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Lethal white syndrome

Lethal white syndrome (LWS), also called overo lethal white syndrome (OLWS), lethal white overo (LWO), and overo lethal white foal syndrome (OLWFS), is an autosomal genetic disorder most prevalent in the American Paint Horse. Affected foals are born after the full 11-month gestation and externally appear normal, though they have all-white or nearly all-white coats and blue eyes. However, internally, these foals have a nonfunctioning colon. Within a few hours, signs of colic appear; affected foals die within a few days. Because the death is often painful, such foals are often humanely euthanized once identified. The disease is particularly devastating because foals are born seemingly healthy after being carried to full term.

The disease has a similar cause to Hirschsprung's disease in humans. A mutation in the middle of the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) gene causes lethal white syndrome when homozygous. Carriers, which are heterozygous—that is, have one copy of the mutated allele, but themselves are healthy—can now be reliably identified with a DNA test. Both parents must be carriers of one copy of the LWS allele for an affected foal to be born.

Horses that are heterozygous for the gene that causes lethal white syndrome often exhibit a spotted coat color pattern commonly known as "frame" or "frame overo". Coat color alone does not always indicate the presence of LWS or carrier status, however. The frame pattern may be minimally expressed or masked by other spotting patterns. Also, different genetic mechanisms produce healthy white foals and have no connection to LWS, another reason for genetic testing of potential breeding stock. Some confusion also occurs because the term overo is used to describe a number of other non tobiano spotting patterns besides the frame pattern. Though no treatment or cure for LWS foals is known, a white foal without LWS that appears ill may have a treatable condition.

Signs
Unlike the premature births and stillborn or weak foals of some coat color dilution lethals, foals born with lethal white syndrome appear to be fully formed and normal. The coat is entirely or almost entirely white with underlying unpigmented pink skin. If pigmented regions are present, they may be any color, and are most common around the muzzle, underside of the barrel, and the hindquarters or tail. The eyes are blue. A few lethal white foals have been shown to be deaf.

Healthy foals pass meconium, the first stool, soon after birth. Some healthy foals may require an enema to assist this process, but the meconium of LWS foals is impacted high in the intestine, and never appears, even with the use of enemas. Signs of colic begin to appear within the first day, and all foals with LWS die within the first few days of life. The painful and inevitable death that follows usually prompts veterinarians and owners to euthanize foals suspected of having lethal white syndrome.

Death is caused by an underdeveloped part of the digestive system. The large intestine of the horse is a complex system where most digestion takes place, and comprises the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. Necropsies on LWS foals reveal a pale, underdeveloped colon and intestinal obstruction (impaction). Samples of affected tissue show a lack of nerves that allow the intestine to move material through the digestive system, a condition called intestinal agangliosis.

Closer examination of the skin and hair shows both to be unpigmented, and most hair follicles are inactive and many are devoid of hair altogether. All LWS foals test homozygous for a genetic abnormality.

Inheritance and expression
Genetic conditions which affect more than one physical trait—in the case of lethal white syndrome, both pigment cells and enteric nerve cells—are termed pleiotropic. The unusual instance of pleiotropy in LWS foals suggested early on that the syndrome was related to an important section of embryonic tissue called the neural crest. As the name suggests, the stem cells of the neural crest are precursors to nerve cells. Another cell type that descends from neural crest cells are melanocytes, pigment-producing cells found in hair follicles and skin. The migration of nerve- and melanocyte-precursors from the top of the embryo to their eventual destinations is carefully controlled by regulatory genes.

Such regulatory genes include endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB). A mutation in the middle of the EDNRB gene, Ile118Lys, causes lethal white syndrome. In this mutation, a "typo" in the DNA mistakes isoleucine for lysine. The resulting EDNRB protein is unable to fulfill its role in the development of the embryo, limiting the migration of the melanocyte and enteric neuron precursors.

In the case of LWS, a single copy of the EDNRB mutation, the heterozygous state, produces an identifiable trait, but with a very different outcome from the homozygous state.

To produce a foal with LWS, both parents must be heterozygotes or carriers of the mutated gene. Without genetic testing, some carriers are misidentified as having white markings due to another gene, while some are even classified as solids.

The presence of this gene in a variety of horse populations in North America suggests that the mutation occurred in early American history, perhaps in a Spanish-type horse.

Heterozygotes
Horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine EDNRB gene—carriers of lethal white syndrome—usually exhibit a white-spotting pattern called "frame", or "frame overo". Frame is characterized by jagged, sharply defined, horizontally oriented white patches that run along the horse's neck, shoulder, flank, and hindquarters. The frame pattern by itself does not produce white markings that cross the back, or affect the legs or tail. It does, however, often produce bald faces and blue eyes. The term "frame" describes the effect of viewing a frame-patterned horse from the side: the white markings appear to be "framed" by a dark-colored border. To date, animals which are heterozygous carriers do not exhibit health concerns associated with carrier-only status.

Not all horses with the heterozygous mutation exactly fit the standard visual description. A horse with the Ile118Lys mutation on EDNRB that is not readily identified as frame-patterned is called a cryptic frame. In addition to cryptic frames, a significant proportion of horses with the frame phenotype are visually misidentified, even in clinical settings. One study found from a group of visually inspected registered Paints, 18% of breeding stock solids and 35% of bald-faced horses were actually frames. However, over one-quarter of Paints registered in the "overo" category were not frames, and conversely, 10% of horses registered as tobiano also carried frame genetics. The difficulty in accurately identifying frames has contributed to the accidental breeding of LWS foals.

Minimally marked horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation are not uncommon: one DNA-tested Thoroughbred has white markings limited to a bottom-heavy blaze and two socks below the knee. A Quarter Horse mare tested positive for the gene after she and a frame Paint stallion produced a LWS foal; the mare's markings were a thin blaze with a disconnected white spot in the right nostril, with no other white markings. One major study identified two miniature horses that were completely unmarked, but were positive for the Ile118Lys gene.

Multiple theories are given for this. Variability in the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that express an associated phenotype is called penetrance, and this may simply be evidence of variable penetrance. Several research groups have suggested that other, "suppressor" genes may limit the expression of frame-pattern white spotting.

On the other end of the spectrum, some white-spotted horses are so extensively marked that the character of the frame pattern is masked. In particular, the tobiano pattern, a dominant gene, is epistatic to overo. Other white-spotting genes include splashed white or "splash", sabino, and "calico". Any combination, or all, of these white-spotting genes can act together to produce horses with so much white that the presence of frame cannot be determined without a DNA test.

Ambiguous terminology has also contributed to the confusion surrounding this disease. Currently, the American Paint Horse Association categorizes  horses as tobiano, solid, "overo", and tovero. The association breaks down "overo" into three categories: Frame, Splash and Sabino. In the past, "overo" was used even more loosely, to refer to spotted animals that were "Paint, but not tobiano". However, no fewer than four—and likely many more—genetically distinct patterns are included under the term "overo". To be categorized as "overo" by the APHA, a horse must fit a written description: white spotting does not cross the back, at least one solid-colored leg, solid tail, face markings, and irregular, scattered, or splashy white patches. To further complicate matters, various Sabino patterns also appear in some horse breeds that do not carry genetics for frame or any other spotting pattern.

Likewise, official classification of a horse as an unspotted solid is based not on genetic testing, but on a visual description. Horses carrying genetics for frame and other white-spotting patterns may be so minimally marked as to lack the registry's minimum requirements for white. This helps to account for allegedly solid horses producing spotted offspring, called cropouts.

The long-standing practice of categorizing Paint horses in this manner contributed to the incorporation of the word "overo" into some of the titles used to describe the disease, such as overo lethal white foal syndrome. However, "overo" refers to several genetically unrelated white-spotting patterns, and only the frame pattern is indicative of the syndrome. The confusion about the nature of LWS is then furthered by statements such as "there are many overos that do not carry the lethal allele", which is technically correct, but only because the term "overo" also encompasses splash and sabino patterns, as well as frame.

Homozygotes
Homozygotes for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine endothelin receptor type B gene have lethal white syndrome. In any crossing of two carrier parents, the statistical probability of producing a solid-colored, living foal is 25%; a 50% chance exists for a frame-patterned, living foal; and a 25% chance exists of a LWS foal.

Producing frame color patterns without producing lethal white
Spotted coat colors, including frame, are popular and sought-after by breeders. While many lethal white syndrome foals are accidentally produced when breeders cross two untested cryptic frames, or a known frame and a cryptic frame, some are produced by the intentional breeding of two known frames, whether out of ignorance or indifference. Producing a foal with LWS is now completely avoidable, because most major animal genetics labs now offer the DNA test for it. Whether a horse visually appears to have the frame pattern or not, testing horses of frame or "overo" lineage is highly recommended. The statistical likelihood of producing a living, frame-patterned foal by crossing two frames is 50%, the same odds of producing a living, frame-patterned foal from a frame-to-nonframe breeding which carries no risk of producing a lethal white syndrome foal. Therefore, breeding two frame overos conveys no benefit to breeders hoping to produce another frame overo.

Dominant or recessive?
Lethal white syndrome has been described by researchers as both dominantly and recessively inherited. Lethal white syndrome is described as recessive because heterozygotes (written Oo or N/O) are not affected by intestinal agangliosis. However, if the frame pattern trait is included, inheritance of the trait follows an incomplete dominant pattern. The concept of "recessive" and "dominant" antedate molecular biology and technically apply only to traits, not to genes themselves. In pleiotropic conditions, such as LWS, the application of "recessive" or "dominant" can be ambiguous.

A separate issue is the nomenclature applied to the frame pattern itself. While it follows a dominant pattern of inheritance, deviations occur. The majority of horses with the Ile118Lys mutation do exhibit the recognizable frame pattern, but a small percentage are too modestly marked to be classified as "spotted" by breed registries. Such "solid" horses, bred to a solid partner, can produce classically marked frames. The "crop-out" phenomenon can make frame appear to follow a recessive mode of inheritance.

Prevalence
The gene for LWS is most common in the American Paint Horse, but occurs in any breed that may carry frame genetics, including American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Thoroughbreds, Morgan horses, miniature horses,  Tennessee Walking Horses, and mustangs, as well as horses that are descended from these breeds. Only two Morgan horses have been identified as frame overos. Breeds that do not carry genes for the frame pattern also do not carry LWS.

