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Blue at the Mizzen

Blue at the Mizzen is the twentieth and last completed historical novel in the Aubrey-Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1999. It is set after the Napoleonic wars, in the fight for Chilean independence from Spain.

Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin, having heard the details of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and having collected their share of the prize from their last capture, set sail for the dual mission of charting the Chilean coast and aiding those who seek independence from Spain. Maturin and his colleague Dr Amos Jacob speed the plot as covert intelligence agents and Aubrey's political advisors, while Aubrey makes bold moves in dealing with the factions in Chile.

Reviewers were positive about this novel, finding it "a shining jewel", "an intricate, multifaceted work -- one of those rare novels that actually bear up under close scrutiny." The "deeper sense of the culture of the age" that marks the series is also true of this novel, which shows the "period of deflation, both economic and emotional" for the Royal Navy and its associated businesses after the victory. The new midshipman introduced in this novel, and Maturin's new love, are well-liked. The young man is "a dashing young foil for the ship's elders", who shows that the main characters have aged and their pace has changed. The voyage to Chile treats readers once again "to O'Brian's talent for life on board, incidents and accidents". Aubrey has earned a "just reward" at the end, made an admiral of the blue. Feelings about the series as a whole are also positive, and strongly stated: ""There is nothing in this century that rivals Patrick O'Brian's achievement in his chosen genre."; and readers can so easily enter this fictional world, because "O'Brian did the hard learning long ago and then began to write with fully justified assurance and pleasure."

Plot summary
The Surprise sails out of Gibraltar but collides in the dark with a Nordic timber ship and returns for repairs. Back ashore, Aubrey hears a reliable description of the battle at Waterloo; he thanks Lord Keith for moving the prize court along briskly to share out their huge prize from capturing the gold meant to aid Napoleon before his fall, more than 382 pounds a share. Aubrey has clandestine visits with his cousin Isobel, Lord Barmouth's wife. Admiral Lord Barmouth hastens the repair work, realizing he helps himself that way. Many Surprises desert. The frigate sails to Madeira for more serious repairs but arrives just in time to see Coelho's famous shipyard at Funchal in flames. Maturin receives a coded report from Dr Amos Jacob regarding the Chilean situation and takes the Ringle to England, where Sir Joseph Blaine updates him. The Chileans have split into two factions: northern still interested in British help, and southern retaining the services of Sir David Lindsay to command the Chilean navy. Whilst Maturin stays with Sophie Aubrey at Woolcombe, Aubrey returns the Surprise to Seppings' yard in England for a thorough re-fit and recruits a strong, competent crew out of Shelmerston for the long voyage ahead. In London, the Duke of Clarence asks Aubrey to accept Horatio Hanson as a midshipman. Initially reluctant, Aubrey finds that the boy has the mathematical skills essential for a navigator and he becomes a competent sailor. Fully fitted, the Surprise stops at Funchal, picking up Jacob, and then heads for Freetown, where Maturin proposes marriage to a young attractive widow named Christine Wood. She shares his tastes for natural philosophy, but her view of marriage suffered from her first marriage, as her husband was impotent and she turns him down. She agrees on her upcoming trip to England to visit the Aubreys at their home in Dorset and to meet Maturin's daughter Brigid there. Surprise then sails to the coast of Brazil, where Dr Amos Jacob parts to cross the mountains overland.

After a difficult rounding of Cape Horn, the expedition reaches San Patricio in Chile. Ringle goes for repairs following a grounding in the Pillón passage. After a meeting between Aubrey, Maturin and Sir David Lindsay, in which the two sides agree to mutually support each other, Maturin writes to Blaine describing the different juntas and the training of three republican sloops by the crew of the Surprise, who assist in capturing a moderate privateer. After meeting Dr Jacob with the intelligence he gathered, Aubrey heads to Valparaiso, while Maturin and Jacob ride there by mule. Here they meet General Bernardo O'Higgins, the Supreme Director, and Colonel Eduardo Valdes. Learning that the viceroy of Peru, under the Spanish king, plans to invade Chile, the group determine to confront the Royalist forces at Valdivia, where the viceroy will need to seek stores. The Surprise and Ringle make sail and Aubrey elaborates a plan to drop Chilean troops at Concepción while the ships destroy the gun-emplacements at Cala Alta and then bombard the fort at Valdivia.

The plan succeeds and the revolutionaries capture four chests of silver and one of gold, conveyed by the Surprise to Valparaiso and then overland to Santiago. Sir David fights a duel with one of his officers and dies. Popular local sentiment gradually turns against the British, and Aubrey receives news that the junta plans to impound his frigate. He decides to pre-empt action against Surprise by cutting out the Peruvian fifty-gun frigate Esmeralda at Callao in Peru to strengthen the Chilean navy. Surprise conducts a hard-fought broadside action and eventually the British-Chilean force takes the ship. Aubrey suffers wounds in the thigh and shoulder. Maturin and Jacob send a coded message of the successful cutting-out to Sir Joseph Blaine which the schooner takes to the Isaac Newton, as Dobson's friends agree to carry the message across Panama to meet a returning merchantman. Ringle carries the news to Valparaiso.

The President of the Valparaiso junta, Don Miguel Carrera, gives Aubrey and his officers a lavish dinner, after which Aubrey insists on his sailors receiving their share of the prize-money and Esmeralda's value by the end of the month. The next day Don Miguel authorizes five thousand pieces of eight and use of any naval stores the Surprise requires. With a fully repaired ship, Aubrey sets about training the young Chilean naval officers as the Surprise continues her survey of the Chilean coast for several weeks. Jacob arrives from Valparaiso on a private brig, with coded messages from Sir Joseph Blaine. First, the Duke of Clarence requests Horatio Hanson's return to sit his lieutenant's examination. Second, the Admiralty promotes Aubrey to Rear Admiral of the Blue, requiring him to take command of the South African squadron aboard HMS Implacable (1805) at the River Plate, hoisting his flag, blue at the mizzen. Carrera arrives with a message saying it will take a further three months to complete the payments, releasing Aubrey from his responsibility to the Chileans. Aubrey sets course for the Strait of Magellan.

Characters

 * Jack Aubrey: Post Captain of HMHV Surprise, promoted to a Rear Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy
 * Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, physician, natural philosopher, friend to Jack, widower, and intelligence agent
 * Sophia Aubrey: Wife of Jack and mother of their three children.
 * Charlotte and Fanny Aubrey: Twin daughters of Jack and Sophia Aubrey.
 * George Aubrey: Son of John and Sophia Aubrey, now midshipman on HMS Lion with Captain Heneage Dundas.
 * Philip Aubrey: Much younger half brother of Jack, midshipman in the Royal Navy.
 * Brigid Maturin: Daughter of Stephen Maturin and his late wife Diana Villiers.
 * Padeen Colman: Maturin's Irish servant, now part of his household on land.
 * Sarah and Emily Sweeting: God-daughters of Maturin since he rescued them from a Melanesian island, who live with Mrs Broad at the Grapes. Introduced in The Nutmeg of Consolation.
 * Mrs Clarissa Andrews: Wife of the rector of Wytherton, née Harvill. Widow of Lieutenant Oakes and once governess for Brigid Maturin, now living apart from the Maturin household. Introduced in Clarissa Oakes.
 * John Leicester: Nephew to Attorney Lawrence, agricultural agent for the estate Aubrey inherited from cousin Edward, whose plan for the unproductive land has been successful, with tenants still in place, rents paid, and crops harvested.
 * Christine Wood: Widow of Sierra Leone Governor, natural philosopher and now pursued by Maturin in Freetown.

 * In Gibraltar or aboard Surprise
 * Colonel Roche: Wellington's aide-de-camp at Waterloo who dines with Royal Navy officers in Gibraltar.
 * Lord Barmouth: Commander-in-Chief of Mediterranean Fleet.
 * Lady Barmouth: His wife, and cousin to Jack Aubrey.
 * Lord Keith: Retired admiral, good friend to Aubrey.
 * Queeney, Lady Keith: Wife of Lord Keith and childhood friend of Jack Aubrey.
 * Mr Harding: First Lieutenant on the Surprise.
 * Mr Somers: Second Lieutenant on the Surprise.
 * Mr Whewell: Third Lieutenant on the Surprise.
 * Mr Woodbine: Master on the Surprise, old and experienced. He dies of unknown causes after the ship rounds Cape Horn.
 * Mr John Daniel: Master's mate on Surprise, one who loves numbers and has strong navigational skills. Promoted to Sailing Master on the death of Mr Woodbine.
 * Preserved Killick: Aubrey's steward who also tends to Maturin.
 * Grimble: Killick's mate.
 * Latham: Jack's new coxswain.
 * Awkward Davies: Long-serving able seaman who befriends Hanson, and kills the man who wounded Aubrey in the leg in the action to cut out the Esmeralda.
 * Joe Plaice: Long-serving able seaman.
 * Mrs Poll Skeeping: Loblolly girl in the sick bay of Surprise.
 * Mr Wells: Young midshipman on the Surprise, a first-voyager.
 * Mr David Adams: Captain Aubrey's clerk, introduced in The Nutmeg of Consolation.
 * Mr William Reade: Midshipman and master's mate, who is most often commander of the Ringle. He lost an arm in action, now using a hook; he was introduced in The Thirteen Gun Salute.

 * Met in Madeira
 * Dr Amos Jacob: Assistant surgeon aboard Surprise, physician colleague of Maturin, linguist and intelligence officer.
 * Mr Henry Wantage: Master's mate on Surprise, still at Madeira since he failed to come aboard at the end of The Yellow Admiral and invited to rejoin. Died of yellow fever after leaving Freetown.

