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Rømer scale

The Rømer scale (notated as °Rø), also known as Romer or Roemer, is a temperature scale named after the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen Rømer, who developed it for his own use in around 1702. It is based on the freezing point of pure water being 7.5 degrees and the boiling point of water as 60 degrees.

Degree measurements
There is no solid evidence as to why Rømer assigned the value of 7.5 degrees to water's freezing point. One proposed explanation is that Rømer initially intended the 0-degree point of his scale to correspond to the eutectic temperature of ammonium chloride brine, which was the coldest easily-reproducible temperature at the time and had already been used as the lower fiducial point for multiple temperature scales. The boiling point of water was defined as 60 degrees. Rømer then saw that the freezing point of pure water was roughly one eighth of the way (about 7.5 degrees) between these two points, so he redefined the lower fixed point to be the freezing point of water at precisely 7.5 degrees. This did not greatly change the scale but made it easier to calibrate by defining it by reference to pure water. Thus the unit of this scale, a Rømer degree, is $$100 \div 52.5 = \frac{40}{21}$$ of a kelvin or Celsius degree. The symbol is sometimes given as °R, but since that is also sometimes used for the Réaumur and Rankine scales, the other symbol °Rø is to be preferred.

Historical significance
Rømer's scale would have been lost to history if Rømer's notebook, Adverseria, was not found and published in 1910 and letters of correspondence between Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and Herman Boerhaave were not uncovered in 1936. These documents demonstrate the important influence Rømer's work had on Fahrenheit, a young maker and seller of barometers and thermometers.

Fahrenheit visited Rømer in Copenhagen in 1708 and while there, became familiar with Rømer's work with thermometers. Rømer also told Fahrenheit that demand for accurate thermometers was high. The visit ignited a keen interest in Fahrenheit to try to improve thermometers.

By 1713, Fahrenheit was creating his own thermometers with a scale heavily borrowed from Rømer that ranged from 0 to 24 degrees but with each degree divided into quarters. At some point, the quarter degrees became whole degrees and Fahrenheit made other adjustments to Rømer's scale, modifying the freezing point from 7.5 degrees to 8, which, when multiplied by four, correlates to 32 degrees on Fahrenheit's scale The 22.5 degree point would have become 90 degrees, however, Fahrenheit rounded this up to 24 degrees–96 when multiplied by 4–in order to make calculations easier.

After Fahrenheit perfected the crafting of his accurate thermometers, their use became widespread and the Fahrenheit scale is still used today in the United States and a handful of other countries.

title: Rømer scale


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Opium (KMFDM album)

Opium is a demo album by German industrial band KMFDM from 1984, officially released in 2002 by Firstworld. It is one of only two KMFDM studio albums (the other being Nihil) that does not feature cover artwork by pop artist Brute!.

The original 1984 cassette's authenticity has been questioned by fans, which was further complicated by a social media post by former member Raymond Watts, who claimed that Opium was created from scratch in the 1990s. The supposed original version of Opium featured a different tracklisting, and its details were shared by KMFDM initially in 1997.

Release
Sascha Konietzko has claimed that Opium was originally released in a limited run of cassettes and distributed through the Hamburg club scene in 1984. In the early 2000s, the original 8-track tapes were salvaged from a house, after surviving a fire and years of sitting in damp boxes. This had left them in a damaged state. Konietzko further claims that he salvaged what information was still intact on the tapes, and then set about re-creating the tracks. This included reprogramming drums on some tracks with the original sounds, or sounds close to the original.

In a 2007 interview with Outburn Magazine, Konietzko said the Opium remaster "...is going to provide the missing link to 'Where did KMFDM even come from in the first place?'.  If you begin with What Do You Know, Deutschland? you kind of skip the first part."

Despite Konietzko's claims, fan were dubious about the authenticity of the re-release. Musically, it sounded far more advanced than any other material from the era (84–86 or What Do You Know, Deutschland?), and it was conveniently released at a time when Konietzko was trying to write co-founder En Esch out of KMFDM's history. During an online feud between Konietzko and Raymond Watts in 2022, Watts revealed that "contrary to bullshit myth making stories about fires and lost tapes, Opium was recorded in the mid 90s by Bill Rieflin, Konietzko and me." Neither he nor Konietzko have spoken further about the album, so its true origins remain unconfirmed.

Personnel

 * Sascha Konietzko – bass, vocals, guitar, synths, programming
 * Raymond Watts – vocals, programming
 * Ton Geist – additional guitars

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Opium (KMFDM album)


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BPRC

BPRC may refer to:
 * Biomedical Primate Research Centre
 * Byrd Polar Research Center
 * British Powerboat Racing Club

title: BPRC


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Wikipedia:Archived articles for deletion discussions/2004 June 2

Debates for articles deleted June 2,2004

Pula (Romanian swearword)
Dictionary definition that's not even in English! -- Graham :) | Talk 12:14, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * OTOH, a list of swearwords in a given foreign language and explanations of their correct and incorrect usage certainly strikes me as encyclopaedic. (Though I'm not going to attempt to write this one!) - David Gerard 12:34, May 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * That may well be a good idea. We'd also want a list of words that have obscene or offensive overtones or slang meanings.  Smerdis of Tlön 03:47, 23 May 2004 (UTC)
 * But that would be a list, not each individual word having its own article. We don't accept many dictionary definitions in English, so why have one in Rumanian just because it happens to be for a rude word? -- Graham  :) | Talk 16:59, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Pula (Romanian swearword) but keep it as a non-link in Pula disambiguation. - Tεx τ urε 17:04, 24 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Rossami 21:56, 26 May 2004 (UTC)


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User talk:Elf/TempSong

Moved to m:Talk:Web Encyclopedia Song.

title: User talk:Elf/TempSong


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Biomedical Primate Research Centre

The Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) is Europe's largest primate animal testing research centre. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines against deadly diseases. It is located in Rijswijk (South Holland) and employs about 110 people.

The BPRC is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. Before it became an independent foundation on December 7, 1994, it was part of the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research.

The main research areas are Immunobiology, Parasitology, Virology, Ethology and Alternatives for Animal Research. The BPRC houses rhesus macaques and marmosets to be used in biomedical research involving AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, tuberculosis and auto-immune diseases.

In 2002 the Dutch government forbade any further testing on chimpanzees, though it allowed trials already in progress to end. In 2015, BPRC was reported to use about 200 monkeys a year for experiments. Protestors gather regularly in front of the BPRC gates and there are calls in the Dutch parliament to close the centre.

In September 2018, undercover images showed animal abuse at this center leading to questions in the Dutch Parlement.

title: Biomedical Primate Research Centre


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Category:DC Thomson Comics

This category features articles about D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee, Scotland, and supporting characters in DC Thomson strips.

title: Category:DC Thomson Comics


text: User talk:216.68.191.84

title: User talk:216.68.191.84


text: Category:System of a Down albums

title: Category:System of a Down albums


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Thrill Kill

Thrill Kill is a cancelled fighting video game developed by Paradox Development for the PlayStation. Originally intended to be released in 1998, the game's plot involves ten people who all get sent to Hell after dying on Earth and are forced by Marukka, the Goddess of Secrets, to fight to the death for a chance at reincarnation. It was marketed as the first four-player 3D fighting game, as up to four players were able to play at once using the PlayStation Multitap. Each player is given a "kill meter" that increases with each successful attack, which, once filled, executes a gory finishing move called a "Thrill Kill".

Thrill Kill began development as Earth Monster, a sports video game based on the Mesoamerican ballgame in which characters attacked one another as they tried to get a ball into a hoop. As developers were repeatedly pushed by publisher Virgin Interactive to make the game more violent, Earth Monster's concept was scrapped in favor of an adult-oriented, BDSM-themed fighting game. It gained a large following prior to its release for its overtly sexual and gory content, and received one of the first-ever "Adults Only" (AO) ratings from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), also becoming the first game to receive the rating for its violence.

Reviewers of the beta version of Thrill Kill considered it fun but unfinished. The game was scheduled to be published by Virgin Interactive, but Electronic Arts gained the publishing rights the same year and chose not to release the game or sell it to other publishers due to its graphic content. Bootleg versions of the game were nonetheless uploaded to pirating websites and it became especially popular as a ROM. Following its cancellation, Thrill Kill was reskinned to make the 1999 Activision video game Wu-Tang: Shaolin Style, also developed by Paradox, who went on to use Thrill Kill's engine in several of their other games.

Gameplay

The gameplay consists of up to four opponents in a closed 3D room fighting to kill one another one-by-one using gory special moves known as "Thrill Kills". The four attack buttons correspond to each character's arms and legs, while attacks are blocked by standing still or by holding down the guard button. Double tapping in any direction allows players to dash. Each character has four throws, including a "Swap Throw", which causes the player who performs it and the opponent to switch places, and a "Hold Throw", which pins opponents down in front of the character that performs it. Characters can also perform both high and low counter hits.

