text:
Talk:Problems of land distribution in Zimbabwe/Archive 1

Just a few questions for the expert who wrote this article. Who made the land productive and arable ??? How productive and arable is the land now ???? Oh thats right some how that will also be the white racits fault.

-- To start off, this article is in horrible shape. My only change to this article was the removal of the neutrality heading. For now, the article is a stump. But the idea of creating such an article is excellent.

But some recent controversies could prove challenging to users interested in serious history or sociology. Unfortunately, the above comments sound like those of an "angry white male" from the United States. However, the land problem in Zimbabwe shares far more in common with the origins of the civil war in Nepal, for example, than with race relations in the United States. So the status anxieties of angry white Americans have no place here. These comments are an example of trolling more than anything else. These users are merely distractions, and should be subject to auto-revert.

Thus, I am removing the neutrality dispute. This article should be the domain of users with a sufficient sociological background. That way, we can avoid the partisanship exemplified by the above comments. Users need to eschew moral judgments and catch-phrases. This is an extremely important social problem, regardless of where your political philosophy lies. Even if you are an unrepentant devotee of Cecil Rhodes and Ian Smith, or a white American to the right of David Duke, you cannot deny that the present-day land problem in Zimbabwe is a salient issue, insofar as it is a recipe for abject poverty, social conflict, and political instability.

Historically, the extreme concentration of landownership - along with the corresponding inequalities of wealth, power, and prestige - was at the root of the major revolutions, civil wars, and upheavals of the early modern era and in the developing world in the 20th century. Research the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, the civil war in Algeria, the Cuban Revolution, and the wars in Indochina if you are skeptical. Thomas Wolf's landmark Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century is the seminal work in this field. If you want a more recent example, research the ongoing the civil war and political strife in Nepal.

If anyone is interested in developing this article, I can provide links to recent articles dealing with the Zimbabwe situation. There is a wealth of social science literature on this subject, so there is no need to muddle this article up with slogans by relying on the publications and statements of advocacy groups. 172 01:53, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * BTW, I am redirecting this page to Problems of land distribution in Zimbabwe. That way, the article has a better chance of retaining its focus on social problems, rather than recently unfolding controversies. 172 02:07, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not believe that "Problems of land distribution in Zimbabwe" is a NPOV title. I believe "Land distribution in Zimbabwe" would be more appropriate. What is a problem? The British? Cecil Rhodes? Mugabe and ZANU-PF? The MDC? Your unilateral removal of the neutrality disputed message was completely without merit. Use of the terms "racist" and "white-supremacist" implied that Rhodesia & Smith were comparable to Nazi Germany and the antebellum American South. At least in my reading of the history of Rhodesia & Zimbabwe, the European-Rhodesians/Zimbabwians were more concerned with the preservation of capitalism, property rights, and protection from Marxism. Opposition to majority rule was secondary to the fact that the majority was organized under the banner of Marxism. --Hcheney 18:03, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This article should be the domain of users with a sufficient sociological background. This is perhaps the most elitist comment I have ever read in wikipedia, and it really puts into context your unilateral removals of neutrality disputes. --Hcheney 18:03, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

---

If you would stop foaming at the mouth and do some serious reading, maybe you'd figure out on your own what the problem is.

You don't need to be launching salvoes at me. I didn't contribute a word to this article. I just moved it to a new article with a different title. The article is just a stub consisting of a single paragraph written in the language of vulgarized Marxism. The rambling drivel currently posted hardly has any merit on its own. But I'm willing to forgive the anon responsible for it. He/she gave us an excellent idea for an article, and his/her text can be removed in an instant once work is started by someone.

Don't change the title. The use of "problems of" in the title does not translate into the contemporary popular political debates on the subject. It's common social science jargon. If you want to check for yourself, do a search on yahoo or google for "problems of land distribution in Zimbabwe." Be sure to put this search item in quotation marks so as to narrow down your search to items that include this exact phrase worded as such, and not just any entry that comes up with each of these individual words or names. If you do this, you won't find tirades from black nationalist groups and Marxist-Leninist parties, but articles from sociological journals with scant partisan attachment to any of the major political actors in Zimbabwe now.

For now, if reinserting the silly neutrality message would fulfill you personally, go ahead. IMHO, that this article hasn't even been started in a serious fashion should be obvious to the less obtuse among us by virtue that it's a stump entry reading like a lead in to a Leninist tract. Reacting to the comments on the talk page, my motivation to remove the neutrality flag was fear that users unfamiliar with the wealth of recent sociological literature on land in Southern Africa (better yet, users can't grasp why there's much to do about land over there) would over-react to the text and forget the merits of the topic. That wasn't to imply any belief that the article was in acceptable form, which I stated in my last posting.

If you want to work on this subject, you will have to take a deep breath and get your mind off American political passions and the inane, ethnocentric idea that this is just the product of some trouble-makers still fuming over some primordial obsession with 19th century crimes against their dead ancestors, despite the fact that it all bears no relationship to their welfare and survival today. So, instead of ranting and raving, do some reading. If you start looking at the work of some people who actually know a thing or two about Southern Africa, then you'd realize that land might be a salient issue in Southern Africa. You'd also find that the distribution of landownership can be considered irrespective of all the controversies surrouning Mugabe of late. 172 19:30, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Just like you, sociologists are all a bunch of neo-fascist hypocrites; the ‘angry white male’ concept is a perfect example of this. Sociologists propagate the lie that racism is not merely tolerable but good when directed towards white people, and abuse the prestige of academia to discredit opposition to this as white supremacy. To sociologists, white people (and only white people, maybe Japanese if the topic is Japanese colonialism) aren’t humans - they’re statistics. If you don’t like hearing this, then I hope your government comes in and opens up a can of ‘land reform’ on your racist ass personally.


text:
Jeremy Spake

Jeremy Spake (born 1969) is a British television personality and presenter from Colchester, England.

Career
In 1996, Spake featured in the BBC documentary series Airport, where he worked as the ground services manager for Russian airline Aeroflot. His appearance on the programme brought him to wider public notice and celebrity. He subsequently featured in other programmes included The Toughest Job in Britain, Holiday, The Angry Pirate and City Hospital. He also appeared in Moscow for the BBC's 2000 Today programme, broadcast over the turn of 2000. In 2008 he also featured in BBC documentary Return to... Airport which revisited the people who appeared in Airport.

Spake has written two books: Jeremy's Airport and The Toughest Job in Britain. Jeremy's Airport was based on his experiences working at Heathrow Airport as a Ground Services Manager for Aeroflot during the filming of the BBC series Airport. It describes a typical week in his job. Spake presented a series for BBC TV, The Toughest Job in Britain and his second book is based on the jobs he was filmed doing. Such jobs included replacing the bulbs on Blackpool Tower and work on a turkey farm.

In August 2018, Spake was confirmed as the deputy director of the Isle of Man Airport. In February 2022, the BBC announced that Spake would return to Heathrow Airport to present a new six-part documentary series, The Airport: Back in the Skies, for broadcast on BBC One from May 2022.

Personal life
Spake is a fluent Russian speaker. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Colchester Institute in 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jeremy Spake


text:
Vegetarian Society

The Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom is a British registered charity which was established on 30 September 1847 to promote vegetarianism.

History

In the 19th century a number of groups in Britain actively promoted and followed meat-free diets. Key groups involved in the formation of the Vegetarian Society were members of the Bible Christian Church, supporters of the Concordium, and readers of the Truth-Tester journal.

Bible Christian Church
The Bible Christian Church was founded in 1809 in Salford by Reverend William Cowherd after a split from the Swedenborgians. One distinctive feature of the Bible Christians was a belief in a meat-free diet, or ovo-lacto vegetarianism, as a form of temperance.

Concordium (Alcott House)
The Concordium was a boarding school near London on Ham Common, Richmond, Surrey, which opened in 1838. Pupils at the school followed a diet completely free of animal products, known today as a vegan diet. The Concordium was also called Alcott House, in honour of American education and food reform advocate Amos Bronson Alcott.

Truth-Tester and Physiological Conference, 1847
The Truth-Tester was a journal which published material supporting the temperance movement. In 1846 the editorship was taken over by William Horsell, operator of the Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate. Horsell gradually steered the Truth-Tester towards promotion of the "Vegetable Diet". In early 1847 a letter to the Truth-Tester proposed the formation of a Vegetarian Society. In response to this letter, William Oldham held what he called a "physiological conference" in July 1847 at the Concordium. Up to 130 attended, including Bible Christian James Simpson, who presented a speech. The conference passed a number of resolutions, including a resolution to reconvene at the end of September.

Ramsgate Conference, 1847
On 30 September 1847 the meeting which had been planned at the Physiological Conference took place at Northwood Villa Hydropathic Institute in Ramsgate. Joseph Brotherton, Member of Parliament for Salford, and a Bible Christian chaired. James Simpson was elected president of the society, Concordist William Oldham elected treasurer, and Truth-Tester editor William Horsell elected secretary. The name "Vegetarian Society" was chosen for the new organisation by a unanimous vote.

After Ramsgate
The Vegetarian Society's first full public meeting was held in Manchester the following year. In 1853 it already had 889 members. The society made available publications on the topic sometimes accompanied by lectures. In 1897 its membership was about 5,000.

Manchester and London Vegetarian Society
In 1888, a split-off group from the Vegetarian Society formed known as the London Vegetarian Society (LVS). After this, the Vegetarian Society was often referred to as the Manchester Vegetarian Society (MVS). Relations between the two groups were strained because of their differences over the definition of vegetarianism.

Francis William Newman was President of the Manchester Vegetarian Society, 1873–1883. He made an associate membership possible for people who were not completely vegetarian, such as those who ate chicken or fish. Newman was critical of raw food vegetarianism which he rejected as fanatical. Between 1875-1896 membership for the Vegetarian Society was 2,159 and associate membership 1,785. Newman believed that abstinence from meat, fish and fowl should be the only thing the Society advocates and the Society should not be associated with other reform ideas. Under Newman's Presidency the Society flourished as income, associates and members increased. In regard to the associate membership, Newman commented:

"It occurs to me to ask whether certain grades of profession might not be allowed within our Society, which would give to it far greater material support, enable it to circulate its literature, and at the same time retain the instructive spectacle of a select band of stricter feeders... Yet, as our Society is at present (1871) constituted, all those friendly are shut out... But if they entered as Associates in the lowest grade... they might be drawn on gradually, and would swell our funds, without which we can do nothing."

