text:
Hugh Nibley

Hugh Winder Nibley (March 27, 1910 – February 24, 2005) was an American scholar and member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) who was a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) for nearly 50 years. He was a prolific author, and wrote apologetic works supporting the archaeological, linguistic, and historical claims of Joseph Smith. He was a member of the LDS Church, and wrote and lectured on LDS scripture and doctrinal topics, publishing many articles in the LDS Church magazines.

Nibley was born in Portland, Oregon, and his family moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1921, where Nibley attended middle school and high school. Nibley served an LDS mission in Germany, where he learned German. After his mission, he attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he graduated in 1934. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) in 1938. He taught various subjects at Claremont Colleges until he enlisted in the United States Army in 1942, where he was trained as an intelligence officer as part of the Ritchie Boys.

Nibley became a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1946, where he taught foreign languages and Christian church history. He continued to study Egyptian and Coptic, and became the figurehead of the Institute for Ancient Studies at BYU in 1973. During his professorship, Nibley wrote articles for scholarly publications and for official LDS Church publications. Nibley published multiple series of articles in the Improvement Era as well as An Approach to the Book of Mormon, which was the lesson manual for Melchizedek priesthood lessons in 1957. Nibley also published a response to the Joseph Smith Papyri as well as other articles on the Pearl of Great Price. In addition to Nibley's church publications, he also published social commentary, often aimed at LDS culture. Nibley's work is controversial. Kent P. Jackson and Douglas F. Salmon have argued that the parallels Nibley finds between ancient culture and LDS works are selective or imprecise. Nibley's defenders like Louis C. Midgley and Shirley S. Ricks argue that his parallels are meaningful.

Hugh Nibley's son Alex organized a documentary on Hugh entitled Faith of an Observer. Hugh Nibley's complete works were published jointly by the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) and Deseret Book. Around the time of Nibley's death in 2005, his daughter Martha Beck published a memoir where she claimed to have recovered repressed memories of Nibley sexually abusing her. Immediate family members and some book reviewers of Beck's memoirs considered her claims to be false.

Early life and education
Hugh Nibley was born in Portland, Oregon, son of Alexander ("El") Nibley and Agnes Sloan. Among their other sons were Sloan Nibley, Richard Nibley, and Reid N. Nibley. Their father, Alexander, was the son of Charles W. Nibley, Presiding Bishop of the church. Alexander's mother, wife of Charles, was Rebecca Neibaur. Rebecca was the daughter of Alexander Neibaur, one of the first Jewish people to convert to Mormonism. Alexander Nibley served as mission president of the Liège Conference.

In 1917, Nibley's family moved to Medford, Oregon, where his father started to manage his father's sugar beet company. The next year at age eight, Nibley was baptized into the LDS Church. The family returned to Portland after the sugar beet factory failed in 1919. In 1920, the principal at Nibley's elementary school gave all of his students an IQ test. After seeing Nibley's high scores, the principal decided to privately tutor Nibley. Nibley's parents employed a music tutor and a French tutor for their children as well.

Nibley's family moved to Los Angeles in 1921, where Nibley's father participated in the burgeoning real-estate market and was part of Los Angeles's high society. Nibley attended Alta Loma Middle School from 1921 until 1923. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1927, where he was friends with John Cage. Nibley was particularly interested in astronomy, art, and English. In order to see through his telescope unimpeded, he cut off his eyelashes. His interest in literature led him to study Old and Middle English, German, Latin, and Greek. He spent the summer of 1925 working in a lumber mill. In 1926, Nibley's poems appeared in the Improvement Era and The Lyric West. That same year, his family moved to a mansion. Nibley spent six weeks alone in the wilderness near Crater Lake, excited to experience solitude and to "get back to nature" like the transcendentalists. Nibley took part and excelled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). According to Nibley, he participated in ROTC at his mother's urging, and she hoped that if there was another world war he would be an officer. The summer he was 17, he attended Brigham Young Academy's Aspen Grove summer school.

Nibley's parents were worried about his social development and felt that an LDS mission would help him have more contact with people. In November 1927, Nibley received his temple endowment, and studied at the Salt Lake Mission Home to serve an LDS mission in Germany until 1929. He spent his first three weeks in Germany learning German in Cologne with other missionaries. After his mission, he received special permission to visit Greece for six weeks to contact other members of the LDS Church there.

After his mission, Nibley majored in history at UCLA. He also studied Latin, Greek, and Spanish and graduated summa cum laude in 1934. Nibley's grandfather, Charles, and his brother, Philip, died in 1931 and 1932, respectively. In June 1933, Nibley used his knowledge of shorthand and typing when he served a short-term mission in the northwestern states as the mission stenographer. He returned in time to start his PhD at UC Berkeley in September 1934. In the 1936–1937 school year, he received a fellowship that would have covered his tuition and housing. Nibley's father asked him to loan the money to him and did not repay it. He found a job translating Latin, but because his funds were severely limited, he moved from the expensive International House to a cheap apartment, where his neighbors spoke Arabic. His dissertation, "The Roman Games as a Survival of an Archaic Year Cult", was accepted, and he graduated in 1938.

Teaching at Claremont and military service
Nibley volunteered to teach at Claremont Colleges, and he taught without pay for the 1939–1940 school year, living frugally. The next year he was probably hired as an instructor, and taught history, social philosophy, modern European history, humanities, U.S. history, history of education, Greek, and German. He taught alongside scholars fleeing from Germany, including Thomas Mann, and once co-taught a class with retired professor Everett Dean Martin. He acted as a secretary when prominent intellectuals spoke at the Committee on War Objectives and Peace Aims. He studied more languages, including Irish, Babylonian, Russian, Italian, and Spanish. He sought out native speakers to converse with when possible. In a letter to his friend from UC Berkeley, Paul Springer, Nibley wrote that two of his friends at Scripps College were discovered to be Nazi agents. He resigned from Claremont in June 1942, and then enlisted as a private in the United States Army for World War II.

In the army, Nibley completed weather observation school in March 1943 after he finished basic training. His commanding officer recommended him for officer training, and he attended military intelligence training in the United States Army Intelligence Center at Camp Ritchie in western Maryland. He completed intelligence training on June 2. In August he started attending the second Order of Battle course. Before leaving for Europe, he courted and proposed marriage to Anahid Iskian, but she refused. Nibley became a Master Sergeant along with his fellow Order of Battle graduates. After an OB training in Hyde Park Corner, he was assigned to help compile information on German officers for the June 1944 Order of Battle Book. He instructed officers and other men in the 101st Airborne Division about the German Order of Battle. He was part of the Utah Beach division during the D-Day invasion, and landed by glider at Eindhoven as part of Operation Market Garden. Nibley gathered intelligence on German war movements from civilians, documents, and POWs. He was the only survivor of OB team #5. He visited Dachau concentration camp a few days after its liberation. After being discharged from the army in November 1945, he went camping near Hurricane, Utah.

Improvement Era hired Nibley as a managing editor in 1946. On his own time, Nibley wrote a detailed response to Fawn M. Brodie's significant biography of Joseph Smith, No Man Knows My History. The response, entitled No, Ma'am, That's Not History, identified flaws in Brodie's work, including the way she read the sources, but it did so using "dismissive and patronizing language". According to Ronald Helfrich, author of Mormon Studies: A Critical History, No, Ma'am was "a turning point in the history of Mormon apologetics and polemics" because it used academic language in its arguments. Nibley's patronizing language, Helfrich posited, could be a reflection of Nibley's own "patriarchalism and paternalism". Dale Morgan, a historian who helped Brodie while she wrote the biography, found Nibley "intoxicated with his own language". Richard Bushman, famed for his own biography of Joseph Smith, after hearing the criticisms of No, Ma'am, was surprised by how "on the mark" it was. Nibley's rhetorical style became popular with defenders of the church, and in 1979, Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) was founded and published "Nibley-style apologetics and polemics".

While living in Salt Lake City, Nibley improved his Russian by insisting that he and his Ukrainian roommate only speak Russian. Nibley promised to pay his roommate one cent for every mistake he made in Russian and two cents for every English word he spoke.

Professor at BYU
Apostle John A. Widtsoe recommended Nibley to BYU President Howard S. McDonald, and he became a professor of religion and history at BYU in 1946. He taught courses in Greek and Russian alongside Christian church history his first year. He arranged for the purchase of over five hundred volumes on the early Christian church for the BYU Library; these volumes now make up the library's Ancient Studies Reading Room. He also acquired volumes in Old Norse from the Icelandic community in Spanish Fork. He was promoted to full professor in 1953. In 1954, Nibley was on the advisory board for a student club focused on "the integration of sundry areas of scientific and spiritual truth" called "Alpha and Omega". Nibley considered leaving BYU to work at the University of Utah, but J. Reuben Clark proposed projects that Nibley could only work on at BYU. Wilkinson agreed that the university would finance two trips to university libraries per year for Nibley, so Nibley stayed at BYU. However, the university did not finance two library trips a year. Nibley published in Western Political Quarterly, Western Speech, and Jewish Quarterly Review in the 1950s.

