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Economic system

An economic system, or economic order, is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption that comprise the economic structure of a given community.

An economic system is a type of social system. The mode of production is a related concept. All economic systems must confront and solve the four fundamental economic problems:
 * What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced: This fundamental economic problem is anchored on the theory of pricing. The theory of pricing, in this context, has to do with the economic decision-making between the production of capital goods and consumer goods in the economy in the face of scarce resources. In this regard, the critical evaluation of the needs of the society based on population distribution in terms of age, sex, occupation, and geography is very pertinent.
 * How goods shall be produced: The fundamental problem of how goods shall be produced is largely hinged on the least-cost method of production to be adopted as gainfully peculiar to the economically decided goods and services to be produced. On a broad note, the possible production method includes labor-intensive and capital-intensive methods.
 * How the output will be distributed: Production is said to be completed when the goods get to the final consumers. This fundamental problem of how the output will be distributed seeks to identify the best possible medium through which bottlenecks and the clogs in the wheel of the chain of economic resources distributions can reduce to the barest minimum and optimize consumers' satisfaction.
 * When to produce: Consumer satisfaction is partly a function of seasonal analysis as the forces of demand and supply have a lot to do with time. This fundamental economic problem requires an intensive study of time dynamics and seasonal variation vis-a-vis the satisfaction of consumers' needs. It is noteworthy to state that solutions to these fundamental problems can be determined by the type of economic system.

The study of economic systems includes how these various agencies and institutions are linked to one another, how information flows between them, and the social relations within the system (including property rights and the structure of management). The analysis of economic systems traditionally focused on the dichotomies and comparisons between market economies and planned economies and on the distinctions between capitalism and socialism. Subsequently, the categorization of economic systems expanded to include other topics and models that do not conform to the traditional dichotomy.

Today the dominant form of economic organization at the world level is based on market-oriented mixed economies. An economic system can be considered a part of the social system and hierarchically equal to the law system, political system, cultural and so on. There is often a strong correlation between certain ideologies, political systems and certain economic systems (for example, consider the meanings of the term "communism"). Many economic systems overlap each other in various areas (for example, the term "mixed economy" can be argued to include elements from various systems). There are also various mutually exclusive hierarchical categorizations.

List of economic systems

 * Anarchy
 * Capitalism
 * Colonialism
 * Communism
 * Corporatism
 * Dirigisme
 * Distributism
 * Feudalism
 * Hydraulic despotism
 * Inclusive democracy
 * Market economy
 * Mercantilism
 * Mutualism
 * National syndicalism
 * Network economy
 * Non-property system
 * Palace economy
 * Participatory economy
 * Potlatch
 * Progressive utilization theory (PROUTist economy)
 * Proprietism
 * Resource-based economy
 * Social Credit
 * Socialism
 * Statism
 * Workers' self-management

Academic field of study
Economic systems is the category in the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes that includes the study of such systems. One field that cuts across them is comparative economic systems, which includes the study of the following aspects of different systems:
 * Planning, coordination and reform.
 * Productive enterprises; factor and product markets; prices; population.
 * National income, product and expenditure; money; inflation.
 * International trade, finance, investment and aid.
 * Consumer economics; welfare and poverty.
 * Performance and prospects.
 * Natural resources; energy; environment; regional studies.
 * Political economy; legal institutions; property rights.

Capitalism
Capitalism generally features the private ownership of the means of production (capital) and a market economy for coordination. Corporate capitalism refers to a capitalist marketplace characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations.

Mercantilism was the dominant model in Western Europe from the 16th to 18th century. This encouraged imperialism and colonialism until economic and political changes resulted in global decolonization. Modern capitalism has favored free trade to take advantage of increased efficiency due to national comparative advantage and economies of scale in a larger, more universal market. Some critics have applied the term neo-colonialism to the power imbalance between multi-national corporations operating in a free market vs. seemingly impoverished people in developing countries.

Mixed economy
There is no precise definition of a "mixed economy". Theoretically, it may refer to an economic system that combines one of three characteristics: public and private ownership of industry, market-based allocation with economic planning, or free markets with state interventionism.

In practice, "mixed economy" generally refers to market economies with substantial state interventionism and/or sizable public sector alongside a dominant private sector. Actually, mixed economies gravitate more heavily to one end of the spectrum. Notable economic models and theories that have been described as a "mixed economy" include the following:
 * Georgism – socialized rents on land
 * Mixed economy (It can be categorized under many titles)
 * American School
 * Dirigisme (Government-directed capitalist economy)
 * Indicative planning, also known as a planned market economy
 * Japanese system
 * Nordic model (Social democrat economics of Nordic countries)
 * Progressive utilization theory
 * Corporatism (economies based on tripartite negotiation between labor, capital, and the state)
 * Social market economy, also known as Soziale Marktwirtschaft (Mixed capitalist)
 * New Economic Policy (Mixed socialist)
 * State capitalism (Government-dominated capitalist economy)
 * Socialist Market Economy (Mixed socialist)

Socialist economy
Socialist economic systems (all of which feature social ownership of the means of production) can be subdivided by their coordinating mechanism (planning and markets) into planned socialist and market socialist systems. Additionally, socialism can be divided based on their property structures between those that are based on public ownership, worker or consumer cooperatives and common ownership (i.e. non-ownership). Communism is a hypothetical stage of socialist development articulated by Karl Marx as "second stage socialism" in Critique of the Gotha Program, whereby the economic output is distributed based on need and not simply on the basis of labor contribution.

The original conception of socialism involved the substitution of money as a unit of calculation and monetary prices as a whole with calculation in kind (or a valuation based on natural units), with business and financial decisions replaced by engineering and technical criteria for managing the economy. Fundamentally, this meant that socialism would operate under different economic dynamics than those of capitalism and the price system. Later models of socialism developed by neoclassical economists (most notably Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner) were based on the use of notional prices derived from a trial-and-error approach to achieve market clearing prices on the part of a planning agency. These models of socialism were called "market socialism" because they included a role for markets, money, and prices.

The primary emphasis of socialist planned economies is to coordinate production to produce economic output to directly satisfy economic demand as opposed to the indirect mechanism of the profit system where satisfying needs is subordinate to the pursuit of profit; and to advance the productive forces of the economy in a more efficient manner while being immune to the perceived systemic inefficiencies (cyclical processes) and crisis of overproduction so that production would be subject to the needs of society as opposed to being ordered around capital accumulation.

In a pure socialist planned economy that involves different processes of resource allocation, production and means of quantifying value, the use of money would be replaced with a different measure of value and accounting tool that would embody more accurate information about an object or resource. In practice, the economic system of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc operated as a command economy, featuring a combination of state-owned enterprises and central planning using the material balances method. The extent to which these economic systems achieved socialism or represented a viable alternative to capitalism is subject to debate.

In orthodox Marxism, the mode of production is tantamount to the subject of this article, determining with a superstructure of relations the entirety of a given culture or stage of human development.

In the May 1949 issue of the Monthly Review titled "Why Socialism?", Albert Einstein wrote: "I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate (the) grave evils (of capitalism), namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society."

Components
There are multiple components of an economic system. Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the factors of production), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out by industrial councils, by a government agency, or by private owners.

An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, exchange and distribution of goods and services in a society or a given geographic area. In one view, every economic system represents an attempt to solve three fundamental and interdependent problems:
 * What goods and services shall be produced and in what quantities?
 * How shall goods and services be produced? That is, by whom and with what resources and technologies?
 * For whom shall goods and services be produced? That is, who is to enjoy the benefits of the goods and services and how is the total product to be distributed among individuals and groups in the society?

Every economy is thus a system that allocates resources for exchange, production, distribution and consumption. The system is stabilized through a combination of threat and trust, which are the outcome of institutional arrangements.

An economic system possesses the following institutions:
 * Methods of control over the factors or means of production: this may include ownership of, or property rights to, the means of production and therefore may give rise to claims to the proceeds from production. The means of production may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use them, or be held in common.
 * A decision-making system: this determines who is eligible to make decisions over economic activities. Economic agents with decision-making powers can enter into binding contracts with one another.
 * A coordination mechanism: this determines how information is obtained and used in decision-making. The two dominant forms of coordination are planning and markets; planning can be either decentralized or centralized, and the two coordination mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and often co-exist.
 * An incentive system: this induces and motivates economic agents to engage in productive activities. It can be based on either material reward (compensation or self-interest) or moral suasion (for instance, social prestige or through a democratic decision-making process that binds those involved). The incentive system may encourage specialization and the division of labor.
 * Organizational form: there are two basic forms of organization: actors and regulators. Economic actors include households, work gangs and production teams, firms, joint-ventures and cartels. Economically regulative organizations are represented by the state and market authorities; the latter may be private or public entities.
 * A distribution system: this allocates the proceeds from productive activity, which is distributed as income among the economic organizations, individuals and groups within society, such as property owners, workers and non-workers, or the state (from taxes).
 * A public choice mechanism for law-making, establishing rules, norms and standards and levying taxes. Usually, this is the responsibility of the state, but other means of collective decision-making are possible, such as chambers of commerce or workers' councils.

