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Ang Mo Kio

Ang Mo Kio is a planning area and residential town situated in the North-East region of Singapore. Located approximately 11 km north of the Downtown Core district, Ang Mo Kio is the 3rd most populated planning area in the North-East region and ranks 8th in terms of population in the country overall. The planning area is located at the south-western corner of the North-East region, bordered by the planning areas of Yishun to the north, Sengkang to the north-east, Serangoon to the east, Bishan to the south and the Central Water Catchment to the west.

Prior to urbanization, the area, much like other rural districts in Singapore at the time, was largely undeveloped, being mainly used for agricultural purposes, with uninhabited plots of land usually covered in dense secondary forest or swamps. Ang Mo Kio was subsequently redeveloped by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) in 1973 as their seventh satellite town and the first to be built in metric dimensions, being fully completed by 1980. The first three town councils in the country were established in Ang Mo Kio in 1986, as part of a pilot project to better serve residents of HDB new towns. The concept eventually became adopted under the Town Council Act of 1988 which today, remains as the second-level of administration in Singapore.

Ang Mo Kio today, much like its neighbouring towns, is largely urbanized. However, parks are still prevalent in the town as part of the country's green initiative. Parks include Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East and Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West. Although not technically located within Ang Mo Kio itself, the Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park in the adjacent town of Bishan was designed to serve residents of both towns. The park itself straddles along the Ang Mo Kio–Bishan boundary, making it easily accessible from Ang Mo Kio.

Etymology
The origin of the name is contested. Old survey maps relate the area as "Amokiah" or the "Mukim (region) of Ang Mo Kio". The name was formerly written with the characters 红毛 ang moh, literally "red hair", and one possibility is that the name comes from red-haired tropical fruit rambutan, known as 红毛丹 ang moh dan in Hokkien. However, ang moh can also be used figuratively to mean "Western" or "Caucasian person". Kio in turn could be written either 桥 "bridge", in which case the name would mean "Caucasian's bridge", or 茄 "eggplant", in which case 红毛茄 "Western eggplant" refers to the tomato, which is not native to the region. There are no reports of tomatoes being grown in Ang Mo Kio, so the bridge theory is more likely; nevertheless, there are several commemorative tomato sculptures around Ang Mo Kio.

Even assuming kio refers to a bridge, the identity of the bridge remains unclear. One theory states that Ang Mo Kio had two bridges of significance: an old wooden bridge (pang kio in Hokkien) over the Sungei Tongkang river, and a newer concrete bridge on Cheng San Road over a tributary of the Kallang River. Since concrete in Hokkien is 红毛灰 ang mo huay "Western ash", the bridge and consequently the area around it became known as 红毛桥 ang mo kio, short for "concrete bridge". Alternatively, the name could refer to a bridge reputedly constructed under the supervision of British engineer John Turnbull Thomson at what is today the intersection of Upper Thomson Road and Ang Mo Kio Ave 1. The area of Ang Mo Kio has also been historically referred to as Kou Teu Kio, meaning "nine bridges".

In the 1970s, the area's Chinese name was changed to 宏茂桥, meaning "Bridge of Expansiveness and Prosperity".

Location
Ang Mo Kio Planning Area, as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority, sits within the North-East region of Singapore, and has a total area of about 1336 ha. Yishun bounds Ang Mo Kio to the north, Sengkang to the northeast, Serangoon to the east, Bishan to the south and Central Water Catchment to the west.

The main component of the planning area is Ang Mo Kio New Town. The town itself has seven neighbourhoods, with Neighbourhood 1 to the west, cycling in an anti-clockwise direction to Neighbourhood 6 to the north, and ending with Neighbourhood 7 for the town centre. The town centre is located in the heart of Ang Mo Kio and is sandwiched by two town gardens set on natural hillocks.

Subzones
Ang Mo Kio Planning Area is officially divided into 12 subzones for urban planning and statistical purposes.

Background and early history
The present-day Ang Mo Kio area remained largely uninhabited throughout the 19th century. Settlers were attracted to the area only around the start of the 20th century, as a result of the rubber boom. In the old maps of Singapore, much of the area was labelled as the Ang Mo Kio Forest Reserve with many plantation estates.

In 1934, The Straits Times stated that the mukim of Ang Mo Kio referred to the area between Thomson Road and Yio Chu Kang Road, and consisted of rubber plantations. In August 1938, a then-unnamed village along Thomson Road was named Ang Mo Kio Village by the Singapore Rural Board.

Development of Ang Mo Kio New Town
Initially, Ang Mo Kio was designated as an industrial area housing motor workshops which had to be relocated due to the Urban Renewal Programme, but the plans were then modified to include areas for homes and communal amenities. Plans for the new town were announced by the then-Minister for Law and National Development E.W. Barker in August 1973. The new town was planned to have a total of 45,000 flats, and be demarcated by Upper Thomson and Yio Chu Kang Roads, located adjacent to the Serangoon Gardens estate. To make way for the new town, 200 acres of land at Teck Ghee village was cleared, with the residents affected rehoused at the Sin Ming road estate.

The HDB referred to the new town as a "new generation" town, and stated that its design was intended to facilitate gracious living, with flats with larger floor areas and buildings constructed further apart from one another. In addition, the town was slated to have industrial areas, shopping amenities, schools, and a 110 acre garden. Ang Mo Kio was also planned as the focal point of Singapore's motor repair industry, housing the Registrar of Vehicles' headquarters, and was the first town designed in metric dimensions.

The first flats in the new town were completed in 1975, and construction work on the initial section of the 28 ha town centre, and on the new town's area office, was underway by September 1976. The town centre was planned to comprise a pedestrian mall, which encompassed most of the town centre, a hawker centre, an open area and a bus terminal, and to cater to residents of the new town along with the adjacent Mayflower and Serangoon Gardens estates. In April 1978, the Housing and Development Board introduced a new numbering system for blocks and streets, in which the numbers of the blocks and streets correspond to the neighbourhood that they are located in, in Ang Mo Kio, and subsequently for new towns developed thereafter.

Construction work on a $13.3 million industrial area along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5 commenced in June 1979. This industrial area was, according to the Jurong Town Corporation, the first of a new kind of industrial park built beside housing estates. The construction of a polyclinic to serve the new town also commenced in the same year. In 1981, a 1.6 ha facility for swimming along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 was completed at a cost of $4.7 million, and in July 1981, the polyclinic in Ang Mo Kio commenced operations.

The design of the town won the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA) Outstanding Buildings Award in 1983. The swimming complex at Avenue 1 also won the 1986 SIA Architectural Award for its unique "tetrahedral skylight" design.

The large commercialization of the Ang Mo Kio throughout the mid-1970s and 1980s also saw the rise of neighbourhood startup businesses that remain prominent throughout Ang Mo Kio Town Centre today. One in particular eventually became one of Singapore's largest supermarket chains, Sheng Siong.

The 1980s and 1990s
A 6 ha area of land adjacent to Ang Mo Kio Avenues 3 and 8 was converted into a park and opened as Ang Mo Kio's first town garden in 1981. Plans for a 22 ha park along Ang Mo Kio Avenues 5 and 6 were confirmed by the HDB in August 1981, with construction of the park, by then named Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West, commencing in March 1983.

