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Hawkgirl

Hawkgirl is the name of several superheroines appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The original Hawkgirl, Shiera Sanders Hall, was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, and first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (January 1940). Shayera Hol was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Joe Kubert, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #34 (March 1961). Kendra Saunders was created by writer David S. Goyer and artist Stephen Sadowski, and first appeared in JSA: Secret Files and Origins #1 (August 1999). One of DC's earliest super-heroines, Hawkgirl has appeared in many of the company's flagship team-up titles including Justice Society of America and Justice League of America.

Several incarnations of Hawkgirl have appeared in DC Comics, most of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and artificial wings, attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight. Some incarnations have real wings (DCAU "Justice League" and "Justice League Unlimited"). Most incarnations of Hawkgirl work closely with a partner/romantic interest Hawkman.

Since DC's continuity was rewritten in the 1985 series Crisis on Infinite Earths, Hawkgirl's history has become muddled with several new versions of the character appearing throughout the years, some associated with ancient Egypt and some with the fictional planet Thanagar. These versions of the character have starred in several series of various durations.

Shiera Sanders Hall, Shayera Hol, and Kendra Saunders have all been adapted into various media, including direct-to-video animated films, video games, and both live-action and animated television series, featuring as a main or recurring character in the shows Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, The Flash, Arrow, Young Justice, DC Super Hero Girls and Legends of Tomorrow. In particular, Ciara Renée portrayed Saunders in the Arrowverse franchise while Isabela Merced will portray an unidentified Hawkgirl in the DC Universe (DCU) film Superman (2025).

Golden Age
Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, Shiera Sanders first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (January 1940), in the same 12-page story in which Fox and Neville introduced Hawkman. Shiera first appears as Hawkgirl in All Star Comics #5 (July 1941), in a costume created by Sheldon Moldoff, based on Neville's Hawkman costume.

Silver Age
With the fading popularity of superheroes during the late 1940s, the Hawkman feature ended in the last issue of Flash Comics in 1949. In 1956, DC Comics resurrected the Flash by revamping the character with a new identity and backstory. Following the success of the new Flash, DC Comics revamped Hawkman in a similar fashion with The Brave and the Bold #34 in 1961. The Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl became married Thanagarian police officers from the planet Thanagar who come to Earth to study police techniques. Silver Age Hawkgirl is introduced as Shayera Hol (phonetically identical to Shiera Hall), who appears in costume as of her first appearance. Although Silver Age Hawkman joins the Justice League in Justice League of America #31 in 1964, Silver Age Hawkgirl was not offered membership because Justice League rules only allowed for one new member to be admitted at a time. In 1981, Silver Age Hawkgirl changed her name to Hawkwoman in the Hawkman backup feature of World's Finest Comics #274.

With the establishment of DC's multiverse system, the Golden Age Hawkgirl was said to have lived on Earth-Two and the Silver Age Hawkgirl on Earth-One.

Post-Crisis and One Year Later
Following the events of DC's miniseries, Crisis on Infinite Earths, the histories of Earth-One, Two, Four, S, and X were merged into one single Earth with a consistent past, present, and future. As a result, both the Golden Age and the Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl live on the same Earth. Shortly after Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC decided that having the Justice Society on the same Earth as all of the other superheroes was redundant and most of the team, including Golden Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl were given a sendoff in the Last Days of the Justice Society one-shot. The Justice Society were trapped in another dimension, Limbo, where they would battle for all of eternity to prevent Ragnarök from occurring on the Earth.

Initially, the Silver Age Hawkman and Hawkwoman were kept in continuity unchanged after Crisis on Infinite Earths. However, DC reversed this decision and rebooted Hawkman continuity after the success of the Hawkworld miniseries. Originally, Hawkworld was a miniseries set in the past that revised the origins of Hawkman and Hawkwoman, but after the series became a success, DC Comics made Hawkworld an ongoing series set in the present, with both heroes only recently appearing on Earth after the events in the Invasion! miniseries, resulting in a complete reboot of Hawkman continuity. Several continuity errors regarding Hawkman and Hawkgirl's Justice League appearances then needed to be fixed, including their appearance in the Invasion! miniseries. All previous appearances by the Silver Age Hawkgirl in the Justice League were explained by the Golden Age Hawkgirl taking the Silver Age Hawkgirl's place. However, Hawkwoman continued to appear in some pre-Hawkworld Justice League adventures during the time Golden Age Hawkgirl was trapped in Limbo. To explain this continuity error, a new Hawkwoman, Sharon Parker, was created and retconned into the Justice League during the time Golden Age Hawkgirl was in Limbo.

After the Hawkworld reboot, Hawkgirl (Hawkwoman) was now Shayera Thal and not married to Katar Hol, instead merely his police partner. In post-Hawkworld continuity, Shayera adopts the name Hawkwoman from the very beginning of her costumed career and never uses the name Hawkgirl. The Golden Age Hawkgirl is eventually returned from Limbo, but during the Zero Hour miniseries she is merged with Katar Hol and Golden Age Hawkman into a new persona.

A new Hawkgirl was introduced as part of the 1999 revival of the JSA monthly title. The new Hawkgirl is Kendra Saunders, granddaughter of the Golden Age Hawkgirl's cousin, Speed Saunders. Hawkgirl would continue to appear regularly in the monthly JSA series and later in the Hawkman monthly. In 2006, the ongoing Hawkman monthly series was retitled Hawkgirl starting with issue #50 as part of the "One Year Later" jump forward; Kendra replaced Hawkman as the lead character. The Hawkgirl comic book series was finished with issue #66.

Shiera Sanders Hall
The Golden Age Hawkgirl was Shiera Sanders Hall, the reincarnation of the Egyptian princess Chay-Ara, and partner of Carter Hall, the Golden Age Hawkman.

Kendra Saunders
Kendra Saunders was a young Hispanic woman who took her own life. When Kendra's soul left her body, that of her grandfather's first cousin Shiera Hall, the Golden Age Hawkgirl entered it, making Kendra a walk-in. Her grandfather, former OSS agent and globe-trotting adventurer Speed Saunders, recognized this, in part due to a change in eye color, and encouraged his granddaughter to embrace her destiny as the "new" Hawkgirl.

Powers and abilities
Hawkgirl owes her powers to a belt of Nth metal, a substance native to the planet Thanagar (once home of another pair of Hawk-heroes, Katar Hol and Hawkwoman). The metal is psycho-reactive, responding to its bearer's thoughts and in its base form has a number of electromagnetic/gravitational properties. To the Hawks, it grants the power of flight, superhuman strength, super-acute vision, and an enhanced healing/regeneration ability.

Additionally, she displays advanced hand-to-hand combat skills. Like Hawkman, she retains the knowledge of several lifetimes worth of fighting. Her preferred weapons are a spear or mace, but she has also been depicted using swords, axes, warhammers, shields, and other melee weapons. She possesses shooting skills from her times as the gunfighter, Cinnamon.

In addition, the Nth metal knife which murdered Hawkgirl in her original incarnation as Chay-Ara had an unusual effect upon her soul and that of her lover Khufu (Hawkman). The pair are locked in a seemingly endless cycle of death and rebirth throughout the centuries. While not a superhuman power per se, this propensity for reincarnation has allowed Hawkgirl to cheat death and return to active duty in her current incarnation.

Like all modern Thanagarians, Shayera Hol has a pair of wings growing from her back which allows her to fly. As a Thanagarian, she has considerable physical strength, endurance and durability. As a former member of the Thanagarian military, she had extensive training in tactics, military science, and personal combat skills. Additionally, her focus in espionage can make her a difficult opponent to track, and provides her with an advantage when tracking villains.

Hawkgirl carries a mace made of Nth metal, which can generate electric currents and repel magical energies, her mace is highly effective against magic, as shown when Hawkgirl defeated Doctor Fate, a powerful magician of the DC Universe. Hawkgirl is skilled at wielding and throwing the mace accurately. She has creatively used the mace as a shield to deflect incoming projectiles as well as a makeshift defibrillator unit.

Hawkgirl is fluent in many Earth languages, through the use of the Absorbascon. Her unique Thanagarian physiology also enables her to verbally communicate with birds.

The Nth metal also regulates the body temperature of the wearer, preventing the need for heavy protective clothing while in high altitudes. It also has the property of radiating heat, which can be controlled to warm the wearer in colder climates.

Recently, Kendra has discovered that she had enhanced healing, strength, vision and limited hover abilities when not wearing Nth metal. She speculates that this is due to her prolonged exposure to the substance. It remains to be seen if she still possesses these abilities now that she is Shiera Hall once again.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Hawkgirl joined with the Amazons' Furies. Later, Hawkgirl is seen aiding Artemis in her attempt to kill the Resistance movement member, Lois Lane. Although, Lois is rescued by Resistance member Penny Black using the smoke grenades, Penny is seriously wounded. Later, when the Furies attack Grifter and the Resistance, Hawkgirl pins Grifter down, but he pulls Hawkgirl down and then stabs her chest with a trench knife.

DC Bombshells
In the DC Bombshells continuity set in World War II, Shiera is a technological genius and archaeologist who aids the Bombshells with her lover, Vixen. As Hawkgirl, she uses a jetpack rather than fly with wings, though when Cheetah forces her to build weapons out of ancient technology, she designs one with wings as well as a powerful mace.

Shiera grew up in an orphanage in Mexico. From a young age she had a passion for history and ancient cultures, as well as the magnificent structures that they built. She became an archaeologist and her work caught the eye of Hans Garber. He informed her of the Zambesi Amulets and the power that they possessed.

