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Ottawa West—Nepean

Ottawa West—Nepean (Ottawa-Ouest—Nepean) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997.

Geography
The district includes the neighbourhoods of Shirleys Bay, Crystal Beach, Rocky Point, Bayshore, Britannia, Britannia Bay, Lincoln Heights, Whitehaven, Glabar Park, Queensway, Kenson Park, Redwood, Graham Park, Qualicum, Leslie Park, Briargreen, Centrepointe, Woodroffe, Bel-Air Park, Bel-Air Heights, Braemar Park, Copeland Park, Navaho, City View, Ryan Farm, Skyline, Fisher Heights, Parkwood Hills, Carleton Heights, Fisher Glen, Borden Farm, Crestview, Meadowlands, Woodpark, and the western half of Carlington in the City of Ottawa.

History
The electoral district was created in 1996 from Ottawa West, Nepean and part of Lanark—Carleton ridings.

2012 Federal Redistribution
The 2012 federal redistribution saw the riding gain a small portion from Ottawa Centre, but it remained largely unchanged.

2022 Federal Redistribution
The 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution resulted in several boundary changes to the riding.

The eastern riding boundary along Merivale Road was pushed further east to Fisher Avenue. As a consequence, the entire Carlington neighbourhood (not just the western portion) is now part of the riding.

The north-east boundary has also been shifted east, from Maitland and Sherwood Avenues to Golden Avenue and then along Carling Avenue to the 417 Highway. Consequently the McKellar Park and McKellar Heights neighbourhoods have been reassigned from the Ottawa Centre riding into Ottawa West—Nepean.

A small corner of the riding between Merivale Avenue on the West and the Rideau River on the east, and from the railroad tracks in the north to West Hunt Club Road in the south, has been moved from Ottawa West-Nepean to Nepean. While largely retail-commercial in nature, it includes a number of residential homes along or near Prince of Wales Dr.

The north-west boundary has been moved east from Hertzberg Road to Davidson Side Road north of Carling Avenue. That portion has been moved into the Kanata (formerly the Kanata-Carleton) riding. It is a rural area which includes a large area of Federal lands, and so is of small consequence to elector counts.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 60.7% White, 8.9% Black, 7.0% South Asian, 5.3% Arab, 4.6% Chinese, 4.1% Indigenous, 2.2% Southeast Asian, 2.0% Filipino, 1.4% Latin American, 1.4% West Asian

Languages: 60.3% English, 6.5% French, 4.2% Arabic, 2.0% Mandarin, 1.7% Italian, 1.4% Spanish, 1.2% Somali, 1.2% Cantonese, 1.1% Vietnamese, 1.0% Tagalog

Religions: 49.3% Christian (26.3% Catholic, 4.0% Anglican, 3.7% United Church, 2.3% Christian Orthodox, 1.3% Pentecostal, 1.0% Presbyterian, 10.7% Other), 10.8% Muslim, 3.3% Hindu, 1.8% Jewish, 1.5% Buddhist, 31.5% None

Median income: $42,800 (2020)

Average income: $55,900 (2020)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

In the 2004 federal election, Marlene Catterall defeated Conservative Party candidate Sean Casey in a very close election.

In the 2006 federal election, Catterall stepped aside, and high-profile Progressive Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament, John Baird, contested and won the riding for the Conservative Party.

Until February 3, 2015, he was a member of the cabinet of Prime Minister Stephen Harper as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He has also previously served as President of the Treasury Board, then Minister of the Environment, then as Government House Leader. Baird resigned from the House of Commons on March 16, 2015.

Riding associations
Riding associations are the local branches of national political parties:

title: Ottawa West—Nepean


text:
Talk:Distance (Hikaru Utada album)

Track listing
I have to ask, why are some of the tracks in english with their translation into other languages in brackets, then some of the titles have a japanese name with the english translation? There is no sort of standardisation. Unless this is how the tracks are written on the back cover on in the CD, why is it like this?

Seraphim Whipp 20:22, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, they're supposed to be like that. Some are named in English and others are named in Japanese.—Ｌｏｖｅはドコ？ (talk • contribs) 18:00, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Oki dokie. Cheers :-)
 * Seraphim Whipp 20:47, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Rival
Why does it say that Hamasaki is her rival?

Utada said, "Some people compare us as rivals, but we do really different things."

She was implying that this isn't true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.239.99.53 (talk) 17:47, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Distance (Hikaru Utada album)


text:
Remy Hermoso

Ángel Remigio Hermoso (October 1, 1947 – August 21, 2020), commonly known as Remy Hermoso (er-mo'-so), was a Venezuelan Major League Baseball shortstop and right-handed batter who played for the Atlanta Braves (1967), Montreal Expos (1969–70) and Cleveland Indians (1974).

A native from Carabobo State, Venezuela, Hermoso was signed by the Braves as an amateur free agent before the 1967 season.

In a three-season career, Hermoso hit .211 (47-for-223) with three doubles, one triple, 25 runs, and eight RBI in 91 games.

In 2015, he was enshrined into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

Hermoso died on August 21, 2020, at the age of 72.

title: Remy Hermoso


text:
User talk:Adriano (usurped)

Hi Adriano, and welcome to Wikipedia.

I've deleted your article (Adezza) because it was both unsuitable for Wikipedia (see No original research) and it was also previously deleted. If you disagree and would like it restored, you may wish to list it at Votes for undeletion. Otherwise the entry will be deleted if you attempt to recreate it. You are welcome to write about your alphabet on your own userpage, of course. -- Hadal 17:00, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hey Adriano, thanks for uploading Image:Adezza-smpl01.gif and Image:Adz S.jpg! I noticed that they currently don't have image copyright tags. Since these seem to be your work, could you add one to let us know their copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Ricky81682 (talk) 08:32, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

--> Dear friends, I really don't urdestand what happened about Adezza (?) I don't know what it is. I started in en.wiki on 13th april 2005 with this. I started in it.wiki about end of march 2004. Please see my page in it.wiki and my page in ja.wiki. For any doubt about my work in wiki, please contact Frieda administrator of it.wiki. Thank you to everybody. If someone can to explain to me what happened I'll be very glad! Excuse me for my bad english! Adriano C. 10:10, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * No need to apologize. It looks like the images got deleted because the article was deleted.  I don't know why the article was deleted however. Sorry. --Ricky81682 (talk) 16:30, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * See User talk:Adriano C. As to why the article got removed, see Hadal's msg above. Seems to have been an article about a new "font" designed by "Adriano" (not "Adriano C."), and thus fell under the "no original research" rule. Lupo 08:11, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

motion to close mediation
hello there,

there was a mediation offer quite a while ago concerning the issue of Trentino-South Tyrol. I am happy to announce that the issue has been discussed, voted upon and settled. However the mediation offer still needs to be officially closed. Please take a minute to visit the page Mediation Cabal/Cases/2006-10-20 Trentino-South Tyrol and put your signature at the bottom if you agree with the decision, thank you. sincerely Gryffindor  20:25, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * A very important note. This mediation offer concerned the greater overall naming convention to use in this region, not just the name of the region itself.  We came up with a very good compromise for the regional name itself.  I for one am still looking forward for Lar to help us out. Taalo 21:33, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adriano (usurped)


text:
Birchwood Forest Park

Birchwood Forest Park covers the area formerly occupied by the Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Risley, in Birchwood, Warrington, in north-west England. The park covers an area of 500 acre and stretches from the M6 in the west to the M62, junction 11, in the east.

In 1985, a sculpture entitled Bo Peep and Her Sheep, sculpted by Diane Gorvin was introduced to the park.

title: Birchwood Forest Park


text:
Cassiope

Cassiope is a genus of 9-12 small shrubby species in the family Ericaceae. It is the sole genus in the subfamily Cassiopoideae. They are native to the Arctic and north temperate montane regions. The genus is named after Cassiopeia of Greek mythology.

Description
Cassiope has scale-like leaves lying against the stems, and produce solitary bell-shaped flowers in late spring. Though hardy, flowers can be damaged by late frosts.

Species
Plants of the World Online (POWO) recognizes 18 accepted species.

 * Cassiope abbreviata
 * Cassiope x anadyrensis
 * Cassiope x argyrotricha
 * Cassiope ericoides
 * Cassiope fastigiata
 * Cassiope fujianensis
 * Cassiope hypnoides
 * Cassiope lycopodioides
 * Cassiope membranifolia
 * Cassiope mertensiana
 * Cassiope myosuroides
 * Cassiope nana
 * Cassiope palpebrata
 * Cassiope pectinata
 * Cassiope redowskii
 * Cassiope selaginoides
 * Cassiope stelleriana
 * Cassiope tetragona
 * Cassiope wardii

Uses
Cassiope is cultivated in gardens, suitable sites being rock gardens, peat banks or glades in woodland areas.

title: Cassiope


text:
Talk:Snow bunting

Untitled
I am not a birder so don't know whether they image above that I just uploaded is a better representation of the bird than the pics we already have (assuming that it is indeed a Snow Bunting!). Comments welcome. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 17:05, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Environmental physiology
— Assignment last updated by Lenaerickson (talk) 02:16, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snow bunting


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Timmins—James Bay (federal electoral district)

Timmins—James Bay (Timmins—Baie James) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1997. Its population in 2011 was 83,104. Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding will be renamed Kapuskasing—Timmins—Mushkegowuk.

The district includes the extreme eastern part of the District of Kenora, all of the District of Cochrane except for the central western part, and a small part south of Timmins, and all of the District of Timiskaming except for the extreme southeastern part.

Timmins—James Bay is the 11th largest in Canada (in Ontario it is second largest to Kenora).

Geography
Timmins—James Bay consists of
 * the part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying east of a line drawn from the northeast corner of the most northerly point of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay (Albany River) due north to Hudson Bay;
 * the Territorial District of Cochrane, excluding the part bounded by a line drawn from the western limit of the territorial district east along the northern limits of the townships of Boyce, Boyce, Shuel, Mulloy, Fintry, Auden, Rogers, Fushimi, Bannerman, Ritchie, Mulvey, Goldwin, Sweet, Hillmer, McKnight, Boyle, Mowbray, Howells, Sheldon, Pinard and Mewhinney, south along the eastern boundaries of the townships of Mewhinney, Bourassa, Tolmie, Menapia, Beniah, Colquhoun and Calder, west along the northern boundary of the Township of Ottaway, south along the western boundaries of the townships of Ottaway, Beck, Lucas and Prosser, and west along the southern boundaries of the townships of Carnegie, Reid, Thorburn, Moberly, Aitken, Poulett, Watson and Lisgar, to the southwestern limit of the territorial district;
 * the part of the Territorial District of Timiskaming bounded by a line drawn from the northeast corner of the Township of Harris, west along the northern boundaries of the townships of Harris, Dymond, Hudson, Lundy, Auld and Speight, and south along the western boundaries of the townships of Speight, Van Nostrand and Leo to the southern limit of the territorial district.

