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2003 United States Grand Prix

The 2003 United States Grand Prix (formally the XXXII SAP United States Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 September 2003 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It was the fifteenth and penultimate race of the 2003 Formula One World Championship and the fourth United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis. Ferrari's Michael Schumacher won the 73-lap race after starting seventh. McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen finished second from a pole position start, with Sauber's Heinz-Harald Frentzen third, his first podium finish in three years and his last.

Michael Schumacher led the World Drivers' Championship before the race, with Williams leading his team Ferrari in the World Constructors' Championship. Räikkönen began from pole position after setting the fastest qualifying lap in the second qualifying session. He led for the first 18 laps before making a pit stop for rain tyres due to changing weather conditions. Six different drivers shared the race lead throughout the race due to changing weather conditions. Michael Schumacher overtook British American Racing (BAR) driver Jenson Button to take the lead on lap 38, holding it for the rest of the race to claim his sixth victory of the season and the 70th of his career.

The race result increased Michael Schumacher's lead in the World Drivers' Championship to nine points over Räikkönen, while Williams driver Juan Pablo Montoya remained third but could no longer win the title because he finished sixth following a collision with Schumacher's teammate Rubens Barrichello that earned him a drive-through penalty. Ferrari retook the World Constructors' Championship lead from Williams with a three-point advantage. McLaren were another 16 points behind with one race remaining in the season.

Background

The 2003 United States Grand Prix was the penultimate round of the 2003 Formula One World Championship, held on 28 September 2003, at the 4.192 km Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS) road course in Speedway, Indiana, north of Indianapolis. It was the fourth United States Grand Prix held at Indianapolis, which had previously hosted the Indianapolis 500 as part of the Formula One World Championship from to, since the race returned to the series in 2000 after a nine-year absence. The Porsche Supercup held support races during the weekend.

Following his victory at the two weeks earlier,  Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the World Drivers' Championship with 82 points, three ahead of Williams driver Juan Pablo Montoya in second and another four ahead of McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen in third. Montoya's teammate Ralf Schumacher was fourth with 58 points and Ferrari's Rubens Barrichello was fifth with 55 points. With two races left in the season and 10 points on offer for victory, Michael Schumacher could take his record-breaking sixth world title if he won, Räikkönen was third and Montoya sixth. Even if Montoya won the season-ending, Schumacher would be the champion if he scored no more points, having won more races than Montoya. Williams led the World Constructors' Championship with 141 points, four more than Ferrari in second. McLaren were third with 120 points. Renault were fourth with 79 points, with British American Racing (BAR) fifth with 18 points.

Following the Italian Grand Prix on 14 September, all teams tested at various European racing tracks in preparation for the United States Grand Prix. McLaren, Renault and Toyota all tested for two days at Spain's Circuit de Catalunya, while Williams and Jordan tested for three days at England's Silverstone Circuit. Ferrari did three days of testing at the Circuito de Jerez in Spain, with Sauber joining on the first two days, BAR on the final two days and Toyota on all four days. Minardi conducted a comparison test between its PS03 vehicle and the outdated Arrows A23 car at the Mugello Circuit in Italy. Toyota's Olivier Panis spent a day at France's Circuit Paul Ricard testing aerodynamic modifications on the TF103 car. Ferrari shook down the F2003-GA's electronic components and its setup at the Monza Circuit and its private Fiorano Circuit in Italy.

Michael Schumacher was the bookmakers' favourite to win the race. He said his team were prepared for the event and were motivated more after winning in Italy, adding: "Every tiny error has its consequences. Whoever is able to exploit the resources during the weekend will come out on top." Montoya felt convinced his car would perform well at Indianapolis because its engine was suited for IMS's main straight, and he anticipated a close duel with his championship rivals. He told reporters that he did not have to win the Grand Prix, just finish ahead of Michael Schumacher and Räikkönen to become World Champion in Japan. Räikkönen noted he had not yet finished a race at Indianapolis but said McLaren needed to attempt to be faster than Michael Schumacher and Montoya. He stated that the MP4-17D's characteristics would be better suited at Indianapolis than at Monza, and that he needed a strong finish late in the season to remain in contention for the championship.

The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA; Formula One's governing body) president Max Mosley warned Ferrari, Williams, and McLaren and their drivers that any evidence of team orders in Indianapolis following their ban in October 2002 due to Barrichello being ordered to let teammate Michael Schumacher win the would be referred to the race stewards for thorough analysis. Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn argued that a driver who is not in championship contention should not interfere with another driver who is. Williams technical director Patrick Head stated that the team would let his drivers pass each other rather than the squad. McLaren owner Ron Dennis predicted that team orders would not be an issue in the final two races, expecting that teammates would help each other in the championship battle.

Because most teams were concentrating on the season, they did not make significant changes to their cars for the event. The three championship-contending teams in Ferrari, Williams and McLaren were the expectations. BMW and Ferrari brought enhanced versions of their engines as well as different aerodynamic car appendage changes. McLaren also made minor aerodynamic changes, and BAR was the only non-front-running team to bring an important innovation. Honda, BAR's engine supplier, presented an upgraded power unit and a new gearbox.

The event included ten constructors, each with two race drivers. Allan McNish (Renault), Björn Wirdheim (Jordan) and Gianmaria Bruni (Minardi) were the three drivers who drove a third car in only the Friday private test session. Ralph Firman returned to Jordan after Zsolt Baumgartner replaced him for the previous two rounds due to an inner ear imbalance Firman got in an accident during practice for the two races earlier. BAR's Jenson Button was cleared to compete after a high-speed crash during testing in Jerez that forced him to visit a London hospital for a check-up. Ralf Schumacher returned to Williams after missing the Italian race due to a headache suffered during a test session at Monza, replacing test driver Marc Gené.

Private test session
Teams that choose limited testing during the season were given a two-hour test session on Friday morning. The session took place in dry, cool weather, with a hint of drizzle in the second hour but not enough to disrupt operations. Renault's Jarno Trulli set the fastest lap time of 1:10.986, just 0.001 second faster than teammate Fernando Alonso. McNish was third, with Jaguar's Mark Webber fourth and Justin Wilson fifth. Some drivers went off the circuit during testing. A rubber seal came out of a crack between two concrete slabs on the main straight 19 minutes into the session, necessitating a four-minute stoppage to allow marshals to clear the debris.

Practice and warm-up sessions
There were three practice sessions preceding Sunday's race: one 60-minute session on Friday morning and two 45-minute sessions on Saturday morning. The FIA moved the start time of all Saturday's events by an hour to better accommodate world television viewers due to the title duel. The area was cloudy as the first session began, and everyone wanted to get some running done as soon as possible. The rain fell steadily and intensified halfway through practice, and the FIA permitted teams to run extreme rain tyres to prepare for a probable wet-weather race. Trulli lapped fastest at 1:11.153, 0.186 seconds quicker than Ralf Schumacher in second. Panis, Barrichello, Michael Schumacher, Alonso, Webber, Montoya, Räikkönen and his teammate David Coulthard followed in the top ten. Jordan's Giancarlo Fisichella's engine failed on the exit of turn 12 and spilled oil onto the banked turn 13 after 22 minutes, stopping practice. His car stopped on the main straight with smoke billowing from it, prompting its removal from the circuit to the pit lane and oil cleaning by marshals. The work took almost 20 minutes to allow the session to resume. Fisichella's teammate Firman stopped in the gravel at the exit of turn ten towards the session's end.

