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Customs officer

A customs officer is a law enforcement agent who enforces customs laws, on behalf of a government.

Canada
Canadian customs officers are members of the Canada Border Services Agency. It was created in 2003 and preceded by the Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (1999-2003). Customs officers has existed since 1868 under various departments: Customs Office, Customs and Inland Revenue from 1918 to 1923, Customs and Excise from 1923 to 1927 and Revenue Department from 1927 to 1999. They are most visible at 117 land border crossings and 13 international airports between Canada and US, but are also founded  at 3 seaports, 3 mail centres within Canada.

Hong Kong
4,931 posts, of which nine are directorate officers, 3,804 are members of the Customs and Excise Department, 504 are Trade Controls Officers and 614 are staff of the General and Common Grades.

Hong Kong is one of the busiest container ports in the world. It handled 20.4 million TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) in 2003. Of these, 12.1 million TEUs were handled at the Kwai Chung Container Terminal. In 2003, 70,910 ocean-going ships and 365,190 coastal vessels entered and left Hong Kong.

Ships and vessels are subject to customs check. Cargoes are either examined on board sea freighters or after off-loading.

In 2004, a total of 8.6 million passengers arrived in Hong Kong from the Mainland and Macau by sea and by helicopters. They were processed at the China Ferry Terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui and the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal in Central. In addition, a daily average of 49 helicopter flights between Hong Kong and Macau are operated at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal. Four Customs launches conduct maritime patrol in the territorial waters round the clock whereas four high-speed pursuit crafts and two shallow water patrol launches are employed to carry out interception at sea.

The C&ED is an active member of the World Customs Organization (WCO) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It exchanges intelligence and works closely with overseas customs administrations and law enforcement agencies. The department has also entered bilateral Cooperative Arrangements with other customs authorities on administrative assistance. At the working level, the department and the China Customs have each established designated liaison officers to facilitate the exchange of intelligence through direct telephone hotlines.

Mission

 * To protect the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region against smuggling
 * To protect and collect revenue on dutiable goods
 * To detect and deter narcotics trafficking and abuse of narcotic drugs
 * To protect intellectual property rights
 * To protect consumer interests
 * To protect and facilitate legitimate trade and industry and to uphold Hong Kong's trading integrity
 * To fulfill international obligations

Ancient usage
In ancient usage a "customer" was a person to whom the right to collect customs in a particular port had been granted by the crown, often for a consideration in the form of a farm (an arrangement whereby one rents the income that derives from a revenue stream).

Modern usage
Officers working for HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) and the UK Border Force collect a range of taxes and duties, control imported and exported goods, and prevent banned items from entering or leaving the United Kingdom.

The powers of customs officers ("officers") derive from the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979. Officers are appointed by the Commissioners of Revenue and Customs, who are in turn appointed by the King. Failure to return a commission by an officer is an offence, as is imitating or obstructing an officer. Officers at ports are now officially part of the Border Force (Home Office) and as such have their powers conferred by the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009.

At any time, any officer may board and search:
 * ships within the limits of a port,
 * aircraft at aerodromes, or
 * vehicles that are:
 * entering, leaving or about to leave the United Kingdom,
 * within the prescribed area,
 * within the limits of or entering or leaving a port or any land adjacent to a port and occupied wholly or mainly for the purpose of activities carried on at the port,
 * at, entering or leaving an aerodrome,
 * at, entering or leaving an approved wharf, transit shed, customs warehouse or free trade zone, or
 * at, entering or leaving any such premises as are mentioned in subsection (1) of section 112 of the 1979 Act.

Officers shall have free access to every part of any ship or aircraft at a port or aerodrome and of any vehicle as described above or is brought to a customs and excise station, and may: Carrying away an officer is an offence.
 * cause any goods to be marked before they are unloaded from that ship, aircraft or vehicle,
 * lock up, seal, mark or otherwise secure any goods carried in the ship, aircraft or vehicle or any place or container in which they are so carried,
 * break open any place or container which is locked and of which the keys are withheld, and
 * seize any goods found concealed on board any such ship, aircraft or vehicle.

Officers may inspect aircraft and aerodromes, and prevent the departure of aircraft if they have not given their permission for them to depart. They may stop ships in UK territorial waters for the purposes of checking that they have been cleared to leave the UK.

Officers may examine any goods carried or to be carried in a coasting ships at any time while they are on board the ship, or at any place in the United Kingdom to which the goods have been brought for shipment in, or at which they have been unloaded from, the ship.

Officers may ask questions with respect to the baggage of people entering or leaving the United Kingdom and any thing contained therein or carried with them. They may inspect such baggage. Since the amendments to CEMA 1979 inserted by the Policing and Crime Act 2009 Officers may also require a person entering or leaving the United Kingdom to produce a Passport (or National ID Card when that may be used as an alternative) and answer questions about their journey. Any person entering the UK from outside the EU who fails to declare any thing or to produce any baggage or thing as required (unless it they are entitled to exemption from duty and tax by virtue of any order under section 13 of the Customs and Excise Duties (General Reliefs) Act 1979) commits an offence. Any thing chargeable with any duty or tax which is found concealed, or is not declared, and any thing which is being taken into or out of the UK contrary to any prohibition or restriction can be seized.

Officers on anti-smuggling duties may haul up, leave or moor vessels where they wish. They may also enter any part of the coast (or of the shore or bank of any river or creek), railway or aerodrome (or land adjoining any aerodrome), and over any land in Northern Ireland within the prescribed area. They may not, however, enter any garden or pleasure ground.

An officer may board or enter any ship, aircraft, vehicle, house or place and take such steps as are reasonably necessary to stop or prevent the sending of a signal or message connected with smuggling.

Officers may seize:
 * ships or aircraft that have been in the UK or vehicles that have been in a port or aerodrome and are constructed, adapted, altered or fitted for concealing goods,
 * ships that have thrown overboard, staved or destroyed any part of the cargo to prevent seizure while the ship is in United Kingdom waters or where the ship, having been properly summoned to bring to by any vessel in the service of Her Majesty, fails so to do and chase is given,
 * ships or aircraft that have been within the limits of any port in the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man, or any aircraft has been in the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man where the master or commander fails to account for a substantial part of the cargo that has been on board.

Officers may fire upon ships liable to forfeiture or examination where they have failed to bring to after the commander of any vessel in the service of Her Majesty has hoisted the proper ensign and caused a gun to be fired as a signal and chase has been given.

Officers may ask any person entering or leaving a free trade zone (as designated by the Treasury) questions with respect to any goods. That person shall, if required by the officer, produce those goods for examination at such place as the Commissioners may direct. Officers may board a vehicle at any time while it is entering or leaving a free trade zone search any part of it. Officers may, at any time, enter upon and inspect a free trade zone and all buildings and goods within the zone.

Officers may enter any premises, vehicles, vessels, aircraft, hovercraft or structures used in connection with an excise licence, and may inspect the premises and search for, examine and take account of any machinery, vehicles, vessels, utensils, goods or materials belonging to or in any way connected with that trade. Officers must be accompanied by a constable at night. If the premises are those of a distiller, rectifier, compounder, brewer for sale, producer of wine, producer of made-wine, maker of cider or occupier of an excise warehouse, an officer, after having demanded admission into the premises and declared his name and business at the entrance may break open any door or window of the premises or break through any wall for the purpose of obtaining admission. Officers or people acting in their aid must be accompanied by a constable at night.

If an officer has reasonable grounds to suspect that any secret pipe or other means of conveyance, cock, vessel or utensil is kept or used by a distiller, rectifier, compounder, registered brewer, producer of wine, producer of made-wine and maker of cider, that officer may, at any time, break open any part of the premises of that trader and forcibly enter them and so far as is reasonably necessary break up the ground in or adjoining those premises or any wall thereof to search for that pipe or other means of conveyance, cock, vessel or utensil.

If the officer finds any such pipe or other form of conveyance leading to or from the trader's premises, he may enter any other premises from or into which it leads, and so far as is reasonably necessary break up any part of those other premises to trace its course, and may cut it away and turn any cock thereon, and examine whether it conveys or conceals any goods chargeable with a duty of excise, or any materials used in the manufacture of such goods, in such manner as to prevent a true account thereof from being taken. Every such pipe or other means of conveyance, cock, vessel or utensil as mentioned, and all goods chargeable with a duty of excise or materials for the manufacture of such goods found therein, may be seized. Officers must be accompanied by a constable at night, and damage caused by unsuccessful searches shall be made good by the Commissioners.

Officers may, at a reasonable time of day, enter any premises used for the conduct of a business. If they have reasonable cause to believe that any premises are used for gaming to which section 10 of the Finance Act 1997 (gaming duty) applies or are used in connection with the supply, importation or exportation of goods of a class or description chargeable with a duty of excise and that any such goods are on those premises, they may inspect those premises and any goods found on them. If they believe serious fraud is occurring in connection with such gaming, they may obtain a court warrant to enter the premises using reasonable force.