History
Timmins—James Bay was created in 1996 from parts of Cochrane—Superior and Timiskaming—Cochrane ridings.

It consisted initially of:
 * the part of the Territorial District of Cochrane lying west and north of a line drawn from the southeast corner of the City of Timmins north and west along the east and north limits of the city north along the east boundaries of the Townships of Prosser, Lucas, Beck and Ottaway, west and north along the south and west boundary of the Township of Clute, north along the east boundary of the Township of Colquhoun, and east along the south boundaries of the Townships of Marven, Thorning, Potter, Sangster, Bragg, Newman, Tomlinson, Hurtubise and St. Laurent,
 * the part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying east of a line drawn north from the most northerly northeast corner of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay to Hudson Bay.

In 2003, it was given its current boundaries as described above.

This riding gained a fraction of territory from Nipissing—Timiskaming during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

2022 changes
In the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding gains the Highway 11 corridor and the Chapleau area from Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing. Loses Marten Falls 65 and the area south of the Albany River and generally west of the Kenogami River to Thunder Bay—Superior North. Loses the southeastern quarter of Timiskaming District (James eastward and Chamberlain southward) to Nipissing—Timiskaming.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 74.7% White, 22.0% Indigenous, 1.3% South Asian

Languages: 63.1% English, 25.8% French, 1.7% Cree

Religions: 63.8% Christian (44.4% Catholic, 4.5% Anglican, 3.3% United Church, 1.5% Pentecostal, 1.2% Baptist, 1.0% Anabaptist, 7.9% Other), 33.6% None

Median income: $41,600 (2020)

Average income: $52,250 (2020)

Election results
Note: Change from 2000 is based on redistributed results. Conservative Party change is based on the combination of Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative Party totals.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.


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Pieris (plant)

Pieris ( or ) is a genus of seven species of shrubs in the flowering plant family Ericaceae, native to mountain regions of eastern and southern Asia, eastern North America and Cuba. Known commonly in North America as andromedas or fetterbushes, they are broad-leaved evergreen shrubs growing to 1 - 6 m tall and 3 - 10 ft wide. The leaves are spirally arranged, often appearing to be in whorls at the end of each shoot with bare stretches of shoot below; they are lanceolate-ovate, 2 - 10 cm long and 1.0 - 3.5 cm broad, leathery textured, and with an entire or serrated margin. The young leaves in spring are typically brightly coloured. The flowers, which may have a very appealing honey scent, are bell-shaped, 5 - 15 mm long, white or pink, and arranged in racemes 5 - 12 cm long. The fruit is a woody capsule which splits into five sections to release the numerous small seeds.

Pieris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed.

The genus name derives from Pieria, a place in Greece, according to Greek mythology the home of the Muses.

Species

 * Pieris cubensis (Grisebach) Small. Western Cuba.
 * Pieris floribunda (Pursh ex Simms) Benth. & Hook. – mountain andromeda, mountain pieris, mountain fetterbush. Eastern United States.
 * Pieris formosa (Wallich) D.Don – Chinese pieris, Himalayan pieris. The Himalaya, southwestern China (Yunnan), northern Myanmar.
 * Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D.Don ex G.Don – Japanese andromeda. Eastern China, Japan, Taiwan.
 * Pieris nana (Maxim.) Makino (syn. Arcterica nana). Japan, eastern Siberia.
 * Pieris phillyreifolia (Hook.) DC. – climbing fetterbush. Southeastern United States.
 * Pieris swinhoei Hemsley – southeastern China (Fujian, Guangdong).

Cultivation
They are commonly grown as ornamental plants, valued for year-round interest due to bright red new growth in early spring, chains of small, white flowers in mid-spring, and buds that remain on the plant through the winter. Numerous cultivars have been selected for different spring foliage colour. They grow best in a shady spot, sheltered from drying, winter winds. They prefer acidic soil, and should be mulched once per year, using a two-inch covering of either peat or composted pine needles. The flowers give the plant one of its alternative names, 'Lily of the valley shrub' (though Pieris is not closely related to Convallaria).

Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

 * 'Blush'
 * 'Cavatine'
 * 'Debutante'
 * 'Firecrest'
 * 'Flaming silver'
 * 'Forest flame'
 * 'Mountain fire'
 * 'Pink delight'
 * 'Prelude'
 * 'Purity'
 * 'Sarabande'
 * 'Valley Valentine'
 * 'Wakehurst'

Toxicity
Pieris floribunda (mountain fetterbush) has been noted as highly toxic.

title: Pieris (plant)


text:
Kalmia

Kalmia is a genus of about ten species of evergreen shrubs from 0.2–5 m tall, in the family Ericaceae (heath). They are native to North America (mainly in the eastern half of the continent) and Cuba. They grow in acidic soils, with different species in wet acid bog habitats (K. angustifolia, K. polifolia) and dry, sandy soils (K. ericoides, K. latifolia).

Kalmia was named by Linnaeus to honour his friend the botanist Pehr Kalm, who collected it in eastern North America during the mid-18th century. Earlier, Mark Catesby saw it during his travels in Carolina, and after his return to England in 1726, imported seeds. He described it, a costly rarity, in his Natural History of Carolina, as Chamaedaphne foliis tini, that is to say "with leaves like the Laurustinus"; the botanist and plant-collector Peter Collinson, who had begged some of the shrub from his correspondent John Custis in Virginia, wrote, when his plants flowered, that "I Really Think it exceeds the Laurus Tinus."

The leaves are 2–12 cm long and simple lanceolate. The flowers are white, pink or purple, in corymbs of 10–50, reminiscent of Rhododendron flowers but flatter, with a star-like calyx of five conjoined petals; each flower is 1–3 cm diameter. The fruit is a five-lobed capsule, which splits to release the numerous small seeds.

The foliage contains grayanotoxins, a group of closely related neurotoxins named after Leucothoe grayana, native to Japan, so it is toxic if eaten, with sheep being particularly prone to poisoning, hence the name lambkill used for some of the species. Other names for Kalmia, particularly Kalmia angustifolia, are sheep-laurel, lamb-kill, calf-kill, kill-kid, and sheep-poison, which may be written with or without the hyphen. (See species list below.) "Kid" here refers to a young goat, not a human child, but the foliage and twigs are toxic to humans as well.

It has also been called spoonwood because Kalm was told by Dutch settlers of North America that Native Americans made spoons from the wood. Given its toxicity, this may be folklore rather than scientific fact.

Kalmias are popular garden shrubs, grown for their decorative flowers. They should not be planted where they are accessible to livestock due to the toxicity.

Kalmia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidopteran species including Coleophora kalmiella which feeds exclusively on Kalmia.

Species
Species and subspecies listed by Plants of the World Online:
 * Kalmia angustifolia L. - Sheep-laurel, lambkill
 * Kalmia angustifolia subsp. carolina (Small) A.Haines - Carolina mountain-laurel
 * Kalmia buxifolia (P.J. Bergius) Gift & Kron - Sandmyrtle
 * Kalmia cuneata Michx. - Whitewicky
 * Kalmia ericoides C.Wright ex Griseb. - Cuban kalmia
 * Kalmia hirsuta Walter - Hairy mountain-laurel
 * Kalmia latifolia L. - Mountain laurel
 * Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A.Heller - Alpine laurel, alpine bog-laurel, alpine mountain-laurel
 * Kalmia microphylla subsp. occidentalis (Small) Roy L.Taylor & MacBryde
 * Kalmia polifolia Wangenh. - Bog kalmia, bog-laurel
 * Kalmia procumbens (L.) Gift, Kron & P.F.Stevens ex Galasso, Banfi & F.Conti

Kalmia procumbens was treated as the only species in the genus Loiseleuria in older floras. The related Kalmiopsis leachiana and K. fragrans are rare shrubs endemic to southwest Oregon.

Fossil record
Fossil leaves of †Kalmia saxonica have been described from the Lower Miocene of Brandis, Germany and Bełchatów, Poland, †'Kalmia marcodurensis have been described from the Lower Miocene of Bitterfeld, Germany. In the Late Tertiary Kalmia was associated with coal-forming vegetation occurring as a component of the vegetation of bush swamps together with Cyrilla and other shrubs. Among recent species Kalmia angustifolia is most similar to †Kalmia saxonica in respect of morphology, while Kalmia latifolia has a very similar epidermal structure. These two extant species grow in the eastern part of North America from (Quebec to Florida) on acid swampy or marshy soils.

Books

 * Jaynes, Richard A., 1997: Kalmia, mountain laurel and related species, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
 * Huebbers, Karl-Heinz and Westhoff, Julia,2020 : Fascynujące kalmie (Fascinating Kalmie) published by Plantin, Krakow, Poland ISBN 978-83-956964-0-4

title: Kalmia


text:
User talk:Dmw

Welcome
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.

 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.

 * Before saving a page, it's a good idea to use the Show Preview button to review your edits.

Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 17:10, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dmw


text:
Oxydendrum

Oxydendrum arboreum, the sourwood or sorrel tree, is the sole species in the genus Oxydendrum, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern North America, from southern Pennsylvania south to northwest Florida and west to southern Illinois; it is most common in the lower chain of the Appalachian Mountains. The tree is frequently seen as a component of oak-heath forests.

Growth
Sourwood is a small tree or large shrub, growing to 10 - 20 m tall with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter. Occasionally on extremely productive sites, this species can reach heights in excess of 30 meters and 60 cm diameter. The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, 8 – long and 4 – broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are dark green in summer, but turn vivid red in fall. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 6–9 mm ( 1/4 to 1/3 inch) long, produced on 15 – long panicles. The fruit is a small woody capsule. The roots are shallow, and the tree grows best when there is little root competition; it also requires acidic soils for successful growth. The leaves can be chewed (but should not be swallowed) to help alleviate a dry-feeling mouth.

