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Karaim language

The Karaim language (Crimean dialect: къарай тили, qaray tili; Trakai dialect: karaj tili), also known by its Hebrew name Lashon Kedar (Hebrew:, “language of the nomads") is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak group, with Hebrew influences, similarly to Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish. It is spoken by only a few dozen Crimean Karaites (Qrimqaraylar) in Lithuania, Poland, Crimea, and Galicia in Ukraine. The three main dialects are those of Crimea, Trakai-Vilnius and Lutsk-Halych, all of which are critically endangered. The Lithuanian dialect of Karaim is spoken mainly in the town of Trakai (also known as Troki) by a small community living there since the 14th century.

There is a chance the language will survive in Trakai as a result of official support and because of its appeal to tourists coming to the Trakai Island Castle, where Crimean Karaites are presented as the castle's ancient defenders.

Karaims in Crimea and Lithuania
The origin of the Karaims living in Crimea is subject to much dispute and inconsistency. Difficulty in reconstructing their history stems from the scarcity of documents pertaining to this population. Most of the known history is gathered from correspondence between the populations of Karaims and other populations in the 17th to 19th centuries. Furthermore, a large number of documents pertaining to the Crimean population of Karaims were burned during the 1736 Russian invasion of the Tatar Khanate's capital, Bakhchisarai.

Some scholars say that Karaims in Crimea are descendants of Karaite merchants who migrated to Crimea from the Byzantine Empire. In one particular incidence, migration of Karaites from Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) to Crimea is documented following a fire in the Jewish quarter in 1203. After the Turco-Mongol invasions, settlement of merchants in Crimea may have been encouraged in the 13th and 14th centuries by the active trade routes from Crimea to China and Central Asia.

On the other hand, "many scholars consider Karaims as descendants of Khazars and, later, Polovtsi tribes" who converted to Karaite Judaism. Kevin Alan Brook considered the link to the Khazars as historically inaccurate and implausible while claiming Talmudic Jews (especially Ashkenaz) as the true preservers of the Khazar legacy.

The third hypothesis says that Karaims are the descendants of Israelite tribes from the time of the first exile by an Assyrian king (720s BCE). The Karaim scholar Abraham Firkovich collected the documents arguing in favor of this theory before the Russian Tsar. He was of the opinion that Israelites from Assyria had gone into the North Caucasus and from there, with the permission of the Assyrian king into the Crimean peninsula. He also claimed that he has found the tombstone of Yitzhak ha-Sangari and his wife who he claimed were Karaims. Whether Firkovich forged some of the tombstone inscriptions and manuscripts is controversial.

Regarding the origin of the Karaims in Lithuania also there is no complete consensus yet between the scholars. According to Lithuanian Karaim tradition they came from Crimea in 1392 when the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania allied with Tokhtamysh against the White Horde Tatars and relocated 330 Karait families to Lithuania. Although linguistically sound, and in agreement with the tradition of the Lithuanian Tatars, claiming their origin from the collapsed Golden Horde, some modern historians doubt this assumption. Nevertheless, Karaims settled primarily in Vilnius and Trakai, maintaining their Tatar language; there was also further minor settlement in Biržai, Pasvalys, Naujamiestis and Upytė. Despite a history through the 16th and 17th centuries that included disease, famine, and pogroms, Lithuania was somewhat less affected by such turmoil than the surrounding areas. As a result, the Lithuanian Karaims had a relative sense of stability over those years, and maintained their isolation as a group, keeping their Turkic language rather than abandoning it for the local languages.

Genetic affiliation of the Karaim language
Karaim is a member of the Turkic language family, a group of languages of Eurasia spoken by historically nomadic peoples. Within the Turkic family, Karaim is identified as a member of the Kipchak languages, in turn a member of the Western branch of the Turkic language family. Within the Western branch, Karaim is a part of the Ponto-Caspian subfamily. This language subfamily also includes the Crimean Tatar of Ukraine and Uzbekistan, and Karachay-Balkar and Kumyk of Russia. The close relation of Karaim to Kypchak and Crimean Tatar makes sense in light of the beginnings of the Lithuanian Karaim people in Crimea.

One hypothesis is that Khazar nobility converted to Karaite Judaism in the late 8th or early 9th century and were followed by a portion of the general population. This may also have occurred later, under Mongol rule, during an influx of people from Byzantium.

As all Turkic languages, Karaim grammar is characterized by agglutination and vowel harmony. Genetic evidence for the inclusion of the Karaim language in the Turkic language family is undisputed, based on common vocabulary and grammar. Karaim has a historically subject–object–verb word order, extensive suffixing agglutination, the presence of vowel harmony, and a lack of gender or noun classes. Lithuanian Karaim has maintained most of these Turkic features despite its history of more than six hundred years in the environment of the Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish languages.

Most of the religious terminology in the Karaim language is Arabic in etymology, showing the origins of the culture in the Middle East. Arabic and Persian had the earliest influences on the lexicon of Karaim, while later on in its history, the Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish languages made significant contributions to the lexicon of Karaims living in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and Lithuania.

Distribution of Karaim speakers
Today, there are Karaim speakers living in Crimea, Lithuania, Poland, Israel, and the United States. However, there only remain about 200 Karaims in Lithuania, only one quarter of whom are competent speakers of the Karaim language.

Karaim can be subdivided into three dialects. The now-extinct eastern dialect, known simply as Crimean Karaim, was spoken in Crimea until the early 1900s. The northwestern dialect, also called Trakai, is spoken in Lithuania, mainly in the towns of Trakai and Vilnius. The southwestern dialect, also known as the Lutsk or Halich dialect, spoken in Ukraine, was near-extinct with only six speakers in a single town as of 2001. Crimean Karaim is considered to make up the "Eastern group," while the Trakai and Lutsk dialects comprise the "Western group."

Language contact
Throughout its long and complicated history, Karaim has experienced extensive language contact. A past rooted in Mesopotamia and persisting connections to the Arab world resulted in Arabic words which likely carried over via the migration of Karaites from Mesopotamia. The Karaim language was spoken in Crimea during the rule of the Ottoman Empire, so there is also a significant history of contact with Turkish, a distant relative in the Turkic language family. Finally, Karaim coexisted with Lithuanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian as a minority language in the other areas to which it dispersed where Karaims lived and had to speak the dominant majority languages.

Karaim speakers show a strong tendency towards code-copying. Code-copying differs from code-switching in that speakers don't just switch from one language to another, but actually transfer lexical items and grammatical features from one language to another in processes that may be only for single instances, or that may have much more lasting effects on language typology. Extensive code-copying is indicative both of the ever-shrinking population of Karaim speakers (leading to an insufficient Karaim lexicon and a high frequency of borrowing from Russian, Polish, and Slavonic languages) and of the high level of language contact in the regions where Karaim is spoken.

Multilingualism
Due to the very small number of speakers of Karaim and the high level of multilingualism in Lithuania in general, there is also a high level of multilingualism among Karaim speakers. Karaim speakers also communicate with the dominant languages of their respective regions, including Lithuanian, Polish, and Russian. Some also have religious knowledge of Hebrew. Multilingualism is a necessity for Karaim speakers, because without other languages the majority would not even be able to communicate with members of their own family.

Language health
Most dialects of Karaim are now extinct. Maintenance of the Karaim language in Lithuania is now endangered due to the dispersal of Karaim speakers under the Soviet regime in the aftermath of World War II and the very small number and old age of fluent speakers remaining. Children and grandchildren of Karaim speakers speak Lithuanian, Polish, or Russian, and only the oldest generation still speaks Karaim.

Phonotactics
While most languages of the Turkic family exhibit palatal vowel harmony, Trakai Karaim shows harmony in palatalization of consonants. Thus, in any given word, only palatalized or only non-palatalized consonants can be found. Palatalized consonants occur in the presence of front vowels, and non-palatalized consonants occur in the presence of back vowels. Similarly to most Turkic languages, virtually all of the consonants in Karaim exist in both a palatalized and a non-palatalized form, which may be further evidence of their genetic relationship. However, care must be taken in assuming as much, because Karaim has been in contact with the Lipka Tatar language in Lithuania for hundreds of years.

Karaim also exhibits vowel harmony, whereby suffix vowels harmonize for front or back quality with the vowels in the stem of a word.

Morphology
Karaim morphology is suffixing and highly agglutinating. The Karaim language lacks prefixes but uses postpositions. Nouns are inflected for seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, and instrumental, which is rare in other Turkic languages). A notable feature of verb conjugation in Karaim is the possibility of abbreviated forms.

Syntax
Historically, Karaim had a typically Turkic SOV word order. However, it appears to have acquired somewhat free word order due to extensive language contact situations, and currently has a preference for SVO constructions. Due to the agglutinative nature of Karaim morphology, pronominal subjects are frequently dropped as the same information is already represented in the inflection of the main verb. Karaim is head-final and uses postpositions.

Karaim syntax exhibits multiple instances of code-copying, whereby Karaim merges with syntactic properties of other languages in its area due to strong language contact situations. The impact of such language contact is also evident in the Karaim lexicon, which has extensive borrowing. In more modern times, the significant borrowing is also representative of insufficiencies in the lexicon.

Writing system
The traditional script of the Karaites in the Hebrew alphabet was used till the 20th century. In many Karaite families, they still have Hebrew letter handwritten collection of texts of diverse content, referred to as "miedžuma". The Karaim language has also been protected through translated religious works, such as bibles. Throughout the 20th century, the Karaite communities also used various modifications of Latin (Yañalif, Lithuanian and Polish alphabets) and Cyrillic alphabets.

Romanized alphabet of the Karaites of Crimea (Yañalif)

Modern alphabet
In Lithuania and Poland, a modified Latin alphabet is used to write in Karaim, while in Crimea and Ukraine, it was written using Cyrillic script. From the 17th century up until the 19th century, Hebrew letters were used.

