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Metrication in the United States

Metrication (or metrification) is the process of introducing the International System of Units, also known as SI units or the metric system, to replace a jurisdiction's traditional measuring units. U.S. customary units have been defined in terms of metric units since the 19th century, and the SI has been the "preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce" since 1975 according to United States law. However, conversion was not mandatory and many industries chose not to convert, and U.S. customary units remain in common use in many industries as well as in governmental use (for example, speed limits are still posted in miles per hour). There is government policy and metric (SI) program to implement and assist with metrication, however there is major social resistance for further metrication.

Although customary units are used more often than metric units in the U.S., the SI system is used extensively in some fields such as science, medicine, electronics, the military, automobile production and repair, and international affairs. Post-1994 federal law also mandates most packaged consumer goods be labeled in both customary and metric units.

The U.S. has fully adopted the SI unit for time, the second. The U.S. has a national policy to adopt the metric system. All U.S. agencies are required to adopt the metric system. As of January 2023, the U.S. government had retired the survey foot.

18th century
Immediately after gaining independence from Great Britain, the United States used a variety of units of measure, including Dutch units and English units. The 1789 Constitution grants Congress the authority to determine standards of measure, though it did not immediately use this authority to impose a uniform system. The United States was one of the first nations to adopt a decimal currency, under the Coinage Act of 1792.

In 1793, Thomas Jefferson requested artifacts from France that could be used to adopt the metric system in the United States, and Joseph Dombey was sent from France with a standard kilogram. Before reaching the United States, Dombey's ship was blown off course by a storm and captured by pirates, and he died in captivity on Montserrat.

19th century
In 1832, the customary system of units was formalized. In the early 19th century, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the government's surveying and map-making agency, used a meter standard ("Committee Meter", French: Mètre des Archives) brought from Switzerland. Shortly after the American Civil War, the 39th United States Congress protected the use of the metric system in commerce with the Metric Act of 1866 and supplied each state with a set of standard metric weights and measures.

In 1875, the United States solidified its commitment to the development of the internationally recognized metric system by becoming one of the original seventeen signatory nations to the Metre Convention, also known as the Treaty of the Metre. The signing of this international agreement concluded five years of meetings in which the metric system was reformulated, refining the accuracy of its standards. The Metre Convention established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures, BIPM) in Sèvres, France, to provide standards of measurement for worldwide use.

Under the Mendenhall Order of 1893, metric standards, developed through international cooperation under the auspices of BIPM, were officially adopted as the fundamental standards for length and mass in the United States, though some metric standards were used in practice before then. The definitions of United States customary units, such as the foot and pound, have been based on metric units since then.

The 1895 Constitution of Utah, in Article X, Section 11, originally mandated that: "The Metric System shall be taught in the public schools of the State." This section was repealed, effective July 1, 1987.

On July 4, 1876, Melvil Dewey (known for his Dewey Decimal Classification) incorporated the American Metric Bureau in Boston to sell rulers and other metric measuring tools. Dewey had hoped to make his fortune selling metric supplies.

20th century

The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the governing body for the modern metric system and comprises the signing nations of the Treaty of the Metre. The General Conference on Weights and Measures approved an updated version of the metric system in 1960 named Le Système international d'unités (International System of Units) and abbreviated SI.

On February 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology) issued a statement that it would use the metric system, except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect.

In 1968, Congress authorized the U.S. Metric Study, a three-year study of systems of measurement in the United States, with emphasis on the feasibility of metrication. The United States Department of Commerce conducted the study. A 45-member advisory panel consulted and took testimony from hundreds of consumers, business organizations, labor groups, manufacturers, and state and local officials. The final report of the study concluded that the U.S. would eventually join the rest of the world in the use of the metric system of measurement. The study found that metric units were already implemented in many areas and that their use was increasing. The majority of study participants believed that conversion to the metric system was in the best interests of the United States, particularly in view of the importance of foreign trade and the increasing influence of technology in the United States.

The U.S. Metric Study recommended that the United States implement a carefully planned transition to the principal use of the metric system over a decade. Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 "to coordinate and plan the increasing use of the metric system in the United States". Voluntary conversion was initiated, and the United States Metric Board (USMB) was established for planning, coordination, and public education. The public education component led to public awareness of the metric system, but the public response included resistance, apathy, and confusion. In 1981, the USMB reported to Congress that it lacked the clear Congressional mandate necessary to bring about national conversion. Because of this ineffectiveness and an effort of the Reagan administration—particularly from Lyn Nofziger's efforts as a White House advisor to the Reagan administration, to reduce federal spending—the USMB was disbanded in the autumn of 1982.

The ending of the USMB increased doubts that metrication would really be implemented. Public and private sector metrication slowed even while competitiveness between nations and demands of global marketplaces increased.

The American National Metric Council (ANMC) was established in 1973 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a non-profit, tax-exempt organization for planning and coordinating metric activity in all sectors of the U.S. economy. The ANMC became a separately incorporated organization in 1976. The ANMC was intended to facilitate U.S. metrication by maintaining a voluntary and orderly process that minimizes costs and maximizes benefits, and to provide information, forums, individual assistance, and other services for its subscribers.

The ANMC attempted to coordinate the metric planning of many industrial sectors, unlike the USMB, which only attempted to implement the policy set forth in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. After the formation of the USMB, committees of the ANMC submitted conversion plans for the chemical sector and for the instruments sector. These sector conversion plans were later approved by the USMB. From 1975 through 1987, the ANMC held a series of well-attended annual conferences. Subsequently, a series of National Metric Conferences, jointly sponsored by the ANMC, the U.S. Metric Association (USMA), the Department of Commerce, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), were held from 1989 through 1993.

Congress included new encouragement for U.S. industrial metrication in the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. This legislation amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 and designated the metric system as "the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce". The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry, especially small business, as it voluntarily converts to the metric system of measurement. The legislation required most federal agencies to use the metric system in their procurement, grants, and other business-related activities by the end of 1992.

While not mandating metric use in the private sector, the federal government has sought to serve as a catalyst in the metric conversion of the country's trade, industry, and commerce. Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries. The Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000, but this plan was canceled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21. The U.S. military has generally high use of the metric system, partly because of the need to work with other nations' militaries.

Executive Order 12770, signed by President George H. W. Bush on July 25, 1991, citing the Metric Conversion Act, directed departments and agencies within the executive branch of the United States Government to "take all appropriate measures within their authority" to use the metric system "as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce", and authorized the Secretary of Commerce "to charter an Interagency Council on Metric Policy ("ICMP"), which will assist the Secretary in coordinating Federal Government-wide implementation of this order."

Some members of Congress attempted to ban use of the metric system on federal highways in 1992 and 1993. These bills were not popular in the House of Representatives and failed before a vote.

The use of two different unit systems caused the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter on September 23, 1999. NASA specified metric units in the contract. NASA and other organizations applied metric units in their work, but one subcontractor, Lockheed Martin, provided software that calculated and reported thruster performance data to the team in pound-force-seconds, rather than the expected newton-seconds. The spacecraft was intended to orbit Mars at about 150 km altitude, but incorrect data caused it to descend instead to about 57 km, burning up in the Martian atmosphere.

21st century

The effort toward national metrication is based on the premise that the U.S. industrial and commercial productivity, mathematics, and science education, and the competitiveness of its products and services in world markets would be enhanced by adopting the metric system. Gerard Iannelli, director of the U.S. Metric Program, gave the opinion that Americans have so far not done so because of the effort it takes to "translate" from customary to metric units when both measurements are not shown. He also cited what he perceived to be ineffective attempts at public education and awareness.

In June 2010, NIST called for an amendment to the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act that would allow manufacturers the option to voluntarily label their packages solely in metric units, rather than being dual-labeled with U.S. customary units and metric units as is currently required. The goal of these changes would be to encourage metric labeling, leading to greater agreement of U.S. labeling laws and simplifying domestic and international commerce. NIST Metric Program coordinator Elizabeth Gentry added that the proposed changes were "in response to requests by U.S. manufacturers and consumers", particularly that "manufacturers want to take control of the limited net quantity of contents real estate on their packaging."

In December 2012, a petition was created on the White House's petitioning system, petitioning the White House to "Make the Metric system the standard in the United States, instead of the Imperial system." On January 10, 2013, this petition garnered over 25,000 signatures, exceeding the, at the time, threshold needed to require the Obama Administration to officially respond to the petition. Patrick D. Gallagher, director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provided the official response stating that customary units were defined in the metric system, thus making the nation "bilingual" in terms of measurement systems. Gallagher also said that using the metric system was a choice to be made by individuals.

Early in 2013, state Representative Karl Rhoads introduced bill HB36 into the Hawaii House of Representatives that sought to make the metric system mandatory within his state. Called "Relating to the Metric System", the bill stipulated that the law would come into effect on January 1, 2018. By June 2014, bill HB36 had not gained enough support and was considered dead. However, in January 2019, Rhoads presented bill SB428 to the Hawaii State Legislature, saying that "strong reasons exist for Hawaii and other states to switch to the metric system". It was proposed to establish a task force to explore the use of the metric system for distance and speed measurements on public signs. If either bill had become law, Hawaii would have been the first state to introduce the metric system on a broad scale.

In January 2015, Oregon State Senator Brian Boquist, at the request of metric enthusiast David Pearl, proposed Oregon Senate Bill 166, which was similar to the Hawaiian bill. It would have established the International System of Units as the official units of measurement within the State of Oregon. The bill was in committee upon adjournment on July 6, 2015.

During Lincoln Chafee's 2016 presidential election campaign, he advocated for the switch to metric units. Following a widely panned debate performance and poor polling numbers, Chafee announced on October 23, 2015, that he would be ending his campaign.

Daily life
Many Americans have studied the common metric units at school. Moreover, newer units introduced by engineers and scientists from the 18th century onwards, such as volts, megapixels, and kilotons and megatons of TNT, are generally formulated in terms of powers of 10.

