text:
Talk:List of motorcycle manufacturers

Untitled
Does anybody know the full name of the "AMC" referred to in this article? If so, please fix the link, as it currently points to a disambiguation page, and the disambiguation page doesn't list this particular company. Aerion 16:24, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Not really - I've a sneaking suspicion it was associated motorcycles. It was the amalgamation of AJS and Matchless and was just called AMC - all parts were still labelled AJS or matchless and they became interchangeable. I'll ask as the factory was nearby in Plumstead (near Woolwich, London, UK).

216.135.67.180 wrote the comment to: "*Yankee — USA - i like these" -- but it shouldn't be in the article

Nationality Sometimes Difficult to Say
Sherco is announced as being a Spanish company, when actually it is a French company. Its trials models are made in Spain but its enduro models and its foundations are in France. The full name of the company is "Sherco Moto S.A.R.L.". "S.A.R.L." meaning "Société Anonyme a Responsabilité Limité", the French equivalent of the American "L.L.C.". The Spanish version is "S.A.p.A.".

Sources: - Bottom of the Web site http://www.sherco.com for company's full name - Wikipedia for types of corporations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_corporations WhiteEcho 17:42, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It is very difficult these days to keep up with the nationality of a marque. If indeed there is such a thing, with modern cross-border mergers, it is not as clearcut as it was in the past. Norton, originally a UK firm, for example, was being revived in the US, while it is expected that the defunct US Indian, with the rights bought by a British investor, will reappear soon as a UK company. Meanwhile formerly Swedish firms Husqvarna and Husaberg are, respectively, Italian (owned by the Caviga) and Austrian (recently purchased by KTM). In light of all this (and more) should there be some kind of dual nationality listed (original/contemporary)? Or perhaps some disclaimer that says nationality may not be up to date? Also does it matter if a make is owned by an Italian company, but still manufactured in Sweden, for example? What if in that case, development goes on at the new headquarters while manufacturing is still done in the old location? Anyone have any thoughts on how to deal with this?RUReady2Testify 21:52, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Well there are always going to be complexities like Sherco, Husky, Husaberg, etc. There is a clear issue of joint companies like Sherco. Ones that have moved lock stock and barrel - ie Husky and Husaberg are clear line in the sand jobs, for some purposes, eg modern usage its important to know that they are Italian and Austrian respectively while in historic contexts its very important to know they are Swedish. The plethora of defunct British (or American) names that are or are not making revivals on the other side of the pond is a tad more complex. AFAIK in most contexts i can conceive Norton, AJS, etc are considered and are in most contexts British.... Pickle 01:49, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Demak is Malaysian motorcycle, not Indonesian (See: http://www.demakmotor.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=19) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.27.33.86 (talk) 03:20, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
Tirdun 15:51, 7 February 2006 (UTC)Tirdun
 * Forgot to log in, American Ironhorse (added) and Bimota (moved) changes are mine.
 * Dnipro seems to be a Honda importer to the Ukrane, not a manufacturer Dnipro Page
 * Should mfg websites be included with each listing or as a line under External? It would seem like a waste of space to do it under External. I don't care either way.

DniproMotorInvest is the Honda importer to the Ukraine, KMZ is the manufacturer of a motorcycle branded Dnepr(Russian)/Dnipro(Ukrainian). The two entities are unrelated. M-72 07:36, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

I've never heard of the "Gagiva" brand. See under "Motorcycle manufacturers no longer in production"

 * It's Caviga, it's Italian. It makes MV Agusta, Caviga (used to be mostly small bikes and scooters) and recently acquired Husqvarna. See http://www.cagiva.it/ RUReady2Testify 21:52, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Names in bold
Okay, maybe I didn't look deep enough, but there's no explanation of what the names in bold are. Bigger than $XX million in sales? Someone please help... Bastique ▼ parler voir 14:32, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks subjective, unless someone clarifies the bolding scheme on the page, I suggest it be stripped. - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 14:37, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

🇮🇹 — Italian motorcycles in production — really??
Are all the many manufacturers listed under "Motorcycle manufacturers in production" in Italy actually still producing motorcycles? Hard to believe.

Perhaps this section should be cleaned up.

Jeff dean 17:21, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you all prepared for the 700-800 or so Chinese manufacturers that make motorcycles? Or should we let you all rest in your American delusion that nothing happens outside of the US.M-72 14:01, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Template
I've recently added all 6 templates to this list, that WikiProject Motorcycling has made - see here. The British one is at the most advanced design stage, and at some point i intend to bring the other 5 up to this standard, and maybee make a few more countries (let me know if any is desperate for a particualr country to be done).

I've also created a box for trials, i might make a few more for other sports, or other purpose if anyone can think of them... Pickle 21:19, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

U.S. Manufacturers - What is a manufacturer?
I've rv'ed Jeff Deans mass deletion of U.S manufacturers on the basis that a quick google-search of several, produced websites indicating that they manufactured bikes. Deletion should be made on facts, not suspicions. One or two seem to be only badge engineered bikes. Are they manufacturers? Is a company that only produces a handful of bikes a year a manufacturer? Is someone that only assembles bikes from other companies components a manufacturer? Badge engineering is almost as old as motorcycle manufacture - bikes are often known by a totally different name in different countries. Many extremely famous and influential companies were very low volume manufacturers. Any comments? M-72 05:51, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * My only question would be did you put back only the ones for which you found evidence? That would make sense. Jeff dean 14:13, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * re recent deletions, can you lot establish a criteria for inclusion. There is a vast difference between volume manufactures and specialist manufacture, perhaps the list should reflect this as both types are notable... ??? Pickle 18:39, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * M-72 wants to leave anything and everything in the USA list. Frankly, I have put a number of fictional, fake maufacturers there to see if anyone cares about veracity. When I deleted all the "red" listings and left only those with Wiki pages, I was accused by M-72 of vandalism. I thought it was appropriate clean-up, apparently wrongly. So, you can go ahead and list whatever nonsense fictional "manufacturers" you want, but for heaven's sake, don't delete any of the nonsense of you will be called a vandal.  Go figure. Jeff dean 19:20, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * When the first brand you deleted shows up in a Google search as a long time manufacturer, it merely shows that you are too lazy to do any valid research. To place fictitous brands in the listing indicates childishness and a disregard for the intention of Wikipaedia. There are several brands within the deleted group that I don't personally consider to be manufacturers, but since their is NO definition to follow in this regard, I've done what I've asked to do in the past and accepted "good faith" on the part of the original poster. That few people are interested in U.S, brands doesn't really surprise me. Maybe a mass deletion of your own fiction would be a good idea followed by a little research and even maybe some discussion as to what constitutes a manufacturer. M-72 08:02, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

The problem is that this list does not follow the list guideline. There should be a lead that gives criteria for inclusion in the list. As it stands, I could build a bike in my back yard and include myself in the list. I would suggest limiting the list to motorcycle manufacturers who have received notice or writeups in multiple non-trivial third-party sources. A shop just having a website stating that they've been building motorcycles for over thirty years would not suffice. Or limit the list to manufacturers who mass produce motorcycles and create another list for custom motorcycle manufacturers. Killa Kitty 13:07, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting to see that Jeff Dean has failed to remove his vandalism of U.S manufacturers, but has engaged in childish vandalism of Australian manufacturers. Nevermind his admitted use of sock puppets. Truly a valued user to these pages. M-72 12:06, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Good points made about list criteria and badge engineering by Killa Kitty and M-72.

As for what makes a make eligible for the list, I think it is acceptable at this stage (fairly well along in development, but still under development) to apply an informal notion of what makes are generally accepted as makes rather than custom shop made to order bikes. I think if there is a dealer franchise system is another good indicator; the custom builders do not have dealer networks they sell all their bikes on premisis and most are made to order, so there wouldn't be much of a dealer's showroom.

As for the venerable practise of badge engineering and what makes a make, remember that Triumph, BSA, Brough Superior, and many other British and American makes (but not Indian or H-D) started out by building chasssis inhouse and installing brought-in engines (made by J.A.P., Villiers and others). So I would say bought in engines from S&S or Rotax or Yamaha and so on do not disqualify a builder from being a make or a marque.

I like M-72's acceptance of a editor's good faith in adding a make. If one can be factually researched and eliminated, I think that would be OK too. Others that are marginal could be put up for discussion, allowing the original editor to participate in making his case for inclusion and in the vote, if any. RUReady2Testify 22:11, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The time to properly discuss "What is a manufacturer?" is probably upon us. Many of the recent, especially U.S. manufacturers, are perhaps more properly described as "customisers". Given previous discussions, can a concensus view be established as to what constitutes a manufacturer? M-72 (talk) 02:15, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Defunct Makes
I think AJS is back in business. The new firm appears to claim to be a successor to the old firm, click link on company history.

http://www.ajsmotorcycles.co.uk/

RUReady2Testify 21:21, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Missing defunct German manufacturers are

 * Brennabor (Germany, also bicycles and automobiles)
 * Dürkopp (Germany, also sewing machines, bicycles, automobiles and micro cars)
 * Miele (Gütersloh, Germany, although this is not yet mentioned in the corresponding article) --Chief tin cloud (talk) 10:33, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Hard to read
Hard

These lists are confusing. What are the dark bars? Looking for the famous British brand Vincent, all I found was a red-linked U. S. (!?) brand. Only by clicking on and opening up one of the dark barks did I find Vincent. Why is it hidden? 07:31, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * For information on the bars, read Talk:List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers. The defunct U.K. firm is found under List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers and the U.S. firm has not yet had an article created about it. M-72 (talk) 00:46, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Added list criteria
As per Lists (stand-alone lists), I have added selection criteria for the two lists, current and defunct. Availabiltity to the public is one criterion, and exclusion of Badge engineering and customizers is another. Obviously this implies creation of a new list, so West Coast Choppers and others have a warm sunset to ride off into. I decided to keep non-street legal manufacturers, since they are a significant, well-recognized sector, and including them should not present the problem of having to mention companies that heinously fail WP:Notability. Which is the problem with the badge engineering outfits and so many customizers. A lot of these customizers consist of nothing but a web site with pictures of a couple bikes they once put together. Some of them are only CAD renderings of what they wish they could build.

