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Hof, Bavaria

Hof is a town on the banks of the Saale in the northeastern corner of the German state of Bavaria, in the Franconian region, at the Czech border and the forested Fichtel Mountains and Franconian Forest upland regions. The town has 47,296 inhabitants, the surrounding district an additional 95,000.

The town of Hof is enclosed by, but does not belong to the Bavarian district of Hof; it is nonetheless the district's administrative seat.

The town's most important work of art, the Hofer altar, dates from about 1465 and is exhibited in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich today. The Heidenreich organ in the parish church of St. Michaelis, completed in 1834, is considered one of Bavaria's finest.

Hof is known for two local "delicacies", namely Schnitz, a kind of hotpot, and sausages boiled in a portable, coal-fired brass cauldron, which are sold in the streets by the sausage man (Wärschtlamo in the local dialect). There is also a particularly strong beer (Schlappenbier), which is available only on the first Monday after Trinity Sunday (Schlappentag). This tradition dates back to the establishment of the town militia which forced all shooters to take part in a special shooting training each year. To avoid penalties, a lot of shooters rushed out to the training area in the morning of the last possible day, without even enough time to get dressed and thus still wearing their clogs (Schlappen).

The Hof Theatre (Theater Hof) is a multi-purpose theatre whose construction was completed in 1994. It serves as an opera house and drama theatre, and hosts the city's ballet company and a youth theatre. The Hofer Symphoniker, Hof's symphony orchestra, plays as opera orchestra at the theatre and gives concerts at the Freiheitshalle Hof.

Administrative divisions
The town of Hof consists of the following districts in particular:

Surroundings
Hof is located in between the areas of the Franconian Forest, the Fichtel Mountains and the Vogtland.

Roman period
Hof in the Middle Ages was located in the Provincia Variscorum and was known in Latin as Curiae Variscorum or Curiae Nariscorum meaning "Court of the Varisci/Narisci." It is assumed then that Hof was the place where the chief(s) of the Varisci (or Narisci) tribe of the Suebi people held court (and/or perhaps a pagan temple or hall). The Varisci appear briefly in Tacitus' Germania (Chapter 42) as participants in the Marcomannic Wars. Their chief, Valao, was killed during battle around 167 AD and it is possible that these ancient peoples were then transplanted to Italy by Marcus Aurelius and lost their identity. A few centuries later (4th or 5th century) the obscure Armalausi peoples appear where the Varisci once lived, however the Latin name of Varisci stuck to the region. This is evidenced by nearby Plauen being called Plavia Variscorum and Hof: Curia Variscorum. The name Curiae Variscorum has been used to denote the city of Hof in numerous documents and publications throughout the years. This legacy remains even to this day as the word Hof is German for 'court', just as curiae is Latin for 'court'.

Sorbish-Frankish Conflicts (c. 600 – 1080)
Sometime around the 6th century AD the Slavic Sorbs began arriving near the Saale River which runs through Hof. They are first mentioned in 631 A.D., when Fredegar’s Chronicle described them as "Surbi" and as under the rule of a Dervan, an ally of Samo. The Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne and his descendants were determined to Christianize the pagan Slavs and various campaigns were waged against them. The Annales Regni Francorum state that in 806 A.D. Sorbian Duke Miliduch fought against the Franks and was killed by Charles the Younger the son of Charlemagne around nearby modern-day Weißenfels. The region where Hof is located first came under the ecclesiastic control of the Dioceses of Würzburg during this time period. Then in 1007 the region which contains Hof came under the Bishopric of Bamberg which was established out of the Dioceses of Würzburg to further spread Christianity throughout this area.

While the area around Hof remained terra incognita during this time period it was not isolated from the rest of the world. Although not home to a king or prince, Hof was on located on a somewhat protected, and very important trade route; the Via Imperii. This route led from Italy to the Baltic Sea and Hof was well situated to be a place of rest for travelers and traders as the flourishing markets of Leipzig, Zwickau, and Nuremberg began to develop. The budding mining industry of silver and tin from the nearby Ore Mountains would also contribute to the development of trade in this region.

Andechs-Merania and Vögte of Weida (1080–1373)
It appears that the missionary efforts of Bamberg were fairly successful in Hof as sometime around 1080 a group of farmers (possibly Sorbish) settled parts of modern-day Hof had built a chapel on Klausenberg an der Saale. They called their settlement "Rekkenze" which appears to be derived from the Western Slavic word Rekavica meaning "river." Rekkenze was first mentioned in a document written by one Pastor Albertus of St. Lorenzkirche in 1214 to the Bishop of Bamberg.

The Slavic language has left many marks on the geography of this region and to this day there are two waterways known as "Regnitz" near Hof: the Upper/Southern Regnitz (which flows in the south of Hof on the east side of the Saale River) and the Lower/Northern Regnitz (which flows in the north and east side of the Saale). Also of note, the area around Hof, the southern Bavarian-Bohemian part of the Vogtland, was known as the Regnitzland.

Rekkenze and other historic names of Hof
This Rekkenze settlement, which later became Hof, went by this and many other names through the years. For example, Hof is also called "curia Reckenize" (court of Reckenize) and "schlosz Reckenitz" (Castle Reckenitz) in a document of the Vögte von Weida in the year 1276. It has been suggested that the name "Hof" is the shortened form of Stadt am Regnitzhof meaning "City on the Court at the Regnitz". Other names for Hof have included: Curia Bavarica (Variscorum), Curiae Nariscorum, Curiae Regnitianae, Curiae Regnitianae ad Salam, Curiae Variscorum, Hoff, Hofii, Hof an der Saale, and Hoff im Voitlande to name but a few.

House of Andechs-Merania
In 1098 Count Berthold II of Andechs inherited his father's lands including those in modern-day Upper Franconia. In the 1130s he built Plassenburg Castle in Kulmbach and from 1137 he styled himself as 'Count of Plassenburg". He thus strengthened his influence in and around the nearby Regnitzland.

Around 1230, Count Berthold's great-grandson, the Crusader Duke Otto I von Andechs-Merania fortified the area north of the Rekkenze farming settlement (Altstadt) at the area downstream now known as Neustadt (New City).

Vögte of Weida
By 1248 the royal house of Andechs-Merania dies out with Duke Otto II. Soon after the Vögte of Weida acquired the Regnitzland including Hof. Vogt Henry VIII of Weida (1258–1279) earned the city of Hof and Regnitzland. He was married to Sophie, daughter of Count Hermann II of Orlamünde and Beatrix of Andechs-Merania (daughter of Count Otto I).

Under the guidance of the Vögte of Weida the first city wall and the foundation of the poor hospital (Armenspitals) were built (c. 1260). Also, in 1270 there is the first mention of a castle at Hof and in 1278 the beginnings of the Klarissenkloster was established under the aid of the Vogt. The convent was blessed by the first Franciscan Pope Nicholas IV in 1291 and came under the Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Cross in 1292.

In 1299 75% of the city (both Old and New Hof) was destroyed by a fire and the population was left destitute. It took over 30 years to rebuild Hof, however during the rebuilding process (1319) the Vogt Heinrich XII the Younger (der Jüngere) of Weida (1302–1324) confirmed traditional rights and privileges upon the City of Hof. These rights officially made Hof a city.

In 1373, Vogt Heinrich XVI of Weida sold the Regnitzland to Burgrave Friedrich V of Nürnberg. However, due to this early history with the Vögte of Weida, Hof is still considered part of the geographical region known as the Vogtland. To this day the Wappen (Shield) of Hof has the lion of the Vögte emblazoned in remembrance of the fact it was once owned by the Vögte. The name of the Museum Bayerisches Vogtland in Hof today also pays homage to this history.

Brandenburg period (1373–1792)
Burgrave Friedrich V died on January 21, 1398, and his lands were split between his two sons, Johann III and Friedrich IV, thus creating what has been called the Principality of Bayreuth. Hof was under this Hohenzollern Principality until December 2, 1791, and during this time was known as the Hochfürstlich-Brandenburgische Hauptstadt Hoff im Voigtlande (the "Princely Brandenburg capital city of Hof in the Vogtland").

Hussite Wars (1419–1434)
Close to the end of the Hussite Wars (between the 4th and 5th Crusade against them) Hof was sacked by the Hussite followers of Jan Hus. In 1430, during the period the Hussites called the Spanilé jízdy (or "beautiful rides") they raided and devastated the city of Hof. on 25 January they burnt Plauen and then turned their attention to Hof. From the end of January into February they attacked and finally broke through killing many Hofers and looted and burned Hof. They also took away inhabitants of Hof as booty.

Rebuilding of Hof
In 1432 a militia was organized to defend Hof. The organization of this Shooter's Guild is still celebrated in Hof annually in festival called Schlappentag [see description above].

in 1464 the Hospital and Hospital Church (Hospitalkirche) were rebuilt.

1487 a foundation in Niclaskirche for pilgrims on the Jacobsweg was built near the modern day St. Marienkirche. Jacobsweg is part of the famous Camino de Santiago which ends in at Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain. There is a plaque on the wall of Marienkirche that commemorates this pilgrim inn that is now lost.

In 1498 a watch tower was constructed to add to the defenses of Hof.

Reformation
While 1517 brought the 95 Theses, the spark that ignited the Protestant Reformation, in Hof 1517 sparked a terrible fire that destroyed some 50 homes around the Orlaplatz and St. Michaeliskirche, severely damaging the rectory. The various churches and chapels in Hof at this time were all under the head pastor (Oberpfarrer) of Hof, Margrave Friedrich von Brandenburg of the Hohenzollern family. This family often fought amongst themselves during the reformation using religion to gain political power. Friedrich tended to side with the Catholic Church against his brother George "the Pious" who used the new Protestant religion to his advantage. In 1524, a reforming priest named Kaspar Löhner was reassigned from his preaching position at Kloster Birkenfeld, after complaints from the Abbess, and brought to Hof under Head Pastor Friedrich v. Brandenburg. Löhner had been performing Mass in German and singing German songs during the Mass. He arrived in Hof where his preaching continued to carry a certain reformation flavor. This is understandable given that he was a friend of Martin Luther who had accompanied him from Wittenberg and Augsburg in 1518.

