text:
Talk:Opposed-piston engine

What is an opposed piston design?
Andrewa I agree that opposed piston designs are 2-stroke (generally 2 stroke Diesel) but what you descripe doesn't seems to me an opposed piston design. I'm not sure about the technical name in English but it seems to be something like a Puch mortocycle engine : 2-stroke twin with a common combustion chamber. I simply can't imagine how such a design could work with an opposed design ? Ericd 18:55, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The technical name in English is opposed piston. They work quite well, see the articles on Napier Deltic and Junkers Jumo 205. The Puch sounds like a similar design, perhaps you could contribute an article on it? Andrewa 03:32, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Have a look at the diagram of a Garelli double-piston Puch engine at this website. It has two parallel pistons and a forked connecting-rod. This site also has a description of a later two-piston engine designed by Giovanni Marcellino, but with different sized pistons and a more elaborate connecting-rod setup, which seems to be the twingle engine described at this website.

 * Both engines were manufactured by Puch at their Graz works, the Marcellino design replacing the Garelli, and are described at the first site as one-cylinder double-piston two-stroke engines, but I'd describe them both as having two parallel cylinders sharing a single cylinder-head.

 * Anyway, neither seems to be an opposed-piston design. Could one of these be the engine you have in mind? Andrewa 19:07, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Such engines are more correctly described as "U-cylinder" engines, as they have two cylinders in parallel sharing a common combustion chamber. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.70.203.120 (talk) 07:19, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I've now done a stub on the Twingle engine. It seems to me this is what you are describing above. Andrewa 19:41, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Puch double pistons engines are definitely not Opposed piston engines. Ericd 20:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Beare Head opposed piston Sixstroke could also be considered as an opposed piston design. Malbeare 13:58, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Stelzer engine
Removed text:

''==External links==

''*Stelzer engine schematic

This site does not describe an opposed piston engine. The designer appears to wish to use the term, but his engine does not seem to have been built or demonstrated, and until it is the existing engines surely have priority on the name. His intentions may be quite innocent, but a cynic would point out that the concept of the existing engines has been demonstrated to work, while the concept he calls opposed piston is completely different, and has not. Andrewa 03:32, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The link is now offline. See also Talk:Stelzer engine. Andrewa 01:05, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Intake and Exhaust in Fairbanks-Morse Engines
Paragraph 4 currently begins "Both the Jumo and Deltic engines used one piston per cylinder to expose an intake port, and the other to expose an exhaust port." This is also true of the F-M engines as described at the web page already referenced and at others, including U.S. Navy manuals for submarine engines (see pages 16 and 17 at this link http://www.maritime.org/fleetsub/diesel/chap1.htm#1C 7802mark 20:21, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Inlet and exhaust cranks wrongly captioned?
Maybe I'm missing a point, but the captions for the inlet and exhaust crank mechanisms (no. 5 and 6 on the cutaway diagram) seem to be incorrectly labelled. --Slashme 08:01, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The labelling is correct. The outlet piston opens (closes) the exhaust slots, the inlet piston is doing so with the inlet slots. The fuel-air mixture is flowing from (1) to (3), then trough the crankshaft housing to the inlet slots. But the outlet crankshaft housing is connected with the airbox, too. It is for cooling the piston bottom. UtzOnBike --85.179.167.210 21:40, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Who is the R. Koreyvo (Kolomna Works)?
From which country Raymond Koreyvo came (Kolomna Works?) Is that Russia? Why hi patented his opposed piston diesel engine in France? Has anybody ever tried the concept before Junkers? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.147.234.117 (talk) 12:08, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

"Main Advantages" makes no sense
The "Main advantages" section of this article was letting the rest of it down. It read "The main advantages of the opposed piston design is efficiency. The fuel is burned inside the engine to expand gases to force pistons apart. In an engine with one cylinder head per piston, some heat from the fuel heats the piston head rather than expanding the gases to force pistons apart. This results in a loss of efficiency. The opposed piston Junkers Jumo 205 diesel was one example of this engine type." I'm not sure what the advantages were anyway, but this is not it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MalcolmMcDonald (talk • contribs) 17:12, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The advantage is simple: it's a good way to build a uniflow two-stroke compression-ignition (i.e. diesel with a small D) engine. There are no recent (1930s onwards) opposed piston engines that aren't. Opposed piston engines other than this are restricted to obscurities like the Gobron-Brille and some piston gas generator engines. Uniflow is the crucial factor here.

 * There may be weight advantages, but usually there aren't. For every Deltic, there's a Jumo 205.

 * Port timing asymmetry is valuable, but it's available (and more common) by using an exhaust valve as well as cylinder-ported inlets (or even sleeve valves). You don't need opposed pistons.

 * Thermal efficiency is a red herring. This is based on heat losses into the cylinder head being far more significant (in any piston engine) than losses into the cylinder walls. However an opposed piston doesn't avoid having a head, it merely uses another piston as one. This gives the same losses, and it loses that heat into a piston where it's difficult to dispose of it (c.f. the Deltic's many piston problems). Andy Dingley (talk) 12:27, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree except large id uniflow engines have been made .One double acting with smaller secondary pistons and one crankshaft(B&W 1930ths)Wdl1961 (talk) 13:58, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You mean that uniflow engines have been built that aren't opposed piston? Of course. That doesn't mean that opposed piston engines that aren't uniflows have been built recently. If you have an example, I'd be interested to know. Even the pretty early Junkers 2HK65 (a vertical with the upper pistons driven by a long yoke from the same crankshaft - 3 crankpins per cylinder!  ) was a uniflow. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:10, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * You found the Junkers ref i have been looking for ! Some opposed piston engines had larger id cylinders but i do not have english refs.Wdl1961 (talk) 15:02, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Is the Junkers the one you meant? (the 1st photo, and engine, belong to an acquaintance) The pistons in that (and I would argue, any "opposed piston" engine) run in the same cylinder, thus are the same diameter.

 * The gas generator engines were both stepped piston and opposed, but those are really four pistons in two concentric cylinders. For a "pumping cylinder" two-stroke (illus.) the pump cylinders are bigger, but these aren't opposed. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:23, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Interesting the junkers diameter was the same (except air pump) but the upper piston stroke was shorter than the bottom piston. Wdl1961 (talk) 15:46, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It's a bit early (and slow) for them to be assuming Kadenacy effect, so I guess they were also failing to appreciate the importance of the scavenging airflow exceeding the swept volume. They might have been hoping that the extra air pump piston would have done some compression, but that seems optimistic. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:12, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Nevertheless, an Advantages section is needed
Aside from one word ("efficiency") in the caption to a photo, there is no direct indication of the advantages and disadvantages of an opposed-piston design. The article would definitely benefit from such a section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.231.177.64 (talk) 13:51, 8 October 2011 (UTC)
 * If I can piggy-back on this comment eight years later, why are/were they mainly used in large industrial applications? Why is it that apparently noone is making or using  them now?  Seems like the kind of thing that should be in the entry.  For example, the advantage of the wankel is it is small, light, makes a lot of power for its weight; the disadvantage it is inefficient in terms of fuel consumption, doesn't make power at low rpms, and tends to leak. There should at least be something like that for the opposed piston. 141.156.187.235 (talk) 03:48, 30 December 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Opposed-piston engine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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What about boxer engines?
Should boxer engines be mentioned? Is a boxer engine the same as a horizontally arranged opposed-piston engine? If not, what is the difference? Joreberg (talk) 16:58, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

 * A boxer engine is a type of flat engine. See the animation at the top of that page, and compare it with the one at the top of this article. You should be able to see the difference. If that doesn't help, let me know, and I'll try to explain it. BilCat (talk) 05:28, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opposed-piston engine


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User:Grendelkhan/Images

Film photography
These were taken with a real-life honest film camera, developed, and scanned in.

Digital photography
These pictures were taken by me. (They're downscaled to keep this page manageable; click to view the full picture.) One picture, Image:Navel lint.jpg, I have judged too off-putting to leave here. Until I acquire good navel lint again and can take a decent picture of it, I'm leaving it as a link.

X-rays
These are DICOM-format digital X-rays, on which Drgnu23 holds the credit. I merely converted, cropped, level-adjusted and otherwise prepared them.

Scans and the like
These are scans of public-domain images taken from various books.

Slide photography
Well, not slides, exactly. I made these using a copy stand and a digital camera. Aside from the digital part, this is how people make slides. These are much higher-quality than the previously shown scans.

