text:
Huis ten Bosch

Huis ten Bosch (Paleis Huis ten Bosch, ; English: "House in the Woods") is a royal palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It is one of three official residences of the Dutch monarch; the two others being the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague and the Royal Palace of Amsterdam.

Huis ten Bosch was the home of Queen Beatrix from 1981 to her abdication in 2013; King Willem-Alexander and his family moved in on 13 January 2019. A replica of the palace was built in Sasebo, Japan, in a theme park bearing the same name.

17th and 18th century
Construction of Huis ten Bosch began on 2 September 1645, under the direction of Bartholomeus Drijffhout, and to a design by Pieter Post and Jacob van Campen. It was commissioned by Amalia of Solms-Braunfels, the wife of Stadtholder Frederick Henry, on a parcel of land granted to her by the States General. The first stone was laid by Elizabeth of Bohemia.

After her husband's death in 1647, Amalia dedicated the palace to him. Led by the architect-painters Jacob van Campen and Pieter Post, other major artists of the day, such as Gerard van Honthorst, Jacob Jordaens, Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert, Theodoor van Thulden, Caesar van Everdingen, Salomon de Bray, Pieter Soutman, Gonzales Coques, Pieter de Grebber, Adriaen Hanneman, Pieter Hermansz Verelst and Jan Lievens, filled the Oranjezaal ("Orange Hall" ) with paintings glorifying the late prince. Between 1734 and 1737 the architect Daniel Marot added two wings to the palace, including a new dining room.

Over the next century and a half, the palace would change possession from the Nassau family, the king of Prussia, and many stadtholders until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. The government of the newly created Batavian Republic gave the palace to the Batavian (Dutch) people who still own it to this day.

19th and 20th century

The National Art Gallery, predecessor of the Rijksmuseum, was housed in the building from 1800 to 1805. Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Louis, king of Holland, briefly lived in the palace between 1805 and 1807.

When William Frederick, Prince of Orange-Nassau, the only surviving son of the last stadtholder, was proclaimed king of the Netherlands as William I in 1815, he made Huis ten Bosch Palace one of his official residences. It became a favourite location for many members of the royal family. In 1899 the palace was the site of several meetings of the First International Peace Conference at The Hague. During World War I it became the primary residence of Queen Wilhelmina.

Queen Wilhelmina and her family were forced to evacuate the palace for Britain (from which the Queen's family, but not the Queen herself, would move on to Canada) when the German army invaded the Netherlands during World War II. The Nazi administration planned to demolish the palace, but the controller convinced them otherwise. However, the palace was damaged beyond habitation.

Between 1950 and 1956, the palace was restored and once again became a royal residence. It became the prime residence once more in 1981.

The palace has undergone major reconstructions since it was built. Currently, it consists of a central part with two long wings, spanning approximately 110 meters from end to end.

title: Huis ten Bosch


text:
JFE Holdings

JFE Holdings, Inc. (ホールディングス株式会社) is a corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It was formed in 2002 by the merger of NKK (日本鋼管株式会社) and Kawasaki Steel Corporation (川崎製鉄株式会社) and owns JFE Steel, JFE Engineering and Japan Marine United. JFE is from Japan, Fe (the chemical element symbol of iron) and Engineering. In 2020, it was ranked 365th in Fortune Global 500 List.

Mergers and Spinoffs
At the time JFE Holdings was created in 2002, NKK Corporation was Japan's second largest steelmaker and Kawasaki Steel was the third largest steelmaker. Both companies were major military vessel manufacturers during World War II.

JFE's main business is steel production. It also engages in engineering, ship building, real-estate redevelopment, and LSi business. The company also operates several overseas subsidiaries, including California Steel Industries in the United States, Fujian Sino-Japan Metal in China, and Minas da Serra Geral in Brazil. Other than steel, they are also known for products such as the bicycle tree.

JFE Holdings owns JFE Steel, the fifth largest steel maker in the world with revenue in excess of US$30 billion. JFE Holdings has other subsidiaries including JFE Engineering, JFE Steel and JFE Shoji, and part-owns Japan Marine United, a major shipbuilding company.

NKK and Siderca S.A. of Argentina established a seamless pipe joint venture by spinning off the seamless pipe division of NKK's Keihin Works in 2000. In November 2009, JFE agreed to partner with JSW Steel, India's third-largest steel producer, to construct a joint steel plant in West Bengal. In July 2010, JFE acquired a 14.9% stake in India's JSW Steel Ltd.

Its shipbuilding unit, Universal Shipbuilding was created in 2002 when NKK Corporation a predecessor of JFE, merged its shipbuilding unit with that of Hitachi Zosen. In 2012, JFE merged its ship building unit, Universal Shipbuilding Corporation, with Marine United Inc. of IHI after discussion started in April 2008 to form Japan Marine United Corporation It aimed to become Japan's largest shipbuilder. However, on January 1, 2021, JMU (with 49% of shares) merged into a new joint venture with Imabari Shipbuilding (with 51% of shares) named Nihon Shipyard and covering all ship types except LNG tankers. In parallel, Imabari Shipbuilding bought 30% of JMU's shares. The cooperation between Imabari Shipbuilding and JMU make it one of the largest marine engineering and shipbuilding company in the world.

Super-rapid charging
JFE Engineering Corporation is developing a quick charging station that it claims can take a battery from zero charge to 50% full in about 3 minutes. It has two batteries, one that stores electrical energy from the grid and another that delivers it to the car at extremely high current (500-600 ampere), which allows it to use a low voltage power supply. The company claims that even though one station costs about $63,000, that's roughly 40% less than the competing CHAdeMO system.

Bicycle Tree
The bicycle tree is an automatic storage system for bicycles that can hold up to 6,000 bikes. The systems works by fitting the bicycle with an electronic tag and a computer saves the owner's data. Then a mechanical arm pulls the bike into a cylindrical well and stores it in a free location. When the owner wants to retrieve the bike, a card is swiped through a reader and the computer retrieves the bike based on the data.

Carbon footprint
JFE Holdings, Inc. reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 March 2019 at 60,500 Kt (+600/+1% y-o-y). There have been no significant reductions in recent years.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: JFE Holdings


text:
Herðubreið

Herðubreið (, broad-shouldered) is a tuya in northern part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. It is situated in the Highlands of Iceland at the east side of the Ódáðahraun desert and close to Askja volcano. The desert is a large lava field originating from eruptions of Trölladyngja and other shield volcanoes in the area. Herðubreið was formed beneath the ice sheet that covered Iceland during the last glacial period.

Overview
This distinctive mountain has been known by its present name since at least 1300. Due to the mountain's steep and unstable sides, the first definite ascent was in 1908 by Hans Reck and Sigurður Sumarliðason, despite centuries of knowledge of its existence. The mountain is often referred to as "The Queen of Icelandic Mountains" by Icelanders due to its beautiful shape. It was voted in 2002 "Iceland’s favourite mountain".

Near the mountain lies an oasis called Herðubreiðarlindir with a campground and hiking trails. In former times, outcasts who had been excluded from Icelandic society because of crimes they had committed lived in the Ódáðahraun and accessed the oasis. One such outlaw was Fjalla-Eyvindur, who lived there during the winter of 1774–1775.

In 2019, Herðubreið became a part of Vatnajökull National Park.

Geology
Herðubreið is a basaltic central subglacial volcano that formed during the last ice age under ice at least as thick as its current prominence of about 800 m. It is separate from the present potentially active fissure swarms and central volcanoes nearby and is believed to be inactive. Its original magma reservoirs are believed to have been at 9 –, and 15 – below the surface. There is in the upper crust, between 2 and 8 km deep, a 10 km broad belt of shallow seismicity extending from 30 km to the south of Herðubreið to the mountain itself due to plate boundary spreading. There is also deeper activity likely to be related to magmatic movements but perhaps this is related to the shallow volcano-tectonic seismic activity at the active Askja volcano nearby. Herðubreið is a classic tuya and was quickly recognised as such after the landform was described firstly as a subglacial volcanic construct in 1947.

The eruption sequence likely started before the glaciation of the last ice age south of Herðubreið in the ridge area called Herdubreidartögl with olivine tholeiite basalt being erupted. Glaciation resulted in pressure on the magma reservoir that initially may have switched off further eruptive activity. In due course a second stage in the southern part of Herðubreið melted the ice with initial olivine tholeiite lava deposition under a lake that was followed by underwater hyaloclastite mass flow deposits. This stage was not as confined by ice as the next stage and has evidence of a subaerial lava sheet, and had only moderately steep ice walls below this. As the ice sheet thickened further towards the glacial maximum of 12–15,000 years ago hyaloclastite, then pillow lavas under steep-sided hyaloclastite occurred. These built up until Herðubreið emerged above the lake surface, from a lake with almost vertical confining ice walls many about 800 m tall. If as happened in Herðubreið's case the eruption in its last stage became again sub-aerial with a lava cap and a spatter cone or crater vent.

Accordingly the southern portion of the plateau at the top of Herðubreiðar has a deep crater, which can contain a lake in summer. While by the end of glaciation, Herðubreiðar was extinct, volcanic activity resumed for a time at Herdubreidartögl to its south with fallout deposits and olivine tholeiitic lava flows in a much more spread out fashion.

title: Herðubreið


text:
Kverkfjöll

Kverkfjöll is a potentially active central volcano, fissure swarm, and associated mountain range situated on the northern border of the glacier Vatnajökull in Iceland.

It is located in Vatnajökull National Park and at the glacier edge are ice caves and some geothermal features.

The main volume of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river flows from the Kverkfjöll area. The Volga River directly drains the Kverkjökull glacier into the Jökulsá á Fjöllum. These river systems have had significant jökulhlaups during the Holocene that are related to the three active volcanic systems of Bárðarbunga, Grímsvötn and Kverkfjöll but assignment has been difficult to individual volcanic systems.

