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Charles Napier (actor)

Charles Lewis Napier (April 12, 1936 – October 5, 2011) was an American actor known for playing supporting and occasional leading roles in television and films. He was frequently cast as police officers, soldiers, or authority figures, many of them villainous or corrupt. After leaving his Kentucky hometown to serve in the Army, he graduated from college and worked as a sports coach and art teacher before settling on acting as a career. His first prominent role in a film was in Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1969), which was the first of four films he would do with director Russ Meyer. Napier established himself in character roles and worked steadily for the next 35 years. He made numerous collaborations with director Jonathan Demme, including roles in Something Wild (1986), Married to the Mob (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Philadelphia (1993), Beloved (1998), and The Manchurian Candidate (2004).

Other notable roles include the short-tempered country singer Tucker McElroy in The Blues Brothers (1980), gruff army Commander Gilmour in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), General Hawk in Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), and bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985). He also had numerous voiceover roles in television, most notably the character of Duke Phillips on the prime time animated sitcom The Critic and Agent Zed in Men in Black: The Series.

Early life
Napier was born in Mt. Union, Kentucky near Scottsville. His parents were Sara Lena (née Loafman; 1897–1974) and Linus Pitts Napier (1888–1991). After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Army in 1954, serving with the 511th Infantry Regiment, 11th Airborne Division and rising to the rank of sergeant.

In 1958, after his service, he attended Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, graduating in 1961 with a major in art and minor in physical education. He wanted to be a basketball coach and his first job was as an assistant coach at his old high school in Allen County, coaching under Allen County legend James Bazzell. Soon after, he gave up coaching, eventually taking jobs with a bridge company and an advertising agency before moving to Clearwater, Florida to teach art at John F. Kennedy Junior High School.

In 1964, Napier returned to Western Kentucky to attend graduate school, where instructor D. Russell Miller encouraged him to pursue acting. Following some success in the local Alley Playhouse, Napier moved back to Florida where he continued to teach as well as act in community theater, eventually moving into Clearwater's Little Theatre as its live-in caretaker. During this time he also pursued painting.

Career
After a spell in New York, Napier moved to California. He acquired an agent and a union card (for a bit part in Mission: Impossible). His film debut came about by accident. A girlfriend took Napier along when she went to audition for Russ Meyer, who cast Napier as the male lead in Cherry, Harry & Raquel! In addition to acting and helping with the cameras when setting up shots, he did stunts, make up and driving on the film. After the low budget Moonfire, he worked as a journalist and photographer for Overdrive magazine for a few years; a strike sent him back to Hollywood in 1975 where, at age 39, he was reduced to living in his car in the parking lot of Meyer's office with no money, work or agent. He was summoned to Universal Studios to meet Alfred Hitchcock (who had just seen a print of Supervixens) and Napier was given a one-year contract.

Napier became a prolific character actor, appearing regularly in TV series of the time, and a number of pilots. Frequently cast as a heavy, he often portrayed corrupt cops, soldiers, businessmen and other authority figures. In 1977, he was cast as frontier scout Luther Sprague in the six-episode NBC western television series, The Oregon Trail. He appeared in three episodes of the 1980s hit TV series The A-Team as Col. Briggs. Also a bit part as Jarret in Labour Pains He also co-starred in two The Rockford Files episodes, and played Hammer in the series B.J. and the Bear in the 1970s. Napier as Wolfson Lucas was teamed with Rod Taylor again for the series Outlaws. He is known among Star Trek fans for appearing on both Star Trek: The Original Series episodes "The Way to Eden" as musically inclined space hippie Adam, and the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Little Green Men" as General Denning. He also appeared in the pilot episode of Knight Rider in 1982.

The director of Citizen's Band, Jonathan Demme, was laudatory about Napier's abilities, and went on to cast him in several of his films including The Silence of the Lambs and, in what was Napier's favourite role of his career, a judge in Philadelphia. He played the bureaucratic CIA officer Marshall Murdock in Rambo: First Blood Part II. For the 1980 musical-comedy, The Blues Brothers, he portrayed the apoplectic Tucker McElroy, "lead singer of and driver of the Winnebago" for "The Good Ol' Boys."

Napier was in many advertisements. He performed a great deal of voice-over work in Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, The Critic, Men in Black: The Series, Squidbillies, and vocal effects for the Hulk in The Incredible Hulk following the death of Ted Cassidy in 1979. He also provided several guest voices for episodes of The Simpsons.

He had a small role during the sixth season of Curb Your Enthusiasm in 2008 as a barber who assaults and drives Larry David from his shop after David offends him. Napier appeared in the 2009 horror film Murder World alongside Scout Taylor-Compton. His last film role was in the 2009 comedy The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard opposite Jeremy Piven and James Brolin.

Prior to his death in October 2011, Napier published a book about his life and experiences in Hollywood, titled Square Jaw and Big Heart.

Personal life
Napier was married twice. His first wife was Delores Wilson. After his divorce, he married Dee Napier. Napier and his wife appeared on the Dr. Phil show in 2003 to discuss his obsession with being famous. According to the Dr. Phil Show website, "Despite appearing in close to 100 films and countless hit TV shows, Charles Napier says he's depressed he's not a big star. His wife, Dee, says that instead of becoming upset when he gets rejected for a part, Charles should be grateful and proud of his 35-year career. She also thinks it's time he started making the family, not the pursuit of fame, his priority."

Napier and his second wife had two children, son Hunter and daughter Meghan Saralena. Napier also had one son, Charles Lewis "Chuck" Napier Jr., from his previous marriage.

Death
Napier died in Bakersfield, California, on October 5, 2011, after having collapsed the previous day. He was 75 years old. The exact cause of death was not released, but Napier had been treated for deep vein thrombosis in his legs in May 2010.

title: Charles Napier (actor)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/victorcharlieDOTnet

Less than 10 hits. Less than a year old. Only even claims to have 300 members. Niteowlneils 02:27, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a web directory, and this site isn't notable. Delete -- Cyrius|&#9998 04:31, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unremarkable. (I've added a  to the article) - TB 11:12, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Sorry I forgot. Niteowlneils 02:02, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Agree with Cyrius and TB. Was speedy deleted on 7 May, not quite sure what the protocol is now. Andrewa 11:47, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Dull. --bodnotbod 13:01, May 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unremarkable. Andris 16:33, May 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above Burgundavia 07:32, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
New Kids on the Blecch

"New Kids on the Blecch" is the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of the American television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on February 25, 2001. In the episode, a music producer selects Bart, Nelson, Milhouse and Ralph to be members of the next hit boy band, who record songs containing subliminal messages about joining the Navy.

The episode was written by Tim Long and directed by Steven Dean Moore. The episode's title is a play on the boy band New Kids on the Block and Mad Magazine tendency to use the word "blecch" in their parodic titles.

The episode has received positive reviews from critics and was watched by over 18 million viewers.

