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Don Valley Brick Works

The Don Valley Brick Works (often referred to as the Evergreen Brick Works) is a former quarry and industrial site located in the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Don Valley Brick Works operated for nearly 100 years and provided bricks used to construct many well-known Toronto landmarks, such as Casa Loma, Osgoode Hall, Massey Hall, and the Ontario Legislature. Since the closure of the original factory, the quarry has been converted into a city park which includes a series of naturalized ponds, while the buildings have been restored and opened as an environmentally focused community and cultural centre by Evergreen, a national charity dedicated to restoring nature in urban environments.

History

The Don Valley Brick Works was created in 1889 by the Taylor brothers. John Taylor and his brothers, William and George, had purchased the site in the Don Valley in the 1830s where they established a paper mill. While digging post holes to make a fence, William came across some good quality clay. He took a sample to a local brick works where it was confirmed that it would make a high quality brick. A quarry was soon established at the north end of the site and a brick making plant was built at the south end of the property near the Don River.

The Don Valley Pressed Brick Company produced bricks using three techniques. The first was called a soft-mud process. Clay quarried from the site was mixed with water from nearby Mud Creek, placed in moulds which were dried and then baked in kilns. A second technique called dry-press bricks used quarried shale. The shale was placed into moulds and machine pressed. A third process called stiff-mud used a mixture of clay and shale that used less water than the soft-mud process. A column of clay was forced through a die which was then cut to form using a wire. Finished product was shipped by cart out of the valley along Pottery Road or by rail on a spur built into the yard. Bricks were used mostly in Toronto but were used across the continent. The bricks made were of such good quality that they won prizes at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and the Toronto Industrial Fair in 1894.

In 1893, the company added a continuous down-draft kiln which increased the quality and amount of bricks produced. By 1907 the company had two of these kilns in operation and was producing between 85,000 and 100,000 bricks per day. After a 1904 major fire destroyed much of downtown Toronto, the Brick Works supplied the brick for much of the ensuing construction.

In 1909, the Taylors sold the company to Robert Davies (a brother-in-law married to sister Margaret Anne Taylor). Davies changed the name to the Don Valley Brick Company Limited. In the 1920s a major expansion resulted in a name change to the Don Valley Brick Works Limited. Electricity was added and a new sand-lime plant was added that created a less expensive brick used for interior construction. In 1928, the company was sold to Strathgowan Investments and was renamed again to the Toronto Brick Company. At this time the company had reached peak production of about 25 million bricks per year. During the Great Depression, the area to the south of the Brick Works became a large encampment of indigent men from around Canada. They built shanties and were assisted by Toronto residents. During the winters, the men would sleep inside the Brick Works kilns. The company also operated a brick making facility in Birch Cliff from 1913 to 1963 on what was once a sand and gravel quarry. John Price Limited, a smaller brickmaker in east end Toronto on Greenwood Avenue was acquired then merged into the Toronto Brick Company and ceased operating in 1935.

During World War II, production was reduced. The plant used German prisoners of war that were housed at nearby Todmorden Mills. After the war a building boom revived demand. However, the sand-lime plant was destroyed by fire in 1946. Also the plant consolidated its outbuildings and three of the four signature chimneys were knocked down. Only one chimney remains today. The site underwent many changes during its existence, adding and removing buildings whenever and wherever it was conducive to the brick making process. The buildings, cluttered on the south end of the site, are all rectilinear buildings arranged in a grid-like pattern, connected wherever the users saw a need.

In 1956, United Ceramics Limited of Germany acquired the Brick Works. Over the next 25 years a new sand-lime plant was constructed. Also a Parkhill Martin Brick machine was moved from a nearby brick works to this site. It produced soft-mud bricks for the antique market. By the 1980s most of the usable clay and shale had been quarried. The company decided to offer the land to the city for $4 million CAD for conservation purposes. However, a company called Torvalley Associates offered $4,001,000 for the site and purchased the site. East York Council allowed the site to be re-zoned for a housing development.

The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority had final say on the matter since the site was partially on the floodplain of the valley. They expropriated the land in 1987 but were forced to pay approximately $14,000,000 since the land was zoned as residential. Another company, Brampton Brick leased the site and purchased the remaining equipment. They operated a retail outlet at the site until 1991. The fill in of the quarry began in the late 1940s. It was used as a city dump for years. In 1994, restoration of the site began. The quarry was filled in using material from the excavation of the Scotia Plaza tower in downtown Toronto. Once filled, the site was landscaped to create a series of three ponds using water diverted from Mud Creek. The water flows out of the ponds into a channel that was used to divert water into the brick plant. The channel then flows underneath Bayview Avenue and back into the Don River. The remaining area was turned into meadow. The shores of the ponds were planted with native trees, shrubs and wildflowers. The site was officially opened in 1997 and christened the Weston Family Quarry Garden. The Beltline Trail, along the path of the old Toronto Belt Line Railway, passes by the Brick Works.

Since then, the site has attracted many species of birds and animals. Although no fish were stocked in the ponds, fish have migrated into the ponds from the Don River. The ponds have also become a dumping ground for goldfish and red-eared slider turtles that have outgrown their home terrariums.

Weston Family Quarry Garden
The park section of the Brick Works, managed by the City of Toronto, includes a series of three ponds, a large meadow and a small forest. The ponds are fed by a diversion pipe running from Mud Creek which flows just to the west of the Brick Works. Initially, the area adjacent to the ponds was planted with species native to Ontario. This also included some species that are not locally native including tulip tree, fragrant sumac and eastern redbud. These Carolinian species, typically found farther south, are at the northern limit of their range in Toronto.

Once the wetlands became established, many species of birds have visited to forage or breed. Mammals, reptiles (including Midland painted turtle and snapping turtle), amphibians, and some fish have also found their way to the Brick Works and have established themselves. This includes ducks, Canada geese, toads, muskrats, sparrows, and others.

The Brick Works wetland is connected to a number of other nature reserve areas via forest trail, and is part of a larger effort to reestablish the Don Valley watershed.

The north quarry wall was the site of a number of important geological discoveries which provided information on the glacial history of southern Ontario. This area, referred to as the Toronto Brickyard, was designated as an earth science Area of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI) by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources in 2009 for exhibiting "Ordovician Georgian Bay Formation, Illinoian Glacial York Till, Sangamonian Interglacial Don Formation and Wisconsian Glacial Scarborough delta, Pottery Road sediments and Sunnybrook Till all overlain by North Bay Interstadial, Lake Iroquois sands."

Future of the Brick Works
Evergreen, a Canadian non-profit organization whose activities have included stewardship of the Don Valley Brick Works buildings site since 2008, has transformed the abandoned buildings into a cultural centre with a focus on the environment. Having leased the "industrial pad" portion of the site from the Toronto Region and Conservation Authority, Evergreen has renovated several of the existing structures and constructed one new building known as the Centre for Green Cities. The goal of the revitalization is adaptive reuse, where most of the buildings will be reinforced where needed and repurposed to house the new programming planned for the site. In this way, the site can be recycled as much as possible and the historical integrity of the Don Valley Brick Works can be maintained.

"Evergreen Brick Works will be an education centre addressing the themes of nature, culture and community. [...] [I]t will be a destination for families and individuals to enjoy a natural refuge, while sampling a rich offering of programs and services - from gardening workshops, heritage tours, and clay-making and organic food markets, to a retail nursery, demonstration gardens and leading-edge green design techniques."

$20 million of the project's $55-million dollar budget was pledged by the federal government under the Canada Strategic Infrastructure Fund, and the Province of Ontario contributed an additional $10 million. The construction process began in November 2008, and grand opening of Evergreen Brick Works took place September 28, 2010. The complex is now open to the public, with regular shuttle bus service running daily from Broadview Subway Station. Public transit is also available from Davisville subway station by bus route 28 Bayview South.

Design and construction was a joint venture between Du Toit Allsopp Hiller Architects, Diamond Schmitt Architects, and several other prominent firms. DTAH is responsible for the master planning, while Diamond Schmitt are the designers of the new building, which includes the Young Welcome Centre. Other programming for the site includes art exhibits, children's programming, garden centre, and office space for Evergreen and other environmental organizations.

Restoration to the building include structural reinforcement, and replacement of material such as the current asbestos transite roofing in favour of a more effective, longer lasting material. Several of the buildings were left without roof cladding in order to create open air spaces, leaving the steel trusses visible. The building's red-brick masonry was preserved as much as possible, while interiors were renovated to update plumbing, life safety and mechanical systems, as outlined in Evergreen's Master Plan Update 2007. Each building has programming set aside for it in DTAH's planning scheme, such that the project can continue to expand as funds become available.