Geography
The maximum elevation of the central volcano at the peak of Skarphéðinstindur, is 1933 m,. The central volcano is mainly situated under Kverkjökull, an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull. The Kverkjökull icecap to the north-west of Skarphéðinstindur, has a maximum elevation of 1860 m, and covers two caldera structures that have an area of 30 and 38 km2. To the west of Kverkjökull is the Dyngjujökull outlet glacier and to its east is the Skarphéðinsjökull adjacent to the Brúarjökull outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull. To the north of the central volcano there is a fissure swarm striking N20-30°E for 130 km and to the south of the central volcano it is possible that a subglacial fissure swarm extends for 10 - 25 km.

The area north of Kverkfjöll has been altered by large floods originating from the northern part of Vatnajökull with the heights being tindars and hyaloclastite ridges orientated towards the nor-north-east. The Holocene active volcanic fissures are mostly confined to the nor-north-east orientated Kverkfjöll fissure swarm (Kverkfjallarani western ridge), rather than the north-east orientated Kverkárnes fissure swarm (Kverkhnjúkar eastern ridge). The 2014 to 2015 erupted Holuhraun lava field is approximately 10 km to the north-west of Kverkfjöll but is related to the adjacent Bárðarbunga volcanic system.

Geology
While the dominant magma is tholeiite basalt, samples of some rocks carried in the Kverkjökull glacier have been silicic and presumably originate from the central volcano, which is a stratovolcano. There is a geothermal field just beyond the western rim of the northern most caldera. This has created ice–dammed lakes called Gengissig and Galtarlón. They are drained by the thermal Volga river. Beyond the eastern rim of the northern caldera is another thermal river, the Hveragil that drains geothermal areas along the eastern northern caldera margin. The oldest identified rocks are 780,000 years old.

The tectonic context is that the Kverkfjöll volcanic system is part of the divergent plate boundary northern volcanic zone of Iceland slightly to the north-east of the central volcanoes of the Grímsvötn and Bárdarbunga that are inferred to be closer to the Iceland mantle plume. The mantle is at about 40 km depth under Kverkfjöll, with lower crustal magma intrusion to pockets that are about 10 km deep, and its hydrothermal system being driven by a magma intrusion pocket about 3 km deep with the hydrothermal water reservoir being at about 2 km deep.

Activity
Tephra studies have identified up to seventy eruptions in the last 6500 years, but the volcano has been in relative repose in the last thousand years and had also been inactive for a period between 3000 to 4000 years ago. Tholeiite basalt tephra from the volcano has been found to the west from eruptions dated 5850 ± 200 and 10630 ± 150 BP. An earthquake swarm in 2007 to 2008 near Mount Upptyppingar, which is 40 - 50 km north-east of the Kverkfjöll central volcano was interpreted as a 0.04 - 0.05 km3 dyke intrusion. The most recent volcanic subaerial eruption occurred about 1300 years ago from the northern fissure swarm and produced a lava flow covering about 20 km2. In 2013 a jökulhlaup occurred that emptied the water-filled Gengissig depression hydrothermal area, that is located just north-west to the northern caldera. Further than the flood, due to the release of water pressure, there were subsequent significant hydrothermal explosions in the lake bed. Similar water floods or eruptions may have occurred since the since the mid-17th century. A hydrothermal eruption occurred in 1968, 500 m to the west of the Gengissig depression, and jökulhlaups from the Gengissig depression occurred in 2002, 1997, 1993, 1987 and 1985. Other low grade, possibly hydrothermal, eruptions assigned to the system, have occurred in 1968, 1959, 1929, 1729 (two), and 1655. At least two very large pre-history Holocene jökulhlaups that have had subsequent lava flows over them could have been generated by Kverkfjöll. Before this a tephra layer called the Fugloyarbanki tephra from 27,000 years ago came from Kverkfjöll.

title: Kverkfjöll


text:
Sojitz

Sojitz Corporation (双日株式会社) is a sogo shosha (general trading company) based in Tokyo, Japan. It is engaged in a wide range of businesses globally, including buying, selling, importing, and exporting goods, manufacturing and selling products, providing services, and planning and coordinating projects, in Japan and overseas. Sojitz also invests in various sectors and conducts financing activities. The broad range of sectors in which Sojitz operates includes automobiles, energy, mineral resources, chemicals, foodstuff resources, agricultural and forestry resources, consumer goods, and industrial parks.

Sojitz was formed in 2004 by the merger of Nissho Iwai Corporation (日商岩井株式会社) and Nichimen Corporation (ニチメン株式会社). The name "Sojitz" is derived from the names of Nissho Iwai and Nichimen, both of which include the character "日" (sun). "Sojitz", literally meaning "twin suns", implies a merger of equals between the two companies. The corporate logo is a stylized version of the first character in its Japanese name.

Nichimen
Beginning around 1878, the Japanese government promoted the development of cotton spinning as an initial means of developing modern industry in Japan in the wake of the Meiji Restoration. Japan's native raw cotton supply proved inadequate to meet demand, and there was only one Japanese importer of raw cotton at the time, making the industry highly reliant on foreign merchants. To improve this situation, a group of spinning companies established Japan Cotton Trading Co., Ltd. (日本綿花株式会社) in Osaka in 1892 under the leadership of Tsuneki Sano, a 38-year-old former government official.

After the Russo-Japanese War, Nichimen expanded its business from importing. The company began cotton spinning operations in the Kwantung Leased Territory and established offices in China, Korea, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom to supply local markets. In 1910, Nichimen opened a subsidiary in Fort Worth, Texas to enter the raw cotton trade in the United States. World War I strained cotton supply in Europe, boosting Nichimen's international business further. In the late 1910s the company expanded into South America and Africa, trading in cotton as well as wool, food products, and machinery.

The Great Depression harmed Nichimen's cotton business, spurring the company's diversification beyond cotton to trade in silk, rayon and other materials. During World War II, Nichimen was tapped by the Japanese military to manage production of flour, matches and starch. The company changed its name to Nichimen Enterprise (Nichimen Jitsugyo) in 1943 to reflect its more diverse business.

The largest zaibatsu trading companies were dismantled after the war, giving Nichimen an early lead among the sogo shosha in the 1950s and a six percent share of Japanese foreign trade by 1958. Nichimen became closely affiliated with Osaka-based Sanwa Bank in 1955, which financed all of Nichimen's domestic business. Nichimen was not the main trading company for the Sanwa keiretsu as that position was already held by Iwai & Co. Nichimen Jitsugyo. By 1970, Nichimen was trading in steel, electronics, motor vehicles and fibers in addition to textiles. Nichimen served as the joint venture partner for Nabisco when it began operations in Japan in the 1970s. Nichimen Co., Ltd. changed its name to Nichimen Corporation in 1982. Nichimen, like other sogo shosha, was hit hard by the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble in the early 1990s, and subsequently made a strategic shift from the "soft" businesses of lumber, food, and chemicals trading to the "hard" businesses of machinery, steel, and construction.

Nissho Iwai
Nissho Iwai was formed in 1968 by the merger of Nissho Company and Iwai Sangyo Company.

Nissho Company was founded in Kobe in 1902 as Suzuki & Company(ja:鈴木商店) under the leadership of Naokichi Kaneko(ja:金子直吉) when died this company's predecessor shop's founder, Iwajiro Suzuki(ja:鈴木岩治郎)(1837–1894). Suzuki was originally a sugar trading firm but later diversified into flour, steel, tobacco, beer, insurance, shipping and shipbuilding; it became the second Japanese member of the Baltic Exchange in London. Iwai & Company(ja:岩井商店) was founded as a steel trading firm in 1901 and established a number of prominent group enterprises including Daicel, Nisshin Steel, Tokuyama Soda, Kansai Paint and Fuji Photo Film. It changed its name to Iwai Sangyo Company in 1943.

Both Nissho and Iwai emerged as metals and machinery trading companies after World War II but were significantly smaller than the four largest sogo shosha competitors (Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui & Co., Itochu and Marubeni). Iwai was poorly managed after the war and was on the brink of failure in the early 1960s, while Nissho was profitable and successfully expanding overseas. The Japanese government directed the merger of the two companies in 1968, forming the fifth largest trading company in Japan (falling back to sixth place in 1972 behind Sumitomo Corporation). Sanwa Bank played a role in the merger and the combined firm became the trading arm of the Sanwa Group keiretsu.

Nissho Iwai was involved in a corruption scandal in 1979 after it passed on a 500 million yen bribe from McDonnell Douglas to the director general of the Japan Defense Agency in an attempt to influence the sale of F-4 Phantom aircraft to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. In the wake of the scandal, one Nissho Iwai executive committed suicide by jumping from the company's headquarters building. The scandal was uncovered only three years after a similar scandal involving Lockheed and Marubeni conspiring to bribe Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka.

In subsequent years, the company had a strong focus on liquefied natural gas and steel trading, as well as industrial project development.

Merger
Nichimen and Nissho Iwai consolidated on a holding company level in 2003 and consolidated their operating units in 2004, adopting the Sojitz name at that time. The merged holding company, Sojitz Holdings, combined with the merged operating company, Sojitz Corporation, in 2005.

Current operations

Today, the Sojitz Group consists of approximately 440 subsidiaries and affiliates located in Japan and throughout the world, and it is developing its wide-ranging general trading company operations in roughly 50 countries and regions across the globe.

Sojitz (through its subsidiary Sojitz Aerospace Company) is the largest seller of commercial aircraft in Japan, as it acts as a sales agent for both Boeing and Bombardier Aerospace. It distributes Mitsubishi Motors and Hyundai Motors automobiles in various countries, and also develops and operates power plants, industrial plants in various countries. In 2013 it received an order to develop a section of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor between Delhi and Mumbai in India. The Sojitz Aerospace Company also acts as Sojitz's primary arm for defense related business.

Sojitz has also invested in Hyundai Nishat, the Pakistani arm of Hyundai Motors in partnership with Nishat Group.

