text:
John Heywood

John Heywood (c. 1497 – c. 1580) was an English writer known for his plays, poems, and collection of proverbs. Although he is best known as a playwright, he was also active as a musician and composer, though no musical works survive. A devout Catholic, he nevertheless served as a royal servant to both the Catholic and Protestant regimes of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.

Life
Heywood was born in 1497, probably in Coventry, and moved to London some time in his late teens. He spent time studying at Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, but did not obtain a degree. His language skills can be seen by his adaptation of his play Johan Johan from the French La Farce du pâté. His name first appears in the King Henry VIII's Household Books in 1519 as a 'synger', a job for which he received quarterly payments of 100 shillings. In 1521 he began receiving annual rents from lands in Essex, lands recently seized by the crown which made Heywood wealthy and propertied. In 1523, he received the freedom of the City of London with the help of Henry VIII. At Michaelmas 1525 he received £6. 13s. 4d. as a 'player of virginals'. At about the same time he married Jane Rastell, the niece of Sir Thomas More. Through this marriage, Heywood entered into a very dramatic family. Jane's father John Rastell was a composer of interludes and was the first publisher of plays in England. When Rastell built his own house in Finsbury Fields, he built a stage explicitly for the performance of plays, and his wife made costumes. It appears that the whole family, including Thomas More, were involved in these productions. In this private theatre, Heywood found an audience for his early works, and a strong artistic influence in his father-in-law. In the 1520s and 1530s, he was writing and producing interludes for the royal court. He enjoyed the patronage of Edward VI and Mary I, writing plays to present at court. While some of his plays call for music, no songs or texts survive.

Heywood was retained at four royal courts (Henry, Edward, Mary, Elizabeth), despite the unpopular political views which he and his family held. Heywood was a devout Catholic, and there are signs that he was a favourite of King Henry despite his political beliefs (Henry, despite his split with Rome was a staunch believer in the Catholic faith). In 1530, he transferred from the Stationers Guild to the Mercers Company, where he was made Common Measurer, although he did not appear to work with cloth in any way in his career. In 1533, he received a gilt cup from the king. Heywood was in a politically unstable environment during the creation of the Church of England, and he was not timid about letting his political views be known. Greg Walker notes that Heywood wrote a poem in defence of Princess Mary shortly after she was disinherited. In plays like The Four PP (pronounced "pees", plural of the name of the letter P), Heywood takes a page from Chaucer's book in representing a corrupt Pardoner, but at the end of the play the Pedler chastises the Pothecary for "raylynge her openly / At pardons and relyques so leudly" (lines 1199–1200).

Heywood's representations in his plays cater to popular tastes but contain an undercurrent of Catholic conservatism. The Palmer ends the play with the blessing "besechynge our lorde to prosper you all / In the fayth of hys churche universall" (line 1234). Walker reads this as an indication of Heywood's desire to persuade the King to avoid creating any sort of schism. Heywood is therefore more conciliatory than his famous uncle-in-law Thomas More, who was executed for his religious beliefs, (interpreted as high treason) in the face of Henry VIII's changes. Heywood was arrested for his part in the Prebendaries Plot in 1543 which sought to arraign Archbishop Cranmer for heresy. A contemporary writer, Sir John Harington, observed that Heywood "escaped hanging with his mirth" (7). Heywood was most successful in Mary's court, where he redrafted his allegory The Spider and the Fly in order to compliment the queen. Though Heywood had performed for Elizabeth's court, he was forced to flee England for Brabant because of the Act of Uniformity against Catholics in 1564. He died in Mechelen, in present-day Belgium.

His son was the poet and translator Jasper Heywood, his daughter was Elizabeth Heywood, and his grandson was the poet and preacher John Donne.

Themes
Arthur F. Kinney writes that Heywood 'seems to have survived an unusually long and turbulent existence both by his use of "good learning" – his use of literary sources, especially More and Chaucer, and his intelligent if often oblique commentary on religious and social issues – and his wit, his sociability and his playfulness'. While Fraser and Rabkin argue that Heywood's plays represent primitive drama, the long monologues in his text would have required actors with an extraordinary range. Many scholars have conjectured that Heywood was probably a performer in his own plays, due to the frequent references in royal expense accounts to Heywood as a performer of various kinds. The plays might seem simple due to their lack of plot in the modern sense, but the ideas that Heywood explores are developed through the exposition of the characters in an equally complex way, even if it might seem foreign to modern sensibilities. Greg Walker has argued that the lack of plot (for example, in Four PP where as soon as the Palmer has mastery over the Pardoner and Pothecary, he gives it up) has a lot to do with Heywood's political views. As these plays can logically be assumed to have been performed in the presence of the king on at least one occasion, it is a very fruitful reading of the plays to consider the ways in which Heywood is in fact arguing for a peaceful resolution to the conflicts caused by events leading up to the schism of 1531.

Richard Axton and Peter Happé observe that Heywood's longer plays would probably take at least an hour and a half to perform, including the songs and acrobatic routines. Their sparse staging requirements (most of the plays require no more furniture than perhaps a table and a chair) would mean that they could be performed almost anywhere, whether it be in a dining hall or as Cameron Louis suggests, the Inns of Court. Most of his works would require four actors or fewer, and would have been performed by adult performers. Axton and Happe conclude as there is no doubling of roles, the plays would have not used professional actors. The major exception would be his play The Play of the Weather which required ten boy actors, and elaborate staging.

Works
A partial list:

Plays

 * Witty and Witless or, A Dialogue on Wit and Folly (on archive.org)
 * Gentleness and Nobility with John Rastell
 * The Mery Play betwene Johan Johan, the Husbande, Tyb, his Wyf, and Syr Johan, the Preest
 * The Mery Play between the Pardoner and the Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte (before 1533)
 * The Play called the foure PP; a newe and a very mery interlude of a palmer, a pardoner, a potycary, a pedler (c. 1530)
 * The Play of the Wether, a new and mery interlude of all maner of Wethers (1533)
 * The Play of Love (1533)

Verse

 * The Spider and the Flie (1556)
 * A Dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue, Compacte in a Matter Concernyng Two Maner of Mariages (1546); (enlarged edition 1550)
 * A Balade Specifyienge Partly the Maner, Partly the Matter, in the Mariage betwene Our Soueraigne Lord, and Our Soueraigne Lady (1554)
 * A Breefe Balet Touchyng the Traytorous Takynge of Scarborow Castell (1557)
 * A Ballad against Slander and Detraction (1562)

Collections

 * Proverbs (c. 1538)
 * The Proverbs of John Heywood (1546), originally titled A dialogue conteinyng the nomber ... of all the prouerbes in the englishe tongue.

Famous epigrams

 * What you have, hold.
 * Haste maketh waste. (1546)
 * Out of sight out of mind. (1542)
 * When the sun shineth, make hay. (1546)
 * Look ere ye leap. (1546)
 * Two heads are better than one. (1546)
 * Love me, love my dog. (1546)
 * Beggars should be no choosers. (1546)
 * All is well that ends well. (1546)
 * The fat is in the fire. (1546)
 * I know on which side my bread is buttered. (1546)
 * One good turn asketh another. (1546)
 * A penny for your thought. (1546)
 * Rome was not built in one day. (1546)
 * Better late than never. (1546)
 * An ill wind that bloweth no man to good. (1546)
 * The more the merrier. (1546)
 * You cannot see the wood for the trees. (1546)
 * This hitteth the nail on the head. (1546)
 * No man ought to look a given horse in the mouth. (1546)
 * Tread a woorme on the tayle and it must turne agayne. (1546)
 * Wolde ye bothe eate your cake and haue your cake? (1562)
 * When he should get aught, each finger is a thumb. (1546)

title: John Heywood


text:
Pregnana Milanese

Pregnana Milanese is a town located in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy.

It is served by Pregnana Milanese railway station.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pregnana Milanese


text:
Talk:94th United States Congress

Untitled
The Vietnam page said the 94th Congress "voted for a total cut off of all aid to South Vietnam to take effect at the beginning of the 1975-76 financial year (July 1, 1975)." After putting this in and I began reading - actually, this vote never took place. South Vietnam was still receiving money when it fell in April of 1975 and the vote regarding the 1975-1976 fiscal year starting July 1st, 1975 had yet to take place. So it would be incorrect to say Congress voted for a total cut off of all aid to South Vietnam. South Vietnam fell before the vote could take place. Ruy Lopez 09:17, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:94th United States Congress


text:
Stress concentration

In solid mechanics, a stress concentration (also called a stress raiser or a stress riser or notch sensitivity) is a location in an object where the stress is significantly greater than the surrounding region. Stress concentrations occur when there are irregularities in the geometry or material of a structural component that cause an interruption to the flow of stress. This arises from such details as holes, grooves, notches and fillets. Stress concentrations may also occur from accidental damage such as nicks and scratches.

The degree of concentration of a discontinuity under typically tensile loads can be expressed as a non-dimensional stress concentration factor $$K_t$$, which is the ratio of the highest stress to the nominal far field stress. For a circular hole in an infinite plate, $$K_t = 3$$. The stress concentration factor should not be confused with the stress intensity factor, which is used to define the effect of a crack on the stresses in the region around a crack tip.

For ductile materials, large loads can cause localised plastic deformation or yielding that will typically occur first at a stress concentration allowing a redistribution of stress and enabling the component to continue to carry load. Brittle materials will typically fail at the stress concentration. However, repeated low level loading may cause a fatigue crack to initiate and slowly grow at a stress concentration leading to the failure of even ductile materials. Fatigue cracks always start at stress raisers, so removing such defects increases the fatigue strength.

