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Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail

Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail (Sant-Albin-ar-Pavez) is a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Châteaugiron.

The name Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail comes from Saint Aubin, bishop of Angers in the 6th century. The term "Pavail" indicates the paving stone of the Gallo-Roman way which crossed the commune.

History
The church of Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail is mentioned for the first time in the mid-11th century: Brient, seigneurs of Chateaubriant, gave the tithe church of Saint-Aubin to the Abbey of Marmoutier, at the time of the foundation of the priory of Béré. The donation was confirmed in 1217, but the parish of Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail is in reality attested only since 1245. It depended formerly on the old bishopric of Rennes. The seigneurie of Saint-Aubin-of-Pavail was the concern of the barony of Châteaugiron. It passes by alliance at the end of 15th century to the lords of Boisorcan, who linked it with their châtellenie in 1583.

Sights

 * The church of Saint-Aubin (12th-16th-17th-18th-19th centuries). The two chapels forming the transept were built in the north and the south of the building in respectively the 16th century and in 1607. The nave which shows the dates to be 1607 and 1620 was lengthened in 1853. Two sacristies were built in 1863 and 1864. The bell dates back to 1732. The baptismal font goes back to 1855
 * several wayside crosses
 * the old presbytery (1884–1885)
 * Gallo-Roman remains are found in the hamlets Le Gacel, Tébry, Tayée and L'Aubriais
 * the old manor of Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail. Successive property of the Saint-Aubin (in 1427), Pontrouault (in 1478), Thierry (about 1513), Angennes (about 1583), Morais (in 1682 and 1718), Martigné (in 1734) families
 * the old manor of Touches-Fouquet. Property of the family of Châteaugiron (in 1427 and 1513) and of the Déélin family (in 1660)
 * the old manor of Mardeaux

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail are called saint-aubinais in French.

title: Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail


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Donald Davies

Donald Watts Davies, (7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000) was a Welsh computer scientist and Internet pioneer who was employed at the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL).

During 1965-67 he invented modern data communications, including packet switching, high-speed routers, communication protocols, hierarchical computer networks and the essence of the end-to-end principle, concepts that are used today in computer networks worldwide. He envisioned, in 1966, that there would be a "single network" for data and telephone communications. Davies proposed and studied a commercial national data network in the United Kingdom and designed and built the local-area NPL network in 1968-69 to demonstrate the technology. Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to his original 1965 design. Davies' work influenced the ARPANET in the United States and the CYCLADES project in France, and was key to the development of the data communications technology used in Internet, which is a network of networks.

Davies' work was independent of the work of Paul Baran in the United States who had some similar ideas in the early 1960s, and who also provided input to the ARPANET project, after his work was highlighted by Davies' team.

Early life
Davies was born in Treorchy in the Rhondda Valley, Wales. His father, a clerk at a coalmine, died a few months later, and his mother took Donald and his twin sister back to her home town of Portsmouth, where he went to school. He attended the Southern Grammar School for Boys.

He received a BSc degree in physics (1943) at Imperial College London, and then joined the war effort working as an assistant to Klaus Fuchs on the nuclear weapons Tube Alloys project at Birmingham University. He then returned to Imperial taking a first class degree in mathematics (1947); he was also awarded the Lubbock memorial Prize as the outstanding mathematician of his year.

In 1955, he married Diane Burton; they had a daughter and two sons.

National Physical Laboratory
From 1947, he worked at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) at Teddington, just outside London, where Alan Turing was designing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) computer. It is said that Davies spotted mistakes in Turing's seminal 1936 paper On Computable Numbers, much to Turing's annoyance. These were perhaps some of the first "programming" bugs in existence, even if they were for a theoretical computer, the universal Turing machine. The ACE project was overambitious and floundered, leading to Turing's departure. Davies took over the project and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious Pilot ACE computer, which first worked in May 1950. A commercial spin-off, DEUCE was manufactured by English Electric Computers and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.

Davies also worked on applications of traffic simulation and machine translation. In the early 1960s, he worked on government technology initiatives designed to stimulate the British computer industry.

Packet switching
In 1965, Davies became interested in data communications following a seminar he gave at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He saw that a significant problem with the new time-sharing computer systems was the cost of keeping a phone connection open for each user. Davies' key insight came in the realisation that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" in nature with periods of silence, compared with relatively constant telephone traffic. He applied the principle of time-sharing to the data communications line as well as the computer to invent the concept of what he called packet switching. Davies forecast today's "killer app" for his new communication service:

"The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate."

- Donald Davies (1965)

Davies proposed dividing computer messages into very "short messages in fixed format" that are routed independently across a network, with differing routes allowed for related packets, which are reassembled at the destination. Davies used the word "packet" after consulting with a linguist because it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.

The following year, he returned to work at the NPL, where he became Superintendent of the Computer Science Division and transformed its computing activity. He designed and proposed a commercial national data network based on packet switching in his 1966 Proposal for the Development of a National Communications Service for On-line Data Processing. This work was the first to describe the concept of high-speed "switching nodes", today known as routers as well as "interface computers". Davies applied queueing theory to show that "there is an ample margin between the estimated performance of the [packet-switched] system and the stated requirement" in terms of a satisfactory response time for a human user. This addressed a key question about the viability of computer networking. In this paper, he predicted there would be a "single network" for data and telephone communications:

"Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages efficiently."

- Donald Davies (1966)

Davies and his team were the first to write communication protocols in a modern data-commutation context in an April 1967 memorandum A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network written by Roger Scantlebury and Keith Bartlett.

His work on packet switching, presented by Scantlebury, initially caught the attention of the developers of the ARPANET, a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) network, at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. The proposed network design was based on a hierarchical structure, with "local networks" communicating with a "high level network". To deal with packet permutations (due to dynamically updated route preferences) and datagram losses (unavoidable when fast sources send to a slow destinations), he assumed that "all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control", thus inventing what came to be known as the end-to-end principle. In Scantlebury's report following the conference, he noted "It would appear that the ideas in the NPL paper at the moment are more advanced than any proposed in the USA". Larry Roberts, of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense (DoD), applied Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, which went on to become a predecessor to the Internet.

In July 1968, NPL put on a demonstration of real and simulated networks at an event organised by the Real Time Club at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Davies first presented his own ideas on packet switching at a conference in Edinburgh on 5 August 1968. In 1969, Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave a series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.

During 1968-9, Davies directed the construction of the network, elements of which went live in early 1969, the first implementation of packet switching in the world. The local-area Mark I NPL network, became fully operational in January 1970. It was upgraded to the Mark II in 1973 with a layered protocol architecture, and remained in operation until 1986. The NPL team also carried out simulation work on packet networks, studying datagrams and network congestion in wide-area networks of a scale to facilitate data communications across the United Kingdom. These early years of computer resource sharing were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Davies' original ideas influenced other research around the world, including Louis Pouzin's CYCLADES project in France.

In a 1978 special edition of the Proceedings of the IEEE on packet switching, Bob Kahn, the guest editor, quoted Davies' reflections on ten years of experience with packet communication networks:

"... there are three factors, above all, which critically affect the quality of the network. The most critical factor is our ability to design man-machine interfaces which are convenient and natural for most people to use. A second factor of some importance is the high reliability and availability of the services. They cannot become an integral part of industry and commerce unless they can be utterly reliable in the way we have come to expect of the traditional telecommunication media. A third requirement is an overall system design which allows for adaptability to changes in the system as well as to new user requirements."

- Donald Davies (1978)

Internetworking
Davies, along with Derek Barber, his deputy, and Roger Scantlebury, conducted research into protocols for internetworking. They participated in the International Network Working Group from 1972, initially chaired by Vint Cerf and later by Barber. Davies and Scantlebury were acknowledged by Cerf and Bob Kahn in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.

Davies and Barber published Communication networks for computers in 1973. They spoke at the Data Communications Symposium in 1975 about the "battle for access standards" between datagrams and virtual circuits, with Barber saying the "lack of standard access interfaces for emerging public packet-switched communication networks is creating 'some kind of monster' for users".

Internetworking experiments at NPL under Davies included connecting with the European Informatics Network (EIN) by translating between two different host protocols and connecting with the Post Office Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) using a common host protocol in both networks. Their research confirmed establishing a common host protocol would be more reliable and efficient than translating between different host protocols using a gateway. Davies published Computer networks and their protocols in 1979, in which he notes:

"The problems of routing in interconnected networks have received limited attention in the literature; notable papers are those by Cerf and Kahn and, more recently, Sunshine. ... The gateway nodes must be provided with an adequate packet buffer pool to cater for the likely level of inter-network traffic. Cerf and Kahn suggest that message reassembly should not take place at gateways; this implies that packet ordering need not be maintained if adaptive routing disrupts packet order. If fragmentation of packets is necessary because of different network packet size limits, Cerf and Kahn maintain that the only logical place to locate the reconstruction process is in the destination host (this is because the last network entered may have the least packet size limit, so that the last gateway has to fragment packets). This philosophy goes against the widely held view that packet networks should deliver a data stream exactly equivalent to the received data stream."

- Donald Davies (1979)

For a long period of time, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, a debate commonly called the Protocol Wars. It was unclear which type of protocol would result in the best and most robust computer networks.

Computer network security
Davies relinquished his management responsibilities in 1979 to return to research. He became particularly interested in computer network security and his research on cryptography led to a number of patents, including methods for providing secure communication to enable the use of smart cards.

He retired from NPL in 1984, becoming a leading consultant on data security to the banking industry and publishing a book on the topic that year. Together with David O. Clayden, he designed the Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA) in 1983, one of the first message authentication code algorithms to gain widespread acceptance. It was adopted as international standard ISO 8731-2 in 1987.

Later career
In 1987, Davies became a visiting professor at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College.