Instead of the usual life bar, characters have a "kill meter" that increases with each successful attack performed. Whichever character fills this meter first must use a Thrill Kill on one other opponent of their choice, which kills them and removes them from the round. The manner of the kill depends on the button input upon grabbing the other character. The round then repeats without the defeated character, with the character who performed a Thrill Kill in the prior round earning a small boost to their kill meter at the start of the round. This continues until there are two fighters left, and whichever fighter's kill meter fills up first wins, triggering a final, character-specific death animation.

Players can choose from four different modes. "Arcade Mode" puts players through eight stages against computer-controlled opponents, the first six of which are four-player matches, while the latter two are one-on-one battles against the characters Judas and Marukka, respectively. "Versus Mode" allows players to fight with up to three other players or computer-controlled fighters. In order to play with all four players, players required the PlayStation Multitap. "Team Mode" splits players into two teams, with each team sharing a single kill meter. "Training Mode" is a single-player mode which allows players to test individual characters' moves on a computer opponent; performing each move in a character's moveset in this mode unlocks a fifth costume for the character. Stages include Dante's Cage, the Crematorium, Sacrificial Ruins, Chamber of Anguish, the Lavatory, Insane Asylum, Slaughterhouse of Flesh, Sewer of Styx, Sinner's Cell, and Homicide Avenue.

Characters

In the story of Thrill Kill, Marukka decides out of boredom to gather ten people who have been sent to Hell for their sins to fight to the death for a chance at being reincarnated. There are eleven playable characters:
 * Belladonna: A librarian who became a dominatrix and killed both her husband and sister after discovering that they were having an affair. She died after electrocuting herself with a cattle prod. She now uses this prod to fight and has sexually suggestive moves.
 * Cain: An arsonist who got trapped inside a building he set on fire and was burned alive. His attacks have the widest reach in the game and he can also shoot fire out of his backside.
 * Cleetus: A cannibal who sold "homestyle" sausages made from human remains, and died due to a tapeworm infection from one of his victims. He fights using a bloody, detached leg, and can also bite his opponents.
 * Dr. Faustus: A plastic surgeon who killed and purposely disfigured his patients and died from infection after affixing a bear trap to his face. His weapon is a scalpel and he also attacks using his metal mouth.
 * The Imp: A dwarf "leather daddy" with a hatred for tall people, who died after amputating his legs and sticking stilts in them. Unlike the rest of the characters (excluding Judas), The Imp is not revealed to have killed anyone during his time on Earth. He uses his stilts as weapons. Some members of Paradox's team resented Thrill Kill producer Harvard Bonin for attempting to change the game to give it a different ESRB rating, and modeled The Imp after Bonin as a jab at him.
 * Judas: A pair of conjoined twins connected at the torso. It is never explained how Judas ended up in Hell. While one twin acts as the upper half, the other twin acts as the lower half, using their arms to hold them up.
 * Mammoth: A postal employee who "went postal" after getting fired. He resembles a large, skinless gorilla and fights with his fists.
 * Marukka: A demon and the "Goddess of Secrets" who gathers the other fighters to brawl for a chance at being reincarnated. While fighting, she can teleport.
 * Oddball: An FBI behavioral analyst who became a serial killer. He still wears a straitjacket in Hell and cannot use his arms, so he primarily uses kicks and headbutts to attack, and can also use breakdancing to fight.
 * Tormentor: A judge (real name William Whitefield) who would acquit criminals in order to kidnap and torture them later, and was eventually executed for his crimes. His outfit is bondage-themed, and he fights using a heated whip.
 * Violet: A circus contortionist who developed a strong hatred for men after being raped by one who broke into her dressing room, whom she later killed. She died of a spinal cord rupture. She uses her contortion skills to fight opponents.

A twelfth non-player character, The Gimp, inspired by "the gimp" from the 1994 film Pulp Fiction, can be unlocked as an opponent in Training Mode.

Development and cancellation
In the late 1990s, Paradox Development began development on a PlayStation game titled Earth Monster, a fantasy sports game based on the Mesoamerican ballgame where players would control large, muscular Aztec warriors who punched and kicked one another while trying to get a ball into a hoop. The game's publisher, Virgin Interactive, repeatedly encouraged the developers to make the fighting aspect more violent, before eventually deciding to turn the project entirely into a fighting game. Its Aztec aesthetic was soon replaced by one inspired by BDSM and intended by Virgin to cause controversy, which they hoped would help it sell better. Harvard Bonin, the producer assigned to Thrill Kill, showed developers fetish magazines, such as Skin Two, and BDSM DVDs as references for the desired art direction.

Designed as an especially violent, "full-blown adult" fighting game and the first four-player 3D fighting game, Thrill Kill was meant to compare to the similarly violent Mortal Kombat series. Paradox hoped that the game's success would help the studio earn mainstream recognition. The plot of Thrill Kill, based around each of the characters fighting for a chance at resurrection after being sent to Hell, was written by the game's assistant producer, Brian Gomez, and inspired by the musical Cats. Moves were given names such as "Bitch Slap", "Swallow This", "Crotch Crush", and "Miner 69er", and several were designed to resemble sexual acts. According to Bonin, the kill meter system was designed to "promote in-your-face aggression" to contrast Thrill Kill from other fighting games that encouraged players to focus on defending their own character. After E3 1998, where Thrill Kill was nominated as the most popular game presented at the event, it gained a large following due to its gory and sexual nature. It received one of the first "Adults Only" (AO) ratings from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) after it was submitted, and became the first game to receive the rating solely due to violence as opposed to the rating usually being only given to games with strong sexual/pornographic content. As of 2023, only three other games (Manhunt 2, Hatred and an unreleased version of The Punisher) ever received an AO rating solely for extreme, graphic violence. This prompted Virgin and Bonin to try and get developers to tone down the game's content to get it to a "Mature" (M) rating, as an AO rating would prevent it from being sold in many stores.

Thrill Kill was originally set to be released in October 1998. One strategy proposed by Virgin to promote it was to send copies to those opposed to video game violence. In August 1998, the North American operations of Virgin Interactive were acquired by Electronic Arts as part of their purchase of Westwood Studios, which led to EA gaining the publishing rights to Thrill Kill. After evaluating the game, EA's executive board deemed its tone too violent for publication. By this point, according to senior programmer David Ollman, the game was already 99% finished and a sequel had been proposed, the name of which would have either been F.U.B.A.R or S&M. Two weeks after acquiring Virgin, the company discontinued the game and declined offers to sell it to other publishers, including Eidos Interactive. According to Louis Castle, founder of Westwood Studios, "EA...was working hard to overcome the industry stigma of games as a more violent medium than film or TV." Members of Thrill Kill's development team were not directly informed by EA that the game was cancelled and instead found out by reading articles about it on the Internet, according to producer Kevin Mulhall. In later interviews, Paradox employees such as Mulhall and Ollman pointed to EA's connections with United States Senator Joe Lieberman, who was staunchly and vocally opposed to video game violence, as an explanation for EA's decision to cancel the game.

Although it was never made available for retail purchase, bootleg versions of the game were uploaded to pirating websites by its developers, and it became one of the most popular and frequently downloaded ROMs on the Internet. Thrill Kill was later reskinned by Paradox and used to make the 1999 PlayStation fighting game Wu-Tang: Shaolin Style, published by Activision and based on the rap group Wu-Tang Clan. The Thrill Kill engine later became a core technology for Paradox, and was used in two-player form for the 2000 game X-Men: Mutant Academy, its 2001 sequel X-Men: Mutant Academy 2, and the 2000 game Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots Arena.

Reception and legacy
In a review of the beta version of Thrill Kill, Gamers' Republic's Mike Griffin wrote, "[Thrill Kill is] perfect for mindless fun with friends and cold drinks. Mindless, but not brainless. There should be enough depth to the gameplay to satisfy hard-core 3D fighting fans once Paradox has completed its final few months of dedicated beta tweaking." Griffin also stated, "There are a few bugs right now that prevent Thrill Kill from being completely effective." Also reviewing the game's beta version, IGN's Jeff Chen wrote, "The action at this point is somewhat stiff, but it's still early, and if you're looking for blood and guts, this has got more than we'd ever imagined. We can't wait."

In their September 2004 issue, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine cited Thrill Kill as one of the most overrated cancelled games, stating, "It got lots of hype. But it really sucked, too." In 2011, GamePro ranked The Imp fourteenth on a list of "The 50 Best Fighting Game Characters Ever". In 2014, Metro included Thrill Kill on their list of the most offensive games of all time, while Complex named Thrill Kill the seventh most violent video game. IGN named Thrill Kill on their list of the biggest unreleased games.

