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Baker Hughes

Baker Hughes Company is an American energy company based in Houston, Texas. As one of the world's largest oil field services companies, it provides products and services for oil well drilling, formation evaluation, completion, production, and reservoir consulting. It operates in over 120 countries, with research and manufacturing facilities in Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Oklahoma, Louisiana and Missouri. From 2017 to 2020, the company was majority owned by General Electric (GE); however, GE no longer owns an economic stake in the company. The company is incorporated in Delaware.

Divisions
The company divides its organization into the following segments:

 * Oilfield    Services and Equipment – Provides drilling, evaluation, completion, production, and intervention, subsea production     systems, flexible pipes, and related services to the petroleum industry.
 * Industrial and    Energy Technology – Provides equipment and related services for     mechanical-drive, compression and power-generation applications as well as     measurement and software products and services, across the petroleum     industry and industrial segments.

History
Baker Hughes traces its roots to the 1987 merger of Hughes Tool Company and Baker Oil Tool Company and the company has subsequently grown via acquisitions.

Hughes Tool Company

The Hughes Tool Company was founded in 1908 by business partners Walter Benona Sharp and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., father of Howard Hughes, Jr. That year, Hughes, Sr. and Sharp developed the first two-cone drill bit, designed to enable rotary drilling in harder, deeper formations than was possible with earlier fishtail bits. They conducted two secret tests on a drilling rig in Goose Creek, Texas. Each time, Hughes asked the drilling crew to leave the rig floor, pulled the bit from a locked wooden box, and then his associates ran the bit into the hole. The drill pipe twisted off on the first test, but the second was extremely successful. Following these successful drill bit tests, the partners founded the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company in 1909. The first shop to manufacture the bit occupied a 20-foot by 40-foot rented space. On August 10, 1909, the United States Patent and Trademark Office granted a patent to Hughes.

After Walter Sharp died in 1912, Hughes purchased Sharp's half of the business. The company was renamed Hughes Tool Company in 1915, and Hughes, Jr. inherited it after his father's death in 1924. In 1933, the company introduced the Tricone drill bit. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Hughes Tool Company remained a private enterprise, owned by Hughes. While Hughes was engaged in his Hollywood and aviation enterprises, managers in Houston, such as Fred W. Ayers and Maynard Ellsworth Montrose, kept the tool company growing through technical innovation and international expansion. In 1958, the Engineering and Research Laboratory was enlarged to accommodate six laboratory sections that housed specialized instruments, such as a direct reading spectrometer and x-ray diffractometer. In 1959, Hughes introduced self-lubricating, sealed bearing rock bits. After collecting data from thousands of bit runs, Hughes introduced the first comprehensive guides to efficient drilling practices in 1960; in 1964, X-Line rock bits were introduced, combining new cutting structure designs and hydraulic jets.

Hughes Tool Company acquired Brown Oil Tools in 1978. Brown Oil Tools was founded by Cicero C. Brown in 1929 in Houston and patented the first liner hanger in 1937. Liner hangers enable drillers to lengthen their casing strings without having the liner pipe extend all the way to the surface. This saves capital cost and reduces weight borne by offshore platforms.

Oil Base Inc. (OBI), founded by George Miller in 1942, was acquired by Hughes Tool Company in 1979, and renamed Hughes Drilling Fluids in 1982. In 1949, OBI introduced Black Magic SFT, a drilling fluid additive to free stuck pipe that is still sold today.

Baker Oil Tool Company
Reuben C. Baker (1872–1957) was a farm boy who never advanced in school beyond the third grade. He followed his brother Aaron Alphonso Baker into the oil business. In 1895, he got a job in a California oilfield driving a horse team to haul oil for drillers. One year later, he became a drilling contractor. In July 1907, he was granted a U.S. patent for a casing shoe that enabled drillers to efficiently run casing and cement it in oil wells. The casing shoe revolutionized cable tool drilling by ensuring the uninterrupted flow of oil through the bottom of the casing in the well. In 1913, he founded Baker Casing Shoe Company. In the 1920s, it expanded into national and international markets. In 1928, Baker Casing Shoe Company changed its name to Baker Oil Tools, Inc. to reflect its product line of completion, cementing, and fishing equipment. Baker Oil Tools expanded to Houston in the 1920s.

In 1942, driven in part by the shortage of steel during World War II, the company introduced the Model D Packer, which enabled multiple completions in the same well. In 1943, the company earned the Army-Navy E Flag for its wartime manufacturing contributions.

In early 1956, during one of the most successful periods in the company's history, Baker retired as President of Baker Oil Tools and was succeeded by his long-time associate Ted Sutter. Baker died only a few weeks later after a brief illness at the age of 85. Although he only had three years of formal education, Baker received more than 150 patents in his lifetime. In 1962, it acquired Pressure Services. In 1963, it acquired Kobe, one of the largest manufacturers of hydraulic systems for oil well pumping.

In 1964, Sutter was succeeded by E.H. "Hubie" Clark, who became the first Baker Hughes chairman of the board in 1987. During its 80-year history prior to its merger with Baker Hughes, Baker Oil Tools had only three chief executive officers.

In 1970, Baker Oil Tools acquired Lynes, Inc., which produced liner hangers and other completion equipment. In 1978, Baker Oil Tools introduced the Bakerline casing liner hanger. In 1985, the FlexLock Liner Hanger was introduced, extending the performance range and functionality of liner hanger systems. In 1987, the Brown liner hanger technology was merged into Baker Oil Tools. In 1992, Baker Oil Tools introduced the ZXP Liner Top Packer, with expandable metal seals, which set the stage for development of expandable screens, casing systems and liner hangers. In 1994, Baker Oil Tools introduced multilateral completion systems, which enabled operators to install completion tools and perform selective intervention work in multiple horizontal sections from a common main borehole.

In 1971, the company acquired Milchem, a provider of drilling fluids, for approximately $20 million in stock. In 1931, Max B. Miller devised a drilling mud using a white clay as a weighting material. To market the new mud, he formed The Milwhite Company in Texas. In the mid-1930s, the company mined barites in conjunction with the Magnet Cove Barium Corporation (later called Magcobar). After a hiatus during World War II, the company resumed grinding operations using barite from a mine in Missouri and conducted mud sales through independent distributors. After 1956, Milwhite Mud Sales Company built its own sales network. In 1963, the company acquired Aquaness, and in 1964 the combination became Milchem.

In 1972, the company acquired Exploration Logging Company (EXLOG), a leader in mud logging. EXLOG was founded in 1952 in Sacramento, California by Vern C. Jones, and had 800 employees.

In November 1975, the company acquired Reed Tool Cornpany of Houston in a $120 million stock transaction.

In 1976, it became Baker International Corporation with almost all of its operations headquartered in Houston.

In 1985, Baker International acquired the drilling fluids division of Newpark Resources and merged it with Milchem's mud division to form Milpark.

Merger to form Baker Hughes (1987)
As a result of the 1980s oil glut, in 1987, Baker International merged with Hughes Tool Company in a $728 million stock transaction to form Baker Hughes Incorporated. The merger required Baker to enter into a consent decree to divest Reed Tool Company, Reed's facility in Singapore, and its Baker Lift division. Hughes attempted to terminate the agreement after Baker entered into the consent decree; however, Baker sued Hughes for $1 billion and Hughes shareholders voted overwhelmingly to complete the transaction.

Violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (2001–2003)
In April 2007, the company pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and agreed to pay $44.1 million in fines and penalties for making $4.1 million in "commission" payments between 2001 and 2003 that allegedly resulted in an oil-services contract in the Karachaganak Field in Kazakhstan.

Largest vessel in Gulf of Mexico (2001)
In 2001, the company introduced the largest fracking proppants vessel for deepwater work in the Gulf of Mexico. It was named after founder Howard R. Hughes Sr.

Threat of strike action (2012)
On June 11, 2012, during the annual period of negotiations between trade unions, including SAFE, the Norwegian union for energy workers, and their employer counterparts in Norway, 114 Baker Hughes employees were called to a strike action, which would have affected over a dozen installations. On June 18, 2012, the strike was called off after the parties agreed to a new collective agreement.

Emissions
In January 2019, Baker Hughes pledged to reduce carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by 50% by 2030, and 100% by 2050 from a 2012 baseline.