Use of units based on the SI is widespread for many applications. Residential electric power plans use kilowatt hours. The luminous flux from lamps is specified in lumens, derived from the candela rather than the candle.

The letter K is commonly used to denote "thousand" (e.g., "She earns $80K"), even though this is inconsistent with the lowercase "k" in SI. This usage has largely replaced the letter "G" (for "grand", used almost exclusively for money) and the Roman numeral M that was commonly used for "thousand" before the 1960s. The "M" has now come to denote "million" (e.g., "$32.5M budget").

Calculations show annual savings due to the elimination of English measures from instruction ranging from $1.603 billion to $2.506 billion per year. Over time, the total savings would accumulate to a present discounted value of between $53.4 to $83.5 billion.

Weather
Televised and radio weather reports are given in degrees Fahrenheit instead of Celsius for dew point and air temperatures, miles per hour for wind speed, inches of mercury for atmospheric pressure (millibars are used only when reporting tropical phenomena such as hurricanes), and other customary units. In some northern border states, temperatures are described in both Fahrenheit and Celsius for the benefit of the cross-border Canadian audiences. Web-based and mobile weather forecasts typically can be switched to metric units.

Consumer and retail
Some U.S. consumer products come in round metric sizes. This appears to be increasing because of the international nature of manufacturing, distribution, and sales. Many items are produced in round metric quantities and some manufacturers opt to display the metric quantity first or more prominently (e.g., Oral-B Glide dental floss is available in 35-, 40-, and 50-meter packages).

Perhaps the most common metric item sold is the two-liter bottle. Some supermarket chains also make their store brand soft drinks available in 3-liter sizes. Soft drink containers of 1 and 0.5 liters (and more recently 1.25 liter bottles) are increasingly sold alongside 12 fl oz, 16 fl oz, 20 fl oz, and 24 fl oz (355, 473, 591 and 710 mL) sizes.

The half-liter water bottle (16.9 fl oz) has nearly replaced the 16 ounce size. 700 mL (23.6 fl oz) and one-liter sizes are also common, though 20 fl oz and 24 fl oz sizes remain popular, particularly in vending machines.

Attempts to sell 3- or 4-liter jugs of milk, instead of gallons (3.785 L), have been largely unsuccessful, and such bottles are rarely seen in the United States. Milk remains sold in binary divisions of the gallon, with half-pints, pints, quarts and half-gallons being the primary sizes.

Shampoo, mouthwash, and dental floss have begun to be sold in metric sizes. PowerBars and similar products have always been sold (but not marketed) by the gram.

Nutritional food labels typically report serving sizes in both systems but only list metric values (g or mg) for the breakdown of individual nutrients.

Alcohol
Wine is sold in standard bottles of 750 mL, as in the rest of the world. A fifth of liquor, once one-fifth of a U.S. gallon, or 757 mL, is now commonly 750 mL, though it is still referred to as "a fifth". Beer is sold in fluid ounce denominations. Regulations are set by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau which controls the permissible sizes of containers. Unlike non-alcoholic beverages, most alcohol products are not required to carry unit conversions on labels.

Non-packaged foods
Loose fruits and vegetables are near universally priced either per pound or per item. In both supermarkets and steakhouses, cuts of meat are sold in ounces and pounds. Loosely sold goods need not carry a unit conversion.

In some agricultural areas, pecks or bushels can denote quantities of apples etc. by dry volume.

Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
Since 1992, the federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) has required most packaged consumer goods to be labeled in both customary and metric units. Some industries are engaged in efforts to amend this law to allow manufacturers to use only metric labeling. Forty-eight U.S. states have adopted laws permitting labeling in only metric units, the two exceptions being New York and Alabama.

Electronics
The electronics and computer industries largely converted to metric standards as new technologies were introduced toward the end of the 20th century, also driven in part by a shift in manufacturing from the U.S. to countries in Asia with metric standards.

Display sizes for screens on TVs and computer monitors are advertised and sold in inches (measured diagonally), although most boxes also state the size in centimeters.

The original 1/4 in phone connector jack dates back to 1878  and still sees use in audio equipment and electric instruments. In many respects, it has been superseded by the 3.5 mm connectors or 2.5 mm headset, which was common on older mobile phones.

While early floppy disks had a nominal package size of 51⁄4 inches (approximately 130 mm), the nominal design diameter of the replacement "31⁄2 inch" disks was actually 90 mm. CDs and DVDs are 120 mm in diameter, but their size is rarely mentioned; mini CDs are sometimes called 80 mm CDs.

Computer fan sizes are exclusively referred to by metric units (120 mm or 80 mm case fans, for example), while hard disk drive and CD drive bay sizes are customary measurements, typically 31⁄2 inches and 51⁄4 inches, respectively. The actual size of the drive bays differ from their name (e.g., 31⁄2" drive bays are actually 4 in wide, because 31⁄2" refers to the historical platter diameter inside the drive). The newer 21⁄2 inch and 1.8 inch drive bays are specified in metric and use metric mounting screws. Newer SSDs in the M.2 form factor are measured in millimeters (e.g., "M.2 2280" is 22 mm wide by 80 mm long).

Consumer-size photographic film is commonly sold in a 35 mm standard (24×36 mm negative), although print sizes and large format films are defined in inches. Digital camera sensor sizes are measured in an archaic manner indicating inverse fractions of an inch representing the diameter of an equivalent vidicon tube. For example, a $1/1.6 in$ sensor is larger than a $1/2.5 in$ sensor. However, lenses are marked in terms of focal length in millimeters (e.g., average natural human field of view is a lens with 35–50 mm focal length for 35 mm film).

The weight of vinyl phonograph records is reported in grams. The tracking force and anti-skating settings on a turntable are measured in grams-force.

Clothing
Clothing is measured in inches, not centimeters. American shoe sizes are measured on different scales for children, men, and women but all sizes are derived from inches. Major multi-national apparel brands including Nike, Adidas, Hanes, and Levi's often sell the same inventory worldwide, with tags containing both SI and customary units.

Bedding
Mattress sizes use non-numeric labels, such as king, queen, full, or twin. These sizes are defined in inches, unlike most other countries, which use similar labels defined using metric units. The FPLA mandates bed sheets state the type of bed they are intended for in addition to dimensions in centimeters and inches. The FPLA also mandates dual scales on many other woven goods such as towels.

Construction
Of all industries, construction has adopted metric units the least. Dimensional lumber comes in standard nominal inch cross-section sizes and lengths are given in feet. Although model building codes—such as the International Building Code—provide information in both customary and metric units, locally developed building code amendments and zoning codes often provide customary units exclusively. Because of Canada's proximity to the U.S., issues of common units still arise. This tendency in construction is similar to Japan, an otherwise metricated country where traditional construction still uses Japanese units predating metrication.

Aviation
Aircraft altitudes for air traffic control and related purposes are measured in feet in the U.S. In fact, most of the world has used feet for aviation altitudes since the end of World War II (meters before 1945 in all European countries except the UK), with the notable exceptions of China, North Korea, and many former Soviet countries. For instance, an airliner on a long flight, even if neither its starting point nor destination are in the United States, might use a nominal cruising altitude of 36,000 feet, using an internationally standardized system of flight levels (Flight Level 360 in this case). In 2011, Russia switched from metric to foot-denominated flight levels at high altitude to eliminate the need for adjustments when crossing in to or out of its airspace.

Commercial aviation
Frequent-flyer programs from commercial airlines in the United States, such as American Airlines' AAdvantage and Delta's SkyMiles, are commonly managed using miles. This is likely to continue; in fact, some international airlines that previously used kilometers are switching to miles or using both, to simplify the redemption of miles with United States-based airline partners. Aircraft speed is often measured in knots and elevation in feet (flight level) in many countries.

For both domestic and international routes, U.S. airlines set luggage size and weight restrictions in terms of customary units. Conversely, international airlines that fly to the U.S. often restrict baggage to metric sizes.

The temperatures in aviation-related weather reports are given in degrees Celsius in the United States.

For carry-on luggage, the Transportation Security Administration restricts liquids to 3.4 fluid ounces (100 mL). Originally, the agency planned to restrict to 3 oz (89 mL) but switched it to 3.4 oz (100 mL) after pressure from the European Union.

Education
Most students are given some level of introduction to the metric system in elementary, middle, and high school, but the emphasis varies.

Electricity and energy
There are no U.S. customary units for electric current, potential difference, or charge since these concepts were developed after the international adoption of metric in science. The metric units ampere, volt, ohm and coulomb are the only units used. The SI term hertz has replaced the term cycles per second for the same unit of frequency.

Energy is often measured in watt hours (SI-based), calories (SI-based), BTUs (customary) or therms (customary) rather than the SI joule. Residential and commercial electrical energy use is metered and billed in kilowatt hours, kW·h, as in most metric countries. Force measurements regularly use the pound instead of the SI newton; torque is measured in pound-feet. Fuel prices are mostly given in customary units, such as dollars per gallon, barrel, thousand cubic feet, or ton (short or long). Heating, cooling, and combustion are often measured in BTUs per hour or refrigeration tons, and powerplant efficiency is often measured by its "heat rate", in BTU per kilowatt hour. The rated power of engines, electric motors, and power plant steam turbines is frequently measured in horsepower. Power plant output is generally expressed in megawatts.

Financial services
Some market prices, basically of primary unprocessed materials, are quoted in customary units (such as barrels of oil, troy ounces of gold, pounds of frozen pork bellies, etc.). The federal government reports international production figures in metric units (for instance, wheat in metric tons) but in bushels for domestic production figures.

