text:
Talk:Yakov Smirnoff

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Opinion vs Objectivity
This sounds more like gossip than an entry. Should it be removed? Maxim isn't noted for its scholarly reviews.

 * In a fall 2006 issue of Maxim magazine, Smirnoff was selected as #4 in the list of the twelve worst comedians of all time: "We get it—life in Russia was difficult. You had to wait in line for everything (even toilet paper!). But you know what's worse than life in Russia? Having a schtick that only plays to 75-year-olds in Missouri who still think Communism is the enemy." —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.132.27.200 (talk) 19:18, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.17.205.130 (talk) 23:45, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Borat vs. Yakov
Someone needs to tell Yakov Smirnov that Ali G is ripping off all his schtick. --M.Neko 00:41, 23 October 2006 (UTC) In Soviet Russia, Wikipedia helps the world change YOU! --aparapal —Preceding comment was added at 14:25, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

O.D.!--Krashlia (talk) 03:15, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Split
I suggest we split off the Russian reversal section to make it easier to email the link to people. We can always use transclusion to make the section appear to still be here. What do you all think? --unforgettableid | talk to me 17:09, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Great idea!!! --82.101.190.184 18:05, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

I agree :) I agree, but I think the article should be called In Soviet Russia, maybe In Soviet Russia (joke), as that is what it's best known as I would have thought. Nuge talk 12:00, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

I was looking for this on Wikipedia, as I thought it would have an article, and eventually found this one. I earched for "Russian Reversal", as thats what I thought it was known best as. Born Acorn 23:10, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree, we should split to a new article called "Russian Reversal (humor)" or "In Soviet Russia (humor)" :)

DJLarZ 21:54, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Yes, please split out.

Yes to split. --TheTruthiness 02:53, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes --Sillybulanston 23:43, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes --Luigivampa

Yes damnit yes. But Russian reversal should do - no need for the "(humor)" part. What else could be called Russian reversal? As a matter of fact, Russian reversal already re-directs here. Jobjörn (Talk | contribs) 01:16, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes to splitting, though "In Soviet Russia" is the more familiar term to me. --Grace 04:57, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes... although, in Soviet Russia, article splits YOU! --Bobak 22:40, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose What's wrong with keeping this trivial crap where it belongs? ˉˉanetode╞┬╡ 02:47, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes. The article should split, with the actual title of the article being "Russian reversal", but I also think that "In Soviet Russia" and "In Soviet Russia (humor)" should redirect to "Russian reversal" to ease finding the article in the first place.  > I r i d e s c e n c e <  ( talk  )(  contrib  ) 05:15, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Strongly oppose Leave it with Yakov where it belongs. If you want to e-mail the link to someone, just use Yakov_Smirnoff#Russian_reversal, or if you like change the Russian reversal redirect to redirect to that. It's a great running gag, but it shouldn't have its own article. Its origin belongs to Yakov Smirnoff, and we should leave it with him. - Rainwarrior 23:59, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

yes to the split -anonymous

yes to the split, it would also be better if more "in Soviet Russia" jokes were included in the article - Ariel

Yes, but I say we create a new article and leave this section here. --Snake712 05:02, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, Russian reversal is often mentioned in popular culture, it's important enough. --Rake 01:50, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I agree to split the comment since it has become a phenomena apart from yakov. I came here looking for it and did not find it by typing "soviet russia". had to goggle to get here. --Xenocidic 20:16, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes! to the split --Smileman66 20:31, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

In the US you split articles, in Soviet Russia article splits you! Definetly Yes! evil_oatmeal 16:45, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, and I vote for "In Soviet Russia" for the title --Caleb 19:55, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I agree, I imagine most visitors to this page are looking for the "In Soviet Russia stuff..."

Yes: I agree to the split Dfrg.msc 09:29, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I think this should be split. --Psiphiorg 15:16, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes, and use transclusion, and call the article Russian reversal, with a redirect on "In Soviet Russia" --Quintopia 17:52, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Done
See it here. (I've fixed redirects)

Russian Reversal
1947 Rand HUAC transcript of possible interest: ...Mr. Taylor is an American who came there apparently voluntarily to conduct concerts for the Soviets. He meets a little Russian girl [...] He asks her to show him Moscow. She says she has never seen it. He says, "I will show it to YOU." http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/texts/huac.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.223.242.38 (talk • contribs)
 * How is this relevant? Not all sentences ending in "you" are Russian reversals.--M @ r ē ino 16:01, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I would assume the emphasis on the final "you" might, possibly, indicate that the form of the statement was inspired by a pre-existing Russian Reversal. Aside from the well-known joke, "Under Capitalism, there is the exploitation of man by man. Under Communism, it is exactly the reverse!", which does not really qualify, I am not aware of examples of the Russian Reversal which predate Yakov Smirnoff, but I have the nagging suspicion that such may exist. Possible places to search would be the comic Lil' Abner, by Al Capp, the movie Ninotchka, and, perhaps even more likely, the single-panel cartoon Grin and Bear It by George Lichty. 75.158.3.244 (talk) 18:26, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

I think this article should include the best one: "Roses are red, violets are blue, in Soviet Russia, poem writes you!" Grsz11 (talk) 05:25, 26 January 2008 (UTC) In America you catch train In Soviet Russia train catches YOU!!! Sioraf (talk) 01:37, 21 September 2008 (UT

I took out one of the two russian reversals, because they display the exact same joke with different words. and they are not yakov jokes, and yakov jokes, and have no place here except to tickle the author of them 71.62.245.166 (talk) 17:10, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

I edited the "Family Guy" reference to fit the actual quote from the episode, I happened to be watching that particular episode while reading this article Parcanman (talk) 00:20, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Do all of Smirnoff's "In Soviet Russia" jokes date from the time that the USSR still existed - if so then presumably the Big Brother one isn't by him, since the TV series didn't exist in 1991. MFlet1 (talk) 09:45, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

The Russian Reversal section mentions that it is a type of Chiasmus, but the Chiasmus page says that there must be no repetition of words. Since Russian Reversals frequently do repeat words, it would be what the Chiasmus page calls a Antimetabole instead. But the Antimetabole page says that a Antimetabole is a special case of Chiasmus. So either a Chiasmus does not repeat words, or else it sometimes does and is called something else because it's a special case. In any event, the actual Russian reversal page never mentions a Chiasmus at all. Moose Hole (talk) 19:59, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Lollerpedia who?
Lollerpedia is dead. Not only that, but the cache is dead, too. Should we get rid of it? -- 04:25, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Futurama
In Crimes of the Hot Fry cites Yakov Smirnoff's phrase "That ice dispenser is so big, the ice crashes you.". Leela claim that he didn't say that. --Yuriy Lapitskiy 21:09, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, yes. I found it here Russian reversal. --Yuriy Lapitskiy 21:18, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

What's up with his telephone numbers?
Someone added, someone removed... Why is that? I liked that idea and added that numbers to the russian interwiki page, what should I do with them know? --Yuriy Lapitskiy 22:04, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

-- In Soviet Russia, phone number errase YOU! (sorry, I couldn't resist. I'll see myself out) Allthenamesarealreadytaken (talk) 07:22, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Part of this article is from here. It says nothing about the text as far as I could find, but I'd just like to bring this up. TέΉ ѕΡίɗΣR ( ŢάḶκ 06:55, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Doubt?
The first sentence of this article says that Smirnoff is "according to his own description, a Ukrainian-born American comedian and painter". Why the "according to his own description"? Is there doubt about whether he is actually Ukrainian-born? Actually, I question whether his own description is that he is Ukrainian-born, since his official site refers to him as "famous Russian comedian Yakov Smirnoff". --Metropolitan90 05:22, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge back
The Russian reversal page should be redirected to Yakov Smirnoff, at that page the only content there is a definition and a trivia section. There is already a definition at the Yakov Smirnoff article, and the addition of a trivia section does not make a good article. The manual of style also suggests avoiding trivia sections, and without that the only content there is pretty much redundant to what is here. Also the entire russian reversal page is solely sourced to two wikis, one of which is a satire and comedy site Uncyclopedia,while being funny, it also becomes inimical to reliable sourcing. --MichaelLinnear 19:55, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

