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Palace economy

A palace economy or redistribution economy is a system of economic organization in which a substantial share of the wealth flows into the control of a centralized administration, the palace, and out from there to the general population. In turn the population may be allowed its own sources of income but relies heavily on the wealth distributed by the palace. It was traditionally justified on the principle that the palace was most capable of distributing wealth efficiently for the benefit of society. The temple economy (or temple-state economy) is a similar concept.

The concept of economic distribution is at least as old as the advent of the pharaohs. Anthropologists have noted many such systems, from those of tribesmen engaged in common subsistence economies of various sorts to complex civilizations, such as that of the Inca Empire, which assigned segments of the economy to specific villages. The essence of the idea is that a central administration plans production, assigns elements of the population to carry it out, collects the goods and services thus created, and redistributes them to the producers.

A palace economy is a specific type of distribution system in which the economic activities of the civilization are conducted on or near the premises of central administration complexes, the palaces of absolute monarchs, or a group of priests in temple-led versions. It is the function of the palace administration to supply the producers with the capital goods for the production of further goods and services, which are regarded as the property of the monarch. Typically this is not an altruistic undertaking. The palace is primarily interested in the creation of capital, which may then be disposed of as the ruler pleases. Some may become merchandising capital, to be sold or bartered for a profit, or some may be reinvested in further centers, including additional production facilities, wars (economic activities from which a profit is expected to be extracted), favorable alliances, fleets, and mastery of the seas.

In ancient palace systems, the producers were typically part of the working capital. From highest to lowest, they were tied to the palace economy by bonds of involuntary servitude or patronage. Any investment in a war would be expected to bring a return of plunder and prisoners, which became part of the endowment of the palace complex. The palace was responsible for meeting the expenses of the producers. It had to provide food, clothing and shelter, which it often did on the premises.

Etymology
The thread leading to the current use of the terms came from the study of the palaces of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, which flourished in the Late Bronze Age on Crete and mainland Greece respectively. The term palace economy began as a label for the economic activities of individual palaces, which contained very large areas for the storage of agricultural produce. For example, Sir Arthur Evans would refer to the palace economy, meaning the economy of the palace of Knossos. Others followed suit, without fully exploring what sort of economy that might be.

In 1956 Ventris and Chadwick published an idea that they had been considering previously: "Nor is there any evidence in the tablets of anything approaching currency. Every commodity is listed separately, and there is never any sign of equivalence between one unit and another."

Contemporaneously M. Finley had noticed the evidence of redistribution in the tablets and sought to understand how that could occur in those pre-currency times. In The World of Odysseus he noted that most distribution was internal: "All the production work, the seeding and harvesting and milling and weaving, even the hunting and raiding, though carried on by individuals, was performed on behalf of the household as a whole ... and from the centre they were redistributed ...."

Finley further hypothesized that gift-giving, "the basic organizing mechanism among many primitive peoples," had been developed into a system of exchange, without prices, and dependent on the ad hoc valuation of the exchangers:"The act of giving was ... always the first half of a reciprocal action, the other half of which was a counter-gift."

Finley's observations were immediately and almost universally accepted; however, some reservations developed over the decades since then. Mycenaean ships were sent out from the palace complexes laden with ceramics, oils, perfumes and other goods precisely as though they were exports for sale, rather than gift-giving.

Ventris died in 1956. Like the other archaeologists of the time, he never envisioned the palace economy as anything more than the day-to-day economics of the palace, although Ventris and Chadwick did remark on the "similarities in the size and organization of the royal palaces" of Nuzi, Alalakh and Ugarit. Similarly, Finley in the late 1950s did not refer to his system as a palace economy. The status of the word had changed by 1960, when historical theorists had put the two together.

Exactly who was the first is unclear, but the best candidate is Karl Polanyi, the economic typologist, then toward the end of his life and at the peak of his career. He endorsed Finley's work and went further. In the 1960 compendium, City Invincible, written before 1958, he recalled Ventris stating that currency was absent from the tablets, but he phrased it in a different way: "Michael Ventris ... has asserted the absence of money in the palace economy of Mycenaean Greece." Ventris had done no such thing. He never stated that Mycenaean Greece had a palace economy; between 1956 and 1958 a new system had been defined and was being called a palace economy. Most of the theorists followed suit. Grahame Clark (1961) wrote of a "palace economy introduced from Crete ...." Chester Starr (1961) said "Artisans and peasants were largely embraced in a palace economy under royal control, ...." Leonard R. Palmer (1963) referred to the "highly centralized 'palace economy'" of Knossos and Pylos. The word was never just the economic activities at a single site again.

By the time 1965 had arrived, the palace economy was being applied widely over all the Aegean and Near and Middle Eastern civilizations of the Late Bronze Age. It became such a fixture that subsequently it was applied to modern economic system types. There was, however, a notable abstention. Chadwick, who inherited the work and tradition of Ventris, in The Mycenaean World (1976), notably does not refer to a palace economy. Instead he implies questions, such as "... it is not so clear how small a palace can be ... What we can infer from the palace buildings is that there are administrative centres ... each centre of administration implies an administrator, whether he be an independent monarch, a semi-autonomous prince, or a local baron ...."

This implying that the palace economy model might be simplistic foreshadowed the current trend. Halstead summarizes a forum begun by Nakassis and others as "The term 'redistribution' has been used with a range of meanings in the context of the Aegean Bronze Age and so obscures rather than illuminates the emergence and functioning of political economies."

Middle Minoan Crete
As early as the Middle Bronze Age, roughly the first half of the 2nd millennium BC, the eastern Mediterranean was dominated by a civilization named Minoan by its discoverer, Sir Arthur Evans, excavating the Palace of Knossos, which he termed the Palace of Minos. The civilization was maritime, its fleets were legendary, its settlements were mainly coastal, and its operations were mainly peaceful. There are legends, such as that of Theseus and the Minotaur, which indicate that tribute of some sort was collected by Crete from overseas locations, but its legendary history is far different from the wars and warriors of the mainland.

The evolution of palatial structures, if that is what they were, began on Crete in the Middle Minoan (MM) period of the Middle Bronze Age. The beginning of what Shaw calls "the big three" – Knossos, Phaestos, Malia – is dated to MMI, but others began in MMII. The relationships between all the foundings remain unknown, but a single foundation act is now to be ruled out.

The type of economic system prevailing on Crete and presumably wherever Cretan influence reached is very well documented by hundreds of tablets found at multiple locations in Crete. Only the persistent resistance of the writing script, Linear A, to decipherment prevents these documents from being read, and the information they contain assimilated. Consequently, nothing is known about the economy beyond what can be deduced from the archaeology or inferred by drawing risky parallels to the information presented in Late Bronze Age documents, which can be read. That the Minoans, as Evans called them in the absence of knowledge of their real name or names, may have had a palace economy is pure speculation.

Late Minoan Crete
The economy of the Minoan civilization depended on the cultivation of wheat, olives, grapes and other products and also supported several industries such as the textile, pottery and metalwork industries. Some of the manufacturing industries were based in the palaces. Produce from surrounding farmland was collected, recorded, and stored in the palaces as seen from the large number of storerooms and pithoi (storage jars) recovered. The palaces appear to have had an extent of control over overseas trade. The discovery of Linear A and Linear B tablets, listing commodities in the archive areas of the Palace of Knossos, suggests a highly organised bureaucracy and a system of record keeping that controlled all incoming and outgoing products.

Other locations
The palace economies in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Levant were waning in the late Bronze Age, being replaced by primitive market economies led by private merchants or officials who owned private businesses on the side. The last holdout and epitome of the palace system was Mycenaean Greece which was completely destroyed during the Bronze Age collapse and the following Greek Dark Ages.

Asia
The mandala model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power in early Southeast Asian history, originated by O. W. Wolters 1982, does not address economic issues. Following British agent John Crawfurd's Siam mission in 1822, his journal describes a "palace economy" that he attributes to rapacity. His mission was delayed at the port of Pak Nam until he had given a satisfactory account of gifts to the palace, ending with interrogation into minute details with regards to the gift of a horse, which Crawfurd considered "but a good specimen of the indelicacy and rapacity which we afterwards found so characteristic of the Siamese Court and its officers, upon every question of a similar nature". This situation began the change to a market economy with the Bowring Treaty, negotiated by free-trade advocate Sir John Bowring with Siam's modernizing King Mongkut, signed on April 18, 1855.

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Karin Balzer

Karin Balzer (née Richert; 5 June 1938 – 17 December 2019) was an East German hurdler who competed in the 80 m hurdles event at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics, and in the 100 m hurdles in 1972. She won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1972, while finishing fifth in 1968. During her career she set 37 world's best performances.

Biography
She was born Karin Richert in Magdeburg, and competed in several track and field events in her teens. She showed her best results in the 80 m hurdles and qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics. The United Team of Germany then included athletes of both East and West Germany. She finished fourth in her Olympic semifinal and narrowly missed the final.

The following year, she married her coach, retired pole vaulter, Karl-Heinz Balzer. Some years earlier, they had briefly fled the DDR, but had returned weeks later. Now competing as Karin Balzer, she won her first international medal, silver, at the 1962 European Athletics Championships. In 1964, she tied the world record in the hurdles during a pentathlon competition. Despite showing good results she never competed in pentathlon at major meets.

At the Tokyo Olympics that same year, she placed first in the final of the 80 m hurdles. In a close finish, the first three runners all timed 10.5 seconds, equal to the world record (although the record was not ratified due to a wind). Electronic timing showed Balzer had beaten the two other medalists by one and two hundredths of a second, respectively.

Two years later, Balzer won a second title at the 1966 European Athletics Championships, and then placed fifth in the 1968 Olympic final; she was the Olympic flag bearer for East Germany at those Games. That was the last major event in which the high hurdles were run over 80 m; from 1969 on, the event became the 100 m. Balzer set the inaugural world record in that event, in June 1969, then subsequently lowered it twice during that same year. She also successfully defended her European title in Athens, which she repeated in Helsinki in 1971. That year she was voted German Sportspersonality of the Year.

While in training for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Balzer's son, Andreas was involved in an accident, and was comatised. He died the day before the final of the 100 m hurdles, but her husband did not tell her until after the race, in which she won her second Olympic medal, bronze. Balzer's second son, Falk Balzer (born 1973) also became a hurdler. His best achievement was a second place in the 110 m hurdles at the 1998 European Championships.

