text:
Talk:Linear logic

Better Introduction
Please consider motivating the rest of the article with the resource discussion near the end. The article proceeds too quickly into explaining the symbols and formal rules without giving any clue what they mean "intuitively" (not meaning to pun on intuitive logic)

TODO:

 * better examples
 * connexion to proof nets, ludics, etc.
 * linear type theory (Wadler et al)
 * Fix symbols (most symbols show up as boxes) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.68.42.146 (talk) 10:11, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

--Kaustuv Chaudhuri 00:03, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * make it less chatty. Please snip "non-encyclopedic" parts.

--Kaustuv Chaudhuri 09:06, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

There are two kinds of non-commutativity: self-dual and non-self-dual. Discussion required. Charles Stewart 02:47, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

"While this freeness of truth is usually what is desired, for example in formal mathematics, but for many applications of logic truth can be abstract and unwieldy." I think the word "While" should be removed, changing the sentence to 2 sub-sentences joined by the conjunction "but". But I don't understand the subject well enough to know if that's what he meant to say. Art LaPella 02:14, Aug 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Either the "but" or the "while" should be removed. On a more general note, the present version of this article has major expository issues: it is currently not accessible to the lay reader. Examples that should be illuminating are obscure and ill-constructed. — Kaustuv 03:27, 2004 Aug 21 (UTC)

Internal and external choice
Can someone please confirm that the names given for the & and ⊕ operators are really internal and external choice, respectively. The reason I ask is that this is exactly the opposite to what I've encountered in other contexts, e.g. process algebra, where an internal choice is one you can't control and an external choice is one you can. I didn't find the names in the papers linked off the bottom of the article (but I only skimmed them).--Malcohol 14:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have removed the names as I don't think they are common, and anyway it is probably not meant to be opposite to other computational contexts. 192.75.48.150 18:38, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Intuitionstic linear implication
I expect the answer is sofixit, but:
 * Intuitionistic linear logic (ILL) allows only a single conclusion. Unlike CLL, connectives in ILL do not have perfect duals... As a result, linear implication is a basic connective in ILL.

The statement is correct, but the rules for linear implication are not given in the article. They should be. 72.137.20.109 03:52, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Does linear logic have a not function?

 * To answer the previous two questions: there is a linear negation, but it and linear implication are not given in the table of rules (for the CLL sequent calculus). I can't edit that table, and there is some sense to its organisation for purposes of symmetry, and in fact there are (now) explained after it, but I'll try to make that clearer. --Toby Bartels 20:29, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It depends what you mean by a "not". There's a perfectly good involution which (in the presence of contraction and weakening) would be equivalent to classical not, but which is not the same as linear negation (implies falsity). Francis Davey 09:14, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Mostly, this makes sense, but the explanations for the & and ? operators really need some work. Can someone who understands this look into it?

I really agree with this; we need to talk about implication in ILL. This (I think) introduces a lot of new complications though, as we need to talk about assumptions on the LHS of the turnstile, which is very different from the presentation given here. mkehrt (talk) 12:07, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It makes no sense to give the two inference rules for ILL's linear implication when all the context we have is the one-sided presentation of CLL. This is a case for a new article, which is a bit of a job. — Charles Stewart (talk) 12:43, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Good point. I'm not sure LL really needs two articles, but given the depth of presentation in this article, it may make sense to split it.  I'm not really the person for the job, though, so if anyone knowledgeable is up to the job...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mkehrt (talk • contribs)

 * I am not sure I see the need to specifically discuss ILL implication (as opposed to just adding more discussion of implication in CLL) in the current version of the article. What specifically did you (Mkehrt, Charles, ...) have in mind? Noamz (talk) 04:48, 27 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The problem is that as it stands now the page is incomprehensible. The BNF grammar of the logic doesn't include an implication operator, and then half of the page tries to explain the logic in terms of an operator that doesn't exist. 2A02:A448:3A80:1:B86E:6578:A8A3:5A2F (talk) 12:43, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

Vending-machine example
I know it seems less professional, but the vending-machine example was much clearer to me when it was in first person rather than third. Having just read a bunch of stuff on linear logic, I think that I finally understand things (at least as far as the distinction between times and par; 1 versus bottom is still subtle). So I'm going to rewrite much of that (especially the bit on par) using what seems the clearest language of all (IMHO): the second person! --Toby Bartels 20:32, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

first example ?!
The introduction's example is wrong:

<< One example: churning cream into butter. Suppose we represent a quart of cream by the proposition A, and a pound of butter by B. To state the fact that a quart of cream can be churned into a pound of butter, we might write the implication A ⇒ B. But in ordinary (classical or intuitionistic) logic, from A and A ⇒ B one can conclude A ∧ B. >>

Seems to state that "(A ∧ (A ⇒ B)) ⇒ (A ∧ B)" does not fit reality. Actually, what is false here is expressing "a quart of cream can be churned into a pound of butter" using "A ⇒ B". There is no implication here in the formal logic sense of the term. There is "potential transformation" instead. So that, indeed, later conclusions are wrong, too...

Sorry not to propose a better example -- I do not know much about linear logic (the reason why I was reading the article ;-). This one, sure, cannot properly convince any reader that the topic is of highest interest :(.

Denis --Denispir (talk) 13:50, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

possible new version
<< One example: cream can be churned into butter. Let us try to express that using classical logic. Suppose we represent the fact that we have a quart of cream by the proposition A, and a pound of butter by B. To state the fact that a quart of cream can be churned into a pound of butter, a naive attempt may be to write the implication A ⇒ B. But in ordinary (classical or intuitionistic) logic, from A and A ⇒ B one can conclude A ∧ B, meaning that we have now both cream & butter.

What is wrong in our trial is to "translate" the possible churning of cream into butter using a logical implication. This shows anyway that classical if often unable to express simple facts of the reality.

[Please improve and correct, for english is not my mother tongue.] Denis --Denispir (talk) 14:17, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

I'm not an expert in linear logic, though I am familiar with logic, and the example reads as nonsense to me. 'Suppose we represent a quart of cream by the proposition A' - a quart of cream is not a proposition for a start. Ridiculous. 93.96.236.8 (talk) 10:52, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It is in linear logic. Note that one interpretation of LL is as a logic of resources rather than truths.  A proposition is merely a syntactic structure, and any "meaning" we give this is only a product of how we interpret it.  In propositional logic (the terminology here is not so great), we interpret these propositions as truths we want to prove the truth of.  In LL, however, we interpret these propositions as resources (i.e., things) we want to prove the existence of. mkehrt (talk) 22:37, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

 * "It is in linear logic." I had exactly the same problem as Denispir (and English is my native language).  If a pound of butter is a proposition, then I don't understand what a proposition is in this logic, and IMHO there should be more of an explanation of the term early on (unless I missed it, which is possible).  More explanation--for the "lay" person--is in general required, as others have commented above. (BTW, a quart of cream should make about 4 pounds of butter...blame the English system of measurement.)Mcswell (talk) 14:38, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Major revision
I made a first pass at improving the article -- comments welcome. I have some time now to work on this article -- I'd still like to add a section on models of linear logic, and give more explanation of the applications of linear logic. Noamz (talk) 22:13, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

A context ($Γ, Δ$) is a list of propositions $A_{1}, ..., A_{n}$ ??
What does the sentence above mean? The list $A_{1}, ..., A_{n}$ does not match the pattern ($Γ, Δ$), so I am at a loss what $Γ$ and $Δ$ thus introduced mean individually. Could somebody please rephrase this sentence? Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 11:17, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * This means that either $Γ$ or $Δ$ can be used as a metavariable for a context. Note that the parentheses are not in math mode, and indicate a parenthetical remark in the sentence, rather than being part of the notation. mkehrt (talk) 04:16, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes this is a standard notational convention, but there's no harm in being more explicit. I've edited the paragraph to do this, and also tried to make a few other minor improvements. Noamz (talk) 16:13, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

On this note, the turnstile doesn't appear to work in the equations the way it's explained in the text; in the text it appears to be an infix operator, but in the equations symbols only appear after it. Also, in the semi-distributivity formula, there is a symbol - a curly p or rho - which does not appear anywhere else and appears to be some sort of binary operator. Cyrapas (talk) 00:12, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

 * The Classical linear logic of Girard has an operator (the dual introduced in the article) which has the property that A |- G is the same as |- ~A, G (where I am using ~ for the dual - sorry I don't know how to do this sort of thing in wiki code). In other words you can always shift formulae from the left to the right hand side of the turnstile. For economy one can then present the logic with no formulae on the left hand side. I hope that explains the turnstile question. I think the "curly p" you see if an upside-down ampersand. It is an infix operator - the multiplicative "or". The intuitive way to think of it in proof-style is that A p B means "if I have a refutation of A I can prove B AND if I have a refutation of B I can prove A" (where I have used the "p" letter for the upside-down ampersand, again because I don't know how to do this right). Francis Davey (talk) 09:20, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

algebraic properties
i think the section "remarkable formulae" should be greatly expanded (to something like the equations and implications listed here: http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/linear+logic and here: http://iml.univ-mrs.fr/~lafont/pub/llpages.pdf) and propably brought closer to the beginning. as someone unfamiliar with sequent calculus, i find these formulae (together with the vending machine analogy) are very helpful for understanding the topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Opensofias (talk • contribs) 08:48, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

Doubtful use of the concept of a proposition
''Suppose we represent a candy bar by the atomic proposition $candy$, and a dollar by $$1$.