Steven T. Wright of Variety considered Thrill Kill "perhaps the most notorious unreleased game in the history of the industry", while, in 2012, IGN wrote that it was "perhaps the most famous cancelled game in recent memory". In a 2013 article for The Manitoban, Marc Lagace called the game "a complete disaster, both aesthetically and gameplay-wise" and "perhaps the most controversial game that never was". Writing for Kotaku Australia, Leah Williams wrote, "To look at it now, it all seems a bit naff — but way back in 1998, the content of Thrill Kill was extremely controversial." Den of Geek's Gavin Jasper called Thrill Kill, Tattoo Assassins, and Primal Rage 2 the "holy trinity of almost-to-completely-finished fighting games that didn't get released".

title: Thrill Kill


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East Humboldt Range

The East Humboldt Range is a mountain range in Elko County, Nevada, United States. It is located along the eastern edge of the upper watershed of the Humboldt River, which flows to the southwest from its source just north of the range. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11306 ft atop Hole in the Mountain Peak. Most of the range is included within the Ruby Mountains Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. In 1989, the United States Congress passed the Nevada Wilderness Protection Act establishing over 36000 acre of the range as the East Humboldt Wilderness. The range takes its name from the Humboldt River. The name ultimately is derived from the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.

The East Humboldts run north-to-south for approximately 30 mi. To the north are Interstate 80 and the community of Wells, while to the south are Secret Pass, the larger Ruby Range, and Ruby Valley. To the east are Clover Valley and U.S. Route 93, and to the west are Starr Valley and Dennis Flats.

These mountains were formed by a tilted fault-block process, with gradual slopes and valleys to the west and a steep escarpment to the east. Both sides of the range show extensive evidence of glaciation during recent ice ages, including U-shaped canyons, moraines, and steeply carved granite mountains, cliffs, and cirques. All of these features can be seen from the 12 mi paved road from Wells to scenic Angel Lake.

The range begins with a dramatic rise from a point near the source of the Humboldt River and the community of Wells, at an elevation of 5650 ft, to the summit of Greys Peak at 10674 ft. From there, the range continues south for nearly 10 mi as a high crest, staying mostly above 10000 ft. The center section of this crest includes the range high point, Hole in the Mountain Peak. The southernmost high summit of the range is Humboldt Peak (11020 ft), after which the main crest begins a gradual descent, forming the northeastern slopes of Secret Pass and the eastern side of North Ruby Valley.

The range includes many glacial tarns, including Angel Lake, Smith Lake, Greys Lake, and Winchell Lake to the north, and Lizzie's Basin, Boulder Lakes, and Steele Lake in the central section.

Hiking trails run from Secret Pass up the western side of the range all the way around to Angel Lake, from Angel Lake to nearby Smith Lake, and from a trailhead near Angel Lake down the east side of the range to Winchell Lake and Lizzie's Basin. Public access is principally found at Angel Lake, a trailhead at the west end of Secret Pass, and via a primitive road at Weeks Canyon/Lizzie's Basin.

title: East Humboldt Range


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Talk:Loch

Is loch English?
Is the word loch English? Or Scots? Or what? When is its use appropriate in the English language version of Wikipedia? Eg Loch Ness seems appropriate because it is a formal title, but I am not sure about Loch Ness is a loch. Should it be Loch Ness is a lake? Laurel Bush 10:11, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say it's Scottish Standard English, therefore suitable for any article about a Scottish subject, just as one would use American English for a US article. Grinner 10:57, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure what you mean in terms of what language it is. The word itself is Gaelic, but is used by all Scots whether speaking Gaelic, Scots or English, and is used by everybody in names of lochs, places etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.175.71.145 (talk) 23:30, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

loch vs lough in pre-independance Eire
Out of interest, before the republic became independent, which spelling did maps reflect? Were they always spelled lough, or is the ubiquitous use of lough in the south an artifact of post-independance "irishification"? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:12, 2 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I believe in Ireland a nearby loch or lough is often called 'the lake'. 'The loch' is more common in Scotland. Laurel Bush 15:43, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC).

Sea loch, fjord and firth
From the article: "... it is also used for the many fjords on the western and northern coasts ... sea lochs should not be confused with firths, found mainly on the east coast of Scotland ..."
 * I believe the word firth is closely related to fjord: its origin is Norse rather than Gaelic. The Cromarty Firth and the Beauly Firth look to me very much like sea lochs. Laurel Bush.

Article rewrite?
I am about to try a little rewrite of the article for the following reasons: Laurel Bush 12:16, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC).
 * Loch includes Sea loch but this is not immediately clear in the article itself.
 * The article should be primarily about loch and lough in English but effectively it confuses English with Scots and Hiberno-English.
 * The article uses firth as a link while being quite inconsistent with Firth as an article.

OK. Ive done the rewrite and Im thinking now that Lough should be a separate article. The word is difficult to treat as simply an Anglicised spelling of loch. Laurel Bush 16:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC).

Loch and Lough
See Talk:Lough.

I've just edited the page on lochs after using Google Earth: I was surprised to find that the inlets immediately around Pearl Harbour are named as lochs.

"English administration in Ireland"
When the spelling lough was introduced to Ireland the administration might have been English-speaking, but is it correct to describe it as just English, rather than, say, British or UK? Laurel Bush 28 June 2005 10:12 (UTC).

I came to this article trying to find an exact definition of the word "loch". Specifically, I wanted to find out if the word only referred to inlets of the sea (and would thus be marine), or if it could be used for bodies of water fed exclusively by runoff or rivers, which would make for a freshwater environment. In addition, is there a minimum or maximum size or depth, or a defining characteristic of the coastline which serves to set apart a loch from a lake?

Merge
This really should be merged with lough as there is no difference in physical characteristics or usage, except an national spelling difference. Is there even a pronounciation difference? We don't need two articles to describe the exact same thing. Rmhermen 15:58, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "We don't need two articles to describe the exact same thing." - plenty of these on Wikipedia. I favour the spelling "loch" as it is used in both Scotland and Ireland, although the "lough" spelling is more common in Irish English. --MacRusgail 20:03, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * So lough is an English spelling: didna ken that, aye thought it was kinda Irish. Anyway, given the different locations and associations two articles seems best, but if enough people are desperate to merge then it should be into this, as the source name. Odds 68 to 23 + 18 = 31 in favour of Loch from the lists by my count, though the Loch list is obviously incomplete  .. dave souza, talk 00:44, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Usage differs. Lake district and estuary bed are often prefered over lough district and lough bed, but not over loch district and loch bed. Simpler, to my mind, to keep the two articles separate. Laurel Bush 10:18, 23 June 2006 (UTC).
 * Agreed generally, but hard to imagine a "loch district" - it'd be the whole of Scotland! Nearest I can think of is the Trossachs. ..dave souza, talk 10:33, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Lough is nothing more than a piece of anglicised gobledegook. The only proper version is the original Irish and Scottish Gaelic loch. Lough should of course be mentioned in the merged article but only briefly. I think we are spending far too much time on this. Precedence should be given to loch, I think. An Muimhneach Machnamhach 14:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

note from a newbie - I got here by looking up loch - I doubt many people would find this by way of lough - in the intrest of user friendliness I would suggest merging under the article name loch, and leave the entry lough with the comment :'see loch '

Sorry. I cant see newbie's note above as in anyway a reason for the proposed merger. Perhaps it needs some elaboration? Laurel Bush 09:34, 4 September 2006 (UTC).

You may merge it, but use the word Loch...

Just delete "Lough" is my current thinking. Is there there a single lough which is refered to as such, with "l" lower case? Strangford, perhaps. Laurel Bush 13:36, 11 September 2006 (UTC).

Maybe I am about ready to see "Lough" as a redirect to "Loch". Laurel Bush 09:49, 15 September 2006 (UTC).

 * Since it is the English WP, then Loch should redirect to Lough, which is the English version of the the Old Irish word Loch.

No. Loch is in long established use in English, for a class of entities (enlosed or semi-enclosed bodies of water) in Scotland. Lough is a name element, appearing in the names of bodies of water which are known, more generally, as lakes, sea inlets, an so on. Laurel Bush 14:35, 25 September 2006 (UTC).

 * I agree with Laurel, newbie, and 'An Muimhneach Machnamhach'. Loch definitely should not redirect to or be merged with lough. The Gaelic 'Loch' has been naturalised into English with a specific context, just as have thousands of other words, e.g. ukase, kindergarten, tortilla, stoop, crêpe.  'Lough' was/is a Chaucer-era anglicisation of 'loch', later imported into Ireland by the English invaders and now used affectedly or by people (like me til about five minutes ago) who think it's the Irish Gaelic spelling.

 * If anything, 'lough' should be made a footnote in this entry, since the standard words today are loch and lake. Katzenjammer 17:45, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Really, I think Loch and Lough are on a par with each other. They really are for wikidictionary. 86.42.141.109 22:18, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If loch is 'for Wikidictionary', then so is firth. Laurel Bush 09:10, 30 September 2006 (UTC).

