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Technics SL-1200

Technics SL-1200 is a series of direct-drive turntables originally manufactured from October 1972 until 2010, and resumed in 2016, by Matsushita Electric (now Panasonic Corporation) under the brand name of Technics. S means "Stereo", L means "Player". Originally released as a high fidelity consumer record player, it quickly became adopted among radio and disco club disc jockeys, thanks to the direct drive, high torque motor design, making it initially suitable for pushbutton cueing and starting of tracks on radio and in dance clubs. Beside these features it had a so called pitchcontrol, which allowed the user to change the turning speed of the record (also BPM: beats per minute) gradually from -8% to +8%. This feature was specifically interesting for DJ's who were mixing two or more records with each other, especially in dance clubs.

When the use of slipmats for cueing and beat-mixing (and scratching) became popular in hip hop music, the quartz-controlled high torque motor system enabled records to be mixed with consistency and accuracy. A primary design goal was for hi-fidelity, but having good build quality, control over wow and flutter, and minimized resonance made the equipment particularly suitable for use in nightclubs and other public-address applications. Since its release in 1979, SL-1200MK2 and its successors were the most common turntables for DJing and scratching.

1200s are commonly used in recording studios and for non-electronic live music performance. More than 3 million units were sold. It is widely regarded as one of the most durable and reliable turntables ever produced. Many 1970s units are still in heavy use. In the autumn of 2010, Panasonic announced that the series was to be discontinued. The Technics brand was discontinued at the same time, but relaunched in 2014, focusing on higher end and more expensive products. The company was aware that Technics was expected to eventually make turntables again, so at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Panasonic announced that they would return in two models named "Grand Class": one a limited run of 1200 globally (1200GAE), and the other a consumer product (1200G). A lighter and less expensive 1200GR model was announced. The more affordable and DJ-oriented SL-1200 MK7 followed in 2019.

At the London Science Museum, a Technics SL-1210 is on display as one of the pieces of technology that have "shaped the world we live in".

Features
SL-1200 features include:
 * Magnetic (no wear), direct drive (low slip) mechanism.
 * High torque (1.5 kgf·cm or 0.15 N·m), which means the platter spins at the desired speed almost immediately (0.7 seconds to reach 33 ¹⁄₃ RPM from standstill), and rapidly reacquires the desired speed, without "overshooting", if the platter is dragged or nudged. This aids beatmatching.
 * High torque (3.3 kgf·cm for SL-1200G & SL-1200GAE)
 * High torque (2.2 kgf·cm for SL-1200GR)
 * High torque (1.8 kgf·cm for SL-1200MK7)
 * Low wow and flutter (0.01%) i.e. the platter stays within 1/100 of 1% of the desired speed.
 * Heavy base (2.5 kg), and increased isolation of platter from base, reduced the likelihood of feedback or stylus jumping.
 * Variable pitch control, allowing the rotational speed to be adjusted from -8% to +8% (for the purpose of beatmatching). Option to select -16% to +16% added (M5G/MK5G/GLD, GAE/G/GR & MK7).
 * High reliability: many examples of SL-1200s lasting well over 15 years of heavy use and withstanding physical shock without functional impairment.
 * S-shaped tone arm: No longer popular on high end hi-fi turntables.
 * Dimensions MK1: 45.3 cm (w) x 36.6 cm (d) x 18 cm (h)
 * Dimensions MK2: 45.3 cm (w) x 36 cm (d) x 16.2 cm (h)
 * Weight MK2: 11 kg (net, unboxed without lid)
 * Weight G/GAE: 18 kg
 * Weight GR: 11.5 kg
 * Weight MK7: 9.6 kg
 * Voltage: 220 V / 110 V (selectable)
 * Pitch Control: +/- 8% or +/- 16%
 * Starting Time (MK2): 0.7s
 * Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3 & 45 rpm
 * Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3, 45 rpm & 78rpm (MK4 MK7, G & GR)

History
The SL-1200 was the most influential turntable. It was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in 1972. It was adopted by New York City hip hop DJs such as Grandmaster Flash in the 1970s. As they experimented with the SL-1200 decks, they developed scratching techniques when they found that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.

SL-1200
The SL-1200 was introduced in 1972 as an evolution to the popular SL-1100. It was dubbed "The Middle Class Player System". It was delivered in two different versions: The SL-1200 came with a tonearm section. The SL-120 came without a tonearm section. An SME tonearm was the usual choice for the audiophile.

MK2 models (1979-2010)
The SL-1200 Mark 2 was introduced in 1979 as an update to the SL-1200. It represented a culmination of Technics Turntable Innovations. It was dubbed as "The Middle Class Quartz Direct Drive". It soon found its way into discos as well as radio stations for airplay because of its vibration damping ability and resistance to feedback, and eventually it became popular with pioneering hip-hop DJs. Following their established formula, Technics offered different model numbers in Europe: the 1200 (silver) and the 1210 (matte black), which were equipped with switchable dual voltage (110V or 220V) power supplies. Initially, there were only silver models (all named 1200 MK2) in official distribution in Japan and the US (Single voltage of 100V/120V accordingly). However, later the 1200 was available in both silver and matte black finishes (in Japan, the introduction of the MK3 in 1989 marked the first official introduction of a black version). Since 1997, the MK2 had the pitch slide potentiometer changed from 6 pin to 8 pin mounting with part number SFDZ122N11 and later from 20k ohm to 22k ohm, part number SFDZ122N11-1 up until late 1996. After which part number SFDZ122N11-2 was the preferred option which had a +/- 0.5mm quartz travel lock, much shorter than previous versions. This meant that the null point on the centre voltage tap was slightly bigger thus removing the quartz lock conflict. The difference can be seen in the following video demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_rr01ssq8o

SFDZ122N11-2 was brought back into production in 2018.

The earlier MK2 models 1978-1983 or so also have a different construction in the rubber base of the turntable. These turntables were made with a base that was completely rubber, whereas the newer version has 2 separate parts: rubber outside and a bakelite inlay that makes it considerably easier to take apart.

SL-1200MK2
Released in summer of 1979. this model came in both silver and matte black. The matte black version was available for a limited time in the US market in a 2 pack SL-1200MK2PK. Technics improved the motor and shock resistance and changed the rotary pitch control to a slider style. This became the base model and is the oldest whose production continued until 2010. The older version of this model that was sold from 1979 until around 1983 has a large 4 in plate where the RCA and ground wires enter the unit, while the newer version has a smaller 2 in hole in the rubber where the RCA and ground enter. International versions of the SL-1200MK2 included switches for line voltage and frequency beneath the platter.

SL-1210MK2
This model came in satin black metallic finish and is nearly the same in function as the SL-1200MK2, although some of the circuitry inside is updated to use fewer types of pots and resistors. The Technics 1210 series also had a switch to change between voltages on the underside of the platter. It was unavailable from official Panasonic dealers in the United States.

SL-1200MK3
Released in 1989, has a matte black finish like the MK2, gold RCA plugs, and a small gold-foil Technics label on the back. It was destined only for the Japanese market.

SL-1200MK3D
Japan only, factory gold RCA cables, black or silver finish. Pitch reset button. Released in 1997.

SL-1200M3D
Released in 1997, a silver finish like the MK2 (beside silver finish, there are copies with "champagneish" color), a detached dust cover (no hinges), a recessed power switch to prevent DJs from accidentally turning the deck off during use, and no self-locking detent ("click") at the zero point of the pitch adjustment slider, allowing more precise control of pitch near that point. It has a reset button that sets the pitch adjustment to 0, regardless of the actual position of the pitch adjustment slider. In addition the M3D series has unique details: the brand and model label is printed in a single line instead of two; and the stroboscopic light is red with a slightly orange tone. This model also introduced a slot near the counterweight allowing for storage of a second headshell. The M'K'3D was designed for Japanese markets While the M3D without the K was European/US.

SL-1210M3D
This model is the same as the SL-1200M3D except with a matte black finish like the MK2.

SL-1200MK4
The SL-1200 Mark 4 was introduced in 1996. It was an update to the SL-1200MK2. It was available only in Japan and priced at around $650. It has a matte black finish. This model is aimed at the hi-end audiophile market rather than DJs. It is the last model made with the detent ("click") in the neutral position (+/- 0%) of the pitch adjustment slider. In addition to the existing 33 RPM and 45 RPM buttons, the MK4 added a 78 RPM button. It is designed to be used with regular removable RCA cables (along with a removable ground/earth cable) rather than having hard wired RCA cables like all other 1200/1210 models. The tonearm was different from those in the previous models as it was made from titanium.

SL-1200MK5
Released on 1 November 2000, this has a silver finish like the MK2, an increased range of anti-skate settings (from 0–3 grams-force (0–30 mN) of older models to 0–6 grams-force (0–60 mN)). The 1200MK5 also has the voltage selector under the platter like the previously improved upon '1210' models. Height adjustment can be set between 0 and 6mm. It carries over many of the improved upon features of the MK3D like the lack of 0 crossing quartz lock for better pitch control & the added spare cartridge holder. MK5 models have a removable lid as opposed to the MK2 and MK3 removable hinged lid. The MK5 is the last 1200 model to retain an analog, Quartz-clock based pitch control. Brake speed can be adjusted by using a small screwdriver in a hole located below the turntable plate.

SL-1210MK5
SL-1210MK5 has a black finish [noir] like the MK2, and is 'functionally' exactly the same as the SL-1200MK5. [Not to be confused with M5'G']

SL-1200MK5G
Released in 2002, 1200MK5G [Not to be confused with MK5 models] The G model was the first Technics turntable to introduce a 'digitally controlled' pitch adjustment. With previous pitch ranges between + and - %8. The m5G added +-%8 Value With the 'addition' of a +-%16 button. Also added was the use of an LED globe on the target light (Previously incandescent) See 1210m5G for more detailed changes.