Lethal white mimics
Not all white, blue-eyed foals are affected with LWS. Other genes can produce healthy pink-skinned, blue-eyed horses with a white or very light cream-colored coat. For a time, some of these completely white horses were called "living lethals", but this is a misnomer. Before reliable information and the DNA test were available to breeders, perfectly healthy, white-coated, blue-eyed foals were sometimes euthanized for fear they were lethal whites, an outcome which can be avoided today with testing and a better understanding of coat color genetics or even waiting 12 hours or so for the foal to develop clinical signs. The availability of testing also allows a breeder to determine if a white-coated, blue-eyed foal that becomes ill is an LWS foal that requires euthanasia or a non-LWS foal with a simple illness that may be successfully treated.
 * Double-cream dilutes such as cremello, perlinos, and smoky creams, have cream-colored coats, blue eyes, and pink skin. The faint cream pigmentation of their coats can be distinguished from the unpigmented white markings and underlying unpigmented pink skin. A similar-looking "pseudo double dilute" can be produced with help from the pearl gene or "barlink factor" or the champagne gene.
 * The combination of tobiano with other white-spotting patterns can produce white or nearly white horses, which may have blue eyes.
 * Sabino horses that are homozygous for the sabino-1 (Sb-1) gene are often called "sabino-white", and are all- or nearly all-white. Not all sabino horses carry Sb-1.
 * Dominant white genetics are not thoroughly understood, but are characterized by all- or nearly all-white coats.

Analogous conditions
From very early in research into its genetics, LWS has been compared to Hirschsprung's disease in humans, which is also caused by mutations on the EDNRB gene. Various polymorphisms on this gene result in intestinal agangliosis, in some cases attended by unusual pigmentation of the skin and eyes, and deafness. The occasionally attendant pigmentation condition in humans is called Waardenburg-Shah syndrome.

The terms "piebald-lethal" and "spotting lethal" apply to similar conditions in mice and rats, respectively, both caused by mutations on the EDNRB gene. Only lethal in the homozygous state, the mutations are associated with white-spotted coats, deafness, and megacolon caused by intestinal agangliosis.

title: Lethal white syndrome


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Mont Aiguille

Mont Aiguille (2087 m) is a mountain in the Vercors Massif of the French Prealps, located 58 km south of Grenoble, in the commune of Chichilianne, and the département of Isère. The mountain, known as one of the Seven Wonders of Dauphiné, is a relatively flat limestone mesa surrounded by steep cliffs. The mountain lies within an area designated in 1970 as the Vercors Regional Natural Park. Mont Aiguille's limestone cliffs, especially on the northwest side, are popular with climbers. Its first climb in 1492 was said to mark the birth of mountaineering.

Topography and geography
Mont Aiguille is a mesa eroded from the Vercors Plateau in the drainage basin of the Rhône. It is surrounded by steep cliffs and has a height of 2087 m and a clean prominence of 465 m. The surrounding terrain is difficult enough to warrant a technical climb as the easiest method of ascent. The mountain is capped with meadows botanically similar to those on the Vercors High Plateau, but beneath the cliffs there are extensive forests. The mountain lies within the Vercors Regional Natural Park and is in the département of Isère. The nearest access by rail is in the village of Saint-Martin-de-Clelles and by road is from the north via the Col de La Bâtie.

Geomorphology and geology
Geomorphologically, the mountain is a mesa-like outlier, that is to say, the remains of a plateau that has been otherwise eroded to leave only a single pillar of rock - weaker or fractured rocks (the so-called Jasneuf fault) between the current summit and the Vercors high plateau were eroded over time by over 400 metres, leaving the peak standing on its own. This has resulted in several unique features of Mont Aiguille, including the cliffs, which are almost identical to those on the eastern edge of the Vercors Plateau such as those on the edge of the Grand Veymont, which is the highest point of the range. Another feature resulting from this is the presence of meadows on the summit plateau, which are similar to those to the west on the rest of the Vercors plateau.

Mont Aiguille is a limestone mesa, previously connected to the main body of the high plateau of the Vercors Massif. The summit is made up of lower Barremian strata, deposited during the Cretaceous period. This is the same as the plateau to the west, but not as the immediate environs: the lower slopes are composed of older Hauterivian strata. As easily observed, the bedding planes are all roughly level, although there is some inclination down to the north-east.

History
According to Roman legend, the mountain was torn from the rest of the Vercors when a hunter named Ibicus saw naked goddesses on the mountain and was changed into an ibex as punishment. In the medieval period, Mont Aiguille was traditionally called "Mount Inaccessible", and typically depicted as an "inverted pyramid" or "mushroom". Since at least the thirteenth century, the mountain has been regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of Dauphiné. The mountain is most noted for its first ascent in 1492. Charles VIII ordered that the peak be climbed, so one of his servants, Antoine de Ville, made the ascent using a combination of ladders, ropes and other artificial aids. He was visited in the following days by many local members of the nobility and aristocracy. The team bivouacked on the summit for eight days, erecting small crosses and a stone shelter. The ascent is described by François Rabelais in his Quart Livre. This was the first recorded climb of any technical difficulty, and has been said to mark the beginning of mountaineering. The mountain was not climbed again until 1834, nearly 350 years later, when it was ascended barefoot by Jean Liotard, accompanied for one-quarter of the way by local explorers. Less than a month later, it was climbed by seven people at the same time, who reportedly danced and sang La Marseillaise on the summit. In 1940, the top 11 m of the mountain collapsed, reducing the height to 2085 m. Seventeen years later, on 27 August 1957, the stunt pilot Henri Giraud landed a Piper J-3 Cub on the summit, utilising an 80 m-long, 20 m-wide runway which had been built earlier that day using materials and men lifted to the summit by helicopters. In the following 18 years, he staged a further 51 landings on the summit before his final landing in 1975, many carrying paying passengers, and often made using skis. The mountain was designated in 1970 as part of the Vercors Regional Natural Park.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mont Aiguille


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Generalized nondeterministic finite automaton

In the theory of computation, a generalized nondeterministic finite automaton (GNFA), also known as an expression automaton or a generalized nondeterministic finite state machine, is a variation of a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) where each transition is labeled with any regular expression. The GNFA reads blocks of symbols from the input which constitute a string as defined by the regular expression on the transition. There are several differences between a standard finite state machine and a generalized nondeterministic finite state machine. A GNFA must have only one start state and one accept state, and these cannot be the same state, whereas an NFA or DFA both may have several accept states, and the start state can be an accept state. A GNFA must have only one transition between any two states, whereas a NFA or DFA both allow for numerous transitions between states. In a GNFA, a state has a single transition to every state in the machine, although often it is a convention to ignore the transitions that are labelled with the empty set when drawing generalized nondeterministic finite state machines.

Formal definition
A GNFA can be defined as a 5-tuple, (S, Σ, T, s, a), consisting of where R is the collection of all regular expressions over the alphabet Σ.
 * a finite set of states (S);
 * a finite set called the alphabet (Σ);
 * a transition function (T : (S ∖ {a}) × (S ∖ {s}) → R);
 * a start state (s ∈ S);
 * an accept state (a ∈ S);

The transition function takes as its argument a pair of two states and outputs a regular expression (the label of the transition). This differs from other finite state machines, which take as input a single state and an input from the alphabet (or the empty string in the case of nondeterministic finite state machines) and outputs the next state (or the set of possible states in the case of nondeterministic finite state machines). A DFA or NFA can easily be converted into a GNFA and then the GNFA can be easily converted into a regular expression by repeatedly collapsing parts of it to single edges until S = {s, a}. Similarly, GNFAs can be reduced to NFAs by changing regular expression operators into new edges until each edge is labelled with a regular expression matching a single string of length at most 1. NFAs, in turn, can be reduced to DFAs using the powerset construction. This shows that GNFAs recognize the same set of formal languages as DFAs and NFAs.


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Helen Hunley

Wilma Helen Hunley (September 6, 1920 – October 22, 2010) was a Canadian politician and the 12th Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, the first woman to serve in that post.

Early life
She was born in Acme, Alberta, to James Edgar Hunley and Esta May Hunley. She first worked as an operator, served overseas in the Army Corps during World War II and eventually owned and operated an International Harvester franchise and an insurance business.

Political career
Hunley served as a town councilor from 1960 to 1966 and then mayor of Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, from 1966 to 1971. Hunley was elected to the province's legislative assembly as a Progressive Conservative. She was the province's cabinet minister serving as Minister Without Portfolio from 1971 to 1973, Solicitor-General from 1973 to 1975 and then Minister of Social Services and Community Health from 1975 until 1979 when she retired from politics.

In June, 1980, Hunley was appointed chair of the Alberta Mental Health Advisory Council. She also served on the Alberta 75th Anniversary Commission.

Hunley became president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta in 1984 and, in 1985, was appointed by Governor General Jeanne Sauvé, on the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, to the position of lieutenant-governor. She served in the position until 1991. In 1992, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Helen Hunley


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Utility vehicle

A utility vehicle (UV) is a vehicle, generally motorized, that is designed to carry out a specific task with more efficacy than a passenger vehicle. It sometimes refers to a small truck with low sides.

Military light utility vehicle
Military light utility vehicle, or simply light utility vehicle, (LUV), is a term used for the lightest weight class military vehicle category.[1] A Jeep-like four-wheel drive vehicle for military use[2] by definition lighter than other military trucks and vehicles, inherently compact and usually with light or no armour, with short body overhangs for nimble all-terrain mobility, and frequently around 4-passenger capacity.

Armored utility vehicle
The military also use armored utility vehicles.

Sport utility vehicle (SUV)
Traditionally, these are vehicles similar to a station wagon, but built on a light-truck chassis and equipped with four-wheel drive or all-wheel drive amongst other off-road hardware. Their primary purpose is to display superior off-road and towing capabilities, with higher seating capacity.

Multi utility vehicle
These are larger vehicles which can tackle a wide range of applications. They typically allow easy conversion between multiple combinations of passenger and luggage capacity.

Crossover utility vehicle
Station wagons based on a car chassis, but built to resemble sport utility vehicles. They have limited off-road capability but sportier on-road behavior than SUVs. May also be referred to as a "Sports Activity Vehicle", as is the case with BMW's X-range of vehicles.

Light equipment
Vehicles like the Kawasaki MULE in which a flat bed is added to an all terrain vehicle. Generally used as a maintenance vehicle.