The second practice session was held on a circuit in cool, overcast weather with damp parts due to nighttime rain and electrical thunderstorms. The sun later shined on the circuit and it began drying. Trulli maintained his pace with a lap of 1:12.408, ahead of Ralf Schumacher, Montoya, Barrichello, Alonso, Toyota's Cristiano da Matta, Panis, Sauber's Heinz-Harald Frentzen and the Jaguar pair of Webber and Wilson. A fuel pressure issue caused Michael Schumacher to stop his Ferrari on his installation lap at turn nine two minutes into the session and marshals removed the car from the track. Air and track temperatures rose for the final practice session. Barrichello's lap of 1:11.112 was fastest, 0.012 seconds faster than second-placed Trulli. Michael Schumacher, Montoya, Coulthard, Räikkönen, Panis, Webber, Ralf Schumacher and Alonso were in positions three through ten. Ralf Schumacher outbraked himself into turn eight, slid through the wet grass, and damaged his car's right side hitting the tyre wall. The waving of yellow flags briefly disrupted on-circuit activities. Da Matta's engine failed going through turn 12, laying oil across that corner and the pit lane entry.

Alonso set the quickest lap time of 1:12.079 in the 15-minute warm-up session that preceded the final practice session in partly cloudy weather, followed by Montoya, Panis, Räikkönen, Barrichello, Da Matta, Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher and Webber. Trulli's Renault suffered front and right-hand damage in two minor crashes with the turn 11 tyre wall late in the session.

Qualifying

There were two one-hour qualifying sessions on both Friday and Saturday afternoons. The World Drivers' Championship standings determined the running order for the first session (first to last), with the second reversed (slowest to quickest). In each session, each driver recorded one timed lap with no other cars on track, and the starting order was set by the quickest laps in the second session. The circuit was entirely dry, with all tyre rubber removed after the rain shower in the first practice session. Rain began to fall on IMS halfway through the first qualifying session and intensified, prompting drivers to be cautious; the FIA allowed extreme rain tyres to be used for the rest of qualifying. Michelin-shod cars were more competitive in the session than Bridgestone-shod cars because their new front tyres performed better in cooler temperatures. Trulli, who was fastest in the infield section, took provisional pole position with a lap of 1:09.566 with Barrichello 0.269 seconds slower in second. Webber was unaffected by the rain and pished hard to go third. Ralf Schumacher was fourth after braking too late for the first corner due to understeer. Montoya, fifth, braked too soon for some turns, losing time. Coulthard, sixth, went sideways through turn 13 before starting his lap. Alonso was hampered by understeer that was better dealt with on a low fuel load and was seventh. Michael Schumacher ran wide at the exit of turn one and took eighth. Räikkönen, ninth, lost control of his car early in his lap, while Button, tenth, was the last driver unaffected by the rain. Da Matta was the faster Toyota in 11th, ahead of Fisichella's Jordan in 12th due to the circuit being slightly wet on the latter's lap. Frentzen finished 13th on dry tyres after much of the track got wet halfway through his lap. Panis, 14th, saw the rain get heavier on his lap. The change in conditions caught out Sauber's Nick Heidfeld and BAR's Jacques Villeneuve, who came 15th and 16th, respectively. Firman's team, 17th, put extreme rain tyres on his car. Wilson was 18th, ahead of Minardi's Nicolas Kiesa, who came 19th in his first wet Formula One session. Kiesa's teammate Jos Verstappen was the only driver to not set a lap time due to a traction control system interface issue between the electronic control unit and the engine. Minardi called Verstappen into the pit lane to abandon his qualifying lap.

The second qualifying session was held in dry, warm, partly cloudy conditions. Räikkönen was the 12th driver to set a time, and his lap of 1:11.670 earned him his second career pole position. He was joined on the grid's front row by Barrichello, who was 0.124 seconds slower. Panis had a clean effort and his engine meant he achieved Toyota's best qualifying result at the time in third. Montoya clipped a kerb, oversteered for most of the lap, and tyre fading cost him three-tenths of a second and dropped him to fourth. Excessive oversteer left Montoya's teammate Ralf Schumacher in fifth, losing control of his car at turn one after finishing his lap. Alonso in sixth had handling problems that saw him oversteer and understeer in the track's turns. Michael Schumacher's Ferrari lacked grip and had handling issues as he appeared to commit small driver errors en route to seventh. A minor oversteer in turn four and understeer in turn eight left Coulthard eighth. Da Matta drove the spare Toyota setup for him after his engine overheated during the warm-up session. He hit the kerbs to increase speed and took ninth. Trulli's car was rebuilt by the Renault mechanics and he made minor errors on his lap, leaving him 10th. Button and Villeneuve of BAR qualified 11th and 12th, respectively, with the team adjusting their setups to improve the driveability and grip of their cars. Heidfeld was 13th when his tyres began graining at the end of his lap. Webber's Jaguar lacked grip and balance due to his car carrying a heavy fuel load, causing him to understeer and come 14th. Frentzen, 15th, ran wide in turn six and lost time. Wilson's car suffered understeer due to the changing track conditions, and he qualified 16th. Jordan teammates Fisichella and Firman finished 17th and 18th, respectively, due to a lack of grip in their rain setup cars. Minardi teammates Verstappen (19th) and Kiesa (20th) completed the starting order, with both cars carrying a heavy fuel load, resulting in significant oversteer and poor rear-end handling.

Race

The race began at 13:00 local time before an estimated 120,000 spectators. A brief rain shower began falling on the circuit before the race and suddenly developed to heavier rain with hail stones, making the track damp before drying up. The weather was cloudy with the ambient temperature at 13 to 17 C and the track temperature 16 to 20 C; a 30 percent chance of rain was forecast. Every driver started on dry-weather compound tyres. When the five red lights went out to begin the race from its standing start, Räikkönen made a clean start to hold the lead into turn one. Panis passed the slow-starting Barrichello to go third to second as the latter had an automatic gearchange upshift glitch that prompted him to change gears manually. In turn nine, Kiesa collided with Firman's rear and had an unscheduled pit stop for a replacement front wing. Michael Schumacher moved from seventh to fourth, while Montoya slid from fourth to seventh before the first lap's end.

Räikkönen led Panis by 1.6 seconds at the end of lap one, with Ralf Schumacher third. Coulthard overtook Barrichello on the inside at turn one for fifth. Light rain began falling on parts of the track on the second lap. Ralf Schumacher used the better horsepower of his engine to pass Panis for second on the main straight to begin lap three. Montoya was close behind Barrichello and went to the inside of him after braking for the complex of turns following the main straight. In turn two, they were alongside each other when Montoya was pushed onto the kerb by Barrichello. This saw Montoya's right front wheel and Barrichello's left rear wheel collide, sending Barrichello into the gravel trap and into retirement. Montoya fell to eighth, behind both Renaults. He overtook Trulli for seventh on lap four as Michael Schumacher gained on Panis.

At the start of lap five, Michael Schumacher moved out of Panis's slipstream and overtook him on the inside of the main straight's centre into turn one for third. As he finished the overtake, yellow flags were being waved at turns one and two to help remove Barrichello's car from the gravel. After McLaren checked camera evidence, Dennis talked with the race director regarding the pass, but the FIA stewards did not penalise Michael Schumacher with a drive-through penalty, ruling that he completed the manoeuvre shortly before entering the yellow flag zone. McLaren and Williams did not protest the decision. On the same lap, the rain intensified, allowing Alonso to pass Coulthard for fifth. Panis was the first front runner to make a pit stop for intermediate tyres at the end of lap six as the rain became harder. Panis fell to 15th after being seven seconds slow leaving his pit stall.

An error by Alonso dropped him behind Coulthard and Montoya on that lap. Michael Schumacher was passed for third on the inside on the main straight by Coulthard on lap seven, as his Bridgestone grooved tyres performed worse than the Michelins in the changing track conditions. Soon after, Montoya attempted an unsuccessful overtake on Michael Schumacher. Montoya overtook Michael Schumacher for fourth place on the outside of the banked turn 13 on lap seven, as the rain began to ease slightly. Michael Schumacher then lost fifth to Alonso. The track began to dry from lap eight, when the stewards announced Montoya was being investigated for his third lap incident with Barrichello and perhaps passing a slower car in yellow flags. Drivers who made pit stops for rain tyres made further pit stops to switch to dry compound tyres as the track dried.

