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Caterham 7

The Caterham 7 (or Caterham Seven) is a super-lightweight sports car produced by Caterham Cars in the United Kingdom. It is based on the Lotus Seven, a lightweight sports car sold in kit and factory-built form by Lotus Cars, from 1957 to 1972.

After Lotus ended production of the Lotus Seven, Caterham bought the rights to the design, and today make both kits and fully assembled cars. The modern Caterham Seven is based on the Series 3 Lotus Seven, though developed to the point that no part is the same as on the original Lotus.

Various other manufacturers offer a sports car in a similar basic configuration, but Caterham owns various legal rights to the Lotus Seven design and name. The company has taken legal action in the past in order to protect those rights, although in South Africa, it lost its case against Birkin on the basis that it never obtained the claimed rights from Lotus.

History
Colin Chapman had been a Royal Air Force pilot, studied structural engineering, and went on to become one of the great innovators in motorsports design and found Lotus Engineering Ltd. His vision of light, powerful cars and performance suspensions guided much of his development work with the basic design philosophy of, "Simplify, then add lightness". His Lotus 7 had its debut at the 1957 Earl's Court Motor Show in London. They were priced at £1,036 including purchase tax but it cost only £536 in kit form as no purchase tax was required. It weighed only 725 lb. Fast and responsive, the Lotus 7 was one of Chapman's masterworks, an advanced machine that surpassed the earlier Lotus 6 as a vehicle that could perform well on the track and be driven legally on the road.

In 1973, Lotus decided to shed its kit car image and concentrate on limited series motor racing cars and up-market sports cars. As part of this plan, it sold the rights to the Seven to its only remaining agents, Caterham Cars in England and Steel Brothers Limited in New Zealand. At the time the current production car was the Series 4, but when Caterham ran out of the Lotus Series 4 kits in 1974 they introduced its own version of the Series 3, as the Caterham Seven. The modern-day Road sports and Superlights (in "narrow-bodied chassis" form) are the direct descendants of this car and therefore of the original Lotus 7.

Chassis and suspension
As with the Lotus Mark VI before it, the original Lotus Seven used an extremely light space-frame chassis with stressed aluminium body panels. Although the chassis has had numerous modifications to strengthen it and accommodate the various engine and suspension setups (and to try to find more cockpit space for the occupants), this basic formula has remained essentially the same throughout the Seven's life (with the exception of the Series 4, which used steel for the cockpit and engine bay and glassfibre for the bodywork). Early cars used a live rear axle, initially from various Fords, later from the Morris Ital. De Dion rear suspension was introduced in the mid-1980s and both geometries were on offer until 2002 when the live-axle option was phased out (though later reintroduced for the 160/165 and 170/Super Seven 600 versions). Late 90s and early 2000s versions (such as the Superlight) employed adjustable double-wishbone suspension with front anti-roll bar and a de-Dion rear axle, located by an A-frame and Watt's linkage.

The Caterham 7 range was based exclusively on this Series 3 chassis until 2000, when the SV (Series V, or Special Vehicle) chassis was released, aimed at accommodating the increasing number of prospective buyers who could not fit comfortably in the Series 3 cockpit. The SV chassis offers an extra 110 mm of width across the cockpit, at a cost of 25 kg of extra weight, and both chassis sizes are available today in earlier Superlight and current 360, 420, 620 and Super Seven 2000 configurations, though only the S3 chassis is offered on the 170 and Super Seven 600. The SV chassis subsequently provided the basic dimensions for the Caterham CSR. The suspension was completely redesigned, bringing the front suspension inboard, using pushrods, and replacing the De-Dion rear axle with a lighter, fully independent, double-wishbone layout with new coil/damper units. Additional chassis modifications resulted in a 25% increase in torsional stiffness. The CSR was released in October 2004, with a Cosworth Duratec engine and was available from the factory in either 200 bhp or 260 bhp form.

Engines
Early cars used the Lotus TwinCam engine (subsequently manufactured by Vegantune), followed by Ford crossflow engines. The first Cosworth BDR engines appeared around 1983, in 1600 cc 140 bhp form, followed by 1700 cc 150 bhp versions three years later. By 1990 the top of the range engine had become the two-litre Vauxhall HPC, as fitted to the Vauxhall Calibra, putting out 165–175 bhp. A few HPC "Evolution" models were built with engines developed by Swindon Race Engines producing between 218 bhp and 235 bhp. In 1993 Caterham created the JPE special edition (named for Formula 1 driver Jonathan Palmer) by using a two-litre Vauxhall Touring Car engine, putting out around 250 bhp and reducing weight to around 530 kg by such measures as removing the windscreen in favour of an aeroscreen. The JPE was quoted at 0–60 mph times of around 3.5 seconds and, with Jonathan Palmer at the wheel, set a 0–100 mph-0 record of 12.6 seconds. Around 1997 the cross flow range was replaced by 8v and 16v Vauxhall units which, in various guises lived on until the end of the VX-powered Caterham Classic, in 2002.

The Rover K-series made its appearance in 1991, initially as the 1.4-litre engine from the Metro GTi. This engine became the backbone of the range for the next 15 years. The 1.6-litre K-series appeared in 1996 and the 1.8-litre a year later. 1996 also saw the addition of the 'Superlight' range, a range that successfully focussed initially on reducing weight and subsequently on the bespoke tuning of the K-series to ever-higher outputs. Weight was saved by removing the spare wheel (and carrier), carpets, heater, and often the windscreen (replaced with an aeroscreen), hood, and doors. Lightweight "Tillet" GRP seats were usually fitted along with carbon-fibre front wings and nosecone (note however that items such as heaters and windscreens could still be specified by the Superlight customer if they so wanted). The wide-track suspension was added to the superlight, increasing the track at the front to match that at the back. The later Superlight-R offered the dry-sumped VHPD (Very High-Performance Derivative) variant on the 1.8-litre K-series. Output was now up to around 180 bhp, in a car that now weighed as little as 490 kg. Three years later Caterham took the same concept to a new level and created the iconic Superlight R500, still based on the Rover 1.8-litre K-series but now tuned (by Minister Racing Engines) to around 230 bhp at 8,600 rpm in a car weighing just 460 kg. The R500 was initially available in kit-form but quickly became a factory-build only item. Quoted performance figures still make impressive reading; 0–100 mph in 8.2 seconds (although EVO magazine quotes 8.8 seconds ). Perhaps unsurprisingly, such a stressed engine required frequent "refreshing" in order to keep it on the road and a series of engine revisions were undertaken throughout the R500's life in order to increase reliability. This culminated in 2004 with perhaps the most extreme production Caterham of all; the R500 EVO was bored out by Minister to 1,998 cc and delivered 250 bhp. At £42,000, the R500 EVO sold poorly; it is believed that just three were sold. It did, however, succeed in setting a series of performance car benchmarks several of which last to this day; the 0–100 mph-0 record was set at 10.73 seconds (in second place was a Ferrari Enzo costing ten times as much) and, until the end of 2006 it remained the fastest production car timed by EVO magazine around the Bedford Autodrome West Circuit, ahead of a Porsche Carrera GT. Only the Radical SR3 1300 has subsequently posted a faster time than the R500 EVO.

After the demise of Rover and Powertrain, Caterham started the process of phasing out the Rover K-series engine and replacing them with Ford engines; the Sigma engine for Road sports and later 270 and 310 models, and the 2.0-litre and 2.3-litre Duratec engines for the more powerful Superlight, CSR, 360, 420, 620 and Super Seven 2000 ranges.

Caterham has had a somewhat tentative relationship with the installation of motorbike engines into their cars. Since 2000, a Canadian firm has been selling Caterham 7 models using the GSXR1300 engine used in the Suzuki Hayabusa. It reportedly does 0–62 in under 3 seconds. In 2000 the Honda CBR1100 engine was installed into a 430 kg superlight chassis to create the Caterham Blackbird, delivering 170 bhp at 10,750 rpm (although just 92 lbft of maximum torque). The Blackbird offered near R500 performance for rather less money (Top Gear quote 0–60 of 3.7 seconds and a top speed of 143 mi/h at a new cost of £25,750). In 2001 a Honda Fireblade engine was offered in a live-axle chassis, via James Whiting of Ashford, Middlesex. Quoted power was 128 bhp at 10,500 rpm. Both of these models have ceased production. There has also been at least one installation of the RST-V8, created by Moto Power; a 2-litre, 40 valve 340 bhp V8 made from a pair of motorcycle engines joined at the crank. An early, pre-production review of the car/engine combination exists on the EVO website. In Feb 2008, the "Caterham 7 Levante" was announced, featuring a supercharged version the RST-V8, offering over 500 bhp, installed in a modified Caterham chassis, with bespoke bodywork. Made by RS Performance (described in the press release as "Caterham's new performance arm"), the Levante is intended to be a limited run of 8 cars at a cost of £115,000 each.

In 2013 the 620R had installed a Ford Duratec direct injection 1999 cc supercharged straight-four engine rated at 315 PS at 7700 rpm and 297 Nm at 7350 rpm of torque.

Suzuki-engined models
In 2013, Caterham also launched the 160/165 at the opposite end of the spectrum. This used a Suzuki 660 cc three-cylinder turbo K6A engine, producing 80 hp, with a live rear axle and S3-style body work only. The model was only available in S (road) specification and continued until 2018.

The 160 was replaced in 2021 by the 170, available in both R (track) and S (road) specifications. The 170 uses a newer Suzuki 660 cc three cylinder turbo R06A engine, producing 84 hp, and features narrower front and rear bodywork resulting in the smallest Seven Caterham have produced, and the lightest of the current range, weighing in at 440 kg in R specification. Again, this variant was only available in the S3 body. In 2022 a further variant, the Super Seven 600, was added. This features the same engine and chassis, but with more traditional clamshell front wings and a variety of other heritage styling changes.

Racing
The Lotus 7 was conceived by Chapman as a car to be raced. Whilst still a prototype, in September 1957, it was raced at the Brighton Speed Trials and by the end of 1958 Graham Hill was winning races with the Coventry Climax-engined 'Super Seven'. The car has had a strong racing history throughout its life under both Lotus and Caterham stewardship. Amongst the marque's more famous races was the victory in the Nelson Ledges 24-hour race in Ohio when, against a field including works teams from Honda and Mazda, a four-man team from Caterham (including both Jez Coates and Robert Nearn) won by seven laps (after 990 laps) in a modified Vauxhall HPC.

