text:
Talk:Binary space partitioning

Unnamed section
A bunch of quotes... hmm, this is a bad article. Who's up for helping rewrite it? Fredrik 22:45, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I rewrote the intro and, time permitting, will begin to work on the rest of the article. cbraga 02:30, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

Rewritten intro
Good job, but this is NOT an intro of an article about BSP trees, rather a section about their applications (placed accordingly). Mikkalai 03:10, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, but don't you think an introduction should begin describing the applications and the reasons why the algorithm is interesting? cbraga 03:29, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * No. This would be not an encyclopedic style (at least as accepted here). You start from general-purpose definition, right to the point, and summary. Then you proceed with the detailed def. Then the rest. I suggest you to read the Inverted pyramid article. Mikkalai 04:39, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that it would be better to start with the general purpose definition, but you're actually shooting yourself on the foot by invoking the inverted pyramid, since that would come to be pretty much how I'd done. I think the paragraphs I wrote would be pretty at home right after the current introduction. cbraga 13:11, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

move to binary space partitioning?
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I'm under the impression that the process as a whole is named Binary Space Partitioning, and that Binary Space Partition would refer to a single partition generated in that process. Anyone objects to moving this page to Binary space partitioning? --cbraga 17:15, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * That seems right to me. Fredrik (talk) 17:33, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Painter's algorithm

 * BSP trees, however, solve both these problems by splitting up objects and ordering them so that the painter's algorithm will draw them correctly without need of a Z-buffer and without overdraw.

This seems to be in error to me. Using a BSP does not eliminate overdraw with the painter's algorithm. The only point, if I'm not mistaken, about using BSP combined with the painter's algorithm is that it provides an extremely fast way to sort the polygons by distance. Using Z-buffering with a front-to-back rendering method is what eliminates overdraw. Fredrik (talk) 17:42, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * No. BSP trees do remove overdraw by the painter's algorithm. If you look at the painter's algorithm page you'll see an example of a scene that won't draw correctly. One purpose of BSP is to convert that scene into one which will draw correctly by splitting overlapping polygons into non-overlapping polygons. Another purpose is to provide an extremely fast way to sort the polygons. Scenes drawn using BSP do not require z-buffers. When z-buffers are used they are only filled by the BSP scene to be used later, when drawing movable objects such as doors. Note that Doom's doors are not considered movable since doom's map are 2D and doom's bsp is 2d. Quake's doors and mosters are movable and need to be merged into the scene using the z-buffer provided by the rendering of the background. --cbraga 18:04, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * On second thought, you're at least partly correct, since that would depend on the particular implementation of the algorithm. But at lease in Doom's and Quake's case they are used to eliminate overdraw. If the trees were being used solely for other purposes (such as collision detection or ray tracing) overdraw would not be an issue and would not need to be taken into consideration when building the trees. cbraga 18:22, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * The point of the painter's algorithm is that you draw back to front. This means you'll draw several times to each pixel (or am I using the wrong word here?). The BSP FAQ describes what I'm saying here (section "How do you remove hidden surfaces with a BSP Tree?"). Doom doesn't use the painter's algorithm since it draws front-to-back. Fredrik (talk) 18:27, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it seems you are correct. BSPs will never elliminate overdraw, just assure that the painter's algorithm will work correctly, plus provide a fast way to sort the polygons. I'll correct the article.

 * But in Doom's case there's no overdraw since, drawing front to back, it draws beginning at the ceiling and the floor, moving away from the viewer and towards the center of the screen. There's no overdraw since it will never overwrite a pixel from a close source with one from a distant source. And, it's very simple to determine what part of a sector (if any) is visible based on the last pixels drawn. It's a sort of reverse painter's algorithm where you never draw over what you have already drawn. It is simple in Doom's case since its maps are essentialy 2D, but that would be undoable in full 3D. --cbraga 19:12, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

Solid Planar BSP
The article, specifically the definition of a BSP, refers to a solid planar BSP. A BSP need not describe convex hulls, nor need it be partitioned by planes.

For example, consider the following. Enclose every primitive in a sphere (specifically the smallest sphere that will encapsulate the primitive). Merge each sphere with the sphere closest to it to create a new sphere, merging each sphere only once. These new spheres are the parents of their respective children. Iterate the process until only one sphere remains. We now have a spherical BSP. It has three advantages over a planar BSP: 1) primitives are not subdivided, 2) it can be generated extremely fast (ie at runtime, as opposed to pre-processing), 3) new primitives can be quickly added into the tree on-the-fly. While it cannot be used to perfectly sort polygons (which is not an issue with hardware rendering), it is efficient at determining which primitives lie within the view frustum.

Also the article does not discuss leafy verses nodey trees. Leafy being that the geometric primitives are stored in the leafs, where in nodey trees they are stored in the nodes. The difference has repercussions on collision detection. Also nodey trees infer that the geometric primitives themselves were used to partition the BSP.

Again, the Generation section is planar-centric, yet it does not mention where potential partitions are chosen from. The simplest method (and one required for a nodey BSP) is to use the planes of the polygons of the mesh we are generating a BSP for. This only works well for specific types of geometry, such as buildings with many perpendicular planes. When this technique is applied to geometry such as a heightmap, it fails miserably, causing a massive amount of polygon subdivision. The polygon count can easily increase by a factor of 10 or more. In this case choosing partition planes using another method - for example using planes that lie on the edge of a polygon that are perpendicular to the normal - work much better.

--Dan East 01:17, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * What you are describing is not a BSP tree, but a set of hierarchical bounding volumes. --Pezezin 13:44, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

It's possible to write Doom, Quake etc without a BSP
Beforehand (or dynamically) you carve up the world into (mostly disjoint) convex objects. For each non-solid border of each object you store the convex object on the other side, as well as a list of the objects that it (partially) contains.

During the game you don't just store the position of each movable object, but also the convex object(s) that contains (parts of) it (dynamic programming). Then, when the object moves (or shoots or looks at something), you first makes sure that it does not hit an object that is (partially) contained by the current convex object. If it's not, you calculate through which border the representative line segment will leave the current convex object(s). If the border is solid, the line is terminated, and if the border is not, the line is traced through the next convex object and so on.

This algorithm is quite efficient as long as the convex objects are mostly disjoint.

In the highly inlikely case that you do not know inside which object you are currently located, you can discover that by tracing a line from any known place. But this never happens in Doom or Quake. -- Nic Roets 15:22, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

BSP Tree Generation Demo
That demo is not very good at showing how the tree is generated. For one, the tree is easily made heavy on one side or another (not something which would happen in a proper compiler). Also, it does a poor job of showing how the technique affects lighting (everything is pretty much the exact same). I recommend removing the link because it conveys partial information to the reader which will lead to incorrect assumptions.

The link in question: http://symbolcraft.com/graphics/bsp/ Located: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_space_partitioning#Generation

Dragon Hilord 21:13, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Needs implementation
This article needs to show programmatic implementation of this process I think. If I'm wrong than don't be hesitant to speak... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.137.157.249 (talk) 10:53, 28 March 2007 (UTC).

A full implementation is hard make...if you want examples of bsp tree usage check quake 3 source code: http://www.idsoftware.com/business/techdownloads/ You can get it there free with a GPL license.85.204.189.171 (talk) 14:41, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

generation section
Could someone explain these sentences please? "In this particular case, the partitioning line was picked between existing vertices of the polygon and intersected none of its segments. If the partitioning line intersects a segment, or face in a 3D model, the offending segment(s) or face(s) have to be split into two at the line/plane because each resulting partition must be a full, independent object."

Is this the explanation how the algorithm for this example is supposed to work?

What particular case? The example or the last step? What polygon? The one the example startet with? "and intersected none of its segments" What is a segment, which line doesnt intersect any segment (in which step)? Thank you! --Novar08 (talk) 14:55, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I've removed this section of the article and parked it here. It seems to have been added out of confusion between BSP and convex decomposition. The first paragraph discusses partitioning a concave polygon into multiple convex polys. Though this can use a BSP tree when trying to select preferable partitions, it is not needed to find a convex decomposition when partitioning between vertices since in that case the order of partitioning has no bearing. It also asserts that if a partion line intersected a segment then you would have to split it, which is not only unnecessary, but inadvisable. In such a case you have only to select an alternative partition (which is mathematically guarenteed) (see: Polygon triangulation. I feel as though these convex polys might have been confused with the convex sets that a BSP is guarenteed to produce. The latter paragraph is mostly a restatement of the paragragh previous to this in the same section (which I've left in). What follows is the offending section:

 * The following picture illustrates the process of partitioning an irregular polygon into a series of convex ones. Notice how each step produces polygons with fewer segments until arriving at G and F, which are convex and require no further partitioning. In this particular case, the partitioning line was picked between existing vertices of the polygon and intersected none of its segments. If the partitioning line intersects a segment, or face in a 3D model, the offending segment(s) or face(s) have to be split into two at the line/plane because each resulting partition must be a full, independent object.

