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Miyamoto (surname)

Miyamoto (宮本, ミヤモト) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Ariana Miyamoto, beauty queen
 * Fumiaki Miyamoto, oboist
 * Hiroshi Miyamoto (宮本 広志), shogi player
 * Kanako Miyamoto, (born 1989) voice actress and singer
 * Karin Miyamoto, idol singer (Juice=Juice)
 * Kazushi Miyamoto, professional wrestler
 * Kenji Miyamoto (figure skater), figure skater
 * Kenji Miyamoto (politician), politician
 * Masafumi Miyamoto, founder of video game company Square (now Square Enix)
 * Masao Miyamoto, psychiatrist, former civil servant, critic of the Japanese bureaucratic system
 * Miyamoto Musashi, historical swordsman and Rōnin
 * Naoki Miyamoto (宮本 直毅), Go player
 * Nobuko Miyamoto, actress
 * Shigeru Miyamoto, creator of the Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda video game series
 * Shunichi Miyamoto, musician and voice actor
 * Takeshi Miyamoto, politician
 * Teru Miyamoto, author, recipient of the Akutagawa Prize
 * Teruki Miyamoto (宮本 輝紀), footballer
 * Teruko Miyamoto (宮本 輝子), basketball player
 * Tomomi Miyamoto, footballer
 * Toshiko Miyamoto (宮本 敏子), gymnast
 * Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, soccer player, FC Red Bull Salzburg & Japan
 * Yuriko Miyamoto, author
 * Koji Miyamoto, professional wrestling historian

Fictional characters

 * Miyamoto Usagi, from the comic "Usagi Yojimbo"
 * Carlos Miyamoto, a playable character in Final Fight 2
 * Masashi Miyamoto, a character in the 2012 anime Btooom!
 * Terunosuke Miyamoto, an antagonist from the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable

title: Miyamoto (surname)


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Keith Fullerton Whitman

Keith Fullerton Whitman (born May 29, 1973) is an American electronic musician who has recorded albums influenced by many genres, including ambient music, drill and bass, and krautrock. He records and performs using many aliases, of which the best-known is Hrvatski (the Croatian word for Croatian). His works under the Hrvatski moniker mainly fell under the 'drill and bass' subgenre of IDM, and were his main musical outlet in the mid-to-late 1990s. Other solo aliases include ASCIII and Anonymous. Keith was in many bands in the 1990s, including El-Ron, The Liver Sadness, Sheket/Trabant, The Finger Lakes and Gai/Jin.

Fullerton Whitman started recording using his own name in 2001, and most of his work recorded today is under that name. His brother, former MIT scientist Brian Alexander Whitman and co-founder of The Echo Nest, is also an electronic musician and sound artist performing under name Blitter.

Electronic music career
Whitman studied computer music at Berklee College of Music, where he was exposed to modern electronic music composition and synthesis. Whitman says that before this he was initially drawn to making music by listening to the radio in the New York city suburbs in the 1980s. His moniker ASCIII has released music distributed with an academic journal. His studio and live setup usually consists of a PowerBook running Max/MSP or Logic Pro, and other analogue instruments, such as guitars, ouds and synthesizers.

Whitman has released albums on labels such as Planet Mu, Kranky, Carpark Records as well on his own Entschuldigen and (now defunct) Reckankreuzungsklankewerkzeuge labels.

In 2013, Whitman released Greatest Hits on SoundCloud: a 12-hour-long audio project developed from samples of pop songs from Whitman's youth. Sample are snipped out, slowed to half speed and then run through Whitman's signature array of boxes and generators to create an "automatic enhancement" of the original tune.

Whitman currently runs Mimaroglu Music Sales which offers distribution of an extensive collection of avant-garde music.

As Hrvatski

 * Okapi Tracks (mp3.com, 1999)
 * Oiseaux 96-98 (Reckankreuzungsklankewerkzeuge, 1999)
 * Swarm & Dither (Planet Mu, 2002)
 * Untitled 7" (Planet Mu, 2002)
 * Irrevocably Overdriven Break Freakout Megamix (Entschuldigen, 2005)

As Keith Fullerton Whitman

 * 21:30 for Acoustic Guitar... CD (Apartment B, 2001)
 * Playthroughs CD (Kranky, 2002)
 * Dartmouth Street Underpass CD (Locust Music, 2003)
 * Antithesis LP (Kranky, 2004)
 * Schöner Flußengel LP (Kranky, 2004)
 * Multiples CD (Kranky, 2005)
 * Twenty Two Minutes for Electric Guitar CD (Entschuldigen, 2005)
 * Yearlong CD (with Greg Davis) (Carpark, 2005)
 * Lisbon CD (Live Oct. 4 2005 in Lisbon) (Kranky 2006)
 * Taking Away Cass. (Digitalis Ltd. 2009)
 * Dream House Variations 4xCass. (Arbor 2009)
 * Disingenuity B/W Disingenuousness LP, (Pan 2010)
 * Generator Cass. (Root Strata 2011)
 * Generators LP (Editions Mego 2012)
 * Occlusions LP (Editions Mego 2012)
 * Live Occlusions (1) Cass, (Protracted View 2013)
 * Live Occlusions (2) Cass, (Protracted View 2013)

Compilation appearances

 * "20041203.Wfmu" on Brainwaves (2006)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keith Fullerton Whitman


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Federal cities of Russia

In the Russian Federation, a city of federal importance (город федерального значения), also known as a federal city, is a city that has a status of both an inhabited locality and a constituent federal subject. Russia has two federal cities: Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Sevastopol, which was annexed in 2014, is claimed as Russia's third federal city, but remains internationally recognised as part of Ukraine.

Moscow and Saint Petersburg are the largest cities in the country: Moscow is the national capital and Saint Petersburg is a former Russian capital and an important port city by the Baltic Sea. Currently, Sevastopol houses the Sevastopol Naval Base, the main port of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.

title: Federal cities of Russia


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Bolair, West Virginia

Bolair is a small unincorporated community in Webster County, West Virginia, United States, on West Virginia Route 20. To the east is the smaller town of Jerryville. Both towns are about 75 miles east of the state capital, Charleston. The Gauley River runs through the center of the community.

Several traditions explain the origin of the name.

title: Bolair, West Virginia


text: User talk:81.153.74.250

title: User talk:81.153.74.250


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Daklon

Daklon (born Joseph Levy; 6 April 1944) is an Israeli singer. He was born in Tel Aviv's Kerem Hateimanim neighborhood, the son of Jewish immigrants from the Shar'ab region in Yemen.

Daklon explains the source of his nickname: "In those days everyone in the Kerem had a nickname. Your given name was a form of identification . As a kid I was quite short and skinny, (Hebrew: דק, dak; daq), and so, they called me Daklon." He started his musical career as an 11-year-old when his teacher sent him to do a piece for a religious music radio show.

Career
At the end of the 1950s Daklon's professional career took off. He was first inspired to take his music to the professional level by the famous Moroccan-born Israeli singer, Joe Amar. Daklon had also translated famous Greek and Hindi songs into Hebrew in the 1960s, at the beginning of his career. Since the 1960s, he has been performing with Haim Moshe and Avihu Medina. He has produced more than 35 albums to date.

Daklon music draws on Jewish, Middle-Eastern and Yemenite Jewish poetry, psalms, Bible, and ancient Jewish hymns.

title: Daklon


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1991: The Year Punk Broke

1991: The Year Punk Broke, released theatrically in 1992, is a documentary directed by Dave Markey, featuring American alternative rock band Sonic Youth on tour in Europe in 1991. While Sonic Youth is the focus of the documentary, the film also gives attention to Nirvana, Dinosaur Jr., Babes in Toyland, Gumball and The Ramones. Also featured in the film are Mark Arm, Dan Peters and Matt Lukin of Mudhoney, and roadie Joe Cole, who was murdered in a robbery three months after the tour ended. The film is dedicated to Cole.

Several scenes in the film involve re-enactments and references to scenes from the Madonna tour documentary, Truth or Dare, such as Gordon complaining about "industry people" in the front row, or Cobain, introduced as "Costner" telling Sonic Youth that their show was "neat". At a screening of the film at the 2008 All Tomorrow's Parties festival in Monticello, New York, Markey mentioned that the working title for the film was Tooth or Hair, as a further play on this connection. A home video VHS was released by the David Geffen Company on April 13, 1993. The film was again re-released on DVD on September 13, 2011, by the Universal Music Group.

Cast

 * Sonic Youth
 * Kim Gordon
 * Thurston Moore
 * Lee Ranaldo
 * Steve Shelley

 * Babes in Toyland:
 * Lori Barbero
 * Kat Bjelland
 * Michelle Leon

 * Dinosaur Jr.:
 * Mike Johnson
 * J Mascis
 * Murph

 * Gumball:
 * Don Fleming
 * Jay Spiegel
 * Eric Vermillion

 * Mudhoney:
 * Mark Arm
 * Matt Lukin
 * Dan Peters

 * Nirvana:
 * Kurt Cobain
 * Dave Grohl
 * Krist Novoselic

 * Ramones
 * C. J. Ramone
 * Joey Ramone
 * Johnny Ramone
 * Marky Ramone

 * Others
 * Nic Close
 * Joe Cole
 * Dave Kendall
 * Courtney Love
 * Dave Markey
 * Craig Montgomery
 * Bob Mould of Hüsker Dü
 * Susanne Sasic
 * Peter Van Der Velde - tour manager
 * Dave Evans - driver

Songs included in the film
The songs included in the film are:
 * 1) Sonic Youth - “Schizophrenia”
 * 2) Nirvana - “Negative Creep”
 * 3) Sonic Youth - “Brother James”
 * 4) Nirvana - “School”
 * 5) Sonic Youth - “Teen Age Riot”
 * 6) Dinosaur Jr. - “Freak Scene”
 * 7) Babes In Toyland - “Dust Cake Boy”
 * 8) Sonic Youth - “Dirty Boots”
 * 9) Nirvana - “Endless, Nameless”
 * 10) Sonic Youth - “I Love Her All The Time”
 * 11) Gumball - “Pre”
 * 12) Dinosaur Jr. - “The Wagon”
 * 13) Sonic Youth - “Mote”
 * 14) Nirvana - “Smells Like Teen Spirit”
 * 15) The Ramones - “Commando”
 * 16) Sonic Youth - “Kool Thing”
 * 17) Nirvana - “Polly”
 * 18) Sonic Youth - “Expressway To Yr. Skull”

Tour dates
The film takes place over the course of Sonic Youth and Nirvana's 1991 European tour. The European dates, given at the beginning of the film, are as follows:

title: 1991: The Year Punk Broke


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White-shouldered ibis

The white-shouldered ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) is a large species of bird in the family Threskiornithidae. It is native to small regions of Southeast Asia, and is considered to be one of the most threatened bird species on this part of the continent.