Many encyclopedic sources of golden oldie companies use much looser criteria, and they often include badge engineered bikes or basically customiziers, so I followed that lead and allowed them on the defunct list, provided they are of some kind of historical importance.

One choice quote from the list policy above: Don't use a list as a "creation guide" containing a large number of redlinked unwritten articles; instead consider listing them in the appropriate section of Wikipedia:Requested articles or in the appropriate Wikiproject.

I think most of those redlinked Chinese companies could be removed unless we have any information at all on them, as could many of the others, though I'm doing my best to check carefully before deleting any. Keep in mind that sooner or later, probably sooner, any motorcycle manufacturer that actually exists and actually builds bikes is going to come to somebody's attention and get put back on the list even if we overzealously deleted it today.

Flame away. Be bold. --Dbratland (talk) 05:28, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

 * West Coast Choppers makes street-legal bikes. Maybe the criterion should be mass-produced bikes, not one-offs? So Big Dog would be included, but not WCC.

 * Finally, I agree on the Chinese companies- this list has a lot of cruft, you are removing them in good faith. Go for it. tedder (talk) 05:48, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I had meant that it wouldn't matter if WCC was street legal or not -- all would be on this list, as long as they were available to the public, and are mass-produced. Probably need a better definition of what is mass produced and what is unique, but I think what's important is that you either go on this list or the customizer list, rather than getting deleted entirely.

 * Thanks for the encouragement! At the time it seems like such a great idea and then when you're done you wonder "should I have really done that?"--Dbratland (talk) 15:47, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

 * A comment on the article just now, which I removed as it was really more of a talk page comment, reminded me how awful this article is. Under WP:BOLD I'm going to remove all the red links and non-articles. Then I'll give some thought to the customisers. --Biker Biker (talk) 06:56, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Indonesian brands
Kymco, Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki are reported to be Indonesian manufacturers: unless Taiwan and Japan have both been conquered in the recent past I believe this is not correct... Can anyone explain? Otherwise I'll just delete the four of them. Thanks

Edit: also, in the UK section, Matchless and Rickman are reported to be in production, but apart from being obviously wrong it's not even internally consistent (both are correctly classified in wiki as defunct). Again, can anyone explain? Thanks Davide.tassinari (talk) 14:42, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Bangladeshi brand
I have added a Bangladeshi motorcycle manufacturer in the list. But I just see it is deleted. Can anybody say me what had happened here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.234.55.249 (talk) 07:39, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is very simple. Read WP:WTAF. --Biker Biker (talk) 08:21, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Crap in List of motorcycle manufacturers
I have been keeping the current manufacturers section of List of motorcycle manufacturers clear of red links and non-links for a while and I think the article looks better for it. Would anyone object if I now did the same to the former manufacturers section? It is getting bogged down with red links, and while red links do a have a place in articles to encourage the creation of new articles on those topics, I don't believe they should be used in lists, especially the extent that they are used in this one. Comments? --Biker Biker (talk) 13:19, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Questionable, uncited entries on the list don't benefit the reader in any way. They benefit an editor who might be interested in tracking down sources, but that's what the talk page is for. Move them all here and ruthlessly move any new red links here too. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 16:30, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

I think I added most of the list of Australian motorcycle manufacturers (and most of the content on the two links). There were a surprisingly large number of companies (well documented in a book by Rob Saward that I reference on the Waratah motorcycle entry) that made motorcycles in Australia. I chose at this point just to add the major companies. I felt that a list even without details does provide valuable information: that there was indeed significant motorcycle manufacturing in Australia - a fact that most people would be unaware of. The dates also make clear that most of these did not survive into modern times. My intent was ultimately to provide specific entries on each of the manufacturers. Pyobon (talk) 10:49, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Motorcycle and/or bicycle and/or manufacturers?
All of them were available with Saxonette auxiliary motors by Fichtel & Sachs. --Chief tin cloud (talk) 10:37, 12 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Allright
 * Bismarck (Germany)
 * ESWECO
 * Meister

AJS
Afraid to say that AJS have been Chinese Importers for some time now, this also according to their website - no listings for the old "250 Stormer" as being sold, the last UK built model. As such, according to the rules of this article, AJS is not eligible for inclusion under "Current Manufacturers."

There was a list of British Bike makers in MotorCycle News a few months back which included other brands the only one I remember is NorVil http://www.norvilmotorcycle.co.uk/bike.htm

For other Brit Bike Brands, I've heard on the Owner's Forums that Greeves made a prototype bike which is alluded to be made in Holland in the future and Brough Superior make replicas somewhere in Europe. Might be something for "hard evidence" research?

Agent9 20:22, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Rokon: still in production or not?
Rokon is listed under both "Manufacturers currently in production" and "Manufacturers no longer in production". Perhaps it should be removed from one of these categories? It probably should be removed from "Manufacturers no longer in production", since there is a web site currently advertizng Rokon motorcycles: http://www.rokon.com/ Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 19:23, 22 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I clicked through to a number of dealer sites and they all currently advertise the bikes so I think your assumption is correct. --Biker Biker (talk) 20:15, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Pearson & Cox
Do they qualify for this list?--BeckenhamBear (talk) 11:00, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of motorcycle manufacturers


text:
Puka

Puka may refer to:

Places

 * Puka, Estonia, a small borough
 * Puka Parish, a former municipality
 * Puka, Lääne-Viru County, a village
 * Pukë, or Puka, Albania, a town and municipality

Plants

 * Griselinia lucida, an epiphytic plant/tree from New Zealand
 * Meryta sinclairii, a threatened tree from New Zealand

Other

 * Puka (Peru), a mountain
 * Puka shell, a popular form of Hawaiian jewellery
 * Puka Nacua (born 2001), American football player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Puka


text:
Talk:History of Pennsylvania

Article rationale and status
There ought to be a full article here, and one like this for each state. I haven't got the resources to build each one, or even finish this one. But my notes for the political revolution section were finished, so I added them. Expansion by anyone is welcomed. Comment either here or my talk page. Thanks, Lou I 16:21, 19 May 2004 (UTC) And that William Penn founded Pennsylvania.§→→→→→→→→→→→ °—°23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)23:38, 29 November 2016 (UTC)2601:58D:300:8DD1:2D6D:C3A1:684C:7487 (talk)

Religious freedom in colonial Pennsylvania

 * The colony's reputation of religious freedom also attracted ....

We need more detail here about the exact nature of colonial Pennsylvania's relgious toleration laws (IIRC, it was the only colony to tolerate all religions after the Puritans took over in Maryland and modified that colony's tolerant laws, and after New York's brief period of toleration ended when James II was overthrown) and how they changed over time -- for instance, how Catholics were forbidden to own weapons during the French and Indian war. hey -- 66.150.59.2 20:33, 31 August 2005 (UTC) (Jim Henry)

Typo
"The Democratic divisiveness over abortion did not fade away seat so in 2006, ..."

Something in this sentence (under politics 1975 to date) is amiss. --Pat (talk) 01:14, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Pre-colonial period
I know its easy for me to just go ask for you to expand it, but the pre-colonial section is very very small. Ingolfson (talk) 04:29, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Peacock terms
For instance, in the Service State section, "Dirty, lifeless towns have become vibrant, growing places" is a bit much without a citation. (No disparaging of PA intended - I live here!) Allens (talk) 18:08, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * those are not "peacock terms" they are adjectives of the sort observers use. Rjensen (talk) 18:14, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * If the citation you've put in (thanks!) includes this terminology, I suppose I'll be OK with it, reluctantly. There's still some political material in "Decline of manufacturing and mining" that really should have a citation, including for some of the phraseology. Allens (talk) 18:43, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Undue weight
It is inappropriate and Undue Weight to have most of the content of the 1975 to present section: 37 years - deal only with the issue of the politics of abortion within the state. State officials and the legislature have been dealing with many other issues, including the economy. Parkwells (talk) 19:43, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

economy was to do wiiith trade
8qywr98ewh[9weh[fff'w — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.213.143.141 (talk) 18:02, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

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Photo and image formatting needs to be reviewed and improved
More and more photos, maps and other images have been added to this article over the last several months and years, giving it an increasingly cluttered look that makes it difficult to read and comprehend, particularly for people with visual impairments. At least several of these image additions appear to violate Wikipedia's Manual of Style/Accessibility standards which urge editors to "Avoid placing images on the left hand side as a consistent left hand margin makes reading easier" and "Avoid sandwiching text between two images or, unless absolutely necessary, using fixed image sizes." At this point, several images need to be removed in order to bring the article back into compliance with the MOS and make it more accessible for Wikipedia users with visual impairments. 47thPennVols (talk) 03:26, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Pennsylvania


text:
Jin Chinese

Jin is a group of Chinese linguistic varieties spoken by roughly 48 million people in northern China, including most of Shanxi province, much of central Inner Mongolia, and adjoining areas in Hebei, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces. The status of Jin is disputed among linguists; some prefer to include it within Mandarin, but others set it apart as a closely related but separate sister group.

