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Inhumans

The Inhumans are a superhuman race of super beings appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The comic book series has usually focused more specifically on the adventures of the Inhuman Royal Family, and many people associate the name "Inhumans" with this particular team of superpowered characters.

The Inhumans first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965), though members Medusa and Gorgon appeared in earlier issues of that series (#36 and #44, respectively). Their home, the city of Attilan, was first mentioned years earlier, in a Tuk the Caveboy story written and drawn by Jack Kirby that appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). The city was described as the home of a race that was evolutionarily advanced when human beings were still in the Stone Age.

The Inhuman Royal Family has been adapted to numerous Marvel animated series and video games over the years.

Inhuman characters were introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) in live action in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., while the Inhuman Royal Family is featured in the television series Inhumans, which premiered in 2017; the latter show was critically panned and lasted only one season. Earlier, a proposed film adaptation of the Inhumans was announced in 2014 by Marvel Studios but was later removed from its slate and never came to fruition. The Inhuman race was represented by the appearance of Black Bolt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), portrayed by Anson Mount who reprised his role from the television series.

Development
In a 1967 interview, Stan Lee discussed the creation of the Inhumans: "The first Inhuman that we brought in was Gorgon... And he was a fella who looked a little like a centaur or something. He could kick his foot very hard and he had great power. He could shatter a mountain by kicking his foot. He started out as a villain. We liked him so much, I should say Jack liked him so much, that he kept using him. We figured he has to come from somewhere. We decided, let him come from some strange land over in Europe, where there are a whole group of people like him. And well, what else could you call them except the Inhumans. Then Jack had to create a whole bunch of Inhumans and I think he did a great job. When it came to doing the leader, we decided, well, there was no need for them all to be villainous. I think we did have in mind that Black Bolt would eventually be a heroic type. And again, we always try to give a character a hangup so his hangup is he doesn't speak."

In a 1969 interview Kirby discussed the costumes of the Inhumans "[with] Black Bolt I began to dress up the lightning insignias. Karnak with the judo-type uniform, it's almost Japanese Oriental and half-Egyptian and Medusa with her hair"

Publication history
The Inhumans first appeared in Fantastic Four #45 (December 1965). The Inhumans appeared as a back-up feature in Thor #146 (Nov. 1967) to #152 (May 1968) which contained their first extensive origin story. They fight the Silver Surfer in Silver Surfer #18 (September 1970). The Inhumans' first ongoing feature, the first six issues of which were written and pencilled by their co-creator Jack Kirby, appeared in Amazing Adventures #1 (Aug. 1970) to #10 (Jan. 1972). The characters received their own self-titled series in October 1975, which ran for 12 issues and ended in August 1977. All but issue #9 were written by Doug Moench, who has said he was fascinated with the shaggy God story aspect of the Inhumans. A follow-up to the series's ending appeared in Captain Marvel #53 (November 1977).

The Inhumans were largely absent from publications for much of the 1980s, but appeared in their own graphic novel in 1988, written by Ann Nocenti and illustrated by Bret Blevins. Nocenti followed up by making the Inhumans Karnak and Gorgon supporting cast members in Daredevil from issue #272 (November 1989) through #283 (August 1990).

An Inhumans limited series by Paul Jenkins and Jae Lee ran for 12 issues from November 1998-October 1999. The series, which used the Inhumans as a social allegory for the U.S., won an Eisner Award for Best New Series and established the Inhumans as viable comics-selling characters. A four-issue limited series by writers Carlos Pacheco and Rafael Marín and artist José Ladrönn was published in 2000. The fourth volume (2003-2004, 12 issues) concentrated largely on new characters within the Inhumans' society.

In 2007, the Inhumans featured in the Silent War limited series by writer David Hine,  and artist Frazer Irving.

Following events in the Secret Invasion, the Inhumans appeared on one side of the War of Kings storyline, with Black Bolt being made king of the Kree, facing off against Vulcan, who is leading the Shi'ar.

The 2013 event, Infinity, led to major changes in status quo for the group, with many new Inhumans, or "NuHumans", appearing as a result of the detonation of the Terrigen Bomb. Writer Charles Soule became the lead writer of the Inhuman franchise, starting with the Inhuman series, which ran for 14 issues from April 2014–June 2015. The NuHuman Kamala Khan also becomes the lead of her own title, Ms. Marvel vol. 3. Following the Secret Wars event, the franchise expanded to two ongoing titles, Uncanny Inhumans, which ran for 20 issues from 2015 to 2017, and All-New Inhumans, which ran for 11 issues. There have been two spin-off titles with Karnak running in 2015 for six issues penned by Warren Ellis and drawn by Gerardo Zaffino and Roland Boschi and Black Bolt running for 12 issues from 2017 to 2018 penned by Saladin Ahmed and drawn by Christian Ward. In 2017, Marvel announced two series involving the Inhuman royal family, Royals written by Al Ewing drawn by Kevin Libranda that was cancelled after 10 issues, and a five issue miniseries titled Inhumans: Once & Future Kings written by Christopher Priest and drawn by Phil Noto that explored the royal family's origins.

In July 2018, Marvel launched a new five-issue miniseries titled Death of the Inhumans written by Donny Cates and drawn by Ariel Olivetti.

Fictional species biography
At the beginning of the Kree-Skrull War, millions of years ago in Earth time, the alien Kree established a station on the planet Uranus, a strategic position between the Kree and Skrull empires. Through their work at this station, they discovered that sentient life on nearby Earth had genetic potential invested in it by the alien Celestials. Intrigued, the Kree began to experiment on Earth's then-primitive race Homo sapiens to produce the genetically advanced Inhuman race. Their goal was apparently twofold—to investigate possible ways of circumventing their own evolutionary stagnation, and to create a powerful mutant race of soldiers for use against the Skrulls. Although their experiments were successful in creating a strain of humanity with extraordinary abilities, the Kree abandoned their experiment because a genetic prophecy had predicted that the experiments would eventually lead to an anomaly who would destroy the Kree Supreme Intelligence.

Born approximately 50,000 BC, Tuk the Caveboy was the first offspring of the Inhumans.

The Inhumans went on to form a society of their own, which thrived in seclusion from the rest of humanity and developed advanced technology. Experiments with the mutagenic Terrigen Mist (a process known as Terrigenesis) gave them various powers, but caused lasting genetic damage and deformities, which led to a long-term selective breeding program in an attempt to mitigate the effects of these mutations. The Terrigen Mist is a natural mutagen, arising as a vapor from the Terrigen Crystals, which are able to alter Inhuman biology. The Mists were discovered by the Inhuman geneticist Randac approximately 25,000 years ago. He immersed himself in the Mists and gained mental powers comparable to the Eternals. After centuries of eugenics and birth control, the Inhumans managed to mitigate the genetic damage and cultivated a more responsible use of the Terrigen Mists. The practice they developed was to let only genetically perfect specimens undergo the random mutations provoked by the Mists. Their theory was that genetic screening could avoid the risk of hideous and animal mutations in an individual. However, there are examples throughout the Inhumans' canon where an exposed Inhuman became a devolved, sometimes mindless, evolutionarily inferior throw-back. The term Alpha Primitives was coined for these unfortunate outcasts of Inhuman society, who would for centuries become the breeding stock of a slave race. Resentment at this caste system sometimes bubbles up, and the Alpha Primitives have tried to overthrow their rulers in multiple storylines, often as a result of manipulation by a third party.

Attilan's society and culture are predicated on a conformist belief system that permits individuality as it applies to genetic development and physical and mental ability, but demands rigid conformity in that each member of society is assigned a place within that society according to those abilities following exposure to the Terrigen Mist. Once assigned, no Inhuman, no matter how great or powerful, can change his or her place within this rigid caste system. However, as an exception, a member of the Royal Family, Crystal, married outside the Inhuman race to the mutant Quicksilver.

The Inhumans are led by their king, Black Bolt, and his Royal Family, consisting of Medusa, Karnak the Shatterer, Gorgon, Triton, Crystal, Maximus the Mad, and the canine Lockjaw. Both Crystal and Medusa have been members of the Fantastic Four; Crystal has been a member of the Avengers as well.

Black Bolt has guided the Inhumans through some of the most turbulent times in their history, including several attempts by Maximus to usurp the throne, revolts by the worker class (with their eventual emancipation), attacks by human renegades, the kidnapping of Medusa, the destruction and rebuilding of Attilan, and the revelation of the Inhumans' existence to humanity.

His role as king of the Inhumans has been tumultuous. The first major crisis occurred when he and Medusa conceived a child. Medusa bore the child in defiance of the Genetic Council, who felt that Black Bolt's bloodline was too dangerous to pass on. The Council nonetheless took the child to examine and forbade parental contact. Medusa escaped to Earth with members of the royal family only to be harassed by Maximus. Black Bolt was torn between his love of family and his duty to respect the Genetic Council, and it was only when the council was revealed to be using his son in a plot against him that he finally turned against the council. With that, he gave up the crown as king of the Inhumans. For a while, they lived away from Attilan, but returned in times of need.

The once-secret existence of the race has come to light among the general public as the Inhumans interact more often with many of Earth's superheroes—including the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, and the X-Men—whom they have aided against threats such as Doctor Doom, Ultron 7, Magneto, and Apocalypse. However, no one came to the Inhumans' aid when an army of Portuguese mercenaries attacked Attilan, which was now located on risen Atlantean ruins. This was actually a coup-d'etat orchestrated by Black Bolt's brother Maximus the Mad.

Inhuman society changed radically when Ronan the Accuser sought to use the Inhumans as an army to disrupt the Shi'ar control of the Kree after their defeat in the Kree-Shi'ar War. Appearing over the city of Attilan, Ronan seized control in a surprise attack and forced the Inhumans and their king, Black Bolt, to obey, or he would destroy their only home and everyone in it. He also exiled Maximus and the Alpha Primitives to the Negative Zone. During their time in forced servitude, Ronan revealed that the Inhumans had always been intended as weapons in service to the Kree. To this end, much of the genetic attributes that were encoded in them during the original experiments were meant to give them the abilities and appearances of various alien races, the idea being that these Inhuman slaves could be used to infiltrate alien worlds and races to conduct espionage or assassinations to weaken potential conquests. Ronan used the Inhumans to launch attacks on ships and bases, disrupt a treaty between the Shi'ar and Spartax, and manipulate Black Bolt to assassinate Empress Lilandra.

Eventually, Black Bolt sought to free his people by challenging Ronan to a personal battle. If Ronan won, the Inhumans would continue to serve him. If the king won, the Inhumans would go free. After a terrible battle, Black Bolt won and Ronan, demonstrating that the Kree still had honor, kept his word and left the Inhumans. All was not over, as the Inhumans were not willing to just follow Black Bolt back to Earth. Pressure had been building in the closed society of Attilan since open contact with the outside world had been made. During their enslavement by Ronan, the Inhumans had wished for their freedom, but had developed a sense of pride in their power and a belief in their own destiny. They no longer believed that Black Bolt or the Royal Family was fit to lead them in the new life they wanted, and they exiled the Royal Family from Attilan. The Royal Family returned to Earth to find their destiny. After suffering bigotry while living in the Baxter Building with the Fantastic Four and turning down political asylum from Latveria by Dr. Doom, the royal family returned to Attilan, which was located on the Blue Area of the Moon. The Inhumans attempted to foster better relations with Earth by sending students to the University of Wisconsin.