Ralf Schumacher began closing up on race leader Räikkönen on lap 10, pulling to within a second of him by the 14th lap. Coulthard, Montoya and Alonso were close behind each other as all three duelled for third with the circuit now completely dry. Michael Schumacher set the race's fastest lap of 1:11.473 on lap 13. On lap 15, Montoya overtook Coulthard for third at turn one, before Alonso passed Coulthard for fourth three turns later. Ralf Schumacher made his first scheduled pit stop at the end of that lap. He rejoined the track in 12th. During lap 17, Coulthard was pressured by Michael Schumacher between turns two and three. Montoya and Coulthard made their first pit stops for fuel and tyres when the lap ended. Montoya lost time when the refuelling hose nozzle failed to attach the first time, necessitating a switch to a backup system. He fell behind Coulthard and into 11th.

On lap 18, light rain returned to the circuit before intensifying on the next lap. This made cars difficult to drive, and team managers tried to mitigate the effects of the changing conditions by predicting whether the track would remain wet or dry. Alonso, Räikkönen and Michael Schumacher made pit stops to remain on dry-weather tyres over laps 18 to 20. Because of the activity in the pit lane, Webber led the race for two laps, with Button second and Wilson third as the rain continued to get heavier. On lap 21, Button lost control of his car on the wet track, and Wilson moved into second place as drivers began stopping for rain tyres. Michael Schumacher, who had proposed switching to rain tyres during his first pit stop, was asked by Brawn to enter the pit lane for intermediate tyres on lap 22. After analysing video footage, the stewards imposed a drive-through penalty on Montoya after deciding that he caused the crash with Barrichello.

Ralf Schumacher stayed on the track for one extra lap due to a radio miscommunication with his team. He lost traction on the wet grass and crashed backwards into the turn eight tyre barrier. He retired the car with rear suspension damage on the turn's run-off area. Webber's visibility was limited due to his visor steaming up, and he lost control of his Jaguar on dry tyres. He hit the turn eight tyre barrier with his car's front and retired. Montoya served his drive-through penalty on lap 22 while Coulthard led one lap before going off the track. Button and Frentzen gained the most from the rain since they had switched to rain tyres at their first pit stops and held first and second, with Michael Schumacher gaining on the leaders. On lap 23, Montoya went off the circuit at turn eight and onto the grass before another pit stop for the full rain tyres, dropping to 11th. Button began pulling away from Frentzen in second as the Bridgestone tyres outperformed the Michelins in the wet. Wilson dropped from third to sixth in three laps when Räikkönen, Michael Schumacher and Alonso passed him.

On lap 28, Michael Schumacher overtook Räikkönen at the end of the back straight into turn eight for third as the rain subsided. Panis lost control of his Toyota and crashed into the turn seven tyre wall two laps later, ending his race. Coulthard continued to drive on dry tyres after going off the track at turn eight on lap 32. During lap 33, Michael Schumacher caught Frentzen and overtook him without much defence at the end of the back straight for second place so that he could begin closing up to race leader Button. He ran off the racing line at the next corner but remained in second. Heidfeld passed Alonso at turn eight for fifth two laps later. Michael Schumacher closed up to Button and overtook him on the inside for the race lead at turn one the 38th lap. He began to gradually pull away from Button as drivers began making more pit stops to change to the dry compound tyres. On lap 42, Button pulled over to the side of the main straight with smoke billoiwing from his engine due to a loss of hydraulic pressure, something BAR were aware of but were unable to rectify. His retirement promoted Frentzen to second position, Heidfeld to third and Räikkönen to fourth. Smoke billowed from Alonso's engine between turns eight and nine, forcing him to retire on lap 47. Michael Schumacher made his third pit stop for fuel and dry tyres at the end of lap 48, giving Frentzen the race lead.

Frentzen made his second pit stop for fuel and tyres at the conclusion of the 49th lap and rejoined the race in third. Coulthard retired in the McLaren garage one lap later with a gearbox control unit failure. Heidfeld made his final pit stop on lap 51, dropping to fourth and moving teammate Frentzen to second and Räikkönen to third, who was closing in on Frentzen. Firman lost control of his car in turn seven on the 53rd lap after hitting a plastic kerb at turn seven. He retired from the race due to front wheel and fuel problems. Fisichella's slower car delayed Frentzen, allowing Räikkönen to reduce the gap and overtake him on the inside into turn one for second at the start of lap 55. Eight laps later, Trulli caught and overtook Heidfeld for fourth. Villeneuve retired from the race on lap 66, with smoke and fire erupting from the rear of his car into turn eight, ending a possible duel with Wilson for eighth. Two laps later, Montoya used Heidfeld's slipstream to pass Fisichella for sixth.

Michael Schumacher led the final 24 laps to earn his sixth victory of the season and the 70th of his career. Räikkönen came in second 18.2 seconds later, and Frentzen finished third, his first podium result since the 2000 United States Grand Prix. Trulli was fourth, while Heidfeld finished fifth, his best result of the season. Montoya finished a lap down in sixth, ahead of Fisichella in seventh, his second points finish of the season after winning the. Despite driving over a Jaguar mechanic during a pit stop, Wilson finished eighth, earning him his first career championship point. Da Matta finished ninth after serving a drive-through penalty handed by the stewards for speeding in the pit lane. The Minardi team of Verstappen and Kiesa finished in 10th and 11th, four laps down. The attrition rate was high, with just 11 of the 20 starters finishing the race.

Post-race
The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media in the subsequent press conference. Michael Schumacher admitted that tyres played a role in the final result and stated that he was not surprised to finish in the top three because he knew he would gain positions regardless of his starting position. Räikkönen said he lost the race due to changing weather conditions and admitted he was slightly disappointed to finish second, adding, "I was fighting as much as I could. We only got second place. Of course, it's not the best, because Michael won, and we came second for the championship." Frentzen was ecstatic to finish third despite the fact that frequent podium finishes were not his team's goal for the season, and he stated he decided to ask his team to swap to wet-weather tyres after glancing at the sky and predicting a long period of rain.

Because he was upset over being eliminated from title contention, Montoya did not talk to the press immediately after the race. He said four days later that it took him two days to realise he could not win the championship and that he could have finished second or third without the drive-through penalty. After reviewing video footage of the third lap crash, Barrichello felt he had given Montoya enough room, saying, "I went into the corner and all of a sudden, I felt a bang. I had given him space into Turn 2, running on the outside, just hoping to get better traction." Trulli blamed his poor qualifying performance on his lack of a better finish, but he felt his car improved throughout the race and he attacked regardless of the conditions. Button called his lap 42 retirement the "worst feeling" in his career, "When things are going well and you suddenly have a problem like that it's a nightmare. It's four years now and we still haven't had a podium."

According to Michelin motorsport director Pierre Dupasquier, the company needed to improve its rain tyres in the off-season after being slower than Bridgestone tyres in wet conditions, "The lessons learned will help us to strengthen our all-round performance and that will be a great source of motivation." The weather, according to Brawn, was critical to winning the race, whereas Williams chief operations engineer Sam Michael said his team had made numerous mistakes in their strategy and that they would review them. Wilson was pleased to get his first career points in the race, crediting his eighth-place finish to his team's race strategy and pit stops, "It has been a tough few months for me but I knew that my luck would change at some point." Fisichella stated that his seventh-place finish was positive because Jordan did not anticipate to win points given the car's pace and starting position. Verstappen accused Firman for denying him a championship point.

