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Fraunces Tavern

Fraunces Tavern is a museum and restaurant in New York City, situated at 54 Pearl Street at the corner of Broad Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The location played a prominent role in history before, during, and after the American Revolution. At various points in its history, Fraunces Tavern served as a headquarters for George Washington, a venue for peace negotiations with the British, and housing federal offices in the Early Republic.

Fraunces Tavern has been owned since 1904 by Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York Inc., which carried out a major conjectural reconstruction, and claim it is Manhattan's oldest surviving building. The museum interprets the building and its history, along with varied exhibitions of art and artifacts. The tavern is a tourist site and a part of the American Whiskey Trail and the New York Freedom Trail. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a New York City designated landmark. In addition, the block on which Fraunces Tavern is located is a National Historic Landmark District and a New York City designated landmark district.

Pre-Revolutionary history
New York Mayor Stephanus van Cortlandt built his home in 1671 on the site, but retired to his manor on the Hudson River and gave the property in 1700 to his son-in-law, Étienne "Stephen" DeLancey, a French Huguenot who had married Van Cortlandt's daughter, Anne. The DeLancey family contended with the Livingston family for leadership of the Province of New York.

DeLancey built the current building as a house in 1719. The small yellow bricks used in its construction were imported from the Dutch Republic and the sizable mansion ranked highly in the province for its quality. His heirs sold the building in 1762 to Samuel Fraunces who converted the home into the popular tavern, first named the Queen's Head, and periodically known as Boltons Tavern or The Coffee House.

Before the American Revolution, the building was one of the meeting places of the secret society, the Sons of Liberty. During the tea crisis caused by the British Parliament's passage of the Tea Act 1773, the Patriots forced a British naval captain who tried to bring tea to New York to give a public apology at the building. The Patriots, disguised as American Indians (like those of the Boston Tea Party), then dumped the ship's tea cargo into New York Harbor.

In 1768, the New York Chamber of Commerce was founded by a meeting in the building.

On June 13, 1771, King George III of Great Britain granted a royal charter to establish "The Society of the New York Hospital in the City of New York in America" and a Board of Governors for the "reception of such patients as require medical treatment, chirurgical management and maniacs." The first regular meeting of the Board of Governors of what is now known as NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital was held at Fraunces Tavern on July 24, 1771.

Revolution
In August 1775, Americans, principally the 'Hearts of Oak' – a student militia of King's College, of which Alexander Hamilton was a member – took possession of cannons from the artillery battery at the southern point of Manhattan and fired on HMS Asia. The British Royal Navy ship retaliated by firing a 32-gun broadside on the city, sending a cannonball through the roof of the building.

When the war was all but won, the building was the site of "British-American Board of Inquiry" meetings, which negotiated to ensure to American leaders that no "American property" (meaning former slaves who were emancipated by the British for their military service) be allowed to leave with British troops. Led by Brigadier General Samuel Birch, board members reviewed the evidence and testimonies that were given by freed slaves every Wednesday from April to November 1783, and British representatives were successful in ensuring that almost all of the loyalist black people of New York maintained their liberty and could be evacuated with the "Redcoats" when they left if so desired. Through this process, Birch created the Book of Negroes.

Washington's farewell to his officers
A week after British troops had evacuated New York on November 25, 1783, the tavern hosted an elaborate "turtle feast" dinner, on December 4, 1783, in the building's Long Room for U.S. Gen. George Washington during which he bade farewell to his officers of the Continental Army by saying "[w]ith a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable." After his farewell, he took each one of his officers by the hand for a personal word.

Post-Revolution
In January 1785, New York City became the seat of the Confederation Congress, the nation's central government under the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union." The departments of Foreign Affairs, Finance and War had their offices at Fraunces Tavern.

With the ratification of the United States Constitution in March 1789, the Confederation Congress's departments became federal departments, and New York City became the first official national capital. The inauguration of George Washington as first President of the United States took place in April 1789. Under the July 1789 Residence Act, Congress moved the national capital to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for a 10-year period, while the permanent national capital was under construction in what is now Washington, D.C. The federal departments vacated their offices in the building and moved to Philadelphia in 1790.

19th and 20th centuries
The building operated throughout much of the 19th century, but suffered several serious fires beginning in 1832. Having been rebuilt several times, the structure's appearance was changed to the extent that the original building design is not known. The building was owned by Malvina Keteltas in the early 1800s. Ernst Buermeyer and his family leased part of the property in 1845 and ran a hotel called the Broad Street House at this location until 1860. After a disastrous fire in 1852, two stories were added, making the Tavern a total of five stories high. In 1890, the taproom was lowered to street level and the first floor exterior was remodeled, and its original timbers sold as souvenirs. The Manhattan local society of the National Society of the Children of the American Revolution is located at Fraunces Tavern. As of 2020, the Senior Society President is Ms. Elsye Richardson.

Restoration

In 1900, the tavern was slated for demolition by its owners, who reportedly wanted to use the land for a parking lot. A number of organizations, most notably the Daughters of the American Revolution, worked to preserve it, and convinced New York state government leaders to use their power of eminent domain and designate the building as a park (which was the only clause of the municipal ordinances that could be used for protection, as laws were not in place at the time for the subject of "historic preservation", then in its infancy). The temporary designation was later rescinded when the property was acquired in 1904 by the Sons of the Revolution In the State of New York Inc., primarily with funds willed by Frederick Samuel Tallmadge, the grandson of Benjamin Tallmadge, George Washington's chief of intelligence during the Revolution (a plaque depicting Tallmadge is affixed to the building). An extensive reconstruction was completed in 1907 under the supervision of early historic preservation architect, William Mersereau. A guide book of the era called the tavern "the most famous building in New York".

Historian Randall Gabrielan wrote in 2000 that "Mersereau claimed his remodeling of Fraunces Tavern was faithful to the original, but the design was controversial in his time. There was no argument over removing the upper stories, which were known to have been added during the building's 19th Century commercial use, but adding the hipped roof was questioned. He used the Philipse Manor House in Yonkers, New York as a style guide and claimed to follow the roof line of the original, as found during construction, traced on the bricks of an adjoining building." Architects Norval White and Elliot Willensky wrote in 2000 that the building was "a highly conjectural reconstruction – not a restoration – based on 'typical' buildings of 'the period,' parts of remaining walls, and a lot of guesswork." Daniela Salazar at the website Untapped New York agrees, stating that the "reconstruction was extremely speculative, and resulted in an almost entirely new construction".

The building was declared a landmark in 1965 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and the surrounding city block bounded by Pearl Street, Water Street, Broad Street and Coenties Slip was included on November 14, 1978. The National Park Service added the surrounding city block to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on April 28, 1977, and the building was added to the NRHP on March 6, 2008.

Bombing
A bomb planted in the tavern exploded on January 24, 1975, killing four people and injuring more than 50 others. The Puerto Rican clandestine paramilitary organization "Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña" (Armed Forces of Puerto Rican National Liberation, or FALN), which had executed other bomb incidents in New York in the 1970s, claimed responsibility. No one had been prosecuted for the bombing as of 2022.

Among the victims who died was a young banker, Frank Connor (33), who had worked his way up over 15 years from clerk to assistant vice president at Morgan Guaranty Trust. Connor left behind his wife and two sons. A second New York worker was Harold H. Sherburne (66), whose career on Wall Street spanned four decades. Two executives, James Gezork (32), of Wilmington, Delaware, and Alejandro Berger (28), who worked for a Philadelphia-based chemical company, had traveled to New York for business meetings. Sherburne, Connor, and Berger died at the scene; Gezork died later at the hospital.

In a note police found in a phone booth nearby, the FALN wrote, "we … take full responsibility for the especially detornated (sic) bomb that exploded today at Fraunces Tavern, with reactionary corporate executives inside." The note claimed the bomb — roughly 10 pounds of dynamite that had been crammed into an attaché case and slipped into the tavern's entrance hallway — was retaliation for the "CIA ordered bomb" that killed three and injured 11 in a restaurant in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, two weeks earlier.

Recent uses
Since 1907, the Fraunces Tavern Museum on the second and third floors has helped to interpret the Fraunces Tavern and the collection of artifacts that it holds. The museum comprises nine galleries: John Ward Dunsmore collection of painted scenes of the American revolution; the Elizabeth and Stanley DeForest Scott gallery of portraits of George Washington; the Long Room, the site of General George Washington's famous farewell dinner; the Clinton Room, a recreation of a federalist style dining room; the McEntee Gallery, depicting the history of the Sons of the Revolution; the Davis Education Center (Flag Gallery); and a number of other galleries and spaces used for periodic exhibitions. In 2014, for example, the museum exhibited 27 maps from the 1700 and 1800s, including a never before seen map from 1804 depicting the United States' postal routes.