Description
Stress concentrations occur when there are irregularities in the geometry or material of a structural component that cause an interruption to the flow of stress.

Geometric discontinuities cause an object to experience a localised increase in stress. Examples of shapes that cause stress concentrations are sharp internal corners, holes, and sudden changes in the cross-sectional area of the object as well as unintentional damage such as nicks, scratches and cracks. High local stresses can cause objects to fail more quickly, so engineers typically design the geometry to minimize stress concentrations.

Material discontinuities, such as inclusions in metals, may also concentrate the stress. Inclusions on the surface of a component may be broken from machining during manufacture leading to microcracks that grow in service from cyclic loading. Internally, the failure of the interfaces around inclusions during loading may lead to static failure by microvoid coalescence.

Stress concentration factor
The stress concentration factor, $$K_t$$, is the ratio of the highest stress $$\sigma_\max$$ to a nominal stress $$\sigma_\text{nom}$$ of the gross cross-section and defined as
 * $$K_t = \frac{\sigma_\max}{\sigma_\text{nom}} $$

Note that the dimensionless stress concentration factor is a function of the geometry shape and independent of its size. These factors can be found in typical engineering reference materials. E. Kirsch derived the equations for the elastic stress distribution around a hole. The maximum stress felt near a hole or notch occurs in the area of lowest radius of curvature. In an elliptical hole of length $$2a$$ and width $$2b$$, under a far-field stress $$\sigma_0$$, the stress at the ends of the major axes is given by Inglis' equation:

 * $$\sigma_{\max} = \sigma_0\left(1+2\cfrac{a}{b}\right) = \sigma\left(1+2\sqrt{\cfrac{a}{\rho}}\right) $$

where $$\rho$$ is the radius of curvature of the elliptical hole. For circular holes in an infinite plate where $$a=b$$, the stress concentration factor is $$K_t=3$$.

As the radius of curvature approaches zero, such as at the tip of a sharp crack, the maximum stress approaches infinity and a stress concentration factor cannot therefore be used for a crack. Instead, the stress intensity factor which defines the scaling of the stress field around a crack tip, is used.

Causes of Stress Concentration
Stress concentration can arise due to various factors. The following are the main causes of stress concentration:

 Material Defects: When designing mechanical components, it is generally presumed that the material used is consistent and homogeneous throughout. In practice, however, material inconsistencies such as internal cracks, blowholes, cavities in welds, air holes in metal parts, and non-metallic or foreign inclusions can occur. These defects act as discontinuities within the component, disrupting the uniform distribution of stress and thereby leading to stress concentration.

Contact Stress: Mechanical components are frequently subjected to forces that are concentrated at specific points or small areas. This localized application of force can result in disproportionately high pressures at these points, causing stress concentration. Typical instances include the interactions at the points of contact in meshing gear teeth, the interfaces between cams and followers, and the contact zones in ball bearings.

Thermal Stress: Thermal stress occurs when different parts of a structure expand or contract at different rates due to variations in temperature. This differential in thermal expansion and contraction generates internal stresses, which can lead to areas of stress concentration within the structure.

Geometric Discontinuities: Features such as steps on a shaft, shoulders, and other abrupt changes in the cross-sectional area of components are often necessary for mounting elements like gears and bearings or for assembly considerations. While these features are essential for the functionality of the device, they introduce sharp transitions in geometry that become hotspots for stress concentration. Additionally, design elements like oil holes, grooves, keyways, splines, and screw threads also introduce discontinuities that further exacerbate stress concentration.

Rough Surface: Imperfections on the surface of components, such as machining scratches, stamp marks, or inspection marks, can interrupt the smooth flow of stress across the surface, leading to localized increases in stress. These imperfections, although often small, can significantly impact the durability and performance of mechanical components by initiating stress concentration.

Methods for determining factors
There are experimental methods for measuring stress concentration factors including photoelastic stress analysis, thermoelastic stress analysis, brittle coatings or strain gauges.

During the design phase, there are multiple approaches to estimating stress concentration factors. Several catalogs of stress concentration factors have been published. Perhaps most famous is Stress Concentration Design Factors by Peterson, first published in 1953. Finite element methods are commonly used in design today. Other methods include the boundary element method and meshfree methods.

Limiting the effects of stress concentrations
Stress concentrations can be mitigated through techniques that smoothen the flow of stress around a discontinuity:

Material Removal: Introducing auxiliary holes in the high stress region to create a more gradual transition. The size and position of these holes must be optimized. Known as crack tip blunting, a counter-intuitive example of reducing one of the worst types of stress concentrations, a crack, is to drill a large hole at the end of the crack. The drilled hole, with its relatively large size, serves to increase the effective crack tip radius and thus reduce the stress concentration.

Hole Reinforcement: Adding higher strength material around the hole, usually in the form of bonded rings or doublers. Composite reinforcements can reduce the SCF.

Shape Optimization: Adjusting the hole shape, often transitioning from circular to elliptical, to minimize stress gradients. This must be checked for feasibility. One example is adding a fillet to internal corners. Another example is in a threaded component, where the force flow line is bent as it passes from shank portion to threaded portion; as a result, stress concentration takes place. To reduce this, a small undercut is made between the shank and threaded portions

Functionally Graded Materials: Using materials with properties that vary gradually can reduce the SCF compared to a sudden change in material.

The optimal mitigation technique depends on the specific geometry, loading scenario, and manufacturing constraints. In general, a combination of methods is required for the best result. While there is no universal solution, careful analysis of the stress flow and parameterization of the model can point designers toward an effective stress reduction strategy.

Examples

 * The de Havilland Comet aircraft experienced a number of catastrophic failures that were eventually found to be due to fatigue cracks growing from the high stress concentration caused by the use of punched rivet holes around the windows. The square passenger windows were also found to have higher stress concentrations than expected and were redesigned.
 * Brittle fractures at the corners of hatches in Liberty ships in cold and stressful conditions in winter storms in the Atlantic Ocean.

 * A focus point of stress on the margins of an implant, where metal meets bone, of an implanted orthosis is very likely to be the point of failure.

title: Stress concentration


text:
Whitehead torsion

In geometric topology, a field within mathematics, the obstruction to a homotopy equivalence $$f\colon X \to Y$$ of finite CW-complexes being a simple homotopy equivalence is its Whitehead torsion $$\tau(f)$$ which is an element in the Whitehead group $$\operatorname{Wh}(\pi_1(Y))$$. These concepts are named after the mathematician J. H. C. Whitehead.

The Whitehead torsion is important in applying surgery theory to non-simply connected manifolds of dimension > 4: for simply-connected manifolds, the Whitehead group vanishes, and thus homotopy equivalences and simple homotopy equivalences are the same. The applications are to differentiable manifolds, PL manifolds and topological manifolds. The proofs were first obtained in the early 1960s by Stephen Smale, for differentiable manifolds. The development of handlebody theory allowed much the same proofs in the differentiable and PL categories. The proofs are much harder in the topological category, requiring the theory of Robion Kirby and Laurent C. Siebenmann. The restriction to manifolds of dimension greater than four are due to the application of the Whitney trick for removing double points.

In generalizing the h-cobordism theorem, which is a statement about simply connected manifolds, to non-simply connected manifolds, one must distinguish simple homotopy equivalences and non-simple homotopy equivalences. While an h-cobordism W between simply-connected closed connected manifolds M and N of dimension n > 4 is isomorphic to a cylinder (the corresponding homotopy equivalence can be taken to be a diffeomorphism, PL-isomorphism, or homeomorphism, respectively), the s-cobordism theorem states that if the manifolds are not simply-connected, an h-cobordism is a cylinder if and only if the Whitehead torsion of the inclusion $$M \hookrightarrow W$$ vanishes.

Whitehead group
The Whitehead group of a connected CW-complex or a manifold M is equal to the Whitehead group $$\operatorname{Wh}(\pi_1(M))$$ of the fundamental group $$\pi_1(M)$$ of M.

If G is a group, the Whitehead group $$\operatorname{Wh}(G)$$ is defined to be the cokernel of the map $$G\times \{\pm1\} \to K_1(\Z[G])$$ which sends (g, ±1) to the invertible (1,1)-matrix (±g). Here $$\Z[G]$$ is the group ring of G. Recall that the K-group K1(A) of a ring A is defined as the quotient of GL(A) by the subgroup generated by elementary matrices. The group GL(A) is the direct limit of the finite-dimensional groups GL(n, A) → GL(n+1, A); concretely, the group of invertible infinite matrices which differ from the identity matrix in only a finite number of coefficients. An elementary matrix here is a transvection: one such that all main diagonal elements are 1 and there is at most one non-zero element not on the diagonal. The subgroup generated by elementary matrices is exactly the derived subgroup, in other words the smallest normal subgroup such that the quotient by it is abelian.

In other words, the Whitehead group $$\operatorname{Wh}(G)$$ of a group G is the quotient of $$\operatorname{GL}(\Z[G])$$ by the subgroup generated by elementary matrices, elements of G and $$\pm 1$$. Notice that this is the same as the quotient of the reduced K-group $$\tilde{K}_1(\Z[G])$$ by G.

Examples

 * The Whitehead group of the trivial group is trivial. Since the group ring of the trivial group is $$\Z,$$ we have to show that any matrix can be written as a product of elementary matrices times a diagonal matrix; this follows easily from the fact that $$\Z$$ is a Euclidean domain.

