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Silicon–germanium

SiGe ( or ), or silicon–germanium, is an alloy with any molar ratio of silicon and germanium, i.e. with a molecular formula of the form Si1−xGex. It is commonly used as a semiconductor material in integrated circuits (ICs) for heterojunction bipolar transistors or as a strain-inducing layer for CMOS transistors. IBM introduced the technology into mainstream manufacturing in 1989. This relatively new technology offers opportunities in mixed-signal circuit and analog circuit IC design and manufacture. SiGe is also used as a thermoelectric material for high-temperature applications (>700 K).

Production
The use of silicon–germanium as a semiconductor was championed by Bernie Meyerson. The challenge that had delayed its realization for decades was that germanium atoms are roughly 4% larger than silicon atoms. At the usual high temperatures at which silicon transistors were fabricated, the strain induced by adding these larger atoms into crystalline silicon produced vast numbers of defects, precluding the resulting material being of any use. Meyerson and co-workers discovered that the then believed requirement for high temperature processing was flawed, allowing SiGe growth at sufficiently low temperatures such that for all practical purposes no defects were formed. Once having resolved that basic roadblock, it was shown that resultant SiGe materials could be manufactured into high performance electronics using conventional low cost silicon processing toolsets. More relevant, the performance of resulting transistors far exceeded what was then thought to be the limit of traditionally manufactured silicon devices, enabling a new generation of low cost commercial wireless technologies such as WiFi. SiGe processes achieve costs similar to those of silicon CMOS manufacturing and are lower than those of other heterojunction technologies such as gallium arsenide. Recently, organogermanium precursors (e.g. isobutylgermane, alkylgermanium trichlorides, and dimethylaminogermanium trichloride) have been examined as less hazardous liquid alternatives to germane for MOVPE deposition of Ge-containing films such as high purity Ge, SiGe, and strained silicon.

SiGe foundry services are offered by several semiconductor technology companies. AMD disclosed a joint development with IBM for a SiGe stressed-silicon technology, targeting the 65 nm process. TSMC also sells SiGe manufacturing capacity.

In July 2015, IBM announced that it had created working samples of transistors using a 7 nm silicon–germanium process, promising a quadrupling in the amount of transistors compared to a contemporary process.

SiGe transistors
SiGe allows CMOS logic to be integrated with heterojunction bipolar transistors, making it suitable for mixed-signal integrated circuits. Heterojunction bipolar transistors have higher forward gain and lower reverse gain than traditional homojunction bipolar transistors. This translates into better low-current and high-frequency performance. Being a heterojunction technology with an adjustable band gap, the SiGe offers the opportunity for more flexible bandgap tuning than silicon-only technology.

Silicon–germanium on insulator (SGOI) is a technology analogous to the silicon on insulator (SOI) technology currently employed in computer chips. SGOI increases the speed of the transistors inside microchips by straining the crystal lattice under the MOS transistor gate, resulting in improved electron mobility and higher drive currents. SiGe MOSFETs can also provide lower junction leakage due to the lower bandgap value of SiGe. However, a major issue with SGOI MOSFETs is the inability to form stable oxides with silicon–germanium using standard silicon oxidation processing.

Thermoelectric application
A silicon–germanium thermoelectric device MHW-RTG3 was used in the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. Silicon–germanium thermoelectric devices were also used in other MHW-RTGs and GPHS-RTGs aboard Cassini, Galileo, Ulysses.

Light emission
By controlling the composition of a hexagonal SiGe alloy, researchers from Eindhoven University of Technology developed a material that can emit light. In combination with its electronic properties, this opens up the possibility of producing a laser integrated into a single chip to enable data transfer using light instead of electric current, speeding up data transfer while reducing energy consumption and need for cooling systems. The international team, with lead authors Elham Fadaly, Alain Dijkstra and Erik Bakkers at Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands and Jens Renè Suckert at Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena in Germany, were awarded the 2020 Breakthrough of the Year award by the magazine Physics World.

title: Silicon–germanium


text:
Renault Laguna

The Renault Laguna is a large family car that was manufactured and marketed by Renault for 21 years in three body styles: hatchback, coupé, and estate. The first generation Laguna was launched in 1994, the second generation was introduced in 2000, and the third generation was built from October 2007 until 2015.

Concept car
The production Renault passenger models are unrelated to the concept car of the same name, the Laguna, a two-seater roadster presented by the automaker during the 1990 Paris Motor Show. The name was also previously used from 1973 to 1976 by Chevrolet, for a top-of-the-line Chevelle model, the Chevrolet Chevelle Laguna.

First generation (X56; 1993)
With development underway from 1987, design work under Patrick Le Quément began in 1988, with a final design approval in March 1989, and a design freeze by the beginning of 1990. Road testing commenced in 1991 and continued through 1993. The first generation Renault Laguna was unveiled in November 1993 and launched in January 1994. It was the replacement for the Renault 21, although it was initially only available as a hatchback.

At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1995, an estate version was introduced. This was known in some markets as the Laguna Sports Tourer, and replaced the Renault 21 Nevada/Savanna. It was initially launched as a 1.8 RN/RT, 2.0 RT/RXE, and 3.0 V6. A sports pack with deep front spoiler, rear spoiler, and alloy wheels was available on 2.0 versions.

A limited-edition of 500 1.8 RT Sport was made available in 1996, one hundred each of five colours including a metallic blue normally reserved for 2.0 models. These limited editions sold out very quickly and so the RT Sport was incorporated into the standard range at a cheaper price but having ABS, air conditioning, CD/Radio, and high-level brake light added as standard (all these were options on the more expensive, original 500). This coincided with Renault's participation in the British Touring Car Championship.

The Laguna's equipment levels were generally much higher than the Renault 21. From launch, all models came with power steering, electric front windows, and remote central locking as standard. Most of the range had a driver's airbag. Later twin airbags, an anti-lock braking system, air conditioning, and a CD player became either optional extras or standard equipment.

In September 1996, minor upgrades included a new Laguna nameplate at the rear.

Facelift
The Laguna received a moderate facelift in April 1998, including a restyling of the hatchback and the sports tourer versions, and a redesigned front. This also included a different facelifted design of the taillights, most noticeable are the circular fog lights in the front.

The engines were updated and, in some markets, equipment levels were enhanced again. Five new engines featured in the completed facelifted lineup:
 * K4M 1.6 16v (109 hp)
 * F4P 1.8 16v (120 hp)
 * F3R 2.0 (114 hp)
 * N7Q 2.0 S (140 hp)
 * F4R 2.0 16v (139 hp)
 * L7X 3.0 V6 24v (190 hp)
 * F9Q turbo 1.9 dTi (turbocharged direct injection) (98 hp)
 * F9Q turbo 1.9 dCi (turbocharged common rail direct injection) (107 hp)
 * G8T turbo 2.2 dT (turbocharged indirect injection) (113 hp)

For 2000, the final edition of this Laguna, the Laguna Concorde, was introduced. It included semi-leather seats and vocal warnings like "Welcome. The vehicle computer... is now checking systems for you". The onboard computer would notify the driver of any doors not being closed, lights left on, etc., weather ("Please brake carefully the road is watery"), or other faults in the electrical or mechanical circuits.

The onboard voice synthesizer warnings system was also available on the earlier 1998 RXE and V6 models. This is the same basic unit as used in the Renault Safrane.

The model of the Laguna Concorde was the last guise of the "old" Laguna to be marketed, prior to the release of the Laguna II at the end of 2000. The last of the Mk.1 Laguna's were registered in February 2001, and the Concorde range all feature a cream letter "C" on a dark green background. This was with the outline of an actual Concorde above the letter.

Second generation (X74; 2000)

After almost seven years in production, the original Laguna was replaced by an all new model in December 2000 for the 2001 model year. The engines were upgraded, and the equipment list made longer.

It was the first vehicle available in Europe to achieve five stars in the Euro NCAP crash test results, which was heavily promoted by Renault. The result was soon repeated in other models in Renault's range. This generation was made available in hatchback or estate (Grandtour) styles only.

The Laguna was the first European family car, and the second European car to feature "keyless" entry and ignition, developed by Valeo. Instead of a key, it used a credit card style device to unlock the car and start the engine. The initial unreliability of this keyless system hurt Laguna's reputation as well as Renault's reputation in general. The styling of the second generation Laguna was heavily influenced by the Initiale concept car.

The Laguna II won the title Semperit Irish Car of the Year in November 2001.

The Laguna estate was only available with five seats, unlike the previous model which had seven seats as an option on some versions. It was badged as Sports Tourer or Grandtour, depending on the country. It was also marketed as a lifestyle vehicle, rather than a load carrier.

Facelift
The Laguna II was facelifted in March 2005, being launched in the AutoRAI in Amsterdam, according to Renault with improved security, driving performance, and comfort. It also had a moderate redesign of the air intake at the front of the car, now matching the design of the Megane. Sales commenced on 18 March 2005.

An electronic handbrake was also introduced, this was previously seen on the Scénic and Espace. The engines were much the same as before, with the 1.6 and 1.8 petrol units being offered in some markets, while other countries get a 2.0 petrol unit (turbo or non-turbo) and two diesels (1.9 or 2.2 direct injection).

After the facelift, a new diesel engine was introduced, the 2.0 dCi with 150 hp-metric and another variant of the engine which produced 175 hp-metric.

Third generation (X91; 2007)

The Renault Laguna III was officially announced in a press release on June 4, 2007. The car was unveiled to the public at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September, and it went on sale in October 2007 for the 2008 model year. The car comes as a five-door hatchback (B91), a five-door estate (K91), and for the first time a two-door coupé (D91).

This third generation is based on the platform D, shared with the Nissan Altima, the Nissan Teana, and the Nissan Murano. The Laguna III was the first car to have gone through the Aubevoye Technical Centre's Electro Magnetic Compatibility unit, in the course of its development.

It was first presented as a concept car, at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, which followed some styling cues of the previous concept car, the Renault Fluence. The production version was revealed at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, coinciding with the Monaco Formula 1 Grand Prix to take the wraps off.

The brand new V6 dCi engine delivers 235 hp (173 kW), while the new 3.5 litre petrol powered V6 offers 240 hp (175 kW). The Laguna Coupé later appeared before the general public at the Paris Motor Show in October 2008. In January 2008, spy images of a then possible Laguna Sedan appeared on the internet.

