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Pokhran

Pokhran (official spelling Pokaran; पोकरण) is a town and a municipality located 112 km east of Jaisalmer city in the Jaisalmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated in the Thar Desert region. Surrounded by rocks, sand and five salt ranges, the word "Pokaran" (पोकरण) means "place surrounded by five salt-ranges" in Rajasthani. The site for India's first and second underground nuclear weapon test is near Pokhran.

Geography
Pokhran is located 112 km east of Jaisalmer city, 172 km northwest of Jodhpur and 225 km south of Bikaner by road. It lies on Jaisalmer to Jodhpur railway line. It is situated at 27.095°N, 71.753°W and has an average elevation of 233 metres (764 feet).

It has arid climate as it lies in the Thar Desert and receives a little rain in the monsoon months July to September. Pokhran has extreme climate. It has extremely hot and dry summers from April to June though monsoon months are also very hot. The temperature in summer can reach 46°C during the day. The night temperature in summer is more than 30°C, Pokhran has very cold winters with temperature dropping to 1°C.

There is nothing much to see in Pokhran. Tourists may find winter pleasant during the day but they are not allowed near the nuclear test site.

Fort Pokhran
Fort Pokhran, the 14th century citadel also known as "Balagarh", stands amidst the Thar Desert. This monument is the premier fort of the chief of the Champawats, one of the clan of Rathores of the state of Marwar-Jodhpur. Fort Pokhran is open for visitors and is being currently run as heritage hotel by the royal family of Pokhran.

Sati Mata Memorial
On the outskirts of the town, the Satiyo Deval Sati Mata Memorial, a royal cenotaph, is freely accessible.

Former rulers

 * Seat of Chief of the Champawats, a sub-clan of Rathores of the state of Marwar-Jodhpur.
 * Bhawani Singh of Pokhran (b. 1911) was the last jagirdar of Pokhran before Indian independence. He was Sessions Judge and was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha, the Lower house of Indian parliament from Barmer-Jalore constituency, after getting elected as an Independent candidate in the 1952 Indian general election.

Demographics
According to 2011 Indian census, Pokhran had a population of 28,457 within Pokaran Municipal Board territory. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Pokhran has an average literacy rate of 56%, lower than the national average of 74.0%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 41%. In Pokhran, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Pokhran Test Range
The Pokhran Test Range (PTR) is a key component of India's nuclear programme which is located outside the Pokaran Municipal Board jurisdiction and is controlled by the Indian Army. The army base is located 45 km north-west of Pokhran town and 4 km north of Khetolai village.

The army base was built by the Indian Army Corps of Engineers and is under the control of Indian Army. It was built sometime before May 1974, when, following authorization given to the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, it hosted the detonation of India's first nuclear device.

Nuclear testings
The Ministry of External Affairs designated the test "Pokhran-I", but it is also known as "Smiling Buddha". It was India's first successful nuclear bomb test on 18 May 1974. The bomb was detonated on the army base Pokhran Test Range (PTR), in Rajasthan, by the Indian Army under the supervision of several key Indian generals.

On 11 and 13 May 1998, twenty-four years after Pokhran-I, the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) conducted five further nuclear tests, dubbed "Pokhran-II", at the Pokhran range. Four AEC devices and, under the codename Shakti, a thermonuclear device were tested.

Since 2014, the elevated and frequent cancer deaths at the Khetolai has been attributed to the nuclear testing at the Pokhran Test Range.

title: Pokhran


text:
User talk:198.175.62.19

March 2013
Hello, I'm McGeddon. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Do the needful, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. McGeddon (talk) 20:16, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

September 2013
Hello, I'm Alansohn. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Cherry Hill High School West have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, you can use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Alansohn (talk) 00:26, 12 September 2013 (UTC)
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January 2017
Please do not remove maintenance templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to American Repertory Theater of Western New York, without resolving the problem that the template refers to, or giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your removal of this template does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Thank you. Melcous (talk) 22:32, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

October 2017
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November 2017
Hello, I'm Name goes here. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Goldman Sachs have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Name goes here (talk | contribs) 02:51, 12 November 2017 (UTC)
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Whiskey Myers. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Dirkbb (talk) 16:43, 29 November 2017 (UTC)
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March 2019
Hello, I'm Oshwah. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Nicodemo Scarfo, but you didn't provide a source. I’ve removed it for now, but if you’d like to include a citation to a reliable source and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   20:14, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:198.175.62.19


text: File:Qbertsqubes.png

title: File:Qbertsqubes.png


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Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic ciliopathy, that causes defects in the action of cilia lining the upper and lower respiratory tract, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear, fallopian tube, and flagella of sperm cells. The alternative name of "immotile ciliary syndrome" is no longer favored as the cilia do have movement, but are merely inefficient or unsynchronized. When accompanied by situs inversus the condition is known as Kartagener syndrome.

Respiratory epithelial motile cilia, which resemble microscopic "hairs" (although structurally and biologically unrelated to hair), are complex organelles that beat synchronously in the respiratory tract, moving mucus toward the throat. Normally, cilia beat 7 to 22 times per second, and any impairment can result in poor mucociliary clearance, with subsequent upper and lower respiratory infection. Cilia also are involved in other biological processes (such as nitric oxide production), currently the subject of dozens of research efforts.

Signs and symptoms

Around 80% of people with primary ciliary dyskinesia experience respiratory problems beginning within a day of birth. Many have a collapsed lobe of the lung and blood oxygen low enough to require treatment with supplemental oxygen. Within the first few months of life, most develop a chronic mucus-producing cough and runny nose. The main consequence of impaired ciliary function is reduced or absent mucus clearance from the lungs, and susceptibility to chronic recurrent respiratory infections, including sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and otitis media. Progressive damage to the respiratory system is common, including progressive bronchiectasis beginning in early childhood, and sinus disease (sometimes becoming severe in adults). However, diagnosis is often missed early in life despite the characteristic signs and symptoms. In males, immotility of sperm can lead to infertility, although conception remains possible through the use of in vitro fertilization, there also are reported cases where sperm were able to move. Trials have also shown that there is a marked reduction in fertility in females with Kartagener's syndrome due to dysfunction of the oviductal cilia.

Many affected individuals experience hearing loss and show symptoms of otitis media which demonstrates variable responsiveness to the insertion of myringotomy tubes or grommets. Some patients have a poor sense of smell, which is believed to accompany high mucus production in the sinuses (although others report normal – or even acute – sensitivity to smell and taste). Clinical progression of the disease is variable, with lung transplantation required in severe cases. Susceptibility to infections can be drastically reduced by an early diagnosis. Treatment with various chest physiotherapy techniques has been observed to reduce the incidence of lung infection and to slow the progression of bronchiectasis dramatically. Aggressive treatment of sinus disease beginning at an early age is believed to slow long-term sinus damage (although this has not yet been adequately documented). Aggressive measures to enhance clearance of mucus, prevent respiratory infections, and treat bacterial superinfections have been observed to slow lung-disease progression. The predicted incidence is 1 in approximately 7500.