In June 2021, Baker Hughes signed a memorandum of understanding with Borg CO2 to develop carbon capture, liquefaction, and transportation technologies on a waste-to-energy plant in Sarpsborg.

1989–1990 acquisitions and divestitures
In 1989, the company acquired Bird Machine Company for $47.5 million, Vetco Services for $37 million, and EDECO Petroleum Services for $12.1 million. In 1990, the company acquired Eastman Christensen, a leader in directional drilling systems and diamond bit technology, for $600 million. It also acquired the instrumentation units of Tracor Holdings for $93.7 million in cash and Chemlink for $136 million in cash. In 1990, the company also sold Totco division of its Exlog subsidiary to NOV Inc. for $41 million in cash and stock.

Eastman Christensen (1990)
In 1929, H. John Eastman introduced "controlled directional drilling" in Huntington Beach, California, using whipstocks and magnetic survey instruments to deflect the drill pipe from shore-based rigs to reach oil deposits offshore. In 1934, Eastman Whipstock Inc. was founded by Eastman and Roman W. Hines, the same year the company drilled the world's first relief well to control a blowout in Conroe, Texas, that had been on fire for more than a year.

In 1957, Frank Christensen's Christensen Diamond Products opened a manufacturing plant in Celle, Germany. The facility built diamond core heads and drilling bits and soon began producing stabilizers, drilling jars and other equipment. In 1977, the Celle engineering and manufacturing team introduced the Navi-Drill line of downhole drilling motors, which has led the drilling industry in performance and reliability for three decades. Other innovations developed in Celle include the industry's first steerable motor system, and the AutoTrak Rotary Closed Loop System, a pioneering directional drilling tool. In 1978, Christensen Diamond Products was acquired by Norton Co. and changed its name to Norton Christensen. In 1986, Eastman Whipstock merged with Norton Christensen to form Eastman Christensen.

In 1990, Baker Hughes acquired Eastman Christensen from Norton Abrasives for $550 million. To receive approval from the United States Department of Justice, the company sold its Hughes Tool diamond bit business. Baker Hughes combined Eastman Christensen and the remainder of Hughes Tools to form Hughes Christensen.

In 1993, Hughes Christensen introduced the AR-Series PDC bits, anti-whirl bits with increased penetration rates up to 100% in some applications and extended bit life as much as four-fold, compared to previous bit designs. By 1995, Hughes Christensen's Gold Series PDC line increased drilling efficiency by reducing the frictional forces that can accumulate in front of the cutting edge, reducing the energy required to remove the rock. In 1996, patented ChipMaster PDCs, known for their efficiency and durability, were built on the success of the Eggbeater product line. Hughes Christensen next introduced the Genesis HCM bits for steerable motors with patented EZSteer depth-of-cut control technology. This same technology was adapted to Genesis HCR bits for rotary steerable systems, such as the Baker Hughes AutoTrak rotary closed loop system. Genesis ZX PDCs followed with new Zenith cutters.

Teleco Oilfield Services (1992)
In April 1992, Baker Hughes acquired Teleco Oilfield Services, a provider of directional measurement-while-drilling technology, from Sonat for $200 million cash, preferred stock and royalty from future sales of Teleco's "triple combo" sensors. Teleco Oilfield Services was founded in 1972 and introduced the world's first MWD tool in 1978. Teleco had approximately 1,300 employees, including 430 in Meriden, Connecticut. In 1993, Baker Hughes INTEQ was formed by combining five of the company's oilfield divisions.

Petrolite (1997)
Petrolite was formed in 1930 from the merger of William Barnickel's Tret-O-Lite with Petroleum Rectifying Company of California (PETRECO). In 1997, Baker Hughes acquired Petrolite for $693 million in stock. At that time, Wm. S. Barnickel & Co. owned 47% of Petrolite.

In 2003, the division acquired Cornerstone Pipeline Inspection Group.

Drilex (1997)
In 1997, the company acquired Drilex, a provider of drilling products and services, for $109 million in stock.

Western Rock Bit Company (1998)
In 1998, the company acquired Western Rock Bit Company, a Canadian bit distributor, for $30.8 million.

Western Atlas (1998)
Western Atlas, which specialized in finding oil by mapping geological formations with sound waves and using wires to manipulate tools and gauges in oil and natural-gas wells, was divested from Litton Industries in 1994. In 1995, Western Atlas acquired 50% of PetroAlliance Services Company, Ltd., which offered seismic, well-logging, and integrated project services in the Post-Soviet states. In May 1997, Western Atlas acquired Sungroup Energy Services, a Canadian well logging, production testing, and completion services provider. During the fourth quarter of 1997, Western Atlas acquired Geosignal, a seismic data processing company; Seismic Resources, a provider of nonexclusive seismic surveys; and ParaMagnetic Logging, a well-logging research company. In the fourth quarter of 1997, the company acquired Heartland Kingfisher, a Canadian well-logging company.

On August 10, 1998, Baker Hughes acquired Western Atlas for $5.5 billion in stock plus the assumption of $700 million in debt. The acquisition was made in part to prevent an acquisition of Western Atlas by Halliburton. The acquisition added strong seismic-data operations as well as downhole wireline and testing services.

Joint venture with Schlumberger (2000–2006)
In 1999, the only new seismic technology that was being introduced was the 4-dimensional seismic survey monitoring.

In 2000, during a downturn in the petroleum industry, the company merged its Western Geophysical division with Schlumberger's Geco (Geophysical Company of Norway) to form WesternGeco.

In 2006, Baker Hughes sold its 30% share of WesternGeco to Schlumberger for $2.4 billion in cash.

OCRE (2001)
In 2001, Baker Hughes acquired OCRE (Scotland) Ltd. from Maritime Well Service, a division of Aker ASA.

Nova Technology Corporation (2006)
In February 2006, Baker Hughes acquired Nova Technology Corporation, a supplier of permanent monitoring, chemical injection systems, and multiline services for deepwater and subsea oil and gas well applications, for $70 million in cash and assumed debt.

JOA Oil and Gas BV (2010)
In October 2010, Baker Hughes acquired JOA Oil & Gas BV. JOA developed JewelSuite, a reservoir modelling software.

BJ Services Company (2010–2017)
In 1990, the company sold a 71% stake in BJ Services via an initial public offering. On April 28, 2010, Baker Hughes re-acquired BJ Services. In 2017, after the division suffered market share losses, the company sold a majority interest in BJ Services to private equity firms to obtain approval for the merger with GE Oil and Gas.

Proposed acquisition by Halliburton (2016)
In November 2014, the company agreed to a merger with Halliburton valued at $34.6 billion. If consummated, it would have been the largest merger in the history of the petroleum industry. The merger was approved by both companies' stockholders; however, on April 6, 2016, the United States Department of Justice sued to block the transaction due to concerns that the merger would affect competition and prices in the oilfield service industry. On May 1, 2016, the companies terminated the merger agreement due to the regulatory opposition.

Merger with GE Oil and Gas (2017)
In July 2017, the company merged with GE Oil and Gas. As part of the transaction, the company sold a 53.3% percent stake in the hydraulic fracturing and cementing business to CSL Capital Management and Goldman Sachs’ West Street Energy Partners for $325 million. General Electric announced plans to divest its stake by 2023; by year-end 2021, its remaining ownership was approximately 11.4%.

Sale of Reciprocating Compression division (2019)
In 2019, the company sold its Reciprocating Compression division to Arcline Investment Management, a private equity firm.

Sale of chemical manufacturing facility to Sterling Auxiliaries (2020)
In September 2020, Sterling Auxiliaries & Artek Surfin Chemicals acquired Baker Hughes' Sand Springs chemical manufacturing facility.

Compact Carbon Capture (2020)
In November 2020, Baker Hughes acquired Compact Carbon Capture, a company developing solvent-based carbon capture patents.

Joint venture with Aramco (2020)
In December 2020, Baker Hughes set up a joint venture with Aramco to create a non-metallic materials company called Novel Non-Metallic Solutions Manufacturing. Novel's facility is being developed at King Salman Energy Park.

ARMS Reliability (2021)
In 2021, Baker Hughes acquired ARMS Reliability, a company providing advisory services and software to several industries.

SRI International (2021)
In March 2021, Baker Hughes acquired a license for the use of Mixed-Salt Process technology for flue gas carbon capture from SRI International.

Joint venture with Akastor (2021)
In March 2021, Baker Hughes announced the creation of a joint venture for drilling services with Akastor ASA's subsidiary, MHWirth AS.

