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Pokémon (TV series)

Pokémon (ポケモン) abbreviated from the Japanese title of Pocket Monsters (ポケットモンスター) and currently branded in English as Pokémon the Series (テレビアニメ「ポケットモンスター」シリーズ) is a Japanese anime television series, part of The Pokémon Company's Pokémon media franchise, which premiered on TV Tokyo in April 1997.

The anime franchise consists of eight sequential series in Japan, each based on a main installment of the Pokémon video game series. In the international broadcasts, these series are split across 26 seasons. The show originally followed Ash Ketchum, a young trainer of fictional creatures called Pokémon. Joined by his partner Pokémon Pikachu and a rotating cast of human characters, Ash goes on a journey to become a "Pokémon Master", traveling through the various regions of the Pokémon world and competing in various Pokémon-battling tournaments known as the Pokémon League. However, by the 26th season, a new cast is featured, with new protagonists Liko and Roy.

The anime series is accompanied by spin-off programming; including Pokémon Chronicles, a series of side stories; and the live-action variety and Pokémon-related news shows; such as Pocket Monsters Encore, Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station, Pokémon☆Sunday, Pokémon Smash!, Pokémon Get☆TV, Meet Up at the Pokémon House? and Where are we going with Pokémon!?

The Pokémon anime series was largely credited for allowing anime to become more popular and familiar around the world, especially in the United States and Asia, where many Pokémon films are among the highest-grossing anime films. It is also considered to be one of the first anime series on television to reach this level of mainstream success with Western and Asian audiences, as well as being credited with allowing the game series to reach such a degree of popularity and vice versa. Pokémon is regarded as the most successful video game adaptation of all time, with over 1,200 episodes broadcast and adapted for international television markets, concurrently airing in 192 countries worldwide and one of the most widely watched shows on Netflix, as of 2016.

Pokémon the Series (1997–2023)
Ash Ketchum, a young boy from Pallet Town, comes of age and gains the right to be a Pokémon trainer, hoping to achieve his dream of becoming a Pokémon Master; trainers receive their first Pokémon from Professor Oak, the town's foremost authority on researching Pokémon. Though Ash oversleeps and arrives late to Professor Oak's lab, he receives a Pikachu, who is initially uncooperative. On their way to Viridian City, Ash earns Pikachu's friendship by selflessly shielding him from a group of angry Spearow. While Pikachu's injuries are treated in Viridian City's Pokémon Center, Ash is confronted by Misty, a girl whose bike he desperately stole and wrecked in his attempt to escape the Spearow, so she declares that she will not leave Ash's side until she is properly compensated. Suddenly, a trio of criminals from the organization Team Rocket — Jessie, James, and Meowth — appear to steal Pokémon from the center. Pikachu overpowers them, which convinces the trio of his teamwork value and inspires numerous subsequent attempts to steal him. In order to compete in a Pokémon League tournament, Ash must defeat Gym Leaders and earn badges as evidence of his victories. Ash earns his first badge in Pewter City after battling with the Gym Leader Brock, who decides to venture with him. Together with Brock and Misty, Ash travels across the Kanto region, defeating Gym Leaders, collecting their badges, and capturing new Pokémon. After collecting all eight badges, Ash participates in the Indigo Plateau Conference, but he reaches the top 16 before losing to his friend Ritchie.

Upon Ash's return to Pallet Town, Professor Oak asks him to go to Professor Ivy in the Orange Islands to collect a GS Ball, a mysterious Poké Ball that cannot be opened. Brock stays with Professor Ivy as her assistant, and Ash decides to defeat the Gym Leaders of the Orange Islands and qualify for the local tournament. Ash and Misty are joined by artist Tracey Sketchit, who dreams of meeting Professor Oak. Ash faces and defeats Supreme Gym Leader Drake after collecting the Orange Islands gym badges. The trio returns to Pallet Town, where Tracey stays with Professor Oak as his assistant and Brock reunites with his friends.

Ash, Misty, and Brock go to the Johto region after learning that Gary Oak, Professor Oak's grandson and Ash's rival, has gone there as well. Ash defeats the Gym Leaders of Johto and competes in the Silver Conference, where he defeats Gary and causes him to reconsider his purpose in life. After advancing to the quarter-finals, Ash loses to Harrison, who informs him of the Hoenn region. Misty and Brock return to their home due to family reasons. Ash leaves all his Pokémon (excluding Pikachu) in Professor Oak's lab, and he travels to Hoenn alone.

Ash arrives in Hoenn, where he reunites with Brock and gains two new companions, May, a beginning trainer and aspiring Coordinator, and her younger brother Max. Throughout their journey, May collects five ribbons to participate in the Hoenn Grand Festival, but she loses to her rival Drew, placing her in the Top 8, and Robert takes the Ribbon Cup. Ash defeats all eight Hoenn gym leaders and participates in the Hoenn League, but he loses to Tyson, in the quarterfinals, placing him in the Top 8 and Tyson becomes the Winner in the Ever Grande Conference. Then Ash returns to Pallet Town.

Ash continues his journey with Brock, May and Max in Kanto, where he participates in the Battle Frontier and gets seven Frontier Symbols after defeating the Frontier Brains. However, Ash declines the offer to be a Frontier Brain, and decides to continue his Pokémon journey. May collects five ribbons to participate in Kanto Grand Festival but she loses to Solidad, placing her in the Top 4, and Solidad takes the Ribbon Cup. Bidding farewell to May, Max and Brock as they went back to their hometowns, Ash returns to Pallet Town. After battling with Gary, Ash decides to travel to the Sinnoh region.

Upon arriving in Sinnoh, Ash reunites with Brock and meet Dawn, another Coordinator, who travels with them as they go through the Sinnoh region. Dawn earns five ribbons to participate in the Sinnoh Grand Festival, where she loses to Zoey, placing her second, and Zoey takes the Ribbon Cup. Ash defeats all eight Sinnoh gym leaders to participate in the Sinnoh League, where he defeats his new rival Paul in the quarterfinal, then Ash loses to Tobias in the semifinals, placing him in the Top 4 and Tobias became winner of Lily of the Valley Conference. Bidding farewell to Dawn in Sinnoh and Brock one last time, Ash once again returns to Pallet Town.

Ash, his mother Delia and Professor Oak take a holiday to the far-off Unova Region, where he meets and travels with would-be Dragon Master Iris and Striaton City Gym Leader, Pokémon Connoisseur, and sometimes detective Cilan. After winning all eight Unova badges and thwarting the sinister Team Plasma, Ash, Iris, and Cilan travel throughout the eastern side of Unova to prepare for the Unova League, but Ash loses to Cameron, in the quarterfinals, placing him in the Top 8. Cameron loses to Virgil in the semifinals, placing him in the Top 4 and Virgil becomes the winner of the Vertress Conference.

Afterwards, Ash, Iris, and Cilan travel through the Decolore Islands before Ash makes his way back to Pallet Town and meets the investigative reporter Alexa, who is from the distant Kalos region. Having arrived back in Kanto, Iris and Cilan travel to Johto whilst Ash and Alexa head to Kalos.

Ash and Alexa arrive in the Kalos region and Ash is itching to get started in earning his Gym badges. But after Alexa informs Ash that her sister, a Gym Leader, is currently absent, Ash travels to Lumiose City where he meets boy-genius Clemont and his younger sister Bonnie, unaware that Clemont is, in fact, Lumiose City's Gym Leader; a fact he tries his best to hide. Ash also reunites with Serena, a girl from Vaniville Town and an aspiring Pokémon Performer, whom Ash had met in his childhood. Serena earns three keys to participate in the Pokémon Showcase, but Serena loses to Aria, placing her runner-up. After defeating all eight Kalos gym leaders, Ash competes and advances all the way to the finals, where he loses to Alain, placing him runner-up and Alain becomes the winner of the Lumiose Conference. Bidding farewell to his friends in Kalos, Ash once again returns to Pallet Town.

Ash, Delia and her Mr. Mime are on vacation in the Alola region when Ash has an encounter with Tapu Koko, the guardian Pokémon of Melemele Island, who presents him with the Z-Ring, a device that, when paired with a special crystal, allows a Pokémon to unleash a powerful Z-move when synchronized with its trainer, leading him to stay in Alola and enroll at the local Pokémon school. When he decides to undertake the trials necessary to master the power of the Z-Ring, Ash's new classmates Lana, Mallow, Lillie, Sophocles and Kiawe decide to accompany him. Ash takes part in the island challenges and defeat the Island Kahunas. Ash and his friends join the Aether Foundation and goes on Ultra Guardians mission to capture Ultra Beasts. Finally Ash gains his first league victory at the Alola League, after becoming champion of the first Pokémon League of Alola, Ash bids farewell to his classmates and Alolan family and Pokémon before returning to Pallet Town.

Ash and his new friend Goh become research fellows for Professor Cerise, tasked with collecting information on Pokémon from Kanto to Galar. Meanwhile, Ash competes in the World Coronation Series, a tournament held to decide the strongest trainer in the world in order to battle Leon, the Champion of the Galar Region and the current Monarch, and Goh attempts to catch each and every Pokémon, including Mew, and later takes part in trial missions of a research project called "Project Mew" to be a Chaser and find Mew. Ash defeats Leon in the final round of the World Coronation Series Masters Eight Tournament and becomes the new Monarch. Goh and other members of Project Mew travel to Faraway Island, where they encounter Mew and Goh befriends it instead of catching it. With their goals accomplished, Ash and Goh go their separate ways.

Ash resumes his journey with Pikachu, but along the way, they reunite with Misty and Brock and decide to travel with them again. After traveling for a while, Ash, Brock, and Misty return to their homes. Then, Ash decides to travel again to meet and befriend new Pokémon in order to achieve his goal of becoming a Pokémon Master.