The building served as the location of the General Society, Sons of the Revolution (a heritage organization similar to and competing with the "Sons of the American Revolution") office until 2002, when the General Society moved to Independence, Missouri. The Fraunces Tavern Museum maintains several galleries of art and artifacts about the Revolution including the McEntee "Sons of the Revolution" Gallery that displays much of the history of the Society. In 2011, the Fraunces Tavern Museum hosted a special naturalization ceremony for new citizens.

title: Fraunces Tavern


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Category:Programming languages

This category lists individual programming languages. Articles about general programming language topics should be moved to Category:Programming language topics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Programming languages


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List of Church of the Nazarene schools

This is a list of Bible colleges, liberal arts colleges, and seminaries owned and operated by the Church of the Nazarene. They are listed by continent and country.

Côte d'Ivoire

 * Institut Biblique Nazareen, Abidjan

Kenya

 * Africa Nazarene School of Extension, Nairobi
 * Africa Nazarene University, Nairobi

Malawi

 * Nazarene Theological College of Central Africa, Lilongwe

Mozambique

 * Seminario Nazareno em Mozambique, Maputo

Nigeria

 * Nigeria Nazarene Theological College, Abak, Akwa Ibom

South Africa

 * Nazarene Theological College, Honeydew, Johannesburg, South Africa

Swaziland

 * Southern Africa Nazarene University, a merger of the following institutions:
 * Swaziland Nazarene College of Education
 * Swaziland Nazarene College of Nursing
 * Swaziland Nazarene College of Theology, Siteki

India

 * Nazarene Nurses Training College, Maharashtra
 * South Asia Nazarene Bible College, Bangalore

Indonesia

 * Indonesia Nazarene Theological College, Yogyakarta

Japan

 * Japan Christian Junior College, Chiba, Japan
 * Japan Nazarene Theological Seminary, Tokyo

Philippines

 * Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary, Taytay, Rizal
 * Community Nazarene Christian School, Inayawan, Cebu
 * Philippine Nazarene College, (formerly Luzon Nazarene Bible College), Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
 * Visayan Nazarene Bible College, Cebu City, Cebu

South Korea

 * Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan

Taiwan

 * Taiwan Nazarene Theological College, Beitou, Taipei (inactive)

Thailand

 * Southeast Asia Nazarene Bible College, Bangkok

Australia

 * Nazarene Theological College, Thornlands, Queensland

Fiji, Micronesia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

 * South Pacific Nazarene Theological College, registered in Apia

Papua New Guinea

 * Melanesia Nazarene Bible College, Ningei, Mount Hagen, Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
 * Nazarene College of Nursing, Kudjip, Western Highlands Province
 * Nazarene Teachers' College, Ningei, Western Highlands Province

Germany

 * European Nazarene College

United Kingdom

 * Nazarene Theological College, Manchester, England

Canada

 * Ambrose University College, Calgary, Alberta
 * Institut Biblique Nazaréen du Québec, Québec, Canada

Costa Rica

 * Seminario Nazareno de las Americas, San José

Cuba

 * Instituto Biblico Nazareno, Havana

Dominican Republic

 * Seminario Nazareno Dominicano, Santo Domingo

Guatemala

 * Instituto Biblico Nazareno, Cobán, Alta Verapaz
 * Seminario Teológico Nazareno de Guatemala, Guatemala City

Haiti

 * Séminaire Théologique Nazaréen d'Haïti, Pétion-Ville

Mexico

 * Seminario Nazareno Mexicano, A.C., Tecate, Baja California, Mexico

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Caribbean Nazarene Theological College, Santa Cruz

United States
The eight liberal arts colleges have divided the country into "educational regions" and have formed a gentlemen's agreement to not actively recruit outside their educational region:

 * Eastern Nazarene College in Quincy, Massachusetts (Eastern)
 * MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Kansas (North Central)
 * Mount Vernon Nazarene University in Mount Vernon, Ohio (East Central)
 * Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho (Northwest)
 * Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois (Central)
 * Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego, California (Southwest)
 * Southern Nazarene University in Bethany, Oklahoma (South Central)
 * Trevecca Nazarene University in Nashville, Tennessee (Southeast)

There are, in addition to the liberal arts colleges, a Bible college and a seminary:

 * Nazarene Bible College in Colorado Springs, Colorado
 * Nazarene Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri

Argentina

 * Seminario Nazareno Sudamericano, Buenos Aires

Bolivia

 * Seminario Teologico Nazareno de Bolivia, La Paz

Brazil

 * Faculdade Nazarena do Brasil, Campinas

Chile

 * Seminario Biblico Nazareno, Santiago

Ecuador

 * Seminario Teologico Nazareno Sudamericano, Quito

Peru

 * Instituto Biblico Nazareno, Bagua Chica
 * Seminario Teologico Nazareno, Chiclayo

title: List of Church of the Nazarene schools


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Category:Professional wrestling

__NOGALLERY__

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Seattle Asian Art Museum

The Seattle Asian Art Museum (often abbreviated to SAAM) is a museum of Asian art at Volunteer Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. Part of the Seattle Art Museum, the SAAM exhibits historic and contemporary artworks from China, Korea, Japan, India, the Himalayas, and other Southeast Asian countries. It also features an education center, conservation center, and library. The museum is located in the 1933 Art Deco building which was originally home to the Seattle Art Museum's main collection. In 1991 the main collection moved to a newly constructed Seattle Art Museum building in the downtown area. The Seattle Asian Art Museum opened in 1994.

About
The SAAM is organized thematically, with art and objects grouped by their relationship to themes including "spirituality, worship, celebration, visual arts, literature, clothing, nature and the power of birth and death." The museum's permanent collection spans thirteen galleries. There is one large gallery reserved for special exhibitions which changes every six months.

History
The Seattle Art Museum was founded in 1933 by Richard E. Fuller, a collector of Asian art. Sixty years later, in 1993, the main Seattle Art Museum announced that it would open an Asian art museum at its original Volunteer Park location. A reception, held November 1993 as part of the APEC Summit, was attended by the leaders of East Asian nations and 400 guests. The SAAM officially opened to the public on August 13, 1994, during a ceremony attended by 6,000 visitors.

The museum houses an Asian Paintings Conservation Center.

Architecture
The Seattle Asian Art Museum is housed in a historic Art Deco building designed in 1933 by Carl F. Gould of the architectural firm Bebb and Gould. From 1933 to 1991, the building served as the home of the Seattle Art Museum and its main collection. After the main collection moved to a new museum in Downtown Seattle, the building underwent an early renovation in the 1990s at a cost of $5.2 million. The Gould building was designated a Seattle landmark in 1989, and officially added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

The museum underwent a major expansion project, starting in 2017, that was spurred by the need to upgrade the building's HVAC system, freight elevator, and seismic resistance. The project was funded by a mixture of public and private donations and included preservation of the museum's historic Art Deco facade, infrastructure upgrades, climate control and seismic system improvements, as well as the addition of new gallery and education spaces. Seattle-based firm LMN Architects was responsible for design of a US$56 million renovation and expansion of the building. Construction on the renovation project began with a ceremonial groundbreaking on March 13, 2018. The museum closed for three years for the major renovation, from February 2017 until February 2020. The new three-story wing is constructed principally out of glass and sandstone in a minimalist style.

Collection
The Seattle Asian Art Museum holds a permanent collection of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian art. The museum continues to grow its collection of art "centered around historic, modern, and contemporary Asian Pacific Islander as well as Southeast Asian art, specifically collecting different works created by local Asian Pacific Islander artists within the Seattle area."

The collection holds the artwork entitled Some/One by South Korean sculptor Do-Ho Suh in the form of a suit of armor made of thousands of military IDs, or dog-tags. South Korean ceramic artist Yoon Kwang-cho is also represented in the collection.

title: Seattle Asian Art Museum


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A. J. Langer

Allison Joy Langer, Countess of Devon (born May 22, 1974), commonly known by her stage name A. J. Langer, is an American former actress. She is most known for playing Caroline Larkin in season two of Baywatch and as Rayanne Graff on the television series My So-Called Life.

Early years
Born in Columbus, Ohio, Allison Joy Langer moved to the San Fernando Valley with her family at age five. When she joined an otherwise all-boys baseball team at age eight, her teammates considered the name "Allison" to be too feminine, and began calling her by her initials, "A.J." She has one older brother, Kirk.

Career
After recurring roles on several television shows, including The Wonder Years, Baywatch and Drexell's Class, Langer was cast as Rayanne Graff on My So-Called Life. She also appeared in the cast of the sitcoms It's Like, You Know... and Three Sisters, as well as the drama series Eyes. Her film appearances include John Carpenter's Escape From L.A. and Wes Craven's horror film The People Under the Stairs.

In 2011, after a six-year acting hiatus, Langer appeared in 14 episodes of Private Practice in the recurring role of Erica Warner. She left the show in 2012 following the death of her character.

