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Włodawa

Włodawa (וולאָדאַווע; Володава; Уладава, taraškievica: Uładava) is a town in eastern Poland on the Bug River, close to the borders with Belarus and Ukraine. It is the seat of Włodawa County, situated in the Lublin Voivodeship. it has a population of 13,500.

Geography
The town lies along the borders of Poland with both, westernmost Belarus and Ukraine, on the banks of the Bug River, 51 km from Chełm in Poland and Brest in Belarus; 64 km from Terespol, 86 km from Lublin, and 77 km from Liuboml in the Volyn Oblast of Ukraine. It is close to the Belarusian southernmost strip of the Brest Raion within the Brest Region bordering with north-western Ukraine.

History
Włodawa was first mentioned in historical records in 1242. The first written mention of the town in an Old Slavonic chronicle which speaks about Prince Daniel staying there, escaping from the Tartars in 1241. In 1446-1447 the surrounding territories were annexed into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the river Włodawka marked the border between the Duchy and the Polish Crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Union. In 1475 Michał and Aleksander Sanguszko received the town in exchange with the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon. For the next 100 years the town became the home for the Sanguszko family. They built their castle here and developed the town's prosperity. The Sanguszko profited from the border crossing which was bringing good income. In 1534 the town received city rights, confirmed in 1540. At that time the influx of the Jewish population started, which promoted commerce and crafts. The location on the large river, Bug, favored the rapid development of the city as a commercial and transit center.

By the end of the 16th century, Włodawa passed into the hands of Andrzej Leszczyński and from that time belonged to the Leszczyński family for next generations. As Leszczyński was a Calvinist, Włodawa soon became an important center of Protestantism. In 1624 a Calvinist church and a school were built here. Between 1633 and 1648, the minister of the Calvinist congregation in Włodawa was Polish historian and poet Andrzej Węgierski. In 1634 a Calvinist synod was held in Włodawa, which was attended by delegates from the entire Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Protestants from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia also settled in Włodawa at that time.

In 1648, the Cossack-Tatar army plundered and destroyed the city, killing almost the entire population, including all Jews. In 1657 the city was devastated again, this time by the Swedes during the Deluge. John III Sobieski and the subsequent Polish kings granted the right to four annual fairs. Horses and, above all, oxen from nearby Volhynia were sold at these fairs, with the latter being even sold to Kraków, Poznań, Berlin and Vienna. These fairs, as well as the staple right for salt contributed to Włodawa's wealth. In the 17th century, Rafał Leszczyński, father of the future Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński, became the owner of Włodawa, but due to debts he sold it to Ludwik Pociej. Pociej brought the Paulines from the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa to Włodawa and built their monastery. In the 18th century, the city was the property of the Pociej, Flemming, Czartoryski and Zamoyski families.

After the Partitions of Poland, Włodawa was annexed by Austria in 1795. Following the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. In 1815 it became part of Congress Poland, initially autonomous, but later forcibly integrated within Imperial Russia. The inhabitants of Włodawa actively joined the January Uprising in 1863. After the fall of the uprising, bloody repressions began and the attempts at Russification intensified. During World War I, from 1915 to 1918, the city was occupied by the Germans. Following Poland's return to independence, Włodawa became a seat of the Włodawa County. During the Polish–Soviet War, it was briefly occupied by the Russians, and then recaptured by the Poles on 17 August 1920. In 1939, before the onset of World War II, the population of Włodawa was 9,293. There was a garrison of heavy artillery regiment and the division of the field artillery in the town, used by the Pomorze and the Modlin armies in the defence of Poland against Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Włodawa was bombed by the Luftwaffe on 3 September 1939. Future Polish war hero Witold Pilecki fought against the invaders near Włodawa. Under German occupation, Włodawa was the location of a subcamp of the Stalag 319 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs.

Jewish community
The existence of a Jewish community in Włodawa is first recorded in connection with the Lublin fair of 1531. By 1623 Włodawa had a representative in the Council of the Four Lands. The community's prosperity was due to the granting of a city charter in 1534. For much of the early modern period, a time when the Polish-speaking community of the region was predominately engaged in agriculture, Jews appear to have composed much of the population of the city, engaged in all forms of craft production and trade. The community was devastated by the Chmielnicki massacres of 1648, but afterwards re-established and rebuilt. By 1765 the town had 630 Jews. In 1693, the town had 197 dwellings, 89 owned by Jewish families. The census of 1773 records Jewish physicians, butchers, millers, barbers, goldsmiths, tailors, furriers, merchants, and carters, in addition to one Jew in each of the trades of coppersmith, cobbler, glazier, chandler, and wheelwright. There were also 8 schoolmasters, 2 educators, a cantor, a bass player and a cymbal player. There were 2,236 Jews in 1827 and 6,706 in 1907.

In the late 19th century Włodawa had a Jewish-owned steam-powered flour mill, tannery and soap factory. Of the 184 stores in the town, 177 were owned by Jews. Włodawa's first Zionist organization was formed in 1898, the town also had Bund, Agudath Israel and Poalei Zion organizations. There was a Beis Yaakov school for girls also.

Włodawa was over 70% Jewish before the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland and the Holocaust. The city became part of the Nazi German Lublin District of the General Government following the invasion. Włodawa Ghetto was set up by the German administration in 1941. Jews from all neighbouring locations were sent there. The Ghetto was overcrowded and lacked food and medicine. Starvation and disease were common. Round ups for the Holocaust transports to the nearby Sobibór extermination camp took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943, as well as the last 150 in May 1943. In June, all remaining Jewish children under the age of 10 were deported and gassed. During the ghetto liquidation action, at the end of October 1942 hundreds of Jews escaped to the surrounding forests. Włodawa Jews were mostly deported Sobibór, but some were executed locally at the German Arbeitslager workcamps such as the one at Adampol. Several Jews from Adampol and the Włodawa Ghetto were able to escape, and joined the Parczew partisans in the forests, fighting actively against the Nazis with Soviet assistance and weapons. The Jewish cemetery was demolished by the Germans who used the headstones as road building material, and turned the Synagogue into military storage.

On the road to Włodawa there is a memorial to the Jews from Włodawa who were killed at Adampol. No Jews are known to live in the town today, although the handsome, Baroque, Wlodawa Synagogue serves as major tourist attraction. A Włodawa landsmenschafte (society) was founded in America for survivors and descendants of Włodawa's Jewish Community and has members scattered throughout the US, Canada, Australia, England, Israel and elsewhere. London had a Wlodawa Synagogue (London).

Amish and Mennonite Communities
In the 1700s, while some Amish families traveled west from Germany and Switzerland in their quest for religious freedom to the colony of Pennsylvania, others would venture to Central and Eastern Europe, largely as a part of the Josephine colonization. In 1781, Austrian emperor Joseph II invited German farmers to move to Galicia, after seizing the region (which today lies in southeastern Poland and Western Ukraine) in the First Partition of Poland. Other Amish however settled the vicinity of Włodawa, which was then still part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (see Nolt, A History of the Amish, p. 64-65).

Jerold A. Stahly writes of this community in the vicinity of Włodawa in his work "Mennonite and Amish Identities Among the Swiss Volhynians in Europe":

''"In the Lithuanian congregation in Urszulin and Michelsdorf in the Włodawa district, one preacher was Christian Graber, ordained in 1790 in Montbeliard to go to Poland. Christian Stucky of Alsace served there as and elder from the 1790s to the 1830s. Graber, Stucky, and Johann Flickinger signed the Essingen agreement for this group. When Austria took control of the Włodawa district in 1795 as part of West Galicia, there was no longer an international border separating the Amish Mennonites in Lemberger and Littauer congregations. The Amish all apparently left Falkenstein and Einsiedel in the next few years. Joseph Mündlein apparently moved to the Włodawa District, where he served as an elder, performing a marriage in 1802. It was in 1804, during these years of Austrian rule that Josef Rohrer wrote about the Mennonites of West and East Galicia. He wrote that they preferred to be called Täufer. He said that one group of Mennonites was stricter and was called Heftler, because they used hooks and eyes on their clothes rather than buttons, like the other group, the Knöfler. He wrote that the strict ones wore bears. He described wives being very careful to avoid a friendly laugh or looking other men in the eye, for fear of being put under a ban for many weeks, so that no Mennonite would speak to her and her husband could not even sit at a table with her."''

Climate
Włodawa has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) using the -3 C isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 C isotherm.

Sport
The town is represented by the local football club MLKS Włodawianka Włodawa who compete in the lower leagues.

Points of interest

There are several monuments and tourist attractions worth seeing in Włodawa:
 * Saint Louis church and baroque monastery, founded by Pauline Monks in the 18th century. The interior is decorated by illusionistic monumental paintings (1784-1785) created mainly by painter Gabriel Sławiński.
 * Czworobok and town market, built in the 18th century in the shape of a rectangle. It was used by merchants to sell their goods.
 * Wlodawa Synagogue of 1764, that is currently used to host exhibitions about Włodawa Jews as well as local folklore.
 * Russian Orthodox church, erected in 1840-1843 and rebuilt in Russian Revival style in 1893 and is used by local Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church community.
 * Włodawa Synagogues Museum (Muzeum Zespół Synagogalny), managing the Sobibór Museum nearby until April 2011.
 * Water measurement on the Bug river.
 * Old town with 19th century tenements.
 * Promenade next to Włodawka river.
 * Władysław Kuraszkiewicz roundabout.
 * Sybiraków square, built in memory of Poles sent to Siberia.