Altus Intervention (2022)
in March 2022, Baker Hughes acquired Altus Intervention, an oilwell specialist company headquartered in Norway.

Sale of operations in Russia (2022)
In August 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the company agreed to sell its operations in Russia to local management.

Quest Integrity (2022)
In November 2022, the company acquired Quest Integrity from Team, Inc. for $279 million.

title: Baker Hughes


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Albanese

Albanese is an Italian surname. It means "Albanian", in reference to the Arbëreshë people (Italo-Albanians) of southern Italy or someone of Albanian origin. The surname is common in southern Italy but more rare elsewhere in the country. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Albano Albanese (1921–2010), Italian hurdler and high jumper
 * Alessandro Albanese (born 2000), Belgian professional footballer
 * Antonio Albanese (1937–2013), Italian fencer
 * Anthony Albanese (born 1963), Australian politician and current prime minister of Australia
 * Antonio Albanese (born 1964), Italian comedian, actor, director, and writer
 * Catherine L. Albanese (born 1940), American religious studies scholar, professor, lecturer, and author
 * Charles Albanese (1937–1995), American serial killer
 * Diego Albanese (born 1973), Argentine rugby union player
 * Donald J. Albanese (born 1937), American politician
 * Enrico Albanese (1834–1889), Italian surgeon, a member of the Expedition of the Thousand and close friend of Garibaldi
 * Francesco Albanese (1912–2005), Italian tenor
 * Francesca Albanese (born 1977), Italian international lawyer, academic and current UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories
 * Frank Albanese (1931–2015), American actor
 * Giacomo Albanese (1890–1947), Italian mathematician
 * Albanese variety, construction of algebraic geometry, named for Giacomo Albanese
 * Giuseppe Albanese (born 1979), Italian pianist
 * Joe Albanese (1933–2000), American professional baseball player
 * Laura Albanese (born 1957), Canadian news anchor and politician
 * Lauren Albanese (born 1989), American professional tennis player
 * Lewis Albanese (1946–1966), US soldier posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
 * Licia Albanese (1909–2014), Italian soprano
 * Pellegrino Albanese (born 1991), Italian footballer
 * Roberto Albanese (born 1950), Italian politician and environmentalist
 * Rory Albanese (born 1977), American executive producer and writer for The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
 * Sal Albanese (born 1949), American politician
 * Silvano Albanese better known by his stage name Coez (born 1983), Italian singer, rapper
 * Thomas Albanese (born 1988), Italian footballer
 * Tina Albanese, American television producer and television writer
 * Tom Albanese (born 1957), American businessman and former chief executive officer of Rio Tinto
 * Valentina Albanese (born 1974), Italian racing driver
 * Vannie Albanese (1912–1984), American football player
 * Vincenzo Albanese (born 1996), Italian cyclist
 * Vito Albanese (1918-1998), American union leader and politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albanese


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Micro-Professor MPF-I

The Micro-Professor MPF-I is a microcomputer released by Multitech (later renamed Acer) in 1981. The company's first branded product, it was marketed as a training system to learn machine code and assembly language for the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. After releasing several iterations of the product, Acer sold the product line to Flite Electronics in 1993.

History
In 1981 Multitech released the Micro-Professor MPF-I, a Zilog Z80 microprocessor development board enclosed in a vacuum formed plastic bookcase for storage on a bookshelf. Later Multitech introduced a Tiny-Basic for the MPF-1. The Monitor and Basic fitted into one 4 KB ROM, replacing the 2 KB monitor-only ROM. This configuration was marketed as the MPF-1B.

In 1984, Multitech introduced the MPF-1P or MPF-Plus, a successor to the MPF-1 with the same form factor. It featured a single line 20-digit, 14-segment fluorescent display and a click-type QWERTY keyboard. It had the same expansion connector as the MPF-1 (strictly a Z80-CPU pin-header), so several of the MPF-1 expansion boards could be used on the MPF-1P. It was more a BASIC computer than the MPF-1, with an assembler and disassembler as part of the 8 KB firmware. The MPF-1P featured 4 KB static RAM, with optional battery backup.

1985 saw the release of the MPF-I/88, the last product in the MPF-I line. It was an Intel 8088 based single board computer with a two-line LCD screen. Multitech was renamed Acer Inc. in 1987.

On 24 February 1993, Acer sold the Micro-Professor MPF-I product line to Flite Electronics International Limited, an international distributor for Acer based in Southampton, England. Flite is still manufacturing small batches of the MPF1B at a sub-contract manufacturing facility in Havant, England.

Product specifications
Programs are entered into the MPF-I using Z80 machine code in hexadecimal format. The MPF-I monitor program displays both an address and data stored at that address simultaneously using a seven-segment display. There is a spare DIP socket for adding additional ROM or RAM to the MPF-I. There are also two 3.5 mm audio jacks on the top right of the computer, these are to communicate with the audio cassettes that are used to store programs and code typed into the machine. One is used to read the drive and the other is used to write data; on a conventional audio cassette deck the wires would be connected to the headphone and microphone ports. This type of data storage is similar to that of a Radio Shack TRS-80 or the Sinclair ZX-81, which similarly used audio cassettes to store programs the user typed, as well as commercial programs and games the user could buy.

Modern extensions
PicoRAM 6116 is a 6116 SRAM emulator and SD card interface for the Microprofessor based on the Raspberry Pi Pico. It facilitates store and restore of complete SRAM memory dumps. PicoRAM 6116 also supports HEX files generated by Z80 assemblers, hence facilitating a modern software development tool chain by using PC-based assemblers and file transfer of the generated HEX files to the Microprofessor via SD card.

title: Micro-Professor MPF-I


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Giacomo Albanese

Giacomo Albanese (11 July 1890 – 8 June 1947 ) was an Italian mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry. He took a permanent position in the University of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1936.

Biography
Albanese attended the school in Palermo, Sicily. He graduated from there in 1909. Then he entered the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa as a student of mathematics, and received his doctorate in 1913. He was awarded the Ulisse Dini prize for his doctoral essay on the topic Continuous systems of curves on an algebraic surface, written under the direction of Eugenio Bertini.

He taught at Scuola Normale Superiore from 1913 to 1919, with an interruption in 1917–1918, when he was conscripted into the Italian Army to fight in World War I. After spending a year at the University of Padua to work with Francesco Severi, he took up in 1920 a professorship in Analysis and Algebra at the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno. Five years later Albanese moved to the University of Catania, and then went in 1927 to the University of Palermo, where he spent the next two years. From 1929 until 1936 he held the chair of Geometry at the University of Pisa.

title: Giacomo Albanese


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Talk:Rudolph of France

Death date removal
Muriel, why'd you remove the date of death? Do you have information that suggests the date is wrong? Everyking 16:35, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My mistake, i copypasted from a doc of mine where (i thought) i had all the previous info. Muriel 17:34, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

Move suggestion
Shouldn't this article be at Rudolph of France? Or Raoul of France, or some such? john k 20:26, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Moved to Rudolph of France. Srnec 05:09, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Emma's mother
Moved from article:
 * (note: Wikipedia notes on Robert I of France lists Emma's mother as Aelis - posted by iamanea [ talk contributions] 4-1-10 5:40 AM MDST)

—WWoods (talk) 20:08, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

== Lower Lorraine According to Lower Lorraine, that duchy switched allegiance to German Henry the Fowler during his reign, reducing the size. 77.171.247.220 (talk) 11:50, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

Image
wrote The infobox image should depict the subject of the article, right? Well, it did but you removed it as a "fanciful depiction not associated with the subject in modern scholarship". In my opinion, there is insufficient modern scholarship to worry about it, although it is certainly fanciful. That aside, I think a good image should be at the top. Readers like images; they create interest. We should optimize for them, not for editors who cite the Recueil des actes de Robert Ier et de Raoul, rois de France. Srnec (talk) 19:09, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * A good image of Rudolph should be in the infobox but does such an image exist? I do not think that images should be placed into articles just to decorate them. Should they not be primarily educational? Surtsicna (talk) 20:21, 19 December 2020 (UTC)
 * But the image we're discussing—the coin, I thought—is not a mere decoration. The question is whether aesthetics should play a role in its placement. I say yes, at least so long as the article does not have a section on numismatics. Why not give readers our only relevant image up front? Srnec (talk) 01:28, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry. I was referring to the fleur-de-lis image. My problem with having the coin image in the infobox is that this particular coin does not depict the subject of the article, thus opening the way to churches, castles, maps, signatures, trees, caskets, books, and similar things we can see in medieval biography infoboxes instead of portraits. I agree with the notion that "not having a lead image may be the best solution", especially when the article is short enough for other kinds of images to be seen at a glance. Surtsicna (talk) 09:37, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