Personal life
Langer married attorney Charles Courtenay, the son of Hugh Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon, in a civil ceremony in 2004. A formal wedding took place on April 30, 2005, in Los Angeles.

Until the death of her father-in-law, Langer held the courtesy title of Lady Courtenay. Following his death, and upon her husband's succession as 19th Earl of Devon, she assumed the title of Countess of Devon. In January 2014, she and her husband permanently relocated their family to London, and to the family seat at Powderham Castle in May 2015. The couple announced their separation, and intention to divorce, in November 2023.

The couple have two children, a daughter and a son:
 * Lady Joscelyn Skye Courtenay
 * Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay, Lord Courtenay

In her spare time, Langer raises awareness and money for the research and treatment of fibromyalgia, from which she herself suffers.

title: A. J. Langer


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Hvítárvatn

Hvítárvatn (, "white river lake"; also known as Hvítárlón, "white river lagoon") is a lake in the Highlands of Iceland and the source of the glacial river Hvítá, Árnessýsla. It is located 45 km northeast of Gullfoss waterfall. Its surface is about 30 km2 and its greatest depth is 84 m. It lies at an elevation of 420 m.

There are some rivers and lakes with the Icelandic adjective hvítur (white) in their name. This is explained by the source of most of Iceland's freshwater, originating from glaciers which make the water light in colour.

title: Hvítárvatn


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Talk:Richard Walther Darré

Secret Nazi Speech
Is this regarded as credible by historians? If not, reference to it should be removed. The contents seem fantastic and much more likely the work of an English writer than a German one. "Proud Albion"? It was supposedly given May 1940, yet its contents seem to match the situation of late 1940, as the UK saw it, all too well, whereas its forecasts of German activity after that point are wrong. Qemist (talk) 05:33, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

 * it's been removed and reinstated a couple of times over the years. It certainly reads like pure Allied propaganda, especially given the magazine's own tentative description, and I don't think an original German source has ever been identified. And it's very untypical of the writings and speeches that we know are authentic. Mhkay (talk) 22:06, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

The speech is quite plausible because both Hugenberg and Darre were quite upfront about the Lebensraum project with the aggie crowd at a time when Goebbels and Hitler were trying to improve the Reich's image. See for example the transcript of a 1936 Darre speech in Zeitschrift fuer Geschichtswissenschaft 49(2001), 141-57. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.112.165 (talk) 03:32, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It's one of the easier spotted propaganda inventions, but then our "Historians" have no problem affirming veracity of equally bogus or dubious speeches & documents as long as they seem to fit their narrative. --197.229.154.1 (talk) 18:38, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Eleanore Lagergren
Someone added the information, with no evidence, that Richard's mother Eleanore had Spanish blood. I have deleted this because it contradicts the (unpublished) genealogy I have for her. According to this information her ancestry is as follows:

1. Theodore Erik Lagergren b. 1839 Glömminge, Sweden d. 1873 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1.1 Jonas Peter Lagergren b. 1787 "Kalmar" (probably a misreading of "Kalmar", Sweden) 1.2 Elin Hakansdotter b. 1797 Berga,Resmo (Kalmar county, Sweden) 2. Josefina Margarete Thole, b. 1841 Haselünne, Friesland 2.1 Johann Bernhard Josef Thole, b. 1809 Haselünne, Friesland 2.2 Anna Maria Elisabeth Badde, b. 1800 Cloppenburg, Germany

So she had two Swedish grandparents, one German, and one Dutch (except it was annexed by Napoleonic France at the time). Since her detailed ancestry has no place in this article, we could probably approximate to saying she was half Swedish and half Dutch, based on the birthplace of her parents. Mhkay (talk) 08:32, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Follow-up. Haselünne today is on the German side of the border in Lower Saxony. Borders in that part of the world have changed over the years but I have not been able to find confirmation that it was in Friesland (or the Netherlands) in 1809 or 1841. And in any case, I'm not sure what Wikipedia policy is when the town of birth was in a different country at the time. Mhkay (talk) 08:32, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Walther Darré


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User talk:Danstack

Hello Danstack, and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Have fun.

-- Zigger 05:15, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Danstack


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Talk:Ami Mazar

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to redirect to Amihai Mazar. For an archive of the discussion, see /Delete.''

title: Talk:Ami Mazar


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Bounty (reward)

A bounty is a payment or reward of money to locate, capture or kill an outlaw or a wanted person. Two modern examples of bounties are the ones placed for the capture of Saddam Hussein and his sons by the United States government and Microsoft's bounty for computer virus creators. Those who make a living by pursuing bounties are known as bounty hunters.

Bounties have also been granted for other actions, such as exports under mercantilism.

Historical examples
Written promises of reward for the capture of or information regarding criminals go back to at least the first-century Roman Empire. Graffiti from Pompeii, a Roman city destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 79 AD, contained this message: "A copper pot went missing from my shop. Anyone who returns it to me will be given 65 bronze coins (sestertii). Twenty more will be given for information leading to the capture of the thief."

A bounty system was used in the American Civil War as an incentive to increase enlistments. Unscrupulous bounty jumpers would receive a bounty, then desert.

Another bounty system was used in New South Wales to increase the number of immigrants from 1832.

Bounties were sometimes paid as rewards for killing Native Americans. In 1862, a farmer received a bounty for shooting Taoyateduta (Little Crow). In 1856, Governor Isaac Stevens put a bounty on the head of Indians from eastern Washington, for ordinary Indians and for a chief. A western Washington Indian, Patkanim, chief of the Snohomish, obligingly provided a great many heads, until the territorial auditor put a stop to the practice due to the dubious origins of the deceased.

In Australia in 1824, a bounty of 500 acres of land was offered for capturing alive the Wiradjuri warrior Windradyne, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance movement in the Bathurst Wars. A week after the bounty was offered, the word "alive" was dropped from the reward notices, but he was neither captured nor betrayed by his people.

Bounties have been offered on animals deemed undesirable by particular governments or corporations. In Tasmania, the thylacine was relentlessly hunted to extinction based on such schemes. Gray wolves, too, were extirpated from much of the present United States by bounty hunters. An example of the legal sanction granted can be found in a Massachusetts Bay Colony law dated May 7, 1662: "This Court doth Order, as an encouragement to persons to destroy Woolves, That henceforth every person killing any Woolf, shall be allowed out of the Treasury of that County where such woolf was slain, Twenty shillings, and by the Town Ten shillings, and by the County Treasurer Ten shillings: which the Constable of each Town (on the sight of the ears of such Woolves being cut off) shall pay out of the next County rate, which the Treasurer shall allow."

17th-century examples
Since after the Stuart Restoration, criminality was increasing, the dissatisfaction with the penal system led to the implementation of the rewards. £10 were promised to anyone who gave information about a robber or burglar and a pardon was also granted to convicts able to provide evidence against their accomplices. Between 1660 and 1692, Parliament introduced a series of statutes that offered rewards up to £40. Under William III, the rewards became a systematic element in the fight against crime, an alternative to erase the most dangerous threats to the community. The first example of permanent reward was in 1692, when £40 (together with the offender's horse, arms, and money) were offered for the discovery and the conviction of offenders who committed serious property crimes – highway robbery, burglary and housebreaking, coining, and other offences. The trial judges became fundamental to the administration of the rewards system because the statutes put them in charge of apportioning the reward among the persons who claimed to have participated in procuring the conviction. As it was written in the legislation of 1692, "...in case any Dispute shall happen to arise between the persons so apprehending any the said Thieves and Robbers touching their right and title to the said Reward that then the said Judge or Justices so respectively certifying as aforesaid shall in and by their said Certificate direct and appoint the said Reward to be paid unto and amongst the Parties claimeing the same in such share and proportions as to the said Judge or Justices shall seem just and reasonable"

18th-century examples
In the 18th century, the English government episodically offered rewards by proclamation; in 1720, a royal proclamation offered bounties for the unmasking of murderers or highway robbers, sometimes worth as much as £100. When a statutory reward overlapped a proclamation, prosecuting or convicting of a highway robber could be worth £140 a head (£100 under proclamation, £40 by statute), £240 for a pair or £420 for a three-person group. These were huge sums at the time when an artisan earned about £20 and a labourer less than £15 per year. Supplementary reward was part of the administration of the law for six years, then with the death of George I, it came to an end. After two years, in February 1728, a new proclamation reinstated the £100 reward by respecting the original terms. Private parties were also free to offer rewards in addition to rewards by proclamations, then this practice was taken up by governmental departments and local authorities. In 1716, Robert Griffith was indicted for stealing from Thomas Brooks, one silver watch, value £51, and one gold watch, value £18, from Mary Smith. She offered a reward of £15 to anyone who gave information about the robber. The reward was received by Mr. Holder, after he brought Mrs. Smith the silver watch that was stolen. In 1732, Henry Carey offered a reward of 2 guineas for the securing of Richard Marshall, and three more for his conviction. Marshall, together with Mary Horsenail and Amy Mason, were indicted for breaking and entering the house of Mr. Carey in Dorrington-street. They were also indicted for robbery. Marshall was secured by Mr. Parker, that received the 2-guinea reward as promised. Australian bushranger Ned Kelly held the most wanted bounty of the 1800s, for £8000; Ned was wanted dead or alive.