 * Binary space partition.svg

 * Since the usefulness of a BSP tree depends upon how well it was generated, a good algorithm is essential. Most algorithms will test many possibilities for each partition until they find a good compromise. They might also keep backtracking information in memory, so that if a branch of the tree is found to be unsatisfactory, other alternative partitions may be tried. Thus producing a tree usually requires long computations.

 * 86.5.179.220 (talk) 22:59, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

BSP in Doom?
I don't think the Doom engine used BSP. I may have misunderstood, but space partitioning is a technique used when dealing with 3D geometry, and Doom did not store it's level data as 3D geometry. I know that Quake used BSP for it's levels, but am fairly sure Doom did not. 86.14.204.223 (talk) 13:21, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Sorry, my bad. I've just read the Doom engine article. I had the wrong end of the stick completely. I'll read more carefully next time. 86.14.204.223 (talk) 13:27, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

The original Doom *did* use BSP. It partitioned a 2d plane with half-spaces defined by lines. It used these to rapidly locate the sectors objects were in, and in the case of the player's view, cull the walls that needed to be tested by raycasting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.115.154 (talk) 11:03, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Relationship with other partitioning structures unclear
I have added a unreferenced section template in the section Other space partitioning structures, because I think a few questions have to be sorted out. Firstly, I'm confused about whether binary space partitioning is a specific algorithm, as the article seems to say, or if it is a class of algorithms, as Template:CS trees seems to say. Aren't both binary space partitioning trees and all trees listed after it actually spatial data partitioning trees, which is a branch if trees listed two rows down? Secondly, the section I put the template in contains a relationship table, which lists binary space partition trees, quadtrees and octrees, but not kd-trees. Why not kd-trees, don't they use only one dividing plane too, just like binary space partition trees?

Also, I can shortly mention that the section seemed to say that quadtrees and octrees were the most useful in subdividing 2- and 3-dimensional spaces respectively; since I couldn't agree with that I had to change it to that they were usefull for subdividing 2- and 3-dimensional spaces respectively. —Kri (talk) 00:00, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Substantial edits
I've made some substantial edits the article, while keeping the same general sections as before. This was primarily motivated by the the lack of detail in the previous revisions making it hard to understand what binary space partitioning really involved, without going to the references. I've tried to cover (at least briefly) as many of the points raised previously on the talk page as possible. I'm aware that the new examples relate in particular to BSP as proposed by Fuchs et al. (1980), but I hope it is clear from the article that this is one of many related algorithms using BSP. Still some work to do, on referencing in particular (the existing 'Timeline' section and additional references seem to be based heavily on a Bachelors dissertation (cited as WINTER99)). Chrisjohnson (talk) 00:50, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

BSP as a generalization of binary search trees
I know there's no original research allowed, but is there anything out there about how binary search trees are a subset of BSP trees? Here's the gist: the BSP is an ordered binary tree based on the result of a dot product of a point (4d vector with an xyz in 3d space and its w-component as 1) and a plane (4d vector representing the coefficients in ax + by + cz + d = 0). Take it down to 2d, the dot product is now between a 2d point and the line ax + by + c = 0. Take that down to 1d, and it's a the dot product of a scalar and the value ax + b = 0, both of which are just scalar values, and so is the normal definition of the key of a binary search tree. Therefore BSP trees are binary search trees which order values in N-dimensional space by using an (N-1)-dimensional partitioning subspace, of which binary search trees are the 1-dimensional example. It's a very nice way to think of the BSP process and how it ties into the more generic data structures.70.120.71.220 (talk) 04:55, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Brush Section?
Why is the "Brush" section relevant to this article? It isn't clear to me at all. It looks like it was merged from its own article--anybody know why? 64.58.7.42 (talk) 18:04, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Agreed. At bare minimum the term "brush" originates at least from idtech 2 (Quake), on which GoldSrc was originally based. Although games have used BSPs extensively in the past, this is not anywhere near as relevant to the article as, for example, the fact that BSP provide an O(log N) point query, which isn't mentioned anywhere in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.115.154 (talk) 11:00, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

As a professional in this field (research and education), I would prefer to see the "Brushes" section removed. It's irrelevant to the subject and only serves to confuse the presentation.130.236.67.113 (talk) 07:11, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Binary space partitioning


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User:Dana Graham Zmitrukiewicz

Dana Graham Zmitrukiewicz was born on July 10, 1982, in Michigan, to crazy people. He is very angry about sharing a birthday with shitty "singer" Jessica Simpson. In 1983, he and his family moved to Massachusetts for some reason.

Dana, a left-hander, had much trouble with such; while being forced to attend a Catholic school as a very young child, the ass teachers/religious freaks forced him to use his right hand, thus making him pretty screwed up. Add to that that at six, he broke his left arm. As a result of that, his penmanship looks like a three-year-old's.

However, if it weren't for that, he most likely would have never been introduced to good ol' computers through typing and become a geek. Oh, wait.

Enough of the formalistic (if that's a word) crap. I play accordion. That's all you need to know to know to stay away, unless you like accordion, which means you should be where I am, Massachusetts.

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Breakwater (album)

Breakwater is the debut album by Lennie Gallant, released in 1988.

Track listing

 * 1) "Tales of the Phantom Ship", a song inspired by the Ghost Ship of Northumberland Strait.
 * 2) "Island Clay"
 * 3) "Raise the Dead of Wintertime"
 * 4) "Back to Rustico"
 * 5) "From a Distance"
 * 6) "Marie and He"
 * 7) "The Hope for Next Year"
 * 8) "Breakwater"
 * 9) "Big City"
 * 10) "The Reconcillation Two-Step"
 * 11) "La Tempete"
 * 12) "Down on the Promenade"
 * 13) "Destination"

All songs by Lennie Gallant except "Raise the Dead of Wintertime" by Allan Rankin.

Personnel

 * Musicians side A
 * Lennie Gallant - guitar, vocals, harmonica, tin whistle, mandolin.
 * Janet Munson -violin.
 * Kevin Roach - mandolin, mandocello and dobro.
 * Danny Parker - electric and acoustic bass.
 * Jim Hillman - drums.
 * Greg Simm - bass (track 6).
 * Chris Corrigan - electric guitar (track 6).
 * Michel Dupire - percussion (track 5).
 * Michael Hinton - accordion [sic] (track 2).
 * Teresa Doyle, Suzanne Lamontagne - backup vocals.
 * Musicians side B
 * Chris Corrigan - electric guitar.
 * Bruce Dixon - bass.
 * Janet Munson - violin.
 * Steve Naylor - keyboards.
 * Tom Roach - drums.
 * Cathy Grant - backup vocals.
 * Suzanne Lamontagne - backup vocals (track 6).

title: Breakwater (album)


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Loughborough Grammar School

Loughborough Grammar School is a 10–18 private boys' school in the town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, England, founded in 1495 by Thomas Burton. Today, roughly one in ten boys at the school are boarders, with the remainder being day students. It is one of five schools known as the Loughborough Schools Foundation, along with Loughborough High School, Fairfield Preparatory School, Loughborough Amherst School and Loughborough Nursery.

The Schools Foundation are separate independent schools in their own right but share a board of governors. In line with the charitable intent of its founders, Loughborough Grammar School and Loughborough High School offer a number of means-tested bursaries, called School Assisted Places (SAPs), which cover up to 100% of fees.

History
Loughborough Grammar School was founded after Thomas Burton, a prosperous wool merchant from the town, who left money for priests to pray for his soul upon his death in 1495; these priests went on to found the school.

Loughborough Grammar is one of England's oldest schools, pre-dating similar institutions such as Radley, Harrow, Winchester, and Westminster by a number of centuries. Alongside Radley, Winchester, Harrow, Eton, and Dulwich, it is one of a small number of independent boarding schools in Britain that remain for boys only. Notable old boys include: Sir Thomas Abney, who founded the Bank of England; Charles McCurdy, who played a central role in the reforming Liberal Party of the early 20th century; Rev. George Davys, who educated the young Queen Victoria; and the flying ace Air Vice Marshal Johnnie Johnson, who destroyed more Luftwaffe aircraft than any other British pilot. Former masters of the school include the former government minister Lord Elton and author Colin Dexter.

The school was founded in the Parish Church in the centre of Loughborough in 1495, but was moved by the trustees of the Burton Charity to its present location in 1852. A purpose-built site on Burton Walks became its permanent home, initially consisting of the main school building, lodgings, and a gatehouse at the Leicester Road entrance. These buildings were Grade II Listed in the 1980s.

The school celebrated its quincentenary in 1995, when it was visited by HM Queen Elizabeth II. During her visit, the Queen opened the new English block, the "Queen's Building", which includes a state of the art drama studio.