It was expected the car having appeared at the 2008 Paris Motor Show. However, this never made it to production. The Renault Latitude and the third generation (L43) Renault Samsung SM5, which is made by Renault Samsung Motors, South Korea is based on the Laguna III.

Facelift
A facelifted version of the Laguna III, called the Phase 2, débuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, and sales began in November 2010.

It has an aggressive front end compared to the older model. The range has been redesigned around six trim levels: Expression, Black Edition, Eco Business, Bose, GT 4Control, and Initiale. Engine side, the only change is the engine 1.5 dCi 110 hp, with emissions, decreased from 130 to 120g/km.

Engines

 * 1.5 L (1461 cc) 8 valve dCi I4; 110 hp-metric; top speed: 192 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 12.1 s; 2007–2015
 * 1.6 L (1598 cc) 16 valve I4; 110 hp-metric; top speed: 192 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 11.7 s; 2007–2010
 * 2.0 L (1997 cc) 16 valve I4; 140 hp-metric; top speed: 210 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 10.1 s; 2007–2015
 * 2.0 L (1998 cc) 16 valve Turbo I4; 170 hp-metric; top speed: 220 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 9.2 s; 2007–2015
 * 2.0 L (1998 cc) 16 valve Turbo I4; 205 hp-metric; top speed: 232 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 7.8 s; 2008–2012
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) 16 valve dCi I4; 130 hp-metric; top speed: 204 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 10.6 s; 2007–2015
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) 16 valve dCi I4; 150 hp-metric; top speed: 210 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 9.5 s; 2007–2015
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) 16 valve dCi I4; 175 hp-metric; top speed: 220 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 8.7; 2007–2015
 * 2.0 L (1995 cc) 16 valve dCi I4; 180 hp-metric; top speed: 222 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 8.5 s; 2008–2015
 * 3.0 L (2993 cc) 24 valve dCi V6; 235 hp-metric; top speed: 242 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 7.3 s; 2008–2015
 * 3.5 L (3498 cc) 24 valve V6; 238 hp-metric; 244 km/h; 0–100 km/h; 7.4 s; 2008–2015

In February 2012, Renault discontinued the Laguna, Espace, Kangoo, Modus, and Wind lines in the United Kingdom. In 2015, both the Laguna and the Latitude were replaced by the Talisman. 54,840 Laguna Coupé have been produced out of total 351,384.

Successor
Renault was rumoured considering changing the Laguna name to Atalans for the successor. In May 2015, Worldcarfans reported the successor would première on July 6, 2015, and would also replace the Latitude in the European market. The coupé version would also be discontinued, due to low demand. On 6 July 2015, Renault announced the successor will be called Talisman, as part of its intention of unifying nameplates worldwide.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Renault Laguna


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Christian Democrats (Denmark)

The Christian Democrats (Kristendemokraterne, KD) are a political party in Denmark. The party was founded in April 1970 as the Christian People's Party (Kristeligt Folkeparti, KrF) to oppose the liberalization of restrictions on pornography and the legalization of abortion. The party renamed itself to its current name in 2003. Originally, the party was not considered part of the European Christian-democratic tradition, and it was better known as a religious conservative party.

The Christian Democrats are a member of the European People's Party (EPP) and the Centrist Democrat International.

History
The party was formed in 1970. Since its inception, the party has enjoyed an intermittent presence in the Parliament of Denmark, rarely winning much more than the two percent minimum required to gain seats under Denmark's proportional representation system, and frequently falling below the threshold, as has happened in every election from the 2005 parliamentary election onwards. Despite its small size, the party has served in a number of coalition governments. From 1982 to 1988, it was in coalition with the Liberal Party, Conservative People's Party and Centre Democrats; from 1993 to 1994, it served in government with the Social Democrats, the Social Liberals and the Centre Democrats.

From 2002 to 2005, the party was led by Marianne Karlsmose. The name of the party was changed to the Christian Democrats in 2003. In October 2005, the party elected Bodil Kornbek as its new chairman. Her attempt to introduce a more secular centre-left profile had some success in the beginning, but the party once again failed to win seats in the 2007 elections. In October 2008, Kornbek was replaced by Bjarne Hartung Kirkegaard from its more conservative and religious wing.

In 2010, the Christian Democrats regained parliamentary representation when the Independent former Conservative MP Per Ørum Jørgensen joined the party. Since he was not formerly known for having expressed opinions based on Christianity, these events once more softened the religious character of the party.

On 30 June 2011, it was announced that the Christian Democrats had started cooperating with Fælleslisten, a single-issue party fighting for decentralization, especially in health care policy, with some success in regional and local elections. This means that candidates from the two parties appeared on a joint list at the 2011 Danish parliamentary election. The Christian Democrats had themselves taken a somewhat regionalist stance at a moment when Fælleslisten had surged in opinion polls.

In September 2012, Per Ørum Jørgensen resigned and subsequently left the party altogether in order to form a new party called the Democratic Party. Egon Jakobsen was appointed as interim chairman, and on 27 October 2012, the former deputy chairman Stig Grenov was elected as new chairman.

The 2015 general election marked the first election with Stig Grenov as chairman. Although Grenov managed to make his mark during the campaign, it only resulted in slightly over 1000 more votes than four years earlier.

The municipal and regional elections of 2017 saw a slight increase for the party, with the number of elected municipal council members rising from six to nine. Former national chairman Marianne Karlsmose was elected as a member of the regional council in the Central Denmark Region. However, the party failed to secure a mayor's position in Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality.

Six days prior to the 2019 general election, Stig Grenov took temporary leave from his position as party chairman due to stress. Vice-chair Isabella Arendt stepped in as acting party chairman, initially for a month, but Grenov's leave was subsequently extended until the party's congress in October 2019, where Isabella Arendt formally became the new chairman.

Despite more than doubling the number of votes from 2015, the party was not represented in the Danish Parliament in the 2019 election. Less than 200 votes separated the party from securing a constituency mandate in West Jutland.

In 2021, Jens Rohde joined the party, resulting in its representation in the Folketing once again.

For the party, 2022 was characterized by several prominent figures retiring from national politics. In January, Kristian Andersen, the party's top vote-getter in the West Jutland constituency, announced that he would not run for the next parliament; the same was announced by Jens Rohde in May. Less than two weeks later, Isabella Arendt resigned from the chairmanship and left the party. Marianne Karlsmose then assumed the role of acting national chairman, and in October, she was officially elected as chairman without any opposing candidates. In the general election on November 1, the Christian Democrats received 0,5% of the votes and thus did not enter the Folketing. On November 12, Karlsmose resigned from the chairman position. Instead of electing a new chairman, the party's executive committee agreed to have Karlsmose replaced by organizational and political vice-chairmen, Jesper Housgaard and Henrik Hjortshøj, respectively, until the party's annual meeting in 2023. However, an extraordinary congress was held in March 2023, where Jeppe Hedaa was elected as the new national chairman.

Party chairmen

 * Jacob Christensen: 1970–1973
 * Jens Møller: 1973–1979
 * Flemming Kofod-Svendsen: 1979–1990
 * Jann Sjursen: 1990–2002
 * Marianne Karlsmose: 2002–2005
 * Bodil Kornbek: 2005–2008
 * Bjarne Hartung Kirkegaard: 2008–2011
 * Per Ørum Jørgensen: 2011–2012
 * Egon Jakobsen: 2012 (a.i.)
 * Stig Grenov: 2012–2019
 * Isabella Arendt: 2019–2022
 * Marianne Karlsmose: 2022
 * Henrik Hjortshøj & Jesper Housgaard: 2022–2023 (a.i.)
 * Jeppe Hedaa: 2023–present

Ministers

 * Christian Christensen (politician): Minister for the Environment and Nordic Cooperation (1982–88).
 * Flemming Kofod-Svendsen: Minister for Housing (1987–88). Minister for Housing, Nordic Cooperation and Baltic Sea Questions (1993–1994).
 * Jann Sjursen: Minister of Energy (1993–1994).

title: Christian Democrats (Denmark)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yuwipi

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Yuwipi.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was that the comment was moved to an appropriate location at Talk:Lakota mythology.

 * Yuwipi is a dictionary definition. I'm not sure it's suitable for Wiktionary or should just be deleted. It doesn't seem very verifiable. Angela. 02:49, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd love to keep this if somebody could write something about the ceremony, but I'm certainly not the one to write it. Please, can somebody flesh it out before the delete time frame?  I'm going to list it on Cleanup to see if somebody can do something.  RickK 19:03, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This text might have a better home on the talk page of Lakota mythology. That page asserts that a Yuwipi is a Lakota medicine man; this page seems to say, no, that ain't what it means, Yuwipi means this, a Lakota medicine man is called something else, and his description of Lakota medicine men jives with  something I remember reading.  It was apparently created in this spot by a well-informed newbie who ought to be given every encouragement to expound. Smerdis of Tlön 19:44, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Twoddle. Delete. NIMW (not in my wiki!) JFW | T@lk  23:17, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, it's an ad for Lakhota.com. JFW | T@lk  23:17, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yuwipi


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American Discovery Trail

The American Discovery Trail is a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast hiking and biking trail across the mid-tier of the United States. Horses can also be ridden on most of this trail. The coastal trailheads are the Delmarva Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the northern California coast on the Pacific Ocean. The trail has northern and southern alternates for part of its distance, passing through Chicago and St. Louis respectively. The total length of the trail, including both the north and south routes, is 6800 mi. The northern route covers 4834 mi with the southern route covering 5057 mi. It is the only non-motorized coast-to-coast trail.

The trail passes through 14 national parks and 16 national forests and uses sections of or connects to five National Scenic Trails, 10 National Historic Trails, and 23 National Recreation Trails. For part of its distance, it is coincident with the North Country Trail, the Buckeye Trail, the Continental Divide Trail, and the Colorado Trail.

The trail passes through the District of Columbia and the following 15 states:
 * Delaware (45 mi)
 * Maryland (270 mi)
 * West Virginia (288 mi)
 * Ohio (524 mi)
 * Indiana (250 mi)
 * Illinois (219 mi)
 * Kentucky (8.7 mi)
 * Iowa (512 mi)
 * Missouri (343 mi)
 * Nebraska (523 mi)
 * Kansas (570 mi)
 * Colorado (1153 mi)
 * Utah (593 mi)
 * Nevada (496 mi)
 * California (276 mi)

Hiking records
Joyce and Pete Cottrell, of Whitefield, New Hampshire, were the first to backpack the entire official route of the American Discovery Trail. They hiked the segments out of sequence over two calendar years, finishing in 2003.

