text:
Captain Tsubasa

Captain Tsubasa (キャプテン翼) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yōichi Takahashi. The series mainly revolves around the sport of association football focusing on Tsubasa Oozora and his relationship with his friends, rivalries with his opponents, training, competition, and the action and outcome of each football match. Across the multiple Captain Tsubasa series, the plot shows Tsubasa's and his friends' growth as they face new rivals.

The Captain Tsubasa manga series was originally serialized in Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump between 1981 and 1988, with the chapters collected in 37  volumes. It was followed by various manga sequels. The original manga series was adapted into an anime television series by Tsuchida Production and broadcast on TV Tokyo from 1983 to 1986. Numerous movies and television series have followed with the latest one airing between 2018 and 2019; a second season premiered in 2023.

By 2023, the overall manga had over 90 million copies in circulation worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. Captain Tsubasa became one of the most popular manga and anime series worldwide, most notably in Japan due to how it popularized association football. Multiple real life players have been inspired to become professionals after seeing the series. In a poll conducted by TV Asahi in 2005, the Captain Tsubasa anime series ranked 41st in a list of top 100 anime series.

Captain Tsubasa
Tsubasa Oozora is an 11-year-old elementary school student who is deeply in love with football and dreams of one day winning the FIFA World Cup for Japan. He lives together with his mother in Japan, while his father is a seafaring captain who travels around the world. Tsubasa is known as the Soccer no Moshigo which translates as "heaven-sent child of football". When he was only barely a year old, he was almost run over by a rushing bus while playing with a ball. However, Tsubasa held the ball in front of him which served as a cushion for most of the impact. The force of the bump blew him away, but he was able to right himself with the ball. Hence, Tsubasa's motto of "The ball is my friend". Ever since he was little, he always went out with a ball. His mother concludes that he was indeed born to only play football. At a very young age, Tsubasa already had amazing speed, stamina, dribbling skills and shooting power – he astounded anyone who saw him play.

At the beginning of the story, Tsubasa and his mom both move to the city of Nankatsu, a fictional town in Shizuoka Prefecture well known for their talented elementary school football teams and where Tsubasa meets Ryo Ishizaki, a football-loving young student who often sneaks out from his mother's public bath houses and chores to play football. He meets Sanae Nakazawa (also known as Anego) an enthusiastic girl who also loves football and helps cheer the Nankatsu high school team on and Genzo Wakabayashi, a highly talented young goalkeeper whom he soon challenges to a game in Nankatsu's annual sports festival. He also meets Roberto Hongo, one of the best Brazilian footballers in the world who is a friend of Tsubasa's father and who starts living with Tsubasa and his mother in order to train Tsubasa. Roberto becomes a mentor to Tsubasa and helps him to harness his football skills, convincing him to join Nankatsu Elementary School and its fledgling elementary school football team, which Roberto later coaches as he passes his techniques onto Tsubasa.

Tsubasa meets Taro Misaki, who has travelled around Japan due to his father's job and soon joins Nankatsu. The two become the best of friends on the pitch and real life, forming a partnership soon to be renowned as the "Golden Duo" or "dynamic duo" of Nankatsu. Soon Tsubasa and his Nankatsu team start taking on the best of elementary school football, meeting such talented players as Kojiro Hyuga, Ken Wakashimazu, Jun Misugi, Hikaru Matsuyama and many others. Tsubasa's Nankatsu squad wins numerous youth national championships and he wins the U-17 World Championships for Japan by defeating Italy 2–1, Argentina 5–4 in the group stages, France 4–4 in the semifinals and eventually defeat West Germany 3–2 in the finals before leaving the country to play in Brazil.

World Youth
Tsubasa leaves Japan for Brazil and starts playing, with his mentor Roberto as the manager, for São Paulo (F.C. Brancos in the anime), in Brazil's premier professional league, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, winning the final against Flamengo (F.C. Domingos in the anime) 4–3. While in Brazil, Tsubasa gets to meet several talented Brazilian players, such as his teammate and roommate Pepe, who comes from a humble background, as well Flamengo star striker Carlos Santana, a prodigious yet emotionless talent.

Enthusiastic football-loving youngster Shingo Aoi, whom Tsubasa once played against while in the high school national championships, leaves Japan to play football in Italy, where he hopes to play for a major Italian professional team. After arriving in Italy, however, Shingo gets tricked by a man who gives him fraudulent promises of getting him selected for an Italian team. After Shingo is taken to a badly furnished field, the man runs away, stealing all his money. Shingo realizes that he is swindled and tries hard to get his money back, doing such jobs as shoe-shining, until his enthusiastic attitude catches the eye of one of the coaches of Inter Milan (Intina in the anime), who sign him to play for their squad as an attacking midfielder.

The Japan's youth side plays the first phase of AFC Youth Championship without Taro Misaki, Makoto Soda, Hiroshi Jito, Shun Nitta, the Tachibana brothers Masao and Kazuo and Kojiro Hyuga. After Tsubasa, Wakabayashi and Shingo join the team, it defeats Thailand 5–4 after being 4–1 down at one stage. In the second phase, Japan beats Uzbekistan 8–1, China 6–3 and Saudi Arabia 4–1. In the semifinals, Japan beats Iraq 3–0. The Japanese win the Asia Youth title beating South Korea 2–0 and qualifying for the FIFA World Youth Championship.

In the first phase, Japan defeats Mexico 2–1, Uruguay 6–5 and Italy 4–0. In the quarterfinals, they beat Sweden 1–0 and Netherlands 1–0 in the semifinal. The Japanese win in the "Great Final" the World Youth Championship, defeating Brazil 3–2 after extra time with Tsubasa scoring a hat-trick and the golden goal despite the fact that Brazil used a new player at the extra time called Natureza, who became the third person to score a goal on Wakabayashi from outside the goal area – the first being Karl Heinz Schneider of Germany and second being Sho Shunko of China.

Tsubasa moves from São Paulo to FC Barcelona (FC Catalunya in the anime), in the Spanish Liga, after the end of the FIFA World Youth Championship final, taking his childhood friend and now wife, Sanae. He asked her out before moving to Brazil and the couple maintained a long-distance relationship before he proposed to her after the World Youth Championship.

Road to 2002
While Tsubasa moves from São Paulo (Brancos in the anime) to Barcelona (Catalunya in the anime), Kojiro Hyuga is bought by Juventus FC (F.C. Piemonte in the anime). Tsubasa plays very well in training, displaying all his skills, but the Dutch coach Van Saal (Edward in the anime, inspired by Louis van Gaal, who coached Barcelona at the time) demotes him to FC Barcelona B, the reserve team that plays in the second division, because Tsubasa and Rivaul (inspired by Rivaldo) cannot play together whilst Rivaul holds a key position for playmaking.

Meanwhile, Kojiro Hyuga plays for his first game for Juventus (Piemonte in the anime) against Parma in the Italian Serie A, but does not score because his physical imbalance is exposed by Parma defender Thoram (inspired by Lilian Thuram). Juventus coach Carlo Monetti replaces him with David Trezeguet (David Tresaga in the anime), who scores the winning goal as Juventus beat Parma 1–0.

In Germany, Genzo Wakabayashi and his Bundesliga team, Hamburger SV (Grunwald in the anime version), play against FC Bayern Munich (Routburg in the anime version), led by Karl Heinz Schneider. Wakabayashi makes many great saves, impressing players and coaches from both teams, but in an attempt to win at the final moment despite the coach's decision to aim for a draw, Wakabayashi left the goal area to take a free kick shot that was stopped at the last second, which gave Bayern a chance to counterattack on an undefended goal, allowing them to win 2–1.

In Spain, the Liga begins and the match between Barcelona (led by Rivaul) and Valencia CF (San Jose in the anime) (who have just bought Tsubasa's old rival Carlos Santana) ends 2–2. Tsubasa watches the match from the tribune (in the anime version, Tsubasa plays as a substitute in the match and scores a goal).

In the second stage of the Japanese J.League, Júbilo Iwata, led by Misaki, Gon Nakayama (inspired by real player Masashi Nakayama), Ishizaki and Urabe, defeat the Urawa Red Diamonds led by Hayato Igawa and Sawada, 2–1. In other J.League matches, FC Tokyo, led by Misugi, draws 1–1 with Consadole Sapporo, led by Matsuyama. In Italy, Hyuga and Aoi are bought respectively by A.C. Reggiana and A.S.D. Albese.

In Spain, Tsubasa plays three matches with FC Barcelona B and he records 12 goals and 11 assists in three matches. Tsubasa is inserted in the Barcelona lineup because of an injury of his rival Rivaul as well as the disastrous results of the Barcelona (one point in four matches) and plays the Súper Clásico against Real Madrid C.F., who have just bought his old rival Natureza. Tsubasa ends the match with three goals and three assists and Barcelona wins 6–5.

Go for 2006
This is the epilogue of Captain Tsubasa Road to 2002 and it is composed of five chapters. This manga follows Kojiro Hyuga and Shingo Aoi in Italy. In this manga, Kojiro Hyuga was loaned out to Reggiana while Shingo Aoi was loaned out to Albese. Kojiro Hyuga makes a hard training and he makes his debut scoring a hat-trick.