A jeep is a type of light utility vehicle, originally used by the US military, with four-wheel drive for travelling over rough terrain.

Coupé utility or tray utility vehicle
Vehicles featuring a coupé passenger compartment with an attached cargo bed. All-steel-bodied utility vehicles, more commonly called utes, were introduced in Australia.

Sports utility truck or vehicle(SUV), utility truck or pickup truck
Utility trucks, (known as pickup trucks in the US) are similar to Coupé utilities. The main difference being that they are either built specifically for purpose or based upon Sports utility vehicles rather than being produced by modifying existing passenger vehicles. They combine elements of road-going passenger cars with features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground clearance and four-wheel drive.

Utility task vehicle
The Side-by-side (SxS), also known as utility task vehicle (UTV), is small four-wheel off-road vehicle. It has a side-by-side seating arrangement, and UTVs often have seat belts, roll-over protection and a storage box at the rear of the vehicle.

In 2017, the UTV category was added to the Rally Dakar.

title: Utility vehicle


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Ripon Society

The Ripon Society is an American center-right Republican public policy organization and think tank based in Washington, D.C. It publishes The Ripon Forum, the U.S.'s longest running Republican thought and opinion journal, as well as The Ripon Advance, a daily news publication.

Founded in 1962 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Society's name comes from the 1854 birthplace of the Republican Party—Ripon, Wisconsin. The Society's goals include protecting national security, lowering taxes, and shrinking the size of the government.

The Ripon Society was the first major Republican organization to support passage of the Civil Rights Act in the 1960s. In 1967, it advanced the concept of a negative income tax. In the early 1970s, it called for the normalization of relations with China, and the abolition of the military draft.

Emil Frankel and the Bow Group
Emil Frankel was a Harvard law student in the early 1960s. He had studied in England on a Fulbright scholarship. While in England, he met members of a group called the Bow Group. The Bow Group founders had been "dissatisfied with the Conservative Party's image as 'the Stupid Party'." The Bow Group impressed Frankel, particularly regarding the level of detail that its members applied to study public policy problems and the proactive way its members became experts on policy topics.

At the same time John S. Saloma III was a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Like Frankel, Saloma had studied in England on a Fulbright scholarship. Both Frankel and Saloma became editors at Advance magazine.

In December 1962, Frankel and Saloma "circulated a confidential 'Proposal for an American Bow Group'". Saloma and Frankel held a meeting on December 12, 1962, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at Harvard College. The meeting would become the first meeting of the group that eventually became known as the Ripon Society. The name is a reference to Ripon, Wisconsin, the informal birthplace of the Republican Party. (The town's claim was disputed by Jackson, Michigan, where the first official meeting of the Party was held; but a Republican organization was unlikely to name itself "The Jackson Society").

The society's meetings took place monthly at locations around Harvard. Some sixty individuals attended at least one Ripon meeting during its first year, and about half became active members. Most were graduate or professionals students and young professors from Harvard, M.I.T., and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts. The members of the Ripon Society were primarily white, middle-class, and a majority of members were from the Midwest.

A Call to History
On November 22, 1963, a group of Ripon Society members were having lunch in a dining hall at Harvard University. During lunch, they were planning a trip to campaign for Nelson Rockefeller for president, who was at that time the Republican governor of New York. Near the end of their lunch meeting, the members got word that President John F. Kennedy had been shot.

Political historian and author Geoffrey Kabaservice writes, "Although they (the Ripon Society members) were Republicans, JFK had been their political inspiration. When the news confirmed that Kennedy had been killed, they were caught between grief for their fallen hero and fear of Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded to the presidency".

Over the weeks following Kennedy's death, the Ripon members wrote a manifesto, "A Call to Excellence in Leadership: An Open Letter to the New Generation of Republicans." Newspapers around the U.S. published highlights of the manifesto. The New York Herald Tribune published it in full. The media attention given to the "Call to Excellence" thrust Ripon onto the national stage. The Washington Star was one newspaper that editorially hailed the Society as "a new voice in the land ... a voice that ought to be heeded."

Another voice was President (and Republican) Dwight D. Eisenhower, who wrote "my delight that an obviously intelligent group of people has taken the trouble to voice its consensus on this important subject, and also to express my basic agreement in the mainstream of its thinking."

The Ripon Papers
The Ripon Society wrote its first public statement in the weeks that followed Kennedy's assassination and published the statement on January 6, 1964:

While we yet sorrow, so must we seize this moment before our thoughts slip away to be lost in the noise of 'life as usual.' It is in this context that we have chosen to speak. We speak as a group of young Republicans to that generation which must bear the responsibility for guiding our party and our country over the coming decades. We speak for a point of view in the Republican Party that has too long been silent.

We believe that the future of our party lies not in extremism, but in moderation. The moderate course offers the Republican Party the best chance to build a durable majority position in American politics. This is the direction the party must take if it is to win the confidence of the "new Americans" who are not at home in the politics of another generation: the new middle classes of the suburbs of the North and West – who have left the Democratic cities but have not yet found a home in the Republican party; the young college graduates and professional men and women of our great university centers – more concerned with "opportunity" than "security", the moderate of the new South – who represent the hope for peaceful racial adjustment and who are insulted by a racist appeal more fitting another generation. These and others like them hold the key to the future of our politics.

We believe that the Republican Party should accept the challenge to fight for the middle ground of American politics. The party that will not acknowledge this political fact of life and courageously enter the contest for power does not merit and cannot possibly win the majority support of the American people.

John Saloma, founding president
The first president of the society was John S. Saloma III, serving from 1963 until 1967. In 1962, Saloma founded the American Bow Group, a society of university intellectuals. In 1963, the American Bow Group became the Ripon Society.

Saloma attended MIT and the London School of Economics. He received his doctorate from Harvard University with his dissertation "British Conservatism and the Welfare State".

In his career, Saloma's work focused mainly on the American political party system. Participating in a project studying the U.S. Congress sponsored by the American Political Science Association and the Carnegie Foundation, he published Congress and the New Politics in 1969 which dealt with the workloads in the offices of members of Congress. This led to an interest in the congressional budget process and the possibilities of computer use in the daily job of a representative. He died on July 6, 1983, in San Francisco, California.

Other founding members include Tom Petri, a U.S. congressman, and Lee Huebner.

Former leaders

 * Auspitz, Josiah Lee
 * Frenzel, Bill. Chairman Emeritus. Former U.S. Congressman.
 * Dubke, Michael
 * Gerstell, Glenn S.
 * Gillette, Howard F. National president 1971–1972.
 * Huebner, Lee. Co-founder and former president. Former special assistant to President Nixon.
 * Kellogg, Frederick R.
 * Kessler, Rick. From 2004 to 2009, Rick Kessler served as the Ripon Society's president. When he retired from the position in 2009, he became the group's president emeritus. Kessler began working for the group in 1981 as the executive director. Previously, he worked on the presidential campaign of John Anderson and served on the inaugural committee for newly elected President Ronald Reagan in 1980–1981.
 * Leach, Jim. U.S. Congressman from Iowa.
 * Petri, Tom. U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin. Co-founder.
 * Saloma III, John S. Founding President.
 * Smith, Peter, U.S. Congressman from Vermont.

1964 Presidential campaign
A Slate article in 1998 attributed the Ripon's founding, in part, to "Republicans put off by the vulgarity of the Goldwater campaign ..." In 1964, conservative activists within the Republican Party nominated Barry Goldwater for president. The Ripon Society argued against Goldwater, writing:"We believe that the future of our party lies not in extremism, but in moderation. The moderate course offers the Republican Party the best chance to build a durable majority position in American politics. This is the direction the party must take if it is to win the confidence of the 'new Americans' who are not at home in the politics of another generation: the new middle classes of the suburbs of the North and West – who have left the Democratic cities but have not yet found a home in the Republican party; the young college graduates and professional men and women of our great university centers – more concerned with 'opportunity' than 'security'; the moderates of the new South – who represent the hope for peaceful racial adjustment and who are insulted by a racist appeal more fitting another generation. These and others like them hold the key to the future of our politics."

Ripon Forum
The Ripon Forum, a magazine that features articles from a variety of contributors, is published quarterly by the Ripon Society. It has been described as "... the only national magazine expressing a progressive Republican view."

Ripon Advance
The Ripon Advance is a daily publication that provides news and information about public policy and highlights the work of state and federal elected officials.

Ripon Society and Federal Election Commission
In 2004, the Ripon Society requested a legal advisory opinion from the Federal Election Commission (FEC). Ripon wanted to pay for a TV campaign commercial in favor of the re-election of Congresswoman Sue Kelly (R-NY). Ripon's argument in favor of being allowed to run the commercial was that the commercial would promote homeland security policies that the Ripon Society, and Congresswoman Kelly, supported.

The requested advisory opinion amounted to a request for an interpretation of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 as it applied to the specific details of the proposed campaign advertisement.

The FEC responded by saying that the law prohibited Ripon from paying for the ad if it was televised within Congresswoman Kelly's congressional district. However, the FEC said that Ripon could pay for the ad if it were televised outside of her district and only if the Ripon Society did not coordinate with Republican Party officials.

In FEC Advisory Opinion 2004-33, the FEC said the Ripon Society could not legally pay for a political TV commercial for a congressional candidate if it was aired in the candidate's district immediately before an election (30 days before a primary election or 60 days before a general election). At that time (2004), the law prohibited corporate funds from paying for "electioneering communication", an umbrella term that includes campaign TV commercials.

Republican of the Year Award
In addition to George H. W. Bush, other Republican of the Year recipients have included former Senator Bob Dole and former Senator Howard Baker

Lecture series
The Ripon Society hosts a series of lectures known as their "Policy & Politics Dialogue Series", which in 2011 has consisted of over 40 idea-based forums. Speakers have included: Speaker of the House John Boehner, Representatives Kevin Brady and Greg Walden, Senators Rob Portman and John McCain, former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus. At a Ripon event in January 2013, shortly after President Obama's second inaugural address, Boehner told the audience that President Obama was trying to "annihilate the Republican Party."

Breakfast series
The Ripon Society hosts breakfast forums that feature members of Congress. For example, the breakfast forums have hosted the Republican Women's Policy Committee, National Republican Senatorial Committee, and House Ways and Means Committee members.