Infrastructure
Following the norm in the 1970s, most of the flats are organised in 12-storey long blocks or 25-storey point blocks. In recent years, certain parts of the estate have been rebuilt as part of the long process of renewal. As a result, segments of higher blocks clustered together can be seen interleaved with the older blocks.

With Ang Mo Kio becoming a matured estate, several plots of residential land have been cleared up and sold to private developers for redevelopment. Many private residential projects are being constructed on these sites.

Road network
The town's road system utilize a hierarchy of road sizes by design: the major roads are referred to as "Avenues", and the local-access roads referred to as "Streets". Ang Mo Kio Avenue 12 is an exception as it is a small road in an industrial estate in Ang Mo Kio. The town's avenues are arranged in a grid-like pattern, with the streets filtering traffic from the avenues to the individual blocks. The town itself is served by the Central Expressway, providing a rapid link from the town to the rest of the island via the expressway network.

In the town's road numbering system, avenues running from east to west are assigned odd numbers, with numbers increasing from south to north, while north–south avenues are assigned even numbers, increasing from west to east. Street numbers consist of two digits, with the first digit corresponding to the neighbourhood it belongs to and the second running in numerical sequence.

Ang Mo Kio Town was the first town to introduce this road numbering system, and it has since been replicated in other towns such as Hougang, Jurong West and Woodlands. The newer towns such as Sengkang and Punggol no longer follow this system.

Mass Rapid Transit
The town is well served by a multi-modal public transport system. Four Mass Rapid Transit stations currently serve the town, which are on the North South line and Thomson–East Coast line. They are:

 * Yio Chu Kang
 * Ang Mo Kio
 * Lentor
 * Mayflower

Lentor MRT station is located along Lentor Drive, near the junction between Ang Mo Kio Avenue 4 and Yio Chu Kang Road within the Tagore subzone. Mayflower MRT station is located along Ang Mo Kio Avenue 4, within the Kebun Baru subzone. The two stations were scheduled to be opened in 2020, but instead opened on 28 August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The line runs parallel to the North South line towards Woodlands and the city centre as well as offering direct connections to the eastern parts of Singapore.

In addition, the future Teck Ghee station on the Cross Island MRT line will serve the town alongside the existing stations on the North South line and Thomson–East Coast line. The station will be located underneath Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6, between the junctions of Ang Mo Kio Street 31 and Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and will open in 2030 instead of 2029 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bus
The Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange is directly linked to the Ang Mo Kio MRT station via an underground pedestrian walkway, and provides feeder bus services from the MRT stations to each neighbourhood. Yio Chu Kang MRT station is also served by bus services via the Yio Chu Kang Bus Interchange sited beside the station. Both bus interchanges offer trunk bus services to connect the town with the rest of the island, including a rapid connection to the city centre in the Central Area, as well as other financial and commercial districts in the central region of Singapore, including Shenton Way, Orchard Road, Marina Centre and Marine Parade.

Amenities
Administrative, legal, medical, religious, and social services catering towards the general public may also be found in the Ang Mo Kio area, with a major community hospital, Ang Mo Kio - Thye Hua Kwan Hospital, that offers rehabilitative care.

The parks in the area include Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East, a 5 ha park adjacent to Ang Mo Kio MRT station, along with the 22 ha Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West adjacent to Ang Mo Kio Avenues 5 and 6.

Several shopping malls are also found in Ang Mo Kio Central:
 * AMK Hub
 * Broadway Plaza
 * Djitsun Mall
 * Jubilee Square

Among these malls, AMK Hub is directly connected to the Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange, and host a varieties of commercial including the Cathay Cineplex AMK Hub.

Education
Ang Mo Kio New Town has a total of seven primary schools, seven secondary schools, three tertiary institutions and two special needs schools as of 2024. The list is as follows:

Primary schools

 * Anderson Primary School
 * Ang Mo Kio Primary School
 * CHIJ St Nicholas Girls' School (Primary)
 * Jing Shan Primary School
 * Mayflower Primary School
 * Teck Ghee Primary School
 * Townsville Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Anderson Secondary School
 * Ang Mo Kio Secondary School
 * CHIJ St Nicholas Girls' School (Secondary)
 * Deyi Secondary School
 * Mayflower Secondary School
 * Presbyterian High School
 * Yio Chu Kang Secondary School

Tertiary institutions

 * Anderson Serangoon Junior College
 * ITE College Central
 * Nanyang Polytechnic

Several preschools can be found in Ang Mo Kio including the Al-Muttaqin Mosque Kindergarten, childcare centres operated by the National Trades Union Congress named My First Skool and also kindergartens managed under the PAP Community Foundation. Two special schools may also be found, Chaoyang School (APSN) which caters for children with mild intellectual disability aged 7–12 years old, and Pathlight School with two campuses in Ang Mo Kio with a focus on autism.

Politics
The jurisdiction of the area has been largely handled by Ang Mo Kio Town Council which oversees Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency since 1991, and also Kebun Baru and Yio Chu Kang SMCs since 2020. The current Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, is a member of Ang Mo Kio Town Council and the constituency of the same name.

Another constituency had assumed control over part of Ang Mo Kio which was Nee Soon Group Representation Constituency for the Kebun Baru division. In light of the 2020 general election, the Kebun Baru division of Nee Soon GRC will become an SMC of its own and following the election victory, the constituency is now under the jurisdiction of Ang Mo Kio Town Council.

Previously, the Cheng San Group Representation Constituency from 1988 to 2001 have handled parts of Ang Mo Kio such as Cheng San, Chong Boon and Jalan Kayu. Chong Boon was transferred to Ang Mo Kio GRC in 1997. Yio Chu Kang Single Member Constituency have handled parts of Ang Mo Kio from 2006 to 2011, and later return into a SMC ahead of the 2020 elections.

title: Ang Mo Kio


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User:Eirikmi

I'm currently a computer science student at NTNU, and are trying to contribute to norwegian topics in Wikipedia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Eirikmi


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Suitcase nuclear device

A suitcase nuclear device (also suitcase nuke, suitcase bomb, backpack nuke, snuke, mini-nuke, and pocket nuke) is a tactical nuclear weapon that is portable enough that it could use a suitcase as its delivery method.

Both the United States and the Soviet Union developed nuclear weapons small enough to be portable in specially-designed backpacks during the 1950s and 1960s.

Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union have ever made public the existence or development of weapons small enough to fit into a normal-sized suitcase or briefcase. The W48 however, does fit the criteria of small, easily disguised, and portable. Its explosive yield was extremely small for a nuclear weapon.

In the mid-1970s, debate shifted from the possibility of developing such a device for the military to concerns over its possible use in nuclear terrorism. The concept became a staple of the spy thriller genre in the later Cold War era.

Etymology
The term "suitcase (nuclear/atomic) bomb" was introduced during the 1950s with the prospect of reducing the size of the smallest tactical nuclear weapons even further, albeit purely as a "figure of speech" for miniaturization, not necessarily for the delivery in actual suitcases.