Firearms
The U.S. uses both the inch and millimeter for caliber on civilian and law enforcement firearms. Historically, ammunition rounds designed in the United States were denoted by their caliber in inches (e.g., .45 Colt and .270 Winchester.) Two developments changed this tradition: the large preponderance of different cartridges using an identical caliber and the international arms trade bringing metric calibers to the United States. The former led to bullet diameter (rather than caliber) often being used to describe rounds to differentiate otherwise similar rounds. A good example is the .308 Winchester, which fires the same .30-caliber projectile as the .30-06 Springfield and the .300 Savage. Occasionally, the caliber is just a number close to the diameter of the bullet, like the .220 Swift, .223 Remington and .222 Remington Magnum, all of which actually have .22 caliber or .224 in bullets.

The second development is actual metric calibers being introduced to the United States. 6 mm and 7 mm caliber rifles are particularly popular as are 9 mm and 10 mm caliber handguns. These metric caliber rounds are either described by their metric caliber, such as the very popular 7mm Remington Magnum round or have their bullet diameter converted into inches, such as the also extremely popular .243 Winchester. Occasionally, U.S.-designed inch-caliber rounds are stated in metric as well.

The U.S. military, reflecting its need to ensure interoperability with its NATO allies, uses metric measurements for almost all weapons calibers, even for calibers that originated as or were derived from a different measurement (e.g., 7.62 mm rather than .308, or 5.56 mm instead of .223). However, civilian rifles chambered for .223 Remington may load military 5.56 mm ammunition but not fire it safely because 5.56 mm NATO ammunition is loaded to create greater chamber pressure than .223 Remington. Controversy exists whether this is true for civilian rifles chambered for .308 Winchester firing 7.62×51 mm NATO military ammunition. Major handloading manuals in the U.S. use U.S. customary units for all pertinent measurements including bullet diameter, cartridge overall length, powder charge weight, velocity, and maximum pressure, even with European-designed fully metric rounds.

Gemstones
Gemstones and pearls are sold in metric carats.

Manufacturing
Globalization of manufacturing has led to wide adoption of metric standards, although this is not yet universal. After a period where automobiles were assembled with both customary and metric fasteners in each vehicle, cars are now universally built with metric parts. Automobile engines were once named after their displacement in cubic inches. For example, the Chrysler "426 Hemi" engine would be described as 7 liters in modern terminology. Technical publications by industry publishers and American automakers often give engine displacements in cubic inches as well as cubic centimeters (which are equivalent to milliliters), or liters. For example, the specifications for the Dodge SRT-8 6.1 L Hemi state the displacement as 370 cuin.

Military
The U.S. military uses metric measurements extensively to ensure interoperability with allied forces, particularly NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAG). Ground forces have measured distances in "klicks", slang for kilometers, since 1918. Most military firearms are measured in metric units, beginning with the M-14 which was introduced in 1957, although there are a few legacy exceptions, such as .50-caliber guns. Aircraft ordnance is normally measured in pounds. Heavy weapon caliber is measured in millimeters. Military vehicles are generally built to metric standards. An exception is the U.S. Navy, whose guns are measured in inches and whose undersea fleet measures distances in terms of "kiloyards" (equivalent to 914.4 m), depth as "feet", and velocity, in some cases, as "feet per second". The Navy and Air Force continue to measure distance in nautical miles and speed in knots; these units are now accepted for use with SI by the BIPM. Furthermore, in military aviation NATO countries use feet for flight heights, as they do in the civilian aviation.

Money
The United States dollar is fully decimal, being divided into 10 dimes, 100 cents (¢), and (for accounting purposes) 1000 mills (₥); this mirrors the decimal divisions of metric units with the prefixes deci-, centi-, and milli-. Coins are currently minted in 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-cent increments. Banknotes are currently minted in 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100-dollar increments; these numbers follow the pattern of being factors of 10 (1, 2, or 5) multiplied by a power of 10 (1, 10, or 100).

Illegal drugs and controlled substances
Illegal drugs and controlled substances are often measured in metric quantities. The federal law prohibiting them defines the penalties in metric masses.

In everyday use within its subculture, marijuana is sold using a combination of metric and US customary units. At small scales the basic unit is the gram (or fractions thereof), but for larger orders fractions of ounces and pounds are used. Informally $1/8$ ounce is often defined in turn as 3.5 grams (an approximate 1.25% rounding error) and referred to simply as "an eighth". The practice of using grams or ounces depending on the size is also common in states that have legalized marijuana. For example, California allows possession of "an ounce" (legally rounded to 28.5 g) of recreational marijuana but only 8 g of concentrate.

The strength of a tab of LSD is almost always expressed in micrograms.

E-juice, used to provide nicotine and vapor in electronic smoking devices, is sold by the milliliter. Some places also require products to display nicotine concentration. In Utah, vape shops are required to have information explaining the difference between mg/mL and percent by volume concentrations.

Science
In science, metric use is essentially universal, though additional specialized units are often used for specific purposes in various disciplines (such as the parsec and light year in astronomy), consistent with worldwide use. Laboratories in the United States almost exclusively use the metric system and SI, such as the Celsius and Kelvin scales for temperature.

Earth sciences, such as hydrology and geology, continue to use customary units for field surveying, due both to the legacy of many decades of data collection and to the need to work with the construction industry, which has not adopted the metric system. American irrigation engineers, for example, talk in acre-feet and cubic feet per second, whereas most other irrigation engineers would refer to gigaliters and cubic meters per second.

Meteorology extensively uses both metric and customary units. The METAR reporting system in use in the United States differs from the one used by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in that wind speeds are delivered in knots (instead of meters per second), water-equivalent precipitation in hundredths of an inch, and altimeter setting in the customary inches of mercury (instead of hectopascals). Temperatures are reported in whole degrees Fahrenheit but are converted to Celsius when encoded in METAR reports. Most synoptic observation charts are expressed in SI units, except for the aforementioned wind speeds, which must be converted for the purposes of calculation.

Upper-air temperature charts typically use the Celsius scale (the freezing line is of great importance at lower levels of the atmosphere in determining precipitation type) while potential temperature charts use the kelvin; both of these are in line with international usage. Atmospheric vorticity is typically measured in full rotations per 100,000 seconds (a rough metrication of the day) but does not use the SI-recommended radian.

National Weather Service and TV/radio broadcast public forecasts are given almost exclusively in customary units: degrees Fahrenheit for temperature and dewpoint, fractions of an inch of rain or ice and whole inches of snow (less than an inch often indicated by fractions or informal terms like "dusting" when very low), inches of mercury; and for wind speeds, miles per hour, except in marine forecasts, in which knots are used. Wave heights are measured in feet.

Actual sleet and snowfall and their depths on the ground are measured in tenths of an inch, with actual rainfall in hundredths, and ice accretion in either fractions or decimals. Hailstone sizes are typically reported without a fixed unit of measure; they are instead compared to familiar round or spherical items (e.g. dime-sized or golf ball-sized). Barometer readings for hurricanes are usually given in millibars (mb), which are equal to hectopascals (hPa), or ten times the kilopascals (kPa) used in neighboring Canada; the use of inches of mercury in such applications is rapidly declining.

In early 2007, NASA announced that it would use metric units for all operations on the lunar surface upon its return to the Moon, then projected for 2020. NASA's lunar return program was then canceled in 2010.

Medicine
The medical field uses predominantly metric units. When interacting with patients certain data, such as their height and weight, is presented in customary units.

Pharmacology
Both prescription and non-prescription dosages of pills are always measured in the SI system with the most common unit being the milligram. Smaller dosages use micrograms. Because the SI prefix μ (mu) is not well known among many Americans and is not available on most keyboards the medical industry uses the abbreviation mcg to denote micrograms. Especially in hand-written prescriptions, using "mcg" rather than "μg" avoids the latter being mistaken for "mg", potentially causing a 1000x dose error.

For vitamins, nutrient amounts are given in gram denominations or WHO standardized international units, known as IU.

The sizes of pill containers, when occasionally spoken of, are predominantly discussed in terms of fluid drams, although most also contain cubic centimeters and sometimes fluid ounces on the specifications.

For a long time, liquid dosages of medication were displayed in terms of both milliliters and the customary units of teaspoons and tablespoons, which are standardized as equal to 5 and 15 mL respectively. However, many people colloquially refer to the small spoon in a utensil set as the teaspoon and the big spoon as the tablespoon. After a major analysis in 2015, it was found that the inclusion of tea/tablespoon dosages likely encourages some people to use non-calibrated kitchen utensils as measuring devices. Due to this and reported confusion with the abbreviations TSP and TBSP, the FDA now recommends doctors and pharmaceutical manufacturers use milliliter only dosing instructions. To assist in this transition, drug makers and pharmacies are encouraged to include a disposable measuring cup with liquid medications.

Concentrations and bloodwork
Medicine dosage guidelines are specified in terms of milligrams per kilogram. The exact metric unit used by healthcare professionals in the U.S. does occasionally vary compared to other countries. For example, U.S. diabetes mellitus patients measure their blood sugar levels in milligrams per deciliter (as with cholesterol and other blood concentrations), whereas most other countries use millimoles per liter. American blood glucose meters have the ability to switch between the two.

Blood and urine samples are taken by the milliliter. Intravenous therapy (IV) is dispensed by the milliliter. To avoid confusion, a 1-liter bag is denoted as "1000 mL".

Height and weight
Anthropometric data such as height may be recorded in centimeters. The body mass index (BMI) is expressed in kg/m2, even though it may be computed from pounds and inches. Even if the medical practice takes height and weight data in terms of SI units, it is almost always discussed with the patient in terms of customary units. Exercise is commonly discussed with patients in terms of miles walked. Intake of sugar, sodium, and other nutrients is usually discussed in terms of grams and milligrams.

Use among veterinarians varies. Because of heavy public interaction, animal weights (e.g., for cats or dogs) are nearly always recorded and reported in pounds and ounces. Usage at veterinary teaching hospitals favors SI units.

Dentistry
Measurements of tooth locations/movement and periodontal (gum health) charts are in millimeters.

Blood pressure
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury.