 * Met in England
 * Sir Joseph Blaine: Head of Intelligence at the Admiralty.
 * William, Duke of Clarence: Younger brother to the Prince Regent and a sailor who rose to Captain; he was once treated by Maturin and ever after his admirer.
 * Mr Horatio Hanson: Duke's beloved illegitimate son, who knows the Duke as a friend of the family, taken aboard Surprise as a midshipman. Promoted to master's mate upon the death of Mr Wantage, ahead of Daniel due to long sea time on record. In the cutting-out expedition, he did well, coming after Davies to fight off those who would attack the fallen Aubrey.

 * Met in the doldrums
 * Mr Lodge: Captain of USS Delaware, he met Aubrey in Boston (The Fortune of War). They meet again in the doldrums, Delaware having rounded Cape Horn.
 * Mr Wilkins: Master of USS Delaware, who has two chronometers not matching, impairing navigation.
 * Dr Evans: Surgeon aboard USS Delaware who knew Michael Herapath (Desolation Island and The Fortune of War) and his recent successes in medicine and Chinese poetry.

 * Met in Chile
 * Austin Dobson: Entomologist and Fellow of the Royal Society who inherited a great sum; he used it to purchase the vessel that previously served as the "Lisbon packet", fitting it out for a scientific voyage with several other Fellows and renaming the vessel Isaac Newton. He is on the Chilean coast at the same time as the Surprise.
 * Sir David Lindsay: Former Post-Captain in the Royal Navy, dismissed for calling his Admiral out to duel, and now ex officio commander of the Chilean navy, aligned with the groups in the south of Chile. He is quick to take offense and is killed in a duel with one of his officers.
 * Don Bernardo O'Higgins: Supreme Director of Chilean revolutionaries, and supporter of Aubrey.
 * José de San Martín: Leader for independence along with O'Higgins; Maturin spoke with him in Peru in The Wine-Dark Sea, but he seems not to be in full support of Aubrey in the present mission.
 * General Eduardo Valdes: General in the Chilean revolutionary army, and a cousin to Maturin.
 * Don Miguel Carrera: President of the local junta in Valparaiso.

Ships

 * British
 * HM hired hydrographical vessel Surprise - twenty-eight gun frigate
 * Ringle - tender to Surprise, by design a Baltimore clipper
 * Isaac Newton - a private research vessel, previously the Lisbon packet ship, carrying several Fellows of the Royal Society on a scientific voyage
 * HMS Implacable (1805)

 * American
 * USS Delaware - Captain Lodge

 * Chilean
 * O'Higgins - ancient heavy frigate ex Spanish navy (name changed to San Martin after Esmeralda is taken)
 * Asp - ex-Royal Navy; being re-fitted in Chile

 * Spanish
 * Esmeralda - 50 gun frigate

Title
A blue ensign at the mizzen-mast indicated the presence of a Rear Admiral of the Blue, the lowest flag-rank in the Royal Navy of the early 19th century.

History
The main plot loosely echoes Lord Cochrane's setting up and commanding the Chilean Navy from 1818 to the early 1820s. A historical figure from Chile's independence movement, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, also features in the book. O'Higgins captured the Spanish frigate Esmeralda in 1820, a bit later than in this novel.

Natural history
Whilst in Sierra Leone, Christine Wood shows Stephen Maturin a prodigious amount of wildlife, including:
 * an elephantine heron (Ardea goliath)
 * a nightjar with elongated flight feathers (Shaw's Caprimulgus longipennis)
 * a feather from the Congo peacock (Afropavo congensis)

Sailing in the Atlantic out of Shelmerston, a pod of seven right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, swam past the Surprise, one surfacing to clear the blow hole, evoking a former whaler's cry, not a proper Royal Navy communication (thar she blows).

Coca leaves
In Peru, Maturin and Jacob also have a discussion about coca-leaves. Maturin keeps his leaves in his inner pocket in a pouch, along with the lime and necessary outer wrapping. Maturin expresses curiosity about their use in considerable quantities, and the resultant reaction according to altitude. He cites the porters in the Peruvian Andes, who increase their dose if they have to carry a heavy burden over a very high pass.

Jacob mentions that many sorts of coca exist. For example, the Tia Juana; and that asthmatic patients and those afflicted by migraines often experience hallucinations, their strength and frequency varying with the height.

Allusions to real places
Shelmerston, the home port of HMHV Surprise since she was bought out of the service by Maturin is fictional, but based on a real place on the western coast of England, Appledore near the River Torridge in Devon. Funchal is the long time capital of the island of Madeira, part of Portugal. Gibraltar is real, a British base in the Mediterranean Sea. Freetown was the government center for British West Africa, and is now the capital of Sierra Leone. The southern tip of South America, Cape Horn, is at best a hard voyage for a sailing ship. Valdivia, Concepción, Valparaíso, and Santiago and are real places in Chile. Callao is a port city in Peru, and was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru before it became independent from Spain. The Strait of Magellan is the passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean north of Tierra del Fuego discovered by Magellan. For sailing vessels going east to west, the Strait is more challenging, due to its narrowness and prevailing westerly winds, than rounding Cape Horn, which is further south. Going west to east, the Strait was faster if the season was right.

Reviews
Kirkus Reviews likes the new character Horatio Hanson, marks the growing number of readers following this series, and hopes, as do most of the reviewers, (in vain) for another novel to follow this, as this novel is "escape at its most intelligent and demanding." This novel sees Maturin fall in love again, and introduces a young midshipman for Aubrey to nurture, and described Aubrey aboard Surprise attacks the Spanish fleet as the climax of this novel.

Publishers Weekly thinks readers may find this novel the best of the series, with Maturin's love letters "functioning as a chorus to the action." The naval actions along the Chilean coast earn Aubrey a "just reward". They noted also the introduction of "Horatio Hanson, bastard son of a nobleman, who comes on board as a midshipman, a dashing young foil for the ship's elders." The comparison to Jane Austen's writing is made again for this novel: "O'Brian has rightfully been compared to Jane Austen, but one wonders if even she would have done justice to "those extraordinary hollow dwellings, sometimes as beautiful as they were comfortless."" Writing in The New York Times, Amanda Foreman remarks that Blue at the Mizzen is "a shining jewel" and "an intricate, multifaceted work -- one of those rare novels that actually bear up under close scrutiny." Of O'Brian's popularity with the series, she says "Here was a writer who deliberately challenged you to keep pace." As to the question of the ending of the series, "Blue at the Mizzen could indeed be the finale. In a sense the heroes have clearly reached their destinations, and there is a psychological completeness to the novel even though the plot is inconclusive. Halfway through their adventures, while visiting Sierra Leone, Maturin experiences an emotional rebirth." For Aubrey, his long-sought goal is given by the book's title, indicating he gets promoted to rear admiral of the Blue. Foreman feels that the author's view is "the end [is] less important than the journey itself." She closes with words of strong praise: "There is nothing in this century that rivals Patrick O'Brian's achievement in his chosen genre. His novels embrace with loving clarity the full richness of the 18th-century world. They embody the cruelty of battle, the comedy of men's lives, the uncertain fears that plague their hearts; and yet, not far away, is the vision of an ideal existence."

John Casey, writing in The Washington Post wrote that O'Brian covered the "year after Waterloo, so it necessarily deals with a period of deflation, both economic and emotional, for the Royal Navy and its ancillary population of shipwrights, chandlers and seamen on the beach." and that he addressed "this state of affairs succinctly and sharply in the first part of the story." Then the two main characters have their mission to aid Chile, and "Of course Jack and Stephen must sail there, and readers are treated to O'Brian's talent for life on board, incidents and accidents". The narrative is primarily from Aubrey and Maturin, but "occasional glimpses from other perspectives that both give a capsule story -- in this case a sense of a calculated marriage -- and also provide contrast: Jack, for all his faults, is not "capable of a shabby thing.""

Casey assessed the overall appeal of the series, of Aubrey and Maturin, noting the "political sophistication", "a deeper sense of the culture of the age" and the early introduction in the series of "two strong women with quite different attitudes to life", Sophia Aubrey and her cousin Diana Villiers. The different specialty knowledge of each man, Aubrey with his full complement of nautical skills and Maturin the learned physician, naturalist and linguist, allows the author to have conversations where "From time to time the two men fill each other in expertly, briskly and even wittily, and the reader is the third-party beneficiary." A more generally appealing feature of the novels, perhaps what draws women to the series as well as men, was "the friendship between the two men", a plausible intimacy. Casey offered that readers can so easily enter this fictional world, because "O'Brian did the hard learning long ago and then began to write with fully justified assurance and pleasure."

Harry Wessel in the Orlando Sentinel appreciates Aubrey's frustrations in peacetime, now that Napoleon is defeated. Yet there is more for Aubrey and Maturin to do. "It turns out there is a lot they can do. The political intrigue in revolutionary Chile is right up Stephen's alley, while Jack's fighting skills also are called into play, culminating in a satisfying naval action that, as always, brims with historically accurate detail."

Writing in The Guardian, Jan Morris says the "chronicle has aged too. It has lost something of its sprightly edge, its allusions are mistier and its pace is slower. This is in no way a criticism. As the Frenchman said: 'Le style est l'homme même', and just as Aubrey is no longer the exuberant young commander of the early novels, so O'Brian's narrative has matured with him. So have we."