Overview
The value of portable nuclear weapons lies in their ability to be easily smuggled across borders, transported by means widely available, and placed close to targets of strategic value, or as means to render enemy land uninhabitable. In nuclear weapon design, there is a trade-off in small weapons designs between weight and compact size. Extremely small (as small as 5 in diameter and 24.4 in long) linear implosion type weapons, which might conceivably fit in a large briefcase or typical suitcase, have been tested, but the lightest of those are nearly 100 lb and had a maximum yield of only 0.19 kiloton (the Swift nuclear device, tested in Operation Redwing's Yuma test on May 27, 1956). The largest yield of a relatively compact linear implosion device was under 2 kilotons for the cancelled (or never deployed but apparently tested) US W82-1 artillery shell design, with yield under 2 kilotons for a 95 lb artillery shell 6.1 in in diameter and 34 in long.

Soviet Union and Russia
The potential existence and whereabouts of suitcase-sized Soviet nuclear bombs became an increasingly fierce subject of debate in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Major concerns regarding the new Russian government’s overall security and control of its nuclear stockpile were raised on 30 May 1997, when an American congressional delegation sent to Russia met with General Aleksandr Lebed, former Secretary of the Russian National Security Council. During the meeting, Lebed mentioned the possibility that several portable nuclear suitcase bombs had gone missing. According to Lebed, "during his short tenure as the Secretary of the Security Council in 1996, he received information that the separatist government in Chechnya possessed small nuclear devices. In an attempt to clarify the situation, he created a special commission under the chairmanship of his assistant, Vladimir Denisov. According to Lebed, the commission was only able to locate 48 such munitions of a total of 132, an indication that 84 were lost". However, Lebed subsequently "changed the total number of suitcase nukes several times, stating in the end that the number was between 100 and 500, but probably closer to 100", although "[i]t should be noted that almost nothing is known about the methods of the commission’s work". Lebed would make several press releases and give television interviews regarding the matter later in the year.

During an interview with CBS newsmagazine Sixty Minutes on 7 September 1997, Lebed would claim that the Russian military had lost track of more than a hundred out of a total of 250 "suitcase-sized nuclear bombs". Lebed stated that these devices were made to look like suitcases, and that he had learned of their existence only a few years earlier. On 10 September, the Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (MINATOM) rejected Lebed's claims as baseless. "'We don't know what General Lebed is talking about. No such weapons exist,' a ministry spokesman told AFP. 'Perhaps he meant old Soviet nuclear artillery shells, which are all being safely guarded.'" Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin "ridiculed Lebed's account as "absolute stupidity" and said that "all Russian nuclear weapons are under the total and absolutely reliable control of the Russian armed forces", while a spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence, Vladimir Utavenko, stated that "there are no nuclear bombs in Russia out of [the] control of the Russian armed forces." Utavenko also questioned the credibility of Lebed on this particular issue because "he never dealt with nuclear security questions and cannot know the situation." In an interview with Russian news agency Interfax, Lebed's former deputy, Denisov, claimed that he had led a special working group in July 1996 to explore whether any such weapons had been deployed. "According to Denisov, the working group concluded within two months that there were no such devices in the active Russian arsenal and that all the weapons were in "appropriate" storage facilities. However, he said the group could not rule out the possibility that similar weapons were located in Ukraine, Georgia or the Baltic states."

However, despite the Russian government’s rejection of Lebed’s claims, the resulting public interest from Lebed's television appearances would eventually provoke a congressional hearing in the United States, which was held between 1–2 October 1997 and was intended to discuss "Nuclear Terrorism and Countermeasures." Chief among these talks was the matter of the existence of portable nuclear devices in the arsenal of the former Soviet Union and the possibility of these weapons proliferating across the globe.

Although absent from the hearings himself, Lebed's interviews were frequently cited as a cause for concern throughout them, particularly his claims regarding the 84 missing nuclear devices and their apparent capability of killing 100,000 people each. Furthermore, one witness who corroborated Lebed's claims was the former chairman of the Interagency Commission on Environmental Security for the Russian National Security Council, Alexei Yablokov, who had served as "a former environmental advisor" to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, and was highly regarded by his peers in the Russian Academy of Sciences at the time.

Yablokov himself gave a television interview to Russian television channel NTV shortly after Lebed, and also drafted a letter to Novaya Gazeta affirming both the existence of suitcase-sized nuclear weapons and the possibility that some may in fact have gone missing. "I have spoken to the people who made these bombs, so I know that they exist," Yablokov stated. "He announced that 700 such devices, which he called “nuclear mines,” had existed in the Soviet Union." He also clarified that these devices had existed as far back as the 1970s. In these communications, Yablokov claimed to have met with many of the researchers who had a hand in developing suitcase-sized nuclear weapons. Moreover, his primary rebuttal against Moscow’s denial was that these devices were never listed on any inventory to begin with due to their highly sensitive nature, particularly as a result of their supposed use by the KGB, with targets ranging from the United States to various NATO countries in eastern Europe. Therefore, the confirmation of these weapons’ existence in addition to the security and inventory of these weapons would ultimately produce misleading results. However, "Yablokov’s assertion contradicts all available information about the chain of custody of nuclear weapons, which were supposedly the sole responsibility of the 12th GUMO. In addition, it should be possible to check MOD records against logs of production facilities, and then any “unaccounted” devices would be revealed."

During the hearing itself, Yablokov would also maintain his position that KGB nuclear weapon caches continued to exist independently of the recently defunct Soviet Ministry of Defense, providing further insight into why the Russian government's denials conflicted with the claims of Lebed and Yablokov. Yablokov also clarified his source of information, which up until this point had remained ambiguous, citing communications between scientists working at the Krasnoyarsk-26, Tomsk-7, Chelyabinsk-65, and Penza-19 nuclear installations located in Russia. Yablokov also explained that if these weapons were developed in the 1970s, then the warheads would need to have been replaced at least twice by that point owing to degradation of materials, although he could not guarantee that this had occurred, and "[w]ithout detailed knowledge of the design of Soviet warheads, it would be impossible to know which components needed replacement at what time intervals."

Unfortunately, "[t]he difficulty of assessing the situation stems, first and foremost, from the fact that many, if not all, participants to the 1997–98 scandal could have had ulterior motives. At that time, Lebed was running for the governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai, with an option of running for President again in 2000. Yablokov, a perennial fighter against Minatom, was [...] prepared to support anything that would help his cause; from a technical point of view, his testimony is particularly questionable". On the other hand, "Russian MOD and Minatom officials could be expected to deny anything, regardless of whether allegations were completely or even partially correct. [...] In the end, not a single source can be considered entirely reliable." However, it is notable that statements made by MOD and Minatom representatives "were worded very carefully and denied the existence of “nuclear suitcases,” but not necessarily the existence of other small nuclear devices." Nuclear mines "are a well-known class of nuclear weapons", while "the existence of smaller devices custom-designed for Special Forces, probably analogous to American small atomic demolition munitions (SADMs), should not be ruled out either [...] with a caveat that their existence cannot be viewed as an established fact." Although, "there are sufficient grounds to believe that the Soviet Union had one or more types of portable nuclear devices", reports of large numbers of these devices having been stolen or gone missing "were most probably not true", and were likely "generated by incomplete information or ulterior motives."