The first President of the London Vegetarian Society was raw foodist Arnold Hills, and other members included Thomas Allinson and Mahatma Gandhi. Members of the LVS were more radical than the original Manchester Society. "If anybody said that I should die if I did not take beef tea or mutton, even on medical advice, I would prefer death. That is the basis of my vegetarianism."

In 1969, the Manchester and London Vegetarian Society amalgamated as the Vegetarian Society of the United Kingdom. Historian Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska has noted that "against the background of growing concern about the environment, animal rights, and food safety the society has flourished in recent decades."

20th century
During the 20th century, the Society's work focused primarily on public education. In fulfilling this mission, the Society worked with other community groups to educate the public about the benefits of eating healthily. The Vegetarian Society also participated in political events, as a pressure group with the aim of influencing food producers to remove non-vegetarian ingredients such as gelatine or cheese produced using animal rennet from their products. They sought manufacturers to become accredited and marked food products with the Society's trademarked seedling symbol. This accreditation includes the use of free-range eggs, which other 'V' symbols may not include. Their campaign was opposed to the labelling of products as vegetarian that contained fish. This action particularly affected restaurants. They also highlighted celebrities who claimed to be vegetarian but ate fish. As part of this campaign, in 1995, the Society produced the documentary Devour the Earth, written by Tony Wardle and narrated by Paul McCartney.

2024 rebranding
In 2024, the Vegetarian Society announced a rebrand. It has a new logo, rebranded magazine and website. The head office of the Vegetarian Society is currently located in central Manchester.

Journals
The Vegetarian Society first published The Vegetarian Messenger (1849–1860). It became The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger (1861–1897), The Vegetarian Messenger and Health Review (1898–1952), The Vegetarian (1953–1958) and The British Vegetarian (1959–1971). In 1885, Beatrice Lindsay, a graduate from Girton College, Cambridge became the first female editor of the Vegetarian Society’s Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger. Early vegetarian writers for the Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger in the 1870s and 1880s advocated biological evolution and reshaped it into a teleological progress.

The Pod, formerly The Vegetarian, is the membership magazine of the Vegetarian Society and continues to be produced three times a year.

Current work
The Vegetarian Society is now a campaigning charity.

In 2017 the Vegetarian Society launched its Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark. The Vegetarian Society Approved trademarks are licensed to companies to display on products which contain only vegetarian/vegan ingredients, and also that nothing non-vegetarian/non-vegan was used during the production process. These trademarks can be seen on products in shops and supermarkets and also on dishes in restaurants. In 2022 McDonald's launched their McPlant burger across the UK which is accredited with the Vegetarian Society Approved vegan trademark.

National Vegetarian Week is the charity's flagship event.

The Vegetarian Society Cookery School runs leisure classes in vegetarian and vegan cooking. It works alongside various charities and community groups to deliver bespoke cookery courses to groups. Plus the school trains professional chefs and those looking for a new career in the food sector with the Professional Chef’s Diploma.

title: Vegetarian Society


text:
Talk:Sleeping Giant (Connecticut)

Untitled
The article mentions that Sleeping Giant is an active volcano. The only reference I could find to this online was in the April Fool's day issue of the Hamden High School newspaper http://www.hamden.k12.ct.us/uploaded/HHS_DOCS/dial/Page_1.pdf - perhaps a not very authoritative source? A geology class at Yale that discusses Sleeping Giant dates its volcanic activity to the days of the breakup of Pangea, hundreds of millions of years ago. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1995/5/95.05.01.x.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Judith.d (talk • contribs) 14:57, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

The ridge system and the state park are one article; i've added material about the volunteer support group of the same name, that actually started the park & continues heavy involvement. But is that group mentioned excessively? --Jerzy(t) 09:40, 2004 May 5 (UTC)

 * No, I think you did a great job. There doesn't really exist enough information to make separate pages, so this is probably the Right Way to do it. - Plutor 15:40, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I see that these comments are over a year old, but I've edited the material in question for wording, and I'm concerned about the last sentence, which was somewhat unclear as originally stated. Is the statement as it reads now accurate? Chick Bowen 03:48, September 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry to be so slow in responding. It was accurate in both cases, but there's an excellent chance that it's not verifiable, and (barring verification) it's probably good that it's since been removed. The situation is that the CFPA members who are trail managers for each area with a Blue-Blazed Trail (and maybe other areas) report their vol-work stats to each other, & SGSP is always at the top. Like edit count at WP, it's easy to read too much into the statistic, and they may have decided that it would be counter-productive to publish what they don't mind talking abt in small groups. So unless someone finds verification, it doesn't belong in the article. Thanks! --Jerzy•t 22:21, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Expanded and moved from Sleeping Giant State Park
Did a major overhaul of the material originally posted at Sleeping Giant State Park and placed it here (as the landform is broader and older than the park); redirected the park page here, however, the park page could be re-initiated with information specific to the park (without creating redundancy and duplicating all the information posted here). Finally, there was a long open letter posted on the talk page for Sleeping Giant State Park. It was part of an old edit war by two Wikipedians that had been cut and pasted into the talk pages of a number of different Connecticut articles. Those interested in it can see it archived at Talk:Ragged Mountain (Connecticut)/Archive 1

--Pgagnon999 (talk) 16:46, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

CT Walk Book
The 2nd ref is to the 17th edn of this work, stated as "undated". If only for the reason that a dateless ref detracts from face validity, we need to verify that everything based on it could rely instead on the 2007 19th edn. (The 18th, 1997, says that the 5th was 1965, and BTW the increase in quality in the 18th and 19th suggests increased effort per edition as the reason for the slower updates now than (mmm...) 13 in 32 years, or 2.5 yrs/edn.) If someone else with the 19th doesn't do so first, i may get around to it. Note that both pp. 224-225 and 257-260 can be relevant, along with the associated maps. At a glance, nothing there supports the WPA mention; i'll try to get around to checkig the 18th, but perhaps a separate source is needed. --Jerzy•t 21:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

360 degrees
My recollection is closer to 7 octants than all 8 (unless there's some specification about the trees being bare). I'm fact-tagging that. --Jerzy•t 21:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Parking
I pretty much rewrote; the issues are in two main areas:
 * 1) Parking fee amount:
 * It said $7 & $10, IIRC, but it's much more complicated: the annual fee to park at any and all parks & forests is $50, if you're under 65. After 4pm, $4. You can park legally on the paved shoulder for a good distance, when the fee is in effect. If you don't like crowds (which are enormous by hiking standards, near that parking lot and picnic area, during the paid-parking times!), there are 6 obvious unpaved parking areas, off the road and on state land, at both trailheads for the Red Circle and Red Square trails, at the point that is at E trailheads of the Violet, Green, White, Orange, and Yellow trails, and at the point that is the N trailhead of the Red Diamond and Red Hexagon Trails; there are a few other places where at least one car can be accommodated safely on the shoulder. There's a free lot across Whitney Avenue, in sight of where you can enter the park on the Blue Trail. If you were carrying a picnic basket and trailing ambulatory kids, you'd have about a half mile in woods and on grass before getting to the picnic area, and never even have to use your hands to balance except when crossing the guard rail in order to walk along the flat Mt. Carmel Avenue road bridge to cross the, what, 30-foot wide?, Mill River.
 * 1) "High" parking fee:
 * that's relative & PoV, and at many CT parks the fee is no more for parking than the fee for the $10 in-room-bar candy bars is for candy. The parking supports personnel costs (safety, vandalism-inhibition, and litter-remediation, and if you think it's high, you are confusing a barrier to discount with an unavoidable cost. --Jerzy•t 23:18, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Image needs replacement
Hello all...

An image used in the article, specifically Image:Gianttower.jpg, has a little bit of a licensing issue. The image was uploaded back when the rules around image uploading were less restrictive. It is presumed that the uploader was willing to license the picture under the GFDL license but was not clear in that regard. As such, the image, while not at risk of deletion, is likely not clearly licensed to allow for free use in any future use of this article. If anyone has an image that can replace this, or can go take one and upload it, it would be best.

You have your mission, take your camera and start clicking.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 00:54, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Heh. As I write there is no image of The Sleeping Giant as he appears (but there's a view from his chin, which is a wiki wtf). 24.27.31.170 (talk) 23:03, 20 August 2011 (UTC) Eric

Disambiguation
Please add disambiguation link to the Sleeping Giant mountain in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.5.36.116 (talk) 22:13, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Map
Needs a better map, the existing map is completeley uninformative.Paulhummerman (talk) 18:20, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleeping Giant (Connecticut)


text:
Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)

The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom. It is part of United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI), which came into operation 1 April 2018, and brings together the UK's seven research councils, Innovate UK and Research England. UK Research and Innovation is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.

The MRC focuses on high-impact research and has provided the financial support and scientific expertise behind a number of medical breakthroughs, including the development of penicillin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Research funded by the MRC has produced 32 Nobel Prize winners to date.

History
The MRC was founded as the Medical Research Committee and Advisory Council in 1913, with its prime role being the distribution of medical research funds under the terms of the National Insurance Act 1911. This was a consequence of the recommendation of the Royal Commissions on Tuberculosis, which recommended the creation of a permanent medical research body. The mandate was not limited to tuberculosis, however.

In 1920, it became the Medical Research Council under Royal Charter. A supplementary Charter was formally approved by the Queen on 17 July 2003. In March 1933, MRC established the British Journal of Clinical Research and Educational Advanced Medicine, the first scientific published medical patrol, as a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. It contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity, allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research.

In August 2012, the creation of the MRC-NIHR Phenome Centre, a research centre for personalised medicine, was announced. The MRC-NIHR National Phenome Centre is based at Imperial College London and is a combination of inherited equipment from the anti-doping facilities used to test samples during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. and additional items from the Centre's technology partners Bruker and Waters Corporation. The Centre, led by Imperial College London and King's College London, is funded with two five-year grants of £5 million from the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and was officially opened in June 2013.