Michael Schumacher's victory put him nine points ahead of Räikkönen in the World Drivers' Championship, with 92 points to the latter's 83 points. Montoya was 10 points behind Michael Schumacher, and finishing sixth meant he was mathematically eliminated from title contention. Because both Ralf Schumacher in fourth and Barrichello in fifth failed to finish the race, neither improved their points total. Ferrari retook the World Constructors' Championship lead with 147 points, three more than previous leaders Williams. McLaren were third with 128 points, with Renault fourth with 84 points. Sauber scored ten points to boost their total to 19, moving them from ninth to fifth with one race of the season remaining.

Championship standings after the race

 * Bold text and an asterisk indicates who still has a mathematical chance of becoming World Champion.

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2003 United States Grand Prix


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Langenthal (disambiguation)

There are several municipalities and communities which have the name Langenthal:

In Germany

 * Langenthal, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the district of Bad Kreuznach, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Langenthal, Upper Palatinate, in the municipality of Berg, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria
 * Langenthal, Swabia, in the municipality of Untrasried, Bavaria
 * Langenthal, Kassel, in the municipality of Trendelburg, Hesse
 * Langenthal, Bergstraße, in the municipality of Hirschhorn (Neckar), Hesse

In Switzerland

 * Langenthal, Switzerland, in the Canton of Bern

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Langenthal (disambiguation)


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University of Southern Maine

The University of Southern Maine (USM) is a public university with campuses in Portland, Gorham and Lewiston in the U.S. state of Maine. It is the southernmost of the University of Maine System. It was founded as two separate state universities, Gorham Normal School and Portland University. The two universities, later known as Gorham State College and the University of Maine at Portland, were combined in 1970 to help streamline the public university system in Maine and eventually expanded by adding the Lewiston campus in 1988.

The Portland Campus is home to the Edmund Muskie School of Public Service, the Bio Sciences Research Institute, the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute and the Osher Map Library, and the USM School of Business. The Gorham campus, much more residential, is home to the School of Education and Human Development and the School of Music.

History
Evolving from Gorham Academy into an institution of higher education, USM originated in 1878 as Gorham Normal School, later called Gorham State Teachers College and then Gorham State College. In 1970 that institution merged with the University of Maine at Portland (previously Portland Junior College) and became the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham (UMPG). The name was changed to University of Southern Maine in 1978. The Lewiston-Auburn campus was founded in 1988.

Leadership
William J. MacLeod served as president from 1970 until 1971. Louis J.P. Calisti served as president from 1971 until 1973. Walter P. Fridinger served as president in 1973. N. Edd Miller served as president from 1973 until 1978. Kenneth W. Allen served as president from 1978 until 1979. Robert L. Woodbury served as president from 1979 until 1986. Patricia R. Plante served as president from 1987 to 1991. Richard Pattenaude served as president from 1991 until 2007. Joe Wood served as interim president from 2007 to 2008. Selma Botman served as president from 2008 until 2012. Theodora J. Kalikow served as interim president from 2012 until 2014. Former power company CEO David Flanagan served as interim president from 2014 until 2015. Glenn Cummings, former speaker of the Maine House, served as president from 2015 until 2022. Jacqueline Edmondson became the 14th president of the University of Southern Maine in July 2022.

Portland
The Portland campus is located in the Oakdale neighborhood. The primary academic areas at the Portland campus are business, nursing, history, political science, economics, sociology, biology, physics, chemistry, math, english, psychology, media studies, modern and classical languages and literatures, and American and New England studies. The campus houses the Wishcamper Center, the Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education, Hannaford Hall, Luther Bonney Hall, Masterton Hall, the Science Building, the Southworth Planetarium, Payson Smith Hall, Abromson Community Education Center, the Alumni House, and the Sullivan Gymnasium complex. Many department offices are located around the perimeter of the campus center in converted multi-story homes as well as in the major buildings.

In 2021, the university removed the Woodbury Campus Center and broke ground on the 210,000 square foot, 580-bed Portland Commons dorm, which opened in August 2023. It has 385 studios, single, double and four-person apartments with views of the city and Casco Bay. The dorm is open to USM upperclassmen, USM graduate students, University of Maine School of Law students and Southern Maine Community College upperclassmen.

The McGoldrick Center for Career & Student Success and the adjacent Bean Green grassy quad also opened to students in August 2023. The McGoldrick Center includes a dining hall, a career center, and multiple student lounges. Across the street from the dorm is a 500-space parking garage, which is the largest Level Two charging station in Maine with 58 electric vehicle charging stations and storage for more than 250 bicycles. The buildings were built with green building techniques. Portland Commons is the second largest passive house building at an American university.

In 2023, the university broke ground on the $63 million Crewe Center for the Arts with an art gallery, a visual arts teaching space, and a performing arts center able to seat 210 people. It is located between Payson Smith and Luther Bonney.

The student-run community radio station WMPG and the student-run newspaper The Free Press are located on the Portland campus.

The campus is adjacent to Noyes Park, a three-quarter acre landscaped park with large shade trees, and near Fesenden Park, Baxter Boulevard park, and Deering Oaks. The USM Portland campus is bordered by I-295, with on and off-ramps accessing the campus on Forest Avenue, and is across the street from a Hannaford grocery store and near restaurants and bars, which include The Great Lost Bear.

Glickman Library
The Albert Brenner Glickman Family Library is the main library, located on the Portland campus. It includes the Osher Map Library. It houses the Jean Byers Sampson Center for Diversity in Maine, where the current collections represent the African American, Jewish, and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender communities. The library also has rare book collections, including holdings in pre-20th century New England textbooks.

Gorham
Gorham is home to most of the university's dormitories and competitive athletic facilities. The primary academic areas residing in Gorham are industrial technologies, engineering, art, music, theater, counseling and education, anthropology, geography, environmental sciences, and geosciences. McLellan House, built in 1773, was acquired by Gorham State College in 1966. It was converted into dormitories and later into office space. The Academy Building was built in 1803 and purchased by the university in 1878.

Residence Halls located on the Gorham campus include:
 * Woodward Hall
 * Dickey and Wood Towers: Dickey and Wood Towers are twin, circular towers that were opened in 1970 and formerly inaugurated in 1973. They can house 380 students. They are named after Edna Dickey, who taught history at the university from 1945–1972 as well as serving as Dean of Women from 1945–69 and Esther Wood, who taught social sciences from 1930–1973. USM proposed mothballing the two towers to save $400,000 in 2014. The dorms were closed in 2015. In 2023, Portland Emergency Shelter Assessment Committee asked about using the empty dorms as temporary shelters for asylum seekers and other unhoused people. The university said the buildings need $40 million in asbestos abatement and rehabilitation. The university plans to demolish the dorms.
 * Upton Hall and Hastings Hall: Upton Hall and the adjacent Hastings Hall are named after Ethelyn Upton and Mary Hastings, both of whom were prominent faculty. Upton Hall, home of the university health center and Residential Life Office, was opened in 1960. Hastings Hall opened in 1968. Together, the complex can house up to 300 students.
 * Anderson Hall
 * Robie Andrews Hall: Robie Hall is named after former Maine Governor Frederick Robie, who served from 1883 to 1887. It was built in 1897 to replace a female-only dormitory which had burnt down in 1894.
 * Phillipi Hall: Opened in 2001. Philippi hall also houses USM's new Pioneer Program.
 * Upperclass Hall (completed fall of 2007)

Lewiston-Auburn
44.07639°N, -70.17222°W The Lewiston-Auburn campus of the University of Southern Maine is the newest of the three campuses. The college on this campus is known as Lewiston-Auburn College (USM LAC). USM LAC is committed to being a national leader in interdisciplinary education, serving as a resource for the community, and providing degree programs that are responsive to changing cultural and workplace demands available to a non-traditional and diverse student body.

Baccalaureate degree programs available at USM LAC are: Arts and Humanities, Leadership and Organizational Studies, Natural and Applied Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences. Master of Arts in Leadership and Master of Occupational Therapy degrees are offered exclusively at Lewiston-Auburn College. The USM Nursing program (BS & RN to BS) from USM's College of Nursing and Health Professions are also offered at the Lewiston-Auburn campus.