Pokémon Horizons: The Series (2023–present)
Liko, a girl from the Paldea region, who wears a mysterious pendant, and Roy, a boy from the Kanto region, who possesses a mysterious ancient Poké Ball, join a group of adventurers called the Rising Volt Tacklers and set out to travel the world. After learning Liko's pendant contains a Pokémon named Terapagos and the ancient Poké Ball contains a Black Rayquaza both belonged to the legendary adventurer Lucius, the Rising Volt Tacklers decided to find Lucius's six Pokémon known as the "Six Heroes". Later, Liko, Roy, and Dot joins Orange Academy to learn about the Terastal phenomenon.

Episodes
In Japan, Pocket Monsters is currently broadcast as eight sequential series, each based on an installment of the main video game series. The anime is aired year-round continuously, with regular off-days for sporting events and television specials. In its international broadcast, Pokémon's episodes have currently been split up into 25 seasons, as of 2022, running a fixed number of episodes, using a specific opening sequence and sporting a different subtitle for each new season.

Specials
In addition to the main series and the movies, the anime series has also shown various full-length specials and TV shorts. Many of these specials centered around legendary Pokémon or one or more of the main characters that are separate from the main cast during its corresponding series, while the sporadically made later side story episodes typically air as special episodes.

Films
, there have been 23 animated films and one live action film. The first nineteen animated films are based on the television series, with the original film being remade into the 22nd. The 20th, 21st and 23rd animated films are set in an alternate continuity to the anime. The films are produced by the animation studios OLM, Production I.G, Xebec, and Wit Studio, and distributed in Japan by Toho, with various studios distributing the films in North America. They were directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and Tetsuo Yajima, and written by Takeshi Shudo, Hideki Sonoda, Atsuhiro Tomioka, Shōji Yonemura, Eiji Umehara, and Aya Takaha.

Pokémon Chronicles
Pokémon Chronicles is a label created by 4Kids which is used for a collection of several as yet undubbed specials, which were first broadcast in English between May and October 2005 in the UK, and in the US between June and November 2006. The vast majority of the episodes making up Chronicles were taken from what was known in Japan as, which aired as part of Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station. The remaining portions of Chronicles consisted of a TV special called The Legend of Thunder, and installments from Pikachu's Winter Vacation, originally released on video.

Pocket Monsters Encore
was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 19, 1999, to September 17, 2002. It ran during the second part of the original series. Pocket Monsters Encore is a variety show featuring reruns of old episodes, including Japanese and English audio tracks, except for EP035 and EP018, which were broadcast in stereo. EP022 and EP023 broadcast together. EP018 was taken out of sequence and inserted between Holiday Hi-Jynx and Snow Way Out!, which were broadcast in the place of EP038 and EP039. EP052 aired between EP047 and EP048 and EP053 between EP057 and EP058. The ending song is the English version of Type: Wild performed by Robbie Danzie, and it was produced for Pocket Monsters Encore and aired.

was a segment at the end of Pocket Monsters Encore used to teach Japanese children simple English words and phrases. All of the segments where later compiled into three volumes and later released.

Pokémon de English uses a mixture of unedited Japanese and painted-over English video. New English lines were also recorded for this release by the original voice actors from both Japan and the United States. Pokémon de English was later released as rental only VHS and DVDs in 2002 and 2007, respectively, including English audio, as well as closed captioning in both English and Japanese.

On September 17, 2002, it was replaced by Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station.

Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station
is a closely related spin-off series that aired during the final part of the original series, and continues during the beginning part of Pokémon: Advanced Generation. The show was presented as an animated variety show, and showed clip shows, reruns of Pokémon episodes, television airings of the Pokémon movies, cast interviews, and live action footage, in addition to the previously mentioned Pokémon side story episodes. The hosts were Mayumi Iizuka as Kasumi (Misty) and Yūji Ueda as Takeshi (Brock). They were regularly joined by Kaba-chan, Manami Aihara, Bernard Ackah and Rex Jones as the comedy team "Shio Koshō", Megumi Hayashibara as Musashi (Jessie), Shin-ichiro Miki as Kojirō (James), and Inuko Inuyama as Nyāsu (Meowth). The show ran from October 15, 2002, to September 28, 2004, when it was replaced by Pokémon☆Sunday.

Pokémon☆Sunday
was broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 3, 2004, to September 26, 2010. The show is the successor to the Pocket Monsters Encore and the Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station. It ran from the second part of Pokémon: Advanced Generation to Pokémon: Diamond & Pearl. Like the shows before it, Pokémon☆Sunday is variety show featuring reruns of old episodes as well as a number of 'Research' episodes involving live-action elements. Regular guests include Golgo Matsumoto and Red Yoshida of TIM; Hiroshi Yamamoto, Ryūji Akiyama, and Hiroyuki Baba of Robert; Becky (through September 2006), and Shoko Nakagawa (starting October 2006).

Pokémon Smash!
is the successor to the Pokémon☆Sunday series. It aired from October 3, 2010, to September 28, 2013. Like its predecessors, Pokémon Smash! is a variety show that features live-action segments and reruns of old anime episodes. It ran during Pokémon: Black and White. The theme song is "Endless Fighters" by AAA. Regular guests include Golgo Matsumoto and Red Yoshida of TIM; Shoko Nakagawa; and Hiroshi Yamamoto, Ryūji Akiyama, and Hiroyuki Baba of Robert.

Pokémon Get☆TV
is the successor to Pokémon Smash! It aired from October 6, 2013, to September 27, 2015. Shoko Nakagawa remains as a host, and is joined by Yukito Nishii and comedy team Taka and Toshi. Just like its predecessors, it is a variety show featuring reruns of previous anime episodes and special live-action segments. It ran during the first part of Pokémon: XY.

Meet Up at the Pokémon House?
Meet Up at the Pokémon House? (ポケモンの家あつまる？ Pokémon no Uchi Atsumaru?), more commonly known as Pokénchi (Japanese: ポケんち) or Pokémon House (Japanese: ポケモンの家), is the successor to Pokémon GET☆TV, it aired from October 4, 2015, to March 29, 2022. It is hosted by Shōko Nakagawa, Rinka Ōtani, Hyadain, and Abareru-kun, making it the first variety show not to have reruns of previous anime episodes, unlike its predecessors. It ran during Pokémon: XY (second part), Pokémon: Sun & Moon and Pokémon Journeys (first part).

Where are we going with Pokémon!?
Where are we going with Pokémon!? (ポケモンとどこいく！？, Pokémon to doko iku!?), more commonly known as Poké Doko (ポケどこ, Poké Doko), is the successor to Meet Up at the Pokémon House?, which premiered on April 3, 2022, during Pokémon Journeys (second part) and Pokémon Horizons. It is hosted by Shoko Nakagawa (later replaced by Shuhei Nakano), Ryōgo Matsumaru, Abareru-kun, and Hikaru Takahashi, and it focuses on their travels.

Airing and production
Pokémon premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo on April 1, 1997. The series is broadcast on the TX Network family of stations first on Thursday evenings; it is then syndicated throughout the rest of Japan's major broadcasters (All-Nippon News Network, Fuji Network System, Nippon Television Network System) on their local affiliates as well as on private satellite and cable networks on various delays. Production in Japan is handled by TV Tokyo, MediaNet (formerly TV Tokyo MediaNet and Softx), and ShoPro (formerly Shogakukan Productions). Kunihiko Yuyama has served as the series' chief director since the original series. The previous series, Pokémon: Sun & Moon, began broadcast in Japan on November 17, 2016, with Tetsuo Yajima serving as director and Atsuhiro Tomioka as head screenwriter. The anime had made millions of dollars in Japan when it first aired. An average Pokémon episode costs about $100,000.

Internationally, The Pokémon Company International handles production and distribution of the anime with Iyuno Media Group and Goldcrest Post and published by VIZ Media, who was VIZ LLC, but merged with ShoPro. The anime currently airs in 192 countries. In the United States, the anime aired on Kids' WB as a Saturday morning cartoon starting in February 1999. In its first week under the Kids' WB umbrella, Pokémon would manage to hit a 3.9 rating (a percentage of how much a specific demographic of people is watching), reaching 3.1 million viewers by September, and Nielsen stating that "half the boys (ages 6-11) watching TV (at 10 a.m.) are seeing Pokémon" by that November.

Beginning in 2020, Netflix gained the exclusive rights to stream new episodes in the United States; the twenty-third season, titled Pokémon Journeys: The Series debuted on June 12, 2020 and ended on March 5, 2021, with its fourth twelve episode batch., and continues with the twenty-fourth season, titled Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series, debuted on the service on September 10, 2021. The series has previously aired in syndication, with new episodes premiering on Kids' WB, Cartoon Network, and Disney XD. In the US, library episodes also aired on Cartoon Network in the Kids' WB years starting in 2002 and Boomerang in the Cartoon Network years starting in 2010 and have aired in Spanish on TeleXitos and Discovery Familia.

Pokémon was originally licensed in the United States by 4Kids Entertainment, who produced a localized English adaptation that was syndicated by The Summit Media Group. The localized version premiered in first run syndication on September 8, 1998, twenty days before the North American release of Pokémon Red and Blue. Pokémon was distributed on VHS and DVD by Pioneer Entertainment and Viz Video, which sold 25million units of the series in 2000. Following the eighth season in 2005, the series' dub production was taken over by The Pokémon Company. Beginning with twelfth film, Arceus and the Jewel of Life, DuArt Film and Video became the production studio, which lasted until the twenty-second season.

OLM, Inc. served as producer. Until episode 259 (episode 262 in Japan), during the fifth season, the series was animated using cel animation. Beginning with episode 260 (episode 263 in Japan), titled "Here's Lookin' at You Elekid!", all subsequent seasons are digitally animated.

In a 2018 interview, the creators of Detective Pikachu, which features a talking Pikachu, revealed that the original intention for the anime was to have the Pokémon talk, but OLM, Inc. was unable to come up with a concept that Game Freak were accepting of.