Notable research
Important work carried out under MRC auspices has included:
 * the identification of the dietary cause of rickets by Sir Edward Mellanby. Mellanby also carried out human experimentation regarding vitamin A and C deficiencies on volunteers at the Sorby Research Institute;
 * the discovery, in 1918, that influenza is caused by a virus;
 * the description of neurotransmission and the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, by Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi, leading to a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1936;
 * the development of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Lord Florey, gaining them the 1945 Nobel Prize;
 * linkage of lung cancer to tobacco smoking by Sir Richard Doll and Sir Austin Bradford Hill in the British doctors study, published in 1956;
 * the discovery of the structure of DNA by James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Professor Maurice Wilkins. Three would receive the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for their discovery;
 * the development of magnetic resonance imaging in 1973 by Professor Peter Mansfield and independently by Paul Lauterbur. This would lead to the 2003 Nobel Prize;
 * the development of monoclonal antibodies at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology by César Milstein and Georges Köhler in 1975 (1984 Nobel Prize);
 * the development of DNA sequencing by Frederick Sanger of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1977 (1980 Nobel Prize);
 * the identification, in 1983, of folic acid as a preventive measure for spina bifida and neural tube defects;
 * the conducting of large studies in the 1970s and 1980s which established that aspirin can decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease;
 * the publication of the genome of C. elegans, the first multicellular organism to receive this treatment, in 1998;
 * the ongoing Heart Protection Study, showing benefits of primary prevention with simvastatin in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease;
 * Dr Venki Ramakrishnan of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009 for showing how ribosomes, the tiny protein-making factories inside cells, function at the atomic level;
 * the discovery that early treatment of HIV-infected babies with anti-retroviral therapy can dramatically increase their chances of survival;
 * the development of a test for detecting infectious prions on surgical instruments which is more accurate than previous tests and 100 times faster;
 * the identification of the second ever genetic variant associated with obesity; and
 * the finding that high quality surgery combined with a short course of radiotherapy can halve the rate of recurrence of colorectal cancer.

Scientists associated with the MRC have received a total of 32 Nobel Prizes, all in either Physiology or Medicine or Chemistry

Organisation and leadership
The MRC is one of seven Research Councils that are part of UK Research and Innovation, in turn part of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. In the past, the MRC has been answerable to the Office of Science and Innovation, part of the Department of Trade and Industry.

The MRC is advised by a council which directs and oversees corporate policy and science strategy, ensures that the MRC is effectively managed, and makes policy and spending decisions. Council members are drawn from industry, academia, government and the NHS. Members are appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Daily management is in the hands of the Executive Chair. Members of the council also chair specialist boards on specific areas of research. For specific subjects, the council convenes committees.

Chairmen

 * 1913–1916: Lord Moulton
 * 1916–1920: Major Waldorf Astor
 * 1920–1924: Viscount Goschen
 * 1924: Edward F.L. Wood
 * 1924–1929: The Rt Hon. the Earl of Balfour
 * 1929–1934: The Rt Hon. Viscount D'Abernon
 * 1934–1936: the Marquess of Linlithgow
 * 1936–1948: Lord Balfour of Burleigh
 * 1948–1951: The Rt Hon. Viscount Addison
 * 1952–1960: The Earl of Limerick
 * 1960–1961: Viscount Amory
 * 1961–1965: Lord Shawcross
 * 1965–1969: Viscount Amory
 * 1969–1978: the Duke of Northumberland
 * 1978–1982: Lord Shepherd
 * 1982–1990: Earl Jellicoe
 * 1990–1998: Sir David Plastow
 * 1998–2006: Sir Anthony Cleaver
 * 2006–2012: Sir John Chisholm
 * 2012–2018: Sir Donald Brydon, CBE

Chief Executives
As Chief Executives (originally secretaries) served:
 * 1914–33: Sir Walter Morley Fletcher
 * 1933–49: Sir Edward Mellanby
 * 1949–68: Sir Harold Himsworth
 * 1968–77: Sir John Gray
 * 1977–87: Sir James L. Gowans
 * 1987–96: Sir Dai Rees
 * 1996–2003: Professor Sir George Radda
 * 2003–2007: Professor Sir Colin Blakemore
 * 2007–2010: Professor Sir Leszek Borysiewicz
 * 2010–2018: Professor Sir John Savill

Executive Chairs
Following the formation of UK Research and Innovation, the Executive Chair role replaced the Chief Executive Officer role, and has been held by:
 * 2018–2022: Professor Fiona Watt
 * 2022-2023 (interim post): Professor Sir John Iredale
 * 2023-present: Professor Patrick Chinnery

MRC CEOs are normally automatically knighted.

Institutes, centres and units
The MRC has units, centres and institutes in the UK, with units addressing medical issues in The Gambia and Uganda managed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

The following is a list of the MRC's institutes, centres and units

Bristol
 * MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol (IEU)

Cambridge
 * MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge (BSU)
 * MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
 * MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge (EU)
 * MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB)
 * MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge (MDU)
 * MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit at the University of Cambridge
 * MRC Toxicology Unit at the University of Cambridge
 * Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge

Dundee
 * MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit at the University of Dundee

Edinburgh
 * Institute of Genetics and Cancer at the University of Edinburgh
 * MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh
 * MRC Human Genetics Unit at the University of Edinburgh

Exeter
 * MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter

Glasgow
 * MRC & CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow (SPHSU)
 * MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research

Harwell
 * Research Complex at Harwell

London
 * Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London
 * Francis Crick Institute (partnership between the MRC, Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Wellcome Trust and University College London)
 * MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (at King's College London)
 * MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection at Imperial College London
 * MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London
 * MRC Clinical Trials Unit UCL (CTU)
 * MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (at Imperial College London)
 * MRC Prion Unit at University College London
 * MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, UCL (home of the National Survey of Health & Development
 * MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
 * MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit

Oxford
 * MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit (at the University of Oxford)
 * MRC Molecular Haematology Unit at the University of Oxford
 * MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit at the University of Oxford
 * MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford
 * Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford

Southampton
 * Versus Arthritis/MRC Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, University of Southampton
 * MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit at the University of Southampton (LEU)

Multiple sites across UK
 * Health Data Research UK (central team in London)
 * MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Liverpool/Sheffield/NCL (universities of Liverpool, Sheffield and Newcastle) (CIMA)
 * MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), Birmingham/Nottingham (universities of Birmingham and Nottingham)
 * UK Dementia Research Institute (hub at UCL; centres hosted by universities of Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Surrey, Imperial College London and King’s College London)

Facilities and resources
MRC facilities and resources include, In the UK:
 * Better Methods, Better Research guidance portal
 * Central Laser facility at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
 * Clinical trials data sharing: ReShare (at the UK Data Service)
 * Cohort Directory
 * Diamond Light Source (UK national synchrotron facility, Harwell)
 * Dementias Platform UK
 * Electron Bio-imaging Centre at the Diamond Light Source
 * Genomics England
 * Health Data Research Innovation Gateway
 * ISIS Neutron and Muon Source at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory
 * LifeArc
 * Mary Lyon Centre (UK national facility for mouse genetics, Harwell)
 * MRC Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Centre
 * MRC Centre for Macaques
 * MRC scales (MRC dyspnoea scale; MRC muscle scale; neurological scle)
 * MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR)
 * Regulatory Support Centre
 * Research Complex at Harwell
 * UK Biobank
 * UK Stem Cell Bank
 * UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Tissue Directory

International collaborations:
 * Beamtime at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, France
 * Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)
 * Institut Laue-Langevin neutron source, France
 * Instruct – European infrastructure for structural biology (European Research Infrastructure Consortium)


text:
Marcus Bent

Marcus Nathan Bent (born 19 May 1978) is a retired English professional footballer. A former England under-21 international, the journeyman striker played 573 games and scored 113 goals for fourteen different clubs. His numerous transfer fees totalled over £10 million.

He began his career at Brentford in 1995 before he signed with Crystal Palace in 1998, where he made his Premier League debut. The next year, he joined Sheffield United via Port Vale. In 2000, he transferred to Blackburn Rovers, before he moved on to Ipswich Town in 2001. He spent 2003–04 on loan at Leicester City before he transferred to Everton in 2004.

Two years later, he was sold on to Charlton Athletic. He spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Wigan Athletic before he moved on to Birmingham City in 2008. He spent three years with Birmingham, during which he spent time on loan at Middlesbrough, Queens Park Rangers, Wolverhampton Wanderers, and Sheffield United. After leaving the club, he spent six months in Indonesia with Mitra Kukar. After five years out of the game, during which time he faced legal issues, he then had brief spells in non-League football with Wick and Cornard United.

Brentford
Bent graduated through the Brentford youth team ranks, usually playing as a forward. He broke into the first-team at Griffin Park in 1995–96 under manager David Webb, helping the Bees to a 15th-place finish in the Second Division. Bent was almost ever-present in a successful season that saw Brentford reach the play-offs in 1996–97 with a fourth-place finish. He played at Wembley in the play-off final defeat to Crewe Alexandra. He was substituted after 70 minutes for Scott Canham. Bent then scored five goals in 29 games in 1997–98, as the Bees struggled in vain to avoid relegation under Eddie May and then his replacement Micky Adams.

Crystal Palace
Though not a prolific striker for Brentford, Bent's potential was spotted by Crystal Palace manager Steve Coppell, who brought Bent to Selhurst Park for £300,000 on 8 January 1998. The Eagles were relegated out of the Premier League in last place in 1997–98. However, Bent had shown his ability with five goals in 16 games, including strikes at Stamford Bridge and Anfield. However, he remained goalless in 15 appearances in 1998–99, as Palace struggled under new boss Terry Venables. With the club heading for administration, he was sold on to First Division rivals Port Vale for £300,000 on 15 January 1999, as one of long-term manager John Rudge's last purchases.

Port Vale
Rudge was unable to make the most of his new player, as chairman Bill Bell controversially sacked Rudge and hired Brian Horton. Played out of position on the left wing, Bent went 15 games without a goal for the Valiants in 1998–99. He played nine games in 1999–2000, scoring once against Grimsby Town in a 3–1 win at Vale Park. In October 1999, he was sold on to league rivals Sheffield United for £375,000, with Bell eager to cash in on the £75,000 profit. He later described moving from Crystal Palace to Port Vale as "my dream blown up in my face" as he struggled to adapt to life outside London, referring to the culture shock he said "Someone said 'All right, Duck', which put me on my toes. I thought, 'Why are you calling me Duck?'