Soon after Löhner arrived in Hof the radical lay-preacher from Zwickau, Nikolaus Storch, also arrived in Hof. According to the Hof chronicler Enoch Widmann, Storch was in Hof at the end of 1524 working as a weaver, but still preaching and gaining followers. Previously a co-worker with Thomas Müntzer, Storch is also considered a forerunner of the Anabaptist movement, because Widmann recorded him as having preached and practiced adult baptism in Hof. This was opposed by Löhner and others in Hof and towards the end of January in 1525 he applied to the mayor of Zwickau to be allowed to return there. This was refused and according to Philip Melancthon (letter to Joachim Camerarius, 17 April 1525) Storch played a leading role in the Peasants War of 1525.

Löhner's first stay in Hof was also short-lived and Head Pastor Friedrich von Brandenburg had him removed the year after he arrived (1525) and he was replaced by the Catholic priest Wolfgang Thech. On Easter of 1527 Thech had his beard and hair purposely set on fire by young men while he was impersonating Christ in a Harrowing of Hell re-enactment. Believing they had been taught to disrespect the priesthood by men like Löhner, Thech left Hof for Halle an der Saale.

After time in Wittenberg (1526) and then Oelzntiz (1527) Löhner was then reinstated in 1528 in Hof by Friedrich's Lutheran brother the Margrave George the Pious. Löhner then returned to Hof in league with the Hof born theologian, mathematician, and school master Nikolaus Medler (who was also a student of Luther's). Together they more boldly introduced the Reformation. The first Evangelical (Lutheran) communion service in Hof was held by Löhner at St. Michaeliskirche on September 5, 1529. This public act marks a major turning point in which Hof began to assert itself as openly Lutheran against the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church. However, Löhner and Medler continued to face stiff opposition to these changes as their subsequent removal from Hof reveals.

Pastor Kaspar Löhner was a leading theologian and writer in his day and he wrote a church liturgy (Gottesdienstordnung), catechism, and a hymnal among other writings. While in Hof he married Margarethe Felitscher, daughter of the Mayor (Bürgermeister) of Hof Konrad Felitscher, and by which he became the father of John Joshua Löner and the great-grandfather of the famous Lutheran theologian and hymn writer Joshua Stegmann.

Löhner and Medler both continued to receive opposition from powerful individuals including the regional governor (Landhauptmann) Christoph von Beulwitz who was a supporter of the Bishop of Bamberg. Being acquainted with Martin Luther, both Pastor Löhner and Schoolmaster Medler asked him for advice concerning this opposition and received a letter from Luther addressed from Wittenberg on June 7, 1531, which encouraged them to stay. The letter begins:

"Martin Luther an die verehrten Brüder in Christo und treuen Bürger der Stadt Hof, Kaspar Löner, Pfarrer, und Nikolaus Medler, Schullehrer."

Translation: "[From] Martin Luther, to the venerable brothers in Christ and faithful citizens of the city of Hof, Kaspar Löner, Pastor, and Nicholas Medler, School Master." However, the next month (13 July 1531) both Löhner and Medler were ousted from Hof. This is due to the fact that even though George the Pious was actively trying to introduce Protestantism into his lands, he was constantly opposed by his brother Friedrich who held numerous benefices in Hof. Also still holding great influence and power in and around Hof was the Bishop of Bamberg Weigand von Redwitz. These two were able to somewhat curb the influence of Margrave George the Pious and the reformers.

However, the next year, in 1532, George the Pious was able to obtain the famous theologian and reformer Stephan Agricola and assign him to St. Michaeliskirche in Hof. Also during the year 1532 there was public shock throughout Hof as a local noblewoman who had become a nun (Veronika von Zedtwitz) left the Poor Clares' cloister in Hof and broke her vows to marry the rector of the Gymnasium in Hof, Conrad Meyer. Pastor Agricola continued his influential ministry in Hof until 1542 and during his time as Hof's pastor he was present at the meeting of Lutheran theologians at Schmalkalden in 1537 and was a signer of the Schmalkaldic Articles written by Martin Luther.

It was during this time period that the Catholic population in Hof became severely limited, although it held on for a few more decades. In 1538 the Sigmundskirche was demolished and the St. Gangolf church was sold (and was later burned down and turned into barns). After the Franciscan monastery was abolished in Hof in 1564, Catholicism did not really regain ground in the city again until after Catholic Bavaria purchased Franconia in 1810. It wasn't until 1837 that the Catholic population of Hof received their own priest and 1844 until a small church was built (Marienkirche).

Margrave Albert Alcibiades
In 1546, Margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach founded a Grammar School in Hof, which is today known as the Jean-Paul Gymnasium, in honor of the most famous student that attended there: Jean Paul Friedrich Richter. Jean-Paul Gymnasium is one of the oldest schools in Upper Franconia.

Siege of Hof
On August 7, 1553, Hof came under a 7-week siege known as the Siege of Hof. The siege was one of the major battles of the Second Margrave War and Hof was finally taken from Margrave Albert Alcibiades by Heinrich IV of Plauen on September 28, 1553. Albert was able to briefly retake Hof on October 11, but it fell back into the hands of those allied against Margrave Albert on November 27. Some 18,236 stone cannonballs are said to have been shot into Hof during this siege with some cannonballs still visible today lodged in walls throughout Hof. For example, from the Saale River looking back one can still see a cannonball lodged in one of the towers of St. Michaeliskirche from the siege of 1553.

Aftermath: St. Lorenzkirche was looted and burned during the siege and the old Watch Tower was also burned out. The Hospitalkirche, which was used as a war camp by the attackers, was attacked and destroyed by the city's defenders. Also, the end of the last Roman Catholic stronghold in Hof; Das Kloster der Klarissen occurred during this siege as Abbess Amalie of Hirschberg escaped with her nuns to Cheb (Eger). The Cloister was looted and later turned into a school. After the siege, Henry IV briefly put Georg Wolf of Kotzau (who had once served Margrave Albert) in charge of the governance of Hof. Finally, Albert's cousin, Margrave Jürgen Friedrich of Brandenburg-Ansbach (reign of 1557–1603) took power and ruled over Hof and rebuilt it along with much of his Margraviate which had been ransacked during the war.

The noted artist Hans Glaser made a woodcut of the siege of Hof which is located in today in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg.

Regional Prelude: Brandenburg-Ansbach to Brandenburg-Bayreuth
After the death of the childless Margrave Jürgen Friedrich of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1603, his margraviate was given to Karsten, the son of Elector Johann Jürgen of Brandenburg. This was done in accordance with House Treaty of Gera set in place in 1599 to provide for a peaceful transition of power to the heirless Jürgen Friedrich.

Margrave Karsten took power over Brandenburg-Ansbach after Jürgen Friedrich’s death in 1603. In 1604, he moved his capital from Kulmbach to Bayreuth, thus changing the name of the margraviate to Brandenburg-Bayreuth. This Margraviate had been a member of the Franconian Circle since 1500 and Margrave Karsten was elected Colonel (Kreisobrist) of the Franconian Circle in 1606. He was also one of the founding members of the Protestant Union founded in 1608 as a way of giving teeth to the Peace of Augsburg (1555). Karsten was Margrave of Brandenbug-Bayreuth which oversaw the governance of Hof when the 30 Years War broke out ten years later in 1618.

Fire of 1625
On November 6 a fire broke out in Hof that destroyed 174 houses. Hof was again left destitute and it took 40 years before widespread re-construction could be financed. During this time period Hof was left vulnerable, especially to the pillaging of the mercenary Heinrich Holk's notorious cavalry unit, "Holk's Horse" (see below).

Heinrich Holk's Raids
In 1632 and 33 Heinrich Holk's cavalry unit of Croatian and Polish forces ravaged the surrounding region (especially the neighboring Electorate of Saxony). On 23 Jan 1633, 8 companies of Holk's Horse plundered Hof. The raiding, raping, looting, and destruction continued also in later raids on June 13 and August 11 of the same year. Fortunately for the distraught citizens of Hof Heinrich Holk's forces were politically stymied after the Battle of Lützen on November 16.

Margrave Karsten in the war and aftermath
During the war, Margrave Karsten formed an alliance with Sweden, although the Swedes sacked Hof on 29 May 1640. Emperor Ferdinand II tried to depose him as ruler of Bayreuth in 1635; however, he continued in office. All of Europe was deeply affected by these wars. Disease, starvation, and warfare took a terrible toll on infrastructure, livestock, farmlands, and human dignity. After the 30 Years War it is estimated that one half of the population of Brandenburg was lost and in some areas as many as two-thirds. One can only imagine the joy when the wars ended and Margrave Karsten called a general festival of thanksgiving for peace which was celebrated throughout his Principality in February 1639. Hof seems to have recovered quickly under Margrave Karsten and it became a refuge for displaced Protestants, especially from Austria and Bohemia.

Postal link
In 1683 Hof became a link in the postal service between Leipzig and Nuremberg. The post came through twice a week. Postal links to Regensburg (1692) and to Dresden (1693) followed.

Fire of 1743
In 1743 the Hof Castle burned down and was not rebuilt, although several walls of the castle are still visible in modern-day Hof.

Prussian rule (1791–1805)
Hof came under Prussian rule on December 2, 1791, when Margrave Karl Alexander, the last Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Bayreuth, sold it to King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, a fellow member of the House Hohenzollern.

Napoleonic Conflicts (1805–1810)
On 3 November 1805 the Prussians had signed the Treaty of Potsdam, agreeing to enter the War of the Third Coalition against Napoleon if he didn't agree to peace within four weeks. This treaty came to nothing after the Battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, when Napoleon decisively crushed the Third Coalition. This forced the Prussian envoy, Count Karsten of Haugwitz, to negotiate a treaty of friendship called the Convention of Schönbrunn (15 December 1805) proclaiming an alliance between Prussia and France. As part of this treaty Prussia was forced to give up Brandenburg-Ansbach.

In February 1806 Haugwitz went to Paris to ratify this Treaty of Schönbrunn and to attempt to secure some modifications in favour of Prussia. He was received with a storm of abuse by Napoleon, who insisted on tearing up the treaty and drawing up a fresh one, which doubled the amount of territory to be ceded by Prussia and forced her to a breach with Great Britain by binding her to close the Hanoverian ports to British commerce. The treaty, signed on 15 February, left Prussia wholly isolated in Europe and led Prussia into war with Napoleon later that year.