But a proposition refers to a state of affairs, an assertion about the world that can be true or false -- not to an object. Does the original source really make this conflation?

We seem to be entering the "Politicians lie in cast iron sinks" territory of verbal recombination. See http://genius.com/Douglas-hofstadter-chromatic-fantasy-and-feud-annotated 178.38.97.233 (talk) 12:42, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Changed statement to Suppose we represent having a candy bar by the atomic proposition $candy$, and having a dollar by $$1$. Ghartshaw (talk) 05:04, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Is Girard one-sided sequent calculus the best way to explain the logic?
It's true that the one-sided sequents give a more economical presentation, and it's easier to translate the one-sided form into further understandings (like the resource lambda calculus). But it's a harder presentation to grasp. I think it would be easier to first explain things in the two-sided form, then later explain how it can be translated to one-sided form (and explicitly show how the dual harmony develops).

First, for people who aren't used to one-sided sequents, that's an extra complexity to get over.

But, even for people who are familiar with the one-sided form, they're still going to be stuck on grasping the rules until they've fully internalized the duality rules. And, since those rules are the definition of the operators, and the duality rules are hard to intuitively grasp without already grasping what the operators do, they have to see the entire circle and grasp it all at once instead of just going step by step.

For example, look at the conjunction rules. If X entails A and Y entails B then X,Y (or XxY) entails AxB; if a single premise multiset Z (such as XxY) entails both A and B, then it entails A&B. That's all you need to understand multiplicative vs. additive. Plus, you immediately get that it's multiplicative conjunction in the premises and disjunction in the conclusions. Sure, you need almost twice as many rules, but they're all rules that mean something on first reading. By contrast, the one-sided form requires you to have already internalized the duals of each operator—which is hard to do before you understand what the operators mean, and since the operators are defined by the very rules you're trying to understand… --50.0.128.145 (talk) 02:25, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

Intuitive descriptions of the operators?
Another way of solving the same problem mentioned in the last section might be to give a good-enough intuitive explanation for each operator before getting into the rules. Once you do that, the more economical one-sided presentation of the rules should be fine. I can think of three ways to do this.

The first is just moving (maybe a shortened version of?) the resource explanations up top, although this has the problem with intuitively defining par. You can put it in terms of trading ("A par B" means that we can trade the negation of A to get B), but that's not nearly as clear as alternative vs. cumulative conjunction. (In the case of the vending machine, "($1 negated) par (candy & chips & drink)" almost works, but it also means that we could trade our choice of candy, chips, and drink for $1, which is how money works, but not how vending machines work…)

Another way to do it is in terms of provability: "A or B" means "it's provable that if not A then B, and vice-versa", but "A par B" means "if A is disprovable then B is provable, and vice-versa", and so on.

A third way, which may be a lot more verbose (and basically equivalent to showing the two-sided sequent rules), is to show how "and" splits into "times" and "with" and how "or" splits into "plus" and "par" by directly showing what taking away weakening does. We can define "and" as a language-internal notation for a comma in the premises, or as a way of conjoining the premises of two separate sequents, and it's trivial to prove that these definitions are the same. But any such proof requires weakening, which is what we're giving up. So, if they're not equivalent definitions, let's let them define different things: "times" is the comma in the premises, while "with" is conjoining separate premises. And likewise for the disjunctives. (I realize that my explanation here is terrible, but maybe someone can come up with a better one.) --50.0.128.145 (talk) 03:34, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

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encoding classical logic
Over at the nForum, Mike Shulman raised a question about the claim in the article that classical implication can be encoded as $!<VAR>A</VAR> ⊸ ?<VAR>B</VAR>$. At first I thought it was correct, but then realized there is a counterexample, so I've gone ahead and modified the article. Now, looking in the history, I see that it was me who introduced this mistaken translation way back in June 2009. That might explain why I was "pretty sure" it was correct! Sorry about this, mea culpa! Noamz (talk) 11:27, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

"Logic of Unity (LU)"?
Has anyone heard of the "Logic of Unity (LU)" mentioned in the See Also section? The page itself doesn't exist, and you have to search very explicitly unless you enjoy wading through passages like this:

Once it is known that the total dimension of perception - the logic of unity - functions in each and every person, then and only then can the field of comparative thought and philosophy be cleared of all preconceptions and move into a more fruitful exchange of ideas.

Moving on... [Linear Logic as a Framework for Specifying Sequent Calculus] (Miller, Pimentel) references [On the Unity of Logic] (Girard), which brought me to Intuitionistic Logic (e.g. A ≠ !(!A)) and my brain promptly flattened against the back of my skull in terror. The general concept of LU seems simple enough on the surface - any axiomatic systems of logic are compatible as long as the strength of axioms is conserved across the boundaries - but I can't grasp enough to appreciate its novelty, especially with respect to Linear Logic.

Could someone take a look and determine if LU would warrant its own page? (While I'm at it, are "Logic of Unity" and "Unity of Logic" interchangeable? Girard's paper was titled "Equipe de Logique", but I imagine "Logique universelle" contributed to the acronym LU and "Logic of Unity" emerged out of convenience.) Linear logic sounds awfully similar to LU, but the paper I linked clarifies:

In the unified calculus LU that we present in this paper, classical, linear and intuitionistic logics appear as fragments.

Sobeita (talk) 23:15, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

 * In Linear Logic: Its Syntax and Semantics (21), Girard writes
 * LU is little more than a clever reformulation of linear sequent calculus.
 * This inclines me to thinking it probably doesn't need it's own article, but I'd be interested if others felt differently. Shonfeder (talk) 21:32, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Readability
Two comments on the article's present readability: yoyo (talk) 19:17, 22 August 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) Even in the article's lead section, there's so much technicality that it'd be nearly impossible for a non-specialist to grasp why linear logic exists – what it's good for – and how it's different from "everyday" classical logic.
 * 2) When symbols are introduced, it'd be great to tell the reader how to say them.  For example, the top (⊤) and bottom (⊥) symbols are used, but never named.

What does $?Γ$ mean?
It is never explained what the exponential before a context means. DerSpezialist (talk) 09:41, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear logic


text:
Second Military District

The Second Military District of the U.S. Army was one of five temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department that existed in the American South. The district was stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War. It included the territories of North and South Carolina, and acted as the de facto military government of those states while a new civilian government was being re-established. It was headquartered in Charleston, South Carolina. Originally commanded by Major General Daniel Sickles, after his removal by President Andrew Johnson on August 26, 1867, Brigadier General Edward Canby took over command until both states were readmitted in July 1868.

Its successor was the Department of the South.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Second Military District


text:
Category:New Zealand politicians

See also: List of New Zealand politicians and Category:Public office-holders in New Zealand

title: Category:New Zealand politicians


text:
Category:Carbonates

Carbonates are salts, esters, and natural minerals with the carbonate anion (CO32−). They tend to be of a basic pH.

title: Category:Carbonates


text:
General Sibley

General Sibley may refer to:

 * Frederick W. Sibley (1852–1918), U.S. Army brigadier general
 * Henry Hastings Sibley (1811–1891), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general
 * Henry Hopkins Sibley (1816–1886), Confederate States Army brigadier general

title: General Sibley


text:
Bullet Rogan

Charles Wilber Rogan, also known as "Bullet Joe" (July 28, 1893 – March 4, 1967), was an American pitcher, outfielder, and manager for the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro baseball leagues from 1920 to 1938. Renowned as a two-way player who could both hit and pitch successfully, one statistical compilation shows Rogan winning more games than any other pitcher in Negro leagues history and ranking fourth highest in career batting average. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998.

Rogan's early baseball career took place in the U.S. Army, where he played for a famous team in the all-black 25th Infantry. After joining the Kansas City Monarchs, he was the top pitcher and one of the best hitters on a team that won three pennants from 1923 to 1925 and the 1924 Colored World Series. He became a playing manager in 1926 and led his team to another league title in 1929.

"Charleston was everything—but Rogan was more", said William "Big C" Johnson, one of Rogan's Army teammates. "Rogan could do everything, everywhere." "He was the onliest pitcher I ever saw, I ever heard of in my life, was pitching and hitting in the cleanup place", said Satchel Paige. According to Rogan's longtime catcher Frank Duncan, "If you had to choose between Rogan and Paige, you'd pick Rogan, because he could hit. The pitching, you'd as soon have Satchel as Rogan, understand? But Rogan's hitting was so terrific. Get my point?" Casey Stengel called Rogan "one of the best—if not the best—pitcher that ever lived."