Balzer was trained as a chemist, and worked as a lab technician from 1955 to 1961. From 1961 until 1976 she was a sports school teacher in Frankfurt and then in Leipzig. In parallel, from 1970 to 1976 she studied at Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (DHfK) and earned a degree in physical education, and from 1973 to 1976 coached athletics at SC Leipzig together with her husband. They were suspended in 1976 after refusing to administer anabolic steroids to their trainees, and moved to Dresden, where Balzer worked as a school teacher through the 1970s and 80s. From 1991 to 1993 she lectured at the BAW Saxony, and from 1994 to 1997 at the Cologne business school. In 1997 Karin and Karl Balzer were reinstated as athletics coaches. Karl died in 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Impactite

Impactite is rock created or modified by one or more impacts of a meteorite. Impactites are considered metamorphic rock, because their source materials were modified by the heat and pressure of the impact. On Earth, impactites consist primarily of modified terrestrial material, sometimes with pieces of the original meteorite.

Creation
When a large meteorite hits a planet, it can radically deform the rocks and regolith that it hits. The heat, pressure, and shock of the impact changes these materials into impactite. Only very massive impacts generate the heat and pressure needed to transform a rock, so impactites are created rarely.

Characteristics
Impactite includes shock-metamorphosed target rocks, melts (suevites) and mixtures of the two, as well as sedimentary rocks with significant impact-derived components (shocked mineral grains, tektites, anomalous geochemical signatures, etc.). In June 2015, NASA reported that impact glass has been detected on the planet Mars. Such material may contain preserved signs of ancient life—if life existed. Impactites are generally classified into three groups: shocked rocks, impact melt, and impact breccias.

Shocked rock
Shocked rocks have been transformed by shock metamorphism caused by the impact. They include shatter cones and high-pressure minerals, for example coesite and stishovite.

Impact melts
When a meteor strikes a planet's surface, the energy released from the impact can melt rock and soil into a liquid. The liquid then cools and becomes an impact melt. If the liquid cools and hardens quickly into a solid, impact glass forms before the atoms have time to arrange into a crystal lattice. Impact glass can be dark brown, almost black, and partly transparent. Sometimes, the cooled liquid does form a crystal structure. In that case, it would still be considered an impact melt, but not an impact glass.

Impact breccias
Breccia is "a rock consisting of angular fragments cemented together". An impact breccia is formed when a meteor shatters a rock and then cements it back together. Some breccias contain impact melts.

Examples of impactite
Impactite has been found, for example, at the following impact craters and structures:
 * Alamo bolide impact (Late Devonian), Nevada, United States
 * Alga crater on the planet Mars
 * Barringer crater, Arizona, United States
 * Charlevoix impact structure, Québec, Canada
 * Darwin Crater, Tasmania (source of Darwin glass)
 * Lake Lappajärvi, Finland (source of Kärnäite)
 * Manicouagan impact structure, Québec, Canada
 * Neugrund crater, Estonia
 * Nördlinger Ries crater, Germany
 * Rochechouart impact structure, France
 * Stac Fada Member, Scotland
 * Wabar craters, Saudi Arabia

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List of Harry Potter characters

This is a list of characters in the Harry Potter series. They are all characters who have appeared in a Harry Potter-related book by J. K. Rowling.

A

 * Hannah Abbott – Hufflepuff student in Harry Potter's year. Prefect and member of Dumbledore's Army. Married to Neville Longbottom.

B

 * Ludo Bagman – Head of the Department of Magical Games and Sports within the Ministry of Magic.
 * – Author of A History of Magic, and the great aunt of Gellert Grindelwald. Bathilda is a major source of information for Rita Skeeter's biography of Dumbledore, who extracts this information under the influence of Veritaserum; it is possible her memory is also modified following the "interview." Hazel Douglas plays Bathilda in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.
 * Katie Bell – Gryffindor Quidditch Chaser one year above Harry Potter. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Cuthbert Binns – ghost, History of Magic professor.
 * Phineas Nigellus Black – Great-great-grandfather of Sirius Black and former Hogwarts headmaster. His painting hangs in the office and assists the current headmaster.
 * Sirius Black – Harry's godfather who was a close friend of Harry's father James. Escapee from Azkaban prison and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Killed in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries by his cousin Bellatrix Lestrange.
 * Regulus Black – a Death Eater and the younger brother of Sirius Black. He later defected and tried to destroy one of Voldemort's Horcruxes, but he was killed by Inferi.
 * Amelia Bones – Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, and the aunt of Susan Bones. Killed by Lord Voldemort.
 * Susan Bones – Hufflepuff student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Terry Boot – Ravenclaw student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Lavender Brown – Gryffindor student in Harry's year and member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * – Slytherin student in Harry's year. Member of Dolores Umbridge's Inquisitorial Squad.
 * Charity Burbage – Professor of Muggle Studies at Hogwarts. Killed by Lord Voldemort.
 * – Muggle gardener for the Riddle family. Killed by Lord Voldemort. Dumbledore states his belief in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince that the murder of Bryce was used to create Voldemort's presumably sixth and intended final Horcrux, implanted in Nagini. However, Rowling later said Voldemort used the earlier murder of Bertha Jorkins for this. Bryce is portrayed by Eric Sykes in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

C

 * Alecto Carrow – Death Eater and sister of Amycus Carrow. Professor of Muggle Studies for one year, and Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts under Severus Snape.
 * Amycus Carrow – Death Eater and brother of Alecto Carrow. Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts for one year, and Deputy Headmaster of Hogwarts under Snape.
 * Reginald Cattermole – Employee of the Magical Maintenance Department for the Ministry of Magic. Impersonated by Ron Weasley.
 * Cho Chang – Ravenclaw Quidditch Seeker one year above Harry, and his first love interest. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * – Ravenclaw prefect and girlfriend of Percy Weasley.
 * Crabbe – Death Eater and father of Vincent Crabbe.
 * Vincent Crabbe – Slytherin student in Harry's year and the son of a Death Eater. Slytherin Quidditch Beater and member of the Inquisitorial Squad. Killed by his own Fiendfyre spell. Jamie Waylett portrayed Crabbe in the first six films; due to Waylett's legal troubles, Crabbe was played by Blaise Zabini in the last film of the series.
 * Colin Creevey – Muggle-born Gryffindor student one year below Harry. Older brother of Dennis Creevey, and member of Dumbledore's Army. Killed during the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Dennis Creevey – Muggle-born Gryffindor student three years below Harry. Younger brother of Colin Creevey, and member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Dirk Cresswell – Muggle-born Head of the Goblin Liaison Office, went on the run with fellow Muggle-borns Ted Tonks, Dean Thomas and goblins Gornuk and Griphook, during which he is killed.
 * Barty Crouch Sr – Head of the Department of International Magical Cooperation. Killed by his son Barty Crouch Jr.
 * Barty Crouch Jr – Death Eater credited with facilitating the return of Lord Voldemort. Played by Scottish actor David Tennant in the films. Crouch Jr. used Polyjuice Potion to impersonate Alastor Moody, and received a Dementor's Kiss.

D

 * John Dawlish – an Auror.
 * Fleur Delacour – Participant in the Triwizard Tournament as a representative of wizarding school Beauxbatons. Later married Bill Weasley.
 * Gabrielle Delacour – Fleur's younger sister. Rescued by Harry during the Triwizard Tournament.
 * Dedalus Diggle – Member of the Order of the Phoenix who took the Dursleys into hiding.
 * Amos Diggory – Cedric Diggory's father. Employee of the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures.
 * Cedric Diggory – Hufflepuff student and prefect two years above Harry. Quidditch Seeker and captain, and co-winner of the Triwizard Tournament. Killed by Peter Pettigrew on Lord Voldemort's command.
 * Armando Dippet – Dumbledor's predecessor as headmaster of Hogwarts, during which time Tom Riddle first opened the Chamber of Secrets. Expelled Rubeus Hagrid, who was framed by Riddle.
 * Elphias Doge – A school friend of Albus Dumbledore.
 * Antonin Dolohov – Death Eater who killed Fabian Prewett, Gideon Prewett, and Remus Lupin.
 * Aberforth Dumbledore – Brother of Albus and Ariana Dumbledore. Owner of the Hog's Head tavern.
 * Albus Dumbledore – Transfiguration professor in Tom Riddle's time, and Hogwarts headmaster in Harry Potter's time. Founder of the Order of the Phoenix. Killed by Severus Snape on Dumbledore's request.
 * Ariana Dumbledore – Sister of Albus and Aberforth Dumbledore, killed in a three-way duel between her brothers and Gellert Grindelwald.
 * Kendra Dumbledore – Wife of Percival Dumbledore. Mother of Albus, Aberforth, and Ariana Dumbledore.
 * Percival Dumbledore – Husband of Kendra Dumbledore, father of Albus, Aberforth, and Ariana Dumbledore.
 * – Muggle son of Vernon Dursley and Petunia Evans, first cousin of Harry Potter. Rowling revealed on her website that many people have asked her to include an adult Dudley with a wizarding child in the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, and that she herself considered it, but decided upon reflection that any "latent wizarding genes would never survive contact with Uncle Vernon's DNA" and thus she did not do so. Rowling says that Harry and Dudley would "stay on Christmas card" terms for the rest of their lives, and that Harry would take his family to visit Dudley's when they were in the neighbourhood, but it was something that James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna "would dread". However, Dudley's kids and Harry's occasionally would "get together while the adults sat in awkward silence". In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child it is also mentioned that adult Dudley sent Harry his baby blanket, one of the two surviving possession of Harry's from his parents. Dudley is portrayed by Harry Melling in the Harry Potter films. Melling had to wear a fat suit, as he lost a considerable amount of weight as the films progressed.
 * Marge Dursley – Muggle sister of Vernon Dursley. Pam Ferris played Marge in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, in which she floats out of the house and into the sky after Harry inflates her.
 * – Harry's aunt, and his mother Lily's sister. Vernon's wife and Dudley's mother. In the film version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, she leaves Harry without showing any sentiment; however, in a deleted scene on the Blu-ray/DVD release, Petunia shows acknowledgment of the wizarding world, and ultimately deep sadness and remorse for the loss of her younger sister Lily, reminding Harry that she lost a sister as well. Actress Fiona Shaw portrays Petunia in the films, with Ariella Paradise playing her as a child.
 * – Harry Potter's Muggle uncle. Petunia's husband and Dudley's father. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the films.

E

 * Marietta Edgecombe – Ravenclaw student one year above Harry. Member of Dumbledore's Army who later betrays the group to Dolores Umbridge.

F

 * Arabella Figg – Squib neighbour of the Dursleys. Member of the Order of the Phoenix.
 * Argus Filch – Squib caretaker of Hogwarts.
 * Justin Finch-Fletchley – Muggle-born Hufflepuff student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Seamus Finnigan – Gryffindor student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Nicolas Flamel – Creator and owner of the Philosopher's Stone.
 * Mundungus Fletcher – Common thief and shifty Order of the Phoenix member.
 * Filius Flitwick – Head of Ravenclaw House and Charms professor at Hogwarts.
 * Cornelius Fudge – Minister for Magic in the first five books. Sacked after persistently denying Lord Voldemort's return.