The first hikers to complete the trail in one continuous walk were Marcia and Ken Powers, a wife and husband team from Pleasanton, California. Their trail walk lasted from February 27 to October 15, 2005. They started out from Cape Henlopen State Park in Delaware and ended at Point Reyes, California. They traveled 5058 mi by foot, averaging 22 mi a day.

The first person to backpack the entire 6,800. mi (including both Northern and Southern sections) in one continuous hike was Mike "Lion King" Daniel. He started from Cape Henlopen State Park on June 17, 2007, and ended at Point Reyes, California, on November 5, 2008. The first solo woman to backpack the entire 6,800 miles (10,944 km) in one continuous hike was Briana DeSanctis. She started on January 1, 2022, and ended her journey on February 10, 2024.

The first person to cover the entire equestrian route on horseback was Matt Parker. He undertook the journey between May 2003 and November 2005.

Notable locations
At Cedar Rapids, a mural was posted on Greene Square in 2019 to mark both the American Discovery Trail, which passes through downtown, and the Cedar Lake-Smokestack Bridge project.

The following notable locations are found along or adjacent to the route of the American Discovery Trail. They are listed from east to west to correspond with the itinerary typically followed by thru-hikers to take advantage of the best seasonal weather conditions.

 * Cape Henlopen State Park, the eastern terminus of the trail in Delaware.
 * Argentine Pass, Colorado, the highest point in the trail where it crosses the Rockies.
 * Limantour Beach, Point Reyes, the western terminus of the trail in California.

Other affiliated locations
The following locations are found along or adjacent to the route of the American Discovery Trail. They are divided into categories within each state, organized by state from east to west.

Affiliated trails

 * Cape Henlopen Bike Trail
 * Georgetown-Lewes Trail

Forests

 * Redden State Forest

Parks

 * Cape Henlopen State Park

Points of interest

 * Historic towns of Lewes and Milton

Affiliated trails

 * Love Point to Lewes, DE "Smuggler's Trail" formerly Queen Anne's Railroad
 * Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis (WB&A) Rail Trail
 * Baltimore and Annapolis (B&A) Trail
 * East Coast Greenway
 * Anacostia Tributary Trails
 * Fort Circle Trail
 * Capital Crescent Trail
 * Rock Creek Park Trail
 * Appalachian National Scenic Trail
 * Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail
 * Allegheny Highlands Trail
 * Star Spangled Banner National Historic Trail
 * Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail

Parks

 * Martinak State Park
 * Tuckahoe State Park, Adkins Arboretum
 * Horsehead Wetlands Center (Wildfowl viewing)
 * Sandy Point State Park
 * Greenbelt Park
 * Rock Creek Park
 * Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park

Affiliated trails

 * North Bend Rail Trail
 * Harrison County Rail-Trail
 * Dryfork Rail-Trail
 * Allegheny Trail

Forests

 * Monongahela National Forest

Parks

 * Harpers Ferry National Historic Park
 * Canaan Valley Resort State Park
 * Tygart Lake State Park
 * Blackwater Falls State Park
 * North Bend State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Buckeye Trail
 * Burr Oak Loop Trail
 * Robert and Mary Lou Paton Trail in Burr Oak State Park
 * Grandma Gatewood Trail in Hocking Hills State Park
 * Perimeter Trail in East Fork Park
 * The Riverwalk in Cincinnati
 * The Shaker Trace in Miami-Whitewater Forest Hamilton County Park
 * Hueston Woods State Park Trails
 * Hedgeapple Trail
 * Big Woods Trail
 * Sugar Bush Trail
 * West Shore Trail in Hueston Woods State Park

Forests

 * Wayne National Forest
 * Hocking State Forest
 * Tar Hollow State Forest
 * Scioto Trail State Forest
 * Pike State Forest
 * Shawnee State Forest

Parks

 * Burr Oak State Park
 * Logan State Park
 * Hocking Hills State Park
 * Tar Hollow State Park
 * Scioto Trail State Park
 * Pike Lake State Park
 * Fort Hill State Memorial
 * Serpent Mound State Memorial
 * Davis Memorial
 * Shawnee State Park
 * Grant Lake St. Mary's State Park
 * East Fork State Park
 * Little Miami River State Park
 * Eden Park
 * Bicentennial Common in Cincinnati
 * Devou park (Kentucky)
 * Harrison's Tomb
 * Miami - Whitewater Forest Hamilton County Park
 * Indian Creek Preserve
 * Gov. Bebb Butler County Metropark
 * Hueston Woods State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Whitewater Gorge National Recreation Trail
 * Cardinal Greenway
 * Erie Trail-North Judson
 * Nickel Plate Trail

Parks

 * Tippecanoe River State Park
 * Summit Lake State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Pigeon Creek Greenway
 * Knobstone Trail
 * Two Lakes Trail
 * Adventure Trail
 * Burdette Park/University of Southern Indiana Pedestrian, Bicycle, and Nature Trail
 * Heritage Trail of Madison

Forests

 * Clark State Forest
 * Harrison-Crawford State Forest
 * Hoosier National Forest

Parks

 * Burdette Park
 * Clifty Falls State Park
 * Lincoln State Park
 * Falls of the Ohio State Park
 * O'Bannon Woods State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Old Plank Road Trail
 * Illinois and Michigan Canal State Trail
 * Grand Illinois Trail
 * Sauk Trail Forest Preserve Trail
 * Thorn Creek Trail
 * Hennepin Canal Parkway State Trail
 * Great River Trail

Parks

 * Indian Boundary Park
 * Dewey Helmick Nature Preserve
 * Hickory Creek Bikeway Trailhead Park
 * Channahon State Park
 * McKinley Woods State Park
 * William G. Stratton State Park
 * Gebhard Woods State Park
 * Illini State Park
 * Starved Rock State Park
 * Buffalo Rock State Park
 * Mathhiessen State Park
 * Hennepin Canal Parkway State Park

Affiliated trails

 * River to River Trail
 * Metro-East Levee Trail
 * Tunnel Hill State Trail

Forests

 * Shawnee National Forest

Parks

 * Devil's Backbone Park
 * Ferne Clyffe State Park
 * Giant City State Park
 * Cave In Rock State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Riverfront Trail
 * Hoover Nature Trail
 * Cedar River Trail
 * Cedar Valley Nature Trail
 * Cedar Valley Lakes Trail
 * Pioneer Trail
 * Comet Trail
 * Heart of Iowa Nature Trail
 * Saylorville-Des Moines River Trail
 * Raccoon River Valley Trail
 * T-Bone Trail
 * Wabash Trace Trail

Parks

 * Deerwood Park
 * George Wyth State Park
 * Wild Cat Den State Park
 * Pleasant Creek State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Katy Trail
 * Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
 * Rock Island Spur

Forests

 * Daniel Boone State Forest
 * Baltimore Bend State Forest

Parks

 * Forest Park
 * Missouri State Park
 * Frontier Park
 * Swope Park
 * Arrow Rock State Historic Site
 * Van Meter State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Pony Express National Historic Trail
 * Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail
 * MoPac East Trail
 * Oak Creek Trail
 * Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
 * California National Historic Trail
 * Oregon National Historic Trail

Parks

 * Fort Kearny State Historical Park
 * Ash Hollow State Historical Park
 * Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park

Affiliated trails

 * Santa Fe National Historic Trail

Parks

 * Shawnee Mission Park
 * Clinton State Park

Affiliated trails

 * Pueblo Riverwalk
 * Canon City Riverwalk
 * Cripple Creek Trails System
 * Ute Pass Trail
 * America The Beautiful Trail
 * Green Mountain Falls Bikeway
 * Sinton Trail
 * Pikes Peak Greenway
 * New Santa Fe Trail
 * Carpenter Peak Trail
 * Chatfield Trails System
 * South Platte River Trail
 * Bear Creek Greenway
 * Castle Trail
 * People's Path
 * Warren Gulch Trail
 * Spring Creek Trail
 * South Park Trail
 * Burning Bear Trail
 * Hall Valley Trail
 * Colorado Trail
 * Vail Pass Tenmile Canyon National Recreation Trail
 * Chalk Creek Trail
 * Continental Divide National Scenic Trail
 * Timberline Trail
 * Taylor Pass Trail
 * Brush Creek Trail
 * Crystal River Trail
 * Braderick Creek Trail
 * Lake Ridge Lakes Trail
 * High Trail
 * Sunlight-Powderhorn Snowmobile Trail
 * Leon Lake Trail
 * Crag Crest National Recreation Trail
 * Kannah Creek Trail
 * Old Spanish Trail
 * Colorado Riverfront Trail
 * Liberty Cap Trail
 * Black Ridge Trail
 * Monument Canyon Trail
 * Kokopelli's Trail
 * Fountain Creek Greenway
 * Cavalier Park Trail

Forests

 * Pike National Forest
 * Arapaho National Forest
 * San Isabel National Forest
 * Gunnison National Forest
 * White River National Forest
 * Grand Mesa National Forest

Parks

 * John Martin Reservoir State Park
 * Lake Pueblo State Park
 * Mueller State Park
 * Garden of the Gods Park
 * Roxborough State Park
 * Chatfield State Park
 * Bear Creek Regional Park
 * Mount Falcon Park
 * O'Fallon Denver Mountain Park
 * Elk Meadow Park

Affiliated trails

 * Kokopelli's Trail
 * Great Western Trail
 * Paiute ATV Trail
 * Oak Creek Trail
 * Lockhart Basin Trail
 * Hurrah Pass Trail

Forests

 * Dixie National Forest
 * Fishlake National Forest
 * Manti-La Sal National Forest

Parks

 * Canyonlands National Park
 * Capitol Reef National Park

Affiliated trails

 * Tahoe Rim Trail
 * Pony Express National Historic Trail
 * Mount Jefferson Trail
 * Toiyabe National Recreation Trail

Forests

 * Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest

Parks

 * Great Basin National Park
 * Cave Lake State Park
 * Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park
 * Currant Mountain Wilderness
 * Alta Toquima Wilderness
 * Arc Dome Wilderness
 * Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park
 * Sand Mountain Recreation Area
 * Grimes Point National Historic Site
 * Fort Churchill State Historic Park
 * Washoe Lake State Park
 * Mt. Rose Wilderness
 * Lake Tahoe State Park
 * Table Mountain Wilderness