Intrigued, Shiera went to Zambesi to try to discover the secret of the amulets. There she met Queen Mari of Zambesi and the two of them fell in love. Shiera stayed in Zambesi with Mari and became her personal mechanic, building gadgets to assist Mari against her enemies.

Hawkgirl discovered her true Thanagarian origins while fighting against Baroness Paula von Gunther. After connecting herself with an ancient mechanic god it was revealed to Shiera that her parents were members of the Wingmen of Thanagar, they sought to warn the humans of the intentions of Thanagar who wished to conquer the Earth; due to their actions they were captured and murdered.

Elseworlds
Shayera and Katar are featured in the Elseworlds three-part series Legend of the Hawkman (2000). The story takes place in the Earth-One timeline, some time after The Brave and the Bold #34. She is shown wanting to return home to Thanagar while Katar has grown accustomed to life on Earth. Although this mini-series was never labelled as an Elseworlds project when originally published, it is now accepted as being one, with this story clearly based on the Silver Age versions of Hawkman and Hawkgirl during the pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths era.

Legend of the Hawkman
Hawkgirl (Shayera Hol) and Hawkman feature in this mini-series set soon after their arrival on Earth as the duo faces an ancient menace with connections to their Thanagarian heritage. In the first chapter, "The Fallen One", Shayera has been anxious to return to Thanagar, but Katar feels a responsibility to the museum, especially its upcoming extraterrestrial treasure exhibit. While Katar has adopted Earth as his home Shayera doesn't feel like they belong there. In Tibet a group of archaeologists discovers a Thanagarian gateway carved into a cliff side, after being informed of this Hawkgirl and Hawkman travel to the location.

Hawkman deciphers the writing on the gateway and it depicts the life of Thasaro, a Thanagarian child so evil that he threatened the existence of Thanagar's ancient gods. The ancient gods of Aerie condemned Thasaro into a mystic urn. Shayera's ancestor was entrusted with burying the urn so no one could release Thasaro. The archeologists and Katar want to examine the gateway but Shayera insists that the gateway be left alone. Hawkman and Shayera get into a fight until Shayera flies away heartbroken because Katar cares more about archeology than her feelings. Katar's fingerprints genetically open the gateway. Shayera hears an explosion and heads back to the site. Thasaro appears and makes the stone sentries throughout his chamber come to life. The sentries attack Hawkgirl but she manages to defeat his enforcers and finds Katar within Thasaro's grip. Thasaro then summons corpses like talons that rise up from the ground and pull Hawkgirl into a cavern beneath Thasaro's chamber. The talons maim Hawkgirl, but she manages to break away. Shayera's distress in the cavern awakens the spirit of her ancestor. Shayera's ancestor channels his aura into Shayera and gives her the edge she needs to subdue Thasaro. Thasaro is banished once again into the urn. The urn is then transported to the Midway City Museum so Katar and Shayera can safeguard it. Three months later Shayera is shown wanting to start a family, in the meantime Thanagarian zealots return to Earth to free the heinous fallen god. Thasaro's return brings chaos and devastation to Midway City, but using their Nth Metal weapons Hawkgirl and Hawkman are able to subdue him, banishing him to the fiery depths of Earth's Hell.

JLA: The Nail & JLA: Another Nail
In JLA: The Nail and JLA: Another Nail, Hawkgirl is a member of a Justice League, and remains so even after her husband's death by Amazo, although the team faces anti-alien prejudice and suspicion. She briefly contemplates abandoning Earth when anti-alien propaganda leads to a museum exhibit dedicated to Hawkman being vandalized, but when she returns to save two children from a burning building, her faith in humanity is restored when a group of civilians stand between her and government officials attempting to bring her in as an alien, the family she saved affirming that they still see Hawkman and her as heroes. In Another Nail, she appears to be close friends with Zatanna. She has forgiven Oliver Queen (in Amazo's body) after he admits feeling responsible for getting Katar killed, Queen believing that his attempts to prove himself caused Hawkman to put himself in danger to protect the more vulnerable Oliver. Her role as the sole Hawk with League membership is much like her animated counterpart in the Justice League animated series.

Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again
In Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again, the Hawks tried to return to Thanagar to flee from Lex Luthor's military dictatorship, only to crash in the rain forests of Costa Rica. They decided to remain in hiding. They gave birth to a son and daughter, giving them natural wings. Katar and Shayera were killed in a military strike ordered by Lex Luthor, embracing each other in their final moments. The children were brought up in the jungle ever since. They were bent on revenge against Lex. As Hawkboy, the son ultimately kills Lex with Batman's permission, since he understands what he has been through.

Justice
In Alex Ross's Silver Age-toned Justice, Hawkgirl is a member of the Justice League and co-director of the Midway City Museum, alongside her husband. With the entire JLA's secrets and weaknesses in hand, the Legion of Doom stages a simultaneous attack on nearly every member of the League. Hawkgirl and Hawkman are surprised by Toyman in the Midway City Museum, but manage to survive and decide to investigate his warehouse, where they are assaulted by his forces, and discover that he is making multiple Brainiac androids. She also appears in Secret Origins and Liberty and Justice.

Gotham City Garage
Kendra Saunders's version of Hawkgirl is featured in Gotham City Garage series. She is the youngest member of a very old team. It's revealed that Kendra's parents were killed during an alien invasion, she was later rescued by the Blackhawks and trained from a young age with captain Blackhawk. She is shown using the Lady Blackhawk costume and the alias Kendra Blackhawk. She resigns from the Blackhawks to help the Gotham City Garage against Lex Luthor's attacks.

DC New Talents Showcase
Hawkgirl was chosen for one of the seven features in the one-shot comic book. She lives in Chicago, working as a police detective. She is from Thanagar, her mace vibrates like a smartphone when Nth-Metal Thanagarian weapons are near and she has a secret Hawkroom. It is revealed that she did not leave Thanagar on good terms. After some time collecting Thanagarian weapons from crime scenes, she started suspecting something was wrong. This led to her fighting against an ancient Thanagarian that wanted her dead since she chose humans instead of Thanagarians.

Erica Schultz, said she was inspired by the DC Animated Universe version of the character: "I've always been drawn to strong characters, but what really solidified my love for Shayera was the Justice League cartoon show."

Scooby-Doo Team-Up #17
During a crossover with the cast of Scooby-Doo, the Silver Age version of Hawkgirl is featured alongside Hawkman in the Midway City Museum, working as curators. The heroes team-up with the characters from the animated series to discover who stole from their workplace. Later they uncover that Shadow Thief, Matter Master and Fadeaway Man were behind it. After a fight against the villains the heroes retrieve the stolen items.

Bombshells: United
Hawkgirl appears as Shiera Hall in the continuation series to DC Comics Bombshells, Bombshells: United set in the United States in 1943. Shiera is shown in Green Light alongside her lover, Green Light. Hawkgirl is later featured fighting against the Apokolips invasion on Earth.

Animation

 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in The All-New Super Friends Hour, voiced by Shannon Farnon.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in Super Friends, voiced by Janet Waldo.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Maria Canals-Barrera.
 * The Shiera Sanders Hall incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in the DC Super Hero Girls (2019) episode "#TheBirdAndTheBee", voiced by Stephanie Lemelin.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl makes cameo appearances in Harley Quinn, voiced by Quinta Brunson.

Live-action

 * The Shiera Sanders Hall incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in Smallville, portrayed by Sahar Biniaz.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl, with elements of Shiera Sanders Hall, appears in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Ciara Renée.
 * The Shiera Sanders Hall incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in Stargirl.

Film

 * Shayera Hol makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: The New Frontier.
 * An evil, alternate universe incarnation of Hawkgirl named Angelique makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths as a minor member of the Crime Syndicate who wields a flaming sword.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in The Lego Batman Movie.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl was originally going to appear in Black Adam, but lead actor Dwayne Johnson later stated that she would not be in it.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in Green Lantern: Beware My Power, voiced by Jamie Gray Hyder.
 * An unidentified Hawkgirl will appear in Superman, portrayed by Isabela Merced.

Video games

 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Justice League: Injustice for All.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Justice League: Chronicles.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Justice League Heroes, voiced by Collette Whittaker.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in DC Universe Online, voiced by Lana Lesley.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Kari Wahlgren.
 * The Shiera Sanders Hall incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced by Jennifer Hale.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced again by Kari Wahlgren.
 * An unidentified Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Infinite Crisis, voiced again by Maria Canals-Barrera.
 * An unidentified Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in DC Legends.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a modifier in Injustice 2's "Multiverse" mode.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Tiffany Smith.

Miscellaneous

 * The DCAU incarnation of Shayera Hol / Hawkgirl appears in the tie-in comics Justice League Beyond, Justice League Adventures, and Justice League Unlimited.
 * The Shayera Hol incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
 * The Injustice incarnation of Shiera Sanders Hall / Hawkgirl appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in DC Super Hero Girls (2015), voiced by Nika Futterman.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in DC Super Hero High, voiced again by Nika Futterman.
 * The Kendra Saunders incarnation of Hawkgirl appears in the DC Super Hero Girls tie-in comic book.

Reception
IGN's list of the "Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics" ranked Hawkgirl as #22. She was ranked 80th in Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.

title: Hawkgirl


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Iron Gates

The Iron Gates (Porțile de Fier; Ђердапска клисура / Đerdapska klisura or Гвоздена капија / Gvozdena kapija; Hungarian: Vaskapu-szoros) is a gorge on the river Danube. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia (to the south) and Romania (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km; in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of Orșova, that contains two hydroelectric dams, with two power stations, Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station and Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station.