Description
The bark is gray with a reddish tinge, deeply furrowed and scaly. Branchlets at first are light yellow green, but later turn reddish brown. The wood is reddish brown, with paler sapwood; it is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and will take a high polish. Its specific gravity is 0.7458, with a density of 46.48 lb/cu ft.

The winter buds are axillary, minute, dark red, and partly immersed in the bark. Inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins.

Leaves are alternate, four to seven inches long, 1.5 to 2.5 inches wide, oblong to oblanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, serrate, and acute or acuminate. Leaf veins are feather-veined, the midrib is conspicuous. They emerge from the bud revolute, bronze green and shining, and smooth; when full-grown, they are dark green, shining above, and pale and glaucous below. In autumn, they turn bright scarlet. Petioles are long and slender, with stipules wanting. They are heavily laden with acid.

In June and July, cream-white flowers are borne in terminal panicles of secund racemes seven to eight inches long; rachis and short pedicels are downy. The calyx is five-parted and persistent; lobes are valvate in bud. The corolla is ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, cream-white, and five-toothed. The 10 stamens are inserted on the corolla; filaments are wider than the anthers; anthers are two-celled. The pistil is ovary superior, ovoid, and five-celled; the style is columnar; the stigma is simple; the disk is ten-toothed, and ovules are many.

The fruit is a capsule, downy, five-valved, five-angled, and tipped by the persistent style; the pedicels are curving.

Cultivation and uses
The sourwood is hardy in the north and a worthy ornamental tree in lawns and parks. Its late bloom makes it desirable, and its autumnal coloring is particularly beautiful and brilliant. The leaves are heavily charged with acid, and to some extent have the poise of those of the peach. The leaves are also a laxative.

Sourwood is renowned for the honey that bees produce from the nectar of its flowers. Juice from its blooms is used to make sourwood jelly. The shoots were used by the Cherokee and the Catawba to make arrowshafts.

In Appalachian culture
Sourwood Mountain is a popular old-time tune in the Appalachian region of the United States.

title: Oxydendrum


text:
Adam Curry

Adam Clark Curry (born September 3, 1964) is an American podcaster, announcer, Internet entrepreneur and media personality, known for his stint as a VJ on MTV and being one of the first celebrities to personally create and administer Web sites. Also known for co-hosting the No Agenda show, in the 2000s, he first became involved in podcasting, and has been called the 'Podfather' because of his efforts.

Early broadcast career

Curry was born in Arlington, Virginia, but lived in Amstelveen, Netherlands, from 1972 to 1987. After a time working in Dutch pirate radio at Radio Picasso in Amstelveen and in Amsterdam in the early 1980s under the pseudonym "John Holden", he got a break in broadcasting as the host of the Dutch weekly pop-music television program Countdown, and the English version of the same show, which was broadcast on pan-European music channel Music Box. He also hosted several other radio and television programs for the Dutch broadcast station Veronica. Aside from Countdown, in the Netherlands Adam Curry is mostly known for his part in the Curry and Van Inkel radioshow (together with Dutch DJ Jeroen van Inkel), broadcast on Radio 3 for Veronica between 19:00 and 22:00 on Friday.

In 1987, Curry became a VJ for MTV. Besides making spot appearances between music videos, he was also host of the programs Headbangers Ball and MTV Top 20 Video Countdown in which he interviewed stars like Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney. While working for MTV, he also did radio work, including drive-time host for the New York City radio station WHTZ, and host of the national program HitLine USA.

Curry hosted the radio countdown show "Adam Curry's Top 30 Hitlist" for Entertainment Radio Networks from November 1991 to June 1994.

Web and MTV.com
Curry registered the then-unclaimed domain name "mtv.com" in 1993 with the idea of being MTV's unofficial new voice on the Internet. Although this move was sanctioned by his superiors at MTV Networks at the time, when Curry left to start his own web-portal design and hosting company, OnRamp Inc, MTV subsequently sued him for the domain name.

OnRamp eventually grew to 4,000 employees and was sold to Think New Ideas Inc., another company that he co-founded, becoming Chief Technology Officer of Think. In 1996, as the Internet was undergoing its "bubble", the company made an initial public offering on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol THNK. It subsequently grew to employ over 7,400 people, with offices in seven countries, and was absorbed into Answerthink Inc. in a later merger.

In 2005, Curry founded a video-sharing site called PodShow, which later changed its name to Mevio, with Ron Bloom. In May 2008, Mevio claimed to have reached 9 million unique visitors. It offers advertisers "brand-safe" content on a large scale. It raised a US$15 million third round in July 2008, bringing the total amount it has raised since its launch to over US$38 million. Mevio later rebranded as Bitesize Entertainment and ultimately BiteSizeTV, located in Los Angeles, CA.

Enterprises in the U.S. and Europe
After selling his business in the United States, Curry and his family moved to the Netherlands in 1999, where Curry hosted a morning talk/music show for Radio Veronica. He also landed various television assignments and his family briefly starred in the reality show Adam's Family.

Curry and two business partners founded the multimedia company United Resources of Jamby in 1999. It was to act as an incubator and cultivator for new Internet-related businesses. The business was ultimately unsuccessful. Curry's participation in Kennisnet, another venture to introduce the Internet to Dutch schools, ended in a bitter argument and lawsuits. Sportus.nl, an online webshop in collaboration with Dutch athletes like Marcel Wouda, Jacco Eltingh, Ron Zwerver and Daniëlle Overgaag, started in 1999, went bankrupt in 2001. Another content exchange project, Freedom Controller, was cancelled in 2002.

In 2000 he and business partner Simon Cavendish, a participant in his earlier ventures, founded the RotorJet company to offer helicopter services. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2005. In the subsequent dispute, Cavendish seized the assets of the company, and in April 2005, Curry was ordered by a Dutch court to repay approximately US$3 million that he had withdrawn from RotorJet.

In 2002 he produced and starred in the reality soap Adam's Family: een kijkje in het leven van de familie Curry (A Glimpse into the Life of the Curry Family) which was aired by the Dutch SBS6 network.

On June 14, 2010, Curry was interviewed by Howard Stern on The Howard Stern Show about being an Internet Entrepreneur. During the interview, Curry discussed a previous investment of $65,000 in AskJeeves.com, which he had forgotten until his lawyer called with news of a windfall. “That went public and all of a sudden I had $150 million,” he explained.

Podcasting
Curry founded PodShow, now Mevio, with his business partner Ron Bloom, in January 2005. PodShow is a podcast promotions and advertising company that encompasses the Podshow Podcast Network, the Podcast Delivery Network, and the Podsafe Music Network. Some of Podshow's top podcasts are Curry's own Daily Source Code, The Dawn and Drew Show, and GeekBrief.TV.

From June 2005 to May 2007, Curry hosted a weekday evening show on Sirius Satellite Radio called 'Adam Curry's PodShow'.

Since October 2007, he has hosted the twice-weekly podcast the No Agenda Show with John C. Dvorak, discussing recent news whilst deconstructing mainstream news media.

Curry has heavily promoted his podcasting endeavors. He promoted his podcast Daily Source Code in Second Life under the name 'Adam Neumann', along with a Second Life island called Podshow Island. Curry used podcasting to endorse 2008 Republican presidential hopeful Ron Paul. He also uses his show to discuss alternative takes on topics in the daily news, as well as conspiracy theories such as Free energy suppression and the 9/11 Truth Movement.

Curry is widely credited for popularizing the podcast medium. As Annalee Newitz noted in Wired, "Every new medium needs a celebrity, and Curry is happy to fill that role."

On March 4, 2020, Curry appeared on Joe Rogan's podcast The Joe Rogan Experience and later re-appeared on September 8, 2020. During the September show, he discussed having Tourette syndrome. Curry returned to the podcast for a third time on July 6, 2021. Adam Curry made a fourth appearance on the show on January 8, 2022, and a fifth on January 25, 2023.

Adam Curry started a podcasting platform called Podcast Index in 2020. The platform is an open-source database of podcasts that, as of 2024, has over four million entries in its database. The service's software is licensed under the open MIT License and the entire database is downloadable in SQLite format. Podcast Index collects Web feeds of podcasts that developers can then use in their projects and applications, for example, the podcast player "podchaser".

Creative Commons licensing
In February 2006, Curry sued the Dutch tabloid Weekend for reprinting photos from his Flickr page and publishing details about his daughter. The photos were released under a version of the Creative Commons license that forbids commercial use and requires acknowledgement, but the tabloid printed a few of them without contacting Curry. The verdict did not award Curry any damages, but forbade the tabloid from reprinting the photos in the future, setting a fine of €1,000 for each subsequent violation. It was one of the first times the license was tested in court.

In May 2009, Curry posted on his blog that another Dutch tabloid had published another Creative Commons-licensed photo from Curry's Flickr account. After Curry asserted Creative Commons license requirements, the publisher settled on Curry's terms.

Personal life
Since 1999, Curry has, at one time or another, lived in Belgium; Guildford and London, England; San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, and Austin, Texas, U.S.

Curry was married to Dutch television/radio personality Patricia Paay from 1989 to 2009. They have a daughter, Christina.

In July 2012, Curry married Micky Hoogendijk. On January 29, 2015, Curry announced on the No Agenda show that he and Hoogendijk had separated. Hoogendijk and Curry divorced in 2015.

Curry married his girlfriend of four years, Tina Snider (dubbed "The Keeper" by John C. Dvorak on the No Agenda Show), on May 19, 2019, in Austin, Texas.

Curry is the nephew of former CIA official and United States Ambassador to Korea, Donald Gregg, whom he calls "Uncle Don" in his podcast.

title: Adam Curry


text:
Culcheth Linear Park

Culcheth Linear Park is a park in the district of Culcheth, Warrington, England.

Like the Black Bear Park and sections of the Trans Pennine Trail, Culcheth Linear Park is built on former railway tracks. This park lies on a section of the former Wigan Junction Railways.

The line was first opened to goods in 1878 and was later connected to Wigan Central, Glazebrook, Lowton St Mary's, and Culcheth. At the outbreak of World War II lines were connected to the Royal Naval Aircraft Training Establishment at Culcheth (HMS Ariel) and the Royal Ordnance Factory at Risley. Following the Beeching Report of 1964, the line was closed.

On 21 December 1970, part of the former rail route was conveyed to Golborne Urban District Council (Golborne UDC). In 1974, Golborne UDC was split between two newly-created local authorities: the Borough of Warrington and the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan. The portion of the rail route that was acquired by Warrington was converted into a new park.