Officers may detain any person who has committed, or whom there are reasonable grounds to suspect of having committed, any offence for which he is liable to be detained under the customs and excise Acts at any time within 20 years from the date of the commission of the offence. Officers may seize any ship, aircraft, vehicle, animal, container (including any article of passengers’ baggage) or other thing which has been used for the carriage, handling, deposit or concealment of any thing that has become liable to forfeiture under the customs and excise Acts, or any other thing mixed, packed or found with the thing so liable. They may also seize all the tackle, apparel or furniture in any ship, aircraft, vehicle or animal that has become liable to forfeiture under the customs and excise Acts. Ships (but not their contents) of over 250 tons (but not hovercraft) are exempt unless the voyage itself was the offence that caused the seizure, or the ship was being chased.

Officers may "examine and take account of" any goods:
 * which are imported,
 * which are in a warehouse or Queen's warehouse,
 * which are in a free trade zone,
 * which have been loaded into any ship or aircraft at any place in the United Kingdom or the Isle of Man,
 * which are entered for exportation or for use as stores,
 * which are brought to any place in the United Kingdom for exportation or for shipment for exportation or as stores, or
 * in the case of which any claim for drawback, allowance, rebate, remission or repayment of duty is made.

Officers may take samples of certain goods, enter premises with a writ of assistance or search warrant and stop and search vehicles or vessels where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that they are carrying or may be carrying any goods which are:

 * chargeable with any duty which has not been paid or secured,
 * in the course of being unlawfully removed from or to any place, or
 * otherwise liable to forfeiture under the customs and excise Acts

Officers may detain people to search their possessions for dutiable alcoholic liquor, or tobacco products, which are chargeable with any duty of excise, and liable to forfeiture under the customs and excise Acts.

If an officer has reasonable grounds to suspect that

 * any person who is on board or has landed from any ship or aircraft,
 * any person entering or about to leave the United Kingdom,
 * any person within the dock area of a port,
 * any person at a customs and excise airport,
 * any person in, entering or leaving any approved wharf or transit shed which is not in a port,
 * any person in, entering or leaving a free trade zone, or
 * in Northern Ireland, any person travelling from or to any place which is on or beyond the boundary

is carrying any article which is chargeable with any duty which has not been paid or secured or (if being imported or exported) of which any prohibition or restriction is in force, they may detain them and search them. This search may be a rub down, strip or intimate search, and must be approved by a superior officer or justice of the peace.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, as per the Customs Ordinance, enforcement is carried out by the Sri Lanka Customs headed by the Director General of Customs. They wear an all white (without insignia) or khaki (with insignia) uniform.

United States
In the United States, a customs officer is a federal law enforcement officer working to enforce customs laws as well as over 400 laws for other federal agencies. Customs officers enforce these laws for every person or thing that enters or leaves U.S. Among their many functions are detecting and confiscating contraband, making sure that import duties are paid, and preventing those without legal authorization from entering the United States. In the past, American customs officers were part of the Department of the Treasury, the oldest law enforcement agency in the U.S., dating back to 1789. U.S. Customs (CBP) is the second highest revenue collector in the United States through fines, collection of duties, and illegal money seized; only the IRS collects more money for the federal government. Every day, on average, U.S. Customs arrests 135 suspects of different crimes, seizes 2,313 pounds of narcotics, confiscate 196 firearms, intercept 210 fraudulent documents, prevents 54 criminal aliens from entering the U.S., and detains one suspected terrorist. Customs officers need no probable cause to search, detain, or seize anything or any person. Today customs officers work for the Department of Homeland Security within U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Office of Investigations. They are present at every international airport, seaport, and all land border crossings.

title: Customs officer


text: Talk:Unplugged (Alice in Chains album)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Unplugged (Alice in Chains album)


text: Talk:Live (Alice in Chains album)

title: Talk:Live (Alice in Chains album)


text: Talk:Greatest Hits (Alice in Chains album)


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Alfred-Pellan

Alfred-Pellan (formerly Duvernay and Laval East) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. Its population in 2006 was 104,765.

Geography
The district includes the neighbourhoods of Duvernay, Pont-Viau, Saint-François, Saint-Vincent-de-Paul and the eastern part of the neighbourhood of Vimont in the City of Laval.

The neighbouring ridings are Marc-Aurèle-Fortin, Terrebonne—Blainville, Montcalm, Honoré-Mercier, Ahuntsic, and Vimy.

Demographics

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census

 * Languages: (2016) 64.4% French, 10.1% Italian, 7.3% English, 4.1% Arabic, 4.0% Spanish, 3.3% Creole, 1.3% Portuguese, 1.0% Romanian, 0.6% Vietnamese, 0.4% Kabyle, 0.3% Greek, 0.3% Khmer, 0.3% Turkish

History
The riding was created in 1968 from Laval and was known as Duvernay until 1990 when it became Laval East. Upon redistribution in 2003 it was renamed Alfred-Pellan after the famous Quebec artist Alfred Pellan. Also it lost a small part of its territory to the newly created Marc-Aurèle-Fortin riding.

The riding lost territory to Vimy and Marc-Aurèle-Fortin during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Member of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

title: Alfred-Pellan


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Swing bowling

Swing bowling is a technique used for bowling in the sport of cricket. Practitioners are known as swing bowlers. Swing bowling is generally classed as a subtype of fast bowling.

The aim of swing bowling is to cause the ball to move in the air (or 'swing') while delivering mainly fast-paced balls to the batsman, in the hope that the change in the ball's flight path will deceive the batsman and cause them to play the ball incorrectly. Swing bowling is not to be confused with spin bowling, which involves bowling slow-pace balls which change direction primarily after making contact with the ground.

Swing bowling involves the use of a newer ball which is only slightly worn. The bowling side will continually polish one side of the ball by applying sweat to it as well as rubbing it against their clothing to shine it, while leaving the opposite side unshined (Saliva was banned by ICC due to COVID-19 Pandemic). The speed of airflow over the rough and smooth sides of the ball will cause the ball to move in flight towards the rough side and away from the shiny side. Swing bowlers will often use a subtly altered grip on the ball to accentuate this effect.

The two main forms of swing are inswing, where the ball begins wider of the batsman and travels into the batsman's body, angling towards the stumps, and outswing, where the ball begins in line with the stumps but moves so that it is slightly wider of the stumps by the time it reaches the batsman. As the shiny side will also become worn over the course of play, swing bowling is usually effective when the ball is newer, with the older ball being more useful for spin bowling or other forms of fast bowling. However, there are other types of swing, such as reverse swing, which involve using a much more worn ball.

As swing bowling is heavily dependent on the condition of the ball, many ball tampering controversies have been related to it, where teams have tried to illegally alter the wear of the ball using materials such as sandpaper to produce additional swing.

Theory
The purpose of swing bowling is to get the cricket ball to deviate sideways as it moves through the air towards or away from the batsman. To do this, the bowler makes use of six factors:

 * The raised seam of the cricket ball
 * The angle of the seam to the direction of travel
 * The wear and tear on the ball
 * The polishing liquid used on the ball
 * The speed of the delivery
 * The bowler's action

Asymmetry of the ball is encouraged by the polishing of one side of the ball by members of the fielding team, while allowing the opposite side to deteriorate through wear and tear. With time, this produces a difference in the aerodynamic properties of the two sides.

Both turbulent and laminar airflow contribute to swing. Air in laminar flow separates from the surface of the ball earlier than air in turbulent flow, so that the separation point moves toward the front of the ball on the laminar side. On the turbulent flow side it remains towards the back, inducing a greater lift force on the turbulent airflow side of the ball. The calculated net lift force is not enough to account for the amount of swing observed. Additional force is provided by the pressure-gradient force.

To induce the pressure-gradient force the bowler must create regions of high and low static pressure on opposing sides of the ball. The ball is then "sucked" from the region of high static pressure towards the region of low static pressure. The Magnus effect uses the same force but by manipulating spin across the direction of motion. A layer of fluid, in this case air, will have a greater velocity when moving over another layer of fluid than it would have had if it had been moving over a solid, in this case the surface of the ball. The greater the velocity of the fluid, the lower its static pressure.

Cold and humid weather are said to enhance swing. Colder air is denser and so may affect the differential forces the ball experiences in flight. When looking at humidity, changes between 0% and 40% humidity appear to have little to no effect on the ball's swing; yet, when approaching 100% humidity "condensation shock" has been observed enhancing the swing of the ball.

Conventional swing
Typically, a swing bowler aligns the seam and the sides of the ball to reinforce the swing effect. This can be done in two ways:
 * Outswinger: An outswinger to a right-handed batsman can be bowled by aligning the seam slightly to the left towards the slips and placing the roughened side of the ball on the left. To extract consistent swing, a bowler can also rotate his wrist toward the slips while keeping his arm straight. To a right-handed batsman, this results in the ball moving away to the off side while in flight, usually outwards from his body. Malcolm Marshall, Richard Hadlee, Dominic Cork, Courtney Walsh and Dale Steyn have been great exponents of the outswingers.
 * Inswinger: An inswinger to a right-handed batsman can be bowled by aligning the seam slightly to the right and placing the roughened side of the ball on the right. To extract consistent swing, a bowler can also rotate or "open up" his wrist towards leg slip. To a right-handed batsman, this results in the ball moving in to the leg side while in flight, usually inwards towards his body.

The curvature of swing deliveries can make them difficult for a batsman to hit with his bat. Typically, bowlers more commonly bowl outswingers, as they tend to move away from the batsman, meaning he has to "chase" the ball to hit it. Hitting away from the batsman's body is dangerous, as it leaves a gap between the bat and body through which the ball may travel to hit the wicket. Also, if the batsman misjudges the amount of swing, he can hit the ball with an edge of the bat. An inside edge can ricochet on to the wicket, resulting in him being out bowled, while an outside edge can fly to the wicket-keeper or slip fielders for a catch.