After dominating open class races for decades, Caterham Super 7 Racing, a one-make championship for Caterhams, began in 1986. Caterham 7 races have since expanded to include club and competitive races in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, Canada, the United States and Asia. In 1995 the Caterham Academy, a novices-only format, was introduced in the UK. For £17,995 (2009 price), entrants get a modified Roadsport kit (although a factory-built option is available for extra cost) with a sealed 120 bhp engine and 5-speed gearbox. Having completed the ARDS license qualification, the season then consists of four sprints followed by four circuit races. The Academy is designed as the first step in a well-established chain of Caterham race formats, such as the Caterham Motorsport Ladder which consists of Road sports B then Road sports A, R300, Superlight and Eurocup, or the Caterham Graduates Racing Club.

The car was banned from production car racing in the UK in 1976 for being too successful. This prompted Caterham Cars' boss Graham Nearn to produce T-shirts which read "Caterham Seven, the car that's Too Fast to Race ...". More significantly, Nearn also reached out to his local MP, Sir Geoffrey Howe, arguing that it was unreasonable to ban a British product from a British championship. The RAC lifted the ban in 1980, but initially only allowed Caterhams to be raced under rather severe restrictions, requiring a full windshield be fitted and limiting the engine to the 84 hp Crossflow unit. were later lifted. In 2002 an R400 won its class (and came 11th overall out of 200 starters) at the Nürburgring 24-hour race by 10 laps, ahead of the competition that included Porsche and BMW racecars, leading, once again, to a ban on entry in subsequent years.

Current range
The existing range provided by Caterham Cars comprises a choice of two chassis types (the traditional narrow-bodied 'Series 3' chassis and a wider ‘Series 5’). All road going Caterham 7’s are powered by a 2.0 Ford Duratec engine except the 170, the Caterham academy cars are powered by a 1.6 Ford Sigma engine. All models are available either factory-built or as a self-build kit (620 factory built only).

Until mid-2013 the factory had offered options around the Rover K-series engine, including the entry-level "Classic" with a 1.4-litre, capable of 0–60 in 6.5 seconds and a top speed of 110 mi/h. But with the cessation of the engine production and new EU emissions regulations, the end of the engine's production also removed the "Classic" from the company's model line-up. As of 2017, the company maintains two separate ranges for mainland Europe (Euro 6 compliant) and the United Kingdom, reflecting the different legislative systems.

As of 2015, the range was simplified and is now simply a number, reflecting the horsepower per tonne, with ‘S’ or ‘R’ packages for either street or track use. Most versions (not the 170) are available on the standard S3 or on the wider SV chassis. The European models end with the number "5" while the UK models end in a "0". The range consists of the Seven 165, 275, 355, and 485. The 170 model is powered by a 660cc Suzuki engine, while the more powerful variants have 2.0 Ford engines. The UK range for 2022 is 170, 360, 420, and 620.

160 / 165 / 170
The 170 is the current entry-level offering from Caterham. Prior to 2021, entry-level models were the 160 and 165: the 160 for the United Kingdom and the 165 intended for sale in the European Union. It is only available with the S3 chassis, doors, and windscreen as standard. There is a list of optional extras such as carpets, spare wheel, weather package and heater. It is powered by a turbocharged Suzuki 660 cc kei car K6A engine producing 84 horsepower. The price starts at £22,990 for a 170S in semi-kit form. This model, with its skinnier tyres and Suzuki driveshafts, is compact enough to be classified as a Kei car in Japan, except for its power which is above the 64 PS limit enforced for that class (although it appeared on Best Motoring with yellow licence plates, which signifies a Kei car). The car's gearbox and live rear axle is also supplied by Suzuki; this is the first Caterham with a live rear axle since the supply of Morris Marina rears dried up after the Seven Beaulieu ended production in 2003. The car received a large amount of publicity for a low-powered entry-level model, with an appearance on Top Gear, and Suzuki displaying it at the 2014 Frankfurt Motor Show. Production had to be adjusted upwards by 50 percent, with a third of the first year's production of 150 cars shipped to Japan.

360
The 360 is now the second-level offering from Caterham. It is available in both S3 and SV chassis sizes and is sold in ‘kit’ form as standard. The 360 is available in both ‘S’ and ‘R’ trims for street and track respectively. The 360 has 180hp, produced from a 2.0 Ford Duratec engine. 0-60mph time is 4.8s going on to a top speed of 130mph. The Caterham 360 starts at £31,990 for the ‘S’ trim and an additional £1,000 for ‘R’ trim.

Superlight
The Superlight is available in both S3 and SV chassis sizes. The list of standard equipment reflects the Superlight's bias to track work: Wide-track front suspension, 6-speed sequential manual gearbox, carbon-fibre dashboard and front wings, GRP aeroscreen, and seats, racing harness, removable steering wheel. Quoted weight for the Superlight is about 50 kg less than the Roadsport, due in part to the lack of a spare wheel and carrier. All Superlight cars use the 2-litre Ford Duratec engine in differing states of tune; the R400 with 210 bhp and R500 with 263 bhp. Caterham used to manufacture an R300 using the same engine at 175 bhp, but this car has effectively now become the Supersport R. With the launch of the R500 (April 2008), Caterham made available the options of a sequential gearbox and launch control. Quoted performance for the R500 is 0–60 in 2.88 seconds and a top speed of 150 mi/h. In October 2012 a supercharged model 'R600' for a race-series above the R300-class was released, including slick tyres and a sequential gearbox. The weight of the R600 was 1139 lbs or 517 kg.

At the beginning of December 2008, Top Gear made the R500 its '2008 Car of the Year'.

Super 7
The Caterham Super 7 is the retro-inspired 1,600cc version of the Caterham 7. The Super 7 is powered by a 1.6 litre Ford Sigma petrol engine which makes use of twin throttle bodies to aid airflow. Caterham has designed the Super Seven to have long, flared wheel arches, dials provided by Smiths, and a wire mesh grille. Optional packages include a wooden Mota-Lita steering wheel to complete the look.

EV
Two Seven EV concepts were shown at Goodwood Festival of Speed in July 2023. These had electric engines from Swindon Powertrain E-axle and weighed 70 kg more due to the 40 kWh battery.

50th Anniversary editions
Caterham celebrated the 50th year of Seven productions with a couple of special edition "50th Anniversary" paint options. In addition, as part of the 50th-anniversary celebrations in early June 2007, they showcased the X330 concept car. Based on the CSR, the X330 employs a supercharged version of the Duratec engine to produce 330 bhp. The use of lighter-gauge steel and of carbon-fibre instead of GRP further improves the power-to-weight ratio. Caterham says that they have no plans to put this car into production.

CSR
The CSR represents the top of the range and in some respects can be considered a separate model. It has its own chassis, suspension, and interior and is available with 2.3-litre (200 bhp or 260 bhp) Ford Cosworth Duratec engine. Quoted performance for the CSR260 is 0–60 in 3.1 seconds and a top speed of 155 mi/h. There is no home-build option; the factory supplies the finished car.

In 2006, Caterham introduced the CSR Superlight. Based on the CSR260, this model adds a 'Superlight' lightweight specification to the CSR, further extending the CSR260's already epic performance envelope. The 2.3-litre Cosworth-powered Caterham CSR260 Superlight brings all the performance credentials associated with its stablemate; performance is quoted as a 0–60 mph time of 3.1 seconds and a top speed of 155 mi/h. The Superlight swaps the windscreen, carpet, heater, and weather gear on the standard car for a limited-slip differential and a quicker steering rack. There is a 25-kilo weight reduction over the standard CSR260, this model variant also adds distinctive Superlight styling to the exterior, including a wind deflector, a carbon-fibre dashboard and wings, a black powder-coated cockpit, and a quick-release MOMO steering wheel. Of particular note are 'Dynamic Suspensions' Damper units developed by a specialist Multimatic for the car. The damper units lend the already capable CSR a further edge in terms of handling and cornering performance. It features the same 2.3-litre (260 bhp) engine as the CSR260, but weighs only 550 kg and has a power-to-weight ratio of 472 bhp-per-tonne.

Caterham has a number of models, such as the Roadsport, Supersport and Superlight, that are occasionally re-introduced with chassis upgrades or changes in the engine options.

Caterham 7 literature
The Caterham 7 has spawned many books, test reports, and articles, many of which are still in print.

 * Lotus & Caterham Sevens Gold Portfolio, 1957–1989 Edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1989, test reports and articles from magazines around the world ISBN 1-85520-000-7.
 * Lotus & Caterham Seven Gold Portfolio, 1974–95 Edited by R.M. Clarke, Brooklands Books, 1996, test reports and articles from magazines around the world ISBN 978-1-85520-330-3.
 * The Legend of the Lotus Seven Dennis Ortenberger, Osprey, 1981, reissued in 1999 by Mercian manuals ISBN 0-85045-411-5.
 * The Lotus and Caterham Sevens, A Collector’s Guide Jeremy Coulter, Motor Racing Publications Ltd., 1986, ISBN 0-947981-06-3.
 * Lotus Seven: Restoration, Preparation, Maintenance Tony Weale, Osprey Automotive, 1991, includes Caterham Sevens up to 1990 ISBN 1-85532-153-X.
 * Caterham Sevens: The Official Story of a Unique British Sportscar Chris Rees, Motorbooks International, 1997, ISBN 978-0-947981-97-6.
 * Side Glances, Volumes 1, 2, 3. A fourth volume is entitled Side Glances: The Best from America's Most Popular Automotive Writer, Peter Egan, Brooklands Books, and Road & Track. Peter Egan's books are collections of his Road & Track column "Side Glances". Many feature his Lotus Sevens but there is also information on Caterham Sevens.
 * Lotus and Caterham Seven: Racers for the Road, John Tipler, Crowood Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-86126-754-2.
 * The Magnificent 7: The enthusiasts' guide to all models of Lotus and Caterham Seven, Chris Rees, Haynes Publishing, Second edition 2007, ISBN 978-1-84425-410-1.
 * Why build a Seven? Putting a Sportscar on the Road, a personal record, Michael Eddenden, 2010, self-published via lulu.com, the building of a Caterham 7 from a Club perspective, it includes much on Lotus and Caterham Seven owners ISBN 978-0-557-54398-4.
 * Roadster: How, and Especially Why, a Mechanical Novice Built a Car from a Kit Chris Goodrich, Harper, 1998, a "mechanical novice" builds a Super 7 and explores its history ISBN 978-0060191931.

Clubs

 * Lotus Seven owners club UK
 * California Caterham Club USA
 * Caterham Graduates Racing Club – UK
 * Lotus Seven Club Sweden
 * Club francophone de Seven dédié à la célèbre Lotus Seven, aux Caterham, Westfield, Martin, et Autres véhicules inspirés de ce concept
 * Lotus Seven Club Germany
 * Seven Car Club of Natal – South Africa

title: Caterham 7


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Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer/Archive 2

I offer these observations.