In 2009, National Geographic Traveler named Evergreen Brick Works one of the 10 finalists in its Geotourism Challenge 2009, "a global competition of tourism-related projects that promote natural and cultural heritage while improving the well-being of the local people". The 10 finalists were chosen from 610 entries from 81 countries.

Since 2010 the Evergreen Brick Works has been home to the private school Gradale Academy. Outward Bound Canada has operated out of the location since 2011.

title: Don Valley Brick Works


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Banu Isam

The Banu Isam were a Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Ceuta, present-day Spain, for four generations. The town had been destroyed in a rebellion, and was lying waste; sometime in the middle of the 9th century, Mâjakas, chief of the Berber Majkasa tribe, resettled it and founded a dynasty that ruled the town until the Umayyads took it over in 931.

Its kings were:
 * Mâjakas
 * `Isâm, son of Mâjakas
 * Majîr, son of `Isâm
 * Ridâ, son of `Isâm (?-931), who paid allegiance to the Idrisids, but surrendered the city to the Umayyads when the Idrisid capital fell.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Banu Isam


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William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey

William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Lord of Lewes, Seigneur de Varennes (died 1088), was a Norman nobleman created Earl of Surrey under William II Rufus. He is among the few known from documents to have fought under William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. At the time of Domesday Book in 1086 he held extensive lands in 13 counties, including the Rape of Lewes, a tract now divided between the ceremonial counties of East Sussex and West Sussex.

Early career
William was a son of Rodulf or Ralph de Warenne and Emma and reported to have descended from a sibling of Duchess Gunnor, wife of Duke Richard I. Chronicler Robert of Torigni reported, in his additions to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, that William de Warenne and Anglo-Norman baron Roger de Mortimer were both sons of an unnamed niece of Gunnor. Unfortunately Robert's genealogies are somewhat confused – elsewhere he gives Roger as the son of William and yet again makes both sons of Walter de Saint Martin – while several of Robert's stemmata seem to contain too few generations. Orderic Vitalis describes William as Roger's consanguineus – literally a cousin, more generally a term of close kinship not typically used to describe brothers – and Roger de Mortimer appears to have been a generation older than him.

Charters report several earlier men associated with Warenne. A Radulf de Warenne appears in two charters, one dating between 1027 and 1035, the other from about 1050 and naming his wife, Beatrice. In 1059, a Radulf and wife Emma appear along with their sons Radulf and William. These occurrences have typically been taken to represent a single Radulf with successive wives, of which Beatrice was the mother of William and hence identical to the Gunnorid niece described by Robert de Torigny, yet the 1059 charter explicitly names Emma as William's mother.

Re-evaluation of surviving charters led Katherine Keats-Rohan to suggest that Robert of Torigni compressed two generations into one, as he appears to have done elsewhere, with Radulf (I) and Beatrice being parents of Radulf (II) de Warenne and of Roger de Mortimer – a Roger son of Radulf de Warenne appears in a charter dated 1040/1053 – while Radulf (II) in turn married Emma, and as attested by the 1059 charter, they had as sons Radulf (III) as the heir in Normandy, and William. Associations with the village of Vascœuil led to identification of the Warenne progenitrix with a widow Beatrice, daughter of Tesselin, Viscount of Rouen, who appeared there in 1054–1060. Robert of Torigni shows a different Viscount of Rouen to have married a niece of Gunnor, perhaps suggesting that it was through Beatrice that William de Warenne was linked with Gunnor's family.

William was from the hamlet of Varenne, near Arques-la-Bataille, Duchy of Normandy, now in the canton of Bellencombre, Seine Maritime.

At the beginning of Duke William's reign Radulf de Warenne was not a major landholder, whilst William de Warenne as a second son did not stand to inherit the family's small estates. During the rebellions of 1052–1054 the young William de Warenne proved himself loyal to the Duke and played a strong part in the Battle of Mortemer, for which he was rewarded with lands confiscated from his kinsman, Roger of Mortemer, including the Castle of Mortimer and most of its lands.

At about the same time he acquired lands at Bellencombre including the castle that became the centre of William de Warenne's holdings in Normandy.

Conquest of England
William was among the Norman barons summoned to the Council of Lillebonne by Duke William when the decision was made to oppose King Harold II's accession to the throne of England. He fought at Hastings and was rewarded with numerous holdings. Domesday records his lands stretching over 13 counties, including the important Rape of Lewes in Sussex, several manors in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, the major manor of Conisbrough in Yorkshire and Castle Acre in Norfolk, which became his headquarters or caput.

He is one of few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He fought against rebels at the Isle of Ely in 1071, where he showed a special desire to hunt down Hereward the Wake, who had killed his brother-in-law Frederick the year before.

Hereward is supposed to have unhorsed him with an arrow shot.

Later career
Sometime between 1078 and 1082 William and his wife Gundred travelled to Rome, visiting monasteries on the way. In Burgundy they were halted by a war between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. They visited Cluny Abbey in France and were so impressed by the monks and their dedication that they decided to found a Cluniac priory on their own lands in England, for which William restored buildings for an abbey. They sent to Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, to staff their monastery. At first Hugh was reluctant, but he finally sent several monks, including Lazlo, who was to be the first Abbot. The house founded was Lewes Priory, dedicated to St Pancras, which was England's first Cluniac priory.

William supported the King in the siege of Saint-Suzanne against some rebellious lords. His loyalty to William II led to his creation as Earl of Surrey, probably in early 1088. In the Rebellion of 1088 he was mortally wounded at the First Siege of Pevensey Castle, and died on 24 June 1088 at Lewes, now in East Sussex. He was buried beside his wife, Gundred, in the chapter house of Lewes Priory which he had founded.

Family
William de Warenne married first, before 1070, Gundred, Countess of Surrey, sister of Gerbod the Fleming, 1st Earl of Chester.

William married secondly a sister of Richard Gouet, who survived him.

Issue
By Gundred, William had:
 * William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (died 1138), who married Elisabeth (Isabelle) de Vermandois, widow of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
 * Edith de Warenne, who married first Gerard de Gournay, lord of Gournay-en-Bray, and then Drew de Monchy
 * Reynold de Warenne, who inherited lands from his mother in Flanders and died c. 1106–1108
 * A daughter of unknown name, who married Ernise de Coulonces.

He had no issue by his second wife.

title: William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey


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Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim

 Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim (Григо́рий Ива́нович Фи́шер фон Ва́льдгейм; 13 October 1771 – 18 October 1853) was a Saxon anatomist, entomologist and paleontologist.

Fischer was born as Gotthilf Fischer in Waldheim, Saxony, the son of a linen weaver. He studied medicine at Leipzig. He travelled to Vienna and Paris with his friend Alexander von Humboldt and studied under Georges Cuvier. He took up a professorship at Mainz, and then in 1804, became Professor of Natural History and Director of the Demidov Natural History Museum at the Moscow University. In August 1805, he founded the Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Fischer was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1812 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1818.

Fischer was mainly engaged in the classification of invertebrates, the result of which was his Entomographia Imperii Rossici (1820–1851). He also spent time studying fossils from the area around Moscow.

Due to his work studying the insects of Russia, the Russian government granted him nobility as well as the "von Waldheim" ending to his name.

Partial list of publications

 * Versuch über die Schwimmblase der Fische, Leipzig 1795
 * Mémoire pour servir d'introduction à un ouvrage sur la respiration des animaux, Paris 1798
 * J. Ingenhousz über Ernährung der Pflanzen und Fruchtbarkeit des Bodens aus dem Englischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Gotthelf Fischer. Nebst einer Einleitung über einige Gegenstände der Pflanzenphysiologie von F. A. von Humboldt, Leipzig 1798
 * Ueber die verschiedene Form des Intermaxillarknochens in verschiedenen Thieren, Leipzig 1800
 * Beschreibung einiger typographischer Seltenheiten. Nebst Beyträgen zur Erfindungsgeschichte der Buchdruckerkunst, Mainz und Nürnberg 1800
 * Naturhistorische Fragmente, Frankfurt am Main 1801
 * Beschreibung typographischer Seltenheiten und merkwürdiger Handschriften nebst Beyträgen zur Erfindungsgeschichte der Buchdruckerkunst, Mainz um 1801
 * Essai sur les monuments typographiques de Jean Gutenberg, Mayençais, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Mainz 1801/1802
 * Das Nationalmuseum der Naturgeschichte zu Paris, 1802
 * Vorlesungen über vergleichende Anatomie, deutsche Übersetzung der Vorlesungen Georges Cuviers, Braunschweig 1801–1802
 * Lettre au citoyen E. Geoffroy ... sur une ouvelle espèce de Loris : accompagnée de la description d'un craniomètre de nouvelle invention, Mainz 1804
 * Anatomie der Maki und der ihnen verwandten Thiere, Frankfurt am Main 1804
 * Tableaux synoptiques de zoognose, 1805
 * Museum Demidoff, ou catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités etc. donnés a l'université de Moscou par Paul de Demidoff, Moskau 1806
 * Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de l'université impériale de Moscou, 18069
 * Notices sur les fossiles de Moscou, 1809–1811
 * Notices d'un animal fossile de Sibérie, 1811
 * Onomasticon du Système d'Oryctognoise, 1811
 * Zoognosia tabulis synopticis illustrata, in usum prälectionum Academiae Imperialis Medico-Chirurgicae Mosquentis edita, Moskau 1813
 * Observations sur quelques Diptères de Russie, 1813
 * Essai sur la Turquoie et sur la Calaite, Moskau 1816
 * Adversaria zoologica, 1817–1823
 * Entomographie de la Russie, Moskau 1820–1851
 * Prodromus Petromatognosiae animalium systematicae, continens bibliographiam animalium fossilium, Moskau 1829–1832
 * Oryctographie du gouvernement de Moscou, 1830–1837
 * Bibliographia Palaeonthologica Animalium Systematica, Moskau 1834
 * Einige Worte an die Mainzer, bei der Feierlichkeit des dem Erfinder der Buchdruckerkunst Johann Gutenberg in Mainz zu errichtenden Denkmals, Moskau 1836
 * Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de la Russie, Moskau 1836–1839
 * Spicilegium entomoraphiae Rossicae, Moskau 1844