Publication history
English language editions listed for UK and USA markets
 * 1999, November HarperCollins hardback ISBN 978-0-00-225959-0 (UK edition)
 * 1999, November W. W. Norton hardback ISBN 978-0-00-022595-5 (USA edition)
 * 1999, November Soundings Lrd audio cassette ISBN 978-1-86042-684-1 (UK edition)
 * 1999, November HarperCollins audio cassette ISBN 978-0-00-105581-0 (UK edition)
 * 1999, November Random House Audio audio cassette ISBN 978-0-375-40876-2 (USA edition)
 * 1999, December HarperCollins paperback ISBN 978-0-00-226128-9 (UK edition)
 * 1999, December Recorded Books audio cassette ISBN 978-0-7887-3769-5 (USA edition)
 * 1999 Books on Tape MP3/CD audio book ISBN 978-0-7366-7680-9 (USA edition)
 * 1999 Recorded Books audio CD ISBN 978-0-7887-4204-0 (USA edition)
 * 1999 Books on Tape audio cassette ISBN 978-0-7366-4737-3 (USA edition)
 * 2000, January Thorndike Press hardback ISBN 978-0-7862-2046-5 (USA edition)
 * 2000, January Chivers Large Print hardback ISBN 978-0-7540-1388-4 (UK edition)
 * 2000, March Books on Tape audio cassette ISBN 978-0-7366-4686-4 (USA edition)
 * 2000, March Books on Tape audio CD ISBN 978-0-7366-4760-1 (USA edition)
 * 2000, August Harper paperback ISBN 978-0-00-651378-0 (UK edition)
 * 2000, September W. W. Norton paperback ISBN 978-0-393-32107-4 (USA edition)
 * 2000, September Thorndike Press paperback ISBN 978-0-7862-2047-2 (USA edition)
 * 2000, September Soundings Ltd audio CD ISBN 978-1-86042-929-3 (UK edition)
 * 2001, March Chivers Large Print paperback ISBN 978-0-7540-2292-3 (UK edition)
 * 2007, May Blackstone Audio MP3/CD ISBN 978-1-4332-0255-1 (USA edition)
 * 2008 Playaway audio ISBN 1-60775-470-3 (USA edition)
 * 2008, February Blackstone Audio audio cassette ISBN 978-1-4332-0894-2 (USA edition)
 * 2008, June Harper Perennial paperback ISBN 978-0-00-727563-2 (UK edition)
 * 2011, W. W. Norton & Company e-book edition ISBN 978-0-393-08850-2 (USA edition)
 * 2011, Harper e-book edition ASIN B006FH2W76 (UK and Canada edition)
 * 2014, December Audible Studios (UK and USA editions)

Publishers Weekly noted that over three million copies of the books in the Aubrey-Maturin series have been sold, by November 1999.

Kirkus Reviews wrote that "O'Brian announced long ago that he hoped to write 20 volumes in his series centering on the British Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and featuring Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin. Along the way, he has built up a huge British following, if a lesser one in the States, although American reviewers find the series splendidly literate. And so here is volume 20, which finds Napoleon defeated at Waterloo and Jack and now-widower Stephen at Gibraltar, sent on a mission to release Spain's naval stranglehold on Chile and help Chile gain her independence." This is the last completed novel in the series.

title: Blue at the Mizzen


text: Template:National Football League

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:National Football League


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Montigny, Calvados

Montigny is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Montigny, Calvados


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Jo Marie Payton

Jo Marie Payton (born August 3, 1950) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Harriette Baines Winslow on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1989–1998), a role she originated on its forerunner series Perfect Strangers. From 2001 to 2005, Payton provided the voice for Suga Mama Proud (Penny Proud's paternal grandmother) on Disney Channel's animated series The Proud Family and reprised the role in the 2005 TV Movie The Proud Family Movie and also on Disney+’s revival The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder. The role earned her an NAACP Image Award nomination in 2005. Payton also had recurring roles as the personal assistant to Gregory Hines' character, Ben Doucette (Will Truman's boss), during season two of Will & Grace (1999–2000).

Early life and education
Jo Marie Payton was born on August 3, 1950, in Miami, Florida. Sometime during her early teens, her family relocated to Opa-locka, Florida. Payton attended high school at North Dade Jr./ Sr. High School and later graduated from Miami Carol City Senior High School in 1968. Continuing her education, Payton graduated from Albany State University. She then moved to California, where she joined the national touring company of the musical Purlie.

Career
Payton's big break came when she was cast as Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator on the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers, in 1987. Her performance was so well received by audiences that she was given her own sitcom, Family Matters, in 1989. Continuing her character Harriette Winslow from Perfect Strangers, she played a mother in a middle-class black family living in Chicago, Illinois. Payton left Family Matters partway through its final season, appearing for the last time on December 19, 1997, during increasing tension between her and star Jaleel White (the two nearly came to blows and had to be physically separated during Payton's penultimate episode). Harriette Winslow was played by Judyann Elder in the show's remaining eight episodes.

In 2002, Payton appeared on the "TV Moms" episode of the Anne Robinson version of The Weakest Link, and was the third one voted off. In 2003, Payton and her daughter appeared on a Mother's Day episode of Lingo, playing against fellow TV mom Meredith Baxter and her daughter. Baxter and her daughter won. In 2005, Jo Marie Payton provided the voice of Suga Mama in The Proud Family Movie. Her other television credits include Desperate Housewives , Reba, Girlfriends, Wanda at Large, Judging Amy, The Parkers, Will & Grace, The Hughleys, 7th Heaven, Moesha, The Jamie Foxx Show, 227, Silver Spoons, Small Wonder and The New Odd Couple. She also appeared as Mama in the Canadian television miniseries The Rev.

In 2005, Payton co-hosted the 15th Annual NAACP Theatre Awards with Glynn Turman. In August 2009, she guest starred on Meet the Browns as Shirley Van Owen. Payton then hosted her own show, Second Chance with Jomarie Payton, on the Hometeam Network. In 2012, Payton appeared in the GMC TV movie special From This Day Forward.

Other ventures
In 2004, in an effort to help raise funds for Virginia Union University, Payton wrote letters to alumni urging them to donate money in amounts from $18.65 to $186,500, in honor of the university's founding date of 1865. Payton also continued to donate, host charitable events, and support her alma mater of Albany State University while also continuing her education and making a successful career.

Personal life
Payton is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. In 1999, she released a jazz album, Southern Shadows. Payton has been married four times and divorced three times. Her first marriage lasted from 1980 to 1987, and was to Marc France with whom she has a daughter, Chantale France, born in 1984. From April 17, 1993 until 1998, Payton was married to Rodney Noble. Shortly after divorcing Noble, Payton married Landrus Clark in 1998; they divorced in 2004. Payton has been married to Leonard Downs since 2007.

title: Jo Marie Payton


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Gadget Boy & Heather

Gadget Boy & Heather is an animated television series co-produced between DIC Productions, L.P., France Animation, and M6. The series originally debuted in September 1995 in first-run syndication in the United States on Bohbot Entertainment's Amazin' Adventures II block and in October 1995 on M6 in France on the channel's M6 Kid block.

Plot
This series is about "Gadget Boy", a bionic kid-detective with a personality similar to that of Inspector Gadget. Just as clumsy as the original Inspector Gadget, Gadget Boy was usually bailed out of situations by the more practical Heather, though he was also helped greatly by his myriad high-tech gadgets and extendable arms and legs. Gadget Boy's bionic implants were installed by Switzerland-based inventor Myron Dabble (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) who has an unrequited crush on Heather. Gadget Boy and Heather receive their assignments from Italy-based Chief Stromboli (also voiced by LaMarche), who, much like Chief Quimby, is a frequent, long-suffering victim of Gadget Boy's bungling. Gadget Boy is assisted by the beautiful and resourceful agent Heather (voiced by Tara Strong), a very tall equivalent of sorts to Penny (the difference being that Heather is in her early 20s). He is also assisted by a robotic dog named G-9 (also LaMarche), who serves as the "Brain" of this series, which shows through his morphing capabilities to get the gang out of the stickiest situations.

The main villain of this series, instead of Dr. Claw, is the mask-wearing six-armed villainess Spydra (voiced by Louise Vallance). Spydra is accompanied by Boris, a frequently abused, wisecracking, sarcastic vulture with a Russian accent, along with her henchmen Mulch and his twin brother Houmous; they are all played by Maurice LaMarche.

The main title theme song was written and performed by Mike Piccirillo. Musical underscore composers were Mike Piccirillo and Jean-Michel Guirao.

Heroes

 * Gadget Boy (voiced by Don Adams, later Maurice LaMarche in English; Luq Hamet and later Élie Semoun in French) is a bionic police detective working for Interpol in New York City. Equipped by his dog, G-9, and assisted by Heather, he was conceived as a bionic "child" with the personality of a "perfect adult detective" (although as with the aforementioned Inspector Gadget, he is anything but). Much like Inspector Gadget, Gadget Boy is equipped with gadgets in his body while he is clumsy as Gadget but will use the gadgets to get out of sticky situations. The bionic implants were installed by the inventor Myron Dabble. Agent Heather bails Gadget Boy out of danger, though he was also helped greatly by his myriad high-tech gadgets and extendable arms and legs. However, Gadget Boy is usually seen with Heather and G-9, unlike Gadget, who in the original series, will usually inform Penny and Brain once he receives his assignment that the mission is too dangerous and that he will be going on the mission alone, and usually be convinced that a disguised Brain is a M.A.D. agent. Gadget Boy and G-9 appear to switch between being fully robotic to being half robotic in different episodes. In "Gadget Boy and the Uncommon Cold", it is revealed that Gadget Boy is half robot and thus catches a cold while G-9 does not. However, in "Boy Power of Babble", Gadget Boy is unaffected by the "babblizer ray" because he is half robot with a mechanical brain, whereas G-9 is completely robotic. As the original voice of Inspector Gadget, Adams voices Gadget Boy in a similar manner. Gadget Boy commonly says "Sowsers! Bowsers!", similar to Inspector Gadget's catchphrase, "Wowsers!"
 * Agent Heather (voiced by Tara Charendoff in English and Catherine Privat in French) is an Interpol agent and aide to Gadget Boy. Heather has a slim build with short auburn hair and blue eyes and wears a green jacket, white shirt, blue jeans and dark teal ballet shoes. She is a more resourceful agent and is the equivalent of Penny from Inspector Gadget, except Heather is much taller than Penny and appears to be in her early 20s. Her name is Estelle in the French version and it is revealed in "Gadget Boy and the Wee Folk" that her bloodline is Irish.
 * G-9 (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) is Gadget Boy's robotic dog, similar to Brain. He can morph into anything and assists Gadget Boy to get him and his gang out of the stickiest situations. Gadget Boy and G-9 appear to switch between being fully robotic to being half robotic in different episodes. Although G-9 is a robot dog, in "Boy Power of Babble", G-9 is revealed to be half robot when he is affected by the "babblizer ray", enabling him the ability to speak in an old English, intelligent accent. Unlike Brain, G-9 is usually seen with Gadget Boy, and Gadget Boy does not mistake him for being an enemy agent, as opposed to when the original Inspector Gadget will usually, on the case, mistake Brain appearing incognito for being a M.A.D. agent.
 * Chief Drake Stromboli (voiced LaMarche) is the chief of Interpol with an Italian accent. Stromboli has white hair and a white mustache and gives Gadget Boy and Heather their assignments. Like Chief Quimby, Stromboli is a frequent, long-suffering victim of Gadget Boy's bungling. Assignments are printed on a long sheet of paper, often coming out of his tie, compared to the self-destructing paper on which Inspector Gadget will receive his messages, and don't blow up in his face.
 * Myron Dabble (voiced by LaMarche) is a bespectacled inventor working for Interpol. He is the man who, like von Slickstein, equipped Gadget Boy with his gadgets. Myron has an unrequited crush on Heather. In "Back to the Vulture", it is revealed that he was really born in Cleveland and speaks with a Swiss accent because he moved to Switzerland in his youth.