The following table lists the annual content revenue from Pokémon anime media in Japan, as reported by market research firm Hakuhodo.

Streaming and digital
Pokémon is currently available for streaming on Netflix in 216 regions and countries with different dubs and subtitles; all countries have at least English audio. Pokémon was globally one of the most widely watched shows on Netflix, as of 2016. It is also available on Hulu (in the United States and Japan), Amazon Prime Video (in the United States), and JioCinema (in India). From when the series made its home on Disney XD, as much as every in-circulation episode was available on Watch Disney XD and later DisneyNOW in the United States until February 2022. Netflix removed the Sun & Moon series, I Choose You!, and The Power of Us at the end of March 2022, leaving only the first season and the seasons and movies released exclusively to the platform. Content was also available on the Pokémon TV app and website.

Critical reception
In a February 2008 review for IGN, Jeffrey Harris gave the Indigo League series a score of 2 out of 10, saying: "Ultimately, the show's story is boring, repetitive, and formulaic. The show constantly preaches about friendship and helping others. ... Nearly every episode features Ash, Misty, and Brock on a trip. Team Rocket tries the latest scheme to catch Pikachu or whatever else, and fails miserably." He concluded: "at the end of the day, this franchise feels more like crass marketing then [sic] trying to preach the importance of friend and companionship." In an April 2008 review, Common Sense Media gave the series 3 out of 5 stars, saying: "Over the years, the energetic, imagination-filled, Japanese-inspired fantasy series has cut across cultural, gender, and age barriers to captivate a global audience of girls, boys, and even adults", but added: "Folks may also find the franchise's massive commercial appeal disturbing, especially since the show is mainly geared towards kids."

Carl Kimlinger, in an August 2008 review of the Diamond and Pearl series for Anime News Network, gave the dubbed series an overall grade of C. He wrote: "The formula has been set in stone … Ash and buddies wander around, meet a new pokémon [sic] or pokémon [sic] trainer, fight, make friends, and then use their newfound Power of Friendship to stave off an attack by the nefarious Team Rocket", and added: "even the tournaments are a relief, a blessed pause in the cerebrum-liquefying formula as Ash and company square off against destined rivals for an episode or two." However, he stated that it would be enjoyed by its target audience, saying: "It's colorful, silly and lively (if insanely simplistic and cheap)" and added: "Parents will appreciate the absolute lack of objectionable content (aside from the promotion of animism) and the series' impeccably PC message of friendship, cooperation and acceptance". He criticized the series' soundtrack as "tin-eared" and "bad video game music".

Kevin McFarland, in a 2016 binge-watching guide of the Indigo League series for Wired, described the series as "a kids program that emphasizes the value of hard work, the importance of family and close friendship, and the ideals of love, trust, and honor. But it's also a largely silly show with slapstick comedy and colorful battle sequences, making Ash's Sisyphean task to become the world's best Pokémon trainer continually entertaining."

Paste ranked the series at 44th place in its October 2018 list of "The 50 Best Anime Series of All Time", with Sarra Sedghi writing: "To the joy of '90s kids everywhere, Pokémon helped solidify anime (and, hopefully, good punnery) in the West". She added: "Pokémon may not be high artistry (because, you know, it's for children), but the show's pervasiveness is a testament to the power of nostalgia." IGN ranked the series at 70th place in its list of "Top 100 Animated Series", saying that the series "had clever writing and a golden marketing formula designed to spread Nintendo's Pokémon videogames into new, lucrative territory."

Controversies
Pokémon has had several anime episodes removed from the rotation in Japan or the rest of the world. The most infamous of these episodes was. The episode made headlines worldwide when it caused 685 children to experience seizures and seizure-like symptoms caused by a repetitive flash of light. Although the offending sequence was caused by Pikachu's actions, the episode's featured Pokémon, Porygon, has rarely been seen in future episodes, with appearances limited to one brief cameo appearance in the movie Pokémon Heroes and in one scene-bumper later in season 1. Its evolutions Porygon2 and Porygon-Z have only appeared in a brief part of the opening sequence of Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice. Several other episodes have been removed from broadcast in Japan due to contemporary disasters that resemble events in the program; the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake, the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the 2014 Sinking of MV Sewol all have caused cancellations or indefinite or temporary postponements of episode broadcasts. In the United States, the September 11 attacks in 2001 as well as 2005's Hurricane Katrina led to the temporary removal of two episodes from syndication.

On September 1, 2006, China banned the series from prime time broadcasting (from 17:00 to 20:00), as it did Western animated series such as The Simpsons, to protect its struggling animation studios. The ban was later extended by one hour.

On August 18, 2016, the XYZ episode (Down to the Fiery Finish! in the English dub) faced criticism from fans when Ash lost the Kalos League against Alain. The fans specifically criticized the episode due to the misleading name and trailers that suggested that Ash would win the battle and because Ash had lost all of the Pokémon Leagues in past seasons. Fans also disliked the outcome because they believed Ash's Greninja had many advantages over Alain's Charizard, including the fact that Water-type Pokémon resist Fire-type Pokémon attacks, and that the rare Bond Phenomenon Ash's Greninja was subject to was said to be far more powerful than a conventional Mega Evolution. Several animators of the series also expressed disappointment that Ash had lost. TV Tokyo's YouTube upload of the teaser of the next episode received an overwhelming number of dislikes as a result of the outcome.

Influence
The series is considered to be one of the first anime series on television to reach this level of mainstream success with Western audiences. It has also been credited with allowing the game series to reach a high degree of popularity, and vice versa.

title: Pokémon (TV series)


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Australia Telescope National Facility

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)'s radio astronomy observatories are collectively known as the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF), with the facility supporting Australia's research in radio astronomy. It is part of CSIRO's business unit known as CSIRO Space and Astronomy.

CSIRO currently operates four observatories as part of the ATNF. Three are in New South Wales near the towns of Parkes, Coonabarabran and Narrabri.The fourth telescope, the next generation Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia. These telescopes can be used together as a long baseline array for use in very long baseline interferometry.

Radio telescopes included in the ATNF:
 * The Australia Telescope Compact Array
 * The Parkes Observatory
 * The Mopra Observatory
 * The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Australia Telescope National Facility


text:
Talk:Nathan Cavaleri

Structure
To expand the article I think sections need to be added to cover his Early Years, Acting, BB King Tour, Recording, Dirty Skanks, Nat Cole and The Kings, and delete the discography. If anyone has any suggestions please let me know. FlatOut 12:03, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Nathan Cavaleri


text:
Talk:Blue-footed booby

Pictures
If you need pictures of boobies (the birds, that is), there's a well-known troll, woot, on the liberal political blog Eschaton who posts messages claiming free pictures of boobies (the human female kind) but are actually of the avian kind. If you can get in contact with woot might be able to provide a picture of the blue-footed booby for you. --Robert Merkel 04:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Any problem removing some of the pictures? Or else reorganizing them so it does not mess up the formatting of the text? Pnkrockr 14:55, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The text isn't yet long enough for a complete article. In that light, all the pictures are valuable in my opinion. But they could be reorganised. Chris Box 21:32, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks much better. Excellent job! Pnkrockr 22:29, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Sorry i butted into this, but I had the diving sequences and thought they would fit in well. --eukaryotica 17:26, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Passeriformes? RK Pelicaniformes!

Why are Blue footed Booby feet blue, anyway? I know it has something to do with the blood vessels in the feet, but I can't seem to figure out how. Mixmastermind 03:40, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think not, gannets and boobies have pigments in the feet, and in some cases at least (eg Northern Gannet) the colours differ between male and female. Any bird with blood the colour of a blue-foot's feet would be in serious trouble. jimfbleak 07:06, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * To be fair, blood vessels can be blue in appearance as well. Plus, it's because of how blood flows through their feet that Boobies can warm their young.Mixmastermind 07:43, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

The first paragraph...
The first paragraph isn't exactly up to par for Wikipedia's content standards...

One specific part... "The blue-footed booby usually lays one to three eggs at a time. The species practices asynchronous hatching, which means that eggs that are laid first are hatched before the consequent eggs..." I think consequent should be subsequent. EETech (talk) 11:29, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Name
One thing that should be noted is that in Spanish and in Ecuador specifically were the bird is native from, i'ts name is "Piquero de patas azules" and has nothing to do with the word "booby" or "bobo" I, living in Ecuador, have never heard of it being named as a "bobo", "piquero" literally meaning "pikeman" ( I guess it has something to do with them using small sticks in their beaks when they mate but I can't source that right now)

Edits
New content has been added by Nicole Salzieder and Michelle Van Ert, as part of the Introductory Animal Biology coursework (Fall 2007) at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. The changes were also reviewed by two other students. Bala Thiagarajan (talk) 20:06, 23 November 2007 (UTC) Bala Thiagarajan (Instructor)

breeding
"To observers, this looks very weird, but this is how the blue-footed boobies mate. The blue-footed booby is a comical bird to watch. Males do a dance to attract the females. The dance includes the males lifting their blue feet high and throwing their heads up."