 * The Whitehead group of a free abelian group is trivial, a 1964 result of Hyman Bass, Alex Heller and Richard Swan. This is quite hard to prove, but is important as it is used in the proof that an s-cobordism of dimension at least 6 whose ends are tori is a product. It is also the key algebraic result used in the surgery theory classification of piecewise linear manifolds of dimension at least 5 which are homotopy equivalent to a torus; this is the essential ingredient of the 1969 Kirby–Siebenmann structure theory of topological manifolds of dimension at least 5.

 * The Whitehead group of a braid group (or any subgroup of a braid group) is trivial. This was proved by F. Thomas Farrell and Sayed K. Roushon.

 * The Whitehead group of the cyclic groups of orders 2, 3, 4, and 6 are trivial.

 * The Whitehead group of the cyclic group of order 5 is $$\Z$$. This was proved in 1940 by Graham Higman. An example of a non-trivial unit in the group ring arises from the identity $$(1-t-t^4)(1-t^2-t^3)=1,$$ where t is a generator of the cyclic group of order 5. This example is closely related to the existence of units of infinite order (in particular, the golden ratio) in the ring of integers of the cyclotomic field generated by fifth roots of unity.

 * The Whitehead group of any finite group G is finitely generated, of rank equal to the number of irreducible real representations of G minus the number of irreducible rational representations. This was proved in 1965 by Bass.

 * If G is a finite cyclic group then $$K_1(\Z[G])$$ is isomorphic to the units of the group ring $$\Z[G]$$ under the determinant map, so Wh(G) is just the group of units of $$\Z[G]$$ modulo the group of "trivial units" generated by elements of G and −1.

 * It is a well-known conjecture that the Whitehead group of any torsion-free group should vanish.

The Whitehead torsion
At first we define the Whitehead torsion $$\tau(h_*) \in {\tilde K}_1(R)$$ for a chain homotopy equivalence $$h_*: D_* \to E_*$$ of finite based free R-chain complexes. We can assign to the homotopy equivalence its mapping cone C* := cone*(h*) which is a contractible finite based free R-chain complex. Let $$\gamma_*: C_* \to C_{*+1}$$ be any chain contraction of the mapping cone, i.e., $$c_{n+1} \circ \gamma_n + \gamma_{n-1} \circ c_n = \operatorname{id}_{C_n}$$ for all n. We obtain an isomorphism $$(c_* + \gamma_*)_\mathrm{odd}: C_\mathrm{odd} \to C_\mathrm{even}$$ with

 * $$C_\mathrm{odd} := \bigoplus_{n \text{ odd}} C_n,\qquad C_\mathrm{even} := \bigoplus_{n \text{ even}} C_n.$$

We define $$\tau(h_*) := [A] \in {\tilde K}_1(R)$$, where A is the matrix of $$(c_* + \gamma_*)_{\rm odd}$$ with respect to the given bases.

For a homotopy equivalence $$f: X\to Y$$ of connected finite CW-complexes we define the Whitehead torsion $$\tau(f) \in \operatorname{Wh}(\pi_1(Y))$$ as follows. Let $${\tilde f}: {\tilde X} \to {\tilde Y}$$ be the lift of $$f: X \to Y$$ to the universal covering. It induces $$\Z[\pi_1(Y)]$$-chain homotopy equivalences $$C_*({\tilde f}): C_*({\tilde X}) \to C_*({\tilde Y})$$. Now we can apply the definition of the Whitehead torsion for a chain homotopy equivalence and obtain an element in $${\tilde K}_1(\Z[\pi_1(Y)])$$ which we map to Wh(π1(Y)). This is the Whitehead torsion τ(ƒ) ∈ Wh(π1(Y)).

Properties
Homotopy invariance: Let $$f,g\colon X\to Y$$ be homotopy equivalences of finite connected CW-complexes. If f and g are homotopic, then $$\tau(f) = \tau(g)$$.

Topological invariance: If $$f\colon X\to Y$$ is a homeomorphism of finite connected CW-complexes, then $$\tau(f) = 0$$.

Composition formula: Let $$f\colon X\to Y$$, $$g\colon Y\to Z$$ be homotopy equivalences of finite connected CW-complexes. Then $$\tau(g \circ f) = g_* \tau(f) + \tau(g)$$.

Geometric interpretation
The s-cobordism theorem states for a closed connected oriented manifold M of dimension n > 4 that an h-cobordism W between M and another manifold N is trivial over M if and only if the Whitehead torsion of the inclusion $$M\hookrightarrow W$$ vanishes. Moreover, for any element in the Whitehead group there exists an h-cobordism W over M whose Whitehead torsion is the considered element. The proofs use handle decompositions.

There exists a homotopy theoretic analogue of the s-cobordism theorem. Given a CW-complex A, consider the set of all pairs of CW-complexes (X, A) such that the inclusion of A into X is a homotopy equivalence. Two pairs (X1, A) and (X2, A) are said to be equivalent, if there is a simple homotopy equivalence between X1 and X2 relative to A. The set of such equivalence classes form a group where the addition is given by taking union of X1 and X2 with common subspace A. This group is natural isomorphic to the Whitehead group Wh(A) of the CW-complex A. The proof of this fact is similar to the proof of s-cobordism theorem.

title: Whitehead torsion


text:
Jacob Burnet

Jacob Burnet (sometimes spelled Burnett ) (February 22, 1770 – May 10, 1853) was an American jurist and statesman from Ohio. He served as a U.S. Senator.

Early life
Burnet was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Dr. William Burnet. He graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1791, studied law, moved to the Northwest Territory and settled in Cincinnati in 1796. He was admitted to the bar in 1796.

Political career
He was a member of the Territorial councils of Ohio from 1799 to 1802 and served in the Ohio State House from 1814 to 1816. Burnet was considered the "father of the Ohio constitution" and was an associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court from 1821 until his resignation in 1828 to serve as United States Senator. He was elected to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Henry Harrison. He served in the Senate from December 10, 1828, to March 3, 1831.

Burnet was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.

After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law and served as president of Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio. Burnet's "Notes on the Early Settlement of the North-western Territory" is a primary reference on the early Northwest.

He resided in a mansion on the northwest corner of Seventh and Elm streets in Downtown Cincinnati. Burnet died in Cincinnati on May 10, 1853, aged 83. He is interred in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.

Family life
Burnet's half-brother David G. Burnet was the first president of the Republic of Texas.

title: Jacob Burnet


text:
Compression (functional analysis)

In functional analysis, the compression of a linear operator T on a Hilbert space to a subspace K is the operator

 * $$P_K T \vert_K : K \rightarrow K $$,

where $$P_K : H \rightarrow K$$ is the orthogonal projection onto K. This is a natural way to obtain an operator on K from an operator on the whole Hilbert space. If K is an invariant subspace for T, then the compression of T to K is the restricted operator K→K sending k to Tk.

More generally, for a linear operator T on a Hilbert space $$H$$ and an isometry V on a subspace $$W$$ of $$H$$, define the compression of T to $$W$$ by

 * $$T_W = V^*TV : W \rightarrow W$$,

where $$V^*$$ is the adjoint of V. If T is a self-adjoint operator, then the compression $$T_W$$ is also self-adjoint. When V is replaced by the inclusion map $$I: W \to H$$, $$V^* = I^*=P_K : H \to W$$, and we acquire the special definition above.

title: Compression (functional analysis)


text:
David Burnet

David Burnet or Burnett may refer to:

 * David G. Burnet (1788–1870), president of the interim government of the Republic of Texas during 1836
 * David Burnet (Quebec politician) (c. 1803–1853), businessman and Quebec politician
 * David Burnett (photojournalist) (born 1946), American photojournalist
 * David Burnett (politician) (born 1942/3), Arkansas politician and former judge
 * Dave Burnet (born 1950), Australian rugby union and rugby league footballer
 * David Burnett, co-host of the Food Network Canada TV program Man-Made Food
 * David Burnett, roofing company owner and candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in North Carolina in 2010
 * Sir David Burnett, 1st Baronet (1851–1930) of the Burnett baronets
 * Sir David Humphrey Burnett, 3rd Baronet (1918–2002) of the Burnett baronets

title: David Burnet


text:
User:J. 'mach' wust

Hi all! Feel free to leave any comments on my contributions at my talk page.

About me
My main interests are in linguistics, especially in phonetics.

I live in the city of Berne in Switzerland, and so I speak the Alemannic dialect of Berne: Bernese German, which has the rare feature among Germanic languages that consonant and vowel length are independent from each other.

Requests for comment I have initiated
I have initiated the following requests for comment:

 * RfC: What should the language infobox display when editors have not found any speaker figures?
 * RfC: Should we continue recommending the sign ⟨ɵ⟩?
 * Should we use Austrian (or Swiss) Standard German pronunciation for topics related to Austria (or Switzerland)?

als:Benutzer:J. 'mach' wust de:Benutzer:J. 'mach' wust fr:Utilisateur:J. 'mach' wust nds:Bruker:J. 'mach' wust sco:User:J. 'mach' wust

title: User:J. 'mach' wust


text:
U.S. Route 223

US Route 223 or US Highway 223 (US 223) is a diagonal (northwest–southeast) United States Numbered Highway lying in the states of Michigan and Ohio. The southernmost section is completely concurrent with the US 23 freeway, including all of the Ohio segment. It connects US 23 in the south near Toledo, Ohio, with US 127 south of Jackson, Michigan. The highway passes through farmland in southern Michigan and woodland in the Irish Hills. Including the concurrency on the southern end, US 223 is 46.34 mi in total length.