Notable residents

 * Bolesław Masłowski (1851–1928), chemist
 * Stanisław Masłowski (1853–1926), painter
 * Jack Glinzman (1928-2008), Włodawa resident who survived the Adampol slave labor camp of Sobibor, escaping during the murder of the Jews working Adampol. Jack joined the partisans until liberation by the Soviet Army.

title: Włodawa


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Mount Nansen (Antarctica)

Mount Nansen is a prominent mountain, surmounting the steep eastern escarpment of the Eisenhower Range, 17 km (11 mi) south of Mount Baxter, in Victoria Land. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04), and named for Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian Arctic explorer from whom Capt. Scott obtained much practical information for his expedition.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mount Nansen (Antarctica)


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Ryki

Ryki is a town in eastern Poland between Warsaw and Lublin. It has 9,767 inhabitants (as of 2007). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999). It is the capital of Ryki County. Ryki belongs to Lesser Poland, and historically is part of Ziemia Stężycka (The Land of Stężyca, an ancient county, the only part of historic Sandomierz Voivodeship which was located on the right bank of the Vistula river). The town is located in the northwest corner of Lublin Voivodeship. The distance to the Polish capital is 100 km, the distance to Lublin – 64 km. Its name first appears in documents in 1439 as Riki.

History
The first urban center of this part of Lesser Poland was located in Sieciechów, whose parish church controlled areas both east and west of the Vistula. In the 14th century, Sieciechów’s significance diminished, and in the mid-15th century, the County of Stężyca was created, as part of Sandomierz Voivodeship. The royal village of Ryki (Riki), which belonged to the County of Stężyca, was first mentioned in 1424. In 1570, Ryki had a wooden church of St. Jacob the Apostle, as well as a parish school. In 1591 a hospital was founded, and the seat of a starosta was established here. Ryki received its city charter in 1782 but lost it in 1810.

Until the Third Partition of Poland, Ryki remained in Sandomierz Voivodeship. Then, between 1795 and 1809, it briefly belonged to Austrian Empire’s province of West Galicia. During the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, later Congress Poland, governed by the Russians. It was an important center of Chassidic movement, and in 1908, Jews made 94% of town’s population. On August 2, 1919, Ryki was added to Garwolin County, part of Lublin Voivodeship. Garwolin County became part of Warsaw Voivodeship on 1 April 1939.

In September 1939 German Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Ryki. During World War II, the Jewish residents of the town—between 3,000-4,000 Jews—were murdered in the Holocaust, either in Treblinka extermination camp, or Sobibor extermination camp. Some Jewish children, such as Shloime Judensznajder (now Solly Irving), were rescued by Polish families. Their descendants live currently in Poland, the UK and Israel.

The town and its county was a major center of Home Army, whose units liberated Ryki on July 26, 1944. After the war, Ryki belonged to Warsaw Voivodeship, and in 1975, the town was moved again to Lublin Voivodeship. In 2000, FM- and TV-mast Ryki was built. Ryki again officially became a town in 1957.

Today Ryki is an important road junction. In the neighboring village of Moszczanka, two national roads cross – the 48th (Kock – Tomaszów Mazowiecki), and the 17th (Lublin – Warsaw). The town has a rail station, and bus connections with several locations.

Famous namesakes
The surname of Hyman G. Rickover, a US Navy Admiral and considered the Father of the Nuclear Navy, is derived from Ryki. Born in 1900 in Maków Mazowiecki, the young Rickover emigrated with his Jewish family in 1906 to the United States. The Admiral served on active duty for 63 years, longer than any other U.S. military officer.

title: Ryki


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Joseph Polchinski

Joseph Gerard Polchinski Jr. (May 16, 1954 – February 2, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist and string theorist.

Biography
Polchinski was born in White Plains, New York, the elder of two children to Joseph Gerard Polchinski Sr. (1929–2002), a financial consultant and manager, and Joan (née Thornton), an office worker and homemaker. Polchinski was primarily of Irish descent with his paternal grandfather being Polish.

Polchinski graduated from Canyon del Oro High School in Tucson, Arizona, in 1971. He obtained his B.S. degree from Caltech in 1975, and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1980 under the supervision of Stanley Mandelstam. He did not publish any papers as a graduate student. After postdoctoral positions at SLAC (1980–82) and Harvard (1982–84) he was a professor at the University of Texas at Austin from 1984 to 1992. From 1992 to March 2017 he was a professor in the Physics Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara and a permanent member of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics there.

Contributions
Polchinski wrote the two-volume textbook String Theory, published in 1998. Among his many contributions to theoretical physics, D-branes are the best known. In 2008 he won the Dirac Medal for his work in superstring theory. He was awarded the 2017 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in recognition of his contributions to theoretical physics.

D-branes
Polchinski's contributions to D-brane physics were a primary trigger of the 2nd superstring revolution and the physics of holographic gauge-gravity dualities. After co-discovering D-branes in 1989, his 1995 work conjectured and partially demonstrated the equivalence between D-branes and black p-branes. The duality between these objects was soon understood to be a demonstration of holography, in which a theory of quantum gravity (the black p-branes) is equivalent to a lower-dimensional theory without gravity (the D-branes), as later demonstrated in Maldacena's AdS/CFT duality.

Polchinski's paradox
In an unpublished communication to Kip Thorne circa 1990, commenting on the Novikov self-consistency principle (in relation to sending objects or people through a traversable wormhole into the past, and the time paradoxes that could result), Polchinski raised a potentially paradoxical situation involving a billiard ball sent through a wormhole which sends it back in time. In this scenario, the ball is fired into a wormhole at an angle such that, if it continues along that path, it will exit the wormhole in the past at just the right angle to collide with its earlier self, thereby knocking it off course and preventing it from entering the wormhole in the first place. Thorne dubbed this problem "Polchinski's paradox" in 1994. Later students of the whimsical problem came up with solutions which managed to avoid any inconsistencies, by having the ball emerge from the future at a different angle than the one used to generate the paradox, and deliver its younger self a glancing blow instead of knocking it completely away from the wormhole, a blow which changes its trajectory in just the right way so that it will travel back in time with the angle required to deliver its younger self this glancing blow. (It is also possible that the ball that exits the wormhole knocks its past self off course from the worm hole completely. Even with the original ball being knocked off course the future ball would still be there and could bounce off the original ball and enter the wormhole again closing the paradox. The ball that entered the wormhole will always enter the wormhole creating an infinite loop.)

2012 paper on black holes
In July 2012, Polchinski, with two of his students, James Sully and Ahmed Almheiri, and fellow string theorist Donald Marolf at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), published a paper whose calculations about black hole radiation suggested that either general relativity's equivalence principle is wrong, or else a key tenet of quantum mechanics is incorrect.

In popular culture
Polchinski was the subject of a running gag on an episode of The Big Bang Theory. In the episode "The Paintball Scattering", Sheldon would choke up and be unable to respond every time anybody asked if the paper on super-symmetry, which he had recently published with his wife, Amy, was derivative of the work of Polchinski.

Personal life and death
Polchinski had two sons, Steven and Daniel, with his wife, Dorothy Maria Chun, whom he married in 1980.

He died at his home in Santa Barbara, California on February 2, 2018, of brain cancer, at the age of 63.

title: Joseph Polchinski


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Talk:Mount Nansen (Antarctica)

Untitled
The initial information for this mountain was obtained by a query search using the GNIS Antarctica Data Base Query Form. RedWolf 19:19, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Nansen (Antarctica)


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User:BakaElf

What's to say?

As my first contribution, I started the Takarazuka Revue article...And at some point the glomp article.

And now, many years later, I'm trying to whip the Meine Liebe article into shape.

title: User:BakaElf


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Talk:Colchicum

Image
Just wondering if anybody knows what species of Colchicum is this: (taken at about 2200 meters altitude, in the Bucegi Mountains, Carpathians, Romania on May 8th)

 * Looks more like a crocus than a colchium. Precinct13 08:28, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a species of Crocus from the family Iridaceae, which can be seen by the presence of three stamens (instead of the six present in Colchicum) and the three-parted "feathery" pistill! A rather nice picture though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.89.87.17 (talk) 22:41, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I confirm this is a crocus, I guess Crocus vernus subsp. vernus. --Réginald alias Meneerke bloem (To reply) 10:05, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Update of the page
I have updated the page according to the list of species accepted by the World Checklist (Kew gardens) and added a gallery with pictures of the species for which pictures are acailable on Commons. --Réginald alias Meneerke bloem (To reply) 10:08, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Colchicine
I've been looking for sources about toxicity, but could only find them for C. autumnale (and for some hybrids with this species). There are over a hundred other species in the genus, so I had to put a fact tag on the article page. Is there any source that says the entire genus contains colchicine in all plant parts? I could buy and grind some bulbs to see if they would make my pumpkin hybrids polyploid. But that would be original research and again there are over a hundred other species.
 * I could not find any mention of the entire genus being toxic. These are the sources I have used:

143.176.56.102 (talk) 09:36, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

— Berean Hunter   (talk)  12:46, 26 October 2017 (UTC) — Berean Hunter   (talk)  13:13, 26 October 2017 (UTC) — Berean Hunter   (talk)  07:49, 27 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Unless you have a source that explicitly states that one species isn't toxic, you don't have a point. You cannot imply that they aren't toxic because there isn't a source that exhaustively states they are. To answer the question, "All parts are highly toxic."
 * The website you have supplied says that all parts of Colchicum autumnale are are highly toxic. It does not say anything about the other species. I am not implying that the other species are not toxic, but I am only stating the fact that we have no sources that say they are. Why would it be wrong to ask for a source? I've spend quite some time looking for one.143.176.56.102 (talk) 16:50, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
 * "pumpkin hybrids polyploid" - do you have a procedure or link for this? I'm wondering why you want tetraploid pumpkins. Not big enough? I have natural tetraploids occurring in Rudbeckia and certainly know what it is. I also know that most of that field of exploration surrounds this. That person seems to have convinced themselves something about plants talking to themselves with mycorrhiza but he doesn't sound like he knows what allelopathy is.
 * I have been able to make an interspecies cross between Cucurbita Moschata and C. Maxima once (by hand pollination). Plants are very cold hardy and rain tollerant since both parents are from my own breeds that were already adapted to my garden. This hybrid does not produce pollen at all (other than that the male flowers appear normal). Fruit looks like maxima (with a wax coating though). Texture and taste is that of moschata. If it was fertile this cross would be perfect for me. I have tried pollen from different sources including both the parents for a few years, but the fruit will always contain empty seed hulls. I don't want to loose this cross, so I was thinking about soaking the hybrid seed in colchicine before germination. People have tried this with Atlantic Giant pumpkins, but they did not get the big fruit they wanted. I'm only interested in getting fertile offspring. Since I cannot order colchicine in my country I will need to crush the bulbs of C.autumnale. For some reason Colchicum hybrids are easier to order than C.autumnale. 143.176.56.102 (talk) 16:50, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I came here because I saw the note at WT:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening. I think the point about polyploidy is about the fact that colchicine induces polyploidy, not because anyone wants polyploid pumpkins. I did some looking around, and I found sources that indicate colchicine is present in other members of the genus besides C. autumnale. This one: focuses on autumnale but implies that the whole genus is toxic. Page 15 of this source:  says that "various species" in the genus produce it. And there is a source in which a poisoning turned out to be C. persicum rather than autumnale. I cannot link to it directly because for some reason I get a blacklist warning, but if you go to this Google search:, and look for "Fatal Colchicine Poisoning by Accidental Ingestion of Colchicum...", it's the PDF there. I don't know that this proves that all species in the genus produce it, but clearly multiple species do, and we should default to saying that it's in the genus unless there is a source about a species that is colchicine-free. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:13, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Link to pdf.
 * We can't just assume that they are toxic (WP:NOR). We need a reliable source. It says in the PDF document: "Plants of the genera Colchicum and Gloriosa, both members of the family Colchicaceae, contain the natural alkaloid colchicine in toxic amounts" Reference is also in the PDF . That is excactly what we need. Thanks for your help :) 143.176.56.102 (talk) 09:06, 27 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Good! --Tryptofish (talk) 22:42, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colchicum