For the 1959–1960 school year, Nibley taught at UC Berkeley as a visiting professor in humanities. He studied Egyptian with Klaus Baer, a new faculty member. Nibley was the only student in the Coptic class after several weeks, and one of two students in the Egyptian class. UC Berkeley offered to employ him as a full professor at a higher salary than what he made at BYU. Nibley decided to stay at BYU, and requested to stop teaching language classes. Nibley published a two-part article in Jewish Quarterly Review in October 1959 and January 1960 called "Christian Envy of the Temple", which discussed how early Christians desired temple rites. When Nibley returned to BYU, religion faculty were debating on whether a class on the Book of Mormon or on fundamental LDS Church doctrines should be the required religion class. The debate disillusioned Nibley, and when asked to give a prayer at the June 1960 graduation exercise, he started it by saying, "We have met here today clothed in the black robes of a false priesthood." He published "The Passing of the Church: Forty Variations on an Unpopular Theme" in Church History in 1961. In the article, Nibley argued that early Church Fathers did not expect the Christian church to succeed, and hence did not concern themselves with social issues, church administration, missionary work, or gaining support from the public; instead they hoped for death and their rewards in the afterlife. Hans J. Hillerbrand published a response in the same journal, stating that characterizing the early Christians as having an institutional "church" was "theologically dangerous". Robert M. Grant argued that Nibley had taken statements from church fathers out of context. Grant agreed that the issue of the history of the institutional church was important, since otherwise church history might be reduced to a history of ideas. Nibley did not respond to the comments. Nibley also published articles in Revue de Qumran, Vigiliae Christianae, and Concilium: An International Review of Theology in 1965, 1966, and 1967, respectively. In his article in Vigiliae Christianae, he proposed the idea that Jesus taught his disciples additional rites after his resurrection, drawing on early Christian sources on Gnosticism. For his 1966–1967 sabbatical, he studied Egyptian at the University of Chicago with Klaus Baer and John A. Wilson. He was offered a position to teach at the Clarion State College, but refused.

In 1973, BYU president Dallin H. Oaks convinced Nibley to be the director of the Institute for Ancient Studies at BYU, with an assistant director to take care of the administrative aspects. Retiring from a staff position in 1975, he continued working as a professor emeritus until 1994. He maintained a small office in the Harold B. Lee Library, working on his magnum opus, titled One Eternal Round, focusing on the hypocephalus ("Facsimile 2") in the Book of Abraham.

Students
Notable students of Nibley include Krešimir Ćosić, Avraham Gileadi, John Gee, and Benjamin Urrutia. After befriending Nibley's daughter Christina, Krešimir Ćosić came to Hugh Nibley with questions about the LDS Church. Nibley taught and eventually baptized Ćosić, continuing their gospel discussions until Ćosić graduated in 1973.

Social and political viewpoints
Nibley was an active Democrat and a conservationist, pacifist, and anti-materialist. He was strongly opposed to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War. Approaching Zion, volume 9 of his collected works, contains his essays on culture, where he critiqued capitalism and socialism, and endorsed the law of consecration. In a 1973 speech entitled "What Is Zion? A Distant View", Nibley mentioned the sometimes dogmatic application of the BYU's honor code, particularly the hairstyle and dress standards. Nibley further criticized LDS culture in his 1983 speech "Leaders to Managers: The Fatal Shift" for encouraging students to please their superiors and "not make waves", which Nibley argued was a sign of a decline in culture. In a later interview, Nibley stated that Rex E. Lee and faculty in the school of management hated the speech. Nibley felt that students were more concerned about their appearance than their studies. In his 1975 speech, "Zeal Without Knowledge", he worried that students were overly focused on suffering through church meetings than being genuinely spiritually exercised.

In contrast to the coats and ties he wore at dinners as a teenager in a wealthy home, Nibley himself cultivated an appearance of not caring about his appearance. Two of his colleagues related stories of Nibley contributing to a church collection to buy a new overcoat for someone, not realizing that the person was him. One BYU professor said that Nibley was proud of his unkempt look, joking that they would never make him department chairman at BYU. His house's lawn was often in disarray, which inspired stories about Nibley forbidding his neighbors to clean it up as a service project, or staking a goat to act as a lawn mower.

Collaborations with the LDS Church
In 1957, Nibley's book An Approach to the Book of Mormon was the LDS Church's official lesson manual for Melchizedek priesthood lessons. The book drew parallels between events in the Book of Mormon and ancient Near Eastern traditions. In an essay on Mormon historiography, Marvin S. Hill argued that many of the parallels between ancient culture and the Book of Mormon "seem as much American as they do ancient" though Hill does not go into further detail. That year, Nibley received many letters with questions about religion from members who read his book. He compiled reports on various topics to answer frequently asked questions from readers and to inform general authorities. After the manual was published, he frequently gave speeches to local church congregations. In reviewing the third edition, published in 1988, William J. Hamblin stated that while Nibley's explanation of ancient Near Eastern culture was accurate, he drew anachronistic parallels that weakened his other, stronger arguments. Hamblin also stated that Nibley ignored significant differences between Near Eastern cultures and occurrences in the Book of Mormon.

Nibley published several series in the Improvement Era about the Book of Mormon for a general LDS audience. In 1954, Nibley discussed the circumstances around the early Christian apostasy in a series of thirty talks on a weekly devotional on KSL in 1954. He wrote a series for the Improvement Era on the same topic in 1955, and other series on the Jaredites and Book of Mormon criticism in the late 1950s. Nibley continued to write about evidences of the Book of Mormon's ancient origins in a series of articles published in the Improvement Era between 1964 and 1967. This series was collected in Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World (1967). The book received some critical attention. In BYU Studies, Alexander T. Stecker found Since Cumorah a "stimulating" introduction to "many problems", but one that overburdened its readers with "irrelevant facts" and lacked a bibliography. In Dialogue, Louis C. Midgley praised Nibley's application of Book of Mormon concepts to current politics. Robert Mesle, a member of the Community of Christ, wrote in a review of the book that Nibley's lack of criticism towards the LDS Church prevented Nibley from being sufficiently critical, describing Nibley's work as "trite and naïve".

In 1961, Nibley published The Myth Makers through Bookcraft. In the book, Nibley countered anti-Mormon assertions about Joseph Smith in the style of a classical apologist. Once again, general authorities were impressed with Nibley's writings, and when Irving Wallace's The Twenty-Seventh Wife was published, they asked Nibley to write a response. Nibley enthusiastically studied historical material about Brigham Young. He published Sounding Brass: Informal Studies in the Lucrative Art of Telling Stories about Brigham Young and the Mormons, which addressed not only the claims in Wallace's book but many other claims about Brigham Young. The book includes the satirical chapter "How to Write an Anti-Mormon Book (A Handbook for Beginners)". In an essay in Historians and the Far West, Thomas G. Alexander stated that Sounding Brass sarcastically points out obvious flaws in a form of "intellectual overkill". Alexander stated that orthodox Mormons would appreciate that the book bolsters their point of view, but that historians would prefer a more detailed treatment of events.

In 1967, the LDS Church acquired the Joseph Smith Papyri. The First Presidency asked Nibley to respond to the papyri. In 1975, Nibley published a translation and commentary of the papyri. In it, Nibley argued that the text of the papyri from the Book of Breathings was connected to the LDS temple ceremony, the Endowment. Nibley continued to write about Abraham, publishing Abraham in Egypt in 1981. He focused on showing that Joseph Smith's writings in the Pearl of Great Price were inspired and derived from ancient texts. Marvin S. Hill criticized Nibley for comparing the Book of Abraham to records from hundreds of years after Abraham; Louis Midgley criticized Hill for misunderstanding Nibley's argument, which was to compare the Book of Abraham against existent parallel literature that was unknown to Joseph Smith. In a 1982 review published in Dialogue, Eric Jay Olsen stated that Nibley's eclectic approach in Abraham in Egypt was overwhelming in its citations of obscure sources. Olsen criticized Nibley's selection of examples that supported his arguments.

In 1985, church leaders were contemplating changes to the temple endowment and asked Nibley to write on the "history and significance of the endowment" for them. In 1986, Nibley presented one essay on the temple to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, with another, longer essay on the history of the endowment given for support material. The essays were reprinted in other books, but without specific references to the temple endowment ceremony.

Scholarship and criticism
Evangelical scholars Mosser and Owen called Nibley the "Father of Mormon Scholarly Apologetics". William J. Hamblin, a colleague at BYU, said, "Nibley's methodology consists more of comparative literature than history." Writing for Journal of Book of Mormon Studies, Joseph Spencer, a BYU professor of religion, wrote that Nibley was "the mobilizing force of what now seems to be a field [of Book of Mormon studies]". Nibley himself, in a 1951 letter to Francis Kirkham, wrote that he was not "a Book of Mormon scholar" and defined his studies as "popular works" that "should not come within the scope of a university press". In his defense of the Book of Mormon in Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites, Nibley positioned himself as composing a defensive case in an intellectual battle against anti-Mormon arguments, acknowledging that as a "counsel for the defense", he was "partial" though he maintained that his citations and evidence were "competent and unprejudiced". Concerned that his historical arguments in Since Cumorah were overshadowing the main message of the Book of Mormon, Nibley shifted his writing on the Book of Mormon to focus on sermons about the book's prophetic message. Nibley still wrote about the historicity of the Book of Abraham after 1967.

In his 1988 review of The Complete Works of Hugh Nibley Vol. 1 in BYU Studies, Kent P. Jackson criticized Nibley for lacking sources, using sources selectively, and using sources out of context. Jackson argued that Nibley's early research was his weakest, and that some should not have been published in his collected works. In response, Louis Midgley defended Nibley's methodology, and wrote that Jackson denied the possibility of comparative studies, since all historical scholarship "involves selection among alternatives".

Eugene England's review of Since Cumorah and Approaching Zion, volumes 7 and 9 of Nibley's collected works, identified Nibley as a Cassandra figure. England noted that Nibley's social commentary on preserving the environment, avoiding war, and opposing prosperity theology often went ignored. England praised Nibley's clear prose and witty satire, identifying the absence of the speech "Leaders to Managers: The Fatal Shift" as a major flaw in the volumes.

In a 2000 issue of Dialogue, Douglas F. Salmon examined Nibley's comparative method, focusing on his series of articles on Enoch written for the Ensign titled "A Strange Thing in the Land: The Return of the Book of Enoch". Salmon noted that some of the parallels Nibley found between the Pearl of Great Price and ancient texts were extremely selective, and others were imprecise, inconsequential, or misrepresented sources: "parallelomania". Salmon concluded that appropriate parallels must discuss the ancient work's language, culture, and context. In response, Hamblin stated in The FARMS Review of Books that even though Nibley had made a few errors, that was not cause to dismiss his entire argument about the Pearl of Great Price's parallels with ancient texts about Enoch. Hamblin accused Salmon of ignoring what FARMS researchers have said about the methodology of parallels, and of erroneously finding errors in Nibley's research.

