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Kiddush

Kiddush (קידוש ), literally, "sanctification", is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat and Jewish holidays. Additionally, the word refers to a small repast held on Shabbat or festival mornings after the prayer services and before the meal.

Significance
The Torah refers to two requirements concerning Shabbat – to "keep it" and to "remember it" (shamor and zakhor). Jewish law therefore requires that Shabbat be observed in two respects. One must "keep it" by refraining from thirty-nine forbidden activities, and one must "remember it" by making special arrangements for the day, and specifically through the kiddush ceremony.

Reciting kiddush before the meal on the eve of Shabbat and Jewish holidays is thus a commandment from the Torah (as it is explained by the Oral Torah). Reciting kiddush before the morning meal on Shabbat and holidays is a requirement of rabbinic origin. Kiddush is not usually recited at the third meal on Shabbat, although Maimonides was of the opinion that wine should be drunk at this meal as well.

Rituals
To honor the mitzvah of reciting kiddush, a silver goblet is often used, although any cup can suffice. The cup must hold a revi'it of liquid. A revi'it is between 161.5 mL (Rabbi Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz) and 90.7 mL (Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh). After the person reciting the kiddush drinks from the wine, the rest of it is passed around the table or poured out into small cups for the other participants. Alternatively, wine is poured for each of the participants before kiddush.

Before reciting kiddush, the challah, which will be the next food item eaten in honor of the Shabbat or holiday, is first covered with a cloth. According to Halakha, the blessing over bread takes precedence to the blessing over wine. However, in the interests of beginning the meal with kiddush, the challah is covered to "remove" it from the table (some do not have the challah on the table at all during kiddush).

Wine or grape juice may be used for kiddush. The Talmud permits the use of unfermented fresh grape juice for sacramental use. While later legal codes have expressed a preference for wine, traditional and orthodox communities generally permit the use of grape juice in place of wine for blessings and rituals.

On Friday night kiddush may be recited over the challah; the blessing over bread is substituted for the blessing over wine. In that case, the ritual hand-washing normally performed prior to consuming the challah is done before the recitation of kiddush. German Jews follow this procedure even if wine is present. If there is only sufficient wine or grape juice for one kiddush, it should be used for the Friday night kiddush.

In many synagogues, kiddush is recited on Friday night at the end of services. This kiddush does not take the place of the obligation to recite kiddush at the Friday night meal. When recited in a synagogue, the first paragraph (Genesis 2:1–3) is omitted.

The text of the Friday night kiddush begins with a passage from Genesis 2:1–3, as a testimony to God's creation of the world and cessation of work on the seventh day. Some people stand during the recital of these Biblical verses (even if they sit for kiddush), since according to Jewish law testimony must be given standing.

There are different customs regarding sitting or standing while reciting kiddush depending on communal and family tradition.

Some Hasidic and Sephardic Jews pour small amounts of water into the wine before kiddush on Friday night. This is done either to commemorate the old custom of "mixing of the wine" in the days when wine was too strong to be drunk without dilution, or to infuse the water (wine?) with the quality of mercy which is symbolized by water (wine?).

Since the Shabbat morning kiddush is rabbinically rather than biblically mandated, it has a lesser status than the Friday night kiddush. Its name Kiddusha Rabba (קידושא רבא, "The Great Kiddush"), first mentioned in the Talmud, is euphemistic. There are different versions for the kiddush on Sabbath morning, and it is generally shorter than the Friday night kiddush. Originally, this kiddush consisted only of the blessing over the wine. Later, additional verses related to Shabbat were added. However, there are a wide variety of customs as to which verse are recited, and in some liberal congregations no verses at all are recited. Some communities have a similarly brief Kiddush for the third Sabbath meal as well, made in the middle of the meal.

Other variations
On Rosh Hashanah, the night Kiddush is similar to that of the other festivals. Where it differs, it is usually to follow the pattern of middle blessing of the Amidah. (An example is the concluding formula "Blessed are You, the LORD, King over the entire world, Who sanctifies [the Sabbath,] Israel, and the Day of Remembrance.") During the day, the verses Psalms 81:4–5 (Ashkenazi) or Numbers 10:10 (Sephardic) are recited prior to the blessing over wine. Many also say the festival verses (usually first), and on Shabbat all recite the relevant verses (see above) at the very beginning.

On Yom Kippur, being a fast day, no kiddush is recited, even by one who will be eating for medical reasons, and even on Shabbat.

Yaknehaz
When a festival is on Saturday night, Kiddush is recited, but Havdalah must also be said because Shabbat is holier than the festivals. The sequence of blessings in such a case is known as yak'n'haz (יקנה"ז), for yayin, kiddush, ner, havdalah, zman, meaning "wine, kiddush, flame, havdalah, shehecheyanu". That is, first the blessing over wine, then the standard kiddush blessing (see above), then the blessing for the flame (borei m'orei ha'eish, Who creates the radiance of the fire), then a modified havdalah blessing (ending with "Who differentiates between (one level of) holiness and (another level of) holiness"), and then the shehecheyanu blessing (omitted on the final days of Passover; see above). Essentially, the havdalah blessings are recited after kiddush, but before shehechiyanu, which is usually the last blessing to ever be recited. Spices are not used.

In the opposite case, when Shabbat follows a festival, the regular Shabbat kiddush is recited, with no variations.

Yaknehaz Candle
While on a year-round Motzai Shabbat one can extinguish the candle used for Havdalah, this is not permitted when the evening coincides with a Holiday date (Yom Tov). Rather than simply picking up two of the candles already lit for Yom Tov when the blessing for fire is recited as part of a modified Havdalah, and holding them so that their wicks are interlaced, it is easier to use a special two-wick candle as one of the Holiday candles; they are sized to fit in a regular Shabbat candelabra or candlestick holder (in place of a standard one-wick candle).

This special candle is called a Yaknehaz Candle.

Synagogue kiddush
The term kiddush also refers to refreshments served either at home or at the synagogue following prayer services on Shabbat or Yom Tov, which begin with the recitation of kiddush. Cake, crackers, and gefilte fish are traditionally served. On Shavuot morning, the custom is to serve dairy foods such as cheesecake and cheese blintzes for the kiddush.

According to the Shulchan Aruch, kiddush should be recited preceding the Shabbat meal. Eating mezonot such as cake or cookies or drinking an additional revi'it of wine is also sufficient according to the opinion of most Rishonim. Nevertheless, some Jews recite kiddush only when about to partake of a full meal.

Often a kiddush is hosted by a family celebrating the birth of a daughter, a bar mitzvah, a wedding, an engagement, a birthday, or other happy occasion. Some people also host a kiddush on the yahrtzeit of a parent or other relative. In some synagogues the celebrant is honored with reciting the Shabbat morning kiddush on behalf of all the attendees. In other synagogues the rabbi or gabbai recites the kiddush. Some Jews make kiddush on Shabbat morning over liquor instead of wine. When this is done, the blessing recited is she-hakol nihyeh bid'varo instead of borei p'ri ha-gafen. The Mishnah Berurah (an authoritative Ashkenazi halakhic text) rules that under extenuating circumstances, liquor may be substituted for wine on the grounds that it is Hamar Medina,  a drink one would serve to a respected guest; nevertheless, many rely on this even without extenuating circumstances.

History of using white wine
During the 17th century, because of blood libels, David HaLevi Segal "issued a Passover ruling ... that the traditional red wine used at the Seders be substituted with white wine in lands of persecution in order to not arouse suspicion."

title: Kiddush


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MS Wanganella

MS Wanganella was an Australian-registered ocean liner built by Harland and Wolff that entered service on the trans-Tasman route in 1933. Originally named Achimota, she was acquired by Huddart Parker after the original sale to Elder Dempster Lines fell through.

Renamed Wanganella, the ship sailed between New Zealand and Australia until 1941, when she was converted into a hospital ship. As Australian Hospital Ship (AHS) Wanganella, the ship operated in support of Australian forces until 1946, when she was returned to her civilian operator. In the 1950s and 1960s Wanganella was affected by several incidents of industrial action by wharf labourers.

The increase in travel by air made operating the ship less viable, but before the ship was due to be scrapped in 1963, she was acquired and moored in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, and used as a hostel for construction workers building the Manapouri Power Station until 1970. In April 1970, a tug towed Wanganella to Hong Kong, then later Taiwan, where she was scrapped.

Building
Harland and Wolff built Wanganella as yard number 849 on slip number five in its Belfast yard, launched her on 17 December 1929 and completed her on 29 November 1932. Elder Dempster Lines had ordered her as Achimota for its West African trade. But Elder Dempster was in financial trouble at the time and never took the ship over. Eventually the Melbourne-based Australian shipping company Huddart Parker bought Achimota in September 1932 and renamed her Wanganella, beginning regular service on 12 January 1933.

Wanganella had twin screws, each driven by an eight-cylinder four-stroke single-acting diesel engine. Harland and Wolff built the engines under licence to a Burmeister & Wain design. Between them the two engines were rated at 1,305 NHP and gave her a service speed of 16.7 kn.

Wanganella was equipped with wireless direction finding. In 1934 her code letters LHVJ were superseded by the call sign VJPQ.

Before World War II
Renamed Wanganella, the ship was a top-rated trans-Tasman ocean liner, with berths for 304 first class and 104 second class passengers. She primarily sailed between the cities of Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand, and Sydney and Melbourne in Australia, crossing the Tasman Sea in three and a half days.

On 28 December 1937 she collided with the trawler HMAS Durraween off the coast of New South Wales. On 19 June 1940 she helped to rescue passengers from RMS Niagara after the latter hit a mine and sank off the coast of Auckland.

