text:
Talk:GNU Privacy Guard

Old Discussion
Matt, I puzzled over that wording and was not happy with what I ended up with. You've solved exactly the problem I had with it, and within minutes too. Thanks. ww 14:58, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Glad I could help! It's got me thinking, though: does anyone proactively audit GnuPG, like is done in OpenBSD? — Matt 15:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * If you mean the software itself, yes, why not? The GNU project is the place where the heart of open source develompent beats. Cbguder 17:09, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it was "crypto auditing" Matt meant here, and I don't know. Clearly there is some 'lots of eyeballs means all bugs are shallow' stuff, as Nuygen's observation is an example thereof, and Cbguder probably had one or more apects of that in mind here, but formal auditing... ?? Sorry not to have known. This goes on my things to checklist, I suppose. ww 13:58, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, what's formal in the free software scene anyway? =) Btw, ww, thanks for moving the logo, it looks much better now. =) Cbguder 15:03, Jun 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd take the credit, but I suspect Matt would object. It was his fault! As for formal, I meant here planned, intentional, regular, deliberate, explicit as opposed to catch as catch can, when/if someone notices, etc. Like that. ww 18:02, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I see, here's the case: it's not that loose so that the whole project depends on coincidences, but there are no guarantees either. There are people devoted to every project, and of course these projects have leaders and sometimes even schedules. They don't stumble by bugs, they search for them, but still no guarantees... =) Cbguder 19:57, Jun 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * As of 2007, There has been at least one person (Felix von Leitner) interested in doing an OpenBSD-style secure code audit. He even provided a diff. From http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2007/Jan/0267.html :"I did a gnupg audit recently. I was, frankly, appalled by the code quality. It is a desert of pointer manipulation, string copying, memcpy and strcpy are used all over the place, and sprintf, too."165.91.215.88 17:11, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Felix did find a few minor bugs, but a lot of his claims were totally incorrect and based on misunderstanding how gpg works (for example, he claimed guessing the pid, time and some uninitialized stack data was enough for an attack (it isn't)). I've audited gpg occasionally, but nothing formal, eg, , , and a few others. If someone wanted to set up a formal audit, I'd get involved. Unlike Felix, I quite like the gpg codebase. -- taviso 20:38, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

added 'how to use' section
I hope it's OK that I've added a new section with only an outline of the desired content.

I've found the GnuPG documentation to be difficult to understand, since they are so expansive and seem to be designed for experts who will read the document from start to finish. What I need -- and what I think others need, hence my addition of a skeletal section to this fine webpage -- is a simple few-step guide.

If (or when) I figure out how to do these simple things, I'll add something here. Well, that's assuming that my change doesn't get reverted by folks who know better what should be here.

I actually know how to do some of the steps, but the exporting step isn't working well. It seems that I have to edit a file in ~/.gnupg, which is OK except that I don't know the syntax to use for, say, the MIT keyserver, which is the one I normally favour for web-based work.

--Dankelley 17:32, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * It sounds like a great idea, but this article isn't really the place for it. It would work well on Wikibooks, though. — Matt 18:20, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks. It seems you're the authority, so please go ahead and delete/revert my added section.  Thanks for getting back to me, and thanks for your work on this page.  --Dankelley 00:24, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks (although I've only contributed a small amount to this article!) I should really also point out that nobody on Wikipedia has any more rights or say-so over a page than anyone else...in a sense, everyone is the "authority" — but the aim is to produce encyclopedia articles, and "tutorial"-type content doesn't really fit on Wikipedia. Of course, you'd be very welcome if you wanted to help expand the description of how GnuPG works (it could do with some work), but the slant is towards describing the system, rather than teaching people how to use the software. — Matt 00:45, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Dankelley, you might want to start something in Wikibooks as Matt suggested, I am willing to help too. We can look at Cryptography or Wikibooks:Cryptography:Digital_signatures to find where to put this "GnuPG (Howto)" book, and start! In fact, I even thought I should one day or another put my Enigmail tutorial in wikibooks too ;-) -- ClementSeveillac 04:00, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

POV
The new additions to the second paragraph under "Problems" seem a little too POV Suggestions? Turnstep 14:45, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've edited a little, primarily removing bits that (I felt) wasn't necessary. For stuff like this, I think it's easiest to stick to simple statements of facts, and not try and provide commentary or analysis. — Matt Crypto 16:39, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

I have changed the paragraph on GPGME, due to factual errors: gpg and gpgme do communicate through a stable interface designed for machine use (ala GDB annotated machine interface). An API does not need to be a function call. Described an advantage of using a co-processes. -Werner

Image
I added an image that shows the general form of an encrypted file using the PGP protocol. I hope nobody minds; I personally feel that it's a useful addition. Midwinter 01:28, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

links pointing to the same article
While it's true that parsimony suggests conflation of the links, I reverted it for two reaosns. First, the links may not always point ot hte same thing as WP changes and morphs. And, second, there are two distinct entities being pointed at here, even if they are currently pointing to the same thing. One's a standard, one's a software product. Infact, I think the problem is that there should be two articles. ww 20:21, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that there should be two articles. — Matt Crypto 22:31, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Enigmail a compromise?
I don't understand why Enigmail should compromise GPG's security (even hypothetically). Did Evolution and KMail's developers consult the GPG team? Jancikotuc 19:38, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

A long time ago I worked with the Evolution authors to sort out problems introduced by the Evo design. I worked closely together with the KMail authors and we implemented some nice stuff to help identify what has been signed by whom. As usual with the KDE code base things may change to the worse or better from time to time. Werner Koch (talk) 14:43, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PGP form.png
Image:PGP form.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 15:29, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Cross-compilation paragraph
The paragraph containing the cross-compilation mention seems out of place, but the sentences talking specifically about cross-compilation seem completely unnecessary for the article in my opinion. I didn't remove them, though, since, well, it's just my opinion. --Sydius (talk) 00:12, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It's gone. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 11:47, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Just Curious: Would a Creative Commons License do? Supposing you're the author... I'd love to know how I got that boxy thingie to work : ) Didn't intention it, but there it is 189.178.9.116 (talk) 11:26, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You began a line with a space. That causes the line of text to be displayed exactly as entered, without formatting. Yvh11a (Talk • Contribs) 15:30, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Pointdexter's Carnivore working overtime?
I used to use Phil Zimmermann's freeware PGP back in the day. All of a sudden, if you even GPG or PGP sign an email, it's going into some black hole somewhere; like it never existed! I live in Mexico, and I've tried sending stuff to other recipeints in Mexico, albeit using Yahoo mail and Gmail, both of which are based in the States... and we all know how packets use the TCP part of TCP/IP to go all over the world looking for the path of least resistance... but still, this is spooky stuff! I've run a number of tests. If I even dare encrypt anything, it never gets even back to my own CC or BCC! I'm curious to see if this comment makes it on to Wiki... and how long it lasts.

189.178.9.116 (talk) 10:49, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Well, the preview shows my IP instead of my handle. If anyone wants to respond, my username in Wiki is manuelcuribe... That IP is meaningless. Like most amateur broadband subscribers, they keep us on a 24 hour revolving "floating" IP so we can't serve off our home machines without paying a small fortune... or setting up an IP pinger re-direct page, which I haven't. manuelcuribe 189.178.9.116 (talk) 11:32, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have a hard time believing this could be true. I'd believe the government copying/reading encrypted mail before I'd believe them blocking it... it seems more likely that something else happened.  If this really is a problem, though, maybe just compress the message and send it as an attachment. Maybe they look for the PGP header. --Sydius (talk) 19:01, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Great suggestion, I'm going to try that... — Manuel 189.140.35.218 (talk) 19:01, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This is not a solution to your problem, just an observation. Carnivore was an FBI program devoted to vacuuming Internet traffic from an individual or organization, supposedly only after acquiring a warrant from a judge. Poindester's project was at a higher level -- national security -- and involved vacuuming just about anything they could suck up from the 'Net, without a warrant of any kind. Supposedly, the Poindexter project was cancelled, but the FBI has renamed (and presumably reimplemented) Carnivore. They're still in the interception business, still supposedly only with a warrant. ww (talk) 20:33, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * maybe it's not even the government. Two years ago, for some time I had problems with GPG signed mails not reaching some recipients. It turned out that it was a spam filter at the web mail provider of these recipients, which somehow learned to classify GPG signed mails as spam. I wrote a mail to that provider, and shortly thereafter the problem disappeared 88.217.5.239 (talk) 02:52, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Security, Clear Statement on
It would be nice if the article stated in clear language the following:

1. Is the security of messages encoded with GPG is good as the security of messages encoded with PGP?

2. Are messages encoded using GPG (or, for that matter, PGP) secure?

Allan Marain 20:27, 11 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marainlaw (talk • contribs)

Weird things about the article
After a quick read: JöG (talk) 20:44, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
 * 1) The "Usage" section starts with "Although the basic GnuPG program has a command line interface ..." and then goes on at length about other software which can invoke gpg. (Interesting high-level applications in wide use, like signing Git tags or signing software for distribution (Debian etc) seems not to be mentioned.)
 * 2) The article goes on and on about the first "Problem", trying to prove it's not a problem after all. Which of course it isn't, since it was solved a decade ago!
 * 3) The second "Problem" is "GnuPG is [...] not written as an API which can be incorporated into other software."  Which is funny given (1) above. Then it becomes obvious that IPC doesn't count as an API in the eyes of the author. Then you ask yourself "well, how is it a problem that the API is IPC-based?"  Then the author turns around and explains that this is really a good thing!

Update text relating to patented algorithms and IDEA
> GnuPG does not use patented or otherwise restricted software or algorithms, like the IDEA encryption algorithm used in PGP. (It is in fact possible to use IDEA in GnuPG by downloading a plugin for it, however this may require getting a license for some uses in some countries in which IDEA is patented.)

According to International Data Encryption Algorithm - "The last patents expired in 2012 and IDEA is now patent-free and thus free to use".

Does this need updating? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Liamzebedee (talk • contribs) 11:39, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Thankfully nobody cares about IDEA anymore, they patented themselves into irrelevance. I vote to just delete it. -- intgr [talk] 19:26, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Error in "In Popular Culture"
I just read this section and the corresponding article at the washington post. Said article has now features this paragraph: "Correction: This post previously contained an update that erroneously stated that Greenwald confirmed Snowden had authored the video. Greenwald said he could not confirm the authorship of the video." I therefore suggest to remove this paragraph, or to reformulate it to reflect this correction. Sorry if this appears lazy—but I'm simply no native english speaker and I don't want to interfere with the authors. --Hobbyhobbit (talk) 19:38, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Limitations section almost entirely inaccurate
The major points in this section regarding GPGME and how it works are factually incorrect and based on some misunderstandings or false assumptions. Though described as "high level" that's by comparison to assembly language and truly low level operations. GPGME isn't a wrapper in the sense most developers think of, it's a C API intended for C developers to compile into their software and include via header files.