The highway designation was created in 1930 out of the southern end of US 127. Three sets of reroutings through Adrian have resulted in the creation of two different business loops through the city. A change proposed in the 1960s and implemented in the 1970s shifted the southern end of US 223 to replace M-151 and then run along the US 23 freeway between Whiteford Township, Michigan, and Sylvania, Ohio. Since the 1980s, US 223 no longer reaches Toledo, instead feeding into the freeway system for the city. Changes proposed and enacted into law in the 1990s would upgrade the highway as an Interstate Highway. Congress has designated this corridor as part of Interstate 73 (I-73), although neither state intends to complete the freeway at this time.

Route description
US 223 starts at an interchange with State Route 51 (SR 51) and SR 184 in Sylvania on the northwest side of the Toledo, Ohio metropolitan area. US 223 runs concurrently with US 23 around two-thirds of a mile (1.0 km) to the Ohio–Michigan state line. The two highways' designations follow the freeway northward through rural farmland. At exit 5, US 223 separates from US 23 and turns west along an extension of St. Anthony Road.

The highway continues westward through the farmland as a two-lane road to the Monroe–Lenawee county line. US 223 meets its former routing and turns northwesterly along Lansing Road, crossing a branch of the Indiana & Ohio Railway. US 223 runs parallel to the Adrian & Blissfield Railroad that branches off southwest of the highway. Both the highway and rail line run northwesterly into Blissfield. The two cross while US 223 runs along Adrian Street through downtown, and the highway makes its first crossing of the River Raisin before leaving downtown. The second crossing is in Palmyra northwest of Blissfield.

US 223 returns to a due west track as it crosses a branch of the Norfolk Southern Railway, and the roadway approaches the outskirts of Adrian. The highway runs along the southern city limits for Adrian as it meets M-52. The only business loop for US 223 runs north of this intersection with M-52 into downtown Adrian while US 223 continues through a secondary business corridor south and west of town. US 223 crosses Beaver Creek and then intersects M-34 on the western city line in a residential section of Adrian. As US 223 crosses fully into the city of Adrian, it continues northwesterly, then turns due west at the intersection where it meets its business loop's western terminus. Outside of town, the highway crosses through more farmland continuing to northwestern Lenawee County.

US 223 passes out of flat farmlands into the Irish Hills region as the highway runs northeast of Manitou Beach as the roadway rounds the northern shore of Devils Lake. The Irish Hills region has gently rolling hills that transition to forests from farms. Southeast of Somerset, US 223 meets US 127 and ends. The entire highway in both Ohio and Michigan is listed on the National Highway System, a system of highways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

History
As early as 1912, the Ohio section of what is now US 223 was shown on maps as SR 54, however the road was not signed with the number at the time. The Michigan section carried two numbers when the signs were erected by July 1, 1919. The segment from Somerset to Adrian was M-80, and the remainder in Michigan was M-34. Ohio signed its highways, including SR 54, by July 1923.

When the United States Numbered Highway System debuted on November 11, 1926, these highways were all used as part of the southern end of US 127, which started in Lansing, Michigan, and ended in Toledo at the time. In 1930, US 127 south of Somerset was rerouted to replace M-14 to the state line and extended to end in Cincinnati, Ohio. The section of US 127 between Somerset and Toledo was then renumbered US 223, making the highway a spur of US 23.

The routing of US 223 was changed through Adrian in 1935, shifting the highway along different streets through town. Another change in 1942 through Adrian led to the creation of the first business loop through the city. This version of the business loop lasted until the main highway was moved a second time in 1956. With this subsequent move, the business loop designation was shifted to its current location.

Michigan first started converting US 23 into a freeway in 1957. Several years later, the state first proposed a realignment of US 223 in 1965. This change would have rerouted the highway to replace M-151 in southern Monroe County, and use the US 23 freeway to connect to Sylvania, Ohio. The Michigan State Highway Department truncated M-151 in 1965, eliminating the section that ran eastward through Samaria to US 25 south of Monroe. The remainder of the US 223 realignment change was made in 1977 when Michigan shifted its segment of US 223 over M-151 as previously proposed. Instead of running south through Ottawa Lake along Memorial Highway, US 223 continued east to the US 23 freeway and south into Ohio. The former routing has been retained as an unsigned highway.

The last major change occurred when the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) truncated US 223 at exit 234. The city of Toledo and the state proposed the change in late 1985 to simplify travel in the area. The section of US 223 from Sylvania into downtown Toledo was used for an extension of SR 51 when the change was made between 1985 and 1987.

A local regional planning group in Michigan proposed upgrading the section of US 223 through Lenawee County in 1990, citing increased congestion and accidents in the previous five years. The commission also supported upgrades to the highway because it was the main route between the Jackson and Toledo areas. Subsequent upgrades during 2000 added passing lanes near Palmyra and 6.6 mi of roads were resurfaced.

Future
The original defined alignment of I-73 would have run along I-75 to Detroit. However, Congress amended that definition in 1995 to have a branch along the US 223 corridor to south of Jackson and the US 127 corridor north to I-75 near Grayling. From Grayling it would use I-75 to Sault Ste. Marie. Except south of Jackson, where the existing highways are two-lane roads and a section of road north of Lansing where the freeway reverts to a divided highway, this corridor is mostly a rural four-lane freeway. While there are no immediate plans to convert the section of US 127 between St. Johns and Ithaca to freeway, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) continues to purchase parcels for right-of-way to be used for future upgrades.

MDOT included using the US 223 corridor as one of its three options to build I-73 in 2000. The others included using the US 127 corridor all the way into Ohio with a connection to the Ohio Turnpike or using US 127 south and a new freeway connection to US 223 at Adrian. MDOT abandoned further study of I-73 after June 12, 2001, diverting remaining funding to safety improvement projects along the corridor. The department stated there was a "lack of need" for sections of the proposed freeway, and the project website was closed down in 2002. According to press reports in 2011, a group advocating on behalf of the freeway is working to revive the I-73 project in Michigan. According to an MDOT spokesman, "to my knowledge, we’re not taking that issue up again." The Lenawee County Road Commission is not interested in the freeway, and according to the president of the Adrian Area Chamber of Commerce, "there seems to be little chance of having an I-73 link between Toledo and Jackson built in the foreseeable future."

In 2012, MDOT announced a construction project along the US 23/US 223 freeway in southern Monroe County what would rebuild the northbound lanes of the freeway between exits 1 and 5 in addition to improving the interchange ramps in the area. The interchange between US 223 the freeway at exit 5 will also be modified to contain a pair of roundabouts in a configuration known as a dogbone interchange.

Business loop
Business US Highway 223 (Bus. US 223) is a business route running through downtown Adrian, Michigan. It is also currently the highest numbered and signed business routing in the state of Michigan. Both Business Spur I-375 (BS I-375) and Capitol Loop currently exist but BS I-375 is not signed and the Capitol Loop, while inventoried as Connector 496 does not use that number on signs.

The current routing of Bus. US 223 marks the second time the designation has been used in the Adrian area. The first was created in 1942 when the first bypass of Adrian was constructed. This bypass was built along Cadmus Road at Treat Highway west to M-52 (Adrian Highway). US 223 then ran along M-52 to connect with the previous routing. Bus. US 223 was designated along Church, Center, Beecher and Treat streets, the former routing of US 223 through downtown. This incarnation of Bus. US 223 would survive until March 26, 1956 when another new bypass of Adrian was built. The first Bus. US 223 was deleted to allow the designation to be used on the routing of the first US 223 bypass. This first bypass became the current alignment of Bus. US 223.

In the current routing, Bus. US 223 follows M-52 (Main Street) and a former route of US 223 through downtown. The southern terminus is at US 223 at an intersection with M-52 near the southern city line. The business loop runs concurrently with M-52 north into downtown on Main Street, breaking off and running northwesterly along Church Street. From there Bus. US 223 turns westward onto Maumee Street. The route follows Maumee Street to its northern terminus, meeting US 223 again northwest of downtown Adrian.

Major intersections

title: U.S. Route 223


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Talk:Glossary of scheme theory

Could someone give further explanation of these definitions?

Are the links to uncreated necessary if this is a glossary? Or will there be more detail on those pages?

It's all work-in-progress; not so different from the rest of Wikipedia. If you have a request for a topic, try Requested articles/mathematics.

Charles Matthews 12:28, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

I've changed the definition of quasi-finite, which looked like it came from Hartshorne. I've replaced it with th EGA definition. Joeldl 17:07, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Morphism glossary
Hi, I would suggest to rearrange the list of morphism properties, such that the relation of the several notions becomes clearer and also try to avoid (more) difficult terms (for example affine morphisms can be defined more easily). Do you agree? -- Jakob.scholbach 03:57, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Go ahead. Charles Matthews 08:52, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

The notion of finitely presented morphism should be added. I was redirected from another page, but could not find the definition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.8.98 (talk) 09:39, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

2007-02-1 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 16:41, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Smooth morphism
The subject "smooth morphism" redirects here, but is nowhere defined in this glossary (only given as example!). Could someone add its definition?--129.70.14.128 (talk) 01:25, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Done. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 13:52, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Table of properties of schemes
Two points about that table: (a) The concept "connected scheme" is used in the row treating integral schemes but was not defined in Wikipedia. So I added it to the table, following Hartshorne's Algebraic Geometry. (b) The column titled "definition" contains definitions but also further basic properties of the concept in question (e.g. the statement about irreducible components). This is useful but maybe one should move this, say, to another column? Well, maybe not. Ninte (talk) 07:38, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Subscheme
This article doesn't define "subscheme", particularly "closed subscheme". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.34.56.58 (talk) 21:33, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, not explicitly. When it says about closed immersions, it is defining closed subschemes, but tacitly only. So some more words needed there. And open subschemes aren't explicitly defined, though it is a remark (perhaps a little more than just a remark) that restricting to an open subset you get a locally ringed space that is a scheme. Charles Matthews (talk) 15:12, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Geometric description or explanation
When I learned algebraic geometry, I found it extremely helpful to have the different terms from scheme theory explained with a (complex) geometric intuition as well as formal algebraic definition. I also know some people who disagree with this because the importance of some of these ideas is especially prevalent when not working of the complex field.