Campus
Loughborough is set within a multi-acre campus on the south side of the town centre; it occupies a site adjacent to Loughborough High School and Fairfield Preparatory School, laid out along Burton Walks. Loughborough Amherst School (formerly Our Lady's Convent School) is situated on Gray Street, about 5 minutes' walk away from the main campus. The core of the LGS campus is the quadrangle, on the eastern side of Burton Walks. Dating from 1850, Big School, consisting of the Victorian Gothic tower, original gymnasium and hall are at the head of the quadrangle, nowadays accommodating the History department, Chapel and Sixth Form common room, and are the oldest buildings on the current site. The quadrangle is completed by School House (the senior boarding house, which was built as the Headmaster's residence), the Queen's Building (1995, English and Drama), the Barrow Building (c. 1910, Classics and Modern Languages), the Cope Building (2000, Modern Languages) on the north side and the Library and old laboratory buildings (now housing Computing and Religion and Philosophy) on the south side. Big School and School House are both grade II listed, as is the gatehouse

On the western side of Burton Walks are located the Ireland Building (Physics), the Norman Walter Building (Chemistry), Murray/Millward Building (Biology), Pullinger Building (Mathematics) as well as the Hodson Hall, where most school functions and assemblies are held, the Burton Hall, primarily a dining hall, and the Art and Design department, Sports Hall, The Year 6 classroom, swimming pool and the Combined Cadet Force's buildings. A number of houses on this side of the Walks are now owned by the School, including Buckland House, the administrative hub of the School, containing the Headmaster and Deputy Headmasters' offices as well as the general office. Other houses include Red House, formerly used for music lessons but now largely occupied by the Business Studies, Economics and Politics departments as well as reprographics; Friesland House containing Special Learning Support and Network Services, and one more houses the Bursary. Both the Headmaster of the Grammar School and the Headmistress of the High School traditionally reside in properties on the Walks.

The AstroTurf, tennis, and hockey pitches are not strictly part of the school, but are shared with the High School, although a new hockey pitch purely for the school's use was opened in January 2019. The Music Department (2006), is also another of these shared buildings, it includes a recital hall as well as practice rooms, classrooms and recording facilities.

In addition to the main campus, the School owns a 70 acre site at the nearby village of Quorn, consisting of sports facilities, including those for rugby, football, cricket, and athletics.

The Burton Chapel is located in Loughborough's Parish Church, school services are held in both this chapel and a second chapel located in the School's quadrangle.

There is a public right of way along Burton Walks connecting the area of Shelthorpe with Loughborough town centre.

Academics
Candidates sit an entrance examination to gain admission to the school, in January of Year 6, so as to enter Year 7 at the age of 11. However, the middle school system that still prevails in North West Leicestershire led the School to introduce a smaller Year 6 intake for pupils leaving their primary schools after Year 5, as happens in a middle school system. There is also a 13+ exam, for those wishing to enter at Year 9, and 16+ entrance based on GCSE performance for boys wishing to enter at Sixth Form level.

In keeping with many other Independent Schools, the choice of subjects at the school tends to be more traditional. The most popular subjects at A Level are Mathematics, History, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Geography. Subjects such as Business Studies, Psychology and Physical Education have been introduced at A Level in recent years.

In 2023, the school achieved 59% achieved grades 9-7 at GCSE and 47% attained A* or A grades at A-level.

Extracurricular activities
Loughborough Grammar School runs a large Combined Cadet Force (CCF), comprising Royal Navy, Army and RAF sections. About 240 pupils (including a cohort from Loughborough High School and more recently Loughborough Amherst School ) are members of the CCF. Major events include the annual Remembrance Parade in Loughborough in November, and the Annual Review in May. In 2003, Lt Col George Beazley was awarded the MBE in recognition of his work with the CCF. The CCF used to occupy a number of old Nissen-style huts, but these have been replaced with a purpose-built Cadet Force building, part sponsored by the MOD. This was opened in 2005. The Royal Naval section of the CCF is affiliated to the Type 45 Daring Class destroyer HMS Diamond (D34), whilst the Army section is affiliated to the Royal Anglian Regiment and the RAF Section to RAF Cosford. The first Senior Cadet to be awarded the 'Priestly Sword' was Andy Halliwell in 2013 in recognition of his leadership.

The school runs an active Duke of Edinburgh's Award scheme, a Scout Troop and biennial adventurous expeditions, which have visited areas such as the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco, the Himalayas and Greenland. A number of clubs and societies run regularly, including the Senior Debating Society and a school newspaper made by students, entitled VOX. The school engages in regular charity fund-raising events, including non-uniform days and concerts. An example of this is in February 2018, a raffle event at a concert raised money for the Symphonic Wind Band tour to Ireland in the next summer.

Sport
The major sports at the School are rugby, hockey, cricket, tennis, athletics, football, and cross country. The School competes in national competitions in these sports, and has a full structure of teams from U12 to U18 level. The senior cross-country team was victorious in February 2017 in the 46th annual relay race at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. The senior rugby, cricket and hockey teams have all toured abroad in recent years, including separate hockey and cricket tours to South Africa, as well as a recent rugby tour to Australia and The Far East. Other sports include swimming, basketball, badminton, fencing, football, golf, sailing, table tennis, karting, and bridge. Loughborough Dynamo F.C. was formed in 1955 by a group of pupils who no longer wished to play rugby.

House system
The school operates a house system; every boy is placed in one of four houses: Abney (Green, after Sir Thomas Abney), Yates (Yellow, after William Yates), Pulteney (Purple, after Richard Pulteney) and Davys (Sky blue, after George Davys) and boys below the Upper Sixth have a small line in one of these colours on their school tie, between larger stripes for the school's red and navy colours. The houses are named after alumni. The house system provides internal competition in a number of sporting disciplines as well as quiz, chess, bridge and music competitions, with a points system (40 for winning an event down to 10 for finishing fourth) calculating the eventual winner of the Stamper Cup. The Eagle trophy is awarded to the house that wins the most points in non-sporting house competitions.

Head Teachers
The names of the earliest headmasters are not known, and the dates of a few of the early headmasters remain unclear.

 * ?–1521 Robert Calton
 * Richard Sharpe
 * John Kyddal
 * John Sharpe
 * John Tomonne
 * 1568–1615 John Dawson
 * 1616–1619 Mr Spong
 * 1620–1627 Mr Woodmansey
 * 1627–1631 Mr Atkinson
 * 1631–1632 Thomas Mould
 * 1632–1642 Richard Layghtonhouse
 * 1642–1644 Mr Wilde
 * 1644–1647 John Blower
 * 1647–1682 John Somervile
 * 1682–1686 John Vickers
 * 1686–1696 John Hoyland
 * 1696–1748 Samuel Martin
 * 1748–1773 Thomas Parkinson
 * 1773–1792 Thomas Hadwen
 * 1792–1811 Edward Shaw
 * 1811–1813 John Morgan
 * 1813–1844 Thomas Stevenson
 * 1852–1860 John George Gordon
 * 1860–1875 James Wallace
 * 1876–1893 John Brise Colgrove
 * 1894–1900 Cecil William Kaye
 * 1901–1920 Bingham Dixon Turner
 * 1920–1926 Tom Stinton
 * 1926–1955 Sidney Russell Pullinger
 * 1955–1959 Walter Lucian Garstang
 * 1959–1973 Norman Sydney Walter
 * 1973–1984 John Scandrett Millward "Henchman" or "Hench"
 * 1984–1998 (David) Neville Ireland
 * 1998–2015 Paul B Fisher
 * 2016–2021 Duncan J Byrne
 * 2021-2022 Dr Christopher Barnett (Interim)
 * 2022–2023 Dr Daniel Koch
 * 2023-present Helen M Foster

John Millward acquired the nickname "Hench" or "Henchman" as shortly after his appointment there was a criminal case and subsequent conviction involving a Ronald Millhench and this Millhench's forging of Prime Minister Harold Wilson's signature for use in a much reported insurance and property fraud. Thus the pupils conflated Millward to Millhench and then to "Henchman" or "Hench".

Old Loughburians
Old boys of Loughborough Grammar School are called "Old Loughburians". They form an old boys' association, namely the Old Loughburians Association (commonly OLA).