This sounds like it was written by an eight-year-old. To make matters worse, it repeats information that is already in the article. Would someone please remove this. 154.20.0.54 19:12, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Capitalization
is there some wonderful reason to put upper-case letters at the beginning of 'blue' and 'booby' that i don't understand? have these words become proper nouns by being applied to a bird? should 'robin' now be capitalized? b betswiki (talk) 18:10, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It is a convention for bird names. Every common name for a bird species on the wiki has capitalised letters. Letters after the hyphen are not capitalized, so "-footed" is not capitalized. Snowman (talk) 18:17, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
 * See also proper name. Just like it isn't the "Manhattan bridge" either. Dysmorodrepanis (talk)

The blue color
If possible, it would be better to describe why the birds have "blue feet" since the title is named with the color instead of science name? --Caspian blue 13:19, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes (I guess...) - I have not seen any discussion of why the brid has blue feet though...Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:17, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, is the situation in which you can not find "no discussion" on why the bird has the color on the feet, referring to "forums" or "scholarship"? I believe if we dig up harder, there would be some answers on the question. I've found some interesting sources to say that blue colors depends their nutrition status, and are associated to mating. Unlike the cold color, the feet temperature is quite warm (really interesting to me), so a hatched chick is sitting on the feet of the mother bird for one month(photo) because they can not control their body temperature.--Caspian blue 22:28, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Go for it - you are welcome to add the information then :) Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:18, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, I merely intended to throw a question just out of curiosity in hope that somebody knowledgeable of the subject gives me some answer. After the mission is fulfilled, I was planning to move on to know about other interesting mammals :-) And writing mammal articles requires me to read other similar articles and learn about styles and naming conventions,etc., but I'm lazy to do so and a beginner of writing mammal articles, so I think I can wait until somebody write about the blue feet mystery.--Caspian blue 17:16, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the section on colour is a bit misleading. The blue colour isn't due to carotenoids, because carotenoids aren't blue -- they are yellow/orange/red. The linked reference doesn't say carotenoids are responsible for the blue, it says that the colour varies "from dull blue to bright green" and *this* variation is due to carotenoids (blue +yellow =green). It doesn't say anything about the source of the blue component. Tslumley (talk) 07:33, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I've clarified the source of the blue color. The existing citation is to an abstract of an article. The abstract hints at the full explanation, but I don't have access to the full article. I have added a link to a New York Times article that gives a bit more explanation of the cause of the coloration, and is consistent with the cited abstract. - Donald Albury 17:08, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Run-on sentence with atrocious punctuation
"The name booby comes from the Spanish term bobo, which means "stupid" or "fool"/"clown". This is because the Blue-footed Booby is clumsy on land, and (like other seabirds), they can be very unwary and therefore easily captured, killed, and eaten by humans."

This sentence should read:

 * The name booby comes from the Spanish term bobo (which means 'stupid' or 'fool' or 'clown') because the Blue-footed Booby is (like other seabirds) clumsy on land. They are easily captured, killed, and eaten by humans.

I don't think the author responsible for the word 'unwary' really meant 'unwary'. I would never try to divine the mental state of a bird but would certainly agree that they are clumsy and have a difficult time escaping as a consequence, no matter how wary or unwary they might be.

I would change the article but edits appear to be turned off.154.5.45.119 (talk) 10:34, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Good points. Go ahead. Edits are not turned off (article is not edit protected). -- Alexf(talk) 12:00, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Assignment for Behavioral ecology Class
This article is a solid start, containing basic descriptions of the habitat locations, behaviors, and physical characteristics of the Blue-footed Boobies. All topics were very succinct and some areas were quite underdeveloped. For example, it was mentioned that the birds were “strictly marine” and only came on land to breed, but most of the following topics were then about their behavior on land, and there was very little discussion of their activity on the ocean other than hunting and feeding (ie. How do they adapt to lives spent out at sea? Are they solitary animals when not breeding? Do they rest and sleep on the waves?) There was also a paragraph about “Rearing young,” which contained information about biparental care. However, there was no mention of the intense sibling rivalry described by our textbook, and in fact the Wikipedia article never goes into the behavior of siblicide commonly seen in Blue-footed booby broods when food is scarce. It also never mentions an important fact about egg incubation leading to siblicide: that boobies start incubating their first egg four days before the next one, so the first chick has a four day’s advantage over its younger sibling, meaning that it is dominant in the nest and can attack the younger one when there is not enough food. Ihyuan (talk) 21:39, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Future Edits
Hello! I am a student at Washington University in St. Louis and I will be contributing to this article quite a bit this semester for a Behavioral Ecology class. I am especially interested in parental care and family conflicts, so I will primarily be adding information about that. However, my goal is to expand and broaden the article in all aspects, so that it will eventually be qualified for Good Article! Please let me know if you have any suggestions or comments. Ihyuan (talk) 18:38, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Evaluation
For this article, I made some slight changes to writing style, including editing for proper grammar and some changes in word choice. These were mostly small changes and some slight rewording for efficiency and clarity. I also noted several places where citations are needed. I also added some missing words and fixed some typos and misused words. Finally, I expanded some sentences to further elaborate on certain points.

I would suggest elaborating on the introduction portion of the article, providing just a brief overview of the species and some of the topics later discussed in great detail.

Very good article though.

--Cobiorower (talk) 02:02, 17 October 2012 (UTC)cobiorower

Hi Irene, I enjoyed reading your additions to this article. They were very informative and well cited--this supplemented what we learned in class in an intuitive way. The experiments you referenced were thorough and distinct enough to get the point across easily. I think Eamon tidied your piece up enough that I didn't really see any issues with grammar or your uses of word choice. I bolded the hypotheses to make them more easily readable to viewers, and they help partition between the sentences. I added an extra space between paragraphs under facultative siblicide to make it more readable. I think it helps the readers to not get caught up with all of the words in a block of text. One final note, could you include why parents would want to come into conflict with the older chick in order to 'level the playing field?' Alexliu818 (talk) 04:16, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

I made some minor edits by changing some grammar such as comma splices and run-on sentences. I also noticed an initial version having “serves mainly purposes” which was changed to “serves many purposes”, which I changed to “two main purposes” to preserve the initial meaning of the first author. I also added some hyperlinks. Zhangt2413 (talk) 04:30, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

This whole article is very informative. I learnt a lot about the booby and I think that the article definitely covers the material well. However, I noticed that there were several fragment sentences that I thought took away from the flow of the article. These fragments could probably be combined with the previous sentence via semicolon. I also noticed a couple sentences that I thought were awkwardly worded so I edited them a bit. Great article. Jeremy.winkler (talk) 20:38, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Edits
I added a few new sections today, including one about Natal Dispersal, a paragraph under "Rearing Young" and Long-term Effects of Brood Hierarchies. I also re-wrote the Foot-Pigmentation section, adding more experimental results. Ihyuan (talk) 14:23, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

 * This article is very well written. It has got a rich source of information. I adjusted the organization of the article to include all behavior-related topics under one heading, "Behavior and Ecology". I also added a bunch of Wikipedia links and marked the places where additional citations may be needed. Though it is not required in our class project, it may be helpful if more details are put regarding the habitat and distribution of blue-footed booby. Great job overall! --Tianyi Cai (talk) 02:21, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Hey, Ihyuan! Your contribution to the blue-footed Booby page is coming along great. After previous edits, the organization of the page and flow of your collective writing has been worked into this page well. It's an informative read about an interesting species, and the literature cited here is incorporated nicely. My only additions were a couple grammatical edits (passive voice, comma use, etc.) and linking to other Wiki articles. Your most recent additions have really added to the page, however you may want to re-arrange parts to include the Foot-Pigmentation section within the Description section, where the project seems to want all the physical characteristics to be. In addition, this article is moving way past its Start-status categorization. You may look to get this updated soon. Looking forward to tracking the progress of this article! Nsavalia23 (talk) 04:28, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

More revisions
The past few days, I and two other classmates have been sprucing up this article. We've mostly fixed grammatical errors and added citations where needed (those seemed to be what held this article from reaching GA status previously). I hope our contributions helped! Thatgirlnamedsofa (talk) 00:53, 28 September 2013 (UTC)thatgirlnamedsofa

Re: More revisions
Like the above poster said, we addressed many of the issues brought up in the GA review. All the [citation needed] tags have been fixed, all the references in the refslist have consistent formatting, and the clarity of the writing has been improved. We hope that eventually this article can be renominated for Good Article.Solon5g93 (talk) 22:26, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

I was also on the team. Some information that was not accurately cited was either removed from the article or cited. Now all of the information in the article has been verified. We believe that this article is now ready for GA review.--Npatel92 (talk) 19:55, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment at Washington University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2012 Fall term. Further details are available on the course page.

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title: Talk:Blue-footed booby


text:
Talk:Vinson Massif

Untitled
Require photos that view from the ground.

Correct coordinates?
The article gives the coordinates as 78°35′S 85°25′W

but on TerraWiki.org I found them listed as 78° 31' 59" S, 85° 37' 59" W or -78.533333, -85.633333 (WGS84)

Could an editor with more knowledge about this mountain comment on the relative merits of the current coordinates or the ones given at TerraWiki? —SaxTeacher (talk)  15:26, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There is Vinson Massif, a 13 mi long and 8 mi wide mountain range, and there is Mount Vinson, its summit. The coordinates of the former (i.e. its midpoint) are given as 78°35′S, 85°25′W by the USGS, while the other quoted figures apparently relate to the latter.  Damien Gildea's coordinates of 78°31'31.74"S, 85°37'01.73" W for the summit itself were measured with great precision, however the article is on the massif not on the peak, hence the table should feature 78°35′S, 85°25′W; if the coordinates of the peak are given in addition too, that should be clearly stated. It is inappropriate to give only the peak's coordinates. Apcbg 17:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No, the reason for the discrepancy in the coordianates from the USGS is that these coordinates, like most coordinates from the USGS, are approximate, with a large error margin. "Mount Vinson" redirects to this page. We should give the coordinates of the highest point of the massif, i.e. the point to which Seven Summits climbers are expected to reach. Viewfinder 17:13, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I can assure you that you are quite wrong about USGS. Their Antarctic database GNIS gives the coordinates of Antarctic features rounded to the nearest minute, and the precision of their figures is normally half minute.  In the course of my work on the coordinates of hundreds of Antarctic features I have  regularly dealt with the USGS data, and it practically never varies more than one minute from confirmed precise data from other sources.  A discrepancy of 3.5 minutes of latitude is out of the question —— meaning that the USGS coordinates here are those of the midpoint of Vinson Massif, which is not Mt Vinson, and which coordinates should be restored in the table.  That "Mount Vinson" redirects here is because the article for that peak is not yet written, clearly these are two distinct features that need articles of their own, with the massif having other prominent peaks as well. Apcbg 17:57, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The USGS coordinates appear to me to be to the nearest 5', or is this a 1/25 coincidence? I have worked with USGS coordinates too, although not specifically in the Antarctic. They are usually accurate to one minute (about 2 km) but I consider that to be a large error margin, although perhaps not by Antarctic standards. For large area entities like countries and ranges, they are often on degree intersections (how do you determine the mid-point of the Andes?)