At this point in the Danube, the river separates the southern Carpathian Mountains from the northwestern foothills of the Balkan Mountains. The Romanian side of the gorge constitutes the Iron Gates Natural Park, whereas the Serbian part constitutes the Đerdap National Park. A wider protected area on the Serbian side was declared the UNESCO global geopark in July 2020.

Archaeologists have named the Iron Gates mesolithic culture, of the central Danube region circa 13,000 to 5,000 years ago, after the gorge. One of the most important archaeological sites in Serbia and Europe is Lepenski Vir, the oldest planned settlement in Europe, located on the banks of the Danube in the Iron Gate gorge.

Toponymy

In English, the gorge is known as Iron Gates or Iron Gate. An 1853 article about the Danube in The Times of London referred to it as "the Iron Gate, or the Gate of Trajan."

In languages of the region including Romanian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, German, and Bulgarian, names literally meaning "Iron Gates" are used to name the entire range of gorges. These names are Porțile de Fier, Vaskapu, Železné vráta, Żelazne Wrota, Eisernes Tor, and Железни врата Železni vrata. An alternative Romanian name for the last part of the route is Defileul Dunării, literally "Danube Gorge".

In Serbian, the gorge is known as Đerdap (Ђердап; ), with the last part named Đerdapska klisura (Ђердапска клисура;, meaning Đerdap Gorge) from the Byzantine Greek Κλεισούρα (kleisoura), standing for "enclosure" or "pass."

Both Đerdap and the former Serbian name, Demir-kapija, are Turkish in origin. Demir-kapija means "iron gate" (demirkapı) and a translation of it entered most of the other languages as the name of the gorge, while đerdap comes from girdap which means whirlpool, vortex.

Gorges

The first narrowing of the Danube lies beyond the Romanian isle of Moldova Veche and is known as the Golubac gorge. It is 14.5 km long and 230 m wide at the narrowest point. At its head, there is a medieval fort at Golubac, on the Serbian bank. Through the valley of Ljupovska lies the second gorge, Gospodjin Vir, which is 15 km long and narrows to 220 m. The cliffs scale to 500 m and are the most difficult to reach here from land. The broader Donji Milanovac forms the connection with the Great and the Small Kazan gorge, which have a combined length of 19 km. The Orșova valley is the last broad section before the river reaches the plains of Wallachia at the last gorge, the Sip gorge.

The Great Kazan (kazan meaning "cauldron" or "reservoir") is the most famous and the most narrow gorge of the whole route: the river here narrows to 150 m and reaches a depth of up to 53 m.

Navigation and channels

The riverbed rocks and the associated rapids made the gorge valley an infamous passage for shipping, even for the most seasoned boatmen. During the period of the Ottoman rule, the ships were guided through by the local navigators, familiar with the routes, called kalauz (from Turkish kalavuz, meaning guide, travel leader). During the rule of prince Miloš Obrenović, local Serbs gradually took over from the Ottomans, being officially appointed by the prince. In order not to aggravate the Ottomans further, the prince named Serbian navigators by a Turkish name, dumendžibaša, from dümen (rudder) and baş (head, chief, master). The navigation fee was divided among dumendžibaša, loc (river pilots) and regional municipalities.

In German, the passage is still known as the Kataraktenstrecke, even though the cataracts are gone. Near the actual "Iron Gates" strait the Prigrada rock was the most important obstacle (until 1896): the river widened considerably here and the water level was consequently low. Upstream, the Greben rock near the "Kazan" gorge was notorious.

Some of the channels created included:
 * Stenka, 1,900 m long, with 10 navigational signals (originally, the balloons were used)
 * Izlaz-Tahatlija, 2,351 m, with 7 signals
 * Svinița, 1,200 m, with 4 signals
 * Juc, 1,260 m, with 5 signals
 * Sip, 4,375 m
 * Mali Đerdap, 1,050 m, as an extension of Sip Channel

In total, 15,465 m of navigable channels was created. They were flooded when the artificial Lake Đerdap was created (early 1970s). The results of these efforts were slightly disappointing. The currents in the Sip Channel were so strong at 15kts (8 m/s) that until 1973, ships had to be dragged upstream along the canal by locomotive. The Iron Gates thus remained an obstacle of note.

Dams

The construction of the joint Romanian-Yugoslavian mega project commenced in 1964. In 1972 the Iron Gate I Dam was opened, followed by Iron Gate II Dam, in 1984, along with two hydroelectric power stations, two sluices and navigation locks for shipping.

The construction of these dams gave the valley of the Danube below Belgrade the nature of a reservoir, and additionally caused a 35 m rise in the water level of the river near the dam. The old Orșova, the Danube island of Ada Kaleh (below) and at least five other villages, totaling a population of 17,000, had to make way. People were relocated and the settlements have been lost forever to the Danube.

When designed and built without adequate attention to the natural functioning of a river, dams have the effect of cutting a river into ecologically isolated compartments, which do not allow free movement and migration of species. Migratory fish are particularly badly hit, being rendered unable to move upstream or downstream between their spawning grounds and areas used at other times in their life cycle. The construction of the Iron Gates had a major impact on the local fauna and flora as well—for example, the spawning routes of several species of sturgeon were permanently interrupted. Beluga sturgeon was the largest, and the largest specimen was recorded in 1793, at 500 kg. There have also been significant regional economic impacts – notably on the productivity of Danube fisheries. The status of the Danube's migratory fish species is a strong indicator of the ecological health of the entire Danube River Basin, which in turn has wider economic and strategic consequences.

The flora and fauna, as well as the geomorphological, archaeological and cultural historical artifacts of the Iron Gates have been under the protection of both nations since the construction of the dam. In Serbia this was done with the Đerdap National Park (since 1974, 636.08 km2) and in Romania by the Porțile de Fier National Park (since 2001, 1156.55 km2).

Prehistoric and Roman era
Sandstone statues dated to the early Neolithic era indicate that the area has been inhabited for a very long time. Even more significant are the Iron Gates Mesolithic (c. 13,000 to 5,000 BP) sites – in particular, the gorge of Gospodjin Vir, which contains the major archaeological site of Lepenski Vir (unearthed in the 1960s). Lepenski Vir is often regarded as the most important Mesolithic site in south-east Europe.

East of the Great Kazan the Roman emperor Trajan built the legendary bridge erected by Apollodorus of Damascus. Construction of the bridge ran from 103 through 105, preceding Trajan's final conquest of Dacia. (On the right (Serbian) bank a Roman plaque commemorates him. On the Romanian bank, at the Small Kazan, a likeness of Decebalus, Trajan's Dacian opponent, was carved in rock in 1994–2004.)

John Hunyadi and his 15,000 men defeated the 80,000-strong army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin at Zajkány (today's Zeicani), near the Iron Gate of the Danube river in 1442.

Ada Kaleh

Perhaps the most evocative consequence of the Đerdap dam's construction was the flooding of an islet named Ada Kaleh. A former Turkish exclave, it had a mosque and a thousand twisting alleys, and was known as a free port and smuggler's nest. Many other ethnic groups lived there beside Turks.

The island was about 3 km downstream from Orșova and measured 1.7 by 0.4–0.5 km. It was walled; the Austrians built a fort there in 1669 to defend it from the Turks, and that fort would remain a bone of contention for the two empires. In 1699 the island came under Turkish control, from 1716 to 1718 it was Austrian, after a four-month siege in 1738 it was Turkish again, followed by the Austrians reconquering it in 1789, only to have to yield it to the Turks in the following peace treaty.

Thereafter, the island lost its military importance. The 1878 Congress of Berlin forced the Ottoman Empire to retreat far into the south, but the island remained the property of the Turkish sultan, allegedly because the treaty neglected to mention it. The inhabitants enjoyed exemption from taxes and customs and were not conscripted. In 1923, when the Ottoman monarchy had disappeared, the island was given to Romania in the Treaty of Lausanne.

The Ada Kaleh mosque dated from 1903 and was built on the site of an earlier Franciscan monastery. The mosque's carpet, a gift from the Turkish sultan Abdülhamid II, has been located in the Constanța mosque since 1965.

Most Ada Kaleh inhabitants emigrated to Turkey after the evacuation of the island. A smaller part went to Northern Dobruja, another Romanian territory with a Turkish minority.

19th century's Hungarian initiatives
By the early 19th century, freedom of navigation on the Danube was regarded as important by many different states in the region and beyond. Allowing passage through the Iron Gates by larger vessels had become a priority. By 1831 a plan had been drafted to make the passage navigable, at the initiative of Hungarian politician István Széchenyi. Not being satisfied with the solutions compiled by the Austrio-Hungarian government and the Austro-Turkish commission, the government of Hungary formed its own commission for the organization of the navigation through the Iron Gates. The project was finished in 1883. Appointed in 1883 and again in 1886, Minister of Trade and Transportation Gábor Baross, Hungary's "Iron Minister", presided over modernization projects at Hungary's sea port in Fiume (Rijeka), and regulation of the Upper Danube and Iron Gate.

Works on the gorge section were done by the Hungarian Technical Administration over 11 years from 1889. The works were divided in two sectors, the upper and the lower Iron Gates. The channels in the upper section, at the town of Orșova (the tripoint between Austria-Hungary, Romania and Serbia at the time) were up to 60 m wide and 2 m deep, at the zero water level in Orșova. In the southern section, the channels were 60 m wide and 3 m deep, except for the Sip Channel, which was 73 m wide. In 1890, near Orșova, the last border town of Hungary, rocks were cleared by explosion over a 2 km stretch in order to create channels. A spur of the Greben Ridge was removed across a length of over 2 km. Here, a depth of 2 m sufficed. On 17 September 1896, the Sip Canal thus created (named after the Serbian Sip village on the right bank) was inaugurated by the Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph, the Romanian king Carol I, and the Serbian king Alexander Obrenovich.