I'd very much like to continue to be able to reference the russian reversal, without having to link to some comedian my readers aren't interested in, and won't at all help them understand the russian reversal. --213.235.202.173 09:08, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The article is heavily in the context of "some comedian my readers aren't interested in" - he's mentioned in every paragraph, and his creation of the joke is the only real encyclopaedic fact about it. I don't see how it's any different to linking to a sub-section of a comedian's article, or how the description of the joke would be any less enlightening. --McGeddon 17:36, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The redirect can be section-specific. And the article has readers, not anonymous users.  Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 05:32, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't get it. This discussion page has a dozen people voting to give "Russian Reversal" it's own article last year, and when it's suggested again, people object to it - yet somehow it gets merged back, without even a vote that I can see.   Could someone explain to this novice what happened? 24.105.133.184 18:23, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * All I have to say about this is; In Soviet Russia, articles merges you! – xeno  ( talk ) 20:26, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
 * In Sovte Russia, my ass kisses YOU!!--Baruch ben Alexander - ☠☢☣ 03:03, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Examples of Russian reversal
Under Russian reversal only examples of online communities using russian reversal are shown, no examples of TV shows or movies are given although it is stated that russian reversal appears in "television parodies", perhaps some examples should be added? The only one I can think of is when Family Guy made a reference to it in the episode "There's something about Paulie" from season 2, Peter's new car says such things as "In Soviet Russia, car drives you" "In Soviet Russia, road forks you" etc. Some feedback on this would be appreciated, I'm unsure of whether this kind of information is worth a mention. --Marshmellis (talk) 06:14, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Not every article needs a blow-by-blow account of the subject being mentioned once on "Family Guy."
'nuff said. I'm off to suggest this become policy. --66.129.135.114 (talk) 21:31, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Russian reversal generator
If there is a groundbreaking Russian reversal joke generator available on the internet, should it not be linked to in the "Russian Reversal" section of the page? 72.241.252.97 (talk) 01:40, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * External links should be added if they are considered to have vital information that cannot be given by the article itself. With the explanation and the several examples given in the article, there is no need to have a link to a phrase generator. -- ReyBrujo (talk) 01:45, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The space constraints of the article hardly provide an opportunity to explain the nature of Russian reversal jokes nor do they deal with the resurgent popularity of such jokes. While such jokes have not risen to the same level of popularity as Dragonlance or manga, I believe an external link that opens the doors to the limitless possibilities of such jokes deserves a small mention on the article page. 72.241.252.97 (talk) 01:50, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Usually, external links to "XXX generator" or "XXX creator" or similar are not accepted because they are an open invitation for spam ("If that site is there, why not mine?"). I think this falls in the 14th point of the list of sites to be avoided, Sites that are only indirectly related to the article's subject: the link should be directly related to the subject of the article. The subject of this article is Yakov Smirnoff, not the reversal. That is why there is no article about Russian reversal and they are here instead, to prevent links regarding to that to be added to an article. As I said, I believe it is not necessary for the article. However, you can ask at New contributors' help page what they think about the link in this article, and act according to their suggestions. -- ReyBrujo (talk) 02:14, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Your argument fails completely. There are thousands if not tens of thousands of similar external links on wikipedia pages. The facts state that the Russian Reversal article was merged with this article because Mr. Smirnoff is the main proponent of that high style of comedy.  Because the articles merge, the merging article suddently becomes castrated?  No, the goal is to keep the content and put it in a more user-friendly setting.  Therefore, the link and all similar links should stay.  I should also point out that I have no affiliation with the external website at issue, so this is not an issue of "spam" or "my website should be on there too!".  I simply believe that the external website provides an informative and interesting look at the subject matter of the article and its subsection. 72.241.252.97 (talk) 02:39, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That there are thousands of dubious links in Wikipedia doesn't mean a new one should be added. And when merging, the article being merged is usually reduced in size and content (if it is being merged, it is supposed it is not encyclopedic enough to be standalone).
 * As I said, you can ask there or at External links. Personally, I do not think the link is absolutely necessary (fails all the points of What should be linked). However, if consensus agrees it is necessary, I won't take it back. -- ReyBrujo (talk) 02:56, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed it in the first place because I couldn't see how the link was "groundbreaking" or overly significant. All it essentially was was a very simple version of a Mad Lib using Smirnoff's popular structure.  I think it's very clear from the article and the section how such phrases are built.  I should also point out that upon visiting the website it seems the generator isn't even significant on the webpage.  It's tucked away in a corner.  I've seen plenty of these generators before, this one's certainly not unique, it's a very simple piece of HTML code somebody with basic training could produce.  It's not very advanced, all it does is ask the user to put two words in and then just puts those words in the "Russian reversal" statement, something that you don't need an HTML interface to do, especially because it asks the users to do the only hard part, think of a noun and a verb.  It's spam, plain and simple.   NcSchu ( Talk ) 19:15, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Image formatting
I can't seem to fix the image size and formatting. Can someone look at the code and fix it? Bearian (talk) 13:29, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

family guy
was it also on family guy that it said:

 * In America, you assasinate president (l.h. oswald)
 * In Russian, president assasinate you! (putin) Mallerd (talk) 12:58, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but I'm pretty sure that in the episode mentioned earlier, that Peter says Boris Yeltsin rather than Yakov Smirnoff, but either way, somebody just deleted that whole paragraph anyway unless they're just trying to reformat it as mentioned in an earlier post Parcanman (talk) 13:30, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Nationality
It is a bit jarring to see Yakov Smirnoff's nationality referred to as "Ukrainian Jew". His national origin is Ukrainian; his ancestry is Jewish. This is like claiming that the nationality of Barack Obama is "African-American". He is black, but that doesn't mean that's a property of the country he comes from. I can understand that Nationality: Ukrainian; Race: Jewish would be even more bizarre and objectionable by current standards, and perhaps changing "Race" to "Ancestry" or even "Ethnicity" wouldn't fix it entirely.

Of course, this is a general question, and does not apply to only this one article. 75.158.3.244 (talk) 18:32, 28 January 2011 (UTC)
 * --Confession0791 talk 08:06, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Now at the other extreme after what must have been one or more edits, I'm struck now that there is zero mention in the article anywhere of his being Jewish. I absolutely agree with the original comment in this section, but it's also odd that nowhere (but the categories) -- not in Early life or Personal life -- does it mention that he is Jewish, or at least of Jewish heritage (not sure if he was raised as religiously Jewish). This is also odd. Soviet Jews were treated in distinct ways, both inside the USSR and for US immigration purposes in the 1970s, so his historical Judaism is a relevant fact to mention in passing. Moncrief (talk) 21:23, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

Ray Stevens
Does anybody else think that this guy looks like a Russian version of Ray Stevens? Jdaniels15 (talk) 19:59, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Nice article...
Nice article ya wrote Yakov. (By party?) Now can someone else write it instead?Tapered (talk) 02:50, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Yakov Smirnoff


text:
West Bay, Dorset

West Bay, originally known as Bridport Harbour, is a small harbour settlement and resort on the English Channel coast in Dorset, England, sited at the mouth of the River Brit approximately 1.5 mi south of Bridport. The area is part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site.

The harbour at West Bay is not a natural landscape feature and it has a long history of having been silted up, blocked by shingle and damaged by storms, and each time repairs, improvements and enlargements have subsequently been made. The harbour has been moved twice: it was originally 1 mi inland, then was moved to the coast beside the East Cliff, then was moved again 270 m along the coast to the west, where it is located today.

The previous main commercial trade of the harbour—exporting Bridport's ropes and nets—declined in the second half of the 19th century. When the railway arrived in 1884, attempts were made to provide the settlement with the facilities of a resort, and today West Bay has a mixed economy of tourism and fishing.

History
Bridport historically needed a harbour to export its principal products, rope and nets. Originally the harbour was about 1 mi inland, close to the town, and its exit to the sea—the river mouth—was 270 m east of its current position. The Anglo-Saxons and Normans struggled to keep the harbour open because the river mouth repeatedly silted up and was blocked by shingle from Chesil Beach, so eventually a system of sluices was devised to help keep it clear.

In 1388 John Huderesfeld, a local merchant, started building a new harbour and levied a toll on goods loaded and unloaded. The toll was a market privilege granted to him for three years as a result of his petition that finishing the construction would not be possible without aid. After completion in 1395 a customs officer was employed full-time as trade grew. The new harbour prospered for fifty years until winter storms and an outbreak of Black Death damaged respectively its structure and trade, so in 1444 construction of a new harbour commenced—prompted by an indulgence granted by the Bishop of Sarum—and on its completion the harbour again prospered.

By the 18th century the small harbour was ill-equipped to deal with the increasing size of ships, plus the problems of silting and storm damage had never been fully resolved, so in 1740 work commenced on building another new harbour 270 m to the west. This is the site of the harbour as seen today. Two piers, extending as far as the low tide mark, were constructed to house the harbour. The river was also diverted to run between the piers. The work cost £3,500 and was undertaken by John Reynolds of Cheshire. It was supposed to have taken only two years, but the new harbour didn't open officially until 1744. It could hold forty sailing ships. Shipbuilding yards were set up west of the new harbour. They constructed a variety of vessels including frigates, cutters, schooners, brigantines, barques and fishing smack. The first registered launch was the 270 ton brig Adventurer in 1779, the last was the Lilian exactly a century later. The largest launch was the 1,002 ton Speedy in 1853. At one point the yards employed 300 men. In 1823, to accommodate further increases in trade, the basin of the harbour was enlarged eastwards and the old harbour gates were replaced by a sluice. As well as exporting Bridport's ropes, the harbour also imported raw materials such as gravel, coal and timber. By 1830 over 500 vessels were using the harbour each year.