Sound
Accurate sound level measurement devices were not invented until after the microphone or for that matter after the proliferation of the SI system in physics and internationally. Hence, although certain information on sound pressure can theoretically be evaluated in terms of pounds per square inch (PSI), this is virtually never done. Instead, the internationally used decibel (dB) scale is most common. In some cases where there is a desire for a non-logarithmic scale, the decibel-related sone scale is used. For example, appliance noise level is usually rated in terms of sone output. Hearing protection must be labeled in terms of decibel reduction with more detailed charts displaying decibel reduction at given hertz frequencies.

Sports
U.S. citizens are frequently exposed to metric units through coverage of international sporting events, particularly the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup.

While the track and field Olympic Trials have always been conducted in metric distances to duplicate the competition the selected athletes are destined for, the National Championships changed to metric in 1974. However, USA Track & Field (USATF) continued to calculate the national championships in the high jump in U.S. customary units until 2002. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) switched its measurement system at the National Championship level in 1976. The final holdout was the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) administering high school sports, which switched to metric in 1980.

U.S. track-and-field competitions are commonly run in increments of 400 meters, which roughly correspond to traditional mile-based lengths. In the Olympics, athletes run 1500 meters, not 1600 meters.

Running races in the U.S. are usually run in metric distances (e.g., the 100 meters dash or the 5K run), although the mile distance remains popular. Even 5 and 10 kilometer races most often have mile markers on the course, and no kilometer markers. Long-distance races are often measured in kilometers, although exceptions exist (generally 10 mile races). The marathon is referred to as a 26.219-mile race (the official marathon standard distance originally being in English units—26 miles, 385 yards) rather than 42.195 km. Ultramarathons are measured in either miles or kilometers, with little standardization either way.

Although the Olympics and U.S. track events have been metric for years, it is still common for sports commentators to provide conversions to help the American audience understand the measurements.

Measured distances as used in events such as shot put, high jump, and discus throw are, however, often in feet and inches, except at the national and international levels. In 2017, the Florida High School Athletic Association became the first to resist this trend and use metric measures for field events. The field and court sizes for most popular team sports such as soccer were originally set in non-metric units. This is reflected in American football, in which the playing field is divided into yards, and many important statistics are measured in yards. Similarly, the dimensions for all baseball parks, basketball courts, tennis courts and ice hockey rinks are given in feet, golf courses in yards, auto racing tracks in miles (or fractions thereof), and horse racing in furlongs. The lengths of automobile races in the U.S. are generally set in miles. Some sporting equipment, such as skis and poles, is sold in metric units.

A novelty American football game was attempted in metric units in 1977, although the concept failed to gain acceptance.

Bicycles, especially at the high end, are increasingly being sold and sized in metric units. For example, a frame described as "21 inch" size in the past is now often labeled as a "53 cm" frame instead. Some bicycle wheels are labeled in metric as "700c" for a nominal 700 mm diameter road bike tire, but mountain bike wheels are still often sold in inches (26, 27.5, or 29 inches).

Common swimming pool dimensions are 25-yard, 25-meter, and 50-meter. The Olympic-size swimming pool is specified solely in meters. High schools and the NCAA conduct 25-yard competitions. USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools.

In the game of Ultimate, the size and weight of flying discs used in competitive play is standardized in millimeters and grams.

USA Weightlifting, as a member of the International Weightlifting Federation, uses metric units to measure weight. However, outside of competitions, most gyms label weights and dumbbells in pounds.

Transportation

Highway speed limits are posted in miles per hour and distances are largely displayed in miles, yards, or feet, although a few dual mile/km signs can be found, mostly remaining from demonstration projects that are no longer supported. One exception is Interstate 19 in Arizona, which is almost completely signed in metric, except for speed limit signs. Signage on this road is being converted back to customary units as it is replaced. Another exception is the turnpike section of Delaware Route 1, which uses a kilometer-based system, in anticipation of the mid-1990s conversion in the U.S. to the metric system, which did not happen. Distances were originally signed in kilometers, but have since been replaced with miles in 1995 and standard mile-markers in 2003. The exit numbers have remained metric starting at Dover Air Force Base northward to Interstate 95.

The 2000, 2003, and 2004 editions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) were published using both metric and US customary units. Metric signs, including speed signs in kilometers per hour, were displayed in the manual although they were not normally used on the roads and there was no definite plan to convert to metric. For visual distinction, regulatory and advisory metric speed signs have black circles around the numbers followed by "km/h" and other regulatory metric signs have yellow plates reading "metric" in black capitals on top of the main signs. Metric signs and metric measurements were removed for the 2009 edition and replaced with an appendix of metric conversion tables. This is in marked contrast to the position in the (largely metric) United Kingdom, where metric road signs are prohibited by law (except for those denoting widths and height restrictions, which include both metric and imperial units). Newer signs on state highways on the Hawaiian island of Kauai also include distances in both miles and kilometers. Mile markers along highways on the Island of Hawaii will indicate both units whenever the whole kilometer corresponds approximately with the whole mile (e.g., 5 mi/8 km). In Houston, Texas, many speed limits have km/h signs underneath the MPH signs. These are located near both airports (Bush Intercontinental and Hobby) and in the Texas Medical Center. The U.S. territory of Puerto Rico generally uses American-style (MUTCD) signs with metric measurement on highways, displaying kilometer posts and distances in km, yet speed limit signs are in miles per hour. The Maine Turnpike used to use metric measurements on its highway signs in addition to customary measurements, partly to assist the large numbers of Canadian tourists who visit Maine's beaches. As of 2017 onwards, new or replaced signs include the distances in miles only.

The first signs in metric in the United States were posted on February 12, 1973, on Interstate 71 in Ohio.

Gasoline and diesel fuel are sold by the U.S. gallon, and fuel economy is rated in miles per gallon (MPG). In most other countries, using the metric system, fuel consumption is measured in liters per 100kilometers or kilometers per liter. The European Union official standard is liters per $100 km$. Stations in Point Roberts, Washington, a short, noncontiguous peninsula that is road-accessible from the rest of the state of Washington only by crossing into Canada, sells its gasoline from pumps calibrated to dispense in liters, with some stations advertising prices in both CAD and USD. Gasoline is dispensed in liters in Puerto Rico. Automobile crankcase oil is sold by the quart, antifreeze by the gallon, brake fluid by the ounce (fluid), and air conditioning refrigerant by the ounce (mass). Windshield wiper replacement blades are measured in inches.

Domestic airline flights are assigned altitudes in feet and measure speed in knots. Nautical charts show depth in fathoms and use the nautical mile for distance. (One minute of arc of latitude at the radius of the earth at sea level was the standard for one nautical mile until about 1929. The nautical mile is now defined as exactly 1,852 meters.) Railroads use the standard gauge of 4 feet $8 1/2$ inches, as does most of Europe (where it is expressed instead as 1,435 mm). U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101, which governs vehicle controls and displays, permits speedometers to display miles per hour (MPH) or both MPH and km/h. In practice, most U.S.-market vehicles have mile odometers and dual-labeled speedometers with miles-per-hour as the primary calibration. Some 2000s era Buicks have a single speed gauge with a button on the instrument panel to switch the scale between MPH and km/h. Other vehicles have digital speedometers which can be set to read out speeds in either MPH or km/h.

Another common unit of speed is meters per second (m/s), used especially for lifts and cable cars. Odometers are permitted to record miles or kilometers, but must be clearly labeled as to which unit they record. Tire inflation for passenger cars is typically about 30 pounds per square inch (psi) or 207 kilopascals (kPa). This is displayed on tires beside its metric equivalent. Post model year 2006 regulations also mandate an internationally standard "Tire and Loading Information" sticker which gives capacities in SI units followed by customary equivalents.

The long-distance trail Mid State Trail has used metric units exclusively in its trail guide since 1973.

Water
Municipal volumetric water measurements, including city water flow and cost per unit on a residential water bill, can either be measured in gallons, cubic feet, or cubic meters, with gallons being the most commonly used.

Water bottles for personal use can have their capacity measured in fluid ounces or liters. For ounces, the measurements are typically in multiples of 8, for example 32 fl oz and 40 fl oz, which correspond closely to common metric variants including 1 liter and 1.2 liters.

Rainfall is usually measured based on the height from the ground in inches. Other units such as millimeters, and other measurement types such as gallons per square foot or liters per square meter, are significantly less common.

Hybrid units
Some measurements are reported in units derived from both customary and metric units. For example:
 * Heat rate from a power plant: BTU/kWh
 * Federal automobile exhaust emission standards: grams per mile
 * Caffeine in beverages: milligrams per (fluid) ounce
 * A standard method for sizing tires combines millimeters for overall width and inches for the wheel diameter on which they fit.
 * In lighting, light bulbs use eighths of an inch for bulb diameter and full inches for fluorescent tube lengths, while the socket is always in millimeters (for example, the standard "medium Edison screw" is E26). On recently-introduced Christmas lights millimeters are often used with small globe-shaped bulbs (G30 and G40), and with miniature LED sets, where the standard T1$3/4$ ($7/32$-inch tube) ones are sometimes called M5 (5 mm miniature; not to be confused with M5 thread).

For properties understood more recently, such as those related to electricity, there is no traditional unit; international units are always used, often in combination with U.S. customary units. One among many examples is in Table 8, chapter 9, of the National Electrical Code Handbook (8th ed.), where resistance of conductors per unit length is given in ohms per thousand feet.

Other units are based on customary units, but use power-of-ten factors and metric prefixes. For example, distance to target for a U.S. submarine is expressed in kiloyards (kyd) rather than some combination of miles, yards, and feet. Telephone transmission line length and loop distances are measured in kilofeet. In some fields of civil engineering (especially structural engineering), and architecture, large loads and forces (such as the weight of a building or the amount of load applied to a column) are measured in kips (kilopounds or 1000 pounds-force) instead of short tons-force (2000 pounds-force), which are used in virtually all other non-metric industries in the United States, as well as in common usage among the public, when dealing with large values of force.