Typology
There are several basic questions that must be answered in order for an economy to run satisfactorily. The scarcity problem, for example, requires answers to basic questions, such as what to produce, how to produce it and who gets what is produced. An economic system is a way of answering these basic questions and different economic systems answer them differently. Many different objectives may be seen as desirable for an economy, like efficiency, growth, liberty and equality.

Economic systems are commonly segmented by their property rights regime for the means of production and by their dominant resource allocation mechanism. Economies that combine private ownership with market allocation are called "market capitalism" and economies that combine private ownership with economic planning are labelled "command capitalism" or dirigisme. Likewise, systems that mix public or cooperative ownership of the means of production with economic planning are called "socialist planned economies" and systems that combine public or cooperative ownership with markets are called "market socialism". Some perspectives build upon this basic nomenclature to take other variables into account, such as class processes within an economy. This leads some economists to categorize, for example, the Soviet Union's economy as state capitalism based on the analysis that the working class was exploited by the party leadership. Instead of looking at nominal ownership, this perspective takes into account the organizational form within economic enterprises.

In a capitalist economic system, production is carried out for private profit and decisions regarding investment and allocation of factor inputs are determined by business owners in factor markets. The means of production are primarily owned by private enterprises and decisions regarding production and investment are determined by private owners in capital markets. Capitalist systems range from laissez-faire, with minimal government regulation and state enterprise, to regulated and social market systems, with the aims of ameliorating market failures (see economic intervention) or supplementing the private marketplace with social policies to promote equal opportunities (see welfare state), respectively.

In socialist economic systems (socialism), production for use is carried out; decisions regarding the use of the means of production are adjusted to satisfy economic demand; and investment is determined through economic planning procedures. There is a wide range of proposed planning procedures and ownership structures for socialist systems, with the common feature among them being the social ownership of the means of production. This might take the form of public ownership by all of the society, or ownership cooperatively by their employees. A socialist economic system that features social ownership, but that it is based on the process of capital accumulation and utilization of capital markets for the allocation of capital goods between socially owned enterprises falls under the subcategory of market socialism.

By resource allocation mechanism
The basic and general "modern" economic systems segmented by the criterium of resource allocation mechanism are:
 * Market economy ("hands off" systems, such as laissez-faire capitalism)
 * Mixed economy (a hybrid that blends some aspects of both market and planned economies)
 * Planned economy ("hands on" systems, such as state socialism, also known as "command economy" when referring to the Soviet model)

Other types:
 * Traditional economy (a generic term for older economic systems, opposed to modern economic systems)
 * Non-monetary economy (without the use of money, opposed to monetary economy )
 * Subsistence economy (without surplus, exchange or market trade )
 * Gift economy (where an exchange is made without any explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards and profits )
 * Barter economy (where goods and services are directly exchanged for other goods or services)
 * Participatory economics (a decentralized economic planning system where the production and distribution of goods is guided by public participation )
 * Post-scarcity economy (a hypothetical form where resources are not scarce)

By ownership of the means of production

 * Capitalism (private ownership of the means of production )
 * Mixed economy
 * Socialist economy (social ownership of the means of production)

By political ideologies
Various strains of anarchism and libertarianism advocate different economic systems, all of which have very small or no government involvement. These include:
 * Left-wing
 * Anarcho-communism
 * Anarcho-syndicalism
 * Anarcho-socialism
 * Right-wing
 * Anarcho-capitalism
 * Libertarianism
 * Libertarian socialism
 * Syndicalism

By other criteria
Corporatism refers to economic tripartite involving negotiations between business, labor and state interest groups to establish economic policy, or more generally to assigning people to political groups based on their occupational affiliation.

Certain subsets of an economy, or the particular goods, services, techniques of production, or moral rules can also be described as an "economy". For example, some terms emphasize specific sectors or externalizes:
 * Circular economy
 * Collectivist economy
 * Digital economy
 * Green economy
 * Information economy
 * Internet economy
 * Knowledge economy
 * Natural economy
 * Virtual economy
 * Human Resource Economic System

Others emphasize a particular religion:
 * Arthashastra – Hindu Economics
 * Buddhist economics
 * Distributism – Catholic ideal of a "third way" economy, featuring more distributed ownership in a mixed economy
 * Islamic economics

The type of labour power:
 * Slave – and serf -based economy
 * Wage labour -based economy

Or the means of production:
 * Agrarian economy
 * Industrial economy
 * Information economy

Evolutionary economics
Karl Marx's theory of economic development was based on the premise of evolving economic systems. Specifically, in his view over the course of history superior economic systems would replace inferior ones. Inferior systems were beset by internal contradictions and inefficiencies that would make it impossible for them to survive long-term. In Marx's scheme, feudalism was replaced by capitalism, which would eventually be superseded by socialism. Joseph Schumpeter had an evolutionary conception of economic development, but unlike Marx he de-emphasized the role of class struggle in contributing to qualitative change in the economic mode of production. In subsequent world history, many communist states run according to Marxist–Leninist ideologies arose during the 20th century, but by the 1990s they had either ceased to exist or gradually reformed their centrally planned economies toward market-based economies, for example with perestroika and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Chinese economic reform and Đổi Mới in Vietnam.

Mainstream evolutionary economics continues to study economic change in modern times. There has also been renewed interest in understanding economic systems as evolutionary systems in the emerging field of complexity economics.

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Category talk:Harry Potter characters

Untitled
I suggest you organize them by their affiliation. It shouldn't be too hard with their affiliation listed in their info boxes.

There's a Category for fictional magicians now, which should be helpful for delineating characters from this series. -Sean Curtin 07:49, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Multiple categories
Bear in mind that there's no need to remove anyone from this category just because you add them to another. At the moment I understand that a given Category "article" only shows a list of articles which are directly in that Category, not those in Sub-Categories. --Phil | Talk 10:20, Jun 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not true. If the character is tagged to both a category and its sub category it will appear in both, so there is a need to remove it. If a character is added to a sub category it of this category, it should be removed from this category.--Dacium 22:27, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Comprehensive list of all Harry Potter characters
Can I suggest that this category be used as a comprehensive list of all Harry Potter characters? This would be very useful, rather than searching around to the different categories. As a previous poster points out, a page may be a member of multiple categories, so there is no problem in Ron Weasley's page being listed in the "Gryffindor's in Harry's Year," "Gryffindors," "Dumbeldore's Army," and this category at the same time. --billlund 23:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * Doesn't that defeat the point of the subcategories? 67.171.180.209 01:43, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it does. Further more many characters are only listed in the sub categories and not in the main page. So the whole thing is a complete wish-wash. All characters are listed on the list of harry potter characters pages incase someone needs help finding them. The very point of the categories is so there isn't some collosal list here.--Dacium 22:23, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge many character pages
As per WP:FICT minor characters are not meant to have there own page. What are your thoughts on nominating for deletion: Romilda Vane Andromeda Tonks The Weird Sisters (Harry Potter) Tobias Snape and Eileen Prince Merope Sir Patrick Delaney-Podmore Frank Bryce

These (at the very least) should all be moved to: Minor Harry Potter characters —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 155.144.251.120 (talk) 03:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC).

 * The merges will have to be suggested with dicussion else people will revert them, even for minor characters like Romilda Vane.--Dacium 23:02, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Need more pages
There ought to be more pages on individual characters; currently there are only eight. It is not fair that there should be only eight when Animal Farm, which is tiny compared to the Harry Potter series, and not nearly as influential nowadays, has nine; and Buffy the Vampire Slayer has 42.--140.160.8.189 (talk) 13:40, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

I think the next HP characters for whom there should be separate pages are Sirius Black (there was a separate page on him formerly, but it was removed), Neville Longbottom, Ginny Weasley, and Luna Lovegood. Estonian Wikipedia has about 70 articles on specific, individual HP characters.--140.160.8.189 (talk) 13:43, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * These two comments were written by me, before I had a Wikipedia account. I plead once again for more such articles. It is inexcusable that of the following languages — English, Dutch, Swedish, Icelandic, Finnish, Estonian — English Wikipedia has the fewest articles on specific individual HP characters (as opposed to lists like Dumbledore's Army, Order of the Phoenix (Organization)), even though HP was written by an English speaker and, more importantly English has 10 times as many native speakers as said other five languages combined, and Icelandic has less than a thousandth as many native speakers as English.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 16:34, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The article Sirius Black at Estonian Wikipedia et:Sirius Black points to our section Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation). That is good and it may not be general to other languages. (The page history at ET.wiki shows dozens of revisions by robots that simply add interlanguage links or maintain them as their targets are merged or moved/renamed (example following one of our moves; see also the next two).
 * Our section is longer than that ET.wiki article but only because we close with information about the portrayal of Black on-screen and about the name Sirius. Otherwise the pages are similar enough that I suppose some common origin.