Stanislav Lunev, the highest-ranking GRU officer to defect to the United States, has claimed that such Russian-made devices exist and described them in more detail. The devices, "identified as RA-115s (or RA-115-01s for submersible weapons)" weigh from fifty to sixty pounds. They can last for many years if wired to an electric source. In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message either by satellite or directly to a GRU post at a Russian embassy or consulate. According to Lunev, the number of "missing" nuclear devices (as found by General Lebed) "is almost identical to the number of strategic targets upon which those bombs would be used." However, according to Igor Valynkin, head of the 12th Chief Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, RA-115 "represented a “production index” (i.e., the type of munitions) and that the whole type had already been eliminated." Valynkin further stated that although "the production of suitcase sized nuclear weapons is theoretically possible", it would be a "very expensive and ineffective undertaking" because they would only have a short life span and would require frequent maintenance."

Lunev suggested that suitcase-sized nuclear weapons might be already have been deployed by GRU operatives working on US soil to assassinate US leaders in the event of war. He alleged that arms caches were hidden by the KGB in many countries, and were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One such cache, identified by Vasili Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities sprayed it with a high pressure water gun in a wooded area near Bern. Several other caches were removed successfully. Lunev said that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area and claimed that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US", either across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can land undetected when launched from a Russian airplane. US Congressman Curt Weldon supported the claims made by Lunev, but noted that Lunev had also "exaggerated things" according to the FBI. Searches of the areas identified by Lunev have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons."

The existence of such weapons — and their potential usefulness, yield and lethality after a prolonged number of years — remains controversial. "Even assuming that some portable nuclear devices were lost, it would be very difficult to use them [...] at least not in the fashion that they were originally designed for."

United States
The lightest nuclear warhead ever acknowledged to have been manufactured by the U.S. is the W54, which was used in both the Davy Crockett 120 mm recoilless rifle-launched warhead and the backpack-carried version called the Mk-54 SADM (Special Atomic Demolition Munition). The bare warhead package was an 11 by cylinder that weighed 51 lb.

The W48 nuclear shell is 155 mm in diameter and 846 mm long and weighs 53.5 kg. It represents the smallest diameter complete, self-contained physics package to be fielded and had a yield of 72 tTNT. Nuclear weapons designer Ted Taylor has alleged that a 105 mm diameter shell with a mass of 19 kg is theoretically possible.

Former Under-Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Michael G. Vickers has claimed that he, along with other Green Berets special forces troops, practiced infiltrating Warsaw Pact countries with backpack-sized nuclear weapons, with a mission to "detonate a portable nuclear bomb." These were known as Green Light Teams.

In 1994, the United States Congress passed The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, preventing the government from developing nuclear weapons with a yield of less than 5 kilotons, thereby making the official development of these weapons in the US unlawful. This law was repealed in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004.

Israel
Allegations were made in the 1990s that Israel had developed suitcase nuclear bombs during the 1970s.

title: Suitcase nuclear device


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User:Spook~enwiki

I am Spook. :

I am not user:Spook`

title: User:Spook~enwiki


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Max Vasmer

Max Julius Friedrich Vasmer (Максимилиан Романович Фасмер; 28 February 1886 – 30 November 1962) was a Russian and German linguist. He studied problems of etymology in Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages and worked on the history of Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples.

Biography
Born to German parents in Saint Petersburg, Vasmer graduated from Saint Petersburg University in 1907. From 1910, he delivered lectures there as a professor. During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, he worked in the Universities of Saratov and of Dorpat (Tartu). In 1921, he settled in Leipzig, but in 1925 moved to Berlin. In 1938–1939, he delivered lectures at Columbia University in New York City. It was there that he started to work on his magnum opus, the Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. He delivered the eulogy for Professor Aleksander Brückner in Berlin-Wilmersdorf in 1939 and he took over the chair of Slavistic studies at the University of Berlin. In 1941 he published the book "The Slavs in Greece" (Die Slaven in Griechenland) and in 1944 the book "The Greek loanwords in Serbo-Croatian" (Die griechischen Lehnwörter im Serbo-Kroatischen).

In 1944, the bombing of Vasmer's house in Berlin destroyed most of his materials. Nevertheless, Vasmer persevered in his work, which was finally published in three volumes by Heidelberg University in 1950–1958 as Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vasmer died in West Berlin on 30 November 1962.

The Russian translation of Vasmer's dictionary – with extensive commentaries by Oleg Trubachyov – was printed in 1964–1973. , it remains the most authoritative source for Slavic etymology. The Russian version is available on Sergei Starostin's Tower of Babel web site.

Another monumental work led by Max Vasmer involved the compilation of a multi-volume dictionary of Russian names of rivers and other bodies of water. He initiated an even grander project, completed by a team of workers after his death: the publication of a monumental (11 volumes) gazetteer that included virtually all names of populated places in Russia found both in pre-revolutionary and in Soviet sources.

title: Max Vasmer


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Constantine Phaulkon

Constantine Phaulkon (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Γεράκης, Konstantinos Gerakis; γεράκι is the Greek word for "falcon"; also known as Costantin Gerachi, Capitão Falcão in Portuguese and simply as Monsieur Constance in French; 1647 – 5 June 1688) was a Greek adventurer who became chief minister to King Narai of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and assumed the Thai noble title "Chao Phraya Wichayen" (เจ้าพระยาวิชาเยนทร์).

Origins
Constantine Phaulkon was born to Greek parents within Assos Castle in the region of Erisso (pertinenza di Erisso) on northern Cephalonia (then under Venetian rule). His father's name was Zuane (Greek: Τζουγάνης that is John) and his mother's is still unknown. The Gerakis (Γεράκης) / Gerachi family was already established in the village of Plagia (Πλαγιά), since the 16th century.

Early career
At age 13, Phaulkon left Cephalonia on an English ship and spent the next ten years of his life living in London. It was then, that his name “Gerachi” was anglicised into “Falcon”, before its re-Hellenization into “Phaulkon”. He may have served in the Royal Navy and fought under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine against the Dutch during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1669, Phaulkon sailed to Bantam on an English ship, the Hopewell as assistant gunner and enlisted as a clerk in the English East India Company.

His time as assistant gunner within the company also coincided with the Third Anglo-Dutch war. He made friends with senior Company official Richard Burnaby and trader George White as well as his younger brother Samuel.

While assistant gunner, Phaulkon came to Siam (present day Thailand), as a merchant in 1675 after working for England's East India Company. Phaulkon became fluent in the Siamese language in just a few years (he was also fluent in English, French, Portuguese, and Malay). In 1679, Burnaby pressed Phaulkon into the service of the Phra Khlang Kosa Lek to help facilitate trade relations. In 1681, Lek introduced him to the court of King Narai and Phaulkon began work as an interpreter, quickly gaining royal favor. Due to his experience with the East India Company, he also worked within the royal treasury.

Rise to power
There are many accounts telling of Phaulkon's rise to power and how his skills gained him the favour of King Narai. One of these skills were supposedly his efficiency in accounting, with which he investigated a claim by Persian traders that the treasury owed them debt. After inspecting the royal accounts, Phaulkon came to the conclusion that it was in actuality the Persian traders that owed the treasury; thus garnering much needed revenue for the royal treasury.

Another account says that King Narai wanted to investigate the weight of a cannon. Phaulkon proceeded to place the cannon in the hold of a boat and then marked where waterline ended up. He then removed the cannon and filled the boat with rice until it reached the same mark.