title: Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim


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Project Steve

Project Steve is a list of scientists with the given name Stephen or Steven or a variation thereof (e.g., Stephanie, Stefan, Esteban, etc.) who "support evolution". It was originally created by the National Center for Science Education as a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of creationist attempts to collect a list of scientists who "doubt evolution", such as the Answers in Genesis's list of scientists who accept the biblical account of the Genesis creation narrative or the Discovery Institute's A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism. The list pokes fun at such endeavors while making it clear that, "We did not wish to mislead the public into thinking that scientific issues are decided by who has the longer list of scientists!" It also honors Stephen Jay Gould. The level of support for evolution among scientists is very high. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center found that "[n]early all scientists (97%) say humans and other living things have evolved over time."

However, at the same time the project is a genuine collection of scientists. Despite the list's restriction to only scientists with names like "Steve", which it turns out is roughly 1 percent of scientists, Project Steve is longer and contains many more eminent scientists than any creationist list. In particular, Project Steve contains many more biologists than the creationist lists, with about 54% of the listed Steves being biologists. The "List of Steves" webpage provides an updated total of scientist "Steves" who have signed the list. , Project Steve has 1,497 signatories.

Statement
The statement that signatories agree to reads:

There have been some complaints that the statement left out the geological sciences, where evolution is an important principle as well. However, this oversight was noticed too late and it was decided that it would be more effort than it is worth to go back to correct it.

History
The project was named in honor of the paleontologist and essayist Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002). It began in 2003, with an official press release on February 16, 2003. The press release was issued at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2003 convention in Denver, Colorado, after a lecture by Lawrence Krauss titled "Scientific Ignorance as a Way of Life: From Science Fiction in Washington to Intelligent Design in the Classroom." Krauss made the actual announcement and directed the reporters to NCSE Director Eugenie Scott, who was sitting in the audience in the front row.

The original goal was to collect the signatures of 100 Steves, but this goal was reached in about 10 days. Both Nobel Prize-winning Steves in science — Steven Weinberg and Steven Chu (who has since served as Secretary of Energy in Barack Obama's Cabinet) — were among the first 100 Steves. Over 200 Steves responded in the first month. As the news of Project Steve spread by word of mouth, ever-increasing numbers of Steves contacted the NCSE, and the list continued to grow.

Project Steve captured the attention of the media. The first media coverage included articles in the Washington Times, Science, the Oakland Tribune and an interview of NCSE director Eugenie Scott by Australian science journalist and radio broadcaster Robyn Williams for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s radio show, The Science Show. The Science Show arranged for Geoff Sirmai and David Fisher of the Australian musical comedy team "Comic Roasts" to write the "Steve Song", a parody of the Monty Python song about Spam, for Project Steve. The song had its debut on The Science Show episode featuring the interview of Scott which aired on Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National on March 8, 2003.

Cambridge University Lucasian Professor of Mathematics Stephen Hawking was the 300th Steve to sign the list. By the time the announcement was made on April 21, 2003, another five had joined to bring the total number of Steves to 305. By December 26, 2003, St. Stephen's Day, Project Steve had grown to 400 scientists.

As Project Steve reached the 400 scientist mark, the NCSE decided to offer a commemorative novelty Project Steve t-shirt. The t-shirt is emblazoned with the proclamation, "Over _00 Scientists named Steve Agree, Teach Evolution!" in large letters, where the blank contains the most recent hundreds mark. A list of the current signatories is included in a smaller typeface on the t-shirt as well.

Eugenie Scott, Glenn Branch and Nick Matzke published an article in the July/August 2004 issue of the Annals of Improbable Research (with all the Steves that had signed up to that point listed as co-authors) called The Morphology of Steve which contained "the first scientific analysis of the sex, geographic location, and body size of scientists named Steve". The data were obtained using NCSE's "pioneering experimental steveometry apparatus"—the t-shirt.

Shortly after the second anniversary of Project Steve in February 2005, 543 Steves had signed the list. A front-page story in the Ottawa Citizen marking this event was published on February 20, 2005. On September 12, 2005, the 600th Steve signed the list. By February 16, 2006, the third anniversary of Project Steve's official launch, the Steve-o-meter stood at 700. On April 24, 2007, the list had grown to 800 Steves. In February 2009, the milestone #1000 was assigned to professor of ecology and evolutionary biology Steven P. Darwin (no relation to Charles). Subsequent milestones were #1100 on August 25, 2009, #1200 on April 6, 2012, and #1300 on January 15, 2014.

There have been articles about Project Steve in The Times, Scientific American, Yale Daily News, Focus on the Family's Family News in Focus, The Guardian, MIT's TechTalk, and The Arizona Republic, among many others.

Reactions
William Dembski, fellow of the Discovery Institute, whose "Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" petition had eight Steves as of July, 2007, has said that:

Inspired by Project Steve, and motivated by media coverage of the Discovery Institute's "Dissent From Darwinism" list, during the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case, R. Joe Brandon initiated a four-day, word-of-mouth petition of scientists in support of evolution in October 2005. During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists. During the four days of the petition, A Scientific Support for Darwinism received signatures at a rate 697,000% higher than the Discovery Institute's petition, A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism, according to archaeologist R. Joe Brandon.

title: Project Steve


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William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey

William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (died 11 May 1138) was the son of William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey and his first wife Gundred. He was more often referred to as Earl Warenne or Earl of Warenne than as Earl of Surrey.

Life
His father, the 1st Earl, was one of the Conqueror's most trusted and most rewarded barons who, at his death in 1088, was the 3rd or 4th richest magnate in England. In 1088 William II inherited his father's lands in England and his Norman estates including the castles of Mortemer and Bellencombre in Haute-Normandy. But William II was not as disposed to serve the king as his father was. In January 1091, William assisted Hugh de Grandmesnil (died 1094) in his defence of Courcy against the forces of Robert de Belleme and Duke Robert of Normandy. In 1093 he attempted to marry Matilda (or Edith), daughter of king Malcolm III of Scotland. She instead married Henry I of England, and this may have been the cause of William's great dislike of Henry I, which motivated him in the following years.

When Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy invaded England 1101 William joined him. But when Curthose promptly surrendered to Henry I, William lost his English lands and titles and was exiled to Normandy. There he complained to Curthose that he had expended great effort on the duke's behalf and in return lost all of his English possessions. Curthose's return to England in 1103 was apparently made to convince his brother, the king, to restore William's earldom. This was successful, though Curthose had to give up his 3000 mark annual pension he had received after the 1101 invasion, after which William's lands and titles were restored to him.

To further insure William's loyalty Henry considered marrying him to one of his many illegitimate daughters. Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury forbade the marriage based on the couple being related in the 4th generation on one side, and in the 6th generation on the other. William was one of the commanders on Henry's side (against Robert Curthose) at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106. Afterwards, with his loyalty thus proven, he became more prominent in Henry's court.

In 1110, Curthose's son William Clito escaped along with Helias of Saint-Saens, and afterwards Warenne received the forfeited Saint-Saens lands, which were very near his own in upper Normandy. In this way king Henry further assured his loyalty, for the successful return of Clito would mean at the very least Warenne's loss of this new territory. He fought for Henry I at the Battle of Bremule in 1119. William, the second Earl of Surrey was present at Henry's deathbed in 1135. After the king's death disturbances broke out in Normandy and William was sent to guard Rouen and the Pays de Caux.