Early life
Charles Wilber Rogan was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

After the death of his mother and his father's remarriage in 1908, he moved with his family to Kansas City, Kansas, where he attended Sumner High School. He began his baseball career there in 1911 as a catcher with Fred Palace's Colts, a semipro team composed mostly of teenagers. Also joining the Colts that season was Dick Whitworth, who would, like Rogan, go on to pitch for many years in the Negro leagues.

Friction with his stepmother and unhappiness with the segregated high school he attended led Rogan to drop out of school before graduation and enlist in the Army on October 19, 1911. He lied about his age to do so. This would cause later confusion about Rogan's age, as some records (along with his Hall of Fame plaque) give his birth year as 1889, others as 1893; recent histories, such as Phil Dixon's, conclude that the latter date is correct.

U.S. Army and the 25th Infantry Wreckers
Rogan served in the Philippines during American colonization with the 24th Infantry Regiment, an all-black regiment, for three years. He was honorably discharged in 1914.

Before returning to the United States, Rogan reenlisted, this time with the 25th Infantry, another African American unit, at that time stationed at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. He was specifically recruited to play for the regiment's famous baseball team, known as the "Wreckers." He made his debut with the Wreckers on July 4, 1915.

His Army teammates included a number of later Negro league stars, such as Dobie Moore, Heavy Johnson, Bob Fagan, Lemuel Hawkins, and William "Big C" Johnson. Over the next three seasons, the Wreckers won the Post League championship, the United States Army Series, and the Oahu League. In February 1917 Rogan twice defeated the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League, who were visiting the islands for spring training. On furlough for several months in 1917, Rogan played professionally for the Los Angeles White Sox, the Kansas City, Kansas, Giants, and J. L. Wilkinson's All Nations Club, but returned to the army for three more years.

In August 1918 Rogan and the rest of the 25th Infantry were moved to Camp Stephen D. Little in Nogales, Arizona. Researchers John Holway and James Riley report that in 1919, Casey Stengel played against Rogan in Arizona, and subsequently recommended him to Wilkinson for his new Negro National League team, the Kansas City Monarchs. However, Rogan had already played in the California Winter League and for Wilkinson's All-Nations team in 1917, and had already been noted by African American newspapers as early as 1916.

Professional career
In July 1920, Rogan and Dobie Moore joined the Monarchs. Rogan quickly became the premier pitcher and biggest box-office draw in the young league. By his third season with the Monarchs, 1922, he hit .390, and his 13 home runs were good for second in the league. On August 6, 1923, Rogan combined with teammate and manager José Méndez to pitch a no-hitter against the Milwaukee Bears, Méndez pitching the first five innings and Rogan the last four. That season he hit .364 with a league-leading 16 wins and 151 strikeouts to lead the Monarchs to their first pennant.

In 1924 Rogan hit .395 while compiling an 18–6 record and leading the Monarchs to their second league title. He starred in the first Black World Series, leading the Monarchs with 13 hits and winning two games as Kansas City defeated the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldales. That winter he led the 1924/25 Cuban League with nine victories for the champion Almendares club.

Rogan may have reached his peak in 1925, leading Kansas City to its third straight league championship with a 17–2 record and a .381 batting average. In the playoffs against the St. Louis Stars he hit .450 and won three more games, including one shutout. However, before the World Series rematch with Hilldale, Rogan suffered a knee injury while playing with his young son. Forced to undergo surgery, he missed the series. Without their star, the Monarchs were defeated in six games.

The following season, Rogan took over from José Méndez as manager of the Kansas City Monarchs. In that season's NNL playoffs against the Chicago American Giants, he pitched and lost both games of a series-deciding doubleheader to the younger Bill Foster. As late as 1928 at the age of 34, Bullet Rogan was the best hitter (.358) and arguably the best pitcher (10–2) on the Monarchs. That year he slammed three home runs in a game against the Detroit Stars.

Rogan continued at the Monarchs' helm in 1929 when they won their fourth NNL championship and recorded the best record (62–17) in the history of the league. On April 29, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma, Rogan played for the Monarchs in baseball's first night game. In August he was hospitalized with an undisclosed illness. He remained out of the lineup for more than a year, finally returning on September 28, 1931.

When Wilkinson did not organize a Kansas City Monarchs team for 1932, Rogan joined a white independent team in Jamestown, North Dakota, where he played until August. He batted .315 and went 20–3 as a pitcher before returning to the reorganized Monarchs in September. In the winter of 1933 and 1934, Rogan returned to Hawaii and the Philippines as a member of the Philadelphia Royal Giants, a black all-star team. The Royal Giants toured Japan and China as well. In 1936, at the age of 43, Rogan appeared in the East-West All-Star Game.

Rogan as player and manager
Relatively small (5 foot 7, 160 pounds (72.6 kg)), Rogan was solidly built and strong, with thin legs and a narrow waist but broad shoulders. He threw and batted right-handed, and used an unusually heavy bat. "You saw Ernie Banks hit in his prime, then you saw Rogan", said Buck O'Neil. "He could hit that ball...He was the type of guy that stood a long way from the plate. Not too close, because they'd jam you." According to his longtime teammate Frank Duncan, "Rogan was one of the best low-ball hitters I ever saw, and one of the best curve-ball hitters. Rogan taught Bob and Irish Meusel how to hit curve balls." While not extremely fast, he ran the bases well and stole when necessary.

As a pitcher, Rogan used a no-windup delivery and both overhand and sidearm motions, and relied on an array of curveballs, a spitball, a palmball, a forkball, and the fastball that gave him his nickname. According to the sportswriter A.S. "Doc" Young, "Joe Rogan possessed as much natural ability as Smokey Joe or Satch, but his control was not up to theirs." Frank Duncan, who caught both Paige and Rogan, said, Satchel was easier to catch. He could throw it in a quart cup. But Rogan was all over the plate—high, low, inside, outside. He'd walk five-six men, but he didn't give up many runs. Bullet had a little more steam on the ball than Paige—and he had a better-breaking curve. The batters thought it was a fastball heading for them and they would jump back from the plate and all of a sudden, it would break sharply for a strike. I would rank him with today's best. I have never seen a pitcher like him, and I have caught some of the best pitchers in the business.

Another Monarchs teammate, George Carr, said, Rogan was the greatest pitcher that ever threw a ball. He had not only an arm to pitch with but a head to think with. Rogan was a smart pitcher with a wonderful memory. Once Rogan pitched to a batter, he never forgot that batter's weaknesses and strong points. And don't think Rogan was nicknamed "Bullet" for nothing. That guy had a ball that was almost too fast to catch. He would really burn 'em in there.

As a manager, he was a strict disciplinarian, possibly a result of his military background. Carroll "Dink" Mothell maintained that "Rogan wanted to run the ball club like they did it in the army. He liked to give orders too much, even before he was managing. He used to bawl players out for different things. I could take it, but we had ball players, when he'd get on them, they'd go into a shell, resented it, and didn't give him their best." Another Monarchs pitcher, Chet Brewer, said that "Rogan wasn't the best manager because he was such a great ball player himself. He couldn't teach pitchers much, because he'd say, 'All you have to do is go out and throw the man what I threw'." According to historian Phil Dixon, "In Rogan's first few years as manager he was reluctant to pinch-hit for many of the veterans on his roster because they were his friends." He did not trust younger players, often inserting himself to pitch or pinch-hit for them. He sometimes treated rookies harshly. Eventually Rogan "discarded his distant approach" and became increasingly known for teaching and developing less experienced players.

Personal life
On October 22, 1922, Wilber Rogan married Kathrine McWilliams, a Colorado farm girl. Their son Wilber Rogan, Jr., was born right after the 1924 World Series. Between the 1923 and 1924 seasons, it was reported that Rogan spent the winter writing life insurance. After his retirement as a player, Rogan became an umpire in the Negro American League until 1946, then worked in the post office. He died in Kansas City, Missouri on March 4, 1967, at age 73. The Baseball Hall of Fame first admitted Negro league players in the 1970s, but did not honor Rogan until 1998, 31 years after his death.

California Winter League
Batting

Pitching

Rogan spent five seasons in the integrated California Winter League between 1920 and 1930 against teams of white major and minor leaguers. Rogan's team won the championship every year.

Cuban (Winter) League
Source:

Against all competition
Historian Phil Dixon puts Rogan's lifetime totals against all competition, including semipro and Army teams, at more than 350 games won, 2000 strikeouts, 2500 hits, 350 home runs, and 500 stolen bases.

title: Bullet Rogan


text:
Multi-source

Multi-source, as it applies to downloading data, or files from the internet, is a method of decreasing download time for large files by getting data from two or more sources.

Overview
A program that can handle multi-source downloads will connect to one computer and begin downloading the desired file, then find another computer hosting the same file and begin downloading that file as well. The program controls downloads so that each source file provides separate data and the user does not download the same part of the file twice. The program then builds the file on the downloader's computer much faster than it would if it had to wait for the entire file to be downloaded from a single source.

