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Sloped armour

Sloped armour is armour that is oriented neither vertically nor horizontally. Such angled armour is typically mounted on tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), as well as naval vessels such as battleships and cruisers. Sloping an armour plate makes it more difficult to penetrate by anti-tank weapons, such as armour-piercing shells, kinetic energy penetrators and rockets, if they follow a more or less horizontal trajectory to their target, as is often the case. The improved protection is caused by three main effects.

Firstly, a projectile hitting a plate at an angle other than 90° has to move through a greater thickness of armour, compared to hitting the same plate at a right-angle. In the latter case only the plate thickness (the normal to the surface of the armour) must be pierced. Increasing the armour slope improves, for a given plate thickness, the level of protection at the point of impact by increasing the thickness measured in the horizontal plane, the angle of attack of the projectile. The protection of an area, instead of just a single point, is indicated by the average horizontal thickness, which is identical to the area density (in this case relative to the horizontal): the relative armour mass used to protect that area.

If the horizontal thickness is increased by increasing the slope while keeping the plate thickness constant, a longer and thus heavier armour plate is required to protect a certain area. This improvement in protection is simply equivalent to the increase of area density and thus mass, and can offer no weight benefit. Therefore, in armoured vehicle design the two other main effects of sloping have been the motive to apply sloped armour.

One of these is the more efficient envelopment of a certain vehicle volume by armour. In general, more rounded shapes have a smaller surface area relative to their volume. In an armoured vehicle that surface must be covered by heavy armour, so a more efficient shape leads to either a substantial weight reduction or a thicker armour for the same weight. Sloping the armour leads to a better approximation of the ideal rounded shape.

The final effect is that of deflection, deforming and ricochet of a projectile. When it hits a plate under a steep angle, its path might be curved, causing it to move through more armour – or it might bounce off entirely. Also it can be bent, reducing its penetration. Shaped charge warheads may fail to penetrate or even detonate when striking armour at a highly oblique angle. However, these desired effects are critically dependent on the precise armour materials used in relation to the characteristics of the projectile hitting it: sloping might even lead to better penetration.

The sharpest angles are usually designed on the frontal glacis plate, because it is the hull direction most likely to be hit while facing an attack, and also because there is more room to slope in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

Principle

The cause for the increased protection of a certain point at a given normal thickness is the increased line-of-sight (LOS) thickness of the armour, which is the thickness along the horizontal plane, along a line describing the oncoming projectile's general direction of travel. For a given thickness of armour plate, a projectile must travel through a greater thickness of armour to penetrate into the vehicle when it is sloped.

The mere fact that the LOS-thickness increases by angling the plate is not however the motive for applying sloped armour in armoured vehicle design. The reason for this is that this increase offers no weight benefit. To maintain a given mass of a vehicle, the area density would have to remain equal and this implies that the LOS-thickness would also have to remain constant while the slope increases, which again implies that the normal thickness decreases. In other words: to avoid increasing the weight of the vehicle, plates have to get proportionally thinner while their slope increases, a process equivalent to shearing the mass.

Sloped armour provides increased protection for armoured fighting vehicles through two primary mechanisms. The most important is based on the fact that to attain a certain protection level a certain volume has to be enclosed by a certain mass of armour and that sloping may reduce the surface to volume ratio and thus allow for either a lesser relative mass for a given volume or more protection for a given weight. If attack were equally likely from all directions, the ideal form would be a sphere; because horizontal attack is in fact to be expected the ideal becomes an oblate spheroid. Angling flat plates or curving cast armour allows designers to approach these ideals. For practical reasons this mechanism is most often applied on the front of the vehicle, where there is sufficient room to slope and much of the armour is concentrated, on the assumption that unidirectional frontal attack is the most likely. A simple wedge, such as can be seen in the hull design of the M1 Abrams, is already a good approximation that is often applied.

The second mechanism is that shots hitting sloped armour are more likely to be deflected, ricochet or shatter on impact. Modern weapon and armour technology has significantly reduced this second benefit which initially was the main motive sloped armour was incorporated into vehicle design in the Second World War.

The cosine rule
Even though the increased protection to a point, provided by angling a certain armour plate with a given normal thickness causing an increased line-of-sight (LOS) thickness, is of no consideration in armour vehicle design, it is of great importance when determining the level of protection of a designed vehicle. The LOS-thickness for a vehicle in a horizontal position can be calculated by a simple formula, applying the cosine rule: it is equal to the armour's normal thickness divided by the cosine of the armour's inclination from perpendicularity to the projectile's travel (assumed to be in the horizontal plane) or:

 * $$T_L=\frac{T_N}{cos(\theta)}$$

where
 * $$T_L$$: Line of sight thickness
 * $$T_N$$: Normal thickness
 * $$\theta$$: Angle of the sloped armour plate from the vertical

For example, armour sloped sixty degrees back from the vertical presents to a projectile travelling horizontally a line-of-sight thickness twice the armour's normal thickness, as the cosine of 60° is $1⁄2$. When armour thickness or rolled homogeneous armour equivalency (RHAe) values for AFVs are provided without the slope of the armour, the figure provided generally takes into account this effect of the slope, while when the value is in the format of "x units at y degrees", the effects of the slope are not taken into account.

Deflection
Sloping armour can increase protection by a mechanism such as shattering of a brittle kinetic energy penetrator (KEP) or a deflection of that penetrator away from the surface normal, even though the area density remains constant. These effects are strongest when the projectile has a low absolute weight and is short relative to its width. Armour piercing shells of World War II, certainly those of the early years, had these qualities and sloped armour was therefore rather efficient in that period. In the sixties however long-rod penetrators, such as armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot rounds, were introduced, projectiles that are both very elongated and very dense in mass. When hitting a sloped thick homogeneous plate, such a long-rod penetrator will, due to the incoming rear of the projectile acting as a lever, after initial penetration into the armour's LOS thickness, bend toward the armour's normal thickness and take a path with a length between the armour's LOS and normal thicknesses. Also the deformed penetrator tends to act as a projectile of a very large diameter and this stretches out the remaining armour, causing it to fail more easily. If these latter effects occur strongly – for modern penetrators this is typically the case for a slope between 55° and 65° – better protection would be provided by vertically mounted armour of the same area density. Another development decreasing the importance of the principle of sloped armour has been the introduction of ceramic armour in the 1970s. At any given area density, ceramic armour is also best when mounted more vertically, as maintaining the same area density requires the armour be thinned as it is sloped and the ceramic fractures earlier because of its reduced normal thickness.

Sloped armour can also cause projectiles to ricochet, but this phenomenon is much more complicated and as yet not fully predictable. High rod density, impact velocity, and length-to-diameter ratio are factors that contribute to a high critical ricochet angle (the angle at which ricochet is expected to onset) for a long rod projectile, but different formulae may predict different critical ricochet angles for the same situation.

Basic physical principles of deflection

The behaviour of a real world projectile, and the armour plate it hits, depends on many effects and mechanisms, involving their material structure and continuum mechanics which are very difficult to predict. Using only a few basic principles will therefore not result in a model that is a good description of the full range of possible outcomes. However, in many conditions most of these factors have only a negligible effect while a few of them dominate the equation. Therefore, a very simplified model can be created providing a general idea and understanding of the basic physical principles behind these aspects of sloped armour design.

If the projectile travels very fast, and thus is in a state of hypervelocity, the strength of the armour material becomes negligible, because the energy of impact causes both projectile and armour to melt and behave like fluids, and only its area density is an important factor. In this limiting case, after the hit, the projectile continues to penetrate until it has stopped transferring its momentum to the target matter. In this ideal case, only momentum, area cross section, density and LOS-thickness are relevant. The situation of the penetrating metal jet caused by the explosion of the shaped charge of high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition, forms a good approximation of this ideal. Therefore, if the angle is not too extreme, and the projectile is very dense and fast, sloping has little effect and no relevant deflection occurs.

On the other extreme, the more light and slow a projectile is, the more relevant sloping becomes. Typical World War II Armour-Piercing shells were bullet-shaped and had a much lower velocity than a shaped charge jet. An impact would not result in a complete melting of projectile and armour. In this condition the strength of the armour material becomes a relevant factor. If the projectile would be very light and slow, the strength of the armour might even cause the hit to result in just an elastic deformation, the projectile being defeated without damage to the target. Sloping will mean the projectile will have to attain a higher velocity to defeat the armour, because on impact on a sloped armour not all kinetic energy is transferred to the target, the ratio depending on the slope angle. The projectile in a process of elastic collision deflects at an angle of 2$$\alpha$$ (where $$\alpha$$ denotes the angle between the armour plate surface and the projectile's initial direction), however the change of direction could be virtually divided into a deceleration part, when the projectile is halted when moving in a direction perpendicular to the plate (and will move along the plate after having been deflected at an angle of about $$\alpha$$), and a process of elastic acceleration, when the projectile accelerates out of the plate (velocity along the plate is considered as invariant because of negligible friction). Thus the maximum energy accumulated by the plate can be calculated from the deceleration phase of the collision event.

Under the assumption that only elastic deformation occurs and that a target is solid, while disregarding friction, it is easy to calculate the proportion of energy absorbed by a target if it is hit by a projectile, which, if also disregarding more complex deflection effects, after impact bounces off (elastic case) or slides along (idealised inelastic case) the armour plate.

In this very simple model the portion of the energy projected to the target depends on the angle of slope:

 * $$E_d / E_k = {sin^2(\alpha)}$$

where
 * $$E_d$$: Energy transferred to the target
 * $$E_k$$: Incident kinetic energy of projectile
 * $$\alpha$$: Angle of the sloped armour plate from the projectile's initial direction

However, in practice the AP-shells were powerful enough that the forces involved reach the plastic deformation limit and the elasticity of the plate could accumulate only a small part of the energy. In that case the armour plate would yield and much of the energy and force be spent by the deformation. As such this means that approximately half the deflection can be assumed (just $$\alpha$$ rather than 2$$\alpha$$) and the projectile will groove into the plate before it slides along, rather than bounce off. Plasticity surface friction is also very low in comparison to the plastic deformation energy and can be neglected. This implies that the formula above is principally valid also for the plastic deformation case, but because of the gauge grooved into the plate a larger surface angle $$\alpha$$ should be taken into account.

