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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finkbiner

I'm sure this, or a similar article was listed on VfD some days ago but this is new of today. I say delete as it is wildly ambiguous and I don't think particularly verifiable. -- Ams80 20:37, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Second Epistle of Peter

Re-working of authorship section.
For the sake of readability and usability of this page, I've removed a long and very old (2007) discussion, but preserved the conclusion below Matruman (talk) 15:44, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

A consensus can coexist with dissent. I'm sure there are many more than four individual experts who believe 2 Peter to be genuine, but it's the overall state of scholarship which is in question in this encyclopedic setting. Even those folks generally acknowledge how far in the minority they are. Anyway, I really don't see my edits as being "acerbic," and certainly this is not true of the collaborative product, which devotes more material to defending authenticity than discussing the reason for the scholarly consensus to the contrary.--Hurtstotalktoyou 19:12, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In my mind, a concensus means "all agree". Am I mistaken?  If you think we need more information from one point of view, then please add it.   As for "acerbic", I meant nothing offensive in any way, just that the text was a little "on edge", a little excited to push a point, if you see - I think a more detached commentary is better. Lostcaesar 19:16, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

First of all, a consensus does not simply mean "all agree." To quote the entry on wikipedia, even in a consensus, "a high degree of variation is still possible among individuals." However, if you object to the use of that word, I would be fine with something like "great majority." I think that simply calling it "majority" does not do justice to the state of critical scholarship, which overwhelmingly rejects Petrine authorship.

(snip)

Fifth, and finally, I think the point-by-point arguments are treated in too much detail for this article. Consider my version of the summary of arguments in support of pseudepigraphy:

''Reasons for this include the epistle's linguistic differences from 1 Peter, its apparent use of Jude, allusions to second-century gnosticism, encouragement in the wake of a delayed parousia, and weak external support. In addition, specific passages offer further clues in support of pseudepigraphy, namely the author's assumption that his audience is familiar with multiple Pauline epistles (, his implication that the Apostlic generation has passed, and his differentiation between himself and "the apostles of the Lord and Savior" .''

You see how all the main points are mentioned while maintaining the "detatched" tone we both agree this article should reflect. Here the arguments are explained but not pushed; anyone interested in a more persuasive approach can investigate the cited sources and external links.

Date section
I felt that, given the wide range of scholarly dates gvien for this epistle, a summary statement followed by a discussion section considering the (inconclusive arguments) for the actual date seemed the most balanced approach. In line with 'good pratice' i aim to edit a 'step at a time' to allow for easier review - see comments above. Mercury543210 16:01, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

"not in any catholic bible I've ever seen" I was using the New Jerome Biblical commentary A Georgian (talk) 02:28, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

"Pseudonymous" (sic)
..widely regarded as pseudonymous. The category of Pseudegrapha suitably describes works given as if by a famous author. A pseudonym is another story. Perhaps the difference is imperfectly understood. Or perhaps it's intentional obfuscation. --Wetman (talk) 02:58, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

"vast bulk"?
Awkward writing! 98.245.121.56 (talk) 14:57, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

This article belongs to a different entry
This article really should belong to an entry call "Authorship of Second Epistle of Peter" since this is all it is talking about. Even in the "Content" section it still focus on this topic. The only place you can learn what is in the "Second Epistle of Peter" is in the Outline section, and it only contains five incomplete sentences. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qeff254 (talk • contribs) 18:34, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

removed "2 Peter quotes from Jude"
that's a good removal that's only a theory among many in sources and the tenses of the one quote in Jude of 2 Peter appear to show the reverse if anything. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:43, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I disagree with removal; add other sourced opinion for balance, but don't delete RS cites. — Preceding unsigned comment added by A Georgian (talk • contribs) 04:26, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

This article is a POV mess
Guthrie, and all others who continue to uphold Petrine authorship for this letter are WP:FRINGE authors who only uphold this view for theological, not historical, reasons. We should only citing such remote fringe works very carefully, if at all, and should be emphasizing that this work is the most-widely accepted as a forgery of any book in the New Testament. It is almost universally considered to post-date Jude, another very late work, but this article treats it like a II Thessalonians disputed work... Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 10:11, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Minority, yes. "Remote fringe", maybe not. What makes you think Guthrie only uphold the view for theological reasons? And what is wrong with that, anyway? StAnselm (talk) 20:09, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
 * This is the New Testament text with the broadest, best-supported view against its traditional authorship claim. General consensus is that it was likely the last of the texts to be written (the Pastorals could theoretically be later, but there's more evidence putting this one later). "Remote fringe" is an accurate description of the view that it was written by Peter the Apostle. Admittedly, I think I may have been wrong in pointing the finger at Guthrie, since looking more closely the article just cites him in regards to the text's acceptance among later early church fathers, not in relation to the actual authorship. But I'm still concerned about the general tendency in articles on biblical textual issues (such as Jesus and the woman taken in adultery) to include two opposing sections "for" and "against" originality (which in many cases is a view only taken by fundamentalists), as though the two sides had equal support among scholars, and citing non-sequitur arguments by apologists in order to pad out the "for" sections. This article is better now, though. Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 05:59, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

What happened to this article?
Someone has just rewritten (and ruined) the "Authorship and Date" section. It used to be lean and objective. The sentence, "Reasons for this [the opinion that Peter did not write it] include the epistle's linguistic differences from 1 Peter, its apparent use of Jude, allusions to second-century gnosticism, encouragement in the wake of a delayed parousia, and weak external support", was wonderfully concise. Now the section goes on and on with far too much detail, as if it was a transcript of an hour-long lecture.68.196.10.68 (talk) 00:02, 7 August 2022 (UTC)captcrisis

title: Talk:Second Epistle of Peter


text:
BZFlag

BZFlag (an abbreviation for Battle Zone capture the Flag) is a free and open-source, multiplayer online, tank game.

Development

Inspired by Battlezone, BZFlag was first written in C by Chris Schoeneman in 1992, as a part of his studies at Cornell University. BZFlag was initially called "bz" and despite its similarity to the SGI game of the same title by Chris Fouts, the games are completely independent of each other.

In 1993, BZFlag was released to the public for the first time. This release took a new turn compared to older versions after a cheater, who edited the source code of his client to give himself powers that do not come from official releases, inspired Schoeneman and Pasetto to add "super-flags." Super flags affect a tank's performance by adding abilities or weapons to its arsenal. The first four flags were High Speed (boosted tank speed), Quick Turn (tank turned faster), Rapid Fire (shots moved faster), and Oscillation Overthruster (tank could go through objects). There was only one of each flag, and all flags had a marker on them so tanks knew what type it was. Soon after, bad and good flags were added, and the idea remains part of game play today; however, flags do not have markers and the flag type is unknown to the player until it is picked up (unless the player's tank is carrying an identify flag).

In 1997, the release of version 1.7d came with a groundbreaking new feature: an in-game public server list. Previously, players had to either set up their own servers, know of servers, or read a list published and maintained by a third-party. Now the server list is hosted on the official BZFlag website and allows anybody to play games on servers that choose to be public.