This works faster because the rate at which the file servers upload is finite and download rates are generally faster than upload rates. Therefore, downloading from a single server would create a bottleneck if the server's upload rate does not equal your maximum download rate. So distributing the download across multiple servers allows you to utilize all of your download rate potential.

Many download managers use the principles of multi-source downloading.

Examples of programs that use Multi-source downloading
ApexDC++ is an example of a program that uses multi-source downloading. The program uses a DC (direct connect) protocol and downloads a large file by dividing it into smaller parts and downloading the smaller parts from different hosts.

title: Multi-source


text:
Talk:Modern dance

Intro
you may have noticed that i am heavly editing this page, i am attempting to make the information more usefull and clear,

expresionism, postmodernism and contemporary dance all have pages now so some information can go there. also the artists involved should have thier own pages clearing up some of the more verbose statments here.

lastly a linking of the artists to show the transmissiom of dance that was not clear in the first version. Ohka- 00:08, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

help
if you know anything about those links that are red please enter some infromation even if it is a stub

thanks Ohka- 22:22, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Modernism template
I've added a template feel free to add new articles to it. Stirling Newberry 00:35, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Modern ballet
I merged this small section from a small article, then had misgivings. I see that they are two different things, but there is much overlap with modern dance. I think that cleaning it up within this article will help, and maybe someone can clarify differneces and similarities. If this section gets developed to a great degree it may eventually deserve its own article. Chris the speller 18:55, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

modern ballet is very differnt to modern dance and belongs in the ballet section, or to have it's own article.

As a dancer myself I can see where you would think putting a ballet section is a good idea considering there are several ballet related techniques in this form of dance. However, I don't think it's needed on this page or it could be blended in elsewhere more towards the beginnings of modern dance as opposed to being disconnected excerpt right at the top. It just seems random and out of placeSaslyn11 (talk) 19:47, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Sasha NurnbergerSaslyn11 (talk) 19:47, 31 January 2012 (UTC) >>> This section is completely inaccurate.

There is already an article on "contemporary ballet", which is relatively well done. A single link would be enough.

David Vaughn

The "postmodern" section is very concise and limited; consider elaborating on the topic, as it is an important subsection and deserves more information. Should anyone want to know information regarding postmodernism, it would be difficult to obtain from what has been provided. Isabelhb (talk) 17:24, 2 February 2017 (UTC) Isabelhb

Section deleted by anonymous user
Is this edit ok? http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_dance&diff=prev&oldid=29228001 --Roland2 17:34, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

^ i agree. Modern ballet needs it's own section Lotrtkdchic 16:43, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Contemporary ballet is, I believe, the appropriate term, and not modern ballet! Contemporary ballet is also a dance form separate from modern dance, and I don't believe anything other than a "See Also" link is necessary here. Also -- there are several mistakes: Martha Graham was a modern dance pioneer, not a contemporary ballet choreographer. Romantic and classical ballet have their slight differences, but not enough to warrant mentioning each of them individually in this case. And contemporary ballet can be very, very beautiful.

I suggest that this section be deleted entirely. Apologies if I sound too abrasive. Emmegan 21:58, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

important omission
I dont see anywhere in the article the rather important concept of "fall and recovery" theory of movement that was especially important to early modernists. is it anywhere else? VanTucky 18:15, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I also feel that, as a modern dancer myself, it is hard to get a feel for exactly what style of dance modern is from reading this article. I would consider adding more of the aesthetics of modern dance (types of movement, music, feel, etc) to compliment the notable dancers' names and general historic information. Isabelhb (talk) 17:29, 2 February 2017 (UTC) Isabelhb

 * The article offers plenty of scope for improvement. If you can spare the time to look up the key facts as you describe, taking care to reference the books or journals that you use, that would be very helpful. Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:32, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

"tanztheater"
''Dance theatre, combining elements of dramatic presentation and dance, may be considered a separate art form. Originally this type of performance was predominantly American, though the term Dance Theatre was adopted by an independent theatre founded in Wuppertal, W.Ger., in the mid-1970s by Pina Bausch.'' from Encyclopædia Britannica --Espoo 23:52, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

== Video examples ==

I tend to spend my time in economics and budget topics, but ran across a couple of excellent videos of what I assume is modern dance. Would a section of video examples be appropriate? I'll leave it up to you who work on this article to decide if such a section would be appropriate. Here is an example:Farcaster (talk) 17:48, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Por Vos Muero - Nacho Duato Choreography - Compania Nacional de Danza

==Wiki Education assignment: 20th-21st Century Art, Performance and Media==

— Assignment last updated by Ceiap (talk) 20:44, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modern dance


text:
Elk River (British Columbia)

The Elk River is a 220 km long river, in the southeastern Kootenay district of the Canadian province of British Columbia. Its drainage basin is 4450 km2 in area. Its mean discharge is approximately 60 m3/s, with a maximum recorded discharge of 818 m3/s. It is a tributary of the Kootenay River, and falls within the basin of the Columbia River.

Course
The Elk River originates from the Elk Lakes near the Continental Divide in the Rocky Mountains. It flows through the Elk Valley in a southwesterly direction, joining the Kootenay River in Lake Koocanusa, just north of the British Columbia-Montana border. Its waters ultimately join the Columbia River and flow towards the Pacific Ocean.

The Elk River runs through the communities of Elkford, Sparwood, Hosmer, Fernie, and Elko.

History
David Thompson travelled along the Elk River in 1811, and called it the Stag River. James Sinclair's second settlement expedition to the Pacific Northwest from the Red River Colony made a difficult crossing from the Kananaskis River valley into the Columbia–Kootenays via the Elk in 1854. The river was labelled Elk River on John Palliser's 1857–58 map and "Stag or Elk River" on Arrowsmith's 1862 map.

Elko Dam
Elko Dam was built by East Kootenay Power Company on the Elk River in 1924. It is a run-of-the-river dam 16 m tall and 66 m long. The powerhouse has two Francis turbines producing 12MW of electricity. It is about 16 km upriver from the Elk's confluence with Lake Koocanusa. It is operated by BC Hydro.

Coal mining impacts
The Elk River Valley is home to five large open-pit coal mines, supplying a third of the world's steel-making coal. For many years increased selenium, phosphate and nitrate levels have been linked to the continued expansion of the mining. Selenium levels continue to exceed the guidelines for human health. The selenium pollution has heavily impacted the cutthroat trout in the river, which suffer from deformation of their gills.

Teck Resources, as the operator of the coal mines that are the source of the selenium pollution, is working to implement selenium management strategies. They operate the West Line Creek Active Water Treatment Plant. British Columbia provincial officials agreed to involve to International Joint Commission in 2024. While tribes in the U.S. and Canada have long desired this, BC officials have previously resisted commission involvement.

Fishing
The fishing in the Elk River is known to be some of the best fly-fishing in North America, with large, wild cutthroat and bull trout.

Tributaries

 * Fording River
 * Michel Creek
 * Coal Creek
 * Lizard Creek
 * Wigwam River

title: Elk River (British Columbia)


text:
Getting Along Famously

Getting Along Famously is a Canadian sitcom which aired on CBC Television in 2006.

Set in the early 1960s, Getting Along Famously starred real-life couple Colin Mochrie and Debra McGrath as the hosts of a television variety show. Supporting cast members included Robin Duke, Bob Martin, Paul O'Sullivan, Ed Sahely and Patrick McKenna.

The pilot episode, Saving Ruby's Ass, aired January 10, 2005. It was one of three sitcom pilots aired by the CBC, along with Walter Ego and Hatching, Matching and Dispatching, as a viewer response poll. Pilots that polled favourably were developed into full series. The CBC previously employed this strategy with the shows Rideau Hall and An American in Canada.

The series was cancelled in June 2006 and released on DVD in October 2006.

title: Getting Along Famously


text:
Talk:Imaginary unit

j
I have a masters degree in electronic engineering; when performing calculations using complex numbers we use the letter j to represent the square root of minus one as i is already reserved for use when handling electric current.

I have tried to add this to the Wikipedia article several times in different parts of the article but it keeps being deleted.

Please explain why? 2A02:C7C:6A71:C100:19F5:FA75:1F7C:7685 (talk) 09:41, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * It's already mentioned in the last paragraph of the introduction. Mind  matrix  12:58, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

American vs. British spelling.
I'd say that "labeled" is American and "labelled" is British. Some random web page agrees with me. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 22:14, 14 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes. As far as I can see the only relevant effect of that is to increase the justification for the reverting of a WP:ENGVAR violation, which must be what you have in mind. JBW (talk | contribs) 08:38, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * On this talk page, should we tag the version of English to be used via {{American English}} or {{British English}}? I don't care which, so long as we pick one.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 17:08, 15 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Consistent with using "labelled" instead of "labeled", I am assuming that we are using standard British spelling for this article. I have changed "generalize" to "generalise". I have marked this talk page with {{British English}}.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:33, 17 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Feel free to normalize (normalise?) to British spelling. I don't think most wiki authors notice or really care either way. I would expect American spellings to sneak back in over time, since wiki authors typically just spell words the way they are used to and don't know how to spell them by a different regional variant, but you or someone else is welcome to come back through and change those again. –jacobolus (t) 16:01, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Dead link
The first footnote links to a textbook on archive.org which is no longer available. --Rpresser 00:09, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Replaced with Circuit Theory link where j is used as imaginary unit. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:49, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Same Articles
What is the difference between imaginary number and imaginary unit? of Wikipedia The name of another article is imaginary number. Aren't these two articles about the same thing? The most logical thing to do is to merge the articles (or delete one of them). Bera678 (talk) 16:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * You already started another conversation about this at . Let's keep answers over there. –jacobolus (t) 17:29, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Note about how I made a certain edit to the article - By Charles Ewan Milner
I did the edit of the "Imaginary unit" article https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaginary_unit&oldid=1191290048.