Not only would this imply that the energy transferred to the target would thus be used to damage it; it would also mean that this energy would be higher because the effective angle $$\alpha$$ in the formula is now higher than the angle of the armour slope. The value of the appropriate real $$\alpha$$' which should be substituted cannot be derived from this simple principle and can only be determined by a more sophisticated model or simulation.

On the other hand, that very same deformation will also cause, in combination with the armour plate slope, an effect that diminishes armour penetration. Though the deflection is under conditions of plastic deformation smaller, it will nevertheless change the course of the grooving projectile which again will result in an increase of the angle between the new armour surface and the projectile's initial direction. Thus the projectile has to work itself through more armour and, though in absolute terms thereby more energy could be absorbed by the target, it is more easily defeated, the process ideally ending in a complete ricochet.

Historical application

One of the earliest documented instances of the concept of sloped armour is in the drawing of Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle. Sloped armour was actually used on nineteenth century early Confederate ironclads, such as CSS Virginia, and partially implemented on the first French tank, the Schneider CA1 in the First World War, but the first tanks to be completely fitted with sloped armour were the French SOMUA S35 and other contemporary French tanks like the Renault R35, which had fully cast hulls and turrets. It was also used to a greater effect on the famous Soviet T-34 battle tank by the Soviet tank design team of the Kharkov Locomotive Factory, led by Mikhail Koshkin. It was a technological response to the more effective anti-tank guns being put into service at this time.

The T-34 had profound impact on German WWII tank design. Pre- or early war designs like the Panzer IV and Tiger I differ clearly from post 1941 vehicles like for example the Panther, Tiger II, Hetzer, Jagdpanzer IV, Jagdpanther and Jagdtiger, which all had sloped armour. This is especially evident because German tank armour was generally not cast but consisted of welded plates.

Sloped armour became very much the fashion after World War II, its most pure expression being perhaps the British Chieftain. However, the latest main battle tanks use perforated and composite armour, which attempts to deform and abrade a penetrator rather than deflecting it, as deflecting a long rod penetrator is difficult. These tanks have a more blocky appearance. Examples include the Leopard 2 and M1 Abrams. An exception is the Israeli Merkava.

title: Sloped armour


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Joice

Joice

 * Joice (name)
 * Kia Joice, a MPV made by Korean automaker KIA Motors
 * Joice, Iowa

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joice


text: File:Eric Clapton August.jpg

title: File:Eric Clapton August.jpg


text:
Talk:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell

Untitled
Shouldn't this be at Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell? Proteus (Talk) 19:37, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, like his father, he's probably better known just by his given name, so I'd say to keep him here. john k 20:06, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

How famous is he as a historian? I've only ever heard of him in political contexts (and thus I only know him as "the Earl Russell"), but I'm not a historian (well, not a modern historian at any rate). Proteus (Talk) 20:15, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

He's one of the most famous historians of 17th century Britain, I'd say. Perhaps the most famous living one, given that Hugh Trevor-Roper and Christopher Hill are now dead. At any rate, Emsworth, couldn't you have discussed this before moving it? john k 14:58, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sadly, no longer living Epeeist smudge 06:17, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

6th Earl Russell
I though that hereditary titles had been abolished now? Dunc|☺ 20:19, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No, only the right of (most) hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords. --rbrwr± 21:28, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Lib Dems website link
We should really leave the link to the page at the lib dems site as it is - r.i.p. Even if NULL / NULL is a bit strange to read. -- .~.

Alleged doubtful scholarship and political partisanship
"Russell's expectation that he would succeed Michael Howard as Regius Professor of History at the University of Oxford was unfulfilled, partly because of doubts long-held in the university about his scholarship and partly because his political partisanship made him unacceptable for such a prestigious post." This may or may not be accurate, but it is strongly expressed and unsourced and comes across as (slightly malicious) academic gossip. Should it be removed? 45ossington (talk) 08:36, 20 February 2015 (UTC) Russell told Tom Cogswell after Michael Howard's prospective resignation as Regius Professor was announced that he was going to be his successor. Richard Cobb's letters (My dear Hugh) testify to the view held by Trevor-Roper and Christopher Hill that Russell was "a fraud". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:69EF:EB00:942F:5A5F:E0A6:24AA (talk) 19:07, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

I've removed it. It's unsourced and comes across as unencyclopaedic to the point of being bitchy. Puffin123 (talk) 01:01, 15 February 2024 (UTC).

title: Talk:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell


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Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve

Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. National Monument and National Preserve, consisting of the region around the Aniakchak volcano on the Aleutian Range of south-western Alaska. It has erupted at least 40 times over the last 10,000 years. The 601294 acre monument is one of the least-visited places in the National Park System due to its remote location and difficult weather. The area was proclaimed a National Monument on December 1, 1978, and established as a National Monument and Preserve on December 2, 1980. The National Monument encompasses 137,176 acres and the preserve 464,118 acre. Visitation to Aniakchak is the lowest of all areas of the U.S. National Park System, according to the NPS, with only 100 documented recreational visits in 2017. Most visitors fly into Surprise Lake inside Aniakchak Crater, but the frequent fog and other adverse weather conditions make landing in the lake difficult. It is also possible to fly into the nearby village of Port Heiden and proceed overland to the Aniakchak Crater.

The core of the national monument lands encompasses the 6 mi wide Aniakchak Crater. The high point on the caldera rim is Aniakchak Peak. The lake within the caldera, Surprise Lake, is the source of the Aniakchak River. Multiple streams and rivers within the caldera flow into Surprise Lake to form it. In addition to Surprise Lake, the other prominent feature inside the caldera is Vent Mountain, the site of the most recent (1931) eruption within the caldera. The preserve lands flank the monument on either side. Subsistence hunting is allowed in both the monument and preserve, and sport hunting is allowed in the preserve. The region was virtually unexplored until the 1920s, when exploration for oil brought reports of an un-described volcano. A moderate eruption in 1931 forming Vent Mountain resulted in significant publicity, spurring studies to declare the region a national monument. It was not until 1978 that a monument was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter under the Antiquities Act. The monument and preserve were established within their final boundaries in 1980 with the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act.

Description
Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve is located about 450 mi southwest of Anchorage, Alaska, on the Alaska Peninsula. It is not accessible by road, except from Port Heiden, a nearby village, and then only to the outer flanks of the caldera. The only ways to reach the monument are by floatplane to lakes, particularly Surprise Lake, or sheltered coastal waters, or by boat or airplane to coastal towns near preserve lands followed by overland or overwater traverse. Notoriously bad weather makes access to Aniakchak unpredictable. Drop-offs and pick-ups may be significantly delayed. There are no permanent facilities in the monument and the NPS does not require visitor registration. Visitor services are provided by the interagency King Salmon Visitor Center in King Salmon, Alaska, shared with Lake Clark National Park, Katmai National Park and Preserve, and other National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service units and Alaska local and state agencies. The monument adjoins the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge on its northeast and southwest sides. Monument lands amount to 137000 acre, and preserve lands 465000 acre.

The national monument is centered on the 6 mi diameter crater of ancient Mount Aniakchak, which was destroyed and the resulting crater formed during a caldera collapse event about 3,700 years ago. The original mountain, about 7000 ft tall, collapsed into its magma chamber, leaving an approximate 3,300 ft deep summit crater. (The elevation of the high point on the crater rim, Aniakchak Peak, is approximately 4,380 feet. The elevation of the low point of the caldera floor, at the mouth of Surprise Lake and the beginning of the Aniakchak River, is approximately 1,055 feet.)  The monument and surrounding preserve include the volcanic feature, the wild Aniakchak River, the Bristol Bay coastal habitat, and portions of the coast of the Pacific Ocean.

Prominent features within Aniakchak crater include Surprise Lake and the Gates (the cleft in the caldera rim through which the Aniakchak River flows from Surprise lake to the Pacific Ocean) and Vent Mountain.

The Aniakchak River flows 30 miles to Aniakchak Bay on the coast and can be navigated by inflatable raft or kayak. Upper stretches of the river drop as much as 75 feet per mile and narrow to as little as 15 feet. Lower sections widen into meandering oxbows at sections within view of Cape Horn.

Geology
The monument and preserve include four major physiographic regions. The monument is centered on the mountains of the Aleutian Range and Aniakchak Crater. The volcano's caldera presents an active volcanic and geothermal landscape and Surprise Lake, the source of the Aniakchak River. Extending outward from the mountains are the glacially altered river valleys. The coastline region extends for 52 mi along the southeastern side of the peninsula where it faces the Pacific Ocean.

The mountain spine of the Aleutian Range consists of uplifted mountains of moderate height, reaching 2500 m. The mountain environment is predominantly alpine tundra. Superimposed on the mountain chain are a series of volcanoes, the largest of which is the remnant of Mount Aniakchak, now largely collapsed into its caldera, the floor of which lies about 1100 ft above sea level. The caldera was once partly filled by a crater lake that covered about 50% of the crater. The caldera wall was eventually breached, leading to a catastrophic flood as the lake drained. Its remnant is Surprise Lake, the source of the Aniakchak River.

The river valley zones are subdivided into southeastern and northwestern areas. On the southeast side, the rivers fall steeply through volcanic ash deposits where vegetation has largely recolonized the areas devastated by the volcano's eruption. On the northwest side, the rivers are more gently sloped and the land is boggy with lush vegetation. The southeast coastal region is deeply indented, with coastal cliffs, headlands and islands. Three large bays are the remnants of earlier volcanic craters. The two larger bays are Aniakchak and Amber Bays, and the smaller is Kejulik Bay. All have cinder-covered beaches between the sea and large freshwater lagoons.

Ecology
The Alaska Peninsula climate is cool and wet. Regular Pacific Ocean storms produce estimated annual precipitation exceeding 100 in along the coast, with more precipitation probable in the mountains. The weather is typically cloudy and windy, producing low ceilings and rough waters that make both aviation and boating hazardous.

Encompassing coastal and mountain habitats, Aniakchak is home to a wide variety of plants and animals. Large terrestrial animals include caribou, Alaskan moose, brown bears, wolf packs and wolverines. Marine mammals include harbor seals, sea lions and sea otters. The 1931 volcanic eruption at Vent Mountain within the crater disrupted plant communities around the volcano, which are now recovering and which are the subject of scientific research.