Son of M
In the events of Son of M, Quicksilver stole the Terrigen Crystals in an attempt to regain his powers and cure the de-powered mutants from M-Day. The theft led to a conflict on Genosha between the re-powered mutants (whose powers came back as too powerful for their own good causing their eventual surrender), the Inhumans, and the U.S. Office of National Emergency. The conflict ended with the O.N.E. confiscating the Terrigen Crystals, an act that incited Black Bolt to verbally declare war on the United States.

Silent War
In January 2007, the miniseries Silent War began, with Gorgon launching a first strike on New York. Although the Inhumans do manage to recover the crystals, the episode ends with Maximus again taking control of Attilan. The mini series ends on a cliffhanger, with the destruction of Atilian (foreshadowed in Son of M) and Maximus having taken control over the Inhumans using his psychic power, leaving only Luna and Black Bolt (imprisoned in a cell while Luna feigns support for Maximus for her own safety) free from his control and Maximus vowing that the Inhumans will enslave Earth in retaliation for their destruction of Atilian.

New Avengers: Illuminati
It has been revealed that Black Bolt has been replaced by a Skrull impostor, in a time frame after Silent War, but before World War Hulk. The impostor revealed himself to the Illuminati and was killed after a failed attempt to assassinate the heroes.

The series, along with Planet Hulk and World War Hulk, and subsequent mini-series Secret Invasion outright ignore the events of Silent War and its status quo

Secret Invasion: Inhumans
Written by Heroes writer Joe Pokaski, this story digs into how the Inhuman Royal Family deals with the news that the Black Bolt had been replaced by a Skrull impostor. The Skrulls attack Attilan while Black Bolt is revealed to be a prisoner of the Skrulls, who intend to use his voice as a weapon of mass destruction. The Inhuman Royal Family defeated several Skrull soldiers and took a Skrull ship with the point of taking the war to the Skrulls and save Black Bolt. With some help from the Kree, they rescue Black Bolt and return to Attilan. The story itself ignores the ending of Silent War, with Medusa being under Maximus's mental thrall, Atilan's destruction, and Maximus having seized control over the Inhuman population via his mental powers save for Black Bolt and Luna (who are immune to his telepathy).

Dark Reign
The Inhuman Royal Family confronts the Unspoken, a cousin of Black Bolt.

War of Kings
Finally deciding that they will no longer be used and abused by other races, the Inhumans take drastic action to ensure their survival as a race. To that end, they activate a series of long dormant machines beneath the city of Attilan, transforming it into a gigantic starship, powered by Black Bolt's voice. Breaking free from its resting place on the Moon, Attilan enters hyperspace and tracks down the remnants of the Skrull Armada, completely eradicating it. As Attilan enters Shi'ar space, it attracts the attention of three Shi'ar warships, who order them to depart or they will open fire. They too are destroyed without mercy.

Attilan reaches the planet Hala, destroying the protective shield that guards their weakened empire and enter the planet itself. The Royal Family confronts Ronan the Accuser, who is serving as king. He admitted he felt that he was just holding the spot of ruler for their true king, Black Bolt, but Black Bolt declined the seat of king.

Realm of Kings
The T-Bomb has killed Black Bolt, leaving leadership to Queen Medusa. The Inhuman Royal Family struggles to maintain their grip on the Kree Empire. The Alpha Primitives revolt, Maximus tries to take the throne, and the Kree aristocracy revolts, which erodes the Inhumans' rule.

Universal Inhumans
Back on Earth, the Fantastic Four encounter an interstellar group of Inhumans formed from the Centaurians, the Dire Wraiths, the Kymellians, and the Badoon. These new Inhumans reveal that the Kree experimented on other interstellar races, aside from humans, and used methods other than the Terrigen Mists. The resulting Universal Inhumans have banded together and traveled to Earth in search of Black Bolt, who they believe will lead their collective people in an eventual takeover of Earth. When Black Bolt returned, the Universal Inhumans arrive on Earth's moon where a prophecy revolving around a Midnight King rising from the Inhuman Program and bringing an end to the Kree is revealed. It is this prophecy which was foresaw by the organic super-computer the Supreme Intelligence during the initial stages of the program that lead to its cancellation. The Intelligence ordered Accuser Huran to murder science officer Von-Warr and weaponized biologist Ry-Noor, the scientists responsible for the program, and summon the Accuser Corps to cleanse the experiments on every world that they had seeded. In its haste, however, the Supreme Intelligence failed to download the full data packet from the scientists, and five races of future "Inhumans" escaped the slaughter: the Badoon, the Centaurians, the Dire Wraiths, the Kymellians and early humans. Together they go to Earth to defeat the four Reeds from the Interdimensional Council.

Meanwhile, the resurrected Supreme Intelligence orders the Kree to launch an attack to destroy the Earth and the Inhumans in a bid to prevent the genetic prophecy from occurring. They are repelled, with the Inhumans in pursuit.

Infinity
During the events of Infinity, Thanos and his forces attack Attilan and offer to spare the city in exchange for a tribute: the deaths of all Inhumans between the ages of 16 and 22. Black Bolt surmises that the offering is a ruse to hide the fact that Thanos actually desires the death of Thane, a half-Inhuman youth Thanos had fathered years earlier. Maximus had Eldrac transport the remaining Inhumans to different locations to keep them from being killed by Thanos. The search for Thane eventually reveals that secret Inhuman tribes have existed on Earth for years and mated with its population, producing a number of seemingly-normal humans who possess dormant Inhuman genes. In response to Thanos' threat, Black Bolt and Maximus evacuate Attilan before destroying it as a show of defiance. The destruction of the city activates the Terrigenisis Bomb, a creation of Maximus, which spreads the Terrigen Mist across the globe and activates special abilities within numerous unsuspecting humans who were Inhuman descendants.

Inhumanity
During the Inhumanity storyline, Karnak was left mentally scarred by said events and begun destroying the upper west side of Manhattan, babbling and sobbing uncontrollably. He was taken into custody by the Avengers. In Stark Tower, Karnak explained to the Avengers what happened during their fight with Thanos and what it meant for the Inhumans. When he was questioning himself for the reason for Black Bolt to spread the Terrigen Mists and what would happen next, Karnak had an epiphany in which he finally saw "the fault in all things". He told Medusa who was present during his interrogation that she needed to forget everything she thought she knew, ignore the instincts, and forget the past. Otherwise, all would be lost. Following this revelation in which he stated it was too late for him to unlearn a lifetime of error, Karnak shattered the window from his containment cell and jumped out of Stark Tower, killing himself.

It was later revealed that there is another Inhuman city called Orollan which is located somewhere in Greenland. The Inhuman Lash is from Orollan as he plans to recruit the Inhuman descendants to work for him. As the months pass, Medusa also begins gathering the Inhuman descendants (called NuHumans by many), and reveals the existence of the Inhumans to the world. Attilan is rebuilt from its remains on the Hudson River, in a city called New Attilan, serving as an independent nation welcoming all Inhumans and open to any who wish to visit.

Crystal takes a team of Inhumans on the transport vessel called the R.I.V., or Royal Inhumans Vehicle, to follow the Terrigen Cloud and protect any NuHumans. In Australia she finds a skinhead Inhuman with skin-changing powers and a healer named Panacea. Her team visits the hermit kingdom of Sin-Cong to explore why there have been no NuHumans in that country. Her team then investigates mysterious "skypears" that landed around the globe. They investigate a skyspear in China, but are met with suspicion by the Collective Man and the People's Defense Force. The skyspear attacks the Inhumans and the People's Defense Force, temporarily de-powering the Collective Man. Flint, unaware he is de-powered, nearly kills him with a rock attack, which traumatizes Flint. Crystal decides to leave China and travel to Africa with Ana Kravinoff as their guide to find Flint's family in the Chimanimani Mountains of Mozambique, Africa in the hidden Inhuman city of Utolan. Upon their return to Attilan, Panacea empathizes with Gorgon's suffering and heals his paralysis as practice before she tries her abilities on his comatose son.

Civil War II
The Terrigen Cloud sweeps over Ohio where it transforms two Ohio State University students named Ulysses Cain and Michelle into Inhumans. While Michelle emerged as a red-skinned beast with wings and a tail, Ulysses emerged unchanged but with the ability of precognition. Iron Man later infiltrated New Attilan to claim Ulysses after fighting off Medusa, Crystal, and Karnak. This leads the Inhumans to head to Stark Tower to reclaim Ulysses which leads to the Avengers, the Ultimates, and S.H.I.E.L.D. to get involved. When Ulysses projects his latest vision that shows a rampaging Hulk standing over the corpses of the superheroes, this causes the younger Inhumans present to cry.

Inhumans vs. X-Men
The Beast works with Iso to find a way to counter the Terrigen Cloud as Medusa tells the Inhuman Royal Family to be prepared just in case the X-Men take action against them as the Terrigen Cloud becomes saturated. When the shrinking of the Terrigen Cloud threatens to render Earth inhospitable for mutants, Emma Frost, Magneto, and Storm make plans to destroy the Terrigen Cloud. The Beast heads back to Attilan to speak to the Royal Family, only for Emma Frost to go ahead with the attack. The X-Men take out most of the Inhuman Royal Family and trap them in Limbo. After hearing from Iso about why the X-Men want to destroy the Terrigen Cloud, Medusa is the one who destroys the Terrigen Cloud. Medusa abdicates the throne and gives all leadership duties to Iso, knowing that her people will not understand why she destroyed the remaining Terrigen Cloud. Now free of the burdens of being a queen, Medusa happily reunites with Black Bolt in the Quiet Room.

Encounter with the Progenitors
Medusa banishes Maximus into an inter-dimensional prison, then with Crystal, Black Bolt, Flint, Gorgon, and Captain Swain are guided by Noh-Varr to the former Kree throne-world of Hala to discover the origins of Terrigen and offer a future to their doomed people. During the trip they learn Maximus and Black Bolt had switched bodies, so Black Bolt was actually banished. To further complicate matters, Medusa runs her hand through her powerful hair only to pull a large clump out with it, forcing her to announce to her crew that she is dying. It is soon apparent that Medusa's decision to destroy the Terrigen Cloud is afflicting her. She did what she had to in order to save the mutant race, but in doing so she had doomed the future of her people. Because Medusa had pressed the button, that act had the consequence of gradually draining the life energies from her. Akin to dying of a broken heart, Medusa had acted to end a cultural heritage that had lasted millennia and her body has essentially chosen to end with it. Her only hope now is to find the secrets of the Terrigen and bring a new source of it back to their people, so she too can be revitalized.