William was a donor to a number of priories, with his donations being mentioned in charters issued between 1130 and 1138 to Longueville Priory near Rouen, Normandy and to the priory of Bellencombre (also near Rouen) in 1135. His sons and his wife were witnesses to many of these charters.

William's death is recorded as 11-May-1138 in the register of Lewes Priory and he was buried at his father's feet at the Chapter house there. His wife, the countess Elizabeth, survived him, dying before July 1147.

Family
In 1118, William finally acquired the royal-blooded bride he desired when he married Elizabeth of Vermandois. She was a daughter of Hugh I, Count of Vermandois and granddaughter of Henry I, King of France, as well as the widow of Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester.

By his wife Elizabeth, he had three sons and two daughters:

 * William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey
 * Reginald de Warenne, who inherited his father's property in upper Normandy, including the castles of Bellencombre and Morteme. He married Alice de Wormegay, daughter of William de Wormegay, Lord of Wormegay in Norfolk, by whom he had a son, William de Warenne (founder of the priory of Wormegay), whose daughter and sole heir, Beatrice de Warenne, married firstly, Doun, Lord Bardolf, and secondly, Hubert de Burgh. Reginald was one of the persecutors of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170.
 * Ralph de Warenne
 * Gundred de Warenne, who married firstly, Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick, and secondly, William de Lancaster, Lord of Kendal, and is most remembered for expelling King Stephen's garrison from Warwick Castle.
 * Ada de Warenne, who married Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, and was the mother of two Scottish kings. She made many grants to the priory of Lewes.

title: William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey


text:
Talk:Penang Hokkien

Untitled
Fabulous article. Thanks to Andrew Yong. -- Kaihsu 20:43, 2004 May 8 (UTC)

Andrew Yong has done a good job. Now I understand better about Penang Hokkien. Some minor errors:

Minbei (or north Min) should be the region in the northern Fujian Province, places like Nanping, Jian-ou, Shaowu, Pucheng, etc.. Fuzhou and areas in its vicinity are regarded as Mindong, or east Min. Each of these regions has its own Min sub-dialect, except Pucheng where the language is said to be classified under the Wu dialect group.

'bulek' is from the English word, brake, (not break), meaning stop.--Casey

I fail to see how mata (which means eye) could mean police in Hokkien.

correction
seem like u r not a penangite. u dun need to know y eye can become a policeman, juz hv to live with it.

by the way kuey teow is not a borrow word from malay. is the other way round. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.51.222.118 (talk) 03:11, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

mata + MATA
The word for "police" in Malay is "mata-mata", so I guess the Hokkiens shortened it. Not really proficient in Hokkien, but I guess that's how it went. Added some clarification to the article, in case anyone else got interested. Jafet

Romanisation: Tâi-lô vs Pe̍h-ōe-jī
In light of minor disagreements over the choice of romanisation for this page I would like to begin a discussion on the matter, feel free to add your views.

From the outset I would like to make clear that my preference for this particular page is Tâi-lô (TL) for reasons explained below:

Penang Hokkien has no standard romanisation. Although Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) is more common throughout Wikipedia I do not find any information to support it being preferred for romanising Hokkien over other systems, unlike Pinyin for Mandarin. TL may be found in several Wikipedia articles, usually alongside the more established POJ.

TL has several advantages over POJ:
 * Replaces difficult to type and often poorly rendered symbols such as o͘ & -ⁿ with oo & -nn
 * Spelling bears greater similarity to IPA e.g. tshua vs chhoa for [tsʰua]
 * Most importantly for Penang Hokkien: TL was designed with different Hokkien accents in mind and is more suitable for the representations of dialectal variation/sounds found in Penang Hokkien e.g. $\langleee\rangle$ for [ɛ], whereas POJ either doesn't differentiate this sound from $\langlee\rangle$ or represents it with difficult to type symbols i.e. e͘ or ɛ. POJ is highly unsuitable for a Hokkien 'dialect' as it only represents the sounds found in 'standard' Taiwanese Hokkien
 * TL is the official romanisation promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education for Hokkien, which at present is the only government regulatory authority for Hokkien and is actively involved in the study/education of the language and the creation of learning resources
 * A modified TL system is currently in use by the Hokkien Language Association of Penang (Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang) and is actively promoted as a standard Hokkien romanisation as part of their 'Speak Hokkien Campaign', as well as by various other groups in their attempts to promote and revitalize the language
 * Usage in other recent online media, eg. Penang Hokkien Podcast 庇能福建, and in the first film entirely in Penang Hokkien: You Mean the World to Me (海墘新路) which was promoted with its official romanised title in TL (Hái-Kînn Sin-Lōo).

I understand that by preferring and advocating for the use of TL instead of POJ in this article, I am 'going against the trend' of the many other articles which use the 'more established' POJ, however, I do not find this simple reason as a strong enough argument for the continued use of POJ, particularly in light of the advantages of TL I have raised above. No doubt a similar situation would have been encountered in the past before Hanyu Pinyin overtook Wade-Giles as the standard for romanising Mandarin.

My position is to use Tâi-lô for romanising Penang Hokkien and this is reflected in my efforts to improve this page.

Please feel free to add to this discussion. --Jordanopia (talk) 12:14, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I would welcome efforts to improve this article, and thank you for starting this work! I don't have a strong preference on romanisation, as long as it's consistent, but I wanted to respond to the points you raised above:
 * I agree that o͘ & -ⁿ are difficult to type on most keyboards, but so are tone marks. Both POJ and TL require a certain keyboard or input method. I think the second part is a more compelling reason -- o͘ is poorly rendered with Wikipedia's current font (which makes the dot tiny).  There are fonts that can handle it well (e.g. Linux Libertine G), but there would be extra effort needed to render it nicely on Wikipedia.
 * Resemblance to IPA is a dubious reason to choose an orthography, since most people will not be familiar with it -- and in any case, *use* of IPA requires a particular analysis of the language. For example, [tsʰua] might also be written . Even supposing we want to be close to IPA, this wouldn't necessarily support using TL.  The use of a repeated letter to indicate a different phoneme (ee, oo, nn) is very un-IPA-like.  Indeed, using ɛ instead of ee would be closer to IPA.
 * Penang Hokkien only has one extra phoneme, which can be written ee, ɛ, or e͘. This are all equally adequate.  POJ extended with any of these is suitable for Penang Hokkien.
 * It's true that TL is promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education, but TL is still not well established in Taiwan, and the Taiwan MoE certainly doesn't have jurisdiction in Penang. The Taiwan MoE is perhaps something to bear in mind, but far from a deciding factor.
 * The last two points are perhaps the most compelling: if there are groups in Penang using a particular romanisation system, it would make sense to match them. However, I would also like to point out use of POJ in Penang.  I only know of two Penang Hokkien dictionaries, both of which use POJ.  The first one, by Luc de Gijzel, uses POJ with e͘ and o͘, but replaces the 8th tone a̍k with ák.  The second, much larger dictionary, by Tan Siew Imm, uses a more heavily modified POJ, replacing e͘ and o͘ with ɛ and ɵ, and replacing semi-vowel o with u (e.g. chhua).  This last change takes the orthography somewhere between POJ and TL.
 * So, I'm not objecting to using TL in this article, but it would be a good idea to discuss orthographic variation in more detail, without arguing in favour of one system -- which is not something that should be done in a Wikipedia article. In particular, I object to the claim in the article that TL is "better equipped to express Hokkien dialectal variation", which is simply not true once you include extensions to POJ, such as using ɛ or e͘.  At their heart, POJ and TL are almost the same system -- certainly if you compare them to an alternative like Bbánlám pìngyīm, where m- is replaced by bbn- (which can be justified by viewing POJ/TL m- and b- as allophones preceding nasal and oral vowels, respectively, but which would be unintuitive for most Penang Hokkien speakers). Freelance Intellectual (talk) 09:57, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your input on the matter, you make some very good points. I have removed the claim that TL is "better equipped to express Hokkien dialectal variation" than POJ and will attempt to provide a less biased view of orthographic variation in future edits. I have already begun adding information on the more interesting points of the ad hoc romanisation in common usage throughout Penang and I will include information on POJ (and potentially any other relevant systems in use) as alternatives in future edits.

 * For now I shall continue to use TL when contributing to this page. Thank you for your input and feedback. --Jordanopia (talk) 12:39, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the recent edits -- the article already reads better! Char Kway Teow and Tau Sar Pneah are nice examples of established ad hoc spellings. Freelance Intellectual (talk) 13:43, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

Hokkien words that borrowed to Malay
There are also many Hokkien words which have been borrowed into Malay, sometimes with slightly different meanings... This does not sound like should be at Penang Hokkien page, but at Malaysian Malay page instead. It is because it did not talk about Penang Hokkien, and it also just talk about "Hokkien" in general. Should it be removed?