There has been a distinct lack of left-arm swing bowlers in the game. Some of the most famous left-arm bowlers were Pakistan's Wasim Akram, India's Zaheer Khan, Australia's Alan Davidson Mitchell Johnson Mitchell Starc and Sri Lanka's Chaminda Vaas.

When the ball is new the seam is used to create a layer of turbulent air on one side of the ball, by angling it to one side and spinning the ball along the seam. This changes the separation points of the air with the ball; this turbulent air creates a greater coverage of air, providing lift. The next layer of air will have a greater velocity over the side with the turbulent air due to the greater air coverage and as there is a difference in air velocity, the static pressure of both sides of the ball are different and the ball is both 'lifted' and 'sucked' towards the turbulent airflow side of the ball.

Reverse swing
Normal swing occurs mostly when the ball is fairly new. As it wears more, the aerodynamics of the asymmetry changes and it is more difficult to extract a large amount of swing. When the ball becomes very old – around 50 or more overs old – it begins to swing towards the shine. It is mainly helpful for bowlers in Test matches. This is known as reverse swing, meaning that a natural outswinger will become an inswinger and vice versa. However, the new ball may reverse its trajectory if the speed is high (more than 90 mph). This is also called contrast swing or reverse swing. In essence, both sides of a cricket ball have turbulent flow, but in reverse swing, the seam causes the airflow to separate earlier on one side. The side of the ball that has been shined experiences quicker airflow, while on the other side, the rougher surface disrupts the airflow, slowing that side of the ball down. This causes the ball to swing either outwards or inwards, depending on how it has been released from the hand when bowled, with the ball moving towards the side on which the ball is shined.

Reverse swing tends to be stronger than normal swing, and to occur late in the ball's trajectory. This gives it a very different character from normal swing, and because batsmen experience it less often, they generally find it much more difficult to defend against. It is also possible for a ball to swing normally in its early flight, and then to alter its swing as it approaches the batsman. This can be done in two ways one for the ball to reverse its direction of swing, giving it an 'S' trajectory: the other is for it to adopt a more pronounced swing in the same direction in which the swing is already curving; either alteration can be devastating for the batsman. In the first instance, he is already committed to playing the swing one way, which will be the wrong way to address swing which is suddenly coming from the opposite direction: in the second instance, his stance will be one which is appropriate for the degree, or extent, of the expected swing, and which could suddenly leave him vulnerable to LBW, being caught behind, or bowled. Two consecutive deliveries from Wasim Akram, one of each type, were considered to be the turning point of the 1992 World Cup Final.

Pioneers and notable practitioners of reverse swing have mostly been Pakistani fast bowlers. In the early days of reverse swing, Pakistani bowlers were accused of ball tampering to achieve the conditions of the ball that allow reverse swing. According to the ex-chairman of the Pakistan cricket board, Shaharyar Khan, reverse swing was invented by Saleem Mir, who played for the Punjab Cricket Club in Lahore during the late 1960s and taught it to his team-mate Sarfraz Nawaz. Sarfraz Nawaz introduced reverse swing into international cricket during the late 1970s, and passed their knowledge on to their team-mate Imran Khan, who in turn taught the duo of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis. The English pair of Andrew Flintoff and Simon Jones, having been taught by Troy Cooley and the Indian bowlers like Zaheer Khan and Ajit Agarkar, were also well known for the ability to reverse swing, among many others. Bowlers tend to disguise the direction of reverse swing by running up starting with the opposite hand before switching hands and covering the ball for as long as possible before release. Neil Wagner utilizes this to show the ball is reversing, but disguises the direction of swing.

Reverse swing occurs in exactly the same manner as conventional swing, despite popular misconception. Over time the rough side becomes too rough and the tears become too deep – this is why golf ball dimples are never below a certain depth, and so "conventional" swing weakens over time; the separation point moves toward the front of the ball on the rough side. When polishing the shiny side of the ball, numerous liquids are used, such as sweat, saliva, sunscreen, hair gel (which bowlers may apply to their hair before a game) and other illegal substances like Vaseline (applied to the clothing where the ball is polished). These liquids penetrate the porous surface of the leather ball. Over time the liquid expands and stretches the surface of the ball (which increases the surface area meaning more lift) and creates raised bumps on the polished side, due to the non-uniform nature of the expansion. The valleys between the bumps hold the air in the same manner as the tears on the rough side. This creates a layer of air over the shiny side, moving the separation point towards the back of the ball on the shiny side. The greater air coverage is now on the shiny side, giving rise to more lift and faster secondary airflow on that side. There is therefore lower static pressure on the shiny side, causing the ball to swing towards it, not away from it as in conventional swing. The rough side tears hold the air more easily than the shiny side valleys, so to maintain the air within the valleys the initial air layer must have a very high velocity, which is why reverse swing is primarily, but not necessarily, achieved by fast bowlers. Due to the less static nature of the initial air layer it takes longer for the swing to occur, which is why it occurs later in the delivery. This is why conventional and reverse swing can occur in the same delivery.

When the ball is older and there is an asymmetry in roughness the seam no longer causes the pressure difference, and can actually reduce the swing of the ball. Air turbulence is no longer used to create separation point differences and therefore the lift and pressure differences. On the rough side of the ball there are scratches and pits in the ball's surface. These irregularities act in the same manner as the dimples of a golf ball: they trap the air, creating a layer of trapped air next to the rough side of the ball, which moves with the surface of the ball. The smooth side does not trap a layer of air. The next layer of air outward from the ball will have a greater velocity over the rough side, due to its contact with a layer of trapped air, rather than solid ball. This lowers the static pressure relative to the shiny side, which swings the ball. If the scratches and tears completely cover the rough side of the ball, the separation point on the rough side will move to the back of the ball, further than that of the turbulent air, thereby creating more lift and faster air flow. This is why a new ball will swing more than an old ball. If the seam is used to create the turbulent air on the rough side, the tears will not fill as quickly as they would with laminar flow, dampening the lift and pressure differences.

Playing swing bowling
Firstly, a batsman needs good eye reflexes which are considered to be a key skill when facing swing bowling. Secondly, a batsman often needs to anticipate beforehand what the ball will do and adjust accordingly to play swing bowling. This can be done by observing the bowler's grip and action (which may have a marked difference depending on which type of swinger is to be delivered), by observing the field set, which may depend on the types of deliveries expected (as a rule outswingers will have more slips assigned) or by means of prior knowledge of the bowler; many can bowl or are proficient in only one type of swing. Traditional methods include the batsmen playing the ball as late as possible, and not playing away from the body. Other effective measures for combating swing bowling include standing well outside the crease, thus giving the ball less time to swing; and guessing the direction of swing based on the seam position observed in the ball's flight.

Controversy regarding reverse swing has never left modern cricket, as the Pakistani team was accused of ball tampering by the Australian umpire Darrell Hair during the fourth test against England in 2006 when the ball began to reverse swing after the 50th over. His co-umpire Billy Doctrove supported him. A hearing subsequently found that there was insufficient evidence to convict anyone of ball tampering.

title: Swing bowling


text:
Widener Library

The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, housing some 3.5million books in its "vast and cavernous" stacks, is the center-piece of the Harvard College Libraries (the libraries of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences) and, more broadly, of the entire Harvard Library system. It honors 1907 Harvard College graduate and book collector Harry Elkins Widener, and was built by his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener after his death in the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912.

The library's holdings, which include works in more than one hundred languages, comprise "one of the world's most comprehen-sive research collec-tions in the humanities and social sciences." Its 57 mi of shelves, along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels, comprise a "labyrinth" which one student "could not enter without feeling that she ought to carry a compass, a sandwich, and a whistle."

At the building's heart are the Widener Memorial Rooms, displaying papers and mementos recalling the life and death of Harry Widener, as well as the Harry Elkins Widener Collec-tion, "the precious group of rare and wonder-fully interesting books brought together by Mr. Widener", to which was later added one of the few perfect Gutenberg Bibles—the object of a 1969 burglary attempt conjectured by Harvard's police chief to have been inspired by the 1964 heist filmTopkapi.

Campus legends holding that Harry Widener's fate led to the institu-tion of an undergrad-uate swimming-proficiency requirement, and that an additional donation from his mother subsidizes ice cream at Harvard meals, are without foundation.

Background, conception and gift
HarryElkinsWidener LastWillAndTestament cropped.jpg
 * link=File:HarryElkinsWidener_LastWillAndTestament.jpg|Harry Widener's will directed that his books go to Harvard when it was capable of caring for them properly.]]
 * Eleanor Widener, son George (left), and archi-tect Horace Trum-bauer in Harvard Yard, c. 1912

Predecessor
By the opening of the twentieth century alarms had been issuing for many years about Harvard's "disgrace-fully inadequate" library, Gore Hall, completed in 1841 (when Harvard owned some 44,000 books) and declared full in 1863. Harvard Librarian Justin Winsor concluded his 1892 Annual Report by pleading, "-"; his successor Archibald Cary Coolidge asserted that the Boston Public Library was a better place to write an - thesis. Despite substantial additions in 1876 and 1907, in 1910 a committee of architects termed Gore "unsafe [and] unsuitable for its object... No amount of tinkering can make it really good... Hopelessly over-crowded... leaks when there is a heavy rain... intolerably hot in summer... Books are put in double rows and are not infrequently left lying on top of one another, or actually on the floor..." With university librarian William Coolidge Lane reporting that the building's light switches were delivering electric shocks to his staff, and dormitory basements pressed into service as overflow storage for Harvard's 543,000 books, the committee drew up a proposal for replacement of Gore in stages. Andrew Carnegie was approached for financing without success.