 * Imo a separate article about Mount Vinson would be more a less a carbon copy of the existing article and would create unnecessary confusion and duplication. Mount McKinley and Kilimanjaro are also massifs with several separate summits and high points. Should we change the coordinates of these and hundreds of others from high points to mid points?

 * I am not sure how the "Vinson Massif" is defined. It seems to include Craddock (I agree that this is a separate mountain) and Slaughter (arguably a separate mountain), but does it include Tyree and Shinn? The best way would probably be to list all the principal summits. If their coordinates are included (I can determine these accurately enough if necessary from 1:250,000 mapping), then if you insist on having a mid-point lead figure, I will not delete it so long as there is a clarifying footnote. Something on the lines of Annapurna woul be OK. Viewfinder 19:05, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As I get it from the USGS map and the descriptions of particular peaks and the massif itself given by the USGS GNIS and the SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer, Vinson Massif comprises the portion of Sentinel Range bounded by thy saddle between Mt. Craddock (included) and Mt. Strybing (excluded) to the southeast, and the saddle between Mt. Vinson (included) and Mt. Shinn (excluded) to the northwest. Peaks like Mt. Atkinson, Mt. Slaughter and Mt. Mohl are included too.  My reading for the midpoint of the massif from that map is 78°36'S, so the USGS figures are definitely NOT to the nearest 5' as you suggest, and the map confirms that they refer to the midpoint as appropriate for an extensive feature.  Regarding the accuracy of USGS figures, yes in terms of latitude it’s 1' = 1 nm, which is considered adequate in most cases for the purposes of identification of Antarctic features, and that’s the purpose those figures released (at least in the data bases quoted above) are intended for; while the USGS has much more precise figures in most cases (as obviously in this case as the 1:250,000 topographic map in question is theirs), these are not released but rounded to the nearest 1'.  Your parallel with Kilimanjaro and Denali is less than plausible; indeed we have both Vinson Massif AND Mt. Vinson, but only Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Denali –  no Kilimanjaro Massif, and no Denali Massif.   I have made my point, please feel free to organize the article as you like. Apcbg 08:57, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you adding the map. Viewfinder 16:59, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

First Welshman??
The article contains this line: "The first Welsh man to climb Vinson Massiff was Mark Lewis in 1997 (aged 22 - the youngest person to have done so at the time)" Is there a specific reason we are singling out the first Welshman? Why not the first American? Or the first Japanese? etc. If Mark Lewis was still the youngest person to have climbed the peak, then I could see why we would leave a reworded version of this in. However, since he no longer is (see Samantha Larson), I will remove it. Any objections? -Sarfa (talk) 22:19, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

eclipse
Near the end of the article is the phrase "... 16,077 ft (4,900 m), eclipsing the earlier established heights recorded in 1959 and ...." It doesn't seem to make much sense to say that 16,077 eclipses measurements from 1959 when a 1959 measurement is given in the article as being something like 16,864 feet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.21.170 (talk) 06:21, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Distance from South Pole
The article said it's 600 miles from the Pole, but I changed it to 1200 km (750 mi) because (a) 1200 km matches what some other sites state, and (b) calculating the distance using this tool indicates around 1200 km is more accurate.--A bit iffy (talk) 16:50, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

How many climbers?
The intro says 700 have climbed the peak as of 2010. Towards the end of the article a figure of 2000 climbers is given. Which is it?1812ahill (talk) 02:50, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

How Cold Does It Get?
At 16,000 feet in Antartica does it hold any low temperature records? Whats the coldest it's ever been there? 98.245.168.93 (talk) 19:39, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

2nd Eclipse. Height.
Could you write about how the height was measured in the past. World Almanac says 16894 ft (5140m) [2011 edition], 16066 ft (4897m) [2017]. I’m pretty sure it was always cited (everywhere) as 5140m. Bit of a drop! When was it first revised? Does “mean sea-level” have anything to do with it?

NB: (as per Talk in 2008:) the article still (incorrectly) says at 16,077 ft, eclipsing the earlier established heights recorded in 1959 and 1979.

NB2: There’s no info in the article about the 1979 height. MBG02 (talk) 02:25, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vinson Massif


text:
Talk:Maltese alphabet

The reference to "Latin letter Y" is somewhat confusing, as there is no Y in classical Latin. I cannot think of a better way to put it though.

Dotless C
Did dotless c sound like modern k?

No. The 'c' in Maltese - regardless of whether with or without dot - was and always is pronounced as 'ch' is in English.

In pre-20th century writing, the dotless C had the same value as in Italian. That is, 'k' except before the vowels E and I when it was pronounced as 'ch'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.0.15.181 (talk) 02:31, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

IPA
A guide to how each letter is generally pronounced would be rather useful. And some explanation as to why the diacritics are used (to provide a way of writing sounds not generally found in Romance / Germanic languages, for example). And how does this alphabet differ from other Latin-derived alphabets, such as Turkish?

This feels rather like a stub article, to me. Given that most Maltese people can handle English pretty well, I'm surprised this article isn't considerably longer and more detailed… — OwenBlacker 15:58, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Maltese alphabet to romanise Arabic?
Does Maltese alphabet have enough letters to (theoretically) romanise Modern Standard Arabic? See also: Talk:Romanization of Arabic--Atitarev (talk) 23:40, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Only ambiguously, since many distinct sounds in Arabic merged in Maltese.
 * For example, "għ" comes from both ع and غ; "s" from both س and ص; and so on. -- pne (talk) 11:26, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

ħ
May I kindly ask if anybody knows; Who invented the ħ letter first? The International Phonetic Association or people from Malta for the Maltese language. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 08:24, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

I believe it came first in the Maltese alphabet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.202.43.54 (talk) 00:48, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Maltese vowel "o" - International Phonetic Alphabet
Maltese letter: o

 * long, like aw in law: sod (IPA: ɔ) - sod means "solid" (it comes from Italian sodo: IPA: 'sɔdo)
 * short, like o in got: bott (IPA: ɒ) - bott means "bottle" (it comes from French boîte or from Sicilian buatta)

Source: http://www.aboutmalta.com/language/maltesegrammar.htm

Other sources:
 * Pronunciation of "law": http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/law (IPA: lɔ)
 * Pronunciation of "got": http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/got (IPA: gɒt)
 * Pronunciation of "got" (especially in formal contexts, in Brittish English anyway) (IPA: gɔt)

Best regards

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Sarvaturi (talk • contribs) 11:56, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Adding accented vowels to alphabet
Is there a reason why the accented vowels Àà, Èè, Ìì, Òò, and Ùù are only mentioned at the end of the article and not included in the alphabet at the top? Mtanti (talk) 20:21, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maltese alphabet


text:
User talk:Bct88

Recurring characters in Last of the Summer Wine
Sorry about that, then. I'm recording an error in the anti-vandal software I'm using to help prevent it happening again. Thanks for contacting me about it, anyway. Beno1000 13:15, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bct88


text:
Australia Telescope Compact Array

The Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) is a radio telescope operated by CSIRO at the Paul Wild Observatory, twenty five kilometres (16 mi) west of the town of Narrabri in New South Wales, Australia. Its opening ceremony took place on September 2, 1988.

Overview
The telescope is an array of six identical 22 m diameter dishes, which commonly operate in aperture synthesis mode to produce radio images. Five of the dishes can be moved along a three-kilometre (2 mi) railway track oriented east-west. The sixth antenna is situated three kilometres west of the end of the main track. Each dish weighs about 270 t.

The Compact Array is a part of the Australia Telescope National Facility network of radio telescopes. The array is frequently operated together with other CSIRO telescopes, the 64 m dish at the Parkes Observatory and a single 22 m dish at Mopra (near Coonabarabran), to form a very long baseline interferometry array.

The Array welcomes visitors from the general public. The facility includes a Visitor's Centre where the operations of the array can be observed in comfort and shade, and it has a range of informational displays and audiovisual presentations, while the surrounding grounds have displays and activities for visitors. Open Days are run regularly, and to mark special events such as the anniversary of the first Moon landing, or major anniversaries of the telescope itself.

The children's/teen's television adventure series Sky Trackers was filmed in this facility in 1993, with the radio telescopes being prominently featured.

Space tracking
Whilst remaining a telescope predominantly dedicated to radio-astronomy, in 2007, the Compact Array was outfitted with receivers enabling it to receive radio waves 7 mm long, allowing it to be used from time to time to help NASA track spacecraft.

Key results
Highlights of the scientific work done by the ATCA include:
 * 1991 the first image of a radio supernova remnant as it formed (SNR 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud)
 * 1992 observe the longest galactic radio jets to date (galaxy 0319-453).
 * 1995 create the first 3-D models of Jupiter’s radiation belts, showing properties of its magnetic field closer to the planet than spacecraft could measure.
 * 1996 create the most detailed maps of hydrogen in the Magellanic Clouds, by a factor of 20.
 * 1998 first evidence that gamma-ray bursts are linked to supernovae.
 * 2000 observations suggest that radio beams from the giant radio galaxy B0114-476 may have turned off, then restarted.
 * 2001 observations suggest that Abell 3667, a cluster of about 500 galaxies, was produced by two smaller clusters merging. This is the first observational evidence for this process.
 * 2001 (with Parkes telescope) the first three-dimensional structure of a face-on galaxy (the Large Magellanic Cloud).
 * 2002 (with Chandra X-ray space telescope) for the first time capture the entire life-cycle of jets from a microquasar, XTE J1550-564, seeing jets erupt at relativistic speeds, slow down and fade away.
 * 2003 show that gamma ray bursts release similar total energy, and so probably have a common origin.
 * 2004 first observations of a neutron star emit a jet at relativistic speed. This challenged the idea that only black holes can create the conditions needed to accelerate jets to such extreme speeds.

title: Australia Telescope Compact Array


text:
Colt Python

The Colt Python is a double action/single action revolver chambered for the .357 Magnum cartridge. It was first introduced in 1955 by the Colt's Manufacturing Company.