Schoeneman eventually re-wrote BZFlag in C++ for SGI's third IndiZone competition, which won in the "Reality Engine" category. Tim Riker was later given the project prior to version 1.7e to maintain and evolve. BZFlag is written in C++ and uses OpenGL for rendering. Its audio and several other sub-systems have been written using OS specific methods, although newer releases use SDL to perform low-level operations on all platforms. Textures for in-game objects are loaded from PNG files; audio, from WAVs. Zlib is used to decompress data files, which is written in C.

Developers
The number of contributors to the project has steadily increased over time. The project invites all sufficiently experienced developers to contribute. Though there are 64 listed developers, a much smaller number of those are active contributors.

Developers are able to edit any of the project's files to make changes at any time. However, when a developer has made an edit of which other developers do not approve, or is inappropriate for the game, they are requested to revert to the previous version of the file; most developers monitor source edits on IRC.

The copyright holder for the game is Tim Riker but maintenance is guided by Scott Wichser and Jeff Makey as project managers. The game's original author, Chris Schoeneman, is no longer involved in development.

Gameplay

In a game of BZFlag, players drive around tanks, viewed from a first-person view, in a server-defined world (also known as a "map"), which can be modified. Tanks have the ability to drive through other tanks, but cannot travel through buildings or other world objects. The basic objective is to destroy opponents' tanks, which are tanks of another team's color. Since all players can see the position of all the tanks on their radar, it is a game of outmaneuvering rather than sneaking.

There are styles of game play that modify the objective. Styles are server-based, as the server operator chooses what style to host. If there is no special style indicated by the server owner, the only objective is the above (to simply kill opponent tanks); it is called a "free for all", or "FFA" for short.

There are three other objectives and corresponding styles (four in total): a style called "capture-the-flag" (or "CTF" for short) in which tanks try to pick up an opponent's flag and bring to their own home base, a style called "rabbit chase" in which the objective is to have every hunter (orange) tank try to destroy a particular white tank, called the "rabbit," and a style called "King of the Hill," in which a team attempts to stay in a certain area for 30–60 seconds without being killed. If they succeed, that team becomes "The King of the Hill."

Servers can change the game mode and have custom maps made to fit the properties of the game. Certain thresholds are used to catch malicious players and kick them off the server, as well as message filters and an entire collection of other anti-cheating features. There are around 250 servers active at any given time (although only about 1-3% have active players most of the time).

Teams
Tanks can join as one of the four team colors, as a rogue, or as an observer. Observers cannot play, but can move anywhere in the world or watch what the tank they are linked to is doing. Observers do not have a tank and are therefore not visible to players, but are shown in the scoreboard. The colored teams are Red, Green, Blue and Purple. Rogue players are teamless players: they are allowed to kill colored team players and other rogues. Rogue tanks are colored dark grey out the window, and yellow on the radar.

In rabbit-hunt games there is a white tank, known as the "rabbit", against the orange-brown "hunters", or every other player. The hunters are considered a team, so rabbits with genocide, shockwave, Guided Missile, or Laser flags are dangerous, and often teamkills occur due to a group assault on the "rabbit."

Teams are necessary in capture-the-flag games, in which they have to protect their team flag from capture. Because rogues are occasionally allowed on servers, a rogue tank does not have any flag to defend, and in turn cannot capture flags. However, rogues usually tend to aid other teams of choice, or merely enjoy adding a distraction to all teams. There is a plugin to prevent this, however it is only used on servers with two large teams and one or two rogue players.

Maps

A BZFlag server can be configured to create a basic, random map for play, or users can load custom map files. BZFlag uses a customized text based map format to define the placement of objects. While writing a map is fairly simple in this format, most map-makers use a 3d modeling program such as Wings 3D or blender. Graphical map editors, BZEdit or iBZEdit have also been used. Note that BZEdit is not distributed with the game, and is no longer under active development (versions of it are available at the BZFlag SourceForge.net site). However, using Blender in combination with a BZFlag map plug-in is currently the most popular mapping method.

As to the simplicity of maps, there are a number of basic objects in a map: boxes, pyramids, teleporters, cones, arcs, cylinders, spheres, team bases and meshes. Teleporters are rectangular, yellow-bordered objects that teleport a tank to another teleporter. A mapmaker may choose to not have a teleporter teleport tanks by leaving out links, or simple definitions of two points for teleporters to link between. Teleporters are also capable of teleporting to themselves, reflecting bullets and tanks that enter. Team Bases are used for CTF style games. Full three dimensional meshes have been available in maps since the 2.0 release.

Flags
BZFlag has three types of flags: team flags, bad flags and super flags. Team flags are only placed in a world during a capture-the-flag game, and represent the team it is colored to. Super flags are flags that can be in both free-for-all games and capture-the-flag games, but are strongly controlled by a server operator. The number, types of super flags, as well as where they are placed can all be controlled by the operator when starting the server. However, the number cannot be modified while the server is running. Super flags come in both bad and good form, and affect a tank accordingly. A bad flag may take away a certain sense of the tank: its sight, speed, or related things, while a good flag does the opposite and actually helps a tank. Good super flags are usually held until the tank is killed and explodes, or until the player driving the tank chooses to drop the flag. Bad flags are dropped after a short amount of time, after a certain number of "wins", or until the tank dies. The rules for dropping bad flags are set by the operator at the start of the server. All super flags have a one or two letter code that is displayed next to a player's name on the scoreboard when that player has that flag. Once in a while, a new flag is introduced, which anyone can contribute to via developer contact or the wiki.

Server environment
Servers have environments that simulate the real world. A server's environment consists of three things: The map in play, the time of day that is being simulated, and weather conditions, introducing elements of which players have no control, like rain, snow, icy and/or slippery ground, modified friction and gravity, and fog. BZFlag takes the local time from the geographical location of the server and creates a night or day-time atmosphere in the background. Servers may synchronize the local server time or allow players to change the time to any time they may desire.

Critical reception
BZFlag was selected in Summer 2015 as "HotPick" by Linux Format. BZFlag was selected as the SourceForge.net Project of the Month for April 2004. Both Free Software Magazine and Linux Magazine noted that BZFlag was fun to play and suitable for younger gamers.

title: BZFlag


text:
Mantak Chia

Mantak Chia (Chinese: 謝明德, Pinyin: Xiè Míngdé, born April 24, 1944, in Bangkok, Thailand) is a Taoist Master. Mantak Chia is the creator of the Healing Tao, Tao Yoga, Universal Healing Tao System, and Tao Garden Health Spa & Resort, located in the northern countryside of Chiang Mai, Thailand. He wrote more than 60 books on Taoist practices and taught the principles of Taoist internal arts. His books have been translated into more than 40 languages. He views himself primarily as a teacher.

Mantak Chia has been named twice as "Qigong Master of the Year" by the International Congress of Chinese Medicine and Qigong in 1990 and 2012 and is also listed as number 18 of the "100 most Spiritually Influential people" in The Watkins Review 2012.