Academics
USM offers baccalaureate and master's degree programs as well as doctoral programs in Public Policy and School Psychology. Undergraduate study is available in roughly 115 areas, and degrees conferred include the B.S, B.A, B.M., and B.F.A. Graduate study is available at the Masters and Doctoral level through the School of Business, School of Education and Human Development, Muskie School of Public Service, School of Social Work, School of Music, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Nursing, and the School of Environmental, Health, and Life Sciences.

The Department of Educational and School Psychology offers a master's degree and a doctoral degree in School Psychology. The degrees are accredited by the Maine Department of Education. Graduates of the master's program are eligible for certification as school psychologists. Graduates of the doctoral program are eligible for state licensure as psychologists and certification as school psychologists. The department also offers a master's degree with an emphasis in applied behavior analysis that meets the educational requirements to be eligible for board certification as a behavior analyst (BCBA).

The Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing is a graduate program in creative writing which enrolls approximately 100 students in four major genres: creative nonfiction, fiction, poetry, and popular fiction.

The USM School of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

Continuing education is available through the Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes.

The University of Southern Maine is one of two schools in the state of Maine that offers an ABET accredited Computer Science degree program.

Students at the two-year Southern Maine Community College in South Portland can seamlessly transfer their credit hours to continue their degrees in business administration; pre-engineering, fire science, horticulture, liberal studies with a focus in science, marine science, nursing, precision machining and manufacturing, and respiratory therapy.

Maine-Greenland Collaboration
The Maine-Greenland Collaboration is an interdisciplinary research project to investigate the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural challenges facing coastal communities in Maine and Greenland. The collaboration involves researchers and students from the Muskie School of Public Service, the School of Social Work and many other programs.

Reykjavik University Partnership
USM has a partnership with Reykjavik University allowing for more student and faculty exchanges between USM and Reykjavik University. The partnership was signed in 2017.

Maine Teacher Residency Program
The University of Southern Maine administers the Maine Teacher Residency Program for the University of Maine System. The program allows teaching students to work in Maine classrooms while completing their degrees and aims to ease the shortage of teachers. In the 2022–2023 school year, 40 teaching students were enrolled in the program. The program will grow to include 70 more student teachers in the 2023–2024 school year.

Edmund Muskie School of Public Service & the Catherine Cutler Institute
The Muskie School is located on the Portland campus and includes public health, tourism and hospitality, geography-anthropology, and the graduate school of policy, planning, and management. The Catherine Cutler Institute is the research arm of the Muskie School.

Quality Control Collaboratory (QC2)
The Quality Control Collaboratory (QC2) is a partnership with the Maine Brewers' Guild to provide laboratory analysis and testing for the craft beverage industry. It is located on the Portland campus. The lab provides research opportunities for USM undergrad and graduate students.

Boyne Family Advanced Simulation and Interprofessional Education Center
The Boyne Family Advanced Simulation and Interprofessional Education Center is a $2.5 million simulation laboratory for nursing students located on two floors of the Science Building.

Maine Regulatory Training & Ethics Center
The Maine Regulatory Training & Ethics Center is located in the Wishcamper Center and provides training in regulatory compliance, workforce development, and ethical decision-making. It is a partnership between the University of Southern Maine, the University of Maine Law School, businesses, and community partners. In 2023, the National Science Foundation provided $400,000 in funding to the center to develop an ethics training program for scientists working with AI.

Charles Scontras Center for Labor and Community Education
The Charles Scontras Center for Labor and Community Education is located in Payson Hall and formally opens in Fall 2023. Matthew Emmick is the director. The center educates workers about labor laws and their rights.

Enrollment
The University of Southern Maine is the second largest university in the University of Maine System. Enrollment for 2023-2024 was 5,407 students. In 2022, 58.8% of undergraduate students were female and 41.2% were male. As of 2021, USM had 5,950 undergraduate students and 1,750 graduate students, with a student-faculty ratio of 13:3.

Dining service
Sodexo operates the dining halls. In the fall of 2022, Sodexo introduced delivery robots that carry food to students on both the Gorham and the Portland campuses. The robots are called Kiwibots and have special tires to work in the snow. Students must download an app to use the service. The robots can deliver Starbucks lattes and falafel from food trucks parked on campus.

The Brooks Dining Hall on the Gorham campus was renovated in 2019 at a cost of $2.5 million allowing it to expand the vegetarian, vegan, and gluten-free food. In 2023, the McGoldrick Center opened on the Portland campus. It houses a 300-seat dining hall and the Husky Cafe & Brew Pub.

The Free Press
The Free Press is a student-run and funded campus newspaper that was founded in 1972. It publishes a print edition weekly during the academic year, equaling roughly 22 editions a year. The newspaper has a circulation of 3,000. It is an entirely student-run and student-funded newspaper not supported by an academic department. The university does not have a journalism program. In fall 2022, a lack of staff led the newspaper to discontinue updates to its websites and social media and focus on print publications.

WMPG
WMPG is a community radio station located on the Portland Campus. A mix of USM students and volunteers from the greater Portland community produce all the music and local public affairs programs. It began broadcasting in 1973.

Husky Line
The Greater Portland METRO bus service runs the Husky Line between the Portland and Gorham campuses. The bus arrives every 30 minutes on weekdays. The public bus line was added in 2018, replacing a previous private bus service. The route is a limited-stop line operated by buses running on natural gas. All the buses have wifi. All USM students and faculty ride the bus for free by showing their campus ID card.

Athletics
The University of Southern Maine teams are the Huskies.

Intercollegiate athletics
The athletic program started in 1922 with men’s and women's basketball. The university sponsors 23 sports at the NCAA Division III level. The majority of sports compete in the Little East Conference; wrestling competes as an independent Division III team, men's and women's ice hockey compete in the ECAC East.

Men's intercollegiate athletic teams
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cheerleading
 * Cross Country
 * Golf
 * Ice Hockey
 * Lacrosse
 * Soccer
 * Tennis
 * Track & Field (indoor)
 * Track & Field (outdoor)
 * Wrestling

Women's intercollegiate athletic teams
 * Basketball
 * Cheerleading
 * Cross Country
 * Field Hockey
 * Golf
 * Ice Hockey
 * Lacrosse
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Tennis
 * Track & Field (indoor)
 * Track & Field (outdoor)
 * Volleyball

Club sports
The University of Southern Maine has six club sports teams. They include ice hockey, men's rugby, men's volleyball, women's volleyball, dance team, and esports. The largest club is the USM Esports team, a competitive video gaming team, with 170 participating students during the 2023-2024 academic year. In 2024, Town & Country Federal Credit Union donated $750,000 to create The Collab: Esports Arena within the Brooks Student Center on the Gorham campus.

Parking Revenue Recovery Services
In 2023-2024, USM instituted a new parking policy and hired controversial Colorado-based vendor Parking Revenue Recovery Services to administer it. Students reported that the system was prone to errors, it issued tickets to cars doing drop offs, and the company was difficult to communicate with. Some students had parking ticket bills totaling thousands of dollars. Parking tickets issued for $55 for each violation. Both students and community members have complained about the system that is difficult to use.

Dining service
In 2019, students complained about the dining services. Sodexo operates University of Southern Maine's dining halls. It was reported that the "students who prefer a plant-based diet were ditching the meal plan, eating elsewhere or foregoing meals." In response, the university renovated the Gorham dining hall. The complaints continued. In the spring of 2022, students reported dissatisfaction with the food served by the dining hall, complaining of undercooked meat, overcooked pasta, and a lack of vegetarian options.

