text:
Charles Homer Haskins

Charles Homer Haskins (December 21, 1870 – May 14, 1937) was an American medievalist at Harvard University. He was an advisor to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. He is widely recognized as the first academic medieval historian in the United States, and the Haskins Medal was named in his honor.

Biography
Haskins was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania.

He was a prodigy, fluent in both Latin and Greek while still a young boy, taught by his father. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University at the age of 16, and then studied in Paris and Berlin. He received a Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins University and began teaching there before the age of 20. In 1890, he was appointed instructor at the University of Wisconsin, became a full professor in two years, and from 1892 to 1902 held the European history chair there. In 1902 he moved to Harvard University, where he taught until 1931.

Haskins became politically involved enough to become a close advisor of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, whom he had met at Johns Hopkins. When Wilson attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 where the Treaty of Versailles was drawn up, he brought only three advisors including Haskins, who served as chief of the Western European division of the American commission.

Haskins was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913 and the American Philosophical Society in 1921.

He died on May 14, 1937, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His widow died in 1970.

Legacy
He was primarily a historian of institutions, like medieval universities and governments. His works reflect the mostly twentieth-century optimistic, liberal view that progressive government by "the best and brightest" is the way to go. His histories of medieval Europe's institutions stress the efficiency and successes of their governing bureaucracies, implicitly analogous to those of modern nation states.

Haskins's most well known pupil was medieval historian Joseph Strayer, who went on to teach many American medievalists of the next generation(s) at Princeton University, some still active today. Other eminent medievalists trained by Haskins included Lynn White, Jr. (UCLA), Gaines Post (Wisconsin and Princeton), Carl Stephenson (Cornell), Edgar B. Graves (Hamilton College), and John R. Williams (Dartmouth).

The Haskins Society, named in his honor was organized in 1982, a "Founding Father" being the late C. Warren Hollister. It publishes an annual Journal whose volume 11 (2003) reconsidered Haskins' magnum opus seventy years after its publication. From 1920 to 1926, he was also the first chairman of the American Council of Learned Societies, which still offers a distinguished lecture series named after him.

His son George Haskins was a University of Pennsylvania Law School professor.

The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
Haskins' most famous work is The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1927). The word "Renaissance," even to historians in the early 20th century, meant the 15th-century Italian Renaissance, as defined by 19th-century Swiss historian Jakob Burckhardt in his The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Haskins opened a broader view when he asserted, "The continuity of history rejects violent contrasts between successive periods, and modern research shows the Middle Ages less dark and less static, the Renaissance less bright and less sudden, than was once supposed. The Italian Renaissance was preceded by similar, if less wide-reaching, movements."

Haskins' fresh assessment of a sort of pre-renaissance, ushering in the High Middle Ages around 1070, was resisted by some scholars at first. His approach was broader than a mere literary revival: he stated in his preface that he found that 12th-century Europe "was in many respects an age of fresh and vigorous life. The epoch of the Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest bureaucratic states of the West, saw the culmination of Romanesque art and the beginnings of Gothic art; the emergence of vernacular literatures; the revival of the Latin classics and of Latin poetry and Roman law; the recovery of Greek science, with its Arabic additions, and of much of Greek philosophy; and the origin of the first European universities. The twelfth century left its signature on higher education, on scholastic philosophy, on European systems of law, on architecture and sculpture, on the liturgical drama, on Latin and vernacular poetry. ... We shall confine ourselves to the Latin side of this renaissance, the revival of learning in the broadest sense—the Latin classics and their influence, the new jurisprudence and the more varied historiography, the new knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs and its effects upon western science and philosophy."

Haskins focused on high culture to prove that the 12th century was indeed a period of dynamic growth. He looked at the history of art and science, the universities, philosophy, architecture and literature, and provided a celebratory view of the period. More recent views of the renewal have expanded the focus. Once the ice had been broken, other scholars concentrated on an earlier, more constrained revival of learning in some circles under the patronage of Charlemagne, and began talking and thinking of a "Carolingian Renaissance" of the ninth century. By 1960, Erwin Panofsky could write of Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art.

Less wide-ranging was Haskins' earlier study of the Normans, Norman Institutions (1918), which still forms the basis of current scholarly understanding of how medieval Normandy functioned. He also wrote the more popular book The Normans in European History (1915).

Works

 * The Yazoo Land Companies. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1891.
 * A History of Higher Education in Pennsylvania. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902 (with William I. Hull).
 * The Normans in European History. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1915.
 * Norman Institutions. Harvard University Press, 1918.
 * Some Problems of the Peace Conference. Harvard University Press, 1920 (with Robert Howard Lord).
 * The Rise of Universities. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1923.
 * Studies in the History of Mediæval Science. Harvard University Press, 1924.
 * The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Harvard University Press, 1927.
 * Studies in Mediaeval Culture. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1958 (1st Pub. 1929).

Selected articles

 * "The Vatican Archives," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1896.
 * "The Life of Medieval Students as Illustrated by their Letters," The American Historical Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1898.
 * "Opportunities for American Students of History at Paris," The American Historical Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1898.
 * "Robert Le Bougre and the Beginnings of the Inquisition in Northern France," Part II, The American Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, 1902.
 * "The Early Norman Jury," The American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1903.
 * "The University of Paris in the Sermons of the Thirteenth Century," The American Historical Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1904.
 * "The Sources for the History of the Papal Penitentiary," The American Journal of Theology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1905.
 * "Normandy Under William The Conqueror," The American Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1909.
 * "A List of Text-Books from the Close of the Twelfth Century," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 20, 1909.
 * "The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy's Almagest," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 21, 1910.
 * "A Canterbury Monk at Constantinople, c. 1090," The English Historical Magazine, Vol. 25, 1910.
 * "Adelard of Bath," The English Historical Review, Vol. 26, 1911.
 * "England and Sicily in the Twelfth Century," Part II, The English Historical Review, Vol. 26, 1911.
 * "The Inquest of 1171 in the Avranchin," The English Historical Review, Vol. 26, 1911.
 * "Further Notes on Sicilian Translations of the Twelfth Century," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 23, 1912.
 * "The Government of Normandy Under Henry II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1914.
 * "Mediaeval Versions of the Posterior Analytics," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 25, 1914.
 * "The Government of Normandy Under Henry II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1915.
 * "The Reception of Arabic Science in England," The English Historical Review, Vol. 30, 1915.
 * "Charles Gross: From the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for December, 1915," Boston, 1916.
 * "The Materials for the History of Robert I of Normandy," The English Historical Review, Vol. 31, 1916.
 * "A Charter of Canute for Fécamp," The English Historical Review, Vol. 33, 1918.
 * "Leo Tuscus," The English Historical Review, Vol. 33, 1918.
 * "The Greek Element in the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century," The American Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1920.
 * "The 'De Arte Venandi Cum Avibus' of the Emperor Frederick II," The English Historical Review, Vol. 36, 1921.
 * "Science at the Court of the Emperor Frederick II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1922.
 * "The Saar Territory as It Is Today," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1922.

title: Charles Homer Haskins


text: User talk:24.154.3.34

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.154.3.34


text:
Juxtapoz

Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine (pronounced JUX-tah-pose) is a magazine created in 1994 by a group of artists and art collectors including Robert Williams, Fausto Vitello, C.R. Stecyk III (a.k.a. Craig Stecyk), Greg Escalante, and Eric Swenson to both help define and celebrate urban alternative and underground contemporary art. Juxtapoz is published by High Speed Productions, the same company that publishes Thrasher skateboard magazine in San Francisco, California.

Scope
Juxtapoz launched with the mission of connecting modern genres like psychedelic and hot rod art, graffiti, street art, and illustration, to the context of broader more historically recognized genres of art like Pop, assemblage, old master painting, and conceptual art. Although based in San Francisco, Juxtapoz was founded upon the belief in the virtues of Southern California pop culture and freedom from the conventions of the "established" New York City art world. Ferus Gallery, run by Walter Hopps and Irving Blum in the 1950s and 1960s, was the ultimate cultural touchstone for the magazine.

Juxtapoz originally reflected Williams' own Kustom Kulture sensibility – a combination of California "Big Daddy" Ed Roth–style pop surrealism (identified by some as synonymous with lowbrow art and others as its own genre ) and the serious figurative craftsmanship that is more likely to be found among illustrators than fine artists today.

Growth
Juxtapoz expanded its range in the early 2000s to cover other nascent styles and subgenres of underground art. Artists who have received coverage in Juxtapoz include KAWS, Mark Ryden, Barry McGee, Todd Schorr, Tara McPherson, Camille Rose Garcia, Tim Biskup, Michael Pearce and Tom Sachs.

As of 2009, Juxtapoz had the largest circulation of any art magazine in the United States, more than established counterparts like Art News, Art in America, and Artforum. In addition to printed subscriptions which offer alternative cover images to the newsstand version, Juxtapoz is also available as an online digital subscription.

