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Naval History and Heritage Command

The Naval History and Heritage Command, formerly the Naval Historical Center, is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage located at the historic Washington Navy Yard. The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations including the Navy Department Library, 10 museums and 1 heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and historic ship ex-USS Nautilus.

Command history
The Naval History and Heritage Command traces its lineage to 1800, when President John Adams requested Benjamin Stoddert, the first Secretary of the Navy, prepare a catalog of professional books for use in the Secretary's office. When the British invaded Washington in 1814, this collection, containing the finest works on naval history from America and abroad, was rushed to safety outside the Federal City. After that, the library had many locations, including a specially designed space in the State, War, and Navy Building (now the Indian Treaty Room of the Eisenhower Executive Office Building) next to the White House.

When the library was placed under the Bureau of Navigation in 1882, the director, noted international lawyer and U.S. Naval Academy professor James R. Soley, gathered the rare books scattered throughout Navy Department offices, collected naval prints and photographs, and subscribed to professional periodicals. He also began collecting and preserving naval records, particularly those of the American Civil War. Congress initially recognized his efforts by authorizing funds for office staff and combining the library and records sections into the Office of Library and Naval War Records.

Six years later, the United States Congress appropriated the funds to print the first volume in a monumental documentary series, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Completed in 1927 with the publication of volume 31, the series marked the beginning of a commitment to collect, edit, and publish historical naval documents, a mission that the History Command continues to carry out in its American Revolution and War of 1812 documentary projects. In 1915, the appropriations for publications, the library, and naval war records were combined. The office received a new title—Office of Naval Records and Library.

Once America entered World War I, the emphasis shifted to gathering documents on current naval operations. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels directed Admiral William S. Sims, Commander U.S. Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, to collect war diaries, operational reports, and other historic war materials of naval commands in his London headquarters.

To handle World War I records in Washington, a Historical Section was established in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and housed in the new Navy Department ("Main Navy") Building on Constitution Avenue. When the war ended, Admiral Sims' London collection and photographs and new motion pictures from the various Navy bureaus were transferred to the Historical Section. Holding more than 50,000 volumes, the library remained in the State, War, and Navy Building.

In 1921, a former member of Admiral Sims' wartime staff, Captain Dudley W. Knox, was named head of the Office of Naval Records and Library and the Historical Section. For the next twenty-five years, he was the driving force behind the Navy's historical program, earning for the office an international reputation in the field of naval archives and history. The Historical Section was absorbed into Naval Records and Library in 1927. Knox's additional appointment as the Curator for the Navy envisioned a display of the nation's sea heritage in a naval museum in Washington. In 1961, Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations, established the U.S. Naval Historical Display Center (now the United States Navy Museum).

At President Franklin D. Roosevelt's suggestion, Knox began several documentary series. Seven volumes on the Quasi War with France and six volumes relating to the war with the Barbary Powers were ultimately published. World War II halted plans for similar publications on the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and World War I. During World War II, Knox turned his attention to collecting documents generated by naval operations in the global conflict. He immediately began a campaign to gather and arrange operation plans, action reports, and war diaries into well-controlled archives staffed by professional historians who came on board as naval reservists.

To complement the developing World War II operational archives, the Knox group pioneered an oral history program. Participants in the significant Atlantic and Pacific operations and battles were interviewed as soon as possible after their wartime engagements. When Pulitzer Prize winner and Harvard history professor Samuel Eliot Morison was commissioned by President Roosevelt to prepare the fifteen-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, he relied not only on his own combat experience but also on those records assembled in Knox's archives.

In 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal established the Office of Naval History to coordinate the Morison project, as well as the wartime administrative histories being written by Navy commands, under the direction of Princeton professor Robert G. Albion. Knox served as deputy director of Naval History under the Director, Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus, but the Office of Naval Records and Library at first remained separate until March 1949 when it merged with the Office of Naval History to form the Naval Records and History Division of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1952 it was renamed the Naval History Division.

The eventual home for the Navy's historians was the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, which in 1961 was converted from an industrial facility to an administrative center. The first component of the Naval History Division in the yard was the Navy Museum (later the United States Navy Museum), established in 1961. In 1963, the Operational Archives moved to the Navy Yard. The other sections of the Naval History Division followed in 1970, occupying several scattered buildings.

An organizational change in 1971 shifted the Naval History Division from a headquarters establishment to a field activity called the Naval Historical Center, under the Chief of Naval Operations. Most of the center's activities were brought together in 1982 when they moved into the historic building complex named to honor Dudley W. Knox, who perhaps did more than any other individual to strengthen the Navy's commitment to its historical heritage and traditions.

In 1986, the Navy Art Collection and Gallery and the Naval Aviation History and Publication Division, both already located in the Washington Navy Yard, became part of the Naval Historical Center.

2008 was a year of change for the Navy's history program. First, the command was streamlined into four major components: Histories and Archives, Museums and Collections, Integration and Outreach, and Operations. Following the realignment of the Navy's dozen museums under the Director of Naval History, the Naval Historical Center was redesignated the Naval History & Heritage Command on 1 December 2008. In the spring of 2009, the NHHC established a presence on the social media sites Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Goodreads, and Delicious.

Director
The position of Director of Naval History was established in 1944.

 * Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus, USN, July 1944 – December 1945
 * Vice Admiral Vincent R. Murphy, USN (ret.), December 1945 – June 1946
 * Rear Admiral John B. Heffernan, USN (ret.), July 1946 – October 1956
 * Rear Admiral Ernest M. Eller, USN (ret.), October 1956 – January 1970
 * Rear Admiral F. Kent Loomis, USN (ret.), 24 January 1970 – 31 July 1970
 * Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper, USN (ret.), August 1970 – July 1976
 * Rear Admiral John D. H. Kane, USN (ret.), August 1976 – December 1985
 * Dr. Ronald H. Spector, 21 July 1986 – 19 July 1989
 * Dr. Dean C. Allard, 29 July 1989 – 31 January 1995
 * Dr. William S. Dudley, 23 July 1995 – 30 September 2005
 * Rear Admiral Paul E. Tobin Jr., USN (ret.), 25 July 2005 – January 2008
 * Rear Admiral Jay A. DeLoach, USNR (ret.), 23 June 2008 – 14 May 2012
 * Captain Henry J. Hendrix, USN, 14 May 2012 – 27 June 2014
 * Rear Admiral Samuel J. Cox, USN (ret.), 29 December 2014 – present

Collections

 * The Command procures and maintains records, manuscripts, books, photographs, artifacts, and artwork that document the history of the United States Navy. Extensive collections at the Command's headquarters on the Washington Navy Yard include:
 * Archives—Millions of official operational records, historical documents, personal papers, officer biographies, oral histories, and manuscripts related to naval operations, policy, and strategy, including ships’ deck logs dating back thirty years and annual command operations reports of active U.S. Navy ships, aviation units, and shore commands
 * Historical Artifacts—More than 200,000 artifacts, such as shipboard equipment, anchors, bells, uniforms, flags, and weapons from some of the Navy's most famous fighting ships and personnel
 * Archaeological Artifacts-Over 9,000 artifacts recovered and documented from sunken military craft such as personal effects, ordnance, ship's rigging and hull elements, and ceramic vessels
 * Photos—More than 500,000 historic still photos in a dedicated photo collection, with thousands more in the records collections housed in the Command's archives
 * Art—More than 18,000 paintings, prints, drawings, and sculptures
 * Library—More than 150,000 books and 80,000 manuscripts related to naval, maritime, and military history in the official Navy Department Library

Similar collections that document the Navy's history in specialized areas of interest are located at the eleven official U.S. Navy museums nationwide.

U.S. Navy museums
Ten official Navy museums are dedicated to making available the artifacts, documents, and art that best embody U.S. naval history and heritage for present and future generations.
 * National Museum of the United States Navy – Washington, DC
 * National Museum of the American Sailor – Great Lakes, IL
 * Hampton Roads Naval Museum – Norfolk, VA
 * National Naval Aviation Museum – Pensacola, FL
 * Naval Undersea Museum – Keyport, WA
 * Puget Sound Navy Museum – Bremerton, WA
 * Naval War College Museum – Newport, RI
 * U.S. Navy Seabee Museum – Port Hueneme, CA
 * Submarine Force Library and Museum – Groton, CT
 * U.S. Naval Academy Museum – Annapolis, MD

USS Constitution and NHHC Detachment Boston
The mission includes but is not limited to: plan and perform all maintenance, repair, and restoration of USS Constitution; perform annual inspections of Constitution, reporting all work necessary to maintain the ship in satisfactory material condition to perform its mission; and provide a plan of action and milestones for any corrective action; as far as practicable, ensure material compliance and documentation with the historical requirements for the ship, as close to its 1812 configuration as possible. The detachment was established on 25 October 1991. NHHC DET Boston is a detachment under the direct supervision of the Director, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C. Located near the ship, the USS Constitution Museum is a private museum that interprets the ship and her history.

Naval Reserve Combat Documentation Detachment 206
Assigned to the History Command since 1991, the unit deploys its teams to U.S. Navy, joint, and combined commands worldwide where they conduct oral history interviews, collect historically significant artifacts and records, and document operations through photography and art. Their collection effort contributes to the Navy's lessons learned and preserves the history of current naval operations during crisis response, wartime, declared national emergency, or in situations as directed. Teams have documented the Navy's role in the Persian Gulf War, Operation Restore Hope (Haiti) and Operation Allied Force (Kosovo); counter-narcotics actions in the Caribbean; fleet exercises, special warfare activities, Information Technology (IT-21); the attack on, and the rebuilding of USS Cole (DDG-67); the 11 September 2001 attack on the Pentagon; and the Global War on Terrorism. In 2001 eleven unit members were recalled to active duty to support the History Command's documentation collection efforts related to Operation Noble Eagle and Operation Enduring Freedom. For Operation Iraqi Freedom and in support of the Navy's Task Force History, four unit members were recalled to active duty.

Naval Reserve Naval History Volunteer Training Unit 0615
This non-pay Naval Reserve unit provides project support to the Naval History & Heritage Command in keeping with the larger goal of enhancing the Navy's effectiveness by preserving, analyzing, and interpreting its history and heritage. Unit members work on long-term historical projects with the NHC staff, processing archival collections, conducting oral history interviews with Pearl Harbor survivors, and digitizing histories for the Command's website or publication in print. VTU members also conduct end-of-tour interviews with key naval leaders.