Affiliated trails

 * Tahoe Rim Trail
 * Western States Trail
 * Pacific Crest Trail
 * Foresthill Loop Trail
 * Confluence Trail
 * Pioneer Express Trail
 * American River Bike Trail
 * Jedediah Smith National Recreation Trail
 * Delta de Anza Regional Trail
 * Stewartville Trail
 * Ridge Trail
 * Black Diamond Trail
 * Cumberland Trail
 * Black Diamond to Mt. Diablo Trail
 * Bruce Lee Trail
 * Mitchell Canyon Trail
 * Deer Flat Creek Trail
 * Prospectors Gap Trail
 * North Peak Trail
 * Summit Trail
 * Wall Point Trail
 * Briones-Mount Diablo Trail
 * Lafayette Ridge Trail
 * Homestead Valley Trail
 * Oursan Trail
 * Bear Creek Trail
 * Inspiration Trail
 * Bay Area Ridge Trail
 * Sea View Trail
 * Vollmer Peak Trail
 * Grizzly Peak Trail
 * San Francisco Bay Trail
 * SCA Trail
 * Bobcat Trail
 * Miwok Trail
 * Redwood Creek Trail
 * Deer Creek Park Fire Trail
 * Hillside Trail
 * Ben Johnson Trail
 * Stapleveldt Trail
 * Matt Davis Trail
 * Coastal Trail
 * Bolinas Ridge Trail
 * Randall Trail
 * Olema Valley Trail
 * Stewart Trail
 * Glen Trail
 * Bear Valley Trail
 * Coast Trail
 * Mokelumne Coast to Crest Trail

Parks

 * Granite Chief Wilderness
 * Auburn State Recreation Area
 * Folsom Lake State Recreation Area
 * American River Parkway
 * Discovery Park
 * William Land Park
 * Contra Loma Regional Park
 * Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve
 * Mt. Diablo State Park
 * Shell Ridge Open Space
 * Heather Farms Park
 * Acalanes Ridge Open Space
 * Briones Regional Park
 * Wildcat Canyon Regional Park
 * Tilden Regional Park
 * Presidio of San Francisco
 * Golden Gate National Recreation Area
 * Muir Woods National Monument
 * Mount Tamalpais State Park
 * Point Reyes National Seashore

title: American Discovery Trail


text:
Irrational base discrete weighted transform

In mathematics, the irrational base discrete weighted transform (IBDWT) is a variant of the fast Fourier transform using an irrational base; it was developed by Richard Crandall (Reed College), Barry Fagin (Dartmouth College) and Joshua Doenias (NeXT Software) in the early 1990s using Mathematica.

The IBDWT is used in the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search's client Prime95 to perform FFT multiplication, as well as in other programs implementing Lucas–Lehmer test, such as CUDALucas and Glucas.


text:
Federal prison

A federal prison is operated under the jurisdiction of a federal government as opposed to a state or provincial body. Federal prisons are used for convicts who violated federal law (U.S., Mexico), inmates considered dangerous (Brazil), or those sentenced to longer terms of imprisonment (Canada). Not all federated countries have a legal concept of "federal prison".

Australia
The Australian Federal Government does not directly control most prisons or detention facilities. There are a relatively small number of federal detention facilities, consisting of military detention facilities (such as the Defence Force Correctional Establishment), immigration detention facilities, and holding cells in Australian Federal Police stations in some territories.

The vast majority of criminal prosecutions in Australia take place within state or territory court systems under state or territory law, however there are a relatively small number of prosecutions in state and federal courts under federal law (such as the Crimes Act 1914).

Section 120 of the Constitution of Australia provides that:

"Every State shall make provision for the detention in its prisons of persons accused or convicted of offences against the laws of the Commonwealth, and for the punishment of persons convicted of such offences, and the Parliament of the Commonwealth may make laws to give effect to this provision."

Accordingly, civilian federal offenders who are remanded in custody, or have been sentenced to imprisonment, are detained in state or territory prisons.

Brazil
The Brazil federal prison system (Sistema Penitenciário Federal) was implemented in 2006 based on the provisions of the 1984 law "Lei de Execução Penal". It receives the most dangerous criminals who would be disruptive in state prisons.

Canada
In Canada, the Correctional Service of Canada operates federal penitentiaries, which house inmates with sentences of two years or more; provincial prisons are responsible for those with shorter terms.

Germany
The prisons in Germany are run solely by the federal states, although governed by a federal law.

Mexico
The federal prison system in Mexico is run by the Secretariat of Public Security and receives prisoners sentenced and being processed for federal crimes.

Russia
All penal establishments in the Russian Federation are governed by the Federal Penitentiary Service.

United States
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), established with the passing of the Three Prisons Act of 1891, is responsible for the administration of federal prison facilities in the United States, as well as the custody and welfare of federal inmates. The BOP also provides researchers with background information and statistics regarding the Federal Prison System.

title: Federal prison


text:
Glen Hanlon

Glen A. Hanlon (born February 20, 1957) is a Canadian ice hockey coach, executive and former goaltender.

Hanlon played in the National Hockey League for the Vancouver Canucks, St. Louis Blues, New York Rangers and the Detroit Red Wings. He is also former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the NHL, Dinamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), the Slovakia national ice hockey team, the Belarusian national ice hockey team and the Swiss national ice hockey team. He was also a goaltender scout for the Vancouver Canucks.

Playing career
Hanlon was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft, in the third round (40th overall pick). He played for the Vancouver Canucks, St. Louis Blues, New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings in the NHL, as well as the WCHL, Central Hockey League, AHL and IHL.

In 1978, he won the Central Hockey League's Rookie of the Year.

On October 14, 1979, Hanlon allowed the first career NHL goal scored by Wayne Gretzky, who would eventually become the NHL's all-time scoring leader. Hanlon has been quoted as saying "I created a monster" in reference to allowing Gretzky's first goal.

Coaching career
Hanlon has served as the assistant coach for both the Canucks and Washington Capitals before becoming the head coach of the American Hockey League's Portland Pirates and then the Capitals. After a miserable start to the 2003–04 season, Capitals general manager George McPhee fired head coach Bruce Cassidy and promoted assistant Hanlon to head coaching duties. The Capitals went 15–30–9 under Hanlon to finish the year. Led by 2004 first-round pick Alexander Ovechkin, the Capitals were expected to improve; however the team was still young and compiled a record of 29–41–12. Despite this, Hanlon was guaranteed one more year as coach of the Capitals. In 2005, he was assigned to coach the Belarus hockey team. He led the team to 10th place at the 2005 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, and to historic high sixth place at the 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. He was named "sports man of the year" by major Belarusian sports newspaper "Прессбол" in 2006. The 2006–07 Capitals compiled an 8–5–4 mark by the end of November, though long losing streaks eliminated the Caps' chances of making the post-season, as they finished 28–40–14.

Over the 2007 offseason, McPhee signed many talented players including Michael Nylander, Tom Poti, Viktor Kozlov and young Swedish star Nicklas Bäckström, elevating expectations in Washington. In the season's first week, the Capitals jumped to a 3–0 record but went on to lose 15 of the next 18 games (3–14–1), which lead to Hanlon's dismissal. McPhee stated that Hanlon had lost control of the team, so he elected to replace Hanlon with Bruce Boudreau, the head coach of the AHL's Hershey Bears. Immediately after Hanlon's exit, the Capitals won against the high-flying Philadelphia Flyers and Carolina Hurricanes. The team finished 37–17–7 the rest of the way in 2007–2008, notching their first division title since 2000–01. Following his dismissal, Hanlon accepted an offer by the Capitals to act as a scout based in the Washington, D.C. area. On February 14, 2008, it was announced that Hanlon would be the head coach of Finnish SM-Liiga team Jokerit.

On March 24, 2010, Glen Hanlon was announced as a new head coach of the Slovak national ice hockey team. He replaced Jan Filc and signed a four-year contract from April 1, 2010, to the next Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, in 2014. Slovakia under his conduct has finished in 12th place on World Championship in Germany 2010. This contract ended prematurely on May 18, 2011, after the World Championship in Slovakia, where he led the Slovak national ice hockey team to the 10th place.

From 2011 to May 2013, Hanlon was assistant coach of the Vancouver Giants in the Western Hockey League before returning to coach in Europe.

In 2013, Glen returned to coach the Belarus national ice hockey team. He replaced Andrei Skabelka. On May 27, 2014, it was announced that Glen Hanlon signed a two-year contract as new head coach for the Swiss men's national ice hockey team. Hanlon and the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation parted company in October 2015. The parting came by mutual consent due to family reasons.

On May 19, 2016, Hanlon was named general manager of Western Hockey League's Vancouver Giants, the organization he had worked for as an assistant coach earlier in his career. He left the organization after the 2017–18 season.

On June 18, 2018, Hanlon was named the coach of the Hungarian team, DVTK Jegesmedvék.

On May 8, 2020, Hanlon became the head coach of the Krefeld Pinguine in Germany.

Awards and achievements

 * WCHL First All-Star Team (1976 & 1977)
 * WCHL Goaltender of the Year (1977)
 * CHL Rookie of the Year (1978)
 * CHL First All-Star Team (1978)
 * Honoured Member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

title: Glen Hanlon


text:
James Fergusson

James Fergusson may refer to:

Politics

 * Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet (1832–1907), Governor of South Australia, New Zealand and Bombay
 * Sir James Fergusson, 8th Baronet (1904–1973), Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire
 * Sir James Fergusson, Lord Kilkerran (1688–1759), Scottish politician and judge

Military

 * Sir James Fergusson (British Army officer) (1787–1865), Governor of Gibraltar, 1855–1859
 * Sir James Fergusson (Royal Navy officer) (1871–1942), British admiral

Others

 * Sir James Fergusson, 4th Baronet (1765–1838), see Dalrymple baronets
 * James Fergusson (architect) (1808–1886), Scottish architect and writer
 * James Fergusson (author), (1966-) British journalist and author
 * James Fergusson (judge) (1769–1842), Scottish judge and legal writer

title: James Fergusson


text:
.museum

.museum is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet used exclusively by museums, museum associations, and individual members of the museum profession, as these groups are defined by the International Council of Museums (ICOM).