Literature

 * A plan to blow up the Iron Gates gorge and thereby block the Danube grain trade is included in the proposed acts of sabotage in the Balkan Trilogy section of the Fortunes of War novels (1960–1980) by Olivia Manning. A similar plot device, to prevent oil barges reaching Nazi Germany, is used by Dennis Wheatley in his 1946 Duke de Richleau novel, Codeword: Golden Fleece.
 * Two novels – The Valley of Horses (1982) and The Plains of Passage (1990) – in Jean M. Auel's series Earth's Children focus on the difficulties of prehistoric people  traveling through or around the Iron Gates in both  during scene sequences detailing travel adventures whilst the protagonists navigate between the upper and lower Danube valleys.
 * The 1986 book Between the Woods and the Water, by travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor, describes a night on the now submerged island Ada Kaleh and a trip by ferry through the Iron Gates, in August, 1934.
 * The 2016 book Threads, The Fabric of Family Lives Pulled Apart By War, by D. W. Hoffman (2016) describes a daring escape attempt by Czech refugees hoping to reach Palestine in August of 1940 aboard a derelict paddlewheel steamer. They were detained at Donji by the Serbs and later the Bulgarians and Romanians, all of whom were afraid to allow the craft to pass, fearing it would sink in the Iron Gates and block critical wartime traffic.
 * Mór Jókai's 1872 novel The Man with the Golden Touch starts with a lengthy description of the gorge. Many of the main characters are introduced during a voyage through the Iron Gates on a merchant vessel towed up the river.

Film

 * The 2003 film Donau, Duna, Dunaj, Dunav, Dunarea contains several minutes of film of the Iron Gates.

Music

 * The Iron Gates are mentioned in the second verse of the Zvonko Bogdan song Rastao sam pored Dunava.
 * The folk song Jugoslavijo by Milutin Popović, commonly called Od Vardara pa do Triglava, includes a mention of the Iron Gates in the beginning.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Iron Gates


text:
Category:Philadelphia Flyers players

This is a list of ice hockey players who have played at least one regular season or playoff game for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League.

title: Category:Philadelphia Flyers players


text: Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players

title: Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players


text:
Talk:Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song)

You removed my editing
[moved from User talk:Pigsonthewing ]

Hi Pigsonthewing,

I noticed that you undid my editing on Wish You Were Here (song) because you could not substantiate that rumour. I got that from the German wikipedia and, googling, I found that there in fact is a rumour that this cough is related to David's quitting smoking. I beg you to think about it and undo your removal. Thank you, Betterworld 21:30, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I removed it because nobody can substantiate it. Andy Mabbett 21:36, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by emphasizing nobody? It is in the nature of rumours that one is not quite sure whether they are true or wrong, or half-true. However, people talk about it, so why not inform Wikipedians about it? Betterworld 21:42, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You have answered your first question for yourself. Wikipeia is an encylopedia, not a tabloid newspaper. Besides, some of the links found by your Google search contradict the rumour you cited. Andy Mabbett 21:46, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I can quite easily show you a couple of Wikipedia articles that contain notes about rumours. An example is on Pink Floyd: The pig floating away. I do not think that there is any problem about it as long we state the fact that we do not know it for sure. It would be tabloid paper style if this were no longer of interest by tomorrow. But as the cough will remain in the records for ever, there is no point calling it news. If you feel that there exist several rumours that contradict each other, please write so in the article. Betterworld 23:35, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The material about the escaped pig is not a rumour. Andy Mabbett 08:09, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Instead of babbling about it, just put "There is an unproven rumour that the cough in this song is a representation of Gilmour quitting smoking during its recording. However, it may just be there to simulate the person listening to the radio, who (Due to the sound of the radio indicating age) could just be an old smoker."

 * Besides, the Wizard of Oz -> Dark Side rumour is claimed false by the band, but its still on the encyclopedia - Fizscy46 21:38, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * The WoO stuff is not a rumour, just a coincidence. Andy Mabbett 09:04, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It is still a continuing rumour that they did it on purpose, even though they claimed otherwise. However, moving it to the trivia page is a good idea to settle the dispute. - Fizscy46 16:56, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Fizscy46. Betterworld 21:50, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The Cough
I hear the cough at 43 seconds, not at 26 seconds like the article says. I am listening off the CD which should be the most accurate way of judging when it is.138.202.230.203 22:00, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, it's at 43 seconds. In fact, the article used to say it's in the 43rd second, until http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wish_You_Were_Here_%281975_song%29&diff=5151062&oldid=5095435.  I'm changing it.
 * Actually, on some CD versions, it is at 26 seconds. I know mine does. However, the version on my "Echoes:The Best of Pink Floyd" CD has it at 43 seconds. I have discovered this has to do with the spoken words/sound effects intro to the song, which on Echoes, and apparently some versions of Wish You Were Here, occurs at the beginning of the "Wish You Were Here" track. However, on my copy it occurs at the end of "Have a Cigar" instead. This would mean this version of this song would be shorter, and the result is that the cough comes earlier in the song. Oddfellowslocal151 (talk) 00:50, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

I've heard that the the famous violinest, Stephone Grapelli was recording an album in the same studio and contributed an uncredited violin solo at the end of the song which was subsequently mixed so low as to be nearly inaudible.207.157.121.50 03:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)mightyafrowhitey

I hear the cough at 26 seconds. mine is probably the condensed version being it is 5 minutes and 17 seconds. we maybe should include both versions. 96.246.52.19 (talk) 01:51, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Verification
I'm still waiting for someone to cit esomething to verify the claim that ''The cough was due to David Gilmour's then-smoking habits. After he heard the playback during mixing, he quit smoking for good but the cough was left in as a sort of reminder.''. Andy Mabbett 14:38, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * call him, haha --
 * From http://davidgilmour.com FAQ: "In the 43rd second, you hear David coughing. In the 48th second, you hear him sniffing. There are reports that hearing this was what convinced David to give up smoking during the recording of the album, but that’s not true." Floyd(Norway) 11:24, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You would think that would have killed this stupid rumor! I made a lengthy argument against it here, if anybody's interested (I assume cross-posting my Talk is a no-no.) I removed it from that article, and it should be removed from this one as well. I think some people want to keep this rumor going because it sends an anti-smoking message, and they think that's worth lying about. Hell, I challenge anybody to find a picture of Gilmour smoking a cigarette in the first place!  (He's been photographed smoking other things.)  --63.25.113.207 21:27, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

You can also hear him sort of 'yawning', a little later (or he might be saying 'yeah', can't be sure...). Was that deliberate? Martyn Smith 11:13, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Barrett's visit
From the article: "During the recording of this song, Syd Barrett, their old band mate who had been in seclusion for years due to drug induced psychosis, suddenly appeared in the studio. Syd's former band mates did not even recognize him as he had lost his hair and gained considerable weight. He was wondering about the studio muttering nonsense when Waters and Gilmour realized to their dismay that this strange character who suddenly appeared in their studio session was their old friend Syd Barrett."

I thought this happened when they recorded David Gilmour's backing vocals on "Shine on You Crazy Diamond". Floyd(Norway) 13:24, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think anybody in the band remembers exactly what they were doing when Syd showed up. --63.25.239.112 16:03, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * According to the Classic Albums documentary on the album, they were mixing the album when Barrett showed up. Daniel Case (talk) 05:32, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Contradiction
I removed this line from the article :

 * "(This description contradicts what is written below about the origin of the song.)"

because it belongs here, but it does raise a good point. The article says

 * "The guitar riff came to David Gilmour while in Abbey Road Studios playing with his acoustic guitar. Roger Waters was so moved by the riff that he wrote the lyrics right there on the spot."

while a quote of Waters at the end has him saying:

 * "Only once have the lyrics been written down first -- 'Wish You Were Here'."

A citation for the former statement should be found, if possible, so this matter can be worked out. -albrozdude 01:43, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Someone removed the Syd Barrett article
so yeah, I put it back in, and added a few stuff to it! -Dragong4

The radio play
What's the title of that radio play ('Oh Sinden....all this star nonsense...no..it..no I'm sure of it' etc) that crops up during the 'tuning in' passage. And is that brief orchestral burst immediately before the 'radio guitar' section part of it, or separate? Anyone know? Martyn Smith 11:11, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

My belief is that the extract comes from the long-running panel game 'Round Britain Quiz'. The female voice certainly sounds like Irene Thomas. To me, at least. 86.20.175.82 (talk) 22:07, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

References to Syd Barrett
'Shine on' is definitely about him, 'Wish You Were here' is pretty much Syd, although there's a more 'general feel to the longing as well'. 'Have A Cigar' recounts the band's early experiences with record execs, so Syd is involved along the line there. I would say that the lyrically most generic song on the album is 'Welcome To The Machine', however this is about the pressures and temptations faced by a neophyte rock musician, which certainly has a great deal of relevance with Mr Barrett. Therefore I think the original assertion that the 'entire' album deals with Syd in some way is an acceptable one.

I wonder if Roger actually saw this album as a personal watershed, as a way of putting the ghost of Syd's involvement and once dominance of the band to rest? This would certainly tie in with the ease with which he totally dominated the last 3 Floyd albums with him as a member. Martyn Smith 22:56, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Trivia: Mars Rover Spirit's Hidden Message
One of the rovers that are currently on the planet Mars (Spirit) has a secret message encoded on one of its parts. When the rover first landed on Mars, the Planetary Society made images of the encrypted message available, and encouraged the general public to decipher it. The message encoded is, amazingly, "wish you were here".

