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Talk:X (Australian band)

Untitled
See Template:VfD-xaband for discussion of what to do with X (band). Previous discussion on Template:VfD-X band. - David Gerard 10:39, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

copied content
Entire (badly written) paragraphs in this article have just been copied verbatim from the Ian Rilen Wikipedia page. Unreadable and copy-and-pasted. Not good enough.

Terrible Writing
This article is very, very badly written. It reads like teenage fan-scrawl, and contains almost no actual evidence or even explanaion for its poorly expressed claims. Poor writing aside, what, for example, could possibly be "unique" about a bass player using simple "down strokes"? Absolutely nothing, I suspect. And what is a "pic"? A photograph? I suspect that the writer meant "pick", but should probably have properly referred to this object as a "plectrum". Why not just "finger-style electric guitarist"? And "thrasing"? "Thrash" was a musical approach and style that simply didn't exist until a number of years after this band had released its recording and played the shows mentioned. Somebody needs to (almost) entirely re-write the article - preferably somebody who knows something about the band. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.201.100.168 (talk) 16:00, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I've made some edits to move the article more into Wikipedia's standards. Happy New Year. Morganfitzp (talk) 17:30, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:X (Australian band)


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ORACLE (teletext)

ORACLE (from "Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics") was a commercial teletext service first broadcast on the ITV network in 1978 and later additionally on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom from 1982. The service ceased on both channels at 23:59 UTC on 31 December 1992, when it was replaced by Teletext Ltd.

History
It was developed and launched by the Independent Broadcasting Authority's engineering division, about 4 years after BBC's Ceefax service. Due to the lack of available receivers, exact launch dates have been left obscure. Receivers became popular around the early 1980s.

It is important to remember that ITV Oracle made the world's first telesoftware broadcast in February 1977 and this led to a working demonstration of telesoftware at the 1978 International Broadcasting Convention. The contribution of Mr John Hedger in getting this done was enormous.

In Britain ORACLE, ITV's teletext service, was launched as a new advertising medium on 1 September 1981 with 180,000 teletext sets in the country. By the following year there were then 450,000 sets in the UK and that number was projected to rise to nearly three million at the end of 1985 and confident predictions of advertising revenues as high as $90 million (£50 million).

ORACLE moved away from being an experimental engineering department and more towards being a content provider. Under the original plans for the ITV franchise renewal, they were to have been scrapped at the end of 1992 and the few scan lines they used given to the highest bidder. ORACLE successfully campaigned for the creation of a franchise for the teletext service on ITV and Channel 4, only to find themselves outbid by Teletext Ltd., a consortium originally comprising Associated Newspapers, Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. and Media Ventures International, who started broadcasting at midnight on New Year's Day 1993.

In-vision broadcasts
From early 1983 until its demise on 31 December 1992, ORACLE pages were broadcast in vision during downtime, mostly on Channel 4, although occasionally pages were shown during the night on ITV.

4-Tel on View
Shown between 1983 and January 1997, 4-Tel on View was a magazine featuring previews of the day's Channel 4's programmes as well as back-up information and other features, such as the adventures of a dog called 4-T, from Channel 4's own "4-Tel" teletext service. The transmissions were especially notable from 1986 when animated graphics were introduced. Although the service was transmitted alongside Oracle on Channel 4, 4-Tel was editorially and legally separate, and operated for Channel 4 by Intelfax Ltd.

From 1983 until the start of Channel 4's breakfast television service in April 1989, the 4-Tel magazine ran for 15 minutes and was repeated several times each day with transmissions airing at increasingly earlier times of the day as Channel 4 expanded its broadcast hours. Following the start of breakfast television, however, 4-Tel on View was shown in a single block, initially 40 minutes in length, before the start of programmes. After ORACLE lost its franchise on 31 December 1992, 4-Tel on View continued to be shown and from 1 January 1993 until Channel 4 started 24-hour broadcasting in January 1997, 4-Tel on View was generally shown throughout Channel 4's entire closedown period.

Oracle on View
Between 1983 and 1989, Channel 4 broadcast pages from the ORACLE service on air. Shown in 15 minute bursts, and alternating with 4-Tel on View and showings of the ETP-1 testcard, the pages were seen during the day when Channel 4 was not broadcasting actual programmes. Initially, the pages shown were from one aspect of the ORACLE service with the subject matter changing every so often. In September 1987, Oracle on View became a news service, adopting this format at the same time that Channel 4 expanded its broadcast hours to accommodate the transfer of ITV Schools to Channel 4. Oracle on View ended on 31 March 1989, three days before Channel 4 started broadcasting breakfast television.

Jobfinder
During the late 1980s and mid 1990s, many ITV companies broadcast job vacancies and related information during overnight periods and the service was provided by broadcasting the relevant ORACLE page in-vision. Central was the first company to do this, beginning in April 1986 with Yorkshire following in January 1987. Initially the pages were broadcast for an hour after the end of regular programming but from April 1987 Central broadcast Jobfinder throughout their overnight downtime with Tyne Tees doing the same from November 1987. By late 1988, all of ITV was broadcasting a 24-hour service and many other companies, including Granada, HTV and TSW, introduced their own Jobfinder service at this point, broadcasting the pages between 4am and 5am, later 4:30am to 5:30am. By the late 1990s the vacancies were no longer transmitted in a teletext format and by the mid-2000s all of the Jobfinder services had ended, with Yorkshire being the last.

Daybreak
For a short period in 1987, prior to the start of 24-hour broadcasting on ITV, a selection of teletext pages were broadcast in-vision prior to the start of TV-am. These pages mostly consisted of news and information about TV-am.

The end
ORACLE began to disappear at 23:31:09 on 31 December 1992, with the outer border of pixels turning black: this process continued until 23:55:55 when only a white square was left, with the text "ORACLE gone, 1978–1992". It was then replaced by the service from Teletext Ltd. ORACLE did not carry television listings beyond its midnight closing time on New Year's Eve 1992. By 00:06:38 GMT, Teletext was fully operational.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ORACLE (teletext)


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Langdale axe industry

The Langdale axe industry (or factory) is the name given by archaeologists to a Neolithic centre of specialised stone tool production in the Great Langdale area of the English Lake District. The existence of the site, which dates from around 4,000–3,500 BC, was suggested by chance discoveries in the 1930s. More systematic investigations were undertaken by Clare Fell  and others   in the 1940s and 1950s, since when several field surveys of varying scope have been carried out.

Typical finds include reject axes, rough-outs and blades created by knapping large lumps of the rock found in the scree or perhaps by simple quarrying or opencast mining. Hammerstones have also been found in the scree and other lithic debitage from the industry such as blades and flakes.

The area has outcrops of fine-grained greenstone or hornstone suitable for making polished stone axes. Such axes have been found distributed across Great Britain. The rock is an epidotised greenstone quarried or perhaps just collected from the scree slopes in the Langdale Valley on Harrison Stickle and Pike of Stickle. The nature and extent of the axe-flaking sites making up the Langdale Axe Factory complex are still under investigation. Geological mapping has established that the volcanic tuff used for the axes outcrops along a narrow range of the highest peaks in the locality. Other outcrops in the area are known to have been worked, especially on Harrison Stickle, and Scafell Pike where rough-outs and flakes have been found on platforms below the peaks at and above the 2000- or 3000-foot level.

Recent research has shown that Langdale tuff was used for tools before the Neolithic 'axe factories' were established. In Maryport (Cumbria) it was selected for tool manufacture in the Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic

Petrographic analysis
Archaeologists are able to identify the unique nature of the Langdale stone by taking sections and examining them using microscopy. The minerals in the rock have a characteristic pattern, using a method known as petrography. They have been able to reconstruct the production methods and trade patterns employed by the axe makers. The Langdale industry produced roughly hewn (or so-called "rough-outs") axes and simple blocks. The highly polished final product were usually made elsewhere, such as at Ehenside Tarn in the western fringes of the Lake District, and all were traded on throughout Britain and Ireland. The Langdale tuff was among the most common of the various rocks used to make axes in the Neolithic period, and are known as Group VI axes. Flint was also commonly used to make polished axes, and mined at several places, but especially at Grimes Graves and Cissbury, and in continental Europe at Spiennes in Belgium, and Krzemionki in Poland.

Polishing the rough surfaces will have improved the mechanical strength of the axe as well as lowering friction when used against wood. Fractures occur more easily in brittle materials like stone when rough owing to the stress concentrations present at sharp corners, holes and other defects in the axe surface. Removing those defects by polishing makes the axe much stronger, and able to withstand impact and shock loads from use. Sandstone was usually used for polishing axes, and whetstones have been found nearby at Ehenside tarn, for example where the rough-outs were polished. Large fixed outcrops were also widely used for polishing, and there are numerous examples across Europe, but relatively few in Britain. That at Fyfield Down near Avebury is an exception, but there must be many more awaiting discovery and publication.

Distribution and use
The stone axes from Langdale have been found at archaeological sites across Britain and Ireland. An unusual concentration of finds occurs in the East of England, particularly Lincolnshire. Francis Pryor attributes this to these axes being particularly valued in this region. He mentions possible religious significance of the axes, perhaps related to the high peaks from which they came. He compares this with confirmed Neolithic flint mines which, apart from Grime's Graves (where flint of exceptionally high quality was mined), were all at prominent elevated locations.