In joint action with the J. Paul Getty Trust, ICOM established the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma), headed by Cary Karp, for the purpose of submitting an application to ICANN for the creation of the new generic top-level domain (gTLD), and to operate a registry. The .museum domain was entered into the DNS root on 20 October 2001, and was the first sponsored top-level domain to be instituted through ICANN's action.

The purpose of this domain is to reserve a segment of the DNS name space reserved for the use of museums; a name space whose conventions are defined by the museum community. The .museum TLD grants users a quick and intuitive way to verify the authenticity of a museum site. Conversely, since it is a type of formal third-party certification, museums using this name space obtain a way to assure visitors of the site's validity.

One of the initial ideas with the .museum tld was to create a network of official museum websites, and operate a central indexing tool to make all of their hosted content searchable, discoverable.

In addition to the eligibility requirements specified in the .museum charter, naming conventions apply to the labeling of subdomains. Extensive support is also being introduced for internationalized domain names, as described at welcome.museum.

Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.

title: .museum


text:
Buck v. Bell

Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., in which the Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Despite the changing attitudes in the coming decades regarding sterilization, the Supreme Court has never expressly overturned Buck v. Bell. It is widely believed to have been weakened by Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942), which involved compulsory sterilization of male habitual criminals (and came to a contrary result). Legal scholar and Holmes biographer G. Edward White, in fact, wrote, "the Supreme Court has distinguished the case [Buck v. Bell] out of existence". In addition, federal statutes, including the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, provide protections for people with disabilities, defined as both physical and mental impairments.

Background
The modern concept of eugenics was propounded in 1883 by Francis Galton, who also coined the name. The idea first became popular in the United States and had found proponents in Europe by the start of the 20th century; 42 of the 58 research papers presented at the First International Congress of Eugenics, held in London in 1912, were from American scientists. Indiana passed the first eugenics sterilization statute in 1907, but it was legally flawed. To remedy that situation, Harry Laughlin, of the Eugenics Record Office (ERO) at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, designed a model eugenic law that was reviewed by legal experts. In 1924, the Commonwealth of Virginia adopted a statute authorizing the compulsory sterilization of the intellectually disabled for the purpose of eugenics, a statute closely based on Laughlin's model.

Dr. Albert Sidney Priddy, superintendent of the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, could fairly be described as a zealot of eugenics. Prior to 1924, Priddy had performed hundreds of forced sterilizations by creatively interpreting laws which allowed surgery to benefit the "physical, mental or moral" condition of the inmates at the Colony. He would operate to relieve "chronic pelvic disorder" and, in the process, sterilize the women. According to Priddy, the women he chose were "immoral" because of their "fondness for men," their reputations for "promiscuity," and their "over-sexed" and "man-crazy" tendencies. One sixteen-year-old girl was sterilized for her habit of "talking to the little boys."

Looking to determine if the new law would survive a legal challenge, on September 10, 1924, Priddy filed a petition with his board of directors to sterilize Carrie Buck. She was an 18-year-old patient at his institution who he claimed had a mental age of 9. Priddy maintained that Buck represented a genetic threat to society. According to him, Buck's 52-year-old mother possessed a mental age of 8, had a record of prostitution and immorality, and had three children without good knowledge of their paternity. Carrie Buck, one of those children, had been adopted and attended school for five years, reaching the level of sixth grade. However, according to Priddy, Buck eventually proved to be "incorrigible" and gave birth to an illegitimate child. Her adoptive family had her committed to the State Colony as "feeble-minded", feeling they were no longer capable of caring for her. It was later claimed that Buck's pregnancy was not caused by any "immorality" on her own part. In the summer of 1923, while her adoptive mother was away "on account of some illness," her adoptive mother's nephew allegedly raped Buck, and her later commitment has been described as an attempt by the family to save their reputation.

Buck family
Carrie Buck was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the first of three children born to Emma Buck; she also had a half-sister, Doris Buck, and a half-brother, Roy Smith. Little is known about Emma Buck except that she was poor and married to Frederick Buck, who abandoned her early in their marriage. Emma was committed to the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded after being accused of "immorality", prostitution, and having syphilis. After her birth, Carrie Buck was placed with foster parents, John and Alice Dobbs. She attended public school, where she was noted to be an average student. When she was in sixth grade, the Dobbses removed her to have her help with housework.

At 17, Buck became pregnant as a result of being raped by Alice Dobbs' nephew, Clarence Garland. On January 23, 1924, the Dobbses had her committed to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded on the grounds of feeblemindedness, incorrigible behavior, and promiscuity. Her commitment is said to have been due to the family's embarrassment at Buck's pregnancy from the rape incident.

On March 28, 1924, she gave birth to a daughter. Since Buck had been declared mentally incompetent to raise her child, the Dobbses adopted the baby and named her "Vivian Alice Elaine Dobbs". She attended Venable Public Elementary School of Charlottesville for four terms, from September 1930 until May 1932. By all accounts, Vivian was of average intelligence, far above feeblemindedness. "She was a perfectly normal, quite average student, neither particularly outstanding nor much troubled. In those days before grade inflation, when C meant 'good, 81–87' (as defined on her report card) rather than barely scraping by, Vivian Dobbs received A's and B's for deportment and C's for all academic subjects but mathematics (which was always difficult for her, and where she scored a D) during her first term in Grade 1A, from September 1930 to January 1931. She improved during her second term in 1B, meriting an A in deportment, C in mathematics, and B in all other academic subjects; she was placed on the honor roll in April 1931. Promoted to 2A, she had trouble during the fall term of 1931, failing mathematics and spelling but receiving A in deportment, B in reading, and C in writing and English. She was 'retained in 2A' for the next term – or 'left back' as we used to say, and scarcely a sign of imbecility as I remember all my buddies who suffered a similar fate. In any case, she again did well in her final term, with B in deportment, reading, and spelling, and C in writing, English, and mathematics during her last month in school. This daughter of 'lewd and immoral' women excelled in deportment and performed adequately, although not brilliantly, in her academic subjects."In June 1932, Vivian contracted measles. She died from a secondary intestinal infection, enteric colitis, at the age of 8.

Trial
Virginia's General Assembly passed the Eugenical Sterilization Act in 1924. According to American historian Paul A. Lombardo, politicians wrote the law to benefit a malpracticing doctor avoiding lawsuits from patients who had been the victims of forced sterilization. Eugenicists used Buck to legitimize this law in the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell through which they sought to gain legal permission for Virginia to sterilize Buck. Carrie Buck found herself in the Colony in June 1924, shortly before her 18th birthday. Priddy quickly made the connection between Emma and Carrie, and he knew about the recently born Vivian: the board of directors issued an order for the sterilization of Buck and her guardian appealed the case to the Circuit Court of Amherst County.

In order to fully validate the law to Priddy’s satisfaction, the Board’s determination had to be defended in court. Thus, Irving P. Whitehead was appointed to “defend” Carrie from the Board’s ruling. Whitehead was not only a close friend of Priddy, a former member of the Colony Board and, unsurprisingly, a staunch believer in forced sterilization, but also a childhood friend of Aubrey E. Strode, who drafted the 1924 Eugenical Sterilization Act.

While the litigation was making its way through the court system, Priddy died and his successor, John Hendren Bell, took up the case. Throughout Carrie's trial, a succession of witnesses offered testimony that was hearsay, contentious, speculative, and simply absurd. Because Priddy and Strode felt it crucial to establish that Carrie's entire family "stock" was defective, witnesses who had never met Carrie testified to rumors and anecdotes surrounding her and her family. One of the few witnesses to testify with first‐hand knowledge of Carrie, a nurse from Charlottesville who had intermittent contact with Carrie over the years, recalled that in grammar school Carrie had been caught writing notes to boys. Priddy, of course, had once sterilized a girl for that transgression. For his testimony, Priddy felt the need to point out that Carrie had a “rather badly formed face.”

Whitehead failed to adequately defend Buck and counteract the prosecutors. Not only did he call no witnesses, but he did not challenge the prosecution’s witnesses’ lack of firsthand knowledge or their dodgy scientific claims. Whitehead did not even call Carrie’s teachers, who could have proven, with documented evidence, that Carrie had been an average student, including one teacher who wrote that Carrie was “very good” at “deportment and lessons.” Instead, it seemed that Whitehead was often testifying against his own client, taking it for granted that she was of “low caliber.” He did not challenge the claim that Carrie was illegitimate, which was false as a matter of Virginia state law because Carrie’s parents were married at the time of her birth. Nor did he argue that Carrie’s supposed “immorality” and Vivian’s illegitimacy were due to a rape by the Dobbs’ nephew, Clarence Garland.

Buck lost in the trial court, where noted Virginia eugenicist Joseph DeJarnette testified against her.

The case then moved to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, where Whitehead offered a 5‑page compared to the state’s 40‐page brief. Buck lost there too. Her only recourse was to the U.S. Supreme Court, but that was merely an illusion: even if Whitehead had put forth an effort, Carrie’s case was put before a Supreme Court with at least two avowed believers in eugenics: Chief Justice (and former president) William Howard Taft and Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. In 1915, Taft had written the introduction to the book How to Live, which contained a sizable portion devoted to eugenics. As for Holmes, in 1921, he told future justice Felix Frankfurter that he had no problem “restricting propagation by the undesirables and putting to death infants that didn’t pass the examination.”

Buck and her guardian contended that the due process clause guarantees all adults the right to procreate which was being violated. They also made the argument that the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment was being violated since not all similarly situated people were being treated the same. The sterilization law was only for the "feeble-minded" at certain state institutions and made no mention of other state institutions or those who were not in an institution.

The legal challenge was consciously collusive, brought on behalf of the state to test the legality of the statute. The cross examination and witnesses produced by Whitehead were ineffectual and allegedly a result of his alliance with Strode during the trial. There was no real litigation between the prosecution and the defense, and thus the Supreme Court did not receive sufficient evidence to make a fair decision on the "friendly [law]suit."

On May 2, 1927, in an 8–1 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court accepted that Buck, her mother and her daughter were "feeble-minded" and "promiscuous," and that it was in the state's interest to have her sterilized. The ruling found that the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 did not violate the U.S. Constitution and legitimized the sterilization procedures until they were repealed in 1974.