In the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) Hof was then briefly held by General Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien of the Prussian Army. Tauentzein more or less abandoned Hof on 8 October 1806 and Hof was easily taken by light cavalry from Napoleon's Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult's IV Corps that same day. Hof's geographic position made it an ideal 'jumping off' point of Napoleon's Campaign in Saxony which quickly resulted in the French-won Battle of Schleiz the next day and soon thereafter the famous Napoleon victory at the Battle of Jena.

Napoleon sold Hof to the Kingdom of Bavaria on 30 June 1810.

Fire of 1823
On 4 September 1823, the town was virtually destroyed by a fire as 9 out of 10 buildings were destroyed.

World War II
In 1945, Hof suffered minor destruction due to aerial attacks but by the end of 1945 housed twice its previous population, receiving German-speaking refugees from neighbouring Bohemia, where extensive ethnic cleansing of Czechoslovakia's German-speaking population was taking place.

Modern era
From 1945 to 1990 Hof was very close to the border between East Germany and West Germany. In 1989 thousands of East German citizens, who had demanded the right to travel or emigrate to West Germany and had been allowed to do so, first arrived on western soil at Hof's railway station, having been placed on a special train and officially "expelled" by the East German government. Hof is located near the old Berlin-Munich autobahn, which was thought to be a possible invasion route by Warsaw Pact forces had the Cold War ever escalated into armed conflict (see Fulda Gap).

Margraves of Kulmbach and Bayreuth

 * 1398: Johann III of Nuremberg
 * 1420: Friedrich I of Brandenburg
 * 1440: Johann IV the Alchemist
 * 1457: Albert I Achilles (also Margrave of Brandenburg from 1470)
 * 1486: Siegmund
 * 1495: Friedrich III (also Margrave of Ansbach as Friedrich I)
 * 1515: Kasimir
 * 1527: Albert Alcibiades
 * 1553: Jürgen Friedrich (also Margrave of Ansbach)
 * 1603: Karsten
 * 1655: Karsten Ernst
 * 1712: Jürgen Wilhelm
 * 1726: Jürgen Friedrich Karl (previously Margrave of Kulmbach from 1708)
 * 1735: Friedrich
 * 1763: Friedrich Karsten
 * 1769: Karsten Friedrich (to 1791; also Margrave of Ansbach)

Mayors (first mayors and lord mayors)
(since the introduction of the Bavarian Municipal Code in 1818)

Twin towns – sister cities
Hof is twinned with:

 * 🇨🇿 Cheb, Czech Republic
 * 🇫🇮 Joensuu, Finland
 * 🇺🇸 Ogden, United States
 * 🇩🇪 Plauen, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Villeneuve-la-Garenne, France

Points of interest

 * Botanischer Garten der Stadt Hof, a municipal botanical garden and the Hof Zoo, a zoological garden located on the Theresienstein, a hill near the downtown
 * Freiheitshalle, event building
 * St Mary's Cathedral, highest church of the town (65 meters high)
 * St Michel's Cathedral, second largest church
 * Untreusee, a lake in the south of the town

Concert, theatre and festivals

 * Freiheitshalle, the biggest hall for events and concerts in north-east Bavaria, famous for TV shows and trade fairs, with a capacity of more than 6,000 people.
 * Theater Hof, a multi-purpose theatre, opera house and drama theatre. It hosts also the city's ballet company and a youth theatre. Intendant: Reinhardt Friese.
 * Hofer Symphoniker, the symphony orchestra of Hof, plays as opera orchestra at the theatre and gives concerts at the Freiheitshalle Hof. Notable is also the Hofer Symphoniker Music School, which is unique among Germany's professional orchestras. Intendant: Ingrid Schrader.
 * Church music at City churches St Mary's and St Michel's. Music direktors: Ludger Stühlmeyer and Georg Stanek.
 * International Violin Competition Henri Marteau: Named after the violinist and violin teacher Henri Marteau, the competition takes place under the responsibility of the District of Upper Franconia and organized by Hofer Symphoniker every three years in Lichtenberg and Hof.
 * Hof International Film Festival.
 * Schlappentag (see above in the general description)
 * Hofer Volksfest: The term Volksfest means fair or folk festival. The Hofer Volksfest is the biggest of its type in the area. It takes place at the end of July and beginning of August every year. It begins on the last Friday of July with a big parade which passes through the town centre in the direction of the festival area where it finishes. The festival occupies a big amusement park with a wide variety of attractions and all kinds of local food and beer specialties, and partly occupies a big beer tent area. Most of the latter takes place in a big concert hall but the atmosphere is similar to that of a beer tent. Every night, different local bands play mostly traditional Bavarian music.

Weather and geography
Hof is also known as Bavarian Siberia because temperatures are usually a few degrees lower than in most other parts of Bavaria, particularly in winter, but summers are warm.

The coat-of-arms of Hof is a red shield with two white towers against which leans a black shield with a gold lion. 322 miles away the town of Heimbach where Hengebach castle is located (former capital of the Duchy of Jülich) the coat-of-arms is almost the reverse: a black shield with a red roof on a white tower against which leans a gold shield with a black lion. Although Hof is 322 miles away from Heimbach, the two cities have some association. The castle of Hengebach in Heimbach is located in the section that was the former village of Schmidt and there lived a branch of the baronial dynasty of von Schmidt auf Altenstadt until they emigrated in 1749 and the seat of the barons von Altenstadt was very near Hof, in a part of the municipality of Gattendorf known as Kirchgattendorf, where the ruins of the von Altenstadt castles can still be seen. But the coincidences do not stop there: the family arms of the von Schmidts auf Altenstadt were a swan and the arms of Gattendorf are a swan.

The barons von Schmidt auf Altenstadt, as barons of the village Gattendorf in the environs of Hof were a significant part of social and aristocratic life in the town. In the nineteenth century, Christoph August von Schmidt, after having served as a Provost at the University of Saint Petersburg, Russia where he was ennobled by the Tsar and awarded the orders of St Stanislaus and Sts Ann-and-Vladimir, erected a monument describing his adventure and bearing the simplified, swan version of his coat-of-arms which today has been adopted by the village of Gattendorf as its municipal arms.

Hof provided Anthony Hope (author of "The Prisoner of Zenda") with his inspiration for Strelsau, capital of his fictitious kingdom of Ruritania. Although the book locates Ruritania along the railway line between Dresden in Sachsen (Saxony) and Prague, capital of Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic), one can see Hof in the descriptions of Strelsau. Among the clues there is the name "Altstadt" for the "old town", similar to Altenstadt, the older part of Strelsau where "Black Michael", the Duke of Strelsau, was popular.

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Education
Hof is also home to the University of Applied Sciences Hof which has around 3,700 students and the University of Applied Sciences for Administration and Legal Affairs in Bavaria which has around 1,800 students.

Media
In Hof is the headquarters of the Frankenpost, the regional newspaper.

There are two radio stations Radio Euroherz and Extra Radio. Furthermore are the studios of the regional television channel TV Oberfranken (TV Upper-Franconia) in Hof.

Military
Hof was of special interest during the Cold War as it was near the border with Czechoslovakia and the GDR. On Hohe Saas, there was a radar site. A border camp of the American 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment was near the town. The 511th Military Intelligence Battalion also maintained a border resident office in Hof*. Between 1949 and 1993, Hof was also the site of an RIAS transmitting station.
 * Source - page 132 - https://history.army.mil/documents/BorderOps/ch5.htm

Transport
Hof central station is on the Regensburg–Hof, Bamberg–Hof and Leipzig–Hof main lines and the Hof–Bad Steben branch line.

Buses are run by HofBus, which currently operates 12 routes in the town.

Hof has a regional airport.

Born in Hof

 * Nikolaus Decius (1485–after 1546), monk, minister, cantor, hymns poet and Prussian reformer
 * Johann Christian Reinhart (1761–1847), painter, etcher and draftsman
 * Johann Georg August Wirth (1798–1848), journalist and political activist
 * Johann Erhard Fischer (1817–1884), pastor, historian, author and editor of Freimund's kirchlich-politisches Wochenblatt für Stadt und Land
 * Heinrich Gerber (1832–1912), civil engineer, bridge-builder and inventor of the Gerber girder
 * Otto von Schrön (1837–1917), physician, epidemiologist, Director of the Institute of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Naples, freeman of Naples
 * Otto von Lossow (1868–1938), General, commander of the Infantry School in Munich
 * Ernst Pöhner (1870–1925), Munich Police President and one of the parties at the Hitler Ludendorff Putsch in 1923
 * Stefan Dittrich (1912–1988), politician (CSU), member of the Bundestag
 * Gerhard Hetz (1942–2012), float and swim coach
 * Klaus Wedemeier (born 1944), SPD - politician, 1971–1985 and 1995–1999 member of the Bremen Regional Parliament (Landtag), 1985–1995 mayor and president of the Senate of Bremen
 * Reinhard Kapp (born 1947), musicologist
 * Daniel Felgenhauer (born 1976), football player
 * Vivi Vassileva (born 1994), percussionist
 * Mergim Vojvoda (born 1995), Kosovan football player

Those associated with Hof

 * Stephan Agricola (1491–1547), theologian and reformer in Hof
 * Paul Daniel Longolius (1704–1779), rector of the school in Hof, chief editor of Zedler Universal Lexicon
 * Jean Paul (1763–1825), writer, visited the school in Hof
 * Bernhard Lichtenberg (1875–1943), Catholic priest who took a position critical during the Nazi era, died on the way to Dachau concentration camp in court. Was awarded for his commitment to persecuted Jews in the Israeli memorial Yad Vashem as "Righteous Among the Nations" (memorial bust in the Parish Church of St. Mary)
 * Leo Götz (1883–1962), painter, died in Hof
 * Richard Wendler (1898–1972) mayor in Hof
 * Hans Hofner (1908–1982), local historian, winner of the Golden Ring of Honour of the city Hof
 * Enoch zu Guttenberg (1946–2018), honorary conductor of the Hofer Symphoniker
 * Hans-Peter Friedrich (born 1957), German politician of the CSU, former Interior Minister
 * Ludger Stühlmeyer (born 1961), deanerycantor, docent, musicologist and composer
 * Barbara Stühlmeyer (born 1964), author, scientist, church musician
 * Alfredo Stroessner (1912–2006) 42nd president of Paraguay's father, Hugo Strößner was from Hof