Today it is home to many local community projects and a variety of wildlife. There are also some limited facilities for sport.

In February 2023, it garnered worldwide attention as the park was the location of the murder of teenager Brianna Ghey.

title: Culcheth Linear Park


text:
Beethoven's 2nd (film)

Beethoven's 2nd is a 1993 American family comedy film. Directed by Rod Daniel and written by Len Blum, it is the sequel to the 1992 film Beethoven, second installment in the Beethoven film series and the last to be released theatrically. Charles Grodin, Bonnie Hunt, Nicholle Tom, Christopher Castile and Sarah Rose Karr reprised their roles with Debi Mazar and Chris Penn joining the cast. Initially, no sequel was planned, but it was produced after the unexpected financial success of the previous film.

Plot
In the Newton family home, George, Alice, Ryce, Ted, Emily, and Beethoven are all well-adjusted to living together. One day, Beethoven sneaks out and meets a female St. Bernard, Missy, and her owner, Brillo. However, Brillo's future ex-wife, Regina, arrives with her new boyfriend, Floyd, takes Missy, and is seeking $50,000 in the settlement as alimony. Regina has retained full custody of Missy and only plans to transfer her to Brillo once the divorce is finalized.

With Beethoven's help, Missy escapes from Regina and Floyd's condominium, and they fall in love. Meanwhile, Ryce develops strong romantic feelings for her classmate, Taylor Devereaux, after he kisses her. Ted and Emily become aware of Beethoven constantly sneaking out of the house and follow him, where they discover he and Missy had four puppies in the basement of Regina and Floyd's condominium building. The local janitor also finds them and informs Regina and Floyd. Regina then reclaims Missy and plans to get rid of the puppies, even if it means killing them, but Gus talks Regina out of it by pointing out that purebred puppies are worth a lot of money and suggests that she could sell them at a pet store and make a fortune.

After hearing Regina's plan to drown the puppies, Ted and Emily sneak them out of the building and take the puppies home. They keep the puppies in the basement so George will not see them. Realizing Ted and Emily took the puppies, Regina plans revenge. Ryce, Ted, and Emily take it upon themselves to feed and care for them. Eventually, George discovers the puppies and reluctantly agrees to keep them until they mature.

The Newtons are offered a free stay in a lakefront house in the mountains owned by one of George's business associates. There, Taylor invites Ryce to a party with friends where she is exposed to teenage drinking and sexual harassment. Beethoven destroys the house's patio deck, saving her from potential danger. Regina and Floyd are staying in a location unknown to Brillo, coincidentally near the Newtons' vacation house. The Newtons go to a county fair with the dogs, and Ryce, Ted, and Emily persuade George to enter a burger eating contest with Beethoven, which they win. Regina and Floyd are also at the fair, but leave Missy in their car.

Missy escapes from the car with Beethoven's help while Regina snatches the puppies' leashes from Ted and Emily. After Floyd informs Regina that Beethoven and Missy ran into the mountains, they follow them and the Newtons follow and catch up. After a confrontation between George and Floyd, the latter threatens to drop the puppies in the river below and pokes George in the stomach with a large stick. Beethoven charges into the stick and rams it into Floyd's groin as retaliation, causing him to lose his balance. Regina grabs Floyd's hand and they both fall off the cliff. They land in a pool of mud and are swept away by the river.

Five months later, Brillo visits the Newtons with Missy, revealing that the judge in the divorce had granted him full custody of her and denied Regina's claim. The puppies, now grown, run downstairs to see Missy.

Cast
The film was Danny Masterson's screen debut. His younger brother, Christopher, also had a small role, but when the producers noticed the resemblance, they removed him.

Production
The film is set in California, but the park scenes were filmed in Montana at Glacier National Park. The house used as the Newtons' vacation home is located at 1405 Milan Avenue in South Pasadena.

Production required more than 100 smooth- and rough-coated St. Bernard puppies of various ages starting at seven weeks, who were then returned to the breeders. Missy was played by three adult short-haired dogs, and Beethoven was played by two long-haired ones, although only the dog who created the role in the first film is credited; a mechanical dog, a dog's head for specific facial expressions, and a man in a dog suit were also used.

Song
The theme song, "The Day I Fall in Love", performed by James Ingram and Dolly Parton and written by Ingram, Carole Bayer Sager and Clif Magness, was nominated for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a Grammy Award.

Reception
The film grossed more than $118 million at the box office worldwide.

Critical response
Although the film was not well received by film critics, it received acclaim by audiences. Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that it "[amounted] to a live-action cartoon" and was "certainly a more pleasing tale" than the first. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it two stars, calling it "no masterpiece" but praising Grodin's work and noting that the dogs carried it. Kevin Thomas in the Los Angeles Times rated it "just as funny and appealing as 'Beethoven' the first" and also praised Mazar as Regina.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 23%, based on reviews from 13 critics, with an average rating of 4.55/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave it a grade "A".

In other media

 * Beethoven: The Ultimate Canine Caper, a side-scrolling video game titled simply Beethoven, but based on the film, was released for Super NES, MS-DOS and Game Boy. Versions for Sega Genesis and Game Gear were developed, but they never saw release.
 * Harvey Comics: Beethoven (March 1994)

title: Beethoven's 2nd (film)


text:
Beethoven's 4th (film)

Beethoven's 4th is a 2001 American direct to video comedy film. It is the third sequel to the 1992 film Beethoven and the fourth installment in the Beethoven film series. It was released on December 4, 2001. It is the last film to feature Judge Reinhold as Richard Newton, Julia Sweeney as Beth Newton, Joe Pichler as Brennan Newton, and Michaela Gallo as Sara Newton.

Plot
Richard Newton checks in with his two children, Sara and Brennan, before school. Richard and his family are still watching Beethoven while Richard’s brother George and his family are still out of town for business. The children love their St. Bernard dog, Beethoven, whom they are keeping for relatives, but their parents do not, and want to get rid of him. The children begin taking the dog to Obedience Training led by a former army sergeant. Brennan falls in love with a girl named Hayley, while Beethoven literally destroys the obstacle course in one day. To top it all off, Beethoven hits the army sergeant in the groin with a leash causing him to kneel over in pain.

Meanwhile, the rich Sedgewick family owns a pampered and well-behaved St. Bernard that looks exactly like Beethoven, named Michelangelo. Michelangelo and young Madison Sedgewick are friends, but her busy parents, Reginald and Martha, are always neglecting her. In fact, Reginald is the only one who seems to try to play with her. Beethoven, meanwhile, runs after a loose hot dog cart, and ends up on a merry-go-round. Michelangelo has gotten loose, as well, and is now on the same merry-go-round. Brennan and Sara mistake him for Beethoven and take him home. The real Beethoven is mistaken for Michelangelo, and grabbed by Jonathan Simmons, the Sedgewick family's butler and taken to their mansion.

Sara is surprised when Michelangelo wipes his feet on the welcome mat and folds the napkins with his teeth at dinner. The Sedgewicks notice the change in "their dog" too, when he bolts Simmons to the ground to get a piece of turkey. That night, Beethoven hears Madison whimpering because of a bad dream, and comforts her. At the next obedience class, Michelangelo leaves everyone in astonishment, by finishing the entire new obstacle course, while the sergeant is announcing the course.

Meanwhile, Beethoven ruins a dinner party, when a man named Nigel tries to dognap him. A therapist points out to Martha that the reason "Michelangelo" is acting this way is because he is the first one exhibiting "symptoms". The therapist suggests that it may be because Martha does not care about anyone but herself. Richard is concerned about "Beethoven", and starts acting out to get "Beethoven" to misbehave again too. Richard drinks toilet water, chases the mailman, etc. Michelangelo ends up catching on, and starts behaving like Beethoven.

The Sedgewick family start playing fetch and swimming with Beethoven, but as the Sedgewicks and Beethoven are hiking, Nigel (who turns out to be Simmons' sidekick) kidnaps Beethoven and locks him in a warehouse, for a ransom of $250,000. Beethoven breaks out and secretly switches places with Michelangelo at the obedience graduation. The real Michelangelo is found by the Sedgewicks, and Simmons and Nigel are arrested by two FBI agents. The real Beethoven is found by the Newtons and he graduates. The Sedgewicks and Newtons then meet up at a fork on the road, though, they never find out about the switching of Beethoven and Michelangelo.

Cast

 * Cujo as Beethoven
 * Judge Reinhold as Richard Newton
 * Julia Sweeney as Beth Newton, Richard's wife
 * Joe Pichler as Brennan Newton, Richard & Beth's son
 * Michaela Gallo as Sara Newton, Richard & Beth's daughter
 * Kaleigh Krish as Madison Sedgewick, the daughter of Reginald & Martha
 * Matt McCoy as Reginald Sedgewick, Madison's father
 * Veanne Cox as Martha Sedgewick, Madison's mother
 * Jeff Coopwood as Bill
 * Dorien Wilson as Marlowe
 * Mark Lindsay Chapman as Jonathan "Johnnie" Simmons
 * Nick Meaney as Nigel Bigalow
 * Natalie Elizabeth Marston as Hayley
 * Art LaFleur as Sergeant Rutledge
 * June Lu as Mrs. Florence Rutledge
 * Patrick Bristow as Guillermo
 * Joyce Brothers as herself

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 8 critics.

title: Beethoven's 4th (film)


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Lymm Dam

Lymm Dam is the name of a dam and lake in Lymm, Cheshire, England, an inset village in the greenbelt around Warrington. It was created in 1824 by a dam built during the construction of what is now the A56 road, when local inhabitants objected to initial plans for a route through the village centre. It may have been used to supply power to local industry, and the surrounding area.

Warrington Borough Council began managing the Lymm Dam and its park in the early 1980s. At that time there were considerable erosion problems and the Ranger Service began to upgrade the existing path network and take over the park maintenance. It is now a popular visitor attraction, which has won several Green Flag Awards for its improvements to the infrastructure and ecology of the dam.

title: Lymm Dam


text:
Vafþrúðnismál

Vafþrúðnismál (Old Norse: "The Lay of Vafþrúðnir") is the third poem in the Poetic Edda. It is a conversation in verse form conducted initially between the Æsir Odin and Frigg, and subsequently between Odin and the jötunn Vafþrúðnir, as they engage in a battle of wits. The poem goes into detail about the Norse cosmogony and was evidently used extensively as a source document by Snorri Sturluson in the construction of the Prose Edda who quotes it. The poem is preserved in Codex Regius and partially in AM 748 I 4to. There are preservation problems relating to stanzas 40-41. Vafþrúðnismál is believed to be a 10th century poem.