G

 * Marvolo Gaunt – The pure-blood father of Merope and Morfin Gaunt, and grandfather of Tom Marvolo Riddle.
 * Merope Gaunt – Tom Riddle's mother who died in childbirth.
 * Morfin Gaunt – Marvolo's son and Merope's brother. Framed by his nephew Tom Riddle for Muggle killings, and died in Azkaban.
 * Anthony Goldstein – Ravenclaw student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Goyle – Death Eater and father of Gregory Goyle.
 * Gregory Goyle – Slytherin student in Harry's year. Slytherin Quidditch Beater and member of the Inquisitorial Squad. Joshua Herdman played Goyle.
 * Hermione Granger – Muggle-born Gryffindor student in Harry's year and one of his best friends. Prefect and co-founder of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Mr. and Mrs. Granger – Hermione Granger's parents. During the Second Wizarding War, Hermione alters their memories, causing them to believe that they are called Wendell and Monica Wilkins, a childless couple who is moving to Australia, to protect them from Voldemort. After the War, she restores their true memories.
 * Astoria Greengrass – Draco Malfoy's wife. She died in 2019 due to her blood curse. She is three years younger than Draco, and the younger sister of one of Draco's classmates from Slytherin. She is played by Jade Gordon in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.
 * Gregorovitch – highly regarded Eastern European wandmaker.
 * Fenrir Greyback – Werewolf working for the Death Eaters.
 * – Dark wizard who was jailed after Albus Dumbledore defeated him in the 1940s. Rowling claimed at a Q&A session that she implied Dumbledore being once in love with Grindelwald, and thus he had 'lost his moral compass,' but she did not say whether those feelings were returned. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, young Grindelwald is portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower while the older Grindelwald is played by Michael Byrne. Grindelwald appears in the Fantastic Beasts film series, portrayed by Johnny Depp in the first two films. In the film series storyline, Grindelwald and Dumbledore have made a blood pact in their youth to never harm each other which Grindelwald sports in a vial while seeking a means to indirectly kill his former lover. He first appears in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, though he is disguised for most of the story as the American Auror , played by Colin Farrell, while seeking out an Obscurus whom he learned to be Credence Barebone. In Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, Grindelwald manages to manipulate both Credence and Queenie Goldstein to his side by promising the former he will tell him who he really is (supposedly Aurelius Dumbledore, a long lost brother to Albus and Aberforth) and the latter that she will be free to marry her No-Maj fiancé, Jacob Kowalski. Campbell Bower reprises his role as the teenaged version of the character in a brief flashback scene as well. In November 2020, Depp resigned from the role at the request of Warner Bros. due to his personal legal troubles. Later that month, it was reported that Mads Mikkelsen was in early talks to replace Depp as Grindelwald for the third film. On 25 November 2020, Warner Bros. officially announced that Mikkelsen would replace Depp. On replacing Depp, Mikkelsen noted that it would be a "creative suicide" to copy Depp's "masterful" portrayal as Grindelwald, having developed his own take on the character, and admitted that a "bridge" should be needed between Depp's performance and his own, having been a fan of Depp since his early films.
 * Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank – Substitute Care of Magical Creatures professor during Harry's fourth and fifth years.
 * Godric Gryffindor – One of the four founders of Hogwarts. He was a very powerful wizard.

H

 * Rubeus Hagrid – Half-giant Hogwarts gamekeeper, and Care of Magical Creatures professor starting in Harry's third year. Member of the Order of the Phoenix. As a Hogwarts student, he was expelled in his third year.
 * Rolanda Hooch – Hogwarts flying instructor and Quidditch referee.
 * Mafalda Hopkirk – Witch who works in the Ministry of Magic. Impersonated by Hermione Granger.
 * Helga Hufflepuff- Founder of Hufflepuff House. Co-founder of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

J

 * Angelina Johnson – Gryffindor student two years above Harry. Quidditch Chaser and later team captain.
 * Lee Jordan – Gryffindor student two years above Harry. Hogwarts Quidditch commentator and good friend of Fred and George Weasley.
 * Bertha Jorkins – Ministry of Magic employee that worked under the Department of Magical Games and Sports. Killed by Voldemort in order to create Nagini as the last horcrux.

K

 * Igor Karkaroff – Reformed Death Eater. Headmaster of wizarding school Durmstrang.
 * – Bulgarian Quidditch Seeker and Durmstrang student who participated in the Triwizard Tournament. Stanislav Ianevski portrayed Krum in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire.
 * Silvanus Kettleburn – Care of Magical Creatures teacher until Harry's third year.

L

 * Bellatrix Lestrange – Cousin of Sirius Black. Death Eater who tortured Neville Longbottom's parents Frank and Alice into insanity. Killed by Molly Weasley during the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Gilderoy Lockhart – Fraudulent celebrity author and Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Lost his memory after a memory charm backfired and resided in St. Mungo's afterwards.
 * Alice and Frank Longbottom – Neville Longbottom's parents. Aurors and members of the original Order of the Phoenix. Tortured into insanity by Bellatrix Lestrange.
 * Augusta Longbottom – Frank's mother and Neville's grandmother, who raises him after his parents are incapacitated. Augusta is portrayed by Leila Hoffman in the first film, appearing only in the background escorting Neville to the Hogwarts Express.
 * Neville Longbottom – Gryffindor student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Luna Lovegood – Xenophilius Lovegood's daughter and Ravenclaw student one year below Harry. Member of Dumbledore's Army and wife of Newt Scamander's grandson Rolf.
 * Xenophilius Lovegood – Luna's father. Editor of tabloid magazine The Quibbler. In Greek, his name means "one who likes that which is strange" (xeno meaning "strange" and philo meaning "liking" or "fondness"). Welsh actor and singer Rhys Ifans portrays Xenophilius in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.
 * Remus Lupin – Lycanthropic Gryffindor student before Harry's time who befriended Sirius Black and James Potter. Professor of Defence Against the Dark Arts in Harry's third year, and member of the Order of the Phoenix. He and his wife Nymphadora Tonks gave birth to a son, Teddy, before dying in the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Teddy Lupin – orphaned only son of Remus Lupin and Nymphadora Tonks and godson of Harry Potter. He is named after Tonks' late father, Ted Tonks, and his own father, Remus. Teddy is a Metamorphmagus like his mother Nymphadora, and is not affected by his father's lycanthropy. He is mentioned in the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by Harry, who says that Teddy "comes round to dinner about four times a week".

M

 * Walden Macnair – Death Eater and Committee of Disposal of Dangerous Creatures' executioner. Injured badly by Hagrid during the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Draco Malfoy – Slytherin student in Harry's year. Quidditch Seeker, prefect, and member of the Inquisitorial Squad.
 * Lucius Malfoy – Draco's father and an influential Death Eater. Governor of Hogwarts early in the series.
 * – Lucius' wife and Draco's mother. Sister of Bellatrix Lestrange and Andromeda Tonks. Narcissa is portrayed by Helen McCrory in the film series. McCrory was initially cast as Bellatrix Lestrange, but withdrew due to pregnancy; the role of Bellatrix went to Helena Bonham Carter.
 * – Son of Draco Malfoy and Astoria Greengrass. Sorted into Slytherin. Friends with Albus Potter. He is a kind-hearted boy who likes sweets and does not discriminate against non-pure-blood wizards.
 * Madam Malkin – Clothing shop owner in Diagon Alley.
 * Griselda Marchbanks – Governor of the Wizarding Examinations Authority which ran the O.W.L, N.E.W.T., and W.O.M.B.A.T. exams. Wizengamot elder.
 * Olympe Maxime – Half-giantess. Headmistress of Beauxbatons. Frances de la Tour appeared as Madame Maxime in Goblet of Fire, and reprised the role in Deathly Hallows.
 * Ernie Macmillan – Hufflepuff student in Harry's year. Prefect and member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Minerva McGonagall – Hogwarts Transfiguration professor, Head of Gryffindor House, Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts, and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Assumes position of Hogwarts Headmaster for a time after Voldemort's death.
 * Eloise Midgen – Gryffindor student that accidentally removed her nose trying to get rid of her acne. Known for her bad case of acne.
 * – Gryffindor student one year above Harry Potter. Quidditch Keeper and member of Horace Slughorn's Slug Club. Freddie Stroma played McLaggen in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2.
 * Graham Montague – Slytherin Quidditch Chaser who became trapped inside a Vanishing Cabinet for a day.
 * Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody – Retired Auror and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr. in his scheme to enter Harry into the Triwizard Tournament. Killed by Voldemort.

N

 * Theodore Nott – Slytherin student in the same year as Harry Potter, and son of a Death Eater.
 * Nott Sr – Theodore Nott's father. Death Eater.

O

 * Bob Ogden – Leader of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement Squad in the 1920s. Turned the Gaunt family over to the Wizengamot for using magic in front of a Muggle. Died before Harry Potter's sixth year.
 * Garrick Ollivander – Wandmaker and owner of the Ollivanders wand shop. Kidnapped by the Malfoy family for several months until freed by Harry, Ron, and Hermione. British actor John Hurt appeared as Ollivander in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and reprised his role in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2. His first name was revealed in Pottermore. It was also revealed that he is married and has a son and a daughter (the latter deceased). Some of the names of his wandmaker ancestors were also revealed: Geraint Ollivander (ancestor), Gerbold Octavius Ollivander (paternal grandfather), Gervaise Ollivander (father).

P

 * – Slytherin student in Harry's year. Prefect and member of the Inquisitorial Squad. Rowling said the character was based on real-life girls who teased her during her school days.
 * Padma Patil – Ravenclaw student in Harry's year. Identical twin sister of Gryffindor student Parvati Patil, and a member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Parvati Patil – Gryffindor student in Harry's year and Padma's identical twin sister. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Peter Pettigrew – Death Eater and former school friend of James Potter, Sirius Black and Remus Lupin. Betrays Harry's parents James and Lily Potter to Voldemort, resulting in their deaths. Pettigrew is first introduced in the series as Ron Weasley's pet rat Scabbers. He is strangled to death by his own metal prosthetic hand after his loyalty towards Voldemort wavers upon Harry confronting him about having previously spared Pettigrew's life.
 * Antioch, Cadmus, and Ignotus Peverell – Three brothers who were the original owners of the Elder Wand, the Resurrection Stone, and the Invisibility Cloak, respectively.
 * Irma Pince – Hogwarts librarian.
 * Sturgis Podmore – Member of the Order of the Phoenix.
 * Poppy Pomfrey – Hogwarts school nurse.
 * Harry Potter – The main character of the series. Orphaned son of James and Lily Potter. Gryffindor student at Hogwarts, and co-founder and first leader of Dumbledore's Army. The husband of Ginny Weasley, father of James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna Potter.
 * James Potter – Harry Potter's father and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Killed along with his wife Lily by Lord Voldemort prior to the start of the series.
 * Lily Potter – Harry Potter's mother and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Killed by Lord Voldemort.
 * Albus Severus Potter – Second child of Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley.
 * James Sirius Potter – Harry and Ginny's first child.
 * Lily Luna Potter – Harry and Ginny's third child. Her name honours two women important to her parents—her paternal grandmother Lily Potter, and her parents' friend Luna Lovegood. Lily is portrayed by Daphne de Beistegui in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.
 * Apollyon Pringle — a caretaker at Hogwarts.

