text:
Wikipedia talk:Categorization

Listing most common categories of articles in category
To help with stub sorting, I'd like to go through a large stub category (let's say for example - none of the pages in its subcategories) and see what the most common categories on those pages are, to check if there's any more subcategories that could be made. Is there any way to do this? I don't see it in Petscan. Suntooooth, it/he (talk/contribs) 01:47, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Overcategorization
I just had this note connected with an edit reversion. "Undid revision 1231303175 by Johnpacklambert (talk'') It is standard practice to include all such categories for professional athletes. Abbott played for 18 professional teams and they can't all be expected to be mentioned in this article. His teams are easily verified via the external links at the bottom of this article." I am sorry. This is just plain wrong practice. If we cannot be bothered to mention something in the text of an article, it is too trivial to categorize by. Categories are supposed to lead people through somewhat similar articles. A minimum expectation is that the information be mentioned in the article.''John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:09, 9 July 2024 (UTC) I recently had 4 articles I had edited get revered. This is the general tone of the edit summaries. "Undid revision 1231303175 by Johnpacklambert (talk) It is standard practice to include all such categories for professional athletes. Abbott played for 18 professional teams and they can't all be expected to be mentioned in this article. His teams are easily verified via the external links at the bottom of this article." I am sorry, this is just ludicrous. First off, external links are not always reliable sources, so just using them to push categories directly is problematic. Beyond this, categories are supposed to link something that means something. They need to be "defining". If playing for a team was so non-defining to a person that we do not even mention it anywhere in the text of the article, not even in a table, we should not categorize by it. This makes me think that at some level team played for becomes to close to performance by performer categories. I am sorry, but we should not be categorizing anyone by 18 different teams played, especially with the amount of other categories sports people are placed in. At least not when we do not even mention in any way all 18 teams in the article.''John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:18, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * To be fair the word "professional" above means any level of paid baseball, even in this case A level minors. We have never even agreed that all these levels of playing baseball are notable, even when we were our most generous in granting notability to sportspeople. 18 different teams is just ludicrous. It comes very close to performer by performance level of teams. I am thinking at some point this violates the rule against categorizing performer by performance.John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The Abbott article is 16 paragraphs plus tables and other things long. It still does not mention Winston-Salem Warthogs or several other teams that he is categorized by. I am not sure why all 18 teams cannot be expected to be mentioned in his article, but if we cannot expect them to be mentioned in the article, I am not sure at all why we should categorize by them.
 * I think we should limit categories to things that are mentioned in the article. If it is not defining enough to mention in the article I do not think it is defining enough to categorize by.~

John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:34, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree. WP:CATDEF is a solid guideline. Perhaps people interested in exhaustively documenting this sort of thing could be directed to Wikidata. Barnards.tar.gz (talk) 13:59, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Kurt Abbott looks to be one of the offenders. Another Jim Abbott is looking like he never actually played a game for the 4 minor league teams he was somehow a player for. This is a huge mess. for sure.John Pack Lambert (talk) 14:12, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Before I address the rest of this argument, I'm not sure why you say it looks like Jim Abbott never played for those four minor league teams. As I wrote in my edit summaries, it's easily verifiable via his Baseball-Reference minor league page which is include among the External links in his article. Dennis C. Abrams (talk) 18:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Things need to be clearly stated and explained in the article to use for categories, not just buried in some external link. I looked at the baseball minor reference link, and it was a confusing chart of abbreviations that I could not make any sense of.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:58, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, on further reading I now see where the minor league teams are mentioned. I have grave doubts that we should be placing someone in a category (categories must be defining) based on a source that is a database that throws out a lot of statistics but has no prose about the person's time in the minor leagues. We are not a stat website, and if all we have about the time someone was a player for a team is stats that does not seem to be enough to say something substantive, and I do not see how we can argue some part of someone's life is defining if we do not have even a substantive source on it.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:03, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:CATV applies here. If there is a category for a sports team's players, that team must be mentioned in the article prose as one that the person played for. With source, of course. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 15:29, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see that the guideline says "Categorization of articles must be verifiable. It should be clear from verifiable information in the article why it was placed in each of its categories." So I am right in stating that the information needs to be in the article, not just present in a source.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:56, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I am thinking that even if we could make soured mention of these minor league playing roles, we have to ask if they are defining. For example, I do not think it is reasonable to mention most minor league playing in the lead of an MLB player article, so I do not think it actually for most meets the definition of definingness, and so I think most MLB players should not be categorized by most of the minor league teams they played for.John Pack Lambert (talk) 16:27, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Pinging in here, as he is the editor whose edit summary was quoted above by John Pack Lambert. I disagree with Dennis's assertion that "18 professional teams...can't all be expected to be mentioned in this article." The Kurt Abbott article is aptly rated as Start class. It could be developed a whole bunch more. I just made some edits to it to include mention of his path through the minors from 1989 to 1993 toward his MLB debut. All of the minor league teams that Abbott played for can be easily verified at Baseball-reference.com, a highly reliable site; see https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=abbott001kur. I suspect one could find contemporary newspaper coverage to corroborate all of this and add more detail. John Pack Lambert, as for your claim that "we have never even agreed that all these levels of playing baseball are notable", we have stand-alone articles for all these minor league teams, like Southern Oregon Timberjacks and Tacoma Rainiers. What is the point of even having a category like Category:Southern Oregon A's players if it's not going to be populated with articles like the one for Kurt Abbott and similar players, most of whom ultimately became notable for their MLB careers? Jweiss11 (talk) 18:02, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This has all been litigated before a consensus reached and confirmed. I'm not sure where but I guess I'll have to find it. Dennis C. Abrams (talk) 18:23, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I really think that over 5 categories for teams played on is getting excessive. I think categorizing by Level A (4th tier) level of game played is even more excessive. This is not about "notable" this is about defining. No every thing that is verifiable is defining. When we get to a dozen or more categories this is excessive. The guidelines say that we should categorize by what is reasonable to include in a lead summary. We should not be categorizing based on newspaper reports as some moves through their career. This will often be primary and localized sources. Categories are supposed to be limited to defining characteristics. So for example we do not categorize people by every job they had, even if we can verify from reliable sources they had the job. We categorize them based on the careers they are regularly described as. If a women worked as a flight attendant for 6 months when she was 22, but went on to do other unrelated things the rest of her life, as a flight attendant. Yet if she had worked for years as a flight attendant we would. Categories on players should be limited to people who became well known for. A few weeks with a team is not defining. However it is definitely clear that no category should be placed on an aticle until it is mentioned in the article. Consensus can and does change, and local consensus that ignore the general principals should not be used, so we should not just say "this was discussed before, deal with it", we should discuss it now, because there is a huge problem with lots and lots and lots of article in categories not at all supported by the article text, a great many of which are biographies of living people where that is even worse. Also, Wikipedia is not a court, things are not litigated. Using that word to describe discussions of categorization is incorrect and inaccurate.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:56, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * John Pack Lambert, Rich Hill played for 13 different MLB teams. Would it be "excessive" in your view to categorize that article under all 13 teams? Jweiss11 (talk) 19:03, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I would say yes… there was a period in his career when he was very injury prone, and as a result he only played a few games for some of those teams - being frequently either sent to minor league affiliates or traded. Blueboar (talk) 19:48, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Blueboar, so you'd remove from of the 13 MLB team cats from the Rich Hill article? Which ones? Is there some minimum number of games played you could suggest to qualify for such categorization? Jweiss11 (talk) 19:51, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I would certainly remove some as non-defining. I am not familiar enough with the details of his career to make definitive calls as to which, but JPL’s assessment (below) seems a good start. Blueboar (talk) 21:11, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Blueboar, the principles here are not Rich Hill-specific. We need principles than can be applied consistently to tens of thousands of articles. Your suggestions thus far lack coherence. Jweiss11 (talk) 21:22, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The principle to apply across tens of thousands of articles is: “Only categorize by what is defining”. In order to apply that at the Rich Hill article, you need to ask: “which of these team categories are defining for Rich Hill, specifically?” Blueboar (talk) 01:01, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I would say that all 13 team categories are certainly defining. Appearing in MLB action for a specific team, e.g. (merely "donning the pinstripes") is very defining. What is the standard you propose to exclude for such MLB team categories. How much tenure is needed to qualify as defining? Jweiss11 (talk) 01:14, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Your comments are not consistent with what WP:DEFCAT says. We have WP:DEFCAT. Let's follow it. Bondegezou (talk) 14:14, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, his comments are consistent with DEFCAT. The notability of these players are entirely based on them playing in MLB. No one creates articles on college or minor league players because they aren't notable. ~WikiOriginal-9~  ( talk ) 14:44, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Bondegezou, WP:DEFCAT says: "A defining characteristic is one that reliable sources commonly and consistently refer to in describing the topic." In the case of an MLB player, the reliable sources are going to commonly and consistently refer to that subject as a player for those MLB teams. Jweiss11 (talk) 14:55, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Comparatively, for the case of Rich Hill, the reference in reliable sources to something like Category:Baseball players from Norfolk County, Massachusetts is far more tenuous than any of the team categories. Jweiss11 (talk) 14:57, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If reliable sources commonly and consistently refer to Hill in those terms, great, they meet WP:DEFCAT. Can you show reliable sources commonly and consistently referring to Hill with reference to, say, the San Diego Padres (as it's been suggested they don't meet WP:DEFCAT)? Bondegezou (talk) 15:36, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Bondegezou, there's already two citations in the article that discuss Hill as a Padre. A quick google searches comes up with, , . There are also definitive listings already included in the article that present Hill as a Padre, like: . Jweiss11 (talk) 16:44, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Sounds good. Sorry for the bad baseball analogy, but playing in a game is what I meant. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 16:54, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well it looks to me like Rich Hill did not play any games with either the New York Mets or the Pittsburgh Pirates, at least the text does not mention any games with either, so those two both look like categories that are hard to justify. Actually the San Diego Padres too. So if he never played in a pro game with any of those three I think that is an easy call to say being a player for them is not defining. In general I think we can ask this question about any team he was not on the roster of for a full year. There might still be cases where it is defining, but not every time someone is on a team's roster is it defining. He may have played in games with those three teams, but the fact that there is no mention of it in the article seems to suggest these are not very defining postions.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:17, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Rich Hill played 13 games with the Mets, 10 with Padres, and 22 with the Pirates. This is all very easy to find out: https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/hillri01.shtml. Remember he was also mostly a starting pitcher, and keep in mind that a full season for a starting pitcher is only about 30-ish games. Jweiss11 (talk) 21:19, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I know nothing about baseball, but I believe our basic principle is that a category should not be added to an article, especially a BLP, unless there is sourced content in the article to support it. That's not "It can be read in one of the external links", it's text in the article with a WP:RS. So either the clubs are important enough to be mentioned in the article and their categories added, or not. Pam  D  14:57, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * In the case of the Rich Hill article, all 13 MLB teams he played for are mentioned in the article with good sourcing. What isn't in the article is the number of the games that Hill played for each and every one of those teams. But inclusion of such detail is not required for categorization. It's only relevant to a new, proposed standard that John Pack Lambert was suggesting above. Jweiss11 (talk) 05:41, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * For a player with a career that extends over several years, where they played for several teams, at a minimum it seems that player should have stepped up to the plate for the team at least once to be considered defining as opposed to just having a contract and being on injured reserve or some non-playing status. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 11:14, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * FieldMarine, yes, actually playing in the regular season or postseason as opposed to mere having a contract is a clear, objective standard that can be applied consistently to thousands articles. In the case of baseball, we should remember that pitchers like Rich Hill often never bat all. But they do play—they pitch! Hill indeed played for all 13 of those MLB teams. He also played for the Michigan Wolverines in college and he's played for a bunch of minor league teams. Jweiss11 (talk) 14:03, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * For what it is worth I do not think we should categorize baseball players by county at all. We maybe should categorize them by the state they are from, not born per se, but where they were raised, but only of it is consistently stated. We should avoid categorizing them by more than one state.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:19, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The thing is if you upmerge Category:Baseball players from Norfolk County, Massachusetts to Category:Baseball players from Massachusetts, then you have to add Category:Sportspeople from Norfolk County, Massachusetts to the Rich Hill article. Yes, I deal with state of origin categories in sports bios often, and I agree that that the state where a subject was raised is usually more defining than where they were born, if the two are different. Take the case of Michael Jordan, who was born in New York, but was raised and attended high school in North Carolina, which was the state from which he emerged into notability. Jweiss11 (talk) 00:59, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Overcategorization of burial
This is what the category guideline says about categorization of burial. "If it is relevant to identify the place of burial (either from the perspective of the person or the burial place), then someone buried in a less notable cemetery, or in a place with just a few notable burials, should be recorded in a list within the article about the burial place. However, if the burial place is notable in its own right and has too many other notable people to list, then such burials may be categorized." I take this to mean the following A-our default should be creating a list at the article on the cemetery, not making a category. B-articles should be placed only in categories for burial by cemetery or cemetery like place. higher level categories seem to only exist to group these categories by cemetery, not to directly place articles. So as I am reading this we would create a list for the specific cemetery in New York City someone is buried in. If that list gets big enough that it would reasonably support a category we would create a category. We then would group those categories by city. We actually have "Category:Burials in New York City by place" that makes this clear in the title. I am not sure why the next level up, Burials in New York state, does not make this clear in the title. It might help a lot if we made it clear in the title in more categories.John Pack Lambert (talk) 16:31, 9 July 2024 (UTC) burials by place in New York (state)" but I am not sure "place" is the right word, we do not mean "populated place", we mean "cemetery or place that functions like a cemetery". I also wonder if the parent category named "burials" should be renamed to "burial" or if maybe we should create a sepeate category "burial". I am also not sure why we need say "burials by castle". I understand some castles are defining places of burial. However I am not seeing why the fact that the place of burial was a castle is of any import. I do not think this aides navigation, esepcially since it has only 3 sub-cats. We are not going to create a category "burials in castles" and place in it everyone we have reliable sources showing they were buried in a castle, so I really do not see the point in sorting by so many things. The whole burials tree seems way more complex than it needs to be. In fact with the US I am thinking we should make burials in X state by cemetery the main category, everything else looks like needless clutter. New York state have 42 categories under burials in New York (state) by cemetery. It has a further 10 categories that subdivide basically the same context by an eclectic mix of city or county.John Pack Lambert (talk) 16:47, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * At the same time I am also not understanding why the category "burial monuments and structures in New York (state)' is under "burials in New York (state)". I think the later is a sub-set of the category "burial in New York (state)" which is different than "burials in New York (state)". One is a topic article for articles about the thing, and the other is a set article for articles that are the thing. I think normally we link the other way around. So we have a category "chemistry" and we make "chemists" a sub-set of Chemistry, we do not make chemistry a sub-set of chemists. I am thinking we need to reverse the order of these categories. Or maybe create a parent category "burial in New York (state)" that is an overarching topic category, with sub-cats "burials in New York (state)" which we probably should rename to