Of all the Neolithic polished stone axes that have been examined in the UK, around 27% come from the Langdale region. This is notable considering there were over 30 sources of material for stone axes from Cornwall to northern Scotland and Ireland.

Whether religious objects or not, the axes must have been of high value, given that they have been "traded" so widely. Some axes appear worn whilst others appear unused, again implying that they were regarded as sacred objects or, perhaps, simply as a display of visible wealth. Some though were used as practical tools. The shape of the polished axes suggests that they were bound in wooden staves and used for forest clearance.

Francis Pryor discusses a flint axe that he found north of Peterborough with fantastic swirling patterns that had been brought out by polishing – but this axe was totally impractical as the patterns were fault lines, making the flint very fragile. However, it must have been valued by its owner and/or maker, bearing in mind the work involved in making it. These facts suggest various interpretations of the purpose of the Langdale axes, which were both beautiful and practical, as well as being traded many miles from their place of production.

Context

The Langdale industry was one of many which extracted hard stone for manufacture into polished axes. The Neolithic period was a time of settlement on the land, and the development of farming on a large scale. Maintenance of the forest cover was necessary in order to plant crops and rear animals, so axes were a staple tool, not just for clearance but also for wood working timber for houses, boats and other structures. Flint was probably the most widely used, simply because it was available from numerous flint mines in the downlands, such as Grimes Graves, Cissbury and Spiennes. Blades from roughing-out from flint and chert could also be used as small knives, arrowheads and other small sharp tools such as burins and awls.

But other hard and tough stones were used, such as igneous rocks from Penmaenmawr in North Wales, and similar working areas to Langdale have been found there. Many other locations for production of axes have been suggested (but not always found) across the country including Tievebulliagh in County Antrim, sites in Cornwall, Scotland and the Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire. It is also likely that bluestone axes were exported from the Preseli hills in Pembrokeshire. The industry was also widely developed elsewhere in the world, such as in Australia at Mount William stone axe quarry which used a similar rock until relatively recent times. The variety of rocks used in polished tools and other artefacts is evident in museum collections, not all of the sources of the rocks having been positively identified. Taking sections is necessarily destructive of part of the artefact, and thus discouraged by many museums. Likewise, the rocks or anvils used to polish the axes are rare in Britain but common in France and Sweden.

Radiocarbon dating at the Langdale stone axe factory site suggests that it was in operation for about 1,000 years during the Neolithic period.

Current thinking links the manufacturers of the axes to some of the first Neolithic stone circles such as that at Castlerigg.

Conservation
The altitude and rough terrain of the archaeological sites have protected them from types of damage caused by human settlement in lowland areas. However, Great Langdale is much visited by walkers. People have removed axes (although current thinking is that they should be left in situ) and have caused inadvertent damage to stone scatters by walking.

An attempt to schedule the sites as ancient monuments in the 1980s was thwarted by the lack of reliable mapping. However, English Heritage has been considering questions on how the sites should be managed. Particular attention has been paid to the siting of footpaths to avoid damage to axeworking sites. Since the 1990s eroded paths in the Lake District, including Great Langdale, have been repaired by a "Fix the Fells" project in which the National Trust is the major partner.

Langdale axes are displayed in Cumbria at Kendal Museum and Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, and in other collections such as the British Museum.

title: Langdale axe industry


text: User talk:81.174.189.42

title: User talk:81.174.189.42


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Transverse Mercator projection

The transverse Mercator map projection (TM, TMP) is an adaptation of the standard Mercator projection. The transverse version is widely used in national and international mapping systems around the world, including the Universal Transverse Mercator. When paired with a suitable geodetic datum, the transverse Mercator delivers high accuracy in zones less than a few degrees in east-west extent.

Standard and transverse aspects
The transverse Mercator projection is the transverse aspect of the standard (or Normal) Mercator projection. They share the same underlying mathematical construction and consequently the transverse Mercator inherits many traits from the normal Mercator:
 * Both projections are cylindrical: for the normal Mercator, the axis of the cylinder coincides with the polar axis and the line of tangency with the equator. For the transverse Mercator, the axis of the cylinder lies in the equatorial plane, and the line of tangency is any chosen meridian, thereby designated the central meridian.
 * Both projections may be modified to secant forms, which means the scale has been reduced so that the cylinder slices through the model globe.
 * Both exist in spherical and ellipsoidal versions.
 * Both projections are conformal, so that the point scale is independent of direction and local shapes are well preserved;
 * Both projections have constant scale on the line of tangency (the equator for the normal Mercator and the central meridian for the transverse).

Since the central meridian of the transverse Mercator can be chosen at will, it may be used to construct highly accurate maps (of narrow width) anywhere on the globe. The secant, ellipsoidal form of the transverse Mercator is the most widely applied of all projections for accurate large-scale maps.

Spherical transverse Mercator
In constructing a map on any projection, a sphere is normally chosen to model the Earth when the extent of the mapped region exceeds a few hundred kilometers in length in both dimensions. For maps of smaller regions, an ellipsoidal model must be chosen if greater accuracy is required; see next section. The spherical form of the transverse Mercator projection was one of the seven new projections presented, in 1772, by Johann Heinrich Lambert. (The text is also available in a modern English translation. ) Lambert did not name his projections; the name transverse Mercator dates from the second half of the nineteenth century. The principal properties of the transverse projection are here presented in comparison with the properties of the normal projection.

Ellipsoidal transverse Mercator
The ellipsoidal form of the transverse Mercator projection was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1822 and further analysed by Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger in 1912.

The projection is known by several names: the (ellipsoidal) transverse Mercator in the US; Gauss conformal or Gauss–Krüger in Europe; or Gauss–Krüger transverse Mercator more generally. Other than just a synonym for the ellipsoidal transverse Mercator map projection, the term Gauss–Krüger may be used in other slightly different ways:
 * Sometimes, the term is used for a particular computational method for transverse Mercator: that is, how to convert between latitude/longitude and projected coordinates. There is no simple closed formula to do so when the earth is modelled as an ellipsoid.  But the Gauss–Krüger method gives the same results as other methods, at least if you are sufficiently near the central meridian: less than 100 degrees of longitude, say.  Further away, some methods become inaccurate.
 * The term is also used for a particular set of transverse Mercator projections used in narrow zones in Europe and South America, at least in Germany, Turkey, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Finland and Argentina. This Gauss–Krüger system is similar to the universal transverse Mercator system, but the central meridians of the Gauss–Krüger zones are only 3° apart, as opposed to 6° in UTM.

The projection is conformal with a constant scale on the central meridian. (There are other conformal generalisations of the transverse Mercator from the sphere to the ellipsoid but only Gauss-Krüger has a constant scale on the central meridian.) Throughout the twentieth century the Gauss–Krüger transverse Mercator was adopted, in one form or another, by many nations (and international bodies); in addition it provides the basis for the Universal Transverse Mercator series of projections. The Gauss–Krüger projection is now the most widely used projection in accurate large-scale mapping.

The projection, as developed by Gauss and Krüger, was expressed in terms of low order power series which were assumed to diverge in the east-west direction, exactly as in the spherical version. This was proved to be untrue by British cartographer E. H. Thompson, whose unpublished exact (closed form) version of the projection, reported by Laurence Patrick Lee in 1976, showed that the ellipsoidal projection is finite (below). This is the most striking difference between the spherical and ellipsoidal versions of the transverse Mercator projection: Gauss–Krüger gives a reasonable projection of the whole ellipsoid to the plane, although its principal application is to accurate large-scale mapping "close" to the central meridian.

Features

 * Near the central meridian (Greenwich in the above example) the projection has low distortion and the shapes of Africa, western Europe, the British Isles, Greenland, and Antarctica compare favourably with a globe.
 * The central regions of the transverse projections on sphere and ellipsoid are indistinguishable on the small-scale projections shown here.
 * The meridians at 90° east and west of the chosen central meridian project to horizontal lines through the poles. The more distant hemisphere is projected above the north pole and below the south pole.
 * The equator bisects Africa, crosses South America and then continues onto the complete outer boundary of the projection; the top and bottom edges and the right and left edges must be identified (i.e. they represent the same lines on the globe). (Indonesia is bisected.)
 * Distortion increases towards the right and left boundaries of the projection but it does not increase to infinity. Note the Galapagos Islands where the 90° west meridian meets the equator at bottom left.
 * The map is conformal. Lines intersecting at any specified angle on the ellipsoid project into lines intersecting at the same angle on the projection. In particular parallels and meridians intersect at 90°.
 * The point scale factor is independent of direction at any point so that the shape of a small region is reasonably well preserved. The necessary condition is that the magnitude of scale factor must not vary too much over the region concerned. Note that while South America is distorted greatly the island of Ceylon is small enough to be reasonably shaped although it is far from the central meridian.
 * The choice of central meridian greatly affects the appearance of the projection. If 90°W is chosen then the whole of the Americas is reasonable. If 145°E is chosen the Far East is good and Australia is oriented with north up.