Genetics
PCD is a genetically heterogeneous disorder affecting motile cilia which are made up of approximately 250 proteins. Around 90% of individuals with PCD have ultrastructural defects affecting protein(s) in the outer and/or inner dynein arms, which give cilia their motility, with roughly 38% of these defects caused by mutations on two genes, DNAI1 and DNAH5, both of which code for proteins found in the ciliary outer dynein arm.

There is an international effort to identify genes that code for inner dynein arm proteins or proteins from other ciliary structures (radial spokes, central apparatus, etc.) associated with PCD. The role of DNAH5 in heterotaxy syndromes and left-right asymmetry is also under investigation. At least 50 genes have been implicated in this condition.

Another gene associated with this condition is GAS2L2.

Pathophysiology
This condition is genetically inherited. Structures that make up the cilia, including inner and/or outer dynein arms, central apparatus, radial spokes, etc. are missing or dysfunctional and thus the axoneme structure lacks the ability to move. Axonemes are the elongated structures that make up cilia and flagella. Additionally, there may be chemical defects that interfere with ciliary function in the presence of adequate structure. Whatever the underlying cause, dysfunction of the cilia begins during and impacts the embryologic phase of development.

Specialised monocilia known as nodal cilia are at the heart of this problem. They lack the central-pair microtubules of ordinary motile cilia and so rotate clockwise rather than beat; in the primitive node at the anterior end of the primitive streak in the embryo, these are angled posteriorly such that they describe a D-shape rather than a circle. This has been shown to generate a net leftward flow in mouse and chick embryos, and sweeps the protein to the left, triggering normal asymmetrical development.

However, in some individuals with PCD, mutations thought to be in the gene coding for the key structural protein left-right dynein (lrd) result in monocilia which do not rotate. There is therefore no flow generated in the node, Shh moves at random within it, and 50% of those affected develop situs inversus, which can occur with or without dextrocardia, where the laterality of the internal organs is the mirror-image of normal. Affected individuals therefore have Kartagener syndrome. This is not the case with some PCD-related genetic mutations: at least 6% of the PCD population have a condition called situs ambiguus or heterotaxy, where organ placement or development is neither typical (situs solitus) nor totally reversed (situs inversus totalis) but is a hybrid of the two. Splenic abnormalities such as polysplenia, asplenia and complex congenital heart defects are more common in individuals with situs ambiguus and PCD, as they are in all individuals with situs ambiguus.

The genetic forces linking failure of nodal cilia and situs issues and the relationship of those forces to PCD are the subject of intense research interest. However, knowledge in this area is constantly advancing.

Diagnosis
Several diagnostic tests for this condition have been proposed. These include nasal nitric oxide levels as a screening test, light microscopy of biopsies for ciliary beat pattern and frequency and electron microscopic examination of dynein arms, as the definite diagnosis method. Genetic testing has also been proposed but this is difficult given that there are multiple genes involved.

Classification
When accompanied by the combination of situs inversus (reversal of the internal organs), chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis, it is known as Kartagener syndrome (only 50% of primary ciliary dyskinesia cases include situs inversus).

Treatment
There are no standardized effective treatment strategies for the condition. Current therapies for PCD are extrapolated from Cystic Fibrosis and patients with non-CF bronchiectasis and lack validation for PCD-specific use.

Severe fatal respiratory failure can develop; long-term treatment with macrolides such as clarithromycin, erythromycin and azithromycin has been empirically applied for the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia in Japan, though controversial due to the effects of the medications.

Prognosis
There is no reliable estimate of life expectancy for people with PCD. However, there is evidence that PCD, is a life altering life shortening multi-system condition, with some people progressing to lung transplant.

Decline in lung function in people with PCD has been observed in most studies,   with FEV1 decline causing deterioration in health, impacting on, and reducing quality of life. With such a genetically and phenotypically heterogenous group, observation of median/mean decline in lung function risks regression to the mean, missing those groups with significantly worse lung function,  masked by those with milder phenotypes.

The recent body of published data from respected clinicians in (the United Kingdom, Europe, North America, Canada and Israel) indicate that PCD morbidity and mortality appear to have been under-estimated by the medical community. While prospective outcome data is limited due to the early-stage patient registries, there is a growing body of evidence   that dispels any "myth that PCD is a mild disease.

The studies presented here demonstrate that children with PCD typically have worse lung function than those with cystic fibrosis. While previously it was thought that with early diagnosis, lung function could largely be prevented in children with PCD, it is key to note that poor lung function is repeatedly observed in children with PCD    1,30,32,33,36–38 and some develop bronchiectasis during childhood.

Research
Research to further the understanding of cilia, with the future aims of functional restoration of motile cilia is advancing. However, charitable funding for medical research, particularly for rare disease is vital and in the UK contributes to more than 50% of grants. The UK registered charity PCD Research supports research into PCD worldwide, with the ultimate aim of funding potentially curative research. Future promising avenues for functional replacement of cilia involve antisense, gene editing via CRISPR-Cas9 and mRNA therapies. At present there have only been a handful of interventional trials in PCD.

History
The classic symptom combination associated with PCD was first described in 1904 by A. K. Siewert, while Manes Kartagener published his first report on the subject in 1933. The disorder is rarely referred to as Siewert's syndrome or Siewert-Kartagener syndrome.

title: Primary ciliary dyskinesia


text: Template:Formula One

title: Template:Formula One


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George Bates Nichols Tower

George Bates Nichols Tower (1834–1889) was an American civil and mechanical engineer and Union naval officer during the American Civil War. He served for at least part of his term of service on the USS Canandaigua (1862) as chief engineer. He was also a Chandler Instructor in civil engineering at Dartmouth College.

In 1874, he wrote Instructions on Modern American Bridge Building.

title: George Bates Nichols Tower


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Curcuma alismatifolia

Curcuma alismatifolia, Siam tulip or summer tulip (ปทุมมา, ; กระเจียวบัว, ; ขมิ้นโคก, ) is a tropical plant native to Laos, northern Thailand, and Cambodia. Despite its name, it is not related to the tulip, but is a close relative of turmeric. It can grow as an indoor plant. It is a perennial herb growing up to 2 ft tall.