Death of Harry Widener

In 1912, Harry Elkins Widener—scion of two of the wealthiest families in America, a 1907 graduate of Harvard College, and an accomplished bibliophile despite his youth—died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic. His father George Dunton Widener also perished, but his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener survived.

Harry Widener's will instructed that his mother, when "in her judgment Harvard University shall make arrange-ments for properly caring for my collec-tion of books... shall give them to said University to be known as the Harry Elkins Widener Collection", and he had told a friend, not long before he died, "I want to be remembered in connection with a great library, [but] I do not see how it is going to be brought about."

To enable the fulfillment of her son's wishes Eleanor Widener briefly consid-ered funding an addition to Gore Hall, but soon determined to build instead a completely new and far larger library building—"a perpetual memorial" to Harry Widener, housing not only his personal book collection but Harvard's general library as well, with room for growth. As Biel has written, "The [Harvard architects] committee's Beaux Arts design [for Gore Hall's projected replacement], with its massiveness and symmetry, offered monumen-tal-ity with nothing more particular to monumen-tal-ize than the aspira-tions of the modern university"—until the Titanic sank and "through delicate negotia-tion, [Harvard] convinced Eleanor Widener that the most eloquent tribute to Harry would be an entire library rather than a rare book wing."

Terms and cost of gift
To her gift Eleanor Widener attached a number of stipulations, including that the project's architects be the firm of Horace Trumbauer& Associates, which had built several mansions for both the Elkins and the Widener families. "Mrs. Widener does not give the University the money to build a new library, but has offered to build a library satisfactory in external appearance to herself," Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell wrote privately. "The exterior was her own choice, and she has decided architec-tur-al opinions." Harvard historian William Bentinck-Smith has written that

[[File:GoreHallHarvard UnderDemolition early1913 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|link=File:GoreHallHarvard_UnderDemolition_early1913.jpg
 * Gore Hall was reduced to a "pile of stones and rubbish" to make way for Widener.]]

"To [Harvard officials] Mrs. Widener was a lovely and generous lady whose wealth, power, and remoteness made her a somewhat terrifying figure who must not be roused to annoyance or outrage. Once [construction] began, all financial transactions were the donor's private business, and no one at Harvard ever knew the exact cost. Mrs. Widener was counting on $2million, [but] it is probable the cost exceeded $3.5million [equivalent to $ million in ]."

Though Harvard awarded Trumbauer an honorary degree on the day of the new library's dedication, it was Trumbauer associate Julian F. Abele who had overall responsi-bility for the building's design, which largely followed the 1910 architects' committee's outline (though with the committee's central circula-tion room shifted from the center to the northeast corner, yielding pride of place to the Memorial Rooms).

After Gore Hall was demolished to make way, ground was broken on February12, 1913, and the corner-stone laid June16. By later that year some 50,000 bricks were being laid each day.

Building
[[File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary ExteriorFront c1915 cropped.jpg|left|thumb|upright= 1.0
 * link=File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary ExteriorFront c1915.jpg|View from University Hall ]]

At Harvard's "geographical and intellec-tual heart" directly across Tercenten-ary Theatre from Memorial Church, Widener Library is a hollow rectangle of "Harvard brick with Indiana limestone traceries", 250 by 200 by 80feet high (76 by 61 by 24m) and enclosing 320,000 square feet (30,000m$2$), "colon-naded on its front by immense pillars with elaborate [Corinthian capitals], all of which stand at the head of a flight of stairs that would not disgrace the capitol in Washing-ton." Sources describe the building's style as (variously) Beaux-Arts, Georgian, Hellenistic, or "the austere, formalistic Imperial [or 'Imperial and Classical'] style displayed in the Law School's Langdell Hall and the Medical School Quadrangle".

The east, south, and west wings house the stacks, while the north contains administrative offices and various reading rooms, including the Main Reading Room (now the Loker Reading Room)—which, spanning the entire front of the building and some 42feet (13m) in both depth and height, was termed by architec-tur-al historian Bainbridge Bunting "the most ostenta-tious interior space at Harvard." A topmost floor, supported by the stacks framework itself, contains thirty-two rooms for special collections, studies, offices, and seminars.

The Memorial Rooms (see § Widener Memorial Rooms) are in the building's center, between what were originally two light courts (28 by 110ft or 8.5 by 33m) now enclosed as additional reading rooms.

Dedication

The building was dedicated immediately after Com-mence-ment Day exercises on June24, 1915. Lowell and Coolidge mounted the steps to the main door, where Eleanor Widener presented them with the building's keys. The first book formally brought into the new library was the 1634 edition of John Downame's The Christian Warfare Against the Devil, World, and Flesh, believed (at the time) to be the only volume, of those bequeathed to the school by John Harvard in 1638, to have survived the 1764 burning of Harvard Hall.

 * Flanking the Memorial Rooms' entrance, murals by John Singer Sargent honor World War I dead.

 * The Memorial Rooms "reflect an atmos-phere of realism", wrote a visitor, "[as if] Harry Widener still lived among his books."

In the Memorial Rooms, after a benediction by Bishop William Lawrence, a portrait of Harry Widener was unveiled, then remarks delivered by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (speaking on "The Meaning of a Great Library" on behalf of Eleanor Widener) and Lowell ("For years we have longed for a library that would serve our purpose, but we never hoped to see such a library as this"). Afterward (said the Boston Evening Transcript) "the doors were thrown open, and both graduates and under-graduates had an opportu-ni-ty to see the beauties and utilities of this important univer-sity acquisition."

"I hope it will become the heart of the University," Eleanor Widener said, "a centre for all the interests that make Harvard a great university."

Widener Memorial Rooms
The central Memorial Rooms—an outer rotunda housing memorabilia of the life and death of Harry Widener, and an inner library displaying the 3300 rare books collected by him—were described by the Boston Sunday Herald soon after the dedication: "The [rotunda] is of Alabama marble except the domed ceiling, with fluted columns and Ionic capitals [while the library] is finished in carved English oak, the carving having been done in England; the high bookcases are fitted with glass shelves and bronze sashes, the windows are hung with heavy curtains [and] upon the desks are vases filled with flowers.

The big marble fireplace and the portrait of Harry Widener occupy a large portion of the south wall. Standing front of the fireplace one may look through the vista made by the doorways, the staircases within and the stairs without and get a glimpse of the green campus." Conversely, "even from the very entrance [of the building] one will catch a glimpse in the distance of the portrait of young Harry Widener on the further wall [of the Memorial Rooms], if the intervening doors happen to be open."

For many years Eleanor Widener hosted Commencement Day luncheons in the Memorial Rooms. The family underwrites their upkeep, including weekly renewal of the flowers—originally roses but now carnations.

Amenities and deficiencies
Touted as "the last word in library construction", the new building's amenities included telephones, pneumatic tubes, book lifts and conveyors, elevators, and a dining-room and kitchenette "for the ladies of the staff". Advertisements for the manufacturer of the building's shelving highlighted its "dark brown enamel finish, harmonizing with oak trim", and special interchangeable regular and oversize shelves meant that books on a given subject could be shelved together regardless of size.

The Library Journal found "especially interesting not so much the spacious and lofty reading rooms" as the innovation of placing student carrels and private faculty studies directly in the stack, reflecting Lowell's desire to put "the massive resources of the stack close to the scholar's hand, reuniting books and readers in an intimacy that nineteenth-century ['closed-stack' library designs] had long precluded". (Competition for the seventy coveted faculty studies has been a longstanding administrative headache.)

Nonetheless, certain deficien-cies were soon noted. A primitive form of air conditioning was aban-doned within a few months. "The need of better toilet facilities [in the stacks] has been pressed upon us during the past year by several rather distressing experiences," Widener Superintendent Frank Carney wrote discreetly in 1918. And after a university-wide search for castoff furniture left many of the stacks' 300 carrels still unequipped, Coolidge wrote to J. P. Morgan Jr., "There is something rather humiliating in having to proclaim to the world that [Widener offers] unequalled opportunity to the scholar and investigator who wishes to come here, but that in order to use these opportu-ni-ties he must bring his own chair, table and electric lamp." (A week later Coolidge wrote again: "Your very generous gift [has helped] pull me out of a most desperate situation.")

Later-built tunnels, from the stacks level furthest underground, connect to nearby Pusey Library, Lamont Library, and Houghton Library. An enclosed bridge connecting to Houghton's reading room via a Widener window—built after Eleanor Widener's heirs agreed to waive her gift's proscription of exterior additions or alterations—was removed in 2004. Houghton and Lamont were built in the 1940s to relieve Widener, which had become simultaneously too small—its shelves were full—and too large—its immense size and complex catalog made books difficult to locate. But with Harvard's collections doubling every 17 years, by 1965 Widener was again close to full, prompting construction of Pusey, and in the early 1980s library officials "pushed the panic button" again, leading to the construction of the Harvard Depository in 1986.