Taxonomy and systematics
The white-shouldered ibis was first described by Hume (1875), who originally named the species Geronticus davisoni after his bird collector William Ruxton Davison. Based on this species’ observed similarity with the black ibis (Elliot, 1877), the two species were placed in the same genus. In the more recent past, this ibis has often been classified as a subspecies of the black ibis;  but is currently recognised as a separate species.

Description
The adult stands 60–85 cm tall, with males being slightly larger and having slightly longer bills than females. Its only available biometrics are measurements from a single unsexed specimen originating from the 19th century, which include a wing length of 419mm, culmen length of 197mm, tarsus length of 83mm and tail length of 229mm. The plumage is brownish-black, with glossy blue-black wings and tail, and a bare slate-black head which has also been reported as blue  or white. A conspicuous neck collar comprising a bluish-white band of bare skin which is broader at the back and narrower at the front extends from the chin around to the nape at the base of the skull. The pale blue is most easily detectable at close range, although this collar may sometimes be completely white. The legs are dull red, the iris is orange-red, and the large de-curved bill is yellowish-grey.

The white-shouldered ibis owes its name to the clear white patch visible on the upper part of the neck and chin in some individuals. These white patches may appear as “white shoulders” in flight. In flight, it is also identified by its conspicuous white wing patch, which is visible only as a thin white line when the wings are closed. The white-shouldered ibis is morphologically similar to its Indian congener the black or red-naped ibis Pseudibis papillosa, but lacks the red tubercles on the nape; and is slightly larger, more robust and has a longer neck and legs. The tail also appears shorter and spreads downwards, not straight as in the black ibis.

The juvenile has dull-brown plumage with a tuft of brown feathers on the bluish-white nape, a grey-brown iris, pale yellow legs and dull white feet.

Vocalizations generally consist of loud, mournful calls that have been described as “weird and unearthly screams”. The hoarse calls of territorial individuals have been described as “errrrh” or “errrrrroh”. It also utters honking screams of “errrrh owk owk owk owk owk” and more subdued “ohhaaa ohhaaa” and “errrrrah”. It makes a loud, harsh “klioh klioh” call during copulation, resembling that of the black woodpecker.

Distribution and habitat
This southeast Asian ibis was once much more widespread than presently. It used to extend throughout Southeast Asia from Myanmar to Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and north into Yuman in China. The current population is very small and its distribution highly fragmented, being restricted to northern and eastern Cambodia, southern Vietnam, extreme southern Laos and East Kalimantan.

Cambodia, the species' largest stronghold, holds an estimated 85-95% of the global population. The largest known Cambodian white-shouldered ibis subpopulation resides in Western Siem Pang Important Bird Area (minimally 346 individuals). Other sites in Cambodia that hold considerable numbers of white-shouldered ibis include Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary, Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary and the central section of the Mekong River. It is now functionally extinct from Thailand, Myanmar, and southern China; and very scarce in Indonesian Borneo and southern Laos. Thailand was once the stronghold for this species, but no official records of its occurrence have been made here since 1937.

The white-shouldered ibis is a lowland specialist and has been observed in various habitats including dry dipterocarp forest, margins of seasonal pools (these pools are known locally as “trapaengs”) interspersed within forest, fallow rice fields, shrubby grasslands, forested lakesides and river margins, gravel and shingle banks at low river levels,  sandbanks at wide rivers and, on the Sekong river, sandy islands. At least in Indochina, dry dipterocarp forest seems to be the most important habitat. However, one field study of the local population around the Mekong River in Cambodia found that the ibises nested both in flooded riverine forest and dry inland dipterocarp forest; which was a combination of utilised habitats not observed for any other population.

This species appears to capitalize on traditional local agricultural practices that create and maintain its preferred microhabitats, specifically through grazing and trampling of forest vegetation by livestock such as domestic cattle and water buffalo to create clearings as space for preferential foraging habitat; and through wallowing of ungulates in mud to create seasonal pools. This ibis's reliance on human-mediated activity may be especially strong considering both the marked local population declines of many wild ungulates in the white-shouldered ibis's range in the past few decades and the local extinction of many other species such as the Asian elephant; although wild boar may still be important contributors to creating seasonal pools through wallowing. These anthropogenic processes of creating and nurturing suitable habitats may be especially important in the early dry season when such habitat conditions are limited. Anthropogenic burning practices in dipterocarp forest may also have a similar role to grazing for creating suitable clearings.

Feeding
Unlike other sympatric wading birds, the white-shouldered ibis is largely terrestrial in its foraging strategy and has not been seen foraging in open water. It preferentially forages in muddy seasonal pools covered with short vegetation less than 25 cm high, on the ground in dry dipterocarp forest preferentially with bare underlying substrate, in fallow rice fields, and more occasionally in river channels with large extents of mud and sand. However, it forages almost exclusively at seasonal pools during the breeding season, probably due to high densities of refuge-seeking prey residing between the frequent cracks in the dry mud and hence high availability of food to feed to chicks. With its highly maneuverable, penetrative downcurved bill, the white-shouldered ibis is well adapted to probing into the cracks potentially harbouring concealed prey. This specific bill morphology gives the ibis an adaptive feeding advantage over other sympatric waders with straight bills, and is therefore commonly followed and by kleptoparasitic species such as cattle egrets and Chinese pond herons. Individuals feed singly, in pairs, or in family groups (flocks of up to 14 being reported). Flock size is much larger in the wet (non-breeding) than the dry (non-breeding) season.

Its diet comprises small invertebrates such as large worms, mole crickets, leeches, insect and beetle larvae; amphibians such as Paddy Frogs Fejervarya limnocharis and frogs of Microhyla species; and eels. Although amphibians appear to form the bulk of the diet, the main prey taken at a given place or time may depend on the texture of the underlying substrate For example, intake rate of invertebrate prey has been found to be significantly higher in saturated than moist or dry grounds; and amphibian intake rate significantly greater in dry than moist, and moist than saturated grounds. However, dry substrate appears to be most favourable, probably because of the high level of available biomass constituted by large amphibians (Wright et al. 2013b). Incidentally, there are also unsubstantiated claims of this ibis feeding on fruit.

After rainfall during the wet season, individuals increasingly use forests and fields as foraging ground instead of pools, probably because of dilution of prey density in the water at pool margins. Additionally, swamp eels and crabs which are primarily aquatic and occur in saturated substrate have not been identified in white shouldered-ibis diet because these potential prey could easily evade predation by burrowing or swimming away.

Breeding pairs are demanding in their food requirements, with each pair in Cambodia estimated to utilise nearly two thirds of the total amphibian biomass at a given time for a water hole over an entire breeding season. Therefore, breeding pairs would need to use multiple waterholes for adequate sustenance over the breeding season to avoid prey depletion at one pool, and the supposedly high resultant intraspecific competition would lead to large dispersion of the breeding population. Therefore, any conservation recommendations for this species would need to consider a landscape scale approach.

Breeding
The white-shouldered ibis is a solitary breeder. In its Cambodian stronghold, it nests December–April during the mid- to late dry season November – May in dipterocarp tree canopies. This breeding strategy contrasts with those in other sympatric water bird species which nest during the wet season or from the late wet to mid- dry seasons. However, the dry-season breeding in Cambodia is probably synchronized with water drawdown in seasonal pools because of high density of amphibian prey taking refuge in the cracks in the dry mud at pool margins; thereby increasing the potential food availability for chicks and breeding adults. Different breeding seasons have been reported elsewhere in its range; with February–March in Myanmar when it still persisted here, September–December in East Kalimantan, and late August–December in Borneo; with copulation observed in February in this region.

It builds large nests 10-25m aboveground, composed of twigs and fresh leaves, usually in emergent trees such as Koompasia excels as in Borneo. Both partners continue to add nesting material throughout the breeding season and the same nests may be used in successive years. It also more occasionally uses abandoned raptor nests. The clutch contains 2-4 eggs, which are pale blue and hatch asynchronously. The eggs are incubated for 28–31 days by the female. Available reported egg measurements are 61.0-68.2mm in length and 43.9-46.7mm in width. The nestling period from hatching to fledging lasts 26–40 days.

Other behaviour
In contrast to their solitary breeding during the dry season, white-shouldered ibises become gregarious in the wet season July–October (non-breeding season); when they roost communally in trees. During the wet season, large congregations of white-shouldered ibis (up to 185 individuals at a time have been noted) have also been observed foraging on open terrestrial habitats such as abandoned paddy fields and less frequently at seasonal pools with higher water levels than during the dry season (during breeding).

The white-shouldered ibis is considered sedentary, but some small movements of just over 5 km between roosting and foraging grounds may occur during the wet season. During the wet season in Cambodia, there is considerable movement from pools and wet ground in the dipterocarp forest towards drier forest ground, probably due to easy accessibility of terrestrial invertebrate prey compared to evasive amphibians at the pools. On Borneo, white-shouldered ibises move along large rivers such as the Mahakam in response to large fluctuations in water levels and hence spatiotemporal variations of exposed river banks that serve as suitable feeding grounds. Additionally, large-scale forest fires in East Kalimantan induced by the El Nino Southern Oscillation in the mid-1990s caused large-scale habitat destruction, leading to appreciable movements of individuals into unburnt forest stretches and thereby resulting in a more aggregated local population distribution.

Threats and survival
The white-shouldered ibis is considered one of the most threatened birds of SE Asia. The largest threats to populations of this species are habitat conversion such as wetland drainage for agricultural developments such as plantations, unsustainable rural development, changing land management through land concessions, and infrastructural developments. In the last case for example, the relatively large subpopulations in Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary and at the unprotected section of the Mekong River could be threatened with proposed dams and encroaching human settlement. Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary is also an example region particularly threatened by economic land concessions, through which extensive development could substantially reduce suitable habitat.

The majority of roosting individuals censused in Cambodia (where the largest known populations occur) during the wet season (about three quarters) have been found to occur outside protected areas, revealing an unfortunate spatial mismatch between important roosting sites and these protected areas. This may be because most protected areas are situated far from human settlement; and given the ibis's synanthropic nature (reliant on humans for creating suitable microhabitats), this bird is likely to occur relatively close to settlements; whereby its association with humans may also make it more vulnerable to hunting. Roosting of white shouldered ibises near to or within Economic Land Concessions will likely be severely affected by loss of foraging habitat and human exploitation.