 * A major aim of the project is distribution through means other than the web. Accordingly, the statement that much of the Internet contains content more objectionable than Wikipedia is specious.

 * Wikipedia already self-censors, so discussion would be better framed in terms of the degree of self-censorship rather than whether or not it occurs. The de facto standard would appear to be that content of dubious moral character with only minimal edificative value is removed.  Further, this judgement is made all the more quickly when the material is widely offensive

 * Print dictionaries and encyclopaedias all self-censor to a greater degree than we do. To User:Tristanb's point, while any unabridged dictionary will have definitions for flowery language, such definitions are limited in scope.  You won't find literary excerpts and comparisons to synonyms for, say, "fuck", even though other words of equal significance to the English language are so treated.  In that same light, encyclopaedic treatment of fringe religious and sexual practices, lockpicking, and body modification techniques is nonexistant.

 * I believe that the most NPOV way to write about such content is to consider it "controverial," a term that has seen widespread use in writing about historical cultural events that pushed the boundaries of their day.

 * Parents and schools will censor controversial content. We have neither a choice in this matter nor a hand in it.  By suitable classification of entries, we could provide a means for the remainder of Wikipedia to be available to users under the cloud of such restrictions.  Most topically inclusive web sites, such as search engines and indexes, classify content for exactly this reason.

 * Koyaanis Qatsi points out the potential conflict between NPOV and the value judgements inherent in any sort of classification system. I believe that a NPOV approach can prevail provided that, first, a consensus is reached on some objective content classification standards.

 * I believe that this would best be approached as a classification system for identifying controversial articles rather than as a censorship, content warning, or disclaimer system. A checkbox (or statement) that "the suitability of this article for young audiences is controversial" is NPOV and gets the job done.

 * Such an approach would preserve Wikipedia's freedom to cover the widest possible range of topics while gaining greater distribution. It would stanch criticism from those who promogulate a strict moral code (c.f. http://www.lcms.org/cic/life.htm), or at least answer such criticism.

Kat 17:01 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Kat, these are all good points, and your check box idea is good, but probably not the best. See the mailing list discussion that has been going on for a week or so on this subject.  http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/thread.html  MB 17:25 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Excellent. Two observations:

 * First, Wikipedia is GFDL'd, so anyone interested in developing a classification system to facilitate distribution could easily do so.

 * Second, I agree that NPOV could be abided by if we could come up with some objective standard of content classification; however, I think it's impossible to do this, unless you can demonstrate otherwise.

 * Your proposed system of labeling "controversial" articles seems relatively straightforward, but I am unclear on what standard of "controversial" we are abiding by - is this merely decided by whim of the editors (e.g., if KQ feels Botulism is controversial he may so designate it) or must such a designation be defended (i.e., KQ must show that Rastafarians find botulism offensive in order to label that article controversial). Graft 17:29 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

How about this: Profanity - fuck, nigger, kike, wop, cunt, motherfucker, shit, asshole, boob (when used for a woman's breasts), spic, slut, chink, sandnigger, piss, shit, cum

Many of the Seven Dirty Words are in there, as well as an array of slurs against various ethnic, racial, and religious groups. The above represent the dirtiest words I know (as well as some sex related slang).

 * Most of these, to the extent they appear here at all, are part of legitimate encyclopaedic content and are appropriate in context. I do not believe that these pieces of language are the source of concern.

Kat 18:09 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

MB, I did not see any relevant discussion in the rather lengthy list of emails. Can you direct me to a specific thread? (tnx)

"I am unclear on what standard of "controversial" we are abiding by" --Graft

Start with what most parents wouldn't want their 12 year old to read. I offer these suggestions:
 * Articles that describe sexual practices or techniques
 * Articles that describe criminal activities in sufficient detail to permit imitation (specifically including production and use of controlled substances or explosives)

That's about all for me. I'm not aware of any violent content here, though that should perhaps be included too.

I think we're OK as long as we don't shy away from topics that are uncomfortable to some readers merely because they conflict with the reader's world view. This is where NPOV saves the day. There are readers who will disagree with a NPOV stance (e.g. "any article that treats creationism as science is wrong because it disagrees with the Bible" and the like). These are fringe views that can safely (more or less) be ignored.

To your point about the GFDL permitting others to remove information as they see fit-- though technically and legally possible, this is not likely to be done for resource reasons. Your typical junior high school teacher or libarian isn't going to try it, NetNanny and SafeSurf aren't going to try it. They don't have time and don't believe that it is their role. They'll make a decision based on whatever editing and classification has already been done.

Kat 18:09 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Wow, lots of discussion going on about this! Let me ask this: What specific problems, if any, do people see with the content disclaimer as it currently stands? Seems I've been the one making the most drastic revisions to the page, so I'm curious to hear criticisms of what is there now. -- Wapcaplet 18:10 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * It looks fine to me, Wapcaplet. Tannin 18:14 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

My $.02

 * A mere disclaimer, by itself, probably does not accomplish anything useful, unless it is there for legal reasons on the advice of qualified counsel.

 * In the present state of the Wikipedia, a disclaimer should state that the site is not suitable for children because of the presence of sexual content inappropriate for them

 * Others can copy edit and refactor better than me, but someone should

Kat 18:15 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, I think the point that has been made by several people (which I agree with) is that to even presume why someone might find the content objectionable would itself be POV. What is/isn't suitable for children is not for anyone, except the parents of those children, to determine (and certainly not for Wikipedia editors to determine). I think the disclaimer is useful outside a legal context, simply for its informational content. Parents may be wondering, "Hmm, would Wikipedia be suitable for my children?"; the disclaimer informs them, "Hey, here's some of the stuff that Wikipedia has. You may want to consider it before deciding."

 * It's not just for parents deciding what to let their children see, either. Adults sometimes don't want to read certain subject matter. This disclaimer serves as a warning to them, too. -- Wapcaplet 18:23 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Of course, if we want a genuinely NPOV, we must not proclaim the POV that it is for parents to determine what their children read. Tannin

 * Okay, let's not get *too* carried away here. Next we'll be saying that it's POV to claim that NPOV is the best approach. Anyhow, it doesn't explicitly say that anywhere, so as of right now the POV is safely contained within the confines of this talk page :) -- Wapcaplet 18:29 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer parody

 * Huh? -- Wapcaplet

Now it's up and running ... Rickyrab

 * Okay, and what exactly is the purpose of that page? -- Wapcaplet 18:36 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

To make fun of rhe content disclaimer, of course.

 * Humor - or is that Humour? :-) Stan 18:42 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Both. Rickyrab :-)

 * Keystone Kops, and not Peter Cook, I take it. Koyaanis Qatsi

Wapcaplet, you have kids?

 * I don't have kids. But I do remember being a kid once. Back then, doors were taller than they are now. Martin

I would kindly suggest that there is a basis in fact for some of the material here being unsuitable for children. JHK alludes to this above. I myself first used an encyclopaedia at the age of 9 years (World Book). Articles on eroticism are not suitable for people of this age. This is a matter of fact, not POV, that is addressed by any number of well-controlled studies (as well-controlled as anything in the social sciences, at least). I don't have cites. Perhaps others can provide them. It is also a matter of consensus among parents. I will bet you a slice of pizza that you cannot find a parent of a 9 year old who believes that photographically illustrated articles on, say, anal fisting, are suitable for that child, however well researched and NPOV such articles may be.

Kat 18:40 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, you and JHK both mention "psychological studies" that you have no citation for. Do you mean to say that you read these studies once but forgot where? If so, you might want to mention that. People may be inclined to suspect that psychological studies will bear out their opinions on psychology (after all, they believe those opinions to be correct), so it doesn't mean much if somebody simply suspects (or heard of in urban legend fashion from a similarly minded friend) that such studies exist. Even if you do recall specific studies, that won't mean much unless you know that there aren't any studies drawing an opposite conclusion. Really, only a child psychologist familiar with the literature would be likely to know that. Perhaps that's you -- but then you should say so if you intend people to take your references to studies seriously. -- Toby Bartels 09:15 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm sure there have been studies about the inclination of people to make up psychological studies... ;-) Martin

 * But I carefully said "may be inclined", not "are known through psychological studies to be inclined". ^_^ And despite your smiley, I should point out that I'm not charging anybody with making anything up. -- Toby Bartels 10:04 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * No, I do not have kids (yet). And no, I would not personally want my kids to be reading some of the subjects you mention. If it is not a POV issue, then obviously, no parents exist who would allow their nine-year-old to read articles on erotic topics. So logically, it would be impossible for me to find one, eh? I guess I owe you a slice of pizza :) -- Wapcaplet 18:45 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * There are kids having sex at 10 years old, who could expand some of the articles we have on various sexual practices. Koyaanis Qatsi

 * In general, these are the types of kid's whose parents would not care at all what they look at online (or at least won't supervise or talk to them about it). This is for those people who are responsible enough to take care of thier kids.  MB 19:43 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * KQ, that isn't germane, and isn't really true. The studies show that the onset of sexual activity at that young age is rare, and in most cases is related to incest or abuse.  Besides, that doesn't make such content any more suitable for that age group.  Bear in mind that we're not talking about health-related information, birth control, condomns, or relationships; the discussion is on the suitability of articles about sexual techniques and practices for this age group.  Kat 20:05 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * that is being on a pretty thin string, but...abused children often don't tell anyone what happen to them, because they feel what is being done to them is normal (so the abuser say), or justified (because they have been "bad"). Also, they sometimes feel so unconfortable trying to explain what is done to them (no words, no understanding, no concept, nothing except hurting sensations and shame) that they prefer to shut up for years. Some social workers even prefer that a kid doesnot close himself in shame and non-understanding, and know a bit, which means either is taught by his parents what is acceptable from what is not, either finding information by herself (in particular when parents are especially mute on the topic). user:anthere

 * You may not perceive it as germane, but that's because you also don't perceive it as true, and I'm telling you it is. Furthermore, it happens in cases where the children haven't been abused, but have for whatever reason become sexually active quite young. Your argument, in essence, seems to boil down to the plaintive "think of the children" cry so often heard, based on the mythical notion of children as naive and unsullied with any idea of how the world works. I think this is essentially an idea that is itself naive and unsullied with any idea of how the world works. I think, furthermore, that the kind of parents concerned about what their children will see will not be placated about any disclaimer, and we might as well simplify it further: "If you are concerned about reading about murder, torture, deviant sexual practices, or the other bizarre and/or harmful things that people do, then this site is not for you.  We're trying to write a complete encyclopedia; people do those things; we write about them." Koyaanis Qatsi

 * I don't think you have kids, and I challenge you to find someone who does who agrees with your reasonsing.