Nonetheless, I think it would be really helpful for most visitors to include an explanation of why, for example, unramified is an interesting idea geometrically, and not just some random definition. Also, it would make this page more 'Wikipedia-like' and less 'Wikitionary-like'. Even though the title is 'Glossary of scheme theory'. I would volunteer, but I don't really think about this kind of stuff as much anymore, and I'm sure there are more able wikipedians.

CraigDesjardins (talk) 17:03, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Smooth scheme
There are some objects in this Glossary that are neither defined here, nor somewhere else. For example, a smooth scheme (or variety). The Glossary article uses smooth varieties without defining them. Other articles using smooth varieties (e.g. the article on D-modules) link to the Glossary.

Which definition of smooth do we want to have? And shouldn't it get an article on its own? Spaetzle (talk) 10:08, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You are welcome to add definitions, or create an article. In the case of smooth schemes/varieties, the definition is implicitly there in that a "smooth morphism" is defined. Then, a smooth scheme is simply a scheme X such that the (unique) morphism from X to Spec Z is smooth. A scheme X over another scheme S is called "smooth over S" if the structure morphism X → S is smooth. As for varieties, the definition of variety V in full generality can vary, but usually is something like an integral, separated scheme of finite type over an algebraically closed field k; given a definition of variety V over k, the variety is called smooth if the structure morphism V → Spec k is smooth. RobHar (talk) 13:33, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Scheme hausdorff iff zero-dimensional?
In the section about separated and proper morphisms, one line reads as follows:

"In algebraic geometry, the above formulation is used because a scheme is a Hausdorff space if and only if it is zero-dimensional."

I'm struggling about that. Is that really true? I've found no such result or proof of it in Google. Of course, this statement is well known to be correct for affine schemes and also for noetherian schemes (in which case it is equivalent to the scheme being an artinian scheme). Moreover, a scheme is zero-dimensional iff it is a topological T1-space. But is this really equivalent to the Hausdorff property in general? Is there someone who knows of a proof or a counterexample? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.225.170.20 (talk) 15:58, 22 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The claimed equivalence is not correct. To find a counterexample, start with a non quasi-separated scheme X, and let Xcons be the set X endowed with the constructible topology on X (EGA IV.1.9.13). Then Xcons is not Hausdorff (separated) as a topological space (EGA, IV.1.9.15(ii)). It turns out that Xcons is actually the underlying topological space of some scheme of dimension 0 (EGA, IV.1.9.16, without proof. Or  google with "constructible topology 1.9.16"). UL (talk) 22:14, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Étale morphism
"which coincides with the usual notion of étale map in differential geometry."

I have never head the term étale map in differential geometry, and the only reference for it I can find is on the n-lab: http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/formally+etale+morphism#in_differential_geometry_30.

I suspect the "cohesive (infinity, 1)-topos of smooth infinity-groupoids" and the fact that the category of smooth manifolds embeds into this one are not common knowledge, and this ought to be noted. There are two possible appraoches:

The first would be something along the lines of "There exists a generalization of this notion which, in the category of smooth manifolds, coincides precisely with local diffeomorphisms." together with appropriate citation (of n-lab or elsewhere).

Alternatively, we could forget this broader notion (as it's kind of beside the point in this context) and simply change it to "which parallels the usual notion of local homeomorphisms in differential geometry."

Thoughts? 75.133.45.23 (talk) 05:44, 2 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of scheme theory


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HMS Challenger

Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the fifth, the survey vessel HMS Challenger (1858) that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876.

 * The first HMS Challenger (1806) was a 16-gun brig-sloop launched in 1806 that the French captured in 1811. By some accounts she became the American privateer True Blooded Yankee.
 * The second HMS Challenger (1813) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1813 and later used as a store hulk before being sold in 1824 at Trincomalee.
 * The third HMS Challenger (1826) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1826 and wrecked off Chile in 1835. Under the command of Charles Fremantle, it was in part responsible for the creation of the colony of Western Australia in 1829.
 * The fourth Challenger was to have been an 18-gun corvette of 810 tons; the ship was ordered from Chatham Dockyard in 1845, but cancelled in 1848.
 * The fifth HMS Challenger (1858) was a screw corvette launched in 1858, converted to a survey ship in 1872 in preparation for her famous voyage, hulked in 1880, and sold for scrap in 1921. The research ship Glomar Challenger, the Apollo 17 lunar module and the Space Shuttle Challenger were named after this ship.
 * The sixth HMS Challenger (1902) was a "second class cruiser" (a protected cruiser) of the Challenger-class cruiser in service from 1902 to 1920.
 * The seventh HMS Challenger (1931) was a survey ship launched in 1931 and broken up 1954.
 * The eighth HMS Challenger (K07), the Royal Navy's first purpose-built ship for support of saturation diving missions, was launched in 1981 and sold in 1993.

Battle honours
Ships named Challenger have earned the following battle honours:
 * San Sebastian, 1813
 * Cameroons, 1914

title: HMS Challenger


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Judensau

A Judensau (German for "Jews' sow") is a folk art image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female pig), which in Judaism is an unclean animal. These first appeared in the 13th century in Germany and some other European countries, and remained popular for over 600 years.

Background and images
The Jewish prohibition against eating pork comes from Torah, in the Book of Leviticus Chapter 11, verses 2 through 8. The arrangement of Jews surrounding, suckling, and having intercourse with the animal (sometimes regarded as the devil ), is a mockery of Judaism.

The image appears in the Middle Ages, mostly in carvings on church or cathedral walls, often outside where it could be seen from the street (for example at Wittenberg and Regensburg), but also in other forms. The earliest appearance seems to be on the underside of a wooden choir-stall seat in Cologne Cathedral, dating to about 1210. The earliest example in stone dates to ca. 1230 and is located in the cloister of the cathedral at Brandenburg. In about 1470 the image appeared in woodcut form, and thereafter was often copied in popular prints, often with antisemitic commentary. A wall painting on the bridge tower of Frankfurt am Main, constructed between 1475 and 1507 near the gateway to the Jewish ghetto and demolished in 1801, was an especially notorious example and included a scene of the ritual murder of Simon of Trent.

Judensau in Wittenberg
The city of Wittenberg contains a Judensau from 1305, on the façade of the Stadtkirche, the church where Martin Luther preached. It portrays a rabbi who looks under the sow's tail, and other Jews drinking from its teats. An inscription reads "Rabini Schem HaMphoras", Latin (in German orthography) for "Shem HaMephorash of the Rabbi", mocking the Tetragram to be a pig. The sculpture is one of the last remaining examples in Germany of medieval "Jew baiting". In 1988, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht, debate sprung up about the monument, which resulted in the addition of a sculpture recognizing that during the Holocaust six million Jews were murdered "under the sign of the cross".

In Vom Schem Hamphoras (1543), Luther comments on the Judensau sculpture at Wittenberg, echoing the antisemitism of the image and locating the Talmud in the sow's bowels:

"Here on our church in Wittenberg a sow is sculpted in stone. Young pigs and Jews lie suckling under her. Behind the sow a rabbi is bent over the sow, lifting up her right leg, holding her tail high and looking intensely under her tail and into her Talmud, as though he were reading something acute or extraordinary, which is certainly where they get their Shemhamphoras."

In July 2016, Dr. Richard Harvey, a Messianic (Christian) theologian from the United Kingdom, initiated a petition on Change.org to have the Wittenberg Judensau removed.

In 2018, Michael Düllmann, a member of Berlin's Jewish community, sued to have the sculpture removed as defamatory. In February 2020, the district court of Dessau and the Higher Regional Court in Naumburg had rejected the claim, though petitioner vowed to appeal to higher courts. The Lutheran church and some historians, such as Michael Wolffsohn, have also debated whether the sculpture should be removed for being antisemitic or whether doing so would whitewash the church's historical antisemitism. The legal debate continued for some time.

In June 2022, a German federal court of appeal sided with the lower courts, ruling that while the sculpture itself is disparaging to Jews if viewed in isolation, "the legal system does not demand its removal", suggesting that other means (such as a memorial plaque explaining the history of the sculpture) are better suited to address the issue.

Partial list

Some of these sculptures can be found at some churches today.
 * Aarschot in Belgium (Our Lady Church)
 * Basel in Switzerland (Cathedral)
 * Brandenburg (Cathedral)
 * Cadolzburg
 * Colmar in France at (Église Saint-Martin – 2 representations)
 * Cologne (Judensau at the choir stalls of Cathedral – probably the earliest example, and in Church of St. Severin)
 * Eberswalde
 * Erfurt (Cathedral)
 * Heilsbronn (Cathedral)
 * Gniezno (Cathedral)
 * Lemgo (St. Marien)
 * Magdeburg (Cathedral)
 * Metz in France (Cathedral)
 * Nuremberg (St. Sebaldus Church)
 * Regensburg (Cathedral)
 * Remagen (Gate post)
 * Strasbourg (Cathedral, on capital)
 * Uppsala in Sweden (Cathedral)
 * Wiener Neustadt in Austria
 * Wimpfen (Church of St. Peter)
 * Wittenberg (Town church)
 * Xanten (Cathedral)
 * Zerbst (St. Nicolas Church)

title: Judensau


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Longreach Airport

Longreach Airport is situated in Longreach, Queensland, Australia. The airport is 1.5 NM northeast of the city.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service has one of its nine Queensland bases at Longreach Airport.