Malvidin 3-rutinoside is a pigment responsible for bract color in C. alismatifolia.

title: Curcuma alismatifolia


text:
Talk:Pervez Musharraf

Semi-protected edit request
In the early life section, please remove the part where it says his great grandfather migrated from Piranshahr as there is no source backing this up and the source given does not mention this. 2600:100C:A21B:9ED1:482E:A9D4:615A:7D8F (talk) 08:00, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I see the "failed verification" template was added to this claim by another user. I think that is sufficient action for now, let's see if someone has a better source. GiovanniSidwell (talk) 22:47, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 June 2023
His citizenship was india before Aug 14 1947, he has never held British citizenship in his life 76.183.209.16 (talk) 20:49, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Coco bb8  (💬 talk • ✏ contribs) 20:52, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * He was a British subject, not a British citizen, before 1947. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 20:53, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok. Do you have a reliable source for this?  Coco bb8  (💬 talk • ✏ contribs) 21:08, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That's what the article already states. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 23:04, 16 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Anyways, it looks like this has ✅.  Coco bb8  (💬 talk • ✏ contribs) 13:16, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request: 10th January 2024
The verdict of the LHC annulling the death sentence has been overturned and the original sentence has been upheld. The verdict section of the judicial hearings heading should be revised

Source:

SC upholds ex-military dictator Musharraf’s death sentence in treason case - Pakistan - DAWN.COM Abracadaba123 (talk) 15:03, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Politics questions
How did jeneral pervez Musharraf overturn elected government in pakistan 103.200.86.231 (talk) 13:09, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

@DTSheikh wants to keep the long lead
So @DTSheikh you haven't explained why you wanted your changes to be kept. For my reason, the lead is already too long and as per MOS:LEADLENGTH, it explains that even for the longest of articles, it should be kept at 4 paragraphs at max. I didnt even completely remove what you wrote but merged it to keep it short. Not everything is needed in the lead. Insert it in the body if you really really want it. What is your defense?

It will be good if anyone else can join and tell which version is better. If there are no good reason, then I will revert. And remember, editors cannot repeatedly revert, see WP:EDITWAR, or any one person can put up the offender's name to the admin, whereby the offending editor will be blocked from Wikipedia. Danial Bass (talk) 21:41, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pervez Musharraf


text:
Talk:The Greatest American Hero

Trivia --> references in popular culture
It seems to me that while 'trivia' sections are discouraged in wikipedia 'references to the show in popular culture' sections are not. Why not simply change the section name and remove any entries that do not meet that description? I reckon about half (the middle) of the section would fall into this category, some of the other titbits could go and a few others could be worked into another section. For example the first fact about the superhero name could maybe go into the 'Premise' section. 1bj05hua (talk) 20:17, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Like Superman
The fact that the lead character's abilities mirror Superman is very relevant considering that DC Comics threatened legal action during the series' run. The Green Lantern reference has an equal revelancy.

 * I'm gone out on a limb putting in the Superherobox template in this article, but the character seems close enough. What do you think?

-User:Kchishol1970

Psychometry
In the section about the powers bestowed by the suit, there's mention made of the "vibes" he could get about objects. Is it possible or beneficial to add a link to the psychometry article? The telekinesis is mentioned by name and linked.

Ben — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.57.68.160 (talk) 19:35, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

DVD compromised
Watching the episode "Operation Spoilsport" I noticed that Joey Scarbury's cover version of Barry McGuire's "Eve of Destruction" had been removed from the sound track of the episode, even though at one point Ralph specifically states that was the name of the song being played on the radio. Having seen the original broadcast, I have always been struck by how well the song was used as a repeated musical cue in this episode. I presume the producers of the DVD release did not want to license the song and felt that the bland folk rock they swapped in was an acceptable substitute. It is not. If there is a Wikipedia article cataloging home video releases with compromised artistic value, this article should link to it.

 * There isn't. And honestly, I'm not sure it's widespread enough of a practice to have one. Hero was one of the few not to liscense the songs. --Woohookitty(cat scratches) 09:51, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * How about now? It's a pretty common and infuriating practice on DVDs presently. WKRP was gutten, the first set of the second season of The Fugitive cause a major controversy.ssosmcin August 1, 2008

 * The article mentions the use of Elton John's "Rocket Man" in the Pilot. This song is also missing from the DVD version (as rented from Netflix).  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.96.47.70 (talk) 13:59, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

cartoon?
Around the time of the Greatest American Heroine, I faintly remember there being progress toward making a Greatest American Hero cartoon. Obviously it never got made, but I'm wondering if anyone could verify this was considered/attempted and if so, a brief mention of how far it had gotten.

 * I see nothing on the web about it and Cannell's never mentioned it as far as I know. --Woohookitty(meow) 12:50, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Secret Identity
The issue of his alter ego seems to be missing, does the superhero persona have a name/is Hinkley actually referred to as 'the greatest american hero' in-costume? If his secret identity was an issue, shouldn't he have.. like.. a disguise on? 64.122.208.51 20:38, November 1, 2006 (UTC)

 * A pair of glasses worked for Superman. But I don't remember him ever getting enough publicity that he needed a secret identity.  There may have been an isolated reporter that threatened to expose him, but after he saved the reporter later in the episode, the reporter agreed to not reveal who he is.  Val42 14:27, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, he didn't really have an alter ego. He was Ralph, in suit and out. I think the key is that they didn't hide the superhero stuff from his girlfriend. And he never let friends/family/students who didn't know about the superhero stuff ever see him in costume (except in the circus episode, where it fit). And actually, the words "Greatest American Hero" are only used in the failed sequel pilot. It's never used in the actual series. --Woohookitty(meow) 16:41, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Revival?
Someone added this to the article.

There is a new version of the show in pre-production. Its scheduled for online distribution. Their website it up at TGAH

This seems slightly feasible, but you'd think they'd know how to spell. --Jnelson09 19:52, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Wasn't his identity keep from Pam the 1st half of Season One, more than the Pilot, epy 1 and 2? Are ALL the episodes of the 1st Season accounted for? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.221.220.211 (talk) 18:21, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I heard that at one point there was going to be remake starring Gary Oldman as Ralph Hinkley and Malcolm McDowell as Bill Maxwell. Not the first actors that I would have cast for these roles, but now that would've been interesting.137.198.122.152 (talk) 18:54, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

clarification of changes
I just made several changes, and wanted to assure the original writer that I am not trashing the article. Bill Maxwell calls the suit the "magic jammies", not red. Ralph does not have X-ray vision. I watched the entire series for a third time a few weeks ago, and am pretty certain these changes are correct. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 13:38, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

I just wanted to point out that in at least one episode, Ralph does seem to have X-ray vision. The episode with the circus, he is on the roof and stares down an airvent, he then sees through a wall into an office where the acrobats are holding the agent hostage. Its a brief scene, lasts maybe 5 seconds max but it exists. As for any other instances, I'm not certain. 76.122.240.167 (talk) 02:49, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