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Ksar el-Kebir

Ksar el-Kebir (القصر الكبير), also known as al-Qasr al-Kabir, is a city in northwestern Morocco, about 160 km north of Rabat, 32 km east of Larache and 110 km south of Tangier. It recorded a population of 126,617 in the 2014 Moroccan census.

The name means "the big castle". The city is located nearby the Loukous river, making El-Ksar-el-Kebir one of Morocco's richest agricultural regions. El-Ksar el-Kebir provides almost 20% of the needed sugar of Morocco. Neighbouring cities and towns include Larache, Chefchaouen, Arbawa and Tateft.

History
It was first established as a Phoenician colony in the 1st millennium BC. Following the Punic Wars, it came under Roman control with the name Oppidum Novum.

In 1578, King Sebastian of Portugal suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir at the hands of the King Abd al-Malik of Morocco, which ended Portugal's ambitions to invade and Christianize the Maghreb. Both kings died during the battle, as did Abdallah Mohammed, who was allied with Sebastian. The death of King Sebastian started the events which led to the temporary union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain under Philip II of Spain. King Abd al-Malik's victory gave Morocco substantial strength and international prestige.

The city experienced a substantial growth with the settling of an important Spanish garrison in 1911 as a part of the Spanish Morocco Protectorate in Morocco. After Morocco's independence and the building of the Oued el Makhazine reservoir by King Hassan II to manage the Loukkos' river regime, the city became an important regional agricultural distribution center.

 * 12th century: City walls are built by the command of the Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, according to Leo Africanus.
 * 1578: The Battle of the Three Kings is fought at the location of Ksar el-Kebir.
 * 17th century: Sultan Moulay Ismail destroys the city walls of Ksar el-Kebir, after being angered by a local chief.
 * 1911: Spain conquers Northern Morocco, and the town is rebuilt, and given a Spanish name, Alcazarquivir.
 * 1956: With Morocco's independence, Alcazarquivir is transferred from Spanish control, and renamed Ksar el-Kebir.

Culture
El-Ksar el-Kebir is reputed for the leading artists, writers, poets and sportsmen on national plane.
 * In sports, football player Abdeslam Laghrissi still keeps his record as the best marksman in the Moroccan championship with 26 goals in 1986.
 * In music, Abdessalam Amer (died 1979) who is well known in the Arab world as a unique music composer. He left such eternal songs as: Red Moon, Beach, Leaving, The Last Oh!.
 * In poetry, Mohamed El Khammar El Guennouni (died 1991) was a pioneer in modern Moroccan poetry and is regarded as master of free poetry in Morocco. There is also poet Ouafae El Amrani in the new poetic generation.
 * In novel-writing, there are such novelists as Mohamed Aslim, Mohamed Harradi, Mohamed Tetouani, Mohamed Sibari and Moustafa Jebari.
 * In short-story writing, there is Mohamed Said Raihani, who is a trilingual writer (he writes in Arabic, French and English) and who has finished his fortieth manuscript before reaching the age of forty.
 * Education there is Mohammadia high school

Notable people

 * Achraf Hakimi, professional footballer
 * Ilias Bulaid, kickboxer and mixed martial artist
 * Abdeslam Laghrissi, professional footballer
 * Mohamed Katir, professional runner
 * Yehuda Benasouli, former Chief Rabbi of Madrid, Spain
 * Hamid El Kasri, Gnawa music singer

Twin towns

 * Lagos, Portugal

title: Ksar el-Kebir


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Opole Lubelskie

Opole Lubelskie is a town in southeastern Poland. As of 2004, it had 8,879 inhabitants. The town is situated in Lublin Voivodeship, some 10 kilometers east of the Vistula River, and is the capital of Opole Lubelskie County. It was founded in the 14th century, and historically belongs to Lublin Land, which is part of Lesser Poland.

Etymology
The word "opole" comes from a Slavic language root, and designates a basic unit of Slavic tribal territory. Tribal organization, based on the opole, remained operative in Poland until the Middle Ages. There are several places named Opole in Poland, the best known being in Upper Silesia. To distinguish between these two, the adjective "Lubelskie" was added to the name of the town that is located near the city of Lublin.

History
The first wooden church in Opole Lubelskie was probably built in the 12th century. In 1368, by decree of King Casimir III the Great, Opole received Środa municipal rights, which was confirmed in documents issued in 1419. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Opole Lubelskie was one of centers of Reformation in Poland. Several Calvinists were active here. In 1625, a hospital was built outside the town, along the road to Sandomierz. Between 1663 and 1675, a new parish church was constructed, which still stands. In the mid 18th century, Opole Lubelskie prospered, after Piarists came here upon request of Jan Tarło, who also rebuilt the Słupecki Palace (now Lubomirski Palace) in the baroque style.

A new hospital and schools were built, the church was expanded and a monastery was opened. In the late 18th century, Rozalia Lubomirska spent a few years in the palace of her husband Aleksander, located in the village of Niezdów, near Opole Lubelskie.

Jews first arrived in the town in the sixteenth century. During the Cossack riots of the seventeenth century, many Jews of Opole were murdered and their property looted. Jews later returned to the town, and in the eighteenth century the town had a synagogue, a cemetery, and an entire Hasidic dynasty. The twentieth century brought change to the community. In addition to the Agudat Israel ultra-orthodox movement and a Beit Ya’akov school for orthodox girls, Zionist groups and secular youth movements, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Beitar, were founded in town. Before the German occupation of World War II, 4,325 Jews lived in Opole Lubelskie, comprising more than two thirds of the population. In September 1939 Opole was occupied by the Germans and the Polish population of the city immediately looted Jewish property.

From the beginning of the war, the Germans brutalized, robbed, and humiliated the Jewish population. On 15 February 1941 and 26 February 1941, two deportation transports with 2,003 Jewish men, women and children on board left Vienna Aspang Station for the ghetto which had been set up in Opole Lubelskie. By March 1941, 8,000 Jews lived in Opole Lubelskie, including the native population, the Austrians, and others from nearby communities such as Kazimierz Dolny and Puławy. Jews from France and Slovakia were also brought here. Crowding in the ghetto was intense with between seven and ten people living in each room. The crowding and lack of indoor plumbing and fresh water led to a typhus epidemic in the winter of 1941 from which hundreds died. From May 1941, men and women capable of work were deployed as forced labourers in Dęblin, Golab, Józefów, and elsewhere. Some worked in the residences, offices, and mess halls of German officials and police.

The German authorities killed several dozen hospital patients in July 1941 and raped and murdered Jewish teenagers in 1942. The mass murder of residents of the ghetto began in the spring of 1942. Hundreds of Jews were brought there and then sent on to killing or labor camps. Transports began in March with one to Belzec extermination camp on 31 March 1942 and deportations to the Sobibor extermination camp followed in May and October 1942. The last transport may have included most local Jews. Women and children rode in horse-drawn carts driven by local farmers; men walked. At Strzelce, a transit camp, they were put on trains to Sobibor where they were immediately murdered. Of the 2,003 Viennese Jews, only twenty-eight are known to have survived. The number of Opole Jews who survived is unknown.

Today Opole Lubelskie is home to one of the most modern prison in Poland - Zakład Karny Opole Lubelskie, which was opened in October 2009.

Sights
Among points of interest there are the parish Church of Saint Mary (1663-1675, expanded 1748), the complex of the Piarist Monastery, the Lubomirski Palace (today it houses a high school), the town hall (1750), tenement houses and the cemetery chapel (1790). The cemetery itself was opened in 1772.

Cuisine
Among the protected traditional local foods, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, are:
 * Wędzone dzwonka karpia z Pustelni, pieces of smoked carp, produced in a traditional way, without artificial preservatives, in the nearby settlement of Pustelnia, a traditional dish of the area.
 * Masło z Opola Lubelskiego, local butter.

Sports
The local football club is Opolanin Opole Lubelskie. It competes in the lower leagues.

Twin towns
Opole Lubelskie is twinned with:

 * 🇭🇺 Mikóháza, Hungary
 * 🇧🇪 Hamme, Belgium
 * 🇺🇦 Sokal, Ukraine
 * 🇮🇹 Racalmuto, Italy

title: Opole Lubelskie


text:
Agawa River

The Agawa River is a river in Algoma District, Ontario, Canada which empties into Agawa Bay on Lake Superior at the community of Agawa Bay, south of Wawa, Ontario.

History
The Agawa Rock pictographs are located on a rock face extending into Lake Superior in Agawa Bay. Some paintings are at least 1500 years old, while others may only date back to the 1800s. "Aagawaa" means "sheltered place" in the Ojibwe language.