SL-1210M5G
Released on 1 November 2002, this has a glossy black finish with silver speckles. It was a special 30th-anniversary edition. It was initially launched in Japan only (together with the MK5) but then became internationally available. It switches between ±8% and ±16% ranges for pitch adjustment, and the pitch control is digital which will be the standard for all 1200 models from this point on. It also features blue target lights and blue pitch-number illumination. The brake strength potentiometer, although still located beneath platter, can now be adjusted, unlike previous models, using a small plastic knob. Minor improvements over Mk2, Mk3, Mk4, & 1200LTD include improved tonearm mounting and oxygen-free copper wire, improved vibration damping in the body, improvements to pitch control accuracy and better LEDs. Available as 120 volt model for the North American market.

MK6 models (2007-2008)

 * SL-1200MK6-K & SL-1200MK6-S (released in February 2008 in Japan) with minor improvements including improved tonearm mounting and oxygen-free copper wire, improved vibration damping in the body, improvements to the pitch control accuracy and better LEDs. -S model has a silver finish like the MK2.
 * SL-1200MK6K1 Released on 12 December 2007 (in Japan) as a special 35th-anniversary Limited edition of 1200 units. It consisted of a standard black MK6 packaged up with a booklet and gold record.

Special models
These were limited edition versions, with 24 karat gold plated metal parts including tonearm and buttons. Many "non-official" special models of the SL-1200 and SL-1210 appeared over the years, mainly given away as prizes for turntablism, most notably the DMC World Championship, who awarded the winner a pair of 24K gold plated Technics turntables. Due to the customisation trend that has grown in the DJ community, many local events or competitions gave away custom coloured or finished units.

SL-1200LTD (1995)
The SL-1200 Limited Edition was introduced in 1995 commemorating two million units in sales. Only 5,000 units were made. Due to popular demand, an extra 500 units were said to be made at the end of the production run. Like the MK3D, it has a pitch reset button, but differs in that it also has a self-locking detent at the zero position of pitch adjustment. This model has a piano black gloss finish and gold-plated hardware. It was priced at about US$1200.

SL-1200GLD (2004)
Released in 2004, another limited edition model, with only 3,000 units manufactured. 500 released in Japan with the rest split between the US and International markets. It is based on the MK5G model, with blue (instead of the regular white) target lights, a piano black gloss finish, and gold-plated hardware. It was "created to commemorate the 3 Million turntables sold by technics in the last 30 years".

Grand Class SL-1200 Series (2016-2020)
Development of a completely rebuilt SL-1200 from the ground up with the intent to create a new system for Hi-Fi use and to redefine the direct-drive turntable reference.

SL-1200G
Announced in January 2016 CES in Las Vegas, released in October 2016, SL-1200 Grand Class, an aluminum bound turntable with a high–damping matte magnesium tonearm, a four–layer turntable cabinet, three-layer platter, complete with a microprocessor and the use of a newly developed coreless twin-rotor direct-drive motor with no iron core with rotary positing sensors to eliminate cogging, as well as providing 78 rpm speed compatibility.

SL-1200GAE
Announced in January 2016 CES in Las Vegas, released in April 2016, SL-1200 Grand Class 50th Anniversary Edition - A Limited edition of 1,200 units. Same as above, but high polish tonearm tube finish and different viscous material in the turntable feet. Both the G and GAE had an approximate MSRP price of £3,100 / €3,499 / $4,000.

SL-1210GAE
On 28 May 2020, Technics hosted an online launch event to reveal the SL-1210GAE as an alternative for the cancelled High End Munchen 2020 event at which they initially planned to reveal it. It is their 55th Anniversary Edition turntable - A limited edition of 1,210. Each unit has a plaque on it with its production number engraved in it. The SL-1210GAE is the black counterpart of the SL-1200GAE and is the same in every aspect except the color and the additional feature to turn off the strobe light. It had an approximate MSRP price of €4,499

SL-1200GR
Announced in January 2017 CES, the GR model is a stripped-down budget version of the G, cutting the price tag more than half at an approximate MSRP of £1,299 / US$1,700. It differs in body construction that it uses a more traditional cast aluminium design similar to the older decks and a one-piece cast platter which brings an overall weight difference between the G/GAE. The G/GAE and GR both use what are essentially the same 9-pole motor. Whereas the G has twin rotors, the GR has a single rotor, giving it less torque. The GR differs from the G in its use of a feedback generator coil system (as used in the original SL1200) instead of an optical encoder.

SL-1210GR
This is the same as the SL-1200GR except with a matte finish.

MK7 models (2019-2023)
The MK7 models were launched as the first new Technics standard DJ turntable in approximately nine years. The MK7, along with the Grand Class models, no longer have "QUARTZ" printed on the plinth nor dust cover.

SL-1200MK7
Announced in January 2019 CES, the new model inherits the traditional design of the same series in all black and maintains the same operating ease, reliability and durability, while newly adding a coreless direct drive motor and other sound-enhancing technologies. It also features new DJ play functions and features, such as reverse playback, adjustable starting torque and brake speed, detachable terminals for power cable and phono cables (which was previously only available on the MK4 model), an option to select the strobe light indicator from red to blue (the 33/45 lights, 0-pitch reset light and the X2 pitch range light also change to match the color selected), and a new push-type structure for the white LED stylus illuminator.

SL-1210MK7
This is the same as the black SL-1200MK7, but intended for the European market. A silver coloured SL-1200MK7 was introduced in 2021.

SL-1210MK7R
Available from September 2020 globally, the SL-1210MK7R is a limited edition version of the SL-1210MK7 produced in collaboration with the Red Bull BC One international breakdancing competition. The SL-1210MK7R comes in Red Bull livery with red headshell, gold-coloured tone arm and decals.

SL-1200M7L
In honor of its 50th anniversary, Panasonic released the SL-1200M7L, a new limited edition version of the MK7. The M7L is available in seven colors – black, red, blue, white, green, yellow and beige – with each featuring a handful of nice touches. All seven colorways come with an anodized tone arm and slipmat with a gold-colored Technics logo. Each one also comes with an engraved serial number. Panasonic plans to only sell 12,000 units of the SL-1200M7L.

SL-1200MK7SP
Technics will release a new limited edition SL1200MK7SP turntable in very limited numbers for the fall-winter 2023, in collaboration with streetwear brand, Supreme. The core unit is identical to the 1200MK7 but features a white plinth and accessories such as headshell, buttons, power switch, anti-skate, tonearm weight, tonearm height adjuster and pitch slider knob. It sports a metallic Supreme badge on the unit’s body as well as a Supreme logo on the slipmat. Lastly, it features a Technics logo featured in Supreme's iconic red on the dust cover.

Design strengths

The SL-1200 series was developed as a special project by Technics parent company Matsushita in an attempt to solve problems related to turntable design. The task included minimizing acoustic feedback, unwanted resonances, wow and flutter and speed errors. This was achieved by designing a heavy plinth (base) made of a non-resonant composite sandwiched between a cast alloy top plate and a solid rubber base. In addition, the adjustable rubber-damped feet insulated against acoustic feedback, which can be a serious problem when operating a turntable in close proximity to loudspeakers (a common situation for DJs). The underside of the platter is coated with a 1.2mm layer of rubber to reduce ringing and the platter design is reliant on the use of the supplied 2mm rubber mat. Most users remove the rubber turntable mat and replace it with a slipmat for mixing. However, without the rubber mat, the platter is prone to resonance at 250 Hz when used near a large club sound system.

The drive system designed by Matsushita is direct-drive rather than the more commonly found belt-drive type, a less expensive design. The direct-drive design, which was developed to reduce wow and flutter, produces a very quiet turntable that, for a direct-drive turntable, has minimal motor and bearing noise, (although the bearing rumble does tend to become characteristic in well-used turntables). This was partially achieved through the fact that the SL1210/1200 made the platter a part of the motor mechanism.

On the underside of the platter a large magnet is placed over the spindle, surrounding the coils and forming the motor drive, thus eliminating loss through power transfer. The SL-1200 utilizes a Frequency Generator Servo Control Quartz Lock system that is claimed to produce the most accurate and consistent speed possible. The system is immune to static and dynamic stylus drag which otherwise cause unwanted speed variances that change the pitch and tempo of the music.

Termination
On 1 November 2010, Panasonic made the following statement on the DMC World DJ Championships home page.

 * Panasonic reactive statement - Production of analogue turntables has ceased

 * Panasonic has confirmed that it ceased the production of its Technics-branded analogue turntables this autumn.

 * After more than 35 years as a leading manufacturer of analogue turntables, Panasonic has regretfully taken the decision to leave this market. However, Panasonic will continue to sell headphones under the Technics brand.

 * We are sure that retailers and consumers will understand that our product range has to reflect the accelerating transformation of the entire audio market from analogue to digital.

 * In addition, the number of component suppliers serving the analogue market has dwindled in recent years and we brought forward the decision to leave the market rather than risk being unable to fulfil future orders because of a lack of parts.

 * Panasonic employees who have been working on the analogue turntable range have been redeployed elsewhere within Panasonic - many of them continuing to work in Panasonic's Audio Video Business Unit.

Re-launch petition
Due to the increasing popularity of vinyl by DJs, a petition has been underway (and a petition page on Facebook) for the re-launch of the Technics SL1200/SL1210 series turntables. As of September 2015 the petition had 27,000 supporters, while 35,000 is the target Panasonic requested. On 5 January 2016, Technics agreed to relaunch both the SL-1200G and the SL-1200GAE

Resuming production
At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Panasonic announced it would be resuming production with a new line of turntables, beginning with the Limited Edition SL-1200GAE

At the 2019 Consumer Electronics Show, Panasonic confirmed future production of a new turntable respectively the SL-1200 Mk7 in matte black, adding new features, fixing known issues with previous models, and all new lighter construction of aluminium and fiber glass.