Q

 * Quirinus Quirrell – Defence Against the Dark Arts professor in Harry Potter's first year. Possessed by Lord Voldemort.

R

 * Helena Ravenclaw/The Grey Lady – Daughter of house founder Rowena Ravenclaw. Stole and hid her mother's diadem, and became Ravenclaw's house ghost after being killed by the Bloody Baron.
 * Rowena Ravenclaw – One of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and founder of the Ravenclaw house.
 * Delphi Riddle – The main antagonist of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and daughter of Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange who tries to bring Voldemort back to life by completing a prophecy. Currently imprisoned in Azkaban.
 * Mary Riddle – Muggle wife of Thomas Riddle, mother of Tom Riddle Sr. and grandmother of Tom Marvolo Riddle/Lord Voldemort. Killed by her grandson, Lord Voldemort.
 * Thomas Riddle – Muggle husband of Mary Riddle, father of Tom Riddle Sr. and grandfather of Tom Marvolo Riddle/Lord Voldemort. Killed by his grandson Lord Voldemort.
 * Tom Riddle Sr. – Muggle son of Thomas and Mary Riddle, husband of Merope Gaunt and father of Tom Marvolo Riddle/Lord Voldemort Killed by his son, Lord Voldemort.
 * Tom Marvolo Riddle – Slytherin student who became Lord Voldemort.
 * Demelza Robins – Gryffindor student and Quidditch Chaser.
 * Augustus Rookwood – Death Eater and spy working in the Department of Mysteries.
 * Thorfinn Rowle – Death Eater.
 * Albert Runcorn – Ministry of Magic employee whose chief function was as an investigator of alleged Muggle-borns.

S

 * Newt Scamander – Magizoologist and author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Main character in the Fantastic Beasts film series. Expelled Hogwarts student who excels in curing different sicknesses.
 * Rufus Scrimgeour – Head of the Auror Office who replaces Cornelius Fudge as Minister for Magic. Killed by Death Eaters.
 * Kingsley Shacklebolt – Auror and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Replaces Pius Thicknesse as Minister for Magic.
 * – Conductor of the triple-decker Knight Bus. Jailed in Azkaban on suspicions of being a Death Eater. Stan was portrayed by Lee Ingleby in the film adaptation of Prisoner of Azkaban.
 * Aurora Sinistra – Astronomy professor at Hogwarts.
 * – Reporter and tabloid journalist for the Daily Prophet. It has been speculated that the fraught relationship between Rowling and the press was the inspiration for the author to develop the character. However, Rowling noted in 2000 that the character actually predates her rise to fame. Rita was intended to be in Philosopher's Stone, as Rowling revealed in an interview: "you know when Harry walks into the Leaky Cauldron for the first time and everyone says, "Mr. Potter you're back!", I wanted to put a journalist in there. She wasn't called Rita then but she was a woman. And then I thought, as I looked at the plot overall, I thought, that's not really where she fits best, she fits best in Four when Harry's supposed to come to terms with his fame". Miranda Richardson appeared as Rita in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire as well as in Deathly Hallows.
 * Horace Slughorn – Former Hogwarts Potions professor and Head of Slytherin House, whose charges included Tom Riddle. Returned to Hogwarts to teach Potions in Harry's sixth year.
 * Salazar Slytherin – One of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and founder of the Slytherin house.
 * Zacharias Smith – Hufflepuff Quidditch Chaser in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Severus Snape – Potions and later Defence Against the Dark Arts professor at Hogwarts. Head of Slytherin House, and member of both the Death Eaters and the Order of the Phoenix as a double agent spying for Dumbledore.
 * Alicia Spinnet – Gryffindor student two years above Harry. Quidditch Chaser and member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Pomona Sprout – Hogwarts Herbology professor and Head of Hufflepuff House.

T

 * Pius Thicknesse – Minister for Magic while under the Imperius Curse. Replaced by Kingsley Shacklebolt.
 * Dean Thomas – Gryffindor student in Harry's year. Member of Dumbledore's Army.
 * – Sister of Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy, and the mother of Nymphadora Tonks. Disowned by her family for marrying Muggle-born Ted Tonks.
 * Nymphadora Tonks – Ted and Andromeda's daughter. Auror and member of the Order of the Phoenix. She marries Remus Lupin and becomes the mother of a son, Teddy, before she and Remus are killed in the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * – Andromeda's Muggle-born husband, and the father of Nymphadora Tonks. Killed by Snatchers.
 * Sybill Trelawney – Hogwarts Divination professor. Predicted the prophecy that prompted Lord Voldemort to go after the Potters.
 * Wilkie Twycross – Hogwarts Apparition instructor who works in the Department of Magical Transportation.

U

 * Dolores Umbridge – Senior Undersecretary to the Minister for Magic, Hogwarts High Inquisitor and temporary Headmistress of Hogwarts. She becomes Defence Against the Dark Arts professor in Harry Potter's fifth year, and joins in the persecution of half-bloods and Muggle-borns under Voldemort. Sentenced to life imprisonment in Azkaban.

V

 * Emmeline Vance – Member of the Order of the Phoenix. Killed by Death Eaters.
 * Romilda Vane – Gryffindor student who unsuccessfully tries to romance Harry.
 * Septima Vector – Arithmancy professor at Hogwarts.
 * Lord Voldemort (Tom Marvolo Riddle) – The villain of the series. Murderer of Harry Potter's parents and many others in his quest for immortality and absolute power.

W

 * Myrtle Warren/ – Muggle-born Ravenclaw student during Tom Riddle's time at Hogwarts. Killed by the Basilisk in a girls' bathroom, which she continued to haunt after her death. Tom Riddle used her death to create his first Horcrux: his diary. Rowling revealed on her website that Myrtle was in Ravenclaw House and that her full name was Myrtle Elizabeth Warren. She added that the inspiration for the character was "the frequent presence of a crying girl in communal bathrooms, especially at the parties and discos of my youth." Shirley Henderson plays Myrtle in the film versions of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire. The character was omitted from Half-Blood Prince.
 * Arthur Weasley – Muggle-obsessed Ministry of Magic employee, and member of the Order of the Phoenix. Husband of Molly Weasley, father of Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny Weasley.
 * Bill Weasley – Oldest son of Arthur and Molly Weasley, and Gringotts employee. Marries Fleur Delacour.
 * Charlie Weasley – Second son of Arthur and Molly Weasley. Member of the Order of the Phoenix. Works with dragons in Romania.
 * Fred Weasley – Son of Arthur and Molly Weasley and identical twin brother of George Weasley. Gryffindor Quidditch Beater and member of Dumbledore's Army, later co-owner of joke shop Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Killed in the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * George Weasley – Son of Arthur and Molly Weasley and identical twin brother of Fred Weasley. Gryffindor Quidditch Beater and member of Dumbledore's Army. Co-owner of Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. Marries Angelina Johnson.
 * Ginny Weasley – Only daughter and youngest child of Arthur and Molly Weasley. Gryffindor student one year below Harry, Quidditch Seeker and Chaser, and member of Dumbledore's Army. Married to Harry Potter.
 * Hugo Granger-Weasley– Son of Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, brother of Rose Weasley. Hugo is portrayed by Ryan Turner in Deathly Hallows – Part 2.
 * Molly Weasley – Wife of Arthur Weasley and mother of Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny. Member of the Order of the Phoenix.
 * Percy Weasley – Third son of Arthur and Molly Weasley. Gryffindor prefect and Head Boy, then Ministry of Magic employee, during which he becomes estranged from his family before joining them in fighting the Death Eaters in the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Ron Weasley – Youngest son of Arthur and Molly Weasley who is best friends with Harry Potter and Hermione Granger. Gryffindor Quidditch Keeper, prefect, and co-founder of Dumbledore's Army.
 * Oliver Wood – Gryffindor Quidditch Keeper and captain four years above Harry. Oliver Wood was portrayed by Sean Biggerstaff in the first two films and once again in the eighth film.
 * Rose Granger-Weasley – Daughter of Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Sister of Hugo Weasley. Rose is portrayed by Helena Barlow in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. She also featured in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child; she has been played in the West End production by Cherrelle Skeete and Helen Aluko.

Y

 * Corban Yaxley – Death Eater. Head of Magical Law Enforcement under Voldemort's regime.

Z

 * Blaise Zabini – Slytherin student in Harry's year.

A

 * Aragog – Giant spider raised by Rubeus Hagrid and lived in the Forbidden Forest.

B

 * Bane – Centaur, not very wizard-friendly.
 * Beedle the Bard – Author of several wizarding fairy tales including The Tale of the Three Brothers.
 * The Bloody Baron – Slytherin House ghost. Suitor of Helena Ravenclaw before killing her in a fit of blind rage, then commits suicide in remorse.
 * Bogrod – Head goblin at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Put under the Imperius curse when Harry, Ron, and Hermione break into Gringotts.
 * Buckbeak – Hippogriff belonging at various times to Hagrid, Sirius Black and Harry Potter.

C

 * Sir Cadogan – Armored and somewhat mad knight occupying a painting in Hogwarts.
 * Crookshanks – Intelligent cat belonging to Hermione Granger.

D

 * Dobby – House-elf originally belonging to the Malfoy family until he is set free by Harry in Chamber of Secrets, killed by Bellatrix Lestrange in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

E

 * Errol – Owl belonging to the Weasley family.

F

 * Fang – Hagrid's pet boarhound.
 * The Fat Friar – Hufflepuff House ghost.
 * The Fat Lady – Witch in the painting concealing the entrance to the Gryffindor common room.
 * Fawkes – Phoenix belonging to Albus Dumbledore. Saved Harry Potter from the Basilisk inside the Chamber of Secrets.
 * Firenze – Centaur and substitute Divination professor at Hogwarts during Harry's fifth year.
 * Fluffy – Three-headed dog belonging to Hagrid and protector of the Philosopher's Stone.