Collections and stacks

 * "The shelves are lost in the dark-ness above, and to either side they run off to -", wrote Thomas Wolfe. Each of the ten lev-els has some 187 rows of shelving.

[[File:WidenerLibraryStackTier.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1
 * -]]

The ninety-unit Harvard Library system, of which Widener is the anchor, is the only academic library among the world's five "megalibraries"—Widener, the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, France's Bibliothèque Nationale, and the British Library—making it "unambigu-ously the greatest univer-sity library in the world," in the words of a Harvard official.

According to the Harvard College Library's own description, Widener's humanities and social sciences collections include "holdings in the history, literature, public affairs, and cultures of five continents. Of particular note are the collec-tions of Africana, Americana, European local history, Judaica, Latin American studies, Middle Eastern studies, Slavic studies, and rich collec-tions of materials for the study of Asia, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth, France, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, and Greek and Latin antiquity. These collec-tions include significant holdings in linguistics, ancient and modern languages, folklore, economics, history of science and technology, philosophy, psychology, and sociology." The building's 3.5 million volumes occupy 57 mi of shelves along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels divided into three wings each.

Alone among the "megalibraries", only Harvard allows patrons the "long-treasured privilege" of entering the general-collections stacks to browse as they please, instead of requesting books through library staff. Until a recent renovation the stacks had little signage—"There was the expecta-tion that if you were good enough to qualify to get into the stacks you certainly didn't need any help" (as one official put it) so that "learning to [find books in] Widener was like a rite of passage, a test of manhood", and a 1979 monograph on library design complained, "After one goes through the main doors of Harvard's Widener Library, the only visible sign says merely ENTER." At times color-coded lines and shoeprints have been applied to the floors to help patrons keep their bearings.

As of 2015 some 1700 persons enter the building each day, and about 2800 books are checked out. Another 3million Widener items reside offsite (along with many millions of items from other Harvard libraries) at the Harvard Depository in Southbor-ough, Massachu-setts, from which they are retrieved overnight on request. A project to insert barcodes into each book, begun in the late 1970s, had some 1million volumes yet to reach as of 2006.

Harry Elkins Widener Collection
The works displayed in the Memorial Rooms comprise Harry Widener's collec-tion at the time of his death, "major monuments of English letters, many remarkable for their bindings and illustrations or unusual provenance":

Shakespeare First Folios; a copy of Poems written by Wil.Shake-speare, gent. (1640) in its original sheepskin binding; an inscribed copy of Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson; Johnson's own Bible ("used so much by its owner that several pages were worn out and Johnson copied them over in his own writing"); and first editions, presenta-tion copies, and similarly valuable volumes of Robert Louis Stevenson, Thackeray, Charlotte Brontë, Blake, George Cruikshank, Isaac Cruikshank, Robert Cruikshank and Dickens—including the petty cash book kept by Dickens while a young law clerk. Book collector George Sidney Hellman, writing soon after Harry Widener's death, observed that he was "not satisfied alone in having a rare book or a rare book inscribed by the author; it was with him a prerequisite that the volume should be in immaculate condition."

Harry Widener "died suddenly, just as he was beginning to be one of the world's great collectors," said the Collection's first curator. "They formed a young man's library, and are to be preserved as he left it"—except that the Widener family has the exclusive privilege of adding to it.

Harvard's "greatest typographical treasure" is one of the only thirty-eight perfect copies extant of the Gutenberg Bible, purchased while Harry was abroad by his grandfather Peter A.B. Widener (who had intended to surprise Harry with it once the Titanic docked in New York) and added to the Collection by the Widener family in 1944.

Like all Harvard's valuable books, works in the Widener Collec-tion may be consulted by researchers demonstrating a genuine research need.

Parallel classification systems and dual catalogs

Like many large libraries, Widener originally classified its holdings according to its own idiosyncratic system—the "Widener" (or "Harvard") system—which (writes Battles) follows "the division of knowledge in its [early twentieth-century] formulation. The Aus class contains books on the Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Ott class serves the purpose for the Ottoman Empire. Dante, Molière, and Montaigne each gets a class of his own."

In the 1970s new arrivals began to be classified according to a modified version of the Library of Congress system. The two systems' differences reflect "competing theories of knowl-edge... In a sense, the [old] Widener system was Aristotelian; its divi-sions were empirical, describing and reflecting the languages and cultural origins of books and highlighting their relations to one another in language, place, and time; [the Library of Congress system], by contrast, was Platonic, looking past the surface of language and nation to reflect the idealized, essential discipline in which each [item] might be said to belong."

Because of the impracticality of reclassifying millions of books, those received before the changeover remain under their original "Widener" classifications. Thus among works on a given subject, older books will be found at one shelf location (under a "Widener" classification) and newer ones at another (under a related Library of Congress classification).

In addition, an accident of the building's layout led to the development of two separate card catalogs—the "Union" catalog and the "Public" catalog—housed on different floors and having a complex interrelationship "which perplexed students and faculty alike." It was not until the 1990s that the electronic Harvard On-Line Library Information System was able to completely supplant both physical catalogs.

Departmental and special libraries

The building also houses a number of special libraries in dedicated spaces outside the stacks, includ-ing: • The Fred N. Robinson Celtic Seminar Library

• The Hamilton A.R. Gibb Islamic Seminar Library

• The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature

• The Herbert Weir Smyth Classical Library

• The Francis James Child Memorial Library (English Department)

• The James A. Notopoulos Collection of Modern Greek Ballads and Songs There are also special collections in the history of science, linguis-tics, Near Eastern languag-es and civiliza-tions, paleogra-phy, and Sanskrit.

The contents of the Treasure Room, holding Harvard's most precious rare books and manuscripts (other than the Harry Elkins Widener Collection itself) were transferred to newly built Houghton Library in 1942.

Swimrequirement, icecream, and other legends

 * link=File:WidenerLibraryUnderConstruction_1913Dec4.jpg
 * The stacks (seen here from the southeast while under con-struc-tion) double as struc-tur-al ele-ments, mak-ing Wide-ner the last major self-support-ing mason-ry build-ing, with no outer steel frame, built in the US; its exterior walls are three feet thick.

[[File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary MassachusettsAvenueEntrance c1915 cropped.jpeg|right|thumb|upright=1.5
 * link=File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary MassachusettsAvenueEntrance c1915.jpeg
 * View from southeast of Widener's rear (Massa-chu-setts Ave.) facade c. 1915, before construction of Wiggles-worth Hall to the south and Hough-ton Library to the east]]

Legend holds that to spare future Harvard men her son's fate, Eleanor Widener insisted, as a condition of her gift, that learning to swim be made a requirement for graduation from Harvard. (This requirement, the Harvard Crimson once elaborated erroneously, was "dropped in the late 1970s because it was deemed discriminatory against physically disabled students".) "Among the many myths relating to Harry Elkins Widener, this is the most prevalent", says Harvard's "Ask a Librarian" service. Though Harvard has had swimming requirements at various times (e.g. for rowers on the Charles River, or as a now-defunct test for entering freshmen) Bentinck-Smith writes that "There is absolutely no evidence... that [Eleanor Widener] was, as a result of the Titanic disaster, in any way responsi-ble for [any] compulsory swimming test."

Another story, holding that Eleanor Widener donated a further sum to underwrite perpetual availability of ice cream (purportedly Harry Widener's favorite dessert) in Harvard dining halls, is also without foundation. A Widener curator's compilation of "fanciful oral history" recited by student tour guides includes "Flowers mysteriously appear every morning outside the Widener Room" and "Harry used to have carnations dyed crimson to remind him of Harvard, and so his mother kept up the tradition" in the flowers displayed in the Memorial Rooms.

Literary references
In H. P. Lovecraft's fictional universe Cthulhu Mythos, Widener is one of five libraries holding a 17th-century edition of the Necro-nom-i-con, hidden somewhere in the stacks.

Thomas Wolfe, who earned a Harvard master's degree in 1922, told Max Perkins that he spent most of his Harvard years in Widener's reading room. He wrote of "[wandering] through the stacks of that great library like some damned soul, never at rest—ever leaping ahead from the pages I read to thoughts of those I want to read"; his alter ego Eugene Gant read with a watch in his hand, "laying waste of the shelves."

Historian Barbara Tuchman considered "the single most formative experience" of her career the writing of her undergrad-uate thesis, for which she was "allowed to have as my own one of those little cubicles with a table under a window" in the Widener stacks, which were "my Archimedes' bathtub, my burning bush, my dish of mold where I found my personal penicillin."

Burglary and other incidents
Over the years, Widener has been the scene of various criminal exploits "infamous for their fecklessness and ignominity."

Joel C. Williams

In 1931 former graduate student Joel C. Williams was arrested after attempting to sell two Harvard library books to a local book dealer. Charles Apted and other Harvard officials visited Williams' home where (posing as "book buyers" to spare the feelings of Williams' family) they found thousands of books which Williams had stolen over the years, many badly damaged. The "absolutely crazy" Williams would "go to students studying in Widener and ask them what course they were taking. He would then borrow all the books for that course in the library. Then no one could get any to study", library official John E. Shea later recalled.