In 2021 Panasonic ceased manufacturing Technics turntables in Japan, and moved all turntable production to Malaysia

title: Technics SL-1200


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Tintern

Tintern (Tyndyrn) is a village in the community of Wye Valley, on the west bank of the River Wye in Monmouthshire, Wales, close to the border with England, about 5 mi north of Chepstow. It is popular with tourists, in particular for the scenery and the ruined Tintern Abbey. Modern Tintern has been formed by the coalescence of two historic villages: Tintern Parva, forming the northern end of the village, and Chapel Hill, which forms the southern end. The village is designated as a Conservation Area.

In 2022 the community was renamed from "Tintern" to "Wye Valley" and had boundary changes.

Early history
The name Tintern may derive from the Welsh din + d/teyrn, meaning "rocks of the king".

A ford, known as Tintern Ford, stretched across the tidal River Wye and was in use in Roman times. After the Romans withdrew from Wales, the kingdom of Gwent emerged, and, according to tradition, one of their 6th century kings, Tewdrig, abdicated to become a hermit in Tintern. He came out of retirement to defeat the invading Saxons in battle: probably at Tintern ford, shown as a 6th century battle site on Ordnance Survey records. Three cairns on a hillside 200 m and 1800 m above and to the west of the ford are known locally as "Devil's Lap Stones". There is a local tradition that they are burial mounds of soldiers killed in a battle in the vicinity. Although the distance and height difference between the ford and cairns is considerable, it is possible that there may be a connection between the two sites. Local legend also suggests a battle site at Pont y Saison — Welsh for Bridge of the Saxons or English – in the Angiddy Valley but the name is more likely to refer to the architect of the stone bridge.

The abbey
Tintern Abbey was founded beside the river by Walter de Clare on 9 May 1131, during the reign of King Henry I. It was the second Cistercian foundation in Britain, and its monks came from a daughter house of Cîteaux in France. The present-day remains at Tintern are a mixture of building works covering several centuries. Between 1270 and 1301 the abbey was rebuilt, and when it was completed around four hundred monks lived in the complex. The abbey's land was divided into agricultural units or granges, and local people provided farm labour and served the abbey and its many visitors. For 400 years, it dominated the economy of its surrounding area. During some of this period the area was contested between the Welsh and English, the closest battle being won in 1404 by Owain Glyndŵr, at Craig y Dorth near Monmouth. The area also had to contend with the Black Death, and it is suspected that the neighbouring village of Penterry disappeared at that time. The abbey remained in operation until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536.

Brass, iron and wire works
It has been suggested that the monks or lay brethren of Tintern Abbey exploited the woodlands and river power for operating iron forges, but evidence of this is lacking. Industrial activity began in 1568 when the newly-established Company of Mineral and Battery Works built a wireworks. It is possible that brass was made, but the works mainly made iron wire. This was used to produce a wide variety of goods: cards for the woollen industry, nails, pins, knitting needles and fish hooks. The site was convenient, because the Wye offered transportation, the Angiddy stream provided water power, trees in nearby woods were used for charcoal fuel, and the locality provided a ready supply of minerals. The company began letting their works. Farmers of the works in the 17th century included Sir Basil Brooke, Thomas Foley, the important ironmaster and his son Thomas Foley. A blast furnace and forges were built in the valley in the 17th century and operated with the wireworks until the end of the 19th century. For 300 years, the numerous works and forges along the Angidy Valley dominated the village and surrounding communities. A branch from the Wye Valley Railway to the Lower Wireworks by way of a bridge (the 'Wireworks Bridge') was completed in 1875, but this was too late to stop them going out of business. In 1878 a new company leased the site to manufacture tinplate, but by 1895 it was reported as closed and only some ruins, associated ponds, leats and culverts are now visible. The bridge was used in the early 20th century for a horse-drawn tramway and now carries a tourist footpath to the opposite bank. In March 2021, discovery of an underground structure paralleling Angiddy Brook was initially thought to be a "secret medieval tunnel system". Subsequent investigation identified the structure as an original leat system for one of the "missing" mills associated with Tintern Abbey.

The tourist industry
By the late 18th century, tourism had started in the Wye Valley, with many visitors travelling on the river to see the abbey and other "picturesque" sites in the area. William Wordsworth stayed in the village in 1798 and wrote Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey. The completion of the turnpike road (now the A466) in the valley in 1829, and the arrival of the Wye Valley Railway in the 1870s, greatly increased the number of visitors, and tourism became the mainstay of Tintern's economy and remains so today. The Royal George Hotel and Wye Valley Hotel are two of several hotels, inns, and guest-houses located beside the main road.

Tintern Abbey
Tintern Abbey was founded on 9 May 1131 by Walter de Clare, Lord of Chepstow. It was the first Cistercian foundation in Wales, and only the second in Britain (after Waverley Abbey).

The abbey fell into ruin after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. Its remains have been celebrated in poetry and painting from the 18th century onwards. In 1984, Cadw took over responsibility for managing the site. Tintern Abbey is visited by approximately 70,000 people every year.

St Mary the Virgin on Chapel Hill
Medieval in origin, it is believed that the chapel was founded for workers building Tintern Abbey, but the Chapel Hill site was, according to historian Sir Joseph Bradney, previously dedicated to 5th century Welsh saint St Andras. The church was restored over 1863-68 by John Prichard. A Grade II listing was awarded in 1971 in recognition of Prichard's work. St Mary's reredos has been transferred to nearby St Michael's Church for safe-keeping, but interesting architectural features include the following: medieval stonework concentrated at the east end; 14th and 15th century tracery; undated but pre-Victorian stonework such as the stoup, niche, piscina and unusual saddleback stone-tiled tower. Victorian features are limited to the expanded vestry and south wall.

Also Grade II and listed in the surrounding area: the neoclassical monument to J S Brown (d. 1840), a rare 18th or 19th century pyramid tomb, an 18th or 19th century Neoclassical or Baroque sarcophagus tomb of Richard White (d. 1765), and the revetment wall and adjoining paved road leading up to the churchyard. Other monuments of interest include one to Peter Carr who died in the 1913 Senghenydd colliery disaster and a war grave of Private BB Hall, an American citizen who enlisted in the Lancashire Fusiliers and died at Connaught.

The church is privately owned. The working churchyard is owned by the Church in Wales and is maintained by volunteers.

Water Mill
A disused water-driven mill lies in the Abbey Mill area northwest of the abbey. Visitor information and shops can be found close by.

Parva Farm Vineyard
The village also has an award-winning vineyard.

The Moon and Sixpence
The former public house, The Moon and Sixpence, was originally known as the Mason's Arms, but changed its name in 1948 following a visit by Somerset Maugham, author of the 1919 novel of the same name. It has been converted into a group of three private houses.

St Michael's Church, Tintern Parva
The church of St Michael, Tintern Parva dates back to medieval times: a church on the site was recorded around 1348. It was substantially rebuilt in 1846 (although pictorial records suggest it was relatively similar in appearance before and after the rebuilding) and has remained largely unchanged since. The south porch may date to the 15th century. The churchyard includes various 19th century memorials, including one for John Loraine Baldwin, former warden of the abbey.

Old railway station
Tintern railway station was on the former Wye Valley Railway. From the north, approaching Tintern, immediately after Tintern Station the railway crossed the Wye to bypass the village on the other bank. Closed to passengers in 1959, the station, a mile's walk above Tintern, functions as a tourist centre.

Walks
Tintern is home to an extensive network of local footpaths, linking with two long-distance paths: On the Welsh side, the Wye Valley Walk passes nearby, and on the English side, the Offa's Dyke path is also near. The former wireworks railway bridge north of the abbey crosses the River Wye, and is open to the public. It leads, on the English side of the river, to several clearly marked walking paths, most notably a path to the "Devil's Pulpit", and other paths which also lead to Offa's Dyke.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tintern


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Billy Martin (disambiguation)

Billy Martin (1928–1989) was a Major League Baseball player and manager.

Billy Martin or Bill Martin may also refer to:

Music

 * Bill Martin (songwriter) (1938– 2020), Scottish songwriter
 * Billy Martin (percussionist) (born 1963), drummer for jazz trio Medeski Martin & Wood
 * William E. Martin (1945–2016), American songwriter, screenwriter, and voice actor
 * Billy Martin (guitarist) (born 1981), guitarist for American band Good Charlotte
 * Bill Martin, a briefly-used stage name of Billy Joel around 1972
 * Billy Martin, an alias used by Paul McCartney to record his debut solo album, McCartney, in Abbey Road Studios

Sports

 * C. W. Martin (1887–1978), known as Bill, head football coach at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1912
 * Billy Martin (shortstop) (1894–1949), American baseball player
 * Billy Martin (curler) (born c. 1933), Canadian curler
 * Bill Martin (cyclist), winner of the 1901 Austral Wheel Race
 * Billy Martin (halfback) (1938–1976), American football player
 * Billy Martin (tight end) (1942–2018), American football player
 * Billy Martin (tennis) (born 1956), American tennis player in the 1970s
 * Bill Martin (basketball) (born 1962), American basketball player
 * Bill Martin (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1960s for Great Britain and Workington Town
 * Bill Martin (footballer) (1883–1954), English footballer
 * Bill Martin (athletic director), American college athletics administrator

Writers

 * Bill Martin Jr. (1916–2004), American children's book author
 * Billy Martin (author) (born 1967), known professionally as Poppy Z. Brite, American author

Other

 * Bill Martin (artist) (1943–2008), California visionary painter
 * Bill Martin (philosopher) (born 1956), American philosopher at DePaul University
 * Bill Martin (sociologist), Australian sociologist
 * Billy Martin (lawyer), lawyer with Dorsey & Whitney LLP
 * Bill Martin (politician), American politician

title: Billy Martin (disambiguation)


text:
Trans-Nzoia County

Trans-Nzoia County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya, located between the Nzoia River and Mount Elgon, 380 km northwest of Nairobi. At its centre is the town of Kitale which is the capital and largest town. The county borders Bungoma to the west, Uasin Gishu and Kakamega to the south, Elgeyo-Marakwet to the east, West Pokot to the north and the Republic of Uganda to the Northwest. Trans Nzoia covers an area of 2495.5 square kilometres.