Plot
After watching an Olympic Games documentary on TV, Homer decides to participate in the Springfield marathon to prove to Marge that he is fit. Bart dons a stereotypical Italian disguise and wins the marathon by cheating, but a bird pulls off his fake mustache during the trophy presentation. To escape from the outraged crowd, Bart accepts a ride from a stranger, who introduces himself as music producer L.T. Smash. He offers Bart a chance to join a boy band he is assembling called Party Posse, including Nelson, Ralph and Milhouse. Bart accepts the opportunity, and the four boys quickly rise to stardom, secretly using voice-enhancing software developed by NASA to improve their singing abilities.

Party Posse releases a single "Drop Da Bomb" whose accompanying music video includes the strange line "YVAN EHT NIOJ" in its chorus. Puzzled, Lisa analyzes the video and finds a subliminal recruiting message for the United States Navy within it; she also realizes that the chorus is simply "JOIN THE NAVY" sung backwards. Seeing that the single's hidden message is beginning to affect the Springfield populace, after watching Otto Mann board a navy bus, Lisa confronts Smash, who reveals himself as a Navy lieutenant and explains that popular music has long been used as a recruiting tool by the military. After Lisa confronts Homer and Marge, they dismiss her claims as stemming from jealousy of Bart's fame.

During a Party Posse concert aboard an aircraft carrier, in which the band performs a song full of subliminal lyrics, Smash's superior officer informs him that the boy band project is being shut down because Party Posse is due to be satirized in an upcoming issue of Mad, sabotaging their recruiting power. The officer turns off Party Posse's voice enhancers, exposing the boys' lack of singing talent and destroying their popularity. Enraged, Smash commandeers the carrier, sending his superior officer overboard, and taking it out to sea as the terrified audience jumps overboard and swims back to the docks. Smash sails the carrier to New York City with the band and Homer (who was in the lavatory at the time) still onboard, and declares his intention to destroy the Mad headquarters. Despite the sudden arrival of boy band NSYNC, Smash fires the missiles and destroys the building. The employees survive unharmed and Smash is arrested; Bart and his friends are disappointed at not having a chance to appear in Mad, but take comfort in reading the planned parody of them.

The episode ends with praise for the Navy by NSYNC, who suggest that viewers enlist. JC Chasez is surprised and dismayed to learn that his bandmates have signed him up without his knowledge, and two military police officers drag him away screaming.

Production
The episode was written by Tim Long and directed by Steven Dean Moore. Mike Scully was frustrated that they had not pitched enough story ideas, so he pitched this episode, along with "Trilogy of Error". During the pitch session, he suggested that NSYNC guest star on one of the pitched episodes. The decision to add a government conspiracy came late, an idea which was pitched by George Meyer. At the table read for the episode, the cast ad-libbed the lyrics and music.

NSYNC instantly said yes to being asked to guest star, although Justin Timberlake had to record his lines separately from the rest of the band due to a family death. During the recording session, the staff brought their kids along to meet the band. Tom Hanks, who was filming Cast Away in the same studio, wanted to meet them and came by. The song that introduces NSYNC every time they walk in is "No Strings Attached". Timberlake was reluctant to say "Word" since he swore it was something he would never say, so as a joke the editing team reused the one take where he said "Word" after nearly every line. Footage of the band recording their lines for the episode was featured over the end credits. On the top of the building of Classified Records, where the band first records their music, the sheet music for "The Star-Spangled Banner" can be seen.

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "New Kids on the Blecch" was viewed by 18.1 million viewers with a 9.7 rating/15 share making it the top rated animated show of the week.

Annie Alleman of The Herald News named the episode her fourth favorite Simpsons episode. Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said "When it parodies boy bands, 'Blecch' has its moments. Granted, it's tough to really mock boy bands, as they always bordered on self-parody; the Party Posse tunes sound a lot like the real thing. Still, the show works pretty well until it gets to the Navy side of things. Then it just becomes dopey and lacks the moderate bite of the earlier scenes. The show also becomes unintentionally eerie when it features an attack on New York" (something that would happen in real life just over six months after this episode was first broadcast). Judge Mac McEntire said the best moment of the episode was the irate choreographer. Corey Deiterman of the Houston Press listed NSYNC as one of the top five worst musical guests in Simpsons history.

At one point in the episode, a flag is depicted on the side of a technical employed by military fighters in Middle Eastern dress. The flag in the episode resembles the flag adopted by the Syrian opposition in the Syrian Civil War, but is actually the Independence flag. The resemblance was cited by some supporters of the Syrian government and media in the Middle East as evidence that the Syrian rebellion was a foreign plot.

title: New Kids on the Blecch


text:
Cheer pheasant

The cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), also known as Wallich's pheasant or chir pheasant, is a vulnerable species of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. It is the only member in the genus Catreus. The scientific name commemorates Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich.

Description
These birds lack the color and brilliance of most pheasants, with buffy gray plumage and long, gray crests. Its long tail has 18 feathers and the central tail feathers are much longer and the colour is mainly gray and brown. The female is slightly smaller in overall size.

Behaviour and ecology
Males are monogamous. They breed on steep cliffs during summer with a clutch of 10 to 11 eggs. In studies conducted in upper Beas Valley, cheer pheasant was found to be sensitive to human disturbance.

Habitat and distribution
The cheer pheasant is distributed in the highlands and scrublands of the Himalaya region of India, Nepal and Pakistan. They are found mainly in western Nepal, Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal), Himachal Pradesh (Shimla, Kullu and Chamba), and Jammu and Kashmir in northwestern India, and Hazara division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in northern Pakistan. Surveys in 1981 and 2003 in the Dhorpatan area of western Nepal established 70 calling sites, suggesting substantial numbers exist in this area (about 200 birds). In another survey in 2010, cheer pheasants were detected in 21 calling sites in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. They are found mainly above 6000 feet altitude and up to 10000 feet in summer.

Status and conservation
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size, and hunting in some areas, the cheer pheasant is evaluated as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. Attempts to reintroduce captive-bred cheer pheasants in Pakistan have been unsuccessful.

title: Cheer pheasant


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Bread clip

A bread clip is a device used to hold plastic bags closed, such as those in which sliced bread is commonly packaged. They are also commonly called bread tags, bread tabs, bread ties, bread buckles, or bread-bag clips. By sealing a bag more securely than tying or folding over its open end, and thus providing a nearly hermetic seal, the contents are preserved longer.

Simple

Most designs of bread clip consist of a single plastic part through which the neck of a plastic bag can be threaded. Because these clips are cheap, ubiquitous, and come in a variety of shapes and colors, some people collect them.

Most bread clips are made from plastic #6 polystyrene (PS), but Quebec-based bread clip manufacturing company KLR Systems released recyclable, cardboard bread clips in 2019, which they later switched to producing in 2022.

Such clips are also used for bagged milk. In the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, the most common package is 4 litres—three 1.33-litre sealed bags in a larger bag, which is closed with a clip and imprinted with the milk's expected expiration date.

Mechanical
A more complex bread clip design involves two articulated plastic parts mounted on a pivot with a spring between them to provide tension.