Notable Old Loughburians include:

 * Sir Thomas Abney (1640–1721), merchant, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament
 * Richard Pulteney FRS (1730–1801), botanist
 * Thomas Green (1738–1788), geologist, Woodwardian Professor of Geology
 * Rev. George Davys (1780–1864) educator of Queen Victoria, later Dean of Chester and Bishop of Peterborough
 * Joseph Shaw (1786–1859), Academic and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge
 * William Yates (1792–1845), Baptist missionary and orientalist
 * Thomas Hassall (1840–1920), Australian politician
 * Richard Bowdler Sharpe (1847–1909), zoologist
 * Rt Hon. Sir John Winfield Bonser PC (1847–1914), barrister and Privy Councillor
 * Sir Walter Howell KCB (1854–1913), marine secretary to the Board of Trade
 * Edward Anthony Wharton Gill (1859–1944), author
 * Julius Hare (1859–1932), artist
 * Charles McCurdy MP (1870–1941), Liberal MP and government minister
 * W. Sampson Handley FRCS (1872–1962), oncological surgeon
 * G.W. Briggs (1875–1959), hymn author, author of school hymn
 * Sir George Bailey (1879–1965), electrical engineer and industrialist
 * Harry Linacre (1880–1957), footballer; Nottingham Forest and England goalkeeper
 * Sir William Coates (1882–1963), civil servant and businessman, director of ICI
 * Sir Sidney Wadsworth (1888–1976), judge in the Indian Civil Service
 * John Moss CBE (1890–1976), lawyer
 * Brig. Frederick Clarke DSO (1892–1972), British Army officer
 * Tom Hare MRCVS (1895–1959), veterinary pathologist
 * Clifford Dyment (1914–1971), poet
 * John Saxton CBE (1914–1980), physicist
 * Air Vice Marshal Johnnie Johnson CB CBE DSO and two Bars DFC and Bar (1915–2001) senior RAF officer and top-scoring British Second World War flying ace
 * A.D. Walsh FRS (1916–1977), chemist
 * Thomas William Walker ONZM (1916–2010), soil scientist
 * George W. Cooke FRS (1916–1992), chemist and deputy director of Rothamsted Research Station
 * Peter Carter (1921–2004), law professor
 * Sir Denys Wilkinson FRS (born 1922), nuclear physicist
 * William Barry Pennington (1923–1968), mathematician
 * John Stamper (1926–2003), aeronautical engineer.
 * Patrick McGoohan (1928–2009), actor and film and television director
 * Peter Preston (1938-2018), journalist, former editor of The Guardian
 * Richard Hudson (born 1939), linguist
 * Sir Tim Brighouse (born 1940), educationalist
 * Hubert Lacey (born 1944), psychiatrist
 * Tudor Parfitt (born 1944), Distinguished Professor at Florida. International University, Emeritus Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
 * Julian Besag FRS (1945–2010), statistician
 * Robin Parfitt (1946–2006), educationalist and headmaster of Danes Hill School
 * Roger Pratt (born 1947), cinematographer
 * Stephen Mitchell (born 1949), journalist, Head of Radio News at the BBC
 * David Elliott (born 1949), museum curator
 * Lt Gen. Andrew Figgures CB CBE (born 1950), British Army officer
 * Bruce Woolley (born 1953) performer/songwriter
 * David Collier (born 1955), sports administrator
 * Martin Goodman (born 1956), writer, publisher and Emeritus Professor University of Hull
 * John Shaw (1957–2013), radio broadcaster
 * Admiral Sir Trevor Soar KCB OBE (born 1957), senior Royal Navy officer
 * Marcus Rose, (born 1957) rugby player, former England full-back
 * Richard Merriman (born 1958), cricketer, Leicestershire CCC
 * Chris Wreghitt (born 1958), professional cyclist
 * John Dickie (born 1963), Italianist author, historian and academic
 * Patrick MacLarnon (born 1963), cricketer and educator
 * David Taylor (born 1963) author and professor of psychopharmacology
 * Mike Nelson (born 1967), contemporary artist
 * Martyn Gidley (born 1968), cricketer
 * Felix Buxton (born 1971), one half of the dance duo Basement Jaxx
 * Wayne Dessaur (born 1971), cricketer, Nottinghamshire CCC
 * Christopher Hawkes (born 1972), cricketer
 * Nigel Mills (born 1974) Conservative MP for Amber Valley (2010–2024)
 * Sqn Ldr Ben Murphy (RAF officer)(born 1975) RAF officer, Red Arrow and Red Bull Air Race Master Class
 * Giles Kristian (born 1975), author and former singer
 * Ben Hammersley (born 1976), journalist
 * Anthony Clark (born 1977), England badminton player
 * Stig Abell (born 1980), Editor of the Times Literary Supplement, presenter on Times Radio
 * Mark Collett (born 1980), prominent neo-Nazi, former chairman of the Young BNP and subject of Channel 4 documentary Young, Nazi and Proud
 * Charlie Bewley (born 1981), actor
 * Firas Waez (born 1982), one half of the dance duo Waze & Odyssey
 * Harry Gurney (born 1986), cricketer, England & Nottinghamshire CCC
 * Sam Sweeney, (born 1989), folk musician, Bellowhead
 * Will Hurrell (born 1990), rugby player, Leicester Tigers/Coventry RFC and England U20 wing three-quarter
 * John Brooks (born 1990), professional English football referee, who currently officiates in The Football League and Premier League
 * Matthew Everard (born 1990), rugby player, Nottingham R.F.C.
 * David Condon (field hockey) (born 1991), Hockey player, England and Great Britain
 * Aiden Morris (born 1993), cricketer
 * Eben Kurtz (born 1995), cricketer
 * George Martin (born 2001), rugby player Leicester Tigers and England

Masters
Notable masters at the school include:

 * Colin "The Bird" Tivey (OL; 1913–2001), who would be commissioned as an officer in WWII and see service with the SOE in WWII taught languages at the school for many years both immediately before WWII and afterwards on his return from that War.
 * William Williams (1925–2007), former Welsh rugby league international, taught mathematics and sport at the school 1950 to 1962.
 * Colin Dexter (1930–2017), the novelist was a sixth form classics master at the school (1957–59).
 * The Hon. Rodney Elton (born 1930), later 2nd Baron, was a master at the school between 1964 and 1967 and on an ad hoc basis at later times.
 * Trevor Tunnicliffe (OL; born 1950), former first class cricketer, was director of cricket 1995–2013.
 * Martyn Gidley (OL; born 1968), former first class cricketer, is currently (2024) a sports teacher at the school.
 * Douglas Robb (born 1970), later headmaster of Oswestry and Gresham'

title: Loughborough Grammar School


text:
Garnet Crow

Garnet Crow (stylized as GARNET CROW) was a Japanese pop/rock band formed in 1999 and associated with the Giza Studio record label. Members include Yuri Nakamura, Hitoshi Okamoto, Nana Azuki, and Hirohito Furui, with Nakamura leading on vocals. Music produced by Garnet Crow has its roots in the neo acoustic genre, and representative works include "Flying", "Yume Mita Ato De", and "Spiral". Despite prolific early singles, the band neither performed live nor appeared on TV prior to 2002.

The mixed composition of Garnet Crow and Nakamura's deep vocals set the group apart from its contemporaries. Each individual member has also seen industry success: Nakamura and Azuki often share the limelight for Garnet Crow, but Okamoto has achieved a solo career and Furui is a sought-after music arranger – one of the highest paid in Japan.

On March 30, 2013, the band announced their disbandment, with their final concert scheduled to be held on June 9, 2013. On June 9, 2013, they announced that they would break up during the final concert.

On March 29, 2020, on the day of debut anniversary was launched on their official website a special 20th anniversary project. According to the Furui, it would not be a band reunion.

Summary
The origin of the word "Garnet" in "Garnet Crow" emerged from the band's aspiration to achieve a musical depth akin to the depth of the color red often found in garnets. The word "Crow" was attached for its phonetic resonance. A further consideration in creating the band name was the enduring image left behind when it is translated to the eerie "scarlet crow" (深紅のカラス) in Japanese.

Since inception, the four-person line-up of Garnet Crow has remained constant. The two female and two male band consists of lead vocalist Yuri Nakamura (中村由利), keyboardists Nana Azuki (ＡＺＵＫＩ七) and Hirohito Furui (古井弘人), and guitarist Hitoshi Okamoto (岡本仁志). Furui is the band leader, but members are introduced in official sources with vocalist Nakamura receiving top billing. In 1999, the four members of what was to become Garnet Crow collaborated on the creation of a demo tape for singer Mai Kuraki's all-American independent record label. Upon hitting it off during the production process, they decided to seize the opportunity to create a band of their own. At that time, three of the members were already involved with the record production company Being Group distributing for and supporting other artists, leaving Nakamura as the sole newcomer. Nakamura herself was aiming for a position that did not require her to front for the band like a musical director, but her associates made recommendations for her and she ended up in charge of vocals and musical composition.

In the creation process roles are clearly divided, with primary duties like composition, creation of lyrics, and editing for most Garnet Crow songs being handled by the members themselves. Particularly Nakamura's scores and Azuki's lyrics are the core foundation for all the band's songs. The works' roots lie in the Neo Acoustic genre, and at the time of its debut Garnet Crow's own musicality was hailed as "21st Century Neo-Neo Acoustics." From the 1999 debut and lasting nearly 2½ years the band mainly focused on CD production, but in 2002 Garnet Crow went live for the first time and since then has performed publicly more than 20 times, primarily in Japan's three major metropolitan centers: Tokyo, Nagoya, and Kyoto. Using the experience of their public performances, Garnet Crow began to consciously produce music with the live setting in mind, incorporating elements of Latin American music and Canzone into their work.