Recent publications

 * Approaching Storm: Conflict in Asia, 1945–1965, by Edward J. Marolda, The U.S. Navy and the Vietnam War series. 2009. ISBN 978-0-945274-57-5
 * Nixon's Trident: Naval Power in Southeast Asia, 1968–1972, by John Darrell Sherwood, The U.S. Navy and the Vietnam War series. 2009. ISBN 978-0-945274-58-2
 * From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945–1955, by Jeffrey G. Barlow. Stanford University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780804756662
 * Diplomats in Blue: U.S. Naval Officers in China, 1922–1933, by William Reynolds Braisted. University Press of Florida, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8130-3288-7
 * Blue & Gold and Black: Racial Integration of the U.S. Naval Academy, by Robert J. Schneller Jr. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60344-000-4.
 * Magnificent Mavericks: Transition of the Naval Ordnance Test Station from Rocket Station to Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Center, 1948–58, by Elizabeth Babcock. Vol. 3 in The Navy at China Lake. Washington: Naval History & Heritage Command with Naval Air Systems Command, 2008. ISBN 978-0-945274-56-8
 * The World Cruise of the Great White Fleet: Celebrating 100 Years of Global Partnerships and Security, Michael J. Crawford, editor. Washington: Naval History & Heritage Command, 2008. ISBN 978-0-945274-59-9.
 * Anchor of Resolve: A History of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command/Fifth Fleet, by Robert J. Schneller Jr. Washington: Naval History & Heritage Command, 2007. ISBN 9780945274551
 * Black Sailor, White Navy: Racial Unrest in the Fleet during the Vietnam War Era, by John Darrell Sherwood, New York: New York University Press, 2007.ISBN 0-8147-4036-7
 * Interpreting Old Ironsides: An Illustrated Guide to USS Constitution, by Charles E. Brodine Jr., Michael J. Crawford, and Christine F. Hughes. Washington: Naval Historical Center, 2007. ISBN 978-0-945274-54-4.
 * The U.S. Navy in the Korean War, by Edward J. Marolda. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59114-487-8
 * Breaking the Color Barrier: The U.S. Naval Academy's First Black Midshipmen and the Struggle for Racial Equality, by Robert Schneller Jr. New York: New York University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8147-4013-8.
 * Afterburner: Naval Aviators and the Vietnam War, by John Darrell Sherwood. New York: New York University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-9842-X.
 * Against All Odds: U.S. Sailors in the War of 1812, by Charles Brodine, Michael Crawford, and Christine Hughes, 2004. GPO Stock No. 008-046-00204-5, ISBN 0-945274-50-5.
 * Sea Raiders of the American Revolution: The Continental Navy in European Waters, by E. Gordon Bowen-Hassell, Dennis M. Conrad, and Mark L. Hayes, 2003. GPO Stock No. 008-046-00202-9, ISBN 0-16-051400-2

title: Naval History and Heritage Command


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Jacques Rougeau

Jacques Rougeau Jr. (born June 13, 1960) is a Canadian former professional wrestler best known for his appearances in the 1980s and 1990s with the World Wrestling Federation. He began his career under his real name as half of the tag team The Fabulous Rougeaus with his brother Raymond Rougeau. In 1991, he began a singles career as the Mountie, winning the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship once. In 1993, he formed three time WWF Tag Team Championship winning tag team The Quebecers with Pierre Ouellet.

Professional wrestling career
At least 3 of Jacques' family members were wrestling promoters and/or wrestled themselves: his older brother Ray, his father Jacques Sr., and his uncle Jean "Johnny" Rougeau. Jacques' sister Johanne also promoted wrestling matches in Montreal, and brother Armand wrestled for smaller federations.

Early career (1977–1985)
Jacques Rougeau began his career in 1977, working in Stu Hart's Calgary, Alberta based Stampede Wrestling promotion. In the 1980s he began wrestling in the United States, achieving success in Alabama and Tennessee, and in 1985 he and Ray were signed by the World Wrestling Federation.

Fabulous Rougeaus (1986–1990)

Jacques debuted in the WWE (then WWF) on February 26, 1986, during the Australian leg of the company's International Tour, in a losing effort against Moondog Rex. Raymond, who was victorious in his debut match against Moondog Spot the same night, debuted alongside Jacques 6 days later, winning their debut match as the "Fabulous Rougeaus" against the Moondogs.In their first year in the WWE, the Fabulous Rougeaus claimed tag-team victories against The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart), The Moondogs, Jimmy Jack and Dory Funk Jr., and The Dream Team (Greg Valentine and Brutus Beefcake),.

Although they lost their match at WrestleMania III in 1987 to Valentine and Beefcake, they briefly upset The Hart Foundation for the WWF Tag Team Championship at the Montreal Forum on August 10 that year. The decision was reversed to a disqualification and the championship returned, since the challengers initially won after using Jimmy Hart's megaphone as a weapon.

After two years in the Federation, The Fabulous Rougeaus turned heel. The Canadian brothers began being announced as "From Canada, but soon to relocate to the United States" and debuted an intentionally annoying entrance song, in which they sang (partly in French) about being "All-American Boys" and their manager, Jimmy Hart. They were also briefly billed from Memphis, Hart's home city. They mockingly waved tiny American flags to the chagrin of many American fans. They would humorously attempt to start "USA!" chants, which led to further negative fan "heat". According to Jacques, the widespread antipathy of American fans inspired Vince McMahon to turn them into heels. They feuded with The Killer Bees, The Hart Foundation (who had turned face in between), The Bushwhackers, and The Rockers during their heel run.

The Mountie (1991–1992)
Ray Rougeau retired in early 1990, ending his tag-team partnership with Jacques. Jacques departed the Federation for a year before redebuting in January 1991, once again alongside Jimmy Hart. The Mountie character was that of a corrupt, cattle prod-wielding member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who often boasted that he "always gets his man" (a phrase long associated with the RCMP, which insinuated that criminals cannot escape from Canada's federal police force). The cattle prod came into play as part of The Mountie's post-match gimmick, where he would handcuff, berate and then "shock" his defeated and helpless opponents in the stomach. The story of the character change was that Jacques Rougeau had actually gone through the training to become a Mountie to wield authority. The character was eventually the subject of litigation in Canada, preventing Rougeau from performing as The Mountie in his home country. Thus, while wrestling in Canada, he was billed using only his real name and did not wear his Mountie-inspired hat and jacket to the ring, although he did retain other parts of his costume such as red shirt, black pants, and boots.