Cultural impact
The continuing use of U.S. customary units has caused writers to speculate in fiction set in the future about the adoption of the metric system. Many authors have assumed that the United States and the human race in general will use metric units. Others have assumed the continued use of U.S. customary units or have not taken metrication into account. Writers sometimes use customary units simply because American readers and watchers will understand the measurements; other times, they are simply used by accident. The 1966 show Star Trek, for instance, initially used U.S. customary units despite multiple Earth national origins and a setting in the 23rd century. Later, starting with "The Changeling", metric measures were used, albeit inconsistently. Later sequels of the show, such as Star Trek: The Next Generation, and Star Trek: Enterprise (set in the 22nd century), used the metric system exclusively.

Both the metric system and attitudes in the U.S. toward the metric system are a target of humorous jabs in shows such as The Simpsons, Futurama and The Big Bang Theory. A Saturday Night Live sketch titled "Decabet", released at the height of the metrication movement, lampooned the different metric measurements by introducing a new alphabet consisting of only ten letters.

In the 1994 film Pulp Fiction, Vincent Vega (John Travolta) tells Jules Winnfield (Samuel L. Jackson) that Europe is "a little different", because for example in Paris, a "Quarter Pounder with Cheese" is instead known as a "Royale with Cheese" as "they got the metric system. They wouldn't know the fuck a Quarter Pounder is". Later, Jules compliments the intelligence of one of their victims, after he correctly surmises that French use of the metric system is what precludes the term "Quarter Pounder".

Popular Science 's September 2003 edition listed NIST's "Metric System Advocate" on its list of the "Worst Jobs in Science".

Advocacy groups

 * U.S. Metric Association

title: Metrication in the United States


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Vancouver Centre (federal electoral district)

Vancouver Centre (Vancouver-Centre) is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1917. It is the riding with the biggest Japanese community in Canada. As per the 2021 census, 2.4% of the population of Vancouver-Centre is Japanese.

Geography
The riding includes the neighbourhoods of Yaletown, the West End, Coal Harbour, Downtown Vancouver, western Strathcona, eastern Kitsilano, and False Creek South. The heavily urbanized electoral district is by far the most densely populated in Western Canada, with most of its residents living in mid and high rise apartments. The riding has a diverse, multi-generational demographic.

Demographics

 * According to the 2021 Canadian census

 * Languages (2021 mother tongue) : 55.2% English, 4.8% Mandarin, 4.6% Iranian Persian, 4% Spanish, 2.9% Yue, 2.5% French, 2.5% Korean, 1.9% Russian, 1.8% Portuguese, 1.7% Japanese, 1% German

History
The electoral district was created in 1914 from parts of Vancouver City riding.

Canada's longest-serving female member of Parliament (MP), Hedy Fry, has represented Vancouver Centre since 1993. Another high-profile MP was Kim Campbell, who served as Prime Minister for 132 days before being defeated by Fry.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Vancouver Centre should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections. The redefined Vancouver Centre loses a portion of its current territory from its southern end to the new district of Vancouver Granville. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Current member of Parliament
Its current member of Parliament is Hedy Fry, a former physician. She was first elected in 1993, and is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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PAAMS

The Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) is a joint programme developed by France, Italy, and the United Kingdom for an integrated anti-aircraft warfare system. The prime contractor is EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between Eurosam (66%) and UKAMS (33%). In the United Kingdom, PAAMS has been given the designation Sea Viper.

The system equips the Horizon-class frigates in French and Italian service as well as the British Type 45 destroyers.

Background
PAAMS was originally intended to be deployed in the 'Common New Generation Frigate' (also known as the Horizon-class frigate) for the navies of the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. The French DGA placed a contract with EUROPAAMS on 11 August 1999 for the development and initial production of the PAAMS warfare system along with the associated Long Range Radar (LRR) system. The contract included one PAAMS system and one LRR for each of the first British, French, and Italian new class of warships. Irreconcilable differences in the design requirements and workshare disagreements led to the United Kingdom leaving the 'Common New Generation Frigate' project in October 1999. After withdrawing, Britain instead decided to pursue a national warship design, designated the Type 45 destroyer. The United Kingdom remained committed to the PAAMS project. As a result of efforts to achieve economies of scale, the PAAMS command and control system shares common architecture between the Horizon class and Type 45 destroyers. In 2009, PAAMS(S) was given the service name 'Sea Viper' by the Royal Navy.

PAAMS components
Both variants of the PAAMS operate in conjunction with the S1850M Long Range Early Warning Radar.
 * PAAMS(S) — British variant with SAMPSON Multi-Function Radar (MFR)
 * PAAMS(E) — French/Italian variant with EMPAR Multi-Function Radar
 * Automatic command and control system
 * Consoles running Windows 2000 operating system
 * Sylver Vertical Launching System
 * Aster missiles:
 * Aster 15, range; 1.7 - 30 km
 * Aster 30, range; 3 - 120 km

Capabilities
PAAMS is designed to track, target and destroy a variety of high-performance air threats, including saturation attacks of very low altitude, supersonic cruise missiles, fighter aircraft, and UAVs. PAAMS can launch eight missiles in under ten seconds with its Sylver Vertical Launching System, and simultaneously guide up to 16 missiles. The PAAMS(S) variant consists of both the SAMPSON and S1850M long-range radars and is capable of tracking in excess of 1,000 targets at ranges of up to 400 km. BAE Systems also claims that its SAMPSON radar has "excellent detection of stealth aircraft and missiles". Like the later baselines of the US Aegis Combat System, the PAAMS can engage multiple targets simultaneously.

Testing

 * During its first major warfare sea exercise aboard HMS Daring (D32), the ship's Combat Management System crashed while under simulated air attack due to a power failure, and the ship lost use of its combat management system; the ship's crew reverted to use of binoculars to spot incoming airborne threats until the CMS had been restarted.
 * In 2009, two test firings of PAAMS in the British configuration from the Longbow trials barge failed due to "failures in the terminal phase of the engagement." It was believed that "production weaknesses" in a batch of Aster 30 missiles imported from France were to blame.
 * Beginning with HMS Dauntless (D33) in September 2010, all of the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted Mirach drones with Aster missiles at the Benbecula ranges off the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Mirach is a 13 ft jet that flies at speeds of up to 600 mph at altitudes as low as 10 ft or as high as 14,000 ft.
 * In April 2012, the Horizon-class frigate FRENCH FRIGATE Forbin of the French Navy downed an American GQM-163 Coyote target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile travelling at Mach 2.5 (3000 kph) with an altitude of fewer than 5 m. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming "missile". The trial was described as a "complex operational scenario".
 * In September 2013, HMS Daring of the Royal Navy demonstrated the ability of her Sea Viper system to detect and track at considerable range two medium-range ballistic missiles at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site in the Marshall Islands, US.
 * In May 2019, HMS Defender (D36) successfully used her Sea Viper system to destroy an incoming drone target as part of Exercise Formidable Shield.
 * In May 2019, the French frigate Bretagne destroyed a supersonic missile flying at more than Mach 2 (2400 km/h) with one of her Aster 15s during exercise Formidable Shield.

Operational history

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * On 9 December 2023, the French Navy Ship FREMM Type Frigate Languedoc shot down two UAVs heading towards the vessel in the Red Sea with Aster 15 missiles. A further drone, threatening a Norwegian tanker, was shot down on 11 December.
 * On the night of 15 December 2023, the Royal Navy Type 45 Destroyer HMS Diamond shot down a UAV targeting commercial shipping in the Red Sea with a single Sea Viper (Aster). The UAV is believed to have been launched by Houthi rebels in Yemen and marks the first time a Royal Navy ship has fired at an aerial target in anger since the Gulf War in 1991.
 * On the night of 9 January 2024, the Royal Navy Type 45 Destroyer HMS Diamond engaged numerous UAVs targeting her and commercial shipping in the Red Sea with Sea Viper (Aster) missiles. The UAVs were reported to have been launched by Houthi rebels in Yemen. The action was taken as part of a wider international operation to defend commercial shipping in the region.
 * On Wednesday 24 April 2024, HMS Diamond used a single Sea Viper (Aster) missile to shoot down a ballistic missile which had been launched from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen and which according to American sources was likely targeting a container ship. It was the first time since the Gulf War of 1991 that the Royal Navy had intercepted any kind of missile in combat, when HMS Gloucester shot down an Iraqi Silkworm cruise missile. It is also the first time that the Royal Navy's Sea Viper system has shot down a ballistic missile in combat.
 * On Wednesday 24 April 2024, HMS Diamond used a single Sea Viper (Aster) missile to shoot down a ballistic missile which had been launched from Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen and which according to American sources was likely targeting a container ship. It was the first time since the Gulf War of 1991 that the Royal Navy had intercepted any kind of missile in combat, when HMS Gloucester shot down an Iraqi Silkworm cruise missile. It is also the first time that the Royal Navy's Sea Viper system has shot down a ballistic missile in combat.