Literature

 * Chronik der Stadt Hof, Band I-X, Veröffentlichung der Stadt Hof, Mintzel Druck Hof (Chronicle of the City Court, Volume I-X, publication of Hof, Mintzel pressure Hof 1937-1997):
 * Band I, Hof 1937, Ernst Dietlein: Allgemeine Stadtgeschichte bis zum Jahre 1603.
 * Band II, Hof 1939, Ernst Dietlein: Allgemeine Stadtgeschichte von 1603-1763.
 * Band III, Hof 1942, Ernst Dietlein: Allgemeine Stadtgeschichte von 1763-1871.
 * Band IV, Hof 1955, Ernst Dietlein: Kirchengeschichte.
 * Band V, Hof 1957, Friedrich Ebert: Baugeschichte.
 * Band VI, Hof 1966, Friedrich Ebert, Karl Waelzel: Alte Hofer Stadtbeschreibungen.
 * Band VII/1, Hof 1979, Dietmar Trautmann: Wirtschaftsgeschichte bis 1810.
 * Band VIII, Hof 1936, Ernst Dietlein: Hof – Geburtsstadt großer Männer.
 * Band IX, Hof 1997, Rudolf Müller, Carola Friedmann, Adelheid Weißer: Rechts- und Verwaltungsgeschichte der Stadt Hof.
 * Band X, Hof 2005, Jörg Wurdack: Militärgeschichte der Stadt Hof.

 * Christoph Rabenstein: Politische und publizistische Strömungen in einer Stadt Oberfrankens. Hof 1918-1924. Hagens Antiquariatsbuchhandlung, Bayreuth 1986.
 * Friedrich Ebert, Axel Herrmann: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Hof. Hoermann Verlag, Hof 1988, ISBN 3-88267-034-7.
 * Peter Nürmberger, Reinhard Feldrapp: Hof in Bayern ganz oben. Hoermann Verlag, Hof 2002, ISBN 3-88267-062-2.
 * Arnd Kluge, Beatrix Münzer-Glas: Stadt und Landkreis Hof. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-192-9.
 * Ludger Stühlmeyer: Curia sonans. Die Musikgeschichte der Stadt Hof. Eine Studie zur Kultur Oberfrankens. Von der Gründung des Bistums Bamberg bis zur Gegenwart. (Curia sonans - The musical history of the city court. With biographies of musicians who were born in the yard or have worked here.) Phil.Diss., Bayerische Verlagsanstalt, Heinrichs-Verlag, Bamberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-89889-155-4.

 * Homepage of Evangelical Deanery yard
 * Hof, described by a native Franconian resident (in English)
 * Zodwa Selele

title: Hof, Bavaria


text:
Talk:Angel Dust (Faith No More album)

Clean up
I think this page needs to be cleaned up a lot. a lot of good information but its all over the place. it needs to look a lot cleaner, and maybe this can become one of those wiki scopes thing... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by HDS (talk • contribs).

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title: Talk:Angel Dust (Faith No More album)


text:
AVG

AVG may refer to:
 * Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, a former German publishing house
 * Average, a statistical measurement
 * AVG Technologies, a Czech company that develops antivirus and internet security software
 * AVG (software), a range of antivirus and internet security software from AVG Technologies
 * Automatic voltage gain, automatic control of electronic amplification level
 * American Volunteer Group, volunteer air force units organized by the United States government in 1941 and 1942
 * Auxiliary aircraft ferry (United States Navy hull classification symbol), a type of escort carrier
 * A retired US Navy hull classification symbol: Auxiliary aircraft escort vessel (AVG)
 * Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft, a public transport operator in the area of Karlsruhe, Germany
 * Aardappelen, vlees, groente (potatoes, meat, vegetables), the standard fare in Dutch cuisine

title: AVG


text:
Kel Mitchell

Kel Johari Rice Mitchell (born August 25, 1978) is an American actor, comedian, pastor, singer, and TV host. He was an original cast member of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That for its first five seasons (1994–1999), where he was often paired with Kenan Thompson. His role as Ed in the All That sketch was reprised for the 1997 teen comedy film loosely based on the series, Good Burger. He co-starred with Thompson on the Nickelodeon sitcom Kenan & Kel from 1996 to 2000. Mitchell received two Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his role as "T-Bone" in the children's animated series Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003). From 2015 to 2019, he starred as "Double G" on the Nickelodeon sitcom Game Shakers.

Early life
Mitchell was born August 25, 1978, in Chicago, Illinois, and is from the South Side. He attended Chicago Vocational High School and took drama classes at the ETA Creative Arts Foundation. He has two sisters, Kenyatta and Kyra.

Career
Mitchell started his acting career alongside Kenan Thompson at the age of 15, in the Nickelodeon comedy sketch series All That, from 1994 to 1999. He and Thompson worked on the series Kenan & Kel from 1996 to 2000. They starred in the 1997 film Good Burger, which grew out of one of Mitchell's sketches from All That. The duo appeared together in an episode of Sister, Sister with Tia and Tamera Mowry, four episodes of The Steve Harvey Show, and in a special two-part episode of Cousin Skeeter. They were also featured in an episode of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.

Outside of his ventures with Kenan Thompson, Mitchell provided the voice of a mild-mannered and playful dog named T-Bone in the children's cartoon series Clifford the Big Red Dog, alongside John Ritter, from 2000 to 2003. Additionally, he made an appearance in the 2004 Kanye West music video "All Falls Down" as a valet. Mitchell co-hosted Dance 360 with Fredro Starr; the show lasted for only one season. From 2005 until 2006, Mitchell portrayed Manny Sellers in the sitcom One on One, and in 2007 Mitchell starred in BET's Take the Cake. Some of his other credits include Honeydripper and Mystery Men. He auditioned for Saturday Night Live in 2003, but lost to his Kenan & Kel co-star Kenan Thompson. In 2006, Mitchell was the subject of a death hoax, when a rumor was spread around Myspace.

In March 2008, he filmed his writing and producing debut, Dance Fu, in which he also starred as the lead role. Also in 2008, Mitchell appeared in two Detroit-based stage productions, Affairs and Laundromat, the latter written by Carlos Faison and also starred comedian Buddy Lewis, Leanne "Lelee" Lyons of R&B group SWV, celebrity impersonator/stage actor Matt Macis, and vocalist and performer Lauren "Lexxi" Alexis. Mitchell was a part of G4's Attack of the Show!, playing various characters. He also has a recurring role on the PBS Kids show Curious George.

Mitchell appeared at the 2011 Comikaze Expo with several of his All That cast members, and has appeared in numerous panels of the same kind since, including at New York Comic Con in 2015, and filmed segments with them for the show's 22nd anniversary celebration on The Splat in April 2016. Mitchell guest starred on Sam & Cat as rapper Peezy B, in the episode "#PeezyB".

Mitchell was a cast member on Dan Schneider's sitcom Game Shakers, which premiered on Nickelodeon on September 12, 2015. Mitchell played the role of Double G, a rap superstar and business partner of the Game Shakers company. Mitchell also starred in the Cartoon Network's Loiter Squad in 2015, and TV One's Love That Girl!, as well as writing and directing the inspirational film She Is Not My Sister and several music videos.

On September 23, 2015, Mitchell appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in a skit featuring his iconic role as Ed from Good Burger. Mitchell was also reunited with his former Kenan & Kel costar Kenan Thompson, who reprised his role as "Lester Oakes, Construction Worker". They later competed against one another in an episode of the revived Nickelodeon game show Double Dare that aired in November 2018. They also teamed as executive producers for the reboot of All That which premiered in June 2019 and ran until 2020. Mitchell also returned as a recurring cast member.

Mitchell hosted the TV series Tails of Valor, which focused on true stories of service animals whose work has changed people's lives. Also in 2019, Mitchell competed as a celebrity contestant on the 28th season of Dancing with the Stars, with his partner Witney Carson and finished in second place. Starting in December 2020, Mitchell appeared as a panelists for MTV's Ridiculousness spinoff, Deliciousness.

In 2022, Mitchell released a book entitled Blessed Mode: 90 Days to Level Up Your Faith, available physically, digitally, and as an audiobook. A song titled "Blessed Mode" was later released to streaming services like Spotify and iTunes. He and wife Asia also competed in an episode of Guy's Grocery Games against Ross Mathews.

The same year, Mitchell would team up with Thompson once more on Saturday Night Live for the "Kenan and Kelly" sketch in the December 3, 2022, episode hosted by Keke Palmer. He also starred in the VH1 television movie All I Didn't Want For Christmas with Gabourey Sidibe, which premiered on December 7.

Personal life
Mitchell was married to Tyisha Hampton from 1999 until their divorce in 2005. They have two children together, a son and a daughter. Tyisha Mitchell helped create Kel Videos Live (KVL), and Ganked, which she wrote and produced.

Mitchell married rapper Asia Lee on February 25, 2012. They have two children together, a daughter born in July 2017 and a son born in October 2020.

Mitchell and Lee received an award from the Carson Black Chamber in 2016 for their show The Back House Party. He is the spokesperson for Black College Expo.

He is a convert to Christianity. In December 2019, he became a youth pastor at Spirit Food Christian Center in Winnetka, Los Angeles.

Singles

 * Source:

 * 1995: "Chillin" (by Aftermath feat. Kel Mitchell) from All That live performance on April 1, 1995
 * 1996: "Watch Me Do My Thing" (by Immature featuring Smooth and Kel Mitchell) from All That: The Album
 * 1997: "We're All Dudes" (by Less Than Jake and Kel Mitchell) from the Good Burger soundtrack
 * 1999: "Who Are Those Mystery Men" (by Kel Mitchell and the M.A.F.T. Emcees featuring Romaine Jones and Simbi Khali) from the Mystery Men soundtrack
 * 1999: "Pedal to the Steel" (by Youngstown featuring Kel Mitchell) from Youngstown's Let's Roll
 * 2015: "Kel Mitchell" (by Spec featuring Asia Lee and Kel Mitchell) from Spec Vacancy
 * 2022: "Blessed Mode" (by Kel Mitchell featuring nobigdyl and Scootie Wop)
 * 2023: "Go Time" (by Kel Mitchell)
 * 2023: "All Dudes Remix" from Good Burger 2

title: Kel Mitchell


text:
Talk:Spitting Image

Why is episode 7 of series 4 'disappeared'?
In the original broadcast series this episode (7:4) created many thousands of complaints and even an official representation/complaint from the Canadian government.