Rough Rider awards
Between 1999 and 2004, the Society gave what was known as the Rough Rider Awards to recognize public officeholders who have "'stood in the arena, and pushed for innovative policy solutions on a range of issues." Notable recipients included former Wisconsin Governor and Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson, future House Speaker John Boehner, and White House Chief of Staff Andrew H. Card.

Bipartisan action
This section summarizes some of the bipartisan legislation and actions led by Members of Congress who sit on Ripon's congressional advisory board.

Superbugs, nightmare bacteria and the FDA
Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT), a member of the Ripon congressional advisory board, along with Senator Michael Bennet (D-CO) introduced a bill in January 2015 known as the PATH Act. The bill would change the drug approval process for antibiotic drugs that fight "combat resistant bacteria". These types of bacteria, also known as "superbugs", don't respond to antibiotic medication. The Centers for Disease Control says that 23,000 people in the U.S. die each year from these types of bacteria.

Congressional Advisory Board
The advisory board also includes the following retired Members of Congress:

 * Bill Archer (TX)
 * Henry Bonilla (TX)
 * Michael Castle (DE)
 * Geoff Davis (KY)
 * Mike Ferguson (NJ)
 * David Hobson (OH)
 * Nancy Johnson (CT)
 * Sue Kelly (NY)
 * Scott Klug (WI)
 * Bob Livingston (LA)
 * Jim McCrery (LA)
 * Robert H. Michel (IL)
 * Susan Molinari (NY)
 * Don Nickles (OK)
 * Bill Paxon (NY)
 * Deborah Pryce (OH)
 * Tom Reynolds (NY)
 * Tom Ridge (PA)
 * Gordon Smith (OR)
 * Don Sundquist (TN)
 * Tom Tauke (IA)
 * Robert Walker (PA)

Source: Ripon Society website.

Legal information
The Ripon Society is a 501(c)(4) incorporated non-profit social welfare organization. The current Ripon Society logo is trademarked. The trademark describes the logo: "The mark consists in part of a stylized depiction of an elephant." Ripon filed the trademark application on May 9, 2002, with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

1960–1969

 * Gillette, Howard F. "Ripon Society records, 1963-1978". Collection Number 2824. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections (New York, NY: Cornell University Library). "Includes correspondence, research projects, civil rights material, reports, fund raising material, programs, minutes of meetings, financial records, memoranda, press releases, newsletters, publications, correspondence and other material related to various Republican organizations, mailings to potential contributors and subscribers, membership records, research materials and papers, clippings, and other records of the Ripon Society. Also records of the Ripon Society collected by Howard F. Gillette, Jr."
 * Digitized 16 August 2011
 * Digitized 16 August 2011

1970–1979

 * Auspitz, Josiah Lee (1 March 1970.) Commentary Magazine.
 * Digitized 13 May 2010.
 * Digitized 13 May 2010.

title: Ripon Society


text:
Talk:Henry Arthur Jones

Untitled
Public domain monochrome head-shot photo: HAJ

 * Jones, Doris Arthur | The Life and letters of Henry Arthur Jones | Gollancz | London | 1930 | Daughter's life of playwright includes three Kipling letters

Drama Literature - 951 of the best sites selected by humans

 * Henry Arthur Jones Bio
 * Henry Arthur Jones (1851-1929 Bio
 * Henry Arthur Jones: Monologues Monol
 * Internet Broadway Database: Henry Arthur Jones Db

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title: Talk:Henry Arthur Jones


text:
Weasel Walter

Weasel Walter (born Christopher Todd Walter, May 18, 1972) is an American composer, improviser, multi-instrumentalist, producer, and founder of ugEXPLODE Records. Walter's work has been informed by techniques and traditions of music including Avant-garde, experimental, no wave, free jazz, extreme metal, punk jazz, hardcore punk, noise, new music and free improvisation. He coined the term "brutal prog" to describe the aggressively dissonant strain of prog played by groups like his band the Flying Luttenbachers.

Known as an unrelenting and abrasive provocateur whose performances trend toward overblown antics and "nihilistic glee", Walter has been described by renowned guitarist Mary Halvorson as "completely manic and extraordinarily sensitive" and by The Chicago Reader as "a splinter lodged beneath the fingernail". Avant-garde artist Glenn Branca once called him "one of the greatest rock composers who ever lived".

He has performed as leader and sideperson in a number of bands, including Cellular Chaos and Lydia Lunch Retrovirus. Walter has worked with Roscoe Mitchell, Marshall Allen, John Butcher, Tim Dahl, Peter Evans, Mary Halvorson, Henry Kaiser, Jim O'Rourke, Evan Parker, Elliott Sharp, Ken Vandermark, and William Winant, as well as in bands including XBXRX, Bobby Conn, Cock E.S.P., Curse of the Birthmark, Erase Errata, Harry Pussy, Lair of the Minotaur, The Chicago Sound and others. He has produced albums by AIDS Wolf, Arab on Radar, Glenn Branca, Burmese, Lydia Lunch, Coachwhips, and Total Shutdown.

Career
In 1990, Walter moved to Chicago to work with free jazz composer Hal Russell (born Harold Luttenbacher) at Columbia College. The following year, Russell joined Walter in co-founding the band the Flying Luttenbachers; saxophonist Chad Organ played in the early trio lineup. Russell left the band in the summer of 1992, and shortly after Ken Vandermark took his place for the recording of the band's first 7".

Walter was highly involved in cultivating what he deemed the "Chicago No Wave" scene, meeting new musicians and collaborators through the Luttenbachers' art rock-continuum gigs and the experimental improvised music series he ran at Myopic Books. He graduated from Columbia College in 1995, with a final project, "Un-nerve", performed by a nonet including Ken Vandermark, Gene Coleman, Jim Baker, Kevin Drumm, Jeb Bishop, and Gustavo Leone.

A prolific performing and recording artist, Walter was a founding member of projects including Miss High Heel (with Jim O'Rourke and Azita of The Scissor Girls), Lake of Dracula (with Marlon Magas and Heather M. of the Scissor Girls), To Live and Shave in L.A. 2, 7000 Dying Rats, and Hatewave.

Walter moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2003, where he reformed The Flying Luttenbachers with the addition of bassist Mike Green, guitarist Ed Rodriguez, and later Mick Barr. The Flying Luttenbachers officially disbanded in 2007.

In late 2009, Walter announced that he was moving to New York City to join Behold... The Arctopus as the band's second drummer. He played on Horrorscension, released in 2012, and in two tours before leaving the band in 2013. Walter continued finding new collaborators and formed a number of groups in New York, among them Cellular Chaos, a band with Marc Edwards, Admiral Grey, and Ceci Moss.

In 2017, after a ten-year hiatus, the Flying Luttenbachers played several shows in France, with a new trio lineup of Walter, on drums, joined by bass guitarist Tim Dahl and guitarist Chris Welcome. In 2019, a quartet arrangement of the band released Shattered Dimension, with Walter and Dahl joined by saxophonist Matt Nelson and guitarist Brandon Seabrook. Over the next several years, the varying lineup also included bassist Evan Lipson, guitarist Henry Kaiser, guitarist Wendy Eisenberg, guitarist Katie Battistoni, guitarist Alex Ward, and drummer Sam Ospovat.

As solo artist

 * Revolt Music (ugEXPLODE, 2006)
 * Early Recordings 1988–1991 (Savage Land, 2007)
 * Firestorm (ugEXPLODE, 2007)
 * Large Group Performances 2007-2009 (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * Apocalyptik Paranoia (Gaffer, 2009)
 * Invasion (ugEXPLODE, 2010)
 * Ominous Telepathic Mayhem (ugEXPLODE, 2011)
 * Improvised Music Sampler (2014)
 * End Of An Error (2014)
 * Fragments (2015)
 * Half-Death (2015)
 * Tribute To 'B' and 'C' List Musicians From The Early Years Of MTV, And G.G. Allin (2015)
 * For Andrew Ortmann (2015)
 * Seriously: Fuck The Entire World (2015)
 * Igneity: After The Fall Of Civilization (2016)
 * Curses (2016)
 * She's So 60 Minutes of Heavy (2016)
 * The Inevitable (Tombed Visions, 2016)
 * Expensive Taste (Kitty Play, 2016)
 * Skhiizm (ugEXPLODE, 2018)
 * The Best of the Worst (ugEXPLODE, 2020)

As band member

 * with Behold... The Arctopus
 * Horrorscension (Black Market Activities, 2012)
 * with Burmese
 * Colony Collapse Disorder (Rock Is Hell, 2009)
 * Lun Yurn (ugEXPLODE/Rock is Hell, 2011)
 * with Cellular Chaos
 * Demo Live 5.12.11 (ugEXPLODE, 2011)
 * Cellular Chaos EP (ugEXPLODE, 2012)
 * Cellular Chaos (ugEXPLODE, 2013)
 * Diamond Teeth Clenched (Skin Graft, 2016)
 * Dirty Girl (ugEXPLODE, 2018)
 * with Encenathrakh
 * Respekt The Demo (Rectomorph/Dense(s)/Lindung, 2013)
 * Encenathrakh (P2/Dense(s), 2015)
 * The 2 Song Promo 19 (P2/Lindung, 2019)
 * Live Album (P2, 2020)
 * Thraakethraaeate Thraithraake (P2, 2020)
 * Studio Album (P2, 2021)
 * with The Flying Luttenbachers
 * Destructo Noise Explosion!: Live at WNUR 2-6-92 (ugEXPLODE, 1992)
 * Constructive Destruction (ugEXPLODE, 1994)
 * Destroy All Music (ugEXPLODE, 1995)
 * Revenge of the Flying Luttenbachers (Skin Graft, 1996)
 * Gods of Chaos (Skin Graft, 1998)
 * Retrospektiw III (ugEXPLODE, 1998)
 * "...The Truth Is a Fucking Lie..." (ugEXPLODE/Skin Graft, 1999)
 * Alptraum (ugEXPLODE, 2000)
 * Trauma (ugEXPLODE, 2001)
 * Infection and Decline (Troubleman Unlimited, 2002)
 * Retrospektiw IV (ugEXPLODE, 2002)
 * Systems Emerge from Complete Disorder (Troubleman/ugEXPLODE, 2003)
 * The Void (Troubleman/ugEXPLODE, 2004)
 * Spectral Warrior Mythos (ugEXPLODE, 2005)
 * Cataclysm (ugEXPLODE, 2006)
 * Incarceration by Abstraction (ugEXPLODE, 2007)
 * Destroy All Music Revisited (Skin Graft, 2007)
 * Shattered Dimension (ugEXPLODE, 2019)
 * Imminent Death (ugEXPLODE, 2019)
 * Negative Infinity (ugEXPLODE, 2021)
 * Terror Iridescence (ugEXPLODE, 2022)
 * with Hatewave
 * Demo 1997 (1997)
 * Hatewave (Up Jumps The Devil/Tumult, 1998)
 * with Lake Of Dracula
 * Lake Of Dracula (Skin Graft, 1997)
 * Four Teachers / Violators 7" (Kill Rock Stars, 1998)
 * Skeletal Remains (Savage Land/Roccoco Records, 2006)
 * with Lydia Lunch
 * Retrovirus (ugEXPLODE, 2013)
 * 3x3 EP (2015)
 * Urge To Kill (Rustblade/Widowspeak, 2015)
 * Live In Zurich (Widowspeak, 2016)
 * Brutal Measures (Widowspeak, 2016)
 * with XBXRX
 * Sixth in Sixes (Polyvinyl, 2005)
 * Wars (Polyvinyl, 2007)
 * Sounds (Important Records, 2007)
 * Un Usper (self-released, 2009)