History
Longreach has played a major part in Australian aviation from 1919 onwards. In August of that year, a small party left the town to travel overland to survey a route suitable for competitors in the first air race to leave England en route to Australia. The travellers included Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness, two pilots who had both been trained in the Australian Flying Corps during World War I. In December 1919, a Vickers Vimy landed, piloted by Ross and Keith Smith, who were en route to Melbourne after completing the first England to Australia flight. They were the first to use the air route pioneered by Fysh and McGinness.

The first overland flight across the Australian continent from Melbourne to Darwin passed through the airport in 1919. This flight was undertaken by Captain Henry Wrigley and Sergeant Arthur Murphy, flying a B.E.2.

In 1920, the first single engine aircraft to complete the flight from England to Australia arrived. The aircraft was an Airco DH.9, piloted by Ray Parer and John McIntosh.

In late 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service was founded. Although founded in Winton, the first operational base for the airline, later to be known as QANTAS, was Longreach. Principal among the pioneers of the airline were Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness, who had seen the opportunities aviation had presented to remote Australia during their survey the previous year. One of the original Qantas hangars survives at the airport to this day.

Charles Kingsford Smith arrived in 1927, during a flight around the continent. His aircraft on this occasion was a Bristol Tourer.

Amy Johnson landed her de Havilland Gipsy Moth, registered G-AAAH, at the airport in 1930. She was the guest of honour at a dinner hosted by Shell at the Imperial Hotel in Longreach. Johnson had just completed the first flight by a woman from England to Australia, and was continuing to the east coast.

In 1941, the Department of Civil Aviation established the Longreach Aeradio station at the airport. This unit enabled air ground communication with the increasing number of radio equipped aircraft operating throughout the country.

During World War II, Longreach airport became, for a short time in 1942, a base for United States Army Air Forces B-17 bomber aircraft of the 28th and 93d Bombardment Squadrons (Heavy). The airport was upgraded to cater for the additional weight of these aircraft. In May, these aircraft were flown from the town to engage the enemy in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Used shell casings from the guns of these aircraft can still be found adjacent to the runways. By this stage, the airport had three operational runways.

At one time in the 1960s, Longreach airport was one of the busiest inland airports in Australia. However, with drought and the general downturn of the rural economy throughout the country, air traffic declined.

In 1990, the Department of Aviation closed the Longreach Flight Service Unit, the descendant of the Aeradio station opened in 1941. The airport was transferred to the ownership of the Longreach Shire Council shortly thereafter.

In 2002, Qantas returned to the town, with a Boeing 747-238B aircraft, registered VH-EBQ and named City of Bunbury, flown into the town for static display at the Qantas Founders Outback Museum, which is also sited at the airport. This was the last 747-200 delivered to Qantas and is sitting with the first Boeing 707 for Qantas VH-EBA.

In 2012, a new terminal was opened to comply with new security regulations. The new terminal features security screening facilities, and improved check in and arrival facilities, as well as increased parking facilities.

title: Longreach Airport


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Bingu wa Mutharika

Bingu wa Mutharika (born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom; 24 February 1934 – 5 April 2012) was a Malawian politician and economist who was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death in April 2012. He was also President of the Democratic Progressive Party, which he founded in February 2005; it obtained a majority in Malawi's parliament in the 2009 general election.

During his two terms in office, he was noted for being the Chairperson of the African Union in 2010–2011, as well as for several domestic controversies. In 2009, he purchased a private presidential jet for $13.26 million. This was followed almost immediately by a nationwide fuel shortage, which was officially blamed on logistical problems but was more likely due to the hard currency shortage caused by the freezing of aid by the international community. He died in office from a cardiac arrest on 5 April 2012, at age 78.

Early life and career
Bingu wa Mutharika was born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom on 24 February 1934 in the village of Kamoto in Thyolo District, and is a member of the Lomwe ethnic group. Mutharika's parents, Ryson Thom Mutharika and Eleni Thom Mutharika, were both members of the Church of Scotland Mission which later became Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian. His father was a teacher for 37 years and his mother taught the women of the Mvano group.

Upon completing his primary education at Ulongwe Mission and Chingoli, Mulanje, Ntambanyama, Malamulo, in Thyolo and Henri Henderson Institute in Blantyre, Mutharika obtained a Grade A Cambridge Overseas School Leaving Certificate at Dedza Secondary School in 1956. After that, he joined the Nyasaland civil service. In 1964, he was one of the 32 Malawians selected by Hastings Kamuzu Banda (President of Malawi 1961–1994) to travel to India on an Indira Gandhi scholarship for 'fast track' diplomas. The BBC reports that he went to India to "escape then President Hastings Banda's crackdown on political opponents". At some point during the 1960s, he also changed his name, to Bingu wa Mutharika. In India, Mutharika earned his bachelor's degree in Economics from the Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi. Subsequently, he attended the Delhi School of Economics graduating with a M.A. degree in Economics. He later obtained a PhD degree in Development Economics from Pacific Western University. Mutharika also completed short courses on Business Management, Financial Analysis, Trade Promotion, Political Leadership, regional Economic Co-operation and Human Relations. In the early 1990s, he was one of the first to be employed at the Preferential Trade Area of East and Central Africa (PTA) and became its secretary-general in 1991.

Mutharika served in the Malawi civil service. He served as an administrative officer in the Government of Malawi and also in Zambia. He was offered the Deputy Governorship of the reserve Bank of Malawi and appointed Minister of Economic Planning and Development in 2002.

He also worked at the World Bank as a Loans Officer and at the United Nations Economic Commission of Africa, as Director of Trade and Development Finance and as Secretary General of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA, covering 22 member states.

Nomination
Mutharika was nominated by President Muluzi as his successor. Mutharika won the presidential election on 20 May 2004, ahead of John Tembo and Gwanda Chakuamba, and took office a few days later.

On 7 October 2006, Mutharika stated his intention to seek re-election in the 2009 presidential election as the DPP candidate. Two years later, in October 2008, the DPP's national governing council unanimously chose Mutharika as the party's candidate for the 2009 election, which he won with 66.7% of the vote.

First term
During President Mutharika's first term in office (2004–2008), the country achieved a high rate of agricultural production and food security. The President's initiatives, centred on a programme of agricultural subsidy, benefited approximately 1,700,000 resource poor smallholder farmers. In the 2005/2006 crop season, Malawi achieved a food surplus of more than 500,000 metric tons. During the 2008/2009 planting season, food surpluses topped 1.3 million metric tons. This agricultural policy was widely regarded as successful but expensive, and was curtailed in 2011.

Second term
Under his tenure, the constitutionally enshrined human rights and separation of powers were enhanced, including legal reform. His first term was seen as a broad political success. He has also been credited with committing to and presiding over economic reform, fiscal restraint and anti-corruption measures. During his tenure, the election was recognised by monitors as fair. Mutharika's Malawi Growth and Development Strategy for 2006–2011 prioritised the enhancement of: agriculture and food security, education, transport, energy generation, rural development, irrigation and water development, youth development and anti-corruption initiatives.

In 2009, Malawi's Ministry of Finance estimated that during the previous four years the share of Malawians living below the poverty line fell from 52 per cent to 40 per cent. This has been attributed to the country's agricultural policies, which have been seen as pioneering in the context of African economic development.

In addition to championing food security in Malawi, Mutharika promoted a similar approach for Africa. While Chairman of the African Union in 2010, the President laid down a plan for Africa to achieve sustainability and food security. He proposed a new partnership with other African nations, which he called the "African Food Basket", outlining a strategy incorporating subsidies to small farmers, especially women, improvements in irrigation, and improving agriculture and food security over 5 years through innovative interventions that comprise subsidies, increased budgetary allocations, private sector investment and affordable information and communications technology. Approximately half of the country's subsistence farmers received vouchers which provided discounts on maize seed and fertiliser. To sustain the program, the Malawi Government allocated 11 per cent of its budget for 2010/2011 to agriculture, continuing a rare record of commitment on this scale in Africa. The level of investment in the programme was reduced in 2011.

Mutharika was accused of trying to sideline and isolate his vice-president, Joyce Banda. He expelled her from the party in 2010 because she refused to accept the nomination of Peter Mutharika as the next president. She remained vice-president of the country because there had been no formal impeachment process.

As a result of the Cochrane-Dyet 2011 cable controversy that accused Mutharika of being increasingly 'arrogant' and 'autocratic', he expelled the British High Commissioner.

In international relationships, his close relationships with Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Omar al-Bashir of Sudan were controversial.

In 2011, days of nationwide protests occurred, sparked by worsening fuel shortages, rising prices and high unemployment. Malawi's health ministry confirmed 18 deaths in the northern cities of Karonga and Mzuzu as a result of police using live ammunition to quell protests. Mutharika was unapologetic and said that he would "smoke out" all his enemies. This was accompanied by a crack-down on Malawian journalists, human rights activists, and lawyers, including Ralph Kasambara. Other events that marred his presidency were the activities surrounding the 2011 academic freedom stand-off between the President and University, and the death of student activist Robert Chasowa.