Around 1865 the wooden piers were rebuilt in stone and the sluices were rebuilt. Despite these improvements however, trade at the harbour had begun to decline. Bridport's rope and nets were in less demand, and sailing ships were being supplanted by steam-powered vessels. In addition, the Great Western Railway's Bridport Railway had reached Bridport in 1857, and started taking the harbour's trade. The amount of harbour dues taken showed the extent of the decline: in 1881 they amounted to only 10% of those collected half a century before.

The railway was extended from Bridport to Bridport Harbour in 1884. The railway company named the new harbour station West Bay, as part of an effort to rebrand the harbour as a resort. Local businessmen—including the archaeologist Augustus Pitt Rivers and the Earl of Ilchester—funded the extension. Subsequently, they established the West Bay Building Company to build villas and lodging houses for visitors. Only a terrace of ten lodging houses—Pier Terrace—was completed, designed by the Arts and Crafts Movement architect Edward Schroeder Prior in 1885. In 1942, because the terrace had an appearance reminiscent of some northern French ports, West Bay was used as a training ground for the Dieppe Raid. The terrace remains a prominent feature of the harbourside.

Between 1919 and 1930, coinciding with increased car ownership and personal mobility, new housing was built on the hillslope to the west of the harbour, on the landward side of West Cliff. The railway line between West Bay and Bridport closed to passengers in 1930, and operated for goods services only until its final closure in 1962. The station however was restored in the 1980s, and two old railway coaches have been installed on a short length of relaid track. In the second half of the 20th century further residential and tourism-related development occurred around the harbour and old shipbuilding area: new houses were built, old buildings were converted into cafés and shops, and several car parks were created.

At the start of the 21st century, as part of a new coastal defence scheme, the harbour's west pier was replaced and the east pier rebuilt; the work was completed in March 2005. The new west pier is named the Jurassic Pier. The scheme extended the facilities of the harbour, with a new slipway and outer harbour. This has enabled the harbour to be used on the 50% of days when southerly swell conditions occur, which previously was not possible. After the construction work a small regeneration scheme was implemented, with new housing—called Quay West—built on the west side of the harbour, on part of the old shipyard area.

Government
West Bay lies within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency and is currently represented at Westminster by Chris Loder.

Dorset Council is responsible for services such as highways, public transport, strategic planning, environmental services and environmental health, tourism and leisure, economic development, local planning and development control, and social services.

At the parish level, West Bay is mostly within the South ward of Bridport Parish, though small areas also lie within the parishes of Symondsbury and Burton Bradstock. The parish authority for Bridport is Bridport Town Council, which is responsible for supplementing local government services and promoting and representing the town. The South ward is represented by nine councillors.

Geography and geology
West Bay is situated at the mouth of the River Brit on the English Channel coast. It is 1.5 mi south of Bridport and 15 mi west-northwest of Weymouth and lies within the Dorset Council administrative area. The coast at West Bay forms part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site which stretches for 96 mi and includes most of the Dorset coastline. West Bay also lies within the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

West Bay is sited on deposits of river alluvium that indicate a former estuary. There are beaches and cliffs on either side of the harbour. The beaches were previously of a similar size—in terms of their seaward extent—but now East Beach is considerably larger, due to accumulation of finer sediment. East Beach is also designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and forms one end of Chesil Beach, a barrier beach which extends southeast for 18 mi toward the Isle of Portland.

The cliffs to the east of the harbour are composed of Bridport Sand Formation and Inferior Oolite, while immediately to the west they are Frome Clay (Upper Fullers Earth) and Forest Marble. The Bridport Sands deposits were laid down in the Toarcian Age toward the end of the Early Jurassic; they are arranged horizontally with clear banding visible alternating between harder and softer material. The cliff's distinctive colour is a result of oxidisation of fine pyrite grains, resulting in limonite. The Frome Clay and Forest Marble of the West Cliff are younger and were formed in the Bathonian Age of the Middle Jurassic. The section of the West Cliff closest to the harbour has been engineered as part of coastal defence management; large protective boulders on the foreshore are backed by a sea wall, promenade and artificial grass-covered slope.

There are several geological faults in the West Bay area. The Eype Mouth Fault, resulting from movement late in the Cimmerian Orogeny (but probably originating in the Jurassic), has a vertical displacement of 200 m and is aligned east-west, emerging on the coast obliquely in West Cliff. It is intersected in the Brit Valley by the Mangerton Strike-Slip Fault, a later movement—probably Paleogene or Neogene—which is aligned roughly northeast-southwest.

Coastal defence management
The coast at West Bay is an eroding landscape, with various processes involved. The coastline faces southwest—the direction of the prevailing winds—toward the Atlantic Ocean, where the fetch length is over 3100 mi, resulting in the potential for large and destructive swell waves. The 18th-century construction of the harbour piers interrupted the natural transport of protective sediment along the shore, reducing the size of the West Beach and enabling the sea to more easily cause damage. The West Cliff is subject to the non-marine processes of slipping and mass slumping, caused by the clay sliding over lower layers and possibly exacerbated by faults within it. The East Cliff is protected to a degree by the East Beach, though it is still eroded by wave attrition and pounding at its base, resulting in rock falls.

Over the decades various initiatives have been put in place to try and protect property and livelihoods. A sea wall was constructed behind the West Beach in 1887, then was rebuilt in 1982. The first section of the West Cliff—and the houses behind it—was protected in 1969 with construction of rock piles, a further sea wall, and artificial sloping of the cliff face. In 1986 the East Beach was artificially raised with extra shingle to a height of 7.5 m above Ordnance Datum; subsequent management by the Environment Agency has involved regular monitoring and replenishment of this shingle barrier.

Despite such measures, serious storm damage or flooding events occurred seven times between 1974 and 1996. Assessments by structural engineers in 2001 concluded that, without remedial action, there was a 50% chance of a major failure of the old piers and sea walls within five years. The recent West Bay Coastal Defence and Harbour Improvements Scheme (construction of the Jurassic Pier and outer harbour) is the latest attempt to solve these problems.

Cliff falls
The production team of Broadchurch was criticised by the West Bay coastguards in June 2014 for filming too close to the edge of East Cliff. Severe weather and recent rock-slides left the cliffs unstable, and a coastguard volunteer said the production team should have used stakes, safety lines, harnesses, and helmets. A spokesperson for the Broadchurch production defended the film crew, noting that the production team had received all necessary filming permits, had visited the site numerous times to ensure safety, and taken other reasonable health and safety precautions.

In 2019, a 1,000-tonne cliff fall at East Cliff was caught on the Environment Agency's CCTV. A group of walkers were nearby at the time but were not injured.

Economy
West Bay is a centre for fishing, tourism (focused on boats and the beach) and geology.

Tourism and leisure
Fishing trips are available in the summer, including deep sea fishing. Boats can also be hired to row up the River Brit towards Bridport. The harbour has a secure boat park, holding up to seventy boats and entered via an electronic fob system; it is located behind the George Hotel and operates a waiting-list system.

The West Bay area has a number of local caravan and camping sites, as well as hotels and B&Bs, both in the bay area and the surrounding villages such as Burton Bradstock. The West Bay harbour area has many kiosks serving various types of menus, including traditional fish and chips, often with locally caught fish. Near the harbour area are three pubs, each serving food. The Station Kitchen is a restaurant in the old West Bay station which includes a World War One ambulance train carriage.

The Bridport and West Dorset Golf Club, situated on top of the east cliff, has a full 18-hole course.

The West Bay Discovery Centre is a small museum located in the historic (Grade II listed ) former Methodist Church telling the history of West Bay.

Filming location
West Bay beach was used in the introduction to the BBC television series The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin and for location filming in the television series Harbour Lights. The town, harbour, and beach were used as locations in The Navy Lark and the 2013 ITV series Broadchurch. The West Bay and Bridport area experienced an increase in visitor numbers following transmission of Broadchurch; in one survey of sixty tourism-related local businesses, over three-quarters of respondents stated that trade had increased in 2013, and nearly half of these attributed this to Broadchurch. Very short portions of the second and third series were also filmed in the area.

Literary reference
West Bay is mentioned in Thomas Hardy's The Trumpet-Major.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Bay, Dorset


text:
2001 United Kingdom census

A nationwide census, known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th UK census and recorded a resident population of 58,789,194.

The 2001 UK census was organised by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Detailed results by region, council area, ward and output area are available from their respective websites.

Organisation
Similar to previous UK censuses, the 2001 census was organised by the three statistical agencies, ONS, GROS, and NISRA, and coordinated at the national level by the Office for National Statistics. The Orders in Council to conduct the census, specifying the people and information to be included in the census, were made under the authority of the Census Act 1920 in Great Britain, and the Census Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 in Northern Ireland. In England and Wales these regulations were made by the Census Order 2000 (SI 744/2000), in Scotland by the Census (Scotland) Order 2000 (SSI 68/2000), and in Northern Ireland by the Census Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (SRNI 168/2000).