Current operators

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * Kalaat Béni Abbès class amphibious transport dock – one ship
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * Aquitaine-class frigates – one ship
 * Bergamini-class frigates – two ships
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Charles de Gaulle-class aircraft carriers – one ship
 * Horizon-class frigates – two ships
 * Aquitaine-class frigates (FREMM) – eight ships
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Cavour-class aircraft carriers – one ship
 * Orizzonte-class frigates – two ships
 * Bergamini-class frigates (FREMM) – eight ships
 * Thaon di Revel-class offshore patrol vessels – three ships
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * Al Riyadh-class frigates – 3 ships
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Type 45 destroyers – six ships
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * Al Riyadh-class frigates – 3 ships
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Type 45 destroyers – six ships
 * Type 45 destroyers – six ships
 * Type 45 destroyers – six ships

Future operators

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * FDI HN frigates – five ships
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Kimon-class frigates – three ships (+ 1 in option)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * future fleet
 * Trieste-class landing helicopter docks – one ship
 * Bergamini-class frigates (FREMM multiruolo +) – two ships
 * Thaon di Revel class – four ships
 * Bergamini-class frigates (FREMM multiruolo +) – two ships
 * Thaon di Revel class – four ships

Potential operators

 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * Kimon-class frigates – one ship in option
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * planned future fleet
 * Bergamini-class frigates (FREMM EVO) – 2 ships planned, not ordered yet
 * Bergamini-class frigates (FREMM EVO) – 2 ships planned, not ordered yet

title: PAAMS


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User:Ulrich.Fuchs

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title: User:Ulrich.Fuchs


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User:Ulrich Fuchs

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title: User:Ulrich Fuchs


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Inhapim

Inhapim is a city in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its population was 24,079 (2020) and its area is 858 km2.

title: Inhapim


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Pembroke Dock

Pembroke Dock (Doc Penfro) is a town and a community in Pembrokeshire, South West Wales, 3 mi northwest of Pembroke on the banks of the River Cleddau. Originally Paterchurch, a small fishing village, Pembroke Dock town expanded rapidly following the construction of the Royal Navy Dockyard in 1814. The Cleddau Bridge links Pembroke Dock with Neyland.

After Haverfordwest and Milford Haven, Pembroke Dock is the third-largest town in Pembrokeshire being more populous than neighbouring Pembroke.

History
The natural harbour (now the Milford Haven Waterway) offering shelter from the prevailing south-westerly winds, has probably been used for many thousands of years. From maps, the first evidence of settlement is the name of the Carr Rocks at the entrance, derived from the Norse-language Skare for rock.

From 790 until the Norman Invasion (1066) the estuary was used by the Vikings. During one visit, either in 854 or in 878, maybe on his way to the Battle of Cynuit, the Viking chieftain Hubba wintered in the haven with 23 ships.

In 1172, King Henry II's fleet and army were prepared in the mouth of the Pembroke River and sailed to Ireland during the Norman Invasion of Ireland.

Prior to 1814, the area was mostly farmland and known as Paterchurch. The first recorded mention of Paterchurch was in 1289. A medieval tower was built and like nearby 18th century and 19th century fortifications, it may have served as a lookout post. By the 17th century, additional domestic and farm buildings stood close to the tower and the isolated settlement had its own cemetery, whose last recorded burial is that of a Roger Adams, in 1731. The ruin of the tower now lies within the walls of the dockyard.

Paterchurch Tower was the centre of an estate said to stretch from Pennar Point to Cosheston. This changed hands in 1422 when Ellen de Paterchurch married a John Adams. Prior to the building of the town and before the dockyard was thought of, various sales and exchanges took place between the principal local landowners – the Adams, Owen and Meyrick families. These exchanges left the Meyricks in control of most of the land on which the dockyard and new town were to develop. By 1802 the Paterchurch buildings were mostly ruins.

During the Second World War Pembroke Dock was targeted by the German Luftwaffe. On Monday 19 August 1940 a Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 88 bomber flew up the haven waterway and bombed a series of oil tanks sited at Pennar. The oil-fuelled fire that followed raged for 18 days and was recorded as the largest UK conflagration since the Great Fire of London. Bombing on the night of 11 and 12 May 1941 resulted in 30 people killed and many injured in the town. Nearly 2,000 houses were damaged.

1758 Naval report
The origins of naval shipbuilding on Milford Haven were in the private shipyard of Jacobs on the north side of the waterway. In November 1757, the Admiralty sent a surveying delegation to the haven, which prepared a report for Parliament recommending, "the construction of a Milford dock yard". No such place as Milford existed at this time, just the village of Hubberston. Secondly, the report showed early signs of lobbying existing, with the scale of the local infrastructure and ship building activity exaggerated.

Milford Haven
Dockyard development began on the north bank of the waterway. By the late 18th century, much of the village and the lands around Hubberston were owned by diplomat and politician Sir William Hamilton. Together with his nephew, the Hon. Charles Grenville, he proposed a scheme of development under the title "Milford", in reference to the 1758 report. They began by building a shipyard, and leased it to a Messrs. Harry and Joseph Jacob, though after receiving an order in 1796 to build a frigate and later a 74-gun ship-of-the-line, Jacobs went bankrupt. The Navy took over the shipyard lease.

In 1809, a naval commission recommended purchase of the Milford Haven facility and formal establishment of a Royal Navy dockyard. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and the merging of the two sides of the Royal Navy under the Admiralty Board, a School of Naval Architecture was opened in Portsmouth in 1810 and, effectively then, Millford was to be set up as a model dockyard under French management (possibly to develop the manoeuvrability of British ships) from which lessons could be learnt for implementation in other dockyards.

New town of Pembroke Dock
After failing to agree a purchase price for the existing Millford shipyard with Fulke Greville, Charles Greville's heir, the Admiralty agreed purchase of land 5 mi across the haven from Milford, near the town of Pembroke in a district called Pater (village) or Paterchurch. This was one of the few sites in the haven suitable for building a dock for constructing decent sized ships, as its shoreline was flat but led quickly into deep harbour. Secondly, the Board of Ordnance had purchased 50 acre in preparation from the 1758 report to strengthen the haven's defences, which was added to by the purchase of an adjoining 20 acre for £5,500 from the Meyrick family.

The town of Pembroke Dock was founded in 1814 when Pembroke Dockyard was established, initially called Pater Dockyard. Construction started immediately, with the former frigate HMS Lapwing driven ashore as a temporary accommodation hulk. Orders were placed for the construction of 74 gun battleship, and four frigates. However, after the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, although the scheme still seemed ill placed in what would be a smaller Royal Navy, the final plans were given the go ahead on 31 October 1815. The Naval Dockyards Society published a historical review in 2004.

Operations
On 10 February 1816, the first two ships were launched from the dockyard – HMS Valorous and Ariadne, both 20-gun post-ships, subsequently converted at Plymouth Dockyard into 26-gun ships. Over the span of 112 years, five royal yachts were built, along with 263 other Royal Navy vessels. The last ship launched from the dockyard was the Royal Fleet Auxiliary tanker Oleander on 26 April 1922.

In 1925, it was announced that the Royal Dockyards at Pembroke Dock and Rosyth were redundant and would be closed. A petition was sent to Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, stressing the lack of alternative employment and the economic consequences of closure, but the decision was not overturned. First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty, said, "Whether these Yards are necessary for naval purposes, the Admiralty is the only competent judge. As to whether they are necessary for political or social reasons is for the Government to decide. The fact is, that so far as the upkeep of the Fleet is concerned, they are entirely redundant."

The last Pembroke-built ship afloat was the hulk of the iron screw frigate HMS Inconstant (1868), which was broken up in Belgium in 1956. In June of the same year, Admiral Leonard Andrew Boyd Donaldson, the last Captain-Superintendent of Pembroke Dockyard, died aged 81.

Aftermath
Although active warships were not based in Pembroke Dock after the 1940s, and formal dockyard work ceased in 1926, the base remained an official Naval Dockyard, and retained a Queen's Harbour Master, until 2008 (one of the last 5 QHMs in the UK, together with those at the currently (2010) extant bases at Devonport, Portsmouth, Rosyth and Clyde). The Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service (RMAS) was based in Pembroke Dock until disestablishment in 2008, and the Ministry of Defence sold the freehold of the site to the Milford Haven Port Authority (MHPA) in 2007. For most of the last 20 years of MOD usage, the principal RMAS assets seen in the base were the MOD Salvage & Marine Team (formerly CSALMO) vessels located there, the majority of which were relocated to the Serco base in Burntisland on the River Forth upon the activation of the £1bn Future Provision of Marine Services (FPMS) contract in May 2008.

Future
In 2021 permission was granted for 'ambitious plans to transform Pembroke Dock's historic dockyard' as part of a '£60 million marine energy project'. The Welsh Government decided not to call in the proposal, despite protests from SAVE Britain's Heritage, the Georgian Group, the Victorian Society the Naval Dockyards Society and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, among others. The proposal will see buildings within the Conservation Area demolished, the Grade II* Graving Dock and the Grade II Timber Pond infilled and built over, the remaining Grade II listed Building Slips partially demolished and the setting of the adjacent Grade II Carr Jetty damaged.

The chair of the local Commodore Trust (which has 'long fought to protect and revive the historic dockyard') has argued that 'these plans will see the destruction of a rare, if not unique, group of listed monuments that are a testament to the industry that gave birth to Pembroke Dock, revived the fortunes of Pembroke and gave the Milford Haven waterway a place in Wales, UK and world history'; Pembrokeshire County Council, however, was persuaded by the developers (Port of Milford Haven) that the economic benefits of the project would 'far outweigh' its impact on the historic environment. The project will see the listed structures replaced by two five-storey warehouses (to house future shipbuilding operations) and 'a giant concrete slipway, stretching out into the water alongside the grade II listed Hobbs point causeway'.

Military garrison
As the dockyard and its importance grew, the need to defend it was addressed and Pembroke Dock became a military town. Work began in 1844 to build defensible barracks. In 1845 the first occupiers were the Royal Marines of the Portsmouth Division, followed through the years by many famous regiments. Between 1849 and 1857, two Martello towers of dressed Portland stone were constructed at the south-western and north-western corner of the dockyard; both were garrisoned by sergeants of artillery and their families.

In the 1850s a hutted encampment was established nearby on Llanion Hill. In 1904 this was replaced by four brick-built barrack blocks, designed to house a thousand troops. The new Llanion Barracks was 'the first barracks to be constructed with a separate area for cooking and ablutions and was one of the most modern in the country'.

The town remained garrisoned with troops until 1967.

RAF base
With the closure of the dockyard in 1926, the year of the General Strike, unemployment was high through the Great Depression until 1931 when No. 210 Squadron RAF arrived equipped with Southampton II flying boats. For almost 30 years the Royal Air Force was based at Pembroke Dock. During 1943, when home to the Sunderland flying boats, it was the largest operational base for flying boats in the world.