Epilogue
Unbeknown to Davies until 1966, Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation in the United States had also worked on a similar concept in the early 1960s, although designed for voice communication using low-cost electronics without communication protocols. When Davies became aware of Baran's work he acknowledged that they both had equally discovered the concept of packet switching. Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an e-mail to Davies, he wrote:

"You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients. ... and [you were] the first to reduce it to practice."

- Paul Baran (2000)

Leonard Kleinrock, a contemporary working on analysing message delays using queueing theory, developed a mathematical model for the operation of message switching networks in his PhD thesis during 1961-2, published as a book in 1964. However, Kleinrock's later claim to have developed the theoretical basis of packet switching networks is disputed by other Internet pioneers,   including by Robert Taylor, Baran and Davies.

Legacy
Donald Davies and Paul Baran are recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.

Larry Roberts said the computer networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design. Davies' work on data communications and computer network design has been described as the "cornerstone" technology used in the development of the Internet, which is a global system of connected computer networks (a network of networks).

Awards and honours
Davies was appointed a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society (BCS) in 1975 and was made a CBE in 1983, and later a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1987.

He received the John Player Award from the BCS in 1974. and was awarded a medal by the John von Neumann Computer Society in Hungary in 1985.

In 2000, Davies shared the inaugural IEEE Internet Award. In 2007, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and in 2012 Davies was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

Davies received a lifetime achievement award in 2001 for his research into secure communications for smart cards.

NPL sponsors a gallery, opened in 2009, about the development of packet switching and "Technology of the Internet" at The National Museum of Computing.

A blue plaque commemorating Davies was unveiled in Treorchy in July 2013.

Family
Davies was survived by his wife Diane, a daughter, two sons and four grandchildren.

Books

 * with W. Price, D. Barber, C. Solomonides
 * with W. Price, D. Barber, C. Solomonides
 * with W. Price, D. Barber, C. Solomonides

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donald Davies


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Bowling green

A bowling green is a finely laid, close-mown and rolled stretch of turf for playing the game of bowls.

Before 1830, when Edwin Beard Budding of Thrupp, near Stroud, UK, invented the lawnmower, lawns were often kept cropped by grazing sheep on them. The world's oldest surviving bowling green is the Southampton Old Bowling Green, which was first used in 1299.

When the French adopted "boulingrin" in the 17th century, it was understood to mean a sunk geometrically shaped piece of perfect grass, framed in gravel walks, which often formed the centre of a regularly planted wood called a bosquet, somewhat like a highly formalized glade; it might have a central pool or fountain.

The diarist Samuel Pepys relates a conversation he had with the architect Hugh May: Then walked to Whitehall, where saw nobody almost, but walked up and down with Hugh May, who is a very ingenious man. Among other things, discoursing of the present fashion of gardens to make them plain, that we have the best walks of gravell in the world, France having none, nor Italy; and our green of our bowling allies is better than any they have.

Dimensions and other specifications
Bowling green specifications for the lawn bowls variation of the sport are stipulated in World Bowls' Laws of the Sport of Bowls. For the variant known as crown green bowls, no such stipulation is documented by the national governing body and bowls clubs are free to form the dimensions and other specifications as they feel fit. Generally a "crown green" has just that: a crown or raised centre section with the outer edges of the green dropping off towards the surrounding ditch. Other greens are generally as level as possible.

Several games of bowls can be played on a bowling green at the same time. The number of games depends on the dimensions of the green. Each game is played on its own portion of the green. These divided portions of the green are called rinks.

The length of a green in the direction of play will be between 31 metres and 40 metres. The green should have a suitable level playing surface made of grass or of an approved synthetic material.

The green is surrounded by a ditch between 200 millimetres and 380 millimetres wide, and between 50 millimetres and 200 millimetres deep. The ditch has a bank against its outer edge. The top of the bank should be at least 230 millimetres about the surface level of the green.

Generally, greens are built in a square shape as close to 40 metres as possible. This allows for games to be played in either direction. The advantages of playing in different directions are that: the wear on the green is more even, and; the players do not need to face towards the sun when playing.

In cities, where outdoor space is limited, greens are rarely 40 metres in length (they are generally still square, however).

It is not unusual to find greens that are rectangular in shape. On rectangular greens games are played in one direction only. The length of a rectangular green is still between 31 metres and 40 metres. The width can vary from as little as 8 metres (enough for one rink) to as much as 60 metres or more.

The width of a rink for outdoor play will be between 4.3 metres and 5.8 metres (for indoor play the minimum width of a rink is 4.6 metres). The centre line of the rink can be marked along the surface of the green starting at 2 metres from each end ditch. The side boundaries of each rink are shown by boundary pegs. The side boundary of the outside rink (also called a ditch rink) should be at least 600 millimetres from the side ditch (460 millimetres for indoor greens).

title: Bowling green


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Forkland

Forkland may refer to:
 * Forkland, Alabama, a town in Greene County, Alabama
 * Forkland, Kentucky, a community in Boyle County, Kentucky
 * Forkland, Virginia, a community in Nottoway County, Virginia

title: Forkland


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Immanuel Wallerstein

Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (September 28, 1930 – August 31, 2019) was an American sociologist and economic historian. He is perhaps best known for his development in sociology of world-systems approach. He was a Senior Research Scholar at Yale University from 2000 until his death in 2019, and published bimonthly syndicated commentaries through Agence Global on world affairs from October 1998 to July 2019.

He was the 13th president of International Sociological Association (1994–1998).

Personal life and education
His parents, Sara Günsberg (born in 1895) and Menachem Lazar Wallerstein (born in 1890), were Polish Jews from Galicia who moved to Berlin, because of World War I, where they married in 1919. Two years later, Sara gave birth to their first son, Solomon. In 1923, the Wallerstein family emigrated to New York, where Immanuel was born. On the "list of alien passengers for the United States" at the time of his family's emigration, the nationality of his mother and brother was described as Polish.

Having grown up in a politically conscious family, Wallerstein first became interested in world affairs as a teenager. He received all three of his degrees from Columbia University: a BA in 1951, an MA in 1954, and a PhD in 1959, where he completed his dissertation under the supervision of Hans L. Zetterberg and Robert Staughton Lynd. However, throughout his life, Wallerstein also studied at other universities around the world, including Oxford University from 1955 to 1956, Université libre de Bruxelles, Universite Paris 7 Denis Diderot, and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

From 1951 to 1953 Wallerstein served in the U.S. Army. After his discharge, he wrote a master's thesis on McCarthyism as a phenomenon of American political culture. The widely cited work, as Wallerstein himself later stated, "confirmed my sense that I should consider myself, in the language of the 1950s, a 'political sociologist.

Wallerstein married Beatrice Friedman in 1964, and had a daughter, Katharine Wallerstein, two years later. He was stepfather to Beatrice's two children from a previous marriage, Susan Morgenstern and Robert Morgenstern. He and Beatrice had five grandchildren.

Academic career
During his time at Columbia University he was a supporter of students who were active during Columbia University protests of 1968 opposing the university's involvement in the Vietnam War.

Originally, Wallerstein's principal sub-area of study was not American affairs, but the politics of the non-European world, specifically India and Africa. For two decades Wallerstein researched Africa, publishing numerous books and articles, and in 1973 he became president of the African Studies Association.

Professional career
Wallerstein's academic career began at Columbia University where he instructor and then associate professor of sociology from 1958 to 1971. From there he moved to McGill University, in Montreal where he taught from 1971 to 1976. His reputation preceded him became distinguished professor of sociology at SUNY Binghamton University from 1976 to 1999.

In 1976 Wallerstein was offered the unique opportunity to pursue a new avenue of research, and so became head of the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems and Civilization at Binghamton University in New York, whose mission was "to engage in the analysis of large-scale social change over long periods of historical time". The Center opened with the publishing support of a new journal, Review, (of which Wallerstein was the founding editor), and would go on to produce a body of work that "went a long way toward invigorating sociology and its sister disciplines, especially history and political-economy". Wallerstein served as a distinguished professor of sociology at SUNY-Binghamton until his retirement in 1999.

During his career Wallerstein held visiting-professor posts in Hong Kong, British Columbia, and Amsterdam, among numerous others. He was awarded multiple honorary titles, intermittently served as Directeur d'études associé at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris, and served as president of the International Sociological Association between 1994 and 1998. At this time he also held a titled professorship at New York University and lectured at Columbia University. Similarly, during the 1990s he chaired the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences, whose object was to indicate a direction for social scientific inquiry for the next 50 years.

Between 2000 and his death in 2019, Wallerstein worked as a senior research scholar at Yale University. He was also a member of the Advisory Editors Council of the Social Evolution & History journal. In 2003, he received the "Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award" from the American Sociological Association, and in 2004 the International N. D. Kondratieff Foundation and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RAEN) awarded him the Gold Kondratieff Medal. Wallerstein died on August 31, 2019, from an infection, at the age of 88.

During his time as a lecturer some of the students in attendance recalled him as "a calm, reserved, elegant man". When taking criticism for his thesis, he would usually be calm and collected. As well as hinting at the fact that he was almost disappointed for the people or audience for not fully comprehending what he wished to establish.

Theory
Wallerstein began as an expert on post-colonial African affairs, which he selected as the focus of his studies after attending international youth conferences in 1951 and 1952. His publications focused almost exclusively on this topic until the early 1970s, when he began to distinguish himself as a historian and theorist of the global capitalist economy on a macroscopic level. His early criticism of global capitalism and championship of "anti-systemic movements" made him an éminence grise with the anti-globalization movement within and outside of the academic community, along with Noam Chomsky (1928- ) and Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002).