The Cyrillic alphabet of the Karaites of the Crimea

 * Letters Е, Ю and Я used only after Л as an indicator of softness
 * Letters Ж and Ц used only in Russian borrowings

The Latinized alphabet of the Karaites of Lithuania

Dialectology
Pritsak 1959 treats the Turkic varieties of the Karaim community as a dialect of the Karaim language and distinguishes between the northwestern variety (Lithuanian or Troki/Trakai Karaim), the southwestern variety (Halich Karaim) and the eastern variety (Crimean Karaim). These communities share a common religious, historical and cultural tradition, and these breeds are linguistically related. Even so, the differences between the varieties spoken in the Halich and Lithuanian communities are so great that the users of both varieties prefer Russian or Polish when communicating with each other. The present differences are partly due to their development from different Kipchak breeds and partly due to the different linguistic environments that influenced their later development.

title: Karaim language


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Motorpsycho (band)

Motorpsycho is a Norwegian rock band from Trondheim. Their music can generally be defined as progressive or psychedelic rock, but they also mix in elements from alternative, jazz, post-rock, pop, country and many other musical styles. The stable members of the band are Bent Sæther (born 18 February 1969, bass/vocals) and Hans Magnus "Snah" Ryan (born 31 December 1969, guitar/vocals). From 1992 to March 2005, Håkon Gebhardt (born 21 June 1969) was the band's drummer. From December 2007 to May 2016 Kenneth Kapstad was the drummer of the band, being replaced by Tomas Järmyr, who joined in early 2017. Järmyr left the band in January 2023.

Biography
Formed in the late 1980s as an alternative metal band (they picked their name after seeing the Russ Meyer film of the same name as part of a Russ Meyer triple bill – there was already a band named after Mudhoney and a band named after Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! – the other two films on the bill), Motorpsycho soon developed a unique blend of grunge, heavy metal and indie rock, as well as incorporating the sonic noise experiments of associated member Deathprod. The hugely ambitious, progressive double album Demon Box (1993) followed a series of low-profile EPs and albums, earning the band a nomination for a Norwegian Grammy, and secured a loyal following in Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands as well as in Scandinavia.

The 1990s was an extremely productive era for the band. They released new material almost every year and enjoyed critical acclaim for each album—though not the massive sales the music press kept predicting.

With the 2000 album Let Them Eat Cake, Motorpsycho suddenly took huge steps away from their noisy hard rock roots, opting instead for a smoother, jazz-tinged approach to the songwriting and recording process. They kept this technique for the subsequent releases, Phanerothyme and It's A Love Cult.

Drummer Hakon Gebhardt left the band in 2003. The double album Black Hole/Blank Canvas was released 17/20 March 2006 in Europe, with Bent Saether playing drums. The album received great reviews.

On 28 March 2008 Motorpsycho released an album entitled Little Lucid Moments, with new drummer Kenneth Kapstad, and on 16 March 2008 a DVD containing music videos, live footage and documentaries entitled Haircuts.

To celebrate their 20th anniversary, the band released a vinyl-only album, Child of the Future, recorded by Steve Albini at the beginning of August 2009.

In January 2010 Motorpsycho released the album Heavy Metal Fruit, their first album featuring an external producer, Kåre Vestrheim, and also their third album in under two years.

In October 2011 the Dutch venue Effenaar released a limited edition live album exclusively on vinyl entitled Strings Of Stroop – Motorpsycho Live At Effenaar. The album features four Motorpsycho tracks recorded during various Motorpsycho shows at Effenaar between 1999 and 2010. Only 500 copies were pressed and sold at the band's 14th show in the venue.

On 10 February 2012 Motorpsycho released the double CD/LP effort The Death Defying Unicorn in collaboration with keyboardist Ståle Storløkken from the free improv group Supersilent. The album is a reworking of an instrumental suite commissioned by and performed at Moldejazz 2010. During 2011, Sæther produced lyrics for a sweeping narrative, thus making the album version a concept album. As in its initial performance, the band and Storløkken are augmented by contributions from Trondheimssolistene, Trondheim Jazz Orchestra and violinist Ola Kvernberg. The core quartet performed the album in its entirety on every date during a March/April 2012 tour of Europe.

After the release and tour accompanying the Unicorn, the band felt the need to return to more traditional, guitar-based grounds and with Reine Fiske as second guitarist, recorded two albums, Still Life With Eggplant (released in spring 2013) and Behind the Sun (released in March 2014). To coincide with the release of Behind the Sun, Motorpsycho launched their first-ever official website, www.motorpsycho.no.

After years of institutionalising the band in Norway, Motorpsycho were inducted at Rockheim, Norway's rock music hall of fame, in a TV broadcast ceremony.

In 2016 the band released the studio album Here Be Monsters, which evolved from a piece of music they wrote for the Oslo Teknisk Museums birthday. The band played that special songs in the museum, with the help of Ståle Storløkken, and then decided to work on it in the studio.

In May 2016, after completing the European Here Be Monsters Tour, Kenneth Kapstad left Motorpsycho. Core members Sæther and Ryan spent the remainder of the year writing, rehearsing and performing a live score to the Carl Frode Tiller-written play Begynnnelser (eng. Beginnings) in a 38-date autumn run at Trøndelag Teater.

In a January 2, 2017, news update on their official home page, the band announced Swedish drummer Tomas Järmyr to be the third permanent member of Motorpsycho. Together, they have recorded The Tower in Los Angeles and Joshua Tree (at the famous recording studio, Rancho de la Luna), which was released on September 8 the same year.

On January 8, 2023, Järmyr left the band.

Current line up

 * Bent Sæther – lead vocals, bass, guitars, keyboards, drums (1989– )
 * Hans Magnus "Snah" Ryan – lead guitars, vocals, keyboards, mandolin, violin, bass (1989– )

Previous members

 * Kjell Runar "Killer" Jenssen – drums (1989–1991)
 * Håkon Gebhardt – drums, vocals, banjo, guitar (1991–2005)
 * Helge "Deathprod" Sten – theremin, various electronics, audio virus (1992–1994; frequent guest and producer 1994–2002, 2007, 2015, 2019)
 * Lars Lien – keyboards, vocals (1993–1996, 2004; infrequent guest)
 * Morten "Lolly" Fagervik – rhythm guitar, keyboards, drums (1994–1996, 2004)
 * Kenneth Kapstad – drums, keyboards, vocals (2007–2016)
 * Tomas Järmyr – drums (2017–2023)

Major collaborators

 * Matt Burt – voice, poetry (1993, 1996)
 * Kjell Karlsen – steel guitar, vocals (1994, 2004)
 * Øyvind Brandtsegg – Marimba Lumina and ImproSculpt programming (1994; live, 2006)
 * Ole Henrik "Ohm" Moe – violin, saw, piano (1996–2000, 2013)
 * Baard Slagsvold – keyboards, vocals (1999–2003)
 * Jacco van Rooij – drums (live, 2006)
 * Pekka Stokke – visuals (live, 2006—)
 * Ståle Storløkken – keyboards (2010–2012, 2014)
 * Reine Fiske – guitar, keyboards (2012–2014, 2018– )
 * Ola Kvernberg – violin (2012–2013, 2018–2022)
 * Kristoffer Lo – keyboards, flugabone, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (live, 2017)
 * Lars Horntveth – guitar, flute, keyboards (2001–2002, 2018—2020)
 * Ole Paus – guitar, vocals (2019—2020; died 2023)
 * Olaf Olsen – drums (live, 2023)
 * Ingvald André Vassbø – drums (live, 2023– )
 * TrondheimSolistene
 * Trondheim Jazzorkester

Spellemannsprisen
Spellemannprisen is often referred to as the Norwegian Grammy Awards in English. It is a Norwegian music award presented to Norwegian musicians.

As of 2020, Motorpsycho have received 14 nominations, with four wins.

 * Spellemannprisen 1993 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Demon Box
 * Spellemannprisen 1994 in the class Best album cover, for the album Timothy's Monster created by Kim Hiorthøy
 * Spellemannprisen 1996 in the class Rock, for the album Blissard
 * Spellemannprisen 1997 in the class Hard rock, for the album Angels and Daemons at Play
 * Spellemannprisen 2000 in the class Rock, for the album Let Them Eat Cake
 * Spellemannprisen 2001 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Phanerothyme
 * Spellemannprisen 2003 nominated in the class Åpen klasse, for the album In The Fishtank (With Jaga Jazzist Horns).
 * Spellemannprisen 2008 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Little Lucid Moments
 * Spellemannprisen 2009 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Child of the Future
 * Spellemannprisen 2010 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Heavy Metal Fruit
 * Spellemannprisen 2012 nominated in the class Rock, for the album The Death-Defying Unicorn
 * Spellemannprisen 2013 nominated in the class Rock, for the album Still Life With Eggplant
 * Spellemannprisen 2017 nominated in the class Rock, for the album The Tower
 * Spellemannprisen 2020 nominated in the class Rock, for the album The All Is One

Other

 * 1999: Gammleng Award in the class Pop/Rock
 * 2001: Alarm Award in the class Rock for the album Let Them Eat Cake
 * 2010: Edvard Prize for the album Child of the Future
 * 2012: Trondheim Municipality Cultur Prize
 * 2015: Nord-Trøndelag County Cultur Prize
 * 2017: Rockheim Hall of Fame inductees

As The International Tussler Society

 * 2004: "Satans Favourite Son" (Promo-single)
 * 2004: "Laila Lou" (Promo-single)

Singles

 * 1992: 3 Songs for Rut
 * 1996: Sinful, Windborne
 * 2001: The Slow Phaseout (Promo single)
 * 2001: Go To California (Promo single)
 * 2006: Hyena (Promo-single)
 * 2010: X-3
 * 2010: The Visitant
 * 2014: Toys (Included with select copies of August edition of Trondheim magazine "Gatemagasinet Sorgenfri")
 * 2015: Psychonaut/Toys
 * 2016: Spin, Spin, Spin
 * 2020: X-mastime Is Here!
 * 2021: Ulv! Ulv!