The Inhumans and Noh-Var discover info on the Primagen which was used by the Progenitors to create the Kree and what the Terrigen derives from. When the Inhumans obtain the Primagen from the Progenitors' World Farm and Gorgon buys his fellow Inhumans time to get away, Maximus takes a sample of the Primagen and has a vision where the Progenitors attack Earth in retaliation for the theft of the Primagen. While on the Astral Plane with Black Bolt, Medusa and Black Bolt agreed to continue as partners and not lovers. When Medusa takes the Primagen, it restores her hair and health while also causing a backlash in the attacking Progenitor to destroy the approaching Progenitors causing the Ordinator-Class Progenitors that saw the attack from the World Farm to spare Earth from their invasion.

Establishing New Arctilan
Following their return from the Progenitors' World Farm, members of the former Inhuman Royal Family and their allies settled on the Moon, where Marvel Boy created by using Kree technology from his native universe, a pocket atmosphere that surrounds the Leibnitz crater which was dubbed the Gray Area of the Moon. Inside the crater, Flint used both Moon rock and his own body crystal to build New Arctilan the Inhumans' new base.

Death of the Inhumans
The Kree have initiated a murdering campaign in order to force Black Bolt to join the Kree Empire. This ultimatum causes the deaths of thousands of Inhumans with the word "Join or Die" carved into their bodies which forced Black Bolt to call together the four Queens of the Universal Inhuman tribes to respond to this threat. However, the meeting goes far from as planned, as an Inhuman executioner named Vox, a Super-Inhuman created by the Kree, begins his bloody rampage across the place. When Black Bolt and his Royal Family reached the meeting place, they discover the bodies of Oola Udonta, Aladi Ko Eke, Onomi Whitemane and Goddess Ovoe, with the same three words written in their blood on a banner hanging about their corpses and eventually realized that they fell in to a trap as one of the dead Inhumans was wired with an explosive. While most of Black Bolt's group made it out alive, thanks to Lockjaw, Triton was not so lucky and was killed in the explosion. Black Bolt then sent Lockjaw to New Arctilan to retrieve his brother Maximus. Unbeknownst to them, Vox and his men had already arrived on New Arctilan and began murdering every Inhuman they come across, old or new. Armed with all of the Inhumans' abilities and no humanity, Vox easily cuts his prey down with his powers or his energy scythe. Even Maximus cannot defeat Vox, as he quickly loses an arm for even making the attempt. Lockjaw then arrives and teams up with Maximus in an attempt to stop Vox on their own. However, they are unable to defeat Vox as he fires a massive energy blast, destroying them.

When Karnak is sent to the Kree to relay a message from Black Bolt to them, the Kree Commander explains how they dispatched Ronan the Accuser as leader of the Kree after Hala was placed in ruin by Mister Knife and have begun to forge a new life. When asked to kneel, Karnak does not. Instead, he does his best to fend off Vox only for the Super-Inhuman to subdue Karnak. As Black Bolt arrives, he walks through the halls of the Kree base speaking every name of the fallen Inhumans, making it a song about death. Eventually, it comes down to just Black Bolt vs. Vox who is holding Karnak as a shield. Black Bolt signs to Karnak to have Vox take him instead. Vox apparently accepts the change as he teleports himself behind Black Bolt. Before Karnak's very eyes, Vox slits Black Bolt's throat.

The Kree take Black Bolt prisoner and repair the damage done to his throat without using any sedatives or anesthesia to dull the pain which prompted them to think that Black Bolt's great power is gone when he does not scream and therefore the prophecy about the Midnight King is no longer a threat to the Kree. However while being transported, it turns out that he still has his voice, but it is faint. After killing several Kree, Black Bolt secures a firearm and finds Ronan the Accuser alive. However, he is a prisoner of Vox and having been experimented on alongside the Kree soldiers that are loyal to Ronan. Black Bolt learns of this when he sees that Ronan has been converted to a cyborg. At Ronan's request, Black Bolt enables him a mercy killing by whispering "You are forgiven." Elsewhere, Medusa and the surviving Inhuman Royal Family members try to recruit Beta Ray Bill in their fight against Vox and the Kree.

The Inhuman Royal Family are finally taking the battle to the Kree and arrive just in time to save Black Bolt from Vox. Thanks to the interference of Beta Ray Bill, the Inhuman Royal Family are able to overpower and kill Vox, but not before he is apparently able to kill Crystal. They soon realize to their surprise that Vox was actually Maximus in disguise concluding that the Super-Inhuman is not a person. Instead, it is a program and it is also revealed that the voice power that everyone assumes is vaporizing his targets was actually just teleporting them instead as it was seen after Crystal's apparent death, she has been transported to an unknown place where Kree scientists are experimenting on the Inhuman victims who were supposedly killed. While Lockjaw is not seen, Triton appears to be in some kind of stasis tank alongside Naja, Sterilon, and other unnamed Inhumans. Crystal is now doomed to be the next Vox.

Meeting up with the Inhuman Royal Family and Beta Ray Bill, Black Bolt is told by Karnak of Vox being a program that transported his "victims" to the Kree. With the Kree planning to turn any captive Inhumans into Vox, Karnak states that not all of them will be rescued. As Black Bolt has one more scream left, Karnak tells him to make it count. Using his sign language, Black Bolt addresses the others on how he has made mistakes in the past and apologizes to them. After holding a moment of silence, Black Bolt orders Gorgon to turn around. The Inhuman ship strikes the Kree's base. Vox then pushes a button to unleash the Vox-controlled Inhumans. As Gorgon and Beta Ray Bill engage the Kree soldiers, Black Bolt, Medusa and Karnak arrive at the laboratory where they find Vox-controlled Inhumans like Crystal and Lockjaw. Using a laser, Black Bolt clears the Vox-controlled Crystal and Lockjaw just because they were in his way. Entering one door, Black Bolt signs "I love you. I'm sorry" before whispering for them to run. As Medusa and Karnak fight the Vox-controlled Crystal and Lockjaw, Black Bolt confronts other Vox-controlled Inhumans like Triton. With what little remained of his power, Black Bolt destroyed the engines responsible for transmitting the Vox program, killing all the Inhumans there and robbing the Kree of their plans. Gorgon and Beta Ray Bill arrive stating that the Kree have fled and see Crystal and Lockjaw still alive, having been freed from the Vox-control when the engines were destroyed. Black Bolt emerges from the room as Medusa orders Lockjaw to take them away from the Kree base. When Crystal asks where they should go, Black Bolt uses his sign language to say "Home." Lockjaw then teleports them away. Beta Ray Bill would later confirm that the Royals were the last of the Inhumans, though there are still a few Inhumans active on Earth.

Powers and abilities
Even without using the Terrigen Mist, the Kree modifications, combined with centuries of selective breeding, have given all Inhumans certain advantages. Their average lifespan is 150 years. An Inhuman in good physical condition possesses superhuman attributes, such as superhuman strength, reaction time, speed, and endurance greater than the finest of human athletes. Karnak and other normal Inhumans who are in excellent physical shape can lift one ton and are physically slightly superior to the peak of normal human physical achievement. Exposure to the Terrigen Mist can both enhance and in some cases reduce these physical capabilities. Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating Earth's current level of air and water pollution for any length of time.

Alpha Primitives
The Alpha Primitives are a slave race created by the Inhumans, first appearing in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966). Because of the Inhumans' low population, they created a labor force of hominids bred to be strong, but of limited intelligence. They were also rendered unable to breed, being produced only by cloning. They were used by Maximus the Mad in several schemes, resulting in their being freed from servitude by Black Bolt; they would no longer be cloned and those already made would be allowed to live out their lives in a preserve under the city proper. After some time though it was understood that the Alpha Primitives could not live on their own, and the previous arrangement was reversed.

The former king of the Inhumans called the Unspoken revealed that the Alpha Primitives are actually humans who have been exposed to gas created from Xerogen Crystals, a substance created by the Kree as a weapon for the Inhumans to use against their human enemies.

Bird People
The Bird-People are a genetic offshoot of the Inhumans with bird wings, and in some cases, bat wings.

Super-Inhumans
The Kree eventually designed a new race of Inhumans that differs greatly from the original called Super-Inhumans. They are believed to be engineered from birth with almost of all of their fellows' Inhuman abilities and none of their problematic humanity. They cannot be swayed or tricked or bought for as they want nothing but their enemies' hearts to stop beating. The only known member of this new race is Vox and the reason is that the Super-Inhuman race is actually a ruse perpetuated by the Kree and Vox is not actually a person; instead, it is a program designed by the Kree which is then imprinted on selected Inhumans that transforms them genetically into a killing machine. When Vox is defeated or killed, another selected Inhuman would be activated and transformed into Vox.

Critical response
Richard Fink of MovieWeb included the Inhumans in their "Superhero Characters Who Need Their Own Animated TV Shows" list. Comic Book Resources ranked the Inhuman Royal Family 4th in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Teams" list, 8th in their "Marvel: The 10 Strongest Superhero Teams" list, and 10th in their "10 Most Fashionable Teams In Marvel Comics" list. Jeremy Brown ranked the Inhumans 8th in their "Marvel: Best Superhero Teams" list.

Inhumans (1998)
The Inhumans comic book series won Best New Series at the 1999 Eisner Awards.

Inhuman (2014)
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Inhuman #1 was the 18th best selling comic book in April 2014. Inhuman #2 was the 45th best selling comic book in May 2014.

Royals (2017)
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Royals #1 was the 42nd best selling comic book in April 2017. Royals #2 was the 79th best selling comic book in April 2017.

Brandon Guerrero of ComicsVerse gave Royals #1 a score of 85%, writing, "What would happen if the Inhumans's Royal Family were to go on a epic journey into space? This is the question that Ewing and Meyers try to answer for us. With their suave artwork and intense narrative, we're giving a story that holds up well with the level of power it has to offer." Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave Royals #1 a grade of 8.4 out of 10, saying, "The Inhumans needed a fresh start every bit as badly as the X-Men. And while the jury is still out as to whether ResurrXion can truly revive the X-Men franchise's prospects, it's immediately worked wonders for the Inhumans. This issue builds nicely on Ewing's work in Inhumans Prime, paving the way for Medusa, Black Bolt and several other big players to leave Earth and venture into space in search of a brighter future for their people. Between The Ultimates and now this series, Ewing clearly thrives when working in a more cosmic-flavored setting. His prose is intelligent and refined, but not in a clinical way that prevents him from really getting to the heart of the Inhuman struggle and Medusa's search for redemption. It's not entirely clear whether Jonboy Meyers' exaggerated style is the ideal fit for such a somber book, but there's no ignoring the energy he brings to every page or the eye-popping quality of his character designs. At this point, it'll be nice just to see Meyers find a more permanent home for a change."

Inhumans: Judgment Day (2018)
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Inhumans: Judgment Day #1 was the 120th best selling comic book in January 2018.