Musical notation
Made with Lilypond. Source seemed too trivial to include.

Diagrams
Made with MetaPost. Source included on the description page.

Symbols
Made with Inkscape.

Graphs
Made with gnuplot.

Chemicals
Made with BKchem and Mysid's script.

Screenshots
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Grendelkhan/Images


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farking

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.
 * This is an invented term that is not in the standard usage. A dicdef at best, I believe it neither belongs here nor at Wiktionary.  UninvitedCompany 18:56, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Fark.com community is pretty widespread, although this article doesn't yet do it justice. Alcarillo 19:08, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, and we have Fark.com, I believe, for that. UninvitedCompany
 * Delete. silsor 20:07, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Depends on size of effect (in comparison to slashdot), whether it deserves own article or whether to just mention within Slashdot effect article. --bodnotbod 21:27, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Farking is exactly equivalent to the Slashdot effect. Hence, no reason for a separate article.  Should just be a redirect to Slashdot effect or possibly fark.com.  The term should be mentioned in the Slashdot effect article. Isomorphic 19:18, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Seconded. If we read the Slashdot effect article we see it explicitly generalises to include all traffic phenomena of this kind, not just that generated by Slashdot. A section should be added to that article to note similar instances (e.g. farking) and link to their respective sources (e.g. fark). --A1r 15:59, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Fark.com. RickK 21:46, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * 38,000 google hits...Keep. anthony (see warning) 16:05, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mention the term in Slashdot effect. Many of 38,000 google hits are probably use of the term as a corruption of/euphimisim for "fucking", as mentioned in the page for fark. --SamClayton 09:10, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. One sentence about "farking" can be put into fark.com and we can redirect farking there. Andris 04:27, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems to be used mostly as a euphemism for "fucking" to me. I also see a couple of mentions of it used to describe the process that images used in Fark.com's image contests undergo. Redirect to Fark.com, that seems to be the most likely place somebody typing or linking this would want to go, with the possible exception of the previously mentioned vulgarity. -- Cyrius|&#9998 06:59, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I like the redirection to Fark.com idea Burgundavia 07:23, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe, redirect to fark which is a disambig page instead of Fark.com, since one could also be looking for farking as an euphemism? Andris 15:35, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Fucking. Advertising a website-initiated euphemism is ludicrous (unless it's actually popular, like Google).  And being a very heavy web user, I'd never heard of the site. -- Stevietheman 01:46, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Fark.com has a large readership, of which I and a number of my friends are occasionally members. Did you read the article?  How could a small, unknown website create bandwidth problems for anyone? Isomorphic 20:48, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to fark or maybe slashdot effect; I agree, it's redundant to have two articles on the subject of Farking/Slashdotting, whichever you choose to call it. There's nothing unique enough about the word "Farking" that it needs another article: its just a lingo twist used by the Fark community so that the residents of that site don't call it "Slashdotting" when an article was posted and the site they linked became unavailable. Mysidia 00:09, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farking


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Lisieux

Lisieux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. It is the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland.

Name
The name of the town derives from the Noviomagus Lexoviorum ("Noviomagus of the Lexovii"). The town was originally known in Celtic as Novio Magos ("New Field", "New Market"), which was Latinized as Noviomagus. Owing to the large number of similarly named cities, however, it was necessary to specify where this one was located. The local French demonym Lexoviens derives from the Latin as well.

Antiquity
Lisieux was the capital of the Lexovii. In his work, Commentaries on the Gallic War, Caesar mentions a Gallic oppidum, a term which refers to Celtic towns located on the tops of hills. The oppidum has been pinpointed to a place referred to as le Castellier, located 3 km to the southwest of the town. However the Gallo-Roman city was in fact located where Lisieux is to be found today.

Middle Ages
Lisieux was an important center of power in medieval times. The bishopric of Lisieux controlled most of the Pays d'Auge by the 12th century. King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine are thought to have married at Lisieux in 1152, and the town remained powerful for several centuries afterwards, until, in the 14th century, the triple scourges of the Plague, war and resulting famine devastated Lisieux and reduced its influence. The main judge of Joan of Arc, Pierre Cauchon, became a bishop of Lisieux after Joan's death, and is buried in the Lady Chapel of the cathedral.

Events

 * 4th century: Presence of the Germanic laeti, auxiliaries of the Roman Army, who settled in Lisieux with their families. Their graves have been discovered in the “Michelet” necropolis, some of which contain artefacts typical of northern Germania.
 * 1432: Pierre Cauchon, the supreme judge during the trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen became the bishop of Lisieux. He commissioned the building of the side chapel of the cathedral, in which he is now buried.
 * 1590: During the Eighth War of Religion, Henri IV had to fight to win back his kingdom. When he arrived at Lisieux he took the town without force, after the garrison had fled the town.
 * 1897: Sister Thérèse of the Child Jesus of the Holy Face, died in the Carmelite monastery at Lisieux. In 1925, she would be canonized as "St. Thérèse of Lisieux".
 * 1907: The first helicopter flight, piloted by Paul Cornu.
 * 1937: Monseigneur Eugenio Pacelli, papal legate and future Pope Pius XII, visited Lisieux.
 * 6/7 June 1944: An Allied bombardment killed 800 people and destroyed two thirds of the town.
 * 23 August 1944: Liberation by the Allied troops.
 * 1960: Lisieux merged with the Saint-Jacques commune.
 * 2 June 1980: Pope John-Paul II visited Lisieux.

Geography
Lisieux is situated on the confluence of the river Touques and many of its tributaries: the rivers Orbiquet, Cirieux and Graindain.

The town is in the heart of the Pays d'Auge, of which it is the capital. Lisieux is therefore surrounded by Normandy's typical hedged farmland, where there is a mix of livestock farming (mostly milk cows) and cider apple cultivation (from which cider and calvados are made, not forgetting pommeau).

Climate
Lisieux has a temperate oceanic humid climate.

The table below shows the temperatures and precipitation for the year 2007 provided by the Caen-Carpiquet weather station:

The table below shows the record minimum and maximum temperatures:

Transport
The town of Lisieux is served by a bus network called Lexobus, with 6 routes. The town is also linked to surrounding towns and villages by a network of buses; Bus Verts du Calvados. The main railway station, Lisieux station, which is the connecting station between the Paris-Cherbourg and Paris-Trouville/Deauville main lines, is served by Transport express régional (regional express) trains on the TER Normandie routes. The station appeared in the film Un singe en hiver by Henri Verneuil. There is another station on the line to Deauville: Le Grand-Jardin station.

To reach the town by car, the D613 (formerly route nationale 13) from Paris to Cherbourg crosses the town from east to west. The second main road serving Lisieux is the D579, leading to Deauville to the north and the department of Orne to the south. Lisieux benefits from a bypass, built in the 1990s, running to the south of the town, easing traffic in the town-centre, particularly on boulevard Sainte-Anne.

Religion
Since the Middle Ages Lisieux has been the seat of one of the seven Roman Catholic dioceses of Normandy under the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical province of Rouen. The bishopric was abolished in 1801 before being recreated and merged with that of Bayeux in 1855, under the new name of "Bayeux and Lisieux".

The best-known of the Bishops of Lisieux is Pierre Cauchon, who had a decisive influence during the trial of Joan of Arc. He is buried in Lisieux Cathedral.

Devotion to Sainte-Thérèse also known as St. Teresa of the Child Jesus who lived in the nearby Carmelite convent has made Lisieux France's second-most important site of pilgrimage, after the Pyrenean town of Lourdes. Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux died in 1897, she was canonized in 1925 and named a doctor of the church by Pope John Paul II in 1997.

Mayors of Lisieux
List of everyone who has held the position of Mayor of Lisieux:

International relations
Lisieux is twinned with:
 * Taunton  – since 1951;
 * Saint-Georges, Quebec 🇨🇦 – since 1996
 * Saint-Jérôme, Quebec 🇨🇦 [ref. necessary] – since 2010

Population
, Lisieux is Calvados' third largest commune in terms of population, after Caen and Hérouville-Saint-Clair. Its functional urban area of 55,168 inhabitants is the second largest of the department, after Caen. The inhabitants of Lisieux are known as Lexoviens.

Sights
About 60 percent of the town was destroyed in 1944, so few of the monuments have been preserved.

Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux
The Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux was constructed in honour of Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux, who was beatified in 1923 and canonized in 1925. It was built for pilgrims who came in increasing numbers to venerate the new saint in the town where she had lived and died.

