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Susan Kilrain

Susan Kilrain (born Susan Leigh Still, October 24, 1961, Augusta, Georgia) is an American aerospace engineer, former United States Navy officer, and a former NASA astronaut. She is the youngest person to pilot a Space Shuttle. She has flown more than 3,000 hours and among her merits she was awarded with the Defense Superior Service Medal.

Biography
Born as Susan Leigh Still in Augusta, Georgia. She is the only sister among nine siblings. During her childhood she expressed her interest in becoming an astronaut and her family supported her dream. She started flying in high school where she had a month off during her senior year and completed training to become a private pilot.

Kilrain graduated from the Walnut Hill School, Natick, Massachusetts, in 1979. Later in 1982 she obtained a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. She received her master of science degree in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1985. During her time in graduate school she worked as a Wind Tunnel Project Officer for Lockheed Corporation.

In January 1985 she had the chance to speak with Dick Scobee, who one year later died as Commander of the Challenger STS-51-L. Scobee advised that she should join the military as a pilot if she wanted to increase her chances of being accepted into the astronaut program. Later in 1985, she joined the US Navy. Quickly she realized that Navy was not a women friendly organization and were reluctant to accept her, to what she said: "I realized that I was a woman in a man's world, so I was going to be an outsider. My whole philosophy was not to make waves. My goal was to be an astronaut. I wanted to fit in without accepting unacceptable behavior."Susan served as the Legislative Specialist for Shuttle for the Office of Legislative Affairs at NASA Headquarters in Washington D.C. She retired from the Astronaut Office in December 2002 and from the US Navy later in 2005. Since her retirement she works as a motivational speaker. She has participated in the space camp named Space 2101 in 2022 at the Dubai International Academy (DIA) Al Barsha, and in 2023 at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. During the space camp in Dubai 2,299 students representing 108 nationalities, from five schools achieved a Guinness Book of World Record for the world's largest space exploration lesson across multiple venues.

Personal life
She is married to Vice Admiral Colin J. Kilrain. The couple has four children and reside in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She loves photography and traveling, as well as martial arts, triathlon and playing the piano.

With the space historian Francis French, Kilrain co-authored a children's book named An Unlikely Astronaut.

Military career
Kilrain was commissioned into the US Navy in 1985. Later in 1987 she was designated a Naval Aviator. She was selected to be a flight instructor in the TA-4J Skyhawk. Later she flew EA-6A Electric Intruders for Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 33 (VAQ-33) in Key West, Florida. Upon completing the US Naval Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, she reported to Fighter Squadron 101 (VF-101) in Virginia Beach, Virginia, for F-14 Tomcat training. Throughout her career, has logged over 3,000 flight hours in more than 30 different aircraft.

NASA career
In 1995 she was selected by NASA as part of the 15th Astronaut Training Group. This group was selected to provide pilots, engineers, and astronauts for space shuttle flights. After a year of training, she worked on technical issues for the Vehicle Systems and Operations Branch of the Astronaut Office. She also served as spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in mission control during launch and entry for numerous missions.

In 1997 she flew to space twice as a shuttle pilot on the missions STS-83 (April 4 to 8, 1997) and STS-94 (July 1 to 17, 1997). The STS-83 mission delivered to space a Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1), a collection of 33 microgravity experiments housed inside the Spacelab. The goal of this mission was to test hardware, facilities, and procedures being developed in views of he long term research program on the future International Space Station. The mission, which was supposed to last 16 days was cut short because of problems with one of the Shuttle's three fuel cell power generation units. Mission duration was 95 hours and 12 minutes, traveling 1.5 million miles in 63 orbits of the Earth. In July 1997 the STS-83 mission was renamed as STS-94 and represented a re-flight of the MSL-1 Spacelab mission. This mission focused on materials and combustion science research in microgravity. Mission duration was 376 hours and 45 minutes, traveling 6.3 million miles in 251 orbits of the Earth.

Susan logged 472 hours in space over two missions and is the second woman to pilot a space shuttle. She recalled the first moments of piloting the space shuttle alongside the senior pilot and mission-in-charge. "Looking down at Earth from space the first time … it's like every dream come true. Even though you’ve seen pictures of Earth from space, it's not the same as being in space and looking at Earth. It was very rewarding."

Awards and honors
Throughout her career she has been recognized and awarded in multiple occasions. In 2020, the newspaper USA Today named her a woman of the century. This was a way to commemorate the 100th anniversary of women being granted the right to vote in the United States.
 * Distinguished Graduate of Naval Aviation – Awarded by the Officer Candidate School.
 * Distinguished Graduate of the United States Naval Test Pilot School, Class 103.
 * Defense Superior Service Medal.
 * Defense Meritorious Service Medal.
 * Navy Commendation Medal.
 * Navy Achievement Medal.
 * NASA Space Flight Medals – Awarded twice.
 * National Defense Service Medal.
 * Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award – Recognition given by the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce.
 * Daughters of the American Revolution – Good scout award, obtained in 1997.

title: Susan Kilrain


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User talk:SusanM

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 20:24, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:SusanM


text:
Negative campaigning

Negative campaigning is the process of deliberately spreading negative information about someone or something to worsen the public image of the described. A colloquial, and somewhat more derogatory, term for the practice is mudslinging.

Deliberate spreading of such information can be motivated either by honest desire of the campaigner to warn others against real dangers or deficiencies of the described, or by the campaigner's dishonest ideas on methods of winning in political, business or other spheres of competition against an honest rival. However, if the mudslinging statements can be proved to be correct, mudslinging takes the moral dimension of an opponent's duty serving the greater good by exposing the weakness of the other candidate.

The public image of an entity can be defined as reputation, esteem, respect, acceptance of the entity's appearance, values and behaviour by the general public of a given territory and/or a social group, possibly within time limits. As target groups of public and their values differ, so negativity or positivity of a public image is relative; thus, to be successful, negative campaigning has to take into account current values of the group it addresses. The degree of strictness in practicing the group's values as opposed to its tolerance for violating the norms has also to be taken into consideration.

Techniques

There are a number of techniques used in negative campaigning. The most standard form of negative campaigning is campaign advertising that serves as an attack on an opponent's personality, record, or opinion. There are two main types of ads used in negative campaigning: attack and contrast.

Attack ads focus exclusively on the negative aspects of the opponent. There is no positive content in an attack ad, whether it is about the candidate or the opponent. Attack ads usually identify the risks associated with the opponent, often exploiting people's fears to manipulate. Because attack ads have no positive content, they have the potential to be more influential than contrast ads in shaping voters’ views of the sponsoring candidate's opponent. One of the most famous attack ads was Daisy Girl by the campaign of Lyndon B. Johnson that successfully portrayed Republican Barry Goldwater as threatening nuclear war. Common attack ad themes include painting an opponent as soft on criminals, dishonest, corrupt, or a danger to the nation. Another relatively common theme is attacking the other side for running a negative campaign.

Unlike attack ads, contrast ads contain information about both the candidate and the opponent. The information about the candidate is positive, while the information about the opponent is negative. Contrast ads compare and contrast the candidate with the opponent, juxtaposing the positive information about the candidate with the negative information of the opponent. Because contrast ads must contain positive information, contrast ads are seen as less damaging to the political process than attack ads.

Push polls are attacks disguised as telephone polls. They might ask a question like "How would you react if Candidate A was revealed to beat his wife?", giving the impression that Candidate A might beat his wife. Members of the media and of the opposing party are deliberately not called making these tactics all but invisible and unprovable.