Message in a bottle
On 11 September 1935, a message in a bottle was put in the ocean, reading:''Thrown overboard by Mr & Mrs Robert Hare and son Billy 11/9/35 en route Syd/Auck. Will finder please communicate with above at Ballarat, Vict – Aust, The City Beautiful, Largest inland city of the commonwealth.''

This was discovered at Fraser Island, Queensland, some 20 years later, but the message was forgotten until 2018 when the finder sought to research the senders of the message, including the Captain of the ship (Captain R Darrock), and a named witness (W Elsden-Dew). The message had been written on a menu card for an evening meal. The menu, dated Tuesday, 10 September 1935 was one day old when it was adorned with a handwritten note, placed into the cork-topped bottle, and thrown into the ocean. Of note, Mr Robert Hare was Manager of the Huddart Parker Line of which Wanganella was a part, and his son William (Billy) became a leading radiologist and Professor of Radiology at the University of Melbourne.

Hospital ship
During World War II, Wanganella was converted to serve as an Australian Hospital Ship (AHS). Between 19 May 1941 and 1946, AHS Wanganella carried wounded and sick evacuees from the Middle East, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Borneo and the South Pacific, travelling over 251011 nmi and transporting 13,385 wounded.

A recently-liberated soldier from Batu Lintang camp, Kuching, Sarawak wrote of her: "My first real sight of the hospital ship occurred at a range of well over a mile ... Distances and sizes of things at sea can be very deceptive ... [and] I realised she was far bigger in all respects than I had imagined. Wanganella, for such was her magic name, rode quietly at anchor unperturbed by wind or tide, unreal, dazzling white, clinically neat, a heavenly ship waiting patiently as a lover to receive us. ... I swayed with the motion of the MTB. My liberator Massey laughed at my weakness but enthused, 'This is one hell of a good ship. You'll be alright now cobber!' It seemed a contradiction in terms to call Wanganella 'a hell of a ship'; to me she appeared as a vessel from another world, but I understood his concern to reassure me that indeed there was now hope of a future for us all. The port side of the ship towered high above us. I viewed with dismay the formidable rank of steps leading from the launch to the main deck. ... The slow energy sapping climb began. Each patient, for that was what we had become; was escorted by male Australian nurses. They were taking good care, that even as we had been snatched from under the Japanese heel, we should not fall now, and be claimed by the sea. ... After an eternity of endeavour, advancing one step at a time, one by one we reached the deck. Behind me a voice avowed 'I would not like to have to do that all over again.' It was Slim Landers: I was not sure whether he meant the climb up the gangway or the three and a half years at Batu Lintang.'"

Post-war
On her maiden voyage after the war, Wanganella had a narrow escape when she ran aground on Barrett Reef (later to claim TEV Wahine with 53 lives lost) at the entrance to Wellington Harbour in New Zealand. On 19 January 1947, while making her first trans-Tasman voyage after the war, Wanganella struck Barrett Reef just before midnight and stuck fast. The weather conditions were unusually benign, and remained so for the 18 days she spent on the reef. Such benign weather is still known in Wellington as "Wanganella weather". No-one was injured, and the passengers were taken off the ship the morning after the accident. The damage she incurred put her out of action for 22 months, mainly as a result of industrial action while she was laid up in a floating dock for repairs. Harland and Wolff sent out the necessary steelwork from Belfast.

Wanganella was caught up again in industrial action; this time in the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute. This 151-day-long industrial battle between the employers and the watersiders in New Zealand began when watersiders refused to work overtime. The New Zealand Government, hand-in-glove with the employers, was determined to smash the union and introduced Emergency Regulations. The army was brought in to work the wharves. Wanganella became involved in smuggling money and manpower between Australia and New Zealand, with her Australian crew carrying thousands of pounds to New Zealand from various unions in Australia, in support of their New Zealand comrades.

In about 1960, Wanganella was acquired by the scrap metal dealer Albert G Sims, and was sent to Singapore for breaking up as scrap. However, there was a drop in scrap metal prices, and the ship returned to service on the Sydney to Auckland run. In early 1962, when the owners were taken over by McIlwraith McEacharn Ltd of Melbourne, the ship was sold to the Hang Fung Shipping & Trading Co Ltd of Hong Kong, operating under the same name.

Hostel ship
During the 1950s and 1960s, the expansion of civilian air travel made trans-Tasman shipping obsolete. In 1963, shortly before the ship was due to be scrapped, engineers working on the construction of the Manapouri Power Station in New Zealand acquired Wanganella.

Between 1963 and 1970, Wanganella was moored in Doubtful Sound to be used as a hostel for workers building the tailrace tunnel, and the Wilmot Pass access road. The vessel became notorious for the drinking culture on board. A popular legend is when the vessel was to be towed away, tugs apparently struggled to dislodge the ship from a bed of empty beer cans that had been tossed overboard.

Wanganella was sold for scrap in 1970, and was towed to Hong Kong, then Taiwan. The cove in which Wanganella was moored and the stream that supplied the water to the liner are now gazetted as Wanganella Cove and Wanganella Stream.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MS Wanganella


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E. T. Cook

Edgar Thomas Cook CBE D.Mus. (Cantuar) FRCO FRCM (18 March 1880 – 5 March 1953) was an English organist and composer.

Biography
Edgar Cook was born in Worcester, England. He was sent to the Royal Grammar School Worcester and began his career as a church organist in 1898. In 1904 he became assistant organist of Worcester Cathedral under Sir Ivor Atkins. He won an Organ Scholarship to The Queen's College, Oxford where he studied music and obtained his MMus. In 1909 he became organist of Southwark Cathedral in which position he remained until his death in 1953. He was the cathedral's first organist.

He was one of the first organists to broadcast on radio and he became famous for his lunchtime concerts broadcast on the BBC in the 1930s and 1940s. He was awarded the prestigious Lambeth degree of DMus (Cantuar) by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1936 and was created Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1949. He composed choral and organ works including an Evening Service in G. Amongst other honours he was a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists, becoming vice-president, and Professor of Music and Fellow of the Royal College of Music.

He died in 1953 shortly before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II for which he was preparing his choristers.

title: E. T. Cook


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Patronal festival

A patronal feast or patronal festival (fiesta patronal; festa patronal; festa patronal; festa patronale; fête patronale) is a yearly celebration dedicated – in countries influenced by Christianity – to the 'heavenly advocate' or 'patron' of the location holding the festival, who is a saint or virgin. The day of this celebration is called patronal feast day, patronal day or patron day of said location.

Patronal festivals may reflect national holidays (e.g. the feast of Saint George, patron saint of England, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, and various regions of Spain), but they usually reflect the celebration of a single city or town. In larger cities, there may even be several festivals, usually about the patron saint of the local parish.

Celebration
Depending to the budget, patronal festivals may run from one day to five days. The festivities usually include religious processions honoring its Catholic heritage. However, elements of local culture have been incorporated as well.

Usually, town members adorn the town streets with colorful decorations and other things.

Most patronal festivals feature traditional fairs known as verbenas (sagra, plural: sagre), possibly including elements typical of the travelling carnivals. They feature parades, artisans, street vendors, regional food stands, amusement rides, games, and live entertainment, among other things. There are usually alcoholic beverages – wine and beer – and music and dancing, either organized or spontaneously; in Southern Italy and Argentina, for example, folk dances known as tarantellas are very common.

Italy
The Italian national patronal day, on 4 October, celebrates Saints Francis and Catherine. Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the occasion of the festival of the local patron saint, for example: Rome on 29 June (Saints Peter and Paul), Milan on 7 December (Saint Ambrose), Naples on 19 September (Saint Januarius), Venice on 25 April (Saint Mark the Evangelist) and Florence on 24 June (Saint John the Baptist). Notable traditional patronal festivals in Italy are the Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine, the Festival of Saint Agatha, the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, the Feast of San Gennaro and the Feast of Our Lady of the Hens.

 * Examples
 * Feast of Our Lady of the Hens on the Second Sunday of Easter in Pagani, Campania
 * Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine
 * Feast of San Gennaro

Spain

 * Examples
 * Fiestas del Pilar around 12 October in Zaragoza
 * La Mercè around 24 September in Barcelona
 * Fallas around 19 March in Valencia
 * Bonfires of Saint John around 24 June in Alicante
 * Festival of San Fermín around 7 July in Pamplona
 * San Isidro Labrador around 15 May in rural areas mostly in Extremadura and Andalusia

Puerto Rico
Most Latin American countries dedicate the first day to the saint or virgin being celebrated, the others to entertainment, but in the US territory of Puerto Rico the musical and entertainment festivities begin right away.

Further examples

 * Feast of Saint Francis of Assisi on 4 October, in Yucuaquín (El Salvador), in Somerville, Massachusetts (US) and in Italy
 * Festa de São João do Porto around 23 June in Porto (Portugal)

Serbia
In Serbian culture, instead of local patron saints, people celebrate family's patron saints. These celebrations are known as 'slava' in Serbia.

title: Patronal festival


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Dreamaker

Dreamaker was a Spanish power metal band, formed by three former Dark Moor members, following the band's split.

Biography
Dreamaker begun when vocalist Elisa Martin, guitarist Albert Maroto and drummer Jorge Sáez left Dark Moor, in 2003, due to musical differences. They were soon joined by second guitarist Matias Sosa and bassist Carlos Peña and Dark Moor's former keyboard player, Roberto Camús, who had left the band in 2002, offered to play with Dreamaker, but left the band in a short time and was replaced by Nino Ruiz.

The band received a recording deal from Arise Records for two albums in September of that year, and proceeded to record their first album - Human Device. It was released throughout Europe, Japan and in a few Spanish-speaking countries in early 2004.

A Japanese tour followed in May and, while in the country, guitarists Albert Maroto and Matias Sosa recorded a video for Young Guitar Magazine.