Pronunciation of Loch
Shouldn't it be added that loch should be pronunced with a kind of gargling ch-sound, and not a k-sound? I have heard many english/american people saying "Lock Ness" and "Lock Lomond". I guess thath is wrong, isn't it? Th31 (talk) 20:08, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The issue is covered under loch, but it's a good point and perhaps should be explained at the start of the lead section. . . dave souza, talk 20:42, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Added a wee bit at the start about the voiceless velar fricative (the gargling ch sound XD). Hanii (talk) 20:01, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Should the incorrect pronunciation really be listed as an alternative one? Pronouncing loch as 'lock' as opposed to the correct way is not so much an 'or' option as a wrong one. Would other articles have mispronounced foreign efforts listed as alternatives? Andrew —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.175.71.145 (talk) 23:38, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed, it's incorrect.-MacRusgail (talk) 20:07, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

The current IPA pronounciation help is a tautology: "Loch as in 'lie', 'body', 'loch'". Better change it to "the sound of snoring" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1205:C699:77D0:B918:2FEC:E55A:2077 (talk) 01:44, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

German
I think it should be at least mentioned that the German word Loch is pronounced the same way and means hole. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.9.170.64 (talk) 07:30, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Incorrect Meaning
The article is flawed! A loch has a specific geological provenance; it is created by the terminal moraine from a glacier. It is for this reason that they are more prominent in Scotland, than England, which also separates them definably from a 'lake' that has no link to glaciation. The two are quite different. See the page on Ribbon lake for an expansion on how a loch is formed, although admittedly the language here is ambiguous, given that a Ribbon lake is described as a 'lake'. Simply put, if it is in Scotland and termed a loch, then it is the remnants of glaciation that has caused the feature to exist.MrReepicheep (talk) 01:50, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * So what about SEA Lochs?85.158.138.21 (talk) 10:29, 11 October 2013 (UTC)Lance Tyrell

Merge with Lough
These two article both discuss the same idea with no consistent language, location or physical differences. No need to split the subject up. Rmhermen (talk) 16:41, 7 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. Merge. There should be a sentence, paragraph or section detailing the differences in pronunciation and distribution between the mainly Scottish loch and mainly Irish lough, but to me the two words describe the same geographical features. --Wavehunter (talk) 18:37, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Merge. Seeing both "loch" and "lough" in the list of bodies of water was confusing and misleading, at least to me. DoorsAjar (talk) 10:29, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect lough to this article. "Loch" is the spelling of the word in both Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It's also the most common spelling of the word in English. "Lough" is usually only found in Ireland as part of englished placenames (for example, Lough Erne comes from the Irish Loch Éirne). ~Asarlaí 13:07, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Merge. Eric   Corbett  18:56, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Welsh Llwch
Can anyone suggest to me where I can find a source that states that Welsh llwch isn't the original derivation? Reading Insular Celtic languages, it seems that Insular Celtic was a common language area. I can't find a source that places llwch or loch before or after one another though. Felis Read   (talk) 13:03, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * It seems, via this link that Old Breton is given as loch, and Breton as loc'h.

 * Breton derives from the Southwestern Brittonic languages, including Cornish, where there was some overlap with the Goidelic languages within the Insular Celtic language area.

 * Yet the Manx, that is also Goidelic, is given as logh. Was this an Anglicisation?

 * All that, however, doesn't seem to answer the question of whether loch or llwch is the original derivation.

 * Luch is given as Old Welsh, preceding llwch.

 * But I am hesitant to say where the reconstruction starts, and what theories the reconstruction is on the basis of. For instance, the question may be, what comes first? The Old Irish or the Old Welsh? Loch, or Luch?  Felis Read   (talk) 13:42, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I suppose another interesting question, if that is not answerable, is: did the Anglicisation of Crag Lough, and the like, in Northumberland (in modern day England, as well as other loughs in England) of the Old Welsh/Middle Welsh happen before or after the Anglicisation of the Old Irish loch in Ireland.  Felis Read   (talk) 14:32, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Or, and I presume this to be less probable, were these areas once the home of a Gaelic speaking population? Slight possibility because I understand the Scottish Kings once had a claim to the area.  Felis Read   (talk) 16:32, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

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Syntactic methods

In software engineering, syntactic methods are techniques for developing correct software programs. The techniques attempt to detect, and thus prevent, certain kinds of defects (bugs) by examining the structure of the code being produced at its syntactic rather than semantic level.

Usage
Syntactic methods are often used when formal methods are not an option, and are often a simpler and, more importantly, cheaper alternative. In non-mission-critical systems, formal methods may prove to be too expensive for the benefit they provide. The costs of modelling, personnel, execution and development may often outweigh the benefits gained by preventing possible failures. This approach revolves around the use of an abstract dependency graph which is created from the system in question. An abstract dependency graph is a directed graph, a graph of vertices connected by one-way edges. Most often, the vertices and edges of the graph represent the inputs and outputs of functions in or components of the system. By inspecting the created abstract dependency graph, the developer can detect syntactic anomalies (or Preece anomalies) in the system. While anomalies are not always defects, they often provide clues to finding defects in a system. Therefore, the anomalies in a system help point the developer in the right direction in finding defects.

Anomalies
There are four main types of anomaly:

 * Redundancies – A chunk of the graph is redundant if its terminals can be reached if the chunk is removed from the graph
 * Conflicts – A system contains conflicts if the same inputs can imply different outputs
 * Circularities – A loop in the graph indicates a circularity in the system
 * Deficiencies – A chunk is deficient if a subset of inputs leads to no terminals

While anomalies often point to defects, they can just as easily reflect normal intended functionality in the system. It is up to the developer to look into anomalies in order to determine whether they are clues to problems or simply false alarms.

By creating a visual directed graph of a system, there are several obvious visual flags that indicate the above anomalies:

 * a sub-graph with no input is probably missing something important;
 * while looking at the transitive closure of a system (all nodes downstream from a node), a node in its own transitive closure indicates a circularity;
 * while looking at the transitive closure of a system, subsumption between pairs of rows indicates redundancy;
 * conflicts are somewhat more difficult as they become more semantic than syntactic.

When formal methods prove too costly, a system can be checked solely on its syntax. This is not as thorough, as it only looks at a system on a surface level. However, it does give a developer many clues as to where a system's defects may lie.

General references

 * "Syntactic theory of software architecture." Dean, Thomas R., Cordy, James R. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 21 (4), pp. 302–313 (1995)
 * "Syntactic type abstraction" Grossman, D., Morrisett, G., Zdancewic, S. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 22 (6), pp. 1037–1080
 * "A new algorithm for slicing unstructured programs." Harman, M., Danicic, S. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution 10 (6), pp. 415–441
 * "Reverse engineering of embedded software using syntactic pattern recognition" Fournigault, M., Liardet, P.-Y., Teglia, Y. Trémeau, A. Robert-Inacio, F.Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) Volume 4277 LNCS - I, 2006, Pages 527–536.  (2006)

title: Syntactic methods


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Talk:Mars Pathfinder

Intro
I think the introduction to this article should be revised to state up front what the Pathfinder actually is. I'm working on cleaning up the Pathfinder disambiguation page, which currently says this is a "NASA exploration probe", and I checked the article to verify that was an accurate description, but the intro is just telling me about the launch of this thing and not whether or not it actually is a NASA exploration probe; maybe it's actually a big sack of M&M's strapped to a rocket for all I know. (But I guess I'll assume for now that it is indeed a NASA exploration probe.) Propaniac (talk) 15:13, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Complete agreement! I came to the discussion section to make the same statement, and find that Propaniac made this statement five months ago. I have only a vague idea what Pathfinder is after reading the introductory paragraph. Ronstew (talk) 21:38, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Two questions

 * What gas was actually in the airbags ? (presumably something inert)
 * What was the actual reason for the probe's eventual failure ? All it says at the moment is they stopped receiving communications.
 * The Yeti (talk) 14:24, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Possible COI
A close relative of mine worked as a research scientist on Mars Pathfinder, and I'm interested in both contributing to the main article here and creating new pages for the scientific equipment aboard Pathfinder's lander and the Sojourner rover. As I'm new to Wikipedia, I feel I should ask whether it would be a conflict of interest for me to do so. May I ask what this group thinks? -- Darmokandjalad (talk) 22:23, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The folks at the COI discussion board said I should be good to go provided I behave myself, so I'm going to start editing this article and drafting articles about the science results. You can check out a draft of the first of these here. Feedback welcome. Darmokandjalad (talk) 10:14, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Place in Popular Culture
I think it might be worth merging some of the material about Pathfinder's place in popular culture into a new section. To that section, I'd like to discuss how the mission's landing was televised, as well as how it was (I believe) the first NASA mission to provide image and data results from the mission on the Internet in near real-time. I remember fondly being fascinated by our new-found ability to examine professional data using the then-new-fangled Information Superhighway, and impressed by the statistic that the Pathfinder mission website became the single-most visited site to-date when the spacecraft arrived on Mars. -- Darmokandjalad (talk) 03:31, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Results of Mission Experiments
I am attempting to expand coverage of the results of Pathfinder's assorted experiments, starting with an article discussing the outcome of the Materials Adherence Experiment. I've submitted a draft to the AfC project, but I'm wondering if an editor with an interest in Pathfinder might care to take a look? -- Darmokandjalad (talk) 20:37, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

On-board computer reset
I can't find any sources confirming a computer reset on the 5th July 1997. Are we sure that it happened ? The earliest "computer reset" I could find was dated on the 10th July but sadly, most sources don't even mention specific dates. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Helional (talk • contribs) 09:10, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

No Specification Design
Couldn't find mass of lander (inc airbags) - or size of airbags. Could add a Design section, like other articles ? - Rod57 (talk) 21:09, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

End of mission details
End of mission says "onboard battery" is this onboard the lander or the rover ? Presumably the lander. Battery failure led to comms failure - was it a transmitter failure (no signal seen at Earth) or a receiver failure (ignoring commands from earth) ? Was battery or anything else degrading on lander before comms lost ? Lander was doing a panorama survey when comms was lost. What was rover programmed to do if it had no more commands from Earth ? - Rod57 (talk) 12:41, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

Could describe "automated obstacle avoidance"
"obstacle" in lead is "hazard" later in article. The D.Stone ref (here in Talk) has lots of detail on how the rover senses obstacles/hazards (stopping every wheel rotation to project beams to observe) to avoid them and and follow its navigation commands. Could mention here with detail in sojourner (rover) - Rod57 (talk) 13:47, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

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Hitman (DC Comics)

Hitman (Tommy Monaghan) is a character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Garth Ennis and John McCrea and first appeared in The Demon Annual #2 before receiving his own series by Ennis and McCrea that ran for 61 issues.