Rewards and thief-takers
In creating incentives to overcome criminality, the rewards system risked overincentivizing. This led to the development of the profession of thief-taker. They were part of the criminal underworld, but they were seen as offering an advantageous service to the state. Victims of theft in London, facilitated by the circulation of newspapers, took advantage of advertising to recover their stolen goods. They offered a reward "with no questions asked". Since prosecutors usually resorted to the legal system, they had to pay for the proceedings at the Old Bailey; though the offender was convicted, they often lost their goods forever. For this reason, prosecutors decided to bypass the legal system, recovering their goods by resorting to advertising. Thief-takers were the perfect intermediates between victims and offenders and received a portion of the reward offered. Jonathan Wild, a prominent figure of the underworld, successfully combined thief-taking with the activity of simplifying the return of stolen goods by paying rewards to the thieves. In the early 1720s, he controlled London's underworld, but his activity became a threat to the community and the integrity of the penal system. In 1725, Wild was accused of stealing 50 yards (46 m) of lace, valued at £40, from the shop of a blind woman, Catherine Statham. He admitted accepting a reward of 10 guineas from Mrs. Statham for helping her to recover the stolen lace. He was acquitted of the first charge but with Mrs. Statham's evidence presented against him on the second charge he was convicted and sentenced to death.

Fictional representations
The figure of Jonathan Wild inspired the character of Mr. Peachum in The Beggar's Opera, a satirical ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay. Peachum controls a large group of thieves, and is connected to the government and courts. Because of these connections, he can decide whether to allow a captured criminal to be hanged (in that case he receives a reward) or to be released. In scene II, Peachum gives evidence against another member of his gang, Tom Gagg, in exchange for a reward of £40. Then in scene IV, Mrs. Peachum, Peachum's wife, enters and inquires about Bob Booty, her favorite member of the gang. Peachum will accept a £40 reward for allowing Bob to be hanged.

Steve McQueen played bounty hunter Josh Randall in the Western television series Wanted Dead or Alive (1958–1961).

The Star Wars universe features many bounty hunters, with the most famous examples being Boba Fett and Din Djarin.

Two films directed by Quentin Tarantino, Django Unchained and The Hateful Eight, focus on the stories of bounty hunters in the United States in the mid to late 1800s.

21st-century examples
The majority of prisoners held in Guantánamo Bay detainment camp were handed over by bounty hunters.

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston offered a $5 million reward for the return, in good condition, of the 13 works of art taken from its galleries in March 1990.

Mathematics
The term "bounty" is used in mathematics to refer to a reward offered to any person willing to take on an open problem. Bounties are offered for solving a particular math problem – ranging from small lemmas that graduate students solve in their spare time to some of the world's hardest math problems. Paul Erdős was famous for offering mathematical bounties.

Economics
In economics the term "bounty" has often been used in the sense of a negative tax.

Open-source software
In the computer science and open-source community, bounty refers to a reward offered to any person or project willing to solve open problems, for instance, implementing a feature or finding a bug in an open-source software program (open-source bounty). For instance, the Mozilla Foundation offers bounties for security bug hunting. Bounty-driven development is one of the business models for open-source software.

Bounties can also be awarded for non-technical contributions, such as for adding relevant information or digital media to a repository. On Wikipedia, one of several ways to incentivize users to expand articles is by offering rewards via the Reward board in exchange for a specified contribution. Bounties on the Reward board are provided by the requesting Wikipedia user and both monetary and non-monetary rewards are permitted. Wikipedia, and other open-source projects, place guidelines on compensation to maintain neutrality and reliability.

Poker
In poker tournaments, a money bounty is awarded for knocking a player out of the tournament. Some tournaments offer a bounty for any eliminated player, while others offer them only for certain players, usually well-known professional players, sometimes celebrities.

Cryptocurrency
In cryptocurrency, bounty campaign is a popular marketing tool used widely to support the launch of a new cryptocurrency, new dApp game or a new blockchain platform. In a bounty campaign, participants receive small amounts of cryptocurrency tokens in exchange for providing social media engagement (for instance, tweeting and retweeting) or for creating promotional materials (such as YouTube videos).

Motorsport
Often, if a driver or team has won multiple consecutive races, a race track or sanctioning body will establish a bounty on a team. This practice is common on local short tracks, especially if a driver has won three consecutive weeks or more. The bounty often is increased for every race the offending driver or team continues to win, and is claimed upon another driver or team ending that winning streak. After Chip Ganassi Racing won six consecutive Rolex Sports Car Series races, Grand American Road Racing Association established a bounty to the team that beats Ganassi. On May 14, 2011, Action Express Racing defeated Ganassi, and claimed the bounty.

After Kyle Busch won six consecutive NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series races over a two-season span, driver Kevin Harvick and series sponsor Camping World Holdings placed a $100,000 bounty to a full-time Cup Series driver that defeats Busch in one of the remaining four races Busch is eligible to participate. Numerous Cup Series drivers announced plans to enter the $100,000 bounty races. On the first race of the four on May 26, 2020, Chase Elliott claimed the bounty in defeating Busch at the North Carolina Education Lottery 200. Harvick and Camping World will donate the bounty to COVID-19 relief efforts. A separate bounty had been planned by Halmar International, a sponsor on a Kyle Busch Motorsports truck, for $50,000 if a Truck Series regular defeated Busch, but that was cancelled because the sponsor used the money for COVID-19 relief efforts.

American football
Bounties, referring to bonuses for in-game performance, are officially banned by the National Football League, the sport's dominant professional league. Despite this, bounties have had a significant history within the sport. Notable examples include a 1989 game between the Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles that became known as the Bounty Bowl, and a bounty scheme organized by players and coaches with the New Orleans Saints that was uncovered in 2012, leading to substantial penalties.

Recruitment
Bounty is also used to refer to bonus payments made to staff on recruitment (or for recommending others for recruitment). This practice used to be common in the military (it was standard practice in the British Army during the 19th century), but has since been largely phased out, only to become relatively widespread amongst civilian employers. Many reserve armed forces also pay a retention "bounty" to personnel who meet or exceed participation and training thresholds.

title: Bounty (reward)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ami Mazar

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Ami Mazar.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to redirect to Amihai Mazar.

Non-notable professor. RickK 22:03, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

Says who? He directed a few important excavations, notably in Bet She'an. Yaron 22:27, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Professors at important schools should have articles, and he gets a fair number of Google hits. Everyking 00:49, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Ami Mazar is one of the current leading archaeologists in Israel and the Middle East. He has indeed directed a number of vital excavations and makes frequent contributions to scholarship. He is one of the chief protagonists in the current debate regarding the validity and chronology of the United Monarchy, one of the most vexed issues in Biblical archaeology today. NB: this entry could be deleted though, or be the subject of a redirect, as I have now created a fuller entry under Mazar's full name.... User:pjamescowie

OK, I have now incorporated a redirect to the full name entry..... IMHO it's worth retaining this redirect as many archaeology buffs will no doubt search on "Ami Mazar", which is the shortened Hebrew name that many will know him by..... Such a search will now lead them to the correct entry and his full name, instead of a dead end. User:pjamescowie

 * Keep redirect. Nice work, pjames. Meelar 17:27, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Writer@Large

Hello "Writer@Large " and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages, such as

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.

the Help desk. Thanks for your contributions. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 05:18, 30 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * If you have any questions, see Help, or you can a question to
 * Note: the article you were working on at Robert Green Ingersoll was about the same person as a previously existing article at Robert G. Ingersoll. Alas, this sort of thing happens from time to time, which is why making redirects from alternative names is a good idea. I made the new article into a redirect to the older one. In case you wish to merge some of your text into the existing article, in addition to the copy which remains in the article history at Robert Green Ingersoll, I put a copy at Talk:Robert G. Ingersoll.

Your edits to Internet Infidels
In the last few days, you have made multiple changes to the Wikipedia article on Internet Infidels which violate wikipedia policies against edit warring ( WP:3RR ), editing with a non-neutral point of view ( WP:NPOV ), and fighting external battles on Wikipedia or trying to turn it in to a soapbox ( What Wikipedia is not ).

Though actions by a number of editors individually and in concert violated Wikipedia policy to the extent that normally leads to editors being temporarily blocked from editing, I am at this point merely leaving warnings for everyone on all sides who have participated in the problems.