Dreamaker then recorded the album Enclosed, in March 2005, introducing more electronic and mainstream elements into their sound.

Studio albums

 * Human Device (2004)
 * Enclosed (2005)

Line-up

 * Elisa C. Martin - Vocals
 * Albert Maroto - Guitars
 * Carlos "Ke Patxa" Peña - Bass
 * Jorge Sáez - Percussion

title: Dreamaker


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Learning Media Limited

Learning Media Limited (Māori: Te Pou Taki Kōrero) was a New Zealand state-owned enterprise. The company published most of the Ministry of Education's material. A division of the Ministry until 1993, it continued to publish the New Zealand School Journal and Junior Journal magazines and the Ready to Read readers for the Ministry, as well as provide services for other organisations.

It was formed from three former divisions of the abolished Department of Education in 1989, most notably the School Publications Branch, which had hitherto published the School Journal.

It published an English–Māori dictionary by H. M. Ngata, first in print as English–Maori Dictionary in 1993, and later on the web as the Ngata Dictionary.

Learning Media was wound up in September 2013.

title: Learning Media Limited


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Category:Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. In North America archaeology is a sub-field of anthropology, while in Europe it is often viewed as either a discipline in its own right or a sub-field of other disciplines.

title: Category:Archaeology


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Commercialization

Commercialization or commercialisation is the process of introducing a new product or production method into commerce—making it available on the market. The term often connotes especially entry into the mass market (as opposed to entry into earlier niche markets), but it also includes a move from the laboratory into (even limited) commerce. Many technologies begin in a research and development laboratory or in an inventor's workshop and may not be practical for commercial use in their infancy (as prototypes). The "development" segment of the "research and development" spectrum requires time and money as systems are engineered with a view to making the product or method a paying commercial proposition.

The product launch of a new product is the final stage of new product development – at this point advertising, sales promotion, and other marketing efforts encourage commercial adoption of the product or method. Beyond commercialization (in which technologies enter the business world) can lie consumerization (in which they become consumer goods, as for example when computers went from the laboratory to the enterprise and then to the home, pocket, or body).

Process
Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects:
 * 1) The funnel. It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term.
 * 2) Commercialization is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones.
 * 3) It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers.

Issues
Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions:

Global roll-outs generally remain the preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use a "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive).
 * 1) When to launch: Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavorable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch.
 * 2) Where to launch: A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several  regions, or in a  national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger  companies may enter a national market at once.
 * 1) Whom to target: Research- and  test-marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will encourage adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period.
 * 2) How to launch: Prospective vendors should decide on an action plan for introducing a proposed product - a plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget.

title: Commercialization


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Category:Algebraic number theory

Algebraic number theory is both the study of number theory by algebraic methods and the theory of algebraic numbers.

title: Category:Algebraic number theory


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Category:Commutative algebra

In mathematics, Commutative Algebra is the area of abstract algebra dealing with commutative rings and commutative modules and algebras over commutative rings. It is essential to the study of algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory.

title: Category:Commutative algebra


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Steve James

Steve, Steven or Stephen James may refer to:

Sports

 * Steve James (cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer and journalist
 * Steve James (footballer) (born 1949), English football player
 * Stephen James (footballer) (born 1965), Australian rules footballer for Richmond
 * Steve James (rugby) (born 1960), Australian rugby union player and rugby league coach
 * Steve James (snooker player) (born 1961), English snooker player
 * Steve Armstrong, real name Steve James (born 1965), American professional wrestler

Arts and entertainment

 * Steve James (actor) (1952–1993), American actor
 * Steve James (film producer) (born 1955), American producer and director
 * Steven James (born 1969), American author

Music

 * Steve James (blues musician) (1950–2023), American blues musician
 * Steve James (Christian musician) (born 1953), English-born contemporary Christian musician
 * Steve James (DJ) (born 1998), American record producer, writer, and DJ

Other

 * Stephen James (model) (born 1990), British model and former footballer

title: Steve James


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HMS Sovereign of the Seas

Sovereign of the Seas was a 17th-century warship of the English Navy. She was ordered as a 90-gun first-rate ship of the line, but at launch was armed with 102 bronze guns at the insistence of the king. She was later renamed Sovereign under the republican Commonwealth, and then HMS Royal Sovereign at the Restoration of Charles II.

The elaborately gilded stern ordered by Charles I of England meant enemy ships knew her as the "Golden Devil". She was launched on 13 October 1637, and served from 1638 until 1697, when a fire burnt the ship to the waterline at Chatham.

History
Sovereign of the Seas was ordered in August 1634 on the personal initiative of Charles I of England, as a prestige project. The decision provoked much opposition from the Brethren of Trinity House, who pointed out that "There is no port in the Kingdome that can harbour this ship. The wild sea must be her port, her anchors and cables her safety; if either fail, the ship must perish, the King lose his jewel, four or five hundred man must die, and perhaps some great and noble peer".

These objections were overcome with the help of Admiral Sir John Pennington, and work commenced in May 1635. This was supervised by Peter Pett, later a Commissioner of the Navy, guided by his father Phineas, the royal shipwright, and was launched at Woolwich Dockyard on 13 October 1637. As the second three-decked first-rate (the first three-decker being the Prince Royal of 1610), she was the predecessor of Nelson's Victory, although the Revenge, built in 1577 by Mathew Baker, was the inspiration for her, providing the innovation of a single deck devoted entirely to broadside guns.

The most extravagantly decorated warship in the Royal Navy, she was adorned from stern to bow with gilded carvings against a black background, designed by Anthony van Dyck, and made by John Christmas and Mathias Christmas. Construction costs of £65,586 was funded by Ship Money, the gilding alone being £6,691, the price of an average warship. For comparison, the total tax generated in 1637 was £208,000.

Charles ordered 102 bronze cannon, to ensure it was the most powerfully armed ship in the world; these were made by John Browne. Sovereign of the Seas had 118 gun ports and only 102 guns. The shape of the bow meant that the foremost gun ports on the lower gun deck were blocked by the anchor cable. Consequently, the fore chase – the guns facing forward – occupied the next ports. There were two demi-cannon drakes – one port, one starboard – some 11.5 ft long, weighing together five tons (5000 kg). They had a bore of 6.4 to 6.75 in and fired a shot weighing 32 to 36 lb, using around ten pounds of gunpowder.

In the third ports from the bow, there were two 11 ft demi-cannon drakes weighing, together, 4.3 tons (4300 kg). Behind them were twenty cannon drakes, nine feet long, and weighing in all 45.7 tons (45700 kg). In the third port from the stern were two more 11 ft demi-cannon drakes weighing, together, 4.3 tons (4300 kg). The last two ports on either side were occupied by the stern chase – four 10.5 ft demi-cannon drakes weighing a total of 11.4 tons (11400 kg).

The middle gun deck had heavy fortified culverins – that is, guns short for their bore – fore and aft. There were two 11.5 ft pieces, weighing 4.8 tons (4800 kg), in the fore chase; four 11.5 ft pieces, weighing 10.2 tons (10200 kg), in the stern chase. Immediately behind the fore chase were two demi-culverin drakes, 8 to 9 ft long, weighing some 1.9 tons (1900 kg). Then came twenty-two 9.5 ft culverin drakes weighing a total of 30.4 tons (30400 kg).

On the upper gun deck there were two 10 ft fortified demi-culverins in the fore chase and two in the stern chase, both pairs weighing 2.8 tons (2800 kg). Between them there were twenty-two demi-culverin drakes, 8 to 9 ft long, weighing over 21 tons (21000 kg) in total.

There were eight 8 to 9 ft demi-culverin drakes weighing 7.7 tons (7700 kg) in the forecastle; another six weighing 5.7 tons (5700 kg) on the half-deck. The quarterdeck carried two six-foot demi-culverin drake cutts – a cutt, again, being a shorter version of a gun – weighing 16 hundredweight (726 kg). Then there were another two six-foot culverin cutts, weighing 1.3 tons (1,179 kg), aft of the forecastle bulkhead. In all, Sovereign of the Seas carried 155.9 tons (141,430 kg) of guns – and that did not include the weight of the gun carriages. Altogether they cost £26,441 13s 6d including £3 per piece to have the Tudor rose, a crown and the motto: Carolvs Edgari sceptrvm aqvarum – "Charles has established Edgar’s sceptre of the waters" – engraved on them. The gun carriages, made by Matthew Banks, Master Carpenter for the Office of Ordinance, cost another £558 11s 8d.

By 1642, her armament had been reduced to 90 guns. Until 1655, she was also exceptionally large for an English vessel; no other ships of Charles were larger than Prince Royal.

Sovereign of the Seas was not so much built because of tactical considerations, but as a deliberate attempt to bolster the reputation of the English crown. Her name was, in itself, a political statement as Charles tried to revive the perceived ancient right of the English kings to be recognised as the 'lords of the seas.' English ships demanded that other ships strike their flags in salute, even in foreign ports. The Dutch legal thinker Hugo Grotius had argued for a mare liberum, a sea free to be used by all. Such a concept was mainly favourable to Dutch trade; in reaction, John Selden and William Monson published the book Mare Clausum ("the Closed Sea") in 1635, with special permission of Charles, which attempted to prove that King Edgar had already been recognised as Rex Marium, or "sovereign of the seas" – this book had been previously repressed by James I. The name of the ship explicitly referred to this dispute; King Edgar was the central theme of the transom carvings.

Rear-Admiral Sir William Symonds noted that after the ship's launch she was "cut down" and made a safe and fast ship. In the time of the Commonwealth of England all ships named after royalty were renamed; it was first decided to change the name of the ship into Commonwealth, but in 1650 it became a simple Sovereign. In 1651 she was again made more manoeuvrable by reducing upperworks after which she was described as "a delicate frigate (I think the whole world hath not her like)". She served throughout the wars of the Commonwealth and became the flagship of General at Sea Robert Blake. She was involved in all of the great English naval conflicts fought against the United Provinces and France and was referred to as 'The Golden Devil' (den Gulden Duvel) by the Dutch.

When, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, on 21 October 1652 the States General of the Netherlands in a secret session determined the reward money for the crews of fireships that succeeded in destroying an enemy vessel, Sovereign was singled out: an extra prize of 3000 guilders was promised 'in case they should ruin the ship named the Sovereign'. The ship had not seen action during the Civil War, remaining laid up. After being refitted in 1651, she had her first fight in the Battle of the Kentish Knock, armed with 106 guns. In this battle she ran aground on the Kentish Knock itself. and remained in service for nearly sixty years as the best ship in the English fleet. By 1660 her armament had been changed to 100 guns. After the English Restoration she was rebuilt at Chatham in 1660 as a first-rate ship of the line of 100 guns, with flatter gundecks and renamed Royal Sovereign; most of the carvings had been removed.

She was present at the Four Days' Battle of 1 to 4 June 1666, and the St. James's Day Battle of 25 July 1666, each fighting the Dutch fleet in the North Sea.

She was smaller than Naseby (later renamed Royal Charles), but she was in regular service during the three Anglo-Dutch Wars, surviving the Raid on the Medway in 1667 by being at Portsmouth at the time. She underwent a second rebuild in 1685 at Chatham Dockyard, relaunching as a first rate of 100 guns, before taking part in the outset of the War of the Grand Alliance. For the first time she ventured into the Irish Sea, and later participated in the Battle of Beachy Head (1690) and the Battle of La Hougue (1692), when she was more than fifty years old. In that period she was the first ship in history that flew royals above her topgallant sails and a topgallant sail on the jigger-mast.

Destruction
Sovereign became leaky and defective with age during the reign of William III, and was laid up at Chatham Dockyards for repairs late in 1695.

She ignominiously ended her days, in mid January 1696, by being burnt to the water line as a result of having been set on fire by accident (it was 1697 in continental Europe, due to more modern calendar there). A bosun, who was on night watch, left a candle burning unattended. Admitting to his fault he was court-martialled on 27 January 1696 and not only publicly flogged but also imprisoned at Marshalsea for the rest of his life.

In her honour, naval tradition has kept the name of this ship afloat, and several subsequent ships have been named HMS Royal Sovereign.

In popular culture
A painting from this ship survives on the ceiling of Commissioners House at Chatham Dockyard, over the grand staircase. It depicts an assembly of the gods and depicts Mars being crowned by Neptune, surrounded by the goddesses Hope, Peace, Justice and Plenty. The painting is surrounded by a gilded frieze depicting sea creatures. It is attributed to James Thornhill, the King's Serjeant Painter. He painted the ceilings of the Royal Hospital Greenwich and the Dome of Saint Paul's Cathedral.

Thomas Carew's poem "Upon the Royal Ship called the 'Sovereign of the Seas', built by Peter Pett, Master Builder; His Father, Captain Phineas Pett, Supervisor: 1637" is a paean to the vessel, calling it the eighth wonder of the world:

title: HMS Sovereign of the Seas


text:
Fan clutch

A fan clutch is a thermostatic engine cooling fan that can freewheel at low temperatures when cooling is not needed, allowing the engine to warm up faster, relieving unnecessary load on the engine. As temperatures increase, the clutch engages so that the fan is driven by engine power and moves air to cool the engine.

Function
When the engine is cool or even at normal operating temperature, the fan clutch partially disengages the engine's mechanically driven radiator cooling fan, generally located at the front of the water pump and driven by a belt and pulley connected to the engine's crankshaft. This saves power, since the engine does not have to fully drive the fan.

However, if engine temperature rises above the clutch's engagement temperature setting, the fan becomes fully engaged, thus drawing a higher volume of ambient air through the vehicle's radiator, which in turn serves to maintain or lower the engine coolant temperature to an acceptable level.

Mechanical fans are most common in trucks and SUVs, and some RWD cars. This is easier to accomplish because the engine is mounted longitudinally, with the belt accessory components mounted facing the radiator. The fan is mounted on the crankshaft pulley or one of the accessory pulleys (e.g. the water pump pulley) and will spin in between the radiator and the engine, drawing air back through the radiator and blowing it over the engine. Even though the air has been heated by passing through the radiator, it is still much less hot than the engine surface, so the airflow over the engine helps with cooling.

In contrast, in a front-wheel drive vehicle, the engine is usually mounted laterally, with the crankshaft and typically all the major accessory shafts parallel to the front axle, so as to directly drive the transaxle; a fan mechanically mounted on an accessory pulley would blow sideways and would not face the radiator. This is why electric engine-cooling fans are used virtually universally in front-wheel drive vehicles. The conversion of mechanical energy to electricity and back to mechanical rotary power with a fan motor is less efficient than a direct mechanical connection, but this is more than compensated by greater control of an electric fan through electronic thermostatic controls which can turn the fan completely off when the engine temperature is below the setpoint.

Types
Most fan clutches are viscous or "fluid" couplings, combined with a bi-metallic sensory system similar to that in a thermostat. Some clutches are electronically controlled (instead of bi-metallic strip). These provide the potential to control the level of engagement depending on any number of inputs. Common controlling factors might include engine oil temperature, transmission oil temperature, coolant temperature, AC system pressures and ambient air temperature.

title: Fan clutch


text:
User talk:Kevyn

User Talk Archives

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Nomination of Olza S.A. for deletion
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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Boleyn (talk) 08:45, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

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"Page merge" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Kevyn


text:
Talk:Grenadier Guards

Adding to Insignia portion
Tried to add some more information to the Insignia part of the box, but it does not show on the page. Does it need resizing of the box? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Suredev (talk • contribs) 19:54, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * G'day, I believe I've fixed the issue with this edit: . The problem was that the identification labels were not sequentially numbered. Incidentally, I think there is a limit to the number of id symbol fields the infobox will take (I think four might be the limit, hence why the abbreviation is now not showing). Regards, AustralianRupert (talk) 22:31, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I guess the abbreviation does not belong in "Insignia" anyway. But we can same a field by putting the collar and shoulder insignia in the same field. Let me do that for now. Suredev — Preceding unsigned comment added by 13.13.16.1 (talk) 16:17, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Role
What does "this will be fixed" mean? Rojomoke 22:50, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

It will be stable, nailed on, immutable, permanent. Or at least that's what I take it to mean but given the vagaries of MOD at the moment.... At least TCH has gone. Try taking the issue to ARSSE Jatrius (talk) 00:54, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Name of the regiment
Ironically, at Waterloo they fought brillantly and defeated "French Imperial Chasseurs" and not "French Imperial Grenadiers". At least they kept the good bearskin (I mean the one of the Chasseurs which was without a metal plate in front).

The: "Source specifying who the British Guards defeated at Waterloo" in the body of the text, is one of the most biased anti British screeds I have ever clapped eyes on.Scan your eyes over it and you will see nothing but the English and British being scared, beaten and driven off right, left and center. Funny how they won the battle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Treviboy (talk • contribs) 10:51, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

That's what it's like all over wikipedia mate on every war England has even if it's a draw or Even an English victory say your reading an article about the nine years war it will have every battle the English were defeated on slapped on the article with a link with a completely one sided reference completely making the English army look as if they were completely defeated there are battles that we well know was a English victory being edited as indecisive or Tactical failure or Strategic failure there are even people deliberately making articles about battles the English lost, and skipping over the battles we won like it never happened you just look on the battle of Hastings article it's basically saying that half of continental Europe joined in, it just irritates me if someone was to write the articles about English battle victories like that there would be consequences. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.184.225.157 (talk) 17:27, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It may be, but after reading the wiki article and several books on Waterloo, this unit of Guards indeed defeated Imperial Chasseurs and not Imperial Grenadiers. "you will see nothing but the English and British being scared, beaten and driven off right, left and center. Funny how they won the battle." Well that's a change considering the British litterature production on Waterloo ; during years, it was the Allies - especially Dutch and Belgian - of Britain who were labelled as cowards, paper tigers, bastards or mad dogs. This is just a question of perspective and time to time of national bias. Does that change the view of this unit's famous history, I don't think so. 90.42.251.97 (talk) 01:29, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Headgear
Can someone write some brief remark about the uniforms they wear, especially the headgear? Thanks. 4.227.234.202 (talk) 05:51, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed content
I have removed the following from the article as it seems more like commentary that should be on the talk page rather than in the articlespace. I am placing it here if anyone wants to discuss. I do not have any opinion about its accuracy, however, I am currently trying to help out by rewriting the history section was quite light on, hence I am putting it here for safekeeping. AustralianRupert (talk) 02:40, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

As a result of their actions in defeating the French Imperial Grenadiers at Waterloo, the 1st Guards were renamed by as the 1st or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards, thus becoming the only regiment in the British Army to win its name in battle. The 1st British Foot Guards never faced the French Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard. They in fact with the help of the adjacent British brigade of General Adam, beat and routed roughly three battalions of French Chasseurs of the Imperial (Middle) Guard; Source specifying who the British Guards defeated at Waterloo. One can even research the uniforms of the Imperial Guard and see that the British Grenadier adoption of the bearskin bonnet uses the Chasseur Imperial guards type that has no brassplate on the front. The Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard had this distinct brass plate on their bonnets.