Classification
After the concept of Mandarin Chinese was proposed, the Jin dialects were universally included within it, mainly because Chinese linguists paid little attention to these dialects at the time. In order to promote Standard Mandarin in the early days of People's Republic of China, linguists started to research various dialects in Shanxi, comparing these dialects with Standard Mandarin for helping the locals to learn it more quickly. During this period, a few linguists discovered some unique features of Jin Chinese that do not exist in other northern Mandarin dialects, planting the seeds for the future independence of Jin Chinese. Finally, in 1985, Li Rong proposed that Jin should be considered a separate top-level dialect group, similar to Yue or Wu. His main criterion was that Jin dialects had preserved the entering tone as a separate category, still marked with a glottal stop as in the Wu dialects, but distinct in this respect from most other Mandarin dialects. Some linguists have adopted this classification. However, others disagree that Jin should be considered a separate dialect group for these reasons:
 * 1) Use of the entering tone as a diagnostic feature is inconsistent with the way that all other Chinese dialect groups have been delineated based on the reflexes of the Middle Chinese voiced initials.
 * 2) Certain other Mandarin dialects also preserve the glottal stop, especially the Jianghuai dialects, and so far, no linguist has claimed that these dialects should also be split from Mandarin.

Dialects
The Language Atlas of China divides Jin into the following eight subgroups:
 * , spoken in central Shanxi (the ancient Bing Province), including Taiyuan. Most dialects under this subgroup can distinguish the light entering tone from the dark one, with only 1 level tone. In many dialects, especially those to the south of Taiyuan, the voiced obstruents from Middle Chinese become tenuis in all 4 tones, namely [b] → [p], [d] → [t] and [g] → [k].
 * , spoken in western Shanxi (including Lüliang) and northern Shaanxi. Dialects under this subgroup can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone. In most dialects, the voiced obstruents from Middle Chinese become aspirated in both level and entering tones, namely [b] → [pʰ], [d] → [tʰ] and [g] → [kʰ].
 * , spoken in the area of Changzhi (ancient Shangdang) in southeastern Shanxi. Dialects under this subgroup can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone. The palatalization of velar consonants does not occur in some dialects.
 * , spoken in parts of northern Shanxi (including Wutai County) and central Inner Mongolia. A few Dialects under this subgroup can differentiate light entering tone from dark entering tone, while the others cannot. The fusion of the level tone and the rising one occurred in some dialects, though some linguists claim every dialect under this subgroup has this feature.
 * , spoken in parts of northern Shanxi and central Inner Mongolia, including Baotou.
 * Zhangjiakou–Hohhot subgroup, spoken in Zhangjiakou in northwestern Hebei and parts of central Inner Mongolia, including Hohhot.
 * , spoken in southeastern Shanxi, southern Hebei (including Handan) and northern Henan (including Xinxiang).
 * Zhi-Yan subgroup, spoken in Zhidan County and Yanchuan County in northern Shaanxi.

The Taiyuan dialect from the Bingzhou subgroup is sometimes taken as a convenient representative of Jin because many studies of this dialect are available, but most linguists agree that the Taiyuan vocabulary is heavily influenced by Mandarin, making it unrepresentative of Jin. The Lüliang subgroup is usually regarded as the "core" of the Jin language group as it preserves most archaic features of Jin. However, there is no consensus as to which dialect among the Lüliang subgroup is the representative dialect.

Phonology
Unlike most varieties of Mandarin, Jin has preserved a final glottal stop, which is the remnant of a final stop consonant (, or ). This is in common with the Early Mandarin of the Yuan dynasty (c. 14th century AD) and with a number of modern southern varieties of Chinese. In Middle Chinese, syllables closed with a stop consonant had no tone. However, Chinese linguists prefer to categorize such syllables as belonging to a separate tone class, traditionally called the "entering tone". Syllables closed with a glottal stop in Jin are still toneless, or alternatively, Jin can be said to still maintain the entering tone. In standard Mandarin Chinese, syllables formerly ending with a glottal stop have been reassigned to one of the other tone classes in a seemingly random fashion.

Initials

 * is mainly used in finals.

 * The nasal consonant sounds may vary between nasal sounds or prenasalised stop sounds.
 * A prenasalised affricated fricative sound, is also present.

Finals

 * The diphthong may also be realized as a monophthong close central vowel.
 * Sounds ending in the sequence may also be heard as, then realized as.
 * can also be heard as a labio-palatal approximant when preceding initial consonants.
 * when occurring after alveolar sounds can be heard as an alveolar syllabic, and is heard as a retroflex syllabic  when occurring after retroflex consonants.

Tones
Jin employs extremely complex tone sandhi, or tone changes that occur when words are put together into phrases. The tone sandhi of Jin is notable in two ways among Chinese varieties:

 * Tone sandhi rules depend on the grammatical structure of the words being put together. Hence, an adjective–noun compound may go through different sets of changes compared to a verb–object compound.
 * There are Jin varieties in which the "dark level" tone category (yīnpíng 阴平) and "light level" (yángpíng 阳平) tone have merged in isolation but can still be distinguished in tone sandhi contexts. That is, while e.g. Standard Mandarin has a tonal distinction between Tone 1 and Tone 2, corresponding words in Jin Chinese may have the same tone when pronounced separately. However, these words can still be distinguished in connected speech. For example, in Pingyao Jin, dark level tou 偷 'secretly' and ting 听 'to listen' on the one hand, and light level tao 桃 'peach' and hong 红 'red' on the other hand, all have the same rising tone [˩˧] when pronounced in isolation. Yet, when these words are combined into touting 偷听 'eavesdropping' and taohong 桃红 'peach red', the tonal distinction emerges. In touting, tou has a falling tone [˧˩] and ting has a high-rising tone [˧˥], whereas both syllables in taohong still have the same low-rising tone [˩˧] as in isolation.
 * According to Guo (1989) and also noted by Sagart (1999), the departing (qusheng 去声) tone category in the Jin dialect of Xiaoyi is characterized by -ʰ and a high falling tone [˥˧]. Xiaoyi also lacks a voicing split in the level tone. The rising (shangsheng 上声) tone in Xiaoyi is also "characterized by a glottal break in the middle of the syllable [˧˩ʔ˩˨]".

Grammar
Jin readily employs prefixes such as,  ,  , and (日) , in a variety of derivational constructions. For example:

"fool around" < "ghost, devil"

In addition, there are a number of words in Jin that evolved, evidently, by splitting a mono-syllabic word into two, adding an 'l' in between (cf. Ubbi Dubbi, but with instead of ). For example:

 * <  "hop"
 * <  "drag"
 * <  "scrape"
 * <  "street"

A similar process can in fact be found in most Mandarin dialects (e.g. kulong <  kong), but it is especially common in Jin.

This may be a kind of reservation for double-initials in Old Chinese, although this is still controversial. For example, the character 孔 (pronounced in Mandarin) which appears more often as 窟窿  in Jin, had the pronunciation like  in Old Chinese.

Some dialects of Jin make a three-way distinction in demonstratives. (Modern English, for example, has only a two-way distinction between "this" and "that", with "yon" being archaic.)

Vocabulary
Lexical diversity in Jin Chinese is obvious, with some words having a very distinct regionality. Usually, there are more unique words in the core dialects than in the non-core dialects and moreover, some cannot be represented in Chinese characters.

title: Jin Chinese


text:
Woody Island (South China Sea)

Woody Island, also called Yongxing Island by China and Taiwan and Phú Lâm Island (Đảo Phú Lâm) by Vietnam (and formerly Île Boisée by French Indochina), is the largest of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea (SCS), with an area of 2.1 km². As of 2014, it has a population of almost 1,500, with roads, banks and an air strip.

The Paracel Islands are a group of islands, reefs, banks and atolls in the northwestern part of the South China Sea. Woody Island is part of the Amphitrite Group in the eastern Paracels and is approximately equidistant from Hainan and the Vietnam coast.

The island has been under the control of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1956. Sansha City, which administers PRC-controlled territories in Spratly and Paracel Islands, has its administrative seat located on the island. The island is claimed by the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) and Vietnam.

History
The Chinese Qing dynasty, France (on behalf of Annam), Japan, and the Republic of China had all established a presence on the island at various points of time in history. Fishing activities in the South China Sea region surrounding the island have been documented in the records of earlier Chinese dynasties. During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Zheng He plotted the location of surrounding islands on a map, but never landed on it.

In 1909 Zhang Renjun, the Viceroy of Liangguang ordered Guangdong Fleet Admiral Li Zhun to sail to the island. His mission landed in June 1909. In 1932 French Indochina announced its claim to the archipelago. A Franco-Vietnamese garrison was established on Woody Island (from 'île Boisée' in French) in 1938, regularly supplied by the French Navy until 1945.

The island was occupied by Japan during World War II. Later, on 4 Feb 1945 USS Pargo (Lt.Cdr. D.B. Bell) would bombard Woody Island destroying a Japanese weather station and radio equipment, an administration building, a jetty, and several fishing boats. Following Japan's surrender at the end of the war, the Nationalist Chinese government sent naval expeditions to the South China Sea in 1946 to claim the Spratly and Paracel Islands, and established a permanent presence on Woody Island and Itu Aba. They (re)named Woody Island "Yongxing (Yung-hsing) Island" after one of the Republic of China Navy warships, ROCS Yung-hsing (永興號). Yung-hsing was formerly the USS Embattle (AM-226). The ship was transferred to the ROC navy after the war. In January 1947, after making a failed attempt to dislodge the Chinese garrison from Woody Island, France established a permanent presence on Pattle Island in the western Paracels.