In most applications the Gauss–Krüger coordinate system is applied to a narrow strip near the central meridians where the differences between the spherical and ellipsoidal versions are small, but nevertheless important in accurate mapping. Direct series for scale, convergence and distortion are functions of eccentricity and both latitude and longitude on the ellipsoid: inverse series are functions of eccentricity and both x and y on the projection. In the secant version the lines of true scale on the projection are no longer parallel to central meridian; they curve slightly. The convergence angle between projected meridians and the x constant grid lines is no longer zero (except on the equator) so that a grid bearing must be corrected to obtain an azimuth from true north. The difference is small, but not negligible, particularly at high latitudes.

Implementations of the Gauss–Krüger projection
In his 1912 paper, Krüger presented two distinct solutions, distinguished here by the expansion parameter:
 * Krüger–n (paragraphs 5 to 8): Formulae for the direct projection, giving the coordinates x and y, are fourth order expansions in terms of the third flattening, n (the ratio of the difference and sum of the major and minor axes of the ellipsoid). The coefficients are expressed in terms of latitude (φ), longitude (λ), major axis (a) and eccentricity (e). The inverse formulae for φ and λ are also fourth order expansions in n but with coefficients expressed in terms of x, y, a and e.
 * Krüger–λ (paragraphs 13 and 14): Formulae giving the projection coordinates x and y are expansions (of orders 5 and 4 respectively) in terms of the longitude λ, expressed in radians: the coefficients are expressed in terms of φ, a and e. The inverse projection for φ and λ are sixth order expansions in terms of the ratio $x⁄a$, with coefficients expressed in terms of y, a and e. (See Transverse Mercator: Redfearn series.)

The Krüger–λ series were the first to be implemented, possibly because they were much easier to evaluate on the hand calculators of the mid twentieth century.
 * Lee–Redfearn–OSGB: In 1945, L. P. Lee confirmed the λ expansions of Krüger and proposed their adoption by the OSGB but Redfearn (1948) pointed out that they were not accurate because of (a) the relatively high latitudes of Great Britain and (b) the great width of the area mapped, over 10 degrees of longitude. Redfearn extended the series to eighth order and examined which terms were necessary to attain an accuracy of 1 mm (ground measurement). The Redfearn series are still the basis of the OSGB map projections.
 * Thomas–UTM: The λ expansions of Krüger were also confirmed by Paul Thomas in 1952: they are readily available in Snyder. His projection formulae, completely equivalent to those presented by Redfearn, were adopted by the United States Defence Mapping Agency as the basis for the UTM. They are also incorporated into the Geotrans coordinate converter made available by the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |NGA.
 * Other countries: The Redfearn series are the basis for geodetic mapping in many countries: Australia, Germany, Canada, South Africa to name but a few. (A list is given in Appendix A.1 of Stuifbergen 2009.)
 * Many variants of the Redfearn series have been proposed but only those adopted by national cartographic agencies are of importance. For an example of modifications which do not have this status see Transverse Mercator: Bowring series). All such modifications have been eclipsed by the power of modern computers and the development of high order n-series outlined below. The precise Redfearn series, although of low order, cannot be disregarded as they are still enshrined in the quasi-legal definitions of OSGB and UTM etc.

The Krüger–n series have been implemented (to fourth order in n) by the following nations.
 * France
 * Finland
 * Sweden
 * Japan

Higher order versions of the Krüger–n series have been implemented to seventh order by Engsager and Poder and to tenth order by Kawase. Apart from a series expansion for the transformation between latitude and conformal latitude, Karney has implemented the series to thirtieth order.

Exact Gauss–Krüger and accuracy of the truncated series
An exact solution by E. H. Thompson is described by L. P. Lee. It is constructed in terms of elliptic functions (defined in chapters 19 and 22 of the NIST handbook) which can be calculated to arbitrary accuracy using algebraic computing systems such as Maxima. Such an implementation of the exact solution is described by Karney (2011).

The exact solution is a valuable tool in assessing the accuracy of the truncated n and λ series. For example, the original 1912 Krüger–n series compares very favourably with the exact values: they differ by less than 0.31 μm within 1000 km of the central meridian and by less than 1 mm out to 6000 km. On the other hand, the difference of the Redfearn series used by Geotrans and the exact solution is less than 1 mm out to a longitude difference of 3 degrees, corresponding to a distance of 334 km from the central meridian at the equator but a mere 35 km at the northern limit of an UTM zone. Thus the Krüger–n series are very much better than the Redfearn λ series.

The Redfearn series becomes much worse as the zone widens. Karney discusses Greenland as an instructive example. The long thin landmass is centred on 42W and, at its broadest point, is no more than 750 km from that meridian while the span in longitude reaches almost 50 degrees. Krüger–n is accurate to within 1 mm but the Redfearn version of the Krüger–λ series has a maximum error of 1 kilometre.

Karney's own 8th-order (in n) series is accurate to 5 nm within 3900 km of the central meridian.

Spherical normal Mercator revisited
The normal cylindrical projections are described in relation to a cylinder tangential at the equator with axis along the polar axis of the sphere. The cylindrical projections are constructed so that all points on a meridian are projected to points with $$x = a\lambda$$ (where $$a$$ is the Earth radius) and $$y$$ is a prescribed function of $$\phi$$. For a tangent Normal Mercator projection the (unique) formulae which guarantee conformality are:
 * $$x = a\lambda\,,\qquad

y = a\ln \left[\tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{\varphi}{2} \right)\right] = \frac{a}{2}\ln\left[\frac{1+\sin\varphi}{1-\sin\varphi}\right]. $$ Conformality implies that the point scale, k, is independent of direction: it is a function of latitude only:
 * $$k(\varphi)=\sec\varphi.\,$$

For the secant version of the projection there is a factor of k$0$ on the right hand side of all these equations: this ensures that the scale is equal to k$0$ on the equator.

Normal and transverse graticules

The figure on the left shows how a transverse cylinder is related to the conventional graticule on the sphere. It is tangential to some arbitrarily chosen meridian and its axis is perpendicular to that of the sphere. The x- and y-axes defined on the figure are related to the equator and central meridian exactly as they are for the normal projection. In the figure on the right a rotated graticule is related to the transverse cylinder in the same way that the normal cylinder is related to the standard graticule. The 'equator', 'poles' (E and W) and 'meridians' of the rotated graticule are identified with the chosen central meridian, points on the equator 90 degrees east and west of the central meridian, and great circles through those points.

The position of an arbitrary point (φ,λ) on the standard graticule can also be identified in terms of angles on the rotated graticule: φ′ (angle M′CP) is an effective latitude and −λ′ (angle M′CO) becomes an effective longitude. (The minus sign is necessary so that (φ′,λ′) are related to the rotated graticule in the same way that (φ,λ) are related to the standard graticule). The Cartesian (x′,y′) axes are related to the rotated graticule in the same way that the axes (x,y) axes are related to the standard graticule.

The tangent transverse Mercator projection defines the coordinates (x′,y′) in terms of −λ′ and φ′ by the transformation formulae of the tangent Normal Mercator projection:
 * $$x' = -a\lambda'\,\qquad

y' = \frac{a}{2} \ln\left[\frac{1+\sin\varphi'}{1-\sin\varphi'}\right]. $$ This transformation projects the central meridian to a straight line of finite length and at the same time projects the great circles through E and W (which include the equator) to infinite straight lines perpendicular to the central meridian. The true parallels and meridians (other than equator and central meridian) have no simple relation to the rotated graticule and they project to complicated curves.

The relation between the graticules
The angles of the two graticules are related by using spherical trigonometry on the spherical triangle NM′P defined by the true meridian through the origin, OM′N, the true meridian through an arbitrary point, MPN, and the great circle WM′PE. The results are:

\begin{align} \sin\varphi'&=\sin\lambda\cos\varphi,\\ \tan\lambda'&=\sec\lambda\tan\varphi. \end{align} $$

Direct transformation formulae
The direct formulae giving the Cartesian coordinates (x,y) follow immediately from the above. Setting x = y′ and y = −x′ (and restoring factors of k$0$ to accommodate secant versions)

\begin{align} x(\lambda,\varphi)&= \frac{1}{2}k_0a \ln\left[ \frac{1+\sin\lambda\cos\varphi} {1-\sin\lambda\cos\varphi}\right],\\[5px] y(\lambda,\varphi)&= k_0 a\arctan\left[\sec\lambda\tan\varphi\right], \end{align} $$ The above expressions are given in Lambert and also (without derivations) in Snyder, Maling and Osborne (with full details).

Inverse transformation formulae
Inverting the above equations gives

\begin{align} \lambda(x,y)& = \arctan\left[ \sinh\frac{x}{k_0a} \sec\frac{y}{k_0a} \right], \\[5px] \varphi(x,y)&= \arcsin\left[ \mbox{sech}\;\frac{x}{k_0a} \sin\frac{y}{k_0a} \right]. \end{align} $$

Point scale
In terms of the coordinates with respect to the rotated graticule the point scale factor is given by k = sec φ′: this may be expressed either in terms of the geographical coordinates or in terms of the projection coordinates:

\begin{align} k(\lambda,\varphi)&=\frac{k_0}{\sqrt{1-\sin^2\lambda\cos^2\varphi}},\\[5px] k(x,y)&=k_0\cosh\left(\frac{x}{k_0a}\right). \end{align} $$ The second expression shows that the scale factor is simply a function of the distance from the central meridian of the projection. A typical value of the scale factor is k$0$ = 0.9996 so that k = 1 when x is approximately 180 km. When x is approximately 255 km and k$0$ = 1.0004: the scale factor is within 0.04% of unity over a strip of about 510 km wide.