Evan Pricco is the editor-in-chief.

title: Juxtapoz


text:
Mahabaleshwar

Mahabaleshwar is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus because the Krishna River has its origin here. The British colonial rulers developed the town as a hill station, and it served as the summer capital of the Bombay Presidency during the British Raj.

Geography
Mahabaleshwar is located on the mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western Ghats that run North to south along the western coast of India. The coordinates of the town are 17.925°N, 73.6575°W. Mahabaleshwar is a vast plateau measuring 150 km2, bound by valleys on all sides. It reaches a height of 1439 m at its highest peak above sea level, known as Wilson/Sunrise Point. The town is about 122 km southwest of Pune and 285 km from Mumbai.

Mahabaleshwar comprises three villages: Malcolm Peth, Old "Kshetra" Mahabaleshwar, and part of the Shindola village. The Mahabaleshwar region is the source of the Krishna River that flows east across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh towards the Bay of Bengal. Three tributaries of Krishna, namely Koyna, Venna (Veni) and Gayatri, also have their source in Mahabaleshwar region. A fourth river, the Savitri, also has its source in the region, but flows Westward via Mahad to the Arabian Sea.

The area's climate is suitable for cultivation of strawberries; Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country. It also received the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010.

Climate
Mahabaleshwar has a borderline tropical monsoon/humid subtropical climate (Köppen Am/Cwa). Very heavy rainfall is a normal occurrence during monsoons. During July, 10–12 days of continuous rains with 100 to 200 mm each day occur each year. There were reports of ice and ground frost formation around Venna Lake in 2018. On August 7, 2019, Mahabaleshwar recorded 330 mm of rain in 24 hours causing landslides. Mahabaleshwar has been described as the "New Candidate for the wettest place in the world", the title currently held by Cherrapunji.

History
Legend says that a Yadava ruler from 13th century built a small temple and water tank at the source of the river Krishna. The Valley of Jawali, the area around Mahabaleshwar, was ruled by the More (clan) who were vassals of the Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. In 1656, the founder of Maratha empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, killed the then ruler of Valley of Javali, Chandrarao More, and seized the area. Around that time Shivaji also built a hill fort near Mahabaleshwar called Pratapgad fort.

British colonial era
In 1819, after the demise of the Maratha empire, the British ceded the hills around Mahabaleshwar to the vassal state of Satara. Colonel Lodwick (Later General Sir Lodwick) after climbing the mountains near Mahabaleshwar, recommended the place as a sanatorium for the British forces to governor Sir John Malcolm of Bombay presidency. The Raja of Satara was granted other villages in exchange for the British getting Mahabaleshwar in 1828. In old records Mahabaleshwar was even called Malcolm Peth after the governor.

Mahabaleshwar started gaining prominence when British officials of the Bombay presidency such as Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone, Arthur Malet (for whom the seat at "Point Arthur" is named), Carnac, and many others became regular visitors. Venna Lake was constructed in 1842 to collect water from perennial springs; the Venna River flows from this lake. Bartley Frere, the commissioner of Satara in the 1850s, built the road from Satara to Mahabaleshwar. In the mid 1800s, Mahabaleshwar was made into the summer capital of the Bombay presidency. Government spending led to rapid development of the area.

Colonial officials spent part of their year in the area. Their wives spent a longer period of the year in the area to be with their children in local boarding schools in Mahabaleshwar and nearby Panchgani. The British rulers wanted to recreate the English landscape in the hill stations and to that end, European flora such as strawberries were introduced in Mahabaleshwar, and amenities such as libraries, theatres, boating lakes, and sports grounds were constructed.

Added to the scores of magnificent scenic "points", the perennial springs, streams, and waterfalls of Mahabaleshwar plateau, with its year round superb climate, drew the English and others to Mahabaleshwar. By the end of the 19th century it had become an attractive popular hill station of world renown. Raj Bhavan, the summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra, is also located here. An older building named "The Terraces" was purchased in 1884 and rechristened as Giri Darshan in 1886.

"Babington House", is a colonial-style bungalow built in the shape of a cross with a deep veranda, elaborate metal work railing and extensive outhouses. It was formerly one of the country seats of the Dubash family, a Parsi ship chandler dynasty from Bombay, before they sold it to the Rahejas in the early 1970s. It contains a central dining room with a 24-seater table and a library pavilion with 1st edition books collected by the Dubash family, notably Jamsetjee "Jimmy" Kavasjee Dubash, a bibliophile and art collector.

Demographics
India census, Mahabaleshwar had a population of 12,737. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Mahabaleshwar had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 71%. In Mahabaleshwar, 11% of the population was at that time under 6 years of age. 90% of population speaks Marathi language.

Road
Mahabaleshwar is 32 km from Wai. It is 260 km from Mumbai, the state capital. The nearest major city is Satara, 45 km and it is 120 km from Pune, 170 km from Sangli and 263 km from Mumbai thane Mahabaleshwar is connected by the National Highway 4. Bus services by state-run MSRTC and private organizations connect it to Pune, Mumbai, Sangli and Satara.

Rail
Nearest railway station to Mahabaleshwar is Satara, 60 km. Nearby major railway stations include Pune (120 km), Sangli railway station (170 km). State-run bus services are available in these locations to Mahabaleshwar. Rail station Diwan Khavati on Kokan Railway near Khed gives a route of 60 km via Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar.

Air
The nearest airport is Pune International Airport, serving the city of Pune, 120 km from Mahabaleshwar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport of Mumbai is 270 km.

Tourism
Mahabaleshwar is a popular tourist destination in Maharashtra. Attractions include many hill side look out points with views of surrounding hills, valleys and forests such as Bombay Point, Arthur Seat, Kates Point, Lodwick-Wilson Point, and Elphinston Point. Wilson Point is the only location in Mahabaleshwar where both the sunrise and sunset can be seen. The town also has a man-made lake dating back to British era called Venna Lake. The lake is a popular place for boating. It is surrounded by a market and food stalls that are popular with the tourists. Other attractions include the Lingmala waterfall. Old Mahabaleshwar is a place of pilgrimage with its Mahadeo temple. The temple is the source of the five rivers Krishna, Koyna, Venna, Savitri and Gayatri. Being a relatively cool place, many temperate region crops such as strawberries, raspberries, and mulberries have been grown in Mahabaleshwar and surrounding hills. Principal amongst these crops is Strawberries. Strawberry plantations, and the produce they offer are also a popular tourist activity. The Mahabaleshwar strawberry was granted the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. As a popular tourist destination, Mahabaleshwar has hotels and accommodation to suit different budgets.

Pratapgad
A popular place to visit is the historic fort of Pratapgad built by Chatrapati Shivaji. It is the site of the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur general, Afzal Khan, where the latter was defeated and killed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. There are small shops, restaurants and a handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational trips to the fort. The fort is also on many trekking routes of the area.

In popular culture
Movies filmed in Mahabaleshwar include Raj Kapoor's Barsaat (1949), Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anupama (1966) and Basu Chatterji's Chitchor (1976). In December 2020, some scenes of RRR (2022) were filmed around Mahabaleshwar, notably scenes involving Alia Bhatt. Some scenes of the Kannada film Vikrant Rona (2022), starring Sudeepa, were filmed around the hill station. Other hill stations such as Panchgani and Wai are also popular filming locations. For example, in 2021 Kartik Aaryan filmed the movie Freddy (2022) in Panchgani.

title: Mahabaleshwar


text: User talk:67.68.44.220

title: User talk:67.68.44.220


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dennis DeYoung

Content consists of a transcription of an interview. Non encyclopedic. -Rholton 18:30, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Don't care if he's important, we're not a newsreel. Let the author return and write something better. JFW | T@lk  18:32, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new stub JFW | T@lk  10:30, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Styx (band). Alcarillo 19:11, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * An important subject, but this isn't the way to present it. Delete and redirect to Styx. - Lucky 6.9 21:12, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the interview transcript with a stub. - TB 22:09, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Stub is a good start.  ElBenevolente 23:23, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep new stub. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:24, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep stub - MGM 08:28, May 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Good show. I retract my 'delete' vote. Keep this stub.Alcarillo 18:02, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah! A fine stub rises from the ashes.  I retract my "delete" as well. - Lucky 6.9 19:07, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Likewise, I withdraw my nomination for deletion. Good job. I probably should have listed this on Cleanup instead of VfD. But wow! VfD sure does get people's attention!

Any objections to early removal from the list? --Rholton 22:05, 12 May 2004 (UTC)


text:
Brienz Rothorn Railway

The Brienz Rothorn Railway (Brienz Rothorn Bahn, BRB) is a tourist rack railway in Switzerland, which climbs from Brienz, at the eastern end of Lake Brienz, to the summit of the Brienzer Rothorn. The railway is 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) long, is built to 800 mm gauge ( gauge), and uses the Abt double lamella rack system. Unusually for Switzerland, the line is not electrified, and most trains are operated by steam locomotives.

The Brienz Rothorn Railway reaches a height of 2,244 metres above sea level and is the fourth-highest railway in Switzerland.