Sheffield United
Bent became the Blades top scorer in 1999–2000 with 15 league goals in 32 appearances, including a hat-trick past West Bromwich Albion in a 6–0 thrashing at Bramall Lane on 19 February. The club had struggled under Adrian Heath before finding an upturn in results after Neil Warnock stepped into the hot seat in December. He began the 2000–01 campaign in fine form, hitting a hat-trick past Lincoln City in a 6–1 win in the League Cup. Former club Crystal Palace reportedly targeted him for a swap deal of Clinton Morrison and £1.5 million; however, manager Alan Smith denied that he had made any such offer. He was instead sold to promotion-chasing Blackburn Rovers for £2 million in November 2000; the transfer was seen as good business for both clubs.

Blackburn Rovers
Bent scored his first goal for Rovers against bitter East Lancashire rivals Burnley in a 2–0 win at Turf Moor on 17 December 2000. He went on to hit 11 goals in 34 appearances in 2000–01, justifying Graeme Souness's fee, as the Ewood Park club won promotion back to the Premier League. He made ten goalless appearances in 2001–02, before he was sold on to Ipswich Town for £3 million in November 2001, which was Town's fourth biggest transfer fee behind teammates Matteo Sereni, Hermann Hreiðarsson, and Finidi George.

Ipswich Town
"'His goalscoring form has proved the £3m fee for Bent from Blackburn is money very well spent. It's no coincidence that Ipswich's change in form has followed him signing for them. His speed, pace and eye for goal have tormented some of the Premiership's best defences.'"

Despite Bent scoring nine times in 22 league starts, the Blues were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2001–02 season. He stayed at Portman Road for the 2002–03 campaign, hitting 12 goals in 38 games, as the Tractor Boys missed out on the play-offs by one place and four points. However, Ipswich entered administration and were forced to sell talent such as Marcus Stewart, Titus Bramble, and Darren Ambrose; a relegation battle was only avoided after manager George Burley was replaced by Joe Royle. Ipswich then found another striking talent, Darren Bent (no relation). Bent joined newly promoted Premier League side Leicester City on loan for the 2003–04 campaign, in a move that reunited him with manager Micky Adams. Bent scored ten goals in 35 games, though the First Division beckoned for the Foxes, as the Walkers Stadium club finished six points behind 17th place Everton.

Everton
Unable to afford his £17,000-per-week contract, in June 2004, Ipswich sold Bent to Everton for a fee of £450,000; the Toffees manager David Moyes said that "he's got athleticism, he's quick, good in the air". He became a regular starter at Goodison Park in the lone centre-forward role (supported by Tim Cahill). He only managed seven goals in 2004–05, which were key in securing draws away to Southampton and at home to Aston Villa, as well as decisive goals against Middlesbrough and Manchester City. Despite having helped the club to secure a place in the Champions League, Bent became a more peripheral figure in 2005–06, having lost his first-team place to James Beattie.

Charlton Athletic
In January 2006, it was announced that Bent had signed for Charlton Athletic in a deal worth £2.3 million. He scored on his debut as a substitute against Premier League champions Chelsea in a 1–1 draw. Bent hit only two goals in 35 games in 2006–07, 13 fewer than strike partner Darren Bent, who had signed with Charlton from Ipswich. The club had collapsed following the departure of manager Alan Curbishley after his fifteen-year reign, and First Division football returned to The Valley despite the best efforts of Iain Dowie, Les Reed and Alan Pardew.

Loan to Wigan Athletic
Bent joined Wigan Athletic on Transfer Deadline Day (31 August 2007) on a season-long loan move, one of nine summer signings by boss Chris Hutchings. However, after a poor start to the campaign, Hutchings was replaced by Steve Bruce. Bent scored a hat-trick, his first in the Premier League, against former club Blackburn Rovers in a 5–3 win on 15 December; Roque Santa Cruz also scored a hat-trick in the game, the first time in the Premier League that two opposing players scored hat-tricks in the same match. Despite only hitting seven goals in 32 games, he still became the Latics's top scorer in 2007–08. At the end of the season, Wigan manager Steve Bruce chose not to make the deal permanent, feeling Bent was too similar in style to Emile Heskey; Bent subsequently returned to cash-strapped Charlton, where he was placed on the transfer list.

Birmingham City
Bent signed a three-year deal for Birmingham City in July 2008 for a fee in excess of £1 million, after rejecting the opportunity to join Cardiff City. He scored three goals from 16 starts and 17 substitute appearances as Alex McLeish got the club promoted to the Premier League with a second-place finish in 2008–09. He did not feature at the higher level for the Blues. Instead, he became Gordon Strachan's first signing for Middlesbrough when he joined on a two-month loan deal on 30 October 2009, later extended to 16 January 2010. He spent the final three months of the 2009–10 season on loan at a second Championship club, Queens Park Rangers, whom he joined in February 2010. Both clubs finished in mid-table, and Bent failed to find the net at either the Riverside Stadium or Loftus Road.

He was still out of the first-team plans at St Andrew's; he again moved on loan in August 2010, as he joined Mick McCarthy's Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers until 4 January 2011. He made five appearances without scoring, before joining Sheffield United on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season, teaming up with Micky Adams at a third different club. With the Blades in free-fall Bent made ten appearances, mainly from the bench, before returning early to Birmingham in mid-April having failed to score a goal. Birmingham decided against taking up the option of another season, and Bent was released when his contract expired at the end of the 2010–11 season.

Mitra Kukar
Bent signed a one-year contract with Indonesia Super League club Mitra Kukar on 3 November 2011. In doing so he rejected interest from clubs in England, choosing the Far East as he "didn't want to be based up north". He was released on 17 April 2012, with the club in mid-table.

Non-league football
On 13 September 2017, now aged 39, Bent signed a one-year contract with Southern Combination League Premier Division club Wick; club chairman Rodney Lampton said he and Bent had been childhood friends. However, Bent left the club without making an appearance. On 3 January 2020, he joined Eastern Counties League First Division North club Cornard United.

International career
Bent represented his England at under-21 level in May 1998, in games against South Africa and Argentina.

Personal life
Bent was born in Hammersmith, London, to parents of Jamaican origin. Before signing a scholarship with Brentford in 1994, he was named Marcus Lecky. He has a younger brother, Elliott, who is ten years his junior and is also a footballer. Elliott was a youth team player at Fulham, until injury saw him released in 2007. He dropped into non-League football and has played for Dorchester Town, Welling United and Hampton & Richmond Borough.

Bent had been engaged to Kelly Clark, with whom he has a daughter, but their relationship ended, and they split up. He has since been involved with model Danielle Lloyd and actress Gemma Atkinson, to whom he was briefly engaged. After his playing career ended, Bent entered the oil business. However, he left the industry and his life went into a steep decline as he struggled with mental health problems, using drugs to self medicate.

He was charged with affray and possession of a Class A drug in September 2015 after police used a taser whilst arresting him at his home in Esher, Surrey. He had called 999 after believing intruders were in his house, but was tasered by police responding to the call. In February 2016 he admitted to one charge of affray and possession of cocaine; he was given a suspended 12-month prison sentence, a two-month curfew and 200 hours of compulsory unpaid work. Four months later he was fined £385 with £85 costs after being found with cocaine at Chessington World of Adventures. He was declared bankrupt in January 2019.

Honours
Blackburn Rovers
 * Football League First Division second-place promotion: 2000–01

Birmingham City
 * Football League Championship second-place promotion: 2008–09

Individual
 * Premier League Player of the Month: January 2002

title: Marcus Bent


text:
Communes of the Seine-Maritime department

The following is a list of the 708 communes of the French department of Seine-Maritime.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Métropole Rouen Normandie
 * Communauté urbaine Le Havre Seine Métropole
 * Communauté d'agglomération Caux Seine Agglo
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Fécamp Caux Littoral
 * Communauté d'agglomération de la Région Dieppoise
 * Communauté de communes des 4 rivières (partly)
 * Communauté de communes interrégionale Aumale - Blangy-sur-Bresle (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Bray-Eawy
 * Communauté de communes Campagne de Caux
 * Communauté de communes Caux - Austreberthe
 * Communauté de communes de la Côte d'Albâtre
 * Communauté de communes Falaises du Talou
 * Communauté de communes Inter-Caux-Vexin
 * Communauté de communes de Londinières
 * Communauté de communes Plateau de Caux-Doudeville-Yerville
 * Communauté de communes Roumois Seine (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Terroir de Caux
 * Communauté de communes des Villes Sœurs (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Yvetot Normandie


text:
Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon

Hugh Mackintosh Foot, Baron Caradon (8 October 1907 – 5 September 1990) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat who was Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and the last governor of British Cyprus.

Early life and education
Hugh Mackintosh Foot was born in Plymouth on 8 October 1907. He was educated at Leighton Park School in Reading, Berkshire, and went on to study at St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1929. He was President of the Cambridge Union and also of the Cambridge University Liberal Club. His three politically active brothers, Dingle, John and Michael, were all educated at Oxford and all became Presidents of the Oxford Union.

Career
Hugh Foot's career in the diplomatic service was both long and distinguished. In Mandatory Palestine, he served as the assistant district commissioner for the Nablus region. During the Second World War he was appointed as British Military Administrator of Cyrenaica, and served as Colonial Secretary of Cyprus from 1943 to 1945. After the War, he served as Colonial Secretary of Jamaica, 1945–47, Chief Secretary for Nigeria, 1947–50 and was appointed to be the Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of Jamaica in 1951, a post he held until 1957.

He returned to Cyprus as the last colonial Governor and Commander in Chief on 3 December 1957 until 1960, when Cyprus gained independence. In 1961, he became British Ambassador to the United Nations Trusteeship Council. After the Labour Party won the 1964 general election, Foot became Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Permanent Representatives from the United Kingdom to the United Nations from 1964 to 1970. Caradon worked with Charles W. Yost on the Four Power United Nations Middle East negotiations. During his tenure as Permanent Representative, he was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1968 New Year Honours. After his retirement, he became a visiting fellow at Harvard University and Princeton University.