The Mountie made his in-ring debut in January 1991. In his pay-per-view debut, he defeated Koko B. Ware at the 1991 Royal Rumble. He gained another major victory at WrestleMania VII, defeating Tito Santana after using the shock stick. The Mountie began a feud with the Big Boss Man after declaring that he was the sole legitimate law enforcer in the WWF, and on August 26, 1991, he spent a night in prison (kayfabe) after Bossman defeated him in a Jailhouse Match at SummerSlam. At the 1991 Survivor Series, Mountie teamed with Ric Flair, Ted DiBiase and The Warlord to defeat Roddy Piper, Bret Hart, Virgil and Davey Boy Smith in a four-on-four Survivor Series elimination match.

The Mountie's greatest achievement as a singles wrestler came when he won the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship in an upset over Bret Hart on January 17, 1992. In the storyline, Hart was suffering from the flu (Hart was actually going through contract negotiations). The Mountie lost the title just two days later to Rowdy Roddy Piper at the 1992 Royal Rumble, in what was one of the shortest Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship reigns. The Mountie received a rematch at the February 8 Saturday Night's Main Event XXX, but when he attempted to use his shock stick, it had no effect as Piper was wearing a rubber vest under his T-shirt. Piper removed his shirt after the match to reveal the vest, which was labeled "Shock Proof". Piper won the match after using the shock stick on The Mountie.

For the next several months, The Mountie primarily appeared in the undercard. He was on the losing end of an eight-man tag team match at WrestleMania VIII and a six-man tag team match at SummerSlam. He feuded with Sgt. Slaughter after shocking him with an extra large cattle prod on an episode of Superstars, though the subsequent matches all took place on house shows that summer, with no conclusion on television. After losing to then WWF World Heavyweight Champion Bret Hart in seventy-five seconds on October 26, 1992, Rougeau left the WWF.

The Quebecers (1993–1994)
Jacques returned to the WWF in July 1993. Shortly thereafter, Rougeau began tagging with Pierre Ouellet as The Quebecers. The team, who feuded with Steiner Brothers, Men on a Mission, The Headshrinkers, and Marty Jannetty and The 1–2–3 Kid, were three-time WWF Tag Team Champions. The Quebecers characters were an extension of the earlier Mountie-theme, albeit with a more casual costume and an emphasis on bullying behavior. The pair (who were managed by Johnny Polo) emphasized their detachment from the earlier Mountie controversy by using a doctored version of Jacques's second Mountie theme song, titled "We're Not The Mounties", with the lyrics modified to insult the RCMP - for example, "because the Mountie always gets his man" became "unlike the Mounties, we always get our man". Jacques participated in the main event of the 1993 Survivor Series as a member of the "Foreign Fanatics" team. At the Royal Rumble, The Quebecers defeated Bret Hart and Owen Hart by referee stoppage to retain the WWF Tag Team Championship. At WrestleMania X, The Quebecers faced Men on a Mission for the WWF Tag Team Championship and retained after getting counted out. They lost the title to Men on a Mission in an unplanned title change at a house show on March 29, 1994, in London, England. Mabel stunned Pierre who couldn't kick out as he was supposed to. The wrong was righted as they won the belts back on March 31 at another house show. They lost the championship to The Headshrinkers on the April 26 episode of Raw and split up soon after.

The Quebecers broke up at a house show in the Montreal Forum on June 25, 1994. After a loss to The Headshrinkers, Pierre and Polo turned on Rougeau. After a few minutes of Jacques being attacked in front of his hometown crowd, Raymond Rougeau (who by this point was an announcer for the WWF's French-language broadcasts) ran to the ring to save his brother. This angle led to Jacques Rougeau's first retirement match, which, over the next few months, was heavily promoted on WWF TV shows broadcast in the Montreal area and in the local media. The match, held on October 21, 1994, drew a sell-out crowd of 16,843 to the Montreal Forum, and resulted in a victory for Jacques, when he pinned Pierre following a seated tombstone piledriver. Jacques, who was accompanied by Raymond, used Queen's song "We Are the Champions" as his theme music for the night.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1998)
On September 9, 1996, Rougeau came out of retirement reuniting with Ouellet as they debuted as The Amazing French Canadians in World Championship Wrestling in a losing effort against The Nasty Boys. In 1997, Jacques became one of few wrestlers to cleanly defeat then-WCW Heavyweight Champion Hollywood Hogan, claiming a singles victory at the Molson Centre in Montreal. On the Right After Wrestling program on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 98, Jacques told hosts Arda Ocal and Jimmy Korderas that Hogan put him over because of his respect for the Rougeau family name and for keeping a clean wrestling image. On Colt Cabana's Art of Wrestling podcast, Rougeau's former student, Kevin Owens stated that there is a rumor that Hogan lay down for Rougeau for an additional $10,000 payment. Rougeau said that he paid and organized the show, so it was a Jacques Rougeau show, not a WCW show.

Later career and retirement (1997–2018)
Rougeau teamed up with his brother, Ray (who at the time was a commentator, announcer and host for the French-produced WWF programming) alongside Ouellet in a dark match for WWF Shotgun Saturday Night in 1997. They defeated the team of Edge, Shawn Stasiak, and Tom Brandi.

In 1998, Rougeau returned to the WWF for a final run teaming once again with Pierre Ouellet in an updated version of The Quebecers. This incarnation of the team still used the ring attire from their WCW run as the Amazing French Canadians. The team were also one of the 14 tag teams eliminated in the tag team battle royal at WrestleMania XIV, leading to a win for the Legion of Doom. They failed to achieve the same success they enjoyed during their prior run, with their only notable feud being with The Godwinns, where the Godwinns went over. Rougeau and Ouellet briefly reunited in WCW in 2000 in Lance Storm's Team Canada.

After retiring, Rougeau attempted to join the Montreal Police Department, but was unable to do so as he had not graduated from high school. He is now a public speaker, touring schools to speak on drugs, smoking, and bullying. He opened the Rougeau Wrestling School in Montreal in 1998.