Golden-23
While Tsubasa plays for Barcelona against Real Valladolid, recording a goal and an assist in a 2–0 win, the 23 players of Japan's U-22 national team ("The Golden-23") are convoked to play two friendly matches against Denmark and Nigeria in preparation for Summer Olympics. Two futsal players, Kazami and Furukawa, who previously played for Japan national futsal team, join the national U-22 football team and display great skills, scoring two goals in a training match. Meanwhile, the Japan U-20 side led by Takeshi Sawada win the AFC Youth Championship, defeating South Korea 6–5 on penalty kicks in the final. In Brazil, Minato Gamo, the former coach of the U-20 national team, tries unsuccessfully to convince Soga, a Japanese player who plays in CR Vasco da Gama, to join the national team. Meanwhile, Tsubasa's wife Sanae informs him that she is pregnant. In Japan, the match with Denmark ends 4–2 with the following scorers: Misaki (J), Haas (D), Nitta (J), Nitta (J), Matsuyama (J) and Haas (D). In Germany, Hamburger SV plays a Bundesliga match and Genzo Wakabayashi is not in the line up because of the bad relationship with the coach Zeeman, starting rumors that Wakabayashi would leave Hamburger SV. A lot of teams were interested in signing Wakabayashi such as ACF Fiorentina, A.S. Roma, Bayern Munich and SV Werder Bremen.

Meanwhile, Minato Gamo wants to convince Igawa, a player who can play in all the roles (goalkeeper, defender, midfielder and forward), to join the national team. Also in Spain, Barcelona plays a league match against Real Betis and Tsubasa scores two goals and makes an assist for Rikaar. In Japan, Wakabayashi joins the national team.

The match between Japan and Nigeria begins and Nigeria plays very well, as it has two champions Ochado (who plays in Paris SG, based on Jay-Jay Okocha) and Bobang (who plays with Shingo Aoi in Albese). After some minutes from the beginning of the match, Nigeria has the first great opportunity to score the first goal in the match with a penalty kick, but the Japanese goalkeeper Genzo Wakabayashi saves in corner kick. Wakabayashi saves another shot and makes an assist for Ken Wakashimazu, who scores a goal with an overhead kick. However, Nigeria scores two goals with Bobang and Ochado. At the end of the first half, Nigeria is winning 2–1. Meanwhile, Minato Gamo convinces Gakuto Igawa to join the national team. The second half begins, the Japan attacks during the injury time Misaki scores the equalizing goal. The match ends 2–2.

In Spain, Barcelona wins 3–2 the match against Valencia led by Carlos Santana. In Japan, the match between Japan and Paraguay ends 3–0 with the following scorers: Gakuto, Wakashimazu and Nitta. In Spain, Barcelona plays against Atlético Madrid and Fersio Torres (inspired by Fernando Torres) quickly scores a goal. However, Barcelona replies quickly and Tsubasa scores two goals.

The Asia qualifications begins and Japan beats Malaysia (6–0 for the first match and 5–0 for the return match), Thailand (2–0 for the first match, 3–0 for the return match) and Bahrain (3–0 for the first match and 5–0 for the return match) and qualifies to the third round. In the third round, Japan beats Vietnam 5–0, draws against Saudi Arabia 1–1 and loses against Australia 3–1. Standings after day 3 (of 6): Australia 9, Japan and Saudi Arabia 4 and Vietnam 0. Only the first classified is admitted to Olympic Games. In the day 4, Japan defeats Saudi Arabia 2–0 while Australia defeats Vietnam 5–0. In day 5, Japan defeats Vietnam 4–0 and Australia draws against Saudi Arabia 1–1. Standings after day 5 (of 6): Australia 13, Japan 10, Saudi Arabia 5 and Vietnam 0. In the last day, Japan plays against Australia (had Japan defeated Australia 3–0, 4–1, 5–2 and 6–3 or more, it would have qualified to Olympic Games, while had Japan won 3–1, 4–2, 5–3 or such, it would have played a playoff against Australia). Japan scores the first goal of the match against Australia, thanks to Tachibana brothers. However, the Tachibana brothers get injured and are substituted by Wakashimazu and Nitta, who scores another goal. Japan tries to score the third goal, but all their shots hit the bar or are saved by the goalkeeper. In the second half, Australia scores the goal of 2–1, but Japan reacts and scores two goals (scorers: Igawa and Misaki). Japan ultimately wins 4–1 and qualifies to Olympic Games.

Italy
One-shot released in Japan in 2009, which comprises 24 chapters. This one-shot tells the Serie C1 final season match between Reggiana and Albese, with both teams directly vying for promotion. This match is the challenge between Kojiro Hyuga (Reggiana) and Shingo Aoi (Albese). Hyuga scores two goals in the first half, showing to be strongly improved in physical game. However, in the second half, Albese reacts and scores two goals. Hyuga eventually scores the victory goal in the last minute, allowing his team to be promoted into Serie B. Albese is disappointed for its defeat because they wrongly think that U.C. AlbinoLeffe won against Ravenna F.C and overtook them in standings. However, Albinoleffe lost 2–1 to Ravenna, tying both teams in third place, and this means that both Reggiana (1st) and Albese (2nd) are promoted. Both teams celebrate their promotion.

Spain
This one-shot started in February 2010, in order to celebrate the series' 30th anniversary. It tells the return match between Barcelona and Real Madrid. From there on, seven more chapters are added in which first two goals from Barcelona been rejected by the referee. The match goes on and Rivaul finally scores a genuine goal, followed by one from Real Madrid. In the second half, Natureza scores the second goal 10 minutes before the end of the match. Tsubasa scores the draw goal with a flying drive shot in the added time and the match ends 2–2.

Production
Yoichi Takahashi was delighted by association football after seeing the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The matches, players, and fans' love towards the sport inspired him to write a manga about football. Another relevant aspect on this decision was the fact that Takahashi liked football more than baseball because he considered the players to have more freedom during matches. Despite football not being popular in Japan, Takahashi aimed to depict it through his manga and to reach the general public. Because of the non-popularity of the subject, getting the approval to write the manga by its publisher, Shueisha, took between 2 and 3 years, which was also difficult since it was his first manga. Rather than using professional players, the manga author instead used children as protagonists, hoping readers would identify themselves with the cast. Nevertheless, Takahashi already had in mind that through the series the main characters would grow up and become professionals.

In the making of the cast, Takahashi designed multiple characters with different traits in order to deliver multiple traits that would serve as obstacles for Tsubasa to surpass. The large number of characters made Takahashi careful with their designs and he wanted to give each of them recognizable features. One of Tsubasa's early rivals, Jun Misugi, was given skills that surpassed the protagonist's. As a result, he gave Misugi a heart condition that would balance the match between their teams. When asked why Tsubasa's teams always win, Takahashi stated it was because he aims the manga to be long and thus a defeat would reduce its length. While the series was initially aimed at children, Takahashi was surprised at how, across the years, it has also attracted adults, as well as at the impact it had on Japan's football. When talking about its themes, Takahashi stated the main one is honor, which is meant to be superior than money, something which people value more.

As Takahashi liked European football due to its competitive level, he decided to make Tsubasa leave São Paulo and join Spain's F.C. Barcelona at the age of 21. In 1998, Takahashi traveled to Barcelona and enjoyed the Camp Nou stadium so much that he was inspired by it to make the Barcelona team Tsubasa's future team. Nevertheless, Takahashi asserted it was a decision taken at random and joked that Tsubasa would have joined the Real Madrid if he had visited Santiago Bernabéu. For this part, Takahashi started using professional players inspired by real-life football stars, most notably Rivaul (inspired by Rivaldo) who would mentor Tsubasa in Barcelona. Due to Tsubasa's inexperience in his debut as an adult, Rivaul becomes his mentor.

By 2010, the manga had been translated into French, Italian, German, and Spanish; at the time, no official English version existed. By 2017, several volumes were available in an official Arabic translation and a third of the first print run of these were donated to Syrian refugee children by the publisher, Kinokuniya. A bilingual Japanese-English version was released by Shueisha in 2020. It was to be released for a digital reading device.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Yōichi Takahashi, the first Captain Tsubasa started in Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on March 31, 1981, and finished in the May 9, 1988, issue, with its chapters collected in 37  volumes, released from January 9, 1982, to March 10, 1989. The series has spawned various one-shots and sequels. In January 2024, Takahashi announced that he would retire from serializing manga, and the series' final part, Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun – The Final, ended on April 4, 2024. It was later announced that Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun would continue with a new story arc in the form of storyboards on the Captain Tsubasa World website on April 4, 2024, under the title Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun Finals.

An official translation into Arabic was written by a Syrian man named Obada Kassoumah, who studied at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies beginning in 2012, and had enjoyed the anime as a child. Kinokuniya publishes the Arabic version and had selected Obada as the translator. Sale of the volumes began in the United Arab Emirates in 2017. To deal with differences in varieties of Arabic, Obada consulted people who spoke other varieties of Arabic and tried to make the language in the comic accessible to speakers of all varieties while avoiding stilted formality in Modern Standard Arabic. Additionally, he made instances of alcoholic beverages ambiguous as explicit depictions of alcohol would not be published in various majority Muslim countries.