Singles and music videos

 * Have Fun (1992)
 * Sheer Profundity (1993)
 * Nothing To Say (1993)
 * Another Ugly Tune (1994)
 * Wearing Yr Smell (1994)
 * Feel (1994)
 * Now It's Time To Skate (1994)
 * Watersound (1994)
 * Mad Sun (1996)
 * Manmower (1996)
 * Sinful, Wind-Borne (1996)
 * The Nerve Tattoo (1996)
 * Starmelt/Lovelight (1997)
 * Hey, Jane (1998)
 * The Other Fool (2000)
 * Walkin' With J (2000)
 * Go To California (2000)
 * The Slow Phaseout (2001)
 * Serpentine (2002)
 * Victim of Rock (2014)
 * On a Plate (2014)
 * Spin, Spin, Spin (2016)
 * Intrepid Explorer (2018)
 * W.C.A. (2023)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Motorpsycho (band)


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Huddersfield Narrow Canal

The Huddersfield Narrow Canal is an inland waterway in northern England. It runs just under 20 mi from Lock 1E at the rear of the University of Huddersfield campus, near Aspley Basin in Huddersfield, to the junction with the Ashton Canal at Whitelands Basin in Ashton-under-Lyne. It crosses the Pennines by means of 74 locks and the Standedge Tunnel.

Planning
The canal was first proposed in 1793 at a meeting in the George Hotel, Huddersfield. Its engineer was Benjamin Outram on the recommendation of William Jessop. His plan was to start from the Huddersfield Broad Canal and follow the River Colne with a climb of 438 ft to its summit where it would pass through a tunnel at Standedge before descending through Saddleworth and the Tame valley to the Ashton Canal near Ashton-under-Lyne. There were many woollen, worsted and cotton mills along its route which promised ample trade. However, there was the possible problem of the loss of their water supplies and so Outram proposed to build a number of reservoirs.

Construction
Construction began in 1794 with the marking out of the route. The practice was to set up a line of pegs or stakes about 50 yd apart so that their tops would indicate the intended water level. It would then be possible to construct the appropriate embankments and cuttings.

As engineer, Outram provided an oversight of the work but he was also occupied by other projects. Day-to-day management was carried out by contractors employed and organised by the canal company committee. Progress was slow and erratic. It was also unfortunate that Outram was seriously ill for long periods between 1795 and 1797. The company was also short of money, partly because the costs had been seriously underestimated but also because shareholders were not honouring their pledges.

In 1799, severe floods damaged earthworks along the canal and various reservoirs. In particular, overflow of the Tunnelend Reservoir devastated the village of Marsden. Two aqueducts were also destroyed, diverting the company's already-stretched funds. The Stakes Aqueduct was already in use and had to be replaced immediately. Outram had built it of stone and, due to its low height, it had needed to be constructed in four short spans. The narrow openings had impeded the unprecedented overflow and Outram replaced it with a single span cast iron structure, similar to the Holmes Aqueduct on the Derby Canal.

Outram set out to overcome the problems with the Holmes Aqueduct by making the walls thicker where they joined the baseplates which were also thicker. However a major stress was the compressive force along the top of the wall plates where they bow outwards or inwards. In 1875 cross bracings were added to reinforce it. The Stakes Aqueduct is the oldest surviving aqueduct of its type that is still in use for its original purpose.

The Standedge Tunnel
Although the canal uses 74 locks to climb and descend the Pennines, there would have had to be many more without the digging of a very long tunnel through the Tame/Colne watershed (the River Colne flowing down to Huddersfield and the River Calder, and the Tame flowing down to Stockport and the River Mersey). The canal tunnel is 5700 yd long, making it the longest canal tunnel in the United Kingdom. It is largely brick lined but in some places the tunnel has been left with a natural rock surface.

The "Black Flood"
In 1810, the Diggle Moss Reservoir gave way and Marsden was again flooded along with much of the Colne Valley. Houses and factories were wrecked and five people lost their lives. The force of the water was such that a fifteen-ton rock was carried 2 mi down the valley.

Completion
Despite multiple problems, the building of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced greatly. Thomas Telford's report during the construction of the Standedge Tunnel covered every expenditure to the last bucket; it was followed to the letter and the canal finally opened in 1811.

Operation
The canal operated for approximately 140 years. Although it was moderately successful for a while, its width (limited to boats less than 7 ft wide), the large number of locks and the long Standedge Tunnel made it much less profitable than its main rival the Rochdale Canal which had a similar number of locks but was twice as wide with no long tunnel.

Standedge Tunnel proved to be a bottleneck having been constructed without a towpath. Narrowboats had to be 'legged' through, eventually by professionally employed leggers. A company employee would chain the tunnel entrance behind a convoy of boats and walk over Boat Lane, accompanied by boat boys and girls leading the boat horses, to unchain the opposite end of the tunnel before the boat convoy arrived. This journey was made at least twice per day for over twenty years.

The construction of a double railway tunnel parallel to Standedge canal tunnel adversely affected canal revenues and the canal was mostly abandoned in 1944 (a short stretch in Huddersfield survived until closure in 1963).

Restoration
After 27 years of campaigning and restoration by the Huddersfield Canal Society, the canal was fully re-opened to navigation in 2001 when it again became one of three Pennine crossings, the others being the Rochdale and the Leeds and Liverpool (both broad canals). The canal is now entirely used by leisure boaters.

During the period of time when the canal was closed, several lengths were culverted and infilled and in some cases built over. Over the course of the restoration project, the vast majority of the obliterated line became available to be opened out again and the canal remains on a substantially identical alignment with some minor alterations.

Huddersfield
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal connects with the Huddersfield Broad Canal at the eastern end of Lock 1E. Lock 1E is to the west of the A629 Wakefield Road and the canal had been filled in beneath the road. A new bridge was built in 1985 but the width was only sufficient for narrowboats and so the 300 yd section of broad canal from the bridge to Lock 1E is not accessible to vessels wider than 7 ft. The bridge thus forms the effective, but unofficial, boundary between the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Huddersfield Broad Canal.

Due to a legal quirk, the stretch of the canal from Lock 1E to Queen Street South Bridge was not included in the original abandonment of the canal. Whilst locks on the remainder of the canal were capped, cascaded or demolished, locks 1E and 2E remained gated but eventually fell into dereliction. The old gates were only removed when canal restoration work started.

Two factories, Bates and Sellers Engineering, had been built immediately upstream of locks 2E and 3E respectively on the line of the canal and blocking it. In each case, the solution was the same: the lock was relocated upstream of the factory and a tunnel constructed below the factory. This avoided disruption to the firms using the sites. The remodelling of the canal can be clearly seen between the former site of Lock 2E and Queen Street South Bridge where a framework of girders sits above the channel to ensure that the deep piling remains secure.

Eleven years later, Sellers Engineering relocated to a new site. This enabled Lock 3E to be relocated again, this time to a site near the original Lock 3E. The stretch of canal previously in a tunnel under the factory was brought back to the surface and become a feature of the Huddersfield Waterfront development.

Slaithwaite
The section of canal through Slaithwaite town centre, between locks 21E and 23E, had been culverted and a car park covered part of the route.

Restoration caused some local controversy as it involved the felling of a row of mature cherry trees which had been planted along the infilled line although the local authority claimed that the trees were in poor condition and were unlikely to last for many more years in any case.

Lock 21E was relocated a short distance upstream, to the other side of Platt Lane, in order to ensure that the Platt Lane crossing could be achieved by a conventional bridge instead of the swing bridge that had existed prior to closure.

The stretch from 22E to 23E threads its way through an extremely tight space. Britannia Road Bridge was formerly hump backed but changes in traffic levels since closure rendered such a bridge impractical and instead the pound from 22E to 23E was lowered by 12 in.

Hartshead Power Station
On the western side of the Pennines, the canal runs through the legs of an electricity pylon at Heyrod, near Stalybridge.

The pylon had been erected during the period when the canal was closed and the only viable route for restoration was through the legs.

No other such cases are known on navigable waterways worldwide although other pylons have been constructed across former waterways that have been filled in with rubble and soil such as the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal and Wey and Arun Canal at Rowner Lock.

The canal today
The canal is part of the South Pennine Ring crossing the Pennines twice – the other crossing is the Rochdale Canal. The canals are linked at the western (Lancashire) end by the Ashton Canal and at the eastern (Yorkshire) end by the Huddersfield Broad Canal and a length of the Calder and Hebble Navigation.

This takes in Huddersfield, Golcar, Slaithwaite, Marsden, Saddleworth, Diggle, Uppermill, Greenfield, Mossley, Stalybridge, Ashton-under-Lyne, Manchester at its central Cheshire Ring (New Islington) and Etihad stadium (Bradford/Eastlands) districts, Failsworth, Rochdale, Littleborough, Todmorden, Hebden Bridge, Sowerby Bridge, Elland and Brighouse.

The Huddersfield Canal area is also a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

title: Huddersfield Narrow Canal


text:
Bob Hund

bob hund (Swedish for "bob dog") is an indie rock band from Sweden. Their music, hard to classify, has been described as "what you might expect if you managed to merge Pere Ubu and Pixies with a touch of Kraftwerk". bob hund have performed mostly in Scandinavia as well as in Poland and England. Some of their performances include Roskilde, Hultsfred, Ruisrock and Quart music festivals.

History
bob hund was formed in 1991 by Jonas Jonasson (keyboards) and Thomas Öberg (vocals) after meeting in high school. After six formative months the band's line-up was finished, with Conny Nimmersjö and Johnny Essing on guitar, Mats Hellqvist on bass and Mats Andersson on drums. Legend has it that Essing joined rehearsals to pay off a 100 SEK debt to Hellqvist, and just kept coming back.

The band once stated in an interview that the name bob hund originates from a cartoon dog named Bob Dog in Get a Job, that they once saw while watching television. The dog in question led a very unlucky life.

The band was signed to Silence Records in 1993, and that same year released their debut EP, bob hund. The following year they released their first album, also called bob hund, and won Rock Band of the Year at the Swedish Grammy Awards, Grammisgalan. (They won another Grammis for Best Lyrics in 1996.)

In 1995, after extensive touring, the band went on hiatus as the members worked on new material, which would later make up the foundations for Omslag: Martin Kann (1996) - named after a friend of the band, who've done most of the band's graphics work over the years. The album broke the top 10, but singles I stället för musik, förvirring ("Instead of music, confusion") and Düsseldorf would both fail to break the singles top 10 - peaking at 13 and 28 respectively.