2014 financial problems
At the beginning of 2014, administrators at USM announced that the university had found itself in dire financial straits, and would be announcing program closures and faculty layoffs, including long-term just cause faculty and tenured faculty. President Theodora Kalikow and Provost Michael Stevenson announced that four departments would be closed: the Recreation and Leisure Studies Department, the GeoSciences Department, the Arts and Humanities program at Lewiston-Auburn College, and the graduate program American and New England Studies (the Recreation and Leisure Studies closure was later rescinded ). A week later, twelve individual faculty members in various departments were informed that they would be laid off effective May 31. As a result of protests led by USM students, the layoffs were rescinded by Kalikow. Later that year, Chancellor Page asked Kalikow for her resignation as USM president.

This process was restarted in October 2014, when Interim President David T. Flanagan (former CEO of a power company) and Provost Joseph McDonnell announced that the three programs targeted for elimination in March would indeed be eliminated, and two more: French and Applied Medical Sciences. In addition, USM faculty were notified that twenty-five departments would have to shed fifty full-time faculty members, whether through retirement or layoffs. In the end, 36 faculty members retired, but since some of them were not in targeted departments, 25 faculty members were fired.

Local business leaders claimed the cuts would impair Maine's economy and many faculty, students, staff, and community members disputed administration claims about financial insolvency. Critics claimed that the layoffs were arbitrary and capricious, an attempt to eliminate outspoken faculty critical of administration policies and actions, and in violation of the Faculty Senate governance document and the faculty union's Collective Bargaining Agreement. All of the faculty layoffs were immediately challenged through grievances filed by the union against the University of Maine System. Following an investigation, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) voted in 2015 to censure the university.

title: University of Southern Maine


text:
Langenthal

Langenthal is a town and a municipality in the district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Untersteckholz merged into the Langenthal. On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Obersteckholz merged into Langenthal.

Langenthal is an educational, cultural, and economic center for the region of Oberaargau.

History
Archeological evidence suggests that early settlements existed around 4000 B.C. in the Langenthal area. A Hallstatt necropolis with twelve grave mounds has been found at Unterhard. Remnants of two Roman villae have also been identified.

Langenthal is first mentioned in 861, as marcha in Langatun, referring to farming estates scattered along the Langete (a tributary of the Murg). The Old High German name Langatun is presumably composed of a hydronym langa- and the Gaulish element dunum "fort" (which had become productive as a suffix in toponyms). The re-interpretation of the name as including the element -tal "valley" dates to c. the 15th century, during which the name is on record as either  Langaten or  Langental (the same process can be observed in the case of Murgenthal, earlier Murgatun).

In the 12th century Langenthal (now known as Langaton) belonged to the territory of the lords of Langenstein. In 1194 the Freiherr founded the Abbey of St. Urban and endowed the Abbey with lands in Langenthal. Formerly part of Thunstetten parish, Langenthal was granted its own parish church in 1197. After the extinction of the Langenstein family in 1212, the Abbey inherited additional lands in the area. The establishment of the Abbey brought agricultural improvements, especially the introduction of an irrigation system to the area. However, the Abbey often came into conflict with the Kyburg Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family of Luternau. The Luternau family fought the growing power of the Abbey, until 1273-76 when they were obligated to sell their interest in Langenthal to the Abbey. Just a few years later, in 1279, the Abbey, in turn, was forced to give the low court and a fortified house in Langenthal to the Freiherr of Grünenberg to hold as a fief. By the end of the 14th century, the Abbey had regained power and was able to bring the village fully under their control.

Starting in 1313 the Kyburgs held the high court right for the village. When that family died out in 1406, Bern inherited the right to hold the high court. Over the next few years Bern's power expanded in Langenthal. In 1415, Langenthal became incorporated into the territory of the Republic of Bern, but it remained under the landlordship and the low court of the monastery. Over the following centuries, the Bernese court slowly eliminated many of the Abbey's powers. The Protestant Reformation of 1528 weakened the power of the Abbey slightly, but it continued to collect tithes and appoint the village priest until Bern bought those rights in 1808.

During the 16th century a number of craftsmen and small businesses moved into the growing town. In 1571 Bern granted the right for the town to hold two yearly markets. However, the supply of goods for sale quickly exceeded the capacity of the two yearly markets. In 1613 they built a Kaufhaus or market building and started holding weekly markets. The Kaufhaus was rebuilt in 1808 and from 1894 until 1992 served as the town hall. By 1616 Langenthal had a series of laws and regulations governing the booming markets and trade in the town. In 1640 Langenthal and Langnau became centers of linen canvas production and export to France, Italy, Spain and Portugal. In 1704 Langenthal became the seat of the Oberaargau canvas dealer's guild, which brought together weavers, shopkeepers and traders to protect their interests. The decline of eastern Switzerland's linen industry in the 18th century gave Langenthal a further boost, which encouraged to Bern to tighten supervision. Beginning in 1758 the Bernese government started inspecting cloth for quality and controlling who was allowed to sell.

The success of the linen trade helped the town to grow. Even though the Aargau cantonal road bypassed the Langenthal, by 1756 it had grown to a total of 189 households, three taverns, various administrative buildings and a warehouse (dated 1748). The market street was paved in 1730 and the Langete was partially covered with stone bridges and new houses. In 1785 a brewery opened in town. A small elite of merchants, lawyers, physicians and pharmacists emerged and turned Langenthal into a center of the liberal and nationalist thought during the early modern era. Langenthal had been a subject territory of Berne within the Old Swiss Confederacy since 1415, and tended to support uprisings against the central authorities; during the Swiss peasant war of 1653 Langenthal had supported the peasant uprising, as well as the 1798 French invasion and the liberal Helvetic Republic. The current municipal coat of arms, three wavy bands in blue on yellow (Or three Bends wavy Azure), has been in use since c. 1870, replacing an earlier design in red and silver, but the use of a flag with a similar design, "yellow and blue with a triple rivulet" (Sie führen einen Fahnen ist gälb und blaw / In dreyfachen Bach darinnen) is recorded in a song of c. 1700.

Langenthal's location on the road from Bern to Zurich (completed in 1760) and on the Swiss Central Railway line (inaugurated in 1857) spurred industrial development, led by textiles and machines. Municipal water supply was introduced in 1894 and an electric utility began operating in 1896. In 1898, the formerly neighboring municipality of Schoren was incorporated into Langenthal. Langenthal had a population of 1,327 in 1764; population grew to 2,738 by 1850, and to 4,799 by 1900. In the 20th century, Langenthal became known for its porcelain manufacture. Langenthal reached a population of 10,000 in 1957, further growing to 13,000 by 1970. The municipality has been officially referring to itself as a town (Stadt) since 1997. In 2001, Langenthal was twinned with the town of Neviano in southern Italy and with Brig-Glis in the upper Valais. In 2010, the municipality of Untersteckholz was incorporated into Langenthal.

Obersteckholz
Obersteckholz is first mentioned in 1255 as Stechcholz.

Obersteckholz was the property of the Baron of Langenstein. In 1194, he founded St. Urban's Abbey and granted the village to the Abbey as part of its endowment. It was part of the Abbey's court of Langenthal until 1406 when it became part of the Bernese bailiwick of Wangen. Following the 1798 French invasion it became part of the district of Langenthal under the Helvetic Republic. In 1803, after the collapse of the Republic, it became part of the Aarwangen District. The village became an independent municipality in 1831. Until 1790 and again after 1975 Obersteckholz and Untersteckholz shared a single school district.

Geography
After the merger, Langenthal has an area of. Of this area, 3.43 km2 or 23.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6 km2 or 41.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.96 km2 or 34.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km2 or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 17.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.9%. Out of the forested land, 40.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 16.6% is used for growing crops and 6.2% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

Untersteckholz had an area,, of 2.83 km2. Of this area, 2.09 km2 or 73.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.59 km2 or 20.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.16 km2 or 5.7% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.2%. 17.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 56.5% is used for growing crops and 14.1% is pastures, while 3.2% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is the largest settlement in the Langetental (Langeten Valley) and since 1997 it has been considered a city. It consists of the old village of Langenthal, numerous expansions of the village core, the village of Schoren and since 2010, Untersteckholz.