origin of Bill Maxwell's name
No one seems to have asked Stephen Cannell about Bill Maxwell's surname. I've always assumed it's a reference to Maxwell Smart, but that's just a guess. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 13:38, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Joel Colon
Does the information that Joel Colon helped with the costumes come from the DVD set? (Inline references are your friends...) Schissel | Sound the Note! 03:12, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Greatest American Heroine
I've heard about The Greatest American Heroine follow-up, but beginning only quite a few years after it supposedly happened, and in sources that contained enough problematical statements otherwise to make me have to take this with a large grain of salt. Indeed, by then Comics Scene magazine was reporting a GAH reunion TV-movie being in development, with no mention of this being reflected in its announced plotline, or having happened at all (this project itself never happened). Heroine certainly never turned up in the GAH syndicated rerun package shown in Denver, Colorado, during the 80s, but to be fair it just might have been off the air there by the time this (alleged) 1986 production could have been added to it. The first season DVD package is said here to contain it, but why there, since if it exists, it would be the final episode? Are you sure that it is actually there? Can someone confirm it? --Ted Watson (talk) 20:18, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Lo these many years later, of course, the article well documents "Heroine" 's existence, as is indeed the truth. Naturally it did not appear in syndicated rerun packages until after 1986, the year it was produced. And I can confirm that, oddly enough, it is included in the season ONE DVD set. 2601:545:8202:4EA5:8C90:73C:C87B:7834 (talk) 14:05, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Series Title
Does anyone know how the series got its title? I did not see a reference in the article. I ask because, honestly, it has got to be one of the worst series titles in all of television history. Really. I would like to know if they ever had any alternates, because I think anything would have been better. "Ralph and the Suit", "Trial and Error Hero". See, those are bad, but better than the real one and I thought them up in seconds! Bigmac31 (talk) 22:05, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Ralph's Son
Forgive me if I didn't read the article closely enough, but I didn't see a mention of this. I seem to recall that Ralph had a son at the start of the series that just disappeared later? I don't know if it was just for the pilot or for the entire first season or what, but I'd like to see it covered in the article - why the character was removed, how long he was there, if he was explicitly ret-conned out of existence or with his mother or swept under the rug in out-of-sight-out-of-mind fashion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.226.176.142 (talk) 20:20, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Kevin was in a few episodes in the first season and he's mentioned in the 2nd Season (specifically in Operation: Spoilsport) but not seen (as I recall). They solved the problem of Kevin and Ralph's ex-wife Alicia by never mentioning him again.  No ret-con, no explanation--he just wasn't there (didn't even go to Ralph & Pam's wedding!).  Probably for the best as his presence was awkward (can't really let the kid in on the secret of the suit). But it would've been very easy to write in a quick resolution by simply saying "Ralph lost the custody suit."  64.132.218.4 (talk) 22:25, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

Number of Episodes
The article is inconsistant with the episode count. The side-bar and DVD table indicates 44 episodes, but the text before the table indicates that there are 43 episodes in the series. I have the Millcreek complete series box which indicates 43 episodes in the series. I would correct what I believe to be an error, but withough having access to the individual seasons I am reluctant to do so.

If anyone has the individual seasons perhaps the episode count listed can be confirmed? --66.110.6.119 (talk) 15:01, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It looks like "The Greatest American Heroine" is not included in the full series set I have. Is there more than one full series box set, one that may include the failed spin-off pilot? --66.110.6.119 (talk) 11:56, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't there still be 44 episodes even if "The Greatest American Heroine" isn't included, though? Is another episode missing? Alphius (talk) 17:19, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

The Greatest American Hero: The Fan Series Web Series (2009)
Should the 2009 web series, The Greatest American Hero: The Fan Series, be mentioned in the article. There were six episodes, ranging from 6 to 10 mins per episode and all six were written by Stephen J. Cannell and Franck Zanca. The series starred Allen Rueckert as Ralph Hinkley, Don Stark as Bill Maxwell, Morgan Snyder as Pam Davidson, and Brittany Ross as Ashley Rizzo.79.154.45.248 (talk) 22:25, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Greatest American Hero


text:
Murder of the Hatuel family

The Murder of the Hatuel family was a shooting attack on May 2, 2004, in which Palestinian militants killed Tali Hatuel, a Jewish settler, who was eight months pregnant, and her four daughters, aged two to eleven. The attack took place near the Kissufim Crossing near their home in Gush Katif bloc of Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada. After shooting at the vehicle in which Hatuel was driving with her daughters, witnesses said the militants approached the vehicle and shot the occupants repeatedly at close range.

An alliance of Islamic Jihad and the Popular Resistance Committees claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was carried out in reprisal for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh Ahmad Yassin and Abdelaziz Rantisi by the Israeli army some weeks earlier.

The attack shocked the Israeli public, and was classified by Amnesty International as a crime against humanity. On June 6, 2007, the IDF arrested Jihad Salah Saliman Abu Dahar, a Palestinian member of Islamic Jihad from the Khan Yunis area, who according to Shin Bet officials admitted to several acts of violence, including the attack on Hatuel and her daughters.

Background
In 1992 David and Tali Hatuel, a Jewish Israeli couple, moved from Ofakim, in southern Israel, to the Israeli settlement Katif located in the Gush Katif bloc in the Gaza Strip. David Hatuel was familiar with Gush Katif having studied in a yeshiva there. After 3 years the couple left for 18 months but returned once they had completed their studies. Tali worked as a social worker with the Gaza Coast Regional Council. Her work included counseling Israelis whose relatives had been killed in the conflict. David worked as a school principal in Ashkelon. They had four daughters and Tali was eight months pregnant with a son when she was killed.

The attack
On Sunday, May 2, 2004, Hatuel picked up her three oldest daughters from school and drove with them and their 2-year-old sister in the family station wagon towards her husband's workplace in Ashkelon to campaign against Israel's unilateral disengagement plan. Likud party members were voting that day in a legally non-binding, advisory referendum being conducted across Israel and in Jewish settlements in the Palestinian territories on Ariel Sharon's disengagement proposal. While traveling in the vicinity of the Kissufim Crossing at 12:40 pm, two armed Palestinian militants, who had prepared an ambush near the highway, opened fire at the car, causing the car to spin off the road. The attackers, who were armed with automatic rifles, then approached the vehicle and fired their weapons from close range at Hatuel and her daughters repeatedly. The gunmen also opened fire on an Israeli civilian from Ohad in southern Israel traveling in a separate car. He managed to reverse and drive away injured. A CNN film crew working near Gush Katif who had come under fire by the militants earlier had attempted to warn and stop Israeli civilian vehicles leaving Gush Katif, among them Hatuel and her four daughters who drove past the armored CNN car.

Twenty minutes before the attack, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had received information about a possible attack and were strengthening forces in the area. The IDF killed both of the gunmen, identified as Ibrahim Mohammad Hammad (22), and Faisal Abu Naqira (26), reportedly from the Rafah refugee camp. A sniper stationed close by killed one of the men and soldiers sent to the scene charged the other attacker and shot him. Two soldiers from the Givati Brigade who were in a vehicle behind the Hatuel car were also injured during the battle. An explosive device was set off near the attack site but it did not result in any injuries. The Popular Resistance Committees and Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was carried out in reprisals for the assassinations of Hamas leaders Sheikh Ahmad Yassin and Abdelaziz Rantisi by the Israeli army earlier the same year and reportedly described it as "heroic".

Aftermath
Tali Hatuel and her children were the first settlers in Gaza to be killed since 2002 and the attack "provoked extreme tension in Gaza". The deaths brought the total number of people killed in the Second Intifada to 3,958 at that time, 905 Israelis and 2,983 Palestinians.