Structure
The poem consists of 55 stanzas in total, which are composed in a ljóðaháttr meter. Stanzas 1-4 are a conversation between Odin and Frigg, which set up the plotline and stanza 5 sends him off on his journey. Stanzas 6-55 are solely between Gagnráð (Odin) and Vafþrúðnir.

Synopsis
The lay commences with Odin asking advice and directions of Frigg as to whether it would be wise to seek out the hall of Vafþrúðnir to compete with the all-wise jötunn in a contest of knowledge. Frigg counsels against this course of action, saying that Vafþrúðnir is the most powerful one she knows. Nevertheless Odin continues with his quest.

On arriving at Vafþrúðnir's hall, Odin seeks to test Vafþrúðnir's wisdom through the classic mechanism of a wisdom contest. Vafþrúðnir's response is to accept the wanderer in his hall and only allow him to leave alive if Odin proves to be wiser. Odin, a master of dissimulation, attempts to pass himself off as Gagnráðr (trans. "victory"), and beseeches the traditional hospitality which should be afforded to wayfarers. Vafþrúðnir, wrong-footed, invites him in and to seat himself. A game of riddling then ensues between the pair.

During the course of stanza 19, Vafþrúðnir was unwise enough to wager his head in the case of defeat: victory for Odin will result in his death. In stanza 55, at the conclusion of the contest, Vafþrúðnir is obliged to capitulate to Odin's cunning when Odin asks him what Odin whispered in Baldr's ear prior to Baldr's body being placed on the funerary ship, a question to which only Odin knows the answer; it is a rule of the wisdom contest that questions could only be asked to which the questioner knew the answer and so it is at this point that Vafþrúðnir recognizes his guest for who he is:

 * You alone know that, what long ago
 * You said in the ears of your son.
 * I doomed myself when I dared to tell
 * What fate will befall the gods,
 * And staked my wit against the wit of Odin,
 * Ever the wisest of all.
 * Vafþrúðnismál 55, translated by Auden and Taylor

title: Vafþrúðnismál


text:
Tart

A tart is a baked dish consisting of a filling over a pastry base with an open top not covered with pastry. The pastry is usually shortcrust pastry; the filling may be sweet or savoury, though modern tarts are usually fruit-based, sometimes with custard. Tartlet refers to a miniature tart; an example would be egg tarts. The categories of "tart", "flan", and "pie" overlap, with no sharp distinctions.

History
The French word tarte can be translated to mean either pie or tart, as both are mainly the same except a pie usually covers the filling in pastry, while flans and tarts leave it open.

Tarts are thought to have either come from a tradition of layering food or to be a product of Medieval pie making. Enriched dough (i.e. shortcrust) is thought to have been first commonly used in 1550, approximately 200 years after pies. In this period, they were viewed as high-cuisine, popular with nobility, in contrast to the view of a commoner's pie. While originally savory, with meat fillings, culinary tastes led to sweet tarts prevailing, filling tarts instead with fruit and custard. Early medieval tarts generally had meat fillings, but later ones were often based on fruit and custard.

An early tart was the Italian crostata, dating to at least the mid-15th century. It has been described as a "rustic free-form version of an open fruit tart".

Description
Tarts are typically free-standing with firm pastry base consisting of dough, itself made of flour, thick filling, and perpendicular sides while pies may have softer pastry, looser filling, and sloped sides, necessitating service from the pie plate.

Varieties
There are many types of tarts, with popular varieties including Treacle tart, meringue tart, tarte tatin and Bakewell tart. A jam tart uses jam in place of fresh fruit.

Tarte Tatin is an upside-down tart, of apples, other fruit, or onions.

Savoury tarts include quiche, a family of savoury tarts with a mostly custard filling; German Zwiebelkuchen and Alsace Tarte à l'oignon or Zewelwaï (onion tarts), and Swiss cheese tart made from Gruyère.

title: Tart


text:
Asa Griggs Candler

Asa Griggs Candler Sr. (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929) was an American business tycoon and politician who in 1888 purchased the Coca-Cola recipe for $238.98 from chemist John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. Candler founded The Coca-Cola Company in 1892 and developed it as a major company.

Prominent among civic leaders of Atlanta, Candler was elected and served as the 41st mayor of the city, from 1916 to 1919. Candler Field, the site of the present-day Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, was named after him, as is Candler Park in Atlanta. As head of Coca-Cola, he built the Candler Building in Atlanta, as well as one in Kansas City (which became known as the Western Auto Building), a Candler Building in New York City, and one in what is now known as the Inner Harbor area of Baltimore, Maryland.

Family
Asa Griggs Candler was born on December 30, 1851, in Villa Rica, Georgia. His parents were Martha and Samuel Charles Candler, a merchant and property owner. His parents raised eleven children, including Asa and his brother Warren Akin Candler. Samuel Charles Candler was a member of the legislature of South Carolina, and fought in the Creek War of 1836.

Candler's children are:
 * Asa's eldest son, Charles Howard Candler (1878–1957), was chairman of the board of trustees of Emory University. His family estate was Callanwolde on Briarcliff Road in Druid Hills; it has been adapted for use as a fine arts center.
 * The second son, Asa G. Candler Jr. (1880–1953), eccentric, alcoholic, and depressed, became a real-estate developer, opening the Briarcliff Hotel. His Briarcliff mansion and estate—also on Briarcliff Road in Druid Hills—was adapted for use as an alcoholism rehab center, then a psychiatric hospital. It is now owned by Emory University and used as its Briarcliff campus. Asa Jr.'s menagerie of animals enabled a major expansion of Zoo Atlanta in the 1930s. From 1930 to 1952, in front of the scenes or behind them, Asa was responsible for reshaping Westview Cemetery and building its massive Spanish Plateresque abbey.
 * Only daughter Lucy (1882–1962) married Henry Heinz, a banker and Kiwanis president. He was shot by a burglar in their mansion, Rainbow Terrace, in 1943. Rumors persisted that a relative murdered him. The widowed Lucy Candler Heinz later married cellist and conductor Enrico Leide. He founded a forerunner of the present Atlanta Symphony Orchestra.
 * Third son Walter T. Candler (1885–1967) was a businessman, philanthropist, and horse sportsman. His Lullwater House and estate has been adapted for use as the residence of the Emory University President. Another portion is a park, and other land is the site of a Veterans Administration complex in Druid Hills. Walter T. Candler had 2 sons and 3 daughters.
 * Youngest son William Candler (1890–1936), was the local financier of the Atlanta Biltmore Hotel and Biltmore Apartments. He was elected president of the Biltmore Corporation in February 1930, and was manager of the Biltmore Hotel. His mansion, named Rest Haven, is located on Springdale Road in Druid Hills.

Founder of Coca-Cola
A druggist in 1888, Asa Griggs Candler met John Stith Pemberton and was intrigued by a sweet, carbonated drink he had developed. Candler bought the Coca-Cola recipe from Pemberton, for an amount rumored to be $2,300. The drink was derived from brewed coca leaves, as well as caffeine, carbonated water, and sugar. In 1892, he founded the Coca-Cola Company. The following year, he trademarked the brand and distributed the first dividends to the company's shareholders.

By 1895, the company was distributing Coca-Cola nationwide in the United States. It first started exporting in 1899, to Cuba. Exports to Europe started two years later. He also developed the famous "$1 contract" where he sold the rights to bottle Coca-Cola in the US for only one dollar. At first, the company advertised Coca-Cola as a drink that relieved mental and physical fatigue, and cured headaches.

In 1903, Candler decided to remove the cocaine component from the coca leaves before mixing them with the drink, and to sell the extracted cocaine to pharmaceutical companies. In 1911, the company reached an annual advertising budget of $1 million. In 1915, the bottling company Root Glass Co. created the iconic Coca-Cola bottle.

In 1916, after Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta, he ended his day-to-day management of the Coca-Cola Company. In 1917, the Coca-Cola company agreed to reduce by 50% the amount of caffeine in the drink. In 1919 Candler gave most of the stock in The Coca-Cola Company to his children. They sold their shares to a consortium of investors led by Ernest Woodruff.

Atlanta builder and mayor
In 1906 Candler completed what was then Atlanta's tallest building, the Candler Building. It had intricately carved decorations and was 17 stories tall. It still stands at Peachtree and Auburn streets and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, significant for its architectural detail and role as a company symbol. In 1912 the Candler Building in New York opened.

In 1916, Candler was elected mayor of Atlanta (taking office in 1917). As mayor he balanced the city budget and coordinated rebuilding efforts after the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 destroyed 1,500 homes. He also made large personal loans in order to develop the water and sewage facilities of the city of Atlanta, in order to provide the infrastructure necessary to a modern city.

Candler was also a philanthropist, endowing numerous schools and universities (he gave a total of $7 million to Emory University, ) and the Candler Hospital in Savannah, Georgia. Candler had paid to relocate Emory University from Oxford, Georgia, to Atlanta.

Death
Asa Candler suffered a stroke in 1926 and never recovered. He died on March 12, 1929, at Wesley Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. He is buried at Westview Cemetery on the west side of Atlanta.

Atlanta
The Candler Field Museum in Williamson, Georgia, has been established to commemorate the original Candler Field, the first Atlanta airport.

Callan Castle, the Candler home in Inman Park, built from 1902 to 1904, still stands as a private home.

Candler's later mansion, built in 1916 at 1500 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Druid Hills, was later adapted for use as the John Chrysostom Melkite Greek Catholic Church.

In 1922, he donated over 50 acre of his Druid Hills holdings to the City of Atlanta for what became Candler Park. That year he also sold the Central Bank and Trust.

