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Transport in Birmingham

Birmingham is a major transport hub, due in part to its location in central England. The city is well connected by rail, road, and water. Public transport and key highways in the city are overseen by Transport for West Midlands (TfWM).

History
The first railway station to open in Birmingham was Vauxhall station, which opened in 1837 as a temporary railway shed. It served as the temporary Birmingham terminus of the Grand Junction Railway from Warrington. Curzon Street railway station opened in 1838 as the permanent terminus in the city and Vauxhall became a goods-only station until it was rebuilt and opened in 1869 under the London & North Western Railway (LNWR). The Curzon Street station entrance hall remains today in its original form, designed by Philip Hardwick, mirroring his design of the Euston Arch at the London terminus of the railway line. It is Grade I listed and is the world's oldest surviving piece of monumental railway architecture. It closed to all railway traffic in 1966. New Street station opened in 1854, and Curzon Street station fell out of passenger use, running only holiday excursions for the public. New Street helped by becoming a hub for railway lines, easing connections between them. Despite this, an extension of New Street station was required in the 1880s so that Midland Railway trains between Derby and Bristol no longer needed to use Camp Hill railway station which opened in 1840.

Snow Hill station was the next major station to open in Birmingham, opening in 1852 as Livery Street station. It connected London Paddington to Wolverhampton Low Level. The station was rebuilt in 1871 to accommodate longer trains and again between 1906 and 1912. The latter scheme was undertaken so that the station could compete better with New Street. Other stations on the line in Birmingham were Soho & Winson Green and Hockley. To alleviate pressure on Snow Hill, Moor Street station was opened in 1909 as a terminus for the North Warwickshire lines. The two stations were linked by tunnel which closed in 1968, only to be reopened in 1987 under British Rail, when the new Moor Street station was completed. The 1960s Beeching cuts stated Snow Hill station as being unnecessary and the station closed in 1972 along with the line to Wolverhampton Low Level. The station was demolished by 1977, with only the original gates and booking hall sign surviving. However, in the 1980s, British Rail decided to re-open Snow Hill station as part of the cross-city transport plan for Birmingham. It reopened in 1987 as part of a completely redeveloped site with new office buildings replacing the original hotel, and multi-storey car parking over the station concourses. In 2011 a new station entrance was opened linking Snow Hill station to the Jewellery Quarter, on the other side of the A41 Queensway inner distribution road.

In 1986, Moor Street was relocated adjacent to the original station. However, in 2002, the original Moor Street station was renovated by the Birmingham Alliance and Chiltern Railways at a cost of £11 million, and converted into a shopping and refreshment area connected to the new platforms.

The Harborne Branch Line opened in 1875, connecting New Street to the outlying suburb of Harborne. A connection to the LNWR was created at Monument Lane. The branch terminated at Harborne railway station. The line began to suffer from falling passenger numbers, largely due to the increasing popularity of buses but also due to train delays as a result of congestion of routes at New Street station. Icknield Port Road station closed in 1931, and the other stations closed to passengers on 26 November 1934. The last passenger train to run on the line was an enthusiasts' special on 3 June 1950. The line closed to freight traffic on 4 November 1963.

In 1978 the Cross-City Line came into being, comprising the former Midland Railway line between Redditch and New Street via Selly Oak and the London and North Western Railway Line between New Street and Lichfield. It connects Sutton Coldfield, which was absorbed into Birmingham in 1974, with the Birmingham city centre. This line provides the only passenger service to Sutton Coldfield; the Sutton Park Line, opened in 1879 and closed to passengers in 1965, is still in use as a freight-only line avoiding central Birmingham.

Mainline services
A large number of railway lines meet at Birmingham New Street railway station, which is a hub of the UK rail network and is the calling point for most intercity services to and from Birmingham. Trains to London Marylebone operated by Chiltern Railways stop at Moor Street station, and most continue to Snow Hill station.

New Street Station has been redeveloped in a £500 million scheme named Gateway Plus. The project improved passenger facilities and increased passenger capacity at the station, which had been running at over double its capacity. The first stage of the development was completed in April 2013, when the old concourse was closed. The project was completed in 2015.

Phase One of High Speed 2 is to have its first spur to Birmingham linking with London. Phase Two will create new high speed links from Birmingham to Leeds and Manchester. Since New Street does not have sufficient capacity for the new high-speed trains, a new dedicated high-speed railway station will be built at Curzon Street, partly on the site of the former station, and adjacent to Moor Street. A new station called Birmingham Interchange will be opened adjacent to Birmingham International to serve the city's airport and the National Exhibition Centre.

Local services
There is a network of rail services within Birmingham and the West Midlands county, operated by West Midlands Trains and supported by Transport for West Midlands (TfWM) (formerly called Centro). During 2014/15, there were nearly 51 million rail passenger journeys in the TfWM area. Birmingham has the highest proportion of rail commuters in England outside London. In the past few decades the proportion of journeys into central Birmingham by rail has grown sharply: 27% of journeys into Birmingham city centre in the peak hours were made by rail in 2012, compared to 17% in 2001, and 12% in 1991.

Most of the Birmingham and West Midlands County local commuter lines are centred on New Street station, including the Cross-City Line, the Chase Line and the Coventry-Wolverhampton Line. Three commuter routes, known collectively as the Snow Hill Lines, run through Snow Hill and Moor Street stations.

Plans are being pursued to restore local passenger services to the Camp Hill line in southern Birmingham, which is currently freight only, by constructing new chords into Birmingham Moor Street station. This would also allow for new local services on the lines from Birmingham to Tamworth and Nuneaton.

West Midlands Metro

The West Midlands Metro is a light-rail tram system promoted by TfWM. The system currently has one line which connects Birmingham to Wolverhampton via West Bromwich and Wednesbury. The original line from Wolverhampton to Birmingham Snow Hill was opened in 1999. In 2016, the line was extended across Birmingham city-centre from Birmingham Snow Hill to Birmingham New Street station, subsequently extended to Centenary Square with work in hand as of 2021 to continue the line on to Five Ways and Edgbaston, and on another line connecting to the Eastside of the city-centre. There are long-term plans to extend the system across Birmingham and the West Midlands. 3 new lines to Brierley Hill, Digbeth and Birmingham Airport are under construction. With more lines receiving £1.7bn in funding to Walsall, Stourbridge, Quinton, Wednesfield, Solihull and New Cross Hospital that are currently in development / planning.

Birmingham Corporation Tramways
Birmingham Corporation Tramways operated a network of tramways in Birmingham from 1904 until 1953. It was the largest narrow-gauge tramway network in the UK, and was built to a gauge of. It was the fourth largest tramway network in the UK behind London, Glasgow and Manchester.

Underground system
In the early 1950s, the government planned to protect essential communications by building a series of hardened underground telephone exchanges. Construction of the Anchor exchange in Birmingham started in 1953 with a cover story that a new underground rail network was being built. Work progressed until 1956 when the public were told the project was no longer economic; instead Birmingham got its underpasses through the city to help relieve congestion. An underground exchange and tunnel system 100 ft below Newhall Street had been completed at a cost £4 million. The main tunnel runs from Anchor to Midland ATE in Hill Street, from there the tunnel continued under New Street Station and on to the exchange in Essex Street.

More recently, the Conservative–Lib-Dem alliance running Birmingham City Council proposed an underground system as an alternative to expansion of the Midland Metro. A£150,000 feasibility study was conducted, looking at the benefits and drawbacks of a state-of-the-art, £3 billion underground system serving the city. Upon the outcome of the report, the city council backed plans for a street metro system.

Buses and coaches
Birmingham has a wide bus network. 84% of public transport use in the West Midlands is by bus. There are approximately 50 operators of registered local bus services in the West Midlands. The largest bus operator in the area is National Express West Midlands, which accounts for over 80% of all journeys. The company changed its name from Travel West Midlands in 2008 as a part of National Express' re-branding. National Express West Midlands operates a large network based on a range of services radiating out of Birmingham City Centre and the route 11 bus service, the longest urban bus service in Europe which chiefly follows the A4040 circular road.

Most of the network is operated on a commercial basis, with some services (usually evenings and Sundays) supported by TfWM. Smaller operators provide a range of services, either in competition with National Express West Midlands or under contract to TfWM. These include Diamond West Midlands and The Green Bus. Medium distance bus services from Birmingham include First Midland Red operating services to Worcester and Redditch. Arriva Midlands operates services to Tamworth and Kingsbury in Staffordshire. Johnsons Coach & Bus Travel operate longer distance bus services from the south of the conurbation such as the 20 to Stratford-upon-Avon and the 150/X50 to Redditch. Despite the large number of buses serving Birmingham City Centre there is no longer a bus station. Instead buses terminate at bus stops on roads surrounding the city centre which are given codes assigned by area (e.g. Moor Street Interchange = MS*). The airport can also be reached via an express bus service from Coleshill Parkway station, on the Birmingham to Peterborough Line which run four times per hour and take around fifteen minutes. Alternatively, National Express Coventry runs a regular bus service from the City Centre. The number X1 from Moor Street Queensway to Coventry runs via the airport and the National Exhibition Centre.

Birmingham is also a major hub in the National Express coach network, whose headquarters are in Birmingham. The group operates services from its hub at Birmingham coach station, a new coach station on the site of the former Digbeth coach station. A temporary coach station was located in nearby Oxford Street whilst building work was undertaken. The company's flagship NXL Shuttle service operates services to London with frequent services to all major airports and cities in Britain. Many of these are cross-country services operating from north to south, for which Birmingham provides interchange facilities. Birmingham is also served by Megabus coaches that stop at Brunel Street, west of New Street station.

Roads
The M40 motorway connects to London via Oxford. The M6 motorway also connects Birmingham to London (via the M1) and the south, and the north-west of England and Scotland. Junction 6 of the M6 is also one of Birmingham's landmarks, and probably the most notable motorway junction in the UK, Spaghetti Junction, which is officially called the Gravelly Hill Interchange. Other motorways are:
 * The A38(M) which links Spaghetti Junction to the city centre
 * The M5, connecting Birmingham to the south-west of England
 * The M42, which connects Birmingham to Tamworth and the East Midlands
 * The M6 Toll, which enables through traffic on the M6 to bypass Birmingham and Wolverhampton.