Dirty tricks are also common in negative political campaigns. These generally involve secretly leaking damaging information to the media. This isolates a candidate from backlash and also does not cost any money. The material must be substantive enough to attract media interest, however, and if the truth is discovered it could severely damage a campaign. Other dirty tricks include trying to feed an opponent's team false information hoping they will use it and embarrass themselves.

Often a campaign will use outside organizations, such as lobby groups, to launch attacks. These can be claimed to be coming from a neutral source and if the allegations turn out not to be true the attacking candidate will not be damaged if the links cannot be proven. Negative campaigning can be conducted by proxy. For instance, highly partisan ads were placed in the 2004 U.S. presidential election by allegedly independent bodies like MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth.

Advantages
Sponsors of overt negative campaigns often cite reasons to support mass communication of negative ideas. The Office of National Drug Control Policy uses negative campaigns to steer the public away from health risks. Similar negative campaigns have been used to rebut mass marketing by tobacco companies, or to discourage drunk driving. Those who conduct negative political campaigns sometimes say the public needs to know about the person he or she is voting for, even if it is bad. In other words, if a candidate's opponent is a crook or a bad person, then he or she should be able to tell the public about it.

Martin Wattenberg and Craig Brians, of the University of California, Irvine, considered in their study whether negative campaigning mobilizes or alienates voters. They concluded that data used by Stephen Ansolabehere in a 1994 American Political Science Review article to advance the hypothesis that negative campaigning demobilizes voters was flawed.

A subsequent study done by Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar in 1995 corrected some of the previous study's flaws. This study concluded that negative advertising suppressed voter turnout, particularly for Independent voters. They speculated that campaigns tend to go negative only if the Independent vote is leaning toward the opponent. In doing so, they insure that the swing voters stay home, leaving the election up to base voters. They also found that negative ads have a greater impact on Democrats than on Republicans. According to them, base Republicans will vote no matter what (and will vote only for a Republican), but Democrats can be influenced to either stay home and not vote at all or to switch sides and vote for a Republican. This, combined with the effect negativity has on Independents, led them to conclude that Republicans benefit more from going negative than Democrats.

Other researchers have found different, more positive outcomes from negative campaigns. Rick Farmer, PhD, an assistant professor of political science at the University of Akron found that negative ads are more memorable than positive ads when they reinforce a preexisting belief and are relevant to the central issues of a marketing campaign. Researchers at the University of Georgia found the impact of negative ads increases over time, while positive ads used to counteract negative ads lack the power of negative ads. Research also suggests negative campaigning introduces controversy and raises public awareness through additional news coverage.

Kyle Mattes and David P. Redlawsk in The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning show through surveys and experiments that negative campaigning may provide informational benefits for voters. Without negativity, voters would not have full information about all of their choices, since no candidate will say anything bad about herself. They argue that candidates have to point out the flaws in their opponents for voters to be fully informed.

Most recent research distinguishes between a dichotomous (positive versus negative) and graded conceptualization of negative campaigning. The latter accounts for differences in the strength of negative communication. It argues that positive (i.e. information about parties and candidates) and derogatory (i.e. democratic disaffection) effects of negative campaigning will depend on the strength or intensity of negative campaigning. Similarly, political candidates and parties have been found to adapt the strength of their negative messages during election campaigns in order to preserve the chances for post-electoral collaboration in countries with frequent coalition governments.

Risks and consequences
Some strategists say that an effect of negative campaigning is that while it motivates the base of support it can alienate centrist and undecided voters from the political process, reducing voter turnout and radicalizing politics. In a study done by Gina Garramone about how negative advertising affects the political process, it was found that a consequence of negative campaigning is greater image discrimination of the candidates and greater attitude polarization. While positive ads also contributed to the image discrimination and attitude polarization, Garramone found that negative campaigning played a more influential role in the discrimination and polarization than positive campaigning.

Negative ads can produce serious backlash. A disastrous ad was run by the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the 1993 Canadian federal election, apparently emphasizing Liberal Party of Canada leader Jean Chrétien's partial facial paralysis, which was caused by Bell's palsy, in a number of unflattering photos, with the subtext of criticizing his platforms. Chrétien took maximum advantage of the opportunity to gain the public's sympathy as a man who struggled with a physical disability and his party's subsequent overwhelming victory in the election helped reduce the governing Progressive Conservatives to two seats, along with losing official party status.

A similar backlash happened to the Liberal Party in the 2006 federal election for running an attack ad that suggested that Conservative leader Stephen Harper would use Canadian soldiers to patrol Canadian cities, and impose some kind of martial law. The ad was only available from the Liberal Party's web site for a few hours prior to the release of the attack ads on television; nevertheless, it was picked up by the media and widely criticized for its absurdity, in particular the sentence "we're not making this up; we're not allowed to make this stuff up". Liberal MP Keith Martin expressed his disapproval of "whoever the idiot who approved that ad was," shortly before Liberal leader Paul Martin (no relation) stated that he had personally approved them. The effect of the ads was to diminish the credibility of the party's other attack ads. It offended many Canadians, particularly those in the military, some of whom were fighting in Afghanistan at the time. (See 2006 Canadian federal election)

In the 2008 US Senate race in North Carolina, Republican incumbent Elizabeth Dole attempted an attack ad on Democratic challenger Kay Hagan, who had taken a small lead in polls, by tying her to atheists. Dole's campaign released an ad questioning Hagan's religion and it included a voice saying "There is no God!" over a picture of Kay Hagan's face. The voice was not Hagan's but it is believed the ad implied that it was. Initially, it was thought the ad would work as religion has historically been a very important issue to voters in the American south, but the ad produced a backlash across the state and Hagan responded forcefully with an ad saying that she was a Sunday school teacher and was a religious person. Hagan also claimed Dole was trying to change the subject from the economy (the ad appeared during the Great Recession). Hagan's lead in polls doubled and she won the race by a nine-point margin.

Because of the possible harm that can come from being seen as a negative campaigner, candidates often pledge to refrain from negative attacks. This pledge is usually abandoned when an opponent is perceived to be "going negative," with the first retaliatory attack being, ironically, an accusation that the opponent is a negative campaigner.

While some research has found advantages and other has found disadvantages, some studies find no difference between negative and positive approaches.

Research published in the Journal of Advertising found that negative political advertising makes the body want to turn away physically, but the mind remembers negative messages. The findings are based on research conducted by James Angelini, professor of communication at the University of Delaware, in collaboration with Samuel Bradley, assistant professor of advertising at Texas Tech University, and Sungkyoung Lee of Indiana University, which used ads that aired during the 2000 presidential election. During the study, the researchers placed electrodes under the eyes of willing participants and showed them a series of 30-second ads from both the George W. Bush and Al Gore campaigns. The electrodes picked up on the "startle response," the automatic eye movement typically seen in response to snakes, spiders and other threats. Compared to positive or neutral messages, negative advertising prompted greater reflex reactions and a desire to move away.

What causes negativity
Studies have shown a variety of different negativity's predictors. Some of the negativity's drivers stated are: The attacker's personality traits (Big Five, Dark Triad, Populism), the Media environment, and Election-related factors  (competitiveness, a candidate's rank in polls, type of election, party system).

United States
In United States politics, negative campaigning has been called "as American as Mississippi mud" and "as American as apple pie". Some research suggests negative campaigning is the norm in all political venues, mitigated only by the dynamics of a particular contest. Lee Atwater, best known for being an advisor to presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, also pioneered many negative campaign techniques seen in political campaigns today.