Caferatte89 (talk) 10:30, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I think it would make sense to mention it on this page (but some details might be moved to the Malaysian Malay page, as you suggest). The fact that Hokkien words have entered other languages tells the reader something about the social and cultural status of Penang Hokkien.  There is also precedent for this on other articles, e.g. English_language.  Regarding the issue of whether these loanwords come from Penang Hokkien or Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien, I would guess that some loans might be clear based on pronunciation (e.g. Ji̍t-pún vs. Li̍t-pún) or cultural importance (e.g. kongsi).  Freelance Intellectual (talk) 11:17, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Phonology
I recently started tidying up the section on phonology, and @Caferatte89 began a discussion on my talk page to ask about these changes: User_talk:Freelance_Intellectual. I thought it would be a good idea to start a discussion here in case others have comments. Freelance Intellectual (talk) 11:11, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

Guessing you are right. Both are actually identical in Penang Hokkien. Caferatte89 (talk) 14:00, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penang Hokkien


text:
Humphrey II of Toron

Humphrey II of Toron (1117 – 22 April 1179) was lord of Toron and constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was the son of Humphrey I of Toron.

Humphrey had become lord of Toron sometime before 1140 when he married the daughter of Renier Brus, lord of Banias (the Herodian city of Caesarea Philippi). Through this marriage, Banias was added to Toron. Humphrey became castellan of Hebron in 1149 when Hebron became a domain of the royal family of Jerusalem. In 1153 he became constable of Jerusalem when Baldwin III of Jerusalem became sole ruler after a struggle with his mother Melisende. That year he was present with the king at the Siege of Ascalon.

Humphrey was defeated by Nur ad-Din at Banias in 1157 and was besieged in its castle until Baldwin III arrived to lift the siege. That year Humphrey also sold Banias and Chastel Neuf to the Knights Hospitaller (Chastel Neuf was captured by Nur ad-Din in 1167). Also in 1157 he helped negotiate the marriage of Baldwin III and Theodora, niece of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus. Humphrey himself later married Philippa, sister of Bohemund III of Antioch, who had previously had an affair with future Byzantine emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, Manuel's cousin. Humphrey had been married before, to an unknown woman, and his marriage with Philippa produced no children.

In 1173 Humphrey relieved Nur ad-Din's siege of Kerak in Oultrejordain. In 1176 his importance at the royal court was somewhat lessened due to the influence of Agnes of Courtenay, but he kept his position as constable. In 1177 this lessened importance was manifested when the lordship of Hebron was recreated and given to Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, rather than Humphrey, who was still castellan. Nevertheless, he was one of the supporters of the Raymond III of Tripoli, regent for Baldwin IV. Raymond, Humphrey, and others represented the faction of old families at court, who were opposed to newcomers like Raynald, and later Guy of Lusignan.

Humphrey rebuilt Chateau Neuf in 1179 after it had been destroyed in various sieges. Also in 1179, he helped negotiate a truce between the Knights Hospitaller and Knights Templar. Later that year he accompanied Baldwin IV in an attack on a small Muslim force near Banias, but, although he saved Baldwin IV's life, he suffered mortal wounds and died at his castle at Hunin on 22 April. He was succeeded in Toron by his 13-year-old grandson Humphrey IV, son of Humphrey III and Stephanie of Milly; Humphrey III of Toron was his son by his unknown first wife.

title: Humphrey II of Toron


text:
William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey

William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey (1119 – 6 January 1148) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman, member of the House of Warenne, who fought in England during the Anarchy and generally remained loyal to King Stephen. He participated in, and ultimately perished during, the Second Crusade.

Origins
He was the eldest son of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (died 1138) by his wife Elizabeth de Vermandois. He was a great-grandson of King Henry I of France, and half-brother to Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester, Waleran IV de Beaumont, Count of Meulan, and Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford.

Life
Still in his minority in 1137 he was serving with Stephen, King of England in Normandy being one of those young nobles who initially fled the battle. Stephen pursued them, held them and did his best to pacify them but did not make them fight. At his father's death in 1138, William became the third Earl of Surrey. At Easter 1138, he accompanied his half-brother Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester on an embassy to Paris for the purpose of ratifying a treaty between the English and French kings. On 2 February 1141, he and his half-brother Waleran were again with King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln but fled at the initial charge of the enemy forces. They both joined Queen Matilda but on King Stephen's release they were once again among his followers, and William witnessed a royal charter at Canterbury in late 1141.

Charters
With his brother Ralph, William was a joint donor in numerous charters issued by his parents and was a witness to his father's charter, all to Longueville Priory near Rouen, Normandy (between 1130 and 1138). He was also a donor with his brother and both parents to the priory of Bellencombre (also near Rouen) in 1135.

William was also the primary donor in a number of charters after his father died, between 1138 and 1147. One of particular instance occurred during a livery of seisin in 1147.

At that event, William gave a large gift to the Lewes Priory which was secured with a lock of hair from his own and from his brother Ralph's head cut by Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, before the altar of the priory church. Lewes Priory had been founded by William's grandparents, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, and his wife Gundrada, probably in 1081.

Marriage and children
William married Adela (alias Ela), daughter of Count William III of Ponthieu (also called William Talvas), by his wife Helie daughter of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. They had one child and sole heiress, a daughter, Isabel de Warenne, suo jure 4th Countess of Surrey. She married firstly William of Blois (died 1159), the second son of king Stephen, who became Earl Warenne or Earl of Surrey. After he died childless in October 1159, she remarried to Hamelin, half-brother of King Henry II, who became Earl Warenne, or Earl of Surrey. He adopted the surname "de Warenne", and the earldom continued in his descendants.

Death on crusade
He was one of the nobles who, along with his second cousin, King Louis VII of France, took crusading vows at the Council of Vézelay in 1146, and he accompanied the initial army of the Second Crusade the next year. William was killed at the Battle of Mount Cadmus while the crusader army was marching across Anatolia on their way to the Holy Land.

In December 1147, the French-Norman force reached Ephesus. They were joined by remnants of the army of the Holy Roman Empire, which had previously suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Dorylaeum in 1147. They marched across southwest Turkey and fought an unsuccessful battle at Laodicea (3–4 January 1148) on the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Sultanate of Rum.

On 6 January 1148, they battled again in the area of Mount Cadmus, where Turks ambushed the infantry and non-combatants only, because they had become separated from the rest of the army. King Louis VII and his bodyguard of Knights Templars and noblemen recklessly charged the Turks. Most of the knights were killed, including William, and Louis barely escaped with his life. His army arrived later at the coastal city of Adalia. The battle is recorded by Odo of Deuil, personal chaplain to Louis, in his narrative, De Profectione.

title: William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey


text:
Trade winds

The trade winds or easterlies  are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region. The trade winds blow mainly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries. They enabled European colonization of the Americas, and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

In meteorology, they act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern Indian oceans and cause rainfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar and East Africa. Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge. The weaker the trade winds become, the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses.

The trade winds also transport nitrate- and phosphate-rich Saharan dust to all Latin America, the Caribbean Sea, and to parts of southeastern and southwestern North America. Sahara dust is on occasion present in sunsets across Florida. When dust from the Sahara travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates.

History

The term originally derives from the early fourteenth century sense of trade (in late Middle English) still often meaning "path" or "track". The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the volta do mar, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic Ocean as early as the 15th century. From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the Azores islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. (This is because following the African coast southbound means sailing upwind in the Southern hemisphere.) In the Pacific Ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude westerlies, was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta's voyage in 1565.

The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel. During the Age of Sail, the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire-building and thus on modern political geography. For example, Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all.

By the 18th century, the importance of the trade winds to England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of "trade": "(foreign) commerce". Between 1847 and 1849, Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world's oceans.

Cause

As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums, near-equatorial trough, intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone. When located within a monsoon region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough. Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as subtropical ridges. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the moisture content remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.

The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing, these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the Doldrums.

As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans (maritime), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge. Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses. All tropical oceans except the northern Indian Ocean have extensive areas of trade winds.

Weather and biodiversity effects
Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 km in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion. Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles (northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer. As an example, the windy season in the Guianas, which lie at low latitudes in South America, occurs between January and April. When the phase of the Arctic oscillation (AO) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds. When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as Central America.

During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere (July), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean Sea into southeastern North America (Florida and Gulf Coast). When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates. Although the Southeast US has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida. Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year. Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.

Every year, millions of tons of nutrient-rich Saharan dust cross the Atlantic Ocean, bringing vital phosphorus and other fertilizers to depleted Amazon soils.

title: Trade winds


text:
Tzomet

Tzomet (צוֹמֶת, lit., Crossroads) is a small, right-wing political party in Israel.