In Jerald and Sandra Tanner's Salt Lake City Messenger, Ronald V. Huggins wrote in 2008 that Nibley "modifies his quotations to artificially render them more supportive", and provided several examples. Shirley S. Ricks wrote a response in the FARMS Review of Books. Drawing on the experience of the people who checked Nibley's footnotes, she explained that editors or typists could introduce errors. She stated that some of Nibley's published work was not intended for publication, like his speeches, and that fact-checkers had to supply footnotes on their own. Ricks, along with apologists associated with FAIR (formerly FairMormon), assert that while Nibley's arguments could be overly-aggressive, and his footnotes could have errors for many reasons, Nibley did not fabricate his sources. Addressing Huggins's criticisms directly, Ricks argued that Nibley's translation style could be more poetic than literal, and that Nibley saw translation as a commentary in itself.

Nibley's magnum opus, One Eternal Round, was published as volume 19 of his collected works in 2012, with additional writing by Michael D. Rhodes. Gary P. Gillum, the ancient studies librarian during the time Nibley worked at BYU, reviewed the book in BYU Studies. Gillum summarized the book as a "comprehensive look at Facsimile No. 2". Nibley and Rhodes argue that parallels between Egyptian religion and "Joseph Smith's explanation of Facsimile No. 2" are not convenient selections but major theological themes in both Egyptian and LDS religion, thus providing support for the authenticity of Joseph Smith's revelations.

Egyptologist John Gee, a student of Nibley and contemporary Mormon apologist, wrote, "Nibley has a tendency to use myth for history and to flatten the chronology of sources from a variety of periods to create his historical portrait." Ariel Bybee Laughton, a scholar of early Christianity, wrote that Nibley's writing on early Christianity "displays the seams and cracks of a methodology largely founded upon apologetic motivation."

Legacy
From 1982 to 1984, Hugh's son Alex Nibley organized the filming of interviews with Nibley to use in a documentary about his life called Faith of an Observer. Sterling Van Wagenen was a producer. It premiered at Hugh's special 75th birthday celebration at BYU. After John Welch organized FARMS, he and Deseret Book agreed to co-publish a collected works of Hugh Nibley. The first volume was published in 1986 and 14 volumes were printed by 2002. FARMS also published a two-volume Festschrift in honor of Nibley's 80th birthday. The collection included essays by Aziz Atiya, James Charlesworth, Cyrus Gordon, Jacob Milgrom, Jacob Neusner, and Raphael Patai. When the Ancient Studies Reading Room in the Harold B. Lee Library was relocated in 2001, it was renamed the Hugh Nibley Ancient Studies Reading Room. Alex Nibley later compiled Hugh's World War II memories in Sargeant Nibley, PhD, which was published in 2006. He gave the materials for his final book to FARMS in the fall of 2002, which was published in March 2010 as commemoration for what would have been his 100th birthday. His obituary reported that he was fluent in 14 languages. In 2021, the Interpreter Foundation and Eborn books published Hugh Nibley Observed, which collected the speeches given at the 2010 commemoration of Nibley's centennial as well as tributes and Nibley folklore.

Nibley was a Mormon folk legend during his lifetime, and frequently members of the LDS Church told fantastic stories about him. A Sunstone magazine article documenting several common folk stories (some of questionable veracity) reported that Latter-day Saints would talk of Nibley, for example, shouting quotes from the Illiad while a parachutist in World War II in an attempt to convince Greeks he was friendly, or absent-mindedly recommending German readings to a student without considering the student's inability to read the language. In her thesis on Nibley folklore, Jane Brady found that Nibley stories could be organized into five categories based on the role Nibley played in them: hero, iconoclast, eccentric, spiritual guide, and defender of the faith. Brady put Nibley stories into the context of folklore stories, stating that they illustrated ways that the people who told the stories within BYU's community felt about their own roles as LDS scholars.

Nibley's 1963 speech "Three Shrines: Mantic, Sophic, and Sophistic" distinguished between the sophic and mantic, or a classical tradition of distinguishing between the natural and supernatural. H. Curtis Wright, a professor in BYU's library science program, described Nibley's work with sophic and mantic as "the most insightful thing [Nibley] has ever done" describing the idea as "far more basic than the epistemological disjunction of reason and the senses".

Personal life
Nibley's parents separated after they lost most of their money and had to sell their mansion in 1941. His mother, Agnes Sloan, or "Sloanie", didn't require him to do chores when he was growing up. Alex Nibley, Hugh's son, described her as sometimes "getting involved to an uncomfortable degree". In her old age, she was unable to live on her own, but suffered from arthritis and paranoia. Hugh's father, later in his life, encouraged families to get involved in "high-risk schemes", and used his relationship to Hugh to gain families' trust.

Nibley met Phyllis Draper (born August 2, 1926) at BYU prior to teaching his first classes there. They married in September 1946 and had eight children. In a collection of folklore about Nibley, Dan McKinley reported that Nibley wrote that Phyllis "knew when to leave [him] alone" in an exhibit of BYU professors' tributes to their wives. Phyllis said that while Nibley enjoyed spending time with his children when they were young, he became distant as they got older. Nibley died on February 24, 2005, in his home in Provo, Utah, at the age of 94. Phyllis Draper Nibley died February 25, 2022, at the age of 95.

Martha Beck's claims
Nibley's daughter Martha Beck published Leaving the Saints: How I Lost the Mormons and Found My Faith in 2005, describing her departure from the LDS Church, and claiming in 1990 she had recovered repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse by her father. Beck linked the abuse to her father's role as an apologist for the Mormon faith. The book was condemned by the LDS Church. The allegations received national publicity. Nibley had long been aware of the allegations, and denied them. Beck's seven siblings responded, noting about half the Nibley siblings had left the LDS church or were not active in Mormonism and most had taken issue with elements of their father's personality or habits but were unified in their rejection of Beck's claims. In a review of Leaving the Saints for Sunstone magazine, Tania Rands Lyon noted many "internal inconsistencies" in Beck's narrative that argued against the abuse claims and was put off by the relentlessly negative view of Mormonism. Lyon also noted how Beck originally intended for the manuscript to be a novel but changed it to be an autobiography at her publisher's suggestion.

Selected publications

 * No Ma'am That's Not History (1946).
 * Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites (1952).
 * The Myth Makers (1961).
 * What Is a Temple?; The Idea of the Temple in History (1963).
 * An Approach to the Book of Mormon (1964).
 * Since Cumorah (1967). SBN: 87747-240-8
 * The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri; An Egyptian Endowment (1975). ISBN 0-87747-485-0
 * Nibley on the Timely and the Timeless; Classic Essays of Hugh W. Nibley (1978). ISBN 0-88494-338-0
 * Abraham in Egypt (1981). ISBN 0-87747-865-1

title: Hugh Nibley


text:
Percy M. Young

Percy Marshall Young (17 May 1912 – 9 May 2004) was a British music scholar, editor, organist, composer, conductor and teacher.

Young was born in Northwich, Cheshire. His father, twice mayor of Northwich, was a clerk at Brunner Mond Chemical works in Winsford; his mother, Annie née Marshall, was a nurse. Young was educated at the local Sir John Deane's Grammar School, from where he won a scholarship to Christ's Hospital, Horsham, where, taught by Robert Wilkinson, he became senior Music Grecian; and then, in 1930, he won an organ scholarship to Selwyn College, Cambridge, where he read English (studying under Tom Henn), History and Music  (studying music history under Edward Dent and organ under Cyril Rootham). Staying a fourth year in Cambridge, taking up the Stuart of Rannoch Scholarship, he was awarded the William Barclay Squire Prize for music paleography. Then from 1934 to 1937 he was Director of Music at Stranmillis Teacher Training College in Belfast, during which years he earned a Mus.D. at Trinity College, Dublin. From 1937 to 1944 Young was Musical Adviser to Stoke-on-Trent Local Education Authority. After that, Young became Director of Music at Wolverhampton College of Technology, a position he would occupy from 1944 to 1966, after which he became an independent scholar, prolific author, music-arranger / -editor and enthusiastic lecturer, broadcaster, adjudicator and examiner. In 1985 he was made a D.Mus., h.c., by The University of Birmingham; and in 1998 he was made an Honorary Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge.

Young published more than fifty books. Among those are biographies of musicians Handel (1947), Elgar (five books: 1955-1978),  Vaughan Williams (1953), Schumann (1957), Kodály (1964), Sir Arthur Sullivan (1971),  Alice, Lady, Elgar (1978), and Sir George Grove (1980). Also, for younger readers, he wrote a series of ten titles on composers Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Dvořák, Debussy, Stravinsky, and Britten.

From fragments left by Elgar Young reconstructed, and published, a suite from unfinished opera The Spanish Lady.

Young edited Gilbert and Sullivan's opera "H.M.S.Pinafore" (2000) for the complete edition of The Savoy Operas (Broude Brothers, New York) and was General Editor of the complete edition.

His own compositions include: "Virgin's Slumber Song" (1932), From a Child's Garden (Robert Louis Stevenson; 1941), Passacaglia for violin and piano (1931), Fugal Concerto in G minor for 2 pianos and strings (1951), Elegy for String Orchestra (1960) and Festival Te Deum (1961). There are also many unpublished pieces for brass ensemble. Piano duo Keith Swallow and John Wilson have recorded his Five Folk Song Duets (1938).

Young was also an keen followers and historian of Association football, writing twelve books on the genre including histories of several League clubs --  Wolverhampton Wanderers, Manchester United, Bolton Wanderers, "Football on Merseyside", "Football in Sheffield" -- plus a history of the game itself (A History of British Football). Young was also a Labour councillor in Wolverhampton, gaining the Wednesfield Heath ward from the Conservatives. In the 1970s he was Chairman of The Council  for Community Relations in Wolverhampton.

After the death of his first wife, Netta Carson, Young married Renée Morris in 1969, who survives him, along with three sons and a daughter of his first marriage.