Please slow down and stop making controversial edits to the article. Any further editing should be accompanied by discussion on the article talk page about the nature of the changes made, and any disputes should be discussed on the the article talk page prior to editing one way or the other.

In addition to these warnings, the article is semi-protected for the next week, and editing by new accounts (less than 4 days old) and IP address anonymous users is currently on hold. This does not extend to the talk page, where everyone is currently free to discuss in depth. It also will not be an excuse for older accounts to edit with impunity - additional administrator attention is focused on the article, and further abuse at this time will be dealt with more severely.

We welcome many contributors, including those with opposing viewpoints on events and issues, but we like Wikipedia to operate by consensus (discussion on talk pages, coming to agreement on issues via discussion) rather than fighting (edit warring on ariticles themselves). I hope that you and all the others involved can work these issues out on the talk page in good consensus form.

Thank you. Georgewilliamherbert (talk) 03:10, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions in a content dispute within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors.

Please do not add commentary or your own personal analysis to Wikipedia articles. Doing so violates Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy and breaches the formal tone expected in an encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox.

File permission problem with File:Alt Humanlight.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Alt Humanlight.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Kelly hi! 14:35, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Writer@Large


text:
Talk:Glad

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see /Delete.''

 * Glad was a fictious legendary person. Like most persons of the Gesta Hungarorum, he was a pure invention. - pls provide reference to a demonstration that Glad was a pure invention -- Criztu 21:50, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

There is no proof that Glad was only invention and legendary person. In fact, some indirect proofs can confirm his existence, like names of the places probably named after him: Gladna, Galad, Kladovo (Gladovo), Glad monastery, etc. User:PANONIAN

Or vice versa...:) Juro 00:16, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Well, name Gladovo in Slavic languages means "the place, which belong to Glad". So, it cannot be vice versa in this case. Here are other similar names founded in Republika Srpska: Gladovic, Gladovici, Gladov do, Gladova vrtaca, Gladov vrh, Gladov krs. All these places are obviously named after person, whose name was Glad. My point is that Glad is confirmed personal name, and that could be indirect proof that name of duke Glad doesn’t come from the name of place, but vice versa. User:PANONIAN

 * (1) The truth is "vice versa". There is no proof that he really existed as the person decribed in the document, and given that other persons have been proovably invented as well, it is only logical to assume that Glad is an invention as well (and not to say "there is no proof that he is an invention" - that would be a quite strange type of reasoning, because as a rule in history one has to proof that something exists and not that something does not exist). (2) Gladovo does not necesarily mean "that belongs to Glad", it only means "place of Glad". (3) The quite obvious point is that Glad could have been anyone at any time: from a god, an animal, a figure from fairy tales to anybody. What Mag. P or his predecessors did (or could have done) is, like in many cases, that he saw that there was some important "Glad" in that region, so he named one of my main "players" after this "Glad".Juro 13:26, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Yes, the place names may indicate that there was a figure (or figures) of importance named Glad in these regions in the past. Alexander 007 05:09, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * saying "according to GH Gelou Glad and Menomorout were local rulers conquered by the magyars" doesn't mean "Gelou Glad and Menumorout realy existed and the proof is GH", it simply means "Gelou Glad and Menumorout were some characters in a chronicle" (one could affirm in the GH article that "the events and characters described in GH are not confirmed by other chronicles from the same timeframe, or by an archaeological research" -- Criztu 18:34, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Juro, Criztu, first see these links (if you didn’t saw them before):
 * http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/trans-gesta_hun.htm
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum

Now, here is quote: '''The "Gesta Hungarorum" contains correct facts, inaccurate facts, and information on Transylvania that cannot be confirmed from other sources. Some of the work is directly from earlier sources, and covers the history of the Magyar peoples moving into the Carpathian basin. The following are some commonly referenced parts with commentary regarding Transylvania. You may choose to believe them or not!''' So, only parts of Gesta Hungarorum, which contradict other sources, can be for sure considered to be invention. However, there are also parts of it, which are confirmed by other sources, and there are parts, which are neither confirmed neither disproved by other sources. Story about duke Glad is one of those. Other sources do not confirm his existence, but also do not deny his existence as well. You say that it is logical to assume that Glad is an invention. How so? On what facts you base this statement? Here is another logic: Other sources confirming that region in question was part of Bulgaria in that time, so, why it is not logical that some local Bulgarian duke such is Glad ruled the area? You say that somebody has to prove that something in history exist and not to prove that something doesn’t exist. However, Glad is mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum, so, somebody also have to prove that this part of chronicle, which speaks about duke Glad is inaccurate. Until somebody prove this, only thing which we can say about Glad for sure is that he maybe existed and maybe not, As quote above says: you may chose to believe in his existence or not. As for name Gladovo, I do not know what of two English translations of this name is better, but according to grammatical laws of Serbian language, this place was named after person whose name was Glad, as well as other mentioned places in Republika Srpska. Of course, you are right that this person could be anyone in any time. Yet, places in question could be also named after duke Glad, since he is only known person with this name. And to repeat again, somebody who claims that Glad didn’t existed should to prove that part of Gesta Hungarorum, which speaks about him, is invention. So far, I didn’t saw such a proof here. User:PANONIAN

More quotes about this subject:
 * http://www.geocities.com/amadgearu/notary.html

"Being a medieval gesta, the purpose of the source was not the recording of the past, but the legitimation of the present by means of history. GH has a propagandistic character. Its prototype was another Gesta Ungarorum, written in the late 11th century. The Anonymous Notary (also known as Anonymus) used several traditions and oral genealogies, but he tried to write a truthful story. His critical spirit is remarkable. It is also true that his work contains several anachronisms and confusions. Despite such confusions, GH remains a valuable source. The Byzantine and Frankish sources confirm the remembrance of the Bulgarian domination in the lower basin of the Tisa."

"The rest of our book discusses the chapters 9 and 24-27. The third passage concerns the campaign through Banat towards Bulgaria (934). The existence of the local ruler Glad is proved by the survival of his name in the toponymy. In this passage the Blaci are mentioned among the allies of Glad. There is no reason to deny this information. The Cumans involved too in this alliance might be the Kavars."

"The chronology of the events described in ch. 24-27 is unclear. We are not sure about the date during Arpad’s age and we suggest a later chronology, after 927, when the Bulgarian hegemony fell. The Hungarian warriors began their inroads in East after 933 when they were defeated at Merseburg. The attack against the duke Glad in Banat is dated too in 934."

User:PANONIAN

OK, I will explain my point using an example: He proovably completely invented a person called Zobor and a whole story around him. He took the name after the historically "famous" Zobor hill in Nitra, whose name is older (and about which, in additon, a Czech chronicle tells a completely different story for a different time). The whole story is a lie. Why should I a-priori assume that anything he writes is correct unless the opposite is proven, if I know that he is able to invent (or use from other wrong sources) a whole story and a person? The only logical thing is to assume that he is a-priori wrong and find proofs for the opposite. In other words, of course it is possible that the Glad story is correct, but I see not even a 10% chance of it beeing true. Juro 22:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for delaying in answering, but I was busy. Fact is that this discussion whether Glad existed or not do not have end, since the evidences for both claims are only indirect. You mention the story about Zobor, and you also mention that another story in the Czech chronicle contradict with the first story. However, there is no other historical source, which contradict with the story about Glad. We know that author of Gesta Hungarorum was able to invent stories, but we also know that he wrote some correct facts. So, I do not think that we should to a-priori assume anything about existence of Glad. In the article about Glad there is note that he is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum, so, when the reader of Wikipedia open this link, he will se what Gesta Hungarorum is, and he will conclude for himself whether Glad existed or not. That would be the point. User:PANONIAN

GLAAD?
Why in the world does glaad redirect here? Wikipedia isn't know for its spelling error redirects, and most people who search for glaad are going to be looking for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Secondly, GLAAD is wikilinked twice within this page, with only one of them being an actual link (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation.) The other is just an acronym for a LA defense council. Since I've been hounded for editing disambiguation pages before, I'd just like to check if it would be acceptable to redirect glaad to GLAAD. Dkkicks 16:49, 4 March 2007 (UTC) UPDATE I'd also like to point out that the Greater Los Angeles Agency on Deafness is not GLAAD, but simply GLAD, there is nothing on their website that has double-As. Dkkicks 16:51, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glad


text:
User:ToddLo114

I'm a Political Science/International Relations major and Chinese Studies minor at the University of California at San Diego. My main interests are in comparative politics and international relations, but the nature of the disciplines are such that they touch on everything from philosophy and history to economics and anthropology - so I'm interested in those areas of study as well.