Wallerstein's most important work, The Modern World-System, appeared in four volumes between 1974 and 2011. In it, Wallerstein drew on several intellectual influences. From Karl Marx, Wallerstein took the underlying emphasis on economic factors and their dominance over ideological factors in global politics, and such ideas as the dichotomy between capital and labor, while criticizing deterministic or teleological Marxian views of world economic development through stages such as feudalism and capitalism. From dependency theory, he took the key concepts of "core" and "periphery".

However, Wallerstein named Frantz Fanon (1925-1961), Fernand Braudel (1902-1985), and Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003) as the three individuals who exerted the greatest influence "in modifying my line of argument (as opposed to deepening a parallel line of argument)." In The Essential Wallerstein, he stated that: "Fanon represented for me the expression of the insistence by those disenfranchised by the modern world‑system that they have a voice, a vision, and a claim not merely to justice but to intellectual valuation."; that Braudel, for his description of the development and political implications of extensive networks of economic exchange in the European world between 1400 and 1800, "more than anyone else made me conscious of the central importance of the social construction of time and space and its impact on our analyses."; and that "Prigogine forced me to face the implications of a world in which certainties did not exist – but knowledge still did."

Wallerstein also stated that another major influence on his work was the "world revolution" of 1968. A member of the faculty of Columbia University at the time of the student protests, he participated in a faculty committee that attempted to resolve the dispute. He argued in several works that this revolution marked the end of "liberalism" as a viable ideology in the modern world system. He also argued that the end of the Cold War, rather than marking a triumph for liberalism, indicates that the current system has entered its 'end' phase: a period of crisis that will end only when it is replaced by another system. Wallerstein anticipated the growing importance of the North–South divide at a time when the main world conflict was the Cold War.

Wallerstein was often mocked for arguing since 1980 that the United States is a "hegemon in decline", but since the Iraq War this argument has become more widespread. During this time, Wallerstein also argued that the development of the capitalist world economy was detrimental to a large proportion of the world's population. Like Marx, Wallerstein predicted that capitalism will be replaced by a socialist economy, a view held in the 1970s, but reassessed in the 1980s. He concluded that the successor system(s) is unknowable.

Wallerstein both participated in and wrote about the World Social Forum.

The Modern World-System
Wallerstein's first volume on world-systems theory (The Modern World System, 1974) was predominantly written during a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (now affiliated with Stanford University). In it, he argues that the modern world system is distinguished from empires by its reliance on economic control of the world order by a dominating capitalist center (core) in systemic economic and political relation to peripheral and semi-peripheral world areas.

Wallerstein rejected the notion of a "Third World", claiming that there is only one world connected by a complex network of economic exchange relationships — i.e., a "world-economy" or "world-system" in which the "dichotomy of capital and labor" and the endless "accumulation of capital" by competing agents (historically including, but not limited, to nation-states) account for frictions. This approach is known as the world-system theory.

Wallerstein located the origin of the modern world-system in 16th-century Western Europe and the Americas. An initially slight advance in capital accumulation in Britain, the Dutch Republic, and France, due to specific political circumstances at the end of the period of feudalism, set in motion a process of gradual expansion. As a result, only one global network or system of economic exchange exists in modern society. By the 19th century, virtually every area on earth was incorporated into the capitalist world-economy.

The capitalist world-system is far from homogeneous in cultural, political, and economic terms; instead, it is characterized by fundamental differences in social development, accumulation of political power, and capital. Contrary to affirmative theories of modernization and capitalism, Wallerstein did not conceive of these differences as mere residues or irregularities that can and will be overcome as the system evolves.

A lasting division of the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery is an inherent feature of world-system theory. Other theories, partially drawn on by Wallerstein, leave out the semi-periphery and do not allow for a grayscale of development. Areas which have so far remained outside the reach of the world-system enter it at the stage of "periphery". There is a fundamental and institutionally stabilized "division of labor" between core and periphery: while the core has a high level of technological development and manufactures complex products, the role of the periphery is to supply raw materials, agricultural products, and cheap labor for the expanding agents of the core. Economic exchange between core and periphery takes place on unequal terms: the periphery is forced to sell its products at low prices, but has to buy the core's products at comparatively high prices. Once established, this unequal state tends to stabilize itself due to inherent, quasi-deterministic constraints. The statuses of core and periphery are not exclusive and fixed geographically, but are relative to each other. A zone defined as "semi-periphery" acts as a periphery to the core and as a core to the periphery. At the end of the 20th century, this zone would comprise Eastern Europe, China, Brazil, and Mexico. It is important to note that core and peripheral zones can co-exist in the same location.

One effect of the expansion of the world-system is the commodification of things, including human labor. Natural resources, land, labor, and human relationships are gradually being stripped of their "intrinsic" value and turned into commodities in a market which determines their exchange value.

In the last two decades of his life, Wallerstein increasingly focused on the intellectual foundations of the modern world-system and the pursuit of universal theories of human behavior. In addition, he showed interest in the "structures of knowledge" defined by the disciplinary division between sociology, anthropology, political science, economics, and the humanities, which he himself regarded as Eurocentric. In analyzing them, he was highly influenced by the "new sciences" of theorists like Ilya Prigogine.

Criticism
Wallerstein's theory provoked harsh criticism, not only from neo-liberal or conservative circles but even from some historians who say that some of his assertions may be historically incorrect. Some critics suggest that Wallerstein tended to neglect the cultural dimension of the modern world-system, arguing that there is a world system of global culture which is independent from the economic processes of capitalism; this reduces it to what some call "official" ideologies of states which can then easily be revealed as mere agencies of economic interest. Nevertheless, his analytical approach, along with that of associated theorists such as Andre Gunder Frank, Terence Hopkins, Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, Aníbal Quijano and Giovanni Arrighi, has made a significant impact on the field and has established an institutional base devoted to the general approach of intellectual inquiry. Their works has also attracted strong interest from the anti-globalization movement.

Arthur Stinchcombe was very critical of Wallerstein's The Modern World-System, writing that the book presents no theoretical argument and no determinate mechanisms. Instead, the theory of the book "reduces to a general imperative for the scholar to look for world system influences, perhaps wise advice but not very specific." Stinchcombe also argues that the book does not define its concepts independently of their effects, thus entailing tautologies regarding cores, peripheries and semi-peripheries.

Capitalist world-system
Wallerstein's definition follows dependency theory, which intended to combine the developments of the different societies since the 16th century in different regions into one collective development. The main characteristic of his definition is the development of a global division of labour, including the existence of independent political units (in this case, states) at the same time. There is no political center, compared to global empires like the Roman Empire; instead, the capitalist world-system is identified by the global market economy. It is divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions, and is ruled by the capitalist mode of production.

Core/periphery
Defines the difference between developed and developing countries, characterized e.g. by power or wealth. The core refers to developed countries, the periphery to the dependent developing countries. The main reason for the position of the developed countries is economic power. Wallerstein "used the term core to suggest a multicentric region containing a group of states rather than the term center, which implies a hierarchy with a single peak."

Semi-periphery
Defines states that are located between core and periphery, and who benefit from the periphery through unequal exchange relations. At the same time, the core benefits from the semi-periphery through unequal exchange relations.

Quasi-monopolies
Defines a kind of monopoly where there is more than one service provider for a particular good/service. Wallerstein claims that quasi-monopolies are self-liquidating because new sellers go into the market by exerting political pressure to open markets to competition.

Kondratiev waves
A Kondratiev wave is defined as a cyclical tendency in the world's economy. It is also known as a supercycle. Wallerstein argues that global wars are tied to Kondratiev waves. According to him, global conflicts occur as the summer phase of a wave begins, which is when production of goods and services around the world are on an upswing.

Honors and fellowships

 * International Sociological Association Award for Excellence in Research and Practice, 2014
 * N.D. Kondratieff Gold Medal, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, 2005
 * Distinguished Fellow, St. John's College, University of British Columbia, 2004–present
 * Centro de Estudios, Información y Documentación Immanuel Wallerstein, Univ. de la Tierra-Chiapas y el CIDECI Las Casas, 2004–present
 * Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award, American Sociological Association, 2003
 * Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award, Political Economy of the World-System Section of American Sociological Association, 2003
 * Premio Carlos Marx 2003, Fondo Cultural Tercer Mundo, Mexico
 * Leerstoel (chair) Immanuel Wallerstein, University of Ghent, 2002– [Inaugural Lecture by IW on Mar. 11, 2002]
 * Fellow, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1998
 * IPE Distinguished Scholar, International Studies Association, 1998
 * Gulbenkian Professor of Science and Technology, 1994
 * Medal of the university, University of Helsinki, 1992
 * Wei Lun Visiting professor, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991
 * University Award for Excellence in Scholarship, Binghamton University, 1991
 * George A. Miller Visiting professor, University of Illinois-Urbana, 1989
 * Officier, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France, 1984
 * Sorokin Prize (for Distinguished Scholarship), American Sociological Association, 1975
 * Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, 1970–71
 * Ford Fellow in Economics, Political Science and Sociology, 1970–71
 * Foreign Area Fellowship, Africa, 1955–57
 * Phi Beta Kappa, 1951

title: Immanuel Wallerstein


text:
Châteaubriant

Châteaubriant (Kastell-Briant; Gallo: Châtiaoberiant) is a town in western France, about 350 km southwest of Paris, and one of the three sous-préfectures of the Loire-Atlantique department. Châteaubriant is also situated in the historical and cultural region of Brittany, and it is the capital of the Pays de la Mée.

A part of the traditional province of Brittany, Châteaubriant also lies on the threshold of Anjou, and it was an important stronghold in northwestern France during the Middle Ages. The town appeared during the 11th century, around a castle and a priory. A fair, which still exists, was also founded in 1050. Châteaubriant played a certain role during the Mad War between France and Brittany and became a significant cultural centre in the 16th century, when the Renaissance château was built in the medieval fortress.