History
The bread clip was invented by Floyd G. Paxton and manufactured by the Kwik Lok Corporation, based in Yakima, Washington with manufacturing plants in Yakima and New Haven, Indiana. Kwik Lok Corporation's clips are called "Kwik Lok closures".

Paxton was known for repeatedly telling the story about how he came up with the idea of the bread clip. As he told it, he was flying home on an airliner in 1952 and opened a bag of peanuts, whereupon he realized he had no way to reclose it. He rummaged through his wallet and found an expired credit card and hand-carved his first bag clip with a small pen knife. When a fruit packer, Pacific Fruit, wanted to replace rubber bands with a better bag closure for its new plastic bags, Paxton remembered his bag of peanuts. He hand-whittled another clip from a small sheet of Plexiglas. With an order in hand for a million clips, Paxton designed a die-cut machine to produce the clips at high speed. Despite repeated attempts, Paxton never won a United States patent for the clips themselves. He did, however, win numerous patents for the high-speed "bag closing apparatus" that made the clips, inserted bread into the bags, and applied the clips to said bags.

The bread clip was developed in the early 1950s for a growing need to close plastic bags on the packaging line very efficiently. Manufacturers, using more and more automation in the manufacture and packaging of food, needed methods to raise production volumes and reduce costs. At the same time a hurried population of consumers wanted a fast and easy way to open and effectively seal food bags. The simple bread clip sufficed. In addition, re-closability became a selling point as smaller families and higher costs slowed consumption, leading to a potential for higher rates of spoilage.

Kwik Lok continues to be the main manufacturer of bread clips with Schutte as their European competitor.

Parody in media
The parody website horg.com, created by John Daniel, coined the term occlupanids to describe bread clips, and created a mock phylogeny of the different clip designs. Researchers of occlupanids are called occlupanologists. These terms have since been referenced in popular media.

Health risks
Case studies in the medical literature document instances of inhalation and ingestion.

title: Bread clip


text:
Catasetum

Catasetum, abbreviated as Ctsm. in horticultural trade, is a genus of showy epiphytic Orchids, family Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Cymbidieae, subtribe Catasetinae, with currently 200 accepted species, many of which are highly prized in horticulture.

Species of the genus Catasetum occur from Mexico to Argentina, including much of Central America, the West Indies, and South America. The largest number of species is in Brazil.

Biology
They have thick, cigar-shaped pseudobulbs which are clustered. The leaves are pleated in the upper part and deciduous. The pseudobulbs become spiny after the leaves have dropped.

The inflorescence is borne on the basis. It consists of very fleshy flowers that are unisexual, which is very unusual for orchids. The colorful male and yellowish-green female flowers are typically situated on different plants, a phenomenon known as dioecy. Which type of flower a plant produces is determined by the conditions under which it grows. Male and female flowers are markedly different in size and color. At first, taxonomists even thought they were dealing with different species, a puzzle which Charles Darwin resolved when writing Fertilisation of Orchids. There are rare cases in which a single plant in intermediate conditions will produce both male and female flowers.

The male flowers have a remarkable technique for the ejection of the pollinia. Sack-Shaped Catasetum (Catasetum saccatum), a tropical South American species, discussed by Darwin, actually launches its viscid pollen sacs with explosive force, when an insect touches a seta. He was ridiculed for reporting this by the naturalist Thomas Huxley.

In habitat, these plants predominantly grow as epiphytes in very wet forests. Species of this genus all host wood-devouring mycorrhizal fungi which supplement the plants' nutrition by breaking down decomposing wood. Most of these species have a prolonged saprophytic stage in decomposing wood as seedlings before developing leaves and photosynthesis. Fungi which break down wood require a nitrogen source since wood is primarily composed solely of hemi-cellulose, cellulose, and lignin and lacks nitrogen, and these plants are heavy feeders with high nitrogen requirements typically.

Many of these species are known to germinate in ant nests high in the canopy and host ant colonies, which provide the plants with an abundant supply of nitrogen, and they also host ants in cultivation frequently. Most of these species are considered moderately difficult to maintain in cultivation without a greenhouse or Wardian case and some of them defy cultivation. Most of them cannot tolerate dryness and some of them have very specific temperature requirements. Some of these species are ant plants and attract ant colonies and can become a nuisance in cultivation.