History
The prehistory of the Aniakchak area is only beginning to come to light as a result of recent archaeological surveys funded by the National Park Service. Present-day native residents consider themselves to be of Aleut ancestry, but linguistic studies indicate that they are related to the similarly named Alutiiq people of Peninsula Yup'ik ancestry. Currently, there is no evidence to suggest when Alutiiq-speaking people first arrived in the region. Archaeological data reveal that the entire central Alaska Peninsula was occupied, abandoned, and re-colonized numerous times, perhaps in response to recurrent catastrophic volcanism and subsequent processes of ecological succession. Nothing is known of the people who lived in the area prior to the 3,700 BP eruption of the Aniakchak volcano. Because there is ample evidence for human habitation in areas nearby, prior to the caldera-forming eruption, it is unlikely that the Aniakchak region was uninhabited. However, the eruption fundamentally altered the landscape, and likely buried the pre-eruption evidence for human activity under many meters of volcanic debris. Lands nearest the caldera were largely uninhabited for millennia: the Pacific Coast was re-colonized by approximately 2000 years ago while the Meshik River drainage was re-colonized approximately 1700 years ago. The cultural affiliations of these colonists have not yet been determined, however it is likely that different people moved into the area at different times.

Russian exploration of Alaska began in the mid-18th century, with fur traders arriving shortly afterwards to take advantage of the sea otters that populated the coast. Traders and native trappers took sea otters along both sides of the Aleutian peninsula. The first recorded mention of the Aniachak region appears in an 1827 atlas, which notes "Baie Amah-chak" and "Cap Kumlik." In 1831 the cast was mapped by the Russian Navy and followed up by two more expeditions in the 1840s. The region was mostly avoided through the rest of the 19th century, apart from a few fur trappers who did not prosper.

The development of the salmon fishing industry in Alaska brought a cannery to Chignik Lagoon in 1882, about 50 mi southwest of the future monument. The industry expanded, building fish traps in Aniakchak Bay by 1917. Other traps followed through 1937, some operating until 1949. The Alaska Packers' Association built a bunkhouse on Aniakchak Bay in the 1920s to house workers who maintained the trap and harvested fish during the summer months. At the same time, fur trappers arrived, this time to gather furs from inland mammals.

Reports of oil seeps on the peninsula and on the cape between Aniakchak and Amber Bays in the 1920s brought petroleum exploration and claims, some of which described the "Aniakchak Field." Detailed surveys established that the seeps did not exist, and that much of the region was composed of non-oil-bearing igneous rock, ending speculation. The reports did provoke interest from the U.S. Geological Survey, and in 1922 and 1925 USGS parties surveyed the region. These surveys brought the first detailed accounts of what they described as an "extinct volcano," of which fragmentary information had only emerged after 1919. However, in 1931 Half Cone, one of the cinder cones in the caldera, erupted throughout May of that year, causing ashfalls at distances up to 300 mi.

Father Bernard R. Hubbard was a Jesuit priest and professor of geology at Santa Clara University in California, who had been exploring Alaska's volcanoes and glaciers every summer season since 1927 and writing about them in best-selling books and in publications such as National Geographic and the Saturday Evening Post. Intrigued by the Alaska Peninsula's volcanoes, he first visited the Aniakchak region in 1930. Hubbard and four companions arrived at the mouth of the Aniakchak River in June 1930. They used a 15 ft open motorboat to boat up the river, then explored the caldera, finding fumaroles in the crater. They returned in 1931 in time to document (somewhat inaccurately) the aftermath of the May eruption. In 1932 Hubbard and pilot Frank Dorbrandt flew into the caldera and landed on Surprise Lake. Hubbard's dramatically written but mostly accurate descriptions of the region appeared in the New York Times and captured popular imaginations, publicizing the Aniakchak region for the first time. Hubbard described the area as a "wonderland". A follow-up article by Barrett Willoughby in the Saturday Evening Post entitled "The Moon Craters of Alaska" discussed Hubbard's expedition to Aniakchak and nearby Mount Veniaminof in greater detail. National Park Service director Horace M. Albright and his then-assistant Arno B. Cammerer saw the stories and started preparation of documents to proclaim a national monument under the Antiquities Act. After the proposed boundary was altered to exclude regions thought by the USGS to be potential oil sources, the proposed monument was circulated among other federal and territorial agencies for comment. Although there was no particular objection to the monument, there was no strong push for the designation, and the Aniakchak project was shunted aside in favor of a proclamation expanding Katmai National Monument.

In 1932, Aniakchak Bay and the lagoon behind were discovered to have rich beds of razor clams. A cannery was established that year, quickly exhausting the stocks. Over the next decades the region became largely deserted, frequented only by trappers and fishermen. A flurry of renewed interest in oil leases in the 1950s came to nothing. In the 1960s, sport hunters began to frequent the area, focusing primarily on bear and caribou.

National monument
Interest in a National Park Service unit at Aniakchak was renewed in the 1960s. In 1964, newly appointed Park Service director George B. Hartzog Jr. initialed a study of Alaskan lands titled Operation Great Land. The study recommended protection of Aniakchak. Further studies supported the report's recommendations. In the interim, the Aniakchak caldera was designated a national natural landmark in August 1970. In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), which established a framework for the disposition of federal lands in Alaska. The process dictated by ANCSA required agencies to "withdraw" lands which they felt they should administer. The Park Service withdrew 740200 acre around Mount Aniakchak in 1973. The same year a 1500000 acre Aniakchak Caldera National Recreation Area was proposed, extending to both sides of the peninsula and including Port Heiden on Bristol Bay. Opposition from native groups and the presence of mining claims on some lands forced a scaled-back plan for Aniakchak Caldera National Monument that, at 580000 acre, was close to the present area. At about the same time the Aniakchak River was nominated for the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.

The proposal for a national recreation area was in part a response to concerns that national monument designation would prohibit sport hunting. An early version of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), introduced in 1977, addressed the hunting issue by proposing a national monument in the core of the area around the caldera and a national preserve, which would allow sport hunting, in adjacent areas. By late 1978 the bill had become stalled in Congress. With a deadline approaching for the disposition of the lands, President Jimmy Carter was compelled to act.

Aniakchak National Monument was proclaimed on December 1, 1978, by Carter using his authority under the Antiquities Act. The monument covered 380000 acre, excluding the area between the caldera and the coast. In 1980 the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) was finally passed, establishing the unit as a national monument surrounded by a larger national preserve that extended to the coast on the south side of the peninsula. The monument allows subsistence hunting by local residents in most areas and the preserve allows both subsistence and sport hunting. Sport hunting and trapping are therefore only permitted in Aniakchak National Preserve. The most common species hunted include moose and brown bear.

In 1989 the Exxon Valdez oil spill brought oil contamination to the Aniakchak coast. The spill took place on March 24, but oil did not reach the coast of the preserve until July 2. Roughly two thirds of the 68 mi of coast were oiled, but not heavily. Cleanup continued from 1989 into 1990.

Aniakchak has the lowest visitor total of any publicly open national park unit in the United States. The number of people actually entering the area is certainly higher, the result of subsistence hunting policies which do not count subsistence hunters, and a few commercial hunting guides hold commercial use permits in the preserve. The National Park Service manages Aniakchak through Katmai National Park and its superintendent.

Historic structures
The Aniakchak Bay Historic Landscape District, also known as the Aniakchak Bay House Pits, surrounds the Aniakchak River from Aniakchak Crater to Aniakchak Bay. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The site includes the former Columbia River Packers Association cabin at the mouth of the river and surrounding lands, for a total of 10 contributing properties. Archaeological surveys of the area have turned up evidence of native occupation over the last 2000 years.


text: User talk:64.12.116.74

title: User talk:64.12.116.74


text:
Saint-André-d'Hébertot

Saint-André-d'Hébertot is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Saint-André-d'Hébertot


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Mandalay Pictures

Mandalay Pictures or Mandalay Vision is an American independent film production company founded on May 27, 1995, which is part of producer and businessman Peter Guber's Mandalay Entertainment. From 1997 until 2002, Lionsgate owned a stake in Mandalay Pictures before selling it. The company's mascot is a tiger.

History
The film studio was formed at the same time as the parent company Mandalay Entertainment in 1995 by Peter Guber, who was formerly head of Sony Pictures Entertainment and The Guber-Peters Company. At first, it struck an exclusive film and television deal with Sony Pictures Entertainment, which was releasing its films through the Columbia and TriStar distribution labels.

In 1998, it was moved over from Sony to Paramount Pictures. At the same time, it struck a partnership with Lions Gate Entertainment to acquire the assets of the company. The deal did not include the television division, which remained with Columbia TriStar Television. In September 1998, Mandalay signed a distribution deal with Canal+ and Pathé joint-venture C+P to handle distribution of Mandalay's films in the United Kingdom, France and Belgium/Luxembourg.

In 2002, the deal was transferred from Paramount Pictures to Universal Pictures, and launched its international sales division. In November 2002, it was separated from Lions Gate Entertainment.

In 2004, Ori Marmur left Mandalay Pictures, and decided to join Original Film. Ironically Original Film is producing the I Know What You Did Last Summer movies for Mandalay Pictures.

In 2007, it launched a division Mandalay Independent Pictures, and it was to focus on making independent pictures. In 2010, it became Mandalay Vision and Matthew Rhodes was appointed president in 2011.

Films
Here are the films produced by Mandalay.

title: Mandalay Pictures


text:
Folk tale (disambiguation)

A folktale or folk tale is a story from the oral literature.

Folktale, Folktales, Folk Tale, etc. may also refer to:
 * A Folk Tale, an 1854 ballet by Danish choreographer August Bournonville
 * Folk Tale (album), a 2011 album by Christy Moore
 * Folktales (album), a 2000 studio album by the band The Big Wu

title: Folk tale (disambiguation)


text:
Young Guns II

Young Guns II is a 1990 American Western action film and a sequel to Young Guns (1988). It stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, and Christian Slater, and features William Petersen as Pat Garrett. It was written by John Fusco and directed by Geoff Murphy.

It follows the life of Billy the Kid, played by Emilio Estevez, in the years following the Lincoln County War in which Billy was part of "The Regulators" – a group of around six highly skilled gunmen avenging the death of John Tunstall – and the years leading up to Billy's documented death. The film is told by Brushy Bill Roberts, a man who in 1950 appeared claiming to be the real Billy the Kid.

While the film takes some creative license, it does show some of the main events leading up to Billy's documented death, including his talks with Governor Lew Wallace, his capture by friend-turned-foe Sheriff Pat Garrett, his trial and his subsequent escape in which he killed two deputies.