Several Candler buildings were constructed as the Coca-Cola Company expanded in the early 20th century:
 * Baltimore, Maryland - The Candler Building, located on the northeast corner of East Pratt Street and Market Place in eastern downtown, at the Inner Harbor, still bears his name. The brick industrial style building faces the waterfront of the basin of Baltimore Harbor, on the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River. Used as a regional headquarters for the Coca-Cola Bottling Company, the structure was known for having brass door knobs engraved with "CC" for the company. Between the late 1930s and 1960, the building served as the national headquarters of the new Social Security Administration. This agency was authorized under the Social Security Act of 1935, one of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. By the 2000s, as the old waterfront area and municipal piers area were being redeveloped from commercial and industrial uses, the Candler Building was renovated for offices and some apartments/condos.
 * In Kansas City, the Western Auto Building was known as the Coca-Cola Building or Candler Building when constructed for the Coca-Cola Company in 1914, and during its occupancy. It has been converted to loft condominiums.
 * In New York City, the Candler Building is still in use.

title: Asa Griggs Candler


text:
Talk:Space elevator/Archive 1

Removed: NASA and the European Space Agencies should definitely start production of these space elevators if we are ever to exist as a race off of this planet, so that we dont put all of our eggs in one basket. Otherwise, this is great stuff! --MichaelTinkler

Whups. I got some of the text off of a NASA web page, I guess I didn't edit it carefully enough. :) I'll check it some more for NPOV now.

-

To answer the next question I'm sure a lot of Wikipedians will now ask, yes, the text is pretty much verbatim from an external source, which is usually a big no-no. I can't find an explicit copyright statement on the pages. But the page in question is part of NASA's "project liftoff", which is a fully tax-funded educational project, and is hosted on nasa.gov, which is tax-funded site, and while NASA makes a bit of noise about being a semi-independent non-government entity, recent court decisions have made it clear that they are an agency of the government with regard to regulations covering agencies of the government (they are subject to FOIA, for example), so it appears that we are safe from copyright problems. --LDC

Please quote a link to the page used as the basis of the article. Paul Beardsell 12:13, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Good to hear a second opinion confirming my understanding of the situation. I did a bunch of editing on it as well, it'd be annoying to have it turn out to be illegal after all. :) -BD

How about using fibers made of synthetic spider silk protein? I heard spider silk is stronger than kevlar.

Unfortunately, I'd bet protein-based cables wouldn't hold up very well in the vaccum and hard radiation of space. Not to mention that spiderwebs have a high liquid-water content, necessary for their springyness and flexibility. A pity since it'd be really cool to string spiderwebs into space like that.

Shouldent this article contain some scepticism about space elevators e.g the potential downsides/risks/practical problems of a space elevators. This article reads like a space elevator promotion article at the moment G-Man 16:48 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Added a section on failure modes, is that the sort of thing you were thinking of? Bryan

 * The NASA report (http://flightprojects.msfc.nasa.gov/fd02_elev.html) (this link does not work) had a neutral discussion of the pros and cons. Astudent 05:19, 2003 Aug 16 (UTC)

"Artsutanov suggested using a geosynchronous satellite as the base from which to build the tower. By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from geosynchronous orbit to the surface of Earth while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of mass of the cable motionless relative to Earth. Artsutanov published his idea in the sunday supplement of Komsomolskaya Pravda (Young Communist Pravda) in 1960."

Call me dumb, I can't seem to get the counterweight thing. Where would the opposing force (away from Earth) origin? I know some basic newtonean physics but this sounds weird unless there's some propulsion system (or another planet with sufficient gravity) to pull the (long!) extention towards space -- Rotem Dan

 * The opposing force is centrifugal. By extending the counterweight outward from geosynchronous orbit using a cable, the counterweight is forced to keep moving at geosynchronous velocity despite the fact that an object orbiting at that radius would be moving slower. The counterweight is thus moving too fast for its orbit and wants to fly away from Earth, but the cable that hangs downward prevents this. Bryan

 * Thanks, I think I got it (I was confused with the centripetal force but now it makes sense; ). This is a very interesting trick! also nice work on the failure points. Cheers -- Rotem Dan

Regarding cutting the space elevator at the anchor:

In Bradley Edwards' space elevator design, the ribbon is balanced so if it is cut at the anchor, it would not move. I found this quote from Newsweek: "What’s to keep the whole thing from flying out into space or crashing down to Earth? The upper half of the elevator gets thrown outward [by Earth’s rotation], and the bottom end is pulled down by gravity. Even if you cut it at the bottom, the ribbon would just float there." [http://www.msnbc.com/news/972957.asp?cp1=1 Going Up? - Newsweek] Astudent

 * That looks drastically oversimplified to me. If you have a space elevator that is exactly balanced, so that the weight of its lower portion is pulling downward with exactly the same force that the counterweight is pulling upward with, then as soon as you put any additional weight at all on the bottom end there will be more force downward than there is upward. The elevator will be pulled downward as a result. This would result in a catastrophic failure since moving the counterweight inward reduces the centripetal force, which accelerates the fall of the elevator. Without drastic measures such as cutting a large section of the lower end off to reduce the weight of the lower portion, the entire space elevator will fall down to Earth's surface. I suspect that Edwards is oversimplifying for MSNBC's benefit; he probably just means that if you cut the elevator it won't fall down to the ground. Bryan

 * Thanks for your reply. I was wrong earlier about the exactly balanced ribbon. Your explanation is very good. Astudent

 * No problem. Orbital dynamics aren't very intuitive even for conventional orbiting objects, let alone ones tied to the ground. :) Bryan

 * True, but we were only talking about cutting it. You wouldn't put a cargo going up on a cut cable, as that would cause the whole thing to fall.
 * Operationally, you'd need weights that you can move up and down on the out portion of the cable, so that you could lift cargo. You'd probably want some type of linear induction motor thingy, so you could just move weight up and down on that section, depending on whether you were lifting anything from earth's surface at that particular point in time.  You're probably always want it slightly imbalanced pulling against the earth's gravity (long-term loss to earth's rotation and other problems not-withstanding), or a very fast response system, so that someone coming up and yanking on the cable doesn't cause it to crash.
 * ~ender 2003-11-13 19:32:MST

This article says "geosynchronous" but "geostationery" is clearly what is meant
According to the article "Geosynchronous orbit" a sattellite with an orbital period equal to the rotation of the earth is geosynchronous. Only if it orbit is above the equator it's also geostationery. If its orbit is not above the equator it oscillates in the sky (I don't know if it moves in circles in the sky or if it only moves back and forth).

In this article about space elevators it is clear from the text geostationery is meant but I see most of the times geosynchronous. I don't know if the sources use the word geosynchronous or if the people that added the text accidentally used geosynchronous instead of geostationery.

If in one or more sources it is called mistakenly geosynchronous there, it should be mentioned in this article I think.

Anyway if I'm not mistaken geosynchronous should change to geostationery everywhere in this article. As I'm not sure how it's called in the sources I won't change it.

I'm really sorry I'm not in the mood to check all the sources. I hope someone else can do that. Laudaka 04:47, 15 Feb 2004 (UTC) (Paul/laudaka)

 * Actually, in both The Fountains of Paradise and Red Mars, the space elevator on Mars is designed to swing back and forth to avoid the moon of Mars (which is much closer than Earth's moon), so technically, it doesn't have to be geostationery. --ssd 05:52, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, they were designed to shimmy out of the way of Phobos and Deimos, but they still run essentially straight out from Mars so they still count as geostationary (or to be really pedantic areostationary) -- wwoods 08:42, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hey, guess what, everyone? I just got this in the mail:

---

Subject: Re: Contact Form from LiftPort- The Space Elevator Company Date: Thu, 11 Mar 2004 10:02:36 -0800 sure, feel free to use our images. thanks for asking, a lot of people just "take" them. :-)

would you please post a link back to us?

when its up, please send me the link so i can look it over. thanks. and thanks for your interest in our project. take care. mjl

On 10 Mar, 2004, at 3:42 PM, Nobody wrote:

> The following was sent > On: 03/10/04 6:42 pm > > Name: Karen Pease > Email: daystar_setting@myself.com

> Comments: > I am interested in whether you would be willing to grant permission to > use one of your conceptual drawings or renderings in Wikipedia (a free > online user-created encyclopedia - http://www.wikipedia.org) as the > illustration for the encyclopedia entry for "Space elevator". > Naturally, the picture would be captioned as being an illustration > Liftport's design, which would get you a bit of free publicity. > > Just let me know - my email address is daystar_setting@myself.com.

> > > > Michael J. Laine President Chief Strategic Officer LiftPort Group "The Space Elevator Companies"

245 4th Street Suite 508 Bremerton WA 98337

360.377.0623 - vx 360.824.7394 - fx laine@liftport.com

www.liftport.com

---

I'll get a picture uploaded right away. Would we prefer a drawing or a rendering? I prefer the drawings, personally... Rei

has some images, and I think they're better than some of the ones currently in the article. Since it's a NASA publication, I assume these are public domain? Fredrik 19:05, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Well, I'm not particularly impressed by the pictures in that publication, and the NASA proposals seem a lot less well thought through than the Liftport or HighLift proposal systems (for example, discussing climbing with electromagnetic propulsion without running the numbers, which work out to an incredibly unfeasable amount of extra bulk to the cable). Also, while NASA generally releases everything to the public domain, you still need to ask if it isn't specifically stated. Rei

I thought the state of matters is that *everything* NASA releases goes into the public domain. Fredrik 17:26, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Most of NASA's work is in the public domain, but that doesn't *guarantee* that something that NASA has posted is in the public domain. You still need to ask permission or find somewhere in which the document is declared to be public domain.  For example, here on NASA's page about Project ASPEN, they specifically state that their information about it is not in the public domain .  You can't just assume.   Rei

 * "NASA artwork of the space elevator ... created by Pat Rawlings" is the attribution. That tells me that NASA owns it. The last page tells me that the publication may be distributed without limitation.  I can't find a specific statement that addresses the specific status with respect to the public domain.  Apparently public funds paid for it, if that figures into the discussion. - Bevo 18:13, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

History: Whose notes were sent behind the Iron Curtain?
In the first History paragraph, the last line says, "His notes were sent behind the Iron Curtain after his death." The context implies "he" is Nikola Tesla, who was a naturalized American citizen at the time of his death and had his papers seized by the FBI for national security reasons. I doubt they went behind the Iron Curtain. Was it instead Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's papers that "were sent behind the Iron Curtain"? If so, it should say so explicitly. -- Jeff Q 05:59, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Impossible
This is now a featured article. Of course it reads very well but the balance is poor - it is all very Popular Mechanics. It would serve Wikipedia well if it were more plain just how difficult a project this is. Cost is almost the least of the problems. Typically a solution to one problem makes another much worse. Paul Beardsell 09:34, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. My first thought when I saw this on the Main Page was, "Wha? Is this really worth a 'featured article' -- a hypothetical engineering problem?" Alcarillo 15:15, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I have done a lot of work to remove the overly optimistic aspect from this article by adding in a lot of the potential pitfalls and pointing out out how far behind current materials tech is from what is needed for a space elevator. I'm surprised that people still view it as being so overly optimistic.  --Rei
 * I think it is great. Very interesting. Congratulations, guys! 198.54.202.2 17:22, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Yes, it is a great article. But, face it, this will not be built ever^H^H^H^H in the next 50 years. It's more likely we blow ourselves up or die of the plague or get hit by a meteorite or the 2nd coming happens first. Well, nearly! That this is entirely speculative needs to be said. We'll have all the gadgets that the Jetsons had first! Paul Beardsell 21:17, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC) I hope the small edit I have done to the article is considered acceptable. Please, as always, revert if you like! Paul Beardsell 21:26, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * And that is your personal opinion. And many people at NASA disagree with you about whether it will eventually be built, or whether it is impossible.  50 years?  Probably not.  However, it is not entirely speculative - NASA, as well as many private organizations, have run many calculations and simulations on it.  I have even a cable tension calculator program (spelsim) on my computer right now.  It is possible, but will not occur until we can produce materials on the large scale that have tensile strengths that we currently only have on the nano-scale.  In short, you must argue that this is an impossible task.  If you think so: why?