Should we include this as Trivia? I don't think it's a reference to the Pink Floyd song, at least not directly, but it's an interesting piece of info. Isn't it great that the title of a Pink Floyd song is 64 million miles away from Earth right now?

You can find the Press Release of when the message was initially deciphered here: http://www.planetary.org/about/press/releases/2004/0415_Hidden_Mars_Messages_Found.html

You can find the images of the code itself (the bars and dots around the edge of the DVD) here: http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/red_rover_goes_to_mars/dvd_image.html

Meithan 09:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it should definitely be in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.1.97.89 (talk • contribs)

 * It's a common English idiom, nothing to do with Pink Floyd. Andy Mabbett 22:24, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Heart Of Stone?
Just a thought this song does sound somewhat similar to heart of stone by the rolling stones. the chords are very similar. Did they rip off that song did the stones rip off them? Maybe not, but just an idea that could use more looking into. 96.246.52.211 (talk) 17:06, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Moved
It is said that the sound of David Gilmour coughing on the intro to the track made him stop smoking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk • contribs) 22:47, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

The AM Radio
The high frequency background whine is not emulating an engine accelerating/decelerating (that would be a much more rapid rise and fall). It always reminded me of the PLL drift from old analog crystals. David says the idea is it's a kid in his bedroom hearing the 12 string on the radio, and the kid joins in. So car interference would make no sense. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G91HQRSKW4 (the last minute of the interview). Dickbalaska (talk) 06:22, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Agreed. In fact the quote from Gilmour's WYWH songbook interview is even in the article itself: "It's all meant to sound like the first track getting sucked into a radio with one person sitting in the room playing guitar along with the radio." The "sitting in a car" thing is completely rubbish original research, where's the engine noise, for a start? 86.138.137.179 (talk) 23:41, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Steel Rail
Does the following link count as a valid citation for the reference Wish You Were Here makes to the song If It's In You from Syd Barrett's album The Madcap Laughs? http://www.pink-floyd-lyrics.com/html/if_its_in_you_lyrics_syd_ml.html 189.12.177.6 (talk) 17:06, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It does not. It is a transcription of Barrett's lyrics. What is needed is a citation of a reliable source stating that Waters' use of "steel rail" was in any way a reference to Barrett's lyrics. "Steel rail" is not exotic imagery; there's many steel rails at every bus stop and train station. I strongly doubt it's a reference, and I'm dying to just delete it. But I only recently put the citeneeded tag on, so the ethical thing to do is give it some time. I am sure, in the end, no reliable source will be found. You'd basically need a confirmation from Roger Waters himself. I can easily imagine what he'd say at his age: "I don't know . . . I try not to think too much about it . . . but perhaps subconsciously . . . ." However, I'm reasonably sure of what he would have said when the song was new: "No."
 * --Ben Culture (talk) 22:56, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, I did it. I deleted the shit out of that nonsense! Please don't put it back unless you have a very reliable, verifiable, reputable source.
 * --Ben Culture (talk) 19:28, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

Wind instrument parts?
There are some 'wind instrument' sounds during the sound. (For example 2:56 and 4:04 at on the album version-not the wind sound at the end.) What are these? Since no other musicians are credited for this song, I sort of assume they are parts on a mellotron or something, but I don't know for sure. Blythwood (talk) 14:29, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

OTT Wyclef Jean Cover Details
What makes this cover version so important that it deserves so much attention in this article? Suggest removing everything except for a simple mention of the cover and a link to the relevant Wyclef Jean album page. Anything more than that is unwarranted.

--PSmythirl (talk) 16:35, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 1101 093
— Assignment last updated by Joycea1127 (talk) 21:23, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Van Morisson Almost independance Day
Hello, I'm of course not the first to notice the huge insperation taken by Pink Floyd from this song of Van Morisson, released in 1970 on Saint Dominic's preview album. What I'm puzzled about is why there is no mention of it in this wiki page. can somebody update it? (I'm no wiki expert, never edited, I don’t want yo make any error). thanks LaurentFr69 (talk) 08:10, 26 May 2024 (UTC)


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Category:Boston Bruins players

This is a list of players who played Professional Hockey for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. There is also a list at List of Boston Bruins players.

title: Category:Boston Bruins players


text:
Category:Buffalo Sabres players

This is a list of players who played Professional Hockey for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League. There is also a list at List of Buffalo Sabres players.

title: Category:Buffalo Sabres players


text:
Tr (Unix)

tr is a command in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems. It is an abbreviation of translate or transliterate, indicating its operation of replacing or removing specific characters in its input data set.

Overview
The utility reads a byte stream from its standard input and writes the result to the standard output. As arguments, it takes two sets of characters (generally of the same length), and replaces occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from the second set. For example,

tr 'abcd' 'jkmn'

maps all characters a to j, b to k, c to m, and d to n.

The character set may be abbreviated by using character ranges. The previous example could be written:

tr 'a-d' 'jkmn'

In POSIX-compliant versions of, the set represented by a character range depends on the locale's collating order, so it is safer to avoid character ranges in scripts that might be executed in a locale different from that in which they were written. Ranges can often be replaced with POSIX character sets such as [:alpha:].

The   flag causes  to compress sequences of identical adjacent characters in its output to a single token. For example,

tr -s '\n'

replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline.

The   flag causes  to delete all tokens of the specified set of characters from its input. In this case, only a single character set argument is used. The following command removes carriage return characters.

tr -d '\r'

The   flag indicates the complement of the first set of characters. The invocation

tr -cd '[:alnum:]'

therefore removes all non-alphanumeric characters.

Implementations
The original version of  was written by Douglas McIlroy and was introduced in Version 4 Unix.

The version of  bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Jim Meyering. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. It is also available in the OS-9 shell. A  command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2. The tr command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Most versions of, including GNU   and classic Unix  , operate on single-byte characters and are not Unicode compliant. An exception is the Heirloom Toolchest implementation, which provides basic Unicode support.

Ruby and Perl also have an internal tr operator, which operates analogously. Tcl's string map command is more general in that it maps strings to strings while tr maps characters to characters.

title: Tr (Unix)


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Confessionalization

In Protestant Reformation history, confessionalization is the parallel processes of "confession-building" taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). For most of this time, there was a nominal peace in the Holy Roman Empire between the Protestant and Catholic confessions as both competed to establish their faith more firmly with the population of their respective areas. This confession-building occurred through "social-disciplining," as there was a stricter enforcement by the churches of their particular rules for all aspects of life in both Protestant and Catholic areas. This had the consequence of creating distinctive confessional identities that influenced church dogma, faith formation, liturgy, and the development of universities.

The German historian Ernst Walter Zeeden first described the phenomenon of 'confession building' (Konfessionsbildung) in the 1950s. In the 1970s, Wolfgang Reinhard and Heinz Schilling further developed these ideas in parallel, applying their ideas to church-state formation in Roman Catholic and Lutheran contexts in the Holy Roman Empire.

Calvin's Geneva is also a model case for the confessional era because of its high degree of social control, unity and homogeneity under one expression of a reformed Christian faith. The Genevan model was informed by an interpretation of Erasmus' humanism. The reformation had shown the independent character of northern Europe to resist acceptance to Catholic orthodoxy and thus called for an end to the Corpus Christianum. The new model sought to establish a decentralized Christian community, rooted in the belief that one's own interpretative theology was correct and sufficient.

Confessionalization was supported by monarchs and rulers in general, because after the Reformation had brought control over their territories' churches into their hands, they could exercise more power over their subjects by enforcing strict religious obedience. The main tool for the enforcement of these rules were "police-regulations". These were behavior codes for religious, social and economic life to which the common citizen had to oblige under threat of severe punishment.

Increasingly, the secular governments (sometimes in cooperation or conflict with the churches they controlled) provided material relief for the poor and needy, and in return the state demanded obedience and increased taxes from its subjects. Thus, confessionalization is often described as a developmental stage towards both the absolutist states of the 17th and 18th centuries, as well as the modern welfare state.

Nancy Shields Kollmann used the term "confessionalization" to refer to the religious arbitration and control used in the Russian Empire to manage the activity of non-Orthodox religions such as Catholicism, Lutheranism, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism. Tsarist Russia, a multi-confessional empire with one state religion, banned the proselytization of other faiths to Orthodox Christians. However, the tsarist administration supported centralizing institutions within other religions (such as the Orenburg Assembly) insofar as they would aid in local administration and were allied with the state.

title: Confessionalization


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Zaza language

Zaza or Zazaki (Zazakî, Kirmanckî, Kirdkî, Dimilkî) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are commonly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such. The language is a part of the Zaza–Gorani language group of the northwestern group of the Iranian branch. The glossonym Zaza originated as a pejorative and many Zazas call their language Dimlî.

According to Ethnologue, Zaza is spoken by around three to four million people. Nevins, however, puts the number of Zaza speakers between two and three million. Ethnologue also states that Zaza is threatened as the language is decreasing due to losing speakers, and that many are shifting to Turkish, as well as mentioning that there are a few monolingual speakers, mostly the elderly. This is causing a decline as the language is increasingly not being passed down to younger generations, with most choosing to speak Turkish. Some also speak Kurmanji.

Macrolanguage
Zaza language is classified by SIL International as a macrolanguage, including the varieties of Southern Zaza (diq) and Northern Zazaki (kiu). Other international linguistic authorities, the Ethnologue and the Glottolog, also classify the Zaza language as a macrolanguage composed of two distinct languages: Southern Zaza and Northern Zaza.