Revolutionaries v Rebels
I just came upon Indzhe Voyvoda who was in a revolutionary category. I added him to another for the state he actually lived in. However it seems odd. The article really seems to be saying he was an outlaw, a bandit, maybe a highwayman. I am not sure how he was a revolutionary. It seems the assumption is "every Bulgarian who violently resisted the rule of the Ottoman Empire was a revolutionary." This does not seem to be a good way to define the term. However I am starting to think in some cases one person's rebel is another person's revolutionary. At other times the terms get used fairly interchangeably. There are maybe 3 actual groups. 1-people who are often called "rebels", who seek to change the currently ruler, but who are content with the system as such. However I think some sources call those involved in the American Revolutionary War "rebels", and they do not fit in this group. 2-People who seek to change the system of government. Such as going for a monarchy to democracy. Or instituting a socialist revolution. 3-people who seek to end what they see as foreign control of a place. Sometimes this is obvious, such as those seeking to end British rule in India. Other times it is less clear. I knew someone who thought the Free Savoie types were a bit nutty, and did not think Savoy/Savoie was a distinct enough place for such a movement to make sense. My experience is both Revolutionary is used at times for all 3, group 3 is regularly called Revolutionary, and at times rebel. There are clearly not 3 widely used terms, which is why we do not have 3 categories. My sense is the split between rebels and revolutionaries is less than clear, especially since we have 3 terms covering 2 topics. The fact that some people seek both to overthrow outside colonial rule, and maybe institute a Communist or other drastically different form of government in the place where they are trying to end colonial rule means that 2 and 3 overlap. I am beginning to think the best solution might be to create a category called say French rebels and revolutionaries, or German rebels and revolutionaries or Rebels and revolutionaries from the Ottoman Empire, and group both. We have other compound named categories like Dramatists and playwrights. This would also avoid us having to parse out exactly what counter revolutionaries are. They are actually revolutionaries, but since sometimes "revolutionary" is used as code to mean "supports of the group that won in X revolution", it can come to be seen to have a narrow ideological meaning. A general rebels and revolutionaries category would allow for grouping people more by what they did than what they thought, especially since some people under our current system probably would count as both rebels and revolutionaries, since they were involved in multiple such movements, but we really do not need multiple such categories on the same article.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:42, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Johnpacklambert#People in non-people by century categories
I asked a question on my talk page about people in by century categories that are not meant for people. I think that might be something that people here would be interested in. I do not want to engage in over posting or forum shopping, so I am just putting notice of it here.John Pack Lambert (talk) 20:48, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