Species

 * Catasetum aculeatum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum adremedium (Peru)
 * Catasetum alatum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum albovirens (Brazil)
 * Catasetum albuquerquei (Brazil)
 * Catasetum arachnoideum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum arietinum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum aripuanense (Brazil).
 * Catasetum ariquemense (Brazil)
 * Catasetum atratum : lustrous black catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum barbatum : bearded catasetum (Trinidad to S. Trop. America).
 * Catasetum bergoldianum (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum bicallosum (S. Venezuela).
 * Catasetum bicolor : two-colored catasetum (Colombia to S. Venezuela)
 * Catasetum bifidum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum blackii (Brazil)
 * Catasetum blepharochilum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum boyi (Brazil ).
 * Catasetum brichtae (Brazil).
 * Catasetum cabrutae (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum callosum : callused catasetum (S. Trop. America).
 * Catasetum carolinianum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum carrenhianum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum carunculatum (Peru).
 * Catasetum cassideum (SE. Venezuela to N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum caucanum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum caxarariense (Brazil).
 * Catasetum cernuum : nodding catasetum (Trinidad to Brazil).
 * Catasetum charlesworthii (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum cirrhaeoides : cirrhaea-like catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum cochabambanum (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum collare (Venezuela to Ecuador and N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum colossus (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum complanatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum confusum : confused catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum coniforme (Peru).
 * Catasetum cotylicheilum (Peru).
 * Catasetum crinitum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum cristatum : comb-like catasetum (N. South America to N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum cucullatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum decipiens (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum deltoideum : triangular catasetum (Guianas).
 * Catasetum denticulatum : small-toothed catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum discolor : differently colored catasetum (S. Trop. America).
 * Catasetum dupliciscutula (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum expansum : expansive catasetum (Ecuador).
 * Catasetum fernandezii (Peru).
 * Catasetum ferox (S. Venezuela to Brazil).
 * Catasetum fimbriatum : fringed catasetum (S. Trop. America).
 * Catasetum finetianum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum franchinianum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum fuchsii (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum galeatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum galeritum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum georgii (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum gladiatorium (Brazil)
 * Catasetum globiflorum : spheroid-flowered catasetum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum gnomus : gnome-like catasetum (S. Venezuela to N. Brazil)
 * Catasetum gomezii (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum hillsii (Peru.
 * Catasetum hoehnei (Brazil)
 * Catasetum hookeri (Brazil)
 * Catasetum incurvum : bent catasetum (Ecuador to Peru).
 * Catasetum integerrimum : intact catasetum (Mexico to C. America).
 * Catasetum interhomesianum (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum japurense (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum jarae : Jara's catasetum (Peru).
 * Catasetum juruenense : Rio Jurua catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum justinianum (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum kempfii (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum kleberianum : Kleber's catasetum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum kraenzlinianum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum laminatum : scaled catasetum (C. & SW. Mexico).
 * Catasetum lanceatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum lanxiforme (Peru).
 * Catasetum lehmannii (Colombia)
 * Catasetum lemosii (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum lindleyanum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum linguiferum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum longifolium (N. South America to N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum longipes (Brazil).
 * Catasetum lucis (Colombia).
 * Catasetum luridum : pale-yellow catasetum (Guyana to E. Brazil).
 * Catasetum macrocarpum : monkey goblet, monk's head orchid, large-fruited catasetum (Trinidad and Tobago to N. Argentina).
 * Catasetum macroglossum : large-lipped catasetum (Ecuador.
 * Catasetum maculatum : spotted catasetum (C. America to Venezuela).
 * Catasetum maranhense (NE. Brazil).
 * Catasetum maroaense (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum matogrossense (Brazil)
 * Catasetum meeae (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum mentosum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum merchae (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum micranthum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum microglossum (Ecuador to Peru).
 * Catasetum mojuense (Brazil)
 * Catasetum monodon (Brazil
 * Catasetum monzonense (Peru).
 * Catasetum moorei : Moore's catasetum (Peru).
 * Catasetum multifidum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum multifissum (Peru).
 * Catasetum nanayanum (Peru).
 * Catasetum napoense (Ecuador to Peru).
 * Catasetum naso : nose catasetum (Colombia to Venezuela).
 * Catasetum ochraceum : ochre-yellow catasetum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum ollare (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum ornithoides (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum osakadianum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum osculatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum palmeirinhense (Brazil).
 * Catasetum parguazense : Paraguaza River catasetum (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum pendulum : pendant catasetum (W. Mexico).
 * Catasetum peruvianum (Peru).
 * Catasetum pileatum : mother of pearl flower, felt-capped catasetum (Trinidad to Ecuador).
 * Catasetum planiceps (N. South America to Brazil).
 * Catasetum platyglossum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum pleidactylon (Peru).
 * Catasetum poriferum (Guyana).
 * Catasetum pulchrum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum punctatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum purum : one-colored catasetum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum purusense (Peru.)
 * Catasetum pusillum (Peru)
 * Catasetum randii (Brazil).
 * Catasetum regnellii (Brazil).
 * Catasetum reichenbachianum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum richteri (Brazil)
 * Catasetum ricii (Bolivia).
 * Catasetum rigidum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum rivularium (Brazil).
 * Catasetum rohrii (S. Brazil).
 * Catasetum rolfeanum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum rondonense (Brazil)
 * Catasetum rooseveltianum : Roosevelt's catasetum (Brazil)
 * Catasetum saccatum : sack-shaped catasetum (Trop. S. America).
 * Catasetum samaniegoi (Ecuador).
 * Catasetum sanguineum : red catasetum (Colombia to Venezuela).
 * Catasetum schmidtianum : Schmidt's catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum schunkei (Peru).
 * Catasetum schweinfurthii (Peru.
 * Catasetum seccoi (Brazil).
 * Catasetum semicirculatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum socco ((SE. Brazil).
 * Catasetum spitzii : Spitz's catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum splendens (Venezuela to N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum stenoglossum (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum stevensonii (Ecuador to Peru).
 * Catasetum tabulare : table-like catasetum (Colombia).
 * Catasetum taguariense (Brazil).
 * Catasetum taquariense (WC. Brazil).
 * Catasetum tenebrosum : dark-brown catasetum (Ecuador to Peru).
 * Catasetum tenuiglossum (Peru).
 * Catasetum thompsonii (Guyana).
 * Catasetum tigrinum : tiger-striped catasetum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum transversicallosum (Peru).
 * Catasetum trautmannii (Peru).
 * Catasetum tricolor (Guatemala).
 * Catasetum tricorne (Colombia).
 * Catasetum triodon (S. Brazil).
 * Catasetum tuberculatum (Colombia to Peru).
 * Catasetum tucuruiense (Brazil).
 * Catasetum uncatum (Brazil).
 * Catasetum variabile (Brazil).
 * Catasetum vinaceum (WC. Brazil).
 * Catasetum viridiflavum : green-yellow catasetum (C. America).
 * Catasetum yavitaense (Venezuela).

Natural hybrids

 * Catasetum × dunstervillei ( = C. discolor × C. pileatum) (Venezuela).
 * Catasetum × guianense (= C. longifolium × C. macrocarpum) (Guianas).
 * Catasetum × intermedium (Brazil).
 * Catasetum × issanensis(= C. longifolium × C. pileatum) (Brazil).
 * Catasetum × pohlianum(= C. hookeri × C. trulla) (Brazil)
 * Catasetum × roseoalbum (Guianas).
 * Catasetum × sodiroi (= C. expansum × C.macroglossum) (Ecuador).
 * Catasetum × tapiriceps (N. Brazil).
 * Catasetum × violascens : Purple Catasetum (W. South America).
 * Catasetum × wendlingeri (Venezuela to Guyana).

title: Catasetum


text:
Lincoln Zephyr

Lincoln Zephyr is a name used by various different Lincoln vehicles.

 * Lincoln-Zephyr, a 1936–1942 line of mid-size luxury cars
 * Lincoln MKZ, a 2005–2020 mid-size sedan, sold as the Zephyr from 2005 to 2006
 * Lincoln Z, a 2022–present mid-size sedan built by Changan Ford, originally known as the Zephyr

title: Lincoln Zephyr


text:
Talk:Mount Ararat

Confusing adjective?
The article states that the mount is outside "modern Armenia". I think it would be better to say "current" because "modern" could be taken to mean the modern period (1492-1789). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.71.160.34 (talk) 12:29, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Citation Needed and it reversion
To Yerevantsi, I don't hold grudge against your or your ethnicity's background. But judge from your name that implied you are an Armenian, I don't see any urgency of you to always reverted or undo that I put on the introduction of Ararat's page. If we wanted to improve this article, we need to put the citation for what can be considered as "claim". By giving I by no mean willingly move and motivate to vandalise or undermine Armenian topics in en.wiki. Perhaps, instead of keeping reverse it, you can put the source that backs the claim up. Thank you, շնորհակալություն, shnorhakalutyun. Mfikriansori (talk)