Background
Hitman chronicles the exploits of Tommy Monaghan, an ex-Marine Gulf War veteran turned contract killer from the Cauldron, a lower-class Irish district of Gotham City. He first appears in The Demon Annual #2 (part of the "Bloodlines" crossover in the summer of 1993), when he is attacked and bitten by a Bloodlines parasite called Glonth. Instead of dying, the bite unexpectedly triggers his metagene and grants him x-ray vision and moderate telepathy. A side effect is that his corneas and irises are solid black, indistinguishable from his pupils; the sight managed to unnerve Batman when he first saw them. The inherited powers later come with limits, and Monaghan uses them selectively, both because of the difficulty of concentrating during an explosive firefight and the side effects of their extended use (which includes anything between a headache and a minor illness).

After gaining these powers, Monaghan decides to specialize in killing metahumans and supernatural threats, targets typically shunned by conventional contract killers as too dangerous or too expensive. Despite his powers, Monaghan relies most on his creativity, improvisational abilities, and impressive gunfighting skills to take down a majority of his targets. This specialty line of work gives him an edge over his competition, but also leads him to encountering a number of eclectic characters including demons, zombies, dinosaurs, gods, superheroes and supervillains, as well as more conventional, realistic characters such as CIA agents, the SAS and the Mafia.

The series is firmly entrenched in the DC Universe. Batman, the Joker, Green Lantern, Catwoman, Etrigan, and Superman all guest star at various points, and joking references are frequently made to then-current DC happenings (such as the long-haired Superman). The series also crossed over with many DC events, including Final Night, One Million, and No Man's Land. Monaghan also teamed with Lobo and has made a few appearances outside the series.

Although the character adopts the moniker "Hitman" in his first appearance, the name is never used in his own series; the rest of the time, he is referred to by his given name (although he was sometimes called "Hitman" in guest appearances).

Characters

 * Tommy Monaghan: Tommy Monaghan is a hitman from "The Cauldron", the Irish section of Gotham City. He received telepathy and X-ray vision after being bitten by an alien from Bloodlines, something which he generally tries to keep secret. With or without the powers, he is as good as any hitman in Gotham. He was raised in Saint Killian's orphanage by Sister Concepta, spending much of his childhood with Pat Noonan and Pat's uncle, Sean. He first saw a gun when a bully pulled one on him after a fight; he survived after he stared the bully down. Tommy intended to go to Gotham University with Pat in 1989 and the two tried to buy pot off a local thug to resell it at university – when the dealer tried to threaten Pat for more money, Tommy shot him. In order for Sean to convince the dealer's cousins not to retaliate, Tommy had to leave Gotham and he joined the United States Marine Corps. There he met and befriended Natt (and killed his second victims, two Marines trying to assault Natt). They went to the Gulf War together, and inadvertently killed some British SAS soldiers one night in a "friendly fire" incident they never reported. After the war, he returned to Gotham and became a professional hitman. He always wears sunglasses to hide his all-black eyes – another side effect of Bloodlines. He is unable to cry with these eyes.
 * Natt the Hat: Natt "the Hat" Walls is Tommy's partner. Growing up in Detroit, he joined the Marines to get away from the gangs. There he met and befriended Tommy. They went to the Gulf War together, and inadvertently killed some British SAS soldiers one night in a "friendly fire" incident they never reported. After the war, he tried to return to his gang, but a policeman saved his life and the gang suspected treachery. Natt fled, settling into Gotham with Tommy. Natt promised his dying mother that he would no longer curse, as "the air used to turn blue around" him. He starts swearing again around issue #23, due to the current situation. The series uses the term "mothaloving" in place of more realistic swearing.
 * Sean Noonan: Sean Noonan is Tommy's father figure. Sean raised his nephew Pat, Tommy's best friend since youth. Sean was at one time a hitman of some reputation in the city. When he was seven, Sean fled an abusive father and accidentally got stuck on HMS Jervis Bay; inspired by the courage and sacrifice of the British sailors, he went back to save his mother. Years later, he joined the Marines and fought in Korea, where he saw every man in his platoon die. He came to Gotham, got a job tending bar, and eventually won the bar in a poker game. "Noonan's Sleazy Bar" became the resident hang out for local hitmen: "Sleazy Bar" was originally graffiti put up by Pat and Tommy in 1979, which Sean intended to paint over for ten years before giving up. Around that time, he saved a young police officer named Connolly from two robbers. In such ways, he collected many favors over the years. He wanted "The Old Dog" put on his tombstone; after his death in 2000, Tommy instead put "Beloved Father".
 * Ringo Chen: is the other best hitman in town and even more cold-blooded than Tommy (though nobody is sure who is deadlier). There is always tension between the two, as everybody expects they will square off one day. Despite this, he and Tommy get to be close. Ringo grew up in an extremely poor village in China, but never went hungry because his parents would often go without food instead; in order to tend to them once he grew up, he joined the People's Liberation Army. When he refused to shoot protestors in Tiananmen Square, he was imprisoned, tortured – and his parents were murdered. He escaped, killed his commanders and fled to New York, where he became a hitman, initially for his cousin, later freelance. Ringo believes that he met Death once, after a hit. Ringo was inspired by Chow Yun Fat's gun wielding characters in movies directed by John Woo.
 * Deborah Tiegel: Deborah Tiegel is Tommy's love interest for most of the series. An officer in the Gotham Police Department, she eventually is thrown off the force for not participating in widespread corruption. She lives with her senile grandfather and her mother – with her grandfather implied to be an ex-Nazi, which everyone ignores. She is always referred to as the only truly good person in Tommy's life, and often breaks up with him because he kills people for a living. She is an exceptional marksman, and often provides sniper cover for the heroes amid large firefights.
 * Hacken: Hacken hangs out at Noonan's as much as anybody (including Sean) and joins in with the killer talk, but does not seem to be a professional; they mostly just make fun of him. At one point, he refers to himself and Ringo as partners, "just like Tommy and Natt", and Ringo doesn't have the heart to dissuade him. Early on in the series, having become involved in a zombie battle at the Gotham Aquarium, Hacken cuts off his own zombie bitten hand – only to shortly thereafter discover the bite would not in fact have killed him. Hacken wanted to help Tommy and Natt in their final battle but was knocked unconscious by Tommy, so that he'd survive. JLA/Hitman and #50 show that he continues to stay at Noonan's until his old age, and fifty years after Tommy's death he tells some Gotham Uni students the truth about his friends. Hacken is later seen trying to assist Superman with alien difficulty in Metropolis. He had also made friends with long-time Superman fan Bibbo Bibbowski Hacken is later seen trying to improve his mind by joining a book club. He also keeps an eye out for Six Pac, who has returned to chaos of Noonan's Bar. This is being run by Baytor, a demon from Hell.
 * Pat Noonan is Sean's nephew, and Tommy's best friend since childhood. The first time Tommy killed somebody was to save Pat's life. When the series begins, he is Tommy's weapon supplier. He makes fun of Hacken more than anybody else does, and the bar patrons (especially Hacken) regard him as a loudmouth. When Natt arrives, Pat grows more insecure about his friendship with Tommy. To everyone's surprise, he dies rather than talk when Johnny Navarone tortures him for information – a grief-stricken Tommy tells him he wishes Pat had talked.
 * Sixpack is a short drunk who thinks he is a superhero. He often has drunken delusions of team-ups with Batman and other heroes. He occasionally leads his superhero team, Section 8. He ends up becoming a real hero, sacrificing himself to save the city from demons. The regulars at Noonan's build a statue to him in a local park.
 * Sister Concepta is a nun who works at Saint Killian's. She took a special interest in Tommy growing up, partly because she had a romantic relationship with Sean Noonan.
 * Wendy is the first woman Tommy dates in the series. She believes descriptions of his life are humorous jokes, and she dumps him as soon as she finds out they are not. She returns to the series sporadically.
 * Baytor is the Lord of Insanity in Hell, until Etrigan steals his crown. He escapes Hell, and becomes the bartender at Noonan's. With rare exceptions, he says only "I am Baytor!" – he says his only normal words in #60 ("goodbye boys"), after Tommy and Natt go to their deaths and when nobody can hear him. He has the ability to project a liquid onto enemies, which dries. The enemies then shatter. He continues to tend Noonan's for at least fifty years.
 * Maggie Lorenzo is a poor local woman who first meets Tommy when her son goes missing. Eventually, she turns to Tommy whenever she has a problem. In the final story, she is marked for death by the CIA after seeing something she shouldn't have.
 * Kathryn McAllister is Tommy's last love interest in the series. A CIA agent modeled after Dana Scully from The X-Files, she first shows up in a one-page gag in "Local Heroes" (in which she manipulates Green Lantern, as ordered by Agent Truman). In Closing Time, the final arc of the series, McAllister has left Truman's employ and enlists Tommy and Natt to take Truman down.
 * In Ennis' Marvel Max run on the Punisher, he has a CIA agent named Kathryn O'Brien with the same personality and appearance as McAllister: #5 says she was in jail before the CIA rehired her, #21 says she used to have the surname "McAllister", and in #40 she refers to "that stupid bastard Tommy" as the sort of "truly, irrevocably doomed" man she falls for. It is likely they are intended to be the same character.
 * Etrigan the Demon initially met Tommy immediately following the Bloodlines parasite attack that grants Tommy's powers, participating in the incident in which Joe Dubelz was killed. It later hired Tommy to kill a rival demon, then refused to pay him. After this betrayal, Tommy teamed up with Jason Blood to steal The Demon's heart. The final time it met Tommy (and the only time within the actual Hitman comic book; the other three incidents took place in the comic book The Demon, also written by Ennis and drawn by McCrea), it provided Tommy with a gun that can kill the demon Mawzir in exchange for Tommy recovering Etrigan's stolen heart.

Villains

 * Moe Dubelz is one half of a pair of conjoined twins who share a body. His brother Joe is killed by Tommy, and he swears revenge. The brothers control one of Gotham's major mobs.
 * The Mawzir is a demon from Hell who attempts to enlist Tommy's services for its masters, the Lords of the Gun (also called the Arkannone). The Mawzir is formed from the souls of five dead Nazis who were executed by the Russians towards the end of the Second World War.
 * Night Fist is a Gotham City vigilante who uses oversized fists as weapons. He also steals criminal's drugs for his own use and profit.
 * Johnny Navarone is the best assassin in the world; he travels the world killing only the best local killers. Moe Dubelz hires him to kill Tommy. Later, his son, who is an even better marksman, is hired by Truman to kill Tommy.
 * Agent Truman is a CIA agent who is jealous of superhumans. He attempts to hire Tommy as an agent to rein in and possibly kill heroes, and later funds experiments trying to recreate the effects of Bloodlines.
 * Doctor Jackson from the Injun Peak Facility always hires Tommy and Natt to clean up his messes when various experiments his scientists are performing escape go wrong.
 * "Men's Room Louie" Feretti is one of the main mob bosses in Gotham. He is so named because, due to a medical condition, he requires constant toilet use, from where he conducts all business. Eventually, Tommy is falsely blamed for his death, and various other Ferettis try to take revenge.

The series
Hitman first appeared during Garth Ennis's run on The Demon during the "Bloodlines" crossover, and subsequently appeared in two further arcs before the series was cancelled. After making a brief appearance in a Batman comic, he got his own self-titled series.

Hitman was first published as a 60-issue comic book series with one annual, one DC One Million tie-in issue, one crossover with Lobo and one appearance in Sovereign Seven #26. Issues were more or less published monthly and most were 22 pages.

Several collections were published in trade paperback, but the second half of the series had initially never been collected. What collections that had been published were left to go out-of-print over the years. In July 2009 DC began reprinting the trades, from the beginning, with some variation.

The character was due to make an appearance in an arc of JLA Classified, and Ennis had this to say about it:

"I miss Hitman a lot. Preacher finished when it was supposed to, so there are no regrets with it—but Hitman could have gone on a lot longer. John McCrea and I are actually doing four issues of JLA Classified, featuring what is effectively the 'lost' Hitman story, the one that we never had space for in the monthly. Writing Tommy and the boys again was sheer joy'."

Because of the backlog of other stories for the series, DC decided to release the story as a two issue miniseries titled JLA/Hitman.

Trades
Starting in 2009, the entire Hitman series is being reprinted or collected for the first time in seven volumes.

Vol. 1: Hitman
 * In "Hitman" (The Demon Annual #2), a hitman named Tommy Monaghan is bitten by Glonth, an alien (from Bloodlines), and gets superhuman powers. He teams up with Etrigan the Demon to fight Glonth and kills Joe Dubelz, a mob boss whose Siamese twin brother Moe puts a price on Tommy's head. The issue also introduces Pat, Sean, and Noonan's Sleazy Bar.
 * In "Hitman" (Batman Chronicles #4), Tommy takes a hit on a walking biological agent named Thrax who escaped into Gotham, and a "tenth-rate assassin" named Martin Eckstein attempts to earn the Dubelz reward. Eckstein, captured by Batman, reveals that Tommy is going to kill the Joker in Arkham Asylum.
 * In "A Rage in Arkham" (issues #1–3), Tommy begins a relationship with a woman named Wendy. He tells her that he is a killer, but she believes it is all an elaborate joke. Tommy enters Arkham by use of stun grenades on several police. Tommy, Batman, Detective Tiegel and the real Joker have multiple encounters; it is all because of the demonic Arkanonne, the Lords of Gunfire, and their agent, the Mawzir, who want Tommy to work for them.

Vol. 2: 10,000 Bullets
 * "10,000 Bullets" (#4-7) begins with Moe Dubelz hiring Johnny Navarone to kill Tommy. Navarone hires Tommy (and Natt, newly arrived in Gotham) for a hit and then injures them in an ambush. Tommy makes Natt take him to Wendy's and calls Sean to perform medical services. As soon as Tommy is healthy, she throws them out and dumps him. They go home to find Pat dying, tortured by Navarone for information. Tommy and Nat kill Dubelz, his men and Navarone.
 * In "The Night the Lights Went Out" (#8), a crossover with The Final Night, Tommy, Natt, Sean, Hacken and Ringo sit in Noonan's and recount stories of the closest each has come to death. Ringo specifically tells about the time (he believes) he met Death.
 * In 2010, this trade was reprinted with an additional story: In "Coffin Full of Dollars" (Annual #1), Tommy and Natt become involved in a power struggle in a small Texan town. The art for the annual was provided by Carlos Ezquerra and Steve Pugh. Kevin Smith provided the intro.

Vol. 3: Local Heroes
 * "Local Heroes" (#9–12) opens with Pat Noonan's funeral. Tiegel is kicked off the police force because she is an honest cop, unlike the corrupt Captain Burns, her former boss. He makes an enemy with CIA agent Truman, who wants him for a metahuman killing group. Detective Tiegel works with Tommy; they expose Burns.
 * In "Zombie Night at the Gotham Aquarium" (#13–14), Tommy, Natt, Ringo and Hacken take a contract from Injun Peak to stop a scientist from re-animating dead sea creatures. As the title indicates, they fail.
 * The initial 1999 paperback included the above-referenced story from the Hitman Annual.

Vol. 4: Ace of Killers
 * In "Ace of Killers" (#15–20), the Mawzir tricks Catwoman into stealing the Ace of Winchesters, a Winchester rifle forged in the old West to kill demons. Tommy and Natt form an impromptu alliance with Catwoman (spurned over being manipulated), a surprised Tiegel and Jason Blood, the occultist expert and keeper of Etrigan the Demon. Would-be superhero Sixpack even reforms his old team Section 8 to help out. A battle in Hell and in church ends with Etrigan the de facto ruler of Hell, the Mawzir dead again and the gun in new hands (the Ace of Winchesters was previously featured during Garth Ennis's run on Hellblazer. Jason Blood stole Etrigan's heart, with the help of Tommy, in The Demon #54, written by Ennis).
 * In "Kiss Me" (#21), a misunderstanding after a romantic night with Tiegel leads to Tommy killing a valued mob officer in self-defense; this incident would have long-term consequences. This issue is the only issue of the series proper not illustrated by John McCrea; the art was done by Steve Pugh.
 * In "The Santa Contract" (#22), the Christmas story, a power plant worker mutates into a radioactive Santa. Tommy is hired to kill him.

Vol. 5: Who Dares Wins (2001)
 * "Who Dares Wins" (#23–27, epilogue in #28) involves a squad of British SAS soldiers (Captain Page, Sergeant Eddie Baker, Plug, and Whitey) assigned to kill Tommy and Natt over a Gulf Storm "friendly fire" incident. This correlates with 'Men's Room Louie', a Mafia boss mad over Tommy's self-defense killing. The SAS, who do not survive the confrontation, manage to kill off Louie; Tommy and Nat are believed to be the killers.
 * The issues in this trade were included in the larger "Tommy's Heroes" collection released in 2011.