The scenery of this region inspired a number of paintings by the Group of Seven.

Economy
The Algoma Central Railway runs an excursion train which leaves Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and travels through the Agawa Canyon. Agawa Bay and the lower parts of the river are located in Lake Superior Provincial Park.

Tributaries

 * Little Agawa River
 * Eleven Mile Creek
 * Blackspruce Creek
 * Weichel Creek
 * Parch Creek
 * Regan River
 * Sane Creek

Settlements

 * Agawa Bay
 * Canyon
 * O'Connor
 * Eton
 * Millwood

title: Agawa River


text:
Alexithymia

Alexithymia, also called emotional blindness, is a neuropsychological phenomenon characterized by significant challenges in recognizing, expressing, sourcing, and describing one's emotions. It is associated with difficulties in attachment and interpersonal relations. While there is no scientific consensus on its classification as a personality trait, medical symptom, or mental disorder, alexithymia is highly prevalent among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ranging from 50% to 85% of prevalence.

Alexithymia occurs in approximately 10% of the general population and often co-occurs with various mental disorders, particularly with neurodevelopmental disorders. Difficulty in recognizing and discussing emotions may manifest at subclinical levels in men who conform to specific cultural norms of masculinity, such as the belief that sadness is a feminine emotion. This condition, known as normative male alexithymia, can be present in both sexes.

Etymology
The term alexithymia was introduced by psychotherapists John Case Nemiah and Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe a particular psychological phenomenon. Its etymology comes from Ancient Greek. The word is formed by combining the alpha privative prefix ἀ- (a-, meaning 'not') with λέξις (léxis, referring to 'words') and θῡμός (thȳmós, denoting 'disposition,' 'feeling,' or 'rage'). The term can be likened to "dyslexia" in its structure.

In its literal sense, alexithymia signifies "no words for emotions". This label reflects the difficulty experienced by individuals with this condition in recognizing, expressing, and articulating their emotional experiences. Nonmedical terminology, such as "emotionless" and "impassive", has also been employed to describe similar states. Those who exhibit alexithymic traits or characteristics are commonly referred to as alexithymics or alexithymiacs.

Classification
Alexithymia is considered to be a personality trait that places affected individuals at risk for other medical and mental disorders, as well as reducing the likelihood that these individuals will respond to conventional treatments to these disorders. The DSM-5 and the ICD-11 classify alexithymia as neither a symptom nor a mental disorder. It is a dimensional personality trait that varies in intensity from person to person. An individual's alexithymia score can be measured with questionnaires such as the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ), the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), the Online Alexithymia Questionnaire (OAQ-G2), the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA), or the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS). It is distinct from the psychiatric personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder.

However, there is no consensus on the definition of alexithymia, with debate between cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic theorists.

The cognitive behavioral model (i.e., the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia) defines alexithymia as having three components:

The psychoanalytic model defines alexithymia as having four components: In empirical research, it is often observed that constricted imaginal processes, defined as a lack of spontaneous imagining (daydreaming; compare aphantasia), when measured, do not statistically correlate with the other components of alexithymia. Such findings have led to ongoing debate in the field about whether IMP is indeed a component of alexithymia. For example, in 2017, Preece and colleagues introduced the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia, where they suggested that IMP be removed from the definition and that alexithymia be conceptually composed only of DIF, DDF, and EOT, as each of these three are specific to deficits in emotion processing. These core differences in the definition of alexithymia, regarding the inclusion or exclusion of IMP, correspond to differences between psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of alexithymia; whereby psychoanalytic formulations tend to continue to place importance on IMP, whereas the attention-appraisal model (presently the most widely used cognitive-behavioral model of alexithymia) excludes IMP from the construct. In practice, since the constricted imaginal processes items were removed from earlier versions of the TAS-20 in the 1990s, the most used alexithymia assessment tools (and consequently most alexithymia research studies) have only assessed the construct in terms of DIF, DDF, and EOT. In terms of the relevance of alexithymic deficits for the processing of negative (e.g., sadness) or positive (e.g., happiness) emotions, the PAQ is presently the only alexithymia measure that enables valence-specific assessments of alexithymia across both negative and positive emotions; recent work with the PAQ has highlighted that alexithymic deficits in emotion processing do often extend across both negative and positive emotions, although people typically report more difficulties for negative emotions. Such findings of valence-specific effects in alexithymia are also supported by brain imaging studies.
 * 1) difficulty identifying feelings (DIF)
 * 2) difficulty describing feelings (DDF)
 * 3) externally oriented thinking (EOT), characterized by a tendency to not focus attention on emotions.
 * 1) difficulty identifying feelings (DIF)
 * 2) difficulty describing feelings to other people (DDF)
 * 3) a stimulus-bound, externally oriented thinking style (EOT)
 * 4) constricted imaginal processes (IMP) characterized by infrequent daydreaming

Studies (using measures of alexithymia assessing DIF, DDF, and EOT) have reported that the prevalence rate of high alexithymia is less than 10% of the population. A less common finding suggests that there may be a higher prevalence of alexithymia amongst males than females, which may be accounted for by difficulties some males have with "describing feelings", but not by difficulties in "identifying feelings", in which males and females show similar abilities. Work with the PAQ has suggested that the alexithymia construct manifests similarly across different cultural groups, and those of different ages (i.e., has the same structure and components).

Psychologist R. Michael Bagby and psychiatrist Graeme J. Taylor have argued that the alexithymia construct is inversely related to the concepts of psychological mindedness and emotional intelligence and there is "strong empirical support for alexithymia being a stable personality trait rather than just a consequence of psychological distress".

Signs and symptoms
Typical deficiencies may include problems identifying, processing, describing, and working with one's own feelings, often marked by a lack of understanding of the feelings of others; difficulty distinguishing between feelings and the bodily sensations of emotional arousal; confusion of physical sensations often associated with emotions; few dreams or fantasies due to restricted imagination; and concrete, realistic, logical thinking, often to the exclusion of emotional responses to problems. Those who have alexithymia also report very logical and realistic dreams, such as going to the store or eating a meal. Clinical experience suggests it is the structural features of dreams more than the ability to recall them that best characterizes alexithymia.

Some alexithymic individuals may appear to contradict the above-mentioned characteristics because they can experience chronic dysphoria or manifest outbursts of crying or rage. However, questioning usually reveals that they are quite incapable of describing their feelings or appear confused by questions inquiring about specifics of feelings.

According to Henry Krystal, individuals exhibiting alexithymia think in an operative way and may appear to be superadjusted to reality. In psychotherapy, however, a cognitive disturbance becomes apparent as patients tend to recount trivial, chronologically ordered actions, reactions, and events of daily life with monotonous detail. In general, these individuals can, but not always, seem oriented toward things and even treat themselves as robots. These problems seriously limit their responsiveness to psychoanalytic psychotherapy; psychosomatic illness or substance abuse is frequently exacerbated should these individuals enter psychotherapy.

A common misconception about alexithymia is that affected individuals are totally unable to express emotions verbally and that they may even fail to acknowledge that they experience emotions. Even before coining the term, Sifneos (1967) noted patients often mentioned things like anxiety or depression. The distinguishing factor was their inability to elaborate beyond a few limited adjectives such as "happy" or "unhappy" when describing these feelings. The core issue is that people with alexithymia have poorly differentiated emotions, limiting their ability to distinguish and describe them to others. This contributes to the sense of emotional detachment from themselves and difficulty connecting with others, making alexithymia negatively associated with life satisfaction even when depression and other confounding factors are controlled for.

Associated conditions
Alexithymia frequently co-occurs with other disorders. Research indicates that alexithymia overlaps with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In a 2004 study using the TAS-20, 85% of the adults with ASD fell into the "impaired" category and almost half fell into the "severely impaired" category; in contrast, among the adult control population only 17% were "impaired", none "severely impaired". Fitzgerald & Bellgrove pointed out that, "Like alexithymia, Asperger's syndrome is also characterised by core disturbances in speech and language and social relationships". Hill & Berthoz agreed with Fitzgerald & Bellgrove (2006) and in response stated that "there is some form of overlap between alexithymia and ASDs". They also pointed to studies that revealed impaired theory of mind skill in alexithymia, neuroanatomical evidence pointing to a shared etiology, and similar social skills deficits. The exact nature of the overlap is uncertain. Alexithymic traits in AS may be linked to clinical depression or anxiety; the mediating factors are unknown and it is possible that alexithymia predisposes to anxiety. On the other hand, while the total alexithymia score as well as the difficulty in identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking factors are found to be significantly associated with ADHD, and while the total alexithymia score, the difficulty in identifying feelings, and the difficulty in describing feelings factors are also significantly associated with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, there is no significant relationship between alexithymia and inattentiveness symptom.

There are many more psychiatric disorders that overlap with alexithymia. One study found that 41% of US veterans of the Vietnam War with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were alexithymic. Another study found higher levels of alexithymia among Holocaust survivors with PTSD compared to those without. Higher levels of alexithymia among mothers with interpersonal violence-related PTSD were found in one study to have proportionally less caregiving sensitivity. This latter study suggested that when treating adult PTSD patients who are parents, alexithymia should be assessed and addressed also with attention to the parent-child relationship and the child's social-emotional development.

Single study prevalence findings for other disorders include 63% in anorexia nervosa, 56% in bulimia, 45% to 50% in major depressive disorder, 34% in panic disorder, 28% in social phobia, and 50% in substance abusers. Alexithymia is also exhibited by a large proportion of individuals with acquired brain injuries such as stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Alexithymia is correlated with certain personality disorders, particularly schizoid, avoidant, dependent and schizotypal, substance use disorders,  some anxiety disorders and sexual disorders as well as certain physical illnesses, such as hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and functional dyspepsia. Alexithymia is further linked with disorders such as migraine headaches, lower back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, nausea, allergies and fibromyalgia.

An inability to modulate emotions is a possibility in explaining why some people with alexithymia are prone to discharge tension arising from unpleasant emotional states through impulsive acts or compulsive behaviors such as binge eating, substance abuse, perverse sexual behavior or anorexia nervosa. The failure to regulate emotions cognitively might result in prolonged elevations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine systems, which can lead to somatic diseases. People with alexithymia also show a limited ability to experience positive emotions leading Krystal and Sifneos (1987) to describe many of these individuals as anhedonic.