Further, the population at the Mekong River may be particularly vulnerable to human exploitation because the ibis's use of both riverine and dryland forest in this region, thereby potentially exposing it to more human nest exploiters (various workers in the inland forest, and fishers on the river). This ibis may also be in potential competition with humans during amphibian and swamp eel harvesting during the dry season. Alongside direct habitat loss through land development, the white-shouldered ibis's habitat could also be threatened indirectly through modern agricultural mechanization to replace traditional keeping of domestic ungulates that graze and trample on underlying vegetation and wallow in mud to maintain forest clearings and seasonal pools as important foraging ground for ibis. The potentially adverse agricultural changes may be driven by the increasing profitability of mechanised farming. The hypothesis concerning the importance of ungulates to ibises in creating suitable habitats has been supported in exclosure experiments which show increased vegetation height and cover in exclosures fenced to bar ungulates compared to unfenced controls. Therefore, the marked decline of traditional farming livelihood practices potentially beneficial to white-shouldered ibis could lead to increased vegetation growth beside pools in clearings, and thereby render these sites unsuitable foraging ground for this ibis. This may be especially likely considering the local extinction or dramatic decline of many wild ungulate species whose role in ibis habitat creation and maintenance has been largely taken over by human-reared ungulates with equivalent functions.

Opportunistic exploitation of nests by humans for food through taking eggs and chicks presents another potential threat. Although human exploitation has been identified as a cause of nest failure, humans are more likely to exploit nests in the late nestling stage; and given that most nest failures have been noted to occur in egg and early nestling stages, natural predation is a more likely cause. Nest guarding schemes in Western Siem Pang have been implemented to investigate chief causes of nest failure, and no significant difference in nest failure has been found between guarded and unguarded control nests; suggesting that natural causes of mortality are more likely. Counterintuitively, conservation interventions to protect nests may disturb the nests so as to increase egg and nestling mortality. Such nest guarding schemes have also faced societal problems.

A potential natural predator of white-shouldered ibis young is the southern jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos, one individual of which was once observed to remove all eggs of a clutch in the absence of parents, and another of which predated a newly hatched chick. The ibis may also be threatened by mammalian predators such as civets and yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula, although such predators may be more abundant farther from human settlement due to hunting pressure on these mammals. Despite increased likelihood of exploitation of nests closer to settlement, these nests may therefore receive increased indirect protection from predators. Weather poses another potential threat, with some chicks in Cambodia reported as being blown from nests by high winds.

The white-shouldered population on the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan was severely affected by fire damage to forest during an El Nino Southern Oscillation during the mid-1990s. Alongside the primary implication of loss of suitable habitat, the fire may have also led to increased riverbank erosion due to fewer trees, decreased water clarity, and changes in water temperature patterns through fewer overhanging branches; all of which may have affected the birds’ ability to successfully forage on riverbanks and gravel beds.

In relation with humans
Given this species' large apparent reliance on human agricultural activity (both traditional arable and pastoral) to maintain its habitats, it live closer to human habitation than do similar sympatric species such as the giant ibis; and may even roost and nest in trees near to rice paddies even when in use by people. However, this ibis is more likely more attracted to the agricultural foraging grounds close to human habitation rather than humans per se. Although the white-shouldered ibis is exploited opportunistically by humans for food, it is not commercially valued for trade.

The only captive record for this species is for one specimen that was imported into Thailand from Cambodia in 1989, and held at the Queen's Bird Park at Ayuthhaya near Bangkok in 1990.

Status
Populations of the white-shouldered ibis declined severely in the late 20th century. Given the scarcity of recorded sightings in the past few decades, the small population size and persistent habitat loss, it has been classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. The global population is estimated at 1000 individuals, an estimated 670 of which are mature. A total of 973 individuals were counted in a nationwide population census in Cambodia in 2013, whereas 30-100 individuals are estimated for the Indonesian portion of the species’ range.

Etymology
The binomial commemorates William Ruxton Davison.

title: White-shouldered ibis


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Dave Markey

David Markey (born December 3, 1963, in Burbank, California, United States) is an American film director.

Biography
As a self-taught filmmaker and musician, David Markey directed, produced, edited, and photographed most of his films, the majority of which have been self-funded. His work is also noted as documenting the punk scene in Southern California throughout the 1980s, growing to find a larger audience in the 1990s while continuing to produce work throughout the 2000s and 2010s. Markey has worked with Sonic Youth, Nirvana, Dinosaur Jr, Mudhoney, Redd Kross, Bob Mould, Circle Jerks, The Ramones, Black Flag and the Meat Puppets.

Markey made his first film in 1974 at the age of 11 with his father's hand-wound 8mm Brownie camera, cast from the children of his Santa Monica, California neighborhood. He soon discovered the burgeoning LA punk scene a few years hence through bands like X, Black Flag, and Redd Kross in 1980. Markey was driven to form his own band, SIN 34, in 1981 as well as Painted Willie in 1984. He also started We Got Power fanzine in 1981 along with Jordan Schwartz, spawning Markey's cinematic Super-8 cult punk scene document The Slog Movie in 1982. Following closely behind was Desperate Teenage Lovedolls (1984) and its 1986 sequel Lovedolls Superstar. These films were distributed underground and critically well-received, putting Markey on the cinematic punk map before he was of legal age. Markey's work has since been exhibited internationally, including theatrical release in the US and Canada of 1991: The Year Punk Broke, followed by a VHS release by the David Geffen Company. In 2011 Universal Music Group re-released the film in the DVD format with an hour plus of bonus material produced by Markey. Theatrical screenings of his work have taken place in Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, Toronto and elsewhere. His 2008 documentary The Reinactors was included in international film festivals in Argentina, England, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Portugal, Angola, China, Korea, Italy and The Netherlands.

David Markey has appeared in the documentary films American Hardcore, We Jam Econo and was interviewed for the 20th Century Fox re-release of Russ Meyer's Beyond The Valley Of The Dolls Special Edition DVD in 2006. He played a bouncer in the 2007 film What We Do Is Secret He is also seen as an uncredited extra in Penelope Spheeris 1983 film Suburbia and the 1984 film Girls Just Want To Have Fun.

In October 2012, he became a published author as Bazillion Points released the critically acclaimed hard bound book We Got Power: Hardcore Punk Scenes From 1980's Southern California consisting primarily of the photographic work of Markey and his longtime collaborator Jordan Schwartz. The book's release was timed with a gallery retrospective of the duo's photos from the early 1980s to the early 1990s entitled "We Survived The Pit" at Track 16 Gallery in Santa Monica, just mere blocks away from where Markey and Schwartz grew up.

Filmography (as director)

 * My Career As A Jerk (2012)
 * Dinosaur Jr. - Bug Live At 9:30 Club (2012)
 * The Reinactors (2008)
 * Cut Shorts (2006)
 * (This Is Known as) The Blues Scale (2004)
 * Corporate Ghost: The Videos: 1990-2002 (2004)
 * Blast Off! (1997)
 * 1991: The Year Punk Broke (1992)
 * Reality 86'd (1991)
 * Citizen Tania (1989)
 * Macaroni & Me (1988)
 * ''Lovedolls Superstar (1986)
 * Desperate Teenage Lovedolls (1984)
 * The Slog Movie (1982)
 * The Ominous (1980)

Music video filmography

 * SIN 34 - Trip to San Francisco - SIN 34 (1982)
 * "Slip It In" - Black Flag (1984)
 * "Upsidedowntown" - Painted Willie (1987)
 * "Macbeth" - Ciccone Youth (1988)
 * "Down With the Bass"' - Firehose (1990)
 * "Mildred Pierce" - Sonic Youth (1990)
 * "Cinderella's Big Score" - Sonic Youth (1990)
 * "Redd Kross" - Shonen Knife (1991)
 * "Fuzz Gun '91" - Mudhoney (1991)
 * "Who You Drivin' Now?" - Mudhoney (1991)
 * "Sunshine of Your Love" - Fudge Tunnel (1991)
 * "Innocent X" - Pat Smear (1992)
 * "Curse Me" - Bulimia Banquet (1992)
 * "Accelerator" - Gumball (1993)
 * "Lucky Guy" - The Muffs (1993)
 * "The Damage Done" - Gumball (1994)
 * "Revolution on the Rocks" - Gumball (1994)
 * "Superstar" - Sonic Youth (1994)
 * "Scum" - Meat Puppets (1995)
 * "Ono Soul" - Thurston Moore (1995)
 * "The Diamond Sea" - Sonic Youth (1995) contributor
 * "Ritchie Dagger's Crime" - The Posies (1996)
 * "Explosion!" - Shonen Knife (1997)
 * "Everything's Wonderful" - Abby Travis (2000)
 * "Alaska" - Eyes Adrift (2002)
 * "I Love You Golden Blue" - Sonic Youth (2004)
 * "Rotten Shame" - Meat Puppets 2009
 * "Stay Away From Downtown" - Redd Kross (2012)
 * "Funny" - The Black Lips (2014)
 * "The War" - Bob Mould (2014)
 * "Doors and four" - Nofx (2020)

title: Dave Markey


text:
Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle

The Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) is the Raytheon-manufactured interceptor component with subcontractor Aerojet of the U.S. Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), part of the larger National Missile Defense system.

The EKV is boosted to an intercept trajectory by a boost vehicle (missile), where it separates from the boost vehicle and autonomously collides with an incoming warhead.

The EKV is launched by the Ground-Based Interceptor (GBI) missile, the launch vehicle of the GMD system. The EKV's own rockets and fuel are for corrections in the trajectory, not for further acceleration.

The successor to the EKV, known as the Redesigned Kill Vehicle (RKV), was scheduled to debut in 2025. The RKV program, headed by Boeing and lead subcontractor Raytheon, was canceled by the Department of Defense on August 21, 2019. Earlier in the year, the Pentagon had issued a stop work order on the project following a design review deferment in December 2018 due to the failure of critical components meeting technical specification.

Raytheon is contracted to sustain, upgrade, and repair the EKV through 2034 until after the deployment of the Next Generation Interceptor (NGI), which will start to replace the EKV in 2030.

Characteristics

 * Weight: approx. 140 lb (64 kg)
 * Length: 55 in (4 ft. 7 in.) (1.4 m)
 * Diameter: 24 in (2 ft.) (0.6 m)
 * Speed of projectile: roughly 10 km/s (22,000 mph)

title: Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle


text:
Bill Bellamy

William Bellamy (born April 7, 1965) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. Bellamy first gained national notoriety on HBO's Russell Simmons' Def Comedy Jam, where he is credited for creating or coining the phrase "booty call", described as a late night call to a potential paramour with the intention of meeting strictly for sex.