Earliest known written records about the region show that Trans Nzoia was inhabited by the Maasai who, by the time of the arrival of colonial settlers, had died or left the district, some had died of illness, others had been killed in intertribal wars with the Suk (Pokot), and the remainder had mostly gone off in the direction of Ravine, though some had gone up Elgon. After independence, many of the farms vacated by white settlers were bought by individuals from other ethnic groups in Kenya. Kitale, its capital town, is now majorly Luhya with inhabitants from other tribes in Kenya occupying almost less than 1% of the population.

The county is largely agricultural with both large scale and small scale wheat, maize and dairy farming. The county is referred to as the basket of Kenya for its role in food production in the country. The majority of its inhabitants are however generally poor.

Electoral constituencies
The county has five constituencies (sub-counties):
 * Cherangany Constituency
 * Kwanza Constituency
 * Saboti Constituency
 * Endebess Constituency
 * Kiminini Constituency

Religion
Religion in Trans-Nzoia County

Religion and culture
Majority of people living in Trans Nzoia County are Christians. Prominent churches in the county include Anglican (ACK), Roman Catholic, Friends (Quakers), Seven-Day Adventist (SDA), and Presbyterians. There are numerous evangelical churches among them the Deliverance, African Inland Church (AIC), Africa Gospel Church (AGC),the Redeemed Church, PEFA, Christian Church International (CCI), Full Gospel and Kenya Assemblies of God (KAG). Other faiths such as Islam and Hinduism are also professed especially in major towns.

Jainism is also practiced by Oshwals in Kitale which is a religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings while emphasising spiritual independence and equality. The indigenous Sabaot tribe or the 'Elgon Maasai' live near Mount Elgon and are a Kalenjin sub tribe. They value their culture and guard it with pride. They are traditionally pastoralists. They used to believe that their god lived in elevated places where they could not reach such as on top of Mount Elgon or up in the sky. However, due to influence of Christianity, education and intermarriage, most of these traditions have been replaced by modern culture, a reason why the one time pastoralists are now big farmers in the region.

Major towns
Located between Mt. Elgon and Cherangany Hills, Kitale is the largest town and Trans Nzoia's administrative capital. Mainly an agricultural town, Kitale has recently shown a lot of economic potential, with agribusiness, real estate and commercial businesses booming the most. The town is home to over 220,000 people and as the last stop of the Kenya railway line, it is an important center for movement of goods in the North Rift.

Matisi, meaning "swampy area", is a fast growing town located in the outskirts of Kitale town along Kitale-Suam road.

Kiminini is a small yet busy town located some 22 kilometers along Kitale Webuye road. It is a significant agricultural center. St. Brigids National Girls High School is located at this town.

Maili Saba means "seven miles" in Swahili. It is located along Kitale-Kapenguria road.

Situated at the foot of Mt. Elgon, some 17 kilometers North Western side of Kitale town, Endebess is an important agricultural town, which also serves as a local administrative and commercial center for Kwanza sub county.

Kachibora is situated at the junction of Kitale-Ziwa-Eldoret road/Kitale-Kapcherop-Kapsowar road, about 30 kilometres from Kitale town. Kachibora is a fast growing agricultural town. It is the administrative headquarters of the Trans Nzoia East sub county.

Economy
Trans Nzoia County's arable land makes agriculture the top economic activity, where maize farming is widely practised, and mostly at a commercial level. Tea, coffee, horticulture and commercial businesses are also very significant to the county's economy. There's dairy farming and booming tourism – owing to an array of touring sites and touristic activities within the county. A number of companies such as Kenya Seed company, Elgon Tea Factory, Western Seed Company, K.C.C and various government institutions provide employment to many people living in the urban centers.

Health facilities
There are about 78 health institutions in Trans Nzoia County – 1 County Referral Hospital, 4 Sub-county Hospitals and 33 Dispensaries. The county has 7 health centers, 28 medical clinics and about 6 nursing homes. Among the notable health facilities include Kitale Referral Hospital, Kapsara sub-county Hospital, Cherangani Sub-county Hospital, Endebess Sub-county Hospital, Mt.Elgon private hospital and Cherangani Nursing Home.

Education
Currently, there are over 470 primary schools and 120 secondary schools in Trans Nzoia. The elite primary school in the county is Titan Academy in Matisi which features the newest technology and champions "Premier Education for the Next Generation". Some of the prominent secondary schools include St. Brigids Girls, St. Monica, St. Joseph's Boys, Kitale School, St. Joseph's Girls, St Anthony Boys High (Kitale Day) ,Kipkeikei boys and Boma Secondary schools. Trans Nzoia has over 20 tertiary institutions, including a university campus, a nursing training college, a teachers' training college, farmers training institute, youth polytechnic and a number of commercial colleges.

Notable personalities

 * Milcah Chemos, who is a reigning Commonwealth games champion
 * Paul Ereng, The 1988 Olympic champion & Former two time indoor world champion record holder
 * Michael Kijana Wamalwa, former vice president and first to die in office
 * Wesley Korir, a long-distance runner who is a former Cherangany Member of Parliament
 * Masinde Muliro, a central figure in Kenya's politics
 * Joseph Magutt, former Kenya envoy to Germany, who declared in 2019 his interest to contest for the position of governor in Trans Nzoia County

Places of interest
Most outstanding places of interest include Mount Elgon National Park, Saiwa Swamp National Park and Kitale Nature Conservancy. Mt. Elgon National Park is located approximately 11 kilometers from Kitale town. Some of the wild animals found here include elephants, buffalos, black and white colobus, giant forest hog and over 420 bird species.

Saiwa Swamp National Park is located some 27 kilometers from Kitale town towards Kitale – Kapenguria road and is good for game viewing and camping. Kitale Museum, located in the heart of Kitale town is one of the most interesting places in the county. Apart from hosting varieties of traditional artifacts, the museum is also home to different snakes' species as well as having one of the largest crocodile pits in Kenya.

Access
From Nairobi, Trans Nzoia is accessible by road via Nakuru-Eldoret, a 380 km journey that normally takes 5–6 hours. Trans Nzoia can also be accessed by air through Kitale's small airport located about 7 kilometers from Kitale town. The road from Nairobi to Kitale is tarmacked and smooth.

title: Trans-Nzoia County


text:
Middle Tennessee

Middle Tennessee is one of the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee that composes roughly the central portion of the state. It is delineated according to state law as 41 of the state's 95 counties. Middle Tennessee contains the state's capital and largest city, Nashville, as well as Clarksville, the state's fifth largest city, and Murfreesboro, the state's sixth largest city and largest suburb of Nashville. The Nashville metropolitan area, located entirely within the region, is the most populous metropolitan area in the state, and the Clarksville metropolitan area is the state's sixth most populous. Middle Tennessee is both the largest, in terms of land area, and the most populous of the state's three Grand Divisions.

Geographically, Middle Tennessee is composed of the Highland Rim, which completely surrounds the Nashville Basin. The Cumberland Plateau is located in the eastern part of the region. Culturally, Middle Tennessee is considered part of the Upland South. Commodity crops such as cotton and tobacco were cultivated by migrant settlers in the region in the antebellum era, who were largely dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans. In addition, planters bred and trained livestock, such as the world-famous Tennessee Walking Horse, which was developed as a breed in the region during this time.

Middle Tennessee was a crucial region during the American Civil War. Tennessee was occupied by Federal troops from 1862 through the end of the war. Many battles and campaigns were waged by Confederates in this region, especially in efforts to control the major rivers. Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest conducted extensive raids through this area, destroying many Union assets in the 1864 Battle of Johnsonville. The bloodiest major battle of the American Civil War by the proportion of engaged soldiers who became casualties, the Battle of Stones River, was also fought here.

In the 20th century, the Grand Ole Opry was established in Nashville, enhancing the city as the home of country music. Since the early 1970s, the region has been transformed by the entry of many new economic sectors, including automotive manufacturing, healthcare, finance, technology, tourism, and professional services. Both the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas are among the fastest-growing regions in the nation.

Native Americans
Throughout the past 10,000 years, a number of different Native peoples are believed to have inhabited what is now Middle Tennessee. The region is believed to have been rich in game animals favored by Ice Age hunter-gatherers. During the Mississippian period (1000–1600 AD), Native Americans established chiefdoms and constructed numerous earthwork mounds in the region, such as Mound Bottom in Cheatham County and the Castalian Springs site in Sumner County. By the late 17th century, for unknown reasons, there were few Native Americans left in Middle Tennessee, but the Cherokee and the Chickasaw claimed the region as their hunting grounds. Natives that had occupied what is now Middle Tennessee prior to this time may have died as a result of new infectious diseases indirectly introduced by European explorers.

Exploration and colonization
The first Europeans to reach what is now Middle Tennessee were probably an expedition in 1540–1541 led by Spanish conquistador Hernando De Soto. By the late 17th century, the French had begun to explore the Cumberland River valley in Middle Tennessee. In 1714, a group of French traders constructed a trading post at a site along the Cumberland River in modern-day Nashville that became known as French Lick. These settlers quickly established an extensive fur trading network with the local Native Americans, but by the 1740s the settlement had largely been abandoned. In the 1750s and 1760s, longhunters from Virginia explored much of Middle Tennessee, especially the Cumberland Plateau. In 1769, French-born fur trader Timothy Demonbreun established residence along the Cumberland River in present-day Nashville.