Carmel of Lisieux
It is possible to visit the chapel and exterior of the Carmel or monastery where Thérèse lived, but the remainder of the building is closed to visitors.

Château de Saint-Germain-de-Livet
As its name indicates, the Château de Saint-Germain-de-Livet is situated in the commune of Saint-Germain-de-Livet. It is to be found opposite the village church which dates from the 19th century. The château has been owned by the town of Lisieux since 1958 when it was donated by the Riesener family.

From an architectural point of view the château comprises a half-timbered manor dating from the 15th century and a glazed brick and stone building from the Pré-d'Auge dating from the end of the 16th century.

The chateau combines medieval and Renaissance elements and is surrounded by a moat and a peacock garden.

Lisieux Cathedral
Lisieux Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre) is a rare monument which survived the 1944 allied bombardment. Even though the cathedral has been around since the 6th century, the church of today must have been constructed between 1160 and 1230 by Bishop Arnoul.

From the outset, the architect designed quadripartite rib vaults and flying buttresses, making it one of Normandy's first Gothic buildings. The nave is fairly austere and is inspired by the Gothic style of the Île de France, whereas the most recent parts of the building were constructed in the 18th century (the chevet, the lantern tower and the western façade) in Norman style.

It is wrongly claimed that Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy and future king of England, married Eleanor of Aquitaine at the cathedral in 1152; they married in Poitiers Cathedral. Having been involved in the trial of Joan of Arc, Pierre Cauchon was named as Bishop of Lisieux in 1432 and is buried there.

Town Hall
The town hall (18th century) was formerly a private residence.

Bishop's Garden
French formal garden of the former Bishop's residence, designed by Andre le Notre, recreated in 1837.

Personalities

 * Births
 * Jean-Baptiste Laumonier (1749–1818), surgeon
 * Thomas de Frondeville (1750–1816), politician
 * Yves Leopold Germain Gaston (1803–1863), Sugar production pioneer and was known as the "Father of the Sugar Industry" in the Philippines
 * Paul-Louis Target (1821–1908), politician
 * Henry Chéron (1867–1936), mayor of Lisieux (1894–1908 and 1932–1936) and several times a minister under the French Third Republic
 * Raymond Lantier (1886–1980), archaeologist
 * Jean Derode (1887–1918), World War I flying ace and military hero
 * Jean Charles Contel (1895–1928), painter
 * Michel Magne (1930–1984), composer (film music)
 * Hervé Lemonnier (1947–), rally driver
 * Matthieu Lagrive (1979–), endurance motorbike rider
 * Maxime Laisney (1981–), politician
 * Nicolas Batum (1988–), a professional basketball player playing with the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association
 * Thomas Heurtaux (1988–), footballer
 * Chloé Mortaud (1989–), elected Miss France in 2009, lived in Lisieux until she was ten.
 * Marine Johannès (1995-), a professional basketball player for the New York Liberty of the WNBA and Lyon Asvel Féminin

 * Deaths
 * Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux (1873–1897) Carmelite nun, later canonised as a Saint of the Catholic Church.
 * César Ruminski (1924–2009), international footballer.

title: Lisieux


text:
Original face

The original face is a term in Zen Buddhism, pointing to one's real essence or Buddha-nature, one's 'real face'.

Origins
The phrase "original face" originates in Huangbo's Chuanhsin fayao (857) and the Hui-sin edition (967) of the Platform Sutra: "When you're not thinking of anything good and anything bad, at that moment, what is your original face?"

This question appears in case 23 of the Mumonkan: "CASE 23. ENO'S GOOD AND EVIL

Eno, the sixth patriarch, was pursued by Monk Emyo up to Daiyurei. The patriarch, seeing Emyo coming, laid the robe and the bowl on a rock, and said to him, 'This robe represents the faith. Is it to be fought for by force? You may take them now.' Emyo went to move the bowl and the robe and yet they were as heavy as mountains. He could not move them. Hesitating and trembling, Emyo asked the patriarch, 'I come for the teaching, not for the robe. Please enlighten me!' The patriarch said, 'What is primordially Emyo (i.e., your true self), if you do not think this is good nor do you think this is evil?' At that moment Emyo was greatly awakened. His whole body was covered with sweat. Emyo cried, bowed, and said, 'Is there or is there not any other (deep) significance (in Zen) than your secret words and teachings a minute ago?' The patriarch answered, 'What I have told you is no secret at all. Once you have realized your own true self, the depth (in Zen) rather belongs to you!' Emyo said, 'When I was at Obai with the other monks, I never realized what my true self was. Now you have dispersed the clouds of my ignorance to realize it, just like a man capable of discerning warm and cold by tasting water. From now on you are my teacher!' The patriarch said, 'We both have Obai for our teacher. Guard your own self!'

Mumon's Comments: We should say that the sixth patriarch was in an emergency. This revelation of his, however, resembles the deed of an overly protective grandmother, who peeled a fresh lichi (a dessert fruit), removed its stone and put it to her grandchild's mouth ready for him to swallow.

You describe it in vain, you picture it to no avail, Praising it is useless, cease to worry about it at all. It is your true self, it has nowhere to hide, Even if the universe is annihilated, it is not destroyed."

This koan is transformed in the question

"What did your face look like before your parents were born?"

Interpretation
According to Victor Hori, the "original face" points to "the nonduality of subject and object": "[T]he phrase 'father and mother' alludes to duality. This is obvious to someone versed in the Chinese tradition, where so much philosophical thought is presented in the imagery of paired opposites. The phrase 'your original face' alludes to the original nonduality."

Comparable statements are: "Look at the flower and the flower also looks"; "Guest and host interchange".

It is not "pure consciousness", as it is often understood in western thinking, reached by "cleaning the doors of perception": "[A] pure consciousness without concepts, if there could be such a thing, would be a booming, buzzing confusion, a sensory field of flashes of light, unidentifiable sounds, ambiguous shapes, color patches without significance. This is not the consciousness of the enlightened Zen master."

Comments
Zen masters have commented on the original face:

"'Sweep away thoughts!' means one must do zazen. Once thoughts are quieted, the Original Face appears. Thoughts can be compared to clouds.  When clouds vanish, the moon appears.  The moon of suchness is the Original Face.  Thoughts are also like the fogging of a mirror.  When you wipe away all condensation, a mirror reflects clearly.  Quiet your thoughts and behold your Original Face before you were born!"

"'What's called one's 'original face' is also none other than the Unborn Buddha Mind. What you have from your parents innately is the Unborn Buddha Mind alone—there's nothing else you've got innately. This is an expression left behind by a master of old in his attempt to make people realize the fact that the Unborn Buddha Mind is none other than one's original face. Even what we call 'father and mother' are names of traces that have already arisen. The man who has conclusively realized the Buddha Mind abides at the source of father and mother, and that's why we speak of [that which exists] 'before father and mother were born.' This 'before they were born' is none other than the Unborn; so the Buddha Mind is the same as your original face. . . .'"

Philip Whalen
The American poet Philip Whalen has written a poem, Metaphysical Insomnia Jazz Mumonkan xxix, inspired by the Original Face-koan: "Of Course I could go to sleep right here With all the lights on & the radio going

(April is behind the refrigerator)

Far from the wicked city Far from the virtuous town I met my fragile Kitty In her greeny silken gown

fairly near the summit of Nanga Parbat & back again, the wind flapping the prayer-flags

'IT IS THE WIND MOVING.' 'IT IS THE FLAG MOVING.'

Hypnotized by the windshield swipes, Mr. Harold Wood: 'Back & forth; back & forth.'

We walked beside the moony lake Eating dried apricots Lemons bananas & bright wedding cake & benefits forgot

'IT IS THE MIND MOVING.'

& now I'm in my bed alone Wide awake as any stone" Keith Kumasen has commented on this poem.