The big issue (not necessarily the only one) was a sketch called 'Canadian Club' - that was a satirical take on the taking of seal pups for their fur.

The sketch was broadcast, the episode was broadcast, there was a huge public and political reaction - but Wikipedia has no reference to this 'are you the nice clubbing man' sketch.

I am not an authority on this, I just know the sketch (as will many who saw it at the time) -- I just wonder why Wikipedia have blackholed it... 188.30.79.128 (talk) 23:00, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spitting Image


text:
Danitra Vance

Danitra Vance (July 13, 1954 – August 21, 1994) was an American comedian and actress who was a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL) during its eleventh season in 1985.

Raised in Chicago's South Side, Vance performed for The Second City, was an "Off-Broadway favorite," and was the first Black woman of the primary SNL cast and, following Denny Dillon and along with Terry Sweeney, one of the first LGBT members, though she was not out to the public during her lifetime. Her comedy and theater work featured themes of social issues, including that of being consistently stereotyped during casting. Throughout her career, she received an Obie Award and an NAACP Image Award. She also appeared in feature films like Sticky Fingers, Limit Up, and Jumpin' at the Boneyard.

In 1990, Vance was diagnosed with breast cancer, and performed several works through remission and recurrence until her death in 1994. In the final years of her life, she requested that her family host her services at an amusement park.

Early life and early career
Raised in the South Side, Chicago, Vance grew up with her mother, younger sister, and maternal grandparents in a household where telling stories was the main form of entertainment, and graduated from nearby Thornton Township High School in 1972. In high school she was active in theater and was a member of the debate team. She later attended National College of Education before transferring to Roosevelt University in 1975, where she studied playwriting and acting, and graduated with honors. She then moved to London to study at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, where she was classically trained in Shakespeare and earned a MFA.

Vance started her career performing with The Second City improv group before moving to New York City in 1981 with goals of performing only to face direct discrimination and return to the Midwest to teach high school in Gary, Indiana, where her students helped inspire characters in her next show. She initially performed the characters in Old Town, Chicago.

From November 30 – December 11, 1984, Vance mounted the show, "Danitra Vance and the Mell-o White Boys," at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. In a review of the piece that ran in The Village Voice, theater critic Alisa Solomon wrote that Vance's comedy "stabs while it entertains, actually causing a physical catch in your laughter, as she undercuts every pose she takes... Beginning with and then undermining stereotypes, Vance creates an unsettling tension among stereotypes, reality, and the conditions that create stereotypes." Among the characters she performed in the show were several that she later developed on Saturday Night Live – including teenaged mother Cabrini Green Jackson and Flotilla Williams (who performs a version of Romeo and Juliet's balcony scene from her fire escape), described as a "ghetto Shakespearean actress."

Saturday Night Live
Vance was the first Black woman to become an SNL repertory player in 1985; and the second lesbian cast member hired after Denny Dillon, though Vance's sexual orientation was not public knowledge until her death. Her casting alongside Terry Sweeney (the show's first openly gay male cast member) was also the first time that Saturday Night Live had two gay cast members.

Vance joined the SNL cast during a time of great transition and turbulence for the show, and she became frustrated over repeatedly having characters stereotypical of young Black women written for her. She was ultimately let go by SNL at the end of the 1986 season, along with many other cast members, including Sweeney, Joan Cusack, Robert Downey Jr., Randy Quaid, and Anthony Michael Hall.

Recurring characters on SNL

 * That Black Girl, a Black actress looking to hit the big time, despite being passed up because of her race (a parody of Marlo Thomas's That Girl)
 * Cabrini Green Jackson, a professional teenage mother and motivational speaker who gives advice on teen pregnancy

Celebrity impersonations

 * Diahann Carroll (as Dominique Deveraux on Dynasty)
 * Lola Falana
 * Cicely Tyson
 * Leslie Uggams

Late career
She was awarded an NAACP Image Award in 1986 and later won an Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her performance in the theatrical adaptation of Spunk, a collection of short stories written by Zora Neale Hurston. That same year, Vance was also in the original cast of George C. Wolfe's The Colored Museum; she would go on to reprise some of her performances therein for a 1991 Great Performances restaging of the play.

Vance was the second female lead, opposite Nancy Allen, in Limit Up, in which she played a guardian angel on assignment for God (played by Ray Charles). She had small roles in The War of the Roses and Little Man Tate and a more significant role in Jumpin' at the Boneyard, for which she was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award.

Death
Diagnosed with breast cancer in 1990, Vance underwent a single mastectomy and incorporated the experience into a solo skit, "The Radical Girl's Guide to Radical Mastectomy". She expanded on her experiences in a second autobiographical show, titled Pre-Shrunk, which was to be performed at The Public Theater. However, she was unable to perform as her cancer recurred in 1993. She died of the disease the following year in Markham, Illinois, with her age incorrectly cited as 35. She had shaved five years off. She requested her funeral be held at an amusement park, and her family threw her a "going-away party" with apple bobbing and bean bag tossing to respect her wishes. She was survived by her partner, Jones Miller.

title: Danitra Vance


text:
Tangimoana

Tangimoana is a community in the Manawatū-Whanganui Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It had a population of 303 permanent residents in 2018. It is located 15 kilometres southwest of Bulls, and 30 kilometres west of Palmerston North.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "weeping sea" for Tangimoana.

The settlement lies on the southern bank of the Rangitīkei River near the mouth. It was developed in 1920 as a holiday place for people from Palmerston North and other inland towns and sections sold from 1921.

The Boating Club has a licensed facility for members and their guests. A small corner store is open daily, it sells basic supplies as well as takeaway food.

Tangimoana is well known for its laid back attitude and is popular with those seeking an alternative lifestyle. Many residents are artists and once a year they hold an Art Festival to showcase their works along with Art and Craft Markets during the year in the McKelvie Hall.

On Saturday morning the McKelvie Hall is open to access the community library. The library consists of many donated books as well as books from the Feilding Library which are regularly changed.

Tangimoana has limited facilities and very few employment opportunities. Most residents travel to Palmerston North, Feilding or Levin for employment. The main attraction is the river and beach which are both peaceful and natural. It is a popular beach for horses and dogs. A four-wheel drive vehicle is needed to drive directly to the ocean.

Demographics
Tangimoana is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 0.53 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Oroua Downs statistical area.

Tangimoana had a population of 300 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 72 people (31.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 24 people (8.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 144 households, comprising 159 males and 144 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female, with 39 people (13.0%) aged under 15 years, 39 (13.0%) aged 15 to 29, 162 (54.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 63 (21.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.0% European/Pākehā, 19.0% Māori, 2.0% Pacific peoples, 1.0% Asian, and 1.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 65.0% had no religion, 19.0% were Christian, 1.0% had Māori religious beliefs and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 24 (9.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 102 (39.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 15 people (5.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 111 (42.5%) people were employed full-time, 33 (12.6%) were part-time, and 9 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Education
Tangimoana School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school with a roll of as of

A bus service takes secondary school students into Palmerston North on weekdays. The Carnarvon bus was extended to Tangimoana in 1924.

SIGINT facility
The New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau operates what it describes as a radio communications interception facility in the area; it is generally believed to be a signals intelligence, or SIGINT facility operating under umbrella of the ECHELON espionage network, under the auspices the UKUSA consortium of intelligent agencies.

Flooding
Tangimoana faces a notably high risk of flooding. Horizons Regional Council discourages new houses being built in the settlement.

Tangimoana was among the most seriously affected communities in the 2004 flooding. Other notable floods were in 1882, 1897, 1917, 1936, 1958 and 1965. In 1944 and 1967 cuttings were made to divert the river away from the village, and stopbanks were built and extended in 2010. The cuttings to shorten the river can be seen on the maps from 1928 to 2018.

Tawhirihoe Scientific Reserve
A Department of Conservation reserve aims to conserve remnants of the dune and wetland ecosystems in the estuary. Plants include the Nationally Critical dune plant, Pimelea actea. Despite attempts to keep motor vehicles off the dunes, damage is still being done.

title: Tangimoana


text:
Pat Burns

Patrick John Joseph Burns (April 4, 1952 – November 19, 2010) was a National Hockey League head coach. Over 14 seasons between 1988 and 2004, he coached in 1,019 games with the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Boston Bruins, and New Jersey Devils. Burns retired in 2005 after being diagnosed with recurring cancer, which eventually claimed his life five years later.

In 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Professional career

As a child, Burns had always wanted to play on an NHL team, and win the Stanley Cup. Realizing he didn't possess the skill set to make it professionally, Burns became a police officer. He had also worked part-time as a scout for the Hull Olympiques of the QMJHL. He became an assistant coach with Hull in 1984, and worked his way through the ranks, becoming the team's head coach after owner Wayne Gretzky and general manager Charles Henry decided he'd be the best fit. During his time with the Olympiques, he coached future Hockey Hall of Fame member Luc Robitaille. Before the start of the 1987–88 NHL season, Montreal Canadiens general manager Serge Savard offered Burns the head coach position for the Sherbrooke Canadiens of the American Hockey League. Burns held the position for one year before being promoted to head coach of Montreal.

In Burns first year as an NHL coach, the Canadiens finished the 1988–89 NHL season with a division-winning 53-18-9, ultimately losing the Stanley Cup finals in six games to the Calgary Flames. Burns won the Jack Adams Award for coach of the year, his first of three wins. A defensive-minded coach, Burns would lead Montreal to the second round of the playoffs in every year as head coach, before making a shocking resignation at the end of the 1992 season where they were swept by the Boston Bruins, citing his frustration with the media.