Pythons have a reputation for accuracy, smooth trigger pull, and a tight cylinder lock-up. Pythons, built on Colt's large I-frame, are similar in size and function to the Colt Trooper and Colt Lawman revolvers.

The Colt Python is intended for the premium revolver market segment. Produced from 1955 to 2005, and again since 2020, it was described by historian R.L. Wilson as "the Rolls-Royce of Colt revolvers", and firearms historian Ian V. Hogg referred to it as the "best revolver in the world". Some firearm collectors and writers such as Jeff Cooper and Ian V. Hogg have described the Python as "the finest production revolver ever made".

Development and design
The Colt Python did not have an intensive development program, it was essentially gunsmiths on the production floor trying to come up with a match revolver using mostly existing pieces and parts, and what they created was one of the "finest-looking handguns ever made" according to Keefe.

Al De John, who started with Colt in 1946 as a gunsmith, worked with factory superintendent Al Gunther. De John started to tinker with the .38 Special Officer's Model Match beefing up the cylinder, frame, and top-strap due to problems with blowback and firing pins from the excessive pressure from the .357 Magnum hammering the recoil plate. The recoil plate, a separate piece set into the frame, was eliminated by putting the firing-pin hole directly into the frame and making the top strap and crane more robust. Al Gunther first suggested having the iconic vent rib across the barrel. The Python snake name for the revolver came from Colt sticking to their reptilian revolver naming, following the 1950 .38 Special "Cobra". Thus the "Python" was the second snake moniker for Colt's lineup. The Colt Python was first introduced in 1955 as Colt's top-of-the-line model and was originally intended to be a large-frame .38 Special target revolver. As a result, it features precision adjustable sights, a smooth trigger, solid construction, and extra metal. Pythons have a distinct appearance due to a full barrel underlug, ventilated rib and adjustable sights. Colt revolver cylinders rotate clockwise compared to counter-clockwise of other revolvers (like Smith & Wesson or Ruger). When the revolver is at full cock, just as the trigger is pressed, the cylinder locks up for the duration of the hammer strike. As the trigger is pressed, the cylinder moves into lockup by the hand, and it is locked tightly. The Colt is locked up tight when the hammer falls. Colt claims that since the cylinder rotates to the right, this forces the cylinder into the frame, opposite of the Smith & Wesson. The gap between the cylinder and forcing cone is very tight, further aiding accuracy and velocity.

Production of Generation 1 (1955–2005)
Colt originally manufactured Pythons with hollow underlugs but left them solid to work as a stabilizing barrel weight. It was initially released with a 6" barrel, then a 4" barrel, and finally a 2.5" barrel which was the shortest barrel that could accommodate the vent on the rib. The Python was the first time Colt used the Royal Blue finish, coming from a very high polish on the gun and then bluing. Initially, only Colt gunsmith Al De John and Don Bedford were the only two gunsmiths allowed to work on the Pythons. This gunsmithing included intricate hand fitting and polishing and each revolver would take Colt gunsmiths a little longer; about 20 minutes of labor, compared to the 15 minutes (4 guns per hour) of other Colt revolvers. The Python was initially priced at $125, the same as the reintroduced Single Action Army. Only one Python was built in 1955, a little over 300 Pythons were built by the end of 1956, and more than 100,000 Pythons were built by 1969. From the 1970s each Python revolver was boresighted at the factory with a laser; the first mass-produced revolver for which this was done.

End of Generation 1 (2005)
In October 1999, Colt announced that it would cease production of Python revolvers. In a 2000 follow-up letter to distributors, the company cited changing market conditions and the costs of defending lawsuits as the reasons to discontinue the Python line, as well as a number of other models. The Colt Custom Gun Shop continued making a limited number of Pythons on special order until 2005, when this limited production ceased. First generation Colt Python's had a higher cost due to the "hand fitting" by gunsmith specialists that were required due the variations that came from that era's limited capabilities with regards to the mass production and machining of precision steel parts. This required expensive gunsmith specialists to file and hand fit parts together, contributing to high labor costs. The 2020 reintroduction of the Colt Python was partially made possible with the increased precision of machining and improvements of tolerances and strength of metal injection molding, negating the need for "hand fitting" by expensive specialists.

Generation 2 (2020–present)

The second generation Colt Python was officially released by Colt in January 2020. The new second generation Pythons were strengthened and made to be more robust by being built out of stronger stainless steel than the first generation, increasing the steel mass of the backstrap, and thirty percent more steel beneath the rear adjustable sight. When Colts were first introduced, they were initially designed to shoot bullseye matches, and during the 1950s and 60's most shooters were using light .38 Specials for their matches. But as the Pythons became more widely adopted with law enforcement and shooters who ran their guns with higher powered .357 Magnum rounds, Pythons gained a reputation for being fragile when subjected to hard use with magnum loads. So for the second generation Colts, engineers redesigned the rear sight which allowed them to add 30 percent more steel above the cylinder in the top strap. Furthermore, the steel used in the second generation benefits of stronger modern metallurgy. The 410-series stainless steel Colt has used in Pythons since 1983 has been replaced with a stronger more corrosion resistant alloy. It is available with a 3 in, 4.25 in or 6 in barrel. The Colt Python is powered by a V-spring versus the Smith & Wesson’s leaf spring. Since the 2020-update, the V-spring has been redesigned into a "U" shape, in addition to simplifying and subtracting parts from the lockwork, to prevent "stacking", a phenomenon where the weight of pull sharply increases at the end of the trigger's travel. All new production Pythons are shipped with Altamont wood grips.

Usage

The Python has been extremely popular with both target shooters and law enforcement.

Law enforcement
The Python immediately made inroads into the law enforcement market when introduced, with the 6-inch barrel being popular with uniformed officers and the 4-inch barrel considered optimal for plainclothes use. The Colorado State Patrol issued 4-inch blue Pythons until their switch to the S&W .40 caliber autoloader. Georgia State Patrol issued Pythons in the 1980s until their transition to Glock semiautomatic pistols in the 1990s. Florida Highway Patrol issued Pythons to their officers in the 1980s until their transition to the Beretta 92FS semiautomatic pistol in the late 1980s. Python has since fallen out of common use, along with all revolvers, due to changing law enforcement needs that favor semi-automatic pistols. When law-enforcement agencies realized that the 9 mm semi-automatic pistols fire a round with similar characteristics to the .38 Special with higher capacity, they began a migration to these, and other, semi-automatic pistol cartridges. The move away from the Python is also being driven by the increasing number of law enforcement agencies which require officers to carry department-issue weapons (as a way to reduce liability).

Crime
A Python, loaded with .357 Magnum semiwadcutter bullets, was used to murder Irish crime reporter Veronica Guerin in 1996, an act which resulted in the creation of the Criminal Assets Bureau.

Media
The Colt Python was featured prominently on the TV show "The Walking Dead" being carried by its main protagonist; Rick Grimes, during its 11 seasons from 2010 to 2022; leading to a large increase in market demand which assisted in the reintroduction in 2020. It has been featured in many TV series, movies, and video games including “The X Files,” “The Walking Dead,” "Burn Notice," “Hawaii 5-0,” “Starsky and Hutch,” “City Hunter,” “John Wick” (2014), “American Gangster” (2004), “Fight Club” (1999) and “King Kong” (1976).

Famous
According to Colt historian, R. L. Wilson, Colt Pythons have been collected by Elvis Presley and various kings: "H.M. (His Majesty) Hussein I of Jordan ordered a limited number of Pythons with 4-inch and 6-inch barrels, as gifts to friends. Casing and barrel were embossed with His Majesty's crest. The Python for King Juan Carlos of Spain bore his name in flush gold on the sideplate. Among other celebrated recipients: King Khalid and Prince Fahd (Saudi Arabia), King Hassan (Morocco), Sheik Zayed (United Arab Emirates), President Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and President Hafez Assad (Syria)."

Models and variants

The Colt Python featured a fully adjustable white-outline Accro rear sight and a 1/8 in front ramp with red inset. A wide spur, checkered hammer and grooved, curved trigger. Initially only a blued finish was offered, it was the first time Colt produced the Royal Blue finish. Soon after the introduction, a nickel finish was added, and together with Royal Blue, these were the two factory finishes. Initially made only with a 6 in barrel, a compact 4 in came afterward. Between 1955 and 1994, a downsized 2.5 in barrel version was introduced which still sported full-sized grips. Colt also produced a few short runs of revolvers with a 3 in barrel known to collectors as "Combat Pythons."

In 1980, an 8 in barrel Python was introduced chambered for the .38 Special. The Colt Python Target .38 Special was made in Royal Blue and only 251 Colt Python Targets were given the nickel finish. Also the Colt Python Hunter was unveiled, which was the 8-inch Python with Pachmayr grips, factory-mounted 2X Leupold scope on the barrel with Redfield mounts, and packaged in a Haliburton case that included a Colt-marked plastic ammunition box, wood handle cleaning rod and tool kit. The Colt Python Hunter was the first field-ready handgun hunting package made by a major handgun manufacturer. It was discontinued by 1990 and briefly offered as a Colt Custom Shop model afterward.

