text:
Stenhousemuir F.C.

Stenhousemuir Football Club is a Scottish football club located in Stenhousemuir, Falkirk. They are a member of the Scottish Professional Football League and currently play in Scottish League One.

Through much of its history, the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football, most recently being relegated to Scottish League Two in 2019 via the play-offs one year after being promoted to League One. Stenhousemuir play in 2024–25 Scottish League One after achieving automatic promotion from Scottish League Two.

In September 2009, Stenhousemuir Football Club, Ltd. was re-registered as a Community Interest Company.

1884–1989
The club claim to have been founded in 1884 following a breakaway from a local team called Heather Rangers. However this cannot be substantiated through contemporary accounts, for instance it appears Heather Rangers did not exist until much later. There was a Stenhousemuir FC in existence between 1881 and 1885 with the current club not being reported in the press until 1886.

Stenhousemuir Thistle Cricket Club was in existence c.1881. A reference to a "2nd Stenhousemuir (Windsor)", i.e. a reserve XI, match is made on 18 May 1882. A "Stenhousemuir (Larbert)" away match to Alloa Athletic is listed on 9 September 1882, with Vale of Bannock v Stenhousemuir Thistle on 16 September 1882.

The team line ups for these two matches (one week apart) support Stenhousemuir and Stenhousemuir Thistle as being separate clubs. Stenhousemuir were admitted to the SFA on 21 August 1883 before being struck off from the SFA on 16 August 1885 for non-payment of subscription. This club played in the Scottish Cup in 1883–84 and 1884–85. There is further reference to a Stenhousemuir "junior" team on 13 March 1884. The club were likely not formed as a breakaway from Heather Rangers as they did not exist in 1884 but more likely c.1890.

In 1890, the Warriors moved to Ochilview Park following spells at Tryst Park and Goschen Park. In the early 20th century the club had a brief spell of success, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup twice in 1901 and 1902. In 1902–03, the club reached the Scottish Cup semi-final, losing 1–4 at home to Rangers. The 1921–22 season saw Stenhousemuir compete for the first time in senior Scottish League Football.

In 1925–26, Stenhousemuir goalkeeper Joe Shortt was offered a £50 bribe to throw a match against Broxburn United, but he rejected the offer and the Warriors won the match 6–2. A bookmaker from the Bainsford district of Falkirk, was subsequently jailed for attempted match fixing.

In 1928, the wooden grandstand at Ochilview Park burnt down in a fire, which led to a new stand being built in its place, although staircases reputedly had to be added later due to planning errors. The 1936–37 season saw the club register a record victory – a 9–2 home win against Dundee United. More than a decade later in 1949–50, a Scottish Cup quarter-final tie against East Fife drew a record crowd of 12,525 – the highest ever at Ochilview Park. On 7 November 1951, the first floodlit game between two Scottish senior teams occurred at Ochilview Park, a friendly match between Stenhousemuir and Hibernian. The floodlights had been paid for three years earlier by Tommy Douglas, a butcher in King Street, Stenhousemuir.

In the middle of 1964, Rangers revealed a plan to The Scottish Football League to remove the Warriors from the league, along with four other clubs, on the basis that they were poorest-supported clubs over the previous three seasons. Four years later, Stenhousemuir, along with Albion Rovers, Berwick Rangers, Brechin City and Stranraer, with support from a number of clubs, including Celtic, Hamilton Academical and Airdrieonians, defeated the plan.

In 1972–73, the Warriors defeated Rangers 2–1 at Ibrox Stadium in Second Round 2nd leg of the Scottish League Cup. Notably, Rangers were the holders of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the time. Rangers progressed 6–2 on aggregate having previously won the 1st leg 5–0 at Ochilview.

1990–present
In 1992–93, the Club allowed their rivals Stirling Albion to groundshare at Ochilview Park. In the 1993–94 season, the Warriors were moved out of the bottom league for the first time, due to the formation of the Scottish Third Division. The mid-1990s would go on to be one of the club's most successful periods in its history.

In 1994–95 they defeated St Johnstone 4–0 and Aberdeen 2–0, both higher league opposition, en route to the Scottish Cup quarter finals. In the 1995–96 season, Stenhousemuir won the Scottish Challenge Cup, defeating Dundee United 5–4 on penalties after a goalless 90 minutes and extra time. In the process they reached their first national semi-final since season 1902–03.

In 1997–98, Stenhousemuir were relegated from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish Third Division for the first time in the history of the club. However, the next season (1998–99) the Warriors won promotion back to the Second Division, also for the first time in the history of the club.

In 2006–07, the Club installed a new synthetic surface at Ochilview Park. It became the first in the UK to pass the FIFA 2 Star category accreditation. A new synthetic surface was installed in the summer of 2014.

At the end of the 2008–09 season, Stenhousemuir were promoted back to the Scottish Second Division (having been relegated from there in season 2002–03) after defeating Cowdenbeath 5–4 on penalties, this after drawing 0–0 on aggregate in the play-off final.

The 2010–11 season saw the Club narrowly avoid another relegation after spending most of the season in the bottom two positions. On the final day of the season the club defeated Peterhead 3–0 to move above Alloa Athletic and therefore avoided the relegation play-offs.

In 2013 Stenhousemuir reached their second Challenge Cup Semi-Final by beating Dundee on penalties after drawing 1–1 but went on to lose 1–0 to Rangers.

In January 2014, after parting company with Martyn Corrigan, the Warriors appointed Scott Booth as their new manager. Booth was relieved of his duties on 1 February 2015 after winning just 12 from 42 games and failing to record any back to back victories.

Assistant Manager, Brown Ferguson, took temporary charge for the second time, and the club announced on 2 April 2015 that 'Bomber' Brown would take over as manager on a full-time basis for the 2015–16 season.

After a poor season in 2016–17, the club found itself relegated to Scottish League Two. However, the club came straight back up the following season despite finishing in fourth spot, winning promotion through the play-offs after beating Queen's Park in the play-off semi-finals and then Peterhead in the final. 2018–19 saw the club relegated back to League Two after defeat to Annan Athletic in the play-offs.

After five seasons in Scottish League Two Stenhousemuir won the first league championship in their 140-year history, winning the title on 6 April 2024 after a 0–0 draw with East Fife.

Supporters and rivalries
Stenhousemuir Supporters' Trust is the official supporters' club of Stenhousemuir FC. It is a democratic organisation based on one vote per person, and its committee is elected every year by the members. It is the largest shareholder in the club with about 11% of the shares with the aim to increase the shareholding so that no individual(s) can wrest the control of the club away from its supporters.

The club also draws much international support: the Norwegian Supporters' Club is a small supporters' organisation based in Oslo, Norway. The Supporters Club was founded on New Year's Eve 1992 by Rolf Erik Wulff, Christian Wulff and Kjell Jarslett. In 1996 it was given one share of Stenhousemuir F.C. as a recognition of their support and promotion of the club. As of today, the supporters club and its members owns about 5% of the shares in Stenhousemuir. Stenhousemuir FC also has Danish support. The Denmark-based supporters club is an unofficial Warriors fan club founded and established in the summer 2000. The fan club has approximately 30 members.

Stenhousemuir Supporters Trust, also known as The 'Warriors Supports Trust' is registered with the Financial Services Agency as a not-for-profit Industrial and Provident Society. It was established in 2003. It works with the Board of the football club and the Supporters Club to develop a more successful football club. The annual membership subscription of the Trust is £5 but Trust members can take out either a 'silver' membership of £5 a month, or a 'gold' membership of £10 a month. The cash obtained from membership of the Trust is used to buy shares the football club has for sale, and hence the club benefits financially. Since its inception the Trust has given money to the club and its members have given their time and labour towards several projects. The current Chairman of the Stenhousemuir Supporters Trust is Graeme Wallace, who is also the stadium announcer at Ochilview.

Notable fans include The Wire actor Isiah Whitlock and Monty Python star Michael Palin.

The biggest rivals are East Stirlingshire with whom they share a fierce local rivalry, as they are both from the Falkirk area and have frequently played in the same division as well as sharing the same stadium for a period. There is a smaller rivalry with Falkirk.

Board of directors
Vacant (chairman), David Reid (Vice-chairman), Robert Beagley, Terry Bulloch, Gordon Cook, Martin McNairney, Andy McPhate (supporters club rep), Dan Wharton.

Source:

Achievements

 * Scottish Third Division/Scottish League Two (fourth tier):
 * Winners: 2023–24
 * Runners-up: 1998–99
 * Promoted: 2008–09, 2017–18 (via play-offs)
 * Scottish Challenge Cup:
 * Winners: 1995–96
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup:
 * Winners (2): 1900–01, 1901–02
 * Stirlingshire Cup:
 * Winners (11): 1899–1900, 1901–02, 1921–22, 1932–33, 1936–37, 1962–63, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1986–87, 2001–02, 2014–15
 * Central Combination:
 * Winners (3): 1898–99, 1900–01, 1901–02
 * Midland League:
 * Winners: 1895–96

Records

 * Biggest league victory: 9–2 v Dundee United, 16 April 1937. (Scottish League – Division Two)
 * Biggest league defeat: 2–11 v Dunfermline Athletic, 27 September 1930. (Scottish League – Division Two)
 * Biggest home attendance: 12,525 v East Fife, 11 March 1950. (Scottish Cup Quarter-Final)

title: Stenhousemuir F.C.


text:
John Muir Wilderness

The John Muir Wilderness is a wilderness area that extends along the crest of the Sierra Nevada of California for 90 mi, in the Inyo and Sierra National Forests. Established in 1964 by the Wilderness Act and named for naturalist John Muir, it encompasses 652,793 acre. The wilderness lies along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra from near Mammoth Lakes and Devils Postpile National Monument in the north, to Cottonwood Pass near Mount Whitney in the south. The wilderness area also spans the Sierra crest north of Kings Canyon National Park, and extends on the west side of the park down to the Monarch Wilderness.

Geography and geology
The wilderness contains some of the most spectacular and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, with 57 peaks over 13000 ft in elevation. The peaks are typically made of granite from the Sierra Nevada Batholith, and are dramatically shaped by glacial action. The southernmost glacier in the United States, the Palisade Glacier, is contained within the wilderness area. Notable east-side glaciated canyons are drained by Rock, McGee and Bishop Creeks.