Though exclusively singing in Swedish, they started to gain attention outside of Sweden and Scandinavia. The band claimed in a press release that Graham Coxon - who has voiced his admiration of the band in interviews - asked to play with them, but that the band declined the offer.

bob hund once again toured extensively, and was awarded Live Band of the Year by Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet. In December 1998 ''Jag rear ut min själ! Allt skall bort!!! ("I'm Selling Off My Soul! Everything Must Go!!!") was released followed by the live album bob hund sover aldrig'' ("bob hund Never Sleeps").

At the start of the new millennium, equipment worth 115,000 SEK was stolen from their van. During this time, the band members had slowed down the activity of bob hund to concentrate on side projects - among others Bergman Rock, a rock band consisting of all bob hund members, but where Öberg sang in English rather than Swedish. New bob hund material would not surface until single ''Ska du hänga med? Nä!! ("Are you tagging along? Nah!!") and album Stenåldern kan börja'' ("Let the Stone Age Begin") was released in early 2001. The album would be the band's first, and as of August 2010 only, to chart at number one.

2002 saw the release of Ingenting ("Nothing"), a compilation album containing old demos from 1992–1993, a limited vinyl pressing of 1000 copies only, single Den lilla planeten ("The Small Planet"). The two CD 10 år tillbaka och 100 år framåt ("10 Years Back and 100 Years Forward") was also released this year. The first disc being a singles compilation, and the second disc contained a live performance recorded in London 2001. During the performance Öberg can be heard explaining, in English, that he'll only speak Swedish to the crowd so they'll know they've paid for the real deal.

After the release of Det där nya som skulle vara så bra ("That New Thing That Was Supposed To Be So Good") the band went on an extended hiatus to concentrate on Bergman Rock and the dance side project Sci-Fi SKANE. The band started touring as bob hund again in late 2006, but would not release any new material until 2008s single Tinnitus i hjärtat ("Tinnitus of the Heart") and album Folkmusik för folk som inte kan bete sig som folk ("Folk music for folk who can't behave like folk").

On 16 June 2009 Christian Gabel officially joined as the seventh member of the band, filling in on drums. In the following year the new lineup released the four-track EP Stumfilm ("Silent Movie").

On 16 March 2011 the group released the album Det överexponerade gömstället ("The Overexposed Hideout"). As a form of commemoration of their 20th anniversary, a second album was released the 15th of February 2012, called Låter som miljarder ("Sounds Like Billions").

On 6 July 2013 the band organized a festival in Folkets Hamn, Helsingborg. At this festival the group would auction off their old instruments and other objects that were left in their old rehearsal studio. The group themselves did not play at this festival, and were instead DJ:ing.

On 12 September 2014 the band premiered a new soundtrack for the silent film Man With a Movie Camera at Cinemateket in Stockholm, with subsequent performances in Helsinki, Luleå, Gothenburg and Malmö.

On 16 September 2016 they released their twelfth studio album, Dödliga Klassiker ("Mortal Classics").

Studio releases

 * bob hund (1), 1993 (EP)
 * bob hund (2), 1994 (Album)
 * Omslag: Martin Kann (Cover Art: Martin Kann), 1996 (Album)
 * Jag rear ut min själ! Allt skall bort!!! (I'm Selling Out My Soul! Everything Must Go!!!), 1998 (Album)
 * sover aldrig (never sleeps), 1999 (Live Album)
 * Stenåldern kan börja (The Stone Age May Begin), 2001 (Album)
 * Det där nya som skulle vara så bra (That New Thing That Was Supposed To Be So Good), 2003 (Single) - Limited to 500 copies on vinyl
 * Folkmusik för folk som inte kan bete sig som folk (Folk music for folk who can't behave like folk), 2009 (Album)
 * Stumfilm (Silent Film), 2010 (EP)
 * Det överexponerade gömstället (The Overexposed Hideout), 2011 (Album)
 * Låter som miljarder (Sounds Like Billions), 2012 (Album)
 * , 2015 (Live Album)
 * Dödliga Klassiker ("Mortal Classics"), 2016 (Album)
 * 0-100, 2019 (Album)
 * BOBHUNDTEATERKONSERT, 2021 (EP)
 * Drömmen är en råvara, verkligheten är en raffinerad produkt (Dreams are a raw material, reality is a refined product), 2023 (Album)

Compilations

 * Ingenting (Nothing), 2002 - Demos from 1992/1993, limited to 1003 copies on vinyl, and made available as free digital downloads on the band's web site
 * 10 år bakåt & 100 år framåt (10 Years Back & 100 Years Forward), 2002 - A collection of single and EP tracks, where the second disc contains a live recording from London, 2001.
 * Det allra näst bästa (The very second best), 2022 - A collection of previously unreleased studio recordings from the 90's

Awards

 * 1994 – Swedish Grammy "Best Live Band"
 * 1996 – Swedish Grammy "Best Lyrics"
 * 1999 – Guldägget (The Golden Egg) for "Best Packaging" on Jag rear ut min själ! Allt skall bort!!!

title: Bob Hund


text:
Edmond Pidoux

Edmond Pidoux (October 25, 1908 – April 17, 2004) was a Swiss author who wrote numerous poems, novels, and essays. He was particularly renowned for Biblical pieces such as L'histoire de Jonas. In 1982, he won the Prix du livre vaudois. He is a younger brother of the musicologist, Pierre Pidoux. Born in Belgium in 1908, this minister's son studied literature at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland and worked as a teacher and lecturer. He died at the age of 96 in 2004.

title: Edmond Pidoux


text:
Mercury4

Mercury4 were an Australian boy band vocal quartet formed in 2002 with Rien Low, Brad Johnston, Javier Perez and Cole Rintoul. In early 2004 Perez was replaced by Kevin Layton. They issued a self-titled studio album, Mercury4 (May 2004) which reached the ARIA Albums Chart top 40. Their highest-charting single, "Get Me Some" (June 2003) had peaked at No. 5 on the related ARIA Singles Chart. It was followed by "5 Years from Now" (January 2004), which reached the top 20 and their cover version of Bobby Brown's "Every Little Step" (May 2004) peaked in the top 30. However, the group disbanded by late 2004.

History
Mercury4 started in 2000 with Rien Low and Brad Johnston meeting and deciding to work together. Cole Rintoul joined in 2001 with Javier Perez joining in 2002. The band signed with BMG in late 2002 after a showcase gig at the Mercury Lounge, hence the name Mercury4.

BMG recruited hit production team the Matrix who had produced hits for Avril Lavigne and Hilary Duff to write and produce their first single "Get Me Some". Released in June 2003 in Australia, it arrived at No. 5 on the ARIA Charts the following month.

Their second single, "5 Years from Now", was released in January 2004 and reached No. 16 on the Australian charts in February 2004. The band's third single "Every Little Step" (May 2004) was a cover of Bobby Brown's 1989 single, and was produced by Cutfather & Joe who wrote and produced the Jamelia hit "Superstar". It reached No. 27.

In early 2004 Javier Perez left the band for personal reasons and was replaced by Kevin Layton. The band's self-titled debut Mercury4 was released on 31 May 2004, and included a cover of Air Supply's hit "All Out of Love" featuring vocals by Russell Hitchcock and Graham Russell from the original band. However, the album only charted for one week in Australia and the band were dropped from their label after BMG merged with Sony. The group disbanded by late 2004.

Member Kevin Layton auditioned for the 2009 series of Australian Idol but missed out on the Top 24. Rien Low auditioned for the 2011 series of The X Factor (Australia) but missed out on a spot in Natalie Bassingthwaighte's 'Over 25's' category, making the Top 12 but not the Top 6. He also auditioned for Season 2 of The Voice (Australia) but was unsuccessful.

Members

 * Brad Johnston (born 30 November 1981) – lead vocals
 * Rien Low (born 22 February 1978);– lead vocals
 * Javier Perez – lead vocals (2002–04)
 * Cole Rintoul (born 27 November 1982) – lead vocals
 * Kevin Layton (born 1 May 1982) – lead vocals

title: Mercury4


text:
HIPAS Observatory

The HIPAS (HIgh Power Auroral Stimulation) Observatory was a research facility, built to study the ionosphere and its influence on radio communications. It was located 25 miles east of Fairbanks, Alaska in the Fairbanks North Star Borough area.

It was operated by the UCLA plasma physics laboratory from 1986 through 2007. A unique capability at that time, it could radiate 70 MW ERP at either 2.85 MHz or 4.53 MHz. These frequencies are close to a multiple of 2 and 3 of the electron gyro-frequency at ionospheric altitudes. Sending a pulse of HF-radio waves upward could accelerate the electrons in the ionosphere. Somewhat like waves on the ocean, the character of the ionosphere could be inferred from the backscatter signal. Other experiments attempted to combine RF and visible excitation where the latter probed metal ions such as sodium.

The HIPAS facility also used a LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) instrument. Other projects included:
 * A plasma torch, used for experiments in hazardous waste disposal
 * A 2.8-meter liquid-mirror telescope, which uses a spinning bowl of mercury to form the mirror, used for laser experiments.
 * An array of antennae, which are used for exciting the ionosphere.

The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is a similar facility funded jointly by the US Air Force and US Navy.

The HIPAS facility was shut down and much of the equipment sold as surplus in the Spring of 2010.

title: HIPAS Observatory


text:
Pčinja District

The Pčinja District (Пчињски округ, ) is one of the nine administrative districts of Southern and Eastern Serbia. It covers the southern part of Serbia, bordering Kosovo, along with Bulgaria and North Macedonia. Its administrative center is the city of Vranje.

As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 193,802 inhabitants.

The Vranjska Banja spa plays a part in this region with its multi-medicinal thermal mineral waters.

Municipalities
The district encompasses the municipalities of:
 * Vladičin Han
 * Surdulica
 * Bosilegrad
 * Trgovište
 * Vranje
 * Vranjska Banja
 * Bujanovac
 * Preševo

Culture and history
The ancient Paeonian tribe of the Agrianians ruled the region in antiquity.

