text:
Abu Anas al-Libi

Nazih Abdul-Hamed Nabih al-Ruqai'i, known by the alias Abu Anas al-Libi (ابو أنس الليبي Libyan pronunciation: ; 1964 – 2 January 2015), was a Libyan under indictment in the United States for his part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings. He worked as a computer specialist for al-Qaeda. He was an ethnic Libyan, born in Tripoli.

His aliases in the indictment are Nazih al Raghie and Anas al Sebai. In the FBI and United States State Department wanted posters, another variant of his name is transliterated Nazih Abdul Hamed Al-Raghie.

The indictment accused al-Libi of surveillance of potential British, French, and Israeli targets in Nairobi, in addition to the American embassy in that city, as part of a conspiracy by al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

Involvement with al-Qaeda
Al-Libi was believed to have been tied to al-Qaeda since its 1994 roots in Sudan. In 1995, al-Libi was granted political asylum in the United Kingdom, after a failed Al-Qaeda plot to assassinate Hosni Mubarak, then president of Egypt. An Egyptian request for extradition was declined on the grounds that al-Libi would not receive a fair trial. In 1996, MI6 allegedly paid a Libyan Al-Qaeda cell to kill Colonel Gaddafi. Al-Libi would have been allowed to stay in return for aiding the alleged plot, which was unsuccessful.

In 1999, al-Libi was arrested by Scotland Yard and interrogated. However, he was released because he had cleared his hard drive and no evidence could be found to hold him. He evaded a team that was sent to follow him and fled to Afghanistan. His flat in Manchester, where he was a student, was searched by police, who discovered a 180-page handwritten manual, translated from Arabic to English, which became known as the Manchester Manual.

Al-Libi spoke Arabic and English. He had a scar on the left side of his face. Because he was tall and bore a passing resemblance to Osama bin Laden, he was often used as a decoy when Bin Laden traveled.

Conflicting reports of whereabouts
In January 2002, news reports stated that al-Libi had been captured by American forces in Afghanistan. In March 2002, it was reported that he had been arrested by the Sudanese government and was being held in a prison in Khartoum. U.S. officials soon denied those reports and al-Libi was still sought.

Al-Libi had been on the USA's list of Most Wanted Terrorists since its inception on 10 October 2001. The United States Department of State, through the Rewards for Justice Program, offered up to US$5,000,000 (formerly $25,000,000) for information about the location of Abu Anas al-Libi.

In February 2007, a Human Rights Watch document claimed that al-Libi and others "may have once been held" in secret detention by the CIA.

On 7 June 2007, al-Libi, who remained on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list, was listed as a possible CIA "secret prisoner" by Amnesty International, without providing details or evidence.

In September 2012, CNN reported that al-Libi returned to Libya after being imprisoned in Iran for seven years.

Captured by the United States
Al-Libi was captured in Tripoli, Libya, on 5 October 2013 by U.S. Army Delta Force operators, with the assistance of FBI agents and CIA officers. He was seized in a pre-dawn raid and removed from Libya. The US Navy's DEVGRU conducted a simultaneous raid in Somalia targeting the alleged mastermind of the Westgate shopping mall attack in Kenya, possibly to avoid either action sending the other target into hiding. A day after Al-Libi was captured, he was in military custody on the ship USS San Antonio in the Mediterranean Sea. On 10 February 2014, a 30 seconds CCTV video showing U.S. commandos capturing al-Libi was published by The Washington Post. According to strategist and counterinsurgency expert David Kilcullen, the collapse of Ali Zeidan's government and the ensuing "fragmentation of Libya [...] resulted, in part, from the raid al-Libi's capture".

Court appearance
On 15 October 2013, al-Libi appeared in a Manhattan federal court and pleaded not guilty to terrorism charges, including helping to plan the U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. He was held without bail due to concerns that he was a flight risk and a danger to the community. His trial, along with his co-defendant Khalid al-Fawwaz, a.k.a. "Khaled Abdul Rahman Hamad al Fawwaz," a.k.a. "Abu Omar," a.k.a. "Hamad," was scheduled to begin on 3 November 2014, before Judge Lewis A. Kaplan.

He was scheduled to stand trial in New York on 12 January 2015.

Death
Abu Anas al Libi died on 2 January 2015 at a hospital in New York, aged 50, while in the United States custody. He reportedly had liver disease as a result of hepatitis C, and liver cancer. Upon his death his wife said "I accuse the American government of kidnapping, mistreating, and killing an innocent man. He did nothing."

Personal life
al-Ruqai'i was a married father of four boys. He was believed to have been connected to Ramadan Abedi, the father of Salman Abedi, the perpetrator of the Manchester Arena bombing.

title: Abu Anas al-Libi


text:
Dig Dug

Dig Dug (ディグダグ) is a maze arcade video game released by Namco in 1982. It was distributed in North America by Atari, Inc. The player digs underground tunnels to attack enemies in each level, by either inflating them to bursting or crushing them underneath rocks.

Dig Dug was planned and designed by Masahisa Ikegami, with help from Galaga creator Shigeru Yokoyama. It was programmed for the Namco Galaga arcade board by Shouichi Fukatani, who worked on many of Namco's earlier arcade games, along with Toshio Sakai. Music was composed by Yuriko Keino, including the character movement jingle at executives' request, as her first Namco game. Namco heavily marketed it as a "strategic digging game".

Upon release, Dig Dug was well received by critics for its addictive gameplay, cute characters, and strategy. During the golden age of arcade video games, it was globally successful, including as the second highest-grossing arcade game of 1982 in Japan. It prompted a long series of sequels and spin-offs, including the Mr. Driller series, for several platforms. It is in many Namco video game compilations for many systems.

Gameplay
Dig Dug is a maze video game. The player controls protagonist Dig Dug (Taizo Hori) to eliminate each screen's enemies: Pookas, red creatures with comically large goggles; and Fygars, fire-breathing green dragons. Dig Dug can use an air pump to inflate them to bursting or crush them under large falling rocks. Bonus points are awarded for squashing multiple enemies with a single rock, and dropping two rocks in a stage yields a bonus item, which can be eaten for points. Once all the enemies have been defeated, Dig Dug progresses to the next stage.

Enemies chase Dig Dug through dirt in the form of ghostly eyes, only becoming solid in the air where his pump can stun or destroy them. Enemies eventually become faster and more aggressive and the last one then attempts escape. Later stages vary in dirt color, while increasing the number and speed of enemies.

The game has 256 stages.

Development
In 1981, Dig Dug was planned and designed by Masahisa Ikegami, with help from Shigeru Yokoyama, the creator of Galaga. The game was programmed for the Namco Galaga arcade system board by Shigeichi Ishimura, a Namco hardware engineer, and the late Shouichi Fukatani, along with Toshio Sakai. Other staff members were primarily colleagues of Shigeru Yokoyama. Yuriko Keino composed the soundtrack, as her first video game project. Tasked with making Dig Dug's movement sound, she could not make a realistic stepping sound, so she instead made a short melody. Hiroshi "Mr. Dotman" Ono, a Namco graphic artist, designed the sprites.

The team hoped to allow player-designed mazes which could prompt unique gameplay mechanics, contrasting with the pre-set maze exploration in Pac-Man (1980). Namco's marketing materials heavily call it a "strategic digging game".

Release
Dig Dug was released in 1982, in Japan on February 20, in North America in April by Atari (as part of the licensing deal with Namco), and in Europe on April 19 by Namco.

The first home conversion of Dig Dug was released for the Atari 2600 in 1983, developed and published by Atari, which was followed by versions for the Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and Apple II. In Japan, it was ported to the Casio PV-1000 in 1983, the MSX in 1984, and the Famicom in 1985. Gakken produced a handheld LCD tabletop game in 1983, which replaced Dig Dug's air pump with a flamethrower to accommodate hardware limitations. Namco released a Game Boy conversion in North America only in 1992, with an all-new game called "New Dig Dug" where the player must collect keys to open an exit door; this version was later included in the 1996 Japan-only compilation Namco Gallery Vol. 2, which also includes Galaxian, The Tower of Druaga, and Famista 4. A Japanese X68000 version was developed by Dempa and released in 1995, bundled with Dig Dug II. The Famicom version was re-released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance in 2004 as part of the Famicom Mini series.