Collaborations

 * with Sheik Anorak & Mario Rechtern
 * The Forbidden Beat (Gaffer, 2010
 * Bass Bass Bass Bass (Gaffer, 2010)
 * with Josh Berman & Aram Shelton
 * Last Distractions (Singlespeed, 2009)
 * with Jeb Bishop & Alex Ward
 * Flayed (ugEXPLODE, 2019)
 * with David Buddin
 * Quodlibet (2015)
 * with John Butcher & Damon Smith
 * Catastrophe of Minimalism (Balance Point Acoustics, 2017)
 * with Charity Chan, Peter Evans, & Tom Blancarte
 * Cryptocrystalline (ugEXPLODE, 2013)
 * with Nels Cline, Henry Kaiser, Jim Thomas, & Allen Whitman
 * Jazz Free (There Records/A Train, 2012)
 * with Kevin Drumm & Fred Lonberg-Holm
 * Eruption (Grob, 2004)
 * with Marc Edwards / Weasel Walter Group
 * Mysteries Beneath The Planet (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * Blood Of The Earth (ugEXPLODE, 2010)
 * Solar Emission (ugEXPLODE, 2011)
 * with Martin Escalante
 * Lacerate (ugEXPLODE, 2018)
 * with Peter Evans
 * Poisonous (ugEXPLODE, 2018)
 * with Peter Evans, James Fei, & Damon Smith
 * Eponymous (ugEXPLODE, 2008)
 * Peter Evans / Weasel Walter Group
 * Oculus Ex Abyssus (ugEXPLODE, 2008)
 * with Sandy Ewen
 * Idiomatic (ugEXPLODE, 2018)
 * with Sandy Ewen & Damon Smith
 * Sandy Ewen / Damon Smith / Weasel Walter (ugEXPLODE, 2012)
 * Live In Texas (Balance Point Acoustics, 2016)
 * Untitled ug 79 (ugEXPLODE, 2020)
 * with Den Svarta Fanan (Nonoko Yoshida, Ron Anderson, Joe Merolla, Walter)
 * Den Svarta Fanan (ugEXPLODE, 2013)
 * with Maria Faust & Tim Dahl
 * Farm Fresh (Gotta Let It Out, 2019)
 * with Paul Flaherty
 * Particles (2009)
 * with Paul Flaherty, C. Spencer Yeh, & Steve Swell
 * Dragonfly Breath (Not Two, 2013)
 * Dragonfly Breath III: Live At The Stone: Megaloprepus Caerulatus (Not Two, 2016)
 * with Michael Forbes & Andrew Scott Young
 * American Free (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * with Michael Foster, Steve Swell, & Brandon Lopez
 * Throes are the Only Trouble (2017)
 * with Gianni Gebbia & Damon Smith
 * Lichens (ugEXPLODE, 2007)
 * with Vinny Golia & Damon Smith
 * Großes Messer (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * with Forbes Graham, Greg Kelley, & Paul Flaherty
 * End of the Trail (ugEXPLODE, 2008)
 * with Mary Halvorson
 * Opulence (ugEXPLODE, 2008)
 * with Mary Halvorson & Peter Evans
 * Mystery Meat (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * Electric Fruit (Thirsty Ear, 2011)
 * Mechanical Malfunction (Thirsty Ear, 2012)
 * with JeJaWeDa (Jeb Bishop, Jaap Blonk, Walter, & Damon Smith)
 * Pioneer Works vol. 1 (Balance Point Acoustics, 2019)
 * Pioneer Works vol. 2 (Balance Point Acoustics, 2019)
 * with Henry Kaiser & Charles K. Noyes
 * Ninja Star Danger Rock (There Records/ugEXPLODE, 2011)
 * with Henry Kaiser, Paul Plimley, & Lukas Ligeti
 * The Starbreak Splatterlight (There Records, 2012)
 * with Henry Kaiser & Damon Smith
 * Plane Crash (ugEXPLODE, 2009)
 * Plane Crash Two (New Atlantis, 2015)
 * with Henry Kaiser, Damon Smith, Vinny Golia, & Ra-Kalam Bob Moses
 * Astral Plane Crash (Balance Point Acoustics, 2018)
 * with Yoni Kretzmer & Pascal Niggenkemper
 * ProtestMusic (Outnow Recordings, 2014)
 * with Dominic Lash & Alex Ward
 * Trapeze (spoonhunt, 2015)
 * with Matteo Liberatore & Elliott Sharp
 * L'Ora Del Pasto (2020)
 * with Jacob Lindsay, Ava Mendoza, & Damon Smith
 * Jus (Balance Point Acoustics, 2008)
 * with Fred Lonberg-Holm & Jim O'Rourke
 * Tribute to Masayuki Takayanagi (ugEXPLODE, 2000)
 * with Kenny Millions & Damon Smith
 * Fuck Music... Tell Jokes - You'll Make More Money (Unhinged, 2018)
 * with No Mor Musik (Nandor Nevai, Walter, Keshavan Maslak)
 * No Mor Musik (ugEXPLODE, 2010)
 * with Phonon (Elliott Sharp, Álvaro Domene, Colin Marston, Walter)
 * Alloy (ZOaR, 2020)
 * with Chris Pitsiokos
 * Unplanned Obsolescence (ugEXPLODE, 2012)
 * Drawn and Quartered (One Hand, 2015)
 * with Chris Pitsiokos & Ron Anderson
 * Maximalism (Eleatic, 2013)
 * with Sam Weinberg & Henry Fraser
 * Walter/Weinberg/Fraser / Maestro Day split (Renfusa, 2017)
 * Grist (ugEXPLODE, 2020)
 * with Sam Weinberg & Teté Leguia
 * Weinberg/Leguía/Walter (Buh Records, 2018)
 * with Sam Weinberg & Sandy Ewen
 * Ventricles (Renfusa, 2020)
 * with Nate Wooley, Damon Smith, & Scott R. Looney
 * Scowl (ugEXPLODE, 2011)

title: Weasel Walter


text:
Papilio rutulus

Papilio rutulus, the western tiger swallowtail, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the Papilionidae family. The species was first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1852.

Like the other tiger swallowtails, the western tiger swallowtail was formerly classified in genus Pterourus, but modern classifications all agree in placing them within Papilio.

Distribution
This common species is present in western North America. The normal range of the western tiger swallowtail covers much of western North America, from British Columbia to North Dakota in the north to Baja California and New Mexico in the south. Individuals occasionally turn up east of this range; in eastern North America, though, it is replaced by the similar eastern tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus.

Habitat
These butterflies are frequently seen in urban parks and gardens, as well as in rural woodlands and riparian areas.

Description
Papilio rutulus can reach a wingspan of 7 to 10 cm. These large butterflies are brightly colored. The wings are yellow with black stripes and blue and orange spots near their tail. They have the "tails" on the hindwings that are often found in swallowtails.

Young caterpillars resemble bird droppings, and as they molt, they eventually turn bright green, with a pair of large yellow eyespots with black and blue pupils. The chrysalis is green in summer and dark brown in winter, and looks like a piece of wood.

Biology
Butterflies emerge from winter chrysalids between February and May, the date depending on the temperature, so they are seen earlier in the more southerly and more coastal parts of their range. They are very active butterflies, rarely seen at rest. The adult females lay up to a hundred eggs in total. The eggs are deep green, shiny, and spherical. They are laid singly, on the undersides of leaves.

The caterpillars emerge about four days later. They can feed on the leaves of a variety of trees, and the predominant food plant varies across their range; trees commonly used include cottonwood, willow, quaking aspen, and many others.

The caterpillars molt four times, eventually reaching a length up to 5 cm before pupating. In summer, the butterfly can emerge as quickly as 15 days after the caterpillar pupated, but when the caterpillar pupates in the fall, the butterfly does not emerge until the spring.

The males often congregate, along with other species of swallowtail, at pools and along streams and rivers; they drink from the water and mud, extracting minerals, as well as moisture.

title: Papilio rutulus


text:
Breithorn

The Breithorn (German for literally "broad horn"; 13,661 ft. or 4,160 m) is a mountain range of the Pennine Alps with its highest peak of the same name (but also called Breithorn (Western Summit)), located on the border between Switzerland and Italy. It lies on the main chain of the Alps, approximately halfway between the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa and east of the Theodul Pass. Most of the massif is glaciated and includes several subsidiary peaks, all located east of the main summit: the Central Breithorn, the western Breithorn Twin (or Eastern Breithorn), the Gendarm (or eastern Breithorn Twin) and the Roccia Nera. The main summit is sometimes distinguished by the name Western Breithorn (Breithorn (Westgipfel), Breithorn Occidentale). The nearest settlements are Zermatt (Valais) and St-Jacques (Aosta Valley).

The Breithorn is considered the most easily climbed 4,000 m Alpine peak. This is due to the Klein Matterhorn cable car which takes climbers to over 3,820 m (12,700 ft) from Zermatt for a starting point. The standard route (SSW flank) is from the Italian side of the mountain (the south side) and continues over a glacial plateau before climbing to the summit on a 35 degree snow slope. However, inexperienced mountaineers may run into severe difficulty if caution is not taken near cornices or in bad weather. For experienced climbers wanting more of a challenge, the half traverse of the Breithorn crest is another option.