Convergence

The convergence angle γ at a point on the projection is defined by the angle measured from the projected meridian, which defines true north, to a grid line of constant x, defining grid north. Therefore, γ is positive in the quadrant north of the equator and east of the central meridian and also in the quadrant south of the equator and west of the central meridian. The convergence must be added to a grid bearing to obtain a bearing from true north. For the secant transverse Mercator the convergence may be expressed either in terms of the geographical coordinates or in terms of the projection coordinates:

\begin{align} \gamma(\lambda,\varphi)&=\arctan(\tan\lambda\sin\varphi),\\[5px] \gamma(x,y)&=\arctan\left(\tanh\frac{x}{k_0a}\tan\frac{y}{k_0a}\right). \end{align} $$

Formulae for the ellipsoidal transverse Mercator
Details of actual implementations

 * Gauss-Kruger series in longitude: Transverse Mercator: Redfearn series
 * Gauss-Kruger series in n (third flattening): Transverse Mercator: flattening series
 * Exact (closed form) transverse Mercator projection: Transverse Mercator: exact solution
 * Fourth order Redfearn series by concise formulae (example): Transverse Mercator: Bowring series

Coordinates, grids, eastings and northings
The projection coordinates resulting from the various developments of the ellipsoidal transverse Mercator are Cartesian coordinates such that the central meridian corresponds to the x axis and the equator corresponds to the y axis. Both x and y are defined for all values of λ and ϕ. The projection does not define a grid: the grid is an independent construct which could be defined arbitrarily. In practice the national implementations, and UTM, do use grids aligned with the Cartesian axes of the projection, but they are of finite extent, with origins which need not coincide with the intersection of the central meridian with the equator.

The true grid origin is always taken on the central meridian so that grid coordinates will be negative west of the central meridian. To avoid such negative grid coordinates, standard practice defines a false origin to the west (and possibly north or south) of the grid origin: the coordinates relative to the false origin define eastings and northings which will always be positive. The false easting, E0, is the distance of the true grid origin east of the false origin. The false northing, N0, is the distance of the true grid origin north of the false origin. If the true origin of the grid is at latitude φ0 on the central meridian and the scale factor the central meridian is k0 then these definitions give eastings and northings by:

\begin{align} E&=E_0+x(\lambda,\varphi),\\[5px] N&=N_0+y(\lambda,\varphi)-k_0 m(\varphi_0). \end{align} $$ The terms "eastings" and "northings" do not mean strict east and north directions. Grid lines of the transverse projection, other than the x and y axes, do not run north-south or east-west as defined by parallels and meridians. This is evident from the global projections shown above. Near the central meridian the differences are small but measurable. The difference between the north-south grid lines and the true meridians is the angle of convergence.

title: Transverse Mercator projection


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Benham-class destroyer

The Benham class of ten destroyers was built for the United States Navy (USN). They were part of a series of USN destroyers limited to 1,500 tons standard displacement by the London Naval Treaty and built in the 1930s. The class was laid down in 1936-1937 and all were commissioned in 1939. Much of their design was based on the immediately preceding Gridley-class destroyer and Bagley-class destroyers. Like these classes, the Benhams were notable for including sixteen 21 in torpedo tubes, the heaviest torpedo armament ever on US destroyers. They introduced a new high-pressure boiler that saved space and weight, as only three of the new boilers were required compared to four of the older designs. The class served extensively in World War II in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Pacific theaters, including Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic 1940-1941. Sterett received the United States Presidential Unit Citation for the Battle of Guadalcanal and the Battle of Vella Gulf, and the Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for her World War II service. Two of the class were lost during World War II, three were scrapped in 1947, while the remaining five ships were scuttled after being contaminated from the Operation Crossroads atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific.

Design
The ten Benhams were part of a series of three classes with similar characteristics laid down 1935-1937. The other two were the Gridley class (4 ships) and the Bagley class (8 ships). All three featured four 5 in dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft) and sixteen 21 in torpedo tubes in four quadruple mounts as built, the largest number of torpedo tubes on any US destroyers. Although all had only one stack, they differed primarily in their machinery. The Benhams were a Gibbs & Cox design with a new high-pressure boiler design that allowed a reduction from four boilers to three, with an efficient turbine arrangement resembling the Mahan-class destroyers'. The Bagleys were a Navy design that duplicated the machinery of the preceding long-range Mahan class; this led to their prominent boiler uptakes around the single stack that were their main recognition feature. The Gridleys were designed by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company with advanced high-pressure boilers (also built by Bethlehem) but turbines generally similar to the earlier Farragut-class destroyer (1934), which limited their range.

Engineering
Except for the 1850-ton Somers-class destroyer, the Benhams' propulsion plant was the most advanced yet installed in US destroyers. A new Babcock & Wilcox boiler design was used that allowed a reduction from four boilers to three, saving considerable space and weight. Steam pressure was increased from 400 psi to 600 psi (one reference says 565 psi), superheated to 700 °F as in the Gridleys. Features that improved fuel economy included boiler economizers, double reduction gearing, and cruising turbines. Range was somewhat less than in the Bagleys at 5390 nmi versus 6940 nmi, possibly due to a smaller fuel capacity of 484 tons versus 504 tons. The main turbines developed 49250 shp on Benham's trials and were manufactured by Westinghouse.

Armament
The Benhams had the same armament as the Gridleys and Bagleys: four 5-inch/38 caliber dual purpose guns (anti-surface and anti-aircraft (AA)) in single mounts and sixteen 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in quadruple mounts. The Mark 15 torpedo was equipped. This was the heaviest armament in torpedoes ever on US destroyers. Compared with the Mahans, they sacrificed one gun for four additional torpedo tubes. It was suggested that these ships could use "curved ahead fire", using the adjustable post-launch gyro angle of their torpedoes to launch a sixteen-torpedo spread ahead of the ship. One reason for the heavy destroyer torpedo armament was that, alone among the major navies, the last nine of the seventeen US Treaty cruisers built in the 1920s and 1930s lacked torpedoes; eventually all of the US Treaty cruisers' torpedoes were removed in 1941 in favor of additional heavy AA guns.

As with most other US destroyers of this period, the 5-inch guns featured all-angle power loading and were director controlled, making them as effective as the technology allowed against aircraft. By late 1942, radio proximity fuses (VT fuses) made them much more effective. As in the last two Maurys, the two forward 5-inch guns were in enclosed mounts, while the after guns were open. However, in the Benhams, the after two mounts were a Mark 30 Mod 1 base-ring type with an integral ammunition hoist fed from a handling room below each gun, as in an enclosed mount. This allowed some of the class to be fitted with an enclosure for No. 4 gun and an open-top shield for No. 3 gun while on Neutrality Patrol in the Atlantic in 1941; but the shields were removed later to save weight for light anti-aircraft armament. In common with all US surface combatants in the 1930s, the as-built light AA armament was weak; only four .50 caliber machine guns (12.7 mm) were equipped. It was apparently felt that the heavy AA armament would shoot down most incoming aircraft in all situations, but the attack on Pearl Harbor showed that this was not true.

While on Neutrality Patrol, some of the class landed their after torpedo tube mounts and .50-caliber machine guns so that their Depth charge and light AA batteries could be increased; photographs show six Oerlikon 20 mm cannon were added along with four K-gun depth charge throwers and, reportedly, a Y-gun on some ships. These ships later received two twin 40 mm Bofors mounts on their after deckhouses before being transferred to the Pacific. In 1945, Lang, Sterett, and Wilson also landed their remaining torpedo tubes and after 5-inch gun shields in favor of a total of four 40 mm twin mounts and four 20 mm twin mounts.

Service
This class, except Benham and Ellet, served on Neutrality Patrols in the Atlantic and escort duty in the Atlantic and Mediterranean as Destroyer Squadron 8 (with USS Wainwright (DD-419) as flagship) from April 1940 to December 1941. Benham and Ellet were at sea in the Pacific on 7 December 1941 with USS Dunlap (DD-384) and USS Fanning (DD-385) of the Mahan class as Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 12 (part of Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 6, with USS Balch (DD-363) as flagship). Later, this four-ship division escorted the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) during the Doolittle Raid on Japan.

In June 1942, while DesDiv 15 (Lang, Stack, Sterett and Wilson) escorted the aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7) to the Pacific, DesDiv 16 (Mayrant, Trippe, Rhind, and Rowan) remained in the Atlantic, supporting the Operation Torch landings in North Africa in December 1942. In 1943 they served off Italy, where Mayrant was badly damaged by a German air attack off Palermo and Rowan sunk by an E-boat (torpedo boat) attack off Salerno.