Sojitz owns oil and natural gas concessions in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Qatar, Gabon, Egypt and Brazil. It owns the Gregory coal mine and most of the Minerva Coal Mine in Australia and distributes nuclear fuel in Japan for Orano.

Its operations in the chemicals sector include methanol production in Indonesia, barite mining in Mexico and industrial salt trading in various markets worldwide. In November 2010, it signed an agreement with the Australian rare earths mining company Lynas to import $350 million worth of rare earth minerals from Lynas' mine in Mount Weld, Australia.

Its consumer business operations include trading in grains, feed, sugar, coffee, fish, wood and paper. It owns the Japanese rights to several consumer brands such as Eastpak and McGregor.

ADV Films acquisition
In June 2006, Sojitz acquired a 20% stake in American anime distributor ADV Films. This was done as a means of acquiring more titles in the Japanese market. From this point on, virtually all titles that ADV acquired were under Sojitz's ownership. However, in January 2008, ADV mysteriously removed a large number of titles from their website. All the titles removed were titles acquired since the Sojitz acquisition including Gurren Lagann, which had test disks sent out with dubbed episodes. As of May 2008, Gurren Lagann was licensed by Bandai Entertainment. ADV Films made booth appearances at the Anime Central 2008 convention, but they canceled their planned panel. In July 2008, Funimation announced the acquisition of thirty of these titles.

The titles removed from ADV's website are as follows: 009-1, 5 Centimeters per Second, Ah! My Goddess: Flights of Fancy, both the film and television adaptions of the Key visual novel Air, Best Student Council, Blade of the Phantom Master, Comic Party Revolution, Coyote Ragtime Show, Devil May Cry, the 2006 live-action horror film Ghost Train, Guyver: The Bioboosted Armor, Innocent Venus, Jing King of Bandits: 7th Heaven, Jinki: Extend, the 2006 anime remake of yet another Key visual novel, Kanon, Kurau: Phantom Memory, Le Chevalier D'Eon, Magikano, Moeyo Ken, Moonlight Mile, Nerima Daikon Brothers, Pani Poni Dash!, Project Blue Earth SOS, Pumpkin Scissors, Red Garden, Tokyo Majin, UFO Princess Valkyrie, the first anime of Utawarerumono, Venus vs. Virus, The Wallflower, Welcome to the NHK, and Xenosaga.

title: Sojitz


text:
Talk:Ultima (series)

Seperate articles on the games
I don't feel bold enough to do it without asking first, but I am a big fan of shorter articles, as this feels more Hypertext-like (and I've done this breaking down already on some other articles, like History of Croatia or Software Engineering). I would love to break this one down, and I will, if no one objects here for some days. --denny vrandečić 14:32, Nov 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wholeheartedly seconded! I mean, Final Fantasy games have separate articles, why shouldn't Ultima games? =) The article is getting fairly gigantic, and I think there's already enough information for individual articles in the entries as they are (or at least as blurbs on main Ultima article, or article stubs). Now all we need is an intelligently-made edit of this stuff. There might be some breakage of linking, though; Initially, it'd be ideal to keep the existing section headers here and link to main articles from there, to avoid breaking anything at first. --Wwwwolf 23:40, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

OK, done. Now the articles need clean up, especially this main article. It looks like a big ugly bunch of lists right now, this should be changed, please (but it's too late here for that, so I rather leave this to someone else - or to some other time) --denny vrandečić 23:41, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Avatar as Christ?
Actually, the term Avatar is from the Hindu religious faith, and while Hinduism is remarkably liberal in their acceptance of other religions (and other religious figures), the term Avatar is specific to a divine being that manifests in a special human form (in some cases, an animal form). I do believe Richard Garriott was utilizing several myth motifs, such as might be read in Joseph Campbell's books on mythology and in D&D rulebooks that are optional additions (such as Unearthed Arcana) -- and not as a subtle religious motif.

Also, Richard has invited the assistance of brilliant, often devoted friends who have supplied ideas and material to his life and writings, so just as conversations and suggestions become a part of a person, so do they often become inextricably part of a game.

To be very specific and concise, I do not believe that Richard ever intended the Avatar to be a Christ figure, but to be a generalised fictional device showing that roleplaying games (like fantasy novels) don't have to be solely about killing and gaining treasure. Roleplaying games can have other motifs and activities too. This is not so much Christ-like as Human-like. The function of religion and of art can be remarkably similar!

(Edit: I just wanted to add that I meant the drive of this to be that maybe it's being a little heavy handed to say The Avatar is inimical or similar to Christ, because it's not said that the Avatar is inimical or similar to Buddha, but rather what is conveyed by this fiction is similar in *structure* to Buddha's structured teachings.

 * Well, in Christianity, Christ was God in human form--and this is interpreted in different ways. I think the main difference here between Christianity and some other religions is that Christianity thinks God can be represented in an absolute, single form. The Avatar is the God of the Ultima games (the player) and serves some of the same purpose of driving the story and redeeming everyone :) I don't think this was intentional but a result of Garriott trying to introduce religious symbolism into the game. I don't the symbolism taken from different religions is meant to represent one religion over the other, just provide a framework for the game and create a dialogue about the aims of religion. Look at my later post on this page about Christianity and Ultima, where I mention how some Christian symbolism was introduced. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.121.245.155 (talk) 20:37, 6 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Richard Garriott explained this in detail in The Official Book of Ultima. Hmm... take too long to explain and write everything out.  If you can find a copy of the book though, it is quite an interesting read. Dream Focus (talk) 15:07, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Should the remakes section be wiped off?
I have been thinking about it sometime. I will explain my point of view. The Engine Rewrite Projects section is in my point of view a section to talk about preservation efforts. The Remake Projects section on the other hand talks about things of little value to the article.

Imagine an article about a painting, and a section mentioning an organized staff dedicated to helping preserve and revive the painting so it does not keep wearing down and the public can admire it as if it were in its time of splendor. Now, think about a section of that same article mentioning a bunch of street artists creating their own version of that painting, which does not look anything at all like the original, just includes what the artists considered "key elements". Are those street artists even worth mentioning in the article? In my point of view, mentioning them is of little value, since they are not really contributing to the original painting.
 * Even though I like the comparison of Ultima to a painting (yes, it's art!) I'm not sure I can agree. I don't know if street artists do new versions of classic paintings all the time, but I think that fan-made remakes of games are pretty rare. This makes Ultima special in that regard, so I think the remakes section should stay. Maybe a note stating that this is pretty rare in the game world can be added. TerokNor 22:30, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I do think the article is far too long. But wiping this section doesn't really help. Wouldn't it be an idea to create own articles for every game, and give here a one and a half or two page summary? --denny vrandečić 16:06, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I suggest pages for series/ages, rather than for each game - on their own the pages would be distressingly short. Krupo 18:21, Oct 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * The only thing keeping the individual entries short is that they are all mashed to the main Ultima article. If there were individual per-game articles, maybe people would start making them bigger and bigger. Series could be covered in the Ultima article. Just a thought. --Wwwwolf 23:44, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Its not as if important works of art or themes or characters they established haven't been carried on by other people. Part of my issue with a section on remakes is that frankly I think the remakes are just bad, and second that they serve no purpose in being Ultima games rather than being inspired by Ultima. This is an opinion, but its not as if I want to remove the section on remakes, I'd just question formatting the remake section to have a link to each and every one of the remakes, as if the article is about them, rather than the original games. If you make the article about them it doesn't highlight what made the Ultima games significant. Its not as if an article on Faust should list every appropriation of the Faust story in other places, or an article on Shakespeare should list every adaptation of Shakespeare plays. Of course this happens often on Wikipedia, which makes it less like an encyclopedia than a dump for information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.121.245.155 (talk) 23:59, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

Feelies?
''The Ultima games were also famous for the goodies included in the game boxes. From Ultima II on, every main Ultima game came with a cloth map of the game world. Starting with Ultima IV, small trinkets like pendants, coins and magic stones were found in the boxes. Made of metal or glass, they usually represented an important object also found within the game itself.''

Were these ever known as feelies? That's the name usually used for the very similar objects included in Infocom packages; if the name's used in common I might write an article covering both. Marnanel 16:29, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Dunno about the exact term, but the concept is notable as a copy protection scheme, albeit not mentioned by name in that article. Stan 19:07, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

 * That's not true. Apart from the maps, the goodies like the Moonstone or the Ankh or the Fellowship Coin or the Virtue cards were absolutely useless as copy protection. They were not included in the collections, either. They were just goodies. And I never heard the term feelies used for them, although they certainly compare to those nice Infocom feelies (yucky worm). --denny vrandečić 22:04, May 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. And I think the only time the maps were used as copy protection was in Ultima 7. In the other games they were helpful, but not necessary. About the term 'feelies', I've ever only heard it in connection with Infocom, might even be a term used by the company itself. The term I've most often heard regarding the Ultima items was just 'trinkets'. TerokNor 16:45, 27 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I Agree: 'trinkets' was the name used in the Origin's catalogs (Piajeno 07:29, 30 September 2007 (UTC))

 * The playbooks were used as copy protection schemes, and they are actual items from inside the game as well. They don't fall under the cathegory of trinkets, though.

Cheats
It merits mention that Ultima 6 was also the first to have cheating built into the game as an easter egg. (sure, I'm bitter about it, ruined the series for me. :-b )

 * That is because it was harder to edit the savegame files manually in Ultima VI and above. For Ultima V and under, it could be done easily with MS-DOS Edit, or debug for those who knew how to use it. It is necesary to be able to cheat when you do testing and debugging.--Sheng Long Gradilla 20:36, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

84.57.66.177's comments
84.57.66.177 added some comments on the various patches to U9. I'm not sure whether or not they should be there. They're sort of POV, but it's strange to have POV issues with patches to a game, of all things... Krupo 06:50, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

Ultima template
I see someone took the time to create an article for every Ultima game, move the info from this article to those and add a template listing those pages. Well, I think that template was badly designed. I have no idea of how to create those things, and I don't even know the way they work, but just take a look at the way it adds a lot of space in the beginning of the articles. I've edited the main page now (it's side by side with the Contents plate now), but it looks horribly deranged in the other articles. Messy.