Following the attack, Israeli helicopters fired three missiles at a tower-block in the Rimal neighbourhood of Gaza City that housed a radio station with links to Hamas which the IDF alleged had been broadcasting "incitement". The attack on the building, which also contained apartments, businesses, and the two main Palestinian newspapers, al-Ayyam and al-Quds, collapsed part of the roof, cut off the building's electricity and wounded seven people. Hours later, an Israeli air strike on a car in the West Bank city of Nablus killed four people described as members of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades by Palestinian sources. The IDF described them as "senior terrorists" who had been responsible for several attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers.

On May 9, 2004, a week after the attack, two gunmen reportedly dressed in women's clothing, opened fire on about 200 to 300 people attending a heavily guarded memorial service on the Kissufim road in the southern Gaza Strip for Tali Hatuel and her daughters. Mourners had to take cover behind vehicles during the 20 to 30 minute exchange of fire. The gunmen opened fire on the attendees from about 300 meters away. David Hatuel was not present having been stopped on the way by soldiers once the shooting started. No Israelis were injured in the attack. The body of one gunman killed by the Israel Defense Forces was recovered after a search of the area but the IDF said that they believed a second gunman was also killed. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. After the attack, the chairman of the Gaza Coast Regional Council said "The IDF needs to open a corridor of one kilometer on either side of the road". Settlers in the area had complained that the IDF had not demolished Palestinian homes next to the Kissufim road where the attack took place.

The following day, on May 10, 2004, IDF troops shot dead a 22-year-old local Palestinian when Israeli bulldozers razed a row of homes and a four-storey block of flats was demolished in the Khan Yunis refugee camp a few hundred meters from where the attack took place. Palestinian sources, international aid organizations and media sources variously reported that 75 Palestinians or 50 families were left homeless by the action. By May 10, according to the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees, 1,100 Palestinians had been made homeless by Israeli military raids in Gaza in what they described as "one of the most intense periods of destruction for years" and "illegal collective punishment" for the killing of Tali Hatuel and children. The IDF described the figures as "highly exaggerated" and said they only demolished buildings that they had confirmed had been used by militants to attack Israeli targets.

Near the end of May, during Operation Rainbow, the Israeli army demolished a building across the street from the home of Ibrahim Hammad, one of the perpetrators of the attack on the Hatuel family. According to a neighbor, residents had already left the area on the assumption that Hammad's house would be demolished. According to Human Rights Watch, Hammad's house was not harmed but a house across the street belonging to Mahmoud Abu Arab was bulldozed instead. Abu Arab submitted a claim for compensation from the Israeli authorities.

On September 25, 2005, the Israeli Air Force killed the organizer of the attack, Sheikh Khalil, in a targeted assassination, described by Islamic Jihad as one of its "most senior commanders in Palestine." Khalil, who had survived several previous assassination attempts, died when an Israeli helicopter gunship fired a missile at his car in the Gaza Strip. His deputy was also killed and four others were injured. Israel military officials stated that Khalil had orchestrated several attacks on Israelis.

On June 6, 2007, the IDF arrested Jihad Salah Saliman Abu Dahar, a member of Islamic Jihad from the Khan Yunis area, who according to Shin Bet officials admitted to involvement in violence, including the Hatuel murder. Abu Dahar reportedly admitted to carrying out surveillance of the attack site and IDF patrols in the weeks prior to the murders and on May 2, 2004, he notified his commanders when IDF patrols were absent.

On May 9, 2023, Jihad Ghanem, a top official in the Islamic Jihad military council and one of the orchestrators of the attack on the Hatuel family, was killed during an Israeli airstrike in Gaza City.

Reactions
Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel at the time, condemned the attack as a "brutal crime against civilians and children." In Damascus, Ramadan Shallah, the leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad said killing of Israeli women and children was permissible "because they decided spontaneously to go live in a war zone". The attack was strongly condemned by Amnesty International as a deliberate attack against civilians and therefore a crime against humanity as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The commissioner general of the United Nations agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) condemned the killings of Tali Hatuel and her children but accused the Israel authorities of carrying out reprisal demolitions of Palestinian homes in some areas as a form of collective punishment forbidden by international law.

Commemoration
The funeral, held in Ashkelon the same day as the attack, was attended by thousands of mourners including Moshe Katsav, the President of Israel at the time.

On June 16, 2004, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev awarded Tali Hatuel a posthumous Masters of Arts degree in Social Work, and granted her husband a Masters of Arts in Jewish Philosophy.

On July 25, 2004, Hatuel's husband David was given a place of prominence near the Western Wall in the human chain from the Gaza Strip to Jerusalem protesting against Israel's withdrawal from Gaza in which over 130,000 Israelis took part.

On August 22, 2005, the day Katif was evacuated, David Hatuel addressed the settlers, defining the day as one of destruction and expulsion, thanking his fellow residents for their support after the murder of his wife and children, adding: "We are going through a crisis, an unfathomable hardship; but we will not despair and we will not fall." In December of the same year, he married Limor Shem-Tov, an occupational therapist, stating: "I have two options, either to collapse or to continue living. I have chosen life! My new home is an addition and not a replacement of the home that was destroyed. I am like a tree whose branches were cut off and now they are growing again." He and Shem-Tov had three sons and a daughter.

title: Murder of the Hatuel family


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George Boldt

George Charles Boldt Sr. (April 25, 1851 – December 5, 1916) was a Prussian-born American hotelier. A self-made millionaire, he influenced the development of the urban hotel as a civic social center and luxury destination.

Life and career
He was born as Georg Karl Boldt in Bergen auf Rügen, Pommern, on April 25, 1851. He immigrated to the United States in 1864. He began as a kitchen worker in New York and, at age 25, was hired (by his future father-in-law) to manage the dining room of Philadelphia's most exclusive gentlemen's club, The Philadelphia Club.

Boldt's first hotel was the Bellevue (1881), at the northwest corner of Broad & Walnut Streets, in Philadelphia. He soon bought a competing hotel, the Stratford, at the southwest corner. Two decades later, on the site of the Stratford, he built the largest hotel the city had ever seen, the 1,090-room Bellevue-Stratford Hotel (1902–04, now the Hyatt).

The enormous fortunes generated by robber barons in the post-Civil War Era led to an unprecedented level of luxurious living for wealthy Americans. Boldt catered to this new super-rich class, charging the highest prices for the very best, and becoming one of them in the process.

William Waldorf Astor built the Waldorf Hotel (1890–93) in New York City, with Boldt as proprietor. John Jacob Astor IV built the adjoining Astoria Hotel (1897). Boldt mediated between the feuding millionaire cousins, leasing the Astoria himself, and merging the two buildings under his management as the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The Empire State Building now occupies its site at 34th Street and 5th Avenue. He is credited with popularizing Thousand Island dressing at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, where he instructed the maître d', Oscar Tschirky, to include it on the menu. The hotel introduced other popular food items, such as Waldorf Salad. Boldt also owned the Waldorf Astoria Segar Company, which imported fine Cuban cigars and was located at the hotel.

He built Boldt Castle on an island in the Thousand Islands area of New York State. The enormous castle was intended as a gift for his wife, Louise Kehrer Boldt, but when she died suddenly on January 7, 1904, in Manhattan, at the age of 42, construction was halted. The castle, near Alexandria Bay, was restored after decades of vandalism and is now a major summer tourist attraction.