In 2018, Rougeau announced that he would retire for a third time, and that he had closed his wrestling school. On August 18, 2018, shortly after his retirement announcement, Rougeau mirrored his father's retirement matching by teaming with his sons for the first and only time. As Rougeau's sons, all of whom have wrestled, have expressed no desire to return to wrestling, Jacques' retirement effectively ended the Rougeau family wrestling dynasty after more than six decades.

Personal life
Rougeau is divorced from Nathalie Thibodeau, whom he married in 1978. He and Thibodeau had three sons: Cedric, Emile, and Jean-Jacques. Former NHL ice hockey defenceman Denis Gauthier is Rougeau's nephew.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Central States Wrestling
 * NWA Central States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bruce Reed
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Southeastern Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (1 time)
 * Lutte Internationale
 * Canadian International Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Raymond Rougeau
 * Lutte Internationale 2000
 * Johnny Rougeau Tag Team Championship (1 Time) – with Raymond Rougeau
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #41 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 1992
 * PWI ranked him # 222 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003.
 * PWI ranked him # 83 of the 100 best tag teams of the PWI Years with Pierre Ouellet in 2003.
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Pierre Ouellet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jacques Rougeau


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Art world

The art world comprises everyone involved in producing, commissioning, presenting, preserving, promoting, chronicling, criticizing, buying and selling fine art. It is recognized that there are many art worlds, defined either by location or alternative definitions of fine art. Some may use the singular art world to refer only to the elite level of globalized fine art. The art world(s) are continually changing in response both to the creativity of those that create art and in response to social change.

History
Rather than being a term coined in the 20th century, art world can be found in publications from the 19th century. The emergence of many of the elements, such as galleries, critics, and museums; as well as the term fine arts (Beaux Arts) date from the 18th century.

Sociological definition
An art world, as with any segment of society, is defined in terms of mutually understood conventions (social norms, roles, and institutions) that are the basis for cooperative activity between members of a group who may not interact directly.

Howard S. Becker describes an art world as "the network of people whose cooperative activity, organized via their joint knowledge of conventional means of doing things, produces the kind of art works that art world is noted for." Becker admits this definition is tautological, but is useful in understanding how works of art are produced and consumed.

Sarah Thornton, also a sociologist, describes the art world as "a loose network of overlapping subcultures held together by a belief in art". They span the globe but cluster in art capitals such as New York City, London, Los Angeles, and Berlin.

Production
There are a number of roles for those actively involved in the creation of new works of fine art, but the exemplar remains the lone artist or a close collaboration. Historically, art was produced by the members of a workshop, often a master and a number of journeymen and apprentices. Contemporary artists allude to this group practice in their establishment of studio workshops or "factories", or by having works fabricated by industrial methods according to their plans and specifications. Some works, being of monumental scale, cannot be executed in any other way. In most of these group practices, the authenticity associated with fine art is maintained by the artist either doing the essential work, closely supervising others, and giving final approval to the finished piece by signing it.

Artwork by women was largely excluded from the highest levels of the art world until the feminist movement of the 1970s.

The primary socialization of individuals into the role of artists is by attendance at art school. The value of contemporary art depends upon the reputation of the artist, which most often begins with earning an MFA from a select number of art school programs. Some self-taught or outsider artists may gain recognition by being discovered by a dealer, while others are denied inclusion.

Distribution
The production of art depends upon its distribution to others in order to provide the economic support of that production. In the past, this was done through patronage or commissions from collectors. Artists may also do this themselves either by direct sales or through cooperative efforts. Contemporary art is most often distributed though intermediaries.

An art dealer is the intermediary between artists, private collectors and institutional buyers. While some dealers may be consultant advising individual clients, dealers usually own or operate art galleries. Hosting public exhibitions and opening celebrations became part of the social function of the art world in addition to their marketing functions.

The international art fair, occurring typically every two years, has become a major force in the marketing of contemporary fine art. Commercial art fairs are essentially temporary galleries that benefit from the attraction of public interest and competition between collectors. One of the most successful, Art Basel originated in Switzerland in the 1970s, expanded to Miami in 2000 and Hong Kong in 2010. Art Basel built on the model of Art Cologne, the first fair sponsored by and for commercial galleries; in contrast to the government sponsored world's fairs that began in the Victorian era. One of the latter, the Venice Biennale founded in 1895, continues to operate as a public foundation with national pavilions.

The tradition of auctioning works of art grew from the difficulty of determining the price of rare and unique objects. While estimates of market value are made for other purposes, such as taxation, charitable donations, and estates; in recent years prices paid at auctions have exceeded such estimates.

Art critics
In 1964 critic and philosopher Arthur Danto published an essay defining "The Artworld," in terms of artistic theory. Danto writes: "these days one might not be aware he was on artistic terrain without an artistic theory to tell him so. And part of the reason for this lies in the fact that terrain is constituted artistic in virtue of artistic theories, so that one use of theories, in addition to helping us discriminate art from the rest, consists in making art possible". In "The Painted Word" Tom Wolfe went further in saying that without a theory, the viewer cannot see a modern work of art. Theory is needed due to the absence of narrative meaning in abstract art that was once provided by realistic art. At the beginning of the 21st century, Danto stated that contemporary art does not speak for itself, but has meaning only in reference to art-world discourse.

Becker however notes that new theories of art may arise in order to account for the acceptance by the art world of works not fitting into older theories. An example is the failure of imitation theories, in which art was judged solely by it faithful representation of nature, to account for works which used form and color to express emotions, giving rise to formalism.

Danto had considerable influence on aesthetic philosophy and especially upon George Dickie's institutional theory of art. Dickie defines an art work as an artifact "which has had conferred upon it the status of candidate for appreciation by some person or persons acting in behalf of a certain social institution (the artworld)."

Change
The notion of the singular art world is problematic, since Becker and others show art worlds are, instead, independent multiplicities scattered worldwide that are always in flux: there is no "center" to the art world any more.