The eastern escarpment in the wilderness rises from 6000 to 8000 ft from base to peak, in 5 to 6 mi. The Sierra crest contains peaks from 12000 to 14000 ft in elevation, including Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the continental United States. Other notable mountains in the wilderness area include the Palisades and Mount Humphreys. Mount Muir is located 2 miles south of Mount Whitney. Mount Williamson is the second-highest peak in the wilderness, at 14375 ft: it rises in one continuous sweep of granite from the floor of the Owens Valley to a peak just east of the main range.

Ecology
The John Muir Wilderness contains the largest contiguous area above 10000 ft in the continental United States. It contains large areas of subalpine meadows and fellfields above 10800 ft, containing stands of whitebark and foxtail pine. From 9000 ft to 10800 ft, the wilderness is dominated by lodgepole pines. Below the lodgepole forest is forest dominated by Jeffrey pine.

Common animals in the wilderness include yellow-bellied marmots, pikas, golden-mantled ground squirrels, Clark's nutcrackers, golden trout, and black bears. The wilderness area also includes California bighorn sheep zoological areas, which are set aside for the protection of the species.

Recreation
The wilderness contains 589.5 mi of hiking trails, including the John Muir Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail, which run through the wilderness from north to south. The John Muir Wilderness is the second most-visited wilderness in the United States, and quotas for overnight use have been implemented on virtually all trailheads.

Lakes

 * Dingleberry Lake
 * Disappointment Lake
 * Hell for Sure Lake
 * Loch Leven
 * Lake of the Lone Indian
 * Mills Lake
 * Nüümü Hu Hupi
 * Pee Wee Lake
 * Lake Virginia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Muir Wilderness


text: User talk:209.146.77.163

title: User talk:209.146.77.163


text:
October (U2 album)

October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981 by Island Records, and was produced by Steve Lillywhite. The album was lyrically inspired by the memberships of Bono, the Edge, and Larry Mullen Jr. in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, and consequently it contains spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the "rock and roll" lifestyle, and threatened to break up the band.

After completing the third leg of the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, entering the recording studio in July 1981. Just as they did for their 1980 debut, Boy, the band recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The recording sessions were complicated by Bono's loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, improvisational approach to completing the album on time.

October was preceded by the lead single "Fire" in July 1981, while its second single, "Gloria", coincided with its release. The album received mixed reviews and limited radio play. In 2008, a remastered edition of October was released.

Recording
In February 1981 during their Boy Tour, U2 began to write new material. ("Fire" had already been recorded at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas while U2 took a break from the Boy Tour.) They wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. In March, on an otherwise successful American leg of the tour, the briefcase of lead vocalist Bono containing in-progress lyrics and musical ideas was lost backstage during a performance at a nightclub in Portland, Oregon. The band had limited time to write new music on tour and in July began a two-month recording session at Windmill Lane Studios largely unprepared, forcing Bono to quickly improvise lyrics. Steve Lillywhite, reprising his role as producer from U2's debut album, Boy, called the sessions "completely chaotic and mad".

Bono said of the recording process of October, "I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone, and at £50 an hour, that's quite a pressure. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio... he coped really well. And the ironic thing about October is that there's a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean, I used the word 'rejoice' precisely because I knew people have a mental block against it. It's a powerful word, it's lovely to say. It's implying more than 'get up and dance, baby.' I think October goes into areas that most rock 'n' roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like 'Tomorrow,' it actually moves me." The briefcase was eventually recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as "an act of grace". Whereas Lillywhite recorded Larry Mullen Jr.'s drums in the stairway of the reception area of Windmill Lane Studios for Boy, the producer moved the recording of the drums into the studio for October; Lillywhite later called it "one of the things that didn't work so well".

Composition
The record placed an emphasis on religion and spirituality, particularly in the songs "Gloria" (featuring a Latin chorus of "Gloria, in te domine"), "With a Shout (Jerusalem)", and "Tomorrow". About the album, Bono declared in 2005: "Can you imagine your second album—the difficult second album—it's about God?"

The songs mainly refine U2's formula of riff-rockers with songs such as "Gloria" and "Rejoice", but the band also expanded its musical palette in a few ways. In particular, guitarist The Edge incorporates piano in songs such as "I Fall Down", "Stranger In a Strange Land", "Scarlet", and "October". "Tomorrow", a lament to Bono's mother, who died when he was young, features Uilleann pipes played by Vinnie Kilduff later of In Tua Nua. "I Threw a Brick Through a Window" was one of the band's first songs to highlight drummer Larry Mullen, Jr., while "Gloria" highlights bassist Adam Clayton as it features three styles of playing in one song (using a pick for the most part, playing with fingers during the slide guitar by The Edge, then a "slap & pop" solo towards the end).

"Is That All?" borrows the riff from "Cry", an older song the band has used as an introduction to "The Electric Co." live.

Release
October was released on 12 October 1981. Both of the album's two singles preceded the album's release; "Fire" and "Gloria" were released as singles in July and October 1981, respectively.

October was the start of U2's vision of the music video as an integral part of the band's creative work, as it was released during a time that MTV was first becoming as popular as radio. The video for "Gloria" was directed by Meiert Avis and shot in the Canal Basin in Dublin.

In 2008, a remastered edition of the album was released, featuring remastered tracks, along with B-sides and rarities. Three different formats of the remaster were made available.

Critical reception
Upon its release, October received more mixed reviews than its predecessor. Dave McCullough of Sounds praised the album and said: "A kind of zenith pop then, no half measures. It all breathes fire, recovering too from the pair of standouts appearing at the start of each side – 'Gloria' being possibly Their Finest Moment and 'Tomorrow', low and muted, gently oozing emotion". McCullough concluded, "This October will last forever". Adam Sweeting of Melody Maker also wrote a favorable review, saying: "Their whole musical sensibility is shaped by a strong emotional bond to their homeland and its traditions. It gives them a completely different frame of reference from most groups, and on 'October' it's given them the strength to assimilate a barrage of disorientation and to turn that into a cohesive body of music."

In contrast, NME published a negative review, in which reviewer Barney Hoskyns noted the "excessive plaintiveness of Bono's voice and the forced power of U2's sound". He concluded: "Obviously rock doesn't expire just because groups run out of ways to change it... U2, I guess, will continue to 'move' in live performance, but they will only move on the lightest surface. Their music does 'soar'... But then 'God' knows, there are other religions". Jon Pareles of Rolling Stone praised the Edge for his powerful guitar playing, "drenched in echo and glory", but said Bono's vocals were negatively impacted by him taking himself too seriously and that his lyrics were silly and clichéd. Pareles acknowledged the band's attempts to vary their sound, but said "none of the strategies works as well yet as their basic power-trio dynamics". In a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the band "tries too hard to move forward" on October, with Bono straining to make big statements and the music sounding "too pompous". Erlewine did highlight certain "thoroughly impressive" songs that "marry the message, melody, and sound together".

2008 remastered edition
On 9 April 2008, U2.com confirmed that October, along with the other two of the band's first three albums, Boy and War would be re-released as newly remastered versions. The remastered album was released on 21 July 2008 in the UK, with the U.S. version following it the next day. The cover artwork for the remastered version was changed to crop the whitespace and track names. The remaster of October was released in three different formats:

 * 1) Standard format: A single CD with remastered audio and restored packaging. Includes a 16-page booklet featuring previously unseen photos, full lyrics and new liner notes by Neil McCormick. The 11 tracks match the previous release of the album.
 * 2) Deluxe format: A standard CD (as above) and a bonus CD. The bonus CD includes five live tracks from Hammersmith Palais, three live tracks from the BBC, the "A Celebration"/"Trash, Trampoline and the Party Girl" single released after October, the two B-sides from the album's singles, four additional live tracks from the Boston Paradise show and two other rarities. Also includes a 32-page booklet with previously unseen photos, full lyrics, new liner notes by Neil McCormick, and explanatory notes on the bonus material by The Edge.
 * 3) Vinyl format: A single-album remastered version on 180-gram vinyl with restored packaging.

Personnel
U2
 * Bono – lead vocals
 * The Edge – guitar, piano, backing vocals
 * Adam Clayton – bass guitar
 * Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

Additional musicians
 * Vinnie Kilduff – Uileann pipes, bodhrán

Technical
 * Steve Lillywhite – producer
 * Paul Thomas – engineer
 * Kevin Maloney – assistant engineer
 * Ian Cooper – mastering

title: October (U2 album)


text:
William Darwin Fox

The Reverend William Darwin Fox (23 April 1805 – 8 April 1880) was an English clergyman, naturalist, and a second cousin of Charles Darwin.

Early life
Fox was born in 1805 and initially raised at Thurleston Grange near Elvaston, Derbyshire and from 1814 at Osmaston Hall, Osmaston about 2.5 miles (4 km) south of Derby. Fox was the son of Samuel Fox (1765–1851) and his second wife, Ann Darwin (1777–1859). Ann was the daughter of William Alvey Darwin (1726–1783) and Jane Brown (1746–1835), and niece of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802).

Fox attended Repton School from 1816 to 1823, when the headmaster was William Boultbee Sleath. Like his second cousin Charles Darwin, Fox prepared for the church at Christ's College, Cambridge. He was also a naturalist and entomologist, particularly collecting butterflies. At Cambridge, Fox and Darwin became friends, and Fox tutored his younger cousin on natural history. Darwin noted in his autobiography:

"I was introduced to entomology by my second cousin W. Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's College, and with whom I became extremely intimate."

Fox introduced Darwin to another parson-naturalist, John Stevens Henslow, who held a weekly open house which undergraduates and some older members of the University interested in science attended in the evenings. Darwin spent three weeks with Fox at Osmaston Hall in the summer of 1829. Throughout his life, Fox remained in regular contact with Charles Darwin, and many of the letters exchanged discussed Darwin's work.