Early life and family
Bellamy was born in Newark, New Jersey. Bellamy is a cousin of basketball player Shaquille O'Neal.

He attended Seton Hall Preparatory School in nearby South Orange, New Jersey (now located in West Orange). He majored in economics at Rutgers University.

Career
For many years, Bellamy was a staple on MTV, a VJ and the host of several MTV programs including MTV Jams and MTV Beach House. He went on to star in a number of movies, including Fled, Love Jones, The Brothers, How to Be a Player, Getting Played and Any Given Sunday. He also appeared on two episodes of the TV show Kenan & Kel. Additionally, he voiced Skeeter on the Nickelodeon television show Cousin Skeeter.

In 2002, Bellamy had a co-starring role in the Fox Network television show Fastlane alongside Peter Facinelli and Tiffani Thiessen. He also appeared frequently as a "roundtable" guest on the late night E! talk show Chelsea Lately. Bellamy hosted seasons 5 and 6 of NBC's Last Comic Standing reality show (2007 and 2008). In 2014, he had a recurring role as Councilman Powell on the TV Land original series Hot in Cleveland. He voiced Marcus Hill, a playable character in the 2005 updated version of the NARC video game.

In 2016, Bellamy played FBI Agent Sanders, the partner of Dolph Lundgren's character, in Kindergarten Cop 2.

Bellamy hosted Bill Bellamy's Who's Got Jokes? on TV One. He was also an executive producer for it. In 2020, he starred in the Netflix miniseries Self Made.

title: Bill Bellamy


text:
Poul Schlüter

Poul Holmskov Schlüter (3 April 1929 – 27 May 2021) was a Danish politician who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993. He was the first (and to date, only) member of the Conservative People's Party to become Prime Minister, as well as the first conservative to hold the office since 1901. Schlüter was a member of the Folketing (Danish parliament) for the Conservative People's Party from 1964 to 1994. He was also Chairman of the Conservative People's Party from 1974 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1993.

Early life
Schlüter's paternal grandfather was a bricklayer from Holstein, who had moved to Tønder and married a Dane. His family was not immune to the antagonisms that developed in North Schleswig between the Danish majority and the German minority following the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites.

Born in Tønder, south Jutland, he graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1957 with a degree in law, and joined the bar in 1960.

Political career
In 1964, Schlüter was elected to the Folketing for the Conservative People's Party. He was elected leader of the Conservatives from 1974, defeating Erik Ninn-Hansen. Though he lost the position in 1977, he regained it two years later. In 1982, after Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen was forced to resign, Schlüter constructed a four-party coalition and was appointed his successor. During his time as Prime Minister, he was named "Nordic Politician of the Year" (in 1984). He was subsequently granted a large number of Danish and international awards and medals.

Previously, he had served as a member of the Council of Europe from 1971 to 1974, and had headed the Danish Delegation to the Nordic Council, where he served as a member of the Council Presidium, in 1978 and 1979. He retired as Prime Minister in 1993 after an inquiry found that he had misinformed the Danish Parliament. The case was known as the Tamil Case (Tamilsagen), as it involved asylum requests from Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka who fled because of the civil war.

When Schlüter resigned in 1993, he attempted to have Uffe Ellemann Jensen (Venstre) appointed acting prime minister until the Conservative Henning Dyremose could take over. The attempt was dropped as royal cabinet secretary Niels Eilschou Holm considered the maneuver unconstitutional. Instead, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (Social Democrats) was appointed prime minister following a "Queen's round".

Following his retirement as Prime Minister in 1993, Schlüter served as a member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 1999, the first three years as Vice-President of the body.

Other ventures
In 2003, Schlüter was appointed by the Swedish Minister of Co-operation as her special envoy to promote freedom of movement in the Nordic countries. Schlüter was to work on ways of increasing individual freedom of movement and present specific proposals to the Nordic Council Session in October 2003.

In 2004, Schlüter co-founded the first Danish free-market think tank CEPOS, and gave the opening speech at CEPOS' opening reception at the Hotel D'Angleterre in Copenhagen.

Personal life
Schlüter was married three times: On 16 March 1963, he married Majken Steen-Andersen, but the couple divorced in 1978. Their only child, Peter, was born in 1963. Schlüter then married Lisbeth Povelsen on 20 September 1979. She died during her husband's premiership on 17 February 1988.

On 21 July 1989, while still prime minister, Schlüter married the Danish ballet dancer Anne Marie Vessel as his third wife.

Death
Schlüter died of natural causes at the Bispebjerg Hospital in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, on 27 May 2021, at the age of 92. According to his family statement, it was announced that Schlüter had fallen asleep peacefully, surrounded by his loved ones.

Many Danish politics, who paid tribute to Schlüter included four living prime ministers (Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, and Helle Thorning-Schmidt), current prime minister Mette Frederiksen, and former Danish foreign minister Per Stig Møller:

Poul Schlüter was a brilliant man, who deeply loved and respected his profession with a great politics. Through his humanity, he touched all of our hearts and his legendary life will be endure for all generations to come. He will forever be with us, and will be terribly miss.

Schlüter was interred at the Holmen Church in Copenhagen.

National honours

 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog

Foreign honours

 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star

title: Poul Schlüter


text:
Washington Place

Washington Place is a Greek Revival palace in the Hawaii Capital Historic District in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was where Queen Liliuokalani was arrested during the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Later it became the official residence of the governor of Hawaii. In 2007, it was designated as a National Historic Landmark. The current governor's residence was built in 2008 behind the historic residence, and is located on the same grounds as Washington Place.

Construction
An American merchant sea captain, John Dominis (1796–1846) came to America in 1819 from Trieste, probably from a Croatian family. After making a number of voyages across the Pacific, he relocated to the islands in 1837 with his Bostonian wife Mary Jones Dominis (1803–1889) and son John Owen Dominis (1832–1891) from New York. The captain was awarded some land in 1842 as settlement of a lawsuit with the British Consul Richard Charlton. The captain continued to take voyages to raise money for the construction of a house. In 1846 he sailed for China on the Brig William Neilson, intending to purchase Chinese-made furniture for the house, which was nearing completion. The ship was lost at sea, along with the American Agent George Brown, and Mary Dominis became a widow. She rented out a suite of rooms to support herself and young John Owen. One of the first boarders was Anthony Ten Eyck, an American Commissioner to the islands appointed by President James K. Polk who established the American Legation in the house. Ten Eyck named the house "Washington Place" in a February 22, 1848 letter, after George Washington in celebration of the first US president's birthday. King Kamehameha III officially approved the name.

The American flag was raised at the residence until Mary Dominis's death in 1889 when Liliuokalani had it removed. In 1917, Liliuokalani raised the American flag at Washington Place in honor of five Hawaiian sailors who had perished in the sinking of the SS Aztec by German submarines. Her act was interpreted by many as her symbolic support of the United States.

The building was designed by the master carpenter Isaac Hart, who had helped build the first Iolani Palace. The building was also constructed by Daniel Jenner, an Italian master mason. The interior was originally finished by the master painter Israel Wright. Native Hawaiians were also involved with the construction of the building, but are not named individually by the archival records. Washington Place was constructed with "open lānais" on all sides.

The foundation of the building, the lower level walls and the lower columns are constructed of coral stone. The upper floor is of wood-frame construction. Washington Place conforms to period French Creole Greek Revival houses that were built along the lower Gulf-Coastal region of the southeastern United States. The home was constructed with an almost square core surrounded by a peristyle, a two tiered verandah, Tuscan columns on its upper floor, and a hipped roof. The interior of the home is arranged in a traditional Georgian floor plan, with four distinct parlors on the first floor and four bedchambers on the second floor.

History
William Little Lee made Washington Place his home from 1849–1854. Lee was instrumental in integrating a Western legal system in the Hawaiian Islands, based upon the Massachusetts model. Lee also authored the Great Mahele, which introduced private land ownership into Hawaiian culture.

Lydia Kamakaeha Pākī, the future Queen Liliuokalani and the heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii, married John Owen Dominis in 1862, making Washington Place the private residence of the princess and future queen. Another Massachusetts lawyer, Alfred S. Hartwell, rented a guest room from 1868 until 1872. He describes Mary as still expecting her husband to return any day. Mary Dominis died on April 25, 1889, and John Owen Dominis died on August 27, 1891, leaving the property to Liliuokalani, who had just become Queen after the death of her brother, King Kalākaua.

Arrest of the Queen
During 1893, Washington Place was the site of the dramatic events of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. It was there that the queen was arrested by the new governmental forces that were aided by a detachment of United States Marines. The queen was tried before a military tribunal, where she was charged with concealment of treason against the new government, the Republic of Hawaii. She was convicted and was confined for several months at Washington Place after her release from imprisonment at Iolani Palace.

Queen Liliuokalani resided at Washington Place for the remainder of her life. She died in the downstairs bedroom of the house on November 11, 1917. The home offers the citizens of Hawaii a strong sense of place and belonging in association with the kingdom and of Queen Liliuokalani's memory.

Executive Mansion
In her book, Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani described the building as "a palatial dwelling" and a "choice tropical retreat in the midst of the chief city of the Hawaiian islands."

On May 14, 1921, the territorial legislature of Hawaii purchased Washington Place for $55,000 from the estate of Queen Liliuokalani to serve as the Executive Mansion of the Territorial Governor of Hawaii. It was remodeled in 1922 by Governor Wallace Rider Farrington. In all, it was the residence of twelve territorial and state governors of Hawaii. Technically, it was the residence of thirteen governors, because John Owen Dominis, Liliuokalani's consort, had been Governor of the island of Oahu from 1868 to 1891. The house served in this role until 2002, when it was converted into a historic house museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 1973, and was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 29, 2007.