Dig Dug is a mainstay in Namco video game compilations, including Namco Museum Vol. 3 (1996), Namco History Vol. 3 (1998), Namco Museum 64 (1999), Namco Museum 50th Anniversary (2005), Namco Museum Remix (2007), Namco Museum Essentials (2009), and Namco Museum Switch (2017). The game was released online on Xbox Live Arcade in 2006, supporting online leaderboards and achievements. It is part of Namco Museum Virtual Arcade, and was added to the Xbox One's backward compatibility lineup in 2016. A version for the Japanese Wii Virtual Console was released in 2009. Dig Dug is a bonus game in Pac-Man Party, alongside the arcade versions of Pac-Man and Galaga.

Reception
Dig Dug was a critical and commercial success upon release, and was praised for its gameplay and layered strategy. In Japan, it was the second highest-grossing arcade game of 1982, just below Namco's Pole Position. In North America, Atari sold 22,228 Dig Dug arcade cabinets by the end of 1982, earning US$46300000 1982 in cabinet sales. Around July 1983, it was one of the six top-grossing games. It was popular during the golden age of arcade video games. The 2004 Famicom Mini release had 58,572 copies sold, and the Xbox Live Arcade version had 222,240 copies by 2011.

American publication Blip Magazine favorably compared it to games such as Pac-Man for its simple controls and fun gameplay. Allgame called it "an arcade and NES classic", praising its characters, gameplay, and unique premise, and for its easy home platform conversion. In 1998, Japanese magazine Gamest called it one of the greatest arcade games of all time for its addictiveness and for breaking the traditional "dot-eater" gameplay used in games such as Pac-Man and Rally-X. In a 2007 retrospective, Eurogamer praised its "perfect" gameplay and strategy, saying it is one of "the most memorable and legendary videogame releases of the past 30 years". The Killer List of Videogames rated it the sixth most popular coin-op game of all time.

Electronic Fun with Computers & Games praised the Atari 8-bit version for retaining the arcade's entertaining gameplay and for its simple controls.

Some home versions were criticized for quality and lack of exclusive content. Readers of Softline magazine ranked Dig Dug the tenth-worst Apple II and fourth-worst Atari 8-bit video game of 1983 for its subpar quality and failure of consumer expectations.

Reviewing the Xbox Live Arcade digital re-release, IGN liked its presentation, leaderboards, and addictive gameplay, recommending it for old and new fans alike. A similar response was echoed by GameSpot for its colorful artwork and faithful arcade gameplay, and by Eurogamer for addictiveness and longevity. Eurogamer, IGN, and GameSpot all criticized its lack of online multiplayer and for achievements being too easy to unlock, with Eurogamer in particular criticizing the game's controls for sometimes being unresponsive.

Legacy
Dig Dug prompted a fad of "digging games". Clones include the arcade game Zig Zag (1982), the Atari 8-bit computer game Anteater (1982) by Romox, Merlin's Pixie Pete, Victory's Cave Kooks (1983) for the Commodore 64, and Saguaro's Pumpman (1984) for the TRS-80 Color Computer. The most successful is Universal Entertainment's arcade game Mr. Do! (1982), released about six months later and surpassing clone status. Sega's Borderline (1981), when it was ported to the Atari 2600 as Thunderground in 1983, was mistaken as a "semi-clone" of Dig Dug and Mr. Do! Boulder Dash (1984) also drew comparisons to Dig Dug. Numerous mobile games are clones or variations of Dig Dug, such as Diggerman, Dig Deep, Digby Forever, Dig Out, Puzzle to the Center of Earth, Mine Blitz, I Dig It, Doug Dug, Minesweeper, Dig a Way, and Dig Dog.

Sequels
Dig Dug prompted a long series of sequels for several platforms. The first of these, Dig Dug II, was released in Japan in 1985 to less success, opting for an overhead perspective; instead of digging through earth, Dig Dug drills along fault lines to sink pieces of an island into the ocean. A second sequel, Dig Dug Arrangement, was released for arcades in 1996 as part of the Namco Classic Collection Vol. 2 arcade collection, with new enemies, music, power-ups, boss fights, and two-player co-operative play.

A 3D remake of the original, Dig Dug Deeper, was published by Infogrames in 2001 for Windows. A Nintendo DS sequel, Dig Dug: Digging Strike, was released in 2005, combining elements from the first two games and adding a narrative link to the Mr. Driller series. A massively-multiplayer online game, Dig Dug Island, was released in 2008, and was an online version of Dig Dug II; servers lasted for less than a year, discontinued on April 21, 2009.

Related media
Two Dig Dug-themed slot machines were produced by Japanese company Oizumi in 2003, both with small LCD monitors for animated characters. A webcomic adaptation was produced in 2012 by ShiftyLook, a subsidiary of Bandai Namco focused on reviving older Namco franchises, with nearly 200 issues by several different artists, concluding in 2014 following the closure of ShiftyLook. Dig Dug is a main character in the ShiftyLook webseries Mappy: The Beat. A remix of the Dig Dug soundtrack appears in the PlayStation 2 game Technic Beat.

The character Dig Dug was renamed to Taizo Hori, a play on the Japanese phrase "horitai zo", meaning "I want to dig". He became a prominent character in Namco's own Mr. Driller series, where he is revealed to be the father of Susumu Hori and being married to Baraduke protagonist Masuyo Tobi, who would divorce for unknown reasons. Taizo appears as a playable character in Namco Super Wars for the WonderSwan Color and Namco × Capcom for the PlayStation 2, only in Japan. Taizo appears in the now-defunct web browser game Namco High as the principal of the high school, simply known as "President Dig Dug". Pookas appear in several Namco games, including Sky Kid (1985), R4: Ridge Racer Type 4 (1998), Pac-Man World (1999), Pro Baseball: Famista DS 2011 (2011), and in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014). Dig Dug characters briefly appear in the film Wreck-It Ralph (2012).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dig Dug


text:
List of rivers of Tennessee

This is a list of rivers of the U.S. state of Tennessee:

By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. All rivers in Tennessee ultimately flow to the Gulf of Mexico.

Mississippi River drainage basin

 * Mississippi River
 * Lake McKellar
 * Nonconnah Creek
 * Wolf River
 * Loosahatchie River
 * Hatchie River
 * Tuscumbia River
 * Forked Deer River
 * North Fork
 * Middle Fork
 * South Fork
 * Obion River
 * North Fork
 * Middle Fork
 * South Fork
 * Rutherford Fork
 * Ohio River (KY)
 * Tennessee River
 * Blood River
 * Big Sandy River
 * White Oak Creek
 * Duck River
 * Buffalo River
 * Green River
 * Little Buffalo River
 * Piney River
 * Defeated Creek
 * Little Duck River
 * Beech River
 * Indian Creek
 * Smith Fork
 * Shoal Creek/Sycamore River
 * Elk River
 * Richland Creek
 * Flint River
 * Sequatchie River
 * Little Sequatchie River
 * Hiwassee River
 * Ocoee River
 * Conasauga Creek
 * Piney River
 * Soak Creek
 * Little Piney Creek
 * Sewee Creek
 * Clinch River
 * Emory River
 * Little Emory River
 * Obed River
 * Little Obed River
 * Poplar Creek
 * East Fork Poplar Creek
 * Beaver Creek
 * Coal Creek
 * Powell River
 * Sweetwater Creek
 * Little Tennessee River
 * Tellico River
 * Bald River
 * North River
 * Little River
 * French Broad River
 * Little Pigeon River
 * Nolichucky River
 * Pigeon River
 * Holston River
 * North Fork Holston River
 * South Fork Holston River
 * Watauga River
 * Doe River
 * Little Doe River
 * Elk River
 * Roan Creek
 * Cumberland River
 * Red River
 * Passenger Creek
 * Harpeth River
 * Little Harpeth River
 * Otter Creek
 * Richland Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Sevenmile Creek
 * Stones River
 * Overall Creek
 * Plunkett Creek
 * Caney Fork
 * Hickman Creek
 * Smith Fork Creek
 * Clear Fork
 * Saunders Fork
 * Indian Creek
 * Little Indian Creek
 * Mine Lick Creek
 * Falling Water River
 * Collins River
 * Barren Fork
 * Rocky River
 * Calfkiller River
 * Cane Creek
 * Defeated Creek
 * Dillard Creek
 * Little Indian Creek
 * Martin Creek
 * Flynn Creek
 * Jennings Creek
 * Roaring River
 * Blackburn Fork River
 * Spring Creek
 * Obey River
 * Wolf River
 * Rotten Fork Wolf River
 * East Fork Obey River
 * West Fork Obey River
 * Big South Fork of the Cumberland River
 * Clear Fork
 * New River
 * Clear Fork (Cumberland River tributary)
 * Stinking Creek

