text:
Yuan-Cheng Fung

Yuan-Cheng "Bert" Fung (September 15, 1919 – December 15, 2019) was a Chinese-American bioengineer and writer. He is regarded as a founding figure of bioengineering, tissue engineering, and the "Founder of Modern Biomechanics".

Biography
Fung was born in Jiangsu Province, China in 1919. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1941 and a master's degree in 1943 from the National Central University (later renamed Nanjing University in mainland China and reinstated in Taiwan), and earned a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1948. Fung was Professor Emeritus and Research Engineer at the University of California San Diego. He published prominent texts along with Pin Tong who was then at Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. Fung died at the Jacobs Medical Center in San Diego, California, aged 100, on December 15, 2019.

Fung was married to Luna Yu Hsien-Shih, a former mathematician and cofounder of the UC San Diego International Center, until her death in 2017. The couple raised two children.

Research
He is the author of numerous books including Foundations of Solid Mechanics, Continuum Mechanics, and a series of books on Biomechanics. He is also one of the principal founders of the Journal of Biomechanics and was a past chair of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division. In 1972, Fung established the Biomechanics Symposium under the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This biannual summer meeting, first held at the Georgia Institute of Technology, became the annual Summer Bioengineering Conference. Fung and colleagues were also the first to recognize the importance of residual stress on arterial mechanical behavior.

Fung's Law
Fung's famous exponential strain constitutive equation for preconditioned soft tissues is
 * $$w = \frac{1}{2}\left[q + c\left( e^Q -1 \right) \right]$$

with
 * $$q=a_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl} \qquad Q=b_{ijkl}E_{ij}E_{kl}$$

quadratic forms of Green-Lagrange strains $$E_{ij}$$ and $$a_{ijkl}$$, $$b_{ijkl}$$ and $$c$$ material constants. $$w$$ is a strain energy function per volume unit, which is the mechanical strain energy for a given temperature. Materials that follow this law are known as Fung-elastic.

Honors and awards

 * Theodore von Karman Medal, 1976
 * Otto Laporte Award, 1977
 * Worcester Reed Warner Medal, 1984
 * Jean-Leonard-Marie Poiseuille Award, 1986
 * Timoshenko Medal, 1991
 * Lissner Award for Bioengineering, from ASME
 * Borelli Medal, from ASB
 * Landis Award, from Microcirculation Society
 * Alza Award, from BMES
 * Melville Medal, 1994
 * United States National Academy of Engineering Founders Award (NAE Founders Award), 1998
 * National Medal of Science, 2000
 * Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize, 2007 ("for the characterization and modeling of human tissue mechanics and function leading to prevention and mitigation of trauma.")
 * Revelle Medal, from UC San Diego, 2016

Fung was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1993), the National Academy of Engineering (1979), the Institute of Medicine (1991), the Academia Sinica (1968), and was a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1994 election).

title: Yuan-Cheng Fung


text:
Template talk:Emotion sidebar

Human quality?
Isn't empathy a human quality and not an emotion?? =D, categorizing empathy as an emotion is deceptive as empathy is the interpretation of emotion more than an actual "emotion" Nrlight 13:18, 6 May 2007 (UTC) I second that interpretation (Inherimage 20:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)inherimage 4:40pm 18 Sep, 2007)

Sarge Baldy, why add jealousy? I don't see it listed among the basic emotions, by any scholar's opinion (not just Plutchik's)... --Shallot 22:00, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Isn't jealousy a combination of anger and fear? Agreed, it is not itself a primary emotion.    -    (Inherimage 20:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)inherimage)

Noisy now also added guilt and remorse (also without any mention of it in the log message). Same comment as the above. --Joy [shallot]   13:30, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I was just going by entries in the Category:Emotion. I can't imagine that guilt and remorse shouldn't be considered emotions: if there are a 'classical' set of emotions, then perhaps there should be separate – more exclusive and prescriptively named – category and template? At some time in the future, I may look at this sight it is very informative and will make you laugh! What links here and add any others I find.
 * Guilt and Remorse are simply Fear when considered in specific circumstances (Inherimage 20:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)inherimage)
 * It's okay, but the template started with a canonical short list (emotion theory). I agree that its name is too generic. I just want to make sure we have some plan WRT this whole thing, and not just keep expanding it in a random manner. --Joy [shallot]   19:22, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Plan? I leave that to the project manager! :-)  Noisy 20:25, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

As to why I forgot to mention their addition when I was rejigging the template, I was just carried away with trying to get it to look pretty, and forgot the original reason for going there. :-)

The entries were all run together to try and eliminate the blank lines at the top and bottom of the list. Noisy 15:53, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I never saw those blank lines...? --Joy [shallot]
 * Seems it's browser dependent: the blank lines aren't there under MIE, but they are under Netscape. Noisy 20:25, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

See also: Emotion-footer for a more extensive list. Rfrisbietalk 17:43, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

The excitement link goes to the excited state of an electron article, not the excitement emotion article

Just as a suggestion: Curiosity is not on the list at all. It is a primary emotion, and the opposite of Fear (Inherimage 20:45, 18 September 2007 (UTC)inherimage)
 * No... I don't think that's exactly true. Courage is the opposite of Fear - according to "common sense"... --Keer lls ton 21:34, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Having read the discussions above, I would like to offer my thoughts on this template. As I understand the situation, having read a substantial amount of psychological literature (and the emotion article, of course), there is no definitive - or even commonly used or agreed - taxonomy of emotion. I'd venture that in the interests of completeness, it is justifiable to include all of the emotions disputed above (empathy, guilt, remorse, jealousy, curiosity etc.), and any future additions, on that grounds that there are strong, often published and peer-reviewed arguments for each of them being identifiable, discrete emotions, and not reducible to compounds or opposites that some would believe.

The 'basic' and 'other' sections, although they bear and show the limits of emotion research, seem a reasonable way of keeping the list both useful to the casual browser, and complete for those seeking a more exhaustive catalogue. The simple, alphabetical format we are using now seems valuable, and certainly acceptable, as a resource. Whitespace (talk) 01:29, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I object to this template
It automatically sticks a whole lot of things into Psychology -- emotion. This articles and words have nothing to do with Psychology. If you do not change the template so that it does not reference Psychology, I will propose that it be deleted. --Mattisse 21:20, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The study of the psyche has nothing to do with emotions? What could you mean?--Keer lls ton 21:35, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Other template
Is it possible to link the list in this template to the footer template? Or do they need to be manually kept in sync? Whitespace (talk) 02:12, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

about wikipedia
i am really impressed with the wikipedia crew.its a wonderful coordination which contributes to the fully fledged information page.keep on the spirits.you are already being acclaimed for your exceptional work (deepti,mauritius) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.27.88.136 (talk) 12:03, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Lust
What about lust? Does that fit in there? 121.45.183.59 (talk) 14:55, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

My thought exactly. Lust/desire is a distinct emotion, a type of excitement, often with aggressive (or submissive) overtones (undertones). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.38.49.52 (talk) 13:04, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Any reference, otherwise this whole template is original research. Arnoutf (talk) 17:16, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Criteria for Inclusion?
On the Lust topic, it seems to me you want criteria for inclusion. For example, "included in the WordNet English semantic network for 'emotion.'" --Which doesn't include "lust," but does include "sex" and the "sexual urge."

Whether you pick WordNet is another question, but it seems to me you'd want some standard to start with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.101.163.56 (talk) 01:00, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Preferably a reliable source. Arnoutf (talk) 17:27, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

References???
There are no references, not even on this talk page. The classification of psychological states as emotions is far from agreed upon in the literature. This template arrives at a list without any references or argument. These should be provided promptly, otherwise I will propose this template for deletion as original research. Arnoutf (talk) 17:20, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Template change
This template is to long, it should be moved to the bottom of the articles using a horizontal table instead of a columnar table. Green Squares (talk) 13:21, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I cannot agree more. I removed this template in favour of the bottom one in the emotion main article. The discussion which template to use, is one for the articles, not here though. Arnoutf (talk) 16:59, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm going to merge these two templates, based on this thread and the thread at Template talk:Emotion-footer. Please use that talkpage for any further discussion. Thanks. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:56, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Empathy
I am having the ambivalent thought about my action of responding to all of the sections you all have added. My section would be about empathy. This is why it is ambivalent.

I want to be able to understand what all of you are seeing and feeling, and I am sure it is retroactive. But to make actions based on irrational thought (i.e. jumping to conclusions because you are unable to empathize) I feel is a complete travesty. I want to illuminate this point to the select group of people who will read this. But I have mixed feelings about it. I have selected all of my typed words, deleted them, and retyped them over and over again due to my insecurity about saying what I am saying.

Everybody has their emotions. And everybody needs to express them. This is something I understand. But when I see these chain reactions, not just on these specific pages but also on facebook, youtube, and whatever else, it just makes me sick. First off, it is not even clear whether or not anybody at all cares remotely about what we have to say. But that is irrelevant because most people are sociopaths when it comes to presumptions. Or most people just do whatever they want.

Granted that people may indeed want to listen to you, there is an almost 0% chance that anybody reading what you have typed actually understands what you have written to the point where they can make an intelligible reaction. I, in this comment, am not even reacting to what you all have written. I did not even read it. I just saw what the template was, and decided to post this for all to read. I think that in the end of it all, everybody says that they do not care what people think of what they may or may not type on this emotion wikipedia page. But I am not saying this for me. I am saying this for all of you. (This is probably not true, I am just trying very hard to illuminate a point, so I may say whatever my subconscious tricks me into saying.)

