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Talk:Pole position

Untitled
Does anyone know if the term 'pole position' is used to describe a car at the front of the grid in other forms of motorsport? 999 22:00, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure it used for basically every other form of motorsport that has qualifying...I know that MotoGP uses it, IRL in America does, most open-wheel categories (Formula 3000, etc) - i can't actually think of any that don't use the phrase. AlbinoMonkey 05:24, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

did the term come from indy?
At the Indianapolis motospeedway, grid position is listed on a giant lighted pole, with the fastest driver at the top of the pole. I assume this is where the term originated. Does anyone know for sure?

 * The pole in question lists the race order throughout the race though doesn't it? If so it seems unlikely to originate from there. --MartinUK 19:17, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * From The Language of Sport by Adrian Beard
 * 'Pole position', which is the leading position on the starting grid of a motor race, comes originally from horse racing in the USA. The 'pole lane' was the name given to the inside lane on a race course. 'Pole position' refers to one of a number of markers placed at intervals of one-sixteenth of a mile along the side of a racecourse. Presumably this idea of a marker on a track has been used to describe the best position.
 * Although, I must confess, that sounds a bit dubious to me. And he does say "presumably". Off the top of my head, I would have thought it might refer to either a "totem pole", like the one at Indy as discussed above (is that located at/near the start/finish line?) or the way that, in the old days, some racetracks used to have banners, supported by poles, across the start-finish line - therefore the car at the front of the grid would have the position nearest to the "the pole". But I have no evidence to support either of those theories. DH85868993 03:07, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * AFAIK, it comes from horse racing; whether the furlong poles have anything to do with it, IDK, but it wouldn't surprise me.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  22:45, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
The "Formula One 1950-1995" section isn't quite correct: In the 50s and 60s (and maybe 70s?) the number and duration of qualifying sessions varied from race to race. I agree that 2 x 1-hour sessions on Saturday and Sunday was standard practice by the early 80s. Also note that for many years, Monaco held qualifying on Thursday and Saturday - the roads were reopened to normal traffic on Friday. DH85868993 02:54, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Move?
As it now reads, the page has more about qualifying than about pole pos itself. I suggest either move or merge to a "race qualifying" page, or adding much more about the importance of qual on pole (or not). TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  22:45, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

"the page is "pole positon" not "F1 qualifiying rules"
I try to edit the page and I get it reverted with the following reason above. This annoys me for some reasons:

1. My original intention was to make this article about pole position! This article currently is not about pole position. It just isn't and never has been for some time now. It is only about qualifying rules. If you had read my edits, I had attempted to relate the qualifying rules back to pole position, for example say how the race fuel qualifying era had changed what pole position means to drivers. Tbh the whole article is irrelevant and I was trying to do the lesser of two evils by keeping existing things and doing slight changes, rather than remove everything on the article.

2. The qualifying rules on this page are wrong! If you had read the citation I had provided (by the way I also notice a lack of sources on this page), you would see that this is true. At least if you don't believe that my edits add anything, at least let me edit the factual parts of the article.

That's all I like to say. I would like to hear feedback on this soon from people, otherwise I'll probably end up either editing this again or forgetting to do this out of boredom. Either way, this article has to change. Whether we change the title or change the content remains to be seen, because at the moment huge parts of this article are irrelevant. Fiddle and herman (talk) 20:56, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The amount of F1-specific detail is excessive for this page, which is why I removed it. The concept isn't exclusive to F1, nor even motor racing, & so much on F1 & its iterations, & the F1 process, unbalances the page. Where, frex, is mention of the Daytona 500 process, then? Or Tour de France (presuming it has one...)? I'm all for fixing the mistakes, so if you've got citable corrections, put 'em back with my blessing & encouragement. Be aware, rule changes may make apparent errors where there aren't any in fact...  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  21:37, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Ok, that explains the revert better than "not f1 qualifying rules". If your criticism is that too much F1 rules unbalance the page, which is a fair point that hadn't occurred to me, then it seems getting rid of most of the text is the next best thing to do. Simply fixing the factual errors wont fix the underlying issue i.e. the irrelevance of the text to pole position. Fiddle and herman (talk) 22:32, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Suggested section: Why does the pole position matter?
I know nothing about racing, and I have no idea why the pole position matters. Does it give some sort of advantage/disadvantage to the driver? That'd be a useful addition to this page. BevansDesign (talk) 16:36, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Article rewrite?
Can please someone this article rewrite who has English as his mother language? (tr.: Could some native speaker please rewrite this article?) Large parts of this article read as if written by a German (no offense, I'm German myself). I'd take a stab at it, but I'm not confident I'd get it right, either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:A62:1019:C001:F5DC:1CBE:63FC:2161 (talk) 17:16, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

Article merge discussion
I DEFINITELY don't think that this article should be merged with this article titled Superpole. (A request was put in on the 23rd.) That article is quite underdeveloped. However, I don't see a problem with merging the pages since they're generally about the same topic, but if we do, it should be the other way around, with the Superpole article the one that is deleted and its info put in the Pole Position article. (We would note that it is called a Superpole in motorcycle racing.) Cavanaughs (talk) 16:12, 25 June 2020 (UTC)Cavanaughs
 * unless I'm mistaken I think that the request is for Superpole to here. The IP just did it wrong. SSSB (talk) 17:18, 25 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Support merge Superpole into Pole Position. Superpole appears to be the term that the Superbike people use for essentially same thing. The Superpole article would make an excellent section in this article.  Royal broil  04:31, 31 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support: the superpole article doesn't have a lot of content, so it can be merged into the pole position article.  NASCARfan0548  ↗  00:28, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 15:03, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pole position


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Kaoru Ikeya

Kaoru Ikeya (池谷 薫) is a Japanese amateur astronomer who discovered a number of comets.

As a young adult, Ikeya lived near Lake Hamana and worked for a piano factory. During his employment there, he made his first discovery in 1963 with an optical telescope he built himself within his low budget. Two years later, he discovered the bright comet C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki). Ikeya discovered the periodic comet 153P/Ikeya-Zhang on February 1, 2002, in Mori, Hokkaidō. The asteroid 4037 Ikeya is also named after Ikeya. On November 13, 2010, Ikeya discovered the P/2010 V1 (Ikeya-Murakami) comet using an optical telescope, rare in an era with access to digital imaging technology.

Ikeya contributed his skill to the perfectly ground optics used in the construction of the Pentax 40 cm Cassegrain reflector telescope installed at the Singapore Science Centre Observatory in March, 1989.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kaoru Ikeya


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Is It Easy to Be Young?

Is It Easy to Be Young? (Vai viegli būt jaunam?, Легко ли быть молодым?) is a Soviet-era Latvian documentary film directed by Juris Podnieks. It was filmed in 1986 with dialogue in both Latvian and Russian, and is considered to be among the most controversial movies of its era. It was one of the five winners of the 1987 International Documentary Association awards.

The movie speaks about young people who perished as a result of growing up in Soviet society—their conflicts with parents and society, the patronizing attitudes of their teachers and the authorities, the fear that there is no meaning to their lives. Among the young people portrayed are high-schoolers looking for their place in life, a young mother worried about the future of her daughter after the Chernobyl catastrophe, a young man follower of the Hare Krishna movement (an 'unusual' religion that was discouraged even more than 'usual' ones by the Soviet government), as well young adults returning from compulsory military service in the Soviet–Afghan War and having become ones of 'the lost generation'. The film's opening scene documents a concert by the banned Latvian rock band, Pērkons.

The movie had a major impact in the Soviet Union. It was seen by at least 28 million people during its first year. In all, 85 countries bought the rights to show the movie.

In 1986 the film received Latvian Film Prize for the best documentary. Its international debut was at the 1987 Kraków Film Festival, where it received the FIPRESCI Award. It was also screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.

The film was re-released in 2007 by Jura Podnieka Studija; the new edition includes oral history interviews with Podnieks's colleagues.

After Latvia regained independence, Antra Cilinska filmed two sequels (Is It Easy to Be? in 1998, and Is it Easy? in 2010), featuring interviews with people filmed by Podnieks.

title: Is It Easy to Be Young?


text: User talk:69.137.231.118

title: User talk:69.137.231.118


text: User talk:66.185.1.234

title: User talk:66.185.1.234


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Template talk:Politics of the United Kingdom

Offices
I didn't realize this baby existed. Emsworth, do you think we might add a page that lists offices (rather than departments, and list it here? john 22:18, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Changes
I made several changes for a clearer arrangement; but I have to admit that I was stumped about where to put the Privy Council. It didn't really belong in any of the boxes; but it wasn't really important enough to get its own box. So, on the premise that the bottom box was a catch-all, I put it there. Comments? Doops 02:50, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I have reverted it because I do not see any precendent for User:Lord Emsworth's changes. Look at Politics of the United States, Politics of Germany, Politics of New Zealand, Politics of the Republic of Ireland - all of those pages have the series box, so why should the Politics of United Kingdom series box be curtailed? In my opinion, the 'traditional' series box looks far more presentable and I see no valid reason why the introduction categories should mean the end of it. Deus Ex 00:33, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If you are so particular, then I am sure you would not mind shifting all these series boxes back to the top of the page. I had shifted them all to the bottom of the page, where these would look better. -- Emsworth 02:19, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * And, incidentally, I think that this format is not a very good one. It definitely intrudes into the text: see the example of the first section Lord Chancellor. To have the entire box at the bottom of the page, in the format I had proposed, appears to me to be a more reasonable solution.