Birmingham, unlike London and Manchester, does not have a single orbital motorway. Instead, three motorways form a box which surrounds most of the city. These are: Other major roads passing through Birmingham include:
 * The M42 which forms the southern and eastern sections. In the middle, the M40 terminates, which has its junction built with priority for traffic going from the M40 to the M42 west, instead of M42 east-west priority. The M40 goes off south to Warwick, Oxford, High Wycombe, Uxbridge and London.
 * The M5 which forms the western section.
 * The M6 which forms the northern section. The M5 terminates on the M6.
 * The A34 from Manchester to Winchester
 * The A38 from Mansfield to Bodmin
 * The A41 from London to Birkenhead
 * The A45 from Birmingham to Thrapston (formerly to Felixstowe)
 * The A47 from Birmingham to Great Yarmouth
 * The A4540 'Middleway' ring road
 * The A4040 Outer Ring Road

Clean Air Zone
Birmingham introduced a Clean Air Zone on 1 June 2021, which charges polluting vehicles to travel into the city centre (all roads within the A4540 ring road). Poor air quality kills around 900 people a year in Birmingham and the government has ordered the city to reduce pollution. The daily charge is £8 for petrol cars built before 2006 and diesel cars built before 2015, and £50 for lorries and coaches. The money is used to improve public transport.

Cycling
Sustrans' National Cycle Route 5 goes through central Birmingham, connecting with National Cycle Route 81 at Smethwick. National Cycle Route 535 from Sutton Coldfield terminates just north of Birmingham Snow Hill railway station.

In 2021, Transport for West Midlands launched a cycle hire scheme involving over 300 bikes and 43 docking stations across the West Midlands, including central Birmingham. Dedicated cycling infrastructure remains relatively scarce in suburban areas of Birmingham.

History
Birmingham's first airport was Castle Bromwich Aerodrome, which operated from 1909 to 1958. Another opened as Elmdon Airport on 8 July 1939 and continues to operate, as Birmingham Airport. A heliport, Hay Mills Rotor Station, operated passenger services to London from 1951 to 1952, with freight flights continuing until 1954. Another operated adjacent to Baskerville House in the 1950s.

Current
Birmingham is served by Birmingham Airport in the Borough of Solihull to the east of Birmingham, which is the seventh-busiest (2013) by passenger traffic in the UK. The airport is served by the railway network at Birmingham International railway station, nearby in the same Borough. The airport and railway station are linked by the 585 m AirRail Link, originally a Maglev system, since converted to a cable-hauled SkyRail people mover. Train services are provided by Avanti West Coast, CrossCountry, Transport for Wales and West Midlands Trains.

Bus services operate from the airport to Coleshill Parkway railway station on the Birmingham – Leicester railway line. This link improves access to the East Midlands as well as providing further links to North Warwickshire and South-east Staffordshire.

The airport has two major bus services running into Birmingham: the X1 (Birmingham – Airport – Coventry), which operates 24 hours a day and X12 bus (Birmingham - Chelmsley Wood– Airport – Solihull). The majority of bus services from the airport are run by National Express West Midlands (formerly known as Travel West Midlands) with other Warwickshire-funded services such as the 75.

Canals
Birmingham's canal network was built during the Industrial Revolution to transport heavy goods and the city remains at the hub of the country's canal network. Canals run for 35 mi within the city, of which most are still navigable. Birmingham is often lauded as having more miles of canal than Venice, true by a margin of 9 mi. Birmingham however includes many semi-urban parts and is a far larger city than Venice making for a much lower canal density (concentration). The type of waterway is inland providing the main access to few properties. This contrasts to Venice's broad coastal canals providing the main means of access, surrounded by a lagoon of the Adriatic Sea. By water volume (taking into account depths), Birmingham has more cubic metres of water in its canals than any other city in the world.

Extensive regeneration of canals has taken place since the 1980s, including dredging to enable the smooth passage of narrowboats, reconstruction and construction of canalside housing. 2010s developments include the Eastside area of Digbeth and the area within Icknield Port Loop.

Canals in Birmingham include:
 * Birmingham Canal Navigations network, including the BCN Main Line and the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal
 * Worcester & Birmingham Canal (parts of)
 * The Grand Union Canal (parts of)

Birmingham has reservoirs to feed its canals, including:
 * Edgbaston Reservoir
 * Lifford Reservoir

There are no navigable rivers: the Rea, on which the city was founded, is little more than a culverted stream, and the Tame, which passes through some northern suburbs, is not navigable. The River Cole, which runs through the south-east of the city through to the north-west, is too shallow for anything bigger than a raft.

Birmingham public transport statistics
The average time which public transport users in Birmingham spend commuting per day (as such, chiefly to and from work) on a weekday is 94 min; 38% of such users commute for more than 120 minutes. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 11 mins. The average distance people ride in a trip with public transport is 6.6 km; 10% of users travel more than 12 km in any leg of their public transport journey per day.

Public transport maps
Birmingham public transport maps are available from Network West Midlands as follows:
 * Bus map
 * Rail map
 * Integrated public transport interactive map

title: Transport in Birmingham


text:
Sherston trilogy

The Sherston trilogy is a series of books by the English poet and novelist Siegfried Sassoon, consisting of Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, and Sherston's Progress. They are named after the protagonist, George Sherston - a young Englishman of the upper middle-class, living immediately before and during the First World War.

The books are, in fact, 'fictionalised autobiography', wherein the only truly fictional things are the names of the characters. Sassoon himself is represented by Sherston. A comparison of the Sherston memoirs to Sassoon's later, undiluted autobiographical trilogy (The Old Century, The Weald of Youth, and Siegfried's Journey) shows their strict similarity, and it is generally accepted that all six books constitute a composite portrait of the author, and of his life as a young man. (Sassoon remarked, however, that his alter-ego personified only one-fifth of his actual personality. Unlike his author, Sherston has no poetic inclinations; nor does he deal with homosexuality, which was illegal at the time Sassoon was writing.)

The Sherston trilogy won high acclaim, and Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man took the Hawthornden Prize for Literature for 1928. The three books were printed together in one volume, The Memoirs of George Sherston, in 1937.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sherston trilogy


text:
User talk:JulieADriver

=Praise for Julie!=

I liked your changes to Orgasm (and am kicking myself for not noticing the crap about orgasm being nature's way of ensuring that people will engage in intercourse). Rosemary Amey 23:54, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nice to see an Anglophone so much interested in the Quebecer language! As of your addition about "chu" and since you obviously think it is pertinent, I durst move it to Phonetics, and I also added some background info and the je sais/ché example in order to illustrate that this is a systematic phenomenon in Quebec French, and not just some barbarian pronunciation. Hope that you feel good about this edit. --Valmi 23:08, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

=The Bitching Area=

Previous bitches before Valmi's addition.

=Welcome to Canada=

Congrats on your GRS! Looks like you're moving to Montreal. Welcome to our land! Peace!--Sonjaaa 06:35, Sep 12, 2004 (UTC)

Have you arrived in Montreal yet? I'll be returning to Cont.Ed. in January to continue in translation. In the meantime it sounds like you could use a cup of coffee and a field guide to the local queer stuff ^_^ - Montréalais 02:27, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

translation
There is an enormous backlog at Translation into English, more than for all other languages combined. I see you are signed up at Translators_available. Would you be at all interested in taking on one of these articles? (Full disclosure: this is a bit of a "mass mailing", I'm working my way down the whole list of French-to-English translators.) -- Jmabel 00:10, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
You recently wrote: (Unknown title- the document was not made public) Banned transsexuals from entering consecrated life, orders expulsion of all current transsexual consecrates, and orders church workers not to change baptismal records or otherwise accommodate transsexual worshippers., which caused me to look it up elsewhere. I found news reports from late January (Gay.com UK) and January 31/February 1-3, 2003, noting the items about consecrated life, expulsions, and baptismal record changes, but what do you mean by "otherwise accommodate transsexual worshippers"? and where can I find source material on that? — Rickyrab | Talk 17:53, 1 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks.   — Rickyrab | Talk 22:50, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

Visual Basic Wikibook
I see you have contributed to the Visual Basic article on Wikipedia. Any chance you would like to join in editing the wikibook: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming:Visual_Basic_Classic? --Kjwhitefoot 07:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Hans Christian Andersen
Why did you delete the interwiki link to the Thai Wikipedia article for Hans Christian Anderson? Clicking on it, I clearly see that the article is indeed about him; his name is mentioned in Roman letters and his stories are listed in English. Deleting legitimate items on Wikipedia is considered vandalism, which I going to revert. Thank you. Gilliamjf 00:38, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Re-reverted- the item was a duplicate link. --Julie-Anne Driver 02:16, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I apologize for missing that. Thank you for your response.  Gilliamjf 16:29, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

National Assembly
Hi! Just wondering what motivated your move of the article on the National Assembly of Quebec. I appreciate that you've moved it to the official French name, but as you know, the consensus in some other cases has often been to use the most commonly used English-language term, as opposed to the official term, for the article title. At times, this has been a contentious issue. I'm not saying that I disagree with the move, but I guess I'm a little perplexed. Skeezix1000 20:37, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yea... same here. I suspect most people on the eN WikipediA'd look for it under the English name. 68.39.174.238 01:49, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Sorry About the Revert
Sorry about the revert of your changes. I was primarily trying to get rid of the clear vandalism (not done by you of course), but perhaps I reverted a bit too far and only needed to revert to your version. --  tariq abjotu  (joturner) 13:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Christian Democracy
Hello! As an editor of the article on Christian Democracy, I'd like to see you comment on Talk:Christian Democracy. Thank you. Jobjörn (Talk ° contribs) 20:31, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

contact
Is there a way to contact you in person, as in an instant message? Thanks Pictureuploader 00:08, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

BVE Trainsim
Hi, I have added advert and citation templates to BVE Trainsim as this page needs improvement. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 20:53, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

An article you created maybe deleted soon: Tools which can help you
The article you created: BVE Trainsim may be deleted from Wikipedia.

There is an ongoing debate about whether the article you created should be deleted here:
 * Articles for deletion/BVE Trainsim.

The faster you respond on this page, the better chance the article you created can be saved.

Finding sources which mention the topic of the article you created is the very best way to avoid an article being deleted Findsources3:
 * Find sources for BVE Trainsim: google news recent, google news old, google books, google scholar, NYT recent, NYT old, a9, msbooks, msacademic ...You can then cite these results in the Article for deletion discussion.