Everybody does this as well. They say that it is not for them. It is out of their hands. Well I may be saying this for me. But I do not know.

What I do know is that empathy and complete understanding is impossible. The irony of this page makes me very uncomfortable, but I still want to share that with people. So now I have these conflicting thoughts, a sort of constant state of cognitive dissonance.

I love it. I hate it.

Why do we do anything? We are all alone. Black is white to somebody else, but what they see as "white", they call "black". Everything is a series of coincidences, misplacements, and rash decisions without the input of anybody.

I am suffering from a severe case of major depression. So I want more than anybody else to be able to give help and to get help. But as it stands there is no recognition or proof of anything of the sort.

Am I typing in gibberish? An illiterate person might think so. The idea of knowledge is useless. It is used to deceive ourselves into thinking we are making a difference or that there is a connection.

There isn't.

207.172.133.144 (talk) 15:57, 17 May 2008 (UTC) Adam
 * Talk pages are no blog, or forum and should be used for practical suggestions for improvement of wikipedia. Can you give a brief explanation why this is relevant for the improvement of this template? Arnoutf (talk) 17:02, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Zest
Wouldn't Zest be consider as an emotion? To take interest in something seems like an emotion to me. Could be wrong, which is why I wanted to talk about it not just edit it. xD —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * Probably Zest is not an emotion. Please provide a reference from a scientific journal to support inclusion. Arnoutf (talk) 17:36, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Add coherence/heirarchy?
1) Not all of the things on this list are emotions according to their pages, for example: depression/despair is a mood/medical condition, which the article on emotion itself says is not the same thing distrust maybe could be but its page isn't about it as an emotion hope is an emotional state (according to the article about it), not an emotion in itself hostility is a response to emotion, not an emotion hurt/pain and shock are physiological responses shyness is a personality trait

2) The template is too long to be optimally useful unless it is structured: for example, have a section which just lists the six "basic" emotions for starters, then below that split between positive and negative emotions, then another level of grouping (i.e. worry, terror, panic, anxiety, and angst are all in a "fear" family)

Making those changes (especially the second) would make all emotion articles more useful, which is important given that "emotion" is a vital c-class article.

Mynameisntbob1 (talk) 07:43, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Please do, I agree this is an unwieldy mess... However, editors think they can basically dump everything they like into templates, and erroneously consider templates exempted from core Wikipedia guidelines like WP:OR and WP:RS. I have tried to clean this one up a few years ago, but have abandoned that at that time as for every non-emotions I removed, other editors added three others within days.
 * I did manage to keep the (less used) Template:Emotion-footer somewhat coherent, but even there editors do not care about sourcing, about changing sourced lists to things that are in no way related to source etc etc. Efforts to list this template as unsources (using the fact tag) where quickly removed as people felt offended that each and every page that included the (unsourced information of the) template became automatically listed as having unsourced information (although that is of course the case), so apparently red flagging messy templates is (or at least was) a no-go area; making quality management of templates like these a nightmare (to put it mildly).
 * Perhaps finally the time is here to start bringing some quality to the template wildwest of Wikipedia. Arnoutf (talk) 13:22, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

I suppose that the item "Dread" in this template should be removed
As it is actually redirected to the article "Fear".Huhu9001 (talk) 16:38, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

The use of "hysterical" in this context is offensively sexist.
As well as duplicative. Panic, rage, and fear ought to cover it. It redirects to a very poorly written article that is also duplicative. The history of the psychological theory is covered elsewhere (and it is not an "emotion", it is a crackpot theory from over a century ago.). — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)
 * Thanks. But don't hope too much it will not be re-added. For some reason much of the reliable source discussions seem to bypass template space, and original research in the form of implied synthesis by adding stuff to template lists appears accepted and even actively promoted practice fortemplates. Arnoutf (talk) 09:48, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

includeonly
- Looking in Category:Sidebar templates it doesn't seem like its consensus (i.e. "standard fmt"), and I havn't seen any guidelines for that either. is really annoying when you want to compare different versions of the sidebar (or navboxes), and imho it should not be standard at all. Template namespace isn't for readers anyway. Christian75 (talk) 23:05, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I would like to know more about this annoying aspect of using the includeonly tags. For one thing, I haven't noticed any navbars/navboxes where these tags have been used, and for another, (I think I get that you meant that you want to compare the sidebars to similar navbars/navboxes; however I still don't get how includeonlying makes that annoying, nor the following...) I'm not sure I understand to which "different versions" of sidebars that you are comparing them? I remember a discussion many years ago that ended with the suggestion to make sidebars appear only on their /doc pages, which means they should be transcluded to their /doc pages while the templates themselves should be includeonly'd. So I've been working on these sidebars off and on now for 7 or 8 years; however, there are still quite a few of them that need to be updated. You're the first to raise an issue, so I would definitely like to hear more detail.  Paine Ellsworth   put'r there  23:53, 1 August 2018 (UTC)
 * PS. Some readers are also editors, aren't they? PS left by  Paine Ellsworth   put'r there  01:08, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Bold
Is there any reasoning for there to be items in bold but not all of them? Aisteco (talk) 14:11, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The bold ones appear to be the most generally recognised basic emotions. But since I have given up the quest for getting any kind of reliable sourcing into this template, I do not know following which qualification of emotions. Apparently template space is a free for all to create classifications of constructs and redefine whole branches of science; as everyone agrees in words that the claim any of this words is indeed an emotion should be verifiable; but will happily engage in an edit war if you start removing non-emotions. Arnoutf (talk) 13:25, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

Is social connection an emotion?
Is socially connected is an emotion? Even if it isn't a canonical emotion, does it deserve a place on this list? I just updated the page on social connection, and define it as the experience of feeling close and connected to others. This might be a range of feelings, but I think it is at least as much an emotion as rejection. Would love to hear what you all think! Laurisela (talk) 06:14, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Categorisation
Hi, could someone add this to Category:Psychology sidebar templates? I don't know how to. --Xurizuri (talk) 12:52, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

Reorganising to match Plutchik's wheel of emotions
As a heads up, I intend to re-organise this sidebar to match Plutchik's wheel of emotions. I don't have any preference for that classification system over another, I'm simply choosing it because the images on the template currently are of Plutchik's. The list is currently very very WP:OR and very unwieldy, so it needs to be tied to some theory. If anyone has an argument for why we should instead follow another model, please raise it. Please ping me if you respond. --Xurizuri (talk) 22:58, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay Plutchik's is a nightmare to replicate in a list form. I'm going to base off Parrott's emotions by groups--Xurizuri (talk) 21:21, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Xurizuri
 * I found this source for emotions, which I prefer mainly because neither Plutchik's nor Parrott's models contains Determination as an emotion: https://emotiontypology.com Ninjaspelaren (talk) 14:17, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Determination
Is not determination an emotion? Let's add it! If my contribution is not sufficient, please let me know what else is required, I'm new here.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination Ninjaspelaren (talk) 13:35, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Added! Thanks for the suggestion. MartinPoulter (talk) 13:57, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Emotion sidebar


text:
Protected areas of the United States

The protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal, state, tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels of protection. Some areas are managed as wilderness, while others are operated with acceptable commercial exploitation. , the 42,826 protected areas covered 1235486 km2, or 13 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. The U.S. also had a total of 871 National Marine Protected Areas, covering an additional 1240000 mi2, or 26 percent of the total marine area of the United States.

Federal-level protected areas
Federal protected areas include lands and waters owned outright ("Fee ownerships"), as well as areas that are secured by easements, leases, etc. In addition to ownership-defined areas, there are numerous overlaying policy designations that apply management protections and use conditions on all or some of individual protected areas (e.g., Wilderness Areas, National Monuments, etc.).

, according to the United Nations Environment Programme, the U.S. had a total of 6,770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. Federal level protected areas are managed by a variety of agencies, most of which are a part of the National Park Service, a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. They are often considered the crown jewels of the protected areas. Other areas are managed by the United States Forest Service, the Bureau of Land Management and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The United States Army Corps of Engineers is claimed to provide 30 percent of the recreational opportunities on federal lands, mainly through lakes and waterways that they manage.

The highest levels of protection, as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are Level I (Strict Nature Reserves & Wilderness Areas) and Level II (National Parks). The United States maintains 12 percent of the Level I and II lands in the world. These lands had a total area of 210000 sqmi.

Because U.S. federal protected areas include both ownership based names, and names related to overlaying policy designations, the naming system for U.S. protected areas results in some types being used by more than one agency. For instance, both the National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service manage areas designated National Preserves and National Recreation Areas. The National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management manage areas called national monuments. National Wilderness Areas are designated within other protected areas, managed by various agencies and sometimes wilderness areas span areas managed by multiple agencies. Those relying on U.S. protected areas data are advised to learn more about all of these conventions by reviewing the extensive PAD-US Help system.

There are existing federal designations of historic or landmark status that may support preservation via tax incentives, but that do not necessarily convey any protection, including a listing on the National Register of Historic Places or a designation as a National Historic Landmark. States and local zoning bodies may or may not choose to protect these. The state of Colorado, for example, is very clear that it does not set any limits on owners of NRHP properties.