Mobile River drainage basin

 * Mobile River (AL)
 * Alabama River (AL)
 * Coosa River (AL, GA)
 * Oostanaula River (GA)
 * Conasauga River

Alphabetically
{{legend|#FFE4A3|River located partially in another state}}

 * Bald River
 * Barren Fork
 * Beaver Creek
 * Beech River
 * Big Sandy River
 * Big South Fork of the Cumberland River
 * Blackburn Fork River
 * Blood River
 * Buffalo River
 * Calfkiller River
 * Cane Creek (Caney Fork River tributary)
 * Caney Fork
 * Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River tributary)
 * Clear Fork (Cumberland River tributary)
 * Clear Fork (Smith Fork Creek tributary)
 * Chickamauga Creek
 * Clinch River
 * Coal Creek
 * Collins River
 * Conasauga Creek
 * Conasauga River
 * Cumberland River
 * Defeated Creek (Hickman County, Tennessee)
 * Defeated Creek (Smith County, Tennessee)
 * Doe River
 * Duck River
 * East Fork Poplar Creek
 * Elk River (North Carolina - Tennessee), tributary of the Watauga River
 * Elk River (Tennessee), tributary of the Tennessee River
 * Emory River
 * Falling Water River
 * Flint River
 * Forked Deer River
 * French Broad River
 * Green River
 * Harpeth River
 * Hatchie River
 * Hickman Creek
 * Hiwassee River
 * Holston River
 * Indian Creek (Caney Fork River tributary)
 * Indian Creek (Powell River tributary)
 * Indian Creek (Tennessee River tributary)
 * Injun Creek
 * Little Buffalo River
 * Little Doe River
 * Little Duck River
 * Little Emory River
 * Little Harpeth River
 * Little Indian Creek
 * Little Obed River
 * Little Pigeon River
 * Little Piney Creek
 * Little River
 * Little Sequatchie River
 * Little Tennessee River
 * Loosahatchie River
 * Louse Creek
 * Mill Creek
 * Mine Lick Creek
 * Mississippi River
 * New River
 * Nolichucky River
 * Nonconnah Creek
 * North River
 * Obed River
 * Obey River
 * Obion River
 * Ocoee River
 * Otter Creek
 * Overall Creek
 * Pigeon River
 * Piney River (East Tennessee)
 * Piney River (Middle Tennessee)
 * Plunkett Creek
 * Poplar Creek
 * Powell River
 * Red River
 * Roan Creek
 * Roaring River
 * Rocky River
 * Rotten Fork Wolf River
 * Soak Creek
 * Sequatchie River
 * Sevenmile Creek
 * Sewee Creek
 * Shoal Creek
 * Smith Fork
 * Smith Fork Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Stinking Creek
 * Stones River
 * Sweetwater Creek
 * Tellico River
 * Tennessee River
 * Tuscumbia River
 * Watauga River
 * White Oak Creek
 * Wolf River (Middle Tennessee), tributary of the Obey River
 * Wolf River (West Tennessee), tributary of the Mississippi River

title: List of rivers of Tennessee


text:
Torquhil Campbell, 13th Duke of Argyll

Torquhil Ian Campbell, 13th and 6th Duke of Argyll (born 29 May 1968), styled as Earl of Campbell before 1973 and as Marquess of Lorne between 1973 and 2001, is a Scottish peer.

The family's main seat is Inveraray Castle, although the Duke and Duchess spend time at other residences, including one in London.

Biography
The Duke is the elder child and only son of Ian Campbell, 12th and 5th Duke of Argyll and Iona Mary Colquhoun, daughter of Sir Ivar Colquhoun, 8th Baronet. He was educated at Craigflower Preparatory School, Cargilfield Preparatory School, Glenalmond College, and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. At the last of these, he trained as a chartered surveyor.

He served as a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II from 1981 to 1983. He became a sales agent, salesman and company manager. Among his 29 titles are: Master of the Royal Household of Scotland, Admiral of the Western Coasts and Isles, and the Chief (MacCailein Mòr) of Clan Campbell.

He is the captain of Scotland's national elephant polo team, which won the 2004 and 2005 World Elephant Polo Association World Championships. He represents Pernod Ricard distillers, promoting Scotch whiskies. He is a Freeman of the City of London and a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Distillers.

Marriage and children
On 8 June 2002 at St. Mary's Church, Fairford, Gloucestershire, the Duke married Eleanor Cadbury, a member of the Cadbury chocolate family. She is the daughter of Peter Hugh George Cadbury (previously chairman of Close Brothers Corporate Finance) and his wife Sally Strouvelle.

The Duke and Duchess have three children:
 * Archibald Friedrich Campbell, Marquess of Lorne (born London, 9 March 2004), known as Archie Lorne. He served as a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II from 2015–2018.
 * Lord Rory James Campbell (born London, 3 February 2006)
 * Lady Charlotte Mary Campbell (born London, 29 October 2008).

The Duchess is a Patroness of the Royal Caledonian Ball and the president of The Georgian Group.

title: Torquhil Campbell, 13th Duke of Argyll


text:
The Bumblebeez

The Bumblebeez (previously known as Bumblebeez 81 ) was an Australian indie band, formed by Christopher Colonna and his sister Pia Colonna (AKA Queen ViLa). The band's music has been described as a "cut'n'paste collision of noisy hip-hop and rock." Their full-length debut album was Prince Umberto & The Sister of Ill, released in 2007.

History
The band was formed by Christopher Colonna and his sister, Pia, of Braidwood, New South Wales. The band was unearthed by the Australian radio station Triple J in 2002. Around the same time, they won a competition run by the ABC's short-lived Fly TV, making them the first to sign to the Fly Records label. In 2004, The Bumblebeez served as opener for Radiohead in Melbourne and Sydney.

The band released White Printz and Red Printz EP's, before compiling them into one album called The Printz for release in 2004.

The band released their first full-length album Prince Umberto and the Sister of Ill in September 2007, featuring the singles "Dr. Love" and "Rio". The album was selected as Triple J's "feature album," and nominated for a J Award on 28 November 2007. The album was mixed by Zdar of the French band Cassius. In May 2011, the EP I'm a Cowboi was released.

Their new single "Summer Bum" was premiered by Richard Kingsmill on his '2011' triple j show on Sunday 18 September.

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.

! Ref.
 * 2008
 * "Dr Love" (Christopher Colonna, Pia Colonna)
 * Urban Work of the Year
 * Urban Work of the Year

J Award
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.

 * J Awards of 2007
 * Prince Umberto and the Sister of Ill
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: The Bumblebeez


text:
QMU

QMU may stand for:

 * Queen Margaret Union - in Glasgow
 * Queen Margaret University - in Musselburgh
 * Queen Mary, University of London
 * Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties

title: QMU


text:
File:Digdug.png

Summary
Dig Dug screenshot from http://www.eightyeightynine.com/games/dig-dug.html

title: File:Digdug.png


text:
User:DanaJohnson

Dana Elli Johnson
Hm.

Mostly a Wikipedia lurker, but I've been using it for years and years, and I think it's the greatest thing since sliced bread.

I was born in the early '70s, I'm female (a woman of transsexual experience), I live in the frozen tundra of the U.S. Upper Midwest, and my day-job is computer related. I've been on the internet since about 1990. Alas, I do not fight crime.

What else?

 * Interests (in no particular order)
 * Computers
 * Books and Reading
 * Gender Theory
 * Games of all sorts (RPGs in particular -- go check out The Forge )
 * Classical Music
 * TMBG, Peter Gabriel, and Moxy Früvous
 * Mathematics, Science, and Technology
 * History and Mythology
 * Linux!!!
 * Calvin and Hobbes
 * Tom Cavanagh, from Ed, who I think is dreamy. Yes, I said dreamy.  Deal with it.
 * Monkeys
 * Sleeping

I think that mostly covers it.