Alexisomia is a clinical concept that refers to the difficulty in the awareness and expression of somatic, or bodily, sensations. The concept was first proposed in 1979 by Yujiro Ikemi when he observed characteristics of both alexithymia and alexisomia in patients with psychosomatic diseases.

Causes
It is unclear what causes alexithymia, though several theories have been proposed.

Early studies showed evidence that there may be an interhemispheric transfer deficit among people with alexithymia; that is, the emotional information from the right hemisphere of the brain is not being properly transferred to the language regions in the left hemisphere, as can be caused by a decreased corpus callosum, often present in psychiatric patients who have suffered severe childhood abuse. A neuropsychological study in 1997 indicated that alexithymia may be due to a disturbance to the right hemisphere of the brain, which is largely responsible for processing emotions. In addition, another neuropsychological model suggests that alexithymia may be related to a dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex. These studies have some shortcomings, however, and the empirical evidence about the neural mechanisms behind alexithymia remains inconclusive.

French psychoanalyst Joyce McDougall objected to the strong focus by clinicians on neurophysiological explanations at the expense of psychological ones for the genesis and operation of alexithymia, and introduced the alternative term "disaffectation" to stand for psychogenic alexithymia. For McDougall, the disaffected individual had at some point "experienced overwhelming emotion that threatened to attack their sense of integrity and identity", to which they applied psychological defenses to pulverize and eject all emotional representations from consciousness. A similar line of interpretation has been taken up using the methods of phenomenology. McDougall has also noted that all infants are born unable to identify, organize, and speak about their emotional experiences (the word infans is from the Latin "not speaking"), and are "by reason of their immaturity inevitably alexithymic". Based on this fact McDougall proposed in 1985 that the alexithymic part of an adult personality could be "an extremely arrested and infantile psychic structure". The first language of an infant is nonverbal facial expressions. The parent's emotional state is important for determining how any child might develop. Neglect or indifference to varying changes in a child's facial expressions without proper feedback can promote an invalidation of the facial expressions manifested by the child. The parent's ability to reflect self-awareness to the child is another important factor. If the adult is incapable of recognizing and distinguishing emotional expressions in the child, it can influence the child's capacity to understand emotional expressions.

The attention-appraisal model of alexithymia by Preece and colleagues describes the mechanisms behind alexithymia within a cognitive-behavioral framework. Within this model, it is specified that alexithymia levels are due to the developmental level of people's emotion schemas (those cognitive structures used to process emotions) and/or the extent to which people are avoiding their emotions as an emotion regulation strategy. There is a large body of evidence currently supporting the specifications of this model.

Molecular genetic research into alexithymia remains minimal, but promising candidates have been identified from studies examining connections between certain genes and alexithymia among those with psychiatric conditions as well as the general population. A study recruiting a test population of Japanese males found higher scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale among those with the 5-HTTLPR homozygous long (L) allele. The 5-HTTLPR region on the serotonin transporter gene influences the transcription of the serotonin transporter that removes serotonin from the synaptic cleft, and is well studied for its association with numerous psychiatric disorders. Another study examining the 5-HT1A receptor, a receptor that binds serotonin, found higher levels of alexithymia among those with the G allele of the Rs6295 polymorphism within the HTR1A gene. Also, a study examining alexithymia in subjects with obsessive–compulsive disorder found higher alexithymia levels associated with the Val/Val allele of the Rs4680 polymorphism in the gene that encodes Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme which degrades catecholamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine. These links are tentative, and further research will be needed to clarify how these genes relate to the neurological anomalies found in the brains of people with alexithymia.

Although there is evidence for the role of environmental and neurological factors, the role and influence of genetic factors for developing alexithymia is still unclear. A single large scale Danish study suggested that genetic factors contributed noticeably to the development of alexithymia. However, some scholars find twin studies and the entire field of behavior genetics to be controversial. Those scholars raise concerns about the "equal environments assumption". Traumatic brain injury is also implicated in the development of alexithymia, and those with traumatic brain injury are six times more likely to exhibit alexithymia.

Relationships
Alexithymia can create interpersonal problems because these individuals tend to avoid emotionally close relationships, or if they do form relationships with others they usually position themselves as either dependent, dominant, or impersonal, "such that the relationship remains superficial". Inadequate "differentiation" between self and others by alexithymic individuals has also been observed. Their difficulty in processing interpersonal connections often develops where the person lacks a romantic partner.

In a study, a large group of alexithymic individuals completed the 64-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) which found that "two interpersonal problems are significantly and stably related to alexithymia: cold/distant and non-assertive social functioning. All other IIP-64 subscales were not significantly related to alexithymia."

Chaotic interpersonal relations have also been observed by Sifneos. Due to the inherent difficulties identifying and describing emotional states in self and others, alexithymia also negatively affects relationship satisfaction between couples.

In a 2008 study alexithymia was found to be correlated with impaired understanding and demonstration of relational affection, and that this impairment contributes to poorer mental health, poorer relational well-being, and lowered relationship quality. Individuals high on the alexithymia spectrum also report less distress at seeing others in pain and behave less altruistically toward others.

Some individuals working for organizations in which control of emotions is the norm might show alexithymic-like behavior but not be alexithymic. However, over time the lack of self-expressions can become routine and they may find it harder to identify with others.

Treatment
Generally speaking, approaches to treating alexithymia are still in their infancy, with not many proven treatment options available.

In 2002, Kennedy and Franklin found that a skills-based intervention is an effective method for treating alexithymia. Kennedy and Franklin's treatment plan involved giving the participants a series of questionnaires, psychodynamic therapies, cognitive-behavioral and skills-based therapies, and experiential therapies. After treatment, they found that participants were generally less ambivalent about expressing their emotion feelings and more attentive to their emotional states.

In 2017, based on their attention-appraisal model of alexithymia, Preece and colleagues recommended that alexithymia treatment should try to improve the developmental level of people's emotion schemas and reduce people's use of experiential avoidance of emotions as an emotion regulation strategy (i.e., the mechanisms hypothesized to underlie alexithymia difficulties in the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia).

In 2018, Löf, Clinton, Kaldo, and Rydén found that mentalisation-based treatment is also an effective method for treating alexithymia. Mentalisation is the ability to understand the mental state of oneself or others that underlies overt behavior, and mentalisation-based treatment helps patients separate their own thoughts and feelings from those around them. This treatment is relational, and it focuses on gaining a better understanding and use of mentalising skills. The researchers found that all of the patients' symptoms including alexithymia significantly improved, and the treatment promoted affect tolerance and the ability to think flexibly while expressing intense affect rather than impulsive behavior.

A significant issue impacting alexithymia treatment is that alexithymia has comorbidity with other disorders. Mendelson's 1982 study showed that alexithymia frequently presented in people with undiagnosed chronic pain. Participants in Kennedy and Franklin's study all had anxiety disorders in conjunction with alexithymia, while those in Löf et al. were diagnosed with both alexithymia and borderline personality disorder. All these comorbidity issues complicate treatment because it is difficult to find people who exclusively have alexithymia.

title: Alexithymia


text:
Janów Lubelski

Janów Lubelski is a town in southeastern Poland. It has 11,938 inhabitants (2006). Situated in the Lublin Voivodship, Janów Lubelski belongs to Lesser Poland, and is located in southeastern corner of this historic Polish province. It is the capital of Janów Lubelski County. It has a large hospital (Samodzielny Publiczny Zespół Zakładów Opieki Zdrowotnej). It also has several tourist attractions, including buildings and churches from the 17th and 18th centuries. Janów Lubelski is home to the Open-air museum of the Forest Railway in Janów Lubelski

The town lies on the edge of Roztocze, on the Białka river, and its area is 14.80 square kilometers. South of Janów there is the extensive Solska Forest. The town is located at the intersection of two national roads: the 19th (Rzeszów – Lublin – Białystok – Grodno), and the 74th (Hrubieszów – Zamość – Kraśnik – Kielce – Piotrków Trybunalski). The distance to Lublin is 70 kilometers, and to Rzeszów, 90 kilometers.

History
The history of Janów Lubelski dates back to the 12th century, when first human settlements appeared in Sandomierz Forest. Over time, the number of villages grew, and a busy merchant road was constructed from Zamość to Sandomierz. In the first half of the 17th century, local noblewoman Katarzyna Zamoyska (see: Zamoyski family) decided to found a town along the road. On July 21, 1640, King Władysław IV Vasa issued a royal privilege, agreeing to found the town of Biała with Magdeburg Rights. The coat of arms of the new town presented Saint Mary, and to build houses, the area located southwest of the Biała river was chosen. The name Janów appeared a few years later. It comes from the first name Jan (John), and commemorates Jan Zamoyski, the son of Katarzyna Zamoyska. In a similar fashion, the towns of Klemensów (now a district of Szczebrzeszyn) and Tomaszów Lubelski were named.

In 1648 Janów was captured and burned by the Cossacks of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Four years later, the population was decimated by diseases. As a result, Jan Zamoyski, who wanted to rebuild Janów, allowed the first Jewish settlers in the town (1652). In 1653, Tatars loyal to Poland came to Janów and decided to settle here as well. In 1660, Dominicans were invited to Janów, to a church and a monastery which had been funded by the Zamoyski family. The boundaries of the town were soon extended, and in the late 17th century, Janów had ca. 1,000 residents, with several artisans. After the Third Partition of Poland (1795), Janów was annexed by Austria. In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and after its dissolution, in 1815, it was transferred to Russian-controlled Congress Poland. At that time it had some 2,000 residents, and in 1804, a great fire destroyed 71 houses. The number of residents declined, so the Zamoyski family decided to bring cloth makers from Silesia, who settled in a district called Sukiennia. After the November Uprising, the border between Austria and the Russian Empire was closed, which resulted in the collapse of cloth-making enterprises.