The subsequent statement regarding out-of-band calls to the GPG executable is also entirely wrong. GPGME directly accesses the libraries utilised by GPG and is developed alongside the engines' code. So it is able to access libgcrypt, libgpg-error, libassuan and so on directly; as well as the built-in components of the gpg and gpgsm programs without simply running the binaries directly. Some of those components (e.g. gpg-agent) run as system daemons and are accessible via UNIX sockets.

One of the reasons for GPGME is because command line invocation is not guaranteed to remain unchanged. That being the case, it's illogical to provide an API which merely calls the exact thing being discouraged for programmatic purposes.

Now ... I'd change this myself, but it's disclaimer time: I'm a member of the GnuPG Project and specifically on GPGME. So someone who is not me will need to independently verify this and then update it. --BenM (talk) 01:42, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

application support for GPG
The application support for GPG cannot be verified. The necessary Windows binaries pgpcore.dll pgpmime.dll are unavailable.

@ Big 43.224.36.205 (talk) 19:21, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:GNU Privacy Guard


text:
Talk:Net force

The third picture isk ya man, the resultant force should start at the intersection of the vectors A and B (near the letter 'e' in 'Object'). How would you add two unequal length parallel vectors (forces) at say the upper corners of the object, pointing at 1 oclock (30°)? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.236.117.2 (talk • contribs).
 * Vectors are not localized, it is assumed that the resultant force acts on the center of gravity of the object70.52.62.168 (talk) 01:04, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Net force versus resultant force
In many applications it is customary to distinguish the resultant force from the net force in case of extended bodies. I changed the lead to account for this, and also plan to re-write (accordingly) the rest of the article. Suggestions are welcome.--Ilevanat (talk) 20:47, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I will need some time to finish the article. In its previous form it was so bad that it apparently invited series of vandalistic jokes, so I believe it is better to replace it with anything that looks more appropriate.--Ilevanat (talk) 01:42, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

I have completed the article in its new form. Please feel free to improve my English and style, and to add links to other articles (although I tried to include most relevant explanations in the text). Again, any suggestions are welcome.--Ilevanat (talk) 01:16, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be helpful to add some existence theorems: under what circumstances is a resultant guaranteed to exist? Melchoir (talk) 03:02, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Thank you for the edits, it looks smoother now. As for the existance issues, I am not aware of any general theorem. Have any proposals? (The graphical illustration actually demonstrates the two most common existance cases: concurrent and parallel forces - they obviously need not be planar.)--Ilevanat (talk) 01:27, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

All edits after 14 December 2011 are either vandalism or ignorance
except for additions of links (and reverts). I am not very skilled in the article maintenance, so any help is welcome.

Of course, I shall gladly discuss any well intended changes on the discussion page (please, leave a note on my talk page).--Ilevanat (talk) 00:53, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Additional explanation
Understandably (I hope), my qualification "vandalism or ignorance" refers to the changes already made (before this note). And I would welcome any improvements in the future.

However, in order to clarify my views, additional explanation might be in order.

I re-wrote this article with intent to describe distinction between the net force and the resultant force, which is not universaly recognized in English usage, but it does appear in many English textbooks and, especially, in particular applications in mechanics. I believe the article is well ballanced and sufficiently referenced. But it is i bit technical, in order to make the point. The lead, I hope, is appropriately "lightweight".

One might object that some sections of this article should be better suited to the "Force" article, but that one has been generally recognized as an excellent article, and in its present form it is too non-technical for such content. (I did make some suggestions on its discussion page, but there was no response, so I gave up.)

This new version of the net force article has almost nothing in common with the previous one, which was fully unaware that there could be any distinctions between "net" and "resultant", and its graphical illustrations were almost childish. So I was rather surprised that an experienced editor undertook it to re-introduce such illustrations in the present version (somewhat modified, but still very far from the present level and context of the article, and far from correct from both formal and educational point of view). He shuffled them arround, and left some mess, but they obviously do not fit anywhere, unless the entire concept of the article is changed (reverted to the old version, or something like it).

Of course, I cannot claim the sole right to edit the article. And I am not going to start some lenghty dispute solving procedure, espicially since that editor does not see the need for any discussion. But I am enclosing here a brief dispute we had on his talk page (admitting that I was not too polite, but considering his education and editing experience, I could not take his intervention as a "good faith" deed):

I fail to see the purpose (or any benefit) of your edits in the "Net force" article
Nor did you offer any explanation at the discussion page. The drawings you inserted are nicely colored, but their content is fully covered by a prevous illustration, for which you inserted an entirely meaningless caption "Another method for diagramming addition of forces". That illustration shows all there is to show about addition of 2 forces. Or tell us what is missing! (Did you at all read the adjoining text?)

The closing section on usage discusses actual differences in approach by various authors. It could be improved by an illustration of a force reduced to a particular point, plus the ensuing torque, but that might be a bit too technical. Your drawings are entirely out of place there. (I cannot help wandering whether you have any understanding of the subject.)--Ilevanat (talk) 00:30, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * First off, I was replacing slightly incorrect diagrams that used to be there with corrected ones, a task that I was politely asked to do. I did check to make sure I was adding or demonstrating content. I was. Also, I love and teach chemistry and physics, mainly to Ivy League students. I know what I'm talking about and how I'm talking about it. If there's anything incorrect about the diagrams it was merely an oversight, but they are meant to be simplistic, just like their predecessors. As for the captions, this is Wikipedia. If you find something wrong with them, edit them. Like I mentioned, I did it as a favor for someone else and expected that the individual would edit the captions. I apologize for any inherent problems. The Haz talk 01:54, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Also, adding uncontroversial content to an article does not warrant writing an explanation on a discussion page. The Haz talk 02:01, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

I am tempted to appologize for a bit harsh tone of my note. It was a "first off", as I saw the inappropriate editting of the article (the diagrams are too "simplistic" for the context, to say the least). But then, your explanation is rather incosistent, if not misleading. In particular, the "slightly incorrect diagrams that used to be there" were not in this version of the article, and their "replacement" does border with a revert of the article concept (so, it would be decent to discuss it). And I find it difficult to believe that you carefully read and fully understood the text (particularly after detailed examination of your 20 minute 4 edits). And I am not easily impressed by the Ivy League reference.

But I am not going to police the article. If you "Ivy League people" think this is better suited to the level of the English Wikipedia, so be it! Though I did record my opinion at the discussion page.--Ilevanat (talk) 01:12, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Applied and constraint forces
I have revised the lead to include in the definition of net force the applied and constraint forces on a free-body. It seems clear from this definition that the net force does not account for the points of application of the system of forces, and therefore the net force does not guarantee the same effect on a body as the resultant force and torque. I have tried to make this clear in the lead. Prof McCarthy (talk) 16:28, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Torque-free resultant
This article seems to define the resultant force as the special case when a system of forces can be reduced to a force at a particular point such that there is no associated torque. This seems contrary to the general notion of a resultant which consists of both a force and torque and is always available as a reduction of a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body. I have introduced the term torque-free resultant, which I believe captures the original idea in order to minimize the revisions to the article. Prof McCarthy (talk) 01:06, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

"Sophisticated" vandalism and lack of conceptual understanding
The article has seriously deteriorated through contributions by the author of the above two sections in this talk page. He generally has two fixations: to introduce constraint forces at any level of exposition (and certainly far sooner than it could possibly be appropriate, if ever), and to crowd the article with mathematical calculations (which are mainly correct, but rather disfunctional as many of them hardly help the reader to understand the subject). For this latter, the parallelogram rule is clear example in this article (and more can be seen in his edits of the Work article).

On the conceptual level, he tends to ignore prevalent usage (by professionals and in widely used textbooks) and his statements reveal some lack of basic physical understanding. For instance, he did not quite invent the definition "Resultant force refers to the reduction of a system of forces acting on a body to a single force and an associated torque" (implied in this article and written in his "new" Resultant force article), but in its support he cites a book from 1913 listed on the "Forgotten books" website. And then he states "However, an interesting special case is a torque-free resultant which it is useful both conceptually and practically, because the body moves without rotating as if it was a particle." He does not understand that the resultant force alone affects both translation and rotation, although that is explained even in his obsolete source.

Therefore, I can only again suggest my old version of this article to any interested reader--Ilevanat (talk) 00:42, 4 September 2012 (UTC).

Wiki Education assignment: 4A Wikipedia assignment
— Assignment last updated by Lzepeda12 (talk) 21:08, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 4A Wikipedia Assignment
— Assignment last updated by Kmijares (talk) 22:40, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Maths
@Elon Musk (Zuhair's friend) Altamash shamim (talk) 03:14, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Net force


text:
Pomoravlje District

The Pomoravlje District (Поморавски округ / Pomoravski okrug, ) is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the central parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 214,536 inhabitants. The administrative center is the city of Jagodina.

Municipalities
The Pomoravlje District contains 6 municipalities (singular: општина, opština - plural: oпштине, opštine). The following table shows the names of each municipality in the Latin and Cyrillic scripts and the population of each as of 2011:

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Pomoravlje District has 214,536 inhabitants. 45.35% of the population lives in the urban areas.

Culture
The nineteenth century architecture has been partly preserved in the district. Earlier times are testified by the remnants of edifices, such as The House of Hajduk Veljko from the eighteenth century. Particularly interesting is the Old Church of Archangel Michael, the endowment of Miloš Obrenović, built in 1818.

The Jošanica Monastery was built in the late fourteenth century at the time of Despot Đurađ Branković's reign, and is regarded as the finest medieval building of this region. In the vicinity of Ćuprija stands the Ravanica Monastery with the Church of Assumption, the endowment of Prince Lazar, built between 1375 and 1377. After the death of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović in the Battle of Kosovo, his holy relics were safeguarded there until 1690, when their three-century-long resettlement with the Serb people started, only to have finally been returned to his endowment, which are there to this day.