Towards the end of his life, he commissioned architect Francis T. Underhill to build him a Swiss-chalet-style mansion, "La Manzanita," in Montecito, Santa Barbara, California.

Boldt died on December 5, 1916, in Manhattan, New York City of a heart attack. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York.

Legacy
Boldt once owned Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower property, receiving it as payment for a debt. Tesla mortgaged the property to Boldt and the Waldorf-Astoria to pay the costs of his residence at the hotel when he encountered financial difficulties. Tesla did so first in 1904 and again in 1908; he was unable to repay the mortgages. Boldt and the Waldorf-Astoria foreclosed on the property in 1915.

He was a trustee of Cornell University. In 1923, Boldt's daughter, Mrs. Alfred G. Miles, donated US$50,000 to the university for the construction of Boldt Tower to honor her father's memory. Boldt Hall is also named for him. Three bricks from the original structure of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel were incorporated into the building. Saying that his father always sympathized with an eager student whose only impediment to higher education was a lack of funds, Boldt's son George C. Boldt Jr. established a scholarship program at Cornell bearing his father's name in 1922.

During his lifetime, Boldt was a frequent donor to Cornell University, the American Red Cross, many local hospitals and built a library at Alexandria Bay, New York. Boldt also helped put at least 75 young men through college, doing this anonymously. He also assisted those in business who were having financial difficulties and told employees at his hotels if they were having monetary problems, his door was always open to them.

Boldt's will equally divided US$15 million between his son and daughter, with a request to his children that they continue to financially support the charities he had donated to in the past. While the will gave his children the right to dispose of any or all of Boldt's properties, they made no plans to sell any of their father's holdings, with George Charles Boldt Jr. assuming the presidency of the company his father began.

Family
From his marriage to Louise Augusta Kehrer, he had two children: George Charles Boldt Jr. and Clover Louise Boldt, later Mrs. Alfred Graham Miles, and three granddaughters.

title: George Boldt


text:
Marie-Louise von Franz

Marie-Louise von Franz (4 January 1915 – 17 February 1998) was a Swiss Jungian psychologist and scholar, known for her psychological interpretations of fairy tales and of alchemical manuscripts.

Early life and education
Marie-Louise Ida Margareta von Franz was born in Munich, Germany, the daughter of a colonel in the Austrian army.

After World War I, in 1919, her family moved to Switzerland, near St. Gallen. From 1928 on, she lived in Zürich, together with her elder sister, so that both could attend a high school (gymnasium) in Zürich, specializing in languages and literature. Three years later, her parents moved to Zürich as well.

Meeting Carl Gustav Jung
In Zürich, at the age of 18, in 1933, when about to finish secondary school, von Franz met the psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung when, together with a classmate and nephew of Jung's assistant Toni Wolff, she and seven boys she had befriended were invited by Jung to his Bollingen Tower near Zürich. For von Franz, this was a powerful and "decisive encounter of her life", as she told her sister later the same evening.

At the meeting, Jung and the pupils discussed psychology. When Jung commented on a "mentally ill woman, who [actually, not to be taken symbolically] lived on the moon" M.-L. von Franz understood, that there are two levels of reality. The psychological, inner world with its dreams and myths was as real as the outer world.

Studies, lean times and private tutoring
In 1933, at the University of Zurich, von Franz started studies in Classical philology and Classical languages (Latin and Greek) as major subjects and in literature and ancient history as minor subjects.

Due to her father's major financial loss in the early 1930s, she had to self-finance her tuition, by giving private lessons as a tutor in Latin and Greek for gymnasium and university students. In the years after finishing her studies, she continued this to support herself, working on fairy tale texts.

In addition to her university studies, von Franz occupied herself with Jungian psychology. She attended Jung's psychological lectures at the Swiss Federal Polytechnical School in Zürich (now the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich) and, in 1935 and thereafter, also attended his psychological seminars. In 1934 she started analytical training with Jung.

Collaboration with C.G. Jung
In order to pay C.G. Jung for her training analysis, she translated works for him from Greek and Latin texts. Among others, she translated two major alchemical manuscripts: Aurora Consurgens, which has been attributed to Thomas Aquinas, and Musaeum Hermeticum. As many of its passages were of Islamic and Persian origin, von Franz took up Arabic as study subject at university.

This was the beginning of a long-standing collaboration with C.G. Jung, which continued until his death in 1961. Their collaboration was especially close in the field of alchemy. Not only did she translate works, she also commented on the origin and psychological meaning of Aurora Consurgens. She offered support for the theory that the Christian-alchemical text might have been dictated by Thomas Aquinas himself.

The experience that Jung termed "objective Psyche" or "collective unconscious" marked her life and work as well as her way of living. She worked to understand the reality of this autonomous psyche acting independently from consciousness.

Career
Von Franz worked with Carl Jung, whom she met in 1933 and with whom she collaborated until his death in 1961.

From 1942 on until her death, Marie-Louise von Franz practised as an analyst, mainly in Küsnacht, Switzerland. In 1987, she claimed to have interpreted over 65,000 dreams.

She wrote more than 20 books on analytical psychology, most notably on fairy tales as they relate to archetypal psychology and depth psychology. She amplified the themes and characters of these tales and focused on subjects such as the problem of evil, the changing attitude towards the female archetype.

Another field of interest and writing was alchemy, which von Franz discussed from the Jungian psychological perspective. She edited, translated and commented on Aurora Consurgens, attributed to Thomas Aquinas, on the problem of opposites in alchemy. During her last years of life, she commented on the Arabic alchemical manuscript of Muḥammad Ibn Umail Hal ar-Rumuz (Solving the Symbols). For alchemists, imaginatio vera was an important approach to matter. It resembles in many aspects the active imagination discovered by C. G. Jung. Marie-Louise von Franz lectured in 1969 about active imagination and alchemy and also wrote about it in Man and His Symbols. Active imagination may be described as conscious dreaming. In Man and His Symbols she wrote: "Active imagination is a certain way of meditating imaginatively, by which one may deliberately enter into contact with the unconscious and make a conscious connection with psychic phenomena."

A third field of interest and research was synchronicity, psyche and matter, and numbers. It seems to have been triggered by Jung, whose research had led him to the hypothesis about the unity of the psychic and material worlds—that they are one and the same, just different manifestations. He also believed that this concept of the unus mundus could be investigated by means of researching archetypes. Due to his advanced age, he turned the problem over to von Franz. Two of her books, Number and Time and Psyche and Matter, deal with this research.

In 1968, von Franz was the first to argue that the mathematical structure of DNA is analogous to that of the I Ching. She cited the I Ching in an essay, "Symbols of the Unus Mundus", published in her book Psyche and Matter.

