between 3400 and 2700 BC, they date to the late Neolithic, Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age, including the Bell Beaker period. A necropolis of them at the site of Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero, consists of 38 tombs. Other large sites are those of Montessu, near Villaperuccio, and of Sant'Andrea Priu at Bonorva. Many other domus de janas can be found throughout the island, with the exception of Gallura (where the deceased were usually buried in megalithic circles, such as that those of Li Muri).

The shape of the internal chambers can vary from that of a rounded hut with conical or triangular ceiling. The walls are often decorated with reliefs or etchings depicting magical and religious symbols such as spirals, zig-zag motifs and bull's horns.

Carved or painted false doors appear in about 20 tombs mostly located in northwestern Sardinia, an example being some of the tombs of the necropolis of Anghelu Ruju, which are variously datable from the Ozieri to the Bonnanaro cultures (c.3200 – 1600 BCE). The earliest examples predate the appearance of false doors in Ancient Egyptian tombs. These false doors usually appear on the back wall of the main chamber, and are represented by horizontal and vertical frames and a projecting lintel. Sometimes the door is topped with painted or carved U-shaped bull horns, inscribed inside each other in a variable number.

The corpses, painted with red ochre like the tomb's walls, were buried together with common life objects, jewels and tools. According to archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu, they were buried under shells of molluscs; according to other theories, they were left outside the tomb, being put inside only after they had reduced to a skeleton.

title: Domus de Janas


text: User talk:209.57.35.5

title: User talk:209.57.35.5


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Mintilogli

Mintilogli or Midilogli (Greek: Μιντιλόγλι /midi'loɣli/) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Paralia in the municipality of Patras in Achaea, Greece. It is 1 km south of Paralia, and 8 km southwest of Patras city centre. Ovria is to the east. The community consists of the villages Mintilogli (seat) and Chantziliako. Its population is around 2,000. Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos) passes the village on the north and west.

title: Mintilogli


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June Taylor

Marjorie June Taylor (December 14, 1917 – May 16, 2004) was an American choreographer, best known as the founder of the June Taylor Dancers, who were featured on Jackie Gleason's various television variety programs.

Early life and career
Taylor was born in Chicago, the daughter of Percival Guy Taylor and Angela Taylor. She started taking dance lessons at age eight; by age 14, she lied about her age and became one of the dancers at the Chicago nightclub, Chez Paree. At age 19, she was touring the US and Europe as a dancer in various nightclubs. She returned from London and began performing again in Chicago. In 1938, at age 21, Taylor collapsed on stage, ill with tuberculosis; she spent the next two years in a sanitarium, after which she turned to choreography, founding her own dance troupe in 1942, which made its first professional appearance at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant.

In 1946, Taylor met Jackie Gleason at a Baltimore nightclub. The two became friends when Taylor helped Gleason overcome a case of stage fright. In 1948, Taylor made her television debut on The Toast of the Town starring Ed Sullivan, where six of her original dancers appeared as The Toastettes, bringing the chorus line to television. Two years later, Taylor joined Gleason's Cavalcade of Stars, and followed him, along with 16 dancers, to The Jackie Gleason Show, where her signature was the overhead camera shot of the dancers making kaleidoscopic geometric patterns. Taylor was initially dubious about joining Gleason on his DuMont Network show because it meant signing a long-term contract; her husband, Sol Lerner, suggested she take the offer. The high-kicking, smiling routines that formed the first three minutes of each broadcast were Broadway-based and reminiscent of The Rockettes. In addition to Gleason's show, the June Taylor Dancers also made appearances at the General Motors "Motorama" auto shows in New York and Boston and on Stage Show. Gleason and Taylor also worked together to produce a television ballet, Tawny, in 1953; the music was done by Gleason and the choreography by Taylor.