The Resava-Manasija monastery is located in the immediate vicinity of Despotovac. The Resava endowment of Despot Stefan Lazarević was built between 1407 and 1418. During the fifteenth century, the famous Resava School carried out its work there, in the framework of several workshops in which major texts of world heritage were copied and new ones written. Konstantin the Philosopher, the author of the "Hagiography of Despot Stefan" and the "Book on Letters", which regulated the Orthography of the Serbian language at that time, carried out his creative work in the Resava Monastery.

Education
There is one faculty located in the Pomoravlje District that is within the University of Kragujevac:
 * Faculty of Education in Jagodina

title: Pomoravlje District


text:
Talk:Pomoravlje District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

title: Talk:Pomoravlje District


text:
Category:Nature

Nature (also called the material world, the material universe, the natural world, and the natural universe) is all matter and energy in the universe.

In scale, 'nature' includes everything from the subatomic to the universal. This includes all things animal, plant, and mineral; all natural resources and events (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes). It also includes the behavior of living organisms, and the processes (e.g., erosion, metamorphism, fossilization) associated with inanimate objects.

title: Category:Nature


text:
Cheltenham, Pennsylvania

Cheltenham is an unincorporated community in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, United States, with a ZIP code of 19012. It is located directly over the city line (Cheltenham Avenue) of Philadelphia. It also borders Northeast Philadelphia over the Fox Chase Line on the east and over Cottman Avenue (PA 73) on the north side. The community is listed for statistical purposes as the Cheltenham Village census-designated place. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 1,993.

By the mid-1980s, many Korean Americans moved out of Logan and moved into Cheltenham and other communities.

Cheltenham is represented by Madeleine Dean in the 4th Congressional District.

, Taiwanese airline EVA Air provides a private bus service to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in the Philadelphia area. It stops in Cheltenham.

title: Cheltenham, Pennsylvania


text: Talk:Tri-City ValleyCats

title: Talk:Tri-City ValleyCats


text:
Category talk:Dramatists and playwrights

See Category talk:Dramatists/Former category.

early comments
We have category 'playwright' as well. Since these mean exactly the same thing, I have taken the arbitrary decision that we will use 'playwright' and not 'dramatist' (because it's slightly clearly, and more importantly it has more entries in). Please to not add any more to this category. DJ Clayworth 15:07, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't make 'arbritary decisions'. This is being discussed on Category_talk:Playwright--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo (Talk)]] 15:28, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

We seem to have decided that we will use 'dramatist' rather than 'playwright'. Should be be including screenwriters and the like? DJ Clayworth 14:17, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it's safe to class screenplays as a separate genre from stage dramas, so we should have the category category:Screenplay writers. Is that okay with everyone or is there a better term?--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo (Talk)]] 17:11, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * On second thought, I'd like to suggest category:Film writers (shorter to write) and category:Film directors (directors is too broad)--[[User:HamYoyo|HamYoyo (Talk)]] 21:33, Jun 2, 2004 (UTC)

Added from CfD:

Category:Playwrights
May arguably be subtly different from its parent Category:Dramatists, but in practice the distinction is unhelpful. Actual population of "writers who write plays" is distributed between the two at random. --Bishonen 16:01, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Difference is more than subtle: in my view problems originated from a wrong category definition of Category:Dramatists (exclusively referring to playwrights, instead of to the Dramatist article). I started the extensive work now needed: creating more subcategories for the Dramatists category (along the new definition), and re-categorizing articles that are now in the Dramatist category. Please give a hand on that! --Francis Schonken 11:06, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Important! Renaming required, see Category talk:musical theatre director, Category talk:musical theatre librettist --Francis Schonken 11:39, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Categories: dramatists versus playwrights
Hi, Francis, I'm sorry if I created extra work by putting up the category "Playwright" for deletion. I don't understand very well how to handle categories, in fact I didn't even know how to find their definitions (until I saw your links on WP:CFD and followed them). I was just trying to figure out which category to stick on some articles I'm writing about Restoration dramatists/playwrights, and it bothered me how randomly the population of Dramatist/Playwright seemed to be distributed.

I'm sorry, but I don't agree with you that dramatist is a word that can mean a whole variety of theatre people such as librettist, choreographer, or theatre director. That is just not English usage: a dramatist is an author of plays for performance in the theater (i.e. the same as playwright). I checked both OED (the big one) and Webster's unabridged 3rd edition, and they both agree with me. In fact, they both give playwright as a synonym. I think the difference between the two words is purely stylistic, not in what they refer to. (Dramatist sounds a little more impressive and serious—Shakespeare is usually referred to as a dramatist, Sheridan more often as a playwright.)

Since this is what I believe, and the major authorities for British and American usage respectively agree with me, I've edited Dramatist accordingly, and put a note on the talk page. Sorry, I really hope you don't think I'm acting in a hostile way. I have a lot of respect for your work. Please let me know if there's anything not so category-related (because I'm really ignorant about categories and how to create or define or populate them, etc) that I can do to help. --Bishonen 14:47, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Dramatists etc...
Hi Bishonen,

Thanks for your note on my page. Indeed, I'm no native English speaker, and just tried to follow the content of the former "dramatist" article - assuming that Wikipedia can't be wrong ;o) - only extended it a bit to theatre directors too.

Just two minor questions still to you:
 * Is the usage of the word "Dramatist" and "Playwright" as you describe it identical in all English-speaking countries? If that is the case I would make the "Dramatist" article a "redirect", without further commentary, to "Playwrights"...
 * In English language, can "librettists" be considered either "Dramatists" or "Playwrights", or both, or neither?

Regarding categorization in general: if you have particular problems or questions: just ask - not sure whether I'd be able to answer, I go only from my personal experience too, and from the three "basic" guidelines regarding categorization, i.e.:
 * Categorization
 * Categories, lists, and series boxes
 * Categorization of people

--Francis Schonken 15:07, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Writers of plays again
Hello, Francis, ain't nobody here but us chickens. I'm not a native English speaker either. :-)

Belatedly I've discovered that there was a lively discussion of the playwright/dramatist distinction at Category talk:Dramatists/Former category. It seems to have died out in June, before either you or I came along. That's the thing with Wikipedia, we keep reinventing the wheel.

FWIW, I think there are two ways of taking the distinction: a) playwright is the parent category of all who write plays, while dramatist is a subcategory of those who write serious plays (dramas). This taxonomy is favored by a lot of the people entering the discussion at Category talk:Dramatists/Former category, and by the Dramatist article as it is now. Or b) dramatist and playwright are sister categories with very little overlap: dramatists are serious and playwrights are more lightweight, because of being more commercial, or writing comedies. (Somebody says in the discussion: "You wouldn't call Sophocles or T. S. Eliot playwrights, would you?") B) corresponds well to my own sense of the usage in my field of study, Restoration drama, that's what I was thinking of when I talked about subtle differences before. BUT it would obviously be a huge waste of time to try to implement and patrol b) category-wise. It makes my head hurt just to think about it. If I were you, I'd either go with a) for all category puposes, or simplify even further and decide they're synonyms. (Close enough, surely.) Redirecting Dramatist to Playwright sounds like a good idea, but you might want to do a bit of a merge of the fuller phrasing of dramatist, to get both the concepts done justice to in Playwright. Librettist? That's the text-writer, right? Hmmm. I would say it's reasonable to call that person a dramatist or playwright, even though it's not exactly common usage. Oh, I do have a question about categories, definitely! See, when I click on a category at the bottom of an article page, I get to a category page, if that's the right term. Then, how do I go on to find the parent? There's some way, I bet, but I cant figure it. It's been driving me crazy. Best,--Bishonen 16:04, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reply to additional post on my talk page:
--Francis Schonken 16:34, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Please make sure all English speaking people would experience "Dramatists" and "Playwrights" as covering the same. What I understood by now is that "Dramatist" is a posh term for "Playwright" in English.
 * In Dutch (my native language) a "librettist" is someone who derives a text for a musical production (Opera, etc...) from e.g. a play: a play is written by a playwright, while a libretto can be made by either a "composer" or the playwright him/herself (who then becomes librettist in addition to being a playwright) or a by a "third party" librettist. E.g. Janacek worked as well with librettos produced by the "original" playwright (such libretto is nearly never identical to the original play), with librettos produced by "third party" librettists, and with librettos he derived from plays (and other books) himself. If what you assume is true, then Janacek (and Wagner, etc...) could be categorized "Playwrights" (besides "Opera composers") - does that feel right to you - for me it still feels odd?
 * Regarding clicking on a "category" at the bottom of a "category" page: what opens then is the parent category you clicked. In fact the categories in the box below on a category page are all the (direct) parent categories. For "higher-up" parent categories you keep clicking on the Categories below in the category box, for every new category that opens, till you reach a "top" category. Now that's theory: categories are still in expansion, and major hick-ups occur. See also Graph/Tree comparison on categorization.

New idea
Re-reading all the stuff I suppose people will come up over and over again to create either a "playwrights" category, when "Dramatists" is deleted, and vice versa; also because of the possible and difficult to define overlap between the two terms I propose Category:Dramatists and playwrights to be created, replacing the "Dramatists" category, which can also have "librettists" as a subcategory (and "playwrights" if that is a significant subcategory).

Would that cover most of the pending/recurring issues?

--Francis Schonken 17:01, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Brilliant, Francis. You're absolutely right, we need to think ahead and create a durable cat, not one that's going to start deteriorating the minute you take your eyes off it.--Bishonen 17:21, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)


text:
Zaječar District

The Zaječar District (Зајечарски округ, ; Districtul Zaicear) is one of nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It expands to the eastern parts of Serbia. It had a population of 96,715 inhabitants, according to the 2022 census results. The administrative center is the city of Zaječar.

Municipalities
It encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Boljevac
 * Zaječar
 * Knjaževac
 * Sokobanja

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Zaječar District has 119,967 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups of the district according to the 2011 census results:
 * Serbs = 105,231 (87.72%)
 * "Vlachs" (Romanians) = 6,561 (5.47%)
 * Roma = 2,042 (1.70%)
 * Macedonians = 234 (0.20%)
 * Bulgarians = 223 (0.19%)
 * Montenegrins = 140 (0.12%)
 * Croats = 119 (0.10%)

History
Felix Romuliana (Galerius' Palace) in modern Gamzigrad is the birthplace of the Roman Emperor Gaius Galerius Valerius Maxmimianus, in late 3rd century and early 4th century. Because of its archaeological findings, Gamzigrad ranks among the most important late Roman sites in the world. The rich historic material (jewelry, mosaics, coins, tools, arms) found here is a treasure trove of Roman civilization of the 4th century A.D.