In 1981, Coltguard, a proprietary electroless weather-resistant plating, was also made available. The stainless Python was reintroduced in 1984, followed in 1985 by the super-polished stainless Ultimate Python, which was fitted with an Elliason target front sight. In 1988 only 200 Colt Python Stalker were produced in stainless steel. It has an 8-inch vented ribbed barrel, a smooth non-fluted cylinder, a Leupold M8-2x Extended E.R. scope, and rubber grips with the Colt Medallion. A small number of Pythons were gold and silver plated for various commemoratives and special orders throughout the years.

In 1982, the Colt Python Silhouette came with a rib-mounted Leupold scope and Pachmayr grips, and housed in a black fitted-case with nickel trim. There was also an 8-inch Ten Pointer Series with a 3X Burris scope, wooden grips, an extra set of neoprene composition grips and a carrying case.

Two Colt revolver variants using Python barrels but not Python frames or internals were made in small numbers by Colt. The first was the Colt Boa of 1985, a limited production run of 1,200 .357 Magnum revolvers, made for the Lew Horton Distributing Company in Massachusetts. It uses a Python barrel mated to a Trooper Mk V frame. Six hundred 6-inch revolvers and six hundred 4-inch revolvers were made, of which one hundred were matched sets. Though it resembles a Python visually, it is substantially different internally.

The second was the stainless steel Colt Grizzly of 1994, another limited-production .357 Magnum revolver. It uses a Python barrel mated to a Colt King Cobra frame. Five hundred of these revolvers were manufactured, with six-inch Magna-ported barrels and smooth, unfluted cylinders. The ported barrel includes a bear footprint. Similar to the Grizzly was the Colt Kodiak, which was a Colt Anaconda with a Magna-ported barrel and an unfluted cylinder. Approximately 2,000 Kodiaks were manufactured. All original Colt Pythons use the original Colt E/I frame type mechanics with a leaf hammer spring design in common with earlier Colt models, including the postwar Colt .357 Magnum model and the pre-war Colt Official Police and Army Special models. As described above, the Boa and Grizzly are structurally part of the Mk.III/Mk.V revolver product lines which use the much later J and V designated frames. These various hybrids are very collectible due to low production quantities, but because they are a completely different revolver action based upon the later coil-mainspring Colt products, they may not be considered Pythons.

In 1997 manufacture of the Python was switched from the main assembly line to the Colt Custom Shop, and the gun was offered in both highly polished and matte stainless steel and renamed the Colt Python Elite. It remained in limited production, off and on, until 2004.

In 2020, Colt reintroduced the Python in 4.25 and 6 in barrels, followed by a 3 in version in 2022. The reintroduced Python has been technically revised and reinforced compared to the original revolver. Of the first issues, the 6-inch is generally the most common, the 8-inch was intended for hunting, the 4-inch was preferred by plain-clothes police, the 2.5-inch and 3-inch were limited and have become rare.

With the production return in January 2020, Colt sanctioned and authenticated the first engraved new production Colt Python. It was made by Tyler Gun Works and sold for $18,026 via auction on GunBroker.com on February 27, 2020. The proceeds were donated to the NRA Whittington Center Adventure Camp.

Issues

With the re-introduction of the new 2020-era Colt Python, whenever examining issues of a Colt Python it is necessary to first determine whether the inquiry is in regard to the first generation 1955–2005 Python model or the redesigned second generation 2020-era Python with improved internals and upgraded robustness.

A downside to the older generation Colt Python's precision as a tendency to go "out of time" with continued heavy shooting. Going "out of time" or mis-timing on a revolver is a condition in which the hand does not move each and every cylinder chamber to the exact correct rotation with respect to the forcing cone. Furthermore, any revolver used for many thousands of rounds may eventually require the same timing adjustments. In any case, the first and most common symptom of typical timing issues will be only a slight loss of accuracy, which on a Python may not even be noticeable to many shooters. Colt beefed up the robustness by increasing the quality of the steel, hardness of the parts, and the amount of steel for the 2020 release of the second generation Pythons.

Stacking, a phenomenon where the weight of pull sharply increases at the end of the trigger's travel, was an issue for the first generation Pythons. For the 2020 release of the second generation Pythons, Colt redesigned the lockwork, simplifying and subtracting parts, and redesigning the V-spring into a "U" shape where 'stacking' is no longer an issue.

Author Martin Dougherty notes the weight of the Python as a drawback, as it is quite heavy for a handgun of its caliber, ranging from 2.4 lbs (1.1 kg) to 2.6 lbs (1.2 kg). This makes the Python comparable to Smith & Wesson's premier .357, the M27, which weighs 2.6 lb with a 4 in barrel. Both revolvers are 6 to 9 oz lighter than Smith and Wesson's more powerful M29 .44 Magnum, which weighs 3.0 lb in 6+1/2 in barrel configuration.

title: Colt Python


text:
Talk:Andover Canal

Andover, where? Remember, not everybody reading this is a native of your country!--Robert Merkel 04:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That should have fixed it.It didn't accure to me that there would be more than one andover have to be more careful next timeGeni 12:23, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Andover Canal


text:
Talk:Warp spasm

Old discussion from wp:vfd
Discussion concluded and article kept on May 13, 2004

Comic-book-hero power. Already merged into Sláine. Catherine - talk 04:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Warp spasm is actually something from ancient Irish myth. I've revised the article to focus on this aspect. Keep. Snowspinner 04:33, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, then. Ooo-oooh!  Slaine and his Warp spasms are something I'm very familiar with having been an avid 2000AD reader, but I didn't know that they were based in fact - or, rather, myth.  But knowing the writer's (pat Mills) other work that doesn't surprise me. --bodnotbod 15:53, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Found it from a non-VG source here: http://www.celticleague.org/celtic-myth.html Alcarillo 18:30, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh -- you learn something new every day (especially around here). Keep, looks good now.  Catherine - talk 15:39, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. And that is one of the coolest superpowers ever.  Screw X-ray vision. Meelar 04:08, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, nice rewrite Burgundavia 07:05, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

Rename?
I propose renaming this article Ríastrad. "Warp spasm" is found as a descriptive term to convey the Irish word in Thomas Kinsella's magnificent translation of the Táin, but was coined by him and a number of other terms could be used to describe the same phenomenon. I'd also like to know if the comic book reference refers to the use of the actual phrase "warp spasm" or not. Enaidmawr (talk) 01:10, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The comic does use the phrase "warp spasm", which it presumably lifted from Kinsella. My own feeling is that, as ríastrad is simply the verbal noun of the verb ríastraid "contorts, distorts" (DIL) and in the sense of a battle-frenzy is only associated with Cúchulainn (there are no other Irish heroes who undergo it to my knowledge), it's not significant enough to have its own article. It would be enough for Cúchulainn's distortion to be dealt with in his article, with a note about Sláine's warp-spasm in the "cultural references" section; and Sláine's warp-spasm and its origins in Cúchulainn's ríastrad to be dealt with in his article. Nobody will be looking up "ríastrad" or "warp-spasm" independently of either of those two articles. --Nicknack009 (talk) 17:29, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Since nobody has objected to the above, I have ensured that both Cúchulainn and Sláine (comics) mention the origin of the term, and redirected to Cúchulainn as the original source of the term. --Nicknack009 (talk) 11:49, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Actually some people DO look up both ríastrad AND warp-spasm independently. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.73.36.103 (talk) 19:29, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warp spasm


text:
Talk:Jerome Kern

Old comments
Biographic articles are by WIkipedia convention, given the name they are known by. In this case, that's "Jerome Kern" not "Jerome David Kern" - Nunh-huh 04:16, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Is it "Showboat" or "Show Boat"? 12.207.80.153 23:58, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The title of the musical is "Show Boat". The word itself can be spelled both ways.Sluzzelin 08:04, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Appleographone(?)
I tried to verify the Appleographone claim but found nothing. (See Talk:Appleographone) Perhaps whoever created this article could give us more information? Sluzzelin 09:00, 15 August 2006 (UTC)Sluzzelin 08:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, it's a hoax.Sluzzelin 11:06, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

List of Jerome Kern's songs
Partly with a view to reducing the future possible length of the article, and to providing a ready reference to his works, I have created a List of Jerome Kern songs. Please contribute.--Technopat (talk) 13:12, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Opening
Re: "His musical innovations, such as 4/4 dance rhythms and the employment of syncopation and jazz progressions, built on, rather than rejected, earlier musical theatre tradition."

This is a peculiar sentence. I think it might be broken in two because the examples of putative innovation don't all necessarily build on the earlier manner, even if they supplement it or alter it. Kern is usually considered a bridge, although Show Boat was clearly a harbinger with a curiously (considering its commercial success) delayed influence on the future of musicals. I'd rewrite the passage myself were I not puzzled by the list: "4/4 dance rhythms" in contradistinction to what? Non-dance rhythms? Waltzes and minuets? Or is it 4/4 in contradistinction to 2/2? Was Kern really the first to put syncopation on Broadway? If he wasn't, he might still have been in the vanguard, but that doesn't make his syncopation an "innovation". Presumbably "jazz progressions" means "jazz chord progressions", and if so, that's what should be said. But what precisely is a jazz chord progression, anyway? As far as I can tell, until the bebop period and except for blues, jazz harmony was taken straight from "common-practice-period" European Art Music harmony. TheScotch (talk) 08:01, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm struggling a bit here. If you would be so kind as to suggest the wording you would prefer I think we might more easily grasp the point you are making. Tim riley (talk) 18:12, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Reply to Scotch: The dance music in musical theatre from the late 19th century into the first decades of the 20th century (operetta and Edwardian musical comedy) had generally been in 3/4 time or 6/8 time. Kern embraced the newly popular dance styles of the early 20th century in his shows, whereas older composers, such as Lionel Monckton, failed to adapt.  Syncopation and jazz were also new to musical theatre.  The point being made in the sentence, which I think comes across clearly, is that although these things were new, Kern's use of them in his scores was not revolutionary, but evolutionary.  The source given is: Bordman, Gerald. "Jerome David Kern, Innovator/Traditionalist", The Musical Quarterly Volume 71, no. 4, April 1985, pp. 468-73. -- Ssilvers (talk) 13:45, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Perhaps that first sentence or two, explaining the significance of using 4/4 dance rhythms, should be in the text?