 * In any event, you are miscasting my statement as being broader than it was.

 * I believe that children should have access to factual information about sex, conception, contraception, mastrubation, and other topics that are relevant to their own understanding and discovery of sexuality.

 * In time, they will reach an age and maturity level where they should have access to whatever material they wish to pursue. If they're 16 and are bound and determined (so to speak) to find out everything they can about bondage, well, that's probably OK (though there are some legal limitations they would have to work within until they're 18 for some material).

 * But it's not OK if they're 9 years old. And it's probably not OK if they stumble across such information without actively seeking it.  Though it may well be a separate topic, the Wikipedia has a good deal of crosslinking to distantly related sexual topics that makes this problem worse.

 * While we've been discussing this in the context of sexual content, the same reasoning applies to, say, recipies for nitroglycerin.

 * I believe there is a duty to the broader community to share all such information responsibly.

Kat 22:23 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Whether I have or care for children is, quite frankly, irrelevant. If I've^H^H^H^H^HSince I've mischaracterized your arguments, I apologize.  Nonetheless I maintain that annotating specific articles with warnings will be POV, and that the "need" for the disclaimer to begin with is largely more imagined than real.  In the case of nitroglycerine, I'd be inclined to think of a disclaimer as a way of avoiding the obligations of expressing potential danger of the chemical within the text of the article about it.  aKoyaanis Qatsi 22:28 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I mentioned kids because so many bright young people of college age or a little older are too caught up in their own recent battles for adulthood to be able to see clearly on this issue. Someone who is, say, 22 years old is often still reeling from being told, too many times and for too many years, that they aren't at a point in their life where they can buy whiskey, drive a car, have a house of their own, etc etc.

 * In other words, because we actually remember what it was like to be a child, our perspectives on children are untrustworthy? Give me a break! It's one thing to mess up your own children, but lay off Wikipedia. -- Toby Bartels 09:15 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Once that mind set begins, perspective is difficult to restore. Having a kid or two will do it, though, in most cases.  That's why I asked.  I can see why you think it's irrelevant, and strictly from a point of debate you're right.  I pointed it out in hopes that it might help you see the subject from a parent's perspective as well as that of a young adult's perspective.

 * You have mentioned several times a conflict between NPOV and content rating. First of all, I believe that the Wikipedia stance is that article content is NPOV.  That doesn't mean that Wikipedia doesn't have any POV on any topic; quite the contrary.  Wikipedia has a clear consensus on such issues as IP and copyright, English usage, how the Wikipedia is to be organized, and so on.  To be sure, the articles on such topics are NPOV, but the choices made in the layout and content of the wiki reflect a clear and relatively consistent POV.  Classifying an article in one of several ways is no more a referendum on the value of the article than is, for example, linking to it from the main page; particularly when the criteria for such classification is objective. Kat 13:54 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think you misunderstand our NPOV policy. Some of the decisions made regarding Wikipedia are POV, sure. It's a little bit POV to prefer correct spelling and grammar, fact over fiction, clear layout over messiness. It's POV to prefer not to get our asses sued by intellectual property holders. NPOV is a policy regarding the bias present in the content of the articles themselves. In part, this means that Wikipedia does not take moral stances on any issue - and I think that would include taking a stance on what material is appropriate for whom. It means we don't state opinions (merely facts about opinions). This, to me, would include the opinion that Fuck is not appropriate for children. If you can find a way to phrase a claim such as "Anal fisting is a controversial topic" in a factual or fact-about-opinion manner, then maybe we can rate articles in a neutral fashion, but I have seen no evidence to indicate that such claims can be made neutral and unbiased. -- Wapcaplet 16:01 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Kat, please keep in mind that nobody is claiming or implying that Wikipedia is, or should be, appropriate for children in any way. If you would like to create a wiki for a younger audience, you are free to do so, since Wikipedia's content is licensed under the Free Documentation License. -- Wapcaplet 00:44 7 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * There have been some contradictory pages. In particular, there has been discussion of having a goal of seeing the Wikipedia used in schools.  If the Wikipedia is not intended to be appropriate for children, then it should be identified as such as a service to the community.  That makes the disclaimer easy.  ("www.wikipedia.org is not intended for use by children.") But since most of the content is suitable, it would make for a sad loss of audience.

 * And if the Wikipedia is going to be a site solely for adults, we should put up one of those splash pages that says "Are you 18, yes or no" and redirects the visitor to yahooligans.com if they click the No button.

Kat 13:54 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Particular threads on the mailing list related to this are the thread titled "The Kils-Viking thing", and "Content Advisory (was The Kils-Viking thing)" Some qoutes from the big man User:Jimbo Wales: I generally agree with this. Content _advisories_ can be helpful to some people, but _filtering_ or _removing content_ is going down a path that will cause us more trouble than good, I think.

I can't even bear to imagine the arguments such a policy would generate! The wrong sort of disclaimer would certainly send the wrong signal, but I don't think it's impossible to come up with something soft and tasteful.

--Jimbo There is also a thread started by Jimbo which talks about "filtering" which you guys might be interested in: http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/004070.html MB 19:09 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Groan. I'm not sure that I'm ready to wade through all that chaff in search of a kernel of wheat.  I'll try. Kat 20:07 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I gave some good qoutes. If you want to read the 5 or 6 messages, use the find command in you browser, and search for the string "The Kils-Viking thing".  MB 20:15 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

For the mailing list, you'll want to look at recent posts that discuss the possibility of setting up a separate Edupedia (nothing at that link yet, but when there is, that's where it'll go). This idea is based on the Sifter project, which is now stalled, but could easily be revived in this form. This would leave Wikipedia itself untouched by categorisation schemes, but would allow people to link to a separate Edupedia site, which would give access to Wikipedia with customisable filters based on its own categorisations. -- Toby Bartels 09:15 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Anyway, the question of appropriateness for children aside, does anyone have comments or criticism of the disclaimer as it is currently written? -- Wapcaplet 20:26 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think it is great right now. However, right now, it is no longer linked to on the main page, because people thought it was intrusive where it was.  So we need to discuss where this will be linked to from.  Please do so at Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer/placement.  MB 20:43 6 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I think placement is the critical issue - this space is perfectly appropriate. Before you folks run around inserting it places I think we should agree on where it's appropriate first, yes? Graft 01:01 7 Jun 2003 (UTC)

In reply to Kat, who said:

 * But it's not OK if they're 9 years old.

Why is some content not appropriate for a 9-year-old? If they can intellectually grasp the idea, surely they should know about it? I don't have children, but I know parents who would agree with this idea and would shy away from the idea of setting boundaries on knowledge for their children. Do you have some compelling reason to think someone would suffer mental trauma if they read an article on felching? If you are merely worried about "moral corruption" or something equally specious, I see no reason to abide by this standard. How have you arrived at this position?

I can't agree with the notion that kids need to be "protected" from some material, or that the identification of this material is immediately evident and uncontroversial. The idea that sex is a subject reserved for adults, e.g., is not universal, and any anthropologist will tell you that exploring sex at young ages is perfectly normal human behavior.

Would we put a content advisory on How to run with scissors? Graft 01:01 7 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, with regard to sex, the psychological studies are out there regarding overly graphic content at too young an age, though as I have said I don't have a citation to share and am not up on the details enough to provide a precis. I myself am unconcerned about "moral corruption" but rather specific, measurable, documented effects.

 * The issue of other content with more acute hazards to immature readers is already addressed elsewhere in this article and I refer you there for answers to your "run with scissors" question.

 * But in reality, none of our opinions matter on this. The real reason to address these concerns is that 3rd party content-rating organizations will end up listing the whole wikipedia unless we give them a way to list only parts of it.  And that limits the audience.

Kat 13:54 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Tristanb's reply to Kat's: "...while any unabridged dictionary will have definitions for flowery language, such definitions are limited in scope."

If I look up, say, apple in the dictionary I find:
 * 1) A deciduous Eurasian tree (Malus pumila) having alternate simple leaves and white or pink flowers.
 * 2) The firm, edible, usually rounded fruit of this tree.
 * 3) Any of several other plants, especially those with fruits suggestive of the apple, such as the crab apple or custard apple.
 * 4) The fruit of any of these plants.
 * 1) Any of several other plants, especially those with fruits suggestive of the apple, such as the crab apple or custard apple.
 * 2) The fruit of any of these plants.

But I expect to find a much larger article in wikipedia on apple.

It's the same with other things (e.g. fuck). I'd also expect it with any reference material of wikipedia's scope, yes, even printed ones. I wouldn't expect a disclaimer giving me advice about good parenting.

As a compromise, I wouldn't mind a link Parental concerns under the About the Project heading. But not some prominent banner implying the wikipedia is full of porn, drug recipes and racism.

 * I don't believe any of the print encyclopedias have a fuck entry, or entries for some of the age-limited content we've been discussing. They don't consider such content part of their mission.

 * Wikipedia has a broader mission and that puts it in a unique position. Most highly controversial or adult-only content in print media is clearly identified as such and has little nonadult content, leaving little room for confusion.  For example, you might find "The Anarchist Cookbook", "Getting it on", or "High Times" at a (print) bookstore.  The nature of the content is clear from the title and cover in each case.

 * But not Wikipedia. It has articles on Apple and Telephone and Submarine.  Such content is rarely, if ever, aggregated with adult content in print media.

Kat 13:54 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

The following comment by Camembert on wikipedia talk:profanity seems relevant here, so I'll copy it over. Btw, if everyone here would like to wander over to there and express their opinion in the "vote block" at the top of the page, that'd be great! Martin

 * The new edition of the New Grove Dictionary of Music, if I remember correctly, has an entry on the Sex Pistols, and therein reference is made to Never Mind The Bollocks Here's The Sex Pistols (not Nevermind the B******* or anything). I would expect any encyclopaedia to do the same thing. Many books of quotations include the WC Fields quote on why he didn't drink water ("Fish fuck in it"). Any dictionary or encyclopaedia of art which discusses Bruce Nauman's 100 Live and Die will have to mention the word "fuck", as it is central to the piece (the The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Art and Artists does just this; see ). Likewise, there is Andres Serrano's Piss Christ and Helen Chadwick's Piss Flowers'' - no serious encyclopaeidia is going to censor those names. Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, will not shy from using "foul language" where it is necessary to do so. Books specifically for children, of course, will. --Camembert

I'm going to move placement content to Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer/placement. Unless I get distracted by something else :) Martin

Wikipedia may contain triggers for people with post-traumatic stress disorder

Doesn't everything? At least, if you're going to use such vague terms as "may." --Charles L. 17:54, Nov 10, 2003 (UTC)

I think Wikipedia should not censor, because there is an amendment to the Constitution which allows for freedom of speech, I think this site should be site that allows for free thought!