History
The party was founded by General Rafael Eitan in 1983, after his retirement from the position of chief-of-staff in 1982. He headed it throughout its existence, and modeled it in his spirit as a secular, right-wing party with a strong agricultural side. Many of Tzomet's members and MKs were neighbors of Eitan in Tel Adashim (a small moshav). Tzomet ran for the 1984 elections in a joint list with the Tehiya party, and Eitan was its only member of the Knesset. Tzomet and the Tehiya parted way in 1987, and Tzomet ran independently in the 1988 elections, winning two seats. The party joined Yitzhak Shamir's government in 1990, and Eitan was appointed Minister of Agriculture. However, the party left the coalition in December 1991 in protest at Shamir's participation in the Madrid Conference.

In the 1992 elections, Tzomet rode a wave of secularist sentiment, gaining the support of many young Israelis, leading to a surprising result of eight seats. Despite Tzomet's success it was not included in Yitzhak Rabin's left-wing coalition. The party's surprising success was also its downfall. None of the new MKs had any political experience, and most were completely unknown. Due to Raful's position in his party, the party was jokingly described as "Raful and the seven dwarfs". Allegations of tyrannical behavior by Raful were raised, and in February 1992, three members: Gonen Segev, Esther Salmovitz, and Alex Goldfarb—left and founded the Yiud party (which then also splintered into Atid). The three left the party because Segev was offered the position of Minister of Energy by Yitzhak Rabin if he voted in favour of the Oslo Accords, which Tzomet opposed, and which would not have passed without his vote.

The splintering and infighting reduced the popularity of the party, despite this, ahead of the 1996 elections, Eitan became known as a potential candidate for PM. In the end Tzomet chose to run in a joint list with the Likud and Gesher under the name "National Camp List". Tzomet was ensured several relatively high places in the combined list, partly as a reward for the withdrawal of Eitan as prime minister candidate, as the Likud feared that he would act as a spoiler for their candidate, Benjamin Netanyahu. The 1996 elections were the first Israeli elections to feature a double vote: one for the Knesset, and one direct vote for the prime minister. As part of the joint list, Tzomet managed to get all five of its Knesset members back into the Knesset. However, over the course of the next few years, Tzomet continued to splinter: Pini Badash left to run in municipal politics, Moshe Peled broke away to form his own Mekhora faction before joining Moledet while Eliezer Sandberg left to form the Centre Party. By the end of the 14th Knesset, Tzomet only had 2 MKs left: Eitan himself and Haim Dayan.

Following the dissolution of the Likud–Gesher–Tzomet alliance ahead of the 1999 elections, Tzomet was in the "political desert", it attempted to join the National Union joint list or rejoin an alliance with the Likud, however both ventures failed and Tzomet ran alone for the Knesset. Over the years Tzomet had lost almost all its support, and won just 4,128 votes, less than 10% of the number needed to cross the 1.5% electoral threshold. After the humiliating defeat, Eitan retired from the political life. Following the retirement of Eitan, the party faded into obscurity in the Israeli political scene

Despite Rafael Eitan's departure, the party, now headed by Moshe Gerin, ran in the 2003, the 2006 elections, and the 2009 elections, but won only 2,023, 1,342, and 1,520 votes, respectively, in the three elections, not meeting the election threshold in any of them. Following their failure to reach the threshold in four successive elections, the party decided not to run in the 2013 and 2015 elections.

Modern Tzomet
In the lead up to the April 2019 elections, Likud MK Oren Hazan failed to achieve a realistic spot in the Likud list, receiving only a small number of votes in the primaries. Following his failure in the Likud primaries, Oren Hazan declared that he would leave the Likud and head his own party, taking over the long-dormant Tzomet party.

Hazan reformed the party, abandoning Eitan's secularism and statesmanlike conduct in favor of Hazan's own rightwing populist policy and rhetoric. Under Hazan, Tzomet received the best result since Eitan's departure, earning 2,417 votes. Despite Hazan's marginal success, this result was far from enough to reach the electoral threshold, and Oren Hazan lost his Knesset seat.

Following Hazan's failure to revive the party, it returned to the hands of Moshe Gerin who brought the party back to its original form, focusing on agrarianism and settlement. The party received an even better result in the September 2019 elections, receiving 14,805 votes (0.33% of the popular vote).

Ideology
Tzomet's ideology was heavily reflective of Rafael Eitan (Raful) himself. Eitan was a moshavnik, as such, he was influenced by the moshavnik agricultural, nationalist and secularist ideology. Raful's Tzomet's platform included:
 * Separation of religion and state and military recruitment of Ultra Orthodox Jews.
 * Annexation of the West Bank.
 * Restricting voting rights only to those who have completed national service.
 * Switching to a presidential system.
 * Aggressive policy against Palestinian terrorism.
 * Economic policy based on economic liberalism and agriculture.

Under the leadership of Oren Hazan, Tzomet's ideology changed considerably. Tzomet no longer mentioned any changes to Israel's voting or government system. Hazan shifted Tzomet's focus away from secularism and recruitment of the Ultra Orthodox. Under Hazan, Tzomet focused primarily on criticizing Netanyahu's defense policy from the right and supporting more aggressive measures against terrorism and against the Israeli Arab members of the Knesset. After Hazan left the party, and Moshe Gerin came back to lead it, Tzomet's ideology returned to its agrarianist base. The party's support dwindled 280 times in the fall-winter 2019.

title: Tzomet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Soviet Cold War power plays

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled List of Soviet actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic, since moved to List of Soviet Cold War power plays.

This page is kept as an historic record.

Due to lack of consensus, the result of the debate was to keep the article.

Article subject is inherently POV. Ordinarily I might try renaming, but it only has one action listed.

 * Delete unless reanmed and more items added. - TB 20:51, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * In all fairness, and in the interest of NPOV we can't merely delete the Soviet list, when we have an exhaustive US list. I will agree more material is needed, which most certainly does exist, but in the interests of balance, I vote keep . -- EmperorBMA|話す 13:55, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only three things listed and Cuban Missile Crisis seems just odd in the context. The placing of missiles on Cuba could be considered imperialistic, but the crisis was an interaction between - primarily - two nations.  To call the crisis imperialistic is like saying both Britain AND India were imperialists because of the existence of the East India Company. It seems a poorly thought out basis for an article. --bodnotbod 14:58, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * This would need a lot of work to ever come close to NPOV. ("considered imperialistic" by who? for what reasons? counter-arguments why it is not or was not considered imperialistic by others? etc.) Right now, it reads like anti-Soviet propaganda. I don't see enough value to the potential article to justify the effort of overcoming the inherent POV in the current version. Delete.  By the way, balance is not an issue.  The US list suffers the same weaknesses.  I am going to propose it for deletion below for the same reasons. Rossami 15:12, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is the other option (and definitely a good one). I think that if we define what group says "foo event" it may remove some of the POV burden from Wikipedia, unfortunately it is true that it is quite naturally a POV article no matter which way you slice it.  (Vote change to: Neutral as long as the US article goes the same way) -- EmperorBMA|話す 17:52, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: hopeless POV. What we need is something like Soviet foreign policy, which this article will never be. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:47, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See my comments on MediaWiki:VfD-List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic|List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic. Andrewa 01:14, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless we can find some way to repair both this article and the parallel one: MediaWiki:VfD-List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic|List of US actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic. -Rholton 01:53, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe retitling it "List of actions that expanded Soviet influence"? MK 05:16, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - as a reference point.--GD 08:50, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * delete. i dont know who's doing to considering --Jiang 08:52, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not fair to keep the list of US actions and delete this one. And it has five actions by now, not just one any more. Andris 04:31, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I changed the name to a less POV and more accurate title. Kingturtle 05:39, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, maybe for future merging into a Soviet Foreign policy article. And I like the redirect BTW (Far less POV) Burgundavia 07:40, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to List of Soviet Cold War foreign interventions (for NPOV example), but delete POV redirections List of Soviet actions since 1945 that have been considered imperialistic and List of Soviet Cold War power plays. --Zigger 19:11, 2004 May 13 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey

William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey (born 1160s–1170s, died 27 May 1240 ) was the son of Hamelin de Warenne and Isabel, daughter of William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey. His father Hamelin granted him the manor of Appleby, North Lincolnshire.