 * To me, the question is WP:PLA: will the reader immediately grasp the significance of the image, or will he be scratching his head? I don't think a coin atop a pre-modern monarch's page is a headscratcher. Pain fitzJohn is an FA with a castle in the box. Interestingly, the lead image at Louis the German (I just realized) is in fact an impression made by an ancient cameo of Hadrian. A contemporary depiction of Louis is further down the page. There is no good lead image for Attila, and I would happily drop the fanciful depiction there currently. That might be a case where "not having a lead image may be the best solution", although I could abide by a well-made map of his career (if we had one). Srnec (talk) 01:35, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rudolph of France


text:
Talk:Sitcom

"Situation" vs. "situational"
Maybe this is a national difference, but I remember clearly that in the 1950's and later (until "sitcom" took over completely) in the U.S. the name was "situation comedy", not "situational comedy". I added that to the article. I don't have a source, but there is no source anyway, so it's just as well justified as "situational comedy". Zaslav (talk) 06:30, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
 * A quick Google search for definitions turns up definitions of "situation comedy" (Cambridge English Dictionary, for example) but not for "situational comedy". I believe "-al" is a historical error and should be changed.  (By my personal experience, for what it's worth, "-al" seems to be believed by young people who were not around when the term was widely used.)  Zaslav (talk) 06:33, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

WP-CITEKILL Cleanup
Reduced 16 citations in a flagged sentence to two by finding external summaries of the sourcing (critic reviews, awards & noms) from credible sources (IMDb, Rotten Tomatoes). Minor sentence cleanup as well. Removed CITEKILL flag following the cleanup. Technutt (talk) 20:47, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

You no me Charles Jeremy ford see you at sows 24.138.30.55 (talk) 02:09, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sitcom


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Jean-Baptiste Greuze

Jean-Baptiste Greuze (, 21 August 1725 – 4 March 1805) was a French painter of portraits, genre scenes, and history painting.

Early life
Greuze was born at Tournus, a market town in Burgundy. He is generally said to have formed his own talent; at an early age his inclinations, though thwarted by his father, were encouraged by a Lyonnese artist named Grandon, or Grondom, who enjoyed during his lifetime considerable reputation as a portrait-painter. Grandon not only persuaded Greuze's father to give way to his son's wishes, and permit the boy to accompany him as his pupil to Lyon, but, when at a later date he left Lyon for Paris, Grandon carried young Greuze with him.

Settled in Paris, Greuze worked from the living model in the school of the Royal Academy, but did not attract the attention of his teachers; and when he produced his first picture, Le Père de famille expliquant la Bible a ses enfants, considerable doubt was felt and shown as to his share in its production. By other and more remarkable works of the same class Greuze soon established his claims beyond contest, and won the notice and support of the well-known connoisseur La Live de Jully, the brother-in-law of Madame d'Epinay. In 1755 Greuze exhibited his Aveugle trompé, upon which, presented by Pigalle the sculptor, he was immediately agréé by the Academy.

Towards the close of the same year, he left France for Italy, in company with the Abbé Louis Gougenot. Gougenot had some acquaintance with the arts, and was highly valued by the Academicians, who, during his journey with Greuze, elected him an honorary member of their body on account of his studies in mythology and allegory; his acquirements in these respects are said to have been largely utilized by them, but to Greuze they were of doubtful advantage, and he lost rather than gained by this visit to Italy in Gougenot's company. He had undertaken it probably in order to silence those who taxed him with ignorance of great models of style, but the Italian subjects which formed the entirety of his contributions to the Salon of 1757 showed that he had been put on a false track, and he speedily returned to the source of his first inspiration.

Relations with the Academy
In 1759, 1761 and 1763 Greuze exhibited with ever-increasing success; in 1765 he reached the zenith of his powers and reputation. In that year he was represented with at least thirteen works, amongst which may be cited La Jeune Fille qui pleure son oiseau mort, La Bonne Mère, Le Mauvais fils puni (Louvre) and La Malediction paternelle (Louvre). The Academy took occasion to press Greuze for his diploma picture, the execution of which had been long delayed, and forbade him to exhibit on their walls until he had complied with their regulations. "I have read the letter," said Diderot, "which is a model of honesty and reverence; I have seen Greuze's response, which is a model of vanity and impertinence: he should have backed it up with a masterpiece, and that's precisely what he didn't do."

Greuze wished to be received as a historical painter and produced a work which he intended to vindicate his right to despise his qualifications as a genre artist. This unfortunate canvas (Sévère et Caracalla) was exhibited in 1769 side by side with Greuze's portrait of Jeaurat and his admirable Petite Fille au chien noir. The Academicians received their new member with all due honours, but at the close of the ceremonies the Director addressed Greuze in these words: "Sir, the Academy has accepted you, but only as a genre painter; the Academy has respect for your former productions, which are excellent, but she has shut her eyes to this one, which is unworthy, both of her and of you yourself." Greuze, greatly incensed, quarrelled with his confreres, and ceased to exhibit until, in 1804, the Revolution had thrown open the doors of the Academy to all the world.

In the following year, on 4 March 1805, he died in the Louvre in great poverty. He had been in receipt of considerable wealth, which he had dissipated by extravagance and bad management (as well as embezzlement by his wife) so that during his closing years he was forced to solicit commissions which his enfeebled powers no longer enabled him to carry out with success. "At the funeral of the long-neglected old man, a young woman deeply veiled and overcome with emotion plainly visible through her veil, laid upon the coffin, just before its removal, a bouquet of immortelles and withdrew to her devotions. Around the stem was a paper inscribed: "These flowers offered by the most grateful of his students are emblems of his glory. It was Mlle Mayer, later the friend of Prudhon."

The brilliant reputation which Greuze acquired seems to have been due, not to his accomplishments as a painter – for his practice is evidently that current in his own day – but to the character of the subjects which he treated. That return to nature which inspired Rousseau's attacks upon an artificial civilization demanded expression in art.

Legacy
Diderot, in Le Fils naturel and Père de famille, tried to turn the vein of domestic drama to account on the stage; that which he tried and failed to do, Greuze, in painting, achieved with extraordinary success, although his works, like the plays of Diderot, were affected by that very artificiality against which they protested. The touch of melodramatic exaggeration, however, which runs through them finds an apology in the firm and brilliant play of line, in the freshness and vigour of the flesh tints, in the enticing softness of expression, by the alluring air of health and youth, by the sensuous attractions, in short, with which Greuze invests his lessons of bourgeois morality.

La Jeune Fille à l'agneau was bought at the Pourtal's sale in 1865 for at least a million francs. One of Greuze's pupils, Madame Le Doux, imitated with success the manner of her master; his daughter and granddaughter, Madame de Valory, also inherited some traditions of his talent. Madame de Valory published in 1813 a comédie-vaudeville, Greuze, ou l'accorde de village, to which she prefixed a notice of her grandfather's life and works, and the Salons of Diderot also contain, besides many other particulars, the story at full length of Greuze's quarrel with the Academy. Four of the most distinguished engravers of that date, Massard père, Flipart, Gaillard and Levasseur, were specially entrusted by Greuze with the reproduction of his subjects, but there are also excellent prints by other engravers, notably by Cars and Le Bas.

Greuze was the father of painter Anna-Geneviève Greuze, who was also his pupil.

Cultural references
In the second chapter of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story The Valley of Fear, Holmes's discussion of his enemy Professor Moriarty involves a Greuze painting in his possession, intended to illustrate Moriarty's wealth despite his small legitimate salary as an academic. A 1946 episode of the radio series The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes entitled "The Girl With the Gazelle" centers around the theft of a fictional Greuze painting of the same name, masterminded by Professor Moriarty.

In the sixth part of The Leopard, a novel by the Italian writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, the Prince of Salina watches a Greuze painting, La Mort du Juste, and he starts thinking about death (as the "safety exit" which relieves older men of their anxieties) and judges that the pretty girls surrounding the dying man and the "disorder of their clothes suggested sex more than sorrow ... were the real subject of the picture."