The Breithorn was first climbed in 1813 by Henry Maynard (climber), Joseph-Marie Couttet, Jean Gras, Jean-Baptiste Erin and Jean-Jacques Erin.

title: Breithorn


text: Talk:Breithorn

title: Talk:Breithorn


text:
Gordon Towers

Thomas Gordon Towers (July 5, 1919 – June 8, 1999)  was a Canadian politician, Member of Parliament (MP) and the 13th lieutenant governor of Alberta.

Early life
Thomas Gordon Towers was born on July 5, 1919, the youngest of four children to Thomas Henry Towers and Janet Morrison, on the family's homestead in the Willowdale District (present day Red Deer County) southeast of Red Deer, Alberta.

Gordon Towers was educated at the Willowdale School, and although he aspired to go to university, he was unable to leave the family farm due to the Great Depression.

Gordon Towers married Doris Roberta Nicholson (b. 1921) on December 27, 1940, and they had five children together and fostered one daughter.

In March 1941 Towers joined the Royal Canadian Artillery, but was given an honourable discharge after three months in May 1941 due to a hip injury.

Federal political career
A farmer by profession, Gordon Towers was an unsuccessful Progressive Conservative candidate in Red Deer in the 1963 and 1965 federal elections, losing to the Social Credit Leader Robert N. Thompson both times.

Towers made a third run for the seat in the 1972 election after Thompson, by then a Tory, unsuccessfully sought a seat from British Columbia. This time he won, and was re-elected four subsequent times in 1974, 1979, 1980 and 1984. He did not run in the 1988 election following a heart attack in 1987. From 1984 to 1986, he was the parliamentary secretary to the solicitor general of Canada. From 1986 to 1987, he was the parliamentary secretary to the minister of state for science and technology. Towers was a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly in 1978, and a delegate of the Canadian Branch, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, to the 29th Parliamentary Seminar, which was held at Westminster.

Gordon Towers introduced several pieces of legislation to Parliament regarding representation, including the 1982 Private Members Bill C-223 which proposed Parliament continue to limit its membership to 282 until Canada reached a population of 50 million. All of Towers' private member bills died on the Order Paper.

Lieutenant governor of Alberta
On the advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney Towers was appointed lieutenant governor of Alberta by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn on March 11, 1991. Towers served in this post from March 11, 1991, to April 17, 1996, when his successor Bud Olson was sworn in as the 14th lieutenant governor.

In 1993, Towers broke with tradition and refused the advice of Economic Development Minister Ken Kowalski and did not approve an order in council for a $1.5 million grant program. The program would have granted a substantial government loan for the restructuring of a motor hotel, and Towers exercised his right to withhold approval based on insufficient documentation. Towers insisted the lieutenant governor "is not just a rubber stamp". Towers eventually approved the order in council on March 1, once a full explanation had been provided.

In another unusual move, Towers opened the Fourth Sitting of the 22nd Alberta Legislature with a "90-minute state-of-affairs address" rather than the traditional speech from the throne. Towers' reasoning for the change was that the session would last only a couple weeks until the 1993 Alberta general election was called.

Later life
Towers created controversy when he called for the resignation of his successor as lieutenant governor, Bud Olsen, after he held the 1997 New Year's levee in Medicine Hat, becoming the first time the province's levee had been held outside the capital city of Edmonton. Towers went so far as to appeal to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien for Olsen's removal from office after Olsen remarked he "doesn't give a damn" what Towers thought of him breaking the tradition.

Gordon Towers died in Red Deer from complications of diabetes on June 8, 1999. He is buried in the Red Deer Cemetery.

Honours and awards
In 1989, Towers was named the Paul Harris Fellow by Rotary International, and the 1990 Citizen of the Year by the Red Deer Chamber of Commerce. Towers was made a Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in 1991, and honorary lieutenant-colonel of the 749 Communication Squadron, Red Deer, in 1992.

In 1992 Towers received an honorary doctor of laws from the University of Alberta.

title: Gordon Towers


text:
Tatyana Tolstaya

Tatyana Nikitichna Tolstaya (Татьяна Никитична Толстая; born May 3, 1951) is a Russian writer, TV host, publicist, novelist, and essayist from the Tolstoy family.

Family
Tolstaya was born in Leningrad into a family of writers. Her paternal grandfather, Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, was a pioneering science fiction writer, and the son of Count Nikolay Alexandrovich Tolstoy (1849–1900) and Alexandra Leontievna Turgeneva (1854–1906), a relative of Decembrist Nikolay Turgenev and the writer Ivan Turgenev. Tolstaya's paternal grandmother was the poet Natalia Krandievskaya. Mikhail Lozinsky (1886-1955), her maternal grandfather, was a literary translator renowned for his translation of Dante's The Divine Comedy. Tolstaya's sister, Natalia was a writer as well. Her son, Artemy Lebedev, is the founder-owner of Art. Lebedev Studio, a Russian web design firm.

1951—1983: early years
Tatiana Tolstaya was born in Leningrad to a physicist professor and Natalya Mikhailovna Lozinskaya. With six siblings, she grew up in the.

In 1974, Tolstaya graduated from the department of classical philology of the Leningrad State University. In the same year, she married a philologist Andrey Lebedev. The couple moved to Moscow in the early 1980s, where Tolstaya started working in the Nauka publishing house.

As recalled by Tolstaya, in November 1982 she underwent an operation on her eyes and had to spend three months in rehabilitation, unable to see in the bright light. She believes that period brought her into writing: without a constant flow of information from the world, her mind cleared and she discovered in herself a desire to write down plots and stories.

1983—1989: start of literary career
In 1983, Tolstaya emerged as a literary critic.

Her first short story, On the Golden Porch (На золотом крыльце сидели), appeared in Avrora magazine in 1983 and marked the start of Tolstaya's literary career, and her story collection of the same name established Tolstaya as one of the foremost writers of the perestroika and post-Soviet period. As Michiko Kakutani writes, "one can find echoes...of her great-granduncle Leo Tolstoy's work - his love of nature, his psychological insight, his attention to the details of everyday life". But "her luminous, haunting stories most insistently recall the work of Chekhov, mapping characters' inner lives and unfulfilled dreams with uncommon sympathy and insight", and also display "the author's Nabokovian love of language and her affinity for strange excursions into the surreal, reminiscent of Bulgakov and Gogol." In 1987, a collection of short stories under the same title — "On the Golden Porch" — was translated into English and received positive reviews. When in 1988 the book was released in Russia, more than 50,000 copies were sold out in hours. She was a visiting professor teaching Russian Literature at the University of Texas at Austin in 1989.

1990—1999: life in the USA and journalism
In 1990, Tolstaya with her family emigrated to the United States. She began teaching Russian literature and creative writing first at Princeton, then at Skidmore College, and gave lectures in multiple universities. She also emerged as a journalist and contributed to the New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, TLS, the Wilson Quarterly, and also wrote for Russia-based editions such as the Moscow News, the Capital and Russian Telegraph.

In 1988, Tatyana and her sister Natalya co-authored a book of short stories which was released under the title Sisters.

2000—2012: The Slynx, The School for Scandal, speechwriting
In the early 1990s Tolstaya worked in speechwriting for the Union of Right Forces party along with screenwriter and journalist Dunya Smirnova and literary critic.

In 1999, Tolstaya moved back to Russia. The next year she released her novel The Slynx (Кысь), a dystopian vision of post-nuclear Russian life in what was once (now forgotten) Moscow, presenting a negative Bildungsroman that in part confronts "disappointments of post-Soviet Russian political and social life". It has been described as "an account of a degraded world that is full of echoes of the sublime literature of Russia’s past; a grinning portrait of human inhumanity; a tribute to art in both its sovereignty and its helplessness; a vision of the past as the future in which the future is now". As confessed by the writer, it took her more than 14 years to compose the novel. By 2003, more than 200,000 copies of The Slynx were sold.

Soon after the release of The Slynx, three more books of Tolstaya were published. Two collections of short stories under the titles “Day” and “Night” were followed by the Two, co-authored with her sister Natalya.

For the twelve years between 2002 and 2014, with her friend Tolstaya co-hosted a Russian cultural television programme, The School for Scandal (Школа злословия, named after Richard Sheridan's play), on which she conducted interviews with diverse representatives of contemporary Russian culture and politics. In 2003, The School for Scandal was awarded Best Talk Show prize by the Russian National Television.

In 2010, with her niece Olga Prokhorova Tolstaya released The Same ABC of Buratino — a collection of poems that should have been inside the book that Buratino had sold away. In an interview to a Russian magazine Tolstaya confessed that she had nurtured the idea of this book since childhood, but only when her children grew up her niece ‘picked up’ the project and helped to write the book.

After 2013
On June 12, 2015, The New Yorker published The Square, a dark homage to the nothingness of Kazimir Malevich's 1915 painting, Black Square, which concludes with a self-referential paragraph.

In 2018, a collection of short stories under the title Aetherial Worlds was released in Russia. Written in a playful and poetic language, the stories are a mixture of real and fictional recollections of her childhood, her travels and family. The book was awarded the. Soon it was translated into English and received positive acclaims.

In 2020, she was awarded the Writer of the Year prize. This award honours prolific writers for their long time contribution to Russian literature.

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories
 * Stories

Non-fiction
———————
 * Notes

title: Tatyana Tolstaya


text:
Hexachrome

Hexachrome is a discontinued six-color printing process designed by Pantone. In addition to custom CMYK inks, Hexachrome uses orange and green inks to expand the color gamut for better color reproduction. It is therefore also known as a CMYKOG process.

Hexachrome was discontinued by Pantone in 2008 when Adobe Systems stopped supporting the HexWare plugin software. While the details of Hexachrome were not secret, its use was limited by trademark and patent to those obtaining a license from Pantone. The inventor of Hexachrome is Richard Herbert, who is also the president of Pantone Inc.

Software
To use the Hexachrome process in a digital printing process, Pantone produced a plugin for Adobe Photoshop that allowed the designer to work in an RGB color space more typical of computer work. The plugin was called HexWare, which contained a set of Adobe plugins used by printers and designers who used the Hexachrome system. Older versions of QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign also came with the Hexachrome system already installed and enabled.