Young's archive is held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Percy M. Young


text:
Proteus (bacterium)

Proteus is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a rod shaped, aerobic and motile bacteria, which is able to migrate across surfaces due its “swarming” characteristic in temperatures between 20 and 37 °C. Their size generally ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 μm in diameter and 1.0–3.0 μm in length. They tend to have an ammonia smell. Proteus bacilli are widely distributed in nature as saprophytes, being found in decomposing animal matter, sewage, manure soil, the mammalian intestine, and human and animal feces. They are opportunistic pathogens, commonly responsible for urinary and septic infections, often nosocomial.

The term Proteus signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, "the old man of the sea", who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation. The first use of the term “Proteus” in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser (1885), who described under this term three types of organisms which he isolated from putrefied meat.

Clinical significance
Three species—P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, and P. penneri—are opportunistic human pathogens. Proteus includes pathogens responsible for many human urinary tract infections. P. mirabilis causes wound and urinary tract infections. Most strains of P. mirabilis are sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins. P. vulgaris is not sensitive to these antibiotics but ticarcillin. However, this organism is isolated less often in the laboratory and usually only targets immunosuppressed individuals. P. vulgaris occurs naturally in the intestines of humans and a wide variety of animals, and in manure, soil, and polluted waters. P. mirabilis, once attached to the urinary tract, infects the kidney more commonly than E. coli. P. mirabilis is often found as a free-living organism in soil and water.

About 10–15% of kidney stones are struvite stones, caused by alkalinization of the urine by the action of the urease enzyme (which splits urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide) of Proteus (and other) bacterial species.

Identification
Proteus species do not usually ferment lactose. Similar to other members of the Enterobacterales order, bacteria from the Proteus genus are glucose fermenting, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and nitrate-positive. Glucose fermentation in this species can be demonstrated through the triple sugar iron (TSI) test. Specific tests include positive urease (which is the fundamental test to differentiate Proteus from Salmonella) and phenylalanine deaminase tests.

On the species level, indole was considered reliable, as it is positive for P. vulgaris, but negative for P. mirabilis. However, further biochemical testing is now required to speciate Proteus since the discovery of the indole positive Proteus hauseri Most strains produce a powerful urease enzyme, which rapidly hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon monoxide; exceptions are some Providencia strains. Species can be motile, and have characteristic "swarming" patterns. Underlying these behaviors are the somatic O and flagellar H antigens, so named based on Kauffman–White classification. This system is based on historic observations of Edmund Weil (1879–1922) and Arthur Felix (1887–1956) of a thin surface film produced by agar-grown flagellated Proteus strains, a film that resembled the mist produced by breath on a glass. Flagellated (swarming, motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German Hauch, for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing as isolated colonies and lacking the surface film were designated as O forms (German ohne Hauch, without film [i.e., without surface film of mist droplets]).

The cell wall O-antigen of certain strains of Proteus, such as OX-2, OX-19, OX-k, crossreact with several species of Rickettsia. These antigens can be used in laboratory to detect the presence of antibodies against certain Rickettsia species in patients' sera. This test is called Weil-Felix reaction after its originators.

Food industry
Cheese makers have found Proteus bacterium's species Proteus vulgaris, growing on cheese rinds in purple color, making the cheese inedible. It is successful in implanting itself in a complex cheese ecosystem and substantially contributed to the organoleptic properties of cheese during ripening. It does not interact well with other bacteria in the same ecosystem.

See also
 * Dienes phenomenon

title: Proteus (bacterium)


text:
Talk:Josef Matthias Hauer

Source
from http://www.ibiblio.org/johncovach/hauerbio.htm by John Covach, see Copyright problems Hyacinth (talk) 18 May 2004

Hauer and Mann
I erased the following passage, there is no proof for it. "It has been found out that—besides Arnold Schönberg and Theodor W. Adorno—Hauer was also a model for Adrian Leverkühn in Thomas Mann's novel Doktor Faustus." --Konrad Stein (talk) 21:16, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

New Grove
Since you didn't actually check The New Grove you can't actually claim to cite it first hand. Hyacinth (talk) 04:53, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * One supposes you must be addressing someone in particular. Since I am the only editor lately to have made any change to do with Monika Lichtenfeld's New Grove article, it seems reasonable to suppose you might be speaking to me. Of course I actually checked Lichtenfeld's article. What do you want? A literal quotation? I can provide it, if you insist.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 05:19, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The page number you requested, which leads me to believe that, "of course," you did not check it. Hyacinth (talk) 06:15, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Since it is not usual for dictionary or encyclopedia articles to cite page numbers (because articles in them are usually short and ordered alphabetically, so that citations are easily located), I do not normally write them down. However, some editors have recently started demanding them for New Grove articles, and I have tried to oblige by trekking over to the library and tracking them down. I have not yet had the opportunity in this case, but where on earth do you suppose I got the article author's name from, if not from a copy of the article itself?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 19:28, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Forgive me if I still don't understand. You requested a page number from yourself after looking at it? Hyacinth (talk) 20:14, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's right. I thought I would save others the trouble of demanding it of me.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 03:34, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * But why don't you give it to yourself? Hyacinth (talk) 04:08, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Erm, what, demand a page reference of myself? I thought I just explained that is exactly what I did.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 04:44, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * No, why don't you give the page number to yourself? Hyacinth (talk) 04:50, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

I was forced to go to the library, so I looked it up. Hyacinth (talk) 20:40, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

"Nomos" Image
Instead of the "(for example Nomos, see image at twelve-tone technique)" link, I added the image of "Nomos" from the twelve-tone technique article. Starvinsky (talk) 02:04, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Reorganization
I also reorganized the material, and fixed a lot of syntactical errors. There are, however, still some questionable statements that could use both some clarification and citations. Starvinsky (talk) 02:26, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Josef Matthias Hauer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041028200226/http://www.aeiou.at:80/aeiou/musikkolleg/hauer to http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou/musikkolleg/hauer/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140106204431/http://www.burgmueller.com/tondichterhauer.html to http://www.burgmueller.com/tondichterhauer.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:32, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Josef Matthias Hauer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140522213508/http://www.uni-graz.at/~fripert/db/ to http://www.uni-graz.at/~fripert/db/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:51, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: whether Schoenberg was aware of Hauer's work when he first developed his 12-tone method of composition, whether Schoenberg was influenced from Hauer to any extent, and whether Schoenberg acknowledged such influence from Hauer. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 19:10, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josef Matthias Hauer


text:
Talk:V. P. Singh

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:49, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * V P Singh by Arjun.jpg

Date of birth
The article says:
 * Singh was born on 25 June 1930, the third child of the Hindu Rajput Zamindar family

So the IP editor was correct in trying to change the date of birth to 25 June 1931. -- Toddy1 (talk) 07:31, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
 * gives the date of birth as 25 June 1931
 * does not mention the date of birth, though page 75-76 mentions that VP Singh was a Rajput. (The archive link does not show page 75.)
 * does not mention the date of birth, though it does mention that he was a Hindu and a Rajput.

Undiscussed move
Pinging @Toddy1 w.r.t. move; @APPu Please open a Requested moves for the move of this page. -- DaxServer (talk) 19:01, 7 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Google ngram viewer results. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 09:00, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:54, 24 August 2021 (UTC)
 * SA with Prime Minister V.P Singh.jpg

Requested move 16 April 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved to V.P. Singh (closed by non-admin page mover)    Kadzi    (talk) 12:04, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Vishwanath Pratap Singh → V. P. Singh – The shortened form seems to be the widely used reference instead of full form. See Ngrams and Google Books (full ~18,400 vs short 178,000) — DaxServer (t · m · c) 10:15, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Courtesy ping to from above section — DaxServer (t · m · c) 10:17, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support - WP:COMMONNAME. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:21, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support as per above. Kpddg  (talk)  16:13, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Support as per pointed out. >>> Extorc . talk  10:52, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Edit 'Prime Minister Section'
Looks like a case of copy paste has happened in this section. The section entitled 'Prime Minister' has the paragraph

'V. P. Singh faced his first crisis within few days of taking office, when Kashmiri militants kidnapped the daughter of his Home Minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir).[56] His government agreed to the demand for releasing militants in exchange; partly to end the storm of criticism that followed, he shortly thereafter appointed Jagmohan Malhotra, a former bureaucrat, as Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.'

This is also the opening para of the sub section 'Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus'. Suggest keeping this para in the 'Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus' and taking it off from the broader 'Prime Minister' section Suksane (talk) 10:41, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Editors, any way forward? Suksane (talk) 20:29, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:V. P. Singh


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Penn-Six and GMS

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the pages entitled Penn-Six and GMS.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Vanity. RickK

 * Keep Penn-Six, or move it to Pennsylvania Six-5000; it was referred to in Glenn Miller's song, written by Carl Sigman. Delete GMS or merge it with P6-5000 Dysprosia 07:07, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Pennyslvania 6-5000 is a song. Penn-Six is a choral group.  What does one have to do with the other?  RickK 07:09, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * One could write about the song, and mention that the choral group was mentioned in the song. However, now that I think of it, if the group named themselves after the song, then delete... Dysprosia 07:15, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete both as vanity. - Lucky 6.9 18:26, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Appears to be non-notable. Delete both. -- Cyrius|&#9998 23:28, May 20, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Seattle Central Library

The Seattle Central Library is the flagship library of the Seattle Public Library system. The 11-story (185 feet or 56.9 meters high) glass and steel building in the downtown core of Seattle, Washington was opened to the public on May 23, 2004. Rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus of OMA/LMN were the principal architects, and Magnusson Klemencic Associates was the structural engineer with Arup. Arup also provided mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineering, as well as fire/life safety, security, IT and communications, and audio visual consulting. Hoffman Construction Company of Portland, Oregon, was the general contractor.

The 362987 sqft public library has the capacity to hold about one and a half million books and other materials. It offers underground public parking for 143 vehicles and over 400 computers accessible to the public. Over two million people visited the library during its first year. It is the third Seattle Central Library building to be located on the same site at 1000 Fourth Avenue, the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth Avenues and Madison and Spring Streets. The library has a unique, striking appearance, consisting of several discrete "floating platforms" seemingly wrapped in a large steel net around glass skin. Architectural tours of the building began in June 2004.