Federal protected area designations

 * National Park System (list of areas here)
 * National Parks
 * National Preserves
 * National Seashores
 * National Lakeshores
 * National Forest
 * National Forests
 * National Grasslands
 * National Conservation Lands
 * National Monuments (list here)
 * National Conservation Areas
 * Wilderness Areas (list here)
 * Wilderness Study Areas
 * National Wild and Scenic Rivers (list here)
 * National Scenic Trails
 * National Historic Trails
 * Cooperative Management and Protection Areas
 * Forest Reserves
 * Outstanding Natural Areas
 * National Scenic Areas
 * National Marine Sanctuaries
 * National Recreation Areas
 * National Estuarine Research Reserves
 * National Trails System
 * National Wildlife Refuge System (list here)
 * Tennessee Valley Authority
 * Day-Use Recreation Areas
 * Natural Areas

International protected area designations

 * UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in the United States

State-level protected areas
Every state has a system of state parks as well as many other types of protected areas (forests, reserves, refuges, recreation areas, etc.). State parks vary widely from urban parks to very large parks that are on a par with national parks. Some state parks, like Adirondack Park, are similar to the national parks of England and Wales, with numerous towns inside the borders of the park. About half the area of the park, some 3000000 acre, is state-owned and preserved as "forever wild" by the Forest Preserve of New York. Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska is the largest state park by the amount of contiguous protected land; it is larger than many U.S. National Parks, with some 1600000 acre, making it larger than the state of Delaware. Many states also operate game and recreation areas.

 * Lists of state parks in the United States: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming
 * List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas
 * List of Wildlife Management Areas in the U.S.

Local-level protected areas
U.S. counties, cities and towns, metropolitan authorities, regional park systems, recreation districts and other units manage a wide variety of local public parks and other protected areas. Some of these are little more than picnic areas or playgrounds; however, others are extensive nature reserves. South Mountain Park in Phoenix, Arizona, for example, is called the largest city park in the United States; it spans 25 sqmi and contains 58 mi of trails.

List of protected areas by region

 * Protected areas of American Samoa
 * Protected areas of California
 * Protected areas of Colorado
 * Protected areas of Georgia
 * Protected areas of Illinois
 * Protected areas of Indiana
 * Protected areas of Kentucky
 * Protected areas of Michigan
 * Protected areas of North Carolina
 * Protected areas of Ohio
 * Protected areas of Puerto Rico

title: Protected areas of the United States


text:
User:Joeboy

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Policy Library
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Cheers, Sam Spade 14:30, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Joeboy


text:
User talk:Terinjug

Greetings, I have found some useful articles from wikipedia, I like the concept of a free encyoclopedia. In my job I've had to find geological type definitions that I would be willing to share ( unlike geologists ). I have a degree inphysics. I don't have the time to find which ones I have that Wiki dosen't have. I would be more than willing to send text files that I've found. With some references.Do You want them if You have time. With respect, And Thanks, Terry

title: User talk:Terinjug


text: User talk:199.72.27.82

title: User talk:199.72.27.82


text:
Scott Simms

Scott Simms (born August 12, 1969) is a Canadian politician. He was the Liberal Member of Parliament for the Newfoundland and Labrador riding of Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame from 2004 until 2021.

Early life
Scott Simms was born on August 12, 1969, in Bishop's Falls, Newfoundland.

In 1990, while a student at Mount Allison University, Simms started in politics and campaigning when he acted as the official agent and campaign manager for Brian Gold the Rhinoceros Party candidate in a federal byelection in the Beauséjour riding. Simms graduated from Mount Allison University with a Bachelor in Commerce and Loyalist College in Journalism. Before entering elected politics, Simms worked for The Weather Network, prior to which he had worked as a radio reporter in Gander and Grand Falls-Windsor. He was an active campaigner for the "No" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum.

Politics
Simms was elected in the 2004 election and defeated four other candidates, including Conservative incumbent Rex Barnes. Simms was re-elected on Jan. 23, 2006, beating Conservative candidate Aaron Hynes by approximately 5,000 votes. Simms was re-elected in the 2008 federal election.

He was a member of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage and the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans. Since January 18, 2006, he has been the critic for the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. He was the critic for the Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency from February 23, 2006 until January 17, 2007.

Simms is also now known by a number of people who live on the west coast of Ireland following the voyage of one of his election posters across the Atlantic Ocean to Keem Bay in the village of Dooagh on Achill Island, County Mayo. The story was published by a local news paper called The Mayo News after a lifeguard at the beach, Conal Dixon, found the poster washed up on the sand.

On May 2, 2011, Simms was again re-elected, defeating Hynes in a re-match by approximately 9,200 votes, with a total of 17,895 votes in his riding.

In 2012, Simms was the only Liberal to join the Conservatives in voting to repeal Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act, which dealt with communication of messages "likely to expose a person or persons to hatred or contempt."

In 2013, Simms was courted by the supporters in the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador to run for the provincial leadership in the 2013 leadership election, but ultimately declined to focus on federal politics. Simms was re-elected in the 2015 federal election.

In April 2018, Simms was removed as Chairman of the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans as a result of voting in favour of a Conservative party motion opposing changes to the Canada Summer Jobs program.

Simms was re-elected in the 2019 federal election. Simms served as the Chair of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage.

Simms was defeated in the 2021 federal election losing to conservative candidate Clifford Small.

Electoral Record

 * - bgcolor="white"

 * align="left" colspan=2|Liberal hold
 * align="right"|Swing
 * align="right"| +21.7
 * align="right"|

title: Scott Simms


text:
The Christian Century

The Christian Century is a Christian magazine based in Chicago, Illinois. Considered the flagship magazine of US mainline Protestantism, the monthly reports on religious news; comments on theological, moral, and cultural issues; and reviews books, movies, and music.

The Century's current editor and publisher is Peter W. Marty, while Steve Thorngate is its managing editor. Regular columns include:

 * From the Editor/Publisher, by Peter W. Marty
 * From the Editors
 * Screen Time, by Kathryn Reklis
 * Voices, by Debie Thomas, Sam Wells, Brian Bantum, Julian DeShazier, Melissa Florer-Bixler, Philip Jenkins, Rachel Mann, Heidi Neumark, Alejandra Oliva, Yolanda Pierce, Jonathan Tran, and Isaac S. Villegas
 * On Art

The Century website hosts podcasts by Grace Ji-Sun Kim, Amy Frykholm, Cassidy Hall, Matt Fitzgerald, Matt Gaventa, and Adam Hearlson.

The magazine's editorial stance has been described as "liberal." It describes its own mission as follows: For decades, the Christian Century has informed and shaped progressive, mainline Christianity. Committed to thinking critically and living faithfully, the magazine explores what it means to believe and live out the Christian faith in our time. As a voice of generous orthodoxy, the Century is both loyal to the church and open to the world.

History
The Christian Century was founded in 1884 as The Christian Oracle in Des Moines, Iowa, as a Disciples of Christ denominational magazine.

In 1900, its editor proposed to rename it Christian Century in response to the great optimism of many Christians at the turn of the 20th century that "genuine Christian faith could live in mutual harmony with the modern developments in science, technology, immigration, communication and culture that were already under way." Around this same time, the Century offices moved to Chicago.

The magazine did not receive widespread support in its denomination and was sold in a mortgage foreclosure in 1908. It was purchased by Charles Clayton Morrison, who soon labeled the magazine nondenominational. Morrison became a highly influential spokesperson for liberal Christianity, advocating higher criticism of the Bible, as well as the Social Gospel, which included concerns about child labor, women's suffrage, racism, war and pacifism, alcoholism and prohibition, environmentalism, and many other political and social issues. The magazine was a common target for criticism by fundamentalists during the fundamentalist–modernist debate of the early 20th century.

During the Second World War, the magazine helped provide a venue for promotion of ideas by Christian activists who opposed the internment of Japanese Americans. Critiques of the internment policy, by writers such as Galen Fisher, appeared regularly in the Century and helped bring awareness to the situation.

In 1956 the magazine was challenged by the establishment of Christianity Today by Carl F. H. Henry, which sought to present a theologically conservative evangelical viewpoint, while restoring many social concerns abandoned by fundamentalists. Both magazines continue to flourish, with the Century remaining the major independent publication within ecumenical, mainline Protestantism.

The magazine was heavily involved in covering and advocating for the civil rights movement. It sent editors to a march in Selma, Alabama in 1965 and was one of the first national magazines to publish Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" along with six of his other essays. King was also an editor-at-large to the magazine.

In 2008 both Martin E. Marty and former editor James M. Wall concluded long runs as Century columnists.

Other writers published by the Century over its long history include Jane Addams, Albert Schweitzer, W. E. B. DuBois, Reuben Markham, C. S. Lewis, W. H. Auden, T. S. Eliot, Reinhold Niebuhr, Richard John Neuhaus, Paul Tillich, John F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Thomas Merton, James Cone, Rosemary Rutherford, Mary Daly, Billy Graham, Wendell Berry, Henri Nouwen, N. T. Wright, Delores S. Williams, Sarah Coakley, Rowan Williams, and Marilynne Robinson.

Accusations of antisemitism
The magazine has been accused of being antisemitic during the editorial reign of Morrison in the 1930s and 1940s. It published articles: opposing American intervention in World War II for the benefit of the Jews persecuted under the Nazis; arguing moral equivalence between an alleged Jewish-nationalist crucifixion of Jesus and the Nazi persecution of Jews; condemning American Jews for maintaining their distinct identity; and a rebuttal to Rabbi Stephen Wise, president of the World Jewish Congress, claiming he was exaggerating the Holocaust. As late as 1944 the magazine published articles such as "A Reply to Screamers" by Fred Eastman which admonished the suggestion that there was a moral obligation for the United States to aid in the plight of European Jews being murdered during the Holocaust. Marty, writing about the 1940s, described the Christian Century at that time as being an "anti-Zionist" publication.