Plot
In 1950, attorney Charles Phalen is contacted by elderly "Brushy Bill" Roberts, who seeks a pardon he was promised 70 years earlier by the governor of the New Mexico Territory. Dismissing Bill's claim that he is really William H. Bonney aka "Billy The Kid", widely believed to have been killed in 1881, Phalen asks if Bill has any proof.

Bill's story begins in 1879, as the famed outlaw has formed a new gang with "Arkansas" Dave Rudabaugh and Pat Garrett. In the wake of the Lincoln County War, New Mexico Governor Lew Wallace has issued warrants for the arrest of everyone involved. Billy's former compatriot Doc Scurlock, now a schoolteacher in New York, is captured and imprisoned alongside fellow Regulator Jose Chavez y Chavez and their old enemies.

Now the most wanted man in New Mexico, Billy meets with Governor Wallace, who agrees to pardon him if he testifies against the Dolan-Murphy faction. Instead, Billy discovers he has been tricked into being arrested with no chance of testifying. He escapes, returning with Dave and Garrett and posing as a lynch mob to free Doc and Chavez, who reluctantly join them on the "Mexican Blackbird" trail to Mexico. Desperate for reinforcements, the gang accepts farmer Hendry William French and teenage Yankee Tom O'Folliard, while Garrett decides to stay behind to open a boarding house.

Billy demands a $500 debt from former ally John Chisum, leaving two of the cattle baron's men dead. Furious, Chisum joins Wallace and they offer Garrett the job of Lincoln County sheriff and $1000 to hunt Bonney down. Forming a posse, Garrett recruits a journalist to document their pursuit. Billy leaves a taunting message for Garrett, and Rudabaugh tries to dig up an Apache burial ground, resulting in a knife fight with the Mexican-Indian Chavez.

Billy and the gang reach the town of White Oaks, spending the night at a bordello run by his former companion Jane Greathouse. A lynch mob gathers, and Deputy Carlyle offers to let the gang go in exchange for handing over Chavez, but Billy dresses the deputy as Chavez and pushes him outside, where he is shot dead by the mob. Garrett tracks the gang to the bordello and burns it down, while Jane strips naked to humiliate the townsfolk and rides away.

The gang is followed closely by Garrett's posse and Tom is shot dead by Garrett, leading Billy to admit that the Mexican Blackbird was only a ruse to keep the gang together. Doc tries to leave for home, but is shot by one of Garrett's men and sacrifices himself to enable his friends to escape, though Chavez is wounded and Billy is captured. Brought back to Lincoln, Billy is sentenced to death and is visited by Jane. She leaves him a pistol in the outhouse, which he uses to kill two guards and escape to Fort Sumner.

Billy finds his gang, but Dave has fled for Mexico, and a dying Chavez leaves to meet his fate alone. That night, an unarmed Billy is confronted by Garrett, and asks to be allowed to run to Mexico while Garrett tells the authorities that he killed him. Certain that Billy would not be able to resist coming back to the United States, Garrett refuses, and prepares to shoot Billy in the back. In the morning, a burial is held for Billy, but Garrett's horse is taken by an unseen figure.

Back in 1950, Brushy Bill concludes his story, convincing Phalen that he is Billy the Kid. An epilogue reveals that Dave was beheaded in Mexico as a warning to other outlaws; Garrett's book was a failure and he was shot and killed in 1908; Brushy Bill met with the governor of New Mexico, but despite corroboration from several surviving friends of the Kid, he was discredited and died less than a month later; whether or not he was Billy the Kid remains a mystery.

Cast
Jon Bon Jovi briefly appears in a nonspeaking role as a bandit who attempts escaping during the prison scene.

Development and writing
Screenwriter-producer John Fusco culled much of Billy's dialogue from actual newspaper interviews and reports between 1879 and 1881. Fusco appears as the "Branded Man" in the prison pit escape scene alongside Jon Bon Jovi. The cattle brand on Fusco's face reads J.C. for cattle rancher John Chisum.

John Chisum, played by James Coburn, in the film convinces Pat Garrett to accept a job as the new Lincoln County Sheriff. Coburn played Garrett in Sam Peckinpah's Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973).

Historical accuracy
The historical Josiah "Doc" Scurlock lived to the age of 80 and died a respectable man in Eastland, Texas in 1929. The film's original screenplay accurately portrays Scurlock as heading to Texas with his bride. It has been reported that Kiefer Sutherland, faced with scheduling conflicts, refused to return to the Young Guns franchise unless his character died in the movie's Stinking Springs shoot-out. Writer John Fusco fought against this demand, but ultimately rewrote the scene to accommodate Sutherland's schedule.

Similarly, José Chavez y Chavez's death in the movie is an inaccurate portrayal. The real Chavez y Chavez lived to be an old man and died at the age of 72 in 1924. In both Young Guns and Young Guns II, he fights mainly with knives, but historical records show that he was as skilled a gunman as the others.

Although Tom O'Folliard was shot by Pat Garrett, he was not from Pennsylvania, and nor was he a young boy. He was played by a 14-year-old Balthazar Getty in the film, but in real life he was 20–21 years old when he died.

Soundtrack
Emilio Estevez originally approached Jon Bon Jovi to ask him for permission to include the song "Wanted Dead or Alive" on the soundtrack. Bon Jovi didn't feel the song's lyrics were appropriate; however, he was inspired by the project and resolved to write a new song for the film that would be more in keeping with the period and setting. He quickly wrote the song "Blaze of Glory", and performed it on acoustic guitar in the Utah desert for Estevez and John Fusco.

"Blaze of Glory" went on to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Jon Bon Jovi named his debut solo album Blaze of Glory, released as Young Guns II: Blaze Of Glory in the UK, which included the eponymous single as well as other songs from and inspired by the film.

The album peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart.

Jon Bon Jovi made a cameo appearance in the film, as one of the prisoners in the pit with Doc and Chavez (he can be seen 28 minutes and 8 seconds into the movie).

Score
The film's original score was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri, who provided string arrangements for the song "Santa Fe" and has one brief track on Blaze Of Glory. In September 2011 Intrada Records issued Silvestri's score on its own CD.

 * 1) Scars (5:10)
 * 2) Small Hands (3:04)
 * 3) Lynch Mob (4:11)
 * 4) Finish the Game (2:50)
 * 5) Yoo Hoo (2:43)
 * 6) Devil's Deal (1:26)
 * 7) More Than Hello (2:34)
 * 8) Tom Sees the Light (1:30)
 * 9) Coy Dog (2:38)
 * 10) Ride to Guano City (1:09) ("Guano City" on Blaze of Glory)
 * 11) Battle (2:46)
 * 12) Little Tom Dies (6:49)
 * 13) Garrett's Place (1:10)
 * 14) Chavez's Wound (3:01)
 * 15) You Gonna Shoot? (3:33)
 * 16) Stolen Horse (Finale) (1:18)

In July 2018, Rusted Wave released a limited edition of 1000 double LP vinyl pressing of Alan Silvertri's score cut at 45 RPM.

Box office
Young Guns II opened on August 1, 1990, in the United States in 1,770 theaters, accumulating $8,017,438 over its opening weekend. It finished third for the weekend, behind Ghost (in its fourth week), and Presumed Innocent (in its second week). The film grossed $44,143,410 in the United States and Canada. Internationally it grossed $15 million for a worldwide total of $59 million. The film was also successful on video rental.

Critical response
Young Guns II received mostly negative reviews by critics when it was first released. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received a 31% approval rating by critics based on 26 reviews. Metacritic gave the film a score of 47 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

The Los Angeles Times said: “Full of sound, gunfire, fury and scorchingly beautiful landscapes, Young Guns II generates more sheer visual excitement than any Western since Peckinpah and Leone were in their last '70s prime." Roger Ebert, who gave Young Guns II two stars out of four, stated that "the screenplay feels unfinished, the direction is ambling, but the performances are interesting." Chris Hicks from Deseret News gave the film two out of four stars, stating that Young Guns II was "sumptuously shot, very well-acted and full of potential."

Sequel
In January 2021, a sequel was teased by screenwriter John Fusco who shared a mock poster for Young Guns 3: Alias Billy the Kid. In March, Estevez told Collider people were interested in seeing him play the character again and that a third film is "definitely in the works." In September 2021, more information came out about the sequel, including that Lou Diamond Phillips and Christian Slater would return to the franchise.

title: Young Guns II


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Austin O'Brien

Austin Taylor O'Brien (born May 11, 1981) is an American actor and photographer. He is known for playing the co-lead Danny Madigan in the Arnold Schwarzenegger film Last Action Hero, followed by his turn into romance as Nick Zsigmond in My Girl 2, a part in both The Lawnmower Man and its sequel, and as Josh Greene in the CBS drama Promised Land. O'Brien originally gained fame from a Circuit City commercial as a kid who, after finding out he had saved money, says "Cool" to the store's employee.

O'Brien was born in Eugene, Oregon, to Valerie and Dan O'Brien. His elder sister is actress Amanda O'Brien and his younger brother is actor Trever O'Brien.

title: Austin O'Brien


text:
Talk:Odon de Conteville

He was the partner of the Bayeux tapestry and founded the Abbaye de Troarn in 1059.

How can one be a partner of a tapestry? :) Thue 19:48, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Odon de Conteville


text:
Footville

Footville may refer to:
 * Footville, North Carolina
 * Footville, Ohio
 * Footville, Wisconsin

title: Footville


text:
Lou Diamond Phillips

Louis Diamond Phillips (born Upchurch; February 17, 1962) is an American actor. His breakthrough came when he starred as Ritchie Valens in the biographical drama film La Bamba (1987). For Stand and Deliver (1988), Phillips was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won an Independent Spirit Award.

Phillips made his Broadway debut with the 1996 revival of The King and I, earning a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of King Mongkut of Siam. Phillips' other notable films include Young Guns (1988), Young Guns II (1990), Courage Under Fire (1996), The Big Hit (1998), Brokedown Palace (1999), Che (2008), and The 33 (2015). In the television series Longmire, he played a main character named Henry Standing Bear. He played New York City Police Lieutenant Gil Arroyo on Prodigal Son on FOX from 2019 to 2021.

Early life
Phillips was born February 17, 1962, at the Subic Bay Naval Station in the Philippines, the son of Lucita Umayam Aranas and Gerald Amon Upchurch (1935–1963), a Marine KC-130 crew chief. His father was an American of Scots-Irish and Cherokee descent.

Phillips was named after the US Marine Leland "Lou" Diamond. After his father's death, he was adopted by his stepfather and his surname was changed to Phillips.