It was announced in 1957 that the RAF would be drastically reducing its presence.

Pembroke Dock has a link to Hollywood: the full-scale Millennium Falcon built for The Empire Strikes Back was created in one of Pembroke Dock's hangars by Marcon Fabrications in 1979.

Today
Pembroke Dock is served by the A477 trunk road which runs from the A40 at St. Clears. At Waterloo the A477 road crosses the Daugleddau estuary on the Cleddau Bridge and continues towards Haverfordwest. It has a ferry terminal from which ferries sail twice-daily to Rosslare in Ireland. The service is operated by Irish Ferries. There is also a deep water cargo port (Pembroke Port) adjacent to the ferry terminal which is operated by the Port of Milford Haven. Pembroke Dock railway station connects with Carmarthen via Tenby.

The two Martello towers remain: one was a local museum but is for sale by auction in July 2019, while the other is in private hands and has been converted for residential use and is largely intact. The dockyard wall is substantially complete and has been recently repaired by experts with dressed stone and lime mortar. The dry dock also remains, along with two out of ten building slips. The two listed hangars built to house the Sunderland flying boats used to guard the Western Approaches have been rebuilt and are now used for other purposes. Among several surviving Georgian and Victorian buildings on the site is the Terrace, a row of houses for the Dockyard officers. The Dockyard Chapel at the end of the Terrace has been rebuilt using Objective One funding from the European Union and now serves as the Pembroke Dock Heritage Centre run by Pembroke Dock Sunderland Trust. A few buildings on the site of the old Llanion Barracks still stand. The Officers' and Sergeants' Mess once used as council offices is now occupied by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The original guardroom remains and is now residential accommodation and a listed Victoria Powder Magazine remains set into the coastal slope which is accessible from Connacht Way. The old parade square has recently been converted for housing.

Two cemeteries in the town both hold many service graves. Pembroke Dock (Llanion) Cemetery contains the war graves of 23 Commonwealth service personnel, including two unidentified Royal Navy sailors, of the First World War and 51 of the Second, including four unidentified Royal Navy sailors and an unidentified airman. Pembroke Dock Military Cemetery contains the war graves of 40 Commonwealth service personnel of the First World War and 33 of the Second, and is believed to be the only dedicated military cemetery in Wales.

The Pembrokeshire Technium was built and opened in 2006 and succeeded by Technium Science. Although the initial interest was slow the first major uptake on this facility began in 2009 when Infinergy built a wind farm in the local area and based its local office in the centre. There has been approval given by Pembrokeshire County Council for a new yacht marina to be built alongside Front Street but work has yet to begin.

Notable people

 * Brigadier General Henry Stanhope Sloman, CMG, DSO (1861–1945), a senior British Army officer during WWI.
 * John Harper Narbeth CB, CBE, MVO (1863–1944) a naval architect of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors.
 * Sir John Blake-Reed OBE (1882–1966), a British judge who served in Colonial Egypt.
 * Major Geoffrey Theodore Garratt MBE (1888-1942) author, interred Pembroke Dock Military Cemetery.
 * Ernie Finch (1899-1983), a Welsh international rugby union wing, played club rugby for Llanelli RFC.
 * Colin George (1929–2016), a Welsh actor and director.
 * Phil Carradice (born 1947) a Welsh writer and broadcaster.
 * Andy Goddard (born 1968), a Welsh director and screenwriter.
 * Taliesin Selley (born 1980), a Welsh former rugby union footballer.

Proposals to rename the town
There have been suggestions that Pembroke Dock should change its name, to improve the town's image in respect of a reputation for high unemployment and industrial decline. Proposals have included Pembroke Haven, Pembroke Harbour and a reversion to the original pre-1814 name of Paterchurch. A change of name was rejected in a referendum in the 1960s, and was again proposed in 2003.

Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Pembroke Dock, at community (town) and county level: Pembroke Dock Town Council and Pembrokeshire County Council.

The town council comprises sixteen town councillors, and is based at 28 Dimond Street, a converted shop in the town centre.

In May 2022, Billy Gannon, one of the town councillors, was rumoured to be English street artist Banksy. He subsequently resigned because this was affecting his ability to carry out the duties of a councillor.

For representation on the county council, Pembroke Dock is divided into four electoral wards: (Pembroke Dock Central, Pembroke Dock Llanion, Pembroke Dock Market and Pembroke Dock Pennar), which each elect one county councillor.

Administrative history
Pembroke Dock formed part of the ancient parish of Pembroke St Mary, which was part of the borough of Pembroke. The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836, retaining the same boundaries and therefore continuing to include the growing town of Pembroke Dock. By 1895 Pembroke Borough Council had adopted the practice of holding its meetings alternately at Pembroke Town Hall and at Pembroke Dock, where the council had established its main administrative offices at 37 Bush Street (renumbered 71 Bush Street in 1906). The council remained based at 71 Bush Street (and later also expanded into neighbouring 73 Bush Street) until the early 1970s when it acquired Llanion Park, part of the Llanion Barracks at Pembroke Dock, to serve as its headquarters.

Pembroke Borough Council was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area becoming part of the new district of South Pembrokeshire within the county of Dyfed on 1 April 1974. A community was established to cover the area of the former borough, with its council taking the name Pembroke Town Council. South Pembrokeshire District Council took over Llanion Park at Pembroke Dock to serve as its headquarters.

On 1 April 1986 the community of Pembroke was split into a Pembroke Dock community and a reduced Pembroke community, just covering the older town. This was the first time Pembroke Dock had been administered separately from Pembroke. The Pembroke Dock community council chose to call itself Pembroke Dock Town Council.

South Pembrokeshire was abolished in 1996, with the area becoming part of a re-established Pembrokeshire.

Freedom of the town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Pembroke Dock.

 * HMS Pembroke, RN: 15 September 2006.

title: Pembroke Dock


text:
Talk:Metrication in the United States

ordinary inhabitants of the U.S.
There are a fair number of ordinary inhabitants of the U.S. who are not scientifically-minded or cosmopolitan (i.e. don't often travel outside the U.S.), and who have a vague impression that the metric system was a 1970s fad that went out with white polyester leisure suits and disco music... AnonMoos (talk) 14:10, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Is there a reliable source attesting to any statement in that sentence, or a firm definition of "fair number", "Ordinary inhabitants", "not scientifically minded" or other terms therein? Otherwise the sentence is WP:OR at best and from the looks of it, entirely your opinion - utterly useless to us in making an encyclopedia. loupgarous (talk) 20:27, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't have a specific source (just common knowledge of being around since the 1970s), but many humorous references to U.S. metrication are implicitly based on the popular perception that it was a Carter-administration 1970s fad (see the reference to "the era of mint green leisure suits and platform shoes" at http://themetricmaven.com/?p=373 )... AnonMoos (talk) 12:10, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

 * As an American, I can state that the metric system is not unknown here, and not dismissed as a fad. It gets some use, especially in technical/scientific/medical contexts, but Standard/Imperial predominates (as it should). For example, a car dashboard primarily shows mph/miles per hour, but there's a secondary smaller indicator for km/h. Xcalibur (talk) 01:23, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Knots in aviation
The article states that knots are used in aviation because of US influence. This is absolute tripe. Knots are used because of a direct relationship between the nautical mile and a minute of arc of latitude measured along any meridian. In other words it is a direct product of geometry. - Nick Thorne talk 09:36, 5 February 2018 (UTC)
 * That was the original notion of nautical miles, but it only works at one latitude because the earth is not spherical. At any rate, nautical miles are now defined in terms of SI measurements.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dkazdan (talk • contribs) 15:10, 22 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The original statement bears some trueness to it. km/h is now recommended over knots by the International Civil Aviation Organization, and is already used for commercial aircraft in China, and possibly also Sweden and other countries. km/h is standard for airspeed measurement in European glider planes. German airplanes from WW2 and before used km/h.Sauer202 (talk) 21:54, 11 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The simple relationship between the nautical mile and a minute of latitude only holds if the aircraft is on land, but NASA uses nautical miles for the space shuttle. If that's not US influence, what is? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 23:27, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Decimal currency and fractions of dollars - not metrication in my book
Just had a minor edit skirmish over some text I removed. It's in the Financial services sub-section, and referred to the USA's use of decimal currency, and fractions of dollars. The lead says "Metrication (or metrification) is the process of introducing the International System of Units". No mention of money, or fractions thereof. The text I removed was restored by User:ArnoldReinhold with an Edit summary comment of "...decimalization was a major part of metric movement". That contradicts the lead. Thoughts anyone? HiLo48 (talk) 23:42, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Definitely need a reliable published source to make such a claim. Obviously there are connections between decimal currency and metrification, both having begun around the same time, IIRC. There were other attempts at decimalizing measurements that preceded the metric system, especially by Thomas Jefferson. Perhaps one can claim that metrification was a major part of decimalization in general, but not the reverse. - BilCat (talk) 01:03, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * What claim do you think needs a reliable source? That the U.S. currency was decimalized early or that decimalization was a major feature of and reason for the original metric system? The fact that the U.S. was an early adopter of decimalization but non-the-less did not adopt the new system of units, it seems to me, is of some historical interest and belongs in this article.--agr (talk) 14:41, 23 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but in that case such content belongs in the History section, not under Current use, which is the issue here.
 * , that works for me. If you look at Metrication in the United Kingdom, they also discus decimilization of currency under history.--agr (talk) 14:58, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

This needs to be added, about how the Imperial System of Measurement is cuter
"The British system of measurement (also called, U.S. customary units) are move lovely and cute in their length measurements, compared to the metric system, partly because the measurements are mostly based on the human body, like the foot." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:4000:12E0:9DCD:7FEA:6916:BF16 (talk) 02:05, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Two things - Firstly, the British system of measurement and U.S. customary units are not the same thing. Several units, such as the gallon, vary significantly between the two. Secondly, Wikipedia content needs to be based on and sourced to reliable sources, not what you personally think is cute. HiLo48 (talk) 02:11, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Concur. BilCat (talk) 02:14, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * British don't use gallon, because they've already adopted metric system? Also, the earlier Imperial System that was used in Great Britain might be the same as the US gallon used today, depending on your source, because the definition of gallon wasn't exactly standardized or widely adapted by everyone 150 years ago. 2601:647:4000:12E0:6D11:F5D:15C8:8495 (talk) 15:17, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Your certainty on these matters is misplaced. While the UK has officially adopted the metric system, in practice many people still use gallons and other imperial units. Pubs definitely serve pints. HiLo48 (talk) 00:25, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

Minor reference to NASA's lunar program needs an update
"In early 2007, NASA announced that it would use metric units for all operations on the lunar surface upon its return to the Moon, then projected for 2020. NASA's lunar return program was then canceled in 2010."