 * I have a related point - this: "the first Broadway showtune with a basic jazz progression." is pretty meaningless to me. (I'm a jazz musician) That phrase does seem like bluffing, like it wasn't clear to the writer what it meant either. What does that mean? What is "a basic jazz progression"? Is the emphasis on "basic" or "jazz" or.. does it contain 2 or 4 jazzy bars, or is the whole tune the basic jazz progression? Which progression do they mean? What chords did showtunes have before that? (Assuming "progression" refers to the chord changes.) The chords seem mostly of the I - V7 - I kind (as in Mozart, Beethoven etc), with one prominent sustained jazzish 7th chord. The rhythm of the melody does seem surprisingly jazzy in places. 122.148.184.131 (talk) 00:27, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

 * It is in the text already, except we say "four beats to a bar" in the text. Again, we are repeating what Gerald Bordman wrote. I read it as saying that the whole tune uses Jazz chord progressions.  Basic, as in standard or simple.  Before that, showtunes used lilting waltz chords or more classical structures.  Take a look at Bordman, and see if you can summarize it better: Bordman, Gerald. "Jerome David Kern, Innovator/Traditionalist", The Musical Quarterly, Volume 71, no. 4, April 1985, pp. 468-73.  Of course, if you have a better source for musical analysis of Kern and, specifically, "The Magic Melody", We could cite that instead.  User:Tim riley, do you wish to comment? -- Ssilvers (talk) 09:34, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Not at this point, but thank you for asking. I'll watch developments, if any, and chip in as seems wanted.  Tim riley  talk   10:31, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks Ssilvers, I thought it had the flavour of someone repeating without understanding. I looked it up and he says "One Kern song from Nobody Home has subsequently elicited some excited scholarly comment. Writing about it seven years later in the Atlantic Monthly, the musical historian Carl Engel suggested that "The Magic Melody" was the first time that Broadway playgoers listened to a basic jazz progression—I-IV7—in a show tune. Possibly someone may find an earlier example."

 * Notice he tells you which jazz progression he means, so it makes sense. This is Engel's article https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1922/08/jazz-a-musical-discussion/527883/. In section III he talks about Kern, it's too long to quote here. "A young man, gifted with musical talent and unusual courage, had dared to introduce into his tune a modulation which was nothing extraordinary in itself, but which marked a change, a new regime in American popular music. It was just the thing that the popular composer in the making had been warned against by the wise ones as a thing too “high-brow” for the public to accept." - You would assume nowadays that he would say "too low-brow"! Evidently the chord in question is the Bb7 under the words "syncopated melody" - about 1:00 into Billy Murray's 1915 version. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTkpHLR6H3E

 * "Its principal claim to immortality is that it introduces a modulation which, at the time it was first heard by the masses, seized their ears with the power of magic. And the masses, for once, showed excellent judgment. ...Mr. Kern subsequently proved to be one of the most fertile, tasteful, and characteristic composers of light music. When he tries to be purely melodic, he is apt to fall back upon cheap sentimentalism, tinged with spurious folk-song color. But his little harmonic device had a hue all its own; and popular parlance decided that it was “blue.” ... What stainless ears considered a rather weird turn of the melody, a morbid shifting of harmonies, entered the dictionary of professional jargon as “blue note,” or “blue chord.”

 * So.. it's the first jazzy chord on Broadway! What he's talking about is not so much a progression as a single chord – IV7 — which is Billy Murray's version sounds very jazzy indeed. You could call it a blues chord (it sounds like the blues – I IV7 I are the first 3 chords of the blues in many styles.), a bluesy chord, a jazz chord. I'm not sure which of these would be best. But any are infinitely better than ""the first Broadway showtune with a basic jazz progression." - which gives no idea what it's talking about. Maybe or "blues harmony". Maybe "blues-derived harmony" is best. (I liked "bluesy" but it sounds a lil informal.) "the first Broadway show tune using blues harmonies." Yeah that sounds good, I'll change it now. 122.148.184.131 (talk) 21:18, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I didn't change it - can't work out how to change the reference, which should be to Engel's original article, not Bordman citing him. Engel's article is "Jazz: A Musical Discussion", The Atlantic, August 1922 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1922/08/jazz-a-musical-discussion/527883/ Thanks. 122.148.184.131 (talk) 21:29, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Infobox
Is the infobox on this article actually serving any purpose? It appears to have Kern's birth and death date (which can be found on the first line of the lead section), and the non-important listing of his equally non-important spouse, which I don't think should be one of the first things the reader sees. --  Cassianto Talk   11:02, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * No. It contains only redundant information included elsewhere in the article, and the information it contains is not the most important information about Kern.  I'd like to hear from User:Tim riley before deleting, as he has done much work on this article.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 13:35, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I concur. Info-boxes can sometimes be useful: I am busying myself with Liberal and Conservative MPs of the 1880s at the moment, and a neat table summarising ministerial posts held is, to my mind, quite helpful. But the box here serves no discernible purpose at all IMO. I suggest we leave it a day or so to see if anyone demurs, and if not, blitz it. Tim riley (talk) 13:43, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oops. Before I read your last sentence, I removed it.  But if a different consensus emerges, we can always restore it.  -- Ssilvers (talk) 14:03, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I doubt if the consequence will be acts of violence in Grosvenor Square. Tim riley (talk) 17:25, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Bravo! Heartfelt rounds of applause all round! - SchroCat (talk) 22:19, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Ka-lu-a and Dardanella
I've read that there was a copyright infringement matter about a bar of music from "Dardanella" being used in "Ka-lu-a" (one of my favorite Kern songs)which established some sort of copyright precedent in the USA. Does anybody have the particulars? I've been trying to find out just what that important precedent was. 50.202.81.2 (talk) 05:03, 5 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, here it is. Fred Fisher, Inc. v. Dillingham 298F. 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1924)  Judge Learned Hand found that Kern had subconsciously copied the ostinato from "Dardanella" and awarded the plaintiffs $250.  50.202.81.2 (talk) 05:31, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

Great American Songbook article
There is a discussion at Talk:Great American Songbook as to how to deal with the uncited lists of songwriters, songs, and singers in that article. Please join the discussion if it interests you. Softlavender (talk) 03:20, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jerome Kern


text:
Linnaeus's mouse opossum

Linnaeus's mouse opossum (Marmosa murina), also known as the common or murine mouse opossum, is a South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae.

Range and habitat
Its range includes Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia.

This opossum is most commonly sighted near forest streams and human habitation. A nocturnal creature, it shelters during the day in a mesh of twigs on a tree branch, a tree hole, or an old bird's nest.

Behavior
It eats insects, spiders, lizards, bird's eggs, chicks, and fruits.

Linnaeus's mouse opossum has a gestation period of approximately 13 days, and gives birth to 5–10 young.

The mouse opossum will "play dead" if it thinks that it is in danger, it will even smell as if it were dead.

Description
It is pale beige to grey on its underparts with short, smooth fur. Its face appears to have a black mask on it, its eyes are prominent, and its ears are very upright. Its tail, which females use to carry leaves, is much longer than the rest of its body.

Linnaeus's mouse opossum has a body length of approximately 11 - 14.5 cm, with a tail of approximately 13.5 - 21 cm long. It weighs about 250 g.

title: Linnaeus's mouse opossum


text:
Ellsworth Mountains

The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a 350 km long and 48 km wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (4,892 m) constituting the highest point on the continent. The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.

Discovery
The mountains were discovered on November 23, 1935, by the American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth in the course of a trans-Antarctic flight from Dundee Island to the Ross Ice Shelf. He gave them the descriptive name Sentinel Range.

The mountains were mapped in detail by the U.S. Geological Survey from ground surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1958–1966. When it became evident that the mountains comprise two distinct ranges, the US-ACAN restricted the application of Sentinel Range to the high northern one and gave the name Heritage Range to the southern one; the Committee recommended the name of the discoverer for this entire group of mountains.

Geology
Geologically, the Ellsworth Mountains occupy a discrete block of continental crust known as the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountain terrane. This terrane was part of the early Paleozoic amalgamation of Gondwana and consists of a 13,000 m thick section of folded Cambrian–Permian strata, which accumulated on Grenville-age continental crust. It was likely once part of the Cape Fold Belt that was detached from southern Africa during the breakup of Gondwana and later incorporated into Antarctica.

The stratigraphy consists of the 7,500 m thick Early Cambrian-Middle Cambrian Heritage Group overlain by the 3,000 m thick Late Cambrian-Devonian Crashsite Group; the 1,000 m thick Permo-Carboniferous Whiteout Conglomerate (black diamictite) from Gondawanaland glaciation; and the 1,000 m thick Permian Polarstar Formation consisting of black argillite, siltstone, sandstone, and coal. Within the Heritage Group is the Union Glacier Formation of ashflow tuff-lahar deposits, the Hyde Glacier Formation of graywacke-argillite-conglomerate, the Drake Icefall Formation of black shales and marble, the Conglomerate Ridge Formation of conglomerate and quartzite, the Liberty Hills-Springer Peak-Frazier Ridge Formations of quartzite-argillite, and the Minaret Formation of marble. Within the Crashsite Group is the Howard Nunataks Formation of quartzites, the Mt. Liptak Formation of quartzites, and the Mount Wyatt Earp Formation of quartzites. Major deformation of the sedimentary rocks occurred during the Gondwanide orogeny, followed by later uplift.

Climate
The temperatures in the Ellsworth Mountains average around -30 °C (-20 °F). The best time for expeditions are November through January, mid-summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Arranging an outing here is a difficult task, requiring either official scientific sponsorship or considerable financial resources.

Maps

 * Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.

title: Ellsworth Mountains