In the sixteenth chapter of E. M. Forster's novel Maurice, Clive mentions that he finds himself unable to approach Greuze's "subject matter" from anything more than purely aesthetic perspective, contrasting Greuze's work with that of Michelangelo in the process. In chapter 31, when Maurice visits Dr Barry, there are copies of Greuze on the walls.

Chinese author Xiao Yi mentions Greuze's work The Broken Pitcher throughout the first half of her novel Blue Nails. The Broken Pitcher is also mentioned in the first scene of the Jean-Paul Sartre play, The Respectful Prostitute.

Greuze is mentioned in the song "(We All Wear A) Green Carnation", Noël Coward's celebration of camp and queerness, from his 1929 operetta Bitter Sweet: We believe in Art, Though we’re poles apart From the fools who are thrilled by Greuze. We like Beardsley and Green Chartreuse. (...) Faded boys, jaded boys, come what may, Art is our inspiration And as we are the reason for the "Nineties" being gay, We all wear a green carnation."

Exhibitions
Edgar Munhall organized the first major exhibition devoted to the artist: "Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1725–1805" (1976–1977). The exhibition opened at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford and then traveled to the California Legion of Honor in San Francisco and the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Dijon. In 2002, the first exhibition of Greuze's drawings was held at The Frick Collection in New York. It was also organized by Munhall, who wrote the catalog.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources

 * Normand, J. B. Greuze (1892).
 * Munhall, Edgar. Jean-Baptiste Greuze, 1725-1805 (1976).
 * Emma Barker, Greuze and the Painting of Sentiment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-521-55508-6.

title: Jean-Baptiste Greuze


text:
Barnegat Bay

Barnegat Bay is a small brackish arm of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 42 mi long, along the coast of Ocean County, New Jersey in the United States. It is separated from the Atlantic by the long Island Beach State Park (colloquially called a "barrier island"), as well as by the north end of Long Beach Island, popular segments of the Jersey Shore. The bay is fed by several small rivers, including the Toms River, the Forked River, the Metedeconk River, Cedar Creek, Oyster Creek, Mill Creek, Westecunk Creek, and Tuckerton Creek, all of which empty into the bay through small estuaries along its inner shore. The communities of Toms River, Silverton, and Forked River sit along the river estuaries on the bay.

The bay connects with the ocean through the Barnegat Inlet, along which sits the Barnegat Lighthouse. The bay is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, entered on its north end by the Point Pleasant Canal and connecting on the south end with Little Egg Harbor via the small Manahawkin Bay. In a broader sense, Barnegat Bay is sometimes considered to stretch to the south end of Long Beach Island and to include Little Egg Harbor.

Three bridges span the bay from the mainland to the peninsula: the Mantoloking Bridge from Brick Township to Mantoloking, and the Thomas A. Mathis and J. Stanley Tunney Bridges from Toms River to Ortley Beach. The Barnegat Division of Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge comprises wetlands along the inner southern part of the bay. Along the outside of the bay, on the peninsula, is the Island Beach State Park. Various islands within the bay are a part of the National Wildlife Refuge or the Sedge Islands State Wildlife Management Area. The northern tip of Long Beach Island includes the Barnegat Lighthouse State Park.

History
The area surrounding Barnegat Bay and Barnegat Inlet was described by Henry Hudson, in 1609, as "... a great lake of water, as we could judge it to be ... The mouth of the lake hath many shoals, and the sea breaketh on them as it is cast out of the mouth of it." The bay was originally named in 1614 "Barendegat," or "Inlet of the Breakers," by Dutch explorers of the coastline, referring to the waterway's turbulent channel. During the American Revolutionary War, the bay was used as refuge by American privateers.

The bay has been a longtime center for commercial fishing. The village of Toms River was a significant whaling port in the 19th century. While still popular for fishing, Barnegat Bay has also become a popular destination for recreational boating. The water quality of the bay has been degraded by pollution in the rivers and creeks that feed it. The preservation of the bay's water quality has been an ongoing effort of several public and private organizations.

The bay was immortalized by the famous writer E. B. White, who used it as a setting for his short story "The Family That Dwelt Apart", published in 1937 as the third story in his long running Preposterous Parables series in The New Yorker. It was adapted into the animated short The Family That Dwelt Apart, narrated by White, by the National Film Board of Canada.

The song "My Eyes Adored You", by New Jersey native Frankie Valli, contains a reference to "walking home every day over Barnegat Bridge and Bay". On March 22, 1975, the song became a Billboard No. 1 hit.

The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation group, has done extensive work in the Barnegat Bay area for over two decades, protecting over 1100 acre of land. The Trust recently began the new River to Bay Greenway, the primary goal of which is to create a 70 mi multi-use recreational route across southern New Jersey from the Delaware River to Barnegat Bay.

Issues
In the 2000s and 2010s, scientists and residents have drawn attention to fish kills, algal blooms, low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat, diminishing clam populations, and the rise in stinging Chrysaora quinquecirrha (sea nettle jellyfish) populations in the bay, mainly due to high levels of nitrogen from fertilizer runoff. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency monitors the health of the bay by testing at four locations as frequently as once a week in the summer months, when surface water can reach 82 F. Community members have also expressed concern over the impact of stored radioactive material and thermal pollution at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station in Lacey Township. The plant which was built in 1969 was formerly the oldest operating nuclear power plant in the United States. The plant was decommissioned on September 25, 2018.

Pollution
A 2008 baseline sediment pollution study of 15 locations within Barnegat Bay - Little Egg Harbor area including sites at Mill Creek, Cedar Run, Parker Run measured total petroleum hydrocarbons, mercury, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The joint US/UK team of scientists reported that TPH content was low and that mercury content ranged from <0.02 to 2.61 mg/kg dry wt. PAH content ranged from as low as 37 ug/kg to 1696 ug/kg with the highest concentrations at Tuckerton Creek, nevertheless these concentrations are not considered harmful to humans or biota. The distribution pattern of PAHs throughout the study area was consistent with the burning from grass, wood and coal sources. Concentrations of PCB were below reported effects ranges suggesting a low risk.

Islands
Middle Sedge Island in Barnegat Bay is a 25 acre island, 14 acre of which are developed with a single house. Other islands include: Little Sedge Island, Northwest Point Island and Marsh Elder Island. Some are privately owned and some are owned by the state of New Jersey.

Pop culture references
Frankie Valli’s song "My Eyes Adored You" references the location in the lyrics saying "... over Barnegat Bridge and Bay...".

In the television show The Sopranos, Tony Soprano owns a boat frequently set and docked along Barnegat Bay.

title: Barnegat Bay


text:
User talk:MSTCrow

/Archive 1 /Archive 2 /Archive 3 /Archive 4

Moo. Just don't be a jerk and then Wikilawyer your ass off.