Wikipedia has no responsibility about the contents of external pages
How do you think about Wikipedia has no responsibility about the contents of external pages to be included in each article that contains external links? optim

 * It is obvious that Wikipedia has no control over the contents of external pages, and I for one am getting pissed off about the number of disclaimers floating around. --snoyes 18:53, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * What problem is this a solution to? Martin 19:24, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see no point. I think that it is obvious that we aren't responsible for other internent sites. Just my 1 franc. Also, many articles include links, and there haven't been any problems with people blaming wikipedia for their content. Greenmountainboy 19:31, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It would seem to be stating the obvious that we have no control over external sites, but having said that, a lot of sites do include such a disclaimer. Maybe just a note in About would be a good idea if people feel it is an issue. I certainly wouldn't want it appended to every external link though! Angela. 21:05, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * My opinion: All disclaimers and such should be stated on About wikipedia or such, with the exception of maybe the spoiler warning. I too see no reason to state the obvious every here and there. — Sverdrup (talk) 21:11, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought that a disclaimer like this might be a good idea for articles that contain external links that the reader could find questionable or offensive. Sorry I was at the netcafe and I hadn't enough time to explain my point very well. I propose such a disclaimer to be included in some page like About and also in every article that contain questionable external links. I just want to make sure that the Wikipedia reader will understand that we give the links only for informative purposes. Such a disclaimer would be probably useful for articles regarding politics and sex etc. I thought about this when I was adding some links about culture & politics in some article, but because I knew that some people (esp. in my country) could find the material very questionable, I added a small disclaimer under the External links section. Then, I thought that it would be better first to ask other wikipedians about their opinion on this disclaimer, so I removed it and I asked this question here. Thanks for your answers. Optim 23:17, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Seems unnecessary. This is the type of warning we used to see 5 years ago from companies fearing the unfamiliar.  Our big "Wikipedia" boilerplate stuff at the top and left of each page is enough to let people know whether they're still on Wikipedia.  Tempshill 01:49, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think its good practice to describe quite fully what lies beyond an external link whether its liable to be offensive or not. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 02:27, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * We already warn users if a link is offensive (see Shock site), so this has already been addressed. Greenmountainboy 03:51, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Adult Content
I have heard some users complaining about some of the unsuitable content articles. Wouldn't it be a good idea to create a msg to be put on the top of the page, just to let people know. Something like:

This article contains adult content.

or whatever. L UDRAMAN | T 21:21, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * No, we already have a disclaimers link on every page, which links to a content disclaimer. There is no need to add this to articles as well, in the same way that we no longer add the medical disclaimer to medical articles. See also Wikipedia talk:Content disclaimer and Wikipedia talk:Profanity. Angela. 21:56, Apr 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * a) The normal editing process for pages with such content insures that such pages quickly reach a metastable state governed by community consensus. In other words, whatever is in Wikipedia is already acceptable. If not, someone will change it until it is. Wikipedia is not a treasure-trove of prurient materials. It falls somewhere in the same range as "Our Bodies, Our Selves" or discussions on daytime television talk shows. It is IMHO far less sexualized than Cosmopolitan magazine or the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue.

 * b) If it were easy to everyone to agree on precisely what constitutes "adult content", this might be a harmless idea. Since in fact such issues are contentious, it would probably provoke edit wars and waste a lot of time.

 * c) Exactly how many pages with adult content have you personally encountered that you were not specifically seeking? Unlike a print encyclopedia, it is not easy to riffle through the pages of Wikipedia and encounter such content.

 * d) Having seen such a warning, what normal human being would ever be able to resist peeking just to see what content was being warned against? How much "protection" does such a warning provide?

 * e) Such a mechanism would, of course, make it much easier for prurient souls to locate all the juicy Wikipedia stuff by going to Wikimedia:Adult and clicking on "What links here." Or, for that matter, Googling on "Wikipedia adult content." Whether that is an argument for or against such labelling, I leave to others to determine.

 * f) Older children and adolescents are exposed, and to some extent seek out, sexual content all the time. Witness the episode in Tom Sawyer where Tom catches Becky looking at a nude plate in the schoolteacher's anatomy textbook. It's all a matter of degree. When I was a kid some of us got a charge of sorts out of looking up words like "intercourse" and "rape" in the dictionary. But it was trivial compared to the calendars I saw in the office areas of the auto repair shop. My own kids got some of their sex education out of "The Whole Earth Catalog." On the Internet, Wikipedia is like the dictionary or the Whole Earth Catalog. The auto repair shop calendars are to be found elsewhere.

 * I mean, it's just not that big a deal and it's not worth worrying over. Dpbsmith 13:37, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Evening Shade

Evening Shade is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from September 21, 1990, to May 23, 1994. The series stars Burt Reynolds as Woodrow "Wood" Newton, an ex-professional football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers, who returns to rural Evening Shade, Arkansas, to coach a high-school football team with a long losing streak. Reynolds personally requested to use the Steelers as his character's former team because he was a fan.

The general theme of the show is the appeal of small-town life. Episodes often ended with a closing narration by Ossie Davis, as his character Ponder Blue, summing up the events of the episode, always closing with "... in a place called Evening Shade." The opening segment included clips from around Arkansas, including the famous McClard's Bar-B-Q in Hot Springs National Park.

Summary
A former pro football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers who quit due to injury, Wood Newton has settled down to a quiet life in Arkansas as the coach of the Evening Shade High School football team, which is notorious for its long losing streak.

Wood and his wife Ava, whom he married when she was only 18 (a frequently voiced grievance made by her father Evan Evans, owner of the local newspaper) are devoted to each other despite their age difference. Ava is an ambitious, successful practicing lawyer who in the first season is elected District Attorney while pregnant with their fourth (unintended) child, Emily, who is born in the first season finale. Among Wood and Ava's closest friends are the somewhat-older town doctor Harlan Eldridge and his trusting wife Merleen, who always believes the best of people.

The show's plots focus on the various difficulties that Wood faces in living a very different life than he ever expected, as well as the obvious family pressures of two jobs and four children. Additional tensions come from Ava's aunt Frieda, Evan's perennially discontented sister, who especially disapproves when Evan begins dating town stripper Fontana Beausoleil, who discovers in season two that she is the long-lost daughter Merleen gave up for adoption when she was 15. Evan and Fontana get married in a three-part episode in season two and have a child in season three.

The show also gets mileage out of the incongruity of the decidedly unathletic, but well-meaning assistant coach Herman Stiles, the best the school's budget can afford. During the first season, he catches the eye of Evening Shade High's prim and proper principal, Margaret Fouch, and they start dating.

On July 12 and 19, 1993, CBS aired two parts of an hour-long pilot, Harlan & Merleen, as a proposed spin-off of the series. The pilot had the Eldridges open their home to young pregnant women who needed help (one of whom was played by Leah Remini). The pilot did not achieve series status.

Main

 * Woodrow "Wood" Newton (Burt Reynolds)
 * Ava Evans Newton (Marilu Henner)
 * Evan Evans (Hal Holbrook)
 * Ponder Blue (Ossie Davis)
 * Dr. Harlan Eldridge (Charles Durning)
 * Herman Stiles (Michael Jeter)
 * Taylor Newton (Jay R. Ferguson)
 * Molly Newton (Melissa Renée Martin, season 1), (Candace Hutson, seasons 2-4)
 * Will Newton (Jacob Parker)
 * Nub Oliver (Charlie Dell)
 * Frieda Evans (Elizabeth Ashley)
 * Merleen Eldridge (Ann Wedgeworth)
 * Fontana Beausoleil (Linda Gehringer)
 * Margaret Fouch (Ann Hearn)

Recurring

 * Dorothy (Jane Abbott)
 * Virgil (Burton Gilliam)
 * Andrew Phillpot (David A. R. White), Taylor's best friend
 * Neal "Thor" Heck (Pepper Sweeney, 1991–93)
 * Aimee Thompson (Hilary Swank, 1991–92), (Ari Meyers, 1992–93), Taylor's girlfriend
 * Irma Wallingsford (Alice Ghostley, 1992–94)
 * Daisy (Leah Remini, 1993), Taylor's girlfriend after his break-up with Aimee, a New York transplant
 * Wanda (Wanda Jones, 1993–94), waitress at Blue's Bar-B-Que Villa
 * Emily Newton (Alexa PenaVega, 1993–94), Ava and Wood's youngest child, who appears as a 5-year-old in the final season

Production
The show's production company, Mozark Productions, was a joint venture by creator Linda Bloodworth-Thomason of Missouri and her husband, Arkansas native, Harry Thomason, which concurrently produced another successful show set in the South, Designing Women. Hal Holbrook's Designing Women character was killed off to free the actor to star in the newer program. The series was produced in association with CBS Productions, Burt Reynolds Productions, and MTM Enterprises. CBS retained full ownership of the series while MTM syndicated the series in the United States.

Home media
On July 15, 2008, CBS DVD/Paramount Home Entertainment released the first season on DVD, albeit with redone music and editing.

On April 12, 2019, Visual Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the first time.

Reception
The series enjoyed strong ratings during its entire run, hitting its peak in season two with a number 15 Nielsen ranking. At the time, this was a notably higher position than The Cosby Show, which had recently fallen from a five-year streak as TV's number-one program. Evening Shade was still a top-30 performer, after CBS cancelled the series in May 1994. Skyrocketing production costs, mainly attributed to the large salaries of the show's top-caliber, all-star cast, were the primary reason given for the cancellation (which was confirmed by Marilu Henner in her September 1994 appearance on Charlie Rose). However, some have speculated that the show's ending was a decision made by Reynolds, rather than CBS, as his recent marriage troubles with Loni Anderson (from whom he was divorced in 1993) were thought to have affected his work.

After its cancellation, reruns of Evening Shade were picked up by The Family Channel, which were also edited considerably from their original broadcast versions.

title: Evening Shade


text:
Andorra national football team

The Andorra national football team (Selecció de futbol d'Andorra) represents Andorra in men's international football and is controlled by the Andorran Football Federation, the governing body for football in Andorra. The team has enjoyed very little success due to the Principality's tiny population, the fifth smallest of any UEFA country (only Liechtenstein, San Marino, Gibraltar and the Faroe Islands are smaller).

Andorra's first official game was a 6–1 defeat in a friendly match to Estonia in 1996. Since the qualifying rounds for the UEFA Euro 2000 tournament, Andorra have competed in qualifying for every European Championship and FIFA World Cup but have had very little success. They have only won thirteen matches since becoming recognised by FIFA in 1996.