Also, there are several tools and helpful editors on Wikipedia who can help you:
 * 1. List the page on Article Rescue Squadron. You can get help listing your page on the Article Rescue Squadron talk page.
 * 2. At any time, you can ask any administrator to move your article to a special page. (Called userfication)

 * 3. You can request a mentor to help you: Wikipedia:Adopt-a-User. But don't wait for a mentor to respond to you before responding on the article for deletion page.
 * 4. When trying to delete a page, veteran editors love to use a lot of rule acronyms. These acronyms don't need to intimidate you. Here is a list of acronyms you can use yourself: Deletion debate acronyms, which will help you argue that the article should be kept.

If the page you created is deleted, you also have many options available. Good luck! Ikip (talk) 00:47, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Looking for help
Hello: My name is Ivan Robaina Bychko, I am 18 years old, I live in Cuba and I am very interested in the culture and history of your country. I am working on a summer school project about your country and in the expansion of the article of your nation in the Spanish Wikipedia. I would like very much if you could help me a little bit. So, please, if you are able to help me please write to me at my e-mail address: nayesda.daria@medired.scu.sld.cu I apologize for my bad English and thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.220.215.11 (talk) 01:14, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

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Season's Greetings
To You and Yours! FWiW Bzuk (talk) 19:40, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Merry, merry!
From the icy Canajian north; to you and yours! FWiW Bzuk (talk) 03:26, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Seasons' Greetings
...to you and yours, from the Great White North! FWiW Bzuk (talk) 04:08, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:JulieADriver


text:
132 (number)

132 (one hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 131 and preceding 133. It is 11 dozens.

In mathematics
132 is the sixth Catalan number. With twelve divisors total where 12 is one of them, 132 is the 20th refactorable number, preceding the triangular 136.

132 is an oblong number, as the product of 11 and 12 whose sum instead yields the 9th prime number 23; on the other hand, 132 is the 99th composite number.

Adding all two-digit permutation subsets of 132 yields the same number:
 * $$12 + 13 + 21 + 23 + 31 + 32 = 132$$.

132 is the smallest number in decimal with this property, which is shared by 264, 396 and 35964 (see digit-reassembly number).

The number of irreducible trees with fifteen vertices is 132.

In a $$15 \times 15$$ toroidal board in the n–Queens problem, 132 is the count of non-attacking queens, with respective indicator of 19 and multiplicity of 1444 = 382 (where, 2 × 19 = 38).

The exceptional outer automorphism of symmetric group S6 uniquely maps vertices to factorizations and edges to partitions in the graph factors of the complete graph with six vertices (and fifteen edges) K6, which yields 132 blocks in Steiner system S(5,6,12).

In other fields
132 is also:
 * OGLE-TR-132 is a magnitude 15.72 star in the star fields of the constellation Carina
 * 132 Aethra is a M-type main belt asteroid
 * Sonnet 132 by William Shakespeare
 * The number of columns of a line printer printing in landscape mode on 14-inch paper.
 * Refers to the Yo Soy 132 movement to vote in 2012 Mexican elections against PRI candidate Enrique Peña Nieto.

title: 132 (number)


text:
Jennifer Finnigan

Jennifer Christina Finnigan (born August 22, 1979) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her role as Bridget Forrester in the American soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful from 2000 to 2004, for which she won three Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series. She also appeared on the CBS legal drama Close to Home (2005–2007) and the ABC sitcom Better with You (2010–2011). Finnigan also starred on the FX series Tyrant (2014–2016). She later starred in the CBS sci-fi drama Salvation (2017–2018).

Early life and education
Finnigan was born in Montreal, Quebec. She is the daughter of Diane Rioux Finnigan, and popular radio personality Jack Finnigan, who was a fixture on CJAD radio in Montreal from 1972 to 2005. She attended The Sacred Heart School of Montreal, a Catholic, all-girl private school from which she graduated in 1996.

Personal life
Finnigan married actor Jonathan Silverman on June 7, 2007, on the island of Mykonos in Greece. She and Silverman have a daughter, Ella Jack, born on September 29, 2017.

1998–2000
From 1998 to 2000, Finnigan appeared in a variety of Canadian shows. In 1998, she made a few guest appearances on "The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo". In early 1999, she appeared in one episode of "Big Wolf on Campus" and throughout the end of 1999, she starred in a sitcom called  Student Bodies playing the role of Kim McCloud in the show's final season. Throughout the first half of 2000, she played the character "Tara" in the episode "The Tale of the Last Dance" in Season 7 of Are You Afraid of the Dark?, as well as making a guest appearance on La Femme Nikita.

2000–2004
In mid-2000, Finnigan moved to the United States and got the role of Bridget Forrester in the long-running soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful in July 2000. In December 2000, she also starred in a true story in the telefilm The Stalking of Laurie Show about the real life murder of a young teenage girl. Finnigan starred as Bridget on The Bold and the Beautiful from July 2000 until January 2004 and won three awards for her work on the show. She is the first person to win three consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards (29th, 30th, 31st Awards), all as "Outstanding Younger Actress". She left the show in January 2004 to pursue other acting roles.

2004–2005
From March 2004 until November 2004, Finnigan was featured on 10 episodes of Crossing Jordan as pathologist Dr. Devan Maguire. Following her departure from the show, she played the character Marni Fliss on the NBC series Committed, which only aired for 13 episodes before being cancelled due to low ratings. The show aired from January until March 2005. In mid-2005, she made a guest appearance as Alex Sinclair in The Dead Zone episode "Double Vision".

2005–2007
Starting in the fall of 2005, Finnigan was the star of the CBS television drama series Close to Home, playing a deputy district attorney. In December 2005, while still starring in Close to Home, she made a second guest appearance as Alex Sinclair in the episode "A Very Dead Zone Christmas," on The Dead Zone. Close to Home aired for two seasons before it was cancelled in May 2007. In August 2007, Finnigan made one final guest appearance on The Dead Zone in the episode "Exile", just before the show ended in late 2007.

2008–present
Finnigan co-starred with her husband, actor Jonathan Silverman, in Beethoven's Big Break, the latest installment in the Beethoven film series; the film was released direct-to-DVD in late 2008. She also starred in Playing for Keeps, a CTV/Lifetime Original Movie, broadcast as What Color is Love? in the United States. Finnigan starred in the ABC sitcom Better with You, which was cancelled after only one season.

She co-starred alongside Jason Priestley in the Psych sixth-season episode, "Neil Simon's Lover's Retreat". She has also done Shadow Island Mysteries: The Last Christmas and Shadow Island Mysteries: Wedding for One.

In 2013, she starred on the TNT series Monday Mornings on which her real life husband Jonathan Silverman was a recurring cast member. The series was canceled after one season.

She also starred on the FX series Tyrant, which began on June 24, 2014. Tyrant aired its final episode on September 7, 2016, after three seasons.

She appeared as Grace Barrows, the Pentagon's press secretary, on the 2017 CBS action drama Salvation. Barrows was one of a few people initially informed when the Pentagon learned Earth will collide with an asteroid with potential extinction-level destruction capacity. The series ran for two seasons.

She starred on the 2021 Canadian comedy-drama series Moonshine.

title: Jennifer Finnigan


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Winsor Harmon

Winsor Harmon (born November 22, 1963) is an American actor best known for his role as Thorne Forrester on the American soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. He took over the role from Jeff Trachta in December 1996 and stayed with the show for 20 years. He briefly returned to the role in March 2022 and in December 2023.

Career
Harmon portrayed Del Henry on the program All My Children from 1994 to 1995. He has made appearances on Baywatch Nights and Acapulco H.E.A.T.. Harmon told Soap Opera Digest about his guest stint on H.E.A.T.: "I hung out with John McCook the whole time and I kept watching all these people from other countries asking for his autograph. I'm thinking to myself, 'Who the hell is this guy?' So one night, we were drinking Coronas and I asked him why he had so many fans and he explained how B&B was so popular around the world. I had no idea. The more he talked about it, the more I was thinking, 'I want to be on that show.'... The first time I drove into the parking lot, there was John, just pointing at me and laughing. He asked what I was doing here and I told him that I was Thorne. That's when he told me that he was going to be playing my dad. That was just too wild."

Before acting, Harmon was employed as a model with Ford Models.

Personal life
Born in Louisiana, Harmon attended Rockwall High School in Rockwall, Texas, and graduated in 1982. He went on to study at Texas A&M University on a football scholarship. Harmon was one of the first to know that Mark Consuelos and co-star Kelly Ripa were dating and had secretly gotten married in Las Vegas.

title: Winsor Harmon


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Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)

Cub Scouting is part of the Scouting program of Scouting America, formerly known as Boy Scouts of America (BSA), available to boys and girls from kindergarten through fifth grade, or 5 to 10 years of age and their families. Its membership is the largest of the five main BSA divisions (Cub Scouting, Scouts BSA, Venturing, Exploring and Sea Scouting). Cub Scouting is part of the worldwide Scouting movement and aims to promote character development, citizenship training, personal fitness, and leadership.

Origins
As early as 1911, Ernest Thompson Seton had developed a prototype program he named Cub Scouts of America that was never implemented. James E. West felt that having BSA divisions for younger boys (those under 12; the "younger boy problem") would draw away boys from the core program, which was Scout troops focused on the 12- to 17-year-old age group; thus he opposed such a program for some time. In spite of this, unofficial programs for younger boys started around this time, under names such as Junior Troops or Cadet Corps. The BSA obtained the rights to Lord Baden-Powell's The Wolf Cub's Handbook in 1916 and used it in unofficial Wolf Cub programs starting in 1918. This led to an issue with Daniel Carter Beard who felt that the use of the British book was nearly disloyal to the United States of America. West encouraged the formation of the Boy Rangers of America, a separate organization for boys eight through twelve based on an American Indian theme. The Boy Rangers used the Scout Law and their Chief Guide, Emerson Brooks, was a Boy Scout commissioner in Montclair, New Jersey. The BSA finally began some experimental Cub units in 1928 and in 1930 the BSA began registering the first Cub Scout packs, and the Boy Rangers were absorbed.