Glaciation name
Using the North American name (Wisconsinan) for the last glaciation seems a bit odd for a mountain in West Asia. There might be one for Asia, but if not I'd use the Alpine W\"urm which is at least geographically closer. Or just say Last Glaciation. 2A01:CB08:4E:8A00:74AA:1A08:58DC:A2C3 (talk) 11:51, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Shouldn't "Origin of the tradition" be "Origin of the folklore"?
Or something similar, maybe "Origin of the mythology"? Banderson1962 (talk) 06:38, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Mentioning of Kurdistan
Yerevantsi, you have reverted my edit, claiming all three of my sources are unreliable and saying that I am using nationalistic terms. "these aren't reliable sources, "nothern Kurdistan" is a nationalist term implying the existence of a "Greater" Kurdistan"-Yerevantsi. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 03:02, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * The article on Kurdistan says; "or Greater Kurdistan [...]" so yes Greater Kurdistan does exist, but no its not Nationalistic. It simply is another term for Kurdistan as a whole. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 03:07, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I confess to not having any detailed knowledge of the geographical issues here, but looking at the page Northern Kurdistan, I see it is defined as "the southeastern part of Turkey". Given that northern Kurdistan is part of Turkey, it seems redundant to refer to something as being in "eastern Turkey and northern Kurdistan". It would be like saying that something is in "the western United States and California". Why is it not sufficient to say that it is in eastern Turkey? What additional information is conveyed by saying that it is also in northern Kurdistan? CodeTalker (talk) 03:18, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Good question, I am sorry if it was not clear previously. Mentioning "Northern Kurdistan" in addition to "eastern Turkey" is not redundant because it specifically acknowledges the Kurdish identity and cultural significance of the region. This is important for recognizing the historical and political context of the Kurdish people in that area. Look at Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Anti-Kurdish sentiment and Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey (specifically Against Kurds). Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 03:34, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Also while Nothern Kurdistan is in Turkey the rest of Kurdistan is not, so there is also that wich goes missing when not mentioning it. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 03:36, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Overall my point is that you would be erasing Kurdish presence in the Ararat region, i know that Kurds are partially mentiond in other parts of ther article but this does not convey the same meaning as saying "This is in Kurdistan". Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 03:41, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Do reliable sources (see WP:RS) explicitly refer to Ararat as being in "Kurdistan" (whatever that means in this context)? How relevant is it? Ե րևանցի talk 17:47, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * My three sources did refer to Ararat as being in Kurdistan (you still have not explained to me how they are unreliable), and I do have another source for Ararats Kurdish name, wich has now been removed with all mention of Kurdistan from the top section.
 * Why did you put Kurdistan in ditto marks? What are you trying to imply here?
 * "whatever that means in this context" The question I asked with this Talk-Topic is if we should mention Ararat being situated in Kurdistan, what do you not understand here?
 * "How relevant is it?" I explained its relevance in three comments above yours.
 * Yerevantsi, you still have not explained how using the term "Nothern Kurdistan" is a nationalistic term like you said it was here; ""nothern Kurdistan" is a nationalist term implying the existence of a "Greater" Kurdistan". Please explain. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 18:12, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

 * None of your three sources are reliable for the claim. The first two (hikr.org and traveltwins.dk) are nothing but travel blogs, while the third, a German magazine, does not seem to claim that Ararat is in "Kurdistan" and even if it did, how is it an authority on this issue?
 * I'm not implying anything. I've asked it pretty explicitly. What does Kurdistan refer to here? A administrative region? No. A geographic term? No. How do we define Kurdistan? Any Kurdish-populated area? Then we can say Turkey's Kurdish-populated/Kurdish-majority areas, but then again, how is it relevant to Ararat? Ե րևանցի talk 18:59, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The article on Kurdistan defines it as such; "Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural region [...] wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based."
 * With this defenition of Kurdistan we can argue Ararat is in Kurdistan because;
 * The population around mount Ararat has a Kurdish majority (and with those people comes Kurdish culture)
 * The Kurdish langauge(s) are being spoken there (in its case Kurmanji)
 * The Kurdish national identity has historically been based there partially because of the Ararat rebellion
 * Yerevantsi, you still have not explained how using the term "Nothern Kurdistan" is a nationalistic term like you said it was here; ""nothern Kurdistan" is a nationalist term implying the existence of a "Greater" Kurdistan". Please explain. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 20:22, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It is a nationalist term because its usage is based on an ethnic/national category. "Northern Kurdistan" implies the existence of "Southern Kurdistan". Does anyone except Kurdish nationalists refer to Iraq's Kurdish region as such? But this discussion can go on and on and is redundant here. Unless you can find reliable sources that explicitly state that Ararat is the highest peak of "northern Kurdistan", it has no place in the article, especially the lead. Ե րևանցի talk 20:35, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Since Kurdistan is as a region there must be a southern part of this region, so deviding Kurdistan according to its parts in Turkey, Iraq and so on by naming them North, South and so on is simple logic, not nationalism. Also southern Kurdistan is a correct term for Iraqi Kurdistan, you are insulting me for no reason here.. unless directions are nationalistic.
 * "Unless you can find reliable sources that explicitly state that Ararat is the highest peak of "northern Kurdistan", it has no place in the article, especially the lead."
 * A source does not need to specify that it is in nothern Kurdistan, because nothern Kurdistan is not a seperate entity from Kurdistan as a whole, as it name implys it simply is the nothern part of Kurdistan.
 * A source does not need to specify that it is the highest peak in Kurdistan, because there are no other peaks any higher than it anywhere near what is considered Kurdistan. It is already given that if Ararat is in Kurdistan that it is/would be its highest peak.
 * With this out of the way what is in your opinion a reliable source if even a magazine is not enough. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 21:34, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * "even a magazine"? Wikipedia is supposed to be an encyclopedia, consulting scholarly works or authoritative sources is what's expected here. Ե րևանցի talk 22:04, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Reaching consensus on Ararats location in Kurdistan
I have now collected two sources wich support Ararat being in Kurdistan and being its highest peak (although that is logically already the case if it is in Kurdistan but for the sake of clarity I have included that source in my edit). Now I have no consensus here, so I would like to reach that. The edit wich I want to reinstate is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ararat&diff=prev&oldid=1235639053. @Yerevantsi we had a disagreement so id like to reslove that. Karkafs Desiderium (talk) 11:33, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Ararat


text: User talk:68.73.193.219

title: User talk:68.73.193.219


text:
Gannon University

Gannon University is a private Catholic university with campuses in Erie, Pennsylvania, and Ruskin, Florida. Established in 1925, Gannon University enrolls approximately 4,600 undergraduate and graduate students annually and has over 47,000 alumni. Its intercollegiate athletics include 18 athletic programs for men and women competing at the NCAA Division II level.

History
Gannon University was first established in 1933 as the two-year Cathedral College by the Diocese of Erie under the leadership of Joseph J. "Doc" Wehrle. In 1944, the school became the four-year men's school Gannon College of Arts and Sciences, named in honor of the then-Bishop of Erie, John Mark Gannon, the driving force behind its opening and development. The college became coeducational in 1964 and gained university status in 1979.

The all-girls school Villa Maria College, which was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph in 1925, merged with the university in 1989. Its Villa Maria School of Nursing retains the name of the original institution.

Academics
The university is organized into three main colleges: the College of Engineering and Business, which includes the Dahlkemper School of Business Administration; the College of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences; and the Morosky College of Health Professions and Sciences.

Campus
Gannon University's campus is located in downtown Erie, primarily concentrated between Peach and Myrtle Streets and 3rd and 10th Streets. In summer 2015, a doctoral branch campus opened in Ruskin, Florida focusing on healthcare majors.