Peyton Hinckle of ComicsVerse gave Inhumans: Judgment Day #1 a score of 95%, stating, "For Inhumans fans, this issue is a must-read. It pulls together different characters and plot lines in an effort to start the Inhumans on a new chapter. While parts of the plot feel a little rushed, Inhumans: Judgment Day #1 does an amazing job of reenergizing Medusa and giving readers who love the classic Inhumans cast something to look forward to in future series." Blair Marnell of IGN gave Inhumans: Judgment Day #1 a grade of 7.5 out of 10, asserting, "It's going to take a lot to get past the Inhumans' "we want to be the new X-Men" phase, and the TV series has made them a joke among the general public. That's probably not going to change for the foreseeable future. But these characters still have the spark that Stan Lee and Jack Kirby gave them so many years ago, and they can be compelling in the right hands. For this one-shot, Al Ewing recaptures some of that alchemy by reuniting Black Bolt and Medusa while letting the other characters step back from the spotlight. And it really works. Visually, the reemergence of Medusa's full power is a stunning moment from Mike Del Mundo, and the rest of his contribution is solid as well. Kevin Libranda's segment gives Black Bolt and Medusa's reunion a dreamlike quality while delivering some of the much-needed emotional beats between them. This one-shot felt like the end of the last few years' worth of Inhumans stories. The former royal couple can't simply resume their relationship, but "forward" seems a great note to leave them on."

Death of the Inhumans (2018)
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Death of Inhumans #1 was the 39th best selling comic book in July 2018. Death of Inhumans #2 was the 69th best selling comic book in August 2018.

Earth X
The Inhuman origin is retold during the prologue of Earth X and the Royal family is reimagined, with Medusa having a much bolder hairline and Blackbolt with his mouth bolted shut.

Heroes Reborn
In this alternate reality created by Franklin Richards, the Inhumans are mostly the same. They live on Earth, in Attilan. The biggest difference is the reverence they hold, shown in statues, for Galactus and the multitude of heralds who operate for him simultaneously. The Terrigen Mists are not completely under their control, coming from a crack in the ground. Their ultimate origins are unknown, but Maximus the Mad escapes in the caverns deep beneath the city to locate it. Here, it is discovered their city holds connections to other areas of the world, such as Mole Man's Monster Isle.

House of M
Black Bolt appears as an ally of Black Panther. The other Inhumans were present at the meeting between Black Bolt, Professor X, and Magneto.

Squadron Supreme
In the original Squadron Supreme universe, Power Princess's people the Utopians are the equivalent of the Inhumans.

Ultimate Marvel
The Inhumans made their debut in the Ultimate Marvel Universe in Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1 (2005). It begins with two mountain climbers reached the walls of their city, Attilan, in the Himalayas when they are turned back with their memories erased. The Inhumans made themselves known to the Fantastic Four when a member of their royalty, Crystal, fled to New York after being ordered to marry Black Bolt's brother Maximus. Johnny came across Crystal and attempted to save her from two royal guards from Attilan who were trying to capture her. Beaten, Crystal took him back to the Baxter Building, and revealed herself to the Fantastic Four. She left behind her dog Lockjaw, who had the ability to teleport the Fantastic Four to Attilan. Once their presence was discovered, the city was stripped of its advanced technology and destroyed by Black Bolt, and the Inhumans, including Crystal, relocated. They are hinted to have relocated to the Moon.

The Ultimate Marvel version of Attilan is quite different in appearance from the Marvel Universe version, like a giant wasp's nest crossed with a Gothic cathedral. Ultimate Crystal, Lockjaw, and Black Bolt are similar to their counterparts; Medusa is depicted as having actual snakes for hair, like her mythical namesake. Gorgon is female, Karnak projects energy blasts (though he can still sense weaknesses and pressure points), Triton has a more squid-like appearance, and Maximus is a somewhat effete courtier, whom Crystal describes as "preening" and a "peacock". Other Inhumans shown include Tri-clops, with clairvoyant vision (including the power to see the invisible), Densitor (Maximus' flunky, who can presumably increase his strength, durability and mass, enough to become fireproof) and an unnamed Inhuman who can produce a swarm of insect-like flying creatures from his body. They claimed that their city had remained secret for 10,000 years, which makes their ancestors contemporaries with Ultimate Marvel's Atlantis.

Amalgam Comics
The Un-People are a superhero group in the Amalgam Comics universe. They are a combination of DC Comics' Forever People and Marvel Comics' Inhumans.

Inhumans 2099
In the 2004 Marvel Knights Inhumans 2099 one-shot written by Robert Kirkman, which took place in the future on an alternate world (Earth-2992) that was not identical to the alternate Marvel Universe on Earth-928 featured in the 1990s Marvel 2099 books, the Inhumans leave Earth's moon and are forced to live aboard a spaceship after the Mutant Registration Act is passed. After leaving, Black Bolt places himself and his closest confidants (Triton, Gorgon, Karnak, Crystal, and Medusa) in cryogenic stasis and, in his absence, his brother Maximus takes over as leader of the Inhumans living aboard the spacecraft. While in control, Maximus kills Black Bolt's confidants in their sleep. Fifty years later, Black Bolt is released from cryogenic stasis to find that Maximus has killed those closest to him. In retaliation, he breaks his vow of silence and destroys the Inhumans' spacecraft, killing all aboard, including himself.

Inhumans (Earth-9997)
In this reality Attilan was returned to the Himalayan mountains at some point until the population grew tired of living in seclusion and decided to leave the Great Refuge to forge new destinies among humanity. This happened at a time when Maximus was once more vying for power and had built a bomb that - once detonated - would release the Terrigen Mists into the Earth's atmosphere. The Inhuman Royal Family managed to stop him from doing so with Medusa killing him in the process. With no kingdom to rule over, the Inhuman Royal Family decided to travel to the stars and find their fate elsewhere in the universe. However, Black Bolt felt that his people would be persecuted and demonized by humanity, much like they treat mutants on the outside world, so he decided to unleash the Terrigen Mist bomb filling Earth's atmosphere with the gas. This was unknown to all, including the Watcher, whom Black Bolt had blinded to prevent him from seeing. It has been suggested that Black Bolt had some intimate knowledge about the Celestials' plans for the Earth, and releasing the Terrigen Mists on the Earth was a way to set plans in motion to stop the Celestial birth in Earth's core.

Television

 * The Inhumans made their animation debut in the 1978 Fantastic Four episode "Medusa and the Inhumans". In this continuity, Medusa is the leader instead of Black Bolt, though he does make a brief appearance as an unnamed Inhuman. Medusa wants to take over the human race from her Himalayan base, and brainwashes the Thing into attacking H.E.R.B.I.E. and the Fantastic Four until the former causes him to trip and regain his memories. As they escape, Gorgon creates an earthquake, but Reed Richards puts him on a hanger so he cannot use his seismic powers. Karnak attacks their ship, but Sue Storm makes his arm invisible, causing him to run off in panic. The Fantastic Four are eventually confronted by Medusa and show her a projection showing the banality of human life. The Inhumans decide it is not worth conquering the humans and let the Fantastic Four free.
 * The Inhumans appear in the 1994 Fantastic Four series, first appearing in the three-part season two episode "Inhumans Saga" before becoming a sub-plot for the rest of the season. Their creation at the hands of the Kree remains intact in this series. After Maximus erases her memory, an amnesiac Medusa teams up with the Frightful Four to brainwash the Thing into killing the Fantastic Four. However, Gorgon rescues Medusa. Following this, Johnny Storm finds Crystal, Karnak, and Lockjaw and brings his team to face off with the Inhumans. Black Bolt soon arrives and overpowers the Thing, but is weakened by Earth's atmosphere. The Seeker kidnaps Triton and uses him to lure in the Inhumans, vowing to kill Triton unless Medusa marries him. Reed Richards tracks down Attilan and helps the royal family regain the throne. In a last ditch attempt, Maximus creates an impenetrable force field around Attilan, though the Fantastic Four escape. Johnny Storm and Crystal are separated and mourn each other, as they have developed feelings for each other. In "The Sentry Sinister", Black Bolt then used his voice to free them all but it destroyed their city. Crystal then joined the Fantastic Four to be with Johnny.
 * The Inhumans appear in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. In the episode "Inhuman Nature", A-Bomb falls in love with Crystal, but both are teleported away by Lockjaw and Triton. The agents of S.M.A.S.H. follow them to a secret Himalayan base, where Maximus has been manipulating the royal family into believing humans are evil, but Hulk convinces them that humans and Inhumans have a lot to learn from each other. Black Bolt decides to open the shield hiding the base, but Maximus causes it to stay up permanently. Black Bolt shatters the shield with a single word and Crystal and A-Bomb are reunited. In "Planet Monster" Pt. 2, Black Bolt, Gorgon, and Lockjaw help the agents of S.M.A.S.H. and the Avengers, among other heroes, fight the Supreme Intelligence's forces.
 * The Inhumans appear in Ultimate Spider-Man. In the episode "Inhumanity", Spider-Man and Triton are forced to work together when Maximus incites a war between S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Inhumans after brainwashing the royal family. Eventually, Maximus is defeated, Black Bolt prevents Manhattan from being destroyed, and Triton becomes an ambassador to S.H.I.E.L.D. In "Agent Web", Spider-Man and Triton head to the abandoned Inhuman city of Atarog to rescue Nick Fury and Madame Web from Crossbones and his HYDRA forces. After Crossbones is defeated and Nick Fury takes Madame Web to another location, the Inhuman Royal Family (Black Bolt, Medusa, Lockjaw, Karnak and Crystal) and offer to take Spider-Man and Triton back to the Triskelion.
 * The Inhumans and the Alpha Primitives appear in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode "Crystal Blue Persuasion". The titular team end up on Attilan after Lockjaw brings them there to assist in stopping a "Terrigen Plague" that has been spreading throughout the city. Maximus seemingly creates a cure, but brainwashes Black Bolt via a mind control helmet and swears the Inhumans' allegiance to the Kree when Ronan the Accuser arrives as part of a deal they had previously made. However, Ronan reneges and proceeds to destroy Attilan as well as confiscate Maximus' helmet so he can have Black Bolt order Lockjaw to teleport him and Star-Lord to the caverns beneath Attilan to destroy it from below. Star-Lord successfully cures the Terrigen Plague and frees Black Bolt, allowing the latter to cripple Ronan's ship. In "Inhuman Touch", the Guardians visit the Inhumans on Attilan where Star-Lord has gotten approval of Black Bolt to interrogate Maximus about the location of the Cosmic Seed, until he plans to escape from his cell to control it and destroy any nearby planets.
 * The Inhumans appear in Avengers Assemble. In the episode "Inhumans Among Us", an Inhuman ship carrying Seeker and the Alpha Primitives crashes. The Avengers respond to the distress call, where they have a brief fight with Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, and Karnak until Inferno hatches from a Terrigen cocoon nearby, forcing the Avengers and royal family to join forces to fight the newly created Inhuman. Unbeknownst to both parties, Seeker staged the incident as part of a collaboration with Ultron. In "The Inhuman Condition", Ultron invades Attilan and captures all of its Inhumans except for Black Bolt, Lockjaw, and Seeker. The Avengers come to aid them, whereupon Seeker reveals he has been working on a device to disperse Terrigen Mist throughout Earth and create more Inhumans. However, Ultron created a larger version to exterminate mankind. Once Attilan's inhabitants have been rescued, Black Widow throws a Terrigen Crystal into the device, thwarting Ultron's plans and creating more Inhumans. In the four-part episode "Civil War", Ultron disguises himself as politician Truman Marsh and establishes the Inhuman Registration Act to place "registration disks" on Inhumans so he can control them as part of his new plan to destroy mankind. However, the Avengers and Mighty Avengers discover his plot and free the Inhumans.
 * The Inhumans feature prominently in the second season of Marvel Future Avengers. During the show's events, an outbreak of Terrigen Mist on Earth causes several humans to develop newfound powers, with the Avengers and Future Avengers working to determine the cause of the outbreak while attempting to prevent Earth from going to war with the Inhumans.
 * A Marvel Animation motion comic DVD was released on April 23, 2013, based on Paul Jenkins and Jae Lee's Inhumans vol. 2 #1–12

Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Inhumans are introduced in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., with further development in the third season. In this continuity, the Kree's experiments with the Inhumans date back to the Maya civilization when a Mayan hunter was turned into Hive.