The British Cubbing program used elements of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book series, with the Cubmaster taking the role of Akela and the assistant Cubmaster the role of Baloo. The American program also syncretized American Indian elements, with all Cub Scouts belonging to the Webelos tribe, symbolized by the Arrow of Light and led by Akela. Webelos was also a portmanteau meaning Wolf, Bear, Lion, Scout; the name was later given a backronym of "WE'll BE LOyal Scouts". The initial rank structure was Wolf, Bear and Lion, with ages of 9, 10 and 11. Dens of six to eight Cubs were entirely led by a Scout holding the position of den chief.

Aims, methods, and purposes
The Aims of Cub Scouting are the same as the other divisions—character, citizenship, personal fitness, and leadership.

The Methods of Cub Scouting
 * 1) Living the Ideals
 * 2) Belonging to a Den
 * 3) Advancement
 * 4) Family Involvement
 * 5) Activities
 * 6) Serving the Neighborhood
 * 7) Blue Uniform
 * 8) Working for badges

The Purposes of Cub Scouting are
 * 1) Character Development
 * 2) Spiritual Growth
 * 3) Good Citizenship
 * 4) Sportsmanship and Fitness
 * 5) Family Understanding
 * 6) Respectful Relationships
 * 7) Personal Achievement
 * 8) Friendly Service
 * 9) Fun and Adventure
 * 10) Preparation for Scouts

Ideals
On June 1, 2015, the Cub Scout Promise and the Law of the Pack were retired and replaced by the Scout Oath and Scout Law. The Cub Scout Motto continues to be used.

The Cub Scout sign, two raised fingers of the right hand, identifies the youth as a Cub Scout and the two fingers stand for the Scout Oath and Law. The Cub Scout salute, two fingers of the right hand raised to the edge of the cap or eyebrow, is used to show respect for the country when saluting the flag of the United States. The Cub Scout handshake, first two fingers along the inside of the other Scout's wrist, is used to help each other remember and obey the Scout Oath and Law.

Organization
The Cub Scout pack is sponsored by a community organization such as a business, service organization, school, labor group or religious institution. The chartered organization is responsible for selecting leadership, providing a meeting place and promoting a good program. The chartered organization representative is the liaison between the pack, the chartered organization, and the BSA.

The pack meets once a month, providing a program for Cub Scouts, leaders, parents and other family members attending. The pack is led by a Cubmaster with one or more assistant Cubmasters. The pack committee is a group of adults, led by the pack committee chair, who plan the pack program and activities and manage record keeping, finance, leadership recruitment and registration. The pack trainer is responsible for ensuring that all of the pack leaders are trained and for maintaining training records.

Cub Scouts who join a pack are assigned to dens with ideally six to eight members, usually based on age: Lion Scouts (kindergarten), Tiger Scouts (first grade), Wolf Scouts (second grade), Bear Scouts (third grade), Webelos Scouts (fourth grade), and Arrow of Light Scouts (fifth grade). Dens meet weekly or biweekly under the direction of the adult den leader. A Cub Scout is elected to the Denner position to provide basic leadership to the den. A Scout or Venturer holding the den chief position may assist the den leader in activities. Den meetings are planned around a particular adventure being worked on for rank advancement and may include games, handicrafts, hikes and other outdoor fun while also preparing for the next pack meeting.

Webelos is an acronym meaning "We'll Be Loyal Scouts". According to the Bear Cub Scout Book of 1954, the name originally came from the initial letters of "wolf, bear, lion, Scout", the rank of "Lion Cub Scout" was dropped in 1967, however was used again in 2017 with the launch of the pilot kindergarten program of the same name which became a full-fledged part of the program in 2018. AOL dens spend much of their time learning about Scout customs, including the Scout Law and Oath. Many packs are formally associated with a Scout troop for mutual support—the troop provides assistance to the pack with activities such as campouts and ceremonies and in time, the AOL Scouts cross over to the troop.

The Lone Cub Scout program serves youth who cannot take part in a nearby Cub Scout pack on a regular basis because of such factors as distance, weather, time, disability or similar issues.

In October 2017, Scouting America announced that girls would be welcomed into the Cub Scout program in single gender dens but co-ed packs. 77,000 girls joined nationwide creating packs in California, among other places.

In April 2023, Scouting America announced that effective June 1, 2023, co-ed dens (aka family dens) would now be allowed for Cub Scouts in Kindergarten through 4th Grade (Lions through Webelos). AOL dens for 5th graders would remain single-gender dens in order to prepare them for single-gender Scouts BSA troops. However, some councils are now getting ready to pilot mixed-gender Scouts BSA troops for a one year initial trial.

Uniform
The uniform gives a Cub Scout visibility and creates a level of identity within both the unit and the community. The neckerchief, the neckerchief slide and the belt buckle uniforms are similar in basic design, they do vary in color and detail to identify the different divisions of Cub Scouts, Scouts and Venturers. In all cases, shirts are tucked in.

Youth uniforms
Lions have the option of two uniforms to wear; each Lion den will separately decide which uniform they as a den will wear.

 * Option A is the Cub Scout uniform, accompanied by a yellow Lion neckerchief and Lion slide, the blue Cub Scout belt, a blue cap with lion logo, and blue socks topped with yellow. Scouts can wear blue pants, blue shorts, or blue skorts, as appropriate.

 * Option B is the official Lion t-shirt which has the lion logo on it, but without the neckerchief or slide. The t-shirt can also be accompanied by the same hat, belt, socks, and pants, shorts, or skorts.

Tigers wear the Cub Scout uniform, accompanied by yellow-topped blue socks, an orange neckerchief, neckerchief slide with the Tiger logo, the cap with an orange panel and Tiger emblem and the blue Cub Scout belt. Scouts can wear blue pants, blue shorts, or blue skorts, as appropriate.

Wolves wear the Cub Scout uniform and the Wolf cap with red panel and Wolf logo and the red Wolf neckerchief and the neckerchief slide with Wolf logo. The yellow Wolf cap and yellow neckerchiefs are no longer sold at most council shops, but are still allowed to be worn instead of the red. Wolves also wear the Cub Scout belt and blue socks topped with a ring of yellow. Scouts can wear blue pants, blue shorts, or blue skorts, as appropriate.

Bears wear the Cub Scout uniform and a cap with light blue panel with Bear logo. The light blue neckerchief and the neckerchief slide have the Bear logo. Bears also wear the Cub Scout belt and blue socks topped with a ring of yellow. Scouts can wear blue pants, blue shorts, or blue skorts, as appropriate.

Webelos typically wear the Cub Scout uniform, with one unique addition being the Adventure colors ribbons worn on the right sleeve to hold the pins they earn. The Webelos cap is green with a plaid panel and the oval Webelos emblem; the plaid is made up of the Cub Scouting blue and gold and the Scouts BSA red and green. The neckerchief is plaid with the Webelos logo and is worn with the slide with Webelos emblem. Webelos also wear the Cub Scout belt and blue socks topped with a ring of yellow. Scouts can wear blue pants, blue shorts, or blue skorts, as appropriate. Starting in 4th grade, parents are given discretion as to when to have their Scout begin wearing the Scouts BSA field uniform. If a Webelos Scout has outgrown their blue uniform, it is appropriate for them to acquire and wear a tan Scouts BSA uniform instead rather than acquiring a new blue Cub Scout uniform for just a short window of time.

Arrow of Light Scouts wear the Scouts BSA field uniform with blue shoulder loops. The AOL Scouts no longer wear the Webelos cap or neckerchief; AOL Dens can choose to either go without both or can wear the Scouts BSA hat and neckerchief. AOL Scouts wear the green Scouts BSA belt and green Scouts BSA socks. The AOL den may elect to wear a den emblem in place of the den number; the patches are the same as the Scout patrol patches.

Scouter uniforms
Adult leaders wear the basic Scout field uniform. Female leaders of dens below Webelos level have the option of the classic female Cub Scouter uniform with blue web belt. Leaders that wear the tan uniform shirt wear blue shoulder loops on the epaulets, Centennial or Switchbacks pants or shorts, and the Scout web or leather belt. They may wear the Cub Scout Leader neckerchief or any official BSA neckerchief, with the appropriate neckerchief slide or woggle. Leaders may wear any official BSA adult hat.

The Scouter dress uniform is appropriate for professional Scouters and all Scouting leaders on formal occasions.

Advancement and recognition
Advancement is one of the methods used to promote the aims of character development, citizenship training, personal fitness, and leadership. Everything a Cub Scout does in the advancement program is intended to achieve these aims and aid in personal growth. On June 1, 2015, Cub Scouting changed the advancement system to an "adventure" system, including required and elective adventures for all ranks. Lion, Tiger, Wolf, and Bear Cubs earn activity belt loops for each completed adventure, while Webelos earn activity pins which can be worn on the cap or on the Webelos colors.

On June 1, 2024, Cub Scouting reworked all of the Cub Scout ranks to harmonize and simplify the adventure system. Each rank now has six required adventures and requires the additional completion of two elective adventures. Lion and Arrow of Light have 16 elective adventures to choose from and Tiger, Wolf, Bear, and Webelos all have 20 electives.

Bobcat is no longer a rank that is earned when a Cub Scout first joins, but rather is the first required adventure that should be completed as part of each rank.

Lion badge
Kindergartners work toward the Lion badge. The Lion badge is earned by completing six required adventures and two elective adventures. Outside of the requirements, Lion Scouts can also complete any number of sixteen elective adventures of their den's or family's choosing. The Lion badge is the most recent addition to Cub Scouts as it was introduced in 2018.

Tiger, Wolf, Bear, and Webelos badges
Cub Scouts in first grade work toward the Tiger badge, while those in second grade work toward the Wolf badge, those in third grade work toward the Bear badge, and those in fourth grade work toward the Webelos badge. Cub Scouts at all four levels must complete six required adventures and two of 20 elective adventures with their den or family, as well as completing age-specific exercises to help prevent child abuse with their family. The abuse prevention requirements must be completed annually. The remaining elective adventures may be completed throughout the rest of the school year.