Villains

 * Spydra (voiced by Louise Vallance in English and Monique Thierry in French) is the series' primary antagonist. Spydra wears a pink mask and has six arms, speaks in a loud voice, and is almost the female equivalent of Dr. Claw. Her primary goals are to bring down Gadget Boy and commit various grand crimes. Usually, Spydra is seen in her lair, much like Claw at his computer terminal, either in his castle or on the M.A.D.mobile, but does not run a large scale criminal organization similar to M.A.D. Also, Spydra's whole body can be seen, unlike Claw in the original series, where only his arms are seen and he is hiding behind a chair, and Spydra can get out of her chair. Spydra sports six arms and hides her face under a mask, occasionally removing it to use one of her main powers: the ability to petrify anyone who sees her real face. However, the unmasking is always offscreen or is obscured. Her pet is a vulture named Boris, whom she is usually abusive towards, often using alliterations to insult Boris. Spydra's minions are twin brothers Mulch and Hummus, the only recurring minions in the series, as opposed to the different recurring unnamed M.A.D. agents in Inspector Gadget (and sometimes a supervillain who will have a name and appear once, which is less apparent in the second season of the series). Her name is Arachna in the French version.
 * Boris (voiced by LaMarche) is Spydra's pet talking vulture. A long-suffering victim of Spydra's verbal abuse, Boris speaks in a Russian accent. He differs from M.A.D. Cat in that M.A.D. Cat is a foil to Claw, in which he will either be petted or pounded on, whereas Boris is only abused in many ways by Spydra, such as being insulted, thrown, or, in extreme cases, petrified by Spydra. He tends to remind Spydra he has a desk job and likes food.
 * Mulch and Hummus (both voiced by LaMarche) are twin brothers and Spydra's criminal henchmen, often sent to do her dirty work. The design of Mulch and Hummus is somewhat like the recurring M.A.D. agents from the original Inspector Gadget series; however, Mulch and Hummus are the only henchmen to Spydra, as opposed to a large number of M.A.D. agents working for Dr. Claw. The running gag is she can't tell them apart (Boris says Hummus is the one with the big nose).

Gadget Boy's Adventures in History
The second season, produced in 1997 to fulfill E/I criteria, was titled Gadget Boy's Adventures in History. Here, the young detective has to stop the evil Spydra across time. This, like Inspector Gadget's Field Trip, aired on The History Channel. The series was later repeated on This is for Kids on This TV until September 23, 2011.

Adventures in History (along with Field Trip) would mark the final time Adams voiced the character in any form, as he retired in 1999. Inspector Gadget's next appearance would be the series Gadget and the Gadgetinis (2002), where he was voiced by Maurice LaMarche.

Season 1 (1995–1996)

 * 1) Raiders of the Lost Mummies (9 September 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jeffrey Scott, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 2) From Russia with Gadget Boy (16 September 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 3) Don't Burst my Bubble (23 September 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 4) Gadget Boy in Toyland (30 September 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 5) Gadget Boy and the Wee Folk (7 October 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 6) You Oughta Be in Paintings (14 October 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 7) All That Gadgets Is Not Glitter (21 October 1995): written by Christian Darcy and Pat Allee
 * 8) Gadget Boy and the Great Race (28 October 1995): written by Christian Darcy and Aubrey Tadman
 * 9) Gadget Boy and the Ship of Fools (4 November 1995): written by Christian Darcy and Kevin Donahue
 * 10) Gadget Boy and the Uncommon Cold (11 November 1995): written by Christian Darcy and Kevin Donahue
 * 11) Double Double Toil and Dabble (18 November 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 12) Gadget Boy Squadron (25 November 1995): written by Christian Darcy and Kevin Donahue
 * 13) My Gadget Guard (2 December 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 14) Treasure of the Sierra Gadget (9 December 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 15) Gadget Boy and the Dumpling Gang (16 December 1995): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 16) The Day the Gadget Boy Stood Still (6 January 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 17) Monumental Mayhem (13 January 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 18) Jurassic Spydra (20 January 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 19) Gadget Boy's Tiniest Adventure (27 January 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 20) Power of Babble (3 February 1996): written by Christian Darcy and Terence Taylor
 * 21) Pirate of the Airwaves (10 February 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 22) Jaws and Teeth Too (17 February 1996): written by Christian Darcy and Jean Chalopin
 * 23) Eight Hands are Quicker Than Gadget Boy (24 February 1996): written by Christian Darcy and Kyle Gaither
 * 24) Boris for President (2 March 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian Mohr
 * 25) All Webbed Up, Nowhere to Go (9 March 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 26) Vulture of the Bride (16 March 1996): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr

Season 2 (1997–1998)

 * 1) The Vulture Has Landed (Neil Armstrong, 1969, Moon ) (6 September 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 2) The Long and Winding Wall (The Dragon King, China, 211 BC) (13 September 1997): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 3) For Whom the Torch Rolls (Zeus, 400 BC, Olympia, Greece) (20 September 1997): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 4) Madame Spydra Fly (Matthew C. Perry, 1853, Japan) (27 September 1997): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 5) An Ice Age Runs Through It (Somewhere in 70,000,000 BC) (4 October 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 6) The Three Gadgeteers (The Three Musketeers, 1617,Paris, France) (11 October 1997): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 7) Hot Time in Old Caves (Ned The Neanderthal, 750,000 BC, Southern France) (18 October 1997): written by Kevin Donahue
 * 8) Bionic Blunder from Down Under (James Cook, 1770, Australia) (25 October 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 9) Some Assembly Required (Henry Ford, 1909, Detroit, Michigan) (1 November 1997): written by Steve Pesce, Jack Hanrahan, and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 10) Gadget-Stein (Mary Shelley, 1816, Geneva, Switzerland) (8 November 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 11) Ice Station Vulture (Robert Peary, 1909, North Pole) (15 November 1997): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 12) Coming In on a Web and Prayer (The Wright Brothers, 1903, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina) (22 November 1997): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 13) All's Fair at the World Fair (Inventors, 1939, Queens, New York) (29 November 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 14) A Whale of a Sail of a Tail (Sinbad The Sailor, 1300 BC, Phoenicia) (6 December 1997): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 15) An Extinct Possibility (Explorers, 1955, Africa) (13 December 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 16) A Knight to Remember (Henry III of England, 1216, England) (20 December 1997): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 17) No Laughing Matter (Charlie Chaplin, 1920, Hollywood, California) (3 January 1998): written by Kevin Donahue
 * 18) It's Not Easy Staying Green (Hunters, 1970, Brazil) (10 January 1998): written by Jack Hanrahan, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Steve Pesce
 * 19) Just Fakir-ing It (Fakirs, 1928, India) (17 January 1998): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 20) Go West Young Vulture (John Sutter, 1850, California) (24 January 1998): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 21) These Are a Few of My Favorite Flying Things (Leonardo da Vinci, 1470, Florence, Italy) (31 January 1998): written by Steve Pesce and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 22) Valley of the Vulture (King Tut, 1334 BC, Egypt) (7 February 1998): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 23) The Time Land Forgot (Mayan Natives, 700 AD, Mexico) (14 February 1998): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 24) Three Brainiacs in a Fountain (Marie Curie, 1902, Paris, France, Louis Pasteur, 1864, Paris France & Albert Einstein, 1932, New York City, New York) (21 February 1998): written by Christian Darcy, Jack Hanrahan, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin
 * 25) A Gadget Boy Christmas All Around the World (Turkish bishops, 325 AD Turkey, Italians, Italy - 500 BC & Martin Luther, 1517, Wittenberg, Germany) (28 February 1998): written by Jack Hanrahan and Eleanor Burian-Mohr
 * 26) Back to the Vulture (Mrs. Dabble, 1957, Cleveland, Ohio) (7 March 1998): written by Christian Darcy, Steve Pesce, Eleanor Burian-Mohr, and Louis Gassin

Home media
On May 28, 2003, Sterling Entertainment released a DVD/VHS titled "Gadget Boy Saves the World", containing four episodes (three on the VHS) of the series. The DVD was re-released by NCircle Entertainment in 2008 alongside another DVD titled "Along Came A Spydra", which also contained four episodes.