History
The railway was opened on 17 June 1892, after a two years construction period. The two designers, engineer Alexander Lindner and contractor Theo Bertschinger were supported by the mountain railway pioneer Roman Abt, who had responsibility for equipping the line with his newly developed Abt double lamella rack system.

The line connected at Brienz with the Brünig railway line, which had been opened in 1888 from Brienz eastwards towards Lucerne. However, the Brünig railway was not extended westward to Interlaken until 1916, so many early travelers to the Rothorn had to arrive by boat service on Lake Brienz.

The line was quickly in financial difficulties. The line was designed to carry 25,000 passengers per year, but only managed 5,000 passengers in the first year. Tourist traffic was further affected by the opening of Schynige Platte Railway in 1895 and the Jungfraubahn in 1898. Train service was suspended on 1 August 1914 as a result of the First World War, but did not resume when the war ended.

Essential maintenance was carried out and a small amount of timber traffic was carried from Planalp in 1918. Carriages were hired to the Schynige Platte Railway in 1924 and 1925, providing funds for the maintenance work. The line was finally re-opened on 13 June 1931, the first train to reach the summit in 17 years having run four days earlier. The railway was in good condition because of the continued maintenance.

Unlike other Swiss mountain lines, the BRB was not electrified and this made the railway a special attraction as from 1953 to 1990 it was the only steam-operated line in Switzerland. Although other Swiss mountain railways offer special "steam" trips, this is the only line to offer a full steam service, the Diesel locomotive only being used for additional trains and for light traffic periods.

Route
The BRB is 7.6 km long with a maximum gradient of 1 in 4 (25%) and includes five tunnels. It begins in Brienz at 566 m above sea level, from a terminus opposite the Brienz station of the Zentralbahn company's Brünig line. Also nearby is the quay used by the BLS AG shipping services on Lake Brienz.

The railway is single track with three passing loops. The first passing loop is at Geldried, 1019 m above sea level. The halfway passing loop of the line is at Planalp station at 1341 m above sea level (the only stop on the line). The older steam locomotives stop to take water. The third passing loop is at Oberstafel, 1819 m above sea level.

The upper terminus of the line is at Rothorn Kulm station at 2244 m above sea level, a little below the summit of the mountain.

A popular hiking trail runs between the summit station, and the Brünig-Hasliberg station at the point where the Brünig line crosses the Brünig Pass.

Locomotives and rolling stock
All steam locomotives are Class H2/3, indicating that two of the three axles are driven, giving a wheel arrangement (Whyte System) of 0-4-2. The older locomotives are a side tank, "kneeling cow" design of a standard SLM product. The modern steam locomotives use an efficient "light oil" fired steam technology and were built by SLM (former Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works) of Winterthur.

A prototype Diesel locomotive, class Hm2/2, number 8, was delivered in 1973, but sold to the Chemin de fer Montreux-Glion-Rochers-de-Naye in 1995 as their Number 4. New Diesel locomotives were constructed by Ferdinand Steck Maschinenfabrik and are of (Whyte System) 0-4-0 wheel arrangement to a "kneeling cow" design.

Timetable
The Brienz Rothorn Railway operated 7 days per week from June 4 to October 23, 2016, all the way up to the Rothorn. They tried to ensure that all their services are steam-powered.

title: Brienz Rothorn Railway


text:
Glomerulus (olfaction)

The glomerulus (: glomeruli) is a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by a heterogeneous population of juxtaglomerular neurons (that include periglomerular, short axon, and external tufted cells) and glial cells.

All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb also includes a portion of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the cells of which contribute fibers to the olfactory tract. They are the initial sites for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. A glomerulus is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons, and dendrites from the mitral and tufted cells, as well as, from cells that surround the glomerulus such as the external tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 μm in diameter and number between 1100 and 2400 depending on the species, with roughly between 1100 and 1200 in humans. The number of glomeruli in a human decreases with age; in humans that are over 80 they are nearly absent. Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets. The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.

Structure
Glomeruli are important waystations in the pathway from the nose to the olfactory cortex and have been found to be critical for odorant signal transduction. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), which originate in the nasal epithelium express only one type of olfactory receptor (OR). These ORNs then project their axons to the olfactory bulb. In the olfactory bulb, the ORNs synapse with termination in the glomeruli. Each glomerulus receives input from olfactory receptor neurons expressing only one type of olfactory receptor. The glomerular activation patterns within the olfactory bulb are thought to represent the quality of the odor being detected. These activation patterns of glomeruli can change due to changes in airflow rate and odor concentration in the mucus layer of the nasal cavity. A certain odorant can activate a glomeruli strongly whilst affecting others with less efficiency to very little at all. Linda Buck and Richard Axel were awarded a Nobel prize in 2004 for heavily influencing the working out of the genetic basis for this Olfactory coding.

The current dogma is that axons from all ORNs expressing the same receptor converge onto one or two glomeruli of a possible 1800 glomeruli in each olfactory bulb. As the axons of the ORNs migrate towards their specific glomeruli they often overshoot into neighboring glomeruli. Thus, a glomerulus representing a specific OR develops slowly and involves considerable axonal reorganization in order to achieve the highly topographical projection observed in adult mice.

Function
The glomerulus is the basic unit in the odor map of the olfactory bulb. Each odor activates a different pattern of glomeruli, such that, simply by analyzing the different sets of activated glomeruli, one could, in theory, decode the identity of the odor. This odor map, however, is modified by the circuitry within the olfactory bulb so that the spiking pattern of the second-order mitral cells is usually different from that of the olfactory sensory neurons.

Glomerulus in dogs
The glomerulus process in dogs is divided in 3 parts: signal acquisition, signal transduction, and signal processing. Some dogs have as many as 100 times more ORNs than humans do, producing a correspondingly sharpened ability to detect and discriminate among millions of odors. Characteristics of these stages include: the role of olfactory plume and sniffing, the continuous renewal of Glomerulus receptors throughout the life cycle, and the relationship between the olfactory neuron and the glomerulus, and finally, the synthetic nature of glomerulus coding.

Glomerulus in fish
One of the most distinctive features of fish olfaction is that it takes place entirely in the aquatic environment. The carrier of stimulant is water and therefore the chemicals must be soluble in water. The olfactory epithelium of fish consists of three cell types, like other vertebrates. These three cell types are the receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells.

Fish glomerulus differs from the mammalian glomerulus in terms of the number of dendrites that it receives from the mitral cells. In a mammalian olfactory system, a single dendrite from a mitral cell enters a single glomerulus. However, in fish, one or more dendrites from mitral cells enter one or more glomerulus.

title: Glomerulus (olfaction)


text:
Talk:24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)

Nikolayeva's offer
Comment from Markalexander100 cut "Nikolayeva offered to play the whole cycle"; she offered, but only played one.

I'm not sure what the truth is here. In the notes to Hyperion's recording, Nikolayeva is quoted in 1974 recalling the 1950 competition - "It was a great occaision.... I was then a young girl, just out of the Conservatory but I had nerve and entered for the Competition and won first prize playing the whole of Bach's 48 Preludes and Fugues. And if this then is what stimulated Shostakovich to write his own 24 Preludes and Fugues then I'm tremendously pleased."

However, elsewhere I have read a description of the competition stating that entrants had to play their choice of one of the Bach Preludes and Fugues plus another piano work, but Nikolayeva had prepared the whole set of the Well Tempered Clavier and offered to play any one at the judges choice. Certainly it seems unlikely that she would have had time to play the whole set.

Never-the-less the episode is worth mentioning as it is pretty clear that it was Nikolayeva's playing at the competition that was the trigger for Shostakovich to write his set.

 * Interesting quote- the two stories are hard to reconcile! In Elizabeth Wilson's book, Nikolaeva says explicitly that a) she offered to play them all; b) she only played one; c) the story that she played them all is incorrect.   That seems more likely to me: I can easily imagine someone reading that she had programmed them all and concluding that she had played them all, but I can't imagine her denying playing them all if she had.  How about "Inspired by the competition and Nikolayeva's playing"?  I think that's undisputed. Markalexander100 01:24, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * My best guess would be that the quote from Nikolayeva above is a translation problem, and I would go with your suggestion on wording. Solipsist 07:24, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