I think someone (maybe the one responsible for those changes) should fix that. I'm not sure I can. The Ultima article was fine the way it was before, in my opinion (regardless of size), so if someone volunteers to divide everything into several articles, said person should also take measures to make it in a standardized way, and not the way it is now. There's new work to do now, with links, Italics, etc. Just check those articles. – Kaonashi 02:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Kaonashi! Well, thanks for noticing and pointing to some of the mistakes. You were right, I did a mistake in the Template:Ultima, therefore it looked quite strange, but I didn't notice that yesterday right away. I hope that I could solve some of the more obious layout mistakes - I do strongly agree with you, that the articles still need some work to be done. New links, a bit more wording -- but I do also say that already above, maybe you have overlooked it.

 * Actually, I did discuss the breaking up of the lengthy article into smaller pieces (see top of the page), and we had "consensus" (well, that is, one person answered and said it's a neat idea, and no one said anything against, so don't take this consensus word here too serious), and I still believe it is a good idea to break up the article.

 * If you still think, there are some badly designed points on the template, please tell me so, and point me to the mistakes. I tried to fix the issues you raised, I hope, but maybe there's more, please state yourself more explicit what's bothering you.

 * And finally, I really don't think there's a standardized way to break up a lengthy article (at least I missed it, but I will gladly take notice of a provided link), but I did this already a few times (like on History of Croatia and Software Engineering), and there it worked well, so I tried it here as well. But, as said, I will gladly accept hints and do take criticism. --denny vrandečić 13:32, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Hello. Yeah, it looks so much better now, the template. Thank you for fixing it. The articles look better, too. I'll see what else I can tune up on them. About the template, I think it's fine the way it is now. Maybe some italics for the titles of the games, but maybe it isn't really necessary. About dividing the Ultima article, I think it's alright. I didn't read those messages you talked about, so sorry about that.

Thanks for the concern, again. I'll let you know about any problems. – Kaonashi 02:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've reshaped the template to landscape. I've also moved it to the bottom of articles that use it. Now it works much better with articles like Ultima Underworld. Not sure how to center the template itself, so can someone do that?--DooM Drat 13:10, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Release dates
I have just changed the release date of Akalabeth to 1980 and that of Ultima to 1981. Even though the dates of 1979 and 1980 are often reported, I believe they are wrong. Evidence is here: at Jocksitter Dragon's Collection. The very first release of Akalabeth (hand-assembled by Garriott) has a 1980 copyright date on the label. Likewise, the first Ultima release from California Pacific has a 1981 date. This story at the Origin Museum also confirms the Akalabeth date. I will change the Aka and U1 articles as well. TerokNor

 * D'oh. Well, I just changed some of the Akalabeth dates back since all the sources currently cited in the affected articles said 1979.  The affected articles should at least mention the year discrepancy (with a link to these pictures), since Origin and Garriott himself say 1979. --Mrwojo 16:06, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

One of my roommates had a book copyright 1999 in a class he was taking Fall 1998. I remember saying that it should be perfectly legal to make copies of that book until the end of the year. - Anon guy

Sorry, I should have mentioned this post in the edit summaries. As for the dates, I would always trust artifacts from the time more than people's possibly faulty memories (including Garriott's) or something written by corporate people (i.e. Origin) who probably don't have first hand experience. Note however that Garriott has not always said it was 1979: On the Certificate of Authenticity written by Garriott quoted in the Origin Museum story, the 1980 date appears as well. Akalabeth article looks good now with your changes. TerokNor 16:58, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow, this definitively surprises me, as I believed for 10 years, Ultima I was release in 1980 - remember, in 1990, when Ultima VI was celebrated with 10 years of Ultima? All the sources said 1980 - and now it is 1981... My whole life has just changed :) I wonder, why the wrong date is so widely published, though. --denny vrandečić 09:47, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Ultima in the Final Fantasy games
I'm pretty sure that the Ultima spell in the Final Fantasy games is not some kind of omage to the Ultima series (being that the Ulitma spell is the best possible spell in the game), but that it is just a shortened version of the word "Ultimate," since it is the ultimate spell in the game. It's an interesting coincidence but I dont' think that it is related to the Ultima series of games, as the Japanese version of the spell is different. - Anon 2/1/06
 * You know, I've been wondering about this. Square's original development team, including Sakaguchi and Tanaka, were HUGE Ultima fans. In college, they'd stay up all night playing Ultima II, and it did, in fact, inspire them to become game designers. At least, that's according to a really old (1985) issue of a Japanese PC magazine called LOGiN when they interviewed Square's (then extremely small) development team. A lot of people say Final Fantasy is based off of Dragon Quest, but where did Dragon Quest get its tile-based overworld? Ultima, of course! :) --Tristam 15:02, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Ultima: Worlds of Adventure
Martian Dreams was released not under the title Worlds of Ultima, but under Ultima: Worlds of Adventure. Odd, as there are only two games in the series, yet inbetween the two the name of the series changed.

Possible Storylines for U10?
I, like many, had been awaiting the release of Ultima X, or 'Oddyssey' (or however its spelled), only to be disappointed with not only the fact that it didnt get released, but also with the storyline they, EA, came up with. For one, the setting wasnt in Britannia, Serpent Isle, or even PAGAN! What a load! So, to make a long article short, I am making this article so others can attach thier own U10 storyline ideas, because EA's sucked, as always (they seem to be screwing up Ultima right and left nowdays, Age of Shadows was a good idea, for the most part, as Paladins and Necros were IN the original Ultima storyline, but never Ninjas/Samurai, leave the non-story crap out, please, EA.).

-- My Idea: (for now, Ultima X : A New Generation)

For many centuries after the last Avatar's ascent into the Void, the lands of Britannia have been in a time of relative peace and tranquility. Crops and people were prosperous, new ores and inventions were beginning to make the scene, new technologies erupted with the new generations. However, this time of peace would soon come to an end, as the ailing Lord British, finally succumbing to the ravages of time, left this world for the next. Having need for a new sovreign, many Britannians came to test thier worthiness and pull the legendary Sword of Blackrock from its earthen resting place. One day, a strange man came, he gave the Sword a simple, seemingly effortless tug, and it came out as if stuck inside soft butter. This man became the new Lord of Britannia, his name was Lord Oroborus. And once again, Britannia entered a state of peace, however, many saw strange clouds gathering around Castle British, odd winds blew, and the tides became erratic and unpredictable. Soon, a series of massive earthquakes shook the towns of Paws and Britain to thier very foundations, these kinds of earthquakes were only witnessed once before, when the being calling itself 'The Guardian' had first attempted to come to Britannia and the now sunken Isle of Fire had risen from its watery grave. The Isle of Fire rose once more, but it had been perverted, the once tall, pictureesque statues of the Three Principles had been twisted and deformed into dark, daemonic things. The Castle soon closed its walls, and the land began to be attacked by all sorts of unholy beasts, ranging from the undead to massive stone or iron golems. A small order of mages living on the Isle of the Avatar recognised these signs, and saw that eight great daemons had infiltrated the land, and taken the mind of the new sovreign, each symbolising an anti-virtue. Thier one, last hope, now rested on one from another world to prove thierself an paragon of Virtue, and an Avatar of the people, and send the daemons back to the firey hells from whence they came.
 * Nah.

 * It could be cool, but Lord British would never die 'cause he represents Richard Garriott. It'd be cooler if they could resurrect the Avatar.

merge Mongbat (Ultima)
I propose that the information in this article be merge into this article as it violates WP:NOT the article Mongbat (Ultima) is a game guide. Gnangarra 13:31, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

I think, rather, it should just be deleted. It's not worth mentioning in the main article namespace and it certainly doesn't merit a separate article. -- Wizardry Dragon (Talk to Me) (Support Neutrality on Wikipedia) 15:57, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Delete it, or distill it to one sentence on this article. SWoods 09:28, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Ugly whitespace
I put a box around the Ultima logo to reduce the empty space and balance the page. From looking at the Final Fantasy page, I think that lengthening the introductory paragraph to two or three paragraphs and reducing the size of the graphic would do just as well. Of course, that requires something to say. Brilliand 00:52, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Mt. Drash and other non-canonical material
Seems that some anonymous user removed Ultima: Escape from Mt. Drash from the list of games, saying it was not related to the series. I put it back last night. I agree it's not strictly related to the series, but I still think it should be on the list, to avoid confusion and for the sake of completeness. (There's bound to be someone who runs into a reference to this game and wonders "I wonder how it's related to Ultima series?" I'm comfortable enough to tell "No, it's not really related per se, but it has an interesting story behind it" rather than "We refuse to discuss it, and you have to guess the rest". =) It is, after all, somehow related to the series in that it was a SquareEnixesque attempt at riding on the highly popular series' popularity. =) I mean, if we list other non-canonical titles (like Ultima Online), in my opinion we should have little trouble with Drash either. --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 08:05, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Lists
Hey there, I notice there's quite a bit of lists in the first section. As per WP:NOT (a collection of lists) and WP:MOS someone really ought to change that into prose. If no one gets it before I do, I'll do it when I have a moment. Cheers ✎ Wizardry Dragon (Talk to Me) (My Contributions) (Support Neutrality on Wikipedia) 00:09, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Christianity and Ultima
I just edited to add this, after the section where the article suggests that the three principles have something to do with the Wizard of Oz and right after it talks about Hinduism.

"The three principles are also linked in the game to the symbols of the bell (Bell of Courage), book (Book of Truth) and candle (Candle of Love), which are the objects that were expended in the Catholic excommunication ceremony. In general, the Ultima games take symbolism from many different religious and philosophical sources."