Taft assigned the opinion to Holmes, who went at his task with a zealotry that bordered on bloodlust. His first draft was apparently even more brutal and was criticized by colleagues for substituting rhetorical flourishes about eugenics for legal analysis. "Some of the brethren [the other justices] are troubled about the case, especially [Justice Pierce] Butler. May I suggest that you make a little full [the explanation of] the care Virginia has taken in guarding against undue or hasty action, proven absence of danger to the patient, and other circumstances tending to lessen the shock that many feel over the remedy? The strength of the facts in three generations of course is the strongest argument."Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes made clear that the challenge was not upon the medical procedure involved, but on the process of the substantive law. The court was satisfied that the Virginia Sterilization Act complied with the requirements of due process, since sterilization could not occur until a proper hearing had occurred, at which the patient and a guardian could be present, and the patient had the right to appeal the decision. They also found that, since the procedure was limited to people housed in state institutions, it did not deny the patient equal protection of the law. And finally, since the Virginia Sterilization Act was not a penal statute, the Court held that it did not violate the Eighth Amendment, since it is not intended to be punitive. Citing the best interests of the state, Justice Holmes affirmed the value of a law like Virginia's in order to prevent the nation from being "swamped with incompetence." The Court accepted without evidence that Carrie and her mother were promiscuous, and that the three generations of Bucks shared the genetic trait of feeblemindedness. Thus, it was in the state's best interest to have Carrie Buck sterilized. The decision was seen as a major victory for eugenicists. "We have seen more than once that the public welfare may call upon the best citizens for their lives. It would be strange if it could not call upon those who already sap the strength of the State for these lesser sacrifices, often not felt to be such by those concerned, in order to prevent our being swamped with incompetence. It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sustains compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes. [...] Three generations of imbeciles are enough."Holmes concluded his argument by citing Jacobson v. Massachusetts as a precedent for the decision, stating "Three generations of imbeciles are enough". The sole dissenter in the court, Justice Pierce Butler, a devout Catholic, did not write a dissenting opinion.

According to famed eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, whose written testimony was presented during the trial in his absence, Buck's legal defeat signaled the end of "eugenical sterilization's 'experimental period.'" Following the Supreme Court ruling, over two dozen states enacted similar laws, including Oregon and the Carolinas, doubling American sterilizations from 6,000 to more than 12,000 by 1947. Buck was sterilized on October 19, 1927, roughly five months after the Supreme Court trial verdict. She became the first Virginian sterilized since the 1924 Eugenical Sterilization Act passed. The Virginia sterilization law is said to have inspired Nazi Germany's 400,000 sterilizations, including those sanctioned under the 1933 Law for Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring.

Carrie Buck was operated upon, receiving a compulsory salpingectomy (a form of tubal ligation). She was later paroled from the institution as a domestic worker to a family in Bland, Virginia. She was an avid reader until her death in 1983. Her daughter Vivian had been pronounced "feeble minded" after a cursory examination by ERO field worker Dr. Arthur Estabrook. According to his report, Vivian "showed backwardness", thus the "three generations" of the majority opinion. It is worth noting that the child did very well in school for the two years that she attended (she died of complications from measles in 1932), even being listed on her school's honor roll in April 1931.

Effects
The effect of Buck v. Bell was to legitimize eugenic sterilization laws in the United States as a whole. While many states already had sterilization laws on their books, their use was erratic and effects practically non-existent in every state except for California. After Buck v. Bell, dozens of states added new sterilization statutes, or updated their constitutionally non-functional ones already enacted, with statutes which more closely mirrored the Virginia statute upheld by the Court.

The Virginia statute that Buck v. Bell upheld was designed in part by the eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of Charles Benedict Davenport's Eugenics Record Office in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Laughlin had, a few years previously, conducted studies on the enforcement of sterilization legislation throughout the country and had concluded that the reason for their lack of use was primarily that the physicians who would order the sterilizations were afraid of prosecution by patients upon whom they operated. Laughlin saw the need to create a "Model Law" that could withstand constitutional scrutiny, clearing the way for future sterilization operations. The Nazi jurists designing the German Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring based it largely on Laughlin's "Model Law", although development of that law preceded Laughlin's. Nazi Germany held Laughlin in such high regard that they arranged for him to receive an honorary doctorate from Heidelberg University in 1936. At the Subsequent Nuremberg trials after World War II, counsel for SS functionary Otto Hofmann explicitly cited Holmes's opinion in Buck v. Bell in his defense.

Sterilization rates under eugenic laws in the United States climbed from 1927 until Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942). While Skinner v. Oklahoma did not specifically overturn Buck v. Bell, it created enough of a legal quandary to discourage many sterilizations. By 1963, sterilization laws were almost wholly out of use, though some remained officially on the books for many years. Language referring to eugenics was removed from Virginia's sterilization law, and the current law, passed in 1988 and amended in 2013, authorizes only the voluntary sterilization of those 18 and older, after the patient has given written consent and the doctor has informed the patient of the consequences as well as alternative methods of contraception.

The story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and the court case was made into a television drama in 1994, Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story. It was also referred to in 1934's sensational film Tomorrow's Children, and was covered in the October 2018 American Experience documentary "The Eugenics Crusade".

Although this opinion and eugenics remain widely condemned, the decision in the case has not been formally overturned. Buck v. Bell was cited as a precedent by the opinion of the court (part VIII) in Roe v. Wade, but not in support of abortion rights. To the contrary, Justice Blackmun quoted it to justify that the constitutional right to abortion is not unlimited. Blackmun claimed that the right to privacy was strong enough to prevent the state from protecting unborn life in the womb, but not strong enough to prevent a woman being sterilized against her will.

In the 1996 case of Fieger v. Thomas, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit both recognized and criticized Buck v. Bell by writing, "as Justice Holmes pointed out in the only part of Buck v. Bell that remains unrepudiated, a claim of a violation of the Equal Protection Clause based upon selective enforcement 'is the usual last resort of constitutional arguments. In 2001, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit cited Buck v. Bell to protect the constitutional rights of a woman coerced into sterilization without procedural due process. The court stated that error and abuse will result if the state does not follow the procedural requirements, established by Buck v. Bell, for performing an involuntary sterilization.

Derek Warden has shown how the decision in Buck v. Bell has been affected by the Americans with Disabilities Act.

title: Buck v. Bell


text:
Crease

Crease may refer to:

 * A line (geometry) or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance
 * Crease (band), American hard rock band that formed in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida in 1994
 * Crease pattern, origami diagram type that consists of all or most of the creases in the final model
 * Crease Range, mountain range in northern western British Columbia, Canada
 * Skin crease, areas of skin where it folds

People

 * Crease (surname)

Sports

 * Crease (cricket), area demarcated by white lines painted or chalked on the field of play
 * Crease (hockey), volume of space in an ice rink directly in front of the goalie net, indicated by painted red lines on the rink surface
 * Crease, in lacrosse, white circle around the orange net, where only the goalie and defense may step into

title: Crease


text:
AAE

AAE may refer to:

Aviation

 * Above aerodrome elevation, an altitude given as above the nearest aerodrome or airport
 * Académie de l'air et de l'espace, the French national Air and Space Academy
 * Xpress Air (ICAO airline designator) in the United States
 * Rabah Bitat Airport (IATA airport code) in Annaba, Algeria
 * Australian airExpress, a cargo airline based in Melbourne, Australia
 * Accredited Airport Executive, a professional certification from the American Association of Airport Executives

Languages

 * African-American English, a linguistic variety spoken by many African Americans
 * Australian Aboriginal English, varieties of English used by many Aboriginal Australians
 * Arbëresh language, a language of Italy

Organizations

 * Actuarial Association of Europe
 * American Association of Endodontists, a professional organization
 * Association of American Educators, a nonprofit nonunion professional teachers association
 * Australasian Antarctic Expedition

Other uses

 * Acetylajmaline esterase, an enzyme
 * Acquired angioedema, a type of angioedema, a blood disease
 * Adobe After Effects, digital motion graphics and visual effects software
 * ARM Accredited Engineer program, an accreditation program for software developers
 * Academy for Academic Excellence, a K-12 public charter school located in California
 * All About Eve, a 1950 American drama film

title: AAE


text:
MOST (spacecraft)

The Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars/Microvariabilité et Oscillations STellaire (MOST), was Canada's first space telescope. Up until nearly 10 years after its launch it was also the smallest space telescope in orbit (for which its creators nicknamed it the "Humble Space Telescope", in reference to one of the largest, the Hubble). MOST was the first spacecraft dedicated to the study of asteroseismology, subsequently followed by the now-completed CoRoT and Kepler missions. It was also the first Canadian science satellite launched since ISIS II, 32 years previously.

Description
As its name suggests, its primary mission was to monitor variations in star light, which it did by observing a single target for a long period of time (up to 60 days). Typically, larger space telescopes cannot afford to remain focused on a single target for so long due to the demand for their resources.

At 53 kg, 60 cm wide and tall, and 24 cm deep, it was the size and weight of a small chest or an extra-large suitcase filled with electronics. This places it in the microsatellite category.

MOST was developed as a joint effort of the Canadian Space Agency, Dynacon Enterprises Limited (now Microsatellite Systems Canada Inc), the Space Flight Laboratory (SFL) at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, and the University of British Columbia. Led by Principal Investigator Jaymie Matthews, the MOST science team's plan was to use observations from MOST to use asteroseismology to help date the age of the universe, and to search for visible-light signatures from extrasolar planets. The original SFL application to the CSA is available at https://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~rucinski/MOST_proposal_1997.pdf

MOST featured an instrument comprising a visible-light dual-CCD camera, fed by a 15-cm aperture Maksutov telescope. One CCD gathered science images, while the other provided images used by star-tracking software that, along with a set of four reaction wheels (computer-controlled motorized flywheels that are similar to gyroscopes) maintained pointing with an error of less than 1 arc-second, better pointing by far than any other microsatellite to date.

The design of the rest of MOST was inspired by and based on microsatellite bus designs pioneered by AMSAT, and first brought to commercial viability by the microsatellite company SSTL (based at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom); during the early stages of MOST development, the core group of AMSAT microsatellite satellite designers advised and mentored the MOST satellite design team, via a know-how transfer arrangement with UTIAS. This approach to satellite design is notable for making use of commercial-grade electronics, along with a "small team," "early prototyping" engineering development approach rather different from that used in most other space-engineering programs, to achieve relatively very low costs: MOST's life-cycle cost (design, build, launch and operate) was less than $10 million in Canadian funds (about 7 million Euros or 6 million USD, at exchange rates at time of launch).