Cultural and historical monuments date back from over five centuries ago. The earliest military fortification, Marko's Fortress, was established in the 13th century. Also famous are the ancient Turkish public baths from the 16th century and the Pasha's House from 1765, in which a grammar school was opened in 1882.

In 2001, uprisings by Albanians occurred in the Albanian-majority municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac. In addition, reports emerged in 2006 that the municipality of Trgovište had threatened to secede itself to North Macedonia, which was noteworthy, since it had (and still has) a majority Serb population. Representatives cited economic hardship and a declining population as grievances against Serbia’s government.

Demographics
As of the 2022 census, the district has a population of 193,802 inhabitants.

Religion
Based on the census results from 2022, the Pčinja District has a Christian Orthodox majority (60.4%) and a substantial Muslim minority (31%).

title: Pčinja District


text:
Talk:Pčinja District

Source
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

title: Talk:Pčinja District


text:
Category:Ireland

This category covers the island of Ireland as a whole, both now and before partition in 1920/1922. It covers both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and deals with topics relating to the two jurisdictions in Ireland.

title: Category:Ireland


text:
Kosovo District

Kosovo District (Косовски округ, ; Distrikti i Kosovës) was a district of Kosovo and Metohija between 1990 and the end of the Kosovo War in 1999. From the Serbian point of view, the district continues to be part of the Republic of Serbia. It had a population of 672,292 and its capital was Pristina.

Municipalities
The district included the municipalities of:

 * Podujevo
 * Pristina
 * Ferizaj
 * Obilić
 * Drenas
 * Lipljan
 * Kosovo Polje
 * Štimlje
 * Štrpce
 * Kaçanik

Culture and history
In the center of Priština stands the Çarshi mosque (Tas mosque), built in 1389 after the Battle of Kosovo. In the immediate vicinity of Priština there is the site of a settlement from the Neolithic period, as well as of the Roman settlement of Vicianum. Also near Priština is the Gračanica monastery built during the 14th century, the last endowment of the Serbian King Stefan Milutin, built in 1315. Its architecture and fresco painting make it one of the most significant medieval monuments in all Europe. Today it is an active monastery for women, and open to visitors.

title: Kosovo District


text:
Talk:Kosovo District

Note
Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Avala (talk • contribs) 12:28, 2 June 2004 (UTC)

 * is HISTORY like OSMAN HISTORY - BULGARIEN - BIZANZ- ROME - ILIRIEN but UNMIK is REAL --Hipi Zhdripi 02:42, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NO
Note: ''All official material made by UNMIK. Information was taken from (en) SOK Statistical Office of Kosovo - (sr) Zavod za Statistiku (sq) Kosova - Enti i Statistikës së Kosovës (ESK). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hipi Zhdripi~enwiki (talk • contribs) 17:45, 23 April 2005 (UTC)

Delet
This articel must be deledet or mergerd in one articel called Districts of Kosovo durin Milosevic time.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We should not delete this, but keep it as an historical article. We can also write one new article named Districts in Kosovo 1990-1999 where we can mention these 5 districts, but we should also keep these 5 articles and put them into "History of Kosovo" and "Serbian history" categories, since they in fact do not exist any more after 1999. PANONIAN   (talk)  08:20, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

THis page should be deleted completely its fake district that is not Kosovo district its PRISHTINA district --Lontech (talk) 11:15, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

I totally agree, this article should be deleted IMMEDIATELY, it's FAKE! What is wrong with you Serbs!!!??? I can't understand Wikipedia allowing this kind of unacceptable behaviour. My advice will be not allowing any Serb writing about Kosovo, because everything you write is dishonest and untrue! 176.23.3.11 (talk) 23:00, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

Deletion of this article
Discussion moved from User talk:Cunard

This is Serbian Propaganda

check Kosovo to see what I am talking about —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lontech (talk • contribs) 18:33, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

write some sources about this Existence of this Districts

International Sources

there are NONE

Bring back the tags until you find sources

and i assure you will not find any --   LONTECH    19:33, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This district appears to exist per this Google Books search. The tone of the article can be resolved through normal editing. If you still believe that this is a hoax, feel free to take this article to WP:AFD. Thanks, Cunard (talk) 19:38, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe existed during Milosevic Regime But dont exist anymore

check kosovo http://www.osce.org/kosovo/13982.html--   LONTECH    22:10, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for providing the link. First, notability is not temporary, so the fact that Kosovo district existed and has received coverage in reliable sources means that it is notable. Second, your link proves that Kosovo district exists; see here. Cunard (talk) 22:24, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje is not a District it is MUNICIPALITY check Kosovo_Polje--   LONTECH    04:45, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Very true. I have asked, the creator of Kosovo District, to weigh in on this discussion. Cunard (talk) 04:56, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

I don't see any problem here. the map of districts on the gov website, Kosovo district is the one where it reads Косовски округ.--Avala (talk) 10:25, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

There is a big problem because i cant find this map (district) on credible International Organizations such as UN,OSCE,EU etc the map you provided adds Kosovo as part of republic of serbia while it is not part of it so this is PROPAGANDA

I would add kosovo government map but i think OSCE is more credible institution and i cant find this district there http://www.osce.org/kosovo/13982.html--   LONTECH    11:34, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You have to differentiate districts of Kosovo per the Govt of Serbia and per the Govt of Kosovo. Intl organizations can choose which division they'll use but they are not the ones deciding.--Avala (talk) 09:39, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Govt of Serbia and per the Govt of Kosovo - this dont make any sense Government of Serbia don't control kosovo anymore If this district existed from 1990 till 1999 during milosevic regime its ok but dont exist anymore If you think sill exist list any International source not Serbian Propaganda. --   LONTECH    05:07, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment: I have moved this discussion from User talk:Cunard to Talk:Kosovo District. Cunard (talk) 23:40, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Serbia
Greeting. All five districts of Serbia in Kosovo (and Metohija) still exist today. Not to mention that all these districts also have their own leadership. The situation is similar with the districts of Cyprus on the territory of North Cyprus. I won't even talk about bias in the sentence "at that time, Kosovo was part of Serbia". — Ruach Chayim (talk) 12:25, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Why do you take as an example Northern Cyprus which has no recognition at all apart from that of Turkey? For one, Taiwan's districts are not described as districts of China (e.g. Shanhua District). Idk if Serbia claims those "districts" continue to exist. If you can bring reliable sources for that, we should add that clarification to the article. In any case, your wording was misleading because those districts do not exist anymore. They might be claimed to exist, and that is far from actually existing. In other words, those districts ceased to exist when Serbia lost control over their territory. If Serbia claims that they continue to exist, then the article should say sth like "From the Serbian point of view, the district continues to be part of the Republic of Serbia". Ktrimi991 (talk) 12:47, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I made a change there . Does it look better? Ktrimi991 (talk) 12:54, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I gave the example of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus because the situation is very similar. Taiwan is a completely different story and a non-permanent member of the UN, while Kosovo is recognized as part of the sovereign territory of Serbia (just as Northern Cyprus is recognized as part of Cyprus). The article is still not good because it states that "it was a district of Kosovo and Metohija". Of course, Serbia claims that these districts exist (which is literally written in the article), considering that it sees Kosovo and Metohija as part of its territory (1). So, the same as in the article Kyrenia District, Serbia (and Cyprus and all other countries) do not claim that "from their point of view the district exists" but that it exists, period.— Ruach Chayim (talk) 14:31, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It does not. We'll take this to the WP:ANI where we can see there if you can keep up your POV. AlexBachmann (talk) 17:34, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * These districts do not exist since 1999 and Serbia doesn't claim that they exist in a de jure manner. All acts of the Serbian government in relation to Kosovo are handled by the Office for Kosovo and Metohija in accordance to agreements which are in place for more than 10 years in cooperation with the Government of Kosovo. This is both the de facto and de jure situation. You're pushing for the inclusion of statements which the government of Serbia doesn't support even in principle. Familiarize yourself with the subject a bit more in order to avoid such edits in the future - North Cyprus has nothing at all to do with Kosovo.--Maleschreiber (talk) 18:35, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Greeting. Before reverting the edits, I would like to ask you to do a little research on the topic. Districts of Serbia in Kosovo and Metohija still exist today, and they have their own leadership (1). The political and legal status of Northern Cyprus and Kosovo is almost identical. I'm just drawing a parallel. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 18:42, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * No, they don't "have their own leadership" - Serbia's stance for North Kosovo is another subject which shouldn't be confused with what we're discussing. These structures don't exist since 1999. There's nothing in common between them as Kosovo is recognized by half the world and it is a member of almost all major international organizations.--Maleschreiber (talk) 18:51, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * "It is a member of almost all major international organizations", well I guess that nobody cares about a completely irrelevant organization like the UN? I won't even talk about "Kosovo is recognized by half the world", when literally the majority of humanity does not recognize Kosovo. So, I repeat - Serbia still has active districts in Kosovo (and Metohija) - so, not in the north of Kosovo, the south or anywhere else, but in the entire territory (1), just like Cyprus in the territory of the so-called Northern Cyprus. For God's sake, do some research. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 19:16, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Kosovo and North Cyprus aren't even comparable. North Cyprus is a diplomatically isolated entity, while Kosovo certainly isn't by any means or standards. The districts which were created after 2008 include the new Serbian-majority municipalities which were created, and these are themselves part of the agreements reached between Kosovo and Serbia. The districts which you claim to exist predate these changes, they ceased to exist following 1999. Serbia doesn't recognize Kosovo de jure, but this doesn't mean that Serbia doesn't recognize the de fact situation or that the bilateral agreements which recognize the situation after 1999 between them don't exist.Lezhjani1444 (talk) 19:08, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I left the link above. But the same applies to you - do some research and only then revert the edits. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 19:19, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Ruach Chayim, Wikipedia is not based on politics. It's a weak argument to compare two states to achieve a certain POV for the most time. AlexBachmann (talk) 20:54, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course it is based on politics. However, as I said above, the districts of Serbia in Kosovo still exist today, for which I also left a link above, and since no one has refuted my claims, nor is it possible given that their validity can be checked by simple Googling, I will put the edits back on. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 21:10, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Even if that were true the editors disagree with you. You have to show clear and convincing evidence, if that were the case, you could add it. AlexBachmann (talk) 21:23, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I've already added the proof (link), and as I said, it's easy to check with a simple Google search. I'm sorry if you don't like the facts. The editors from above did not even announce themselves after the proof was submitted. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 21:32, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll just repeat what the admin said:
 * "nationalistic edits across five articles"
 * Do I have to say more? While you're there, your intention is pretty clear behind this, this won't go through. AlexBachmann (talk) 21:35, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * First, I would ask you to be careful about the accusations. The administrator's attention has already been drawn to the mistake he made with such an accusation. Anyway, I see you've run out of arguments. Thank you for confirming the factual situation and the existence of these five districts. — Ruach Chayim (talk) 21:39, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not accusing you of anything, as opposed to your claim that I'm pushing "pro-Albanian propaganda". I just repeat what the admin said. And do not twist the words that I've written (or not?). AlexBachmann (talk) 21:41, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Greeting, again. Instead of mindlessly reverting edits, you might deign to join the discussion since you've already been tagged. So I have provided proof of the existence of these districts. Do you have literally any counter-evidence, and I'll even appreciate an internet forum? — Ruach Chayim (talk) 20:04, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Greetings, first and foremost do not insult me by saying I am "mindlessly reverting edits". you made an rv and claimed it was per the talk page, something which is not true as the discussion was still going on. not only that but the consensus among editors engaged in this discussion is clearly against the revert you made, therefor i reverted it. Durraz0 (talk) 20:21, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to insult you, I sincerely apologize if I did. I returned the edit after 7 days from the start of the discussion. No one answered during that time. But in any case, I repeat again, do you have any proof that these districts do not exist or do you simply not like the factual situation? Ruach Chayim (talk) 20:30, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You have been told the reasons by several editors. Better move on and do sth more productive than requesting arguments already elaborated on. Ktrimi991 (talk) 20:32, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * No, I didn't get an answer. The editors above stated that these districts do not exist since 1999, after which I provided proof and no one replied after that. I repeat for the third time - do you have any evidence that these districts do not exist, because I'm getting the impression that you do not like the factual situation at all. Ruach Chayim (talk) 20:43, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, go to Kosovo and take a walk around the country. You’ll notice they have their own administrative divisions, governed by an independent government that enforces its own laws and regulations. Serbia has no official power over or within Kosovo. None at all. Stop POV pushing, going against consensus and challenging basic logic and understanding. The Serbian districts no longer exist. Kosovo is independent and has its own districts, accept it and move on. Botushali (talk) 04:07, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Take a walk through Kyrenia and try to find the flag of the Republic of Cyprus, the same applies to, for example, Ukraine/Crimea or Georgia/Abkhazia. People, let's get serious and stop with the narrative "I don't care, Kosovo is independent, Serbia has nothing there, I don't care about the rest". These districts exist, they even have their own leadership. For the fourth time, I ask - does anyone have real evidence that these districts do not exist? Ruach Chayim (talk) 09:56, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course Serbian sources will claim that these imaginary districts exists, however, this POV will never be a part of Wikipedia. (The Serbian Wikipedia also claims that Skanderbeg was Serbian, does that mean this should be applied here? To give you an answer: no.) That simple. AlexBachmann (talk) 19:42, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * So, I'll say it again. These districts exist, just like the districts of Cyprus in the territory of Northern Cyprus. Moreover, they have their own leadership, and I have provided the evidence. Let's do it for the fifth time - does anyone actually have proof that these districts don't exist? Ruach Chayim (talk) 14:20, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I suggest leaving this POV content out of Wikipedia since it's already not looking good for you. While you're at it, WP:CIVIL. AlexBachmann (talk) 20:18, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Still not a single proof. Ruach Chayim (talk) 16:19, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kosovo District