title: User:DanaJohnson


text:
Talk:Sharpeville massacre

"See also" list
Recently I removed a number of "See Also" links but this was reverted by Nishidani  with the comment "If RS provide an analogy between the event and similar events elsewhere, as certainly they do with the Gaza massacre, then these are properly listed in the see also section". I don't see that a WP:RS comparing another event to Sharpeville necessarily makes it appropriate to include the event in this See Also list. There have been hundreds of massacres of protestors by security forces around the world. The list could easily get out of hand if the inclusion criteria are too broad. Zaian (talk) 09:54, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The obvious compromise is that one removes all of those see also links that are not based on dirtect analogies made in the press. One survives, the Palestinian example. Nishidani (talk) 10:42, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Disagree _somewhat_. Plenty of them have had similar analogies made (e.g. Marikana) but I don't think an analogy being made is sufficient for inclusion. Zaian (talk) 18:32, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Why then, in your view, is a documented comparison insufficient to warrant inclusion in a 'see also' section? In short, I grasp your opinion, but you've given no reason for it. Nishidani (talk) 22:06, 9 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm saying a RS is necessary but not sufficient. Clearly we are not obliged to include something in Wikipedia simply because it appears in a source somewhere - we have to weigh up each case. Is the reference notable - in the case of a comparison between an event and Sharpeville, who made the comparison and in what context? Are there multiple references or is it just one? WP:SEEALSO gives some guidance but it's fairly open to interpretation. Zaian (talk) 09:59, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Research by Clark and Worger and updated death toll
, I have reverted your revision based on this comment raising a concern about original research. It may be possible to resolve the WP:OR concerns (e.g. since the research has been reported in other independent sources), but it is not ideal for authors of new research to make fundamental changes to an article in this way. I agree with 's request that you should propose changes to the article on this talk page and for these to be discussed here by independent editors. Zaian (talk) 20:48, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. I agree it is not ideal for an author of new research to make fundamental changes, but given that much of the material on the Sharpeville Massacre page includes information that hasn't been researched since the massacre (under the apartheid government such discussion was part of the banned area of speech, especially in the Sharpeville community), it seemed appropriate in this case, especially since our research has entailed extended work in official documents that have never been accessible until the end of apartheid, and even then no researcher had examined them -- the official documentation of numbers of victims etc. etc. As you note our research has also been published in other reputable places -- The Conversation, Daily Maverick, Sunday Times etc. Our research also enabled us to recreate a neighborhood by neighborhood, minute by minute recreation of what exactly happened on 21 March 1960, and this research was based on a close reading of the 6000 pages of testimonies presented by eyewitnesses, Sharpeville residents and police officers alike, as well as other officials such as senior police officers. This material was microfilmed in the early 1960s but has never been closely examined until we had it digitised by UCLA and made available publicly in a much more reader friendly format. Since our research covers a whole range of relevant aspects of the Sharpeville Massacre -- i.e. the origins of the township back to the 19th century, history of the community up to 20 March 1960, and the aftermath to around 1966 and the UN's declarations -- some advice would be appreciated re how to move forward. All the new details are fully documented -- i.e. extensive endnoting -- in Voices of Sharpeville, so feedback on adequate citations would be appreciated. Thanks. Bill Worger Wworger (talk) 21:39, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

Indemnity Act of 1961
In 1961, South Africa passed a law retroactive from the date of the Massacre to the passing of the act that protected police/government employees and the government itself from being held responsible for their acts in that period of time. I think this could be incorporated in the article but I don't have a good secondary source for this - if you google it you get a wikipedia page and Encylopedia Britannica. EB incorrectly describes the act as giving broad indemnity to all police actions (when it is clearly meant to protect the Sharpeville massacre). The wikipedia page on this is somewhat of a stub and doesn't have a lot of sources either. Is there enough to justify including a statement on this page, perhaps in the Response section, "the government passed the Indemnity Act of 1961 to the effect of..."? I've never made a substantial edit before. BishopsHouseofHorrors (talk) 16:52, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sharpeville massacre


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Public Broadcasting Services

Public Broadcasting Services Limited (PBS) is the public broadcaster of Malta. PBS is funded by government grants and the sale of commercial airtime. Its TVM channel is Malta's most watched television channel, and its radio station Magic Malta enjoys huge popularity among local and tourist listeners.

History
PBS was founded on November 11, 1975 as Xandir Malta and became joint member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) together with the Maltese Broadcasting Authority (MBA). The latter was previously admitted as a full, active member, as Malta Television Service Ltd already has been, in 1970. Since 2003, PBS is the sole Maltese member of EBU.

Prior to Xandir Malta, Rediffusion broadcast television programmes in Malta under the name The Malta Television Service Ltd. The service was run by Rediffusion, a London-based independent broadcaster. Transmissions in Malta started from Hamrun on 11 November 1935 under the name of "Broadcast Relay Service Malta Ltd." Charles Whotcroft and George Powler were the first manager and chief engineer respectively. On 29 September 1962 Rediffusion (Malta) Ltd. inaugurated a television service covering the Maltese islands. On 14 February 1975 the employees of the Rediffusion (Malta) Ltd staged a sit-in strike at the company's premises in Malta and they even started to run the company. On 30 July 1975 an agreement was reached between Rediffusion Group of Companies and the Dom Mintoff led Labour Party government of Malta for the transfer of all Rediffusion's assets in Malta to the Maltese government.

Following the transition to digital television using the DVB-T standard in October 2011, all licensed terrestrial channels in Malta are distributed through a network of transmitters operated by PBS. These transmitters are located in Delimara (Marsaxlokk), Nadur, Mellieħa, Mtarfa, Naxxar and Portomaso (St. Julian's).

PBS is managed by a board of directors. The current Executive Charmain is Mark Sammut. Charles Dalli is the Chief Operations Officer. In 2021, they announced that the TV channels will change their logos but one changed a name as well.

Radio
PBS' radio services consist of the Radju Malta, Radju Malta 2 and Magic Malta radio stations.

For a short period in 1975/1976 it also had an Italian-language station, called Radio Malta Tre; the news were read by Anna Bonanno.

Television
PBS' television services consist of the TVM, TVMNews+ and TVMSport+ television channels. It also operates the Parliament TV service under an agreement with the Parliament of Malta.

title: Public Broadcasting Services


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Commissioner's Trophy (IHL)

The Commissioner's Trophy was awarded annually by the International Hockey League to the head coach who was judged to have contributed the most to his team's success.

title: Commissioner's Trophy (IHL)


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Allocasuarina

Allocasuarina, commonly known as sheoak or she-oak, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Allocasuarina are trees or shrubs with soft, pendulous, green branchlets, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth. Allocasuarinas are either monoecious or dioecious, the flowers never bisexual. Male and female flowers are arranged in spikes, the female spikes developing into cone-like structures enclosing winged seeds.

The genera Allocasuarina and Casuarina are similar, and many formerly in the latter now included in Allocasuarina.

Description
Plants in the genus Allocasuarina are trees or shrubs with soft, pendulous, green branchlets, the leaves reduced to 4 to 14 scale-like teeth arranged around in whorls around ribbed, jointed branchlets. Allocasuarinas have separate male and female flowers, sometimes on one plant (monoecious), otherwise on separate male and female plants, (dioecious). Male flowers are arranged in spikes along branchlets that are usually different from the vegetative branchlets. Female flowers are in spikes on short side-branches, the female spikes later developing into cone-like structures enclosing winged seeds known as samaras.

The genera Allocasuarina and Casuarina are similar, many formerly in the latter now included in Allocasuarina. There are 6 to 20 scale-like teeth in each whorl of casuarina leaves and the samaras are grey or yellowish-brown, the bracteoles of the fruiting cones thin, woody and extend well beyond the cone body. There are 4 to 14 scale-like teeth in each whorl of Allocasuarina leaves and the samaras are reddish-brown to black, the bracteoles thickly woody and extend only slightly beyond the cone body.

Taxonomy
The genus Allocasuarina was first formally described in 1982 by Lawrence Johnson in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. In the same paper, Johnson transferred some species previously included in Casuarina to the new genus, and nominated Allocasuarina torulosa Aiton L.A.S.Johnson as the type species. The name Allocasuarina means "other Casuarina". ("Allo-" in Greek means "other".)