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External links modified
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Structure
Thought I would put this in talk page:
 * Regimental Headquarters
 * Band of the Grenadier Guards - Medical Support in event of big war
 * No.25 Company ???? - Gained Information from person inside band.. Possible other support unit?
 * 1st Battalion
 * Headquarters Company
 * Regimental Administration Office
 * Quartermaster's Office
 * REME Light Aid Detachment
 * Assault Pioneer Platoon - Provided by Corps of Drums
 * Medical Section
 * Provost Unit
 * Unit Pay Group
 * No.1 (Queen's) Company
 * Company Headquarters
 * 1 Platoon
 * 2 Platoon
 * 3 Platoon
 * Support Platoon
 * No.2 Company
 * Company Headquarters
 * 4 Platoon
 * 5 Platoon
 * 6 Platoon
 * Support Platoon
 * No.3 (Inkerman) Company
 * Company Headquarters
 * 7 Platoon
 * 8 Platoon
 * 9 Platoon
 * Support Platoon
 * Support Company
 * Company Headquarters
 * Sniper Platoon Platoon
 * Reconnaissance Platoon
 * Mortars Platoon
 * Machine-Gun Platoon
 * No.2 (Nijmegan) Company
 * Company and Support Platoon
 * Support Section
 * Quartermaster's Section
 * Tailor's Group
 * 1 Platoon
 * 2 Platoon
 * 3 Platoon
 * Totally spamming. BlueD954 (talk) 13:02, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

Two colonels?
Two people are listed as 'Colonel of the Regiment' -  The Duke of York and Lieutenant Colonel Piers Ashfield. Can you separate-out their roles? Valetude (talk) 13:24, 14 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. Dormskirk (talk) 15:10, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

Date of formation
The intro says 1662 and the main text says 1656, which agrees with the entry on Lord Wentworth's Regiment and the one on the British Army order of precedence.

Manolan1 (talk) 12:25, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I have changed it to 1656 for consistency. Most sources seem to support that date. Dormskirk (talk) 12:31, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Queen's Company or King's Company
I note that "Queen's Company" has already been changed to "King's Company". Some elements of the media e.g. this article are suggesting that "The Queen’s Company is expected to be renamed in the King’s honour later this year." That suggests no decision has been made yet. Dormskirk (talk) 21:19, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Per the army here:
 * "The Company, which is effectively the Sovereign’s Company, changes its official title in the event of a gender change of a succeeding Monarch."

 * "The Queen’s Company will retain its title up until the point when Her Majesty is laid to rest in St George’s Chapel, Windsor. The Company then changes to reflect the gender of the new sovereign. It heralds an intense period of activity as every button and badge on the numerous uniforms and items of dress will need to be replaced."

 * "Caps, capes, shoulder insignia, jackets, tunics, great coats, blazers, service dress etc. will all need to be re-buttoned and their insignia altered from ER to the new monarch."

 * Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 21:46, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * That's very clear - many thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 23:40, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

Regimental structure - King's Company
The sentence referring to the Malplaquet replacement must be wrong; in 1709 Queen Anne was monarch - George II didn't take the throne until 1728. If it was George II, it was a different date and battle. 88.111.184.40 (talk) 13:16, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grenadier Guards


text:
Nonlocal

Nonlocal may refer to:

 * Action at a distance, direct interaction of physical objects that are not in proximity
 * Conjugated system (or nonlocalized bond), in chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in compounds with alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability
 * Nonlocal goto, an abstract representation of the control state of a computer program
 * Nonlocal Lagrangian, in field theory, a type of functional $$\mathcal L\phi(x)$$ which contains terms which are nonlocal in the fields i.e. which are not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters (e.g. space-time)
 * Other nonlocal relationships in physics, such as Pippard's nonlocal generalisation of the Londons' equations for superconductivity
 * Non-local means, an algorithm in image processing for image denoising
 * Nonlocal operator, which maps functions on a topological space to functions, in such a way that the value of the output function at a given point cannot be determined solely from the values of the input function in any neighbourhood of any point.
 * Non-local variable, in programming language theory, a variable that is not defined in the local scope
 * , a statement in Python 3 that causes identifiers to refer to their bindings in outer enclosing scopes

title: Nonlocal


text:
User:Ulrich Utiger

I am a physicist and teacher from Switzerland. Up to now I initiated the article Rotation operator. I have a website at historycycles.org.

title: User:Ulrich Utiger


title: File:TrafficRanktoJune2004.png


text: Category:Australia-wide radio stations

title: Category:Australia-wide radio stations


text: Category:Mass media in Australia

title: Category:Mass media in Australia


text:
The Metal Opera

The Metal Opera is the first full-length album by Tobias Sammet's German supergroup project, Avantasia. It is a concept album and a metal opera. The album is followed by the sequel The Metal Opera Part II. Both were written over the course of a year, starting in the last quarter of 1998, and both were produced from October 1999 to June 2000, with the works being interrupted for some weeks so Sammet could produce The Savage Poetry with his other band Edguy.

The project claims that the album's title marked the first usage of the term "metal opera". Sammet also considers it his professional debut, since it marked the first time he actually made money from music, even though by that time he had already released three albums with Edguy.

According to Sammet, the album's plot is partly based on real witch trials in Fulda (his hometown) and Mainz held in the 16th and 17th centuries.

In 2019, Metal Hammer ranked it as the 25th best power metal album of all time. In 2021, they ranked it as the 18th best symphonic metal album.

Track listing
Note: "Malleus Maleficarum" is sampled from the song, "the Kingdom", by Tobias Sammet's other project, Edguy.

Credits

 * Tobias Sammet (Edguy) - Keyboards, Vocals (see "Singers")
 * Henjo Richter (Gamma Ray) - Guitars
 * Markus Grosskopf (Helloween) - Bass guitar
 * Alex Holzwarth (Rhapsody of Fire) - Drums

Musicians

 * Guitar
 * Jens Ludwig (Edguy) (lead on tracks 12 & 13)
 * Norman Meiritz (acoustic on track 6)
 * Keyboards
 * Frank Tischer (Piano on track 11)

Singers

 * Gabriel Laymann – Tobias Sammet (Edguy) - tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12 & 13
 * Lugaid Vandroiy – Michael Kiske (credited as Ernie) (ex-Helloween, Unisonic) - tracks 2, 5, 6, 9, & 13
 * Friar Jakob – David DeFeis (Virgin Steele) - tracks 3 & 13
 * Bailiff Falk von Kronberg – Ralf Zdiarstek - tracks 4 & 7
 * Anna Held – Sharon den Adel (Within Temptation) - track 6
 * Bishop Johann von Bicken – Rob Rock (ex-Axel Rudi Pell, Driver, Impellitteri) - track 7 & 12
 * Pope Clement VIII – Oliver Hartmann (ex-At Vance) - tracks 7, 12 & 13
 * Elderane the Elf – Andre Matos (Shaman, ex-Angra, ex-Symfonia, ex-Viper) – tracks 11, 12 & 13
 * Regrin the Dwarf – Kai Hansen (Gamma Ray, ex-Helloween) - tracks 11 & 12
 * Voice of the Tower – Timo Tolkki (ex-Symfonia, ex-Revolution Renaissance, ex-Stratovarius) - track 13

title: The Metal Opera


text:
Talk:Scholz conjecture

[Untitled]
It would be nice if we could get this all into one language or all into another.

The Addition chain article states, that the conjecture has been verified for n<=64, this one says n<=46, which one is correct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.69.167.73 (talk) 15:16, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Unless there is a lot more to say here, I propose to merge this into Addition chain. Deltahedron (talk) 19:16, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

Proposed proof
I stumbled recently on a paper claiming a proof of the conjecture https://ia.cr/2023/051 What is the general opinion on this, because I have not found any flaw although the ideas are hard to parse?

(Sadinova (talk) 20:16, 31 March 2023 (UTC))

 * Hi Prof. Agama, I think this sort of unseemly self-promotion is below you. Please also review David Eppstein's comment here.  --JBL (talk) 00:04, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * ...and see also WP:DISCLOSE. - CRGreathouse (t | c) 20:36, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scholz conjecture


text:
Category:General topology

In mathematics, general topology or point set topology is that branch of topology which studies properties of general topological spaces (which may not have further structure; for example, they may not be manifolds), and structures defined on them.

title: Category:General topology


text:
Falconer (band)

Falconer was a Swedish power metal band from Mjölby, formed in 1999 by the former guitarist of Mithotyn, Stefan Weinerhall. Falconer carried on many of the traditions set by Weinerhall's previous band and played a fusion style of power metal that utilizes folk instrumentation and melody to create a more medieval sound.

Origins
In 1992, the blackened death metal act Cerberus was founded by Stefan Weinerhall, Christian "Christer" Schütz and Johan, who left shortly afterward. After one year, they renamed themselves Mithotyn. As Mithotyn, they did not release an album until 1997. Much of the material featured on the three albums of their career were previously composed or featured on one of their previous demos such as the song "The Guardian" from Promo '96. The group released three albums: In the Sign of the Ravens (1997, Black Diamond Productions) followed by King of the Distant Forest (1998, Invasion Records), and finishing with Gathered Around the Oaken Table (1999, Invasion Records). Mithotyn officially dissolved in 1999.

Stefan Weinerhall, born 1976 in Mjölby, founded Falconer in 1999. He had planned to form a folk-influenced melodic metal band similar to his previous project, but with a focus on clean singing rather than harsh vocals. A demo was recorded using a drum machine and Swedish actor/singer Mathias Blad agreed to do vocals as a session member. After shopping the demo to labels, drummer Karsten Larsson (also ex-Mithotyn) was added to the lineup and Blad joined as a permanent member. Eventually, the band signed to Metal Blade Records. Weinerhall had played in the Viking metal band Mithotyn from their formation until their eventual split in 1999. He and his Mithotyn bandmate, Karl Beckman, made two albums with the black, thrash metal band Indungeon. Weinerhall played bass on the first album before switching to his more accustomed role as guitarist for their second album, The Misanthropocalypse. He wrote nearly all Falconer's music and lyrics.