I don't follow. Why would the boxes look better at the bottom of the page? If the box is at the bottom the page is extended accomodate the table, creating a large white space to the left of the page (see Departments of the United Kingdom Government). I understand the problem with text being intruded, but that happens with any element like an image and it does not really impact on the readability of the text much. Maybe the box could made smaller to minimise the effect of the box intruding in the first section, I suggest removing some of the links in the box and making the border smaller like this: Deus Ex 11:53, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it works best as a vertical pane at the top of the pages, rather than as a tiny horizontal wedge at the bottom.
 * I'm happy to edit the couple of dozen pages to move it up, if you want...
 * James F. (talk) 13:38, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * We could also remove the Royal Arms, which I do not believe we are supposed to be able to use under such circumstances. -- Emsworth 17:36, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it's in general about HMG and the associated institutions, and so the 'correct' one would be the Royal Arms for some (PC, amongst other things), and the Parliamentary Arms (or whatever they're called - do we have them around?) for others (such as Parliament itself, and all the Departments and so on. Perhaps we could have both, with the two types split slightly?
 * James F. (talk) 18:11, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I meant that we were not allowed to use the Royal Arms, especially when we are not merely showing them to illustrate what the Arms of the Sovereign look like. Perhaps a Union Jack would be better. -- Emsworth 21:04, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * We're not? Why? Is the image copyrighted, and used under Fair Use? If so, we really should see about getting a replacement drawing of it...
 * However, I still think that the Parliamentary Arms would be the best single image for the template, though the Union Flag will do for the time being, at least.
 * James F. (talk) 21:57, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I certainly think the portcullis would be better than either the flag or the royal arms. —Ashley Y 09:39, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

The Crowned Portcullis
The Crowned Portcullis is the best symbol to use for this template. However, there may be legal issues. From :

 * Use of the House emblem, the Crowned Portcullis, is governed by the following statement:

 * The principal emblem of the House is the Crowned Portcullis. It is a royal badge and its use by the House has been formally authorised by licence granted by Her Majesty the Queen. The designs and symbols of the House should not be used for purposes to which such authentication is inappropriate, or where there is a risk that their use might wrongly be regarded, or represented, as having the authority of the House.

It's not clear to me if this refers to copyright law (which would apply to a particular image) or to some kind of trademark or heraldic law (which might apply to any representation of the badge). There's more on that page, in any case. —Ashley Y 04:34, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)

Lord Speaker
The "Lord Chancellor" bit (and the connected "Lord Falconer" line) will soon have to be removed/moved, to make way for the new office of Lord Speaker, which will have a newly elected Lord as its incumbant.

David 19:31, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Royal Arms in templates
As detailed by OPSI (previously HMSO) in all copyright notices issued, while the Royal Arms are covered by Crown Copyright, they are not to be considered free use, and can only be used with Fair Use/Dealing rationales. As such, the Royal Arms should never be placed in templates or onto user pages as discussed at Fair use. Inclusions of this template make up a large number of the remaining file links on Image:UK Royal Coat of Arms.png, and while it should probably be removed, I'm loathe to turn the template into a plain bordered box. So does anyone have any ideas as to what image to replace the Arms with? GeeJo (t)⁄(c) • 07:02, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * As a reference, the exact wording of the terms of use for Crown Copyrighted material is as follows (though individual departments may add their own requirements.)
 * "The material featured on this site is subject to Crown copyright protection unless otherwise indicated. The Crown copyright protected material (other than the Royal Arms and departmental or agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. Where any of the Crown copyright items on this site are being republished or copied to others, the source of the material must be identified and the copyright status acknowledged." GeeJo  (t)⁄(c) • 19:43, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * As opposed to the Royal Arms currently featured in the template and explicitly copyrighted by the above statement there are the State Arms: the difference being they are surmounted by a simple St Edward Coronation Crown (commonly called a "Queen's Crown") as opposed the the helmet, lion, crown and surrounding paraphernalia. There is an example on the front cover of EU pattern British Passports (I'm not sure which arms older British Passports use).  There used to be readily found examples of both coats of arms on the internet but I'm having trouble locating them today.  The only example I can find is http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-badges/crowned-lion.htm (near the bottom).  194.203.110.127 11:06, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I have changed the flag to the state arms as it is used in the British Government stub and on the template for the court system in Courts of England and Wales --Barry[[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|20px]]talk 12:18, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Counsellor of State
Similar to the question as to put the Privy Council, where would you put the Office of Counsellor of State as it has been part of the British constitution since 1937?

Advice, guidelines? (Stephennarmstrong 22:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC))

 * Only 14 years later, I'm going to add Counsellor of State to the infobox! I believe that it has actually been part our constitution since before 1937, just in its current form since the Regency Act 1937. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 18:59, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I've actually added "Counsellors of State". FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:06, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

Gordon Brown
Gordon Brown is still in the meeting with the Queen so he could still technically refuse the position - therefore he is not Prime Minister yet. 03swalker 13:11, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia is NOT a crystal Ball. He can still refuse the permission while the meeting is going on 03swalker 13:23, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Lib Dems
Should not the alleged third party have at least a one-link mention? Directly under the Tory Cabinet link? DBD 00:18, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

editrequest
In re The above section about fair use images and the image in this template, Image:UK Royal Coat of Arms.svg has now been created, which is completely free and locally created. Since, copyright on images permitting, Politics of templates generally have the coat of arms on them and not the flag, I request that Image:UK Royal Coat of Arms.svg be inserted in place of the flag image there now. 68.39.174.238 22:03, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks. GDonato (talk) 22:14, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Duplication
In some places, such as Greater London Authority, the UK navbar is used alongside the English navbar. No of course there are articles where both are necessary, but why not include all the UK data into the sub-national navbars (as they shrink down, we can put as much as we want in them) and so we have two-in-one. That way we de facto have the UK bar there as well as the English/Scottish etc. without double the clutter. Similar variations could be done for London etc. should the need arise.- J.Logan`t : 17:01, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 March 2014
Please replace the current version with the following. The main changes are in formatting (primarily to ration the use of bullet-points) while the only substantive changes are the addition of some more election year links and a

before the "See also" template. (The and  tags will need removing.)

Image size fixes
Apologies for the multiple edits. I was trying to fix the broken image but changes weren't showing up in the preview. Seems to be fixed now! Farleysmaster (talk) 16:06, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

Bank of England
I'm not sure how relevant the Bank of England is to politics of the United Kingdom, particuarly to less-expert readers. If nobody has any problems with me removing it, then I'll do so in seven days. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:02, 1 May 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ FollowTheTortoise (talk) 12:28, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 July 2024
Leader of the opposition is not Keir Starmer anymore as he is now Prime Minister so please can somebody change it thanks

HiddenGhost791 (talk) 16:55, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done Hyphenation Expert (talk) 17:03, 5 July 2024 (UTC)


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Northampton Balloon Festival

The Northampton Balloon Festival is an annual hot air balloon festival held in Northampton, England.

The original festival was held in The Racecourse and managed by the (now defunct) Borough Council, and took place over a Friday, Saturday and Sunday in mid-August. The main features of the festival were the twice-daily hot air balloon lifts and a balloon glow, but other attractions included trade stalls, live music and arena entertainment.

History
The first festival was held in 1990. The start attractions were the Chubb fire extinguisher and the Rupert The Bear balloons. In its early years The Northampton balloon was a soaring success with families encouraged to come and enjoy the weekend, looking at balloons and visiting various trade stalls across the park.

In 2001 the festival was joined with the Northampton Town Show (previously held during July) to become the Northampton Festival, but has since reverted to its original name.

The 2004 festival featured the Sugababes, Big Brovaz, and Ronan Keating.

The 2005 festival featured Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Rachel Stevens and Lemar.

The 2007 festival was a disaster due to poor attendance caused by bad weather on the last two days and the fact that the council decided to charge adults for admission, which discouraged many adults without young children from attending and spending money at the stalls.

The 2008 festival was scaled down from before, with fewer stalls, and featured Rick Astley and Signature but neither were able to revive the festival's fortunes and the event made a huge loss.

The Borough Council ceased its funding and in mid-2009 the festival was revived by new organisers and moved to Billing Aquadrome. It took place 14–16 August 2009 at the new location with free admission.

The 2010 Northampton Balloon Festival was once again based at Billing Aquadrome, however that year the organisers chose to charge entry. The Balloon Festival sat alongside an existing event, the American Car Show and included a variety of stalls and fairground rides.

In 2012, it was announced that Pure Leisure, the owners of Billing Aquadrome had agreed sponsorship of the event, for a further 3 years.

The Northampton Balloon Festival was held again on Friday 16th to Sunday 18 August 2013, 15-17 August 2014, 14–16 August 2015, 19–21 August 2016, 18-20 August 2017 and between 17 and 19 August 2018.

2019 saw the last ever Northampton Balloon Festival take place, as Billing Aquadrome subsequently pulled out of hosting the event. This was due to the limited number of flights over the previous two years' festivals, caused by adverse weather which restricted flying on those occasions.

In 2023 the Northampton Balloon Festival was held in The Racecourse park.

title: Northampton Balloon Festival


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Clifton Hill House

Clifton Hill House is a Grade I listed Palladian villa in the Clifton area of Bristol, England. It was the first hall of residence for women in south-west England in 1909 due to the efforts of May Staveley. It is still used as a hall of residence by the University of Bristol.

History
The house was built between 1746 and 1750 for the wealthy merchant and philanthropist Paul Fisher, by Isaac Ware, a nationally renowned architect and translator of Palladio's works. Thomas Paty, later a notable Bristol architect, worked as a mason during its construction. The house stands on a steep slope, so that while only three stories face the street, the five-bay garden front is four stories tall with low wings (both raised from one story to two during the nineteenth century) and a double flight of steps down to the garden. There is a World War II Air raid shelter accessible beneath the steps which is visible from the South Façade. Before 1850, the far end of the garden was sold and built into the Bellevue terrace.

Original rococo plasterwork, by Joseph Thomas, survives in a number of interior rooms. The Symonds Music Room, which adjoins the Drawing Room, was constructed in the 1850s and extends beyond the left point of the south faćade. The vantage point of the house offered a view of the Avon, of the city of Bristol, and of the Bath hills.

The house was later home to the nineteenth century 'man-of-letters', John Addington Symonds, whose father had bought the house in 1851.

In 1907 May Staveley a lecturer in the History Department of the University of Bristol, started lobbying for need to provide a hall for her students. With support from the Fry family, the Symonds family and private subscriptions, the house was bought for £5000 in 1909. Following some alterations and furnishing, the hall accepted its first residents on 30 September. Clifton Hill House was the first hall of residence for women in south-west England. In 1911, the university took over the running of the house and they bought the adjacent Callandar House, which dates from the late 18th century and is itself Grade II listed. Callandar House was extended in the 1920s thanks to the Wills family (regular benefactors to the university) and, along with Old Clifton, continued to house only female residents. Additional land was acquired and in the early 1960s Fry Wing was constructed on 5 floors ("A" to "E" floors) with South Wing following some 10 years later with its 4 floors ("D" to "G" floors). Clifton Hill House now houses approximately 230 students in total, of all genders. There is a Junior Common Room with a stage and bar.