Main series

 * Captain Tsubasa (キャプテン翼) (March 31, 1981 –May 9, 1988, in Weekly Shōnen Jump; 37 volumes )
 * Captain Tsubasa: World Youth (キャプテン翼 ワールドユース編) (April 18, 1994 –August 25, 1997, in Weekly Shōnen Jump; 18 volumes)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 (December 21, 2000–May 13, 2004, in Weekly Young Jump; 15 volumes)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Golden-23 (October 6, 2005 –April 24, 2008, in Weekly Young Jump; 12 volumes)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Kaigai Gekitō-hen (May 7, 2009 – April 5, 2012, in Weekly Young Jump; 8 volumes)
 * In Calcio (May 7 –October 22, 2009; 2 volumes)
 * En La Liga (February 10, 2010 –April 5, 2012; 6 volumes)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun (December 28, 2013 –January 5, 2023; in Grand Jump (2013–2019) and Captain Tsubasa Magazine (2020–2023); 20 volumes)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Rising Sun – The Final (April 3, 2023 –April 4, 2024; in Captain Tsubasa Magazine)

One-shots and side stories

 * Boku wa Misaki Taro (ボクは岬太郎) (1984 in Fresh Jump; one volume)
 * Captain Tsubasa: World Youth Special Edition – The Strongest Enemy! Holland Youth (キャプテン翼 ワールドユース特別編 最強の敵! オランダユース) (1993 in Weekly Shōnen Jump; one volume)
 * Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002 – F.C.R.B. Stadium Opening Match (2004 in Weekly Young Jump Zōkan; one-shot)
 * Captain Tsubasa Short Stories: Dream Field (2006; 2 volumes) – A collection of previously published one-shot stories.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Live Together 2010 (2010 in Monthly Young Jump; one-shot)

Novels

 * Captain Tsubasa Mirai Bunko (2013–2014): a trilogy of light novels by Hitomi Wada retells the first story arc of ''Captain Tsubasa.

Anime
The original Captain Tsubasa manga series was quickly adapted into a TV animation series, produced by Tsuchida Production, broadcast on TV Tokyo from October 10, 1983, to March 27, 1986. This first series adapts the first 25 volumes. Four animated movies followed soon after, between 1985 and 1986, continuing the storyline. In 1989 a new animation series, Shin Captain Tsubasa, was produced by Shueisha and CBS Sony Group, Inc. and spanned 13 original video animations (OVAs). Shin Captain Tsubasa adapts the manga from volume 25 to volume 36.

The series was followed soon after into a second adaptation, entitled Captain Tsubasa J, which was produced by NAS and Fuji TV and animated by Studio Comet. It was a retelling of the first volumes that continued adapting the manga where the previous series had stopped. It aired for 47 episodes on Fuji TV between October 21, 1994, and December 22, 1995, and was followed by an original video animation, Captain Tsubasa: Holland Youth, which was released in 1994.

A third adaptation, Captain Tsubasa: Road to Dream, also known as Captain Tsubasa ~ Road to 2002, animated by Group TAC, aired on TV Tokyo between October 7, 2001, and October 6, 2002, with music published by Avex Mode.

All of the versions of the Captain Tsubasa animated series have been broadcast by the animation satellite television network Animax across its original network in Japan and later across its respective networks worldwide, including East Asia, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, South Asia and other regions. English dubs of all series have aired on Animax Asia and some episodes of the English dub were released on VCDs by Speedy Video Malaysia.

In 2017, another anime television series adaptation was announced. It is directed by Toshiyuki Kato and produced by David Production. Viz Media have licensed the new anime series. The series aired on TV Tokyo from April 2, 2018, to April 1, 2019. An English dub began airing on Primo TV in the United States beginning August 4, 2018. A second season, directed by Katsumi Ono and produced by Studio Kai aired from October 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024. It adapted the "Junior Youth Arc".

In Arabic-speaking countries, the anime's title was changed to Captain Majid and the character became an Arab boy named Majid.

Video games
Captain Tsubasa has been adapted into multiple video games:

 * The first Captain Tsubasa game was released by Tecmo for the Famicom in 1988, and used role-playing video game elements. It was released in Western regions as Tecmo Cup Soccer Game in 1992 without the Captain Tsubasa licensing, resulting in the game's graphics being completely redrawn.
 * Captain Tsubasa Vol. II: Super Striker, released in 1991 for the Famicom.
 * Captain Tsubasa VS: A 1992 Graphic Research game for the Game Boy.
 * Captain Tsubasa 3: Koutei no Chousen: A 1992 Super Famicom game by Tecmo.
 * Captain Tsubasa 4: Pro no Rival Tachi: a 1993 Super Famicom game by Tecmo.
 * Captain Tsubasa: a 1994 Mega CD game by Tecmo.
 * Captain Tsubasa 5: Hasha no Shōgō Campione, released in 1994, is the fifth and final instalment of the original Captain Tsubasa video game series by Tecmo.
 * Captain Tsubasa J: A 1995 Bec arcade game.
 * Captain Tsubasa J: Zenkoku Seiha e no Chousen: A 1995 Bandai game for the Game Boy.
 * Captain Tsubasa J: The Way to World Youth: a 1995 Super Famicom game by Bandai with RPG elements.
 * Captain Tsubasa J: Get In The Tomorrow: A 1995 PlayStation game with traditional sports elements combined with special techniques capable to be used by some players and goalkeepers.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Aratanaru Densetsu Joshou: A 2002 WinkySoft game for the PlayStation.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Ougonsedai no Chosen: a 2002 sports game for the Nintendo GameCube.
 * Captain Tsubasa: A 2006 PlayStation 2 that combines RPG elements and regular sports games.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Gekito no Kiseki: A 2010 Nintendo DS game by Konami.
 * Captain Tsubasa Dream Team: A 2017 mobile game for Android and iOS.
 * Captain Tsubasa ZERO: Miracle Shot: A 2018 mobile game based on the 2018 anime for Android and iOS.
 * Tsubasa Plus: A 2020 mobile Augmented reality game for Android and iOS.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Rise of New Champions: a 2020 sports game based on the remade anime for the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Windows.
 * Captain Tsubasa: Ace: a 2023 competitive multiplayer online soccer game by DeNA for Android and iOS.

Reception and legacy
The manga series had a circulation of 70 million volumes within Japan by 2008, 82 million copies worldwide by 2018, and had over 90 million copies in circulation worldwide by 2023. In 2001, the anime series was ranked 49th in Animage's "Top 100" anime productions list. The anime adaptation has also been very popular in Japan. In 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a "Top 100" online web poll and nationwide survey: Captain Tsubasa placed 41st in the online poll and thirtieth in the survey. In 2006, TV Asahi conducted another online poll for the top one hundred anime and Captain Tsubasa placed 16th on "The Celebrity List". The third television series was also highly popular in 2002, earning high ratings.

Captain Tsubasa has inspired prominent footballers such as Hidetoshi Nakata, Alessandro Del Piero, Fernando Torres, Zinedine Zidane, Lionel Messi, Alexis Sánchez and Andrés Iniesta to play football and choose it as a career. It also influenced Stephen Chow's film Shaolin Soccer (2001) and a line of Adidas running shoes. Manga group Clamp have also produced dōjinshi works related with the Captain Tsubasa characters.

In 2004, when the JSDF provided humanitarian assistance in Samawah, Iraq, stickers of characters from the manga were posted on "twenty-six water wagons" which became known by the children. The news was reported as an example of how Japanese pop culture could have positive results for "cultural diplomacy and regional promotion."

A bronze statue of Tsubasa Oozora was erected in the neighborhood of the anime's creator in Katsushika, Tokyo in spring 2013. Tsubasa and Misaki appeared in the video for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics at the closing ceremony for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Tsubasa and Misaki performed their twin shot in one scene and Tsubasa appeared on his own later with his signature overhead kick. In a match from Japan for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Japanese fans held a tifo featuring an illustration from the manga with multiple messages that supported the team.

Nippon.com (of the Nippon Communications Foundation) also made an article where they noted how Tsubasa became one of the most likeable fictional characters due to his dream and career in the series which at the same time influenced others. Espin Of noted one of the series' most notable features was how Tsubasa's skills allowed him to perform goals while his training with his teammates also generated appeal to the viewers. His passion for the football and initial relationship with goalkeeper Genzo Wakabayashi was also noted to be worthy notes. THEM Anime Reviews noted that Tsubasa obtained a highly international reputation but found the animation from the 1980s dated in the modern times. Additionally, he found Kojiro Hyuga's actions and his trainer's drinking problems might leave negative impressions on viewers. Nevertheless, they found the story appealing and wished it was licensed for an English release. PublishersWeekly.com highly praised the series, stating that its surprising length proves the success of the series. Additionally, the manga was noted not for only bringing style to football, but also likeable characters which were rightfully adapted in the anime series. In The Imperial Sportive: Sporting Lives in the Service of Modern Japan, Sandra Collins acknowledges Captain Tsubasa and Takehiko Inoue's Slam Dunk as mangas that helped to popularize football and basketball, respectively, in Japan during their serializations. Similarly, Miho Koishihara referred to these two mangas as responsible for increasing the popularity of their respective sports with the writer noting that Captain Tsubasa focused on realistic growth in comparison to previous works. In Sport, literature, society : cultural historical studies noted the appeal of both the manga and its title character as one of the main reasons for becoming one of Japan's most popular soccer series referencing its popularity throughout its serialization.

A series on which Captain Tsubasa exerted a great influence was Masaya Tsunamoto's Giant Killing.

During the US occupation of Iraq, the Japan Self-Defense Force put Captain Tsubasa stickers on their water trucks. At the same time, the Japan Foundation provided an Arabic-dubbed season of Captain Tsubasa to the largest television station for free.

In late 2018, the Katsushika City organized the "Captain Tsubasa Cup, Gotta Win!" campaign during the yearly Junior Soccer Tournament to help bring tourists to the city and keep young men active, and gave Takahashi the Honorary Citizen Award for the manga's positive impact on the city.

title: Captain Tsubasa


text:
Talk:Captain Tsubasa

Comment
If anyone knows enough about this series or is a dedicated fan, I'd appreciate a more complete manga/anime/game list, character descriptions, plot summary, etc. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ihavenolife (talk • contribs) 1:04, 3 June 2004.