In the early 19th century, Russian authorities created Zamość County, with the capital in Zamość. Soon afterwards, however, Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia demanded that Zamość should remain a militarized city (see Zamość Fortress), and civilian authorities (police, courts, criminal prison) moved between 1817 and 1827 to Janów. Due to this fact, the town quickly grew; the so-called New Town was founded, and in 1820, a municipal park was opened. In 1834 Janów was divided into three parts: Stare Miasto (Old Town), Nowe Miasto (New Town), and Przedmieście Zaolszynie (The Suburb of Zaolszynie). In 1841, an Eastern Orthodox church was built for Russian troops stationed in Janów, and by the mid-19th century, the population grew to 3,500. In 1860, Janów had 2 hotels, a pharmacy, 4 inns, a school, a number of cloth-making enterprises, and 12 public houses. Main streets and the market square were paved; there was a hospital (1867) and a tannery. After the January Uprising, many residents of the town and the county were sent to katorga in Siberia, and the Dominican monastery was appropriated by Russian authorities.

At the beginning of the 20th century Janów had 8,000 inhabitants. During World War I, the town was the area of heavy fighting, and in 1922, after Poland had regained independence, almost half of houses burned in a fire. Janów began to grow after 1925, when additional streets were paved, 7 bridges were built, and a middle school was completed. In 1934 it had two saw mills, a mill, a brewery, and a slaughterhouse. A local power plant provided electricity, there were 339 artisans, a hospital, a senior citizen center and several civic organizations, such as Riflemen's Association.

During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, Janów was three times bombed by the Luftwaffe, which killed 350 people and destroyed 85% of the town. The town was afterwards occupied by Germany. At least 17 Poles from the county were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940, while in June 1940, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles during the AB-Aktion. Arrested Poles were imprisoned in Lublin, and then often deported to the Sachsenhausen and Auschwitz concentration camps, while some were murdered during large massacres of Poles committed in Rury, Lublin. A forced labour camp was opened in 1940, and the town's Jewish population was persecuted by the occupiers. Several Jewish partisan groups operated in the Janów forests for the duration of the war. Despite this, only around 20 Jews from the town survived the Holocaust out of 3,500 to 5,000 Jews who lived in the town before the war.

Soviet and Polish troops captured Janów on July 26, 1944, and afterwards the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. In April 1945, units of the Home Army attacked the local prison, freeing resistance fighters from Warsaw, who were kept there. Near Janów, the Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze took place.

In 1956 Janów County was re-created, and in the 1960s the town grew, due to several new factories built there. The number of inhabitants grew, new districts were created, a new hospital was opened, as well as kindergartens, post office, and a municipal stadium.

From 1975 to 1998, Janów belonged to Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship.

Sights and culture
Janów is home to two local museums and the Baroque Saint Mary of Rosary Sanctuary, located in the former Dominican monastery (1694–1769). The world's oldest monument dedicated to Tadeusz Kościuszko, dating back to 1818, is located in the town. The town is surrounded by forests.

Cuisine
Janów Lubelski with its surroundings is known for its traditional foods and drinks, often based on honey, buckwheat, cereals and potatoes, traditionally grown and produced in the region. Among those foods and drinks are gryczak janowski, buckwheat honey and honey nalewka, all of which are protected traditional regional foods, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.

Gryczak janowski is a traditional local cake made of buckwheat and millet kasza with cheese and smetana. It is served hot or cold, and is considered a dish of high nutritional, medicinal and dietetic values.

Buckwheat honey is popular throughout the Lublin Region, including Janów Lubelski. Rich in magnesium, iron, vitamin C and protein, it is used to treat a wide range of diseases.

Janowska nalewka miodowa (honey nalewka of Janów) is a local type of nalewka, a traditional Polish alcoholic drink. It is of 50% alcohol by volume.

Economy
The Browar Janów Lubelski brewery is located in the town.

title: Janów Lubelski


text:
Mount Baxter (Antarctica)

Mount Baxter is a large buttress-type mountain, located just south of O'Kane Canyon where it forms a rounded projection of the east escarpment of the Eisenhower Range, in Victoria Land, Antarctica.

Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04) under Scott, who named it for Sir George and Lady Baxter of Dundee, supporters of the expedition.

title: Mount Baxter (Antarctica)


text:
Talk:Chantal Mouffe

Untitled
Her name is Chantal not Chantall - how can this be corrected?

How is Mouffe pronounced?
Hehehe, how else do you think? "moof". QuartierLatin1968

Link to Westminster does not work I think it is: http://www.westminster.ac.uk/about-us/directory/mouffe,-chantal (if you suppose to link to that page ??)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.132.106.107 (talk) 18:59, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chantal Mouffe


text:
Headlines (Jay Leno)

Headlines was a segment that aired weekly on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. It also aired on the prime-time spin-off The Jay Leno Show. The segment usually aired on Monday nights. It was first seen in 1987, when Leno was still a guest host on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and continued (even after Leno became permanent host in 1992) until Jay Leno left The Tonight Show in 2014.

This segment reappeared on TV as part of a new version of the game show You Bet Your Life hosted by Leno beginning in 2021. Viewers submitted newspaper headlines or other articles from all over the world, and the clippings contain either (but not limited to) a misspelled word, juxtaposed image or badly structured sentences that comically (and often in an unintentionally risqué way) completely change the meaning of what the writer intended.

Influence
On December 18, 2006, an item in The Dallas Morning News about David Letterman, which included a photograph of Leno, was included on both Headlines and on Small Town News, a segment with a similar conceit on Letterman's Late Show.

In January 2010, during the replacement of O'Brien as Tonight Show host, Letterman ran a fake promo (featuring former Tonight announcer Edd Hall) for the return of Leno to The Tonight Show, referring to "Headlines" as "the bit [Leno] stole from Letterman's late-night show".

Publications
Leno released several compilations of Headlines during the late 1980s and early 1990s: All profits from sale of the books went to charity, most notably the Samuel Jared Kushnick Foundation.
 * Headlines: Real but Ridiculous Headlines from America's Newspapers
 * More Headlines
 * Headlines III: Not The Movie, Still The Book
 * Headlines IV: The Next Generation
 * Jay Leno's Police Blotter: Real-Life Crime Headlines

Wil B. Strange includes "personal ads from the book 'Jay Leno's Headlines'" in an issue of Campus Life.

title: Headlines (Jay Leno)


text:
Talk:Mount Baxter (Antarctica)

Untitled
The initial information for this mountain was obtained by a query search using the GNIS Antarctica Data Base Query Form. RedWolf 19:29, May 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Baxter (Antarctica)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rape a Clown for Peace

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Rape a Clown for Peace.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

The subject of this article is a message on a blogsite entitled 'Rape a Clown for Peace'. It seems to be claiming the message was politically significant, but google finds no related news stories. Or it could be a THF[*].
 * [*] - Tinfoil Hat Failure.

 * Delete. - TB 19:30, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, let's have lengthy articles about every tasteless joke on the Interweb! No, wait, let's not. Delete. —No-One Jones 19:33, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like the work of our banned buddy User:Enforcer.  RickK 19:34, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it gets reposted, could it be speedy delete? Andris 20:56, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Articles reposted after a valid deletion are candidates for speedy deletion (case #5). -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:16, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:16, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - err...ah yes, the old "Pockets of resistance conspiracy theory" --- only one person could possibly be responsible for anything that reflects poorly on us and and friends, and it is not about our failures - it is about the creeps who dare expose our failures - and that person wears a tinfoil hat. Keep, and let Wikimedia's board of directors remove the link from their site, apologizing for their inadvertant affiliation with abusive behavior that puts American Troops at Risk. Pfc.ProudAmerican 00:35, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Sock puppet. RickK 00:39, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Possibly another nasty, see the talk page. Article contains a mixture of POV, falsehood, nonsense and a few things I'm not sure about but nothing I recognise as useful, interesting or encyclopedic. Minimise time wasted is my advice. Andrewa 00:51, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is just a bunch of bitter, slanted, utterly false BS.  SPEEDY delete, if you would. - Lucky 6.9 04:14, 10 May 2004 (UTC
 * Lucky6.9 seems quite articulate in the genre of insults, but is unable to substantiate the harangue with evidence of any factual error in the article. The phrase Raping a clown is common recent chatter on blogs, getting 490 hits, often directed at the Tee-Shirt advert featured in the Tim Blair commentary. Blair's comment - sponsored by Spirit of America, is the 1st Google hit. AndyG 18:00, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is just a bunch of bitter, slanted, possibly factually accurate BS. -Litefantastic 20:05, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Another sock puppet. RickK 00:58, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Thank you, Litefantastic.  It isn't often I get savaged by a sock puppet!  Seriously, if this is accurate, it strikes me as terribly POV and not overwhelmingly notable. - Lucky 6.9 20:36, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. BCorr | Брайен 03:37, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yawn. How about "Rape a sockpuppet for peace".  Some funny visual imagery there.  It's funny when kooks of one sort or another think you can't recognize them by their behavior.  Oh, yes, and delete this rant. Isomorphic 04:37, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * A rant, and mostly nonsensical at that. Delete. Burgundavia 20:29, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Random. -- EuroTom 22:02, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Alchow

Hi Alchow. On Translation into English you have added your translation of Battle_of_Changsha_(1944), but the link to the original (presumably chinese) article is broken. Any chance you could fix this? If you need any help the let me know. --HappyDog 19:32, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese
Originally posted on Reference desk:
 * The Youth Group to which I am attached at our local church (St Mary's Amersham) have decided to protest on behalf of two Chinese Christian leaders, one Protestant and one Catholic, who have, according to Amnesty International, been imprisoned or otherwise restrained because of their faith. They have composed a letter for each and are collecting signatures. I had the idea that getting the various documents translated into Chinese would present the project in a better light. Is there anyone who would be prepared to perform such a translation? The texts to be translated would be posted on sub-pages of my user-page to provide full disclosure and allow cross-checking if necessary. I am aware that there are two Chinese wikipedias: Traditional and Simple; whether or not two translations of our documents would be good is open to question (I would assume "yes"). NB: this is not an official Amnesty International project, they were simply the source of our information, so don't go asking them, they almost certainly won't have heard of us. They should have heard of the subjects, however, should anyone require further confirmation once the source documents are posted..''