The town is situated between Nantes and Rennes, and tends to be economically oriented towards the latter. The medieval fair and cattle market are still important for the local economy, but Châteaubriant also developed a metallurgical industry during the 19th century, and then plastics manufacturing during the 20th century.

Châteaubriant is noteworthy for the Château de Châteaubriant, which combines a large medieval castle and a Renaissance palace. The town also has an 11th-century church and a medieval town centre, with half-timbered houses and remains of city walls. During the Second World War, Châteaubriant had a concentration camp, and it is known in France for the 27 hostages who were shot there in 1941.

Location
Châteaubriant lies at the north of the Loire-Atlantique département, in the middle of a triangle between Nantes, Angers and Rennes. The town is not situated on any of the roads that link the three cities, thus, it is somewhat isolated. The closest highway, linking Rennes to Nantes, is 30 km away.

Châteaubriant 49 km north of Ancenis, 68 km south of Rennes, 69 km north of Nantes, and 85 km west of Angers. The neighboring communes are Rougé, Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Louisfert, Erbray, and Soudan.

According to the French statistical office, Châteaubriant is an urban commune, the only one in its urban unit. The metropolitan area, much wider, is made up of Châteaubriant plus several surrounding rural communes.

The commune of Châteaubriant itself encompasses not only the town, but also agricultural land and some hamlets. The main agricultural activities are forage and cereal growing, and cattle breeding (especially for beef and dairy production).

Geology and hydrography
The town is built in the small drainage basin of the river Chère. Several streams flow in the Chère in Châteaubriant: the Rollard, the Choisel and the Ruisseau du Pont-Pirraud. The basin is limited by several hills belonging to the central axis of the Armorican massif which forms the Breton peninsula. The highest hill is 107 metres high. Several ponds are supplied by the streams, like the Étang de Choisel and the Étang de Deil. Both were created by small dams.

The subsoil consists of old sedimentary deposits of schist and sandstone. These deposits came after the Cadomian Orogeny, and they were deformed by the tectonic activity.

Climate
Châteaubriant enjoys an oceanic climate with frequent but weak rain. Temperatures are mild with little variations.

Transport
Châteaubriant is connected to the regional major roads and to the surrounding villages by several minor roads, such as the RD 163 which connects the town to Rennes and Candé, the RD 178, which goes to Nantes, and the RD 771, linking Châteaubriant to Laval and Nozay.

Châteaubriant has its own bus company, the "Castelbus". It operates a small network comprising 30 stops. The town also has a coach station served by the Loire-Atlantique coach network.

The railway station provides several departures a day to Rennes on a local line. The track continues south to Nantes, but this portion was closed in 1980. The reopening of the line to Nantes is scheduled for 2013, with a new tram-train.

Toponymy
Châteaubriant is a relatively young city for France, because it was not built before the 11th century. Thus, the name of the town is not mentioned before that period. Châteaubriant means "Briant's castle", and refers to Brient, the founder of the castle and of the town. Such origin is common among other French cities founded at the same period; it is for example visible on Château-Gontier, "Gontier's castle", Châteauroux, "Raoul's castle", and on Laval, which was first called Laval-Guyon, "Guy's valley". The town was first mentioned with the Latin Castrum Brieni or Castrum Brientii, and the first mention in French, in 1266, is Cheteau Brient. During the 15th century, the "e" of Brient became "a", and the final "t" was often replaced with a "d" until the standardization of the name in the 19th century.

The standard Latin translation is Castrobriandum but the medieval forms Briandi Castrum and Brientii Castrum are still accepted. In Breton language, the town is called Kastell-Briant, and in Gallo language, the local dialect, it is called Châtiaoberiant (ABCD transcription, pronounced ).

During the French Revolution, many towns and villages which had a name with a reference to religion or feudalism had it changed. As "Châteaubriant" makes a reference to medieval lords, the town was renamed Montagne-sur-Chère ("hill on the Chère River"). The town did not keep this name for long, and it was called "Châteaubriant" again by 1801.

Heraldry
Châteaubriant has had at least three coats of arms: two primitive ones dating from the Middle Ages, and a modern one, adopted by the town council in 1890.

The lords of Châteaubriant originally bore the arms Gules, semy of pine cones Or (many yellow pine cones on a red field) or Gules, papelonny Or (red with yellow fish scales). During the battle of Al Mansurah, an episode of the Seventh Crusade, the lord of Châteaubriant saved Louis IX of France. The King permitted him to replace the pine cones with fleurs de lys, the royal French symbol. The coat of arms was henceforth Gules, semy of fleurs de lys Or.

The modern coat of arms, dating from 1890, is Party per pale, first Azure three fleurs de lys Or a baton Gules, second Ermine, overall an escutcheon Gules, semy of fleurs de lys Or. The left part, three fleurs de lys and a red baton, are the arms of the princes of Condé, who owned Châteaubriant from the 17th century until the French Revolution, and the right part is the arms of the duchy of Brittany.

Origins
Several menhirs are visible around Châteaubriant, notably on the communes of Rougé, Treffieux, Lusanger and Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux. In Châteaubriant itself, Neolithic axes were found around the suburb of Béré. This suburb was probably founded by Gauls who exploited the small iron ore which can be found there. Their ethnicity is unknown, because the region is located at the border between several Gallic people, such as the Andecavi, the Redones and the Namnetes. Remains of Roman buildings were discovered in Béré in 1876, and the suburb was at the crossroads between the Roman roads linking Candé, Nantes and Rennes.

The region is invaded by the Breton people during the 6th century. It is then a part of the Breton kingdom. Béré remains an important location, with a mint, a Christian sanctuary, forges and a market.

Foundation
The history of Châteaubriant itself began in the 11th century when Brient (an envoy of the Count of Rennes) built a castle on a motte bordering the Chère and Rollard rivers. Later, he also founded the priory Saint-Sauveur-de-Béré and a fair in the Béré suburb.

The fortress of Châteaubriant was then a part of eastern Brittany's defensive line, known as the Marches of Brittany, along with the other walled towns of Vitré and Fougères (both in Ille-et-Vilaine) and Ancenis and Clisson (both in Loire Atlantique), which formed the first line of defense against the French Kingdom. Later in the 12th century the town developed around the western flank of the castle. This new town overwhelmed the old Béré suburb, which nonetheless remained a distinct parish.

Middle Ages
As the castle was in a very strategic location, the town was subject to several battles and invasions during the Middle Ages. One of the largest sieges was commissioned by Louis IX of France in 1235. Insecurity led the lords to raise city walls during the 13th century. The walls were improved and extended several times and were finally completed in the 15th century. The moat was fed by the Chère on the north and by the Rollard on the south. This stream was also crossing the inner town by the east, until it was covered during the 19th century. The walls had five gates of which only one still exists today.

The primitive House of Châteaubriant, whose founder was Brient, became extinct in the 14th century. One of the best known family members was Jeanne Louise de Belleville, Jeanne de Clisson also known as the Lioness of Brittany who married her first husband, 19-year-old Geoffrey de Châteaubriant VIII and had two children.

The barony of Châteaubriant was inherited by the House of Dinan, another Breton noble family. After the Dinan became themselves extinct, the barony went to the House of Laval.

In 1486, the baroness of Châteaubriant, Françoise de Dinan, opposed Francis II of Brittany and signed the "Châteaubriant treaty" by which barons of Brittany asked the King of France to settle a Breton internal dispute. The treaty, which betrayed the authority of Francis II, was one of the reasons of the Mad War, and showed the weakness of the Duchy of Brittany as a political entity. Brittany and France went to war, Breton castles were taken one after the other by the French. Châteaubriant was besieged in 1488 and surrendered after one week.

Renaissance
After the war, the castle was upgraded to fit the new military techniques, and it was redecorated in the First Renaissance style. During the 16th century, Jean de Laval, governor of Brittany from 1531 to 1542, built a new Renaissance palace inside the old castle for his wife, Françoise de Foix. At his death, Jean de Laval went on to bequeath his barony to Anne de Montmorency. During the Renaissance, Brittany was annexed to France, and three Kings of France visited Châteaubriant: Francis I, Henry II and Charles IX.

During the French Wars of Religion, Châteaubriant was one of the headquarters of the Catholic League, because the Montmorency family which owned the barony was on the Catholic side. At the beginning of the 17th century, the last Montmorency was executed for betrayal and his possessions were given to the House of Condé.

Revolution
During the French Revolution, Châteaubriant was the scene of violent fighting between Republicans and Royalists. It is at this period that Victor Hugo's parents met in the town. They were Brutus Hugo, a young Republican lieutenant, and a local, Sophie Trébuchet.

19th century
During the 19th century, the town was modernized. Most of the city walls were destroyed, new streets were built and the parish church was reconstructed. A new town hall and a covered market were also built, and the castle became a courthouse and the seat of the sous-préfecture. Several factories were founded in the suburbs, such as a foundry in 1856 and a plough manufacture. Several iron mines were opened in the region, for example in Rougé, Teillay and Sion. Three railroads were built between 1877 and 1887 linking Châteaubriant with Nantes, Sablé-sur-Sarthe, Redon, Rennes and Ancenis. A gas supply system was opened in 1876.

Second World War
The concentration camp of Choisel opened in 1940. Some 45,000 war prisoners, mainly French but also British, were interned there. In 1941, the prisoners were sent to Germany, and replaced by Gypsies, black market traffickers, prostitutes, and finally political activists, mostly Communists, treated as hostages. Following the death of Karl Hotz, Feldkommandant of the Feldgericht of Nantes, killed by Resistants, 27 hostages were shot in a stone-pit outside the town on 22 October 1941. 21 other hostages were executed outside Nantes the same day. Among the Châteaubriant hostages was Guy Môquet, a 17-year-old boy who became a symbol of the French Resistance.

In 1944, the town was bombed by the Allies. They were targeting the foundries, but the bombs also destroyed a part of the castle and the town centre.