The art world, along with the definition of fine art, is constantly changing as works of art previously excluded move into the "avant garde" and then into mainstream culture.

title: Art world


text:
Matrix of ones

In mathematics, a matrix of ones or all-ones matrix is a matrix where every entry is equal to one. Examples of standard notation are given below:

 * $$J_2 = \begin{pmatrix}

1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix};\quad J_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix};\quad J_{2,5} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix};\quad J_{1,2} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}.\quad$$

Some sources call the all-ones matrix the unit matrix, but that term may also refer to the identity matrix, a different type of matrix.

A vector of ones or all-ones vector is matrix of ones having row or column form; it should not be confused with unit vectors.

Properties
For an $n × n$ matrix of ones J, the following properties hold:

 * The trace of J equals n, and the determinant equals 0 for n ≥ 2, but equals 1 if n = 1.
 * The characteristic polynomial of J is $$(x - n)x^{n-1}$$.
 * The minimal polynomial of J is $$x^2-nx$$.
 * The rank of J is 1 and the eigenvalues are n with multiplicity 1 and 0 with multiplicity $n − 1$.
 * $$ J^k = n^{k-1} J$$ for $$k = 1,2,\ldots .$$
 * J is the neutral element of the Hadamard product.

When J is considered as a matrix over the real numbers, the following additional properties hold:
 * J is positive semi-definite matrix.
 * The matrix $$\tfrac1n J$$ is idempotent.
 * The matrix exponential of J is $$\exp(\mu J)=I+\frac{e^{\mu n}-1}{n}J$$

Applications
The all-ones matrix arises in the mathematical field of combinatorics, particularly involving the application of algebraic methods to graph theory. For example, if A is the adjacency matrix of an n-vertex undirected graph G, and J is the all-ones matrix of the same dimension, then G is a regular graph if and only if AJ = JA. As a second example, the matrix appears in some linear-algebraic proofs of Cayley's formula, which gives the number of spanning trees of a complete graph, using the matrix tree theorem.

title: Matrix of ones


text:
Raymond Rougeau

Raymond Rougeau (born February 18, 1955) is a Canadian politician, former professional wrestler and French language commentator. He most notably worked for the World Wrestling Federation between 1986 and 2002, firstly as one of The Fabulous Rougeaus, and has been the mayor of Rawdon, Quebec, since 2021.

Canada and Georgia (1971–1986)
Raymond Rougeau began training with his father Jacques Rougeau, Sr. and his great-uncle Eddie Auger at the age of fourteen. He debuted in 1971 at the age of sixteen in Joliette for his father's Montreal promotion as a babyface. In 1974 he and his father fought The Love Brothers in Toronto. In 1976, Raymond relocated to Atlanta, Georgia to work for Jim Barnett in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) along with his close friend Pierre Lefebvre. In 1985 he and his brother Jacques Rougeau Jr. fought Ron and Jimmy Garvin in Montreal.

Fabulous Rougeaus (1986–1990)
In February 1986, Raymond and his brother joined the World Wrestling Federation, debuting during a tour of Australia. During their first year with the company they faced and defeated such duos as The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart), The Moondogs, Jimmy Jack and Dory Funk, Jr., and The Dream Team (Greg Valentine and Brutus Beefcake). Although they lost their match at WrestleMania III in 1987 to Valentine and Beefcake, they briefly upset The Hart Foundation for the WWF Tag Team Championship at the Montreal Forum on August 10 that year. The decision was reversed to a disqualification and the championship returned, since the challengers initially won after using Jimmy Hart's megaphone as a weapon. After two years in the Federation, The Fabulous Rougeaus (Jacques and Raymond) turned heel when they participated in an angle in which the Canadian brothers were announced as "From Canada, but soon to relocate to the United States", and had an intentionally annoying entrance theme in which they sang (partly in French) about being "All-American Boys" as well as now having Jimmy Hart as their manager (The Rougeaus were also briefly billed as being from Memphis, Jimmy Hart's home city). They also waved tiny American flags, infuriating fans, who questioned their sincerity, and humorously attempted to start "USA!" chants, which led to further negative fan "heat". According to Jacques, the widespread antipathy of American fans inspired Vince McMahon to turn them into heels. They feuded with The Killer Bees, The Hart Foundation (who had turned face in between), The Bushwhackers and The Rockers during their heel run.

Raymond went into semi-retirement three months after SummerSlam in 1989. His last match in the WWF was at the Royal Rumble in 1990, which the Rougeau Brothers lost to The Bushwhackers.

Commentator (1992–2002)
In October 1992, Rougeau replaced Edouard Carpentier as the play-by-play commentator for the French syndicated WWF programming distributed to Quebec, Europe and Africa. He commentated alongside Guy Hauray from October 1992 to April 1994, then Jean Brassard from May 1994 to November 1998 when the WWF stopped producing French-language TV shows. It resumed in January 2000 after the WWF landed a new TV deal in France and Rougeau returned with a new co-host, Philippe Hartman, until January 2002.

As his brother was still an active competitor as one half of The Quebecers alongside Pierre, Pierre turned and started attacking Jacques. Raymond left the commentary table and ran to the ring to save his brother. Rougeau later accompanied Jacques in his first retirement match in the WWF, held in Montreal.

Rougeau was also an interviewer and presenter on WWF programming in 1993 and 1994. He also did English play-by-play for the international version of Superstars in 1998.

Rougeau came out of retirement on August 8, 1996, to face Owen Hart in a boxing match at the Montreal Molson Centre during a WWF house show despite not being active as a competitor for years.

Rougeau came out of retirement again in March 1998, when he teamed with Jacques and Carl Ouellet to defeat Adam Copeland, Shawn Stasiak and Tom Brandi in a dark match for WWF Shotgun Saturday Night.