List of species
The following is a list of Allocasuarina accepted by the Australian Plant Census and Plants of the World Online as of April 2023:

 * Allocasuarina acuaria (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina acutivalvis (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina anfractuosa Wege & S.R.Barrett (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina brachystachya L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina campestris (Diels) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina corniculata (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina crassa L.A.S.Johnson – Cape Pillar sheoak (Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina decaisneana (F.Muell.) L.A.S.Johnson – desert oak, desert sheoak (N.T., W.A., S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina decussata (Benth.) L.A.S.Johnson – karri oak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina defungens L.A.S.Johnson – dwarf heath casuarina (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina dielsiana (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson – northern sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina diminuta L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina distyla (Vent.) L.A.S.Johnson – scrub she-oak (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina drummondiana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina duncanii L.A.S.Johnson & D.I.Morris – Duncan's sheoak, conical sheoak (Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina eriochlamys (L.A.S.Johnson) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina fibrosa (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson – woolly sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina filidens L.A.S.Johnson – Mount Beerwah sheoak (Qld.)
 * Allocasuarina fraseriana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – western sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina glareicola L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina globosa L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina grampiana L.A.S.Johnson – Grampians sheoak (Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina grevilleoides (Diels) L.A.S.Johnson
 * Allocasuarina gymnanthera L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina helmsii (Ewart & M. Gordon) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A., S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina huegeliana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – rock sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina humilis (Otto & A.Dietr.) L.A.S.Johnson – dwarf sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina hystricosa Wege (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina inophloia (F.Muell. & F.M.Bailey) L.A.S.Johnson – stringybark she-oak (Qld., N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina lehmanniana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – dune sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina littoralis (Salisb.) L.A.S.Johnson – black sheoak (Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina luehmannii (R.T.Baker) L.A.S.Johnson – bull-oak, buloke (Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., TAS.)
 * Allocasuarina mackliniana L.A.S.Johnson (Vic., S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina media L.A.S.Johnson (Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina microstachya (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina misera L.A.S.Johnson (Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina monilifera (L.A.S.Johnson) L.A.S.Johnson – necklace sheoak (Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina muelleriana (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – slaty sheoak (S.A., Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina nana (Sieber ex Spreng.) L.A.S.Johnson – dwarf she-oak, stunted sheoak (N.S.W., Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina ophiolitica L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina paludosa (Sieber ex Spreng.) L.A.S.Johnson – swamp she-oak, scrub sheoak (N.S.W., Vic., S.A., Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina paradoxa (Macklin) L.A.S.Johnson (Vic.)
 * Allocasuarina pinaster (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson – compass bush (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina portuensis L.A.S.Johnson – Nielsen Park she-oak (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina pusilla (Macklin) L.A.S.Johnson – heath oak-bush, dwarf sheoak (Vic, S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina ramosissima (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina rigida (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W., Qld.)
 * Allocasuarina robusta (Macklin) L.A.S.Johnson – Mount Compass oak-bush (S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina rupicola L.A.S.Johnson – shrubby she-oak (N.S.W., Qld.)
 * Allocasuarina scleroclada (L.A.S.Johnson) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina simulans L.A.S.Johnson – Nabiac casuarina (N.S.W.)
 * Allocasuarina spinosissima (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina striata (Macklin) L.A.S.Johnson – small bull oak, stalked oak-bush, tall oak-bush (S.A.)
 * Allocasuarina tessellata (C.A.Gardner) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina thalassoscopica L.A.S.Johnson (N.S.W., Qld.)
 * Allocasuarina thuyoides (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson – horned she-oak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina tortiramula E.M.Benn. – twisted sheoak (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson – forest oak, rose sheoak, river oak, Baker's oak (N.S.W., Qld.)
 * Allocasuarina trichodon (Miq.) L.A.S.Johnson (W.A.)
 * Allocasuarina verticillata (Lam.) L.A.S.Johnson – drooping sheoak (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic., S.A., Tas.)
 * Allocasuarina zephyrea L.A.S.Johnson (Tas.)

Distribution and habitat
Plants in the genus Allocasuarina usually grow in nutrient-deficient soils and are endemic to southern Australia, but 4 species occur in north-eastern Queensland, and one in the north of Western Australia.

title: Allocasuarina


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Annie Raines

Annie Raines (born July 3, 1969, in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American musician, best known as a harmonicist. She grew up in Newton, Massachusetts. She is Jewish.

Raines took up the harmonica at the age of 17. As a freshman, she left Antioch College to pursue a musical career. Fascinated by the sounds of Muddy Waters, Little Walter Jacobs, and Sonny Boy Williamson, she spent time absorbing the music of the Chicago blues masters. She began to busk locally and played gigs at local Boston clubs, and later traveled to Chicago where she met and played with Pinetop Perkins, and James Cotton. While working regularly on the regional blues circuit, Raines taught harmonica and began developing her own style within the blues tradition.

She met and began working with Paul Rishell, who lent musical support to her harmonica, piano, singing and songwriting skills. This gave her the opportunity to study country blues innovators such as Noah Lewis and Sonny Terry, and, more recently, to take up the mandolin.

title: Annie Raines


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Planchette

A planchette (  or ), from the French for "little plank", is a small, usually heart-shaped flat piece of wood equipped with two wheeled casters and a pencil-holding aperture pointing downwards, used to facilitate automatic writing. The use of planchettes to produce mysterious written messages gave rise to the belief that the devices foster communication with spirits as a form of mediumship. The devices were popular in séances during the Victorian era, before their eventual evolution into the simpler, non-writing pointing devices for ouija boards that eclipsed the popularity of their original form. Scientists explain the motion is due to the ideomotor effect, but paranormal advocates believe the planchette is moved by the presence of spirits or some form of subtle energy.

Planchettes took on a variety of forms during the height of their popularity. American planchettes were traditionally heart- or shield-shaped, but manufacturers produced a wide range of shapes and sizes hoping to distinguish themselves in the highly competitive and profitable market of the devices' late-1860s heyday. Manufacturers espoused the wonders and benefits of different materials (including various hardwoods, India rubber, and even glass), insulated casters, and various attachments meant to "charge" the devices or insulate the user from malevolent spirits. In Great Britain, planchettes took on the classical shapes popularized in early illustrations and newspaper depictions, with round, blunt noses and flat backs. Regardless of their shape or country of origin, almost all planchettes were equipped with brass casters and small wheels of bone or plastic, and their sometimes lavishly illustrated boxes were often packed with blank parchment, pencils, ouija-like folding letter sheets, and esoteric instructions espousing the mysterious communicative powers of the items.

Though planchettes experienced great surges of popularity in Victorian times, in modern usage the term is most commonly associated with the heart-shaped pointers for Ouija or "talking boards". Rather than writing, these devices "dictate" messages by pointing to the board's printed letters and numbers. As writing planchettes were popularized during the beginning of the spiritualist movement of the mid-19th century, planchettes predate the popularization of talking boards by nearly four decades.

History

Planchettes rose to prominence in the years following the establishment of spiritualism in America, which began with the purported spirit communications of the Fox Sisters in 1848 and the resulting popularity of supernatural-themed parlor games, séances, and experiments in mediumship and table-turning. Participants in these events would experience strange movements of tables, and communicate with spirits that indicated their messages through a series of coded negative or affirmative knocks. In other instances, sitters received more complicated messages of spelled-out words and phrases by transcribing letters indicated by the knocks or raps as the participants called out the alphabet into the empty air. Believers in these spirit communications soon began to experiment with refining and expediting various forms of communication, including pointing to letters printed on alphabet cards, automatic writing, direct channeling, and other methods.

In the winter of 1852–53, the fervor of the Modern Spiritualism movement and spirit communications reached Europe, where the French educator and eventual founder of Spiritism, Allan Kardec claimed that on 10 June 1853 a séance participant received a spiritual message proposing a more expedient alternative to the laborious processes of alphabet-calling and rapped responses. According to Kardec, the spirit suggested the group secure a pencil to a small upturned basket, allowing multiple participants to cooperatively write out messages from the attending spirits. After some refinements to construct a more sturdy wooden plank, word of the invention spread throughout Paris and into England, where a cottage industry sprang up to produce the devices.

The use of planchettes in Europe became popular enough to attract the attention of the Bishop of Viviers, who railed against their use in a pastoral letter in 1853. Despite their respected status in the growing religion of Spiritualism, planchettes remained a specialized novelty for adherents for the next 15 years, produced only within a small cottage industry or on special request by scientific instrument manufacturers. During this period, they remained popular only among devout séance circles and enthusiastic Spiritualists, who at the time still largely relied on the services of celebrity mediums (such as the Fox Sisters and D.D. Home) to lead spirit communications, rather than using planchettes and other "do-it-yourself" devices. Mediums, seeing their monopoly threatened, often rallied against the devices and warned of the dangers of amateur experimentation.

Planchettes came to America in 1858 when Spiritualist and social reformer Robert Dale Owen and his friend Dr. H.F. Gardner observed the devices in use at séances in Paris, and returned with several of them. Their friend, the Boston bookseller G.W. Cottrell, became the first to manufacture planchettes on a large scale the following year.

In 1867, the British publication Once a Week published a sensational piece on planchettes. The article was reprinted in European and American newspapers, and by 1868 dozens of booksellers and toy manufacturers were producing the items to meet an insatiable demand on both sides of the Atlantic. Kirby & Co., the undisputed kings of planchette manufacturing, claimed to have sold over 200,000 in their first season alone.