In 2002 a new governor's residence was built behind the historic Washington Place, within its grounds, and continues to serve the same purpose.

title: Washington Place


text:
Bear Mountain (Connecticut)

Bear Mountain is a peak of the southern Taconic Mountains in Salisbury, Connecticut. At 2316 ft (note, per references 1 and 3, there is disagreement about the precise elevation), Bear Mountain is the highest mountain that lies wholly within Connecticut. However, it is not the state highpoint: in the 1940s, the United States Geological Survey determined that the highest elevation in the state, at 2380 ft, was actually on the nearby Connecticut-Massachusetts border, on the southern slope of Massachusetts’ Mount Frissell. There is a stone monument on the Bear Mountain summit. The Appalachian Trail crosses the mountain in a generally north-south direction.

title: Bear Mountain (Connecticut)


text:
Talk:Autonomous oblasts of Russia

Untitled
Couldn't this page just redirect to the (only) autonomous oblast in Russia? Mark Richards 18:52, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This one is actually used for a MediaWiki message box link. I do realize, of course, that there is only one entity in the box, but the plan is to put all 5 MediaWiki boxes (for krais, oblasts, autonomous oblasts, autonomous districts, and federal cities) on the pages of each Russian subdivision entity for reference purposes.  The way it is now, if you look, say, at Adygeya page, you would get a false impression that Russia is composed of the republics shown in the message box and nothing else, while there are in fact 77 other subjects of the Federation with equal status.--Ezhiki 18:57, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Fair enough - although you could still put the autonomous oblast in the same position in the box, without needing a 'holding' article for it. If you want to keep it this way though I'm not fussed. Mark Richards 19:24, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I just figured it would be easier to change the box in case new autonomous oblasts appear in Russia.--Ezhiki 19:30, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Do we anticipate that they might? I'm not very up on Russian politics! Mark Richards 19:33, 21 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Not really. But you know Russians, they can do unanticipated things at most unexpected time :)--Ezhiki 19:52, May 21, 2004 (UTC)

Coloration
The JAO ought to be more vivid, as it's easy to overlook and think "WTF is there this link to an oddly named map of Russia with no internal borders?" Indeed, all major internal divisions ought to be shown, with JAO being colored boldly so as to be distinguishable. One does not provide a map of the US without an internal borders and simply color in Connecticut with a slightly darker shade. See also Autonomous okrugs of Russia --Belg4mit 14:47, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean something like this would be a better solution?—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 12:33, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Exactly. Although I wonder why a single map with both the JAO and autonomous okrugs wouldn't work. Unless this westerner is missing something, the autonomous oblasts and okrugs are awfully similar. --Belg4mit 21:12, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * They are awfully similar, but they are not the same. As we are an encyclopedia, we must show the difference.  As for the map, hopefully someone will see this note and will be able to do something about it.  I could probably paint JAO red instead of purple and attach a label to it, but that's about as far as my graphics capabilities stretch.  Thanks!—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 12:11, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Even if they aren't exactly the same, there's no cartographic principle stating a map can only show one distinct type of thing (quite the opposite in fact). As long as the legend is clear it ought to be fine, indeed better than fine as someone could then address the differences; sure one is a "state" and the other a "county", but if they're both "autonomous" that distinction seems irrelevant. --Belg4mit 14:22, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I personally think the map is fine as it is, and the map is clearly labelled as what it is, anyway. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 15:01, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Lucky you. I happen to think it's unclear and not clearly labelled: it took me many minutes to even see that the JAO was highlighted, and the only indication of location is the country outline. I shouldn't hsve to know a lot about Russian geography in order for the map to be understandable. --Belg4mit 21:45, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autonomous oblasts of Russia


text:
Bread (TV series)

Bread is a British television sitcom, written by Carla Lane, about a close-knit, working-class family in Liverpool, England. It was produced by the BBC and screened on BBC1 from 1 May 1986 to 3 November 1991. In 1988, the ratings for the series peaked at 21 million viewers.

Plot summary
The series focused on the extended Boswell family of Liverpool, in the district of Dingle. The family were Catholic and working class, and led by the acid-tongued matriarch Nellie Boswell (Jean Boht) who ruled over her family with an iron fist. Early series focused on her children attempting to make enough money (in English slang, "bread") to support the family through various illicit means. Later series saw less emphasis on moneymaking schemes, and more storylines focusing on the characters' love lives and marriages.

Characters
The Boswell family consisted of Nellie's philandering, free-spirited husband Freddie (Ronald Forfar) who spent most of the series with one foot in the family household, and the other with his mistress, the red-haired Irish siren Lilo Lil (Eileen Pollock). This union led to one of the series' most famous catchphrases, which Nellie frequently declared about Lilo Lil in a storm of rage: "She is a tart!"

Eldest child Joey (Peter Howitt/Graham Bickley) was essentially the level-headed household head, with his leather trousers, classic Jaguar, and charming demeanor ("Greetings!" was his catchphrase), Joey was involved in tax fraud after making a fortune selling personalised number plates and not declaring this to the taxman. Throughout the series, Joey was in love with dour, demanding divorcee Roxy (Joanna Phillips-Lane), whom he finally married in the final series. The character was extremely popular for the first four series, and Peter Howitt was considered the series' heartthrob and breakthrough star. When he decided to leave Bread to concentrate on directing and other acting opportunities, his replacement was not as popular with viewers, so the character wasn't as prominent in the later series.

Second-eldest child Jack was the thoughtful, sensitive type who ran an antique-dealing business, often with disastrous results. Actor Victor McGuire was absent in series 4, and Jack went to America for a year. He returned in series 5 and eventually fell in love with an older woman, Leonora (Deborah Grant), who moved in across the road. Adrian (Jonathon Morris) was the theatrical poet, who had his poetry published ('My Granny's Bucket'). His real name was Jimmy, but he changed his name to Adrian which he considered "less common". He endured relationships with several highly-sexed women and was frequently seen emerging red-faced from the bushes. The youngest Boswell son, Billy (Nick Conway), was loud-mouthed, annoying, and immature. He somehow managed to father Francesca with his miserable mistress Julie (Caroline Milmoe/Hilary Crowson) who lived across the road. Billy married Julie in series 3, but they were divorced by series 5, and Julie moved to Sefton Park (and left the series), leaving Billy devastated. Billy drove an old Volkswagen Beetle which constantly backfired when driven, as well as a van from the back of which he sold sandwiches.

The only Boswell daughter was Aveline (Gilly Coman/Melanie Hill), a colourful, enduring model who married Protestant vicar Oswald Carter (Giles Watling) at the end of series 4 (to staunchly-Catholic Nellie's outrage); after trying to conceive throughout series 5, Aveline gives birth to Ursula in series 6.

Next door is grumpy, permanently-hungry Grandad (Kenneth Waller). The series doesn't make explicitly-clear whether he is Nellie's or Freddie's father, as he is only ever referred to and called Grandad. However, in a fleeting sequence in a series-4 episode, Freddie is arrested for stealing his rubbish cart. When the family arrive at the Police Station to collect him, Nellie refers to Freddie as Grandad's son-in-law for the only time, confirming that he is, in fact, her own father. In later series we are told Grandad's name is William Duvall and Nellie refers to her maiden name of Duvall. This confirms that Grandad was Nellie's father. He appeared in all seven series and was in the last episode's final scene, alongside Jean Boht. Grandad was frequently seen telling people to "Piss off!" and reminiscing about his childhood sweetheart Edie Matteson. However, in the spin off book "Mrs Boswells Slice of Bread", it is confirmed that Grandad is Nellie's father. Grandad speaks in a noticeable Lancashire accent rather than his family's distinctively Liverpudlian tones, suggesting that the Duvall clan may originate outside of Liverpool.

There are also several notable supporting characters seen throughout the series: the deadpan Department of Health and Social Security clerk Martina (Pamela Power) spent all seven series enduring the various tales the Boswells spun to get more dole money. She perfected her catchphrase "Next!" but ultimately failed to snare her favourite Boswell, 'Shifty' (Bryan Murray), after several attempts at a relationship with him. Shifty arrived in series 4, ostensibly to cover Jack's absence in the series, but he stayed on in Bread after Jack's return and lived next door with Grandad until the end of the sixth series.

Other neighbours include Celia Higgins, played by Rita Tushingham during series 4; in series 6 and 7, Leonora Campbell (Deborah Grant) moved into Julie's old house and eventually began dating Jack. The Boswells had a mongrel dog as a pet, called Mongy, who was run over and killed in one episode, leading to the family scattering his ashes into the Mersey.

The show's title is a reference to "bread" meaning "money"; though this is not a Liverpudlian Scouse expression but cockney rhyming slang ("bread and honey"). Liverpudlians at the time largely referred to money as "dough". A regular scenario in each episode was that of Nellie opening a cockerel-fashioned kitchen egg-basket prior to the evening meal into which the family would place money for their upkeep. The amount of money placed in the pot by each depended on how successful a day they'd had. The pot would be at the forefront of the screen at the end of each episode as the credits rolled.

Other frequently-seen scenarios included Nellie answering a cordless phone (a newfangled item in the mid-1980s) which she kept in the pocket of her pinny (she always said "Hello, yes?" when answering, followed by a series of frantic "Thank you"s when it was Derek (Peter Byrne), Nellie's secret park-bench pal, on the other end); also ensuring the parking places outside the terraced house were kept free for the family's many vehicles, by putting out illicitly-acquired police traffic cones.

The show featured soap opera-style cliffhangers, meaning that viewers had to watch each week to see how the previous week's cliffhanger would be resolved. This also meant that each episode was not self-contained, but the plot unfolded as the series progressed. This was unusual for a comedy at the time, but has been used to great effect by comedies since.

Guest appearances

 * Linda McCartney was friends with writer Carla Lane and had a guest appearance in series 4, episode 7 (1988). Her husband Paul appeared briefly at the end of the episode.
 * Singer Sonia Evans also appeared series 4, episode 11 (1988) as Ellia, a girlfriend of Adrian Boswell.
 * Supporting characters Yizzel and a friend of Yizzel's (credited as Yizzel's Mate) were played by Charles Lawson and Simon Rouse from 1986 to 1989.

Spin-offs
The theme tune was sung by the cast members and was released on BBC Records but failed to make the UK singles chart. The theme was re-recorded for the fifth series of the show, due to BBC1's transition from mono to NICAM stereo sound – the original theme had been recorded in mono - and also to allow Graham Bickley and Melanie Hill, who joined the cast in Series 5 replacing the original Joey and Aveline respectively, to replace the originals in the vocals.

A comic strip based on the series featured in the BBC's Teen magazine Fast Forward, although the overall tone was altered for the magazines younger readership, and most of the featured stories were of a generic nature, not following the continuity of the television series and mostly just using the characters to tell simple joke stories.

After the series had finished, a stage play of the show entitled "Bread – The Farewell Slice" toured the UK.

Also following the end of the series, Jonathon Morris announced his desire for a follow-up series about his character, theatrical poet Adrian, feeling that the character 'had a lot of potential and a lot of stories yet to tell beyond the Bread setting', and suggested the premise of Adrian moving down to London in hopes of cracking the bigger theatrical scene. He proposed his idea to the BBC and even announced his hopes for the series during an appearance in March 1991 on Saturday morning programme Going Live! as filming for the final series of Bread was drawing to a close. The BBC declined on the suggestion; Morris went on to co-write a one-man play based around Adrian which he intended to tour with, and also in hope of using it as an example to the BBC of what could be done with the character. The project was eventually dropped, due to ownership rights for the character with Carla Lane. However the effort was not completely detrimental to Morris, as his enthusiasm led to Going Live! host Phillip Schofield recommending Morris for his replacement as presenter for Children's BBC series The Movie Game, a position which Morris went on to fill.