text:
Mercury4 (album)

Mercury4 is the debut, and only, album by boy band, Mercury4, which was released on 31 May 2004 and peaked at No. 32 on the ARIA Albums Chart.

Making of the album and chart success
BMG recruited hit production team the Matrix who had produced hits for Avril Lavigne and Hilary Duff to write and produce Mercury4's first single "Get Me Some". Released in June 2003 in Australia, it rose to the top five of the ARIA Singles Chart in the following month.

Their second single "5 Years From Now" was released in January 2004 and reached the top 20 of the Australian charts in February 2004. The band's third single "Every Little Step", is a cover version of the Bobby Brown hit from his album Don't Be Cruel. This track was produced by Cutfather & Joe who wrote and produced the Jamelia hit, "Superstar".

The band's self-titled debut, Mercury4, was released on 31 May 2004. The album includes their version of Air Supply's hit single, "All Out of Love", with vocals by the group's lead singers, Russell Hitchcock and Graham Russell. The track features contributions by Kevin Layton who replaced Jarvier Perez who left the band in early 2004.

title: Mercury4 (album)


text:
Peć District (Serbia)

The Peć District (Serbian: Пећки округ or Pećki okrug, also called Dukagjin or Regjioni i Pejës in Albanian) was a district in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999. It was located in the western part of Kosovo. 90% of its population of 351,680 is Albanian, but there are other ethnic groups such as Serbs, Roma, and others. The seat of the District was in the city of Peja.

Municipalities
It included the municipalities of:

 * Peja (Peć)
 * Istog (Istok or Burimi)
 * Klina
 * Deçan (Dečani)
 * Gjakova (Đakovica)

Culture and history
Peja is first mentioned in 1302, as Archiepiscopal seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Patriarchal Monastery of Peć consists of a group of monasteries and has been the seat of the Serbian Archbishops and Patriarchs for centuries. It is famous for its monastic complex in Peć, the official residence of the Patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

The frescoes from the church of St. Apostles, dating from the thirteenth century, rank among the most remarkable medieval Serbian paintings. Over the centuries, churches and other buildings of the Peć Patriarchy have been destroyed and reconstructed several times. Today's appearance dates back to 1931-1932. The Visoki Dečani Monastery is one of the most grandiose monuments of the Serb medieval culture. It is the endowment of King Stefan Dečanski, built from 1327 to 1335.

Economy
The main activities in Peć District are leather and footwear, forestry, industrial, agricultural-industrial, and a car spare-parts factory.

title: Peć District (Serbia)


text:
Talk:Peć District (Serbia)

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

So it's propaganda by default, thanks :) - user

Rewriting History
Look Mig (and other Albanians), I'm not up to revert wars with you on Kosovo articles. Our two nations are hostile towards each other, but unless we reach some sort of deal here on Wikipedia, the articles will keep on bouncing back and forth between two extremist positions, and the one with bigger number will prevail. It's not my goal. And you guys (I mean Kosovar editors, who started appearing in past few months) weren't off to a good start by jumping straight into revert wars and assuming bad faith on all Serbian editors, even the ones who have been openly constructive towards everybody here, like User:HolyRomanEmperor.

That being said, personally, I don't have too strong opinions about Kosovo independence and naming of Kosovo places on Wikipedia, as long as you guys don't try to rewrite the history.

Now, about the article. Even if there were an Illyrian church on that place, all other buildings in the large complex were built subsequently by Serbian church from late 13th century onwards. And it's first mentioned in 1302, in Serbian church documents. And if the Illyrian church were there before, it couldn't be associated with "Albanian catholics of VII century" as the Great schism took place in 1102. And that couldn't possibly have been a "Patrikana e Pejës" because the only Patriarchs sitting there were Serbian ones. Whatever it pre-history was, you can't deny it was a holy place of Serbian church for ages.

Note also that this article was originally written about now defunct Pećki okrug. I don't know what is the current Kosovo administrative division, but it probably does not correspond the old Serbian one.

Hoping for a truce between our peoples, Duja 18:57, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Peja is not a district in Serbia. Is district in Kosovo. Wat you are playing her with so many user acocunts--172.180.222.21 01:25, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

So now you deleted the whole part with churches. Because they were true or what was your problem with it?
 * Because they don't belong to this article anyway. It's an article about the administrative division. They belong to Patriarchate of Peć if anywhere, but that article is a sub-stub.Duja 15:32, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I don’t want to argue with you, because your facts are really weak. I guess the truth heard, and that is why you deleted the mostly part of it. I mean, until I came, you didn’t had any problem with it, and now you find it better to remove everything that tries to explain the historical facts. You are trying to tell me, that your position was not extreme? Just because I don’t agree with Serbian propaganda, I am an extremist?!
 * Why do you accuse me of extremism and Serbian propaganda now? Duja 15:32, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Just because I know the history of Peja doesn’t mean I am Albanian. Historical facts have nothing to do with nationality or borders. They are facts! I think you are the one who is trying here to rewrite the history. I would propose: visit ones this district and also the Patrikana of Peja. It’s really beautiful. Don’t try to use these things for Serbian propaganda.
 * I don't f***ing care about Serbian propaganda. I'm allergic on everyone's propaganda, Serbian included. As for the facts, if we cannot agree, there's a nice policy called WP:CITE which says that disputed statements must be backed up by relevant sources; if sources collide, cite'em both and let readers decide for objectivity and relevance. I didn't add anything disputable to this article – you did. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia, not a user forum. Duja 15:32, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I didn’t deny that it was a part of Serbian church for 200 hundred years. I agree absolutely with it and I didn’t change this part, just look at the history of the article! But before that, it was a part of Illyrian and Albanian holy church. And you should also agree with it. It would be fair. Your sources are not neutral ones. Every coin has two sides, I that is just one point of view. Patrikana e Pejës is one of the original names. It is the Albanian name for it. The Serbian one is Pecka Patrijarsija.