There exist undisclosed gaps in the individual members' personal work histories. And, until the release of the 2002 single "Yume mita ato de," Garnet Crow did not once appear on television. It is thought that the check on mass media exposure for Being Group-affiliated artists was a media control strategy by the company. However, since 2002 the band has performed on TV music programs. The members themselves have left remarks suggesting that television performances make them extremely tense.

History

 * 1999 - In the fall, the four members collaborate on the demo tape for Kuraki Mai's all-American debut and decide to form their own band after hitting it off during the production process. Garnet Crow makes its indie debut with the December 4 mini-album First Kaleidscope (Kimi no Uchi ni Tsuku Made Zutto Hashitte Yuku).
 * 2000 - On March 29, Garnet Crow makes its mainstream debut with simultaneous release of the singles "Mysterious Eyes" and "Kimi no Uchi ni Tsuku Made Zutto Hashitte Yuku." This year, the band releases six singles in total.
 * 2001 - Three singles and one original album are released.
 * 2002 - Garnet Crow records the title song "Yume Mita Ato de" for the anime Detective Conan, and it hit number 6 on the Oricon weekly singles chart. Alongside this, the band performs for the first time on television and kicks off a live tour. The Garnet Crow fan club G-Net is established, and from June broadcast begins for the program Garnet Time, hosted by G-Net members. This year sees the release of three singles and one original album.
 * 2003 - Garnet Crow performs alongside Mai Kuraki and Rina Aiuchi at the Giza Studio Valentine Concert in Tokyo and Osaka. Garnet Time ceases broadcast in October.  The band releases two singles and one original album.
 * 2004 - In addition to going on tour for the second time, the members of the band make a guest appearance and perform Garnet Crow hits during member Hitoshi Okamoto's solo live performance Thursday Live "Okamoto Night" at Hills Pan Kōjō in Osaka. The group performs again at the same location at a year-end live concert entitled Garnet Night.  This year they release three singles and one original album.
 * 2005 - Garnet Crow celebrates its five-year anniversary since its debut, goes on tour for the third time, records the title song "Kimi no Omoi Egaita Yume Atsumeru Heaven" for the anime MÄR, hosts a fan-club exclusive event and a memorial live concert, and releases its first "best of" album, Best.  Members again make an appearance at Okamoto's solo live concert.  Sayuri Iwata's single "Sorairo no Neko" is also released as a Garnet Crow composition.  The band itself releases two singles in 2005.
 * 2006 - Garnet Crow goes on tour for the fourth time and experiments with selling Digipak-bound CDs and packages containing bonus material CDs, original goods and other presents. The September single "Maboroshi" is the band's first to be selected as the title song for a TV drama.  This year sees the release of four singles and one original album.
 * 2007 - The band celebrates its seven-year anniversary since debut and performs events such as a fan club-exclusive concert and a special live concert at Ninna Temple in Kyoto. This year it releases four singles, two on sale simultaneously.
 * 2008 - Garnet Crow goes on tour for the fifth time and all works released this year (two singles and one original album) break into the Oricon Top Ten.
 * 2011 - Garnet Crow records the title song "Misty mystery" for the anime Detective Conan.

Members

 * Yuri Nakamura (vocals, music composition)
 * Nana Azuki (keyboard, lyrics)
 * Hirohito Furui (keyboard, music arrangement)
 * Hitoshi Okamoto (guitar)

Discography
Studio albums
 * First Soundscope: Mizu no Nai Hareta Umi e (2001)
 * Sparkle: Sujigakidōri no Sky Blue (2002)
 * Crystallize: Kimi to Iu Hikari (2003)
 * I'm Waiting 4 You (2004)
 * The Twilight Valley (2006)
 * Locks (2008)
 * Stay: Yoake no Soul (2009)
 * Parallel Universe (2010)
 * Memories (2011)
 * Terminus (2013)

MINIQLO
The band have a subgroup, which is known as MINIQLO. (This comes from the phrase "Mini Garnet Crow".) The two members of Garnet Crow involved in this are Nakamura Yuri and Okamoto Hitoshi. Yuri sings and plays the piano, while Okamoto provides the chorus vocals and plays the guitar. MINIQLO have started to perform at Garnet Crow live concerts. So far, they have released two mini-albums, "Paralyzed Frequency" and "above all else!!", each of which features their versions of three Garnet Crow songs. So far, these CDs have only been available at 2010 live venues, and "above all else!!" was sold at the 2010-2011 Special Countdown Live.

Magazine appearances
From J-Groove Magazine:
 * November 2000 Vol.1
 * December 2000 Vol.2
 * January 2001 Vol.3
 * March 2001 Vol.5
 * June 2001 Vol.8
 * September 2001 Vol.11
 * January 2002 Vol.15
 * April 2002 Vol.18
 * May 2002 Vol.19
 * June 2002 Vol.20
 * August 2002 Vol.22
 * September 2002 Vol.23
 * November 2002 Vol.25
 * December 2002 Vol.26
 * January 2003 Vol.27
 * February 2003 Vol.28
 * September 2003 Vol.35
 * October 2003 Vol.36
 * December 2003 Vol.38

title: Garnet Crow


text:
Southlander

Southlander (also known as Southlander: Diary of a Desperate Musician) is a 2001 American independent film by Steve Hanft and Ross Harris. Originally titled Recycler, after the Los Angeles magazine of the same name, the film writers changed the name of the movie to Southlander to avoid trademark issues.

Plot
Down-and-out keyboardist Chance (Rory Cochrane) sees his redemption in touring with dub-pop band Future Pigeon, fronted by the lovely Rocket (Beth Orton). However, to guarantee a spot in the band, Chance needs a signature sound, which he finds in the futuristic '69 "Molotron" keyboard. Chance's dreams are put on hold on the eve of the tour, however, when the Molotron is stolen from his car. Southlander follows Chance and his friend Ross Angeles (Ross Harris) as they track down the stolen keyboard through the pages of the Southlander, a local rag that publishes classified ads for musical equipment. The journey quickly becomes a surreal trip through LA's underground music scene.

Cast

 * Rory Cochrane as Chance
 * Ross Harris as Ross Angeles / Bek's Jam Double Axe
 * Lawrence Hilton Jacobs as Motherchild
 * Beth Orton as Rocket
 * Beck as Bek
 * Hank Williams III as Hank 3
 * Jennifer Herrema as Record Girl
 * Gregg Henry as Lane Wildbird
 * Richard Edson as Thomas
 * Ione Skye as Miss Highrise
 * Mark Gonzales as Vince
 * Laura Prepon as Seven = Five
 * Robosaurus as Self
 * Scott L. Schwartz as Chef
 * Steven Barr as Policeman
 * Darren Lavett as Stoner Cop
 * Tony Maxwell as Lane's Guest

Notes:
 * Singer/songwriter Elliott Smith, who has a cameo role as the bus driver, also wrote two exclusive songs for the film.
 * Southlander marked the film debut of Laura Prepon.

Soundtrack

 * "Southlander Theme"
 * "Illumination Dub" – Beth Orton, Eddie Ruscha
 * "Dr. Fantasm" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Making Out" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Green Room" – Billy Higgins, Jeffery Littleton, Kito Gamble, Azar Lawrence, Richard Grant
 * "Speedway Child" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Taste It" – Eddie Ruscha, Ross Harris
 * "End of the Century" (Jennifer Herrema, Neil Hagerty) – Royal Trux
 * "Space Kat" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Video City Boy" (C. Borrell, Ross Harris) – DJ Me DJ You
 * "A Life Story" – Union 13
 * "Rust Drive" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Elemental Blues" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Motherchild Theme" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Zu Zu Dubrider" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Piano Drop" – Ross Harris
 * "Puttin' It Down" (Beck Hansen) – Beck
 * "Seven Equals Five" – A. Spiegelman, B. Reynolds, Bill Dusha
 * "Spa" (C. Borrell, Ross Harris) – DJ Me DJ You
 * "Lane's World" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Solar Invocation" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Gently Waves" – Takako Minekawa
 * "Broken Train" (Beck Hansen) – Beck
 * "Confederate Dub" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Alone and Dying" – Hank Williams III
 * "Sweetest Decline" – Beth Orton
 * "Fatter Cats Bigga Fish" – The Coup
 * "Snowbunny's Serenade" – Elliott Smith
 * "Motherchild Chase" – Eddie Ruscha
 * "Splitsville" – Elliott Smith

Notes:
 * Ed Ruscha Jr. is credited as Da Da Munchamonkey in the film.
 * "Sweetest Decline" is erroneously listed as "Central Reservation" in the DVD liner notes.
 * "Snowbunny's Serenade" is an alternate version of Elliott Smith's song "Bye" (from Figure 8), played on a different keyboard.

title: Southlander


text:
The Horse Soldiers

The Horse Soldiers is a 1959 American adventure war film set during the American Civil War directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, William Holden and Constance Towers. The screenplay by John Lee Mahin and Martin Rackin was loosely based on Harold Sinclair's 1956 novel of the same name, a fictionalized version of Grierson's Raid in Mississippi.