 * 1828: The Coffin Handbills used by supporters of John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential campaign.
 * 1934: Unethical campaign tactics were used against Upton Sinclair in the California gubernatorial election.
 * 1936: The first radio advertising using negative campaigning came from the Republican Party in 1936.
 * 1964: The Daisy ad used by Lyndon Johnson against Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election
 * 2008: Hillary Clinton's "3 a.m. phone call" ad questioning the crisis management abilities of her opponent, Barack Obama.
 * 2008: Elizabeth Dole's ad against Democratic challenger Kay Hagan in her 2008 Senate re-election campaign, where Hagan was said to be "Godless", as an attack to the lack of religious piety of her opponent. The ad backfired, as it sharply reduced support for Dole. Dole was defeated by Hagan in the election.
 * 2012–present: Nicknames used by Donald Trump before, during, and after his presidency.
 * 2014: Justin Amash was smeared as "Al-Qaeda's best friend in Congress" by his primary opponent Brian Ellis.

Elsewhere

 * Argentina: In the 2023 Argentine general election, the governing Unión por la Patria launched various fearmongering ads during one of the worst economic crisis of the history of the nation, in which they claimed economic crisis and human rights would worsen if they're not voted.
 * New Zealand: In the 1975 New Zealand general election, the opposing National Party launched the infamous "Dancing Cossacks" television advertisement. Animated by Hanna Barbera, the attack advert claimed the incumbent Labour Party's recently introduced compulsory superannuation scheme could eventually lead to Soviet-style communism.
 * Canada: In the 1993 Canadian federal election, the Progressive Conservative Party launched attack ads that were widely seen to be mocking opposing candidate Jean Chrétien's facial deformity. See: 1993 Chrétien attack ad
 * United Kingdom: During the run up to the 1997 general election, the Conservative Party ran a campaign that stated that the Labour Party was dangerous and used posters of Labour leader Tony Blair with "demon eyes" on them titled "New Labour, New Danger" (in reference to the New Labour slogan). The campaign failed as Labour won a landslide victory, ending 18 years of Conservative government.
 * Mexico: in the 2006 presidential election, Felipe Calderón, president from 2006 to 2012, launched TV ads that stated his opponent, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was "a danger to Mexico". To this day, López Obrador continues blaming the negative campaign for his defeat and saying that it was part of a conspiracy that the Mexican business elite planned against him.
 * Canada: In the 2008 Canadian federal election, the Conservative Party released an ad featuring Opposition Leader Stéphane Dion being defecated on by an animated puffin. Harper later apologized for the ad.
 * In the Crewe and Nantwich By-election in 2008, The Labour Party ran a personal class-based campaign against the Conservative candidate Edward Timpson, calling him "the Tarporley Toff", "Lord Snooty", "Tory Boy Timpson". Labour supporters donned top hats to mock Timpson, whose family own a national shoe repair and key-cutting business. The campaign was very poorly received and was condemned as negative and xenophobic by Conservative leader David Cameron.
 * Serbia: In the 2018 Belgrade City Assembly election, the ruling party SNS launched a negative campaign against two candidates, Aleksandar Šapić and Dragan Đilas. In a TV political ad they were portrayed as tycoons and criminals who are too busy protesting against Aleksandar Vučić and meeting other criminals than attending meetings. The advertisement caught the attention of REM, which resulted in a suspend of the advertisement.
 * Philippines: then-vice presidential candidate Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV aired a negative ad against then-presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte in the tail end of the 2016 Philippine general election highlighting his public obscenity.
 * Poland: Chairman of the Polish public broadcaster TVP, Jacek Kurski aired a negative claim against then-presidential candidate Donald Tusk during 2005 Polish presidential election falsely claiming that his grandfather had briefly fought in Hitler's army.

title: Negative campaigning


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User:JHCC

 R E T I R E D  This user is no longer active on Wikipedia.

My beginnings
When I first started editing Wikipedia, I really saw its potential to be a comprehensive resource on all matters both general and specific. I thought — and still think — that the Neutral Point of View policy is both a workable method and a desirable goal. In many discussions, I found myself challenged to better articulate my own perspective, as well as to better appreciate that of others. In many cases, I found myself working productively and cooperatively with people whose worldviews and beliefs were often totally at odds with my own. In these cases, we all accepted that NPOV is, ideally, descriptive, that a neutral, accurate, and dispassionate description of all aspects of a subject is the best approach.

The clouds gather
Unfortunately, as I continued to edit articles, often I found that cooperative spirit to be sadly lacking. There seemed to be an increasing tendency among many editors — both those I agreed with and those I did not — towards combativeness and disrespect. This was particularly true in cases relating to religion, with the attitude on one side that religious people (usually Christian) were trying to push a religious POV as the standard or norm; on the other, that those with more secular veiwpoints were not respecting or admitting the validity of any religious viewpoint at all. Conflicts often escalated quickly, with namecalling, revert wars, and generally unprofessional behaviour on both sides.

Analysis
It seems to me that the strength of Wikipedia is also its weakness. While allowing anyone to edit opens the door to unlimited contributions on every possible subject, it also opens the door to disruptive and uncivil behaviour of every kind. The worst comes from those who become adept at gaming the system, recruiting like-minded editors to form cabals and alliances to combat "those evil (fill in the blank)-POV pushers". This makes any article with the most remotely controversial subject matter subject to constant and unproductive turf battles between self-appointed experts on all sides, whose only credentials are their high edit counts and their skill at discouraging or chasing away their perceived opponents.

Decision
After a couple of particularly bitter battles in December 2005 and January 2006, I decided to take a protracted wikibreak, which I have now decided to make permanent. With regret, I am leaving Wikipedia. While I hope that the Wikipedia community manages to develop a better system for providing reliable content and minimizing uncivil and unproductive debate, it will have to do it without me.

Farewell
If I have offended anyone here by word, deed, or thought, I ask your forgiveness. Mine I give freely, without hesitation or qualification.

If anyone wants to contact me on this or any other subject, please send me an email [mailto:subdeaconjhcc@yahoo.com here].

Goodbye, and God bless you all.

title: User:JHCC


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User talk:Stephanie7

Welcome to Wikipedia! It's generally not done to have a redirect to your user page (e.g. Stephanie7), so I'll remove that, but no harm done. We're glad to have you with us. If you need any help editing, just check:
 * Manual of style--formatting, style guide
 * FAQ--obvious
 * Help desk--personal help on stuff you can't get

Thanks for joining, and happy editing. Meelar 20:27, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stephanie7


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Susan Still

Susan Still may refer to:

 * Susan Still Kilrain (born 1961), American astronaut
 * Susan Still (women's rights activist) (born 1964), American women's rights activist

title: Susan Still


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Wild Dances

"Wild Dances" is a song composed and recorded by Ukrainian singer-songwriter Ruslana, with lyrics by herself, Oleksandr Ksenofontov, Jamie Maher, Michael Fayne, and Sherena Dugani. It in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, held in Istanbul, resulting in the country's first win at the contest.

Conception
"Wild Dances" was composed and recorded by Ruslana, with lyrics by herself, Oleksandr Ksenofontov, Jamie Maher, Michael Fayne, and Sherena Dugani. The work on the song lasted for about three months. Editing and sound engineering was done by Ruslana together with specialists from Kyiv, London, and New York City. The recording was done together with a guitarist from Cool Before, and an ex-trumpet player from Zdob și Zdub. The Ukrainian and English lyrics of the song, as well as the chorus and melody, underwent significant changes since the initial stage. She released a version only in Ukrainian called "Dyki tantsi" (Дикі танці) in Ukraine and Russia.