On February 21, 2012, Mill Creek Entertainment released Gadget Boy's Adventures in History - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time. The 3-disc set featured all 26 episodes from the second season of the series and also contains bonus episodes from Johnny Test, The New Adventures of Nanoboy, World of Quest, Super Duper Sumos and The Wacky World of Tex Avery. Mill Creek also released the first disc as a single DVD release titled "Stopping Evil Across Time" on the same day, containing the same bonus episode of Johnny Test.

Broadcast
The first season originally aired on First-run Syndication through Bohbot Entertainment's Amazin' Adventures II block, while Adventures in History and reruns of Season 1 aired on The History Channel until 2000.

In the United States, reruns were shown on Toon Disney between April 19, 1998 and January 5, 2002. From 2010 to September 2011, the series aired on This TV on their Cookie Jar Toons block. In the Philippines, it was aired on IBC from 1996 to 1999 through the Vintage Television block on a weekly basis before moving to GMA Network a year later.

As of 2022, the series is available to stream on Pluto TV

In the United Kingdom, the series aired on BBC One and BBC Two on the CBBC block from 1997 to 2001; between 2002 to 2012 (approximately), it ran during the early hours of the morning on Cartoon Network and Boomerang.

From 1998 to 2000, the series was broadcast in Canada on Family Channel.

title: Gadget Boy & Heather


text:
Template talk:WikipediaTOC

Time for some discussion, neh? +sj+

May be. Now (20:29, 16 May 2004, by Lexor) looks better. Note: "Applied Arts and Sciences" looks not practical. I propose to spread this topic (some to  Technology, some to  Humans, some to  Culture) For examle move  Politics ? Public affairs to  Social sciences. Also we do not need "Health science" and "Medicine" together. Kenny sh

Whay do "& nbsp;& ndash;" is used? Kenny sh

Bugs:
This have bugy view:

===On Nature and the Natural Sciences===

Use this:

On Nature and the Natural sciences

Or

On Nature and the Natural sciences

Layout sample: MediaWiki talk:Wikipediatoc/layout

 * What's wrong with using the section headers? It looks fine to me in Mozilla/Galeon on Linux/Windows.  If you have problem using the section headers (e.g. ===Mathematics=== ), please post a screenshot here and we can fix it, rather than trying to work around it.  It simply looks inconsistent with the rest of the Main Page to use .  (Also whoever posted the Bugs section, please sign the comment, I'm not sure who I'm replying to).  --Lexor|Talk 09:48, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Kenny sh

Links

 * Headings shouldn't contain links anyway, see: Manual of Style. Could you also please add comments chronologically?  You deleted User:Sj's initial remark and replaced it with the layout information.  If you have a samples, consider using subpages, like MediaWiki talk:Wikipediatoc/layout.  The Talk page is for discussion, not templates.   Thanks. --Lexor|Talk 15:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for comments. TOC headings are some different from regular headings. I think it could contain links. IMHO, it is better, when TOC contains more link, not only links to sciences. Kenny sh

Should the links be cased as per the Manual of Style (headings)? Or do we still consider the Main Page to be outside its scope of application (as with the level of headings on the main page)? Dysprosia 06:27, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

I vote for more links in the Main Page. Kenny sh 15:15, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Architecture
What happened to the Architecture category, suddenly its gone missing. Whoever is doing the reshuffling will you please take care of it? KRS 17:49, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorry. Kenny sh

Icons!
Please have a look to a draft Template:Wikipediatoc with icons. I've made SVG images, rendered PNG, and put in to toc page. Please write your comments about the draft.

How to rearrange categories?
Before you do rearrange categories, think ten times!
 * 1) Study a topic you going to categorize. Most topics have two or more faces: for example personal car is machine, from another side it personal appliance; dancing from one side art, from another it is entertainment, computer is subtopic of technology and could be subtopic of entertainment.
 * 2) Think what is common, not what is diffence. Learn holistic approach.
 * 3) Limit number of subtopics. Recomended 6-7. Learn more, why: Hrair limit.
 * 4) Define for each category its main keywords, ideas, subects (human personal life,soul,society,technology,nature), that will identify it.
 * 5) Use second level tables of content for more detailed categorization.
 * 6) Learn Categorization, Basic_topics

Rearrange categories?
You've got 'holidays' under 'Religion, Culture, Fine arts, and Philosophy' and 'tourism' under 'Hobbies and entertainment'. Suggest deleting 'Holidays'.

I'd also suggest splitting 'fine arts' from 'religion' and 'philosophy' and lumping together arts, crafts and entertainment, because television is a lot more like theatre than theatre is like philosophy. Religion and philosophy could then be merged into either 'society' or 'humans'.
 * There is difference between palying theatre (art) and watchich teatre (entertaiment). Kenny

For that matter, 'food' and 'cooking' would look more at home with sport and gardening.

giving you something like -

Nature and Natural sciences Logic - Mathematics - Astronomy – Biology – Geography – Chemistry – Earth science – Ecology – Physics - Medicine - Psychology

Technology and Engineering Agriculture – Architecture – Automobiles – Computer science – Internet – Software engineering – Transport

Humanities Anthropology – Archaeology – Religion - Philosophy - History - Linguistics - Mythology - the Soul

Society, Social sciences, and State Business – Communication – Economics – Government – Law – Media – Politics – Public affairs – Sociology - Education - Family

Arts, Crafts and Entertainment Classics – Dance – Film – Literature – Music – Opera – Painting – Poetry – Sculpture – Theater – Visual arts and design - Television - Radio - Fashion

Hobbies and Recreation Games – Gardening – Humor – Recreation – Sports – Tourism - Food

Harry R 16:18, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I support your ideas. Fredrik 00:57, 1 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest Entertainment, Hobbies and Recreation leave toghter. Also, think, what is common, not what is different. We don't want 100 caterories on the main toc. No more than 10, 6-7 is preferable. Please leave personal life category. More, let's think, may be merge 'Arts, Crafts and Entertainment' and 'Hobbies and Recreation' to Culture? Kenny 13:48, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

Second level tables of contents.
Instead of categories rearrangment, I suggest to make for each category it's own ToC. I've already created some. Look links index and more at Template:Wikipediatoc. Kenny 08:35, 2004 Jun 1 (UTC)

Is there any way to get "second-level categories linked to from the main page? For example, linking Philosophy to the main page, though keeping it under the heading of Culture. The Philosophy categories are growing and I think people should be able to be exposed to it directly.

-

IMHO, Cultures sectoin need some cleanup. Kenny 10:45, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

Abstraction
Why "Mathematics, Computer science, and Philosophy" are together? Kenny 11:14, 2004 Aug 10 (UTC)

 * they all involve abstract reasoning, they are not natural science, social science, or technology. dml 22:31, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Great! Abstraction is much more better! Kenny 10:31, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

 * Each of these abstractions refers to completely different levels of reality, philosophy deals with life as a whole, mathematics with numbers and computer science with computers, why the hell are they lumped under abstraction? Although George Bush and Jesus Christ are both people they each come from entirely different realities, don't we categorise them repsective of say history before we categorise them as people? I think we should restore these abstractions to what they are about (philosophy/culture, mathematics/abstraction (the existence of number is truly abstract) and computer science/technology) rather than group them under the lowest common denominator, ie not concrete life. Chwe 21:45, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure, they are different, just as Biology and Physics. But that is the purpose (and problem) of grouping subjects. So we should keep abstractions Jørgen Friis Bak 16:41, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Just for the record, my reaction to seeing the "Abstraction" category (and especially the "Statistics" entry under it) was: "What??" (And I have a degree in the subject!) Now that I've read this discussion, I understand, but obviously we can't rely on people doing that to figure out why it's called "Abstraction". Perhaps "Abstract reasoning" or "Deductive sciences" or something similarly descriptive would be better. - dcljr 10:58, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

---

I really hope we adopt a design with icons or bullets soon. When is this expected to happen? --Exigentsky 00:28, Jun 6, 2004 (UTC)

The vote on icons at Template talk:Wikipediatoc with icons showed a very large preference for no icons. In keeping with this, I reverted to the non-icons version. Being bold does not mean ignoring other people's opinions. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:44, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The vote is MEANINGLESS
The vote just shows what a very limited number of people deeply involved in the project think, not the vast majority of users. It's as if you were to poll the Bush administration on manners of Iraq, or journalists on social issues, this does not usually reflect the opinion of the general public.

Most people prefer icons and Wikipedia should reflect that. --Exigentsky 07:36, Jun 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Your unilateral actions only reflect what you think, which is a lot more limiting than a poll of involved users. If "most people" prefer icons, then they're welcome to come and tell us that. So far, they haven't, and the majority of people commenting on the issue don't like them.

 * As a point of style, typing in all caps is considered yelling, and therefore rude. If you want to be taken seriously, I'd suggest not using it as a first resort. -- Cyrius|✎ 08:10, 6 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Wiki for PDA
I refer to Wiki often using my PDA. So i 'd like to see Wiki with as little images and or bullits as possible. Also i would like to see a menu relocation. I'd prefer it at the top of the page. Much like the BBC news text version. Jan

 * Would you like Main Page (text only) ? Kenny 10:51, 2004 Aug 11 (UTC)

Software is not subordinate to engineering
In the U.S., there are about 10 times as many "software engineers" as "computer engineers" which means that software is not subordinate to computer engineers. Also, there are nearly as many "software engineers" as all "traditional engineeers" (about 2/3 as many), so software engineering is not suboridinate to traditional engineering either. These numbers come from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Other countries will probably find similar ratios.

Computer engineering has long been part of traditional engineering, so putting "computers" in the title is redundant with "engineering". But, software has very different history, ideals, and practices than engineering, so it deserves its own heading.