Relations to other languages
Zazaki is closely related to Gorani due to their unique linguistic features and historical development. They exhibit significant differences in vocabulary, grammar, and phonology compared to other Kurdish dialects. These differences lead scholars to classify Gorani and Zazaki as separate languages spoken by Kurds under the Zaza-Gorani branch, distinct from the Kurdish branch, which includes Kurmanji, Sorani, Kelhuri, and Laki.

While Zaza is linguistically more closely related to Gorani due to centuries of interaction, Kurmanji has also had an impact on the language and with the fact that Zaza speakers are identified as ethnic Kurds by scholars, has led some linguists to classify the language as a Kurdish dialect.

History
Writing in Zaza is a recent phenomenon. The first literary work in Zaza is Mewlîdu'n-Nebîyyî'l-Qureyşîyyî by Ehmedê Xasi in 1899, followed by the work Mawlûd by Osman Efendîyo Babij in 1903. As the Kurdish language was banned in Turkey during a large part of the Republican period, no text was published in Zaza until 1963. That year saw the publication of two short texts by the Kurdish newspaper Roja Newe, but the newspaper was banned and no further publication in Zaza took place until 1976, when periodicals published a few Zaza texts. Modern Zaza literature appeared for the first time in the journal Tîrêj in 1979 but the journal had to close as a result of the 1980 coup d'état. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most Zaza literature was published in Germany, France and especially Sweden until the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted in Turkey in 1991. This meant that newspapers and journals began publishing in Zaza again. The next book to be published in Zaza (after Mawlûd in 1903) was in 1977, and two more books were published in 1981 and 1986. From 1987 to 1990, five books were published in Zaza. The publication of books in Zaza increased after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted and a total of 43 books were published from 1991 to 2000. As of 2018, at least 332 books have been published in Zaza.

Due to the above-mentioned obstacles, the standardization of Zaza could not have taken place and authors chose to write in their local or regional Zaza variety. In 1996, however, a group of Zaza-speaking authors gathered in Stockholm and established a common alphabet and orthographic rules which they published. Some authors nonetheless do not abide by these rules as they do not apply the orthographic rules in their oeuvres.

In 2009, Zaza was classified as a vulnerable language by UNESCO.

The institution of Higher Education of Turkey approved the opening of the Zaza Language and Literature Department in Munzur University in 2011 and began accepting students in 2012 for the department. In the following year, Bingöl University established the same department. TRT Kurdî also broadcast in the language. Some TV channels which broadcast in Zaza were closed after the 2016 coup d'état attempt.

Dialects
There are two main Zaza dialects: Its subdialects are:
 * Northern Zaza [kiu]: It is spoken in Tunceli, Erzincan, Erzurum, Sivas, Gümüşhane, Muş, and Kayseri provinces.
 * West-Dersim
 * East-Dersim, Varto, Hınıs, Sarız, Koçgiri

Its subdialects are:
 * Southern Zaza [diq]: It is spoken in primarily Bingöl, Çermik, Dicle, Eğil, Gerger, Palu and Hani, Turkey.
 * Sivereki, Kori, Hazzu, Motki, Dumbuli, Eastern/Central Zazaki, Dersimki.

Zaza shows many similarities with other Northwestern Iranian languages:
 * Similar personal pronouns and use of these
 * Enclitic use of the letter "u"
 * Very similar ergative structure
 * Masculine and feminine ezafe system
 * Both languages have nominative and oblique cases that differs by masculine -î and feminine -ê
 * Both languages have forgotten possessive enclitics, while it exists in such other languages as Persian, Sorani, Gorani, Hewrami or Shabaki
 * Both languages distinguish between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops
 * Similar vowel phonemes

Ludwig Paul divides Zaza into three main dialects. In addition, there are transitions and edge accents that have a special position and cannot be fully included in any dialect group.

Grammar
As with a number of other Iranian languages like Talysh, Tati, central Iranian languages and dialects like Semnani, Kahangi, Vafsi, Balochi and Kurmanji, Zaza features split ergativity in its morphology, demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative alignment otherwise. Syntactically it is nominative-accusative.

Grammatical gender
Among all Western Iranian languages Zaza, Semnani,  Sangsari, Tati,  central Iranian dialects like Cālī, Fārzāndī, Delījanī, Jowšaqanī, Abyāne'i and Kurmanji distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. Most nouns have inherent gender. However, some nominal roots have variable gender, i.e. they may function as either masculine or feminine nouns.

Vowels
The vowel may also be realized as  when occurring before a consonant. may become lowered to when occurring before a velarized nasal , or occurring between a palatal approximant  and a palato-alveolar fricative. Vowels, , or become nasalized when occurring before , as , , and , respectively.

Consonants
becomes a velar when following a velar consonant.

Alphabet
Zaza texts written during the Ottoman era were written in Arabic letters. The works of this era had religious content. The first Zaza text, written by Sultan Efendi, in 1798, was written in Arabic letters in the Nesih font, which was also used in Ottoman Turkish. Following this work, the first Zaza language Mawlid, written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi in 1891-1892, was also written in Arabic letters and published in 1899. Another Mawlid in Zaza language, written by another Ottoman-Zaza cleric Osman Esad Efendi between 1903-1906, was also written in Arabic letters. After the Republic, Zazaki works began to be written in Latin letters, abandoning the Arabic alphabet. However, today Zazaki does not have a common alphabet used by all Zazas. An alphabet called the Jacabson alphabet was developed with the contributions of the American linguist C. M Jacobson and is used by the Zaza Language Institute in Frankfurt, which works on the standardization of Zaza language. The Zaza alphabet, prepared by Zülfü Selcan and started to be used at Munzur University as of 2012, is another writing system developed for Zazaki, consisting of 32 letters, 8 of which are vowels and 24 of which are consonants. Another alphabet used for the language is the Bedirxan alphabet. The Zaza alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Zaza language, consisting of 32 letters, six of which (ç, ğ, î, û, ş, and ê) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.

Zaza literature
Zaza literature consists of oral and written texts produced in the Zaza language. Zaza literature, consisting of oral and written works, progressed mainly through oral literature types until the Zaza language was written down. In this respect, Zaza literature is very rich in terms of oral works. The language has many oral literary products such as deyr (folk song), kilam (song), dêse (hymn), şanıke (fable), hêkati (story), qesê werênan (proverbs and idioms). Written works began to appear during the Ottoman Empire, and the early works had a religious/doctrinal nature. After the Republic, long-term language and cultural bans caused the revival of Zaza literature, which developed in two centers, Turkey and Europe, mainly in Europe. After the loosened bans, Zaza literature developed in Turkey.

Zaza literature in the Ottoman period
The first known written works of Zaza literature were written during the Ottoman period. Written works in the Zaza language produced during the Ottoman period were written in Arabic letters and had a religious nature. The first written work in Zazaki during this period was written in the late 1700s. This first written text of the Zaza language was written by İsa Beg bin Ali, nicknamed Sultan Efendi, an Islamic history writer, in 1212 Hijri (1798). The work was written in Arabic letters and in the Naskh script, which is also used in Ottoman Turkish. The work consists of two parts III. It includes the Eastern Anatolia region during the reign of Selim III, the life of Ali (caliph), Alevi doctrine and history, the translation of some parts of Nahj al-balagha into Zaza language, apocalyptic subjects and poetic texts. About a hundred years after this work, another work in the Zaza language, Mevlit (Mewlid-i Nebi), was written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi (1867-1951) in 1891-1892. The first Mevlit work in the Zaza language was written in Arabic letters and published in 1899. The mawlid, written using the Arabic prosody (aruz), resembles the mawlid of Süleyman Çelebi and the introduction includes the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the details of Allah, tawhid, munacaat, ascension, birth, birth and creation, etc. It includes religious topics and consists of 14 chapters and 366 couplets. Another written work written during this period is another Mevlit written by Siverek mufti Osman Esad Efendi (1852-1929). The work called Biyişa Pexemberi (Birth of the Prophet) consists of chapters on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Islamic religion and was written in Zaza language in Arabic letters in 1901 (1903 according to some sources). The work was published in 1933, after the author's death. Apart from Zaza writers, non-Zaza/Ottoman writers/researchers such as Peter Ivanovich Lerch (1827-1884), Robert Gordon Latham (1812-1888) Dr. Humphry Sandwith (1822-1881),  Wilhelm Strecker (1830-1890), Otto Blau (1828-1879), Friedrich Müller (1864) and Oskar Mann (1867-1917) included Zaza content (story, fairy tales dictionary) in their works in the pre-Republican period.