And maybe you don’t know this fact, but there were Albanian people and Albanian soldiers who protected the Patrikana from Ottoman Empire, although at that time it was a Serbian church. That means for Albanian people at that time it was not important to whom it belongs at that moment. --Mig11 08:53, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Look, this article was on my watchlist totally accidentally... I think I fixed some link in it in the past. The fact is, I don't care. Kosovo is not my area of expertise, and I've never been there, and I don't plan to, thanks for invitation. I am not saying that there weren't an Illyrian church there, and that Albanians didn't protect it... I don't know. But your edit made a statement that Serbs occupied the area and stole the church from Illyrians. Let me remind you on WP:CITE – if it's true, please find the relevant and independent historical sources to back up that claim; otherwise, it will be just a popular hearsay. I removed the info altoghether because a) it doesn't belong here anyway b) I'm not interested in quarelling. Again, I don't know what happened there in 13th century nor do I care too much. Duja 15:32, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If this article doesn’t interest you, why are you so mad?? You took my answer and you divided it in many parts!!! That shows how much respect you have for other users here. You don’t have to use words like f***ing! Next time write your answers together under my text, and do not change the meaning of my answer!! And yes, I do think that this article was a Serbian propaganda, before I edit it. And until I edit it, you didn’t have any problem with it. You are not fooling here anyone. And if you don’t know anything about the facts and history, if you, as you are claiming, don’t care, than frankly what are you doing here, why are you editing and reverting it?
 * You did revert this article at least 3 times today!!! You know what that means don’t you?? You should be banned from Wikipedia. You don’t show respect for other points of view. Now the article can be excepted as it is. This article is not your private page, everyone can edit, not just you. This is a free encyclopaedia, read the rules!--Mig11 16:05, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) I'm not mad, but I might become if you continue to be offensive. The f-word was not related to you in any sense, and I don't see why you're pulling it.
 * 2) If you never saw it, it's common practice on e-mail and Usenet to intersperse the comments so that it's clear to which point you reply. I didn't change meanings of your answers, as I didn't touch any word of yours.
 * 3) I didn't have any problem with it before, because I never actually read it. When I saw your edit, I payed attention only then.
 * 4) Yesterday I reverted your edit, and later I removed the entire passage for the sake of peace, then reverted to that version. I didn't violate 3RR. FYI, the page you should refer to is WP:AN/3RR.
 * 5) What do you want to achieve now except to attack me? Quote: "You are not fooling here anyone. You should be banned from Wikipedia. You don’t show respect for other points of view." Where did I attack you or accused you of vandalism? This is not my private page indeed. Neither is yours. Duja

 * But you violated the 3RR. You never read it before I came?? Come on, give me a break! I think the most important thing now, is that the article is free from any propaganda, it is neutral now. I am not attacking here anyone.--Mig11 17:53, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course I knew about 3RR, but I made only 2 reverts (to 2 different versions) and one edit though. And, remember, I was the one who started the talk first, so that we can discuss the matter (however harshly) rather than revert-warring the article. My only agenda here is to stop pointless wars and try to reach WP:Consensus. Duja 18:52, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Delet
This articel must be deledet or mergerd in one articel called Districts of Kosovo durin Milosevic time.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We should not delete this, but keep it as an historical article. We can also write one new article named Districts in Kosovo 1990-1999 where we can mention these 5 districts, but we should also keep these 5 articles and put them into "History of Kosovo" and "Serbian history" categories, since they in fact do not exist any more after 1999. PANONIAN   (talk)  09:12, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm confused, why is the discussion page for Peć District the same as the one for District of Peja/Peć? Talltim 15:25, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed (unredirected). I'm not sure that there should be a fork, but it seems as the most peaceful solution. Duja ► 15:34, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

adding albanian and common english name
HI, I have added the albanian names to article, please leave them. there is a precedence on the Kosovo article. thanks, mike James Michael DuPont 18:22, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I have gotten support on this :Talk:Metohija James Michael DuPont 20:23, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peć District (Serbia)


text:
Prizren District (Serbia)

The Prizren District (Distrikti i Prizrenit; Призренски округ/Prizrenski okrug, ) was a district in southern Kosovo and Metohija between 1990 and 1999. It had a population of 376,085. The seat of the district was in the city of Prizren.

Municipalities
It included the municipalities of:
 * Suva Reka
 * Orahovac
 * Prizren
 * Gora
 * Opolje

Culture and history
The Church of Our Lady of Ljeviš, in Prizren, is the endowment of King Milutin, along with the Archbishop Sava III. It was built in 1307.

Prizren is also distinguished by other churches, such as: the Church of Holy Salvation (est. 1348), the Church of St. Nicholas (est. 1332), the Church of Prince Marko (est. 1371), and Assembly Church of St. George from the second half of the 19th century.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, during Ottoman rule, mosques, hammams, and madrasas flowered throughout Prizren and its surroundings. The Mosque of Bajrakli Gazi Mehmed-Pasha is the earliest establishment of Islamic architecture in Prizren. It was built in 1561, and still safeguards books in Arabic and Ottoman Turkish to this day, including a Kuran from 1312.

title: Prizren District (Serbia)


text:
Talk:Prizren District (Serbia)

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

NATO Sector
This is not a Districkt but a NATO (Germany) Sector.--Hipi Zhdripi 01:26, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, then just add to the article that it's currently a sector in UNMIK's division of such and such troops. Don't make a mess out of the article. --Dejan Cabrilo 01:56, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Now this district is History.

Delet
This articel must be deledet or mergerd in one articel called Districts of Kosovo durin Milosevic time.--Hipi Zhdripi 04:16, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We should not delete this, but keep it as an historical article. We can also write one new article named Districts in Kosovo 1990-1999 where we can mention these 5 districts, but we should also keep these 5 articles and put them into "History of Kosovo" and "Serbian history" categories, since they in fact do not exist any more after 1999. PANONIAN   (talk)  09:14, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prizren District (Serbia)


text:
Luftvärnsrobotbandvagn 701

Luftvärnsrobotvagn 701 (abbreviated lvrbv 701) is a Swedish self-propelled anti-aircraft vehicle armed with the locally produced short range RBS 70 surface-to-air missile system. The lvrbv 701 is not NBC-protected and has no night vision equipment. Except for the armament, lvrbv 701 is identical to the Pansarvärnsrobotbandvagn 551 ATGM carrier. Both vehicles were built from the chassis of obsolete Infanterikanonvagn 103 self-propelled guns (some Pansarvärnsrobotbandvagn 551s used the Infanterikanonvagn 102 chassis instead). Conversion to the lvrbv 701 was done during the 1980s and the vehicle was taken out of active service around the year 2000.

title: Luftvärnsrobotbandvagn 701


text:
Category:Northern Ireland

 * Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom, situated on the island of Ireland.

title: Category:Northern Ireland


text:
Jennifer Hawkins

Jennifer Hawkins (born 22 December 1983) is an Australian tv host, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 2004, She previously been crowned Miss Universe Australia 2004. She was the host of Australia's Next Top Model, and was brand ambassador for Lovable Intimates, Mount Franklin Lightly Sparkling and Range Rover, and formerly the face of Australian department store Myer.

Early life
Hawkins was born in Holmesville, New South Wales, to Gail and Robert. She attended West Wallsend High School in West Wallsend, New South Wales. She is one of four siblings. Hawkins was a cheerleader for the Newcastle Knights rugby league team, and the Hunter Pirates basketball team and also worked as a model. It was as a model that she was cast as Miss Australia for the Miss Universe competition. Hawkins also worked as a choreographer for a dance team that toured Australia specialising in Hip Hop and Ballet.

Miss Universe
Before participating in Miss Universe 2004, Hawkins sought advice from the previous Miss Australia, Ashlea Talbot, who represented Australia in the 2003 competition, and learned basic Spanish prior to travelling to Ecuador. However, Hawkins did not participate as Miss Australia but as the newly instated pageant Miss Universe Australia's first winner.

The Miss Universe pageant was held in Quito, Ecuador, on 1 June 2004. A week prior to the event, Hawkins was ranked sixth favourite to win the crown. During the final competition, she became the first Australian to make the semi-finals since Voni Delfos in 1993. She then proceeded to the top ten after competing in the evening gown competition, where she wore an unusual vintage copper gown that was designed by Bora and cost A$25,000. After the swimsuit competition, Hawkins advanced to the top five, and eventually won the Miss Universe title. The remaining top five were all delegates from the Americas and Caribbean, including Shandi Finnessey of the USA (1st runner-up), Alba Reyes of Puerto Rico (2nd runner-up), Yanina Gonzalez of Paraguay (3rd runner-up) and Danielle Jones of Trinidad and Tobago (4th runner-up). Hawkins was the second winner from Oceania since Lorraine Downes of New Zealand held the title in 1983, and the second Australian since Kerry Anne Wells who was crowned in Dorado, Puerto Rico in 1972 (Coincidentally both women were crowned in Spanish speaking countries).

Hawkins was crowned by outgoing titleholder Amelia Vega from the Dominican Republic, after being announced by host Billy Bush as the "thunder from down under".

Hawkins received an elaborate Mikimoto pearl encrusted crown, worth $250,000, as well as an extensive prize package. Hawkins was the first blonde-haired woman to win the title since Angela Visser of the Netherlands in 1989.

As Miss Universe, Hawkins represented the Miss Universe Organization. Her "sister" 2004 titleholders were Shelley Hennig (Miss Teen USA, of Louisiana) and Shandi Finnessey (Miss USA, of Missouri). During her reign, Hawkins travelled to Korea, The Bahamas, Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Singapore, Indonesia, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, India, Ecuador, Mexico, Puerto Rico, had multiple trips to Thailand, the host of Miss Universe 2005, and her home country of Australia. In Brazil, after an official meeting with Vice-President José Alencar, he said she was "the prettiest girl I have ever seen in my life". Also, she was the first Miss Universe ever to parade in a Samba School (as Eve) during Brazilian carnival, in February 2005.

As part of her year-long reign as Miss Universe, she lived in New York City in a riverside apartment provided by the Miss Universe Organization. At this time, Hawkins stated that her wish was to continue modelling and become a television presenter.

Shortly after being crowned Miss Universe in 2004, Hawkins created news during a fashion show at Westfield Miranda, an Australian shopping centre, when she tripped on the hem of her dress, which fell to the floor. Hawkins was left scantily clad in her red g-string in front of a surprised crowd. Hawkins later apologised, laughingly adding she "wished she wore better underwear". The incident received the dubious distinction of being named "The most embarrassing moment ever shown on Australian television" by Australia's Nine Network. The "wardrobe malfunction" was widely circulated through news outlets and according to Google, caused a sharp increase in internet searches for "Jennifer Hawkins".