Country vicar
Fox graduated from Cambridge in the winter of 1829 and took up a curacy at Epperstone, near Nottingham. He was forced to take sick leave in 1833 and convalesced at Sandown on the Isle of Wight. It was here that he met his first wife Harriet Fletcher and they were married in 1834. Fox returned to Epperstone for a short time but was appointed vicar of Delamere, Cheshire in 1838; he remained the incumbent there until he retired through ill health in 1873. Fox was active in the local community at Delamere, especially the local school where he taught, which is now called Fox's school.

Man of letters
The letters that Charles Darwin sent to Fox were recognised as an important primary source of information on the life of Charles Darwin by his son Francis Darwin, and by many biographers since. Some are published in "Life and Letters of Charles Darwin" (Edited by F. Darwin, 1887). Most of these letters are at Christ's College, Cambridge. Some of the letters of Fox to Darwin are extant. Darwin used much information given by Fox in his books. Fox also kept a diary from the age of 18 to 1878. Only one year is missing: for 1828, when he resided at Christ's College, Cambridge with Charles Darwin. A microfiche copy of the diaries are in the University Library, Cambridge. Fox never fully accepted Darwin's explanation of evolution.

Fox in his own non-scientific but reasoned way contributed to the understanding of the geology of the Solent and how the Isle of Wight became separated from the mainland when he gave a very informative opinion on this matter in a reply to a correspondent to the Geologist (Fox 1862).

When Fox retired as Rector of Delamere in 1873, he returned to the Isle of Wight to live at "Broadlands", Sandown, until his death in 1880 and is buried on the Isle of Wight.

Marriages and children
Fox married twice and had 17 children. His first wife was Harriet Fletcher, (1799–1842), daughter of Sir Richard Fletcher and Elizabeth Mudge, whom he married in 1834.

Their children were:
 * a stillborn girl born in 1834;
 * Eliza Ann (1836-1874), wife of Rev. Henry Martyn Sanders
 * Harriet Emma born 1837, wife of Samuel Charlesworth Overton
 * Agnes Jane (1839–1906)
 * Julia Mary Anne born 1840, wife of Samuel Everard Woods
 * and Samuel William Darwin born 1841

His second wife, whom he married in 1846, was Ellen Sophia (1820–1887), daughter of Basil George Woodd and Mary Mitton of Hillfield, Hampstead.

Their children were:
 * Charles Woodd (1847–1908)
 * Frances Maria (1848–1921), wife of Alexander Pearce
 * Robert Gerard (1849–1909)
 * Louisa Mary (1851–1853)
 * Ellen Elizabeth (1852–1923), wife of Baron Dickinson Webster
 * Theodora (1853–1878)
 * Gertrude Mary (1854–1900), wife of Frederick Charles Tindal Bosanquet
 * Frederick William (1855–1931)
 * Edith Darwin (1857–1892)
 * Erasmus Pullien (1859–1939)
 * Reginald Henry (1860–1933)
 * Gilbert Basil (1865–1941)

Following the birth of the Foxes' 10th child, Charles Darwin made a tongue-in-cheek reference to the size of the Fox family and the trouble boys created compared with girls; in a letter to Fox in 1852.

Confusion with William Fox the palaeontologist
There is considerable confusion between Fox and his less celebrated contemporary the synonymic Rev. William Fox (1813–1881) who was also an amateur scientist and lived and worked on the Isle of Wight at the same time. William Darwin Fox is sometimes ascribed the credit for early dinosaur discoveries. William Darwin Fox was noted for his geological work, and entomology, but is not recorded as having any particular interest in dinosaurs.

William Johnson Fox

Confusion with social reformer William Johnson Fox
Another source of confusion links to Charles Darwin. Writer Harriet Martineau became prominent through the Unitarian publication The Repository, edited by then-Rev. William Johnson Fox. Moving to London around 1830, she joined Fox's social circle of prominent thinkers which eventually linked her to Erasmus Alvey Darwin. Charles Darwin moved in with his brother in 1837 and both got to know Martineau to the extent that their family worried about either marrying the outspoken writer. The Darwin were cousins to William Darwin Fox. Meanwhile, Martineau's popularization of Thomas Malthus' theories of population control may have helped lead Charles Darwin to read Malthus.

title: William Darwin Fox


text:
New Alresford

New Alresford or simply Alresford ( or  ) is a market town and civil parish in the City of Winchester district of Hampshire, England. It is 12.9 km northeast of Winchester and 20 km southwest of the town of Alton.

New Alresford sitauted with the River Alre to its north bears a remarkably well preserved 17th and 18th Century High Street which offers several shops, a tourist information centre, a central conservation area, several tea rooms and pubs. The western terminus of the Watercress Line heritage railway is at Alresford railway station in the town.

Etymology
Although Alresford is recorded in several Anglo-Saxon charters these records are in reference to Old Alresford the older of the two settlements. Alresford derived from the Old English Alor and ford meaning the ford at the Alder tree.

New Alresford itself was founded as a market town in 1189 and is first mentioned in a record of the mid 1200s as Nova Villa de Alresford, Latin for the "new settlement of Alresford" in. In 1332 Chepyng Alresford is recorded denoting a market town, from Middle English chippyng.

History
There is evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age occupation on several sites in the Alresford area, with a Roman or Romano-British site on nearby Fobdown and to the south-east of the town in Bramdean. Alresford was listed in the Domesday Book but this refers to what is now Old Alresford a short distance to the north of the river. Old Alresford is near to the Pilgrims' Way between Winchester and Canterbury which from Alresford goes east to Farnham, Guildford, Dorking and Maidstone.

New Alresford was founded in the 12th/13th century, the idea originally being that of Henri de Blois, the Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen of England. The design of the town (originally named Novum Forum) was followed by de Blois' successor Godfrey de Lucy. Alresford was one of the Bishop's six new towns and was his most profitable — one of his residences was situated in Bishop's Sutton about a mile to the east.

This expansion also involved the construction of the Great Weir, an earth dam across the river south of Old Alresford, allowing the river to form Alresford Pond on what is now the north side of New Alresford village.Today, Alresford pond is at the centre of a 30.2-hectare (75-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.

A medieval stone bridge said to have been built about 1190 built is still in place on the north side of New Alresford and the flow of water through is the main outflow from Alresford Pond.

New Alresford became established as a prosperous market town on the main road from Alton to Winchester south of the river. Commerce focussed on products from sheep and cattle such as wool and leather; and in the 14th century Alresford sheep markets were said to produce one of five highest turnovers in England.

Alresford sent two members to parliament until the population was reduced by the Black Death in 1348. In the 17th century the town made news as a dangerous place to live due to the uncommonly frequent fires which razed it; in the spring of 1644, the Battle of Cheriton took place on Cheriton Down, reaching the outskirts of Alresford.

Much of the medieval town was destroyed by a fire in 1689/90 that destroyed 117 houses in the town as well as the church and Market House, another in 1710 and a 'like calamity' in 1736. Much of the town was rebuilt in the 18th century, with many of the Georgian buildings that remain today.

A turnpike toll road linking London to primarily Southampton but viable for Hamble and Portsmouth (now the A31), some of which was a Roman road then a track in variable condition maintained by each parish, was built in 1753, passing through the town.

During the late 18th century, Alresford Cricket Club was one of the strongest sides in England. Alresford Community Centre, formerly Alresford Town Hall, was completed in 1865.

A Cold War commemorative plaque on the wall of public toilets, close to the railway station, commemorates that occasionally secret military documents obtained by members of the Portland Soviet spy ring in the early 1960s were left here for collection.

Art and tourism
The town, crowned by its large T-shaped main street conservation area, is an attractive art, rail and tourist destination, with its two classical, dense Georgian streets. Here can be found the Swan Hotel, Bell Hotel, jewellers, wine merchants, butchers, flower shops, toy shop, dress shops, the Alresford Gallery, Candover Gallery and tea rooms. There are three other public houses, the largest being the Globe Inn, by one of the stream channels and the play area.

Alresford railway station
Alresford railway station is at the south-western end of the Watercress Line – officially the Mid-Hants Railway. This heritage railway line runs steam and diesel trains, and gained its nickname from the fact that it used to be the line that took locally grown watercress up to London. The other end of the heritage line is Alton, which is also the terminus of the Alton line, enabling rail access for visitors from London.

St John's Church
The 13th-century church of St John the Baptist was rebuilt in 1898 by Sir Arthur Blomfield in the Norman gothic perpendicular style, except the 14th century tower, although the top third of the tower is of 16th century red crenellated parapet brickwork.

Brandy Mount House
Brandy Mount House is a Grade II listed building and is a short distance east of the church. In 2012 it was holding a National Plant Collection of snowdrops in its grounds. The gardens were open to the public during the season.

Water Cascade
The overflow from New Alresford Pond flows down a stepped cascade at Mill Hill, then travels downstream to the river Itchen.

Itchen Valley brewery
The Itchen Valley brewery was founded in New Alresford in 1997. The brewery produces a range of cask ales and a selection of beers which until early 2006 were bottle conditioned by Gales Brewery.

The Fulling Mill
About 200 m west along the river path, on the border between Old and New Alresford, is a Grade II listed 17th Century half-timbered house and mill with mill race underneath. It benefited from the construction of the Great Weir. Dating from the period when the wool trade was the dominant local industry, it ceased operating early in the 19th century and has been used as a domestic dwelling ever since. In 1950 it was acquired by Mr and Mrs G B Gush, who carried out a series of improvements to the property.

Education
There is one infant, one junior and one secondary school in Alresford with more than 140 staff and 2,000 pupils – Perins School (1,200 pupils –secondary school). This school converted to Academy status in 2011 and in September 2017 formed a Multi-Academy Trust (MAT) with Sun Hill Junior School. In 2001 Perins was granted specialist status for leading the field in sport in Hampshire. This enabled Perins to open and complete a new state-of-art gym open to the public in the evenings, although the school no longer carries the title Community Sports College.

Sport and leisure
Alresford has a Non-League football club Alresford Town F.C., which plays at Arlebury Park. Alresford is also home to a rugby club, Alresford RFC, which plays its home games at Arlebury Park in the centre of Alresford.

Transport
New Alresford was formerly on both the A31 road between Guildford and Winchester, and on the Watercress Line, a secondary main line of the London & South Western Railway between Alton and Winchester. However the A31 now by-passes the town, whilst the old road through the town has been redesignated the B3047. The Watercress Line was closed in 1973, although the section between New Alresford and Alton is now operated as a heritage railway under the same name.