Biography
Mantak Chia was born to a Chinese family in Thailand in 1944. He was raised in a Christian household, with his grandfather a Baptist minister and his mother a missionary. He began studying the Buddhist method of "stilling the mind" at the age of six, and later studied Muay Thai, tai chi, kung fu and Taoist and Buddhist meditation practices from several masters. Of all his masters, the most influential one was Yi Eng (White Cloud), an eremitic member of the Dragon's Gate sect of the Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) school of Taoism, who taught Chia a complete Taoist training system and authorized him to teach and heal.

Later, he studied Western anatomy and medical science for two years to better understand the physiological mechanisms behind healing energy.

He established his first Universal Healing Tao school in Thailand in 1974 after systematizing his knowledge of Taoism. He founded the Universal Healing Tao Center (originally named the Taoist Esoteric Yoga Center) in New York in 1979. The center attracted a broad variety of European and American students, and some of them helped him teach Taoist practices to western students. He returned to Thailand in 1994 and created the Universal Tao Training Center (Tao Garden) in Chiang Mai. He not only teaches at Tao Garden but also tours other countries to teach and promote the Healing Tao practices every year.

Spiritual Core
Rooted in traditional Taoist practices, Chia's teaching system develops integrated physical, mental and spiritual (energy) bodies internal to human beings. The focus is on developing human life energy — qi — for self-healing and life transformation.

Lineage
Chia's lineage is that of the Dragon's Gate sect of the Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) school of Taoism. This sect takes the practical approach in studying Taoist Inner Alchemy (Chinese: 內丹實修派). It emphasizes knowledge and method that are effective to develop the states of inner experience and consciousness that are the birthright of all humans and accessible by all, without unnecessary rituals. After having inherited the complete Taoist internal spiritual cultivation system from his master, Yi Eng, Chia followed the master's instruction to teach it to others.

Nine Formulas
The first two formulas are probably the most famous parts of Mantak Chia's teaching. However, they are not the core of the system. The purpose of the two formulas is to invoke one's awareness of qi, to strengthen it, and to open important qi channels in one's body, such as the governor and functional channels. These practices build a solid foundation for later formulas.

Sexual energy plays very important roles in qi cultivation. Taoist practitioners believe that the sexual energy accounts for a large part of the energy that a human body generates, and a person cannot achieve spiritual fulfillment without conserving and leveraging the power of the sexual energy. The first step of traditional inner alchemy (Chinese: 內丹) is transforming the material carrier of sexual energy (jing) into qi. The second formula lays a solid foundation for this purpose. However, because sex is a "hot" topic in a society, teaching sexual practices might be controversial.

The third formula, Fusion, really starts inner alchemy practices. Inner alchemy traditionally has three stages: transforming jing to qi, transforming qi to shen, returning shen to void. Qi and shen are inner life energies with shen being a more refined level, and both originate from the same original universe force. In Kan Li practices, one should have developed strong qi of all kinds so that intercourses of different qi take place resulting in a qi entity, call qi pearl (Chinese: 內丹), inside one's own body. This process is often described by the analogy of intercourses of a female and a male which leads to a fertilized egg. The intensive qi activities create an internal energy body which becomes the center of further practices, and eventually, the internal body leads to Tao, reaching immortality. Cultivating the internal body and merging into Tao are the central practices of Taoist inner alchemy, which require great dedication and determination.

Reception
James Miller thinks that Chia's teachings of qi and cosmology is similar to the Taoist instructor Hua-ching Ni, but Chia's books lack discussion of philosophy, ethics or everyday practical advice. The system Chia presents is a narrowly focused system of qigong rooted firmly in neidan.

Machacek and Wilcox think that Chia's study of Taoist sexuality has the trend in Taoist writings intended for a Western audience, a combination of theoretical knowledge and personal experience, which leads to a proliferation of subjective and modern "love manuals" and expositions on the Taoist way of love.

Peter B. Clarke thinks that Chia's Healing Tao is one of the few Thai new religious movements to have achieved an international following.

title: Mantak Chia


text:
Haymarket Square

Haymarket Square may refer to:

 * Haymarket Square (Boston), in Boston

 * Haymarket Square (Chicago), in Chicago
 * Haymarket affair, a labor demonstration in Chicago at Haymarket Square in 1886

 * Haymarket Square (band), a Chicago-based psychedelic rock band

title: Haymarket Square


text:
Talk:List of decades, centuries, and millennia

BC to BCE
"BC" should be changed to "BCE" (Before Common Era); consistent with usage recommended by the American Historical Association. 20:51, 25 Aug 2005 (UTC) soverman

 * Ironically you are being American-centric by saying that if an American institution recommends something, we should follow through. Kransky 14:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't we explain here what decades are rather than just list them???? (talk)--BozMo 20:43, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Good idea, put it in Kransky 14:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Decade vs Decades
Decades: "This page refers to a period of ten years." - no it doesn't. Decades refers to periods of ten years. A decade is a unit of time equal to (a period of) ten years. We have now lost that information from wikipedia by replacing an article with a redirect. Ian Cairns 00:05, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC) Count your digits. You start at one and proveed to ten just like with decades.10:45, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Unsourced comment
Some commentators suggest that this phenomenon will not continue into the 21st Century with its decades  really? Wow...I would just love to know speculated this and the basis of their reasoning! Kransky 14:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Decades and counting them
The calendar starts at 1 AD, the year before it is 1 BC, there is no year Zero. Therefore the first decade AD was 1AD to 10AD and likewise the first decade BC was 1BC to 10BC. So. a decade ends in a zero, not a nine. All other decades, centuries and millenia follow the same format, ending in 0, 00 or 000. Unless you want to pick one and cut it to 9 years, 99 years or 999 years. But then it would not be a decade, century or millenia. Just get 1000 of anything and count them out in 10's, 100's or 1,000's. You start counting with a number ending in 1 and end with a number that ends in 0, 00 or 000. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robertjerl (talk • contribs) 07:22, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It was nonsense the last time this was added, and it's still nonsense. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 08:00, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

If it is nonsense then tell me which decade since Christ is the one with only 9 years. Also explain how you count out (oh, say pennies) 1000 of anything in 10's or 100's or 1000's with the count ending in a number with a 9 in the singles column? robertjerl 1-2-2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.90.129.95 (talk) 18:23, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Exactly, all of the decade entries I've seen here are incorrect. All centuries and decades begin in a year ending in one and end in a year ending in zero. There was no Year Zero, meaning that the first day of the first decade of the first century, AD, was January 1, 1.

The last day of the first decade was December 31, 10 and the last day of the first century was December 31, 100, not 12/31/99. Unless you're going to write off the first century as being only 99 years long, you have to begin and end decades and centuries on one and zero.