Stuart Davis
The American Buddhist musician Stuart Davis has recorded a song called "Original Face". The chorus goes: "There's a light bulb in everyone Bright enough to swallow the sun, Every mask will be erased, There is just the original face."

title: Original face


text:
Talk:Batman (unit)

For real?
For real? I doubt it - can we check this? Mark Richards 19:03, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * At least one webpage confirms that . Andris 19:54, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Then I beg the humble pardon of the person who wrote this! Mark Richards 21:42, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

How is it possible that this page has been vandalized only twice in its history? 70.176.210.244 (talk) 03:12, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Moslem?
should we change "moslem?" i'm assuming this is the actual pronunciation of "muslim," since i've heard it before, just seeing if we should go for uniformity in spelling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lockeownzj00 (talk • contribs) 22:36, 22 August 2004

Possible confusion?
Is the huge batman claimed to be a unit of mass equal to 1000 pots or poods actually a case of confusion with some different unit of volume called a pot (with that pot of volume likely having a mass of much less than 16 kg for anything less dense than mercury? Gene Nygaard 13:15, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I really don't care how many pood are equal to one Batman... I'm just happy that the relationship exists.Salvar (talk) 19:02, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Multiple meanings, or the various values of the measure
The Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed., 1989) defines the batman as "An oriental weight varying greatly in value according to the locality.", not specific to one or two areas as currently in the article. Its quotations have the following values: —Centrx→talk • 04:33, 5 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Babylon, 1599: 7 pound and 5 ounces English waight
 * Unknown (in Samuel Purchas, Pilgrimages...), 1616: fiue and fiftie pound weight English
 * Khiva, 1740: the great batman, equal to eighteen lb. russian, and the lesser batman, nine and a quarter.
 * Constantinople, 1852: 6 okes [i.e. about 16 lbs.] = 1 batman.

title: Talk:Batman (unit)


text:
Bodymind

Bodymind is an approach to understand the relationship between the human body and mind where they are seen as a single integrated unit. It attempts to address the mind–body problem and resists the Western traditions of mind–body dualism.

Dualism vs holism
In the field of philosophy, the theory of dualism is the speculation that the mental and the physical parts of us, like our minds and our bodies, are different or separate.

Modern understanding
"The mind is composed of mental fragments- sensations, feelings, thoughts, imaginations, all flowing now in an ordered sequence, now in a chaotic fashion…. On the other hand, the body is constructed under the underlying laws of physics, and its components obey the well-enumerated laws of physiology. It is these characteristic differences between these two – between mind and body – that lead to the Mind-Body problem.". While Western populations tend to believe more in the idea of dualism, there is also good research on the neurophysiology of emotions and their foundation in human meaning making, the function of the mind, such as the research of Candace Pert.

Relevance to alternative medicine
In the field of alternative medicine, bodymind implies that The term can be a number of disciplines, including:
 * The body, mind, emotions, and spirit are dynamically interrelated.
 * Experience, including physical stress, emotional injury, and pleasures are stored in the body's cells which in turn affects one's reactions to stimuli.
 * Psychoneuroimmunology, the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body.
 * Body psychotherapy,   a branch of psychotherapy which applies basic principles of somatic psychology. It originated in the work of Pierre Janet and particularly Wilhelm Reich.
 * Neurobiology, the study of the nervous system
 * Psychosomatic medicine, an interdisciplinary medical field exploring the relationships among social, psychological, and behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals. Clinical situations where mental processes act as a major factor affecting medical outcomes are areas where psychosomatic medicine excels.
 * Postural Integration, a process-oriented body psychotherapy originally developed in the late 1960s by Jack Painter (1933–2010) in California, US, after exploration in the fields of humanistic psychology and the human potential movement. The method aims to support personal change and self development, through a particular form of manipulative holistic bodywork.

title: Bodymind


text:
Komodo National Park

Komodo National Park (Indonesian: Taman Nasional Komodo) is a national park in Indonesia located within the Lesser Sunda Islands in the border region between the provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara. The park includes the three larger islands Komodo, Padar and Rinca, and 26 smaller ones, with a total area of 1,733 km2 (603 km2 of it land). The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon, the world's largest lizard. Later it was dedicated to protecting other species, including marine species. In 1991 the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Man and Biosphere Reserve. It is considered one of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots.

Komodo National Park has been selected as one of the New 7 Wonders of Nature. The waters surrounding Komodo island contain rich marine biodiversity. Komodo islands is also a part of the Coral Triangle, which contains some of the richest marine biodiversity on Earth.

It is also a WWF Global 200 Marine Eco-region, a WWF/IUCN Centre of Plant Diversity, one of the world’s Endemic Bird Areas and an ASEAN Heritage Park.

History

The island of Padar and part of Rinca were established as nature reserves in 1938.

Komodo Island was declared a nature reserve in 1965, and in January 1977 as a biosphere reserve under the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme.

In 1980 the islands of Komodo, Padar, Rinca and Gili Motong and the surrounding waters were declared a national park, for a total of 75,000 ha.

In 1984 the national park was extended to 219,322 ha in order to include the marine area Mbeliling / Ngorang (31,000 ha), and Wae Wuul / Mburak Recreation Parks (3,000 ha) on mainland Flores. The marine zone covers 60% of the national park area.

In 1991 the national park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In 2005 it was designated an ASEAN Heritage Park.

The park was initially established to conserve the unique Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), first discovered by the scientific world in 1912 through Lieutenant J. K. H. van Steyn van Hensbroek, the Civil Administrator in Reo, Flores Island. Since then conservation goals have expanded to protecting the entire biodiversity of the region, both marine and terrestrial.

It is considered one of the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots - a Conservation International designation. It is also one of the WWF Global 200 Marine Eco-regions, a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve, a WWF/IUCN Centre of Plant Diversity and one of the world's Endemic Bird Areas.

Geography and climate
The park comprises a coastal section of western Flores, the three larger islands of Komodo, Padar and Rinca, 26 smaller islands and the surrounding waters of the Sape Straights. The islands of the national park are of volcanic origin. The terrain is generally rugged, characterized by rounded hills, with altitudes up to 735 m. The climate is one of the driest of Indonesia with annual rainfall between 800mm and 1000mm. Harsh daily temperatures in the dry season from May to October are around 40 °C.

Population history
Little is known of the early history of the Komodo islanders. They were subjects of the Sultanate of Bima, although the island's remoteness from Bima meant its affairs were probably little troubled by the Sultanate other than by occasional demands for tribute. The majority of the people in and around the park are fishermen originally from Bima (Sumbawa), Manggarai, South Flores, and South Sulawesi. Those from South Sulawesi are from the Suku Bajau or Bugis ethnic groups. The Suku Bajau were originally nomadic and moved from location to location in the region of Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku, to make a living. Descendants of the original people of Komodo, the Ata Modo, still live in Komodo, but there are no pure blood people left and their culture and language is slowly being integrated with the recent migrants.

The human population within the park spread out over four settlements (Komodo, Rinca, Kerora, and Papagaran), all of which existed before 1980 when the area was declared a national park. In 1928 there were only 30 people living in Komodo Village (known locally as Kampung Komodo), and approximately 250 people on Rinca Island in 1930. The population increased rapidly, and by 1999, there were 281 families numbering 1,169 people on Komodo Island. Komodo Village has had the highest population within the park, mostly due to migration by people from Sape, Manggarai, Madura, and South Sulawesi. The number of buildings in Komodo Village has increased rapidly from 30 houses in 1958, to 194 houses in 1994, and 270 houses in 2000. Papagaran Village is similar in size, with 258 families totaling 1,078 people. At the 2010 Census, Komodo Village had 1,508 inhabitants and Papagaran Village had 1,262 inhabitants. As of 1999, Rinca's population was 835, and Kerora's population was 185 people.

In 2004, the total population living in the park was 3,267 people while 16,816 people lived in the area immediately surrounding the park.

Economy
As of 2007, 97% of the people living within the park rely on marine resources as their only source of income. They are pauperised by the restrictions on access to resources coupled with rising costs of living, a growing population and the lack of sustainable livelihood alternatives, all of which increasing the pressure on resources.

 * Tourism revenue and local communities

Locally, tourism has become a major industry since the late 1980s and the 1990's; but this development brought little benefit to the local communities within the park. Not only this industry is mainly based outside the park in Labuan Bajo; moreover most of the benefits thusly generated are leaked outside the region to large national or international tourism operators.

Education
The average level of education in the villages of Komodo National Park is grade four of elementary school. There is an elementary school located in each of the villages but new students are not admitted each year. On average, each village has four classes and four teachers. Most of the children from the small islands in the Kecamatan Komodo (Komodo, Rinca, Kerora, Papagaran, Mesa) do not finish elementary school. Less than 10% of those who do graduate from elementary school continue to high school since the major economic opportunity (fishing) does not require further education. Children must be sent to Labuan Bajo to attend high school, but this is rarely done in fishermen's families.