After the Hainan Island Campaign in 1950 during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC garrisons on Woody Island and Itu Aba were withdrawn to Taiwan. France had a chance to take over the islands, but decided not to, for fear of compromising its interests with the newly established PRC. The islands were thus unoccupied for six years, except for seasonal inhabitation (occupation) by fishermen from Hainan. In 1956, the PRC established a permanent presence on Woody Island.

The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) continued to claim sovereignty over the Crescent Group in the western part of the Paracel Islands after assuming control from the departing French colonialists against whom Vietnam fought a bitter independence war, maintaining a military garrison on Pattle Island (Vietnamese: đảo Hoàng Sa) by Ngo Dinh Diem's executive order from 1956. For the subsequent 20 years, conflicts between the two sides repeatedly erupted within the region. In January 1974, the PLA Navy captured Pattle Island during the Battle of the Paracel Islands.

Climate
The island is located between the equator and the tropic of cancer, and falls in the "tropical marine monsoon climate" category. It experiences abundant rainfall, year-round high temperatures, high humidity and high salt. Coupled with generally clear skies and sunny weather, the annual average temperature is 26.5 °C; the coldest average temperature in January is 23 °C, the hottest average temperature in June is 29 °C. The rainy season lasts for 5 to 6 months every year.

Claims and disputes
Under PRC control, the island is administered by the Yongxingdao Town Government and is the seat of Sansha, a prefecture-level city of Hainan. In June 2014, UK newspaper The Independent stated that the island had a population of 1,443.

As part of the Paracel Islands, the island is also claimed by Taiwan and by Vietnam.

Structures and facilities
Sansha city is located on Woody island. Woody Island has had two or three artificial harbors capable of docking vessels up to 5,000 tonnes. In 2008, the island's main sea transport was the freighter Qiongsha-3, (2,500 tonnes, 84m x 13.8m, 200 passengers and 750 tonnes of cargo); it was the only means of sea transport for non-military personnel such as fishermen and researchers. Each trip from Hainan to Woody island lasted from 13 to 15 hours.

In 1990, Chinese authorities built a runway and airport on the island. The Sansha Yongxing Airport was completed in July 1990, with a 2,700-metre runway that is capable of handling any fourth generation fighter aircraft of the PLA Naval Air Force such as the Chengdu J-10AH, Shenyang J-11BH, Xian JH-7A, and Sukhoi Su-30MK2. Other constructions include three main roads and an 800-metre long concrete causeway connecting to Rocky Island (石岛/đảo Đá).

Apart from government buildings and army posts, the island has various establishments. The island's administrative centre is located on Beijing Road, which has an Industrial and Commercial Bank of China branch, a hospital, various shops, hostels, food stations, a post office, small department stores and an aquatic company. A rescue centre was established on 15 July 2006.

There are two museums on the island – Xisha Maritime Museum and a Naval Museum. Other monuments include towers left by the Imperial Japanese Army during WWII, a monument erected by the ROC government in 1946, and a monument erected by the PRC in 1974. Visitors to the island are required to obtain approval from PRC authorities in Haikou before departure. Hiring a fishing boat from Hainan to the island is possible.

On 10 April 2011, China National Radio (CNR) and Hainan People's Broadcasting Station began FM broadcasts on the island. This is in addition to mobile communications and satellite television which are available in the fishing villages of the Paracel Islands.

China began construction on a school to serve about 40 children whose parents work on the island in June 2014, with construction expected to cost about 36 million yuan and take a year and a half. It opened in December 2015.

On 17 February 2016, the New York Times reported that an HQ-9 Surface to Air Missile system had been deployed on the island. In July 2016, it was reported that Shenyang J-11BH fighter aircraft were deployed on the island.

In April 2017, the Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative – a US think tank based in Washington – reported that a Shenyang J-11BH fighter aircraft was spotted on the island in satellite photos taken on 29 March 2017.

On 22 July 2017, over 200 Chinese moviegoers attended a screening in a theater built on the island by the Hainan Film Company with up-to-date technology, including both 4K resolution and a 3-D perforated screen.

In May 2018, based on PLA Air Force defence circulars and Chinese social media posts, the Washington Post and Washington based Asia maritime transparency initiative reported that China had landed long range bombers on the island as part of a defense exercise.

In August 2020 the PLA Air Force deployed H-6J bombers to Woody Island.

Ecology and resources
The island's flora is generally tropical, with an abundance of palm trees. There is also a vegetable plantation sized around one-fifteenth of a hectare (~700 sq m). The western portion of the island has a coconut grove. The island's domestic water supply is from rainwater collection. Additional drinking water is shipped from Hainan Island. Supply ships arrive monthly; during this time residents spend two days at the pier unloading materiel. A desalination plant completed in October 2016 is capable of treating 1,000 tonnes of seawater per day, bringing the total capacity of desalination equipment on the island to 1,800 tonnes of seawater per day.

Population
The island's civilian population generally consists of a small number of long-term fishermen's settlements maintained by a fisherman's village committee, and a larger number of short-term fishermen that visit the island, in addition to small numbers of government workers and tourists. Policemen and soldiers stationed on the island change shifts every two years, whereas civilian employees change shifts every six months.

title: Woody Island (South China Sea)


text:
Jerzy Szmajdziński

Jerzy Andrzej Szmajdziński (, 9 April 1952 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish politician who was a Deputy Marshal of Polish Sejm and previously served as Minister of Defence. He was a candidate for President of Poland in the 2010 election.

Szmajdziński graduated from the Wrocław University of Economics. In the 1970s and 1980s he was an activist for the Federation of Socialist Unions of Polish Youth and the Socialist Union of Polish Youth, serving as its chairman from 1986–1989. He remained a member of Polish United Workers' Party from 1973 until its end in 1990. Later, he entered the leadership position of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland party. In December 1999, he became the deputy chairman of the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD).

He became a member of the Sejm in 1990, and in his second term Szmajdziński was chairman of the National Defense Committee and in the third term a deputy chairman of that commission. He was Minister of National Defence from 19 October 2001 to 2005. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, gaining 20,741 votes in 1 Legnica district as a candidate from the SLD list.

On a national SLD convention in December 2009 he was chosen as the party's candidate in the 2010 presidential elections in Poland. His candidacy received 11% of the votes in March's pre-election poll.

Szmajdziński died on the day after his 58th birthday, in the plane crash that also involved President Lech Kaczyński and 94 others.

Honours and awards
In 2002, Szmajdziński was made an honorary citizen of Jelenia Góra and in 2004 an honorary citizen of Bolków.

In 2004, he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

On 16 April 2010 he was posthumously decorated with the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta. On the same day, the Parliament of the Province of Lower Silesia posthumously awarded him the title of Honorary Citizen of Lower Silesia. On 20 May 2010 Wrocław city council granted him the title of Honorary Citizen of Wrocław and on 28 March 2011 Legnica City Council gave him the title of Honorary Citizen of Legnica.

Private life
Married to Małgorzata, the couple had two children together, Agnieszka and Andrzej.

title: Jerzy Szmajdziński


text:
Edgewater, Chicago

Edgewater is a lakefront community area on the North Side of the city of Chicago, Illinois six miles north of the Loop. The most recently established of the city's 77 official community areas, Edgewater is bounded by Foster Avenue on the south, Devon Avenue on the north, Ravenswood Avenue on the west, and Lake Michigan on the east. Edgewater contains several beaches for residents to enjoy. Chicago's largest park, Lincoln Park, stretches south from Edgewater for seven miles along the waterfront, almost to downtown. Until 1980, Edgewater was part of Uptown, and historically it constituted the northeastern corner of Lake View Township, an independent suburb annexed by the city of Chicago in 1889. Today, Uptown is to Edgewater's south, Lincoln Square to its west, West Ridge to its northwest and Rogers Park to its north.

Edgewater transitioned from agriculture and small settlement to residential development around the 1880s with summer homes for Chicago's elite. Today, it provides the northern terminus of both Lincoln Park and Lake Shore Drive. With the exception of pockets acknowledged as historic districts (like the Bryn Mawr Historic District), east-Edgewater (Edgewater Beach) has a skyline of high-rise apartment buildings, condominium complexes, and mid-rise homes. To the west, Edgewater is characterized by single-family homes; and two-, three-, or four-story flats, including the historic village and now commercial district of Andersonville.

Early development
Developers began buying up orchards and truck farms, and cutting down the dense woods in Lake View Township (of which Edgewater was a part) in the 1880s to make way for future development. From 1870 to 1887 the population of the township, then north of the City of Chicago, grew from 2,000 citizens to 45,000. As a result, there was growing need of more public-service access, and Lake View was annexed to Chicago in 1889 as a way of meeting those demands.

In 1885, the northeastern section of Lake View was given the name Edgewater by prominent developer John Lewis Cochran. He built the first residential subdivision in the area. Many of his homes can still be found in the Lakewood Balmoral Historic District. After a few years, Edgewater was celebrated as a wonder as it became "the only electric lighted suburb adjacent to Chicago".