After direct inspiration from the Baroque master
It is widely believed i.e. probably true that Shostakovich wrote these Preludes & Fugues after a visit to Leipzig in (East) Germany, the town where Bach was organist for much of his life. Shostakovich did undertake the writing of this set shortly after the visit itself, so it is entirely probable that the spirit of Bach was instilled in this great purveyor of Soviet angst. --- User:Edward Tambling
 * It is not just widely believed, it is pretty well documented; the history is also in the article (but could probably be expanded). Whether the finished work contains the spirit of Bach is perhaps more debatable. Several composers have written chromatic sets of related works, and each tends to put there own stamp on it (see Prelude (music)). Bach was without doubt the instigation here, but as you might expect, Shostakovich's pieces are considerably more dissonant than Bach's. Note also that Shostakovich followed Chopin, not Bach, in the progression of keys - I think it is safe to assume that Shostakovich was aware of Chopin's Preludes. Also Shostakovich's earlier set of 24 Preludes, op.34, was written in 1932, many years before the Leipzig competition in 1950. -- Solipsist 16:21, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Hummel's preludes do not use the Chopin key sequence. They start with C major, then C minor, G major, G minor, D major etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.208.139.195 (talk) 19:27, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * His Op. 67 uses the Chopin key sequence... Here's the score --Cjeads1988 (talk) 04:43, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Extra Sections
Do we really need a section for every one of the prelude-fugue sets? The comments that are there are nice, but most of them are just headings. Perhaps we could put the ones with comments under "Points of Interest" (or some such thing)?Amphion 01:05, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean. I guess its a guestion of good intentions running out of steam. Not many aticles on pieces of music have detailed descriptions of music. In this case the analogue is probably Preludes Op. 28 (Chopin), although the descriptions are much shorter there. -- Solipsist 06:22, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Also some of the longer descriptions look like uncredited program notes that mix facts with opinions (e.g. for the first fugue subject "bleak open 5th": "open 5th" = fact, "bleak" = opinion). Wikipendel 14 Apr 2015

Fair use rationale for Image:Shostakovich's Prelude XXI Bb Major (Allegro) - (Part of opus 87).ogg
Image:Shostakovich's Prelude XXI Bb Major (Allegro) - (Part of opus 87).ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:14, 26 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maesydre Junior School

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Maesydre Junior School.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was deletion.

Sub-stub on an utterly insignificant junior school in Wales. Warofdreams 18:36, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to the author's userpage. Let him/her deal with it. 208.196.60.42 19:16, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Then delete it.  What's up with all of these little schools, anyway? - Lucky 6.9 21:15, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I believe burden of proof should be on submitter to give evidence of notability in the article as first posted. See User:Dpbsmith/schools for rationale. Dpbsmith 23:02, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete sub-stub. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:23, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - not even a sub-stub. Not a stitch of information about the school itself. - Tεx τ urε 17:52, 12 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Abso-freakin'-lutely not. Delete.--Beelzebubs 22:55, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Summary of the entire article for posterity: "Ysgol Maesydre teaches pupils aged between 7 and 11." Ahhh... sweet 'n Delete. -- EuroTom 23:42, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate up to the point of deletion and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the new method of assessing voting, should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
NFL Street

NFL Street is an American football video game developed by EA Tiburon and published by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports BIG label. It was released for the PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox on January 13, 2004. Barry Sanders of the Detroit Lions, Shannon Sharpe of the Denver Broncos, and Ricky Williams of the Miami Dolphins appear on the cover. The game was followed by NFL Street 2 and NFL Street 3.

Gameplay
Similar to the Blitz series, NFL Street is seven-on-seven American football, modeled after street football. NFL players wear street clothing instead of helmets and uniforms, though players can wear football jerseys. Like other American football games, it utilizes basic football rules, but without fouls, penalties, or injuries, naturally leading to more aggressive gameplay than its real-life model.

One important feature in the game is "style points", which the player can earn by successfully completing style moves (which includes making a huge play or taunting the other team during the game). Gaining enough style points will earn the player a "Gamebreaker", which lasts for the entire drive. The Gamebreaker concept was adopted from NBA Street.

An offensive Gamebreaker allows the player to plow through defenders and easily score a touchdown. On defense, it allows the player to easily get through their opponents blockers, cause fumbles, and possibly create a turnover. While difficult, it is possible to cancel a Gamebreaker by stopping your opponent from scoring. Additionally a Gamebreaker may be canceled if the player activates his while his opponent's is already activated. In this situation, both Gamebreakers are canceled. It is also possible to stop a defensive Gamebreaker by running out of bounds.

Game modes
Quick Game — In this mode you select a team and play a quick game against either the computer or a friend. The scoring system can be in touchdowns or style points, depending on the choice of the player. Pickup Game — A Pickup Game is the same as a Quick Game, but instead of choosing a team, you and your opponent create teams from a pool of around 40 NFL players, some of which are Legends. In game, the teams are referred as "Team One" and "Team Two". Regulation Pickup Games of NFL Street allow each team one redraft (also called a "Re") if one team believes the random assortment of players available in the draft are not up to par. However, if both teams have used their redraft, another redraft can be done if both teams dislike the draft. This is known in the NFL Street community as "Mutual Garb." NFL Challenge — This is the main mode in the game. You create a team, from logo to players height, and go through a series of challenges against other teams, unlocking new football stadiums, teams, equipment, and development points for improving your team by completing several challenges that vary in their difficulty All NFL Pickup — To unlock this mode, you must first beat the NFL Challenge mode. The same features apply as in Pickup Game, but instead of a 40 player pool, you can select from any of the players in the game, including Legends. You can choose 1-2 players from any team except from the cheat code teams.

Rosters
The rosters are based on the 2003 NFL roster, with some earlier players as NFL Legends.

Soundtrack
The original score was done by turntablist group The X-Ecutioners, along with several songs that were part of pre-album releases for other artists on the soundtrack.
 * 1) Baby D - "It's Goin Down" (Pre-album release)
 * 2) Bravehearts featuring Nas, Lil Jon - "Quick to Back Down"
 * 3) DJ Kay Slay presents Three 6 Mafia featuring Lil Wyte and Frayser Boy - "Who Gives A..." (Pre-album release)
 * 4) Fuel - "Quarter"
 * 5) Grafh - "I Don't Care" (Pre-album release)
 * 6) Jakk Frost - "This Man" (Pre-album release)
 * 7) Korn featuring Nas - "Play Me"
 * 8) Killer Mike - "Rap Is Dead"
 * 9) Lil' Flip - "What's My Name"
 * 10) Lostprophets - "Last Train Home" (Pre-album release)
 * 11) Wylde Bunch - "Our Life" (Pre-album release)
 * 12) Wylde Bunch - "Harder" (Pre-album release)
 * 13) The X-Ecutioners featuring Good Charlotte - "Let's Go"
 * 14) X-ecutioners featuring B-Real - "Get With It" (Pre-album release)

Reception
By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of NFL Street had sold 950,000 copies and earned $37 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 58th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined console sales of NFL Street games released in the 2000s reached 2 million units in the United States by July 2006.

NFL Street received "favorable" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. It received a runner-up position in GameSpot's 2004 "Best Alternative Sports Game" award category across all platforms, losing to Mario Power Tennis.

Maxim gave the game all five stars and said the player can "dispense with kicking and doodle-heavy playbooks, and deploy between-the-leg laterals and double reverses, plus a mess of excellent unsportsmanlike, showboating taunts." The Village Voice gave the Xbox version a score of nine out of ten and said, "In the surprisingly good single-player "NFL Challenge" mode, you earn points to build a franchise, choosing everything from the players' mutated genes (10 attributes, plus size) to their speed-enhancing sneakers. 'Cause it ain't all about the steroids." However, Entertainment Weekly gave the game a B and said, "This pigskin sim fumbles by forcing players to run their amateur team against the pros in order to unlock better fields and additional players - a clear case of unnecessary roughness." The Cincinnati Enquirer gave it two-and-a-half stars out of five and called it "a fun, simplistic diversion, especially with a group of friends. However, once you've seen all the style moves it doesn't have the staying power of much deeper football games like EA's own Madden NFL 2004."

David Leonard of PopMatters critiqued the game's depiction of African-American men, comparing the "emphasis on savagery, violence and animalistic features" to those used in the controversial first-person shooter Ethnic Cleansing.

title: NFL Street


text:
I/O bound

In computer science, I/O bound refers to a condition in which the time it takes to complete a computation is determined principally by the period spent waiting for input/output operations to be completed, which can be juxtaposed with being CPU bound. This circumstance arises when the rate at which data is requested is slower than the rate it is consumed or, in other words, more time is spent requesting data than processing it.

I/O bound as an inherent problem in computing
The I/O bound state has been identified as a problem in computing almost since its inception. The Von Neumann architecture, which is employed by many computing devices, this involves multiple possible solutions such as implementing a logically separate central processor unit which along with storing the instructions of the program also retrieves actual data usually from main memory and makes use of this more accessible data for working. When the process is terminated it writes back the results to the original storage (usually the main memory).

Since data must be moved between the CPU and memory along a bus which has a limited data transfer rate, there exists a condition that is known as the Von Neumann bottleneck. Put simply, this means that the data bandwidth between the CPU and memory tends to limit the overall speed of computation. In terms of the actual technology that makes up a computer, the Von Neumann Bottleneck predicts that it is easier to make the CPU perform calculations faster than it is to supply it with data at the necessary rate for this to be possible.

In recent history, the Von Neumann bottleneck has become more apparent. The design philosophy of modern computers is based upon a physically separate CPU and main memory. It is possible to make the CPU run at a high data transfer rate because data is moved between locations inside them across tiny distances. The physical separation between CPU and main memory, however, requires a data bus to move data across comparatively long distances of centimetres or more. The problem of making this part of the system operate sufficiently fast to keep up with the CPU has been a great challenge to designers.