Video games

 * The Inhumans appear in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. They offer the heroes Attilan as a temporary headquarters after Doctor Doom acquires Odin's powers and uses them to reshape Earth. After Medusa is corrupted by Doom, Triton, Crystal, and Gorgon go to Earth to fight him and are not heard from for the rest of the game. Vision later states that they may have been "inducted into Doom's army".
 * Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, Karnak, Crystal, and Thane appear as unlockable playable characters in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Black Bolt, Medusa, Crystal, Karnak, Gorgon, Maximus, Daisy Johnson, Kamala Khan, Lash, Moon Girl, Kid Kaiju, Inferno, and Lincoln Campbell appear as unlockable playable characters in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Black Bolt, Medusa, Daisy Johnson, Kamala Khan, Karnak, Crystal and Lockjaw appear as playable characters in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 * Inhumans appear as playable character on Marvel Heroes.
 * The Inhuman Royal Family appear as playable characters in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. When Kang the Conqueror uses Attilan as a component of Chronopolis, Black Bolt, Medusa, Crystal, and Lockjaw fight Maximus when he allies himself with the Kree to target Kang after Black Bolt failed to prevent Attilan from being taken. Gorgon and Karnak also appear in Attilan to give side missions to the players.
 * Black Bolt, Crystal, and Lockjaw appear as playable characters in Marvel Powers United VR.
 * Crystal and Kamala Khan appear as playable characters in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order while Black Bolt, Medusa, Gorgon, and Lockjaw appear as non-playable helper characters.
 * The Inhumans appear in Marvel's Avengers. Within the game's continuity, the Inhumans are normal people who developed superpowers in the aftermath of the destruction of the Avengers' Helicarrier, which was powered by a Terrigen Crystal. Five years after the incident, Inhumans are hunted by A.I.M., who attempt to develop a cure for what they call the "Inhuman Disease", and are forced to hide their abilities, though some are willing to fight against A.I.M. and form underground resistances. After failing to develop the Inhuman cure, MODOK, an Inhuman himself who was driven insane by his mutation, plots to destroy all Inhumans and superheroes across the globe, but is defeated by the Avengers.

title: Inhumans


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Aubagne

Aubagne (Aubanha according to the classic norm or Aubagno according to the Mistralian norm) is a commune in the southern French department of Bouches-du-Rhône. In 2020, the commune was awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Aubagne is located in the Huveaune Valley and surrounded by the mountain ranges of Garlaban with Sainte-Baume to the north and 17 km east of Marseille. Aubagne was the main city of the former Agglomeration community of Pays d'Aubagne et de l'Étoile; it has been part of the Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis since 2016. It is the sixth largest city of Bouches-du-Rhône by population.

It is the main producer of Santon figurines and also hosts many cultural events each year. The Foreign Legion has its headquarters in Aubagne. Public transport has been free at the point of use since the year 2000.

Access to the commune is by the A50 autoroute from Marseille which continues south to Toulon. The A501 and A52 autoroutes branch off the A50 in the commune and merge to go north to Aix-en-Provence. Numerous departmental roads go through the commune including: the D96 which goes north to Roquevaire, the D2 which goes east to Gémenos, the D8N which comes from Marseilles and goes south-east to Cuges-les-Pins, the D41E which goes south to Cassis, and many other connecting roads within the commune. There are several smaller towns and villages in the commune apart from the main town: Les Arnauds, Les Grands Mellets, Pinchon, La Martelle, L'Agrie, La Coueste, La Thuiliere, and Font de Mai. A large proportion of the commune is urban with mountainous terrain to north and south

The main railway from Marseille passes through the commune splitting into two lines - one going north-west and one going south with a station in the town.

The river Huveaune flows through the commune from the east flowing west into the Mediterranean Sea at Prado beach in the 8th Arrondissement in Marseille.

Transport
Aubagne was the first commune in France to be completely surrounded by autoroutes: the A50 autoroute Marseille-Toulon, the A52 autoroute to Aubagne-Aix-en-Provence, and the connecting motorway A501.

Regional TER trains operated call at the Gare d'Aubagne railway station, linking the city with Marseille and Toulon. Local public transport in the city, operated under the Lignes de l'agglo brand, is provided by a network of buses and, since 2014, a single 2.8 km tram line with seven stops between the railway station and Le Charrel. This project has been criticized, as it is not common for a city of its size. Construction started in 2012 and the first phase opened on 1 September 2014, with service provided by eight Alstom Citadis Compact trams. An eastern extension of this line to Les Paluds, as well as a second line to La Penne-sur-Huveaune in the west, has been planned, with a long-term project to link the network to the Marseille tramway.

In 2009, Aubagne made bus travel zero-fare, a scheme which was subsequently extended to the tramway following its opening. This makes the Aubagne tramway the first in the world to be completely free for all users (the Tallinn network, by contrast, is only free for city residents).

The Middle Ages
The death of Queen Joanna I of Naples began a conflict of succession as to who would become the head of the County of Provence. The Union of Aix, a confederation of cities in the region of Provence, supported Charles, Duke of Durazzo, rather than Louis I, Duke of Anjou. By the spring of 1382 the Lord of Aubagne, François des Baux, supported the Duke of Anjou. This support was conditional upon the Duke helping to restore the queen to her throne.

On 4 April 1402 in Brantes, at the foot of Mont Ventoux, and in the presence of his wife Alix des Baux, Odon de Villars bestowed upon his nephew Philippe de Lévis the fiefs of Brantes, Plaisians and their dependencies: the Lordships of Saint-Marcel, Roquefort, le Castellet, Cassis, and Port-Miou which were dependencies of the barony of Aubagne, as well as La Fare-les-Oliviers, and Éguilles. In return, Philippe de Lévis would be surety for Viscount Raymond of Turenne for the agreement between Odon de Villars, his wife Alix, and himself. If Odon and Alix failed to respect the terms of the agreement, they would have to pay 50,000 florins to the viscount.

Political life
Between 1965 and 2014, Aubagne has elected three Communist mayors: the municipal council is composed mainly of communist, socialist, and other left-leaning members. Still, a significant portion of the population supports centre, right-of-centre, or even far-right political positions. In the second round of elections in 1988, both a representative of the French Communist Party (Parti communiste), Jean Tardito, and a representative of the far-right National Front party (Front National), Joëlle Melin, were elected. Edmond Garcin, of the Communist party, was elected mayor from 1965 to 1987.

In 2001, the resignation of Jean Tardito brought Daniel Fontaine (PCF) to the position of mayor. In 2008 there were 4 candidates in the first round of municipal elections: Daniel Fontaine for The United Left and a civil society, Sylvia Barthelemy for the UMP and the New Centre, Jean-Marie Orihuel for the Democratic Movement, and Joëlle Melin for the National Front. In the second round the United Left, the Civil Society, and the Democratic Movement joined together to form the Left Union list which was renamed the "rainbow". In 2014, the mayorship shifted as Gérard Gazay (UMP) was elected to the position of mayor after an alliance with Sylvia Barthelemy during the second round.

List of mayors

List of successive mayors

Environment and related policies
Agenda 21 sets the terms and conditions for sustainable development in Aubagne which includes providing free public transit, offering a recycling program, encouraging energy conservation and energy demand management, launching awareness campaigns in schools to promote sustainable development and eco-citizenship, and giving incentives for purchasing solar panels. More than 4,000 individual bins and 15,000 recycling bags are available to residents.

The city of Aubagne conducts its environmental, social, and economic policies in collaboration with neighbouring communities to help enhance sustainable development and improve living conditions.

Communal transport: Since 15 May 2009 municipal buses have been free and the Tramway of Aubagne will also be when it opens in 2014. This has reduced the commune's transportation-related ecological footprint: 15% more buses have been put into service, and bus usage has increased by 175%, with 35% of these users from modal shift.

Compiègne and Châteauroux have done the same but with goals that are more socioeconomic: making the centre of town more dynamic, improving buying power, reducing isolation, etc.

Population
Its inhabitants are known as Aubagnais or Aubagnaises in French.

Industry, trade and crafts

 * Industry:
 * Zones of Activity (ZAC): Paluds, La Martelle (shops: Auchan and others), Napallon Business Park;
 * Thales Underwater Systems currently has one of two establishments in France at Aubagne. The other is at Brest;
 * Agriculture: there are farms at various locations in Aubagne (Huveaune Valley, Beaudinard, Napollon);
 * Ceramic Crafts:: terracotta, Santon figurines; the appearance of domestic nurseries has allowed the development of Santon makers who now continue this art in a dozen workshops;
 * Janot Distillery: produces its Gambetta syrup and its Janot Pastis in Aubagne;
 * Sartorius Stedim Biotech: produces biopharmaceutical equipment;
 * Viticulture: Aubagne is a wine commune located in the geographical areas of IGP Bouches-du-Rhone and the Mediterranean IGP;
 * Branch office of the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie Marseille-Provence (Chamber of Commerce and Industry Marseille-Provence).

Budget and indebtedness
Aubagne is one of the most indebted cities in France. According to the latest report of the Court of Auditors of PACA (July 2013), the debt amounts to 157.6 million euros. According to a ranking published by Le Journal du Net, Aubagne would place 3rd for debt per head of 3,685 Euros per capita - about 5 times the national average. Only Cannes and Levallois-Perret, much richer communes, are higher. The total indebtedness of 119.9 million euros in 2010 exploded in 2013 to reach EUR 157.6 million. The debt servicing payments have at the same time multiplied by 3.1 from 8.626 million euros to 26.933 million euros between 2010 and 2011.

The listing for Aubagne by the French Fitch Ratings agency in 2010 was "BBB−": "We have downgraded the city of Aubagne due to a strong presence of structured products, along with a very low savings rate and high debt loads. The rating has changed from "A−" to "BBB−" - the lowest category for this investment type" Subsequently the city has not wanted to pursue the issue of its credit status.

In 2009 Aubagne municipality renegotiated certain loans considered "toxic" which were based on risky products contracted with ABN AMRO bank (loans now owned by NatWest Group). Risky loans have been converted to fixed-rate borrowings: less advantageous but less risky. The Court of Auditors in 2013 noted that these renegotiations resulted in additional financial burden borne by the commune of the order of 50 to 70 million Euros (19 million for the Dexia and Caisse d'Epargne loans and 25 to 43 million for the RBS loan).