Thanks to Phaulkon's competence and administrative capabilities, as well as his knowledge of Europe, King Narai came to favour him greatly. In 1682, Phaulkon abandoned Anglicanism for Catholicism and soon after married a Catholic woman of mixed Japanese-Portuguese-Bengali descent named Maria Guyomar de Pinha. They lived a life of affluence as Phaulkon rose to become highly influential at the Siamese court of King Narai. Their marriage brought two sons, George "Jorge" Phaulkon and Constantin "João" Phaulkon.

In 1683, Phaulkon suggested to King Narai to construct the fort of Mergui in the modern polygonal style, which was popular in Europe, which was strongly opposed by Kosa Lek. Lek was later accused of receiving bribes from peasants who did not want to be drafted into the construction of the fort and was later flogged with rattan sticks on the King's orders. Lek died due to the injuries he sustained about a month later in July, and his properties were confiscated. King Narai offered Lek's former position to Phaulkon, which he declined and instead accepted an advisory role to the Malay noble Okya Wang, who had assumed the position.

In 1686, Phaulkon was made a commander in the royal forces during the suppression of the Makassar Revolt. He personally led the troops during the fighting and was almost killed in combat. In the aftermath, Phaulkon oversaw the punishments of rebel prisoners as well as deserters from the royal army.

French rapprochement
Following troubles with the English and the Dutch, Phaulkon engineered a Franco-Siamese rapprochement leading to the exchange of numerous embassies between France and the Ayutthaya Kingdom, as well as the dispatch of an expeditionary force by the French by 1687.

Phaulkon, called Monsieur Constance by the French and addressed cher ami by their king, was their main ally for several years. In recognition King Louis XIV of France awarded him with the knighthood of the Order of Saint Michael, a hereditary title in the French nobility as well as French citizenship for him and his family. King Narai had hoped to use the French as a counterweight to Dutch influence.

The embassy of Chevalier de Chaumont in 1685 further strengthened ties between the two Kingdoms, Chaumont also being accompanied by Jesuit Guy Tachard and French naval commander Claude de Forbin, who would remain to serve King Narai as Governor of Bangkok, as well as training Siamese troops in European tactics with the Thai title Ok-Phrasaksongkram. Forbin would later become the subject of Phaulkon's bitter jealousy.

During Tachard's presence in Siam, Phaulkon plotted to secure his power and influence; through secret diplomacy with the Jesuit. He drafted a letter requesting Frenchmen to be sent from France, whom he would to use his power to place in political and military offices, as his supporters, and under his patronage. Phaulkon also requested that King Louis XIV send troops and warships to secure the southern port city of Singora, which has been conceded to France by King Narai.

The Greek favourite of King Narai also offered the concession of the port of Mergui, previously held by Phaulkon's English pirates- to French control, of which the King consented to eventually. Phaulkon became a prime counsellor to the king in 1685 and expresses a desire to designate a Catholic successor to King Narai, most likely, Phra Pi, who was Narai's adopted son and a Catholic convert, as well as scheming to convert the Kingdom to Catholicism, albeit peacefully, by winning the masses over through charity and alms.

Phaulkon wanted a successor who would uphold amiable relations with France and offer privileges to the French, which would guarantee his political standing and security in a court that has grown increasingly hostile to his influence and power. Phualkon selected Kosa Pan to led as an embassy diplomat and in response King Narai proceeded to send the embassy to France. Pan's audience was granted by King Louis XIV at Versailles and the embassy toured the French country.

Feud with the East India Company
As a result of his meteoric rise to power and King Narai's trust in him, Phaulkon's old English colleagues from the East India Company such as Richard Burnaby and Samuel White were given positions of power. A substantial number of Englishmen and women also left the company's jurisdiction, instead pledging fealty to King Narai due to their favoured status and settled in the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Burnaby was made the governor of Mergui and White became its Harbourmaster. However the two Englishmen entrusted with the port of Mergui had old vendettas against the Kingdom of Golconda in a past trading dispute, and proceeded to use their newly acquired power to engage in piracy and warfare against Golconda and Indian shipping.

This led to retaliation by the East India Company under President Elihu Yale in 1687, who subsequently sent Anthony Weltden with two warships to punish Burnaby and White, as well as demanding recompense from the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The company was also able to obtain an order from King James II forbidding Englishmen serving on foreign ships, due to the excess of Englishmen abandoning Company service for preferential treatment in the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Upon arrival of Weltden's ships, Burnaby and White were cowed into opening the gates and receiving the Company forces, who came ashore. During the negotiations, the local Siamese suspected White and Burnaby of treachery and rallied under the Governor of Tenasserim who led the massacre of many Englishmen and women in Mergui.

Richard Burnaby was slain in the slaughter but Weltden and White escaped with their lives, retreating into the sea. The butchery by the Governor also involved an ugly scene in which innocent Englishmen and women were slain, including an Englishwoman who was tortured and killed with her children for refusing the Governor's advances. When King Narai had heard of the transgressions against innocent English civilians, he had the Governor of Tenasserim summoned to Lopburi and executed, at Phaulkon's behest. War was also declared on the East India Company.

Character
The Abbé de Choisy, who was a member of the first French embassy to Thailand in 1685, wrote about M. Phaulkon's character:

"'He was one of those in the world who have the most wit, liberality, magnificence, intrepidity, and was full of great projects, but perhaps he only wanted to have French troops in order to try and make himself king after the death of his master, which he saw as imminent. He was proud, cruel, pitiless, and with inordinate ambition. He supported the Christian religion because it could support him; but I would never have trusted him in things in which his own advancement was not involved.'"

Downfall and death
Phaulkon's closeness to the king earned him the envy of some Thai members of the royal court, which would eventually prove to be his undoing. When King Narai became terminally ill, a rumor spread that Phaulkon wanted to use the designated heir, Phra Pi, as a puppet and actually become ruler himself, according to Thai historical records this was in fact a credible claim. This provided credence for Pra Phetracha, the foster brother of Narai to stage a coup d'état, the 1688 Siamese revolution. In Lopburi on 31 March 1688, Phaulkon had a discussion with the French general Marshal Desfarges for the plans to put down Phetracha's plot before the latter moved to the fort in Bangkok, however a month later on 15 April, Desfarges was persuaded by Frenchmen Véret and Abbé de Lionne to abandon plans to go to Lopburi to help Phaulkon and remained in his fort instead.

On 18 May, King Narai, Phra Pi, and their followers were arrested. Phaulkon was summoned to the palace, where he and his 21 men were surrounded by the Siamese soldiers and disarmed. He was taken to the palace dungeon where he would be restrained and brutally tortured. Phra Pi was later decapitated on 20 May and his head was thrown at the feet of Phaulkon with the remark, "See, there is your king". On 25 May, Desfarges was summoned to Lopburi by Phetracha and arrived on 2 June. He said nothing about saving Phaulkon, and Phetracha assumed that the French had abandoned Phaulkon.

On 5 June 1688, Desfarges departed Lopburi, leaving his two sons and few others there as hostages. Phaulkon was made to hang Phra Pi's head around his neck and Phetracha declared him guilty of high treason. Phaulkon was placed on the silver palanquin mounted on his elephant, and was led out by Phetracha's men to the area of Wat Sak temple in the evening, where Luang Sorasak decapitated and also disemboweled him as witnessed by Father de Bèze. His remains were buried in a shallow grave in front of Wat Sak but later on that same day, the remains were dug up and eaten by scavenging dogs. When King Narai learned what had happened, he was furious, but was too weak to take any action. Narai died several days later on 11 July 1688, virtually a prisoner in his own palace. Phetracha then proclaimed himself the new king of Siam and began his regime which expelled almost all French troops from the kingdom.