The town is served by a two bus routes operated by Stagecoach in Hampshire including the half hourly number 64 (and 64X) bus between Winchester and Alton via New Alresford and the number 67 providing a more limited service between Winchester and Petersfield via New Alresford.

Events
Alresford holds a number of community events throughout the year. Several are organised by or with New Alresford Town Council (NATC). All events which are held in the main streets within the original town (Broad Street, East Street, West Street) require the permission of the New Alresford Town Trust (NATT – a registered charity which preserves the town's traditional rights of access, to fairs and to street markets, preserves old documents and buildings, and runs a community minibus). A fee for street usage is usually payable by organisers, which helps in the Trust's other works, including running the local minibus which serves the elderly and disabled. A number of events are organised by The Alresford Pigs Association, which raises money in the local area for those in need, by the local Rotary club (such as the annual 5 November Fireworks at Arlebury Park), and by the town council.

The Watercress Festival
The town is famed for its production of watercress and is recognised as The Capital of Watercress. Once a year New Alresford holds a festival on the third Sunday in May which attracts an enormous crowd; there is a street market with locally made food on sale and usually cookery demonstrations. From 2006 to 2008, Antony Worrall Thompson was the celebrity chef.

Alresford Show
The agricultural show, founded in 1908 and held at Tichborne Park since 1960, takes place on the first Saturday in September. Animals are shown, flowers and vegetables are judged, there is horsejumping and other entertainment. The Alresford Pigs and Alresford Rugby Club assist. Entry is chargeable.

Alresford fair
A one-day street fair takes place on 11 October (Old Michaelmas Day) or the first Thursday thereafter. The traditional English funfair, arrives on Wednesday afternoon and Thursday morning and sets up in Broad Street. The fair lasts from 3pm – 11pm and has to be gone by dawn on Friday. The main north–south road of Alresford (Broad Street) is closed to traffic.

Bonfire night
Organised by the local Rotary Club and usually held on 5 November. Traditionally the firework display is preceded by a torchlit procession starting in Broad Street making its way along West Street and up Pound Hill into Arlebury Park, the venue for the firework display. The display is always well attended with proceeds donated to local, national and international causes. Each year a 'Guy' is burned following tradition, with the Guys made by local schoolchildren.

Arrival of Father Christmas
The arrival of Father Christmas is a joint effort led by the Christmas Tree Fund. It takes place in Broad Street near a large Christmas Tree erected annually. A carol service with music provided by Perins Community School's orchestra precedes the arrival. The Alresford Pigs create the secret process by which Father Christmas arrives. He has arrived in World War 2 NAAFI van driven by Wallace and Gromit and in a Thunderbirds, helicopter, fire engine, Open-top bus, Tardis, and a BMW 5 Series. This is followed by Father Christmas giving presents to children in his grotto. The presents are organised by the Christmas Tree Fund. Money donated by the crowd at each year's event goes back into the pot for the following year.

The Duck Race
The Duck Race is organised by the Alresford Pigs and held biennially on odd numbered years. It brings the community out to watch several (decoy) duck races with 32 ducks in each race. The event, races and ducks are sponsored by a local family or business. It has been held for many years on the lawn at the Weir House, which has space for traditional fete activities such as Tea and Cake, Beer Tent, Tombola, as well as Scalextric Racing, Face Painting, Bouncy Castle, and Jazz Band. This is the largest fundraising event organised by The Alresford Pigs.

Charity
After the borough council was abolished under the Municipal Corporations Act 1883, its assets were transferred to the New Alresford Town Trust, which was constituted in 1890.

Governance
Alresford is part of the wider Itchen Valley Ward of Hampshire County Council, which stretches across the Northeast of the City of Winchester and includes several other parishes such as Itchen Valley. Itchen Valley has been represented since 2005 by Jackie Porter, most recently elected in 2017:

Alresford also elects three representatives to the City of Winchester District Council as part of the wider Alresford and Itchen Valley Ward. As with the Hampshire County Council War, this also includes Old Alresford. The ward is currently represented by one Conservative Councillor and two Liberal Democrat Councillors: The town council holds elections, and is currently composed of eleven Councillors and six members of staff.

Notable people

 * Alresford was the birthplace of artist Graham Ovenden, novelist and dramatist Mary Russell Mitford (1787–1855) who lived at 27 Broad street until the age of ten, and of John Frederick Peel Rawlinson (1860–1926), lawyer, politician, and goalkeeper for Old Etonians F.C. in three early FA Cup Finals.
 * South African cricketer Owen Robert Dunell (1856–1929) lived at Alresford in later life.
 * The cricket commentator John Arlott resided in Alresford between 1961 and 1981.
 * Alexa Chung, model and presenter, attended Perins Secondary School, as did Russell Howard, comedian.
 * Formula One racing driver Derek Warwick is from a local family.
 * Kate Walsh, runner up on the 2009 series of The Apprentice and presenter on Live from Studio Five lives in Alresford.
 * The award-winning actor Colin Firth used to live in Alresford as a young boy.
 * In February 1835, Henry 'Orator' Hunt visited New Alresford in Hampshire on business. As he got down from his phaeton outside the George Inn, he suffered a stroke and was taken to a private room. He died a few days later on Friday, 13 February, surrounded by his family and friends.

Twin towns
New Alresford is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Bricquebec, France

title: New Alresford


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dump poppy

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Dump poppy.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to delete the article.

Delete. Dicdef --Starx 14:40, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I have to agree with the person that posted this. I have heard this term in use in Southern Canada (unsigned entry by User:206.47.186.174 @ 15:02, May 14, 2004)
 * Sockpuppet. RickK 00:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, format and stub; hopefully someone, perhaps the first voter here, would be willing and able to expand on it. Alcarillo 16:37, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. I have lived in Southern Canada, and have heard this term used regionally from the Middlesex-Kent area to Waterloo County.  I believe that this is a legitimate term.  (Unsigned entry by User:24.102.73.47 @ 17:02, May 14, 2004)
 * Sockpuppet. RickK 00:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Dicdef, and I can't really see how it can grow from that. Would any of the above posters, anons included, care to elaborate or, better still, make it into a good stub? Andrewa 17:22, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Dicdef, article looks impossible, google provides no verification of the term's existence, and I don't trust anons saying "this is real" on VfD. Just delete, no transwiki. -- Cyrius|&#9998 17:38, May 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Dicdef - Tεx τ urε 21:45, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I can't find any reference on Google. Delete. Burgundavia 04:12, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sounds familiar. Just stub it. Vote to keep mastercog 00:12 May 16 2004 (UTC)
 * This vote is this user's 3rd edit. Probable sockpuppet. -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:05, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep, the third sockpuppet voting on this topic. RickK 00:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverified, insignificant. Wile E. Heresiarch 01:38, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, definite dicdef. Delete. RadicalSubversiv E 18:54, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue or the deletion should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheeba

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of the page entitled Cheeba.

This page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to redirect to marijuana.

Delete. Dicdef --Starx 14:40, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to marijuana. Meelar 14:45, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Grendelkhan 14:59, 2004 May 14 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Alcarillo 16:40, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue should be placed on other relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheeba


text:
Talk:Middlebury, Vermont

Untitled
Anyone have an idea why Middlebury,_Vermont is redirecting here as opposed to the other way around? All of the other Vermont towns are TownName,_Vermont. If there is a reason I'll leave it here. Its just a bit odd. :-)

Adamfranco 14:45, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It is a bit odd. The reason is because when Rambot added all the town pages, whenever there was a naming conflict, (town), (village), (city), (CDP), was appended to disambiguate. In the case of Middlebury, Vermont, there is also an entry for Middlebury (CDP), Vermont. A CDP is a Census Designated Place that the Census uses. There are TONS of these instances. I raised the discussion of how to best handle this on the WikiProject Cities talk page: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities. - Redjar 13:48, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Historical References for Middlebury
A good historical book I recently stumbled upon is Andres, Glenn M. "A walking history of Middlebury / by Glenn M. Andres ; revised and edited by Greg Pahl." Middlebury, Vt. : Sheldon Museum, 1997 ; call-number "F59.M6 A52 1997" in the Middlebury College Library. Online at: http://midddigital.middlebury.edu/walking_history/

Another good online source is "History of Addison County" Edited by H. P. Smith (1886) and available at: http://maozi.middlebury.edu/SharingVTHistory/BooksPamphlets/HAC/DirectoryHAC.html

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Middlebury, Vermont. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115006/http://www.mychamplainvalley.com/story/d/story/new-vermont-bus-service-coming-soon/25356/WV93OVRBoUK9ju_ZcYIpEg to http://www.mychamplainvalley.com/story/d/story/new-vermont-bus-service-coming-soon/25356/WV93OVRBoUK9ju_ZcYIpEg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:40, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Middlebury, Vermont. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030419114129/http://middlebury.govoffice.com/ to http://www.middlebury.govoffice.com/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070627142042/http://maozi.middlebury.edu/SharingVTHistory/MapsAtlases/index.htm to http://maozi.middlebury.edu/SharingVTHistory/MapsAtlases/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:03, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Middlebury, Vermont


text:
Hinton

Hinton may refer to:

Australia

 * Hinton, New South Wales

Canada

 * Hinton, Alberta
 * Hinton/Entrance Airport
 * Hinton/Jasper-Hinton Airport
 * Hinton CN railway station

England

 * Hinton, Dorset, a civil parish
 * Hinton Martell, Dorset
 * Hinton Parva, Dorset
 * Hinton, South Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire
 * Hinton, Stroud, Gloucestershire, a village near Berkeley
 * Hinton, Hampshire
 * Hinton, Herefordshire
 * Hinton, Northamptonshire
 * Hinton, Shropshire
 * Hinton, Somerset
 * Hinton, Suffolk
 * Hinton Admiral, Hampshire
 * Hinton Admiral railway station
 * Hinton Ampner, Hampshire
 * Hinton Blewett, Somerset
 * Hinton Charterhouse, Somerset
 * Hinton Daubney, Hampshire
 * Hinton Parva, Wiltshire, also known as Little Hinton
 * Hinton St George, Somerset
 * Hinton St Mary, Dorset
 * Hinton Waldrist, Oxfordshire
 * Hinton-in-the-Hedges, Northamptonshire
 * Hinton on the Green, Worcestershire
 * Broad Hinton, Wiltshire
 * Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire
 * Great Hinton, Wiltshire
 * Tarrant Hinton, Dorset

United States

 * Hinton, California
 * Hinton, Iowa
 * Hinton, Missouri
 * Hinton, Oklahoma
 * Hinton, West Virginia
 * Hinton (Amtrak station)
 * Hinton Township, Michigan

Other

 * Hinton (name)
 * Hinton station (disambiguation), railroad stations of the name

title: Hinton


text:
Aerozine 50

Aerozine 50 is a 50:50 mix by weight of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), developed in the late 1950s by Aerojet General Corporation as a storable, high-energy, hypergolic fuel for the Titan II ICBM rocket engines. Aerozine continues in wide use as a rocket fuel, typically with dinitrogen tetroxide as the oxidizer, with which it is hypergolic. Aerozine 50 is more stable than hydrazine alone, and has a higher density and boiling point than UDMH alone.