The census was administered through self-completion forms, in most cases delivered by enumerators to households and communal establishments in the three weeks before census night on 29 April. For the first time return by post was used as the main collection method, with enumerators following up in person where the forms were not returned. The postal response rate was 88% in England and Wales, 91% in Scotland, and 92% in Northern Ireland. A total of 81,000 field staff were employed across the UK (70,000 in England and Wales, 8,000 in Scotland and 3,000 in Northern Ireland). The census was conducted at the height of the foot-and-mouth crisis, which led to extra precautions being adopted by the field staff, and suggestions that the census may have to be postponed. However, it was reported that the disease outbreak did not affect the effectiveness of the collection process.

The census was estimated to cost £259m over its 13-year cycle from the start of planning in 1993 to the delivery of final results in 2006. Printing of the 30 million census forms was subcontracted to Polestar Group, and processing of the returned census forms was subcontracted to Lockheed Martin in a contract worth £54m. The forms were initially scanned into digital format, then read with OMR and OCR, with manual entry where the automatic process could not read the forms. The forms were then pulped and recycled, and the digital copies printed onto microfilm for storage and release after 100 years. Once the data were returned to the statistics agencies it underwent further processing to ensure consistency and to impute missing values.

Enumeration
The overall response rate for the census, that is the proportion of the population who were included on a census form, was estimated to be 94% in England and Wales, 96.1% in Scotland and 95.2% in Northern Ireland. This was due to a number of factors: households with no response, households excluding residents from their returns, and addresses not included in the enumeration. In Manchester for example 25,000 people from 14,000 addresses were not enumerated because the address database was two years out of date. The Local Authority with the lowest response was Kensington and Chelsea with 64%. Hackney had the next lowest response at 72%. Out of all local authorities, the ten lowest response rates were all in London. The results still represent 100 per cent of the population, however, because some individuals not completing their forms were instead identified by census enumerators, and through the use of cross-matching with a follow-up survey.

One Number Census
The results from the 2001 census were produced using a methodology known as the One Number Census. This was an attempt to adjust the census counts and impute answers to allow for estimated under-enumeration measured by the Census Coverage Survey (sample size 320,000 households), resulting in a single set of population estimates.

Religion
Although the 1851 census had included a question about religion on a separate response sheet, whose completion was not compulsory, the 2001 census was the first in Great Britain to ask about the religion of respondents on the main census form. An amendment to the 1920 Census Act (the Census (Amendment) Act 2000) was passed by Parliament to allow the question to be asked, and to allow the response to this question to be optional. The inclusion of the question enabled the Jedi census phenomenon to take place in the United Kingdom. In England and Wales 390,127 people stated their religion as Jedi, as did 14,052 people in Scotland. The percentages of religious affiliations were: 15% declared themselves of no religion (including Jedi at 0.7%, more than those who declared themselves as Sikh, Jewish or Buddhist) and 8% did not respond to the question.
 * Christian: 72.0%
 * Muslim: 3%
 * Hindu: 1%
 * Sikh: 0.6%
 * Jewish: 0.5%
 * Buddhist: 0.3%
 * Any other religion: 0.3%

Results
The census ethnic groups included White (White British, White Irish, Other White), Mixed (White and Black Caribbean, White and Black African, White and Asian, Other Mixed), Asian or Asian British (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Other Asian), Black or Black British (Black Caribbean, African, Other Black) and Chinese or Other Ethnic Group.

Since the UK census relies on self-completion, the composition of the other ethnic group category is not fixed. Analysis by the Office for National Statistics of the 220,000 people in England and Wales who ticked the other ethnic group box in the 2001 census reveals that 53 per cent were born in the Far East, 10 per cent in the UK, 10 per cent in the Middle East, and 7 per cent in Africa. People could write in an ethnic group under the 'other' heading. 26 per cent did not specify an ethnicity, but of the remainder 23 per cent wrote Filipino, 21 per cent Japanese, 11 per cent Vietnamese, 11 per cent Arab, 6 per cent Middle Eastern and 4 per cent North African.

English identity
Controversy surrounding the classification of ethnic groups began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to check a box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for English respondents. With an absence of an English tick-box, the only other tickbox available was "white-British", "Irish", or "other". However, if 'English' was written in under the "any other white background" it was not clear whether it would be counted as an ethnic group in same the way as the Welsh. Following criticism, English was included as a tick-box option in the 2011 census.

Welsh identity
It is sometimes claimed that the 2001 census revealed that two-thirds of the population of Wales described themselves as of Welsh nationality. In fact, the 2001 census did not collect any information on nationality. Controversy surrounding the classification of ethnic group began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to check a box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for Welsh respondents. Prior to the census, Plaid Cymru backed a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tickbox and for the National Assembly for Wales to have primary law-making powers and its own National Statistics Office. With an absence of a Welsh tickbox, the only other tickbox available was "white-British", "Irish", or "other".

Cornish identity
For the first time in a UK census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish. This represented nearly 7% of the population of Cornwall. Various Cornish organisations were campaigning for the inclusion of the Cornish tick box on the next census in 2011.

title: 2001 United Kingdom census


text:
Co-princes of Andorra

The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state (cap d'estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Founded in 1278 using a treaty between the bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix, this unique diarchical arrangement has persisted through the Middle Ages to the present. Currently, the bishop of Urgell (Joan Enric Vives i Sicília) and the president of France (Emmanuel Macron) serve as Andorra's co-princes, following the transfer of the count of Foix's claims to the Crown of France and, subsequently, to the head of state of the French Republic. Each co-prince appoints a personal representative, the episcopal co-prince by Josep Maria Mauri and the French co-prince currently being represented by Patrick Strzoda.

Origin and development of the co-principality
Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for their fighting against the Moors. The feudal overlord of this territory was at first the Count of Urgell. In 988, however, the count, Borrell II, gave Andorra to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in Cerdanya. The Bishop of Urgell, based in Seu d'Urgell, has ruled Andorra ever since.

Before 1095, Andorra did not have any type of military protection, and since the Bishop of Urgell knew that the Count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, he asked for help from the lord of Caboet. In 1095, the lord and the bishop signed a declaration of their co-sovereignty over Andorra. Arnalda, daughter of Arnau of Caboet, married the viscount of Castellbò, and both became viscounts of Castellbò and Cerdanya. Their daughter, Ermessenda, married Roger Bernat II, the French count of Foix. They became, respectively, count and countess of Foix, viscount and viscountess of Castellbò and Cerdanya, and also co-sovereigns of Andorra (together with the Bishop of Urgell).

In the 11th century, a dispute arose between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. The conflict was mediated by Aragon in 1278, and led to the signing of the first paréage, which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the count and the bishop. This gave the principality its territory and political form, and marked the formal commencement of Andorra's unique monarchical arrangement.

Through inheritance, the Foix title to Andorra passed to the kings of Navarre. After Henry III of Navarre was crowned Henry IV of France, he issued an edict in 1607 establishing the king of France and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra. In 1812–13, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it into four départements, with Andorra forming part of the district of Puigcerdà (department of Sègre). Following the defeat of Napoleon I, a royal decree reversed this annexation, and Andorra reverted to its former independence and political state. The French head of state—whether king, emperor, or president—has continued to serve as a co-prince of Andorra ever since.

Recent history
On 12 July 1934, Andorra's monarchical system was challenged by an adventurer named Boris Skossyreff, who issued a proclamation in Urgell declaring himself "Boris I, King of Andorra". Though initially enjoying some support within Andorra's political establishment, he was ultimately arrested by Spanish authorities on 20 July 1934 after declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell (who had refused to relinquish his own claim to the principality). Skossyreff was expelled, and was never considered to have been the Andorran monarch in any legal sense.

Before 1993, Andorra had no codified constitution, and the exact prerogatives of the co-princes were not specifically defined in law. In March 1993, a Constitution was approved by a vote of the Andorran people and signed into law by the two reigning co-princes at the time: Bishop Joan Martí Alanis and President François Mitterrand. It clarified the continuance of the unique Andorran diarchy, and also delineated the precise role and prerogatives of the two co-princes. Prior to adoption of the Constitution, Andorra paid in odd-numbered years a tribute of approximately $460 to the French ruler, while on even-numbered years, it paid a tribute of approximately $12 to the Spanish bishop, plus six hams, six cheeses, and six live chickens. This medieval custom was subsequently abandoned in 1993.

In 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to abdicate as French co-prince if the principality did not change its banking laws to eliminate its longstanding status as a tax haven.