In 2000, Rougeau participated in the "Lutte 2000" event, where he defeated Richard Charland.

Rougeau left the WWF in early 2002 when it stopped producing French-language versions of its programming.

Return to WWE (2017–2021)
In May 2017, it was announced that Rougeau would return to WWE as a French language commentator, reuniting with Jean Brassard, for the PPVs on the WWE Network.

In April 2021, after Peacock became the new home for WWE Network, due to rescheduling, Rougeau and Brassard didn't continue providing their services, leaving the company again.

Political career
Rougeau owned income management properties and has been active in city council politics in Rawdon, Quebec since 2002; he was initially elected with 72% of the vote and was re-elected unopposed. He was elected for the first time in the November 2002 municipal election and is reelected in 2005, 2009 and 2013. Opposed by two candidates, he was reelected with 66,12% of the vote in November 2013. He occasionally promotes wrestling shows in Montreal along with Jacques. In 2021, he was elected Mayor of Rawdon with 61% of the vote.

Personal life
Rougeau has a son who was born in 1990.

In September 2011, Rougeau was credited with saving the life of a 77-year-old hunting friend who was lost in the woods, near Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec for two days. Rougeau flew his own plane for the rescue mission after a police search did not lead to the man being found.

Championships and accomplishments

 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Lutte Internationale
 * Canadian International Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Jacques Rougeau (4), and Pat Patterson (2)
 * Lutte Internationale 2000
 * Lutte 2000 Championship (1 time)
 * Johnny Rougeau Tag Team Championship (1 Time) – with Jacques Rougeau
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Montreal Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Federation
 * NWF World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWF World Junior Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1973)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him 291 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1994

title: Raymond Rougeau


text:
User talk:ChrisCostello

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title: User talk:ChrisCostello


text:
List of rivers of Missouri

List of rivers in Missouri (U.S. state).

By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.

Arkansas River

 * Mississippi River
 * Arkansas River (AR, OK)
 * Neosho River (KS, OK)
 * Elk River
 * Buffalo Creek
 * Indian Creek
 * Big Sugar Creek
 * Little Sugar Creek
 * Spring River
 * Shoal Creek
 * Capps Creek

White River

 * Mississippi River
 * White River
 * Cache River
 * Black River
 * Spring River
 * Warm Fork Spring River
 * Anthony Branch
 * Eleven Point River
 * Current River
 * Sinking Creek
 * Little Black River
 * Jacks Fork
 * Logan Creek
 * Adair Creek
 * North Fork River
 * Bennetts Bayou
 * Bennetts River
 * Bryant Creek
 * Brush Creek
 * Hunter Creek
 * Whites Creek
 * Fox Creek
 * Rippee Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Clifty Creek
 * Little North Fork White River
 * Beaver Creek
 * Cowskin Creek
 * Prairie Creek
 * Little Beaver Creek
 * James River
 * Crane Creek
 * Finley Creek
 * Pierson Creek
 * Wilsons Creek
 * Jordan Creek
 * Fassnight Creek
 * Kings River
 * Osage Creek
 * Roaring River

Mississippi River between the White and Missouri rivers

 * Mississippi River
 * St. Francis River
 * Little River
 * Castor River
 * Whitewater River
 * Little St. Francis River
 * Headwater Diversion Channel
 * Whitewater River
 * Castor River
 * Old River
 * River aux Vases
 * Meramec River
 * Big River
 * Terre Bleue Creek
 * Andrews Branch
 * Bourbeuse River
 * Little Bourbeuse River
 * Little Meramec River
 * Huzzah Creek
 * Courtois Creek
 * Abbott Branch
 * Shoal Creek
 * Dry Fork
 * River des Peres

Missouri River

 * Mississippi River
 * Missouri River
 * Loutre River
 * Gasconade River
 * Big Piney River
 * Roubidoux Creek
 * Osage Fork Gasconade River
 * Auxvasse Creek
 * Middle River
 * Osage River
 * Maries River
 * Little Maries River
 * Tavern Creek
 * Grandglaize Creek
 * Wet Glaize Creek
 * Dry Auglaize Creek
 * Niangua River
 * Little Niangua River
 * South Grand River
 * Big Creek
 * Pomme de Terre River
 * Little Sac River
 * North Dry Sac River
 * South Dry Sac River
 * Little Osage River
 * Marmaton River
 * Green River
 * Marais des Cygnes River
 * Moreau River
 * Lamine River
 * Blackwater River 55 mi
 * Little Chariton River
 * East Fork Little Chariton River 100 mi
 * Walnut Creek
 * Silver Creek
 * Turner Fork
 * Middle Fork Little Chariton River 63 mi
 * Chariton River
 * Bee Branch
 * Elm Creek
 * Mussel Fork
 * Shoal Creek
 * Grand River
 * Locust Creek
 * Medicine Creek
 * Thompson River
 * Weldon River
 * Little River
 * Crooked River
 * Fishing River
 * Little Blue River
 * Blue River
 * Brush Creek
 * Round Grove Creek
 * Platte River
 * One Hundred and Two River
 * Nodaway River
 * Squaw Creek
 * Tarkio River
 * Nishnabotna River

Mississippi River north of the Missouri River

 * Mississippi River
 * Cuivre River
 * Salt River
 * Spencer Creek (Salt River)
 * Black Creek (North Fork Salt River tributary)
 * Hilton Branch
 * South River
 * North River
 * Fabius River
 * North Fabius River
 * Middle Fabius River
 * South Fabius River
 * Little Fabius River
 * Wyaconda River
 * Little Wyaconda River
 * Fox River
 * Little Fox River
 * Des Moines River

Alphabetically
• Baker Creek

• Bennetts River

• Benton Creek

• Bessen Hollow

• Big Piney River

• Big River (142 mi)