Phillips was raised in Texas. He graduated from Flour Bluff High School in Corpus Christi in 1980 and from the University of Texas at Arlington with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Drama.

1980s
The first low-budget film in which he starred was called Trespasses. Phillips' big break came with the starring role in La Bamba (1987) in which he played early rocker Ritchie Valens. Prior to his cinematic breakthrough, he starred in the Miami Vice episode "Red Tape" (March 13, 1987), portraying detective Bobby Diaz.

In 1988, Phillips co-starred with Edward James Olmos in the inner-city high school drama Stand and Deliver, in a role for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture and won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male. He plays Angel David Guzman, a cholo gangster who is inspired by his math teacher, Jaime Escalante, to excel at calculus. Working to master the subject, he develops a friendship with his teacher. Stand and Deliver was filmed before La Bamba, but it was released a year later. In 1988 Phillips co-starred with Emilio Estevez and Kiefer Sutherland in the Western film Young Guns, in which he plays Jose Chavez y Chavez, a historical Old West outlaw.

1990s
In 1990, he revisited the role of Jose Chavez y Chavez in Young Guns II.

In the mid-1990s, Phillips was a vocalist with the Los Angeles-based rock group The Pipefitters.

In 1993, Phillips was among the guests on the Randy Travis television special Wind in the Wire.

In 1996, Phillips made his Broadway debut as the King in Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II's The King and I. Phillips won a Theatre World Award, and was nominated for both a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his performance.

In 1998, he starred as Cisco, the counterpart of the main character Melvin Smiley (played by Mark Wahlberg) in the comedy-action film The Big Hit.

2000s
He later featured a minor role in the TV sitcom George Lopez (2002–2004) as George Lopez's half-brother. He also played a role in the first season of the TV series 24 as secret government agent Mark DeSalvo, opposite former Young Guns star Kiefer Sutherland. Phillips played the recurring role of FBI agent Ian Edgerton in the television series Numb3rs. Edgerton is an FBI tracker and sniper who works as an instructor at Quantico FBI Academy when he is not working a case in the field. Phillips won the second season of the NBC reality series, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, over pro wrestler Torrie Wilson. Phillips currently hosts the weekly series An Officer and a Movie on The Military Channel. This series features various theatrical World War II dramas, with discussion breaks during the film in which Phillips interviews members of the US military and intelligence communities about details of the events that inspired each film.

In 2003, he starred in a cameo role with Harrison Ford in an action-comedy film Hollywood Homicide.

On September 11, 2007, Phillips joined the touring troupe for Lerner and Loewe's Camelot in the role of King Arthur.

Phillips had a recurring role as Colonel Telford in the Stargate Universe television series during its two-season run on the SyFy channel 2009–2011. He played the would-be commander of the Destiny expedition, who is left behind when an accident launches an unsuspecting crew into deep space. The commander works from Earth to bring the crew home, often coming into conflict with the shipborne command characters.

2010s
In January 2012, he was one of eight celebrities participating in the Food Network reality series Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off. On January 29, 2012, he was announced as the winner with a Zagat score of 28 out of 30, thereby winning $50,000 for his charity.

In June 2012, Phillips began co-starring in the television series Longmire, about a modern-day sheriff played by Robert Taylor. Phillips played Henry Standing Bear, a Native American, who is Longmire's best friend, often helping him with cases and in dealing with the reservation police who do not respect or like outsiders, especially other law enforcement.

In December 2012, he was featured in Imagine Dragons' music video for "Radioactive", which went on to eclipse 1 billion views on YouTube. In February 2013, Phillips appeared as star of the comedy short film Lucy in the Sky with Diamond, playing a hyperbolized version of himself known as the elusive and mysterious LDP—a renegade, spirit guide, and life coach who attempts to help John (John Patrick Jordan) get over a particularly disconcerting ex-girlfriend. The award-winning short was written and directed by Joey Boukadakis.

In July 2014, he replaced the injured Jason Scott Lee in Opera Australia's Melbourne production of The King and I, reprising his role as the King of Siam, playing opposite Lisa McCune as Anna Leonowens.

In 2015, he also guest-starred in The Wiggles Rock and Roll PreSchool DVD and made guest appearances on their TV program on ABC.

In 2016, Phillips portrayed serial killer Richard Ramirez in The Night Stalker.

2020s
In 2023, Phillips competed in season nine of The Masked Singer as "Mantis". After being spared by Robin Thicke ringing the Ding Dong Keep It On Bell on "WB Movie Night", he was eliminated during the "Battle of the Saved" alongside Keenan Allen as "Gargoyle". Phillips also mentioned that he did the competition for his daughter Indigo and her friend Fluffy. That same year, he starred opposite Malcolm McDowell in the independently-produced comedy thriller film Et Tu.

Radio
Phillips starred in four episodes of the radio series The Twilight Zone: Vol. 1, "A Kind of a Stopwatch"; Vol. 3, "The Parallel; Vol. 10, "Miniature"; and Vol. 12, "Long Live Walter Jameson".

Writing
Phillips co-wrote the screenplay for Trespasses and HBO's Dangerous Touch, and wrote the Miramax feature Ambition. In 2019 Aethon Books announced that it would be publishing Phillips' debut novel, Tinderbox: Soldier of Indira, a science fiction retelling of the Hans Christian Andersen story of the same name, illustrated by his wife, Yvonne.

Poker
Phillips has been a regular poker player since college. In May 2009, Phillips placed 31st of 403 entrants in the 2009 California State Poker Championship Limit Texas hold 'em. He cashed in the $10,000 July 2009 World Series of Poker World Championship No Limit main event. In a field of 6,494, he was eliminated in the phase from 407 to 185. He started the day in 114th place among the 407 and was busted on the final hand of the day finishing in 186th place and earning $36,626.

Relationships and family
During the making of Trespasses, he met Julie Cypher, an assistant director. They married on September 17, 1987, and divorced on August 5, 1990. After their divorce, Cypher came out as lesbian and began a long-term relationship with Melissa Etheridge.

On the set of the film Shadow of the Wolf (1992), he met Jennifer Tilly to whom he was briefly engaged.

In 1994, he married makeup artist Kelly Phillips, with whom he has three daughters. They separated in 2003 and their divorce was finalized in July 2007, due to a difficult mediation.

Phillips began dating makeup artist Yvonne Boismier in 2004. He was charged with domestic battery against her in 2006. They married in August 2007 and their daughter was born in October 2007. They are partners on writing and illustrating Lou's first published novel.

Legal troubles
On August 11, 2006, Phillips was arrested for disturbing the peace at his Los Angeles home following loud noises coming from the house he shared with his live-in girlfriend and future wife, Yvonne Boismier. In December 2006, he pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor count of disturbing the peace and was sentenced to three years of probation.

On November 3, 2017, Phillips was arrested in Portland, Texas, after stopping his vehicle to ask a police officer for directions while intoxicated. He was charged with reckless driving. Phillips was released after posting bail. In April 2018, following a plea deal, Phillips was sentenced to two years of probation.

Activism

Phillips serves on the advisory council of The Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment, an organization that "champions diversity by educating, connecting, and empowering Asian American and Pacific Islander artists and leaders in entertainment and media."

Indian Country Today has reported that Phillips is part Cherokee on his father's side. He has remained close to the Native American community and was adopted by an Oglala Lakota Sioux family in a traditional ceremony in 1991. His Lakota name translates to "Star Keeper". In 1990, Phillips organized a concert called "The Winds of Life" to benefit Native American causes.

Phillips is also a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. In 2020, he appeared in the NoH8 LGBTQ equality campaign.

Awards and achievements

 * 1989 – Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male (Stand and Deliver, 1988)
 * 1989 – Golden Globe Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Stand and Deliver, 1988)
 * 1989 – Western Heritage Award Bronze Wrangler Theatrical Motion Picture (Young Guns, 1988). Shared with John Fusco (producer), Christopher Cain (producer), Charlie Sheen (actor), Emilio Estevez (actor), Kiefer Sutherland (actor)
 * 1993 – Oxfam America award for his dedication toward ending world hunger
 * 1994 – Houston International Film Festival Gold award for Best Theatrical Feature Film for Ultimate Revenge
 * 1996 – Tony Award nominee for Best Actor on Broadway (The King And I)
 * 1996 – Theater World Award: The King and I
 * 1996 – New York Outer Critics Circle: Outstanding Broadway Debut Award of an Actor, The King & I
 * 1997 – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor – Adventure/Drama (Courage Under Fire, 1996)
 * 1997 – Lone Star Film & Television Award for Best Supporting Actor (Courage Under Fire, 1996)
 * 2001 – Filipinas magazine "Achievement award for Entertainment"
 * 2003 – Cinemanila Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award (Philippines)
 * 2005 – Asia Pacific Islander Heritage Award for Excellence in Entertainment and Arts
 * 2009 – I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!: King of the Jungle
 * 2012 – Rachael vs. Guy: Celebrity Cook-Off: Winner
 * 2024 – Los Angeles IFS Film Festival Award for Best Actor (Et Tu, 2023)

title: Lou Diamond Phillips


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User:Przepla/cologneblue.css

 * 1) article { font: normal "Georgia"; }

title: User:Przepla/cologneblue.css


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Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 23, 2004

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday May 23 2004

 * A MediaWiki software upgrade is planned. See mediawiki roadmap for more details.
 * Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Bkonrad, Jerzy, Lowellian, Nunh-huh and Tom- become administrators. Congratulations!
 * The English Wikipedia is the final Wikipedia to be upgraded to MediaWiki 1.3 on 29 May. Please report bugs to MediaWiki 1.3 comments and bug reports.