Selection
On 23 January 2004, the National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU) announced that it had internally selected Ruslana as its performer for the of the Eurovision Song Contest. On 28 January 2004, NTU announced that "Wild Dances" would be the for Eurovision.

Music video
The official music video was filmed in the abandoned building of the Ice Palace, which was at once renamed "The Iceberg Palace" by the members of Ruslana's crew because no heating equipment brought with Ruslana could heat the cold air of the huge building to a comfortable level. The building was 'decorated' with sheer concrete and windows without glass. Despite the script of the video-clip, which provided for constant burning fire in large barrels, torches on the stage, wireworks and even a real military flame thrower, only the "Wild Dances" could help people to ultimately warm up. It was first aired on 6 May 2004 on MTV Russia in the 12 Angry Viewers show, but was booed by the audience.

Eurovision
On 12 May 2004, the semi-final for the Eurovision Song Contest was held at the Abdi İpekçi Arena in Istanbul hosted by the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), and broadcast live throughout the continent. As Ukraine had not finished in the top 10 at the, the song had to compete in the semi-final. Ruslana performed "Wild Dances" eleventh on the night, following 's "Shake It" by Sakis Rouvas and preceding 's "What's Happened to Your Love" by Linas and Simona. The song qualified for the grand final. After the grand final it was revealed that it had received in the semi-final 256 points, placing second in a field of twenty-two.

Mistakenly, the song title was captioned on screen at the contest as being "Wild Dance", without the S, both in semi final and grand final.

On 14 May 2004, the grand final for the Eurovision Song Contest was held. Ruslana performed again "Wild Dances" tenth on the night, following 's "The Image of You" by Anjeza Shahini and preceding 's "You Are the Only One" by Ivan Mikulić. Her performance is memorable for an energetic performance, which Ruslana gave in a leather outfit, inspired by Xena: Warrior Princess and the ethnic tradition of Ukraine.

At the close of voting of the grand final, it had received 280 points, winning the contest. It was the first victory for Ukraine. With a mixture of English and Ukrainian lyrics, "Wild Dances" was also the first Eurovision-winning song to be sung at least partly in a language other than English since the rule-change of 1999, when countries were allowed to sing in a language of their choosing, rather than one of their official languages. With this win, Ukraine became the third post-Soviet country to win the contest, after and.

Aftermath
The single was included on the official compilation album called The Very Best of Eurovision celebrating the 60th anniversary of the contest.

As the winning broadcaster, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) gave NTU the responsibility to host the of the Eurovision Song Contest. The grand final held on 21 May 2005, opened with Ruslana performing a medley of "Wild Dances" and "Heart on Fire" accompanied by the Zhyttia ballet and the Ukrainian drums ensemble ARS Nova. She also performed her latest single "The Same Star" in the interval act and presented the trophy to the winner.

Legacy
The song was bought with exclusive copyright in Vietnam by Vietnamese singer-songwriter Hồ Quỳnh Hương. She has an own Vietnamese version of the song, entitled "Vũ điệu hoang dã".

In other media
The song is used in the soundtrack of the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV. American gymnast and 2011 world champion Jordyn Wieber has revealed that she uses this song as her floor exercise music.

title: Wild Dances


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Wisła Kraków

Towarzystwo Sportowe Wisła Kraków Spółka Akcyjna, commonly referred to as Wisła Kraków, is a Polish professional football club based in Kraków. They currently compete in the I liga, the second level of Polish football league system, following relegation from the 2021–22 Ekstraklasa season. It ranks fourth in the number of national titles won (13), behind Górnik Zabrze, Ruch Chorzów (both on 14), and Legia Warsaw (15), and second in all-time victories. Wisła was founded in 1906 under the name TS Wisła (Polish: Towarzystwo Sportowe Wisła). The team plays its home matches at Henryk Reyman Stadium.

The club's coat of arms is a white star on a red background crossed by a blue ribbon.

Wisła Kraków was one of the most successful Polish football clubs of 2000s, winning eight league championships since 1999. Along with league titles, Wisła also won the Polish Cup on five occasions, including the first-ever edition in 1926, and are the current cup holders. Wisła also enjoyed some success in European competitions in the 1970s, reaching the quarter-finals in the 1978–79 European Cup.

History
Wisła Kraków was founded in 1906 when students of the Second Practical School in Kraków, inspired by their professor Tadeusz Łopuszański, formed a football club.

In this first, historic season of the League, the fight for the championship was decided between two teams: Wisła Kraków and 1. FC Kattowitz. This rivalry was treated very seriously, not only by the two sides involved, but also by the whole nation. 1. FC was regarded as the team supported by the German minority, while Wisła, at the end of this historic season, represented ambitions of all Poles.

Some time in the fall of 1927 in Katowice, an ill-fated game between 1.FC and Wisła took place. Stakes were very high – the winner would become the Champion. Kraków's side won 2–0 and became the Champion. 1.FC finished second, third was Warta Poznań.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), the club operated secretly. Co-founder Franciszek Brożek and pre-war player Adam Obrubański were among Poles murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.

In 1949, the club was renamed to Gwardia-Wisła Kraków. In 1955 the club returned to its original name, TS Wisła. In 1967, the club was once again renamed, to GTS Wisła, a name which held until 1990 when the club reverted to its original name, TS Wisła. In the late 1990s, the football section of the club was incorporated and was renamed Wisła Kraków SSA.

The club has had its ups and downs, winning national championships and earning European qualification. It was also relegated to the second division on three occasions. Since the football section has been bought by Tele-Fonika Kable S.A. in 1998, the team has been far and away the most successful club in Poland, winning seven national championships and finishing in second place three times, totalling ten top two finishes in 12 years.

At international level, Wisła has competed in all three of the European competitions. The club's greatest success came in the 1978–79 season, when Wisła was able to reach the quarter-finals of the European Cup, eventually to be knocked out by Malmö FF 3–5 on aggregate. Most recently, Wisła narrowly missed out on a chance to compete in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League group stage, being defeated 4–5 by Panathinaikos after extra time.

Wisła also twice reached the second round of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1967–68 and 1984–85, falling 0–5 and 2–3 by Hamburger SV and Fortuna Sittard, respectively. The White Star has competed in the UEFA Cup ten times.

On 15 May 2022, Wisła was relegated to the I liga for the first time since 1996, after losing 4–2 against Radomiak Radom.

On 2 May 2024, they won their fifth Polish Cup title after defeating Pogoń Szczecin 1–2 in extra time, becoming the fifth second division team to win this competition, and the first since Ruch Chorzów in 1996. The White Star itself finished the 2023–24 season ranked 10th in the second tier.

Stadium
Henryk Reyman Stadium is located at 22 Reymonta Street in Kraków. The stadium was originally built in 1953 and currently has a capacity of 33,326. The stadium was renovated in 2010, being upgraded to UEFA elite standards. The Wisła Stadium was also chosen as a reserve venue for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament, jointly held in Poland and Ukraine. The record attendance of 45,000 at Wisła Stadium came on 29 September 1976 when Wisła defeated Celtic 2–0. The venue has been a fortress for Wisła, where the team is especially difficult to defeat. Wisła holds the all-time Polish football record for consecutive league home games without a loss. The streak began following a loss on 16 September 2001 to KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and ended more than five years later on 11 November 2006, when GKS Bełchatów defeated Wisła 4–2. The number of matches without a loss was then settled at 73, overcoming the former Polish record of 48 which belonged to Legia Warsaw. During the 2008–09 season, Wisła lost points at home only twice, drawing with ŁKS Łódź and being defeated by Lech Poznań.