Over the years, planchette manufacturers included such established firms as Selchow & Righter, George G. Bussey, Jaques & Son, Chad Valley, and even the great magician and crystal seer Alexander.

Decline and evolution

Following the commercial introduction of the Ouija board by Charles Kennard's Kennard Novelty Company and acquisition of the talking board patent by his partner Elijah Bond on 1 July 1890, automatic-writing planchettes took a secondary role to the suddenly popular Ouija board and the many imitators its success spawned. Though early press articles had dubbed the Ouija the "new planchette," the patentees were initially quick to differentiate their devices from classic automatic writers by pairing them with paddle-shaped, pencil-less pointers far different in shape from other planchettes of the period. The design changes and focus on the elegantly varnished boards and their clearly stenciled letters arching across their fronts seem to have had the intended effect, and the items were enthusiastically welcomed by the public in much the same way planchettes had experienced their own craze some 23 years previously. From this point on, the pencil-equipped planchettes that had facilitated often-garbled spirit writing for nearly four decades were quickly shoved aside in favor of the cleaner, faster communications of these new "talking boards." Though writing planchettes would enjoy brief revivals in subsequent years as the Ouija's popularity similarly waxed and waned, by the 1930s only British toy companies such as Glevum Games continued to produce true writing planchettes in any worthwhile numbers. By the Ouija revival that followed the Second World War, true writing planchettes were no longer being manufactured in any significant numbers anywhere, having been finally completely taken over by the more popular Ouija as they faded into obscurity.

In popular culture

During the initial craze in the late 1860s, planchettes became the subject of several popular songs sold in sheet music form. In 1868, the C.Y. Fonda sheet music company of Cincinnati published the "Planchette Polka", composed by August La Motte, dedicated to Kirby & Co, which was the dominant planchette manufacturer of the day. Also in 1868, the Lee & Walker sheet music company of Philadelphia debuted the song "Planchette" with words by Elmer Ruan Coates and music by Eastburn. The song includes the chorus "Planchette, planchette, oh! Let me see/What luck you have in store for me!" In 1870, Oliver & Ditson sheet music company of Boston published "Planchette: The Celebrated Comic Song" with words by G.A. Meazie Jr, as popularized by the singer Henry Clay Barnabee. Barnabee described the song as "named after a little pseudo-psychic machine, a fad of the hour".

The 9 July 1892 Volume 103 edition of Punch included a cartoon depicting an impish devil pushing a planchette toward a prediction of the next Derby winner, claiming the device would "put an end to all speculation."

The 25 March 1907 edition of the Washington Post famously depicted President Teddy Roosevelt as a scribbling planchette in their satirical "Political Planchette Board" cartoon. The illustration depicts Roosevelt's struggle between Independent Democracy on one hand, and Progressive Republicans on the other. Roosevelt's planchette form is writing out "Victory" over the two factions with the planchette's pencil.

Use of a planchette is featured in the 1948 novel No Highway by Nevil Shute, where the written message obtained by automatic writing provides the information necessary to locate of the tail plane of a crashed aircraft.

In The Haunting of Hill House, a 1959 novel by Shirley Jackson, Mrs. Montague uses a planchette in an attempt to communicate with spirits in Hill House, while Mr. Montague and the original group disagree with her charlatanic methods.

Artist Frederick Sands depicted the planchette in use in his watercolor "La Planchette" in the 1960s.

Drag queen Sharon Needles wore a "Mystic Hand" planchette on her forehead as a fashion statement when she was crowned "America's Next Drag Superstar" on RuPaul's Drag Race, April 2012. Ms. Needles has confirmed on her Facebook wall that the planchette was a 1940s original, not a modern reproduction. The wooden planchette was manufactured c. 1940 by the Haskell Manufacturing Corporation in Chicago, Illinois, and was sold with a version of a Ouija board called the "Hasko Mystic Board."

In August 2012, the Baltimore Museum of Industry hosted the first-of-its-kind retrospective ouija board exhibit. The exhibit featured two rare planchette specimens to represent the early evolution of talking boards, including a Selchow & Righter "Scientific Planchette" and a G.W. Cottrell "Boston Planchette."

title: Planchette


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Drake Berehowsky

Drake Berehowsky (born January 3, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He is best known for his time in the National Hockey League (NHL), where he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, Edmonton Oilers, Nashville Predators, Vancouver Canucks and Phoenix Coyotes.

He is the former head coach of the Orlando Solar Bears of the ECHL. He had two stints as the team's head coach, first coaching the Solar Bears during the 2012–13 season. Following the 2021-22 season, the Solar Bears and Berehowsky mutually agreed to part ways.

Playing career
As a youth, Berehowsky played in the 1985 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team.

Berehowsky began his junior hockey career with the Kingston Raiders of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in 1988 and had a strong rookie season, earning 46 points in 63 games. The Raiders were renamed the "Kingston Frontenacs" in 1989–90. Berehowsky only appeared in nine games as he suffered a serious knee injury. He earned 14 points in those nine games and the Toronto Maple Leafs drafted Berehowsky with their first round draft pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. Berehowsky split the 1990–91 season between the Frontenacs and the North Bay Centennials before earning a late season call-up to the Leafs. He returned to North Bay for the 1991–92 season, recording 82 points in 62 games, helping the Centennials to the OHL finals, tallying 31 points in 21 post-season games. Berehowsky earned another late season call-up to Toronto, appearing in a single game, before being sent to the St. John's Maple Leafs for the 1992 American Hockey League (AHL) playoffs, where he recorded five assists in six games.

Berehowsky split the 1992–93 and 1993–94 seasons between St. John's and Toronto before earning a full-time roster spot in Toronto in the 1994–95 season. Berehowsky appeared in 25 games with the Maple Leafs in 1994–95. On April 7, 1995, the team traded him to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Grant Jennings. Berehowsky finished the season as the odd man out on the Penguins' defense, as he appeared in only four regular season games and one playoff game with the team. In 1995–96, Pittsburgh sent Berehowsky to the Cleveland Lumberjacks, their AHL affiliate, for most of the season and he only appeared in one game with the Penguins. After the season, Berehowsky became a free agent.

He split the 1996–97 season between the Carolina Monarchs of the AHL and the San Antonio Dragons of the International Hockey League until signing an NHL contract with the Edmonton Oilers on September 30, 1997. Berehowsky spent most of the season with the Oilers, appearing in 67 regular season and 12 post-season games with the club. However, he did spend some time with the Hamilton Bulldogs of the AHL, playing in eight games.

On October 1, 1998, the Oilers traded Berehowsky, Éric Fichaud and Greg de Vries to the Nashville Predators for Mikhail Shtalenkov and Jim Dowd. Berehowsky played with the Predators until 2001, having a career season in 1999–2000 when he scored 12 goals and 32 points, leading the Nashville defense in goals. On March 9, 2001, the Predators dealt Berehowsky to the Vancouver Canucks.

Berehowsky's time with the Canucks was short, as he was once again traded, on December 28, 2001, with Denis Pederson, to the Phoenix Coyotes for Todd Warriner, Trevor Letowski and Tyler Bouck. Berehowsky spent regular time on the Coyotes' blueline, helping them to the post-season. An injury suffered in training camp sidelined Berehowsky for most of the 2002–03 season, and he only appeared in seven games with Phoenix, and two with the Springfield Falcons of the AHL before becoming a free agent at the end of the season.

On August 29, 2003, he signed with the Pittsburgh Penguins, where he had played from 1994 to 1996. Berehowsky played in 47 more games with the Penguins. On February 11, 2004, the Penguins traded Berehowsky to his original NHL team, the Toronto Maple Leafs, for Ric Jackman, where he finished out the season.

With the NHL in a lockout for the 2004–05 season, Berehowsky signed with Skellefteå AIK in Sweden for the season, before signing a contract with Eisbären Berlin in Germany for the 2005–06 season. After the season with Berlin, Berehowsky returned to North America, where he signed with the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL, before retiring from hockey in the summer of 2006.

Coaching career
After his NHL career, Berehowsky served as an assistant coach with the Peoria Rivermen of the AHL for three seasons. On June 19, 2012, Berehowsky was named head coach of the Orlando Solar Bears for their inaugural season in the ECHL. In the 2012–13 season, Berehowsky lead the expansion team to a record of 28 wins, 37 losses, 3 overtime losses, and 4 shootout losses totaling 63 points; second to last place in the 14-team Eastern Conference, with only three teams finishing with fewer points in the 23-team league.