Pure hydrazine has a higher performance than Aerozine 50, but an inconvenient freezing point of 2 °C. A mix of hydrazine and UDMH has a far lower freezing point due to freezing-point depression. In addition, UDMH is a more stable molecule; this reduces the chances of pure hydrazine decomposing unexpectedly, increasing safety and allowing the blend to be used as a coolant in regeneratively cooled engines.

This type of fuel is mainly used for interplanetary probes and spacecraft propulsion. Unlike other more common propellants like liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen, Aerozine 50 is liquid at room temperature and can be stored in liquid state without significant boil off, thus making it a storable propellant better suited for long-term interplanetary missions. Aerozine 50 was largely used in ICBMs and in their derivative launchers such as the core stages of the Titan-II/III/IV rocket because an ICBM requires long-term storage and launch on short notice; the rocket must be stored already fueled. This fuel was also used in ICBM-derived upper stages, such as the Delta II rocket. It was also used by the Apollo Lunar Module and the Service Propulsion System engine in the Apollo CSM. The Ariane 1 through Ariane 4 family used a related fuel, a mixture of 75% UDMH and 25% hydrazine hydrate called UH 25.

Aerozine is not used as a monopropellant (a propellant that is not mixed with anything). The extra stability conferred by the methyl groups affects reactivity and thrust.

In 1980, a leakage of Aerozine 50 resulted in the 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion. The leak occurred due to puncture of the first-stage Titan fuel tank by a dropped tool. The initial explosion removed the 740-ton silo door and ejected the second stage and warhead out of the silo. The Titan's second stage exploded, and the W53 warhead landed 30 meters from the silo portal without detonating or leaking fissile material.

Alternatives
Hydrazine may also be mixed with monomethyl hydrazine (MMH). Because MMH is slightly denser, net performance is increased slightly.

A potentially novel hypergolic alternative has been developed based on tertiary amine azides – called CINCH (Competitive Impulse Non-Carcinogenic Hypergol) and the name of the compound is 2-Dimethylaminoethylazide.

Trivia
According to John D. Clark, the propellant community disliked and ignored brandnames such as Aerojet's Aerozine, preferring its own jargon of engineering acronyms and nicknames. This particular mixture was called "50–50".

title: Aerozine 50


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Königsburg

Not sure what this is supposed to be---can this be turned into an actual stub, or is it nonsense? I can't tell, but I'm leaning toward "someone didn't consider context". Page is an orphan. Grendelkhan 14:44, 2004 May 14 (UTC)
 * Current content appears to be nonsense with no context. Should this become a redirect to Kaliningrad (which used to be called Königsberg)? Rossami 16:04, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * This was actually a relief -- I thought it was going to be another Russo-German-Polish Edit War like over Gdansk. This one reads like it was intended for a Talk page. Redirect to Kaliningrad, or put it on the author's userpage. Alcarillo 16:31, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't know if we should redirect -- I think just delete. A simple google for "königsburg" gets you 5,000+ entries, and it appears to me that Kaliningrad isn't the only city formerly named Königsburg (in fact, it looks to me like there's one currently in Krefeld, but someone would have to dig a bit more).  If anyone knows more about this, please let me know -- as it stands, I think making the redirect is a bit premature. Jwrosenzweig 16:36, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to Kolberg (movie), add the scrap of info on the movie in Kolobrzeg, and list on cleanup. Everyking 19:01, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Everyking in all particulars. Burgundavia 04:11, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect to Kaliningrad. The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically important mathematical problem.  Therefore, some reader might well be looking for an article on "Königsberg" and misspell it. JamesMLane 10:22, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Possibly there should be two entries, one ofr Konigsberg, and one for Kaliningrad. Then the Slav mafia with their hilarious nationalist histories could simply write up the Kaliningrad entry, and educated intellects could complete the Konigsberg site. I see that someone has entered some interesting cultural information on old Konigsberg. ChristchurchChristchurch 14:29, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Now that was offensive and POV. Please refrain yourself from such remarks in the future. Halibutt 21:40, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

I also think that there could be two separate entries, one for Königsberg 1255-1946, and one for Kaliningrad since 1946. They are two separate cities that have occupied the same site in succession. One did not evolve into the other, the first was violently and suddenly displaced by the second. There was a transition between April 1945 and 1948 as the German population died or were deported, and Soviet settlers replaced them; and more of the physical fabric of Königsberg appears to have survived than is usually acknowledged in English-language writing on the city. Nevertheless the re-naming of 2 July 1946 created, symbolically and in fact, two different cities, with two histories and two peoples, and I think two entries more accurately reflects this. If one entry is retained, I think that references to the city before 1946 should read Königsberg, and after 1946 Kaliningrad. These are the only two names the city has been referred to in English-language writings. I think that an example of the confusion that can arise without resolving this is the illustration of the Coat of Arms of Königsberg in the article, heraldically correct but labelled with Polish-language place names. That may be the practice in Polish-language usage, but all English-language references I can find to the city's Coat of Ams and its history use the same place names as in the German language. If there is a historical source to cite for the use of Polish-language place names to describe Königsberg's Coat of Arms for English-language speakers, I would be interested to see it. Kaliningrad has its own heraldic history, and has never used the Arms of Königsberg. Brucehassan 12:38, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I am wrong. The Coat of Arms in the article isn't even heraldically correct!  The three municipal shields are supported by a white Polish eagle when it should be a black Prussian eagle.  The present Arms of Kaliningrad incorporate the central shield into a design featuring a sailing ship.  They could be interpreted as an allusion to a continuity with old Königsberg, or may be seen as an attempt to appropriate the municpal legitimacy of the pre-1946 city.  Either way, the Coat of Arms of 'Królewiec' shown in the article don't seem to have any legitimacy. Brucehassan 13:29, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

The German-language and Russian-language Wikipedia both have separate articles for Königsberg and for Kaliningrad. I think that further supports the case for two separate articles in English. Any thoughts? Brucehassan 11:35, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I just stumbled upon this because I was both confused and offended by the lack of a separate page for Königsberg. I have no idea if anyone will ever read this or if my commenting will have any effect, but as a German-American whose family lived in Königsberg for 300 years, I can tell you that I've never met anyone who thought of Kaliningrad as the same city as Königsberg. WWII destroyed the old city both physically and culturally so it does not make sense to have a search for one lead to an entry on the other. Moreover, Wikipedia has double entries for all the different incarnations of the Prussian state (Duchy, Province, etc.) and those were all natural progressions, so why not have an entry for the one change that was clearly not natural?Nsfreeman 17:25, 25 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
Watercress Line

The Watercress Line is the marketing name of the Mid-Hants Railway, a heritage railway in Hampshire, England, running 10 mi from New Alresford to Alton where it connects to the National Rail network. The line gained its popular name in the days when it was used to transport locally grown watercress to markets in London. The railway currently operates regular scheduled services, along with dining trains, real ale trains and numerous special events throughout the year.

British Railways ownership
In 1861, the Alton, Alresford and Winchester Railway Company was authorised to build a new railway to connect to the existing London & South Western Railway lines at Alton and Winchester. It was opened on 2 October 1865 as the Mid-Hants Railway. Trains were operated by the London & South Western Railway which eventually purchased the Mid-Hants Railway Company in 1884.

Stations were initially constructed at Itchen Abbas, Ropley and Alresford. The station at Alton was already in existence. The station at Medstead and Four Marks was added in 1868. Just outside this station, the line is at its highest point (652 ft above sea level) having risen from Alresford (263 ft above sea level) and descending to Alton (339 ft above sea level). The section of line became known as "the Alps", due to the steep gradients that exist there.

The line provided an alternative route between London and Southampton and, besides transporting locally produced watercress, was particularly important for military traffic between the army town of Aldershot and the military embarkation port at Southampton.

With the development of motorised transport, the line declined during the inter-war and post-war periods of the 20th century and was further compromised by the closures of the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway in 1932 and the Meon Valley Railway in 1955. Electrification of the line from London to Alton in 1937 meant that the Watercress Line was no longer part of a through route; it became necessary to change at Alton. Electrification of the line from London to Southampton occurred in 1967, which further affected the economics of the Mid-Hants route.

The line became part of the Southern Railway in 1923 and then part of the Southern Region of British Railways in 1948. It survived the Beeching Axe in 1963, but was eventually closed by British Railways in February 1973. During final years of operation under British Rail, passenger train services were operated by Class 205 ("2H") two carriage diesel-electric multiple units.

In 1941, prototype Merchant Navy Class 21C1 Channel Packet travelled as far as Alresford after the naming ceremony at Southampton for a trial run with press and dignitaries.

Heritage railway
The section of line from Alresford to Alton that can be seen today was purchased from British Rail in November 1975. Reconstruction of the line subsequently progressed in stages. The section between Alresford and Ropley re-opened on 30 April 1977. To provide engineering and maintenance facilities, the main locomotive shed and workshops were constructed at Ropley. The extension to Medstead & Four Marks opened on 28 May 1983 and the final section to Alton opened on 25 May 1985.