The Hall has been used by the BBC as a film location for The House of Eliott and for episodes of Casualty.

title: Clifton Hill House


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Moment magnitude scale

The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with M or  or Mwg, and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude ) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment.  was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori. Similar to the local magnitude/Richter scale defined by Charles Francis Richter in 1935, it uses a logarithmic scale; small earthquakes have approximately the same magnitudes on both scales. Despite the difference, news media often use the term "Richter scale" when referring to the moment magnitude scale.

Moment magnitude is considered the authoritative magnitude scale for ranking earthquakes by size. It is more directly related to the energy of an earthquake than other scales, and does not saturate – that is, it does not underestimate magnitudes as other scales do in certain conditions. It has become the standard scale used by seismological authorities like the U.S. Geological Survey for reporting large earthquakes (typically M > 4), replacing the local magnitude and surface wave magnitude  scales. Subtypes of the moment magnitude scale (, etc.) reflect different ways of estimating the seismic moment.

Richter scale: the original measure of earthquake magnitude
At the beginning of the twentieth century, very little was known about how earthquakes happen, how seismic waves are generated and propagate through the Earth's crust, and what information they carry about the earthquake rupture process; the first magnitude scales were therefore empirical. The initial step in determining earthquake magnitudes empirically came in 1931 when the Japanese seismologist Kiyoo Wadati showed that the maximum amplitude of an earthquake's seismic waves diminished with distance at a certain rate. Charles F. Richter then worked out how to adjust for epicentral distance (and some other factors) so that the logarithm of the amplitude of the seismograph trace could be used as a measure of "magnitude" that was internally consistent and corresponded roughly with estimates of an earthquake's energy. He established a reference point and the ten-fold (exponential) scaling of each degree of magnitude, and in 1935 published what he called the "magnitude scale", now called the local magnitude scale, labeled. (This scale is also known as the Richter scale, but news media sometimes use that term indiscriminately to refer to other similar scales.)

The local magnitude scale was developed on the basis of shallow (~15 km deep), moderate-sized earthquakes at a distance of approximately 100 to 600 km, conditions where the surface waves are predominant. At greater depths, distances, or magnitudes the surface waves are greatly reduced, and the local magnitude scale underestimates the magnitude, a problem called saturation. Additional scales were developed – a surface-wave magnitude scale by Beno Gutenberg in 1945, a body-wave magnitude scale  by Gutenberg and Richter in 1956, and a number of variants – to overcome the deficiencies of the  scale, but all are subject to saturation. A particular problem was that the scale (which in the 1970s was the preferred magnitude scale) saturates around  and therefore underestimates the energy release of "great" earthquakes such as the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes. These had magnitudes of 8.5 and 8.4 respectively but were notably more powerful than other M 8 earthquakes; their moment magnitudes were closer to 9.6 and 9.3, respectively.

Single couple or double couple
The study of earthquakes is challenging as the source events cannot be observed directly, and it took many years to develop the mathematics for understanding what the seismic waves from an earthquake can tell about the source event. An early step was to determine how different systems of forces might generate seismic waves equivalent to those observed from earthquakes.

The simplest force system is a single force acting on an object. If it has sufficient strength to overcome any resistance it will cause the object to move ("translate"). A pair of forces, acting on the same "line of action" but in opposite directions, will cancel; if they cancel (balance) exactly there will be no net translation, though the object will experience stress, either tension or compression. If the pair of forces are offset, acting along parallel but separate lines of action, the object experiences a rotational force, or torque. In mechanics (the branch of physics concerned with the interactions of forces) this model is called a couple, also simple couple or single couple. If a second couple of equal and opposite magnitude is applied their torques cancel; this is called a double couple. A double couple can be viewed as "equivalent to a pressure and tension acting simultaneously at right angles".

In 1923 Hiroshi Nakano showed that certain aspects of seismic waves could be explained in terms of a double couple model. This led to a three-decade-long controversy over the best way to model the seismic source: as a single couple, or a double couple. While Japanese seismologists favored the double couple, most seismologists favored the single couple. Although the single couple model had some shortcomings, it seemed more intuitive, and there was a belief – mistaken, as it turned out – that the elastic rebound theory for explaining why earthquakes happen required a single couple model. In principle these models could be distinguished by differences in the radiation patterns of their S-waves, but the quality of the observational data was inadequate for that.

but not from a single couple. This was confirmed as better and more plentiful data coming from the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) permitted closer analysis of seismic waves. Notably, in 1966 Keiiti Aki showed that the seismic moment of the 1964 Niigata earthquake as calculated from the seismic waves on the basis of a double couple was in reasonable agreement with the seismic moment calculated from the observed physical dislocation.

Dislocation theory
A double couple model suffices to explain an earthquake's far-field pattern of seismic radiation, but tells us very little about the nature of an earthquake's source mechanism or its physical features. While slippage along a fault was theorized as the cause of earthquakes (other theories included movement of magma, or sudden changes of volume due to phase changes ), observing this at depth was not possible, and understanding what could be learned about the source mechanism from the seismic waves requires an understanding of the source mechanism.

Modeling the physical process by which an earthquake generates seismic waves required much theoretical development of dislocation theory, first formulated by the Italian Vito Volterra in 1907, with further developments by E. H. Love in 1927. More generally applied to problems of stress in materials, an extension by F. Nabarro in 1951 was recognized by the Russian geophysicist A. V. Vvedenskaya as applicable to earthquake faulting. In a series of papers starting in 1956 she and other colleagues used dislocation theory to determine part of an earthquake's focal mechanism, and to show that a dislocation – a rupture accompanied by slipping – was indeed equivalent to a double couple.

In a pair of papers in 1958, J. A. Steketee worked out how to relate dislocation theory to geophysical features. Numerous other researchers worked out other details, culminating in a general solution in 1964 by Burridge and Knopoff, which established the relationship between double couples and the theory of elastic rebound, and provided the basis for relating an earthquake's physical features to seismic moment.

Seismic moment
Seismic moment – symbol – is a measure of the fault slip and area involved in the earthquake. Its value is the torque of each of the two force couples that form the earthquake's equivalent double-couple. (More precisely, it is the scalar magnitude of the second-order moment tensor that describes the force components of the double-couple. ) Seismic moment is measured in units of Newton meters (N·m) or Joules, or (in the older CGS system) dyne-centimeters (dyn-cm).

The first calculation of an earthquake's seismic moment from its seismic waves was by Keiiti Aki for the 1964 Niigata earthquake. He did this two ways. First, he used data from distant stations of the WWSSN to analyze long-period (200 second) seismic waves (wavelength of about 1,000 kilometers) to determine the magnitude of the earthquake's equivalent double couple. Second, he drew upon the work of Burridge and Knopoff on dislocation to determine the amount of slip, the energy released, and the stress drop (essentially how much of the potential energy was released). In particular, he derived an equation that relates an earthquake's seismic moment to its physical parameters:

with $μ$ being the rigidity (or resistance to moving) of a fault with a surface area of $S$ over an average dislocation (distance) of $ū$. (Modern formulations replace $ūS$ with the equivalent $D̄A$, known as the "geometric moment" or "potency". ) By this equation the moment determined from the double couple of the seismic waves can be related to the moment calculated from knowledge of the surface area of fault slippage and the amount of slip. In the case of the Niigata earthquake the dislocation estimated from the seismic moment reasonably approximated the observed dislocation.

Seismic moment is a measure of the work (more precisely, the torque) that results in inelastic (permanent) displacement or distortion of the Earth's crust. It is related to the total energy released by an earthquake. However, the power or potential destructiveness of an earthquake depends (among other factors) on how much of the total energy is converted into seismic waves. This is typically 10% or less of the total energy, the rest being expended in fracturing rock or overcoming friction (generating heat).

Nonetheless, seismic moment is regarded as the fundamental measure of earthquake size, representing more directly than other parameters the physical size of an earthquake. As early as 1975 it was considered "one of the most reliably determined instrumental earthquake source parameters".

Introduction of an energy-motivated magnitude Mw
Most earthquake magnitude scales suffered from the fact that they only provided a comparison of the amplitude of waves produced at a standard distance and frequency band; it was difficult to relate these magnitudes to a physical property of the earthquake. Gutenberg and Richter suggested that radiated energy Es could be estimated as

 * $$\log _{10} E_s \approx 4.8 + 1.5 M_S, $$

(in Joules). Unfortunately, the duration of many very large earthquakes was longer than 20 seconds, the period of the surface waves used in the measurement of. This meant that giant earthquakes such as the 1960 Chilean earthquake (M 9.5) were only assigned an. Caltech seismologist Hiroo Kanamori recognized this deficiency and took the simple but important step of defining a magnitude based on estimates of radiated energy,, where the "w" stood for work (energy):
 * $$ M_w = 2/3 \log _{10} E_s - 3.2 $$

Kanamori recognized that measurement of radiated energy is technically difficult since it involves the integration of wave energy over the entire frequency band. To simplify this calculation, he noted that the lowest frequency parts of the spectrum can often be used to estimate the rest of the spectrum. The lowest frequency asymptote of a seismic spectrum is characterized by the seismic moment,. Using an approximate relation between radiated energy and seismic moment (which assumes stress drop is complete and ignores fracture energy),

 * $$E_s \approx M_0 / (2 \times 10^4) $$

(where E is in Joules and is in N$$ \cdot $$m), Kanamori approximated  by

 * $$ M_w = ( \log _{10} M_0 - 9.1 ) /1.5 $$

Moment magnitude scale
The formula above made it much easier to estimate the energy-based magnitude, but it changed the fundamental nature of the scale into a moment magnitude scale. USGS seismologist Thomas C. Hanks noted that Kanamori's scale was very similar to a relationship between  and  that was reported by

 * $$ M_L \approx ( \log _{10} M_0 - 9.0 ) /1.5 $$

combined their work to define a new magnitude scale based on estimates of seismic moment

 * $$ M = ( \log _{10} M_0 - 9.05 ) /1.5 $$

where $$ M_0 $$ is defined in newton meters (N·m).

Current use
Moment magnitude is now the most common measure of earthquake size for medium to large earthquake magnitudes, but in practice, seismic moment, the seismological parameter it is based on, is not measured routinely for smaller quakes. For example, the United States Geological Survey does not use this scale for earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 3.5, which includes the great majority of quakes.

Popular press reports most often deal with significant earthquakes larger than. For these events, the preferred magnitude is the moment magnitude, not Richter's local magnitude.