Roman emperors
Three Roman emperors were born in the Zaječar district:
 * Galerius ruled 293–311
 * Maximinus II ruled 305–312
 * Licinius ruled 308–324

Economy
Trends of economic development of the Zaječar District lead from crafts and semi-industrial processing of agricultural products over coal exploitation (textile factory, leather factory, brewery, quartz sand mine and coal mine) to the modern plants and high output rate.

title: Zaječar District


text:
Stickies (Apple)

Stickies is an application for Apple Macintosh computers that puts Post-it note-like windows on the screen for the user to write short reminders, notes and other clippings. Contents are automatically stored, and restored when the application is restarted.

An unrelated freeware program with the same name and similar functionality is available for Microsoft Windows.

Similar applications (described as "desktop notes") are available for most operating systems.

History
In 1994, the first version of Stickies was written by Apple employee Jens Alfke and included in System 7.5. Alfke had originally developed it in his free time as Antler Notes and intended to release it as shareware, doing business as Antler Software. Apple planned to acquire it from him, but realized that they already legally owned it under the terms of his employment.

During the transition to Mac OS X in 2001, Stickies was rewritten in Cocoa, and is still included in macOS, with features such as transparent notes, styled text, lists, and the ability to hold pictures.

The ability to collapse note windows, which is present in all versions of Stickies, is a holdover from System 7.5's WindowShade feature. The window button layout, which is unusual for a modern macOS application, is retained from Mac OS 8.

In macOS Big Sur, the icon has been changed to look like a stack of sticky notes in a rounded square design.

Features
The Stickies application currently supports the following usage scenarios:
 * Float above all windows: Press Command-Option-F with a sticky note selected and it will float above any other windows that are visible.
 * Translucent: Press Command-Option-T with a sticky note selected and it will become translucent.
 * Embed other media: Add other media besides text, such as QuickTime movies, PDFs, images, just by dragging them into the sticky note.
 * Backup data: Stickies keeps all information in a self-contained database. The database can be backed up by copying the file StickiesDatabase, which is located in a user's Library directory ("~/Library/StickiesDatabase").
 * Search data: Press Command-F to search for words or phrases within a sticky note.
 * Create a note from selection: In a Cocoa-based application (such as the Safari web browser), select some text and press Command-Shift-Y or use the Services menu to create a new sticky note with the text selection.

title: Stickies (Apple)


text: Talk:Zaječar District

title: Talk:Zaječar District


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Talk:Bor District

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Binomial series

In mathematics, the binomial series is a generalization of the polynomial that comes from a binomial formula expression like $$(1+x)^n$$ for a nonnegative integer $$n$$. Specifically, the binomial series is the MacLaurin series for the function $$f(x)=(1+x)^{\alpha}$$, where $$\alpha \in \Complex$$ and $$|x| < 1$$. Explicitly,

where the power series on the right-hand side of ($$) is expressed in terms of the (generalized) binomial coefficients

 * $$\binom{\alpha}{k} := \frac{\alpha (\alpha-1) (\alpha-2) \cdots (\alpha-k+1)}{k!}. $$

Note that if $$ is a nonnegative integer $α$ then the $xn + 1$ term and all later terms in the series are $0$, since each contains a factor of $(n − n)$. Thus, in this case, the series is finite and gives the algebraic binomial formula.

Conditions for convergence
Whether ($n$) converges depends on the values of the complex numbers $$ and $α$. More precisely:

 * 1) If $|x| < 1$, the series converges absolutely for any complex number $x$.
 * 2) If $|x| = 1$, the series converges absolutely if and only if either $Re(α) > 0$ or $α = 0$, where $Re(α)$ denotes the real part of $α$.
 * 3) If $|x| = 1$ and $x ≠ −1$, the series converges if and only if $Re(α) > −1$.
 * 4) If $x = −1$, the series converges if and only if either $Re(α) > 0$ or $α = 0$.
 * 5) If $|x| > 1$, the series diverges except when $α$ is a non-negative integer, in which case the series is a finite sum.

In particular, if $α$ is not a non-negative integer, the situation at the boundary of the disk of convergence, $|x| = 1$, is summarized as follows:

 * If $Re(α) > 0$, the series converges absolutely.
 * If $−1 < Re(α) ≤ 0$, the series converges conditionally if $x ≠ −1$ and diverges if $x = −1$.
 * If $Re(α) ≤ −1$, the series diverges.

Identities to be used in the proof
The following hold for any complex number $α$:

 * $${\alpha \choose 0} = 1,$$

Unless $$\alpha$$ is a nonnegative integer (in which case the binomial coefficients vanish as $$k$$ is larger than $$\alpha$$), a useful asymptotic relationship for the binomial coefficients is, in Landau notation:

This is essentially equivalent to Euler's definition of the Gamma function:

 * $$\Gamma(z) = \lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{k! \; k^z}{z \; (z+1)\cdots(z+k)}, $$

and implies immediately the coarser bounds

for some positive constants $α$ and $$.

Formula ($$) for the generalized binomial coefficient can be rewritten as

Proof
To prove (i) and (v), apply the ratio test and use formula ($$) above to show that whenever $$\alpha$$ is not a nonnegative integer, the radius of convergence is exactly 1. Part (ii) follows from formula ($$), by comparison with the $m$-series

 * $$ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \; \frac {1} {k^p}, $$

with $$p=1+\operatorname{Re}\alpha$$. To prove (iii), first use formula ($M$) to obtain

and then use (ii) and formula ($$) again to prove convergence of the right-hand side when $$ \operatorname{Re} \alpha> - 1 $$ is assumed. On the other hand, the series does not converge if $$|x|=1$$ and $$ \operatorname{Re} \alpha \le - 1 $$, again by formula ($$). Alternatively, we may observe that for all $$j$$, $ \left |\frac {\alpha + 1}{j} - 1 \right | \ge 1 - \frac {\operatorname{Re} \alpha + 1}{j} \ge 1 $. Thus, by formula ($$), for all $ k, \left|{\alpha \choose k} \right| \ge 1 $. This completes the proof of (iii). Turning to (iv), we use identity ($$) above with $$x=-1$$ and $$\alpha-1$$ in place of $$\alpha$$, along with formula ($p$), to obtain

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n \; {\alpha\choose k} \; (-1)^k = {\alpha-1 \choose n} \;(-1)^n= \frac{1} {\Gamma(-\alpha+1)n^{\alpha}}(1+o(1))$$

as $$n\to\infty$$. Assertion (iv) now follows from the asymptotic behavior of the sequence $$n^{-\alpha} = e^{-\alpha \log(n)}$$. (Precisely, $$ \left|e^{-\alpha\log n}\right| = e^{-\operatorname{Re}\alpha\, \log n}$$ certainly converges to $$0$$ if $$\operatorname{Re}\alpha>0$$ and diverges to $$+\infty$$ if $$\operatorname{Re}\alpha<0$$. If $$\operatorname{Re}\alpha=0$$, then $$n^{-\alpha} = e^{-i \operatorname{Im}\alpha\log n}$$ converges if and only if the sequence $$ \operatorname{Im}\alpha\log n $$ converges $$\bmod{2\pi}$$, which is certainly true if $$\alpha=0$$ but false if $$\operatorname{Im}\alpha \neq0$$: in the latter case the sequence is dense $$\bmod{2\pi}$$, due to the fact that $$\log n$$ diverges and $$\log (n+1)-\log n$$ converges to zero).

Summation of the binomial series
The usual argument to compute the sum of the binomial series goes as follows. Differentiating term-wise the binomial series within the disk of convergence $|x| < 1$ and using formula ($$), one has that the sum of the series is an analytic function solving the ordinary differential equation $(1 + x)u′(x) − αu(x) = 0$ with initial condition $u(0) = 1$.

The unique solution of this problem is the function $u(x) = (1 + x)^{α}$. Indeed, multiplying by the integrating factor $(1 + x)^{−α−1}$ gives

 * $$0=(1+x)^{-\alpha}u'(x) - \alpha (1+x)^{-\alpha-1} u(x)= \big[(1+x)^{-\alpha}u(x)\big]'\,,$$

so the function $(1 + x)^{−α}u(x)$ is a constant, which the initial condition tells us is $1$. That is, $u(x) = (1 + x)^{α}$ is the sum of the binomial series for $|x| < 1$.

The equality extends to $|x| = 1$ whenever the series converges, as a consequence of Abel's theorem and by continuity of $(1 + x)^{α}$.

Negative binomial series
Closely related is the negative binomial series defined by the MacLaurin series for the function $$g(x)=(1-x)^{-\alpha}$$, where $$\alpha \in \Complex$$ and $$|x| < 1$$. Explicitly,
 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{1}{(1 - x)^\alpha} &= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \; \frac{g^{(k)}(0)}{k!} \; x^k \\ &= 1 + \alpha x + \frac{\alpha(\alpha+1)}{2!} x^2 + \frac{\alpha(\alpha+1)(\alpha+2)}{3!} x^3 + \cdots, \end{align}$$ which is written in terms of the multiset coefficient
 * $$\left(\!\!{\alpha\choose k}\!\!\right) := {\alpha+k-1 \choose k} = \frac{\alpha (\alpha+1) (\alpha+2) \cdots (\alpha+k-1)}{k!}\,.$$

When $$ is a positive integer, several common sequences are apparent. The case $α = 1$ gives the series $1 + x + x2 + x3 + ...$, where the coefficient of each term of the series is simply $1$. The case $α = 2$ gives the series $1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ...$, which has the counting numbers as coefficients. The case $α = 3$ gives the series $1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 + ...$, which has the triangle numbers as coefficients. The case $α = 4$ gives the series $1 + 4x + 10x2 + 20x3 + ...$, which has the tetrahedral numbers as coefficients, and similarly for higher integer values of $$.

The negative binomial series includes the case of the geometric series, the power series $$\frac{1}{1-x} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty x^n$$ (which is the negative binomial series when $$\alpha=1$$, convergent in the disc $$|x|<1$$) and, more generally, series obtained by differentiation of the geometric power series: $$\frac{1}{(1-x)^n} = \frac{1}{(n-1)!}\frac{d^{n-1}}{dx^{n-1}}\frac{1}{1-x}$$ with $$\alpha=n$$, a positive integer.