Vol. 5: Tommy's Heroes (2011)
 * "Who Dares Wins" (#23–27, epilogue in #28)
 * In "Tommy's Heroes" (#29–33), looking to get away from the Men's Room Louie heat, Tommy and Natt (along with Ringo and Hacken) take a job offer in Africa. They are to train an army filled with forcibly enlisted unskilled men to fight the rebels, who are selling heroin to fund their insurgency. Tommy befriends a British Airborne soldier named Bob Mitchell who was friends with Eddie Baker (from "Who Dares Wins"). They soon realize that President Kijaro and his superhuman bodyguards, Scarlett Rose and the Skull, are evil. They meet the rebels, and Tommy is convinced to help install their leader, Christian Ributu, in Kijaro's place as long as he stops dealing heroin. Ributu is warned not to be like the other rulers, or Tommy will return.
 * Hitman #1,000,000 was published as part of DC's One Million crossover. Tommy is transported to the 853rd Century by some punks who believe that he was a hero and he corrects their mistaken belief quite violently. Tommy also meets the successor to fellow Bloodlines hero Gunfire.
 * In "Of Thee I Sing" (#34), a starstruck Tommy meets Superman on a Gotham rooftop. Superman has just rescued a group of astronauts, but was unable to save the final man. Everyone believes Superman will save them if need be, and he struggles under the burden of representing the power of the United States of America. Tommy tells him that the America that he represents is about the opportunity for people from all over the world to cast aside old baggage and join in the melting pot. Cheered up by the pep talk, Superman thanks Tommy and signs an autograph before flying back to Metropolis. He remains oblivious to the fact that Tommy is actually on the roof to assassinate a local criminal.
 * In "Katie / Father's Day" (#35–36), Tommy's half-sister Frances comes to Gotham and explains his family history. His mother was a local prostitute who named her children after their fathers. Tom Dawson was a violent man who did not want his secrets exposed and killed her. Dawson later tracks down Frances and tortures her to death; Tommy kills Dawson in revenge.

Vol. 6: For Tomorrow (2012)
 * In "Dead Man's Land" (#37–38), Tommy and his friends destroy a nearby vampire nest; he befriends a local woman named Maggie.
 * This is a crossover with the Batman arc No Man's Land. The characters discuss many of the seemingly yearly big events and how they relate to them. It also features a vampire character from past issues of Hellblazer written by Garth Ennis.

 * In "For Tomorrow" (#39–42, epilogue in #43), Tommy tells Tiegel he loves her, and she asks if he loves her enough to quit being a hitman, theoretically. Ringo has been seeing Wendy (from the first two arcs), but she realizes he is a hitman and dumps him. Ringo is targeted by the father of a man he had killed. Tommy becomes swept up in the events; Ringo does not survive the battle. Tommy later kills the father. The arc was dedicated to John Woo and Chow Yun-fat.
 * In "Fresh Meat" (#44–46), while at the Injun Peak scientific facility, a mistake literally leads Tommy and Natt to the time of the dinosaurs. Then a pack of T. rexes, led by the clever Scarback, come to Gotham in the modern day. Many are killed, but the rest decide to go home because the pollution made the city and its people literally distasteful.
 * In "The Old Dog" (#47–49, epilogue in #50), men's Room Louie's granddaughter Isabella celebrates her wedding, and her uncle Benito Gallo (a knife-wielding Mafia hitman) offers to kill Tommy. Benito's attempt only wounds Tommy. While recuperating, Tommy finally realizes Sean is his 'true' father; having raised him all these years. A battle breaks out, with Tommy and his friends holed up in Noonan's bar. Eventually, Benito is taken hostage. This ends badly, as Benito slips his bonds while alone with Sean and both men end up killing each other. The epilogue happens fifty years later; four friends are sightseeing through Noonan's, because of a book based (loosely) on Tommy's exploits. They meet an aged Hacken, who tells them that Tommy killed dozens (excepting children) at Isabella's wedding; a brief scene shows her dead body draped over the altar. The title is the inscription that Sean has requested on his tombstone. In the end, Tommy instead puts "Beloved Father".

Vol. 7: Closing Time (2012)
 * Hitman/Lobo: That Stupid Bastich: In this one-shot crossover, Lobo comes to Noonan's one night. Tommy gets in a fight with him and is pursued across town. He uses perverted blackmail to get the alien to leave him alone.
 * "How To Be A Super-Hero!": Around the time of #34, Ennis wrote this short story in Superman 80-Page Giant #1. Sixpack dreams that he is patrolling Metropolis, and Superman asks to tag along. Superman lectures him about the need for proof, the downside to burning prisons, and not stabbing muggers with broken bottles.
 * In "Super-Guy" (#51–52), an Injun Peak scientist and colleague of Doctor Jackson possesses his assistant with a group of demons known as the "Multi-Angled Ones". The assistant, who now has the power to literally pull any object from his rectum, goes on a rampage and Tommy and Natt are sent to deal with him. They successfully kill the assistant, only to free the Multi-Angled Ones in the process. Meanwhile, Sixpack sees the commotion and convinces a disillusioned and directionless Section 8 to rally and defeat the menace. The demons promptly slaughter most of Section 8, while gloating that nothing will stop them from turning Earth into Hell. Sixpack's deluded bravery still impresses them, so he is challenged to a fight for his soul, with Earth's existence on the line. Sixpack agrees, and he and the demons disappear forever afterwards; and a statue is erected in his memory. Bueno Excellente is the only presumed survivor of Section 8 from the attack (he avenges the team by sexually assaulting Doctor Jackson to death); however, a man resembling Sixpack in his civilian identity is seen at an AA meeting, seemingly at peace.
 * In "Closing Time" (#53–60) the final story, the Mafia put a $2,000,000 contract on Tommy's head after the wedding massacre and many would-be assassins try to collect. Tiegel's grandfather dies, and Tommy tells her they cannot see each other any more, because he is bad for her. He gives her all the money he has saved, and she goes to New York. CIA agents in the employ of Truman (from "Local Heroes") want to kill Maggie Lorenzo (from "Dead Man's Land") because she saw an escaped subject of his experiment duplicate the effects of the Bloodlines incident. Maggie seeks out Tommy, and finds him at the bar. Kathryn McAllister (from "Local Heroes") arrives, saying that she has left Truman's employ over his growing paranoia regarding superhumans. She contacts her friends at the FBI who want to take Truman down, but they offer only a helicopter with very little support.
 * Truman hires Marc Navarone, the son of Johnny Navarone (from "10,000 Bullets"), to kill Tommy, whom he regards as a loose end. An aging policeman named Connolly (mentioned in "The Old Dog") hears about the CIA plots, and kidnaps Tommy to protect him as a posthumous favor to Sean. After a few flashbacks, Natt and McAllister find Connolly's apartment and free Tommy without killing Connolly. Tommy, Natt, and McCallister shoot up Truman's place, slaying many of Truman's men in the process. They are so overwhelmed by the horrors of Truman's experiments that Marc gets the drop on Tommy, but, having never killed anyone outside of practice, he accidentally leaves the gun's safety on. Tommy snatches the gun and shoots him.
 * Truman escapes and gathers his remaining two hundred men. McAllister picks up the helicopter and heads to Noonan's, where Tommy and Natt share one last beer. They walk outside, and Truman's men open fire. Tommy loses multiple fingers due to a well-placed bullet. Connolly is forced to watch, but has been forbidden to interfere by the Gotham PD brass. Natt is shot in the chest, but kills his attacker. Moments later, he falls during the run for the helicopter. He pleads with Tommy to not to leave him alive to be experimented on. McAllister tries to get Tommy to stay on the helicopter, but he runs back to defend his friend. Tommy lays down covering fire; Truman catches a bullet between the eyes and dies. Tommy is shot down by the remaining men. The series ends with a badly wounded Natt and Tommy fantasizing about a version of Noonan's where the beer is free, no guns are allowed and all their deceased friends are alive.

JLA/Hitman miniseries
Clark Kent is being interviewed about Superman's connection to notorious killer Tommy Monaghan. Taking the conversation off the record, he tells a story of how the JLA intercepted a rocket which was filled with a new strain of the Bloodlines virus. They needed a living being who had been exposed to the virus already and survived. Batman took the chance to grab Tommy, whom he regarded as a minor nuisance, killing two birds with one stone.

In the Watchtower, Batman criticizes Green Lantern for having teamed up with Tommy, until Superman walks in and is pleased to see Tommy. Batman tells Superman that Tommy is a killer, and Superman is suddenly torn, because the advice Tommy had given is still helping him. The rocket arrives at the moon. The White House, in fear of the aliens, launches nuclear weapons at the Watchtower.

The corrupted astronauts invade. Each has their own powers. The JLA soon find themselves powerless. The team mount a counterattack but, one by one, most fall. Wonder Woman sacrifices herself so Tommy can continue on. Tommy talks an infected Superman into overcoming his own alien.

Over the course of the battle, Tommy kills all the astronauts and the aliens. The nuclear attack on the Watchtower is called off.

Superman is torn, but the rest of the League are critical of Tommy's actions. Batman has him arrested, but the cops who process him are local 'Cauldron' boys and release him in lieu of gambling debts.

In the present day, Superman admits that he admires Tommy's moral courage in the extreme situation and mourns his passing.

Other appearances
Prior to his own series, Hitman was introduced during Garth Ennis's run on The Demon. After the aforementioned appearance in Annual #2, he appeared in two later arcs:
 * "Hell's Hitman" (#42–45) – Etrigan, newly appointed as "Hell's Hitman", is at war with Lord Asteroth, an Archfiend of Hell, over the fate of Gotham. After being overwhelmed by his Choirboy Commandoes, Etrigan hires Tommy to take out Asteroth in issue #43. Tommy telepathically learns that Asteroth is sacrificing people to bring about Hell on Earth. He shoots the Choirboy Commandoes and Asteroth's other men, but flees rather than kill police officers. Etrigan deals with the supernatural menaces, but decides not to pay Tommy for his services (this also featured the first appearance of the Master Baytor).
 * "Suffer the Children" (#52–54) – After Jason Blood's daughter is born, he decides to destroy Etrigan. He hires Tommy to help him, specifically guarding him against Merlin the Magician (Etrigan's younger half-brother). Tommy only agrees because Blood promises him $2,000,000. Etrigan escapes and kidnaps the baby, and, when Merlin aids him, Tommy shoots the magician. Jason saves the baby, and Tommy defends him while he steals Etrigan's heart, essentially neutering the demon and binding him to Jason's will. Tommy pinches Etrigan's cheeks, knowing Blood will not allow the demon to hurt him.

He also made an appearance in Batman Chronicles #4, building to the release of the series. The Annual and the Batman issue are included in the first trade paperback.

During Grant Morrison's run on JLA, Tommy was briefly considered for membership. The only reason he shows up is to check out Wonder Woman with his X-ray vision, after which he turns down their offer due to low pay.

He has also appeared in the titles Azrael, Sovereign Seven and Resurrection Man, none written by Garth Ennis. The majority of Sovereign Seven is considered non-canonical due to the revelation in the last issue.

He cameos in 2014's Batman and Robin #27, where Batman escapes into Noonan's bar from the old Gotham Prohibition tunnels. In the bar Batman meets Hacken, who offers him and his prisoner a drink. Batman declines and leaves, passing pictures of all the main cast of Hitman.

Awards
Hitman won the Best New Comic (International) National Comics Award for 1997.

Dogwelder (from the team Section 8) was voted "Best New Character" of 1997 by the readers of Wizard.

Hitman issue #34, the Superman-starring "Of Thee I Sing", won the 1999 Eisner Award for Best Single Issue, presented to Ennis and McCrea. Issue #1,000,000 was a part of the DC One Million storyline, which was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 1999.

"For Tomorrow", in issues #39–42, was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 2000.

title: Hitman (DC Comics)


text:
User talk:NegativeK

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:NegativeK


text:
User talk:Cataphract

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * If you haven't already, please add your name to the new user log to let others know a little about yourself.
 * Read the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the Sandbox.
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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk or ask me on my talk page.
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Jrdioko

P.S. One last helpful hint. To sign your posts like I did above (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).

Olá cataphract. Estou impressionado com o teu trabalho na wikipedia. Uma duvida: [pɐɾ·ˈti·ɾɐ̃j] Não deveria ser [pɐɾ·ˈti·ɾɐ̃]. Isto no artigo de verbos. Tenho uma duvida sobre em [ɐ·ˈm̃ɐ·ðu]. E, o uso do ð dental, os cariocas a falar rapido tendem a criar este d. Sabes-me dizer em que situações eles ocorrem? Há autores que apenas usam um "d" sonoro normal. Outro problema é a pronuncia do R no standard Brasileiro. carro: lá é \k6Ru\? Tenta nos artigos colocar exemplos, e falar sobre as particularidades. -Pedro 13:02, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Olá e desculpa pelo atraso na resposta. Não vejo porque é que "partirem" se deveria ler conforme indicaste, esse som [ɐ̃] está presente em palavras como "rã", mas aqui temos o som [ɐ̃j] como em "mãe". Em relação à segunda questao, eu nao sou de todo especialista em fonética mas creio que esse som pode ocorrer quando entre duas vogais. Por fim, nao posso pronunciar-me acerca da pronuncia do R no Brasil mas n me consta q no exemplo indicado haja qualquer diferenca em relacao à norma europeia. --Cataphract 21:10, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Using >span<, etc.
You asked about using some html bits a while ago on Wikipedia_talk:Help. I'm removing old questions from there. Please look through the MediaWiki Handbook (on meta). It should answer your question. If not, feel free to post it again on the the Help desk. JesseW 02:43, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Portal de Portugal
Já abriu o Portal de Portugal na Wikipedia! Junta-te a nós para trabalharmos em prol de artigos, listas e imagens relacionadas com Portugal. No portal, encontrarás um artigo geral, um artigo biográfico, um artigo geográfico e uma imagem todas as semanas em destaque. Para além disso estão apresentadas também secções de Notícias, Curiosidades, Listas, Citações, Opentasks, informação sobre artigos recentes, etc. Futuramente teremos um WikiProject para geografia de Portugal (de modo a estandardizar todos os artigos relativos às localidades e divisões administrativas portuguesas), história de Portugal, biografias, e possivelmente desporto. Também temos em vista a criação de uma Colaboração Semanal para artigos sobre Portugal. Por isto, e tudo mais, pedimos-te que venhas ajudar-nos. Estamos também à procura de colaboradores, por isso, se estiveres interessado, é só pedires que já estás no grupo de manutenção do portal. Saudações! Gameiro 19:34, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Portuguese pronouns
Hi. I noticed that you have edited the page Portuguese pronouns recently. Unfortunately, I disagree with the changes you made, and would like to explain why.

You changed:

 * The personal pronouns labelled "object of preposition" above are always employed after a preposition, and most prepositions govern those pronouns, but a few of them require subjective pronouns. For example, prepositions denoting exception, such as afora, fora, excepto, menos, salvo, and tirante. In those cases, the subject pronouns eu, tu, ele, ela, eles and elas are used. Examples: "Todos foram ao cinema excepto eu/tu", "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto ele mesmo." (not "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto si").

into

 * The personal pronouns labelled "object of preposition" above are always employed after a preposition, and most prepositions govern those pronouns, but a few of them require subjective pronouns. For example, prepositions denoting exception, such as afora, fora, excepto, menos, salvo, and tirante. In those cases, the subject pronouns eu, tu, ele, ela, eles and elas are used. Examples: "Todos foram ao cinema excepto eu/tu", "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto ele mesmo." (not "Ele referiu toda a gente excepto si", but "Ele referiu-se a toda a gente excepto a si"", "Falaste a todos menos a mim", "Falaste com todos menos comigo" (not "com eu").

The bit you added (in bold) is not relevant to the point which was being made in this paragraph, namely, that some prepositions are followed by subjective pronouns, rather than by prepositional pronouns.

You also deleted the following:

 * In some cases, the direct object pronoun may take a preposition before it. For this article, it is relevant because the pronouns listed under the column "object of preposition" may actually be used as direct objects in these constructions, normally used together with the clitic pronoun, for emphasis (clitic doubling). Example: "Nunca to disse a ti porque nunca mereceste a minha confiança", "Sempre te tratei a ti como o tratei a ele", "Eles repreenderam-se a si mesmos" (here need to clear an ambiguity).

with the argument "REMOVED section "Prepositioned direct object" as it was now obsolete. anyhow, if it is to be restored, there's an error: in the first example, "te" is not a direct object".

You are right that te (to = te + o) is an indirect object, rather than a direct object in the first example, but I think this paragraph is useful, and you could have left the rest there.

Looking forward to your feedback. Regards. FilipeS 13:22, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * on the first point: the point was that it is just a matter of form, since those examples also denote exception. Anyway, do as you will. On the other: the table used to be organized with the headers "direct object" and "indirect object". the original point of that paragraph was that, under some circumstances (e.g. amar a Deus), the direct object could take a preposition and one would use the prepositions listed under the other column. Since the table was reorganized (and improved, in my opinion) it wouldn't make sense to have it anymore. If the paragraph is to be restored (I think you want to have the reference to the clitic doubling), it should be rewritten and have a new header. --Cataphract 18:22, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Clitic doubling is a pertinent topic in Portuguese, because it's one of the few cases where a prepositional pronoun can stand for a direct object (unlike in Spanish, which has prepositioned direct objects all over the place -- and hence problems with leísmo). It's true that these issues aren't very well fleshed out in the article yet, but I think the bit you deleted may come in handy in the future, at least as a reminder that there's more to be said, if nothing else. Regards. FilipeS 20:08, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

commons:User:Artefacto
I confirmed I am the same user as commons:User:Artefacto --Cataphract 14:17, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

hi
Hi. I found you in categories of users who can contribute in English and Portuguese. I myself am a native speaker of English, but I'm well on my way to learning Portuguese. Just check out my user page and talk page, and join in any of the discussions. To keep updated, you can even put a watch on my user page, which will automatically watch my talk page. :-) learnportuguese (talk) 19:18, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cataphract