 * The burden of showing that this is a practical idea is yours. Start by naming the people at NASA (you invoke them, not me) who think this is a practical idea.  Paul Beardsell 23:32, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * If you'll note, the article does include all of the potential pitfalls, and where the current level of technology stands on them. If you have any other potential pitfalls please add them; if not, don't complain. --Rei

 * I am not complaining. All I did was fix the incorrect impression that many/most/all optimists thought that construction was starting real soon now.  Do you think that?  Paul Beardsell 23:35, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Regretfully (because it is a neat concept) cold fusion is a whole lot more likely. There isn't anything that NASA doesn't have a look at. In this case, to rule it out. Bending forces on the cable as the object is speeded up laterally as it travels up the wire, the mobile anchor to avoid storms,  the meteriotes,  the corrosion,  the dodgy economics (Heck, you cannot send 1KG that distance on the ground for that price!)  Allow us Wikipedians some dignity. It's only a tiny change I have done and I have now moderated that further. Don't be annoyed by me. I'm sorry if I am having a go at anybody's pet idea. 212.56.101.83 23:18, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC) I'm sorry I did not mean to be anonymous. That is me. It seems I am not alone and my change has been beefed up by others. Paul Beardsell 23:22, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Economics questions

 * $3/kg it is claimed. How much does it cost to send 1 kg 38000km horizontally?  Why would it be cheaper to do this vertically?

 * Electricity will be sent up the cable for power. How much power loss is there over 38000km?  Or are we relying on superconductivity?

Paul Beardsell 23:56, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * When considering how much it costs to send stuff horizontally, bear in mind that to be an accurate comparison you'd have to assume that a perfectly straight and level railroad exists along that path with no adverse weather conditions and no traffic obstructions. The cheapness becomes a little more believable under those circumstances; how much does it cost to mail a 1kg postal package to the other side of the world and back with transportation systems far inferior to that? As for power transmission, a variety of techniques have been proposed in addition to running it up the cable; the elevator cars could carry their own self-contained power source, or (as depicted in the Liftport images currently used in this article) you could beam the power to the elevator with lasers or microwaves. It may also prove more economical to power the elevator system from the top, using a solar power satellite at the geosynchronous station. I don't have any numbers, but as far as I'm aware these matters are still somewhat up in the air depending on your technology assumptions. Bryan 01:23, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Power source: Solar cells at the top is a possibility but there is still the problem of transmission losses. Containing a microwave or laser beam to a small enough diameter so as it can be picked up by a small enough collector not to be prohibitively heavy is impossible. Beaming that much energy through the atmosphere also has unacceptable power losses. So, it's self-powered cars? We put a jet engine turbine in the elevator car to generate the electricity. Or we direct the jet engine downwards to push it up. And where do we put the jet fuel and the oxygen for the jet engine? It's just a rocket on rails. I suggest we discard the rails. Paul Beardsell 11:41, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It is in fact quite possible to contain a microwave or laser beam to a small enough diameter for a small collector on the elevator car; you need a larger emitter to focus that small, but since the emitter is on the ground (or geostationary orbit) you can make it as large as necessary. A high-frequency laser would be easier to focus than microwaves due to diffraction limits. As for onboard power sources, why do you suggest a jet engine (especially as a source of thrust rather than electricity)? One benefit of an elevator over a rocket is that you don't need a high thrust-to-weight ratio to launch; you can use low-power but highly efficient power sources instead. You could use a small nuclear reactor, for example, or fuel cells. Bryan 21:01, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Lateral acceleration (to 3km/s) is more of a problem than hauling the thing up the cable. That cannot be done using a nuclear power source:  You need something pushing sideways.  Paul Beardsell 06:07, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The angular momentum ultimately comes from Earth's rotation, which is infinitesimally slowed when a payload goes up the elevator and intinitesimally sped up when a payload descends. Bryan 06:16, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The angular momentum of the whole system is preserved - there is no infinitesimal change to the whole system. Sure the earth itself has an immeasurable change in its angular velocity.  The angular momentum of each KG sent to geostationary orbit is increased dramatically.  That has to come from somewhere.  A lateral force is required on the mass.  Without it we will bend the cable and pull the station out of orbit.  Paul Beardsell 06:29, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The amount of angular momentum gained by the payload moving outward on the cable is exactly the same as the amount of angular momentum lost by Earth. The payload is much, much lighter than Earth, so the same amount of momentum will produce a much, much greater change in velocity for the payload than it will for Earth. Bryan 06:43, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes. But angular momentum must be transferred one to the other!  Newton II:  A change in velocity requires a force.  At geostationary orbit the speed is 3km/s.  At the equator the speed is 1 km/s.  The force is to speed up the object, the reactive force (Newton III) slows down the earth.  Momentum is preserved but work is done!  Paul Beardsell 06:58, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, this force is provided by the tension in the cable. Bryan 07:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Tension is along the cable. We need a force perpendicular to it.  Paul Beardsell 07:45, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The cable tilts slightly when payloads move along it, as I described below. This gives an eastward or westward component to the cable's pull. Bryan 07:54, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Cost: I think that the $3/kg figure is the marginal cost i.e. the cost of lifting 1 more kilogram. It neglects the cost of capital. Paul Beardsell 11:41, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I removed this:

 * Of course, if we assume the same lossless conversion of energy, rockets can deliver payloads for a comparable cost. The use of rockets avoids having to solve the major engineering problems associated with a space elevator. And we can start now without the massive capital outlay. Oh, assuming the same lossless conversion of energy that the economics of the space elevator depends on, of course.

 * Reasons:

 * It's written in an informal style
 * The way it's worded, it promotes rather than presents this point of view
 * I would like to see some evidence that lossless energy conversion in rockets could be achieved at all and without major, costly engineering and research difficulties

 * I don't mean to be rude here, and I agree that all aspects of the issues involved must be presented. This particular part isn't substantial in its presentation, however. Perhaps the best solution would be to restructure the whole economics section. Fredrik 13:54, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, I agree with your 1st two reasons BUT the whole article is written in a space elevator promoting fashion. Let's be clear about this: This is an interesting but UNIMPLEMENTABLE idea. Essentially we would be better poking fun, than cosying up to those crank consultancies trying to siphon off their own 1% of NASA's huge budget. Paul Beardsell 15:21, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

As for the third reason: It is the space elevator article which wants to assume lossless energy conversion for itself. I simply would like the same privelege for rockets. Paul Beardsell 15:21, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Advanced versions of the space elevator can recycle the energy of downward traffic to lift upward traffic. Rockets have no such potential. Talk of lossless conversion simply sets the lower bound on the cost; nobody thinks that could be reached in practice. --wwoods 16:43, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Untethered Space Elevators
I read on the Internet a while back of a proposal for an untethered elevator. The bottom of the elevator would be in low earth orbit, above wind and lightning. But I can't find my source now. If anyone knows more perhaps they could write something.

Zeimusu 12:20, 2004 May 1 (UTC)

It does not work: The lower orbit has a shorter period than the upper. The lower station races ahead of the upper. They rotate about each other making the whole assembly useless. Paul Beardsell 13:57, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Not so. There are proposed tether systems which rotate, and others which don't. See tether propulsion for some info. Being much shorter than the space elevator, they are much more likely to be built. --wwoods 16:43, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't know which proposal in particular Zeimusu is talking about, but he may simply be talking about a space elevator that doesn't quite reach the ground. The lower end would be reached instead by a suborbital spacecraft, or if it's low enough perhaps a high-flying aircraft, either of which would be much cheaper than a spacecraft that had to attain orbit on its own. Bryan 20:45, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A low earth orbit space elevator is discussed in this conference publication from the external links section. Fredrik 20:58, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Of course, it is possible to arrange that, for a short while, the lower station and the upper station are positioned one above the other on a radius to the centre of the earth but this is a dynamic equilibrium, not a stable one. As with any dynamic equilibrium the one above the other positioning on a radius to the centre of the earth would require active management. With computers and small impulse engines this can be managed UNTIL...

...we send something up (or down) the elevator. Then the mass of the elevator (which will be many 100's of tonnes) does not only have to be lifted against gravity (a problem which no one here is ignoring) but also (de-)accelerated to the same velocity as that of the other station. This requires lateral forces which could be provided by a rocket engine but that will require fuel and oxygen to be carried on board the elevator (hence the 100's of tonnes - the same amount of fuel as a rocket not on rails would require). The lateral forces cannot be supplied by an on-board nuclear reactor - all that can do us pull the elevator along the cable. This lateral acceleration problem does not only apply fatally to the untethered version of the space elevator BUT...

...also to the tethered version. Any mass taken to the geostationary position needs to be accelerated to the same lateral velocity as the station. This cannot be easily balanced by a descending mass (the cable being pushed sideways in one direction by the descending and in the other by the ascending elevator) because the cable is comparitively very, very thin in comparison to its length and each elevator car will be at a different position on the cable. The cable will be pushed sideways one way and the other. It will bow and snake and pull the station out of its orbit.