ToddLo114 05:20, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:ToddLo114


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glad

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Glad.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Another band advert. Delete. Guanaco 05:49, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Glad has been a wanted article from a cappella for two years . I've never actually heard of them (Christian a cappella music is not my thing), but 'glad "a cappella"' gets 22,000 hits on Google. Seems notable enough, keep. -- Cyrius|&#9998 07:24, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Quite notable enough. Article does need work, but we don't even have an article on the King's Singers. Andrewa 11:58, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Everyking 19:09, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have their records. DJ Clayworth 18:10, 25 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but maybe make into a disambig--isn't there a company that also manufactures Glad plasticl wrap or aluminum foil? Meelar 17:06, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glad


text:
Samuel Dash

Samuel Dash (February 27, 1925 – May 29, 2004) was an American lawyer. He was chief counsel for the Senate Watergate Committee during the Watergate scandal. Dash became famous for his televised interrogations during the hearings held by the United States Congress on the Watergate incident.

Early life and education
Dash was born in Camden, New Jersey, to Joseph and Ida Dash (originally Dashevsky), Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union. His family later moved to Philadelphia.

He graduated from Central High School in Philadelphia and went on to study at Temple University. While in high school he was the president of the Interscholastic League of Student Associations. He interrupted his studies when at the age of 18, with the United States engaged in fighting World War II, Dash enlisted in the Army Air Corps and served as a bombardier navigator, flying missions over Italy. After the war, he finished his undergraduate degree at Temple University in 1947. Dash then studied at Harvard Law School where he gained his degree in 1950.

Career
In 1955, Dash became a district attorney in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He later went into private practice.

Dash became a law professor at Georgetown University, where he was working when he was asked to help United States Senator Sam Ervin, head of the Senate Committee charged to investigate the possible involvement of President Richard Nixon in the burglary of offices used by the Democratic Party at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C., and the effort to obstruct investigation of the burglary. The university gave Dash a leave of absence to do this work, and he became the committee's chief counsel.

Two decades later, Dash was again in the news, after resigning his post as ethics adviser to independent counsel Kenneth Starr. After working for the investigation for four years, Dash resigned to protest Starr's appearance before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary. Dash thought that Starr was acting as an "aggressive advocate" instead of an impartial investigator.

Dash returned to Georgetown, where, for nearly 40 years, he taught criminal procedure. In 1976, he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board. Shortly before his death, he published The Intruders: Unreasonable Searches and Seizures from King John to John Ashcroft, which discusses the risks to freedom in modern society, particularly in the wake of the PATRIOT Act.

Death
Dash died in Washington, D.C., of congestive heart failure, aged 79, on the same day as Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor for the Watergate scandal.

Media appearances

 * In the WETA-TV 2-part special Summer of Judgment: The Watergate Hearings in 1983, marking 10 years after the hearings.

 * In Episode 4 of the TV adaptation of Slow Burn Season 1 on the Watergate hearings (via archival footage).

title: Samuel Dash


text:
Apavatn

Apavatn is a lake in southwest Iceland. With a surface area of around 13 km2 it is much larger than the neighbouring lake of Laugarvatn, which lies to the north of Apavatn.

Apavatn is renowned for its good fishing, especially trout.

title: Apavatn


text:
Talk:Iztaccihuatl

Petrology
Does anyone have very detailed information about the volcanic rocks there? Given the geography one would assume it's relatively felsic; but it'd be nice to have a decent discussion of it (and I am by no means an expert on it nor have I seen thin sections or samples from the area). 69.253.16.52 05:49, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

I put photo to commons
The link is http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:MountainIztaccihuatlMexico01.jpg Thanks.--Gengiskanhg 02:52, 3 May 2005 (UTC)--132.248.36.43 02:52, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Sleeping/White
Somebody (189.135.53.57, whoever that is) keeps reverting "White Woman" to "Sleeping Woman" in this and the Popocatépetl article. The context is the (supposed) Aztec legend. Ixtaccíhuatl does not mean "Sleeping Woman" but does mean "White Woman". If the mountain is now locally called the "Sleeping Woman" in Spanish that's cool and might be noted elsewhere, but it is irrelevant to the legend. I'd go bail it is not called "Sleeping Woman" in local Nahuatl, unless by backtranslation from Spanish. (Kochtoksiwatl? Kochtikasowatl? Never heard of such a thing.)

Please leave it be, 189.135.whoever (and you might register, while you're at it.)

--Lavintzin 23:33, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Iztaccihuatl and Popocatepetl
Many years ago, a beautiful Empree and Emperor had a beatiful daughter named  Iztaccihuatl which means white lady. Izta grew up and fell in love with the captain of the tribe named Popoca. One day Popoca had to go to war and Izta father said to him if he brings the head of the enemy back he could marry his daughter. Weeks went by and a letter came for the Emperor, it said that popoca had died. When the Emperor should this to his daughter she could no stop crying. Soon after Izta had died from being so sad the warriors came home and Popoca had walk up to the Emperor with the head of the Enemy. The Emperor was so happy to see him, the emperor told him that Izta was dead. Popoca took Izta's body and went out of town, he told the army to make a funeral bed for Izta. He stayed there with Izta's body while the rest of his army went home the gods were touched by Popoca's sacrifice, that they turned Popoca and Izta into volcanos. Popocatepeti is the name for smoking mountain. popocatepetl is the only volcano to still be active, thay say the reason he still smokes is because it is still whaching over her. You now that is really the saying love concerns even death till they part from love.

 * When I lived in Mexico in the late '70s, we heard a version of the legend that said she would someday awaken and drive the Europeans from Mexico. Is there any corroberation of this? Triskele Jim (talk) 17:31, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Hebrew writing on Ixtla-something-or-other
User:Nima Baghaei, a ufologist and paranormal researcher, has twice put in a picture purporting to document some wierd occurrence or other, which I have twice removed. Could somebody with a bit of authority avoid a revert war here? --Lavintzin 15:34, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * This event actually occured so I am not sure whats wrong with it. -nima baghaei 15:57, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

You say it occurred, I say it's bogus. In such situations, the disputed information should *not* go into an article unless there is pretty wide consensus that in fact it's (a) true and (b) relevant. --Lavintzin 16:24, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The pictures are not fake, I can even provide you with the video tape to show it is fact. You dont even ask for proof, you just remove it without taking the chance to view that it is true, so i have to disagree with you -nima baghaei 16:36, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

OK, I've used up my three reverts. (Nima has gone beyond his/hers). Somebody else want to take over? One final appeal to reason: Nima, even if it were true, is the place for it as one of a gallery of pictures of Ixtaccíhuatl? Shouldn't it have it's own front page coverage? And while you're at it, spell December correctly, not to mention Ixtaccíhuatl, OK? --Lavintzin 17:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah dang, I didn't see the December mispelling... off it goes then (:OP (:O) I guess we could create an article dedicated to it, would be a good idea actually (but first i gotta fix the typo hehe) but the Ixtaccíhuatl spelling was ok (it is spelled differently by some). -nima baghaei 17:08, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Pardon my bluntness, but those that spell it that way can only be doing so out of carelessness or ignorance. It is certainly not the right spelling or pronunciation or whatever. --Lavintzin 18:28, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

The name is *not* Ixtlacíhuatl
User: Nima Baghaei put Ixtlacíhuatl in as an acceptable "spelling variant" for the name of this mountain. It is not correct. If it were, it is certainly not a "spelling variant". The fact that it showed up on the (bogus imo) Hebrew writing picture does not make it right. Yes, you can find it on the Internet. You can find a lot of clearly false things on the Internet. People are not careful with spellings of things in other languages, and for someone who doesn't know Nahuatl Ixtlacíhuatl can look fine. It just happens to be wrong.

--Lavintzin 22:42, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

 * So are Texcoco and Moctezuma, but that doesn't stop people using them. Not to mention the fact that there was a good deal of variation in Nahuatl spelling to begin with, which makes it difficult to say what's "correct" and what's not.
 * "Ixtaccihuatl" gets 664 hits on Google Book Search, in books spanning the last 150 years. So it's definitely an established variant, regardless of whether it accurately reflects the original pronunciation. --Ptcamn 08:41, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oops -- I thought we were talking about Ixtaccihuatl, not Ixtlacihuatl. Still, the same principle applies, although slightly weaker since it only gets 44 hits. --Ptcamn 08:48, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

I've normally seen "Ixtlaccihuatl" (448 google hits, mostly US, with a German site and a couple from Mexico). Maybe this is a US spelling? Vultur 21:04, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You can get 115,000 Google hits with "New Yok", and 44,000 with "Chicargo". Want to include those as "spelling variants" in the New York and Chicago articles? (By the way, we've added to the Google hits just by discussing these misspellings.) Nima Baghaei sounded embarrassed that Decmember was misspelled, even though it Googles out at 545.