Post-Republic Zaza literature
Post-Republican Zaza literature developed through two branches, Turkey-centered and Europe-centered. During this period, the development of Zaza literature stagnated in Turkey due to long-term language and cultural bans. Zaza migration to European countries in the 1980s and the relatively free environment enabled the revival of Zaza literature in Europe. One of the works in the Zaza language written in post-Republican Turkey are two verse works written in the field of belief and fiqh in the 1940s. Following this work, another Mevlit containing religious subjects and stories was written by Mehamed Eli Hun in 1971. Zaza Divan, a 300-page manuscript consisting of Zazaki poems and odes, started to be written by Mehmet Demirbaş in 1975 and completed in 2005, is another literary work in the divan genre written in this period. Mevlids and sirahs of Abdulkadir Arslan (1992-1995), Kamil Pueği (1999), Muhammed Muradan (1999-2000) and Cuma Özusan (2009) are other literary works with religious content. Written Zaza literature is rich in mawlid and religious works, and the first written works of the language are given in these genres. The development of Zaza literature through magazine publishing took place through magazines published by Zazas who immigrated to Europe after 1980 and published exclusively in the Zaza language, magazines that were predominantly in the Zaza language but published multilingually, and magazines that were not in the Zaza language but included works in the Zaza language. Kormışkan, Tija Sodıri, Vate are magazines published entirely in Zaza language. Apart from these, Ayre (1985-1987), Piya (1988-1992) and Raa Zazaistani (1991), which were published as language, culture, literature and history magazines by Ebubekir Pamukçu, the leading name of Zaza nationalism, are important magazines in this period that were predominantly Zaza and published multilingually. Ware, ZazaPress, Pir, Raştiye, Vengê Zazaistani, Zazaki, Zerq, Desmala Sure, Waxt, Çıme are other magazines that are Zazaki-based and multilingual. In addition to these magazines published in European countries, Vatı (1997-1998), which is the first magazine published entirely in Zaza language and published in Turkey, and Miraz (2006) and Veng u Vaj (2008) are other important magazines published in Zaza language in Turkey. Magazines that are mainly published in other languages but also include works in Zaza language are magazines published in Kurdish and Turkish languages. Roja Newé (1963), Riya Azadi (1976), Tirêj (1979) and War (1997) are in the Kurdish language; Ermin (1991), Ateş Hırsızı (1992), Ütopya, Işkın, Munzur (2000), Bezuvar (2009) are magazines in Turkish language that include texts in Zaza language. Today, works in different literary genres such as poetry, stories and novels in Zaza language are published by different publishing houses in Turkey and European countries.

Literature

 * (About Daylamite origin of Zaza-Guranis)
 * Gajewski, Jon. (2004) "Zazaki Notes" Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 * (not original published speech)
 * (not original published speech)

title: Zaza language


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Meir Nitzan

Meir Nitzan (מאיר ניצן; born 18 May 1931) is an Israeli politician. He was mayor of Rishon Lezion for five consecutive terms.

Biography
Meir Nitzan was born in Bucharest, Romania. He lived in a displaced persons' camp in Cyprus before making Aliyah at age 16. Upon his arrival in Israel, he lived in the then-transit camp Pardes Hanna. In the Israel Defense Forces, Nitzan served in the Ordnance Corps and reached the rank of colonel. He retired in 1979, but returned upon a promotion to brigadier general as the deputy head of the Technological and Logistics Directorate.

Political career
Nitzan became mayor of Rishon LeZion in 1983 and was re-elected four times. In November 2008, he lost the municipal elections to Dov Zur. After his defeat, Nitzan announced that he would run in the Kadima party primaries and vie for a seat in the Knesset in the 2009 elections. However, he later left the party to support Likud as he was unhappy with the behaviour of party leader Tzipi Livni. Kadima claimed Nitzan quit because the party refused to cover his campaign debts. Nitzan served as acting mayor of Lod in 2011–2013. During his tenure, the crime rate dropped, the municipality organized a sulha, a traditional Arab conciliatory meeting between two feuding families, and the budget was balanced.

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Moussaka

Moussaka is an eggplant (aubergine)- or potato-based dish, often including ground meat, which is common in the Balkans and the Middle East, with many local and regional variations.

The modern Greek variant was created in the 1920s by Nikolaos Tselementes. Many versions have a top layer made of milk-based sauce thickened with egg (custard) or flour (béchamel sauce). In Greece, the dish is layered and typically served hot. Tselementes also proposed a vegan variant for orthodox fast days. Romania also has a vegan version that replaces meat with mushrooms or a mix of sautéed onions and rice.

The versions in Egypt, Turkey and the rest of the Middle East are quite different. In Egypt, messa'aa can be made vegan or vegetarian as well as with meat; in all cases, the main ingredient is the fried eggplant. In Turkey, mussaka consists of thinly sliced and fried eggplant served in a tomato-based meat sauce, warm or at room temperature. In Saudi Arabia, muṣagga‘a is eaten hot, but in other Arab countries, it is often eaten cold, but occasionally hot as well.

Names and etymology
The English name for moussaka was borrowed from Greek mousakás (μουσακάς) and from other Balkan languages, all borrowed from Ottoman Turkish, which in turn borrοwed it from Arabic muṣaqqa‘a (مصقعة, lit. 'pounded' or 'cold'). The word is first attested in English in 1862, written mùzàkkà.

Greece
Most versions are based primarily on sautéed aubergine (eggplant) and tomato, usually with minced meat, mostly lamb. The Greek version includes layers of meat and eggplant topped with a béchamel ("white") sauce and baked.

The modern Greek version was created by the French-trained Greek chef Nikolaos Tselementes in the 1920s. His recipe has three layers that are separately cooked before being combined for the final baking: a bottom layer of sliced eggplant sautéed in olive oil; a middle layer of ground lamb lightly cooked with chopped or puréed tomatoes, onion, garlic, and spices (cinnamon, allspice and black pepper); and a top layer of béchamel sauce or savoury custard.

There are variations on this basic recipe, sometimes with no top sauce, sometimes with other vegetables. Such variants may include, in addition to the eggplant slices, sautéed zucchini (courgette) slices, part-fried potato slices, or sautéed mushrooms. There is a fast-day (vegan) version in Tselementes' cookbook, which includes neither meat nor dairy products, just vegetables (ground eggplant is used instead of ground meat), tomato sauce, and bread crumbs.

Another variant is (melitzanes) papoutsakia (μελιτζάνες) παπουτσάκια (lit. 'eggplant, little shoe style') which consists of whole small eggplants stuffed with ground meat and topped with béchamel and baked.

Other countries of Southeast Europe
In Albania, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, and Romania, potatoes are used instead of eggplant, pork or beef mince, and the top layer is usually milk or yogurt mixed with raw eggs, sometimes with a small amount of flour added. There is also a three-layer version: the bottom layer consists of ground pork and beef, the middle layer of potato slices, and the top layer is typically a custard. Each layer is cooked on its own and layered in a pan and baked until the top is browned.

Typically, the Romanian version is made with potatoes or eggplant or cabbage. The layers start with the vegetable, then the layer of meat (usually pork), then vegetables, until the pot is full. Sometimes bread crumbs are used as a topping, sometimes slices of tomatoes and crushed cheese. The pot is then filled with tomato sauce. There is also a pasta variant, with pasta being used instead of vegetables. The "fasting" variant, which is vegan, replaces meat with mushrooms or a mix of sautéed onions and rice.

In the rest of the Balkans, the top layer is often a custard: this is the version introduced in the UK by Elizabeth David's Mediterranean Cookery and where it remains the usual presentation. Grated cheese or bread crumbs are often sprinkled on top.

Levant
In the Levant, moussaka is a cooked dish made up primarily of tomatoes and eggplant, similar to Sicilian caponata, and may also include chickpeas. It may be served cold as a mezze dish, or hot.

Egypt
The Egyptian version of moussaka is made from layers of fried eggplant immersed in tomato sauce and then baked. A layer of seasoned cooked ground beef is usually added between the eggplant before baking. The dish can be served hot but is usually chilled for a day or so to improve the taste.

Turkey
Turkish musakka is not layered. Instead, thinly sliced eggplant is fried and served in tomato-based meat sauce seasoned with green peppers, garlic and onions. It is generally eaten with pilav and cacık. There are also variants with zucchini (courgettes, kabak musakka), carrots (havuç musakka) and potatoes (patates musakka).

title: Moussaka


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Talk:The Wall Street Journal

2023 Pulitzer Prize
The Wall Street Journal won another Pulitzer prize in 2023 for its reporting on the stock trading of various federal officials. See https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year. The intro section already mentions this fact, but the Pulitzer prize section has not been updated to include it. Should we go ahead and update it? SCOTUS Operandi (talk) 22:36, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

First sentence
I think the manner in which WSJ is described as both "American" and "international" in the first sentence is highly confusing, and should be adjusted. Peter L Griffin (talk) 21:02, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

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Ohio is a state in the United States.

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Prime Minister of Afghanistan

The prime minister of Afghanistan, officially the prime minister of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is the head of government of Afghanistan.

The position was created in 1927 as an official appointed by the king of Afghanistan. The holder served mostly as an advisor, until the end of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1973. During the 1980s, the position was the head of government. The post was abolished after the US invasion that ousted the Taliban regime, after which a presidential form of government was established which lasted from 2004 to 2021. After the US withdrawal and the re-establishment of the Taliban rule, the post was revived.

The prime minister and government are subject to the instruction of the supreme leader. On September 7, 2021 the Taliban officials who exercised de facto control of Afghanistan announced Islamic scholar Hasan Akhund as acting prime minister in a new interim government of the recently re-established Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

Kingdom
The chairman of the Council of Ministers was not the prime minister, but the king. Only during his absence was the prime minister the acting chairman of the Council.

Until 1963, King Mohammad Zahir Shah appointed his relatives as prime ministers. The king also had the power to dismiss or transfer the prime minister. From 1963 onwards, this was changed, stating that the head of the Afghan government was the prime minister, and that the government consisted of its ministers. It was the first time that the king did not play an important role in the government, leaving it to an elected authority. However, it also stated that they cannot engage in any other profession during their tenure of office.

The 1964 Constitution also granted the prime minister the power to summon the Electoral College in case of the death of the king. The prime minister only answered to the Wolesi Jirga (lower house of the Parliament) about the General Policy of the government, and individually for their prescribed duties.

Democratic Republic
In April 1978, Mohammad Daoud Khan was killed during a coup that started the Saur Revolution. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) revived the office of prime minister that year, and it remained throughout the 1980s.

The president was in charge of the appointment of the prime minister, who in turn appointed the Council of Ministers. The Council's stated purpose was to formulate and implement domestic and foreign policies, to formulate economic development plans and state budgets, and to ensure public order.