Health
Most of the villages located in and around the park have few fresh water facilities available, if any, particularly during the dry season. Water quality declines during this time period and many people become ill. Malaria and diarrhea are rampant in the area. On Messah island, with a population of 1,969 people, there is no fresh water available. Fresh water has to be brought in jerrycans by boat from the mainland. The cost for each family for fresh water is Rp100,000 per month. Almost every village has a local medical facility with staff, and at least a paramedic. The quality of medical care facilities is low.

Socio-cultural and anthropologic conditions
Traditional communities in Komodo, Flores and Sumbawa have been subjected to outside influences and the influence of traditional customs is dwindling. Television, radio, and increased mobility have all played a part in accelerating the rate of change. There has been a steady influx of migrants into the area. At the moment nearly all villages consist of more than one ethnic group.

Religion
The Manggarai are mostly Christians. The majority of fishermen living in the villages in the vicinity of the park are Muslims. Hajis have a strong influence in the dynamics of community development. Fishermen hailing from South Sulawesi (Bajau, Bugis) and Bima are mostly Muslims.

Anthropology and language
There are several cultural sites within the park, particularly on Komodo Island. These sites are not well documented, however, and there are many questions concerning the history of human inhabitance on the island. Outside the park, in Warloka village on Flores, there is a Chinese trading post remnant of some interest. Archeological finds from this site have been looted in the recent past. Most communities in and around the park can speak Indonesian. Bajo language is the language used for daily communication in most communities.

Flora and fauna
The hot and dry climate of the park, characterized by savannah vegetation, makes it a good habitat for the endemic Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). Their populations are restricted to the islands of Komodo (1,700), Rinca (1,300), Gili Motang (100), Gili Dasami (100), and Flores (c. 2,000), while extinct on Padar.

Cloud forests appear only in few areas above 500 metres but they provide habitat to several endemic flora. Coastal vegetation includes mangrove forest, which generally appear in the sheltered bays of the three larger islands.

Fringing and patch coral reefs are extensive and best developed on the north-east coast of Komodo. The park is rich in marine life, including whale sharks, ocean sunfish, manta rays, eagle rays, pygmy seahorse, false pipefish, clown frogfish, nudibranchs, blue-ringed octopus, sponges, tunicates, and coral.

Varieties of cetaceans inhabit in adjacent waters from smaller sized dolphins to sperm whales and even blue whales. Omura's whales, one of the least known of rorquals have been confirmed to range waters within the park. Endangered dugongs still live in Komodo areas as well.

The terrestrial fauna is of rather poor diversity in comparison to the marine fauna. The number of terrestrial animal species found in the park is not high, but the area is important from a conservation perspective as some species are endemic. Many of the mammals are Asiatic in origin, including the rusa deer, wild boar, water buffalo, crab-eating macaque and civet. Several of the reptiles and birds are Australian in origin, such as the orange-footed scrubfowl, the lesser sulphur crested cockatoo, and the helmeted friarbird.

The most famous of Komodo National Park's reptiles is the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis). It is the world's largest lizard and is among the world's largest reptiles; the females can reach a length of 2 to 2.5 m (6.6-8 ft) and a 70 kg weight, the males a length of 3 m (10 ft) and up to 136 kg (300 lb) weight. , but the average is respectively of 68 to 73 kg weight for a 2.29 m length and 79 to 91 kg weight for a 2.59 m length.

Twelve terrestrial snake species are found on the island in addition to marine species. Snakes include the Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix), Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), white-lipped pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris), blue lipped sea krait (Laticauda laticaudata), and Timor python (Python timoriensis). Lizards include nine skink species (Scinidae), geckos (Gekkonidae), limbless lizards (Dibamidae), and the monitor lizards such as the Komodo dragon (Varanidae). Frogs include the Asian bullfrog (Kaloula baleata), the endemic Komodo cross frog (Oreophryne jeffersoniana) and Oreophryne darewskyi. Frogs are typically found at higher, moister altitudes. The saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) was once present within the park in coastal areas including mangrove swamps but is now extinct within the area.

Mammals found within the park include the Timor rusa deer (Cervus timorensis), the main prey of the Komodo dragon, horses (Equus sp.), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus), crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lehmanni), the endemic Rinca rat (Rattus rintjanus), and fruit bats. Domestic mammals on within the park include goats, cats and dogs which are feral.

One of the main bird species is the orange-footed scrubfowl (Megapodius reinwardti), a ground dwelling bird. In areas of savanna, 27 species were observed. The zebra dove (Geopelia striata) and spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis) were the most common species. In mixed tropical deciduous habitat, 28 bird species were observed, and helmeted friarbird (Philemon buceroides), green imperial pigeon (Ducula aenea), and lemon-bellied white-eye (Zosterops chloris) were the most common. Other birds include vibrantly coloured species such as green junglefowl (Gallus varius), great-billed parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos), and the critically endangered lesser sulpher crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). Two eagle species are found in the park, the white-bellied sea eagle and the extremely rare Flores hawk-eagle which is present on Rinca and Flores and reported but unconfirmed on Komodo Island.

Management
Komodo National Park (KNP) was set up as a Technical Implementation Unit of the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), of the Ministry of Forestry. Its management is headed by the Komodo National Park Authority, in West Flores. Also in West Flores - but as a separate unit - is the Directorship of Conservation Areas. The Nature Conservancy (TNC, an American environmental organization), is director for the Coastal and Marine Program.

The Nature Conservancy entered into a partnership with the Department of Forestry and Conservation (Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelastrian Alam/PHPA) in 1995, to manage the Komodo National Park for 25 years.

A management plan was co-authored with TNC and implemented in 2000 to address problem of increasing resource exploitation, both marine and terrestrial. The plan was supported by the World Bank but faced objections from some local people and local NGOs who argued that they had not been consulted by the plan and would not share in the benefits. Most pressure on marine resources originates from fishing communities and commercial enterprises from outside the park. However, regulations and restrictions on resource use impact mostly on park residents, who have few options to make a living but rely on what the park has to offer. The provision of alternative livelihoods is part of the overall management strategy, but communities within the park are yet to benefit from appropriate measures addressing their needs.

A non-profit joint venture company, PT Putri Naga Komodo (PT PNK), was established to operate tourist facilities in the hope of eventually making the park financially self-sustaining. PT PNK was partially funded by the TNC and the World Bank. After 5 years operation, in 2010 Putri Naga Komodo's (PNK) permit was compromised. After that, more illegal fishermen arrived as enforcement declined greatly following the exit of TNC which had helped fight destructive fishing practices. In early 2012, dive operators and conservationists found many desolate coral sites, reminiscent of grey moonscapes. Illegal fishermen continue to blast sites with 'bombs' in a process known as blast fishing. The fisherman use a mixture of fertilizer and kerosene in beer bottles as explosives, or use squeeze bottles to squirt cyanide into the coral in order to stun and capture fish. In the past two years more than 60 illegal fishermen have been arrested. One of the suspects was shot and killed after he tried to evade capture by throwing fish bombs at the rangers.

Park managers have been conducting demographic status of the current living Komodo dragon populations across Komodo National Park. Komodo National Park contains five islands that inhabit Komodo dragons populations which hold the most desirable resources for the protected species. Two of the large islands, Komodo and Rinca, hold two of the largest populations on the island with three smaller ones being Padar, Gili Motang, and Nusa Kode. To help increase the population of Komodo dragons in the park, habitat management focuses on maintaining the environments on Komodo Island like the savannah grasslands and forests. This increases the population of prey species like the Timor deer for the Komodo by maintaining the favored habitat. The results of the two populations here have shown to have almost stable or stable time average population growth rates. Conservation efforts on smaller islands have increased due to having smaller populations, which have increased extinction rates.

Conflicts between conservation authorities and local community
Controversy surrounds the death of several fishermen since the 1980s. The circumstances of the fishermen's deaths are contested. While park patrols (including, at the time, police and navy personnel) claim they acted in self-defense, fishing communities accuse park management of having deliberately killed the fishermen.

In late February 2014, Brimob Special Police shot dead two deer poachers, when they opened fire with their homemade firearms.

Tourism
Scuba diving is popular because of the park's high marine biodiversity. Six well-known diving sites are Manta Alley, Crystal Rock and Castle Rock, Batu Bolong, Yellow Wall, the Cauldron and Tatawa Besar.

The development of ecotourism, largely marine-based, is the main strategy to make the park self-financing and generate sufficient revenue through entrance fees and tourism licenses to cover operational and managerial costs. To this end, a joint venture between TNC and a tourism operator were granted a tourism concession, that also entails extensive park management rights. This concession has generated an ongoing controversy. The joint venture has been accused of making decisions behind closed doors, and many people in and around Komodo claim that they have not been consulted regarding decisions that ultimately affect their lives.