Chairman of the African Union
On 31 January 2010, Mutharika replaced Muammar al-Gaddafi as chairman of the African Union after Gaddafi's attempt to run as the African Union chairman for an additional year failed. Mutharika was Malawi's first head of state to assume the position of chairman. In his acceptance speech he said that "Africa is not a poor continent, but the African population are poor" and called for "Africa to develop Africa". He shared his vision for the African Food Basket Initiative by making food security a priority in his agenda.

On 4 April he attended the 50th anniversary in celebration of Senegalese independence as the African Union chairman. He also attended the G8 summit in Canada and the G20 summit in Seoul, South Korea.

On 26 July, he attended the African Union summit in Kampala, Uganda, where he condemned the International Criminal Court (ICC) for issuing a warrant to arrest Omar al Bashir because it undermined African authority. They adopted the African Food Basket Initiative here which was presented to the UN on 29 September. On 6 September, he attended the inauguration of Rwandan President Paul Kagame. He attended the Iran-Africa Conference, which aimed at strengthening ties between Iran and African countries. During a speech at Boston University, Mutharika defended his subsidy program and noted that although Western countries say African governments should not subsidise agriculture, Western governments subsidise their own farmers. Malawi hosted Africa's first conference that brought together Ministers of Agriculture in Africa where they were urged to fight for subsidies in agriculture. He did not attend the Africa-EU Trade summit in Libya but no official reason was provided for this move. During his tenure, he joined international calls for Laurent Gbagbo to accept defeat following the 2010 Ivorian presidential election.

Family and personal life
Mutharika was born and baptised in the Presbyterian denomination, later converting to Roman Catholicism. He married Zimbabwean Ethel Zvauya Mutharika, with whom he had four children. Ethel Mutharika died on 28 May 2007. In 2010, Mutharika announced he planned to marry Callista Chimombo, a former Minister of Tourism. The two were married on 1 May 2010.

Mutharika's brother, Peter Mutharika, was a lecturer at Washington University in St. Louis. In May 2009, he was elected to the Malawian Parliament, and was subsequently appointed to the Malawi Cabinet as Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs. He has held other cabinet positions. He became the 5th President of Malawi, following the 2014 General election in which he garnered 36% of the national vote and represented the DPP.

Death
Mutharika died on 5 April 2012 at the age of 78. He suffered a heart attack and was reportedly flown to a South African hospital due to power outages in Lilongwe. The media reported "chaotic scenes" after his wife, Callista, and other cabinet members were leaving the hospital. His condition was initially announced as "critical", and police were deployed throughout the capital with 15 Army officers posted at the Vice-President's residence.

His death was officially confirmed on 7 April, the day Joyce Banda was sworn in as Malawi's first female president despite controversy following Information and Civic Education Minister Patricia Kaliati's statement that "the conduct of the honourable Joyce Banda in forming her own opposition party precludes her from being eligible to succeed the presidency," while the country's security forces also wanted the constitutional order to prevail.

The former U.S. ambassador to Tanzania Charles Stith said of Mutharika that he was "unwavering in his commitment to improve the plight of Malawi's poor" and that he was "one of Africa's most courageous and conscientious leaders."

Titles, honours and awards
Mutharika received the following awards:
 * The United Nations Special Millennium Development Goal Award (2010) for success towards eliminating hunger by enhancing food security ahead of the 2015 MDG deadline (Goal 1 – ending poverty and hunger)
 * COMESA Distinguished Award (2010) for exceptional leadership and distinguished service to COMESA and the integration of Africa as Secretary General of COMESA from 1991 to 1997. The Authority specifically commended Mutharika for his contribution to the realisation of the Abuja Treaty objectives towards African integration.
 * Southern Africa Trust Drivers of Change Award (2009) for changing Malawi from a country in perpetual food deficit to one that is entirely food-sufficient. "The boom in this sector has had a direct impact on millions of poor people. Under his leadership, poverty has declined from 58 to 42 percent in five years. Through his direct involvement in turning Malawi's future around, he is building new confidence and hope amongst the citizens of Africa in their governments."
 * 2009 Medal of Glory Awards – "President Mutharika was chosen for the award because of his bold reforms that have resulted in the Malawi green revolution, and Malawi's increase in its economic growth rate from less than 1 percent in 2003, before he took office to more than 9.7 percent in 2008, at the end of his first term office"
 * The Most Excellent Grand Commander (MEGC) – Top most award of Malawi order of National Achievement conferred by the Malawi Civilian Honours and Decorations, 6 July 2009
 * Inaugural Food Agriculture and Natural resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) Food Security Policy Leadership Award (2008), "for his agricultural policy interventions which have transformed Malawi form a food deficit nation to a net maize exporter"
 * FAO's Agricola Medal (2008) in honour of "his substantial contribution towards transforming the country's economy form a state of food deficit nation to a net exporter of maize"
 * Louise Blouin Foundation Award for Exceptional Creative Achievement (2008) for making a positive impact on a global scale
 * Danish Government Award of recognition for outstanding performances in promoting gender equality and women empowerment (2008)
 * The Order of Brilliant Jade with Gran Cordon was given to Mutharika by President of the Republic of China Chen Shui-bian in January 2005.

Mutharika received several honorary degrees including Professor of Economics by East China Normal University, in April 2010; Doctor of Letters (D.Lilkmktt) Degree Honoris Causa by the University of Delhi in October 2010; Doctor of Law (PhD Degree (Honoris Causa), Mzuzu University, in 2008 and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degree (Honoris Causa), University of Strathclyde, Scotland in 2005.

He was the founder and chairman of the Bineth Trust – a nonprofit organisation promoting education; founder of the Silvergrey International; and founder and Chairman of the Bingu Silvergrey Foundation of the elderly and retired persons. He is also the founder of the Malawi University of Science and Technology, the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources; University of Cotton Research at Bangula; the University of Marine biology; the University of Mombera and the University of Nkhotakota.

title: Bingu wa Mutharika


text:
HMS Challenger (K07)

HMS Challenger  (pennant number K07) was a Royal Navy diving support vessel, operational from 1984 to 1990.

Challenger had a saturation diving system allowing 12 divers to live in relative comfort in a large diving chamber amidships.

History
In 1979 a paper describing the design for Challenger was presented at an Institute of Marine Engineering conference.

HMS Challenger was a unique vessel in Royal Navy service, purpose built to support deep sea operations and saturation diving. Built by Scotts at Greenock, the ship was launched on 19 May 1981, but not commissioned until 1984, during a time when the Royal Navy was cutting back on expenditure. The consequence was that the £80m Challenger was seen as an extravagance that the Ministry of Defence could not afford. After only a few years service, in 1990 the ship was laid up and offered for sale. The total cost for the construction of the ship was also increased by various errors and delays during construction.

In 1993 the ship was purchased by a company, Subsea Offshore, to be converted for work decontaminating hazardous waste dumped in the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic. By 1996 the ship was still laid up and may never have been used by Subsea.

In following years the navy used other DP diving vessels for its diving work including the MV Seaforth Clansman hired from Seaforth Maritime, which had been used while Challenger was being built.

The vessel was later bought by the Namibian Minerals Corporation (NAMCO), and fitted with equipment to recover diamonds from the sea floor. The ship was converted at the Nauta Shipyard in Gdynia, Poland, and made its first diamond recoveries in December 2000. The ship was bought by De Beers in April 2003 when it offered US$20 million for several assets, among them Challenger.

title: HMS Challenger (K07)


text:
Rooikat

The Rooikat (Afrikaans for "Caracal"; lit. 'Red cat') is a South African armoured reconnaissance vehicle equipped with a stabilised 76 mm high velocity gun for organic anti-tank and fire support purposes. The Rooikat's main armament was built with the Oto Melara 76 naval gun as its basis, to which it is nearly identical in terms of technical performance and statistics. The Rooikat can also fire the same ammunition as the naval gun, albeit modified with new percussion primers in the shells.

Background
From the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, the standard reconnaissance vehicle of the South African Defence Force was the Eland-90, a four-wheeled armoured car modelled closely after the Panhard AML-90. However, the Eland was designed for border patrols and internal security, and proved ill-suited to countering tank warfare. The Eland's limitations were first observed during combat in Operation Savannah, a 1975 South African incursion into Angola. This led to its supplementation in the late 1970s with the much heavier, six-wheeled Ratel-90 infantry fighting vehicle. The Ratel proved to be a successful interim measure because it could both carry troops and provide fire support.

In 1984, South Africa launched Operation Askari, which saw its mechanised and motorised infantry contingents threatened by large Angolan tank formations for the first time. Both the Ratel-90 and Eland-90 were used as improvised tank destroyers but performed inadequately against T-54/55 tanks of the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA). The armoured cars were decisively outranged by the Angolan tanks, and their inability to fire on the move resulted in a poor rate of engagement. As a direct result of Askari, the Eland was removed from combat service and a squadron of Olifant tanks kept on permanent standby to assist with neutralising enemy armour during future South African operations.