G

 * Gornuk – Gringotts goblin who goes on the run from Death Eaters in Deathly Hallows along with fellow goblin Griphook, plus Dean Thomas, Ted Tonks, and Dirk Cresswell.
 * Grawp – Giant and Hagrid's half-brother.
 * Griphook – Gringotts Bank goblin who helps Harry and his friends steal Helga Hufflepuff's cup from within the Lestrange vault.

H

 * Hedwig – Harry Potter's pet owl. Killed during the Battle of the Seven Potters.
 * Hokey – House-elf belonging to Hepzibah Smith.

K

 * Kreacher – House-elf belonging to the Black family and later Harry Potter. Though at first preferring to serve the pureblood line (including Regulus Black, Narcissa Malfoy, Bellatrix Lestrange, and Draco Malfoy), he eventually prefers serving under Harry as he treats him better.

L

 * Leanne – Friend of Katie Bell and a member of Dumbledore's Army. Along with Harry, Ron, and Hermione, she is present when Katie touches a cursed necklace intended to be given to Dumbledore.

M

 * Magorian – A centaur.
 * Great Aunt Muriel – The Weasley children's great-aunt. Matyelok Gibbs appears as Muriel in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, but during the film she is never identified.
 * Muggle Prime Minister - The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, referred to as the Muggle Prime Minister by wizards, is aware of the existence of the wizarding world. Rowling intended to include the Prime Minister scene in earlier books, but she thought that it could not properly fit until the sixth book. He is protected by an Auror, Kingsley Shacklebolt.

N

 * Nagini – Lord Voldemort's massive pet snake that does his bidding. She is one of Voldemort's Horcruxes who is ultimately slain by Neville Longbottom during the Battle of Hogwarts.
 * Nearly Headless Nick – Gryffindor house ghost. Full name is Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington.
 * Norbert – A baby dragon illegally owned by Hagrid who is relocated to a reserve in Romania by friends of Ron's older brother Charlie Weasley.

P

 * Peeves – Hogwarts poltergeist, a mischievous magical being.
 * Pigwidgeon – A tiny mischievous owl belonging to Ron Weasley. Called "Pig" for short.

R

 * Madam Rosmerta – Proprietor of The Three Broomsticks inn in Hogsmeade village. Julie Christie appeared as Madam Rosmerta in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
 * Ronan – A centaur living in the Forbidden Forest.

S

 * Scabbers – Ron Weasley's pet rat in the first three stories who is revealed to be a wizard in animal form: Peter Pettigrew.
 * Scabior – Snatcher who captures Harry, Ron and Hermione in Deathly Hallows.
 * Hepzibah Smith – an extremely wealthy, well-born old witch who enjoyed collecting antiques and collectibles; introduced within Dumbledore's Pensieve.

T

 * Tom - Bartender of the Leaky Cauldron.
 * Travers – Wizard and Death Eater who escapes from Azkaban after Lord Voldemort's return.
 * Trevor – Neville Longbottom's perpetually-misplaced pet toad.

W

 * The Weird Sisters – a wizarding rock band. They performed three songs (all composed by Cocker): "Do the Hippogriff", "This Is the Night" and "Magic Works". A full music video of the band playing at the Yule Ball is included as an extended scene on the Goblet of Fire DVD. In 2005, Warner Bros., the international distributor of Goblet of Fire, was sued for trademark violations by members of a Canadian band named the Wyrd Sisters. In the Goblet of Fire film, the band was played by the following musicians:
 * Jarvis Cocker (of Pulp) as Myron Wagtail – vocals
 * Jonny Greenwood (of Radiohead) as Kirley Duke – lead guitar
 * Jason Buckle (of All Seeing I) as Heathcote Barbary – rhythm guitar
 * Steve Mackey (of Pulp) as Donaghan Tremlett – bass
 * Steven Claydon (of Add N to (X)) as Gideon Crumb – keyboards and bagpipes
 * Philip Selway (of Radiohead) as Orsino Thruston – drums

 * Winky – A female house-elf who belonged to Barty Crouch Sr until he sacked her, then worked in the Hogwarts kitchen.

title: List of Harry Potter characters


text:
Kingsessing, Philadelphia

Kingsessing is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. On the west side of the Schuylkill River, it is next to the neighborhoods of Cedar Park, Southwest Schuylkill, and Mount Moriah, as well as the borough of Yeadon in Delaware County. It is roughly bounded by 53rd Street to the northeast, Baltimore Avenue to the northwest, Cobbs Creek and 60th Street to the southwest, and Woodland Avenue to the southeast.

History
The name Kingsessing, also spelled Chinsessing, comes from a Delaware word meaning "a place where there is a meadow". The historic Lenape, or Delaware as the English called them, had a village of the same name that roughly occupied the same site as where the current neighborhood was later developed. When the township was organized to encompass where the Lenape and a later Swedish village stood, it also was named as Kingsessing.

In 1669 Hans Månsson, a Swedish settler, received a patent for an 1,100-acre plantation along the Schuylkill River between the current location of 60th Street and Woodlands Cemetery, extending as far west as Cobb's Creek.

Bartram's Garden, started by colonial botanist John Bartram in 1728, is still operated in this neighborhood. It had an international reputation and is considered the first true botanical garden in the United States. It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.

The S. Weir Mitchell School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Demographics
Kingsessing is 83.2% black.

Infrastructure and government

 * The United States Postal Service operates the Kingsessing Post Office at 5311 Florence Avenue.
 * Grays Ferry Bridge
 * 49th Street station (SEPTA Regional Rail)
 * Schuylkill River Trail

Public libraries
Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Kingsessing Branch at 1201 South 51st Street, below Chester Avenue.

title: Kingsessing, Philadelphia


text:
Jeffrey C. Wynn

Jeffrey C. Wynn is a research geophysicist with the United States Geological Survey (USGS). He is currently based in the Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, WA, one of the five USGS volcano observatories in the United States .

Professional career
Wynn has served as vice president for R&D of Zonge International, and in several rotational management positions in the USGS. These include Chief Scientist for Volcano Hazards, Chief of the Office of Geochemistry & Geophysics, Chief of the Venezuelan Guayana & Amazonas Exploration Mission ("Jefe del Grupo Asesor"), where he was first author of the first complete geologic map of southern Venezuela, and also published a full assessment of discovered and undiscovered mineral resources for the roadless southern half of Venezuela. Wynn also served for four years as the Deputy Chief for Science and Chief of the USGS Saudi Arabian Mission before assuming responsibility for volcano research and monitoring as Chief Scientist for Volcano Hazards in the USGS.

Wynn has studied and published on the historical era Wabar craters asteroid impact event in the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia. He has also developed a new technology for mapping sub-seafloor minerals, buried wrecks, buried oil and gas infrastructure, and migrating hydrocarbon plumes in the open ocean using a physical property called induced polarization ("IP"). He has also done extensive geophysical mapping in SE Alaska.

Wynn co-developed an airborne electromagnetic technology to rapidly map groundwater deep beneath arid basins in 3D. Using this technology, he successfully mapped the groundwater of the San Pedro Basin in southern Arizona and northern (Sonora), Mexico in three dimensions.

Publications
He has published over 300 articles, books, patents, and maps in fields as diverse as geology, oceanography, hydrology, geophysics, archeology, and astrophysics.

Wynn is a past president of the Environmental & Engineering Geophysical Society (2002–2003).. He has also served as Special Editor of Geophysics and is currently an Associate Editor of Exploration Geophysics.

Self Defense
Wynn holds a 7th degree black belt (Shihan or Master Teacher) in Japanese origin Jujutsu and 6th degree black belt in Taiho-Jutsu. As a community service he has taught over 3,000 women for free, along with his senior black belts, self-defense clinics in northern Virginia and southwestern Washington State. He has provided self-defense training to agents of the Washington State Department of Revenue. He also teaches quarterly self-defense classes at Clark College, and Washington State University - Vancouver.

Awards
Wynn has been awarded the Department of Interior Meritorious Service Award for "...his outstanding career in geophysics and...scientific leadership of the US Geological Survey."

In 1999 the Mars-crossing asteroid 9564 Jeffwynn was named in his honor. It was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory in 1987. Jeff is an Advanced Open Water diver (PADI certification) and has served as a CPR-AED Instructor (National Safety Council) .

He has been awarded three patents on marine IP, most recently in June 2013 for mapping hydrocarbons in the open ocean, with one more pending. A commercial version of the towed-streamer technology was successfully tested in the Bismarck Sea in February 2005 and off the east coast of South Africa in a successful large-scale commercial sub-seafloor mineral resource mapping deployment during May - June 2007. In 2018 a consortium was formed (Induced Polarization Associates) to commercialize the "Wynn" patents.

title: Jeffrey C. Wynn


text:
Meadow Fresh

Meadow Fresh is a New Zealand dairy brand. It is owned by Goodman Fielder. The modern brand came into being as the result of a brand swap in September 2005 between Dairy Foods, owned by Graeme Hart, and New Zealand Milk, owned by Fonterra.

The two companies that emerged from the swap were:
 * Fonterra Brands New Zealand Limited, owned by Fonterra.
 * Mainland Products Limited, (which had existed since 1954 and became Meadow Fresh from 31 October 2005), owned by Dairy Foods, which was still owned initially by Graeme Hart.

Dairy Foods was subsequently sold to Goodman Fielder in connection with the IPO of that company. On 3 July 2006, Dairy Foods, Top Hat Convenience Foods, and Goodman Fielder New Zealand amalgamated to become Goodman Fielder New Zealand.

Meadow Fresh NZ Ltd
Meadow Fresh manufactures and distributes dairy products under these brands
 * Meadow Fresh (fresh and UHT milk);
 * Meadow Fresh Yoghurt;
 * Tararua Cultured;
 * Bouton D'Or, Chesdale, Ornelle, Puhoi Valley Cheese

Meadow Fresh also have distribution arrangements for Fonterra Brands products through its Route Food Service.

Glass milk bottles
Meadow Fresh was the last company in New Zealand to market milk in glass bottles. On 30 November 2005, production of glass bottled milk at their Christchurch production plant ceased, ending this era.

Distribution

 * Meadow Fresh outsource a fleet of chilled linehaul trucks to distribute products to supermarkets, milk deliverers and route trade vans.
 * Meadow Fresh "Milkies" distribute fresh milk to some homes and businesses throughout New Zealand.
 * Meadow Fresh route trade salespeople distribute the company's products via a network of chiller trucks.

Production
The company has factories as follows:
 * Blenheim Road, Christchurch, (Milk and Beverages)
 * Longburn, Palmerston North (Milk, Cultured Foods)
 * Yoplait, Palmerston North (Cultured Foods)
 * Puhoi Valley (Specialty Cheese)

title: Meadow Fresh


text:
Manimal

Manimal is an American superhero television series created by Glen A. Larson and Donald R. Boyle, it ran on NBC from September 30 to December 17, 1983. The show centers on the character Jonathan Chase (Simon MacCorkindale), a shape-shifting man who can turn himself into any animal he chooses. He uses this ability to help the police solve crimes.