Origins
Although he spent most of his life in England he was raised in Normandy. In 1194 William de Warenne was one of those who with Richard I of England licensed the reopening of tournament circuits in England. Through his grandfather Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou he was cousin to kings Richard and John, and uncle to king Henry III. His father Hamelin de Warenne was son of Geoffrey Plantagenet who married Isabel de Warenne and adopted the surname. Therefore, he inherited royal connections through his paternal line and the Earldom of Surrey through his maternal line, a very powerful combination. De Warenne was present at the coronation of John, King of England on 27 May 1199. When Normandy was lost to the French in 1204 he lost his Norman holdings (in 1202 he was lieutenant of Gascony), but John recompensed him with lordship over the important towns of Grantham and Stamford. Such generous grants were not surprising for a royal cousin who posed no threat to the throne.

Tournament
Based on an example letter, which was likely copied from a real letter, he was in correspondence with William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle whom he considered a great knight and whom he wanted to join his tournament team some time between 1210 and 1240. The letter reads:

 * The earl of Warenne to the count of Aumale, greetings. That which ceases from use has prepared the way for its own retirement. We knights are being kept from action like unskilled clodhoppers; this long interval of sitting around, which prevents the practice of knightly exercise, gives one kidney stones. You will have heard that a certain tournament has been sworn between us and O., the earl of such-and-such a place. We beg you with our utmost affection to come to it. Since we are unfit, we trust in your integrity as to a city; to your triumphal banner as to a castle with its walls and surrounding moat, which is accustomed to be the refuge of the weary and of those oppressed by an adverse fate. And those who are accustomed to our protection in the best possible manner have committed themselves to being defended [by] the might of your protection. We also desire your presence there all the more because we believe it will be essential to us.

Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
His first tenure of office as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports began in 1204, and lasted until 1206; he was again appointed as Warden in 1214. He was also a Warden of the Welsh Marches between 1208 and 1213. Between the years 1200 and 1208, and between 1217 and 1226 he was to serve as the High Sheriff of Surrey.

Loyalist during the Rebellion
De Warenne was one of the few barons who remained loyal to his cousin, King John. In 1212, when a general rebellion was feared, John committed to him the custody of the northern shires. During the king's difficulties with the barons, when they sought for the French prince to assume the English throne, William is listed as one of those who advised John to accede to Magna Carta. His allegiance only faltered a few times when the king's cause looked hopeless; shortly before the death of John, he made terms with Prince Louis. In March 1217 he again demonstrated his loyalty to England by supporting the young King Henry III, and he was also responsible for the establishment of Salisbury Cathedral. He refers to Hubert de Burgh in a letter from 1218 as his dearest friend and lord "sicut dominum et amicum carissimum".

However, he disliked the royal favorites who came into power after 1227, and used his influence to protect Hubert de Burgh when the latter had been removed from office by their efforts in 1232. Warenne's relations with the king became strained in course of time. In 1238 he was evidently regarded as a leader of the baronial opposition, for the Great Council appointed him as one of the treasurers who were to prevent the king from squandering the subsidy voted in that year.

Marriage and issue
William married Maud Marshal, widow of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, on 13 October 1225. They had one son, John, and a daughter, Isabel. John (1231–1304) succeeded his father as earl, while Isabel (c. 1228 – 1282) married Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel. William may also have had an earlier, childless marriage to another Maud, daughter of William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel.

title: William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey


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Kool Moe Dee

Mohandas Dewese (born August 8, 1962), better known by his stage name Kool Moe Dee, is an American rapper, songwriter and actor. Considered one of the forerunners of the new jack swing sound in hip hop, he gained fame in the 1980s as a member of one of the pioneering groups in hip hop music, the Treacherous Three, and for his later solo career. During his career he released a total of seven studio albums (five of them solo), with 1994's Interlude being the last to date.

His fast and aggressive rap style influenced following rap figures such as Big Daddy Kane, Beastie Boys, KRS-One, Rakim, Will Smith, N.W.A, Tupac Shakur, Nas, Jay-Z, among others. Among his most famous songs are "Go See the Doctor", "Wild Wild West" and "How Ya Like Me Now".

Kool Moe Dee was ranked No. 33 on About.com's list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time (1987–2007).

Early life and education
Born Mohandas Dewese in Harlem, Kool Moe Dee attended the State University of New York at Old Westbury, where he received a degree in communications in 1985.

Career
One of Kool Moe Dee's first feats was being part of the first major rap battle in history. He lyrically attacked Busy Bee after one of his performances in 1981. He was extremely mad at Busy Bee, for talking smack about other MC's, claiming that none of them could beat him in a contest. Moe Dee used some of his rhymes from "The New Rap Language" and "Whip It". He also used a little bit of Busy Bee's style during the battle. In 1985, the Treacherous Three disbanded. In 1986, he went solo, releasing a self-titled album that ranked 83 on Billboard. After meeting a young up and coming artist at Sugar Hill records by the name of Lavaba Mallison, who would later become his manager, Kool Moe Dee left Sugar Hill records to join Lavaba Mallison, Robert "Gusto" Wells, Greg Marius and up and coming producer Teddy Riley at the newly founded ROOFTOP records. He co-operated with the young producers Teddy Riley and Lavaba Mallison which contributed to the new jack swing movement that would gain popularity in the years to follow.

Kool Moe Dee released his second album, How Ya Like Me Now which was his most successful album commercially, achieving platinum status. He then went on to release his third album, Knowledge Is King in 1989, which went gold. In 1990, he performed on Quincy Jones' album Back on the Block along with fellow rappers Melle Mel, Big Daddy Kane and Ice-T. The album gained considerable critical and financial success and won the 1991 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In 1991, the release of his album Funke, Funke Wisdom signaled Kool Moe Dee's decline. Moe Dee himself has stated that this was his worst album. He induced his release from Jive Records in 1992. After a two-year lay off, he released his greatest hits album which regained some of his former success and acclaim. In 1994, his album Interlude was released and failed to gain Moe Dee much of his former success of the mid-1980s. In 1993, he re-united with his fellow ex members of the Treacherous Three to release the album Old School Flava on Ichiban. His last commercial release was the single "Love Love/What You Wanna Do" which was released on Spoiled Brat Entertainment Inc. Moe Dee appeared in the MTV box office bomb Crossroads as a bartender.

Feud with LL Cool J
Kool Moe Dee conducted a long-running rivalry with fellow New York rapper LL Cool J. Along with other rappers such as MC Shan, Kool Moe Dee claimed that LL had stolen their rap styles. He also felt that LL was disrespecting rap pioneers such as Melle Mel and Grandmaster Caz by proclaiming that he was "rap's new grandmaster" without paying due respect to those who came before him. He challenged LL on his platinum selling album How Ya Like Me Now on the single of the same name. He also took a shot at LL by appearing on the album cover with a jeep in the background with the wheel crushing one of LL's trademark red Kangol hats.

Behind The Rhyme talk show
In 2017 he launched as executive producer and host of Behind The Rhyme, a digital talk show series featuring an interview with a hip-hop legend or current star. The premiere episode was released in June 2020, featuring Chuck D, front man of Public Enemy and supergroup Prophets of Rage. The show is executive produced by industry veterans Ann Carli and Devin DeHaven, who also directs the series.

Discography

 * Kool Moe Dee (1986)
 * How Ya Like Me Now (1987)
 * Knowledge Is King (1989)
 * Funke, Funke Wisdom (1991)
 * Interlude (1994)

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards

Appeared on

 * The Isley Brothers "Come Together" on the album Spend the Night (Warner Bros – 1988)
 * Quincy Jones w/ Melle Mel & Big Daddy Kane & Ice-T "Back On the Block" from the album Back on the Block (Qwest Records – 1989)
 * Quincy Jones w/ Ice T, Big Daddy Kane "Jazz Corner of the World" from the album Back on the Block (Qwest Records – 1989)
 * Stop the Violence Movement "Self Destruction" (Jive/ RCA Records – 1989)
 * HEAL w/ various artists Civilization Vs. Technology (Elektra – 1991)
 * Zebrahead "Good Time" from the album Zebrahead Soundtrack (Ruffhouse – 1992)
 * CB4 w/ Daddy-O & Hi-C "Rapper's Delight" CB4 Soundtrack (MCA – 1993)
 * Regina Belle "Tango In Paris" from the album Passion (Columbia – 1993)
 * Babydol "I Want You Back" (Miracle – 1993)
 * Animaniacs Hip-Opera Christmas (Rhino – 1997)
 * “Panther” Movie - 1995
 * The Spinners "I'll Be Around" from the album At Their Best (Intersound – 1999)
 * "I Go To Work" from the album Bad Boy Bill's Vocal Mix" (Jive – 1999)
 * Will Smith w/ Dru Hill "Wild Wild West" from the album Willenium (Columbia – 1999)
 * Pablo "Next Level" (Howlin – 2003)
 * Pat Boone "Backbone" from the album R&B Duet Hits (Goldenlane Records – 2006)
 * Nas w/ various artists "Where Are They Now (80's Remix)" (Ill Will Records – 2007)
 * Ice-T "Darc Fight Club" EP also features "Revolution" 2009
 * Macklemore & Ryan Lewis "Downtown" with Eric Nally, Melle Mel, and Grandmaster Caz – 2015

title: Kool Moe Dee


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Blue River (New Zealand)

The Blue River is a small river in the South Island of New Zealand. It flows its entire length within the Mount Aspiring National Park, and although on the southeastern side of the main divide, the river is within the boundaries of the West Coast region for its entire length.