In 2007, the building was voted #108 on the American Institute of Architects' list of Americans' 150 favorite structures in the U.S. It was one of two places in Seattle to be included on the list of 150 structures, the other being T-Mobile Park.

History
There has been a library located in downtown Seattle as far back as 1891; however, the library did not have its own dedicated facilities and it was frequently on the move from building to building. The Seattle Carnegie Library, the first permanent library located in its own dedicated building at Fourth Avenue and Madison Street, opened on December 19, 1906, with a Beaux-Arts design by Peter J. Weber. Andrew Carnegie, whose patronage of libraries later included five others in Seattle, donated $200,000 for the construction of the new library. That library, at 55000 sqft, with an extension built in 1946, eventually became too small and cramped for the city's growing population by the 1950s; it had also sustained structural damage from the 1949 Olympia earthquake. A temporary library was set up in the Electric Building on the corner of Seventh Avenue and Olive Way; originally built in 1909, the building was owned by Puget Sound Power and Light until December 1956, when the company sold the building to Frederick & Nelson and moved its offices to the Puget Power Building in Bellevue. The Carnegie library closed on March 22, 1957, with demolition commencing that July.

A second library, at five stories and 206000 sqft, was built at the site of the old Carnegie library and opened on March 26, 1960. The new building designed by architects Bindon and Wright, with Decker, Christenson, and Kitchin as associates, featured an international-style architecture and an expanded interior, with features such as drive-thru service to offset the lack of available parking. George Tsutakawa's "Fountain of Wisdom" on the Fifth Avenue side (relocated to Fourth Avenue in the current library) was the first of that artist's many sculptural fountains. A remodeling finished in 1972 gave the public access to the fourth story, dedicated to the arts and sound recordings. By the late 1990s, the library became too cramped again and two-thirds of its materials were held in storage areas inaccessible to patrons. Renewed consciousness of regional earthquake dangers drew concern from public officials about the seismic risks inherent to the building's design.

To make way for the current Seattle Central Library, which is the third library building to inhabit the city block between Fourth and Fifth Avenues, the second library was closed on June 8, 2001, and demolished that November; a temporary library had opened on July 7 in rented spaced at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. Funding for the new Seattle Central Library building, as well as other construction projects throughout the library system, was provided by a $196.4 million bond measure, called "Libraries for All," approved by Seattle voters on November 3, 1998. The project also received a $20 million donation from Bill Gates, of Microsoft.

Design
Rem Koolhaas and Joshua Prince-Ramus of the Dutch firm Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), working in conjunction with the Seattle firm LMN Architects, served as the building's principal architects. Ramus served as the partner in charge. Bjarke Ingels designed the interior boxes for OMA. OMA was not one of the firms invited to compete for the project. Ramus, formerly a Seattle resident, found out from his mother one day in advance that the library board was inviting interested firms to attend a mandatory public meeting. He flew in, and OMA ended up winning the project.

Deborah Jacobs, Chief Librarian in the Seattle Public Library system, spearheaded the project from the library's perspective and served as the primary client voice, while Betty Jane Narver served as president of the Library Board.

The architects conceived the new Central Library building as a celebration of books, deciding after some research that despite the arrival of the 21st century and the "digital age," people still respond to books printed on paper. The 11-story Central Library has a capacity for over 1.5 million books, in comparison to only 900,000 in the old library building. The architects also worked to make the library inviting to the public, rather than stuffy, which they discovered was the popular perception of libraries as a whole.

Although the library is an unusual shape from the outside, the architects' philosophy was to let the building's required functions dictate what it should look like, rather than imposing a structure and making the functions conform to that.

Layout
The first level, facing 4th Avenue, has a lobby, holds pick-up, and a children's center. It also includes the Microsoft Auditorium, which seats 275 people for events. An escalator connects the 4th Avenue lobby to the third level, which faces 5th Avenue and is named the Norcliffe Foundation Living Room. It includes a small cafe, a gift shop, and a teen center. The fourth level, named the "Red Floor", uses 13 shades of red paint on surfaces and includes four meeting rooms and two computer labs. The main computer lab is located on the fifth level, named the Charles Simonyi Mixing Chamber, with 338 computer stations and a reference desk.

A major section of the building is the "Books Spiral", which is designed to display the library's nonfiction collection without breaking up the Dewey Decimal System classification onto different floors or sections. The collection occupies the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth stories on a continuous series of shelves with a maximum slope of 2 degrees. The eighth level also includes music practice rooms, while the ninth level has a genealogy collection and map room. The tenth level is divided between the Seattle Room, which contains local history collections, and the Betty Jane Narver Reading Room with 400 seats. It also includes the highest viewpoints in the building.

New functions include automatic book sorting and conveyance, self-checkout for patrons, pervasive wireless communications among the library staff, and over 400 public computer terminals.

Below the library is a 143-stall parking garage that is open for use by library patrons and other members of the public for a fee.

Response
Use of the building is more than double the predicted volume. In the library's first year, 2.3 million people came to visit the library; roughly 30% were from outside Seattle. The library generated $16 million in new economic activity for its surrounding area in its first year. The opinion of architectural critics and the general public has been mixed. Paul Goldberger, writing in The New Yorker, declared the Seattle Central Library "the most important new library to be built in a generation, and the most exhilarating." The American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC) of Washington awarded the Library its Platinum Award for innovation and engineering in its "structural solutions". The library also received a 2005 national AIA Honor Award for Architecture.

Lawrence Cheek, the architecture critic for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer,  revisited the building in 2007 and found it "confusing, impersonal, uncomfortable, oppressive" on the whole, with various features "decidedly unpleasant," "relentlessly monotonous," "badly designed and cheesily detailed," "profoundly dreary and depressing," and "cheaply finished or dysfunctional," concluding that his earlier praise for the building was a "mistake."

The library was roundly condemned by the Project for Public Spaces, which noted "if the library were a true 'community hub,' its most active areas would connect directly to the street, spinning off activity in every direction. That is where Koolhaas's library, sealed away from the sidewalks and streets around it, fails completely." It went on to note "critics have cast it as a masterpiece of public space design. As if blinded by the architect's knack for flash and publicity, they cannot locate, or perhaps refuse to acknowledge, the faults in his creation."

The confusing layout of the library's structure was also addressed in a book by architect Ruth Conroy Dalton and cognitive scientist Christoph Hölscher, called Take One Building: Interdisciplinary Research Perspectives of the Seattle Central Library. Researchers examined it as a model case for investigating the interplay between the building's complexity and individual differences in wayfinding ability.

title: Seattle Central Library


text:
New York Yanks

The New York Yanks were an American football team that played in the National Football League under that name in the 1950 and 1951 seasons.

1949
The team began in 1944 as the Boston Yanks, owned by Kate Smith's manager, Ted Collins. He wanted a team in New York City, but had to be content with one in Boston after the New York Giants refused to let his new team share the New York area.

In 1949, Collins suspected that the All-America Football Conference was on its last legs and got permission to move the Yanks to New York. Rather than a formal relocation, however, Collins asked the NFL to fold his Boston franchise and grant him a new one for New York, most likely as a tax write-off. This new team played as the New York Bulldogs and shared the Polo Grounds with the Giants during the 1949 season.

The 1949 Bulldogs were a disaster on the field (1–10–1) as well as the box office, drawing just 48,007 fans to their six home games, with by far the largest crowd (17,704) coming against the Giants.

The nadir came during a 13-13 tie with the Washington Redskins on October 30, which drew a meager 3,678 fans, the lowest attendance at a non-neutral site NFL game since 1939 (excluding 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic severely limited attendance).

1950
In 1950, Collins changed his franchise's name to the New York Yanks and moved to Yankee Stadium, essentially merging the woeful Bulldogs with the New York Yankees of the now-defunct AAFC, as part of a deal in which he bought the rights to most of the Yankees players. (Eighteen players from the '49 Yankees played for the Yanks in 1950, while only four players from the 1949 Bulldogs — Joe Domnanovich, Joe Golding, John Nolan and John Rauch — returned.)

After splitting their first two games, the Yanks went on a five-game winning streak, putting them on top of the NFL's new National Conference with a 6–1 record. Led by quarterback George Ratterman (whom the Yanks acquired after his old team, the Buffalo Bills, failed to be accepted in the NFL-AAFC merger), New York rolled up 190 points in those five victories. (Attendance improved as well; after attracting barely 30,000 total to their first three home games (all Yanks victories), 48,642 showed up for their next home game against Chicago, followed by 42,673 against the Rams.) That proved to be the team's high-water mark, however; a porous defense led to a four-game losing streak that knocked the Yanks out of the race. A win over the expiring Baltimore franchise (playing its last game) upped their final record to 7–5, good enough for third place and a definite improvement over 1949.

1951
The football Yanks had two future Hall of Fame linemen in Art Donovan and Mike McCormack in 1951.

Their biggest opponent turned out to be their landlords, the baseball Yankees, who won the American League pennant, and did not want the field torn up during the 1951 World Series.

The Yanks were forced to move their first two home games to Los Angeles and Detroit, both of which were blowout losses. Their next five games resulted in four losses by a total of 16 points and one tie, all but one of which were also played on the road (only four of their 12 games for the season were at home).

With a 0–6–1 record, the Yanks season was already over, and their attendance crashed in response: their sole home game in that span, a 29–27 loss to Green Bay, drew just 7,351 fans.

The Yanks finished the 1951 season with only one victory, a 31–28 win in their road game against Green Bay. Their final game, at Yankee Stadium against the Giants, was played on an icy field with a game time temperature of 17 °F, and drew only 6,658 fans to Yankee Stadium.

The Yanks lost 27–17 to finish their season at 1–9–2 and last place in the league.

Season-by-season record
Yanks Total: 8 - 14 - 2

Decline and dissolution
After only 37,268 people attended their four home games in 1951 (three losses and a tie), the New York Yanks were reported to have been sold back to the league following the season, but it is more likely the franchise was simply cancelled by the NFL.