In 1964 Foot was granted a life peerage as Baron Caradon, of St Cleer in the County of Cornwall, the title referring to Caradon Hill on Bodmin Moor, not far from Trematon Castle, which was his country home. He jokingly claimed to be glad to be divested of the surname "Foot", which he considered a standing invitation to wags, as he liked to illustrate by recalling a telegram his father received on his election to parliament: "Foot, congratulations on your feat!" Foot was an active freemason.

Honours and arms
Foot was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1939 New Year Honours and elevated Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1946 Birthday Honours. He was elevated Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1951 New Year Honours and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) on 27 November 1953. In the 1957 Birthday Honours, he was elevated a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).

Family
He was one of the four sons of the Liberal Member of Parliament Isaac Foot, his three brothers being the politician Sir Dingle Foot, the life peer Lord Foot, and the journalist and Labour Party leader Michael Foot. "We were proud to be nonconformists and Roundheads", Caradon once wrote of his family: "Oliver Cromwell was our hero and John Milton our poet."

Foot married Florence Sylvia Tod in 1936. She predeceased him in 1985. They had three sons and a daughter together:

 * Hon. Paul Mackintosh Foot (8 November 1937 – 18 July 2004), a journalist.
 * Hon. Sarah Dingle Foot (24 September 1939 – 28 February 2015), also a journalist.
 * Hon. Oliver Isaac Foot (19 September 1946 – 6 February 2008), a charity worker who led Project Orbis International.
 * Hon. Benjamin Arthur Foot (born 19 August 1949)

Foot died in Plymouth, aged 82, on 5 September 1990. He was survived by his four children.

Works

 * Lord Caradon, "The Obligation of Optimism", Conspectus of History 1.8 (1982): 1–9.

title: Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon


text: Template:Politics of New Zealand

title: Template:Politics of New Zealand


text:
Mattagami River

The Mattagami River is a river in Northern Ontario, Canada.

The Mattagami flows 443 km from its source at Mattagami Lake in geographic Gouin Township in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District, on the Canadian Shield southwest of Timmins, to Portage Island in geographic Gardiner Township in the Unorganized North Part of Cochrane District, in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Here the Mattagami's confluence with the Missinaibi River forms the Moose River, about 100 km from that river's tidewater outlet at James Bay. The Mattagami River flows through the city of Timmins as well as the town of Smooth Rock Falls and its drainage basin encompasses 37000 km2.

The Mattagami's name comes from the Ojibwe and means either "the start of water" (maadaagami) or "turbulent water" (madaagami), but the local Ojibwe population claim "Mattagami" is a corrupted form of "confluence" (maadawaagami). According to the Mattagami First Nation, Mattagami means "Meeting of the Waters".

Course
The river starts at Mattagami Lake and ends at its confluence with Missinaibi River, serving as a source for Moose River.

Economy
Where the Groundhog and Kapuskasing Rivers flow into the Mattagami, Ontario Power Generation operates the Little Long Generating Station, with a dam just over 5 km in length.

Tributaries
Tributaries include the:
 * Kapuskasing River
 * Nemegosenda River
 * Chapleau River
 * Groundhog River
 * Ivanhoe River
 * Nat River
 * Poplar Rapids River
 * Kamiskotia River
 * Grassy River
 * Tatachikapika River
 * Mattagami Lake
 * Minisinakwa River
 * Nabakwasi River
 * Opikinimika River
 * Noble River

title: Mattagami River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Indigos

Absolute nonsense. RickK 03:33, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have actually heard of this. Whether or not I believe any of it is something else entirely. I suppose I'll say keep it, but give it weird looks now and then. Rhymeless 06:37, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Incoherent rubbish content. Delete. Same author is pushing "fifth world" idiocy elsewhere on Wikipedia.--Gene_poole 10:21, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Trash, utter trash. Delete. DO'Neil 11:11, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there a suitable page of new age beliefs where this can be merged? The Land 12:38, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect both to Aura. Alcarillo 13:46, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both: unremarkable nonsense. Murky copyright status; text copied from but no terms of use stated there. -- User:162.83.149.253, User:162.83.147.184, and User:162.83.239.157 (list not exhaustive) have been planting similar New Age stuff in several articles. See for example Fifth World. There's a substantial clean up job ahead. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:09, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pontless, it's not something I would find in, oh say the WoldBook™ Encyclopedia, so why should I have to see it in the Wikipedia Encyclopedia?
 * Delete. It would be impolite for me to call this nonsensical trash, so I won't. It's not even the encyclopaedic sort of trash. Lord Bob 14:51, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Describing belief systems, even kooky new-age ones, is a role of an encyclopedia. I've been interested to read the articles on magic. If 'Indigo' and 'Fifth World' actually have any adherents then we should aim to have a neutral article on them. The Land 14:57, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd change my vote if this belief system seemed to have any main-stream coverage whatsoever. All sorts of things that I think are insane ways to live your life are in Wikipedia and should be, but this doesn't seem...well, big enough. That said, if somebody points me to an article in mainstream publications on these guys or something, then by all means, we should keep. Lord Bob 17:38, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Murky, unsubstatiated, possibly POV. If similar references have been placed in other articles by the IPs that Wile E. Heresiarch has mentioned, it might even count as vandalism.  Delete unles really, really substantiated. - Lucky 6.9 18:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This particular brand brand of new age kookiness has only one "adherent", a New York resident by the name of Cesidio Tallini who has authored a mind-boggling array of utterly incoherent websites on this and related subjects.--Gene_poole 02:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Please note that denying space to this topic is like denying Blacks to post on topics concerning Afro-Americans. I don't simply say Indigos exist like some of the persons you criticise, some with PhDs. I am an Indigo. Who are you to say that I am not, and I'm certainly not the only person that feels that way? If astrology is valid matter for an encyclopedia, because it also is a set of beliefs, then this is equally valid subject matter, and of concern to many parents who also swear they have these unusual children. Please also note that I can substantiate the parallels made between the Fifth World and Indigos, and these statements are not my own, but of two PhDs. Read HERE. Cesidio Tallini.

 * Keep. Sure, it's poorly written and New Age, but the term clearly has usage. It needs rewriting, but needing editing is not grounds for deletion. Just because they're crazy doesn't mean they don't get an article. c.f. Otherkin Snowspinner 20:10, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep, with rewrite. While it may be part of a belief system, article presents as established fact.  This seems more of a "fringe" speculation. Gwimpey 21:47, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten to be NPOV. Snowspinner 22:14, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * While your piece may be NPOV, it is hardly an accurate description of how things are, or could be best described. The Fifth World legends existed before the Fifth World movement came into being, as some serious micronations splintered from traditional micronationalism and gave birth within a few months to most of the political and religious ideas that are now characteristic of authentic Fifth World nations. Also, Indigos were first discovered or noticed in the 1980s, this too long before the Fifth World movement. Another thing the brief on Indigos fails to mention is that the Indigo-Fifth World parallels were discovered by me, but were probably independently discovered earlier still from two other very bright and educated people I mention in this LINK. Another thing yet: most psychologists/educators believe that Indigos are some kind of a "condition," and in fact they often believe that the best approach with these kids is drugging them, because they are obviously not normal like the rest of us that believe everything is fine, and this world is not headed for an environmental catastrophe... Some psychologists/educators, on the other hand, believe Indigos are special children, for a special time that is coming, and that something may be actually wrong with most of us, and especially with our educational and spiritual systems. Add to that complexity that I'm probably the only person who sees Indigos as an actual New Race, which is something of a paradox, because this new race includes all the races we commonly perceive with our eyes. This new race is a new race not by commonly perceived physical characteristics (genotype), but by unusual and commonly perceived mental and psychological characteristics (phenotype). These unusual children seem like the helpers of the coming Pahana, a Native American Messiah of sorts, or perhaps the One-and-Only-Messiah of all religions. So you can see that the subject about Indigos is about Native American prophecy and spirituality, eclectic psychology and pedagogy, and you can add there a bit of anthropology and sociology as well. No science or other textbook can properly handle a subject as complex as this, but if you give me a little time I can attempt to write a good article on it, and the Wikipedia, because of its possibility of multiple links, is ideal for handling this kind of complexity. Cesidio Tallini --162.84.223.205 02:56, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I detest this sort of bilge but Google search on "Dr. Richard Boylan indigo" suggest this is a fairly widespread... belief?  or thing.  Whatever it is.  Of course it's one more page which will forever be edit warred... --bodnotbod 03:19, May 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * May be ridiculous, but I've heard the term before. Keep the NPOV version - I do so dislike abuse of the word 'metaphysical'.  -Seth Mahoney 22:11, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Finally was able to wikify the stub on Indigo child. Hope everyone likes the way it looks now, because I think it's is quite interesting and educational — not ridiculus, not a bunch of nonsense, but actually quite interesting. Cesidio --162.83.223.29 22:27, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * There are times I really wish I didn't have to be relentlessly NPOV, and this is one of them. I'm just going to put on my tinfoil helmet, ask the aliens to close the attic hatch when they leave, and shut up. Denni 05:06, 2004 May 8 (UTC)
 * Have further edited Indigo child. I think Cesidio's article was factual, references and written as an encyclopedia article. However it omitted to mention that the vasst majority of people think that the whole idea is pathetic nonsense. The Land 13:59, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not up on copyright laws, but are the extensive quotes in the new version going to be an issue? -Seth Mahoney 20:04, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: If kept it should be re-stubified and we should start again (again) IMO. These long quotes from a controversial author are completely out of place regardless of copyright issues. Likely to remain a contentious article, it's new-age rubbish IMO but it's clever new-age rubbish. See, . Lots of people, both parents and children, will identify with these descriptions! That makes it clever, but it doesn't make it true. Andrewa 04:37, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Same reasons as Bodnotbod  --VTEX 05:17, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Any topic can be approached neutrally, even if introduced by someone holding a viewpoint on the topic. Focus effort on composing more cogent criticism than "rubbish" i.e. use editorial skills, not insults, to write an encyclopedia. SimBot2 17:27, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

The current version is still exceedingly POV, and needs to be severely pared down or deleted. RickK 04:39, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

  It's scientifically unproven New Age tripe, IMO, and really doesn't deserve a page. It's NOT ENCYCLOPEDIATIC. It's the opinion of a couple of authors and their New Age following, fair enough, but is NOT, I tell you, something you are going to find in a scientific journal, and the fact that it made it this far makes me mad. Does anyone reading this also read Skeptical Inquirer? Real encyclopedias wouldn't touch this topic with a pole, and I don't think Wikipedia should have to, either.   If all else fails (as all else is wont to do) then would someone out there please rewrite these things entirely and just make them nice little stubs explaing what this is all about, and that it is totally unproven. -Litefantastic 20:27, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Before I begin: according to that list I have Indigo qualities. I'm not buying it. I think this is just plain wrong.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Indigos


text:
Talk:Octopus card

WP:URFA/2020
I am reviewing this (old or very old) FA as part of WP:URFA/2020, an effort to determine whether old featured articles still meet the featured article criteria. This article was last reviewed in 2007 and has not been maintained to standards. There is uncited text throughout, and there is considerable datedness (text that has not apparently been updated for years). There is also considerable reliance on primary sources (Octopus itself). Unless these items can be addressed, and the article updated to current standards, the article should be submitted to WP:FAR. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  22:40, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

etymology
the etymology section could probably be made more concise, even just by referencing the Chinese version of this article. Archaaron (talk) 19:00, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octopus card


text:
Andy Pettitte

Andrew Eugene Pettitte (born June 15, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the New York Yankees. He also pitched for the Houston Astros. Pettitte won five World Series championships with the Yankees and was a three-time All-Star. He ranks as MLB's all-time postseason wins leader with 19.