 * On the other hand, there is no way to navigate from our section Sirius Black to any other-language article or section, nor any way to provide that navigation from a section.
 * Worse, none of our Harry Potter-related redirects such as were classified by WikiProject Harry Potter (defunct, now a Novels task force WP:HP). Rather, that page is merely one of 6000  and one of 21,000  (listed under S). Probably those classifications have administrative value only, and not much. For another example, our page  is in the first of those two general redirect categories only (under A), and the alternative name  is entirely unclassified, although they both target another entry in the same list our  targets. That is not good.
 * One bad consequence is that our Wikipedia Book:Harry Potter evidently comprises only page names, thus no index where "Moody" appears. (I don't know what search hardware, software, and skills how many users probably have, if they do download one of the PDF editions. I take for granted that a printed copy includes no index, nothing but the selected articles in sequence, as listed at Book:Harry Potter "The Complete Guide".)
 * (no time even to check that my bluelinks work. sorry) --P64 (talk) 21:56, 23 June 2015 (UTC)
 * (one link fixed above, two added, + wording tweaks) -P64 next day ...
 * P.S. Simple English Wikipedia does have an article for Sirius Black and several other characters we redirect, although SIMPLE.wiki has many fewer Harry Potter articles. See the navigation boxes HP navbox and simple HP navbox.
 * --P64 (talk) 17:57, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Interlanguage links
Our Harry Potter character *sections* do lack both outgoing and incoming WP:interlanguage links that *articles* would have automatically. Such links are now generally managed by Wikidata and most new ones are added there. Because we converted Harry Potter character articles to redirects prior to the export of interlanguage links from articles to Wikidata (as example 2013-03-02 from Sirius Black at ET.wiki), our redirect  does not carry interlanguage links in its left margin --as do fictional characters more recently converted to redirects (eg, English, linked to the Italian article)-- nor carry a link to Sirius Black at Wikidata --as many do at DE.wiki (eg Sirius Black, German).

German Wikipedia editors replaced all Sirius Black page content with a redirect 10 years ago! but have actively maintained the page since then --as example 2013-12-24, not only to link Black at Wikidata but also to keep Sirius Black in their fictional people category. Such active redirects maintenance can be done here too.

All that work would not provide other-language readers with links from their Sirius Black pages to our Sirius Black section --same as the DE.wiki insertion of the link to Black at Wikidata does not provide them with a link to our section, only to the numerous Sirius Black articles in non-German languages. Italian-language readers of it:Princess Eilonwy have that (disappointing as it may be!) only because we made her a redirect after the Wikidata robots passed through. At this stage of the Wikidata project if i understand correctly, we can provide readers of other-language Sirius Black articles with links to our Sirius Black section (rewarding it must be!) only by revising those articles directly.

--P64 (talk) 17:41, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Upgrade
I started “Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Ginny Weasley”. How do I upgrade it into an actual article, titled “Ginny Weasley”, about the HP character? There is already an article, namely “Dumbledore's Army”, that “Ginny Weasley” redirects to. However, I would like to get rid of that redirect and have a separate article on Ginny Weasley. How do I do that? I defend my insistence on more pages on specific individual HP characters on the grounds that while sometimes, certain things are best discussed on Wikipedia as part of a larger list or article, the subject of HP characters is too important for there to be just eight such characters that have their own page. Like, while there is a single article “Rhinoceros”, it doesn't mean that all 5 extant species of rhinoceros are discussed exclusively as part of a larger article “Rhinoceros”; there is a separate article on each species of rhino. Likewise, Ginny Weasley, like other notable fictional characters, should have her own Wikipedia article; the same with Neville Longbottom, Luna lovegood, and Sirius Black.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 09:10, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

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Frankie Poullain

Francis Gilles Poullain-Patterson (born 15 April 1967), better known as Frankie Poullain, is the bass player for rock band The Darkness. He was raised in Milnathort then Edinburgh, Scotland.

Early Life
His father was classical violinist Austin Patterson who played with The Edinburgh Quartet and BBC Concert Orchestra in the late 60’s and early 70’s. He uses his French mother’s Poullain surname as she brought him up from the age of 7 onwards when his father left him to live in the Caribbean

He attended the Royal High School, leaving in 1985.

He is a step-brother of comedian Phil Kay.

He undertook a succession of menial jobs and played in local west country bands before moving to London to become a serious musician.

After garnering attention but ultimately no record deal with his band Empire, he travelled to Venezuela, eventually becoming a tour guide and coming close to death when attacked by a nest of brown bees in the Orinoco Delta jungle. Shortly after this incident Justin Hawkins asked him to return to London and play bass in the newly named The Darkness, in which he himself would sing after being the keyboardist in the previous incarnation as ‘Empire.’

Biography
Poullain began a BA Honours in English Literature at Bath University in 1986 but left in his second year, becoming disillusioned with the teaching and intent on becoming a writer or musician in his own right.

Poullain's tongue in cheek self help book Dancing in the Darkness was released in November 2008.

Music Career
In 1996 Poullain founded the band Empire which the Hawkins brothers Justin Hawkins and Dan Hawkins joined in 1997, and which later became The Darkness.

With The Darkness he has won 3 Brits as well as MTV, Kerrang and Classic Rock awards. The band were nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2003. He won an Ivor Novello award, along with his fellow band members in 2004, for ‘Songwriters Of The Year’.

Poullain left the band on 23 May 2005 citing "musical differences". He was replaced by Richie Edwards, a former guitar technician for the band.

In 2011 The Darkness announced that they were to reunite with all four original members. Poullain described this as being "just like old times".

Poullain is a co-writer on some of the band’s most popular songs such as ‘Love Is Only A Feeling’, ‘Heart Explodes’, ‘One Way Ticket’ and ‘Rock ‘n’ Roll Deserves To Die’. He composed the music for the first ever Darkness song, ‘I Love You 5 Times’ in 1996, which was later recorded at Abbey Road studios and released as the B side to the band’s Christmas single ‘Christmas Time (Don’t Let The Bells End)’ in 2003

In 2016 Poullain sang lead vocals on ‘Conquerors’, the last song on the album ‘Last of our Kind. The song was featured in the 2023 Simon Emmett documentary about the band ‘Welcome To The Darkness.’

Equipment
Poullain’s bass of choice is the Gibson Thunderbird which is used almost exclusively on the band’s various albums. He plays through a Hiwatt 200 bass head and an 8x10 speaker. He also uses an Aguilar Tone Hammer to define his sound.

He plays cowbell on various songs but most famously on the band’s single ‘One Way Ticket’ which features an extended live intro showcasing his skills.

title: Frankie Poullain


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Licensing
Image taken by User:Leland on 21 May 04.

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Charley Fox

Charles William Fox, DFC and Bar, CD (26 February 1920 – 18 October 2008) was a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Air Force in World War II. He attended Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute.

Biography
Fox, the son of an Irish immigrant, joined the RCAF in 1939 at the beginning of the war (his brother Ted joined the Royal Canadian Artillery). He graduated near the top of his class in 1941 and was offered a job as a flight instructor in Dunnville, Ontario. He remained in this position until 1943 when he began combat training in Bagotville, Quebec. He flew Spitfires over Europe, destroying or damaging 153 enemy vehicles (mostly trains), and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (with bar).

In 1944, he began his tour of duty with the Canadian 412 Squadron. On D-Day he flew three patrols off the coast of France. On July 17, 1944, he flew from the Allied air base at Beny-sur-Mer in Normandy and strafed an unknown black car; he later learned that one of the passengers was German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, who was seriously injured in the attack. This is disputed as a South African and RAF (Chris Le Roux of 602 Squadron) pilot, and a French and RAF (Jacques Remlinger of 602 Squadron) pilot also claimed to have been responsible for the attack. Australian Fred Cowpe of 453 Squadron also claimed responsibility for the strafing attack, asserting that his guns' camera verified the assertion. He recorded this action in his aircraft log book. As Rommel was soon afterwards implicated in the assassination plot against Adolf Hitler, he was allowed to commit suicide and his death was announced as a result of injuries from the air attack. In 2004 Fox was officially credited with injuring Rommel, although he expressed regret about the attack, as Rommel was supposedly planning to secretly negotiate an earlier end to the war with the Allies.

Fox ended his tour of duty in January 1945, and served in the 420 Reserve after the war. He retired in 1956 and began to work at a shoe factory, from which he retired in 1998. On April 30, 2004, he was named honorary colonel of 412 Squadron in Ottawa, ultimately belonging to 8 Wing/CFB Trenton. For his long service in the RCAF, he was awarded the Canadian Forces' Decoration.

He died in a car accident near Tillsonburg, Ontario, on October 18, 2008.

Legacy
Fourteen of Fox's planes were judged to be no longer usable after returning from missions due to excessive damage from enemy fire.

Charles Fox was noted as an educator of youth and spokesperson for veterans. He founded Torch Bearers, a non-profit organization aimed at educating young people about Canadian military exploits. He regularly took on speaking engagements to keep veterans' stories alive and fought with school boards to ensure Remembrance Day ceremonies were held annually.

According to Fox's family, he spent his life wondering why he survived numerous dates with death and was in the process of telling his story and those of other veterans in a book titled Why Not Me?, which the family hopes to finish. "It did give him a purpose in life and he was searching for that," according to his son.