In 2014, Joan Enric Vives i Sicília said that he would abdicate as bishop of Urgell and co-prince of Andorra if the Andorran Parliament passed a law legalizing abortion. The bishopric would then be held in abeyance at least until the law had been promulgated, so that no cleric would have to sign it. This would make Andorra the second country (after Belgium) where a head of state refused to sign a law legalizing voluntary interruption of pregnancy without preventing the law's promulgation.

Contemporary political role
The Constitution of Andorra carefully defines the exact role and prerogatives of the co-princes of Andorra today. The constitution establishes Andorra as a "parliamentary coprincipality", providing for the Bishop of Urgell and the president of France to serve together as joint heads of state. The constitution distinguishes between which powers they may exercise on their own (Article 46), and which require the countersignature of the head of the Andorran government, or the approval of the "Síndic General", the Andorran legislature (Article 45).

Powers the co-princes may exercise on their own include:
 * Joint exercise of the "prerogative of grace" (the power to pardon);
 * Each co-prince may appoint one member of the Superior Council of Justice and one member of the Constitutional Tribunal;
 * Establishment of such services as they deem necessary to fulfil their constitutional prerogatives, and appointment of individuals to fulfil these services;
 * Requesting a preliminary judgement about the constitutionality of proposed laws, or of international treaties;
 * Agreeing to the text of any international treaty, prior to submitting it for parliamentary approval;
 * Bringing a case before the Constitutional Tribunal in the event of any conflict over the exercise of their constitutional prerogatives.

Powers the co-princes may exercise in conjunction with the head of government include:
 * Calling for elections or referendums in accordance with constitutional provisions;
 * Appointing the head of government in accordance with constitutional provisions;
 * Dissolve the General Council (the Andorran legislature) prior to the expiration of its current term (but not until at least one year has passed since the prior election);
 * Accrediting diplomatic representatives from Andorra to foreign states, and receive credentials of foreign representatives to Andorra;
 * Appointing office-holders in accordance with appropriate constitutional provisions;
 * Sanctioning and enacting laws in accordance with constitutional provisions;
 * Granting formal consent to international treaties, once ratified by the General Council.

Each co-prince is granted an annual allowance by the General Council to dispose of as he or she sees fit. Each appoints a personal representative in Andorra, and in the case of incapacitation of one of them, the constitution provides for the other prince to govern in his or her absence, with the concurrence of the Andorran head of government or the General Council.

Certain treaties require the participation of the co-princes (or their designated representatives) in their negotiation process as well as their final approval; these are detailed in Articles 66 and 67 of the constitution.

The co-princes jointly retain the right to propose amendments to the constitution; this same right rests with the General Council. They have no veto power over legislation passed by the General Council, though they do retain a veto over certain international treaties, as described above.

Vacancy
In case of vacancy of either co-prince, Andorra "recognizes the validity of the interim procedures foreseen by their respective statuses, in order for the normal function of Andorran institutions not to be interrupted".

title: Co-princes of Andorra


text:
Face/Off

Face/Off is a 1997 American science-fiction action thriller film directed by John Woo, from a screenplay by Mike Werb and Michael Colleary. It stars John Travolta and Nicolas Cage as an FBI agent and a terrorist, respectively, who undergo an experimental surgery to swap their faces and, in the process, their identities.

The film co-stars Joan Allen, Gina Gershon, and Alessandro Nivola, and features Dominique Swain, Nick Cassavetes, Harve Presnell, Colm Feore, CCH Pounder and Thomas Jane in supporting roles. Principal photography began on January 4, 1997 in Los Angeles, and wrapped on April 1. The film score was composed by John Powell.

Face/Off was the first Hollywood film in which Woo was given major creative control. It earned critical acclaim for the performances by Cage and Travolta and its stylized action sequences. The film earned $245 million worldwide, making it the 11th highest-grossing film of 1997, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Sound Effects Editing (Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg) at the 70th Academy Awards.

Since its release, the film gained a strong cult following and it is considered by many as one of John Woo's best films.

Plot
FBI Special Agent Sean Archer survives an assassination attempt by Castor Troy, a terrorist-for-hire, but after the bullet penetrates Archer's chest it exits and strikes his son Michael, killing the boy. Archer then engages in an extended vendetta against Troy. It culminates, six years later, in his team ambushing Troy, who is with his younger brother and accomplice, Pollux, on a remote desert airstrip. Troy goads Archer by saying he knows of a bomb that is located somewhere in Los Angeles and is set to explode in a few days. But before Archer can learn more, Troy is knocked unconscious and falls into a coma. Pollux, in custody, affirms that the bomb is real but refuses to reveal its location.

In secret, Archer reluctantly undergoes a highly experimental face transplant procedure by Dr. Malcolm Walsh to take on Castor Troy's face, voice, and appearance. Archer-as-Troy is taken to the same high-security prison where Pollux is being held. He manages to convince Pollux that he is Troy, and gains information on the bomb's location. Troy unexpectedly awakens from his coma and discovers that his face is missing. He calls his gang, and they force Dr. Walsh to transplant Archer's face onto him. Troy then kills the only people other than Archer who know of the transplant. Meanwhile, at the prison, Archer-as-Troy prepares to tell his colleagues where the bomb is located, but befor he can do so, Troy-as-Archer appears, surprising him. Gloating, Troy-as-Archer tells him that no one else knows about the face transplant, and that he intends to take over Archer's life to ruin it before getting his own face back.

Pollux is freed when he willingly tells Troy-as-Archer of the bomb's location, and Troy-as-Archer disarms the bomb. Troy-as-Archer earns admiration from the FBI office and becomes close to Archer's wife Eve and daughter Jamie, whom Archer had been neglecting while chasing down Troy. Back at the prison, Archer-as-Troy escapes after staging a riot and retreats to Troy's headquarters. He meets Sasha, the sister of Troy's primary drug kingpin Dietrich Hassler, and her son Adam, who reminds him of Michael. Archer-as-Troy discovers that Adam is Troy's son. Troy-as-Archer learns of Archer-as-Troy's escape and hastily assembles a team to raid his headquarters.

The raid turns into a bloodbath and many FBI agents and several members of Troy's gang, including Dietrich and Pollux, are killed, while Archer, Sasha, and Adam are able to escape. Archer's supervisor, Director Victor Lazarro, blames Troy-as-Archer for the numerous slayings. Troy-as-Archer, furious over Pollux's death, kills Lazarro and makes it look like a heart attack. Troy-as-Archer is promoted to acting director. Archer-as-Troy finds safety for Sasha and Adam. Then he approaches Eve and convinces her to test Troy-as-Archer's blood to prove his identity, since the two have different blood types. After testing the blood and being convinced of her husband's identity, Eve tells Archer-as-Troy that Troy-as-Archer will be vulnerable at Lazarro's funeral.

At the ceremony, Archer-as-Troy finds that Troy-as-Archer has anticipated his actions and taken Eve hostage. Sasha arrives, and a gunfight ensues; Sasha manages to save Eve after taking a bullet. Archer-as-Troy promises a dying Sasha that he will take care of Adam and raise him away from criminal life. In a fight between the rivals outside, Jamie shoots and injures Archer-as-Troy. Troy-as-Archer flees the church with Archer-as-Troy pursuing him. Troy-as-Archer briefly takes Jamie hostage, but she escapes by stabbing him with the butterfly knife that Troy-as-Archer had given her for self-defense. Troy-as-Archer reaches the docks and commandeers a speedboat, and Archer-as-Troy follows and commandeers one of his own.

A chase ensues, that ends when Archer-as-Troy forces Troy-as-Archer to the shore by collision. With the boats grounded, Archer-as-Troy bests Troy-as-Archer in a melee fight. Troy-as-Archer attempts to mutilate his (Archer's) face to taunt and distract Archer-as-Troy, but Archer-as-Troy instead gains the upper hand and kills Troy-as-Archer with a spear gun. Backup agents arrive and address Archer-as-Troy as Archer, having been convinced by Eve of Archer's true identity. After the face transplant surgery is reversed, Archer returns home, where he adopts Adam into his family, keeping his promise to Sasha.

Cast

 * John Travolta as Sean Archer
 * Nicolas Cage as Castor Troy
 * Joan Allen as Eve Archer
 * Alessandro Nivola as Pollux Troy
 * Gina Gershon as Sasha Hassler
 * Dominique Swain as Jamie Archer
 * Nick Cassavetes as Dietrich Hassler
 * Harve Presnell as Victor Lazarro
 * Colm Feore as Dr. Malcolm Walsh
 * John Carroll Lynch as Prison Guard Walton
 * CCH Pounder as Hollis Miller
 * Robert Wisdom as Tito Biondi
 * Margaret Cho as Wanda Chang
 * Thomas Jane as Burke Hicks
 * James Denton as Buzz
 * Tommy Flanagan as Leo
 * Matt Ross as Loomis
 * Chris Bauer as Ivan Dubov

Other cast members in the film include Danny Masterson as Karl, Myles Jeffrey as Michael Archer, David McCurley as Adam Hassler, Romy Walthall as Kimberly, Paul Hipp as Fitch, Kirk Baltz as Aldo, Lisa Boyle as Cindee, Lauren Sinclair as Agent Winters, Steve Hytner as Agent Howell, David Warshofsky as a bomb squad officer, and John Bloom as a prison electroshock technician.