Arrow of Light badge
The Arrow of Light badge is the highest rank award available to Cub Scouts. To earn the Arrow of Light, the Cub Scout must complete six required adventures, two of 16 elective adventures, and child abuse prevention exercises. Earning the Arrow of Light allows a youth to join a Scout troop at ten years of age instead of eleven. The adventure curriculum for AOL Scouts is shorter than that of Webelos Scouts in order to accommodate the fact that AOL Scouts will traditionally bridge to a Scouts BSA troop between January and March of their fifth grade school year. The requirements for the Arrow of Light badge prepare the AOL Scouts for Scouts BSA without significantly repeating the requirements for the first rank in Scouts BSA, Scout. The AOL handbook also includes pages from the Scouts BSA handbook for the Scout rank so that families do not have to purchase two handbooks in the same year.

The Arrow of Light award is one of the few Cub Scout awards that can be worn on a Scout uniform. Both Cub Scouts and Scouts wear the Arrow of Light badge below the left pocket. Adults wear the square-knot version of the badge above the left pocket.

Religious emblems
Several religious emblems programs are administered by various religious institutions and recognized, but not sponsored, by Scouting America. These are generally recognized by a medal and an embroidered square knot that can also be worn on the Scouting uniform.

Leader recognition
Cub Scout leaders who complete training, tenure, and performance requirements are recognized by a system of awards. The Den Leader Award, the Scouter's Training Award, and the Cubmaster's Training Key are available. These awards were standardized to more closely align with Scouts BSA's other programs in 2012, removing most of the distinctive Cub Scout level awards such as Tiger Cub Den Leader's Training Award (discontinued December 2012), the Webelos Den Leader's Training Award (discontinued December 2012), the Cubmaster's Training Award (discontinued December 2013), the Cub Scouter's Training Award (discontinued December 2013), and the Pack Trainer Award (discontinued December 2013). The Scouter's Training Award replaced the Cub Scouter Award, and the Cubmaster's Training Key replaced the Cubmaster's Training Award. The Pack Trainer Award had previously replaced the Den Leader Coach Award, which was officially discontinued on December 31, 2008. Any awards earned prior to the date of their retirement can still be worn. These awards are recognized by a certificate, medal, and an embroidered square knot insignia. Den Chiefs may earn the Den Chief Service Award.

Program and activities
Each pack has a number of annual events such as the pinewood derby, raingutter regatta, the space derby, gold rush, the blue and gold banquet and Scout Sunday or Scout Sabbath.

Several structured camping activities are available in the Cub Scout program. The pack overnighter is a pack-organized camping activity that provides Cub Scouts with positive outdoor experiences. Cub Scout day camp or twilight camp is an accredited, organized, one- to five-day program for Cub Scouts using trained leadership at an approved site, and is usually held during daylight or early evening hours, but not overnight. Cub Scout resident camp is an organized, accredited overnight camping program covering at least two nights and conducted under trained leadership in an established Scout camp operated by the council. The Webelos den overnight camp introduces the Scout and parents to the camping program, under the leadership of the Webelos den leader. Joint campouts with a local Scout troop for second-year Webelos can help to strengthen ties between the pack and troop and facilitate the transition from Webelos to Scouts.

The Soccer and Scouting program is designed to involve Hispanic youth and families in the Cub Scout program, instructing Scouts in both soccer and Cub Scout values.

Alcohol is prohibited at all Cub Scout events. A number of "high-risk" outdoor activities are banned by Scouting America (including Cubs), and others are limited to special programs. Paintball, lasertag, hunting, rodeo, fireworks, and bungee-jumping are among prohibited activities.

Training
Fast Start Training is the introduction for adult leaders new to the Cub Scout program. Fast Start is self-paced and provided as a video or online. Youth Protection Training is required for all adult leaders and must be recertified per local council policy. Basic Leader Training consists of the online This is Scouting course and Leader Specific Training. This is Scouting is a common core program for all adult leaders in the Cub Scouting, Scouts BSA, Varsity Scouting, and Venturing divisions. Leader Specific Training is provided for the Tiger Cub den leader, Cub Scout den leader, Webelos den leader, Cubmaster, pack committee chairman and assistants. Once Basic Leader Training is completed, the leader is awarded a Trained emblem for uniform wear.

At least one adult on a pack overnight campout must attend the Basic Adult Leader Outdoor Orientation (BALOO) in order to properly understand camping requirements. Leaders for day camp and resident camp programs must be trained and certified by the National Camping School.

Supplemental training modules are designed to provide orientation beyond Basic Leader Training. These shorter training sessions are often provided at the Roundtable, a monthly meeting of leaders from the district, at a Pow-Wow or University of Scouting program offered by the local council and at National Cub Scouting Conferences held at the Philmont Scout Ranch and the Florida National High Adventure Sea Base.

Wood Badge is the advanced training program for leadership skills for all adults in all Scouting America programs. Wood Badge consists of six days of training (usually presented as two three-day weekends) and an application phase of several months. When training is complete, leaders are recognized with the Wood Badge beads, neckerchief and woggle.

Training is also provided for all new den chiefs.

title: Cub Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)


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135 (number)

135 (one hundred [and] thirty-five) is the natural number following 134 and preceding 136.

In mathematics
135 is the number of integer partitions of 14, and the number of rooted trees with 15 nodes and height at most 2. 135 is 5-smooth, since its prime factorization is $$3^3 \times 5$$, and a Harshad number in decimal.

Using its own digits, 135 in base-10 can be expressed in operations as the sum of consecutive powers of its digits, and as a sum-product number:
 * $$135 = 1^1 + 3^2 + 5^3$$
 * $$135 = (1 + 3 + 5)(1 \times 3 \times 5)$$

135 is the number of degrees in the internal angle of a regular eight-sided octagon, and the number of nodes inside a regular nonagon from the intersection of its diagonals and sides. Also:
 * the Euler totient of 135 is 72: the degrees of a central angle in a regular pentagon.
 * the arithmetic mean of the divisors of 135 is 30: the degrees in a central angle of a regular dodecagon.

While the central angle of a regular octagon is 135 ÷ 3 = 45 degrees, 4.5 is the harmonic mean of all eight divisors of 135.

The aliquot sum of 135 is 105, which is the 14th triangular number, or equivalently the sum of the first fourteen non-zero positive integers.

There are 135 total Krotenheerdt k-uniform tilings for k < 8, with no other such tilings for higher k.

There are a total of 135 primes between 1,000 and 2,000.

$$135 = 11 n^2 + 11 n + 3$$ for $$n = 3$$ is a polynomial that plays an essential role in Apéry's proof that $$\zeta(3)$$ is irrational.

In other fields

 * The year AD 135 or 135 BC.
 * 135 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 752–753 CE.
 * 135 Hertha is a large main belt asteroid which orbits among the Nysa asteroid family.
 * 135 film, the cartridge version of 35mm photographic film, used widely in still photography.
 * The Canon FD 135 mm lens.
 * In astrology, when two planets are 135 degrees apart, they are in an astrological aspect called a sesquiquadrate. The aspect was first used by Johannes Kepler.
 * Sonnet 135 by William Shakespeare.
 * Municipal District of Peace No. 135, a municipal district in northwest Alberta, Canada.
 * Enoch Cree Nation 135 Indian reserve in Alberta, Canada, is home to the Enoch Cree Nation.
 * The EZ 135 Drive removable hard disk drive introduced by SyQuest Technology in 1995.
 * OC-135B Open Skies United States Air Force observation aircraft flies unarmed observation flights over nations of the Treaty on Open Skies.

title: 135 (number)


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Joan Van Ark

Joan Van Ark (born June 16, 1943) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Valene Ewing on the primetime soap opera Knots Landing. A life member of The Actors Studio, she made her Broadway debut in 1966 in Barefoot in the Park. In 1971, she received a Theatre World Award and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the revival of The School for Wives.

In 1978, Van Ark landed her most famous role of Valene Ewing, who first appeared on the CBS series Dallas, then was a leading character for 13 seasons on its spin-off Knots Landing (1979–92). For her performance on Knots Landing, she won the Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Actress in 1986 and 1989. She left the show in 1992, although she did return for the series' final two episodes in 1993 as well as the 1997 miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac. In 1985, she received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination as host of the Tournament of Roses Parade on CBS. From 2004 to 2005, she starred in the soap opera The Young and the Restless. She reprised her role of Valene in an episode of the new Dallas series in 2013.

Early life and education
Van Ark was born in New York City to Dorothy Jean Van Ark (née Hemenway) (1917-1983) and Carroll Van Ark (1897-1972), an advertiser and public relations consultant from Holland, Michigan, of Dutch ancestry. Carroll Van Ark's paternal grandfather was an immigrant from The Netherlands. Both parents were also writers. She grew up in Boulder, Colorado, with three siblings.

At age 15 as a student reporter, Van Ark met and interviewed actress Julie Harris, who recommended that Van Ark apply to the Yale School of Drama, which Harris had attended in her early twenties. Van Ark followed in Harris' footsteps and went to Yale Drama on a scholarship. Van Ark was one of the few acceptees to attend the Yale graduate program without first having earned an undergraduate degree. Van Ark was also reportedly the only female student on campus at the time. She attended for only one year. Years later, Harris appeared on Knots Landing as Lilimae Clements, the mother of Valene Ewing, Van Ark's character.

After Harris died in 2013, Van Ark announced at a Broadway memorial service the creation of the Julie Harris Scholarship, which provides annual support to an actor studying at the Yale Drama School. Alec Baldwin, who played Harris' son and Van Ark's brother on Knots Landing, made the first contribution. In 2021, Yale Drama became tuition-free and was rebranded the David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University.

Career

Van Ark began her professional career at the Guthrie Theater in Molière's The Miser, in which she appeared opposite Hume Cronyn and Zoe Caldwell. That was followed by Death of a Salesman at the Guthrie with both Cronyn and Jessica Tandy. After a season at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., she originated the role of Corie in the national touring company of Barefoot in the Park, directed by Mike Nichols. In 1966, she recreated the role at the Piccadilly Circus in the critically acclaimed London Company when she replaced Marlo Thomas, who had pulled out due to a ligament injury; and later that same year, Van Ark made her Broadway debut as Corie at the Biltmore Theater and became one of the successors of Elizabeth Ashley, who three years earlier appeared in the original Broadway production.

Van Ark and her new husband moved to Los Angeles, where she started garnering television credits. In 1971, she revisited Broadway, where she earned a Theatre World Award and received a Tony nomination for her performance as Agnès in Molière's The School for Wives, directed by Stephen Porter.

Van Ark starred opposite Ray Milland and Sam Elliott in the horror film Frogs, which was theatrically released on March 10, 1972.