 * Calling Ixtaccihuatl "Iztaccihuatl" is like calling Toronto "Toronno": it is a spelling of a pronunciation that native speakers actually use, and does not change the meaning of the word at all. Calling it "Ixtlacihuatl" is like calling Pittsburgh "Potsburgh" or Fort Worth "First Wart": it changes the meaning, native speakers don't pronounce it that way--it's wrong. --Lavintzin 14:21, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Firstly, there's a reason I used Google Book Search instead of Googling the web. The hits I quoted above are in printed books, not just random people typing on the internet.
 * Secondly, "native speakers don't pronounce it that way" is a fact, but "(therefore) it's wrong" is an opinion. Not everyone cares about matching the original language — we don't write "Muskva" and regard "Moscow" as a misspelling. --Ptcamn 17:26, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Google Book is better, of course, but still no great guarantee of accuracy. It returns 94 hits on "Popocateptl", for instance, and 537 on "New Yok".

 * I have no problem with Iztaccihuatl. It is perfectly standard, and "Toronno" (taken as a *spelling*) was a bad comparison in that regard. (In our culture place names are generally allowed to have one and only one established spelling.) It is quite reasonable to take Ixtaccihuatl as the variant and Iztaccihuatl as the standard instead of vice versa, but in fact both are well-established and common in ordinary and scholarly usage (= correct, as I'm using the term). But Ixtlacihuatl (or Ixtlaccihuatl) is a different story. (It would have to mean "woman by the side of the face" or "woman beside the maguey (agave)" or something like that instead of "white woman", for one thing. If it were Iztlaccihuatl it might mean "lie (prevarication) woman.") --Lavintzin 17:37, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Do people in the area refer to the mountain as "Ixtla"? I heard that, but it doesn't make any sense if "Ixtlaccihuatl" is not a form of the name.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.199.17.94 (talk) 19:09, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Proofs of a negative are hard to come by, of course: the fact that I don't remember ever hearing of anyone calling it "Ixtla" —I don't, and I lived within sight of it for about 15 years out of 30 in central Mexico— certainly doesn't prove no one has done so. If they have, however, it proves little. There is a tendency to think every Nahuatl word must have a tl in it somewhere, and to put one in even if it doesn't fit. It's like the 's that gets put on restaurant and boutique names in an effort to make them look English, even when English wouldn't use it. Hamburger's, or Food and Job's, or ...
 * People do often call it Izta, and some (who know how to pronounce the [ʃ] "sh" sound) call it Ixta, but not Ixtla. There is a "Puente de Ixtla" town and municipality in southern Morelos state (etymologically Itztla "obsidian place") but it has no connection that I know of with the volcano.
 * --Lavintzin (talk) 00:21, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

The name again
Alivemajor had added the following sentence:

In Prehispanic times it was known as Itzactepetl "white mountain".

I've removed this for a couple of reasons. (1) The name is misspelled: it would be Iztactepetl, with the 'z' before the 't'. (Easily enough fixed.) (Prehispanic wouldn't need to be capitalized, either.) (2) This is unclear as to whether the name changed from Iztactepetl to Iztaccihuatl at the time of the Conquest, or if both names were used in prehispanic times and/or for a while afterwards, or what. It rather sounds as if Iztactepetl were the only prehispanic name, which I doubt was the case. But I don't know enough to say what was the case, so I'd rather not change the wording myself. (3) No documentation of the assertion is given: it would be a good idea, especially in view of other controversies over the name, to provide some references.

In sum, it's not a bad thing to put in the article, assuming it's true (and I believe the gist of it is). But I didn't think it was ready to go in yet. So, Alivemajor or whoever else, feel free to fix these things and put it back in, at least as far as I'm concerned.

--Lavintzin 17:59, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Better reference(s)
Please see Talk:Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl. -- ℜob C. alias ⒶⓁⒶⓇⓄⒷ 16:20, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Iztaccihuatl


text:
Laugarvatn

Laugarvatn is the name of a lake and a small town in the south of Iceland. The lake is smaller than the neighbouring Apavatn.

Tourism
Laugarvatn lies within the Golden Circle, a popular tourist route, and acts as a staging post. The town has a population of about 200, and lies predominantly along the west side of the lake. The lake contains geothermal springs under its surface, making it a popular swimming spot with some warm patches along the shoreline year-round.

Education
Menntaskólinn að Laugarvatni (ML), a boarding gymnasium with approximately 200 students, is located in the town. Iceland University of Education's division of Sport and Physical Education was also located here.

title: Laugarvatn


text:
UET

UET may refer to:

 * Unitary executive theory, an American constitutional principle
 * European University of Tirana (Albanian: Universiteti Europian i Tiranës)
 * Quetta International Airport, in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
 * European Trotting Union (French: Union Europeenne du Trot)
 * University of Engineering and Technology (disambiguation)

title: UET


text:
Talk:Nalgene

''This page was listed on Votes for deletion in May, 2004. The result of that discussion was to keep the article. For an archive of the discussion, see /Delete.''

In my reading of this article I perceived a language bias in the health effects section. Note that scientists "find" while the corporation "claims"; "find" being a stronger word than "claim" gave me a definite impression of bias. I am in no way affiliated with this product nor particularly concerned with the product. I only came to this article hoping to find an accepted pronunciation (hard "g" versus soft "g"), which the article didn't address. It was only upon reading it that I felt compelled to note my impression. 68.99.134.118 (talk) 09:25, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

This page is just, well, odd.

Where are the other brands of water bottle manufacturers. This lot hardly invented the water sports bottle!

Was just searching around for data on these bottles, and found an article claiming a serious health hazard. No time now for in-depth research but I wanted to put this out here. Tualha 13:28, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Follow-up: lots more links out there - google for polycarbonate water bottles bisphenol. Also a rebuttal to a Consumer Reports article, from the American Plastics Council. Um, ok. Real unbiased source, I'm sure. Tualha 13:38, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I was concerned about whether we were talking about Lexan (from GE) or lexan (generic). LEXAN® Resin Branding Program answers that clearly by displaying the Nalgene logo. (While i am adding mention of the all-caps spelling to the Lexan article, using it on this talk page's article is legally unnecessary (we aren't using it to sell anything) and would thus violate our journalism-style std of common, not legalese or advertising, usage.) --Jerzy (t) 20:12, 2005 May 4 (UTC)

Nalgene Breakability
How to break a nalgene bottle???

If you fill a nalgene bottle to the top with water and freeze it, will it break? Are you willing to test this on your 10 dollar bottle? Not me...let me know the outcome.

Thanks, Nicole

 * Well I tried this: I put water in a standard 1l bottle to the top and put it outside to freeze overnight (a cold canadian night). Next morning it had "stretched" but was still in one piece. So then, i poured boiling water hoping the tempreature rise would make it crack. Nope still in one piece. This is where i gave up, but my friend said that he broke his by filling it with a 1 litre bottle of coke and then shaking it very hard for about a minute and then smashing it againt a rock, the squeezing it under his armpit. I havent tried it myself nor did i see the broken bottle. User:MaxViper

So what? Myths about "unbreakable" things are not about the things, but about the concept "unbreakable". "Unbreakable in normal use" is useful information, within the limits of its imprecise terminology. "Unbreakable no matter what" is a perfectly precise term, and there is nothing it applies to. Any discussion of unbreakability is unencyclopedic. --Jerzy•t 05:44, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Other brands of reusable water bottles
Do we want to have a section on other brands of water bottles. I created the pic to the right of a non Nalgene brand (Rubbermaid actually) reusable water bottle and I'm a little concerned with the naming specific to one brand, it might bring in a "Wikipedia supports Nalgene" claim from other brands. -- Tawker 07:41, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, this article is about Nalgene (the company). We also have articles on other companies, and those articles describe their products.  (For example, Rubbermaid has an article discussing that brand.)  While we sometimes discuss a company's major competitors in a given market, I don't know that I would encourage it as a general practice—it's a slippery slope where we start seeing every maufacturer of water bottles listed here....