Investments in the commune are about half the average for French communes in the same stratum: approximately 13.3% of revenues against 31.4% according to the administrative accounts for the commune in 2012.

Finally the Observatory of subsidies has repeatedly criticized the management of the city of Aubagne, particularly for subsidies not related to the commune or representing a "waste of public money".

Taxation

The 2012 Administrative Accounts for the commune mentions a result of 662 euros per capita tax for Aubagne against 482 euros for the stratum of comparable communes - or higher taxes by 37%.

Aubagne is part of the "Top 20" of towns who have increased their taxes the most in 2012. The city ranks 12th in France for the highest increases in taxes in 2012 according to the website Challenges.fr

Civil heritage

 * The War Memorial (1922), registered as a historical monument
 * The French Foreign Legion Museum
 * Thérèse Neveu Studio
 * Birthplace of Marcel Pagnol

Religious heritage

 * The Chapel of Black Penitents contains one item that is registered as a historical object:
 * A Painting: Beheading of Saint John the Baptist (1695)
 * The Chapel of Grey Penitents
 * The Chapel of White Penitents contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Painting: The death of Saint Joseph (19th century)
 * A Painting: Purgatory (18th century)
 * A Painting: Sainte Parenté (17th century)
 * A Painting with frame: Incredulity of Saint Thomas (17th century)
 * The Church of Saint-Sauveur contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
 * Instrumental part of the Organ (1784)
 * Rostrum Organ (1784)
 * The Chapel of the Observance contains a Statue of the Virgin and Child (17th century) which is registered as a historical object.
 * The Church of Saint-Pierre-les-Aubagne contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Statue: Christ aux liens (16th century)
 * Stalls (18th century)
 * Painting: The Circumcision (17th century)
 * Painting: The disciples of Emmaus (17th century)
 * Panelling, floor coverings and Sideboard in the Sacristy (18th century)
 * Reliquary (18th century)
 * Commemorative plaque for the consecration of the church (17th century)
 * Bust-reliquary: Saint Matthieu (18th century)
 * Retable: 2 angels adoring the paschal Lamb (18th century)
 * 2 Bas-reliefs: The Adoration of the Magii and the Descent from the Cross (18th century)
 * Painting: Virgin & child and St. John the Baptist (16th century)
 * Main Altar, Altar seating, Tabernacle (18th century)
 * 2 Bronze Bells (17th century)
 * Bastide of La Royante Known as "The Bishop's manor" in past centuries, this bastide (country manor) displays a gothic chapel with remarkable statues and stained glass windows.

 * La Morochita

Environmental heritage

 * The Garlaban hill

Cinematic heritage
Aubagne is the birthplace of Marcel Pagnol, home to the University of Image and Sound (Satis department), 9 cinemas (Cinema Palace and Pagnol), and an International Film Festival.

Aubagne is referred to frequently in the film Manon des Sources.

The Aubagne Ciné Passion association was founded in late 1989 by Charles Villani at a time when cinema was in crisis. Rapidly bringing in many members, its activity was intense and from 1992 until 1999 it organized the 1st Festival of Passions sponsored by Ticky Holgado and Gérard Jugnot. Thereafter each year the Festival featuring long and short films takes place in October or November. Numerous directors, actors, screenwriters, and producers come to present their works in advance of their premier at the Festival of Passions: Jean-Claude Carrière, John Malkovich, Christopher Lee, Lio, Jean-François Stévenin, Jacques Marin, Carmen Chaplin, Paul Vecchiali, Mathieu Demy, Julie Gayet, Benoît Magimel, Pierre Sullice, Olivier Austen, Luc Palun, Catherine Jacob, Marc de Jonge, Michel Voletti, Pomme Meffre, Yannick Bellon, Franck Fernandel... and of course Ticky Holgado and Gérard Jugnot.

In 2000 the City of Aubagne request 3 associations: Alphée (photos), Aubagne Ciné Passion (long films), Méridiens (short films) to merge to organize an international film festival. The association of Alcimé was then created, chaired by Charles Villani for its first year and its first festival called FIFA (International Film Festival of Aubagne) that endured. In 2001 differences of perspective caused the departure of Aubagne Ciné Passion from the Alcimé structure. Charles Villani passed the chairmanship to Jean Michel Descombes (General Delegate of the Young Filmmakers Festival of Saint-Jean-de-Luz) and, in 2002, the association went to the nearby commune of Gémenos to organize the RCG (Cinematographers Meetings in Gémenos). Gisèle Mezzina became the president of Aubagne Ciné Passion. Since 2007, the last year of the RCG, the association continues its activities with its circle of members.

Cultural events and festivities
In the summer of 2013, the city hosted a mobile Annex from the Centre Georges Pompidou as part of the Marseille-Provence 2013 events.

Each year Aubagne has a series of regular and one-off events:

 * January
 * Old postcards, stamps and old papers Exchange

 * March
 * International Film Festival of Aubagne (ranked among the 20 most important film festivals in France out of 350)
 * Women's Day

 * April
 * Dance in April
 * Camerone (Commemoration of the Battle of Camarón in the Foreign Legion)

 * May
 * Festival of Neighbours

 * June
 * Music festival
 * Schools Gala
 * The Santon makers Trophy

 * July
 * Festimôme
 * The International Festival of singular art

Argilla, Festival of ceramics and a pottery market.
 * August
 * The great cavalcade

 * September
 * The festival of peace

 * October
 * The Great Rendezvous of Aubagne

 * November
 * Children's Book Days

 * December
 * The Biennial of santon makers art

There are also the Scientific Tuesdays of Aubagne

Education
There are 30 schools in Aubagne including:
 * Primary schools: Jean-Mermoz, Passons, Chaulan, Antide-Boyer, Charrel, Tourtelle, Camp-Major, Pin-Vert, Victor-Hugo, and Paul-Eluard Perrussonne;
 * Colleges: Joseph-Lakanal, Lou Garlaban;
 * High schools: Joliot-Curie, Eiffel, and Sainte-Marie (renowned for its success rate in the Baccalauréat and its level of education: the premier High School of Bouches-du-Rhône and 14th nationally, it is considered one of the best schools in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and even in France).

The SATIS department (Cinema/Audiovisual), attached to the University of Provence, is also located in Aubagne.

Health

 * Edmond-Garcin Hospital is a general hospital centrally positioned to be available to 230,000 inhabitants of eastern Bouches-du-Rhône as well as western Var.
 * La Casamance Clinic

Sports

 * Lattre-de-Tassigny Stadium (home ground of Aubagne FC)
 * Bras d'Or Stadium
 * Complex Serge-Mésonès
 * Complex Mouren
 * Complex Charrel
 * Tennis Complex at Saint-Pierre-les-Aubagne
 * 6 sports fields
 * 5 fields nearby
 * 6 Gymnasium facilities
 * 1 indoor swimming pool (Alain-Bernard at Charrel)
 * 1 skating rink ("Mégaglace")- closed in 2013

Foreign Legion Garrison
Since 1962 the Foreign Legion Command and the 1st Foreign Regiment of the Foreign Legion has had 800 men stationed at Aubagne. For the centenary of the Battle of Camarón on 30 April 1963 the war memorial, which had been placed in the Vienot barracks in Sidi Bel Abbès, was repatriated to Aubagne. This monument depicts a globe flanked by four legionnaires. The bronze statue was designed by sculptor Henri Pourquet. The weight of the monument is 80 tonnes. The French Foreign Legion Museum is located at Aubagne in the Viénot barracks: it commemorates all of the military campaigns of the Legion in history with displays showing the evolution of uniforms, weapons, and decorations until today. The crypt houses the wooden hand of Captain Jean Danjou.

Notable people

 * François-Urbain Domergue (1745-1810), grammarian and journalist elected to the Académie française.
 * François Barthélemy (1747-1830), one of the Directors of the French First Republic.
 * Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume (1755-1818), Vice-Admiral of the Royal Marine and of the Republic.
 * André Joseph Jourdan (1757-1831), French politician of the 19th century, born in Aubagne.
 * Antide Boyer (1850–1918), French railway worker and politician, born in Aubagne
 * Thérèse Neveu (1866-1946), famous Santon maker, born in Aubagne.
 * Fernand Bouisson (1874-1959), President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1927 to 1936, President of the Council in 1935, elected Mayor of Aubagne in 1906.
 * Marcel Pagnol (1895-1974), writer and filmmaker, born in Aubagne; it was in the hills near Aubagne that his romantic diptyque L'Eau des collines (Water from the Hills) was set.
 * Henri Crémieux (1896-1980), Actor and French scriptwriter, born in Aubagne.
 * Lucien Grimaud (1909-1993), historian of the commune.
 * Paul Dol (1915-2007), painter in water colours.
 * Jean Bercy (1920-1986), sculptor and a founding member of the group Les Cahiers de Garlaban.
 * Jo Corbeau (born in 1946), singer of French reggae.
 * Jean-Jacques Jelot-Blanc (born in 1948), journalist, writer, cinema historian, and biographer of Marcel Pagnol (4 books published about the filmmaker), author of a history of Aubagne published in 2009.
 * Jean Camps (born in 1953 at Maisoncarée (Algeria), footballer (midfielder) who made the Aubagne Football Club successful in the 1970s.
 * Louis Sicard (1871 - 1946), French sculptor, ceramist, writer and teacher.
 * René Marsiglia (born in 1959), footballer then entertainer.
 * Rafaël Galiana (born in 1960), racing driver
 * Bernard Casoni (born in 1961), football player and coach who lived in Aubagne.
 * Christophe Pignol (born in 1969), former professional footballer, twice champion of France (1995, 2000), founder of the Christophe Pignol association to fight against leukemia.
 * Fabien Barthez (born in 1971), footballer who lived in Aubagne.
 * Mourad Ghazli (born in 1974), rugby player, coach, and politician.
 * Stéphane Pignol (born in 1977), footballer.
 * Nicole Ferroni (born in 1982 at Casablanca), comedian who worked and lived in Aubagne.
 * Alain Bernard (born in 1983 in Aubagne), swimmer, world record holder in 2008 of the 100 metres freestyle and the 50 metres freestyle, and olympic champion in the 100 metres freestyle.

title: Aubagne


text:
Category:United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a state comprising four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Some topics are categorised at United Kingdom level and others are categorised in the England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland level, found in Category:United Kingdom by country.

See also Crown Dependencies for the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.

title: Category:United Kingdom


text:
Barrie Colts

The Barrie Colts are a junior ice hockey team in Ontario Hockey League (OHL), based in Barrie, Ontario, Canada. The Colts play home games at the Sadlon Arena. The Colts joined the OHL in 1995, and previously competed at lower levels of junior ice hockey. During the 1999–2000 OHL season, the Colts won the J. Ross Robertson Cup and participated in the 2000 Memorial Cup.