It's counter-intuitive, I know, but use your fingers and prove it for yourself.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_century

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini

unsigned comment added by Richardkeefe57 (talk • contribs) 00:48, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:RY, or my longer reply at one of your duplicate posts at Talk:2000s (decade). --- Barek (talk • contribs) - 01:35, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

This article should be adjusted according to algorithm as follows: All years xx01-xx10 are "First" years of xx+1 century All years xx11-xx20 are "(please find here appropriate term in English, in Russian it sounds like "Tenths" years of xx+1 century All years xx21-xx30 are "twenties" of xx+1 century All years xx31-xx40 are "thirties" of xx+1 century and so on. Front315 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.26.32.76 (talk) 14:04, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No. I can't argue that ru.Wikipedia shouldn't work that way, but ours shouldn't, per long-standing consensus.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 09:15, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Decades need fixing!!!
almost every decade lacks it's second year... for example in - 1070s (decade) - article the year 1070 is immediately followed by 1072, with 1071 nowhere to be found. This is true with all the other decades as well, I checked thoroughly --Dj777cool (talk) 15:37, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

1071 exists, is this an april fools joke? – Phoenix B 1of3 (talk) 17:40, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This was not a joke - see 1070s for yourself --- list of events occurring in the 1070s, ordered by year, but 1070 is followed by 1072 in the events line.. every decade is like this --Dj777cool (talk) 06:41, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

It has already been fixed by this user on April 11 - User:John of Reading. --Dj777cool (talk) 20:47, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Worst article ever
they are using the ---0s all by themselves by creating it in around 20th century and nowdays since then they don't count up with the decades like the centuries and milleniums in ordinal numbers instead they counted like our age like our Noughties years of age are 0-9 and our nineties years of age are age 90-99. Teh decade are supposed to be like the 197th decade (1961-1970), 100th decade (991-1000), 150th decade (1491-1500), 190th decade (1891-1900), people forget there was no year 0 and decade has to be 10 years not more than 10 not less than 10. Then stop calling the decades the Seventies, Eighties, Tenties again ever otherwise we then later call the century the 2000s as 20--.

SonicTV64 (talk) May 28, 2016 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.128.80.36 (talk) 08:57, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Inconsistency is not forbidden in cultural references. Culturally, "The 70s", with no other qualifier (for this period in history anyway), has to refer to 1970 - 1979. Etc. Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 17:37, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Is there actually such a commonly used cultural reference for the first 9 years of the Gregorian calendar though? I have not encountered it outside of Wikipedia and a Google search indicate that it's not the case. Including something that is not a 10 year period in a list of decades would perhaps be justifiable if it was commonly done outside of Wikipedia, but if that is not the case, I propose that we remove the "0s" from this list. Andreaseksted (talk) 22:32, 12 November 2016 (UTC)
 * WP:YEARS was not notified; inconsistency as part of a unified system, so that each year is a member of a'"decade" is more important than the anomalies you are creating. Reverting.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:48, 17 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You refered to "long-standing consensus" in your edit summary? Could you please tell me in what discussion was this consensus established? I have admittedly not read all discussion on all the relevant articles, but I have looked though a substantial portion of them and have not yet found any consensus on including those nine year periods in lists of decades.

 * I don't really see such a large need for every year being part of a decade. While that would be nice, it is not anywhere close to as important as avoiding such blatant inaccuracies. It would be one thing if calling those nine year periods decades was commonly used outside of Wikipedia, but as far as I can tell that is not the case.Andreaseksted (talk) 19:18, 17 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Since WP:YEARS have now been notified and since despite looking some more, I have been unable to find a discussion that establishes such a long standing consensus, I'm restoring the changes. Andreaseksted (talk) 08:47, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

Is there a "List of Named Decades"?
If so, I can't find it. Here's an idea of how it could be populated, for now anyway, at this time in history. Such a List might indicate:

"The 20s" refers to 1920 - 1929 (203.128.80.36 above notwithstanding)

"The 30s" refers to 1930 - 1939

etc. through "The 90s"

"The 2000s" referring to 2000 - 2009

"The 2010s" referring to 2010 - 2019

(I'm not sure if "The 1910s" was in use back then, or even if it is currently an acceptable convention.)

So such a "List of Named Decades" or a "List of Names of Decades" could catalog such things and it's Talk Page could help find references to resolve such matters. Thoughts? Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host (talk) 17:52, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

Decades running from year 0 to year 9??
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, eh? This must be about the least encyclopedic thing I've ever come across on Wikipedia. A refusal to count from 1-10, well I assume it's a refusal rather than an inability to do so. What complete nonsense! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gwladys24 (talk • contribs) 23:57, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

A decade is a period of ten years, as defined elsewhere in Wikipedia. How can the first decade be only nine years? In common usage, people think the decade ends with the end of the year with a 9 as the final digit. In reality, a decade ends with the end of the year with 0 as the last digit. Thus the decades are 1-10, 11-20, ... 2011-2020,2021-2030, etc. 174.0.53.207 (talk) 15:27, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

Hello. If you look again at the "Decade" article, you will see that it is defined as "any period of ten years", as any dictionary will confirm. But the questions you raise have produced, and continue to produce, much debate on Talk:Decade. If you have some time to spare, you may wish to take a look at past discussions and perhaps contribute there. Blurryman (talk) 23:53, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

Some decades are in two centuries/millenia
The 2000s start in the 20th century and in the 2nd millenium and they end in the 21th century and the 3rd millenium, yet they are listed in only one century/millenium. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Darsie42 (talk • contribs) 13:48, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

 * You might want to look at this suggestion that the article be deleted. ~ Blurryman (talk) 19:05, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Merge with List of centuries and millennia?
It looks like you tagged the page but haven't opened a discussion yet. I support your proposal; this page includes centuries and millennia already anyways (apart from a few far future pages, which can be added), so it makes sense to just have everything here. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 19:50, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
 * 👍 -- Beland (talk) 22:53, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

@ 167.179.20.126 (talk) 18:53, 22 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Nashville State Community College

Nashville State Community College is a public community college in Nashville, Tennessee. It is operated by the Tennessee Board of Regents and shares a 109 acre campus with the Tennessee College of Applied Technology at Nashville. The Nashville State facilities include 239000 sqft of space for classrooms, labs, offices, student services, and a library. Nashville State offers a wide array of programs and degrees including associate degree and technical certificate studies, university parallel transfer programs to four-year institutions, continuing education, adult education, four Early College programs (fully immersive college experience at the Early College High School on the White Bridge campus and an embedded Early College program at Whites Creek, Glencliff, and Cane Ridge high schools), Dual Enrollment courses, and community service programs.

Nashville State serves a seven county service area of Middle Tennessee, which includes Cheatham, Davidson, Dickson, Houston, Humphreys, Montgomery, and Stewart counties. It is an open-entry institution with on-campus, online, virtual and hybrid options.

History
It has its origins in a planned redevelopment of a campus on White Bridge Road which was formerly the site of Thayer Hospital, a hospital operated by what is now the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. When the hospital was relocated adjacent to Vanderbilt University and its Medical Center in the 1960s, part of its former campus became the home of Nashville State Technical Institute.

NSTI or Nashville Tech, as it was generally known, was formed to supply the training needed for positions requiring only the Associate's degree or professional certificates, but also to provide the beginning years of a more advanced technical education. At first, liberal arts offerings were essentially the minimum required for the institution to meet these goals, but the plan was always for NSTI to become a full community college. Nashville State opened in 1970 with an enrollment of 398 students.

As time went by, and liberal arts offerings increased somewhat, the school was used more and more by students who were looking to complete the first two years of a four-year degree at a more affordable cost. Some of these students found that credits earned at NSTI were hard to transfer to other accredited schools outside of the Tennessee Board of Regents system. A revamping of the curriculum was put in place to address this concern, and concurrently the institution was renamed Nashville State Community College, a pattern which had already been established at the other, similar urban technical institutes in the state.