Shortly thereafter, a group of Dallas businessmen bought the Yanks' roster and player contracts, though it was ostensibly a new franchise, and moved them to Dallas as the Dallas Texans, playing at the Cotton Bowl. That franchise, in turn, failed after only one season, and the remains were awarded to a Baltimore-based group that used it to start the new Baltimore Colts.

However, the NFL and the current Colts organization (which relocated to Indianapolis in 1984) do not consider the Colts to be a continuation of the New York Yanks or any other franchise.

Notable players

 * Bob DeMoss
 * Brad Ecklund
 * George Ratterman
 * Jack Russell
 * Spec Sanders
 * George Taliaferro
 * Art Weiner
 * Buddy Young

title: New York Yanks


text:
Talk:Munition

==Untitled= cryptography and its history as well as software protection and such stuf uses the word Munition for the fortification of software and such. There is no need to redirect to Am-munition witch is the destruction of such fortification. 85.220.89.25 (talk) 19:18, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Is cryptography in U.S. still regarded as munition? --195.210.230.161 11:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Munition


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finowkanal

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Finowkanal.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the article.

 * Delete. Nothing but German. This encyclopedia is supposed to be English. 66.245.2.114 16:57, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Translated it, and copied German content to the approbiate entry in de.wikipedia. -- till we *) 19:10, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Thanks for the translation, I can't see any reason for deletion now. -- Jao 22:30, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep translated stub. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:24, May 16, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:202.1.54.28

title: User talk:202.1.54.28


text:
Colm Feore

Colm Joseph Feore (born August 22, 1958) is a Canadian actor. A 15-year veteran of the Stratford Festival, he is known for his Gemini-winning turn as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the CBC miniseries Trudeau (2002), his portrayal of Glenn Gould in Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould (1993), and for playing Detective Martin Ward in Bon Cop, Bad Cop (2006) and its sequel Bon Cop, Bad Cop 2 (2017).

His other roles include Martin Harrison in Chicago (2002), Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), First Gentleman Henry Taylor on 24 (2009), Cardinal Della Rovere on The Borgias (2011–2013), Laufey in Thor (2011), General Ted Brockhart on House of Cards (2016–2017), Declan Gallard on 21 Thunder (2017), Wernher von Braun in For All Mankind (2019), and Sir Reginald Hargreeves on The Umbrella Academy (2019–present). Feore is also a Prix Iris and Screen Actors Guild Award winner and a Genie Award nominee.

Early life and education
Feore was born on August 22, 1958, in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were Irish immigrants, and the family moved back to Ireland shortly after Colm was born, remaining there for several years before emigrating to Windsor, Ontario. After graduating from Ridley College in St. Catharines, Ontario, he attended the National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal, Quebec.

Career
Feore honed his acting skills as a member of the Acting Company of the Stratford Festival of Canada, North America's largest classical repertory theatre. He spent 17 seasons at Stratford where he rose from bit parts to leading roles, including Romeo, Hamlet, Richard III, and Cyrano. He returned in 2006 to star in four productions, including Don Juan in both English and French and as Fagin in Oliver! In 2009 he played the main role of Macbeth in the play Macbeth, the main role of Cyrano in Cyrano de Bergerac, and Lear in King Lear in 2014, all performed at the Stratford Festival Theatre. He also has appeared on Broadway as Cassius in the production of Julius Caesar starring Denzel Washington as Brutus. Off-Broadway, for the Public Theater, he was Claudius in a Hamlet production that starred Liev Schreiber.

In Canada, Feore's most famous roles were as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the critically acclaimed television mini-series Trudeau, a role for which he won a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series, as classical pianist Glenn Gould in the 1993 film Thirty-Two Short Films About Glenn Gould, and as by-the-book English Canadian detective Martin Ward in the box-office hit Bon Cop, Bad Cop. He also played a crazed marketing executive imposter in the second season of the Canadian TV series, Slings and Arrows, a role that continued for several episodes. The show has run in the United States on the Sundance Channel.

Outside Canada, Feore has appeared in numerous film, theatre and television roles. He is perhaps most famous in the United States for his supporting roles in such Hollywood films as Chicago, City of Angels, Pearl Harbor, The Sum of All Fears, Paycheck, and The Chronicles of Riddick. In 1999, he appeared in Stephen King's Storm of the Century as the powerful ancient wizard Andre Linoge. He was the crooked Los Angeles Police Chief James E. Davis in 2008's Changeling. In 2011, he appeared as Laufey, King of the Frost Giants, in the live-action superhero film Thor. In 2014, he portrayed Dr. Francis Dulmacher in Gotham. He portrayed the First Gentleman Henry Taylor on the seventh season of 24, appeared as Tad Whitney in The West Wing second-season episode titled "Galileo" and played the billionaire suspect Jordan Hayes in the 2011 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Flight". He played supernatural murderers in two episodes of Friday the 13th: The Series.

Honours
On June 8, 2002, Feore received an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree (D.Hum.) from the University of Windsor in Windsor. In October 2012, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree (D.Litt.) by Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, in recognition of his contributions to Canadian theatre and film.

Feore was honoured with Gascon-Thomas Award from the National Theatre School of Canada in 2013, the award is given annually to an actor that makes an exceptional contribution to the growth of theatre. In the same year, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) "for his contributions as an actor of the stage and screen, notably by bridging Anglophone and Francophone cultures as a fluently bilingual performer."

In 2019, Feore received the Lifetime Artistic Achievement Award in Film from the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards. He won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021, for the film Sugar Daddy.

Personal life
Feore has been married to Donna Feore (née Starnes), a choreographer and theatre director associated with the National Arts Centre and the Stratford Festival, since 1994. He was previously married to actress Sidonie Boll, whom he met at the National Theatre School, from 1983 to 1994. Feore has three children: son Jack with Boll, and son Thomas and daughter Anna with Donna Feore.

Feore is fluent in French.

Stratford Festival Theatre credits

 * Romeo and Juliet (1984), Romeo
 * The Boys from Syracuse (1986), Antipholus
 * Cymbeline (1986), Iachimo
 * Othello (1987), Iago
 * Richard III (1988), King Richard III
 * The Taming of the Shrew (1988), Petruchio
 * The Three Musketeers (1988), Athos
 * Julius Caesar (1990), Cassius
 * The Merry Wives of Windsor (1990), Frank Ford
 * Hamlet (1991), Hamlet
 * Romeo and Juliet (1992), Mercutio
 * Measure for Measure (1992), Angelo
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (1993), Oberon
 * The Pirates of Penzance (1994), Pirate King
 * Cyrano de Bergerac (1994), Cyrano
 * My Fair Lady (2002), Henry Higgins
 * Don Juan (2006), Don Juan
 * Oliver! (2006), Fagin
 * Coriolanus (2006), Coriolanus
 * Intervention (2007)
 * Macbeth (2009), Macbeth
 * Cyrano de Bergerac (2009), Cyrano
 * King Lear (2014), King Lear
 * The Beaux' Stratagem (2014), Archer
 * Richard III (2022), Richard III
 * The Miser (2022), Harper

title: Colm Feore


text:
Blacklick Creek

Blacklick Creek may refer to:

 * Blacklick Creek (Ohio), a tributary of Big Walnut Creek
 * Blacklick Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Conemaugh River

title: Blacklick Creek


text:
Sopwith Salamander

The Sopwith TF.2 Salamander was a British ground-attack aircraft of the First World War designed by the Sopwith Aviation Company which first flew in April 1918. It was a single-engined, single-seat biplane, based on the Sopwith Snipe fighter, with an armoured forward fuselage to protect the pilot and fuel system from ground fire during low level operations. It was ordered in large numbers for the Royal Air Force but the war ended before the type could enter squadron service, although two were in France in October 1918.

Design and development
In August 1917, the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) introduced the coordinated mass use of single-seat fighter aircraft for low-level ground-attack operations in support of the Third Battle of Ypres, with Airco DH.5s, which were unsuitable for high-altitude combat, specialising in this role. The tactic proved effective and was repeated at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 by DH.5s and Sopwith Camels being used in strafing attacks. While the tactic proved successful, losses of the unarmoured fighters proved to be extremely high, reaching up to 30 per cent per day. Most losses were due to ground fire, although low-flying aircraft also proved vulnerable to attacks from above by enemy fighters. Two-seat German fighters such as Halberstadt CL.II, originally designed as escort fighters, were also used for ground-attack, playing an important role in the German counter-offensive at Cambrai. While the CL-type fighters were not armoured, the Germans also introduced more specialised heavily armoured two-seat aircraft such as the Junkers J.I for contact patrol and ground-attack work.

As a result of the high losses sustained during strafing and after seeing the success of the new German types, the RFC instructed the Sopwith Aviation Company to modify a Camel for close air support, by fitting downward-firing guns and armour. The modified Camel, known as the "TF.1" (trench fighter 1), flew on 15 February 1918. Two Lewis guns were fixed to fire downwards and forwards at an angle of 45 degrees and a third gun was mounted on the upper wing. The downward-firing guns proved to be of little use, being almost impossible to aim. The TF.1 did not go into production but information gained in testing it was used for the Salamander design.

Work on a more advanced armoured fighter, conceived as an armoured version of the Sopwith Snipe, began early in 1918. The forward portion of the fuselage was a 605 lb (275 kg) box of armour plate, forming an integral part of the aircraft structure, protecting the pilot and fuel system, with a 0.315 in (8 mm) front plate, a 0.433 in (11 mm) bottom plate, 0.236 in (6 mm) side plates and rear armour consisting of an 11-gauge and 6-gauge plate separated by an air gap. The rear (unarmoured) section of the fuselage was a generally similar structure to the Snipe but flat sided, to match the forepart. The two-bay wings and tailplane were identical in form to those of the Snipe but were strengthened to cope with the extra weight, while the fin and rudder were identical to the Snipe. The new aircraft used the same Bentley BR2 rotary engine as the Snipe, covered by an unarmoured cowling – the foremost armour plate forming the firewall.