Despite the misleading implication of bookplates placed in the 2504 recovered books, Harvard's charges against Williams were dropped after he was indicted on book-theft charges in another jurisdic-tion, which imposed a sentence of hard labor. After the unrelated arrest of a book-theft ring operating at Harvard, there was a "noticeable increase in the number of missing books secretly returned to the library", the Transcript reported in 1932.

Gutenberg Bible theft

On the night of August 19, 1969 an attempt was made to steal the library's Gutenberg Bible, valued at $1million (equivalent to $ million in ). Equipped with a hammer, pry bar, and other burglarious implements, the 20-year-old would-be thief hid in a lavatory until after closing, then made his way to the roof, from which he descended via a knotted rope to break through a Memorial Room window. But after smashing the bible's display case and placing its two volumes in a knapsack, he found the additional 70 pounds (32kg) made it impossible for him to reclimb the rope.

Eventually he fell some 50 ft to the pavement of one of the light courts, where he lay semicon-scious until his moans were heard by a janitor; he was found about 1a.m. with injuries including a fractured skull. "It looks like a profes-sion-al job all right, in the fact that he came down the rope," commented Harvard Police Chief Robert Tonis. "But it doesn't look very profes-sion-al that he fell off." Tonis specu-lated that the attempt may have been modeled on a similar caper depicted in the 1964 filmTopkapi, though a retired Harvard librarian later commented that the thief (who was later judged insane) "evidently knew nothing about books—or, at least, about selling them... There was no explanation of what he expected to do with the Bible."

Only the books' bindings (which were "not valuable [and] did just what a good binding is supposed to do: they protected the inside contents") were damaged. Since the incident only one or the other Bible volume is on display at any given time and a replica has been substituted at times of heightened security concern.

"The Slasher"
Around 1990, empty bindings stripped of their pages began to appear in the Widener stacks. Eventually some 600 mutilated books were discovered, the vandal particularly targeting works on early Christianity in Greek, Latin, or unusual languages such as Icelandic. Notes left at Widener, and later at Northeastern University, threatened graphically described mutilations of library workers, cyanide gas attacks, and bombings of libraries and a local bank. Other notes instructed that $500,000 be left in a Northeastern library, demanded that Northeastern "terminate all Jew personnel", and directed that $1million be left in the Widener stacks: "pUt THe mONEy FucKer BEhiNd THE eLevATOR on DWEST in THE basemENT WhERE tHe 1,000,000.00 dollaRS IN rare GreEK bOOks wAS slASHEd ApARt MIGNE GREEK PATROLOGIA." [sic] These "ransom drops" were staked out by the FBI, and surveillance cameras installed in ersatz books, without result.

In 1994 police connected an incident at Northeastern, in which a library worker there (a former Widener employee) was caught stealing chemistry books, with the fact that chemistry texts had been among the works mutilated at Widener. Officials found "a kind of renegade reference room" in the worker's basement, including library books, piles of ripped-out pages, a microfilm camera, and hundreds of unusable microfilms he had haphaz-ardly made of the books (worth $180,000) he had destroyed. At trial "The Slasher" said he had acted in revenge for the eighteen months he had been detained in a state psychiatric hospital after expiration of a six-month jail term he had received for a minor offense.

Artwork

Two of Gore Hall's granite pinnacles were preserved, and flank Widener's rear entrance.

In the 1920s the university commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint, within the fourteen-foot-high arched panels flanking the entrance to the Memorial Rooms, two murals giving tribute to Harvard's World WarI dead: Death and Victory and Entering the War. The accompanying inscription, by Lowell, reads: "Happy those who with a glowing faith/ In one embrace clasped Death and Victory". With Memorial Church, which directly faces Widener, these constitute what the Boston Public Library calls "the most elaborate World WarI memorial in the Boston area."

Above the Memorial Rooms entrance is inscribed: "To the memory of Eleanor Elkins Rice whose noble and endearing spirit inspired the conception and completion of this Memorial Library 1938." (Eleanor Elkins Widener became Eleanor Elkins Rice when, in October 1915, she married Harvard professor and surgeon Alexander Hamilton Rice Jr., a noted South American explorer whom she had met at the library's dedication four months earlier. She died in 1937.)

[[File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary 1920 withArtilleryPiece cropped.jpg|right|thumb|upright= 1.5
 * link=File:HarvardUniversity WidenerLibrary 1920 withArtilleryPiece.jpg|- ]]

On the second floor is a bronze bust by Albin Polasek of sculptor and muralist Frank Millet, who had also died on the Titanic. In the main reading room is a sculpture of George Washington; on the stairs to the third floor a sculpture of John Elbridge Hudson; and on the ground floor a sculpture of Henry Ware Wales, as well as vaulted hallways—"just like the Oyster Bar at Grand Central... astounding", according to historian Thomas Gick—by Rafael Guastavino, who (with his son) also designed and built domes and vaults in buildings such as Carnegie Hall, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and the Boston Public Library.

Three dioramas—depicting the grounds, buildings, and vicinity of Harvard Yard in 1667, 1775 and 1936—were installed behind the main stairs in 1947, but removed during renovations in 2004. A six-foot-square bronze tablet, featuring a bas relief of Gore Hall, is at the exterior northwest corner. Its inscription reads in part: "On this spot stood Gore Hall Architect Richard Bond, Supervisor Daniel Treadwell  Built in the Year 1838  In honor of Christopher Gore Class of 1776.  Fellow of the College, Overseer, Benefactor  Governor of the Commonwealth.  Senator of the United States.  The first use of modern book-stacks was in this library. ..."

Restrictions on women
The building originally included a separate Radcliffe Reading Room behind the card catalogs—"barely large enough for a single table"—to which female students were restricted "for fear their presence would distract the studious Harvard men" in the main reading room.
 * link=File:HarvardUniversity_WidenerLibrary_Reading_c1915.jpg|The main reading room in 1915. By World WarII women were allowed enter "to use the - and things like that there, if we stood up, but we couldn't sit down."

In 1923 a sequence of communications between Librarian William Coolidge Lane and another Harvard official dealt with "the incident of Miss Alexander's intrusion into the reading room", and Keyes Metcalf, Director of University Libraries from 1937 to 1955, wrote that early in his tenure a Classics professor "rushed into my office, looking as if he were about to have an apoplectic stroke, and gasped, 'I've just been in the reading room, and there is a Radcliffe girl in there! By then female graduate students were permitted to enter the stacks, but only until 5p.m., "after which time it was thought they would not be safe there".

"Even the ever-present problem of inadequate lavatories worked to deny functional access to women", wrote Battles. "Patrons requesting directions to a women's restroom were routinely misled, denied access, or simply told that such things did not exist at a college for men such as Harvard."

By World WarII (Elizabeth Colson recalled years later) "we could go into the [Main Reading Room] and use the encyclopedias and things like that there, if we stood up, but we couldn't sit down", and only by special permission (which even female faculty members had to request in writing) could a woman work in the building in the evening.

Renovation

A five-year, $97million renovation completed in 2004 (the first since the building opened) added fire suppression and environ-men-tal control systems, upgraded wiring and communica-tions, remodeled various public spaces, and enclosed the light courts to create additional reading rooms (beneath which several levels of new offices and mechanical equipment were hidden).

"Claustro-pho-bia-inducing" elevators were replaced, the bottom shelves on the lowest stacks level were removed in recognition of chronic seepage problems, Widener's "olfactory nostal-gia... actually the smell of decaying books" was addressed, and unrestricted light and air—seen as desirable when Widener was built but now considered "public enemies one and two for the long-term safety of old books"—were brought under control.

Some changes required that the Widener family grant relief from the terms of Eleanor Widener's gift, which forbade that "structures of any kind [be] erected in the courts around which the [Library] is constructed, but that the same shall be kept open for light and air".

The need to relocate each of the building's 3.5million volumes twice—first to temporary locations, then to new permanent locations, as work proceeded aisle by aisle—was turned to advantage, so that by the end of the renova-tion related materials in the library's two classifica-tion systems (see § Parallel classifica-tion systems) were physically adjacent for the first time; the chart showing the floor and wing location, within the stacks, of each subject classifica-tion was revised sixty-five times during construction.

The project received the 2005 Library Building Award from the American Library Associa-tion and the American Institute of Architects.

Sources and further reading
Further reading

Other sources cited

title: Widener Library


text:
Point shaving

In organized sports, point shaving is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to change the final score of a game without changing who wins. This is typically done by players colluding with gamblers to prevent a team from covering a published point spread, where gamblers bet on the margin of victory. The practice of shaving points is illegal in some countries, and stiff penalties are imposed for those caught and convicted, including jail time.

A point-shaving scheme generally involves a sports gambler and one or more players of the team favored to win the game. In exchange for a bribe, the player or players agree to ensure that their team will not "cover the point spread" (the bribed player's team may still win but not by as big a margin as that predicted by bookmakers). The gambler then wagers against the bribed team. Alternatively, players on the team picked to lose may be bribed to lose by more points than the indicated point spread, and gamblers will wager on their opponents, the favorites, to cover the spread. Also, an official (referee) of the game may be bribed, or even bet on his own behalf, so that one or more "close calls" will be called in favor of the "underdog" rather than the team favored to win.