Definition
The symbol for the moment magnitude scale is, with the subscript "w" meaning mechanical work accomplished. The moment magnitude is a dimensionless value defined by Hiroo Kanamori as

 * $$M_\mathrm{w} = {\frac{2}{3}}\log_{10}(M_0) - 10.7,$$

where is the seismic moment in dyne⋅cm (10−7 N⋅m). The constant values in the equation are chosen to achieve consistency with the magnitude values produced by earlier scales, such as the local magnitude and the surface wave magnitude. Thus, a magnitude zero microearthquake has a seismic moment of approximately $1,100,000,000 N⋅m$, while the Great Chilean earthquake of 1960, with an estimated moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6, had a seismic moment between $140,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 N⋅m$ and $280,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 N⋅m$.

 Seismic moment magnitude (M wg or Das Magnitude Scale ) and moment magnitude (M w) scales

To understand the magnitude scales based on Mo detailed background of Mwg and Mw scales is given below.

M w scale

Hiroo Kanamori defined a magnitude scale (Log W0 = 1.5 Mw + 11.8, where W0 is the minimum strain energy) for great earthquakes using Gutenberg Richter Eq. (1).

Log Es = 1.5 Ms + 11.8                                                                                (A)

Hiroo Kanamori used W0 in place of Es (dyn.cm) and consider a constant term (W0/Mo = 5 × 10−5) in Eq. (A) and estimated Ms and denoted as Mw (dyn.cm). The energy Eq. (A) is derived by substituting m = 2.5 + 0.63 M in the energy equation Log E = 5.8 + 2.4 m (Richter 1958), where m is the Gutenberg unified magnitude and M is a least squares approximation to the magnitude determined from surface wave magnitudes. After replacing the ratio of seismic Energy (E) and Seismic Moment (Mo), i.e., E/Mo = 5 × 10−5, into the Gutenberg–Richter energy magnitude Eq. (A), Hanks and Kanamori provided Eq. (B):

Log M0 = 1.5 Ms + 16.1                                                                                (B)

Note that Eq. (B) was already derived by Hiroo Kanamori and termed it as Mw. Eq. (B) was based on large earthquakes; hence, in order to validate Eq. (B) for intermediate and smaller earthquakes, Hanks and Kanamori (1979) compared this Eq. (B) with Eq. (1) of Percaru and Berckhemer (1978) for the magnitude 5.0 ≤ Ms ≤ 7.5 (Hanks and Kanamori 1979). Note that Eq. (1) of Percaru and Berckhemer (1978) for the magnitude range 5.0 ≤ Ms ≤ 7.5 is not reliable due to the inconsistency of defined magnitude range (moderate to large earthquakes defined as Ms ≤ 7.0 and Ms = 7–7.5) and scarce data in lower magnitude range (≤ 7.0) which rarely represents the global seismicity (e.g., see Figs. 1A, B, 4 and Table 2 of Percaru and Berckhemer 1978). Furthermore, Equation (1) of Percaru and Berckhemer 1978) is only valid for (≤ 7.0).

Relations between seismic moment, potential energy released and radiated energy
Seismic moment is not a direct measure of energy changes during an earthquake. The relations between seismic moment and the energies involved in an earthquake depend on parameters that have large uncertainties and that may vary between earthquakes. Potential energy is stored in the crust in the form of elastic energy due to built-up stress and gravitational energy. During an earthquake, a portion $$\Delta W$$ of this stored energy is transformed into
 * energy dissipated $$E_f$$ in frictional weakening and inelastic deformation in rocks by processes such as the creation of cracks
 * heat $$E_h$$
 * radiated seismic energy $$E_s$$

The potential energy drop caused by an earthquake is related approximately to its seismic moment by

 * $$\Delta W \approx \frac{\overline\sigma}{\mu} M_0$$

where $$\overline\sigma$$ is the average of the absolute shear stresses on the fault before and after the earthquake (e.g., equation 3 of ) and $$\mu$$ is the average of the shear moduli of the rocks that constitute the fault. Currently, there is no technology to measure absolute stresses at all depths of interest, nor method to estimate it accurately, and $$\overline\sigma$$ is thus poorly known. It could vary highly from one earthquake to another. Two earthquakes with identical $$M_0$$ but different $$\overline\sigma$$ would have released different $$\Delta W$$.

The radiated energy caused by an earthquake is approximately related to seismic moment by

 * $$ E_\mathrm{s} \approx \eta_R \frac{\Delta\sigma_s}{2\mu} M_0 $$

where $$\eta_R = E_s /(E_s+E_f)$$ is radiated efficiency and $$\Delta\sigma_s$$ is the static stress drop, i.e., the difference between shear stresses on the fault before and after the earthquake (e.g., from equation 1 of ). These two quantities are far from being constants. For instance, $$\eta_R$$ depends on rupture speed; it is close to 1 for regular earthquakes but much smaller for slower earthquakes such as tsunami earthquakes and slow earthquakes. Two earthquakes with identical $$M_0$$ but different $$\eta_R$$ or $$\Delta\sigma_s$$ would have radiated different $$E_\mathrm{s}$$.

Because $$E_\mathrm{s}$$ and $$M_0$$ are fundamentally independent properties of an earthquake source, and since $$E_\mathrm{s}$$ can now be computed more directly and robustly than in the 1970s, introducing a separate magnitude associated to radiated energy was warranted. Choy and Boatwright defined in 1995 the energy magnitude

 * $$M_\mathrm{E} = \textstyle{\frac{2}{3}}\log_{10}E_\mathrm{s} -3.2$$

where $$E_\mathrm{s}$$ is in J (N·m).

Comparative energy released by two earthquakes
Assuming the values of $σ̄/μ$ are the same for all earthquakes, one can consider as a measure of the potential energy change ΔW caused by earthquakes. Similarly, if one assumes $$\eta_R \Delta\sigma_s/2\mu$$ is the same for all earthquakes, one can consider as a measure of the energy Es radiated by earthquakes.

Under these assumptions, the following formula, obtained by solving for the equation defining, allows one to assess the ratio $$E_1/E_2$$ of energy release (potential or radiated) between two earthquakes of different moment magnitudes, $$m_1$$ and $$m_2$$:
 * $$ E_1/E_2 \approx 10^{\frac{3}{2}(m_1 - m_2)}.$$

As with the Richter scale, an increase of one step on the logarithmic scale of moment magnitude corresponds to a 101.5 ≈ 32 times increase in the amount of energy released, and an increase of two steps corresponds to a 103 = 1000 times increase in energy. Thus, an earthquake of of 7.0 contains 1000 times as much energy as one of 5.0 and about 32 times that of 6.0.

Comparison with TNT equivalents
To make the significance of the magnitude value plausible, the seismic energy released during the earthquake is sometimes compared to the effect of the conventional chemical explosive TNT. The seismic energy $$E_\mathrm{S}$$ results from the above-mentioned formula according to Gutenberg and Richter to

 * $$E_\mathrm{S} = 10^{\;\!1.5 \cdot M_\mathrm{S} + 4.8}$$

or converted into Hiroshima bombs:

 * $$E_\mathrm{S}= \frac{10^{\;\!1.5 \cdot M_\mathrm{S} + 4.8}}{5.25\cdot10^{13}} = 10^{\;\!1.5 \cdot M_\mathrm{S} - 8.92}$$

For comparison of seismic energy (in joules) with the corresponding explosion energy, a value of 4.2 x 109 joules per ton of TNT applies. The table illustrates the relationship between seismic energy and moment magnitude.

The end of the scale is at the value 10.6, corresponding to the assumption that at this value the Earth's crust would have to break apart completely.

Subtypes of Mw
Various ways of determining moment magnitude have been developed, and several subtypes of the scale can be used to indicate the basis used.

 * Mwb – Based on moment tensor inversion of long-period (~10 – 100 s) body-waves.
 * Mwr – From a moment tensor inversion of complete waveforms at regional distances (~ 1,000 miles). Sometimes called RMT.
 * Mwc – Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of intermediate- and long-period body- and surface-waves.
 * Mww – Derived from a centroid moment tensor inversion of the W-phase.
 * Mwp (Mi) – Developed by Seiji Tsuboi for quick estimation of the tsunami potential of large near-coastal earthquakes from measurements of the P-waves, and later extended to teleseismic earthquakes in general.
 * Mwpd – A duration-amplitude procedure which takes into account the duration of the rupture, providing a fuller picture of the energy released by longer lasting ("slow") ruptures than seen with.
 * Mdt –Rapidly estimates earthquake magnitude by combining maximum displacements of teleseismic P-wave and source durations.

title: Moment magnitude scale


text: File:Soundgarden a-sides cover.jpg

title: File:Soundgarden a-sides cover.jpg


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Muzio Attendolo Sforza

Muzio Attendolo Sforza (28 May 1369 – 4 January 1424) was an Italian condottiero. Founder of the Sforza dynasty, he led a Bolognese-Florentine army at the Battle of Casalecchio.

He was the father of Francesco Sforza, who ruled Milan for 16 years.

Biography
Giacomuzzo was born in 1369 in Cotignola (Romagna) to a rich family of rural nobility, son of Giovanni Attendolo (died 1385/1386) and Elisa. Muzio was the short form of the nickname of Giacomuzzo, which was the name of his paternal grandfather.

According to tradition, young Giacomo was ploughing a field when mercenaries led by Boldrino da Panicale passed nearby in search of recruits. He then stole one of his father's horses and followed the soldiers to follow the same career. Later, together with his brothers Bosio, Francesco and Bartolo and two cousins, Muzio joined the company of Alberico da Barbiano, who nicknamed him "Sforza" ('Strong'). In 1398 he was at the service of Perugia against the Milanese troops of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to whom Muzio soon switched his loyalty following the typical behaviour of mercenary chieftains of the time. Later Muzio fought for Florence against Visconti but in 1402, at the Battle of Casalecchio, was defeated by his former master Alberico da Barbiano. By 1409, he was in the employ of Niccolò III d'Este of Ferrara, who was being menaced by Ottobono Terzi of Parma.