Rankings
In 2024 Gannon University was ranked No. 260 in National Universities by U.S. News & World Report.

Athletics
Gannon is a member of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference in NCAA Division II. Gannon offers 19 Division II scholarship-granting varsity sports, that includes nine men's and women's teams. The men participate in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, water polo, wrestling, competitive cheer. The women participate in basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, volleyball, water polo, wrestling, acrobatics and tumbling, and competitive cheer and dance.

In June 2007, Gannon University, along with cross-town rival Mercyhurst College, was accepted into the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference, where area schools Edinboro University of Pennsylvania and Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania are members. Along with Gannon and Mercyhurst as full members, LIU Post also was accepted into the conference as an affiliate member.

Greek life
Fraternities:
 * Delta Kappa Epsilon
 * Delta Sigma Phi
 * Delta Chi
 * Zeta Beta Tau
 * Pi Kappa Alpha
 * Tau Kappa Epsilon

Sororities:
 * Alpha Gamma Delta
 * Alpha Sigma Alpha
 * Alpha Sigma Tau
 * Sigma Sigma Sigma

Notable alumni

 * Kevin Benson, meteorologist for WPXI in Pittsburgh
 * John Brabender, Republican political consultant
 * Italo Cappabianca, former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * Daniel Cudmore, Canadian actor and stuntman
 * Marjorie Diehl-Armstrong, convicted murderer
 * James Dubik, Lieutenant General in the United States Army
 * Isaiah Eisendorf (born 1996), American-Israeli basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * William Gehrlein, researcher
 * Matthew W. Good, former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * Steve Grilli, former Major League Baseball player
 * Robert J. Heibel, retired FBI Agent
 * John Hornaman, former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * Lori Jakiela, author
 * Andy Lorei, professional soccer player for the Tulsa Roughnecks
 * Jabs Newby, professional basketball player
 * Mark L. Nelson, chemist, scientist and inventor of Omadacycline, a tetracycline antibiotic
 * Bill Pepicello, President of the University of Phoenix
 * Rocco Pugliese, lobbyist in Pennsylvania
 * Brad Roae, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives 2007–present
 * Sean Rowe, elected 28th Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church for the nine-year term 2024-2033
 * Joe Schember, 48th Mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania (2018–present)
 * Joseph E. Sinnott, 47th Mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania (2006–2018)
 * R. Tracy Seyfert, former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * John Stehr, former CBS News Correspondent, main news anchor at WTHR in Indianapolis/current Mayor of Zionsville, Indiana
 * Thomas Joseph Tobin, prelate of the Catholic Church
 * Barbara Smith Warner, member of the Oregon House of Representatives, representing District 45
 * James G. Zimmerly, physician and co-discoverer of a meningococcal vaccine

title: Gannon University


text:
Essex (ship)

Essex is the name of several ships:

 * For East Indiamen, see Essex
 * For Royal Navy ships, see HMS Essex
 * For US Navy ships, see USS Essex.
 * Essex Junior was the British whaler Atlantic that Captain David Porter, of the American frigate USS Essex (1799), captured off the Galapagos Islands on 29 April 1813, renamed, and used as a tender. The Royal Navy recaptured Essex Junior, and used her as a cartel. The Americans then seized her when she brought her passengers to New York.

Four American ships that have worked as whalers (whaling ships) have borne the name Essex:
 * Essex, was launched in Hampton, New Hampshire, and made at least two whaling voyages.
 * Essex, was launched in Amesbury, Massachusetts, and made seven recorded whaling voyages; she is most famous for the last, which ended when a whale rammed and sank her in November 1820.
 * Essex, was launched at Amesbury, Massachusetts, and made some eight recorded whaling voyages before she was condemned at Montevideo in January 1843.
 * Essex, was launched at Saybrook, Connecticut, and made one recorded whaling voyage.

Many merchant vessels have also borne the name:
 * Essex, of 302$29/94$ tons (bm), was built in 1808 in the U.S. She was condemned in the Prize Court on 20 May 1809 for trading with the enemy. Peter Everitt Maestaer then purchased her and retained her name. She was deleted from the register at Cape Town on 12 July 1832 after having been sold for breaking up.
 * Essex, of 554$2/94$ tons (bm) was launched on 13 October 1810 by John Brockbank & Nephew, Lancaster, for J. Wildman & Co. She sailed under two letters of marque. The first was issued on 28 October 1811 to Robert Muirhead, master, for Essex, ship, of 554 tons. It gave her armament as twenty 12-pounder guns. The second was issued on 16 October 1813 to Gabriel Ford, master, for Essex, ship, of 554 tons. This time her armament was described as twelve 9 and 12-pounder guns.
 * Essex, a 329-ton sailing ship that the New Zealand Company chartered to bring immigrants to New Plymouth in 1843

title: Essex (ship)


text:
Sid Meier's Pirates!

Sid Meier's Pirates! is a video game created by Sid Meier for the Commodore 64 and published by MicroProse in May 1987. It was the first game to include the name "Sid Meier" in its title as an effort by MicroProse to attract fans of Meier's earlier games, most of which were combat vehicle simulation video games. The game is a simulation of the life of a pirate, a privateer, or a pirate hunter in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It was widely ported to other systems.

Pirates! is set in the Caribbean. The Pirates! playing field includes the Spanish Main (namely the northern coast of South America), Central America and the Yucatán Peninsula, the entire Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and all Caribbean islands, plus Bermuda in the PC version. The player is free to sail to any part of the above-mentioned lands, stopped by an invisible barrier southeast of Trinidad, all the way north to just northeast of Bermuda.

The Pirates! Gold remake, with minor improvements and better graphics, was released in 1993. An enhanced remake, also named Sid Meier's Pirates!, was released in 2004. Versions for mobile devices have also been released.

Gameplay
Pirates! is a single-player, open-world game. The player receives a letter of marque authorizing service as a privateer for the Spanish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of England, or the French colonial empire in the Caribbean. The player's loyalties may change over the course of the game; they may also hold rank with multiple countries and may turn to piracy at any time. Gameplay is open-ended; the player may choose to attack enemy ships or towns, hunt pirates, seek buried treasure, rescue long-lost family members, or even avoid violence altogether and seek to increase their wealth through trade. The game also has no predetermined end, although as time goes on, it becomes more difficult to recruit crew members. As the player character ages, fighting becomes more difficult, and deteriorating health will eventually force the character into retirement. The game ends when the player retires, at which point they are given a position in their future life, from beggar to King's advisor, based on accumulated wealth, land, rank, marital status, and other accomplishments.

The era of play is one of the choices given to a player at game-start. Different eras provide a different challenge, as political and economic power shifts between the four fledgling European empires. Choosing 1560 (the earliest choice) as the starting year places the player in the Caribbean almost devoid of influence but that of Spain, while 1680 (the latest choice) provides a mature Caribbean with many non-Spanish colonies and an overall higher degree of activity in the region. The other choices include 1600, 1620, 1640, and 1660, with the progressive effect of reducing Spanish dominance in favor of the other nations, while increasing seafaring traffic. Ship designs are also era-dependent, with some types of ships appearing more frequently in certain eras and less in others, and certain ship types being used near-exclusively by certain nations.