 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles featured on the Main Page
 * Enclave (May 23)
 * Rembrandt (May 24)
 * British East India Company (May 25)
 * Single malt Scotch (May 26)
 * Submarine (May 27)
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein (May 28)
 * Vowel (May 29)

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Marshall, Texas (May 25)
 * Pufferfish (May 26)
 * Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (May 27)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * Mad scientist (May 25)
 * Villain (May 25)
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/May 23, 2004


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Saint-André

Saint André (French for Saint Andrew) can refer to:

Belgium

 * Saint-André, Wallonia, a district of the municipality of Dalhem, province of Liège

New Brunswick

 * Saint-André, New Brunswick
 * Saint-André Parish, New Brunswick

Quebec

 * Saint-André-Avellin, Quebec
 * Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, Quebec
 * Saint-André-de-Kamouraska, Quebec
 * Saint-André-de-Restigouche, Quebec
 * Saint-André-du-Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec

Simple names

 * Saint-André, Gers, in the Gers département
 * Saint-André, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne département
 * Saint-André, Pyrénées-Orientales, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département
 * Saint-André, Savoie, in the Savoie département
 * Saint-André, Tarn, in the Tarn département

Compound names

 * Cléry-Saint-André, in the Loiret département
 * Saint-André-Capcèze, in the Lozère département
 * Saint-André-d'Allas, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-André-d'Apchon, in the Loire département
 * Saint-André-d'Embrun, in the Hautes-Alpes département
 * Saint-André-de-Bâgé, in the Ain département
 * Saint-André-de-Boëge, in the Haute-Savoie département
 * Saint-André-de-Bohon, in the Manche département
 * Saint-André-de-Briouze, in the Orne département
 * Saint-André-de-Buèges, in the Hérault département
 * Saint-André-de-Chalencon, in the Haute-Loire département
 * Saint-André-de-Corcy, in the Ain département
 * Saint-André-de-Cruzières, in the Ardèche département
 * Saint-André-de-Cubzac, in the Gironde département
 * Saint-André-de-Double, in the Dordogne département
 * Saint-André-de-l'Épine, in the Manche département
 * Saint-André-de-l'Eure, in the Eure département
 * Saint-André-de-la-Marche, in the Maine-et-Loire département
 * Saint-André-de-la-Roche, in the Alpes-Maritimes département
 * Saint-André-de-Lancize, in the Lozère département
 * Saint-André-de-Lidon, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Saint-André-de-Majencoules, in the Gard département
 * Saint-André-de-Messei, in the Orne département
 * Saint-André-de-Najac, in the Aveyron département
 * Saint-André-de-Roquelongue, in the Aude département
 * Saint-André-de-Roquepertuis, in the Gard département
 * Saint-André-de-Rosans, in the Hautes-Alpes département
 * Saint-André-de-Sangonis, in the Hérault département
 * Saint-André-des-Eaux, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Côtes-d'Armor département
 * Saint-André-des-Eaux, Loire-Atlantique, in the Loire-Atlantique département
 * Saint-André-les-Alpes, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département
 * Saint-André-lez-Lille, a commune in Lille Métropole
 * Gare de Saint-André, a railway station in Saint-André-lez-Lille

Réunion

 * Saint-André, Réunion

Other usages

 * Saint André Bessette, a Canadian canonized in October 2010
 * Saint-André cheese, French cheese

title: Saint-André


text:
Line graph

In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the line graph of an undirected graph $G$ is another graph $L(G)$ that represents the adjacencies between edges of $G$. $L(G)$ is constructed in the following way: for each edge in $G$, make a vertex in $L(G)$; for every two edges in $G$ that have a vertex in common, make an edge between their corresponding vertices in  $L(G)$.

The name line graph comes from a paper by although both  and  used the construction before this. Other terms used for the line graph include the covering graph, the derivative, the edge-to-vertex dual, the conjugate, the representative graph, and the θ-obrazom, as well as the edge graph, the interchange graph, the adjoint graph, and the derived graph.

proved that with one exceptional case the structure of a connected graph $G$ can be recovered completely from its line graph. Many other properties of line graphs follow by translating the properties of the underlying graph from vertices into edges, and by Whitney's theorem the same translation can also be done in the other direction. Line graphs are claw-free, and the line graphs of bipartite graphs are perfect. Line graphs are characterized by nine forbidden subgraphs and can be recognized in linear time.

Various extensions of the concept of a line graph have been studied, including line graphs of line graphs, line graphs of multigraphs, line graphs of hypergraphs, and line graphs of weighted graphs.

Formal definition
Given a graph $G$, its line graph $L(G)$ is a graph such that That is, it is the intersection graph of the edges of $G$, representing each edge by the set of its two endpoints.
 * each vertex of $L(G)$ represents an edge of $G$; and
 * two vertices of $L(G)$ are adjacent if and only if their corresponding edges share a common endpoint ("are incident") in $G$.

Example
The following figures show a graph (left, with blue vertices) and its line graph (right, with green vertices). Each vertex of the line graph is shown labeled with the pair of endpoints of the corresponding edge in the original graph. For instance, the green vertex on the right labeled 1,3 corresponds to the edge on the left between the blue vertices 1 and 3. Green vertex 1,3 is adjacent to three other green vertices: 1,4 and 1,2 (corresponding to edges sharing the endpoint 1 in the blue graph) and 4,3 (corresponding to an edge sharing the endpoint 3 in the blue graph).

Translated properties of the underlying graph
Properties of a graph $G$ that depend only on adjacency between edges may be translated into equivalent properties in $L(G)$ that depend on adjacency between vertices. For instance, a matching in $G$ is a set of edges no two of which are adjacent, and corresponds to a set of vertices in $L(G)$ no two of which are adjacent, that is, an independent set.

Thus,
 * The line graph of a connected graph is connected. If $G$ is connected, it contains a path connecting any two of its edges, which translates into a path in $L(G)$ containing any two of the vertices of $L(G)$. However, a graph $G$ that has some isolated vertices, and is therefore disconnected, may nevertheless have a connected line graph.
 * A line graph has an articulation point if and only if the underlying graph has a bridge for which neither endpoint has degree one.
 * For a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges, the number of vertices of the line graph $L(G)$ is $m$, and the number of edges of $L(G)$ is half the sum of the squares of the degrees of the vertices in $G$, minus $m$.
 * An independent set in $L(G)$ corresponds to a matching in $G$. In particular, a maximum independent set in $L(G)$ corresponds to maximum matching in $G$. Since maximum matchings may be found in polynomial time, so may the maximum independent sets of line graphs, despite the hardness of the maximum independent set problem for more general families of graphs. Similarly, a rainbow-independent set in $L(G)$ corresponds to a rainbow matching in $G$.
 * The edge chromatic number of a graph $G$ is equal to the vertex chromatic number of its line graph $L(G)$.
 * The line graph of an edge-transitive graph is vertex-transitive. This property can be used to generate families of graphs that (like the Petersen graph) are vertex-transitive but are not Cayley graphs: if $G$ is an edge-transitive graph that has at least five vertices, is not bipartite, and has odd vertex degrees, then $L(G)$ is a vertex-transitive non-Cayley graph.
 * If a graph $G$ has an Euler cycle, that is, if $G$ is connected and has an even number of edges at each vertex, then the line graph of $G$ is Hamiltonian. However, not all Hamiltonian cycles in line graphs come from Euler cycles in this way; for instance, the line graph of a Hamiltonian graph $G$ is itself Hamiltonian, regardless of whether $G$ is also Eulerian.
 * If two simple graphs are isomorphic then their line graphs are also isomorphic. The Whitney graph isomorphism theorem provides a converse to this for all but one pair of connected graphs.
 * In the context of complex network theory, the line graph of a random network preserves many of the properties of the network such as the small-world property (the existence of short paths between all pairs of vertices) and the shape of its degree distribution. observe that any method for finding vertex clusters in a complex network can be applied to the line graph and used to cluster its edges instead.

Whitney isomorphism theorem
If the line graphs of two connected graphs are isomorphic, then the underlying graphs are isomorphic, except in the case of the triangle graph $K3$ and the claw $K1,3$, which have isomorphic line graphs but are not themselves isomorphic.

As well as $K3$ and $K1,3$, there are some other exceptional small graphs with the property that their line graph has a higher degree of symmetry than the graph itself. For instance, the diamond graph $K1,1,2$ (two triangles sharing an edge) has four graph automorphisms but its line graph $K1,2,2$ has eight. In the illustration of the diamond graph shown, rotating the graph by 90 degrees is not a symmetry of the graph, but is a symmetry of its line graph. However, all such exceptional cases have at most four vertices. A strengthened version of the Whitney isomorphism theorem states that, for connected graphs with more than four vertices, there is a one-to-one correspondence between isomorphisms of the graphs and isomorphisms of their line graphs.

Analogues of the Whitney isomorphism theorem have been proven for the line graphs of multigraphs, but are more complicated in this case.

Strongly regular and perfect line graphs
The line graph of the complete graph $Kn$ is also known as the triangular graph, the Johnson graph $J(n, 2)$, or the complement of the Kneser graph $KGn,2$. Triangular graphs are characterized by their spectra, except for $n = 8$. They may also be characterized (again with the exception of $K8$) as the strongly regular graphs with parameters $srg(n(n – 1)/2, 2(n – 2), n – 2, 4)$. The three strongly regular graphs with the same parameters and spectrum as $L(K8)$ are the Chang graphs, which may be obtained by graph switching from $L(K8)$.

The line graph of a bipartite graph is perfect (see Kőnig's theorem), but need not be bipartite as the example of the claw graph shows. The line graphs of bipartite graphs form one of the key building blocks of perfect graphs, used in the proof of the strong perfect graph theorem. A special case of these graphs are the rook's graphs, line graphs of complete bipartite graphs. Like the line graphs of complete graphs, they can be characterized with one exception by their numbers of vertices, numbers of edges, and number of shared neighbors for adjacent and non-adjacent points. The one exceptional case is $L(K4,4)$, which shares its parameters with the Shrikhande graph. When both sides of the bipartition have the same number of vertices, these graphs are again strongly regular.

More generally, a graph $G$ is said to be a line perfect graph if $L(G)$ is a perfect graph. The line perfect graphs are exactly the graphs that do not contain a simple cycle of odd length greater than three. Equivalently, a graph is line perfect if and only if each of its biconnected components is either bipartite or of the form $K4$ (the tetrahedron) or $K1,1,n$ (a book of one or more triangles all sharing a common edge). Every line perfect graph is itself perfect.

Other related graph families
All line graphs are claw-free graphs, graphs without an induced subgraph in the form of a three-leaf tree. As with claw-free graphs more generally, every connected line graph $L(G)$ with an even number of edges has a perfect matching; equivalently, this means that if the underlying graph $G$ has an even number of edges, its edges can be partitioned into two-edge paths.

The line graphs of trees are exactly the claw-free block graphs. These graphs have been used to solve a problem in extremal graph theory, of constructing a graph with a given number of edges and vertices whose largest tree induced as a subgraph is as small as possible.

All eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix $A$ of a line graph are at least −2. The reason for this is that $A$ can be written as $$A = J^\mathsf{T}J - 2I$$, where $J$ is the signless incidence matrix of the pre-line graph and $I$ is the identity. In particular, $A + 2I$ is the Gramian matrix of a system of vectors: all graphs with this property have been called generalized line graphs.

Clique partition
For an arbitrary graph $G$, and an arbitrary vertex $v$ in $G$, the set of edges incident to $v$ corresponds to a clique in the line graph $L(G)$. The cliques formed in this way partition the edges of $L(G)$. Each vertex of $L(G)$ belongs to exactly two of them (the two cliques corresponding to the two endpoints of the corresponding edge in $G$).

The existence of such a partition into cliques can be used to characterize the line graphs: A graph $L$ is the line graph of some other graph or multigraph if and only if it is possible to find a collection of cliques in $L$ (allowing some of the cliques to be single vertices) that partition the edges of $L$, such that each vertex of $L$ belongs to exactly two of the cliques. It is the line graph of a graph (rather than a multigraph) if this set of cliques satisfies the additional condition that no two vertices of $L$ are both in the same two cliques. Given such a family of cliques, the underlying graph $G$ for which $L$ is the line graph can be recovered by making one vertex in $G$ for each clique, and an edge in $G$ for each vertex in $L$ with its endpoints being the two cliques containing the vertex in $L$. By the strong version of Whitney's isomorphism theorem, if the underlying graph $G$ has more than four vertices, there can be only one partition of this type.

For example, this characterization can be used to show that the following graph is not a line graph:
 * LineGraphExampleA.svg

In this example, the edges going upward, to the left, and to the right from the central degree-four vertex do not have any cliques in common. Therefore, any partition of the graph's edges into cliques would have to have at least one clique for each of these three edges, and these three cliques would all intersect in that central vertex, violating the requirement that each vertex appear in exactly two cliques. Thus, the graph shown is not a line graph.

Forbidden subgraphs
Another characterization of line graphs was proven in (and reported earlier without proof by ). He showed that there are nine minimal graphs that are not line graphs, such that any graph that is not a line graph has one of these nine graphs as an induced subgraph. That is, a graph is a line graph if and only if no subset of its vertices induces one of these nine graphs. In the example above, the four topmost vertices induce a claw (that is, a complete bipartite graph $K1,3$), shown on the top left of the illustration of forbidden subgraphs. Therefore, by Beineke's characterization, this example cannot be a line graph. For graphs with minimum degree at least 5, only the six subgraphs in the left and right columns of the figure are needed in the characterization.

Algorithms
and described linear time algorithms for recognizing line graphs and reconstructing their original graphs. generalized these methods to directed graphs. described an efficient data structure for maintaining a dynamic graph, subject to vertex insertions and deletions, and maintaining a representation of the input as a line graph (when it exists) in time proportional to the number of changed edges at each step.

The algorithms of and  are based on characterizations of line graphs involving odd triangles (triangles in the line graph with the property that there exists another vertex adjacent to an odd number of triangle vertices). However, the algorithm of uses only Whitney's isomorphism theorem. It is complicated by the need to recognize deletions that cause the remaining graph to become a line graph, but when specialized to the static recognition problem only insertions need to be performed, and the algorithm performs the following steps: Each step either takes constant time, or involves finding a vertex cover of constant size within a graph $L$ whose size is proportional to the number of neighbors of $L$. Thus, the total time for the whole algorithm is proportional to the sum of the numbers of neighbors of all vertices, which (by the handshaking lemma) is proportional to the number of input edges.
 * Construct the input graph $G$ by adding vertices one at a time, at each step choosing a vertex to add that is adjacent to at least one previously-added vertex. While adding vertices to $G$, maintain a graph $v$ for which $L = L(G)$; if the algorithm ever fails to find an appropriate graph $G$, then the input is not a line graph and the algorithm terminates.
 * When adding a vertex $v$ to a graph $L(G)$ for which $L$ has four or fewer vertices, it might be the case that the line graph representation is not unique. But in this case, the augmented graph is small enough that a representation of it as a line graph can be found by a brute force search in constant time.
 * When adding a vertex $G$ to a larger graph $S$ that equals the line graph of another graph $G$, let $v$ be the subgraph of $L$ formed by the edges that correspond to the neighbors of $S$ in $G$. Check that $v$ has a vertex cover consisting of one vertex or two non-adjacent vertices. If there are two vertices in the cover, augment $G$ by adding an edge (corresponding to $S$) that connects these two vertices. If there is only one vertex in the cover, then add a new vertex to $v$, adjacent to this vertex.

Iterating the line graph operator
consider the sequence of graphs
 * $$G, L(G), L(L(G)), L(L(L(G))), \dots.\ $$

They show that, when $G$ is a finite connected graph, only four behaviors are possible for this sequence: If $G$ is not connected, this classification applies separately to each component of $G$.
 * If $G$ is a cycle graph then $L(G)$ and each subsequent graph in this sequence are isomorphic to $G$ itself. These are the only connected graphs for which $L(G)$ is isomorphic to $G$.
 * If $G$ is a claw $K1,3$, then $L(G)$ and all subsequent graphs in the sequence are triangles.
 * If $G$ is a path graph then each subsequent graph in the sequence is a shorter path until eventually the sequence terminates with an empty graph.
 * In all remaining cases, the sizes of the graphs in this sequence eventually increase without bound.

For connected graphs that are not paths, all sufficiently high numbers of iteration of the line graph operation produce graphs that are Hamiltonian.

Medial graphs and convex polyhedra
When a planar graph $G$ has maximum vertex degree three, its line graph is planar, and every planar embedding of $G$ can be extended to an embedding of $L(G)$. However, there exist planar graphs with higher degree whose line graphs are nonplanar. These include, for example, the 5-star $K1,5$, the gem graph formed by adding two non-crossing diagonals within a regular pentagon, and all convex polyhedra with a vertex of degree four or more.

An alternative construction, the medial graph, coincides with the line graph for planar graphs with maximum degree three, but is always planar. It has the same vertices as the line graph, but potentially fewer edges: two vertices of the medial graph are adjacent if and only if the corresponding two edges are consecutive on some face of the planar embedding. The medial graph of the dual graph of a plane graph is the same as the medial graph of the original plane graph.

For regular polyhedra or simple polyhedra, the medial graph operation can be represented geometrically by the operation of cutting off each vertex of the polyhedron by a plane through the midpoints of all its incident edges. This operation is known variously as the second truncation, degenerate truncation, or rectification.

Total graphs
The total graph $T(G)$ of a graph $G$ has as its vertices the elements (vertices or edges) of $G$, and has an edge between two elements whenever they are either incident or adjacent. The total graph may also be obtained by subdividing each edge of $G$ and then taking the square of the subdivided graph.

Multigraphs
The concept of the line graph of $G$ may naturally be extended to the case where $G$ is a multigraph. In this case, the characterizations of these graphs can be simplified: the characterization in terms of clique partitions no longer needs to prevent two vertices from belonging to the same to cliques, and the characterization by forbidden graphs has seven forbidden graphs instead of nine.

However, for multigraphs, there are larger numbers of pairs of non-isomorphic graphs that have the same line graphs. For instance a complete bipartite graph $K1,n$ has the same line graph as the dipole graph and Shannon multigraph with the same number of edges. Nevertheless, analogues to Whitney's isomorphism theorem can still be derived in this case.

Line digraphs
It is also possible to generalize line graphs to directed graphs. If $G$ is a directed graph, its directed line graph or line digraph has one vertex for each edge of $G$. Two vertices representing directed edges from $u$ to $v$ and from $w$ to $x$ in $G$ are connected by an edge from $uv$ to $wx$ in the line digraph when $v = w$. That is, each edge in the line digraph of $G$ represents a length-two directed path in $G$. The de Bruijn graphs may be formed by repeating this process of forming directed line graphs, starting from a complete directed graph.

Weighted line graphs
In a line graph $L(G)$, each vertex of degree $k$ in the original graph $G$ creates $k(k − 1)/2$ edges in the line graph. For many types of analysis this means high-degree nodes in $G$ are over-represented in the line graph $L(G)$. For instance, consider a random walk on the vertices of the original graph $G$. This will pass along some edge $e$ with some frequency $f$. On the other hand, this edge $e$ is mapped to a unique vertex, say $v$, in the line graph $L(G)$. If we now perform the same type of random walk on the vertices of the line graph, the frequency with which $v$ is visited can be completely different from f. If our edge $e$ in $G$ was connected to nodes of degree $O(k)$, it will be traversed $O(k2)$ more frequently in the line graph $L(G)$. Put another way, the Whitney graph isomorphism theorem guarantees that the line graph almost always encodes the topology of the original graph $G$ faithfully but it does not guarantee that dynamics on these two graphs have a simple relationship. One solution is to construct a weighted line graph, that is, a line graph with weighted edges. There are several natural ways to do this. For instance if edges $d$ and $e$ in the graph $G$ are incident at a vertex $v$ with degree $k$, then in the line graph $L(G)$ the edge connecting the two vertices $d$ and $e$ can be given weight $1/(k − 1)$. In this way every edge in $G$ (provided neither end is connected to a vertex of degree 1) will have strength 2 in the line graph $L(G)$ corresponding to the two ends that the edge has in $G$. It is straightforward to extend this definition of a weighted line graph to cases where the original graph $G$ was directed or even weighted. The principle in all cases is to ensure the line graph $L(G)$ reflects the dynamics as well as the topology of the original graph $G$.

Line graphs of hypergraphs
The edges of a hypergraph may form an arbitrary family of sets, so the line graph of a hypergraph is the same as the intersection graph of the sets from the family.

Disjointness graph
The disjointness graph of $G$, denoted $D(G)$, is constructed in the following way: for each edge in $G$, make a vertex in $D(G)$; for every two edges in $G$ that do not have a vertex in common, make an edge between their corresponding vertices in $D(G)$. In other words, $D(G)$ is the complement graph of $L(G)$. A clique in $D(G)$ corresponds to an independent set in $L(G)$, and vice versa.

title: Line graph


text:
Piano Magic

Piano Magic was a musical collective formed in the summer of 1996 by Glen Johnson, Dominic Chennell, and Dick Rance in London, England. Their sound has been described as ambient pop, post-rock, indietronica, dark wave, "arty baroque pop" and "English radiophonic soundscapers". While later releases saw them operating in a traditional band format, they originally intended to base their recordings around their small nucleus and whoever else would like to contribute. Glen Johnson was the only remaining member from the original trio when the group disbanded in 2017.