Plot
A Union cavalry brigade led by Colonel John Marlowe—a railroad construction engineer in civilian life—is sent on a raid behind Confederate lines to destroy a railroad and supply depot at Newton Station. Major Henry Kendall, a regimental surgeon who is torn between duty and the horror of war, is constantly at odds with Marlowe.

While the unit rests at Greenbriar Plantation, Miss Hannah Hunter, the plantation's mistress, acts as a gracious hostess to the unit's officers. But she and her slave, Lukey, eavesdrop on a staff meeting as Marlowe discusses his battle strategy. To protect the secrecy of the mission, Marlowe is forced to take the two women with him. Initially hostile to her Yankee captor, Miss Hunter gradually comes to respect him and eventually falls in love with him. In addition to Kendall and Miss Hunter, Marlowe also must contend with Col. Phil Secord, a politically ambitious officer who continually second-guesses Marlowe's orders and command decisions.

Several battles ensue, including the capture of Newton Station, later a fire fight during which Lukey is killed, and a skirmish with boy cadets from a local military school (based on the actual Battle of New Market). After destroying the crucial supply line, and with Confederate forces in pursuit, the brigade reaches a bridge that must be stormed in order to access the Union lines. After taking the bridge, Marlowe's men rig it with explosive charges, and Marlowe bids Hannah farewell. Kendall chooses to remain behind with some badly wounded men, knowing he will be captured with them, rather than leave them unattended until Confederate medical personnel arrive.

Marlowe, though wounded, lights the fuse and is the last of his men to cross the bridge before it is destroyed, halting the Confederate advance. Their mission accomplished, he and his brigade continue on toward Baton Rouge.

Cast

 * John Wayne as Colonel John Marlowe
 * William Holden as Major Henry 'Hank' Kendall
 * Constance Towers as Miss Hannah Hunter of Greenbriar
 * Althea Gibson as Lukey, Miss Hunter's maid
 * Judson Pratt as Sergeant Major Kirby
 * Ken Curtis as Cpl. Wilkie
 * Willis Bouchey as Col. Phil Secord
 * Bing Russell as Dunker, Yankee Soldier Amputee
 * O.Z. Whitehead as Otis 'Hoppy' Hopkins (medical assistant)
 * Hank Worden as Deacon Clump
 * Chuck Hayward as Captain Winters
 * Denver Pyle as Jackie Jo (rebel deserter)
 * Strother Martin as Virgil (rebel deserter)
 * Basil Ruysdael as the Reverend (Jefferson Military Academy)
 * Carleton Young as Col. Jonathan Miles, CSA
 * William Leslie as Maj. Richard Gray
 * William Henry as Confederate First Lieutenant
 * Walter Reed as Union officer
 * Anna Lee as Mrs. Buford
 * William Forrest as Gen. Steve Hurlburt
 * Ron Hagerthy as Bugler
 * Russell Simpson as Acting Sheriff Henry Goodbody
 * Hoot Gibson as Sgt. Brown
 * Jack Pennick as Sgt. Maj. Mitch Mitchell (uncredited) Senior member of John Ford's Stock Company
 * Stan Jones as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (uncredited)
 * Richard H. Cutting as Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman (uncredited)

Background
The film was loosely based on Harold Sinclair's 1956 novel of the same name, which in turn was based on the historic 17-day Grierson's Raid and Battle of Newton's Station in Mississippi during the Civil War.

In April 1863, Colonel Benjamin Grierson led 1,700 Illinois and Iowa soldiers from La Grange, Tennessee, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, through several hundred miles of enemy territory, destroying Confederate railroad and supply lines between Newton's Station and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The mission was part of the Union Army's successful Vicksburg campaign to gain control over boat traffic on the Mississippi River, culminating in the Battle of Vicksburg. Grierson's destruction of Confederate-controlled rail links and supplies played an important role in disrupting Confederate General John C. Pemberton's strategies and troop deployments. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman reportedly described Grierson's daring mission as "the most brilliant of the war".

Though based loosely on Grierson's Raid, The Horse Soldiers is a fictional account that departs considerably from the actual events. The real-life protagonist, a music teacher named Benjamin Grierson, becomes railroad engineer John Marlowe in the film. Hannah Hunter, Marlowe's love interest, has no historical counterpart. Numerous other details were altered as well, "to streamline and popularize the story for the non-history buffs who would make up a large part of the audience."

Dr. Erastus Dean Yule, the real-life surgeon counterpart of Major Hank Kendall, actually did volunteer to stay behind and get captured by the Confederates with the casualties who were too wounded to continue. The raid actually took place about a year before the notorious Andersonville POW camp was built, and he was eventually exchanged after several months as a POW.

Production
Exterior scenes were filmed in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, along the banks of Cane River Lake, and in and around Natchez, Mississippi. The film company built a bridge over the Cane River for the pivotal battle scene, and many locals were hired as extras. It also features scenes shot in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California. The film used DeLuxe Color.

Holden and Wayne both received $750,000 for starring, a record salary at the time. The project was plagued from the start by cost overruns, discord, and tragedy. Holden and Ford argued incessantly. Wayne was preoccupied with pre-production logistics for The Alamo. Lukey's dialog was originally written in "Negro" dialect that Althea Gibson, the former Wimbledon and U.S. National tennis champion who was cast in the role, found offensive. She informed Ford that she would not deliver her lines as written. Though Ford was notorious for his intolerance of actors' demands, he agreed to modify the script.

During filming of the climactic battle scene, veteran stuntman Fred Kennedy suffered a broken neck while performing a horse fall and died. "Ford was completely devastated," wrote biographer Joseph Malham. "[He] felt a deep responsibility for the lives of the men who served under him." The film was scripted to end with the triumphant arrival of Marlowe's forces in Baton Rouge, but Ford "simply lost interest" after Kennedy's death. He ended the film with Marlowe's farewell to Hannah Hunter before crossing and blowing up the bridge.

Reception
The film opened at number one in the United States but was ultimately a commercial failure, due largely to Wayne's and Holden's high salaries and the complex participation of multiple production companies. The response of audiences and critics was "lackluster".

Literary critic Manny Farber writing in The New Leader offers this assessment:

"The Horse Soldiers is the disaster of the month, an eventful canter in which director Ford, without any plot to speak of, falls back on boyish Irish playfulness (played by a rigor-mortified John Wayne, an almost non-existent Bill Holden, and a new gnashing beauty named Connie Towers) to fill a several-million-dollar investment. The ‘comedy’ which includes Wayne’s troubles with a drunken top sergeant, a soldiering doctor, and a captive Southern belle, is interspersed with Ford’s stolidly evolved, beefy, Bonheur-ish ‘pictures.’ It all takes place on a plodding journey, which sends 1,700 hundred Union cavalrymen into the Confederacy in search of what turns out to be a screenplay.”"

title: The Horse Soldiers


text:
Breakwater

Breakwater may refer to:

 * Breakwater (structure), a structure for protecting a beach or harbour

Places

 * Breakwater, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia
 * Breakwater Island, Antarctica
 * Breakwater Islands, Nunavut, Canada
 * Breakwater School, a Portland, Maine, pre-school and elementary school founded in 1956

Arts and entertainment

 * Breakwater (band), a funk and soul band from the 1970s
 * Breakwater (album), a 1988 album by Lennie Gallant
 * Breakwater (film), an upcoming film starring Dermot Mulroney
 * The Breakwater, an alternative name for the 1670 painting Storm Off a Sea Coast by Jacob van Ruisdael

Other

 * USS Breakwater (SP-681), a United States Navy patrol vessel, minesweeper, and tug in commission from 1917 to 1920
 * Breaking the water or water breaking, a term for the rupture of membranes during pregnancy

title: Breakwater


text:
Talk:Democratic Progressive Party

Anti-communism
I propose to remove the claim that DPP has historically been anti-communist. The DPP is pro-Taiwan identity, which puts them at odds with the CPP, but does not make them anti-communist. DrIdiot (talk) 13:39, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Communism in Taiwan usually means CPP, so I don't think it's very inappropriate to describe the Democratic Progressive Party as anti-communist.--Storm598 (talk) 14:15, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Except when we’re talking about Taiwanese communists... Most of whom confusingly are also anti-CCP... Whats our sourcing for the claim? Horse Eye's Back (talk) 21:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll second the request for a source, and note that the DPP would (likely) oppose any Chinese political party that pursued unification, whether it was communist or not. It just so happens the only (real) party in China, is communist. Conversely, the DPP does not actively oppose domestic communists who do not advocate for unification. DrIdiot (talk) 21:35, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

I removed the anti-communist links, since we can't seem to get a source. Note that anti-communism is an ideology opposed to communism, not simply an opposition to a particular communist party. The main justifications here are: (1) the DPP is pro-independence, which means their enemy is the ruling party of China, which happens to be communist in name, (2) it would be strange for the DPP to denounce White Terror, which was in part anti-leftist/communist, if they were anti-communist ideologically. DrIdiot (talk) 02:26, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