After the war, Châteaubriant was quickly rebuilt and extended towards the southwest, with the construction of a new industrial zone during the 1960s.

Administration
Châteaubriant is located in the Pays de la Loire region, and in the sixth circonscription of the Loire-Atlantique département. It is a sous-préfecture, and the chief town of a canton.

The election results of Châteaubriant do not show a clear political orientation. The town has been governed by left and right-wing mayors and if the citizens favored Nicolas Sarkozy as President in 2007, they massively voted for François Hollande in 2012.

Châteaubriant had a court until 2009. Since then, the nearest court is in Nantes.

Population
In 2018, the functional area (aire d'attraction), which encompasses Châteaubriant plus 19 surrounding communes (636 km2 in total), had 33,961 inhabitants.

The population of Châteaubriant is aging, 29.1% of the population being older than 60 (22.7% on the French national level).

Economy
Châteaubriant, which is located in a vast rural area, offers many services not available in villages. The town centre comprises many shops and a vast shopping centre is located on the western outskirts. The town has 1105 firms, of which 76 specialise in industry, 96 in construction, 236 in trade and 697 in services. Industry is mainly represented by food processing, with the second biggest cattle market in France and an important slaughterhouse. Metallurgy is also important, with plough and rail-material production, but plastic production is replacing it.

The foire de Béré, which has taken place every September since 1050, is one of the oldest fairs in Europe. It is a big event for the region, with furniture, leisure and car displays, and agricultural shows. A funfair is always held at the entrance. The fair itself welcomes 55,000 visitors every year, but the funfair is more successful, with 100,000 visitors.

Sights
The château de Châteaubriant is an important testimony to French medieval and Renaissance architecture. It combines an upper and a lower bailey encircled by walls and towers mostly dating from the 13th century. In the upper bailey are located the 12th century chapel and the 14th century keep and two halls. These halls and keep, where the lord was living, are built on the location of the older motte-and-bailey castle. The Renaissance palace, made of three wings and a long gallery, is built in the lower ward.

The little town centre dates back to the Middle Ages, and several half-timbered houses are visible. They mostly date back to the 15th century. The city walls were destroyed during the 19th century, but the 16th century Porte Neuve ("new gate") and some towers are preserved. The covered market, built in 1900, is an exhibition venue. The Saint-Nicolas parish church was rebuilt after 1850. It is a small replica of the Saint-Nicolas church in Nantes.

The Saint-Jean-de-Béré church is located outside the centre. The church was built around 1100, and still has its original wooden ceiling. Later, during the 16th century, the three baroque altarpieces were set in the choir. The bell-tower was destroyed by a storm in 1705 and only rebuilt in 1889. This monument is one of the rare medieval churches that are still visible in Loire-Atlantique. See The works of Jean Fréour Sculptor of statue of St Rita.

The quarry at the Sablière is where 27 hostages were executed in 1941. It is now a memorial.

Performing arts
The Théâtre de Verre ("glass theatre") is the main venue for concerts and theatre. Châteaubriant also has a four-screen cinema and a school for music, dance and drama.

The town has a Celtic circle and a bagad (Breton traditional band).

Local legends
Several legends are linked with Châteaubriant. The most famous one is the Bête de Béré ("Béré beast"), known in the whole Pays de la Mée. According to the legend, a beast, looking like a wolf, a pig or a big cat, prowls every night in the Béré suburb to protect a young maid who has been locked for centuries under the priory.

Another legend is built around Jean de Laval and his wife Françoise de Foix, mistress of Francis I of France, who died in 1537 in the castle. At that time, a rumour said that she was killed by her jealous husband, who did not approve of her relationship with the King. Since then, a ghostly procession would walk in the castle at the death anniversary, every 16 October at midnight.

Twin cities
Châteaubriant is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Radevormwald, Germany, since 1981
 * 🇮🇪 Athlone, Ireland, since 1985
 * 🇷🇴 Brabova, Romania, since 1990
 * 🇩🇿 Tigzirt, Algeria (in process).

title: Châteaubriant


text:
Talk:Indian English

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 January 2020 and 22 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Malnarula.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Source of the anomalies
Does anyone have any information on where the "anomalies" in Indian English grammars listed (the use of the progressive in static verbs, for example) came from? Did they develop somewhat arbitrarily simply as language drift, or do they mirror grammatical forms in other (non-English) Indian language and were imported from there into English? --Delirium 20:41, May 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Grammar Structure in Hindi differs from English. It's kinda like French. For instance, when I was learning French, I would formulate a sentence in English(since English is my strongest language), and then convert it to French (or vice-versa). This often had disastrous effects. Take the phrase Je Vous Remercie, which literally translates as I You Thank. If "I You Thank" is not considered French English, I don't see why similar structural mistakes are included in Indian English. More often than not, these "anomalies" are actually just bad English spoken by non-native speakers of the language. I hypothesize mostly from personal experience, but I intend to get some professional views on this phenomenon soon.--LuciferBlack 05:06, Aug 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Usages are accepted in a dialect if enough people communicate with them and accept them. If there were a community of people who were used to saying "I you thank," that would be considered part of the dialect.  If we're accepting that Indian English is a dialect that has grown separately from British English and American English, then there are going to be anomalies in grammar.  Thirdreel 13:53, 16 Aug 2004

Include canonical phrases / words
WRT the back and forth edits between LSofS and Rj, I have a suggestion to make. Why don't you just include canonical phrases/ words that have been used in advertisements, other media, etc.,?

I disagree with LSofS on the one letter difference- in fact saloon is a very interesting word and is not similar to the colour/ color conventions or other conventions such as s/z or c/s that are standardised in many words. I was not aware of the salon/ saloon connection - maybe there is an interesting etymology to it too, it is worthy enough to be included! In daily life in India, at least in Tamilnadu, in every small town and maybe even in village, a saloon refers to a "barber shop" frequented only by "gents"(that's another Indianism) KRS 18:17, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, unfortunately, Rj misinformed regarding saloon as referring to salon. If it means what you're talking about, then it has a well-established Euro-American precident in "saloon," a congregatory hall, frequently for men, in which drinks and such would be served (see cowbow westerns). Also, "gents" is not an Indianism, in the sense that it was not coined by Indians. It's a known contraction all over the world. --LordSuryaofShropshire 18:40, Aug 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Salon is not only misspelt in Tamil Nadu, it is also misspelt in Kerala and Bangalore (I have witnessed that). Only very few women salon, correctly spelt that. A google search suggests, the word is misspelt even in Jaipur, Mumbai and many other places in India. --Rrjanbiah 11:37, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not misspelt, we've already determined this. It is referring to the Euro-American saloon. Look up a dictionary.--LordSuryaofShropshire 16:17, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

Saloon http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn2.0?stage=1&word=saloon 1. barroom, bar, saloon, ginmill, taproom -- (a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter; "he drowned his sorrows in whiskey at the bar") 2. public house, pub, saloon, pothouse, gin mill, taphouse -- (tavern consisting of a building with a bar and public rooms; often provides light meals)

Salon http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn2.0?stage=1&word=salon 1. salon -- (gallery where works of art can be displayed) 2. salon, beauty salon, beauty parlor, beauty parlour, beauty shop -- (a shop where hairdressers and beauticians work) 3. salon -- (elegant sitting room where guests are received)

In Indian English, Saloon means beauty salon (Salon)

--Rrjanbiah 05:15, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you Rrjanbiah, I also wanted to cite references- saloon in the Western context has no relation to saloon in the Indian context, the Indian context saloon has to be the Western context salon KRS 06:28, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Yes, I think, the right place to discuss about this issue is a.e.u. I have some doubts in English especially "How do you do?" and "Saloon"; I'll post there sometimes later (as I'm bit busy now) and will update here. --Rrjanbiah 07:59, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The term "co-brother"
The term "co-brother" is not understood even by most of the Indians. It cannot be included in Indian English. Telugu people use the word "co-brother-in-law" instead of it. Even the use of the term "co-brother-in-law" is incorrect method while translating Telugu words to English. In Telugu, sons-in-law of a common father-in-law are called as todallullu. In Telugu, the word todalludu means companion of son-in-law. It is incorrect to use those words such as co-brother and co-brother-in-law while translating Telugu kinship terms to English.

Differences in the English Language Throughout Asia
Cell phone or handphone? SMS or text? I've posted a brief intro about the differences in terms used for every day things in Asia in my blog at www.ux.com.sg. I would like to expand on the list and to do that I will need contributions from as many people as possible. Please do help me out by sharing your valuable insights. Thank you :)

Request Indian English assistance
Greetings,

I am a published author working on my second novel. There is a brief scene featuring a character speaking English with an Indian accent. I have been using the wikipedia entry on "Indian English" to help me write this section phonetically and idiomatically, but i'm sure I am making numerous naive and inaccurate representations. Would the author of that entry or anyone else on this board be willing to take a look at the short section and provide feedback? It's about 6 sentences long.

Thank you for your time. You can reach me at juxtapozbliss@yahoo.com.

Unique phrases again
I've just removed the following. While in England, it may not be common to use place names as an addendum to university names, it is quite common in the U.S. and Australia (perhaps because of sheer size of the countries, branch campuses develop). Anyway if anyone has a problem w/ this, the original text is here.

 * "Placenames appended as part of a formal organisation name: Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad instead of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad; possibly because a similar Indian Institute of Management is probably in another location and to differentiate between these, a location name has to be added, unlike in the case of University of Manchester or Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This appears to be common usage."

Morphology and syntax
The section with this heading is presently (late 2017) empty. Surely somebody has some reliable information!

OR: My own observations include the frequent omission of the definite article the  by Indian-English speakers and writers, where it would be mandatory in Australia, the UK and the US. For example, I've recently been reading Wikipedia articles on Jainism, many of which show this tendency. However, it is only a tendency, and neither omission nor inclusion of the article is certain. Occasionally, the indefinite articles a and an are also affected similarly.