Komodo Island and Rinca were once part of Flores and they are separated from the large Island of Sumbawa to the West by the Sape Strait. The ocean in the Strait drops hundreds of meters. The Pacific Ocean to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south are actually at different heights – so the flow of currents from the Pacific to the Indian during tidal exchanges makes the currents among the strongest in the world. In the (relatively) shallow waters along the east coast of Komodo towards Labuan Bajo, these currents can be extremely dangerous with inexperienced guides.

The number of visitors to the park increased from 36,000 in 2009 to 45,000 in 2010. Most of the visitors were foreign tourists as the high transport cost to this remote location is less affordable for local visitors. The park can accommodate up to 60,000 visitors a year according to the local tourism agency.

Several types of boat tours run through the national park including upscale scuba liveaboards, short daily snorkel trips and 4 day, 3 night 'tourist boats' between Lombok and Flores. The tourist boats run very frequently, but have uncertain safety records. In an August 2014 incident one of these tourist boats sank, and 2 tourists were lost. Strong currents and waves separated the stranded passengers and crew who were floating at sea in life jackets.

Closure of the park

In early 2019, the Nusa Tenggara Timor (NTT) provincial governor Viktor Laiskodat announced a plan to close a section of the park (a main section on Komodo Island) for a year in order to make improvements. The suggestion was that other parts of the park, including Rinca and Padar Islands and certain parts of Komodo Island, would remain open. The governor's plan met with opposition from the local community and some parts of the wider public. In response, the Indonesian Environment and Forestry Minister, Siti Nurbaya said that she would summon representatives from the NTT administration for discussions, noting that decisions about conservation areas were under the jurisdiction of the central government. A final decision about the proposed closure was expected to be announced by the central government around mid-2019.

In July 2019, it was confirmed that Komodo Island would be closed for around one year from the beginning of 2020. Governor Laiskodat said that a budget of Rp 100 billion (around $US 7.2 million) would be provided to support the conservation program. The plan is controversial: Governor Laiskodat has suggested that an expensive entrance fee be charged to foreign tourists while local villagers who live on Komodo Island are worried about the possible loss of income. The park was closed for almost six months because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but was reopened to local tourists on 6 July 2020, then to domestic tourists in August 2020 and subsequently to foreign tourists. In December 2022, it was confirmed that the planned controversial increase in entrance fees, which had already been postponed by 5 months, was being canceled by the Indonesian government.

title: Komodo National Park


text:
User:Dave Harris

I am the Executive Director of the Global Lives Project and Research Director at the Institute for the Future. I hold a master's degree in Sociology from the University of São Paulo. As an undergraduate, I studied at the University of California, Berkeley and created my own major in "political economy of development and the environment."

I have been known to meddle in video and print journalism and I post most of my work on a little website.

To do on wikipedia:
New articles that exist in Portuguese, but not English:

Book: Raízes do Brasil (Roots of Brazil), Sergio Buarque de Holanda

Articles that need work in English and are better in Portuguese:

Sergio Buarque de Holanda

pt:usuário:Misterharris

title: User:Dave Harris


text:
Alois Hába

Alois Hába (21 June 1893 – 18 November 1973) was a Czech composer, music theorist and teacher. He belongs to the important discoverers in modern classical music, and major composers of microtonal music, especially using the quarter-tone scale, though he used others such as sixth-tones (e.g., in the 5th, 10th and 11th String Quartets), fifth-tones (Sixteenth String Quartet), and twelfth-tones. From the other microtonal conceptions, he discussed a "three-quarter tone" system (see three-quarter tone flat and the neutral second) in his theoretical works  but he used scales in this tuning in sections of some of his compositions. In his prolific career, Hába composed three operas, an enormous collection of chamber music including 16 string quartets, piano, organ and choral pieces, some orchestral works and songs. He also had special keyboard and woodwind instruments constructed that were capable of playing quarter-tone scales.

Life
Alois Hába was born in the small town of Vizovice in Moravian Wallachia, into a family of 10 children. When he was five years old it was discovered that he had absolute pitch. He and his family often played and sang their native Wallachian folk songs, actively participated in church singing and folk-music performances. In school, Alois became very interested in the musical aspects of the Czech language, above all in pitch, rhythm, accent, dynamics, and timbre of the speech. In 1908 he entered the teachers' training college in Kroměříž, where he began to develop an interest in Czech national music, analyzing the works of Bedřich Smetana. Already at that time he found out from his textbooks that the European system of music was not the only one in the world and that even some European music had in the past used different scales than the ones used in his time. He therefore started to develop his own point of view in this issue. After finishing his studies, he got a job as teacher in Bílovice, a small town near the Hungarian (now Slovak) border. Simultaneously, he continued his own musical studies and in 1913 wrote his first compositions, displaying an unwillingness to "follow the rules", which he maintained all his life. Hába was dissatisfied by small-town life, and in 1914, he moved to Prague and became a pupil of neoromantic composer Vítězslav Novák. Here he was interested in analysing the works of Claude Debussy, Max Reger, Alexander Scriabin, and Richard Strauss, and in harmonization of Moravian folk music.

Vienna
During World War I, he served in the Austrian Army on the Russian and Italian front from 1915 until early 1918, when he was moved to Vienna, where he worked in the music department of the Austrian-Hungarian Ministry of War. There he almost immediately became a student of Franz Schreker, who brought out his more radical tendencies. At that time, Hába wrote his first quarter-tone piece, Suite, consisting of three fugues in the quarter-tone system, composed for two pianos tuned a quarter tone apart. Remaining in Vienna after the war, Hába attended the concerts produced by Arnold Schönberg's Verein für musikalische Privataufführungen, and became particularly influenced by the "athematic" style used by Schönberg in his Erwartung. First publications of his compositions included the String Quartet No. 2, his first major quarter-tone work which was composed in 1920. At that time, his lifelong friendship with Hanns Eisler – with whom he shared political beliefs (Hába became an ardent communist at this time) as well as musical opinions – began.

Berlin
Hába found his first success as a composer in Berlin, where he followed his teacher Schreker in late 1920. He published his first theoretical treatise (in Czech), the small booklet Harmonické základy čtvrttónové soustavy (Harmonic Essentials of the Quarter-tone System). In 1923, he met Ferruccio Busoni, who had advocated the sixth-tone system and encouraged Hába to continue his work in microtonality. The same year, Hába began to attempt the establishment of a school of microtonal music, but as the Nazis started to gain power in Germany, he came under attack and was driven out of Berlin. He returned to Prague and managed to get a job teaching workshops at the Prague Conservatory.

Prague

In July 1923 at the festival of modern music in Donaueschingen, the Amar-Hindemith Quartet played Hába's quarter-tone String Quartet No. 3. His name began to appear alongside other representatives of his generation's avant-garde musicians and, thanks to him, Czechoslovakia became one of the first member countries of the International Society for Contemporary Music. Hába wrote several theoretical articles on microtonality, athematicism, and church modes at this time. In 1925 he wrote his major theoretical work New Harmony-Textbook of the Diatonic, Chromatic, Quarter-, Third-, Sixth-, and Twelfth-tone Systems (if necessary, see: diatonic, chromatic). He designed and had built two quarter-tone pianos by early 1924 and a third in 1925. In 1927, the Czech branch factory of the German piano firm August Förster in the North Bohemian town of Jiříkov built for him a sixth-tone harmonium, patterned mostly after the design by Busoni.

After the premiere of his quarter-tone opera Matka (Mother) in 1931, introducing a practically athematic concept, Hába emerged as a leader of Czech modernist music and became internationally well known as one of the most important avantgarde composers. This opera also uses two quarter-tone clarinets and two quarter-tone trumpets, which were built especially for this work. In 1934, he composed the opera Nová země (The New Earth) in the twelve-tone system. Athematic constructions characteristic of his work appeared also later in the opera Přijď království tvé (Thy Kingdom Come) (1940), which is written in the sixth-tone system. In all three operas, Hába expressed his bold socialist viewpoint, that caused controversies already at the time. For instance, the production of Nová Země (the plot of which deals with the Holodomor in Ukraine and how the Holodomor in a Ukrainian village is defeated by socialisation of production) and founding the kolkhoz Nová Země (The New Earth) by National Theatre in Prague in 1936 had to be cancelled by intervention from the Ministry of Culture as communist and pro-soviet propaganda.