Unlike other community colleges operated by the Tennessee Board of Regents, Nashville State does not conduct any intercollegiate athletics programs. Under the terms of a judicial consent decree, Nashville State must carefully tailor its offerings so as not to be in direct competition for students with Tennessee State University, a historically black university also located in Nashville, which has been ordered by federal court to achieve a higher degree of racial integration.

Campuses
Nashville State offers classes and programs throughout its seven county service area. There are seven campuses offering classes: White Bridge campus (in west Nashville), Clarksville campus (in Montgomery County, East Davidson campus (in Donelson), North Davidson campus (in Madison), Humphreys County campus (in Waverly), Southeast campus (in Antioch), and the Dickson campus (in Dickson County).

White Bridge campus
The White Bridge campus (Davidson County), sometimes referred to as the main campus, is located at 120 White Bridge Rd, Nashville. The White Bridge campus is home to the college's Heatlhcare professions division, which features: Central Sterile Processing Technology, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, and Surgical Technology. Nashville State offers a robust Information Technology programs, ranging from Coding Bootcamps to stackable technical certificate and Associate of Science and Associate of Applied Science degrees. In addition to a litany of other program offerings, there is a state-of-the-art Music Technology studio and lab. Facilities on the White Bridge campus include classrooms, healthcare simulation rooms, offices, student services, library, two auditoriums for musical performances, events and conferences, a music recording studio, art gallery, and student gathering spots. The Mayfield Library is in the Kisber Building. In partnership with Metro Nashville Public Schools, an Early College is located on campus for high school students.

Southeast
The Southeast campus (Davidson County) is located at 5248 Hickory Hollow Parkway in Nashville. The Southeast campus is home to the Randy Rayburn School of Culinary Arts, with its state-of-the-art kitchen and classrooms and a Hospitality program. It is also home of Nashville State's Law Enforcement Academy. Additionally, Students at the Southeast Campus can take courses applicable toward an Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Arts, or Associate of Science degrees. Students can also enroll ESL classes and College Prep classes.

North Davidson
To increase accessibility to higher education for Tennesseans, Nashville State has constructed a campus in the northern quadrant of Davidson County. The address is 1520 Gallatin Pike North, Madison. The college broke ground in late June 2020. The campus will be open to the community in late spring 2022, with classes starting in August 2022 for the fall term. The campus layout allows for future growth.

East Davidson
The East Davidson campus is located at 2845 Elm Hill Pike, Nashville, TN 37214. At present, classes served from this campus are online or virtual.

Humphreys County
The Humphreys County campus is located at 695 Holly Lane in Waverly. Students at the Humphreys County Campus can take courses applicable toward an Associate of Applied Science in Process Control Technology, General Technology—Options: Business or Technical Concentration, Business Management—Options: Business Administration, Entrepreneurship, Financial Services, and Marketing, as well as the General Education core leading to an Associate of Arts, or Associate of Science degree. The Humphreys County campus also has Industrial Process Control Technology simulation rooms.

Dickson
The Dickson campus is located at 206 West Walnut Street, in the heart of downtown Dickson. In late 2023, Nashville State, TCAT Dickson, and TriStar Horizon Medical Center announced the pending construction and opening of a Dickson County Center for Higher Education, which will be home to Nashville State’s Dickson campus when it opens. It will be located on Hwy 46, just south of I-40. Students at the Dickson campus can take courses applicable toward an Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Arts, or Associate of Science degrees.

Clarksville
The Clarksville campus is located at 1760 Wilma Rudolph Blvd. Clarksville, TN 37040. The campus, which will be a community-based Center for Higher Education, is currently undergoing an approximate $35 million renovation and expansion. The campus offers 15 associate degree programs and four technical certificate programs. Nashville State has partnered with Clarksville-Montgomery County School System (CMCSS) and Austin Peay State University on a Teacher Residency Program. This program is available to CMCSS classified employees and graduating seniors, and Montgomery County residents.

title: Nashville State Community College


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Restoring the Lost Constitution

Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty is a 2003 book about the United States Constitution written by Randy Barnett, a professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center. In the book, Barnett outlines his theory of constitutional legitimacy, interpretation, and construction. He argues that the Constitution should be interpreted by its "original meaning", distinct from the Founding Fathers' original intent.

Restoring the Lost Constitution was awarded the 2005 Lysander Spooner Award for Advancing the Literature of Liberty by Laissez Faire Books.

Summary
Restoring the Lost Constitution is broken into four parts, each addressing an aspect of the U.S. Constitution.

 * 1) Constitutional Legitimacy –  describes the most common arguments for constitutional legitimacy, and argues against them in practical terms. Barnett suggests that in practice it is impossible for any constitution to derive its legitimacy from consent, but it must rather derive legitimacy through "necessity" and "propriety".
 * 2) Constitutional Method
 * 3) Constitutional Limits
 * 4) Constitutional Powers

Reception
The Journal of Libertarian Studies reviewed the book, stating that "though well-intentioned, the book is fatally flawed". The Future of Freedom Foundation praised Restoring the Lost Constitution, comparing it to "a great symphony on which the composer labored for years, poring over passages again and again to get them just right." The Atlas Society also reviewed the book, writing "Despite its occasional lack of focus, Restoring the Lost Constitution is a succinct and accurate distillation of libertarian constitutional theory—and it convincingly shows that this phrase is largely redundant." Steven G. Calabresi of the Michigan Law Review Association praised the work, citing that it "replaces Richard Epstein's Takings as the leading tome about constitutional law written from a libertarian perspective". The American Political Science Association reviewed the book, saying that it was "a welcome addition to a never-ending debate".

Ronald Kahn of the Law and Politics Book Review wrote that the book was "terrific in demonstrating the natural rights background to our Constitution and demonstrating that all rights cannot be listed in the Constitution", but that "Barnett's fundamental problem is that he allows for 'constitutional construction' when originalism cannot tell us which meanings to adopt, but he does not seem to allow for social construction of law, or changing social meanings". In Ethics Matthew Simpson criticized Restoring the Lost Constitution, stating that while Barnett "argues persuasively that an unprincipled judiciary poses a great threat to constitutionalism in America ... his own principle for reading the Constitution, the presumption of liberty, is implausible and deeply flawed".

title: Restoring the Lost Constitution


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Triggernometry (album)

Triggernometry is the fifth album from hardcore rap group Onyx, released on July 22, 2003, by D3 Entertainment. The whole album was produced by Kronic Tones. The album features appearances by American rappers T Hussle, Genovese, Begetz, X1, Bad Luck, Dirty Getinz. The album peaked at No. 66 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums music chart.

Background
Triggernometry is an album consisting of 10 new tracks and 11 stories from the life of the group Onyx, told by the group members themselves in the gap between the songs. All the songs were produced by one producer Kronic Tones, who had already produced 7 tracks for Fredro Starr's second solo album Don't Get Mad Get Money. The album was criticized by the fans of the group Onyx, who believe that such production is suitable only for nightclubs, but not for the streets. Originally, the album was due out on October 31 under the title Triggernometry: The Study of Guns, but later the name was shortened to Triggernometry, and the album was released earlier.