Production
Face/Off was written by Mike Werb and Michael Colleary in 1990 as a spec script. They were inspired to write it after a mutual friend injured themself in a hang-gliding accident. The injury required the friend’s face to be removed and reconstructed before being re-added onto their body. Werb and Colleary were also inspired by the film White Heat to create a plot where the main character survived a prison riot. Face/Off initially had a futuristic setting. Face/Off was optioned to Joel Silver and Warner Bros. in 1991. The option expired in 1994 and the project was purchased by Paramount Pictures. American director and producer Rob Cohen was originally set to direct the film but when the project was in a turnaround Cohen left to direct Dragonheart (1996). John Woo became attached in 1996. Various actor pairings were considered for the parts of Sean Archer and Castor Troy, such as Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Douglas and Harrison Ford, and Alec Baldwin and Bruce Willis.

Johnny Depp wanted to play Sean Archer but passed on the role after reading the script. John Woo instead hired John Travolta and Nicolas Cage to play those characters. Michael Douglas served as an executive producer. Werb and Colleary have cited White Heat (1949) as an influence on the plot. In preparation, Woo watched Seconds (1966) directed by John Frankenheimer. With an $80 million production budget, Face/Off made heavy use of action set pieces including several violent shootouts and a boat chase filmed in the Los Angeles area. The boat scene at the end of the film was shot in San Pedro. Calling the brothers Castor and Pollux is a reference to Greek mythology; Castor and Pollux are the twins transformed by the ancient Greek god Zeus into the constellation Gemini.

Music
The Face/Off soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records on July 1, 1997, the week following the film's release. This was the first film to be composed by John Powell and the score was produced by Hans Zimmer.

Several pieces of music and songs were used in the film but not included in the soundtrack. These include:
 * "Hallelujah" from oratorio Messiah – George Frideric Handel
 * Pamina's Aria "Ach, ich fühl's" from "Die Zauberflöte" – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * "Prelude in D-flat, Op. 28, No. 15" ("Raindrop") – Frédéric Chopin
 * "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" – James Brown
 * "Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg) – Olivia Newton-John
 * "Christiansands" – Tricky
 * "Don't Lose Your Head" – INXS
 * "Miserere mei, Deus (VV.1-4 & 17-20)" – Gregorio Allegri

Home media
Face/Off was released on Region 1 DVD on October 7, 1998. A 10th Anniversary Collector's Edition DVD was released on September 11, 2007, and it was also released on the now-defunct HD DVD format on October 30, 2007, in the United States.

The film was released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 1, 2007, by Buena Vista Home Entertainment, and was released in the United States on May 20, 2008, by Paramount Home Entertainment.

The film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray by Kino Lorber in December 2023, featuring a new 4K scan of the film.

Box office
Face/Off was released in North America on June 27, 1997, and earned $23,387,530 on its opening weekend, ranking number one in the domestic box office ahead of Hercules. It went on to become the 11th highest domestic and 14th worldwide grossing film of 1997, earning a domestic total of $112,276,146 and $133,400,000 overseas for a total of worldwide gross of $245,676,146.

Critical response
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes records that 93% of 95 critical reviews were positive, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "John Travolta and Nicolas Cage play cat-and-mouse (and literally play each other) against a beautifully stylized backdrop of typically elegant, over-the-top John Woo violence." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 82 out of 100 from 26 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

The role reversal between Travolta and Cage was a subject of praise, as were the stylized, violent action sequences. Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four and remarked: "Here, using big movie stars and asking them to play each other, Woo and his writers find a terrific counterpoint to the action scenes: All through the movie, you find yourself reinterpreting every scene as you realize the 'other' character is 'really' playing it." Rolling Stone's Peter Travers said of the film, "You may not buy the premise or the windup, but with Travolta and Cage taking comic and psychic measures of their characters and their own careers, there is no resisting Face/Off. This you gotta see." Richard Corliss of Time said that the film "isn't just a thrill ride, it's a rocket into the thrilling past, when directors could scare you with how much emotion they packed into a movie".

Barbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner called the movie "idiotic" and argued that "Woo is clearly an imaginative man, and there is no doubt that he can concoct six ways to do any given piece of business... a good director would choose the best of the six ways and put it in his movie. Woo puts all six in. If you keep your eyes closed during a Woo movie and open them every six minutes, you'll see everything you need to know to have a perfectly lovely evening at the cinema."

The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing (Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg) at the 70th Academy Awards, but lost to another Paramount film Titanic. Face/Off also won Saturn Awards for Best Director and Best Writing, and the MTV Movie Awards for Best Action Sequence (the speedboat chase) and Best On-Screen Duo for Travolta and Cage.

It has been labelled as part of the "holy trinity" of Nicolas Cage action films, along with Con Air (1997) and The Rock (1996). In 2022, Cage said the film had "aged beautifully".

Face/Off is said to have inspired Infernal Affairs. However, Infernal Affairs director Andrew Lau wanted to have a more realistic situation; instead of a physical face change, Lau wanted to have the characters swap identities. The concept of "bian lian" or "change face", a technique traditionally used in Chinese opera, may have been used here to depict the fluid and seamless morph of Chen and Lau's characters' identities between the "good" and "bad" sides. Infernal Affairs in turn has spawned several adaptations, notably The Departed directed by Martin Scorsese, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Sequel
Paramount Pictures announced in September 2019 plans to remake Face/Off with a new cast. David Permut would be executive producer, with Neal Moritz to produce and Oren Uziel to write. In February 2021, it was reported that Adam Wingard would direct and the film would be a sequel to the first film.

title: Face/Off


text:
Colorado National Monument

Colorado National Monument is a National Park Service unit near the city of Grand Junction, Colorado. Sheer-walled canyons cut deep into sandstone and granite–gneiss–schist rock formations. This is an area of desert land high on the Colorado Plateau, with pinyon and juniper forests on the plateau. The park hosts a wide range of wildlife, including red-tailed hawks, golden eagles, ravens, jays, desert bighorn sheep, and coyotes. Activities include hiking, horseback riding, road bicycling, and scenic drives; a visitor center on the west side contains a natural history museum and gift shop. There are scenic views from trails, Rim Rock Drive, which winds along the plateau, and the campground. Nearby are the Book Cliffs and the largest flat-topped mountain in the world, the Grand Mesa.

The monument's feature attraction is Monument Canyon, which runs the width of the park and includes rock formations such as Independence Monument, the Kissing Couple, and Coke Ovens. The monument includes 20500 acre, much of which has been recommended to Congress for designation as wilderness.

Park history
The area was first explored by John Otto, who settled in Grand Junction in the early 20th century. Prior to Otto's arrival, many area residents believed the canyons to be inaccessible to humans. Otto began building trails on the plateau and into the canyons. As word spread about his work, the Chamber of Commerce of Grand Junction sent a delegation to investigate. The delegation returned praising both Otto's work and the scenic beauty of the wilderness area, and the local newspaper began lobbying to make it a National Park. A bill was introduced and carried by the local Representatives to the U.S. Congress and Senate but a Congressional slowdown in the final months threatened the process. To ensure protection of the canyons President William Howard Taft (who had visited the area) stepped in and used the highest powers available to him via the Antiquities Act and presidential proclamation to declare the canyons as a national monument.

The area was established as Colorado National Monument on May 24, 1911. Otto was hired as the first park ranger, drawing a salary of $1 per month. For the next 16 years, he continued building and maintaining trails while living in a tent in the park.

A herd of bison was introduced and maintained from 1925 to 1983. After a failed effort to introduce elk, Otto obtained two cows and one bull. The herd grew to as many as 45 animals, but generally the herd was kept at about 20-25 animals.

The park became more well known in the 1980s partly due to its inclusion as a stage of the major international bicycle race, the Coors Classic. The race through the park became known as "The Tour of the Moon", due to the spectacular landscapes the race passed through on Rim Rock Drive.

The issue of national park status has arisen time and again, usually during bust cycles brought on by the uranium industry and later oil and gas. As of June, 2014 Congressman Scott Tipton and Senator Mark Udall have carried the process closer to fruition than any other representatives since the initial effort in 1907. The two Representatives appointed an 18-member committee of locals to study the issue and learn the facts in 2011. After a groundswell of support from local residents and business owners, the Representatives then appointed a committee of five local residents to write draft legislation. The draft legislation was announced and released in early 2014. A public comment period on the draft legislation began soon after with an end date of June 29. Documentary producer Ken Burns (National Parks:  America's Best Idea) weighed in of the effort, endorsing national park status for the Colorado National Monument. Burns compared the area to Seward, Alaska, which overcame opposition to create Kenai Fjords National Park. Burns said Seward locals came to refer to Kenai Fjords National Park as a "permanent pipeline".