Big letters
I don't like the big letters. Bensaccount 20:10, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Category tree
I think the link from Category tree should lead to Category:Fundimental not Category:Main Page, what is the reasoning behind this? surely it would be better to start at the top of the tree rather than two levels down. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 19:29, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

 * I agree we should use Category:Fundamental, this obsoletes the main page category but is a better organisation. User:Sverdrup 19:36, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree also. The main page caterogy is terrible. I'm glad to see it replaced, although the category system still needs to be polished a bit. Krik 09:35, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'll change it then --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 20:41, 2004 Jul 5 (UTC)

Just to be fair
If technology has engineering, vehicles, and transport; then I don't see why it cannot have software engineering, computer science, and software.

Question 1: Some of these entries are professions (engineering) and some are technologies (vehicles). Should it be one or the other or both? Do we care?

Question 2: How much of a sampling of a profession should be represented? For example, bridges and buildings are probably as important as vehicles. Which technologies should be highlighted for each profession?

Architecture
I'd like to move Architecture into a different category. On the actual main page it is listed under technology, but when i go to category:main page it's listed under arts. I thought the latter was transcluded in the former? Anyway, I think architecture's combination of arts and science would be better communicated by puting it with the other applied or practical arts such as politics, sociology and history, under society. I've been raising this issue a lot without getting much of a reply, perhaps I've posted it in the wrong places. Does anyone have an opinion on this or should I just move it? Do I need an admin or can I do it myself? Thanks Chwe 21:55, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

user:solipsist has pointed out that the Library of Congress Classification for Architecture is at NA under Fine Arts

 * I can support this. I'm not too troubled by the current position on the Main Page, but Architecture is often listed under Arts and many architects concentrate on the 3D visual aspects and detailing of a building, leaving many of the technical (will it stand up) aspects to a Structural engineer.
 * Hang on, it looks like it has moved already. -- Solipsist 23:49, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Architecture, Poetry, Drama
These are major fields here which mght not even intuitively or easily fall into 'arts' or 'literature' for some people. I think Wikipedia should showcase the breadth of fields being covered, so people are intrigued to explore it. Isn't that the purpose of subcategories under Culture? The page with these items was not too overloaded so as to require any extra scrolling, it was not, in my opinion, unappealing visually, and it was alphabetically arranged so all topics can easily be found. It is not like asking to add something like French poetry or something obscure here. [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]] 16:48, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

WikiAtlas?
I love WikiPedia, I love the random page function.

but ... Is anyone else annoyed at how often small town entries come up? It seems pointless to have "Nuclear_winter" and "Dacula%2C_Georgia" [with it's pop. of 3,848] in the same place.

A WikiAtlas would be a great project, but perhaps this is not the time.

Is there a way to seperate all these geographic entries from the rest?

I would say that inclusion of Wallaceton%2C_Pennsylvania is certainly non-encyclopedic ... unless you can open the WorldBook set and find Brights_Grove%2C_Ontario in there.

Thanks for listening to me rant, Dave

The order of Browse topics
Is there some basis for the order in which the Browse topics are displayed in the Main Page? If the order has to be lexicographic, then should Mathematics not come after Life? I presume that the current order is because Life is Personal Life, but the anchor text shows only Life. -- Sundar 14:18, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * It was and should be Lexicographic. Life should be moved or re-renamed Personal life. dml 18:04, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I have been trying to convert the reference section over to a sidebar, in the style of Wikipedia:Browse, but the fonts get so much smaller when I look at them in Wikipedia:Browse_by_overview. Does anyone have a clue as to how best to get around this? -- Fplay 00:29, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:WikipediaTOC


text:
Conflict (narrative)

Traditionally, conflict is a major element of narrative or dramatic structure that creates challenges in a story by adding uncertainty as to whether the goal will be achieved. In works of narrative, conflict is the challenge main characters need to solve to achieve their goals. However, narrative is not limited to a single conflict. In narrative, the term resolution refers to the closure or conclusion of the conflict, which may or may not occur by the story's end.

Basic nature
Conflict in literature refers to the different drives of the characters or forces involved. Conflict may be internal or external—that is, it may occur within a character's mind or between a character and exterior forces, (or point(s) of view). Conflict is most visible between two or more characters, usually a protagonist and an antagonist/enemy/villain, but can occur in many different forms. A character may as easily find themselves in conflict with a natural force, such as an animal or a weather event, like a hurricane. The literary purpose of conflict is to create tension in the story, making readers more interested by leaving them uncertain which of the characters or forces will prevail.

There may be multiple points of conflict in a single story, as characters may have more than one desire or may struggle against more than one opposing force. When a conflict is resolved and the reader discovers which force or character succeeds, it creates a sense of closure. Conflicts may resolve at any point in a story, particularly where more than one conflict exists, but stories do not always resolve every conflict. If a story ends without resolving the main or major conflict(s), it is said to have an "open" ending. Open endings, which can serve to ask the reader to consider the conflict more personally, may not satisfy them, but obvious conflict resolution may also leave readers disappointed in the story.

Classification
The basic types of conflict in fiction have been commonly codified as "man against man", "man against nature", and "man against self." Although frequently cited, these three types of conflict are not universally accepted. Ayn Rand, for instance, argued that "man against nature" is not a conflict because nature has no free will and thus can make no choices. Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described, "man against society". Some of the other types of conflict referenced include "man against machine" (The Terminator, Brave New World), "man against fate" (Oedipus Rex), "man against the supernatural" (The Shining) and "man against God" (A Canticle for Leibowitz).

Man against man
"Man against man" conflict involves stories where characters are against each other. This is an external conflict. The conflict may be direct opposition, as in a gunfight or a robbery, or it may be a more subtle conflict between the desires of two or more characters, as in a romance or a family epic. This type of conflict is very common in traditional literature, fairy tales and myths. One example of the "man against man" conflict is the relationship struggles between the protagonist and the antagonist stepfather in This Boy's Life. Other examples include Dorothy's struggles with the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and Tom Sawyer's confrontation with Injun Joe in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

Man against nature
"Man against nature" conflict is an external struggle positioning the character against an animal or a force of nature, such as a storm or tornado or snow. The "man against nature" conflict is central to Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, where the protagonist contends against a marlin. It is also common in adventure stories, including ''Robinson Crusoe.  The TV show Man vs. Wild'' takes its name from this conflict, featuring Bear Grylls and his attempts to survive nature.

Man against self
With "man against self" conflict, the struggle is internal. A character must overcome their own nature or make a choice between two or more paths—good and evil; logic and emotion. A serious example of "man against himself" is offered by Hubert Selby Jr.'s 1978 novel Requiem for a Dream, which centers around stories of addiction. In the novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk, published in 1994, as well as in its 1999 film adaptation, the unnamed protagonist struggles against himself in what is revealed to be a case of dissociative identity disorder. Bridget Jones's Diary also focuses on internal conflict, as the titular character deals with her own neuroses and self-doubts.

Man against society
Sometimes a fourth basic conflict is described, "man against society". Where man stands against a man-made institution (such as slavery or bullying), "man against man" conflict may shade into "man against society". In such stories, characters are forced to make moral choices or frustrated by social rules in meeting their own goals. The Handmaid's Tale, The Man in the High Castle and Fahrenheit 451 are examples of "man against society" conflicts. So is Charlotte's Web, in which the pig Wilbur fights for his survival against a society that raises pigs for food.

History
As with other literary terms, these have come about gradually as descriptions of common narrative structures. Conflict was first described in ancient Greek literature as the agon, or central contest in tragedy. According to Aristotle, in order to hold the interest, the hero must have a single conflict. The agon, or act of conflict, involves the protagonist (the "first fighter") and the antagonist (a more recent term), corresponding to the hero and villain. The outcome of the contest cannot be known in advance, and according to later critics such as Plutarch, the hero's struggle should be ennobling.

Even in modern non-dramatic literature, critics have observed that the agon is the central unit of the plot. The easier it is for the protagonist to triumph, the less value there is in the drama. In internal and external conflict alike, the antagonist must act upon the protagonist and must seem at first to overmatch them. For example, in William Faulkner's The Bear, nature might be the antagonist. Even though it is an abstraction, natural creatures and the scenery oppose and resist the protagonist. In the same story, the young boy's doubts about himself provide an internal conflict, and they seem to overwhelm him.

Similarly, when godlike characters enter (e.g. Superman), correspondingly great villains have to be created, or natural weaknesses have to be invented, to allow the narrative to have drama. Alternatively, scenarios could be devised in which the character's godlike powers are constrained by some sort of code, or their respective antagonist.

title: Conflict (narrative)


text:
Montreuil-en-Auge

Montreuil-en-Auge (, literally Montreuil in Auge) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Montreuil-en-Auge


text:
User:John Bracegirdle

Welcome
Most of my contributions are bug fixes for pages I came across. I taught ICT and computing at High School level.

John.

http://www.bracegirdle.co.uk/

--John Bracegirdle 18:11, 16 May 2004 (UTC) Talk to me at my talk page.

Articles I have worked on

 * James Prescott Joule
 * Sale, Greater Manchester
 * Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

title: User:John Bracegirdle


text:
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia

Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia is a regional anaesthetic technique, which combines the benefits of both spinal anaesthesia and epidural anaesthesia and analgesia. The spinal component gives a rapid onset of a predictable block. The indwelling epidural catheter gives the ability to provide long lasting analgesia and to titrate the dose given to the desired effect.

Indications
This technique also allows for better post operative pain relief. The epidural catheter may be left in place for up to 72 hours if required.

In labouring women, the onset of analgesia is more rapid with combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia compared with epidural analgesia. Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labour was formerly thought to enable women to mobilise for longer compared with epidural analgesia, but this is not supported by a recent Cochrane review.