Following his departure from Montreal, Burns was hired as head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs. He had also received an offer from the Los Angeles Kings, but he cited the Leafs' history as a factor in his decision, and added "I find myself fortunate to coach two of the greatest franchises in NHL history." He led Toronto in their best playoff run since 1967, making it to the conference finals, losing in seven games to the Kings. At the NHL Awards, Burns won his second Jack Adams trophy. He followed that performance with another trip to the conference finals in 1994, losing in five to the Vancouver Canucks. The Leafs again made the playoffs in 1995, but following a disappointing losing streak during the 1996 season, Burns was let go.

Burns took a year off from hockey before being hired to coach the Boston Bruins in 1997. He won the Jack Adams at the end of the season, making him the only coach in history to win the award three separate times. All three of his wins came in his introductory season with the team. The Bruins continued to have success until the 1999-2000 season, when they missed the playoffs, the first time in Burns's career where his team missed the playoffs. Burns was fired eight games into the 2000-01 season, following a disappointing 3-4-1 record.

Burns finished his head coaching career with the New Jersey Devils, leading them to the Stanley Cup in 2003 while winning over 40 games in both seasons as coach of the team. He resigned in 2005 in an effort to focus on his health and treatment following a cancer diagnosis in 2004, though he remained with the organisation as a special assignment coach.

Personal life
Burns was born in Montreal to Geralda "Louise" Girardeau and Alfred Burns. Pat was the youngest of 6 children, he has 4 older sisters and 1 older brother (Violet, Alfred "Sonny", Lillian, Phyllis and Diane).

The Burns family moved to Gatineau, Quebec, following the death of Alfred in an industrial incident, when Pat was 4 years old.

Before his career in hockey, he was a police officer in Gatineau. Burns originally studied to be a welder, but became a police officer after hearing they were in need for positions. Burns had lied about his age to get the job, stating he was 18 when in actuality, he was 17. He would hold the position for sixteen years.

Burns survived colon cancer in 2004 and liver cancer in 2005, retiring from coaching after the second diagnosis. In 2009 Burns announced that his colon cancer had returned and metastasized to his lungs, was thus inoperable, and therefore he decided to forgo further treatment. During an April 2010 interview Burns stated "I know my life is nearing its end and I accept that." Gesturing to a group of local minor hockey players, he said: "A young player could come from Stanstead who plays in an arena named after me. I probably won't see the project to the end, but let's hope I'm looking down on it and see a young Wayne Gretzky or Mario Lemieux."

He was married to Line Burns. He had two children, a son from a long-term relationship and a daughter from a previous marriage.

He was the cousin of Robin Burns.

Death
It was reported on September 16, 2010, that Burns's health had suddenly deteriorated and that he had returned to his home in Magog, Quebec, to be with his family. Reports surfaced the following day that Burns had died that morning, but Burns's son denied news reports that his father had died. That same day, an online report by the Toronto Sun also incorrectly reported Burns's death, but was quickly revealed to be erroneous. Burns himself talked to both English and French media about the incident, denying that he had died and asked that his status be clarified immediately.

He died on November 19, 2010, in Sherbrooke, Quebec, at the Maison Aube-Lumière, of colon cancer, which had eventually spread to his lungs.

Shortly after his funeral, thieves broke into Burns's widow's car, stealing personal belongings, credit cards and numerous pieces of hockey memorabilia, including 30 autographed NHL jerseys that were to be auctioned for charity. Some of the items were later recovered. One day after his death, prior to a game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens (two of the teams he coached) at the Bell Centre, there was a special tribute video highlighting the great moments of his coaching career, followed by a moment of silence.

Legacy
Burns has been frequently mentioned as one of the best coaches in the history of the National Hockey League, often appearing in lists and discussions between fans and sports websites.

Burns is the only coach in history to win the Jack Adams Award three separate times, with all three of his wins came in his introductory season with that respective NHL team. He led two teams to the Stanley Cup Finals in inaugural seasons with two teams, losing in 1989 and winning in 2003. He coached four total teams and led each to the playoffs at least twice.

In 2011, an arena bearing Burns's name was built at Stanstead College, a private boarding school in the Eastern Townships.

On March 26, 2010, a Facebook group was launched by three Canadian hockey fans calling for Burns to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame before he succumbed to cancer. The "Let's Get Pat Burns into the Hockey Hall of Fame – NOW!" group attracted over 39,000 members in its first week. In its second week the group's membership had grown to over 54,000, and surpassed 80,000 at its conclusion. Burns was not selected for the 2010 class of inductees, and was posthumously announced as an inductee on June 23, 2014.

title: Pat Burns


text: User talk:207.216.30.194

title: User talk:207.216.30.194


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Duke of Magenta (horse)

Duke of Magenta (1875–1899) was one of the most successful racehorses in the United States in the 19th century.

Background
Foaled in 1875 at the Woodburn Stud near Lexington, Kentucky, he was owned by New York City tobacco tycoon George L. Lorillard and trained by Hall of Famer R. Wyndham Walden. Duke of Magenta was one of the last sons of the Thoroughbred sire Lexington.

Racing career
In 1878, Duke of Magenta won the Preakness Stakes, the Withers Stakes, the Belmont Stakes, and the Travers Stakes, a feat accomplished since by only two other colts: Man o' War and Native Dancer. Excluding the Withers, he is also one of only seven horses to have won the Preakness, Belmont, and Travers.

In Duke of Magenta's day, the Derby was a recently established race not yet considered important by East Coast breeders. Duke of Magenta died on September 20, 1899, at the farm of J. McCloud in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Honors
In 2011, Duke of Magenta was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Sire line tree

 * Duke of Magenta
 * Leo
 * Young Duke
 * Duke of Kent
 * Eric

title: Duke of Magenta (horse)


text:
Gunnedah

Gunnedah is a town in north-central New South Wales, Australia and is the seat of the Gunnedah Shire local government area. In the the town recorded a population of 8,338. Gunnedah is situated within the Liverpool Plains, a fertile agricultural region, with 80% of the surrounding shire area devoted to farming. The Namoi River flows west then north-west through the town providing water beneficial to agricultural operations in the area.

The Gunnedah area is a significant producer of cotton, coal, beef, lamb and pork, and cereal and oilseed grains. Gunnedah is also home to AgQuip, Australia's largest annual agricultural field day.

Gunnedah is located on the Oxley and Kamilaroi Highways providing convenient road links to much of the northern sector of the state including to the regional centre Tamworth, 75 km distant. The town has a station on the Mungindi railway line and is served by the daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer passenger service to and from Sydney and Moree.

It claims the title "Koala Capital of World".

In recent years the local shire council has moved away from this promotional tagline and there are concerns over the health of the local koala population and the impacts of climate change and local mining developments on koala habitat.

History
Gunnedah and the surrounding areas were originally inhabited by Aboriginal Australians speaking the Kamilaroi (Gamilaraay) language. The name of the town in Kamilaroi means "Place of White Stones". The area now occupied by the town was settled by European sheep farmers in 1833 or 1834. With settlement in the area focused on wool production, Gunnedah was initially known as 'The Woolshed' until taking its name from the local Indigenous people who called themselves the Gunn-e-darr, the most famous of whom was Cumbo Gunnerah.

Dorothea Mackellar wrote her famous poem My Country (popularly known as I Love a Sunburnt Country) about her family's farm near Gunnedah. This is remembered by the annual Dorothea Mackellar Poetry Awards for school students held in Gunnedah.

Coal was discovered on Black Jack Hill in 1877. By 1891, 6,000 tons of coal had been raised from shafts. The Gunnedah Colliery Company was registered in May 1899 and by 22 June a private railway some 5.7 km in length had been completed from the railway station to their mine. In September 1957, the Government Railway took over the working of the line.

In early 2012, Gunnedah experienced a mining boom resulting in rental properties being leased by mining companies for up to $1,350 per week.

Heritage listings
Gunnedah has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Werris Creek-Moree railway: Gunnedah railway station
 * Gunnedah Leather Processors

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there are 9,726 people in Gunnedah.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 13.7% of the population.
 * 86.2% of people were born in Australia and 90.2% of people only spoke English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Anglican 28.8%, Catholic 27.3% and No Religion 20.3%.

Sports
The most popular sport in Gunnedah by a wide margin is Rugby league. The local team, the Gunnedah Bulldogs, play out of Kitchener Park. They compete in the Group 4 Rugby League competition, in which they have won seven premierships.

Other sports teams include the Gunnedah AFL Bulldogs and Gunnedah Red Devils RUFC.

Geography
Gunnedah Shire is situated 264 m above sea level on the Liverpool Plains in the Namoi River valley. It is very flat; the tallest hills are 400 to 500 m above sea level. The climate is hot in summer, mild in winter and dry, although rainstorms in catchment areas occasionally cause flooding of the Namoi River. Major floods cut transport links to the town, briefly isolating it from the outside world. The town is located on a rich coal seam and within the northern New South Wales wheat belt.

The Gunnedah area is noted for its abundance of native wildlife, including kangaroos, echidnas and koalas. Koalas can often be found in trees within the town, as well as in the surrounding countryside with the help of signs placed by the local tourist centre. The koala population is considered to be the largest koala colony in the state, west of the Great Dividing Range.

Climate
Gunnedah has a textbook subtropical climate with temperatures regularly rising above 40 °C in summer and dropping below 0 °C in winter. This is due to the town's far inland location on the North West Slopes. Its average annual rainfall is 632.9 mm, which is spread throughout the year, however severe thunderstorms in the summer months often cause heavy downpours which boost rainfall totals.

The highest daily maximum temperature recorded was 48.7 C, on 24 January 1882; the lowest daily maximum temperature recorded was 4.4 C, on 4 August 1921. Snowfall is very rare, with the most recent occurrence in 1984.

Education
Gunnedah has three secondary schools: Gunnedah High School, Carinya Christian school and St Mary's College. There are three government (Gunnedah Public School, Gunnedah South Public School, and G.S. Kidd Memorial School) and two non-government (St Xavier's Catholic School and Carinya Christian School) primary schools. A campus of the New England Institute of TAFE is also located within the town.