 * @Johnpacklambert Thanks for not opening a second copy of the discussion. Even more helpful is to include a link such as User talk:Johnpacklambert/Archives/2024/July, to help other interested editors to get there quickly. (Especially when, as here, it isn't the most recent item on your talk page). Thanks. Pam  D  21:07, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Instrumental musicians
So I came across a Soviet musicians who was a singer and an accordionist. I am not seeing enough Soviet accordionists who have articles to justify that Category. I am thinking that however we need him in something other than Soviet male singers. I put him in Accodinists, but still feel that another Category is needed. I actually created a Category:Soviet instrumental musicians, but noticed there is no instrumental musicians. We basically have musicians, then divide by genre and by composers, conductors (music), singers, and then specific instruments such as accordion, organ, piano, tuba, guitar, drums etc. We end up with a huge number of 1 article intersections of instrumental and nationality, especially since dome categories are things like 20th-century Norwegian accordionists, or 21st-century Irish accordionists, or 18th-century French violinists. Others are Dutch jazz trumpets or Irish classical clarinetists. We may even have 20th-century American jazz trumpeters, a 4 way intersection of instrumental, nationality, century and genre. At one point we have categories like 20th-century African-American women opera singers, which is technically a 6 way intersection of nationality, ethnicity, gender, genre and instrument (if we count voice as an instrument). African-Americans are American nationals, so I think calling it 6 way is right. It has 1 non-diffusing trait, and 1 trait where we allow an ERGS trait to diffuse. Singers we allow to diffuse by gender. Those 6 way intersection categories are no more, but we have many. They work if they can be reasonably filled. I think we need to do something about the 1 article cats.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:32, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I rethink one of the two following ideas would help. 1-Treat singers, composers and conductors as semi-nom-diffudimg subcats. Let me explain. If someone was only a singer, composer or conductors we would diffuse. If they were any of those plus a player of an instrument, we would allow placing in say both French musicians and French male singers, or French tenors, until there were enough Frech harmonica players or whatever instrument to justify diffusion.
 * 2. What I think would be better is create a category French insteumental musicians. Right now we have Frebmnch musicians by instrument. This is a container category. You either have to choose a specific instrument or leave the article directly in French musicians. The problem is that the intersection of instrument and nationality is not going to always lead to large numbers of articles. We generally need at least 5 articles for a category to help navigation. We probably only have 1 article on a Panamania accordionist. There is another issue. Some people are not very defined by the specific isteuments they played, but that they played instruments is defining. We do havd a multi-i strumentalidt category. However this oddly mainly works to create category clutter. We have someone in German trumpeters, German horn players, German tuba players, and German flutists. Now we can add him into German multi-instrumentalists. We do not have someone in German geologists, German chemists, German botanists and German zoologists and them add him to German multi-discipline scientists. Maybe there is really justification for the multi-instrumentalists cat, but I think we need an instrumental musicians one as well. This would be a huge change to how musician categories are ordered. I am not sure if we would want to rename say Australian musicians by instrument to Australian instrumental musicians, orleave both categories.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:47, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * It looks like a current problem is that since voice is being classed as an instrument, instrumental musicians would include singers, unless we come up with another term.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:56, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I checked Australian musicians. I think there are 9 sub-cats of Australian musicians by instrument,not counting any under singers, that have 1 article. There are several others that are under 5 articles.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:56, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Publicans
Our article Publican is about tax collectors in antiquity. Our category Publican, is about people who operated a pub. I think we should find a way to make it more clear that the category is not meant to include people who collected taxes for the Roman Empire.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:43, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Colonial American people
We have a category Colonial American people. It's header says "

I think we should further rename People of the Thirteen Colonies to People from the Thirteen Colonies. The by Colony sub-cats use from, as do several others. "From" means essentially the sane thing as of. From can include those born elsewhere with an established connection. It woks way better with some subcats. A historian of the Thirteen Colonies can live anywhere, at any time after they were cemented, and if we get a painters cat the painters of the Thirteen Colonies is even worse.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:24, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * These categories include people who were notable colonists in the regions of North America which would become the United States, that were in British (Thirteen Colonies), Dutch, French, Russian, Spanish or Swedish colonies."
 * This is a horrible,ahistoric, normalizing present boundaries way to organize things that strikes me as just plain wrong. All the more so because the header itself is not even correct. We should categorize people based on political reality at the time. I wish we could just have a People from British America Category to correspond with British America. The issue there is we already have People from the British West Indies. That groups people from the earliest days in the 1640s and even earlier, down to the 1960s. A lit are broken by Colony, but there are some other groupings. Even though it is an odd anachronism for most of their history People from the Thirteen Colonies is a common enough name that we can just apply it from 1607 on, and ignore than there are not actually 13 colonies until Georgia is formed in the 1720s or so. This leaves the Colony of Newfoundland, British Florida, British Newfoundland and British Quebec that includes Detroit, in an odd position. However my sense is we can live with that.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:11, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * My other sense is people have largely ignored the horrible header. We are not placing people living in what is now Texas, California and New Mexico under Spanish rule into Colonial American people or its subcats despite the header saying we should. I think at this point we around get rid of or rename the whole Colonial American people tree. Our guidelines really discourage using these confusing demonym forms at all. That is why we renamed Imperial Russian people to People from the Russian Empire. In a form like this is Colonial describing people or American. I think it is meant to modify Anerica, or American. So People from Colonial America. However this is America as in the United States of America, not America as in North America or South America. The current way it is used us intense headache forming. The most logical way to use it would be to have it cover everything that became America in 1776, which is effectively the 13 Colonies, so calling it People of the Thirteen Colonies, and excluding those only defined by actions in New Netherlands, New Sweden, New France, or in Spanish Florida that at times included areas later in Georgia and maybe further north would make sense.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:24, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually it is 1732 when Georgia is formed. So the 13 Colonies exist de facto for only 44 years, and maybe de jure by dome view from 1732-1783, so 51 years. There were Colonies for at least 126 years before there are 13. However the name has become conventionally applied so I think it works.John Pack Lambert (talk) 00:47, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Having review Colonial American merchants only 1 person had not operated in areas under British control. I moved him to Dutch merchants, because that is what he was. The only other person who is borderline is George Crogan.John Pack Lambert (talk) 01:13, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Croghan did enough in New York he probably counts. Also Virginia claimed the Ohio country, so in the minds of Virginia authorities he was in Virginia. That some of his activities were in areas also claimed by Penbsylvania would make him fit better. He would more clearly fit in Category:Merchants from British America, but if someone really does not see him as fitting is Merchants from the Thirteen Colonies, we could just move him to Irish merchants. Merchant categorization is by nation of affiliation, not place of operation. A Britsh merchant does not become Chinese just because he comes ashore to sell ginseng, opium, or anything else in Shanghai. We are fairly lenient in allowing merchants who become settled residents of an area to be cataloged there, especially when they are from a home country and in a Colony. However Croghan can be called an Irish merchant, at least if we are not willing to accept his working with Johnson in the Province of New York making him from the Thirteen Colonies. I would accept that, but am not dead set on it.John Pack Lambert (talk) 01:22, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Is there a reason why someone could not be in more that one category… Irish merchant and Merchant from British America (or whatever)? Blueboar (talk) 10:57, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If they were clearly a national of more than one place at different times in their life, then yes they would go in both.However, if they were only an expatriate Merchant then no they would not go in both. If we have a person who is a British merchant in the 1750s, who travels to Istanbul, sells his goods there for about a year, and then returns home, he is not now a Merchant from the Ottoman Empire. That would be too short to make him notable as an expatriate even. If he stays there 6 years, or comes back 7 times, each staying close to a year, than yes he could be in British expatriate in the Ottoman Empire, or Expatriates in the Ottoman Empire if we do not have that. He would need to in some way become a permanent recognized resident of the Ottoman Empire to move to Merchants from the Ottoman Empire though. We do not place British actors who appear in half a dozen American films in American actors categories. They only go in American actors categories if they in some way become a national of the US, or at least someone with regonized permanent residency. We do not require direct evidence, but merely working in a profession in a country does not make one a national there.John Pack Lambert (talk) 12:53, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Templates in category pages
I've seen sometimes navigation templates included in category pages (for example Category:Amiga). Feels like an incorrect use of a category page but I couldn't find any guideline it goes against, closest is WP:CATDESC which says not to include refs or external links in category pages. Mika1h (talk) 16:42, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If you look further down, you will find WP:CAT. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:41, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think you misunderstood me, that link is about how to categorize templates. See the example for what I mean, there are templates sometimes included within category pages. I just didn't want to remove them unless there is a guideline I can cite if someone reverts the edit. --Mika1h (talk) 17:49, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Both Template:Amiga hardware and Template:Amiga people are included in that category, under the "A" heading, contrary to WP:CAT. If they absolutely must be in the category, their sortkeys should be altered to τ per WP:SORTKEY, eleventh bullet (the one beginning "Sort keys may be prefixed with Greek letters ..."). -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 18:04, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * To hopefully clarify some confusion due to ambiguous meaning of "included": the special wiki term for this is transclusion. The templates Amiga hardware, AmigaOS and so on are in the page Category:Amiga. —andrybak (talk) 18:06, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, yeah, those navboxes are all transcluded in the content of the category page. All they accomplish by being there is to link to the same articles that the category page and its subcategory pages already list (at least, all those articles should be in the category or a subcategory), and the reader has to scroll through them to get to the listing that the category page is there to provide, after being confused because they're not seeing what they expect when the page first displays. Redundant, confusing, pointless. Remove them. Largoplazo (talk) 19:14, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Naturalists in the biology tree
I have been thinking naturalists are a good parent category to contain zoologists, botanists, etc. Other editors seem to think that naturalists, botanists, zoologists and others are sub-cats of biologists. What is clear to me is that we need a little order to avoid too much overcategorization. Basically in the 18th and 19th century you had many naturalists who observed and studied a wide range of plants and animals. We have a lot of very specific categories for studying specific types of plants and animals. Several people are in a lot of these categories. I think we should either say that Naturalist is a parent of botanist, zoologist (including ornitologists, mamaologists etc) or state that they are overlap cats, so that we only place people in the naturalists category who are not in any part of the botanists or such. We may also have to work not to diffuse people beyond their real level of specialization. For example John Abbot (entomologist) is said in the lead to have been a "naturalist and artists". He is in categories as a botanists, ornithogist and entomologist. He is in no artist category at all, and is not because of how categories are organized in the naturalist category at all. I added him to the artist tree based on the lead, but think we need to figure out the best way to place him under the scientist tree.John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:03, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Draughtsman
Draughtsman is a disambiguation page. It lists the following. "