Meanwhile, the six Pacific destroyers operated in the Solomon Islands (where Ellet was ordered to sink the Australian heavy cruiser HMAS Canberra (D33) after the Battle of Savo Island), and were on hand for the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, 13–15 November 1942, in which Sterett was badly damaged and Benham sunk. Lang, Sterett, and Stack formed division "A-2" at the Battle of Vella Gulf in 1943 and, thereafter, all five remaining ships accompanied the advance through the Marshalls and Marianas. Reassigned as DesDiv 4 of DesRon 2, the former DesDiv 15 ships were at Leyte and later Okinawa; Ellet was at Iwo Jima. In April 1945, Sterett and Wilson were both damaged in kamikaze attacks while on radar picket duty; Wilson remained in service while Sterett returned to service as the war ended. Sterett, Ellet, and Lang were scrapped in 1947. The others, contaminated as targets in the Operation Crossroads atomic bomb tests, were decommissioned and scuttled in deep water off Kwajalein in 1948.

USS Sterett (DD-407) earned 12 battle stars, the United States Presidential Unit Citation for the Battle of Guadalcanal and the Battle of Vella Gulf, and the Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for her World War II service.

title: Benham-class destroyer


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Master Mind (comics)

"Master Mind" was a comic strip in the British comic magazine Buster. It made its first appearance in the issue dated 8 November 1980, and ran until 1983 when it was replaced with Cliff Hanger. It was written and drawn by Jack Edward Oliver.

Alf Witt was a boy who lived in the town of Flittem, and was not very clever. After falling into a hole, he met a wizard called Madness Madnesson (a reference to Magnus Magnusson, who hosted the television show Mastermind at this time) who gave him super powers. By getting into a telephone booth and saying the mystic word "Pass", Alf Witt would transform into a superhero called Master Mind.

In the strip he would come across a supervillain and ask the readers for help on how to defeat him, this would usually involve puzzles such as anagrams, join the dots, and many others. Master Mind also had a dog that would accompany him, called Bones.

title: Master Mind (comics)


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Triens

The triens ( trientes) was an Ancient Roman bronze coin produced during the Roman Republic valued at one-third of an as (4 unciae). The most common design for the triens featured the bust of Minerva and four pellets (indicating four unciae) on the obverse and the prow of a galley on the reverse. It was not a common denomination and was last struck c. 89 BC.

Later, in Frankish Gaul, the term "triens" was often used for the tremissis, since both terms meant "a third".

title: Triens


text:
Williamsport Crosscutters

The Williamsport Crosscutters are a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League. They are located in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and play their home games at Journey Bank Ballpark at Historic Bowman Field. From 1994 to 2020, they were a Minor League Baseball team of the Class A Short Season New York–Penn League until MLB's reorganization of the minors after the 2020 season. Prior to this, they were affiliates of the Chicago Cubs (1994–1998), Pittsburgh Pirates (1999–2006), and Philadelphia Phillies (2007–2020).

History
Through 1993, the club was the Geneva Cubs, playing in Geneva, New York. For the 1994 season, the club moved to Williamsport, occupying a historic facility that had not been used for professional baseball for the previous two seasons. The club became known as the Williamsport Cubs, a Class A short season affiliate of the Chicago Cubs, retaining that name through 1998. In 1999, the team switched affiliations from the Chicago Cubs to the Pittsburgh Pirates and the team name became "the Crosscutters". At the end of the 2006 season, the team became an affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, with the Pittsburgh affiliation switching to the State College Spikes.

The Crosscutters shared the New York–Penn League championship with the Brooklyn Cyclones in 2001, after losing the first game of the series. Both teams were declared champions after the remainder of the series was canceled in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Crosscutters again made the playoffs in 2002 but were eliminated in the first round. However, the team returned to win the championship series, against the Cyclones, in 2003.

The name "Crosscutters" reflects the logging heritage of Williamsport, once known as the "Lumber Capital of the World." The city, historically having the largest amount of millionaires per capita, is on the West Branch Susquehanna River, and logging barons once lived in mansions along Fourth Street, which became known as "Millionaires' Row". To this day, sports teams at Williamsport Area High School are known as the Millionaires.

The 2015 season saw the Williamsport Crosscutters clinch their first Pinckney Division Championship since 2001.

On September 18, 2017, the Crosscutters announced that its Player Development Contract (PDC) had been extended by the Phillies through the 2020 season. In 2017, the team’s total attendance at Bowman Field was 61,082.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minors after the 2020 season, Williamsport left Minor League Baseball and became a collegiate summer baseball team of the newly created MLB Draft League, which is a showcase for draft-eligible players.

Championships
In 2001, the Crosscutters and Brooklyn Cyclones were declared the New York–Penn League's co-champions. The Crosscutters lost the first game of the best of three championship series, and the rest of the series was cancelled after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In 2003, the Crosscutters won the New York–Penn League championship outright, defeating the Cyclones in two games to sweep the series.

In 2015, the Crosscutters won the New York-Penn League Pinckney Division, posting a league best record of 46-30. The Crosscutters would be eliminated from the playoffs by the West Virginia Black Bears two games to one. The Black Bears would go on to win the 2015 New York Penn League Championship.

In 2022, the Crosscutters won the 2nd Half Championship of the MLB Draft League. The Crosscutters would go on to the MLB Draft League Championship Game, but would fall to the West Virginia Black Bears.

Playoffs

 * 2001: Defeated Jamestown 2-1 in semifinals; declared co-champions with Brooklyn.
 * 2002: Lost to Staten Island 2-0 in semifinals.
 * 2003: Defeated Auburn 2-0 in semifinals; defeated Brooklyn 2-0 to win championship.
 * 2005: Lost to Staten Island 2-0 in semifinals.
 * 2015: Lost to West Virginia 2-1 in semifinals.
 * 2022: Lost to West Virginia in winner-takes-all championship.

Logos and uniforms
The official colors of the Williamsport Crosscutters are Phillies red, navy blue, gray, dark tan, and ivory. The team most recently changed its brand prior to the 2008 season, one year following an affiliation change from the Pittsburgh Pirates to the Philadelphia Phillies. The colors resemble the red, white, and blue scheme of the Phillies, but with some additional colors and minor tweaks. The former colors were burgundy and black.

The Crosscutters wear a red cap with the W-shaped saw cap logo in dark tan and ivory for home games, and a navy blue cap with a logo depicting a capital "C" superimposed over a tree stump. The home uniforms include sleeveless, white jerseys with traditional red piping and the "Cutters" wordmark in grey and red, outlined in navy blue. The number on the back is in navy blue with white and red outline. The undershirts are red, with the secondary logo centered on the left sleeve. The socks and belts are also red. The away uniforms are grey, but otherwise the same as the homes.

title: Williamsport Crosscutters


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Bowman Field

Historic Bowman Field is a minor league baseball stadium in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is home to the Williamsport Crosscutters, a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League. The official seating capacity is 2,366. Opened in 1926, Bowman Field is the second-oldest ballpark in minor league baseball. Bowman Field is also the home field for the Wildcats of the Pennsylvania College of Technology for more than a decade. A new field project for the Penn College Wildcats was planned to be completed by 2022, but has since been delayed.

Named for local businessman J. Walton Bowman in 1929, Bowman Field had the official designation "Historic" added in 2000.

Since 2017, Bowman Field has been used for a regular-season Major League Baseball (MLB) game, the MLB Little League Classic, held each August while the Little League World Series is underway in nearby South Williamsport.

In 2012, Airmen Pond, an outdoor ice hockey rink, was built at Bowman Field. It served as home ice for the Williamsport Outlaws of the Federal Hockey League until the team folded in January 2013.

Ballparks in Williamsport before Bowman Field
Williamsport has hosted minor league baseball since the late 19th century. The various teams played at differing sites in Williamsport. The earliest ballfield was near the West Branch Susquehanna River. It has long since been replaced by a levee and U.S. Route 220, U.S. Route 15 and Interstate 180. A second and more permanent facility was built in the Vallamont neighborhood. Cochran Elementary School sits on the former site of the ballpark. The Williamsport Bills and later Williamsport Grays played the seasons at Williamsport High School's athletic field on West 3rd Street. It too is long since gone; this property is currently home of the Pennsylvania College of Technology.

Construction and opening
Bowman Field was completed in 1926 to host the city's entry as an original franchise in the New York–Pennsylvania League called the Williamsport Grays. The Grays were a charter member of the New York–Pennsylvania league which was established in 1923. Two of the most important boosters and financial backers of the team were J. Walton Bowman for whom the stadium was named and Thomas Gray, the Lycoming County sheriff, for whom the Grays were named.

The Grays had previously been playing their home games on the athletic field of Williamsport High School. This facility proved to be much too small. A larger and more permanent stadium was needed. A group of civic leaders and baseball boosters lead the drive to construct a new stadium for the Grays on the western side of Williamsport on the banks of Lycoming Creek. An agreement between the Grays and the city was reached in July, 1925 to build what was then known as Memorial Field, which was named for the municipal park in which it is located. J. Walton Bowman headed an 11-member holding company that financed and managed the construction of the ballpark at a cost of $75,000 (equivalent to $0 in ). Ground was broken in the fall of 1925 and the stadium opened in time for the beginning of the 1926 New York–Pennsylvania League season.