- Charles Ewan Milner — Preceding unsigned comment added by Charles Ewan Milner (talk • contribs) 17:06, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

 * See my question on your user talk page: User talk:Charles Ewan Milner. - DVdm (talk) 18:28, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Powers of i
Powers of i come after a few things in the properties section. But shouldn't this be at the top? Aren't the powers of i the most important among these? Bera678 (talk) 16:27, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Not exactly what you were indicating, but I agree in part and boldly made an edit. What do you think?  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 17:11, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * With edits after mine we've lost that, with cube roots, the polar forms are computed as $exp(πi/2⁄3)$, $exp(2πi+πi/2⁄3)$, and $exp(4πi+πi/2⁄3)$. Instead we jump straight to $exp(πi⁄6)$,  $exp(5πi⁄6)$, and  $exp(−πi⁄2)$.  Might we restore the former?  I think it strongly hints at how the reader could handle (integer) $n$-th roots generally. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 18:22, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * And even with square roots, I'd like to see these kinds of hints for computing the polar forms. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 18:27, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The previous version wasted a lot of space. Maybe instead we can put a general expression for nth roots. –jacobolus (t) 18:27, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If you'd like to do that ... thanks! — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 18:29, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thats good but i think the old roots part is more simple for readers. Bera678 (talk) 18:29, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia isn't supposed to be a general how-to. We should try to be accessible, but we don't need to go way out of our way to present every step of demonstrating every bit of reference trivia. When we do that, the articles tend become bloated and unfocused. –jacobolus (t) 18:41, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you think it makes sense to add a link to the 'exp' function in this section? Bera678 (talk) 08:05, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Arithmetic
Although somewhat trivial, addition, subtraction (of imaginary units or imaginary units with real numbers), and scalar multiplication (of an imaginary unit by a real number) are not covered in this article. Should they be?—Anita5192 (talk) 17:56, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, a brief mention sounds right to me. Please give it a go.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 18:09, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe. Bera678 (talk) 18:32, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I took it out, and replaced it with material more specifically relevant to i per se. We should not be rehashing the entire article complex number here. –jacobolus (t) 19:28, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Order of factors
I am used to seeing terms like $2πni$; that is the real number is first, then mathematical constants, then variables, and then the imaginary $i$. (Well, if any of those factors is itself more complicated than a single letter then that can change the ordering ... but ignoring that for now.) But, we don't seem to be using that, at least not consistently. If we go for a consistent order, what order would you like to see? For example, do you like $πi$ or $iπ$? $2πi$ or $2iπ$? $2πni$ or $2πin$ or ...? — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 19:16, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The $πi$ ordering seems more common in calculus, but I seem to remember $jπ$ being more common in digital signal processing. For example, $j2πk$.—Anita5192 (talk) 19:19, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It really doesn't matter, both are widespread. We should try to be somewhat consistent within an article, but if sometimes one order or another seems clearer, we shouldn't hesitate to swap the order. It's not too hard for readers to figure out these mean the same. –jacobolus (t) 19:27, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Section on other operations
In the section "Other operations", I liked having the short list of operations that remain (single-valued) functions when $i$ is used. Finding an example there reassures the reader that these particular examples do not fall into the other category, "many functions involving $i$ are complex multi-valued functions". — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 22:18, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * These just don't seem that relevant to the quantity $i$ per se. This article was (and somewhat still is) a random grab bag of trivia, describing what happens when you apply whatever arbitrary function to the value $i$. But most of these examples are not really very interesting or useful, the input $i$ is not special in any way for these functions, the source given is some list of digits at the OEIS (a resource whose primary purpose is to be a database of miscellaneous numerical trivia, which persists because querying such a database can help make connections meaningful to research questions). This Wikipedia article is supposed to have a different purpose: explaining to the reader what the imaginary unit is, why it is important, how it is used in practice, and how it relates to other ideas. Telling the value of every special function at the input i does not really help with any of those goals. –jacobolus (t) 22:49, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Picture

In the picture, the representation of the imaginary number on the number line is given. Don't you think it would be better to focus this picture directly on the imaginary number? For example, we can put the letter 'i'(as in math template). Bera678 (talk) 18:41, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Which figure? What in the figure are you referring to?—Anita5192 (talk) 18:56, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Imaginary unit(i) Bera678 (talk) 16:37, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This does not answer my questions. Which figure?  What specifically in the figure?—Anita5192 (talk) 16:52, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I am assuming they mean the figure from the top of the article, File:ImaginaryUnit5.svg, which I have also added as a thumbnail above, with the caption currently in the article. –jacobolus (t) 17:17, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see how the picture fails to "focus directly on the imaginary number". I clearly see the letter i. - DVdm (talk) 19:49, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Like this picture, letter on the left. Bera678 (talk) 16:10, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Seeing how the article goes to great lengths not to see the imaginary unit as √-1, this would be very counter-productive. Please read Imaginary unit, which is the only place where √-1 is used, and why that is bad practice. - DVdm (talk) 16:18, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sqrt(-1), just the letter i, symbol of imaginary unit. Bera678 (talk) 16:21, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Why did you show this picture then? If you are referring to the the letter i in that picture, that one is already in the current article's image. See top middle of the image here on this page, clearly showing "+i" - DVdm (talk) 16:46, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think just 'i' is more better than this. Bera678 (talk) 18:25, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I think that having both +i and -i in the image is better. - DVdm (talk) 18:29, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * OK Bera678 (talk) 18:30, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Another possible image we could use (either in the lead or later on) is some kind of graphical representation of a quarter-turn rotation in the plane. –jacobolus (t) 17:17, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Grassmann-Hestenes unit
The reference "Grassmann’s Vision" by Hestenes says, "the imaginary unit i must be interpreted as the unit bivector for the plane containing a and b, something Grassmann never realized." Given that this subsection put forward to motivate use of the imaginary unit relies on Hestenes speculation and links to Geometric algebra and Bivectors for foundation, it is unsupported mathematically. Remarks are invited concerning this subsection motivating imaginary units. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:58, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've made the footnote more precise: "The interpretation of the imaginary unit as the ratio of two perpendicular vectors was first proposed by Hermann Grassmann in the foreword to his Ausdehnungslehre of 1844; later William Clifford realized that this ratio could be interpreted as a bivector." –jacobolus (t) 02:21, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This one might still be a bit misleading, insofar as several previous authors over the previous half century proposed geometrical interpretations of complex numbers. I'll think about how to give a couple-sentence summary that is accurate but not too confusing. –jacobolus (t) 03:51, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

The notion of a ratio of directed line segments was taken by W.R. Hamilton as the foundation of his quaternion algebra (Lectures on Quaternions, page 110) where he connects the subject with astronomy (orbit of a comet). In the preface to the Lectures there is a description of his conception of complex numbers as couples (x,y) where the imaginary unit is (0,1) and a rule of multiplication is given (see Preface, page 10). Since complex numbers were already in wide use in 1853, the preface reviews several authors' approaches to foundations of complex numbers. At page 60 of the preface, the ratio of vectors is previewed. Lloyd Kannenberg has translated Grassmann into English. Can support for the Grassmann-Hestenes unit be found there? Hamilton (1853) mentions Grassmann (1844) only once in a footnote. — Rgdboer (talk) 23:20, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It's page 14–15 here: https://archive.org/details/newbranchofmathe0000gras/page/14/ –jacobolus (t) 02:25, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

The square root of -1 is represented with the Imaginary unit
It should be mentioned in the article that $$\sqrt{-1} = i$$

It is common sense to include this. 176.10.136.252 (talk) 13:48, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Would you say more explicitly what you are looking for? When $x ≥ 0$ it is easy to define a single, principal square root $\sqrt x$ — the one that is non-negative — but for negative and non-real values of $x$, there are two hard-to-prioritize square roots.  For $x = −1$, the two square roots are $+i$ and $−i$.  Should we write them both?  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 13:56, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This notation is discussed in the section Imaginary_unit. --JBL (talk) 17:49, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
 * As pointed out in preceding reply by user JBL, the (very good) reason why this is not included the way you have in mind, is well documented in the article. - DVdm (talk) 18:09, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imaginary unit


text:
List of people from Las Vegas

This is an incomplete list of notable natives and residents of the Las Vegas metropolitan area, which includes Las Vegas, Nevada. Natives are individuals born in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Non-natives are people who play or played a notable role in the history of Las Vegas or the Las Vegas metropolitan area while residing in the city.

title: List of people from Las Vegas


text:
Richard Arenstorf

Richard F. Arenstorf (November 7, 1929 – September 18, 2014) was an American mathematician. He discovered a stable orbit between the Earth and the Moon, called an Arenstorf Orbit. It was the basis of the orbit used by the Apollo Program for going to the Moon.