In 1779, James Robertson and John Donelson led two groups of settlers from the Washington District in what is now East Tennessee to the French Lick. These settlers constructed Fort Nashborough, which they named for Francis Nash, a brigadier general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The next year, the settlers signed the Cumberland Compact, which established the Cumberland Association, a representative form of government based on the government known as the Watauga Association that had been established by the settlers of East Tennessee. Fort Nashborough later developed as the city of Nashville, and a number of other settlements were established nearby in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first settlements in Middle Tennessee became known as the Cumberland Settlements. In 1790, what is now Tennessee became the Southwest Territory, and the settlements in Middle Tennessee were organized into the Mero District, named after Spanish territorial governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró.

In 1795, a survey conducted by the territorial legislature found that the majority of residents of Middle Tennessee were opposed to statehood, while the majority of residents of East Tennessee, of which there were approximately three times more, were in favor. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state the following year. During the antebellum era, a slavery-based agrarian economy took hold in Middle Tennessee, especially in the fertile soils of the Nashville Basin. Planters primarily grew cotton in the Nashville Basin, and tobacco and corn were cultivated in the Highland Rim. By 1860, enslaved African Americans composed about 29% of the population of Middle Tennessee. After the election of Abraham Lincoln that year, a majority of Middle Tennesseans voted against the state's ordinance of secession in February 1861. Many of these white voters supported the continuation of slavery but were skeptical about leaving the Union.

Civil War and Reconstruction
Following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, which started the Civil War, and President Lincoln's call to raise federal troops in response, many Middle Tennesseans changed their opinions about secession. In June 1861, Middle Tennessee voted in favor of Tennessee's second ordnance of secession, which resulted in Tennessee joining the Confederate States of America (CSA), although a few counties in the extreme southwest (Wayne) and northeast (Macon and Fentress) continued to favor the Union.

A number of crucial campaigns and battles of the Civil War took place in Middle Tennessee. General Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862 at the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, essentially establishing Union control of Middle Tennessee. Union troops occupied the state for the duration of the war.

Union strength in the area, however, was tested by a series of Confederate offensives beginning in the summer of 1862, which culminated in Union General William Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland routing Confederate General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee at the Battle of Stones River in Murfreesboro in December 1862 and January 1863. This was one of the bloodiest battles of the entire war. In February, the Confederates took about 670 to 870 casualties in the Battle of Dover when Colonel Abner C. Harding defeated the 2500 Confederate troops with 800 Union soldiers. The next summer, Rosecrans's Tullahoma campaign forced Bragg's remaining troops in Middle Tennessee to flee to Chattanooga with little fighting. The last major battles in Middle Tennessee occurred during the Franklin–Nashville campaign in the fall of 1864, when the Army of Tennessee under the command of General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully tried to lure Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, who was conducting the Atlanta campaign in Georgia, back into the region. Hood was defeated at the Battle of Franklin in November, then completely dispersed from the state by General George Thomas at the Battle of Nashville the following month. The United States Colored Troops (USCT) played a major role in this campaign.

During Reconstruction, Middle Tennessee's economy fell into a state of disrepair. The Ku Klux Klan was formed in Pulaski in December 1865 as a vigilante organization to advance the interests of former Confederates, including maintenance of white supremacy. In the years following the Civil War, African Americans and their White allies in Middle Tennessee were targeted with acts of violence by former Confederates. Many freedmen (former slaves) became sharecroppers following the end of slavery, and were often disadvantaged by the planters' recordkeeping and contracts.

Late 19th and earlier 20th century
The post-Reconstruction era in Middle Tennessee was characterized by continued White violence against African Americans, especially related to elections, and many were lynched in a cycle often related to economic tensions and settlement of finances after harvest. In the late 19th century, African Americans began fleeing Middle Tennessee to booming industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest. This mass migration, which occurred in every Southern state and accelerated between 1915 and 1930, became known as the first wave of the Great Migration. It continued until 1970.

The region's economy continued to be based primarily on agriculture, but coal mining expanded extensively in the Cumberland Plateau in Middle Tennessee in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its centennial of statehood one year late with the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition in Nashville. A full-scale replica of the Parthenon in Athens was designed by architect William Crawford Smith and constructed for the celebration, owing to the city's reputation as the "Athens of the South." The site of the exposition is now a city park called Centennial Park.

The worst rail accident in U.S. history occurred on July 9, 1918, in Nashville when two passenger trains collided head on, killing 101 people and injuring 171. Human error was ultimately deemed to be the main cause of the accident.

The Grand Ole Opry was first broadcast in 1925 in Nashville, and remains the longest-running radio program in the nation. This radio program helped establish Nashville as the national home of country music.

During World War II Camp Forrest, located in Tullahoma, was one of the U.S. Army's largest training bases. It was also used to house German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war. After the war, it was adapted as Arnold Air Force Base. The Vultee Aircraft Corporation operated a plant in Nashville during the war, employing mostly women.

On February 25 and 26, 1946, a civil disturbance known as the "Columbia Race Riot" occurred in Columbia, instigated by a fight between a Black Navy veteran and a White repair apprentice. Described by the press as the "first major racial confrontation" following World War II, the event garnered national attention. It marked a new era of resistance by African-American veterans and others following their participation in World War II, which they believed had earned them their full rights as citizens.

Mid 20th century to present
During the early years of the civil rights movement, the Highlander Folk School near Monteagle provided training to a number of activists in the movement, including Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, John Lewis, and Rosa Parks. The Nashville Student Movement was organized as part of workshops on nonviolence taught by activist James Lawson. Between February and May 1960, the group organized a series of sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville, which successfully resulted in the desegregation of facilities in the city.

The construction of the Interstate Highway System in the latter 20th century facilitated suburbanization in the region and brought new industries to Middle Tennessee. Since 1970, the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas have been two of the fastest-growing regions in the United States. This growth has accelerated since 1990, causing Middle Tennessee to surpass East Tennessee as the most populous of the state's grand divisions in the 2000s. The region's economy has been transformed by new economic sectors, including the automotive, healthcare, banking, technology, and entertainment industries.

Geography
Unlike the geographic designations of regions of most U.S. states, the term "Middle Tennessee" has legal as well as socioeconomic and cultural meaning. Middle Tennessee comprises one of the state's three Grand Divisions, whose boundaries are defined by state law. The others are East Tennessee and West Tennessee, each with distinctive history, geography, and demographics. The total land area of Middle Tennessee is 17,009.41 mi2, representing 41.27 percent of the state's total land area.

According to custom, Middle Tennessee consists of the portion of the state east of the Tennessee River's western crossing of the state (in which it flows northward back into Tennessee after having flowed through northern Alabama) and west of the dividing line between the Eastern and Central time zones. Exceptions to this rule are that Hardin County, which is bisected by the Tennessee River, is defined by state law to be entirely within West Tennessee and that Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Marion counties are defined as part of East Tennessee despite being in the Central Time Zone. Consequently, Sequatchie County is often considered part of East Tennessee, despite being defined by law as part of Middle Tennessee. Two northeastern counties of Middle Tennessee, Fentress and Pickett, that supported the Union during the American Civil War are sometimes culturally considered part of East Tennessee, which had strongly supported the Union.

Topography
Most of Middle Tennessee is located within the Highland Rim and Nashville Basin, both of which are part of the Interior Low Plateaus of the larger Interior Plains. The Highland Rim is an elevated plain that which completely surrounds the Nashville Basin, a geological dome. Both regions are characterized by porous limestone bedrock that lies close to the surface of the ground. This results in karst, which forms caves, underground streams, sinkholes, and depressions throughout the region.

The Highland Rim is often divided into eastern and western halves. The Eastern Highland Rim is relatively flat, with gentle rolling hills, and the eastern Nashville Basin has similar terrain but is dotted with more distinct hills in places. The western Nashville Basin and Western Highland Rim are more rugged, consisting of irregular knob-like hills separated by steep ravines and crooked stream valleys. The eastern Highland Rim has a higher average elevation, however, than the western portion. The eastern portion of Middle Tennessee consists of the western portion of the Cumberland Plateau, part of the larger Appalachian Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Cumberland Plateau has an average elevation of 2,000 ft, and is characterized by flat-topped tablelands separated by long, crooked stream valleys and rocky cliffs with numerous waterfalls. Middle Tennessee's highest elevation, at 2,382 ft, is found on the Cumberland Plateau in Grundy County.

Counties
Under the most common definition, the following 41 counties are included in Middle Tennessee:

 * Bedford
 * Cannon
 * Cheatham
 * Clay
 * Coffee
 * Davidson
 * DeKalb
 * Dickson
 * Fentress
 * Franklin
 * Giles
 * Grundy
 * Hickman
 * Houston
 * Humphreys
 * Jackson
 * Lawrence
 * Lewis
 * Lincoln
 * Macon
 * Marshall
 * Maury
 * Montgomery
 * Moore
 * Overton
 * Perry
 * Pickett
 * Putnam
 * Robertson
 * Rutherford
 * Sequatchie
 * Smith
 * Stewart
 * Sumner
 * Trousdale
 * Van Buren
 * Warren
 * Wayne
 * White
 * Williamson
 * Wilson

The Official Tourism Website of Tennessee has a definition of Middle Tennessee slightly different from the legal definition; the website includes Cumberland County while excluding Grundy and Sequatchie counties.

Population and demographics
Middle Tennessee is the largest in area and most populated of the state's three Grand Divisions. At the 2020 census it had 2,883,086 inhabitants living in its 41 counties, an increase of 427,175, or 17.39%, over the 2010 figure of 2,455,911 inhabitants. This represented the region's largest net population increase in history. Its population was 41.72 percent of the state's total. Its population density was 169.50 PD/sqmi, making it the second-most densely populated Grand Division, behind East Tennessee. Prior to the 2010 census, Middle Tennessee was the second-most populous of the state's Grand Divisions, behind East Tennessee.