History
The first results concerning binomial series for other than positive-integer exponents were given by Sir Isaac Newton in the study of areas enclosed under certain curves. John Wallis built upon this work by considering expressions of the form $y = (1 − x^{2})^{m}$ where $$ is a fraction. He found that (written in modern terms) the successive coefficients $c_{k}$ of $(−x^{2})^{k}$ are to be found by multiplying the preceding coefficient by $$ (as in the case of integer exponents), thereby implicitly giving a formula for these coefficients. He explicitly writes the following instances

 * $$(1-x^2)^{1/2}=1-\frac{x^2}2-\frac{x^4}8-\frac{x^6}{16}\cdots$$

 * $$(1-x^2)^{3/2}=1-\frac{3x^2}2+\frac{3x^4}8+\frac{x^6}{16}\cdots$$

 * $$(1-x^2)^{1/3}=1-\frac{x^2}3-\frac{x^4}9-\frac{5x^6}{81}\cdots$$

The binomial series is therefore sometimes referred to as Newton's binomial theorem. Newton gives no proof and is not explicit about the nature of the series. Later, on 1826 Niels Henrik Abel discussed the subject in a paper published on Crelle's Journal, treating notably questions of convergence.

title: Binomial series


text:
Zlatibor District

The Zlatibor District (Златиборски округ / Zlatiborski okrug, ) is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It is located in the western, mountainous part of Serbia. The district was named after the mountainous region of Zlatibor.

As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 254,659 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Zlatibor district is Užice. It is Serbia's largest district, with an area of 6,140 km².

Municipalities
The district encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Bajina Bašta
 * Kosjerić
 * Užice
 * Požega
 * Čajetina
 * Arilje
 * Nova Varoš
 * Prijepolje
 * Sjenica
 * Priboj

Demographics
As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 254,659 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the district:

Culture
In the vicinity of Bajina Bašta stands the Rača monastery, built in the 13th century. Over its history, this monastery was destroyed several times, and then reconstructed. Rača Monastery's final destruction (after the Turks and the Austro-Hungarian Army), came at the hands of Bulgarian forces in 1943. It was restored after the end of World War II. The church was an important center of transcription and illumination of Serbia's manuscripts, with its monks known as the Račani, during the 17th century.

The Mileševa Monastery, built in 1234 near Prijepolje, was the endowment of King Stefan Vladislav I of Serbia, the son of Stefan the First-Crowned.

This monastery was the second most important in Serbia, after it received the bones of Serbia's most revered patriarch, Saint Sava, in 1236. The monastery has been destroyed and rebuilt several times, though 100 compositions, frescoes of individual figures, and fragments of important religious icons have been preserved. The most famous icon of Mileševa is The White Angel fresco, a famous, widely used religious icon throughout Serbia.

Tourism
The Zlatibor District is home to several tourist destinations. Visitors to the slopes of the Zlatibor Mountain explore the natural environment of Tara National Park, float down the Drina River or cruise Lake Perućac, ride the rail experience known as Šargan Eight, visit the traditional ethnic village of Mokra Gora, tour the World War II monument of Kadinjača Memorial Complex, immerse themselves in the history of Užice and its importance as an independent stronghold, or visit Kremna, home of the Prophecy from Kremna.

Education
There is one faculty located in the Zlatibor District that is within the University of Kragujevac:
 * Teachers Training Faculty in Užice

title: Zlatibor District


text:
Faraday Society

The Faraday Society was a British society for the study of physical chemistry, founded in 1903 and named in honour of Michael Faraday. In 1980, it merged with several similar organisations, including the Chemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and the Society for Analytical Chemistry to form the Royal Society of Chemistry which is both a learned society and a professional body. At that time, the Faraday Division became one of six units within the Royal Society of Chemistry.

The Faraday Society published Faraday Transactions from 1905 to 1971, when the Royal Society of Chemistry took over the publication.

Of particular note were the conferences called Faraday Discussions, which were published under the same name. The publication includes the discussion of the paper as well as the paper itself. At the meeting, more time is given to the discussion than to the author presenting the paper as the audience are given the papers prior to the meeting. These conferences continue to be run by the Royal Society of Chemistry.

In addition to its presidents, key figures at the Faraday Society included George Stanley Withers Marlow, Secretary and Editor of the society from 1926 to 1948, and his successor Frederick Clifford Tompkins. Tompkins served as Editor until 1977, and as the President of the Faraday Division of the amalgamated Royal Society of Chemistry from 1978 to 1979. Prior to the amalgamation, Tompkins received valuable assistance from D. A. Young, who became Editor as of 1977.

Presidents

 * Sir Joseph Swan: 1903–1904
 * Lord Kelvin: 1905–1907
 * Sir William Henry Perkin: 1907
 * Sir Oliver Lodge: 1908–1909
 * Sir James Swinburne: 1909–1911
 * Sir Richard T. Glazebrook: 1911–1913
 * Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield: 1913–1920
 * Professor Alfred W Porter: 1920–1922
 * Sir Robert Robertson: 1922–1924
 * Sir Frederick George Donnan: 1924–1926
 * Professor Cecil Henry Desch: 1926–1928
 * Professor Thomas Martin Lowry: 1928–1930
 * Sir Robert Mond: 1930–1932
 * Professor Nevil Vincent Sidgwick: 1932–1934
 * William Rintoul: 1934–1936
 * Professor Morris William Travers: 1936–1938
 * Sir Eric Keightley Rideal: 1938–1945
 * Professor William Edward Garner: 1945–1947
 * Professor Arthur John Allmand: 1947–1948
 * Sir John Lennard-Jones: 1948–1950
 * Sir Charles Goodeve: 1950–1952
 * Sir Hugh Taylor: 1952–1953
 * Professor Ronald George Wreyford Norrish: 1953–1955
 * Ronald Percy Bell: 1956–1957
 * Sir Harry Work Melville: 1958
 * Dr Edgar William Steacie: 1959
 * Sir Harry Work Melville: 1960
 * Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood: 1961–1962
 * Professor Alfred Rene Ubbelhode: 1963–1964
 * Sir Frederick Sydney Dainton: 1965–1966
 * Professor Cecil Bawn: 1967–1968
 * Professor Geoffrey Gee: 1969–1970
 * Professor John Wilfrid Linnett: 1971–1972

title: Faraday Society


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Talk:Zlatibor District

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User:Manzik1~enwiki

Hello i am french if you want more information about me go to the following link: []

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Black Oak Arkansas

Black Oak Arkansas is an American Southern rock band named after the band's hometown of Black Oak, Arkansas. The band reached the height of its fame in the 1970s, charting ten albums. Their style is punctuated by multiple guitar players and the raspy voice and on-stage antics of vocalist Jim "Dandy" Mangrum.

The Knowbody Else
Black Oak Arkansas, originally named "The Knowbody Else", was formed in 1963 by some "high school pals" living in the area around Black Oak, Arkansas. Original members included Ronnie "Chicky Hawk" Smith (vocals), Rickie Lee (alternately "Risky" or "Ricochet") Reynolds (guitar), Stanley "Goober Grin" Knight (guitar), Harvey "Burley" Jett (guitar), Pat "Dirty" Daugherty (bass), and Wayne "Squeezebox" Evans (drums). At some point the band and Ronnie "Chicky Hawk" Smith agreed that a mutual friend named James "Jim Dandy" Mangrum would make a better front man, while Smith agreed that he himself would make a better stage production manager.

The band's first PA system was stolen from Monette High School. The group then cleaned out an old galvanized grain bin on the edge of town and began blasting out ear-piercing sounds that echoed their special blend of music that came from rock, gospel, country and blues influences. Members of the group were subsequently charged in absentia with grand larceny and sentenced to 26 years at the Tucker Prison Farm, a sentence that was later suspended. This led to their retreat to the hills of rural north-central Arkansas where they lived off the land and refined their musical style. They also lived in Long Beach, Mississippi, and played at the local Lobe theater/dance hall and the short-lived venue, "The Black Rainbow". Some of their influences during this time were the Beatles and the Byrds.

The Knowbody Else moved to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1969 and signed a record deal with Stax Records. Their self-titled debut album (Hip Records #HIS-7003 [a subsidiary of Stax]) was largely ignored by the public. During this time the band became interested in psychedelia and Eastern spiritualism which, combined with their Southern Baptist upbringing, contributed to their sound.

Black Oak Arkansas
After several trips to Los Angeles, California, in 1970, the band was signed by Atco Records (whose parent label, Atlantic Records, once had a partnership with Stax) and rechristened Black Oak Arkansas. Their self-titled debut album Black Oak Arkansas was released in 1971. The record featured enduring BOA classics such as "Hot and Nasty", "Lord Have Mercy On My Soul", "Uncle Lijiah" (written in pseudo-tribute to Harvey Jett's real-life great uncle) and "When Electricity Came To Arkansas", which was accused by fundamentalist religious groups of containing backward-masked "Satanic messages" (possibly from a live performance of the song in which Mangrum utters "dog si eh" and "natas" three times). The band toured extensively, gaining a reputation as a premier live act throughout the early 1970s all across America, and later even in Europe. Keep the Faith followed in 1972, featuring the manic concert staple "Fever in My Mind". Drummer Wayne Evans left the band and was replaced by journeyman drummer Tommy Aldridge on BOA's next release If an Angel Came to See You, Would You Make Her Feel at Home?, which featured another enduring BOA concert favorite, "Mutants of the Monster" and expanded on the group's eclectic musical style.

In 1973, Black Oak Arkansas released their fourth LP, Raunch 'n' Roll Live, and took the rather unorthodox tack of including previously unreleased new songs on their first live concert album like "Gigolo", "Gettin' Kinda Cocky", as well as two more BOA classics: "Hot Rod", which features Dandy's sly double-entendre lyrics, and "Up", which spotlights Aldridge's marathon drum solo, a portion of which he played with his bare hands. The four new songs were originally recorded and intended to be included on the follow-up studio album to If an Angel Came to See You ..., but when Atco Records realized the band's true strong suit was their concert act, the live album resulted. Raunch 'n' Roll Live was re-issued in 2007 by Rhino Records as a 2-CD set containing both concerts that the original vinyl album was culled from. The band's fifth album, High on the Hog, also released in 1973, ended up being the high point of BOA's career, peaking at number 52 on the Billboard albums chart. Ruby Starr also toured intermittently with Black Oak during this period, and her raspy voice can be heard on the group's remake of LaVern Baker's 1957 hit "Jim Dandy (To The Rescue)", which reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Baker's song was recorded at the suggestion of Tom Dowd, who produced the album and was the engineer on the original LaVern Baker single.