Formation and early years: 1996–1998
Piano Magic was formed in the summer of 1996 by Glen Johnson, Dominic Chennell, and Dick Rance in London, as a 'bedroom-studio' project with the intention to base their recordings around their small nucleus and whoever else would like to contribute.

Originally reluctant to perform live, they gave way to label pressure when their first single proved popular on the BBC Radio 1 John Peel show and was awarded Single of the Week in Melody Maker. While recruiting Paul Tornbohm to play drums at these gigs, they pointedly refused to play or sound like any of their released material.

Popular Mechanics appeared on I (label)/Ché Trading in 1997, a debut album which the press variously described as "ethereal electro pop atmospheric soundscapes" or "simply delighting in... making silly noises" and which the band thought of as "Small Beat, pre-chip... radiophonics". It included vocals by Hazel Burfitt and Raechel Leigh but, with Rance having quit the band, combined two previous single releases with a set of new recordings by Johnson and Chennell.

The duo then briefly recruited American music students Alexander Perls, Jen Adam and Ezra Feinberg to complete the band, though Chennell too had departed by the time of the second album release Low Birth Weight in 1998, a record described as "dreamy, trance and organic psychedelia". It introduced the vocals of Caroline Potter, who would sing on one further album.

Mid-period: 1999–2004
By 1999 only Johnson remained from the original trio, and the departure of Chennell left him free to lead the band into a much more conventional format and sound. A line-up of Glen Johnson, Miguel Marin, John Cheves and Paul Tornbohm recorded the third album, Artists' Rifles, with John A Rivers (producer of Dead Can Dance and Felt), and showcased its guitar-based sound, "a mixture of chiming guitars and processional rhythms", at the Benicassim and BAM music festivals. By now, Piano Magic was proving more popular abroad than in their homeland, and the next few years' activity included mainly European tours.

The band, now minus Cheves, signed to 4AD Records in 2000 and released the soundtrack for Spanish director Bigas Lunas' film Son de Mar in 2001, described as "ethereal, delayed guitar lines... accompanied by various ambient sounds."

Jerome Tcherneyan then replaced Miguel Marin on drums, and the second and last album with 4AD, Writers Without Homes in 2002, was released with mixed press reaction; "exquisite, if a touch diffident." Its myriad guest artists imported talents from Cocteau Twins, The Czars, Tarwater, Life Without Buildings and Tram. It also featured the first vocal recording for thirty-three years of lost '60s/'70s folk heroine Vashti Bunyan.

With the addition of Franck Alba and Alasdair Steer, The Troubled Sleep of Piano Magic was released in 2003 on the Green Ufos label, soliciting comparisons with This Mortal Coil and Durutti Column.

Final period: 2005-2017
Cédric Pin joined Piano Magic in time for the 2005 album Disaffected with a melodic, nearly "pop" sound, featuring more guest vocal contributions from John Grant of The Czars and Angèle David-Guillou of Klima. It appeared to confirm a return to their 'exile' status, gaining significant attention abroad (including, for example, a full feature in the French daily Liberation ) but with no coverage in any UK broadsheet or music magazine.

The album Part Monster was released in 2007 produced by Guy Fixsen of Laika.

In 2008, Piano Magic moved to Make Mine Music, an artist-run, artist-owned label collective, and released a new EP, Dark Horses, the last release to feature Cédric Pin.

In 2009, Piano Magic released their 10th official album, Ovations, with contributions by Brendan Perry and Peter Ulrich of Dead Can Dance.

In June 2012, the album Life Has Not Finished With Me Yet was released. Among the guests is Irons' Josh Hight, who contributes vocals on The Animals, Judas and A Secret Never Told.

Piano Magic's final album, Closure, was formally released by Second Language Music on 20 January 2017 worldwide on CD, 180 gm vinyl and digital download formats. The album features guest appearances from Peter Milton Walsh of The Apartments, Audrey Riley (go-to cellist for The Go-Betweens, Nick Cave, Virginia Astley and many more), Josh Hight (Irons) and Oliver Cherer (Dollboy).

The band's final concert was at The Lexington, Islington, London in December 2016, exactly 20 years to the day of their first ever concert at The Wag Club, Soho, London. The band's last line-up for recording and concerts was Franck Alba (guitar), Glen Johnson (guitar, voice), Alasdair Steer (bass), Paul Tornbohm (keyboards) and Jerome Tcherneyan (drums).

Related projects
Glen Johnson released a solo album, Details Not Recorded, under his own name in March 2009 on the Make Mine Music label. In 2014, he released a 3" postcard EP, Same Sex (Hibernate) and featured prominently on the Silver Servants eponymous album by a collective of artists from the Second Language Music label. In 2015, Johnson collaborated on an album (My Heart Has Run Out of Breath) and audio-visual live performances with the London-based Macedonian artist, Kristina Pulejkova.

Cédric Pin and Glen Johnson have recorded as Future Conditional. In 2018, they released a collaborative album, The Burning Skull (Second Language Music). Glen Johnson has also recorded under the name, Textile Ranch.

Angèle David-Guillou has recorded two albums under the name Klima ('Klima'- Peacefrog, 2007 and 'Serenades and Serinettes'- Second Language 2010). She has released two albums under her own name on the Village Green label : 'Kourouma' (2013) and 'En Mouvement' (2017).

Dominic Chennell has recorded as 'Dominic de Nebo' and with the group 'Carphology Collective'.

Albums

 * Popular Mechanics, (i/Che, 1997)
 * A Trick of the Sea, (Darla, 1998)
 * Low Birth Weight, (Rocket Girl, 1999)
 * Artists' Rifles, (Rocket Girl, 2000)
 * Son de Mar, (4AD, 2001)
 * Writers Without Homes, (4AD, 2002)
 * The Troubled Sleep of Piano Magic, (Green UFOs, 2003)
 * Disaffected (Darla, 2005)
 * Part Monster (Important, 2007)
 * Ovations (Make Mine Music, 2009)
 * Life Has Not Finished With Me Yet (Second Language, 2012)
 * Closure (Second Language, 2017)

Compilations

 * Seasonally Affective: A Piano Magic Retrospective 1996 - 2000 (Rocket Girl, 2001)
 * Heart Machinery (A Piano Magic Retrocpective 2001 - 2008) (Second Language, 2013)

Singles & EPs

 * "Wrong French", (i/Che, 1996)
 * "Wintersport", (i/Che, 1997)
 * "For Engineers", (Wurlitzer, 1997)
 * "Music for Rolex", (Lissy's, 1998)
 * "There's No Need for Us to Be Alone", (Rocket Girl, 1998)
 * "Fun of the Century", (Piao!, 1998)
 * "Mort Aux Vaches", (Staalplat, 1998)
 * "Music for Annahbird", (Piao!, 1998)
 * "Amongst the Books, an Angel", (Acetone, 1999)
 * "Panic Amigo", (Morr Music, 2000)
 * "I Came to Your Party Dressed as a Shadow", (Acuarela, 2001)
 * "Speed the Road, Rush the Lights", (Green UFOs, 2003)
 * "Saint Marie EP", (Green UFOs, 2003)
 * "The Opencast Heart EP", (Important Records, 2005)
 * "Never It Will Be the Same Again" [Limited Edition of 100 copies], (EN/OF, 2006)
 * "Incurable EP", (Important Records, 2006)
 * "Dark Horses EP", (Make Mine Music, 2008)
 * "Chemical EP", (Second Language, 2012)

Related releases

 * Bird Heart in Wool, Textile Ranch (Very Friendly, 2005)
 * Klima, Klima (Peacefrog, 2007)
 * We Don't Just Disappear, Future Conditional (LTM, 2008)
 * Brave New Wales, Various Artists (Fourier Transform, 2008)
 * Details Not Recorded, Glen Johnson (Make Mine Music, 2009)
 * Tombola, Textile Ranch (Very Friendly, 2009)
 * Serenades and Serinettes, Klima (Second Language Music, 2010)
 * Kourouma, Angèle David-Guillou (Village Green, 2013)
 * Same Sex, Glen Johnson (Hibernate, 2014)
 * My Heart Has Run Out of Breath, Glen Johnson/Kristina Pulejkova (Second Language Music, 2015)
 * En Mouvement, Angèle David-Guillou (Village Green, 2017)
 * The Burning Skull, Cédric Pin/Glen Johnson (Second Language Music, 2018)
 * Isotech, Future Conditional (Second Language Music, 2022)

title: Piano Magic


text:
Saint-Aignan-le-Jaillard

Saint-Aignan-le-Jaillard is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France.

title: Saint-Aignan-le-Jaillard


text:
Saint-Arnoult

Saint-Arnoult, named after Saint Arnold of Soissons (Arnoul(f) in French) is an element of the name of several communes in France:

 * Saint-Arnoult, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Arnoult, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher département
 * Saint-Arnoult, Oise, in the Oise département
 * Saint-Arnoult, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Arnoult-des-Bois, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines, in the Yvelines département

title: Saint-Arnoult


text:
Saint-Arnoult, Calvados

Saint-Arnoult is a commune in the Calvados department, region of Normandy, northwestern France.

title: Saint-Arnoult, Calvados


text:
House of Commons Disqualification Act

House of Commons (Disqualification) Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom for legislation relating those ineligible to serve as members of the House of Commons.

List

 * The House of Commons (Disqualification) Act 1693
 * The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
 * The House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975

The House of Commons (Disqualifications) Acts 1715 to 1821 is the collective title of the following Acts:
 * The Crown Pensioners Disqualification Act 1715 (1 Geo. 1. St. 2. c. 56)
 * The House of Commons (Disqualification) Act 1741 (15 Geo. 2. c. 22) (also known as the Place Act 1742)
 * The House of Commons (Disqualifications) Act 1782 (22 Geo. 3. c. 45)
 * The House of Commons (Disqualifications) Act 1801 (41 Geo. 3. c. 52)
 * The House of Commons (Clergy Disqualification) Act 1801 (41 Geo. 3. (U.K.) c. 63)
 * The Members of Parliament (Bankruptcy) Act 1812 (52 Geo. 3. c. 144)
 * The House of Commons (Disqualifications) Act 1813 (54 Geo. 3. c. 16)
 * The House of Commons (Disqualifications) Act 1821 (1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 44)

title: House of Commons Disqualification Act


text: User talk:68.9.133.14

title: User talk:68.9.133.14