The game tests a wide range of skills: hand-eye coordination during the fencing sections, tactical ability during the land and sea combat phases, and strategic thinking, for everything from choosing a wife to deciding when to divide up the plunder. Moreover, each game is likely to take a different course, as most events in the game are random, including the economic and political systems, and early in the game, these can greatly affect future strategic options. In the course of the game a player may try to tack in a frigate in order to run down a smaller and faster pinnace, but must be fortunate enough to have the weather gage.

One of the most innovative features of Pirates! is the introduction of a dynamic playing field. In Pirates! many of the most important factors which affect player decisions are randomized at the beginning of the game and continue to shift during gameplay. This not only creates a new experience each time the game is played, but also requires the player to remain flexible, and be ready to exploit possibilities when they occur. Changes happen whenever time passes and they are unrelated to player actions. In fact, in this game in the series, random events do not have any graphical representation, and the player can do nothing to prevent them.

The most important random factor in the game lies in the diplomatic relations between the four nations laying claim to the Caribbean. Relations may differ greatly from game to game, and can shift in an instant, creating and removing opportunities, possibly even for long periods of time. The player generally benefits from periods of war between two or more countries, because any aggression towards a country's ships or cities, which occurs often if not specifically avoided, will gain recognition with its enemies, prompting them to bestow the player with land, titles, and other benefits. During peacetime, the player can only benefit from the capture of pirates on the high seas, which is seen as favorable by all nations, but is a rare occurrence.

Cities are also dynamic, with statistics like wealth and population fluctuating constantly. The player can access any city's statistics. Knowing the statistics of a city helps the player plan ahead, especially with regards to trading or any desire to raid or conquer cities.

The original versions of Pirates! sported both disk and manual copy protections. Users were asked the time at which various treasure ships were arriving at the port. If the time was wrong, the game would continue, but at a much higher difficulty level that would frustrate most people.

Development
In early 1986, Meier and fellow MicroProse designer Arnold Hendrick wanted to create a role-playing adventure game, but Meier's business partner Bill Stealey was skeptical of producing non-vehicle simulations. Pirates! is mostly written in Commodore BASIC. Comments in the source code indicate that Meier originally intended to call it Pirates of the Spanish Main!!. The company planned several game elements that it removed before release, including multiple NPCs per town, more detailed sailing including fleet actions, and a subplot involving religion and nobility.

With five successful years behind him, Microprose considered star designer Sid Meier a selling point and chose to put his name on the box of his next game, despite a shift away from combat simulators he had become known for. According to Stealey, the idea to add Meier's name came after meeting Robin Williams: "We were at dinner at a Software Publishers Association meeting, and Robin Williams was there. And he kept us in stitches for two hours. And he turns to me and says 'Bill, you should put Sid's name on a couple of these boxes, and promote him as the star'".

Meier in his interview said that "Pirates! was actually inspired by a technological trick" when "one of our programmers came up with a cool trick where we could create images, pieces of art, by packing them into a font. And that allowed us to very quickly bring in new pictures".

Meier admits that Pirates! was not intended to provide an authentic, true-to-life recreation of historical piracy: "Pirates! was designed more around your fantasy of pirates than the actual reality. That allowed you to bring in all the stuff from the movies, whatever you had read, whatever was in your imagination".

Ports
The game was widely ported from the original Commodore 64 version, first to the Apple II (1987), then later to IBM PC compatibles (1987), Apple IIGS (1988), Macintosh (1988), Amstrad CPC (1988), Atari ST (1989), Amiga (1990), and Nintendo Entertainment System (1991). The NES port was developed by Rare and published by Ultra Games. Tobacco is replaced as a trade item by "crops" because of Nintendo's family-friendly requirements.

The IBM PC version was originally released in 1987 as a self-booting disk, stored on either two 5¼-inch disks or a single 3½-inch disk. A version for MS-DOS compatible operating systems was released in 1994 on CD-ROM in Europe, edited by Kixx.

Reception
Pirates! was a groundbreaking game in its era. Its puzzles appealed more to female gamers than previous products from MicroProse, a company known for military simulations like F-15 Strike Eagle. Although other open-ended games had already been released, the style of player-directed gameplay in Pirates! led it to be the spiritual predecessor of countless others since, both by Sid Meier himself (Civilization, Railroad Tycoon) and many others.

Compute!'s Gazette in 1987 praised the detailed gameplay with arcade and strategic aspects, stating that "the designers of Pirates! set themselves a variety of ambitious goals and succeeded on every count". The magazine concluded that the game "is a real treasure". Computer Gaming World said that although reminiscent of The Seven Cities of Gold or Broadsides, "Pirates will prove to be a design with fresh approaches and much historical depth ... intriguing and addicting". The game was reviewed in 1988 in Dragon #132 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. Pirates! won many awards at the time of its release, including Computer Gaming World's "Action Game of the Year" for 1988, and two Origins Awards: "Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1987" and "Best Screen Graphics in a Home Computer Game of 1987". Computer Gaming World gave Pirates! five stars out of five in a 1990 survey of historical strategy and war games, and four stars in a 1993 survey of pre 20th-century strategy games, calling it "a genre breakthrough, this is a fascinating simulation of the Age of Piracy". The Australian Commodore and Amiga Review noted excellent manual, educational and historical aspects. Orson Scott Card wrote in Compute! in 1989 that Pirates' use of an unusually strict copy protection was understandable because "the game is so good that even people who drive 55 mph might consider stealing it". He said that Pirates! seemed misleadingly easy, with players discovering non-obvious nuances to the gameplay.

In 1989, Computer Gaming World named Pirates! to its Hall of Fame for games readers rated highly over time, with a score of 9.7 out of 12, and Compute! gave it the Compute! Choice Award for Historical Game. In 1990 Pirates! received the tenth-highest number of votes in a survey of Computer Gaming World readers' "All-Time Favorites". In 1996, the magazine ranked it as the 18th best video game of all time, noting that the Amiga version was by far the best by then. In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Pirates! the 84th top retro game, with the staff noting that "people still play the original version, even though Sid Meier himself produced later versions". In 2005, IGN rated it as the sixth greatest video game of all time. In 2011, Polish web portal Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the fifth most addictive classic game "that stole our childhood". In 2006, abandonware website Abandonia's Sebatianos reviewed Pirates!, who was impressed with graphics and sounds.

Matthew J. Costello for Asimov's Science Fiction said that "[Arnold] Hendrick seemed to have helped supply the indefinable quality of fun and purpose that fills Pirates!. It’s not just a game of battles, plunder, and divvying up the loot."