As early as the mid-1970s, the South African Armoured Corps had issued a requirement for a "heavy armoured car" capable of improving upon the Eland's 4X4 chassis, which limited mobility, and the mediocre range of its 90 mm low pressure gun. Research was undertaken for a New Generation Armoured Car project between 1976 and 1979, when three 8X8 prototypes were built by Sandock-Austral and trialled in Potchefstroom. The prototypes were built using chassis components of the Ratel, Eland and Alvis Saracen, respectively, and were armed with a 77 mm HV tank gun. The Saracen and Ratel derivatives could each accommodate four crewmen – gunner, commander, loader and driver – while the Eland derivative accommodated five, including one passenger. These trials were primarily for the purpose of evaluating the vehicles' performance on different types of local terrain; while none of the three were deemed acceptable for the New Generation Armoured Car programme, the chassis built with Eland components continued to influence later prototypes—particularly with regards to its suspension features. Three more contenders appeared in 1982: the Bismarck, the Cheetah Mk1, and the Cheetah Mk2. These prototypes were designed with technical assistance from a West German engineering firm, Thyssen-Henschel. The Bismarck was an eight-wheeled vehicle which weighed over 40 t and carried a 105 mm Denel GT-7 tank gun. The Cheetah Mk1 was six-wheeled and carried a lightweight 76mm gun or a 60 mm breech-loading mortar (adopted from the Eland-60); it resembled a modified TH-400. Also known as "Model 2B", the Cheetah Mk2 was eight-wheeled and possessed an inferior range to the Cheetah Mk1, but was considerably faster. These prototypes were trialled in March 1984 and the Cheetah Mk2 was accepted by the South African Army. The Armoured Corps had hoped to simplify logistics by replacing both the Eland and Ratel simultaneously with a new chassis that could double as both a reconnaissance vehicle and an infantry fighting vehicle, similar to the Ratel-90 interim measure, but these plans were shelved. A fourth, multirole eight-wheeled prototype evaluated in 1984 was rejected and a decision was made to retain the Ratel for the foreseeable future while pursuing the separate development of the Cheetah Mk2, now denoted as the Rooikat. In its final form the Rooikat incorporated several features adopted directly from the Eland-90, namely a similar commander's cupola, the same turret periscopes, and the mounting of all eight wheels on trailing arms, with the same hydropneumatic shock absorbers and coil springs.

The first Rooikats were manufactured by Sandock-Austral beginning in September 1987, and delivered to the South African Army for further tests by December. Another three were delivered in October 1988. The Rooikat did not enter service in large numbers until August 1989, when a single South African armoured squadron began receiving it. Mass production commenced around mid-1990.

Service
Upon its inception in 1994 the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) immediately ordered the retirement of the surviving Eland-90 fleet. Nevertheless, some Elands remained with reserve units as late as 1996 until sufficient numbers of the Rooikat could be produced to phase them out. The SANDF subsequently issued a requirement for another 66 Rooikats from Sandock-Austral, which had been absorbed by Land Systems OMC. New SANDF doctrine placed an emphasis on the Rooikat's primary role of reconnaissance, as well as the harassment of enemy rearguard units. In a marked departure from the manoeuvre-oriented anti-tank tactics of the South African Border War, Rooikat crews were also trained to engage tanks only from defilade or otherwise static defensive positions.

Just prior to general elections in 1994, the South African Army deployed the Rooikat for internal patrols. During the Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho, Rooikats of the 1 Special Service Battalion were called up to reinforce South African mechanised units then skirmishing with Lesotho Army mutineers. The armoured cars arrived in Maseru, the capital of Lesotho, on 22 September 1998 and participated in various security operations.

Rooikat 105
In 1990 an upgrade and redesign programme was started by Reumech OMC to customise the Rooikat for the international market, and by 1994 the development of a Rooikat 105 prototype with a 105mm rifled gun was completed.

The Rooikat 105 is designed for high mobility day and night combat operations. Passive image intensifiers and thermal imaging equipment for night driving, navigation and weapon deployment permit round-the-clock combat operations. The Rooikat 105 is equipped with a GT7 105mm anti-tank gun. The gun fires the full range of NATO full-pressure 105mm ammunition including generation I, II and III rounds. The gun, fitted with a 51-caliber thermal sleeve encased barrel, fires six rounds a minute. There are two 7.62mm machine guns, one co-axial to the main armament and one at the commander's position, for general purpose ground and air defence. The vehicle is equipped with two banks of 81mm smoke grenade launchers, mounted in a forward firing position on each side of the turret. The system is electrically operated. The smoke grenades form a dense protective smoke screen, which can be sustained using an exhaust smoke generator. The digital fire control system takes data from a suite of sensors and provides an automatic fire control solution. Automatic data input includes target range from a laser rangefinder, target speed and direction derived from tracking the target, crosswind speed, weapon tilt and the characteristics of the weapon. Manual data input includes ammunition type and environmental data. The fire control system allows the Rooikat to engage enemy targets while on the move across rough terrain. The time between laser ranging the target and firing is approximately two seconds. Three variations of fire directing systems are offered. The most complex system incorporates a primary stabilised gunner's sight, automatic computation and implementation of ballistic offset of the weapon, electro-mechanical gun control, stabilised main weapon, gunner's sight with day / night channel slaved to the main weapon and an independent panoramic commander's sight.

Rooikat ZA35 Self Propelled Anti-aircraft Gun
This Rooikat version was developed by ARMSCOR in the early 90s. The ZA-35 SPAAG is armed with two Lyttelton Engineering M-35 guns. These guns have a combined rate of fire at 1,100 rounds per minute and fire HE-FRAG rounds against air targets and AP-I against light armoured vehicles. The ZA-35 is fitted with an EDR 110 surveillance and tracking radar, which can track up to 100 air targets simultaneously. The antenna can be raised to a height of about 5 m for increased visibility, when the vehicle is stationary. It can provide targeting data to other nearby SPAAGs and air defence systems, which do not have radars. It is also fitted with a computerised fire control system, fully stabilised gunner's sight and a laser rangefinder.

Rooikat SAM
The Rooikat SAM was intended to be used together with the Rooikat SPAAG, this ZA-HVM short-range SAM, would also have been based on the same chassis.

Rooikat 35/ZT-3
A prototype Rooikat 35 was also developed with a new turret to incorporate ZT-3 antitank missiles.

Technology demonstrators
One Rooikat was turned into a conventional vehicle electric drive technology demonstrator (CVED) and displayed at AAD2006 in Cape Town in September of that year. The CVED project involved HIT, IAD, Nezrotek, Hutchinson (France), Kessler Magnet Motor (Germany) and MTU (Germany). VEG Magazine reported in 2006 the vehicle was fitted with a power supply control system feeding eight wheel-hub mounted M67/0 electric units and a two-phase pneumatic gearbox.

Capability

 * Can climb a 1 m earth vertical step.
 * Can cross a 2 m wide trench at a crawl and 1 m @ 60 km/h.
 * Can ford water 1.5 m deep.
 * Can climb a gradient of 70 degrees.
 * Can traverse a gradient of 30 degrees.

Operators

 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 240 units.

title: Rooikat


text:
A Song Is a City

A Song Is a City is the second studio album by Australian rock band Eskimo Joe, released on 17 May 2004. The album debuted and peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Charts.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004, the album was nominated for 6 awards, winning two; Engineer of the Year and Producer of the Year with Paul McKercher.

Making of the album
Eskimo Joe recorded the album with Paul McKercher on production. Vocalist and bassist Kavyen Temperley said on the Festival Mushroom Records website that the album is based on his experiences living in Fremantle. "The whole album is really about me, my friends, the people I love, and Fremantle. It's the stories that go on between us. It's similar to the people in every place all over the world. For me, that's what I'm writing about. I'm definitely not writing about New York City. I'm writing about Fremantle."

2020 release
1. Unlike the original release, "Come Down" does not cross fade into "From the Sea".

title: A Song Is a City


text:
Omega-6 fatty acid

Omega-6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω-6 fatty acids or n-6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.

Health effects
The American Heart Association "supports an omega-6 PUFA intake of at least 5% to 10% of energy in the context of other AHA lifestyle and dietary recommendations. To reduce omega-6 PUFA intakes from their current levels would be more likely to increase than to decrease risk for coronary heart disease."

A 2018 review found that an increased intake of omega‐6 fatty acids has been shown to reduce total serum cholesterol and may reduce myocardial infarction (heart attack), but found no significant change in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. A 2021 review found that omega-6 supplements do not affect the risk of CVD morbidity and mortality.

A 2023 review found that omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with lower risk of high blood pressure. Omega‐6 fatty acids are not associated with atrial fibrillation.

Dietary sources
Dietary sources of omega-6 fatty acids include:
 * poultry
 * eggs
 * nuts
 * hulled sesame seeds
 * cereals
 * durum wheat
 * whole-grain breads
 * pumpkin seeds
 * hemp seeds

Vegetable oils
Vegetable oils are a major source of omega-6 linoleic acid. Worldwide, more than 100 million metric tons of vegetable oils are extracted annually from palm fruits, soybean seeds, grape seeds, and sunflower seeds, providing more than 32 million metric tons of omega-6 linoleic acid and 4 million metric tons of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid.

List of omega-6 fatty acids

The melting point of the fatty acids increases as the number of carbons in the chain increases.

title: Omega-6 fatty acid


text:
Cashtown, Pennsylvania

Cashtown is a census-designated place in Franklin Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community was part of the Cashtown-McKnightstown CDP, until it was split into two separate CDPs for the 2010 census. As of 2020, the population of Cashtown was 453.

A post office called Cashtown has been in operation since 1833. According to tradition, the community was named for the fact a local tavern owner required that payment be made in cash.

Geography
Cashtown is located west of Gettysburg in western Adams County. U.S. Route 30 bypasses the center of the community and forms the northern edge of the CDP. Old U.S. 30, the original Lincoln Highway, is the main street of Cashtown. McKnightstown is 1.5 mi to the east.

Notable person

 * Nellie V. Mark (1857–1935), physician, suffragist

title: Cashtown, Pennsylvania