text:
Talk:Broadcast address

OR not AND
In the page you state that

"Generally, the broadcast address is found by taking the logical bit complement of the subnet mask and then logically ANDing this with the IP address."

and then give the example:

"This can be found from the subnet mask (255.255.0.0) and the IP address (eg. 172.16.48.196 - the complement of the subnet mask is 0.0.255.255, and 172.16.48.196 && 0.0.255.255 = 172.16.255.255."

For that calculation the last operation schould be OR and not AND.

Please take note.

Definition of broadcast address
Wouldn't it be simpler to say : "The broadcast address is an address which has all host-part bits set to 'one'" ?

Also, at least linux allows using a different broadcast address. Older linux disributions asked as part of the network setup for the broadcast address. Can someone clarify why those broadcast addresses were used/allowed ?

xerces8 --86.61.2.139 14:27, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Setting the host identifier bits to 1 is now described as an alternative to bitwise arithmetic.
 * Does anyone have a citation for manual configuration of broadcast address? ~Kvng (talk) 16:24, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

Ummm...
Am I missing something here? I thought the subnet mask of the 172.16.0.0 network was 255.240.0.0. That would mean that the broadcast address would be 172.31.255.255, surely? - Tbsdy lives (formerly Ta bu shi da yu) talk 10:19, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Legacy broadcast
A number of devices still treat the .0 address as a broadcast address (including, surprisingly, the Linux kernel). There should be some mention in the article of the history of this (which I'm not totally sure of, but IIRC both .255 and .0 were broadcast until a number of years ago, when .0 was deprecated - although it's still not recommended even today). 146.87.6.75 (talk) 14:50, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Does anyone have a citation for this? ~Kvng (talk) 16:24, 5 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Not sure the following demonstrates what you meant. Quoting whats-the-difference-between-127-0-0-1-and-127-0-0-0#comment703601_575651. For me, the relevant part here is in the top lines:
 * True. 127.0.0.0 with mask 255.255.255.255 could theoretically also work. In praxis practice that is a very bad idea. since old software used to use the lowest address in a range as broadcast address. – Hennes Mar 30, 2013 at 11:29
 * 176.12.184.6 (talk) 23:11, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * That's evidence that could motivate us to investigate further but since it is WP:UGC it is not something we can use as a citation. It also says old software so does not support the claim above that the behavior exists in Linux. ~Kvng (talk) 15:42, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

with UDP not TCP
Mustn't we mention in the definition that it only works with UDP not TCP ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.240.81.106 (talk) 18:21, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * This is an internet layer feature and works for all transport layer protocols. ~Kvng (talk) 16:24, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I think UDP and TCP should be mentioned *somewhere* in the definition, since most people have some idea what they are but don't know what a datagram is. Therefore, I've changed the definition from "A broadcast address is a network address at which all devices connected to a multiple-access communications network are enabled to receive datagrams" to "A broadcast address is a network address at which all devices connected to a multiple-access communications network are enabled to receive datagrams, which comprise UDP and TCP/IP packets, for instance." (new part added in bold). I think this is appropriate, but if someone has a better way of mentioning UDP and TCP/IP somewhere in the first paragraph, I'd be fine with that too. ERCaGuy (talk) 22:20, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

Introducing the example shown in the table
You've deleted my intro to the example table, but I feel very strongly this is an essential addition that really helps this page be more readable and easy to understand. The table takes some careful study, and my one sentence intro. makes that study 5x faster. Please leave it in. I've added it back with this wording: "As shown in the example below, in order to calculate the broadcast address to transmit a packet to an entire IPv4 subnet using the private IP address space 172.16.0.0/12, which has the subnet mask 255.240.0.0, the broadcast address is calculated as 172.16.0.0 bitwise ORed with 0.15.255.255 = 172.31.255.255." Also, I've moved the generic information which applies to *any* example to be a standalone paragraph, rather than part of the intro do the example. This makes much more sense. ERCaGuy (talk) 22:26, 5 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Broadcast address


text:
1738 in music

Events

 * January – Antonio Vivaldi conducts a festival to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the Schouwburg theater.
 * 4 May – Foundation of the Imperial Ballet School at Saint Petersburg, with Jean-Baptiste Landé as its principal.
 * Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, having completed a law degree, is hired as a court musician by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great (Bach will remain in Frederick's service until 1768).

Classical music

 * Johann Sebastian Bach
 * Kyrie–Gloria masses, BWV 233–236
 * Harpsichord Concerto No.3 in D major, BWV 1054
 * Francesco Durante – Messa piccola di requiem in G
 * George Frideric Handel – La bianca rosa, HWV 160c
 * Leonardo Leo
 * Cello Concerto in A major, L.50
 * Cello Concerto in D minor, L.60
 * Jan Dismas Zelenka – Miserere, ZWV 57

Opera

 * Thomas Arne – Comus
 * Antonio Bioni – Girita
 * François Francoeur and François Rebel – Le Ballet de la paix (Paris, Opéra, 29 May)
 * George Frideric Handel
 * Faramondo
 * Saul (composed, first performed 1739)
 * Serse (London, 15 April)
 * Johann Adolph Hasse – Irene
 * Giovanni Battista Pescetti – La Conquista del Vello D'Oro
 * Nicola Porpora – Carlo il Calvo
 * Giovanni Porta – Ifigenia in Aulide
 * Francesco Maria Veracini – Rosalinda

Publications

 * Joseph Bodin de Boismortier – L'Automne, Op. 5, No. 3 (extract, reprinted from Cantates françoises, Op. 5 [1724])
 * Josse Boutmy – Pièces de clavecin, Livre 1
 * Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello – 12 Concertos, Op. 1
 * Michele Corrette
 * L'école d'Orphée, Op. 18 (Paris)
 * Les délices de la solitude, Op. 20 (Paris)
 * George Frideric Handel – 6 Organ Concertos, Op.4 (London: John Walsh)
 * Alessandro Marcello – La cetra di Eterio Stinfalico, 6 concertos for 2 oboes or flutes, strings, and basso continuo (Augsburg, [approximate year])
 * Domenico Scarlatti
 * Essercizi per Gravicembalo, K.1-30
 * 42 Suites de Pièces pour le Clavecin, K.1-42 (introduction by Roseingrave)
 * Giuseppe Sammartini – 6 Concerti Grossi, Op. 2
 * Georg Philipp Telemann
 * Fugues légères & petits jeux, TWV 30:21–26
 * 18 Canons Mélodieux, TWV 40:118–123
 * 6 Nouveaux quatuors en six suites: à une flûte traversiere, un violon, une basse de viole, où violoncel, et basse continuë. Paris: L'auteur, Vater, Boivin, et Le Clerc. ("Paris quartets" Nos. 7–12), TWV 43:D3, 43:a2, 43:G4, 43:h2, 43:A3, 43:e4
 * Johann Gottfried Walther – Harmonisches Denck- und Danckmahl
 * 6 Harpsichord Concertos and 4 Organ Fugues (Strasbourg: Jean Daniel Doulsecker) works by various and anonymous composers. Contains Wilhelm Friedemann Bach's Fugue in F major F.36.

Methods and theory writings

 * Johann Philipp Eisel – Musicus autodidaktos

Births

 * April 17 – Philip Hayes, composer (died 1797)
 * May – Jonathan Battishill, composer (died 1801)
 * June 3 – Pierre Vachon, composer (died 1803)
 * August 11 (baptized)– Anna Bon, composer (died after 1769)
 * August 14 – Leopold Hofmann, composer (died 1793)
 * October 26 – Louis-Charles-Joseph Rey, composer and cellist, (died 1811)
 * November 15 – William Herschel, astronomer and composer (died 1822)
 * December 14 – Jan Antonín Koželuh, composer (died 1814)
 * date unknown
 * Carlo Besozzi, oboist and composer (died 1791)
 * Thomas Ebdon, organist and composer (died 1811)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Franz Xaver Murschhauser, German composer (born 1663)
 * January 17 – Jean-François Dandrieu, harpsichordist, organist and composer (born c. 1682)
 * March 25 – Turlough O'Carolan, harpist and composer (born 1670)
 * July 20 – Tommaso Redi, composer (born c.1675)
 * August 23 – Baron Anders von Düben, director of the Royal Swedish Orchestra (born 1673)
 * August 29 – Georg Reutter, organist and composer (born 1656)
 * September 23 – Carlo Agostino Badia, opera composer (born 1672)
 * December 22 – Jean-Joseph Mouret, composer (born 1681)
 * date unknown – José de Torres, composer (born 1665)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1738 in music


text:
Nirvana (1997 film)

Nirvana is a 1997 Italian cyberpunk science fiction film directed by Gabriele Salvatores. The film stars Christopher Lambert, Diego Abatantuono, Sergio Rubini, and Stefania Rocca. It was screened out of competition at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
The film tells the story of a virtual reality game designer, Jimi (Christopher Lambert), who discovers that the main character of his game, Solo (Diego Abatantuono), has achieved sentience due to an attack by a computer virus. Asked by his creation (who feels everything the character in the game feels, including multiple deaths) to eliminate its existence, Jimi sets out to erase the game from the server of his employer, Okasama Star, before it's commercially released on Christmas Day, and thus spare Solo further suffering.

Jimi has been depressed since his wife Lisa (Emmanuelle Seigner) left him. He decides to make his search for her a part of his quest to delete Solo and the game. Along the way he recruits Lisa's friend Joystick (Sergio Rubini) and tech wizard Naima (Stefania Rocca) to help him avoid suspicious representatives of Okasama Star, who employ increasingly forceful methods to stop him. By the end, Jimi hacks into one of the company's servers. This hack is in the world of virtual reality interpreted as encounters with persons from Jimi's life; the network defends itself by projecting virtual representations of people such as Jimi's father and Lisa. It tries to keep the hacker's mind in the loop of his own memories as it burns the hacker's brain. Jimi manages to pass through the network defence mechanism by freeing his mind, forgetting about life before or after, about bodily feelings, and entering a state of pure concentration where one focuses only on the target (in this case the server with the company's bank account). It is similar to meditation where one tries to concentrate on breathing; people who are able to do this are referred to as angels (they are invisible to the system, can go anywhere they want, and their possibilities are limitless) in the film. In the end, Jimi feels enlightened and at inner peace with himself. He successfully deletes Solo, comes to terms with Lisa's leaving him, and understands why things happened the way they did. He is in the state of Nirvana. Yet, during the film ending credits, a message flashes - "Naima is on line" - meaning the whole Nirvana intrigue was indeed a game within another game, that the player (the spectator) completed.

Cast
• Christopher Lambert as Jimi Dini

• Sergio Rubini as Joystick

• Diego Abatantuono as Solo

• Stefania Rocca as Naima

• Emmanuelle Seigner as Lisa

• Amanda Sandrelli as Maria

• Claudio Bisio as Red Rover

• Gigio Alberti as Dr. Ratzenberger

• Antonio Catania as Paranoia Vendor

• Ugo Conti as Sicilian Tourist

• Leonardo Gajo as Gaz-Gaz

• Silvio Orlando as Indian Desk Clerk

• Paolo Rossi as Joker

• Baskaran Pillai as the Guru

• Bebo Storti as Meditating man

• Alessandro Creamona as a policeman

Production
The director, Gabriele Salvatores, shot the film mainly in the disused Alfa Romeo assembly plant in Portello, Milan. The whole place was converted in this sci-fi set where many ethnic sides of the city are shown. From the Indian to the Japanese to the Chinese, the film moves around the dynamic and the futuristic realms that the future created.

Release
Nirvana was released on 24 January 1997 in Italy on 112 screens and opened at number two at the Italian box office behind The Cyclone with a gross of $1.7 million for the weekend. It went on to gross $10 million Dimension Films picked up U.S. distribution rights in March 1997, and the film was dubbed in English and released in early 1998.

Reception
Margaret Pomeranz of Special Broadcasting Service rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated that the film is too serious and not very fun. Alan Jones of RadioTimes rated it 4 out of 5 stars and wrote: "This stunning cyber-fantasy is rich in design and innovative ideas, and intellectually engages the mind while always remaining enjoyable on the purest pulp levels". Travis Mackenzie Hoover of Exclaim! stated the film is too derivative and has aged poorly. David Rooney of Variety called it "a visually impressive, existential sci-fi yarn" that is "shortchanged by a poorly structured story".

title: Nirvana (1997 film)


text:
The Past Through Tomorrow

The Past Through Tomorrow is a collection of science fiction stories by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first published in 1967, all part of his Future History.

Most of the stories are parts of a larger storyline about the future rapid collapse of sanity in the United States, followed by a theocratic dictatorship, a revolution, and the establishment of a free society that does not save the pseudo-immortal Lazarus Long and his Howard Families from fleeing Earth for their lives. Most editions of the collection include a timeline showing the chronology of the stories (including stories never written, such as "The Stone Pillow", which was to occur during the period of the theocracy), times of birth and death of the significant characters, and commentary by Heinlein.

The specific short stories included vary with the edition, but typically include:

 * "Life-Line", 1939; a month before "Misfit"
 * "Misfit", 1939
 * "The Roads Must Roll", 1940
 * "Requiem", 1940
 * If This Goes On—, 1940
 * "Coventry", 1940
 * "Blowups Happen", 1940
 * "Universe", 1941
 * "Methuselah's Children", 1941; extended and published as a novel, 1958
 * "Logic of Empire", 1941
 * —We Also Walk Dogs, 1941
 * "Space Jockey", 1947
 * "'It's Great to Be Back!'", 1947
 * "The Green Hills of Earth", 1947
 * "Ordeal in Space", 1948
 * "The Long Watch", 1948
 * "Gentlemen, Be Seated!", 1948
 * "The Black Pits of Luna", 1948
 * "Delilah and the Space Rigger", 1949
 * "The Man Who Sold the Moon", 1950
 * "The Menace from Earth", 1957
 * "Searchlight", 1962

The 1975 and 1986 paperback editions, and likewise the 1967 hardback, are missing the story "Universe" (Orphans of the Sky).

Reception
While regretting that several Future History stories Heinlein planned were never written, Algis Budrys praised the collection as "some of the finest writing [science fiction] has ever known". He described the book as "a magnificent compendium, coincidentally a rewarding and perhaps accurate cross-section of a writer's career", and required for any science fiction library. In February 1968 he named the book the "best publishing idea of the year".

title: The Past Through Tomorrow


text:
Talk:Rennell and Bellona Province

[Untitled]
Originally found on Cleanup. The original only discussed a dispute over the first name of the person credited with discovering the Rennell atoll. Aside from POV, it had nothing to do with the actual geographical location. As it stands now, I combined this with Bellona, which is the official name of the Solomon Is. province. Alcarillo 18:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Rennell and Bellona Province


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Nashville Banner

The Nashville Banner is a defunct daily newspaper of Nashville, Tennessee, United States, which published from April 10, 1876 until February 20, 1998. The Banner was published each Monday through Friday afternoon (as well as Saturdays until the 1990s and Sundays until 1937), and at one time carried as many as five editions.

It was long a voice of conservative viewpoints in contrast to its liberal morning counterpart, The Tennessean, although these views were greatly moderated in the paper's twilight years.

History
The first edition of the Nashville Banner was published on April 10, 1876. It was begun as a voice for the railroads and other interests in comparison with other area papers of the time which tended to take the viewpoint of workers and unions. It was long controlled by the Stahlman family.

The Banner was an evening paper, which at one time published as many as five editions (first, second, market final, sports final, and sunset final), although these were later consolidated into three editions, and eventually, two. For many years it was in a superior financial condition to its competitors, and in fact, when the rival Tennessean went bankrupt and almost had to cease publication, the Banner assisted in its purchase by the Evans family, who saved it. The Tennessean and the Banner entered into what was one of the first joint operating agreements in the U.S. in 1937. Under this agreement, which became a common model for many other cities over the next half-century, the papers maintained editorial independence and remained separate as news-gathering organizations. However, they were printed on the same presses, distributed by a common agent, and had a consolidated classified advertising department. They were fierce competitors in the realm of news and ideas, but no longer business competitors in the truest sense.

This arrangement stood both papers in good stead for many years. However, the Banner began to suffer in the post-World War II era from the slow loss of readership that became common to most U.S. evening papers, which was largely attributed to the rise of television.

Though the two papers shared many vital resources, they were vastly different in their editorial agendas. One memorable instance of such differences occurred during the mid-1960s as the merits of Daylight Saving Time were being debated. The Tennessean/Banner offices, at the time, featured a dual-sided clock on the roof. One side had the Tennessean logo, the other had the Banner's. Silliman Evans, Jr., owner of the Tennessean, supported DST and set its clock accordingly during the summer hours, but the Stahlman family, who controlled the Banner, opted to keep their side of the clock on standard time, causing confusion for the many drivers and pedestrians on busy Broadway.

Ed Huddleston wrote for The Banner including coverage of the Civil War in Middle Tennessee in 1965 for the centennial of the war’s end and the fight to save the historic Bijou Theatre, demolished as part of an urban renewal plan and replaced by the Municipal Auditorium.

In the early 1970s the Stahlmans sold the Banner to the Gannett Co. Gannett published it for several years, but in 1979 announced that it was assuming publication of the Tennessean while selling the Banner back to local owners Irby C. Simpkins, Jr., Brownlee O. Currey, and John Jay Hooker (Hooker later sold his stake in the paper to Simpkins and Currey).

Although it took almost twenty years, this was the death knell for the Banner. It was now clearly inferior in resources to its morning counterpart, and its circulation continued to shrink. In the 1980s Gannett insisted on renegotiation of the joint operating agreement to its benefit, and the Banner had little choice but to comply. Another reason for the weakness of the Banner was its lack of a Sunday edition comparable to the Tennessean's, which it had given up in the formation of the joint operating agreement. It had since always published on a six-day schedule, and as weekday papers, especially evening weekday papers, continued to decline, it did not have this profit center to draw upon. The Banner switched its Saturday edition for a while to a single, morning edition in direct competition with the Tennessean, then announced that it was terminating its Saturday edition entirely.

During this time, the Banner began to take far more moderate positions on issues on its editorial pages, although it generally remained more conservative than the Tennessean in most areas. It was in the contradictory situation of probably becoming more respected by people, especially those in the journalism community, at the same time that it was becoming less read.

The Banner adopted several new technologies soon before its demise, including early online efforts such as the launch of a daily e-mail newsletter ("Nashville Banner Digest") in 1996, as usage of e-mail and the World Wide Web was becoming more common. It also built and maintained a website nearly a year before The Tennessean, although only five months before the Banner went out of business. The Banner newsroom also became one of the nation's first to convert to the exclusive use of digital photography, completing the conversion just a few months before it ceased publication.

Closing
The end occurred when the Gannett Co. made the publishers of the Banner a large offer to terminate the joint operating agreement. The offer was approximately $65 million, likely more than any profit that could have been made by the continued publication of the Banner, so it ceased to exist. (This was not considered by the Justice Department to be an antitrust violation, but when Gannett attempted to do the same thing with its Honolulu Advertiser and the evening paper in that joint operating agreement, the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, only a few months later, it was prosecuted as such, the merger was forestalled, and both papers continued to operate until 2010.)

The Banner's final edition was published on Friday, February 20, 1998. The announcement to close was made public the previous Monday, February 16. Several of the Banner's popular features and reporters, including columnists Mary Hance ("Ms. Cheap") and Joe Biddle (sports), immediately went to The Tennessean.

Archives
The archives of the Nashville Banner were donated to the Nashville Public Library. The collection features the entire archive, a vending machine with the final edition still displayed in the window, the many awards the paper won over the years, various trinkets from the paper's offices, and a bronze statue of a paperboy selling the Banner which was originally placed on the plaza in front of the Tennessean/Banner offices. The archive is located at the downtown Nashville Public Library on Church Street and is open to the public.

Circulation history
Source: Audit Bureau of Circulations reports on Nashville Banner, March 1997 and June 1998.

Notable contributors

 * Ralph McGill (sports editor)
 * Roy Neel (lobbyist)
 * Fred Russell (sports editor)
 * Christine Sadler (journalist)
 * Buster Olney (ESPN.com senior writer)
 * Lamar Alexander (Vanderbilt campus correspondent)

title: Nashville Banner


text:
Talk:Lockheed L-188 Electra

Untitled
I find it hard to believe that the engines tore the wings off. The only information I could find just now was this on the Lockheed P-3 Orion, which mentions the Electra. I'd look longer, but I'm supposed to be working. -rs2 18:26, 10 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, this is very well-documented. See  for a good summary.  When the engines were very slightly damaged (e.g. by a hard landing), they could loosen from their mounts and begin violently oscillating, which tore the wing off. Sekicho 08:52, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

Oscillations at fuselage or wing resonant frequencies are Very Bad News. I witnessed a test of a modified Vought F-8 Crusader that was intended to induce such a resonance (for purposes of damping it out). Things went flying off the wings (weights simulating loads). At 26 Hz, all of the power of the hydraulic system went into sustaining the oscillation. Probably 150 horsepower, and very dramatic.

Electras and P-3's
Just made a small edit to the page, regarding Electras and the P-3 patrol aircraft. Though an early-build example of the Electra was used for testing the P-3 concept, P-3's were different airplanes and were new-built, not conversions from the airliner. The best way to see this is the relative positions of the wing on the fuselage - the P-3 wing is noticably further forward on the fuselage. Hatcat 03:14, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Electras in Australia
I just added some text on the use of Electra by TAA and Ansett - replaced by 727 (branded T jets) generally in early 1960's but retained on the "Bird of Paradise" run up to Port Moresby. Used to be my "school bus" each term, to and from Sydney.

JohnT 11:25, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Just a note here from Canada... These planes have been modified a little bit and are used as air tankers to fight forest fires. They have the capacity to hold 2400 Gallons of water or retardent. They are operated by a company called Air Spray, based in Alberta, Canada. They are nicknamed "Electra" and are one of the biggest tankers used in fighting forest fires.

Withdrawn?
Come on, when was it withdrawn from use? Please list in the details at the top-right, in the table. --Ragemanchoo (talk) 09:26, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Probably because it has not been withdrawn from use and is still operating somewhere. MilborneOne (talk) 12:22, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

ABZer (talk) 14:53, 7 October 2008 (UTC) I see one evry time I go to Aberdeen airport in Scotland. It flies up from Coventry and is an anti pollution aircraft that has fortunately never been required.ABZer (talk) 14:53, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Argentina's use
This airplane was used during Argentina's Military Junta government during the Dirty War to toss political prisoners, the "dissappeared", into the Rio de La Plata, in the infamous flights of death. It should be mentioned on the article.

Reference: http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-131277-2009-09-06.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.245.183.27 (talk) 04:16, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * If is properly referenced you could add it yourself next time. --Jor70 (talk) 10:50, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Accidents section
I have removed information regarding the 1977 disappearance of an Electra somewhere in the Carribean. With over 50 hull losses we can't list them all here, and the article has a link to the ASN page for the Electra as a reference, so those interested can quickly look at the list themselves. All except two of the crashes listed have their own articles, and the two mentioned that don't have articles involved the deaths of more than 120 people between them. The aircraft that disappeared had only four POB, and while there is no 'magic number' of deaths, the fact that not much can be said about it other than that it disappeared with four POB, suggests to me that there is little or no merit in its inclusion in the article. YSSYguy (talk) 11:07, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree with the removal, the two non-article accidents are notable enough, soembody will write them one day. MilborneOne (talk) 11:39, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay. Mark Sublette (talk) 12:13, 29 June 2011 (UTC)Mark SubletteMark Sublette (talk) 12:13, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Engine mounts and LEAP
The original engine mounts had three hard points. The whirl mode induced by engine/wing resonance was understood by engineers long before the L-188 was designed. (Some 1950s a/c were so bad that they have red no-op ranges on tachometer gauges.) Lockheed certainly would have tested for this during the prototype phase. The two a/c that were lost had had their engines remounted after overhaul. It is believed that crews had incorrectly tightened the mounts. The 3-point design was not fault tolerant, and the incorrect tensions caused the fatal oscillations. LEAP changed the mounts to a 4-point type, which was much more fault tolerant. (The B767 was the first a/c to be designed from scratch with a requirement of fault tolerance in all aspects.)220.244.91.82 (talk) 09:56, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Specifications
I noticed that some specifications (such as Payload) that appear in the article's Edit page do not show up in the article.Xmitr2 (talk) 17:45, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Because they need to match the template and payload should be "payload main" and "payload alt". MilborneOne (talk) 17:56, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

Survivors
Dear Yssy, Please tell me what issues you have. Kindest of regards, Norsemanmick (talk) 02:45, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
 * The whole section relied on non-reliable sources, such as self-published websites, blogs and photos. None of these can be considered to be accurate, especially when the list included an aircraft "seen in 2007", an aircraft on an airport firedump (and therefore a candidate to be burnt for fire training purposes, if it hasn't already been destroyed), several aircraft described as derelict or in poor condition and one aircraft listed as "not seen in 2013, possibly scrapped". I saw and photographed an engineless Beech 18 turbine conversion at Tullahoma Airport in Tennessee in 2007, is that a survivor? Are the Grumman Trackers or the fin-less Boeing 707s or the semi-scrapped-but-still-fairly-complete Convair C-131 I saw and photographed in Tucson in 2008 survivors? Is the Antonov An-2 I saw and photographed at Denpasar Airport in 2013 a survivor? Who knows? Perhaps this is why other WP articles about aircraft list aircraft on display rather than survivors. YSSYguy (talk) 08:07, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Conair Electra
The Electra that conair owned is no longer in their possession, I believe it went to a museum. I know for sure as of 2023 airspray is the only company in Canada with active electras. I found that on their Facebook page a few months ago- might be worth looking into mods! :) 23.16.63.37 (talk) 04:56, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lockheed L-188 Electra


text:
Ovalipes ocellatus

Ovalipes ocellatus, known as the lady crab, is a species of crab from eastern North America. Other names for it include the leopard crab or Atlantic leopard crab due to the leopard-like rosette patterns on its shell, the calico crab (not to be confused with Hepatus epheliticus), or ocellated crab. It has a shell 3 in long and only slightly wider, which is covered in clusters of purple spots. It occurs from Canada to Georgia, and lives mainly on molluscs, such as the Atlantic surf clam.

Taxonomy
O. ocellatus was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1799, as Cancer ocellatus. In 1898, Mary Jane Rathbun moved the species to her new genus Ovalipes. O. ocellatus is a member of the family Portunidae.

Description
The carapace of O. ocellatus is slightly wider than long, at 8.9 cm wide, and 7.5 cm long. This distinguishes it from other crabs in the family Portunidae, which often have elongated lateral spines. The carapace is yellow-grey or light purplish, with "leopardlike clusters of purple dots", and 3–5 spines along the edge behind each eye. O. ovalipes is almost identical to O. floridanus, which lives in the Gulf of Mexico, but can be separated from the sympatric O. stephensoni by the purple spots, which O. stephensoni lacks.

Distribution
The distribution of O. ocellatus extends from Canada to Georgia. O. ocellatus is "probably the only Ovalipes species common north of Virginia", being replaced by Ovalipes stephensoni to the south.

Life cycle
O. ocellatus has five larval stages, lasting a total of 18 days at 25 C and a salinity of 30‰, and 26 days at 20 C and 30‰.

Ecology
O. ocellatus is a nocturnal predator, which often buries itself in the sand. It has been described as "vicious" and "the crab most likely to pinch a wader's toes". It feeds mostly on molluscs, particularly the Atlantic surf clam Spisula solidissima.

title: Ovalipes ocellatus


text:
Lobau (disambiguation)

Lobau is a floodplain in Vienna.

Löbau is a city in Saxony, Germany.

Lobau or Löbau may also refer to:
 * German name for Lubawa, town formerly in West Prussia, currently in Poland
 * Battle of Löbau, fought near Lubawa in 1263
 * The former district of Löbau-Zittau in Saxony
 * Lobau River, a river of Viti Levu, Fiji

People

 * Georges Mouton, Count de Lobau (1770–1838), Marshal of France
 * Eduard Lobau (born 1988), Belarusian activist
 * Eva Löbau (born 1972), Austrian actress

title: Lobau (disambiguation)


text:
Abiogenic petroleum origin

The abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis proposes that most of earth's petroleum and natural gas deposits were formed inorganically, commonly known as abiotic oil. Scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports a biogenic origin for most of the world's petroleum deposits. Mainstream theories about the formation of hydrocarbons on earth point to an origin from the decomposition of long-dead organisms, though the existence of hydrocarbons on extraterrestrial bodies like Saturn's moon Titan indicates that hydrocarbons are sometimes naturally produced by inorganic means. A historical overview of theories of the abiogenic origins of hydrocarbons has been published.

Thomas Gold's deep gas hypothesis proposes that some natural gas deposits were formed out of hydrocarbons deep in the Earth's mantle. Earlier studies of mantle-derived rocks from many places have shown that hydrocarbons from the mantle region can be found widely around the globe. However, the content of such hydrocarbons is in low concentration. While there may be large deposits of abiotic hydrocarbons, globally significant amounts of abiotic hydrocarbons are deemed unlikely.

Overview hypotheses
Some abiogenic hypotheses have proposed that oil and gas did not originate from fossil deposits, but have instead originated from deep carbon deposits, present since the formation of the Earth.

The abiogenic hypothesis regained some support in 2009 when researchers at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm reported they believed they had proven that fossils from animals and plants are not necessary for crude oil and natural gas to be generated.

History
An abiogenic hypothesis was first proposed by Georgius Agricola in the 16th century and various additional abiogenic hypotheses were proposed in the 19th century, most notably by Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt (1804), the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1877) and the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot. Abiogenic hypotheses were revived in the last half of the 20th century by Soviet scientists who had little influence outside the Soviet Union because most of their research was published in Russian. The hypothesis was re-defined and made popular in the West by astronomer Thomas Gold, a prominent proponent of the abiogenic hypothesis, who developed his theories from 1979 to 1998 and published his research in English.

Abraham Gottlob Werner and the proponents of neptunism in the 18th century regarded basaltic sills as solidified oils or bitumen. While these notions proved unfounded, the basic idea of an association between petroleum and magmatism persisted. Von Humboldt proposed an inorganic abiogenic hypothesis for petroleum formation after he observed petroleum springs in the Bay of Cumaux (Cumaná) on the northeast coast of Venezuela. He is quoted as saying, "the petroleum is the product of a distillation from great depth and issues from the primitive rocks beneath which the forces of all volcanic action lie". Other early prominent proponents of what would become the generalized abiogenic hypothesis included Dmitri Mendeleev and Berthelot.

In 1951, the Soviet geologist Nikolai Alexandrovitch Kudryavtsev proposed the modern abiotic hypothesis of petroleum. On the basis of his analysis of the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada, he concluded that no "source rocks" could form the enormous volume of hydrocarbons, and therefore offered abiotic deep petroleum as the most plausible explanation. (Humic coals have since been proposed for the source rocks.) Others who continued Kudryavtsev's work included Petr N. Kropotkin, Vladimir B. Porfir'ev, Emmanuil B. Chekaliuk, Vladilen A. Krayushkin, Georgi E. Boyko, Georgi I. Voitov, Grygori N. Dolenko, Iona V. Greenberg, Nikolai S. Beskrovny, and Victor F. Linetsky.

Following Thomas Gold's death in 2004, Jack Kenney of Gas Resources Corporation has recently come into prominence as a proponent of the theories,  supported by studies by researchers at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden.

Foundations of abiogenic hypotheses
Within the mantle, carbon may exist as hydrocarbons—chiefly methane—and as elemental carbon, carbon dioxide, and carbonates. The abiotic hypothesis is that the full suite of hydrocarbons found in petroleum can either be generated in the mantle by abiogenic processes, or by biological processing of those abiogenic hydrocarbons, and that the source-hydrocarbons of abiogenic origin can migrate out of the mantle into the crust until they escape to the surface or are trapped by impermeable strata, forming petroleum reservoirs.

Abiogenic hypotheses generally reject the supposition that certain molecules found within petroleum, known as biomarkers, are indicative of the biological origin of petroleum. They contend that these molecules mostly come from microbes feeding on petroleum in its upward migration through the crust, that some of them are found in meteorites, which have presumably never contacted living material, and that some can be generated abiogenically by plausible reactions in petroleum.

Some of the evidence used to support abiogenic theories includes:

Recent investigation of abiogenic hypotheses
, little research is directed towards establishing abiogenic petroleum or methane, although the Carnegie Institution for Science has reported that ethane and heavier hydrocarbons can be synthesized under conditions of the upper mantle. Research mostly related to astrobiology and the deep microbial biosphere and serpentinite reactions, however, continues to provide insight into the contribution of abiogenic hydrocarbons into petroleum accumulations.
 * rock porosity and migration pathways for abiogenic petroleum
 * mantle peridotite serpentinization reactions and other natural Fischer–Tropsch analogs
 * Primordial hydrocarbons in meteorites, comets, asteroids and the solid bodies of the Solar System
 * Primordial or ancient sources of hydrocarbons or carbon in Earth
 * Primordial hydrocarbons formed from hydrolysis of metal carbides of the iron peak of cosmic elemental abundance (chromium, iron, nickel, vanadium, manganese, cobalt)
 * isotopic studies of groundwater reservoirs, sedimentary cements, formation gases and the composition of the noble gases and nitrogen in many oil fields

Common criticisms include:

 * If oil was created in the mantle, it would be expected that oil would be most commonly found in fault zones, as that would provide the greatest opportunity for oil to migrate into the crust from the mantle. Additionally, the mantle near subduction zones tends to be more oxidizing than the rest. However, the locations of oil deposits have not been found to be correlated with fault zones, with some exceptions.

Primordial deposits
Thomas Gold's work was focused on hydrocarbon deposits of primordial origin. Meteorites are believed to represent the major composition of material from which the Earth was formed. Some meteorites, such as carbonaceous chondrites, contain carbonaceous material. If a large amount of this material is still within the Earth, it could have been leaking upward for billions of years. The thermodynamic conditions within the mantle would allow many hydrocarbon molecules to be at equilibrium under high pressure and high temperature. Although molecules in these conditions may disassociate, resulting fragments would be reformed due to the pressure. An average equilibrium of various molecules would exist depending upon conditions and the carbon-hydrogen ratio of the material.

Creation within the mantle
Russian researchers concluded that hydrocarbon mixes would be created within the mantle. Experiments under high temperatures and pressures produced many hydrocarbons—including n-alkanes through C10H22—from iron oxide, calcium carbonate, and water. Because such materials are in the mantle and in subducted crust, there is no requirement that all hydrocarbons be produced from primordial deposits.

Hydrogen generation
Hydrogen gas and water have been found more than 6000 m deep in the upper crust in the Siljan Ring boreholes and the Kola Superdeep Borehole. Data from the western United States suggests that aquifers from near the surface may extend to depths of 10000 m to 20000 m. Hydrogen gas can be created by water reacting with silicates, quartz, and feldspar at temperatures in the range of 25 °C to 270 °C. These minerals are common in crustal rocks such as granite. Hydrogen may react with dissolved carbon compounds in water to form methane and higher carbon compounds.

One reaction not involving silicates which can create hydrogen is:
 * Ferrous oxide + water → magnetite + hydrogen
 * 3FeO + H2O -> Fe3O4 + H2

The above reaction operates best at low pressures. At pressures greater than 5 GPa almost no hydrogen is created.

Thomas Gold reported that hydrocarbons were found in the Siljan Ring borehole and in general increased with depth, although the venture was not a commercial success.

However, several geologists analysed the results and said that no hydrocarbon was found.

Serpentinite mechanism
In 1967, the Soviet scientist Emmanuil B. Chekaliuk proposed that petroleum could be formed at high temperatures and pressures from inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and/or methane.

This mechanism is supported by several lines of evidence which are accepted by modern scientific literature. This involves synthesis of oil within the crust via catalysis by chemically reductive rocks. A proposed mechanism for the formation of inorganic hydrocarbons is via natural analogs of the Fischer–Tropsch process known as the serpentinite mechanism or the serpentinite process.

 * $$\mathrm{CH_4 + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix}O_2 \rarr 2 H_2 + CO}$$
 * $$\mathrm{(2n+1)H_2 + nCO \rarr C_nH_{2n+2} + nH_2O}$$

Serpentinites are ideal rocks to host this process as they are formed from peridotites and dunites, rocks which contain greater than 80% olivine and usually a percentage of Fe-Ti spinel minerals. Most olivines also contain high nickel concentrations (up to several percent) and may also contain chromite or chromium as a contaminant in olivine, providing the needed transition metals.

However, serpentinite synthesis and spinel cracking reactions require hydrothermal alteration of pristine peridotite-dunite, which is a finite process intrinsically related to metamorphism, and further, requires significant addition of water. Serpentinite is unstable at mantle temperatures and is readily dehydrated to granulite, amphibolite, talc–schist and even eclogite. This suggests that methanogenesis in the presence of serpentinites is restricted in space and time to mid-ocean ridges and upper levels of subduction zones. However, water has been found as deep as 12000 m, so water-based reactions are dependent upon the local conditions. Oil being created by this process in intracratonic regions is limited by the materials and temperature.

Serpentinite synthesis
A chemical basis for the abiotic petroleum process is the serpentinization of peridotite, beginning with methanogenesis via hydrolysis of olivine into serpentine in the presence of carbon dioxide. Olivine, composed of Forsterite and Fayalite metamorphoses into serpentine, magnetite and silica by the following reactions, with silica from fayalite decomposition (reaction 1a) feeding into the forsterite reaction (1b).

Reaction 1a: Fayalite + water → magnetite + aqueous silica + hydrogen
 * $$\mathrm{3Fe_2SiO_4 + 2H_2O \rarr 2Fe_3O_4 + 3SiO_2 + 2H_2 }$$

Reaction 1b: Forsterite + aqueous silica → serpentinite
 * $$\mathrm{3Mg_2SiO_4 + SiO_2 + 4H_2O \rarr 2Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4}$$

When this reaction occurs in the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) at temperatures above 500 °C Reaction 2a takes place.

Reaction 2a: Olivine + water + carbonic acid → serpentine + magnetite + methane
 * $$\mathrm{(Fe,Mg)_2SiO_4 + nH_2O + CO_2 \rarr Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + Fe_3O_4 + CH_4}$$

or, in balanced form: $$\mathrm{18 Mg_2SiO_4 + 6 Fe_2SiO_4 + 26 H_2O + CO_2}$$ → $$\mathrm{12 Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + 4 Fe_3O_4 + CH_4}$$

However, reaction 2(b) is just as likely, and supported by the presence of abundant talc-carbonate schists and magnesite stringer veins in many serpentinised peridotites;

Reaction 2b: Olivine + water + carbonic acid → serpentine + magnetite + magnesite + silica
 * $$\mathrm{(Fe,Mg)_2SiO_4 + nH_2O + CO_2 \rarr Mg_3Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + Fe_3O_4 + MgCO_3 + SiO_2}$$

The upgrading of methane to higher n-alkane hydrocarbons is via dehydrogenation of methane in the presence of catalyst transition metals (e.g. Fe, Ni). This can be termed spinel hydrolysis.

Spinel polymerization mechanism
Magnetite, chromite and ilmenite are Fe-spinel group minerals found in many rocks but rarely as a major component in non-ultramafic rocks. In these rocks, high concentrations of magmatic magnetite, chromite and ilmenite provide a reduced matrix which may allow abiotic cracking of methane to higher hydrocarbons during hydrothermal events.

Chemically reduced rocks are required to drive this reaction and high temperatures are required to allow methane to be polymerized to ethane. Note that reaction 1a, above, also creates magnetite.

Reaction 3: Methane + magnetite → ethane + hematite
 * $$\mathrm{nCH_4 + nFe_3O_4 + nH_2O \rarr C_2H_6 + Fe_2O_3 + HCO_3 + H^+}$$

Reaction 3 results in n-alkane hydrocarbons, including linear saturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics, and cyclic compounds.

Carbonate decomposition
Calcium carbonate may decompose at around 500 °C through the following reaction:

Reaction 5: Hydrogen + calcium carbonate → methane + calcium oxide + water
 * $$\mathrm{4H_2 + CaCO_3 \rarr CH_4 + CaO + 2H_2O}$$

Note that CaO (lime) is not a mineral species found within natural rocks. Whilst this reaction is possible, it is not plausible.

Evidence of abiogenic mechanisms

 * Theoretical calculations by J.F. Kenney using scaled particle theory (a statistical mechanical model) for a simplified perturbed hard-chain predict that methane compressed to 30000 bar or 40000 bar kbar at 1000 °C (conditions in the mantle) is relatively unstable in relation to higher hydrocarbons. However, these calculations do not include methane pyrolysis yielding amorphous carbon and hydrogen, which is recognized as the prevalent reaction at high temperatures.
 * Experiments in diamond anvil high pressure cells have resulted in partial conversion of methane and inorganic carbonates into light hydrocarbons.

Biotic (microbial) hydrocarbons
The "deep biotic petroleum hypothesis", similar to the abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis, holds that not all petroleum deposits within the Earth's rocks can be explained purely according to the orthodox view of petroleum geology. Thomas Gold used the term the deep hot biosphere to describe the microbes which live underground.

This hypothesis is different from biogenic oil in that the role of deep-dwelling microbes is a biological source for oil which is not of a sedimentary origin and is not sourced from surface carbon. Deep microbial life is only a contaminant of primordial hydrocarbons. Parts of microbes yield molecules as biomarkers.

Deep biotic oil is considered to be formed as a byproduct of the life cycle of deep microbes. Shallow biotic oil is considered to be formed as a byproduct of the life cycles of shallow microbes.

Microbial biomarkers
Thomas Gold, in a 1999 book, cited the discovery of thermophile bacteria in the Earth's crust as new support for the postulate that these bacteria could explain the existence of certain biomarkers in extracted petroleum. A rebuttal of biogenic origins based on biomarkers has been offered by Kenney, et al. (2001).

Isotopic evidence
Methane is ubiquitous in crustal fluid and gas. Research continues to attempt to characterise crustal sources of methane as biogenic or abiogenic using carbon isotope fractionation of observed gases (Lollar & Sherwood 2006). There are few clear examples of abiogenic methane-ethane-butane, as the same processes favor enrichment of light isotopes in all chemical reactions, whether organic or inorganic. δ13C of methane overlaps that of inorganic carbonate and graphite in the crust, which are heavily depleted in 12C, and attain this by isotopic fractionation during metamorphic reactions.

One argument for abiogenic oil cites the high carbon depletion of methane as stemming from the observed carbon isotope depletion with depth in the crust. However, diamonds, which are definitively of mantle origin, are not as depleted as methane, which implies that methane carbon isotope fractionation is not controlled by mantle values.

Commercially extractable concentrations of helium (greater than 0.3%) are present in natural gas from the Panhandle-Hugoton fields in the US, as well as from some Algerian and Russian gas fields.

Helium trapped within most petroleum occurrences, such as the occurrence in Texas, is of a distinctly crustal character with an Ra ratio of less than 0.0001 that of the atmosphere.

Biomarker chemicals
Certain chemicals found in naturally occurring petroleum contain chemical and structural similarities to compounds found within many living organisms. These include terpenoids, terpenes, pristane, phytane, cholestane, chlorins and porphyrins, which are large, chelating molecules in the same family as heme and chlorophyll. Materials which suggest certain biological processes include

The presence of these chemicals in crude oil is a result of the inclusion of biological material in the oil; these chemicals are released by kerogen during the production of hydrocarbon oils, as these are chemicals highly resistant to degradation and plausible chemical paths have been studied. Abiotic defenders state that biomarkers get into oil during its way up as it gets in touch with ancient fossils. However a more plausible explanation is that biomarkers are traces of biological molecules from bacteria (archaea) that feed on primordial hydrocarbons and die in that environment. For example, hopanoids are just parts of the bacterial cell wall present in oil as a contaminant.

Trace metals
Nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and others metals frequently occur in oils. Some heavy crude oils, such as Venezuelan heavy crude have up to 45% vanadium pentoxide content in their ash, high enough that it is a commercial source for vanadium. Abiotic supporters argue that these metals are common in Earth's mantle, but relatively high contents of nickel, vanadium, lead and arsenic can be usually found in almost all marine sediments.

Analysis of 22 trace elements in oils correlate significantly better with chondrite, serpentinized fertile mantle peridotite, and the primitive mantle than with oceanic or continental crust, and shows no correlation with seawater.

Reduced carbon
Sir Robert Robinson studied the chemical makeup of natural petroleum oils in great detail, and concluded that they were mostly far too hydrogen-rich to be a likely product of the decay of plant debris, assuming a dual origin for Earth hydrocarbons. However, several processes which generate hydrogen could supply kerogen hydrogenation which is compatible with the conventional explanation.

Olefins, the unsaturated hydrocarbons, would have been expected to predominate by far in any material that was derived in that way. He also wrote: "Petroleum ... [seems to be] a primordial hydrocarbon mixture into which bio-products have been added."

This hypothesis was later demonstrated to have been a misunderstanding by Robinson, related to the fact that only short duration experiments were available to him. Olefins are thermally very unstable (which is why natural petroleum normally does not contain such compounds) and in laboratory experiments that last more than a few hours, the olefins are no longer present.

The presence of low-oxygen and hydroxyl-poor hydrocarbons in natural living media is supported by the presence of natural waxes (n=30+), oils (n=20+) and lipids in both plant matter and animal matter, for instance fats in phytoplankton, zooplankton and so on. These oils and waxes, however, occur in quantities too small to significantly affect the overall hydrogen/carbon ratio of biological materials. However, after the discovery of highly aliphatic biopolymers in algae, and that oil generating kerogen essentially represents concentrates of such materials, no theoretical problem exists anymore. Also, the millions of source rock samples that have been analyzed for petroleum yield by the petroleum industry have confirmed the large quantities of petroleum found in sedimentary basins.

Empirical evidence
Occurrences of abiotic petroleum in commercial amounts in the oil wells in offshore Vietnam are sometimes cited, as well as in the Eugene Island block 330 oil field, and the Dnieper-Donets Basin. However, the origins of all these wells can also be explained with the biotic theory. Modern geologists think that commercially profitable deposits of abiotic petroleum could be found, but no current deposit has convincing evidence that it originated from abiotic sources.

The Soviet school of thought saw evidence of their hypothesis in the fact that some oil reservoirs exist in non-sedimentary rocks such as granite, metamorphic or porous volcanic rocks. However, opponents noted that non-sedimentary rocks served as reservoirs for biologically originated oil expelled from nearby sedimentary source rock through common migration or re-migration mechanisms.

The following observations have been commonly used to argue for the abiogenic hypothesis, however each observation of actual petroleum can also be fully explained by biotic origin:

Lost City hydrothermal vent field
The Lost City hydrothermal field was determined to have abiogenic hydrocarbon production. Proskurowski et al. wrote, "Radiocarbon evidence rules out seawater bicarbonate as the carbon source for FTT reactions, suggesting that a mantle-derived inorganic carbon source is leached from the host rocks. Our findings illustrate that the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons in nature may occur in the presence of ultramafic rocks, water, and moderate amounts of heat."

Siljan Ring crater
The Siljan Ring meteorite crater, Sweden, was proposed by Thomas Gold as the most likely place to test the hypothesis because it was one of the few places in the world where the granite basement was cracked sufficiently (by meteorite impact) to allow oil to seep up from the mantle; furthermore it is infilled with a relatively thin veneer of sediment, which was sufficient to trap any abiogenic oil, but was modelled as not having been subjected to the heat and pressure conditions (known as the "oil window") normally required to create biogenic oil. However, some geochemists concluded by geochemical analysis that the oil in the seeps came from the organic-rich Ordovician Tretaspis shale, where it was heated by the meteorite impact.

In 1986–1990 The Gravberg-1 borehole was drilled through the deepest rock in the Siljan Ring in which proponents had hoped to find hydrocarbon reservoirs. It stopped at the depth of 6800 m due to drilling problems, after private investors spent $40 million. Some eighty barrels of magnetite paste and hydrocarbon-bearing sludge were recovered from the well; Gold maintained that the hydrocarbons were chemically different from, and not derived from, those added to the borehole, but analyses showed that the hydrocarbons were derived from the diesel fuel-based drilling fluid used in the drilling. This well also sampled over 13000 ft of methane-bearing inclusions.

In 1991–1992, a second borehole, Stenberg-1, was drilled a few miles away to a depth of 6500 m, finding similar results.

Bacterial mats
Direct observation of bacterial mats and fracture-fill carbonate and humin of bacterial origin in deep boreholes in Australia are also taken as evidence for the abiogenic origin of petroleum.

Examples of proposed abiogenic methane deposits
Panhandle-Hugoton field (Anadarko Basin) in the south-central United States is the most important gas field with commercial helium content. Some abiogenic proponents interpret this as evidence that both the helium and the natural gas came from the mantle.

The Bạch Hổ oil field in Vietnam has been proposed as an example of abiogenic oil because it is 4,000 m of fractured basement granite, at a depth of 5,000 m. However, others argue that it contains biogenic oil which leaked into the basement horst from conventional source rocks within the Cuu Long basin.

A major component of mantle-derived carbon is indicated in commercial gas reservoirs in the Pannonian and Vienna basins of Hungary and Austria.

Natural gas pools interpreted as being mantle-derived are the Shengli Field and Songliao Basin, northeastern China.

The Chimaera gas seep, near Çıralı, Antalya (southwest Turkey), has been continuously active for millennia and it is known to be the source of the first Olympic fire in the Hellenistic period. On the basis of chemical composition and isotopic analysis, the Chimaera gas is said to be about half biogenic and half abiogenic gas, the largest emission of biogenic methane discovered; deep and pressurized gas accumulations necessary to sustain the gas flow for millennia, posited to be from an inorganic source, may be present. Local geology of Chimaera flames, at exact position of flames, reveals contact between serpentinized ophiolite and carbonate rocks. Fischer–Tropsch process can be suitable reaction to form hydrocarbon gases.

Incidental arguments for abiogenic oil
Given the known occurrence of methane and the probable catalysis of methane into higher atomic weight hydrocarbon molecules, various abiogenic theories consider the following to be key observations in support of abiogenic hypotheses:
 * the serpentinite synthesis, graphite synthesis and spinel catalysation models prove the process is viable
 * the likelihood that abiogenic oil seeping up from the mantle is trapped beneath sediments which effectively seal mantle-tapping faults
 * outdated mass-balance calculations for supergiant oilfields which argued that the calculated source rock could not have supplied the reservoir with the known accumulation of oil, implying deep recharge.
 * the presence of hydrocarbons encapsulated in diamonds

The proponents of abiogenic oil also use several arguments which draw on a variety of natural phenomena in order to support the hypothesis:

 * the modeling of some researchers shows the Earth was accreted at relatively low temperature, thereby perhaps preserving primordial carbon deposits within the mantle, to drive abiogenic hydrocarbon production
 * the presence of methane within the gases and fluids of mid-ocean ridge spreading centre hydrothermal fields.
 * the presence of diamond within kimberlites and lamproites which sample the mantle depths proposed as being the source region of mantle methane (by Gold et al.).

Incidental arguments against abiogenic oil
Arguments against chemical reactions, such as the serpentinite mechanism, being a source of hydrocarbon deposits within the crust include:
 * the lack of available pore space within rocks as depth increases.
 * this is contradicted by numerous studies which have documented the existence of hydrologic systems operating over a range of scales and at all depths in the continental crust.
 * the lack of any hydrocarbon within the crystalline shield areas of the major cratons, especially around key deep-seated structures which are predicted to host oil by the abiogenic hypothesis. See Siljan Lake.
 * lack of conclusive proof that carbon isotope fractionation observed in crustal methane sources is entirely of abiogenic origin (Lollar et al. 2006)
 * drilling of the Siljan Ring failed to find commercial quantities of oil, thus providing a counter example to Kudryavtsev's Rule and failing to locate the predicted abiogenic oil.
 * helium in the Siljan Gravberg-1 well was depleted in 3He and not consistent with a mantle origin
 * The Gravberg-1 well only produced 84 oilbbl of oil, which later was shown to derive from organic additives, lubricants and mud used in the drilling process.
 * Kudryavtsev's Rule has been explained for oil and gas (not coal)—gas deposits which are below oil deposits can be created from that oil or its source rocks. Because natural gas is less dense than oil, as kerogen and hydrocarbons are generating gas the gas fills the top of the available space.  Oil is forced down, and can reach the spill point where oil leaks around the edge(s) of the formation and flows upward.  If the original formation becomes completely filled with gas then all the oil will have leaked above the original location.
 * ubiquitous diamondoids in natural hydrocarbons such as oil, gas and condensates are composed of carbon from biological sources, unlike the carbon found in normal diamonds.

Field test evidence
What unites both theories of oil origin is the low success rate in predicting the locations of giant oil/gas fields: according to the statistics discovering a giant demands drilling 500+ exploration wells. A team of American-Russian scientists (mathematicians, geologists, geophysicists, and computer scientists) developed an Artificial Intelligence software and the appropriate technology for geological applications, and used it for predicting places of giant oil/gas deposits. In 1986 the team published a prognostic map for discovering giant oil and gas fields at the Andes in South America based on abiogenic petroleum origin theory. The model proposed by Prof. Yury Pikovsky (Moscow State University) assumes that petroleum moves from the mantle to the surface through permeable channels created at the intersection of deep faults. The technology uses 1) maps of morphostructural zoning, which outlines the morphostructural nodes (intersections of faults), and 2) pattern recognition program that identify nodes containing giant oil/gas fields. It was forecast that eleven nodes, which had not been developed at that time, contain giant oil or gas fields. These 11 sites covered only 8% of the total area of all the Andes basins. 30 years later (in 2018) was published the result of comparing the prognosis and the reality. Since publication of the prognostic map in 1986 only six giant oil/gas fields were discovered in the Andes region: Cano- Limon, Cusiana, Capiagua, and Volcanera (Llanos basin, Colombia), Camisea (Ukayali basin, Peru), and Incahuasi (Chaco basin, Bolivia). All discoveries were made in places shown on the 1986 prognostic map as promising areas.

Extraterrestrial argument
The presence of methane on Saturn's moon Titan and in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune is cited as evidence of the formation of hydrocarbons without biological intermediate forms, for example by Thomas Gold. (Terrestrial natural gas is composed primarily of methane). Some comets contain massive amounts of organic compounds, the equivalent of cubic kilometers of such mixed with other material; for instance, corresponding hydrocarbons were detected during a probe flyby through the tail of Comet Halley in 1986.

Drill samples from the surface of Mars taken in 2015 by the Curiosity rover's Mars Science Laboratory have found organic molecules of benzene and propane in 3 billion year old rock samples in Gale Crater.

title: Abiogenic petroleum origin


text:
Tuchel

Tuchel is a German surname that may refer to the following notable people:
 * Günther Tuchel, West German slalom canoeist
 * Johannes Tuchel (born 1957), German political scientist
 * Thomas Tuchel, (born 1973), German football manager

title: Tuchel


text:
Crash Bandicoot (disambiguation)

Crash Bandicoot may refer to:

 * Crash Bandicoot, a video game series
 * Crash Bandicoot (character), the protagonist of the series
 * Crash Bandicoot (video game), the first game in the series

 * Crash bandicoot, a fossil species of Crash (genus) discovered in Australia

title: Crash Bandicoot (disambiguation)


text:
Lubawa

Lubawa (Löbau in Westpreußen, Old Prussian: Lūbawa) is a town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located in Iława County on the Sandela River, some 18 km southeast of Iława.

Geographical location
Lubawa is located in Chełmno Land, approximately 15 km north-east of the town of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, 55 km south-west of the town of Olsztyn and 115 km south-east of the regional centre of Gdańsk, at an altitude of 145 m above sea level.

History
In 1214 the local Prussian landlord Surwabuno was christened by Christian of Oliva, the first Catholic bishop of Prussia. The latter is nowadays featured on the coat of arms of Lubawa. The town was first mentioned in a papal bull of January 18, 1216, issued by Pope Innocent III. Soon afterwards a wooden castle was built. Within the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, the Bishopric of Culm was created in 1243 by William of Modena. In 1257 the town became a property of the church and the seat of the bishops of Culm (Chełmno). In 1268 the castle was destroyed. Between 1301 and 1326 a new castle was built of stone by the local bishop named Arnold. In 1330 it was destroyed by an invasion of Lithuanian forces of Gediminas, but was rebuilt. The town of Löbau was captured by the Kingdom of Poland after the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 but returned to the Teutonic Order once the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War ended. However the surrounding Land of Lubawa had gone partially to Masovia in the south.

In 1440 the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation, at the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of incorporation of the region and town to Poland in 1454. In the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War in 1454, the pro-Polish troops took over the local castle. The incorporation of the town to Poland was confirmed in the Second Peace of Toruń in 1466. It was part of the Chełmno Voivodeship and soon afterwards became a centre of local trade and commerce. As such it became one of the seats of the bishops of Chełmno. In 1533 it was razed to the ground by a great fire mentioned by Erasmus of Rotterdam, but it was soon rebuilt and between 1535 and 1539 Nicolaus Copernicus visited the bishop's castle in Lubawa several times. At that time, the castle also housed an astronomical observatory. It was in Lubawa that the decision was made to publish Copernicus' groundbreaking work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. In 1545 the town and the castle were yet again destroyed by a fire.

The town gained significant profits from the trade. In 1627 the castle was refurbished and became a Baroque style palace of Bishop Jakub Zadzik. By 1640 construction of water works and sewers had been completed. The town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 through the First Partition of Poland. Part of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–13) during the Napoleonic Wars, the town was again annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the dissolution of the duchy. In 1815 the palace was destroyed by a fire and in 1826 its walls were demolished. In 1820 the convent of the Benedictine Confederation was suppressed. The population was subjected to Germanisation policies. In 1831, several Polish infantry and artillery units, engineer corps, sappers and general staff of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places. In 1871 it became a part of the Prussian-led German Empire. During the Partitions of Poland, and until 1920, Löbau belonged to Kreis Löbau in Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the Province of West Prussia. According to the German census of 1890, the town had a population of 4,593, of which 2,300 (50.1%) were Poles.

As a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles following the rebirth of sovereign Poland the town was re-incorporated into Poland.

Following the 1939 invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the region was occupied by Nazi Germany, and from 26 October 1939 to 1945 as Löbau was administered as part of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the new province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Polish population was subjected to various repressions and atrocities. The Einsatzgruppe V carried out mass searches of houses, offices etc. in September 1939. On 7 December 1939, the Selbstschutz carried out a public execution of 10 Polish inhabitants. The German Nazi regime housed a secret camp in the town for Polish children and teenagers aged 10–17, mostly boys. The children were subjected to forced labour, beatings, malnutrition and even executions. Children reaching the age of majority were deported to the Stutthof concentration camp and its subcamps. With the approaching Eastern Front, the camp was dissolved in January 1945 and the remaining children were deported to Germany. After the end of war, Lubawa was again part of Poland where it remained since then.

Economy
Lubawa is an important centre of furniture industry. Also, a "Lubawa S.A." company is located there, which is the biggest Polish producer of military equipment such as bulletproof vests, currently used by the Polish Army and the Polish press.

Tourism
Lubawa is a centre of local tourism. The "Wzgórza Lubawskie" forest reserve is located only some ten kilometres (10 km) westwards and the picturesque Drwęca River flows some five kilometres (5 km) to the west. Also, the nearby battlefield of the Battle of Grunwald attracts many tourists, both from Poland and from abroad, mostly from Germany.

Notable heritage sights and landmarks:
 * Monument to Polish child prisoners of Nazi Germany
 * Two 15th-century towers
 * Parts of city walls from the 14th century
 * Ruins of a Gothic castle
 * Gothic St. Anne's Church from 1330
 * St. John's Church from 1496–1507, rebuilt in 1603–10 in Renaissance style.
 * Wooden Church of St. Barbara from 1770–1779, built in Baroque style.
 * 19th-century houses
 * Łazienki Miejskie park
 * Church of the Visitation in Lubawa Lipy
 * Remnants of wooden sewer system, designed by Nicolaus Copernicus according to urban legend

Sports
Local sports clubs include football club Motor Lubawa, which competes in the lower leagues, and athletics club LKS Lubawa.

Notable residents

 * Harris Newmark (1834–1916), German-American businessman in Los Angeles
 * Leopold Harris (1836–1910), founder of the Harris & Frank department stores in Los Angeles, and Benno Jastrowitz, his business partner and Minna Jastrowitz, his wife
 * The Jacoby brothers, founders of another major department store in Los Angeles from 1879 through 1938.
 * Gerhard Wilck (1898–1985), Wehrmacht officer
 * Antoni Mężydło (1954–), Polish politician
 * Jacek Fafiński (1970–), Polish wrestler
 * Grzegorz Gwiazdowski (1974–), Polish cyclist

title: Lubawa


text:
Mike Wallace

Myron Leon Wallace (May 9, 1918 – April 7, 2012) was an American journalist, game show host, actor, and media personality. Known for his investigative journalism, he interviewed a wide range of prominent newsmakers during his seven-decade career. He was one of the original correspondents featured on CBS news program 60 Minutes, which debuted in 1968. Wallace retired as a regular full-time correspondent in 2006, but still appeared occasionally on the series until 2008. He was the father of Chris Wallace.

Wallace interviewed many politicians, celebrities, and academics, such as Tina Turner, Joseph Bonanno, Vladimir Horowitz, Bobby Fischer, Luciano Pavarotti, Maria Callas, Malcolm X, Richard Nixon, Pearl S. Buck, Deng Xiaoping, Ronald Reagan, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Jiang Zemin, Ruhollah Khomeini, Kurt Waldheim, Frank Lloyd Wright, Yasser Arafat, Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat, Louis Farrakhan, Manuel Noriega, John Nash, Gordon B. Hinckley, Vladimir Putin, Barbra Streisand, Salvador Dalí, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, William Carlos Williams, Mickey Cohen, Roy Cohn, Dean Reed, Jimmy Fratianno, Aldous Huxley, and Ayn Rand.

Early life
Wallace, whose family's surname was originally Wallik, was born on May 9, 1918, in Brookline, Massachusetts, to Russian Jewish immigrant parents. He identified as Jewish and claimed it was his ethnicity (instead of religion) throughout his life. His father was a grocer and insurance broker. Wallace attended Brookline High School, graduating in 1935. He graduated from the University of Michigan four years later with a Bachelor of Arts degree. While a college student, he was a reporter for the Michigan Daily and belonged to the Alpha Gamma Chapter of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity.

1930s–1940s: Radio
Wallace appeared as a guest on the popular radio quiz show Information Please on February 7, 1939, when he was in his last year at the University of Michigan. He spent his first summer after graduation working on-air at Interlochen Center for the Arts. His first radio job was as a newscaster and continuity writer for WOOD radio in Grand Rapids, Michigan. This lasted until 1940, when he moved to WXYZ radio in Detroit, Michigan as an announcer. He then became a freelance radio worker in Chicago.

Wallace enlisted in the United States Navy in 1943 and during World War II served as a communications officer on the USS Anthedon (AS-24), a submarine tender. He saw no combat but traveled to Hawaii, Australia, and Subic Bay in the Philippines, then patrolling the South China Sea, the Philippine Sea and south of Japan. After being discharged in 1946, Wallace returned to Chicago.

Wallace announced for the radio shows Curtain Time, Ned Jordan: Secret Agent, Sky King, The Green Hornet, Curtain Time, and The Spike Jones Show. It is sometimes reported Wallace announced for The Lone Ranger, but Wallace said that he never had done so. From 1946 through 1948, he portrayed the title character on The Crime Files of Flamond on WGN and in syndication.

Wallace announced wrestling in Chicago in the late 1940s and early 1950s, sponsored by Tavern Pale beer.

In the late 1940s, Wallace was a staff announcer for the CBS radio network. He had displayed his comic skills when he appeared opposite Spike Jones in dialogue routines. He was also the voice of Elgin-American in the company's commercials on Groucho Marx's You Bet Your Life. As Myron Wallace, he portrayed New York City detective Lou Kagel on the short-lived radio drama series Crime on the Waterfront.

1940s–1960s: Television
In 1949, Wallace began to move to the new medium of television. In that year, he starred under the name Myron Wallace in a short-lived police drama, Stand By for Crime.

Wallace hosted a number of game shows in the 1950s, including The Big Surprise, Who's the Boss? and Who Pays?. Early in his career, Wallace was not known primarily as a news broadcaster. It was not uncommon during that period for newscasters to announce, to deliver commercials and to host game shows; Douglas Edwards, John Daly, John Cameron Swayze and Walter Cronkite hosted game shows as well. Wallace also hosted the pilot episode of Nothing but the Truth, which was helmed by Bud Collyer when it aired under the title To Tell the Truth. Wallace occasionally served as a panelist on To Tell the Truth in the 1950s. He also made commercials for a variety of products, including Procter & Gamble's Fluffo brand shortening. In the summer of 1959, he was the host on the NBC game show Who Pays?. Wallace also hosted two late-night interview programs, Night Beat (broadcast in New York City during 1955–1957, only on DuMont's WABD) and The Mike Wallace Interview on ABC in 1957–1958. See also Profiles in Courage, section: Authorship controversy.

In 1959, Louis Lomax told Wallace about the Nation of Islam. Lomax and Wallace produced a five-part documentary about the organization, The Hate That Hate Produced, which aired during the week of July 13, 1959. The program marked the first time that most white people heard about the Nation, its leader, Elijah Muhammad, and its charismatic spokesman, Malcolm X.

By the early 1960s, Wallace's primary income came from commercials for Parliament cigarettes, touting their "man's mildness" (he had a contract with Philip Morris to pitch their cigarettes as a result of the company's original sponsorship of The Mike Wallace Interview).

Between June 1961 and June 1962, Wallace and Joyce Davidson hosted a New York-based nightly interview program for Westinghouse Broadcasting called PM East for one hour; it was paired with the half-hour PM West, which was hosted by San Francisco Chronicle television critic Terrence O'Flaherty. Westinghouse syndicated the series to television stations that it owned and to a few other cities. WFAA channel 8 in Dallas, Texas carried it, but viewers in other southwestern states, in the Deep South and in the metropolitan areas of Chicago and Philadelphia were unable to watch it.

A frequent guest on the PM East segment was Barbra Streisand, though only the audio of some of her conversations with Wallace survives, as Westinghouse wiped the videotapes and kinescopes were never made or were thrown away.

Also in the early 1960s, Wallace was the host of the David Wolper–produced Biography series.

After his elder son's death in 1962, Wallace decided to get back into news and hosted an early version of CBS Morning News from 1963 through 1966. In 1964 he interviewed Malcolm X, who, half-jokingly, commented "I probably am a dead man already." The black leader was assassinated a few months later in February 1965.

1960s–2000s: 60 Minutes
Wallace's career as the lead reporter on 60 Minutes led to some run-ins with the people interviewed and claims of misconduct by female colleagues. While interviewing Louis Farrakhan, Wallace alleged that Nigeria was the most corrupt country in the world. Farrakhan immediately shot back that Americans were in no moral position to judge, declaring "Has Nigeria dropped an atomic bomb that killed people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Have they killed off millions of Native Americans?" "Can you think of a more corrupt country?" asked Wallace. "I'm living in one," said Farrakhan.

Wallace interviewed General William Westmoreland for the CBS special The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception that aired on January 23, 1982. Westmoreland then sued Wallace and CBS for libel. The trial ended in February 1985 when the case was settled out of court just before it would have gone to the jury. Each side agreed to pay its own costs and attorney fees, and CBS issued a clarification of its intent with respect to the original story.

In 1981, Wallace was forced to apologize for a racial slur he had made about Blacks and Hispanics. During a break while preparing a 60 Minutes report on a bank that had been accused of duping low-income Californians, Wallace was caught on tape joking that "You bet your ass [the contracts are] hard to read if you're reading them over the watermelon or the tacos!"

Attention was again drawn to that incident several years later when protests were raised after Wallace was selected to deliver a university commencement address during a ceremony within which Nelson Mandela was awarded an honorary doctorate in absentia for his fight against racism. Wallace initially called the protesters' complaint "absolute foolishness". However, he subsequently apologized for his earlier remark and added that when he had been a student decades earlier on the same university campus, "though it had never really caused me any serious difficulty here ... I was keenly aware of being Jewish, and quick to detect slights, real or imagined.... We Jews felt a kind of kinship [with blacks]", but "Lord knows, we weren't riding the same slave ship."

Wallace's reputation has been retrospectively affected by his admission that he had harassed female colleagues at 60 Minutes over many years. "Back in the 1970s and ’80s, 60 Minutes correspondent Mike Wallace was known for putting his hand on the backs of his female CBS News co-workers and unsnapping the clasps on their bras. 'It wasn't a secret. I have done that', Wallace told Rolling Stone magazine in 1991." In 2018, claims of sexual misconduct at 60 Minutes led to the resignation of executive producer Jeff Fager, who had assumed the role of Executive Producer following the retirement of the show's creator, Don Hewitt. He resigned several months after a July 27 story by Ronan Farrow in The New Yorker. Not only did Farrow's story accuse Fager of ignoring and enabling misconduct by several high-ranking male producers at 60 Minutes, but Farrow also cited former employees who accused Fager himself of misconduct.

On March 14, 2006, Wallace announced his retirement from 60 Minutes after 37 years with the program. He continued working for CBS News as a "Correspondent Emeritus", albeit at a reduced pace. In August 2006, Wallace interviewed Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Wallace's last CBS interview was with retired baseball star Roger Clemens in January 2008 on 60 Minutes. Wallace's previously vigorous health (Morley Safer described him in 2006 as "having the energy of a man half his age") began to fail, and in June 2008 his son Chris said that his father would not be returning to television.

Wallace expressed regret for not having secured an interview with First Lady Pat Nixon.

Personal life
Wallace had two children with his first wife, Norma Kaphan. Their younger son, Chris, is also a journalist. Their elder son, Peter, died at age 19 in a mountain-climbing accident in Greece in 1962.

From 1949 to 1954, Wallace was married to his second wife, Patrizia "Buff" Cobb, an actress and stepdaughter of Gladys Swarthout. The couple hosted the Mike and Buff Show on CBS television in the early 1950s. They also hosted All Around Town in 1951 and 1952. She died in 2010.

He was married to his third wife, Lorraine Perigord, from 1955 until their divorce in 1986.

The same year as his divorce from his third wife (1986), he married his fourth and final wife, Mary Yates, the widow of one of his best friends and television producer, Ted Yates, who died in 1967 while on assignment for NBC News during the Six-Day War.

In addition to his two sons, Wallace had a stepdaughter, Pauline Dora, and two stepsons, Eames and Angus Yates.

For many years, Wallace unknowingly suffered from depression. In an article that he wrote for Guideposts, Wallace related, "I'd had days when I felt blue and it took more of an effort than usual to get through the things I had to do." His condition worsened in 1984 after General William Westmoreland filed a $120 million libel lawsuit against Wallace and CBS over statements that were made in the documentary The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception (1982). Westmoreland claimed that the documentary made him appear as if he had manipulated intelligence. The lawsuit, Westmoreland v. CBS, was later dropped after CBS issued a statement explaining they never intended to portray the general as disloyal or unpatriotic. During the proceedings, Wallace was hospitalized with what was diagnosed as exhaustion. His wife Mary forced him to go to a doctor, who diagnosed Wallace with clinical depression. He was prescribed an antidepressant and underwent psychotherapy. Out of a belief that it would be perceived as weakness, Wallace kept his depression a secret until he revealed it in an interview with Bob Costas on Costas' late-night talk show, Later. In a later interview with colleague Morley Safer, he admitted having attempted suicide circa 1986.

Wallace received a pacemaker more than 20 years before his death, and underwent triple bypass surgery in January 2008. He lived in a care facility the last several years of his life. In 2011, CNN host Larry King visited him and reported that he was in good spirits, but that his physical condition was noticeably declining.

Wallace considered himself a political moderate. He was a friend of Nancy Reagan and her family for over 75 years. Nixon wanted Wallace to be his press secretary. Fox News said, "He didn't fit the stereotype of the Eastern liberal journalist." Interviewed by his son on Fox News Sunday, he was asked if he understood why people feel disaffection toward the mainstream media. "They think they're wide-eyed commies; liberals," Mike replied, a notion he dismissed as "damned foolishness".

Death
Wallace died at his residence in New Canaan, Connecticut, from natural causes on April 7, 2012. The night after Wallace's death, Morley Safer announced his death on 60 Minutes. On April 15, 2012, a full episode of 60 Minutes aired that was dedicated to remembering Wallace's life. He was buried at West Chop Cemetery in Tisbury, Massachusetts.

Awards
In 1989, Wallace was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania. Wallace's professional honors included 21 Emmy Awards, among them a report just weeks before the September 11 attacks for an investigation on the former Soviet Union's smallpox program and concerns about terrorism. He also won three Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards, three George Foster Peabody Awards, a Robert E. Sherwood Award, a Distinguished Achievement Award from the University of Southern California School of Journalism, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, and a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award in the international broadcast category. In September 2003, Wallace received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy, his 20th. Most recently, on October 13, 2007, Wallace was awarded the University of Illinois Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Journalism.
 * 1991: Paul White Award, Radio Television Digital News Association
 * 1999: Gerald Loeb Award for Network and Large-Market Television for an investigative piece on the international pharmaceutical industry

Fictional portrayals
Wallace was played by actor Christopher Plummer in the 1999 feature film The Insider. The screenplay was based on the Vanity Fair article "The Man Who Knew Too Much" by Marie Brenner, which was about Wallace caving in to corporate pressure to kill a story about Jeffrey Wigand, a whistle-blower trying to expose Brown & Williamson's dangerous business practices in the manufacture of cigarettes. Wallace disliked his on-screen portrayal and maintained that he was in fact very eager to have Wigand's story aired in full.

Wallace was played by actor Stephen Rowe in the stage version of Frost/Nixon, but he was omitted from the screenplay of the 2008 film adaptation and thus the movie itself. In the 1999 American broadcast television movie Hugh Hefner: Unauthorized, Wallace is portrayed by Mark Harelik. In the film A Face in the Crowd (1957), Wallace portrayed himself. In 2020, Greg Dehm played Wallace in episode 6 of the second season of 'Manhunt', re-creating Wallace's 1996 interview on 60 Minutes with Richard Jewell, the security guard who discovered a bomb at Atlanta's Centennial Olympic Park in July 1996.

Autobiographies

 * Close Encounters: Mike Wallace's Own Story. New York: William Morrow, 1984. ISBN 0-688-01116-0 (co-written with Gary Paul Gates).
 * Between You and Me: A Memoir. New York: Hyperion, 2005 (co-written with Gary Paul Gates).

Biographies

 * Rader, Peter. Mike Wallace: A Life. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2012. ISBN 0-312-54339-5.

title: Mike Wallace


text:
Gettext

In computing, gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n and l10n) system commonly used for writing multilingual programs on Unix-like computer operating systems. One of the main benefits of gettext is that it separates programming from translating. The most commonly used implementation of gettext is GNU gettext, released by the GNU Project in 1995. The runtime library is libintl. gettext provides an option to use different strings for any number of plural forms of nouns, but this feature has no support for grammatical gender. The main filename extensions used by this system are .POT (Portable Object Template), .PO (Portable Object) and .MO (Machine Object).

History
Initially, POSIX provided no means of localizing messages. Two proposals were raised in the late 1980s, the 1988 Uniforum gettext and the 1989 X/Open catgets (XPG-3 § 5). Sun Microsystems implemented the first gettext in 1993. The Unix and POSIX developers never really agreed on what kind of interface to use (the other option is the X/Open catgets), so many C libraries, including glibc, implemented both. , whether gettext should be part of POSIX was still a point of debate in the Austin Group, despite the fact that its old foe has already fallen out of use. Concerns cited included its dependence on the system-set locale (a global variable subject to multithreading problems) and its support for newer C-language extensions involving wide strings.

The GNU Project decided that the message-as-key approach of gettext is simpler and more friendly. (Most other systems, including catgets, requires the developer to come up with "key" names for every string.) They released GNU gettext, a free software implementation of the system in 1995. Gettext, GNU or not, has since been ported to many programming languages. The simplicity of po and widespread editor support even lead to its adoption in non-program contexts for text documents or as an intermediate between other localization formats, with converters like po4a (po for anything) and Translate Toolkit emerging to provide such a bridge.

Programming
The basic interface of gettext is the gettext(const char*) function, which accepts a string that the user will see in the original language, usually English. To save typing time and reduce code clutter, this function is commonly aliased to :

then uses the supplied strings as keys for looking up translations, and will return the original string when no translation is available. This is in contrast to POSIX, AmigaOS  , or Microsoft Windows    where a programmatic ID (often an integer) is used. To handle the case where the same original-language text can have different meanings, gettext has functions like  that accept an additional "context" string.

is run on the sources to produce a  (Portable Object Template) file, which contains a list of all the translatable strings extracted from the sources. Comments starting with  are used to give translators hints, although other prefixes are also configurable to further limit the scope. One such common prefix is.

For example, an input file with a comment might look like:

is run using the command:

xgettext -c /

The resultant .pot file looks like this with the comment (note that xgettext recognizes the string as a C-language printf format string):

In POSIX shell script, gettext provides a  library one can include that provides the many same functions gettext provides in similar languages. GNU bash also has a simplified construct  for the simple gettext function, although it depends on the C library to provide a   function.

Translating
The translator derives a  (Portable Object) file from the template using the   program, then fills out the translations. initializes the translations so, for instance, for a French language translation, the command to run would be:

msginit --locale=fr --input=name.pot

This will create. The translator then edits the resultant file, either by hand or with a translation tool like Poedit, or Emacs with its editing mode for  files. An edited entry will look like:

Finally, the .po files are compiled with  into binary   (Machine Object) files. GNU gettext may use its own file name extension  on systems with another gettext implementation. These are now ready for distribution with the software package.

GNU  can also perform some checks relevant to the format string used by the programming language. It also allows for outputting to language-specific formats other than MO; the X/Open equivalent is.

In later phases of the developmental workflow,  can be used to "update" an old translation to a newer template. There is also  for reverse-compiling   files, and many other utilities for batch processing.

Running
The user, on Unix-type systems, sets the environment variable, and the program will display strings in the selected language, if there is an   file for it.

Users on GNU variants can also use the environment variable  instead. Its main difference from the Unix variable is that it supports multiple languages, separated with a colon, for fallback.

Plural form
The  interface accounts for the count of a noun in the string. As with the convention of, it is often aliased to   in practical use. Consider the code sample:

A header in the  (empty string) entry of the PO file stores some metadata, one of which is the plural form that the language uses, usually specified using a C-style ternary operator. Suppose we want to translate for the Slovene language:

Since now there are four plural forms, the final po would look like:

Reference plural rules for languages are provided by the Unicode consortium. msginit also prefills the appropriate rule when creating a file for one specific language.

Implementations
In addition to C, gettext has the following implementations: C# for both ASP.NET and for WPF, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Scala, and Node.js.

GNU gettext has native support for Objective-C, but there is no support for the Swift programming language yet. A commonly used gettext implementation on these Cocoa platforms is POLocalizedString. The Microsoft Outlook for iOS team also provides a LocalizedStringsKit library with a gettext-like API.

title: Gettext