Purpose
The main purpose of Hexachrome was to create a printing ink system that could depict brighter and clearer pictures by being able to produce more accurate colors. Using this system instead of the CMYK ink system also allowed for printing more accurate skin tones and pastels. The Hexachrome system let users print images from computer screens that were not able to be accurately duplicated before. As well as producing more accurate color photo reproduction than previous systems, Hexachrome also increased efficiency as it was able to match many more Pantone spot colors. Designers would specify Pantone spot colors when designing logos, but many of the Pantone colors could not be produced using the CMYK color system, requiring additional passes on the press for each Pantone color, increasing printing costs. By using the Hexachrome system, a wider range of custom colors could be printed on the same pass as the color photo images.

Users
Hexachrome was used by software companies including Aldus Corporation, Adobe Systems, and Quark and printer manufacturers including HP, Epson, and Xerox.

title: Hexachrome


text:
Lyudmila Ulitskaya

Lyudmila Evgenyevna Ulitskaya (Людмила Евгеньевна Улицкая, born February 21, 1943) is an internationally acclaimed modern Russian novelist and short-story writer who, in 2014, was awarded the prestigious Austrian State Prize for European Literature for her oeuvre. In 2006 she published Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик), a novel dealing with the Holocaust and the need for reconciliation between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. She won the 2012 Park Kyong-ni Prize.

Biography
Ulitskaya was born in the town of Davlekanovo in Bashkiria but her family moved to Moscow when she was nine months old. In Moscow, her family lived in communal apartments with many other families. After childhood, she received a degree in genetics from the Moscow State University. After university, she worked for two years at the Institute of General Genetics, before she was fired in 1970 for reading and distributing samizdat literature. After this, she didn't work for about nine years. In this time she was married and then had two kids. Then Ulitskaya began her literary career by joining the Jewish drama theatre as a literary consultant in 1979. She became the Repertory Director of the Hebrew Theatre of Moscow. Her first published short fiction appeared in 1990. The story of her acclaimed novel Sonechka was first published in Novy Mir in 1992. In 1993, she published her first novel with Gallimard in France. Her first novel in Russian was published in 1994. Until 2022, Ulitskaya divided her time between Moscow and Israel. Since 2022, Ulitskaya resides in Berlin, Germany.

Personal life
Ulitskaya's parents were both involved in science; her mother was a biochemist and her father was an engineer. She was engaged to an American man who died in a car accident before they were married. Throughout her life, she has learned German, French, and English, but has said herself that she doesn't know any of them well. Ulitskaya has two sons, one of whom graduated from Columbia University. She has mentioned that she tends to work in Italy, at an apartment she owns, but she lived in Moscow until 2022.

Style
In her fiction, Ulitskaya seemingly describes and observes her characters at an equal distance from each one. Rather than going in for character development or delving into the tortured workings of her characters’ psyches otherwise perceived as the hallmark of Russian writing, Ulitskaya favors capsule descriptions, though she acknowledges that her characters are tortured. Generally speaking, she makes little use of dialogue. Masha Gessen, in her tribute article in The New Yorker in October 2014, finds that Ulitskaya's writing makes for compelling, addictive reading. Gessen reports that she was driven entirely by the desire to learn what happens next.

Themes
Among her interlinked themes are: the need for religious and racial tolerance; the problem of the intelligentsia in Soviet culture; how women shape new gender roles in society; and everyday life as a literary subject.

Other activity
Ulitskaya authored two movie scripts produced in the early 1990s: The Liberty Sisters (Сестрички Либерти, 1990) and A Woman for All (Женщина для всех, 1991). She regularly publishes commentary on social issues and is actively involved in philanthropic projects increasing access to literature. In March 2014 Ulitskaya was among the key speakers at the Moscow Anti-War demonstration.

Reception
Ulitskaya's first novella, Sonechka (Сонечка, 1992), and her second, Medea and Her Children (Медея и ее дети, 1996) became extremely popular, and both were shortlisted for the Russian Booker Award, in 1993 and 1997, respectively. She finally won the Russian Booker Prize in 2001 for The Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001), and was the first woman to receive the prize. Her novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, 2006) was nominated for the Man Booker Prize. Her works have been translated into over 25 languages, including English, and have received several international and Russian literary awards. The English translation for The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010) was long-listed for the Best Translated Book Award in Fiction in 2016. She has an average reader rating of 4.07 on Goodreads.

Political involvement
Because Ulitskaya addresses both religion and politics in her work, she has moved to the forefront of the Russian political debate in recent decades. In 2011 and 2012, during the height of the anti-Putin protests in Russia, she became a board member for the League of Voters. She was also considered a traitor by the administration and was the subject of negative statements in state-owned outlets, such as Isvestia. She is firmly anti-Putin; at a press conference for her book The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010), she remarked that the country was becoming "Stalinized," something that gave her "a whiff of fear."

However, she is very against the idea of Moscow being a cultural part of Europe, unlike other anti-Putin dissidents such as Alexei Navalny.

While Mikhail Khodorkovsky, a Russian billionaire jailed on fraud charges, was incarcerated, he and Ulitskaya wrote each other letters. Ulitskaya maintains that the charges against him were politically motivated and thus "absurd." Their correspondence was published in a collection titled Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Articles, Dialogues, Interviews along with contributions from other writers such as Boris Strugatsky and Boris Akunin.

On the second day of the Russian war against Ukraine in 2022, Novaya Gazeta published a statement by Ulitskaya, [https://www.raamoprusland.nl/dossiers/stemmen-uit-de-oorlog/2045-pain-fear-shame-this-is-what-i-feel-today ''Pain. Fear. Shame.''], strongly condemning the war. She was also among the signatories of an appeal by eminent writers to all Russian speakers to spread the truth about the war inside Russia. Since March 2022, she has been living in Berlin.

Awards

 * Penne Prize (1997, Italy)
 * Medici Prize (1998, France)
 * Giuseppe Acerbi Award it:Premio Letterario Giuseppe Acerbi (1998, Italy) for her novel Sonechka
 * Penne Prize Winner (2000, Moscow) for Medea and Her Children
 * Russian Booker Prize (2002, Russia) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma
 * Chevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (2003, France)
 * Novel of the Year Prize (2004, Russia) for the novel Sincerely yours, Shurik
 * Best Writer of the Year Ivanushka Prize (2004, Russia)
 * Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004, France)
 * National Literature Prize (2005, China) for Sincerely yours, Shurik
 * Penne Prize (2006, Italy) for the novel The Kukotsky Enigma
 * National Olympia Prize of Russian Academy of Business (2007, Russia)
 * Big Book Award (2007, Russia) for the novel Daniel Stein, Interpreter
 * Father Alexander Men Award (2008, Germany-Russia)
 * 2009 Man Booker International Prize nominee, along with 14 authors from 12 countries: Mario Vargas Llosa, E.L Doctorow and 2001 Nobel Prize winner V. S. Naipaul
 * Simone de Beauvoir Prize (2011, France)
 * Pak Kyong-ni Prize (2012, South Korea)
 * Austrian State Prize for European Literature (2014, Austria)
 * Big Book Award, 3rd place (2016, Russia) for Yakov's Ladder
 * Officer of the Legion of Honor
 * Siegfried Lenz Prize (2020)
 * Prix Formentor (2022)

Novels

 * Sonechka (Сонечка, 1995)
 * Medea and Her Children (Медея и её дети, 1996)
 * The Funeral Party (Весёлые похороны, 1997)
 * The Kukotsky Enigma (Казус Кукоцкого, 2001)
 * Women's Lies (Сквозная линия (Through Line), 2003)
 * Sincerely Yours, Shurik (Искренне ваш Шурик, 2003)
 * The People of Our Tsar (Люди нашего царя, Moscow, 2005)
 * Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик, Moscow, 2006), a greatly fictionalized story of Oswald Rufeisen
 * Imago / The Big Green Tent (Зелёный шатёр, 2010)
 * Tomorrow There Will Be Happiness (Детство 45-53. А завтра будет счастье, 2013)
 * Yakov's Ladder (Лестница Якова, 2015)

Collections

 * Poor Relatives (Бедные родственники, 1993)
 * Girls (Девочки, 2002)
 * Childhood Forty-Nine (Детство сорок девять, 2003)
 * The Queen of Spades (Первые и последние; Literal translation: 'First and Last ', 2004)
 * The Story about Ignatius the Cat, Fedya the Chimney-Sweep, and the Lonely Mouse (История про кота Игнасия, трубочиста Федю и Одинокую Мышь, 2004)
 * The Story about old Kulebyakin, Mila the Whining Horse, and her Colt Ravki (История о старике Кулебякине, плаксивой кобыле Миле и жеребёнке Равкине, 2004)
 * The Story about Antwerpen the Sparrow, Mikheev the Cat, the Aloe Vasya and the centipede Marya Semyonovna with her family (История про воробья Антверпена, кота Михеева, столетника Васю и сороконожку Марью Семёновну с семьёй, 2005)
 * Discarded Relics (Священный мусор, 2012)
 * The Body of the Soul (О теле души, 2019)
 * Paper Theatre: Non-Prose (Бумажный театр: непроза, 2020)

Short stories

 * "The Fugitive" published in The New Yorker (2014)
 * "The Autopsy" published in The New Yorker (2023)

Plays and Screenplays

 * Russian Jam and Other Plays (Русское варенье и другое, Moscow, 2005)
 * Just the Plague (English translation; 1988, 2020)

Online text

 * Kukotsky's Case full text

title: Lyudmila Ulitskaya


text:
John C. Bowen

John Campbell Bowen (October 3, 1872 – January 2, 1957) was a clergyman, insurance broker and long serving politician. He served as an alderman in the City of Edmonton and went on to serve as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1921 to 1926, sitting with the Liberal caucus in opposition. He also briefly led the provincial Liberal party in 1926.

Bowen was appointed as the sixth and longest-serving lieutenant governor of Alberta. He served that post from 1937 to 1950.

Early life
John Campbell Bowen was born in Metcalfe, Ontario, on October 3, 1872. He was the son of Peter Bowen and Margaret Poaps, and grew up in Ottawa.

He took his post-secondary education at Brandon Baptist College, where he earned a degree in theology, and also at McMaster University. After university he moved west to Dauphin, Manitoba, to become the pastor of the Baptist church in that town. He married Edith Oliver on October 25, 1906.