Removed the anti-communist part again. This claim needs to be made very carefully. The linked source is a dead link, so I can't verify it. DrIdiot (talk) 19:19, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * On further examination, the source appears to be a college textbook on East Asia. I would caution against making this claim based on a throwaway line in a generalist course textbook. DrIdiot (talk) 19:25, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Historically, in Taiwan, the KMT has been anti-communist. This is well-established.  The DPP formed in an era where communism was not really an issue in Taiwan, so I find it very hard to make the case that they are anti-communist, or that the KMT today is pro-communist.  The actual cleavage is about relationship with China. DrIdiot (talk) 21:43, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

Removed some text about 2004 election
I've removed the following text about the 2004 election:

The KMT candidate, Lien Chan, demanded a recount the following morning. A judicial recount under the jurisdiction of a special panel of the High Court began on 10 May 2004 and ended on 18 May 2004. It was conducted by about 460 teams situated in 21 courthouses across the Taiwan area. Each team had seven members – one judge, two members each from the district court and the local government election authorities and two witnesses each representing the plaintiff (Pan-Blue Coalition) and the defendant (Pan-Green Coalition). Disputed votes were sent to High Court in Taipei for verification. After the recount, President Chen was confirmed the winner of the election by a smaller margin (25,563 as opposed to 29,518 originally).

The reason is that these details don't really have much to do with the overall history of the DPP. I would suggest adding it to a page about the 2004 election or Chen Shui-bian, if it is not already there. I think the important thing here is that the DPP presidential candidate one, but barely, and did not gain the legislature. DrIdiot (talk) 09:56, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

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 * ROC Judicial Yuan Logo.svg
 * ROC Legislative Yuan Seal.svg

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title: Talk:Democratic Progressive Party


text: Talk:Breakwater (album)

title: Talk:Breakwater (album)


text:
User:Owen/monobook.css

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title: User:Owen/monobook.css


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Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!?

Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!? (released as Discworld II: Mortality Bytes! in North America) is a 1996 point-and-click adventure game based on Terry Pratchett's series of fantasy novels set on the mythical Discworld, and sequel to the 1995 video game of the same name. The story sees players assume the role of Rincewind the "wizzard" as he becomes burdened with the task of finding Death and coercing him out of an impromptu retirement and back into his regular duties. The game's plot borrows from a number of Discworld books, including key elements from Reaper Man and Moving Pictures.

The game was developed in 1996 by Perfect Entertainment and published by Psygnosis for the PC, and featured the return of Eric Idle in his role as Rincewind in the previous game. The game was ported to the PlayStation and Sega Saturn in 1997. The Saturn port was published by Sega and was exclusive for the European market. The game received positive reviews across Europe, but fared less well in North America.

Gameplay
Discworld II is a third-person point-and-click graphic adventure game. In each location, players can examine and interact with people and objects, solving puzzles by finding items needed by people or to retrieve other objects, with the game's story divided into four acts. Items can be stored in one of two inventories: Rincewind's, who can carry two items; and the Luggage's, which can carry an infinite amount. Conversations are mainly carried out through the choice of four options, or attitudes, that Rincewind can take: greeting, sarcasm, questioning, and musing – though additional topics can appear for certain characters as the player explores the game's world. Overhead maps are provided for travelling between locations – one for the city of Ankh-Morpork, and another for outside the city – with new locations becoming available as the game progresses.

Players can add items to the Luggage, or leave locations quickly, by double-clicking either. Like most other point-and-click adventure games, each act of the story primarily focuses on players finding and interacting with the set of items and characters needed in order to progress the story.

Plot
One night whilst returning from a pub with The Librarian, Rincewind witnesses an assassin plant a cart bomb in the Fools' Guild and attempts to disarm it. However, he accidentally causes the bomb to detonate, destroying the guild and killing its occupants. Unknowingly, the blast also catches out Death whilst attending to his duties, ejecting him from the saddle of his horse and causing him to disappear without trace. His absence swiftly leads to the souls of the departed throughout Ankh-Morpork remaining bound to their bodies and becoming undead. After witnessing Windle Poons suffer the same fate at his appointed time of death, the wizards of Unseen University suspect what the cause is and decide to invoke a ritual to summon Death, with the Archchancellor tasking Rincewind to collect the needed items for it.

The ritual successfully summons Death to them for a brief time, only for him to reveal that he is on indefinite vacation, having grown disillusioned with the thanklessness of his task. The Archchancellor fails to reason with him to return to work, and assigns Rincewind to locate him and return him to his duties. However, Death refuses when found, only agreeing to do so if he receives credit for the work he undertakes for mortals. To fulfil his desire, Rincewind arranges for him to become a star in his own film – referred to as 'clickies' on the Discworld – employing Cut-Me-Own-Throat Dibbler as the director, and securing various props and other items needed to complete filming. The finished production is initially poorly received at its screening, until Rincewind splices in footage of an Elf Queen that he took as a request during his work, which hypnotizes the crowd into loving the film.

The success of the movie causes Death to renege on his agreement and opt to retire from his duties to continue a career as a film star. Left with no choice, Rincewind travels to Death's domain to take over from him, much to the displeasure of Death's butler Albert. After proving himself by completing a series of tests set by Albert, Rincewind takes over the job, but is appalled when his first assignment is to reap the soul of Death himself, after he is assassinated during a publicity affair. Refusing to do so, Rincewind abandons the job and revives Death by pouring fresh sand into his hourglass. After a further screening of the film causes a mishap involving the Elf Queen emerging in Ankh-Morpork as a giant and taking The Librarian, Death resumes his duties after Rincewind rescues his friend, and reaps Windle's soul after he is crushed by the Elf Queen's body. As the pair head for the afterlife, Windle recalls the many ways he killed himself, before remarking how his second death was a good way to go.

Development
The game, on two CD-ROMs (one for the console versions), features hand-drawn environments and animations, full voice acting and a simple interface. Although the game does not run on XP systems onwards, the game can still be played on modern systems with the ScummVM or DOSBox emulators. ScummVM can take the real game data such as scripting information or scenes, and collate them together displaying it all on its own version of Discworld 2's Tinsel engine.

A number of changes were made to the voice cast since the previous Discworld game. While Eric Idle reprised his role as Rincewind, Tony Robinson did not return, and Jon Pertwee died before production could begin. Rob Brydon and Kate Robbins did return, however, and Young Ones actor Nigel Planer was added to the cast. The Death of Rats is voiced by "Katharine the crocodile", and Rob Brydon seemingly provided the new voices for Dibbler, Windle Poons and Havelock Vetinari (The Patrician).

Reception
Like its predecessor, Discworld II was a "massive hit" in Europe and the United Kingdom, according to director Gregg Barnett. However, the game was less successful in the United States.

Discworld II was very well received by professional critics, scoring an 80.5% average (for PC) on GameRankings, based on six reviews. It was ranked 73rd on Adventure Gamers' list of the "Top 100 All-Time Adventure Games" in 2011. The site's staff said that while the puzzles were not standout, they were at least more logical than those of the original Discworld, and that the game held up better in modern times than it did at the time of release, since contemporary PCs were better able to handle its sophisticated cartoon graphics. "That's Death", a song in the game written and sung by Eric Idle and arranged, produced, and played on by Tom Scott, was picked by PC Gamer as one of the best songs in PC gaming.

Contemporary praise for the game largely centred on its humour  and voice acting,   though many critics also remarked that some of the conversations are overlong. Crispin Boyer of Electronic Gaming Monthly described the game as "so pee-in-your-pants funny that it never really gets boring. The game is constantly poking fun at itself (and, occasionally, at you). Its mix of low-brow fart jokes and high-brow social commentary should appeal to everyone." The cartoon-like animation also impressed most critics. The primary criticism was that the puzzles are so abstract that they can drive the player to resort to trial-and-error,  though Sega Saturn Magazine, one of the few publications unamused by the game's humour, contended that "most of the puzzles and tasks are just about hard enough, without being too obscure and difficult, and there's plenty of hints and clues to nudge you in the right direction should you get confused." PlayStation Magazine gave it a score of 7/10, but recommended it only for Pratchett's fans. Next Generation stated that "if you're not a fan of the books, you'll get frustrated by many of the puzzles. On the other hand, if you are a fan of the books, you might not like how the characters and landscapes are represented. It's rare when a book can be translated well to other media, and the Discworld novels are no exception."

title: Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!?


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Election (1999 film)

Election is a 1999 American black comedy film directed by Alexander Payne from a screenplay by Payne and Jim Taylor, based on Tom Perrotta's 1998 novel of the same name.

The plot revolves around a student body election and satirizes politics and high school life. The film stars Matthew Broderick as Jim McAllister, a popular high school social studies teacher, and Reese Witherspoon as Tracy Flick, an overachieving student whom he dislikes. When Tracy runs for student government president, McAllister sabotages her candidacy by backing a rival candidate and tampering with the ballot count.