Global Lethbridge's Paul Kingsmith announced June 4, 2013, Berehowsky was to be the next head coach for the Lethbridge Hurricanes of the Western Hockey League (WHL). During his first season with the club, the Hurricanes finished with 16 fewer wins and 37 fewer points than the previous season. The team missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season and set the franchise record for fewest wins (12) and fewest points (29) in the 26 season Lethbridge Hurricanes' history as well as the 47-year franchise history. On December 9, 2014, Berehowsky was fired from his coaching duties with the struggling Hurricanes.

He then joined the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League as an associate coach in 2015. On November 14, 2016, Berehowsky left the Wolves to return to Orlando for a second stint as head coach of the Solar Bears.

title: Drake Berehowsky


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WVMX

WVMX (107.9 FM, "Mix 107.9") is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary format. Licensed to the suburb of Westerville, Ohio, it serves the Columbus metropolitan area. It first began broadcasting in 1991 under the call sign WCEZ. The station is owned Saga Communicaitons through licensee Franklin Communications, Inc., and operates as part of its Columbus Radio Group. Its studios are located in Upper Arlington and the transmitter site is west of Sunbury.

History
The station was first assigned the WCEZ call sign on April 5, 1991 (as "Easy 108"). On April 11, 1997, the station changed the call sign to WLYR (as "Lite Rock 108").

WXST
107.9 operated as WXST "Star 107.9" from May 1998 until July 24, 2001, under owners Stop 26/Riverbend and played primarily Top 40-based 1980s music. WXST was widely credited as the first radio station in the U.S. to broadcast a 1980s-based format full-time. The web site for "Star 107.9" has been restored and now operates as a tribute site to the original WXST "Star 107.9", once again streaming 1980s hits, along with voice overs by the original DJs, biographies and detailed history of WXST "Star 107.9". The call sign was changed briefly to WJHT on April 23, 2001, but changed back to WXST less than a month later on May 16. The station was rumored to be switching to a CHR/Pop station as "Hot 107.9" at the time.

Before committing to 1980s music, WXST 'stunted' briefly by airing a freeform mix of music promoted on-air as the "Wheel of Formats".

The station switched to satelitte-based oldies after Columbus station WBNS-FM switched from oldies to hot adult contemporary. This switch left no FM oldies station in the Columbus metro area, so WXST quickly moved to fill this void. In the process, the Columbus area lost its only 1980s station. The WXST call letters now are assigned to STAR 99.7 in Charleston, South Carolina, but licensed by the FCC to the town of Hollywood. STAR 99.7 is an Urban Adult Contemporary formatted station.

The station was later sold to Saga Communications, which also owns AC WSNY 94.7 "Sunny 95", WNND 103.5, and WNNP 104.3.

WODB
WVMX previously broadcast a Classic Hits format as "B-107.9" playing music from the 1960s, 1970s, and occasionally 1980s (as WODB). The station also operated briefly as "Oldies 107.9" and "Oldies 108". The station's most recent slogan was "BIG Hits B-107.9", replacing the previous slogan "Feel Good Oldies All the Time." At first, WODB was playing songs from the late 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with most of the music from the 1970s and 1980s. But not long after the switch they added more 1960s and early 1970s songs in the playlist and cut back on the 1980s songs.

On January 27, 2009 at Noon, Big Hits B-107.9 switched from a Classic Hits format to a Hot AC format, calling itself Mix 107.9, playing 5,000 songs in a row. The switch was made the day after former MIX 97.1 (WBNS-FM) switched to a Sports simulcast of its AM sister station WBNS 1460 The Fan. The switch makes Saga the majority owner of the AC format in Columbus, with the exception of rival Clear Channel's Gold-Based AC WLZT "Lite 93.3".

WVMX
On February 2, 2009, the Classic Hits and BIG Hits format returned, at 104.3 FM in Richwood. On February 6, 2009, "Mix 107.9" changed call sign to WVMX with the WODB being reunited with the "BIG Hits" format on 104.3 FM.

During the summer of 2009, WVMX's city of license changed from Delaware to Westerville. Power was increased to 3000 watts while transmitter height was lowered slightly. As the station is transmitting from the same tower as before, there was no change in coverage area.

On February 2, 2009, Mix 1079 re-positioned as "Today's Best Mix" and eliminated the 1980s from their playlist. This gave Mix a more adult top 40 sound competing against WNCI, while sister stations WODB/WJZA would later flip to "Rewind 103.5/104.3" WNND/WNNP, featuring a 1980s-based classic hits format (in effect returning the format WXST once pioneered back into the market).

title: WVMX


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Lute song

The term lute song is given to a music style from the late 16th century to early 17th century, late Renaissance to early Baroque, that was predominantly in England and France. Lute songs were generally in strophic form or verse repeating with a homophonic texture. The composition was written for a solo voice with an accompaniment, usually the lute. It was not uncommon for other forms of accompaniments such as bass viol or other string instruments, and could also be written for more voices. The composition could be performed either solo or with a small group of instruments.

The basic style of lute songs is light and serious, with poetic lyrics that usually followed word-setting to composed music. In England, the songs tended to range from extended contrapuntal compositions to short harmonized tunes. The text could be written by the composer or most often borrowed from a poem, set in verse form. These songs were composed for professional and amateur performers, which had variations for solo and ensemble. The lute song was popular among the Royalty and nobility. King Louis XIII was believed to be fond of the simple songs, which led to a volume of work during his reign.

Composers of the lute song usually composed other forms of music as well such as madrigals, chansons, and consort songs. The consort song, popular in England, is considered to be closely related to the lute song. This was an earlier strophic form of music that was for a solo voice accompanied by a small group of string instruments. In France, the chanson is a precursor to the lute song or air de cour. Collections of airs de cour were used in other countries, besides England and France. Collections of the French airs were published in England, Germany and Holland. Italy had forms of song such as the frottola that were much like the lute song, but the lute song seemed more prominent in England and France.

The English lute ayre
In England, the lute song was usually called an "ayre", possibly borrowed from the French word, air. The first written record of the lute songs or ayres is a 1597 publication First Booke of Songes or Ayres, which was composed by John Dowland. This is considered the beginning of the popularity of the lute songs, that set the standard for other composer’s songbooks of English ayres. The music was printed on the page, so that when placed in the center of a table it could be read by the performers around the table. John Dowland's ayres, like other composers, used music from dance forms such as pavane, galliard and jig, for the melody.

Philip Rosseter, court musician, composer, and theatrical manager, published a collection in 1601, A Book of Ayres, with composer and poet Thomas Campion. The compositions were short, homophonic songs with minimal phrase repetition with their own lyrics. The last book published was by John Attey in 1622, called First Book of Ayres. The format of these songbooks was intended to be performed with a solo voice and an accompaniment, but some did include variations for multiple voices and additional instruments. It is possible that lute songs were composed before these books were published, but the written record of such songs starts with John Dowland.

The consort song, popular during the reign of Henry the VIII, leads to some consideration that the lute songs were composed prior to 1597. Other composers of lute songs during this time include John Danyel, Robert Jones, Pilkington and Alfonso Ferrabosco.

The French air de cour
In France, the lute song was called "air de cour". The first airs were not homophonic or solos, but rather polyphonic and for up to four voices. In 1571, Adrian LeRoy published the first collection of airs de cour, a collection of 22 airs with lute accompaniment. In 1582, Composer Didier LeBlanc released a collection of 43 short airs that were strophic form, homophonic and ametric structure. Composer Jean Planson, published 38 short airs in 1587, much like Leblanc; however, his had an ABB form. In the 17th century the popularity of the airs grew. The simple solo strophic melodies were a favorite at the court of Louis XIII (1610–1643). During this time many volumes were released from the Royal court and others. The general form was strophic, with a vocal range of one octave and a tonal harmony, with text usually from pastorals. Other composers of airs were Antoine Boesset, Jean Boyer, Jean-Baptiste Boessert, and Francois Richard.

title: Lute song


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Supreme People's Assembly

The Supreme People's Assembly (SPA; ) is the legislature of North Korea. It is ostensibly the highest organ of state power and the only branch of government in North Korea, with all state organs subservient to it under the principle of unified power. However, in practice it is a rubber stamp legislature which exists to approve decisions made by the ruling party as a formality, and which has little to no real power of its own.

It consists of one deputy from each of North Korea's 687 constituencies, elected to five-year terms.

The constitution identifies the SPA as the "highest organ of state power" and all state positions, including the President of the State Affairs and in theory the Premier of the Cabinet, trace their authority to it. The Assembly typically does not legislate directly but delegates that task to a smaller Standing Committee. Government officials carry out the policies legislated by the SPA subject to oversight and correction by the Workers' Party of Korea.