Mr. Fox had one son (James William Fox), two daughters (Susan Fox and Adrienne Black), nine grandchildren, three step-grandchildren, and fourteen great-grandchildren.

Memorial
In 2011, local officials in coordination with the federal government, dedicated the Charley Fox Memorial Overpass in London, Ontario. The overpass - the first arterial road roundabout in the city - was built to facilitate the safe passage of pedestrians over a CN rail line, as well as easing traffic when a train passed. It was named in his honour in recognition for his service to Canada during the war and his efforts to educated young people about Canada's military past. The center of the roundabout features a sculpture created by artists Daniel Castillo and Jerry Vrabec. The artwork is part of the City of London Public Art collection.

title: Charley Fox


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Talk:Lit (album)

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Hair analysis

Hair analysis may refer to the chemical analysis of a hair sample, but can also refer to microscopic analysis or comparison. Chemical hair analysis may be considered for retrospective purposes when blood and urine are no longer expected to contain a particular contaminant, typically three months or less.

Its most widely accepted use is in the fields of forensic toxicology, in pre-employment drug testing and, increasingly, in environmental toxicology. Several alternative medicine fields also use various hair analyses for environmental toxicology, but these uses are controversial, evolving, and not standardized.

Microscopic hair analysis has traditionally been used in forensics as well. Analysts examine a number of different characteristics of hairs under a microscope, usually comparing hair taken from a crime scene and hair taken from a suspect. It is still acknowledged as a useful technique for confirming that hairs do not match. But DNA testing of evidence has overturned many convictions that relied on hair analysis. Since 2012, the Department of Justice has conducted a study of cases in which hair analysis testimony was given by its agents, and found that a high proportion of testimony could not be supported by the state of science of hair analysis.

In forensic toxicology
Chemical hair analysis is used for the detection of many therapeutic drugs and recreational drugs, including cocaine, heroin, benzodiazepines and amphetamines. Hair analysis is less invasive than a blood test, if not quite as universally applicable. In this context, it has been reliably used to determine compliance with therapeutic drug regimes or to check the accuracy of a witness statement that an illicit drug has not been taken. Hair testing is an increasingly common method of assessment in substance misuse, particularly in legal proceedings, or in any situation where a subject may have decided not to tell the entire truth about his or her substance-using history. Post-mortem hair sample analysis can also be performed, to allow for determination of long-term drug use or poisoning. It is also used by employers, who test their employees.

Hair analysis has the virtue of showing a 'history' of drug use due to hair's slow growth. Urine analysis might detect drugs taken in the past 2–3 days; hair analysis can sometimes detect use as far as 90 days, although certain cosmetic treatments (e.g. dyeing hair) can interfere with this. Notably, basic drugs get incorporated into hair to a greater extent than neutral or acidic drugs, e.g. amphetamines and cocaine are present in higher concentrations in hair compared with benzodiazepines and cannabinoids.

Large-scale drug screening (or urine, hair and other samples) is usually done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Positive ELISA findings are followed by confirmatory testing with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chromato-mass-spectrometry is less likely to result in false positive findings than ELISA, but the former requires expensive equipment and highly trained personnel.

The judicial admissibility of the test in the United States is guided by the Daubert standard. A notable court case was ''United States v. Medina, 749 F.Supp. 59 (E.D.N.Y.1990)''.

Microscopic hair analysis in forensics
Microscopic hair analysis consists of the comparison of several strands of hair under a microscope and determining if the physical characteristics of each individual hairs are consistent with each other or not. It was accepted as a forensic science by the 1950s. Researchers often monitored more than a dozen attributes, including pigment distribution and scale patterns. This technique has been used in criminal investigations to try to tie hair found at a crime scene, or other location of note, and confirm if the hair matches that of a suspect. While a simple hair color match might be consistent with a certain suspect having been at the scene – black hair at the scene when the suspect has black hair – microscopic hair analysis began to claim a stronger standard by the 1970s. Rather than merely "narrow the field" of possibilities, hair analysts claimed to be able to match a specific person, such that the hair could be 'proof' of a specific suspect's presence. While the typed reports often hedged the certainty of microscopic hair analysis, witnesses in court would not always be as modest. The manager of the Montana state crime lab testified there was a "1 in 10,000 chance" that hairs found at a crime scene did not come from the suspect in one case, for example.

Microscopic hair analysis has a long tradition of being used in crime fiction as well; it was originally popularized in the Sherlock Holmes series before being widely used by the police. Fictional TV programs involving police procedurals and detectives have continued to use it since, including Columbo, Quincy, ME, Dexter, and CSI.

Skepticism about the stronger claims used by witnesses in the 1970s and 1980s existed at the time. Researchers said in 1974 that the whole process was inherently subjective, and the FBI wrote in 1984 that hair analysis cannot positively match one single person. In the 1990s, DNA profiling was introduced as a key new technique into forensics investigations; it introduced a new level of certainty about matching suspects to evidence. DNA analysis of old cases from the 1970s and 80s, however, contradicted conclusions about a number of earlier matches on the basis of hair analysis.

In 1994, the Justice Department created a task force which would eventually review 6,000 cases by 2004, focusing on the work of one particularly zealous examiner, Michael Malone. These reviews came after reports that sloppy work by examiners at the FBI lab was producing unreliable forensic evidence in court trials. At first, these investigations were largely kept quiet; The Washington Post reported that "Instead of releasing those findings, they made them available only to the prosecutors in the affected cases." A study of FBI Laboratory hair analysis cases between 1996 and 2000 was released in 2002 by Max M. Houck and Bruce Budowle. The study showed that 11% of hair analysis "matches" were contradicted by DNA analysis. As the set of cases analyzed was one which would be expected to favor matches strongly in any case – only hair of individuals the police already believed to be potential suspects was sent in – this error rate was considered to be extremely high.

Kirk L. Odom was convicted of rape in Washington, DC in 1982 by no physical evidence except microscopic hair analysis performed by the FBI Crime Laboratory. Combined with a witness's identification in a line-up (another technique which modern research has shown to be much less reliable than previously thought), Odom was sentenced to twenty or more years in jail. DNA analysis, however, proved that Odom was entirely innocent. While Odom had been released from prison in 2003, he was officially exonerated in 2012 and was paid a large settlement by the city.

In a similar case, Santae Tribble was convicted in 1979 at the age of 17 in Washington, DC of murder due to FBI testimony in a hair analysis match of hair found at the scene. But he had three witnesses who gave him an alibi for the time when the crime was committed. The prosecutor overstated the reliability of hair analysis in identifying a single person, saying in his closing statement that "There is one chance, perhaps for all we know, in 10 million that it could [be] someone else's hair." DNA testing in January 2012, however, showed that the prosecution's key piece of evidence, the hair, did not in fact match the defendant. Tribble was fully exonerated in December 2012, having served 28 years in prison that resulted in severe health problems.

The outcry from defense attorneys about the unreliability of hair analysis and overstatement by FBI experts has resulted in the FBI conducting a review of disputed hair analysis matches since 2012. Due to what it found, in July 2013 the Justice department began an "unprecedented" review of older cases involving hair analysis, examining more than 21,000 cases referred to the FBI Lab's hair unit from 1982 through 1999.

By 2015, these cases included as many as 32 death penalty convictions, in which FBI experts may have exaggerated the reliability of hair analysis in their testimony and affected the verdict. Of these, 14 persons have been executed or died in prison. In 2015, DOJ released findings on 268 trials examined so far in which hair analysis was used (the review was still in progress). The review concluded that in 257 of these 268 trials (95 percent), the analysts gave flawed testimony in court that overstated the accuracy of the findings in favor of the prosecution. About 1200 cases remain to be examined. The department emphasized its commitment to following up on these cases to correct any wrongs, saying that they "are committed to ensuring that affected defendants are notified of past errors and that justice is done in every instance. The department and the FBI are also committed to ensuring the accuracy of future hair analysis, as well as the application of all disciplines of forensic science."

In 2017, new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, appointed by President Donald Trump, announced that this investigation would be suspended, at the same time that he announced the end of a forensic science commission that had been working to establish standards on several tests and to improve accuracy; it was a "partnership with independent scientists to raise forensic science standards". Independent scientists, prosecutors, defense counsel and judges criticized ending the commission, saying that the criminal justice system needed to rely on the best science.

As of late 2019, 75 people who were convicted of a crime based on microscopic hair comparison were subsequently exonerated. Another notable case that received media attention since was Anthony Broadwater, who had been convicted of raping Alice Sebold in 1982, and was formally exonerated in 2021 after finishing his time in 1998. The only physical evidence the prosecution offered in 1982 was a hair analysis that was "consistent" with Broadwater. More alarmingly, the only reason the case was re-examined was the unusual fact that Sebold had written an extensive memoir of her experiences (Lucky), which allowed later investigators to uncover major problems with the case.