Though NASA's Constellation lunar program has ceased to be, the agency has a new one called the Artemis program. Not sure how to add citations and that sort of thing but either Artemis needs to be mentioned or it needs to be specified that the Constellation program was meant. 2601:280:C781:BC90:8814:EE73:AAD3:D9F0 (talk) 08:37, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metrication in the United States


text:
1934 in sports

1934 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Alpine skiing
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 4th FIS Alpine World Ski Championships are held at St Moritz, Switzerland. The events are a downhill, a slalom and a combined race in both the men's and women's categories. The winners are:
 * Men's Downhill – David Zogg (Switzerland)
 * Men's Slalom – Franz Pfnür (Germany)
 * Men's Combined – David Zogg (Switzerland)
 * Women's Downhill – Anny Rüegg (Switzerland)
 * Women's Slalom – Christl Cranz (Germany)
 * Women's Combined – Christl Cranz (Germany)

American football
NFL championship College championship
 * The New York Giants defeat the Chicago Bears 30–13 at the Polo Grounds, which is known as the "Sneakers Game"
 * College football national championship – Minnesota Golden Gophers and Alabama Crimson Tide (shared)

Association football
International England Spain Germany Italy France
 * 1934 World Cup held in Italy – Italy defeats Czechoslovakia 2–1 in the final.
 * 14 November – England defeats Italy 3–2 in the "Battle of Highbury".
 * The Football League – Arsenal 59 points, Huddersfield 56, Tottenham 49, Derby 45, Manchester City 45, Sunderland 44
 * FA Cup final – Manchester City 2 – 1 Portsmouth (Empire Stadium, Wembley, London)
 * La Liga won by Athletic Bilbao
 * National Championship won by Schalke 04
 * Serie A won by Juventus
 * French Division 1 won by FC Sète

Athletics

 * 9 June – Swiss runner Lina Aebersold sets a new world record in the women's 20 km walk in Zürich: 1:59:02.
 * 9 – 11 August - 1934 Women's World Games, London
 * 9 September – European Championships Marathon at Turin won by Arnas Toivonen (Finland) in a time of 2:52:29

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership Brownlow Medal South Australian National Football League Western Australian National Football League
 * Richmond wins the 38th VFL Premiership, beating South Melbourne 19.14 (128) to 12.17 (89) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) in the 1934 VFL Grand Final
 * The annual Brownlow Medal is awarded to Dick Reynolds (Essendon)
 * 6 October – Glenelg win their first SANFL premiership, beating Port Adelaide 18.15 (123) to 16.18 (114)
 * Magarey Medal awarded to “Blue” Johnson (Glenelg)
 * 13 October – West Perth 11.7 (73) defeat East Fremantle 5.9 (39) for their sixth WANFL premiership
 * Sandover Medal awarded to Sammy Clarke (Claremont-Cottesloe)

Bandy
Sweden
 * Championship final – Slottsbrons IF defeats IFK Uppsala 6–0 on the replay after a 1–1 tie in the first final.

Major League Baseball

 * July 10 – In the second Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at the Polo Grounds in New York City, left–handed pitcher Carl Hubbell sets a record by striking out Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons and Joe Cronin consecutively. The catcher was Gabby Hartnett and the American League won 9–7.
 * October – St. Louis Cardinals defeat Detroit Tigers in the World Series, 4–3. Brothers Dizzy Dean and Paul Dean each won two games for the "Gas House Gang" Cardinals. The Detroit Tigers gave up a great battle in the series but fell short a game.

International
Australia Japan
 * August – The inaugural Claxton Shield is held in Adelaide, South Australia. The host South Australian team won the tournament, defeating New South Wales and Victoria.
 * December 26 – Yomiuri Giants of Tokyo, officially founded, as first professional baseball club in Japan.

Basketball
Events
 * The South American Basketball Championship 1934 in Buenos Aires is won by Argentina.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 14 June – Max Baer defeats Primo Carnera by an eleventh-round technical knockout at Long Island City to win the World Heavyweight Championship
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Primo Carnera → Max Baer
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – Maxie Rosenbloom → Bob Olin
 * World Middleweight Championship – vacant
 * World Welterweight Championship – Jimmy McLarnin → Barney Ross → Jimmy McLarnin
 * World Lightweight Championship – Barney Ross → vacant
 * World Featherweight Championship – vacant
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Panama Al Brown
 * World Flyweight Championship – vacant

Canadian football
Grey Cup
 * Sarnia Imperials defeat the Regina Roughriders 20–12

Cricket
Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * England undertake their first Test match tour of India, winning two Tests to nil
 * 4 November – The inaugural Ranji Trophy begins with a match between Madras and Mysore at Chepauk, just over a year after Ranjitsinhji’s death.
 * County Championship – Lancashire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Lancashire Second Eleven
 * Most runs – Harold Gibbons 2,654 @ 52.03 (HS 157)
 * Most wickets – Tich Freeman 205 @ 23.18 (BB 8–103)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Stan McCabe, Bill O‘Reilly, George Paine, Bill Ponsford, Jim Smith
 * Sheffield Shield – Victoria
 * Most runs – Don Bradman 1192 @ 132.44 (HS 253)
 * Most wickets – Clarrie Grimmett 66 @ 21.83 (BB 7–57)
 * Bombay Quadrangular – not contested
 * Plunket Shield – Auckland
 * Currie Cup – Western Province
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Trinidad

Cycling
Tour de France Giro d'Italia
 * Antonin Magne wins the 28th Tour de France
 * Learco Guerra of Maino wins the 22nd Giro d'Italia

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * World Men's Champion – Karl Schäfer
 * World Women's Champion – Sonja Henie
 * World Pairs Champions – Emília Rotter and László Szollás

Golf
Events Men's professional Men's amateur Women's professional
 * Inaugural Masters Tournament is held at Augusta National Golf Club in Georgia, USA. Until 1939, it is known as the Augusta National Invitational Tournament.
 * Augusta National Invitational Tournament – Horton Smith
 * U.S. Open – Olin Dutra
 * British Open – Henry Cotton
 * PGA Championship – Paul Runyan
 * British Amateur – Lawson Little
 * U.S. Amateur – Lawson Little
 * Women's Western Open – Marian McDougall

Harness racing
USA
 * Hambletonian – Lord Jim
 * Kentucky Futurity – Princess Peg

Horse racing
England Australia Canada France Ireland USA
 * Champion Hurdle – Chenango
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – Golden Miller
 * Grand National – Golden Miller
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Campanula
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Colombo
 * The Derby – Windsor Lad
 * The Oaks – Light Brocade
 * St. Leger Stakes – Windsor Lad
 * Melbourne Cup – Peter Pan III
 * King's Plate – Horometer
 * Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe – Brantôme
 * Irish Grand National – Poolgowran
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Patriot King and Primero
 * Kentucky Derby – Cavalcade
 * Preakness Stakes – High Quest
 * Belmont Stakes – Peace Chance

Ice hockey
Stanley Cup Ice Hockey World Championships Events
 * Chicago Black Hawks defeat Detroit Red Wings 3 games to 1
 * 18 September – The Norwegian Ice Hockey Federation founded

Multi-sport events

 * 2nd British Empire Games held in London, England
 * 10th Far Eastern Championship Games held in Manila

Nordic skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
 * 8th FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1934 are held at Sollefteå, Sweden

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 17 March — Cambridge wins the 86th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league

 * 1934 New Zealand rugby league season
 * 1934 NSWRFL season
 * 1933–34 Northern Rugby Football League season / 1934–35 Northern Rugby Football League season

Rugby union

 * 47th Home Nations Championship series is won by England

Snooker

 * World Snooker Championship – Joe Davis beats Tom Newman 25–23

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion – Bernt Evensen (Norway)

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Fred Perry (Great Britain) defeats Jack Crawford (Australia) 6–3, 7–5, 6–1
 * Australian Women's Singles Championship – Joan Hartigan Bathurst (Australia) defeats Margaret Molesworth (Australia) 6–1, 6–4
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Fred Perry (Great Britain) defeats Jack Crawford (Australia) 6–3, 6–0, 7–5
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Dorothy Round Little (Great Britain) defeats Helen Jacobs (USA) 6–2, 5–7, 6–3
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Gottfried von Cramm (Germany) defeats Jack Crawford (Australia) 6–4, 7–9, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Margaret Scriven Vivian (Great Britain) defeats Helen Jacobs (USA) 7–5, 4–6, 6–1
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Fred Perry (Great Britain) defeats Wilmer Allison (USA) 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6, 8–6
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Helen Jacobs (USA) defeats Sarah Palfrey Cooke (USA) 6–1, 6–4
 * 1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – at 4–1  at Centre Court, Wimbledon (grass) London, United Kingdom

Yacht racing

 * The New York Yacht Club retains the America's Cup as Rainbow defeats British challenger Endeavour, of the Royal Yacht Squadron, 4 races to 2

Awards

 * Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Virginia Van Wie, LPGA golf
 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Dizzy Dean, Major League Baseball

title: 1934 in sports