 * An architectural drafter, who produced architectural drawings until the late 20th century
 * An artist who produces drawings that rival or surpass their other types of artwork
 * A drafter who prepares technical drawings
 * A law costs draftsman who settles the costs of legal fees
 * A parliamentary draftsman who prepares legislation
 * A playing piece in the game of draughts

So why do we have a category:Draughtsmen? To make things more fun that category through the sub-cat Dutch draghtsmen, includes Jeanne Bieruma Oosting, who would be a draghtswoman. In the main it looks like most people in Category:Draughtsmen, and its various sub-categories are 2- an artits who produces drawings. We also have a seperate category Category:Drawing artists the main article on that type of art work is under the article drawing. I am thinking we would best off rename/merge Draughtsmen and its sub-cats to Drawing artists, and then create American drawing artists, British drawing artists, French drawing artists, and any other by nationality categories to match the ones we have currently. We will also want to ensure that all the people in these categories are actually drawing artists, move anyone who is not to Category:Architectural drafters, Category:Drafters for those who make non-architectural technical drawinings, and I guess if we have anyone who is a law costs draftsman (and we think it is a defining trait) we could create a category Law Costs Draftsmen, and Parliamentary draftsmen as well if we need it. I do not think we need the playing piece category at all.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:36, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It's very hard, if not impossible, to be notable as any of these except #2. A note should clarify that this is what the category is for. Neither "Draughtsman" nor "Drawing artist" are especially familiar or clear terms, and a new name would be better. "Artists notable for drawings" perhaps - this alkso solves the gender issue. The trouble is that over long periods many/most painters produced drawings, as they were trained to do, without being especially known for these. Stern category notes are needed to exclude them. I agree about the merge. Johnbod (talk) 15:57, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see John Price (New South Wales politician) worked as #3 for a while, but that's not defining for him. Johnbod (talk) 15:59, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I think "drawing artist" is probably a good name, and just have a note that says that the category is only for people who are notable for their drawings, not everyone who made a drawing ever.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:26, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I disagree - "drawing artist" seems a made-up Wikipedia term to me, which we should avoid. You never see it in art history. I see some articles on modern artists use "drawer", but I think that is too ambiguous. Johnbod (talk) 21:13, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Categorization


text: Category:Philosophy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Philosophy


text:
Category:Humorists

A humorist is an author who specializes in short, humorous articles or essays.

title: Category:Humorists


text:
Talk:Xcode

≈

Good stuff
👍🖑 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.107.252.25 (talk) 21:26, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

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 * Xcode Logo.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:38, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Xcode 14 in macOS Ventura.png

import Cocoa class ViewController: NSViewController {   var numbers = [Int](1...25)    var currentNumber: Int? @IBOutlet weak var numberLabel: NSTextField! @IBOutlet var gridButtons: [NSButton]! override func viewDidLoad {       super.viewDidLoad        generateGridNumbers    }        func generateGridNumbers {        numbers.shuffle        for (index, button) in gridButtons.enumerated {            button.title = "\(numbers[index])"        }    }        @IBAction func nextNumberButtonPressed(_ sender: NSButton) {        if numbers.count > 0 {            currentNumber = numbers.removeFirst            numberLabel.stringValue = "Number: \(currentNumber!)"            checkWinner        } else {            numberLabel.stringValue = "Game over"        }    }        func checkWinner {        // Implement your logic to check if a player has won the game    } } 169.224.9.204 (talk) 17:52, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xcode


text:
List of Nashville Predators players

The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team was founded as an expansion franchise in 1997, and played their first game during the 1998–99 season. At the end of the 2018–19 season, 280 players, 17 goaltenders and 263 skaters (forwards and defenseman), have played at least one game for Predators in the regular or post-season.

Key

 * Appeared in a Predators game during the 2023–24 season.

''The "Seasons" column lists the first year of the season of the player's first game and the last year of the season of the player's last game. For example, a player who played one game in the 2000–2001 season would be listed as playing with the team from 2000–2001, regardless of what calendar year the game occurred within.''

Statistics complete as of the 2023–2024 NHL season.

title: List of Nashville Predators players


text:
Category:Emotion

Emotions are subjective experiences, often associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition. Articles about specific emotional states should be placed in Category:Emotions or one of its subcategories.

pt:Categoria:Emoções

title: Category:Emotion


text: User talk:68.6.97.63

title: User talk:68.6.97.63


text:
Denny Triangle, Seattle

The Denny Triangle is a neighborhood in Seattle, Washington, United States, that stretches north of Downtown Seattle to the grounds of Seattle Center. Its generally flat terrain was originally a steep hill, taken down as part of a mammoth construction project in the first decades of the 20th century known as the Denny Regrade, which is another name for the neighborhood on the regraded area. The name Denny Triangle, referring to the northeastern portion of this regrading project, is a term that has gained currency as this neighborhood has seen increasing development in the first decades of the 21st century.

As with most Seattle neighborhoods, the Denny Triangle has no formal borders. The Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas (which is published by the city but does not have official status as defining neighborhoods) defines the Denny Regrade as bounded on the north by Denny Way, on the southwest by Third Avenue, on the southeast by Olive Way, with a small eastern border on Interstate 5. A 2009 map from northwestplaces.com treats the term "Denny Regrade" as synonymous with Belltown and shows both names as referring to a triangle bounded on the north by Denny Way, on the southwest by Western Avenue (two blocks inland of the Central Waterfront), and on the southeast by Stewart Street; the southern tip of this triangle falls in the northern part of Pike Place Market. A map on downtownseattle.com agrees on the northern boundary at Denny Way, but splits this area into "Belltown" and the Denny Triangle and gives both a less regular shape. They divide Belltown to the southwest from the Denny Triangle to the northeast, with the border running mainly along Fifth Avenue but including a small number of properties along Denny Way west of Fifth Avenue as being in the Denny Triangle. They mark the southwest border of Belltown as a block closer to the water (Elliott Avenue) and draw a more ragged southeast border: west of Fifth Avenue, Belltown extends south only to Lenora Street, while east of Fifth Avenue the Denny Triangle is bounded in its westernmost block by Virginia Street and (once it crosses Westlake Avenue) by Olive Way, and with an eastern border on the same small piece of Interstate 5 as the City Clerk's map.

Denny Hill

Seattle is located on an isthmus between Lake Washington on the east and Puget Sound on the west. The north-south orientation of the lake and of the city's many hills is the result of glaciation. The terrain was first gouged by south-moving glaciers, and when they retreated, was marked by mounds of rock debris left in their wake. Denny and Queen Anne Hills are two of those north of what is now downtown Seattle. Denny Hill was removed in a series of regrades beginning in 1898 and ending in 1930.

Regrading projects

The Denny Regrade project was the removal of Denny Hill, one of the proverbial seven hills of Seattle. It ran east from First Avenue between Pike Street and Denny Way. Hill and street were named after the Denny family, who were among the city's earliest white inhabitants. The First Avenue regrade was started in 1897 and completed on January 6, 1899. From 1902 to 1911, the hill was sluiced into Elliott Bay by pumping water from Lake Union using hydraulic mining techniques, in a series of regrades along Pike and Pine Streets, Second Avenue, and the massive Denny Regrade No. 1 which regraded everything remaining between Fifth Avenue and the waterfront. In 1929–30, Denny Regrade No. 2 removed the final pieces of the hill east of Fifth Avenue using steam shovels.

title: Denny Triangle, Seattle


text:
Category:Paul McCartney

Articles relating to the musician Paul McCartney of the Beatles and Wings.

title: Category:Paul McCartney


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Angie Aparo

James Angelo "Angie" Aparo is an American musician and songwriter from Atlanta, Georgia.

Aparo began playing in a group called Angie's Hope in the early 1990s before making the decision to go solo. After making that decision, Aparo chose to go out on the road touring with his acoustic guitar in the Southeast. In 1996, he released his first album, Out of the Everywhere, recorded at David Briggs Studio in Nashville, Tennessee with Jim Stabile as engineer.

In 1999, with Matt Serletic, Aparo released his second studio album The American. His single, "Spaceship," was released in 2000 and became one of his biggest hits. The American also includes his original version of the song "Cry", made popular by Faith Hill and featured on her album of the same name. Faith Hill's husband Tim McGraw also covered "Free Man" from The American.

Following record label issues, Aparo released the independent album Weapon of Mass Construction (2001) (Later re-released under the title One With the Sun), a CD of cover songs taken from varying artists from Beastie Boys to Neil Young and Elton John, as well as two previously unreleased originals. In his own words, "It was fun, and I got it out of my system."

In 2003, he released another album, For Stars and Moon, again independently.

Aparo put together backing band The Infidels and toured the Southeast while recording a 2006's EP "El Primero Del Tres" with producer Dann Huff. The Infidels consists of Derek Murphy (The American, 9Live, One With the Sun, For Stars and Moon, Praise Be), Mark Dannells, Martin Lesch (For Stars and Moon), and Shannon Woods. Aparo also released the album Praise Be that year.

In 2009, Aparo contributed the song "Junkyard" with the Zac Brown Band on their album Pass The Jar – Zac Brown Band And Friends From The Fabulous Fox Theatre in Atlanta (Live).