In environmental toxicology
Analysis of hair samples has many advantages as a preliminary screening method for the presence of toxic substances deleterious to health after exposures in air, dust, sediment, soil and water, food and toxins in the environment. The advantages of hair analysis include the non-invasiveness, low cost, and the ability to measure a large number of, potentially interacting, toxic and biologically essential elements. Hence, head hair analysis is increasingly being used as a preliminary test to see whether individuals have absorbed poisons linked to behavioral or health problems.

Detection of long-term elemental effects
The use of hair analysis appears to be valid for the measurement of lifelong, or long-term heavy metal burden, if not the measurement of general elemental analysis. Several studies, including the analysis of Ludwig van Beethoven's hair, have been conducted in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In a 1999 study on hair concentrations of calcium, iron, and zinc in pregnant women and effects of supplementation, it was concluded that "From the analyses, it was clear that hair concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn could reflect the effects of supplementation... Finally, it could be concluded that mineral element deficiencies might be convalesced by adequate compensations of mineral element nutrients."

Occupational, environmental and alternative medicine
Hair analysis has been used in occupational, environmental and some branches of alternative medicine as a method of investigation to assist screening and/or diagnosis. The hair is sampled, processed and analyzed, studying the levels of mineral and metals in the hair sample. Using the results, as part of a proper examination or test protocol, practitioners screen for toxic exposure and heavy metal poisoning. Some advocates claim that they can also diagnose mineral deficiencies and that people with autism have unusual hair mineral contents. These uses are often controversial, and the American Medical Association states, "The AMA opposes chemical analysis of the hair as a determinant of the need for medical therapy and supports informing the American public and appropriate governmental agencies of this unproven practice and its potential for health care fraud." A recent review of scientific literature by Dr Kempson highlighted analysis of metals/minerals in hair can be applied in large population studies for researching epidemiology and groups of chronically exposed populations, however any attempt to provide a diagnosis based on hair for an individual is not possible. An exception to this can be in advanced analyses for acute poisoning.

Literature

 * Pragst F., Balikova M.A.: State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drugs and alcohol abuse; Clinica Chimic Acta 370 2006 17–49.
 * Auwärter V.: Fettsäureethylester als Marker exzessiven Alkoholkonsums – Analytische Bestimmung im Haar und in Hautoberflächenlipiden mittels Headspace-Festphasenmikroextraktion und Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie. Dissertation Humboldt-Universität Berlin 2006.

title: Hair analysis


text:
Dreamcatcher

In some Native American and First Nations cultures, a dreamcatcher (asabikeshiinh, the inanimate form of the word for 'spider') is a handmade willow hoop, on which is woven a net or web. It may also be decorated with sacred items such as certain feathers or beads. Traditionally, dreamcatchers are hung over a cradle or bed as protection. It originates in Anishinaabe culture as "the spider web charm" – asubakacin 'net-like' (White Earth Nation); bwaajige ngwaagan 'dream snare' (Curve Lake First Nation) – a hoop with woven string or sinew meant to replicate a spider's web, used as a protective charm for infants.

Dream catchers were adopted in the Pan-Indian Movement of the 1960s and 1970s and gained popularity as widely marketed "Native crafts items" in the 1980s.

Ojibwe origin
Ethnographer Frances Densmore in 1929 recorded an Ojibwe legend according to which the "spiderwebs" protective charms originate with Spider Woman, known as Asibikaashi; who takes care of the children and the people on the land. As the Ojibwe Nation spread to the corners of North America it became difficult for Asibikaashi to reach all the children. So the mothers and grandmothers weave webs for the children, using willow hoops and sinew, or cordage made from plants. The purpose of these charms is apotropaic and not explicitly connected with dreams: "Even infants were provided with protective charms. Examples of these are the 'spiderwebs' hung on the hoop of a cradle board. In old times this netting was made of nettle fiber. Two spider webs were usually hung on the hoop, and it was said that they 'caught any harm that might be in the air as a spider's web catches and holds whatever comes in contact with it.'"

Basil Johnston, an elder from Neyaashiinigmiing, in his Ojibway Heritage (1976) gives the story of Spider (asabikeshiinh, "little net maker") as a trickster figure catching Snake in his web.

Modern uses

While dreamcatchers continue to be used in a traditional manner in their communities and cultures of origin, derivative forms of dreamcatchers were adopted into the Pan-Indian movement of the 1960s and 1970s as a symbol of unity among the various Native American cultures, or as a general symbol of identification with Native American or First Nations cultures.

The name "dream catcher" was published in mainstream, non-Native media in the 1970s and became widely known as a Native crafts item by the 1980s. By the early 1990s, it was "one of the most popular and marketable" ones.

In the course of becoming popular outside the Ojibwe Nation, and then outside the pan-Indian communities, various types of "dreamcatchers", many of which bear little resemblance to traditional styles, and that incorporate materials that would not be traditionally used, are now made, exhibited, and sold by New Age groups and individuals. While some people see this popularization as harmless, many Native Americans have come to see these imitation dreamcatchers as over-commercialized, offensively misappropriated and misused by non-Natives.

A mounted and framed dreamcatcher is being used as a shared symbol of hope and healing by the Little Thunderbirds Drum and Dance Troupe from the Red Lake Indian Reservation in Minnesota. In recognition of the shared trauma and loss experienced, both at their school during the Red Lake shootings, and by other students who have survived similar school shootings, they have traveled to other schools to meet with students, share songs and stories, and gift them with the dreamcatcher. The dreamcatcher has been passed from Red Lake to students in several other towns where school shootings have occurred.

title: Dreamcatcher


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Category:Albums by artist

Albums by the artists that recorded them. Please note that all single-artist album articles may have subcategories here, even if it's the only album the artist has recorded. Similarly, album by artist categories may exist even for redirects.

title: Category:Albums by artist


text: Category:1974 albums

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Category:Albums

Please see WikiProject Albums for more details. Individual albums should not be placed here, but instead by artist, year, and other such subcategories.

title: Category:Albums


text: Category:Green Day albums

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Category:Physics

Physics is the science of the natural world. It deals with matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern the interactions between particles.

title: Category:Physics


text: Category:1987 albums

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Category:Albums by year

These categories list albums by the year in which they were released.

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Contraband (Velvet Revolver album)

Contraband is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Velvet Revolver, released on June 8, 2004, by RCA Records. A commercial success, Contraband debuted at number one on the American Billboard 200 chart and was certified double platinum by the RIAA.

Background and recording
Velvet Revolver formed when Guns N' Roses musicians Slash (guitar), Duff McKagan (bass), and Matt Sorum (drums) combined to play at a benefit concert for fellow musician Randy Castillo in 2002. They decided to form a band and recruited guitarist Dave Kushner who had previously played with Suicidal Tendencies, Wasted Youth, and Dave Navarro. The quartet then set about recruiting a lead singer with the recruitment process filmed by VH1. Several lead singers auditioned including Josh Todd of Buckcherry, Kelly Shaefer of Neurotica and Travis Meeks of Days of the New. Scott Weiland had become friends with McKagan and had played on the same bill as Kushner when Stone Temple Pilots were known as Mighty Joe Young and Kushner was in the Electric Love Hogs. Weiland heard the material and offered his services as the lead singer and the band clicked. Slash suggested the name Revolver for the project while Weiland suggested Dead Velvet Revolver which was shortened to Velvet Revolver.

Velvet Revolver recorded its first track "Set Me Free" for The Hulk soundtrack in 2003, later incorporated into the album's track listing, along with a cover of Pink Floyd's "Money" for The Italian Job, which was later released as a B-side.

The band played their first live gig at the El Rey in Los Angeles in July 2003. They recorded Contraband in the latter part of 2003 with recording complicated by Weiland's court appearances for drug charges and his subsequent sentencing to undertake rehabilitation. Slash recorded "Sucker Train Blues" with a Fender Telecaster 1956 and a Fender Stratocaster 1965.

Release
The United States release of the disc uses the MediaMax CD-3 system for copy protection, while Macrovision CDS-200 is used for the European release. The album cover features a silhouette of American actress Rena Riffel.

In February 2005, RCA Records released a "Tour Edition" of the album in Europe, which included a bonus disc containing three tracks: B-sides "Surrender" (originally by Cheap Trick) and an acoustic "Fall to Pieces", along with the exclusive "No More, No More" (originally by Aerosmith).

Scott Borchetta named his record label Big Machine Records after the Contraband song of the same name.

Critical reception
Metacritic.com has given Contraband an average score of 65 based on 14 reviews, indicating that the critical response has been "generally favorable".

Mojo rated the album as "a perpetually guilty pleasure." Q magazine said it was "astonishingly good" rating it as four stars.

Rolling Stone rated it as four stars out of five and said, "it is a rare, fine thing: the sound of the perfect A&R sales pitch turning into a real band. Now we can find out if these guys can stay together, and go somewhere new."

ShakingThrough.net rated it as three and a half stars, although it said, "Contraband, the debut result of said pairing, never does transmute its elements into something new and exciting. Mostly, it sounds like no more and a little less than one might hope for from such a union."