List of episodes for all the season
I will help sort out on all of the episodes from the beggining to the Road to 2002 (I will try) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.227.221.130 (talk • contribs) 13:07, 9 January 2006.

Someone should mention that they were very unfit, since it took them 5 minutes to run from one side of the pitch to the other, whereas it shouldn't take a good footballer more than 15 seconds. They also had very poor eyesight, as the other side of the pitch was just a blur to them.

Man, this really was a boring cartoon... but the manga isn't like that.

By Sassan —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.227.221.130 (talk • contribs) 13:07, 9 January 2006.

Golden 23??
For real? They started the series again? Could anyone expand on this please? Where does Misaki play? ;) Raystorm 16:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Yes. Misaki plays in Jubilo Iwata, a J.League team. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.140.21.228 (talk • contribs) 15:39, 27 June 2006.

Albese
Albese isn't a fictional team; see here. Albese haven't play in Italian Serie C since 1980 but it exists. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.140.21.228 (talk • contribs) 15:40, 27 June 2006.

References required
There are hardly any references at all for many of the claims presented in the story section - see Citing sources. There needs to many more references in the article, especially for the claims made to be references to real-life players and teams. For example, the mere suspicion that Rivaul seems to be like Rivaldo is not enough to have it included in the article - there has to be official and authentic statements and references from verified sources for it to be included, only verified information is to be included. If there are no references presented, the information will be corrected with authentified information, for example it is verified that in the anime series, Tsubasa plays in Brazil for F.C. Brancos and Hyuga plays for F.C. Piemonte, for example, for which there are references - Captain Tsubasa synopsis - Enoki Films US official website - however, if there are no verified references from either manga or anime presented that Tsubasa played for "Sao Paulo" or Hyuuga played for "Juventus", as is claimed in the article, and if this is just mere speculation, it will be removed with the authenfied info instead. - Ganryuu 06:17, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Well in the manga, they do use the names "Sao Paulo" and "Juventus" as well as using the same shirt designs (at the time). However in the anime, mainly to avoid legal issues, they used either fictional or real places/names that are related to the relevant club. i.e. Turin, the city for which club Juventus is based, resides in the region called "Piemonte" (or [Piedmont]) hence the use "FC Piemonte". The only reliable online reference I could find on the use of team names is on the character profile page on the official manga webpage, however the whole page is in Japanese with the team names written in katakana, so i am not sure if we'll be able to use that.

As for Rivaul being like Rivaldo, it is true that there is no official statement. However the resemblance is uncanny. Rivaul is a brazilian star who plays for Fc Barcelona (or Fc Catalonia) and wears the no.10 shirt. At the time, the only person who would fit into that description would have been Rivaldo. There is a clear connection between the two, maybe it could be included in the trivia section on how the character creation was inspired? - 172.142.107.152 19:44, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * No, the official manga site is OK - any reference, no matter what the language might be, can be included in the article as long as it is authentic.  Ganryuu  ( talk )  06:30, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Improvements
This article needs much improvements and clean up, including spelling errors; I have fixed some myself.

Fair use rationale for Image:Soda99.jpg
Image:Soda99.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 15:34, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Kisugi97.jpg
Image:Kisugi97.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 22:17, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nitta7.jpg
Image:Nitta7.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 23:54, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Videogames
I think that the videogames could also have a different entry, perhaps Captain Tsubasa (videogames series). They are related but different products, and that way they could be easier to find and categorize

Flash Kicker
Who is the publisher of Captain Tsubasa in US it's not Enoki Films. Jump Guru 17:11, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Shin Captain Tsubasa
The 13 episodes of "Shin Captain Tsubasa" (1989) for manga volume 25 to volume 36 are missing in the right overview. It should be placed above "Manga: Captain Tsubasa: World Youth Saga" if u want to keep the timeline. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.186.139.191 (talk) 14:12, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Captain Tsuaba end
Acording to my friends the series end with the principal character in a hospital, without his leags, it results that all what happened was a dream. Could you confirm this or in the article write about the end of the series or final chapters. (Your friends must be incredibly stupid and retarded, CT has not ended.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.25.42.152 (talk) 02:24, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

This is a myth caused by a creepypasta guy in Mexico... also, there are videos in you tube, only available by it's latin tittle, super campeones.... also, I think it does ended in Mexico, not like a real end, but it simply stopped airing... --SGP (talk) 23:25, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Captain Tsubasa in Iran
Hi Wikipedia! I wanted to tell you that the series was EXTREMELY successful in Iran but it is not mentioned in the page.I think it should be!Well,it was known as "The Football Players",and merchandises sold were stickers. The source is,I'm from Iran and I remember it! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shahrzad hbk (talk • contribs) 21:45, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

bad english partially
as said above. someone should check this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.15.159.117 (talk) 14:42, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

U-16 world championship
I remember some of the results not mentioned in the series

Japan 3-2 England

France 2-1 Italy

Japan 2-1 France

Japan 3-3 Germany

%&#$#&#&$
This article is kinda f**ked up, and it deserves better. --Hydao (talk) 03:38, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * While I agree, the main problem is the lack of reliable sources in English or available online. For example, most of the part in the impact section is tied to non-English sources. I know that the series had quite an impact in Europe, but in countries where English is not the main language. The series was broadcast in several countries around the world and left a clear impact and legacy, but none of this countries was English-speaking. To make things worse, most of secondary sources that reviewed the series in these countries and that can help to improve this article are not available online. In fact, most of them are pre-Internet and those which aren't are only in printed publications. As with most other manga and anime articles, Japanese sources are equally hard to find in online resources and even harder to be able to translate into something useful. Do you by chance have access to reliable secondary sources that review the series? That certainly could help to improve the article.
 * Aside from improving the sources, do you have any specific suggestions to improve the article? It could at least give some pointers to interested editors on what to improve. And, if you have the time and the will, you can edit yourself whatever you think should be improved. Jfgslo (talk) 02:50, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

I don't mind "wasting" some time with this, but I can't do this alone. Plus, I remember this page used to have more info (about the players and stuff) but it seems that someone (user TheFarix, I guess?) removed them all? Lots of info shouldn't be removed...

I don't feel like adding stuff and then other people removing them. Anyway, at least, for example, they could transfer some players' info to List of Captain Tsubasa characters? But no, some dudes are just too lazy, they just destroy or remove other people's work/effort, they don't even bother discussing it or whatever. Anyway, right now I am more focused on Captain Tsubasa video games, you can always contribute if you want.

Captain Tsubasa 5: Hasha no Shogo Campione

--Hydao (talk) 03:25, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, material that isn't referenced and gives undue weight is mostly removed. More important, a list of players, while relevant to fans, is not useful for the majority of people. Articles should be summaries of accepted knowledge, not complete expositions of details. As most of the players have no relevance outside of the plot, giving all possible about them is not appropriate for a Wikipedia article. I remember how the article was and TheFarix was just following the policies and guidelines. This article should be similar in content to School Rumble, not give all possible details from a plot perspective, because that is not acceptable material for a serious encyclopedia, so that kind of material will eventually be removed always. But, if you do desire to add that type of information and would like to have an article with all that data, there is a Captain Tsubasa Wiki dedicated to all those details.
 * Anyway, thanks for your contributions. Japanese video games are not within my expertise so I really couldn't help much. Jfgslo (talk) 14:52, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

User pages about Captain Tsubasa at MfD
Some thirty pages of detail about this franchise are up for deletion at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Hafaz Refrisa Maulana. Rich Farmbrough, 19:36, 12 January 2013 (UTC).

Source(s)
http://web.archive.org/web/20071021065602/http://star-ecentral.com/news/story.asp?file=/2007/10/21/tvnradio/18562703&sec=tvnradio Gabriel Yuji (talk) 00:31, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Captain Tsubasa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071007043815/http://www.starcomics.com/manga_popup.php?id=2614 to http://www.starcomics.com/manga_popup.php?id=2614

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:24, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Captain Tsubasa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.animaxindia.com/synopsis/default.asp?pid=196
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.starcomics.com/manga_popup.php?id=2614
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://animax-asia.com/schedule/animax-schedule-m-200511-ph.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.animax-asia.com/timebelts/shonen-walker.asp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://animax-asia.com/schedule/default.asp?fx=go&d=12&m=10&y=2005
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://animax-asia.com/schedule/default.asp?fx=go&d=14&m=10&y=2005
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://animax-asia.com/schedule/default.asp?fx=go&d=12&m=10&y=2005
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.zoommovie.com/idroom.asp?format=VCD&productID=3646
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://getvcds.com/collection/captain_tsubasa.shtml
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vcdvideo.com/anime.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121017205058/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-5-2002_pg2_12 to http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-5-2002_pg2_12

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:30, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Captain Tsubasa. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090601153022/http://www.lacuarta.cl/contenido/21_34195_9.shtml to http://www.lacuarta.cl/contenido/21_34195_9.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:19, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Captain Tsubasa


text: User talk:128.135.96.193

title: User talk:128.135.96.193


text:
Northeast Texas

Northeast Texas is a cultural and geographic region in the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Texas. Geographically centered on two metropolitan areas strung along Interstate 20—Tyler in the west and Longview/Marshall to the east, the areas of Greenville, Mount Pleasant, Sulphur Springs, Paris, and Texarkana in the north primarily along Interstate 30, and Jacksonville and Palestine to the south are also major cities within the region. Most of Northeast Texas is included in the interstate region of the Ark-La-Tex.