Does anybody have published information about this usage to confirm (or otherwise) these impressions? Or about any other consistent structural differences between Indian and other Englishes? yoyo (talk) 17:02, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Hello yoyo, like you, I am confused by tags that entreat me to use Indian English in certain articles. Sure, there is different pronunciation. The vocabulary may differ slightly from American English.  I see no point in adding unnecessary modifying clauses, overusing gerunds. or to mix and match lakhs and crores and inconsistent grouping of digits with SI standard numbers. Tell me the rules for written Indian English and I'll comply. Rhadow (talk) 09:13, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Given I'm building a spelling and grammar checker for Wikipedia, I'm curious about the standard Indian English dialect too. So far the opinions I can find on the topic of articles in Indian English is that a lot of people are simply using them incorrectly because they are not present in Hindi and perhaps other Indian languages, and hardly anyone in India has English as a first language. If true, I think it's not dissimilar to what happens with English spoken and written in the Netherlands. Almost everyone there speaks English, but even on professional web sites you'll see errors much more frequently than on say, British sites. And a lot of them are clearly dragging some things over from Dutch, like weird vocabulary choices or making lots of new compound words. That said, if most Indian English speakers don't consider adding or dropping "a" or "the" to be an error, and if people generally ignore the distinction, we might count that as a dialect difference. It does seem like in professional prose that articles are almost always used as they would be in British English. For the purposes of Wikipedia, perhaps we can simply assume that prose that follows British grammar is considered correct Indian English (but perhaps with slight vocabulary differences), even if the reverse might not be true? It's not necessarily a bad thing to use the language in a more restricted way that looks correct to multiple countries, just to improve clarity for more people. Certainly I try to do that when dealing with American vs. British differences. -- Beland (talk) 06:56, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

 * , sounds like a good plan to me — just use articles as one would elsewhere, even if the text one is editing has dropped a few. yoyo (talk) 04:08, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Additional Phrases Unique to Indian-English

 * clubbing-together (consolidating, grouping)
 * cousin-brother (male cousin)
 * cousin-sister (female cousin)
 * today morning (this morning)
 * the needful ("necessary, "what's needed" - uncommon in Am. Eng. I had never heard in 50+ yrs as native speaker) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChinaChuck (talk • contribs) 17:34, 27 February 2018 (UTC)
 * My Indian-born doctor (GP) in Australia always asks specialists, in his referral letters, to "please do the needful". yoyo (talk) 04:16, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Pedestrian overpass
When I encounter an article with, should I use the term "over bridge," "foot over bridge," "footover bridge," or what? Rhadow (talk) 16:20, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

Baton charge
When I encounter an article with, should I use the term "lathicharge," "lathi-charge," "lathi charge," or what? Rhadow (talk) 11:57, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I've seen "lathi-charge" in an Indian news article. Also, note that the commas in Rhadow's list should appear outside the double quotes in British, Australian and Indian English; thus: "lathicharge", "lathi-charge", "lathi charge", or what?  (The last comma in a list is optional).  yoyo (talk) 04:16, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

Official language of India
Next time you get the urge to introduce unidiomatic constructions such as "co-mandated," please do yourself the favor of reading Talk:India/Archive_12, especially Saravask's reduction to 15 of my sources. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  15:35, 31 May 2019 (UTC)
 * With all due respect, I, apologize for using that word, I didn’t realize it was Italian for something else. -- friendlyneighborhoodanon 19:10, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

Number of English speaking people in India
The article says: There are three sources given for 250,000 native speakers - all of them give an error.

Furthermore the article says there are 200 million second language speakers in India with no source given. The census of 2011 gives 83 million people for English as a second language (see https://www.livemint.com/news/india/in-india-who-speaks-in-english-and-where-1557814101428.html, but we can also take the census report itself).

I suggest we change to that number, if we do not find a reliable source for higher numbers. --Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven (talk) 15:57, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian English


text:
Joplin

Joplin may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Joplin, Missouri
 * Joplin, Missouri metropolitan area
 * Joplin, Montana
 * Joplin, Texas
 * Joplin, Virginia (now extinct)
 * Joplin, West Virginia

People

 * Joplin (surname), people with the surname, most notably:
 * Janis Joplin (1943–1970), American singer-songwriter
 * Scott Joplin (1867–1917), American ragtime composer

Others

 * A Night with Janis Joplin, a Broadway musical
 * Joplin (software), an open source note taking and to-do application
 * Joplin High School, a public High School in Joplin, Missouri
 * Joplin Miners, a defunct minor league baseball team in Joplin, Missouri
 * Joplin Regional Airport, a regional airport next to Joplin, Missouri
 * Joplin Tundra, a family of Canadian aircraft
 * "Joplin", a development codename of the video game Dragon Age 4

title: Joplin


text:
Malte-Brun

Malte-Brun may refer to:
 * Conrad Malte-Brun (1755-1826), Danish-French geographer and journalist
 * Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun (1816-1889), French geographer and cartographer and son of Conrad
 * Malte Brun (mountain), a New Zealand mountain named after Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun

title: Malte-Brun


text:
Forney

Forney could refer to:

People

 * Alva Clark Forney, lieutenant governor of South Dakota
 * Daniel Munroe Forney, US Representative from North Carolina
 * David Forney, American electrical engineer
 * Ellen Forney, American cartoonist and educator
 * James Forney, recipient of the Marine Corps Brevet Medal
 * John H. Forney (1829-1902), American Confederate general in the Civil War
 * John Weiss Forney, American journalist and politician
 * John W. Forney, US Secretary of the Senate
 * Kynan Forney, former American football player
 * Matthias N. Forney (1835-1908), US steam locomotive manufacturer
 * Peter Forney, US Representative from North Carolina
 * William H. Forney, US Representative from Alabama
 * Andrew P. Forney, Beaker

Places

 * Forney, Texas
 * Forney Independent School District, school district based in Forney
 * Forney High School, in Forney, Texas
 * North Forney High School, in Forney, Texas
 * Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field, formerly known as Forney Army Airfield
 * Forney Ridge Trail, an American hiking trail
 * Forney Transportation Museum, Denver, Colorado

Things

 * Forney Aircoupe, a variant of the low wing metal monoplane ERCO Ercoupe
 * Forney locomotive, a steam locomotive built to the design of Matthias N. Forney
 * Forney algorithm, for calculating the error values at known error locations

title: Forney


text:
Camarate

Camarate is a former civil parish in the municipality of Loures, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Camarate, Unhos e Apelação. With a population of 23,000 inhabitants in 2001, the parish of Camarate extends into an area of 5.52 km².

History
The probable origin of the local place name came from the historical cultivation of vineyards with a caste of grape called Camarate.

A Matriz Church was founded by the Bishop of Lisbon, Agapito Colona, in the 14th century, and later amplified and expanded. During the Portuguese Interregnum, the estate of Camarate, then property of the Jew David Negro, administrator of the Royal Customhouses of King Ferdinand I of León and Castile, was confiscated and delivered into the hands of Nuno Álvares Pereira, who lived there with his mother until joining the Carmelite Order. While there, the knight founded and consecrated a chapel to Nossa Senhora do Socorro, which he later offered, along with the estate, to the Carmelites, who founded a convent on the site. Much later, under Nuno Álvares Pereira stewardship, Camarate would be integrated (along with other neighbouring lands) into the patrimony of the House of Braganza.

The parish of Camarate separated from the administration of Sacavém across a foral issued by King Manuel I of Portugal, dated 1 May 1511.

After the 17th century, the region became a place of leisure sought after by the Lisboeta nobility. The region was famous for its agricultural, characterized by estates that supported the fiscal production of the parish until the 20th century.

It was part of Lisbon (until 1852), then Santa Maria dos Olivais (between 1852 and 1886). Later, it was re-annexed to Lisbon between 1886 and 1895, before being integrated into the municipality of Loures. On 4 June 1996, the community was elevated to the status of vila (town) by decree of the Assembly of the Republic.

After the 20th century, and owing to industrial development in the neighbouring parishes, the parish experienced a growth in population, accompanied by a comparable growth in illegal construction.

Camarate became infamous for the aircraft accident that befell Portuguese Social Democratic Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro, his wife, and the Christian Democratic Defense Minister Adelino Amaro da Costa, on the evening of 4 December 1980. A few hours before the presidential elections, the aircraft was en route to Porto, when it crashed in the parish.

Geography
Situated in north of Lisbon, Camarate is a civil parish located in the eastern part of the municipality of Loure. It is fronted in the northwest by the Lourense parishes of Frielas and Unhos, southeast by Prior Velho and east by Sacavém; in the extreme southeast it borders Santa Maria dos Olivais, in the south Charneca (both parishes of Lisbon); and, finally southwest, with the Olival Basto in the municipality of Odivelas. Part of this configuration means that a portion of the International Airport of Lisbon lies within the borders of the parish.

The civil parish includes several bairros (neighborhoods), including the bairro of Angola, Boavista, Bogalheira, CAR, Esperança, Fetais de Baixo, Fetais de Cima, Fontaínhas, Grilo, Loureiras, Mira-Loures, Santiago, Santo António, São Benedito, São Francisco, dSão João, São José, São Lourenço, Sousas, Torre, Fonte da Pipa, Mucharros, Quinta de Marvila, Quinta do Paraíso, Quinta de Santa Rosa, Quinta do Galeão, in addition to the centre of the vila (town).

Economy
It was well known for its local wine, produced in the fertile farms that characterized the parish until the mid-twentieth century. Since then, industrialization has transformed it into an urbanized town.