After receiving a contract with Universal Studios, Van Ark co-starred with Bette Davis in The Judge and Jake Wyler, a 1972 telefilm and series pilot that failed to be picked up by NBC. Van Ark played the role of Erika in M*A*S*H in 1973 in the episode entitled "Radar's Report,” in which she rejects the prospect of marriage to Hawkeye, portrayed by Alan Alda. Van Ark was also a regular castmember of the short-lived television sitcoms Temperatures Rising (1972–73) and We've Got Each Other (1977–78).

In 1974, Van Ark, tapped as a late replacement for Mary Ure, returned to Broadway as Silia Gala in a revival of Pirandello's The Rules of the Game, which was performed by the New Phoenix Repertory Co. at the Helen Hayes Theater and also featured Glenn Close, who, in addition to playing a bit part as a neighbor, served as Van Ark's understudy in the lead role of Silia. Game reunited Van Ark with School for Wives director Stephen Porter as well as Wives co-star David Dukes. In 1975, a production of Game was also broadcast on Great Performances as one of its Theatre in America selections.

Van Ark co-starred opposite Richard Boone in the science fiction outing The Last Dinosaur, which was filmed at Tsuburaya Studios in Tokyo and on location in the Japanese Alps. The picture was intended to be released theatrically but failed to find a distributor and instead aired as a TV movie in February 1977.

In addition, Van Ark performed the voice of Spider-Woman in the short-lived 1979 animated series of the same name.

After working for several years in a variety of guest roles on television, in 1978, she gained her best-known role as Valene Ewing (originally as a one-time appearance) on Dallas. Van Ark kept a tight schedule and was flying a lot the week of her Dallas debut, as Dallas was being filmed in Texas and she was simultaneously shooting an episode of The Love Boat in L.A. and doing voiceover work for Estée Lauder in New York.

However, writers later worked the character into a couple of additional episodes; and in 1979, Van Ark then carried the Valene character over into the long-running spin-off, Knots Landing, in which she co-starred for thirteen of the show's fourteen seasons. She left in 1992, although she did return for its final two episodes in May 1993. Her character was married three times to husband Gary Ewing, played in the series by Ted Shackelford, and during the show's run also had two other marriages: to Ben Gibson (Doug Sheehan) and Danny Waleska (Sam Behrens).

During her thirteen years on Knots Landing, Van Ark earned two Soap Opera Digest Awards for Best Actress (1986, 1989) and was nominated an additional six times. Over the course of the program, Van Ark probably received her greatest recognition as an actress during the sixth year, which featured an intricate storyline involving the theft of Valene's twin babies. Their disappearance prompted Valene to embark on a surreal emotional journey and pilgrimage in which she left the cul-de-sac in California and morphed into the persona of a character from a novel she had written. In the 1984–1985 season finale, "The Long and Winding Road," Val finds out that her babies are still alive, and this episode's original broadcast marked the only time Knots Landing ever reached the #1 spot in the weekly Nielsen ratings. In its edition dated June 29, 1985, TV Guide assessed of her performance: "Knots Landing has the grimmest plots but the strongest cast, headed by the incomparable Joan Van Ark as Valene." Later on, she directed two of the series' episodes, one in the last season after she was no longer a regular performer on the serial.

In 1985, she also co-hosted with Bob Barker CBS' Tournament of Roses Parade, which received a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Special Class Program.

Mirroring their characters' onscreen friendship, Van Ark and KL co-star Michele Lee became good friends while working together on the series. In May 1997, Van Ark reprised her role of Valene Ewing in the CBS mini-series Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac; while in December 2005, she appeared in the non-fiction reunion Knots Landing Reunion: Together Again, in which she reminisced with the other cast members about the long-running CBS television show.

Shortly before leaving Knots Landing, she starred opposite Christopher Meloni in an ill-fated pilot called Spin Doctors, a sitcom for NBC that was not picked up.

An ABC Afterschool Special called Boys Will Be Boys: The Ali Cooper Story (1994), which she appeared in and directed, was nominated for a Humanitas. In 1997, Van Ark also directed a documentary short on homelessness and domestic violence for the Directors Guild of America, and the piece was nominated for an Emmy Award.

She originated the role of Gloria Fisher Abbott on CBS television's The Young and the Restless from 2004 to 2005, then decided to leave the role and was replaced by Judith Chapman.

Van Ark also appeared Off-Broadway opposite John Rubinstein in Love Letters, as well as in Edward Albee's Pulitzer Prize winning Three Tall Women at the Promenade Theatre and The Exonerated at the Bleecker Street Theatre. In 2000, she performed in Camino Real in Washington, D.C. Her Los Angeles theater credits include: Cyrano de Bergerac as Roxanne, as well as Ring Around the Moon, Chemin de Fer, Heartbreak House and As You Like It, for which she won a Los Angeles Drama Critics Award. Opposite David Birney, she appeared as Lady Macbeth in the Grove Shakespeare Festival's production of Macbeth, produced by Charles Johanson. Van Ark has also starred in three Williamstown Theatre Festival productions: The Night of the Iguana (1987), the 40th anniversary presentation of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music (1994) and The Legend of Oedipus (1988), which is a five-hour, two-part adaptation by Kenneth Cavander of the classic Greek tragedies and was directed by WTF co-founder Nikos Psacharopoulos, who was also Van Ark's acting professor when she was attending the Yale School of Drama.

Later stage work includes: her origination of the role of Mrs. Fenway in Escape, one of the newly discovered Tennessee Williams' short plays featured as part of the Five by Tenn collection at the Kennedy Center in 2004; the 2005 La Jolla Playhouse production of Private Fittings, directed by Des McAnuff, and a presentation of A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur in 2006 at the Hartford Stage.

Her TV movies include: My First Love, in which she plays the younger woman in a romantic triangle with Bea Arthur and Richard Kiley; Always Remember I Love You opposite Patty Duke; Moment of Truth: A Mother's Deception; In the Shadows, Someone's Watching with Daniel J. Travanti, a former Yale classmate, and Rick Springfield; and based on the novel by Stuart M. Kaminsky, When the Dark Man Calls, in which she portrays a radio psychologist opposite Chris Sarandon as her brother Lloyd and James Read as Detective Lieberman.

Van Ark has also performed in a variety of guest roles, including on episodes of Bonanza, Night Gallery, M*A*S*H, The Six Million Dollar Man, Petrocelli, Quincy, Kojak, Barnaby Jones, and Rhoda (in which she played the ex-wife of Rhoda's husband). She appeared in three separate episodes of Medical Center, Cannon and The Rockford Files, and four separate episodes of The Love Boat. In 1978, she also appeared in an episode of Wonder Woman with Ted Shackelford, who would later become her onscreen husband Gary Ewing on both Dallas and Knots Landing. Post-KL guest spots include: The Nanny and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.

In April 2001, Van Ark was featured in an episode of the Howard Stern-produced show Son of the Beach as Ima Cummings, the mother of show regular BJ Cummings (played by Jaime Bergman). In 2008, she was reunited with her Knots Landing co-star Donna Mills in an episode of the FX drama series Nip/Tuck. The same year, she also played a network executive in the film Channels.

In April 2009, Van Ark appeared at the TV Land awards, where Knots Landing was being honored on its 30-year anniversary. Other Knots Landing actors who were present included Michele Lee, Donna Mills, Kevin Dobson, Ted Shackelford, Lisa Hartman Black, Constance McCashin, Don Murray and Michelle Phillips, along with Dallas/Knots Landing creator David Jacobs.

In 2011, she performed voice work in an episode of the animated comedy series Archer. In 2013, she guest-starred in an episode of the new Dallas series, in which she reprised the role of Valene Ewing. The same year, she also appeared as a guest judge on the Logo series RuPaul's Drag Race.

Personal life
On February 1, 1966, Van Ark married news reporter John Marshall, who later became a correspondent for two decades at KNBC-TV and won both an Emmy and a Golden Mike Award. Van Ark and Marshall were high school sweethearts in Boulder, Colorado, and wed in Trier, Germany, where Marshall was stationed at the time in the Armed Forces Television Service. For their honeymoon, they took a European tour of places made famous by her namesake, Joan of Arc.

The couple's only child is voice actress, model, and singer Vanessa Marshall. In 1997, mother and daughter appeared together in the play Star Dust at the Tiffany Theater.

Van Ark is a long-distance runner who has participated in 14 marathons and made the cover of Runner's World.

title: Joan Van Ark


text:
User talk:Catstamford

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Catstamford


text:
Talk:John Young

I turned this page into a disambiguation page, moving the Australian and US politicians to their own pages, and reformatted to wiki style a bit. Does anyone know if the John Young who was the US Navy officer is someone distinct from the astronaut? The astronaut was in fact an officer in the Navy.

FelineAvenger 22:57, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

There is a John Young referenced in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngs who is not listed here. 86.130.212.14 23:34, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Sir John Young (jurist)
There's been some toing and froing with his name. The way I see it is as follows: the list is in alpha order by disambiguator, so we need "(jurist)" to appear, to explain why he's after (Hawaii) and before (musician). We need "Sir" because that was part of his name. We need to link Victoria, because otherwise it could be seen as a reference to a non-Australian Victoria. I'll make the change. -- JackofOz (talk) 23:14, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * As per the manual of style WP:MOSDAB the name should not be piped. Nor should Victoria be linked as it goes against one of the primary rules for disambiguation pages, that they should have only 1 blue link per line. As explained at the style page (and in reply to another editor here) disambiguation pages are not articles, they are navigation aids, and as such follow much stricter guidelines. The addition of Sir to the front of the name, and Australia to the end ensures that this person is identified with no ambiguity. Tassedethe (talk) 05:03, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Tass speaks wisely. --Jerzy•t 18:27, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Alpha per dab'g sufx is not quite as bad an idea as is separating those with middle initials or names. Users come to a Dab page (or get brought to it) bcz of what they don't know; in this case clearly the middle initial, so that ordering is of no use to them. By dab'g sfx is slightly less useless, bcz it's not impossible to guess at that:
 * jurist?   justice?  Chief Justice?  Supreme Court?  Victoria?  barrister? (or if he was a solicitor, someone might know only that)  Lieutenant-Governor?  KCMG?  AC?  Chief Scout?
 * On the other hand, everyone looking for a bio is aware of some kind of context, and such contexts virtually always include some sense of the time period. And, wonderfully, while it's not particularly common to know the exact year of death, all of the lesser degrees of knowledge of your subject's timing are useful in rough proportion to the precision of that knowledge. That's in contrast to, say, middle name, where if you happen to know the initial, you'd seldom be better off by knowing the exact spelling of the middle name, and if you know less than the initial, the middle-name organizational scheme is worthless to you. The most valuable single thing you can know is the year of death (since you are most likely to know the time of their most notable accomplishment, which is likely to be closer to their death than their birth or their last degree (if any) -- and bios almost always include either YoD (or a fl.-date). I'm reordering by year of death for the dead ones, and by year of birth (best easily available gauge of future death date) for the BLP kids.  --Jerzy•t 18:27, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Potential future entries