The headwaters are southeast of the main range of the Southern Alps near the mountain Eyetooth, with the smaller Blue River North Branch and South Branch joining the main Blue River later. Shortly before flowing into the Makarora River, the river passes through a narrow gorge.

At its confluence with the Makarora River, the aptly named Blue Pools are the destination of a popular short walk from, with a bridge crossing the Blue River and providing good views upstream into the gorge and downstream over the river flowing into Makarora River. The longer Blue Valley tramping track leads deep into the Blue River Valley and along most of the length of the river.

title: Blue River (New Zealand)


text:
Mount Lucania

Mount Lucania in Yukon is the third-highest mountain in Canada (5240 metres), and the second-highest mountain located entirely within the country (the summit of Mount Saint Elias, Canada's second highest peak, is shared with the US state of Alaska). A long ridge connects Mount Lucania with Mount Steele (5073 m), the fifth-highest in Canada. Lucania was named by the Duke of Abruzzi, as he stood on the summit of Mount Saint Elias on July 31, 1897, having just completed the first ascent. Seeing Lucania in the far distance, beyond Mount Logan, he immediately named it "after the ship on which the expedition had sailed from Liverpool to New York," the RMS Lucania.

Climbing History
The first ascent of Mount Lucania was made in 1937 by Bradford Washburn and Robert Hicks Bates. They used an airplane to reach Walsh Glacier, 2670 m above sea level; the use of air support for mountaineering was novel at the time. Washburn called upon Bob Reeve, a famous Alaskan bush pilot, who later replied by cable to Washburn, "Anywhere you'll ride, I'll fly". The ski-equipped Fairchild F-51 made several trips to the landing site on the glacier without event in May, but on landing with Washburn and Bates in June, the plane sank into unseasonal slush. Washburn, Bates and Reeve pressed hard for five days to get the airplane out and Reeve was eventually able to get the airplane airborne with all excess weight removed and with the assistance of a smooth icefall with a steep drop. Washburn and Bates continued on foot to make the first ascent of Lucania, and in an epic descent and journey to civilization, they hiked over 150 mi through the wilderness to safety in the small town of Burwash Landing in the Yukon.
 * First Ascent

Washburn's party was forced to abandon a great deal of gear—more than 1,000 pounds of cameras, surveying equipment and other supplies—on Walsh Glacier. In 2022, an expedition led by U.S. professional skier Griffin Post located Washburn's lost equipment, which had been carried 14 miles from its original location by the glacier. Assisted by officials from Canada's National Park Service and a team of archaeologists, much of the gear was collected and cleaned.

The second ascent of Lucania was made in 1967 by Jerry Halpern, Mike Humphreys, Gary Lukis, and Gerry Roach.
 * Subsequent Notable Ascents

In April–May 2021, Pascale Marceau and Eva Capozzola summited the peak, the first all-woman team of climbers to do so.

Literature

 * David Roberts, Escape from Lucania: An Epic Story of Survival (2002), Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-2432-9.

title: Mount Lucania


text:
Leberkäse

(German, literally 'liver-cheese'; sometimes also Leberkäs or Leberka(a)s) in Austria and the Swabian, Bavarian and Franconian parts of Germany, 'leverkaas' in the Netherlands and Fleischkäse ("meat-cheese") in Saarland, Baden, Switzerland and Tyrol) is a speciality food found in the south of Germany, in Austria and parts of Switzerland. It consists of beef, pork and bacon and is made by grinding the ingredients very finely and then baking it as a loaf in a bread pan until it has a crunchy brown crust. Variations may be made using other kinds of meat such as horse meat or turkey, or may contain additional ingredients such as cheese or minced chili peppers.

Leberkäse is also called Fleischlaib, which literally means "meat-loaf" in German, but it is not a meatloaf, which in German is called Hackbraten (literally "ground roast", from Hackfleisch, "ground meat", and ein Braten, "a roast"), faschierter Braten (literally "minced roast", from faschieren, "to mince", and ein Braten, "a roast"), Wiegebraten, falscher Hase ("false hare" or "faux hare") and Heuchelhase ("mock-hare").

Consumption
Leberkäse is traditionally enjoyed in a variety of ways, including:
 * Most of the time, it is served hot on a Semmel (hard wheat flour bread-roll) and traditionally seasoned with mustard or pickles. The result, generally called Leberkäsesemmel (in Swabia and the Franconian parts of Bavaria, Leberkäsweckle, Leberkäsweggla or LKW in short, an allusion to the abbreviation for Lastkraftwagen, heavy goods vehicle), is a staple of South-German and Austrian fast food stalls, butcher shops and supermarkets.
 * Cut into approximately finger-thick slices, usually served with traditionally medium hot mustard or Bavarian sweet mustard or sometimes ketchup and accompanied by soft pretzels or Kartoffelsalat (potato salad).
 * Pan-fried (abgebräunt or gebraten, "browned"), in which case it is commonly accompanied by a fried egg and German potato salad, or Bratkartoffeln (home fries) and sometimes spinach. This is a very common Biergarten dish.
 * Cold, cut into very thin slices and used on a variety of sandwiches, usually seasoned with pickled cucumbers.
 * Two slices of Leberkäse with a slice of ham and cheese in the middle are dipped into eggs and coated with breadcrumbs and then fried in the pan. This variant is called falsches Cordon Bleu ("mock Cordon Bleu").

Variants
Known variants include:

 * Käseleberkäse, which adds small pieces of evenly distributed cheese to the mix.
 * Paprika-Leberkäse (German Paprika = bell pepper), which adds small pieces of pickles and bell peppers.
 * Pizzaleberkäse, which adds cheese, cut bell peppers, pickles and small cubes of salami, named for its similarity to pizza.
 * Pferdeleberkäse (German Pferd = horse), which is indeed made of horse-meat (German Pferdefleisch), otherwise not widely consumed in the German language area. Popular in Vienna, Austria.
 * Zwiebelleberkäse (German Zwiebel = onion), which is made with onions. Common in the Swabian and Franconian regions of Germany.
 * Pikanter Leberkäse, which adds spices and is very popular in Austria.

title: Leberkäse


text: Talk:Mount Lucania

title: Talk:Mount Lucania


text:
User talk:TomS

Slovenia
Hi TomS. I've noticed that you've made a whole duplicate text of an article about Slovenia with the revision 19:29, 6 May 2004. I've corrected the duplicate text and I hope everything is in proper place now. Can you please be more careful with editing in the future :o) Can you please also check the current version that all your recent revisions and additions/changes are correct.

Karantania/Karantanians
I do not exactly understand your notices about references and futher readings in Karantania talk page. Do you want me to delete your futher readings from the page of Karantania? About dr. Šorli. I know he is an amateur to the subject - I just gave his book as an reference because I've made an article from it and I was just fair enough. I do not want to praise his work against the professional historians of course. Best regards and wellcome to Wikipedia. --XJamRastafire 21:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi XJam. I've made a whole duplicate text of an article about Slovenia? Honestly, I have no idea what are you talking about. As a newcomer I could do this by mistake of coures - if so I apologise - and as you can see I discower your mesage only today. Don't laugh at me too much. ;-)
 * Best regards
 * TomS 15:51, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hello, I'm back again. It's been long time but I survive somehow. --TomS 16:16, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:TomS


text:
Boulder River (New Zealand)

The Boulder River is a small river in the north of the South Island of New Zealand.

The headwaters are at the Kahurangi National Park's small Boulder Lake. The river flows north for 10 km before draining into the Aorere River.

title: Boulder River (New Zealand)


text:
List of universities in Serbia

This is a list of universities in Serbia.

There are nine public universities in Serbia and ten private universities. Apart from universities and faculties, there are also public and private colleges.

As of 2022–23 school year, there are 248,508 enrolled students at universities in Serbia, of whom 177,180 (84.5%) study at public universities and 32,441 (15.5%) at private universities. Also, there are 38,887 enrolled students at independent faculties and public and private colleges in Serbia.

Public
List of public universities and faculties that are funded through a budget of the Government of Serbia (excluding universities in Kosovo). Also, there is data about number of enrolled students as of 2022–23 school year.

Private
List of private universities in Serbia (excluding universities in Kosovo, with data about number of enrolled students as of 2022–23 school year.

title: List of universities in Serbia