Civic

 * Estate of Encarnação (Quinta da Encarnação)
 * Estate of Ribeirinha (Quinta da Ribeirinha)
 * Estate of Portas de Ferro (Quinta das Portas de Ferro)
 * Estate of Santa Teresa (Quinta de Santa Teresa)
 * Estate of Redondo (Quinta do Redondo)
 * Estate of Ulmeiro (Quinta do Ulmeiro)

Religious

 * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Vitória (Capela de Nossa Senhora da Vítoria)
 * Church of Santiago Maior (Igreja Matriz de Santiago Maior de Camarate), alternately the Church of Saint James of Camarate, located in the intersection between the Praça 1.º de Maio with the Ruas Avelino Salgado de Oliveira and Rua de Guilherme Gomes Fernandes, the parochial church was constructed in 1370 by the Bishop of Lisbon. Over time the building deteriorated to the point that, in 1511, a new church was reconstructed on the same site, at the same time that Camarate became an independent ecclesiastical parish. A similar reconstruction/remodelling occurred at the beginning of the 17th century.

Notable citizens

 * Mário de Sá Carneiro (19 May 1890 — Paris; 26 April 1916), was a Portuguese poet and writer, member of the "Geração D'Orpheu", who, along with Fernando Pessoa and Almada Negreiros, contributed poetry and artistic prose influenced by cosmopolitanism and the European Avant-Garde

title: Camarate


text:
Strap It On

Strap It On is the debut album by American alternative metal band Helmet. It was first released in October 1990 through Amphetamine Reptile Records, and later reissued through Interscope Records in January 1993.

Critics considered the album innovative for its explosive, propulsive, and often staccato riff style which greatly exploited drop D tuning. It has since become a cult classic in the post-hardcore genre and even influential on the metal scene.

Background and recording
Helmet was formed in 1989 by vocalist/guitarist Page Hamilton after he left the alternative rock group Band of Susans. Hamilton would recruit guitarist Peter Mengede (originally from Australia), bassist Henry Bogdan, and drummer John Stanier. Having not settled on a name yet, Mengede's then-wife Reyne Cuccuro suggested the Germanic name of "helmuth". Having misinterpreted her, Hamilton thought she was referring to the helmet protective gear. Thinking it was "a pretty cool name for a band", Hamilton went with the Anglicized spelling and the band was named Helmet.

The band was quickly noticed by Halo of Flies guitarist Tom Hazelmyer, who signed Helmet to his label Amphetamine Reptile Records; the band would release its debut 7" single, "Born Annoying", later in 1989.

In total, the album cost $2,500 to make. The album was produced by Wharton Tiers and the band.

Release
Strap It On's original release came through independent noise rock label Amphetamine Reptile Records in October 1990. In January 1993, it was re-released by their new label Interscope Records.

Reception and legacy
The album received positive reviews, with critics praising the band's fresh, raw and innovative sound. In September 1992, the original Amphetamine Reptile release was estimated to have sold 10,000 copies. By February 1995, this figure had increased to 40,000. Amphetamine Reptile Records founder Tom Hazelmyer would later state that Strap It On kept the label going throughout the 1990s.

AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier wrote in his review "The nine-song album is a brief one, clocking in around a half-hour, but even such brevity proves wonderfully exhausting by the time you near the last couple songs. In fact, by the time you make it past 'Sinatra', one of the album's highlights and also the halfway point, slow fatigue threatens as the riffs continue to hammer away unrelentingly and vocalist Page Hamilton's sometimes-tuneful, oftentimes-bellowing shouting grows seemingly further agonized. The overall relentlessness should be a sheer pleasure to those who enjoy the intensity of metal without the clownish clichés yet, at the same time, enjoy the originality of alt-rock without the pansy passivity." In 1994, The New York Times labelled Strap It On as "relentlessly noisy." In 2006, Pitchfork labelled it and Meantime as one of "the metal band's two triumphs." Future guitarist Chris Traynor was a fan of the album, and considered it to be "one of the most important rock records ever."

Kerrang! ranked the album at No. 19 in their list of "The 50 Best Albums From 1990", and stated that the album is "balanced on the centre-point between alt.metal, noise rock and post-hardcore." Stereogum named the track "Sinatra" as one of the "30 Essential Noise Rock Tracks", and the album as "rough-hewn post-hardcore" and groove metal.

In 2004, the songs "Repetition", "FBLA", "Bad Mood" and "Sinatra" appeared on the compilation album Unsung: The Best of Helmet 1991–1997. The track listing for the compilation was chosen by Page Hamilton. The Sacramento-based alternative metal group Deftones covered the song "Sinatra", with it appearing on their 2005 compilation album B-Sides & Rarities. The song was also covered by the band Livver on the 2016 Helmet tribute album Meantime (Redux). The album further included covers of "Bad Mood" by Blackwolfgoat and "Blacktop" by Heads.

Track listing
All music and lyrics by Page Hamilton.

Personnel
Band Technical
 * Page Hamilton – vocals, guitar
 * Henry Bogdan – bass
 * Peter Mengede – guitar
 * John Stanier – drums
 * Wharton Tiers – mixing, engineering, production

title: Strap It On


text:
Talk:Strap It On

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 22:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Move from Strap It On (Helmet album) to Strap It On

 * Comment If Strap It On (AC/DC album) is deleted, then this move should definately go ahead. Otherwise, I guess the move could go ahead and at the top of the article, place a disambiguation link to the AC/DC album (the one that may or may not exist yet) --Lox (t,c) 21:04, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Now that Strap It On (AC/DC album) has been deleted, this move should definately go ahead! --Lox (t,c) 14:55, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Nobody moved the page, so i will. No-Bullet 01:56, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, i got an error message: "The page could not be moved: a page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name, or use Requested moves to ask an administrator to help you with the move." Tomorrow i'll put the page in WP:RM. No-Bullet 02:12, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The move did go ahead, but then later some S&M person wanted to use "Strap It On" for something (you can imagine), so it became a disambig page and the Helmet album article got moved to Strap It On (album), where it has remained. An administrator later deleted the alternate usage, and Strap It On became a simple redirect to Strap It On (album). It's a perfectly fine location for the article, so I didn't bother requesting yet another page move and also didn't feel like updating all the linking pages. Please don't go ahead with your request unless you want to fix all the links. Thanks.—Lazytiger 19:47, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

FBLA
What does FBLA stand for? (track 5's title)--Kfanciulli (talk) 22:32, 14 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Future Business Leaders of America hellboy (talk) 04:37, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Strèpito
Strèpito in Italian means "noise". "Strèp It On". Now solve the anagram "Stewe Alboni". And Sinatra is the best song on the album imho. Syncopated powerchord riffs will excite you for a few years, but afterwards you'll get the need for better arrangements. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.143.79.134 (talk) 16:24, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strap It On


text:
Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun

Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun (25 November 1816 – 13 July 1889) was a French geographer and cartographer.

Biography
He was born in Paris, France, the son of Conrad Malte-Brun, another geographer, of Danish origin, and founder of the Société de Géographie. After having been professor of history in several colleges, he devoted himself especially to geographical studies.

In 1851, Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun became a member of the Société de Géographie, and quickly rose to be its secretary-general. He was also principal editor of the Nouvelles Annales des Voyage.

He died in Marcoussis in the Essonne département and is buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.

Legacy
His name was given to the street in Marcoussis where he once lived.

Mount Malte-Brun in New Zealand's Southern Alps was named, by Sir Julius von Haast, after him.

Partial bibliography
He also published a revised edition of his father's geography (8 vols., 1852–55).
 * Jeunes voyageurs en France (1840)
 * Destinée de Sir John Franklin dévoilée (1860)
 * Nouvelles acquisitions des Russes dans l'Asie orientale (1861)
 * Les États-Unis et le Mexique (1862)
 * Coup d'œil sur le Yucatan (1864)
 * Sonora et ses mines (1864)
 * Canal interocéanique du Darien (1865)
 * Histoire de Marcoussis (History of Marcoussis) (1867)
 * Histoire géographique et statistique de l'Allemagne (4to, 1866-'8)
 * La France illustrée (Illustrated France, volumes I and V, 1882)

title: Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun


text:
Talk:Flying squirrel

Revert
Note to anonymous user 128.223.208.174: Your edits on this page were factually incorrect and have been reverted. Flying squirrels neither have powered flight, nor are they capable of soaring. See any natural history book - or watch a flying squirrel. seglea 20:48, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

Article name
Shouldn't this be at Flying squirrel? The article name isn't a formal title, and almost everything linked here is through the aforementioned redirect. --Slowking Man 06:25, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

There aren't any pictures!

I agree that it should be at Flying squirrel. --Aranae 00:59, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Article scope
It seems to me that this article should deal specifically with the Petauristinae and that a link should go to the Anomaluridae. The anomalures are never in my experience called "flying squirrels", but are always called scaly-tailed flying squirrels, scaly-tails, or anomalures. Any comments on this proposal? --Aranae 00:59, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Is this really a taxonomic group?
Is the "Petauristinae" really monophyletic? Given the number of times that gliding has evolved in small mammals, wouldn't it be just as likely that several different groups of squirrels in different parts of the world independently started gliding, rather than that they all form one group? john k 05:04, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The Petauristinae is monophyletic, but the the Sciurinae is not. Flying squirrels evolved from within the other sciurids.  --Aranae 03:34, August 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh. Why are they so strangely distributed, then? john k 03:40, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Petauristinae or Pteromyinae?
According to the Animal Diversity Web and the German and French correspondents to this page, the subfamily of flying squirrels is called Pteromyinae, not (as here) Petauristinae? Pteromyinae gets 481 Google hits and Petauristinae gets 605, which is probably not a significant difference. Is one more correct than the other? --Angr/undefined 18:43, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Boring picture?
Geez, you'd think people would expect something more than a mouse on a tree in a FLYING squirrel article. Come on, put up a picture of one that's actually FLYING.