Pettitte was drafted by the Yankees organization in 1990, and he signed with them roughly a year later. After debuting in the major leagues in 1995, Pettitte finished third in voting for the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award. In 1996, he led the AL with 21 wins and was runner-up for the AL Cy Young Award. Two years later, he was the Yankees' Opening Day starter. Pettitte established himself as one of the "Core Four" players who contributed to the Yankees' late-1990s dynasty that produced four championships. Pettitte won the 2001 AL Championship Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in helping his team win the pennant. After spending nine seasons with the Yankees—a stint in which he won at least 12 games each season—Pettitte signed with the Astros in 2004. He rejoined the Yankees in 2007 and later that season admitted to using human growth hormone to recover from an elbow injury in 2002. Pettitte's second tenure with the team lasted six seasons, interrupted by a one-year retirement in 2011, and also produced a fifth World Series championship in 2009. He retired after the 2013 season.

Pettitte's pitching repertoire included a four-seam and cut fastball and several off-speed pitches such as a slider, curveball, and changeup. A left-handed pitcher, he had an exceptional pickoff move to first base, which allowed him to record 98 career pickoffs. Among Yankees pitchers, Pettitte ranks first in strikeouts (2,020), third in wins (219), and tied for first in games started (438). He won the most games of any pitcher in the 2000s. The Yankees retired his uniform number 46 and dedicated a plaque to him in Monument Park in 2015.

Early life
Andrew Eugene "Andy" Pettitte was born on June 15, 1972, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is of Italian and Cajun descent, and the younger of two children born to Tommy and JoAnn Pettitte. He moved to Texas while in the third grade. Pettitte attended Deer Park High School in Deer Park, Texas, where he pitched for the school's baseball team. His fastball ranged from between 85 –. Pettitte also played center and nose guard for the school's football team.

College career
Recruited by San Jacinto College North in Houston, Texas, he opted to play college baseball when coach Wayne Graham compared him to Roger Clemens.

Draft and minor leagues
The Yankees selected Pettitte in the 22nd round, with the 594th overall selection, of the 1990 Major League Baseball draft. As Pettitte enrolled in a junior college rather than a four-year school, the Yankees retained the right to sign him as a draft-and-follow prospect. On May 25, 1991, he signed with the Yankees, receiving an $80,000 signing bonus ($0 in current dollar terms), double the Yankees' initial offer. In 1991, Pettitte pitched for the Gulf Coast Yankees of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League and Oneonta Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League, making six starts for each team. With Oneonta, Pettitte teamed up with catcher Jorge Posada, his longtime batterymate, for the first time. Pettitte threw a knuckleball at the time. Posada struggled to catch the knuckleball, prompting Pettitte to abandon the pitch.

In 1992, Pettitte pitched for the Greensboro Hornets of the Class A South Atlantic League. He pitched to a 10–4 win–loss record and a 2.20 earned run average (ERA), with 130 strikeouts and 55 walks, in 27 games started. That season, Pettitte and Posada first played with Derek Jeter. Pettitte pitched for the Prince William Cannons of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in the 1993 season, finishing the year with an 11–9 record, a 3.04 ERA, 129 strikeouts, and 47 walks in 26 starts. He also made one start for the Albany-Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League during the season. Pettitte began the 1994 season with Albany-Colonie, where he had a 7–2 record and 2.71 ERA in 11 starts, before receiving a promotion to the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League. With Columbus, Pettitte had a 7–2 record and a 2.98 ERA in 16 starts. The Yankees named him their minor league pitcher of the year.

New York Yankees (1995–2003)
Baseball America ranked Pettitte the 49th-best prospect in baseball prior to the 1995 season. In spring training, Pettitte competed for a spot in the starting rotation with Sterling Hitchcock. Hitchcock won the competition, and Pettitte opened the season in the bullpen, making his major league debut with the Yankees on April 29, 1995. The Yankees demoted him back to the minors on May 16 to allow him to continue starting. Eleven days later, he was recalled due to an injury to Jimmy Key. With Scott Kamieniecki and Mélido Pérez also suffering injuries, Pettitte became a member of the starting rotation. He recorded his first major league win on June 7. He continued to perform well through July, leading Yankees' starters in ERA. Pettitte won six of his last seven starts, finishing the season with a 12–9 record and a 4.17 ERA, and placed third in American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award balloting, behind Marty Cordova and Garret Anderson. He started Game 2 of the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Seattle Mariners, allowing four runs in seven innings. The Mariners won the series three games to two.

Believing Pettitte to be the superior pitcher, the Yankees traded Hitchcock prior to the 1996 season. Starting the season in the rotation, Pettitte had a 13–4 record at the end of the first half of the season, and made the AL All-Star team. He did not appear in the 1996 MLB All-Star Game, due to a sore arm. He led the AL with 21 wins and finished third in winning percentage (.724), and eighth in ERA (3.87). He finished second to Pat Hentgen for the AL Cy Young Award, with the smallest difference in voting since 1972. Hentgen won the award in part because he pitched more complete games than Pettitte. The Yankees defeated the Texas Rangers in the 1996 ALDS and the Baltimore Orioles in the 1996 American League Championship Series (ALCS). Pettitte won two games against the Orioles, and had his opportunity for a third start in the series cancelled by rain. Pettitte started Game 1 of the 1996 World Series against the Atlanta Braves. He allowed seven runs in $2 1/3$ innings in the first game, but outdueled John Smoltz in Game 5, which the Yankees won 1–0. The Yankees defeated the Braves in Game 6 to win the series, four games to two.

In 1997, Pettitte tied for first in games started (35), and also led the league in pickoffs (14), and double plays induced (36). He was third in the league in innings pitched (IP) ($240 1/3$; a career high), fourth in ERA (2.88), wins (18), and winning percentage (.720), sixth in complete games (4), eighth in strikeouts (166), and tenth in walks per nine innings (2.43). Pettitte finished fifth in the AL Cy Young Award voting. In 1998, he was seventh in the league in complete games (5; a career high), and eighth in wins (16). In the 1998 ALCS, Pettitte allowed four home runs in Game 3 against the Cleveland Indians. The Yankees won the series, and defeated the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series. Pettitte started in Game 4, defeating Kevin Brown in the deciding game of the series.

The Yankees won the 1999 World Series. They continued their success in the 2000 season. Pettitte finished third in the AL in wins (19), sixth in winning percentage (.679), and seventh in complete games (3). He finished off the season with his fourth World Series Title. In 2001, he made the All-Star team for the second time and was named the ALCS Most Valuable Player, after winning Games 1 and 5 against the Seattle Mariners in the 2001 ALCS. He was third in the AL in walks per nine innings (1.84), and eighth in strikeouts (164) and strikeouts per nine innings (7.36).

The following year, he was ninth in the AL in winning percentage (.722) and complete games (3). Pettitte continued his success through 2003. Pettitte was second in the league in wins (21), fifth in winning percentage (.724), sixth in strikeouts (180; a career high) and strikeouts per nine innings (7.78; a career-best), eighth in games started (33), and ninth in walks per nine innings (2.16). He won the Warren Spahn Award, given annually to the best left-handed pitcher in baseball.

Houston Astros (2004–2006)
Pettitte became a free agent after the 2003 season. Interested in playing closer to his Deer Park home, and feeling that the Yankees were not interested in re-signing him, Pettitte signed a three-year, $31.5 million contract with the Houston Astros of the National League (NL). The best offer actually came from the Boston Red Sox, the historic rivals of the Yankees, at four years for $52 million, yet Pettitte never seriously considered signing with them. In Houston, Pettitte switched his uniform number to No. 21, in honor of Roger Clemens, who previously wore that number in Boston and Toronto. His 2004 season, in which he held batters to a .226 batting average, was shortened by elbow surgery to repair a torn flexor tendon.

Pettitte returned to form in the 2005 season to help the Astros reach the 2005 World Series. His 2.39 ERA was a career-best, and second in the NL behind teammate Clemens. He was also second in the league walks/9 IP (1.66) and LOB percentage (79.7%; a career best), third in sacrifice hits (15), fifth in wins (17), and eighth in winning percentage. (.654). He held left-handed batters, who over his career have outhit righties when batting against him, to a .200 batting average, had a career-best 4.17 SO/BB ratio. Pettitte went 14–13 with a 4.20 ERA during the 2006 season as the Astros missed the playoffs. He tied for the National League lead in starts (35), tied for sixth in pickoffs (4), and was eighth in double plays induced (26), and tenth in strikeouts (178) and batters faced (929).