In November 2000, the band entered the Los Angered Recording (now Sonic Train Studios) with Andy LaRocque and Jacob Hansen behind the knobs. Their debut album Falconer was recorded in three weeks and was released in March in Europe and May in the United States. The album was met with critical success, and demand for live performances led to the addition of session members.

Falconer returned to Los Angered in November 2001. Nine tracks and one bonus track were recorded and mixed during the 24 days. In addition, the band licensed the album to Soundholic for Japanese distribution. The new album Chapters from a Vale Forlorn was released on 7 February in Japan and on 11 March in Europe and in the US.

Members

The band added Anders Johansson of Swedish band Vrävarna (not to be confused with the HammerFall drummer of the same name) and Peder Johansson on second guitar and bass, respectively, as live session members, and performed at Wacken Open Air, Rock Machina, and Bang Your Head Festival during the summer. Following these appearances, demand for live performances from the band increased considerably, and vocalist Mathias Blad, who could not commit to touring due to his acting career, agreed to amicably leave the band.

Line-up changes

Blad is a Swedish actor and singer. was born in Motala. He studied musical-theatre at Balettakademien in Gothenburg between 1989–1992 and trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art between 1996 and 1999. He has worked extensively in Swedish theatre since 1992, where his work included playing Peter in Jesus Christ Superstar at the Gothenburg Opera, Claude in Hair in Malmö, and Action in West Side Story at Värmlandsoperan. In 2018, he performed the role of Tempest in the Swedish musical recording of Tivolisaga, a musical by Johan Christher Schütz and Johan Pettersson based on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
 * Mathias Blad

In 1999 Blad recorded demo vocals of the former Mithotyn guitarist, Stefan Weinerhall. After Weinerhall's Falconer project was signed by Metal Blade Records, he agreed to stay on as a full-time member. Since Falconer was a studio band comprising only three members, there was no danger of touring opportunities clashing with his theatre work. This situation changed in 2002 when an expanded Falconer—now a fully rounded band of five people—were offered touring slots that the rest of the members wanted to pursue. At that time, Mathias amicably agreed to leave the band, having performed on two studio albums with them. After two albums with vocalist Göbel filling in, Weinerhall and drummer Karsten Larsson decided to approach Blad about a return to Falconer, which he agreed to. The band has since stated that live appearances may be infrequent due to Blad's theatre commitments.

In November 2002, Karl Kristoffer Göbel (Swedish vocalist for Destiny) had been added to the line-up replacing Blad. Göbel was fired from the band before 2005 to make way for the returning Blad. He has since started a new band, Metal Für Alle, along with Snowy Shaw and his former Destiny bandmate Mikael Åberg.
 * Kristoffer Göbel

Falconer returned to Los Angered to record The Sceptre of Deception, a concept album that, according to the band, is a mix between the two previous albums, but with some more unexpected turns in the music. The album featured multiple guest appearances, including backing vocals from former vocalist Mathias Blad and future Amaranthe vocalist Elize Ryd, as well as lead guitars from Andy LaRocque on the track "Hear Me Pray." It was released on 6 October 2003.
 * Other changes

Following the release of the album, internal difficulties brought on by problems with scheduling rehearsals arose within the band and both Anders and Peder Johansson were removed from the line-up. They were eventually replaced with Jimmy Hedlund and Magnus Linhardt, respectively. With this new line-up in place, Falconer recorded Grime vs. Grandeur, a record that departed quite significantly from their established sound by replacing the folk melodies, themes, and lyrics with more traditional heavy metal arrangements. The album received a generally muted response from fans as the band were seen to have lost their somewhat unusual identity.

Return to the roots
In November 2005, Göbel announced via the Falconer forum that he had been fired and that Mathias Blad had been re-hired in an effort to return to the band's original sound. Recordings took place over the course of 2006, and a new album entitled Northwind was released in September of that year.

In an announcement on the official website on 21 April 2007, Stefan announced that Falconer had extended their deal with Metal Blade for four more albums. The album Among Beggars And Thieves was released in September 2008.

Armod was released on 3 June 2011. The album's songs are all in Swedish. According to Weinerhall, "The album is embracing the Swedish folk music to a greater extent than before making it sound slightly more down to earth. The music spans from acoustic songs with cello, flute and fiddle to songs with blast beats and really heavy riffing."

The following album, Black Moon Rising, was announced on 15 December 2013. It was revealed to be completed on 16 March 2014 and the album art and track listing were revealed one month later, on 16 April 2014.

In 2020, the band announced what would be their final album release prior to ultimately disbanding the band, From a Dying Ember. The band wanted to make this final album "as good as we possibly could and really concentrate on having all Falconer elements present".

Discography

 * Falconer (2001)
 * Chapters from a Vale Forlorn (2002)
 * The Sceptre of Deception (2003)
 * Grime vs. Grandeur (2005)
 * Northwind (2006)
 * Among Beggars and Thieves (2008)
 * Armod (2011)
 * Black Moon Rising (2014)
 * From a Dying Ember (2020)

Band members

 * Final lineup
 * Mathias Blad – vocals (1999–2002, 2005–2020), keyboards (1999–2002)
 * Stefan Weinerhall – rhythm and lead guitar, backing vocals (1999–2020), keyboards (2002–2020), bass (1999–2002)
 * Karsten Larsson – drums (1999–2020)
 * Jimmy Hedlund – lead guitar, backing vocals (2004–2020)
 * Magnus Linhardt – bass (2004–2020)
 * Former members
 * Kristoffer Göbel – vocals (2002–2005)
 * Anders Johansson – guitars (2002–2004)
 * Peder Johansson – bass (2002–2003)

title: Falconer (band)


text:
Franz Bardon

Franz Bardon (1 December 1909 – 10 July 1958) was a Czech occultist and student and teacher of Hermetics.

Life and death
He was born in Troppau (Opava), Austrian Silesia. Bardon continued his work in the fields of Hermetics until 1958 when he was arrested and imprisoned in Brno, Czechoslovakia. Bardon died from pancreatitis on 10 July 1958 while in the custody of police.

Works
Bardon is best known for his three volumes on Hermetic magic. These volumes are Initiation Into Hermetics, The Practice of Magical Evocation and The Key to the True Kabbalah.

An additional fourth work attributed to him by the title of Frabato the Magician, has been supposed by many of his students to be a disguised autobiography. Though the book lists its author as Bardon, it was actually written by his secretary, Otti Votavova. While some elements of the story are based on Bardon's real life experience, most of the book was written as an occult novel with much embellishment on the part of Votavova.

Bardon's works are most notable for their simplicity, their relatively small theoretical sections, and heavy emphasis on practice with many exercises. Students of his, such as Emil Stejnar, Walter Ogris, Martin Faulks, William Mistele and Rawn Clark consider him to have written the best training programs of any magician of the 20th century. They were written with the intention of allowing students who wished to practice magic the means to do so if they could not study under a teacher.

Initiation Into Hermetics
Initiation into Hermetics provides step-by-step instruction in the form of practical exercises. These exercises are aimed at developing body, soul and spirit. The result of the practical exercises is the development of occult abilities which can be of benefit to the student, in as far as changing his existence for the better.

Bardon's training system is comprehensive. Initiation into Hermetics is divided into 10 practical steps. The program further subdivides each step into three areas – Non-being spirit or Mind (Spiritual abstract universal mental body; Soul as mental body into the astral, psychic and emotional body; the astral body and physical body – with the intent of developing all areas of the self simultaneously and in a balanced way. This is to ensure that the student maintain a balance of the three "bodies", which accelerates progress in the long run and minimizes injury to oneself in the process of growth. Also, there occurs a purification of the personality, where the magician should become incapable of wishing harm to his fellow man. This is an important point since, as the power of the magician increases, so his ability to do harm – even unintentionally, increases. In summary—

 * 1) Mental exercises of the Spirit (or abstract mental being) begin with simply observing the mind and progress from there, with each subsequent exercise building on the previous.
 * 2) Astral exercises of the Soul focus on systematically cataloging the positive and negative aspects of the self and, later, transforming and purifying the negative aspects into positives.
 * 3) Physical exercises of the body stress physical health and development as well as the integration and use of the physical body and physical environment.

The Practice of Magical Evocation
The Practice of Magical Evocation is Franz Bardon's second volume of The Holy Mysteries. In magical terms, the book is a practical guide to the proper evocation of and communication with divine entities existing in the atmospheric zones surrounding planets, stars, and moon as well as in the earth itself. It is a modern study of direct contact with the universal teachers – the other major works in the field are products of the Medieval, Renaissance, and Reformation periods. Beyond that it offers a glimpse into a complete magical universe. Bardon outlines a totally new and original hierarchy of magic, from the spirits of the four elements to those of the various planets, and even to each degree of the Zodiac. Included with the names and descriptions of the various entities are a collection of entirely unknown magical sigils, as well as an account of ancient Kabbalistic astrology.

Bardon's second work, dealing with the evocation of spirits, outlined first the symbolic meaning of the traditional ritual tools and temple designs, then goes on to describe a method of evoking spirits. In essence, the magician creates an environment hospitable to the entity in the temple or other medium of contact. They then enter an altered state of consciousness through natural meditation, to deep fullness of ecstasy without substances or trance, projecting their consciousness into the sphere of the entity in question, and call it back. Bardon emphasized two points about doing this sort of thing: first, that one must complete the necessary prerequisites of the training program or no success was possible; secondly, that the magician must call the spirit back under their "divine authority", not as a peer, otherwise they are liable to be manipulated by the entity.