 * * John Young (bishop) (1578–1605), English
 * info for editors: "...of Rochester" ==> English: Rochester, NY sez founded 1800s
 * * John Young (brewer) (died 2006), business manager
 * info for editors: Chairman of brewers Young & Co
 * * John Young (coach), in soccer
 * info for editors: soccer coach in the North American Soccer League
 * * John Young (cyclist) (fl. c. 1960), Australian
 * info for editors: winner of 1958 Herald Sun Tour
 * * John Young (professor) (c. 1555), English
 * info for editors: presumably 1555 is a fl. date; Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge
 * * John Young (publisher) (fl. 1698–1732), English
 * info for editors: publisher of later editions of The Dancing Master (that's the Playford dances)
 * * John Young (sociologist) (fl. 1980s),
 * info for editors: sociologist who opposed the opinions of the DIMPAC report
 * * John Young (soccer) (1872–1958)
 * info for editors:, member of the U.S. National Soccer Hall of Fame
 * * John Young (SOE) (fl. c. 1940), British spy
 * info for editors: field agent
 * * John Freeman Young, American religious leader
 * info for editors: Second Episcopal Church bishop of Florida and translator of the carol "Silent Night"
 * * John Frederick Young (1871–1890), Canadian songwriter
 * info for editors: ("My Own Canadian Home")

--Jerzy•t 18:27, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Young


text:
Bill Hayes (actor)

William Foster Hayes III (June 5, 1925 – January 12, 2024) was an American actor and recording artist. His song "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" hit the top of the Billboard charts between March and May 1955.

Following a successful career as a musician that began in the late 1940s, Hayes began to focus on dramatic acting parts in the late 1960s, which led him to be cast in a role that gained him additional fame to a younger generation. This new chapter began in 1970 when he originated the character of Doug Williams on NBC's Days of Our Lives; the character's final appearance on the program was streamed posthumously on Peacock on July 11, 2024.

Early life
Hayes was born in Harvey, Illinois, on June 5, 1925. He attended Whittier Grade School and Thornton Township High. In March 1943, while a freshman at DePauw University, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy Air Corps, and received his welcome letter on his eighteenth birthday ordering him to report for active duty on July 1. For the next 27 months, he trained to be a fighter pilot. He was two weeks shy of receiving his commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Marine Air Corps, scheduled to fly an F8F off a carrier, when World War II ended. He was awarded the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. Given the choice of reenlisting in the Navy or getting out immediately, he opted for civilian life. After five weeks of hitchhiking around the Midwest to celebrate with buddies who were also coming home, he returned to complete his Bachelor of Arts requirements at DePauw University, where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity and graduated in June 1947 with a dual major in Music and English.

Career
Hayes was a singer on the Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca variety show Your Show of Shows in the early 1950s. He had a supporting role in the 1952 black comedy Stop, You're Killing Me. During the Davy Crockett craze in 1955, three recorded versions of "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" were in the top 30. Hayes' version was the most popular: It was number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks, sold over two million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. He also starred on Broadway in Rodgers and Hammerstein's Me and Juliet (1953). Hayes had other small hits in the 1950s, including "The Berry Tree" and covers of "High Noon" and "Wringle, Wrangle"; the latter was his only other Hot 100 hit, reaching number 33 in 1957.

On Days of Our Lives, Hayes was introduced as a convict who was also a lounge singer. The character of Doug returned in 1986 and 1987 as well as 1993 and 1996. Later, he was on the show from 1999 onwards. His character was killed off in the spring of 2004 by Dr. Marlena Evans. In an elaborate plot hatched by head writer James E. Reilly, Doug turned up alive on a tropical island and went home to his wife.

In 2017, World by the Tail, a documentary about Bill Hayes's life, was released online. On June 27, 2017, while present in the show's audience, Hayes was featured in an impromptu interview on a web special for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon; in his heyday, he had been a guest on the Johnny Carson-hosted version of the show.

Personal life and death
Hayes graduated from DePauw University with majors in music and English and became a member of Lambda Chi Alpha. Hayes earned a master's degree in music from Northwestern University and a Ph.D. in education from West Virginia University. Hayes was married to Mary Hobbs from 1947 to 1969; they had five children. He was then married to his Days of our Lives co-star Susan Seaforth Hayes beginning in 1974. Their relationship was so popular that they were featured on the cover of Time in 1976, the only soap opera stars to hold that distinction to date. In 2005, the couple published their joint autobiography, Like Sands Through the Hourglass. The couple also supported the West Texas Rehab Center.

Hayes died in Studio City, Los Angeles on January 12, 2024, at age 98.

Filmography

 * Days of Our Lives (Doug Williams: 1970–1984; 1986–1987; 1993; 1994; 1996; 1999–2024 (recurring)
 * Miracle at Gate 213 (TV film) – Louis Darling (2013)
 * Frasier (TV series) ("Frasier Has Spokane") – Sully (2002)
 * Matlock (TV series) (The Reunion) – George Dutton (1988)
 * Password Plus – Himself (1979)
 * Cade's County (TV series) (1972)
 * The Interns (TV series) (The Price of Life) – Vern Anderson (1970)
 * Once Upon a Mattress (TV special) – Minstrel (1964)
 * The Cardinal (film) – Frank (1964)
 * True Story (TV series) – Larry Foster (1961)
 * Here's Hollywood (TV variety series) – Himself-multiple appearances (1961)
 * Show of the Week: "Music of the Thirties" – Himself (1961)
 * Music for a Christmas Night – The Gift of Song (TV music special) – Himself (1960)
 * The Bell Telephone Hour (TV variety series) – Himself (1960)
 * The Voice of Firestone (TV variety series) – Himself (1959)
 * Oldsmobile Music Theatre (TV drama series) – Host (1959)
 * Kiss Me Kate (TV special) – Bill Calhoun/Lucentio (1958)
 * Little Women (TV musical special) – John Brooke (1958)
 * Yeoman of the Guard (Hallmark Hall of Fame TV special) – Colonel Fairfax (1957)
 * The Big Record (TV variety series) – Himself; multiple appearances (1957)
 * Club 60 (TV variety series) – Himself (1957)
 * Max Liebman Presents (TV variety series) – Himself (1956)
 * The Ernie Kovacs Show (TV variety series) – Himself (1956)
 * Rocket Revue (TV variety series) – Himself (1956)
 * Variety (TV special) (1955)
 * The Percy Faith Hour (TV variety series) (1955)
 * The Woolworth Hour (TV variety series) (1955)
 * General Foods 25th Anniversary Show: A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein (1954)
 * Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town (TV variety series) (1953)
 * Stop, You're Killing Me (film) – Chance Whitelaw (1952)

Awards and nominations

 * Daytime Emmy Award: Outstanding Actor, Daytime Drama Series (nomination) (1975 and 1976 )
 * Soapy Awards: Actor of the Year (1977)
 * Daytime TV Magazine Reader's Poll: Best Actor (1973, 1976, 1977, and 1978 )
 * Afternoon TV Magazine: Best Actor (1974)
 * Photoplay Magazine Gold Medal Award: Favorite Daytime Male Star (1977 and 1978 )

In 2016, the [https://www.nats.org/Musical_Theatre_Competition.html#:~:text=4th%20Prize%20%2D%20Bill%20Hayes%20Prize,%24750%20cash%20prize. Bill Hayes Prize in Musical Theater] was created by the National Association of Teachers of Singing.

On April 29, 2018, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences presented Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes with Lifetime Achievement Awards at the 45th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards.

title: Bill Hayes (actor)


text: User talk:64.252.17.81

title: User talk:64.252.17.81


text:
Talk:Exponentiation

Three notations for multiplication
This article uses 3 different notations for multiplication. IMO, either $$\times$$ must be replaced with $$\cdot,$$ or $$\cdot$$ must be replaced by $$\times;$$ in any case, some occurrences of $$\cdot$$ should be removed, especially in exponents. As I have no clear opinion on the best choice, I wait for a consensus here. For clarification (see the preceding thread), I have added an explanatory footnote. D.Lazard (talk) 10:28, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * As you wrote in the first thread, the primary issue with using $$\cdot$$ is that it becomes ambiguous whether this represents ellipses or multiplication (to be fair, it's not really ambiguous, because one could figure out from context that one dot means multiplication and three means ellipses) . So, I think that defaulting to $$\times$$ in this article is probably best, even though this notation feels quite elementary-school-y. Duckmather (talk) 15:20, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Now that I know what is meant, I would suspect that most uninitiated readers (in the UK at least) would recognize a $$\times$$ sign as a multiplication sign, but that the $$\cdot$$ sign for multiplication would be much less familiar, and might well be a source of confusion. Additionally, I have come to this article in following-up work on the biographical WP article on William Oughtred, and I find that the introduction of the $$\times$$ sign, in W.O.'s Clavis Arithmeticae (1631), followed on very soon after, and in the context of, the description of logarithms (in the English edition of John Napier's Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes (S. Waterson, London 1618), Appendix, at p. 4 (Google)). (An explanation of the sign is given in William Forster's Forster's Arithmetick (1673), at pp. 43-44 and pp. 113-14 (Google).) Hence there is an historical association between Exponentiation and this $$\times$$ usage which some readers may want to understand. I find some explanations in F. Cajori's History of Mathematics (Macmillan, New York/London 1919), at pp. 157-58 (Internet Archive). Perhaps the pedagogic example is the better for being elementary? Eebahgum (talk) 18:38, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I adjusted the intro to be consistent with /times. I left the rest of the article as is. Emschorsch (talk) 04:49, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Definition of principal value of log(z)
In the section:

Principal value
[...]

and the imaginary part of z satisfies

-π < Im (z) < π [this does not make sense to me: Isn't it a condition on the Arg(z) or equivalently on the Im(log(z))? Since log(z)=log(|z|)+i(Arg(z)+2nπ), n in Z and the principal value of log(z) can be defined as Log(z) when chosing -π < Im(log((z))=Arg((z)) < π, i.e. n=0]

[...] 217.10.52.10 (talk) 09:52, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

 * . D.Lazard (talk) 16:12, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

incomplete proof in explanation of rational exponents
In the top of the page, the article demonstrates how exponents of rational numbers correspond to nth-roots by proving that b^(1/2) == sqrt(b). Part of this proof relies upon the property that (b^M)*(b^N) == b^(M+N) (see excerpt pasted below). However, the article only proved this property based on the definition that natural-number exponents are equivalent to repeated multiplication. This proof does not apply when M or N are rational because rational exponents are not defined as a repeated multiplication.