I/O bound as a practical problem
The I/O bound state is considered undesirable because it means that the CPU must stall its operation while waiting for data to be loaded or unloaded from main memory or secondary storage. With faster computation speed being the primary goal of new computer designs and components such as the CPU and memory being expensive, there is a strong imperative to avoid I/O bound states and eliminating them can yield a more economic improvement in performance than upgrading the CPU or memory.

As CPU gets faster, processes tend to get more I/O-bound

Or in simpler terms:

As CPU gets faster, processes tend to not increase in speed in proportion to CPU speed because they get more I/O-bound.

This means that I/O bound processes are slower than non-I/O bound processes, not faster. This is due to increases in the rate of data processing in the core, while the rate at which data is transferred from storage to the processor does not increase with it. As CPU clock speed increases, allowing more instructions to be executed in a given time window, the limiting factor of effective execution is the rate at which instructions can be delivered to the processor from storage, and sent from the processor to their destination. In short, programs naturally shift to being more and more I/O bound.

Comparison with CPU-bound
Assume we have one CPU-bound process and many I/O-bound processes. As the processes flow around the system, the following scenario may result. The CPU-bound process will get and hold the CPU. During this time, all the other processes will finish their I/O and will move into the ready queue, waiting for the CPU. While the processes wait in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle. Eventually, the CPU-bound process finishes its CPU burst and moves to an I/O device. All the I/O-bound processes, which have short CPU bursts, execute quickly and move back to the I/O queues. At this point, the CPU sits idle. The CPU-bound process will then move back to the ready queue and be allocated the CPU. Again, all the I/O processes end up waiting in the ready queue until the CPU-bound process is done. There is a convoy effect as all the other processes wait for the one big process to get off the CPU. This effect results in lower CPU and device utilization than might be possible if the shorter processes were allowed to go first.

title: I/O bound


text:
Schynige Platte Railway

The Schynige Platte Railway (Schynige Platte-Bahn, SPB) is a mountain railway in the Bernese Highlands area of Switzerland, which connects the town of Wilderswil, near Interlaken, with the famous wildflower gardens of the Schynige Platte.

An impressively and varied natural landscape unfolds on the journey, including forests, Alpine pastures and views of the Bernese Oberland. Towards the top of the line, there are also views of the imposing peaks of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau. The line opened, using steam traction, in May 1893, and was electrified in 1914.

The line is owned by the Berner Oberland-Bahnen AG, a company that also owns the Berner Oberland-Bahn. Through that company it is part of the Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Wengernalpbahn, Jungfraubahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn.

History
The key milestones in the history of the line are:

 * 1890 The concession for the line was given and the company is founded on 16 September.
 * 1891 Construction starts.
 * 1893 A train with special guests reaches the top on 5 May and the line opens to the public on 14 June.
 * 1896 The Berner Oberland-Bahn become the new owners.
 * 1913 The first electric trial run operates on 15 October.
 * 1914 Public electric services start on 9 May.
 * 1928 The Schynige Platte Alpine Garden opens on the Schynige Platte.
 * 1964 The Schynige Platte Railway receives 4 locomotives from the Wengernalpbahn.
 * 1970 The Schynige Platte Railway receives 2 more locomotives from the Wengernalpbahn.
 * 1978 The Schynige Platte Railway receives another locomotive from the Wengernalpbahn.
 * 2001 Teddyland opens on the Schynige Platte on 7 June.

Route

The Schynige Platte Railway commences from Wilderswil station at an altitude of 584 m, where it connects with the line of the Berner Oberland-Bahn (BOB), which operates to Interlaken Ost, Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. Wilderswil is within the built-up area around Interlaken, and buses also provide a connection from the station to the town centre and Interlaken West station.

The line initially runs alongside the BOB for just over 0.5 km before crossing the Lütschine river and starting its climb up the valley side. Initially it passes through forest, with a passing loop at Rotenegg at an altitude of 886 m. The forest is followed by alpine pastures which offer views of the Bernese Oberland including the town of Interlaken bracketed by Lake Thun and Lake Brienz. Another passing loop is located at Breitlauenen station, the line's only intermediate station at an altitude of 1542 m.

In the final stretch of the ascent, views open up of the glistening giants of the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau mountains to the south. The line terminates at Schynige Platte station at an altitude of 1987 m, after a journey of 7.25 km and a height gain of 1420 m. The Schynige Platte alpine botanical garden, a hotel and a mountain restaurant are all located near the summit station.

Operation
The Schynige Platte Railway is built to 800 mm gauge ( gauge) and is electrified using a 1500 V DC overhead supply. It is a rack railway, using the Riggenbach rack with a maximum gradient of 25% (1 in 4). The line's depot and workshops are located adjacent to Wilderswil station.

The line is timetabled to only operate in summer months, from the beginning of June to the middle of October. As the upper section of the route, between Breitlauenen and the summit, is subject to heavy winter snowfall and occasional avalanches, the overhead catenary on this section is dismantled after the last train of the year, and reinstated before the first train of the next year can run. The process of removal or replacement normally takes a team of six employees a day to complete, and employs the line's one remaining steam locomotive.

The line provides some 15 return services per day, with services every 40 minutes and a journey time of 52 minutes. Any given service may be operated by a convoy of more than one train, with each train usually comprising an electric rack locomotive and two coaches. The locomotive always operates at the lower end of the train, pushing the train up the mountain and leading it down.

Rolling stock
The line still operates one of its original steam locomotives, together with the four electric locomotives built for the line's electrification. A number of additional similar locomotives, together with matching coaches, were bought from the Wengernalpbahn but had (until the recent delivery of additional train sets) often returned to this line to help in winter sports traffic.

The line uses, or has used, the following locomotives:

In 1992, the company started a rebuilding program for 12 coaches. On old underframes, brought to a unified length of 10.695 m over buffers, Ramseyer+Jenzer built a new steel body in the old compartment style. These coaches carry the numbers 41–52 (41–42 sit on the original underframes number 2 and 4, the others on underframes ex-WAB). Of the original stock numbers 6–8 (1894, 1924, 1929) with open compartments and 21–22 (1929, 1931) fully closed compartment coaches were kept and complemented with numbers 3 (open, 1893), 23 and 24 (closed, 1898, 1901) ex-WAB (last WAB numbers 3, 22, 24). This allows to build 10 consists of a locomotive with 2 coaches (see above, Operations). Original coaches 1 and 5 were scrapped in 1970 and 68, number 3 rebuilt as flat car (new number 91).

title: Schynige Platte Railway


text:
One-upmanship

One-upmanship, also called "one-upsmanship", is the art or practice of successively outdoing a competitor. The term was first used in the title of a book by Stephen Potter, published in 1952 as a follow-up to The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship (or the Art of Winning Games without Actually Cheating) (1947), and Lifemanship titles in his series of tongue-in-cheek self-help books, and film and television derivatives, that teach various ploys to achieve this. This comic satire of self-help style guides manipulates traditional British conventions for the gamester, all life being a game, who understands that if you're not one-up, you're one-down. Potter's unprincipled principles apply to almost any possession, experience or situation, deriving maximum undeserved rewards and discomfitting the opposition. The 1960 film School for Scoundrels and its 2006 remake were satiric portrayals of how to use Potter's ideas.

In that context, the term refers to a satiric course in the gambits required for the systematic and conscious practice of "creative intimidation", making one's associates feel inferior and thereby gaining the status of being "one-up" on them. Viewed seriously, it is a phenomenon of group dynamics that can have significant effects in the management field: for instance, manifesting in office politics.

title: One-upmanship


text:
Tipstaff

A tipstaff is an officer of a court or, in some countries, a law clerk to a judge. The duties of the position vary from country to country. It is also the name of a symbolic rod, which represents the authority of the tipstaff or other officials such as senior police officers.

History

The office of Tipstaff was originally military in nature. The Ordinances for Calais Act 1535 (27 Hen. 8. c. 63) stipulating the personnel required to man the English castle at Calais said that there should be:

The same act also gave instructions for selecting a replacement should a Tippstaff die in service.

This appointment to be confirmed by the Comptroller and Treasurer of the Castle.

The office then seems to have transferred to early forms of law enforcement. In 1555 when Reverend Rowland Taylor was burned at the stake during the reign of Queen Mary I for his religious views that were contrary to those of Lord Chancellor Gardiner. Foxe's Book of Martyrs states that Taylor would have spoken to the people but as soon as he opened his mouth the yeoman of the guard thrust a tipstaff into his mouth, and would in no way permit him to speak. This is also quoted in Five English Reformers by J. C. Ryle.

And by 1570 it has also attained some ceremonial functions, "The Knight Marshall with all hys tippe staves".

By the middle of the nineteenth century the term has transferred to a baton wielded by members of the embryonic police authorities, officers would arrest people by beating them with a tipped staff or stave. The staff was made of wood or metal or both, topped with a crown. The crown, which unscrewed, could be removed to reveal inside the hollow staff a warrant appointing the holder to their position of authority. Some staves were definitely a means of protection and this is where the present day policeman's baton, or truncheon, originates.