Climate
Ecologically, Colorado National Monument sits on a large area of high desert in Western Colorado, though under the Köppen climate classification, it, like neighbouring Grand Junction, is temperate semi-arid. Summers are hot and dry while winters cold with some snow. Temperatures reach 100 °F on 6.0 days, 90 °F on 62.3 days, and remain at or below freezing on 12.9 days annually.

Trails
The Monument contains many hiking trails, with lengths and difficulties to suit all tastes. Summer storms can cause flash floods as well as dangerous trail conditions. Rattlesnakes are found on the Monument, and rough terrain exists everywhere, but most trails are well-maintained. Winter cross-country skiing is occasionally possible on trails such as the Liberty Cap Trail.

Serpents Trail, perhaps the most popular, follows the route of the original road to the top of the Monument. This trail is accessible by parking lots at both ends, both located off Rim Rock Drive. Serpents Trail provides views of both the Monument itself and the Grand Valley below. One of the shortest trails, also popular, is Devil's Kitchen. The trailhead is located near the eastern entrance of the park on Rim Rock Drive. This trail is about 1 mile long, and ends in a sandstone grotto.

Liberty Cap trail starts from the valley floor and climbs to the rim of the Monument. Liberty Cap itself is an ancient sand dune, and provides a beautiful view of the Grand Valley. Corkscrew Trail, closed for many years but reopened in mid-2006, branches off the Liberty Cap and skirts a small canyon and cliffs that cannot be seen from the valley floor. This trail, the only loop trail on the Monument, is about 3 miles long and features a less rigorous climb than Liberty Cap.

Monument Canyon trail follows Monument Canyon for about 5 miles. This trail is often hiked up-and-back, and provides close-up views of Independence Monument, the Colorado National Monument's most distinct feature, as well as a formation named Kissing Couple. The lower trailhead is accessible from CO 340 (Broadway).

No Thoroughfare Trail starts at the bottom of No Thoroughfare Canyon, near the east entrance. As the name implies, there is no official trail to the top of this canyon. The dead-end trail goes a few miles into the canyon, and up-and-back hiking is required. Some hikers have found a way to get through the entire canyon, but after a certain point the trail becomes difficult and unmarked. No Thoroughfare Canyon does have small waterfalls during the spring runoff, but is dry for most of the year.

Colorado National Monument was rated in 2017 as the best campsite in Colorado in a 50-state survey conducted by Msn.com.

Historic preservation
Many of the early visitor facilities at Colorado National Monument were designed by the National Park Service and constructed by the Public Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Several of these areas have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of this and in consequence of their adherence to the National Park Service Rustic design standards of the time. The entire Rim Rock Drive is a National Historic District, as well as the Serpents Trail, the Devils Kitchen Picnic Shelter, and three places in the Saddlehorn area: the Saddlehorn Caretaker's House and Garage, Saddlehorn Comfort Station, and the Saddlehorn Utility Area Historic District. The Visitor Center complex is also included as an example of the Mission 66 program.

Geology
The park's geologic record preserves three different groups of rock and sediment. The oldest rocks are Early to Middle Proterozoic gneiss and schist, including the Ute Canyon Stock. Overlying these, and separated by an angular unconformity, are mostly horizontally bedded Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, including the cliff-forming Wingate Sandstone. Overlying these are various types of Quaternary unconsolidated deposits such as alluvium, colluvium, and dunes. The sedimentary rocks are folded into monoclines by several faults, including the Redlands Thrust Fault.

title: Colorado National Monument


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LS-DYNA

LS-DYNA is an advanced general-purpose multiphysics simulation software package developed by the former Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC), which was acquired by Ansys in 2019. While the package continues to contain more and more possibilities for the calculation of many complex, real world problems, its origins and core-competency lie in highly nonlinear transient dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) using explicit time integration. LS-DYNA is used by the automobile, aerospace, construction and civil engineering, military, manufacturing, and bioengineering industries.

History
LS-DYNA originated from the 3D FEA program DYNA3D, developed by Dr. John O. Hallquist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 1976. DYNA3D was created in order to simulate the impact of the Full Fuzing Option (FUFO) or "Dial-a-yield" nuclear bomb for low altitude release (impact velocity of ~ 40 m/s). At the time, no 3D software was available for simulating impact, and 2D software was inadequate. Though the FUFO bomb was eventually canceled, development of DYNA3D continued. DYNA3D used explicit time integration to study nonlinear dynamic problems, with the original applications being mostly stress analysis of structures undergoing various types of impacts. The program was initially very simple largely due to the lack of adequate computational resources at the time. A two-dimensional version of the same software was developed concurrently. In 1978 the DYNA3D source code was released into the public domain without restrictions after a request from France.

In 1979 a new version of DYNA3D was released which was programmed for optimal performance on the CRAY-1 supercomputers. This new release contained improved sliding interface treatment which was an order of magnitude faster than the previous contact treatment. This version also eliminated structural and higher order solid elements of the first version, while including element-wise integration of the integral difference method developed in 1974.

The 1982 release included nine additional material models which allowed for new simulations, such as explosive-structure and soil-structure interactions. The release also permitted the analysis of structural response due to penetrating projectiles. Improvements in 1982 further boosted the execution speed by about 10 percent. Hallquist was the sole developer of DYNA3D until 1984, when he was joined by Dr. David J. Benson. In 1986, many capabilities were added. The added features included beams, shells, rigid bodies, single surface contact, interface friction, discrete springs and dampers, optional hourglass treatments, optional exact volume integration, and VAX/VMS, IBM, UNIX, COS operating system compatibility. At this point, DYNA3D became the first code to have a general single surface contact algorithm.

Metal forming simulation and composite analysis capabilities were added to DYNA3D in 1987. This version included changes to the shell elements, and dynamic relaxation. The final release of DYNA3D in 1988 included several more elements and capabilities.

By 1988 LLNL had sent approximately 600 tapes containing simulation software. Hallquist had consulted for nearly 60 companies and organizations on the use of DYNA3D. As a result, at the end of 1988 Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC) was founded to continue the development of DYNA3D in a much more focused manner, resulting in LS-DYNA3D (later shortened to LS-DYNA). Releases and support for DYNA3D were thus halted. Since then, LSTC has greatly expanded the capabilities of LS-DYNA in an attempt to create a universal tool for most simulation needs.

In 2019, LSTC was acquired by Ansys, Inc.

Typical uses
Nonlinear means at least one (and sometimes all) of the following complications:
 * Changing boundary conditions (such as contact between parts that changes over time)
 * Large deformations (for example the crumpling of sheet metal parts)
 * Nonlinear materials that do not exhibit ideally elastic behavior (for example thermoplastic polymers)

Transient dynamic means analyzing high speed, short duration events where inertial forces are important. Typical uses include:
 * Automotive crash (deformation of chassis, airbag inflation, seatbelt tensioning, ...)
 * Explosions (underwater mines, shaped charges, ...)
 * Manufacturing (sheet metal stamping, ...)

Characteristics
LS-DYNA consists of a single executable file and is entirely command-line driven. Therefore, all that is required to run LS-DYNA is a command shell, the executable, an input file, and enough free disk space to run the calculation. All input files are in simple ASCII format and thus can be prepared using any text editor. Input files can also be prepared with the aid of a graphical preprocessor. There are many third-party software products available for preprocessing LS-DYNA input files. LSTC also develops its own preprocessor, LS-PrePost, which is freely distributed and runs without a license. Licensees of LS-DYNA automatically have access to all of the program's capabilities, from simple linear static mechanical analysis up to advanced thermal and flow solving methods. Furthermore, they have full use of LSTC's LS-OPT software, a standalone design optimization and probabilistic analysis package with an interface to LS-DYNA.

Capabilities
LS-DYNA's potential applications are numerous and can be tailored to many fields. LS-DYNA is not limited to any particular type of simulation. In a given simulation, any of LS-DYNA's many features can be combined to model a wide variety of physical events. An example of a simulation that involves a unique combination of features is the NASA JPL Mars Pathfinder landing which simulated the space probe's use of airbags to aid in its landing.