This is apparent when you go back to Ultima 4 and see all of the NPCs are named after religious or philosophical figures.

Its often assumed that Ultima is negative about Christianity, because in some ways the Fellowship in Ultima 7 may seem like a Christian organization, and Richard Garriott has had negative things to say about certain absolute Christian views; but it seems obvious that he respected the religious traditions, and Christian symbolism does show up in the game, as in the example I cited. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.121.245.155 (talk) 20:30, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

Falling out between Garriott and EA?
The following quote is from the article: "The creator, Richard Garriott, no longer owns the rights to the game, nor participates in the development, however he still owns the rights to several of the characters from the game. Due to this, it is impossible for either Richard Garriott or EA to create a new Ultima game without first getting permission from the other, which is unlikely."

Okay ... *why* is this unlikely? Maybe it is obvious to dedicated Ultima afficionadoes, but this conclusion isn't referenced and there is nothing else in this article that explains why there is no probability this will occur. Judging from an outsider's point of view (I played Ultimas II through IV back in the day, but am not up on any background lore about the creators) this does not seem very unlikely to me at all. So obviously, I'd like to know why. Perhaps the article should get into this a little bit, or if not, maybe remove this conclusion because it doesn't make any sense all on its own.--64.229.27.196 09:23, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

EA has released the closed beta of "Lord Of Ultima". Judging from the name, and the names of things in-game (moonglow tower, trinsic temple etc.), I think it safe to says that this is the next installment in the series. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.210.112.154 (talk) 19:24, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Ultima mini-template
I added a mini-template to the game pages of Ultima I, VI and VII to get feedback on style from other editors. I feel the Ultima pages will be well served by something tying them together, but the more complete navbox is not as suitable for the game pages themselves, thus I made a small template linking to this article (to the right), and it is adjusted to fit snugly inside the VG navboxes. What do you think? Miqademus (talk) 17:42, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Use the series field instead. Also that fair use logo doesn't contribute to the articles in anyway. --Mika1h (talk) 17:54, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Manga
If someone could find either the Japanese text names for the Ultima mangas or the ISBNs/AISNs, I could get one of my sellers to locate them & contribute information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.122.193 (talk) 23:03, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite
Hello, everyone. I have rewritten the overview section on my sandbox, so I'd like to know your opinion on it before I add it... I also reworked the navigation templates (scroll down the sandbox). --Koveras ☭ 23:12, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, since nobody cares, here goes... --Koveras ☭ 19:02, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Ultima 8 Ending
It's been a while since I played number 8, but I had a different interpretation of the ending. I thought the final cut scene was the avatar traveling to the Ethereal Void, where the Guardians true home was to take the battle there. At the end of Serpent Isle the Avatar was cast into Pagen when he attempted to face the Guardian, and I thought the Avatar was returning to finish the job. I guess we would know for sure if part 2 hadn't been canned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.8.143 (talk) 21:10, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Ultima Collection won't work on later windows?
I, like many fans, avidly picked up The Ultima Collection when it was first released. I still use it often, installing and uninstalling Ultima's when the mood for playing a particular one takes me. (even though when it comes to playing Ultima IV I'd rather play the SMS port, but whatever...)

I've used this cd with not a single problem on Windows 2000, ME, and XP. It works perfectly well. SO what's the deal? It doesn't work but it does on mine? Explanations?

Ultima Collection won't work on later windows?
I, like many fans, avidly picked up The Ultima Collection when it was first released. I still use it often, installing and uninstalling Ultima's when the mood for playing a particular one takes me. (even though when it comes to playing Ultima IV I'd rather play the SMS port, but whatever...)

I've used this cd with not a single problem on Windows 2000, ME, and XP. It works perfectly well. SO what's the deal? It doesn't work but it does on mine? Explanations? General kaiden (talk) 22:42, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

The cloth map was not there to prevent pirating
Part of the article seems to suggest they included the cloth maps to prevent anyone from making illegal copies of the game, because you needed it to complete the game. This is nonsense. Richard Garriott stated he just wanted a cloth map, a manual, and a box, as opposed to games being sold in zip lock bags with some printed out pages. He said so in an interview on the G4TV television series Icons, as well as in the official book of Ultima. Sierra was the only company at that time willing to do this, so he went with them for Ultima 2. And I believe you could get a list of coordinates to navigate by, without needing a map, and I remember some Ultima games having a map in game you could click on and look at on your screen. To prevent pirating, Ultima 7 would ask you at two separate occasions what was written in the manual, and if you didn't have the manual to look it up, all the characters would run from you and say only "Oink Oink", thus making the game unplayable. Dream Focus (talk) 14:46, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I changed it, adding two references, proving the map had nothing to do with anti-piracy. It also shows just how the Ultima games evolved that characteristic, and reshaped the gaming industry forever, others following their lead. Dream Focus (talk) 15:05, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Influence
I found it odd that this article does not include a section on Ultima's impact/influence on later CRPGs. This was actually why I came to read the article because I keep running across other articles (on Wiki and elsewhere on the web) which cite Ultima as major contributor to some aspect of what they are talking about. I know, from my own experience, that Ultima V was a huge influence on the games I began writing at the start of the '90s, and I was interested to see how it affected others as well. Anyone(s) who can pick out all those influences and stick it into a coherent section of the article would be greatly appreciated by me (and I assume others). :) — al-Shimoni  ( talk ) 08:20, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * According to Richard Garriott in interviews done on G4TV's Icons and elsewhere, games originally were sold in zip lock bags, he insisting on a box and a map, etc, and that eventually became standard.  D r e a m Focus  18:22, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Virtues of Ultima
Parts of the Virtues of Ultima article have been merged with this one. You can see the article as it was before it started getting hacked down in preparation for the merge at. If you see any additional information that should be merged over here, or elsewhere, feel free to do so.  D r e a m Focus  18:22, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

I really think the merge that has been done is absolutely terrible - it omits a lot of relevant material and doesn't do a good job of explaining the system or it's significance. Why the original article was deleted, I don't know, but this merger is pretty shockingly bad, in my opinion. 118.208.75.243 (talk) 12:08, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Quest for the Avatar
Ultima Forever: Quest for the Avatar should be here somewhere. Lacon432 (talk) 18:27, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I added it to the template. I notice Lords of Ultima isn't listed here either.  Both games were made after Richard Garriott left, so are just cashing in off the Ultima name, not really part of the series.   D r e a m Focus  10:21, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I think that's a biased way of looking at things... Although I personally do agree that Garriott's involvement is what made the series, Lord of Ultima and Ultima Forever are still both "official" Ultima games by virtue of their use of the title, which EA now rightfully owns (much to my disappointment). I've added them both into the article. Fan.of.devin (talk) 16:43, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

The Atari 8-Bit Anti-Piracy methods.
There were actually two anti-piracy methods. The first was the unformatted track; which didn't cause you to lose every fight, but instead made it so every attack would state that the target was 'Lightly Wounded' but it would never say anything else.

The second method was two key sectors on the disk were copy-protected, and would end up with all bits set to 00. This caused these squares on the map to be deep ocean. The two areas are at the entrance to Empath Abbey, and where the Skull of Mondain remains.

Slaapliedje (talk) 23:56, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Speaking of which, I wasn't successful able to verify the citation. The version of the book on Internet Archive didn't produce matches on possible keywords, such as "German", "track", "protect", "copy", and a few others. --Sigma 7 (talk) 01:14, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

shroud of the Avatar
I notice some edit warring going on. Shroud of the Avatar is about the Avatar, it has Lord British in it, and its made by the creator of the Ultima games. So yes, it has everything to do with the Ultima series.  D r e a m Focus  14:27, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Complete misread of the situation. I don't believe it should be there, others do, and I am not fighting that (though your statement that it has "everything" to do with the Ultima series is completely incorrect since Ultima is an EA property that Richard Garriott -- despite being the creator of the series -- no longer owns the rights to).  What I have done in my subsequent edit is take out all the sales puffery.  That is something we should all be able to agree on, policy being pretty unambiguous on the whole advertising thing.  One reverted removal of a section that is not being contested does not an edit war make. Indrian (talk) 14:50, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You stated (Not only does this read like an advertisement, but it is outside the scope of this page. Shroud is not an Ultima game no matter who is behind it or what similarities it may have to games in that series. Save it for Richard Garriott's page.) and (I still disagree, but its not worth fighting over. I am, however, trimming out all of the sales pitch material. It reads like a Portalarium press release.). Who owns the rights to it isn't relevant.  If we had a game series where one company owned the rights to the first few games, and some other company owned the rights to the rest, they'd all still be listed in the game series.  This is the same game series.  You play as the Avatar, doing what Lord British summoned you to do, having the same sort of adventures as before, the same gameplay as before as well.   D r e a m Focus  15:52, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You are still missing the point. I have my opinion on the matter, and you are not going to change it.  I am also not particularly interested in changing your opinion.  Since the original removal was reverted, I have not tried to remove the game again, nor will I.  All I have done is trim the sales puffery and advertising material.  Statements like "Portalarium's objective is to tell a story even more compelling than Ultima IV-VII, create a virtual world more interactive than Ultima VII, develop deep rich multi-player capabilities beyond combat akin to Ultima Online, and offer a bold new approach to integrate them with "Selective Multi-Player"." do not belong in an encyclopedia article. Its sales hype. Indrian (talk) 16:29, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Ultima (series). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.gamespot.com/features/tenspot_worlds/world4.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:05, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Ultima (series). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160101200159/http://uo.com/archive/ to http://www.uo.com/archive/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:19, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

So where's this db w/the plot cuts to Serpent Isle?
It looks like a fragment of something removed. AngusCA (talk) 13:49, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