In April 2016, Aparo suffered torn carotid artery, which caused a stroke that initially immobilized him and rendered him unable to speak or remember his songs.

In February 2018 he released the album "Life Is a Flower, Life Is a Gun."

Discography

 * Out of the Everywhere (1996)
 * The American (1999)
 * Weapon of Mass Construction (also released under the title "One With the Sun") (2001)
 * For Stars and Moon (2003)
 * 9Live (2004)
 * El Primero Del Tres (2006)
 * Praise Be (2006)
 * Life Is a Flower, Life Is a Gun (2018)

Band members

 * Angie Aparo: Vocals
 * Derek Murphy: Drums

title: Angie Aparo


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Proctor

Proctor (a variant of procurator) is a person who takes charge of, or acts for, another.

The title is used in England and some other English-speaking countries in three principal contexts:
 * In law, a proctor is a historical class of lawyers, and the King's (or Queen's) Proctor is a senior government lawyer.
 * In religion, a proctor represents the clergy in Church of England dioceses.
 * In education, proctor is the name of university officials in certain universities.

In the United States and some other countries, the word "proctor" is frequently used to describe someone who supervises an examination (i.e. a supervisor or invigilator) or dormitory.

England
A proctor was a legal practitioner in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts in England. These courts were distinguished from the common law courts and courts of equity because they applied "civil law" derived from Roman law, instead of English common law and equity. Historically, proctors were licensed by the Archbishop of Canterbury to undertake the duties that were performed in common law courts by attorneys and in the courts of equity by solicitors. Proctors were attached to the Doctors' Commons, which performed a similar function for civil law or "civilian" advocates (the doctors) to that of the Inns of Court for barristers. Reforms in the mid-19th century removed the monopoly of the civilian doctors and proctors in the family and admiralty courts, leaving only the ecclesiastical Court of Arches. Later, the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875, which created the Supreme Court of Judicature, combined the three roles (proctor, attorney and solicitor) into the common profession of "solicitor of the Supreme Court".

King/Queen’s Proctor
The King/Queen's Proctor is the historical name for an official who acted for the Crown in certain courts in England. The modern name of the office is HM Procurator-General, and this office has for many years been combined with that of the Treasury Solicitor, whose formal title is His/Her Majesty's Procurator-General and Treasury Solicitor.

In the admiralty courts, the King/Queen's Proctor historically acted in all causes concerning the King or Queen. A proctor or procurator was an officer who, in conjunction with the King/Queen's Proctor, acted as the attorney or solicitor in all causes concerning the Lord High Admiral's affairs in the High Court of Admiralty and other courts.

In probate and divorce courts, this official acted as the proctor or solicitor representing the Crown. In petitions of divorce, or for declaration of nullity of marriage, the King/Queen's Proctor may, under direction of the Attorney General, intervene in the suit for the purpose of arguing any question that the court deems expedient to have argued. The powers are set out in section 8 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, and include the power to show cause against a decree nisi being made absolute, usually on receipt of information indicating that the court has been misled into granting a decree.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the two groups of legal practitioners, advocates (similar to barristers) and Proctors (similar to solicitors) existed since 1833 until the Justice Law No. 44 of 1973, created a single group of practitioners, known as attorneys-at-law. There were two types of proctors; proctors of the Supreme Court and proctors of a district court. The former could practice in any court, while the latter was allowed to practice in the lower courts in a specific district. The Attorney General was authorised a proctor from each district to serve as the Crown Proctor to instruct or brief crown counsel on civil and criminal cases in district courts, courts of requests and police courts on behalf of the Crown.

Australia
Proctor is a term that survives in Western Australia and in South Australia. Until it was amended in 1992 and later superseded by the Legal Profession Act in 2008, the Legal Practitioners Act 1893 (WA) provided for legal practitioners in Western Australia to be admitted and entitled to practice as "practitioners". That term was then defined as "a person admitted and entitled to practice as a barrister, solicitor, attorney and proctor of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, or in any one or more of these capacities". Whilst it was theoretically possible to apply for admission in any of these capacities, as there was no separate qualification for such separate admissions, the standard practice (pre 1992) was for all persons to be admitted as barristers, solicitors and proctors of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. Many survive today. South Australian legislation still provides as of December 2019 that a person admitted as a Solicitor to the Supreme Court of South Australia is also both a Proctor, and an Attorney, of that court.

United States
The American colonies continued the British use of the term proctor in admiralty for attorneys who were admitted to specialized admiralty and patent bars. With the unification of the federal Admiralty Rules with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1966, attorneys practicing admiralty law before the federal courts ceased to be formally called proctors, though the term remains in unofficial use.

Ecclesiastical
In the context of the Church of England, a proctor represents clergy in convocation. The Lower Houses of the Convocations of Canterbury and York include specially elected proctors (the deans of cathedrals and the Dean of either Jersey or Guernsey) and directly elected proctors (representing beneficed and licensed clergy, clergy with permission to officiate, archdeacons, clergy holding office in a cathedral, religious communities, universities and institutions of theological education).

High university official
In some universities, a proctor is a high official.

Cambridge University
The early history of the office at Cambridge is obscure, but it seems that the Proctors have always represented the colleges in University proceedings. In the past the Proctors administered the university's finances, acted as examiners for all candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, prosecuted anyone suspected of unfair trading, and had a multitude of other tasks. At present their functions are twofold: (1) taking part in all university ceremonials, and (2) enforcing discipline in the case of members of the university who are in statu pupillari (undergraduates, Bachelors of Arts and Bachelors of Laws).

Election
At Cambridge University the Proctors are nominated every May by colleges identified in a predetermined cycle. They then serve for one year from 1 October, assisted by their Deputy Proctors and two Pro-Proctors. They must have been a member of the Senate for three years, and must have resided two years at the university. The two Pro-Proctors are not, as at Oxford, nominated by the Proctors, but are also elected by the Regent House on the nomination of the colleges, each college having the right to nominate a Pro-Proctor for the year next before that in which it nominates the Proctor (Grace of 26 February 1863). Two additional Pro-Proctors are also elected by the Senate each year, on the nomination of the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors, to assist the latter in the maintenance of discipline (Grace of 6 June 1878).

The Proctors for 2020–2021 are Dr Karen Ottewell (Senior Proctor) of Emmanuel College and Dr Annamaria Motrescu-Mayes (Junior Proctor) of Clare Hall.

The Deputies to the Proctors are Dr Gemma Burgess (Deputy to the Senior Proctor) of St Edmund's College and Mr Francis Knights (Deputy to the Junior Proctor) of Fitzwilliam College.

The Pro-Proctors are Dr John Fawcett (Senior Pro-Proctor) of Churchill College and Rev'd Dr Mark Smith (Junior Pro-Proctor) of Clare College.

Mr Timothy Milner of Darwin College is additional Pro-Proctor for Ceremonial.

Mr Gordon Chesterman of St Edmund's College is additional Pro-Proctor (2020–21).

The first hundred years of Proctorial records are mostly lost, but the Proctors' Office web site has a more or less complete list of the Proctors since 1314.

Ceremonial functions
The Proctors are ex officio members of the Board of Scrutiny, the Board of Examinations, and various other bodies. Their presence is essential at all Congregations of the Regent House, at which the Senior Proctor reads all the Graces and the Junior Proctor takes the vote of the Regent House. If any Grace is opposed by any member of the Senate saying non-placet, the Proctors take the votes of those present and announce the result. Graces are offered not only for making changes in University Statutes and Ordinances and for appointing examiners and the like, but also for granting degrees. When a degree is to be taken, the college of the candidate presents a supplicat or petition for the degree; this petition is approved by the Regent House, if and when they have satisfied themselves that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions, and is read at the Congregation by the Senior Proctor: these supplicats are practically never opposed, but Graces for new Statutes and Ordinances are frequently opposed, and on very important occasions such as the election of a new Chancellor many hundreds of non-resident members of the Senate come up to record their votes.

Disciplinary functions
The proctors' powers as to discipline have a very long history. As far as concerns members of the university they have authority to impose certain fines for minor offences, such as not wearing academic dress on occasions when it is ordered, and also to order a student not to be out of their college after a certain hour for a certain number of days ("gating"). For more serious offences, the proctor generally reports the matter to the authorities of the offender's college to be dealt with by them, or as a last resort brings the offender before the university court of discipline, which has power to rusticate or send down (expel). The power of the proctors over persons who are not members of the university dates from charters granted by Elizabeth I and James I, which empowered the university authorities to search for undesirable characters, men and women, rogues, vagabonds, and other personas de male suspectas (persons suspected of evil), and punish them by imprisonment or banishment. In recent times this power was often exercised with respect to prostitutes. The proctors promenaded the streets attended by their servants (the bulldogs) who are always sworn in as special constables. (They are now called 'Constables', and retain full police powers of arrest within 5 miles (8 km) of Great St Mary's Church, deemed to be the centre of the university; Proctors now do not have power of arrest.) If occasion arose, the proctor could arrest a suspected woman and have her taken to the Spinning House (for which Thomas Hobson the carrier had left an endowment); the next day the woman was brought before the vice-chancellor, who had power to commit her to the Spinning House; as a general rule the sentence was for no longer than three weeks. For this purpose the Vice-Chancellor sat in camera and the jurisdiction had nothing to do with that of the vice-chancellor's court. In 1898 attention was called to this procedure by the case of a girl named Daisy Hopkins, who was arrested and committed to the Spinning House. Application was made on her behalf to the Queen's Bench Division for a writ of habeas corpus, and when the application came on it appeared that there had been a technical irregularity (the prisoner not having been formally charged when brought before the Vice-Chancellor); so the writ was granted and the prisoner released. She afterwards brought an action against the proctor, which failed. It was then decided to abolish the practice of hearing these cases in camera. The whole practice was, however, objected to by the authorities of the town, and after a conference an agreement was reached: the proctorial jurisdiction over persons not members of the university was abolished (1904).