On 12 June 1982, a replica of Sans Pareil visited the Watercress Line, running successfully under its own power from Ropley to Alresford.

Some of the structures that can be seen on the line today were not part of the original railway infrastructure; they have been added to make the line serviceable again and to recreate the feel of a fully operational steam railway. The line is now maintained by a small base of paid staff (mostly in administrative duties) and a core of over 400 volunteers.

The railway is a registered charity.

Locomotives and rolling stock
The Mid-Hants Railway plays host to a large collection of steam and diesel locomotives, passenger carriages and restored wagons, most of which are from the 1920s to 1960s period. Steam locomotives operated include Bulleid Pacifics of the Merchant Navy and West Country, SR Lord Nelson class, Schools Class, S15, BR Standard Class 4, BR Standard Class 9F, LMS Ivatt Tank, and a Black 5. Operated alongside these are a number of diesel locomotives including Class 33s, a Class 47, a Class 50, a Class 03 shunter, Class 08 shunters, a Class 11 shunter, and a Class 205 "Hampshire" multiple unit.

Stations of the Watercress Line
The Watercress Line has four stations on the site of former British Rail stations. Each features a passing loop, allowing trains to pass one another, or locomotives to run round trains for a change of direction of travel. Alton station has three platforms, platforms 1 and 2 being operated by the national rail network, and platform 3 by the Watercress Line. The other three stations each have two platforms with connecting footbridges.

 * Alton – at the north-east end of the line. Alton has one passenger platform (two others are assigned to South Western Railway), with a cross-platform connection to the town and onward services to London Waterloo. Alton has two passing loops, one within station limits, and another just outside, allowing trains to pass outside the station, thus reducing the impact of the single platform during intensive operations. There are several additional sidings.
 * Medstead and Four Marks – the highest station in Hampshire, fully restored in the style of a quiet 1940s Southern Railway station. The line's Signal and Telegraph department, Permanent Way group, and Building department are all located here, in and around the station yard. There are several sidings. This is where the greatest number of trains pass each other on standard running days.
 * Ropley – the engineering centre of the line and the location of the locomotive maintenance and running sheds. The station has flower beds and topiary, and the largest of the line's four signal boxes, controlling movements through the station, as well as much shunting to and from the locomotive yard.
 * Alresford – at the southern end of the line is the top visitor station and has the most passenger facilities, including a museum, buffet and two shops. Most of the carriage stock is stored at this station, with Alresford Train Care performing day-to-day maintenance and cleaning of the carriages.

Signalling and safety systems

 * Alton signal box – A new signalling installation has been commissioned at Alton. It is a colour-light system, running from the signal box control panel; this contrasts with the mechanical semaphore signals used on the rest of the line. The new system allows a more intensive train service, making use of the loop, and allows shunting within the station, operations which the previous manual flag signalling did not allow. The new installation makes use of track circuits to detect where the train is situated and can change points and signals accordingly. It can run fully automatically, so there is no need for a signalman, unlike the other signal boxes on the line. When there is no signalman, all Signal Post Telephones are diverted to Medstead & Four Marks signal box. It works on a system where a member of the locomotive crew inserts the token into a token switch, to allow the system to take the next steps.
 * Ropley signal box – Phase One of the Ropley re-signalling project, construction of the new signal box, has been completed. Phase Two was expected to be completed in 2012. Phase Two will include installation of working distant signals, in place of the existing fixed distant signals. The new signals will be motorised semaphore signals as they are too far from the signal box to be operated mechanically without considerable physical effort by the signalman. The scheme will also include installing Advanced Starting and Outer Home signals in both directions.
 * AWS (Automatic Warning System) – The Watercress Line is currently the only heritage railway with a complete AWS system. It is used on all distant signals on the line and at all signals in the Alton colour light area, until an AWS gap is reached before the Meon Loop due to the large number of signals. Almost all of the locomotives and multiple units are fitted with it, apart from a couple of steam locomotives.
 * Train Protection & Warning System – TPWS is not used by the Watercress Line, however the Class 205 Hampshire Unit has TPWS fitted.

Future developments
Before its closure, the railway joined the South West Main Line at Winchester Junction, two miles (3 km) north of Winchester. The cheapest viable proposals to reinstate the tracks to rejoin Winchester, calling for platforms, embankments, earth cuttings and/or tunnels, have proven too expensive to submit to government or large charities. The track would need to cross the M3 motorway and replace or tunnel underneath houses and gardens built across the right-of-way between the former other junction of the railway (with electrified railways) and Itchen Abbas.

2008 lottery grant
Upon bidding, in October 2008 the Mid Hants Railway received £550,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) for improvement projects.

A new two-track carriage and wagon workshop has been built at Ropley, capable of holding four carriages under cover. The workshop is intended to meet the particular needs for the restoration of wooden vehicles with woodworking machinery, a retained carpenter and apprentice/trainee carpenters.

Extensions to the locomotive workshop are a small machine shop, stores area and a set of volunteers' refreshment and changing facilities. Viewing platforms for visitors take in the locomotive and carriage workshops and the boiler workshop. Materials and displays for interpretation and overview are provided to educate visitors in the work and trades used to maintain and improve a largely manually-maintained, bespoke set of rolling stock.

A historic signal box assisted by a grant from the Railway Heritage Trust is installed at Medstead. It provides a hands-on signalling experience for visitors together with space for an exhibition of Strowger telephone equipment.

The cost of this round of projects exceeded £1m, assisted by funds within the railway and by additional volunteer labour.

The railway was successful in gaining two previous HLF awards: the Old Goods Shed at Alresford was restored and opened in 2000; the wheel drop shed at Ropley was built in 2005.

Incidents
There have been some incidents at the Watercress Line over its history. Most incidents are confined to mechanical failure of railway systems. On 26 July 2010, a fire broke out in the newly constructed Carriage and Wagon workshop at Ropley station.

title: Watercress Line


text:
Talk:Giuseppe Farina

Involvement in Fatal Accidents
While reading through the article, I saw that there was no mention of Farina's involvement in two fatal accidents during pre-war racing. Stirling Moss has gone so far as to call Farina a "bastard" and Enzo Ferrari specifically defended him against accusations that he was dangerous in his autobiography. I've tried to be as factual and impartial as possible - most people tend to implicate Farina directly, but we may never know for sure what happened, so I felt that leaving it at "involved" was the best way to handle it. I cited both Leif Snellman's excellent resource and an article on 8W. Seanobr 02:16, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Number of podiums
The number of podiums (20) includes both 2nd and 3rd place at the 1955 Argentine Grand Prix. DH85868993 23:45, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

What is his name?
formula1.com says his name is Giuseppe Antonio Farina, not Emilio Giuseppe Farina... Which is to be believed? -Fred Bradstadt 12:25, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen anything but 'Emilio Giuseppe Farina'. However, I'd vote for adding 'Dr.' in front of his name at the top of the article.
 * "Emilio" was added uncited on this page by a now-blocked editor. I haven't seen anything more than "Guiseppe" in official sources. "Antonio" would make sense given the dimnutive "Nino", though. Any definitive cites? -- Ian Dalziel (talk) 00:30, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Pininfarina
Is there any connection between this person and the one mentioned on the Pininfarina? I suspect that the mention of "Giuseppe Farina" on that page is mistaken and it actually should be Battista Farina--but I know next to nothing about Italian race car drivers. See Talk:Pininfarina for what little I could find out. older ≠ wiser 14:44, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The founder of Pininfarina was his uncle 178.78.96.28 (talk) 15:27, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Fatal accident in "icy conditions"?
Given the time of the year (end of june) and the elevation of the alpine region, where the accident occured (Aiguebelle, ranging from 310 to 1008 metres) this seems a bit hard to believe - any references? 77.12.38.226 (talk) 13:37, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

(Furthermore - looking at the topographic features of Aiguebelle commune, there seems to be only one historical main road running through that small community, which basically follows the river L'Arc. As its elevation is only around 320 metres, it's very hard to believe that there could have been any ice on it on june 30, 1966, even at night.) 77.12.38.226 (talk) 14:14, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't have access to the quoted source (Nye's Great Racing Drivers) however these three webpages   all describe Farina skidding off on a slippery bend, so perhaps that would be a better term to use. DH85868993 (talk) 14:58, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * "Slippery" sounds not only much more plausible, but would also still be correct if it had indeed been "icy" in summer. However, changing the article to this respect would also neccessiate to check or remove the citation of a source that's not available to me; so not being familiar with wikipedia, I'm hestitant to do it myself right now. 77.12.38.226 (talk) 16:56, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I've changed it to "slippery" with an appropriate reference; I've left the existing reference for the "telegraph pole" part. DH85868993 (talk) 00:08, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I have the source here, and can quote the relevant paragraph on page 91: "In 1966 the still fit, proud, first World Champion was driving his Lotus-Cortina to the French Grand Prix at Reims when he skidded on an icy road and struck a telegraph pole. The Great Farina, survivor of so many racing accidents was killed." It's there, in black and white. Jaggee (talk) 21:04, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that Jaggee. I've restored the original text and reference. DH85868993 (talk) 04:58, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

Invilvement in filming
Farina was involved in filming Frankenheimer's "Grand Prix", but he wasn't heading to the 1966 French Grand Prix to do so. Frankenheimer set up his own fictional French Grand Prix and filmed it at Clermont Ferrand, presumably because either "Toto" Roche wanted too much for him to film at Reims or he had signed up with the rival Warner Bros./Steve McQueen film (like the Nurburgring, which is why there is no German Grand Prix in Frankenheimer's film. Ambak51 (talk) 17:06, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