Second stint with the New York Yankees (2007–2010)
After the 2006 season, Pettitte signed a one-year, $16 million contract with the New York Yankees with a player option for 2008 worth $16 million. The Astros had offered Pettitte $12 million for a one-year contract. Pettitte won his 200th career game on September 19, 2007. In 2007, he led the American League in starts (34), was seventh in batters faced (916), and was ninth in innings pitched ($215 1/3$), finishing the regular season with a 15–9 win–loss record. He also had the 5th-lowest HR/9 innings pitched ratio in the AL (0.67). After the season, Pettitte declined his 2008 option, becoming a free agent. The Yankees offered Pettitte salary arbitration, and Pettite accepted the Yankees offer. He signed a one-year, $16 million contract with the Yankees on December 12.

On September 21, 2008, Pettitte was the last starting pitcher for the Yankees at Yankee Stadium. He recorded his 2,000th career strikeout in the second inning, striking out Baltimore Orioles catcher Ramón Hernández. Pettitte led the Yankees in innings pitched in 2008 with 204. Over 14 seasons, Pettitte has averaged 158 strikeouts a season, the same number as he accumulated in 2008.

Pettitte agreed to a one-year, $5.5 million contract with incentives on January 26, 2009. Based on incentives such as innings pitched and days on the active roster, Pettitte eventually earned $10.5 million for 2009. Pettitte began the 2009 season as the Yankees' fourth starter, behind CC Sabathia, A. J. Burnett, and Chien-Ming Wang, followed by Joba Chamberlain.

Pettitte was the winning pitcher as the Yankees beat the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Game 6 of the ALCS on October 25, 2009, to clinch the series and advance to the World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. This brought his career total of series-clinching wins to five, breaking the record he previously shared with Roger Clemens, Catfish Hunter and Dave Stewart.

Pettitte drove in his first postseason run during Game 3 of the World Series when he got a single to center field that scored Nick Swisher. He was the winning pitcher for that game. Pettitte pitched Game 6 of the 2009 World Series on three days of rest. Experts were critical of the decision to pitch the 37-year-old on short rest, but Pettitte again was the winning pitcher in Game 6, defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 7–3. He extended his record career total series-clinching wins to six, and extended his record for post-season career wins to 18. He became the first pitcher in Major League Baseball history to start and win three series-clinching playoff games in the same year. Derek Lowe also won three series in 2004, but with one of his wins coming in relief. Additionally, on September 27 against the Red Sox, Pettitte had been the winning pitcher in the division-clinching game.

Pettitte filed for free agency after the 2009 season. He re-signed with the Yankees, receiving a one-year contract worth $11.75 million. In the first half of the 2010 season, Pettitte went 11–2 with a 2.70 ERA, earning an appearance in the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Pettitte finished the season with an 11–3 record and a 3.28 ERA, his lowest since 2005.

After months of speculation about his future, Pettitte announced his retirement on February 4, 2011. He spent the year away from professional baseball.

Comeback, third stint with the New York Yankees (2012–2013)
Pettitte agreed to join the Yankees in spring training in 2012 as a guest instructor. Stating that his return gave him "the itch", Pettitte signed a minor league contract with the Yankees worth $2.5 million on March 16, 2012. Pettitte began the season in the minor leagues pitching in games for different affiliates to build his endurance and pitch count. Pettitte returned on May 13, allowing four runs over $6 1/3$ innings in a loss to the Seattle Mariners 6–2. During a game against the Cleveland Indians on June 27, 2012, Pettitte was hit hard on his ankle by a ground ball. Shortly thereafter, it was announced that Pettitte had a fractured left fibula and would be out for at least six weeks. Pettitte returned on September 19, 2012 against the Blue Jays, pitching five scoreless innings. He finished the season with a 5–4 record and a 2.87 ERA in 12 games started. He also made two postseason appearances.

Pettitte re-signed with the Yankees for the 2013 season, agreeing to a one-year, $12 million contract. On May 17, 2013, Pettitte was put on the 15-day disabled list due to a strained left trapezius muscle. He was activated on June 3. On June 8, Pettitte recorded his 250th career win against the Seattle Mariners, becoming the 47th pitcher in major league history to achieve as many wins. On July 1, in a game against the Minnesota Twins, Pettitte struck out Justin Morneau, thereby passing Whitey Ford as the Yankees all-time strikeout leader with 1,958. He struck out his 2,000th batter as a Yankee on September 6.

Pettitte announced on September 20 that he would retire at the end of the season. Teammate Mariano Rivera convinced him to announce it before the end of the season. Pettitte made his last regular season start at Yankee Stadium on September 22. Pettitte's last major league start, on September 28 against the Astros in Houston, tied Ford for the most games started in Yankees history (438). Pettitte pitched a complete game, allowing only one run on five hits and receiving the victory. The Astros honored his career during the game.

Career perspective
Pettitte won 20 games in a season twice, posting 21–8 records in 1996 and 2003. He was part of seven American League pennant-winning teams, one National League pennant-winning team and five World Series championship teams. He holds the record for most wins in postseason history with 19. He is the only MLB pitcher since 1930 to win at least 12 games in each of his first nine seasons. Pettitte recorded the second-most career pickoffs (98) behind Steve Carlton (144).

For his career, Pettitte had a 256–153 win–loss record with a 3.85 ERA and 2,448 strikeouts in 3,316 innings. He also never had a losing season in the major leagues. Among Yankees pitchers, Pettitte ranks first in strikeouts (2,020), tied-first in games started (438), and third in wins (219). Pettitte and Rivera have combined for a record 81 (11 in the playoffs) win-save combinations, the most in history. They, along with teammates Derek Jeter and Jorge Posada, have been noted as the "Core Four", as they were teammates for the five World Series won by the Yankees between 1996 and 2009. His 148 wins from 2000 to 2009 were the most of the decade.

Pettitte was 19–10 with a 3.81 ERA in the postseason. He holds the all-time postseason record for most wins, games started (44) and innings pitched ($276 2/3$). In 2009, he became the second pitcher in history to win three series-clinching games (ALDS, ALCS and World Series) in the same postseason (following Derek Lowe in 2004). When Pettitte started Game 3 of the 2009 World Series, he passed Christy Mathewson and Waite Hoyt, with the second most World Series starts. Whitey Ford is in front with 22 starts. Pettitte played in eight different World Series (seven with the Yankees, and one with the Astros), and been on the winning end of 19 postseason series—both of which were tops among active players. On February 16, 2015, the Yankees announced that they would be retiring Pettitte's number 46 on August 23, 2015.

When the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot for 2019 was announced, Pettitte and former teammate Mariano Rivera were two of 20 players appearing on the ballot for the first time. Pettitte received 9.9% of the vote, which was above the 5% minimum required to remain on the ballot, but well short of the 75% required for election. He received 11.3% of the vote in the 2020 balloting, 13.7% of the vote in 2021 balloting, 10.7% of the vote in 2022 balloting, and 17% of the vote in 2023 balloting A player may appear on the ballot a maximum of 10 times.

Performance-enhancing drugs
On September 30, 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that former relief pitcher Jason Grimsley, during a raid by federal agents investigating steroids in baseball on June 6, 2006, named Pettitte as a user of performance-enhancing drugs. The Times reported that Pettitte was one of five names blacked out in an affidavit filed in federal court. Grimsley had told investigators that he got amphetamines, anabolic steroids, and human growth hormone (HGH) from someone (later named as Kirk Radomski) recommended to him by former Yankees trainer Brian McNamee, who is a personal strength coach for Roger Clemens and Pettitte. However, on October 3, 2006, The Washington Post reported that San Francisco United States attorney Kevin Ryan said that the Los Angeles Times report contained "significant inaccuracies." Contrary to the initial Los Angeles Times report, neither the name of Clemens nor Pettitte appeared in the affidavit submitted by Grimsley.

Pettitte was one of several Yankees named in the Mitchell Report, released on December 13, 2007. Mitchell and his staff received the information on Pettitte from McNamee, who told them he injected Pettitte with HGH on 2–4 occasions in 2002 so that he would heal from an elbow injury more quickly. Pettitte verified McNamee's claim, admitting to using the HGH on two occasions in 2002, as it was meant to help heal an injury, and not to enhance his performance. Pettitte said he felt an obligation to return to the team as quickly as possible. He denied any further usage of HGH during his career; he also denied use of steroids or any other performance-enhancing drug.

On February 13, 2008, in an affidavit made public as part of a hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Oversight and Governmental Reform, Pettitte admitted to additional injections of HGH twice in one day in 2004, using HGH obtained via prescription for his seriously ill father. Also in this affidavit, Pettitte recalled being told by former Yankees teammate Clemens in 1999 or 2000 that Clemens had recently received injections of HGH. Clemens claimed during the noted hearing that Pettitte "misremembered" Clemens's 1999 or 2000 HGH remark, alleging that what Pettitte really heard was Clemens's reporting of his wife's use of HGH at that time, though earlier during this same hearing Clemens denied knowing of any use of HGH by his wife. McNamee corroborated Pettitte's recollection of events.

On February 18, 2008, Pettitte reported to Yankees spring training and apologized to both Yankees and Astros fans for his past drug use. In the press conference, he said the performance-enhancing-drug scandal has put a "strain" on his relationship with Clemens, his close friend and former teammate.

Pitching style
Pettitte threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a sinker, a changeup to right-handed batters, and a slider. His out pitch was a cutter at 84–88 mph with good inside break on right-handed batters, resulting in a lot of ground ball outs and double plays. Before his original 2011 retirement, his fastball was measured in the lower 90s and his curveball was about 74–76 mph. As a left-handed pitcher, Pettitte had an exceptional pickoff move to first base, allowing him to record 98 career pickoffs.

Personal life
Pettitte met his wife, Laura, in high school. They have four children: Josh, Jared, Lexy, and Luke. Pettitte and his wife are devout Christians. The family resides in Houston, although Pettitte also owned a home in Westchester County, New York before putting it up for sale in 2020.

All three of Pettitte's sons have played baseball. Josh was selected by the Yankees in the 37th round of the 2013 MLB draft, but enrolled at Baylor University rather than sign a professional contract. He played at Rice University after transferring from Baylor in April 2014, before announcing his retirement on Instagram after a series of injuries in February 2018. His son, Jared, played for the University of Houston before transferring to Dallas Baptist University in 2020. He signed a professional contract with the Miami Marlins. , Luke is a junior on the baseball team at Second Baptist School. Pettitte's daughter plays volleyball at Dallas Baptist University.