Basketball
Basketball is a particularly easy medium for shaving points because of the scoring tempo of the game and the ease by which one player can influence key events. By deliberately missing shots or committing turnovers or fouls, a corrupt player can covertly ensure that their team fails to cover the point spread without an outright loss. This is further complicated due to the similar behavior of an honest player who takes a shot and misses. Although the NCAA has adopted a zero-tolerance policy with respect to gambling activity by its players; some critics believe that it unwittingly encouraged point shaving due to its formerly strict rules regarding amateurism, combined with the large amount of money wagered on its games. The NCAA has produced posters warning players not to engage in point shaving.

Famous examples of point shaving are the CCNY point-shaving scandal in 1950–51; the Dixie Classic scandal of 1961; the Boston College basketball point-shaving scandal of 1978–79, which was perpetrated by gangsters Henry Hill and Jimmy Burke; and the Tulane men's basketball point-shaving scandal of 1984–85, which led the university to disband its program for four seasons.

On 15 August 2007, NBA referee Tim Donaghy pleaded guilty to two felonies related to wagering on games that he officiated in a scheme somewhat related to point shaving. The difference in this case was that Donaghy sought to affect the outcome of over-under bets by changing calls so that both teams would score more than predicted, thus seeking to give the impression that at worst that he was merely strictly calling fouls as opposed to being outright biased.

On April 17, 2024, Jontay Porter was banned from the NBA due to a point shaving like scandal. He advised gamblers to bet the under on his stats, then left early for suspicious reasons, and received money from the gamblers.

In popular culture
In the television series The Sopranos, the character Carmine Lupertazzi Sr. was reputed to have invented the concept of point shaving in 1951.

Point shaving is an underlying plot thread in the 1974 film The Longest Yard and the 2005 remake. In both films, the character Paul "Wrecking" Crewe, a former professional quarterback, was kicked out of the NFL for point shaving prior to the events of the films.

In One Tree Hill, Nathan Scott, the star basketball player of Tree Hill High, colludes with a gambler to shave points during the North Carolina high school state semi-finals. This eventually leads to him losing a scholarship to Duke University and temporarily derailing his college prospects. He bounces back from the scandal to play at a junior college, leading to a scholarship to the University of Maryland and a career in the NBA.

title: Point shaving


text:
Talk:In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas

I tried sprucing this page up as best I could, but it'll probably take someone with more knowledge of the game than I to fully straighten it out. --Xanzzibar 03:16, May 25, 2004 (UTC)

Notability tag
I have removed the notability tag, as there are already several independent sources (magazine reviews, web mentions) in several languages (this is a French games, reviewed in French, Spanish, UK and US magazines and websites); moreover, it has been the basis for an US game. Goochelaar (talk) 15:34, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Some more words to prevent any suspect of edit-warring. Of the source that are actually here, fr:Casus Belli used to be the main French magazine about boardgames and role-playing-games; "h2g2" is hosteb by BBC and has a WP article in itself, Revista de que? is an historical Argentinian game magazine, and so on. Moreover, as I quickly pointed out above, it is not frequent for a non-English language game, or book, or film, to be remade or translated in English, but this happened to the present game. So I believe that the notability of this game is quite clear. Goochelaar (talk) 16:23, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not clear in fairness whether some of the sources are primary or secondary. The citations, with the exception of the first, come from fansites, which are a type of self-publication, and are not classed as reliable secondary sources. But more importantly, none of the sources cited seem to provide anthing other that non-trivial content: a combination of two sentences in fact. I don;t agree with you that there is any evidence of notabilty in this article and I request your replace the template, as notability of this game is still disuputed. --Gavin Collins (talk) 16:32, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * There at the very least two other non-fansites:
 * the Revista de que? is a defunct actual (paper) magazine, whose contents are now available on the web: the article cited is a full-fledged review of the game
 * Steve Jackson Games is an important US game publisher
 * Moreover, Casus Belli published several other articles about this game, and material for it. And what about my other remarks? Goochelaar (talk) 17:01, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Two more cents: according to this press release for a series of conferences, INS/MV is "le jeu de rôle le plus vendu en France" (the most sold role-playing game in France). Further, it has been translated at least in Spanish, German and Polish. Goochelaar (talk) 17:10, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I can take your word that these are reliable secondary sources, but without footnotes or translation, how can any reader know verify your assertion? WP:V says that:
 * "Where editors use their own English translation of a non-English source as a quote in an article, there should be clear citation, including a direct quotation of the relevant portion of the foreign-language original, so that readers can check what the original source said and the accuracy of the translation."
 * As regards your last point, translation of the game into English is not necessarily evidence of notability. I still disagree with you removing the template and ask that it be restored. --Gavin Collins (talk) 17:19, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I strongly disagree to the tag, as I know this to be an important French game. I have nor time nor the past magazines to prove it even more than it is already. Gavin, we have met before. In the last few months I am reverting your edits or writing you only when I am very very sure of what I am talking about. Still, if you are absolutely sure that the tag is deserved, please put it again. Goochelaar (talk) 17:30, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That is up to you; I can only bring my concerns to your attention, as I am not in the busines of edit warring. My view is that if it is replaced, other editors will add more sources, but without it, that may not happen. --Gavin Collins (talk) 17:58, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that the tag has been removed, because this is really one of the most famous French roleplaying games. Just a word of warning though: the press release that was talking about looks a bit weird: it only quotes ANGE and Varanda as creators of the game (forgetting people like Croc or Mathias Twardowski), and I highly doubt that INS/MV is the most sold RPG in France, since this title has always gone to Dungeons & Dragons. It could be the most sold French RPG, though. Rell Canis (talk) 22:08, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I still disagree with you removing the template and ask that it be restored. --Gavin Collins (talk) 07:49, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The game has been translated in Polish, German and Spanish and "remade" in English. The Polish version has been forbidden in Poland and most books were destroyed (not all of them however, as I got one). 195.184.159.145 (talk) 16:25, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:In Nomine Satanis/Magna Veritas


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User talk:Phe

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

No - Not That
phe : I reloaded an upside-down copy (see ) but it still shows the earlier (right-side-up) image even after doing your reload suggestion. I even restarted my computer which closes all apps and restarts them. Something strange here - I'll let you know if I ever figure it out.
 * Well look at that, in the time that it took to type this message to you, the image flipped upside-down. Strange - some kind of time delay to work through the system (I think).
 * I'm going to make it right-side-up now. [[User:Hydnjo|Hydnjo\talk]] 05:51, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ignore the above. The image is either right-side-up or upside-down at some whim that I don't about yet. I'll let you know when I find out. [[User:Hydnjo|Hydnjo\talk]] 06:02, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images and media for deletion

 * I am contacting people who previously helped to vote to delete a generally objectionable photograph by a vote of 88 to 21, and who might be unaware that immediately after that image was voted to be deleted someone posted another which was very similar in content. My objections to this, and the previous image that was voted to be deleted might be based upon reasons far different from any that you have, but I do object to it, and consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity, which burdens the project and its major educational aims in ways that they should not be burdened, and can be extremely detrimental to the acceptance and growth of WIkipedia's use and influence. Thus far those who I believe to be in the extreme minority of Wikipedians who would like to include these images, many who have been channeled to the voting page from the article with which it is associated have dominated the voting, 23 to 12 (as of the time that I composed this message). I would like to be somewhat instrumental in shedding a bit more light upon the issue, and if possible, helping to turn the tide against its inclusion. It might also be necessary to begin making an effort to establish an explicit Wikipedia policy against explicite photographic depictions of humans engaged in erotic, auto-erotic, or quasi-erotic activities. To my limited knowledge such images have not been accepted as appropriate anywhere else within this project, and frankly I can agree with those who are casually labeled prudes for opposing their inclusion, that they should not be. Vitally important information that might be unwelcome by some is one thing that should never be deleted, but un-needed images that can eventually prevent or impede many thousands or millions of people from gaining access to the great mass of truly important information that Wikipedia provides is quite another matter. There are vitally important distinctions to be made. Whatever your reasons, or final decisions upon the matter, I am appealing for more input on the voting that is occurring at Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion. ~ Achilles † 04:01, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: Isaac Roberts
Hmm, you're definitely right. I don't remember exactly why I wrote that the date was disputed, but it seems to be almost definitely because of that error.

Thanks for all the effort you put into finding the correct date!