Thompson/Nashua
I had to revert your addition, because we can't reliably source it, making it WP:OR. WP isn't for breaking original news. I think you can probably file a report about your encounter on Wikinews however. - Crockspot 01:31, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Fred_Thompson_to_Announce_His_Candidacy_on_June_28th - MSTCrow 01:39, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Tony Blair vandalism?
What vandalism? This IP address hasn't edited the main article, only asked a question on the Talk page! --90.192.92.21 01:49, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Trolling a talk page with inappropriate commentary is unsatisfactory. - MSTCrow 01:53, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Wikicide
If you're upset with the way an afd turned out, you should probably take it to DRV. Accusing the closing admin of sock puppetry is probably not the best move, especially when that very same admin is a regular closer of SSP cases. I would suggest you withdraw your case, and request speedy under G7 of your accusation at Suspected sock puppets/unknown which could be seen as a personal attack, and head over to deletion review instead. Just some friendly advice, don't accuse the admins!  -wizzard2k  ( C - T - D ) 00:33, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Admins and bureaucrats have a habit of being frequently caught sockpuppeteering. This may or may not be the case here, but it is suspicious, and worth looking into.  Noting suspicious behavior of an admin can hardly be qualified as a personal attack.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks for criteria.  If he's not the sockpuppeteer, that's fine, I certainly have nothing against him personally.  The AfD clearly was badly mishandled by one of the newer Wikipedia editors, and as AMDZone is clearly a sock, it has to be someone.  With the current evidence, MastCell appears to be the most likely candidate at this point in time.  MastCell might be closing sockpuppet cases, but he doesn't have checkuser status (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Listusers/checkuser). - MSTCrow 00:39, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * And that's not wikiciding. Look up wikicide on Encyclopedia Dramatica.  Some censor happy overlord blocked hyperlinking to ED. - MSTCrow 00:43, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I still think its suicide (on Wikipedia -> my own definition of wikicide), and a bad idea. Editors are granted sysop status because they've been trusted by the community to handle the admin tools with responsibility. Accusing an admin straightforward with nothing more than a single "suspicious" event, can and often is, seen as harassing an admin. I looked at the history of your SSP case, and noticed initially you listed it without naming a puppeteer. I'm just trying to help, as it seems as though your actions might be a little hasty, when there might be better alternatives. Are you sure you want this case forever tied to your username in the future? If you're ever in an RfA, this could come up. Just trying to help!  -wizzard2k  ( C - T - D ) 01:11, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Editors are not granted sysop or admin status "because they've been trusted by the community to handle the admin tools with responsibility." It is impossible on a project of this scale, with near zero applied managerial principles, for any single person to be trusted by the entire community.  It only takes the most minute fraction of the total number of editors on Wikipedia to elevate someone to admin or above, often with disastrous results.  I understand and appreciate that you're trying to help, but it's in the history, and without it being purged and whiting out WikiCite and Google, it's not ever going to disappear.  I've been here over 3 years.  I've seen Wikipedia get worse or stabilize, but rarely improve.  If other users want to RfA me for some reason, ok, but I'm not going to RfA myself, and Wikipedia is way too much of an out of control mess to be all that attractive for me to take a leadership position in.  I tidy things up and make correction.  I don't enjoy playing new Secretary of State. - MSTCrow 01:37, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi there. I understand you're upset about the AfD. If that's the case, I'd suggest taking it up at deletion review. It's by no means a clear-cut case - I explained my reasoning in the AfD close, but it's a gray area. I'm not infallible; I make judgement calls, and there are mechanisms for reviewing those calls if you disagree with them. As to the sockpuppetry allegation, I find it ridiculous, but it's your right to file one and I won't take it as a personal attack or harassment. Certainly admins are not de facto above reproach or incapable of sockpuppetry, but you have to admit that the accusation is not just a logical leap but a gigantic assumption of bad faith. For the record, I saw a request on WP:AN/I for an admin to close the AfD. I watch AN/I; I went to close the AfD. I'm perfectly capable of nominating articles for deletion without using a sockpuppet; I do it every now and again. I agree with you that AMDZone is probably someone's sockpuppet, but it's not mine. MastCell Talk 04:40, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Link spam
Link spam *is* vandalism. See also Wikipedia is not a link farm. Please work your links into relevant sections as references. Thanks. Jdb1972 01:16, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd be interested to know which of the given criteria you have interpreted as being applicable in this instance. As the links were not intergrated into the article body, however, I do see the logic of your position, and may get around to adding them to the "conservatism" section per your request. - MSTCrow 01:31, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Your allegation of sockpuppetry by
I have closed this discussion as a frivolous nomination on your part. It is important for Wikipedia to root out violators of the WP:SOCK policy, and administrators such as User:Runcorn have been found to be abusive sockpuppeteers. However, if you wish to accuse an established administrator of such a violation, you need compelling evidence, not just a passing suspicion.

It's possible that the nominator of the AFD was generally an IP editor who created an account because anons can't create AFD pages. More likely, as MastCell suggested, he's the sock of some other established user. But if MastCell's arguments in his own defense weren't enough, let me point out one more thing.

Theoretically, if MastCell were a rouge admin, he could have just deleted the article without telling anyone. Why would he take the time to nominate the article through a sock, and then delete the article against the majority vote in the discussion (which, by the way, was the correct decision)? Think carefully before you accuse someone of policy violation again. Shalom Hello 03:07, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No hard feelings from my end... I understand you're not happy with the AfD; I've been there. Take it to deletion review, is my advice if you want another set of eyes to look at it. MastCell Talk 05:40, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Your edit to Jim Inhofe
What is the basis for your claim that "The "consensus" [on human influence on climate change] is someting on the order of 1 in 10 climate scientists?" This is certainly not something I've ever heard, and the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which concluded that the chances that human activity is the primary cause of climate change is over 90%, certainly seems to contradict you. I believe you are mistaken in your statement; if not, could you please provide proof to the contrary? -Elmer Clark 05:17, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Not everyone that is listed on the IPCC reports is actually in agreement with the results issued by the political layer. Many of the scientists listed as contributors disagree with the findings, and others are peripherally involved, not having taken a position one way or the other.  Anyone that has come into contact with it is generally listed as a contributor to give the appearance of critical mass.
 * 2) I got it slightly wrong. According to Dr. Benny Paiser, senior lecturer at Liverpool's  John Moores University, who reviewed nearly 1,000 papers since the early 1990s, 1/3rd back the "consensus" view, and only 1% do so explicitly.  Ergo, the "consensus" view is anything but, as a conensus view is some sort of percentage well over 50%, not 1%-33%. - MSTCrow 16:13, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It's also occurred to me that when there is actual consensus, there is rarely debate about the existence of said consensus. Using real-world examples, the theory that HIV causes AIDs, and the theory that high cholesterol is bad for your health, are both consensus scientific viewpoints.  Both are subject to debate and criticism.  However, their challengers do not challenge the existence of consensus, but the factual basis upon which the consensus rests.  When it comes to man-made global warming, you have both. - MSTCrow 01:52, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I still do not think that it's correct to claim that no consensus exists. Just because there's debate about the consensus doesn't mean it doesn't exist, and I have heard of at least one study that had practically the opposite conclusion of the one you cited - it concluded that about 50% of the articles about climate change in popular magazines and such questioned the consensus, but only something like 2% in scholarly journals did.  I'm afraid I can't remember its name at the moment though.  At any rate, many Wikipedia articles reflect the consensus, such as Scientific opinion on climate change, and I think if you really want to challenge it, Jim Inhofe's page isn't the place to do it. -Elmer Clark 21:52, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You are exhibiting a logical fallacy. First you admit that the existence of consensus is debatable, and then that consensus exists because it exists, or because you say/want it to exist.  You are not even aware of the actual content of the latest IPCC report.  That is not sound reasoning.  The Inhofe page isn't challenging anything.  It is simply reflecting the current state of affairs. - MSTCrow 22:37, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry if I was unclear: by "debate" I meant "people saying it doesn't exist." However, the vast majority do not hold this view - consensus doesn't have to be unanimous.  How have you come to the conclusion that I am "not aware" of the content of the IPCC report?  It clearly indicates that a consensus exists on global warming, and there is no real debate, just a small number of high-profile detractors (such as the Oregon Petition) to the consensus on global warming.  Your assessment of the "current state of affairs" as "the "consensus" [on human influence on climate change] is someting on the order of 1 in 10 climate scientists" lies nowhere near the truth.  But, like I said, if you want to debate this point, bring it up somewhere more appropriate, like Scientific opinion on climate change.  Simply making a clearly inflammatory edit like changing "scientific consensus" to "mass media consensus" without establishing consensus on the change on the talk page is certainly not proper Wikipedia behavior.  -Elmer Clark 22:19, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You are stating that anything that doesn't agree with your views are "inflammatory." I have located my source that indicates fewer than 1 in 10 climate scientists believe climate change is primarily caused by human activity, a Dennis Bray, climate analyst from Germany.  He had submitted these results from an international study to Science magazine, which rejected it as it "didn't fit with what they were intending to publish."  This contradicts your OR that the 1 in 10 figure "lies nowhere near the truth."  I also would request that you read the actual IPCC reports, and not only the political prefaces, or worse, third-party reports of what the IPCC does or does not state. I have come to the conclusion that you are not aware of the content of the IPCC report in that much of what you appear to think is supported by the IPCC report is not in actuality supported in the said report, or at least not to the level of certainty that you think it is.  This is why reading primary sources is so important. - MSTCrow 00:05, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is the Dennis Bray paper, for your review: http://downloads.heartland.org/17407.pdf. - MSTCrow 02:46, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

RE: Fox News Channel Reversion
I find your reasoning flawed. I have never seen a instance where a unbalanced source is appropriate in a Encyclopaedia. Please get a better source about that report and I have no problem with it. - Mike Beckham 04:58, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It's false, how is he suppose to get better sources for lies! How dare you ask the impossible of him. Tat 06:39, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Fox News Citation Response.
It's a little bit odd you jumped from Slashdot to find me on Wikipedia, though it makes total sense. Here's my reply to your "source":

Oh, pulling it out of somebody else's ass? Ann Coulter? Really? Wow, you should have said you pulled it out of your own ass.