Therefore, the article needs to have a separate proof that (b^M)*(b^N) == b^(M+N) when M and N are rational numbers.

Proving this property holds true for rational numbers is a fair bit more complicated than proving it holds true for natural numbers, but it's not so complicated as to be out of the scope of a wiki article. One such proof can be found on this stack overflow page. unfortunately i do not know of any proofs that meet wikipedia's credibility requirements.

this is the specific excerpt from the wiki article that i take issue with: "Using the fact that multiplying makes exponents add gives b^(r+r) == b". It is located at the top of the page. Snickerbockers (talk) 16:14, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The general case is an easy generalization of the given case: if $M$ and $N$ are rational numbers, one may reduce them to the same denominator, that is $$M=\frac mq$$ and $$N=\frac nq,$$ with $$m,n,q$$ integers. Setting $$y=x^{1/q},$$ one has
 * $$x^Mx^N=y^m y^n=y^{m+n}=x^\frac{m+n}q=x^{M+N}.$$
 * D.Lazard (talk) 17:08, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

I want to make the following claim, but where should I write it?
$$\left(a\cdot b\right)^r=a^r\cdot b^r\cdot e^{-i 2\pi n r}$$ $$\left(a^r\right)^s=a^{r\cdot s}\cdot e^{-i 2\pi n s}$$ 取らぬタヌキ (talk) 21:41, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

 * $$x^{-a} = \frac{1}{x^a}$$
 * There are no branches.

 * $$x^{a+b} = x^a \cdot x^b$$
 * There are no branches.

 * $$\left ( a \cdot b \right ) ^x = a^x \cdot b^x \cdot e^{-i 2\pi n x}$$
 * There are branches.

 * $$\left ( x^a \right ) ^b = x^{a \cdot b} \cdot e^{-i 2\pi n b}$$
 * There are branches.

These will help you understand the following: $$\sqrt{x^2} = x \cdot e^{-i \pi n} = \left \{ x, \quad -x \right \}$$ If it is a real number domain, the square root cannot take a negative value, so $$\sqrt{x^2} = |x|$$. Also, $$(e^{i 2\pi n})^{i 2\pi m} = e^{-4\pi^2 n m} \cdot e^{4\pi^2 n m} = 1$$ 取らぬタヌキ (talk) 19:37, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

We must understand correctly that a exponentiation is a multivalued function. The following formula transformation is important.

$$x = x \cdot e^{-i 2\pi n}$$ $$x^{a} = x^{a} \cdot e^{-i 2\pi n a}$$ $$\left ( x^a \right ) ^b = x^{a \cdot b} \cdot e^{-i 2\pi \left ( n_1 a + n_2 \right ) b}$$

Furthermore, $$x = x \cdot e^{-i 2\pi n}$$ $$\ln x = \ln x - i 2\pi n$$ $$\ln x^{a} = a \ln x - i 2\pi \left ( n_1 a + n_2 \right )$$ 取らぬタヌキ (talk) 23:36, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exponentiation


text:
Sean Kanan

Sean Kanan ( Perelman; born November 2, 1966) is an American actor, producer, and author, best known for his portrayals of Mike Barnes (in The Karate Kid Part III and Cobra Kai), A. J. Quartermaine (on General Hospital), and Deacon Sharpe (on The Bold and the Beautiful and The Young and the Restless).

Early life
Kanan was born Sean Perelman in Cleveland, Ohio, to Dale and Michelle Perelman. His family later relocated to New Castle, Pennsylvania. He was raised Jewish. Kanan attended Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania, Boston University and UCLA where he earned a degree in political science.

The Karate Kid Part III
Kanan's first notable role was that of villain Mike Barnes in the 1989 film The Karate Kid Part III directed by Academy Award winning Director, John Avildsen.

As a teenager, Kanan studied Shotokan karate under Sensei William Stoner. By the time he landed the role, Kanan had a good foundation of Japanese Karate which would be essential for portraying the central antagonist of Daniel LaRusso played by Ralph Macchio. He trained in Shitō-ryū at a school run by Karate master Fumio Demura and with stunt coordinator and Tang Soo Do master Pat E. Johnson.

During filming, he suffered internal bleeding after injuring his omentum, a membrane that connects the stomach with other organs, supplying them with blood along with physically protecting them. Kanan collapsed at a Las Vegas hotel four days after shooting the scene and underwent life-saving surgery.

1990–2000
The following year, he starred on the Fox television series The Outsiders, Executive Produced by Francis Ford Coppola. In 1993, Kanan joined the ABC soap opera General Hospital as A. J. Quartermaine the troubled son of Dr. Alan and Dr. Monica Quartermaine. Kanan was nominated for an award in the Outstanding Newcomer category by Soap Opera Digest for his believable portrayal of the fictional character whose storylines often centered on an ongoing battle with alcoholism. He also appared in an advertisement and campaign for the clothing company C&A in 1994, the main theme was the culture of North American Indians, the advertisement was called Indian Spirits. The video was shot in San Francisco. He left the series in 1997 and returned in 2012 for the 50th anniversary of the show. Kanan's last appearance was on April 23, 2014, after his on-screen television character was killed. In 1999, Kanan joined the cast of Aaron Spelling's NBC soap opera Sunset Beach as Jude Cavanaugh and remained with the show until its cancellation later that year.

2000–Present
In 2000 he joined the cast of the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful as Deacon Sharpe, playing a character that was originally conceived as a short-term villain, but would later prove to be the basis for a popular, on-going storyline for the show.He would remain with the show until 2005 when he opted for recurring status while his on-screen character served a prison sentence for obstructing justice. Kanan also starred in several feature films in tandem with his television career. He wrote and executive-produced Chasing Holden, which was distributed by Lionsgate,and starred Kanan along with DJ Qualls. In 2002 he hosted the Miss World Pageant in London, and in 2006 competed in the third season of Ballando con le Stelle, the Italian version of Dancing with the Stars.

On July 10, 2009, Kanan reprised his role as Deacon Sharpe on the CBS sister soap opera The Young and the Restless. While appearing on The Young and the Restless, he starred in the 2009 Indie film Abracadabra, which was directed by Julie Pacino (Al Pacino's daughter) and was screened at the Cannes Film Festival. In May 2010, Kanan starred in My Trip to the Dark Side, written and directed by Shane Stanley. He later starred in the 2011 sequel My Trip Back to the Dark Side. Upon leaving The Young and the Restless in January 2012, Kanan reprised his role as Deacon Sharpe on The Bold and the Beautiful, but as of February 2024, he was taken off of the CBS web site for the cast of characters for the show, noting that Deacon is his favorite of all the characters he has played due in part to the writing of Bradley Bell.

Studio City
In 2019 Kanan created the Emmy Award-winning digital drama series Studio City, directed by Timothy Woodward Jr., as a somewhat autobiographical love letter to the Daytime Soaps. Kanan stars as Sam Stevens, who portrays Dr. Pierce Hartley on the show-with-in-a show “Hearts on Fire”, along with Soap veterans Tristan Rogers, Carolyn Hennesy, Sarah Joy Brown, Patrika Darbo, and Scott Turner Schofield, the first openly transgender actor on Daytime TV. The episodes are penned by Kanan, along with Michele Kanan, Timothy Woodward Jr., and Lauren de Normandie (season one). The series explores issues like sexual harassment, ageism, gender identity and surprise paternity with enough levity to keep the story moving. Studio City was truly a family affair, with Kanan's Emmy-nominated wife Michele Kanan writing / producing and her daughter (Sean's step-daughter), Juliet Vega starring as Sam's surprise love child. Studio City is streaming on Amazon Prime.

Cobra Kai
Kanan reprised his role as Mike Barnes from The Karate Kid III for the fifth season of ''Cobra Kai.

Writing
In 2011, Kanan wrote The Modern Gentleman; Cooking and Entertaining with Sean Kanan, published by Dunham Books. He shared many of his favorite recipes, but also took the opportunity to help "rebrand men" by offering tips on etiquette, manners, and entertaining for special occasions. The goal of the book is to inspire people to be the best they can be, to get in touch with their authentic selves and to use cooking as a conduit for developing connections.

In 2019, the book Success Factor X, co-written by Kanan and motivational speaker Jill Liberman, was released. The book, published by Plain Sight Publishing, is described as a collection of strategies and secrets from a diverse group of high achievers ranging from billionaire entrepreneur Mark Cuban to hip-hop icons Run-DMC In 2021, Sean wrote Way of the COBRA in which he, as Sensei, inspires and instructs students on techniques to define their most authentic and successful self. The acronym COBRA stands for character, optimization, balance, respect, and abundance. He shares some of his own experiences from landing the breakout role of Mike Barnes in the Karate Kid III, to how he almost lost the role and his life in the process.

Daytime Emmy and Walk of Fame
Kanan's career has been acknowledged through numerous industry awards including the Daytime Emmy for his series Studio City. In 2016, Kanan received the 400th star on the Walk of Fame in Palm Springs.

Personal life
Sean and Michele Kanan married in July 2012. He has a daughter by his prior relationship and Michele has four children of her own.

Kanan is an active advocate for anti-bullying and an Ambassador for the organization Boo 2 Bullying. His charities include the American Cancer Society, Project Angel Food, and his tour with the USO entertaining troops in Bosnia.

title: Sean Kanan