Originally an armament of three machine guns was planned, with two Lewis guns firing forwards and downwards through the cockpit floor as in the TF.1, and a forward firing Vickers machine gun. This was changed to a conventional battery of two synchronised Vickers guns in front of the cockpit, as on the Snipe, before the first prototype was complete. The guns were staggered, with the starboard gun mounted a few inches forward of the port one to give more room for ammunition. Four light bombs could also be carried.

The first prototype started flight tests at Brooklands aerodrome on 27 April 1918 and was sent to France for evaluation on 9 May. It was wrecked in a crash on 19 May while being flown by No. 65 Squadron when the pilot had to avoid a tender crossing the aerodrome responding to another crash. While the Salamander was generally considered promising in the ground-attack role, lateral control was recognised as poor. To rectify these problems, the Salamander underwent many of the same modifications to the tail and ailerons as the Snipe.

Service history
Production was intended to be on a very large scale – an initial order for 500 aircraft was placed with Sopwith on 18 June, followed by additional orders with Wolseley Motors, the Air Navigation Co., Glendower Aircraft, Palladium Motors and the National Aircraft Factory No. 1. A total of 1,400 Salamanders were ordered. Production was slowed, however, by problems producing the armour plate, this being prone to distortion during the hardening process, and shortages of the BR.2 engine. By the end of October 1918 only 37 Salamanders were on RAF charge, and just two of these were in France. The first Salamander-equipped squadron, 157 Squadron, was due to fly out to France with 24 aircraft on 21 November, with more squadrons in the process of forming in the United Kingdom.

With the Armistice, the immediate need for a specialist close support aircraft evaporated, and 157 Squadron was quickly disbanded. Production continued for several months following the Armistice, with at least 497 completed. It was discovered postwar that 70 Salamanders had been fitted with Sopwith Snipe wings instead of the stronger wings of the Salamander, rendering the aircraft unsafe, while the armoured section was subject to spontaneous distortion, misaligning the airframe and again making the aircraft dangerous. The Salamander was used in trials of various patterns of disruptive camouflage in 1919, while some Salamanders were still in use at Heliopolis, Egypt in 1922. One example went to America, and was still in existence at McCook Field in 1926.

Operators

 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 86 Squadron RAF
 * No. 96 Squadron RAF
 * No. 157 Squadron RAF
 * No. 157 Squadron RAF

title: Sopwith Salamander


text:
Eduard Study

Christian Hugo Eduard Study (23 March 1862 – 6 January 1930) was a German mathematician known for work on invariant theory of ternary forms (1889) and for the study of spherical trigonometry. He is also known for contributions to space geometry, hypercomplex numbers, and criticism of early physical chemistry.

Study was born in Coburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Career
Eduard Study began his studies in Jena, Strasbourg, Leipzig, and Munich. He loved to study biology, especially entomology. He was awarded the doctorate in mathematics at the University of Munich in 1884. Paul Gordan, an expert in invariant theory was at Leipzig, and Study returned there as Privatdozent. In 1888 he moved to Marburg and in 1893 embarked on a speaking tour in the U.S.A. He appeared at a Congress of Mathematicians in Chicago as part of the World's Columbian Exposition and took part in mathematics at Johns Hopkins University. Back in Germany, in 1894, he was appointed extraordinary professor at Göttingen. Then he gained the rank of full professor in 1897 at Greifswald. In 1904 he was called to the University of Bonn as the position held by Rudolf Lipschitz was vacant. There he settled until retirement in 1927.

Study gave a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1904 at Heidelberg and another in 1912 at Cambridge, UK.

Euclidean space group and dual quaternions
In 1891 Eduard Study published "Of Motions and Translations, in two parts". It treats the Euclidean group E(3). The second part of his article introduces the associative algebra of dual quaternions, that is numbers

 * $$q = a + bi + cj + dk \!$$

where a, b, c, and d are dual numbers and {1, i, j, k} multiply as in the quaternion group. Actually Study uses notation such that

 * $$e_0 = 1,\ e_1 = i,\  e_2 = j,\  e_3 = k, \!$$

 * $$\varepsilon _0 = \varepsilon ,\ \varepsilon _1 = \varepsilon i,\  \varepsilon _2 = \varepsilon j,\  \varepsilon _3 = \varepsilon k. \!$$

The multiplication table is found on page 520 of volume 39 (1891) in Mathematische Annalen under the title "Von Bewegungen und Umlegungen, I. und II. Abhandlungen". Eduard Study cites William Kingdon Clifford as an earlier source on these biquaternions. In 1901 Study published Geometrie der Dynamen also using dual quaternions. In 1913 he wrote a review article treating both E(3) and elliptic geometry. This article, "Foundations and goals of analytical kinematics" develops the field of kinematics, in particular exhibiting an element of E(3) as a homography of dual quaternions.

Study's use of abstract algebra was noted in A History of Algebra (1985) by B. L. van der Waerden. On the other hand, Joe Rooney recounts these developments in relation to kinematics.

Hypercomplex numbers
Study showed an early interest in systems of complex numbers and their application to transformation groups with his article in 1890. He addressed this popular subject again in 1898 in Klein's encyclopedia. The essay explored quaternions and other hypercomplex number systems. This 34 page article was expanded to 138 pages in 1908 by Élie Cartan, who surveyed the hypercomplex systems in Encyclopédie des sciences mathématiques pures et appliqueés. Cartan acknowledged Eduard Study's guidance, in his title, with the words "after Eduard Study".

In the 1993 biography of Cartan by Akivis and Rosenfeld, one reads:
 * [Study] defined the algebra °H of 'semiquaternions' with the units 1, i, ε, η having the properties $$i^2 = -1, \ \varepsilon ^2 = 0, \ i \varepsilon = - \varepsilon i = \eta. \! $$
 * Semiquaternions are often called 'Study's quaternions'.

In 1985 Helmut Karzel and Günter Kist developed "Study's quaternions" as the kinematic algebra corresponding to the group of motions of the Euclidean plane. These quaternions arise in "Kinematic algebras and their geometries" alongside ordinary quaternions and the ring of 2×2 real matrices which Karzel and Kist cast as the kinematic algebras of the elliptic plane and hyperbolic plane respectively. See the "Motivation and Historical Review" at page 437 of Rings and Geometry, R. Kaya editor.

Some of the other hypercomplex systems that Study worked with are dual numbers, dual quaternions, and split-biquaternions, all being associative algebras over R.

Ruled surfaces
Study's work with dual numbers and line coordinates was noted by Heinrich Guggenheimer in 1963 in his book Differential Geometry (see pages 162–5). He cites and proves the following theorem of Study: The oriented lines in R3 are in one-to-one correspondence with the points of the dual unit sphere in D3. Later he says "A differentiable curve A(u) on the dual unit sphere, depending on a real parameter u, represents a differentiable family of straight lines in R3: a ruled surface. The lines A(u) are the generators or rulings of the surface." Guggenheimer also shows the representation of the Euclidean motions in R3 by orthogonal dual matrices.

Hermitian form metric
In 1905 Study wrote "Kürzeste Wege im komplexen Gebiet" (Shortest paths in the complex domain) for Mathematische Annalen (60:321–378). Some of its contents were anticipated by Guido Fubini a year before. The distance Study refers to is a Hermitian form on complex projective space. Since then this metric has been called the Fubini–Study metric. Study was careful in 1905 to distinguish the hyperbolic and elliptic cases in Hermitian geometry.

Valence theory
Somewhat surprisingly Eduard Study is known by practitioners of quantum chemistry. Like James Joseph Sylvester, Paul Gordan believed that invariant theory could contribute to the understanding of chemical valence. In 1900 Gordan and his student G. Alexejeff contributed an article on an analogy between the coupling problem for angular momenta and their work on invariant theory to the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (v. 35, p. 610). In 2006 Wormer and Paldus summarized Study's role as follows:
 * The analogy, lacking a physical basis at the time, was criticised heavily by the mathematician E. Study and ignored completely by the chemistry community of the 1890s. After the advent of quantum mechanics it became clear, however, that chemical valences arise from electron–spin couplings ... and that electron spin functions are, in fact, binary forms of the type studied by Gordan and Clebsch.

Cited publications

 * Über die Geometrie der Kegelschnitte insbesondere deren Charakteristikenproblem. Teubner, Leipzig 1885.
 * Methoden zur Theorie der ternaeren Formen. Teubner, Leipzig 1889.
 * Sphärische Trigonometrie, orthogonale Substitutionen, und elliptische Functionen: Eine analytisch-geometrische Untersuchung. S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1893.
 * Aeltere und neuere Untersuchungen über Systeme complexer Zahlen, Mathematical Papers Chicago Congress.
 * Die Hauptsätze der Quaternionentheorie. Gaertner, Berlin 1900.
 * Geometrie der Dynamen. Die Zusammensetzung von Kräften und verwandte Gegenstände der Geometrie. Teubner, Leipzig 1903.
 * Vorlesungen über ausgewählte Gegenstände der Geometrie. Teubner, Leipzig 1911
 * Konforme Abbildung einfach-zusammenhängender Bereiche. Teubner, Leipzig 1913.
 * Die realistische Weltansicht und die Lehre vom Raume. Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig 1914.
 * Einleitung in die Theorie der Invarianten linearer Transformationen auf Grund der Vektorenrechnung. Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig 1923.
 * Mathematik und Physik - Eine erkenntnistheoretische Untersuchung. Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig 1923.
 * Theorie der allgemeinen und höheren komplexen Grossen in Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften, weblink to University of Göttingen.

title: Eduard Study


text:
User:KeithTyler

The one thing that most makes me sad about Wikipedia's development to today is that they went and completely proved Jason Scott entirely right. The forces of destruction won in the end.

title: User:KeithTyler


text:
Blacklick Creek (Pennsylvania)

Blacklick Creek is a tributary of the Conemaugh River, approximately 30 mi (48 km) long, in western Pennsylvania in the United States.