LS-DYNA's analysis capabilities:
 * Full 2D & 3D capabilities
 * Nonlinear dynamics
 * Rigid body dynamics
 * Quasi-static simulations
 * Normal modes
 * Linear statics
 * Thermal analysis
 * Fluid analysis
 * Eulerian capabilities
 * ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian)
 * FSI (Fluid-Structure Interaction)
 * Navier-Stokes fluids
 * Compressible fluid solver, CESE (Conservation Element & Solution Element)
 * FEM-rigid multi-body dynamics coupling (MADYMO, Cal3D)
 * Underwater shock
 * Failure analysis
 * Crack propagation
 * Real-time acoustics
 * Implicit springback
 * Multi-physics coupling
 * Structural-thermal coupling
 * Adaptive remeshing
 * SPH (Smoothed particle hydrodynamics)
 * DEM (Discrete element method)
 * EFG (Element Free Galerkin)
 * Radiation transport
 * EM (Electromagnetism)

Material Library
LS-DYNA's comprehensive library of material models:

 * Metals
 * Plastics
 * Glass
 * Foams
 * Fabrics
 * Elastomers
 * Honeycombs
 * Concrete & soils
 * Viscous fluids
 * User-defined materials

Element Library
Some of the element types available in LS-DYNA:

 * Beams (standard, trusses, discrete, cables, and welds) (with over 10 beam element formulations)
 * Discrete Elements (Springs and Dampers)
 * Lumped Inertias
 * Lumped Masses
 * Accelerometers
 * Sensors
 * Seat Belts
 * Pretensioners
 * Retractors
 * Sliprings
 * Shells (3, 4, 6, and 8-node including 3D shells, membranes, 2D plane stress, plane strain, and axisymmetric solids) (with over 25 shell element formulations)
 * Solids (4 and 10-node tetrahedrons, 6-node pentahedrons, and 8-node hexahedrons) (with over 20 solid element formulations)
 * SPH Elements
 * Thick Shells (8-node)

Contact Algorithms
LS-DYNA's contact algorithms:

 * Flexible body contact
 * Flexible body to rigid body contact
 * Rigid body to rigid body contact
 * Edge-to-edge contact
 * Eroding contact
 * Tied surfaces
 * CAD surfaces
 * Rigid walls
 * Draw beads

Automotive crashworthiness & occupant safety
LS-DYNA is used by the automotive industry to analyze vehicle designs. LS-DYNA accurately predicts a car's behavior in a collision and the effects of the collision upon the car's occupants. With LS-DYNA, automotive companies and their suppliers can test car designs without having to tool or experimentally test a prototype, thus saving time and expense.

LS-DYNA's specialized automotive features:

 * Seatbelts
 * Slip rings
 * Pretensioners
 * Retractors
 * Sensors
 * Accelerometers
 * Airbags
 * Hybrid III dummy models
 * Inflator models

Sheetmetal forming with LS-DYNA
One of LS-DYNA's applications is sheetmetal forming. LS-DYNA accurately predicts the stresses and deformations experienced by the metal, and determines if the metal will fail. LS-DYNA supports adaptive remeshing and will refine the mesh during the analysis, as necessary, to increase accuracy and save time.

Metal forming applications for LS-DYNA include:

 * Metal stamping
 * Hydroforming
 * Forging
 * Deep drawing
 * Multi-stage processes

Aerospace industry applications
LS-DYNA is used by the aerospace industry to simulate bird strike, jet engine blade containment, and structural failure.

Aerospace applications for LS-DYNA include:

 * Blade containment
 * Bird strike (windshield, and engine blade)
 * Failure analysis

Military and defense applications
LS-DYNA is used extensively by researchers from military and defense. Some of these applications include:

 * Explosions (underwater Naval mine, shaped charges)
 * Projectile Penetration
 * Rail Gun
 * Warhead Design
 * Shockwave modelling

Oil and gas industry
LS-DYNA is used in oil and gas industries to perform fatigue analysis on offshore structures, failure analysis of ships under the event of collision, and simulate fluid structure interactions. LS-DYNA applications for oil and gas industry include:

 * Jacket Platform Analysis
 * Sloshing Analysis
 * Ice Impact
 * Wave and Tsunami Impact

Other applications
Other LS-DYNA applications include:

 * Drop testing
 * Can and shipping container design
 * Electronic component design
 * Glass forming
 * Plastics, mold, and blow forming
 * Biomedical (heart valves)
 * Metal cutting
 * Earthquake engineering
 * Failure analysis
 * Sports equipment (golf clubs, golf balls, baseball bats, helmets)
 * Civil engineering (offshore platforms, pavement design)

title: LS-DYNA


text:
User talk:Vvolkman

Hello, Vvolkman, and welcome to Wikipedia.

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Ben Brockert 22:25, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Huronriver.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Huronriver.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 16:47, 16 December 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 16:47, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Frank A. Gerbode

The article Frank A. Gerbode has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Has been tagged for 5 years as needing additional references to establish notability. I have searched and am unable to turn them up.  Appears to fail WP:ACADEMIC.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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title: User talk:Vvolkman


text:
User:Vvolkman

User:Vvolkman

title: User:Vvolkman


text:
Pre-engagement ring

A pre-engagement ring, sometimes referred to as a friendship ring or promise ring, is a ring given as a gift to a romantic partner to signify a commitment to a monogamous relationship, often as a precursor to an engagement ring. A heterosexual couple typically has the man presenting a ring or both exchanging rings, though women may present one as well. They may be worn on any finger due to not being as serious as an engagement ring, though they are sometimes worn on a necklace. These rings are typically purchased by those who are too young to get engaged to their partner or by a partner or partners who do not want to rush into marriage. While similar concepts have been employed in the past, the concept of pre-engagement rings came into prominence starting in the 1970s. It gained further prominence in the late 2000s when celebrities began to use pre-engagement rings (as well as purity rings) such as the Jonas Brothers, Selena Gomez, and Priyanka Chopra.

Appearance
Designs of pre-engagement rings may vary, featuring hearts, an entangled design, and other designs. However, any design can be used for a pre-engagement ring. The bands may be made of a variety of materials, including titanium, silver, and gold. Less common inexpensive materials may be used, such as wood, glass, ceramic, bone, plastic, jade, quartz or any other type of gemstone band ring. Birthstones are also commonly used. The ring or rings may be engraved with one or both of the names of those in the relationship, and potentially their nickname(s).

Custom
A pre-engagement ring, sometimes referred to as a friendship ring or promise ring, is given to a romantic partner as a show of a commitment to a monogamous relationship as a precursor to an engagement ring. It is advised to be given only after about six months to a year of a relationship. In a heterosexual couple, the man is typically the one to give the ring, though it is not uncommon for the woman to give as well. Some couples may also exchange pre-engagement rings. They can be worn on any finger, but those symbolizing pre-engagement rings are generally worn on the left ring finger. When a person gets married, if they still have their pre-engagement ring, they may switch the ring to their right ring finger. Because it is not an official engagement, the ring may be worn on any finger. It is also not uncommon for someone to wear a pre-engagement ring on a necklace. They are considered more of a fashion accessory than an engagement or wedding ring are. Costs for pre-engagement rings are almost always cheaper than an engagement ring due to the lower commitment and age of the giver and recipient. Pre-engagement rings are often worn by people who are too young to actually get engaged but want to commit to their relationship. However, they may also be used by couples who do not wish to rush into marriage.

Pre-engagement rings are common in Brazil, and are sometimes worn by couples while they are dating. It is called a commitment ring (or anel de compromisso).

History
Similar concepts to pre-engagement rings have appeared at various points in history. One such example is posie rings, which were engraved with romantic poems in 16th century England. Another example were acrostic rings, which spelled out a word in gemstones such as "regard" using a ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst, another ruby, and a diamond. Claddagh rings are another similar kind of ring. The term 'promise ring' entered the "jewelry dictionary" in the 1970s.

Impact
Pre-engagement rings entered prominence in the late 2000s and early 2010s. One of the reasons for the increased prominence is the use by celebrities, including the Jonas Brothers, Jordin Sparks, Teyana Taylor, and Selena Gomez. Some companies have made franchise-branded pre-engagement rings, such as Disney's Beauty and the Beast-branded promise rings. The rings feature Belle and 'Her Beast' on the boy's ring and Beast and 'His Beauty' on the girl's.

Writer Nicole Fabian-Weber mocked the concept of pre-engagement rings in an article about Justin Bieber's gift of a pre-engagement ring to then-girlfriend Selena Gomez. Writer Pascale Day expressed bemusement at the idea of a pre-engagement ring. She expressed confusion as to what it was and commented that 'pre-engagement' is just "being in a relationship." Writer Ana Gabriela Verotti Farah commented that due to the relative newness of the custom in Brazil in 2003, it resulted in trivialization by couples, especially young ones.

title: Pre-engagement ring


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Huntington Park (disambiguation)

Huntington Park may refer to:
 * Huntington Park, California, a city in Los Angeles County
 * Huntington Park (Newport News, Virginia), a park in Newport News, Virginia
 * Huntington Park (Columbus, Ohio), a minor league baseball stadium in Columbus, Ohio
 * Mount Rubidoux, a city park in Riverside, California, formerly known as Huntington Park
 * Huntington State Park, a state park of Utah
 * Huntington Park (San Francisco), the most prominent park on the city's Nob Hill
 * Huntington Park, New Zealand, a suburb of Auckland

title: Huntington Park (disambiguation)