Fan friendlies
Wisła fans formerly had long friendships relations with Lechia Gdańsk and Śląsk Wrocław, known as the "Three Kings of Great Cities" alliance until 2016, when their alliance fell apart. They formed a new group with Ruch Chorzów and Widzew Łódź (and by extension Elana Toruń, Slovan Bratislava and KKS Kalisz), which divided Wisła fans.

The fans have an amicable relationship with Polonia Przemyśl. Although Garbarnia Kraków, Puszcza Niepołomice and Kmita Zabierzów have no organised fan movements they are known to have local Wisła fans attend their games. Kmita was founded initially as Wisła Zabierzów as a local branch of the Wisła sports club.

The club also has close relations with Italian side Lazio since their Rome derby match in 2016, as well private contacts with CSKA Moscow and Vfl Bochum.

The fans formerly held relations with Unia Tarnów, Jagiellonia Białystok, Siarka Tarnobrzeg, Resovia Rzeszów and Zagłębie Wałbrzych.

With Cracovia
The term "Holy War" refers to the intense rivalry between the two Kraków-based teams; Wisła and KS Cracovia. In 1906, the establishment of the two first Polish football clubs, Cracovia and Wisła, created a rivalry that now dates back more than 100 years. The term "Holy War" was first used to describe the rivalry of Kraków's Jewish teams, Makkabi and Jutrzenka. A Jutrzenka defender, Ludwik Gintel, who later joined the Cracovia side referred to the derby match against Wisła as the "Holy War". The phrase was incorporated into a song and has since been popular amongst both Wisła and Cracovia fans.

The first recorded Kraków Derby was contested on 20 September 1908, a 1–1 draw. A historic derby match between Cracovia and Wisła occurred on 8 May 1913. It was the first time Polish teams played a championship game officially sanctioned by FIFA; Cracovia won 2–1. The most famous derby took place in 1948 when after the first post-war season, both Cracovia and Wisła accumulated an even number of points and the championship had to be decided by an additional game played at a neutral venue. On 5 December 1948, Cracovia defeated Wisła 3–1 and was crowned national champions. As of May 2011, the Kraków derby game between Wisła and Cracovia has been contested 183 times, with Wisła winning 82 times, tying 42 times and Cracovia winning 59 times.

With Legia Warsaw
The match contested between Wisła Kraków and Legia Warsaw, dubbed "The Derby of Poland", is commonly recognized as one of the greatest rivalries in Polish club football. Historically the two sides have been the most successful clubs in Poland, both in the top two in the all-time table. The rivalry between two of Poland's premier cities of Kraków and Warsaw sparks the rivalry even more. The regional differences of Kraków (south) and Warsaw (north), and the fact that Kraków used to be the capital of Poland before Warsaw (in the years 1038–1079 and 1138–1596) and the full official name of Kraków is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków, or "Royal Capital City of Kraków" in English, also add a greater meaning to the match.

With Hutnik Kraków
The other Kraków derby is contested against Hutnik, historically the third team in Kraków representing Nowa Huta. Owing to Hutnik's lack of recent sporting success, the rivalry is mostly off-pitch and with Wisla's reserve team or in other sports sections of both clubs.

Other rivalries
Other rivalries are with Lech Poznań, Arka Gdynia and Tarnovia Tarnów, an extension of the fierce rivalry with Cracovia as all three maintain good friendships with them.

Fans of Zagłębie Sosnowiec, Korona Kielce, GKS Katowice, and Polonia Warsaw are also inter-regional fierce rivals.

Additional teams
In addition to the professional team, Wisła Kraków plays also in the Polish Junior league.

Domestic

 * Ekstraklasa
 * Champions: 1927, 1928, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1977–78, 1998–99, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
 * Runners-up: 1930, 1931, 1936, 1948, 1965–66, 1980–81, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2009–10
 * Polish non-League Football Championship:
 * Runners-up: 1923, 1947
 * I liga
 * Champions : 1964–65
 * Runners-up: 1985–86, 1988–89, 1995–96
 * Galician Championship
 * 2nd place: 1913
 * Polish Cup
 * Winners: 1926, 1966–67, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2023–24
 * Runners-up: 1950–51, 1953–54, 1978–79, 1983–84, 1999–2000, 2007–08
 * Polish Super Cup
 * Winners: 2001
 * Runners-up: 1999, 2004, 2008, 2009
 * Polish League Cup
 * Winners : 2000–01
 * Runners-up: 2001–02

Europe

 * European Cup/UEFA Champions League
 * Quarterfinal: 1978–79
 * UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
 * Round of 16: 2002–03
 * European Cup Winners' Cup
 * Round of 16: 1967–68, 1984–85
 * Intertoto Cup
 * Winners: 1969, 1970, 1973

Youth teams

 * Młoda Ekstraklasa
 * Champions: 2007–08
 * Runners-up: 2008–09
 * Polish U-19 Championship
 * Champions: 1936, 1937, 1958, 1975, 1976, 1982, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2014
 * Runners-up: 1938
 * Polish U-17 Championship
 * Champions: 2013
 * Runners-up: 2003

Records
Team records Records individual
 * Biggest win: 21–0 (8–0) – in Polish Championship elimination match with Pogoń Siedlce in Kraków, 24 August 1947.
 * Highest home attendance: 45,000 – Wisła Kraków 2–0 🏴 Celtic (UEFA Cup), 29 September 1976.
 * Highest home league attendance: 40,000 – Wisła Kraków 2–1 Legia Warszawa (Polish league), 7 August 1977.
 * Debut in the league: 3 April 1927 in the first in league history.
 * In the table of all time: 2nd place
 * Consecutive matches without defeat in the league: 38 (25 October 2003 – 22 May 2005) – a record in the league
 * Consecutive home matches without defeat: 73 (16 September 2001 – 11 November 2006) – a record in the league
 * Biggest win in European competition: WIT Georgia Tbilisi 2:8 Wisła Kraków, in Georgia, 27 July 2004 year. Wisła Kraków 7–0 🏴 Newtown, in Kraków, 29 July 1998.
 * Top scorer in the league: 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik – 153 goals in 304 matches
 * Top scorer in the second league: 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Kaliciak – 32 goals
 * Top scorer (total): 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik – 181 goals in 350 matches
 * Top scorer in European competition: 🇵🇱 Maciej Żurawski – 23 goals
 * Most matches in European Cups: 🇵🇱 Marcin Baszczyński – 52 games
 * Most meetings (total): 🇵🇱 Arkadiusz Głowacki – 461 games
 * The youngest debut: 🇵🇱 Stefan Śliwa – 14 years, 268 days
 * The oldest player: 🇵🇱 Marcin Wasilewski – 40 years 39 days
 * Most matches in the Poland national team: 🇵🇱 Antoni Szymanowski – 65 games (a total of 82 games in the national team)
 * Most goals in the Poland national team: 🇵🇱 Maciej Żurawski – 14 goals
 * Top scorer in one season: 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Gracz and 🇵🇱 Maciej Żurawski – 38 goals (all meetings), 🇵🇱 Henryk Reyman – 37 goals (league only)
 * All records

Wisła in European football

 * Q = Qualifying
 * PO = Play-Off

Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Wisła.

 * Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Józef Adamek (1919–33)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Balcer (1923–35)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Baszczyński (2000–09)
 * 🇵🇱 Jakub Błaszczykowski (2005–07), (2019–23)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Bobrowicz (1989–94)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Boguski (2005–21)
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Brożek (1998–2010), (2013–20)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Brożek (1998–2010), (2013–14)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Budka (1975–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Budka (1955–68)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Bukalski (1998–2001)
 * 🇵🇱 Franciszek Cebulak (1923)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Cierzniak (2015)
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Czerwiec (1998–2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Czulak (1923–33)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Ćwielong (2007–10)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Dawidowski (2004–09)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Dudka (2005–08), (2014–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Dziubiński (1989–91)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Filek (1933–49)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Flanek (1946–54)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Frankowski (1998–2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Garguła (2009–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Witold Gieras (1920–23), (1924–28)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Giergiel (1939), (1946–49)
 * 🇵🇱 Arkadiusz Głowacki (2000–10), (2012–18)
 * 🇵🇱 Konrad Gołoś (2005–10)
 * 🇵🇱 Damian Gorawski (2003–04)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Gracz (1933–53)
 * 🇵🇱 Bolesław Habowski (1933–38)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Hausner (1968–70)
 * 🇵🇱 Zbigniew Hnatio (1970–71)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Iwan (1976–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Jałocha (1969–86)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Jałocha (1987–92)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Janik (1989–93)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Jankowski (2014–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Zbigniew Jaskowski (1945–55)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Jop (1999–2004), (2009–10)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Jurowicz (1933–55)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kaczor (1913–27)
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Kaczorowski (2006)
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Kaliciak (1992–96), (1998–2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Kałużny (1998–2001)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Kapka (1968–83), (1987)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Karwecki (1978–80)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Kawula (1951–71)
 * 🇵🇱 Marian Kiliński (1922–33)
 * 🇵🇱 Walerian Kisieliński (1930–32)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Kłos (2004–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (1968–82)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Kogut (1918–19)
 * 🇵🇱 Józef Kohut (1948–54)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Kokoszka (2005–08)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Koniarek (1997)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Konkiewicz (1923–25)
 * 🇵🇱 Kamil Kosowski (1999–2008), (2013)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Kotlarczyk (1925–36)
 * 🇵🇱 Józef Kotlarczyk (1927–39)
 * 🇵🇱 Jacek Kowalczyk (2004–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Kowalski (1923–30)
 * 🇵🇱 Maksymilian Koźmin (1927–36)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Krupa (1921–27)
 * 🇵🇱 Paweł Kryszałowicz (2005–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Kukiełka (2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Kulawik (1991–2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Kusto (1972–77)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Kuźba (2002–03), (2004–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Lewandowski (1989–93)
 * 🇵🇱 Leszek Lipka (1976–90)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Łobodziński (2008–11)
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Łyko (1930–39)
 * 🇵🇱 Marian Machowski (1950–63)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Maculewicz (1971–79)
 * 🇵🇱 Edward Madejski (1933–37)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Majdan (2004–06)
 * 🇵🇱 Bronisław Makowski (1927–31)
 * 🇵🇱 Józef Mamoń (1947–54)
 * 🇵🇱 Patryk Małecki (2001–14), (2016–19)

 * 🇵🇱 Marian Markiewicz (1918–26)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Matusiak (2008)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Mączyński (2007–11), (2015–17)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Michel (1949–63)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Mielech (1910–11)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Miśkiewicz (2012–14), (2015–17)
 * 🇵🇱 Fryderyk Monica (1954–70)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Mordarski (1949–56)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (1982–90), (1999–2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Olgierd Moskalewicz (1999–2001)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Motyka (1978–89)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Musiał (1967–77)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Nawałka (1972–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Nawrocki (1979–86)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Niedzielan (2007–09)
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Pater (1993–2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Rudolf Patkoló (1951–52)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Pawełek (2006–10)
 * 🇵🇱 Sławomir Peszko (2019)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Pietrzak (2016–19)
 * 🇵🇱 Zbigniew Płaszewski (1975–81)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Polak (1958–73)
 * 🇵🇱 Aleksander Pychowski (1925–35)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Reyman (1910–33)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Sadlok (2014–22)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Skrobowski (1977–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Emil Skrynkowicz (1923–31)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Sobolewski (2005–13)
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Sosin (1999–2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Stępiński (2014–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Stolarczyk (2002–07)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Stroniarz (1964–71)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Styczeń (1924–26)
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Surma (1995–98)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Sykta (1959–68)
 * 🇵🇱 Igor Sypniewski (2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Szczęsny (2001–02)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Szczurek (1949–55)
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Szymanowski (1969–70), (1972–78)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Szymanowski (1963–83)
 * 🇵🇱 Mirosław Szymkowiak (2001–04)
 * 🇵🇱 Stefan Śliwa (1912–24)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Świerczewski (1981–89)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Wasilewski (2017–20)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Węgrzyn (1998–2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Jakub Wierzchowski (1998–99)
 * 🇵🇱 Cezary Wilk (2010–13)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Wiśniewski (1921–24)
 * 🇵🇱 Rafał Wolski (2016)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Woźniak (1931–39)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Wróbel (1975–86)
 * 🇵🇱 Mateusz Zachara (2016–17)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogdan Zając (1995–2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Zając (1997–2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Łukasz Załuska (2016–17)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Zieńczuk (2004–09)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Zimowski (1911–19)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Żurawski (1999–2005), (2010–11)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Żyro (2022–24)
 * Albania
 * 🇦🇱 Vullnet Basha (2017–21), (2022–24)
 * Algeria
 * 🇩🇿 Billel Omrani (2024)
 * Australia
 * 🇦🇺 Jacob Burns (2006–08)
 * 🇦🇺 Michael Thwaite (2006–08)
 * Belarus
 * 🇧🇾 Anton Chichkan (2024–)
 * 🇧🇾 Andrey Hlebasolaw (1992)
 * 🇧🇾 Mikhail Sivakov (2011)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇦 Semir Štilić (2014–15), (2017)
 * Bulgaria
 * 🇧🇬 Tsvetan Genkov (2011–13)
 * Cameroon
 * 🇨🇲 Serge Branco (2010–11)
 * 🇨🇲 Guy Armand Feutchine (1996–97)