Would you be in a position to help me, or to point me to someone who can? --Phil | Talk 16:23, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alchow


text: User:Itai/Big-O

title: User:Itai/Big-O


text:
Stephen Heller

Stephen Heller (15 May 1813 – 14 January 1888) was a Hungarian pianist, teacher, and composer whose career spanned the period from Schumann to Bizet. Heller was an influence for later Romantic composers. He outlived his reputation, and was a near-forgotten figure at his death in 1888.

Biography
Heller was born in Pest, Hungary in 1813. He had been destined for a legal career, but instead decided to devote his life to music. At the age of nine he performed Jan Ladislav Dussek's Concerto for Two Pianos with his teacher, Franz Brauer, at the Budapest Theater. He played so well that he was sent to study in Vienna, Austria, under Carl Czerny. Unable to afford Czerny's expensive fees, he became a student of Anton Halm. After a success in his first public concert in Vienna at the age of 15, his father undertook a concert tour through Hungary, Poland and Germany.

Heller returned to Budapest by way of Kassel, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Hamburg, and Augsburg. After passing the winter of 1829 at Hamburg, he was taken ill at Augsburg in the summer of 1830. He abandoned the tour there and was soon afterwards adopted by a wealthy patron of music.

At the age of 25, he travelled to Paris, where he became closely acquainted with Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and other renowned composers of his era. Here Heller achieved distinction both as a concert performer and as a teacher. He taught piano to Isidor Philipp, who later became head of the piano department of the Conservatoire de Paris.

In 1849 Heller performed in England, where in 1850 he was the subject of a long serial article (that is divided between many issues) devoted to his music in the British Musical World. In 1862 he performed Mozart's E-flat concerto for two pianos with Charles Hallé at The Crystal Palace.

He spent the last twenty-five years of his life in Paris.

Works
Heller was a prolific composer for the piano and his studies remain popular with music teachers and students.

Complete worklist

 * Op. 1 Thème de Paganini varié
 * Op. 2 Les charmes de Hambourg. Rondeau brillant
 * Op. 3 Fantaisie dramatique sur les opéras Semiramide et Masaniello
 * Op. 4 Valse Favorite de Hubovsky. Variations brillantes
 * Op. 5 Thème polonais. Variations brillantes
 * Op. 6 Zampa. Variations brillantes sur l'opéra de Herold
 * Op. 7 Trois Impromptus
 * Déclaration
 * Adieu
 * Amour sans repos
 * Op. 8 Scherzo No. 1 (Rondo-Scherzo)
 * Op. 9 Sonata No. 1 in D minor
 * Op. 10 Trois morceaux brillants
 * Divertissement L'elisire d'amore
 * Rondoletto Norma
 * Rondoletto L'elisire d'amore
 * Op. 11 Rondo-Valse
 * Op. 12 Rondoletto sur La Cracovienne du ballet The Gipsy
 * Op. 13 Les treize. Divertissement brillant sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 14 Passetemps. Six rondinos sur des mélodies de Strauss
 * Op. 15 Les treize. Rondo sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 16 24 Etudes. L'Art de phraser
 * Op. 17 Le shérif. Six caprices sur une romance de l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 18 La chanson du pays. Improvisata sur une mélodie de Reber
 * Op. 19 La captive. Deux caprices sur une mélodie de Reber
 * Op. 20 Hai Luli. Deux impromptus sur une mélodie de Reber
 * Op. 21 Bergeronnette. Deux impromptus sur une mélodie de Reber
 * Op. 22 La Favorita. 4 rondos sur l'opéra de Donizetti
 * Op. 23 Le guitarrero. Quatre rondos sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 24 Scherzo No. 2
 * Op. 25 Richard, Cœur de lion. Étude mélodique sur l'opéra de Gretry
 * Op. 26 Richard, Cœur de lion. Impromptu sur l'opéra de Gretry
 * Op. 27 Caprice brillant in E♭ major
 * Op. 28 Caprice symphonique in A major
 * Op. 29 La chasse. Étude
 * Op. 30 Dix pensées fugitives for Violin and Piano (collaboration with H.W. Ernst)
 * Passé
 * Souvenir
 * Romance
 * Lied
 * Agitato
 * Adieu
 * Rêverie
 * Caprice
 * Inquiétude
 * Intermezzo
 * Op. 30a ditto, for Piano Solo
 * Op. 31 La Juive. Petite fantaisie sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 32 La Juive. Bolero sur un motif de l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 33 La Truite (Die Forelle) Caprice brillant, mélodie de Schubert
 * Op. 34 Le roi des aulnes (Erlkönig) Mélodie de Schubert
 * Op. 35 La poste. Improvisata. Mélodie de Schubert
 * Op. 36 L'éloge des larmes (Lob der Tränen). Morceau de salon, mélodie de Schubert
 * Op. 37 Charles VI. Fantaisie sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 38 Charles VI. Caprice brillant sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 39 La kermesse. Danse Néerlandaise
 * Op. 40 Miscellanées
 * Rêverie
 * La petite mendiante
 * Eglogue
 * Op. 41 Le déserteur. Caprice sur un motif de l'opéra de Monsigny
 * Op. 42 Valse élégante [brillante]
 * Op. 43 Valse sentimentale
 * Op. 44 Valse villageoise
 * Op. 45 25 Études. Introduction à l'art du phrasé
 * Op. 46 30 Études mélodiques et progressives
 * Op. 47 25 Études pour former au sentiment du rhythme et à l'expression
 * Op. 48 No. 1 Charles VI. Chant national de l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 48 No. 2 Sylvana. Une pastorale
 * Op. 49 Quatre arabesques
 * Op. 50 Scènes pastorales
 * Op. 51 Le désert. Caprice brillant sur l'ode-symphonie de Félicien David [Capricce brillante sur la Marche de la Caravane et la Rêverie du 'Désert' de Félicien David]
 * Op. 52 Venitienne
 * Op. 53 Tarantella No. 1
 * Op. 54 Fantaisie-Stück [Grande Fantaisie auf Lieder von Schubert]
 * Op. 55 La fontaine. Caprice brillant, mélodie de Schubert
 * Op. 55a Mélodie de Schubert. Transcription of Liebesbotschaft
 * Op. 55b Trois mélodies de Schubert
 * Op. 56 Sérénade
 * Op. 57 Scherzo No. 3 (Scherzo fantastique)
 * Op. 58 Rêveries
 * Op. 59 Valse brillante
 * Op. 60 Canzonetta No. 1
 * Op. 61 Tarantella No. 2
 * Op. 62 2 Waltzes
 * D♭ major
 * A♭ major
 * Op. 63 Capriccio
 * Op. 64 Humoresque (Presto capriccioso)
 * Op. 65 Sonata No. 2 in B minor
 * Op. 66 La val d'Andorre . Caprice brillant sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 67 On Wings of Song (Auf Flügeln des Gesanges)[La vallée d'amour]. Improvisata sur la mélodie de Mendelssohn
 * Op. 68 Stänchen (Hark! Hark! The lark). Caprice brillant, sérénade de Schubert
 * Op. 69 Fantaisie-Sonate on Mendelssohn's Volkslied (Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rath)
 * Op. 70 Le Prophète. Caprice brillant sur l'opéra de Meyerbeer
 * Op. 71 Aux mânes de Frédéric Chopin. Élégie et Marche
 * Op. 72 3 Mélodies de Mendelssohn
 * Chant du matin
 * Chant du troubadour (Minnelied)
 * Chant du dimanche
 * Op. 73 [Three Pieces]
 * Le chant du chasseur
 * L'adieu du soldat
 * Berceuse
 * Op. 74 No. 1 L'enfant prodigue. Fantaisie sur l'opéra d'Auber
 * Op. 74 No. 2 L'enfant prodigue. Valse brillante sur l'opéra d'Auber
 * Op. 75 No. 1 La dame de pique. Rondeau-caprice sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 75 No. 2 La dame de pique. Romance variée sur l'opéra de Halévy
 * Op. 76 Caprice caractéristique sur des thèmes de l'operette de Mendelssohn Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde
 * Op. 77 Saltarello sur un thème de la quatrième symphonie de Mendelssohn
 * Op. 78 Promenades d'un solitaire I. 6 morceaux caratéristiques
 * Op. 79 Traumbilder. 6 Pieces
 * Op. 80 Promenades d'un solitaire II (Wanderstunden) (Rêveries d'artiste). 6 Pieces
 * Op. 81 24 Preludes
 * Op. 82 Nuits blanches (Restless Nights). 18 morceaux lyriques
 * Op. 83 Feuillets d'album. Six morceaux
 * Op. 84 Impromptu
 * Op. 85 2 Tarantellas (Nos. 3 & 4)
 * Op. 86 Dans les bois I (Im Walde). 7 Rêveries
 * Op. 87 Tarentella No. 5
 * Op. 88 Sonata No. 3 in C major
 * Op. 89 Promenades d'un solitaire III (In Wald und Flur). 6 Pieces
 * Op. 90 24 nouvelles Études
 * Op. 91 3 Nocturnes
 * Op. 92 3 Eglogues
 * Op. 93 2 Waltzes
 * Op. 94 Tableau de genre
 * Op. 95 Allegro pastorale
 * Op. 96 Grand étude de concert
 * Op. 97 12 Ländler et Valses
 * Op. 98 Improvisata sur une mélodie de R. Schumann (Flutenreicher Ebro)
 * Op. 99 4 Fantaisie-Stücke
 * Op. 100 Canzonetta No. 2
 * Op. 101 Rêveries du promeneur solitaire
 * Op. 102 Morceau de chasse
 * Op. 103 Nocturne in G major
 * Op. 104 Polonaise in E♭ major
 * Op. 105 3 Songs without Words
 * Op. 106 3 Bergeries
 * Op. 107 4 Ländler
 * Op. 108 Scherzo No. 4
 * Op. 109 Feuilles d'automne (Herbstblätter) 2 Pieces
 * Op. 110 Une grande feuille et une petite (pour un album)
 * Op. 111 Morceaux de Ballet
 * Pas Noble - Intermède
 * Pantomime - Couplets dansés
 * Op. 112 Caprice humoristique
 * Op. 113 Fantaisie-caprice
 * Op. 114 Deux cahiers
 * Préludes et Scènes d'enfants
 * Presto Scherzoso
 * Op. 115 3 Ballades
 * Op. 116 2 Études
 * Op. 117 3 Preludes
 * Op. 118 Variétés. 3 morceaux
 * Boutard
 * Feuillet d'album
 * Air de ballet
 * Op. 119 32 Preludes (à Mademoiselle Lili)
 * Op. 120 7 Songs without Words
 * Op. 121 3 Morceaux
 * Ballade
 * Conte
 * Rêverie du gondolier
 * Op. 122 Valses-rêveries
 * Op. 123 Feuilles volantes
 * Op. 124 Scènes d'Enfants
 * Op. 125 24 Nouvelles études d'expression et de rhythme
 * Op. 126 3 Overtures
 * Pour un drame
 * Pour une pastorale
 * Pour un opéra comique
 * Op. 127 4 Études d'après Der Freischütz de Weber
 * Op. 128 Dans les bois II. 7 Pieces
 * Op. 129 2 Impromptus
 * Op. 130 33 Variations on a theme of Beethoven
 * Op. 131 3 Nocturnes (Ständchen)
 * Op. 132 2 Polonaises
 * Op. 133 21 Variations on a theme of Beethoven
 * Op. 134 Petit album. 6 Pieces
 * Op. 135 2 Intermèdes de concert
 * Op. 136 Dans les bois III. 6 pieces
 * Op. 137 2 Tarantellas (Nos. 6 & 7)
 * Op. 138 Album dédié à la jeunesse. 25 Pieces in 4 books
 * Op. 139 3 Études
 * Op. 140 Voyage autour de ma chambre. 5 Pieces
 * Op. 141 4 Barcarolles
 * Op. 142 Variations on a theme of Schumann
 * Op. 143 Sonata No. 4 in B♭ minor
 * Op. 144 Caprices sur des thèmes de Mendelssohn
 * Op. 145 Waltz
 * Op. 146 Sonatina No. 1 in C major
 * Op. 147 Sonatina No. 2 in D major
 * Op. 148 4 Mazurkas
 * Op. 149 Sonatina No. 3 in D minor
 * Op. 150 20 Preludes
 * Op. 151 2 Études
 * Op. 152 6 Waltzes for piano duet
 * Op. 152a ditto, for piano solo
 * Op. 153 Tablettes d'un solitaire
 * Op. 154 21 Études techniques pour préparer à l'exécution des ouvrages de Fr. Chopin
 * Op. 155 Fabliau
 * Op. 156 Capriccietto
 * Op. 157 3 Feuillets d'album
 * Op. 158 Mazurka in B major