Cities and metropolitan areas
Nashville, the state's capital and largest city, is located in north-central Middle Tennessee. It has nearly 700,000 residents, and anchors a 13-county metropolitan area with about 2 million residents that has been Tennessee's largest since the early 1990s. Clarksville, with a population of about 170,000, is Middle Tennessee's second-largest city and the fifth-largest statewide. It is located in the northwest corner of the region near Kentucky. Murfreesboro, located about 35 mi southeast of Nashville, is Middle Tennessee's third-largest city, with more than 150,000 residents. It is also the sixth-largest city in Tennessee and the largest suburb of Nashville. Other important suburbs of Nashville include Franklin, Hendersonville, Smyrna, Spring Hill, Gallatin, Mount Juliet, Lebanon, Columbia, Dickson, and Springfield.

In addition to the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas, Cookeville, located in the eastern part of the region, and Shelbyville, located about 50 mi southeast of Nashville, anchor important population centers in Middle Tennessee. Other important cities in the region include Manchester, McMinnville, Tullahoma, Winchester, Lewisburg, and Lawrenceburg.

Economy
A diversity of sectors drives Middle Tennessee's economy, including music and entertainment, automotive manufacturing, healthcare, and technology. The region's economy is reportedly one of the fastest growing in the United States.

Music and entertainment
Nicknamed "Music City", Nashville is perhaps best known as the home of country music. The Big Three record labels, as well as numerous independent labels, have offices in Nashville, mostly in the Music Row area. Today, Nashville is the second-largest music recording center, behind New York City. Nashville's music industry is estimated to have a total economic impact of about $10billion per year and to contribute approximately 56,000 jobs to the Nashville area.

Business
The largest service industry in Middle Tennessee is healthcare. More than 300 healthcare firms are based in the Nashville area, including Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), the world's largest private operator of hospitals, Community Health Systems, the largest provider of general hospital services in the United States, Envision Healthcare, Vanguard Health Systems, Ardent Health Services, and LifePoint Health. Other important business sectors in the region include banking, finance, insurance, and publishing. The technology sector is also rapidly becoming an important aspect of Middle Tennessee's economy, with such tech giants as Amazon and Oracle pledging investments in the area in 2018 and 2021, respectively, that are expected to employ thousands. Other major corporations headquartered in Middle Tennessee include Caterpillar Inc. in Nashville, Acadia Senior Living in Franklin, Dollar General in Goodlettsville, Tractor Supply Company and Delek US in Brentwood, and Cracker Barrel in Lebanon.

Industry
Automotive manufacturing is the largest manufacturing sector in Middle Tennessee. Nissan operates an assembly plant in Smyrna, which is the largest automotive assembly plant in North America, and also operates an engine plant in Decherd. General Motors operates an assembly plant in Spring Hill that was formerly the sole manufacturing facility for Saturn Corporation. Nissan relocated its North American headquarters from California to Franklin in 2005, and Mitsubishi Motors did the same in 2019. Bridgestone has its North American corporate headquarters in Nashville, and operates manufacturing facilities throughout the region. Middle Tennessee is home to several automotive parts suppliers scattered throughout the region. Other products manufactured in Middle Tennessee include processed foods, consumer electronics, electrical equipment, computer products, chemicals, and firearms.

Agriculture
Soybeans and tobacco are grown throughout Middle Tennessee, and beef cattle is raised throughout the region. Middle Tennessee is perhaps best known for its horticultural products and for being a prime breeding ground for horses. Warren County is one of the top producers of nursery products in the nation, and is nicknamed the "Nursery Capitol of the World". The soils of the Nashville Basin reportedly produce grasses which are favorable to horses, and as a result, the region is a top equestrian location. The Tennessee Walking Horse was first bred in the region in the late 18th century and is today one of the most recognized horse breeds in the world. The Cumberland Plateau is a major source of timber, and reportedly ranks as one of the top producers of hardwood in the country.

Energy
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) provides electric power to Middle Tennessee. TVA operates coal and gas fired plants in the region, including the Cumberland Fossil Plant, Gallatin Fossil Plant, and the Johnsonville Combustion Turbine Plant, as well as several hydroelectric dams. In addition, TVA also purchases power from dams on the Cumberland River and its tributaries operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The largest provider of power to the region, however, is the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in northern Alabama, the second-largest nuclear plant in the United States.

Tourism
Tourism plays a major role in Middle Tennessee's economy. Nashville has the largest tourism economy in the state, and contains many attractions, mostly related to its musical heritage. Top attractions in the region include the Grand Ole Opry, Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, Ryman Auditorium, Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, Johnny Cash Museum, National Museum of African American Music, Frist Art Museum, The Parthenon, the Tennessee State Museum, and Jack Daniel's Distillery. A number of antebellum residences are preserved in the region, including The Hermitage, the home of Andrew Jackson, the Belle Meade Plantation, and several homes in Franklin. As well as the President James K. Polk Home & Museum in Columbia. The National Park Service preserves two Civil War battlefields in Middle Tennessee: Fort Donelson National Battlefield near Dover, and Stones River National Battlefield in Murfreesboro. In addition, the American Battlefield Trust operates the Franklin Battlefield. The Natchez Trace Parkway begins in Nashville, and runs through the southwestern part of Middle Tennessee. In addition, the state operates many state parks in Middle Tennessee that preserve historic sites and natural features of the region.

Education
Middle Tennessee has an abundance of institutions of higher learning—most notably Vanderbilt, Belmont, Lipscomb, and Tennessee State universities in Nashville and Tennessee Tech University in Cookeville. Other prominent universities are Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, the University of the South in Sewanee, Cumberland University in Lebanon, University of Tennessee Southern in Pulaski and Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, which is the state's second-largest institution of higher learning, just behind the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.

Legal structure
Unlike the geographic designations of regions of most U.S. states, the term Middle Tennessee has legal as well as socioeconomic meaning. Middle Tennessee, West Tennessee, and East Tennessee are the state's three Grand Divisions. According to the Tennessee State Constitution, no more than two of the state supreme court's five justices can come from any one Grand Division. The Supreme Court rotates meeting in courthouses in each of the three divisions. The Supreme Court building for Middle Tennessee is in Nashville. A similar rule applies to certain other commissions and boards, in order to prevent a geographic bias.

Climate
The weather in Nashville is a decent mix of extremes. Plenty of sunshine in the summer, and crisp, cold air throughout the winter.

Roads
Interstate 40 (I-40) traverses Middle Tennessee in an east to west alignment, passing through Nashville and its suburbs to the east. Interstate 65 (I-65) runs north to south through the region, serving Nashville and its suburbs to the north and south, including Brentwood, Franklin, and Spring Hill. Interstate 24 (I-24) enters the region in Clarksville and runs in a southeast to northwest alignment, passing through Nashville and its southeastern suburbs of La Vergne, Smyrna, and Murfreesboro, before exiting the region in the southeast. I-440 serves as a bypass around downtown Nashville, and I-840 is an outer bypass around Nashville, passing though suburban counties to the south. Other important freeways in Middle Tennessee include State Route 155 (SR 155/Briley Parkway), a northern bypass around downtown Nashville, Ellington Parkway, part of U.S. Route 31E (US 31E) in Nashville, SR 386 (Vietnam Veterans Boulevard), which serves Nashville's northwestern suburbs of Hendersonville and Gallatin, and SR 396 (Saturn Parkway), which connects Spring Hill and its General Motors plant to I-65. Middle Tennessee also has several other important corridors that are part of the National Highway System (NHS), including U.S. Routes 43, 64, 70S, 79, and 231, and State Routes 55 and 111.

Air, rail, and water
Nashville International Airport (BNA) is the region's primary airport and the busiest airport in Tennessee. The WeGo Star is a commuter rail service that serves Nashville and its eastern suburbs of Mt. Juliet and Lebanon. CSX Transportation operates most freight trackage in Middle Tennessee, and runs a classification yard in Nashville called Radnor Yard. Both the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers are navigable in Middle Tennessee.

Politics
Historically, Middle Tennessee was predominately Democratic following the American Civil War, but the significant minority of African Americans joined the Republican Party. The white-dominated state legislature in the 1880s passed four laws that effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, particularly due to the requirement of payment of a poll tax in order to register to vote, which reduced the competitiveness of the Republican Party in this part of the state.

Government
Middle Tennessee is represented by the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th congressional districts.

The Supreme Court building for Middle Tennessee is in Nashville. Similar rules apply to certain other state commissions and boards, as well, to prevent them from showing any geographical biases.