Criticism
Though the show was popular, and received audiences over 21 million, Bread was criticised for mocking Liverpudlian culture and people, who had suffered significant economic downturn and unemployment in the 1980s. Lane countered these criticisms saying that her characters were cartoonish and one-dimensional, and were not intended to be a serious social comment on the state of Liverpool.

DVD releases
In the UK, the first four series were released in two 3-DVD sets in 2003. However, the first series' episodes had some, but not all, profanity bleeped out or muted. A 16-DVD "Complete Collection" followed in 2014, containing all 74 episodes and the three Christmas specials. This time, episodes from series three onwards and the specials were uncensored but the first two series consisted of the previously-released censored discs.

In Australia, only the first 5 seasons have been released so far and it is unknown if the remaining seasons will follow.

UK Region 2

 * Series 1 & 2 - 17 March 2003
 * Series 3 & 4 - 2 June 2003
 * The Complete Collection (Series "1-8") - 29 September 2014
 * The Complete Collection (HMV Exclusive) - 22 January 2018

Australia Region 4

 * Series One and Two - 17 November 2005 (Re-Released 1 February 2012)
 * Series Three and Four - 3 October 2007 (Re-Released 1 February 2012)
 * Series Five - 3 November 2011

title: Bread (TV series)


text:
Grouseland

Grouseland, the William Henry Harrison Mansion and Museum, is a National Historic Landmark important for its Federal-style architecture and role in American history. The two-story, red brick home was built between 1802 and 1804 in Vincennes, Indiana, for William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) during his tenure from 1801 to 1812 as the first governor of the Indiana Territory. The residence was completed in 1804, and Harrison reportedly named it Grouseland due to the abundance of grouse in the area.

Construction
In 1800, U.S. president John Adams appointed twenty-seven-year-old William Henry Harrison the first governor of the Indiana Territory. Soon after his arrival in Vincennes in 1801, Harrison began planning the construction of a home on 300 acre of land he purchased adjacent to the town. When Harrison was certain of remaining for a second term as territorial governor, construction began on his Federal-style mansion, which was built between 1802 and 1804.

Grouseland was home to William Henry and Anna Tuthill (Symmes) Harrison and their children until 1812. At least three of the Harrisons' ten children were born at Grouseland, including John Scott Harrison, the father of Benjamin Harrison (the 23rd president of the United States). The Harrisons left Grouseland in 1812 and moved to North Bend, Ohio. Harrison served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, and later as a member of the Ohio Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the U.S. Senate before his election in 1840 as the 9th president of the United States.

Grouseland was designed by the architect William Lindsay and constructed in the Federal style, reminiscent of the aristocratic homes where Harrison spent his boyhood in Virginia. Grouseland was a marked contrast to the log cabins of the Indiana Territory's other residents. In the early 19th century, the territory was on the edge of the American frontier with few established roads, and Vincennes, the territorial capital, had an American and French population estimated at only 700. Grouseland was built at great personal expense to Governor Harrison; it is believed to have cost an estimated US$20,000 at the time of its construction.

Grouseland's builder used skilled labor and local bricks manufactured not far from Vincennes. It is believed to have been the first brick building in Vincennes as well as the Indiana Territory. Limestone blocks for the home's foundation were obtained from nearby quarries. Grouseland was decorated in grand style with items imported from Europe. At least one biographer surmises that Harrison's motives in constructing such an elaborate home in the wilderness included establishing the respect due to him as governor, despite his relative youth at the time. Grouseland reflected Harrison's position and marked his place in American aristocracy. (William Henry Harrison was the youngest son of Benjamin Harrison, V, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.)

Governor's home
During Harrison's governorship of the Indiana Territory, Grouseland was the focal point of the social and official life of the territory. Visiting legislators were frequently entertained and overnight guests at the governor's home. (When it was the capital of the Northwest Territory, more territory was governed from Vincennes than any city outside Washington, D.C.) Governor Harrison also met with Indian leaders that included Little Turtle, Buckongahelas, and other representatives from various American Indian tribes to negotiate a number of important land cession treaties. (Harrison's eleven treaties with Native American leaders between 1803 and 1809 resulted in cession of American Indian lands in the southern third of present-day Indiana and most of Illinois, comprising millions of acres of land for future settlement.) Five of the land-ceding treaties that Harrison negotiated with Native American leaders were signed at Grouseland, including the Treaty of Grouseland (1805), which was signed in the mansion's council chamber (main floor parlor).

Harrison also had two confrontations with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh at Grouseland. On August 12, 1810, Harrison met with Tecumseh, who was accompanied by 100 to 400 braves (sources report different numbers), on the lawn in front of Grouseland. The meeting lasted for eight days but ended without a treaty. Their differences were later settled in battle as part of Tecumseh's War. Harrison defeated Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), who was Tecumseh's brother, at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and defeated Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Other uses
After Harrison's departure from Grouseland in 1812, its next resident was Judge Benjamin Parke. In 1821, Grouseland was deeded to Harrison's son-in-law, John Cleves Symmes Harrison, who lived in the home with his wife, Clarissa, and their six children for about ten years. Harrison family heirs retained their home until 1850. Afterwards, Grouseland served several purposes, including a grain warehouse, library, hotel, and a private residence.

Preservation
In 1909 the Vincennes Water Company acquired the property and planned to demolish the historic home and use the site for other purposes. However, the Francis Vigo Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution raised funds to purchase the home and save it from demolition. By 1916 the local DAR chapter had raised US$2,000 from the community and were given a limited deed to property. The DAR restored the home to the period when William Henry Harrison lived there, including furnishing it with a few Harrison family possessions. It opened as a historical museum in 1911. The City of Vincennes acquired the water company in 1935 and gave the local DAR chapter a quitclaim deed to Grouseland.

House museum
Grouseland was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and listed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1966. Situated at the northwest corner of Park and Scott streets,  within the present-day Vincennes Historic District, it is owned by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the organization that saved the building from destruction. The property is maintained by the Grouseland Foundation, a volunteer board of directors composed of DAR and non-DAR members that manages the structure and programs. The Grouseland Rifle is owned by the Foundation and exhibited at Grouseland; dating from the early 19th century, it has been designated the state firearm of Indiana. The main campus of Vincennes University is adjacent to the property. Other state historic sites in Vincennes include the Territorial Capitol building.

Description
Grouseland's present-day site on a half-city block about 100 yd from the Wabash River was part of Harrison's 300 acre estate in Vincennes. The two-story, redbrick home in the Federal style has a high roof and dormer windows with an attic. The structure rests on a basement with a limestone foundation. The main house and rear dependency are joined by a covered passage. The first floor of the main house has a parlor (council chamber) to the left and a dining room to the right of an entry and hallway leading to a library at the rear. The second floor has six bedrooms and a passageway connecting to the rear dependency.

title: Grouseland


text:
Flag of Vojvodina

There are two flags in official use in the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, the Flag of Vojvodina and the Traditional flag of Vojvodina. Two flags are given the equal status in the Provincial Assembly Decision on the Appearance and Usage of Symbols and Traditional Symbols of AP Vojvodina adopted in 2016.

Both the Flag and the Traditional flag of Vojvodina are based on the Serb tricolour. It consists of three horizontal strands of red, blue and white, with the blue portion being significantly wider in the Flag and all three strands being of the same width in the Traditional flag. The blue portion of the Flag of Vojvodina contains three yellow stars representing the three geographic regions of Vojvodina: Bačka, Banat and Srem. The flag of Vojvodina was adopted on 27 February 2004. The Traditional flag of Vojvodina has two variants, with and without the Traditional coat of arms of Vojvodina in the middle. Both variants have equal status. The Traditional flag was adopted on 15 September 2016.

Historical flag of Serbian Vojvodina

 * According to the Constitution of Serbian Vojvodina, the flag was a Serbian tricolour (red-blue-white).
 * The flag of the Serbian Vojvodina was introduced in 1848, and featured a coat-of-arms which was essentially the Austrian Habsburg imperial arms, with the coat-of-arms of the Serbs (Serbian cross) on the chest of the black eagle. The bearer of the Serbian arms was the Austrian black eagle, instead of the Serbian white one, in order to show the fidelity of the newly established Voivodship to the Imperial Court in Vienna. The coat-of-arms was added to the yellow-black background. Thus the flag differed from the flag of the Principality of Serbia, which used Serbian national tricolour and had a different arms in the middle of its state flag.

On March 17, 2015, the Assembly of Vojvodina failed to meet two-thirds of votes on the legislation of parallel use of the historical coat of arms and flag from 1848.

1990s proposed unofficial flag
The blue-yellow-green flag (vertical and horizontal) was used as an unofficial flag of Vojvodina by some regionalist political parties such as League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Vojvodina Coalition, etc. This flag was introduced during the 1990s (at the time when Vojvodina did not have its official flag) with the proposal that it should become the future flag of Vojvodina. Since the adoption of the official Vojvodina flag in 2004, the proposed flag has mostly been abandoned as an unofficial symbol of the province, and is today only sporadically used as the LSV party flag. The proposed 1990s flag is based on the similar flag that dates back to 11 May 1848, when it was adopted as the flag of the Serb revolutionaries from Šajkaška (central part of Vojvodina, east of Novi Sad). More precisely, that flag was used by the Šajkaš Battalion that belonged to the Germanic-Illyric Regiment of the Banatian Military Frontier. However, the original flag had a brownish colour instead of green. There are horizontal variants of the flag as well.

Those who proposed the flag during the 1990s contended that blue, yellow and green colours representing the sky, corn and grazing land (pasture), respectively. Another interpretation is that those colours representing the sky, sun and fertile land of Vojvodina, respectively.

During the 1990s, this flag was one of the symbols of Vojvodinian regionalist movement that was opposing Milošević's regime in Belgrade. Today this flag is used as a party flag of the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, which advocated that Vojvodina should become a constituent republic of the new regionalised and federalised Serbia. However, even this party now uses the official flag of Vojvodina, as a symbol of the region.

title: Flag of Vojvodina


text:
Thomas Cadwalader

Thomas Cadwalader (c. 1707 – November 14, 1779) was an American physician in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Cadwalader was born in Philadelphia in c. 1707. He was the only son of four children born of Martha ( Jones) Cadwalader (1679–1747) and John Cadwalader (1677–1734), who was born in Bala, Wales before coming to the Province of Pennsylvania in British America in 1697, seeking a place to practice his Quaker faith.