History
Though the Andorran Football Federation formed in 1994, and the domestic league started in 1995, the national team could not participate in major championships until it gained affiliation with governing bodies FIFA and UEFA in 1996. The national team played its first match against Estonia in Andorra La Vella and lost 6–1.

Andorra's first match in a FIFA-sanctioned competition was a 3–1 loss to Armenia on 5 September 1998 in a qualifier for UEFA Euro 2000. Andorra lost all ten qualifiers for the tournament. The team particularly struggled in away matches; each loss was by at least three goals. Andorra scored only three goals, two of which were penalties, and two of which were in the away matches. Andorra conceded 28 goals, and their biggest defeat of the qualifiers was a 6–1 away loss to Russia.

For their first World Cup qualifying campaign, Andorra were drawn in a group with Cyprus, Estonia, Ireland, the Netherlands and Portugal. They lost their opening match 1–0 to Estonia. In the next game, they lost 3–2 to Cyprus but scored their first World Cup qualifying goals. They were again defeated by Estonia, this time 2–1. They lost all their matches and their only away goal was in a 3–1 loss against Ireland. Their worst defeat was 7–1 to Portugal on a neutral ground in Lleida, Spain. Andorra finished the campaign with no points and conceded 36 goals in ten matches.

In the team's qualification campaign for UEFA Euro 2004 they again lost every game. They scored their only goal in a 2–1 away loss to Bulgaria. In this competition the scores were closer than before as they lost 3–0 to Bulgaria, Croatia and Belgium, 2–0 twice to Estonia, 2–0 to Croatia and 1–0 to Belgium. By Andorran standards, qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup was successful. They won their first competitive game 1–0 at home against Macedonia. Andorra midfielder Marc Bernaus, who played in the Spanish second division, received a long throw in off his chest and volleyed in a goal early in the second half. After the game, Macedonia coach Dragan Kanatlarovski resigned and called the game "a shameful outcome, a humiliation." Andorra also drew two matches, 0–0 in Macedonia and 0–0 at home against Finland.

In the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying, Andorra again lost every game. The closest game was against Russia, a 1–0 defeat on 21 November 2007. Their biggest defeat was a 7–0 loss to Croatia in Andorra La Vella, which is their worst defeat in UEFA competitions and matched their loss to the Czech Republic as their largest losing deficit. Andorra scored only two goals and conceded 42 in a total of 12 games. In 2010 World Cup qualifying, Andorra lost all ten matches. For the tournament, they scored three goals, in defeats to Belarus and Kazakhstan, and conceded 39 goals, including six in a defeat to England, the largest margin in the group.

Qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012 ended in familiar fashion; they lost all ten matches, scoring only one goal and conceding 25; their best results were two one-goal losses to Slovakia and a 3–1 loss in Ireland. The 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying tournament was even more disastrous. Andorra lost all their matches while conceding 30 goals and not scoring. During 2016 UEFA Euro qualifying, Andorra again lost all of its ten games but scored four goals, setting a national team record for goals scored in a European Championship qualifying group. On 22 February 2017, Andorra beat San Marino away 2–0 in a friendly match, ending with 12 years and 132 days without winning any match. On 9 June 2017, Andorra beat Hungary 1–0 in a World Cup home qualifier with a goal by Marc Rebés, their first victory in a competitive match since 2004. Thanks to these two wins and a draw against the Faroe Islands on 6 July 2017, Andorra progressed 57 positions in the FIFA rankings to 129th, its second best position ever. On 21 March 2018, Rebés scored the only goal of a friendly win over Liechtenstein in Spain, giving Andorra their third victory of the last 13 months and sixth of all time.

In 2018, Andorra made its debut in the newly created UEFA Nations League. They played in Group 1 of League D, where they finished at the bottom of the group with four ties and two losses, finishing unbeaten at home.

On 11 October 2019, Andorra won 1–0 against Moldova in the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying competition, thus ending a 56-match winless run in Euro qualifiers. One month later, the team earned one more point after an away draw against Albania, thus avoiding for the first time to end a qualifying round in the last position.

On December 7, 2020, after the draw for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Andorra was given an opportunity to achieve further success in official competition as it was placed in Group I where it found among its five opponents San Marino, the lowest placed team in the last pot and which it has faced before that only once in a friendly match (away on February 22, 2017, for a 2–0 victory). Their other opponents were Albania (against whom they drew 2–2 away in UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying), Hungary (whom they beat at home 1–0 in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers), Poland and England. On September 2, 2021, Andorra achieved a 3rd success in the qualifiers of a World Cup, at home against San Marino (2–0). On October 12, 2021, Andorra achieved a 4th success in a World Cup qualifier, beating San Marino again in the return match (3–0). It was also a first in several respects: it is the largest Andorran victory in its history, but also the first time that the Pyrenean selection managed to score 3 goals in the same game and won an away match; finally it also succeeded for the first time in its history to sign 2 successes in the same qualifying phase and pocket 6 points. However, they lost all their games against their four other opponents and finished second to last in the group with 6 points, with a record of 2 wins and 8 losses.

On March 25, 2022, Andorra defeated St. Kitts and Nevis at home (1–0), recording its first win against a non-European team. Three days later, Andorra defeated another non-European side with another 1–0 win at home to Grenada. On June 10, 2022, in the 2022–23 edition of the UEFA Nations League, Andorra won at home against Liechtenstein (2–1), with Jesús Rubio scoring a spectacular goal with a 60-meter lob on the second Andorran goal, thus signing its first success in this competition for its third participation. This success also means that the Pyrenean team has achieved at least one victory in each of the official competitions in which it has taken part. On September 22, they beat Liechtenstein, 2–0, in Vaduz - this was their first away win in the Nations League. The Pyrenees team totaled 8 points at the end of this edition thanks to two home draws against Moldova (0–0) and the Latvia (1–1), finishing undefeated at home and losing only two away games against the Latvians and Moldovans, which is its best record in the group stage of any competition.

Stadium
From 1996 until 2014, Andorra played their home matches at the Comunal d'Andorra la Vella, in the capital city of Andorra la Vella. This stadium has a capacity of 1,800 and also hosts the matches of club sides FC Andorra and the Andorran Premier League. On 9 September 2014, the national team began playing at the new Estadi Nacional with a capacity of 3,306.

Andorra have occasionally played home matches outside their borders. For example, Andorra hosted France and England in the 2000 European Championship, 2008 European Championship and 2010 World Cup qualifiers in the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Barcelona, which was the home of RCD Espanyol between 1997 and 2009.

Reputation
Andorra's lopsided win–loss record gives them a lowly reputation in world football. The nation has only won seven competitive fixtures, four World Cup qualifying matches against Macedonia in October 2004 and Hungary in June 2017, both by 1–0; San Marino in September and October 2021 by 2–0 at home and 3–0 away at Serravalle (their biggest ever win), a single European Championship qualifying match at home against Moldova in October 2019 by 1–0 and two UEFA Nations League matches against Liechtenstein in June and September 2022 by 2–1 at home and 2–0 away at Vaduz ; and six friendly games, three of them by 2–0 against Belarus in April 2000 and Albania in April 2002 at home and San Marino in February 2017 away, as well as three wins by 1–0 margin against Liechtenstein at neutral venues in March 2018 and against St. Kitts and Nevis and Grenada at home in March 2022.

With the fourth smallest population of any UEFA country, until the admission of Gibraltar, the talent pool is small. Players are predominantly amateurs because the Andorra domestic league is only part-time. Since Andorra began playing in 1996, their average FIFA ranking is 163.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Manager history

 * 🇪🇸 Isidre Codina (1996)
 * 🇧🇷 Manuel Miluir (1997–1999)
 * 🇪🇸 David Rodrigo (1999–2009)
 * 🇦🇩 Koldo Álvarez (2010–present)

Current squad
The following players were included in the squad for the friendly match against Northern Ireland on 11 June 2024.

Caps and goals correct as of 11 June 2024, after the match against Northern Ireland.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up to the Andorra squad in the last 12 months.

 * Notes
 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
 * RET = Retired from the national team

Records

 * Players in bold are still active with Andorra.

FIFA World Cup record
Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks; correct as of 31 March 2021 after the match against Hungary.

UEFA European Championship record
Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks; correct as of 17 November 2019 after the match against Turkey.

Head-to-head record

 * Last match updated was against Northern Ireland on 11 June 2024. Goal difference used to determine placement if results totals of two opponents are identical.

Notes:
 * FIFA-unofficial match on 19 February 1998 between Andorra – Czech Republic (0–1) is not included.

title: Andorra national football team


text:
User:Willhester

My name is Will Hester. I am a graduate of the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science and the University of Alabama; I am presently a graduate student at the University of Houston. I have been a regular user of Wikipedia since January, 2004.

title: User:Willhester


text:
GSO

GSO may refer to:

Organizations

 * GCC Standardization Organization, of the Gulf Cooperation Council
 * General Statistics Office of Vietnam
 * Golden State Overnight, former name of American logistics company GLS-US
 * Government Shipping Office, of the Government of Pakistan
 * Grassroots Support Organization
 * GSO Capital Partners, an American asset management firm

Orchestras

 * Gamer Symphony Orchestra at the University of Maryland, US
 * Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, Sweden
 * Greenville Symphony Orchestra, South Carolina, US
 * Guangzhou Symphony Orchestra, China

Science and mathematics

 * Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate, a type of scintillating inorganic crystal
 * Generic segmentation offload, in computer networking
 * Geosynchronous orbit, an orbit around Earth of a satellite
 * Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, in mathematics
 * GSO projection, in superstring theory

Other uses

 * General Staff Officer
 * GSO Stadium, a former stadium in Limassol, Cyprus
 * Piedmont Triad International Airport (IATA and FAA LID codes), North Carolina, US
 * Southwest Gbaya language (ISO 639-3 code)

title: GSO


text:
Cathy Berberian

Catherine Anahid Berberian (July 4, 1925 – March 6, 1983) was an American mezzo-soprano and composer based in Italy. She worked closely with many contemporary avant-garde music composers, including Luciano Berio, Bruno Maderna, John Cage, Henri Pousseur, Sylvano Bussotti, Darius Milhaud, Roman Haubenstock-Ramati, and Igor Stravinsky. She also interpreted works by Claudio Monteverdi, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Kurt Weill, Philipp zu Eulenburg and others. As a recital curator, she presented several vocal genres in a classical context, including arrangements of songs by The Beatles by Louis Andriessen as well as folk songs from several countries and cultures. As a composer, she wrote Stripsody (1966), in which she exploits her vocal technique using comic book sounds (onomatopoeia), and Morsicat(h)y (1969), a composition for the keyboard (with the right hand only) based on Morse code.