In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (September 2007) recommends combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for women who require rapid onset of analgesia in labour. It further recommends the use of bupivacaine and fentanyl to establish the block.

Insertion technique
Combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia is a highly specialised technique which should only be administered by a properly trained anaesthetic practitioner working with full aseptic technique.

The needle-through-needle technique involves the introduction of a Tuohy needle (epidural needle) into the epidural space. The standard technique of loss of resistance to injection may be employed.

A long fine spinal needle (25G) is then introduced via the lumen of the epidural needle and through the dura mater, into the subarachnoid space. A small pop is felt as the dura is punctured, and the correct position is confirmed when cerebrospinal fluid can be seen dripping from the spinal needle.

A small dose of local anaesthetic (e.g. bupivacaine) is then instilled. An opioid such as fentanyl may also be given if desired. The spinal needle is then withdrawn and the epidural catheter inserted in the standard manner.

Alternatively, a two-level approach may be undertaken. The epidural space is first located in the standard manner. Then, at another level, a standard spinal is performed. Finally, the epidural catheter is threaded through the Tuohy needle.

Maintenance technique
When the epidural catheter has been inserted, the techniques of maintenance of block are very similar to those of epidural anaesthesia. The intensity of the block may be adjusted as desired. Large doses of local anaesthetic can produce sufficient anaesthesia for surgery. Alternatively, smaller doses can provide analgesia, e.g. in the postoperative period.

Equipment
A standard epidural pack may be used with a standard spinal needle. However, the standard length of a spinal needle (90mm) may be insufficiently long to reach the subarachnoid space through the Tuohy needle. An extra-long needle (e.g., 120 mm) may be required. Alternatively, several manufacturers produce packs containing both a spinal and an epidural needle which are slightly modified to fit together.

Complications
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia in labouring women is associated with more pruritus if fentanyl (25 μg) is given intrathecally, than low-dose epidural analgesia. However, no difference has been found in the incidence of post dural puncture headache, requirement for epidural blood patch or maternal hypotension.

It is unknown if infections are more likely to happen during combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia compared to spinal or epidural techniques. Post-dural-puncture headache has a similar incidence rate (0.8 to 2.5%) to the conventional epidural.


text:
Anthony James Leggett

Sir Anthony James Leggett (born 26 March 1938) is a British–American theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Leggett is widely recognised as a world leader in the theory of low-temperature physics, and his pioneering work on superfluidity was recognised by the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. He has shaped the theoretical understanding of normal and superfluid helium liquids and strongly coupled superfluids. He set directions for research in the quantum physics of macroscopic dissipative systems and use of condensed systems to test the foundations of quantum mechanics.

Early life and education
Leggett was born in Camberwell, South London, and raised Catholic. His father's forebears were village cobblers in a small village in Hampshire; Leggett's grandfather broke with this tradition to become a greengrocer; his father would relate how he used to ride with him to buy vegetables at the Covent Garden market in London. His mother's parents were of Irish descent; her father had moved to Britain and worked as a clerk in the naval dockyard in Chatham. His maternal grandmother, who survived into her eighties, was sent out to domestic service at the age of twelve. She eventually married his grandfather and raised a large family, then in her late sixties emigrated to Australia to join her daughter and son-in-law, and finally returned to the UK for her last years.

His father and mother were each the first in their families to receive a university education; they met and became engaged while students at the Institute of Education at the University of London, but were unable to get married for some years because his father had to care for his own mother and siblings. His father worked as a secondary school teacher of physics, chemistry and mathematics. His mother also taught secondary school mathematics for a time, but had to give this up when he was born. He was eventually followed by two sisters, Clare and Judith, and two brothers, Terence and Paul, all raised in their parents' Roman Catholic faith. Leggett ceased to be a practising Catholic in his early twenties.

Soon after he was born, his parents bought a house in Upper Norwood, south London. When he was 18 months old, WWII broke out and he was evacuated to Englefield Green, a small village in Surrey on the edge of the great park of Windsor Castle, where he stayed for the duration of the war. After the end of the war, he returned to the Upper Norwood house and lived there until 1950; his father taught at a school in north-east London and his mother looked after the five children full-time. He attended the local Catholic primary school, and later, following a successful performance in the 11-plus, which he took rather earlier than most, and then transferred to Wimbledon College.

He later attended Beaumont College, a Jesuit school in Old Windsor. He and his two younger brothers, Terrence and Paul, attended Beaumont as a consequence of his father's appointment to teach science at the college. While there, Leggett primarily studied classics, since that was generally regarded as the most prestigious field at the time; this study led directly to his Greats degree while at Oxford. Despite Leggett's emphasis on classics at Beaumont, his father ran an evening 'science club' for his younger son and a couple of others. In his last year at Beaumont, Leggett won every single prize for the subjects that he studied that year.

Leggett won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford, in December 1954 and entered the University the following year with the intention of reading the degree technically known as Literae Humaniores (classics). After completing his first degree he began a second undergraduate degree, this time in physics at Merton College, Oxford. One person who was willing to overlook Leggett's unorthodox credentials was Dirk ter Haar, then a reader in theoretical physics and a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; so Leggett signed up for research under ter Haar's supervision. As with all of ter Haar's students in that period, the tentatively assigned thesis topic was "Some Problems in the Theory of Many-Body Systems", which left a considerable degree of latitude.

Dirk took a great interest in the personal welfare of his students and their families, and was meticulous in making sure they received adequate support; indeed, he encouraged Leggett to apply for a Prize Fellowship at Magdalen, which he held from 1963 to 1967. In the end Leggett's thesis consisted of studies of two somewhat disconnected problems in the general area of liquid helium, one on higher-order phonon interaction processes in superfluid 4He and the other on the properties of dilute solutions of 4He in normal liquid 3He (a system which unfortunately turned out to be much less experimentally accessible than the other side of the phase diagram, dilute solutions of 3He in 4He). The University of Oxford awarded Leggett an Honorary DLitt in June 2005.

Career
Leggett spent the period August 1964 – August 1965 as a postdoctoral research fellow at UIUC, and David Pines and his colleagues (John Bardeen, Gordon Baym, Leo Kadanoff and others) provided a fertile environment. He then spent a year in the group of Professor Takeo Matsubara at Kyoto University in Japan.

After one more postdoctoral year which he spent in "roving" mode, spending time at Oxford, Harvard, and Illinois, in the autumn of 1967 he took up a lectureship at the University of Sussex, where he was to spend the majority of the next fifteen years of his career. During the mid 1970s, he spent considerable time in Japan at the University of Tokyo and also at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi, Ghana.

In early 1982 he accepted an offer from UIUC of the MacArthur Chair with which the university had recently been endowed. As he had already committed himself to an eight-month stay as a visiting scientist at Cornell in early 1983, he finally arrived in Urbana in the early fall of that year, and has been there ever since.

Leggett's own research interests shifted away from superfluid 3He since around 1980; he worked inter alia on the low-temperature properties of glasses, high-temperature superconductivity, the Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) atomic gases and above all on the theory of experiments to test whether the formation of quantum mechanics will continue to describe the physical world as we push it up from the atomic level towards that of everyday life.

From 2006 to 2016, he also held a position at the Institute for Quantum Computing in Waterloo, Canada.

As of April 2023, he serves as chief scientist at the Institute for Condensed Matter Theory, a research institute at the UIUC.

In 2013, he became the founding director of the Shanghai Center for Complex Physics.

Research
His research focuses on cuprate superconductivity, superfluidity in highly degenerate atomic gases, low temperature properties of amorphous solids, conceptual issues in the formulation of quantum mechanics and topological quantum computation.

The edition of 29 December 2005 of the International Herald Tribune printed an article, "New tests of Einstein's 'spooky' reality", which referred to Leggett's Autumn 2005 debate at a conference in Berkeley, California, with fellow Nobel laureate Norman Ramsey of Harvard University. Both debated the worth of attempts to change quantum theory. Leggett thought attempts were justified, Ramsey opposed. Leggett believes quantum mechanics may be incomplete because of the quantum measurement problem.

Awards and honours
Leggett is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences (foreign member), the Indian National Science Academy, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1980, the American Physical Society, and American Institute of Physics, and Life Fellow of the Institute of Physics.

He was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics (with V. L. Ginzburg and A. A. Abrikosov) for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK). He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours "for services to physics". He also won the 2002/2003 Wolf Foundation Prize for research on condensed forms of matter (with B. I. Halperin). He was also honoured with the Eugene Feenberg Memorial Medal (1999). He has been elected as a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (2011).

Personal life
In June 1973, he married Haruko Kinase. They met at Sussex University, in Brighton, England. In 1978, they had a daughter Asako. His wife Haruko earned a PhD in cultural anthropology from UIUC and has done research on the hospice system. Their daughter, Asako, also graduated from UIUC with a joint major in geography and chemistry. She holds dual US/UK citizenship.

title: Anthony James Leggett


text:
Monts-en-Bessin

Monts-en-Bessin (, literally Monts in Bessin) is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Monts-en-Bessin


text:
Montviette

Montviette is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

title: Montviette


text:
Talk:Knuckleball

Copyright violation
The version of this page made by 163.1.247.84 was a copyright violation of an article in the New Yorker. I changed the language to remove the variation, but mainly through paraphrase. I would appreciate it if someone else would compare the versions and verify that the changes were sufficient. — Adam Conover † 18:07, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

Seams
Meeler -- I'll take your word for it regarding the seams of the knuckleball, but if you have more sources on how a knuckleball is thrown, why not add them anyway? The more information the better... — Adam Conover † 19:21, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

Jared Fernandez
Jared Fernandez is a knuckleballer and has been in and out of the majors for the last 4 years. Should he be mentioned as a knuckleballer that doesn't quite knuckle it? He has pitched for Houston and Cincinnati and is currently on the minor league triple A Houston Astros farm team the New Orleans Zephyrs. He is pitching poorly.