King Ladislaus of Naples named him Gran Connestabile of his kingdom. Sforza's military qualities were mostly needed against Florence and the pope. He remained for the rest of his life in the Kingdom of Naples, after the king's death (1414), at the service of Queen Joanna II. However, he attracted the jealousy of Joan's favourite, Pandolfello Alopo, who had him arrested and imprisoned. However, when Sforza's troops intervened, Alopo freed him and Joan gave him the fiefdoms of Benevento and Manfredonia. On this occasion, Sforza married Caterina Alopo, Pandolfello's sister. A few months later Sforza was again arrested after a quarrel with James of Bourbon. He was freed only in 1416, after James' fall from power, and Joan gave him back the title of Conestabile. In 1417 Sforza was sent by Joan to help the pope against Braccio da Montone, together with his son Francesco. Later he returned briefly to Naples, but here he was opposed by Giovanni (Sergianni) Caracciolo, Joan's new lover. In the following, confused, events that led to the arrival of Louis III of Anjou in Naples in opposition to Alfonso V of Aragon, Sforza helped Joan and Sergianni to flee to Aversa.

In 1423, the city of L'Aquila rebelled against Braccio da Montone and he was sent to support it. In an attempt to save one of his pages during the fording of the River Pescara, Sforza drowned and his body was swept away by the waters.

Family
Sforza had sixteen known children born from five marriages:

In 1409, Sforza married firstly with Antonia (died 1411), widow of Francesco Casali, Lord of Cortona and daughter of Francesco Salimbeni, Patrician of Siena and Lord of Chiusi, Radicofani, Bagno Vignoni, Carsoli and Sarteano. They had:
 * Bosio (1410–1476), Count of Cotignola (1424), Lord of Castell'Arquato and Sovereign Count of Santa Fiora by virtue of his marriage (1439) with Cecilia Aldobrandeschi, Countess of Santa Fiora and Pitigliano.

On 16 June 1413, Sforza married secondly with Caterina (also named Catella; died 1418 in childbirth), a sister of Pandolfello Piscopo "Alopo", Grand Chamberlain of the Kingdom of Naples and lover of Queen Joanna II. They had:
 * Leonardo (1415–1438).
 * Pietro (1417–1442), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno since 1438.
 * Giovanna (born and died 1418).

In 1421, Sforza married thirdly with Maria (died 1440), daughter of Giacomo da Marzano, 1st Duke of Sessa, and Sovereign Countess of Celano after inheriting from her first husband Nicola de Berardi. They had:
 * Bartolomeo (1420–1435), Count of Celano (1430).
 * Carlo (15 June 1423 – 12 September 1457), later renamed Gabriele in his ordination, Archbishop of Milan since 1445.

With Tamira di Cagli, Sforza had two children:
 * Mansueto (c. 1400–1467), Abbot of San Lorenzo of Cremona (1425).
 * Onestina (1402–1422), a Benedictine nun.

With Lucia Terzani de Martini (or Lucia Demartini according to other sources; died 1461), They had:
 * Francesco (23 July 1401 – 8 March 1466), Duke of Milan in 1450.
 * Elisa (1402–1476), married in 1417 to Leonello of Sanseverino, Count of Cajazzo.
 * Alberico (1403–1423).
 * Antonia (16 January 1404 – 1471), married firstly in 1417 to Ardizzone da Carrara, Lord of Feltre, and secondly in 1442 to Manfredo da Barbiano.
 * Leone (May 1406 – September 1440), condottiero; married in 1435 to Marsobilia Trinci di Foligno (died 1485). No issue.
 * Giovanni (1407 – December 1451), condottiero; married in 1419 to Lavinia Lavello di Toscanella. No issue.
 * Gregorio (29 October 1409 – April 1473), changed his name to Alessandro in honour to antipope Alexander V; Lord of Pesaro (1445).
 * Orsola (1411–1460), a Clarisse nun.

Other
The Italian Regia Marina launched a cruiser called Muzio Attendolo in 1935. See also Condottieri-class cruiser.

title: Muzio Attendolo Sforza


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Brad Cotter

Thomas Bradley Cotter (born September 29, 1970) is an American country music singer who won the 2004 season of Nashville Star a talent competition on the USA Network. Signed to Epic Records that year, he released his debut album Patient Man, which produced three singles on the Billboard country charts, including the No. 35 "I Meant To". An independent EP, Continuity, followed in 2007.

Biography
Born in Opelika, Alabama, Cotter trained with Jerry Redd, who had performed with Elvis Presley and the gospel music group The Stamps Quartet. His first public performance was at the age of nine in a church in Columbus, Georgia. He recorded five gospel records in the next eight years, and was voted the "top child Gospel soloist in America". He dropped out of performing in his late teen years, then returned to music in Auburn, where he joined the group Silverado.

Cotter left Silverado in 1993 and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he tried to get work as a solo act and a songwriter, landing cuts by Tommy Shane Steiner and Chad Brock, in addition to recording demos. He later competed on and won Nashville Star, then signed to a recording contract with Epic Records. Cotter's debut album Patient Man was released in mid-2004 via Epic, with production by songwriter Steve Bogard. This album produced three chart singles on the country charts, including the Top 40 "I Meant To", but Cotter exited the label before Epic closed its Nashville division in 2005. In 2007, Cotter signed with Adobe Road Records in Nashville, releasing an EP called Continuity.

In 2009, Cotter and Bogard reunited, and Cotter signed to OMG Records. His second full album, Right on Time, was released in June 2009.

title: Brad Cotter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-consensus

Original research, from a user with a quickly growing history of same. None of the Google hits appear to be relevant. Contributor has been asked on talk page to give some references or citations for the concept, and has refused. RadicalSubversiv E 22:29, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Comments from main contributor Quickwik, who persists both in placing comments at Votes for deletion and in not signing them:
 * keep - it's seminal. And not origional.. the term "e-consensus" is used in similar ways in both consensus and genetics where the same mathematical principles are employed.  Also the concepts like "golden sugestion" are established and apply there.  If an encyclopedia is a compendium of knowledge then where do you plan to put such knowledge?  Break it all up into 15 seperate articles?
 * Theres a page for tolken's 'dark world'.. are you saying the concepts of electronic consensus as function which filters noise and redundancy in voting populations is somehow not teolkenesque or not innane enough? Keep- I had the idea before I mentioned it here. change the "origional research" criteria to "unpublished research" since that's what you're really saying :) Also Every time you write a sentence you have committed "origional research".  Plus it's more convienant to leave it here and meta.wikipedia also cites the referance. The fundiemtal problem is that it is a cohearant topic and basically wikipedia is not it's self stable enough to hold it.. it's subject to too much erosion...  SEE there's a point to it being here..
 * E-consensus has been discussed in the talk pages
 * I concurr with the first voter that it is usefull and, while it is not "perfect", it contains the collection of non origional data relating to the unsolved problem of politics what is consensus ? as it relates to electronic fourms. The data contained does sugests some newer understandings about consensus and communication such as the "phase transition" principle and the not well studied aspects of removing both noise (as in condorcett) as well as redundancy (to protect against "majority abuses") in voting methods.
 * Moreover it is still unfinished as a topic. consensus has been used by those wishing to destablize a topic by instuting a "rule without rules" that people can just argue over "what is consensus" rather than adressing the fundimental choices which it creates. --which are more salient on e-fourms  Majority rule is like a sward count which is quick but often highly inneffective in informational fourms.  The alternitives sugested by consensus are ones which maintain a higher weight to argument consistancy.
 * E-consensus as mentioned used in two isomorphic ways in genetics and voting systems. Where should it be if not there?  Quickwik

 * Keep. It has value as an article. And besides, it's actually well-written, as opposed to most original research pieces. Alcarillo 16:05, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Remove the original research, which is probably most of the article. Anything that's left is probably addressed at consensus, so merge and redirect there. This only deserves a separate article if we can verifiably say something is different about consensus in electronic forums. The current content doesn't meet that standard. --Michael Snow 20:39, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and move to Meta. Interesting, well-written and relevant to Wikipedia, but still original research AFAIK. Can't see the value in the redirect, anyone searching on this will get to consensus without one IMO. Andrewa 20:45, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comments: I should qualify that "well-written" in one regard... the spelling! See comment on the talk page. I haven't corrected it as it's interesting IMO as is. Also, I now see that this is part of a campaign by a particular user, who has posted many similar pages, all of which should be deleted from the article namespace. Andrewa 20:19, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. While I find the concept of great interest, and would like to see discussion expanded, this article fails to meet the basic criteria for inclusion in Wiki. It is seriously POV, it has all the earmarks of original research (phrases like "it seems..." and "most people can agree..." are less than definitive in their conclusions), and absolutely no sources are cited as support for any of the author's conclusions. I will admit as well that the singularly atrocious spelling in this article, which could mostly have been cleaned up with a quick trip through a spell check, gives me pause in itself to consider the scholarliness of this article. Denni 07:39, 2004 May 4 (UTC)
 * And now my vote: Delete. It's original research, it has very little content, and it's not a widely known term. There are plenty of places that will welcome this - not Wikipedia. DJ Clayworth 19:44, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Until this can be sourced and verified outside Wikipedia, delete as original research. Rossami 22:13, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: original research. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:34, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Distinctly original research, POV. +sj+ 01:25, 2004 May 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Kaihsu 17:15, 2004 May 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cribcage 03:09, 8 May 2004 (UTC)


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Siphonophorae

Siphonophorae (from Greek siphōn 'tube' + pherein 'to bear' ) is an order within Hydrozoa, which is a class of marine organisms within the phylum Cnidaria. According to the World Register of Marine Species, the order contains 175 species described thus far.

Siphonophores are highly polymorphic and complex organisms. Although they may appear to be individual organisms, each specimen is in fact a colonial organism composed of medusoid and polypoid zooids that are morphologically and functionally specialized. Zooids are multicellular units that develop from a single fertilized egg and combine to create functional colonies able to reproduce, digest, float, maintain body positioning, and use jet propulsion to move. Most colonies are long, thin, transparent floaters living in the pelagic zone.

Like other hydrozoans, some siphonophores emit light to attract and attack prey. While many sea animals produce blue and green bioluminescence, a siphonophore in the genus Erenna was only the second life form found to produce a red light (the first one being the scaleless dragonfish Chirostomias pliopterus).

Colony characteristics
Siphonophores are colonial hydrozoans that do not exhibit alternation of generations but instead reproduce asexually through a budding process. Zooids are the multicellular units that build the colonies. A single bud called the pro-bud initiates the growth of a colony by undergoing fission. Each zooid is produced to be genetically identical; however, mutations can alter their functions and increase diversity of the zooids within the colony. Siphonophores are unique in that the pro-bud initiates the production of diverse zooids with specific functions. The functions and organizations of the zooids in colonies widely vary among the different species; however, the majority of colonies are bilaterally arranged with dorsal and ventral sides to the stem. The stem is the vertical branch in the center of the colony to which the zooids attach. Zooids typically have special functions, and thus assume specific spatial patterns along the stem.