He was educated at the Friends Public Schools (today known as the William Penn Charter School) in Philadelphia.

Career
After studying medicine with his uncle Dr. Evan Jones, he traveled to London, where he was an understudy of English surgeon William Cheselden. In France, he likely attended lectures at Rheims University.

In 1739, he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he served as commissioner of the pleas and peace from 1739 to 1744 and as chief burgess of Trenton from 1746 to 1750. In 1745, his medical essay on "dry-gripes," a condition similar to colic, was published. Before he moved back to Philadelphia, he donated five hundred pounds to Trenton to erect a public library.

After returning to Philadelphia in 1750, he was elected in 1751 to the city's Common Council. He served on Pennsylvania's Provincial Council from 1755 until the Revolution. He was a founder in 1751, and one of the first doctors, at the Pennsylvania Hospital, where he worked until his death.

Dr. Cadwalader was one of the first to inoculate patients against smallpox. He was a founder and director of the Library Company of Philadelphia, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, where he served as vice president from 1769 to 1770.

Personal life
In June 1738, Thomas married Hannah Lambert (1712-1786), a daughter of Thomas Lambert Jr. and Anne ( Wood) Lambert. Together they had eight children, six daughters and two sons who were both active in the American Revolutionary War:

 * Anne Cadwalader, who died in infancy.
 * Martha Cadwalader (1739–1791), who married Gen. John Dagworthy in 1774.
 * John Cadwalader (1742–1786), who married Elizabeth Lloyd, the daughter of Edward Lloyd and sister of Edward Lloyd IV, in 1768. After her death, he married Williamina Bond, a daughter of Dr. Phineas Bond, and niece of Thomas Bond, in 1779.
 * Lambert Cadwalader (1742–1823), who married Mary McCall, the daughter of Archibald and Judith (née Kemble) McCall.
 * Mary Cadwalader (1744–1791), who married her cousin Sen. Philemon Dickinson, a younger brother of Founding Father John Dickinson.
 * Rebecca Cadwalader (1746–1821), who married Sen. Philemon Dickinson, after the death of her sister Mary.
 * Margaret Cadwalader (1748–1820), who married Gen. Samuel Meredith in 1772; he later became the 2nd Treasurer of the United States.
 * Elizabeth Cadwalader (1754–1799), who died unmarried.

Cadwalader died on November 14, 1779, at age 72, in Trenton.

Descendants
Through his daughter Martha, he was a grandfather of Rachael Dagworthy, who married U.S. Senator William H. Wells.

Through his son Lambert, he was posthumously a grandfather of Thomas McCall Cadwalader, who married Maria Charlotte Gouverneur (the sister of Assemblyman Samuel L. Gouverneur and the niece of Elizabeth Kortright and U.S. President James Monroe).

Legacy
Cadwalader Park, in Trenton, New Jersey, was named in his family's honor. The park has an area of nearly 100 acre, and was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and built starting in 1887.

title: Thomas Cadwalader


text:
Lispkit Lisp

Lispkit Lisp is a lexically scoped, purely functional subset of Lisp ("Pure Lisp") developed as a testbed for functional programming concepts. It was first used for early experimentation with lazy evaluation. An SECD machine-based implementation written in an ALGOL variant was published by the developer Peter Henderson in 1980. The compiler and virtual machine are highly portable and as a result have been implemented on many machines.

Base language
The base language provides the following functions only but extensions are discussed in Henderson's book for the explicit support of lazy evaluation and non-deterministic programming.

 * atom: given an expression returns True if its value is atomic; False if not.
 * add: given two expressions returns the sum of their numeric values.
 * car: given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair's first value.
 * cdr: given an expression whose value is a pair, returns the pair's second value.
 * cons: given two expressions returns a value pair consisting of their values.
 * div: given two expressions returns the quotient of their numeric values.
 * eq: given two expressions returns True if their values are equal; False if not.
 * if: given three expressions returns the value of the second if the value of the first is True, otherwise returns the value of the third.
 * lambda: given an argument list and an expression, returns them as a function.
 * let: given an expression with declarations (as named expressions visible in the expression) returns its value.
 * letrec: like let, except the declared names are also visible in the declarations themselves.
 * leq: given two expressions, returns True if the value of the first is numerically less than or equal to the value of the second; False if not.
 * mod (or rem): given two expressions, returns the modulus (also known as the remainder) of their numeric values.
 * mul: given two expressions, returns the product of their numeric values.
 * quote: given an expression, returns that expression as a value.
 * sub: given two expressions, returns the difference of their numeric values.

The functions, lambda, let, and letrec, are similar but have subtle differences in the way that they treat named variables which make them useful in different ways. lambda defines and returns a function, let binds expressions to variable names, and letrec is essentially similar to let except it allows for the definition of recursive functions and values, e.g., infinite series.

title: Lispkit Lisp


text:
November Rain

"November Rain" is a song by American hard rock band Guns N' Roses. Written by the band's lead vocalist Axl Rose, the power ballad was released in February 1992 as the third single from the band's third studio album, Use Your Illusion I (1991). The song peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100, and was the longest song to enter the top ten of the chart at the time of its release. , it was the fourth longest song to enter the Hot 100 chart. Additionally, "November Rain" reached number two on the Portuguese Singles Chart, number four on the UK Singles Chart, and the top 10 on several other music charts around the world.

Background
Slash states in his autobiography that the band recorded in 1986 an 18-minute version of "November Rain" at a session with guitarist Manny Charlton (of rock band Nazareth) the year prior to beginning sessions for Appetite for Destruction.

According to a story Axl Rose reported during the 2006 leg of the Chinese Democracy Tour, no other band members wanted to participate in the production of this song (or the other notable ballad "Estranged"). Slash and Duff McKagan were opposed to the band's drift to symphonic ballads, feeling their choice of more direct rock songs were being overlooked by Rose. Eventually, Rose persuaded the others during work at Can-Am Studios (where some of the album was recorded and mixed). Slash disputed Axl's claims of harsh musical differences in his autobiography released the next year.

Slash reported that his guitar solo in the song's album version developed directly from an improvisation.

Writing and composition
"November Rain" is the third-longest song by Guns N' Roses, behind "Coma" (10:14) from the same album, and "Estranged" (9:24) from Use Your Illusion II. According to Slash, Axl wrote the song “about a time someone bent his fingers back like he was a little baby.” It was the longest song ever to reach the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 until November 2021, when surpassed by Taylor Swift's extended rerecording of "All Too Well". The song's composition was influenced by Elton John's 1973 opus "Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding".

Its distinct symphonic overtone owes to a sweeping string arrangement, orchestrated by Rose. "We call it 'the Layla song'," joked Slash, referencing a similarly-constructed rock song with a long, instrumental second part. It was later preceded by the coda from Layla on the Not in This Lifetime... Tour.

On November 4, 2022, the original track was re-released on a Use Your Illusion reissue, but with newly recorded orchestration replacing the sampled sounds used on the original mix. The orchestration consists of a real 50-piece orchestra, conducted and arranged by Christopher Lennertz. The track was mixed by Steven Wilson, replacing the sampled sounds used on the original mix.

Critical reception
Robert Hilburn from Los Angeles Times wrote, "This sweeping ballad--reminiscent of Elton John and Bernie Taupin’s most majestic work--underscores the ambition and range of the best and most volatile American hard-rock group in a decade." Dave Jennings from Melody Maker said, "There's probably no other band who can match the Gunners' ability to sound frighteningly real and then laughably crass in rapid succession. [...] On "November Rain", they fit both extremes into one nine-minute epic ballad." Another editor, Simon Reynolds, declared it as "a lush, swoony, mock-orchestral epic mid-way between Trevor Horn, Jim Steinman and 'Purple Rain'." Parry Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel viewed it as "a schlocky, over-produced ballad". Richard Harrington from The Washington Post felt that in the wake of their breakthrough power ballad "Sweet Child o' Mine", Guns N'Roses "have wisely chosen to play to their female constituency" with "November Rain". He explained that the song "finds Axl in an Elton John mood with a piano, synthesized strings and the realization that while 'It's hard to hold a candle/ in the cold November rain,' we should 'never mind the darkness/ we can still find a way/ cause nothin' lasts forever/ even cold November rain.' On the other hand, at almost nine minutes, this song comes close."

Chart performance
In the United States, the song peaked at number three for two weeks in 1992, making it Guns N' Roses' sixth and last top-10 hit. It stayed in the top 10 for 10 weeks and on the Hot 100 for 30 weeks. The song also peaked at number nine in Germany and remained on the chart for 51 weeks. In Australia, "November Rain" was ranked at number two on the 1992 end-of-year chart despite only reaching number five on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was included on ARIA's year-end charts in two consecutive years (1992 and 1993, when it appeared at 36). A similar situation took place in New Zealand, where the song peaked at number seven but stayed in the top 20 for 24 non-consecutive weeks, ending 1992 as New Zealand's second-best-selling single.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "November Rain", directed by Andy Morahan, was inspired by Del James's short story "Without You", for which he is credited in the long version of the video. The short story portrays a rock star struggling to come to terms with the loss of his girlfriend, who died by suicide (gunshot) after he repeatedly strayed from their relationship. November Rain is one of the most expensive music videos ever.

The video tells a story reminiscent of "Without You", and features a live performance footage from Los Angeles' Orpheum Theater. First, in a silhouette, Rose's character is seen going to bed and taking pills; a bottle of whisky is also visible next to him. The scene, now in color, changes to the wedding of the main characters, played by Rose and his then-girlfriend Stephanie Seymour. The other band members are among the many guests.

Slash's character realizes he forgot the wedding rings, when McKagan's character offers his rings as a substitute. After the wedding couple leaves the church, we see the wedding reception which is later interrupted by sudden, heavy rain, causing everyone to run for shelter.

The next scene shows a funeral at the same church. Rose's character grieves at the death of his wife, now inside a casket with a mirrored object obscuring half of her face. A heavy rain falls upon the cemetery when the casket is laid to rest.

A final scene shows Seymour's character back at the wedding, tossing her white bouquet, which turns red in the air and lands on her coffin. Black and white scenes Rose's character's nightmares show a mix of wedding and funeral scenes. The music video ends with Rose's character kneeling beside her grave and the bouquet turns back to white as the rain washes the red color away.

For the outside shots of Slash's first guitar solo, Rose had originally envisioned it taking place in a "cool field". However, since the video was shot in winter, there were no good-looking fields around, and the band decided to film in New Mexico, where they had a church building transported specifically for the shoot. The larger church, for the wedding scenes, is Los Angeles' St. Brendan Catholic Church.