The Junior Proctor has special responsibility for university societies and for resolving disputes arising from the Cambridge Students' Union.

The Special Pro-Proctor for Motor Vehicles is responsible for licensing the keeping and using of motor vehicles (other than mopeds) within 10 mi of Great St Mary's Church by University students who have not yet reached MA status and are in residence in term or in the Long Vacation period of residence. The Motor Proctor also has the power to impose a fine of up to £175 on students breaching the regulations on the keeping and using of motor vehicles.

Oxford University
The Proctors of Oxford University are senior officers of the university who are responsible for enforcing University discipline and sanctions, for handling complaints against the university, and for conducting public examinations (often at the Examination Schools). They are elected annually by the colleges. Two Proctors are elected each year: a Senior and a Junior Proctor.

The reform of the university statutes in 2002 reorganised the disciplinary system of the university and reduced the powers of the Proctors. However, they still act as ombudsmen for the university, and handle formal complaints by and against students (although more minor disciplinary matters are usually dealt with by the Dean of each college). They have the power to issue fines to members of the university for numerous offences, including cheating in examinations.

Prior to 2003, the Proctors were aided in disciplinary matters by the Oxford University Police (who wore bowler hats and were generally known as "Bulldogs"); the University Police were a private constabulary with full powers of arrest within the precincts of the university and within four miles (6 km) of any University building. However, after receiving public criticism in 2002 for their exercise of authority over citizens of Oxford who were not members of the university, the force was disbanded by the University Council in 2003, due partly to the excessive expense of complying with new Government requirements on police training and complaints procedures. Today, the Constables have been redesignated as "Proctors' Officers" and continue to serve under the Proctors, but no longer have the powers of police constables.

Examination supervisor
In the United States and some other countries, a proctor can be any teacher or other staff member at a university, secondary school, or even elementary school when they are supervising the administration of a test or examination; i.e. the role referred to as an "invigilator" in British, Canadian, Australian and South African English.

Online proctoring
Online proctoring is the monitoring or invigilation of assessments taken remotely.

Online proctors verify test-taker identity and monitor to prevent cheating using a variety of methods, including live, record-and-review, and automated proctoring. Online proctoring services work with colleges, universities, corporations, and other certification providers to offer identity verification services and assessment monitoring.

Demand for online proctoring has expanded in recent years as a result of rapid expansions in online learning. In 2006, the Department of Education waived the so-called “50 percent rule,” which stipulated that U.S. students in online degree programs could only receive federal student aid if half of their programs were campus-based. As of 2017, one in three students take at least one course online during their college career. In addition, instructors in face-to-face classes can also administer exams online.

Higher education institutions around the world make use of online proctoring for tens of thousands of exams. The 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina proctor between 30,000 and 40,000 exams online per year. At the fully online Western Governors University, 30,000 exams are proctored online each month. Recent estimates suggest that there are about fifteen providers of online proctoring.

Research on online proctoring
Research suggests that students are equally likely to cheat online as they are in person. However, one study found that nearly three-quarters of college students hold the perception that cheating online is easier than cheating in person. In 2016, USA Today reported on research by Examity which suggests that 6% of students violate rules for proctored online exams. There is clear evidence to that it is easily possible to circumvent e-proctoring software. A scientific test of the Proctorio software at the Dutch University of Twente showed that the software was not able to detect any of the cases of examination fraud it was subjected to. The conclusion was that the sensitivity of Proctorio is disastrous and should be considered at very close to zero.

Some online proctoring providers give colleges and universities access to anonymized, aggregated data on proctoring and cheating rates. These analytics tools allow institutions to measure their violation rates against other schools, as well as to track incidents by time of year and type of course, among other metrics.

title: Proctor


text:
Category:John Lennon

Articles relating to the musician John Lennon of the Beatles and Plastic Ono Band. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:John Lennon


text:
KIRO-TV

KIRO-TV (channel 7) is a television station in Seattle, Washington, United States, affiliated with CBS and Telemundo. Owned by Cox Media Group, the station maintains studios on Third Avenue in the Belltown section of Downtown Seattle, and its transmitter is located in the city's Queen Anne neighborhood, adjacent to the station's original studios.

KIRO-TV signed on in 1958 as the last commercial VHF television station for the Seattle metropolitan area; owing to its status as the television extension to KIRO (710 AM), the station immediately took the CBS affiliation from Tacoma-licensed KTNT-TV (now KSTW), but they were forced to share the affiliation for two years after the owners of both stations settled a lawsuit over the affiliation switch. Subsequently owned for more than three decades by the broadcasting division of the LDS Church, KIRO-TV briefly became a UPN affiliate when KSTW reaffiliated with CBS in 1995 during a nationwide affiliation shuffle, but rejoined the network in 1997 via a three-way trade that involved the two stations.

Early years
After KOMO-TV (channel 4) signed on in December 1953, Seattle's channel 7 was the last commercial VHF channel allocation available in the Puget Sound area. As such, its construction permit was heavily contested among several local broadcast interests. Three radio stations—KVI (570 AM), KXA (770 AM, now KTTH) and KIRO (710 AM)—were locked in a battle for the frequency over several years of comparative hearings at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Following an initial decision in 1955 and a reaffirmation in 1957, the ultimate victorious party was Queen City Broadcasting, owners of KIRO radio, who signed-on channel 7 on February 8, 1958. Queen City was led by president and general manager Saul Haas, who purchased KIRO radio in 1935 and included U.S. Senator Warren Magnuson and CBS News correspondent Edward R. Murrow amongst its shareholders. The station's original studios were located on Queen Anne Avenue, adjacent to its broadcast tower and directly across the street from KIRO radio. The first program shown on channel 7 was the explosion of Ripple Rock, a hazard to navigation in Seymour Narrows, British Columbia.

KIRO radio had been a CBS Radio affiliate for over 20 years and KIRO-TV subsequently became an affiliate of the CBS television network upon signing on. Channel 7 took the CBS affiliation from Tacoma-licensed KTNT-TV (channel 11, now KSTW) prompting that station's owners at the time, the Tacoma News Tribune to file an antitrust lawsuit accusing CBS of having a standing agreement with KIRO to affiliate with the television network before Queen City's permit to build channel 7 was even approved. In May 1960, KIRO-TV was forced to share CBS with KTNT-TV as part of a settlement reached between the three parties. This arrangement lasted for the next two years with KIRO-TV again becoming the market's exclusive CBS affiliate in September 1962.

Sale to LDS Church
In April 1963, the Deseret News Publishing Company, the for-profit media arm of the Salt Lake City–based Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), began purchasing stock in Queen City Broadcasting starting with a 10 percent share from several minority partners including Sen. Magnuson. Six months later the LDS Church purchased an additional 50 percent, giving them majority control of the KIRO stations. Along with having earned a handsome return on his original investment of 28 years earlier, Saul Hass subsequently joined the board of the LDS Church's broadcasting subsidiary, which was renamed Bonneville International in 1964.

Soon after the FCC approved the sale, Bonneville executives Lloyd Cooney and Kenneth L. Hatch arrived in Seattle to lead the renamed KIRO, Inc. division. Upon Cooney's departure to run for U.S. Senate in 1980, Hatch became president, CEO and chairman, positions he held until 1995. Under Hatch's leadership, KIRO, Inc. (which, in addition to KIRO-AM-FM-TV, would later include KING radio and Third Avenue Productions) became one of the nation's premier regional broadcast groups. KIRO's corporate board included many notable leaders including Mary Maxwell (mother of Bill Gates); Pay 'n Save chairman M. Lamont Bean; Washington Mutual chief executive officer Tony Eyring and Gordon B. Hinckley, a future president of the LDS Church. The KIRO stations moved their offices and studios to "Broadcast House" at Third Avenue and Broad Street in Seattle's Belltown district in 1968, where KIRO-TV remains to this day.

Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, KIRO-TV still faced competition in some parts of Western Washington from Bellingham-based KVOS-TV (channel 12), which was also then a CBS affiliate. After years of legal challenges and negotiations with CBS and KIRO-TV, KVOS (at the time owned by Wometco Enterprises) began to phase out most CBS programming by 1980. At age 29 in 1979, John Lippman joined KIRO-TV as news director, and he worked there until 1992. During that time, KIRO staff grew increased from 45 to 100, and KIRO-TV was at or near the top of the ratings in the Seattle market for most of the decade.

KVOS retained a nominal affiliation with CBS until 1987 (KVOS gradually became an independent, and is now a Univision affiliate), during which it would run any CBS network programs that were preempted by channel 7.