Etymology of street names
Cochran was originally a tobacco salesman from Philadelphia who moved to the area in 1885. Upon arrival, he took his Philadelphia culture and geography with him to the area. This can be seen best by the names of the streets in Edgewater. Every street in Edgewater at the time was named after a train station on the former PRR Main Line, and most still exist to this day. This includes:
 * Ardmore Avenue (5800 N), located in Ardmore, PA.
 * Thorndale Avenue (5900 N), located in Thorndale, PA, also became a CTA station.
 * Bryn Mawr Avenue (5600 N), located in Bryn Mawr, PA, also became a CTA station.
 * Berwyn Avenue (5300 N), located in Berwyn, PA, also became a CTA station.
 * Devon Avenue (6400 N), named after Devon, PA
 * Rosemont Avenue (6300 N), named after Rosemont, PA
 * Wayne Avenue (1432 W), named after Wayne, PA

Beginning of the 20th century
By the early 1900s, Edgewater was regarded as one of Chicago's most prestigious communities. Mansions dominated the lakefront, while large single-family homes spread inland to the former farming village of Andersonville (then also called Somerdale). A prominent symbol of Edgewater's affluence and desirable location on the lake was the Edgewater Beach Hotel, which opened in 1916 at 5349 N. Sheridan. The famed "sunrise" yellow hotel was razed in 1970, though the remaining "sunset" pink Edgewater Beach Apartments building is still a landmark at the north tip of Lake Shore Drive. The Edgewater building boom peaked in 1926 and property values reached their height in 1928. Around 1900, the burgeoning affluent population grew so much that developers expanded Edgewater and renamed a portion of the neighborhood community Uptown (which still exists today). Uptown quickly became the commercial hub of the area, with storied nightlife, entertainment and tall commercial buildings. Thus, in the late 1920s, when Community Areas were first designated, the Edgewater area was included as a section of Uptown.

Revival
Uptown's affluence declined in the 1950s, as Chicago's suburbs were developed and opened, absorbing some of Uptown's families, both middle and upper class. With the flight of some residents came disrepair and crime for what once was one of the most affluent districts of the city. At the same time, with the extension of Lake Shore Drive to Hollywood Ave. in the 1950s, into the 1970s, highrise condominium developments along Edgewater's lakefront took off, and Andersonville was seeking to promote its unique heritage.

In 1980, the Chicago City Council and local business owners orchestrated a revival for the Edgewater community. Edgewater was separated from Uptown and once again called itself its own community. New businesses came into the community, older buildings were refurbished, and homes touched up to harken back to Edgewater's past. Since 2000, there have been several new additions to the neighborhood, including The Clarovista, Edgewater Glen, and Catalpa Gardens condominium developments. This neighborhood of Chicago is also well known for its antique shops, as the Broadway Antique Market and Brownstone Antiques call the Edgewater area their home.

Neighborhoods
Edgewater consists of several neighborhoods. In the southwest quadrant is Andersonville. North of it is Magnolia Glen and Edgewater Glen—and Edgewater Beach is located in the eastern part of the neighborhood, the portion of the community that borders the lake, east of the elevated tracks of the Red Line.

Andersonville
Andersonville is a neighborhood in western Edgewater / Uptown. Once a sleepy little village made up primarily of Swedish immigrants, the community is particularly known for its diversity, including a continued Swedish cultural presence led by the Swedish American Museum and other Swedish businesses. From the 1980s through the present time, the neighborhood has been well known as a neighborhood where many lesbians live, although the reality is more akin to the diversity mentioned above. Swedish businesses include the bar Simon's Tavern, a former basement speakeasy, which serves the Swedish wine drink as glögg, and Svea restaurants. At one time there were more Swedes in Chicago than any city outside of Stockholm. Many of Andersonville's Swedes were carpenters, contractors and architects, and played a significant role in building the city.

A significant number of Middle-Eastern businesses and a new influx of families with children all make this a very diverse population. Andersonville is also known for its unique commercial district, made up almost entirely of a variety of independent locally owned specialty shops, restaurants, and service providers.

The Andersonville Commercial Historic District, which runs between 4900 and 5800 N. Clark Street, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 2010. It joined the nearby residential Lakewood Balmoral Historic District.

The approximate street boundaries of Andersonville, as defined by the Andersonville Chamber of Commerce, are Lawrence (4800 N) to the south, Victoria (5800 N) to the north, Ravenswood (1800 W) to the west, and Magnolia (1250 W) to the east. The heart of the Andersonville commercial district is Clark and Berwyn (5300 N).

The stretch of Clark St. south of Foster Ave. (where Andersonville has expanded across community boundaries into northern Uptown) is sometimes called South Foster, or SoFo.

Andersonville's roots as a community extend well back into the 19th century, when immigrant Swedish farmers started moving north into what was then a distant suburb of Chicago. In the 1850s the area north of Foster and east of Clark was a large cherry orchard, and families had only begun to move into the fringes of what is now Andersonville. The neighborhood's first school, the Andersonville School, was built in 1854 at the corner of those two thoroughfares, and served as the area's primary school until 1908.

After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, wooden homes were outlawed in Chicago. Swedish immigrants, who could not afford to build homes of stone or brick, began to move outside of the city's northern limits. Swedish immigrants continued to arrive in Andersonville through the beginning of the 20th century, settling in the newly built homes surrounding Clark St. Before long, the entire commercial strip was dominated by Swedish businesses, from delis to hardware stores, shoe stores to blacksmiths, and bakeries to realty companies. The local churches, such as Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church, Ebenezer Lutheran Church, and First Evangelical Free Church were also built by Swedes, and reflected the religious diversity of the new arrivals.

Like most other European-American ethnic groups, Swedes began to move to the suburbs during the Depression and post-war periods, and the neighborhood began to decline. Concerned about the deteriorating commercial situation, the Uptown Clark Street Business Association renewed its commitment to its Swedish heritage by renaming itself the Andersonville Chamber of Commerce. On October 17, 1964 Andersonville was rededicated in a ceremony attended by Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and Illinois Governor Otto Kerner. At about the same time, the annual Swedish tradition of celebrating the summer solstice blossomed into Midsommarfest, which has since grown into one of Chicago's largest street festivals.

While some of the Swedish-owned businesses gave way to stores and restaurants owned by Koreans, Lebanese, and Cubans, many remained in Andersonville, serving the remaining second- and third-generation Swedes as well as the new arrivals to the neighborhood. In 1976, a Swedish American Museum that had been on the drawing boards for fifty years was opened to the public in a ceremony attended by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. He was also present when it later moved into larger quarters at 5211 N. Clark, where it remains today.

In the late 1980s, Andersonville began a period of revival as professionals rediscovered its lovely housing stock and proximity to the lakefront. A large lesbian and gay population developed, spurred by the opening of such businesses as Women & Children First, a bookstore focusing on feminist authors and topics. New gift shops and ethnic eateries opened up and gave Clark St. a new commercial vitality and diversity.

Today, in addition to being one of the most concentrated areas of Swedish culture in the United States, Andersonville is home to a diverse assortment of devoted residents and businesses, including one of Chicago's largest LGBTQ+ communities, a collection of Middle Eastern restaurants and bakeries, and a thriving Hispanic commercial area north of Catalpa Avenue.

Edgewater Glen
Edgewater Glen is located in the north central part of Edgewater. It was named from the streets Glenwood Ave. and Glenlake Ave. that cross in the center of Edgewater Glen. A local residents and businesses organization called Edgewater Glen Association (EGA), incorporated in 1972, invented the name. The association, which is still active (2024), determined the boundaries of Edgewater Glen as: the south side of Granville Ave (north), the west side of Broadway Ave (east), the south side of Norwood St (south), and the east side of Clark St (west).

EGA hosts and participates in neighborhood annual events and programming, including public forums with elected officials, plant swaps, corner beautification, the Edgewater Yard Sale, and the EGA Garden Walk which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023.

EGA also is notable for its work to maintain the tree canopy within Edgewater, including regular inventories and coordination for the planting of parkway trees. In 2022, EGA embarked on an effort to catalogue old growth parkway trees resulting in the publication of a study of the heritage trees (50 years and older) of Edgewater Glen as well as a toolkit that can be used by any organization to identify and track heritage trees.

An exhibit was held to feature the toolkit and study at the Edgewater Historical Society on Arbor Day, 2023 which marked the kickoff of an effort by the Edgewater Historical Society to work with the Edgewater Environmental Coalition and all Edgewater Block Clubs to inventory ALL of the heritage parkway trees in Edgewater.

Broadway
Broadway (along with Andersonville's Clark St., to the west) is the main commercial street running North and South through Edgewater. It separates the Edgewater Beach area (dominated by highrises and apartment buildings) to the east, from Andersonville and Edgewater Glen (dominated by single-family homes) to the west. In the 1920s, Broadway became a center of the new automobile trade with elaborate stylized showroom buildings. While these businesses are now gone, the street maintains commercial trade and at least one of those car palaces remains. In addition, a wide array of dining is available including Ethiopian, French, Japanese, Thai, and fine American, as well as pubs, fast food, and pizza.

Sheridan Road and Edgewater Beach
Sheridan Rd., which follows the lakefront in eastern-Edgewater is the main North–South thoroughfare for traffic to/from Lake Shore Drive. Lake Shore Dr. at Hollywood Ave. where all traffic is routed onto either Hollywood Ave. or Sheridan Rd. As it is the north end terminus of Chicago's scenic Lake Shore Dr., this part of the neighborhood is sometimes congested with traffic along 4 lane roadways such as Clark St., Broadway and Ridge Avenues. The area around Sheridan Rd., west to Broadway Ave., is called Edgewater Beach. The neighborhood beaches are Foster Beach and Osterman (Hollywood) Beach. This area includes the northern reaches of Lincoln Park, Chicago's largest public park.

North of Ardmore Ave. (5800 N) to Devon Ave. (6400 N), there are 4 lakefront parks, Osterman (Hollywood) Beach, George Lane Park, Berger Park, and a newly unnamed park just south of Granville (6200 N) between the Tiara & El Lago condominiums. There is also a park on the southwest corner of Thorndale and Sheridan.