Sales Figures
Are sales figures available for any of the titles? It wasn't the fashion to release sales figures back then, but it would be incredibly useful to know how much each copy sold. The series spanned a couple of decades during the transition from 8-bit micros to PC compatibles and would be a useful baseline. Unfortunately pinning down absolute sales figures is maddeningly hard. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 17:37, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ultima (series). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110505055729/http://codex.ultimaaiera.com/wiki/Gargish_Virtues to http://codex.ultimaaiera.com/wiki/Gargish_Virtues

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:48, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Ultima Logo
The caption beneath the Ultima logo reads, "The most commonly used logo in the series," however, this is inaccurate. The logo that is displayed appears to be based on the logo from the original Apple II game, however the most commonly used Ultima logo is the redesigned logo first used in Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar, and continued for most subsequent games. A detailed logo history which shows that various logo redesigned and which games they were used on can be seen here. TheAlmightyGuru (talk) 20:43, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

The Museum returns in Animal Crossing: New Horizons, as per official companion guide
Animal Crossing: New Horizons will see the return of the Museum, and there is an imminent Direct focusing on the new game which will provide players with lots of official info for the first time since September 2019 (via Resetera). This announcement about the Museum has arrived by way of the official companion guide for the game, which has recently gone live for pre-orders ahead of New Horizons’ launch. It also confirms that there will be a department store managed by Timmy and Tommy. Presumably, Tom Nook is getting to grips with his latest venture into international commercial tourism, and the apprentices have more than proven themselves in previous games. The description of the product follows:

[[Bicuki.Com]]

“Get Acclimatized We’ll get you settled in on your new island home as quickly as possible. Our useful primers will get you oriented and informed on everything a new resident needs to know. Create Your Paradise The sea’s the limit when it comes to customizing your island— you just need the right tools and a little guidance (…and maybe a bit of insider information for playing the stalk market). You’ll find all of this here, and more: every tool and app is explained and our tips for design and money making are not to be missed! Discover and Explore Museum lovers will be in for a treat—as long as you’re willing to be the one providing the exhibits! It’s a hands-on approach to preservation, and every budding naturalist or palaeontologist needs a solid reference book to consult. You won’t find a single specimen that’s not covered here. Shop Till You Drop Your island wouldn’t be much of a paradise without decent shopping facilities. Luckily, Timmy and Tommy’s retail experience brings a wealth of desirable goods for purchase. Every last option for the fashionista or interior decorator is lavishly catalogued. Stunning Photography Want to see some of the hottest island destinations that have already found their feet, built a community and began attracting high-volume tourism? We’ve discovered some true gems and arranged photo shoots that are sure to provide plenty of inspiration for building the island of your dreams. Special Bonuses Fans of Animal Crossing will be delighted with the high quality bookmarks we’ve included—one side features beautiful character artwork, and the other is filled with useful info. We’ve also created an online calendar for keeping track of events on the island and making sure you never miss a resident’s birthday!”

We saw bug-hunting, excavating, and fishing in various sneak peeks of gameplay, but it wasn’t known whether the fruits of the player’s labours would be bartered or curated. The Museum has been present in every entry in the series bar Animal Forest, but because New Horizons is a departure from the norm, its return was not secure. With this new information, we could expect the island’s Museum to be run by Blathers, with Celeste manning the gift shop. Perhaps each player’s gift shop will have different stock depending on the exhibition spaces they want to create. That would be a sweet souvenir collected when friends drop by different islands, but we don’t know if that’s the case. Yet. There will be a Direct on February 20 dedicated to the cutesy life sim. Interested parties will receive an “in-depth” appraisal of what’s in store for New Horizons, and the 25-minute presentation will begin at 9.00am ET / 2.00pm GMT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gamebx (talk • contribs) 03:21, 3 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultima (series)


text:
Demon Hunter (band)

Demon Hunter is an American Christian metal band from Seattle, Washington, formed by brothers Don Clark and Ryan Clark in 2000. Ryan is the band's only remaining original member, as Don left in 2009. As of the 2010s, the band has sold over 600,000 albums.

2000s
Demon Hunter was initially conceived as a project band by the Clarks, who had played together previously in the initially Coalesce and Neurosis influenced but later more experimental band Training for Utopia. Ryan had previously played guitar in hardcore band Focal Point, who released a studio album, Suffering of the Masses, on Tooth & Nail Records in 1996 when Ryan was a teenager.

Demon Hunter first appeared on This Is Solid State Vol. 3, released on February 26, 2002, which included a demo of the band's song "Through the Black". Demon Hunter's self-titled debut album was released on October 22, 2002 on the Tooth & Nail Records subsidiary Solid State Records. Ryan and Don wrote all of the songs, performed the majority of the instruments (with Ryan singing as he had in TFU) and hired Jesse Sprinkle, formerly of Poor Old Lu, to record drum tracks.

The members of the band initially chose to hide or obscure their identities in photos and in the press. Their names were revealed when they undertook their first tour, which featured Norwegian Christian metal band Extol, and death metal-influenced metalcore band The Agony Scene, and after they hired Jesse Sprinkle on drums, Jon Dunn on bass, and Kris McCaddon, formerly of Embodyment and Society's Finest, on lead guitar.

Demon Hunter returned to the studio to record their second full-length release, Summer of Darkness, with McCaddon contributing, and again with Jesse drumming. Summer of Darkness hit stores on May 4, 2004, and was a modest success, propelling Demon Hunter into the secular scene, with the addition of the music video "Not Ready to Die" on MTV2's Headbangers Ball and Fuse TV, along with single "My Heartstrings Come Undone" being placed on the Resident Evil: Apocalypse soundtrack. The album featured four guest vocal appearances, including Mike Williams of The Agony Scene on "Beheaded", Brock Lindow of 36 Crazyfists on "Beauty Through The Eyes of a Predator", Howard Jones from Killswitch Engage on "Our Faces Fall Apart", and Trevor McNevan of Thousand Foot Krutch on "Coffin Builder".

Demon Hunter hit the road that summer with McCaddon on lead guitar and Dunn on bass, along with new touring drummer Timothy "Yogi" Watts, as Jesse Sprinkle could not make the tour. This time, Demon Hunter took with them rock/post-hardcore band Dead Poetic, along with metalcore band Haste the Day. Post-hardcore band Staple replaced Haste the Day towards the end of the tour.

In 2005, Demon Hunter went back to The Compound in Seattle, Washington to record their third studio album, entitled The Triptych. The word "triptych" centers around the concept of three, as it was the band's third album. Included on the album is a cover of Prong's song "Snap Your Fingers, Snap Your Neck". This album debuted Watts as Sprinkle's permanent replacement on drums (Jesse having joined Dead Poetic) as well as the addition of Ethan Luck as lead guitarist and backing vocalist, replacing Kris McCaddon. The Triptych was even bigger than Summer of Darkness, selling more than twice as many records on its first week of release than Summer of Darkness had. "Undying" was the band's first single from this album, and was also made into a music video directed by Chris Sims.

Demon Hunter's only 2006 tour took place over the summer with Zao, Becoming the Archetype, August Burns Red, and Spoken. The band shot a video for "One Thousand Apologies" after the tour was over, with director Darren Doane at the helm. The Triptych was re-released on October 31, 2006, with a DVD accompanying the album, and four extra songs added to the original album.

The hard rock and heavy metal based magazine, Revolver, published a cover story on Christian metal in December 2006, featuring what the magazine called "The Holy Alliance": Spencer Chamberlain from Underoath, Ryan Clark from Demon Hunter, Tim Lambesis from As I Lay Dying, and Cory Brandan Putman from Norma Jean.

Demon Hunter entered the studio in June 2007 to record their fourth full-length album, Storm the Gates of Hell, which was released on November 6, 2007. Solid State released three versions of the album with various bonuses. "Fading Away" was the album's first single and music video. In spite of the bands secular popularity, they continued to support the underground Christian metal scene by appearing on obscure radio programs such as The Full Armor of God Broadcast in January 2008. On March 13, 2008, "Carry Me Down" debuted on Headbangers Ball's website as the album's second music video, and made its television premiere on March 15 on the same show.

In 2008, the band headlined the "Stronger Than Hell" tour, which started May 26 in Seattle, Washington. The tour featured the recently reunited Christian metal forefathers Living Sacrifice, whose lead singer Bruce Fitzhugh was featured as a guest vocalist on Storm the Gates of Hell's track titled "Sixteen". The tour also included Oh, Sleeper, The Famine, and Advent. This tour completed July 5, 2008, at Cornerstone Festival in Bushnell, Illinois. Demon Hunter released 45 Days in November 2008, a box set comprising two DVDs and a CD containing a documentary film about the band and their fans, a pro-shot performance from the "Stronger Than Hell" tour, and a brand new score written exclusively for the film along with two bonus tracks. 45 Days was directed by Cale Glendening.

A live album, Live in Nashville, was released on January 27, 2009; it includes 14 songs from their show in Nashville, Tennessee, from their "Stronger Than Hell" tour. The album features The Showdown lead guitarist Patrick Judge, who filled in for Luck on several of the "Stronger Than Hell" dates due to Luck's conflicting scheduling commitments as drummer for Relient K.

Judge also filled in for Brian Leppke of metalcore band Bleeding Through when he was unable to turn up for the Thrash and Burn tour in May.

In August 2009, Don Clark left the band to pursue his graphic designer career, and to be with his family. Ethan Luck also left, as he could not keep up with the hectic schedule of being in both Demon Hunter and Relient K. On August 28, Demon Hunter released an official statement with a new band photograph, stating that Patrick Judge was the new, permanent replacement for Luck. However, the statement made no mention of Randy Torres's joining the band; a new band photograph included him as well. An official replacement for Don Clark was announced in Demon Hunter's exclusive fan club, The Blessed Resistance, with the announcement of Ryan Helm, formerly of The Ascendicate, as the band's new permanent rhythm guitarist.

2010s
Demon Hunter released The World Is a Thorn, their fifth studio album, on March 9, 2010. It featured guest vocals by Dave Peters of Throwdown in "Feel As Though You Could", Christian Älvestam of Miseration in "Just Breathe", and Björn "Speed" Strid of Soilwork featured in the single "Collapsing". The album debuted at No. 39 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 14,000.