From CBS to UPN
In 1994, CBS found itself without an affiliate in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex after KDFW-TV left the network to become a Fox affiliate as a result of the station's owner, New World Communications, signing an affiliation deal with Fox (it later was purchased outright by the network). Consequently, CBS began to negotiate with Gaylord Broadcasting to secure an affiliation agreement with the independent station it had long owned in Fort Worth, KTVT. As part of the deal, CBS would also affiliate with Gaylord-owned independent KSTW in Tacoma; both KSTW and KTVT had been scheduled to affiliate with The WB Television Network (the network would instead pair up with KTZZ-TV [now KZJO] and KDAF, respectively). The deal was announced on September 15, 1994, and CBS programs that had been preempted by KIRO-TV (such as The Bold and the Beautiful) moved to KSTW soon afterward. Other CBS programs such as The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder were shown on KSTW beginning in January 1995, although the show aired an hour later at 1:35 a.m., whereas other CBS affiliates aired the program directly after the Late Show with David Letterman at 12:35 a.m. Even when channel 11 regained the CBS affiliation for the third time in its history in March 1995, the program continued to air at 1:35 a.m.

Two days before the affiliation switch was announced, Bonneville announced that it would sell KIRO-TV to the Belo Corporation, while retaining ownership of KIRO radio. In addition, in anticipation of the affiliation change, Belo stated that it would run channel 7 as a news-intensive independent station. However, on December 6, the station reached an affiliation deal with another then-forthcoming network, UPN.

More changes descended upon channel 7 after Belo took control of the station on January 31, 1995. The station began carrying UPN programming upon its startup on January 16, 1995; however, until CBS moved completely to KSTW on March 13 of that year, UPN programs generally aired on weekend afternoons, though KIRO-TV did preempt CBS programming so that it could air the series premiere of Star Trek: Voyager in prime time.

Local newscasts on channel 7 expanded during this time to nearly 40 hours each week with expansions to its morning and early evening newscasts to compensate for UPN not having national news programs. Outside of UPN's program offerings, the rest of KIRO-TV's schedule was filled with first-run syndicated talk shows, reality shows, off-network dramas, a couple of off-network sitcoms and movies. This format was unusual for a UPN affiliate (but was becoming standard for a Fox affiliate) as most UPN affiliates had a general entertainment format outside of network programming hours. In 1996, Belo acquired the Providence Journal Company, which owned Seattle's NBC affiliate KING-TV (channel 5). Belo could not own both KING-TV and KIRO-TV under FCC rules at the time, and as a result, the company opted to sell KIRO-TV.

Rejoining CBS
Though there was speculation that Belo would swap KIRO-TV to Fox Television Stations in exchange for KSAZ-TV in Phoenix and KTBC-TV in Austin, Texas, Belo announced on February 20, 1997, that it would swap channel 7 to UPN co-owner Viacom's Paramount Stations Group subsidiary (now part of CBS News and Stations), in exchange for KMOV in St. Louis. At the time, Paramount Stations Group was in the process of selling off the CBS and NBC affiliates that it inherited from Viacom through its 1994 purchase of Paramount Pictures.

Concurrently, Paramount/Viacom traded KIRO-TV to Cox Enterprises in exchange for KSTW, just one month after Cox announced it would acquire that station from Gaylord Broadcasting. The trades were completed on June 2, 1997. The two stations retained their respective syndicated programming, but swapped network affiliations once again—with KSTW becoming a UPN owned-and-operated station, and KIRO-TV regaining its CBS affiliation on June 30, 1997.

In February 2019, it was announced that Apollo Global Management would acquire Cox Media Group and Northwest Broadcasting's stations. The sale gave KIRO-TV in-state sisters in Spokane's KAYU-TV, the Tri-Cities' KFFX-TV, and Yakima's KCYU-LD—all of which are Fox affiliates. Although the group planned to operate under the name Terrier Media, it was later announced in June 2019 that Apollo would also acquire Cox's radio and advertising businesses, and retain the Cox Media Group name. The sale was completed on December 17, 2019. The Fox stations were sold off to Imagicomm Communications in August 2022.

Past programming
One of the most famous and longest-running regional children's television programs in the United States, The J.P. Patches Show was produced in-house by KIRO-TV and broadcast steadily from 1958 to 1981. The program starred Chris Wedes as Julius Pierpont Patches, a shabby clown and self-professed mayor of the City Dump and Bob Newman as J.P.'s "girlfriend" Gertrude, in addition to a number of other characters. Nightmare Theatre was KIRO-TV's weekly horror movie series, seen from 1964 to 1978 and hosted by "The Count" (Joe Towey) from 1968 to 1975. Towey, who also directed The J.P. Patches Show, died in 1989.

During the 1970s, KIRO-TV preempted the first half hour of Captain Kangaroo each morning in order to air J.P. Patches. Many parents protested by writing letters to the station because they preferred more educational value from Captain Kangaroo than with "J.P.", while children preferred J.P. Patches. From 1987 to 1995, under Bonneville ownership, KIRO-TV refused to air The Bold and the Beautiful, which normally aired at 12:30 p.m.; the station aired a 60-minute local newscast from 12 noon to 1 p.m. instead. As a result, the station received many protest letters from fans of the show during that period and even one from the show's creator himself, William J. Bell. The show was cleared when KSTW had CBS for their brief time from 1995 to 1997, and was eventually cleared on KIRO-TV after they went back to CBS from UPN and a change of ownership to Cox. In 2014, KIRO-TV once again went back to an hour of local news at noon, delaying B&B to 3 p.m., and later 2 p.m. when Let's Make a Deal moved to 9 a.m. On September 10, 2018, KIRO-TV went back to an hour of news at noon. The Bold and the Beautiful stayed at 2 p.m., with Right This Minute moving to 2:30 p.m.

In 1990, KIRO-TV tape-delayed the Daytona 500 by six hours to show a Seattle SuperSonics game as it was the flagship station of the team. The race was won by Derrike Cope (who is a native of nearby Spanaway, Washington) in an upset over Dale Earnhardt in the final lap after a cut tire. Prior to joining UPN in 1995, KIRO-TV ran the CBS Evening News at 6 p.m. between local newscasts at 5 and 6:30 p.m. (The program now airs at 6:30 p.m., the recommended Pacific Time Zone slot for the newscast.)

Sports programming
KIRO-TV was also the flagship station for pre-season game broadcasts of the Seattle Seahawks from 1976 to 1980. Play-by-play announcers were Gary Justice (1976–78) and Wayne Cody (1979–85), who was also the station's sports anchor. For years, KIRO-TV was the flagship station for Seattle SuperSonics broadcasts, coinciding with the NBA's broadcast contract with CBS that it held from 1973 to 1990, which included the SuperSonics' winning the 1979 NBA Finals. KIRO-TV also carried the Seattle Mariners from 1986 to 1988 as well as in 1992 and again from 1995 to 2000, in addition to any games aired through CBS' MLB contract from 1990 to 1993. KIRO-TV carried the Tacoma Stars (MISL) from 1986 to 1988.

The station also airs Seahawks games (at least two each season) when the team hosts an AFC team at Lumen Field, via the NFL on CBS (it was previously the station where the majority of the team's games aired in 1976 and again from 1998 to 2001), and beginning in 2014, with the institution of the new "cross-flex" broadcast rule, any games in which they play another NFC team (or an AFC team on the road) that are moved from Fox (KCPQ) to CBS.

KIRO-TV had also broadcast the Albert Lee Appliance Cup H1 Unlimited hydroplane races on the culminating day of Seattle's Seafair festival. The rights also include coverage of other Seafair events, including Seattle's Fourth of July fireworks on Lake Union (which were brought under the auspices of Seafair in 2013), as well as the Torchlight Parade. In 2017, full-day coverage of the races were discontinued, marking the first time since 1951 that the races were not broadcast live, and the end of a 31-year run of live broadcasts on the station. KIRO cited the costs of producing the telecast as reasoning, and replaced the live broadcast with a 90-minute recap show aired in the evening. However, full-day coverage of all Seafair races returned via Tegna-owned KONG-TV (sister station to KING-TV) in 2018 in association with SWX Right Now.

News operation
KIRO-TV presently broadcasts $42 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday and $3 1/2$ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays).

In 1969, KIRO-TV made major upgrades to its news programming, implementing the now-commonplace Eyewitness News format with chief correspondent Clif Kirk, sportscaster Ron Forsell and assistant anchor Sandy Hill, who later left KIRO-TV to become a co-host of Good Morning America. Throughout the 1970s, KIRO-TV was known in Seattle for hiring women in the roles of "assistant anchors" and "weather presenters", including Sandy Hill, Ann Martin, Mikki Flowers and Ann Busch. Throughout the decades, KIRO-TV placed a high emphasis on news programming and investigative stories. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eyewitness News team of anchors John Marler and Gary Justice, meteorologist Harry Wappler and Wayne Cody (and later joined by Susan Hutchison) overtook KING-TV for supremacy in local news.

Beginning in the 1970s, KIRO-TV's newscasts also included op-ed segments prepared by Lloyd R. Cooney. After Cooney left the station in 1980 to pursue an unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign, the station editorials were handled by a series of commentators: KIRO, Inc. CEO and chairman Ken Hatch, followed by former Seattle City Council member John Miller (later elected as Congressman from Washington's First District) and then by former Seattle Post-Intelligencer editor Louis R. Guzzo. In 1986, KIRO-TV debuted Point Counterpoint featuring conservative John Carlson and liberal Walt Crowley; the segment aired on what was then KIRO-TV's most popular newscast, The Sunday Newshour with Crowley and Carlson becoming well known for their pointed and bombastic debates.