Also, you're making a distinctly different claim than she claims the book made.

-- "Even employees of Fox News, which is widely regarded as a conservative channel, donate 81 percent of their contributions to Democrats."

81% of contributions are made to Democrats is the claim. 81% of employees donate to Democrats is a massively different claim (really MASSIVE). In fact, I would be astounded if 50% of run of the mill employees donated to anybody. Also, note that the claim is "81 percent of their contributions" - beyond the obvious problem the book has of lumping most charity organizations as "democrats" even though they are just non-profit and work toward the common good. There's the problem that Democrats are usually poorer and get by with large numbers of small donations. If you looked at my donation history you would find roughly 4 donations toward "Democrats" -- if you think that it is anywhere close to one $5000 donation, you're kidding yourself. The vast majority of donations are grassroots little 25 and 50 dollar donations.

And again, they aren't the ones making the decisions. They are the working stiffs, the camera men and wardrobe people... they are the nuts and bolts who work to put food on their tables. They aren't the ones who supply Fox News with their trademark bias. And number of donations is a completely stupid metric.

Lies, damned lies, statistics and this idiotic bullshit.

The statistic may well be true, but saying 81% of employees are democrats is obviously wrong (and not even close to what the original statistic said). Also, the implication that those are the employees who are making the decisions is completely off-base. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tatarize (talk • contribs) 00:57, 29 July 2007

 * If anyone stumbles across this, I request that a personal attack review not be conducted against Tatarize, as this is a CC from a Slashdot post, and this should be handled on Slashdot via user moderation and meta-moderation. I have responded to his post on Slashot.  I also believe personal attack claims are often attempts at wikilawyering to shut out opposition, and am very suspicious of their implementation.  However, if Tatarize attempts to be elevated to the level of administrator, I request that the above be submitted as evidence in disfavor of the hypothetical request. - MSTCrow 19:33, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I request that you learn the difference between shredding your nonsense citations, of misapprehending Ann Coulter reviewing a hack book with misleading information as a personal attack against you. Oy. Tat 06:38, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

FNC (part 3)
Please read the reliable source guideline when adding information to wiki articles. Ann Coultier's blog is not a reliable source, and the claims she makes in the article (as well as the book it references) are obviously biased and, frankly, flat out wrong. There are countless academic studies (that are peer reviewed) that contradict the dubious claims made in a for-profit (and not peer reviewed) book (fiction). I would also counsel reading the neutral point of view policy. Thanks! /Blaxthos 10:44, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The NPOV policy does not prohibit sources or citations that disagree with your personal POV. Books are allowable sources, and being for-profit does not discount a source.  If you can locate an academic study that contradicts my source, you can add that to the article.  Stating that it's "fiction" without any supporting evidence is in very bad form. - MSTCrow 19:18, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Account age for RfA
Concerning some of your comments on recent RfAs about account age, what do you consider an appropriate amount of time for an editor to have an account before considering adminship? I think it would be more constructive to let the users know how they do not meet your criteria.  Leebo  T / C  20:06, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * A year, possibly. - MSTCrow 20:08, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Is there a reason in particular, such as a display of dedication to the project, that you feel a length of time like this is necessary? I think it's still possible for editors to gain the necessary experience in less than a year, but you may disagree.  Leebo  T / C  20:16, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not believe an editor less than a year old, generally speaking, would have full familiarity with the Wikipedia bureaucracy and its personalities, or has had enough first-hand experience with abuses of power to fully appreciate the proper and conservative wielding of that power once it has been granted to them. Although in your case, it is of interest that you appear to value transparentness in your actions as an administrator, logging any and all actions you have taken in an administrative capacity, for easy public review. - MSTCrow 20:22, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That is something I value, and something I think Wikipedians should value. Administrators are trusted by the community, so displaying a log of administrative actions seems to fall hand-in-hand with that. You may have realized that I've only been around for about 8 months, which was why I was curious about your opinion. Thank you for clarifying it.  Leebo  T / C  20:32, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Coal
Even you must be aware that linking "coal as a cause of global warming" to one specific minor group, e.g. RealClimate, is blatantly misleading. It's like saying: "According to Bryant Gumble, the sky is blue", it suggests the authority for the position falls only on the specific speaker even though the position is much more widely held. It is a factual statement that coal is blamed for global warming (even if you don't believe it to be true, you certainly must acknowledge that many people do blame it). Dragons flight 19:43, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is a factual statement that coal is blamed for global warming, but also inaccurate. The who or what doing the blaming, or a representative grouping thereof, must be mentioned to ensure the maximum level of accuracy possible.  As per the editing notes, if you can find others or a representative grouping to list, then do so. I have increased the specificity of the sentence.  This is desirable.  The previous revision was misleading in that it implied that everyone supported the contention, whereas this is not the case.  The sky analogy is a false one; to begin with, the sky is not actually blue. - MSTCrow 20:05, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have reworked the introductory paragraph into a NPOV, one that acknowledges both sides and advocates neither. Please see the coal talk page as well.  Thanks. - MSTCrow 20:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

"Widely regarded" would be considered inaccurate and "weasel words" if used in the article body. If a person or persons believe the usage of coal is leading to global warming, then they should be cited as believing so, ensuring that the person or person's being cited are in actual agreement with the proposition. This would be more effective, I believe, in maintaining accuracy and reliability. Also, please consider creating an account on Wikipedia. Thanks. - MSTCrow 16:54, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Moved from IP talk page. I have no interest in purchasing an account. I think Skyemoor gave a good summation of my concerns. As to the above discussion, about coal causing global warming being a factual but inaccurate statement - make up your mind, it is either factual or inaccurate but not both. However, please carefully note that the coal article does not say "coal causes global warming" it says CO2 "is considered the primary cause of global warming".  It is a subtle but important distinction. If you eliminate all coal burning you may or may not impact global warming. Ditto for oil. It all depends on the quantities involved. While "is considered" is definitely weasel wording, don't forget that all the experts got together recently and issued a report (IPCC) saying that they are "90% sure" that human activity is causing global warming. So some element of weasel wording is necessary. Personally I would send anyone who was not 100% sure back to grammar school to review elementary math and science. 199.125.109.64 03:27, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

NIN WikiProject
I'd like to invite you to join the newly-formed Nine Inch Nails WikiProject. There's alot of NIN-related articles on Wikipedia that could use a little attention, and we hope this project can help organize an effort to improve them. So please, take a look and if you like what you see, help us get this project off the ground and a few Nine Inch Nails pages into the front ranks of Wikipedia articles. Thanks! Drewcifer (talk) 20:06, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Republican Party
May I ask why you support the Republican Party? They have been damaging to our country for years. You, an atheist should know first hand. MagicBullet5 (talk) 20:31, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of LowerMyBills.com
A tag has been placed on LowerMyBills.com requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. - -The Spooky One (talk to me) 21:55, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

deletion discussion
You participated in a previous discussion on the deletion of Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism. You may be interested that a new deletion review has begun at WP:Articles_for_deletion/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism_(2nd_nomination). Tb (talk) 22:09, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

You're invited! New England Wikimedia General Meeting
Message delivered by Dominic at 08:49, 11 April 2012 (UTC). Note: You can remove your name from this meetup invite list here.

2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting
You are invited to the 2nd Annual Wikimedia New England General Meeting, on 20 July 2013 in Boston! We will be talking about the future of the chapter, including GLAM, Wiki Loves Monuments, and where we want to take our chapter in the future! EdwardsBot (talk) 09:31, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

New England Wikipedia Day @ MIT: Saturday Jan 18
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You're invited!
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This Friday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA on October 16! (drop-in any time, 6-9pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:29, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Sunday July 16: New England Wiknic @ Cambridge, MA
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title: User talk:MSTCrow


text:
Xavier Bertrand

Xavier Bertrand (born 21 March 1965) is a French politician who has been serving as president of the regional council of Hauts-de-France since the 2015 regional elections.