Coat of Arms
The blazon for the municipal coat of arms is bendy wavy Or and Azure.

Demographics
Langenthal has a population of. , 19.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 5.3%. Migration accounted for 8%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.7%.

Most of the population speaks German (11,994 or 85.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (484 or 3.4%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (297 or 2.1%). There are 108 people who speak French and 5 people who speak Romansh.

, the population was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. The population was made up of 5,672 Swiss men (38.0% of the population) and 1,583 (10.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 6,299 Swiss women (42.2%) and 1,384 (9.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 4,139 or about 29.4% were born in Langenthal and lived there in 2000. There were 4,236 or 30.1% who were born in the same canton, while 2,618 or 18.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,674 or 19.0% were born outside of Switzerland.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.7%.

, there were 5,805 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 6,633 married individuals, 941 widows or widowers and 699 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 2,277 households that consist of only one person and 365 households with five or more people. , a total of 6,080 apartments (91.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 327 apartments (4.9%) were seasonally occupied and 261 apartments (3.9%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.2%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The old Kaufhaus (market building), Old Mill, and the archeological site at Unterhard are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The old village of Langenthal and the hamlet of Chlyrot are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 22.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (22.5%), the FDP (16.7%) and the BDP Party (12.1%). In the federal election, a total of 4,833 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.1%.

Economy
Langenthal is an economic and industrial center of regional importance, and the seat of companies including Ammann Group (construction vehicles), Motorex Bucher (lubricants), KADI AG (food), a Ruckstuhl (textile flooring), Lantal Textiles, Création Baumann (textiles).

, Langenthal had an unemployment rate of 2.52%. , there were a total of 10,745 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 76 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. 3,619 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 149 businesses in this sector. 7,050 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 658 businesses in this sector.

there were a total of 9,065 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 32, of which 28 were in agriculture and 4 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 3,398 of which 2,412 or (71.0%) were in manufacturing and 829 (24.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 5,635. In the tertiary sector; 2,119 or 37.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 317 or 5.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 259 or 4.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 152 or 2.7% were in the information industry, 303 or 5.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 453 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 317 or 5.6% were in education and 1,170 or 20.8% were in health care.

, there were 6,627 workers who commuted into the municipality and 3,101 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.1 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 16.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 43.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 2,610 or 18.5% were Roman Catholic, while 8,338 or 59.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, 281 (2.00%) were members of an Orthodox church, 14 individuals (0.10%) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and 919 individuals (6.53%) adhered to some other Christian church; 847 individuals (6.02%) were Muslim 158 individuals were Hindu, 66 individuals were Buddhist and 2 individuals (0.01%) were Jewish. 8 individuals adhered to some other non-Christian religious group. 794 (or about 5.64% of the population) were non-religious, and 494 individuals (or about 3.51% of the population) refused to state their religious adherence.

The local Muslim community was at the time in the process of planning a minaret for their "cultural centre" in 2009. This was one of the cases that fuelled the Minaret controversy in Switzerland which resulted in a successful vote on a proposed ban of minarets in November 2009. In 2012, a local court ruled against the construction plans on reasons unrelated to the minaret ban (on purely technical grounds of construction laws). For some time, it seemed as if the Langenthal minaret would be the first case where the new minaret ban would be taken to court, the Langenthal Muslim community announcing to the press that they were going to appeal to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland and if necessary further to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, but they dropped the issue in 2012.

Education
In Langenthal about 5,541 or (39.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,733 or (12.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,733 who completed tertiary schooling, 66.2% were Swiss men, 22.0% were Swiss women, 7.4% were non-Swiss men and 4.4% were non-Swiss women.

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 1,917 students attending classes in Langenthal. There were 12 kindergarten classes with a total of 241 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 26.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 39.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 44 primary classes and 789 students. Of the primary students, 28.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 39.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 38 lower secondary classes with a total of 654 students. There were 19.1% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 25.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language.

, there were 1,031 students in Langenthal who came from another municipality, while 172 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Langenthal is home to the Regionalbibliothek Langenthal library. The library has 35,496 books or other media, and loaned out 267,662 items in the same year. It was open a total of 304 days with average of 35 hours per week during that year.

Transportation
The municipality has four railway stations: Langenthal, Langenthal Süd, Langenthal Gaswerk, and Langenthal Industrie Nord. The first of these is a major interchange, with regular service to Zürich Hauptbahnhof, Bern, Solothurn, Baden, Lucerne, and Olten. Langenthal Süd is located south of Langenthal on the way to Lucerne. The latter two are narrow-gauge stations on the various lines operated by Aare Seeland mobil.

Sport
The city is home to the SC Langenthal which plays in the Swiss League. Their home arena is the Schoren which has a seating capacity of 4,500.

Notable people

 * Friedrich August Flückiger (1828 in Langenthal - 1894), Swiss pharmacist, chemist and botanist
 * Carl Friedrich Geiser (1843 in Langenthal – 1934), mathematician, specializing in algebraic geometry
 * Emma Graf (1865 in Langenthal – 1926), historian, teacher, suffragist
 * Karl Jaberg (1877 in Langenthal – 1958), Swiss linguist and dialectologist
 * Friedrich Born (1903 in Langenthal – 1963), ICRC diplomat, credited with rescuing between 11,000 and 15,000 Jews in Budapest
 * Adrian Aeschbacher (1912 in Langenthal – 2002), Swiss classical pianist
 * Heinz Holliger (born 1939 in Langenthal) oboist, composer and conductor
 * Johann Schneider-Ammann (born 1952) businessman and politician, member of the Swiss National Council, lives in Langenthal
 * Cornelia Meyer (born 1959 in Langenthal), international economist, independent energy analyst and media commentator.
 * Pedro Lenz (born 1965 in Langenthal), Swiss writer

 * Sport
 * Fritz Scheidegger (1930 in Langenthal - 1967), Swiss sidecar racer, won two Sidecar World Championships.
 * Christophe Bühler (born 1974 in Langenthal), Swiss former sprint freestyle swimmer, competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Stefan Grogg (born 1974), ice hockey player; member of the Swiss Men's National Team 1997
 * Bruno Sutter (born 1977 in Langenthal), Swiss footballer, over 300 club caps, plays for FC Vaduz
 * Rémo Meyer (born 1980), football player, over 220 club caps
 * Fabienne Meyer (born 1981), Swiss former bobsledder, competed in the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics
 * Thomas Reinmann (born 1983 in Langenthal), former Swiss football defender, over 275 club caps
 * Sven Bärtschi (born 1992), ice hockey player
 * Carole Howald (born 1993 in Langenthal), Swiss female curler

title: Langenthal


text:
Italian Football Federation

The Italian Football Federation (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, ; FIGC ), known colloquially as Federcalcio, is the governing body of football in Italy. It is based in Rome and the technical department is in Coverciano, Florence.

It manages and coordinates the Italian football league system. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the Italy national football team (men's), women's, and youth national football teams. The Italy national futsal team also belongs to the federation.

History
The Federation was established in Turin on 26 March 1898 as the Federazione Italiana del Football (FIF), on the initiative of a Constituent Assembly established on 15 March by Enrico D'Ovidio. Mario Vicary was elected the first official president of the FIF on 26 March.

When, in 1909, it was suggested to change the Federation's name at an annual board elections held in Milan, the few teams attending, representing less than 50% of the active clubs, decided to send a postcard asking all teams to vote for the five new names discussed during the meeting. The new name approved was "Federazione Italiana Giuoco del Calcio" (FIGC), and since then has been the name of the Italian Football Federation. The debut of the Men's National Team was on 15 May 1910, at Arena Civica, wearing a white jersey where Italy defeated France 6–2. The following year, the blue jersey was introduced on the occasion of the match against Hungary as a tribute to the colour of the House of Savoy.