It rises in two forks in western Cambria County, on the western side of the Allegheny Mountains. The North Branch, approximately 12 mi (19 km) long, rises north of Colver and flows west, then southwest. The South Branch rises near Revloc and flows west. The branches meet at Rexis, near the boundary between Cambria and Indiana counties. The main branch flows west, receiving Two Lick Creek near Josephine, approximately 10 mi (16 km) SSW of Indiana, then WSW to join the Conemaugh approximately 3 mi (5 km) WNW of Blairsville.

The name, which is also the name of the township that contains most of the northern branch and part of the southern branch, probably refers to the fact that the stream (or "lick") often passes over outcroppings of coal ("black" minerals) in its bed and its banks.

title: Blacklick Creek (Pennsylvania)


text:
Imagining Numbers

Imagining Numbers: (particularly the square root of minus fifteen) is a 2003 popular mathematics book by mathematician Barry Mazur The aim of the book is not a history of imaginary numbers but an attempt to
 * re-create, in ourselves, the shift of mathematical thought that makes it possible to imagine these numbers.

The book was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

title: Imagining Numbers


text:
Adolf Eugen Fick

Adolf Eugen Fick (3 September 1829 – 21 August 1901) was a German-born physician and physiologist.

Early life and education
Fick began his work in the formal study of mathematics and physics before realising an aptitude for medicine. He then earned his doctorate in medicine from the University of Marburg in 1851. As a fresh medical graduate, he began his work as a prosector. He died in Flanders at age 71.

Career
In 1855, he introduced Fick's laws of diffusion, which govern the diffusion of a gas across a fluid membrane. In 1870, he was the first to measure cardiac output, using what is now called the Fick principle.

Fick managed to double-publish his law of diffusion, as it applied equally to physiology and physics. His work led to the development of the direct Fick method for measuring cardiac output.

Anecdotal
Fick's nephew, Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick, invented the contact lens.

title: Adolf Eugen Fick


text:
Animusic

Animusic, LLC is a dormant animation company specializing in the 3D visualization of MIDI-based music. Founded by Wayne Lytle, it is currently a registered limited liability company in New York and had offices in Texas and California during its active stages. The initial name of the company was Visual Music, but was changed to Animusic in 1995.

The company is known for its Animusic compilations of computer-generated animations, based on MIDI events processed to simultaneously drive the music and on-screen action, leading to and corresponding to every sound. The animated short "Pipe Dream," showed at SIGGRAPH's Electronic Theater in 2001, details the use of this specific sequencing.

Unlike many other music visualizations, Animusic uses MIDI information to drive the animation, while other 3D programs animate figures or characters to the music. Any animated models in Animusic are created first, and are then programmed to follow what the music, or MIDI information, instructs them to do.

Many of the instruments appear to be robotic or play themselves using seemingly curious methods to produce and visualize the original compositions. The animations typically feature dramatically-lit rooms or landscapes in rustic and/or futuristic locales.

The music in Animusic is principally pop-rock based, consisting of straightforward sequences of triggered samples and digital patches. According to the director's comments on Animusic 2, most instrument sounds are generated with software synthesizers on a music workstation (see Software Programs for more info). Many sounds resemble stock patches available on digital keyboards, subjected to some manipulation, such as pitch or playback speed, to enhance the appeal of their timbre.

Releases
, three video albums have been released.

 * Animusic: A Computer Animation Video Album (2001)
 * Animusic 2: A New Computer Animation Video Album (2005)
 * Animusic HD: Stunning Computer-Animated Music (2010)

Animusic was released in 2001 on VHS, and later DVD, with a special edition DVD being released later in 2004. This special edition included extra material, such as Animusic's first animation, "Beyond the Walls". A second album, Animusic 2, was released in the United States in 2005. Later, in 2008, this volume was released in Japan through a distribution deal with Japanese company Jorudan, Co. Ltd. In a company newsletter, it was announced that the Animusic company would also be producing a high-definition version of Animusic 2 on Blu-ray, to be released sometime before their third major album, Animusic 3. This HD compilation was eventually released in November 2010, featuring all of the animations featured in Animusic 2, as well as the animation "Pipe Dream" from Animusic encoded at a high bitrate. In a later newsletter, the working titles of three animations in Animusic 3, “Sonic Warfare”, “Paddle Ball” and “Super Pipe Dream”, were revealed. In 2012, a Kickstarter campaign for Animusic 3 was successfully funded. "The Sound of Twelve," a music-only album made using similar harmonics as Animusic, was released in March 2015. Animusic 3 was never finished or released.

There was an internet rumor that suggested that the "Pipe Dream" video was actually a machine created at the University of Iowa from farm machinery parts. Although this has been proven false, the rumor was still considered "pretty amusing" to the Animusic staff. Intel later commissioned a version of the machine to be built which was demonstrated at IDF 2011.

Animusic 3
Animusic, in its former state with multiple employees, was working on the third volume of the Animusic series for over 10 years. It was initially intended to be released sometime in 2010, featuring animations such as "Sonic Warfare", "Paddle Ball", and "Super Pipe Dream". However, this release date passed with no definitive word regarding the volume's progress. A year later in November 2010, Animusic attributed this delay to a complete restructuring of their modeling and rendering software, ultimately yielding the Animusic|Studio software program.

On August 6, 2012, the company began a Kickstarter campaign aimed at raising $200,000 USD to fund the completion of the Animusic 3. This campaign was featured on several websites such as Animation World Network. A rough mix from the newly revealed music album The Sound of 12, titled "Glarpedge," was released online on August 28, 2012. On August 31, 2012, two more mixes were released: "Emoticondria" and "EchoKrunch." The Kickstarter page was later updated to confirm that a Blu-ray edition of Animusic 3 would be released shortly following the DVD's completion.

On September 5, 2012, the Kickstarter campaign ended successfully, with a final backing amount of $223,123. Animusic posted expected shipping dates of October 2013 for the DVD, and February 2014 for the Blu-ray disc. However, both dates passed without either product being released.

On a Kickstarter update in August 2015, Wayne Lytle announced some other factors that have delayed the project, including Dave Crognale's departure from the project and new residence in California, personal struggles, and physical stress and injury. To make up for this, the team utilized the distribution of supplemental prizes for backers to try and ease those who had funded the campaign, and assure them that there would be a quick resolution. Lytle had noted in this particular update that his financial situation was so unfortunate to the point where he, his mother and father, and his wife were unable to pay for shipping postage for the remainder of the inventory. However, Lytle insisted on his determination to finish the project, expressing his excitement about the abilities of the newly-implemented Unreal Engine 4 and his gratitude for those who have invested in him. Lytle stated that he had withheld from posting an update until he had a completion date, but did not give one in the update.

"'With that said, I do want to again thank all of you for being with us along this much-longer-than-anticipated journey. I do not take your support lightly! I wish the production had progressed way more quickly, yet here we are. Disappointing people is not something I enjoy! At all.

I truly believe that God created me and put me here on earth to bring joy to people...through music in general, Animusic most specifically. That’s my mission, and that’s what I will do.'"

Since the 2015 Kickstarter update, no further updates have been posted on the platform. In August 2017, the Animusic headquarters was sold to RP Solutions, Inc.

In August 2019, the Animusic website was briefly taken down and replaced by a generic template with a small explanation that the site is undergoing a redesign.

According to the New York State Division of Corporations, State Records, and UCC, Animusic is still an active domestic limited liability company and is registered to an address in Cortland, New York. The status of Wayne Lytle is publicly unknown; however, the Cortland property that the limited liability company is registered under has been sold as of November, 2021.

Software programs
According to the company's FAQ, animation is created procedurally with their own proprietary MIDImotion engine. Discreet 3D Studio Max was used for modeling, lighting, cameras, and rendering. Maps were painted with Corel Painter, Deep Paint 3D, and Photoshop. They have also created their own software called ANIMUSIC|studio that is based on scene-graph technology. According to an August 2015 newsletter, Animusic was using Unreal Engine 4 for the production of Animusic 3.

Animations

 * Various animations for SIGGRAPH
 * More Bells and Whistles (1990) – made by Wayne Lytle before creating Animusic
 * Beyond the Walls (known as Concerto in 3D if watched in stereoscope) (1996) – the first animation made under the name of Animusic, produced for VRex (a manufacturer of stereoscopic glasses and projectors). This animation is included as a bonus feature on the Animusic special edition DVD.
 * Kansas – Device, Voice, Drum (2002) – animation for an intro to the band's concert and a music-only bridge in one of the tracks "Miracles Out of Nowhere"; album cover. This animation incorporates several instruments from the first album, including the drum kit from Future Retro and the bass guitar tower from Harmonic Voltage.

Animusic: A Computer Animation Video Album
Tracklist:
 * 1) "Future Retro" – 4:24
 * 2) "Stick Figures" – 5:23
 * 3) "Aqua Harp" – 3:47
 * 4) "Drum Machine" – 3:22
 * 5) "Pipe Dream" – 3:22
 * 6) "Acoustic Curves" – 5:32
 * 7) "Harmonic Voltage" – 6:46

Animusic CD bonus tracks
There were also 4 other music pieces only available on the Animusic audio CD.
 * 1) "Seventh Alloy" – 4:27
 * 2) "A Slight Delay" – 6:07
 * 3) "The Harvester" – 5:40

Animusic 2: A New Computer Animation Video Album
Tracklist:
 * 1) "Starship Groove" – 3:49
 * 2) "Pogo Sticks" – 3:17
 * 3) "Resonant Chamber" – 4:20
 * 4) "Cathedral Pictures" – 6:00
 * 5) "Pipe Dream 2" – 4:01
 * 6) "Fiber Bundles" – 5:13
 * 7) "Gyro Drums" – 3:51
 * 8) "Heavy Light" – 6:24

Animusic 2 CD bonus tracks
The bonus audio tracks on this CD consist of reduced versions of "Heavy Light" and "Fiber Bundles":
 * 1) "Heavy Light" (Drum/Bass Submix) – 2:30
 * 2) "Fiber Bundles" (Drum/Bass Submix) – 4:25
 * 3) "Fiber Bundles" (Synth/Ambient Submix) – 5:04

title: Animusic