Biography
Cathy Berberian was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts to Armenian parents, Yervant and Louise Berberian. The elder of two children, she spent the first 12 years of her life in Attleboro, then the family moved to New York City in 1937 where she graduated from Manhattan's Julia Richman High School for Girls. From an early age, she showed an interest in Armenian folk music and dance as well as traditional opera. While still in high school, she was the director and soloist of the Armenian Folk Group in New York City. For a time, she was an undergraduate at New York University, but left to take evening classes in theatre and music at Columbia University, working during the day to support her studies. She went on to study music in Paris with Marya Freund in 1948, and in 1949 she went to Milan to study singing at the Milan Conservatory with Giorgina del Vigo. In 1950, she received a Fulbright scholarship to continue her studies there. Although she had appeared in several student productions, radio broadcasts and informal concerts during the early 1950s, she made her formal debut in 1957 at Incontri Musicali, a contemporary music festival in Naples. The following year her performance of John Cage's Aria with Fontana Mix in its world premiere, established her as a major exponent of contemporary vocal music. Her American debut came in 1960 at the Tanglewood Music Festival where she premiered Circles by the Italian composer Luciano Berio.

From 1950 to 1964 Berberian was married to Luciano Berio, whom she met when they were students at the Milan Conservatory. They had one daughter, Cristina Berio, born in 1953. Berberian became Berio's muse and collaborator both during and after their marriage. He wrote, for her, Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) (1958), Circles (1960), Visage (1961), Folk Songs (1964–73), Sequenza III (1965), and Recital I (for Cathy) (1972).

In 1967 Berberian released a 12-track album (recorded in Paris) that consisted entirely of quirky baroque-style cover versions of songs by The Beatles, entitled Beatles Arias. The instrumental backing was scored for a classical string quartet or wind quintet plus harpsichord or organ. All the tracks were arranged by Guy Boyer and most of the songs feature him on harpsichord. The original US cover illustration for the album (resembling the Beatles's single "Revolution") was by Roberto Zamarin while the UK's was by Gerald Scarfe. The album was reissued on CD in 2005 with bonus tracks including a 1975 French radio interview, and three live tracks featuring Berberian performing songs from the album, recorded at French music festivals in the early 1980s, with accompaniment by Italian composer–musician Bruno Canino and arrangements by noted Dutch composer Louis Andriessen.

Sylvano Bussotti, John Cage, Hans Werner Henze, William Walton, Igor Stravinsky, and Anthony Burgess also composed works for her voice. Although Berberian was based in Milan from the time of her studies there, she taught at both Vancouver University and the Rheinische Musikschule in Cologne during the 1970s. Following her death, Berio composed Requies: in memoriam Cathy Berberian which premiered in Lausanne on March 26, 1984.

She is mentioned in the Steely Dan song "Your Gold Teeth" from the 1973 album Countdown to Ecstasy :
 * "Even Cathy Berberian knows / There's one roulade she can't sing."

Berberian was also a translator. With Umberto Eco she translated into Italian works by Jules Feiffer and, with other Italian translators, works by  Woody Allen. Eco and Berberian worked together in other projects too and he nicknamed her magnificathy. This nickname with a different spelling chosen by Berberian herself: magnifiCathy was later used as the title of one of her best-known albums.

Death
In the last years of her life Berberian experienced increasing health problems and almost entirely lost her vision. In order to continue performing, she committed all her repertoire to memory. An avid reader, the loss of sight was a great source of frustration for Berberian and she expressed feelings of loneliness and depression. She had gained weight and had developed heart problems, but nevertheless continued with an ambitious concert schedule. On 7 March 1983, in a broadcast on RAI Italian Television that marked the centennial of Karl Marx's death, Berberian had planned to perform the Italian version of "The Internationale" in the style of Marilyn Monroe. On March 5, she called Luciano Berio to discuss ideas about the performance, but died the next day of a "massive" heart attack.

Her body was cremated in Rome and the urn with her ashes was brought to Milan where, on March 13, a ceremony was held in the Armenian Church of Via Jommelli. The ashes were divided between Berberian's brother Ervant and her daughter Cristina, who later dispersed them in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the city of Oneglia, along with pink orchids, Berberian's favorite flower.

The New Vocality
In her article "La nuova vocalità nell'opera contemporanea" ("The New Vocality in Contemporary Music") from 1966, Berberian outlines a new role for vocal performance in contemporary music. Although the ideas were developed along with Luciano Berio during their collaboration on works such as Visage and Sequenza III, Berberian championed the concept and descriptions of the "New Vocality" which became a major part of her philosophy of performance and legacy as an artist. In contrast to traditional opera practice, wherein singers are to produce beautiful tones and nothing else, the New Vocality employs "the voice which has an endless range of vocal styles at its disposal, embracing the history of music as well as aspects of sound itself." However, the New Vocality is much more than extended vocal techniques, which are "based on the inventory of more or less unedited vocal effects which the composer may devise and the singer regurgitates." Rather, the singer should become the composer of the live performance and "use the voice in all aspects of the vocal process; a process which can be integrated as flexibly as the lines and expressions on a face." This philosophy of vocal performance can be seen as fundamental to the development of vocal performance art as well as to the work of Meredith Monk, Diamanda Galas, Laurie Anderson, and countless other vocal performers and composers.

Discography

 * The Fairy Queen Suite by Henry Purcell, orchestra conducted by Bruno Maderna (Angelicum, 1956)
 * Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) by Luciano Berio (Turnabout, 1958)
 * Allez hop, contains the songs Ora Mi Alzo and  Autostrada music by Luciano Berio words by Italo Calvino,orchestra conducted by Bruno Maderna(Philips, 1960),
 * Circles (Berio), Frammento (Bussotti), Aria with fontana mix (Cage) (Time, 1961)
 * Luciano Berio. Sequenza III (for woman's voice). Visage (Candide, 1965)
 * Rounds with voice by Luciano Berio, included in the Lp Das Moderne Cembalo Der Antoinette Vischer (Wergo, 1965)
 * Elegy for J.F.K. recorded in December 1964 and included in Recent Stravinsky-Conducted by the Composer (Columbia, 1967)
 * Beatles Arias (Philips, 1967) published in France and the UK (Polydor, 1967) with the same title. Published in the US as Revolution (Fontana Philips, 1967) and in Germany as Beatles arias for special fans (Philips, 1967)
 * Roman Haubenstock-Ramati. Credential or think, think lucky (Wergo, 1967)
 * Henri Pousseur-Michel Butor. Jeu de Miroirs de Votre Faust (Wergo, 1968)
 * Monteverdi: L'Orfeo, as Messaggera and Speranza. Concentus Musicus Wien conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt (Telefunken, 1969)
 * Stravinsky Songs. Contains "Trois Petites Chansons", "Pribautki", "Berceuses du chat", "Three songs from William Shakespeare" (Columbia 1970)
 * Chem Grna Khagha and Karoun A, both especially recorded for the double LP made to celebrate the centenary of the birth of Armenian composer Komitas (KCC, 1970).
 * Luciano Berio conducts his Epifanie and Folk Songs. BBC Symphony Orchestra-The Juilliard Ensemble (RCA Red Seal, 1971)
 * magnifiCathy: the many voices of Cathy Berberian (Wergo 1971)
 * Recital I (for Cathy) (RCA Red Seal, 1973)
 * Cathy Berberian at the Edinburgh Festival, issued in the US as There are faires at the bottom of our garden (RCA Red Seal, 1974)
 * Monteverdi: L'incoronazione di Poppea, as Ottavia. Concentus Musicus Wien conducted by Harnoncourt (Telefunken, 1974)
 * Claudio Monteverdi. Lettera Amorosa-Lamento d'Arianna-Orfeo-Poppea (Telefunken, 1975)
 * Wie einst in schöner'n Tagen-Salonmusik der Grunderzeit (EMI, 1976)
 * William Walton. Façade and Façade 2 (OUP, 1980)
 * Cathy Berberian's Second Hand Songs (TAT, 1981) recorded live on October 17 and 18, 1980 at the Theater Am Turm in Frankfurt, Germany.
 * La vie est un roman, original soundtrack of the film by Alan Resnais in which Berberian has a very small part and sings the song "Air de la nourrice". The film came out a month after her death. (Trema VT 33006, 1983)
 * A la recherche de la musique perdue (RNE - Radio Nacional de Espana, APR 002, 1986)
 * Pop Art (Ermitage, 2017)

Re-releases and compilations on CD

 * magnifiCathy: the many voices of Cathy Berberian (Wergo, 1988 reprinted 2005))
 * Ella Fitzgerald/Elisabeth Schwarzkopf/Cathy Berberian (Stradivarius, 1988) contains Bruno Maderna Hyperion. Live recording from the Festival di Musica Contemporanea in Venice. Recorded on September 6, 1964.
 * Cathy Berberian interpreta Berio, Pousseur, Cage (Stradivarius, 1989). Contains live recordings dated 1966, 1967 and 1969.
 * Luciano Berio: Passaggio/Visage (BMG Ricordi, 1991) contains Visage for magnetic tape and voice.
 * Monteverdi: L'Orfeo (Teldec 1992)
 * Monteverdi: L'incoronazione di Poppea (Teldec 1993)
 * Nel labirinto della voce (Ermitage, 1993, Aura, 2002, Symphonia 2016)
 * The Unforgettable Cathy Berberian (CO, 1993)
 * Bruno Maderna. Musica elettronica (Stradivarius, 1994) contains Dimensioni II (Invenzioni su una voce).
 * Berio: Recital I for Cathy/Folk Songs (RCA Victor, 1995)
 * Cathy Berberian sings Monteverdi (Teldec 1995)
 * Hommage à Cathy Berberian (Accord, 1997)
 * Beatles Arias (Telescopic, 2005)
 * Berio Sequenza III/Chamber Music (Lilith, 2006). Also available on vinyl.
 * Wie einst in schöner'n Tagen (Electrola Collection EMI 2013)
 * Folk songs of the world—Volkslieder aus aller Welt (SWR Music 2016)

Film

 * C'è musica e musica (There is music and music). Box set of 2 DVD's (Feltrinelli, originally broadcast on RAI 1972 and released on DVD in 2013). Part 5 of this twelve-part series is titled Mille e una voce (One thousand and a voice) and is completely dedicated to Berberian.
 * Music is the Air I Breathe (1994): documentary by Carrie de Swaan that can be seen on Swaan's production company's channel on Vimeo featuring interviews with Luciano Berio, Sylvano Bussotti, Louis Andriessen, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Bruno Canino, Carol Plantamura, her brother Eddie Berberian and her daughter Cristina Berio

Tributes by other artists

 * Songs Cathy Sang (Atlantic, 1989) by Linda Hirst
 * Cristina Zavalloni (Radio Popolare/Sensible Records, 2003) by Cristina Zavalloni
 * Salomix-Max: In Memoriam Cathy Berberian (Wergo, 2008) by Salome Kammer

title: Cathy Berberian


text:
Bevin Boys

Bevin Boys were young British men conscripted to work in coal mines between December 1943 and March 1948, to increase the rate of coal production, which had declined through the early years of World War II. The programme was named after Ernest Bevin, the Labour Party politician who was Minister of Labour and National Service in the wartime coalition government.