In 1933, when Josef Suk became director of the Prague Conservatory, Hába was made a full professor and established the Department of Quarter-tone and Sixth-tone Music. Here he had much influence over his many students. It was also the early 1930s that saw the writing of what is probably Hába's most important orchestral work, the symphonic fantasy Cesta života (The Path of Life). The 1930s also shaped Hába's political stance and philosophy of life. His strong sense of social commitment found an intellectual basis in the anthroposophical teachings of Rudolf Steiner.

In 1939 the German Nazis occupied Czechoslovakia and banned performance of Hába's work. They closed down the Prague Conservatory in 1941 and prevented him from teaching. During the war Hába wrote a continuation of his Theory of Harmony, completed, as already mentioned, a sixth-tone opera (which was never produced), and considered constructing a twelfth-tone harmonium.

After World War II, he resumed teaching and held several administrative positions. At the turn of forties and fifties, the work of Alois Hába was affected by the communist regime in Czechoslovakia, becoming transitionally simplified, much more "thematic" and tonal, and also setting texts projecting communist ideology. He was nevertheless unable to rid himself of the label of “formalist” stuck onto him by Marxist aesthetics.

In 1953 he was sent into retirement, but in his own words it was only at that point that he achieved real creative freedom. In 1957 he was named an honorary member of the ISCM. When Hába returned to his style, he continued in his experimental musical studies, which culminated in the 1960s with the use of fifth tones in his Sixteenth String Quartet in 1967. This work was premiered in the same year at the ISCM festival in Prague, performing by Novák Quartet. Hába was a prolific composer and continued to compose almost to the end of his life. He taught and influenced many musicians. Besides followers in his own country, Hába attracted students from South Slavic countries (Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria), Lithuania, Turkey, and elsewhere. The Prague Conservatory in general enjoyed an international reputation, and a great deal of credit for that goes to the contacts and pioneering efforts of Alois Hába. Despite these facts, he died in relative obscurity in Prague in 1973.

Concept
"Quarter-tone music, Hába was convinced, would represent a major enrichment of European musical language. As he repeatedly stated, it was the genuine folk music of his own native region that led him to the idea of enriching European musical language with smaller intervals than the half-tones that are usual in European genuine folk music.

It was with these words that Alois Hába introduced a concert of works composed by himself and his students on 13 March 1945 in the Municipal Library in Prague: 'Often just raising the apex of a melody by a mere half-tone, a quarter-tone or a sixth-tone, just prolonging or shortening a certain passage by a single beat, just livening up or rearranging the rhythm will be enough to achieve some satisfactory musical expressivity. This work is like polishing a precious stone. Perfect polishing increases its value. And only the ability to do such polishing guarantees composers perfection in their creative work and certainty in their ability to evaluate their own work and that of others.'

All three areas of Alois Hába’s activity – composing, teaching, and organizing – evince one of his fundamental characteristics: the courage to move into a territory where no one else had thus far dared go. Hába was not some kind of “microinterval fanatic” as is sometimes assumed. He did offer his students this path, but he never compelled them to travel it. He was an example of musical perseverance, and although the worldwide universal musical language which he strove to create proved to be a utopia, his importance for the development of music in the 20th century is unparalleled."

Works
Alois Hába's works total 103 opuses, the majority of which are various kinds of chamber music. Among the most important are his string quartets, which document and demonstrate the development of his style. In addition to quarter tones, Hába used sixth-tones in his String Quartets nos. in the 5, 10, and 11, as well as in Six Pieces for Sixth-tone Harmonium or String Quartet (1928), Duo for Sixth-tone Violins (1937), Thy Kingdom Come, a Sixth-tone Musical Drama in Seven Scenes (1937–42), Suite in Sixth-tones for Solo Violin (1955), and Suite in Sixth-tones for Solo Cello (1955). For a detailed survey, see complete list of compositions.

Representative recordings

 * Complete String Quartets (4 CDs, Bayer Records, Germany, 2006), performed by the Czech ensemble Stamic Quartet
 * Four Fugues for Organ as the part of the album Alois Hába / Miloslav Kabeláč / Jan Hora / Petr Čech – Complete Organ Works (Vixen, Czech Republic, 2001, CD)
 * Complete Nonets. The Czech Nonet (Supraphon, Czech Republic, 1995)
 * Czech Music of the 20th Century: Alois Hába – Chamber Music. Suk Quartet and Czech Nonet (Praga, France, 1993)
 * Mother by Prague National Theatre Orchestra, chorus and soloists (Supraphon, Czechoslovakia, 1966, 1980 & 1982 – 2LPs; CD)

title: Alois Hába


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pop culture images of Salvador Allende

I think this was supposed to be deleted because the single image it contained was removed for being a copyvio. Maximus Rex 19:07, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Should be deleted anyway, IMO. Nothing here to even graft onto an existing Allende article, and I honestly can't imagine anyone except for the "author" of this little tome to search for "pop culture images of Salvador Allende" in any encyclopedia, let alone this one. - Lucky 6.9 19:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I redirected to Salvador Allende Alcarillo 19:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Article was useless. Not a useful redirect. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 07:00, May 13, 2004 (UTC)


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Fernando Poe Jr.

Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (August 20, 1939 – December 14, 2004), known professionally as Fernando Poe Jr., and often referred to by his initials FPJ, was a Filipino actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, and politician. His long and successful career as an action star earned him the nickname "Da King" (i.e. the "King of Philippine movies"). He also wrote, directed, and produced several of the films he starred in—under the pseudonyms Ronwaldo Reyes and D'Lanor.

Poe appeared in around 300 films spanning from 1955 to 2003. The teenage Poe joined the film industry as a stuntman after the untimely death of his father, actor Fernando Poe Sr. His film debut was Anak ni Palaris (1955), a sequel to a film that starred his father. His breakout came in the 1956 film Lo Waist Gang and went on to star in action films that portrayed him as the "champion and defender of the poor and oppressed". His notable films include: Only the Brave Know Hell (1965), Lino Brocka's Santiago! (1970), Celso Ad. Castillo's Asedillo (1971), Bato sa Buhangin (1976), Durugin si Totoy Bato (1979), Eddie Romero's Aguila (1980); his self-directed Ang Panday (1980) and its sequels; Roman Rapido and Isang Bala Ka Lang! (both 1983), the 1986 films Iyo ang Tondo, Kanya ang Cavite, Muslim .357, and Batang Quiapo; Kahit Konting Pagtingin (1990), Ang Probinsyano (1996), Isusumbong Kita sa Tatay Ko... (1999), and Ang Dalubhasa (2000).

Poe's accolades include five FAMAS Awards for Best Actor—a joint record that inducted him into the FAMAS Hall of Fame in 1988. He also won Best Director for his films Ang Padrino (1984) and Kahit Butas ng Karayom, Papasukin Ko (1995). In 2004, FAMAS posthumously granted him the Natatanging Alagad ng Sining Award. Poe was also posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines in 2006 (accepted by his family in 2012).

Poe ran for president of the Philippines in the 2004 election. He lost to re-electionist Gloria Macapagal Arroyo by just over one million votes (3.48%)—the closest margin between the winner and runner-up in the history of Philippine presidential elections. Seven months after the elections, Poe died of a stroke; hundreds of thousands attended his wake and funeral.

Poe was married to actress Susan Roces, who played his onscreen love interest in 17 films. Senator Grace Poe and actress Lovi Poe are his daughters.

Early life and education
Ronald Allan "Ronnie" Kelley Poe was the son of Filipino actor and director Fernando Poe Sr. (born Allan Fernando Poe y Reyes; 1916–1951) from San Carlos, Pangasinan and Elizabeth "Bessie" Kelley (1918–1999). He was born in Manila on August 20, 1939.

His parents, at the time of his birth, were not legally married until 1940. In 2004, Poe's political opponents tried to derail his bid for the 2004 Philippine presidency when they sought to disqualify him as an illegitimate son of a non-Filipino mother.

He was the second among six siblings, including Andy (born Fernando Kelley Poe Jr.; 1943–1995), whose given name was used by Poe as his own professional name to bank on the popularity of his father who was a top actor in his time. Conrad Poe was Poe's half-brother, the illegitimate son of Fernando Poe Sr. and actress Patricia Mijares.

The original spelling of the family surname was Pou, from his paternal grandfather, playwright Lorenzo Pou, a Catalan migrant from Mallorca, Spain who ventured into mining and business in the Philippines.