The series ended after a brief eight episode run.

Opening narration
For every episode except the pilot, actor William Conrad recites the opening narration that tells of Chase's wealthy present life and his early days in Africa with his missionary father: "Dr Jonathan Chase... wealthy, young, handsome. A man with the brightest of futures. A man with the darkest of pasts. From Africa's deepest recesses, to the rarefied peaks of Tibet, heir to his father's legacy and the world's darkest mysteries. Jonathan Chase, master of the secrets that divide man from animal, animal from man. Partnered with a young police detective and the former army corporal from the fields of Vietnam, a trio that stands against the crime that breeds in the concrete jungles and stretches its deadly tentacles to the fascinating but dangerous world beyond... the world of Manimal!"

Overview
Manimal premiered as a 90-minute pilot that aired on September 30, 1983. The series featured the story of Jonathan Chase, a shape-shifter who could turn himself into any animal he chose, and used this ability to fight crime. Only two people were aware of Jonathan's secret, his friend Ty Earl and police detective Brooke Mackenzie. Jonathan and Ty would assist Brooke with a case she was working on, with Jonathan transforming himself into an animal when it became useful.

While Jonathan had the ability to change himself into any animal, he would transform into a hawk and a black panther in nearly every episode. In some episodes, he would transform into a third animal, such as a horse, dolphin, bear, or bull, with the transformation taking place offscreen, though once he was shown becoming a snake. In one episode, he was shown to be able to assume the aspect of various animals simultaneously, rather than adopt their forms, such as the agility and speed of a panther or the suppleness and fast strikes of a snake. The transformation sequences were designed and created by the Academy Award-winning SFX artist Stan Winston.

Another aspect of the transformations that added to the show's camp factor involved Chase's clothing during a transformation: He was depicted generally wearing a three-piece suit and tie, and the viewer would see it rip off him as he shape-shifted into an animal, though once the transformation was complete there would be no sign of his discarded clothing. A bit later, he would transform back into human form with all of his clothing perfectly restored upon his person, even if he was unconscious.

Cast

 * Simon MacCorkindale as Jonathan Chase
 * Melody Anderson as Brooke Mackenzie
 * Glynn Turman as Tyrone "Ty" C. Earl (pilot episode)
 * Michael D. Roberts as Tyrone "Ty" C. Earl
 * Reni Santoni as Lt. Nick Rivera
 * William Conrad as Narrator (opening scene)
 * Jack Greer as Young Jonathan Chase (pilot episode)

Night Man

 * Glen A. Larson, the creator, briefly resurrected the Jonathan Chase character for a crossover with his 1990s series Night Man. In that episode, Manimal's traditional, practical-effects transformation was abandoned in favor of a CGI sequence.

Home media releases
On August 27, 2012, Manimal: The Complete Series was released on DVD in the UK in PAL region 2 by Fabulous Films. The three-disc set includes the TV-movie pilot and seven original full-length episodes. Special features includes a near 20-minute interview with series creator Glen A. Larson, production notes, biographies, galleries, Automan TV series trailer and episode guide booklet.

Manimal was released on DVD by Condor Entertainment (3 disc set) in France on October 18, 2012.

Shout! Factory released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time on November 10, 2015.

Annual
In 1984, a Manimal Annual was released in the UK - a book containing stories, comics and games based on the show.

Reception and cancellation
Manimal was scheduled opposite CBS's highly popular prime time soap opera Dallas. The 90-minute pilot aired on September 30, 1983; the one-hour series debuted two weeks later, but was placed on hiatus after only four regular episodes had aired, with production ceasing at that time. The show returned to the NBC schedule a month later, airing the three remaining already-produced episodes before the show was officially canceled due to low ratings. NBC's 1983 fall line-up also featured eight other series that were axed before their first seasons ended (including Jennifer Slept Here, Bay City Blues, and We Got It Made).

Manimal is not well regarded by many TV viewers and the series received negative reviews from critics. John Javna's book The Best of Science Fiction TV included Manimal in its list of the "Worst Science Fiction Shows of All Time", along with Space: 1999, Lost in Space, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, and The Starlost. TV Guide also ranked Manimal number 15 on their list of the 50 Worst TV Shows of All Time in 2002. In 2004, readers of the British trade weekly Broadcast voted Manimal as one of the worst television shows ever exported by the U.S. to the U.K. It placed fifth on their list, exceeded only by Baywatch, The Anna Nicole Show, The Dukes of Hazzard and Wild Palms. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy described Manimal thus: "Axed after seven regular episodes, the only surprise being that it ever got past the pilot stage".

Manimal was the subject of much sarcastic ribbing on fellow NBC show Late Night with David Letterman, including a nearly nine-minute segment called Manimal: Show At The Crossroads that aired November 8, 1983, after it was announced that Manimal would be put on hiatus. After a detailed recounting of the show's plots, and a call to NBC headquarters to determine if the show would be brought back, a psychic was brought in to predict Manimal's future: the verdict was "nope, not on another network, not in syndication, not on home cassettes...it's a ghost, it's history, it's vapor".

Manimal had an associated toy line of solid, non-articulated figurines sold as rack toys made by Fleetwood Toy Corporation. These depicted the character in mid-transformation, such as to a cobra and to a lion.

Film
In September 2012, Sony Pictures Animation was developing a live-action/CGI film based on Manimal. The series creator and producer, Glen A. Larson, was once again attached as a producer. The film was slated to be produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay through their Gary Sanchez Productions, and by Jimmy Miller through his Mosaic Media Group. Jay Martel and Ian Roberts have been hired to write the script. Larson died in 2014, and as of 2021, no further news of the project has emerged since its announcement.

title: Manimal


text:
Mindscape (company)

Mindscape was a video game developer and publisher. The company was founded by Roger Buoy in October 1983 in Northbrook, Illinois, originally as part of SFN Companies until a management buyout was completed in 1987. Mindscape went public in 1988 and was subsequently acquired in 1990 by The Software Toolworks, eyeing Mindscape's Nintendo license. When Toolworks was acquired by Pearson plc in 1994, Mindscape became the primary identity for the development group. Mindscape was then sold to The Learning Company in 1998 and bought out by Jean-Pierre Nordman in 2001, becoming headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Following the poor performance of its products, Mindscape exited the video game industry in August 2011. Notable titles released by Mindscape include the MacVenture series, Balance of Power, Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight, Legend, Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat, Warhammer: Dark Omen and Lego Island.

Early years (1983–1988)
Mindscape was founded in October 1983 as a wholly owned subsidiary of holding company SFN Companies. Mindscape's founder, Australian entrepreneur Roger Buoy, had previously been a computer analyst for Rolls-Royce Limited and later worked for the software division of Scholastic Inc., before being hired by SFN in October 1983 to set up Mindscape. For Mindscape, Buoy acted as president and chief executive officer (CEO). Mindscape released its first product in April 1984. Early games published by the company include Déjà Vu, Balance of Power, and Sub Mission: A Matter of Life and Death. In its early years, Mindscape lost about US$6 million annually.

In July 1986, Mindscape acquired the assets of Scarborough Systems, a software company from Tarrytown, New York. Scarborough Systems continued its operations through Lifeboat Assoc., a subsidiary that was not acquired by Mindscape. In October, SFN announced that it would be selling or closing large parts of its business, including plans to liquidate Mindscape. On December 31, Mindscape also acquired the assets of Roslyn, New York-based company Learning Well. Because Mindscape was not liquidated by the end of 1986, it was assigned to SFN Partners L.P., a limited partnership company. A new corporation set up by Buoy and SFN's former president and chairman, John Purcell, subsequently acquired Mindscape from SFN Partners on January 16, 1987, for US$3 million. Buoy retained his positions in the company, while Purcell became its chairman. At this point, Mindscape had 74 employees.

With sales of US$12 million, Mindscape had become profitable for the first time in the fourth quarter of 1986; it started publishing black numbers by 1987. In early 1987, Mindscape introduced the Thunder Mountain label to produce software at a lower price, with Rambo: First Blood Part II being the first title to be produced under the label. In March 1987, Mindscape acquired the software division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston formerly known as CBS Interactive Learning, with all operations moved to Mindscape's Northbrook, Illinois, headquarters. By June 1988, Mindscape filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to prepare an initial public offering (IPO) and become a public company. The move aimed at raising US$9.6 million through sale of stock to reduce its bank loan debts of US$9.8 million. The IPO was completed that same month, with the company commencing trading over-the-counter, and the first shares were issued by July. Bob Ingersoll and Dennis O'Malley were appointed vice president (VP) of marketing and VP of sales, respectively, in May 1987. In November, Mindscape signed a lease of 21,000 sqft of office space in Wheeling, Illinois, for US$236,000. Robert A. Drell, formerly of Dresher Inc., became VP of finance and chief financial officer in October 1988.

Under The Software Toolworks and Pearson (1989–1997)
In December 1989, video game company The Software Toolworks reached an agreement to acquire Mindscape, exchanging every Mindscape share for 0.4375 of a share in newly issued Toolworks common stock. The deal was completed on March 13, 1990, and valued at US$21.2 million. Mindscape had been one of the approximately forty companies licensed to develop for Nintendo video game platforms, which was a major reason for the acquisition. The two companies merged, and Buoy joined Les Crane on Toolworks' company board. Following the acquisition, Mindscape became Toolwork's division working exclusively on games for Nintendo platforms, which sharply increased Toolwork's earnings. Subsequently, in March 1994, Pearson plc agreed to acquire Toolworks for US$462 million, with the deal closing on May 12, 1994.

Pearson was criticized for overpaying in the acquisition, and the acquired company lost US$69 million in its early years under Pearson. By November 1994, Toolworks had assumed the Mindscape identity. The same year, Mindscape acquired video game developer Strategic Simulations. In September 1995, it acquired Micrologic Software from Emeryville, California, to undisclosed terms. In January 1996, John F. Moore became CEO after leaving the same position at Western Publishing. In November, it laid off twelve developed staff as a cost reduction measure. In 1997, Mindscape acquired software company Multimedia Design. In its final year under Pearson, 1997, Mindscape become profitable again, generating US$2.7 million. One day prior to the release of Lego Island that year, Mindscape fired all of the development team that worked on the game to avoid paying them bonuses.