Chosen by lot as 10% of all male conscripts aged 18–25 (plus some volunteering as an alternative to military conscription) nearly 48,000 Bevin Boys performed vital and dangerous civil conscription service in coal mines. Although the last ballot took place in May 1945 (shortly before VE Day), the final conscripts were not released from service until March 1948. Few chose to remain working in the mining industry after demobilisation; most left for further education or for employment in other sectors.

Bevin Boys were targets of abuse from the general public, who mistakenly believed them to be draft dodgers or cowards. They were frequently stopped by the police as possible deserters. Unlike those who had served in the military, Bevin Boys were not awarded medals for their contribution to the war effort and official recognition by the British government was only conferred in 1995.

Shortfall in UK coal output
At the start of WWII, the UK was highly dependent on coal to power ships and trains, and as the main source of energy for electricity generation. Although output from mines had increased as the world economy recovered from the Great Depression, it was in decline again by the time war broke out in September 1939.

At the beginning of the war the Government, underestimating the value of strong younger coal miners, conscripted them into the armed forces. By mid-1943, the coal mines had lost 36,000 workers, and they were generally not replaced, because other likely young men were also being conscripted to the armed forces.

Industrial relations were also poor: In the first half of 1942, there were several local strikes over wages across the country, which also reduced output. In response, the government increased the minimum weekly pay to 83 shillings (for those over the age of 21 working underground) and established a new Ministry of Fuel, Light and Power, under the leadership of Gwilym Lloyd George to oversee the reorganisation of coal production for the war effort. In late summer, a bonus scheme was proposed to reward workers in mines that exceeded their output targets. These measures resulted in an increase in production in the second half of 1942, although volumes were still short of the tonnage required.

Absenteeism (miners taking time off work as a result of e.g. sickness) also rose through the war from 9.65% in December 1941 to 10.79% and 14.40% in the Decembers of 1942 and 1943 respectively.

By October 1943, Britain was becoming desperate for a continued supply of coal, both for the industrial war effort and for domestic heating throughout the winter.

Appeals for volunteers
On 23 June 1941, Bevin made a broadcast appeal to former miners, asking them to volunteer to return to the pits, with an aim of increasing numbers of mineworkers by 50,000. He also issued a 'standstill' order, to prevent more miners being called up to serve in the armed forces.

On 12 November 1943, Bevin made a radio broadcast aimed at sixth-form boys, to encourage them to volunteer to work in the mines when they registered for National Service. He promised the students that, like those serving in the armed forces, they would be eligible for the government’s further education scheme.

"We need 720,000 men continuously employed in this industry This is where you boys come in. Each one of you, I am sure, is full of enthusiasm to win this war. You are looking forward to the day when you can play your part with your friends and brothers who are in the Navy, the Army, the Air Force ... But believe me, our fighting men will not be able to achieve their purpose unless we get an adequate supply of coal ... So when you go to register and the question is put to you "Will you go into the mines?" let your answer be, "Yes, I will go anywhere to help win this war"."

- Ernest Bevin, 12 November 1943

The term 'Bevin Boys' is thought to originate from this broadcast.

Conscription
On 12 October 1943, Gwilym Lloyd George, Minister of Fuel and Power, announced in the House of Commons that some conscripts would be directed to the mines. On 2 December, Ernest Bevin explained the scheme in more detail in parliament, announcing his intention to draft 30,000 men aged 18 to 25 by 30 April 1944.

From 1943 to 1945, one out of every ten young men called up was sent to work in the mines. This caused a great deal of upset, as many young men wanted to join the fighting forces and felt that as miners, their contributions would not be valued. The first Bevin Boys began work, having completed their training, on 14 February 1944.

Selection of conscripts
To make the process random, one of Bevin's secretaries each week, from 14 December 1943, pulled a digit from a hat containing all ten digits, 0–9, and all men liable for call-up that week whose National Service registration number ended in that digit were directed to work in the mines, with the exception of any selected for highly skilled war work such as flying planes and in submarines, and men found physically unfit for mining. Conscripted miners came from many different trades and professions, from desk work to heavy manual labour, and included some who might otherwise have become commissioned officers.

An appeals process was set up, to allow conscripts the opportunity to challenge the decision to send them to the pits, although decisions were rarely overturned. Those who refused to serve in the mines were imprisoned. By 31 May 1944, 285 conscripts had refused to serve as miners, of whom 135 had been prosecuted and 32 had been given a prison sentence. By the end of November 1944, out of a total of 16,000 conscripts, 143 had refused to serve in the mines and had been sent to prison, some with the imposition of hard labour.

Training
Boys when they were nearly 18 years old received an official postcard instructing them in five days time to report to a training centre such as at Cresswell Colliery, Derbyshire.

Bevin Boys with no previous experience of mining, were given six weeks' training (four in a classroom-type setting and two at their assigned colliery). For their first four weeks of underground work, they were supervised by an experienced miner. With the exception of those working in the south Wales coalfields, the conscripts could not work at the coalface until they had accrued four months' experience underground.

For the most part, the Bevin Boys were not directly involved in cutting coal from the mine face, but acted instead as colliers assistants, responsible for filling tubs or wagons and hauling them back to the shaft for transport to the surface. Conscripts were supplied with helmets and steel-capped safety boots.

Pay and working conditions
Almost as soon as the first Bevin Boys had reported for training, there were complaints that their remuneration (44 shillings per week for an 18-year-old) were barely sufficient to cover living costs. Some 140 went on strike in Doncaster for two days before their training had finished. There were also complaints from experienced miners, who resented the fact that a 21-year-old recruit received the same minimum wage as they did.

Bevin Boys did not wear uniforms or badges, but the oldest clothes they could find. Being of military age and without uniform caused many to be stopped by police and questioned about avoiding call-up.

Contemporary attitudes to Bevin Boys
Many Bevin Boys suffered taunts as they wore no uniform, and there were accusations by some people that they were deliberately avoiding military conscription. Since a number of conscientious objectors were sent to work down the mines as an alternative to military service (under a system wholly separate from the Bevin Boy programme), there was sometimes an assumption that Bevin Boys were "Conchies". The right to conscientiously object to military service for philosophical or religious reasons was recognised in conscription legislation, as it had been in WWI. Old attitudes prevailed amongst some members of the general public, with resentment by association towards Bevin Boys. In 1943 Ernest Bevin said in Parliament:

"There are thousands of cases in which conscientious objectors, although they have refused to take up arms, have shown as much courage as anyone else in Civil Defence and in other walks of life."

- Ernest Bevin, 9 December 1943

End of programme
The final conscription ballot took place in May 1945 (shortly before VE Day); however, the final conscripts were not released from service until March 1948.

Recognition of contribution to the war effort
Within a few months of the first Bevin Boys starting work, there were calls for a badge to be awarded in recognition of the importance of their national service.

After the war, Bevin Boys received neither medals nor the right to return to the jobs they had previously held, although like forces veterans, they were entitled to participate in the government's Further Education and Training Scheme, which paid university fees and an annual means-tested grant of up to £426 to cover living expenses whilst studying.

The role played by Bevin Boys in Britain's war effort was not fully recognised until 1995, 50 years after VE Day, when Queen Elizabeth II mentioned them in a speech.

On 20 June 2007, then prime minister Tony Blair informed the House of Commons that thousands of conscripts who worked in mines during WWII would be awarded a veterans badge similar to the HM armed forces badge awarded by the Ministry of Defence. The first badges were awarded on 25 March 2008 by the then prime minister, Gordon Brown, at a reception in 10 Downing Street, marking the 60th anniversary of discharge of the last Bevin Boys. In 2010, Tom Hickman's "Called Up Sent Down": The Bevin Boys' War was published, containing accounts of around 70 of the boys sent to the coal mines.

On Tuesday 7 May 2013, a memorial to the Bevin Boys, based on the Bevin Boys Badge, was unveiled by the Countess of Wessex at the National Memorial Arboretum at Alrewas, Staffordshire. The memorial was designed by former Bevin Boy Harry Parkes; it is made of four stone plinths carved from grey Kilkenny stone from Ireland. The stone should turn black over time, to resemble the coal that the miners extracted.

The Bevin Boys Association is trying to trace all 48,000 Bevin Boy conscripts, optants or volunteers who served in Britain's coal mines during and after the war, from 1943 to 1948.

Notable Bevin Boys

 * Peter Archer, lawyer and Labour Party politician
 * Stanley Bailey, senior police officer
 * Stanley Baxter, actor and impressionist
 * John Comer, actor
 * Geoffrey Finsberg, Conservative politician
 * Roy Grantham, trade union leader
 * Paul Hamlyn, founder of the Hamlyn group of publishers and Music for Pleasure record label
 * Wally Holmes, rugby union player
 * Nat Lofthouse, footballer
 * Dickson Mabon, Labour politician
 * David McClure, artist
 * Tom McGuinness, artist
 * Eric Morecambe, comedian
 * Alun Owen, screenwriter
 * Kenneth Partridge, interior designer
 * Jock Purdon, folk singer/poet
 * Peter Alan Rayner, numismatic author
 * Brian Rix, actor/manager, and President of Mencap
 * Jimmy Savile, disgraced radio/television personality
 * Peter Shaffer, dramatist
 * Alf Sherwood, footballer
 * Gerald Smithson, cricketer

Bevin Boys Association
The Bevin Boys Association was formed in 1989 with 32 members in the Midlands area. By 2009 the membership had grown to over 1,800 from all over the UK and overseas. The association continues to hold meetings and reunions as well as attending commemoration services.

In popular culture
Douglas Livingstone's radio play, Road to Durham, is a fictional account of two former Bevin Boys, now in their eighties, as they visit the Durham Miners' Gala.

British musician Jez Lowe wrote the song "The Sea and the Deep Blue Devil" from the perspective of a Bevin Boy who loses his girlfriend to a Royal Navy recruit.

English singer-songwriter Reg Meuross wrote a song called "The Bevin Boys (Bill Pettinger's Lament)". The song was commissioned by Martin Pettinger as a tribute to his Bevin Boy father, Bill.

title: Bevin Boys