The region is unique in that it is the only portion of East Texas that is not within the direct sphere of influence of either Dallas/Fort Worth or Houston. This generally weakens the area's visibility as areas in the far south ally themselves with Houston and areas to the west ally themselves with Dallas. These areas are on the fringe of those cities' spheres of influence, so are not as visible as smaller cities such as Grapevine or Deer Park, which are closer to the respective centers of power.

In the mid-19th century, Marshall and Jefferson constituted a sphere of influence that led the entire state into the Confederate States of America, and during the Mexican and Republic periods, Nacogdoches and San Augustine were the most developed and influential cities in Northeast Texas. Nacogdoches rebelled against Mexican rule in the Fredonian Rebellion and had one of the first newspapers to run the phrase Remember the Alamo!; while none of these three cities is a major population center in its own right on the state level any longer, all four are still major cultural centers, with Nacogdoches and Tyler being well-established centers of higher learning. Many of the largest cities in Northeast Texas still follow a rural Southern way of life, especially in dialect, mannerisms, religion, and cuisine.

Geography
The geography of Northeast Texas is composed mainly of the Piney Woods, a mixed forest of deciduous and conifer flora. The Piney Woods cover 23500 sqmi of gently rolling or hilly forested land. These woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Northeast Texas lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain and receives more rainfall, 35 to 50 in (890 to 1270 mm), than the rest of Texas.

The Sabine River is the major river in Northeast Texas, and flows through Longview and several other cities. The Red River also flows through the region and forms the northern border with Oklahoma and a portion of Arkansas. In Northeast Texas and the rest of South, small rivers and creeks collect into swamps called "bayous" and merge with the surrounding forest. Bald cypress and Spanish moss are the dominant plants in bayous. The most famous of these bayous in Northeast Texas is the Cypress Bayou surrounding the Big, Little, and Black Cypress Rivers around Jefferson. They flow east into Caddo Lake and the adjoining wetlands cover the rim and islands of the lake.

Some of the major lakes in the area include: Jim Chapman Lake, Lake Tawakoni, Lake Fork, Cedar Creek Reservoir, Pat Mayse Lake, Lake Palestine, Caddo Lake, Lake O' the Pines, and Wright Patman Lake.

The climate of the region is warmer and wetter than most of Texas and its geography is more hilly and forested. Its culture is similar to that of Southeast Texas, but does not have as much of a Cajun influence.

Counties
According to the Northeast Texas Genealogical Society, these 23 counties comprise Northeast Texas:

 * Anderson
 * Bowie
 * Camp
 * Cass
 * Cherokee
 * Delta
 * Franklin
 * Gregg
 * Harrison
 * Henderson
 * Hopkins
 * Lamar
 * Marion
 * Morris
 * Panola
 * Rains
 * Red River
 * Rusk
 * Smith
 * Titus
 * Upshur
 * Van Zandt
 * Wood

Culture
Culturally, Northeast Texas is more closely akin to Arkansas, Louisiana, and even Mississippi than it is to West Texas. Northeast Texas is in the Bible Belt creating a strong Fundamentalist Christian sentiment. During the Civil Rights movement several communities clashed over integration. In presidential elections since 1950, both Smith County (county seat Tyler) and Gregg County (county seat Longview) have been reliably Republican.

Much of modern Northeast Texas culture has its roots in traditions that go back for generations. First Monday Trade Days is a monthly flea market held in Canton, Texas. The market is actually held on the Thursday through Sunday preceding the first Monday of each month. It purports to be the largest and oldest continually operated flea market in the United States, and is a popular event in the area.

The East Texas Oil Museum, located on the campus of Kilgore College in Kilgore, Texas, houses the authentic recreation of oil discovery and production in the early 1930s from the largest oil field inside U.S. boundaries.

Tyler has a rich culture and has been nicknamed the "Rose Capital of America" because of its large role in the rose-growing industry; about 20% of commercial rose bushes produced in the U.S. are grown in Tyler and Smith counties and more than half of the rose bushes are packaged and shipped from the area. It boasts the nation's largest municipal rose garden and hosts the Texas Rose Festival each October, which draws more than 100,000 spectators annually and has garnered nationwide attention.

The Northeast Texas Children's Museum is located in Commerce. The museum provides playful and creative learning experiences for children in the Northeast Texas area. Many school districts from the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex and the Northeast Texas area take field trips to the museum.

Economy
The economy of Northeast Texas is primarily centered within the Tyler and Longview metropolitan statistical areas, the latter within the Ark-La-Tex region alongside the Texarkana metropolitan area. Within the Tyler and Longview conurbation, Brookshire Grocery Company operates as a multistate conglomerate owning Brookshire's and Super1Foods; other major corporations with a presence in the area include Synthesizers.com, Eastman Chemical, AAON Coil Products, AT&T, and Walmart.

Higher education
Northeast Texas has a number of higher-education institutions, including The University of Texas at Tyler, Texas A&M University at Commerce, Texas A&M University at Texarkana, Stephen F. Austin State University located in Nacogdoches, East Texas Baptist University, LeTourneau University, eight public and two private community colleges, a branch of the Texas State Technical College at Marshall, three historically black colleges, and a number of church-affiliated private institutions. The public colleges and universities of the region also collaboratively provide degree and course opportunities through the Northeast Texas Consortium of Colleges and Universities.

The community colleges of Northeast Texas share a history of emerging from the "junior college" movement of schools focused on providing the first two years of the college degree. Although most added technical programs with associate of applied science degrees following the community college movement of the 1960s, the schools still place a strong emphasis on liberal arts and the academic associate of arts and associate of science degree programs. They often include the full range of college sports, including football, and host dormitories, and are known for their "high kicking" drill teams. Community colleges in the region include Kilgore College, Paris Junior College, Northeast Texas Community College near Mt. Pleasant, Texarkana College, Panola College in Carthage, Tyler Junior College, Trinity Valley Community College in Athens and with campuses in Terrell and Palestine, and Angelina College in Lufkin. Jacksonville hosts the two smaller private two-year colleges of the region, Jacksonville College (Baptist) and Lon Morris College.

Transportation

 * I-20 (TX).svg Interstate 20
 * I-30 (TX).svg Interstate 30

 * I-369 (TX).svg Interstate 369
 * US 59.svg U.S. Highway 59
 * US 67.svg U.S. Highway 67
 * US 69.svg U.S. Highway 69
 * US 79.svg U.S. Highway 79
 * US 80.svg U.S. Highway 80
 * US 82.svg U.S. Highway 82
 * US 84.svg U.S. Highway 84
 * US 175.svg U.S. Highway 175
 * US 259.svg U.S. Highway 259
 * US 271.svg U.S. Highway 271
 * US 287.svg U.S. Highway 287

title: Northeast Texas


text:
Talk:Quatrain

English language
4 pome in literature 197.215.22.92 (talk) 22:24, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quatrain


text:
User talk:Allissonn

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

As of
Was there any particular reason you changed "As of 2004" to "As of 2004" in NAACP? The "as of" links help us spot information that may need updating in the future. I've left your edit for now, in case you had a good reason for this (your other edits seem reasonable), but I'm guessing that you did this not out of intent but because you didn't understand this. -- Jmabel 23:37, Sep 28, 2004 (UTC)

Anselm
Allison, thanks for your note, and welcome to Wikipedia. You are correct -- the two words refer to the same document. I found a number of different spellings for the name on the Web, and decided to go with what was in my notes from university. I may have been incorrect -- if you feel strongly that it should be moved to a different spelling, I'll certainly accept that my spelling was questionable. You and I can then handle the relatively minor task of switching the article's names and reaiming all the links to the new name -- that article isn't linked to from many places, I think, so it shouldn't be difficult. Thanks for the careful eye. :-)

Oh, and on a side note, Jmabel didn't thoroughly explain the "as of 2004" bit. By hitting "What links here" on the left sidebar, you can always check what links to a page. The reason we leave links as "as of 2004" is so that we can go to the "as of 2004" page and check what links there. Someone will do that in early 2005 and then slowly work through to see if anything can be updated. The reason "2004" links don't work as well is that there are huge numbers of links to the specific year -- it gets too cumbersome to check all of them, looking for out-of-date information.

Thanks for your good work already, and welcome to Wikipedia. If I can help you at all, just leave me a note on my talk page. Best wishes, Jwrosenzweig 14:02, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thank you!
Sorry I mispelled those words. Thanks for spelling them correctly.

Lee S. Svoboda

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer have them marked as minor by default.

For established users such as yourself there is a workaround available involving custom JavaScript. If you are familiar with the contents of WP:MINOR, and believe that it is still beneficial to the encyclopedia to have all your edits marked as such by default, then this discussion will give you the details you need to continue with this functionality indefinitely. If you have any problems, feel free to drop me a note.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 18:52, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:25, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Allissonn


text:
User talk:Mylon

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

greetings
Welcome to Wikipedia! Don't lose sight of NPoV, and keep enjoying yourself! Dominick 18:24, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mylon


text:
User talk:RW

I seem to have been using RW as the short form of my handle for a few years now. If this bothers you, leave a reply on this page and I'll stop. I'd give you my full handle as a way of contacting me, but RW is usually the form I use when I'd rather not be contacted. Therefore(, even though I may sound paranoid, ) giving you any direct way to contact me would create a searchable link between RW and my full handle. Sincerely, (The Unofficial) RW

title: User talk:RW


text:
Firearms (video game)

Firearms is a first-person shooter mod for Half-Life which originated from a Quake modification. Initially developed in 1998, Firearms was created as a quasi-realistic team-based FPS. The mod's main feature is the large amount of usable weapons in the game.