The Key to the True Kabbalah
In The Key to the True Kabbalah, Bardon demonstrates that mysticism of letters and numbers – the "true Kabbalah" – is a universal teaching of great antiquity and depth. Throughout the ages, adepts of every time and place have achieved the highest levels of magical attainment through the understanding of sound, color, number and vibration as embodied in the Kabbalah. This book, the third in Bardon's texts of Hermetic magic, is a practical guide to attainment.

The first two works, addressing the first two Tarots, are pre-requisite to understanding and making use of the third work. Bardon himself says that it is, ...quite up to the reader to study my books merely theoretically. In doing so, he will acquire a knowledge which he would not be able to get from any philosophical book. But knowledge is not yet wisdom. Knowledge depends on the development of the intellectual features of the spirit; wisdom, on the other side, necessitates the equable development of all four aspects of the spirit. Therefore knowledge is mere philosophy, which by itself alone can make a man neither a magician nor a Quabbalist. A learned man will be able to say a lot about magic, Quaballah, etc., but he will never be able to understand the powers and faculties rightly. With these few words I have explained to the reader the difference between the philosopher and the sage.

—Franz Bardon, The Key to The True Kaballah, 1975, pages 12–13

The idea is that the True Kabbalah is not a mantic art, as some perceptions of it (primarily relating to gematria) suggest, but a method of empowering the letters of the alphabet to create magical effects through their combination. Bardon links this to the Tantra of the East, but the basis of this comparison is not quite clear. Like his second book on evocation, the student must finish at least the first eight steps of IIH to get any valid results or have equivalent training in a different system and avoid damage to the psyche which "...can cause a splitting of the personality, schizophrenia, with all its serious consequences." (Bardon, 1975, Page 55). Bardon expands on this real possibility with the following advice...

...someone who wants to apply the methods on the use of genuine kabbalah at once, out of mere curiosity or inconsiderateness, exposes himself to various dangers. For in practice he would get into contact with various powers which he would not be able to control and thus he would be in danger of ruining his health. Therefore, anyone not sufficiently prepared for this step is herewith warned in time.

—The Key to The True Kaballah, Franz Bardon, copyright 1975, page 62

This damage to the psyche "...clearly shows how inexcusable it is if writings of Oriental origin are interpreted incorrectly and translated literally in an intellectual language" as Bardon has "...put the greatest secret into the kabbalist's hands, as in the practical application of the fourfold key, the key of realization by the word. Thousands of years this secret has been guarded." (Bardon, 1975, page 55 and page 112)

Frabato the Magician
Frabato the Magician is a novelised biography of Bardon written by his secretary Otti Votavova, though attributed to Bardon himself because he probably spoke about his preoccupations of life with her. The name of the protagonist, Frabato, was Bardon's stage name during his career as a performing magician. Set in Dresden, Germany, in the early 1930s, the story describes Frabato's magical battles with the members of a powerful and dangerous Black Lodge, his escape from Germany during the final days of the Weimar Republic, and the beginning of the spiritual mission which was to culminate in his writing a series of classic books on Hermetic magic. It also describes sinister occult forces which lay behind the rise of the Third Reich.

The essential and relevant part of the book is the revelation that Franz Bardon was the last reincarnation of the spirit embodied by Hermes Trismegistus, the esoteric creator of Hermeticism and the founder of Freemasonry, who, contrary to what Freemasons think, paid the karma that generated when he lived as Hermes Trismegistus, because the masonic idea of how the Laws of the Universe (the Law of God or Divine Justice) work, does not correspond to Bardon's ideas.

The moral basis of Freemasonry is that the balance of good and bad actions is achieved if the mason compensates for his bad actions with good actions or vice versa, but decides what actions he will take to find the desired equilibrium, where it is the transgressor of the Universal Law who decides both what he will do and to whom he will do it. Hence, as the good deeds of Hermes did not serve as penance or payment of his karma to obtain forgiveness, it is God who forgives and decides the penance or karma to pay and when to apply it, Hermes paid his karma as Bardon. In order to be in harmony with the Universe, the transgressor must follow the norms that God imposes. Respect God's laws and in case of sin repent, ask for forgiveness, and pay the penance or karma that God imposes in giving a choice when offering incarnation of the spirit in the next life.

In the edition published by Merkur, Wisdom of the Occident, Bardon's secretary Votavova wrote an annex, "In Memoriam" where she refers to the characters embodying Bardon's spirit as, among others: Hermes Trismegistos, Nostradamus, Lao Tse, Apollonius of Tyana, Robert Fludd, and Count Saint Germain. In his previous physical life he was a wise man (Mahatma) from the mountains named Mahum Ta-Tah, spelled like Ha-Khu-Ma-Na-Ta-Tah. Votavova also says that Bardon once told her that he embodied his own spiritual soul as a young boy between the ages of 14 and 21 and he was the one who decided to be the spiritual master of Victor Bardon, his own Father, who in his desire to become a divine initiate, asked -in his prayers- to know his true guru. The spirit of Bardon incarnated his only son, through an exchange of spirit (though unacceptable and impossible both from a spiritual and esoteric point of view).

title: Franz Bardon


text:
Talk:Brighton

Odd Landmark Section
Under "Landmarks", you say quite a bit about the i360, a loss-making folly currently looking for a new sponsor as British Airways will shortly be taking their name off the spindly embarrassment when their current contract ends. Yet you talk about it in such glowingly uncritical terms that I suspect the text may have been copied from some early i360 publicity material. Actually it only continues to operate at all because the city council have repeatedly deferred repayments on the enormous loan they provided for its construction, and its days are surely numbered. You might say a word or two about its relative unpopularity and precarious financial situation instead of trying to advertise the stupid thing.

Even more oddly, that section describes the West Pier in the present tense as "Grade I listed" and talks about its "eventual restoration". Excuse me, but although I haven't checked, I'm pretty sure it isn't currently listed as Grade I or any other level, because there's nothing left to list, or for that matter restore! The article implies that it's in a poor state but could be fixed and eventually will be. But as any recent picture would show (perhaps you should have one, since it's still a Brighton landmark, albeit rather a pathetic one?), it is now and has been for quite a number of years nothing but a skeletal remnant unconnected to the shore that gets a bit smaller with each storm. The pier is literally 99% gone! There are a couple of ticket booths where the landward end of it used to be, some girders sticking forlornly out of the sea, and that's yer lot! It's in a far worse state than Glasgow Art College or Notre Dame Cathedral ever was! Implying that it might somehow get better is a bit misleading, don't you think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.52.255 (talk) 11:13, 22 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It is a Grade I-listed building... Hassocks 5489 (Floreat Hova!)  18:25, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

Suggested change
Brighton, unitary authority, City of Brighton and Hove. 78.86.3.254 (talk) 07:29, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

Change
Coming into Brighton there's no separation,signs welcome you to Brighton and Hove, driving through sign posts will guide you all the way to central Brighton from all angles stating City centre, for Hove signs after 2000 state (central Hove). After 2000 signage stating Brighton town centre is replaced by City centre! Brighton IS a unitary authority City of Brighton and Hove, come to Brighton, there's no town centre there’s ONE City centre ! No separate Town and City devide,Brighton and Hove is the City but Brighton is also classed as the City on its own,There’s No signpost after 2000 that says town for Brighton or Hove. all signpost,road signs,bus stops,websites,Brighton council,local papers,Brighton City airport and many more say the same,after 2000 every new road sign about 40 of them state City centre for central Brighton and Central Hove for Hove,I’m the stating facts I know I’m not a Wikipedian but I’m right so please can we work together. 78.86.166.88 (talk) 09:29, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm struggling to understand what change or changes are being proposed. Could you clarify please?  Hassocks 5489 (Floreat Hova!)  10:06, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I think firstly Brighton should say City? Or City and unitary authority? I know it is a seaside resort but think this would describe it better. 78.86.166.88 (talk) 10:21, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I see. The problem is (and I appreciate that it makes things complicated on Wikipedia) that Brighton itself is not the city: that status applies specifically to Brighton and Hove (i.e. the entity formed in 1997 from the merger of Brighton Borough and Hove Borough, and which then became a city in 2000).  So in relation to this article, we need to find some suitable description for Brighton which makes it clear that it is part of a city but is not the city itself.  I must admit I don't really know what the best answer is: since the unitary authority was created, Brighton itself doesn't really have any official status (whereas previously it could legitimately be described as a town and a borough).  I have in the past on other articles used the description "a constituent part of the city of Brighton and Hove" when referring to Brighton.  Hassocks 5489 (Floreat Hova!)  10:39, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Brighton does class itself as the City also though, ok what about Brighton unitary authority of the City of Brighton and Hove 78.86.166.88 (talk) 11:20, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Although i agree Brighton is a Seaside resort, it shouldn't be in the main/short description, we can't just class Brighton as a seaside resort and it's certainly not a town. By having 'seaside resort ' we have been taken off the map. literally !                      Brighton - City of Brighton and Hove on the south coast of England. Would be more appropriate and professional without it being so long and far less confusion.                                   I propose Brighton ( City of Brighton and Hove ) this is how the City is pronounced coming into Brighton on the road signs 78.86.165.157 (talk) 10:25, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Or Brighton, Brighton and Hove,City in England 78.86.166.88 (talk) 11:23, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The current longstanding consensus is to describe the "Brighton" component of the city as a seaside resort. Further edit-warring on that will result in more blocks. OhNo itsJamie Talk 02:15, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * But Bighton is classed as the City of Brighton and Hove so that’s what it should say on here so Bighton (City of Brighton and Hove) would be correct. Everything else would stay the same and it explains the merger further down. 78.86.32.99 (talk) 14:46, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * By whom is it so classed? This is an encyclopaedia: our evidence should be based on high quality, NPOV sources, not casual usage, ignorant inaccuracy, or promotional enthusiasm to overstate the case. Kevin McE (talk) 09:11, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Order
The current order within the first caption, in my opinion, is not good, because there is an image ("Royal Pavilion") in the middle of the other images; I don't know which order to propose. Anybody got an idea? JackkBrown (talk) 19:46, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Notification of discussion: how and when to record award of city status
A discussion has begun on developing a writing guideline for how and when to record award of city status. You may wish to contribute at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements Contributions from editors who were involved in updating the award to B&H are particularly welcome. 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:52, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brighton


text:
La risa en vacaciones

La risa en vacaciones is a Mexican comedy film series that has spawned eight sequels. The movies are popular in Mexico, Latin America and among the Hispanics of the United States.