Media
Local media include the Gunnedah Times and Namoi Valley Independent newspapers and the radio stations 2MO and 2GGG. The Namoi Valley Independent, published by Australian Community Media, switched to a digital-only newspaper model in 2020. The Gunnedah Times started as a print newspaper in November 2020 and is published by the Dunnet family, of Narrabri, who also publishes the bi-weekly The Courier newspaper in Narrabri. 2MO began broadcasting in 1930 and was only the fourth Radio Licence issued in Australia, being the first station established in Australia outside a capital city.

Transport
The Oxley Highway and the Kamilaroi Highway both pass through Gunnedah, for a short distance, concurrently. The Oxley Highway leads to Tamworth in the east and Coonabarabran to the west. The Kamilaroi Highway leads to Quirindi to the south-east and Boggabri to the north-west.

Railway station
Gunnedah railway station is situated on the Mungindi (or North West) railway line, 475 km from Sydney. The station, opened in 1879, consists of a substantial station building on a single side platform, a passing loop and small goods yard. There are also sidings serving an adjacent flour mill. To the west of the station there are extensive sidings serving grain silos and loop sidings serving coal loading facilities. For a brief three-year period after the railway arrived in Gunnedah it was the railhead until construction was completed to Boggabri and then to Narrabri South Junction in 1882. Currently a single daily Xplorer diesel railmotor operating between Sydney and Moree serves the station.

Notable Gunnedahians

 * Leanne Castley – Member of the ACT Legislative Assembly
 * Sara Carrigan – Olympic Gold Medallist
 * Gordon Bray – Sports Commentator
 * John "Dallas" Donnelly – rugby league player
 * Tom Gleeson – Comedian
 * Lindsay Johnston – rugby league player
 * Miranda Kerr – model
 * Katrina Burgoyne - Country music singer
 * Michael Kilborn – cricketer and cardiologist
 * Dorothea Mackellar – poet
 * Sam Naismith - Australian rules footballer
 * Gillian Campbell - Olympic rower
 * John O'Neill – rugby league player
 * Erica Packer – model and singer, ex-wife of James Packer.
 * Angus Roberts – rugby union player
 * Ben Smith – rugby league player
 * Pat Studdy-Clift - author
 * Ron Turner – rugby league player
 * James Wynne – rugby league player
 * Sergeant Leonard Siffleet – WWII Commando
 * Harry Wilson - Rugby Union player, Queensland Reds and Wallabies.

title: Gunnedah


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Fosbury flop

The Fosbury flop is a jumping style used in the track and field sport of high jump. It was popularized and perfected by American athlete Dick Fosbury, whose gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City brought it to the world's attention. The flop became the dominant style of the event; before Fosbury, most elite jumpers used the straddle technique, Western Roll, Eastern cut-off, or scissors jump to clear the bar. Though the backwards flop technique had been known for years before Fosbury, landing surfaces had been sandpits or low piles of matting and high jumpers had to land on their feet or at least land carefully to prevent injury. With the advent of deep foam matting, high jumpers were able to be more adventurous in their landing styles and hence more experimental with jumping styles.

Technique
The approach (or run-up) in the Fosbury flop is characterized by (at least) the final four or five steps being run in a curve, allowing the athlete to lean in to the turn, away from the bar. This allows the center of gravity to be lowered even before knee flexion, giving a longer time period for the take-off thrust. Additionally, on take-off, the sudden move from inward lean to outwards produces a rotation of the jumper's body along the bar's axis, aiding clearance.

Combined with the rotation around the jumper's vertical axis (center around the waist, which rotates) produced by the drive leg (similar to an ice skater spinning around on one spot), the resulting body position on bar clearance is laid out supine with the body at ninety degrees to the bar with the head and shoulders crossing the bar before the trunk and legs. This gives the Flop its characteristic "backward over the bar" appearance, with the athlete landing on the mat on their shoulders and back.

While in flight, the athlete can progressively arch shoulders, back, and legs in a rolling motion, keeping as much of the body as possible below the bar. It is theoretically possible for the center of mass to pass under the bar.

While the straddle style required strength in the takeoff knee and could be used by relatively burly athletes (cf. Valeriy Brumel), the Flop allowed athletes of a slender build to use their co-ordination to greater effect and not risk knee injuries, which they had previously suffered from other styles.

Predominantly, athletes using the flop use a J shaped approach, where the first three-to-five strides head in a straight line at ninety degrees to the bar, with the final four-to-five being run in a curve (noted above).

Fosbury himself cleared the bar with his hands by his sides, whereas some athletes cross the bar with their arms held out to the side or even above their heads, optimizing their mass-distribution. Studies show that variations in approach, arm technique, and other factors can be adjusted to achieve each athlete's best performance.

For reasons similar to those noted as drawbacks to the J shaped approach, the Flop's optimal speed of approach is not a full-out sprint. Similarly, increasing the number of strides beyond eight or ten is not recommended unless the athlete has achieved high consistency in the approach and can handle the increased speed. The angle of take-off towards the bar is usually somewhere between fifteen and thirty degrees. The angle must not be too shallow, or the jumper jumps too far along the bar, landing on it. If the angle is too wide, there is not enough time to "layout" in the air.

The "broken" leg (which is thrust into the air first at take-off) is always the nearer leg to the bar. Thus someone who uses a left foot take-off (where the left foot transmits the jump force and is the latter to leave the ground) will approach the bar from its right-hand side, curving to their left to approach their right shoulder. The right leg will drive into the air, and the jumper's body rotates anti-clockwise around the vertical axis to present their back to the bar in flight.

As well as driving the leg and hips at take-off, the athlete should drive or even swing one or both arms into the air, contributing to the upwards momentum.

title: Fosbury flop


text:
Hochelaga-Maisonneuve

Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is a neighbourhood in Montreal, Canada, situated in the east end of the island, generally to the south of the city's Olympic Stadium and east of downtown.

Historically a poor neighbourhood, it has experienced significant change and gentrification in recent years.

Early history
Hochelaga was named after the Iroquois village of the same name, first visited by explorer Jacques Cartier in 1534. The neighbourhood was at one time believed to be the location of the historic village, but modern historians and anthropologists have not reached agreement on the exact location.

Present-day Hochelaga was founded as a suburban village in 1863. Industry soon started moving in, including the Hudon and Sainte-Anne cotton mills and in 1876 the terminal and railway shops of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway.

In December 1883, Hochelaga was annexed to the city of Montreal against the demands of some of its landowners to the east. In response, they separated their territory to found the village of Maisonneuve.

Maisonneuve grew rapidly between 1896 and 1915 and became of one Canada's largest industrial suburbs, marketed as a model industrial city and the Pittsburgh of Canada during the first two decades of the 20th century. These factories hired many workers, including immigrants and people from the surrounding countryside. They worked in the shoe, textile, tanning, slaughterhouse, tobacco, food, and shipbuilding industries.

In 1918, $18 million in debt, Maisonneuve was forced to annex to Montreal, consolidated the neighbourhood as Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.

The Montreal Botanical Garden was opened in 1931.

Decline
The construction of major transportation infrastructures such as Highway 25 in 1967, required the demolition of some 2,000 homes and institutional buildings. These changes, combined with the movement of capital and production to Toronto, hurt the neighbourhood's economy and vitality. Many factories left the area, along with numerous residents.

In 1976 the Olympic Stadium was opened, in time for the Summer Olympics. Beginning in the 1980s, factories started shutting down at an alarming rate, leaving the neighborhood ridden with poverty and a high concentration of welfare, especially in Hochelaga. This has led to a population exodus, relatively high crime rates, and a generally unfavorable view of the area.

The district became particularly notorious for prostitution, a contentious issue for many years.

During the Quebec Biker War, the Hells Angels had their clubhouse in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, which worsened its reputation for criminality.

In the most notorious incident of the guerre des motards, on 9 August 1995, a drug dealer was killed by a bomb planted in his jeep while the shrapnel badly injured an 11-year boy, Daniel Desrochers, who died of his wounds four days later.

Present day
The 2010s were marked by increased gentrification, the arrival of students and professionals, and condo development leading to protests and some cases of vandalism of commerce. Notable areas that developed include the Promenade Ontario shopping street and the Place Simon Valois revitalized in 2017.

Despite this, areas continue to struggle with poverty, prostitution and drug trafficking, particularly in the south-western corner of Hochelaga on Rue Sainte-Catherine Est.

In summer 2020, in the same area, a significant number of homeless people began camping along Rue Notre-Dame, creating something akin to a tent city. This was attributed in part to the ongoing housing crisis in Montreal, significantly heightened by unemployment due to the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as overcrowding of existing shelters.

In December 2020, the camp was shut down by the police, following a fire a few days earlier and hygiene concerns. This occurred despite promises from the mayor that they would not be forcibly relocated.

However, by the summer of 2022, many of the occupants had gradually returned, and were again removed by the SPVM in June, leading to an outcry from homeless advocates and certain opposition politicians.

Features
A notable attraction is the Olympic Park, which contains the Stadium, Olympic Tower, Saputo Stadium, Biodome, Olympic Pool and Maurice Richard Arena. The Biodome was renovated between 2018 and 2020. It reopened to the public on August 31, 2020.

Part of Parc Maisonneuve is in the neighbourhood, as is the Marché Maisonneuve, one of the city's largest public markets.

Recent features to develop include Promenade Ontario, a shopping street that becomes pedestrian in the summer to host street fairs and street performers.

The revitalized Place Simon Valois, a public square on the corner of Ontario and Valois, is home to a variety of new commerces and attractions as well.

The borough operates the Hochelaga and Maisonneuve libraries.

Geography
A part of the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, its borders are roughly the CP rail line west of Rue Moreau to the west, Rue Sherbrooke to the north, the train tracks east of Rue Viau to the east, and the Saint Lawrence River to the south.

Boulevard Pie-IX is the traditional dividing point between Hochelaga and Maisonneuve.

It is bordered by Ville-Marie (Centre-Sud) to the west, Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie to the north, and Mercier to the east.

Its main commercial arteries running east to west are Rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Rue Ontario, Rue Hochelaga and Avenue Pierre de Coubertin.

Transportation
Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is served by the Préfontaine, Joliette, Pie-IX and Viau stations on the Green Line.

The following STM bus routes transit through the neighbourhood;

Popular culture
Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is prominently featured in Québécois culture and media.