Under The Learning Company and later years (1998–2011)
Pearson proceeded to sell Mindscape to The Learning Company (TLC) in March 1998 for US$150 million in cash and stock. A waiting period was temporarily imposed by the Federal Trade Commission and subsequently terminated the same month. TLC expected that its stocks would rise US$0.05 per share as a result of the acquisition, while Pearson lost around US$347 million. Later that year, when TLC integrated its Broderbund division, Mindscape took over Broderbund's productivity, reference and entertainment brands. The company's Mindscape unit would acquire Petz developer PF.Magic in 1998. TLC would be eventually acquired by Mattel in May 1999 and became a subsidiary of the company's Mattel Media division, later renamed Mattel Interactive. By then, Mattel occasionally used the Mindscape name for publishing.

TLC and Mattel Interactive's gaming assets were acquired by Gores Technology Group in 2000 and its game brands were reformed under a new entity, Game Studios, in January 2001. The same year, former TLC-Edusoft executive Jean-Pierre Nordman bought out Mindscape from TLC, installing it as a separate entity in Boulogne-Billancourt, a suburb of Paris, France, and assuming a managerial role.

In October 2005, French video game developer and publisher Coktel Vision was sold to Mindscape, wherein eleven Coktel employees were absorbed into Mindscape. The Coktel brand name, however, was retained by Mindscape many years afterwards; its history officially ended in 2011 when Mindscape closed.

By December 2009, Thierry Bensoussan had become the managing director for Mindscape. The company opened an internal development studio, Punchers Impact, in Paris to develop multi-platform digital download games. The studio's managers, Guillaume Descamps and Jérôme Amouyal, left the studio less than a year later, in September 2010, to found a new studio, Birdies Road. Punchers Impact developed two games—Crasher, a racing game, and U-Sing, a music game. U-Sing performed well at retail, but the cost of music licenses for the game had a severe impact on its revenue, while Crasher underperformed in general. As a result, Mindscape announced on August 10, 2011, that it had closed Punchers Impact and laid off its forty employees, while itself would effectively exit the video game industry. Some regional subsidiaries, such as Mindscape Asia-Pacific in Sydney, Australia, continued operating in the video game business as entities independent from Mindscape.

Software developed and/or published

 * Racter (1984)
 * Balance of Power (1985)
 * Déjà Vu (1985)
 * Mindscape Amiga Tutorial (1985), included on the Workbench 1.1 disk
 * American Challenge: A Sailing Simulation (1986)
 * James Bond 007: Goldfinger (1986)
 * TrailBlazer (1986)
 * Uninvited (1986)
 * Shadowgate (1987)
 * Mavis Beacon Teaches Typing (1987)
 * Road Runner (Commodore 64, MS-DOS) (United States, Canada) (1987)
 * Harrier Combat Simulator (1987)
 * Visions of Aftermath: The Boomtown (PC) (1988)
 * Willow (Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS) (1988)
 * The Colony (1988)
 * Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (NES) (1988)
 * Paperboy (NES, Game Boy, MS-DOS, Commodore 64) (1988, 1990)
 * Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989)
 * Fiendish Freddy's Big Top o' Fun (Amiga, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC) (1989)
 * Prince of Persia (1989)
 * Captive (1990)
 * SimEarth (1990)
 * Mad Max (NES) (1990)
 * SimAnt (1991)
 * Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight (1991)
 * Knightmare (1991)
 * Captain America and The Avengers (SNES + Handheld games ver.) (1991)
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1991)
 * Gods (1991)
 * D/Generation (1991)
 * Contraption Zack (1992) (MS-DOS and Amiga)
 * SimLife (1992)
 * Outlander (1992)
 * The Terminator (NES) (1992)
 * Legend (aka The Four Crystals of Trazere) (1992)
 * Worlds of Legend: Son of the Empire (1993)
 * Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame (1993)
 * Wing Commander (SNES) (1993)
 * Super Battleship (1993)
 * Star Wars Chess (1993)
 * Metal Marines (1993)
 * The Chessmaster 4000 Turbo (1993)
 * Dragon Lore: The Legend Begins (1994)
 * Liberation: Captive 2 (Amiga, Amiga CD32) (1994)
 * Aliens: A Comic Book Adventure (MS-DOS) (1995)
 * Cyberspeed (PC [unreleased], PlayStation) (1995)
 * Warhammer: Shadow of the Horned Rat (1995)
 * Pool Champion (1995)
 * Angel Devoid: Face of the Enemy (1996)
 * Azrael's Tear (1996)
 * Chessmaster 5000 (1996)
 * Creatures (1996 video game) (1996)
 * Starwinder (1996)
 * Steel Harbinger (1996)
 * Counter Action (1997)
 * Lego Island (PC) (1997)
 * Aaron Vs. Ruth (1997)
 * John Saul's Blackstone Chronicles (1998)
 * Warhammer: Dark Omen (1998)
 * Prince of Persia 3D (1999)
 * Rat Attack! (1999)
 * Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg (PC) (2006)
 * Golden Balls (2008)

title: Mindscape (company)


text:
Talk:Trip Hawkins

Vandalization bait
This article is often vandalized by someone with a dynamic IP address (always beginning with 209.179). It's becomming a real hassle to keep reverting their changes. Should we look at banning the whole range of IP addresses beginning with 209.179--which I don't even know is possible--or protecting the article (I really doubt the vandal is an administrator)? If we protected it, if someone wanted to make a change to the article, they'd have to submit the request to an administrator, which is really un-Wiki. Does anyone else have any ideas? Should we just keep reverting the changes? —Frecklefoot 14:33, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we should just keep reverting him. That's a large chunk of the dialup IP space for Earthlink, so I don't think we should ban the lot (for any reason other than an ongoing vandalbot assult).  I'd be perfectly happy if his individual IP gets banned (say for 2 hrs) when he does damage, at least forcing him to reconnect, and there seems to be no need to warn him further.  He doesn't seem to be doing any other damage, and I think he'll (eventually) get tired and quit.  Given his visits are rather infrequent, and his damage so blatant, I don't see the use in protecting the page either. He cannot win, he just doesn't know it yet. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 16:48, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for replying. I hope he does give up soon. I just hope the article doesn't get deleted (again) since he mostly blanks the article with just his bogus extern link. A few days ago an admin deleted this article because of his blanking vadalism. —Frecklefoot 18:51, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * A salient reminder to those admins who frequent Speedy Deletes (myself included) to check the history of such articles. Luckily this particular article seems to be on the watchlist of many (it's a shame deletion doesn't seem to show up in one's watchlist) so the vandal should be thwarted quickly. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 19:12, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

More on Trip
Perhaps some we should add that he designed his own major in strategy and game theory at Harvard? --163.1.141.16

 * If you know anything about that, please go ahead. Be bold!  Also, sign your posts.  You can do this with 3 or 4 tildes (  or ~ ).  The latter is preferred, since it also adds a timestamp.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 22:36, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

OK done that dunno if its any good, hope it is! Not really much information added but fills it out a bit I guess. 163.1.141.16 12:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, it looks fine. The more information the better.  I cleaned it up a bit, but it's a good addition.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 16:24, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

So what about where Trip is now? It doesn't say anything about him since his "stepping down from the CEO position at Digital Chocolate in May, 2012"... did he retire? Demetari (talk) 03:55, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

"EA staffer attempts to alter Wiki history"
Keep an eye out... http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/48482    S facets  07:40, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trip Hawkins


text:
Herbstmilch (novel)

Herbstmilch (English: Autumn Milk) is the German autobiography of Anna Wimschneider (1919–1993), a peasant woman from Lower Bavaria. It was published in 1984. Although it is the autobiography of an unknown, 'ordinary' person, the book became a huge bestseller and remained in the bestseller charts for three years.

The title derives from the Bavarian word for a type of fermented milk, from which soup is made.

Story
Wimschneider tells of the hard conditions in which she grew up, on a farm. In 1927, at the age of 8, after her mother's death, she had to look after her family of 9. She later married Albert Wimschneider, but he was then conscripted and went off to war, leaving Anna to look after their farm, together with her mother-in-law.

Film
The book was made into a film, titled Autumn Milk, in 1988 by Joseph Vilsmaier.

title: Herbstmilch (novel)


text:
Kristine Kochanski

Kristine Z. Kochanski is a fictional character from the British science fiction situation comedy Red Dwarf. Kochanski was the first console officer in the navigation chamber on board the spaceship Red Dwarf. As well as appearing in the television series, she is also a major character in the Red Dwarf novel Last Human. In series 1, 2, and 6 she was played by Clare Grogan and was then played by Chloë Annett for series 7 and 8, and the 2009 special Back to Earth.

1980s
Kochanski (played by Clare Grogan) briefly appears in "The End" (1988). Later in the episode, after Dave Lister (Craig Charles) is released from three million years in stasis, Holly (Norman Lovett) confirms to Lister that Kochanski is dead following a radiation leak caused by a drive plate aboard the spaceship Red Dwarf being repaired inefficiently. Lister tells Holly that she was going to come with him as part of his plan to buy a farm in Fiji, but Lister never got round to telling her.

In the first two series, it becomes apparent that Lister lusted after Kochanski from a distance and occasionally flirted with her but never had a relationship with her, never having had the courage to ask her out. Indeed, in "Balance of Power" (1988), Holly tells Lister that he had shared a total of 173 words with her, fewer words than he had shared with his rubber plant. In the same episode, Lister mentions that he had always been crazy about Kochanski but never acted on his feelings, and is also insecure enough to believe Arnold Rimmer, posing as Kochanski (again played by Grogan), when Rimmer tells him, "I just don't like you." The Kochanski Rimmer also asks Lister why he didn't tell Kochanski about his feelings for her while she was still alive, and Lister, upon realising that "Kochanski" is in fact Rimmer in disguise, tells Rimmer that Lister and Kochanski "never made love". When Lister is revived from stasis, one of the first things he wants to do is revive Kochanski's hologram. But as the ship can only officially generate one hologram at a time, Rimmer (played by Chris Barrie) refuses to allow it, and goes so far as to hide Kochanski's personality disc.

In "Confidence and Paranoia" (1988), Lister, after looking through Kochanski's dream recorder, discovers that Kochanski dreamt about him three times. He believes from this that Kochanski might have been infatuated with him, too, and questions why he never asked Kochanski out. Lister (along with a physical manifestation of his confidence, played by Craig Ferguson) hits upon an idea of how to generate two holograms at once and also deduces where Rimmer has hidden the personality discs – only to discover too late that Kochanski's personality disc has been switched for a duplicate of Rimmer's. It was originally going to be Kochanski's hologram that was generated, but as the script for "Bodysnatcher" wasn't finished, they dumped the idea and immediately came up with "Me²".

In a possible future seen in the episode "Stasis Leak" (1988), Lister finds out that his future self from five years hence has gone back in time and married Kochanski three weeks before the accident which causes Red Dwarf to leave the Solar System; their wedding and honeymoon taking place while Kochanski is on planet leave at the Ganymede Holiday Inn. This version of Lister's future has still yet to be portrayed outside of "Stasis Leak" as of 2024.