Entertainment Weekly gave it a B−, saying, "[E]ven at its sharpest, Contraband feels secondhand, and much of it is also hobbled by a disconnect between singer and band."

Allmusic rated it as three stars out of five, saying, "With Contraband, Velvet Revolver has pulled off something tidy, fashioning music that manages both hedonism and maturity. It upholds legacies while grading a new route." Best tracks: "Big Machine", "Fall to Pieces" "Slither"

Blender said it was "A showcase for Weiland's vocals". Playlouder rated it as three candles out of five saying it sounded more like Stone Temple Pilots and "anyone who'd hoped for Guns N' Roses mark II (or III) will be very seriously disappointed." Best track "Fall to Pieces"

In 2005, Contraband was ranked number 317 in Rock Hard magazine's book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Commercial performance
Contraband debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 256,000 copies in its first week of release. Notably, this marked the best-ever debut for a new rock artist in the SoundScan era. The album would eventually sell over 2.9 million copies in the United States, and 4 million worldwide.

The first single, "Slither", topped a composite world modern rock chart in June, and later hit No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart for 8 weeks. The follow-up, "Fall to Pieces", was a major crossover hit that reached No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart for 11 weeks.

In 2005, Velvet Revolver won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance, an award Weiland had previously won for the Stone Temple Pilots song "Plush" in 1994. At the ceremony, they were asked to play the music for a cover of The Beatles' "Across the Universe". The live recording was a hit on iTunes, with all proceeds going to charity. In January 2005, Velvet Revolver were also asked to play the music for a cover of Eric Clapton's "Tears in Heaven". The single was to aid victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, with all proceeds going to Save the Children Foundation.

Track listing
Note
 * The version of "Set Me Free" on the album is different from the version on The Hulk soundtrack with different mixing and also contains a slightly different ending.

Personnel
Adapted from the album's booklet.

Velvet Revolver
 * Scott Weiland – lead vocals
 * Slash – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Duff McKagan – bass, backing vocals
 * Matt Sorum – drums, backing vocals
 * Dave Kushner – rhythm guitar

Design
 * Robin C. Hendrickson – art direction
 * Brett Kilroe – art direction
 * Dan Winters – photography

Production
 * Josh Abraham – production
 * Douglas Grean – keyboards on tracks 6, 10 and 13, vocal production, engineering, associate producer of "Set Me Free"
 * Nick Raskulinecz – production on "Set Me Free"
 * Andy Wallace – mixing
 * Chris Young – mixing assistance
 * Ryan Williams – engineering
 * Brandon Belsky – engineering assistance
 * Rocco Guarino – engineering assistance
 * George Marino – mastering

Year-end charts
Singles - Billboard (North America)

title: Contraband (Velvet Revolver album)


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Talk:Contraband (Velvet Revolver album)

Album cover woman
I heard quite a while ago the identity of the woman on the cover of this album but I forgot who it was. If anyone else knows, please add her name. NorthernThunder 04:21, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't really think it's anyone, it's just a animated picture.-Cory pratt

Whats with the different covers? Skeeker 05:18, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

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Athol Fugard

Athol Fugard OIS HonFRSL (born 11 June 1932) is a South African playwright, novelist, actor, and director widely regarded as South Africa's greatest playwright. He is best known for his political and penetrating plays opposing the system of apartheid. Some of these have also been adapted for film.

His novel Tsotsi was adapted as a film of the same name and won an Academy Award in 2005. It was directed by Gavin Hood.

Acclaimed in 1985 as "the greatest active playwright in the English-speaking world" by Time, Fugard continues to write. He has published more than thirty plays.

Fugard also served as an adjunct professor of playwriting, acting and directing in the Department of Theatre and Dance at the University of California, San Diego.

He has received many awards, honours, and honorary degrees, including the 2005 Order of Ikhamanga in Silver from the government of South Africa "for his excellent contribution and achievements in the theatre". He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

Fugard was honoured in Cape Town with the opening in 2010 of the Fugard Theatre in District Six. He received a Tony Award for lifetime achievement in 2011.

Early life and education
Fugard was born as Harold Athol Lanigan Fugard, in Middelburg, Eastern Cape, South Africa, on 11 June 1932. His mother, Marrie (née Potgieter), an Afrikaner, operated a general store and then a lodging house; his father, Harold Fugard, of Irish, English and French Huguenot descent, was a former jazz pianist who had become disabled.

In 1935, his family moved to Port Elizabeth. In 1938, he began attending primary school at Marist Brothers College. After being awarded a scholarship, Fugard enrolled at a local technical college for secondary education. He studied Philosophy and Social Anthropology at the University of Cape Town, but he dropped out of the university in 1953, a few months before final examinations.

Early career, marriage and family
He left home, hitchhiked to North Africa with a friend, and spent the next two years working in east Asia on a steamer ship, the SS Graigaur. During this time he began writing, and he "celebrated" these early times in his 1999 autobiographical play The Captain's Tiger: a memoir for the stage.

In September 1956, he married Sheila Meiring, a University of Cape Town Drama School student whom he had met the previous year. Now known as Sheila Fugard, she is a novelist and poet. Their daughter Lisa Fugard is a novelist.

In 1958, the Fugards moved to Johannesburg, where he worked as a clerk in a Native Commissioners' Court. He became "keenly aware of the injustices of apartheid." His good friendship with prominent local anti-apartheid figures had a profound influence on Fugard. His plays' political expression brought him into conflict with the national government; to avoid prosecution, he had his plays produced and published outside South Africa. Fugard struggled with alcohol for a time but has been a teetotaler since the early 1980s.

For several years in the late 20th century, Fugard lived in San Diego, California, where he taught as an adjunct professor of playwriting, acting, and directing in the Department of Theatre and Dance at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). For the academic year 2000–2001, he taught at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana as the IU Class of 1963 Wells Scholar Professor.

In 2012, Fugard returned again to South Africa, where he now lives permanently.

In 2015, after almost 60 years of marriage, the Fugards divorced. In 2016, in New York City Hall, Fugard married Paula Fourie, a younger South African writer and academic. Fugard and Fourie live in the Cape Winelands region of South Africa with their daughter, Halle Fugard Fourie.

Early period
In 1958, Fugard organised "a multiracial theatre for which he wrote, directed, and acted", writing and producing several plays for it, including No-Good Friday (1958) and Nongogo (1959), in which he and his colleague, black South African actor Zakes Mokae performed. In 1978, Richard Eder of The New York Times criticized Nongogo as "awkward and thin. It is unable to communicate very much about its characters, or make them much more than the servants of a noticeably ticking plot." Eder said, "Queenie is the most real of the characters. Her sense of herself and where she wants to go makes her believable and the crumbling of her dour defenses at a touch of hope makes her affecting. By contrast, Johnny is unreal. His warmth and hopefulness at the start crumble too suddenly and too completely".

After returning to Port Elizabeth in the early 1960s, Athol and Sheila Fugard started The Circle Players, which derives its name from the production of The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht.

In 1961, in Johannesburg, Fugard and Mokae starred as the brothers Morris and Zachariah in the single-performance world première of Fugard's play The Blood Knot (revised and retitled Blood Knot in 1987), directed by Barney Simon. In 1989, Lloyd Richards of The Paris Review declared The Blood Knot to be Fugard's first "major play".

Refusal to stage for "Whites Only" audiences
In 1962, Fugard found the question of whether he could "work in a theatre which excludes 'Non-Whites'--or includes them only on the basis of special segregated performance-- increasingly pressing". It was made more so by the decision of British Equity to prevent any British entertainer visiting South Africa unless the audiences were allowed to be multi-racial. In a decision that caused him to reflect on the power of art to effect change, Fugard decided that the "answer must be No" to segregation.

That old argument used to be so comforting; so plausible: 'One person in that segregated, white audience, might be moved to think, and then to change, by what he saw'. I'm beginning to wonder whether it really works that way. The supposition seems to be that there is a didactic--a teaching through feeling element in art. What I do know is that art can give meaning, can render meaningful areas of experience, and most certainly also enhances. But teach? Contradict? State the opposite to what you believe and then lead you to accept it? In other words, can art change a man or woman? No. That is what life does. Art is no substitute for life. Of the few venues in the country where a play could be presented to mixed audiences, Fugard noted that some were little better than barns. But he concluded that under these circumstances, "every conceivable dignity--audience, producer, act, 'professional' etc.--" was "operative" in the white theatre except one, "human dignity".

Fugard publicly supported the Anti-Apartheid Movement (1959–94) in the international boycott of South African theatres due to their segregated audiences. The results were additional restrictions and surveillance. He had his plays published and produced outside South Africa.

Lucille Lortel produced The Blood Knot at the Cricket Theatre, Off Broadway, in New York City in 1964, "launch[ing]" Fugard's "American career."