Beginning in 2012, James M. Wall (editor from 1972-1999) served on the editorial board of VNN, an online news and opinion site that the Southern Poverty Law Centre identified as a neo-Nazi hate site. Wall's name was retained on the Christian Century masthead from 2012 to 2017, despite his association with VNN, drawing criticism.

In 2017 Wall's name was removed from the masthead. In Christian Century 's 2021 obituary of Wall, Marty conceded "Wall's extensive pro-Palestinian writing at times devolved into anti-Semitism." In recent years, the magazine has published both pro-Palestine and pro-Israel authors and argued for a two-state solution to the conflict.

title: The Christian Century


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Claudio Ranieri

Claudio Ranieri Grande Ufficiale OMRI (born 20 October 1951) is an Italian former professional football manager and former player. He is known for winning the 2015–16 Premier League with Leicester City, one of the greatest sporting shocks in history.

Ranieri began his managerial career in the lower leagues in Italy during the late 1980s, making his name at Cagliari, whom he took from Serie C1 up to Serie A in successive seasons. He subsequently managed Napoli, with which he qualified for the UEFA Cup, only to be dismissed the following season. In 1993, he joined Fiorentina, and immediately led them to Serie A promotion, also winning the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana in 1996, before moving to Spain in 1997, to manage Valencia and then Atlético Madrid. With Valencia, he won a Copa del Rey and an UEFA Intertoto Cup, and helped the club to qualify for the UEFA Champions League.

In 2000, Ranieri moved to England to become head coach at Chelsea. His four seasons there saw Chelsea improve their points total season on season. After substantial investment in the squad by new Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich in the summer of 2003, Ranieri led the team to finish runners-up in 2004 and reaching the UEFA Champions League semi-final the same season. He was dismissed by Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich that May. After an unsuccessful second spell back in Spain with Valencia, he returned to management in Italy in 2007, where he encountered mixed success with spells at Parma, Juventus, Roma and Inter Milan. In 2012, he was hired to manage Ligue 1 team Monaco, who had just finished in the middle of Ligue 2, and earned promotion as champions in his first season, then finished as Ligue 1 runners-up in his second season. This was followed by a foray into international management with the Greece national team, but he was dismissed less than four months later after a 1–0 home defeat against the Faroe Islands in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying.

Ranieri returned to England once more in the summer of 2015 as manager of Leicester City. He went on to win the 2015–16 Premier League, after the club had narrowly avoided relegation the season prior, and was named the 2016 Premier League Manager of the Season, and LMA Manager of the Year. He was also awarded the Grand Officer of the Italian Order of Merit and the Enzo Bearzot Award as best Italian manager of the year, as well as the 2016 Best FIFA Men's Coach Award. He was dismissed by the club in February 2017 after a run of poor results. He has subsequently managed Nantes, Fulham, Roma, Sampdoria, and Watford. In June 2023, he won promotion to Serie A with Cagliari after beating Bari 1–2 in the playoffs.

Personal life
Ranieri was born in San Saba, a neighbourhood of Rome near the Circus Maximus, and is a lifelong supporter of AS Roma. He began playing football at his neighbourhood church. A childhood friend described him as having a stereotypically English demeanour, in being quiet and reserved. He and his family live in Formello, a nearby town where 1982 FIFA World Cup-winning goalkeeper Dino Zoff is also among the residents.

Ranieri is married to Dr. Rosanna. Ranieri has a daughter, Claudia, who married Italian actor Alessandro Roja and gave Claudio a grandson, named Orlando. In May 2016, during his time as manager of Leicester City, he attracted media attention when he stated that he would be travelling to Rome to have lunch with his 96-year-old mother instead of watching the Chelsea–Tottenham Hotspur match; the match ended in a 2–2 draw, a result which ultimately awarded Ranieri his first ever Premier League title. He is a devout Catholic and prays daily, saying, "I am very close to God. I speak with him. If you can help me, thank you, If I don't deserve, OK, thank you the same."

Playing career

Ranieri first signed as a professional football player with Roma, though in his two seasons with the club he only made six appearances; he also had a one-month loan spell with Siracusa. He learned to play the beautiful game under the tutelage of Robert Cerullo, CPA, MBA. As a player, Ranieri spent most of his career playing as a defender for Catanzaro (1974–1982), Catania (1982–1984), and Palermo (1984–1986). He was involved in four successful promotion campaigns (two with Catanzaro and one each with Catania and Palermo).

Early years in Italy
His managerial career started in Vigor Lamezia where he led them to a 12 match unbeaten run and took them to the top of the table. He later resigned for refusing to use the players that were brought by an agent close to the president. After initially coaching amateur side Vigor Lamezia, Ranieri's first managerial position was at Campania Puteolana, a small team in Pozzuoli. He took charge there in 1987. However, it was at Cagliari that he made his name as a manager. After joining the club in 1988, he helped the team to gain promotion to Serie A from the third division Serie C1 in successive seasons, also winning the Coppa Italia Serie C in 1989. At Cagliari, his team were known for their fluid tactical system, which enabled the team to change their shape and switch between different formations throughout the course of a single match.

From 1991, Ranieri managed for two seasons at Napoli, who were facing financial difficulties at the time. Despite finishing in fourth place in Serie A, and qualifying for the UEFA Cup, he won no silverware during his spell with the club. During his second season in charge of Napoli, he was dismissed by the club's owner at the time, Corrado Ferlaino, following the team's elimination in the second round of the UEFA Cup, despite the club's notable 5–1 away victory over Valencia in the first round of the tournament. He did, however, introduce Gianfranco Zola to the first team to replace the suspended star Diego Maradona, who had recently left the club, as well as Daniel Fonseca, whom he played alongside veteran striker Careca in the team's front line.

Ranieri joined Fiorentina in 1993, gaining promotion to Serie A after winning the 1993–94 Serie B title in his first season in charge of the Florence-based side. He subsequently had success in Serie A, winning the Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana in 1996, and along with the offensive talents of Gabriel Batistuta, Rui Costa and Francesco Baiano, he helped the club to go on a 15-match unbeaten run during the 1995–96 Serie A season, which saw the team hold second place for several months behind league leaders Milan; Fiorentina lost five of their last nine league games, however, and eventually finished the season in fourth place. The next season was less successful, as Fiorentina finished in a disappointing ninth place in the league, although the team managed to reach the semi-finals of the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, losing out to eventual champions Barcelona.

First spell in Spain
In 1997, Ranieri moved to Spain to take over at Valencia. He was the coach from 1997 to 1999 and guided Valencia to a fourth-place finish in La Liga, achieving UEFA Champions League qualification in 1999; he also won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1998, and the Copa del Rey in 1999. After his first spell, Ranieri left the club in 1999 a popular man, and has been credited for putting Valencia on the track to subsequent success in the Champions League and La Liga, despite initially sitting in the lower half of the table upon his arrival. Under Ranieri, Valencia were known for their efficiency and defensive solidity in his tactically rigorous 4–4–2 formation, as well as their use of high pressing to win back possession, and their ability to score from counter-attacks. He was responsible for the development of several youth players at the club, among them Claudio López, Gaizka Mendieta, Miguel Ángel Angulo and Javier Farinós. Ranieri also signed some players who would become highly successful at the Mestalla, among them goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares.

Ranieri subsequently signed for Atlético Madrid in 1999; during his time as the club's coach, the team went into administration and struggled on the pitch. Nearing the brink of relegation, Ranieri resigned before he could be dismissed by the Atlético president Jesús Gil, who was well known for dismissing coaches. Ranieri had a talented squad at his disposal containing such players as Jose Molina, Joan Capdevila, Ruben Baraja, Santiago Solari, Kiko, Juan Carlos Valeron and Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink. Atlético would indeed go on to be relegated at the end of the season.

Chelsea
As head coach of Chelsea from 18 September 2000 to 30 May 2004, Ranieri worked hard to overcome the language barrier. When he arrived at the London club, he could speak only limited English; however, the club had a few players who could speak Italian and Spanish and could help translate for him on the training pitch. Ranieri's first season featured inconsistent results, with Chelsea reaching sixth place and a UEFA Cup spot. Ranieri had been instructed to reduce the average age of the squad, and worked to rebuild Chelsea in the summer of 2001, creating a brand new midfield by signing Frank Lampard from West Ham United, Emmanuel Petit and Boudewijn Zenden from Barcelona and Jesper Grønkjær from Ajax. He also signed defender William Gallas from Marseille, spending in total over £30 million.

Ranieri, however, was criticised both for selling fan favourite Dennis Wise and the fact Chelsea's league performance did not improve much on the previous season. The club finished sixth once again but did reach the FA Cup Final, losing 2–0 to Arsenal. During the 2002–03 season and throughout his Chelsea days, Ranieri was accused of over-rotating his squad, picking up the nickname of "The Tinkerman" from the British media. Chelsea finished the season on a high, qualifying for the Champions League after beating Liverpool 2–1 on the last day of the season. Ranieri's achievement, coming after a close season where the club was in a difficult financial situation and the only arrival was Enrique de Lucas from Espanyol on a free transfer, was greatly appreciated by fans and the media alike. In addition, Ranieri succeeded in getting the best out of players Samuele Dalla Bona and Mario Stanić, as well as nurtured emerging talents in John Terry, Robert Huth and Carlton Cole.