Examples remain at the Royal Courts of Justice and the Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre in London and vary depending on the type and rank of officer. These tipstaves were first carried in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. When detectives (in plain clothes) were first authorised, the tipstaves issued to plainclothes officers from 1867 were re-issued in 1870 and engraved "Metropolitan Police officer in plain clothes".

The staff kept at the Royal Courts of Justice is now only used on ceremonial occasions. It is 12 inches in length and made of ebony decorated with a silver crown and three bands of silver engraved with the Royal Arms at the top. Around the middle is inscribed "Amos Hawkins, Tipstaff Courts of Chancery" and around the bottom is inscribed "Appointed 14th January, 1884, by the Rt. Hon. The Earl of Selborne, L.C." with another coat of Royal Arms. The date was that on which this staff was first used, soon after the law courts were opened. Prior to 1884, each tipstaff had his own staff, which he retained when he retired.

As a symbol
The emblem of two crossed tipstaves within a wreath appears on the rank insignia of senior police officers in several Commonwealth countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia. In Canada, the emblem is used for the most senior officers of the Ontario Provincial Police and Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.

Australia
In Australia, a tipstaff is roughly equivalent to a law clerk in the United States. The term is used principally in the Supreme Court of New South Wales and in the County Court of Victoria.

Ireland
In Ireland, a tipstaff is a personal aide to a judge. The role of tipstaff has been replaced by that of judicial assistant for judges appointed after 2011. No new tipstaves have been recruited since 2011 and only a small number remain.

England and Wales
There are currently two tipstaves in England and Wales: one is an officer of the Royal Borough of Kingston and the other an officer of the High Court of England and Wales, appointed under section 27 of the Courts Act 1971. It is the latter to which this section refers.

The High Court tipstaff may appoint three assistants and can call on any constable, bailiff or member of the public to assist in carrying out their duties. Their jurisdiction extends throughout England and Wales. They are authorised to force entry if necessary, and will have a police officer present to prevent breach of the peace. The relevant territorial police force is informed of arrests.

Sometimes a local bailiff or police will detain a person in custody until the tipstaff arrives to collect them and take them to court or prison. Pentonville Prison (for civil offenders) is obliged to take into custody‚ no matter what the circumstances‚ anybody taken there by the tipstaff. A tipstaff may make the same demands of the custody suite within the Royal Courts of Justice itself, and they are obliged to take into custody any individual he brings there.

The tipstaff heads a procession of the lord chancellor and judges at the start of the legal year‚ preceding them with their staff as a symbol of authority and law enforcement. They also lead the lord mayor from their golden coach to the lord chief justice's court for the "swearing in" of the lord mayor‚ afterwards attending the Lord Mayor's Banquet, having led the lord chancellor into the guildhall. The black uniform‚ only worn on ceremonial occasions‚ is based on that of a Victorian police inspector. They wear a black hat with gold braid trimmings and jacket with silver buttons‚ a wing collar with a white bow tie and white gloves. The tipstaff is the only person authorised to make an arrest within the precincts of the Royal Courts of Justice.

Every applicable order made in the High Court is addressed to the tipstaff: "I hereby command you the Tipstaff and your assistants in His Majesty's name to take and safely convey and deliver the said ... to the Governor of His Majesty's Prison ...."(as in the case of making an arrest). The majority of their work involves taking children into custody (i.e. a place of safety)‚ including cases of child abduction abroad.

In child abduction cases, there may be a "seek and locate" order backed by a bench warrant ordering any person with knowledge of the child to give that information to the tipstaff or to their deputy or assistants. Related orders may require the alleged abductor to hand their passport and other travel documents to the tipstaff, and order the tipstaff to take the child and deliver them to a designated place. There may also be a "port alert" executed by the tipstaff, to help prevent the child being taken abroad.

In the case of children who have been declared a ward of court i.e. where the court is acting in loco parentis, a tipstaff has a role in ensuring that those children are delivered to the locations specified by the court.

Northern Ireland
Tipstaves and court criers in Northern Ireland have no enforcement role, but act as personal assistants to high court and county court judges.

United States
In some states of the United States, a tipstaff is called a tipstave and is responsible for courtroom decorum. Their position is similar to that of a bailiff. The Civil Division of the Municipal Court of Philadelphia employs tipstaves as clerks to the court. The Criminal Trial Division employs tipstaves in positions commonly referred to as court officers.

title: Tipstaff


text:
Portland Gallery

Portland Gallery is an art gallery in central London, England.

Founded in 1984 by Tom Hewlett, Portland Gallery is one of London's commercial art galleries dealing in modern British and contemporary paintings. Following Hewlett's retirement in 2022, the gallery has since been run by Jamie Anderson who continues to maintain and develop a programme of exhibitions and events at the gallery. The gallery supports its artists and estates by participating at art fairs, including the London Art Fair., the Masterpiece Fair, and the British Art Fair, where the gallery has presented works from its inventory of modern British art. The gallery has a particular association with the Scottish Colourist artists.

The gallery is located at 3 Bennet Street in St James's, central London, on the corner with St James's Street, and close to The Ritz Hotel. It is open from Monday to Friday (10am–6pm) or by appointment, and runs around 14 exhibitions a year. The gallery's exhibitions have included artists such as John Piper, Tom Wood, and Martin Greenland.

title: Portland Gallery


text:
Nikolai Lobachevsky

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский; 1 December 1792 – 24 February 1856) was a Russian mathematician and geometer, known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry, and also for his fundamental study on Dirichlet integrals, known as the Lobachevsky integral formula.

William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work.

Biography
Nikolai Lobachevsky was born either in or near the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian Empire (now in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia) in 1792 to parents of Russian and Polish origin – Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. He was one of three children. When he was seven, his father, a clerk in a land-surveying office, died, and Nikolai moved with his mother to Kazan. Nikolai Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium from 1802, graduating in 1807, and then received a scholarship to Kazan University, which had been founded just three years earlier in 1804.

At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels, a former teacher and friend of the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Lobachevsky received a Master of Science in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814 he became a lecturer at Kazan University, in 1816 he was promoted to associate professor. In 1822, at the age of 30, he became a full professor, teaching mathematics, physics, and astronomy. He served in many administrative positions and became the rector of Kazan University in 1827. In 1832, he married Varvara Alexeyevna Moiseyeva. They had a large number of children (eighteen according to his son's memoirs, though only seven apparently survived into adulthood). He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856 and was buried in Arskoe Cemetery, Kazan.

In 1811, in his student days, Lobachevsky was accused by a vengeful supervisor of atheism (признаки безбожия).

Career
Lobachevsky's main achievement is the development (independently from János Bolyai) of a non-Euclidean geometry, also referred to as Lobachevskian geometry. Before him, mathematicians were trying to deduce Euclid's fifth postulate from other axioms. Euclid's fifth is a rule in Euclidean geometry which states (in John Playfair's reformulation) that for any given line and point not on the line, there is only one line through the point not intersecting the given line. Lobachevsky would instead develop a geometry in which the fifth postulate was not true. This idea was first reported on February 23 (Feb. 11, O.S.), 1826 to the session of the department of physics and mathematics, and this research was printed in the periodical 'Kazan University Course Notes' as On the Origin of Geometry (О началах геометрии) between 1829 and 1830. In 1829 Lobachevsky wrote a paper about his ideas called "A Concise Outline of the Foundations of Geometry" that was published by the Kazan Messenger but was rejected when it was submitted to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences for publication.

The non-Euclidean geometry that Lobachevsky developed is referred to as hyperbolic geometry. Lobachevsky replaced Playfair's axiom with the statement that for any given point there exists more than one line that can be extended through that point and run parallel to another line of which that point is not part. He developed the angle of parallelism which depends on the distance the point is off the given line. In hyperbolic geometry the sum of angles in a hyperbolic triangle must be less than 180 degrees. Non-Euclidean geometry stimulated the development of differential geometry which has many applications. Hyperbolic geometry is frequently referred to as "Lobachevskian geometry" or "Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry".

Some mathematicians and historians have wrongly claimed that Lobachevsky in his studies in non-Euclidean geometry was influenced by Gauss, which is untrue. Gauss himself appreciated Lobachevsky's published works highly, but they never had personal correspondence between them prior to the publication. Although three people—Gauss, Lobachevsky and Bolyai—can be credited with discovery of hyperbolic geometry, Gauss never published his ideas, and Lobachevsky was the first to present his views to the world mathematical community.

Lobachevsky's magnum opus Geometriya was completed in 1823, but was not published in its exact original form until 1909, long after he had died. Lobachevsky was also the author of New Foundations of Geometry (1835–1838). He also wrote Geometrical Investigations on the Theory of Parallels (1840) and Pangeometry (1855).

Another of Lobachevsky's achievements was developing a method for the approximation of the roots of algebraic equations. This method is now known as the Dandelin–Gräffe method, named after two other mathematicians who discovered it independently. In Russia, it is called the Lobachevsky method. Lobachevsky gave the definition of a function as a correspondence between two sets of real numbers (Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet gave the same definition independently soon after Lobachevsky).