Singles
The one and only single, "Mama Cryin'/Wild N Here" featuring X1, Begetz, Dirty Getinz, Bad Luck was released in 2003.

Critical response
In 2003, the editor of the Russian online newspaper NewsLab.ru, Mitya Meshalkin, praised the album, adding that Triggernometry, despite the frightening (a mixture of the words "trigger" and "trigonometry") name, had noticeably less street negligence and noticeably more "musicality".

In 2003, RapReviews.com editor Steve "Flash" Juon gave the album a 4 out of 10, calling it "pathetic attempt to relive past Onyx glories". The author also noted that Sticky exhibits the same problem he did on "Decade," namely that he sounds tired and unenthused, like he's going through the motions. Sticky and Fredro seem equally uninterested in resurrecting the name Onyx and shouldn't have even tried.

Samples
Gun Clap Music
 * "Calypso Rock" by Original Tropicana Steel Band

O.N.Y.X. (Unreleased Original Version)
 * "You're a Big Girl Now" by The Stylistics (1970)

Leftover tracks
Songs that were recorded in 2002-2003 during the "Triggernometry" sessions but cut from the final album:
 * "Gun Clap Music" (Original)
 * "Wild In Here" (Demo Version)
 * "O.N.Y.X."
 * "Over (feat. Begetz)" (Demo Version)

Personnel
Credits for Triggernometry adapted from AllMusic and CD booklet.

 * Onyx - performer, vocals
 * Fredro Starr - performer, vocals, executive producer
 * Sticky Fingaz - performer, vocals, executive producer
 * Sonny Seeza - performer, vocals
 * Omar "Iceman" Sharif — executive producer
 * T Hussle — guest artist
 * Genovese — guest artist
 * Begetz — guest artist
 * X1 — guest artist
 * Bad Luck — guest artist
 * Dirty Getinz — guest artist
 * Kronic Tones — producer
 * Dominche — co-producer
 * Hector Delgado — recording, mixing, co-producer
 * Brian Porizek — artwork, design
 * Aldy Damian — label direction

title: Triggernometry (album)


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Talk:Unified neutral theory of biodiversity

Untitled

 * 1) with probability 1 − m, pick two individuals at random from the local community.  If they belong to the same species, no action is taken.  Otherwise, with equal probability, replace one of the individuals with the offspring of the other.  In other words, the two individuals serve as candidates for death and parentood.
 * 2) with probability m, pick one individual at random from the local community.  Replace it by a new individual chosen with a probability proportional to the abundance of the species in the metacommunity.   This corresponds to the death of the chosen individual in the local community followd by the arrival of an immigrant from the metacommunity.

Stochastic modelling of species abundances under the UNTB

 * 1) What is meant by "It is always possible to rescale so that &m1=1."? Also, the symbol isn't displayed correctly (missing ';') This line stands just above the Example in the section. Eef (A) 11:22, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hi Eef

Thanks for your interest.

The line should read mu=1. One can always rescale the time increment so that this is correct. I'll change the article accordingly.

best wishes

Robinh 12:53, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I am currently preparing a talk on the UNTB and have read the relevant papers [Hubbell 2001 (of course)], [Vallade,Houchmandzadeh 2003 ], [Volkov, Hubbell 2003 ] and [Etienne 2005 ] describing the urn processes in the metacommunity and the local community. I think this distinction is not made clear in this section. In fact, the transition probabilities given are those in a completely isolated community with absorbing states of single species dominance. This is a notice, that I have decided to completely rewrite this section. --Ralf 07 Feb 2007

 * Yup, this isn't made clear. My own research is in the isolated case, so that's what I focussed on when I wrote it.  The isolated case is, as you point out, simpler.   Good luck with the rewrite!  Robinh 16:03, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Contradicting Darwinism
Does it really? I didn't read it to contradict "survival of the fittest", did I miss that bit? Guettarda 23:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi. I didn't edit that bit of the article, so I can't be sure what the author intended, but the UNTB does specifically contradict "survival of the fittest" but none of Darwin's theories. I nearly reverted the edit until I actually read survival of the fittest!

best wishes Robinh 08:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually I posted that question while I thought the author was still editing, and was hoping they would explain what they meant. But I should have read the link.  I wonder if it makes sense to leave since it seems to reduce the clarity of the article...on the other hand, if you read the link it hits home the idea that the UNTB goes against the idea of competition structuring communities.  Of course my take when I read the book (which was about 2 years ago) was that Hubbell backed away from saying that competition did not play a role (since there was an uptick in the 7 most abundant species), but rather, that a neutral model could explain much of the behaviour of the system.  Of course my memory might be putting my own thoughts onto Hubbell's words.  Guettarda 13:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hello Guettarda

I think you put your finger on the nail when you say that "a neutral model could explain much of the behaviour of the system". If true, this doesn't mean that competition has zero effect, just zero measurable effect on species abundance curves. My take on it is that any species with a genuine Darwinian disadvantage would have disappeared a long time ago. Still, I think the edit should stand: I for one found it very apposite (and indeed informative). I would says that the UNTB is so humoungously nonintuitive precisely because a cursory understanding of it appears to be at odds with a cursory understanding of Darwin. Of course there is no real contradiction: the contradiction is between UNTB and survival of the fittest. I think the edit goes a long way towards clarifying this issue (which isn't to say that it couldn't be improved still further!)

best wishes            Robinh 14:00, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Page title
An anon did a cut and paste move to Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography via Unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography, which I've reverted to preserve the history. I've no opinion on the page title myself, but if it should be moved it'll need to be done by an admin (or via WP:RM). sjorford// 21:54, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Niche construction = niche assembly?
I assumed these were equivalent in my most recent edit prior to this post. - Samsara 01:27, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I Can talk Filefire 12:35, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Hubbell article
I've started a Stephen P. Hubbell article. Some of you who are familiar with Professor Hubbell may wish to edit/contribute. I'm a layman; I can hardly spell UNTB. Thanks. — Muffuletta 00:43, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Relevance of R programming language?

 * The R programming language can be used to show that the maximum likelihood estimate for θ is about 1.1478.

I would suggest replacing "the R programming language" with something more general like "numerical methods," unless there's some reason why the language is important. Surely you are just maximizing a function, which can be done by any number of methods... such as "a graphite pencil and a sheet of recycled paper"? Mtford 09:51, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Mtford. When I wrote this I had just completed a suite of R software that computed θ.  I have a paper that discusses the method under review at  Journal of Statistical Software right now, so I'll rephrase the article now, and put a citation in when (if?) it gets accepted.  Best wishes, Robinh 08:07, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

BUY-ME-NOW!
"The Unified Theory makes a large number of falsifiable hypotheses."

"The Unified Theory also makes predictions that have profound implications for the management of biodiversity, especially the management of rare species."

BUY NOW!

And one more funny thing: the list of "notable proponents" includes only the author himself. Come on...