This Italian Federation was an amateur federation respecting FIFA rules when it became a member in 1905. At the end of World War I, the federation had seen impressive development and several footballers were judged to be professional players and banned according to FIFA agreements. From 1922 to 1926, new and more severe rules were approved for keeping the "amateur" status real and effective, such as footballers' residence and transfer controls but the best players were secretly paid and moved from other provinces illegally. Foreigners had to live in the country to get a residence visa and a players' card. When, in 1926, the Italian Federation Board resigned following a very difficult referees' strike, the fascist Lando Ferretti, president of the Italian Olympic Committee (C.O.N.I.), nominated a Commission to reform all Leagues and federal rules. The Commission signed a document called the Carta di Viareggio (Rules issued in Viareggio) where football players were recognised as "non-amateurs" and able to apply for refunds for the money they had lost while playing for the football teams. They had to sign the declaration not being professional players so that FIFA rules were respected because for FIGC; they were appearing as "amateurs" receiving just refunds. It was the beginning of professionalism in Italy. The Carta di Viareggio reduced the number of foreign players to just one per match so that the majority of Hungarians remained jobless and returned to their country.

Commissioner Bruno Zauli led the FIGC renovation process (1959), with the establishment of three Leagues (Professional, Semi-professional, Amateur) and the creation of the Technical and Youth Sectors.

Between 1964 and 1980, foreign players were banned from the Italian league, primarily to revive the national team.

In December 1998, the FIGC celebrated its centenary at the Stadio Olimpico in a match featuring Italy vs World XI, with Italy winning 6–2.

The FIGC was placed in administration in May 2006 as a result of the 2006 Italian football scandal and was put under the management of Guido Rossi. In May 2006, Rossi was chosen and accepted the role of president of Telecom Italia. This appointment caused angry reactions from club presidents in Italy. On 19 September, Rossi resigned as Commissioner of FIGC. On 21 September, Luca Pancalli, head of the Italian Paralympic Committee, was chosen to replace Rossi. On 2 April 2007, a new President was elected, with former Vice-President Giancarlo Abete being voted by 264 grand electors out of 271.

Following the 2014 FIFA World Cup Abete resigned and Carlo Tavecchio was elected president of the Federation and Michele Uva as general manager. The new governance began many reforms on the main aspects of Italian football, particularly through the use of young players trained in Italy, the economic sustainability - financial professional clubs, start the reorganization of the operating structure of the FIGC. In support of the activity and with a view of maximum transparency, the FIGC public a series of documents: Football Report, Integrated Budget (evolution of the Social Report), Management Report, Income Statement of Italian football. On 20 November 2017, Tavecchio resigned as Italian Football Federation president, seven days after Italy failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the first time since 1958.

National teams
{|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

Men

 * FIFA World Cup
 * Winner (4): 1934, 1938, 1982, 2006
 * Runner-up (2): 1970, 1994
 * Third place (1): 1990
 * Fourth place (1): 1978

 * UEFA European Championship
 * Winner (2): 1968, 2020
 * Runner-up (2): 2000, 2012
 * Fourth place (1): 1980

 * UEFA Nations League
 * Third place (2): 2020–21, 2022–23

 * FIFA Confederations Cup
 * Third place (1): 2013

 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
 * Runner-up (1): 2022

 * Olympic football tournament
 * Gold Medal (1): 1936
 * Bronze Medal (2): 1928, 2004

 * Central European International Cup
 * Winner (2): 1927–30, 1933–35
 * Runner-up (2): 1931–32, 1936–38

 * valign=top|

Women

 * UEFA Women's Championship
 * Runner-up (2): 1993, 1997
 * Semi Final (1): 1984
 * Third place (1): 1987
 * Fourth place (2): 1989, 1991

 * }

National youth teams
{|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

Men

 * FIFA U-20 World Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 2023
 * Third place (1): 2017
 * Fourth place (1): 2019

 * FIFA U-17 World Cup
 * Fourth place (1): 1987

 * UEFA U-21 Championship
 * Winner (5): 1992, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2004
 * Runner-up (2): 1986, 2013

 * UEFA U-19/18 Championship (U-19 since 2002)
 * Winner (4): 1958, 1966, 2003, 2023
 * Runner-up (7): 1959, 1986, 1995, 1999, 2008, 2016, 2018

 * UEFA U-17/16 Championship (U-17 since 2002)
 * Winner (2): 1982, 2024
 * Runner-up (6): 1986, 1993, 1998, 2013, 2018, 2019

 * }

National futsal team
{|
 * valign=top|
 * valign=top|

Men

 * FIFA Futsal World Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 2004
 * Third place (2): 2008, 2012

 * UEFA Futsal Championship
 * Winner (2): 2003, 2014
 * Runner-up (1): 2007
 * Third place (3): 1999, 2005, 2012
 * Fourth place (2): 1996, 2001

 * }

title: Italian Football Federation


text:
Langnau

There are several municipalities and communities have the name Langnau in Switzerland:

 * Langnau am Albis, in the canton of Zürich
 * Langnau bei Reiden, in the canton of Lucerne
 * Langnau im Emmental, in the canton of Bern
 * Langnau bei Märwil, in Affeltrangen municipality, canton of Thurgau

title: Langnau


text:
Irish National Invincibles

The Irish National Invincibles, usually known as the Invincibles, were a militant organisation based in Ireland active from 1881 to 1883. Founded as splinter group of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the group had a more radical agenda, and was formed with an intent to target those who implemented English policies in Ireland.

Phoenix Park Murders
After numerous attempts on his life, Chief Secretary for Ireland William Edward Forster resigned in protest of the Kilmainham Treaty. The Invincibles settled on a plan to kill the Permanent Under Secretary Thomas Henry Burke at the Irish Office. The newly installed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, was walking with Burke on the day of his arrival in Ireland when they struck, in Phoenix Park, Dublin, at 17:30 on 6 May 1882. Joe Brady attacked Burke, followed in short order by Tim Kelly, who knifed Cavendish. Both men used surgical knives.

A large number of suspects were arrested and interrogated by the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). By playing off one suspect against another, Superintendent Mallon of the DMP's G Division got several of them to reveal what they knew. The Invincibles' leader, James Carey, and Michael Kavanagh agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were hanged by William Marwood in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to long prison terms. No member of the founding executive, however, was ever brought to trial by the British government. John Walsh, Patrick Egan, John Sheridan, Frank Byrne, and Patrick Tynan fled to the United States.

Aftermath
Carey was shot dead on board Melrose off Cape Town, South Africa, on 29 July 1883, by County Donegal man Patrick O'Donnell, for giving evidence against his former comrades. O'Donnell was apprehended and escorted back to London, where he was convicted of murder at the Old Bailey and hanged on 17 December 1883.

A novel about Patrick O'Donnell has been published with the premise that upon learning of the interventions on his behalf by Victor Hugo, O’Donnell is purported to have written a series of 26 letters to the famous author and humanitarian; letters which never reached their intended recipient but were apparently discovered in 2016 and published in 'The Execution, Life and Times of Patrick O'Donnell'. It casts doubt on O'Donnell's motives for the murder of Carey.

In literature and song
In Episode Seven of James Joyce's Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus and other characters discuss the assassinations in the offices of the Freeman newspaper. In Episode Sixteen Bloom and Dedalus stop in a cabman's shelter run by a man they believe to be James 'Skin-the-Goat' Fitzharris.

The Invincibles and Carey are mentioned in the folk song "Monto (Take Her Up To Monto)":

When Carey told on Skin-the-goat, O'Donnell caught him on the boat He wished he'd never been afloat, the filthy skite. Twasn't very sensible To tell on the Invincibles They stood up for their principles, day and night by going up to Monto Monto......"

title: Irish National Invincibles