In 1953, Poe finished his primary education at San Beda College. For high school, he attended San Sebastian College. He continued his education at Mapúa Institute of Technology and University of the East and took the course theater arts.

When his father died from rabies at age 34, Poe became the family's breadwinner. In order to support his family, he dropped out of the University of the East during his sophomore year.

Film career
Poe dropped out of high school to work in the Philippine film industry as a messenger boy, and was given acting roles in subsequent years. Starting as a stuntman for Everlasting Pictures, he was given a starring role in the film Anak ni Palaris (Son of Palaris) at the age of 14. The film, however, was not a big hit. In 1956, the film Lo' Waist Gang made him popular, and the film was such a hit that low-waist pants became a fad.

Also known as 'FPJ' from his initials, Poe acted in a number of films which depicted him as the champion of the poor and downtrodden. He also directed films under the pseudonyms D'Lanor and Ronwaldo Reyes. Reyes originated from the surname of his paternal grandmother, Martha.

He established FPJ Productions in 1961 and later organized other film companies. In 1963, he testified against criminal gangs, known as the Big Four, who extorted money from the film industry. In 1965, he shared the lead in The Ravagers (in the Philippines this is titled Only the Brave Know Hell), a film depicting the United States and the Philippines working together against Japanese war time occupation. The film is considered one of the most influential Filipino films.

Poe won the most best actor awards at the FAMAS. Among the films that received awards were Mga Alabok sa Lupa (1967), Asedillo (1971), Durugin si Totoy Bato (1979), Umpisahan Mo, Tatapusin Ko (1983), and Muslim .357 (1986).

Poe was one of the highest paid film actors in the Philippines in the 1980s (alongside Dolphy and Vilma Santos), with his salary reaching over one million pesos per film. In 1988, Poe partnered with San Miguel Corporation in a near ₱27 million promotional deal for San Miguel Beer, his first endorsement of a product in his entire film career, with the first television commercial airing on January 20.

In mid-1993, Poe was then set to star in a film produced by Viva Films and directed by Pablo Santiago titled Tulak ng Bibig, Kabig ng Dibdib, with Alice Dixson cast as the female lead, though it did not come to fruition.

Among his roles were Flavio in the Ang Panday fantasy series, Kahit Konting Pagtingin, Dito sa Pitong Gatang and Aguila. His last film, Pakners, also stars 9-ball billiards champion Efren "Bata" Reyes.

2004 Presidential bid
Fernando Poe Jr., was the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)'s candidate for the 2004 presidential election. He accepted nomination in December 2003 and was to be the opposition candidate in the Philippines' 2004 presidential election.

Personal life
Poe married actress Susan Roces, the professional name of Jesusa Sonora, in a civil wedding in December 1968. They later married in a religious service and among their primary sponsors were then-President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda. Poe and Roces adopted a daughter, Grace Poe, who became a senator.

Poe was very reclusive about his personal life. However, in February 2004, during the presidential campaign, Poe admitted to having fathered two children out of wedlock. He had an affair with actress Anna Marin and had one son, Ronian and with former actress Rowena Moran and had a daughter, Lourdes Virginia.

Death and legacy

Poe was admitted to St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City in the evening of December 11, 2004 after complaining of dizziness at a gathering in his production studio during a Christmas party. He suffered from a stroke and slipped into a coma while being treated for a brain clot. Doctors described his condition as a cerebral thrombosis with multiple organ failure. He died at the age of 65 on December 14 at 12:01 am PHT (UTC+08:00), without regaining consciousness. Organizers of the nine-day wake claimed numbers as high as two million. The funeral procession drew tens of thousands who crowded the streets of Quezon City, an event that was reminiscent of the funeral processions of former Senator Ninoy Aquino in 1983 and actress Julie Vega in 1985. He was buried in his family plot along with his parents in the Manila North Cemetery.

On December 14, 2012, eight years after his death, a monument to Poe was erected at the corner of Roxas Boulevard and Arquiza Street in Ermita, Manila, with widow Susan Roces and daughter Grace Poe attending the unveiling.

On January 13, 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11608, renaming Roosevelt Avenue in Quezon City as Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue.

On his 84th birth anniversary on August 20, 2023, Roosevelt station of LRT Line 1 in Quezon City was renamed Fernando Poe Jr. station and FPJ Arena, a sports arena in San Jose, Batangas also named in his honor, was inaugurated.

In popular culture

 * FPJ inspired a generation of television and movie impersonators, both serious and comedic. His movie role as the 'Pinoy Robin Hood' and 'People's Champion' in most of his films have repeatedly been clichéd by Filipino action films for years to come.
 * TV host-comedian Joey de Leon parodied Poe and his iconic film persona (most notably the character of Flavio in Ang Panday) in many cameo and starring roles. In the comedy film She-Man, Mistress of the Universe, Poe himself appeared in character (as Flavio) and made a memorable cameo appearance to rescue "Pandoy" (De Leon's character name) against his enemies. De Leon in his Starzan character from the film of the same name made a cameo appearance in Poes' film May Isang Tsuper ng Taxi asking the latter to take him to the forest.
 * In 2009, Robin Padilla portrayed one of Poes' iconic characters in film in the television adaptation of Carlo J. Caparas' Totoy Bato on GMA Network.
 * Poe is known for his long sideburns which his iconic and signature hairstyle in the Philippines.
 * In 2013, Tonton Gutierrez portrayed Fernando Poe Jr. in the life story of Poe's daughter Grace Poe, depicted by Erich Gonzales, on Maalaala Mo Kaya.
 * In 2015, his 1997 film Ang Probinsyano has been remake by ABS-CBN into a TV series, starring Coco Martin as the main character to portray twins namely SPO1 Ricardo "Cardo" Dalisay and Police Sr. Insp. Dominador "Ador" de Leon together with Susan Roces, FPJ's widow.
 * In 2016, Richard Gutierrez also portrayed Poe's 1980 film, Ang Panday. It was remade by TV5. Richard Gutierrez starred as Flavio (same as Poe), Miguel, and Juro. Miguel and Juro are the modern versions played by Gutierrez.
 * Jericho Rosales/Richard Gutierrez (Ang Panday 2005 and 2016), Robin Padilla (Totoy Bato) and Coco Martin (Ang Probinsyano, Batang Quiapo & Ang Panday) are the actors who succeeded Poe as modern action stars.
 * In February 2023, Coco Martin starred in an adaptation of FPJ's movie Batang Quiapo as a TV series together with Lovi Poe, FPJ's daughter.

Filmography
I Kamao is Poe's only film produced specifically for television, premiering on RPN in June 1987.

title: Fernando Poe Jr.


text: User talk:216.183.10.86

title: User talk:216.183.10.86


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Knowbotic Research

Knowbotic Research is a German-Swiss electronic art group, established in 1991. Its members are Yvonne Wilhelm, Christian Hübler and Alexander Tuchacek. They hold a professorship for Art and Media at the University of the Arts in Zürich.

History
Yvonne Wilhelm (born 1962), Christian Huebler (born 1962), Alexander Tuchacek (born 1962) are based in Zürich Switzerland.

The Knowbotic Research group has experimented with the intersection of technology, information and knowledge, interface, immersive virtual reality and networked agency. In their work Simulation Mosaik Data Klaenge from 1993, they experimented with so called intelligent agent, applications which can conglomerate diaphanous information by themselves (also called knowbots) and intelligent virtual spaces (flexible information-environments distributed in electronic networks). Knowbotic Research KR+cF has regularly invited people from non-art fields to participate in their projects, such as scientists, philosophers and engineers, depending on the concept of each project. In partnership with the Academy of Media Arts Cologne, Knowbotic Research KR+cF has founded Membrane, a laboratory for media strategies, in 1995. In their more recent work, they created media-based projects that try to intervene in the (physical or digital) public domain.

Knowbotic is a coinage that combined "knowledge" with "robotic", meaning intellectual agent on the Internet. Knowbotic has developed some projects themed on an information environment and a computer interface. Since 1998, it has become more flexible, and with these main three of them, different members from various fields such as art, science, and philosophy, have joined in each program. In 1997, it worked with Japanese art group, Canon Art Lab, in Tokyo. This project aimed at revealing the function of the city by interacting between real and virtual world.

Awards
Knowbotic Research has been exhibited widely and has received several prizes, including:
 * Two Prix Ars Electronica Golden Nicas (in 1994 and 1998)
 * The Claasen Prize for Media Art and Photography, Cologne
 * The international ZKM Media-art award
 * The August Seeling-Award of Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum

title: Knowbotic Research