General morphology
Siphonophores typically exhibit one of three standard body plans matching the suborders: Cystonectae, Physonectae, and Calycophorae. Cystonects have a long stem with the attached zooids. Each group of zooids has a gastrozooid. The gastrozooid has a tentacle used for capturing and digesting food. The groups also have gonophores, which are specialized for reproduction. They use a pneumatophore, a gas-filled float, on their anterior end and drift at the surface of the water or stay afloat in the deep sea. Physonects have a pneumatophore and nectosome, which harbors the nectophores used for jet propulsion. The nectophores pump water backwards in order to move forward. Calycophorans differ from cystonects and physonects in that they have two nectophores and no pneumatophore. Instead they often possess oil-filled glands which likely help with buoyancy.

Siphonophores possess multiple types of zooid. Scientists have determined two possible evolutionary hypothesis for this observation: 1. As time has gone on, the amount of zooid types has increased. 2. The last common ancestor had many types of zooids and the diversity seen today is due to loss of zooid types. Research shows no evidence supporting the first hypothesis, and has seen some evidence in support of the second.

Zooids

 * Siphonophores can have zooids that are either polyps or medusae. However, zooids are unique and can develop to have different functions.

Nectophores

 * Nectophores are medusae that assist in the propulsion and movement of some siphonophores in water. They are characteristic in physonectae and calycophores. The nectophores of these organisms are located in the nectosome where they can coordinate the swimming of colonies. The nectophores have also been observed in working in conjunction with reproductive structures in order to provide propulsion during colony detachment.

Bracts

 * Bracts are zooids that are unique to the siphonophorae order. They function in protection and maintaining a neutral buoyancy. However, bracts are not present in all species of siphonophore.

Gastrozooids

 * Gastrozooids are polyps that have evolved a function to assist in the feeding of siphonophores.

Palpons

 * Palpons are modified gastrozooids that function in digestion by regulating the circulation of gastrovascular fluids.

Gonophores

 * Gonophores are zooids that are involved in the reproductive processes of the siphonophores.

Pneumatophores

 * The presence of pneumatophores characterizes the subgroups Cystonectae and Physonectae. They are gas-filled floats that are located at the anterior end of the colonies in these species. They function to help the colonies maintain their orientation in water. In the cystonectae subgroup, the pneumatophores have an additional function of assisting with flotation of the organisms. The siphonophores exhibiting the feature develop the structure in early larval development via invaginations of the flattened planula structure. Further observations of the siphonophore species Nanomia bijuga indicate that the pneumatophore feature potentially also functions to sense pressure changes and regulate chemotaxis in some species.

Distribution and habitat
Currently, the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) identifies 175 species of siphonophores. They can differ greatly in terms of size and shape, which largely reflects the environment that they inhabit. Siphonophores are most often pelagic organisms, yet level species are benthic. Smaller, warm-water siphonophores typically live in the epipelagic zone and use their tentacles to capture zooplankton and copepods. Larger siphonophores live in deeper waters, as they are generally longer and more fragile and must avoid strong currents. They mostly feed on larger prey. The majority of siphonophores live in the deep sea and can be found in all of the oceans. Siphonophore species rarely only inhabit one location. Some species, however, can be confined to a specific range of depths and/or an area of the ocean.

Movement
Siphonophores use a method of locomotion similar to jet propulsion. A siphonophore is a complex aggregate colony made up of many nectophores, which are clonal individuals that form by budding and are genetically identical. Depending on where each individual nectophore is positioned within the siphonophore, their function differs. Colonial movement is determined by individual nectophores of all developmental stages. The smaller individuals are concentrated towards the top of the siphonophore, and their function is turning and adjusting the orientation of the colony. Individuals will get larger the older they are. The larger individuals are located at the base of the colony, and their main function is thrust propulsion. These larger individuals are important in attaining the maximum speed of the colony. Every individual is key to the movement of the aggregate colony, and understanding their organization may allow us to make advances in our own multi-jet propulsion vehicles. The colonial organization of siphonophores, particularly in Nanomia bijuga confers evolutionary advantages. A large number of concentrated individuals allows for redundancy. This means that even if some individual nectophores become functionally compromised, their role is bypassed so the colony as a whole is not negatively affected. The velum, a thin band of tissue surrounding the opening of the jet, also plays a role in swimming patterns, shown specifically through research done on the previous mentioned species N. bijuga. The velum becomes smaller and more circular during times of forward propulsion compared to a large velum that is seen during refill periods. Additionally, the position of the velum changes with swimming behaviors; the velum is curved downward in times of jetting, but during refill, the velum is moved back into the nectophore. The siphonophore Namonia bijuga also practices diel vertical migration, as it remains in the deep-sea during the day but rises during the night.

Predation and feeding
Siphonophores are predatory carnivores. Their diets consist of a variety of copepods, other small crustaceans, and small fish. Generally, the diets of strong swimming siphonophores consist of smaller prey, and the diets of weak swimming siphonophores consist of larger prey. A majority of siphonophores have gastrozooids that have a characteristic tentacle attached to the base of the zooid. This structural feature functions in assisting the organisms in catching prey. Species with large gastrozooids are capable of consuming a broad range of prey sizes. Similar to many other organisms in the phylum of Cnidaria, many siphonophore species exhibit nematocyst stinging capsules on branches of their tentacles called tentilla. The nematocysts are arranged in dense batteries on the side of the tentilla. When the siphonophore encounters potential prey, their tentillum react to where the 30 - 50 cm tentacles create a net by transforming their shape around the prey. The nematocysts then shoot millions of paralyzing, and sometimes fatal, toxin molecules at the trapped prey which is then transferred to the proper location for digestion. Some species of siphonophores use aggressive mimicry by using bioluminescent light so the prey cannot properly identify the predator.

There are four types of nematocysts in siphonophore tentilla: heteronemes, haplonemes, desmonemes, and rhopalonemes. Heteronemes are the largest nematocysts and are spines on a shaft close to tubules attached to the center of the siphonophore. Haplonemes have open-tipped tubules with spines, but no distinct shaft. This is the most common nematocyst among siphonophores. Desmonemes do not have spines but instead there are adhesive properties on the tubules to hold onto prey. Rhopalonemes are nematocysts with wide tubules for prey.

Due to the lack of food in the deep sea environment, a majority of siphonophore species function in a sit-and-wait tactic for food. The gelatinous body plan allows for flexibility when catching prey, but the gelatinous adaptations are based on habitat. They swim around waiting for their long tentacles to encounter prey. In addition, siphonophores in a group denoted Erenna have the ability to generate bioluminescence and red fluorescence while its tentilla twitches in a way to mimic motions of small crustaceans and copepods. These actions entice the prey to move closer to the siphonophore, allowing it to trap and digest it.

Reproduction
The modes of reproduction for siphonophores vary among the different species, and to this day, several modes remain unknown. Generally, a single zygote begins the formation of a colony of zooids. The fertilized egg matures into a protozooid, which initiates the budding process and creation of a new zooid. This process repeats until a colony of zooids forms around the central stalk. In contrast, several species reproduce using polyps. Polyps can hold eggs and/or sperm and can be released into the water from the posterior end of the siphonophore. The polyps may then be fertilized outside of the organism.

Siphonophores use gonophores to make the reproductive gametes. Gonophores are either male or female; however, the types of gonophores in a colony can vary among species. Species are characterized as monoecious or dioecious based on their gonophores. Monoecious species contain male and female gonophores in a single zooid colony, whereas dioecious species harbor male and female gonophores separately in different colonies of zooids.

Bioluminescence
Nearly all siphonophores have bioluminescent capabilities. Since these organisms are extremely fragile, they are rarely observed alive. Bioluminescence in siphonophores has been thought to have evolved as a defense mechanism. Siphonophores of the deep-sea genus Erenna (found at depths between 1600-2300 m) are thought to use their bioluminescent capability for offense too, as a lure to attract fish. This genus is one of the few to prey on fish rather than crustaceans. The bioluminescent organs, called tentilla, on these non-visual individuals emit red fluorescence along with a rhythmic flicking pattern, which attracts prey as it resembles smaller organisms such as zooplankton and copepods. Thus, it has been concluded that they use luminescence as a lure to attract prey. Some research indicates that deep-sea organisms can not detect long wavelengths, and red light has a long wavelength of 680 nm. If this is the case, then fish are not lured by Erenna, and there must be another explanation. However, the deep-sea remains largely unexplored and red light sensitivity in fish such as Cyclothone and the deep myctophid fish should not be discarded.

Bioluminescent lures are found in many different species of siphonophores, and are used for a variety of reasons. Species such as Agalma okeni, Athorybia rosacea, Athorybia lucida, and Lychnafalma utricularia use their lures as a mimicry device to attract prey. A. rosacea mimic fish larvae, A. lucida are thought to mimic larvacean houses, and L. utricularia mimic hydromedusa. The species Resomia ornicephala uses their green and blue fluorescing tentilla to attract krill, helping them to outcompete other organisms that are hunting for the same prey. Siphonophores from the genus Erenna use bioluminescent lures surrounded by red fluorescence to attract prey and possibly mimic a fish from the Cyclothone genus. Their prey is lured in through a unique flicking behavior associated with the tentilla. When young, the tentilla of organisms in the Erenna genus contain only bioluminescent tissue, but, as the organism ages, red fluorescent material is also present in these tissues.

Taxonomy
Organisms in the order of Siphonophorae have been classified into the phylum Cnidaria and the class Hydrozoa. The phylogenetic relationships of siphonophores have been of great interest due to the high variability of the organization of their polyp colonies and medusae. Once believed to be a highly distinct group, larval similarities and morphological features have led researchers to believe that siphonophores had evolved from simpler colonial hydrozoans similar to those in the orders Anthoathecata and Leptothecata. Consequently, they are now united with these in the subclass Hydroidolina.

Early analysis divided siphonophores into three main subgroups based on the presence or the absence of two different traits: swimming bells (nectophores) and floats (pneumatophores). The subgroups consisted of Cystonectae, Physonectae, and Calycorphores. Cystonectae had pneumatophores, Calycophores had nectophores, and Physonectae had both.