The Serpent Players
In the 1960s, Fugard formed the Serpent Players, whose name derives from its first venue, the former snake pit (hence the name) at the Port Elizabeth Museum, "a group of black actors worker-players who earned their living as teachers, clerks, and industrial workers, and cannot thus be considered amateurs in the manner of leisured whites", developing and performing plays "under surveillance by the Security Police", according to Loren Kruger's The Dis-illusion of Apartheid, published in 2004. The group largely consisted of black men, including Winston Ntshona, John Kani, Welcome Duru, Fats Bookholane and Mike Ngxolo as well as Nomhle Nkonyeni and Mabel Magada. They all got together, albeit at different intervals, and decided to do something about their lives using the stage. In 1961 they met Athol Fugard, a white man who grew up in Port Elizabeth and who recently returned from Johannesburg, and asked him if he could work with them "as he had the know-how theatrically—the tricks, how to use the stage, movements, everything"; they worked with Athol Fugard since then, "and that is how the Serpent Players got together." At the time, the group performed anything they could lay their hands on in South Africa as they had no access to any libraries. These included Bertolt Brecht, August Strindberg, Samuel Beckett, William Shakespeare and many other prominent playwrights of the time. In an interview in California, Ntshona and Kani were asked why they were doing the play Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, considered a highly political and telling story of the South African political landscape at the time. Ntshona answered: "We are just a group of artists who love theatre. And we have every right to open the doors to anyone who wants to take a look at our play and our work...We believe that art is life and conversely, life is art. And no sensible man can divorce one from the other. That's it. Other attributes are merely labels." They mainly performed at the St Stephen's Hall – renamed the Douglas Ngange Mbopa Memorial Hall in 2013 – adjacent to St Stephen's Church, and other spaces in and around New Brighton, the oldest Black township in Port Elizabeth.

According to Loren Kruger, Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Chicago, "the Serpent Players used Brecht's elucidation of gestic acting, dis-illusion, and social critique, as well as their own experience of the satiric comic routines of urban African vaudeville, to explore the theatrical force of Brecht's techniques, as well as the immediate political relevance of a play about land distribution. Their work on the Caucasian Chalk Circle and, a year later, on Antigone led directly to the creation, in 1966, of what is still [2004] South Africa's most distinctive Lehrstück [learning play]:The Coat. Based on an incident at one of the many political trials involving the Serpent Players, The Coat dramatized the choices facing a woman whose husband, convicted of anti-apartheid political activity, left her only a coat and instructions to use it."

Clive Barnes of The New York Times panned People Are Living There (1969) in 1971, arguing: "There are splinters of realities here, and pregnancies of feeling, hut [ sic] nothing of significance emerges. In Mr. Fugard's earlier plays he seemed to be dealing with life at a proper level of humanity. Here—if real people are living there—they remain oddly quiet about it...The first act rambles disconsolately, like a lonely type writer looking for a subject and the second act produces with pride a birthday party of Chaplinesque bathos but less than Chaplinesque invention and spirit..[The characters] harangue one another in an awkward dislocation between a formal speech and an interior monologue." Mark Blankenship of Variety negatively reviewed a 2005 revival of the same work, writing that it "lacks the emotional intensity and theatrical imagination that mark such Fugard favorites" as "Master Harold"...and the Boys. Blankenship also stated, however, that the performance he attended featuring "only haphazard sketches of plot and character" was perhaps the result of Fugard allowing director Suzanne Shepard to revise the play without showing him the changes.

The Serpent Players conceptualised and co-authored many plays that it performed for a variety of audiences in many theatres around the world. The following are some of its notable and most popular plays:

Fugard developed these two plays for the Serpent Players in workshops, working with John Kani and Winston Ntshona, publishing them in 1974 with his own play Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (1972). The authorities considered the title of The Island, which alludes to Robben Island, the prison where Nelson Mandela was being held, too controversial, so Fugard and the Serpent Players used the alternative title The Hodoshe Span (Hodoshe meaning "carrion fly" in Xhosa).
 * Its first production was Niccolò Machiavelli's La Mandragola, directed by Fugard as The Cure and set in the township. Other productions include Georg Buchner's Woyzeck, Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle and Sophocles' Antigone. When the group had turned to improvisation, they came up with classic works such as Sizwe Banzi Is Dead and The Island, emerging as inner experiences of the actors who are also the co-authors of the plays.
 * In The Coat, Kruger observes, "The participants were engaged not only in representing social relationships on stage but also on enacting and revising their own dealings with each other and with institutions of apartheid oppression from the law courts downward", and "this engagement testified to the real power of Brecht's apparently utopian plan to abolish the separation of player and audience and to make of each player a 'statesman' or social actor...Work on The Coat led indirectly to the Serpent Players' most famous and most Brechtian productions: Sizwe Banzi Is Dead (1972) and The Island (1973)."
 * These plays "espoused a Brechtian attention to the demonstration of gest and social situations and encouraged audiences to analyze rather than merely applaud the action"; for example, Sizwe Banzi Is Dead, which infused a Brechtian critique and vaudevillian irony-–especially in Kani's virtuoso improvisation-–even provoked an African audience's critical interruption and interrogation of the action.
 * While dramatising frustrations in the lives of his audience members, the plays simultaneously drew them into the action and attempted to have them analyse the situations of the characters in Brechtian fashion, according to Kruger.
 * Blood Knot was filmed by the BBC in 1967, with Fugard's collaboration, starring the Jamaican actor Charles Hyatt as Zachariah and Fugard himself as Morris, as in the original 1961 première in Johannesburg. Less pleased than Fugard, the South African government of B.J. Vorster confiscated Fugard's passport.

Fugard's play A Lesson from Aloes (1978) was described as one of his major works by Alvin Klein of The New York Times, though others have written more lukewarm reviews.

Yale Rep premieres, 1980s
"Master Harold"...and the Boys, written in 1982, incorporates "strong autobiographical matter"; nonetheless "it is fiction, not memoir", as Cousins: A Memoir and some of Fugard's other works are subtitled. The play deals with the relationship between a 17-year-old white South African and two African men who work for the white youth's family. Its world premiere was performed by Danny Glover, Zeljko Ivanek and Zakes Mokae, at the Yale Repertory Theater in New Haven, Connecticut, in March 1982.

The Road to Mecca was presented at the Yale Repertory Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut, in May 1984. Directed by Fugard, the cast starred Carmen Mathews, Marianne Owen, and Tom Aldredge. Along with Master Harold, it proved to be one of Fugard's most acclaimed works. It is the story of an elderly recluse in a small South African town who has spent 15 years on an obsessive artistic project.

Fugard appeared in his A Place With the Pigs at the Yale Rep in New Haven CT, in 1987. Inspired by the true story of World War II Soviet deserter, Fugard plays a paranoid who spent four decades hiding with his pigs. As with The Road to Mecca, Fugards critics readily appreciated the metaphor for a life of internal exile.

Post-apartheid plays
The first play that Fugard wrote after the end of apartheid, Valley Song, was premiered in Johannesburg, in August, 1995, with Fugard in the role of both a white, and of a coloured, farmer. While they dispute property titles, both share a reverence for the land and fear change. In October 1995, Fugard took the play to the United States with a production by the Manhattan Theatre Club at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey.

In January 2009, Fugard returned to New Haven for the premiere in the Coming Home. Veronika, the granddaughter of Buk, the coloured farmer in Valley Song, leaves the Karoo to pursue a singing career in Cape Town but then returns, after his death, to create a new life on the land for her young son.

The Fugard Theatre, in the District Six area of Cape Town opened with performances by the Isango Portobello theatre company in February 2010 and a new play written and directed by Athol Fugard, The Train Driver, played at the theatre in March 2010.

In April 2014, returned to the stage in the world premiere of his The Shadow of a Hummingbird at the Long Wharf Theatre, New Haven. This short play was performed with an "introductory scene" compiled by Paula Fourie from Fugard's journal writings. With "the playwright digging through these diaries on a set which resembles an old, busy writer's workspace", the scene blends into the main play, which begins when Boba, the grandson of the story-telling grandfather character Oupa (played by Fugard) comes to visit.

Film
Fugard's plays are produced internationally and have won multiple awards, and several have been made into films (see Filmography below). Fugard himself performed in the first of these, as Boesman alongside Yvonne Bryceland as Lena, in Boesman and Lena directed by Ross Devenish in 1973.

His film debut as a director occurred in 1992, when he co-directed the adaptation of his play The Road to Mecca with Peter Goldsmid, who also wrote the screenplay. The film adaptation of his novel Tsotsi, written and directed by Gavin Hood, won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006.

Outside of his own work, Fugard has a number of cameo film roles, most notably as General Smuts in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi (1982), and as Doctor Sundesval in Sydney Schanberg's The Killing Fields (1984).