1990s
Lister's fantasy of his perfect companion in "Camille" (1991) was initially intended to be Kochanski (played by Clare Grogan once again), but it was felt that the inexplicable and implausible re-appearance of Lister's true love (or at least enduring obsession) would tip him off too early as to the true nature of the creature that Kryten (Robert Llewellyn) rescues in the episode. The character was changed in clothing and attitude to more or less a female version of Lister, played by Suzanne Rhatigan; however, the fact that Rhatigan bore a physical resemblance to Grogan still allowed her to be identified as playing "Kochanski Camille" in the credits. A line of dialogue by Lister explicitly referencing their resemblance was ultimately cut from the broadcast episode, and later included in deleted scenes on the Series IV DVD.

Kochanski's previously established history with Lister where she barely interacted with him is retconned in "DNA" (1991), when Lister mentions Kochanski having "finished with [him]" back before the accident that killed her. Following this break up, he recalls going for a walk in the botanical gardens and looking at a squirrel, thinking, "You lucky little sod. You like your job, you're your own boss and you've got no woman trouble, so you'll never feel as bad as I feel now." This affected Lister enough for him to tell the crew of Red Dwarf that for a split second, he would have given anything to swap places with the squirrel.

In "Dimension Jump" (1991), a Kochanski from a dimension where Lister is more successful is mentioned but not seen as being married to that dimension's Lister "Spanners" (also played by Craig Charles), with twin boys, Jim and Bexley.

In "Psirens" (1993), while rejogging Lister's memory following Lister awakening from two hundred years of deep sleep, Kryten explicitly explains to Lister that Kochanski dated Lister for three weeks before "discard[ing]" him for a catering officer. Grogan returns in this episode, portraying an illusion of Kochanski created by the genetically engineered lifeforms the Psirens to tempt Lister.

In "Ouroboros" (1997), Kochanski (now played by Chloë Annett) is seen crossing through a linkway originating from a parallel universe along with alternate versions of Lister, Kryten and the Cat (played by Charles, Llewellyn and Danny John-Jules), who agree to exchange supplies with the "Dwarfers". In a flashback set in her parallel world, Kochanski's backstory shows Lister returning from shore leave on Mimas to take a few days off to get over Kochanski after she broke up with him. This version of Kochanski later apologises for the Dear John letter she sent Lister the previous week. She describes her love life with Lister as having gone nowhere and amounting to "hanging out in [Lister's] bunk, eating delivery curries and having fantastic sex". She explains to Lister that she is back together with her ex, a chef called Tim. Kochanski discovers the unquarantined cat Lister smuggled on board and takes her, but is unable to kill her and hides her instead.

Back in the present, the original Lister is shown coming to the realisation that the parallel Lister had to have died in the radiation leak that wiped out Red Dwarf, and the parallel Lister explains that he was brought back as a hologram by that universe's version of Holly. He says that the cat was discovered, and Kochanski was the person who was punished and put into stasis instead. The original Lister also realises that the parallel Lister's relationship with Kochanski was rekindled. Kryten later tells the original Lister that after the parallel universe Lister's death, that universe's Lister was originally a soft light hologram before becoming hard light, and this made him "caring in a way that most men aren't".

The linkway between universes is shown breaking apart being fired upon by a GELF spaceship, with Kochanski subsequently being left stranded on board Starbug in the original Lister's universe. Kochanski asks the living Lister to fill an in-vitro tube which already has Kochanski's DNA inside with his own, as Kochanski, the last known human from her universe, wishes to have children some day. Lister also realises that the in-vitro tube with Kochanski and Lister's genetic information is Lister himself, creating a paradox where Lister is his own father and Kochanski is "me ex-girlfriend and me mum". Lister also says that at some point after his development and birth inside a uterine simulator, the baby Lister must have been sent back in time to the pub that Lister (Alexander John-Jules) is seen abandoned in the beginning of the episode. The story later skips ahead to when this happens.

After being trapped with the "Dwarfers" in their universe, the alternate Kochanski adds something of a new dynamic to the show. Much of the humour in her scenes comes from the difference between her frame of reference and that of the others. Although Annett lacks Grogan's Scottish accent, in "Duct Soup" (1997), Kochanski reveals that she was from the trendiest part of Glasgow (the Gorbals, according to Lister), and had spent her childhood in "Cyberschool" with perfect computer-generated settings and perfect computer-generated friends and a pony named "Trumper" before entering Space Cadet School. Her initial reaction to the meagre conditions of life aboard Starbug is one of utter despair, as well as disdain for the "Dwarfers" as inferior versions of the people she knew in her dimension.

In "Epideme" (1997), Lister is infected by the Epideme virus (voiced by Gary Martin) after it transfers from the corpse of one of Red Dwarf's old crewmembers, Caroline Carmen (Nicky Leatherbarrow), into Lister's body. Kryten attempts to isolate the virus and amputate Lister's left arm in an attempt to stop the virus from killing him, but this still does not work because Kochanski makes a mistake, and as a result they are forced to amputate Lister's right arm instead. Kochanski then temporarily stops Lister's heart, and tricks the virus into jumping to Caroline's arm, which Kochanski had injected with adrenaline and blood, by making the virus think it was Kochanski's. Subsequently, Kryten restarts Lister's heart.

In "Nanarchy" (1997), the crew discover Kryten's nanobots in Lister's dirty washing basket, and get them to rebuild Lister's arm and turn the sandy planetoid the nanobots had converted from the atoms of Red Dwarf back to its original form. Continuing from the end of "Nanarchy", Back in the Red (1999) depicts the crew crash landing Starbug in Red Dwarf's landing bay, where the deceased crew are shown having been brought back by an all new set of nanobots created by Holly after Kryten's had gone missing. After being put on trial via a scan of their minds, the original charges against Lister, Kryten, the Cat (also played by Danny John-Jules) and Kochanski are dropped, but the four members of Starbug, along with Holly and a Rimmer reconstructed by the nanobots, are sentenced to the brig for two years after being found guilty of abusing classified information. In "Cassandra" (1999), Kochanski, along with the rest of the cast, are shown being signed up by Lister to the convict army the Canaries, after Holly lies to Lister that they're a singing troupe.

In "Only the Good..." (1999), a corrosive and chameleonic microbe is shown eating apart Red Dwarf. After Rimmer tries and fails to obtain the formula for an antidote from a "mirror universe" and not being able to find anyone on Red Dwarf, a vending machine (voiced by Tony Slattery) informs Rimmer that everyone had crossed back into the mirror universe. The machine opening the way to the mirror universe is shown to have been destroyed by the microbe, leaving Rimmer stranded and the only crew member aboard Red Dwarf in his universe.

2000s
In Red Dwarf: Back to Earth (2009), Lister believes Kochanski to be dead, but a conversation between Lister and two children (played by Charlie Kenyon and Nina Southworth) in a hallucination caused by a female version of the despair squid, which causes joy rather than despair, reveals that her death is a cover story and that in truth she dumped Lister by fleeing Red Dwarf in a Blue Midget shuttle and that Kryten hid the truth by claiming she was sucked out of an airlock. This is later confirmed by Kryten. Annett appears briefly in the special, as a hallucination of Kochanski created by Lister's desire to be reunited with her. In the end Lister rejects the hallucination, in the hope of one day finding the real Kochanski again.

2010s
In "Fathers and Suns" (2012), a video recording of Lister is shown advising his "son" watching the video (a near-future version of Lister) that one of the things he should do after getting his life back on track is to "find Krissie", confirming that Kochanski still hasn't been found. In "Entangled" (2012), Lister mentions that he asked the BEGGs if they had seen Kochanski, but they had not. It was originally intended that the final two episodes of Series X would see the reintroduction of Kochanski, but production problems meant that the plan had to be ditched, with replacement stories found at short notice.

Novels
The backstory with Kochanski is different in the novel Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers (1989). In the book, she seems somewhat more intelligent and witty, is learning Japanese in her spare time, and holds her own against arrogant young officers. Lister has a brief but intense relationship with her, spending most of the time in her quarters making love and watching It's a Wonderful Life, their favourite movie. Kochanski, however, reveals she is still hooked on her ex-and-future boyfriend Tim, a catering officer. She was dating Lister on the rebound, and goes back to Tim, leaving Lister heartbroken. It is Kochanski's rejection of him that leads Lister to his plan to be caught with his cat Frankenstein and be sent to stasis for the rest of the trip, resulting in Lister being the sole survivor of the radiation leak.

Kochanski also appears prominently in the Red Dwarf novel Last Human (1995), written by Doug Naylor. In the novel, following being reunited with Lister as an aged couple in a world where time runs backwards (following the death of Dave Lister in the "real" universe), Kochanski and Lister have entered into a loving relationship with each other. Now part of the Red Dwarf crew, Kochanski is in a clear position of authority as the highest-ranking member of the crew – a fact that Rimmer clearly resents (having been robbed of what minuscule authority he could claim in that position), although the others either appreciate or at least do not mind due to her clear intelligence and competence. The novel ends with Kochanski and Lister, stranded on an idyllic world in an unknown parallel universe, attempting to start a family with help from the Luck virus.

Casting and development
Liverpudlian actress Alexandra Pigg was originally cast in the role of Kochanski, but was unavailable for new recording dates following an electrician's strike, so the part then went to Glaswegian actress and lead singer of the new wave band Altered Images, Clare Grogan. Stage manager Dona DiStefano briefly portrays Kochanski near the end of "Stasis Leak" (1988). In a behind the scenes interview on the Bodysnatcher DVD set, DiStefano says that Clare Grogan had only been scheduled to appear in the pre-recorded scenes and not in the studio scenes. DiStefano has no lines, and her face is mostly obscured by the brim of a hat.

Chloë Annett had auditioned for a role on the second series of The 10%ers. Although she didn't get the part, she was kept in mind when a new actor for Kochanski was sought after for series VII, after "[i]t was felt that Clare Grogan was more of a 'presenter' now, and perhaps wasn't right to play the part as a regular character." According to the official Red Dwarf website, the Red Dwarf movie was "more likely to go ahead" at the time with the introduction of a female character, and Kochanski's inclusion "had been likely to happen" even if Chris Barrie's character of Arnold Rimmer didn't leave Red Dwarf around the same time Annett had joined the show. Annett's portrayal of Kochanski was more explicitly posh.

In the Series 8 episode Pete: Part 1 a young Kochanski was played by Holly Earl.

In the unaired pilot for the American version of Red Dwarf, Christine Kochanski was played by Elizabeth Morehead.

title: Kristine Kochanski