Notable songs about the neighbourhood include Voyou by Les Cowboys Fringants,  Hochelaga by Alexandre Poulin as well as La question à 100 piasses and Rue Ontario by Bernard Adamus.

The film Hochelaga directed by Michel Jetté and the documentary East End Forever are also about the neighbourhood.

Politics
Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is located in the federal riding of Hochelaga, and represented by MP Soraya Martinez Ferrada of the Liberal Party.

Provincially it's located in the riding of the same name, and represented by MNA Alexandre Leduc of Québec Solidaire.

Municipally it's part of Hochelaga and Maisonneuve–Longue-Pointe, represented by Éric Alan Caldwell and Laurence Lavigne-Lalonde of Projet Montréal at the Montreal City Council.

Notable people

 * Pierre Falardeau, film director, activist for Quebec independence
 * Julien Poulin, film director and actor
 * Bernard Adamus, singer-songwriter
 * Robert Guy Scully, journalist, English-rights activist
 * Maurice Boucher, outlaw biker, former Hells Angels president

Education
The Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) operates French-language public schools.

Elementary

 * École Baril
 * École Notre-Dame-de-L'Assomption
 * École Maisonneuve
 * École Saint-Clément
 * École Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-Lasalle

High school

 * École Sécondaire Chomedey-De Maisonneuve

Specialized

 * École des Métiers de la Construction de Montréal
 * École pour Adultes Centre Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
 * École Eulalie-Durocher (for intellectually disabled)

The English Montreal School Board (EMSB) operates English-language schools.

Elementary

 * Edward Murphy Elementary School (in nearby Mercier)

High school
(for high school, students must go to nearby Vincent Massey Collegiate in Rosemont or F.A.C.E. School downtown)

title: Hochelaga-Maisonneuve


text:
User talk:Ichigo20

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the article describing how to edit a page and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * When editing pages, use the preview button before submitting and try to fill in the summary box for every edit.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~ (4 tildes).

title: User talk:Ichigo20


text:
List of hentai anime

This is a list of notable hentai anime. Hentai is anime and manga that contains pornographic content.

title: List of hentai anime


text:
List of eroge

This is a list of Japanese erotic video games, also known in Japan as eroge. This list does not include fan created parodies. The market in Japan for this type of game is quite large, and only a small number of the games gain any level of recognition beyond the fans of the genre.

0–9

 * 5 (video game)
 * 11eyes: Tsumi to Batsu to Aganai no Shōjo
 * 21: Two One

A

 * After...
 * Air
 * Aiyoku no Eustia
 * Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka
 * Akane Maniax
 * Akiba Girls
 * Alpha
 * Angel
 * Angels in the Court
 * Ayakashi

B

 * Baldr Force
 * Baldr Sky
 * Battle Raper series
 * Battle Raper
 * Battle Raper 2
 * Beat Angel Escalayer
 * Bible Black
 * Bittersweet Fools

C

 * Cafe Little Wish
 * Campus (anime)
 * Canary (video game)
 * Canvas2
 * Cat Girl Alliance (Koneko Doumei)
 * Caucasus: Nanatsuki no Nie
 * Cherry Petals Fall Like Teardrops
 * Clear (video game)
 * Clover Heart's
 * Cobra Mission: Panic in Cobra City
 * Comic Party
 * Cosmos no Sora ni
 * Criminal Girls: Invite Only
 * Cross Channel
 * Cross Days

D

 * Da Capo
 * Da Capo II
 * December When There Is No Angel
 * Demonbane
 * Desire
 * The Devil on G-String
 * Divi-Dead
 * Djibril – The Devil Angel
 * Do You Like Horny Bunnies?
 * Dohna Dohna
 * Dōkyūsei series by ELF
 * Dōkyūsei (Classmates)
 * Dōkyūsei 2
 * Dōsei (Cohabitation)
 * Dracu-riot!
 * Dragon Knight series
 * Dragon Knight
 * Dragon Knight II
 * Dragon Knight III (Knights of Xentar)
 * Dragon Knight 4
 * Dramatical Murder

E

 * Eden*
 * Ef: A Fairy Tale of the Two
 * Él
 * Enzai: Falsely Accused
 * Eternal Fantasy
 * EVE Burst Error

F

 * FairChild
 * FairlyLife
 * Fate/stay night by Type-Moon
 * Fate/hollow ataraxia
 * Flyable Heart
 * Fortune Arterial
 * The Fruit of Grisaia
 * Full Metal Daemon: Muramasa
 * Furifuri

G

 * Gaku Ou: The Royal Seven Stars
 * Gals Panic series
 * Gekkō no Carnevale
 * Gift
 * Girl Next Door
 * Go Go Burunyanman
 * A Good Librarian Like a Good Shepherd
 * Green Green
 * The Guts! series

H

 * H2O: Footprints in the Sand
 * Happiness! (video game)
 * Haru no Ashioto
 * Harukoi Otome
 * Hatsuyuki Sakura
 * Heart de Roommate
 * Hello, Good-bye
 * Honey Select
 * HoneyComing
 * Hoshiuta
 * Hoshizora e Kakaru Hashi
 * Hoshizora no Memoria

I

 * The Idol Janshi Suchie-Pai series
 * If My Heart Had Wings
 * Imouto Paradise!
 * Imouto Paradise 2
 * In Search of the Lost Future
 * Iro ni Ide ni Keri Waga Koi wa
 * Itaike na Kanojo

J

 * Jingai Makyō

K

 * Kagetsu Tohya
 * Kamikaze Explorer!
 * Kana: Little Sister
 * Kango Shicyauzo
 * Kanojo × Kanojo × Kanojo
 * Kanon
 * Kara no Shojo
 * Kaze no Uta
 * Kikokugai
 * Kimi ga Nozomu Eien
 * Kimi no Nagori wa Shizuka ni Yurete
 * Kindred Spirits on the Roof
 * Kira Kira
 * A Kiss for the Petals
 * Kizuato
 * Knights of Xentar (Dragon Knight III)
 * Koihime Musō
 * Kono Aozora ni Yakusoku wo
 * Kud Wafter
 * Kurenai no Tsuki
 * Kusari

L

 * Lady Sword
 * Lamune
 * Lightning Warrior Raidy
 * Lightning Warrior Raidy II:~Temple Of Desire~
 * Little Busters!
 * Lolita Syndrome
 * Love, Election and Chocolate

M

 * Magic Woman M (Magical Girl Meruru)
 * Magical Canan
 * Mahjong Sisters
 * Maitetsu
 * Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (Majikoi!)
 * Maji Suki: Marginal Skip
 * Maple Colors
 * Mashiroiro Symphony
 * Mizuiro
 * Moekan
 * Moon
 * Moonlight Lady
 * Muv-Luv
 * My Girlfriend Is the President

N

 * Naka no Hito nado Inai! Tokyo Hero Project
 * Nanatsuiro Drops
 * Nee Pon? × Rai Pon!
 * The Nekopara series
 * Night Life
 * Night Shift Nurses
 * Night Slave
 * Nightwalker: The Midnight Detective
 * No, Thank You!!!
 * Nocturnal Illusion
 * Nora, Princess, and Stray Cat
 * North Wind (video game)
 * Nostradamus ni Kiite Miro
 * Nursery Rhyme

O

 * One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e
 * Orange Pocket
 * Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru (Otoboku)

P

 * Peace@Pieces
 * Phantom of Inferno
 * Pipi & Bibi's
 * Poibos Part 1
 * Popotan
 * Princess Holiday
 * Princess Lover!
 * Prism Heart
 * Prism Ark
 * Prism Rhythm
 * Puzznic

R

 * R.U.R.U.R.
 * The Rance series by AliceSoft
 * Rapelay
 * Really? Really!
 * Ren'ai CHU!
 * Root After and Another
 * Rui wa Tomo o Yobu
 * Rumbling Hearts

S

 * Saishū Shiken Kujira
 * Sakura no Uta
 * Sakura Sakura
 * Sakura Strasse
 * Sanarara
 * Saori
 * Saya no Uta
 * School Days
 * Summer Days
 * Cross Days
 * Shiny Summer Days
 * Season of the Sakura
 * Sekai to Sekai no Mannaka de
 * Sexfriend
 * Sharin no Kuni: The Girl Among the Sunflowers
 * Shikkoku no Sharnoth: What a Beautiful Tomorrow
 * Shizuku
 * Shuffle!
 * Shuffle! Love Rainbow
 * Shukufuku no Campanella
 * Snow
 * Snow Sakura
 * Sora no Iro, Mizu no Iro (SoraMizu)
 * Sora o Tobu, Mittsu no Hōhō.
 * Soul Link
 * Stellar Theater
 * Steam-Heart's
 * Stepmother's Sin
 * The Story of Little Monica
 * Suika
 * _Summer (video game)
 * Suzunone Seven!

T

 * Tayutama: Kiss on my Deity
 * Tears to Tiara
 * Tea Society of a Witch
 * Tenshin Ranman: Lucky or Unlucky!?
 * Tenshitachi no Gogo
 * Three Sisters' Story
 * Tick! Tack!
 * Time Leap
 * Togainu no Chi
 * To Heart
 * To Heart 2
 * Tōka Gettan
 * Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life
 * Tōshin Toshi
 * Tournament of the Gods
 * Triangle Heart
 * True Love
 * Tsuki wa Higashi ni Hi wa Nishi ni: Operation Sanctuary (Hanihani)
 * Tsukihime
 * Tsuyokiss
 * Twinkle Crusaders

U

 * Utawarerumono

V

 * Valkyrie Complex
 * The Vanilla Series
 * Variable Geo
 * VR Kanojo

W

 * W.L.O. Sekai Renai Kikō
 * Wagamama High Spec
 * Walkure Romanze
 * We Without Wings
 * The Welcome to Pia Carrot series
 * White Album
 * White Album 2
 * Wind: A Breath of Heart
 * Wonderful Everyday
 * Words Worth

Y

 * Yami to Bōshi to Hon no Tabibito
 * Yorite Konoha wa Kurenai ni
 * Yosuga no Sora
 * Yume Miru Kusuri: A Drug That Makes You Dream
 * YU-NO: A Girl Who Chants Love at the Bound of this World

Z

 * Zettai Fukuju Meirei

title: List of eroge