Bowen moved to Edmonton, Alberta, with his family in 1912 to become pastor of Strathcona Baptist Church. He also got into the insurance business.

Bowen joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the First World War, serving as a military chaplain. He gained an interest in politics and ran successfully for municipal office in 1919.

Municipal
Bowen ran for a seat to Edmonton City Council for the first time in the 1919 Edmonton municipal election. He won the fifth-place seat to serve a two-year term on council as an alderman.

Bowen won election to the Alberta Legislature in 1921 and decided not to run for re-election in the municipal election that year. After he failed a re-election bid in the 1926 Alberta general election, he returned to the municipal politics by winning an aldermanic seat in the 1927 Edmonton municipal election held using single transferable vote.

Bowen ran for mayor in the 1928 Edmonton municipal election after serving only one year of his two-year term as alderman. He was defeated by incumbent mayor Ambrose Bury in a close two-way race.

Provincial
Bowen was elected to the Alberta Legislature as a Liberal candidate in the electoral district of Edmonton. He won the second of five seats that was contested by 26 candidates, under the block voting system. In his maiden speech to the legislature, Bowen brought attention to the need for increased government assistance for the unemployed and for adjustment to the taxation system to reduce the financial burdens facing urban centres.

In 1926 Bowen briefly held leadership of the Alberta Liberal Party and also became Leader of the Official Opposition in Alberta. Bowen ran for re-election in 1926 but was not re-elected.

Bowen attempted a political comeback five years later. He ran for the Liberal nomination for a by-election to be held in the Edmonton electoral district on January 9, 1931. Bowen defeated Joseph Clarke for the right to stand as a Liberal candidate on December 19, 1930, at a convention attended by almost 200 delegates with a vote of 98 to 54. He was defeated in the election finishing third place in the field of four candidates, losing to Conservative candidate Frederick Jamieson.

Lieutenant governor
On March 23, 1937, following the sudden death in office of his predecessor, Philip Primrose, Bowen was appointed as the sixth lieutenant governor of Alberta by Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir, on the advice of Prime Minister Mackenzie King.

One of Bowen's first acts as Lieutenant Governor on May 1, 1937, was an order in council regarding the "resignation or retirement" of William Chant, Minister of Agriculture, after Premier Aberhart requested Chant's resignation to implement a "more aggressive" Department of Agriculture. It was the second occasion in Alberta where a cabinet minister was removed from office by a lieutenant governor, after Charles W. Cross was removed as attorney general by Robert G. Brett in 1918.

A few weeks after taking office, Bowen became involved in a constitutional crisis when he refused to give royal assent to three government bills passed by the governing Social Credit Party, which was accused of exceeding its constitutional powers. Two of the bills would have put the province's banks under the control of the provincial government, while a third, the Accurate News and Information Act, would have forced newspapers to hand over the names and addresses of their sources to the government, and to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial cabinet objected to.

Mindful of the federal government's disallowance of some of the Social Credit Board's earlier legislation, Bowen initially reserved royal assent of the act and its companions until their legality could be tested at the Supreme Court of Canada as Reference Re Alberta Statutes. This was the first use of the power of reservation in Alberta, and was heavily criticized by the government and by some members of the public, who appeared at the door of Government House, threatening the governor and his family. All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In 1938, Bowen threatened to dismiss Aberhart's government, which would have been an extraordinary use of his reserve powers. The Social Credit government remained immensely popular with the Albertans, however, so the threat was not carried out.

In the summer of 1938 Aberhart's government announced the elimination of Bowen's official residence, his government car, and his secretarial staff. Biographers attribute this action to retaliation by Aberhart. For a time, Bowen defiantly remained in Government House, despite the power, heat, and telephone service being cut off by the government. Eventually, however, after being forced to sign an order-in-council closing Government House, Bowen moved to a suite at the Hotel Macdonald. The building, the furniture, and fixtures were subsequently sold, and Bowen was the last lieutenant governor to officially reside at Government House. Bowen would eventually move into a home in Edmonton's Glenora neighbourhood.

In September 1938 Bowen insisted that an order in council regarding the establishment of credit houses and other Cabinet expenditure proposals be amended to remove the authority for unlimited expenditures, and instead have a limit of $200,000.

During World War II, Bowen spent a lot of his time promoting the sale of war bonds and otherwise helping the war effort. Bowen made many visits to military units posted in Alberta and the United States Army posted in Edmonton and Whitehorse during the construction of the Alaska Highway. On July 2, 1943, Bowen hosted Alaska Territory Governor Ernest H. Gruening for a joint Dominion Day and Independence Day celebration in Edmonton.

Despite the friction between him and the government his posting was renewed. Bowen served almost 13 years as lieutenant-governor, resigning in 1950 due to ill health.

Honours
John Bowen received an honorary doctorate of laws from the University of Alberta in 1939. Bowen also received the American Medal of Freedom Silver Palm in 1947 in recognition of his service to American forces stationed in Edmonton. Bowen was invested as a Knight of Grace in the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in 1949.

In 2002, the City of Edmonton named Bowen Wynd, a road, in his honour.

Late life
Bowen died on January 2, 1957, in Edmonton, and was buried in the Edmonton Cemetery.

title: John C. Bowen


text:
The Alphabet Cipher

"The Alphabet Cipher" was a brief study published by Lewis Carroll in 1868, describing how to use the alphabet to send encrypted codes. It was one of four ciphers he invented between 1858 and 1868, and one of two polyalphabetic ciphers he devised during that period and used to write letters to his friends.

It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography. While Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Friedrich Kasiski had already published in 1863 a volume describing how to break such ciphers and Charles Babbage had secretly found ways to break polyalphabetic ciphers in the previous decade during the Crimean War.

The piece begins with a tabula recta.

"The Alphabet-Cipher", Lewis Carroll, 1868
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ A abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz A B bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyza B  C cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzab C  D defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc D  E efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd E  F fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcde F  G ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef G  H hijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefg H  I ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefgh I  J jklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghi J  K klmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghij K  L lmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijk L  M mnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijkl M  N nopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklm N  O opqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmn O  P pqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmno P  Q qrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnop Q  R rstuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopq R  S stuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqr S  T tuvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrs T  U uvwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrst U  V vwxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstu V  W wxyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuv W  X xyzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw X  Y yzabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwx Y  Z zabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy Z    ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Explanation
Each column of this table forms a dictionary of symbols representing the alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter represented; in the B column, A is represented by B, B by C, and so on.

To use the table, some word or sentence should be agreed on by two correspondents. This may be called the 'key-word', or 'key-sentence', and should be carried in the memory only.

In sending a message, write the key-word over it, letter for letter, repeating it as often as may be necessary: the letters of the key-word will indicate which column is to be used in translating each letter of the message, the symbols for which should be written underneath: then copy out the symbols only, and destroy the first paper. It will now be impossible for anyone, ignorant of the key-word, to decipher the message, even with the help of the table.

For example, let the key-word be vigilance, and the message 'meet me on Tuesday evening at seven', the first paper will read as follows—

v i g i l a n c e v i g i l a n c e v i g i l a n c e v i m e e t m e o n t u e s d a y e v e n i n g a t s e v e n h m k b x e b p x p m y l l y r x i i q t o l t f g z z v

The second will contain only 'h m k b x e b p x p m y l l y r x i i q t o l t f g z z v'.

The receiver of the message can, by the same process, retranslate it into English.

If this table is lost, it can easily be written out from memory, by observing that the first symbol in each column is the same as the letter naming the column, and that they are continued downwards in alphabetical order. It would only be necessary to write out the particular columns required by the key-word, but such a paper would afford an adversary the means for discovering the key-word.

title: The Alphabet Cipher


text:
Talk:Aneto

Fatal accidents on Aneto
Although Aneto is considered to be a relatively easy Alpine ascent it has claimed a number of lives over the years. On the 27th May 2012 an experienced Catalan climber Jordi Gomis Olle was killed at the Passage of Mohamet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.210.85.53 (talk) 07:24, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Inconsistencies in Mountain Height
Aneto is said to be the 3rd tallest mountain in Iberia, but its elevation is listed as being greater than that of Veleta's which is said to be the 2nd tallest peak. Something's incorrect there, unless I am gravely misunderstanding the definitions of tallest and elevation.

ReCGen (talk) 19:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Not in Iberia, but in Spain, after Teide and Mulhacén. --Jotamar (talk) 16:33, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aneto


text:
Talk:Mont Aiguille

Range
The French article put it in the Vercors Plateau not the Dauphiné Alps and th emountain is not listed in the Dauphiné Alps page.--JBellis 19:21, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Peculiar description
Mont Aiguille is a calcerous shell,

Please explain how it is a "shell". This seems unlikely.

Please state clearly, in the introduction, and again within the Geology section, the the mesa is limestone.

Amandajm (talk) 03:42, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Thats my not particularly good french translation. I'll change it.-- Gilderien Chat|List of good deeds 12:50, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mont Aiguille


text:
Nina Gorlanova

Nina Viktorovna Gorlanova (Нина Викторовна Горланова, born 23 November 1947) is a modern short-story writer and novelist who has been living in a provincial Russian city Perm.

Biography
Gorlanova was born in 1947, grew up in a village in Perm region, and studied philology at Perm University. She now lives with her husband Vyacheslav Bukur, her co-author and life companion in Perm city, where most of her stories and novels are set. In her works she creates a somewhat fantastic world populated with curious characters and possessing its own mythology. The life in her invented Perm is squalid but merry, risky but indestructible. Her main themes are maternity, hardships of everyday chores of a typical Russian woman, life of provincial intelligentsia.

Writings and awards
Gorlanova's short novel "Love in Rubber Gloves" won first prize at the International Competition for Women's Prose.

Her novel "Roman vospitaniya" ("Learning a Lesson") was short-listed for the Russian Booker Prize (1996).

Her stories have been published for many years in major Russian literary magazines.

She had guest author readings in Germany, her short-stories were published in English in "NINE of Russia's Foremost Women Writers" (ISBN 5-7172-0063-3), an anthology, 288 pp. with photographs and authors' notes.

title: Nina Gorlanova


text:
User talk:Geeble

hhey i'm Geeble. Gooble. goodbye

title: User talk:Geeble