The original dimensions of Bowman Field were quite large compared to the dimensions of modern baseball fields. Bowman Field measured 367 ft to the right field foul pole, 450 ft to dead center field and 400 ft to the left field foul pole. Another unusual feature of the stadium was a terrace that was located on left field near the fence.

The first game to be played at Bowman Field took place on April 22, 1926, when the Grays hosted the team of nearby Bucknell University in an exhibition. The first professional opponent to appear at Bowman Field was the Harrisburg Colored Giants. The Grays lost two games to the Giants on April 27 and 29. The first New York–Pennsylvania League game took place on May 4. The Grays beat the Shamokin Indians 5-1.

Eastern League
The Eastern League was at Bowman off and on for nearly 70 years. The Williamsport Grays started play in 1926 in Bowman Field. The final Eastern League team to call the park home was the 1991 Williamsport Bills. That team moved to Binghamton, New York, the next season and became the Binghamton Mets.

The Grays began playing in the forerunner of the Eastern League, the old New York–Pennsylvania League in 1923. The Class B league was made entirely of teams from New York and Pennsylvania. It kept this name until 1938 when the Scranton Miners move to Hartford, Connecticut. Williamsport was a member of the league for 46 years between 1923 and 1991. The teams were known as the Grays, Tigers, A's, Mets, Tomahawks and Bills. Williamsport had affiliations with the Philadelphia A's for three periods, Pittsburgh Pirates, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Cleveland Indians for two separate periods, and Seattle Mariners.

The Phillies played a mid season exhibition game at Bowman Field on July 31, 1962, when the team lost to the Williamsport Grays, the Phillies' Eastern League affiliate.

The potato incident
Dave Bresnahan was catching for the 1987 Williamsport Bills, who were in seventh place in an eight-team league, playing the last-place Reading Phillies in late-August game. With a runner on third base, Bresnahan switched catcher's mitts and put on a glove in which he had secreted a shaved-down potato. When the pitch came in, Bresnahan fired the white potato down the third-base line, enticing the runner to sprint home. Bresnahan then tagged the runner with the baseball, prompting the umpire to award the runner home plate for Bresnahan's deception, even though he clearly had been tagged out with the ball.

Bresnahan is a distant relative of Hall of Famer Roger Bresnahan and was released by the team the day after the incident." However, the citizens of Williamsport applauded Bresnahan for his ingenuity, eventually prompting the club to retire his number 59. At the retirement ceremony in 1998, Bresnahan was quoted as saying, "Lou Gehrig had to play in 2,130 consecutive games and hit .340 for his number to be retired, and all I had to do was bat .140 and throw a potato."

New York–Penn League
For the 1994 season, baseball returned to Bowman with the New York–Penn League's Williamsport Cubs. The club became the Crosscutters, a Pittsburgh Pirates farm team, in 1999. Significant stadium upgrades took place prior to the 2002 season. The club became a farm team of the Philadelphia Phillies in 2006. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minors after the 2020 season, Williamsport left the New York–Penn League and became a collegiate summer baseball team of the newly created MLB Draft League, which is a showcase for draft-eligible players.

Ice hockey–Federal Hockey League
On July 24, 2012, Williamsport mayor Gabriel J. Campana announced that the Williamsport Outlaws of the Federal Hockey League (FHL) would play their 2012–2013 season at an outdoor ice rink built at Bowman Field. The Outlaws were the FHL champions their previous (and first) season, which they played in Wayne, New Jersey, as the "New Jersey Outlaws". On August 1 the Crosscutters and Outlaws agreed to terms regarding restoration of the baseball diamond after the removal of the ice rink at the end of the hockey season, though beer sales at Outlaws games were still an issue (as the Crosscutters hold the liquor license for the stadium). Construction of the ice rink, named Airmen Pond after a local sponsor, began in early October. The rink was also open for public skating and use by local amateur teams.

The 80 by ice rink officially opened on October 18, and the first home game of the Outlaws' 60-game season on October 24 drew over 3,000 fans, an FHL record. The Dayton Demonz beat the Outlaws 5–2; temperatures were over 65 F for much of the game. Williamsport Ice Arena, a local non-profit group headed by FHL commissioner Don Kirnan, operated the ice rink and rented it to the Outlaws and other users. In November 2012, the non-profit filed an injunction seeking to prevent the rink's builder, Rink Specialists of Naples, Maine, from repossessing it for late payments; both sides alleged breach of contract. The FHL All Star Game was scheduled to be played at Bowman Field on January 2, 2013.

Renovation project
On May 26, 2016, Mayor Gabriel Campana, Peter Freund, Crosscutters principal owner, Crosscutters staff, and other stakeholders broke ground for a first base deck where fans can interact while enjoying food and refreshments. This deck is part of a $3 million project to upgrade one of the oldest baseball parks in the country. The newly announced renovations are being made possible by a $1.25 million RACP Grant by the state. , the renovation decreased the capacity to 2,366.

MLB Little League Classic
On March 9, 2017, Major League Baseball announced that the first MLB Little League Classic would take place on August 20 of that year, during the Little League World Series. In a statement, Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred said that the league's "greatest responsibility is to ensure that today's youth become active participants in our game as players and fans." The St. Louis Cardinals and the Pittsburgh Pirates were selected to play in that game. Tickets to the game were reserved for those involved in the Little League World Series, as well as a limited number of residents of Lycoming County on a lottery basis. The game was televised by ESPN as its weekly Sunday Night Baseball game. Two members of the Cardinals had played in Williamsport during past Little League World Series; outfielder Randal Grichuk for the Lamar Little League team in and, and pitcher Lance Lynn for the Brownsburg Little League team in. Over the last few weeks before the game, the field was renovated to conform to MLB's standards. The outfield dimensions were changed to 331 ft to right field, 411 ft to center field, and 323 ft to left field; prior to this the dimensions measured 351–408–341 from right to left.

Names
The stadium was known as Memorial Field from 1926 until 1929. It was renamed Bowman Field on June 26, 1929, to honor J. Walton Bowman, the president of the Grays at the time. Bowman had a large role in the effort to fund and construct the stadium. He was also honored by the players of the team with a Swiss watch, and his granddaughter was given the honor of hoisting a pennant in center field bearing the name "Bowman Field". In 2000, the name was changed to Historic Bowman Field.

In 2014, Susquehanna Bank entered into a naming rights agreement with the city, which then added the bank's name to the stadium's name. In 2016, that sponsor was purchased by a larger bank, BB&T, and the stadium updated its name accordingly. When that deal expired in 2020, the city looked for a new sponsor, but there was only one offer, from Muncy Bank and Trust. The six-year contract paid the city nothing for the first year and $32,500 annually for the next five years. Muncy Bank and Trust merged with another bank in 2023 to form Journey Bank, and the name of the sponsor for Bowman Field changed again to reflect that.

Championship teams
Bowman Field has been the home to four championship teams.
 * 1934 Grays, New York–Pennsylvania
 * 1960 Grays, Eastern co-champions
 * 2001 Crosscutters, New York–Penn co-champions
 * 2003 Crosscutters, New York–Penn

title: Bowman Field


text:
Talk:Economic model

Lists of Models
A linked list of financial and economic models, and statistical tools, would be of great help. Other fields/interests all have such lists. To Seed It:

Finance: CAPM; Discounted Cash Flow Analysis; Gordon Growth Model; Purchasing Power Parity; etc.

Economics: Supply and Demand; Hector-Olin; Indifference Curves; etc.

Statistical Tools:Cluster Analysis Multiple Regressional Analysis; Cluster Analysis; Factor Analysis; Discrete Analysis; etc.

Discrete choice model
The above topic currently redirects to the Model (Economics) page. I think this is not appropriate. It is an Econometric model and is used in many other fields like Transportation, Finance and Marketing. It surely deserves an article of its own. Please leave your comments.--Raghu 12:00, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * "Discrete choice model" now redirects, more appropriately, to Discrete choice. Tobacman 01:45, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup Tags added to article
The "omitted details" subsection makes a lot of claims using weasel words and without any references. The information in the section seems relevant to the article, but it would be great if someone could find sources and clean it up. -- SlicedWheel 01:49, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Renaming to "Economic model"
Would anyone mind? It would be easier to wikilink in articles, and just reads better. II | (t - c) 08:23, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the suggestion's had long enough, I'll rename now, C RETOG 8(t/c) 07:35, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dr. Mandelman's comment on this article
Dr. Mandelman has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"The article is way too long and some discussions are irrelevant to this entry. I would eliminate from the main text the subsection "Restrictive, unrealistic assumptions" "Are economic models falsifiable" "History" "the effects of deterministic chaos on economic models" "the critique of hubris in planning""

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Mandelman has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : International Monetary Fund, 2010. "Investment; Specific Technology Shocks and International Business Cycles: An Empirical Assessment," IMF Working Papers 10/207, International Monetary Fund.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 16:06, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Too much on "Restrictive, unrealistic assumptions"
A lot of effort has clearly gone into this section and the ideas are important, but to me it seem disproportionate to the rest of the article. I'm considering moving most of the material to a new page, perhaps "Debunking economic models", linking to it and reducing the material on this page. Thoughts? Servalo (talk) 09:16, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economic model


text:
Shining Force

Shining Force is a 1992 turn-based tactical role-playing game for the Sega Genesis console. It is the second entry of the Shining series of video games, following Shining in the Darkness. While primarily a traditional fantasy-themed game, it contains some science fiction elements.