The band joined As I Lay Dying on tour in March, marking the first time Demon Hunter ever toured as a supporting act, rather than the headliner. Blessthefall and War of Ages were also on the bill. Demon Hunter released an anthology of their first three albums on March 8, 2011, titled Death, a Destination. In December 2011, Ryan Helm announced that he would be leaving Demon Hunter to concentrate on his solo project, Damien Deadson. Helm stated that the departure, "was inevitable; however, it was on good terms."

In January 2012, it was announced on the Solid State Records website that Jeremiah Scott, bassist for The Showdown, had joined the band in the position of rhythm guitar.

Their sixth full-length album, True Defiance, released April 10, 2012, was a commercial success, reaching No. 36 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the Top Christian Albums chart; it received generally positive to mixed reviews. A month before the album was released, Demon Hunter released the song "My Destiny" as the first official single from the album and released "Someone to Hate" and "Dead Flowers" as promotional singles. The band also released a deluxe edition of the album that included two bonus songs, "What is Left" and "I Am a Stone".

In July 2012, the band toured for the album along with Bleeding Through, Cancer Bats, and The Plot in You. Not long after, they also announced a tour in the countries of Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia in South America. The band was part of a tour called "Another Year Another Tour", their first tour of 2013, alongside headline act In Flames, as well two other bands, All Shall Perish, and Battlecross.

Demon Hunter began releasing teaser posts on January 30, 2014, related to seventh full-length album Extremist, which was released on March 18, 2014. Demon Hunter released the album's first single, "Artificial Light", on their YouTube account February 13, 2014, and also released websites to pre-order their new album. "The Last One Alive", and "I Will Fail You" were eventually released as promotional singles shortly after. Extremist debuted at No. 16 on the Billboard 200 selling approximately 18,000 copies in the first week of release. This is the band's highest chart debut, being 20 steps higher than their highly regarded previous effort, True Defiance which debuted at No. 36.

In August 2014, the band went on a brief tour with Red and Veridia.

The band's first and only concert in 2015 was at Uprise Festival in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania.

Demon Hunter officially released their eighth studio album, Outlive, on Solid State Records on March 31, 2017. In December 2016, they released the first single for Outlive: "Cold Winter Sun". On February 15, 2017, they announced that a music video for their second single "Died In My Sleep" would be released.

On December 3, 2018, the band announced two albums—War and Peace—were scheduled to be released in March 2019. Demon Hunter released both albums on March 1, 2019. On March 16, 2019, the two albums made it into top 5 of the Billboard Christian Albums with War in the second place and Peace in the third place.

2020s
On November 10, 2020, the band announced their first acoustic album, Songs of Death and Resurrection, which would feature acoustic renditions of songs such as "Dead Flowers" and "The Heart of a Graveyard", as well as featuring a new song, "Praise the Void", which would be released on March 5, 2021.

On December 15, 2021, it was announced that Richie Faulkner of Judas Priest recorded a guitar solo for Demon Hunter's album, Exile, later announced for release on September 9, 2022, then delayed to October 28, 2022. The band quickly released three singles, "Freedom is Dead", "Silence the World", and "Defense Mechanism", the latter two featuring Tom S. Englund (Evergrey) and Max Cavalera (ex-Sepultura, Soulfly) respectively, all released through their self-founded record label, Weapons MFG.

Demon Hunter started writing a follow-up album to Exile as early as October in 2022, shortly before their new album's release.

On February 10, 2023, the band released a b-side from the Exile recording sessions, "The Brink", which had been an exclusive song to Demon Hunter's fan club, The Blessed Resistance, in 2022.

On October 6, 2023, the band released another single, "Some of Us", currently as a standalone single. This was followed by other standalone singles, "Worlds Apart", on March 1, 2024, and "Black Stained Glass" on May 10, 2024.

Christianity
Don Clark stated, "I guess we liked to ride the fence. Then we got a little older, maybe wiser, and you know what, we're a Christian band. We're five dudes, we're all believers, we really don't want to ride the fence anymore." Ryan Clark claimed, "When we officially started we wanted to be very bold about it, we didn't see any purpose of just beating around the bush." Fans who are Christians are supportive of the band's bold faith position. "They respect that we don't walk the fence between a non-Christian and Christian band." Demon Hunter's official website stated in 2008 that they are "absolutely" a Christian band and the band members "are all Bible believing followers of Jesus Christ."

Reported use by the military
According to an Esquire interview in February 2013, after Metallica requested that the US military stop using their music during interrogations in Iraq, Demon Hunter allegedly contacted the US military, offering their music as an alternative, which was accepted. A Navy SEAL who claimed to have killed Bin Laden was quoted as saying "'[W]e stopped using [Metallica's] music, and then a band called Demon Hunter got in touch and said, "We're all about promoting what you do." They sent us CDs and patches. I wore my Demon Hunter patch on every mission. I wore it when I blasted bin Laden.'"  The day after the story broke, Demon Hunter addressed the situation by saying they approved US servicemen wearing their patch, but they didn't volunteer their music, nor did they have any knowledge of it being used for interrogations.

Band members
Current members
 * Ryan Clark – lead vocals (2000–present) ; guitars (2000–2002)
 * Jon Dunn – bass (2002–present)
 * Tim Watts – drums (2004–present)
 * Patrick Judge – lead guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)
 * Jeremiah Scott – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2011–present)

Former members
 * Jesse Sprinkle – drums (2000–2004)
 * Kris McCaddon – lead guitar (2002–2005)
 * Don Clark – rhythm guitar (2002–2009) ; bass (2000–2002)
 * Ethan Luck – lead guitar, backing vocals (2005–2009)
 * Ryan Helm – rhythm guitar (2009–2011)

Timeline

Discography

 * Demon Hunter (2002)
 * Summer of Darkness (2004)
 * The Triptych (2005)
 * Storm the Gates of Hell (2007)
 * The World Is a Thorn (2010)
 * True Defiance (2012)
 * Extremist (2014)
 * Outlive (2017)
 * War (2019)
 * Peace (2019)
 * Songs of Death and Resurrection (2021)
 * Exile (2022)

title: Demon Hunter (band)


text:
User:Jensu

hi. I'm Jensu. More to come!

title: User:Jensu


text:
Royal Palace of Amsterdam

The Royal Palace of Amsterdam in Amsterdam (Dutch: Koninklijk Paleis van Amsterdam or Paleis op de Dam) is one of three palaces in the Netherlands which are at the disposal of the monarch by Act of Parliament. It is situated on the west side of Dam Square in the centre of Amsterdam, opposite the War Memorial and next to the Nieuwe Kerk.

The palace was built as a city hall during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century. The building became the royal palace of King Louis Bonaparte and later of the Dutch Royal House.

Town hall

The structure was built as the Town Hall of the City of Amsterdam "facing the landing wharfs along Damrak, which at that time would have been busy with ships". The town hall was opened on 29 July 1655 by Cornelis de Graeff, the mayor of Amsterdam. De Graeff's son Jacob de Graeff laid the foundation for this along with three other children. The main architect was Jacob van Campen, who took control of the construction project in 1648. It was built on 13,659 wooden piles.

Palace
After the patriot revolution which swept the House of Orange from power a decade earlier, the new Batavian Republic was forced to accept Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, as King Louis I of Holland in 1806. After holding his court at The Hague and Utrecht, Louis Napoleon moved to Amsterdam, and converted the Town Hall into a royal palace for himself.

It was made property of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1936.

The palace is used by the monarch for entertaining and official functions during state visits and other official receptions, such as New Year receptions. The award ceremonies of the Erasmus Prize, of the Silver Carnation, of the Royal Awards for Modern Painting, and of the Prince Claus Awards are also held in the palace.

The balcony of the Royal Palace was used during the investiture of Queen Beatrix in 1980, where her mother Juliana announced the new queen to the people.

The palace was renovated from 2005 until June 2009, during which, among other things, asbestos was removed. Since 14 June 2009, the palace is open again to visitors.

Notable features
The sandstone of yellowish hue has darkened considerably in the course of time. Astride the rear of the building is a 6-metre-tall statue of Atlas carrying the Globe on his shoulders.

title: Royal Palace of Amsterdam


text:
User talk:Jensu

post comments here. Irrelevant or old material will be deleted.

title: User talk:Jensu


text:
Öræfajökull

Öræfajökull ('Öræfi glacier' or 'wasteland glacier') is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland. The largest active volcano and the highest peak in Iceland at 2110 m, it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park and is covered by part of the glacier.

The original Norse settlers named the volcano Knappafellsjǫkull (Old Norse: ; Modern Icelandic: Hnappafellsjökull ; 'knobs mountain glacier'). The current name, Öræfajökull, was eventually adopted after the 1362 eruption.

Description
Öræfajökull is located at the southern extremity of the Vatnajökull glacier and overlooking the Ring Road between Höfn and Vík. It is the largest active volcano in the country, and on the summit crater's north-western rim is Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak in Iceland at 2110 m.

Geographically, Öræfajökull as the glacier, is considered part of Vatnajökull, and the area covered by glacier is within the boundary of Vatnajökull National Park. There are a number of outlet glaciers in the ice cap within the area of the central volcano which clockwise from north are: Breiðamerkurjökull, Fjallsjökull, Hrútárjökull, Bræðrajökull, Kviarjökull, Hólárjökull, Stórhöfðajökull, Gljúfursárjökull, Rótarfjallsjökull (which has a western branch called Kotárjökull), Grænafjallsjökull, Falljökull, Virkisjökull, Svinafellsjökull and Skaftafellsjökull. While most of the outlet glaciers have reasonably clear catchments, not all do. Some of the icecap feeds directly into river catchments without a named glacier and this happens between the Hrútárjökull and Bræðrajökull, and the Virkisá river drains a number of glaciers between Rótarfjallsjökull and Svinafellsjökull (see map on this page).