In 1990, KIRO-TV became one of the first television stations in the United States (if not the first) to expand its weekday morning newscast into the 4:30 a.m. timeslot—long before it started to become commonplace nationwide in the late 2000s and 2010s (at the time, most news-producing stations started their morning news programs at 6 or 6:30 a.m., with many not expanding into earlier timeslots until as early as the mid-1990s); the program eventually reverted to a 5:30 a.m. start by 1993. Also during this time period, KIRO began producing a 10 p.m. newscast for local independent station KTZZ (currently KZJO); a simulcast of KIRO radio's morning drive program was added to KTZZ in 1993. The 10 p.m. newscast was dropped in September 1993.

By the early 1990s, the well-worn, "happy talk" format faltered and KING-TV's newscasts had overtaken KIRO-TV in the local news ratings, leading to a major restructuring of its news department. In June 1992, the station merged its news department with that of KIRO radio, under its news director Andy Ludlum. Seeking to differentiate itself from its competitors, station president Ken Hatch oversaw a major revamp of KIRO-TV's newscasts that launched on February 4, 1993, which the station billed as "news outside of the box". Robert Bovill designed an open newsroom set, which synergized the radio and television staff as the "KIRO News Network", and included a rotating, three-section platform for studio interviews, with walls meant to resemble Mount Rainier; the "command center" in the center of the area contained a nine-screen video wall, and an assignment desk designed to resemble a ferryboat. The Seattle Symphony recorded new theme music, and Pacific Northwest Ballet co-artistic director Kent Stowell coached the anchors in the art of walking toward a moving camera while simultaneously delivering the news.

The result was an unmitigated disaster; viewers quickly complained they were distracted by the moving anchors, the constant buzz of assignment editors in the background of newscasts and periodic "visits" into the KIRO radio studios. The television reporters' primary assets were lost on radio listeners, while many of the radio reporters were clearly uncomfortable on camera. The original concept also called for live airing of raw, unedited field tape, which only called attention to the importance of proper news editing. In addition, KOMO-TV and KING-TV were fighting for first place in the Seattle market; the latter station's local sketch comedy show, Almost Live!, took potshots at KIRO's news format the week of the debut. Even KIRO's own employees were not enthused about it; one unidentified reporter was quoted as saying "All of this is being done for cosmetics. It's all superficial garbage. There's been no effort to improve substance. But it's like the emperor's new clothes: You can't question it." Attempts were made to salvage the format, including using tighter camera angles.

By September 1993, after veteran anchor Susan Hutchison threatened to leave the station, Ludlum and other backers of the idea had either left or been fired. Under new news director Bill Lord, the station returned to a more conventional format as KIRO NewsChannel 7; his colleagues applauded a promise to "nail the anchors' shoes to the floor". The station ultimately returned to Eyewitness News (with a new graphics set and logo based on sister station WHIO-TV in Dayton, Ohio) when Cox purchased the station and concurrent to its return to CBS in 1997. During the station's UPN affiliation, the station launched additional newscasts to replace CBS programming in time periods not programmed by UPN, including a two-hour morning newscast extension from 7 to 9 a.m. and an hour of news at 10 p.m. Beginning in March 2003, the station would once again produce a 10 p.m. newscast for another station, this time for KSTW (whose own news department had been shuttered in 1998, shortly after the affiliation swap between KSTW and KIRO had been reversed); the newscast was canceled on December 19, 2003, and returned on June 28, 2004, before being canceled permanently in June 2005; news would not return to KSTW until 2022. On October 3, 2015, KIRO-TV introduced a new set, refreshed logo, and dropped the Eyewitness News title again, this time in favor of KIRO 7 News.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Aaron Brown – former ABC News and CNN anchor; currently anchoring at PBS and teaching journalism at Walter Cronkite School
 * Wayne Cody – sports anchor
 * Linda Cohn – now anchor for ESPN's SportsCenter
 * Sandy Hill – (1969–1974); later with KNXT/KCBS-TV in Los Angeles and Good Morning America
 * Susan Hutchison – anchor (1979–2001); served as Chair of the Washington State Republican Party 2013–2018
 * Neal Karlinsky – reporter; now with ABC News, based in Seattle
 * David Kerley – anchor/reporter; now with ABC News, based in Washington, D.C.
 * Ann Martin – (1969–1976); moved to KCBS/KCAL-TV in Los Angeles; retired
 * Rob Mayeda – meteorologist; now at KNTV in San Jose–San Francisco
 * Steve Raible – news anchor; also lead radio play-by-play announcer for the Seattle Seahawks.
 * Alison Starling – anchor/reporter; retired from WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C.
 * Jack Williams – anchor; later with WBZ-TV in Boston; retired in 2015
 * Brian Wood – anchor/reporter; currently an anchor at KATU in Portland, Oregon
 * Janet Wu – anchor; currently at WHDH in Boston

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
KIRO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 39, using virtual channel 7.

Translators
KIRO-TV is rebroadcast on the following translator stations:

 *  Bremerton
 *  Centralia
 *  Everett
 *  Point Pulley
 *  Puyallup

Out of market coverage
KIRO-TV is one of five local Seattle television stations seen in Canada via Shaw Broadcast Services for the purposes of time-shifting and can be viewed from many eastern Canadian cities including Toronto and Montreal and on satellite providers Bell Satellite TV and Shaw Direct. It can also been seen on cable systems in British Columbia as the quasi-local CBS affiliate. Some programs, such as Let's Make a Deal and KIRO 7 News at Noon, are replaced on the station's alternate feed for Canadian viewers with infomercials. Additionally, KIRO-TV is carried via cable alongside KING-TV in The Bahamas.

title: KIRO-TV


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Stephen Morris (musician)

Stephen Paul David Morris (born 28 October 1957) is an English drummer who is best known for his work with the rock band New Order and, previously, Joy Division. He also wrote and performed in The Other Two, a band consisting of Morris and his girlfriend and later wife, Gillian Gilbert. Morris also participated in the New Order spin-off band Bad Lieutenant.

Career
Stephen Paul David Morris was born on 28 October 1957, in Macclesfield, Cheshire. His father was a travelling salesman who also put on dances. His uncle was a musician. When Morris told his father he wanted to be a drummer, he replied: "Drummers, Stephen. I’ve never met a sane one yet... They all end up taking morphine and drinking absinthe, rotting their brains. You don’t want to end up like that, do you?" He attended the King's School, Macclesfield, as did Joy Division singer Ian Curtis. After Joy Division (then called Warsaw) tried three other drummers, they eventually recruited Morris, who responded to a wanted ad posted in a local music shop.

Morris is noted for his "machine-like" skills as a drummer, which he credits to krautrock influences.

The drummers he named as musical inspiration, were Jaki Liebezeit of Can and Moe Tucker of the Velvet Underground because they "were the ones who kept it simple". He also cited John French as an influence. From 1977, he was influenced by the music of Siouxsie and the Banshees because their "drummer Kenny Morris played mostly toms"; "hearing the sessions they'd done on John Peel's show and reading gig write-ups", [...] inspired him.

During Joy Division recording sessions with Martin Hannett, Morris was asked to record his parts one drum at a time so that Hannett could have complete control over the production. He also took an early interest in drum machines, combining them with traditional drumming on many Joy Division and New Order releases. Although he is primarily a percussionist, Morris also plays keyboards and synthesizer.

Early on, Morris was a contender to become New Order's lead vocalist, and his vocals can be heard on some early live tracks. He also contributed musically to as-yet-unreleased demos by Quando Quango and produced a number of acts with Gilbert for Factory, such as duo Red Turns To...., under New Order's Be Music production tag. He played drums for Echo & the Bunnymen on their rendition of the Doors' "Soul Kitchen", which they recorded at Amazon Studios in Liverpool in 1986.

During a hiatus from New Order, Morris and Gilbert formed the side project The Other Two; together they have released two albums as well as various remixes and soundtrack work.

In 2007, Morris and Gilbert remixed two tracks for the Nine Inch Nails remix album Year Zero Remixed. In June 2009, during New Order's second break-up, band members Bernard Sumner and Phil Cunningham, along with Jake Evans, formed a new band called Bad Lieutenant. Morris recorded drums on several songs with the band, and joined their line-up for live gigs. Bad Lieutenant released their debut album Never Cry Another Tear in 2009 and toured from October 2009 to April 2010. They began work on a second album, but are presently on hiatus.

New Order reformed with a new line-up in September 2011, and Morris returned to playing with New Order. In 2019, the book Record Play Pause, the first volume of his Confessions of a Post-Punk Percussionist, was published by Constable and later by Little, Brown and Company.

On 2020 the second volume, Fast Forward, was published by Little, Brown and Company.

Personal life
In 1979, Morris was questioned about the Yorkshire Ripper case. Joy Division's touring schedule happened to be similar to Peter Sutcliffe's movements which led to the police's suspicion. Following gigs in Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds and Manchester, both Morris and bass player Peter Hook were questioned.

Morris married fellow New Order member Gillian Gilbert in 1994. The couple live in Rainow, Cheshire, and have two daughters.

He is a science fiction fan, particularly of the TV series Doctor Who. He has a full-sized Dalek replica in his rehearsal room, which Sumner has called "the sixth member" of New Order. He also owns several military vehicles including a Mark IV Ferret armoured reconnaissance vehicle and several tanks.

With The Other Two

 * The Other Two & You (1993)
 * Super Highways (1999)

title: Stephen Morris (musician)