Reviews

 * Jeux & Stratégie #51

Legacy
Pirates!' success resulted in the similar Sword of the Samurai. The Pirates! Gold remake was released for Windows 3.1x, DOS compatible operating systems, Macintosh, and Sega Genesis in 1993. It was also released on CD for the CD32 in 1994 with enhanced CD audio tracks. Sun sighting was not present in this version, and there were no special items. The game added several new features, such as extra missions assigned to the player by governors. The MS-DOS version includes VGA graphics, a MIDI score, mouse support, and a copy protection scheme requiring the player to identify the flag of a pirate ship sighted on the horizon.

An enhanced remake published in 2004, also entitled Sid Meier's Pirates!, was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox, Xbox 360, Mac OS X, Wii, and PSP.

''Sid Meier's Pirates! Mobile'' was developed by Oasys Mobile in 2008. Mobile versions were later released for BlackBerry (2010) and Apple's iPad (2011). A version for the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch was released in April 2012, published by 2K Games. In addition, the game was ported over to the Windows Phone 7 on 9 April 2012.

In 2013, Tommo purchased the rights to the game and began digitally publishing it through its Retroism brand.

title: Sid Meier's Pirates!


text:
Wikipedia talk:AMA Requests for Assistance

Cleanup
Neither requests or the requests talk have been cleaned up, organized, and/or archived in quite some time, I'm undertaking this task.

All requests before November that were in the new requests category have been moved the Archive 4 with a note for people to file a new request if they still wanted a response to their unanswered request. Everything after November will be reorganized into what has been responded to and what has not. Lots o'fun. --Wgfinley 04:15, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Talk Archives
For older AMA Requests discussion see Archives: 1

refactored chatter

 * This user is in desperate need of advocate assistance with respect to framing her points in a way that will not be ignored. Hipocrite - « Talk » 18:24, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Then feel free to join the AMA and assist. If no one is interested in taking the case and you are, that would be great.Gator (talk) 18:26, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I cannot in good concience advocate for people that are wrong. As such, I am not an appropriate person to join this project, regardless of my superior ability to help people who are right. Hipocrite - « Talk » 18:32, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe that's why no one else is taking the case then. Still, you are free to join.  Love to have yah.Gator (talk) 18:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This user is right but horribly, horribly misguided. I will not join an institution that supports users that are wrong. Hipocrite - « Talk » 18:37, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Then, I'm horribly misguided. I admit it.  You win.Gator (talk) 18:39, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The misguided user I am refering to is Elonka, not you. Hipocrite - « Talk » 18:51, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I thought you were in favor of "helping new users help the encyclopedia", not being an elitist. If you can't bring yourself to do that, you shouldn't be here. Besides, why would you join an organization that you want to eliminate? Aside from entryism, that is? - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 19:48, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not deny entryism. I explicity think that the current version of AMA is badly flawed, and said as much in my coordinator platform. If you think that my goal here is to "help new users" do anything, you are sorely misguided. My goal here is to make a reliable Encyclopedia. Hipocrite - « Talk » 19:56, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Hipocrite, that's the second time (to my knowledge) that you've used that term, "misguided", which can be construed as a personal attack. As I mentioned on your userpage, I would advise you to please read the policies on No personal attacks and Civility.  When offering criticism, it is better to attack concepts, not the people who have stated them. If your desire is to make a good Encyclopedia (a desire that I share), then I would recommend working to foster an atmosphere of cooperation and civility, which will make a more productive environment for everyone.  Elonka 06:45, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Question
I'm unclear where to put this, or whether the AMA covers this kind of thing. I would like some help in speeding up my Arbitration case here. It's gone on for over 2 and a half months. I think that's too long. The glacial pace hasn't been helped by the recent ArbCom elections. It's actually seems to be going backwards in time, since it was at "Motion to close" stage a week ago, and is now back to "Voting". All I'm asking for is help in persuading the ArbCom to come to some kind of decision. - Xed 13:13, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how to help you, as there is no oversight of the ArbCom that I know of (aside from User:Jimmy Wales). But I'd say that's something someone else here might help with, so go ahead and post a formal request. Of course, the AMA is going through an election process right now too :) - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 18:03, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Unintelligible requests for assistance
Is there any standard answer as to what advocates should be about requests for assistance that are confused or incomprehensible, and often unsigned?

One of the problems with the Advocate concept is that, in my opinion, there are three levels of knowledge in editors. There are editors who know how Wikipedia works and can write, and can be their own advocate. There are editors who can use help in presenting a case. They are also editors who need help but cannot or do not know how to cooperate. Unfortunately, I think that Wikipedia is starting to get a lot of antisocial editors who are departing the Usenet, as it becomes even too antisocial for them. The intermediate editors, who could use help, usually, although not always, also have the sense to be polite, and so seldom get into disputes.

What should we do about requests for assistance that are bizarre? Robert McClenon 02:34, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess it depends on what you mean by bizarre. If the user is asking for something left-field, then advise them that WP standards isn't likely to provide it. If the user isn't being clear about their problem, then follow the links to the issue and figure out what's going on. If the user left no links, try contacting them on their talk page for more info. That's what I've done in the past. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 15:09, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I am really referring to two requests that are currently on the requests for assistance page. They are both long.  I don't understand either of them.  I have decided to ignore them, which I assume is always an option.  Neither of them is properly signed.  One of them appears to be expressing a conspiracy theory.  The other author wants help with something, but I am not sure whether it is a Wikipedia article at all.  Robert McClenon 00:10, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that one point is that advocates have to understand that some requesters are reasonable and some are unreasonable, and that one must use some judgment in deciding whether to take a case at all. If the requester is a troll, then it is better not to make contact at all.  If the requester is a newbie, that is who we are trying to help.  Flamers are a special problem, because one does now know at first whether they simply came from Usenet and have not learned to be civil, or whether they are bullies.  Robert McClenon 00:10, 5 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Rechab

Rechab (רֵכָב Rēḵāḇ) is the name of three men in the Bible:
 * One of the two "captains of bands" whom Saul's son Ish-bosheth took into his service, and who conspired to kill him. (2 Samuel 4:2)
 * A Kenite, mentioned as the father of Jehonadab at King Jehu's time, from whom the tribe of the Rechabites derived their name. Jehonadab and his people had all along become worshippers of God.
 * The father of Malchiah, ruler of part of Beth-haccerem. (Nehemiah 3:14)

title: Rechab


text: User talk:4.242.213.173

title: User talk:4.242.213.173


text:
Donghae

Donghae may refer to:

 * East Sea, the South Korean name of the Sea of Japan
 * Donghae Expressway, the name of the expressway in South Korea
 * Donghae Line, a railway line in Busan, South Korea
 * Donghae City, in South Korea
 * Donghae-class corvette, a class of four ships of navy of South Korea
 * Lee Donghae (born 1986), member of K-pop boy band, Super Junior

title: Donghae


text:
Nihonkai

Nihonkai (日本海) may refer to:
 * Sea of Japan, the body of water between Japan, Korea and Russia
 * Nihonkai (train), an overnight sleeping car train service that ran along the Sea of Japan coastline

title: Nihonkai