The summit caldera of this stratovolcano is 3 x and the volcano is 20 km in diameter. It is the most southern of the volcanoes in the Öræfi volcanic belt (Öræfajökull volcanic belt), which is possibly an embryonic rift parallel and to the east of the Eastern volcanic zone. The presently active summit caldera may have a subcaldera within it. Eruptions in this area are most likely to result in jökulhlaups that will produce floods at the outlets of the Kviarjökull and Virkisá catchments as these overlap the present caldera. There is possibly an old caldera to the north of the current caldera and flank eruptions could produce jökulhlaup from other outlet glaciers. The topographical map on this page can be enlarged to show this detail.

Activity
Öræfajökull has erupted twice in historical times, in 1362 and 1728. These were explosive silicic eruptions with bulk tephra volumes of 0.1 – and jökulhlaups occurred. The deposits closer to the central volcano are rhyolytic but the more distal lava flows which can extend for 20 km from the caldera are alkali olivine basalt and both have been erupted in the Holocene.

1362 eruption
In 1362, Knappafellsjökull erupted explosively, ejecting 10 cubic kilometres of tephra, similar in scale to the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The eruption sequence lasted for several months, being from a medium-potassium alkali rhyolite and has been assigned a VEI of 6 although dense-rock equivalent volume may be less than previous estimates at 1.2 km3. The wealthy district of Litlahérað was destroyed by floods, pyroclastic flows and ashfall. Sailors reported pumice “in such masses that ships could hardly make their way through it.” Thick volcanic deposits obliterated farmland, and ash travelled as far as western Europe. Forty farms were destroyed. More than 40 years passed before people again settled the area, which became known as Öræfi. The name literally means 'an area without harbour,' but it took on a meaning of 'wasteland' in Icelandic, as the 1362 eruption had drastically altered the environment around the mountain. The volcano likewise took on the new name Öræfajökull.

1728 eruption
An eruption in August 1727–1728 was smaller than 1362, though floods are known to have caused three fatalities when the meltwater swept their farm away.

2017 activity
Increased earthquake activity in the form of small tremors ranging from a depth of 1.5–10 km beneath the summit crater, began in August 2017 according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office.

The Aviation Colour Code of the United States was raised to yellow on 17 November 2017, after the appearance of an ice cauldron inside the main crater and increased geothermal activity under the glacier.

2018 activity
The seismic and geothermal activity which began in August 2017 continued into 2018, but at reduced levels. On 4 May 2018, the Icelandic Meteorological Office lowered the Aviation Colour Code to green.

Landslide
In 2013 due to paraglacial slope failure, a large landslide affecting an area of 1.7 km2 occurred, that deposited debris on the volcano's Svínafellsjökull outlet glacier.

title: Öræfajökull


text:
Kasetsart

Kasetsart may refer to:

 * Kasetsart University
 * Kasetsart F.C.
 * Kasetsart University Laboratory School
 * 2017 Kasetsart F.C. season

title: Kasetsart


text:
Talk:Hasdingi

Better named Asding Vandals and entered as one of two subsections at Vandal. No one will ever find this entry with its unusual aspirate. Wetman 16:35, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Does anyone know whether the Hasdingi were related to the Hæstingas, who settled the Hastings area of England. The Hæstingas appear to be a different people from the other Anglo-Saxon invaders.--84.13.255.214 17:28, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hasdingi


text:
Alfred East

Sir Alfred Edward East, RA, RBA (15 December 1844 – 28 September 1913) was an English painter.

Life
East was born in Kettering in Northamptonshire and studied at the Glasgow School of Art. His romantic landscapes show the influence of the Barbizon school. His The Art of Landscape Painting in Oil Colour was published in 1906. In April 1888 he had shared an exhibition at the galleries of the Fine Art Society with T.C. Gotch and W. Ayerst Ingram, and was commissioned the following year by Marcus Huish, managing director of the Society, to spend six months in Japan to paint the landscape and the people of the country. When the exhibition of 104 paintings from this tour was held at the Fine Art Society in 1890 it was a spectacular success.

East visited Spain after 1892 when he visited Algeciras at the southern end of Iberia.

In 1906 he was elected president of the Royal Society of British Artists, a position he held until his death. In that year, he published his 107-page illustrated "The Art of Landscape Painting in Oil Colour"; in its preface, he made the observation: "The greatest errors in landscape painting are to be found – contradictory as it may appear – not so much in the matter of technique as in the painter's attitude toward Nature". In this book he described his techniques using colours, half-tones and pencil sketches.

He was awarded a Knighthood in 1910 by King Edward VII. His portrait was painted by Philip de László. The Alfred East Art Gallery in Kettering, designed by John Alfred Gotch opened on 31 July 1913. The Alfred East Gallery is Northamptonshire's oldest purpose-built art gallery.

East was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1899, having been a regular exhibitor since 1883 and elected to full membership in 1913.

On 28 September 1913, Alfred East died at his London residence in Belsize Park. His body was taken back to Kettering and lay in state in the Art Gallery, where it was surrounded by the pictures he had presented to the town, and attracted crowds of several thousands.

title: Alfred East


text:
Cytarabine

Cytarabine, also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), is a chemotherapy medication used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is given by injection into a vein, under the skin, or into the cerebrospinal fluid. There is a liposomal formulation for which there is tentative evidence of better outcomes in lymphoma involving the meninges.

Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, vomiting, diarrhea, liver problems, rash, ulcer formation in the mouth, and bleeding. Other serious side effects include loss of consciousness, lung disease, and allergic reactions. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Cytarabine is in the antimetabolite and nucleoside analog families of medication. It works by blocking the function of DNA polymerase.

Cytarabine was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1969. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Cytarabine is mainly used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and in lymphomas, where it is the backbone of induction chemotherapy.

Cytarabine also possesses antiviral activity, and it has been used for the treatment of generalised herpesvirus infection. However, cytarabine is not very selective in this setting and causes bone marrow suppression and other severe side effects. Therefore, ara-C is not a useful antiviral agent in humans because of its toxic profile.

Cytarabine is also used in the study of the nervous system to control the proliferation of glial cells in cultures, the amount of glial cells having an important impact on neurons.

Side effects
One of the unique toxicities of cytarabine is cerebellar toxicity when given in high doses, which may lead to ataxia. Cytarabine may cause granulocytopenia and other impaired body defenses, which may lead to infection, and thrombocytopenia, which may lead to hemorrhage.

Toxicity: pancreatitis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, GI disturbances, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonitis, fever, and dermatitis, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia. Rarely, myelopathy has been reported after high dose or frequent intrathecal Ara-C administration.

When used in protocols designated as high dose, cytarabine can cause cerebral and cerebellar dysfunction, ocular toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, severe GI ulceration and peripheral neuropathy (rare).

To prevent the side effects and improve the therapeutic efficiency, various derivatives of these drugs (including amino acid, peptide, fatty acid and phosphates) have been evaluated, as well as different delivery systems.

Mechanism of action
Cytosine arabinoside combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar. It is an antimetabolic agent with the chemical name of 1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Certain sponges, where similar compounds were originally found, use arabinoside sugars for chemical defense. Cytosine arabinoside is similar enough to human deoxycytosine to be incorporated into human DNA, but different enough that it kills the cell. Cytosine arabinoside interferes with the synthesis of DNA. Its mode of action is due to its rapid conversion into cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, which damages DNA when the cell cycle holds in the S phase (synthesis of DNA). Rapidly dividing cells, which require DNA replication for mitosis, are therefore most affected. Cytosine arabinoside also inhibits both DNA and RNA polymerases and nucleotide reductase enzymes needed for DNA synthesis. Cytarabine is the first of a series of cancer drugs that altered the sugar component of nucleosides. Other cancer drugs modify the base.

Cytarabine is often given by continuous intravenous infusion, which follows a biphasic elimination – initial fast clearance rate followed by a slower rate of the analog. Cytarabine is transported into the cell primarily by hENT-1. It is then monophosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase and eventually cytarabine-5´-triphosphate, which is the active metabolite being incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis.

Several mechanisms of resistance have been reported. Cytarabine is rapidly deaminated by cytidine deaminase in the serum into the inactive uracil derivative. Cytarabine-5´-monophosphate is deaminated by deoxycytidylate deaminase, leading to the inactive uridine-5´-monophosphate analog. Cytarabine-5´-triphosphate is a substrate for SAMHD1. Furthermore, SAMHD1 has been shown to limit the efficacy of cytarabine efficacy in patients.

When used as an antiviral, cytarabine-5´-triphosphate functions by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis. Cytarabine is able to inhibit herpesvirus and vaccinia virus replication in cells during tissue culture. However, cytarabine treatment was only effective for herpesvirus infection in a murine model.

In mice, Ara-CTP (cytarabine-5'-triphosphate) blocks memory consolidation, but not short-term memory, of a context fear conditioning event. The blockage of memory consolidation was proposed to be due to the inhibition by Ara-CTP of the DNA non-homologous end joining pathway. Thus transient DNA breakage followed by non-homologous end joining appear to be necessary steps in the formation of a long-term memory of an event.

History
Isolation of arabinose-containing nucleotides from the Caribbean sponge Cryptotheca crypta (now Tectitethya crypta) together with the realization that these compounds could act as DNA synthesis chain terminators led to exploration of these novel nucleotides as potential anticancer therapeutics. Cytarabine was first synthesized in 1959 by Richard Walwick, Walden Roberts, and Charles Dekker at the University of California, Berkeley.

It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in June 1969, and was initially marketed in the US by Upjohn under the brand name Cytosar-U.

Names
It is also known as ara-C (arabinofuranosyl cytidine).
 * Cytosar-U
 * Tarabine PFS (Pfizer)
 * Depocyt (longer-lasting liposomal formulation)
 * AraC

title: Cytarabine