Eukaryotic nuclear small subunit ribosomal gene 18S, eukaryotic mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal gene 16S, and transcriptome analyses further support the phylogenetic division of Siphonophorae into two main clades: Cystonectae and Codonophora. Suborders within Codonophora include Physonectae (consisting of the clades Calycophorae and Euphysonectae), Pyrostephidae, and Apolemiidae.

 * Suborder Calycophorae
 * Abylidae Agassiz, 1862
 * Clausophyidae Totton, 1965
 * Diphyidae Quoy & Gaimard, 1827
 * Hippopodiidae Kölliker, 1853
 * Prayidae Kölliker, 1853
 * Sphaeronectidae Huxley, 1859
 * Tottonophyidae Pugh, Dunn & Haddock, 2018
 * Suborder Cystonectae
 * Physaliidae Brandt, 1835
 * Rhizophysidae Brandt, 1835
 * Suborder Physonectae
 * Agalmatidae Brandt, 1834
 * Apolemiidae Huxley, 1859
 * Cordagalmatidae Pugh, 2016
 * Erennidae Pugh, 2001
 * Forskaliidae Haeckel, 1888
 * Physophoridae Eschscholtz, 1829
 * Pyrostephidae Moser, 1925
 * Resomiidae Pugh, 2006
 * Rhodaliidae Haeckel, 1888
 * Stephanomiidae Huxley, 1859

Discovery
Carl Linnaeus described the first siphonophore, the Portuguese man o' war, in 1758. The discovery rate of siphonophore species was slow in the 18th century, as only four additional species were found. During the 19th century, 56 new species were observed due to research voyages conducted by European powers. The majority of new species found during this time period were collected in coastal, surface waters. During the HMS Challenger expedition, various species of siphonophores were collected. Ernst Haeckel attempted to conduct a write up of all of the species of siphonophores collected on this expedition. He introduced 46 "new species"; however, his work was heavily critiqued because some of the species that he identified were eventually found not to be siphonophores. Nonetheless, some of his descriptions and figures (pictured below) are considered useful by modern biologists. A rate of about 10 new species discoveries per decade was observed during the 20th century. Considered the most important researcher of siphonophores, A. K. Totton introduced 23 new species of siphonophores during the mid-20th century.

On April 6, 2020, the Schmidt Ocean Institute announced the discovery of a giant Apolemia siphonophore in submarine canyons near Ningaloo Coast, measuring 15 m (49 ft) diameter with a ring approximately 47 m (154 ft) long, possibly the largest siphonophore, and longest animal, ever recorded.

There is no fossil record of siphonophores, though they have evolved and adapted for an extensive time period. Their phylum, Cnidaria, is an ancient lineage that dates back to c. 640 million years ago.

Haeckel's siphonophores
Ernst Haeckel described numerous siphonophores, and several plates from his Kunstformen der Natur (1904) depict members of the taxon:

title: Siphonophorae


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Physalia

Physalia is a genus of the order Siphonophorae, colonies of four specialized polyps and medusoids that drift on the surface of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Although these organisms look like a single multicellular organism, each specimen is actually a colony of minute organisms called zooids that have to work together for survival. A gas-filled bladder resembling a blue bottle provides buoyancy, and long tentacles of venomous cnidocytes provide a means of capturing prey. A sail on the float, which may be left or right-handed, propels Physalia about the sea, often in groups. These siphonophores sometimes become stranded on beaches, where their toxic nematocysts can remain potent for weeks or months in moist conditions. Both species of this siphonophore resemble a jellyfish in appearance, with their gas-filled float and cluster of polyps beneath, which can hang up to 30 or 165 ft (9 to 50 m) below the surface of the sea.

The species Physalia utriculus is given the common name Pacific man o' war to distinguish it from the more widely distributed and larger Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man o' war. The species are told apart by the size of the float -6 in (15 cm) compared to 12 in (30 cm)- and by having a single versus several long fishing tentacles. No fatalities from envenomation are recorded for P. utriculus, in contrast to the larger species.

Because it frequently washes up on beaches on the coast of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and is seen in the open ocean, Physalia is the best-known genus of siphonophore, as nearly all siphonophores live in the cold, dark ocean depths where they can only be observed in their natural habitat by a submersible or ROV.

The genus was first described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1801.

Diversity
The family Physaliidae is monotypic, consisting of only one genus, Physalia. The genus contains only two species.

title: Physalia


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Cai Mao

Cai Mao (fl. 190-208), courtesy name Degui, was a military officer serving under the warlords Liu Biao and Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Life
Cai Mao came from the elite Cai family in Xiangyang, Nan Commandery (南郡), the capital of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). His father was Cai Feng (蔡諷). His aunt (Cai Feng's sister) married Zhang Wen, who served as the Grand Commandant (太尉) during the reign of Emperor Ling. Cai Mao had two sisters – one married Huang Chengyan while the other married Liu Biao. Cai Mao also had two other notable relatives: Cai Zan (蔡瓚), courtesy name Maogui (茂珪), who served as the Chancellor of Mei (郿相); and Cai Yan (蔡琰), courtesy name Wengui (文珪), who served as the Administrator of Ba Commandery (巴郡太守). The Cai family would later be robbed and massacred by bandits during the Yongjia era (307–313) of the Jin dynasty (266–420).

Cai Mao was known for being arrogant and proud. He served as a military officer under his brother-in-law Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. In 190, when Liu Biao first started his tenure in Jing Province, Cai Mao, along with Kuai Liang and Kuai Yue, assisted him in quelling local rebellions and consolidating control over the province. Cai Mao subsequently served as the Administrator (太守) of various commanderies in Jing Province, including Jiangxia (江夏), Nan Commandery (南郡) and Zhangling (章陵). In 192, after Liu Biao received the honorary appointment of General Who Guards the South (鎭南將軍) from the Han imperial court, he appointed Cai Mao as his military strategist.

Liu Biao had two sons – Liu Qi and Liu Cong – born to his first wife. The younger one, Liu Cong, married a niece of Cai Mao's sister Lady Cai, so the Cai family favoured him and wanted him to succeed Liu Biao as the Governor of Jing Province in the future even though Liu Qi, being the elder son, should be the rightful successor. In 208, Cai Mao and Liu Biao's maternal nephew Zhang Yun (張允) plotted to harm Liu Qi. When Liu Qi heard about it, he found an excuse to leave Xiangyang and be the Administrator of Jiangxia Commandery. After Liu Biao's death later that year, Liu Cong became the new Governor of Jing Province with support from the Cai family.

In late 208, when the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian, led an army south to attack Jing Province, Cai Mao, Kuai Yue, Zhang Yun and others managed to persuade Liu Cong to surrender to Cao Cao. As Cai Mao had known Cao Cao since their younger days, Cao Cao treated him well and even visited his home. From then on, Cai Mao served under Cao Cao and subsequently held the following positions in Cao Cao's administration: Assistant Officer of the Household (從事中郎), Major (司馬) and Changshui Colonel (長水校尉). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Hanyang Village (漢陽亭侯).

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cai Mao is cast as a minor villain of sorts alongside Liu Biao's maternal nephew Zhang Yun (張允). Both of them are said to be highly skilled and experienced in naval warfare, having served as the commanders of Jing Province's naval forces. In the novel, Cai Mao is also a maternal uncle of Liu Biao's younger son Liu Cong because Liu Cong's mother is Lady Cai (Cai Mao's sister). In 208, after Liu Biao dies, Cai Mao, Lady Cai and Zhang Yun go against his final wish by supporting Liu Cong to be the new Governor of Jing Province. Later that year, Cai Mao urges Liu Cong to surrender to Cao Cao, who has led a massive army to invade Jing Province. Cao Cao accepts the surrender and allows Cai Mao and Zhang Yun to continue leading the naval forces.

In the opening stages of the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208–209, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun lead Cao Cao's naval forces into battle against Sun Quan's navy, which is led by Zhou Yu. After losing in the initial skirmishes, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun suggest to Cao Cao to link all his battleships with iron chains to improve stability and reduce the chances of the soldiers falling seasick from all the rocking while sailing on the river. When Zhou Yu hears about it, he uses a scheme to trick Jiang Gan into believing that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are planning to betray Cao Cao and defect to Sun Quan's side. Jiang Gan returns to Cao Cao with a fake letter as evidence of Cai Mao and Zhang Yun's "treachery". Cao Cao falls for the ruse and orders Cai Mao and Zhang Yun to be executed. Although he realises his mistake later, it is too late.

title: Cai Mao


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Gad

Gad or GAD may refer to:

Government and politics

 * General Administration Department, of Burma's Ministry of Home Affairs
 * Government Actuary's Department, of the Government of the United Kingdom
 * Grand Alliance for Democracy, a Philippine political coalition
 * People's Liberation Army General Armaments Department

People

 * Gad (name), a list of people with the surname, given name or nickname

Places

 * Gad, West Virginia, flooded in the construction of Summersville Lake, United States
 * Gad, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, United States
 * Gad Cliff, Dorset, England
 * Gad River, Maharashtra, India
 * Gad, a village in Ghilad Commune, Timiș County, Romania

Religion

 * Gad (son of Jacob), the founder of the tribe of Gad and seventh son of Jacob
 * Tribe of Gad, a tribe of the ancient Kingdom of Israel
 * Gad (prophet), King David's seer or prophet
 * Gad (deity), a pan-Semitic deity worshipped during the Babylonian captivity

Science, medicine, and mathematics

 * Generalized anxiety disorder
 * Glutamate decarboxylase, an enzyme in mammals
 * Glycoazodyes, synthetic dyes
 * Gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent
 * Great dodecahedron, a regular polyhedron

Other uses

 * Gaddang language, spoken in the Philippines
 * Gender and development
 * Northeast Alabama Regional Airport, in Etowah County, Alabama, United States
 * General Anthropology Division, of the American Anthropological Association
 * Golden Age of Detective Fiction

title: Gad


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Hiroo Kanamori

Hiroo Kanamori (金森 博雄) is a Japanese-American seismologist who has made fundamental contributions to understanding the physics of earthquakes and the tectonic processes that cause them.

Career
Kanamori and American seismologist Thomas C. Hanks developed the moment magnitude scale which replaced the Richter magnitude scale as a measurement of the relative strength of earthquakes.

Kanamori invented the method for calculating slip distribution on the fault plane by teleseismic waveform with Masayuki Kikuchi. In addition, they studied realtime seismology.

In 2007 he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences.