1950 British GP; youngest podium finish and scoring points records
There is a little question whether the youngest records of scoring podium and scoring points (above) at the 1950 British Grand Prix in the bottom of this article should be removed or not. It's clear that Farina (43 years, 195 days old; race winner) crossed the line before Reg Parnell (38 years, 315 days old; 3rd) at the 1950 British Grand Prix. Then, there is a question whether we should consider Farina to have made the youngest records once before Parnell. I removed these records once from this article because I thought a race result is not fixed before race stewards finalize it and it is fixed as "at same time". But, it's depends on when the race results are fixed (I don't know how it was in 1950) and when the records are fixed (interpretation may be various). Then, I re-thought my edit did not have enough basis to ignore the record of Farina. About these records, I would like to request comment. Anyway, I think it is better to add a small annotation about new records set at the same race if keep these records in this article.--Morio (talk) 15:37, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the wording of the record plays key role. If the record describes a race event, then it is established at the time the event happened; however, if it relates to post-race fact (and I consider points to be post-race as they are the outcome of a committee and not an indisputable fact) then similarly, it is established when this post-race fact occurs, i.e., when the points are announced. In this manner, since the points and podium positions are the result of the stewards validation then Farina did not precede Parnell and the first youngest driver to score a podium position/to score points is Parnell. Now, if the record was for "the youngest driver who finished in position 1-3", then you could say that indeed Farina was the first holder and Parnell the second. My reasoning complies also with the concept of the world championship: When Massa finished in P1 in the 2008 Brazilian GP, his points would make him the world champion; but 39 seconds later Hamilton finished in P5 and eventually he became the champion. It would not make any sense to say that Massa preceded Hamilton as a champion that year. Rentzepopoulos (talk) 10:58, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

 * This is why original reasearch is not allowed in Wikipedia. Find some sources and then we'll talk, until then this is just fanboy debating and not encyclopedic content. Pyrop  e  20:39, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giuseppe Farina


text:
Kenneth Meshoe

Kenneth Rasalabe Joseph Meshoe (born 18 January 1954) is a South African evangelist, politician, reverend and teacher. He has been serving as the inaugural leader of the African Christian Democratic Party, a Christian democratic political party, since 1993. He became a Member of Parliament in 1994 and has since been re-elected five times. He is one of the longest-serving MPs.

Early life, education and career
Meshoe was born on 18 January 1954 in Pretoria, South Africa. He matriculated from high school in 1972 and went on to study at the University of the North where he obtained a Secondary Teachers Diploma in 1975. He then proceeded to work as a teacher for the next few years.

He and his wife, Lydia, joined the Christ for all Nations in 1976. In February 1980, he found employment as one of Reinhard Bonnke's associate evangelists. He completed his second-year Theological Diploma at the Shekinah Bible Institute in Kingsport in the US state of Tennessee in 1987.

He established his church, the Hope of Glory Tabernacle, in 1988, when he returned to South Africa. In 1994, the Bethel Christian College of Riverside, California, awarded him an Honorary Doctorate (Doctor of Humane Letters). He was also appointed to serve as an Associate Member on the Board of Regents of Bethel College.

Political career
Meshoe established the ACDP in December 1993. The party competed in the 1994 general elections and won two seats in the newly established National Assembly. Meshoe filled one of the seats.

The party's support peaked in the 2004 general election when it won seven parliamentary seats and representation in six provincial legislatures. Meshoe was consequently re-elected as an MP. After the 2004 election, the ACDP started to decline in each election. The party managed to arrest the decline in the 2019 general election. Meshoe is currently serving his sixth term as an MP. He is a member of the Portfolio Committee on International Relations and Cooperation.

Political positions
Meshoe voted against the adoption of the final version of the South African constitution in 1996. He also opposes abortion. He voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage in South Africa.

Meshoe has voiced support for the previous DA mayor of Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, Athol Trollip. He has also spoken out on the issue of farm murders.

Meshoe has voiced support for the State of Israel, arguing against claims that Israel is an apartheid state, calling such accusations "slanderous" and "deceptive". According to Meshoe, these claims trivialise the word apartheid, and belittle the magnitude of the racism and suffering endured by non-white South Africans during the apartheid era.

Personal life
Meshoe married Lydia Meshoe in 1976, with whom he went on to have three children. They renewed their vows in 2016. Lydia had previously served as a representative of the ACDP in the Gauteng Provincial Legislature. On 25 January 2023, the ACDP announced that Lydia had died. Reverend Meshoe remarried Wonkie Ncoco, a former ANC MP in 2024.

Meshoe underwent a COVID-19 test on 22 March 2020 after he participated in a religious gathering in the Free State with five infected international guests. The ACDP deputy leader Wayne Thring announced on 27 March that Meshoe and fellow ACDP MP Steven Swart had tested positive for the virus. Meshoe did not show any symptoms, while Swart experienced flu-like symptoms. They were the first South African MPs to test positive for the virus.

title: Kenneth Meshoe


text:
Talk:Semyon Timoshenko

Untitled
The link partway down the page embedded in the word "Uman" is bad. I don't know what it should be but it leads the reader to the page for the country of Oman and I would be really surprised if the Nazis ever fought the Soviets there, much less inflicted a severe defeat on them.

Ingvar

"Slowing down the Investment of Stalingrad"
The article claims that the Second Battle of Kharkov, initiated by the Soviets, effectively slowed down the German offensive towards the Caucasus, which would later also split towards Stalingrad (not an original objective). Paulus had originally envisioned the destruction of the Izium Salient to being as a prelude to Fall Blau; reports indicate that a principal participant, Kleist, was not able to begin until around the 17th of May - the day in which he struck the flank of the Soviet advance during the Second Battle of Kharkov. Meaning, Paulus' offensive was technically only held back for nine days. It's important to note, however, that the destruction of Timoshenko's army did also leave open the road to the Caucasus, and in the end I have no doubt that the Soviet attack would actually bring Stalingrad closer, since in effect they had guaranteed the destruction of 200,000 men that could have been better used in a defensive holding action against the Germans. So, in short terms, I would have to dispute the claim this article makes.

Regardless, I would also like cooperation between the article's author(s) and myself, as I am working on the article for the Second Battle of Kharkov, previously a stub. It is a work in progress, meaning it will take a few edits for me to complete it, over some days, perhaps a week or so. Nonetheless, I can't find very suitable numbers for German casualties or German numbers prior to the battle. The battlebox had put it at 20,000 losses, with an original number of 300,000 German soldiers. I left it unchanged, although I did change other sections of the battlebox in order to reflect it more accurately. Thanks in advance!

Catalan 20:53, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah really. "Although Timoshenko's actions slowed the German advance on Stalingrad, he was forced to accept responsibility for failing to drive back the German forces." Um, the Izium attack was a gift to the Germans. I didn't slow down the Germans so much as destroy the Soviet units that mught have made a fighting retreat. This whole article is way too easy on Timoshenko, in my opinion. Herostratus 19:22, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Semen Tymoshenko
He is Ukrainian, not Russian. Why should the article be called with Russian name? --Riwnodennyk ✉ 14:00, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Because noone knows him by his Ukrainian name outside Ukraine. Say Mykola Hohol to a French Gogol fan and chances are he will not recognise which author you are reffering to. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.25.53.44 (talk) 16:11, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Popular Culture
In the USA, there was a running gag among comics during the war, to refer to him as, “that Irish General, Tim O’Shenko”. With some sources, this could show how he got a higher profile during the war. 2A00:23C7:E287:1900:D31:F90B:969D:4AB2 (talk) 22:04, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:45, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Маршал Тимошенко 1940 01.jpg

title: Talk:Semyon Timoshenko


text:
Limacinidae

The Limacinidae are a family of small sea snails, pteropods, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Thecosomata (sea butterflies).

Genera
Genera within the family Limacinidae include:
 * Altaspiratella Korobkov, 1966 - synonym: Plotophysops Curry, 1982
 * † A. elongatoidea (Aldrich, 1887) - type species of the genus Altaspiratella
 * † A. bearnensis (Curry, 1982)
 * † A. multispira (Curry, 1982)
 * Currylimacina Janssen, 2003
 * C. cossmanni (Curry, 1981) - type species of the genus
 * Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1835 - Heliconoides may be split into various separate genera.
 * † H. auriformis (Curry, 1982)
 * † H. daguini Cahuzac & Janssen, 2010
 * † H. hospes (Rolle, 1861)
 * (recent) H. inflatus (d'Orbigny, 1836) - type species of the genus = Limacina inflata (d'Orbigny, 1836)
 * † H. linneensis Janssen, 2008
 * † H. mercinensis (Watelet & Lefèvre, 1885)
 * † H. merlei Cahuzac & Janssen, 2010
 * † H. mermuysi Cahuzac & Janssen, 2010
 * † H. nemoris (Curry, 1965)
 * † H. paula (Curry, 1982)
 * † H. pyrenaica Cahuzac & Janssen, 2010
 * † H. sondaari Janssen, 2007
 * † H. tertiaria (Tate, 1887)
 * Limacina Bosc, 1817 - type genus of the family Limacinidae
 * Striolimacina Janssen, 1999
 * † S. andaensis Janssen, 2007
 * † S. imitans (Gabb, 1873) - type species of the genus Striolimacina
 * Skaptotion Curry, 1965
 * Thielea
 * (recent) T. procera Strebel, 1908 = helicoides (Jeffreys, 1877) - Thielea procera is the type species of the genus.
 * new genus?
 * 'Limacina' adornata Hodgkinson, 1992
 * Genera brought into synonymy:
 * Embolus Jeffreys, 1869: synonym of Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1835
 * Heterofusus Fleming, 1823; synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * Lornia Marwick, 1926; synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * Munthea van der Spoel, 1967; synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * † Plotophysops Curry, 1982; synonym of † Altaspiratella Korobkov, 1966
 * Polloneria Sulliotti, 1888: synonym of Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1835
 * Protomedea O. G. Costa, 1861; synonym of Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1835
 * Scaea Philippi, 1844: synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * Spiratella Blainville, 1817: synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * Spirialis Eydoux & Souleyet, 1840: synonym of Limacina Bosc, 1817
 * Thilea; synonym of Thielea Strebel, 1908

title: Limacinidae


text:
Richard Harris (prospector)

Richard Tighe Harris (October 31, 1833 – October 11, 1907) was an Irish American miner and prospector.

Life
Richard Harris was born in Banbridge, County Down, Ireland. He then attended Girard College, a private boarding school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

He is most famous for co-founding, with Joe Juneau, the city of Juneau, Alaska. The first major gold discovery in Juneau or Douglas Island (across from Juneau) was around 1880. It has been the political capital of Alaska since 1906.