Mayoral elections in Middle Tennessee

 * Mayoral elections in Clarksville, Tennessee
 * Mayoral elections in Murfreesboro, Tennessee

Nashville

 * 2015 Nashville mayoral election
 * 2018 Nashville mayoral special election
 * 2019 Nashville mayoral election
 * 2023 Nashville mayoral election

title: Middle Tennessee


text:
User:Hfastedge/sha1code

FROM: python2.3-2.3.3/Modules/shamodule.c /* SHA module */

/* This module provides an interface to NIST's Secure Hash Algorithm */

/* See below for information about the original code this module was based upon. Additional work performed by:

Andrew Kuchling (amk@amk.ca) Greg Stein (gstein@lyra.org)

/* SHA objects */

 * 1) include "Python.h"

/* Endianness testing and definitions */ if (*((char*)&i)==1) variable=PCT_LITTLE_ENDIAN;}
 * 1) define TestEndianness(variable) {int i=1; variable=PCT_BIG_ENDIAN;\

 * 1) define PCT_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1
 * 2) define PCT_BIG_ENDIAN 0

/* Some useful types */

typedef unsigned char SHA_BYTE;

typedef unsigned int SHA_INT32;	/* 32-bit integer */ /* not defined. compilation will die. */
 * 1) if SIZEOF_INT == 4
 * 1) else
 * 1) endif

/* The SHA block size and message digest sizes, in bytes */

 * 1) define SHA_BLOCKSIZE   64
 * 2) define SHA_DIGESTSIZE 20

/* The structure for storing SHS info */

typedef struct { PyObject_HEAD SHA_INT32 digest[5];		/* Message digest */ SHA_INT32 count_lo, count_hi;	/* 64-bit bit count */ SHA_BYTE data[SHA_BLOCKSIZE];	/* SHA data buffer */ int Endianness; int local;				/* unprocessed amount in data */ } SHAobject;

/* When run on a little-endian CPU we need to perform byte reversal on an  array of longwords. */

static void longReverse(SHA_INT32 *buffer, int byteCount, int Endianness) {   SHA_INT32 value;

if ( Endianness == PCT_BIG_ENDIAN ) return;

byteCount /= sizeof(*buffer); while (byteCount--) { value = *buffer; value = ( ( value & 0xFF00FF00L ) >> 8 ) | \ ( ( value & 0x00FF00FFL ) << 8 ); *buffer++ = ( value << 16 ) | ( value >> 16 ); } }

static void SHAcopy(SHAobject *src, SHAobject *dest) {   dest->Endianness = src->Endianness; dest->local = src->local; dest->count_lo = src->count_lo; dest->count_hi = src->count_hi; memcpy(dest->digest, src->digest, sizeof(src->digest)); memcpy(dest->data, src->data, sizeof(src->data)); }

/* * * This code for the SHA algorithm was noted as public domain. The original * headers are pasted below. * * Several changes have been made to make it more compatible with the * Python environment and desired interface. * */

/* NIST Secure Hash Algorithm */ /* heavily modified by Uwe Hollerbach <uh@alumni.caltech edu> */ /* from Peter C. Gutmann's implementation as found in */ /* Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier */ /* Further modifications to include the "UNRAVEL" stuff, below */

/* This code is in the public domain */

/* UNRAVEL should be fastest & biggest */ /* UNROLL_LOOPS should be just as big, but slightly slower */ /* both undefined should be smallest and slowest */

/* #define UNROLL_LOOPS */
 * 1) define UNRAVEL

/* The SHA f-functions. The f1 and f3 functions can be optimized to  save one boolean operation each - thanks to Rich Schroeppel, rcs@cs.arizona.edu for discovering this */

/*#define f1(x,y,z)	((x & y) | (~x & z))		// Rounds 0-19 */ /*#define f3(x,y,z)	((x & y) | (x & z) | (y & z))	// Rounds 40-59 */
 * 1) define f1(x,y,z)	(z ^ (x & (y ^ z)))		/* Rounds 0-19 */
 * 2) define f2(x,y,z)	(x ^ y ^ z)			/* Rounds 20-39 */
 * 1) define f3(x,y,z)	((x & y) | (z & (x | y)))	/* Rounds 40-59 */
 * 2) define f4(x,y,z)	(x ^ y ^ z)			/* Rounds 60-79 */

/* SHA constants */

 * 1) define CONST1		0x5a827999L			/* Rounds 0-19 */
 * 2) define CONST2		0x6ed9eba1L			/* Rounds 20-39 */
 * 3) define CONST3		0x8f1bbcdcL			/* Rounds 40-59 */
 * 4) define CONST4		0xca62c1d6L			/* Rounds 60-79 */

/* 32-bit rotate */

 * 1) define R32(x,n)	((x << n) | (x >> (32 - n)))

/* the generic case, for when the overall rotation is not unraveled */

T = R32(A,5) + f##n(B,C,D) + E + *WP++ + CONST##n;	\ E = D; D = C; C = R32(B,30); B = A; A = T
 * 1) define FG(n)	\

/* specific cases, for when the overall rotation is unraveled */

T = R32(A,5) + f##n(B,C,D) + E + *WP++ + CONST##n; B = R32(B,30)
 * 1) define FA(n)	\

E = R32(T,5) + f##n(A,B,C) + D + *WP++ + CONST##n; A = R32(A,30)
 * 1) define FB(n)	\

D = R32(E,5) + f##n(T,A,B) + C + *WP++ + CONST##n; T = R32(T,30)
 * 1) define FC(n)	\

C = R32(D,5) + f##n(E,T,A) + B + *WP++ + CONST##n; E = R32(E,30)
 * 1) define FD(n)	\

B = R32(C,5) + f##n(D,E,T) + A + *WP++ + CONST##n; D = R32(D,30)
 * 1) define FE(n)	\

A = R32(B,5) + f##n(C,D,E) + T + *WP++ + CONST##n; C = R32(C,30)
 * 1) define FT(n)	\

/* do SHA transformation */

static void sha_transform(SHAobject *sha_info) {   int i;    SHA_INT32 T, A, B, C, D, E, W[80], *WP;

memcpy(W, sha_info->data, sizeof(sha_info->data)); longReverse(W, (int)sizeof(sha_info->data), sha_info->Endianness);

for (i = 16; i < 80; ++i) { W[i] = W[i-3] ^ W[i-8] ^ W[i-14] ^ W[i-16];

/* extra rotation fix */ W[i] = R32(W[i], 1); }   A = sha_info->digest[0]; B = sha_info->digest[1]; C = sha_info->digest[2]; D = sha_info->digest[3]; E = sha_info->digest[4]; WP = W;   FA(1); FB(1); FC(1); FD(1); FE(1); FT(1); FA(1); FB(1); FC(1); FD(1); FE(1); FT(1); FA(1); FB(1); FC(1); FD(1); FE(1); FT(1); FA(1); FB(1); FC(2); FD(2); FE(2); FT(2); FA(2); FB(2); FC(2); FD(2); FE(2); FT(2); FA(2); FB(2); FC(2); FD(2); FE(2); FT(2); FA(2); FB(2); FC(2); FD(2); FE(3); FT(3); FA(3); FB(3); FC(3); FD(3); FE(3); FT(3); FA(3); FB(3); FC(3); FD(3); FE(3); FT(3); FA(3); FB(3); FC(3); FD(3); FE(3); FT(3); FA(4); FB(4); FC(4); FD(4); FE(4); FT(4); FA(4); FB(4); FC(4); FD(4); FE(4); FT(4); FA(4); FB(4); FC(4); FD(4); FE(4); FT(4); FA(4); FB(4); sha_info->digest[0] += E;   sha_info->digest[1] += T;    sha_info->digest[2] += A;    sha_info->digest[3] += B;    sha_info->digest[4] += C;    FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(1); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(2); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(3); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); FG(4); for (i = 0; i < 20; ++i) { FG(1); } for (i = 20; i < 40; ++i) { FG(2); } for (i = 40; i < 60; ++i) { FG(3); } for (i = 60; i < 80; ++i) { FG(4); } sha_info->digest[0] += A;   sha_info->digest[1] += B;    sha_info->digest[2] += C;    sha_info->digest[3] += D;    sha_info->digest[4] += E; }
 * 1) ifdef UNRAVEL
 * 1) else /* !UNRAVEL */
 * 2) ifdef UNROLL_LOOPS
 * 1) else /* !UNROLL_LOOPS */
 * 1) endif /* !UNROLL_LOOPS */
 * 1) endif /* !UNRAVEL */

/* initialize the SHA digest */

static void sha_init(SHAobject *sha_info) {   TestEndianness(sha_info->Endianness)

sha_info->digest[0] = 0x67452301L; sha_info->digest[1] = 0xefcdab89L; sha_info->digest[2] = 0x98badcfeL; sha_info->digest[3] = 0x10325476L; sha_info->digest[4] = 0xc3d2e1f0L; sha_info->count_lo = 0L; sha_info->count_hi = 0L; sha_info->local = 0; }

/* update the SHA digest */

static void sha_update(SHAobject *sha_info, SHA_BYTE *buffer, int count) {   int i;    SHA_INT32 clo;

clo = sha_info->count_lo + ((SHA_INT32) count << 3); if (clo < sha_info->count_lo) { ++sha_info->count_hi; }   sha_info->count_lo = clo; sha_info->count_hi += (SHA_INT32) count >> 29; if (sha_info->local) { i = SHA_BLOCKSIZE - sha_info->local; if (i > count) { i = count; }       memcpy(((SHA_BYTE *) sha_info->data) + sha_info->local, buffer, i); count -= i;       buffer += i;        sha_info->local += i;        if (sha_info->local == SHA_BLOCKSIZE) { sha_transform(sha_info); }       else { return; }   }    while (count >= SHA_BLOCKSIZE) { memcpy(sha_info->data, buffer, SHA_BLOCKSIZE); buffer += SHA_BLOCKSIZE; count -= SHA_BLOCKSIZE; sha_transform(sha_info); }   memcpy(sha_info->data, buffer, count); sha_info->local = count; }

/* finish computing the SHA digest */

static void sha_final(unsigned char digest[20], SHAobject *sha_info) {   int count; SHA_INT32 lo_bit_count, hi_bit_count;

lo_bit_count = sha_info->count_lo; hi_bit_count = sha_info->count_hi; count = (int) ((lo_bit_count >> 3) & 0x3f); ((SHA_BYTE *) sha_info->data)[count++] = 0x80; if (count > SHA_BLOCKSIZE - 8) { memset(((SHA_BYTE *) sha_info->data) + count, 0,	      SHA_BLOCKSIZE - count); sha_transform(sha_info); memset((SHA_BYTE *) sha_info->data, 0, SHA_BLOCKSIZE - 8); }   else { memset(((SHA_BYTE *) sha_info->data) + count, 0,	      SHA_BLOCKSIZE - 8 - count); }