Another basic concern throughout many of her works was how the collective unconscious compensates for the one-sidedness of Christianity and its ruling god image, via fairy tales and alchemy. In an analysis of the visions of Saint Perpetua, a martyr, she writes that such visions enable us to gain a deep insight into the unconscious spiritual situation of the time. They show the deep conflict of that time, the transition from Paganism to Christianity. "The martyrs appear in many respects as the tragic, unconscious victims of the transformation which was then being fulfilled deep down in the collective stratum of the human soul: the transformation of the image of God"

Another compensatory motif is the symbolism of the vessel of the holy grail in The Grail legend. In this book she discusses the psychological symbolism of the documented legends of the Holy Grail. It evolved out of the completion of Emma Jung's unfinished research, which Marie-Louise von Franz had been asked to take over and publish after Emma Jung's death.

In the visions of Swiss Saint Nikolaus von Flüe she dealt with the aspects of the dark and evil as well as the cosmic side as part of a more holistic image of god. Von Franz says that the visions reveal basic tendencies of collective unconscious that seem to strive to further develop the Christian symbolism and by that giving points of orientation, showing where the unconscious psyche wants to let us notice and understand the problem of opposites and by that to bring us to more closeness and fear of God.

Films
In addition to her many books, von Franz made a series of films in 1987 titled The Way of the Dream, along with her student, Fraser Boa. In The Wisdom of the Dream, a channel 4 television series, London 1989, von Franz was interviewed. Text of the film is printed in: Seegaller, S. and Berger, M: Jung – the Wisdom of the Dream. London 1989.

Lectures
In 1941–1944 von Franz was an associate member of the Psychological Club, Zürich. There she first lectured on the visions of Perpetua on June 7, 1941, which later was expanded and published as her first book The Visions of Perpetua. In the following years, she held many lectures at the Zürich Psychological Club. They constituted the basis of many of her books.

Between 1942 and 1952 she acted as its librarian.

In 1944 she became one of its full members.

In 1948, she was a co-founder of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich.

In 1974, von Franz together with some of her pupils (René Malamud, Willi Obrist, Alfred Ribi, and Paul Walder) founded the "Stiftung für Jung'sche Psychologie" (Foundation for Jungian Psychology). The aim of this foundation is to support research and promulgation of findings in the field of Jungian depth psychology. It also publishes the journal Jungiana.

Interpretation of fairy tales
In 1935 Hedwig von Beit asked Marie-Louise von Franz to assist her part-time with writing a book about fairy tales. Von Franz embarked on a time-consuming 9-years research and interpretation work. Fairy tales became increasingly important to her in regard to psychological questions. The work is published in the book Symbolik des Märchens (Symbolism of Fairy Tales). Nevertheless, this book (of 3 volumes) was only published under the name of Hedwig von Beit. In her later talks and books, she connects fairy tale interpretation with everyday life. Alfred Ribi says, that von Franz might well be understood as the first to discover and demonstrate the psychological wisdom of fairy tales.

Von Franz's interpretation of fairy tales is based on Jung's view of fairy tales as a spontaneous and naive product of soul, which can only express what soul is. That means, she looks at fairy tales as images of different phases of experiencing the reality of the soul. They are the "purest and simplest expression of collective unconscious psychic processes" and "they represent the archetypes in their simplest, barest and most concise form" because they are less overlaid with conscious material than myths and legends. "In this pure form, the archetypal images afford us the best clues to the understanding of the processes going on in the collective psyche". "The fairy tale itself is its own best explanation; that is, its meaning is contained in the totality of its motifs connected by the thread of the story. [...] Every fairy tale is a relatively closed system compounding one essential psychological meaning which is expressed in a series of symbolical pictures and events and is discoverable in these". "I have come to the conclusion that all fairy tales endeavour to describe one and the same psychic fact, but a fact so complex and far-reaching and so difficult for us to realize in all its different aspects that hundreds of tales and thousands of repetitions with a musician's variation are needed until this unknown fact is delivered into consciousness; and even then the theme is not exhausted. This unknown fact is what Jung calls the Self, which is the psychic reality of the collective unconscious. [...] Every archetype is in its essence only one aspect of the collective unconscious as well as always representing also the whole collective unconscious."

The fairy tales' hero and heroine – with which the auditor identifies – are taken as archetypal figures (not as common human ego) representing the archetypal foundation of the ego-complex of an individual or a group. "The hero restores to healthy, normal functioning a situation in which all egos of that tribe or nation are deviating from their instinctive basic totality pattern. Hero and Heroine form "a model of an ego  [...] demonstrating a rightly functioning ego, [...] in accordance with the requirements of the Self".

G. Isler explains further, "The figure of the hero as well as the whole story compensate what initially was an insufficient or wrong attitude of consciousness. The initial situation of need, misery and shortcomings is solved at the end having a structure which is more whole than the beginning. This corresponds to a renewal of the ruling consciousness (expressed e.g. in the young king), being oriented towards psychic wholeness and totality in a way that is more appropriate" to the demands of the Self, than before. "Fairy tales compensate individual consciousness, but also an insufficient attitude of collective consciousness, which in European culture has been coined mainly by Christianity." In contrast to personalistic-subjective ways of interpretation, the fate of the hero is not understood as individual neurosis, but as difficulties and dangers, being imposed on man by nature.

Personal life
Jung encouraged von Franz to live with fellow Jungian analyst Barbara Hannah, who was 23 years older than she was. When Hannah asked Jung why he was so keen on putting them together, Jung replied that he wanted von Franz "to see that not all women are such brutes as her mother". Jung also stated that "the real reason you should live together is that your chief interest will be analysis, and analysts should not live alone." The two women became lifelong friends.

Correspondence with Wolfgang Pauli
Von Franz had a lengthy exchange of letters with Wolfgang Pauli, winner of a Nobel Prize in physics. On Pauli's death, his widow Franca deliberately destroyed all the letters von Franz had sent to her husband, and which he had kept locked inside his writing desk. But the letters sent by Pauli to von Franz were all saved and were later made available to researchers (and published as well).

Bollingen tower
Von Franz was passionately interested in nature and gardening. In order to meet her love for nature, she acquired a piece of land at the borders of a large forest above Bollingen. There, in 1958, she built a quadrate tower following the example of C. G. Jung. The tower was meant to be a hermitage, having neither electricity nor a flushing cistern. She used to take her wood for heating and cooking from the surrounding woods. Besides the house, there was a bog pond, abundant with toads and frogs, which she loved. This tower enabled her "to escape modern civilization and all its unrest from time to time and to find a refuge in nature", as her sister reported. At that place, she felt "in tune with the spirit of nature" and she wrote a good many of her books that she had planned early on in her life, and which she had realised one after the other, throughout the decades.

Later years
Between the 1950s and 1970s, von Franz travelled widely, not only for holidays but also for lecturing. She visited European countries including Austria, England, Germany, Greece, Italy and Scotland, as well as America, Egypt and some Asian countries. After 1986 she turned to a more introverted life at her home in Küsnacht, Switzerland. Several times a year she took a retreat into her Bollingen tower, which in some years was up to a five months stay. She concentrated mainly on her creative work, especially alchemy and continued to meet friends and patients from all over the world.