Championships

 * OHL

Memorial Cup
 * 1999–2000—Finalists vs. Rimouski Océanic

J. Ross Robertson Cup Ontario Hockey League Championship—1 Championship, 3 Finalists
 * 1999–2000—Champions vs. Plymouth Whalers
 * 2001–02—Finalists vs. Erie Otters
 * 2009–10—Finalists vs. Windsor Spitfires
 * 2012–13—Finalists vs. London Knights

Bobby Orr Trophy Eastern Conference Championship—4 Championships, 2 Finalists
 * 1999–2000—Champions vs. Belleville Bulls
 * 2001–02—Champions vs. Toronto St. Michael's Majors
 * 2005–06—Finalists vs. Peterborough Petes
 * 2009–10—Champions vs. Mississauga St. Michael's Majors
 * 2012–13—Champions vs. Belleville Bulls
 * 2015-16—Finalists vs. Niagara IceDogs

Emms Trophy Central Division title—8 Championships
 * 1998–99—105 Points (First in Eastern Conference)
 * 1999–2000—93 Points (First in Eastern Conference)
 * 2006–07—97 Points (First in Eastern Conference)
 * 2009–10—116 Points (First in OHL)
 * 2012–13—92 Points (Second in Eastern Conference)
 * 2014–15—85 Points (Second in Eastern Conference)
 * 2015–16—89 Points (Second in Eastern Conference)
 * 2017-18—89 Points (Second in Eastern Conference)

Hamilton Spectator Trophy—1 Championship Best Record in the League (Finishing with a 57–9–0–2  record.  #1 in Canada for the final four weeks of the season)
 * 2009–10,—116 Points

 * OHA Jr. B

Sutherland Cup Junior 'B' Championship
 * 1934–35 and 1992–93

Division titles Central Junior 'B'
 * 1984–85, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93

Coaches
Bert Templeton was the first coach for the OHL Colts. Templeton was awarded the OHL Executive of the Year in 1995–96 for his role as general manager. Templeton built the inaugural team of the Barrie Colts, who became the first OHL expansion franchise to make the playoffs in its first season.

List of coaches (multiple seasons in parentheses)
 * 1995–1999 – Bert Templeton (4)
 * 1999–2000 – Bill Stewart
 * 2000–2004 – Bud Stefanski (4)
 * 2004–2010 – Marty Williamson (6)
 * 2010–2019 – Dale Hawerchuk (9)
 * 2019–2020 – Warren Rychel (interim)
 * 2020 – Todd Miller (interim)
 * 2021–present – Marty Williamson

General managers
List of general managers:

 * 1995–1999 – Bert Templeton
 * 1999–2000 – Bill Stewart
 * 2000–2005 – Mike McCann
 * 2005–2010 – Greg Carrigan
 * 2011–2020 – Jason Ford
 * 2021–present – Marty Williamson

OHL award winners
List of OHL award winners:

 * 1995 – Daniel Tkaczuk – Jack Ferguson Award (First overall draft selection)
 * 1998–1999 – Brian Finley – OHL Goaltender of the Year
 * 1998–1999 – Brian Finley – Wayne Gretzky 99 Award (Playoffs MVP)
 * 1998–1999 – Sheldon Keefe – Emms Family Award (Rookie of the year)
 * 1999–2000 – Sheldon Keefe – Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy (Scoring champion)
 * 1999-2000 - Sheldon Keefe – Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy (Top Scoring right winger)
 * 2000 – Erik Reitz and Sheldon Keefe – Memorial Cup All-Star Team
 * 2001–2002 – Erik Reitz – Max Kaminsky Trophy (Most outstanding defenceman)
 * 2003–2004 – Paulo Colaiacovo – OHL Goaltender of the Year
 * 2003–2004 – Bryan Little – Emms Family Award (Rookie of the year)
 * 2009–2010 – Bryan Cameron – Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy (Overage player of the year)
 * 2011 – Aaron Ekblad – Jack Ferguson Award (First overall draft selection)
 * 2011–2012 – Aaron Ekblad – Emms Family Award (Rookie of the year)
 * 2013-2014 - Aaron Ekblad – Max Kaminsky Trophy (Most outstanding defenceman)
 * 2014–2015 – Joseph Blandisi – Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy (Overage player of the year)
 * 2015-2016 – Kevin Labanc – Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy (Scoring champion)
 * 2015-2016 - Kevin Labanc – Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy (Top scoring right winger)
 * 2015–2016 – Kevin Labanc – Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy (Overage player of the year)
 * 2015–2016 – Michael Webster – Mickey Renaud Captain's Trophy (Leadership award)
 * 2015–2016 – Mackenzie Blackwood – OHL Goaltender of the Year
 * 2017 – Ryan Suzuki – Jack Ferguson Award (First overall draft selection)
 * 2017-2018 – Aaron Luchuk – Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy (Scoring champion)
 * 2017-2018 – Aaron Luchuk – Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy (Overage player of the year)
 * 2017-2018 – Andrei Svechnikov – Emms Family Award (Rookie of the year)
 * 2022-2023 – Evan Vierling – William Hanley Trophy (Most Sportsmanlike Player)

CHL award winners
List of CHL award winners:

 * 2017-2018 – Andrei Svechnikov – CHL Top Draft Prospect Award
 * 2022-2023 – Evan Vierling – CHL Sportsman of the Year Award

Team captains
Players known to have captained the Barrie Colts

 * Brad Brown - 1995-1996
 * Jeff Cowan - 1995-1996
 * Daniel Tkaczuk - 1996-1999
 * Sheldon Keefe - 1999-2000
 * Matt Dzieduszycki - 2000-2001
 * Erik Reitz - 2001-2002
 * Jeremy Swanson - 2002-2004
 * B. J. Crombeen - 2004-2005
 * Tomas Marcinko - 2007-2008
 * Stefan Della Rovere - 2008-2010
 * Dalton Prout - 2010-2011
 * Colin Behenna - 2011-2012
 * Ryan O'Connor - 2012-2013
 * Aaron Ekblad - 2013-2014
 * Michael Webster - 2015-2016
 * Cordell James - 2016-2017
 * Justin Murray - 2017-2018
 * Jason Willms - 2018-2020
 * Luke Bingell - 2019-2020
 * Brandt Clarke - 2021-2022
 * Connor Punnett - 2023-2024

NHL alumni
As of the 2022-23 NHL Season, there were 70 Barrie Colts alumni who have played in the National Hockey League: 59 from the OHL Colts, and 11 from the Junior B Colts.

 * Junior B Colts

 * Drake Berehowsky
 * Shayne Corson
 * Bruce Gardiner
 * Mike Hoffman
 * John Madden
 * Mike Prokopec
 * Craig Rivet
 * Darren Rumble
 * Darrin Shannon
 * Darryl Shannon
 * Shayne Stevenson

 * OHL Colts

 * Rasmus Andersson
 * Andreas Athanasiou
 * Darren Archibald
 * Ryan Barnes
 * Mackenzie Blackwood
 * Joseph Blandisi
 * Darryl Bootland
 * T. J. Brodie
 * Evan Brophey
 * Brad Brown
 * Jan Bulis
 * Alexander Burmistrov
 * Brandt Clarke
 * Kyle Clifford
 * Richard Clune
 * Jeff Cowan
 * B. J. Crombeen
 * Mike Danton
 * Stefan Della Rovere
 * Jake Dotchin
 * Aaron Ekblad
 * Brian Finley
 * Tyson Foerster
 * Daniel Girardi
 * Jet Greaves
 * Ryan Hamilton
 * Ben Harpur
 * Michael Hutchinson
 * Sheldon Keefe
 * Kevin Labanc
 * Dan LaCosta
 * Brian Lashoff
 * Brendan Lemieux
 * Bryan Little
 * Andrew Mangiapane
 * Mike Minard
 * Oskar Olausson
 * Adam Payerl
 * Tanner Pearson
 * Brendan Perlini
 * Jakub Petruzalek
 * Alex Pietrangelo
 * Dalton Prout
 * Eric Reitz
 * Zac Rinaldo
 * Mark Scheifele
 * Michael Sgarbossa
 * Denis Shvidki
 * Arturs Silovs
 * Martin Skoula
 * Givani Smith
 * Nick Smith
 * Ryan Strome
 * Andrei Svechnikov
 * Joey Tenute
 * Daniel Tkaczuk
 * Tyler Tucker
 * Alexandre Volchkov
 * Mike Weber

Team captains
List of captains with the number of seasons in parentheses.

 * 1995–96 Brad Brown (1)
 * 1995–96 Jeff Cowan (1)
 * 1996–99 Daniel Tkaczuk (3)
 * 1999–2000 Sheldon Keefe (1)
 * 2000–01 Matt Dzieduszycki (1)
 * 2001–02 Eric Reitz (1)
 * 2002–04 Jeremy Swanson (2)
 * 2004–05 B. J. Crombeen (1)
 * 2005–07 Bryan Little (2)
 * 2007–08 Tomas Marcinko (1)
 * 2008–10 Stefan Della Rovere (2)
 * 2010–11 Dalton Prout (1)
 * 2011–12 Colin Behenna (1)
 * 2012–13 Ryan O'Connor (1)
 * 2013–14 Aaron Ekblad (1)
 * 2014–15 Joseph Blandisi (1)
 * 2015–16 Michael Webster (1)
 * 2016–17 Cordell James (1)
 * 2017–19 Justin Murray (2)
 * 2019–20 Jason Willms (1)
 * 2019–20 Luke Bignell (0.5)
 * 2021–23 Brandt Clarke (2.5)
 * 2022–23 Declan McDonnell (0.5)
 * 2023–24 Connor Punnett (0.5)

Regular season

 * 196x–78 Mid-Ontario Junior B League
 * 1978–93 Central Junior B League
 * 1993–95 OPJHL Junior A
 * 1995–Present OHL