Although not a commercial success, Election received widespread critical acclaim, along with an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Golden Globe nomination for Witherspoon for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, and three Independent Spirit Awards including Best Feature Film in 1999.

Plot
Jim McAllister is a teacher of U.S. history and civics at Carver High School in Omaha, Nebraska. One of his students is Tracy Flick, an overachieving junior whose mother Judith encourages her to strive for success. Earlier in the year, McAllister's colleague and best friend, geometry teacher Dave Novotny, was fired from his job and divorced by his wife Linda after engaging in a sexual relationship with Tracy. While McAllister felt Dave needed to suffer consequences, he resents the lack of repercussions for Tracy.

McAllister struggles to conceive a child with his wife, Diane, and subsequently begins to have sexual fantasies of both Linda and Tracy. Appalled by Tracy's unopposed run for student government president and dreading further proximity to her, McAllister persuades Paul Metzler, a popular, good-natured, but dimwitted football player, to enter the race. Sidelined from football with a broken leg sustained in a skiing accident, Paul finds his candidacy gives him purpose. It also infuriates Tracy, who expects to run unchallenged and resents Paul's popularity and privileged upbringing.

Tammy Metzler, Paul's adopted younger sister, is dumped by her girlfriend Lisa Flanagan, who becomes Paul's girlfriend and campaign manager. Tammy exacts revenge by running for president herself. In her speech at a school assembly, she denounces student government as a sham and vows to dissolve it if she wins, rallying the students to a rowdy standing ovation. The principal, Walt Hendricks, retaliates by suspending her.

Late one Sunday night while working on the school yearbook, Tracy sees that one of her campaign posters has come unstuck from the wall. Trying to secure it, she accidentally rips the poster apart, then furiously destroys the other candidates' campaign posters and discards them in a dumpster, unaware that Tammy is watching. The next day, McAllister confronts Tracy, suspecting that she removed the posters. Tracy feigns innocence and trades threats with McAllister, but Tammy rescues her by appearing with the torn posters and falsely claiming responsibility. Tammy is expelled and her name is struck from the ballot.

McAllister has an affair with Linda, Dave's ex-wife, the day before the election. Linda asks McAllister to rent a motel room for an after-school rendezvous, but she fails to attend. When McAllister drives to Linda's house to find her, he is stung by a bee on his eyelid. He returns home to find Linda and his wife Diane talking. Knowing Linda has exposed their encounter, he spends the night in his car.

McAllister oversees the tally of the ballots, which finds Tracy winning by a single vote. Seeing Tracy peering in on the vote count and preemptively celebrating, he spitefully disposes of two of Tracy's ballots, throwing the election to Paul. The discarded ballots are later discovered, and Tracy becomes president. McAllister is forced to resign, and the election rigging makes headlines. Diane divorces him, taking the house and most of their joint assets.

Publicly humiliated, McAllister leaves Nebraska and fulfills his dream of moving to New York City. He becomes a tour guide at the American Museum of Natural History and begins dating Jillian, a fellow museum worker. Paul develops an active social life at the University of Nebraska, though without Lisa, who dumps him. Tammy finds a new girlfriend at her all-girls private Catholic school. Tracy attends Georgetown University, where she similarly isolates herself from her peers due to her work-centric nature and is dismayed that many of her classmates were admitted primarily through connections. Tracy misses Dave's intellect and wonders if he became a novelist as she believed he would; the film shows Dave working in a hardware store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he now lives with his parents.

On a visit to Washington, D.C., McAllister spots Tracy getting into a limousine with congressman Mike Geiger, a Republican representative from Nebraska. Infuriated that she will go through life as she did at Carver, he hurls a cup of soda at the limousine's backglass before fleeing. The film ends with McAllister at the museum posing a question to a group of elementary school children; an overeager little girl is the only one to respond. He ignores her.

Production
Producers Albert Berger and Ron Yerxa sent director Alexander Payne an unpublished manuscript from novelist Tom Perrotta called "Election" in 1996. Payne was initially uninterested in directing a high school movie, but changed his mind after he read the manuscript. "It was set in a high school, but it wasn’t a high school story, per se. Also what attracted me was the formal exercise of doing a movie with multiple points of view and multiple voice-overs," said Payne. The novel's rights were sold to Payne in January 1997 and it was officially published in March 1998.

The novel was inspired by the following two key events: the 1992 United States presidential election, in which Ross Perot entered as a third-party candidate (a move echoed by Tammy Metzler), and a 1992 incident at Memorial High School in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, in which a pregnant student was elected homecoming queen, but staff announced a different winner and burned the ballots to cover it up.

The film uses a number of stylized techniques in its storytelling, particularly through the use of freeze frames, flashbacks and voiceovers, which allow sections of the narrative to be delivered from the points of view of the four main characters (Mr. McAllister, Tracy, Paul, and Tammy).

The film was primarily shot on location around the Omaha metro area in the fall of 1997, most notably in Papillion, Bellevue and the Dundee neighborhood. Papillion-La Vista Senior High School portrayed the fictitious Carver High School with many of the background extras being actual enrolled students at the time. Minor scenes were filmed at Younkers in Westroads Mall, the Old Market and the Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium.

Alternate ending
The film's original ending, which was received poorly by test audiences, was not known until a rough workprint of it was found in a box of VHS tapes at a yard sale in 2011. This ending also appears in the third draft of the script, which can be read online. It is faithful to the book: McAllister stays in Omaha and is hired as a used car salesman by one of his former students instead of moving to New York. Tracy encounters McAllister while looking to buy a car and the two settle their differences before she has him sign her yearbook.

Reception
Election was not a box office success as it grossed only $17.2 million against a budget of $8.5-$25 million.

Critical response
Election received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 92%, based on 114 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The critical consensus reads, "Election successfully combines dark humor and intelligent writing in this very witty and enjoyable film." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 33 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F. It later placed at #5 in the first annual Village Voice Film Poll.

Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars, praising Witherspoon and Payne, and saying, "...here is a movie that is not simply about an obnoxious student, but also about an imperfect teacher, a lockstep administration, and a student body that is mostly just marking time until it can go out into the world and occupy valuable space".

Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Brandishes the sort of intelligent wit and bracing nastiness that will make it more appealing to discerning adults than to teens who just want to have fun."

Desson Howe from The Washington Post recommended the film, saying it was "the satire of the season, a hilarious, razor-sharp indictment of the American Dream," also praising Payne for finding "a perfect fulcrum between humor and tragedy, between black comedy and poignancy."

According to Payne, it is also President Barack Obama's favorite political film.

Accolades
Election is ranked #61 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies", #389 on Empires "500 Greatest Movies of All Time" and #9 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the "50 Best High School Movies", while Witherspoon's performance was ranked at #45 on the list of the "100 Greatest Film Performances of All Time" by Premiere.

Home media
Election was released on DVD on October 19, 1999, and Blu-ray on January 20, 2009. A special edition Blu-ray was released by The Criterion Collection on December 16, 2017, with a 4K restoration of the film.

Sequel
In December 2022, it was announced that a film adaptation of the novel's 2022 sequel, Tracy Flick Can't Win, was being developed for Paramount+. Witherspoon is slated to reprise her role as Tracy Flick and co-produce under her Hello Sunshine banner, while Payne would return to direct and co-write with Jim Taylor. A year later, while promoting The Holdovers (2023), Payne reiterated interest in the project, but would like to pursue other projects first. Payne said that he wants to make a loose adaptation of the novel with Taylor that included Broderick's Jim McAllister character, as well as divert from the high school setting of the novel, attributing to his averseness to "making another high school movie," saying, “I did Election. I did Holdovers. There are bits and pieces of it in Sideways, and a pilot I did, so I’m a little over it, so Jim and I are talking right now about how can we adapt that novel faithfully, but loosely, and put our own voice into it. We’ll get there. We’re not quite there, but we’ll get there."

title: Election (1999 film)


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Common minimum programme

The common minimum programme (CMP) is a document outlining the shared agenda, policy, and priorities of a coalition government in India and Nepal. It provides a framework for government operations, ensuring that all participating parties share a common understanding of the key issues and goals they aim to collectively address.

The idea of CMP document has acquired prominence since coalition governments have become the norm in India in 1990s.

History
The United Front, a coalition government established in 1996, emphasized secularism, economic reforms, social justice, and empowerment of marginalized groups through its Common Minimum Programme. In 1998, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), spearheaded by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), assumed power. Its Common Minimum Programme prioritized national security, economic growth, infrastructure development, and effective governance. Additionally, it aimed to foster social cohesion, reinforce federalism, and tackle issues pertaining to agriculture and rural progress. The Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition which won the 2004 Indian general election, had objectives such as education spending, limiting privatization, economic growth, social welfare, and "maintaining a credible nuclear weapons programme".

Besides India, Nepal also releases common minimum programme documents. It first happened in 2004 when the Nepali Congress (Democratic) formed a coalition.

title: Common minimum programme