Llnoba 17:58, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Please be specific about what you consider non-neutral about this article. Guettarda 18:14, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Is this an attempt at a bad joke? I find the entire article to be non-neutral. It makes sweeping assertions about the usefulness and importance of the theory and claims about its fit to empirical data without citing references to these assertions. It also does not discuss criticism of the theory. As a separate criticism, much of the article is overly technical. Cazort 19:52, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to suggest that the notable proponents and critics section of the article be deleted. It adds nothing to the article. Theinsomniac4life (talk) 12:26, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I disagree, it is a theory so knowing who supports it and who opposes it is quite significant. As ways of improving the article go, that doesn't seem like one to me. Smartse (talk) 13:18, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Except few of the listed people are significant enough to merit their own pages, so mentioning them seems irrelevant. Further, appeal to authority is not a characteristic of encyclopedia articles. Again, it adds nothing to the article, and actually makes it worse, seem like trivial publicity for a few vocal names in the field.Theinsomniac4life (talk) 02:09, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Broken-Stick Model is neutral?
I'm not sure about it, but I believe the Broken-Stick model is not purely neutral, given it assumes each species occupies some niche breadth, and only the niche breath is random and independent between species. leonardorejorge —Preceding comment was added at 18:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Relation to other theories
I introduced a few improvements in the description of the relationship between the UNTBB and other theories. I hope the previous editors of the article will agree: (1) Since MacArthur’s broken stick is indeed a niche assembly theory, I moved the comment about the broken stick where niche assembly theories are mentioned (I think this solves leonardorejorge’s point). I also added the corresponding reference. (2) I replaced the assertion that MacArthur & Wilson Island Biogeography is a neutral theory by the assertion that Hubbell considers that it is a neutral theory. (3) I clarified that neutral theories are dispersal assembly theories (while, in the previous version, dispersal assembly theories were presented as alternatives to the neutral theory). (4) I replaced “niche construction” by “niche assembly”. “Niche assembly” theories assume that different species hold different niches instead of being ecologically equivalent, as the neutral theory assumes. “Niche construction” (as defined in another article in Wikipedia) refers to how the effects of species in their environment can modify niche structure, which is related but different from niche assembly (this answers Samsara’s question). (5) I mention an alternative to the neutral theory which has been just published in Ecology Letters. (6) I removed “Other examples of non-neutral explanations would be to hold that older organisms are fitter in the Darwinian sense”. As I understand it, changes in fitness through individual development do not contradict neutrality if they hold for all individuals regardless of species.Rupira 19:43, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Rupira. I reckon most of your edits are good.  Could you cite the Ecology Letters paper (I don't have access to a library right now)?.  And I'm not sure about your number 6.  The older organisms being fitter was a reference to non unified neutral theory, as then the per-capita equivalence is lost.  I'll put that back in if I find somewhere suitable for it.   Best wishes, Robinh 22:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Robinh. I added the reference to the Ecology Letters paper (by the way, you can read it without a library, because this one is open access), and also some more details in the other references. About point 6, I would say that there is still per capita equivalence if we consider the whole life cycle, that species abundances will still be determined by ecological drift (plus migration and speciation), and that the results of the unified neutral theory should equally apply. However, if you know of some reference clarifying this point, that would be interesting. Best, Rupira 10:31, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi again Rupira. I see what you mean about point 6: the entire life-cycle could well be the central concept.  You are right that there is an ambiguity about what exactly "per capita equivalence" means.  I always took it to mean that all sites are occupied by organisms that are equivalent to one another at each timestep; but you interpret it as meaning that any two organisms in the system are equivalent (this interpretation allowing older organisms to produce more seeds, for example, which would be forbidden in the first interpretation). These are different!   Hmmm.  I wonder which one Hubbell meant.  Best wishes, Robinh 22:23, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Big Picture
I'm sympathetic to Hubble's neutral model. It's important to juxtapose it to selection. Especially when modelling plant communities, most death is random. Selection is non-random. Determining the ratio of random to non-random death is key to moving forward with the neutral model. Brian — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.80.117.214 (talk) 05:15, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Dynamics under neutral hypothesis
First off, citation [7] in the text points to the correct article. However, the article in the reference list at the end is not concerned with the species turnover distribution. Secondly, while the theory in that article is certainly neutral, it has not much to do with the somewhat boastfully named Unifying Neutral Theory of Biodiversity, which this article is about. In fact, the authors propose the gamma distribution for species abundances which arises from a simple linear model without any species interaction (i.e. limits on the community size) whatsoever. And finally the variable r in the equation for P(r,t) is called gamma in the right hand side. I am inclined to delete the section. And while I am at it, I might remove the ham-fisted examples throughout the text, as well. 133.65.54.177 (talk) 03:42, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments. Be bold!  Robinh (talk) 08:12, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

A tip for an addition to the "Testing the theory" section
Here is a lead for an addition that I don't have time to write-up, but which on of the article's authors may take an interest in. A new paper is out showing how the theory breaks down for marine ecosystems (Connolly et al. 2014: "Commonness and rarity in the marine biosphere"), and is a free download at PNAS. Science Daily also has an article about the paper. Coastwise (talk) 06:47, 2 June 2014 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CLAUS

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled CLAUS.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

 * I can find no evidence on-line that this exists, if it does exist I wouldn't be bothered about keeping the article, if it is little more than some student's project then it should probably go. -- Ams80 20:49, 10 May 2004 (UTC)
 * One would expect that any notable electronics or computer project would show up on the internet. I haven't been able to find it either.  Delete. Isomorphic 04:21, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverified, vanity. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:52, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CLAUS


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Paul Poiret

Paul Poiret (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944, Paris, France) was a French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house.

Early life and career
Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of Les Halles, Paris. His older sister, Jeanne, would later become a jewelry designer. Poiret's parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, apprenticed him to an umbrella maker. There, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him. While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to Louise Chéruit, a prominent dressmaker, who purchased a dozen from him. Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by Jacques Doucet in 1898. His first design, a red cloth cape, sold 400 copies. He became famous after designing a black mantle of tulle over a black taffeta, painted by the famous fan painter Billotey. The actress Réjane used it in a play called Zaza, the stage then becoming a typical strategy of Poiret's marketing practices.

In 1901, Poiret moved to the House of Worth, where he was responsible for designing simple, practical dresses, called "fried potatoes" by Gaston Worth because they were considered side dishes to Worth's main course of "truffles". The "brazen modernity of his designs," however, proved too much for Worth's conservative clientele. When Poiret presented the Russian Princess Bariatinsky with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, "What a horror! When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, and we put them in sacks just like that." This reaction prompted Poiret to fund his own maison.

Career expansion
Poiret established his own house in 1903. In his first years as an independent couturier, he broke with established conventions of dressmaking and subverted other ones. In 1903, he dismissed the petticoat, and later, in 1906, he did the same with the corset. Poiret made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure.

Poiret designed flamboyant window displays and threw sensational parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, although the pioneering fashion shows of the British-based Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon) had already attracted tremendous publicity. In 1909, he was so famous, Margot Asquith, wife of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, invited him to show his designs at 10 Downing Street. The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the annual salary of a scullery maid.