Legacy
The different interpretations of Phetracha's motivation for ordering the arrest and execution of Phaulkon have made his position in Thai history somewhat controversial. Supporters of Phetracha's actions have depicted Phaulkon as an opportunistic Greek foreigner, who sought to use his influence to control of the kingdom on the behalf of Western interests. More skeptical historians have believed that Phaulkon was simply a convenient scapegoat and a means for Phetracha to seize the throne from the rightful heir by capitalizing on the envy and the suspicion that Phaulkon had engendered.

In popular culture
Phaulkon was the central character in the 2013 historical fiction book The Phaulkon Legacy by Walter J Strach III.

Phaulkon was portrayed by the Thai-Scottish actor Louis Scott in the 2018 Thai drama Buppesunniwas and received critical acclaim for his performance. Phaulkon was depicted as a complex character and as cruel, abusive, cunning, and overly-ambitious but also capable of compassion, love, and remorse. Scott won a TVG Award for the best male supporting actor.

title: Constantine Phaulkon


text:
Talk:Nazism/Archive 1

Economics
I'm not much of an economist, but I'd like to see a broad overview of Nazi economics, especially international economics - one of their primary motivations for starting agressive war in Europe. I'm not talking about Hitlers personal views on how vital economics is to warfare itself - that belongs somewhere else. Who was it that said 'All economics is politics'? I'll give it a crack, but I'm worried about being too sympathetic towards it. And I really don't wish to offend others who agree with their overall conception of problems in international economics without possibly even realizing it - this subject is *very* touchy, after all. I think I understand it from their POV, but as a Libertarian I strongly disagree with it from my POV. I want to properly describe their conception of economics, however. Any ideas? - Bob Dobbs

 * Well, if you know what you're talking about, then I'd like to suggest the following method: start at the beginning and keep writing till you reach the end. Don't worry too much about mistakes. Try to represent both the good and bad. Good luck!--user:Branko

The "Libertarian National Socialist Green Party" looks to me like a troll or parody of minor political parties such as the Greens and Libertarians. I'm not sure it belongs here with the actual history of Nazism. --Fubar Obfusco

Fascism is the synthesis of the Heglian Dialectic of Thesis and Antithesis. The Thesis is Capitalism. The anti-thesis of Capitalism is Communism. Captitalism says the individual owns property and the individual controls property. Communism says the State owns property and Controls property. There is a synthesis of the two. It is called Fascism where the individual owns the property but the state controls it.

Either it is a quote from Mussolini or Herbert Hoover in his book Challenge to Liberty but either way (my books are in storage)and if my memory serves me "That private property is preserved as an arm of Bureaucracy." Herbert Hoover say this. Neither definition of Nazism or Fascism go into the economic system or the sociological system. Socialism is both economics and sociological. WHEELER 17:58, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I have now remembered the quote: "Fascism preserves private property as implements of Bureaucracy. Herbert Hoover say a connection between Socialism, Communism and Fascism.  He thought they were all of the same breed.  Read Challenge to Liberty.WHEELER 14:57, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bellamy salute - Fascist salute
I've removed the references to the "Fascist salute". The straight-arm salute was used in many Western nations as a people's salute. In the USA, it was known as the "Bellamy salute" and used with the Pledge of Allegiance up until the '40s. --Fubar Obfusco

It is also sometimes referred to as the "socialist salute" due to the fact that Francis Bellamy was a self-proclaimed socialist and the salute was similar to that of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The secret historic photos of the original socialist salute to the U.S. flag are only available at http://members.ij.net/rex/pledge1.html

 * Wasn't the US salute only done halfway through the Pledge? (starting with hand over heart as it's done now), and, I definitely know that it was done palm up. -- Zoe

Nicely done, Ray. Very interesting breakdown of Nazi ideology. Danny

No genocide, no Holocaust, no camps in the article?
I'm more than a bit disappointed to see an article on Nazism which fails to mention genocide, the Holocaust or death camps -- but I'll restrain myself from editing. . . I might not be feeling neutral at the moment. -- your Jewish friend, User:Ed Poor

Nazism and Communism
It may be a bit of an over simplification to say that "Nazism and Communism are both totalitarian..." More appropriate might be to say that Nazism and Stalinism are both totalitarian, as there is certainly no requirement in communist ideology to REQUIRE a totalitarian state. Indeed, anarcho-syndicalism is a form of communism that requires that there be NO permanent head of state at all.JFQ
 * Yes you are right. It should say "the Soviet Union" or something like that.

I have revised the first paragraph converting it into a description of the practices of the Hitler dictatorship. There is a place within the article for the theories Hitler's supporters believed were the ideological basis of the dictatorship, but Hitler never considered himself bound by them in practice. User:Fredbauder

Communism doesn't aim to proletariat's supremacy. It aims to a classless society, thus making the states itself obsolete. Ericd 20:49 Sep 20, 2002 (UTC)

 * It has been said that both ideologies, Nazism and Communism, would share some goals in matters of totalitarian state and expansionism. However, they differ in respective identification of the social group of which they propose the supremacy, the "Aryan race" or the proletariat.

This paragraph has serious problems. Ericd points out one of them above. Another problem: what does it mean by communism? Stalinism? Leninism? libertarian communism? Depending on what you mean, "totalitarian" is either perfectly fitting or utterly inappropriate. Please address these problems before putting the text back in. DanKeshet

Well there is huge gap between communist ideology and communist government. But Stalisnism doesn't even aim to proletariat supremacy it only aim to Stalin supremacy :-). Ericd 21:07 Sep 20, 2002 (UTC)

-

Large nations "the creation of great races"
"National Socialism classically says that a nation is the highest creation of a race. Therefore, great nations (literally large nations) are said to be the creation of great races. The theory says that great nations grow from military power. In turn, military power naturally grows from rational, civilized cultures. In turn, these cultures naturally grow from races with natural good health, and aggressive, intelligent, courageous traits."

-- Does anybody have a source for this?

 * From scanning the old revisions, has apparently been added by User:Ray Van De Walker at 09:21 Aug 1, 2002, for his edit called "Described Nazi theory in NPOV)". On his user profile, I found mention of Ray having degrees in Computer Science and Philosophy from the University of California. -- Brandonforgod

Sounds like nazi-talk to me. Vera Cruz

Well, yes - isn't that the point? It starts out by stating it is the position of National Socialism, and describes it straightforwardly. What's the problem with that? We aren't in a beauty contest here, it may be twisted and wrong, but it IS accurate. Dobbs 21:50 Dec 18, 2002 (UTC)

Similarities between Nazism and Islam

 * == Nazism and Islam ==

 * Nazism as an ideology and as a value system has many things common with traditional Islam. During the WWII, Iran, Iraq, and many other Arab countries were on the side of the Nazis, and because of the hostility to Israel Nazism is not seen there in such a negative light even today.

 * The similarities between Islam and Nazism run deep. Not all people are seen as the same - there is difference between infidels, people of the book and faithful in Islam. Similary, Nazism believed in different sort of people - the bottom were Jews and non-whites, corresponding to infidels, then Slavic people were somehow analogous to the people of the book in Islam, and Aryans to the faithful. The family values are also similar, as well as despising of petty profits made from lending money (a practice is against Islamic values, and was used to portray both USA and the Jews in the negative light by the Nazis).