Illness and death
During her last years, von Franz had Parkinson's disease. Barbara Davies stated that she took only a minimum of medicine, so that she was increasingly physically affected by her illness until death, but could keep a clear mind and consciousness.

Von Franz died in Küsnacht, Switzerland on 17 February 1998. She was 83.

Selected works
Most of these titles are a translation of the original German title. A few titles were originally published in English.

 * Alchemical Active Imagination ISBN 0-87773-589-1
 * Alchemy: An Introduction To The Symbolism And The Psychology ISBN 0-919123-04-X
 * Animus and Anima in Fairy Tales ISBN 1-894574-01-X
 * Archetypal Dimensions of the Psyche ISBN 1-57062-426-7
 * Archetypal Patterns in Fairy Tales ISBN 0-919123-77-5
 * Aurora Consurgens: A Document Attributed to Thomas Aquinas on the Problem of Opposites in Alchemy. Inner City Books, Toronto, 2000.  ISBN 0-919123-90-2
 * C. G. Jung: His Myth in Our Time ISBN 0-919123-78-3
 * Creation Myths ISBN 0-87773-528-X
 * Dreams. Shambhala, Boston, 1991. ISBN 0-87773-901-3
 * Feminine in Fairy Tales ISBN 1-57062-609-X
 * Individuation in Fairy Tales ISBN 1-57062-613-8
 * Interpretation of Fairytales. Spring Publications, Dallas, 8th Printing, 1987. ISBN 0-88214-101-5
 * Light from the Darkness: The Paintings of Peter Birkhäuser ISBN 3-7643-1190-8 (1980)
 * Number and Time ISBN 0-8101-0532-2 (1974)
 * On Divination and Synchronicity: ... ISBN 0-919123-02-3
 * On Dreams & Death: A Jungian Interpretation ISBN 0-8126-9367-1
 * Projection and Re-Collection in Jungian Psychology: Reflections of the Soul ISBN 0-87548-417-4
 * Psyche and Matter, Shambhala, Boston (1992) ISBN 0-87773-902-1
 * Psychological Meaning of Redemption Motif in Fairytales ISBN 0-919123-01-5
 * Puer Aeternus: A Psychological Study of the Adult Struggle With the Paradise of Childhood ISBN 0-938434-01-2
 * The Cat: A Tale of Feminine Redemption ISBN 0-919123-84-8
 * The Golden Ass of Apuleius: The Liberation of the Feminine in Man ISBN 1-57062-611-1
 * The Interpretation of Fairy Tales ISBN 0-87773-526-3
 * The Passion of Perpetua: A Psychological Interpretation of Her Visions. Inner City Books, Toronto, 2004.  ISBN 1-894574-11-7
 * The Problem of the Puer Aeternus ISBN 0-919123-88-0
 * The Shadow and Evil in Fairy Tales ISBN 0-87773-974-9
 * The Way of the Dream, ISBN 1-57062-036-9
 * The Way of the Dream DVD
 * Time Rhythm and Repose ISBN 0-500-81016-8

The Fountain of the Love of Wisdom: An Homage to Marie-Louise von Franz is a compilation of eulogies, essays, personal impressions, book reviews, and more from dozens of people who were influenced by von Franz. It also contains a list of von Franzens' English books.

 * Arthur I. Miller: Deciphering the Cosmic Number (137): Jung, Pauli, and the Pursuit of Scientific Obsession, W. W. Norton & Co. (2009) ISBN 0-393-06532-4 features the collaboration between Pauli, Jung and also von Franz

The Collected Works of Marie-Louise von Franz
On January 4, 2021, on the 106th anniversary of the author's birth, Chiron Publications began publishing a new translation in English of the 28 volumes that make up her Collected Works, estimating a 10-year period for completion.

title: Marie-Louise von Franz


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Progressive Party of Manitoba (1981–1995)

The Progressive Party of Manitoba was a political party in Manitoba, Canada which existed from 1981 to 1995. The party was created in March 1981 by five former members of the province's New Democratic Party: Sidney Green, Ben Hanuschak, Bud Boyce, Murdoch Mackay and Max Hofford. Green was acknowledged as the party's leader.

Despite its name, this party had no connection with the original Progressive Party of Manitoba, which was created in 1922 and governed the province from its founding until 1958 (after 1932 in an alliance with the Manitoba Liberal Party).

Green, Hanuschak and Boyce were members of the provincial legislature in 1981, having been elected as NDP candidates. All three had served as cabinet ministers in the government of Edward Schreyer (1969–1977).

The party was regarded as socialist, and promoted traditionally leftist policies such as full employment and increased profits taxation on resource industries. However, it was also influenced by ideas usually associated with the radical right.

Green had left the NDP in 1979. Green opposed what he described as "special privileges" for unions and minority groups, and was particularly opposed to the NDP's plans for anti-scab legislation. These views were reflected in Progressive Party policy.

The Progressives were the third-largest party in the provincial legislature (the Liberals having been reduced to one seat in 1977), and sought to run a full slate of candidates in 1981. They were unable to do this, however, and were unable to mount a successful challenge against the dominant NDP and Progressive Conservatives. All Progressive candidates were defeated, including the three incumbents; Green placed a poor third in Inkster, which he had represented since 1966.

The Progressive Party never recovered from this early loss. It ran twelve candidates in 1986 (including Green and Hanuschak), but all fared poorly. The party was reduced to six candidates in 1988, although it received some attention for featuring former Premier Douglas Campbell (of the original Progressive Party) at one of its rallies. The Progressives ran five candidates in 1990, the minimum required for ballot status.

During its later years, the Progressive Party began veering further to the right. In 1990, its campaign literature emphasized balanced budgets, and rejected distinct status for minority groups.

Green, who remained the party's leader throughout all stages of its development, dissolved the Progressive Party on July 13, 1995 when his attempts to find a successor came to nothing.


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User:MicroGlyphics

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--MicroGlyphics 20:25, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:MicroGlyphics


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Wikipedia:Articles for Deletion/Tali Hatuel

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Tali Hatuel.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

As with the majority of 9/11 victims she may have died in a horrible way but I'm not altogether convinced that's enough to be featured in an encyclopedia. Is she famous? -- Graham :) | Talk 20:28, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Is she famous? No, not yet, but given time she might become so. Keep for now, review in a month or so. —No-One Jones 20:52, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree with Mirv. Keep. Alcarillo 21:14, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems a rather different case from the 9/11 victims, since she received a fair amount of individual attention from the news. Keep. Everyking 22:17, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Awful story, but newsworthy nonetheless. Under the circumstances, specifically retaliation by Israel, this might not be over.  Keep per reasons stated.  - Lucky 6.9 23:15, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep just like the 9/11 victims. anthony (see warning) 16:04, 9 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful to me and I'm sure to others. Andrewa 01:27, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but the article is slight POV. Burgundavia 07:24, May 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Search for this name results in 6,490 Google hits and deserves to be in encyclopedia. --Humus sapiens|Talk 01:45, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.