Poiret's house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance. In 1911, he introduced "Parfums de Rosine," named after his daughter, becoming the first French couturier to launch a signature fragrance, although again the London designer Lucile had preceded him with a range of in-house perfumes as early as 1907. In 1911 Poiret unveiled "Parfums de Rosine" with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event "la mille et deuxième nuit" (The Thousand and Second Night), inspired by the fantasy of a sultan's harem. His gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Madame Poiret herself luxuriated in a golden cage. Poiret was the reigning sultan, gifting each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, "Nuit Persane." His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. A second scent debuted in 1912 – "Le Minaret," again emphasizing the harem theme.

In 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer Edward Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art in his work. Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and shot at inventive angles. These were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. According to historian Jesse Alexander, the occasion is "now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot," in which garments were imaged as much for their artistic quality as their formal appearance. A year later, Vogel began his renowned fashion journal La Gazette du Bon Ton, which showcased Poiret's designs, drawn by top illustrators, along with six other leading Paris designers – Louise Chéruit, Georges Doeuillet, Jacques Doucet, Jeanne Paquin, Redfern, and the House of Worth. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, Jeanne Lanvin and the Callot Soeurs.

In 1911, Poiret launched the Les Parfums de Rosine, a home perfume division, named for his first daughter. Henri Alméras was employed as a perfumer by Paul Poiret as of 1923, though certain sources suggest he had worked there since 1914.

Also in 1911, Poiret launched the Les École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills and income.

In 1911 Poiret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the Galerie Barbazanges to exhibit contemporary art. The building was beside Poiret's 18th century mansion at 26 Avenue d'Antin. Poiret reserved the right to hold two exhibitions each year. One of these was L'Art Moderne en France from 16 to 31 July 1916, organized by André Salmon. Salmon called the exhibition the "Salon d'Antin". Artists included Pablo Picasso, who showed Les Demoiselles d'Avignon for the first time, Amedeo Modigliani, Moïse Kisling, Manuel Ortiz de Zárate and Marie Vassilieff. Poiret also arranged concerts of new music at the gallery, often in combination with exhibitions of new art. The 1916 Salon d'Antin included readings of poetry by Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, and performances of work by Erik Satie, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Georges Auric.

Collapse of the Poiret fashion house
Early in World War I, Poiret left his fashion house to serve the military. When he returned in 1919, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy. New designers like Chanel were producing simple, sleek clothes that relied on excellent workmanship. In comparison, Poiret's elaborate designs seemed dowdy and poorly manufactured. (Though Poiret's designs were groundbreaking, his construction was not – he aimed only for his dresses to "read beautifully from afar.") In 1922, he was invited to New York to design costumes and dresses for Broadway stars. He took his top designer (France Martano) and an entourage with him, enjoying the elegant life at sea (see photos). New York City, however, was not home and he soon returned to Paris leaving his top designer there in his stead. Back in Paris, Poiret was increasingly unpopular, in debt, and lacking support from his business partners. He soon left the fashion empire he had established. In 1929, the house was closed, its leftover stock sold by the kilogram as rags. When Poiret died in 1944, his genius had been forgotten. His road to poverty led him to odd jobs, including work as a street painter, selling drawings to customers of Paris cafes. At one time, the 'Chambre syndicale de la Haute Couture' discussed providing a monthly allowance to aid Poiret, an idea rejected by Worth, at that time president of the group. Only his friend and one of his right hand-designers from his pre-WWI era, France Martano (married name: Benureau), helped him in his era of poverty, when most of Parisian society had forgotten him. At the end of his life, he dined regularly in her family's Paris apartment and she ensured he was not wanting for food. (He'd previously erased her from his memoirs as, after designating her as his long-term replacement to design for Broadway in 1922, he was infuriated that she became an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial.

Perfumery

 * Parfums de Rosine (1911)
 * Nuit Persane (1911)
 * Le Minaret (1912)
 * Aladin
 * Arlequinade
 * Borgia
 * Fruit Défendu
 * Nuit de Chine

Aesthetic and legacy
Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his technique of draping fabric, an alternative to the more popular tailoring and use of patterns. Poiret was influenced by both antique and regional dress, and favoured clothing cut along straight lines and decorated with rectangular motifs. The structural simplicity of his clothing represented a "pivotal moment in the emergence of modernism" generally, and "effectively established the paradigm of modern fashion, irrevocably changing the direction of costume history.

Poiret is associated with the decline of corsetry in women's fashion and the invention of the hobble skirt, and once boasted "yes, I freed the bust, but I shackled the legs." Poiret was not the only one responsible for the change in women's supportive garments, however, and the diminished role of corsetry was a result of various factors. Poiret is often described as an Orientalist, and his creations often drew inspiration from various Eastern styles which were at odds with other fashionable Edwardian modes. In 1911, he held an extravagant fancy-dress ball, 'The 1002nd Night', inspired by the tales of the One Thousand and One Nights, to which he dressed as a Sultan bearing a whip and encouraged guests to dress in Orientalist styles, including harem pants and "lampshade" tunics similar to the one worn by his wife.

Poiret's fashion designs feature prominently in the collections of fashion museums worldwide, and have been displayed in many exhibitions over the years. One such exhibition was "Paul Poiret and Nicole Groult, The Masters of Art Deco Fashion" (Paul Poiret et Nicole Groult, Maîtres de mode Art Déco) at Palais Galliera in Paris in 1986.

In May 2005, the fashion designer Azzedine Alaïa exhibited Denise Poiret's wardrobe in a show called "Free Creativity" (La Création en Liberté) in his showroom before it was auctioned. Denise Poiret's personal sartorial collection broke sales records: in particular, an auto coat that Paul Poiret had designed for her in 1914 went under the hammer for 110,000 Euros.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York purchased many pieces at this auction sale, which was the core of the first American retrospective on the dressmaker from May to August 2007, entitled Paul Poiret: King of Fashion.

In 2011, this show traveled to the Kremlin in Russia to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Paul Poiret's visit to Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Additionally, Poiret's perfumes, the Parfums de Rosine, are preserved in several cultural institutions, including the Osmothèque in Versailles.

In 2013, the Musée International de la Parfumerie in Grasse showcased the pioneering perfume branch of Poiret in an exhibition entitled Paul Poiret: Couturier Perfumer.

Personal life
In 1905, Poiret married Denise Boulet, a provincial girl; they would later have five children together. Denise, a slender and youthful woman, was Poiret's muse and the prototype of la garçonne. In 1913, Poiret told Vogue, "My wife is the inspiration for all my creations; she is the expression of all my ideals." The two later were divorced, in 1928 after twenty-three years of marriage, in a proceeding that was far from amicable due to Poiret's many affairs.

Brand revival
Commercially inactive since 1933, the Poiret global trademark rights were acquired by the Luxembourg-based company Luvanis in the early 2010s The right to use the brand name was then sold to the South-Korean fashion and luxury conglomerate Shinsegae Internationalin 2015.

In 2018 Shinsegae officially confirmed the relaunch of Poiret from Paris with Belgian businesswoman Anne Chapelle at its helm, and Paris-based Chinese couturiere Yiqing Yin as its artistic director. However after only two seasons Shinsegae announced the departure of Yiqing Yin and pivoted the brand into primarily cosmetics and skincare.

title: Paul Poiret