The game has been repeatedly re-released: in Sega Smash Pack Volume 1 for the Dreamcast and Sega Smash Pack 2 for Microsoft Windows, in Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, and as a standalone game for the Wii Virtual Console and Microsoft Windows via Steam. Additionally, in 2004 a remake was released for the Game Boy Advance under the title Shining Force: Resurrection of the Dark Dragon and in 2010 the game was released for iOS but was discontinued in 2015. It was re-released again on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in 2021.

Gameplay
Shining Force is a turn-based tactical role-playing game. Battles take place in square grids, and each unit occupies one square. Each unit can move up to a fixed amount of squares along the battlefield, determined by its Move statistic. Depending on its location relative to enemies and to allies, a unit can also perform one action: attack, cast a spell, use an item, or search the area. Some commands, such as equipping or dropping items, do not count as actions. The order of turns is determined by the unit's agility score and a random seed.

As is most common for the RPG genre, units become stronger by fighting enemies or by performing other actions in battle, such as healing allies. These actions give the units experience points (EXP), which allow them to gain levels.

In Shining Force, each allied unit is represented by a character with his or her own background and personality, much like in the Fire Emblem series. Although there are no "generic" units, except on the enemy side, most characters contribute little or nothing to the plot upon joining the player army.

Each allied unit also has a class, which defines a set of abilities for that unit and determines the spells and equipment they have access to. A unit can be promoted to another class at any level between 10 or 20. Upon promotion the character's level resets to 1 and statistics are reduced by a fixed amount, although they begin higher if the character had been promoted to a higher level.

Battle goals for the player are fairly simple: kill all enemies, kill the enemies' leader, or advance to a town or landmark. The enemy side wins if they kill the player's leader, Max, or if the player chooses to escape the battle by casting Egress. Even if the player army is defeated, the player can recover allies and retry the battle. The Force keeps any experience that is obtained, regardless of the battle's outcome. Thus, there is no Game Over, and the player's army gets stronger even upon its defeat, although Max's death results in the player losing half of their money.

Shining Force also possesses an exploration mode that occurs outside of battle. This gameplay mode is essentially a Japanese-style traditional RPG, along the lines of Final Fantasy or Dragon Quest, although there are no labyrinths and only a few puzzles to solve. In this mode, the player's army is represented by Max, who is able to walk around, interact with people, find treasure, buy equipment and items, outfit the army, and choose which of the army's members will be used in battle.

Plot
The game opens in the Kingdom of Guardiana, in the land of Rune. The protagonist, Max, is sent on a mission to prevent the evil Kane, who commands the hordes of Runefaust, from opening the Shining Path and resurrecting Dark Dragon. Along the way, Max recruits a number of allies to join the Shining Force. They eventually find that both Kane and King Ramladu are under the control of the manipulative Darksol. Darksol ultimately succeeds in reviving Dark Dragon, but Max seals the creature away using the power of the Chaos Breaker, a sword created by merging a sword of light with Kane's sword of darkness.

Development and release
Despite being the sequel to the successful Shining in the Darkness, Sega allotted only a minimal budget to the development of Shining Force. Contrary to popular assumption, Shining Force was not influenced by archetypal tactical RPG Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light. In fact, when asked about the game, lead Shining Force developer Hiroyuki Takahashi remarked: "The tempo of that title was so bad that it wasn't something I even wanted to play." Takahashi recalled that Shining Force was chiefly inspired by Dragon Quest. Asking himself how he and the rest of the development team could "take the battles from Dragon Quest and make them more fun", he drew inspiration from an obscure Japanese PC game called Silver Ghost, "a simulation action type of game where you had to direct, oversee and command multiple characters". The game was released for Wii via Virtual Console in Japan on July 10, 2007, in North America on July 23, 2007, and on August 3, 2007.

Reception
In Japan, it topped the Famitsu sales chart in April 1992.

The game was well received. Mega placed the game at #33 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time.

Retrospective
In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted this "truly unique RPG masterpiece" 86th top retro game, with the staff additionally calling it "one of the greatest Megadrive games of all time and a definite office favourite."

Remake
The game was remade in 2004 for the Game Boy Advance under the title Shining Force: Resurrection of the Dark Dragon. The changes included an expanded plot, three new playable characters, three new battles, ramping difficulty system and some tweaks in the gameplay. One of the new characters can use "cards" in battle, and turn order is determined solely by a unit's speed stat and can be checked at any time from a list, allowing the player to plan out battles with greater certainty. The remake features a ramping difficulty system: every time a playthrough is successfully completed, a player earns a star and all enemies get a boost in stats for the next playthrough. The game has also had a rerelease for iOS, which has been removed from the App Store by Sega.

GameSpot named Resurrection of the Dark Dragon the best Game Boy Advance game of July 2004.

title: Shining Force


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Talk:British Columbia New Democratic Party

Untitled
Eh? Democratic Socialist? THE BC NDP is centrist enough that social democratic would also be giving them too much credit/blame. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.230.54.83 (talk) 20:33, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well we can have the debate if you want... but the constitution of the BC NDP clearly states the words democratic socialist four times in the preamble alone. "The New Democratic Party is proud to be associated with the democratic socialist parties of the world and to share in the sturggle for peace, international co-operation and the abolition of poverty" & " The New Democratic Party believes that social, economic and political progress in Canada can only be assured by the application of democratic socialist principles to government and the administration of public affairs."  The NDP calls itself a democratic socialist party we may as well call them that here as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Veenoghu (talk • contribs) 7:09, 7 February 2005 (UTC)
 * Is it safer to go by what a political party says it is instead of what it does? As a political scientist, I would be remiss if I chose to describe a political party by what it claims to be in its constitution. A far more interesting line of analysis would be to compare its actions with its claims. The current NDP, taken by its actions and policies, is clearly a social democratic party like Blair's Labour, not a democratic socialist party. But those are facts outside the agenda of those who insist on characterise the NDP in a manner that suits them. I strongly argue that democratic socialist be removed from a description of what the NDP is and moved to a discussion of what it claims. What it claims should certainly not be the lead for this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.240.108 (talk) 20:54, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Request for information
(I'm putting this on the main BC NDP page, as I doubt many people have the leadership conventions page on their watchlists yet.)

I haven't been able to locate the first ballot results for the BC NDP's leadership convention held on November 23, 2003 (and won by Carole James). Queen's University stopped receiving the Vancouver Sun a few years ago, and the information doesn't seem to be available on-line. The national newspapers only covered the result of the second ballot (well ... the National Post didn't cover the story at all, but that's another matter). Does anyone have the results? ''Never mind, we have them now. But we still need this:''

For that matter, would anyone have the results of the first four ballots from the May 20, 1984 convention? We *do* have the Sun reels for that period, but the Monday issue which covered the convention is missing.

Thanks in advance for anyone willing to do a bit of research, CJCurrie 02:27, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Democratic socialist again
As he has done so often in the past, Michaelm has changed an article without providing any evidence for his change. Evidence for the revert is provided above. Ground Zero 13:56, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC) The last edit you speak of was actually done by myself, not MichaelM. My apologies for not including a citation in my changing Social Democracy/Democratic Socialism to plain Socialism. However, as I noticed only one citation present on the page to begin with (linking to a CBC article on Carol James election as party leader) I felt no particular need to add any, considering the amount of historical information present without any visible scholarly evidence to back it up. I must admit, however, that in light of my further examination on this matter, the BC New Democrats certainly are self-declared democratic socialists, and should be described as such in further edits. G3A3 04:29, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * And he's at it again. I've added the dispute box and maybe some attention will be paid to this user, or maybe he'll give evidence or a cite to his edits (not likely, methinks) Kickstart70 04:03, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

POV problems?
There's a few places where it would seem that POV and opinion have taken over...example: "The Socred's electoral coalition was able to keep the CCF and the NDP out of power until the 1970s, when the tired, stagnating Bennett government was defeated." Kickstart70 23:25, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Additionally, The Toms new additions could be construed as POV: "However, owing to the absence of a strong centrist force in BC provincial politics, a significant number of left-leaning federal Liberals are members of the provincial NDP.". I'd argue that the BC Liberals are overall rather centrist, not extreme right-leaning except in direct comparison to the left-leaning NDP. Definitely the BC Liberals are nowhere near as right-leaning as the U.S. GOP. Kickstart70 18:14, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Since no one is responding to this for discussion, I've edited some of the POV statements in the article. I left in the issue above and hope someone will give me a supplementary reason to keep or delete it. Kickstart70 16:28, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Refusal to grant the NDP official opposition status in 2001
The purpose of my previous edit was to indicate that what was refused was "official opposition" status. The problem is that "official party", though used in this sense in Canada, is unclear since it can also refer to the recognition of a party for electoral purposes such as automatic presence on the ballot or funding. That edit did not introduced any bias. However, I have now expanded on this and made absolutely clear the basis for the government's position and why it was controversial. I've also removed the reference to Gordon Campbell since strictly speaking recognition of the official opposition is up to the Speaker, not the Premier. Bill 22:18, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