 * Costa Rica
 * 🇨🇷 Felicio Brown Forbes (2020–22)
 * 🇨🇷 Júnior Díaz (2008–10), (2011–12)
 * Czech Republic
 * 🇨🇿 Jan Kliment (2021–22)
 * 🇨🇿 Zdeněk Ondrášek (2016–18), (2022–23)
 * Estonia
 * 🇪🇪 Sergei Pareiko (2011–13)
 * Georgia
 * Heorhiy Tsitaishvili (2022)
 * Ghana
 * 🇬🇭 Yaw Yeboah (2020–21)
 * Haiti
 * 🇭🇹 Wilde-Donald Guerrier (2013–16)
 * 🇭🇹 Emmanuel Sarki (2013–16)
 * Honduras
 * 🇭🇳 Osman Chávez (2010–15)
 * 🇭🇳 Romell Quioto (2012)
 * Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Richárd Guzmics (2014–16)
 * Israel
 * 🇮🇱 Maor Melikson (2011–13)
 * 🇮🇱 Alon Turgeman (2020)
 * Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇿 Georgy Zhukov (2020–22)
 * Lithuania
 * 🇱🇹 Arūnas Pukelevičius (1998)
 * Luxembourg
 * 🇱🇺 Tim Hall (2021)
 * Macedonia
 * 🇲🇰 Ostoja Stjepanović (2013–15)
 * 🇲🇰 Enis Fazlagić (2022–)
 * Martinique
 * 🇲🇶 Boris Moltenis (2022–23)
 * Moldova
 * 🇲🇩 Ilie Cebanu (2007–09)
 * Montenegro
 * 🇲🇪 Fatos Bećiraj (2020)
 * 🇲🇪 Vukan Savićević (2019–20)
 * Morocco
 * 🇲🇦 Nourdin Boukhari (2010–11)
 * Netherlands
 * 🇳🇱 Kew Jaliens (2011–13)
 * Nigeria
 * 🇳🇬 Kalu Uche (2001–05)
 * Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Emilian Dolha (2006–07)
 * Senegal
 * 🇸🇳 Issa Ba (2010)
 * Serbia
 * 🇷🇸 Ivica Iliev (2011–13)
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Jovanić (2010–12)
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Mitrović (2018)
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Poletanović (2022)
 * Slovakia
 * 🇸🇰 Erik Čikoš (2010–11)
 * 🇸🇰 Marek Penksa (2005–07)
 * 🇸🇰 Peter Šinglár (2008–10)
 * 🇸🇰 Michal Škvarka (2021–22)
 * 🇸🇰 Ivan Trabalík (2002)
 * 🇸🇰 Ľubomír Tupta (2020)
 * Slovenia
 * 🇸🇮 Boban Jović (2015–17)
 * 🇸🇮 Andraž Kirm (2009–12)
 * 🇸🇮 Matej Palčič (2018–19)
 * 🇸🇮 Denis Popović (2015–17)
 * Togo
 * 🇹🇬 Lantame Ouadja (2003–04)
 * Uruguay
 * 🇺🇾 Pablo Álvarez (2009–10)

Managerial history
Caretaker managers listed in italics.

 * 🇭🇺 Imre Schlosser (1924–29)
 * František Koželuh (1929–34)
 * 🇭🇺 Vilmos Nyúl (1934–39)
 * Otto Mazal-Skvajn (1939–46)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Kotlarczyk (1946–47)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Walter (1947–48)
 * Josef Kuchynka (1948–50)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Matyas (1950–54)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Gracz (1954–55)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Woźniak (1956–57)
 * Josef Kuchynka (1958–59)
 * 🇭🇺 Károly Kósa (1959–60)
 * Karel Finek (1960–61)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Gracz (1961–62)
 * Karel Kolsky (1963–64)
 * 🇵🇱 Czesław Skoraczyński (1964–67)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Gracz (1967–69)
 * 🇭🇺 Gyula Teleky (1969–70)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Matyas (1970–71)
 * 🇵🇱 Marian Kurdziel (1971–72)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Steckiw (1972–74)
 * 🇵🇱 Aleksander Brożyniak (1975–77)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (1977–79)
 * 🇵🇱 Lucjan Franczak (1979–81)
 * 🇵🇱 Wiesław Lendzion (1981–82)
 * 🇵🇱 Roman Durniok (1982–83)
 * 🇵🇱 Edmund Zientara (1983–84)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (1984–85)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Chemicz (1985)
 * 🇵🇱 Lucjan Franczak (1985–86)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Cygan (1986–87)
 * 🇵🇱 Aleksander Brożyniak (1987–89)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Chemicz (1989)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Musiał (1989)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogusław Hajdas (1989)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Musiał (1990–92)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (1992)
 * 🇸🇰 Karol Pecze (1992–93)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Kusto (1993–94)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Kusto (1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Lucjan Franczak (1994–96)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Apostel (1996–97)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (1997)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Łazarek (1997–98)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Kowalik (1998)
 * 🇵🇱 Franciszek Smuda (1998–99)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Kowalik (1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Kusto (1999–2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Łazarek (2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Nawałka (2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Orest Lenczyk (2000–01)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Nawałka (2001)
 * 🇵🇱 Franciszek Smuda (2001–02)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Kasperczak (2002–04)
 * 🇨🇿 Werner Lička (2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Engel (2005)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Kulawik (2005)
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Petrescu (2005–06)
 * 🇷🇸 Dragomir Okuka (2006)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Nawałka (2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Skorża (2007–10)
 * 🇵🇱 Henryk Kasperczak (2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Kulawik (2010)
 * Robert Maaskant (2010–11)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (2011–12)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Probierz (2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Kulawik (2012–13)
 * 🇵🇱 Franciszek Smuda (2013–15)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (2015)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Broniszewski (2015–16)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Pawłowski (2015–16)
 * 🇵🇱 Marcin Broniszewski (2016)
 * 🇵🇱 Dariusz Wdowczyk (2016)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (2016)
 * 🇪🇸 Kiko Ramírez (2017)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Sobolewski (2017)
 * 🇪🇸 Joan Carrillo (2018)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Stolarczyk (2018–19)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Skowronek (2019–20)
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Hyballa (2020–21)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Kmiecik (2021)
 * 🇸🇰 Adrián Guľa (2021–22)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Brzęczek (2022)
 * 🇵🇱 Radosław Sobolewski (2022–23)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Jop (2023)
 * 🇪🇸 Albert Rudé (2023–24)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Moskal (2024–current)

Esports
Wisła Kraków also has an esports division, with teams in Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and FIFA 20.

Women's basketball
The women's basketball section are one of the most successful clubs in the country, winning 25 national championships, 12 vice-championships, 13 Polish Cups and continental runners-up in 1970.

title: Wisła Kraków


text:
User:Anthere/agriculture

& Zem& Amaeth Landbrug Landwirtschaft Agriculture Agricultura Agrikulturo Lânbou Agricultura & Agricoltura Landbouw & Landbruk Landwertschap Rolnictwo Agricultura Agricultur& Agriculture Maataloustiede & & &

L'agriculture (du latin agricultura) est l'ensemble des activités économiques ayant principalement pour objet la culture des terres, et d'une manière générale « l'ensemble des travaux transformant le milieu naturel pour la production de végétaux et d'animaux utiles à l'Homme ».

Dans le domaine de l'économie agricole, l'agriculture est définie comme l'ensemble des activités dont la fonction est de produire un revenu financier à partir de l'exploitation de la terre (cultures), des forêts (foresterie), des produit de la mer, lacs et rivières (aquaculture, pêche), des animaux de ferme (élevage) et des animaux sauvages (chasse (hunting)).

L'homme est devenu omnivore il y a environ 3 millions d'années et a vécu de la chasse, de la pêche et de la cueillette pendant des milliers d'années. L'agriculture proprement dite est apparue entre le VIe et le Ier millénaire avant J.-C. Elle a ensuite profondément évolué au cours des siècles, grâce à son adaptation aux conditions naturelles, à la mise au point de nouvelles techniques agricoles (la houe, la herse) et nouveaux produits chimiques (les engrais minéraux, les produits phytosanitaires), et à l'introduction de variétés améliorées (voir amélioration des plantes).

L'agriculture diffère de l'agronomie, laquelle représente l'ensemble des connaissances scientifiques, économiques et sociales auxquelles il est fait appel pour comprendre l'agriculture dans toutes ses dimensions.

Les différents types de production agricoles
L'objectif de l'activité agricole est essentiellement d'assurer la sécurité alimentaire des humains et des animaux d'élevage. Toutefois, l'agriculture produit également un nombre important de produits tels que des peaux d'animaux, des engrais, des produits destinés à l'industrie (éthanol, fécule), des fibres (coton, laine, chanvre), des plantes vertes et fleurs, du bois.