Paul Beardsell 05:58, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * In the case of an untethered elevator, yes, it would need to be dynamically rebalanced and the momentum restored. This could be done by high-efficiency thrusters such as ion drives, though, so there's still some benefit there over conventional rockets (hypersonic skyhooks have similar station-keeping requirements). As for the tethered version, the tower would be kept in tension by having its center of mass slightly beyond geostationary orbit. This means it's stable against minor perturbations and the angular momentum can be taken directly from Earth's rotation. No problem there, this is a basic issue that I'm sure pretty much every space elevator study would check before going on to other details. Bryan 06:13, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. I have removed some stuff here I got wrong.  It's in the log if you're interested.  Paul Beardsell 08:09, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It happens to the best of us, and if nothing else it lets us know what sorts of misunderstandings may need to be addressed in the article itself. It's too late at night for me to do it now, but tomorrow I'm going to go through the article and see if any of the explanations I used here in talk: need to be inserted there. Bryan 09:11, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you need to do some more basic learning at this point. Ion drives do exist, and indeed have been used in various space missions - Deep Space 1, most famously. Ion drives cannot launch things into space, however, as they don't have sufficient thrust; they're only useful once they've been launched by other means. The cable doesn't need to be rigid to transfer angular momentum to and from Earth; when a payload goes up or down it the elevator tilts very slightly to the east or west, and as a result the tension gains a tangental component that pulls Earth's surface in that direction until everything balances out again. This doesn't apply to untethered elevators because they aren't connected to the ground. Bryan 07:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Wrong way around, if the center of mass is beyond geostationary then it will be moving too fast to be orbiting there. It will want to move outward. Bryan 06:43, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The further away the slower the angular velocity of the orbit. But if you were right then the result would be the same:  Your second favorite holiday destination would be decimated by a lump of useless scrap complete with ion drives.  Paul Beardsell 06:52, 2 May 2004 (UTC)  OK, I'm wrong here too.

 * You seem to have a very basic misunderstanding of how orbits work, here. The elevator is moving too fast for its orbit, so it will be thrown outward. Since it's tethered to the ground, this provides tension in the cable. It's just like twirling a weight attached to a string. Bryan 07:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I was (wrongly) referring to the natural, untethered speed of a satellite at that altitude. Paul Beardsell 08:05, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Avoiding other satellites
That other low earth satellites' orbits will have to be adjusted from time to time so that they do not collide with the cable is discussed in the article. That the same techniques will be used to adjust the orbits of some asteroids is also presumed. But now we have a cable which is being bent side to side by the ascending/descending cars to provide the force to accelerate/decelerate them as they move to/from the geostationary position. Over 38000km I reckon the cable will be deflected by 100m at least - possibly a lot more. How will this all be taken into account when deciding which satellite orbits need adjusting. No longer do we have to worry about a swathe being cut through the sky which is 2m wide but one which is 200m wide. What if there is a glitch of some description and a car is stopped for a few minutes? The deflected cable will swish gently from side to side over 200m. This will be unexpected! What about all those satellites we nudged? Paul Beardsell 19:02, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A reasonably broad margin of error will be called for, I imagine. Arrange it so that no satellite comes within a kilometer of the predicted position of the elevator, and then you're fairly safe against both unexpected swaying of the elevator and unexpected course deviations by the satellite (within that margin, that is). Air traffic control does this sort of thing all the time; nobody would normally plan a trajectory that only barely misses some obstacle, they'll always try to leave room to be on the safe side. Bryan 01:10, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

Article moderation required
Bryan, first I ought to thank you for taking so much time to explain things to me. I apologise that on one or two occasions some explanations may not have been necessary if I had read the article more carefully. However this is not true for many of the points I have raised: The answers may be obvious to you but not to many otherwise scientifically literate readers of the article. When I make an ill-informed observation this is an opportunity to improve the article. When I make a good observation, likewise.

In my view (but I would say that wouldn't I) the bias is the other way. There seems to be a tendency here to sweep problems under the carpet. Supporters of the concept refrain from criticising points made by other supporters that they disagree with. In the article itself and here on the talk page the choice is presented as if it were uncontroversial: For reasons of the weather either the base must be movable or it must be untethered. Avoiding satellites make the movable base problematic so now it is no longer required.

It seems to me supporters of the concept seem to me to feel free to swap from one set of mutually exclusive proposals to another as they seem fit. This might not be true for any one individual but as a group you are remarkably uncritical of one another. I know there is no group per se!

This is a highly speculative proposal that should be presented in an encyclopedia as such. An introductory sentence does not compensate for the overall tone. This otherwise excellent and highly interesting article needs to be moderated.

Paul Beardsell 12:11, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * But this is simply not true. There's no good reason to move the base or leave it untethered, so the tradeoff that you claim is required simply doesn't exist. Look, I have no problem at all with putting cons in this article as well as pros. I practically wrote the entire "failure modes" section of the article when someone mentioned here that there wasn't anything in here discussing problems the system had. But if you want to talk intelligibly about the problems a space elevator might have then you have to have at least some basic knowledge about how the idea works. Your questions have been useful, they've resulted in some new material being added to the article in answer to them, but your constant harangueing about how we're all being foolish by overlooking "obvious" flaws and that the concept won't work for nonsensical reasons is making me feel quite frustrated and adversarial. If you don't know how this concept works, ask questions to learn about it instead of starting out by trying to lecture people on how you imagine it works. Then perhaps you'll be able to come up with some objections that can't be dismissed by anyone who knows a bit about this stuff out of hand. Bryan 15:32, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

If there is no need for a movable base station why do you not say this in the article? (The article is uncritical of this proposition.) Do not tell only me! As you said, you wrote the failure modes section. The economics section which was wildly optomistic and certainly not NPOV has been helpfully rewritten by another editor and this has been at least partly provoked by me. There was room for improvement and, I think, there still is. I think you respond to my confrontational style, not really to the substance of my points: With one exception (my originally flippant paragraph in the economics section) my wrong/lecturing/nonsensical/haranguing (select any of your epithets) contributions have been confined to here, to the Talk page. To educate myself about space elevators I could consult an encyclopedia: Wikipedia fell open at this article one day and I was entertained by the article but some of my questions were not answered by it, some facts seemed wrong (they might have been right but not obviously so to the scientifically literate albeit elevator-ignorant reader) and some "facts" were wrong. You put me in a catch 22 situation. But I acknowledge my style may not have helped. Paul Beardsell 16:27, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I do thank you for confining this argument to talk:, if it had been taking place in the article itself I would have lost my temper long ago. Even as it is I've let my frustration get to me more than I should, sorry about that. Perhaps you could try making a list of the details that you feel the article still doesn't go into enough detail about, and we could go from there? Bryan 01:52, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Take a break
For God's sake, Psb, every single time I try to reply to a comment, I get an edit conflict and you've already posted half a dozen more. I can't take this. Instead of asking us questions, go read a report on the physics and economics involved instead of harassing us here. I'm out of here until you calm down. Rei 18:03, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

You invoke your supernatural being, I'll invoke mine. Just have a look at the log.

 * 1) (cur) (last)  . . 19:13, 6 May 2004 . . Psb777 (=Take a break =)
 * 2) (cur) (last) . . 19:08, 6 May 2004 . . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= shout me down, why don't you)
 * 3) (cur) (last) . . 19:03, 6 May 2004 . . Rei (Take a break, Psb!)
 * 4) (cur) (last) . . 19:01, 6 May 2004 . . Rei
 * 5) (cur) (last) . . 18:58, 6 May 2004 . . Psb777 (=Economics questions= lossless misleading)
 * 6) (cur) (last) . . 18:49, 6 May 2004 . . Rei (=Cost per kilogram=)
 * 7) (cur) (last) . . 18:28, 6 May 2004 . . Psb777 (=Economics questions= Lighten up, Rei.)
 * 8) (cur) (last) . . 18:09, 6 May 2004 . . Rei (=Economics questions=)
 * 9) (cur) (last) . . m 15:51, 6 May 2004 . . Psb777 (=Economics questions=)

You exagerate just a little. Multiply by 0.5%, why don't you. My edits have also been plagued by conflicts. I'm glad you're taking a break. Paul Beardsell 18:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll step back in just quickly to correct Psb's "truncation":

(cur) (last). . 18:16, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Take a break=) (cur) (last). . 18:13, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Take a break =) (cur) (last). . 18:08, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= shout me down, why don't you) (cur) (last). . 18:03, 6 May 2004. . Rei (Take a break, Psb!) (cur) (last). . 18:01, 6 May 2004. . Rei (cur) (last). . 17:58, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= lossless misleading) (cur) (last). . 17:49, 6 May 2004. . Rei (=Cost per kilogram=) (cur) (last). . 17:28, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= Lighten up, Rei.) (cur) (last). . 17:09, 6 May 2004. . Rei (=Economics questions=) (cur) (last). . m 14:51, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions=) (cur) (last). . 14:43, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= regeneration hampered by transmission losses?) (cur) (last). . 02:02, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Avoiding other satellites= dodgems) (cur) (last). . 01:52, 6 May 2004. . Bryan Derksen (cur) (last). . m 00:23, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= fmt) (cur) (last). . 00:04, 6 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= rocket launch cost per kg payload) (cur) (last). . 23:40, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= cost of propellent) (cur) (last). . 18:13, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= cut'n'paste) (cur) (last). . 17:40, 5 May 2004. . Rei (cur) (last). . 17:30, 5 May 2004. . Rei (Geez, Psb, give me a chance to respond.) (cur) (last). . 17:19, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram=) (cur) (last). . 17:18, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Cost per kilogram= invitation to explain reversion) (cur) (last). . 17:16, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (==cost per kg==) (cur) (last). . m 17:08, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= clarity) (cur) (last). . 16:57, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= please look at kid with marbles homework) (cur) (last). . 16:47, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= kid with marbles doesn't know his acronyms) (cur) (last). . 16:44, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Economics questions= kid with marbles responds) (cur) (last). . m 16:30, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Article moderation required=) (cur) (last). . 16:27, 5 May 2004. . Psb777 (=Article moderation required= style vs substance)

 * And that's only for the talk page. Psb, can you not understand why people get sick of someone who hasn't even read a paper on the subject trying to take over an article?  Rei 19:14, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

I quoted from the log to show that over the period that Rei was saying he was experiencing edit conflicts that he was making as many edits as me. It is true that I made numerous small edits earlier but that is just not relevent. Rei wasn't here then. Paul Beardsell 22:42, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is getting awfully big; anyone object to removing discussions which are no longer active? --wwoods 18:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Please, go ahead, hide as many of my earlier misconceptions as you can manage. Paul Beardsell 18:25, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Go ahead. :)  Rei 19:11, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space elevator/Archive 1