On July 23, 2023, Pettitte returned to the New York Yankees as an advisor coach.

title: Andy Pettitte


text:
Johnny Vaughan

Jonathan Randal Vaughan (born 16 July 1966) is an English television and radio presenter and a film critic. He was the main presenter of Capital Breakfast alongside Lisa Snowdon on 95.8 Capital FM between 2004 and 2011.

Vaughan currently presents the Radio X drivetime show, weekdays from 4pm to 7pm (commonly referred to on air as The 4til7 Thang) and The Kickabout every Saturday from 11am to 1pm. Vaughan also writes a weekly column in The Sun newspaper reviewing recent film releases.

Early life
Vaughan was born in Barnet, Greater London, to an engineer father, Randal, and a psychotherapist mother, Fay.

Education
Vaughan went to St Andrew's Primary School in Totteridge, Barnet and private boarding schools, Bramcote School, Gamston, Nottinghamshire and Uppingham School, Rutland. During his school years he showed a talent for comedy, playing the violin and singing.

Early adult life and imprisonment
On leaving school, Vaughan moved back to London and originally wanted to become a writer. He ended up with a variety of jobs ranging from a grill chef to even starting his own business selling boxer shorts.

In 1988, aged 21, Vaughan was arrested for trying to sell £15,000 of cocaine to undercover police officers in a hotel on the M1 motorway near Northampton. After his initial success with Moviewatch, Vaughan said in interviews, including one with Mayfair magazine, that he had been incarcerated for the distribution of pornographic videotapes.

Latterly, Vaughan recalled the event in an interview with the Daily Telegraph,

One night, an old schoolfriend, a student, called and asked him if he had any drug connections; the friend had met somebody who wanted to know. (The somebody, it turned out, was a drug dealer who had been arrested and was now working for the police.) No, said Vaughan, he didn't.

'The next day,' Vaughan says, 'I do bump into someone. He calls me and says, "Tell your friend it's all sorted."' Vaughan arranged the meeting at a service station on the M1, and went there to introduce the protagonists. He was slammed against a wall by a policeman who asked him how old he was. When Vaughan said 21, the cop said, "You won't be seeing sunshine again until you're 36."

He was given a four-year jail sentence for dealing cocaine, served at Stocken Prison in Rutland. On release from prison, Vaughan started a job working as a journalist for the Peterborough Herald newspaper, reporting on legal cases in his column, Johnny Vaughan in the Courts.

Early career
His big break came in 1993 when he visited a friend's production company and through a chance meeting was offered a job with Channel 4. He started his television career presenting the movie review show Moviewatch, as well as the music show Naked City and his own chat show Here's Johnny. He also hosted a late night show, Fabulous, on the old BBC Radio Five in 1993.

The Big Breakfast
Channel 4 producers decided he was a natural in front of the camera, and in light of ailing viewing figures he was chosen to front The Big Breakfast from 1997 until 2001, forming a successful partnership with former programme weather girl and actress Denise van Outen from 1998. Van Outen's cheeky "Essex girl" personality played off well against the quick wit of Vaughan, and together they recovered audience figures to record levels. One feature of Vaughan's presentation was the way in which he frequently interacted with the various cameramen and technical people in the studio, turning some of them into popular characters in their own right. His ability to build a rapport with regulars from different walks of life such as Trevor Baylis, Mark Bright and Drusilla Beyfus, as well as the depth of knowledge he revealed in his Shed interviews, established him as something of a polymath. Also notable was that each programme finished with a zany situational competition in which Johnny revealed considerable talent as a character actor. In parallel with The Big Breakfast Vaughan presented another film show, The Johnny Vaughan Film Show.

Van Outen left to pursue her acting career at the end of 1998. The partnership with replacement model Kelly Brook failed to reproduce the chemistry between Vaughan and Van Outen, and audience figures "plummeted". Brook was replaced by Liza Tarbuck and Van Outen returned again as main female presenter in 2000 but the show was unrevivable. Vaughan and Van Outen left the show in January 2001 after both their contracts had run out.

Move to the BBC
In 2001, the BBC reportedly paid Vaughan £2.5 million to leave Channel 4. He transferred to the BBC to present a late-night talk show, Johnny Vaughan Tonight in the same vein of American shows by Johnny Carson and Jay Leno. Viewing figures were good (the show regularly received 2.5 – 3 million viewers a night) and commentators suggested that the format was best suited to the free-wheeling Vaughan. However, a highly promoted BBC Two sitcom vehicle 'Orrible, which Vaughan wrote and acted in, was poorly received by the critics. The show lost 40% of its audience over its first three episodes and was not renewed for a second series.

In October 2003 he devised and produced and was the first presenter of BBC Radio Five Live's Fighting Talk, a sport-related comedy show. Further television appearances ensued, when Vaughan tried a revival of his on screen relationship with Van Outen in 2004 in the BBC's Saturday night family show Passport to Paradise, which lasted for one series. During this period at the BBC, Vaughan also co-hosted 12 episodes of Superstars (British TV programme), a revival of the hugely popular sports competition which ran on British TV from 1973 to 1985.

95.8 Capital FM
On 2 April 2004, Vaughan moved to radio and returned to the "zoo" format, when he replaced Chris Tarrant as the presenter of Capital Breakfast on 95.8 Capital FM, which saw the listening figures for his show drop from over 1.3 million to 980,000 listeners, according to RAJAR statistics.

In January 2008, Vaughan was reunited with van Outen when she joined him on the breakfast show in a move to boost listening figures, but she left the show halfway through her contract in June 2008. In August 2008, van Outen was replaced by model Lisa Snowdon. The show rose in the ratings, reclaiming the top spot of London's breakfast radio chart in October 2008, with an average weekly audience of 862,000 listeners. In 2010–11, his breakfast show had regular audiences in excess of 1 million. On 18 November 2011, Vaughan left Capital Breakfast, and was replaced by Dave Berry.

talkSPORT & Radio X
In August 2013, it was announced Vaughan had signed for talkSPORT hosting a new show for Saturday morning from 11am to 1pm called the Warm Up alongside friends James Brown and Gavin Woods. The show looked ahead to the weekend's football action and went head to head with Vaughan's former show Fighting Talk on BBC Radio 5 Live. Alongside this role, he also covered for Colin Murray in his 10am – 1pm slot when he was unavailable. His last show on talkSPORT was on 19 September 2015 leaving talkSPORT to host the new drivetime show from 4pm to 7pm as part of the new weekday daytime lineup on Radio X.

Other work
Vaughan wrote the UK's first "dope opera", Top Buzzer, which aired in 2004 on MTV and later on Five. Vaughan has also been heavily involved with telethon charity drives such as Children in Need, Comic Relief and Sport Relief. In 2004 the BBC ran "a search to find the nation's best-loved sitcom" with a format that aped that of the 100 Greatest Britons. One celebrity championed each of the top ten sitcoms, presenting an hour-long special on why their favourite was the best. Vaughan was the presenter of the segment on prison-based sitcom Porridge.

In 2005, Vaughan became the host of the American reality/game show My Kind of Town on ABC. The show was cancelled after four episodes. He was also featured in the 2005 film Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, playing an awards ceremony host.

Vaughan presented the controversial hoax "reality" show Space Cadets for Channel 4. In June 2006, Vaughan appeared as a guest on TV Heaven, Telly Hell. He was a team captain on the Channel 4 comedy panel show Best of the Worst that also features team captain David Mitchell (Peep Show) and chairman Alexander Armstrong.

In December 2006, Vaughan made a guest appearance on the BBC comedy panel game QI (Series D, Episode 10, "Divination"). Vaughan has his own television production company, "World's End". In 2009, he presented a Premier League Football DVD titled Johnny Vaughan's Own Goals & Gaffs III.

In 2011, Vaughan appeared in the TV show Mud Men on History Channel. Accompanied by Steve Brooker, he ventured out into the Thames shoreline in search of hidden artefacts and treasures.

During the London 2012 Olympics, Vaughan joined Absolute Radio to present the Olympic Drivetime show. As Absolute Radio was also the official station of the BT London Live concerts in Hyde Park, which were also held during the Games, Vaughan also participated in the on-stage presenting of the acts and interviews with Team GB athletes and medalists.

Vaughan participated in a 2018 episode of quiz show Pointless Celebrities, reaching the final round alongside fellow Radio X DJ Toby Tarrant.

In 2023 Vaughan reunited with his former colleague Denise Van Outen to present an episode of ''Steph's Packed Lunch.

Personal life
Vaughan married his long-term partner costume designer Antonia Davies in August 1999. The couple met when he was working in a video store as a teenager. Elvis Costello performed at their wedding. In 2003 they lived in Wandsworth Common, South London. Vaughan's father-in-law was Nick Davies, once foreign editor of the Daily Mirror. They had two children and a bulldog, and divorced in 2014.

In March 1999, as a result of his experience of prison Catholic chaplains, Vaughan was received into the Catholic Church at Westminster Cathedral. He is a supporter of Chelsea F.C.

In July 2008, he shaved his head to raise money for the Capital Radio charity, "Help a London Child", of which he is an ambassador.

title: Johnny Vaughan


text:
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department

The following is a list of the 507 communes of the Seine-et-Marne department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Coulommiers Pays de Brie
 * Communauté d'agglomération Grand Paris Sud Seine-Essonne-Sénart (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Marne et Gondoire
 * Communauté d'agglomération Melun Val de Seine
 * Communauté d'agglomération Paris - Vallée de la Marne
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Fontainebleau
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Meaux
 * Communauté d'agglomération Roissy Pays de France (partly)
 * Val d'Europe Agglomération
 * Communauté de communes de la Bassée - Montois
 * Communauté de communes de la Brie des Rivières et Châteaux
 * Communauté de communes La Brie Nangissienne
 * Communauté de communes des Deux Morin
 * Communauté de communes Gâtinais-Val de Loing
 * Communauté de communes Moret Seine et Loing
 * Communauté de communes de l'Orée de la Brie (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de l'Ourcq
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Montereau
 * Communauté de communes Pays de Nemours
 * Communauté de communes Plaines et Monts de France
 * Communauté de communes Les Portes Briardes Entre Villes et Forêts
 * Communauté de communes du Provinois
 * Communauté de communes du Val Briard