Arenstorf received his Ph.D. from the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in 1956.

Arenstorf orbit
At the time when the United States was attempting to go to the Moon, no solution was known for orbiting regularly around two objects, such as a spacecraft traveling between the Earth and the Moon. This is a special case of the three-body problem, for which a general analytical solution is not known. However, the case of an Earth-Moon satellite can be simplified to four interactions (from the usual 6), because although the three objects gravitationally pull on each other, the effect of the spacecraft's gravity upon the motion of the vastly more massive Earth and Moon is negligible.

Arenstorf found a stable orbit for a spacecraft orbiting between the Earth and Moon, shaped like an "8" with the Earth or Moon located inside the loops of the "8". For a permanent presence on the Moon, it would be the path of what Arenstorf calls a "Space Bus", a ferry that could periodically transport supplies and people between the Earth and Moon without directly expending fuel. By staying on the Arenstorf orbit, lunar astronauts could efficiently return to Earth. Before leaving NASA after the first Moon landing, Arenstorf mapped out an emergency rescue orbit. This orbit was used in the Apollo 13 incident, in which a catastrophic malfunction aborted the Moon landing, but the astronauts ultimately returned to Earth without a major course adjustment.

Professor
After leaving NASA, Arenstorf became a professor of mathematics at Vanderbilt University, where he specialized in celestial mechanics and analytic number theory. One of his specialties in number theory was the properties of the Riemann zeta function, which allows generalizations to be made about the nature of prime numbers.

Recognition
Arenstorf's portrait is found among Johannes Kepler's and Isaac Newton's in the "Museum" beginning the book Foundations of Mechanics by Ralph Abraham.

Arenstorf received the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal in 1966.

Popular culture
In the movie Apollo 13, a sketch of the Arenstorf orbit is drawn on a chalkboard and referred to throughout the movie to mark the progress and dangers of the imperiled astronauts.

Death
He died of heart failure on September 18, 2014, in Nashville, Tennessee.

title: Richard Arenstorf


text:
Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award

The Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award is a lifetime honor presented annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers Association (SFWA) to a living writer of fantasy or science fiction. It was first awarded in 1975, to Robert Heinlein. In 2002, it was renamed after Damon Knight, the founder of SFWA, who had died that year.

The presentation is made at the annual SFWA Nebula Awards banquet, commonly during May, but it is not one of the Nebulas, which recognize the preceding calendar year's works and are selected by vote of all Association members. SFWA officers and past presidents alone submit Grand Master nominations and the final selection must be approved by a majority of that group. The recipient is announced in advance, commonly during the preceding calendar year.

From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also gave some writers the title of Author Emeritus. In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. The first recipient of the Infinity Award was Octavia E. Butler.

History
The first Grand Master, Robert Heinlein, was named in 1975. The Grand Master Award was originally limited to six recipients per decade; six were presented in the ten years to 1984 and twelve in the twenty years to 1994. From 1995, the award has been conferred annually, with the exception of 2002 and 2011. Andre Norton was the first woman to receive the award, in 1984. As of 2024, Nalo Hopkinson is the youngest person to have received the award; she was aged 59.

From 1995 to 2010, SFWA also awarded the title of Author Emeritus "as a way to recognize and appreciate senior writers in the genres of science fiction and fantasy who have made significant contributions to our field but who are no longer active or whose excellent work may no longer be as widely known as it once was." Recipients were invited to speak at the annual Nebula Awards banquet. Fourteen honorees were named in the sixteen years the award was given. As of 2024, there has been no overlap between Grand Masters and Authors Emeritus. The award's status as a consolation prize was a matter of controversy, and by October 2013 the Author Emeritus webpage had been removed by SFWA.

Grand Masters
As of 2024, 40 Grand Masters have been created. The list below shows the year of the award ceremonies for each respective recipient. Awards are announced in advance of the ceremony, sometimes in the preceding year.

Infinity Award
In 2023, SFWA announced the creation of the Infinity Award, which posthumously honors creators who died before they could be considered for the Grand Master Award. SFWA President Jeffe Kennedy said, "Over the years, so many creators have been passed over for the Grand Master nod, for one reason or another. Some died tragically early. Others were not recognized for their work during their lifetimes because of cultural prejudices and blind spots."

Anthologies
In 1989, the anthology Grand Masters' Choice was published, edited by Andre Norton and Ingrid Zierhut. Three more anthologies honoring recipients of the Grand Master Award and collecting some of their short works have been published: The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 1 (1999), The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 2 (2000), and The SFWA Grand Masters, Volume 3 (2001), all edited by Frederik Pohl. Collectively, they honor the first fifteen recipients of the award.


text:
Ho, Ghana

Ho is the capital city of the Ho Municipal District and the Volta Region of Ghana. The city lies between Mount Adaklu and Mount Galenukui or Togo Atakora Range, and is home to the Volta Regional Museum, a cathedral, and a prison. The city is the capital of unrecognised Western Togoland. It was formerly the administrative capital of British Togoland now part of the Volta Region. The population of Ho Municipality according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census is 177,281 representing 8.4 percent of the region's total population. Females constitute 52.7 percent and males represent 47.3 percent. The population in Ho grew up to 180,420 National Population Census. About 62 percent of the population resides in urban localities. The Municipality shares boundaries with Adaklu and Agotime-Ziope Districts to the South, Ho West District to the North and West and the Republic of Togo to the East (see Figure 1.1). Its total land area is 2,361 square kilometers (912 sq mi) thus representing 11.5 percent of the region's total land area.

History
Ho was a part of the German colony of Togoland until World War I, when it was occupied by the British. Ho later became the capital of the League of Nations mandate of British Togoland until that entity's incorporation into the British Gold Coast colony, which subsequently became Ghana. The town was initially inhabited by the people of Hegbe (now Heve), followed by the people of Banakoe (now corrupted to Bankoe). These two groups lived alongside each other with individual chiefdoms. The first known chief of the Bankoe people was Afede Asor I, known in his private life as Akorli. The chief of Heve was Anikpi I, who was known in his private life as Amexo Doh (Adzah Doh). The Ahoe and Dome joined the settlement at a later stage but came to play leading roles in its development. The people of Dome(of Akan origin) became the ruling class until the emergence of modern-day chieftaincy which they ceded to the Bankoe people. The people of Hliha are a sub-group of Bankoe.

Areas
Areas within Ho include Ho Bankoe, Ho Dome, Ho Heve, Ho Hliha, Ho Ahoe, Ho Fiave, Anlokordzi, Anagokordzi, Little Bethlehem, Voradep Village, Barracks new town, Somey Down, Lokoe, Godokpoe, Housing, Ssnit Flats, Awatidome, Dave, Hoƒedo, Mawuli Estate, Powerhouse, Ho Kpevele, Donorkordzi and the Executive Gardens.

Surrounding towns and villages
Ho is surrounded by Ziavi, Klefe, Shia, Tokokoe, Taviefe, Atikpui, Nyive, Hodzo, Tanyigbe, Akrofu, Hoviepe, Akoepe, Kpenoe, Sokode and Juapong.

Climate
Generally, the mean monthly temperature in the municipality ranges between 22.0 and 32.0 °C while observed temperatures range from 16.5 to 37.8 °C. Temperatures are generally high throughout the year which is good for crop farming.

The rainfall pattern in Ho is characterized by two rainy seasons referred to as the major and the minor seasons. The major season begins from March to June while the minor season is from July to November.

Attractions
The traditional festival in Ho is the Asogli Yam Festival, which is celebrated around September of every year. Ho has a lively and huge open market that attracts people from all over the Volta Region and migrants from Togo. There are numerous churches in the Ho municipality, including the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ho. The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ghana has its headquarters in Ho. The church is predominantly in the Volta Region, the capital of which is Ho. The University of Health and Allied Sciences which was established in 2015 is located in Ho.

Sports
Ho Sports Stadium is also located in the town.

Transport
In central parts of Ho, the roads are paved, the roads outside are not. An airport was completed in 2017 to serve Ho, although the airport was not opened to commercial traffic until 2021.

Healthcare
The town is home to three hospitals, including the Ho Teaching Hospital, inaugurated in the year 2019, Ho Municipal Hospital as major hospitals serving cities in the environs. There are also numerous clinics that serve the town.

Education
There are many private and public basic schools in Ho. A list of tertiary institutions in Ho follows:

Ho currently has one of the best innovation hubs in Ghana. Node Eight is a digital innovation hub that invests in young African innovators and startups building the future. Over the past few years, Node Eight Hub through the help of partnership program has been able to develop a couple of resources.