Il est fréquent de distinguer par le mot culture les activités portant uniquement sur les végétaux, et par le mot élevage les activités concernant les animaux.

Les productions végétales sont souvent divisées en grands groupes, telles que les grandes cultures (blé, maïs, riz, soja), le maraîchage (production des légumes), l'arboriculture fruitière, la viticulture (production du vin), la sylviculture et l'horticulture.

Les productions animales consistent à élever des animaux, soit pour la consommation directe, soit pour les produits qu'ils génèrent. Les exploitations agricoles peuvent par exemple orienter leur production vers les bovins, les porcins, les ovins/caprins ou les granivores. Les bœufs, veaux, cochons, poulets, lapins, chevaux, agneaux, canards, dindes, oies, escargots constituent des animaux directement utilisés pour l'alimentation humaine ou animale. Le miel, le lait et les produits laitiers, le foie gras, la soie, la laine sont des produits secondaires issus de l'élevage.

Dans les pays développés, la délimitation précise de ce qui entre dans le champ de l'agriculture conduit à de nombreuses conventions qui ne font pas toutes l'objet d'un consensus. Ne sont pas toujours inclus dans l'agriculture la mise en valeur des forêts ou sylviculture, ni l'élevage organisé d'animaux vivant dans l'eau ou aquaculture. En revanche, l'élevage hors sol de certains animaux (volailles et porcs principalement), à partir d'éléments entièrement achetés, ou la production de plantes sur les substrats inertes dans les cultures hydroponiques entrent parfois dans le domaine de l'agriculture.

Les facteurs agricoles

 * l'eau
 * le climat
 * le sol
 * les espèces végétales et animales

Techniques agricoles

 * amélioration végétale
 * amélioration animale
 * élevage
 * fertilisation
 * irrigation
 * machinisme agricole
 * défense des cultures, produits phytosanitaires
 * rotation culturale

 * biotechnologies
 * hydroponie

Les systèmes agricoles
On distingue plusieurs types de systèmes agricoles

 * l'Agriculture extensive
 * l'Agriculture intensive
 * l'Agriculture durable
 * l'Agriculture raisonnée
 * l'Agriculture biologique
 * l'Agriculture écologique
 * L'Agriculture urbaine

Domestication et début de l'agriculture
Le Proche-Orient fut probablement la première région où l'agriculture apparue. La domestication a consisté à observer, puis sélectionner les espèces présentant le plus d'intérêt, puis à modifier le comportement naturel de celles-ci. Pour l'orge, le blé et le seigle, la domestication a commencé entre 9500 et 9000 avant J.-C. autour de la vallée du Jourdain, de l'oasis de Damas et du moyen Euphrate. Vers 8000 avant J.-C., l'élevage se développe et débute par la domestication du chien.

Agriculture et modernité
Au sens étymologique du terme, agriculture signifie « culture des champs ». Il s'agit en effet d'une activité traditionnelle, fondamentale pour l'humanité. Jusqu'au début du XIX siècle, elle était autonome, et fournissait à l'homme l'essentiel de son alimentation ainsi que de son énergie. Cette agriculture était renouvelable, tant qu'il n'y avait pas surexploitation. La chaîne de conversion énergétique végétaux -> animaux -> énergie était de très faible rendement, mais elle générait aussi des sous-produits utiles comme le fumier. À partir de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, ce système millénaire va fondamentalement évoluer, avec l'utilisation des énergies fossiles (charbon, pétrole), les progrès de la chimie minérale et l'introduction des engrais minéraux. L'utilisation croissante de techniques modernes, les progrès en matière de machinisme, les améliorations génétiques des productions animales et végétales, les progrès en matière d'intrants (engrais et produits phytosanitaires), ont permis d'augmenter très fortement les rendements au cours du XXe siècle. Dès 1946, l'agriculture devient dans de nombreux pays une industrie, qui non seulement assure les besoins de l'exploitant, mais fournit un surplus destiné à couvrir les besoins de la population non agricole. L'intensification de l'agriculture datant des années 60 à 80 est aussi connue sous le terme de révolution verte.

En raison des gains de productivité, la population agricole s'est fortement réduite dans les pays économiquement développés. Le monde en voie de développement n'a souvent pas pu bénéficier des avantages de l'agriculture moderne en raison en particulier d'un climat défavorable et d'un manque de capital financier.

Agriculture et environnement
S'il ne fait aucun doute que l'agriculture moderne a permis d'augmenter la production agricole, tout en améliorant globalement la sûreté alimentaire, l'agriculture industrielle intensive est de plus en plus critiquée en raison des dégradations de l'environnement dont elle est parfois responsable, ainsi que de la survenue récentes de crises alimentaires assez sérieuses pour que l'opinion publique s'en inquiète. En France, René Dumont fut l'une des premières personnes à dénoncer les dégâts considérables de la révolution verte, et à lutter contre le productivisme agricole.

D'un point de vue environnemental, citons en particulier la pollution des eaux due à l'utilisation massive d'engrais azotés, la pollution des sols relative à l'utilisation de produits phytosanitaires, l'extinction de certaines espèces animales (papillons). Plus discrets, d'autres aspects tels que l'érosion des sols et l'appauvrissement en espèces marines sont également surveillés. Enfin, l'agriculture génère également des déchets, et ce d'autant plus que le mode de production est intensif et peu diversifié (résidus verts, farines animales, lactose...)

L'utilisation des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) dans certains pays, tels que les États-Unis, le Canada, le Mexique ou la Chine, et les risques qui leur sont associés sont également sujets à de nombreuses discussions. Les dernières années en Europe ont également été l'object de plusieurs crises touchant à la sûreté alimentaire : bœuf aux hormones, poulet aux dioxines, vache folle et maladie de Kreutzfelt-Jakob, contaminations bactériennes d'aliments (fromage par Listeria).

Ces derniers événements ont pour conséquence la mise en place croissante de systèmes de traçabilité qui offrirait à terme des garanties sur la qualité sanitaire du produit.

L'étiquetage devrait permettre au consommateur de décider s'il prend le supplément de risques inhérents à une agriculture intensive ou accepte le prix plus élévé qui accompagne l'émergence ou le développement de techniques agricoles alternatives, telles que l'agriculture biologique, la permaculture, l'agriculture raisonnée et l'agriculture de précision.

L'agriculture constitue un champs multi-disciplinaire, qui se recoupe avec des domaines tels la botanique, la zootechnie, la phytotechnie, les sciences alimentaires, la géologie, la pédologie, l'hydrologie, la microbiologie, les biotechnologies, l'économie, les statistiques, la sociologie...

Articles connexes
Physiologie animale -- Sciences vétérinaires -- Aquaculture -- Botanique -- Physiologie végétale -- Pharmacie vétérinaire -- Phytopathologie -- sécurité alimentaire -- biologie -- Alimentation -- Alimentation animale -- Microbiologie --  Pédologie -- Bioclimatologie  -- Agriculture tropicale -- Equipement agricole -- Biotechnologie -- Industrie alimentaire -- Economie agricole -- Agribusiness -- Ecologie --

Voir aussi

 * Liste des plantes cultivées
 * Liste des animaux d'élevage
 * Liste des fruits et légumes cultivés
 * Liste des agronomes célèbres
 * Rubriques Agriculture, Agronomie

title: User:Anthere/agriculture


text:
User talk:Football in Poland

Football in Poland

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