The Workers' Party of Korea, which the constitution recognizes as the state's leading party, dominates the Assembly in a monopoly coalition with the Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party called the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea. Elections are held in five-year intervals, the most recent in 2019.

History
Under the 1972 Constitution, the number of seats in the Assembly was 655. This was increased to 687 following the 1986 election.

In 1990, the composition of the SPA was 601 seats held by the Workers' Party of Korea, 51 seats held by the Korean Social Democratic Party, 22 seats held by the Chondoist Chongu Party and 13 seats held by independents.

The last convention during Kim Il Sung's government took place in April 1994, three months before his death. Then during the mourning period the assembly did not meet, nor did elections take place. The next meeting convened in September 1998, four years after Kim's death.

Kim Jong Il did not make a speech at the first session of the 10th SPA in 1998. Instead, members listened to a tape-recorded speech of the late Kim Il Sung, which was made at the first session of the 9th SPA, in 1991. The enhanced status of the Korean People's Army was anticipated by the SPA election July 1998, when 101 military officials were elected out of 687 delegates. This was a large increase from the 57 military officials elected during the 9th SPA in 1990.

Kim Yong-nam served as chairman of the Assembly Presidum from 1998 until 2019. Pak Thae-song is the Chairman (Speaker), while Pak Chol-min and Pak Kum-hui are the vice-chairmen.

On April 14, 2012, during the fifth session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly Kim Jong Un was elected as the country's supreme leader. Addressing the SPA session, Kim Yong-nam, chairman of the SPA Presidium, said Kim's accession to North Korea's top post reflected "the ardent desire and unanimous will of all the party members, servicepersons and other people". His status as leader was reaffirmed when he was elected unopposed on March 9, 2014. Kim was nominated to represent his district, the symbolic Mount Paektu, in the assembly election. Voters could vote yes or no, with all voting in the affirmative, according to government officials.

In 2017, the assembly created a subordinate Diplomatic Commission, which had use in terms of dialogue with international parliaments. On 11 April 2019, Choe Ryong-hae was appointed chairman of the Presidium.

Elections and membership
Under the Constitution of North Korea, all citizens 20 and older, regardless of party affiliation, political views, or religion, are eligible to be elected to the legislature and vote in elections.

All candidates are selected by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea in mass meetings held to decide which candidates will be nominated and their names can only go on the ballot paper with the approval of the meeting. The Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea is a popular front dominated by the Korean Workers' Party, in which almost all power rests. The other participants in the coalition include the two other de facto legal political parties, the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party, as well as various other member organizations including social groups and youth groups, such as the Korean Children's Union, the Socialist Patriotic Youth League, the Korean Democratic Women's League, and the Red Cross Society of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

Functions
The Assembly is convened once or twice a year in regular plenary sessions of several days each. At all other times, the Standing Committee acts for the Assembly. Extraordinary sessions of the Assembly can also meet when called by the Standing Committee or by one third of the Assembly deputies.

The functions of the SPA are:

 * Adopting, amending or supplementing enactments to the constitution;
 * enact, amend and supplement statutory legislation,
 * approve major statutory laws adopted by the SPA Standing Committee while the SPA is in recess
 * establish the basic principles of the state's domestic and foreign policies
 * Determining State policy and budgets;
 * Elections of the President, vice-presidents and members of the State Affairs Commission;
 * Elections of the chairman, vice chairman and other members of the Standing Committee;
 * Elections of legal officials;
 * Appointing the Premier, Deputy Premiers and other members of the Cabinet
 * Receiving reports and adopting measures on the Cabinet
 * Elect or recall the chief justice of the Central Court
 * Elect or recall the prosecutor general of the Central General Prosecutor's Office

Constitutional amendments require the approval of two-thirds of the deputies.

While the Supreme People's Assembly is vested with great powers on paper, in practice the principles of democratic centralism leave it with little real power. Like most Communist legislatures, it does little more than ratify decisions already made by Kim and the top leadership of the WPK.

Standing Committee
The Standing Committee exercises legislative power when the SPA is in recess, which occurs during all but a few days of every year. For all intents and purposes, it is the highest organ of state power in North Korea.

The Standing Committee consists of the Chairman, vice-chairmen, a secretary-general and other members, elected by the SPA. The secretary-general, a largely symbolic role, is currently Jong Yong-guk. The functions of the Standing Committee are to:

 * Convene sessions of the Supreme People's Assembly;
 * Examine and approve new state legislation when the SPA is in recess;
 * Supervise the Supreme Prosecutor's Office of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea when the SPA is not in session;
 * Supervise the Central Court when the SPA is in recess;
 * Interpret and enact the Constitution and most legislation passed, with the President of the State Affairs Commission (SAC) now having the power to enact important laws presented for legislation;
 * Form or dissolve state ministries;
 * Supervise laws of State organs;
 * Supervise parliamentary committees;
 * Organize elections to the Supreme People's Assembly;
 * Ratify treaties with foreign countries;
 * Appoint, transfer, or remove officials and judges when the SPA is in recess;
 * Grant special pardons or amnesties.

In addition to its executive functions, the Standing Committee also receives credentials of diplomatic representatives from foreign countries with the consent of the President of the SAC.

In 1998, a constitutional amendment abolished the posts of the President of North Korea, Central People's Committee, and Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly and gave their powers to a new body titled the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly. Of these organs, the Presidium was seen as the successor of the Standing Committee. In 2021, the Presidium reverted its name back to Standing Committee, though the powers provided by the original constitutional amendment used to abolish the previous Standing Committee remain unaltered. Thus, the Standing Committee formed in 2021 currently serves as a continuation of the Presidium rather than a re-creation of the Standing Committee that had existed before 1998.

Chairman
Prior to the creation of the post of President of North Korea in 1972, the Chairman of the Standing Committee was the country's de jure head of state. Currently, the Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly is the SPA speaker, while the Chairman of the Standing Committee performs certain representative functions ordinarily accorded to a head of state. As the representative of the state in external matters and the head of the highest sovereign organ, the Chairman of the Standing Committee is often considered the de facto head of state of North Korea, though officially this role is reserved for the President of the State Affairs Commission. The chairman also convenes sessions of the SPA.

The chairman, like the rest of the Standing Committee, is elected by the SPA, which can also remove the chairman. Choe Ryong-hae assumed the office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly in 2019 before the office was given the current name in 2021.

Committees
In addition to the Standing Committee, the SPA has four parliamentary committees: the Foreign Affairs Committee, Budget Committee, Legislation Committee, and Deputy Credentials Committee. The constitution mandates the Legislation and Budget Committees and leaves the choice of having more committees to the SPA. Before 1998, there was an additional committee called the Reunification-policy Deliberation Committee. The Foreign Affairs Committee, too, was discontinued in 1998, but is operating again.

Foreign Affairs Committee
The Foreign Affairs Committee is chaired by Kim Hyong-jun. The other members are Ro Ryong-nam, Ri Son-gwon, Kim Jong-suk, Kim Tong-son, Choe Son-hui, and Kim Song-il.

Budget Committee
The Budget Committee is chaired by O Su-yong. The other members are Hong So-hon, Pak Hyong-ryol, Ri Hi-yong, Kim Kwang-uk, Choe Yong-il, and Ri Kum-ok.

Legislation Committee
The Legislation Committee is chaired by Choe Pu-il. The other members are Kim Myong-gil, Kang Yun-sok, Pak Jong-nam, Kim Yong-bae, Jong Kyong-il, and Ho Kwang-il.

Deputy Credentials Committee
The Deputy Credentials Committee is chaired by Kim Phyong-hae.

title: Supreme People's Assembly


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User talk:Willz69

If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing. Maximus Rex 02:49, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Willz69


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Talk:Kingdomtide

does any one know when "kingdomtide" was removed from the liturgical calendar? I am a fairly new Methodist. I was trained in the Episcopal Church USA. I still observe the liturgical seasons and traditions.

You'll find that now the liturgical seasons are practically identical to what you had in the Episcopal Church. Kingdomtide was abandoned with the last Book of Worship which I believe was approved in 1988, but I'm not certain with that. Observance of Kingdomtide extended into the early 90s by inertia, but I know of no United Methodists who observe Kingdomtide any more.

Note 'KingdomTide' is not found from cited link (http://www.asburyreader.com) Pythium (talk) 14:36, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Still observed in some churches!
The article 'Feast of Christ the King' states that it is still observed in the Church in Wales, some Lutheran churches and some Methodist churches. Mdrb55 (talk) 12:32, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingdomtide