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Talk:List of biologists

[Untitled]
It seems there has been some confusion about which lists to use, and indeed there is a separate list of botanists while list of zoologists redirects here. Since before the 20th century, so many were not specialists, it would seem to argue for a single list, on the other hand it doesn't hurt to have people listed on multiple lists. I don't have a strong feeling either way, but it ought to be decided so that editors know where to link bios in. Stan 17:05, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm looking for...
Figured since I've got a bunch of red links in some of my taxoboxes, I'd start a wish list so that we can work on finding these folks together. To find out which articles have these links, you can click on the red edit link, then on "what links here" from the empty edit page.

 * Alperin
 * Anthony (primatologist)
 * Ayres (biologist), published in 1985
 * Coupin
 * Deville (biologist) = Émile Deville (As in: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. and E. Deville. 1848. Note sur un huit espècies nouvelles de singes américaine, faitent parties des collections de M. de Castelnau et Émile Deville. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, série D 27:497–499.)
 * Dollman
 * Fernández
 * P. v. Fioroni =? Pio Fioroni
 * W. Granger
 * M. H. S. Harrison = Harrison (biologist)?
 * Hensel (biologist) = Reinhold Hensel (Reinhold Friedrich Hensel)
 * Jourdan
 * Kastschenko = Nikolai Feofanovich Kashchenko See Кащенко, Николай Феофанович
 * Katugin - O. N. Katugin
 * Khajuria = H. Khajuria
 * Kock (biologist) - Dieter Kock see http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Kock
 * von Lorenz-Liburnau
 * M W Lyon Jr. - American mammalologist
 * Robert Martin
 * B. H. McConnaughey
 * Medway (biologist) = Baron Medway, now Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 5th Earl of Cranbrook National Library of Australia's online catalogue entry for Mammals of Borneo : field keys and an annotated checklist / by Lord Medway
 * Mikan
 * Miranda Ribeiro = Alipio de Miranda Ribeiro 1874-1939
 * Montagu - George Montagu - Common Bottlenose Dolphin, 1821... I don't think George Montagu is the right guy.... he was dead at the time...
 * Müller (biologist) - there are 4, none fit the authority for this one.
 * Nadler (biologist) = T. Nadler
 * K. N. Nesis = Kir Nazimovich Nesis
 * Neumann = Neumann (biologist)
 * I. V. Nikitina
 * Sergey Ivanovich Ognev
 * T. Okutani = Takashi Okutani
 * Palacios
 * Petter-Rousseaux and Petter
 * G. E. Pickford
 * Poche
 * V. Prosch
 * Rabor
 * Rasoloarison = Rodin Rasoloarison
 * Reid
 * Rochebrune - Rochebrune = Alphonse Trémeau de Rochebrune author of Faune de la Sénégambie and Vertebratorum novorum vel minus cognitorum orae Africae occidentalis incolarum : diagnoses
 * C. F. E. Roper
 * Y. Rumpler = Yves Rumpler (see Yves Rumpler)
 * W. B. Saunders = W. Bruce Saunders External link http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/faculty/wbsaunders/
 * Schwartz (biologist)
 * Elwyn Simons
 * Standing (biologist)
 * E. Stolley
 * Stroganov (biologist) = Sergei Ulyanovich Stroganov (Сергей Ульянович Строганов) Siberian Zoological Museum page
 * I. Taki = Iwao Taki
 * Turov (taxonomy) = Sergei Sergeyevich Turov (Сергей Сергеевич Туров)
 * M. Vecchione = Michael Vecchione
 * J. B. Vérany = Jean Baptiste Vérany 1800-1865
 * Voigt = Friedrich Sigmund Voigt 1781-1850 ?
 * Wakefield (biologist)
 * P. D. Ward External link http://www.brynmawr.edu/geology/WBSaunders/Publications.html
 * Wolf =? Johann Wolf (1765-1824)
 * R. E. Young = Richard E. Young

Wow... It's been ages since I last looked at this list, and I see that very little has been done to fix this. I can remove one, maybe two from the list, but I have to add one... - UtherSRG (talk) 07:14, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
 * T. Okutani has a ja.wp article - see 奥谷喬司--Shirt58 (talk) 🦘 08:42, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

No Specifics

 * Please include some specifics as to what these guys did. Most of them just have biologist written in front of them. You need to click on their names to find out what they did, whether they were ornithologists or marine biologists or palaentologists.
 * Shreshth91 21:00 29 Jun
 * I agree with the sentiment, although a quick scan shows that many of them have a description that is a bit more specific than biologist. I would argue, however, that even something slightly more specific such botanist or ornithologist is not enough. There are some examples such as "Max Delbrück, (1906–1981), German physicist and biologist known for work on the replication mechanism of viruses.".  This example would seem to be a better style for each entry.  David D. 29 June 2005 15:55 (UTC)

What exactly are we listing?
I'm going to add in everyone at Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine that isn't already on this list. However, there are a number of Nobel laureates who might not be biologists. Should we include in this list, for example, a physicist who helped invent the MRI? Or a physician who developed a vaccine? I'm inclined the list the physician but not the physicist, even though MRIs have had a huge impact on biological research. I guess the fundamental question is, are we listing famous biologists or people who made important contributions to biology? GabrielF 20:21, 30 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, this list should contain famous biologists, especially people who have named new taxa. JoJan 10:00, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I am going to include those individuals who are identified as biologists on their articles or who have contributed to biology (e.g. Robert Bárány, a physician who worked on the vestibular system and Alexis Carrel, a "surgeon and biologist" who pioneered sutures and organ transplants). I am not going to include inventors whose creations are useful to biology (e.g. the inventors of the EEG or the MRI) and I'm not going to include physicians who contributed only to medicine (e.g. Julius Wagner-Jauregg who developed treatment for malaria). Please look through my additions to see if any of them are objectionable. GabrielF 02:03, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Stats
In case anyone is interested, there are currently 714 names on this list (by my reckoning anyway) representing every letter of the alphabet and there are hundreds more molecular biologists, biochemists, neuroscientists, evolutionary biologists, etc. to go. GabrielF 05:47, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Should we add...
I'm going to use this as a running list of people who may or may not be good candidates for inclusion in this list. Hopefully people who know more than I do can share there opinions on whether they should be classified as biologists. GabrielF 06:02, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Manfred Sakel
 * No, he's a neuroscientist. I'm a proponent of restricting the list of biologists as much as possible to people who have contributed much to the field of biology, particularly biologists who have named new species. JoJan 13:03, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Julius Wagner-Jauregg
 * No - for reasons the same as above JoJan 13:03, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

I think Gabriel has it right. I leave it for discussion exactly what you want to call the new page, but what you have been intending seems not to have been what was intended in putting most of the names here. We need another taxonomic level. There is already List of botanists by author abbreviation and List of Zoologists by author abbreviation, which come very close to what you have in mind, because such abbreviations are not used elsewhere. But is it the case that every name so used has an abbreviation? DGG 04:11, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Jo-Jo, you are using a different criterion for "biologist" than most biologists would use. I am a molecular biologist and I think myself as much a biologist as any taxonomist. If you mean List of botanists and zoologists, there are two separate lists already, and you could add additional categories. But the list you want would be called, I think: List of taxonomists--and there is a purpose to that, because the names are needed for the species names--even a molecular biologist knows that much (smile).
 * When I started contributing to this list in May 2004, this list was still very short and could accommodate everyone who had contributed to the field of biology, even writers from the antiquity (such as Pliny the Elder, alchemists (such as Paracelsus) or naturalists (such as John Ray and Charles Darwin). Since that time, this list has been growing continuously, reaching now a considerable 58 kB, and there are still many biographies missing. Therefore I'm a proponent of new sublists, such as List of molecular biologists (I'm sure that there are many that deserve a fitting biography in Wikipedia) with a hyperlink to be added to the top of this list of biologists.  JoJan 14:56, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

"Kowalesky" per letter of Thomas Huxley
Can anybody track down / make any necessary redirects / start article if necessary for "Kowalesky" per letter of Thomas Huxley - "Kowalesky could never have announced his great discovery of the affinity of the Ascidians and Vertebrates, by which zoologists had been startled." -- May be AKA "Kowalski", but I can't find a likely reference. -- (Hmm, Kazimierz Kowalski? - in which case we need an article.) -- Writtenonsand 11:32, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Red links

 * 1) Victor Westhoff. Done. Viriditas (talk) 10:23, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

424 footnotes
At present there are 424 footnotes, most giving abbreviations in botany and zoology, and many of them added by me. Once I have finished making sure that the information is in the Infoboxes of the people concerned I plan to remove most of the footnotes (but probably not those for pairs of people with the same or similar names). However, I won't do this if there is significant and convincing opposition. Athel cb (talk) 08:12, 8 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No response yet, but I'm not ready to implement it.  Athel cb (talk) 17:05, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to me. Be bold! SchreiberBike | ⌨ 21:48, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not lack of boldness, but lack of readiness! There are still a great many individual articles to check. I'm still on the letter B, as I got distracted a month or so ago. Anyway, thanks for the encouragement.  Athel cb (talk) 07:45, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of biologists


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Talk:Akira

Problems with this page
I have a problem with this page. Akira doesn't need disambiguation because many people share the name. We don't disambiguate other first names when something else is there (like Ted). No one is going to land on Akira who really wants to go to Akira Toriyama; they're going to want the anime film Akira.

Secondly, Akira is a special case with names in Japanese because it can conceivably be a given name or surname and listing out people with the name Akira adds needless confusion for English speakers who don't understand that the word "Akira" can do that.

Finally, at the very least, I'm going to remove the katakana for Akira. There are several ways to write Akira in Japanese and most of them are in kanji. Implying that Akira is always written in katakana is incorrect. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  17:07, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Concur. The film (and manga) is the primary entry; the individuals deserve no more than a disambiguation line, and almost certainly not even that. Korath 08:10, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree. People unfamiliar with Japanese name order may think that Akira is someone's surname when written second and attempt to look up a person by that surname.  Disambiguation for people is a primary use of this page, IMO.  --ChrisRuvolo 08:34, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Supposedly this type of name disambiguation is useful if a user was looking up a person but only knew the first or last name, however whether such a situation actually arises often enough, if ever, is questionable. *If* the name disambiguation section was to be kept, even though I'm not sure whether or not people will actually find it useful, I think it would deserve to be delegated to a secondary page such as Akira (name) or Akira (disambiguation). Furthermore if supposedly this was actually a good idea, we should do this systematically. Are we going to have a name disambiguation page for every Japanese name? No we're not. A user can start their search from w:Category:Japanese people by occupation which has names already categorically sorted. —Tokek 08:18, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually, yes, we already have disambiguation pages for many Japanese names. See Kaori Kaoru Yoko Sho Hayato Haruka Hiroshi Hikaru Masato and Miho.  Besides, which of the Akiras would you list on the main page?  There is no concensus as to which is the primary use.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 20:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * > See Kaori Kaoru Yoko Sho Hayato Haruka Hiroshi Hikaru Masato and Miho.
 * That list is hardly "every Japanese name" and not systematic at all. It would be too arduous to have a name article for all names. Plus there is already a concise system for name listing: w:Category:Japanese people by occupation, which lists a much larger collection of names and much saner to maintain.
 * > Besides, which of the Akiras would you list on the main page?
 * The idea is not to list people's names for the main Akira page because most people are officially referred to by their full name. If there was only one Akira article, then that should be the main page and the Akira names listing should be on a secondary page, if they were to exist at all. However, now that I see there are multiple listings which are not merely name listings, e.g. Akira (band) and  Akira (film), I can see why the Akira page should be a disambiguation page.
 * —Tokek 16:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, its not every name, but its a start. Yes, they are not systematic, and have sortof grown organicly.  I'm glad we can agree that it needs to be a disambiguation page.  The main reason IMO to have disambig pages for Japanese given names is because of potential confusion of name order.  e.g. Akira Kurosawa versus Kurosawa Akira.  To a westerner not familiar with Japanese names, it not obvious which of these is the surname and given name.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 16:39, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Akira Toriyama
What about Akira Toriyama-dono? Doesn't he qualify? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.246.218 (talk • contribs) 19:11, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Already taken care of. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 19:22, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Question
In the intro it is stated that Akira is a name and the hyperlink goes to a page where we see list of individuals with Akira as first name. Where is (or is there) a page with individuals with surname/last name Akira? Is suremane/last name shown as a seperate page with individual lists or do persons with last name Akira deserve direct mention? Thanks! Dr. Persi (talk) 06:27, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Akira Rocamora
Born: Akira Faye Rocamora Birthday : July 11, 2000 Nickname: Aki Age: 11

Rocamora is the family name. She was born at Osaka University Hospital - Suita, Osaka. Akira is one of Japan's youngest actress and singer. She has an acting career in the Philippines but she is not very well known. She haven't done a project in about a year because she is now studying in the Philippines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.205.175.65 (talk) 13:14, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Akira (manga) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:30, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

"Akira (2009 film)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Akira (2009 film). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 17 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion.  Seventyfiveyears (talk) 02:42, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Akira


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Yeats (disambiguation)

W. B. Yeats was an Irish poet and playwright. Yeats may also refer to:
 * Yeats (surname), a surname and list of people with the name
 * Yeats (crater), an impact crater on Mercury
 * Yeats (horse), an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse

title: Yeats (disambiguation)


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title: Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Template


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El Show de las 12

El Show de las 12 was a Puerto Rican midday variety television series airing on WKAQ-TV, and later on the nationwide Telemundo network, and hosted by Eddie Miro for most of its run. It aired every week-day for 40 years until its cancellation on February 25, 2005.

History
Paquito Cordero was working for El Mundo Enterprises as the company launched the first television station in Puerto Rico WKAQ-TV also known as Telemundo in 1964. Cordero approached station owner, Angel Rámos with the idea for a variety show that would feature music and comedy. Rámos accepted the idea and thus El Show de las 12 (The 12 O'Clock Show) was born with its first episode airing on January 11, 1965

The show would air live every day at noon from studio two at WKAQ-TV studios in San Juan, Puerto Rico and would air in front of a live studio audience of about 300 people that were given admission for free into the program. In 1995, WKAQ decided to name the studio after the creator and long time executive producer of the program, henceforth the space would be known as "Estudio 2: Paquito Cordero" (Studio 2: Paquito Cordero). Today the studio is home to comedian Raymond Arrieta's show Raymond y sus Amigos (Raymond and Friends)

Music
El Show de las 12 was known for its live music performances. Every day the show would kickoff with a live performance from an up and coming musical act. Many iconic Puerto Rican and International musicians had their first televised performance on El Show de las 12 including El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico, Marc Anthony, Menudo, Conjunto Quisqueya, Chayanne, Raphael, Julio Iglesias, among others. Throughout its run El Show de las 12 became a pivotal platform to launch music stars in Puerto Rico and for those Latino stars to breakthrough in the United States.

Comedy
Just as it helped launch the careers of countless music stars, El Show de las 12 was also significant in helping many Puerto Rican comedians breakthrough. When there wasn't music playing, comedians would be performing skits and recurring segments on the show. El Show de las 12 was the starting ground for legendary Puerto Rican comedians such as Awilda Carbia, Shorty Castro, Otilio Warrington, Luis Antonio Cosme, Ángela Meyer, Raulito Carbonell, among others.

La Comay
In 1989, after becoming a recurring character on rival station WAPA-TV alongside Luisito Vigoreaux the character of "La Condesa del Bochinche" (The Countess of Gossip), a gossip reporting puppet controlled by Kobbo Santarrosa, made the jump to WKAQ-TV and was given a segment on El Show de las 12. The segment was originally not well received and the character went through an overhaul changing the look of the puppet and renaming it "La Comay" (The Godmother). La Comay would share her segment with the host of El Show de las 12 Eddie Miró who would encourage the character to share more details of the gossip they were presenting. This version of the character became a success and would eventually receive a spinoff show called XClusivo (Exclusive) that would air on Thursdays at 9:30 p.m. with Miró also serving as a co-host. Eventually the character's success led Santarrosa back to WAPA-TV where the show SuperXclusivo was born, Miró received an offer to join Santarrosa on WAPA-TV but he cited his loyalty to El Show de las 12 and WKAQ-TV as a reason to refuse the offer.

Cancellation and legacy
By the early 2000s El Show de las 12 and WKAQ-TV as a whole was experiencing a sharp decline. In 2001, NBC Universal would acquire Telemundo and its Owned-and-operated stations with the company officially becoming the sole owner of WKAQ-TV in 2004.

The acquisition by NBC Universal brought harsh cost cutting measures for WKAQ-TV. The parent company decided to scrap all local programming in favor of cheap imported international shows which in turn meant the cancellation of El Show de las 12. On February 25, 2005, just a month after celebrating the show's 40th anniversary, El Show de las 12 aired its final episode. Due to the show being a daily live show that began in the early 60s most of the tapes of the show were lost in time, however, the surviving tapes of the program were donated to the school of communications at the University of Puerto Rico along with every other tape of Paquito Cordero Productions upon Cordero's death in 2009. WKAQ-TV has christened two of its studios with the names of figures of El Show de las 12, Studio 2 (where El Show de las 12 used to take place) carries the name of Paquito Cordero and Studio 3 (where Puerto Rico Gana and Rayos X broadcasts from) carries the name Eddie Miró.

On January 16, 2017, twelve years after the cancellation of El Show de las 12, WKAQ-TV began airing a midday variety program again. Alexandra a las 12 (Alexandra at Noon) is hosted by Alexandra Fuentes and features interviews, news, political analysis and, comedy segments. Though it does not feature daily musical performances nor a live studio audience (the show broadcasts from the station's news studio) it is the spiritual successor to El Show de las 12 and has seen moderate success for WKAQ-TV on the time slot. The show was expanded to start at 11:30 a.m. in 2021.

title: El Show de las 12


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Histadrut

Histadrut, or the General Organization of Workers in Israel, originally (ההסתדרות הכללית של העובדים בארץ ישראל, HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim B'Eretz Yisrael), is Israel's national trade union center and represents the majority of Israel's trade unionists.

Established in December 1920 in Mandatory Palestine, it soon became one of the most powerful institutions in the Yishuv (the body of Jewish residents in the region prior to the establishment of the state). Today, it has 800,000 members.

History
The Histadrut was founded in December 1920 in Haifa to look out for the interests of Jewish workers. Until 1920, Ahdut HaAvoda and Hapoel Hatzair had been unable to set up a unified workers organisation. In 1920, Third Aliyah immigrants founded Gdud HaAvoda and demanded a unified organization for all Jewish workers, which led to the establishment of the Histadrut. At the end of 1921 David Ben-Gurion was elected as Secretary. Membership grew from 4,400 in 1920 and to 8,394 members in 1922. In 1926 the Histadrut supported an art studio in Tel Aviv. By 1927, the Histadrut had around 22,000 members, accounting for 68% of the Jewish workforce in Mandatory Palestine. In 1939, its membership stood at about 100,000, or about 75% of the Jewish workforce.

Labor Zionism
More important than the 1917 American Federation of Labor (AFL) resolution recognizing "the legitimate claims of the Jewish people for the establishment of a national homeland in Palestine on the basis of self-government", was the grassroots campaign to finance Histadrut land purchases, infrastructure development and the establishment of farm cooperatives. Jewish garment workers in the US in the early 20th century looked more to local improvements than the promises of Labor Zionism. The symbolic AFL endorsement of the Balfour Declaration failed to advance Zionist goals on the ground and many Jewish labor leaders were opposed to Zionist endeavors until the 1920 founding of Histadrut began to change their views. Within three years some labor leaders had reversed their positions, calling for moral and financial support for Histadrut. The garment unions Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and International Ladies Garment Workers Union extended their support to Histadrut.

The Histadrut became one of the most powerful institutions in the state of Israel, a mainstay of the Labour Zionist movement and, aside from being a trade union, its state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories.

Until Israel began moving away from a socialist economy, the Histadrut, along with the government, owned most of the economy. It was the second largest employer in the country next to the government itself via its many cooperative enterprises. Through its economic arm, Hevrat HaOvdim ("Society of Workers"), the Histadrut owned and operated numerous enterprises, including the country's largest industrial conglomerates, the country's largest bank, Bank Hapoalim, and the country's largest shipping company, ZIM Integrated Shipping Services. The Israeli services sector was completely dominated by the Histadrut and government, and the Histadrut also largely dominated public transport, agriculture, and insurance industries. In addition, it owned Clalit Health Services, Israel's largest Kupat Holim, or health insurance and medical services fund. Clalit was the only health fund in the country to accept members without discriminating based on their age or medical situation, but with the condition that they must also be members of the Histadrut labor union, which was exclusively Jewish. As such, many Israelis were dependent on Histadrut membership for their health insurance. In the mid-1980s, an estimated 70% of the Israeli population was insured by Clalit.

Neoliberalism
With the increasing liberalization and deregulation of the Israeli economy since the 1980s, the role and size of Histadrut declined. Hyperinflation saddled its business empire with enormous debts, and slow economic growth exposed its inefficiencies. Due to debts, the Histadrut began giving up its business holdings. It lost control of Bank Hapoalim in the aftermath of the 1983 Israel bank stock crisis, when the Israeli government nationalized it along with other major banks.

A notable shift in power took place in 1994 when the Labor Party lost its leadership and governing role in the Histadrut, and a new party named RAM, composed of individuals who had left the Labor Party due to internal power struggles, took charge and began to sell off or eliminate its non-union-related assets and activities, proclaiming that from then on, it would function solely as a trade union. The most severe blow came when Israel's National Health Insurance Law came into effect in 1995, instituting a national universal health care framework and reorganizing the Israeli healthcare system. Under the law, Clalit Health Services' tie to the Histadrut was severed and Israelis were given a choice in membership between Clalit and the three other Israeli health insurance funds, which were now prohibited from discriminating against applicants for age and medical reasons. Once an affiliation with the Histadrut was no longer a prerequisite for membership in Clalit, many of its insured dropped their labor union membership, while others switched to other health funds now that age or pre-existing conditions no longer precluded them from joining. This resulted in one of the largest declines in union membership in labor history. The Histadrut's membership plunged almost instantly from 1.8 million (almost 80% of the workforce at the time) to about 200,000 members. The loss of revenue generated from Clalit's health insurance premiums and union dues caused an enormous decline in the Histadrut's resources, and it was forced to sell off valuable real estate assets to survive.

Membership
Membership in 1983 was 1,600,000 (including dependents), accounting for more than one-third of the total population of Israel and about 85% of all wage earners. About 170,000 Histadrut members were Arabs (who were admitted to membership starting in 1959). In 1989, the Histadrut was the employer of approximately 280,000 workers.

The Histadrut managed to recover from its low point in membership and gradually grow in membership. In 2005, it had about 650,000 members. The Histadrut still remains a powerful force in Israeli society and the economy. In 2017 it had 570,000 members and a total of 700,000 workers being employed under collective agreements it had negotiated with employers in the country.

Recent
Following its support of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, on February 8, 2012, Histadrut called a general strike in support of lower-paid subcontracted, and unorganized workers, negotiating with both the government and private employers on their behalf, demanding that the subcontracted workers be hired directly and be offered the pay and benefits granted to regular employees. A settlement was announced on Sunday, February 12, which provided for some gains by the subcontractors, but also for a 3-year moratorium on further strikes over subcontractor issues.

In 2016, 27% of the workforce was a member of this union. During the 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests the Chairperson of the Histadrut, Anon Bar-David, declared a unionwide strike following the announcement of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's intention to dismiss Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant. The strike was called off on the same day after Netanyahu announced he will be entering negotiations with the opposition regarding the judicial reform and halt the legislation. Several days later, a report by journalist Michael Shemesh alleged that the strike was coordinated with the Prime Minister's office in order for Netanyahu to be able to apply pressure on his coalition members to halt the legislation.

Goals
The initial aim of the Histadrut was to take responsibility for all spheres of activity of the worker's movement: settlement, defense, trade unions, education, housing construction, health, banking, cooperative ventures, welfare and even culture. The Histadrut took over economic firms operated by the parties, which operated by subcontracting, and their Office of Information, which was expanded into a Labor Exchange. Already after a few months, the Histadrut became the single largest employer in the Yishuv. The Histadrut succeeded in improving worker's rights as e.g. the right to strike was recognised, employers had to motivate dismissal and workers got a place to turn to with their complaints.

In the first year of its existence, the Histadrut lacked central leadership, and many initiatives were taken at the local level. This changed after David Ben-Gurion became appointed in the General Secretariat. Ben-Gurion wanted to transform the Histadrut into a national instrument for the realisation of Zionism. According to Zeev Sternhell Ben-Gurion's exclusive commitment to this goal is illustrated by a December 1922 quote: "[...] Our central problem is immigration ... and not adapting our lives to this or that doctrine. [...] How can we run our Zionist movement in such a way that [... we] will be able to carry out the conquest of the land by the Jewish worker, and which will find the resources to organise the massive immigration and settlement of workers through their own capabilities? The creation of a new Zionist movement, a Zionist movement of workers, is the first prerequisite for the fulfillment of Zionism. [...] Without [such] a new Zionist movement that is entirely at our disposal, there is no future or hope for our activities" Ben-Gurion transformed the Histadrut in a few months. He set up a well-defined hierarchy and reduced the competencies of local workers' councils. He also centralised the collection of membership dues, most of which were formerly used up by local branches.

Absorption of immigration was seen as a very important task of the Histadrut. Providing immigrants with work was often seen as more important than the financial soundness of its operations. The labor leaders saw the failure to absorb immigrants as a moral bankruptcy that was much worse than financial bankruptcy. In 1924 the Histadrut's Office for Public Works collapsed and went bankrupt, and in 1927 the same happened to its successor, the privatised Solel Boneh. In both cases, the Zionist Executive bailed them out and recognised the deficit in the category of "expenses for immigration absorption". The Zionist Executive, sharing the goal of stimulating immigration with the Histadrut, had to do this because besides the Histadrut there was no other organisation in Palestine with the ability to absorb immigrants.

By 1930 the Histadrut had become the central organisation of the Yishuv. It did what the Zionist Executive wanted, but was unable to do: absorb immigrants and organise the agricultural settlement, defense and expansion into new areas of production. According to Tzahor the Histadrut had become "the executive arm of the Zionist movement—but an arm acting on its own". It had become a "state in the making".

According to Tzahor, while the Histadrut focused on constructive action, its leaders did not "abandon fundamental ideological principles". However, according to Ze'ev Sternhell in his book The Founding Myths of Israel, the labor leaders had already abandoned socialist principles by 1920 and only used them as "mobilizing myths".

Leadership
The chairman of the Histadrut today is Arnon Bar-David.

Criticism
The Histadrut has been criticized by European trade unions and international human rights groups over its failure to represent migrant workers, considered to be the most maltreated employees in Israel. In 2009, the Histadrut began accepting memberships of migrant workers. Another criticism of the Histadrut is that it appears to protect powerful interest groups in the labor market, i.e., that it does not protect all workers.

title: Histadrut


text:
USS Shreveport (PF-23)

The first USS Shreveport (PG-131/PF-23) was a Tacoma-class frigate of the United States Navy.

She was laid down under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1434) on 8 March 1943 by Walter Butler Shipbuilders, Inc., in Superior, Wisconsin; reclassified PF-23 on 15 April 1943; launched on 15 July 1943, sponsored by Miss Nell Querbes; and commissioned on 24 April 1944 at Algiers, Louisiana.

Service history
Following shakedown off Bermuda, Shreveport arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, on 9 November 1944. Conversion to a weather ship followed (the after 3-inch gun was removed and a weather balloon hangar was added); and on 2 March 1945, she departed Boston and headed north to assume weather reporting and aircraft lifeguard duties in the North Atlantic.

Operating on stations between Newfoundland and Iceland, she completed her North Atlantic service in the fall and moved south, to Recife, Brazil, whence she conducted similar patrols from December 1945 until March 1946. She sailed for the United States on 8 March; was transferred to the operational control of the Coast Guard while en route; arrived at Boston on the 23rd; then, steamed to Charleston, South Carolina, for inactivation.

Shreveport was decommissioned on 9 May 1946; struck from the Navy list on 10 June; and sold for scrapping to the Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania, in September 1947.

title: USS Shreveport (PF-23)


text:
Talk:Ethnic Jew

Lack of NPOV in Jew article
This page is created in response to the lack of NPOV on the Jew page. Zestauferov 17:18, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

The Jew page claims to be about the Ethnicity but due to emmotional sensitivity neglects consciously neglects to mention the certain categories of Ethnic Jews, while attempting to give the impression that Reform & Reconstructionist Jews are within the Legitimater Beit Din system. This page should be deleted if sufficient ammendments are made to the Jews page from the information contained herein.

 * NPOV alert: You and I have no right to define what the "legitimate beit din system" is. That decision is made by the consensus of the entire religious Jewish community. In any case, your claim is wrong on its face; Reform and Reconstructionist Jews do not claim to follow halakha (Jewish law) as normative, and they do not claim to set up halakhic Beit dins, nor do they claim to follow the rulinsg of any Beit Dins as normative. You are arguing against things that no one is claiming! RK 15:01, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC)

What does ethnic Jew exclude?
Does "ethnic Jew" necessarily exclude religious Jews? I have certainly heard the term "ethnic Jew" used in a manner that does not, e.g. "A Romanian citizen but an ethnic Jew..." -- Jmabel 05:30, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

Actually you are right Jmabel. But non-religious Jews call themselves American (or whatever) first and describe themselves as ethnic Jews while religious Jews simply call themselves Jews first and American citizens second. Anyway the point is that the current Jew article is still in a terrible state. This one has been re-written to edit out the "Orthodox" bias. And so how was it re-written? With a Reform bias! There really is no hope for objectivity on any of these pages I think. The best thing would be to turn Jew into a disambiguation page with links to Ethnic Jews Legal Jews Reconstructionist Jews Messianic Jews Reform Jews Conservative Jews Orthodox Jews Humanistic Jews Zestauferov 14:11, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no idea of what you are ranting about. There is no Reform bias. I merely deleted specious and false claims. You keep on making up stuff off the top of your head, and inserting them as if they were facts. That is not just a violation of NPOV, it is intellectually dishonest. 15:01, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC)

One should realize that there are many jews who are aethiest  but they have not been asimilated. They continue to act think see and also navigate through life the jewish way. There are many things that make us jews which were tied to religion or never tied to religion. In israel,where i normally live, there is a multitude of jews who are aethiests but who even sweat the jewish way. In the states too some jews dont bar mitsva ,they are aethiests.For them theres no baruch ata adonoy because adonoy doesnt exist. They still arent assimilated but continue doing things the jewish way. Non religious even aethiest doesnt equate to assimilated.Many jews believe that if you dont believe in god your no longer a jew or you selfdefine as a jew but do nothing that is jewish. Maybe you light the menorah or bury your dead quickly. There are many things one does which are in fact JEWISH.Not all jewish ways are dietary or relate to funerals.Many relate to how one thinks,even how one drives a car or even to how one ties a tie. Im steven marcus levihello@gmail.com (Inserted without sig on anonymous account November 22, 2004)

Sign your comments
Would people please sign their remarks? And if you are making an accusation of NPOV, would you please indicate to whom it is addressed? In this last remark, someone who didn't sign is accusing someone (apparently, but not clearly Zestaurov) of inserting POV. I might add, whoever is making this accusation is doing so without providing even one specific example. -- Jmabel 18:46, Jun 23, 2004 (UTC)

Suggestion to merge with main Jew article
Looking back in time, and the way the main Jew article has evolved in its sophistication, I believe it's time this article should be merged with it (i.e with Jew) because it seems non-scholarly and repetitive. User:Zestauferov's original rationale for creating this article seems dated and was done in pique and adds little to the subject/s discussed, which are all dealt with very extensivley in the main Jew and Judaism articles. IZAK 02:31, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm all for the merge as long as no information is lost. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:56, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge this Zestauferov fork. JFW | T@lk  08:12, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge - there's little information to lose, only Zestauferpinion. Jayjg (talk) 17:55, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge to Who is a Jew?
There appears to be a current proposal to merge to Who is a Jew?. Some of the material might belong there; other material might better belong at Jew. I suppose that once we are done refactoring, a redirect to either would be OK, since each one links readily to the other. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:08, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think it should be merged, because it would be submerged in the complexity of the "Who is a Jew" article. "Ethnic Jew" is a wide enough used term that I think it deserves an explanation to the non-knowledgeable reader. Cecropia 23:46, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Cecropia, I'm coming to think you are right, especially because there seems to be some confusion about this among our own editors. See discussion at Talk:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:35, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethnic Jew


text:
Carlo Fea

Carlo Fea (4 June 1753 - 18 March 1836) was an Italian archaeologist.

Biography
Born at Pigna, in Liguria, Fea studied law in Rome, receiving the degree of doctor of laws from the university of La Sapienza, but archaeology gradually attracted his attention, and with the view of obtaining better opportunities for his research in 1798 he took Holy Orders and became an Abbott. For political reasons he was forced to take refuge in Florence; on his return to Rome in 1799 he was imprisoned as a Jacobin by the Neapolitans, who at that time were occupying Rome, but was shortly afterwards freed and appointed Commissario delle Antichità and librarian to Prince Sigismondo Chigi. At Rome in 1781 Fea discovered a statue of a discus thrower, the so-called "Discobolus", one of the known Roman copies of the famous Greek original statue in bronze created by Myron.

Fea helped frame legislation to control the trade in, and excavation of, the antiquities of Rome, and undertook archaeological work on the Pantheon and the Forum there.

Fea revised and annotated an Italian translation of Johann Joachim Winckelmann's Geschichte der Kunst, and also annotated some of the works of Giovanni Ludovico Bianconi. Among his original writings he is best known for: Miscellanea filologica, critica, e antiquaria; and Descrizione di Roma Antica e Moderna.

Despite being qualified to do so, Fea never used the title of Abbott but rather that of a lawyer (Avv).

He died in Rome on the night of March 17, 1836, in the Palazzo Chigi.

Works

 * Vindiciae et observationes iuris: volumen primum, 1782
 * Descrizione Dei Circhi, Particolarmente Di Quello Di Caracalla E Dei Giuochi In Essi Celebrati: Opera Postuma Del Consigliere Gio. Lodovico Bianconi Ordinata E Pubblicata Con Note E Versione Francese Dall'Avvocato Carlo Fea E Corredata Di Tavole In Rame Rettificate E Compite Su La Faccia Del Luogo Dall'Architetto Angelo Uggeri Milanese, 1789
 * Miscellanea filologica critica e antiquaria, Tomo primo, 1790
 * Discorso intorno alle belle arti in Roma, 1797
 * Osservazioni sui monumenti delle belle arti che rappresentano Leda, 1802
 * Relazione di un viaggio ad Ostia e alla villa de Plinio detta Laurentino, 1802
 * Dissertazioni epistolari di G. B. Visconti e Filippo Waquier de la Barthe sopra la statua del Discobolo scoperta nella villa Palombara; con le illustrazioni della medesima pubblicate da Carlo Fea e Giuseppe Ant. Guattani; e coll'aggiunta delle illustrazioni di altri due discoboli dissotterrati nella via Appia e nella villa Adriana, prodotte da Ennio Quirino Visconti; raccolte ed arricchite con note e con le bizarre iscrizioni della villa Palombara da Francesco Cancellieri, 1806
 * L'integrità del Panteon di M. Agrippa ora S. Maria ad Martyres rivendicata al principato..., 1807
 * Ragionamento sopra le Terme Tauriane, il Tempio di Venere e Roma il Foro di Domiziano e d'Augusto ec. con una tavola in rame, 1811
 * Osservazioni intorno alla celebre statua detta di Pompeo: lette il 10. di settembre nell'Accademia Romana d'archeologia, 1812
 * Iscrizioni di monumenti pubblici trovate nelle attuali escavationi dei medesimi, 1813
 * Ammonizioni critico-antiquarie a varii scrittori del giorno, 1813
 * Osservazioni sull Arena e sul Podio dell'Anfiteatro Flavio dopo gli scavi nel medesimo, 1813
 * Nuove osservazioni intorno all'arena dell'anfiteatro Flavio e all'acqua, che ora la ricopre, 1814
 * Nuova descrizione de' monumenti antichi ed oggetti d'arte contenute nel Vaticano e nel Campidoglio, 1819
 * Novelle del Tevere: discorso particolarmente in difesa di S. Gregorio Magno, 1819
 * L' integrità del Panteon rivendicata a Marco Agrippa dall'avvocato Carlo Fea commissario delle antichità, 1820
 * Frammenti di Fasti Consolari e Trionfali Ultimatemente Scoperti nel Foro Romano e Altrove Ora Riuniti e Presentati alla Santità di N. S. Pio Papa Settimo, 1820
 * Pius II. Pont. Max. a calumniis vindicatus. Ternis retractationibus eius quibus dicta et scripta contra Eugenium PP. IV. eiuravit, 1823
 * Varietà di notizie economiche, fisiche, antiquarie sopra Castel Gandolfo, Albano, Ariccia, Nemo loro laghi ed emissarii, sopra scavi recenti di antiquità in Roma e nei contorni etc, 1820
 * La fossa Traiana, 1824
 * Considerazioni storiche fisiche geologiche idrauliche architettoniche economiche critiche dell'Avvocato Carlo Fea ... sul disastro accaduto in Tivoli il dì 16 novembre 1826 colle quali si illustrano anche la storia naturale del paese e varie antichità, 1827
 * Indicazione del Foro Romano e sue principali adiacenze relativa alla contemporanea tavola incisa in rame onde averne qualche idea per lo scavo ordinato nello stesso Foro dalla S. di NS Papa Leone XII nel settembre 1827 con tavola grande incisa in rame, 1827
 * Nuove osservazioni sopra la Divina Commedia, 1830
 * Storia dei vasi fittili dipinti che da 4 anni si trovano nello Stato Ecclesiastico in quella parte che è nell'antica Etruria: colla relazione della colonia Lidia che li fece per più secoli prima del Dominio dei Romani ; Discorso dell'avv. D. Carlo Fea ... diretto all'Instituto di corrispondenza ..., 1832
 * I Reclami del Foro Trajano esposti al pubblico e giustificati, 1832
 * Supplemento allo scritto finora da molti sul celebre musaico scoperto nelle ruine di Pompei: Li 24. Ottobre 1831 dal avvocato Carlo Fea, 1833
 * Jos. Benetti Romani Diss. de Cursu Publico - Compendio storico delle poste specialmente romane antiche e moderne, 1834
 * Il diritto sovrano della santa sede sopra le valli di Comacchio e sopra la repubblica di San Marino difeso dall'avvocato Carlo Fea, 1834
 * Miscellanea filologica critica e antiquaria tomo II, 1836

title: Carlo Fea


text:
Luigi Canina

Luigi Canina (Casale Monferrato, 1795 – Florence, 1856) was an Italian archaeologist and architect.

Luigi Canina, an Italian architect and archaeologist, was born in Casale Monferrato in 1795 and died in Florence in 1856. He was a pupil of Ferdinando Bonsignore in Turin, and settled in Rome in 1818. Among his works are: some construction at the Villa Borghese (monumental neoclassical propylaea from Piazzale Flaminio); Casino Vagnuzzi outside of Porta del Popolo in Egyptian style; not realized projects for reconstruction of the sanctuary of Oropa (1856). He became professor of architecture at Turin, and his most important works were the excavation of Tusculum in 1829 and of the Appian Way in 1848, the results of which he embodied in a number of works published in a costly form by his patroness, the queen of Sardinia. In 1843, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary member.

Canina is also noted for his studies of history and archaeology: Ancient architecture described and represented in documents (1830–44). A column opposite the basilica of Saint Sebastian on the Appian Way close to Rome records Canina's work in rescuing many Roman ruins and turning the road into the archaeological park that it is today.

In England, he restored interiors at Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.

title: Luigi Canina


text:
Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay

The Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Paraguay's bicameral legislature, the National Congress. It is made up of 80 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation. The other chamber of the National Congress (Congreso Nacional) is the Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores).

Unicameral congress was established in 1813, and replaced with bicameral congress including Chamber of Deputies and the Senate in 1870. In 1940, unicameral Chamber of Representatives was formed, and since 1967 there has been a bicameral legislature.

Website

 * Deputies of Paraguay Website

title: Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay


text:
United Supermarkets

United Supermarkets, d.b.a. The United Family is an American supermarket chain. With headquarters in Lubbock, Texas, its roots go back to 1916, when H.D. Snell opened his first United Cash Store in Sayre, Oklahoma. The chain has grown to include 95 stores in 30 Texas cities and over 10,000 workers. In 2014 it became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Albertsons.

History
United Supermarkets has 94 stores located in Texas and New Mexico. While it shares the same name as United Supermarkets based in Oklahoma (owned by Homeland), it technically does business as The United Family to differentiate from the Oklahoma chain, as they are separate grocery entities.

On April 1, 2009, United opened its 50th store in Plano, Texas.

Most United Supermarkets stores operate from 6 or 7 am until 11 pm, seven days a week. As of February 1, 2016, four stores operate 24 hours a day, including the pharmacy: two stores in Lubbock, one in Wichita Falls, and one in Frisco (Of which is no longer a 24-hour location as of 2019). Two stores were open 24 hours a day temporarily after the opening of the new store. Both were located in Lubbock.

United Supermarkets is run by the Albertsons chain, and operates as a division of Albertsons.

Acquisition
On September 9, 2013, United Supermarkets LLC was sold to Albertsons LLC. On February 4, 2014, the FTC voted 4–0 to approve the deal. The acquisition deal cost Albertsons $385 million and required Albertsons to sell its single stores in the Amarillo and Wichita Falls, Texas, markets. As part of the acquisition, several Albertsons locations in Eastern New Mexico, which were re-branded as "Albertsons Market", were added to the new United division of Albertsons-Safeway. Expansion in New Mexico continued with the purchase of several Lawrence Brothers locations, and the transfer of stores in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Rio Rancho, and Taos, to the United division.

The United Family operates five distinct retail banners:

 * United Supermarket - traditional grocery offerings
 * Market Street - take-out foods, restaurants, gourmet, and everyday grocery items
 * Amigos United - international and American foods
 * United Express - take-out foods, café, and gas station
 * Albertsons Market - traditional American grocery

Naming rights
United Supermarkets owns the naming rights to United Supermarkets Arena at Texas Tech University. The arena is the home court for the university's men's and women's basketball teams in addition to its women's volleyball team.

title: United Supermarkets


text:
Delhaize Group

Delhaize Group SA was a Belgian multinational retail company headquartered in Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Brussels, Belgium, and operated in seven countries and on three continents. The principal activity of Delhaize Group was the operation of food supermarkets. On 24 June 2015, Delhaize reached an agreement with Ahold to merge and form a new parent/holding company headquartered in the Netherlands: Ahold Delhaize.

History
Delhaize was founded near Charleroi, Belgium, in 1867 by Jules Delhaize and his brothers Auguste, Edouard and Adolphe. He was helped in this endeavor by his future brother-in-law, Jules Vieujant. For their new shop, they chose the lion, the symbol of strength, as their logo. They also chose a motto: unity is strength.

In 2005, Delhaize Group completed the acquisition of the Belgian supermarket chain Cash Fresh for 118.6 million euros. Delhaize paid an additional 51 million euros to acquire real estate assets of Cash Fresh.

As of 31 December 2014, Delhaize Group had a sales network (which includes directly operated, franchised, and affiliated stores) of 3,402 stores and employed approximately 150,000 people (excluding the stores and related associates of divested and discontinued operations). Store formats are primarily supermarkets, which represent 85% of Delhaize Group's sales network. Delhaize Group's sales network also includes other store formats such as neighborhood stores, convenience stores, and specialty stores. The company is actively engaged with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program to manage energy efficiency across its U.S. facilities.

In addition to food retailing, Delhaize Group engages in food wholesaling to stores in its sales network and in nonfood retailing of products such as pet products and health and beauty products.

In 2014, Delhaize Group recorded revenue of €21.4 billion and underlying operating profit of €762 million. Delhaize Group's operations are located primarily in the United States (Food Lion LLC, Hannaford Brothers Company) and Belgium. Other operations are located in Greece, Indonesia, Serbia, Luxembourg and Romania.

Delhaize entered the U.S. market through its acquisition of Food Town Stores in 1983, renaming it Food Lion due to name conflict with other stores, and expanding from 22 stores to 226. In 1985, it became a franchisee for Cub Foods and opened the first of many stores in the Atlanta area and in 1996, acquired Kash n' Karry, a Florida grocery chain. Both its Cub Foods stores, and the Kash n' Karry chain have since been sold by Delhaize.

In 2007, the company left the Czech market after 16 years and sold all of its 97 supermarkets to Billa. On 19 January 2009 Delhaize announced on request that the branches in Aachen and Cologne should be sold. In 2009, the company left the German market after 6 years and sold all of its 4 supermarkets to REWE Group. In 2011, Delhaize acquired Serbian retailer Delta Maxi.

In May 2013, Harveys was sold along with sister supermarket chains Sweetbay and Reid's to BI-LO, LLC for $265 million.

The locations in Montenegro were sold in 2013. The locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina were sold in 2014.

In November 2014, Delhaize Group signed an agreement to sell its Bottom Dollar food store locations in the U.S. to Aldi, Inc. The stores were closed on 12 January 2015, and the transaction was completed early 2015.

On 24 June 2015, Delhaize reached an agreement with Ahold to merge, forming a new parent company, Ahold Delhaize. The merger agreement was signed after approval by shareholders and competition authorities on 23 July 2016. Ahold CEO Dick Boer became CEO of the merged company until his retirement in July 2018, with Frans Muller, CEO of Delhaize initially as deputy CEO and chief integration officer under supervision of Dick Boer. Frans Muller succeeded as CEO in July 2018.

Europe
Belgium
 * Delhaize
 * AD Delhaize
 * Proxy Delhaize
 * Shop & Go
 * Delhaize.be
 * Caddyhome.be
 * Delhaizewineworld.com

Czech Republic
 * Delvita (1991–2007)

Luxembourg
 * Delhaize
 * Proxy Delhaize

Greece
 * Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos
 * City AB
 * AB Shop & Go
 * AB Food Market
 * ENA

Romania
 * Mega Image
 * Shop & Go

Serbia
 * Maxi
 * Shop & Go (formerly: Mini Maxi)
 * Tempo Centar (formerly: Tempo Cash & Carry)
 * Mega Maxi

North America
United States

Operated as Delhaize America, a wholly owned subsidiary of Delhaize Group:
 * Bottom Dollar Food
 * Food Lion
 * Hannaford

Asia
Indonesia
 * Super Indo (51%)

title: Delhaize Group


text:
Charles Fellows

Sir Charles Fellows (31 August 1799 – 8 November 1860) was a British archaeologist and explorer, known for his numerous expeditions in what is present-day Turkey.

Biography
Charles Fellows was born at High Pavement, Nottingham on 31 August 1799, the fifth son of John Fellows, a wealthy silk merchant and banker, and his wife Sarah. When fourteen he drew sketches to illustrate a trip to the ruins of Newstead Abbey, which afterwards appeared on the title-page of Moore's Life of Lord Byron. In 1820 he settled in London, where he became an active member of the British Association. In 1827 he discovered the modern ascent of Mont Blanc. After the death of his mother in 1832 he passed the greater portion of his time in Italy, Greece and the Levant. The numerous sketches he executed were largely used in illustrating Childe Harold.

In 1838 he went to Asia Minor, making Smyrna his headquarters. His explorations in the interior and the south led him to districts practically unknown to Europeans, and he thus discovered ruins of a number of ancient cities. He entered Lycia and explored the Xanthus from the mouth at Patara upwards. Nine miles from Patara he discovered the ruins of Xanthus, the ancient capital of Lycia, finely situated on hills, and abounding in magnificent remains. About 15 miles farther up he came upon the ruins of Tlos. After taking sketches of the most interesting objects and copying a number of inscriptions, he returned to Smyrna through Caria and Lydia. The publication in 1839 of A Journal written during an Excursion in Asia Minor roused such interest that Lord Palmerston, at the request of the British Museum authorities, asked the British consul at Constantinople to obtain a firman from the sultan to export a number of the Lycian works of art to England.

Expedition to Lycia
Having obtained the firman, Fellows, under the auspices of the British Museum, again set out for Lycia in late 1839. He was accompanied by the painter George Scharf, who assisted him by sketching the expedition. This second visit resulted in the discovery of thirteen ancient cities, chief among them Xanthos. He made a further trip in 1841.

Fellows led the archaeological excavation of Xanthos and other Lycian cities in Asia Minor and shipped an enormous amount of antique monuments to England, where they may be seen today in the British Museum. They include reliefs from the Harpy Tomb and the Nereid Monument, amongst many others.

In 1841, he published An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, being a Journal kept during a Second Excursion in Asia Minor. Three years later he presented to the British Museum his portfolios, accounts of his expeditions, and specimens of natural history illustrative of Lycia. In 1845, he was knighted as an acknowledgment of his services in the removal of the Xanthian antiquities to Britain. Fellows paid his own expenses in all his journeys and received no financial reward for his endeavors.

Personal life
Fellows was married twice, died in London in 1860 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

Publications

 * A Journal written during an Excursion in Asia Minor (1838)
 * An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, being a journal kept during a second excursion in Asia Minor (1840)
 * The Xanthian Marbles; their Acquisition, and Transmission to England (1843), a refutation of false statements that had been published.
 * Lycia, Caria, Lydia, illustrated by G. Scharf, with descriptive letter-press by C. F, Part 1 (1847)
 * An Account of the Ionic Trophy Monument excavated at Xanthus (1848)
 * Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, particularly in the Province of Lycia (1852)
 * Coins of Ancient Lycia before the Reign of Alexander; with an Essay on the Relative Dates of the Lycian Monuments in the British Museum (1855).

title: Charles Fellows


text:
St James' Park

St James' Park is a football stadium in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is the home of Newcastle United. With a seating capacity of 52,350 seats, it is the 8th largest football stadium in England.

St James' Park has been the home ground of Newcastle United since 1892 and has been used for football since 1880. Throughout its history, the desire for expansion has caused conflict with local residents and the local council. This has led to proposals to move at least twice in the late 1960s, and a controversial 1995 proposed move to nearby Leazes Park. Reluctance to move has led to the distinctive lop-sided appearance of the present-day stadium's asymmetrical stands.

Besides club football, St James' Park has also been used for international football, at the 2012 Olympics, for the rugby league Magic Weekend, rugby union World Cup, Premiership and England Test matches, charity football events, rock concerts, and as a set for film and reality television.

Early history
The site of St James' Park was originally a patch of sloping grazing land, bordered by Georgian Leazes Terrace, and near the historic Town Moor, owned by the Freemen of the city, both factors that later affected development of the ground, with the local council being the landlord of the site. Leazes Terrace was built c1830 by notable Newcastle residents, architect Thomas Oliver and builder Richard Grainger. Once the residence of high society in Newcastle, it is now a Grade 1 listed building, and, recently refurbished, is currently being used as self-catering postgraduate student accommodation by Newcastle University. The site was also near the gallows of the city, last used in 1844, lending the Gallowgate End its name.

The first football team to play at St James' Park was Newcastle Rangers in 1880. They moved to a ground at Byker in 1882, then returned briefly to St James' Park in 1884 before folding that year. Newcastle West End took over the ground in 1886. West End were wound up in 1892 and effectively merged into their rivals Newcastle East End, who took over the lease of St James' Park and became Newcastle United later that year. On 3 September 1892, Newcastle East End played its first game on the football ground. Local residents opposition to football being played at St James' dated back to the first games in the Football League following the building of the first small stand at the Gallowgate End. A redeveloped Gallowgate and further stands followed in 1899, bringing the first official capacity to 30,000 (standing).

While the stadium is now synonymous with the Black and Whites, Newcastle United actually played in red and white at St James' Park until 1904. In 1905, a doubling of capacity to 60,000, with a main stand on the Barrack Road (now Milburn Stand), and major other stands, produced a state-of-the-art facility, even boasting a swimming pool.

The second-ever rugby league test match, and first test victory by Great Britain, was played at the ground in 1908 against the touring Australian Kangaroos side on 23 January 1909.

1920–1990
Between 1920 and 1930, plans were drawn up for a double-tiered stand by notable football architect Archibald Leitch. However, after planning disputes, all that was achieved was a small roof over the Leazes Terrace side (Sir John Hall Stand). Floodlights were constructed in the 1950s, with the first match played using them held on 25 February 1953 against Celtic.

Up until the 1960s planning difficulties continued, culminating in lack of development of the ground being cited as the reason for failure of Newcastle United to secure the right to host a group stage of the upcoming 1966 World Cup following political disputes.

In the late 1960s further attempts were made to develop the site, and the council proposed a multi-use sports development of St. James' Park. This was rejected as not financially viable. Plans were drawn up by the club for a move to a stadium in Gosforth, or even a groundshare with Sunderland A.F.C. in a new stadium on Wearside. These plans were withdrawn in 1971 after agreement to redevelop St James' Park was finally reached, after mediation by the then Minister for Sport, Denis Howell. In 1972, work started on the East Stand, 50 years after it was last permitted to be developed. In 1978 the Leazes End was demolished, but relegation and financial difficulties meant the new stand was not built.

Investigations following the Bradford City stadium fire in 1985 identified a need to replace the ageing West Stand, which was demolished in 1986. Its replacement, the Milburn Stand, was named in honour of Jackie Milburn and opened in 1987. Further development was again shelved for lack of finance.

Sir John Hall era
Until the early 1990s the ground had achieved only modest expansion under various owners, with plans dogged by disputes and lack of finance due to poor on-field performances. In January 1992 businessman Sir John Hall, who had led the Magpie Group consortium in a hostile takeover of the club, was installed as chairman. Sir John used his experience in property development to rapidly gain approval and invested heavily in the stadium with finances gained from success under new manager Kevin Keegan.

1993 expansion
The Leazes End that had been demolished but not replaced was finally rebuilt, and opened as the Sir John Hall stand for Newcastle's debut season in the Premiership in 1993. The Gallowgate End was rebuilt, the Milburn Stand modified, and a new pitch, drainage and floodlights were installed. With all four corners filled in with seating, by 1995 the stadium had reached a capacity of 36,610.

Proposed Leazes Park development
As the expanded stadium still received full houses due to continuing success of the team led by the returning Kevin Keegan, in 1995, plans were submitted by the club to relocate to Leazes Park to the north. A new £65m purpose-built 55,000-seat stadium would be erected, less than two pitch lengths away from the original, but rotated, which would be similar to the San Siro in Italy. The old ground would be redeveloped to be used by Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, as part of the wider envisaged 'Sporting Club of Newcastle', with basketball and ice-hockey teams purchased by Sir John Hall.

Leazes Park was historically part of the Town Moor, owned by the Freemen of Newcastle, and protected by the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Town Moor Act 1988. The City council initially invited the planning proposal amid suggestions that the club might move to a site in Gateshead, a 75,000-seat stadium next to Gateshead International Stadium, but it led to political debate and opposition. A pressure group "No Business on the Moor"  eventually gathered a 36,000-petition signature, equal to the then-current stadium capacity. Opposition also came from a conservation group Friends of Leazes Park led by Dolly Potter. The club proposed to mitigate the loss of the moor land with proposals for a land trade-off with landscaping of land freed up by scaling down of the existing stadium restoring the views of the historic park from Leazes Terrace.

It became clear that the relocation plan would not gain planning permission without a potentially long-running public enquiry. To quickly satisfy demand, the club decided to expand the current St James' Park instead.

Freddy Shepherd era
In 1997 Sir John Hall stepped down as chairman (remaining as a director until 2007, now life president of the club), and existing shareholder and board director Freddy Shepherd became chairman.

1998 expansion
Following the withdrawal of the Leazes Park plan, the club proposed expansion of St James' Park to over 52,000 capacity, through major construction of a second tier over the Milburn Stand, Leazes End and adjoining corner, adding to a structure that was itself just four years old. After a refusal by the Secretary of State to take the application to an enquiry, permission was obtained in July 1998. For minimal disruption to seating capacity during construction, the project required 3-day shutdowns of work on home match days. 750 seats were lost during construction. During this expansion, executive boxes in the East Stand were demolished and replaced by seating blocks from pitch level up to the existing rows, in a mirror image of the Milburn Stand. The executive boxes were transferred to the new Milburn/Leazes complex, with more added to the Gallowgate End. During development, the additional stand and roof was constructed while leaving the existing cantilever roof intact until the last possible moment These developments increased capacity to approximately 52,143. The construction was completed in July 2000 at a cost of £42 million. Ironically, after opposition from local residents to the relocation plan, the expansion of the current ground at the Leazes End has further reduced the view of Leazes Park from Leazes Terrace, although this is now student accommodation.

Save Our Seats campaign
The 1998 redevelopment caused controversy when the club informed 4,000 season-ticket-holding fans that their seat prices would be increased to corporate rates, with the option of paying these or being moved to seats in the proposed expanded sections. Half of these fans were 'bondholders', who had paid £500 in 1994 which they asserted guaranteed them an option on their specific seat for 10 years. Some fans resisted, and after two high-court cases and a Save Our Seats campaign, the club was allowed to move the fans, under an exceptional circumstances clause. As a gesture of goodwill, the club did not pursue the fans for legal costs awarded over their insured limit.

Casino plans
In late 2003, preempting the relaxation of the UK gambling laws, the club signed a deal with MGM Mirage to hand over the land above St James Metro station, behind the Gallowgate End, in return for an equity investment, to build a jointly run complex centred on a 1000 sqft Super Casino. These plans failed when the proposed number of super casinos was reduced to one in the UK, and in January 2008 £5 million was repaid by the club to MGM.

Gallowgate additions
In 2005 the Gallowgate was redeveloped, with a new bar being built beneath the upper tier of the Gallowgate End, named "Shearer's'" after Newcastle player Alan Shearer. During excavation underneath the stand during building work, the builders uncovered the original steps of the old Gallowgate End stand, which had simply been covered up when the stadium was fully renovated in 1993. These steps were removed for Shearer's Bar. The completion of the redevelopment of the Gallowgate saw the creation of Shearer's Bar, an expanded club shop, a club museum and a new box office.

2007 proposed expansion
It was announced on 2 April 2007 that the club intend to submit plans for a new £300million development of the stadium and surrounding areas, to include a major conference centre, hotels and luxury apartments. The proposals also include a plan to increase the Gallowgate End, eventually taking the capacity to 60,000.

This expansion would be funded by the city council and linked to the redevelopment of the land behind the stand and over the Metro Station, which had previously been earmarked for the casino project. Expansion of the Gallowgate end involves difficulties due to the proximity of a road, Strawberry Place, and issues surrounding reinforcement of the underground St James Metro station.

Mike Ashley era
The 2007 redevelopment plans announced under the previous regime were put on hold following the takeover of the club and its plc holding company by owner Mike Ashley. One of the first noticeable changes in the stadium in the new era was the removal of advertising mounted underneath the roofs (facing the crowd) for Shepherd Offshore and Cameron Hall Developments, companies associated with the previous regime. A large advertising sign for Sports Direct appeared on the lip of the roof of the Gallowgate, visible from the pitch.

A full review of the club performed by the new management team concluded that stadium expansion was not a priority. For the start of the 2008–09 season, the away section was moved from the corner of the Leazes stand/Milburn stand to the other end of the Leazes stand, where it abuts the East stand, at the same upper level. The area of seats designated as the family enclosure were expanded, and certain corporate areas saw increased pricing.

The first home game of the 2008–09 season, at 3 pm on a Saturday, saw the lowest-ever Premier League attendance at the expanded ground, of 47,711, resulting in cash turnstiles. It was speculated at the time that this was due to the credit crunch; however, with the shock departure of Kevin Keegan before the next home game, future changes in attendances would be hard to attribute to this alone. The first game after Keegan's resignation, a league fixture against Hull on 13 September 2008, registered a crowd of 50,242 amid protests against Ashley and Dennis Wise. This was followed by an attendance of 44,935 on 27 September in a league fixture against Blackburn Rovers, which followed a record low attendance of 20,577 on Wednesday, 24 September in a League Cup fixture, the lowest ever attendance for a competitive first-team match since the 1993 promotion to the top flight, and a drop of over 4,000 from previous lows.

Although Newcastle's crowds inevitably fell in 2009–10 as a result of their relegation and the fact that Britain was still in recession, the Magpies still attracted a modern-day record average attendance for a club at this level with their attendance for the season averaging at 43,383. They also became the first club to attract a league attendance of more than 50,000 at this level in the modern era, and ended the season promoted as champions of the Football League Championship.

In October 2014, a scoreboard was installed in the far corner of the Sir John Hall Stand. The scoreboard was used for the first time on 18 October during a Premier League tie against Leicester City. However the game was delayed one hour, due to damage caused by strong wind to the paneling surrounding the scoreboard. Newcastle United later stated on their website: "Supporter safety was of paramount importance."

Renaming of the stadium
On 10 November 2011, Newcastle United announced that the stadium would officially be renamed Sports Direct Arena, as a temporary measure to "showcase the sponsorship opportunity to interested parties", whilst looking for a sponsor for possible future stadium re-branding. According to the club, the St James' Park title was dropped as not being "commercially attractive".

Previously, in 2009, the club had announced plans to sell the naming rights for the stadium. After protests about the possible loss of the name of the stadium, which included the tabling of an early day motion in Parliament, the club clarified the following week that the move would not involve the loss of the name St James' Park altogether, citing the example of 'SportsDirect.com@StJamesPark' as a potential stadium rights package. The following day, the club announced that the stadium would be known as sportsdirect.com @ St James' Park Stadium temporarily until the end of the season, to showcase the idea behind the package, until the new sponsor was announced. The stadium's official renaming as the Sports Direct Arena, or SDA, caused considerable perturbation amongst supporters of the team.

On 9 October 2012, payday loan company Wonga.com became Newcastle United's main commercial sponsor and purchased the stadium naming rights. They subsequently announced that the St James' Park name would be restored as part of the deal.

Saudi-led era
Following the takeover of Newcastle United, the new ownership would remove the Sports Direct sponsorship all over the stadium with co owner Amanda Staveley claiming she was "looking forward" to removing the Sports Direct branding to get new sponsors with the signs being removed on 6 December. With the removal of the sponsor in the stadium former owner Mike Ashley would take legal action against Staveley and her husband Mehrdad Ghodoussi after Ashley alleged that both Staveley and Ghodoussi breached their agreement to continue to sponsor the stadium until the end of the 2021–22 season.

Official names
St James' Park is spelt with James '  featuring one s and an apostrophe mark, as seen on the signage of the St James' Park steps outside the entrance to the stadium, and signage inside the adjacent Metro station. The use of an apostrophe is in contrast with the name of the Metro station itself, which is signed as St James Metro station, and with the street signs of the nearby St James Street and St James Terrace. Further, the use of one s and an apostrophe mark differs from the common convention of adding a second s to monosyllabic possessives ending in s, as is the case with the well-known public space in London: St James's Park.

The full stop after the St giving St. James' Park is both included and omitted by many sources, including the club's official website address information.

Post-millennium it has been debated both whether the written name should include an apostrophe mark after St James, and, if it does, whether the official written form should include an extra 's' after the apostrophe. Pronunciation of the name with a second 's' sound or not differs between both the local public and journalists, and is similarly debated.

In May 2008 BBC Look North examined the case for adding an extra 's', to denote the ground is "the park of St James". The club stated that the ground is named after its neighbouring street, St James Street, which predates the ground, although it was pointed out the road sign of that street, and that of the adjacent St James Terrace, did not feature apostrophes. The BBC stated that both local newspapers The Evening Chronicle and The Journal write the name with a second 's', reinstating it partially in response to reader complaints after a period of publishing stories without it.

The club insisted the name is pronounced without a second 's', whilst it was asserted by the BBC that older fans, in particular, pronounce it with two.

A professor of applied linguistics of Newcastle University stated that if a second 's' was added to the name, it has to ultimately be pronounced in speech. The BBC went on to state that according to the Apostrophe Protection Society, if the ground is named as the "Park of St James", the name of the ground is correctly written as St. James's Park, with the second 's' pronounced.

Commenting on the written form on Radio Newcastle a week after the BBC story, a different senior lecturer in applied linguistics also of Newcastle University stated that if the name is to denote "the park of St James", the written form should feature an apostrophe, but the use of an additional 's' after it is optional and both are correct.

Match-day programmes printed up until the late 1940s have written the name as St. James's Park. According to the club historian, the oldest memorabilia in the club museum refers to the ground as being pronounced without a second 's'. However, a match-day programme dating from 1896, reprinted in the match-day programme of a home match against Derby County (23 December 2007 ) depicts the stadium name as St. James's Park.

Other sources also support the idea that the name should have no apostrophe as found in the name of the adjacent St James Street

Nicknames
The stadium is known by its initials, SJP, or as St James'. In reflection of the early use of the site, it is also often referred to as Gallowgate, distinct from similarly unofficially named Gallowgate End, the name of the south stand.

Orientation
The stadium has a rough pitch alignment of north easterly. The four main stands are as follows:

 * Gallowgate End (previously known as the Newcastle Brown Ale Stand and before that the Exhibition Stand), at the southern end of the ground, named unofficially for its proximity to the old City gallows, and officially after the long association with the club of sponsor Scottish and Newcastle Breweries;
 * Leazes End (previously the Sir John Hall Stand), at the northern end of the ground, named for its proximity to Leazes Park, and after the club's Life President Sir John Hall; The Singing Section was positioned in Level 7 of this stand.
 * Milburn Stand, the main stand, on the west side of the ground. Named after 1950s footballer Jackie Milburn
 * East Stand, whose name is self-explanatory, and the smallest stand of the four. Following the death of Sir Bobby Robson, a plan to rename the East Stand the Sir Bobby Robson Stand (or the Robson Stand) was drawn up. As yet, this has not been made official.

The unofficial new home of the singing section is located in the "Strawberry Corner" (South East Corner, located next to the Strawberry Pub) - between the Gallowgate End & East Stand.

Location
The stadium's location is close to the city centre, 500 m roughly north of Central station, the main railway station of the city. The stadium is bordered by Strawberry Place behind the Gallowgate, Barrack Road in front of the main entrance, a car park to the north and Leazes Terrace to the East. Further south is St James station, a terminus station of the Tyne & Wear Metro line to the east, although the main Metro interchange at Monument station, is situated only 250 m to the east.

Architecture
The Milburn stand is the 'main' stand of the stadium, housing the main entrance, lifts and escalators behind a glass fronted atrium. The dugouts and player's tunnel is located in the traditional position of the middle of the main stand. Behind the seating terraces of the stands, the Milburn/Leazes structure contains four concourse levels, the Gallowgate End has three concourse levels, and the East stand has two concourse levels.

The stadium has an asymmetrical appearance from the air and from some angles from ground level, due to the discrepancy in height between the sides and ends of the ground. The height difference between the Leazes/Milburn complex and the East/Gallowgate stands allows views of the city centre from many seating positions inside the ground. Further expansion of the Gallowgate End could potentially produce a more balanced horseshoe arrangement of equal height stands, similar to that of Celtic Park.

The Milburn stand and Leazes end are double tiered, separated by a level of executive boxes; The East Stand and Gallowgate End are single tiered, with boxes also at the top of the Gallowgate. The three newest sides, the Milburn Stand, Leazes End and Gallowgate End are of structural steel frame and pre-cast concrete construction. In common with many new or expanded British football stadiums, the traditional box shaped 'stands' were augmented in the 1993 expansion by filling in the corners to maximise available seating, up to a uniform height. The Milburn Stand and Leazes End now rise higher than this level, covered by a one piece cantilevered glass roof. A further smaller stand section rises above this level behind the Gallowgate End.

The 1998 built steel truss cantilever roof above the Milburn/Leazes complex is the largest cantilever structure in Europe at 64.5 m, eclipsing the 58 m cantilevers of Manchester United's Old Trafford.

Seating layout
The current stadium design offers an unobstructed view of the pitch from all areas of the ground. The Milburn stand is the location of the directors box and press boxes, and the main TV camera point for televised games.

Away fans for league matches were originally accommodated in the upper level, in the north west corner, which can hold a maximum of 3,000 fans. However, plans were made at the end of the 2007–2008 season to relocate the away supporters to the far end of the upper level of the Leazes End. This location has attracted criticism due to the poor view offered by being so far from the pitch due to the height of the stand, and the 14 flights of stairs to reach the upper level. For FA Cup matches the lower section of the corner is also used.

The traditional home of the more vocal fans is considered the Gallowgate End, in the same vein as The Kop for Liverpool F.C. The Gallowgate End was the end that the team attacked in the second half if they win the coin toss. In recent years there has been unofficial fan movement to create a singing section in the Leazes End upper tier, partly to counter the away fans, and partly to recreate some atmosphere lost since the recent expansion over 36,000. This group of fans call themselves the 'Toon Ultras'. Level 7 of the Milburn Stand houses the official Family Enclosure. Due to the expansion of the Family Enclosure, many fans from the singing section have relocated to the Strawberry Corner.

In 2013 a group began to help 'Bring Back The Noise' as St.James Park, this being branded as 'Division '92'. This group first began at home to Metalist Kharkiv in the Europa League. From that date the group began to move from strength to strength with new aims set to develop a singing section within the ground for all league games.

Facilities
As well as the normal Premiership football stadium facilities, the stadium contains conference and banqueting facilities. These comprise a total of 6 suites with a total capacity of 2,050, including the 1,000 capacity Bamburgh Suite containing a stage, dance floor and 3 bars, and the New Magpie Room, on two levels with a pitch view.

The stadium houses premium priced seating areas designated into clubs, each with their own access to a bar and lounge behind the stand for use before the match and at half-time. The Platinum Club, Bar 1892, Sovereign Club and the Black & White Club are in the Milburn Stand, and the Sports Bar is in the Leazes End

The Gallowgate End houses Shearer's, a sports bar and lounge, which is effectively another city centre nightspot in Newcastle, accessible only from the exterior of the ground. The bar is named after Alan Shearer. The Gallowgate also houses a large club shop, a police station. The Milburn stand houses the main box-office. In the south west corner there is also a cafe and a club museum.

Capacity
The stadium has a maximum seating capacity of 52,350, making it:

 * the eighth-largest club football stadium in England, behind Wembley Stadium, Old Trafford, Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, Emirates Stadium, Etihad Stadium, Anfield and London Stadium;
 * the tenth-largest football stadium in the United Kingdom overall when including the Millennium Stadium (the national stadium of Wales), and Celtic Park (a Scottish club football ground);
 * the twelfth largest stadium in the United Kingdom overall when including the rugby venues of Twickenham in England, Murrayfield in Scotland.

Developments since 1993 have ensured the lower tier of seating of the ground still forms a continuous bowl around the pitch, below the level of the executive boxes. The club record attendance is 68,386 set in 1930 against Chelsea, when standing was allowed on the terraces.

Club football
Newcastle United have played their home league matches continuously at St James' Park. The stadium had not featured a scoreboard or big screen of any kind since the 1993 expansion displaced one from The Gallowgate end, although in 2007 bright red digital time displays were installed near the corner flags at pitch level. A big screen for the stadium was mooted as a possibility as part of a proposed new stadium branding exercise for 2010. On 18 October 2014 a large scoreboard was erected onto the side of the Leazes End, adjacent to the Milburn Stand. The first day of its use in a game versus Leicester City saw a one-hour delay to kick-off over safety concerns around the screen due to high winds.

International football
The stadium hosted three matches during Euro 1996. Along with Elland Road it was assigned to Group B, which comprised France, Spain, Romania and Bulgaria.

The stadium was one of several venues used as temporary home grounds for the England team while the redevelopment of Wembley Stadium took place.

St James' Park also hosted some football matches in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

The stadium hosted two international friendlies in September 2023 between Saudi Arabia and Costa Rica on the 8th, and Saudi Arabia and South Korea on the 12th.

England Women played against France in 2024, the first time The Lionesses have played at St James park

The stadium will host matches in UEFA Euro 2028.

Pitch
For football use, the pitch has the maximum international dimensions of 105 by 68 metres.

Rugby league
On 30 and 31 May 2015, the stadium held the Super League Magic Weekend. St James' Park was chosen to host the event after the City of Manchester Stadium, which had hosted the event annually since 2012, became unavailable.

The event was considered a success, with the 2015 event setting both single-day and aggregate attendance records for the event. The Magic Weekend returned to St James' Park in 2016, breaking the aggregate crowd record in the process, and returned once again for 2017 and 2018.

The magic weekend is set to return to Newcastle, in April 2021, for the 2021 Season, after previously been held at Anfield for the 2019 Season and being cancelled for the 2020 season.

There have been two rugby league internationals played at St James' Park. The stadium is due to host the opening ceremony and opening game of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup – Men’s tournament, the first rugby league international to be played at the stadium for 110 years.

England national team
On Friday 6 September 2019, England defeated Italy in a warm-up match for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. This was England's first Test match in Newcastle and first away from Twickenham (outside the World Cup) since 2009.

2015 Rugby World Cup
The stadium hosted three 2015 Rugby World Cup matches. The first was a Pool B match between South Africa and Scotland on 3 October 2015, with South Africa winning 34 - 16 with 50,900 in attendance. The second was a Pool C match between New Zealand and Tonga on 9 October 2015, with New Zealand winning 47 - 9 with 50,985 in attendance. The third and final was a Pool B match Samoa and Scotland the next day with Scotland winning a close one 36 - 33 with 51,982 in attendance.

European professional club rugby
In April 2017 the stadium was announced as the host for the 2019 finals of the European Rugby Challenge Cup and Champions Cup.

Newcastle Falcons
On 21 November 2017 it was announced that Newcastle Falcons would take their Premiership Rugby match against Northampton Saints on 24 March 2018 to St James' Park. The match dubbed The Big One was the first Premiership game at the venue.

The Falcons would return the following year to host Sale Sharks on 23 March 2019.

Charity matches
As well as professional matches, the stadium has been the venue for several charity football matches, including testimonial matches for Alan Shearer and Peter Beardsley. The stadium was also the venue of the final of The Prince's Trust Challenge Trophy, on 14 October 2007, between the Duke of Northumberland and Earl of Durham teams.

On 26 July 2009 St James' Park hosted the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match, in aid of the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation, in which the famous Italia '90 World Cup semi-final loss against West Germany, in which Robson's England team were beaten 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw, would be replayed featuring players from the original World Cup squads and other special guests.

Video games
The stadium has regularly featured on the popular football game series FIFA (video game series) and appears to be included on the global front cover of FIFA 13 with Lionel Messi in the foreground. The title sequence of FIFA Football 2004 featuring Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry and Alessandro del Piero was shot at the stadium.

Concerts
The stadium has hosted concerts for many famous artists, including The Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen & E Street Band, Queen, Bob Dylan, Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart, Kings of Leon and Ed Sheeran. In 2023 the stadium hosted two sold out nights for Sam Fender.

Film and television
The stadium has also been used as an audition venue for the television show The X Factor and also reality television show Big Brother. St James' Park has also hosted the final celebrity matches of the Sky television reality TV show The Match. The stadium was used extensively as a filming location for the film Goal!, as the film follows a fictional player Santiago Muñez who signs for Newcastle. There is also film footage showing a game between Newcastle and Liverpool FC from 1901.

Sir Bobby Robson tributes
Sir Bobby Robson, a lifetime Newcastle fan who managed the club from 1999 to 2004, died of cancer aged 76 on 31 July 2009, five days after having been at St James' Park to watch the England v Germany charity trophy match played in his honour and in aid of his cancer foundation. Immediately after his death, St James' Park became an impromptu shrine to Sir Bobby, with thousands of fans leaving floral tributes, club shirts and scarves in the Leazes End for the following ten days. After a private funeral service on 5 August, a thanksgiving service held on 21 September at Durham Cathedral in Sir Bobby's memory was broadcast on two big screens for spectators in the Leazes End.

title: St James' Park