 * What do you mean "Doesn't quite knuckle it"? As long as he is a real knuckleball pitcher (and doesn't simply have, say, a knuckle-curve (i.e., not a true knuckleball) in his arsenal, sure, include him.   —  Adam Conover † 02:40, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

Someone changed the article to say that the finger grip is the only grip used to throw the knuckleball today, rather than the original knuckle grip. I don't believe this is correct. It's my understanding that Fernandez (just mentioned above) for one uses a knuckle grip. As far as I know, he throws a knuckleball in the modern sense, though I haven't added him to the article because I think trying to list every knuckleball pitcher is excessive for this context. --Michael Snow 18:31, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * To explain another revert, I removed a reference to Mike Mussina throwing the knuckle curve. That's true enough as far as it goes, but there's a separate article on the knuckle curve, Mussina is mentioned there, and general information about the pitch and its practitioners belongs at that article. No offense intended, but the information strays from the main topic of this article and is only faintly relevant here. The discussion here is of pitchers who probably threw a knuckle curve, but are often called knuckleballers in the literature. As far as I know, Mussina is not generally referred to this way, so mentioning him is gratuitous. --Michael Snow 02:13, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Popular Knuckleballers
I started a list of some of the more popular, famous, and in the case of Eddie Cicotte, infamous knuckleballers in MLB history. If anyone else could include other Hall of Fame and/or famous knuckleballers that would be great. I would also suggest to not include everyone who throws/has thrown the knuckle, just the more popular or notable players. Darwin's Bulldog 23:35, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Does Steve Sparks really belong in the list of popular knuckleballers? His career was rather unimpressive and he's not even playing in the Majors now. Darwin's Bulldog 23:05, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * David McCarthy was added to the list by a suspected vandal. I can't find any source for this, and his wiki article lists him as a sprinter, not a pitcher.  I'm going to indicate that the claim is dubious unless anybody can cite it. --TexasDex 15:22, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

I checked baseball-reference.com and no one named David McCarthy has ever pitched in the major leagues. I suppose this could be a misspelling of David McCarty, who pitched 3.7 innings for the Red Sox in 2004, but I do not believe McCarty threw the knuckler. Since this is a list of "popular knuckleballers," I think the McCarthy entry should be deleted. Srunstrom 21:42, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

The list of "Popular knuckleballers" seems somewhat subjective. Actually, both words - "popular" and "knuckleballer" are pretty subjective. "Popular" seems to indicate I can add anyone I want, like the guy on my softball team who throws a pretty mean knuckleball. "Knuckleballer" is also hard to define. Rob Neyer defines about 70 major leaguers as knuckleball pitchers in "The Neyer/James Guide to pitchers," but there are around 200 other major league pitchers who threw it at least occasionally. And this is before we even define what counts as a knuckleball, which also is controversial since the definition has changed over time.

I added an External Link to "The (Mostly) Complete List of Knuckleball Pitchers" available at Knuckleball HQ. I wrote this article in 2005. It includes both a discussion of the problems with defining a "knuckleballer," and a list of just about everyone who ever threw a knuckler in the major leagues. Srunstrom 22:16, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Picture
Would it be possible to upload a picture of the grip?
 * I have added a photo that's on the Tim Wakefield article, which shows his grip fairly clearly. If there is a better photo available, it should replace the one I just added.....PKT 15:48, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Physics
| This site talks about the physics of the knuckleball, and there's no mention of "vortices building up on the seams" Instead, it seems that the lack of spin builds up a large turbulent wake on the back of the ball that pushes it around in flight. I'm not too good with physics, and I haven't vetted this source, but somebody should probably take a stab at figuring this out. Phyrkrakr (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 09:24, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Soccer
This is a technique used in football as well. I think that is worth mentioning on the page. You can read more about it under "Playing style" on Juninhos page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juninho_Pernambucano — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.129.63.105 (talk) 08:17, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Wikiquote
While reading "Knuckler", a biography of Tim Wakefield, I noticed that each chapter was headed with a quote about the knuckleball, and hoped to improve Wikiquote, but the page linked in this article does NOT EXIST!! 24.27.31.170 (talk) 20:30, 17 October 2011 (UTC) Eric

Grip
I understand how the fingertip-style grip would work, but for the original grip, what is meant by "holding the ball with the knuckles"? How does one hold the ball with their knuckles? Would it be possible to include a diagram or more specific description? Tad Lincoln (talk) 01:17, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Popular culture?
If there were a section on 'use in popular culture' there could be a mention of the Gillian Welch song 'Knuckleball catcher' The song is not about baseball, but every verse has the refrain 'A knuckleball catcher only gets one job to do' Would this be of interest?Dean1954 (talk) 12:55, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Rarity (2020 no knuckleball streak)
Todd Frazier threw knuckleballs on Sep 18th 2020, Braves at Mets, which I believe ended the streak mentioned in the page. They were recorded as curveballs by mlb.com but reporting about the game (official mlb Twitter account) and the in-game broadcast had them as knuckleballs. (should be noted that Frazier is of course not a pitcher but a position player). Wanted to consult before editing.

Origin
The main article currently credits Cicotte as a possible inventor.

However, the Apr/22/1908 Brooklyn Daily Eagle (page 23) states that Frosty Thomas showed the pitch to Cicotte while both were members of the 1905 Detroit Tigers. Thomas apparently didn't have success controlling it, so it's possible that Cicotte made some tweak that improved the pitch.

And, four days earlier, the Apr/18/1908 New York Evening World (pg 4) credits a knuckle ball to Nap Reuther, and includes drawings of the grip and delivery. Not clear whether this is the same pitch, though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:98A:4100:36A0:C41F:17D5:D841:6ED5 (talk) 17:56, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knuckleball


text:
Antennaria

Antennaria is a genus of dioecious perennial herbs in the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with a few species (A. chilensis, A. linearifolia, A. sleumeri) in temperate southern South America; the highest species diversity is in North America. Common names include catsfoot or cat's-foot, pussytoes and everlasting.

Different Antennaria species reach between 10 cm and 50 cm in height. The leaves are basal and often stem leaves. The name Antennaria refers to the projecting stamens seen on the male flowers of some species, resembling insect antennae.

Antennaria species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Vanessa virginiensis (American painted lady), Coleophora pappiferella (which feeds exclusively on A. dioica), Schinia verna (which feeds on several Antennaria species).

Selected species
• Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. – alpine catsfoot

• Antennaria anaphaloides Rydb. – pearly pussytoes

• Antennaria arcuata Cronq. – box pussytoes

• Antennaria argentea Benth. – silver pussytoes

• Antennaria aromatica Evert – scented pussytoes

• Antennaria boecheriana A.E.Porsild – Boecher's catsfoot

• Antennaria carpatica (Wahlenb.) Bluff & Fingerh. – Carpathian catsfoot

• Antennaria caucasica Boriss. – Caucasian catsfoot

• Antennaria chilensis Remy – Chilean catsfoot

• Antennaria corymbosa E. Nels. – flat-top pussytoes

• Antennaria densifolia Porsild – denseleaf pussytoes

• Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray – low pussytoes

• Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. – mountain everlasting

• Antennaria eucosma Fern. & Wieg. – Newfoundland pussytoes

• Antennaria flagellaris (Gray) Gray – whip pussytoes

• Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman – Fries' pussytoes

• Antennaria geyeri Gray – pinewoods pussytoes

• Antennaria howellii Greene (syn. A. canadensis) – Howell's pussytoes

• Antennaria lanata (Hook.) Greene – woolly pussytoes

• Antennaria luzuloides Torr. & Gray – rush pussytoes

• Antennaria marginata Greene – whitemargin pussytoes

• Antennaria media Greene – Rocky Mountain pussytoes

• Antennaria microphylla Rydb. – littleleaf pussytoes

• Antennaria monocephala DC. – pygmy pussytoes

• Antennaria neglecta Greene – field pussytoes

• Antennaria nordhageniana Rune & Rönning

• Antennaria parlinii Fern. – Parlin's pussytoes

• Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. – small-leaf pussytoes

• Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. – plantainleaf pussytoes

• Antennaria porsildii E.Ekman

• Antennaria pulchella Greene – Sierra pussytoes

• Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene – showy pussytoes

• Antennaria racemosa Hook. – raceme pussytoes

• Antennaria rosea Greene – rosy pussytoes

• Antennaria rosulata Rydb. – Kaibab pussytoes

• Antennaria soliceps Blake – Charleston Mountain pussytoes

• Antennaria solitaria Rydb. – singlehead pussytoes

• Antennaria stenophylla (A.Gray) A.Gray – narrowleaf pussytoes

• Antennaria suffrutescens Greene – evergreen everlasting

• Antennaria umbrinella Rydb. – umber pussytoes

• Antennaria villifera Boriss.

• Antennaria virginica Stebbins – shale barren pussytoes

Hybrids

 * Antennaria × erigeroides Greene (pro sp.)
 * Antennaria × foliacea Greene (pro sp.)
 * Antennaria × macounii Greene (pro sp.)
 * Antennaria × oblancifolia E.Nels. (pro sp.)

title: Antennaria


text:
Borough of Cleethorpes

Cleethorpes was a local government district in Humberside, England from 1974 to 1996. It was granted borough status in 1975. It was formed on 1 April 1974 and covered Cleethorpes itself along with a wider area including Humberston, Laceby, Stallingborough, New Waltham, and Immingham (formerly part of the Grimsby Rural District). Based at Cleethorpes Town Hall, it was abolished on 1 April 1996 (along with Humberside) when it was merged with the borough of Great Grimsby as the new unitary North East Lincolnshire.

title: Borough of Cleethorpes