Accompanied by uniformly tall, grand old locust trees lining the road, Edgewater's portion of Sheridan (North of Foster Ave., south of Devon Ave.) is a dense section of high-rise residential buildings on both sides of the Sheridan Rd. corridor. These include, Park Edgewater Condominiums, Hollywood Towers, Beach Point Tower, Horizon House Condominium, 6030 N. Sheridan, The Malibu, Malibu East, East Point Tower, The Tiara, El Lago, Granville Beach, Granville Tower, Shoreline Towers, Sheridan Shores Condominiums, Sheridan Point, and Park Tower and Mall. Many of these towers were built in the late 1950s to early 1970s. TV's fictional characters Bob and Emily Hartley of The Bob Newhart Show called this area home, residing in the Thorndale Beach North Condominiums, 5901 N. Sheridan Rd.

There are a handful of mansions still remaining on Sheridan Rd., remnants of the 1880s to 1920s. Many of the original lakefront mansions that once lined Sheridan were razed with landfill added along the shoreline to make way for the high-rise buildings that exist there today. A few notable exceptions are Colvin House, at Thorndale Ave., Berger Park. and Sacred Heart School at Granville Ave., as well as two belonging to nearby Loyola University Chicago. To the South, at Sheridan, near Foster, there also remains a private tennis, pool and three par golf club, from the days when this area was dominated by mansions and the Edgewater Beach Hotel.

LGBT community
Beginning in the 1990s, Edgewater's population of lesbian couples significantly increased. Residents named the relocation of the Andersonville feminist bookstore Women and Children First from Lakeview as a major catalyst, though others also sought to escape gentrification in Lakeview and Lincoln Park. Lesbian bars and other lesbian-centered businesses opened in Andersonville, and for a period of time the neighborhood was sometimes referred to as "Girlstown," an alternative to Boystown in Lakeview. However, by the late 2000s, rising rents and the subsequent closing of many of those businesses led to a decline in the lesbian population.

At the time of the 2000 United States Census, the proportion of same-sex couples in Edgewater was 6.6% in the 60660 zip code and 8.0% in the 60640 zip code. This compares with the US national average of 1.1%. Starting in the 2000s, rising rent and gentrification in the Lakeview and Boystown neighborhoods caused many LGBT people to move further north. In 2012 Trulia rated Edgewater as one of the ten gayest neighborhoods in America. In 2017, Trulia and dating website OkCupid stated that Edgewater had the highest percentage of gay single people in the city, more than Lakeview and Hyde Park/Kenwood.

International community

Recognizing the proximity to Chicago's Lakefront and access to the Red Line elevated train, an influx of new residents have relocated to Edgewater over the past 20 years. Many of Edgewater's new residents are immigrants from the Horn of Africa and the former Yugoslavia. The area has a great density of Bosnian, Serb and Croat residents. These people, troubled by civil war and tough conditions in their homeland, have been encouraged to settle in the area. Ethiopians, Eritreans and Somalis from the Horn region live and socialize in Edgewater. The city is known for accepting new, thriving enclaves of ethnicities in centuries past. This new settlement is a modern revival of that tradition. Of recent, many new residents have come from the neighboring Lakeview and Lincoln Park neighborhoods, due to the affordable housing and Edgewater's proximity to the city's rapid transit (CTA) system which allows for an easy commute into the city's downtown. On the streets of Edgewater, one can encounter women in traditional dress and grandmothers strolling with their grandchildren, while the middle generation is out making a living in the new world of Chicago.

Politics
The Edgewater community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, the Edgewater cast 22,676 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 2,546 votes for Donald Trump (86.07% to 9.66%). In the 2012 presidential election, Edgewater cast 20,028 votes for Barack Obama and cast 3,083 votes for Mitt Romney (84.67% to 13.03%).

Education
Edgewater is home to several Chicago Public Schools (CPS) campuses. The local public high school is Nicholas Senn High School, established in 1913. In addition, four of the neighborhood's elementary schools — Hayt, Swift, Peirce and Goudy — achieved a level 1 (excellent) status from CPS in 2013. Those schools feed into Senn, which will help it maintain its ranking.

There are several Catholic and other religiously affiliated schools also in the neighborhood including Northside Catholic Academy's primary school campus at St. Gertrude church.

The Edgewater Branch of the Chicago Public Library serves the area, and the nearby Bezazian Branch in Uptown also provides services to people in Edgewater.

Loyola University of Chicago's campus borders northeastern Edgewater and has crossed into the area. The college established itself on the lake at the north end of Sheridan Road, where it crosses into Rogers Park, in 1906.

Transportation
A majority of Edgewater's public transportation needs are met by the Chicago Transit Authority, which provides resident and visitor access to the Red Line service of the Chicago Elevated railway rapid transit. The Red Line runs north to the city limits and south to Wrigley Field, the downtown Chicago Loop, Guaranteed Rate Field and ends on the South Side at 95th Street. Edgewater's elevated Red Line tracks run next to Broadway Avenue, and its four stations are Berwyn, Bryn Mawr, Thorndale, and Granville.

Along Edgewater's western border are the commuter rail tracks of Metra's North Line, with stations in the nearby surrounding community areas at Ravenswood and Rogers Park providing transit to downtown or to Chicago's North Shore Suburbs.

The Chicago Transit Authority also operates numerous bus routes in Edgewater, with several running along North Lake Shore Drive with express services to downtown Chicago, including the Loop, via North Michigan Avenue and its Magnificent Mile.

Private entities also offer many transportation services. The areas is served by car-sharing services such as I-GO and Zipcar as well as bicycle-sharing services such as Divvy. Taxi and limousine services are plentiful in the area. Bicycles and rickshaws can be found in the summer for rent near Foster Beach. Bike paths are also available on some major streets. Manicured walking and running paths are found throughout the parkland near the lake, including the Chicago Lakefront Trail, which is also popular with bicycle commuters.

Notable people

 * Ian Barford (born 1966), actor. He resides in Andersonville.
 * Hillary Clinton (born 1947), 67th United States Secretary of State. Her family resided in Edgewater until she was three years old at which point they moved to Park Ridge, Illinois.
 * Dorothy Howell Rodham (1919–2011), homemaker and mother of Hillary Clinton. She resided in Edgewater until moving to Park Ridge, Illinois in 1950.
 * Hugh Rodham (1911–1993), businessman and father of Hillary Clinton. He resided in Edgewater before moving to Park Ridge, Illinois in 1950.
 * Lucas Neff (born 1985), actor best known for his lead role in Raising Hope. He was raised in Andersonville.
 * Ken Nordine (1921-2019), poet recording artist known for his series of Word Jazz albums. He lived in Edgewater from 1951 until his death in 2019. His former home, a 120-year-old mansion located at 6106 N. Kenmore Avenue, was granted preliminary historic status in March 2020.
 * Anna D. Shapiro (born 1966), theatre director and professor. She resides in Andersonville.

title: Edgewater, Chicago


text:
Talk:Gas exchange

Educational assignment
Hello, I am a final year biology student currently taking part in a science communication course. As part of the course, I will be editing the Gas Exchange wiki.

The educational assignment is now complete, but I will continue to edit over the coming weeks.

Untitled
Hi i'm a third year Biology undergraduate planning on editing this page as part of a science communication module on my course. Any suggestions would be really helpful thanks.

2001:630:12:1020:E8A4:57CA:7D47:7DAA (talk) 14:38, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

2012-01-13 edits by MarXidad
I removed some dangling stuff without actually cleaning up the rest, which may have still left the article in a weird state but less obvious that it needs help and I apologize for this. MarXidad (talk) 16:48, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

...
e from "ventilation". Should this page discuss ventilation systems or should it have its own article? (Granted, complete information on ventilation systems would warrant a full article, but it might be a while before we get enough.)

--Furrykef 16:27, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

How about stuff on the actual chemical changes in gas exhange in red blood cells?

Convection?
The article references convection as being responsible for much of the movement of gases in/out of lungs. Erm, I don't think that's right (just look at the article on convection to see what I mean), but can't think of what's meant instead. Any ideas anyone? --Plumbago 13:19, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

@Plumbago I think you are correct. The movement of gases into and out of the lungs can be explained using Boyle's Law. The diaphragm contracts, increases volume, decreases pressure, and air moves from high (atmospheric) pressure and low (intrapulmonary) pressure. --Ebarbye (talk) 01:01, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

I think the correct term for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood is diffusion (as is mentioned in the article) the movement of oxygen from the local area of the lungs to all the cells throughout the rest of the body is still diffusion. It is diffusion down a concentration gradient rather than convection down a heat gradient. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.209.11.249 (talk) 12:29, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

While oxygen does diffuse from the alveoli to the capillaries, it does not diffuse from the lungs to the rest of the body. That process is known as perfusion, driven by the pumping action of the heart. We would all be dead if we had to wait for oxygen to simply diffuse from the lungs to the brain or elsewhere. Look at the Human Physiology/The respiratory system Wikibook to get much better information than what is in this article. I feel bad for any student that relies on this article for their information as it stands now; I will be sure to warn mine about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Catha2008 (talk • contribs) 00:35, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

some refs
$ eutilsnew -v -out xxxx '"gas exchange" diffusion anhydrase' Count is 12 versus 12 first3=WJ | last4= | first4=  | title=Towards improved artificial lungs through biocatalysis. | journal=Biomaterials | volume=28 | issue=20 | pages=3131-9  | date=Jul-2007 | year=2007  | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433433  | pmid=17433433  | doi=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.03.021  | pmc=10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.03.021 }}

stomata
$ eutilsnew -v -xml -out xxxx '"gas exchange" stomata review' Count is 8 versus 8

field induced gas delivery
no obvious relevant literature, $ eutilsnew -v -xml -out xxxx 'hemoglobin oxygen carbon electric field ' Count is 3 versus 3

wide selection of hemoglobin reviews
$ eutilsnew -v -xml -out xxxx 'hemoglobin "gas delivery"' Count is 3 versus 3

$ eutilsnew -v -xml -out xxxx 'hemoglobin review "gas exchange"' Count is 62 versus 62

Disputed
What is disputed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.52.102.72 (talk) 19:01, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

 * A good part of what is written is not written clearly and that may lead to why some things are disputed. I am wondering about most of the "Ventilation" section.