 * Here you are:Flying SquirrelThis is a rather well-taken photograph. I have no idea how to put it up on the article. I am not a fan of scripting!<:-D Here is a strobe photo of a squirrel's launch, and other pics.

 * Haha, this is great! I remember a picture just like this one from our science book in 3rd grade. If I had any idea how this who wiki-whatchcallit worked I would put up this picture.

They don't fly. But, yes, there's also a nice picture of one gliding at e-nature.com. 'Cept I don't know how to put pictures on...61.230.72.211 09:28, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Oh, and flying squirrels are not mice.61.230.72.211 09:29, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've replaced the previous photo of G. volans with one of a squirrel in flight. Does that look any better? —Michael Hays 00:40, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks better. Too bad we can't get more diversity than just Glaucomys, but the only other options are illustrations.  --Aranae 01:36, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Here's plenty of links: There. That should be enough. Dora Nichov 02:45, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * This one's not gliding, but it's CUTE!
 *

How does a flying squirrel meet it's four basic needs?
How does a flying squirrel meet it's four basic needs? You know AIR, WATER, SHELTER, AND FOOD.

Dora Nichov 08:18, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Air: They breathe like other mammals
 * Water: Not really sure, but I suppose they drink no different from others, though they may get most of their water from their food
 * Shelter: Flying squirrels live in hollow trees mostly
 * Food: They eat mostly nuts, berries, mushrooms, leaves, etc, but will often go for a bit of meat when they can get it - such as insects & slugs. Surprisingly for North America's smallest squirrel, the Southern Flying Squirrel, will sometimes attack voles and mice!

Volaticotherium
Volaticotherium was by no means a flying squirrel. It was a prehistoric mammal that was able to glide like flying squirrels, sugar gliders, colugos, and anomalures. If you read the Nature article, the authors describe it as capable of "gliding flight" and do not at all suggest it was capable of powered (true) flight. Unfortunately the press has twisted around the term "flight" and are implying that it could fly in the same sense that birds can fly which is not true based on the original article. Also it was not a sciurid, rodent, or even eutherian, but instead falls evolutionarily basal among the Theria. Its connection to flying squirrels is merely that it convergently evolved a similar gliding mechanism. Stating that flying squirrels flew before birds is absolutely false as Volaticotherium is equally closely related to flying squirrels, humans, bats, whales, and kangaroos. A link to the Volaticotherium article in a "see also" section or a discussion of it in the context of the evolution of gliding in mammals would be a reasonable addition to this article, but the recent added statement is simply false and I am reverting it again. --Aranae 02:04, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Norturnalism
No mention of nocturnalism and their enormous eyes? The species of flying squirrel where I live display both. The first time I saw one I was frightened half to death!! Pendragon39 23:59, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Lifespan
When you say "the lifespan is 3 years but in captivity up to 15 because they're such important prey animals" you're confusing lifespan with life expectancy. Lifespan is a maximum, life expectancy is an average that utilizes the mortality rate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 05:42, 10 March 2007 (UTC).

flying squirrels as pets
The statement that flying squirrels have been kept as pets since colonial times seems to be incomplete. As far as I know, the aboriginal peoples of North America kept them as pets long before Europeans arrived.

I might also add that the article only scratches the surface of what can be written about flying squirrels. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 15:31, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Sugar Gliders
why doesn't the article mention anything the nickname "Sugar Gliders" that's what I grew up knowing of them as. Arkkeeper (talk) 00:31, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Sugar gliders are an australian thing. They aren't squirrels. 121.45.204.14 (talk) 01:38, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Behavior
The otherwise badly written and unreferenced section "behavior" contained these lines of what I presume is vandalism that I removed:
 * Flying squirrels are the oldest line of squirrels around. The modern squirrels have evolved from the flying squirrel. The southern flying squirrel emigrated to North America over the Bering Land Bridge from Asia.

1) This doesn't belong in "behavior", 2) It contradicts what is said on the grey and red squirrel pages, which mention evolution from ground squirrels, 3) it is not referenced. Jalwikip (talk) 09:13, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the fix. It is not completely false; flying squirrel fossils are among the oldest squirrels and have been suggested as ancestral to the others. I would be interested to see where it says that other squirrels evolved from ground squirrels, which as far as I know is certainly false. Ucucha 12:53, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Life Span
flying squirrels live up to 15 years in captivity and 6 years out of captivity —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.215.100.238 (talk) 23:28, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Flying squirrels and their mating season, and time for giving birth!
MANY species of flying squirrels live in Southeast Asia, which includes Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Borneo (divided into three countries) - equatorial places that include islands that are crossed by the Equator, such as Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes (now called Sulawesi by some people), and Halmahera (all four being partly or completely in Indonesia) - plus the Equator runs just north of New Guinea. Anyway, how can flying squirrels there tell when it is February or March? I don't think that they can in that equatorial region. Hence, identifying February and March as the mating season for flying squirrels is a bunch of baloney.

By the way, Singapore is nearly precisely one degree of latitude north of the Equator, and it is a quite tropical and uncomfortable place w/o air conditioning. Jakarta, Bangkok, and Borneo are even worse.98.81.0.114 (talk) 15:49, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Incorrect image when link is shared
The photo that appears when you share the link of the flying squirrel is not a flying squirrel at all. It is a photo of a red squirrel. Although very similar, not the same.

Please help me with this post as it is my first time using Talk pages and may not have a handle of the procedures required to make a change. I would appreciate some coaching and my knowledge of squirrels and birds would be helpful. I am a photographer and although I do not have a clear photo of the flying squirrel taken with my big girl camera. The flying squirrel is nocturnal which makes it a little more difficult to capture a proper image.

I would like to upload an image I have of a flying squirrel eating at my bird feeders, but cannot seem to figure out how to do this. It is not a wonderful image, but does show the larger eyes (due to it being nocturnal) and the flat tail which are traits to easily identity the mamal.

copied from the internet

Roxane Bay roxane.bay@gmail.com — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.222.130.198 (talk) 14:58, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Flying squirrel. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.northern.edu/natsource/MAMMALS/Northe1.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:44, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

Two items for inclusion
Where are they found?

What is their glide ratio (forward distance divided by descent distance)?

Loraof (talk) 02:29, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

Temporal range - originated some 18–20 million years ago vs early Oligocene
The sentence in the text of the article is in contradiction with the information in the taxobox: according to the latter, the group's temporal range is from the early Oligocene (the Oligocene "extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present" - quote from its article), while the text of this article states that "Molecular studies have shown that flying squirrels are ... originated some 18–20 million years ago." Can someone get a source for either of these and clarify the situation?

Winston (talk) 07:25, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flying squirrel


text:
Fort Ashby

Fort Ashby is a historic stockade fort located in Fort Ashby, West Virginia, US. A military installation constructed during the French and Indian War, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Origin
On October 26, 1755, Colonel George Washington gave orders to build a stockade and fort on the east side of Pattersons Creek. The fort was completed about six weeks later, commanded by Captain John Ashby and his 2nd Company of Rangers. He had orders from Washington to remain quiet as long as he could and to hold the fort as long as possible, but if necessary, rather than surrender, he should burn it and try to escape to Fort Sellers on the east side of the mouth of Patterson's Creek. The only major battle at Fort Ashby occurred in 1756, when Lieutenant Robert Rutherford and his Rangers were defeated by a band of French and Indians.

Ownership
The Friends of Ashby's Fort own Fort Ashby. The museum is open Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, March - November, and for special events. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

title: Fort Ashby


text:
Conspiracy (disambiguation)

A conspiracy is a secret act to obtain some goal, usually understood with negative connotations.

Conspiracy may also refer to:

Music

 * Conspiracy (band), a progressive rock band founded by Billy Sherwood and Chris Squire
 * Conspiracy (Junior M.A.F.I.A. album)
 * Conspiracy (King Diamond album)
 * Conspiracy (Michael Bormann album)
 * Conspiracy, an album by The Raven Age
 * "Conspiracy", a song by Paramore from All We Know Is Falling

Film

 * The Conspiracy (1916 film), a silent film
 * Conspiracy (1930 film), a film by Christy Cabanne
 * Conspiracy (1939 film), a film by Lew Landers
 * Conspiracy (2001 film), a dramatization of the Nazi 1942 Wannsee Conference concerning the "Final Solution"
 * Conspiracy (2008 film), an action-drama starring Val Kilmer
 * The Conspiracy (2012 film), a Canadian conspiracy thriller by Christopher MacBride

Television

 * "Conspiracy", the third episode of the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Romans
 * "Conspiracy" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), an episode (S01 E25; 1988) of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * Conspiracies (TV series), a 2003 series on BBC and TechTV
 * Conspiracy?, a 2004 TV series on the History Channel
 * "Conspiracy" (Superstore), an episode (S06 E09; 2021) of the television series Superstore
 * "Conspiracy" (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)

Web

 * 24: Conspiracy (2005), a spin-off series from the TV series 24, for viewing on mobile phones only
 * Conspiracy Series with Shane Dawson (2019), an American documentary web series created by YouTuber Shane Dawson

Games

 * Conspiracy (board game)
 * Conspiracies (video game)
 * KGB (video game) or Conspiracy
 * Magic: The Gathering Conspiracy, a 2014 series of the Magic the Gathering collectible card game

Books and comics

 * Conspiracies (novel)
 * Conspiracy (comics), a team of super powered beings in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Conspiracy, a 1998 fantasy novel by J. Robert King, set in the Forgotten Realms

Other uses

 * Conspiracy (criminal), a criminal offense
 * Conspiracy (demogroup)
 * Conspiracy '87, the 45th World Science Fiction Convention, held in Brighton, England, in 1987
 * Conspiracy Entertainment, a video game publisher
 * Conspiracy, the collective noun for group of ravens

title: Conspiracy (disambiguation)