We've been over this...
The BC NDP identifies itself as being a "democratic socialist party" in it's own party policy publications. Please stop reverting it to "social democratic" and the like. Thank you. g3a3 12:18, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * If you go to their actual website you'll find the following: "As social democrats we believe in a balanced and responsible approach to government, so that people can enjoy a strong economy, healthy communities, and a clean, sustainable environment." Serpent-A 00:31, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Could it then be ruled that they are both a democratic socialist AND a social democratic party? This issue needs to be put to rest. g3a3 03:58, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * They have, no doubt, a handful of members who might describe themselves as socialists, but those members are not representative of either the past or current ideology of the NDP. As far as I'm concerned, the "issue" does not even exist. If you're so desperate to describe the NDP as Socialists, the burden of proof falls on you to provide some evidence, either from party press releases, or by establishing that some sort of consenses exists amongst the media, political analysts, and the public that the NDP is socialist in character rather than social democratic. Serpent-A 06:44, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

You got it. http://bc.ndp.ca/upload/20060517145555_constitution2005.pdf http://www.publiceyeonline.com/archives/000173.html g3a3 04:03, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The "Young New Democrats" are simply a faction within the larger party. It's completely irrelevant how they identify themselves. You have yet to establish that some sort of consenses exists amongst the media, political analysts, and the public that the NDP is socialist in character rather than social democratic. Serpent-A 17:19, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Once again, as the BC NDP identify themselves as adhering to the principles of democratic socialism within their party constitution, and by virtue of the fact the phrase "social democracy" is not even mentioned in the same constitution, the party must be referred to as a democratic socialist one. As the prospects of finding a clear survey or poll which asks how people think the NDP should be categorized, or a party press release for the explicit purpose of outlining what they can be called in terms of political doctrine is virtually nil, I am taking the written foundation of the party itself as justification for my edit. Additionally, though you have claimed I am required to find some form of public sampling which is indicative of my assertion, you have yet to provide such evidence by the same logic, as to why the article should remain in the form you support. g3a3 13:11, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Note re WP:COI (conflict of interest guidelines)
To party members who may wish to edit the article: please see WP:COI regarding conflict-of-interest concerning members of organizations editing articles about those organizations. this is a general comment/warning being placed on all BC political party pages because of problems with some articles...If you are a member of this party you should not be editing this article!!.Skookum1 01:30, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

This article has major bias and almost no in-text citation or sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Schnarr (talk • contribs) 04:58, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Possible Confusion
I find it awkward, to say the least, and confusing that the section on the 1970s (currently section 4) contains some information about Harcourt and his actions as newly elected leader (though it is undated at this point in the Wikticle), and then section 5, about the 1990s, rementions him winning the leadership post. I have had to reread the sections several times to make sense of them, which shouldn't be a requirement for an encyclopædia article. Is there anyone who knows the dates and details who can reorganise these two sections (or, even make a third, the 1980s) and make them clearer? Cheers, Lindsay 08:49, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Are the NDP Democratic Socialists or Social Democrats?
Doesn't a reading of both of these thorough and well referenced articles makes it quite clear that the NDP in BC are social democrats? That is what the articles say. -- KenWalker | Talk 05:01, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

No, Ken, I disagree. The NDP Constitution preamble itself describes its basic principles as "democratic socialism", which is not quite the same thing as "social democratic" (but close.) See http://bc.ndp.ca/upload/20060517145555_constitution2005.pdf --WikiMart 07:30, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that link.  My suggestion would be to acknowledge both sides, since there is some basis for each, by changing "is a democratic socialist/social democratic political party in British Columbia, Canada." to "is a political party in British Columbia, Canada.  The party's constitution[footnote reference to constitution] mandates the party to apply principles of democratic socialism [link to democratic socialists] however in practice the policies of the party more closely resemble those followed by social democrats[link to social democrats][footnote]."  Recognizing that the phrasing I suggest could be improved, is the general idea workable?  It seems to me that neither side of the reversions going on is completely correct and that this description says why there are two contradictory views each with some verifiable sources.   -- KenWalker | Talk 21:52, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ken, I think that's a reasonable compromise. Meanwhile I keep having to reverse the change by the Belinda Stronach vandal.  May s/he will stop when a change like this is made.--WikiMart 06:25, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Article fully protected
.. for a week due to rampant revert-warring by sock-puppet editors. Please us editprotected for any edits. Hopefully, the sock-puppeteer will just get bored. I've blocked about a dozen WP:SPA sock-accounts on both this article and the Belinda Stronach article - A l is o n  ☺ 05:31, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

New (2011) Logo
The BC NDP appear to have a new logo from the one in the article. It can be found at their website: http://www.bcndp.ca/newsroom/logo-photo I would update the page myself, but.. I don't know how to make an SVG image, and I feel like that's the standard for Wikipedia these days, so if someone is capable of doing that, there are JPG and AI versions of the logo on their site, so it should be pretty easy. -Jermdeeks (talk) 01:40, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Leader List in Table Format
The leaders list would look better in a Table format than just a bullet-point list. Can this be changed? Anyone agree? --209.207.71.9 (talk) 17:47, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

2001 POV template
Dropping by here, which I rarely do (if I ever did, in fact, I've forgotten completely), I wondered what the POV tag, dated 2001, was about; the previous section above dates from 2006 and, while I disagree with what is said there, and noting nobody bothered to answer the points made there, wonder what is here that warranted the POV tag placed in 2011. I will refrain from some observations I made while reading certain sections, due to false allegations of NDP partisanship and/or membership hurled at me in the course of the Talk:Adrian Dix matter a while back, pending anyone else fielding reasons why the tag should remain and/or what it was placed for. There are some vague and rather terse, sometimes misleading and incomplete wording/information in the Clark section, and I note that no mention of the Salmon War of 1996 is made at all, but I do not wish to be falsely accused of partisanship and my real name flouted in the media again so will refrain from any emendations or alterations, but leave the floor open to points others may make as to POVism here. Most political party articles are POV in one direction or another; there is nothing overly POV here that I can see; only incomplete and at times a bit misleading or too vague. I do not care to edit political articles any more as too much bad energy and stressful, and had come here to check wording re the recent RM of the New Democratic Party article and the associated dabpage and saw the citation and POV tags. Researching the citation tags is time-consuming but needs doing by someone. To me there is a bit of revisionism going on here, but that's a given in a province where all media is heavily politicized and often overtly partisan...so not surprising. I see no acute POV here, and wonder about the meaning of the POV tag, in relation to what wordings it was placed.... and if it should remain.Skookum1 (talk) 17:29, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090621232316/http://www.elections.bc.ca/docs/stats/2009-ge-ref/fres/GE-2009-05-12_Party.html to http://www.elections.bc.ca/docs/stats/2009-ge-ref/fres/GE-2009-05-12_Party.html

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Political Spectrum Issue
This article refers to the BCNDP as a social democratic, centre-left party. There is an increasing view that the party is/has moved more the centre. There are some articles that I've read that go so far as to call it "neoliberal." I believe that Third Way is more apt, but, nonetheless, it is not a social democratic party. Given Wikipedia's plasticity, how would we go about creating an article that reflects reality? For example, some of the articles cited to prove the party's political identification are dated 1996. Thoughts? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:3d08:5282:8a00:51e6:1045:5a67:9377 (talk) 05:58, 26 April 2021 (UTC)


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Sextans (coin)

The sextans was an Ancient Roman bronze coin produced during the Roman Republic valued at one-sixth of an as (2 unciae). The most common design for the sextans was the bust of Mercury and two pellets (indicating two unciae) on the obverse and the prow of a galley on the reverse. Earlier types depicted a scallop shell, a caduceus, or other symbols on the obverse.

title: Sextans (coin)


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Viru Valley

The Viru Valley is located in La Libertad Region on the north west coast of Peru.

The Viru Valley Project
In 1946 the first attempt to study settlement patterns in the Americas took place in the Viru Valley, led by Gordon Willey. Rather than examine individual settlement sites, Willey wanted to look at the valley as a whole and the way that each village interacted with the others. The study showed that villages were located in places which reflected their relationship with the wider landscape and their neighbours. The project emphasised the importance for archaeologists of viewing sites holistically and to take into account the economic, environmental, social and political factors acting on past societies.

Willey's groundbreaking study stimulated the work of a number of subsequent archaeologists in the valley. From 1992 to 1998 Dr. Thomas A. Zoubek embarked on a study of the earliest mid and upper valley sites in Viru concentrating specifically at the sites of Huaca El Gallo/La Gallina of Virú culture, in the El Nino Quebrada. These excavations and later ones in the Susanga region completely redefined our knowledge of the earliest agricultural societies in the valley and resulted in the discovery of the earliest ceramics found in coastal Peru that have been dated to c.2400 BCE.

Notable people

 * Julio Castillo Narváez (? –2011), producer and radio news program host, murdered in Viru.

title: Viru Valley


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Talk:Octogenarian

For a march 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Quinquagenarian

I vote that we keep dead people off the list since many people live to be eighty. That's unless someone thinks we should start a new page for the very long list that will result... --Jiang 20:36, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octogenarian