The band was riding high on the concert trail as well by this time, headlining large venues like Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium and Charlotte Motor Speedway, and the Royal Albert Hall in London, England. Black Oak Arkansas also played at the California Jam festival in Ontario, California, on April 6, 1974. The concert attracted over 200,000 fans, and BOA appeared alongside Black Sabbath; Eagles; Emerson, Lake & Palmer; Deep Purple; Earth, Wind & Fire; Seals and Crofts; and Rare Earth. Portions of the show were telecast on ABC Television in the US, exposing the band to a wider audience.

The follow-up to High on the Hog, 1974's Street Party (featuring "Son of a Gun", "Brink of Creation", "Hey Ya'll" and "Dixie", as well as a cover of the Motown classic "Dancing in the Street"), may have failed to maintain the momentum, but another 1974 release entitled Early Times, a shelved Stax recording by The Knowbody Else (now released on the back of their success and under the BOA banner), made up for lost time. Guitarist Harvey Jett left the band after Street Party and was replaced by Jimmy "Soybean" Henderson in 1975 and he debuted on the band's final studio album for Atco Records, Ain't Life Grand. This album included a snarly remake of George Harrison's Beatles classic "Taxman", as well as new originals like "Fancy Nancy", "Rebel", "Good Stuff", "Cryin' Shame", and "Let Life Be Good to You". The band signed a contract with MCA and promptly released X-Rated later in 1975, which marked the beginning of Black Oak Arkansas's decline. In 1976, they released two fairly nondescript and unsuccessful albums for MCA, Balls of Fire and 10 Yr Overnight Success, the latter as a five-piece band with the departure of Rickie Reynolds, who was more or less replaced on tour by keyboardist Marius Penczner during this period. Also in 1976, Atco released a final BOA contractual-obligation album, the poorly-recorded but high-spirited ''Live! Mutha'', recorded on Mother's Day, 1975, in Long Beach, California. This recording saw a reappearance of Ruby Starr.

Black Oak
Following continued diminishing returns of the band's record sales (yet while still remaining a consistent concert draw), Mangrum dropped "Arkansas" from the group's name (in an attempt to downplay their Southern-ness) and replaced everyone except Henderson and even altering his own vocal style in an attempt to sound more mainstream (and ostensibly impress music critics in the process). The other members of the "Black Oak" lineup were Greg Reding (guitar and keyboards), Jack Holder (guitar), Andy Tanas (bass), and Joel Williams (drums). Black Oak released two albums on the struggling Capricorn Records, Race with the Devil in 1977 and I'd Rather Be Sailing the following year. Neither album sold well. In 1978, guitarist Shawn Lane joined the band at age 14 and toured with the band for four years.

Post-Capricorn Records
In the early 1980s, Dandy temporarily left the band for health reasons, but Reynolds kept the band going with former Zorro bassist Jack Brumby, AW Zeugner, and Les John. Bob Simpson took on lead vocals at first, but was later replaced by Randy Ruff for almost three years, until Mangrum's return. In 1984, the band released Ready as Hell. Though the name "Black Oak Arkansas" was on the album cover, "Jim Dandy" appeared above it in larger type, almost as if it were a solo effort. Ready as Hell featured a heavier sound with pinch harmonics and keyboards featured throughout. The album was also Rickie Lee Reynolds's first recording with Mangrum since the MCA years. In 1986, The Black Attack Is Back continued the heavy style of the previous album and featured the particularly adventurous track "I Want A Woman With Big Titties". Again, "Jim Dandy" received top billing on the album cover (though "BOA"—the band's initials—did appear above the frontman's name). Like its predecessor, The Black Attack Is Back made no commercial headway. In 1992, the band released Rebound, this time under the band's aegis, with similar results. Things changed little with 1999's The Wild Bunch, which was released under the name "Jim Dandy's Black Oak Arkansas". However, an original member would rejoin Black Oak and appear on this album. Patrick "Dirty" Daugherty rejoined in 1995, rekindling the once-forgotten Black Oak Arkansas. This momentum brought on a surge of performances with other 70's greats such as Foghat, Iron Butterfly, Edgar Winter Group, and many more. During the early 2000s, original lead guitarist Stanley Knight would join them on the road, not playing guitar, but as their soundman. Pat left the band a second time in the mid-2000s.

James Mangrum has continued recording and touring with a series of different Black Oak lineups, up to the present day. Black Oak Arkansas currently enjoys a loyal fan following. Jim Dandy is credited with inspiring Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth's image and onstage persona. In addition, in the 1980s former Maine State Representative Chris Greeley once 'opened' for them as a member of the rock band Toyz.

The return to Atlantic Records
The band released an album for Atlantic Records/Atco Records on October 15, 2013, titled Back Thar N' Over Yonder. The album contained five newly recorded songs and 10 previously unreleased 1970s tracks which were produced by Tom Dowd. The new songs featured a lineup of original and current members. Reunited originals Jim "Dandy" Mangrum, Rickie Lee "Risky" Reynolds, Pat "Dirty" Daugherty, and Jimmy "Soybean" Henderson, were joined by current drummer Johnnie Bolin, bassist George Hughen, guitarist Buddy Church and lead guitarist Hal McCormack. The first single off the record "Plugged In And Wired" was released August 26, 2013. The band toured to support the album.

2019 to Present
On May 24, 2019, Black Oak Arkansas released Underdog Heroes, their first album consisting of all new recordings in 30 years. The album featured founding members Jim Dandy Mangrum and Rickie Lee Reynolds, and Sammy B Seauphine, as well as David Flexer who was called in by Reynolds to play lead guitar on several tracks On September 22, 2023, the band released The Devil's Jukebox, a cover album, on Cleopatra Records.

In 2024, the new lineup for Black Oak Arkansas was unveiled, featuring Jim Dandy on lead vocals, Sammy Seauphine on duet vocals, Kinley Wolfe on bass guitar, Luke Williams on lead guitar, Josh Decker on rhythm guitar, and Chris Craig on drums. The lineup debuted on March 1st as the opening act for Rickey Medlocke in Medina, Minnesota.

List of classic band members

 * James L. Mangrum (AKA Jim "Dandy" Mangrum) – lead vocals, washboard (1968–early 1980s, 1983–present)
 * Rickie Lee "Risky"/"Ricochet" Reynolds – rhythm guitar, 12-string guitar, vocals (1965–1977, 1984–2021) (died 2021)
 * Harvey "Burley" Jett – lead guitar, banjo, piano, vocals (1965–1974) (died 2022)
 * Pat "Dirty" Daugherty – bass guitar, vocals (1965–1977, 1996–2002)
 * Wayne "Squeezebox" Evans – drums (1965–1972)
 * Stanley "Goober Grin" Knight – lead guitar, steel guitar, organ, vocals (1969–1976) (died 2013)
 * Tommy Aldridge – drums (1972–1976) (who later joined the Pat Travers Band; he also played with Gary Moore, Ozzy Osbourne, and Whitesnake, among others).

Current touring band members

 * James L. Mangrum (Jim "Dandy" Mangrum) – lead vocals, guitar, washboard (1968–early 1980s, 1983–present)
 * Sammy B. Seauphine ("Lil Bit") – duet vocals, backing vocals, washboard (2013–present)
 * Luke Williams – lead guitar, backing vocals (2024-present)
 * Josh Decker – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2024–present)
 * Kinley "Barney" Wolfe – bass guitar, backing vocals (1981–1983, 2021–present)
 * Chris Craig – drums (1979–1982, 2023–present)

Past members

 * Randy Ruff – lead vocals, piano, organ (1980–1982)
 * Rickie Lee "Risky"/"Ricochet" Reynolds – rhythm guitar, 12-string guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1965–1977, 1984–2021) (died 2021)
 * Ruby Starr – duet vocals, backing vocals (1973–1976) (died 1995)
 * Pat "Dirty" Daugherty – bass guitar, vocals (1970–1977, 1996–2002)
 * Andy Tanas – bass guitar (1977–1979)
 * Dave Wilson – bass guitar (1979–1981) (died 2013)
 * George Hughen – bass guitar (1985–1996, 2002–2016)
 * Jimmy "Soybean" Henderson – guitar (1975–1979) (died 2016)
 * Deke Richards – guitar, piano (1977–1978)
 * Greg Reding – guitar, keyboards, vocals (1977–1979)
 * Jack Holder – guitar (1977–1979) (died 2015)
 * Shawn Lane – guitar (1978–1982) (died 2003)
 * Dave Amato – guitar (1980)
 * Mick Chelsvig – guitar (1980–1981)
 * Tony Bullard – guitar (1981–1982)
 * Robert Gregory – guitar (1985)
 * Angelo Earl – guitar (late 1980s)
 * Buddy Church – guitar (1989–1994, 2013–2016) (died 2016)
 * David Flexer - lead guitar (1995-1996, 2018-2024)
 * Harvey "Burley" Jett – lead guitar, banjo, piano, vocals (1970–1974) (died 2022)
 * Stanley "Goober Grin" Knight – lead guitar, steel guitar, organ, vocals (1970–1976) (died 2013)
 * Hal McCormack – lead guitar (2003–2016)
 * Tim Rossi – lead and rhythm guitarist, backing vocals (2021–2023)
 * Kevin Rees – lead guitar (early 1980s)
 * John Roth – lead guitar (July 1986–October 1987, 1991)
 * Arthur Pearson – lead guitar, rhythm guitar (1989–present/on call)
 * Kevyn Williams – lead guitar (early 1990s)
 * Danny Leath – lead guitar (199?–????)
 * Rocky Athas – lead guitar (1996–2001)
 * Terry "Slydman" Powers – lead guitar (2000–2004)
 * Wayne "Squeezebox" Evans – drums (1970–1972)
 * Gary "GT" Taylor – drums (1970–1972)
 * Tommy Aldridge – drums (1972–1976)
 * Bobby "T" Torello – drums (1977)
 * Joel Williams – drums (1977–1978)
 * Darrell Miller – drums (1970s)
 * Cozy Johnson – drums (early 1980s)
 * Paul Simmons – drums (1985–1986)
 * Victor Lukenbaugh – drums (1987–1989, 2018–2020) (died 2020)
 * Johnny Monk Courville - drums (1989-1996, 2021)
 * Sammi Jo Bishop – drums (2022)
 * Marius Penczner – keyboards (1975–1977)
 * David "Dave" Mayo – piano, bass guitar (1976)
 * Gary D. Rollins – keyboards (1978)

Session members

 * Kenny Rodgers – guitar
 * Alex Among – guitar
 * Steve "The Axe" Nunenmacher – lead guitar, rhythm guitar (Ready As Hell) Later formed Lillian Axe as 'Steve Blaze'
 * William Lemuel – bass guitar (Ready As Hell)
 * Jon "J.R."/"Thunder Paws" Wells – drums (Ready As Hell)
 * Billy Batte – keyboards, violin (Ready As Hell)
 * Michael "Narley Dude" Martin – lead guitar (The Black Attack Is Back) (died 2005)
 * Biff "The Beast" Bingham – 2nd lead guitar (Ready As Hell, The Black Attack Is Back)
 * Mike Farriss – bass guitar (The Black Attack Is Back)
 * Jerry A. Williams – drums (Ready As Hell, The Black Attack Is Back)
 * Garrett Bearden – drums (1980s)
 * Mickey "Tricky" Smith – drums, road tech

Deceased members
Singer Ruby Starr died of cancer on January 14, 1995.