Tertiary institutions

 * University of Health and Allied Sciences
 * Ho Technical University, formally Ho Polytechnic
 * Ghana Technology University College,
 * Princefield University College
 * Evangelical Presbyterian University College
 * Ho Nurses Training Schools (Community Health & RGN)
 * DataLink Institute, Ho
 * Gcom Institute of Science and Technology

Secondary education

 * Mawuli School
 * EPC Mawuko Girls Senior High School
 * OLA Girls' Senior High School
 * Sacred Heart Senior High School
 * Sonrise Christian High School
 * St. Prosper's college
 * Wallahs Academy
 * Holy Spirit College of Education

title: Ho, Ghana


text:
List of fictional radio stations

This is a list of notable fictional radio stations. At least eleven different TV shows have used a radio station as a setting.

According to Michael Hawk of Real TV Addict, the top five fictional stations on (American) television are WKRP, WNYX, KBHR, WENN, and KACL.

United States

 * Bounce FM - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * CSR 103.9 - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * GNR – In the videogame Fallout 3, this is the Washington, D.C. station where Three Dog talked about the wastes and hosts a one-man radio show, Galaxy News Radio.
 * KAB/1340-Antonio Bay, California. Radio station housed in a lighthouse in The Fog.
 * KACL 780 AM – is the radio station in Seattle which is the setting for Frasier. It was named after creators, Angell, Casey and Lee plus the standard letter K for stations located west of the Mississippi. Its format is talk radio and briefly was a salsa station.  Several other fictional radio stations, KPXY, KQZY, KJSB, KAZW and KTLK are also mentioned or featured in the show. In 1997 an actual FM station in Bismarck, North Dakota signed on with the KACL call letters.
 * KBAL/1200: a religious radio station transmitting from Mount Zaphon in AM1200 (film).
 * KBAL – SportsTalk radio station where Ryan King is a personality on the NBC sitcom, Go On. While an exact location isn't explicitly listed, its alluded to be somewhere in the southern California region.
 * KBBL and KBBL-FM (AM 970, FM 102.5) – radio stations in The Simpsons. The letters of the call-sign suggest babble and the Tower of Babel. Nominal competitors are KJAZZ-FM and KFSL – Fossil 103 (there is a real KFSL-LP in Fossil, Oregon) KUDD Radio is a commercial radio station located in the town of Weevilville in Spittle County.  KUDD's broadcast area includes Springfield. There is actually a real-life station with the KUDD call letters in Salt Lake City, Utah on 105.1 FM, with a Top 40 format, named "Mix 105.1"
 * KBHR 570 AM: from Northern Exposure, it is the local station of fictional town Cicely, Alaska.
 * K-DST - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * KFLH: a radio station (FM 95.6) based in San Francisco, featured in several episodes of Full House as an employer of two of the main characters, Jesse and Joey, and features the radio talk show Rush Hour Renegades.
 * KGAB: Dallas, Texas – KGAB is a real radio station in Cheyenne, Wyoming, but the call sign was used in the movie Talk Radio. The movie was made in 1988 and as KGAB's current call sign only dates back to 1997; it is unknown if the call letters was taken as a result of the movie.
 * K-JAH West - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * KJCH Based in San Francisco, featured on Charmed ("The Devil's Music").
 * KJCM/98.3: San Francisco talk radio station which aired "Jack Killian, The Nighthawk" on Midnight Caller.
 * KLKB - Salt Lake City, Utah featured on Resident Evil: Extinction
 * KLOG-AM-FM: A 1976 SNL sketch in which Dan Aykroyd plays a DJ who juggles simultaneous shows on a screaming AM and a mellow underground FM. The only location referenced is the vague "Summit."
 * KLOW – Portland, Oregon station where Larry Alder worked on the sitcom Hello, Larry.
 * KODY and KYDS – from the Adventures in Odyssey.
 * KQSF (108.6 FM) Based in San Francisco, featured on Charmed ("Valhalley of Dolls").
 * K-Rose - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * KSAD – Los Angeles, heard in Naked Gun $33 1/3$: The Final Insult. Its slogan is, "All depressing, all the time".
 * KSND – Sandcastle, California, heard in the Scary Story Time podcast based in the fictional town of Sandcastle. Its slogan is, "KSND the Sound of the Sea".
 * KUKU - Setting for the 1930s NBC Blue Network musical variety series The Cuckoo Hour.
 * KUKU - Portland, Oregon station that is the focus of Of Mikes and Men by Evelyn Sibley Lampman (as Jane Woodfin) about the early days of radio in the 1920s.
 * KZUK — An unnamed town in the midwest found in the book Beautiful Music For Ugly Children by Kirstin Cronn-Mills under a radio station by the same name as the book.
 * Master Sounds 98.3 - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * Playback FM - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 *  Q-SKY, a Los Angeles rock station featured in the 1978 movie FM.
 * Radio Los Santos - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto V and Sakura School Simulator (GTA SA only)
 * Radio X - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * SF-UR - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Sakura School Simulator
 * W Balls 187.4, featured on the 1993 Snoop Dogg album Doggystyle and the 1994 Death Row Records soundtrack album Murder Was the Case.
 * WAXX: A radio station, at or around 1500 kHz, that airs a top 40 format and serves as continuity for the musical Grease. (In the film version, it carries the call sign KZAZ.) Vince Fontaine, one of the characters in the musical, is a disc jockey at the station.
 * WBLZ: a Detroit rhythm & blues station catering to a black audience which unknowingly hires a white disc jockey. It was the setting of the 1992-93 TV show “Rhythm & Blues”.
 * WBUJ - Barden University's station in the movie Pitch Perfect.
 * WCTR - from Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto V and Sakura School Simulator (GTA SA only)
 * WENN: set in Pittsburgh, an old-time radio station that was the focus of the Emmy award-winning television series Remember WENN.
 * WEZY – Mississippi radio station where the "Soggy Bottom Boys" record "Man of Constant Sorrow" in O Brother, Where Art Thou?
 * WHOGG – Hazzard County's only radio station on The Dukes of Hazzard.
 * WJAZ – mentioned in the Donald Fagen song The Nightfly, describing "an independent station with jazz and conversation from the foot of Mount Belzoni".
 * WJBB – Cleveland, Ohio, Hot in Cleveland
 * WKDK – Boston, Massachusetts, "the Thought of Boston" has talk host Jimmy Winston who interviews detective Spenser about the Red Rose killer in Robert B. Parker's novel Crimson Joy.
 * WKRP—Cincinnati, Ohio, WKRP in Cincinnati and The New WKRP in Cincinnati TV shows (formerly easy listening, turned into rock and Top 40 for both series). The show was considered revolutionary for its use of music for the fictional station. WKRP's rival is WPIG, whose mascot was a pig (and which is not to be confused with the real WPIG). In 2015 an actual FM station, WKRP-LP, began broadcasting in Raleigh, North Carolina.
 * WLT – Minneapolis, Minnesota, setting for the Garrison Keillor novel WLT: A Radio Romance. Call sign derived from the slogan "With Lettuce and Tomato".
 * WNYX 585 AM – AM news station in New York City from NewsRadio. The entire series takes place in, about and around the goings on at the station. Other stations mentioned in the show are WRMH, WYXP, and WXYP.
 * WOLD – of Boise, Idaho, from the song "W·O·L·D" by Harry Chapin.
 * WORD (A.K.A Ant's Radio Station) – WordWorld
 * WPIG 95.7 – unrelated to WPIG Cincinnati. Rock station set in Aurora, Illinois in the movie Wayne's World 2. Partially based on a real-life country music station with the same call sign and frequency in Olean, New York.
 * WQHG 97.1 Quahog, Rhode Island. Featured in several episodes of the television show Family Guy. Main characters Brian and Stewie host a show on the station in one episode. The station is known for its show "Weenie and the Butt", which is a reoccurring gag regarding shock radio shows.
 * WQRY 88.1 – Campus Radio – college-based (after the owner of the station donated it to the Rockland University) radio station in the fictional town of Grandview, New York, from the season 5 episode Dead Air of Ghost Whisperer. WQRY Campus Radio 88.1 featured the show "Drivin' with DJ Dean Olson", that unintentionally caused a deadly accident when a prank call went wrong.
 * WREQ: from Homefront, it is the local station of fictional town River Run, Ohio. WREQ was also the callsign of a competing station which offered Venus Flytrap a job in WKRP in Cincinnati. Additionally, WREQ features as a local station in the unnamed city that provides the setting for Hill Street Blues.
 * WTNV – of Welcome to Night Vale.
 * WUSA – is the setting of the film of the same name, which depicts it as a talk radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana.
 * WYBS 88.3 – from Under the Dome, is a radio station in the small town of Chester's Mill.
 * WZAZ - Chicago station in the movie Airplane! "where disco lives forever!", whose building-mounted antenna is knocked over by a passing passenger jet. Call letters are derived from the last names of directors David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker.
 * WZAZ - in an episode of the TV show The Odd Couple, "The New Car", in which Dick Clark has a cameo as a DJ.
 * WZAZ - A station on 88.4 FM in the 1974 movie The Longest Yard.
 * WZPZ - a fictional rock and roll radio station heard on a radio (notably playing David Bowie in the "Wilderness Survival Badge" scene) in the Amazon Studios movie Troop Zero. WZPZ was also used in House of Cards as a Pittsburgh-based radio station through which Congressman and gubernatorial election candidate Peter Russo attended an interview drunk within weeks from the gubernatorial elections. The call letters are also seen in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episode "What The Hey?"
 * Z93 - Daria
 * WZPZ - a fictional rock and roll radio station heard on a radio (notably playing David Bowie in the "Wilderness Survival Badge" scene) in the Amazon Studios movie Troop Zero. WZPZ was also used in House of Cards as a Pittsburgh-based radio station through which Congressman and gubernatorial election candidate Peter Russo attended an interview drunk within weeks from the gubernatorial elections. The call letters are also seen in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episode "What The Hey?"
 * Z93 - Daria

Saints Row video game series feature a large number of in-game radio stations.