Operation history
Development of the satellite was managed by the Canadian Space Agency's Space Science Branch, and was funded under its Small Payloads Program; its operations were (as of 2012) managed by the CSA's Space Exploration Branch. It was operated by SFL (where the primary MOST ground station is located) jointly with Microsat Systems Canada Inc. (since the sale of Dynacon's space division to MSCI in 2008). As of ten years after launch, despite failures of two of its components (one of the four reaction wheels and one of the two CCD driver boards), the satellite was still operating well, as a result of both on-going on-board software upgrades as well as built-in hardware redundancy, allowing improvements to performance and to reconfigure around failed hardware units.

In 2008, the MOST Satellite Project Team won the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute's Alouette Award, which recognizes outstanding contributions to advancement in Canadian space technology, applications, science or engineering.

Termination of operations funding by CSA
On 30 April 2014, the Canadian Space Agency announced that funding to continue operating MOST would be withdrawn as of 9 September 2014, apparently as a result of funding cuts to the Canadian Space Agency's budget by the Harper government, despite the fact that the satellite continues to be fully operational and capable of making on-going science observations. P.I. Jaymie Matthews responded by saying that "he will consider all options to keep the satellite in orbit, and that includes a direct appeal to the public."

Post-CSA-funded operations
In October 2014, the MOST Satellite was acquired by MSCI, which then commenced commercial operation of the satellite, offering a variety of potential uses including continuing the original MOST mission in partnership with Dr. Matthews, but also other planetary studies, attitude control system algorithm R&D, and Earth observation. MOST was finally decommissioned in March 2019, after an apparent failure of its power subsystem.

Discoveries
The MOST team has reported a number of discoveries. In 2004 they reported that the star Procyon does not oscillate to the extent that had been expected, although this has been disputed.

In 2006 observations revealed a previously unknown class of variable stars, the "slowly pulsating B supergiants" (SPBsg). In 2011, MOST detected transits by exoplanet 55 Cancri e of its primary star, based on two weeks of nearly continuous photometric monitoring, confirming an earlier detection of this planet, and allowing investigations into the planet's composition. In 2019, MOST photometry was used to disprove claims of permanent starspots on the surface of HD 189733 A that were alleged to be caused by interactions between the magnetic fields of the star and its "hot Jupiter" exoplanet.

MOST target campaigns

 * Procyon
 * HD 209458 b
 * HD 163899 (guide star)
 * 55 Cancri e
 * HIP 116454 b

title: MOST (spacecraft)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yellowsubmarine

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Yellowsubmarine/production/cost/revenue.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

 * Yellowsubmarine/production/cost/revenue. Weird title, so not appropriate for a redirect. Content is not useful. Angela. 03:19, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * It reads like someone on recreational drugs tried writing a disambiguation page. Delete. - Lucky 6.9 18:01, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Recreational drugs alright. Probably tried smoking something. JFW | T@lk  23:13, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. In view of the subject matter, perhaps funny sugar cubes or blotting paper is a little more likely. Andrewa 01:41, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete because of useless title and content, but I do seem to recall that there was an interesting story behind the production of the film that only gets passing treatment in the Yellow Submarine article. UninvitedCompany 03:44, 19 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. There is no content, looks to me like placeholders for content to come.  There is actually a good story about it, but if someone finds it and writes it up it should go under Yellow Submarine and not under some obscure title.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:The Monk (Doctor Who)

oldest thread
Perhaps I should explain why the Monk's appearance in the thirtieth anniversary special is particularly noteworthy, but it's a spoiler and in any case I don't suppose anybody here cares much. So I probably won't. --Paul A 03:20, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Years too late, but WHAT? You mean Dimensions in Time? The never-made Dark Dimension? The Pertwee BBC Radio serial? The Airzone Solution? 197.83.246.23 (talk) 14:00, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia contains spoilers, so please do go right ahead and mention it. I wasn't aware the Monk made any appearances after his originals, so I for one am quite curious about it. Just make sure to put this line:

before the paragraph where you do, to give readers the option of not reading it. Bryan 04:59, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Moving page
I moved the page since the Monk's the only one of the titled Time Lords without a "The" prefixing his title as the article name. It's also easier to just add the "the" instead of removing it from everyone else. --khaosworks 08:02, May 6, 2005 (UTC)

The key issue.
It's a simple fact. One which not even the over-eager Pugwall can deny.

Nobody in 1965/66 wrote a character who was a Time Lord called "The Monk". Peter Butterworth never played a Time Lord called "The Monk". And when writer and actor were both dead, there had never been a character in Doctor Who was a Time Lord called "the Monk".

Now, it is also true that in recent years, a certain kind of received wisdom has insisted that there was a character in Doctor Who who was a Time Lord called "the Monk". And we can point to unofficial guides to the television series printed in the 1990's or later. And, oh, look...in the 2010's Big Finish Audios started featuring a Time Lord character actually called "the Monk" in some stories that 99% of people who watch the tv show will never hear, and that the tv series can happily contradict. But, and this is important, Nicholas Briggs really believes that this Graeme Garden/Rufus Hound character is somehow the natural continuation of a character seen in television in the mid-1960's. And, because of that, EVERYTHING must now conform to this belief. And, Alex21 thinks that this article must claim that Briggsy's take was ALWAYS the "truth". Hey, there are 21st century articles to back that up!

But that would be equivalent in an article on the First Doctor saying that Sydney Newman and Verity Lambert created the character in the 60's to actually be the "Timeless Child", because that's what Chris Chibnall says about the character NOW. Yes, mention that in the article, but it must not define the article. And this "article" is mostly an in-narrative recap of Big Finish Audios as well.

The character was NOT created to be a Time Lord called "the Monk". Yes, state that that is ONE subsequent reinterpretation, but it ain't the first and last word. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 13:45, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Seriously, what part of "the Monk" is shorthand for "the monk character that appears in The Time Meddler" do you not understand? No one is saying that that's his name in the programme. Even some of the adaptations make fun of it. DonQuixote (talk) 14:20, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You know it's MUCH more than that, sparky. Or, if you don't, maybe you should just leave this issue alone. The lead is wrong. Like I ALREADY SAID. Plus the Big Finish in-narrative is longer than the rest of the article combined. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 15:48, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * No it's not. You're just upset that he's not called the Master in the programme either. Stop trying to create an issue out of a non-issue. It's disruptive. Any adult with reading compression knows that the Monk or the Narrator or the Driver or the Prisoner, etc. aren't names. DonQuixote (talk) 15:59, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * That shows how wrong you are. Again, there was never a character called "the Monk" in the television show. Never. Yes, there is a character called "the Monk" in Big Finish, but so what? Let's examine the introduction of this article..

 * "The Monk is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.[2] Played by the British actor Peter Butterworth, the character appeared in two stories, The Time Meddler and The Daleks' Master Plan,[2] as an adversary of the First Doctor. They were written and co-written respectively by Dennis Spooner.

 * Other than the Doctor and Susan, the Monk was the first member of the Doctor's species to appear in the programme.[2][3]"
 * That is, to put it plainly, a complete load of crap. It's simply not true. Peter Butterworth appeared in those two Doctor Who serials in the 1960's, which were written/co-written by Dennis Spooner. But, other than that, it's a BLATANT LIE. And the matter-of-fact way it is stated because one latter-day source from an unreliable hack wrote something, is pathetic. Can YOU find anything from 65/66 stating what the article says? I bet you can't. That needs to be completely rewritten. You want to add the crap from Lofficier or any other book written DECADES after the event, go ahead. But it does NOT belong in the introduction. And then there's the fact that the character's actual appearances in those two serials is skimmed over in a couple of sentences, whereas the Big Finish just goes on and on. It's COMPLETELY POV towards the Big Finish interpretation, and actual contemporaneous material is pretty much absent. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 18:43, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Additional sources for the Monk being the first of the Doctor's race shown onscreen

And that's a couple of hours work with resources at hand. DonQuixote (talk) 00:13, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Seems like you wasted a couple of hours. None of those are anywhere near contemporaneous with the actual serials. And most of those are unreliable sources anyway. And again, it can't go in the introductory paragraph. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 06:02, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, no. There's at least 10, that makes it common, and they span four decades. Sorry that I can't head to the library at short nortice to peruse the archives. Stop being disruptive. DonQuixote (talk) 09:12, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Also...it's ironic that you dismiss these as not being contemporary but wave around the FASA game, which isn't contemporary either (and it's not a valid secondary source to boot). DonQuixote (talk) 09:19, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * No. You're pushing one POV. Usinf contemporaneous sources, Peter Butterworth played a character who disguised himself as a monk, and can be referred to as "the monk", but NOT "the Monk". Everything else comes later. And yes FASA etc. is not contemporaneous either, but it's much closer to the time. I also see you are using Rigelsford as a "reliable source", which really says it all.
 * But there is NOTHING from the time about "their home planet", or "apart from the Doctor and Susan". That is ALL LATER interpretation and reception, DECADES after the event, and needs ro be treated as such. It has NOTHING AT ALL to do with the character Peter Butterworth played and can NOT be put in the lead, as though that was always the intention, and the reality, in 1965/1966. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 10:08, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Seriously, read WP:DUE (Neutrality requires that each article or other page in the mainspace fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the published, reliable sources.[3] Giving due weight and avoiding giving undue weight means articles should not give minority views or aspects as much of or as detailed a description as more widely held views or widely supported aspects.). Wikipedia reflects the sources. DonQuixote (talk) 11:19, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Why don't you read your own post? "represent all significant viewpoints". And it does just that, sparky. But what you want is for your one preferred viewpoint to be in the introductory paragraph. Just as "FASA says.." or "Divided Loyalties says..", so "Howe and Walker say..." is ONE viewpoint. It should absolutely be included in the article, just NOT in the introduction. Get it? Got it? Good! 197.83.246.23 (talk) 12:07, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint in the published, reliable sources. Reading comprehension. Learn it. Seriously, secondary sources have more prominence than adaptations (games and novels). DonQuixote (talk) 12:08, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict). And it's JUST ONE INTERPRETATION FROM ONE OBSCURE SOURCE. Include it, yes, but it's not the be-all and end-all. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 12:15, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * No, it's 10 sources. DonQuixote (talk) 12:18, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Not all of which are WP:RS. And you listed 8 there. But, even if it was ten reliable sources, it wouldn't matter diddlysquat. Because, as you said, we need to keep this article neutral, and not give precedence to any one of the contradictory accounts of the character beyond the television appearances by Peter Butterworth. Hey, do you have a Reliable Source which was even remotely in the same chronological era as the actual television appearances that says that? Didn't think so. What's more, it's not a universal statement. And, as such, it can't define the entire character, and ti can't define the entire article. It's an "according to some sources..." statement, not an all-encompassing one. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:18, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