Kanamori developed a new method of earthquake early warning detection by rapid analysis of the P-wave by a robust network. The algorithm is currently being tested with the Southern California Seismic Network "ShakeAlert" Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system, and is one of three algorithms that is used by the system.

Honours

 * 1993 Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship
 * 1994 Asahi Prize
 * 1996 Walter H. Bucher Medal
 * 2004 Japan Academy Prize
 * 2006 Person of Cultural Merit
 * 2007 Kyoto Prize
 * 2014 William Bowie Medal

title: Hiroo Kanamori


text: File:As Good as Dead Album cover.jpg

title: File:As Good as Dead Album cover.jpg


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Tarkington (surname)

Tarkington is an English surname, a variant of the place name Torkington; other variants include Talkington and Turkington.

John Tarkington, Sr., his wife Prudence, their son John, Jr. and wife Martha, and their son William Joshua came to America in about 1668. They settled on 250 acre of land in Baltimore County, Maryland. The plantation was named "The Grove".

John Tarkington was one of the original settlers of Maryland. He began to accumulate property by getting settlers to move to a certain locality. In 1675 he transported a group into the province to inhabit Cecil County and obtained 560 acre for himself.

John Tarkington had a son Samuel, who it is said was killed or kidnapped by the natives.

Booth Tarkington's ancestors migrated through Tyrrell County, North Carolina, and then on to Indiana.

Notable people with the surname include:
 * Booth Tarkington (1869–1946), American novelist and dramatist
 * Rockne Tarkington (1931–2015), American actor

title: Tarkington (surname)


text: File:Ol' Yellow Eyes is Back album cover.jpg


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Talk:WNCI

WNCI-FM?
Why isn't this article at WNCI-FM?? 66.245.27.48 22:50, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Because the station is WNCI, not WNCI-FM. Check the FCC database at http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/fmq.html by entering the call letters of a station. Enter WNCI and your results will all list WNCI in the leftmost column because the station is licensed as WNCI (not WNCI-FM). Compare this to the results if you enter WBNS. All of the results will show WBNS-FM since the station is licensed as WBNS-FM. Richardsur 03:55, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * As a matter of fact, six-letter call signs (xxxx-FM, xxxx-TV, etc.) are only used to disambiguate a station when a station with the same four-letter call sign root already exists on another band. Since there is only one WNCI, there is no need for the two-letter suffix. Compare WOSU, WOSU-FM, and WOSU-TV. Earpol

 * Hmmm, good question. The emerging convention at WikiProject Radio Stations is to follow call letters with a suffix identifying the article as a broadcast station (whether as part of the actual call, i.e. -FM, -TV, etc., or implied as in (AM) ). The initial consensus here, however, seems to be to keep the page at WNCI. Call for votes? -- SwissCelt 14:11, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My vote, incidentally, would be move to WNCI-FM. Even though WNCI is unique among radio station call letters, that doesn't necessarily mean it's unique among encyclopedia subjects. WLAF would be one example where a grouping of four letters beginning with a W does not necessarily indicate a broadcasting station. WNCI can, and likely will, always redirect to the article. -- SwissCelt 14:11, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My vote is against the move. However, if you feel that you absolutely MUST move this article, then move it to WNCI (FM) since WNCI-FM is technically incorrect and inaccurate. Richardsur 05:24, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

HD radio subcarriers?
Does WNCI have an HD radio broadcast yet? If it does, do they multicast other programming on the subcarriers? GBrady (talk) 17:42, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Is Jimmy jam still married??? Sure doesn't seem to be...

Curious```` —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.55.33.214 (talk) 03:37, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

yes there is 2 HD channels. HD2 spin cycle, HD3 Pride radio RobsPalace76 (talk) 01:33, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

 * WNCI could try classical on HD4 or on their website. They even dumped classical in 1967. 2600:1702:190:DB40:3873:AAA:9E1C:8D2D (talk) 17:58, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

IS JIMMY JAM STILL MARRIED???
sure doesn' seem that way. I think we have the right to know. They parade the wedding all over the place, so what it the big secret? He never talks about his wife, and is downright a cad, if he is indead still married. He talks about other woman all the time.

Curious71.55.33.214 (talk) 03:42, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * @71.55.33.214 no I don't think married, but speaks of a girlfriend often 2603:6011:9A23:4103:117C:D3D7:5D88:4A8A (talk) 19:26, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

morning zoo
how long has the Dave and Jimmy morning zoo been on wnci? RobsPalace76 (talk) 01:54, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:WNCI


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Nuestra Señora de Atocha

Nuestra Señora de Atocha (Our Lady of Atocha) was a Spanish treasure galleon and the most widely known vessel of a fleet of ships that sank in a hurricane off the Florida Keys in 1622. At the time of her sinking, Nuestra Señora de Atocha was heavily laden with copper, silver, gold, tobacco, gems, and indigo from Spanish ports at Cartagena and Porto Bello in New Granada (present-day Colombia and Panama, respectively) and Havana, bound for Spain. The Nuestra Señora de Atocha was named for the Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha in Madrid, Spain. It was a heavily armed Spanish galleon that served as the almirante (rear guard) for the Spanish fleet. It would trail behind the other ships in the flotilla to prevent an attack from the rear.

Much of the wreck of Nuestra Señora de Atocha was famously recovered by an American commercial treasure hunting expedition in 1985. Following a lengthy court battle against the State of Florida, the finders were ultimately awarded sole ownership of the rights to the treasure.

Building and Dimensions
The Atocha was built for the Spanish Crown in Havana in 1620. She was rated at 550 tons, with an overall length of 112 feet, a beam of 34 feet, and a draft of 14 feet. She carried a square-rigged fore and mainmast and a lateen-rigged mizzenmast. Although there are no existing records, she likely had a high sterncastle, low waist, and high forecastle as was typical for an early 17th century Spanish galleon.

Sinking
Nuestra Señora de Atocha had been delayed in Veracruz before she could rendezvous in Havana with the vessels of the Tierra Firme (Mainland) Fleet. The treasure, which arrived by mule in Panama City, was so immense that it took two months to record and load it onto the Atocha. After still more delays in Havana, what was ultimately a 28-ship convoy did not manage to depart for Spain until 4 September 1622, six weeks late. Each ship in the convoy carried crew, soldiers, passengers, provisions, and treasures from all over South America. The Atocha alone carried cargo whose estimates range between $250 and $500 million, including silver from Bolivia, Peru and Mexico, gold and emeralds from Colombia, and pearls from Venezuela, as well as more common goods including worked silverware, tobacco, and bronze cannons.

In the second day of its voyage from Havana, the convoy was overtaken by a hurricane in the Florida Straits. By the morning of 6 September, eight of the ships had sunk and their remains lay scattered from Marquesas Key to the Dry Tortugas. The Nuestra Señora de Atocha had lost all of her 265 crew and passengers except for three sailors and two slaves, who survived by clinging to the mizzenmast. Among the sailors killed in the disaster was Bartolomé García de Nodal, explorer of the Straits of Magellan surrounding Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America. All of her treasure sank with the ship, approximately 30 league from Havana.

After the surviving ships brought the news of the disaster back to Havana, Spanish authorities dispatched another five ships to salvage Nuestra Señora de Atocha and Santa Margarita, which had run aground nearby. Nuestra Señora de Atocha had sunk in approximately 17 m of water, making it difficult for divers to retrieve any of the cargo or guns from the ship. A second hurricane on 5 October of that year made attempts at salvage even more difficult by scattering the wreckage of the sunken ship still further.

The Spaniards undertook salvage operations for several years with the use of enslaved people, and recovered nearly half of the registered part of its cargo from the holds of Santa Margarita. The principal method used for the recovery of this cargo was a large brass diving bell with a glass window on one side: an enslaved person would be forced to ride to the bottom, recover an item, and return to the surface by being hauled up by the men on deck. It was often lethal; dead slaves were actually recorded as a business expense by the captains of salvage ships.

The loss of the 1622 fleet was a severe blow to Spanish commercial interests, forcing the crown to borrow more to finance its role in the ongoing Thirty Years' War and to sell several galleons to raise funds. The Spanish worked diligently and were able to salvage most of the Santa Margarita over the next ten years. However, in 60 years of searching, the Spanish never located the Atocha.

Modern recovery and legal battle
Beginning in 1969, American treasure hunters Mel Fisher, Finley Ricard and a team of sub-contractors, funded by investors and others in a joint venture, Treasure Salvors, Inc., searched the sea bed for Nuestra Señora de Atocha for sixteen and a half years. In 1970, Fisher had recovered portions of the wrecked cargo of the sister ship Santa Margarita. He also proposed the idea to several other potential helpers, who were discouraged by the fact that this dangerous professional diving job would be paid at minimum wage unless the ship could be found. Silver bars apparently from the Nuestra Señora de Atocha were found in 1973, with cannon inscribed such to verify the wreck of Atocha were found by Fisher's son, Dirk, in 1975. Subsequently, a substantial part of its remaining cargo of silver, gold and emeralds was discovered. It was Fisher's son, Kane, who radioed the news to Treasure Salvors headquarters on the Florida coast, from the salvage boat Dauntless.

The salvaged coins, both gold and silver, were minted primarily between 1598 and 1621, although numerous earlier dates were represented as well, some of the dates extending well back into the 16th century. Many of the dates and types of the period had been either rare or unknown prior to the salvage of the wreck. It is understood by experts that the sterncastle, the part of the ship that would hold most of the gold and rare Muzo emeralds, is still missing from the shipwreck. These and other valuable items would have been stored in the captain's cabin for safekeeping in the rear part of Nuestra Señora de Atocha.

After the discovery, the State of Florida claimed title to the wreck and forced Treasure Salvors, Inc. into a contract giving 25% of the found treasure to the state. Treasure Salvors fought the state, claiming the find should belong to those that discovered the treasure exclusively. After eight years of litigation, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favour of Treasure Salvors on 1 July 1982, and it was awarded rights to all found treasure from the vessel. Fisher died on 19 December 1998.

In June 2011, divers from Mel Fisher's Treasure Salvors found an antique emerald ring believed to be from the wreck. It is said that the ring is worth an estimated $500,000. The ring was found 56 km from Key West, along with two silver spoons and other artifacts. In 2014, Nuestra Señora de Atocha was added to the Guinness Book of World Records for being the most valuable shipwreck to be recovered, as it was carrying roughly 40 tonnes of gold and silver, and 32 kg of emeralds.

title: Nuestra Señora de Atocha