His Native American guide in southeastern Alaska was Chief Kowee. Kowee is credited with discovering much of the Juneau area. Richard and Joe were sent with Kowee by George Pilz, an entrepreneur from Sitka. Harris and Juneau traded with the natives much of their grubstake for hoochinoo. When they returned to Pilz empty-handed, he sent them back to the Juneau area. There, Kowee took them beyond Gold Creek (which today flows beside the Hurff Ackerman Saunders Federal Building and Robert Boochever U.S. Courthouse) to Silver Bow Basin. Today, a creek on Douglas Island is named Kowee Creek.

After the discovery of gold in Juneau, Harris and Juneau loaded approximately 1,000 pounds of gold ore back to Sitka.

The town did not take its current name immediately; originally, it was known as Harrisburg, Pilzburg, and Rockwell. Juneau was able to buy votes from enough of his fellow miners for the name to be changed. Today, Harris Street still exists in Juneau. Harris lived most of the remainder of his life in Juneau; later he was moved to a nursing home in Oregon, where he died.

Both Harris and Juneau are buried in the city's Evergreen Cemetery.

title: Richard Harris (prospector)


text:
Ropley

Ropley is a village and large civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It has an acreage of 4684 acre, situated 4 mi east of New Alresford. It is served by a station on the Mid Hants Railway heritage line at Ropley Dean, just over 1 mi from the village shops. It is 6.7 mi southwest of Alton, just off the A31 road. It lies within the diocese of Winchester.

The St Swithun's Way, part of the Pilgrims' Way from Winchester to Canterbury, passes through the village.

It is distinguished by its general absence of pavements in favour of boundary walls, hedges and mature trees. Ropley holds an annual Boxing Day walk, and a pram race on the spring bank holiday in May.

Etymology
Ropley is first recorded in AD 1167 as Ropeleia. The name is derived from the Old English personal name Hroppa, cognate to modern day Robert, and the common suffix léah which means meadow, small woodland or woodland clearing. The latter meaning is most likely, hence Ropley is translatable as 'Robert's woodland clearing' which would have been known to Anglo-Saxon locals as Hroppanleah.

Ropley's etymology is also related to that of the hamlet of Lyeway about 2.25 km away. Lyeway is first recorded in 1327 in the personal name John atte Ligheweye. The name refers to a way or lane that led to the léah; in other words, Lyeway translates as the 'lane to Ropley'.

History
In the Domesday Book of 1086, Ropley was part of the "Hundred of Bishops Sutton" (or "Ashley"). Ropley is supposed to have provided the honey for William the Conqueror's mead, although there is no evidence for this, and is likely a myth of later creation.

The Gervais family
By the 13th century much of the manor of Ropley was owned by the Gervase family (also written as Gervais, Gervas, Gervase, Gerveis and Jervays). The name is of French/Norman origin and likely related to the other families who held lands throughout the country, such as that of Walter Gervais. In the 1370s the family began to gift lands in Ropley to the founding of Winchester College by William of Wykeham. William Gervas of Ropley, mentioned in Winchester College documents in 1256, is the first recorded member of the Gervais family in Ropley, although their presence in the village possibly went back earlier. The last known mention of the family in regard to the rentals of the land of Roger Gervays was in 1450. At this point the family had sold most of their lands to Winchester College.

Inclosures Act
The commons and common fields of Ropley, estimated at 500 acres, were enclosed in 1709 in what was the first private act of Parliament of its kind in England. The bill was led by the Bishop of Winchester, Jonathan Trelawny, in an effort to restore his family finances, and by the College of Winchester. The enclosure was strongly contested by petition by many of the commoners, who claimed that the bishop and his three appointed commissioners were stealing their commons rights. Parliament declined to intervene. Serious and bloody repercussions followed affecting neighbouring parishes and later enclosures across the country.

The post office was opened in 1851 when the population was 818. In 1870, the population was 796.

Historic buildings
There are numerous old buildings in the village:

St Peter's Parish Church

St Peter's Parish Church is one of the most ancient churches in the area, with the oldest parts dating to the 1000s. The church also bears some architectural similarities to St Peter's ad Vincula in nearby Colemore, now redundant, albeit larger. Throughout the medieval period the church saw several modifications, including extension and addition of a south chapel in the late 1200s.

The church here was considered a chapel until Ropley became a separate parish from Bishop's Sutton. Hence, in one of the first records mentioning from around 1270 ,the church in Ropley is known as the "Cappella de Roppele", meaning the chapel of Ropley in Latin.

In the Victoria County History entry for Ropley the bell inscriptions of Ropley's bells are preserved:

"There are five bells, the ring having been recast from four old bells into five by Samuel Knight in 1701. The tenor bears the inscription: John Gilberd did contrive to cast from four this peale of fife (five).

John Gilberd was evidently the foreman in charge of the work. The fourth bell was recast by Robert Catlin in 1749, and the third is now cracked. The bell frame was made new at the general recasting, and is inscribed IG TO 1701".

Interestingly, through works and excavations done within the church itself, "workmen found in the South Transept the remains of a furnace and pieces of old bell metal", suggesting the bells were recast directly in the church.

The vicar of Ropley from 1796 to 1811 was the Reverend William Howley (who succeeded his father, also William Howley, in the post). Howley is perhaps Ropley's most famous resident, and went on to serve as a canon of Christ Church, Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University, Bishop of London (1813–1828), and Archbishop of Canterbury (1828–1848), in which capacity he crowned two British monarchs.

By the late 1800s the church "had fallen into such a state of dilapidation as to be actually insecure", leading to a restoration that was decided upon in 1891. However, planning did not begin until 1892, due to the appointment and settling-in of the new vicar, Rev. W. H. Leak. The new reverend was able to collect around £2,300 by 1896, about £244,000 in today's money, which was spent primarily on repairing the roof, re-paving the floor with pine blocks and concrete, and removing the old gallery.

Its World War I memorial lists 40 people who died, whilst the World War II tablet lists a further 10 people.

On the morning of 19 June 2014 the Grade-II listed church was severely damaged by a major electrical fire. This gutted the building and destroyed the roof. However, plans were put forward to repair the building, and after eight years, on 26 August 2022, the church was reopened to the public. The insides of the church are hardly recognisable and now resemble a large village hall.

Hamlets
Ropley contains many interesting and ancient hamlets that were part or currently are part of the historical area of Ropley Parish:

Education
The village contains one primary school, Ropley CofE Primary School, founded in 1826 by the Reverend Samuel Maddock, who first built it on a previous site in Petersfield Road. William Faichen was the co-founder of the school, and became the first headmaster.

In 1869, the school burned down in a fire. It was rebuilt on the present day site at Church Street and reopened the same year. Since then, the school has operated continuously.

By the early 1900s it became clear that the population growth in Four Marks, then a hamlet within Ropley Parish, made necessary the construction of a new school there. Financed by Marianne Hagen, daughter of the wealthy politician Jacob Hagen, the Ropley School was opened in 1902. "RS 1902" can still be seen on the front of the main school building (see Four Marks School).

The school values its historic links with the community. Parts of the original Victorian traditional flint and brick buildings remain, and now form the hall and the school kitchen. The main teaching area consists of six modern classrooms with shared corridor working spaces. The most recent classroom was built in 2001 and is especially equipped for early years children.

The primary school is one of the feeder schools for Perins School, and both maintain high standards.

Governance
Ropley is part of the Alton Rural county ward, and returns one county councillor to Hampshire County Council.

Ropley is part of the Ropley and Tisted district ward, and returns one district councillor to East Hampshire District Council.

Station
Ropley railway station opened in 1865, and has operated continuously since that date, other than for four years from 1973 to 1977. Originally opened by the London and South Western Railway, services ended in 1973, but were restored by a preservation society four years later, as part of the Mid Hants Railway, running heritage services between Alton and New Alresford. There is a 100-year established garden topiary by the station house side. The locomotive shed and engineering works are located adjacent to the station, and tours may be booked. Trains operate from May to September each year, with additional Christmas and New Year special services.

Notable people

 * Peter Eade (1919–1979), theatrical agent lived in Ropley Grove until his death.
 * William Howley (1766–1848), clergyman in the Church of England, Archbishop of Canterbury 1828–1848.
 * Jacob Hagen (1809–1870), English-born Australian businessman and politician; owned Ropley House and died in Ropley.
 * Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902), English historian, born in Ropley.
 * Marianne Hagen (1852–1932), author and local philanthropist who funded the construction of several local public buildings, lived and died in Ropley
 * Richard Holmes CBE, TD, JP, VR (1946–2011), British military historian.
 * Thomas Taylor (1753–1806), cricketer who played for the Hambledon Club, made 105 first-class appearances 1775–1798.
 * Brian Timms (born 1940), former English first-class cricketer who played 232 matches.

title: Ropley


text:
Abbas Pasha

Abbas Pasha may refer to:
 * Abbas I of Egypt (1812–1854), ruler of Egypt ((r. November 1848 – July 1854))
 * Abbas II of Egypt (1874–1944), khedive of Egypt ((r. January 8, 1892 – 1914))

title: Abbas Pasha


text:
Abdul Rahman (Afghan minister)

Abdul Rahman (عبد الرحمن; born February 14, 2002) was the Aviation and Tourism minister of Afghanistan until his death on February 14, 2002.

He was murdered in what appeared to be a mob attack on his plane at Kabul International Airport by pilgrims angry that they had been unable to travel to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Witnesses and officials said pilgrims beat the minister to death and tossed his body to the tarmac. However, President Hamid Karzai accused six senior government officials of the murder, saying that they were motivated by a long-standing feud. Three were arrested and the others were being sought in Saudi Arabia. Karzai said five ministers, including the head of the intelligence ministry, General Abdullah Tawhedi; the technical deputy of the Ministry of Defense, General Qalander Big, and a Supreme Court justice, Haji Halim and 15 other suspects have been linked to the assassination.

His widow is Frozan Fana, a medical doctor. She was a candidate in the 2009 Afghan presidential election.

The news for his death in Japanese was later misunderstood as "Afghan air sumo wrestling killed", instead of "Afghan aviation minister beaten to death", which later became an internet meme in 2channel.

title: Abdul Rahman (Afghan minister)