Impact
E. T. Bell wrote about Lobachevsky's influence on the following development of mathematics in his 1937 book Men of Mathematics: The boldness of his challenge and its successful outcome have inspired mathematicians and scientists in general to challenge other "axioms" or accepted "truths", for example the "law" of causality which, for centuries, have seemed as necessary to straight thinking as Euclid's postulate appeared until Lobachevsky discarded it. The full impact of the Lobachevskian method of challenging axioms has probably yet to be felt. It is no exaggeration to call Lobachevsky the Copernicus of Geometry, for geometry is only a part of the vaster domain which he renovated; it might even be just to designate him as a Copernicus of all thought.

Honors

 * 1858 Lobachevskij, an asteroid discovered in 1972, was named in his honour.
 * The lunar crater Lobachevsky was named in his honor.
 * Lobachevsky Prize, a mathematics award by the Kazan State University.
 * The Lobachevsky University was named in his honor.
 * A street in Ploiesti, Romania was named in his honor.

In popular culture
A fictional mathematician named "Lobachevsky" is the subject of songwriter/mathematician Tom Lehrer's humorous song "Lobachevsky" from his 1953 Songs by Tom Lehrer album. In the song, Lehrer portrays a Russian mathematician who sings about how Lobachevsky influenced him: "And who made me a big success / and brought me wealth and fame? / Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky is his name." Lobachevsky's secret to mathematical success is given as "Plagiarize!", as long as one is always careful to "call it, please, research". According to Lehrer, the song is "not intended as a slur on [Lobachevsky's] character" and the name was chosen "solely for prosodic reasons".

In Poul Anderson's 1969 fantasy novella "Operation Changeling" – which was later expanded into the novel Operation Chaos (1971) – a group of sorcerers navigate a non-Euclidean universe with the assistance of the ghosts of Lobachevsky and Bolyai.

Roger Zelazny's science fiction novel Doorways in the Sand contains a poem dedicated to Lobachevsky.

In the sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun, "Dick and the Single Girl" (season 2 episode 24) original aired in the US on May 11 1997, Sonja Umdahl (Christine Baranski) a forgotten colleague transferring to teach at another university gives as the reason behind her departure that Columbia is the only holder of Nikolai Lobachevsky's manuscripts.

Works

 * Kagan V. F. (ed.): N. I. Lobachevsky – Complete Collected Works, Vol. I–IV (Russian), Moscow–Leningrad (GITTL), (1946–51).
 * Vol. I: Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels (1840); On the Origin of Geometry (1829–30).
 * Vol. II: New Principles of Geometry with Complete Theory of Parallels (1835–38).
 * Vol. III: Imaginary Geometry (1835); Application of imaginary geometry to certain integrals (1836); Pangeometry (1856).
 * Vol. IV: Works on Other Subjects.

 * English translations:
 * Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels. G. B. Halsted (tr.). 1891. Reprinted in Roberto Bonola: Non-Euclidean Geometry: A Critical and Historical Study of its Development. 1912. Dover reprint 1955.
 * Also in: Seth Braver Lobachevski illuminated, MAA 2011.

 * Pangeometry. Excerpts translated by Henry P. Manning: in D. E. Smith A Source Book in Mathematics. McGraw Hill 1929. Dover reprint, pp. 360–374.
 * New Principles of Geometry with Complete Theory of Parallels. G. B. Halsted (tr.). 1897.
 * Nikolai I. Lobachevsky, Pangeometry, translator and editor: A. Papadopoulos, Heritage of European Mathematics Series, Vol. 4, European Mathematical Society. 2010, 310 p.

title: Nikolai Lobachevsky


text:
Killing of Nick Berg

Nicholas Evan Berg (April 2, 1978 – May 7, 2004) was an American freelance radio-tower repairman who went to Iraq after the United States' invasion of Iraq. He was abducted and beheaded according to a video released in May 2004 by Islamist militants in response to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse involving the United States Army and Iraqi prisoners. The CIA claimed Berg was murdered by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. The decapitation video was released on the internet, reportedly from London to a Malaysian-hosted homepage by the Islamist organization Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad.

Early life and education
Berg was born in Charlotte, North Carolina and grew up in West Whiteland Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. He was referred to as a "religious Jew."

Berg graduated from Henderson High School in West Chester in 1996. In 1996, he was a student at Cornell University but later dropped out. He took classes at Drexel University in 1998, and, in 1999, attended summer sessions on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. At some point, Berg took a class at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. He never earned a college degree.

In 2002, with family members, Berg created Prometheus Methods Tower Service. He inspected and rebuilt communication antennas, and had previously visited Kenya and Uganda on similar projects. Berg set up a subsidiary of his company, Prometheus Tower Services, Inc., in Kenya.

Travels and detention
Berg first arrived in Iraq on December 21, 2003, and made arrangements to secure contract work for his company. He also went to the northern city of Mosul, visiting an Iraqi man whose brother had been married to Berg's late aunt. Leaving on February 1, 2004, he returned to Iraq on March 14, 2004, only to find that the work he was promised was unavailable. Throughout his time in Iraq, he maintained frequent contact with his family in the United States by telephone and email.

Berg had intended to return to the United States on March 30, 2004, but he was detained in Mosul on March 24. His family claims that he was turned over to U.S. officials and held for 13 days without access to legal counsel. FBI agents visited his parents to confirm his identity on March 31, 2004, but he was not immediately released. After his parents filed suit in federal court in Philadelphia on April 5, 2004, claiming that he was being held illegally, he was released from custody. He said that he had not been mistreated during his confinement. The U.S. maintains that at no time was Berg in coalition custody, but rather that he was held by Iraqi forces. The Mosul police deny they ever arrested Berg, and Berg's family has turned over an email from the U.S. consul stating "I have confirmed that your son, Nick, is being detained by the U.S. military in Mosul." According to the Associated Press, Berg was released from custody on April 6, 2004 and advised by U.S. officials to take a flight out of Iraq, with their assistance. Berg is said to have refused this offer and traveled to Baghdad, where he stayed at the Al-Fanar Hotel. His family last heard from him on April 9, 2004. Berg had his last contact with U.S. officials on April 10, 2004 and did not return again to his hotel after that date. He was interviewed for filmmaker Michael Moore's film Fahrenheit 9/11. Moore chose not to use the footage of his interview with Berg, but instead shared it with Berg's family following his death.

Disappearance
Berg's family became concerned after not hearing from him for several days. Although a U.S. State Department investigator looked into Berg's disappearance, official government inquiries produced no leads. His family, frustrated with what they say was a lack of action by the U.S. government, also hired a private investigator and contacted both their Congressional delegation and the Red Cross in search of information. According to The Guardian it is unclear how Berg came to be kidnapped.

Death
Berg's body was found decapitated on May 8, 2004, on a Baghdad overpass by a U.S. military patrol. Berg's family was informed of his death two days later. Military sources stated publicly at the time that Berg's body showed "signs of trauma", but did not disclose that he had been decapitated.

On May 11, 2004, the website of the militant jihadist forum Muntada al-Ansar posted a video with the opening title of "Abu Musab al-Zarqawi slaughters an American", which shows Berg being decapitated. The video is about five and a half minutes long. The video shows Nick Berg, seated, facing the camera and his captors standing behind him also facing the camera. Berg is wearing an orange jumpsuit, similar to ones worn by prisoners in U.S. custody. His captors are all masked, their identities concealed. He identifies himself: "My name is Nick Berg, my father's name is Michael, my mother's name is Suzanne. I have a brother and sister, David and Sarah. I live in West Chester, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia." A lengthy statement is read aloud by a masked man. The masked men then converge on Berg. Two of them hold him down, while one decapitates him with a knife.

Perpetrators
The video title claims the decapitator was Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, but this can not be determined as all the men are masked. Berg screams as the masked men shout "Allahu Akbar". After the head is severed, one of the men displays the head to the camera, then lays it down on the decapitated body. During the video, the masked man reading the statement said the killing was in revenge for the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse. The man says Muslims should seek vengeance for Abu Ghraib, and that the Muslim clergy had been complacent. The man also threatens further deaths, and makes specific threats to U.S. President George W. Bush and Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf.

Media in the United States and around the world grappled with the question of how much graphics to print. The Dallas Morning News showed an image in which the killer holds Berg's severed head, while Seattle Times only displayed the image of the killer. British newspaper The Independent urged restraint, arguing the video was propaganda and publishing images from it "plays into the hands" of terrorists.

Reactions
Berg's killing was condemned by the Arab League, and United Nations, as well as Saudi Arabia, Jordan and UAE. Many others in the Muslim world also condemned the killing, and BBC journalist Paul Wood found that the "Arab street" condemned the killing of Berg, saw it as contrary to Islam, and saw it as a reaction to US prison abuses.