Many systems of belief share similarities with Nazism, and many systems of belief have been compared to Nazism. It is not enlightening to pick just one out for special emphasis. Also, regarding historical alliances with the Nazis, there were many, many countries historically allied or gaining benefit from the Nazis; there is no usefulness in picking out just one (and then expanding it to include many anti-Nazi countires) for special emphasis. DanKeshet

Nazism and Judaism may also share some similarities, and Christianity as well. Your point being? Rickyrab 23:51, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

"Hitler also greatly admired America"
Have removed the following sentence from under Nazi and Great Britain:
 * Similarly, Hitler also greatly admired America. He praised the United States for its anti-immigration laws. According to Hitler, America was a successful nation because it kept itself "pure" of "lesser races."

It doesn't fit with my understanding, but I admit to have made no careful investigation at all. -- Ruhrjung 17:36 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm going to be so bold as to put it back, but wanted to say why, first. In Mein Kampf (vol. 2 ch. 3) he writes "...Of course, it is not our model German Republic, but the American Union, in which an effort is made to consult reason at least partially.  By refusing immigration on principle to elements in poor health, by simply excluding certain races from naturalization, it professes in slow beginnings a view which is peculiar to the folkish state concept."  This comes on the heels of his comparison in volume 1 of North and South America, intimating that the economic successes and failures of these respectively can be attributed to "race."

 * It's plain (to me, anyway) that Hitler had a skewed view of America, which oddly enough fit his own ideology. What's less in doubt is that he actually held the U.S. (or his imagined version of it) in high esteem, at least before the war. - Hephaestos 17:53 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Exactly. That was his view in the early 1920s. My impression is however that this changed during the 1930s, but as I wrote: I've made no investigation, only accumulated impressions during my short life. I believe you make a serious mistake, but edit-wars are not to my liking. Best regards! -- Ruhrjung 18:05 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Some quotes:
 * "Hitler badly misjudged the Americans, partly because of his preconceptions and partly because he was badly served. He entertained fantastically wrong notions of American society and politics. He believed that the masses ... were on the verge of revolt against a dominant Jewish ruling class and that the United States ... was a corrupt and demoralized country...
 * On this view, the United States was not nearly such a formidable enemy as its material power might make it appear. Besides being blinded by his prejudices Hitler was misled by exceptionally inept reporting by his emmissaries in Washington, especially his service attaches,  who ... devoted more ink to political nonsense than to technical reports."

{From "Total War" by Peter Calvocoressi & Guy Wint, Random House, 1972} -- Ruhrjung 18:33 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Was the National Socialist German Workers' Party influenced by the U.S.A.? In 1892 a self-proclaimed socialist created the pledge of allegiance and the original salute to the U.S. flag. The salute included an outstretched arm (the only place with secret photos of the original socialist salute to the U.S. flag is [link removed] ). The National Socialist German Workers' Party was aware of the salute to the U.S. flag when it adopted its salute. The salute was so similar that the U.S. changed its salute after the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party tried to impose socialism in Europe. The self-proclaimed socialist Francis Bellamy proposed the original socialist salute and the pledge after he joined the staff of the magazine "Youth's Companion." The salute and pledge were created by Bellamy to promote socialism among the youth in the most socialistic institution -government schools. When the U.S. Constitution was written, most children received private educations. Bellamy lived during the time when schools were becoming socialized heavily in the United States. Bellamy believed that the best way to promote socialism was by removing children from their parents and placing them in socialized schools (government schools) and other youth groups. It was a view later shared by the National Socialist German Workers' Party and its youth programs. Socialists use a sense of belonging to seduce people. Socialist schools (government schools) are used to destroy individuality and create dependence on government. Bellamy had often lectured on the so-called "virtues of socialism and the evils of capitalism." Adherents of the National Socialist German Workers' Party did the same. Bellamy was the first cousin of another socialist, Edward Bellamy. Edward Bellamy's futuristic novel, Looking Backward, published in 1888, described a utopian Boston in the year 2000. The book spawned a socialist movement in Boston known as "Nationalism," whose members wanted the federal government to nationalize most of the American economy. Francis Bellamy was a member of the "Nationalism" movement and a vice president of its socialist auxiliary group. The Bellamys saw government schools as a means to their socialist "Nationalism." Those were views later shared by the National Socialist German Workers' Party. For more info on the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party see http://members.ij.net/rex/swastikamain.html

British money

 * Even more interesting is that the relation between national socialism and the british empire was no one way track. Without british money the so called movement of the NSDAP would have hardly "survived" the elections of 1930. Even today much of the propaganda material for geman Neo-Nazis comes from Greater Britain and the U.S.

The paragraph above is removed from the article. I think it would need a credible source to be reinserted, and if so better with a polished language. --Ruhrjung 11:58, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

It may be that my language is not polish enough to write it in your article, but what I wrote about britisch support of the NSDAP can be read in every history book. --134.76.145.47

The poliching is no problem, that will surely someone else take care of. But you could provide a good reference, couldn't you? --Ruhrjung 12:33, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I'll try my best!

Do we really need more than one swastika on this page? How about replacing the grey one (not the color one at the top of the page) with a picture of Hitler. Vancouverguy 23:12, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

more than one swastika on this page? no hurt in using it to point out the religous tone for the bent cross. I put in a pic of hitler. I'm looking for a ad bill about the nazi propaganda for industry [for the econ]. reddi 23:41, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks.Vancouverguy 23:42, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The background of the German National Socialists
I've removed the following paragraphs, which were added to the end of the article. The misspelling of Göring's name gives, the disregard of the article's disposition, and the usage of <i>...</i> gives the impression that the editor might be not so seriously interested in improving Wikipedia.

 * I would suggest that actually you have removed this passage because it doesn't fit with the rest of the page - a long apologia for Nazism. Goering's name is not spelt incorrectly - replacing an umlaut with an additional e is common in the English language and if the italicisation is wrong then fix that and don't use it as a flimsy excuse to remove the passage.

 * The page is full of crap - Nazi domestic economic policy had one aim and one aim alone - to ready Germany for war. In that sense it was a success, but in no other. Throughout Hitler's term in power the economy tottered on the brink of disaster and even mass famine. German families were poorer in 1939 than they were in 1929. The attempt to pass off American isolationisationism as an excuse for Nazi-ism gets a few points for originality but it doesn't alter the fact that it is garbage

 * Sociologically many prominent Nazis (though not Hitler) were the children of those who had previously prospered under the Imperial regime in Germany. Herman Goering was the son of an imperial diplomat, Albert Speer the son of an architect and the Nazis were very strong in the student movement before winning power. Many of these people, as well as senior figures in the armed forces, blamed those they called the "November criminals" for removing the old order and instead establishing a democratic republic and so undermining their inheritance. Combined with a wider German sense of injustice over the outcome of the Great War this was a powerful political force.

 * But there is no evidence that the Nazi's ever secured the support of the majority of the German people and many - especially Catholics, many dissenting, but not all, protestant churches and perhaps the majority of the working class - remained sceptical. Hitler's foreign policy successes were welcommed, and boosted his popularity, because he appeared so successful without provoking a war. His often stated intention to actually have a war was ignored by many (including the German officer corps) until too late.