 * The blood is subjected to a transient electric field (QRS waves of the EKG) in the heart, which dissociates molecules of different charge. The blood, being a polar fluid, aligns dipoles with the electric field, is released, a then oscillates in a damped driven oscillation to form Y or Osborn Waves, V, U, and Y waves. The electric field exposure and subsequent damped driven oscillation dissociate gas from hemoglobin, primarily CO2, but more important, BPG, which has a higher affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen, due in part to its opposite charge. Completely dissociated hemoglobin (which will even effervesce if the electric field is too strong — the reason defibrillation joules are limited, to avoid bubble emboli that may clog vessels in the lung) enters the lung in red blood cells ready to be oxygenated.

 * This make no sense. An Osborn wave, also known as a J wave, is seen on an ECG in hypothermic patients, a U wave is a normal ECG variant, and a V wave is seen when observing jugular venous pressure (as is a "y" wave).  CO2 and O2 binding to hemoglobin is driven locally by pH and gas concentration (see Hemoglobin).  Defibrillation joules are limited because higher amounts directly damage the myocardium. I have never heard of cardiac electrical activity having any influence on gas exchange, so I suggest that this all gets greatly clarified and referenced.  Perhaps it should just be removed because it is far too technical and misleading for anyone using Wikipedia.--Kris (talk) 18:53, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree and I removed it. | pulmonological talk • contribs 04:10, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

 * This article is looking much better. The next section on pulmonary physics, I am wondering about some statements--and they may be right but they don't quite match my understanding.  I don't understand what the first sentence is trying to say--that pressures in the lungs are due to the atmosphere?  What about pressure changes with air movement?  I also thought that the drop in PO2 in the trachea and alveoli had to do with the mixing of the atmospheric air with air being exhaled, which seems to contradict the first sentence.

 * I also think the diffusion section needs a lot of work, as that is the crux of gas exchange, IMHO. It only looks at the CO2 side and not O2.  While it correctly states that CO2 binds to globin, O2 binds to the iron portion of the heme molecule.  The hemoglobin article does an excellent job explaining this in the Structure and Oxyhemoglobin sections.  Commonly CO2 is said to have 3 forms in the blood, 10% dissolved (the part that diffuses), 70% in the form of bicarbonate, and 20% bound to hemoglobin; so you can see that how it is written now is right but vague.--Kris (talk) 03:50, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Edits on Feb 23, 2017
The summary states that I only added two new diagrams, but I then inadvertently pressed "enter", before completing the summary. I also changed the name of the section from "In humans" to "In mammals" as everything in that section applies to all the mammals and not just to humans. I also replaced some of the references with anatomical details gleaned from "Gray's Anatomy" which is a much more authoritative source than Tortora et al. I also added the medullary pH and CO2 sensor, which was somehow left out during the earlier editing efforts.

These improvements have now also been made to the Respiratory system article. Cruithne9 (talk) 10:47, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

Irregular use of symbols
The use of symbols in some sections is not the norm for use in prose in pages. It is for the use of equations and formulas. See fuller note on Breathing talk page.--Iztwoz (talk) 11:15, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It actually goes against the guidelines see WP:CHEM Symbols - can someone change these ? --Iztwoz (talk) 13:27, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

Sum of partial pressures?
I thought that breathing involves essentially adding a C atom to an O2 molecule, thus the sum of partial pressures of O2 + CO2 should be constant. Apparently it's not. So what's my error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smurfix (talk • contribs) 08:38, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

Biology
Hahaha 103.125.177.6 (talk) 16:19, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Earth and Life Science
reporting 2001:4454:59B:9600:DE6D:CDFF:FED6:2BBA (talk) 01:51, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gas exchange


text:
Toxiphobia

Toxiphobia in non-human animals is rejection of foods with tastes, odors, or appearances which are followed by illness resulted from toxins found in these foods. In humans, toxiphobia is the irrational fear of poisons and being poisoned.

title: Toxiphobia


text:
User talk:Richg

Hello, welcome.

If you could elaborate on your comment on Master's degree about the ETCS and the point system, it could be a valuable addition to the article. Could you provide some examples of such degrees? Is it a minority or are most degrees considered equivalent by this system? Rmhermen 16:29, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Northern Hi-Tec
A tag has been placed on Northern Hi-Tec requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Rob Banzai (talk) 22:58, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:NHTLogo.jpeg
Hi Richg!

We thank you for uploading Image:NHTLogo.jpeg, but there is a problem. Your image is currently missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. Unless you can help by adding a copyright tag, it may be deleted by an Administrator. If you know this information, then we urge you to add a copyright tag to the image description page. We apologize for this, but all images must confirm to policy on Wikipedia.

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title: User talk:Richg


text:
Science Olympiad

Science Olympiad is an American team competition in which students compete in 23 events pertaining to various fields of science, including earth science, biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Over 7,800 middle school and high school teams from 50 U.S. states compete each year. U.S. territories do not compete; however, several international teams do compete in Science Olympiad tournaments in the US.

There are multiple levels of competition: invitational, regional, state, and national. Invitational tournaments, usually run by high schools and universities, are unofficial tournaments and serve as practice for regional and state competitions. Teams that excel at regional competitions advance to the state level; the top one or two teams from each state (depending on the state) then advance the national level. Winners later receive several kinds of awards, including medals, trophies and plaques, as well as scholarships. The program for elementary-age students is less common and less consistent. Schools have flexibility to implement the program to meet their needs. Some communities host competitive elementary tournaments.

History
The first recorded Science Olympiad was held on Saturday, November 23, 1974 at St. Andrews Presbyterian College in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Dr. Barnes and Dr. David Wetmore were the originators of this event. Fifteen schools from North and South Carolina participated in this event. It was a day-long affair, with competitions and demonstrations for high school students in the areas of biology, chemistry, and physics. There were four event periods during this day and each event period had one fun event (like beaker race or paper airplane), one demonstration (like glassblowing and holography), and one serious event (like periodic table quiz or Science Bowl). An article by David Wetmore was published in the Journal of Chemical Education in January 1978 documenting the success of recruiting students through Science Olympiad. St. Andrews Presbyterian College continues to host a Science Olympiad tournament to this day. Mr. John C. "Jack" Cairns was a teacher at Dover High School in Delaware when he learned about the Science Olympiad tournament in North Carolina. He shared this information with Dr. Douglas R. Macbeth, the Delaware State Science Supervisor. Mr. Cairns was appointed to a steering committee to organize the first Science Olympiad in Delaware which took place at Delaware State University in the Spring of 1977. A write-up in The Science Teacher of December 1977 caught the attention of Gerard Putz, who proposed that the program be expanded throughout the United States. After competition tests in Michigan at the Lawrence Institute of Technology and Oakland University in 1983 and 1984, Putz and Delaware director John Cairns took their plan for a national competition to the National Science Teachers Conference in Boston. The first National Tournament was attended by representatives of 17 states, held at Michigan State University in 1985. Since then, the program has expanded greatly, with 60 teams present in each division at the National Tournament.

International Teams
Since 2012, a Global Ambassador Team from Japan has been invited to attend the national tournament as part of a partnership between Science Olympiad, MEXT and JST. Each year, the Grand Prize for winning the Japan High School Science Championships (JHSSC), a competition styled after the US-based Science Olympiad is a trip to the U.S. to participate in the Science Olympiad National Tournament. The Japanese Global Ambassador Team does however only compete on a limited basis as unranked guests. Japan continues to send a team, as of the 2024 National Tournament. The Japanese Global Ambassador Teams are the best known international teams that participate in Science Olympiad however other countries do occasionally participate in tournaments.

Canada has multiple active Science Olympiad teams and participated in the nationals tournaments in the US between 1995 and 1998 but has not sent a team since although Canadian teams do still occasionally participate in tournaments in the US.

Peru also sends teams to the US to compete in Science Olympiad tournaments but Peru has never attended a national tournament. Peru's participation is for the most part coordinated by United Technologies for Kids (UTK) a NGO focused on STEM education in Latin America.

Divisions
There are three divisions in the hierarchy of Science Olympiad:

 * Division A for elementary school (grades K–6)
 * Division B for middle school (grades 6–9)
 * Division C for high school (grades 9–12)

The national tournament and generally state and regional tournaments are only for divisions B and C. Division A teams usually have separate interscholastic tournaments, apart from the more common intra-school competitions. Note that 6th and 9th graders have the option of competing in either of the two divisions in which they meet the grade requirements and are part of the competing school. (6th graders can compete in divisions A and B while 9th graders can compete in divisions B and C.) A middle school may, however, only use up to 5 members who have graduated to the next school if they are in 9th grade or lower. Students in grades lower than the division in which the school competes in may also be on the team. Teams are restricted to five 9th graders for division B and seven 12th graders for division C. Students may not participate on multiple teams, e.g. a 9th grader on both a high school and middle school team would not be allowed.

Events and event history
In Divisions B and C, teams may compete in up to twenty-three main events, which usually occur over a single day (some tournaments, such as the Texas State tournament, run competitive events over multiple days); done by a team of no more than 15 members. Events fall into five main categories: Life, Personal, and Social Science, Earth & Space Science, Physical Science & Chemistry, Technology & Engineering, Inquiry & Nature of Science. They are either knowledge-based (for example, written tests on earth science, physics, astronomy, or biology), hands-on (for example, chemistry lab practicals or events involving both device testing and an exam), or engineering-based (participants construct a device before the competition to do specified tasks on the day of the competition).