Gameplay
In Firearms, players are divided into red and blue teams and are tasked with completing objectives. Objectives can vary from controlling areas to destroying objects. The main objective in all maps is to reduce the number of the opponent team's reinforcements to zero. Reinforcements determine the number of times players on a team can respawn. A team loses reinforcements when killed players respawn. The loss of reinforcements on a team can be stifled by completing map objectives and the direct and indirect actions of medics on the team. As long as a team has more than 0 reinforcements, players can respawn instantly. Firearms was the first FPS game to feature player-deployed parachutes.

Unlike other games, players are free to choose what weapons they want to use. There are no classes (although players can choose predefined and editable weapon configurations) or a money system used to buy weapons. Instead, Firearms uses a credit system where every player can spend 30 credits on weapons. Every player receives a free knife regardless of the weapons configuration they choose. Players can spend their credits on weapons and equipment, ammunition is free and can be obtained from ammunition boxes available throughout most maps for when a player runs out.

Players can buy skills by spending skill points. Every player starts out with 1 skill point and can earn another skill point for every 10 points they have. No more than 7 skill points can be obtained this way. The skill points can be used to buy skills which help the player. There are seven different skills to choose from, three of which have a follow-up skill.

Map objectives
There are five map objectives:
 * CTI (Capture The Intelligence) – Known in other games as Capture The Flag. Players have to pick up an object (usually a suitcase) and bring it to their designated capture area. The opposing team can shoot down the player carrying the object after which it will drop to the ground to be picked up by another player or left to respawn when it is not picked up for a certain amount of time. Once brought inside the team's capture area, the team receives reinforcements and/or point depending on the map.
 * PS (Push) – Players have to control a series of areas (marked with flags) in a particular order to complete the map objective. On most maps, the areas are situated near both teams' spawn area and closer to the center on the map, usually counting between 3 and 5 control areas. Depending on the map, teams are rewarded with reinforcements for capturing an area which was neutral or controlled by the opposite team. Teams can also receive reinforcement penalties when the team does not control more than half of the control areas. When one team controls all the areas in the map, that team is rewarded with reinforcements and/or points.
 * SD (Search & Destroy) – The map objective in SD maps is to destroy certain objects which are usually located near the opposing team's spawning area. Objects range from crates with ammunition and guns to trucks. Some objects can be destroyed by simply doing damage to it, while others have to be destroyed with a claymore mine.
 * TC (Territorial Control) Teams are rewarded with points and/or reinforcements when they control certain areas. Unlike the Push mode, players can capture any area regardless of which team controls the other areas. On some maps, players are awarded with points for every 30 seconds they control an area while on other maps, teams are rewarded with reinforcements every 30 seconds when every single area is controlled by that team.
 * OBJ (Objective) – The last type of objective is a collective of objectives that do not fall under the other four types, or is a combination of different types of objectives. On most obj maps, players have to plant bombs in order to destroy certain map areas. The bombs can be defused within 30 seconds by the opposing team to prevent this.

Development
Though development of the Quake version began in 1998, the Half-Life version of the mod was first publicly released in April, 2000. Version 2.1 was released on July 7, 2000. The final build is Release Candidate (RC) 3.0 which was released on April 18, 2005. FA was originally created by Caspar Milan Nielsen, Christian Øelund, and Brian Fuller. Versions 2.0 through (RC) 2.5 were developed under the leadership and lead programming of Eric Smith (Zerk). Firearms 2.4 was included in the Counter-Strike retail package and was later awarded PC Gamer 's Mod of the Year award and PC Gamer 's Best Multiplayer Game of the Year Runner-up in the year 2000. Firearms was at one time the #3 most popular mod based on the Half-Life engine, after Counter-Strike and Team Fortress Classic. Later versions, (RC) 2.6 through (RC) 3.0, were developed under the direction of Ben Irwin and Alex Jordan.

Reception
PC Gamer US named Firearms the best mod of 2000. ModDB named it a runner up for Most Improved Mod of 2002.

title: Firearms (video game)


text:
Category:Chemical weapons

Articles relating to chemical weapons.

title: Category:Chemical weapons


text:
Targa Newfoundland

Targa Newfoundland, the only tarmac-based car rally in North America, began in 2002 in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada and races over scenic coastal roads and through towns and outports. The event covers about 2000 km over a seven-day period in September of each year on eastern and central parts of the island of Newfoundland. The 24th Annual Targa Newfoundland rally will be held September 12-19, 2024. The event allows the owners of historic, classic and modern sporting motor vehicles to drive them the way they were designed to be driven in a rally competition. In the event, each team of driver and co-driver competes against itself on a handicap basis as well as against other vehicles. Timed stages are run on public roads, which are closed to other traffic during this time. Some stages, such as Gander and Brigus, race through towns and outports.

Targa Newfoundland is divided into four divisions:

 * Fast Tour, a non-competitive event which allows the owners of classic and exotic cars to drive them the way they were meant to be driven, within the limits prescribed by the event, without the stress of competition;
 * Grand Touring, a time-speed-distance rally (TSD Rally) emphasizing precision in maintaining the average speed set by the organizers;
 * Targa 1 and 2, competitive events where the objective is to meet or slightly better the stage times set by the organizers for the age, displacement and modification level of the vehicle. Targa 1 is for cars without roll cages while Targa 2 is for cars with roll cages. Every competitor who completes all stages within the established trophy times wins a Targa plate.

There are also trophies for overall placing in the Touring and Targa events, and for placing within the various categories within the Targa event, as well as trophies for national and marque teams, and for the best-placed novice team.

The Targa Newfoundland is made possible though the efforts of 2,200+ volunteers and members of 70+ Newfoundland communities.

Event format
Targa Newfoundland begins and ends in the city of St. John's. This is the format for the 2024 event:

 * Skills Review and Practice Session – mandatory for 1st time entrants (September 12) – St. John's
 * Stage Review – mandatory for all participants (September 13) – St. John's
 * Prologue and Leg 1 (September 14) – St. John's, Southern Shore, Bay Bulls, and Witless Bay
 * Leg 2 (September 15) – Placentia Bay – Southwest Avalon Peninsula: St. John’s, Placentia Bay, Cape Shore, St. Bride’s, Fox Harbour, Ship Harbour, Long Harbour, Gander
 * Leg 3 (September 16) – Notre Dame Bay – North Central Newfoundland: Glenwood, Bobby’s Cove, Pleasantview, Point Leamington, Leading Tickles, Glovers Harbour, Appleton
 * Leg 4 (September 17) – Bonavista Bay – Eastport Peninsula: Bonavista Bay, Eastport, Happy Adventure, Salvage, Burnside, Port Blandford
 * Leg 5 (September 18) – Trinity Bay and Random Island: Weybridge, Hickman’s Harbour, Lower Lance Cove and Petley
 * Leg 6 (September 19) – Conception Bay Central: Conception Harbour, Colliers, Marysvale, Turk's Gut, Georgetown, Brigus
 * Free time and Awards Ceremony Banquet (September 20) – St. John's

2023 Targa Newfoundland Results
Targa Newfoundland paused from 2019 through 2022 and returned in 2023. Targa Divisions were renamed in 2023 and the results are reflected below.

Overall Deumila - Targa 2 (cars with roll cages)
1st Place: #276 Dave Wallingford and Leanne Junnila, 2017 Ford Fiesta

2nd Place: #205 Jim Turner and Mark Russo, 1995 BMW 325

Overall Deumila - Targa 1 (cars without roll cages)
1st Place Manual 2WD: #133 John Hume Sr., Randy Pobst, and Craig MacMullen, 2013 MINI Cooper GP

2nd Place Manual 2WD: #135 Justin Crant and Erin Crant, 2009 BMW 135i

3rd Place Manual AWD: #132 Sam Marshall and Rick Marshall, 2016 Subaru WRX

4th Place Manual AWD: #178 Steve Davies and Wayne Lorenzen, 2017 Porsche 911 C4

Overall Duemila Targa – Grand Touring
1st Place: #333 Satish Gopalkrishnan and Savera D’Souza, 2023 Mercedes-Benz AMG GLA 45

2nd Place: #380 Martin Pond and Christopher Seiwald, 1980 Mercury Zephyr

Event History
After competing in the Targa Tasmania in Australia in 2001, Canadian automotive journalist Jim Kenzie and public relations executive Doug Mepham were inspired to bring the excitement of that rally event closer to home. As Jim wrote in Toronto Star Wheels, “We got talking and thought: Island; welcoming population; needs tourism dollars. How about Targa Newfoundland?”

Kenzie wrote about the idea and Mepham sent the article to Robert Giannou, a businessman and racing enthusiast who had promoted Formula Atlantic races in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 1970s. Giannou got the support of the provincial government and put the organization in place. A year-and-a-half later, Targa Newfoundland was born. Targa ran for the first time in 2002 and there have been 23 runnings of the famous road rally since then.

Robert Giannou was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame Class of 2022 as a competitor, builder and significant contributor. Robert joined an elite group of more than 290 members who have been recognized for their contributions to motorsports in Canada.