--Ruhrjung 06:47, 13 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Minor inconsistency
"According to the Nazis, an obvious mistake of this type is to permit or encourage multiple languages within a nation. This belief is why the German Nazis were so concerned with the unification of German-speaking peoples' territories."

Unifying German-speaking peoples would oppose having one language spoken in more than one nation, not having one nation speaking more than one language. It's obviously not a problem with the article per se as it is a local fallacious construct; I think we should avoid these as much as possible but I'm not familiar enough with the topic to edit while preserving the proper logic nuance (did they also consider more than one nation speaking a single language to be a problem? or did they infer this logic from the "mistake" described in the text? or was it just an economical/military reason for doing this?). --Gutza 09:48, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Is national socialism socialism?
Lir, while early national socialism had some socialist components in its philosophy, Hitler eliminated these, culminating in the purge of the Strassers during the Night of the Long Knives. National Socialism as it is traditionally understood has very little to do with socialism. Danny 03:27, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It is your POV that the National Socialists weren't "true" socialists, they claimed that they were. There is a difference between national socialism and international socialism. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * No, it is my professional statement as someone who specializes in this particular period of history. The Deutsche Arbeits-Front was not a trade union in any traditional sense, workers were generally opposed to the Nazis coming to power (see the tables in Schaefer's NSDAP: Entwicklung und Struktur der Staatspartei des dritten Reiches for instance, on p. 17 and 19), Schacht could hardly be described as a socialist in any sense, and there was a distinct hierarchy, determined by service to the Reich. According to you, how was it socialist. Oh, and socialism and nationalism need not result in national socialism. Eastern Europe, for example, the Solidarity union, prove that. How do you regard it as socialist Danny 03:42, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * And it is my professional statement that the National Socialist party claimed to be socialist; unlike most other socialists, they did not support internationalism (preferring nationalism). Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * And just what is your profession, Lir? RickK 03:44, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Im an expert on national socialism, how about you? Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Wow, are you guys hiring? JackLynch 03:50, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * We are always taking applications. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Is there much money to be made? RickK 03:56, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * For those of us at the top, yes. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * And that was the underpinning of Nazi economics. Danny 04:06, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Do what you want. I am getting pretty damn tired of Wikipedia. Danny 03:57, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * We still love you. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * Couple quick things. Nazism was kinda socialist, in a vague and moderate way. They did nationalize some industry, and had some vestiges of a social welfare net. They wern't really right or left wing, but mostly just authoritarian. Also, why come people are always getting mad about edits and discussion on the wikipedia? I thought that was the point of it, that it was always to be a work in progress, etc...? JackLynch 04:02, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Why can't we all get along? Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * For clarification of Nazism as Socialist I uploaded an image http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:National_scocialist_diagram.jpg

Nor can I believe that my quotes about Hitler declaring his socialism is deleted yet quotes from Salvidori remain. Doesn't Hitler know what he is?WHEELER 19:06, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey, North Korea calls itself the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, so by your logic they must be great champions of democracy, right? Because Kim Jong-Il certainly knows what he is, doesn't he? Mihnea Tudoreanu

Swaskika twice - Godwin's point
Why JackLynch has placed twice the swastika and removed the link toward the Godwin's point?

Please form an account. I saw no reason for you to delete that image, and I don't feel that Godwin's point warrents a mention in this article. Please form an account and explain why you do. Jack 05:29, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I did form an account. This image doesn't bring any new information compared to the flag. The swastika deserves a new article by itself. The Godwin's point is the actual most frequently usage of nazism and certainly deserve to be managed since it trivialize this regime beside the historians.

Thank you for forming an account. You can sign you postings by typing this: ~. I find it helpful to place a swastika image next to the religion section of the article in question. Swastika is a seperate article. I don't agree with your opinion about Godwins point, but perhaps I can agree to have a mention of it. I will look into a compromise. Welcome to the wiki. Jack 06:39, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I already did a few articles and changes but I see that those on the contemporary have much difficulties to be agree on. ````

I added a mention and link to godwins law, along w other additions. try signing your name while holding the shift key ;) Jack 09:55, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

In French the equivalent of nigger nègre hasn't this negative aura. So for the Godwin's point nazism has get the status of power absolute by men as for example sadism for pleasure by torture.Marc Venot 01:20, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Well, eiether way the word is being used innaccurately often enough to change the meaning to some extent, and has been mentioned as such. It will probably always have a perjorative association, but is clearly quite quickly bantered around, see soup nazi from seinfeld if you have any doubts ;) Jack 03:49, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I have difficulties to follow a Seinfeld episode but I guess this kind of both brutal and burlesque should be also among the links.Marc Venot 09:27, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

What do you think of the Milgram_experiment?Marc Venot 21:36, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I am a psychology major, and this experiment was discussed in my 1st into to psychology class I ever took. Its a great experiment, and clearly outlines the power of authority, as well as the ease with which humans can be cruel. I would love to conduct a different experiment, where people are tested for their preferences until you find out what types of people they dislike, and then perform a variation of the milgram experiment, without the authoritarian pressure. I think its pretty certain that people would be crueler to those they dislike generally, and those who arn't are probably quite exceptional and interesting individuials. Jack 02:42, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Beside the extreme situation when people think it's them or the others, Pierre Bourdieu has analysed how people integrate in their habits and sub-conscious the prejudices of their group. At the opposite people can be very cruel to those that they pretend to "love" as to refuse to let them die in dignity with a minimum suffering.Marc Venot 04:30, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

IRC
There is an IRC room, IRC_channel (including a link to a java client), why don't you all discuss it there. Dori | Talk 04:10, Dec 2, 2003 (UTC)

Link removed
an anonymous user altered the external link I had placed here. I noticed a week or so ago that the link was dead, but I was going to wait until I had something to replace it with, and also to see if it became active again. This is the original, accurate link (which is defective and should be left out of the article at this point, unless it starts working again). dart.jeeran.com (The Aryan Restoration Troops) I'll look for some good links to replace it with. Jack 09:00, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I removed the external links. THe first group was a collection of neo-Nazi websites. Hardly classical Nazism. The second group was "opposition". It consisted of the Nizkor project, which is devoted to commemorating the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, the JDL which is a fascist Jewish organization of very little impact these days, and a couple of leftist groups that are opposed to contemporary manifestations of racism and neo-Nazism. Skinheads Against Fascism, while I might sympathize, does not constitute the "opposition" to Nazism. Danny 11:54, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I did not claim these links were "classical nazism", but rather specified them as contemporary. I of course disagree with your various assesments of the links, but thats really not the issue. Clearly you prefer to limit the information available to the reader. You made a poor decision. Jack 12:07, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Clearly. Danny 12:15, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Nazism and South Africa/ Nazism and SM Stirling
I've heard of the influence that the Nazis had on South Africa, in which Nazi inspired whites furthered their own political aspirations by inventing apartheid in 1948. Furthermore, a science-fiction writer, S.M. Stirling, invented the fictional alternative-historical civilization of the Draka, which had a racist ideology of sorts. He had the civilization springing forth from the general area of South Africa. I wonder if he was inspired by Nazism, or by apartheid? Rickyrab 18:06, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazism/Archive 1