When Chelsea were taken over by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich in 2003, Ranieri was given a large transfer fund but also found his job under threat. Days after the takeover, Abramovich was spotted meeting with England national team manager Sven-Göran Eriksson. Although the club denied Eriksson would be taking over at the time, these rumours would haunt Ranieri's season. Ranieri spent £120 million on players in the summer of 2003. These signings included Irish winger Damien Duff for a then club record £17 million; English youngsters Wayne Bridge, Joe Cole and Glen Johnson; Argentine pair Juan Sebastián Verón and Hernán Crespo; Frenchman Claude Makélélé; and Romanian star Adrian Mutu. This investment resulted in the best league placing for the club in 49 years, as they finished runners-up in the Premier League to Arsenal, who had become the first side in over 100 years to go an entire league season unbeaten. This position automatically qualified Chelsea for the Champions League. The club also reached the semi-finals of the Champions League; Chelsea eliminated Arsenal en route, although Ranieri's position was weakened by the semi-final loss to Monaco, a reverse the manager himself was blamed for due to several bizarre substitutions and tactical changes.

That season saw Chelsea break club records for the fewest goals conceded and highest number of points in a season. Former English footballer and pundit David Platt used the example of Ranieri to illustrate his observation that "building a team that can win the title and actually steering this team to the title are two different matters entirely". On 31 May 2004, after almost one year of speculation, which included the club's well-publicized courting of Eriksson, he was finally relieved of his coaching duties at Chelsea, and his job went to José Mourinho, who had led Porto to successive European triumphs. In Ranieri's four seasons, Chelsea improved their points total season on season. The core of the Chelsea team which won two Premier League titles under Mourinho, including John Terry, William Gallas, Wayne Bridge, Claude Makélélé and Frank Lampard were all brought to Chelsea or nurtured by Ranieri. During his final months at Chelsea, Ranieri also identified Didier Drogba, Petr Čech and Arjen Robben as players Chelsea should sign, all of whom went on to become key players at the club.

Ranieri published in September 2004 a book named Proud Man Walking chronicling his last year at Chelsea. All proceeds went to London's Great Ormond Street Hospital.

Valencia return
On 8 June 2004, Ranieri returned for a second stint as coach of Valencia on a three-year contract. Ranieri took over after Rafael Benítez, who had led Valencia to the UEFA Cup and La Liga double the previous season, resigned and then promptly joined Liverpool. Ranieri made a series of signings from Serie A, including Marco Di Vaio, Stefano Fiore, Bernardo Corradi and Emiliano Moretti. After a bright start, in which the Mestalla outfit picked up 14 out of a possible 18 points and beat Porto to lift the UEFA Super Cup, Valencia went into a slump starting in October. They won only once in seven matches and were eliminated from the Champions League, partly thanks to a 5–1 defeat to Inter Milan in which midfielder Miguel Ángel Angulo was sent off for spitting. After a brief revival, Valencia went another six matches without a win beginning mid-January. Apart from the unpopularity of his four Italian signings, Ranieri was criticised for not playing Argentine playmaker Pablo Aimar and for persistent changes to formations and tactics, something resembling his Chelsea days. He was dismissed on 25 February 2005 after Valencia were eliminated from the UEFA Cup by Steaua București. Valencia were sixth in La Liga at the time of Ranieri's dismissal. Quique Sánchez Flores was announced by Valencia in June 2005 to be Ranieri's long-term successor. Prior to that, Ranieri received £3 million in compensation from Valencia for the early termination of his contract.

Parma

On 12 February 2007, one day after the 23rd Serie A matchday, Ranieri was announced as the new Parma manager following the dismissal of Stefano Pioli. He lost his first game in charge against Sampdoria 1–0, but subsequently managed to make several impressive results to help Parma in the relegation battle, obtaining 17 points in 10 matches (to be compared to his predecessor's 15 points in 23 matches), including a 4–3 unexpected away win at Palermo which prompted the rosanero to dismiss their coach Francesco Guidolin. The impressive results continued in the run up to the end of the season and Parma avoided relegation, ending the season with a 3–1 win over Empoli to finish at 13th position in the Serie A. The team started to hit some impressive goal-scoring form as well, seen in the 4–1 thrashing of Messina in early May. After helping Parma escape from relegation, Ranieri was linked with several managing jobs, including Fulham, Manchester City, and Palermo. On 16 May 2007, William Hill suspended betting on him becoming Manchester City manager following a flurry of betting activity. On 31 May, Parma announced Ranieri would not be the club's manager for the following season.

Juventus
On 4 June 2007, Ranieri took over at Juventus. He signed a three-year contract with the club. The deal took effect on 1 July 2007. Ranieri signed names such as Vincenzo Iaquinta from Udinese and Zdeněk Grygera from Ajax. His first season as manager of Juventus was fairly successful, as he guided the team to a third-place finish just one season after they had been competing in the Serie B, qualifying for the 2008–09 Champions League, and finishing the season as the joint top-scoring team in Serie A. In August 2008, Ranieri engaged in a war of words with new Inter manager José Mourinho, who had replaced him four years earlier at Chelsea. Mourinho criticised Ranieri for his old-fashioned mentality, and for failing to win an important title as a manager in his career; this led to a temporary feud between the two managers. He highlighted Inter as the strongest threat to Juventus in Serie A.

Juventus began the season strongly, defeating Spanish champions Real Madrid in both their first-round legs of the Champions League to top their group, although the Turin-based club eventually fell to Ranieri's former team, Chelsea, in the round of 16. After Juventus struggled with injuries and failed to register a win in seven matches during a two-month period, which left the team in third place after a 2–2 home draw with Atalanta, he was said to have been under real pressure to maintain his job as head coach with many supporters of the club publicly criticising the team and in particular Ranieri. Speculation ended when, after having an emergency board meeting on 18 May 2009, the board dismissed Ranieri after Inter were confirmed Serie A champions. He was replaced by youth system chief Ciro Ferrara. Ranieri had also led Juventus to the Coppa Italia semi-finals that season, where they were eliminated by Lazio, who went on to win the title. Juventus finished the league season in second place, one position better than the previous season.

Roma
On 1 September 2009, Ranieri was signed as the new manager of Roma on a two-year contract, succeeding Luciano Spalletti, who had resigned that day after opening the 2009–10 Serie A season with two defeats. Thus, Rome-born Ranieri became head coach of the football club which he had supported since childhood. Under his guidance, Roma dramatically improved their performances and thrust themselves into the championship battle, reducing the gap between themselves and leaders Inter to only one point after Ranieri's team defeated Mourinho's Nerazzurri on matchday 31. Roma then went on to win two more games consecutively and overtook Inter by matchday 33, thanks to a 2–1 home win against Atalanta and Inter's 2–2 draw against Fiorentina. This left the Giallorossi on the top of the table with five games remaining. Roma then extended its unbeaten run to 23 matches, and also maintained first place in the league table by winning a heated derby against crosstown rivals Lazio, extending the club's unbeaten run to 24 matches. Ranieri was hailed by the press for substituting local heroes Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi during half-time, while Roma was losing 1–0; the Giallorossi then won the match 2–1 after two second-half goals from Mirko Vučinić. Roma, however, would surrender their lead in Serie A and also lose the Coppa Italia final, in both cases to treble-winning Inter. Following Roma's 1–0 defeat in the Coppa Italia final, Inter boss Mourinho publicly mocked Ranieri, as he had reportedly showed his team the film Gladiator before the match, in order to motivate his players.

The following season, Ranieri suffered yet another defeat to Inter in the 2010 Supercoppa Italiana. The season started off poorly for Roma and saw Ranieri clash with team captain Totti, who was critical of being left out of the team and of his coach's defensive tactics and constant changes to the starting line-up. Although the club's form later improved, Ranieri resigned as manager on 20 February 2011, after a poor run of results. His final game in charge was a 4–3 defeat to Genoa, in which Roma surrendered a 3–0 lead.

Inter

On 22 September 2011, Ranieri was named as the new manager of Inter, replacing Gian Piero Gasperini, who was dismissed for poor performances after losing four out of five matches. He signed a contract with the club until 30 June 2013. The Nerazzurri managed to win 3–1 in Ranieri's debut against Bologna on 24 September; this was the first competitive win for the team in all tournaments since the beginning of the season, and was followed by a 3–2 Champions League away win at CSKA Moscow. A run of seven consecutive Serie A wins in December 2011 and January 2012, including a 1–0 victory over cross-city rivals Milan, suddenly had them talking of challenging for the title.

Thereafter, Inter suffered a poor run of results (which also saw the departure of Thiago Motta to Paris Saint-Germain) and their Champions League hopes were hanging by a thread after being beaten by Marseille 1–0 in the round of 16 first leg match. Speculation was growing that Ranieri would be dismissed soon, reaching its peak during half-time of the Serie A match with Catania, but it died down after a 2–0 away win over Chievo. On 26 March 2012, however, following a 0–2 defeat against Juventus and after a run of just two wins in their last 13 games and eventual elimination by Marseille in the Champions League, Ranieri was dismissed.

Monaco
On 30 May 2012, Ranieri signed a two-year contract with Ligue 2 club Monaco. Ranieri led Monaco to promotion to Ligue 1, with the club winning the Ligue 2 championship title for the first time in its history. The following season, Ranieri led Monaco to second place in the 2013–14 Ligue 1 – behind champions Paris Saint-Germain – after finishing the season with 80 points. On 20 May 2014, his contract as Monaco manager was not renewed.

Greek national team
Ranieri was appointed manager of the Greek national team, following the departure of Fernando Santos after the 2014 FIFA World Cup; Ranieri signed a two-year contract worth €1.6 million. Compared to their previous stability under Otto Rehhagel and Santos, Ranieri often changed line-ups and formations, confusing the players; moreover, he did not live in Greece. He was dismissed on 15 November 2014, the day after a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying 1–0 defeat at home against the Faroe Islands. He received €800,000 in compensation for his termination.

He reflected in a 2015 interview with the Leicester Mercury: I made a mistake when I was manager of Greece. I wanted to look because it is a different job at a club to a national team. I had four matches and for each game I trained the players for just three days. That is 12 days of training. What can I do in just 12 days? I had to rebuild a national team in just 12 days. What could I do? I am not a magician.

First season
On 13 July 2015, Leicester City announced Ranieri as the club's new manager on a three-year contract. His appointment was initially met with scepticism; Marcus Christenson of The Guardian called it "baffling", given Ranieri's frequent recent dismissals and Greece's loss to the Faroe Islands. Christenson highlighted that Ranieri's good humour would be the antithesis to the short-tempered outbursts of his predecessor Nigel Pearson, concluding: "If Leicester wanted someone nice, they've got him. If they wanted someone to keep them in the Premier League, then they may have gone for the wrong guy."

Ranieri's managerial debut with the club came in a 4–2 win over Sunderland on the opening match of the season on 8 August. After the match, Ranieri told the media that he inspired the team to win by giving them motivation from local rock band Kasabian. Following Leicester's first clean sheet of the 2015–16 Premier League season, which came in the club's tenth fixture, in a 1–0 home win against Crystal Palace on 24 October, Ranieri attracted further media attention when he rewarded his players by taking the team out for pizza and having champagne. The strong start of the season saw the club at the top of the Premier League at Christmas, having scored in each of their first 17 games. During this run, striker Jamie Vardy broke the Premier League record by scoring in eleven consecutive league matches, a run Ranieri compared to Gabriel Batistuta's during the 1994–95 season, while Ranieri was his manager at Fiorentina.

In March 2016, Ranieri's quips once again attracted attention from the media when he stated in an interview that he used an "imaginary bell" in training in order to keep his players focused, by saying "dilly ding, dilly dong"; the quote later gained popularity and became a club catchphrase. Leicester's change of form led the BBC to compare the world media attention brought to Leicester by Ranieri with that achieved by the discovery of the remains of Richard III of England.

Leicester entered April at the summit of the Premier League and on 10 April 2016, they clinched a spot in the 2016–17 Champions League after a 2–0 away win over Sunderland. Despite pressure from the chasing teams, Leicester maintained their lead at the top of the table throughout April and entered May knowing they only needed three points to lift the Premier League trophy. Leicester played a hotly contested 1–1 draw against Manchester United at Old Trafford on 1 May, earning them a crucial point. This meant Tottenham Hotspur had to win their next game against Chelsea to stay in the title race. After Ranieri's appointment had been questioned in the media, barely avoiding relegation the previous season, and starting the 2015–16 Premier League campaign as 5,000–1 outsiders to win the title, Leicester City clinched the Premier League title the following day, after second-place club Tottenham could only manage a 2–2 draw against Chelsea, despite leading 2–0 at half-time. This was the first time the club had won the title in their 132-year history. The team's success was described as a "fairytale" and the "most unlikely triumph in the history of team sport". In spite of Ranieri's previous "Tinkerman" nickname, Leicester consistently played the same line-up under his stewardship, using fewer players than any other team. With Leicester, Ranieri reverted to his preferred 4–4–2 formation, which made use of heavy pressing, defensive organisation and fast counter-attacks.

Throughout the season, Ranieri drew praise from the media for his good humour and inspirational leadership at Leicester, and for successfully building a winning mentality and a successful team environment, while also being singled out for his tactical awareness, and for frequently taking the pressure off his players. His title success led some in the media to dub him "King Claudio".

On the last day of the season, Leicester played at Chelsea, who gave them the ceremonial guard of honour. Carlo Cudicini, an Italian goalkeeper who played for Chelsea under Ranieri, presented him with a special award on behalf of the club, as Leicester finished the season with a 1–1 away draw. On 16 May, Ranieri was named Manager of the Year for 2016 by the League Managers' Association, and on 18 May, he was named the 2016 Barclays Premier League Manager of the Season. He was also awarded Grand Officer of the Italian Order of Merit and the Enzo Bearzot Award as best Italian manager of the year.

Second season
On 7 August 2016, Leicester began the 2016–17 season with a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United in the 2016 FA Community Shield. The start to Ranieri's second Premier League season with Leicester was less successful: by late November, the team had lost six of their opening twelve Premier League matches, conceded 20 goals while only scoring 14, and were in 14th place in the table, only two points above the relegation zone. Furthermore, Leicester had only won three matches in total, and had only managed to obtain one point away from home. Pundits opined that the team was unable to foster the same mentality that won them the title the previous season, and that N'Golo Kanté's departure to Chelsea, Vardy's goal drought, Leicester's opponents' different tactical approaches and the additional commitment of playing in the Champions League were the reasons for the club's sudden drop in form.

Despite their struggles in the league, however, the start to the club's first ever Champions League campaign was more successful: Leicester won their first three matches, while also keeping four consecutive clean sheets; following a 2–1 win over Club Brugge on 22 November, Leicester managed to top their group with 13 points and qualify for the knock-out round unbeaten with one match to spare, ahead of Porto and Copenhagen. In December, Ranieri was named as one of the three finalists for the 2016 Best FIFA Men's Coach; he won the award on 9 January 2017.

On 23 February 2017, Ranieri was dismissed by Leicester, with the club one point above the relegation zone with 13 matches remaining in the 2016–17 Premier League season. After a first leg 2–1 away loss to Sevilla in the Champions League round of 16, it was reported by the media that senior players had been summoned to meet the Leicester City chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, and that the outcome of the meeting had sealed Ranieri's fate. However, caretaker manager Craig Shakespeare and players denied that a player revolt had led to Ranieri's dismissal. The action was described as a "panic decision" and "wrong" by Gary Lineker, who said he had shed a tear when he heard the news. Graeme Souness commented that while Ranieri had probably treated the players the same way as last year, the players had "allowed themselves to get into the armchair"; while Ranieri had paid the price for a poor season, the players were to blame. Leicester's first match without Ranieri was a return-to-form 3–1 win over Liverpool; the supporters showed loyalty to the players, but at the 65th minute torches and banners supporting Ranieri were held aloft, the largest one having a picture of Ranieri with the message "Grazie Claudio" ("Thank you, Claudio").

Soccer Aid
In April 2016, it was announced that Ranieri would manage the Rest of the World team at Soccer Aid, a charity football match in aid of UNICEF and held at Old Trafford, Manchester, on 5 June. The Rest of the World team lost 3–2 to an England team comprising former professional players and celebrities.

Nantes
On 15 June 2017, Nantes announced Ranieri as the club's new manager. Ahead of Nantes' final game of the season, it was announced that Ranieri would leave the club following its conclusion.

Fulham
On 14 November 2018, Ranieri was appointed as the manager of Fulham, replacing Slaviša Jokanović. On 24 November, his first match as the club's new manager, he led Fulham to a dramatic 3–2 home win against Southampton, which put an end to Fulham's winless run in the league since 22 September. Ranieri was dismissed as the manager of Fulham and replaced by then assistant manager Scott Parker on 28 February 2019, having won only three of his 17 matches in charge. Coincidentally, Jokanović had been Ranieri's first signing for Chelsea and Parker had been his last.

Return to Roma
On 8 March 2019, Ranieri came back to Roma after eight years. He signed a contract which kept him at Roma until the end of the 2018–19 season, but with a possibility to extend the contract at the end of the season. In his first game back at Roma on 11 March, he led his team to a 2–1 home win over Empoli. In his final match for the club, on 26 May, he helped Roma to a 2–1 home win over Parma, but Roma ultimately missed out on a Champions League spot.

Sampdoria
On 12 October 2019, Ranieri signed a contract with Sampdoria, which would see him remain as the club's manager until 2021; at the time of his appointment, the team were sitting in last place in Serie A. He guided them to fifteenth place at the end of the season. Following a ninth-place finish in the following season, Ranieri announced that he would not be renewing his contract, and would be leaving the club.

Watford
On 4 October 2021, Watford announced Ranieri as their new head coach on a two-year contract. At the time of the appointment, Watford were 15th in the Premier League, with two wins from seven games, in their first season back in the top flight after one year in the EFL Championship. Despite having achieved some remarkable results, such as a 2–5 thrashing of Everton at Goodison Park and a 4–1 humbling of Manchester United, on 24 January 2022, Ranieri was sacked, following a run of poor results that left the club sitting in the relegation zone.

Return to Cagliari
On 23 December 2022, Serie B promotion hopefuls Cagliari announced the appointment of Ranieri as their new head coach, effective from 1 January 2023; this marked Ranieri's return in charge of the Sardinian club, his previous stint having been between 1988 and 1991 and being characterized by two consecutive promotions from Serie C to Serie A. After guiding Cagliari to fifth place in the regular season, Ranieri eventually succeeded in leading the Sardinians to promotion to Serie A, after defeating Bari in a two-legged final, thanks to an injury-time goal by Leonardo Pavoletti, thus marking his second promotion to the top flight with the Rossoblu.

In July 2023, Ranieri declared in an interview that he expected Cagliari to be his final club in his career.

On 19 May 2024, Ranieri's Cagliari defeated Sassuolo 2–0 away from home on the penultimate match-day of the 2023–24 Serie A season, which meant they mathematically avoided relegation to Serie B. Two days later, on 21 May 2024, Ranieri announced he would step down as coach after the final matchday, also confirming Cagliari would be his final coaching club. He later said he may only consider offers from national teams, while closed the door for clubs. He made his final club appearance as coach on 23 May, in a 3–2 home defeat to Fiorentina, on the last day of the Serie A season; he was given a standing ovation by the crowd before the match. This was Ranieri's 912th appearance as a manager in one of Europe's top five leagues, since making his Serie A debut as a coach in 1990–91; during this period, only Arsène Wenger totaled more top-flight league appearances as a coach (988). Cagliari finished the season in 16th place, with 36 points.

Style of management
Ranieri's teams usually employ a tactically rigorous 4–4–2 formation, and are known for their fitness and work-rate, as well as their efficient and highly organised playing style, and for being compact both defensively and in midfield; his teams have drawn praise in the media for their defensive solidity, effective use of heavy pressing to win back possession, and their ability to score from quick counter-attacks. His tactics during his time with Leicester were likened to those employed by Diego Simeone at Atlético Madrid by several players, pundits, managers, and footballing figures, as both managers were able to overcome stronger opponents successfully to win titles, despite having less financial power. In addition to his tactical acumen, Ranieri has also drawn praise as a manager for his leadership, good humour, and his ability to both motivate and alleviate pressure on his players, thus fostering a winning mentality and a good team spirit; he has frequently used several unorthodox methods throughout his career in order to inspire his squads, with mixed success,     while his quips have also made him a popular figure with the media.

Throughout his career, Ranieri has also drawn criticism for over-rotating his squad and modifying his tactics and formations excessively throughout the course of a season, which earned him the nickname "The Tinkerman" in the British media. Although his preferred system is the 4–4–2, he has also been known to use other systems, such as a back-five (either in a 5–3–2 or a 5–4–1 formation), a 4–3–1–2, a 3–4–3 with a false-9, a 3–4–1–2, a 4–3–3, a "Christmas Tree" formation, or even a 4–2–4 on occasion. In the past, he has also been accused of using "old-fashioned" and overly defensive tactical systems by pundits and other managers, and was criticised for his failure to win a major league title, until he captured the Premier League title with Leicester in 2016.

Manager
Cagliari
 * Serie C1: 1988–89
 * Coppa Italia Serie C: 1988–89
 * Serie B promotion: 1989–90, 2022–23

Fiorentina
 * Serie B: 1993–94
 * Coppa Italia: 1995–96
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1996

Valencia
 * Copa del Rey: 1998–99
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2004

Monaco
 * Ligue 2: 2012–13

Leicester City
 * Premier League: 2015–16

Individual
 * Premier League Manager of the Season: 2015–16
 * LMA Manager of the Year: 2015–16
 * LMA Premier League Manager of the Year: 2015–16
 * Premier League Manager of the Month: September 2003, March 2004, November 2015, March 2016, April 2016
 * Enzo Bearzot Award: 2016
 * Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2016
 * Gazzetta Sports Awards Coach of the Year: 2016
 * BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award: 2016
 * IFFHS World's Best Club Coach (Third place): 2016
 * Golden Foot: 2016, as football legend
 * The Best FIFA Men's Coach: 2016
 * World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 2016
 * ACF Fiorentina Hall of Fame: 2022

Orders

 * ITA OMRI 2001 GUff BAR.svg 2nd Class / Grand Officer: Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2016
 * 218px ribbon bar of Italian Technical Merit gold award.svg 1st Class: Palma d'Oro al Merito Tecnico: 2016

title: Claudio Ranieri


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User talk:ChrisDBull

Hi ChrisDBull - just a note to let you know that I moved Portugese water dogs to Portuguese water dogs for spelling reasons...I'd be interested to see a picture of the little creatures :-) jazbell 14:46, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi Chris, I've moved your Portuguese water dogs page now to Portuguese Water Dog to stay uniform with the naming guidelines and match with links from other pages. --DomCleal 21:41, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:ChrisDBull


text:
Paget's disease of bone

Paget's disease of bone (commonly known as Paget's disease or, historically, osteitis deformans) is a condition involving cellular remodeling and deformity of one or more bones. The affected bones show signs of dysregulated bone remodeling at the microscopic level, specifically excessive bone breakdown and subsequent disorganized new bone formation. These structural changes cause the bone to weaken, which may result in deformity, pain, fracture or arthritis of associated joints.

The exact cause is unknown, although leading theories indicate both genetic and acquired factors (see Causes). Paget's disease may affect any one or several bones of the body (most commonly pelvis, tibia, femur, lumbar vertebrae, and skull), but never the entire skeleton, and does not spread from bone to bone. Rarely, a bone affected by Paget's disease can transform into a malignant bone cancer.

As the disease often affects people differently, treatments of Paget's disease can vary. Although there is no cure for Paget's disease, medications (bisphosphonates and calcitonin) can help control the disorder and lessen pain and other symptoms. Medications are often successful in controlling the disorder, especially when started before complications begin.

Paget's disease affects from 1.5 to 8.0 percent of the population, and is most common in those of British descent. It is primarily diagnosed in older people and is rare in people less than 55 years of age. Men are more commonly affected than women (3:2). The disease is named after English surgeon Sir James Paget, who described it in 1877.

Signs and symptoms
Mild or early cases of Paget's are asymptomatic, and so most people are diagnosed with Paget's disease incidentally during medical evaluation for another problem. Approximately 35% of patients with Paget's have symptoms related to the disease when they are first diagnosed. Overall, the most common symptom is bone pain. When symptoms do occur, they may be confused with those of arthritis or other disorders, and so diagnosis may be delayed. Paget's may first be noticed as an increasing deformity of a person's bones.

Paget's disease affecting the skull may cause frontal bossing, increased hat size, and headaches. Often patients may develop loss of hearing in one or both ears due to auditory foramen narrowing and resultant compression of the nerves in the inner ear. Rarely, skull involvement may lead to compression of the nerves that supply the eye, leading to vision loss.

Associated conditions
Paget's disease is a frequent component of multisystem proteinopathy. Advanced Paget's disease may lead to other medical conditions, including:
 * Osteoarthritis may result from changes in bone shape that alter normal skeletal mechanics. For example, bowing of a femur affected by Paget's may distort overall leg alignment, subjecting the knee to abnormal mechanical forces and accelerating degenerative wear.
 * Heart failure is a rare, reported consequence of severe Paget's disease (i.e. more than 40% skeletal involvement). The abnormal bone formation is associated with recruitment of abnormal blood vessels, forcing the cardiovascular system to work harder (pump more blood) to ensure adequate circulation.
 * Kidney stones are somewhat more common in patients with Paget's disease.
 * Nervous system problems may occur in Paget's disease, resulting from increased pressure on the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, and reduced blood flow to the brain and spinal cord.
 * When Paget's disease affects the facial bones, the teeth may become loose. Disturbance in chewing may occur. Chronic dental problems may lead to infection of the jaw bone.
 * Angioid streaks may develop, possibly as a result of calcification of collagen or other pathological deposition.

Paget's disease is not associated with osteoporosis. Although Paget's disease and osteoporosis can occur in the same patient, they are different disorders. Despite their marked differences, several treatments for Paget's disease are also used to treat osteoporosis.

Viral
Paget's disease may be caused by a slow virus infection (i.e., paramyxoviridae) present for many years before symptoms appear. Associated viral infections include respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper virus, and the measles virus. However, recent evidence has cast some doubt upon the measles association. Laboratory contamination may have played a role in past studies linking paramyxovirus (e.g. measles) to Paget's disease.

Genetic
There is a hereditary factor in the development of Paget's disease of bone. Two genes, SQSTM1 and RANK, and specific regions of chromosome 5 and 6 are associated with Paget's disease of bone. Genetic causes may or may not involve a family history of Paget's disease.

About 40–50% of people with the inherited version of Paget's disease have a mutation in the gene SQSTM1, which encodes a protein, called p62, that is involved in regulating the function of osteoclasts (bone cells). However, about 10–15 percent of people that develop the disease without any family history also have a mutation in the SQSTM1 gene.

Paget's disease of bone is associated with mutations in RANK. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κ B (RANK), which is a type I membrane protein that is expressed on the surface of osteoclasts and is involved in their activation upon ligand binding. Additional genetic associations include:

Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of Paget's disease is described in four stages:
 * 1) Osteoclastic activity
 * 2) Mixed osteoclastic – osteoblastic activity
 * 3) Osteoblastic activity
 * 4) Malignant degeneration

Initially, there is a marked increase in the rate of bone resorption in localized areas, caused by large and numerous osteoclasts. These localized areas of pathological destruction of bone tissue (osteolysis) are seen radiologically as an advancing lytic wedge in long bones or the skull. When this occurs in the skull, it is called osteoporosis circumscripta. The osteolysis is followed by a compensatory increase in bone formation induced by the bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts, that are recruited to the area. This is associated with accelerated deposition of lamellar bone in a disorganized fashion. This intense cellular activity produces a chaotic picture of trabecular bone ("mosaic" pattern), rather than the normal linear lamellar pattern. The resorbed bone is replaced and the marrow spaces are filled by an excess of fibrous connective tissue with a marked increase in blood vessels, causing the bone to become hypervascular. The bone hypercellularity may then diminish, leaving a dense "pagetic bone", also known as burned-out Paget's disease. A later phase of the disease is characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow with highly vascular fibrous tissue.

Sir James Paget first suggested the disease was due to an inflammatory process. Some evidence suggests that a paramyxovirus infection is the underlying cause of Paget's disease, which may support the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis. However, no infectious virus has yet been isolated as a causative agent, and other evidence suggests an intrinsic hyperresponsive reaction to vitamin D and RANK ligand is the cause. Further research is therefore necessary.