The music videos for "November Rain", "Don't Cry" and "Estranged" form an unofficial trilogy of sorts. While never specifically confirmed by the band, Del James' short story "Without You" served as inspiration for the video, and received recognition in the video's end credits.

In July 2018, the music video became the first video created prior to YouTube to surpass one billion views. In February 2023, the music video reached another milestone after it surpassed two billion views and remaining the oldest song (from the early 1990s) to achieve that feat.

The video was re-released in November, 2022, with the newly-synced orchestration, to promote the Use Your Illusion (Super Deluxe Edition) box set.

Live performances
The band performed a nearly nine-minute live version of the song with British musician Elton John on piano at the end of the 1992 VMAs ceremony. On January 22, 2023, Axl performed a solo version of "November Rain" in tribute to Lisa Marie Presley, at her memorial service at Graceland, in Memphis.

Retrospective response
"November Rain" was voted number one on the Rock 1000 2006, an annual countdown of the top 1,000 rock songs by New Zealand radio listeners. It was voted number two on the 2007 version, beaten by "Back in Black" by AC/DC. The song topped the "album tracks" section of a 1993 readers' poll in GN'R fanzine Controversy, beating "Coma". The top ten was completed by "Estranged", "Civil War", "Paradise City", "Sweet Child o' Mine", "Don't Cry", "Welcome to the Jungle", "Patience" and "Mr. Brownstone".

The song placed number 140 on Pitchfork's "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s". In Chile, the song placed at number 73 on Chilean radio Rock & Pop. In 2017, Paste ranked the song number nine on their list of the 15 greatest Guns N' Roses songs, and in 2020, Kerrang ranked the song number six on their list of the 20 greatest Guns N' Roses songs.

NPR described the song as "one of the ultimate hard-rock power ballads", while VH1 added that the song "is the sprawling, cosmic-reaching, just-so-insane-it-works hard rock epic toward which every previous single-track hard rock epic had led and from which every subsequent single-track hard rock epic has emerged". Glide Magazine named the song at second in their list of "Favorite Hair-Metal Power Ballads".

Personnel
Guns N' Roses
 * Axl Rose – lead and backing vocals, piano, synthesizer programming, choir
 * Slash – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals, choir
 * Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar, backing vocals, choir
 * Duff McKagan – bass guitar, backing vocals, choir
 * Matt Sorum – drums, backing vocals, choir
 * Dizzy Reed – backing vocals, choir

Additional musicians
 * Stuart Bailey – backing vocals, choir
 * Shannon Hoon – backing vocals, choir
 * Johann Langlie – synthesizer programming
 * Reba Shaw – backing vocals, choir

title: November Rain


text:
Keiichi Tsuchiya

Keiichi Tsuchiya (土屋圭市) is a Japanese professional race car driver. He is known as the Drift King (ドリキン) for his nontraditional use of drifting in non-drifting racing events and his role in popularizing drifting as a motorsport. In professional racing, he is a two-time 24 Hours of Le Mans class winner and the 2001 All Japan GT Championship runner-up. He is also known for touge driving.

The car he drives, a Toyota AE86 Sprinter Trueno, has become one of the most popular sports cars; the car is also known as "Hachi-Roku" in Japan (hachi-roku meaning "eight-six"); his car is also called "The Little Hachi that could." A 2-part video known as 'The Touge' produced by Pluspy (styled as +P) documents Tsuchiya's touge driving with his AE86.

He was a consultant for the popular manga and anime series, Initial D, of which the main character Takumi Fujiwara is a character which describes him. He also served as a stunt coordinator and stuntman on The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, where he also made a cameo appearance.

Biography
Tsuchiya started his career through the Fuji Freshman series in 1977. Unlike many drivers who came from wealthy families or motorsport backgrounds, he honed his skills from street racing and became noted in the underground scene.

Racing career
He would continue to take part in the Japanese Formula Three Championship, Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), the latter while driving a Cosmo Oil Sierra Cosworth and Nissan Skyline GT-R (Team Taisan) in the Group A championships and later a Honda Civic in the Supertouring car championships.
 * National championships

He went on to score a class win and an 8th place overall at the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Honda NSX. In the same race in 1999, this time in a Toyota GT-One, during the last hour while co-driver Ukyo Katayama was building up pace to the leading BMW V12 LMR he was forced into the grass by a backmarker privateer's BMW LMR, blowing the tire out. They survived the ordeal and went on to score the fastest lap but were forced to settle for second.
 * Le Mans

He has raced in NASCAR-sanctioned exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit (Suzuka Thunder 100) and at Twin Ring Motegi Superspeedway for the 1998 NASCAR-sanctioned exhibition and 1999 NASCAR Grand National Division, AutoZone West Series races at the circuit, both named the Coca-Cola 500K.
 * NASCAR

Drifting career
When Tsuchiya was a freshman in circuit racing, he was about to get his racing license suspended because of the illegal racing he was recording for Pluspy. In the movie series Shuto Kousoku Trial, he advised street racers to leave the illegal racing scene if they want to become involved with professional racing.

After his retirement
After his retirement, he was Team Director for both GT500 for one year and GT300 Class of ARTA JGTC Team until the team disbanded their GT300 operation at the end of the 2005 season. He owned the aftermarket company Kei Office until he sold the business in the end of 2005 to form DG-5. After quitting D1 in January 2011, he co-founded amateur drifting series Drift Muscle, where he also worked as judge.

His trademark color is jade green, which appears on his overalls and helmet and is the adopted color of the former company. It was also the colour of the D1 Grand Prix Kei Office and DG-5 S15 Silvia of driver and employee Yasuyuki Kazama who also wears a suit similar in pattern.

He also hosts the video magazine "Best Motoring" which features road tests of new Japanese cars including a special section called "Hot Version" which focuses on performance-modified cars. He is a guest presenter in Video Option alongside fellow racing drivers Manabu Orido and Nobuteru Taniguchi, a monthly video magazine, similar to Hot Version except regularly covers the D1GP and its sister video magazine Drift Tengoku which deals purely with drifting.

He has been an editorial supervisor on the televised anime Initial D and Wangan Midnight. He also appeared in the semi biographical film Shuto Kousoku Trial 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 was also featured in the Super GT magazine show in Japan. His life in driving is parallel to that of the Initial D main character, Takumi, as both of them started exploring their local touge while doing regular deliveries for their family businesses. He makes a number of cameos in the series: in the First Stage, he briefly converses with Takumi's father, Bunta; in the Third Stage, a motorcycle rider wearing a similar racing suit overtakes Takumi as he was en route to an invitation battle with Ryosuke Takahashi; and in the Final Stage, he meets Takumi in person while the latter spectates a circuit race in the end credits. The color of Tomo's racing suit from the Initial D 4th Stage is jade green and has a similar pattern to Tsuchiya's suit. He also made an appearance opposite Top Gear's Jeremy Clarkson in a Motorworld in Japan special showing drifting competition in the mid 1990s in Japan.

After 1995, he sometimes appeared as a Formula One guest commentator in Japanese Fuji TV.

In 2006, he made a cameo as a fisherman in the movie The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift in which he served as a stunt coordinator and stunt man.

In 2014, he announced a joint venture with King of Europe ProSeries in order to create King of Asia ProSeries. He would also act as one of the main judges for several important races in the King of Europe Drift ProSeries, being called in as a guest representative throughout the years.

Career summary

 * 1977: Debut in Fuji Freshman series.
 * 1981–1984: Ran selected entries in All Japan Touring Car championship.
 * 1984: Fuji Freshman series race (Toyota AE86) – 6 wins
 * 1985: All Japan Touring Car championship (Toyota AE86) 1st in Class 3
 * 1986: Corolla Sprinter Cup – 2 podium places
 * 1987: All Japan Touring Car championship (Honda Civic) – 1 win
 * 1988: Toyota Cup – 1st overall
 * All Japan Touring Car championship (BMW E30) – 3rd in Class 2
 * Macau Guia race (BMW M3) – 4th overall
 * 1989: All Japan F3 championship
 * All Japan Touring Car championship (Ford Sierra Cosworth) – 1 win
 * 1990: All Japan Touring Car championship (Ford Sierra Cosworth)
 * Macau Guia race (Ford Sierra Cosworth)
 * New Zealand Touring Car series (Toyota)
 * 1991: All Japan F3 championship (Ralt-Mugen) – 10th overall
 * All Japan Touring Car championship (Nissan Skyline GT-R) – 5th overall
 * 1992: All Japan Touring Car championship (Nissan Skyline GT-R)
 * 1993: All Japan Touring Car championship (Taisan Nissan Skyline GT-R) – 1 win
 * Japan Endurance series (Honda Prelude) – 2nd Tsukuba 12 Hours
 * 1994: All Japan GT championship (Porsche 911T) – 1 win
 * All Japan Touring Car championship (Honda Civic)
 * Suzuka 1000 km (Porsche 911T) – 1st in class, 2nd overall
 * Le Mans 24 Hours (Honda NSX) – 18th overall
 * 1995: All Japan GT championship (Porsche911TRSR)
 * All Japan Touring Car championship (Honda Civic)
 * Suzuka 1000 km (Honda NSX) – 5th overall
 * Tokachi 12 Hours (Honda NSX) – 1st overall
 * Le Mans 24 Hours (Honda NSX) – 1st in class
 * 1996: All Japan GT championship (Honda NSX) -13th overall
 * Entered NASCAR Thunder Special race at Suzuka
 * Le Mans 24 Hours (Honda NSX) – 3rd in class
 * 1997: All Japan GT championship (Porsche 911/Dodge Viper)
 * Fuji InterTec race (Toyota Chaser)
 * Suzuka 1000 km (Lark McLaren F1 GTR) – 9th overall
 * Entered NASCAR Thunder Special race at Suzuka
 * Le Mans 24 Hours (Lark McLaren F1 GTR) – qualified 10th, retired from race
 * 1998: All Japan Touring Car championship (Toyota Chaser) – 7th overall
 * All Japan GT championship (Toyota Supra) – 8th overall
 * Le Mans 24 Hours (Toyota GT-One) –9th overall
 * NASCAR at the California Speedway.
 * 1999: Le Mans 24 Hours (Toyota GT-One) – 2nd overall
 * 2000: Le Mans 24 Hours (Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S) – 8th overall
 * 2000–2003: Joined Team ARTA, racing an NSX once again in the All Japan GT championship.
 * 2004–2005: Studied in Australia to complete inter-2 course.

Complete JGTC/Super GT results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Keiichi Tsuchiya


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Sword

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled E-Sword.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Advert for program. Andris 19:03, May 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this silly advert. DO'Neil 02:27, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Tεx τ urε 02:50, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Sword