Knowledge-based events generally have two to three participants taking a test and/or mathematically analyzing data. Examples of such events are Anatomy and Physiology, Meteorology, Codebusters, and Green Generation.

Hands-on events generally consist of two participants performing experiments or interacting with physical objects to achieve a certain goal. Some examples are Experimental Design and Write it Do it.

Engineering-based events have a team of two participants. They are to construct a device following a specific event's parameters and test the device against others. Examples include Bridge, Flight, and Roller Coaster.

The majority of events allow two team members, though a few allow more. If one member is unable to attend an event, the other is able to continue, depending on the event. If the team has one available, a backup team member may be placed with the member as opposed to their former partner.

The list of events and rules for each change and are updated every year to input dynamism and to limit the advantages of more experienced teams. Events of each type often rotate, with each event staying in competition rotation for at least two years. For example, the Division C vehicle event cycle is two years each of Electric Vehicle, Mousetrap Vehicle, Gravity Vehicle, and Scrambler respectively.

States have substantial leeway in how they run their organization; several states, notably North Carolina and Texas, run altered slates of events; in the case of Texas, teams can choose to replace National events with state-exclusive events.

Trial and pilot events
Trial/Pilot events are, at Regional and State tournaments, events that are specific to that state that are being considered as events for the next year. At Regionals and States, these events may count towards the team's score. At Nationals, however, there is a completely different set of Trial/Pilot events, sometimes known as "alternate events" because the people entering them do not have to be on the official team. These do not count towards the team's score, but ribbons and medals are usually awarded.

Distinction between trial and pilot events
The terms "trial event" and "pilot event" (also called "exploratory event") are sometimes interchangeable, both pertaining to an event that is not an official, national event for the year. However, at the National Tournament, there are often two differences. First, in 2010, it was announced that medals would only be awarded to the top 3 in the Trial events, but not at all in the Pilot events. Also, the Trial event are often much closer to becoming official events for following years than pilot events. Almost all of the Trial events from recent National tournaments have become official events within a few years of the tournament, while the same is not true for almost any of the pilot events.

Team structure
Teams are hosted by the school from which the participants attend. A team can consist of up to 15 students and any number of alternates; some states allow more students per team. At the middle school level at nationals, only five ninth graders are allowed to compete on one team; at the high school level, only seven twelfth graders are allowed per team. However, state organizations occasionally amend these rules. Homeschool groups may also form as many teams as they need to compete, provided each team consists only of students residing in, at most, two contiguous counties.

Although teams may have an unlimited number of alternates, it is implicitly stated within the rules that competitors present at the event must have completed all of the work on their event. This is specifically aimed at building events. It is illegal for teams to have their alternates as "builders" and their formal team members as "thinkers". Judges at the event are allowed to ask any question of the machine or contraption in an effort to keep the scenario above from occurring. Nonetheless, competitors, coaches, and entire teams are expected to have integrity and to abide by this rule.

Scoring
The winner of the competition is determined by each team's overall score. Each school is ranked in every event based on that event's rules. For each type of event, the ranking differs. Knowledge events are scored by the correct number of answers; the team with the highest score will receive 1st place, the second highest will receive 2nd place, and so on. If two teams are tied, there are usually tiebreaker questions that apply only to those teams that are tied. The non-testing events are scored based on the individual requirements listed in the Science Olympiad rule book, released each year to reflect new events, requirements, and clarifications. Some events, such as the knowledge/testing-based will rank teams by using the highest scores. However others may use the lowest score. The team's overall score is then calculated by adding together the rank of the school in all events (e.g. 1st place receives 1 point, 2nd place 2 points, etc.). The team with the lowest overall score is declared the winner. However, some state competitions choose to score the competition by awarding more points per place (e.g. 13 points for 1st place, 12 points for 2nd place, etc.) and having the team with the most points being declared the winner.

There are several ways to break a tie (draw):

 * One method for tie-breaking is based on medals where the team with more first place medals wins. If both teams have the same amount of first places, it moves to second place medals and so on. This is the method that the National Tournament uses.
 * Before a competition, the event organizer decides on several events to be used as tie-breakers. If two teams get the same score overall, the team that rates highest in that one event will take the lead.
 * A third way of tie-breaking is to use a team's score in trial/pilot events. The team with the best combined score in trial events would win the competition when this method is used.
 * In some competitions, there also may questions added into event, labeled as tie-breakers. If needed, these questions can be used as tie breakers, although this type of tie-breaker is generally for only the event and not the overall rank.

Competition levels
Science Olympiad competitions occur at the regional, state and national level. Normally, the top few teams advance from the regional level to state competition, the exact number depending on how many regions there are and how many teams compete. For example, in Ohio, the number of teams qualifying for the state tournament from each regional depends solely on the number of teams participating at that regional, whereas in New York the allocation system involved determining whether or not the winning team in a regional tournament had won the previous year (this method has since been discontinued). In most states, the top team advances from the state to the national competition. Some states with a larger number of teams are allotted a second spot at the national competition to represent their larger participation. Currently, 120 teams compete at the national level each year (60 from Division B and 60 from Division C); the number has changed over the years to accommodate growing participation.

Many states also hold invitational tournaments. These competitions serve as "practice rounds" for qualifying tournaments, and are hosted by individual middle schools, high schools and/or colleges. Invitationals occur most commonly in January or February,  although there have been some as early as October  or as late as April. Teams can participate in invitationals from multiple states depending on availability. At some invitationals, only a few events are held. However, many invitational tournaments mimic regional and state competitions in their competitive intensity. For example, MIT hosts an invitational tournament each year with around 70 teams from over a dozen states, including 20 or more past national qualifiers. Other tournaments, especially in the Midwest, are well known for their quality and competitiveness. In this way, teams can gain extra practice before competing in regional, state, or national tournaments. In 2014, Yale University became one of the first institutions of higher education to host a tournament run by Science Olympiad alumni, with several more following over the next few years.

National tournament
The National Science Olympiad competition is held in late May at a different university every year. Teams compete at the state competition with the top one or two schools in Division B and Division C each earning a spot at the national competition. Some states are given a second slot, based on the membership within the division. The total number of invited teams in each division is equal to 60 and the national tournament hosts 120 teams. In 2012, at the University of Central Florida, a team from Japan was invited as a Global Ambassador Team. Although they competed in several events, their scores were not tallied against the state teams.

The competition officially begins with opening ceremonies on Friday night that usually include a notable speaker, such as a Nobel Laureate. A traditional Swap Meet follows the opening ceremonies which is an opportunity for teams to meet and greet. They bring state memorabilia to trade with other teams. The most popular items include hats, license plates, T-shirts, and key chains.

Saturday includes several time blocks. Each block includes a 60-minute section for each study event, plus a 15-minute break time for competitors to get from one event to another.

That night, a formal Awards Ceremony is held. It opens with a short speech followed by awarding medals for the top six teams in each event. Points for all the events are added together to determine an overall national team winner. The trial events are not included in this tally. The top ten teams in each division are recognized with trophies and plaques.

In some national tournaments, scholarships are awarded to the top teams in each event. For the 2005 and 2010 competitions, held at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, first-place event winners received full four-year tuition waivers to the university. At the 2006 National Tournament, host Indiana University awarded $7,000 annual scholarships to those who finished first place in Division C and who attend the university in their freshman year. The George Washington University offered Division C gold medalists at its 2008 National Tournament a $20,000 stipend for those who were accepted and attended GWU. In 2012, the University of Central Florida offered $30,000 scholarships to the university for first place medalists in Division C. Additional awards may also provided by sponsors and industry leaders for specific events. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provided first place medalists in Disease Detectives (Divisions B & C) with a trip for the two competitors and their coach to tour its facility in Atlanta, Georgia.

National locations and champions
This is a list of past national champions and locations.

List of States by Number of National Tournaments Hosted
Seven universities have hosted the National Tournament twice: Michigan State University, Ohio State University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Indiana University-Bloomington, University of Central Florida, Wichita State University, and Wright State University.

Division A
Division A generally covers elementary school students (through 6th grade). Schools which wish to start a Science Olympiad program at their school can take advantage of the resources offered on the National Science Olympiad website. There is no National membership fee required to participate in Elementary Division activities. An appropriate program will depend upon the objectives and resources of the local school or community. Programs can range from a Fun Night to a large competitive tournament. Some Elementary programs have existed as long as the National program, and have developed additional resources that schools may find helpful.

Study Resources
Many Study Resources may be found at, which is the main website for the Science Olympiad Wikipedia, which contains extensive information about the competitions and what to prepare. There are also practice tests available on the website. The rules manual for the 2023–2024 season can also be found there.

title: Science Olympiad


text: Template:Quantum information

title: Template:Quantum information


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User:Poohcsu

Poohcsu's user page.

title: User:Poohcsu


text:
Roquefort-sur-Soulzon

Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (Ròcafòrt, ) is a commune in the Aveyron department, in the region of Occitania, southern France.

Roquefort is located on the Causse du Larzac and is famous for its ewe derived products including milk, wool and meat. Much of the activity in the commune centres on the production and distribution of Roquefort cheese. To be legally termed Roquefort cheese, it must follow the rules laid down by the federal standards of the Appellation d’Origine. According to archaeologists, the cheese making process in the specific caves dates back to 900 C.E.

A visitor centre illustrates the process of making Roquefort cheese and offers guests a chance to sample and purchase the product. Visitors can also visit the Cambalou caves which are 2 km long and 300 m wide in which the cheeses are aged before they are ready to be sold.

title: Roquefort-sur-Soulzon