Taylor won an Emmy Award for choreography in 1955. Mercedes Ellington, granddaughter of Duke Ellington and daughter of Mercer Ellington, became the group's first and only African-American dancer in 1963. In a Dance Magazine article after Taylor's death, Mercedes Ellington emphasized Taylor's role as a mentor in her career, saying that “she looked after me.” In 1965, the June Taylor Dancers added male performers to the troupe.

In 1978, Taylor, who lived in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, after Gleason moved production of his show from New York to Miami Beach, began choreographing the Miami Dolphins cheerleading squad, the Dolphin Starbrites, and served in this capacity until 1990. The Starbrites, famous for their one-piece bathing suits and go-go boots, performed Broadway-style halftime shows.

The June Taylor Dancers
The June Taylor Dancers, the group of sixteen female dancers that performed Taylor's choreography on The Jackie Gleason Show, was an incredibly talented group of women who produced an immense body of work and had a profound impact on the development of tap dance as an art form through the 1950s and 1960s. At this time, tap dancers were struggling to find work as the public lost interest in tap and the professional dance economy collapsed. This so-called “death of tap” occurred for a variety of reasons, including new styles of music like bebop and rock and roll, musicals such as Oklahoma! bringing ballet to the Broadway stage, laws taxing cabaret performances, and the growing ubiquity of television in people's homes.

The complexity and excitement of a live tap performance simply did not translate to the small television screens. Blurry, pixelated screens and crude camerawork meant that the nuances of the movement were lost, and a dance form as specific and precise as tap suffered the most. This required stylistic innovation, with choreography that focused more on the larger shapes of the body instead of the intricate rhythms of the feet, so that it would appear dynamic on a small screen. Additionally, while professional dancers could previously perform the same routines again and again, television required an entirely new routine week after week. June Taylor took this in stride, telling The New York Times that “one of the first things I learned in television was the necessity of varying the style of the dancing each week … people want something new.” Taylor's choreography does show a remarkable amount of variety, both within a single dance to keep viewers entertained and from week to week.

One dance from the April 21, 1956, episode, titled “Bumble Boogie,” features a 13-year-old violin prodigy playing live while the dancers in bumblebee costumes spin and tap around him. The dance features a range of steps from classical ballet pique turns and saut de basques to popular lindy hop and Charleston steps. The formational changes are complex, and the movement is all very precisely timed, requiring an immense amount of rehearsal in just one week. Other dances they performed on the show involve complex tap dance sequences, kicklines, and even twirling and throwing hula hoops. They often involve June Taylor's signature overhead kaleidoscopic Busby Berkeley-esque shots, in which the dancers lie on the floor in a circle and move their legs to create different shapes together, an effect that could not be produced in a traditional stage setting. Due to the specific demands of television, the expectations of dancers changed, and it seems that those expectations became much harder to fulfill, as many dancers were not able to keep up. This emphasizes the unique hard work and success of June Taylor and her dancers, as they stepped up to fill the new roles created by the medium of television.

Personal life
June Taylor married attorney Sol Lerner; the couple had no children. Her sister, and sometime dance partner, Marilyn Taylor Horwich, became Jackie Gleason's third wife in 1975.

Death
June Taylor died on May 16, 2004, in Miami, Florida, from natural causes, aged 86. She is buried in Our Lady of Mercy Catholic Cemetery in Miami, near Gleason's outdoor mausoleum. She is buried next to her husband and attorney, Sol Lerner.

In popular culture

 * The character June from Playhouse Disney's Little Einsteins is named after her as an honor.
 * On May 9, 2000, Taylor was interviewed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation's Archive of American Television. This interview can be seen at the Archive's website.
 * In 2001, Taylor was featured on episodes of A&E's TVOGRAPHY, a program about America's favorite TV shows.

Credits

 * Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town - 1948
 * Jackie Gleason's Cavalcade of Stars - 1950
 * The Jackie Gleason Show - 1952-1959 and 1962–1970
 * Stage Show - 1955-1956
 * What's My Line? - 1956

Watch

 * June Taylor Interview Seven part interview at Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Foundation.

title: June Taylor