Encounter with Zacarias Moussaoui
On May 14, 2004, it was revealed that Nick Berg had come up during the U.S. government's investigation of Zacarias Moussaoui, a 9/11 conspirator. Berg's email address had been used by Moussaoui prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks. According to Berg's father, Nick Berg had a chance encounter with an acquaintance of Moussaoui on a bus in Norman, Oklahoma. This person had asked to borrow Berg's laptop computer to send an email. Berg gave the details of his own email account and password, which were later used by Moussaoui. The FBI found that Berg had no direct terrorism connections or direct link with Moussaoui.

Arrests and confessions
On May 14, 2004, citing "Iraq sources", Sky News reported that four people had been arrested for the murder. Two were later released. Alternatively, on July 5, 2004, Sky News reported that four men were arrested in connection with the Nick Berg decapitation. Suspects arrested for Berg's killing were former members of Fedayeen Saddam paramilitary group.

On August 5, 2004, Le Nouvel Observateur published a feature story by Sara Daniel detailing her meeting with Abu Rashid, a leader of the Mujahideen Council in Fallujah. He claims that he killed Nick Berg, Kim Sun-il and Iraqis who collaborated with US forces. He also states that they attempted a prisoner exchange with Berg but were rebuffed by American officials.

title: Killing of Nick Berg


text:
Mönch

The Mönch (, German: "monk") at 4110 m is a mountain in the Bernese Alps, in Switzerland. Together with the Eiger and the Jungfrau, it forms a highly recognisable group of mountains, visible from far away.

The Mönch lies on the border between the cantons of Valais and Bern, and forms part of a mountain ridge between the Jungfrau and Jungfraujoch to the west, and the Eiger to the east. It is west of Mönchsjoch, a pass at 3650 m, Mönchsjoch Hut, and north of the Jungfraufirn and Ewigschneefäld, two affluents of the Great Aletsch Glacier. The north side of the Mönch forms a step wall above the Lauterbrunnen valley.

The Jungfrau railway tunnel runs right under the summit, at an elevation of approximately 3300 m.

The summit was first climbed on record on 15 August 1857 by Christian Almer, Christian Kaufmann (1831-1861), Ulrich Kaufmann and Sigismund Porges.

title: Mönch


text:
University of Mount Union

The University of Mount Union is a private liberal arts university in Alliance, Ohio. Founded in 1846, the university was affiliated with the Methodist Church until the spring of 2019. In the fall of 2020, Mount Union had an enrollment of 1,958 undergraduate and 220 graduate students.

History
Mount Union was founded in 1846 by Orville Nelson Hartshorn as the Select School as "a place where men and women could be educated with equal opportunity, science would parallel the humanities, and there would be no distinction due to race, color, or sex." Only three years after opening, in 1849, it was renamed as the Mount Union Seminary.

The school would not be chartered under Ohio state law until June 9, 1856, after which it adopted the name Mount Union College.

In approximately 1911, Scio College of Scio, Ohio, merged with Mount Union, moving faculty to the Mount Union campus and abandoning the Scio campus. Mount Union College was renamed the University of Mount Union effective August 1, 2010.

Academics
Eighty-five percent of the faculty at Mount Union have earned a doctoral degree or other terminal degree with graduate training at universities in the United States and Europe.

Mount Union offers 46 majors and 47 minors as undergraduate programs. The university also offers Pre-Health/Pre-Medicine and Pre-Law programs. Mount Union offers 13 master's degree programs, most of which are online. The university also has a Doctor of Physical Therapy program and an Emergency Nurse Practitioner certificate program.

Rankings
In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Mount Union tied for #32 out of 167 Regional Universities Midwest and #18 in Best Value Schools.

Campus
The University of Mount Union is located on a 123-acre campus in Alliance, Ohio, 70 miles from Cleveland, Ohio and 80 miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The university's 162-acre Huston-Brumbaugh Nature Center is approximately six miles away from the campus. Two buildings, Chapman Hall and Miller Hall, are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Kehres Stadium is the oldest college stadium in the state of Ohio.

Athletics
Mount Union's school colors are purple and white and competes in the Ohio Athletic Conference and in NCAA Division III athletics. The teams are nicknamed Purple Raiders, and the school's mascot is MUcaw, a purple macaw.

Mount Union sponsors 12 men's varsity teams: baseball, basketball, cross-country, football, golf, track & field, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, lacrosse, wrestling, and volleyball. The school also sponsors 10 women's varsity teams: basketball, cross-country, golf, lacrosse, track & field, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball.

Club sports include bowling, and intramural Sports include flag football, dodgeball, innertube water polo, ultimate frisbee, sand volleyball, 2 person golf scramble, men's basketball, women's basketball, softball, indoor soccer, indoor volleyball, 2 on 2 basketball, badminton, and pickleball. Mount won the NCAA Men's Division III Cross Country Championship in 1974 under Coach Jim Wuske, the NCAA Men's Division III Indoor Track and Field Championships in 2017, and in 2014 & 2018 Mount Union won the NCAA Men's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championships under Coach Kevin Lucas.

The men’s basketball team was retroactively named the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion in 1897-98 by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.

Football
Mount Union's football is currently led by head coach Geoff Dartt. Mount Union has won a record 13 Division III national championships—all since 1993. Mount Union holds the all-division record for consecutive victories at 55 from 2000 to 2003, which ended with their loss to St. John's University (Collegeville, MN) in the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl (Division III National Championship) on December 20, 2003. Mount Union previously held the all divisions mark at 54 consecutive games until losing in the semifinals on December 12, 1999, to Rowan University (Glassboro, NJ). During both the 55 and 54 game streaks Mount Union won 3 consecutive National Championships. Since both streaks were connected—from 1997 to 2003 Mount Union won 109 of 110 games played. The Purple Raiders won 110 consecutive regular-season games between 1994 and 2005 (which was ended by conference foe Ohio Northern University on Oct 22, 2005), posted 14 undefeated regular seasons, won 16 Ohio Athletic Conference Championships, and had the best overall record in the 1990s (120–7–1, an overall winning percentage of 0.941).

National Championships: 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017

Cross country
Mount won the NCAA Men's Division III Cross Country Championship in 1974 under coach Jim Wuske.

Track and field
In 2014, Mount Union won the NCAA Men's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championship under coach Kevin Lucas.

Student life
Mount Union's radio station is 91.1 WRMU, and the campus paper is The Dynamo.

The university's music program offers participation in numerous bands and choirs, including Concert Choir, Mount Union Alliance Chorale, Opera Workshop, Alliance Symphony Orchestra, Repertory Strings, Marching Band, The Raider Steel Band, Jazz Band, Percussion Ensemble, and more.

The Theatre Department puts on two productions every fall, and varying productions in the spring. Every spring semester alternates between a musical and a straight play every year for the main stage show, and every spring there are also student-directed one-acts. Theatre productions are open to all students, regardless of major or class rank.

Esports
In the spring of 2019, the University of Mount Union started its Esports program by fielding its first Overwatch roster. Later, the team began competing in Overwatch, League of Legends, and Rocket League.

Greek life
There are four major social fraternities and four major social sororities with chapters at the institution.

Women's sororities
 * Alpha Xi Delta (Gamma chapter)
 * Alpha Chi Omega (Alpha Eta chapter)
 * Alpha Delta Pi (Gamma Theta chapter)
 * Delta Sigma Tau (Alpha chapter) (local)

Men's fraternities
 * Alpha Tau Omega (Alpha Nu chapter)
 * Sigma Alpha Epsilon (Ohio Sigma chapter)
 * Sigma Nu (Beta Iota chapter)
 * Phi Kappa Tau (Epsilon chapter)

Service fraternities
 * Alpha Phi Omega (Xi Upsilon chapter)
 * Kappa Phi (Women's Christian Sorority) (Alpha Psi chapter)
 * Sigma Theta Epsilon (Men's Christian Fraternity) (Delta chapter)
 * Kappa Kappa Psi (Honorary Band Fraternity) (Iota Lambda chapter)

Honor Societies
 * Alpha Psi Omega (Theatre) (Alpha Tau cast)
 * Kappa Kappa Psi (Band) (Iota Lambda chapter)
 * Kappa Pi (Art) (Zeta Alpha Sigma chapter)
 * Mu Phi Epsilon (Music) (Phi chapter)
 * Kappa Delta Pi (Education) (Omega Iota chapter)
 * Alpha Lambda Delta (First year)
 * Alpha Mu Gamma (Foreign Language)
 * Sigma Tau Delta (English) (Upsilon Upsilon chapter)
 * Tau Pi Phi (Accounting, Business, & Economics)
 * Psi Chi (Psychology)
 * Beta Beta Beta (Biology)
 * Pi Mu Epsilon (Mathematics)
 * Sigma Pi Sigma (Physics)
 * Sigma Iota Rho (International Studies)
 * Pi Sigma Alpha (Political Science)

title: University of Mount Union


text:
User:Bex

Yo!

This is my user page, which probably NOBODY will ever see... yet I plod on...

Wikipedia is a great project, I contribute to it occasionally, but I search it often. Whenever somebody asks me for a description of anything, I check Wikipedia first. If the article has enough info in it to satisfy the query, I send them a link. If it doesn't have enough info, I fill in the blanks.

title: User:Bex