Legend: OTL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout loss

Playoffs

 * 1969–70 Defeated Woodstock Navy-Vets 4-games-to-3 for George S. Dudley Trophy Super "C" Championship
 * 1992–93 Defeated Kitchener Dutchmen 4-games-to-none for Sutherland Cup
 * 1995–96 Lost to Kitchener Rangers 4 games to 3 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1996–97 Defeated Owen Sound Platers 4 games to 0 in division quarter-finals. Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 1 in quarter-finals..
 * 1997–98 Lost to Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 2 in division quarter-finals.
 * 1998–99 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals. Lost to Oshawa Generals 4 games to 3 in conference semi-finals.
 * 1999–2000 Defeated North Bay Centennials 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals. Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 3 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Belleville Bulls 4 games to 1 in conference finals. Defeated Plymouth Whalers 4 games to 3 in finals. OHL CHAMPIONS Finished Memorial Cup round-robin in third place (1 win, 2 losses). Defeated Halifax Mooseheads 6–3 in semi-final game. Lost to Rimouski Oceanic 6–2 in championship game.
 * 2000–01 Lost to Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2001–02 Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals. Defeated Belleville Bulls 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals. Defeated St. Michael's Majors 4 games to 0 in conference finals. Lost to Erie Otters 4 games to 1 in finals.
 * 2002–03 Lost to Brampton Battalion 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2003–04 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals. Lost to Mississauga IceDogs 4 games to 3 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2004–05 Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2005–06 Defeated St. Michael's Majors 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals. Defeated Brampton Battalion 4 games to 1 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Peterborough Petes 4 games to 1 in conference finals.
 * 2006–07 Defeated Brampton Battalion 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals. Lost to Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2007–08 Defeated Brampton Battalion 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals. Lost to Belleville Bulls 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2008–09 Lost to Mississauga Majors 4 games to 1 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2009–10 Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 0 in conference quarter-finals. Defeated Brampton Battalion 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Mississauga St.Michaels Majors 4 games to 1 in conference finals. Lost to Windsor Spitfires 4 games to 0 in Finals.
 * 2010–11 Did not qualify.
 * 2011–12 Defeated Mississauga St. Michaels Majors 4 games to 2 in the conference quarter-finals. Lost to Ottawa 67's 4 games to 3 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2012–13 Defeated Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 0 in the conference quarter-finals. Defeated Oshawa Generals 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Defeated Belleville Bulls 4 games to 3 in the conference finals.  Lost to London Knights 4 games to 3 in Finals.
 * 2013–14 Defeated Sudbury Wolves 4 games to 1 in the conference quarter-finals. Lost to North Bay Battalion 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2014–15 Defeated Belleville Bulls 4 games to 0 in the conference quarter-finals. Lost to North Bay Battalion 4 games to 1 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2015–16 Defeated Mississauga Steelheads 4 games to 3 in the conference quarter-finals. Defeated North Bay Battalion 4 games to 0 in conference semi-finals. Lost to Niagara IceDogs 4 games to 0 the conference finals.
 * 2016–17 Did not qualify.
 * 2017–18 Defeated Mississauga Steelheads 4 games to 2 in the conference quarter-finals. Lost to Kingston Frontenacs 4 games to 2 in conference semi-finals.
 * 2018–19 Did not qualify.
 * 2019–20 OHL Playoffs were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * 2020–21 OHL Regular Season and Playoffs were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 * 2021–22 Lost to Mississauga Steelheads 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.
 * 2022–23 Defeated Hamilton Bulldogs 4 games to 2 in the conference quarter-finals. Lost to North Bay Battalion 4 games to 3 in the conference semi-finals.
 * 2023–24 Lost to Oshawa Generals 4 games to 2 in conference quarter-finals.

Uniforms and logos
The Barrie Colts logo displays an angry horse holding a hockeystick, surrounded by a horseshoe. The Colts colours are red, white, navy blue & gold. The home uniforms are a white background, with red, navy blue and gold trim. The away uniforms are a navy blue background, with red, white & gold trim. Barrie also briefly used a third jersey which was a red background, with white, navy blue & gold trim.

For the 2007–08 season, the Colts have worn a new third jersey. It has a navy blue blackground with white, red and gold trim along the bottom, with the word "Colts" diagonally across the front. For the 2009–10 season the colts wore the Rbk Edge uniforms with a new template.

Arenas
The Barrie Colts played at the Barrie Arena during their tenure in the Junior B days and Junior A Tier II days, and also for a portion of their inaugural OHL season until their new arena was completed. The Barrie Arena was located in downtown Barrie and was formerly home to the Barrie Flyers OHA team from 1945 to 1960 and other senior hockey teams. The Arena was torn down in 2008.

Barrie Molson Centre was completed during the early portion of the 1995–96 season. The layout of the arena served as a blueprint for many new OHL arenas built shortly thereafter. The Horsepower Grill restaurant is located at the west end of the arena. The Barrie Molson Centre is located near the southern entrance of Park Place, close to Highway 400. The arena has since been renamed "The Barrie Colts Centre" and then, pursuant to a 10-year naming rights agreement with Paul Sadlon Motors Inc. for $170,121 per year (for a total of $1,701,210), beginning in the Colts' 2021-22 season, the "Sadlon Arena".

title: Barrie Colts


text:
User:JSambrook

John E. Sambrook (abt. 1959 - ) is a coach, consultant, educator and businessman working to help individuals and organizations become more effective. An experienced and passionate advocate of Goldratt's Theory of Constraints, John is well-known for his experience and willingness to extend a helping hand to those in need.

John holds a B.S. in computer science from The Ohio State University (1983).

Other biographical facts

 * Born in Cleveland, Ohio
 * Extensive work history in business, software engineering, and engineering management
 * Founded Common Sense Systems, Inc., in 1996
 * Wife Stacey
 * Lives in Woodinville, WA
 * Three children

title: User:JSambrook


text:
Francis Beaumont

Francis Beaumont (1584 – 6 March 1616) was a dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre, most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher.

Beaumont's life
Beaumont was the son of Sir Francis Beaumont of Grace Dieu, near Thringstone in Leicestershire, a justice of the common pleas. His mother was Anne, the daughter of Sir George Pierrepont (d. 1564), of Holme Pierrepont, and his wife Winnifred Twaits. Beaumont was born at the family seat and was educated at Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College, Oxford) at age thirteen. Following the death of his father in 1598, he left university without a degree and followed in his father's footsteps by entering the Inner Temple in London in 1600.

Accounts suggest that Beaumont did not work long as a lawyer. He became a student of poet and playwright Ben Jonson; he was also acquainted with Michael Drayton and other poets and dramatists, and decided that was where his passion lay. His first work, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, appeared in 1602. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the work as "not on the whole discreditable to a lad of eighteen, fresh from the popular love-poems of Marlowe and Shakespeare, which it naturally exceeds in long-winded and fantastic diffusion of episodes and conceits." In 1605, Beaumont wrote commendatory verses to Jonson's Volpone.

Beaumont's collaboration with Fletcher may have begun as early as 1605. They had both hit an obstacle early in their dramatic careers with notable failures; Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle, first performed by the Children of the Blackfriars in 1607, was rejected by an audience who, the publisher's epistle to the 1613 quarto claims, failed to note "the privie mark of irony about it;" that is, they took Beaumont's satire of old-fashioned drama as an old-fashioned drama. The play received a lukewarm reception. The following year, Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess failed on the same stage. In 1609, however, the two collaborated on Philaster, which was performed by the King's Men at the Globe Theatre and at Blackfriars. The play was a popular success, not only launching the careers of the two playwrights but also sparking a new taste for tragicomedy. According to a mid-century anecdote related by John Aubrey, they lived in the same house on the Bankside in Southwark, "sharing everything in the closest intimacy." About 1613 Beaumont married Ursula Isley, daughter and co-heiress of Henry Isley of Sundridge in Kent, by whom he had two daughters; Elizabeth and Frances (a posthumous child). He had a stroke between February and October 1613, after which he wrote no more plays, but was able to write an elegy for Lady Penelope Clifton, who died 26 October 1613. Beaumont died in 1616 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Although today Beaumont is remembered as a dramatist, during his lifetime he was also celebrated as a poet.

Beaumont's plays
It was once written of Beaumont and Fletcher that "in their joint plays their talents are so...completely merged into one, that the hand of Beaumont cannot clearly be distinguished from that of Fletcher." Yet this romantic notion did not stand up to critical examination.

In the seventeenth century, Sir Aston Cockayne, a friend of Fletcher's, specified that there were many plays in the 1647 Beaumont and Fletcher folio that contained nothing of Beaumont's work, but rather featured the writing of Philip Massinger. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century critics like E.H.C. Oliphant subjected the plays to a self-consciously literary, and often subjective and impressionistic, reading – but nonetheless began to differentiate the hands of the collaborators. This study was carried much farther, and onto a more objective footing, by twentieth-century scholars, especially Cyrus Hoy. Short of absolute certainty, a critical consensus has evolved on many plays in the canon of Fletcher and his collaborators; in regard to Beaumont, the schema below is among the least controversial that has been drawn.

By Beaumont alone:
 * The Knight of the Burning Pestle, comedy (performed 1607; printed 1613)
 * The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, masque (performed 20 February 1613; printed 1613?)

With Fletcher:
 * The Woman Hater, comedy (1606; 1607)
 * Cupid's Revenge, tragedy (c. 1607–12; 1615)
 * Philaster, or Love Lies a-Bleeding, tragicomedy (c. 1609; 1620)
 * The Maid's Tragedy, tragedy (c. 1609; 1619)
 * A King and No King, tragicomedy (1611; 1619)
 * The Captain, comedy (c. 1609–12; 1647)
 * The Scornful Lady, comedy (c. 1613; 1616)
 * Love's Pilgrimage, tragicomedy (c. 1615–16; 1647)
 * The Noble Gentleman, comedy (licensed 3 February 1626; 1647)

Beaumont/Fletcher plays, later revised by Massinger:
 * Thierry and Theodoret, tragedy (c. 1607?; 1621)
 * The Coxcomb, comedy (c. 1608–10; 1647)
 * Beggars' Bush, comedy (c. 1612–13?; revised 1622?; 1647)
 * Love's Cure, comedy (c. 1612–13?; revised 1625?; 1647)

Because of Fletcher's highly distinctive and personal pattern of linguistic preferences and contractional forms (ye for you, 'em for them, etc.), his hand can be distinguished fairly easily from Beaumont's in their collaborations. In A King and No King, for example, Beaumont wrote all of Acts I, II, and III, plus scenes IV. iv and V. ii & iv; Fletcher wrote only the first three scenes in Act IV (IV, i–iii) and the first and third scenes in Act V (V, i & iii) – so that the play is more Beaumont's than Fletcher's. The same is true of The Woman Hater, The Maid's Tragedy, The Noble Gentleman, and Philaster. On the other hand, Cupid's Revenge, The Coxcomb, The Scornful Lady, Beggar's Bush, and The Captain are more Fletcher's than Beaumont's. In Love's Cure and Thierry and Theodoret, the influence of Massinger's revision complicates matters; but in those plays too, Fletcher appears to be the majority contributor, Beaumont the minority.

title: Francis Beaumont


text:
Category:Regions of England

This category includes
 * traditional and historical regions of England, some of which are loosely defined
 * the 9 official regions of England used since 1994 for statistical and some administrative purposes, also known as the NUTS 1 statistical regions of England
 * city regions, some of which are now recognised for government purposes

title: Category:Regions of England


text:
Category:Greek mythology

Articles relating to Greek mythology, the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of Ancient Greek folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities of deities, heroes, and mythological creatures, and the origins and significance of the ancient Greeks' own cult and ritual practices. Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece, and to better understand the nature of myth-making itself.

title: Category:Greek mythology


text:
Category:Roman mythology

Roman mythology is a mixture of general Greek and local myths about Rome and Roman gods and other Italian gods which are independent of Greek beliefs and tales. Gods and some heroes in Roman mythology often appear in Greek mythology with different names, sometimes a name of a Roman/Italian deity that largely corresponded to a particular Greek deity, sometimes with a variation of the Greek name as adapted into Latin.

See also Category:Etruscan mythology and Category:Greek mythology.

title: Category:Roman mythology


text: Category:Norse mythology

title: Category:Norse mythology


text: Category:Spacecraft propulsion

title: Category:Spacecraft propulsion