Canada

 * CFRZ-AM 660, Mercy, Saskatchewan – A fictional radio station in the show "Little Mosque on the Prairie."
 * CIBJ-FM – a fictional campus radio station set in Toronto, Ontario from Drop the Beat, a spin-off of Straight Up.
 * QWRP – from the fictional town of Nsburg, featured in the Qwerpline sketch series by Canadian comedy troupe LoadingReadyRun.
 * Radio Free Roscoe – a fictional pirate radio station created by four teen characters in the show of the same name.
 * Radio Enfer – in the show of the same name, a high school radio station.

United Kingdom

 * Crucial FM – a fictional pirate radio station on the Lenny Henry comedy TV series on BBC 1.
 * Forever FM – a fictional commercial radio station in Peter Kay's Car Share.
 * Kurupt FM (108.9) – a fictional pirate radio station in People Just Do Nothing.
 * Kold FM (107.9) – a fictional pirate radio station in People Just Do Nothing.
 * Radio Active – from the radio series of the same name. (There is a real Radio Active in Wellington, New Zealand)
 * Radio Fab FM – the setting for the Smashie and Nicey sketches in Harry Enfield's Television Programme.
 * Radio Norwich, North Norfolk Digital & Shape – I'm Alan Partridge
 * Radio Rock – pirate rock-and-roll radio station broadcast from an offshore boat; from the movie The Boat That Rocked (known as Pirate Radio in the United States)
 * Radio Roo – a fictional radio station featured in the children's program of the same name.
 * Radio Shuttleworth – from the radio series of the same name.
 * Radio West – workplace of the TV detective Shoestring.
 * The Jolly Roger – A pirate radio station in a 1966 episode of Danger Man with Patrick McGoohan (called Secret Agent in the United States)
 * Waller FM – A comedy sketch podcast produced by David Firth based around the fictitious radio station.
 * Wizarding Wireless Network – Harry Potter films and novels.
 * Dover Radio – featured in the BBC TV series Missing set around in a busy under-resourced missing persons unit.

Australia

 * PirateNet is a school-based community radio station which first appeared in Neighbours in 2009. Later that year, British singer Lily Allen made a cameo appearance at the radio station.

Netherlands

 * Radio Bergeijk is a Dutch satirical radio programme of which Peer van Eersel and Toon Spoorenberg are the anchormen. They are played by the comedians George van Houts and Pieter Bouwman respectively. The first episode was broadcast on April 3, 2001, from 00:44 to 01:00. From then on, a new episode could be heard every weekday. In January 2004 the programming of the Dutch radio changed dramatically and Radio Bergeijk was forced to broadcast just every Saturday from 13:30 to 14:00 on Radio 1.
 * Radio Fiets is a Dutch fictional radio station created in 1999. They are active on social media and on their own website. In 2012 they posted 10 tips to ride your bicycle through snow.

Extraterrestrial

 * LIVE 34 – Earth Colony 34 news station in the Doctor Who audio drama of the same name.

Japan

 * FM No. 10 – Sailor Moon ("Talk Radio") and Sailor Moon Sailor Stars ("Duty or Friendship: Conflict Between the Sailor Guardians")
 * Morioh Cho Radio-Jojo's Bizarre Adventure - Diamond Is Unbreakable ("Music Radio")
 * MRS (Mount Moiwa Radio Station, FM 82.6) – a fictional FM radio station in Mount Moiwa, Sapporo, Hokkaido from Wave, Listen to Me! ("Talk Radio")

France

 * WDPK 83.7 FM – a fictional FM radio station that in the song of the same name on the Daft Punk album Homework.

Spain

 * Alfa Radio – In Médico de familia, Alicia hosts a late-night program on this station for some time.
 * Onda España – The primary setting of television series Reyes de la noche; the show revolves around the station trying to keep its sports show Tiempo de descuento afloat after its host leaves.
 * Onda Futura – The primary setting of television series Fenómenos, which revolves around the crew of a show about paranormal phenomena that airs on the station.
 * Radio 9 – A rival to Onda España in Reyes de la noche; star sports host Paco Maldonado leaving Onda España for Radio 9 sets off the show's main plot.

title: List of fictional radio stations


text:
Talk:Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough

Compliment
This is one of the most well written, well linked (internally only) articles I've seen on Wikipedia. Congratulations to the author(s). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 00:18, 2 June 2004 UTC (talk • contribs) 141.168.104.19

Anglo-Irish
Why, in the first sentence, do we call him "Anglo-Irish" when we write that he was born and raised in England and cite no sources for this statement ? BushelCandle (talk) 05:37, 26 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't know; it was added by Mabelina, who makes all sorts of inexplicable edits. It should probably just go back to "British". -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  16:58, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

Croix de Chevalier
A remark was made at my talk about the information on Bessborough's Croix de Chevalier being incorrect, it not being a decoration. The source lists the honour for Bessborough under the heading 'Decorations and Medals presented by the President of the French Republic'. I hope no one is going to start arguing the Gazette is wrong. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  23:44, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

 * My understanding is the Croix de Chevalier (one l) is a rank of the Legion d'Honneur, so it is perfectly acceptable to list his awards as "Croix de Chevalier, Legion d'Honneur" in the same way as we say "Member, Third Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna". The "Croix de Chevalier" portion equals the "Member, Third Class with Swords" portion. Rather like being a "Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire" or an "Officer of the Order of the British Empire". I would go so far as to suggest that it is actually necessary to stipulate which rank of the Legion an individual has joined, so I support the inclusion of "Croix de Chevalier" as it is listed at the moment. Frinton100 (talk) 23:58, 27 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yet, the article on the Legion of Honour doesn't include "Croix de Chevalier" anywhere except in an image caption and there it says "Notice of posthumous award [emphasis mine] of the 'Croix de Chevalier' to lieutenant Tessier." Also, we have to rely on sources and the only one we have, so far, designates the Croix de Chevalier as a decoration (or medal). Orders can have medals/decorations. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  00:02, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Isn't it just the rank of "Chevalier"? A "Chevalier" is given the "Croix de Chevalier"? Frinton100 (talk) 00:06, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * The french wikipedia article is a bit more helpful here - Frinton100 (talk) 00:10, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * To be honest, French orders are not something I'm knowledgeable about. I was merely going by the source. But, I find it difficult to believe the Gazette is incorrect; it misplaced the honour under the wrong header. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  00:17, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I think the way User:Mabelina has added this in the text "appointed Chevalier of the Legion of Honour (France)" is perfectly acceptable; as is the way it is listed as "Croix de..." in his list of awards, so I'd suggest leaving both. It goes without saying that I do not support the hyphenation of GG, or the over-linking which I will now be dealing with. Frinton100 (talk) 00:41, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, "Chevalier" alone and, again, "appointed" goes against what's seen in the Gazette. There its "Croix de Chevalier" (Knight's Cross) and is shown as a decoration. One can't be appointed to a decoration. -- ₪   MIESIANIACAL  06:05, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * My reading of it is that you are appointed a Knight and awarded a Knight's Cross. Frinton100 (talk) 15:20, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

Expand article?
This seems like a pretty comprehensive article. I am changing its status from Stub, which it is definitely not, but I am not sure if its C class or maybe B class. And I am afraid I cant really tell where this article falls on the "importance" scale, which is so subjective. SaturnsRings27 (talk) 10:06, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

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Accession to Peerage
After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons and enter the House of Lords.[6] On 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern.

This part doesn't look right to me - peerages of Ireland did not confer an automatic seat in the UK House of Lords, rather that it would have been his subsidiary title Baron Ponsonby of Sysonby in the Peerage of Great Britain that kicked him upstairs. I'm also a little confused as to why he would have to take the Chiltern Hundreds if he was already disqualified from the Commons.

Robin S. Taylor (talk) 23:23, 26 September 2020 (UTC)