Hawkins served as a judge for the Miss Universe 2008 finals in Vietnam.

Television presenting
Hawkins signed a contract with the Seven Network at the 2004 Melbourne Cup Carnival. Her first appearances were as a guest presenter on the network's travel show, The Great Outdoors, where she took viewers on tours throughout the world. When she ended her reign as Miss Universe, she became a regular presenter on the show, which resulted in a 2006 Logie nomination for Most Popular New Female Talent. No new episodes of the programme have been produced since 2009.

Hawkins also served as the host and one of the judges for Australia's Make Me a Supermodel, which debuted on the Seven Network in August 2008. The series aired for a single season.

Media outlets reported in October 2010 that Hawkins would depart Seven and move to the Nine Network after the expiration of her contract.

Hawkins became the host for the hit TV show Australia's Next Top Model, replacing Sarah Murdoch.

Other
Hawkins was one of the participants in the fourth season of Australia's Dancing with the Stars and was the fifth celebrity eliminated. On 15 February 2006, she was in a celebrity version of Deal or No Deal called Dancing with the Deal which featured celebrities from Dancing with the Stars. She won $2,000 after refusing every deal.

Hawkins is featured as the love interest of Australian artist, Guy Sebastian in the music video for the second single "Elevator Love" off his third album, Closer to the Sun.

Timeline

 * In July 2005, Hawkins was signed by personal hygiene and skincare brand Lux as its face of Australia and New Zealand.
 * In September 2006, Hawkins signed a 3-year deal with Lovable Australia lingerie as its Australian "face".
 * In August 2006, she became ambassador for Grand Waterfront, a residential development in Hong Kong between Henderson Land Development and its associate the Hong Kong & China Gas Company. Full front page colour photographs of her have appeared as advertisements in several Chinese language newspapers; Minute-long advertisements for the development have been aired on primetime television in Hong Kong with Hawkins as the principal subject.
 * In 2006, Hawkins signed a lucrative endorsement deal to become the fourth Australian face of Covergirl makeup.
 * In November 2006, Hawkins endorsed a range of Asus laptops in Sydney, Australia, at which the company donated the proceeds of an eBay sale of a special edition pink S6 to the National Breast Cancer Foundation.
 * In January 2007, it was announced that Hawkins had signed a deal with Australian Department Store Myer worth $4million (AUD).
 * On 9 August 2007, she was offered $50,000 to pose nude in the men's magazine Zoo Magazine, which she declined.
 * In 2008, Hawkins approached Myer to develop her own line of swimwear. Eight months later, the brand Cozi is debuted.
 * On 6 January 2010, Hawkins appeared naked and unretouched on the February cover of Marie Claire Australia magazine to support the Butterfly Foundation and encourage positive attitudes to body image.
 * In 2011, Hawkins signed on to be ambassador for Range Rover and collaborated with the Australia footwear brand Siren, to develop a signature range called JLH for Siren
 * In 2012, Foxtel approach Hawkins to become the new host and judge of Australia's Next Top Model. She signs on to take over Sarah Murdoch's position.

Public image
Following her successful public reception, Hawkins initially accepted Bathurst school student Daniel Dibley's invitation to accompany him to his Year 12 graduation ball in August 2006. She later declined, because she did not wish to draw attention away from the other couples. She did however, agree to go with him on a private date.

Personal life
On 4 June 2013, Hawkins married her boyfriend of eight years, Jake Wall, in a small ceremony in a resort on the island of Bali in Indonesia. The couple were engaged for 18 months after Wall proposed in New Zealand. In May 2019, Hawkins announced that she and Wall were expecting their first child together. During her pregnancy, Hawkins discussed her fertility issues while announcing that their daughter was due in October 2019. On 22 October 2019, Hawkins announced that she had given birth to a daughter. Hawkins resides in Sydney. On 20 October 2021, Hawkins announced the birth of their second child, a son.

title: Jennifer Hawkins


text:
Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia)

The Kosovska Mitrovica District was a district in Kosovo between 1990 and 1999. It was located in the northern part of Kosovo i Metohija. It had a population of 275,904. Seat of the District was in the city of Kosovska Mitrovica. From one point of view of the Serbian government the district de jure still exist, despite the fact that Serbian government accepted civil UN administration over Kosovo.

Municipalities
It included the municipalities of:

 * Zubin Potok
 * Leposavić
 * Zvečan
 * Kosovska Mitrovica
 * Srbica
 * Vučitrn

Culture and history
Kosovska Mitrovica, being a medieval settlement, is rich in famous edifices and monuments: the Church of St. Dimitri originating from the fourteenth century, and the Church of St. Sava from the nineteenth century. In the vicinity of Kosovska Mitrovica is the Devič Monastery, the first mention of which was found in 1578.

title: Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia)


text:
Category:English cricketers

 * Cricketers from England who have played first-class, List A or Twenty20 cricket, or their international equivalents: Test, One-Day International and Twenty20 International cricket. Note: minor counties cricketers, who have not appeared in one of the above formats, but are otherwise notable, are included in this category.
 * See also:
 * Category:Players in English domestic cricket by team, which includes most of the players in this category and also many non-English players who have played in England.
 * List of English Test cricketers

title: Category:English cricketers


text: Talk:North Banat District

title: Talk:North Banat District


text:
Talk:Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia)

Note: ''All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law. Information was taken from official website.

Delet
This articel must be deledet or mergerd in one articel called Districts of Kosovo durin Milosevic time.--Hipi Zhdripi 03:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * We should not delete this, but keep it as an historical article. We can also write one new article named Districts in Kosovo 1990-1999 where we can mention these 5 districts, but we should also keep these 5 articles and put them into "History of Kosovo" and "Serbian history" categories, since they in fact do not exist any more after 1999. PANONIAN   (talk)  08:39, 29 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Category:English sportspeople

 * (Not all British sportspeople can be categorised by home nation. Some other English sportspeople are listed at Category:British sportspeople.)

title: Category:English sportspeople


text:
Category:English people

 * Not all of the categories for British people have been subdivided and there are many more articles about English people in Category:British people.

title: Category:English people


text:
Farewell Sermon

The Farewell Sermon (خطبة الوداع, Khuṭbatu l-Widāʿ ) also known as  Muhammad's Final Sermon or the Last Sermon, is a religious speech, delivered by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on Friday the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 10 AH (6 March 632 ) in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, during the Islamic pilgrimage of Hajj. Muhammad al-Bukhari refers to the sermon and quotes part of it in his Sahih al-Bukhari. Part of it is also present in Sahih Muslim and Sunan Abu Dawood. Verse, "Today I have perfected for you your religion," is believed to have been recited during the address as the capstone verse of the Quran. Various versions of the sermon have been published, including several English translations. The sermon consists of a series of general exhortations for Muslims to follow the teachings that Muhammad had set forth in the Quran and Ahl al-Bayt.

Narrations in hadith literature
In a lengthy hadith included in the Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abi Dawood, and Sunan Ibn Majah, Jabir ibn Abd Allah narrated details of Muhammad's pilgrimage and reported the following words of his sermon:

Report by historian Ibn Ishaq
An account of the sermon was collected by the early historian Ibn Ishaq, as quoted in Ibn Hisham's Sirah an-Nabawiyah and at-Tabari's Tarikh, with minor differences. The narration is translated by I. K. Poonawala in The History of al-Tabari, vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet (1990), as follows:

The sermon is also translated by Alfred Guillaume in The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh (1955), which is based on the work of Ibn Hisham. Poonawala does not differ much with Guillaume in regards to meaning, but notable differences are his translation of bi’l-ma‘rūf as "with custom" and ‘awān as "domestic animals," whereas Guillaume translates the passage as, "If they refrain from these things they have the right to their food and clothing with kindness. Lay injunctions on women kindly, for they are prisoners with you having no control of their persons." Rizwi Faizer in her translation of al-Waqidi's Life of Muhammad rendered the same passage as, "Treat women well for they are bound to you and are dependent on you."

Ibn Ishaq also narrates the method in which the sermon was delivered:

Report by Al-Jahiz
Al-Jahiz in the Kitāb al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn presents the following text of the Farewell Sermon, also mentioned in Musnad of Imam Ahmad (hadith no.19774) as translated and annotated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller:

title: Farewell Sermon


text:
Public Transport Users Association

The Public Transport Users Association (PTUA) is a community-based public transport lobby group in Victoria, Australia, based in Melbourne. It is run entirely by volunteers and has no full-time staff.

History and aims
The organisation was founded in 1976 as the Train Travellers Association, and became prominent after the controversial Lonie Report recommended huge freeway expansion and closure of most public passenger transport in the city.

The Association advocates a greater role for public transport and less dependence on the private car. Key PTUA policies include:
 * A publicly accountable authority to provide co-ordinated planning and management of train, tram and bus services,
 * The favouring of sustainable transport modes over cars, through appropriate urban planning decisions, and taxation and transport project resource allocations,
 * Opposition to major road expansion such as the building of new freeways,
 * More frequent public transport services, longer operating hours and better connections between modes,
 * Expansion of the train, tram, and bus networks,
 * More staffing at stations and on trains/trams,
 * Fares that ensure public transport is competitive with car travel.

Of particular interest to the Association are potential extensions to Melbourne's metropolitan rail network, particularly lines to Doncaster, Rowville (via Monash University's Clayton Campus) and Melbourne Airport, a reorganisation of the bus network, including more routes being upgraded to SmartBus status, and filling in so-called tram "missing links", by the construction of extensions to the tram network that will ensure that routes terminate at nearby railway stations, bus routes and activity centres.

Achievements
The PTUA successfully campaigned for extended New Year's Day public transport hours in 2004, and that has been continued by the state government in subsequent years. They also successfully lobbied for the extension of the 109 tram to Box Hill in Melbourne's east. The association successfully pushed against the contentious idea to prohibit bikes on trains during rush hour in 2008, garnering substantial media attention. The Association maintains a high media profile, publishes a regular newsletter for members, operates an office in Melbourne, and has branches in Geelong and Ballarat.

The current president is Tony Morton, who succeeded Daniel Bowen in October 2012.

title: Public Transport Users Association