Works without opus numbers

 * Eglogue in A
 * Esquisse in F
 * Prière in C
 * Romance de l'opéra La chaste Suzanne
 * Serenade in A
 * Valse allemande
 * Transcriptions of 6 Songs by Mendelssohn
 * 30 Songs by Franz Schubert arranged for Piano
 * Lebewohl
 * Die Gestirne
 * Schlummerlied
 * Der Tod und das Mädchen
 * Die junge Mutter
 * Rosamunde
 * Ständchen
 * Ave Maria
 * Das Zügenglöcklein
 * Auf dem Wasser zu singen
 * Lob der Tränen
 * Die junge Nonne
 * Gretchen am Spinnrad
 * Die Post
 * Erlkönig
 * Der Alpenjäger
 * Du bist die Ruh
 * Im Haine
 * Des Mädchens Klage
 * Ungeduld
 * Morgengruss
 * Abschied
 * Der Wanderer
 * Die Forelle
 * Sei mir gegrüsst
 * Der Fischer
 * Lied des Jägers
 * Das Echo
 * Drange in die Ferne
 * Im Dorfe
 * 7 Deutsche Lieder, for voice and piano

Discography

 * Album dédié à la jeunesse, Op. 138: No. 9 Morton Estrin, piano. Connoisseur Society CSS 4238
 * 2 Barcarolles Op. 141 Nos. 1 & 2 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * La chasse. Étude, Op. 29 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Dans les bois I, Op. 86 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Dans les bois II, Op. 128 Marc Pantillon, piano. Claves ASIN: B000026B99
 * Dans les bois III, Op. 136 Marc Pantillon, piano. Claves ASIN: B000026B99
 * 25 Études, Op. 45 Jan Vermeulen, piano. Brilliant ASIN: B0009IW8TO
 * Étude, Op. 45 No. 16 ("The Mermaid") Allan Schiller, piano. ASV ASIN: B000025QK4
 * 30 Études, Op. 46 Jan Vermeulen, piano. Brilliant ASIN: B0009IW8TO
 * Étude, Op. 46 No. 7 Julianne Markavitch, piano. Starlight Music AZ ASIN: B00006VXOF
 * 25 Études, Op. 47 Jan Vermeulen, piano. Brilliant ASIN: B0009IW8TO
 * -- Sergio Marengoni, piano. Koch-Disco (Koch International) ASIN: B0000251NE
 * Étude, Op. 47 No. 2 Morton Estrin, piano. Connoisseur Society CSS 4238
 * 4 Études d'après Der Freischütz de Weber, Op. 127 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * 2 Impromptus Op. 129 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * 2 Intermèdes de concert, Op. 135 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * La Truite (Die Forelle) Caprice brillant, mélodie de Schubert, Op. 33 Elena Margolina, piano. Ars Produktion ASIN: B00007LL51
 * Le roi des aulnes (Der Erlkönig) Mélodie de Schubert, Op. 34 Elena Margolina, piano. Ars Produktion ASIN: B00007LL51
 * 2 Lieder Ulf Bästlein, bass-baritone; Stefan Laux, piano. Audite 97.423
 * Mazurka in D♭ Op. 148 No. ? Jean Martin, piano. Arion
 * Nocturne in G major, Op. 103 Gerhard Puchelt, piano. Genesis Records GS 1043 [LP]
 * 3 Nocturnes (Ständchen), Op. 131 Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. CPO ASIN: B00000AEOI
 * Nuits blanches Op. 82 Jean Martin, piano. Marco Polo ASIN: B0000045Y9
 * 3 Pieces, Op. 121 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * 2 Polonaises Op. 132 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * 24 Preludes, Op. 81 Jean Martin, piano. Marco Polo ASIN: B000024OJG
 * -- Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. Fsm Adagio ASIN: B000003V5V
 * Prelude, Op. 81 No. 2 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Prelude, Op. 81 No. 15 Stéphane Reymond, piano. Cantando 9208
 * 32 Preludes (à Mademoiselle Lili) Op. 119 Jean Martin, piano. Marco Polo ASIN: B0000045Y9
 * 20 Preludes, Op. 150 Jean Martin, piano. Marco Polo ASIN: B000024OJG
 * Prelude, Op. 150 No. 16 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Prelude, Op. 150 No. 17 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Promenades d'un solitaire I, Op. 78 Marc Pantillon, piano. Claves ASIN: B000026B99
 * -- Daniel Blumenthal, piano. Etcetera ASIN: B0000000P8
 * -- Gerhard Puchelt, piano. Genesis Records GS 1043 [LP]
 * Promenades d'un solitaire II, Op. 80 Daniel Blumenthal, piano. Etcetera ASIN: B0000000P8
 * Promenades d'un solitaire II, Op. 80 No.? Hans Kann, piano. Preiser ASIN: B00004LMPW
 * Promenades d'un solitaire III, Op. 89 Daniel Blumenthal, piano. Etcetera ASIN: B0000000P8
 * Rêveries du promeneur solitaire, Op. 101 Marc Pantillon, piano. Claves ASIN: B000026B99
 * Sérénade, Op. 56 Ilona Prunyi, piano. Hungaroton ASIN: B000F6ZIEW
 * Sonata No. 4 in B♭ minor Op. 143 Sergio Marengoni, piano. Koch-Disco (Koch International) ASIN: B0000251NE
 * Sonatina No. 2 in D major, Op. 147 Daniel Blumenthal, piano. Etcetera ASIN: B000025Y9A
 * 7 Songs without Words Op. 120 Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. CPO ASIN: B00000AEOI
 * Tarantella No. 1, Op. 53 Gerhard Puchelt, piano. Genesis Records GS 1043 [LP]
 * 2 Tarantellas (Nos. 3 & 4), Op. 85 Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. CPO ASIN: B00000AEOI
 * Tarantella No. 4, Op. 85 No.2 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * -- Julianne Markavitch, piano. Starlight Music AZ ASIN: B00006VXOF
 * Traumbilder, Op. 79 Dirk Joeres, piano. Innov. Music Prod. ASIN: B000000TIC
 * La Truite (Die Forelle) Caprice brillant, Op. 33 Frank Glazer, piano. Bridge ASIN: B000FO4494
 * -- Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * Valses-rêveries, Op. 122 Gerhard Puchelt, piano. Genesis Records GS 1043 [LP]
 * 33 Variations on a theme of Beethoven, Op. 130 Catherine Joly, piano. Accord ASIN: B000004CCT
 * -- Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. Fsm Adagio ASIN: B000003V5V
 * -- Gerhard Puchelt, piano. Genesis Records GS 1043 [LP]
 * Variations on a theme of Schumann Op. 142 Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. CPO ASIN: B00000AEOI
 * Voyage autour de ma chambre, Op. 140 Andreas Meyer-Hermann, piano. CPO ASIN: B00000AEOI
 * -- Stéphane Reymond, piano. Cantando 9208
 * Voyage autour de ma chambre, Op. 140 No. 2 Clemens Kröger, piano. Thorofon (Bella Musica) ASIN: B0000279WB
 * Voyage autour de ma chambre, Op. 140 No. 5 Clemens Kröger, piano. Thorofon (Bella Musica) ASIN: B0000279WB
 * Waltz, Op. 93 No. 1 Clemens Kröger, piano. Thorofon (Bella Musica) ASIN: B0000279WB

title: Stephen Heller