Giannou joined the St. John’s Motor Club in 1958, where he began organizing rally, solo and hillclimb events in 1962. Giannou also raced himself, winning titles in club karting and rallying, hillclimb and B Sedan. He brought the club into the Canadian Automobile Sport Clubs (CASC) ranks and negotiated with the U.S. Embassy in Newfoundland to use two of their properties for events, including runways at Naval Station Argentia, where he eventually brought the Molyslip Endurance Series.

Giannou has held various roles with CASC over the years, including Race Director Atlantic Region and Assistant National Race Director, most notably starting Targa Newfoundland in 2002.

Without Robert’s vision and guidance, we wouldn’t have such an exceptional event today that challenges drivers, cars, and teams, and brings communities across the island of Newfoundland together for the love of motorsport. In 2010, he worked with Janet Brake to create a safety protocol that made Targa Newfoundland the safest of the three main Targa events, with incident rates reduced from 17% to 1.5%.

title: Targa Newfoundland


text:
Complex question

A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy of presupposition, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, 'of many questions') is a question that has a complex presupposition. The presupposition is a proposition that is presumed to be acceptable to the respondent when the question is asked. The respondent becomes committed to this proposition when they give any direct answer. When a presupposition includes an admission of wrongdoing, it is called a "loaded question" and is a form of entrapment in legal trials or debates. The presupposition is called "complex" if it is a conjunctive proposition, a disjunctive proposition, or a conditional proposition. It could also be another type of proposition that contains some logical connective in a way that makes it have several parts that are component propositions.

Complex questions can but do not have to be fallacious, as in being an informal fallacy.

Complex question fallacy
The complex question fallacy, or many questions fallacy, is context dependent; a presupposition by itself does not have to be a fallacy. It is committed when someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. For example, "Is Mary wearing a blue or a red dress?" might be fallacious because it artificially restricts the possible responses to a blue or red dress, when in fact Mary might be wearing a different coloured dress, or trousers, or a skirt. If the person being questioned would not necessarily consent to those constraints, the question is fallacious.

Hence we can distinguish between:
 * legitimately complex question (not a fallacy): a question that assumes something that the hearer would readily agree to. For example, "Who is the monarch of the United Kingdom?" assumes that there is a place called the United Kingdom and that it has a monarch, both true.
 * illegitimately complex question: "Who is the King of France?" would commit the complex question fallacy because while it assumes there is a place called France (true), it also assumes France currently has a king (false).  But since answering this question does not seem to incriminate or otherwise embarrass the speaker, it is complex but not really a loaded question.

When a complex question contains controversial presuppositions (often with loaded language—having an unspoken and often emotive implication), it is known as a loaded question. For example, a classic loaded question, containing incriminating assumptions that the questioned persons seem to admit to if they answer the questions instead of challenging them, is "Have you stopped beating your wife?" If the person questioned answers "yes", that implies that they have previously beaten their wife. A loaded question may be asked to trick the respondent into admitting something that the questioner believes to be true, and which may in fact be true. So the previous question is "loaded", whether or not the respondent has actually beaten their wife–and if the respondent answers anything other than "yes" or "no" in an attempt to deny having beaten their wife, the questioner can accuse them of "trying to dodge the question". The very same question may be loaded in one context, but not in the other. For example, the previous question would not be loaded were it asked during a trial in which the defendant has already admitted having beaten one's wife.

Similar questions and fallacies
A similar fallacy is the double-barreled question. It is committed when someone asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer.

This fallacy can be also confused with petitio principii (begging the question), which offers a premise no more plausible than, and often just a restatement of, the conclusion.

"Closely connected with [petitio principii] is the fallacy of the Complex Question. By a complex question, in the broadest meaning of that term, is meant one that suggests its own answer. Any question, for instance, that forces us to select, and assert in our answer to it, one of the elements of the question itself, while some other possibility is really open, is complex in the sense in which that term is here employed. If, for example, one were to ask whether you were going to New York or London, or if your favourite colour were red or blue, or if you had given up a particular bad habit, he would be guilty of the fallacy of the complex question, if, in each case, the alternatives, as a matter of fact, were more numerous than, or were in any way different from, those stated in the question. Any leading question which complicates an issue by over simplification is fallacious for the same reason… In the petitio principii an assumption with respect to the subject-matter of an argument functions as a premise, in the complex question it is a similar assumption that shuts out some of the material possibilities of a situation and confines an issue within too narrow limits. As in the former case, so here, the only way of meeting the difficulty is to raise the previous question, that is, to call the assumption which lies back of the fallacy into question."

- Arthur Ernest Davies

title: Complex question


text: Category:Artillery

title: Category:Artillery


text:
User:Halibutt/Voice samples

Note that this gallery is no longer being updated. I add new ogg files occasionally without noting them here. Feel free to ask me for more. Should you have any comments or suggestions, do not hesitate to let me know.

I added such pronounciation keys to all 47 major Polish cities as well as to tables in the Polish language article. Try also Chrząszcz by Jan Brzechwa. Halibutt

 * [[Media:Pl-Katowice.ogg|Katowice]]
 * [[Media:Pl-Warszawa.ogg|Warszawa]]
 * [[Media:Pl-Łódź-3.ogg|Łódź]]
 * [[Media:Gdansk.ogg|Gdańsk]]

Image:Bialystok.ogg Image:Bydgoszcz.ogg Image:Bytom.ogg Image:Chorzow.ogg Image:Ciechanow.ogg Image:Czestochowa.ogg Image:Dabrowa.ogg Image:Duszniki.ogg Image:Elblag.ogg Image:Gdansk.ogg Image:Gdynia.ogg Image:Gliwice.ogg Image:Gleiwitz.ogg Image:Gorzow Wielkopolski.ogg Image:Grudziadz.ogg Image:Hel.ogg Image:Jastrzebie-Zdroj.ogg Image:Kalisz.ogg Image:Katowice.ogg Image:Kielce.ogg Image:Kolobrzeg.ogg Image:Krakow.ogg Image:Legionowo.ogg Image:Lodz.ogg Image:Lublin.ogg Image:Lwow.ogg Image:Lviv.ogg Image:Lvov.ogg Image:Malbork.ogg Image:Olsztyn.ogg Image:Opole.ogg Image:Ostroleka.ogg Image:Ostrow Mazowiecka.ogg Image:Oswiecim.ogg Image:Otwock.ogg Image:Poznan.ogg Image:Pruszkow.ogg Image:Puszcza Bialowieska.ogg Image:Radom.ogg Image:Ruda Slaska.ogg Image:Rybnik.ogg Image:Rzeszow.ogg Image:Siedlce.ogg Image:Slupsk.ogg Image:Sopot.ogg Image:Sosnowiec.ogg Image:Swietochlowice.ogg Image:Szczecin.ogg Image:Tychy.ogg Image:Ursynow.ogg Image:Walbrzych.ogg Image:Warszawa.ogg Image:Wloclawek.ogg Image:Wroclaw.ogg Image:Zabrze.ogg Image:Zakopane.ogg Image:Zgierz.ogg Image:Zielona Gora.ogg

title: User:Halibutt/Voice samples


text:
University of Cambridge Philharmonic Orchestra

The University of Cambridge Philharmonic Orchestra (UCPO) is a British amateur orchestra and a student-run orchestra in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom.

UCPO is a non-audition orchestra. Membership is aimed primarily at members of the University of Cambridge, although the orchestra usually counts among its members a significant number of other residents of Cambridge. Only conductors and soloists are auditioned.

The orchestra usually performs five concerts in each year. Three of these feature the full orchestra. A further two are performed by a smaller group officially known as the 'University of Cambridge Philharmonia', informally known as 'Baby'.

2015/16 repertoire included selections from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite danced by representatives of Cambridge University Ballet Club (as part of UCPO's inaugural 'Gala Concert'), Strauss' Fledermaus Overture, Elgar's 'Cello Concerto in E minor, Beethoven's Symphony No. 4 and Dvorak's Violin Concerto. Previous repertoire is just as varied, and has included Brahms, Sibelius, Bizet, Shostakovich and Haydn.

History
UCPO was founded in the early 1990s as the West Cambridge Symphony Orchestra, WCSO.

The orchestra was started as an offshoot of Fitzwilliam College Music Society (FCMS), which provided grants to help fund the early years. Members were taken principally from Fitzwilliam, Churchill and New Hall colleges. In 1995, the orchestra broke its ties with Fitz and expanded, rehearsing in Peterhouse and taking musicians from any college. The original role of WCSO is now filled by The Orchestra on the Hill.

In the early years following the split from Fitz, WCSO was organised in a relatively informal way, regularly making a loss that was recouped each year by combining the Easter concert with a garden party and 'giving away' drinks to those guests who 'bought raffle tickets'. Each treasurer had to cover losses personally. This situation started to resolve from 1998 onwards, with the creation of a specific orchestral bank account and a greater emphasis on publicity.

After this, WCSO started to grow and change in character, with an increasingly formal committee structure, more ambitious programmes, and an increasing sense of professionalism. Rehearsals outgrew most college rehearsal rooms, and the Wesley Methodist Church was chosen as a venue from 1999. Throughout, the orchestra remained committed to the principle of having no auditions, and accepting anyone for whom there was a musical part.

An increasingly large membership brought new musical opportunities, but also new limits in which pieces could be attempted. Sectional pieces were introduced in an attempt to give everyone a chance to play, before the decision was made to start a chamber orchestra to increase the possible range. The West Cambridge Sinfonia, or 'Baby' as it quickly became known, has grown rapidly since its introduction.

In 2001, the orchestra moved to a new home at Selwyn College, rehearsing in the Selwyn Diamond.