La risa en vacaciones (Laughter on vacations) are movies where non-actors unwillingly participate. There are hidden cameras filming as people, mainly tourists, fall prey to pranks. These people, usually tourists, then have to sign a paper authorizing for their images to be used for the movie. Usually, the movies are shot in hotels, airports and fishing areas in Acapulco, Cancún or Cabo San Lucas, among other destinations. Three famous Mexican actors, who are identified in the movie only as "Pedro", "Pablo" and "Paco", appear in the movie as the pranksters.

Typical movie jokes usually involve the actors putting balloons on an unsuspecting woman's dress, causing the back of the dress to flip up once she leaves her seat, or turning a public telephone upside down when a person is using it, making a toilet in a public restroom throw water back at the user, delivering the wrong food to a client at a hotel's restaurant, telling awaiting passengers at an airport that their airplane has been designed to arrive at a different terminal, then have the passengers go back to their original terminal after announcing there has been "another change" and the plane will arrive in the same terminal they had been originally told to wait at, or Pepe pretending to be a homosexual and entering a men's restroom where he would tell other men how much he admires their private parts.

Because of the complexity of some of their jokes (such as the restroom, restaurant and airport ones), they require full cooperation from hotel and airport management, as well as from their own movie technicians.

title: La risa en vacaciones


text:
Buchberger's algorithm

In the theory of multivariate polynomials, Buchberger's algorithm is a method for transforming a given set of polynomials into a Gröbner basis, which is another set of polynomials that have the same common zeros and are more convenient for extracting information on these common zeros. It was introduced by Bruno Buchberger simultaneously with the definition of Gröbner bases.

Euclidean algorithm for polynomial greatest common divisor computation and Gaussian elimination of linear systems are special cases of Buchberger's algorithm when the number of variables or the degrees of the polynomials are respectively equal to one.

For other Gröbner basis algorithms, see.

Algorithm
A crude version of this algorithm to find a basis for an ideal $I$ of a polynomial ring R proceeds as follows:

 * Input A set of polynomials F that generates $I$
 * Output A Gröbner basis G for $I$
 * G := F
 * For every fi, fj in G, denote by gi the leading term of fi with respect to the given monomial ordering, and by aij the least common multiple of gi and gj.
 * Choose two polynomials in G and let $S_{ij} = a_{ij}⁄g_{i} f_{i} − a_{ij}⁄g_{j} f_{j}$ (Note that the leading terms here will cancel by construction).
 * Reduce Sij, with the multivariate division algorithm relative to the set G until the result is not further reducible. If the result is non-zero, add it to G.
 * Repeat steps 2-4 until all possible pairs are considered, including those involving the new polynomials added in step 4.
 * Output G

The polynomial Sij is commonly referred to as the S-polynomial, where S refers to subtraction (Buchberger) or syzygy (others). The pair of polynomials with which it is associated is commonly referred to as critical pair.

There are numerous ways to improve this algorithm beyond what has been stated above. For example, one could reduce all the new elements of F relative to each other before adding them. If the leading terms of fi and fj share no variables in common, then Sij will always reduce to 0 (if we use only $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ for reduction), so we needn't calculate it at all.

The algorithm terminates because it is consistently increasing the size of the monomial ideal generated by the leading terms of our set F, and Dickson's lemma (or the Hilbert basis theorem) guarantees that any such ascending chain must eventually become constant.

Complexity
The computational complexity of Buchberger's algorithm is very difficult to estimate, because of the number of choices that may dramatically change the computation time. Nevertheless, T. W. Dubé has proved that the degrees of the elements of a reduced Gröbner basis are always bounded by
 * $$2\left(\frac{d^2}{2} +d\right)^{2^{n-2}}$$,

where $n$ is the number of variables, and $d$ the maximal total degree of the input polynomials. This allows, in theory, to use linear algebra over the vector space of the polynomials of degree bounded by this value, for getting an algorithm of complexity $$d^{2^{n+o(1)}}$$.

On the other hand, there are examples where the Gröbner basis contains elements of degree
 * $$d^{2^{\Omega(n)}}$$,

and the above upper bound of complexity is optimal. Nevertheless, such examples are extremely rare.

Since its discovery, many variants of Buchberger's have been introduced to improve its efficiency. Faugère's F4 and F5 algorithms are presently the most efficient algorithms for computing Gröbner bases, and allow to compute routinely Gröbner bases consisting of several hundreds of polynomials, having each several hundreds of terms and coefficients of several hundreds of digits.

title: Buchberger's algorithm


text:
Gary Wilkinson (snooker player)

Gary Wilkinson (born 7 April 1966) is an English former professional snooker player.

Career
Wilkinson turned professional in 1987. In 1988, he won the non-ranking WPBSA Invitation Event beating Alex Higgins 5–4 in the final. He climbed the rankings to reach the no. 5 spot in the world within four seasons. One of his career highlights was at the 1989 UK Championship, where he led John Parrott 7–0 and 8–1 in their Last 16 match before falling over the line at 9–6, then whitewashing Jimmy White 9–0 in the quarter-finals, and then leading world number 1 Steve Davis 4–0, 6–2 and 8–7 in the semi-finals, before Wilkinson misread the score thinking that Davis didn't need snookers and went for a risky shot. It proved costly as Davis came back to get the snookers he needed, win that frame and then the deciding frame as Davis won 9–8. Wilkinson failed to sustain his late 1980s and early 1990s results and has never won a ranking tournament, losing in the final of the 1991 British Open 9–10 to Stephen Hendry, losing the 1992 Scottish Masters final 8–10 to Neal Foulds, as well as losing in four ranking semi-finals. While fancied to potentially go far at the 1991 World Championship, Wilkinson missed the chance of a 147 maximum break and a £100,000 prize in his first round match against Doug Mountjoy after missing the final yellow off its spot, and eventually lost 3–13 to Jimmy White in the quarter-finals in a surprisingly one-sided scoreline.

Wilkinson spent a decade in the top 32, but without reaching a ranking semi-final after 1992. He has made ten appearances in the World Championship, meaning that he has come through qualifying eight times. His best runs were to the quarter-finals in 1991 and 1995. After dropping off the main tour he played in the PIOS whilst also working as a tournament assistant for World Snooker. However, Wilkinson did capture one major title when he won the 1991 World Matchplay. During this peak moment of his career in December 1991, Wilkinson defeated Dean Reynolds 5–1, world champion John Parrott 9–8, Jimmy White 9–6 and then beat Steve Davis 18–11 in the final to win the 1991 World Matchplay title and the £70,000 winner's cheque.

title: Gary Wilkinson (snooker player)


text:
Evocation

Evocation is the act of evoking, calling upon, or summoning a spirit, demon, deity or other supernatural agents, in the Western mystery tradition. Conjuration also refers to a summoning, often by the use of a magical spell. The conjuration of the ghosts or spirits of the dead for the purpose of divination is called necromancy. Comparable practices exist in many religions and magical traditions and may employ the use of mind-altering substances with and without uttered word formulas.

Conjuration
In traditional and most contemporary usage, conjuration refers to a magical act of invoking spirits or using incantations or charms to cast magical spells. In the context of legerdemain, it may also refer to the performance of illusion or magic tricks for show. This article discusses mainly the original and primary usage, describing acts of a supernatural or paranormal nature.

Within some magical traditions today, such as Neopagan witchcraft, hoodoo and Hermeticism or ceremonial magic, conjuration may refer specifically to an act of calling or invoking deities and other spirits; or it may refer more generally to the casting of magic spells by a variety of techniques.

In Western esotericism

The Latin word evocatio was the "calling forth" or "summoning away" of a city's tutelary deity. The ritual was conducted in a military setting either as a threat during a siege or as a result of surrender, and aimed at diverting the god's favor from the opposing city to the Roman side, customarily with a promise of a better-endowed cult or a more lavish temple. Evocatio was thus a kind of ritual dodge to mitigate looting of sacred objects or images from shrines that would otherwise be sacrilegious or impious.

The calling forth of spirits was a relatively common practice in Neoplatonism, theurgy and other esoteric systems of antiquity. In contemporary western esotericism, the magic of the grimoires is frequently seen as the classical example of this idea. Manuals such as the Greater Key of Solomon the King, The Lesser Key of Solomon (or Lemegeton), the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage.

title: Evocation


text:
Nm (Unix)

(name mangling) is a Unix command used to dump the symbol table and their attributes from a binary executable file (including libraries, compiled object modules, shared-object files, and standalone executables).

The output from  distinguishes between various symbol types. For example, it differentiates between a function that is supplied by an object module and a function that is required by it. is used as an aid for debugging, to help resolve problems arising from name conflicts and C++ name mangling, and to validate other parts of the toolchain.

This command is shipped with a number of later versions of Unix and similar operating systems including Plan 9. The GNU Project ships an implementation of  as part of the GNU Binutils package.

nm output sample
If the previous code is compiled with the gcc C compiler, the output of the  command is the following:

When the C++ compiler is used, the output differs:

The differences between the outputs also show an example of solving the name mangling problem by using extern "C" in C++ code.

title: Nm (Unix)