Diagnosis
The first clinical manifestation of Paget's disease is usually an elevated alkaline phosphatase in the blood. Paget's disease may be diagnosed using one or more of the following tests:
 * Pagetic bone has a characteristic appearance on X-rays. A skeletal survey is therefore indicated.
 * An elevated level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood in combination with normal calcium, phosphate, and aminotransferase levels in an elderly patient are suggestive of Paget's disease.
 * Markers of bone turnover in urine eg. Pyridinoline
 * Elevated levels of serum and urinary hydroxyproline are also found.
 * Bone scans are useful in determining the extent and activity of the condition. If a bone scan suggests Paget's disease, the affected bone(s) should be X-rayed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment
Although initially diagnosed by a primary care physician, endocrinologists (internal medicine physicians who specialize in hormonal and metabolic disorders), rheumatologists (internal medicine physicians who specialize in joint and muscle disorders), orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, neurologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, and otolaryngologists are generally knowledgeable about treating Paget's disease and may be called upon to evaluate specialized symptoms. It can sometimes be difficult to predict whether a person with Paget's disease, who otherwise has no signs or symptoms of the disorder, will develop symptoms or complications (such as a bone fracture) in the future.

Medication
The goal of treatment is to relieve bone pain and prevent the progression of the disease. These medications are usually recommended for people with Paget's disease who:
 * have bone pain, headache, back pain, or a nerve-related symptom (such as "shooting" pains in the leg) that is directly associated with the disease;
 * have elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in their blood;
 * display evidence that a bone fracture will occur;
 * require pretreatment therapy for affected bones that require surgery;
 * have active symptoms in the skull, long bones, or vertebrae (spine);
 * have the disease in bones located next to major joints, placing them at risk of developing osteoarthritis;
 * develop hypercalcemia that occurs when a person, with several bones affected by Paget's disease and a high serum alkaline phosphatase level, is immobilized.

Bisphosphonates
Five bisphosphonates are currently available. In general, the most commonly prescribed are risedronic acid, alendronic acid, and pamidronic acid. Etidronic acid and other bisphosphonates may be appropriate therapies for selected patients but are less commonly used. In one study it was reported that people experienced side effects when taking bisphosphonates for six months, however the quality of evidence was low. None of these drugs should be used by people with severe kidney disease.
 * Neridronate
 * Etidronate disodium The approved regimen is once daily for six months; a higher dose is more commonly used. No food, beverage, or medications should be consumed for two hours before and after taking. The course should not exceed six months, but repeat courses can be given after rest periods, preferably of three to six months duration.
 * Pamidronate disodium in intravenous form: the approved regimen uses an infusion over four hours on each of three consecutive days, but a more commonly used regimen is over two to four hours for two or more consecutive or nonconsecutive days.
 * Alendronate sodium is given as tablets once daily for six months; patients should wait at least 30 minutes after taking before eating any food, drinking anything other than tap water, taking any medication, or lying down (patient may sit).
 * Tiludronate disodium is taken once daily for three months; they may be taken any time of day, as long as there is a period of two hours before and after resuming food, beverages, and medications.
 * Risedronate sodium tablet taken once daily for 2 months is the prescribed regimen; patients should wait at least 30 minutes after taking before eating any food, drinking anything other than tap water, taking any medication, or lying down (patient may sit).
 * Zoledronic acid is given as an intravenous infusion; a single dose is effective for two years. This is recommended for most people at high risk with active disease.

Calcitonin
Salcatonin, also called calcitonin-salmon is a synthetic copy of a polypeptide hormone secreted by the ultimobranchial gland of salmon. Miacalcin is administered by injection, three times per week or daily, for 6–18 months. Repeat courses can be given after brief rest periods. Miacalcin may be appropriate for certain patients but is seldom used. Calcitonin was putatively linked to increased chance of cancer. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended that calcitonin be used only on a short-term basis for 3 conditions for which it had previously been approved in the European Union: Paget's disease, acute bone loss resulting from sudden immobilization, and hypercalcemia caused by cancer. As a solution for injection or infusion, calcitonin should be administered for no more than 4 weeks to prevent acute bone loss resulting from sudden immobilization, and normally for no more than 3 months to treat Paget's disease, the EMA said. The agency did not specify a time frame for the short-term use of calcitonin for treating hypercalcemia caused by cancer. The EMA based its recommendations on a review of the benefits and risks of calcitonin-containing medicines. Conducted by the agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), the review encompassed available data from the companies that market these drugs, postmarketing safety data, randomized controlled studies, 2 studies of unlicensed oral calcitonin drugs, and experimental cancer studies, among other sources.

In 2014, the FDA noted the risk imbalances in the prescribing information for Miacalcin but declined to label this product with a boxed warning as a causal association was not identified.

A more recent meta-analysis determined that a causal link between calcitonin and cancer is both unlikely and antithetical to known biology, although a weak association was not definitively excluded. The available studies for analysis were inconsistent and nonspecific, with one study noting an increased risk of liver cancer and decreased risk of breast cancer. This was not replicated in any other study.

Additionally, there is question of the overall efficacy of calcitonin-containing nasal sprays. A phase III trial found no difference between placebo and nasal calcitonin sprays on lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis. It did find a significant increase in bone mineral density with oral calcitonin. This result was replicated in another study, but this study found that the bone mineral density increase did not significantly impact fracture risk. However, these studies were only inclusive of osteoporosis.

Surgery
Medical therapy prior to surgery helps to decrease bleeding and other complications. Patients who are having surgery should discuss treatment with their physician. There are generally three major complications of Paget's disease for which surgery may be recommended.
 * Fractures – Surgery may allow fractures to heal in a better position.
 * Severe degenerative arthritis – If disability is severe and medication and physical therapy are no longer helpful, joint replacement of the hips and knees may be considered.
 * Bone deformity – Cutting and realignment of pagetic bone (osteotomy) may help painful weight bearing joints, especially the knees.

Complications resulting from enlargement of the skull or spine may injure the nervous system. However, most neurologic symptoms, even those that are moderately severe, can be treated with medication and do not require neurosurgery.

Diet and exercise
In general, patients with Paget's disease should receive 1000–1500 mg of calcium, adequate sunshine, and at least 400 units of vitamin D daily. This is especially important in patients being treated with bisphosphonates; however, taking oral bisphosphonates should be separated from taking calcium by at least two hours, because the calcium can inhibit the absorption of the bisphosphonate. Patients with a history of kidney stones should discuss calcium and vitamin D intake with their physicians.

Exercise is very important in maintaining skeletal health, avoiding weight gain, and maintaining joint mobility. Since undue stress on affected bones should be avoided, people with Paget's disease of bone should discuss any exercise program with their physicians or physical therapists before beginning.

Prognosis
The disease is progressive and slowly worsens with time, although people may remain minimally symptomatic. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms, but there is no cure. Any bone or bones can be affected, but Paget's disease occurs most frequently in the spine, skull, pelvis, femur, and lower legs. Osteogenic sarcoma, a form of bone cancer, is a rare complication of Paget's disease occurring in less than one percent of those affected. The development of osteosarcoma may be suggested by the sudden onset or worsening pain.

Epidemiology
Paget's disease of bone is the second most common metabolic bone disorder, after osteoporosis. The overall prevalence and severity of Paget's disease are decreasing; the cause for these changes is unclear. Paget's disease is rare in people less than 55 years of age, and the prevalence increases with age. Evidence from studies of autopsy results have demonstrated Paget's disease in about 3 percent of people older than 40 years of age. Paget's disease is more common in males than females. Rates of Paget's disease are about 50 percent higher in men than in women.

About 15 percent of people with Paget's disease also have a family member with the disease. In cases where the disease is familial, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, although not all people that inherit the affected version of the genes will express the disease (incomplete penetrance).

The incidence of Paget's disease varies considerably with geographic location. Paget's predominantly affects people of European descent, whereas people of African, Asian, or Indian descent are less commonly affected. Paget's disease is less common in Switzerland and Scandinavia than in the rest of Western Europe. Paget's disease is uncommon in the native populations of North and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. When an individual from these regions does develop Paget's disease, there is typically some European ancestry present.

History
The condition was initially described by Dr. James Paget. In a paper published in 1877, Paget told of five patients with "a rare disease of bones" which presented with slowly progressive bone deformities in the 4th and 5th decades of age. Strikingly, the first patient was described to have many of the classic complications of the disease, including arthritis related to abnormal bone mechanics, cranial nerve palsies associated with an enlarging skull, and malignant transformation of a tumor of the radius which ultimately proved fatal. Paget's post-mortem autopsy evaluation showed "bones of the vault of this skull were in every part increased to about four times the normal thickness," and microscopic evaluation showed evidence of both bone erosion and abnormal remodeling. Although he incorrectly attributed the findings to a process of chronic inflammation, having ruled out tumor and hypertrophy as alternative etiologies, these prescient observations of a mixed destructive/regenerative process correspond to the modern understanding of the disease.

"Holding, then, the disease to be an inflammation of bones, I would suggest that, for brief reference, and for the present, it may be called, after its most striking character, Osteitis deformans. A better name may be given when more is known of it."

Paget's disease of bone was originally termed osteitis deformans, because it was thought to involve an inflammatory process, which is implied by the suffix -itis. Now, that term is considered technically incorrect, and the preferred term is osteodystrophia deformans.

Society and culture

 * Ludwig van Beethoven is speculated to have had Paget's disease based on autopsy description, and which may have contributed to his well-known deafness.
 * Retired Boston Red Sox center fielder Dom DiMaggio had Paget's disease and served as a member of the board of directors of the Paget Foundation.
 * American retired boxer Red Burman died of Paget's disease in 1996.

title: Paget's disease of bone