• Big Sugar Creek

• Billys Branch

• Black Jack Creek

• Black River (300 mi)

• Blackwater River (55 mi)

• Blairs Creek

• Blue River

• Bobs Creek

• Bollinger Creek

• Boone Creek

• Bourbeuse River (147 mi)

• Brazil Creek

• Brush Creek (Blue River tributary)

• Brush Creek (Bourbeuse River tributary)

• Buffalo Creek

• Cache River (213 mi)

• Capps Creek

• Carter Creek (Current River tributary)

• Carter Creek (Meramec River tributary)

• Castor River

• Cave Spring Branch

• Cedar Creek (Des Moines River tributary)

• Cedar Creek (Missouri River tributary)

• Cedar Creek (Sac River tributary)

• Chariton River (280 mi)

• Cherry Valley Creek

• Coldwater Creek (Missouri river tributary)

• Coldwater Creek (South Grand River tributary)

• Coldwater Creek (Saline Creek tributary)

• Courtois Creek

• Crane Creek

• Crockett Creek

• Crooked Creek

• Crooked River (60 mi)

• Cuivre River

• Current River (225 mi)

• Des Moines River 525 mi

• Dugan Branch

• Eleven Point River

• Elk River 80 mi

• Fabius River 230 mi

• Fishing River

• Fox River

• Gal Branch

• Gasconade River 265 mi

• Grand River 226 mi

• Grandglaize Creek

• Green River

• Greens Creek

• Hamilton Creek

• Harman Creek

• Hobo Branch

• Holmes Creek

• Honey Creek (Fox River tributary)

• Honey Creek (Limestone Creek tributary)

• Honey Creek (Moreau River tributary)

• Huzzah Creek

• Indian Creek

• Jacks Fork

• James River

• James Branch

• Jones Branch (Crooked Creek tributary)

• Jones Branch (One Hundred and Two River tributary)

• Kallambah Branch

• Kelley Branch

• Kelly Branch

• Kings River

• Lamine River 70 mi

• Lick Creek

• Little Black River

• Little Blue River

• Little Bourbeuse River

• Little Chariton River

• Little Fabius River

• Little Fox River

• Little Maries River

• Little Meramec River

• Little Niangua River 40 mi

• Little Osage River

• Little Platte River

• Little Pomme de Terre River

• Little River (Iowa–Missouri), tributary of Weldon River

• Little River (St. Francis River tributary)

• Little Sac River

• Little St. Francis River

• Little Sugar Creek

• Little Wyaconda River

• Locust Creek

• Lost Creek (Courtois Creek tributary)

• Lost Creek (Cuivre River tributary)

• Lost Creek (Grand River tributary)

• Loutre River

• Marais des Cygnes River 140 mi

• Maries River

• Marmaton River

• Martigney Creek

• Meramec River

• Middle River

• Mill Rock Creek

• Missouri River

• Mississippi River

• Moreau River

• Niangua River

• Nishnabotna River

• Nodaway River

• North Dry Sac River

• North Fork River

• North River

• One Hundred and Two River

• Old River

• Osage River

• Platte River

• Pomme de Terre River 113 mi

• Prairie Creek

• Pryors Branch

• River des Peres

• Roaring River

• Rock Branch

• Roubidoux Creek

• Sac River 107 mi

• St. Francis River 470 mi

• Salt River

• Shoal Creek

• Skinner Creek

• South Grand River

• South River

• Spring River (Arkansas), of Missouri and Arkansas 57 mi

• Spring River (Missouri), of Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma

• Squaw Creek

• Taff Branch

• Tarkio River

• Thompson River

• Weldon River

• White River 722 mi

• Whites Creek

• Whittenburg Creek

• Whitewater River

• Wilsons Creek

• Wyaconda River

title: List of rivers of Missouri


text: User talk:67.80.47.247

title: User talk:67.80.47.247


text:
Marcel Tabuteau

Marcel Tabuteau (2 July 1887 – 4 January 1966) was a French-American oboist who is considered the founder of the American school of oboe playing.

Life
Tabuteau was born in Compiègne, Oise, France, and given a post in the city's municipal wind band at age eleven. He then studied at the Conservatoire de Paris with the legendary oboist Georges Gillet.

Walter Damrosch brought Tabuteau, along with French musicians flutist Georges Barrère, bassoonist Auguste Mesnard, clarinetist Leon Leroy, and Belgian trumpeter Adolphe Dubois, to New York in 1905 to play in his New York Symphony Orchestra. Damrosch was fined by the musicians' union for not advertising for musicians from New York, but the emigrating musicians were allowed to stay. In 1906 Tabuteau returned to France to complete his three years of compulsory military service as a French citizen, and served as a military musician in the regimental band of the 45th Infantry Regiment in Compiègne. A French law that had been enacted on July 11, 1892 gave special consideration to graduates of the Conservatoire, allowing him to be demobilized after just one year of service. He returned to the United States in 1907 and the union again tried to have him expelled, on the grounds that there had been a break in his US residence since filing his first citizenship papers. The union was unsuccessful and Tabuteau became a US citizen in 1912.

Tabuteau served as principal oboist of the Philadelphia Orchestra from 1915 to 1954 under Leopold Stokowski and Eugene Ormandy, and just as importantly, taught in Philadelphia at the Curtis Institute of Music. There his classes included Oboe, Woodwind and String Ensembles, Orchestral Winds/Percussion Class, and combined ensembles. He taught at Curtis from 1925 until his retirement in 1954.

Legacy
During the thirty years Tabuteau taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, he came to exercise a decisive influence on the standards of oboe playing in the whole United States, as well as raising the level of woodwind achievement in general. The impact of his teaching was not confined to wind instruments alone, as is evidenced by the many string players and pianists who attended his classes.

title: Marcel Tabuteau