-Frazzydee|✍ 05:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Samuel Hocevar
Please see WP:ATT and WP:BLP. All claims about living people must be sourced to reliable sources. Almost every source in the Hocevar article is a debian source. Aren't there any newspapers or technical journals which have talked about him? Corvus cornix 22:28, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * stop kidding please :/ - phe 22:39, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Kidding about what? Are there no reliable sources?  Corvus cornix 22:48, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm started to be tired by this story, you first added a speedy delete tag on this article, then when rejected started to fight w/o any evidence with the sourcing problem, at least three different people reverted the unsourced tag, time to assume you're not of good faith :/ - phe 22:49, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Listed at Requests for comment/Biographies. Corvus cornix 22:50, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * And ? speedy delete didn't work, trying now source arguing, what'll the next step ? - phe 23:07, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Next is taking it to WP:DR if there aren't any sources added. Why is it such a problem to come up with reliable sources?  Corvus cornix 23:14, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Please, read again the article, if you fail to see source, restart - phe 23:23, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The entire second paragraph is sourced from Sam Hocevar's personal blog, which is not a reliable source, except for a link to a slashdot page which makes absolutely no mention of him. Corvus cornix 23:26, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * "Edits that rely on primary sources should only make descriptive claims that can be checked by anyone without specialist knowledge." All claims in this paragraphs are "Sam Hocevar worked on DVD subtitles and he wrote a Captcha decoder", such claims are easily checked with the given reference, if you think Sam Hocevar is lying please find a secondary source which challenge these works as stated in WP:ATT, that's starting to be ridiculous, you didn't even read the page you use as argument :/. - phe 23:48, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Horcruxes
I didn't want to continue to flood the talk page with more on Horcruxes and the content constantly being removed and added. So, I figured I would ask you here: you added back in the "Theories" with the comment that it was all sourced. So, question: does one source make a reliable "source" for Wikipedia purposes. The whole initial paragraph about the locket is not sourced until the final line, and in fact, mentions "forum posters" before it even links the Granger book. The rest of the disputed content then references only ONE work, which is that self-published book by Granger. I really don't consider this a "reliable source" to be used to promote a theory. Your thoughts? Ccrashh 12:53, 28 June 2007 (UTC) I think, what says Granger in this books is relevant (but I understand the bolded part can cause trouble). Since Folken claims this is original research, I also point No original research, especially "Original research that creates primary sources is not allowed. However, research that consists of collecting and organizing information from existing primary and/or secondary sources is, of course, strongly encouraged. All articles on Wikipedia should be based on information collected from published primary and secondary sources. This is not "original research"; it is "source-based research", and it is fundamental to writing an encyclopedia." - phe 18:43, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * First, as you point, the first part get better source than the second. For Granger I consider it as a reliable source. He already wrote non self-published book on HP topics (Tyndale House, 2004) sold up to 50 000 copy. This number is interesting, not as an argument ala "sold a lot means it's true", but given it I doubt self publishing is other books was forced by the lack of traditional editor wanting to publish them, many editors will be very happy with such number of copy sold. Granger gave also some lecture and various interview in HP related fields. So, as stated in Self published source: "Self-published material may be acceptable when produced by a well-known, professional researcher in a relevant field. These may be acceptable so long as their work has been previously published by reliable third-party publications"

Snowball earth
Good spot, thanks. I think I've pointed it where I originally intended - or if not, at a suitable reference! Verisimilus  T  18:01, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Proterozoic article
I've responded to your query about oxygen accumulation...Erimus (talk) 05:26, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

History of Science WikiProject
Based on the editing interest you mention on your userpage, you might be interested in joining the History of Science WikiProject. You can browse the lastest project newsletter to see what some other editors have been doing lately with the histories of science, medicine and technology. Cheers--ragesoss (talk) 01:34, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Alice Russell (singer)
An article that you have been involved in editing, Alice Russell (singer), has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Alice Russell (singer). Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? - CobaltBlueTony™ talk 15:25, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

NPoV
(copied/pasted from Jimbo talk's page)
 * Ceedjee missed accidentally some small details, like the banned user publicly stated he was non longer on wp: to edit but to discourage people to edit wp:. - phe 17:47, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi Phe,
 * I wrote : "It sounds as if the undefinite block will be (much) reduced (but this is not the issue)."
 * Do you think this is not a fair summary of the point you underline ? I think I took numerous cares in the way I introduced context to wp. If not or if he had some questions, Jimbo can ask more to Hadrien (referee) and Gribeco (main involved sysop).
 * The most important, I think, remains Jimbo statement. Put it in any context you like, give it the due weight you consider it must have but I think we have the Elder's mind and we could live with it.
 * (I copy paste this on your talk page here if you want to discuss this). Ceedjee (talk) 06:56, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not sure he understands what you mean.
 * Here, there is usually no reaction if diffs are not provided and more clues/facts given.
 * If you expect a reaction from Jimbo, it is important you give a wider context with precise arguments. That may not be bad that he nuances his mind (even if I don't see how he could or what to add).
 * The way you introduce this sounds more like some sort of "bitterness" or "frustration" and it doesn't give weight to your point of view and may lead to more "bitterness" or "frustration".
 * I suggest you develop your pov on a personnal user page and give the link on Jimbo's talk page.
 * Eg, you could translate in English some of my comments on wp:fr (straw man argumentation) or could develop the reasonning behing that remarks of Gribeco, Guillom and Hégésippe Cormier that defended the fact the CAr was not competent to state if the famous guy (Aliesin) should be deblocked or not.
 * But thinking about that, it will be hard : Jimbo (and sysops) barely comment "content"; they only comment "general principles" and leave the community to apply them in each context.
 * Ceedjee (talk) 08:02, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Um ... diffs for the edit war at fr:wp, please?
Your outburst at the ArbCom Evicence page, which bares the marks of backchannelling, is perplexing. I do hope this isn't a conspiracy to mud-sling. At the very least, you'd be expect to add diffs to your extraordinary innuendos and claims of edit warring—where have I edit-warred on fr:wp? Just why you wish to plaster mistruths about me and others at an evidence page needs to be explained. What particular axe do you have to grind, and whose friend are you that you should plunge into the Evidence page in such a way? There is no central rule governing linking on fr.wp, and there is no edit-war I'm aware of—only calm discussion. Tony  (talk)  16:07, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Tony, please.. WP:AGF. These outbursts of indignation whenever someone notes your behavior simply must stop. There is no cabal or concerted effort to "get you", but this behavior of yours must stop. —Locke Cole • t • c 18:04, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Please stop that, the 8 april you have been requested to stop editing date link on en: through script, the next day you started the SAME behavior on fr:, most of of your edit has been reverted on fr:wp, you also did concerted edit with Ohconfucius. Anyway you have been warned on fr:, the war for/against date linking was sleeping on fr:, if the war restart, I'll ask for your indefinite ban on fr:wp:. - phe 18:06, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Please stop that, the 8 april you have been requested to stop editing date link on en: through script, the next day you started the SAME behavior on fr:, most of of your edit has been reverted on fr:wp, you also did concerted edit with Ohconfucius. Anyway you have been warned on fr:, the war for/against date linking was sleeping on fr:, if the war restart, I'll ask for your indefinite ban on fr:wp:. - phe 18:06, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

You have presented official Evidence entitled "Attempt to export of edit war on other wikis". This is a straight-out lie, and you should be ashamed of yourself. I have reverted NO ONE, nor reinstateda previous version after mine was reverted. Not once. How DARE you portray this as edit-warring. You should be ashamed of yourself, stooping so low as to enter a politicised debate with anything but neutral, balanced information. You have, instead, degraded the process. There were requests from a few date-link enthusiasts on my talk pages, but I was suspicious as to whether they represented their own interests alone. I have stopped delinking, and never did more than a very few articles, mainly to see whether the script would work and to guage people's reaactions (mostly good).

Why don't I will accuse you of bad faith and dishonesty, then, and take steps to smear your name by distorting the truth; you could hardly complain, given your own behaviour. Or you could withdraw or significantly modify your outrageous allegations at the Evidence page. That would be symmetrical, wouldn't it? And quite just given your bad faith. Tony  (talk)  18:55, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * One example of concerted edit, and . What you call « (mostly good) » is a disagreement of your action by 3 admins, one steward and one bureaucrat, on your side, on person seems to agree with you. Beside that, your action on my user page is only a try to discredit me, as a person. I understand you are embarrassed by the section I started on Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Date delinking/Proposed decision but I doubt going to personal attack will do what you are trying to do. Are you so aggressive with all people disagreeing with you ? - phe 19:16, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * No, he's usually more aggressive. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:52, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * You wrote, as Evidence: "there is no edit war before Tony1 tried to export the en: trouble". You still have not provided evidence of an edit war, depsite my request to do so. It is becoming a straight lie without such evidence. Please provide the evidence or withdraw the allegation. I rather find your actions aggressive, but you turn it around by calling me aggressive. Inexplicable.
 * Above all, I really don't care about you; instead, I care about the readers of WP.fr. You show signs of wanting to engage only on a personalised, political level. I wish you would be more constructive. Tony   (talk)  09:32, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * And I see you've dishonestly linked to a past version of this page. This is consistent with your behaviour. Do they teach you about lying in France? Tony   (talk)  10:41, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I am not sure that I follow you Tony. At the time that Phe added  (2009-05-06 18:11:09), the last edit to their talk page was this (2009-05-06 18:06:55) and that is the link that Phe added (i.e. a permanent link).  Your edits to this page came afterwards (2009-05-06 18:55:18).  Phe could also have used "User talk:Phe" however that link would break when Phe archives this talk page, and so there are very real benefits in using permanent links on Evidence pages. John Vandenberg (chat) 11:55, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Me too, I don't see where Tony1 try to go, thirty minute before his complaints I updated the permlinks to the current state of the discussion at the moment of the edit : . So what is doing Tony1 ? Looking up each of my action, until I do a first mistake, even a minor one, to be able to show triumphally how wrong I am ? I note also Tony1 remains consistent with his wording « dishonestly » « lying » and so on... I'm presenting facts, Tony1 presents only his belief. - phe 13:08, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Phe


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User talk:Peter Wye

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:17, 25 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Peter Wye