Original Black Oak Arkansas guitarist Stanley Knight (born on February 12, 1949, in Little Rock, Arkansas) died on February 16, 2013, four days after his 64th birthday, following a brief battle with cancer.

Guitarist Jack Holder (born Richard Jackson Holder Jr. on August 26, 1952) died from cancer on January 13, 2015, at the age of 62.

Guitarist Jimmy Henderson (born James David Henderson on May 20, 1954) died unexpectedly on March 5, 2016, at the age of 61.

Original and long-time guitarist Rickie Lee Reynolds (born on October 28, 1948, in Manila, Arkansas) died on September 5, 2021, after being hospitalized due to COVID-19 and then suffering from kidney and heart failure, at the age of 72.

Guitarist Harvey Jett (born William Harvey Jett on February 17, 1949, in Jonesboro, Arkansas) died on December 21, 2022, at the age of 73.

Terry Powers, 2024.

The Knowbody Else

 * The Knowbody Else (Hip Records #HIS-7003 [a subsidiary of Stax Records], October 1969; reissued 2008 on Purple Pyramid/Cleopatra Records)
 * Soldiers of Pure Peace (Arf! Arf! Music, November 13, 2012; demo material originally recorded in 1967)

Black Oak Arkansas

 * Black Oak Arkansas (Atco Records, March 1971) US No. 127, RIAA Gold
 * Keep the Faith (Atco, January 1972) US No. 103
 * If an Angel Came to See You, Would You Make Her Feel at Home? (Atco, June 1972) US No. 93
 * Raunch 'N' Roll Live (Atco, February 1973; recorded December 1 & 2, 1972) US No. 90, RIAA Gold
 * High on the Hog (Atco, September 1973) US No. 52, RIAA Gold; Can. No. 81
 * Early Times (Stax Records, March 1974; demo material originally recorded in 1968/1969 as The Knowbody Else)
 * Street Party (Atco, July 1974) US No. 56; Can No. 52
 * Ain't Life Grand (Atco, April 1975) US No. 145
 * X-Rated (MCA Records, September 1975) US No. 99
 * Live! Mutha (Atco, January 1976; recorded May 11, 1975) US No. 194; Can No. 90
 * Balls of Fire (MCA, May 1976) US No. 173; Can No. 71
 * 10 Yr Overnight Success (MCA, October 1976)
 * Rebound (Goldwax Records #GW-5003, 1991)
 * King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents: Black Oak Arkansas (King Biscuit Flower Hour Records/BMG, March 10, 1998; recorded November 21, 1976, at the Reading Festival in England)
 * Live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour (King Biscuit Entertainment/Pinnacle, September 27, 1999; reissue of the KBFH material...all 12 songs)
 * Jim Dandy To The Rescue (DVD Documentary) (Cabal Records, 1999/2023)
 * Live (EMI-Capitol Special Markets [a subsidiary of Capitol-EMI Records], May 4, 2000; another reissue of the KBFH material minus 2 songs)
 * Keep the Faith: Live Concert Performance (Disky Communications, 2001; yet another reissue of the KBFH material...all 12 songs)
 * Live at Royal Albert Hall (S'More Entertainment, November 25, 2005; recorded 1975)
 * The Complete Raunch 'N' Roll Live (Rhino Handmade Records, 2007) 2CD
 * Black Oak Arkansas...The Knowbody Else '69 (Purple Pyramid/Cleopatra Records, 2008; reissue of Hip Records #HIS-7003)
 * Back Thar N' Over Yonder (Atlantic/Atco Records, October 15, 2013; includes 5 new songs with 10 previously unreleased studio out-takes from 1972/1973/1974)
 * Underdog Heroes (Purple Pyramid/Cleopatra Records, May 24, 2019)
 * ''The Devil's Jukebox (cleopatra records 2023)

Note: all of BOA's original Atco albums have been reissued on CD by Wounded Bird Records in 2000/2001, except High On The Hog, which has been reissued by Rhino Records; also note that in 2013, the first five Atco studio albums (BOA, Keep the Faith, If an Angel Came to See You, High on the Hog, and Street Party) were collected/reissued in a slipcase box set, titled Black Oak Arkansas: Original Album Series [UPC: 081227968373] by Rhino Entertainment; and in 2021, seven albums (X-Rated, Live! Reading '76 [=KBFH Presents: BOA], Race with the Devil, I'd Rather Be Sailing, Ready as Hell, The Black Attack is Back, and Rebound) were collected/reissued in another slipcase box set, titled Jim Dandy to the Rescue [UPC: 889466206726] by Purple Pyramid/Cleopatra Records.

Jim Dandy (without BOA)

 * Flash Fearless Versus the Zorg Women, Parts 5 & 6 (Chrysalis Records, 1975) -note: Jim Dandy sings 2 songs..."Country Cooking" and "Blast Off" on this various artists/original studio cast "comic book hero/rock opera" album.

Black Oak

 * Race with the Devil (Capricorn Records, November 1977)
 * I'd Rather Be Sailing (Capricorn, June 1978)

Jim Dandy's Black Oak Arkansas

 * Ready as Hell (Hacienda Records, 1984)
 * The Black Attack is Back (Heavy Metal America Records, 1986)
 * The Wild Bunch (Deadline/Cleopatra Records, November 2, 1999)
 * Top Musicians Play ZZ Top (Sleeping Giant Records, 2010) -note: Jim Dandy's BOA do just one song..."La Grange" on this various artists "tribute" album.
 * Underdog Heroes (Cleopatra Records) May 24, 2019
 * The Devil's Jukebox (Cleopatra Records) 2023

Compilations

 * Hot and Nasty (The Best of Black Oak Arkansas) (Atlantic/WEA [UK], 1974) -note: single LP with 12 tracks
 * The Best of Black Oak Arkansas (Atco, April 1977)
 * Hot & Nasty: The Best of Black Oak Arkansas (Rhino Records, 1992)
 *  'Hot And Nasty' And Other Hits (Flashback/Rhino Records, 1997)
 * The Definitive Rock Collection (Atlantic/Rhino Records, October 17, 2006) 2-CD set

Charted Singles

 * "Jim Dandy (To the Rescue)" (Atco, December 1973; from the High on the Hog album) US No. 25; Can No. 12
 * "Strong Enough to Be Gentle" (MCA, January 1976; from the X-Rated album) US No. 89

Books

 * An Analysis of the Southern Rock and Roll Band 'Black Oak Arkansas'  by Cecil Kirk Hutson (1996, Publisher: The Mellen, Edwin Press) ISBN 0773408452
 * Evil Thingies by Rickie Lee Reynolds of Black Oak Arkansas (2016, Publisher: Cowboy Buddha Publishing, LLC) ISBN 0985607661

title: Black Oak Arkansas


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Category:Television actors

This category is for actors who appear mainly on television, or who have acting careers that also include television roles to a significant degree. Its parent is Category:Actors by medium

title: Category:Television actors


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Moravica District

The Moravica District (Моравички округ / Moravički okrug, ) is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It is located in the central and southwestern parts of Serbia. The name Moravica derives from the river Moravica, which forms the West Morava, both passing through the district. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 189,281 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Moravica district is the city of Čačak.

Municipalities
The district encompasses 3 municipalities and the city of Čačak:
 * Gornji Milanovac
 * Lučani
 * Ivanjica

Demographics
According to the official census done in 2011, the Moravica District had 212,603 inhabitants. 53.8% of the population lived in the urban areas. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 189,281 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition of the Moravica district:

Culture
Sacred buildings take a special place in the monumental heritage of Čačak — monasteries and churches. The ten monasteries of the Ovčarsko-Kablarska Gorge are referred to as the Serbian Athos. Some were built during the time of the Serb gentry of the Nemanjić, Lazarević and Branković dynasties. For centuries, these ten monasteries safeguarded ancient manuscripts, and some were also written or copied there.

Education
There are two faculties of the University of Kragujevac located in the Moravica District:
 * Faculty of Agronomy
 * Faculty of Technical Sciences

Economy
Čačak, the largest city in the district, is one of the major economic centers of Serbia. Its economy is dominated by industrial production, above all, metal processing, paper production and the chemical industry.

The employment rate in the Moravica District is among the highest in the country. As of 31 December 2020, a total of 64,879 people were employed and 10,594 people (14.04%) were unemployed among active people. By ratio of unemployment per capita, Ivanjica had the highest and Gornji Milanovac the lowest ratio.

title: Moravica District


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Talk:Moravica District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

title: Talk:Moravica District


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User:Chmod007

'''Back for an occasional edit. Hi everyone...'''

691e7d6200afefacd3442d3c5f419c94895ac0c3

David Remahl, david@undefinedremahl.se Cupertino , CA , 95014 , USA

title: User:Chmod007


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Category:Queer theory

Articles relating to queer theory, the perspective that questions the perception that cisgender and heterosexual identities are in any sense standard. It revisits such fields as literary analysis, philosophy, and politics with a "queer" approach.

title: Category:Queer theory


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Raška District

The Raška District (Рашки округ / Raški okrug, ) is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the southwestern part of the country. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 296,532 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Raška district is Kraljevo.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Kraljevo
 * Vrnjačka Banja
 * Raška
 * Novi Pazar
 * Tutin

Demographics
According to the census results from 2011, the Raška District has 309,258 inhabitants. 53.2% of the population lives in the urban areas. As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 296,532 inhabitants. Ethnic composition of the district:

Religion
Based on the census results from 2022, the Raška District has a Christian Orthodox majority (54.1%) and a substantial Muslim minority (40.4%).