At the start of 2002, and after a lively debate at the AGM, the decision was made to change the name of the orchestra to UCPO. The principal argument was that the orchestra was no longer tied to West Cambridge physically.

UCPO's ties with Cambridge colleges ended in 2007, apart from the current rehearsal space for the Philharmonia, Queens' College, and some concert venues. Since October 2007, the main orchestra has rehearsed at St Giles' Church.


text:
Warhammer 40,000: Fire Warrior

Warhammer 40,000: Fire Warrior is a Warhammer 40,000 video game for the PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows. It was developed by Kuju Entertainment and released in September 2003.

The game is a first-person shooter, where the player takes the role of a Tau Fire Warrior named Shas'la Kais, seeking to rescue his leader and defend his race from the aggressive Imperium of Man and forces of Chaos.

There is also a multiplayer mode consisting of Deathmatch, Team Deathmatch, and Capture the Flag. Eight multiplayer maps are included with the game, Deathmatch having its own, and Team Deathmatch and Capture the Flag having their own.

It was released digitally by Chilled Mouse on July 25, 2019 on GOG.com.

Plot
The story takes place over a period of 24 hours. The game begins with Kais' first mission, an attempt to rescue the Ethereal Ko'vash from Governor Severus. He infiltrates Severus' prison-fortress, and escapes with Ko'vash intact. As the Orca dropship begins docking with the Tau Emissary class cruiser, it is attacked by an Imperial Battleship, and boarding pods are launched. Kais then fights a desperate battle against a force of Storm Troopers as they try to disable the cruiser's engines, and assassinate the Captain. After Kais fails to rescue the Captain, he and several teams of Fire-Warriors are launched, by boarding pod at the Imperial ship. There, he disables the ship's guns and nearly captures the ship's commander, Admiral Constantine. Kais is clubbed on the head by Captain Ardias, however, and is captured. Ardias brokers a truce between the Imperium and the Tau, and it is revealed that Governor Severus has been seduced by the Powers of Chaos, teleporting a contingent of Word Bearers Chaos Marines onto the ship. They capture the ship's remaining guns, in an attempt to restart the Imperium-Tau war, but are stopped by Kais' destruction of the guns. Ardias then sets the ship to self-destruct, and Kais escapes via a Dreadnought drop-pod. Landing in the midst of a ruined Imperial city, Kais fights his way to fellow Tau Fire-Warriors, and learns from Ardias that Severus plans to use an Imperial Titan held in the City. Kais destroys the Titan, enters Severus' fortress, and kills Severus and his daemonic master. The game ends with Ardias ordering that the planet should be destroyed to prevent the taint of Chaos from spreading. Many adversaries from the Warhammer 40,000 universe are encountered by the protagonist Kais, such as Chaos Dreadnoughts, Word Bearers Chaos Space Marines, Armageddon Steel Legion Imperial Guard, Daemon princes, Obliterators, and an Imperial Valkyrie.

Novel
In October 2003, Black Library Publishing released a novelization of the game under the same title (Spurrier, 2003). The book explores the plot of the game in much greater detail, as well as a close look at Tau culture.

Reception
Fire Warrior received "generally unfavorable" reviews for Microsoft Windows and "mixed or average" reviews for PlayStation 2, according to review aggregator Metacritic, and received an average score of 6.0 from sites such as IGN and GameSpot. The Windows version was seen as a disappointment and was viewed as mediocre. However, the PlayStation 2 version garnered more positive reception, with it receiving 8.1/10 from IGN and B− from the Play Magazine, along with other moderately positive reviews. It was better received by critics and fans all around, earning it a 71% on GameRankings.

title: Warhammer 40,000: Fire Warrior


text:
Charles Foster (Ohio politician)

Charles William Foster Jr. (April 12, 1828 – January 9, 1904) was a U.S. Republican politician from Ohio. Foster was the 35th governor of Ohio, and later went on to serve as Secretary of the Treasury under Benjamin Harrison. From 1871 to 1879, he served four terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Biography
Foster was born outside of Tiffin, Ohio, and grew up in the western Seneca County boomtown of Rome. This town would merge in 1854 with the nearby town of Risdon to form one city, named Fostoria in honor of Charles W. Foster Sr., his father.

Congress
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1870, serving from 1871 to 1879. He was defeated for re-election in 1878.

Governor
He was elected to the governorship a year later, serving two two-year terms between 1880 and 1884.

Treasury Secretary
Foster was unsuccessful in a bid to return to the House in 1890, but was appointed by Benjamin Harrison a year later to become Secretary of the Treasury upon the death of William Windom. Foster served out the remainder of Harrison's term before retiring. From 1891 to 1893, future Postmaster General Robert Wynne served as his personal secretary.

During the transition, after Grover Cleveland won the presidential election, Harrison intimidated to the United States Congress that there was a pending economic crisis. He also ignored the urging of individuals such as J.P. Morgan to take steps to reassure investors. One of the first clear signs of financial crisis came on February 20, 1893, twelve days prior to Cleveland's inauguration, when receivers were appointed for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, which had greatly overextended itself. Harrison and Foster did not take action, instead leaving the financial crisis at Cleveland's feet. Instead of addressing the economic crisis, Foster spent his final days as secretary posing for his official portrait. Republicans would ultimately go on to subsequently blame Cleveland for causing the economic downturn that he had, in actuality, inherited from the Republican Harrison.

Family
Charles Foster was married November 7, 1853 to Ann M. Olmstead of Fremont, Ohio. They had two daughters, Jessie and Anna.

Death
On January 8, 1904, aged 75, Foster planned to attend the inauguration of Governor Myron T. Herrick. He stopped overnight at the home of his old friend, General J. Warren Keifer, in Springfield, Ohio. He died at Keifer's home the next day.

title: Charles Foster (Ohio politician)


text:
Junior WRC

The FIA Junior WRC Championship, is an international rallying series restricted to drivers under 29 years old, running within the framework of the World Rally Championship. The series is governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and promoted by M-Sport Ltd.

Run annually since 2013, the championship is the latest in the FIA's junior driver category which began in 2001 with the Super 1600 Championship, the Junior World Rally Championship in 2002, and the WRC Academy in 2011. This category has been a stepping stone in the careers of WRC champions Sebastien Loeb and Sébastien Ogier; plus leading drivers Dani Sordo, Elfyn Evans, Craig Breen and Thierry Neuville.

Junior WRC differs from the WRC support championships, WRC2 and WRC3, as the competition is managed and promoted by M-Sport under contract to the FIA. All cars are identical, provided and serviced by M-Sport on the entrants' behalf. The car used since 2022 is the company's Ford Fiesta Rally3. The championship currently consists of five select rallies of the FIA World Rally Championship (WRC) calendar. FIA Championship titles are awarded to the winning Driver and Co-Driver.

The FIA did not award Junior WRC champion titles in the 2022 season. Instead, the titles of FIA WRC3 Junior were awarded to the winners of the Junior WRC competition run by M-Sport.

History
The championship's origins began in 2001 as the FIA Super 1600 Drivers' Championship, and included six events in Europe. Sébastien Loeb was the series' champion, driving a Super 1600 Citroën Saxo. The series became the Junior World Rally Championship the following year, with an upper age limit of 29 introduced in 2003.

In 2007, the championship did not include events outside Europe. Following introduction of an FIA rule in 2006 surrounding use of the word 'world' in championship names, the championship was known as the FIA Junior Rally Championship (JRC) for one season only. The 2010 season was the last Junior World Rally Championship.

In 2011, the FIA replaced the championship with the WRC Academy Cup. This was the first year the championship was managed under contract. M-Sport provided identical Ford Fiesta R2 cars for entrants to use. In 2013 the series was renamed to FIA Junior WRC.

In 2014, Citroën were awarded the contract to run Junior WRC providing Citroën DS3 R3T cars. M-Sport repurposed the old Ford Fiesta R2 units for the Drive DMACK Fiesta Trophy.

In 2017, M-Sport regained the running rights continuing to use the Ford Fiesta R2. Following the introduction of the Rally Pyramid in 2019, the latest evolution Ford Fiesta Rally4 was introduced for the second round of the 2020 season.

At the 2018 season the number of rallies were reduced to 5, while the last rally gives double points.

In March 2021 the FIA announced there will not be any two-wheel drive championships in WRC from 2022. It was later announced Rally3 cars would be used for Junior WRC from then on. The FIA title for 2022 was called WRC3 Junior, however from 2023, FIA Junior WRC was restored.

Rules
The Junior WRC is open to drivers under the age of 29 who have not competed as a Priority 1 (P1) driver in an FIA World Rally Championship event. Competitors drive identical Ford Fiesta Rally4 cars using Pirelli tyres. There is no obligation to enter a minimum number of rounds and all rounds contribute to the championship points tally.

The point-scoring system based on classification is the same as in the WRC, WRC2 and WRC3 championships, with points allocated to the top ten classified finishers as follows:

The last rally in the season awards double classification points to competitors who have started at least 3 previous rounds. Power Stage points are not awarded in Junior WRC as in the other WRC championships, however JWRC competitors can score one championship bonus point for each stage win during the season.

The Nations Trophy sums points of the best performing driver from each nation each round, not including stage points.

Statistics
Updated after the 2023 season.

 * Championships by driver's country

 * Driver championships by manufacturer

 * Round wins by driver
 * as of 22 April 2024.

 * Round wins by manufacturer

General Statistics
ewrc-Results.com

juwra.com Independent WRC archive

title: Junior WRC