 * An observation—the article at water bottle is currently a disambiguation page. If someone wanted to create an article about water bottles (development, history, technology, major brands, etc.) in general, that would be a good place for it. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 18:07, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I Agree, this is a page about Nalgene, the company, not Nalgene bottles. If this page were Nalgene bottle, that would be a different discussion. -- 12.116.162.162 (talk) 21:19, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Alternate uses?
User:Keflavich/Nalgene_in_Microwave I've used my nalgene as a pressure cooker, are there any other good 'alternative uses' people have tried? I think it would be nice to start an article on it if there are enough. --Keflavich 17:44, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Anon IP performing random hack-and-slash on article, and other issues
I've noticed the recent history shows one particular IP making a number of edits, including deleting the entire section on camping uses, that simply are not productive. Also, I'm concerned about two things -- first, that the article might read at least in part like a Nalge Nunc ad interspersed with poorly integrated critical commentary, and second, that the "health effects" issue really isn't appropriate for this particular article and ought to be relegated to the article on polycarbonate plastics. Just a few thoughts. Haikupoet 06:59, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The health effects issue should have a small summary with information relevant to Nalgene bottles with a "see also" to another article where the issue is dealt with in greater depth. --85.210.156.35 (talk) 09:55, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

corporation name vs. product name
This article began on 23 May 2004 describing Nalgene as a product brand name, and two days later was changed to describe Nalgene as the name of the manufacturer. There are subtle semantics involved, but now the article says, "Nalgene (sometimes referred to as Nalge Nunc International)". The semantics remain such that the statement may be literally true with a narrow reading; i.e., people do confuse product and corporate names, just as this article might be doing. However, that statement can also be interpreted to mean that Nalgene is the official name of the corporation and that Nalge Nunc International is a secondary or unofficial name of the corporation. As far as I can tell, Nalgene has always been a product brand name, but not a corporation name. If that's true, then the introduction should be clarified to say that Nalgene is a brand name for products from Nalge Nunc International. Does anyone have any reference to indicate whether or not Nalgene is or was a corporation name (as well as being a product name)? Thanks, --Rich Janis (talk) 02:41, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Rabbits?
"Prevents rabbits from breaking their own backs?" Is this a bad thing? Can someone explain this, if only here? Hrhadam (talk) 23:08, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Health Citations
The placement of first two citations in the section on health concerns are a bit confusing. The sentence is:

"In recent years, studies have suggested that polycarbonate plastics such as the ones Nalgene used may leach endocrine disruptors."

The first citations leads to a list of links to articles about endocrine disruptors in general, and the second leads to the same statement by the company cited later.. As far as I can tell, the first citation talks about the toxins, but does not discuss whether or not they are present in the Nalgene water bottles. I am going to change the placement/wording to make this a little clearer.

Also, though the company's press release does discuss claims that toxins are leached from the plastic, it would be nice to have a more primary source. mcs (talk) 19:40, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Correction: the second citation actually is another article on the dangers of the toxins, not the company's press release. My mistake. I'm going to clarify it's placement as well and add a citation-needed tag for the fact that the toxins actually can be leached from the plastics.mcs (talk) 19:47, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

cages??
I noticed this while reading "They also make polycarbonate cages and cage accessories for lab animals" however the pages it referenced explicitly says they dont manufacture them and only purchase them to supply labs "NNI also purchases selected products from other manufacturers, including plastic animal cages" so ive removed this because Ièm pretty sure its been put in by some animal rights person --Kr4ft (talk) 16:04, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

I'm again removing the section the animal "rights" activist put in, which again has nothing to do with nalgene. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.181.160.132 (talk) 14:42, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

NPOV, and improperly expressed thoughts
Section 2, "BPA concerns and resolution" doesn't belong in this article. The article is about Nalgene, not the epidemiology of a disease. An appropriate, single sentence might be something like, "... polycarbonates such as BPA have been associated with disease in epidemiological studies." Polycarbs are not unique to Nalgene. As it is the statement is as inappropriate as advertising and violates NPOV. The sentence, "Among the secreted chemicals, Bisphenol A (BPA) is a concern as it binds to estrogen receptors, thus altering gene expression.[4][5][6]" makes leaps and bounds across volumes of molecular biochemistry. Estrogen binds to estrogen receptors, too.

The term "secreted" implies that polycarbs are glands.

The section doesn't belong. Since it pertains to polycarbs it belongs in an article about polymers, plastics, public health or Superfund sites.

Kernel.package (talk) 04:35, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

WTF on oestrogen
I just read this page (Reply to 3rd comment). Is this true? Or just an unsubstaniated rumour? Any help in clearing this up would be greatly appreciated.--81.151.154.126 (talk) 14:55, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Different kinds of bottles - correction
The article says "Currently, Nalgene markets seven different kinds of bottles: Stainless, Grip n' Gulp, Multidrink, 32 oz. Wide Mouth, On-the-Fly, 32 oz. Glow, and Oasis." Yeah, no. That are only the first seven kind of bottles that are displayed on the website. Once you click "see them all" you see the rest of the products. I will correct the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.139.217.27 (talk) 12:45, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

What about the Laboratory equipment?
Nalgene, from the beginning, has been one of the major lines of storage/sample/centrifuge bottles, plastic beakers, columns, filters, etc, etc, for the lab environment. It is actually a very extensive line of such products. Yet someone coming to this page would just think that Nalgene is only a line of drinking bottles for outdoor sporting activities. That's a tail wagging the dog scenario. Unfortunately, the nalgene.com webpage reinforces the idea that the only products are drinking bottles. The manufacturer of Nalgene products, Nalge Nunc corp, is now owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific(Previously just Thermo Scientific), so you have to go to their webpage to see the lab products. It's at: http://www.thermoscientific.com/en/about-us/general-landing-page/nalgene-labware.html. This information is addressed in one sentence at the very top of the article, but then apparently forgotten for the remainder of the article.Gcronau (talk) 18:25, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:SOFIXIT for what you should do. Don't worry if you make a mistake.  Someone will fix it for you, or perhaps undo it.  Thanks!  —EncMstr (talk) 08:08, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

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UVPE?
I have a translucent white Nalgene-brand bottle that has a recycling symbol with 2 inside the triangle and "UVPE" below it. I can find no information as to what "UVPE" is. It looks and feels like HDPE. 2600:1700:D0A0:21B0:4C1E:A5F8:2E51:1E15 (talk) 19:12, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nalgene


text:
Talk:1 E24 J

Untitled
What on earth is the point/topic of this article? Falcon 05:31, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:1 E24 J


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nalgene

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Nalgene.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

Orphan. Advert for a brand of water-bottle. Company may deserve an article (their web site always uses the form "NALGENE"), or, more likely the parent co., but unless someone is interested enuf to do so, delete ad. Niteowlneils 21:25, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Ad. Why keep lists of different types of water bottles on WikiPedia. PS Nite, I added the Vfd message on the page. JFW | T@lk  21:30, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thue 21:51, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 22:57, May 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "they may acquire this durability from their material, which seems to be some type of polycarbonate." Gee, their durability could have something to do with what they're made of? You think? Good grief, someone who can't be bothered to find out what they're made of shouldn't be writing an article about them. "Very popular at Carleton College." Indeed. I'm at least going to remove those null-content sentences. Dpbsmith 00:43, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There seems to be a large labware manufacturing company named Nalgene also. Make an article on them? Are they encyclopedia-worthy? Dysprosia 22:32, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it's the same company. Sure, could be encyclopedia-worthy if anyone wants to do the work, but it would be just as easy to start from zero as to start from the current article. Incidentally, the labware company I see does specify the (many different kinds of) polymeric material they use for their products, and has a page, http://nalgenelab.nalgenunc.com/techdata/Chemical/index.asp on the (many different) chemical compositions of their products. Dpbsmith 01:17, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Tenatively keep, though it needs content. These things are quite popular, and deserve to be mentioned as much as any other fad. --Pyro 02:43, May 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * No Vote yet. Company has a lab division and an outdoor one.  My theory (which may add to the article's interest if i can verify it) is that one of their sales people asked why lab customers needed so many of the Lexan 1-liter wide-mouth captive-screw-top over and over, and found out that the staff were stealing them or buying them from employer to use in hiking and rock climbing (bcz nothing that you could pour boiling water into, for winter hiking, or recover undamaged after dropping it off a 50-ft cliff, was available on the consumer market) and made the suggestion to advertise to a whole new market.  Other outdoors manufacturers make accessories specifically sized for compatibility with the classic Nalgene bottle.  Nalgene also have recently gone into competition with the established companies Camelback, Platypus, & Dromedary in "hydration systems" (bladder and hose, strap-to-your-back or slip-into-your-pack, schemes, originated for serious cyclists) offering at least one unique and valuable feature.  And i think at least one pack manufacturer is factory-installing Nalgene hyd. syses into some of their packs. I'll comment again after editing &/or research. Depending on how seriously we want to cover hiking, mountaineering, backpacking, perhaps we should have the dehydration article maybe link to an edited version of this. BTW, the fad aspect of this is part of a larger fad of adapting outdoors gear to urban student/yuppy life-styles; anyone know if we specifically cover that? --Jerzy(t) 03:25, 2004 May 26 (UTC)
 * I've done a big edit. If anyone thinks this is gettting close, i will vote keep, give some attention to the red links, and encyclopediize my rant of 05:36, 2004 May 15, on Talk:Hiking, to help de-orphanize this article. --Jerzy(t) 20:09, 2004 May 26 (UTC)

 * Keep. Great work done to save it. Dysprosia 22:45, 26 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. An industry standard; article can pull together info that may be hard to tease out of the sources. --Jerzy(t) 23:42, 2004 May 26 (UTC)
 * Keep most excellent re-write. Niteowlneils 20:18, 27 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Excellent rewrite. Andris 15:35, May 28, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nalgene