Culture
At the outskirts of Kraljevo stands the Žiča monastery. This spiritual center of the Serbian medieval state was built around 1220, to also become the center of newly founded Serbian Archiepiscopacy.

The Studenica monastery was built in the late twelfth century, as the endowment of the Serb ruler Stefan Nemanja, who endowed it richly with icons and books. After he had become a monk and left for the Serbian Hilandar on Mt. Athos, his older son Stefan, later named the "First-Crowned", took his place as the caretaker of the monastery. In the vicinity of Novi Pazar stands the Sopoćani monastery, built around 1260 as the endowment of King Stefan Uroš I, the son of King Stefan the First-Crowned. The primary and major value of the Sopoćani monastery are its frescoes, by which it ranks among the best examples of European medieval painting.

Education
There are three universities located in the Raška District:
 * Public
 * State University of Novi Pazar, founded in 2006
 * University of Kragujevac - there are two faculties of the university that are located in the municipalities of Kraljevo and Vrnjačka Banja
 * Faculty of Mechanical and Civil Engineering in Kraljevo
 * Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja

 * Private
 * International University of Novi Pazar, founded in 2002

title: Raška District


text: Talk:Raška District

title: Talk:Raška District


text: Category:Afghanistan

title: Category:Afghanistan


text: Category:Technology

title: Category:Technology


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Rasina District

The Rasina District (Расински округ / Rasinski okrug, ) is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the central parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 241,999 inhabitants. The administrative center of the Rasina District is Kruševac.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Varvarin
 * Trstenik
 * Ćićevac
 * Kruševac
 * Aleksandrovac
 * Brus

Demographics
According to the last official census done in 2011, the Rasina District has 241,999 inhabitants. 53.8% of the population lives in the urban areas. Ethnic composition of the district:

Culture and history
Kruševac and its vicinity are distinguished by numerous historic monuments: The Lazar's Town, with the remnants of the medieval fortification and the Lazarica Church has an epic quality in the Serbian tradition. The Lazarica Church, built in 1376 on the occasion of Stephan's son birth, and dedicated to St. Stephen, is the model of the Moravska School.

A Donjon Tower, the military fortification of the medieval castle, bears witness of the great cultural and historic heritage of the Serb people. The Monastery of Ljubostinja was founded by Princess Milica, Lazar's wife, in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, after the Battle of Kosovo, when she made a decision on her withdrawal as a ruler, and on assembling the widows of the Serbian gentry killed at the Kosovo. From its first days the Ljubostinja played an important part in culture. Distinguished chroniclers, engrossers, book design masters, and painters were asked to come here.

title: Rasina District


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OPML

OPML (Outline Processor Markup Language) is an XML format for outlines (defined as "a tree, where each node contains a set of named attributes with string values" ). Originally developed by UserLand Software as a native file format for the outliner application in its Radio UserLand product, it has since been adopted for other uses, the most common being to exchange lists of web feeds between web feed aggregators.

The OPML specification defines an outline as a hierarchical, ordered list of arbitrary elements. The specification is fairly open which makes it suitable for many types of list data.

Support for importing and exporting RSS feed lists in OPML format is available in Mozilla Thunderbird and in most other RSS reader web sites and applications.

XML format
The XML elements in an OPML document are:

 * This is the root element. It must contain the version attribute and one head and one body element.
 * This is the root element. It must contain the version attribute and one head and one body element.

 * Contains metadata. May include any of these optional elements: title, dateCreated, dateModified, ownerName, ownerEmail, expansionState,  vertScrollState, windowTop, windowLeft, windowBottom, windowRight.  Each element is a simple text element.  dateCreated and dateModified contents conform to the date-time format specified in .  expansionState contains a comma-separated list of line numbers that should be expanded on display. The windowXXX elements define the position and size of the display window.  An OPML processor may ignore all the head sub-elements.  If the outline is opened inside another outline then the processor must ignore the window elements.
 * Contains metadata. May include any of these optional elements: title, dateCreated, dateModified, ownerName, ownerEmail, expansionState,  vertScrollState, windowTop, windowLeft, windowBottom, windowRight.  Each element is a simple text element.  dateCreated and dateModified contents conform to the date-time format specified in .  expansionState contains a comma-separated list of line numbers that should be expanded on display. The windowXXX elements define the position and size of the display window.  An OPML processor may ignore all the head sub-elements.  If the outline is opened inside another outline then the processor must ignore the window elements.

 * Contains the content of the outline. Must have at least one outline element.
 * Contains the content of the outline. Must have at least one outline element.

 * Represents a line in the outline. May contain any number of arbitrary attributes.  Common attributes include text and type.  The outline element may contain any number of outline sub-elements.
 * Represents a line in the outline. May contain any number of arbitrary attributes.  Common attributes include text and type.  The outline element may contain any number of outline sub-elements.

Criticism

 * 1) The RFC 822 date format is considered obsolete, and amongst other things permits the representation of years as two digits. (RFC 822 has been superseded by RFC 2822 then RFC 5322.) In general, date and time formats should be represented according to RFC 3339.
 * 2) Due to the semantics of the "expansionState" attribute:
 * 3) * The expansion state of the children of collapsed nodes cannot be stored
 * 4) * When an outline element is expanded, collapsed, added, deleted or moved, the expansion state of all elements below it must be recalculated
 * 5) Due to the arbitrary nature of the "type" attribute, and the acceptance of arbitrary attributes on "outline" elements, interoperability of OPML documents relies almost entirely on the undocumented conventions of content producers.
 * 6) MIME types aren't clear; text/xml usually merely identifies the document as having XML content, while text/x-opml does not specify that the document is XML since it lacks the +xml suffix.

Validation
Dave Winer, the founder and CEO of Userland, has made a request for comments on a proposal for validating OPML and released a beta OPML validator.

Katy Ginger from DLESE has published an XML Schema Document for validating OPML 2.0. There is also a DTD available for OPML 1.0.

Alternative specifications
Alternative specifications have been proposed, notably these include OML, XOXO and XBEL.

 * OML – Outline Markup Language
 * XOXO – Extensible Open XHTML Outlines
 * XBEL – XML Bookmark Exchange Language

title: OPML


text:
Martín Dihigo

Martín Magdaleno Dihigo Llanos (May 25, 1906 – May 20, 1971), called The Immortal and The Maestro, was a Cuban professional baseball player. He played in the Negro leagues and Latin American leagues from 1923 to 1936 as a two-way player, both as a pitcher and a second baseman, although he excelled at all nine positions and later as a manager.

Early career
Dihigo was born in the sugarmill town of Cidra in Matanzas Province, Cuba. He began his professional baseball career in the winter of 1922-23 at the age of 16 as a substitute infielder for Habana in the Cuban League. The following summer, Dihigo broke into American baseball as a first baseman for the Cuban Stars. He played in the Negro leagues from 1923 through 1936 and again briefly in 1945. Over the course of his career, he played all nine positions. As a hitter, he led the Negro leagues in home runs in 1926 and 1935. As a pitcher, he once defeated Satchel Paige while Paige was touring Cuba. In 1943, at the age of 38, Martin Dihigo managed his own baseball team. This team was located in the Dominican Republic and featured New York Giants player Johnny Mize. While coaching the team he also was a player. They had a 6-3 record but then lost three games in a row to end the exhibition tour.

Negro leagues
Dihigo's career record in twelve seasons in the Negro leagues was a .307 average and .511 slugging percentage, with 431 hits, 64 home runs, 61 doubles, 17 triples, 227 RBI, and 292 runs scored in 1404 at bats. He drew 143 walks and stole 41 bases. As a pitcher, he went 26–19 with a 2.92 ERA, with 176 strikeouts and 80 walks in 354 innings. Dihigo served as player-manager of the New York Cubans in 1935 and 1936.

Mexican and Cuban leagues
Although a two-time All-Star in the American Negro leagues, Dihigo's greatest season came in 1938 with Rojos del Aguila de Veracruz in the Mexican League, where he went 18-2 with a 0.90 ERA as a pitcher, while winning the batting title with a .387 average. In another season in the Mexican League, he had a 0.15 ERA. In his Mexican career, he was 119-57 with a .317 batting average. In the Cuban League, he was 107-56 as a pitcher with a .298 average at the plate. Dihigo continued his playing career in Mexico into the early 1950s. In Cuba, Dihigo was known as "El Inmortal" ("The Immortal"); in other Latin American countries, he was called "El Maestro" ("The Master").

Career stats
In Dihigo's career, including statistics from Dominican, American, Cuban, and Mexican leagues, he compiled a lifetime .302 career batting average with 130 home runs, although eleven seasons of home run totals are missing. As a pitcher, he compiled a 252-132 win–loss record.

Post career
After retiring, Dihigo became a radio announcer for the Cuban Winter League. He fled Cuba in 1952 to protest the rise of Fulgencio Batista. He managed the Leones del Caracas in the 1953 Caribbean Series. Upon Fidel Castro's rise to power, Dihigo returned to Cuba where he continued to mentor other players until his death.

Death and Hall of Fame inductions
Dihigo died at age 64, on May 20, 1971, in Cienfuegos, Cuba. He is buried in Cementerio Municipal Cruces in Cruces, Cienfuegos, Cuba.

Known as humorous, good-natured, well read, as well as a versatile player, Dihigo is the only player to be inducted into five baseball halls of fame: the American, Cuban, Mexican, Dominican, and Venezuelan Baseball Halls of Fame.

Dihigo's stature as a ballplayer is reflected in this conversation between former Dodgers general manager Al Campanis and broadcaster Jaime Jarrín:

Al said, 'Jaime, the best player that I have ever seen in my life is Martin Dihigo, but he never came to the Major Leagues,'" Jarrin said. "'After Dihigo, I would put Roberto Clemente above Willie Mays. Those are the two best players I have ever seen in my entire life.'

Others had heaped praise on him earlier, as well. Hall of Famer Buck Leonard said, “He was the greatest all-around player I know. I’d say he was the best ballplayer of all time, black or white. He could do it all. He is my ideal ballplayer, makes no difference what race either. If he’s not the greatest I don’t know who is. You take your Ruths, Cobbs, and DiMaggios. Give me Dihigo and I bet I’d beat you almost every time.”

Hall of Famer Johnny Mize said, “He was the only guy I ever saw who could play all nine positions, manage, run and switch-hit.”

title: Martín Dihigo


text:
Talk:Rasina District

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

title: Talk:Rasina District