Plays
In chronological order of first production and/or publication:

Filmography

 * Films adapted from Fugard's plays and novel
 * Boesman and Lena (1974), dir. Ross Devenish
 * Marigolds in August (1980), dir. Ross Devenish
 * "Master Harold"...and the Boys (1984), TV movie, dir. Michael Lindsay-Hogg, first broadcast on Showtime
 * The Road to Mecca (1991), co-dir. by Fugard and Peter Goldsmid (screen adapt.)
 * Boesman and Lena (2000), dir. John Berry
 * Tsotsi (2005), screen adapt. and dir. Gavin Hood; 2005 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
 * "Master Harold"...and the Boys (2010), dir. Lonny Price
 * Film roles
 * Boesman and Lena (1974) as Boesman
 * The Guest at Steenkampskraal (1977) as Eugene Marais
 * Meetings with Remarkable Men (1979) as Professor Skridlov
 * Marigolds in August (1980) as Paulus Olifant
 * Gandhi (1982) as General Jan Smuts
 * The Killing Fields (1984) as Doctor Sundesval
 * The Road to Mecca (1991) as Reverend Marius Byleveld

Selected awards and nominations

 * Praemium Imperiale 2014
 * Theatre
 * Obie Award
 * 1971 – Best Foreign Play – Boesman and Lena (winner)
 * Tony Award
 * 1975 – Best Play – Sizwe Banzi Is Dead / The Island – Athol Fugard, John Kani and Winston Ntshona (nomination)
 * 2011 – Special Tony Award Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre (winner)
 * New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards
 * 1981 – Best Play – A Lesson From Aloes (winner)
 * 1988 – Best Foreign Play – The Road to Mecca (winner)
 * Evening Standard Award
 * 1983 – Best Play – "Master Harold"...and the Boys (winner)
 * Drama Desk Awards
 * 1982 – "Master Harold"...and the Boys (winner)
 * Lucille Lortel Awards
 * 1992 – Outstanding Revival – Boesman and Lena (winner)
 * 1996 – Outstanding Body of Work (winner)
 * The Audie Awards (Audio Publishers Association)
 * 1999 – Theatrical Productions – The Road to Mecca (winner)
 * Outer Critics Circle Award
 * 2007 – Outstanding New Off-Broadway Play – Exits and Entrances (nomination)

 * Honorary awards
 * Writers Guild of America, East Award
 * 1986 – Evelyn F. Burkey Memorial Award – (along with Lloyd Richards)
 * National Orders Award (South Africa)
 * 2005 – The Order of Ikhamanga in Silver – "for his excellent contribution and achievements in the theatre"
 * American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award
 * 2014 - Golden Plate Award

 * Honorary degrees

 * Yale University, 1983
 * Wittenberg University, 1992
 * University of the Witwatersrand, 1993
 * Brown University, 1995
 * Princeton University, 1998
 * University of Stellenbosch, 2006

Reviews

 * Fullerton, Ian (1980), review of Tsotsi, in Cencrastus No. 4. Winter 1980–81, p. 41,

title: Athol Fugard


text: Category:Songs by artist

title: Category:Songs by artist


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Talk:Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper

Untitled
Georgia Guy, I only tried to question the factuality behind the article. Try a google search for 'Maria Strelnikova' - For instance, look at this site: http://www.leweslinks.org/news_russia.htm (In swedish, there's an article about it in the April 11th issue of www.aftonbladet.com). /Ymir

An earlier edit removed reference to her being in good health,considering her badly impaired sight and hearing.I heard today that someone who visited her last week found her in good overall condition (considering her age).Her hearing is such that you have to shout in her ear,and her eyesight too bad for her to watch television or read.On the other hand,she can make out where the plate she's eating from is. I hope she sticks around for a while!--L.E./12.144.5.2/le@put.com

The photo shown is UNFLATTERING and disgusting. I can find far better photos than a "candid camera" view of her with ice cream on her face.

(cur) (last) 09:19, 4 Jun 2004 Marcus2 (no one knows for sure if the world's oldest has *ever* been younger than 114 while holding the title)

Marcus, the above statement is flatly incorrect. Indeed, before 1979 no Guinness "world's oldest person" titleholder had been as old as 114 years of age. I see that you are born in 1986--at a mere 18 years old, we "remake history in our own image." The world's oldest person has "always been 114 or older." Sorry, but just look in the Encyclopaedia Britannica article on human lifespan and you'll see that as of 1972 scholars considered that the age of 114 had never before been proven but that "some day" in the future it is expected. Guinness recognized Shigechiyo Izumi as 114 in 1979, but for skeptics the first person with a birth certificate to reach age 114 was Anna Eliza Williams of the UK (June 2 1873-Dec 27 1987). At the time, you were 1 year old--but many people today would consider 1987 to be recent.

As recently as 1988, Guinness World Records recognized the world's oldest person as being as young as 111 (though that was a stop-gap measure). Retroactively, we can say that from Feb 21 1989 (Jeanne Calment's 114th birthday) to May 29, 2004 there was a 15-year period of at least 1 living 114-year-old living at all times. While the end of that streak was disappointing, it was not totally unexpected. I had predicted a 1% chance of that occurring. Consider that in Dec 1999, the titleholder was a mere 114 years 52 days (114.14 years old) (Eva Morris). It was not a stretch to think that a drop of 0.13% could occur (from 114.14 to 113.99). Indeed, we thought that happened in Nov 2003 until the discovery of Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan filled the hole.

Robert Young Senior Claims Investigator Gerontology Research Group www.grg.org

115th birthday??
She made answers to questions about her 113th and 114th birthdays about how she was able to live long. Can anyone think of what she might say on her 115th birthday?? Not too long to go. Georgia guy 01:23, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It's her 115th birthday today. So has she said anything yet?   — J I P | Talk 29 June 2005 10:20 (UTC)

Moved page to Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper
A google search showed the the consensus is that this is her proper name (following marriage). If anyone objects, feel free to move it back.

I also added a more flattering picture.

 * Zerbey 22:58, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the picture,but the use of the Dutch naming conventions in an English-language article will only confuse people (note how seldom it is used in the list-of-Dutch-people article)."Van Andel-Schipper" is correct for the Dutch Wikipedia,certainly,but not for English.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 02:11, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Louis, who died and made you god? Last I checked, people in America could go by 'Chris Evert-Lloyd" if they wanted to. You just have to be difficult.  If you go by naming conventions, why do you list Maria do Couto Maia with the "-Lopes" added when she herself doesn't go by that?  The bottom line: the name should be "Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper."  Mr. Epstein's objections are hypocrital, as he doesn't follow his own rules.172.135.110.54 05:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Robert,you like it just fine if people treat YOUR preferences as the word of God.Chris Evert-Lloyd would be called Lloyd-Evert by Dutch reference,and and Maud Farris-Luse would be called "Luse-Farris",but their usage in our language and our usage in their language are equally inappropriate.Her article in the Dutch Wikipedia uses the Dutch format and her article in the English-language Wikipedia should use the English-language format.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 01:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Using templates to determine status
I changed it to "April, 2005" - using the templates ruined the flow (suddenly we are using two different styles). IMHO having the exact date is not that important. The date I entered was the date of the previous record holder's death. Comments welcome. Zerbey 15:35, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

212.181.84.88's edits
Anyone have any opinions on whether 212.181.84.88's edits are correct and not just rumors?? Georgia guy 01:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We're only interested in established facts on Wikipedia, not rumours and hearsay. Any discussion on whether or not there is an older lady out there should be discussed on the main Supercentenarian page Zerbey 18:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

115 yet??
About a year ago, Louis Epstein claimed on Wikipedia that just about everyone over 114 dies within 7 months. However, HVA is now only 3 weeks short of her 115th birthday. Any opinions on what month it will be when she dies?? Georgia guy 20:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You need to grow up. Zerbey 00:36, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't say "just about everybody",just MOST of those who reach 114 die within seven months.Mrs. Van Andel proved an exception.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 01:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Her name
Notwithstanding differences in English naming conventions, every news report I've read has referred to the late Mrs. van Andel-Schipper by her combinative name. My move to this effect was reverted, so I'd like to hear the reasoning behind the article's current title please. Xoloz 08:48, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Whereas there has been no response to my above query, I will revert to Andel-Schipper. Any opposition should reply here. Xoloz 20:16, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * We went through this move to Dutch style before with Zerbey a couple of months ago.I favor consistent English-language naming style in English-language reference,as the native English-speaker more easily understands what the married and maiden names are that way.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 01:47, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have replied to you, LE, as follows, posted here for the record:

Yes, I did see your previous comments. My problem with your analysis is this -- I am a native speaker of American English who regularly reads high-brow and low-brow newspapers (from the NYT to my birthplace's Democrat Times and Advance) and all them, uniformily, used Mrs. van Andel-Schipper's combinative name when referring to her. I understand English users less informed might misinterpret her name to mean that she married a Mr. Schipper; I would hope they would read her article to understand. If they, like me, learned of her death in recent news coverage, they will search for her under the combinative name, which also has the virtue of being the one the deceased called herself.

Your argument was that English convention dictated Van Andel, and my own primary source experience with English conventions in this regard tends to gainsay your argument. I do not have extensive experience with British English, but I did see a BBC web news report that also used the more formal name. In essence, despite the meritorious simplicity of your argument, my experience does not yield evidence to support it. Xoloz 02:15, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Are Dutch death certificates available to the public? This is the only way to settle this argument. Zerbey 02:38, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Cause of death
This short section in her article gives a reference which is 1) poorly sourced and 2)out of date. Can anyone assist in this matter?  Brendan ology ContriB 13:37, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper


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