/* GJS: note that we add the hi/lo in big-endian. sha_transform will swap these values into host-order. */   sha_info->data[56] = (hi_bit_count >> 24) & 0xff; sha_info->data[57] = (hi_bit_count >> 16) & 0xff; sha_info->data[58] = (hi_bit_count >> 8) & 0xff; sha_info->data[59] = (hi_bit_count >> 0) & 0xff; sha_info->data[60] = (lo_bit_count >> 24) & 0xff; sha_info->data[61] = (lo_bit_count >> 16) & 0xff; sha_info->data[62] = (lo_bit_count >> 8) & 0xff; sha_info->data[63] = (lo_bit_count >> 0) & 0xff; sha_transform(sha_info); digest[ 0] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[0] >> 24) & 0xff); digest[ 1] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[0] >> 16) & 0xff); digest[ 2] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[0] >> 8) & 0xff); digest[ 3] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[0]     ) & 0xff); digest[ 4] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[1] >> 24) & 0xff); digest[ 5] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[1] >> 16) & 0xff); digest[ 6] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[1] >> 8) & 0xff); digest[ 7] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[1]     ) & 0xff); digest[ 8] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[2] >> 24) & 0xff); digest[ 9] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[2] >> 16) & 0xff); digest[10] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[2] >> 8) & 0xff); digest[11] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[2]     ) & 0xff); digest[12] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[3] >> 24) & 0xff); digest[13] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[3] >> 16) & 0xff); digest[14] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[3] >> 8) & 0xff); digest[15] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[3]     ) & 0xff); digest[16] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[4] >> 24) & 0xff); digest[17] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[4] >> 16) & 0xff); digest[18] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[4] >> 8) & 0xff); digest[19] = (unsigned char) ((sha_info->digest[4]     ) & 0xff); }

/* * End of copied SHA code. * * */

static PyTypeObject SHAtype;

static SHAobject * newSHAobject(void) {   return (SHAobject *)PyObject_New(SHAobject, &SHAtype); }

/* Internal methods for a hashing object */

static void SHA_dealloc(PyObject *ptr) {   PyObject_Del(ptr); }

/* External methods for a hashing object */

PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA_copy__doc__, "Return a copy of the hashing object.");

static PyObject * SHA_copy(SHAobject *self, PyObject *args) {   SHAobject *newobj;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":copy")) { return NULL; }   if ( (newobj = newSHAobject)==NULL) return NULL;

SHAcopy(self, newobj); return (PyObject *)newobj; }

PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA_digest__doc__, "Return the digest value as a string of binary data.");

static PyObject * SHA_digest(SHAobject *self, PyObject *args) {   unsigned char digest[SHA_DIGESTSIZE]; SHAobject temp;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":digest")) return NULL;

SHAcopy(self, &temp); sha_final(digest, &temp); return PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)digest, sizeof(digest)); }

PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA_hexdigest__doc__, "Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits.");

static PyObject * SHA_hexdigest(SHAobject *self, PyObject *args) {   unsigned char digest[SHA_DIGESTSIZE]; SHAobject temp; PyObject *retval; char *hex_digest; int i, j;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":hexdigest")) return NULL;

/* Get the raw (binary) digest value */ SHAcopy(self, &temp); sha_final(digest, &temp);

/* Create a new string */ retval = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, sizeof(digest) * 2); if (!retval) return NULL; hex_digest = PyString_AsString(retval); if (!hex_digest) { Py_DECREF(retval); return NULL; }

/* Make hex version of the digest */ for(i=j=0; i<sizeof(digest); i++) { char c;       c = (digest[i] >> 4) & 0xf; c = (c>9) ? c+'a'-10 : c + '0'; hex_digest[j++] = c;       c = (digest[i] & 0xf); c = (c>9) ? c+'a'-10 : c + '0'; hex_digest[j++] = c;   } return retval; }

PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA_update__doc__, "Update this hashing object's state with the provided string.");

static PyObject * SHA_update(SHAobject *self, PyObject *args) {   unsigned char *cp; int len;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:update", &cp, &len)) return NULL;

sha_update(self, cp, len);

Py_INCREF(Py_None); return Py_None; }

static PyMethodDef SHA_methods[] = { {"copy",	 (PyCFunction)SHA_copy,      METH_VARARGS, SHA_copy__doc__}, {"digest",	 (PyCFunction)SHA_digest,    METH_VARARGS, SHA_digest__doc__}, {"hexdigest", (PyCFunction)SHA_hexdigest, METH_VARARGS, SHA_hexdigest__doc__}, {"update",	 (PyCFunction)SHA_update,    METH_VARARGS, SHA_update__doc__}, {NULL,	 NULL}		/* sentinel */ };

static PyObject * SHA_getattr(PyObject *self, char *name) {   if (strcmp(name, "blocksize")==0) return PyInt_FromLong(1); if (strcmp(name, "digest_size")==0 || strcmp(name, "digestsize")==0) return PyInt_FromLong(20);

return Py_FindMethod(SHA_methods, self, name); }

static PyTypeObject SHAtype = { PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL) 0,			/*ob_size*/ "sha.SHA",		/*tp_name*/ sizeof(SHAobject),	/*tp_size*/ 0,			/*tp_itemsize*/ /* methods */ SHA_dealloc,	/*tp_dealloc*/ 0,			/*tp_print*/ SHA_getattr,	/*tp_getattr*/ };

/* The single module-level function: new */

PyDoc_STRVAR(SHA_new__doc__, "Return a new SHA hashing object. An optional string argument\n\ may be provided; if present, this string will be automatically\n\ hashed.");

static PyObject * SHA_new(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwdict) {   static char *kwlist[] = {"string", NULL}; SHAobject *new; unsigned char *cp = NULL; int len;

if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwdict, "|s#:new", kwlist, &cp, &len)) { return NULL; }

if ((new = newSHAobject) == NULL) return NULL;

sha_init(new);

if (PyErr_Occurred) { Py_DECREF(new); return NULL; }   if (cp) sha_update(new, cp, len);

return (PyObject *)new; }

/* List of functions exported by this module */

static struct PyMethodDef SHA_functions[] = { {"new", (PyCFunction)SHA_new, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, SHA_new__doc__}, {"sha", (PyCFunction)SHA_new, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, SHA_new__doc__}, {NULL,	NULL}		 /* Sentinel */ };

/* Initialize this module. */

 * 1) define insint(n,v) { PyModule_AddIntConstant(m,n,v); }

PyMODINIT_FUNC initsha(void) {   PyObject *m;

SHAtype.ob_type = &PyType_Type; m = Py_InitModule("sha", SHA_functions);

/* Add some symbolic constants to the module */ insint("blocksize", 1); /* For future use, in case some hash functions require an integral number of                               blocks */ insint("digestsize", 20); insint("digest_size", 20); }

title: User:Hfastedge/sha1code


text:
Clear Channel memorandum

Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia), the largest owner of radio stations in the United States, circulated an internal memorandum containing a list of songs that program directors felt were "lyrically questionable" to play in the aftermath of the attacks.

During the time immediately after the attacks, many television and radio stations altered normal programming in response to the events, and the rumor spread that Clear Channel and its subsidiaries had established a list of songs with lyrics Clear Channel deemed "questionable." The list was not an explicit demand not to play the songs listed, but rather a suggestion that they "might not want to play these songs." The list was made public by the independent radio industry newsletter Hits Daily Double, which was not affiliated with iHeartMedia. Snopes.com did research on the subject and concluded that the list did exist as a suggestion for radio stations but noted that it was not an outright ban on the songs in question. The compiled list was the subject of media attention around the time of its release.

The list contains 165 suggestions, including a single suggestion for each song in Rage Against the Machine's entire catalogue at the time (49 songs) and covers of certain songs (such as Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" and the cover by Guns N' Roses). In some cases, only certain covers were included on the list: for example, the cover of "Smooth Criminal" by Alien Ant Farm is on the list while the original Michael Jackson recording is not; similarly, Martha and the Vandellas' original version of "Dancing in the Street" and Van Halen's cover are included, but David Bowie and Mick Jagger's cover is not.

Reasons for inclusions
The Clear Channel memorandum contains songs that, in their titles or lyrics, vaguely refer to open subjects intertwined with the September 11 attacks, such as airplanes, collisions, death, conflict, violence, explosions, the month of September, and New York City, as well as general concepts that could be connected to aspects of the attacks, such as the sky falling, and weapons. Also included under the ban were several happy and celebratory songs (famously including Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"), as Clear Channel believed playing joyful music in the aftermath of the attacks was inappropriate.

WASH, a Clear Channel-owned station in Washington, D.C., reportedly played Kool & the Gang's "Celebration" while the memorandum was being circulated, "which brought a polite if reproachful call from one listener, who was assured by the station the song's broadcast was a mistake."

List of songs
While not listed in the memorandum, Cold's "Bleed" was similarly retitled (to "Thirteen") around this same time.

title: Clear Channel memorandum


text:
Yonah

Yonah may refer to:

 * Yonah (microprocessor), a code name for a processor in Intel's Pentium M line
 * The Yonah (locomotive), a steam locomotive in the Great Locomotive Chase during the American Civil War
 * Yonah, Georgia
 * Yonah Gerondi (died 1264), Catalan rabbi
 * Yonah Martin (born 1965), Korean-Canadian senator
 * Yonah Mountain, a mountain in northern Georgia, United States
 * Lake Yonah, on the Georgia – South Carolina border in the United States
 * the English transliteration for Jonah (יונה) in Hebrew and means dove

title: Yonah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Sword of Mild Competence

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled The Sword of Mild Competence.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

Delete, advert.--Ryan B. 21:09, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Not only is the article next to useless, the link's dead! Delete as nonexistent. - Lucky 6.9 21:48, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic. Andris 04:31, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Cadr
 * More like, "The sword of incompetence". Delete.--Beelzebubs 03:45, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.