There were two cited in the article itself for a total of ten. And you really need to understand the difference between primary sources and secondary sources and the difference between the original source material and its adaptations. The adaptations should be treated equally, yes, but the secondary sources should be treated with due weight. You really need to actually read WP:NPOV and WP:DUE--especially the part I quoted, because that's how tertiary sources, like wikipedia, work. The fact that you're not willing to understand or follow the guidelines of a tertiary source is what's causing the friction. DonQuixote (talk) 19:29, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And within context of "first of the Doctor's species", the above sources and The Programme Guide are reliable--that is, you can't just say that they're unreliable because you (an editor, who--like every other editor on here--has no reputation, and thus weight, to speak of) don't agree with them. DonQuixote (talk) 19:37, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

(edit conflict) Do those articles cover the article in its entirety? NO. And the fact that you include someone like Rigelsford as a reliable source speaks volumes. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:39, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And, going by the reliable sources of the time the "First of the Doctor's species other than Susan" characters to appear in Doctor Who were Ian Chesterton and Barbara Wright. Actually that policeman outside the junkyard. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:40, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * No, they don't cover this article in its entirety--that's not what they're cited for. They're cited for exactly one sentence. And, seriously, due weight. Acadaemic concensus can change. If you want to add that the Doctor and Susan were considered humans in the original run, then add that with the appropriate sources. But since at least 1969, the consensus among reliable sources is that they're not human.
 * And, dude, I only own one book by Rigelsford, so I didn't pay any attention to him. This is actually when you're supposed to use the "reliable source" tag--when the author is surrounded in controversy, not when the sources disagree with your personal opinion. DonQuixote (talk) 19:48, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

(edit conflict) ::: This does not mention The Time Meddler or the monk specifically, but read this. it's actually from the 60's. Yes, you and your little clique can try and retcon to your heart's content, but it doesn't change the facts of the time.197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:49, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Dude, the "clique" that retconned the programme are Dennis Spooner, Robert Holmes, Barry Letts, etc. DonQuixote (talk) 19:53, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

(edit conflict) ::: Yes, since 1969. Doctor Who(yes that was his actual name) and his granddaughter Susan were human beings. As they themselves repeatedly stated. And then Doctor Who met another person "From the same place" who only knew about Earth, And this person was disguised as a monk.
 * Then LATER the Doctor became a Time Lord. He also met another Time Lord who he instantly recognised. This Time lord was working as the "War Chief" for some aliens. Then later, the Master appeared, and the War Games were used as his backstory. And it was stated in multiple sources that the Doctor and the Master were the ONLY TWO renegade Time Lords, and the only two Time Lords to ever steal TARDISes. So, like it or not skippy, the Master and the War Chief are one and the same.
 * But, and here's where the problems come in..if the Master and the Doctor were the ONLY TWO renegade Time Lords, and the Master was the ONLY renegade Time Lord the Doctor came up against before Omega, and the Doctor met someone with a TARDIS "from the same place" who he recognised in The Time Meddler, then...
 * Saying "the Monk is the Master" made everything fit. But when Dennis Spooner wrote for Peter Butterworth he was writing for a human man, not a Time Lord. So, yes, there are reliable sources stating as such, but they're also interpretations.
 * And then the chuckleheads insisted that Peter Butterworth was a Time Lord who was not the Master, and that he is actually called "the Monk" as his Time Lord name.
 * But ANYTHING other than Peter Butterworth played a character in two television serials is NOT reliable, no matter how many books state it. Because it's someone trying to make sense out of two things that were never meant to be forced together. At the time, the Doctor and Susan had met several of their own people, as they were human beings. Retroactively making the Doctor a Time Lord doesn't automatically mean what you think it does. Whether you like it or not. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:57, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

And stop calling people "dude". 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:57, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

And, no, the "clique" are the chuckleheads trying to force THEIR fanboy interpretations on people. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:57, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

and actually read Adrian Rigelsford. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 197.83.246.23 (talk) 19:59, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And it was stated in multiple sources that the Doctor and the Master were the ONLY TWO renegade Time Lords, and the only two Time Lords to ever steal TARDISes.
 * Those "reliable sources" that you have provided are novelisations--which are primary sources and can't be used as secondary sources for other primary sources (as I have explained multiple times). Using them is no more valid than using the novels to state that his name is Mortimus. The point being, you can't do either one.
 * Saying "the Monk is the Master" made everything fit.
 * Yes, but that's still a fan theory--it's not mentioned in any episode of the programme nor in most secondary sources. When that happens, it's called original research.
 * Retroactively making the Doctor a Time Lord doesn't automatically mean what you think it does. Whether you like it or not.
 * That's your personal POV. Again, consensus amongst secondary sources (i.e. due weight) is against you.
 * But ANYTHING other than Peter Butterworth played a character in two television serials is NOT reliable, no matter how many books state it.
 * Wikipedia works by citing and summarising reliable sources--i.e. books. Look, as I've said, if you don't want to follow the rules of wikipedia, then you can go create your own wiki or fansite. Wikipedia does it this way--no matter if it's wrong or not (in your eyes).
 * And stop calling people "dude".
 * Ok, sparky. DonQuixote (talk) 20:05, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

And I just posted a link to a reliable source saying the Doctor is from Earth. 197.83.246.23 (talk) 20:07, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And, no, the "clique" are the chuckleheads trying to force THEIR fanboy interpretations on people
 * Isn't that describing yourself. Again, the name of the game at wikipedia is citing and summarising reliable sources (preferably secondary sources--but primary sources can be used to describe their contents).
 * and actually read Adrian Rigelsford
 * Yeah, I did. That's why I said This is actually when you're supposed to use the "reliable source" tag--when the author is surrounded in controversy, not when the sources disagree with your personal opinion. DonQuixote (talk) 20:10, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And I just posted a link to a reliable source saying the Doctor is from Earth.
 * Yeah, and as I have said, If you want to add that the Doctor and Susan were considered humans in the original run, then add that with the appropriate sources. And, if I remember correctly, I think it's actually already mentioned in the relative articles. DonQuixote (talk) 20:10, 29 July 2020 (UTC)
 * But, there are contradictory sources. YOU are the one trying to place ONE of them in the introduction. And that is pushing a POV. Period. I also take it you never actually read about Rigelsford and his history of publishing false information. Even Wikipedia says as much. And that's the guy you want to use as the 'expert'? That says it all.
 * But, basically, if you're summarising and citing sources, then DON'T force YOUR POV as the "standard", and place everything else down the page as "reception" or vague links. You are the one pushing a 'fan theory'. No one else. All I have tried to do is add some NPOV to what was, and still is, a grotesquely distorted and POV article.197.83.246.23 (talk) 11:23, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Seriously,  ten  nine sources. Please read WP:DUE. DonQuixote (talk) 14:33, 30 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Based on this I won't be back. And you can post nay nonsense you like on any article., and the fact that there are nine sources backing up the statement, I'm going to restore this. DonQuixote (talk) 11:55, 5 August 2020 (UTC)

Calm down.
Hello. I've spotted the comments made at Admin Noticeboard and thought I'd pop by.

First things first, I'm not an admin. But I've been here for yonks and know when a talk page is getting out of hand when I see one. So in the spirit of co-operation and neutrality, I thought I'd nip by.

The main take I'm seeing from this talk page is passion. Passion is good, and can be harnessed well in the right circumstances. What we need to do is try to take a step back, breathe, and then see what direction the passion needs to take for the good of Wikipedia. Remember that, ultimately, this is Wikipedia. Not Wikia, not a Geocities fan site, not a notepad in your bedroom. This article needs to be comprehensive, accurate, neutral, and true to any viable, credible, official sources. If you're spending too long going back-and-forth about a fictitious character on Wikipedia, I do suggest that you close the laptop and try focusing on other things for a few days. It truly is not so important.

You all need to calm down. The character of the Monk isn't real. "Doctor Who" isn't real. Each producer, writer, author and actor associated with "Doctor Who" brought their own spin on each particular era. The Monk was one tiny fragment in the show's entire and on-going run, so of course, over 40+ years, different sources will do different, contradictory, and occasionally stupid things with the character. Wikipedia can't have 50-odd articles for each different version, so one article will have to do. It's fine for one article about a fictitious character to be filled with contradiction. It's sci-fi, remember, rules do tend to be written in haste and ret-conned at leisure. Calm down, if you think it's vitally important to be absolutely exact about each and every facet of The Monk's backstory. Guess what, each successive writer probably gave less of a damn about canon than you are.

So now that you're calm, think about the content. If you want to focus on Big Finish, then make a section about their versions of the character. Make that your focus. If you want to focus on sources other than Big Finish, then make a section and focus on that. Each section will explain to the readers of the future why elements don't quite add up, and why some details contradict others. Remember, this is The Monk from "Doctor Who" - it is not the Bible, it is not Israel-Palestine, it is not Trump, you don't have to get emotionally involved over the "right" or "wrong" about the content of this article. Find sources, use them. Find details, explain them. Find characterisations which don't quite add up to previous or subsequent ones, and outline them.

And guess what? Editors will follow you, and undo and redo and change what you've done. That's Wikipedia for you. Don't stress and sweat over this one article to such a degree as you seem to. Be kind to each other. Be reasonable. Be focused. Realise that The Monk from "Doctor Who" is not *that* important, and is not *so* big a deal if the article is full of different sources which are at odds with each other. You will have your edits, and other editors will have theirs, and a compromise must be made. Because the alternative? You're blokes spending all day on Wikipedia arguing over something which does not exist, and nobody wants to have that lightbulb moment on a lazy Sunday afternoon. Be good x doktorb wordsdeeds 10:01, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Monk (Doctor Who)


text:
Talk:Chinese wall (financial)

Should this be combined with Chinese wall? -- Toby Bartels 03:21, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese wall (financial)