Under the 1987 Constitution, the president was required to appoint the prime minister in order to form the government. The prime minister had the power to dissolve the government. Several Afghan presidents during the Democratic Republic era were also appointed as prime minister. With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the prime minister was no longer in charge of the government. The general secretary of the PDPA or the director of the KHAD exercised greater power.

Also, the 1990 Constitution established that only Afghan-born citizens are eligible to hold the office, something that was not specified in the previous documents.

Islamic State
After the collapse of Mohammad Najibullah's government, a transitional state was created. Thus, the office of prime minister once again played an important role in the history of the nation.

There was constant friction between the president and the premier during this period. The state had collapsed and there was not an effective central government from 1992 until 1996. Thus, the position became de facto ceremonial, with little power in what was left of the government.

Islamic Emirate
The title was abolished when the Taliban forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan took over control in 1996. The deputy leader of the Taliban was often known as the prime minister throughout its rule. With the death of Mohammad Rabbani in 2001, the Taliban decided not to revive the office.

Until September 1997, the government which the Taliban had ousted, which remained in rebellion until the end of the Taliban rule in 2001, had a prime minister in the government, but the position was abolished.

On September 7, 2021, the Taliban reinstated the position of prime minister.

List of prime ministers
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

title: Prime Minister of Afghanistan


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The Butterfly Effect (band)

The Butterfly Effect are an Australian rock band from Brisbane formed in 1999. The band released a self-titled debut EP in 2001, and then three full-length albums afterwards; Begins Here in 2003, Imago in 2006, and Final Conversation of Kings in 2008. During this time, the band consisted of Clint Boge on lead vocals, Kurt Goedhart on guitar, Glenn Esmond on bass, and Ben Hall on drums. After struggling for years to work on a fourth studio album, Boge left the band in 2012 due to personal and creative differences. The remaining members recruited Brisbane-based singer Paul Galagher for a final single and tour before announcing their breakup in 2016. In July 2017, the band announced their reunion as well as a headlining tour scheduled to take place in March 2018. In 2022, the band released their fourth studio album, IV.

1999–2002: Formation and self-titled EP
The band first formed in 1999, consisting of drummer Ben Hall, guitarist Kurt Goedhart and a few schoolmates. The band in this form played a few live shows in 1999, most notably one at the Ipswich Racecourse, where Hall met future lead singer Clint Boge after the show. The two discussed musical ideas for what would become the band's first release of music, and by Winter 2000, Boge replaced the band's prior vocalist. The band released their self-titled debut EP in 2001.

Two singles were released from the album, "Take it Away" and "Crave", both receiving extensive airplay on Australian radio station Triple J. The band toured extensively throughout 2002 in support of the album, with the band recruiting final long-term member Glenn Esmond as a bassist, and then playing the Rapid Festival, the Shihad Tour, and the 2002 edition of the Big Day Out festival. The single's and tour lead to band's EP, an independent release, to exceed over 10,000 copies sold. After being featured as Triple J's "Unsigned Find" of 2002, the band signed to record labels "Roadshow Music" and "Rough Cut Publishing", and began working on a full-length album.

2003–2005: Begins Here
In November 2002 the band released "Crave", the first single from their debut album. It debuted on the ARIA Charts at No. 59 and also achieved No. 1 on the independent charts.

The Butterfly Effect spent November 2002 to March 2003 recording their debut album, Begins Here, at Modern Music Studios in Brisbane, Australia. The album was released in Australia on 4 August 2003. It debuted at No. 24 on the ARIA Charts and again topped the independent charts. It remained in the charts for 56 weeks in total. , it has sold over 30,000 copies.

Distribution deals saw the album being released by RSK in the UK, Sony in Germany, and Suburban in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The band started to garner attention in Europe, with mentions in media including Metal Hammer, Rock Sound, Classic rock, Kerrang!, Metal Hammer Germany and Aardshock. In August 2004 the band did a six-week tour through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, the Netherlands and the UK. From September to November The Butterfly Effect played 32 shows in 40 days. Album sales have exceeded 10,000 units in the UK and Europe, and the band has also had some success in South Africa.

During 2005, the band recorded a new single titled "Phoenix" featuring Ken Malaxos on banjo and Christo Stamoulis in backing vocals. It was released in September, and a film clip was also made.

During October and November the band toured Australia, playing some material from their forthcoming second album, Imago, which was released in Australia during July 2006.

2006–2007: Imago
The band finished recording their second studio album, titled Imago, in early 2006 and it was released on 17 June 2006. It debuted at No. 2 in the ARIA Chart for Weekly Top 100 highest-selling music albums. Their previous album, Begins Here, was released in the US through hard rock record label Megaforce Records. The band commenced the Imago tour around Australia in July.

In mid-2006, after nearly three years since its release Begins Here was certified gold in Australia, exceeding sales of 35,000 copies. Shortly afterwards, Imago also attained the same status, only this time it reached the gold mark in only eight weeks, including debuting at No. 2 on the ARIA album charts. Following the release of Imago, The Butterfly Effect spent the remainder of the year touring the record including an appearance on the 2007 Big Day Out festival tour. Shortly after, work began on material for the follow-up album. In July 2007, the band undertook the In a Memory Tour, with Chicago's Chevelle and upcoming Brisbane act Dead Letter Circus. On this tour, they previewed '7 Days' and 'Rain'. In early 2008, the Home Alone Tour was announced to fill in time before the recording of the new record. The tour, previewed additional new songs called "The Hidden" and "In These Hands".

2008–2009: Final Conversation of Kings
Recording of the album began in March 2008. The album, Final Conversation of Kings, was released in Australia on 20 September. The cover and booklet art was illustrated by Monaux. It debuted on the ARIA Charts at No. 3. On 14 July the band's first single Window and the Watcher was debuted on radio station Triple J, with the single being released on 23 August. After the release of the album, The Butterfly Effect set off on a tour of Australia spanning October and November, with support from Melbourne acts Trial Kennedy and Sleep Parade. They also performed as part of the Big Day Out 2009 festival, headlining the Converse Essential stage.

2010–2016: Aborted fourth album and breakup
Initial plans after wrapping up touring in support of Final Conversation of Kings involved writing and demoing material for a fourth album in 2010 and releasing it in early 2011. The band would also tour during this time, performing the "Four Wheels and a Heartbeat" tour in 2010, where they even played new material, most notably a track entitled "Five Golden Rings" in full. Despite this, the band would privately struggle to work on the album for over three years. The band went through extended periods of tension and frustration, with members, most notably Boge with the rest of the band, not getting along. Boge desired for the band to return to their heavier, earlier sound of the initial EP and Begins Here album. Conversely, the rest of the band wanted to push forward even further into progressive territory, as they had with Final Conversation of Kings album, and incorporate further unconventional instruments for rock music into their songs, such as mandolin or bells.

After months of the band struggling with their work on the album or get along with one another, in mid-September 2011, Boge privately announced to the band that he would be leaving. However, with the internal struggles being entirely unknown to the general public at the time, the band kept it secret until February 2012, where, in press release, they announced that Boge had left amicably to pursue other interests. In the meantime, the band participated in a number of "Tenth Anniversary" concerts through October 2011, where the band felt a large sense of relief, knowing that there was an end to their internal struggles, and being able to focus on playing music rather than create it. This cemented their view on Boge leaving, but also inspired them to do one last tour together; in February 2012, upon announcing Boge's departure, they also announced that they would do a farewell tour, and release a "Greatest Hits" album, both entitled Effected.

The tour ran from April to June 2012. During the time, Boge expanded more on why he left, and the band's turmoil. Boge described resentment of the official press release, stating that calling it "amicable" was "bullshit", and that it entirely came down to members not getting along or respecting him. He blamed himself as well, stating: "''If I've lost the faith from my bandmates to produce what I think are the best melodies...' and to have that trust taken away, then I couldn't go on working like that. Not only that, but I don't want to be the weak link in a band. I don't want to be the guy that's not pulling his weight. That was another reason, too. I thought, 'If that was the case, I've got to go.'"

After the band's farewell tour concluded in June 2012, Boge left the band and worked with his other band, Thousand Needles in Red, while the remaining three members started the search for a new lead singer in order to resume work on a fourth studio album.

In August 2013, the band released their DVD Effected, a two-DVD set featuring a live recording of the Melbourne show of the Effected tour and a documentary outlining the band's career and internal struggles up until that point. The DVD debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA music DVD chart.

In September 2013, the band announced an Australian tour for October, shortly after announcing Paul Galagher as the band's new lead singer. The band released their first and only single with Galagher entitled "Eyes Down", at the same time. After a second period of years of public silence and inactivity, the band officially announced their disbandment in August 2016.

2017–present: Reunion and IV
In July 2017, the band announced the reformation of their original lineup, with Boge again as the lead singer, and announced they would begin touring Australia again in March 2018.

In June 2022, the band announced their fourth album, IV, would be released in late 2022 and that they would tour Australia in September and October 2022. In August 2023, the band announced a 20th anniversary tour for Begins Here to take place in February 2024.

Current members

 * Kurt Goedhart – guitar (1999–2016, 2017–present)
 * Ben Hall – drums (1999–2016, 2017–present)
 * Clint Boge – lead vocals, occasional guitar (2000–2012, 2017–present)
 * Glenn Esmond – bass guitar, backing vocals (2002–2016, 2017–present)

Former members

 * Michael Cavendish – bass guitar (1999–2002)
 * Paul Galagher – lead vocals (2013–2016)

title: The Butterfly Effect (band)


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