Earlier in his career, Bertrand was Minister of Health from 2005 to 2007 in Dominique de Villepin's government under President Jacques Chirac, then served as Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Solidarity from 2007 to 2009 and as Minister of Labour, Employment and Health from 2010 to 2012. He played a leading role in Nicolas Sarkozy's presidential campaign in 2007. He was a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, later the Republicans, until 11 December 2017, when he announced that was "definitively leaving" the party after Laurent Wauquiez was elected the leader of the party.

Early life and education
Bertrand was born on 21 March 1965 in Châlons-sur-Marne, in the Marne département, of the Champagne-Ardenne région of France. He studied at the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, where he obtained a master's degree in public law, then a Diplôme d'Études Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) in local administration.

Bertrand began his professional life as an insurance agent.

Early beginnings
At the age of sixteen, Bertrand volunteered for the Rally for the Republic (RPR) and quickly went into politics.

In 1992, Bertrand led the campaign for the 'no' to the Maastricht Treaty in his department, the Aisne in the region of Picardy. He was at the time assistant to the mayor of Saint-Quentin, Aisne. He was one of the pioneers of the 'Saint-Quentin beach', an event similar to Paris-Plage. From 1997 to 2002, he was parliamentary assistant to Jacques Braconnier, Senator for the Aisne, and he was elected to the National Assembly on 16 June 2002 for the 18th legislature (2002–2007), representing the second constituency of the Aisne Department.

In 2003, Alain Juppé, President for the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), put him in charge of leading the debate and explaining the subject of pensions reform during a "Tour of France". He was chosen to defend this draft bill in the National Assembly. At the same time he was part of the 'Club de la boussole,' a group of deputies who declared their loyalty to then-President Jacques Chirac and Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin.

Career in government
During this period, Bertrand received favourable attention in the right-wing political milieu. On 31 March 2004, when Raffarin appointed his third government, Bertrand was named Junior Health Minister for Health Insurance. Under his Senior Minister, Philippe Douste-Blazy, he led the reform on health insurance. Later on, he pronounced himself strongly in favour of a European Constitution for the referendum on 29 May 2005.

After the majority of the French electorate answered "no" to the referendum, Raffarin resigned as Prime Minister. Under his successor Dominique de Villepin, Bertrand became the Senior Minister for Health, when Douste-Blazy was reappointed Foreign Affairs Minister. His mandate as Health Minister was marked by the chikungunya epidemic and the law against smoking in public places, ratified in 2004.

Bertrand announced his support to UMP presidential candidate Nicolas Sarkozy on 29 September 2006. He was named Sarkozy's official spokesperson on 15 January 2007. He quit the government on 26 March to devote himself fully to the campaign. On 18 May 2007, he was named Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Solidarity in the Prime Minister François Fillon's government.

On 19 June 2007 Bertrand was appointed Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Solidarity in Fillon's second government after the first one had handed in its resignation the day before. He later served as Minister of Labour, Employment and Health from 2010 to 2012.

Later career
Following the 2012 French legislative election, Bertrand announced his candidacy for the post the UMP parliamentary group's chair. Having been endorsed by François Fillon, he lost an internal vote against Christian Jacob.

In the 2015 regional elections, Bertrand won over Marine Le Pen and became the president of the Regional Council of Hauts-de-France.

Amid the Fillon affair, in March 2017, Bertrand joined Valérie Pécresse, Christian Estrosi and others in calling for Alain Juppé to replace François Fillon as the party's candidate in the 2017 French presidential election.

In 2020, Bertrand publicly expressed interest in challenging incumbent President Emmanuel Macron in the 2022 French presidential election. By early 2021, Betrand was widely tipped by French and international media to be the center-right's candidate. According to 2021 polls, he would be in 3rd position behind Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen. At the party's 2021 congress, however, he only came in fourth after Éric Ciotti, Valérie Pécresse and Michel Barnier; he subsequently endorsed Pécresse.

In the 2021 regional elections, Bertrand was re-elected. He obtained 52.37 percent of the vote in the Hauts-de-France region, against 25.65 percent for Sébastien Chenu of the National Rally.

In late 2021, Bertrand launched Nous France, a conservative movement. Ahead of the Republicans' 2022 convention, he endorsed Bruno Retailleau as the party's chairman.

Domestic policy
Bertrand is considered representative of France's moderate right. He represents a line of common-folk conservatism, far from the Parisian elites, speaking frankly and in simple language. He was the best-placed traditional conservative in opinion polls for the 2021 Republican congress, but ended up in fourth place.

In 2013, Bertrand led a group of fellow UMP politicians who joined forces with Europe Ecology – The Greens in trying to force a constitutional review of a new law introduced by the Socialist Party which expanded government powers to monitor phone and Internet connection data. However, in a blow to the campaign, UMP parliamentary group leader Christian Jacob later wrote to his colleagues that the group would not seek a legal review.

In 2014, Bertrand advocated a "rewrite" or "repeal" of the law opening marriage to same-sex couples, indicating to Valeurs actuelles: "I can't resign myself to seeing the rules of filiation turned upside down to this extent. I am against adoption by homosexual couples, PMA assisted reproductive technology and of course GPA surrogacy." He reiterated his opposition to same-sex marriage in 2017.

Ahead of the 2022 elections, Bertrand defended liberal economic positions. According to Marianne magazine, he intends to position himself on the right of Emmanuel Macron. In particular, he wants to cut production taxes by half, believing that the measures undertaken in this direction by the government are insufficient. This project, which would represent a loss of 33 billion euros for the state, would be compensated "in particular by efforts on public spending"; it provides for a postponement of two years of the retirement age and a reform of the unemployment insurance system that would result in a tightening of the conditions of compensation for the unemployed. Has also promised the "re-industrialisation" of France and quotas on immigration. He has also run on an anti-technocratic message.

Foreign policy
In July 2014, Bertrand defended President François Hollande's decision to push ahead with delivery of a Mistral-class amphibious assault ship to Russia in defiance of calls by key allies, despite the Russo-Ukrainian War; the deal was later called off.

During his presidential campaign in 2021, Bertrand argued that France should reassert itself by leaving NATO’s integrated command.

Personal life
Bertrand married Emmanuelle Gontier, advisor on human resources, on 11 July 1998. They have three children, two of whom are twins. He has been a member of the Grand Orient of France since 1995.

title: Xavier Bertrand


text:
Jean-Baptiste Pigalle

Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (26 January 1714 – 20 August 1785 ) was a French sculptor whose work was influenced by both baroque and neo-classical trends.

Life
Pigalle was born in Paris, the seventh child of a carpenter. Although he failed to obtain the Prix de Rome, after a severe struggle he entered the Académie Royale and became one of the most popular sculptors of his day. His earlier work, such as Child with Cage (model at Sèvres) and Mercury Fastening his Sandals (Berlin, and lead cast in Louvre), is less commonplace than that of his more mature years, but his nude statue of Voltaire, dated 1776 (initially in the Institut de France, purchased by the Louvre in 1962), and his tombs of Comte d'Harcourt (c. 1764) (Notre-Dame de Paris) and of Marshal Saxe, completed in 1777 (Saint-Thomas Lutheran church, Strasbourg), are good examples of French sculpture in the 18th century.

Pigalle taught the sculptor Louis-Philippe Mouchy, who married his niece, and who closely copied Pigalle's style. He is also said to have taught the painter Madeleine-Élisabeth Pigalle, believed to be a distant relative from Sens. His name is most commonly known today because of the Pigalle red-light district in Paris, located around the square of the same name, Place Pigalle.

Pigalle died in Paris on 20 August 1785.

title: Jean-Baptiste Pigalle


text:
Yatesboro, Pennsylvania

Yatesboro is an unincorporated community that is located in Cowanshannock Township, Pennsylvania. The community is situated 1.0 mi west of Rural Valley.

Yatesboro has a post office with ZIP Code 16263.

History
Yatesboro was founded as a company town circa 1900. It was built on farmland by the Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company.

It was one of seventeen company towns that were sold in 1947, including McIntyre, Coal Run, Iselin, Waterman, Lucernemines, Aultman, Ernest, Tidesdale, Coy, Luciusboro, Fulton Run, Nu Mines, Yatesboro, Margaret, Helvetia, Twin Rocks, and Yatesboro Lots.

Geography
The elevation is 1,132 feet. Yatesboro appears on the Rural Valley U.S. Geological Survey Map.

Armstrong County is located in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).

title: Yatesboro, Pennsylvania