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University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo

The University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (UH Hilo) is a public university in Hilo, Hawaiʻi. It is one of ten campuses of the University of Hawaiʻi System. It was founded as Hilo Center at Lyman Hall of the Hilo Boys School in 1945 and was a branch campus of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. In 1970 it was reorganized by an act of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature and became a campus within the newly created University of Hawaiʻi System.

The university has been accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission or its predecessor since 1976. It offers thirty-three undergraduate and three graduate degree programs and has about 3,000 students; most students are residents of Hawaii but many are international students.

History
Although post-high school non-credit courses had been offered in Hilo as early as 1945, under the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa's Adult Education Services, the university was established as Hilo Center at Lyman Hall of the Hilo Boys School. After an attempt to close the school in 1951 by Governor Ore cedet karmaE. Long, Big Island residents, local legislators, and the University of Hawaiʻi Alumni Association led efforts to save its only college to then establish the University of Hawaiʻi Hilo Branch as an two-year campus of the university.

In 1955, the branch moved to its present location on a thirty-acre parcel of land with an enlarged faculty to support its growing student population.

In 1964, University of Hawaiʻi president Thomas Hamilton released a feasibility study on creating a statewide system of community colleges operating as part of the university. The study recommended that the Hilo Branch and the Hawaii Technical School to create a community college in Hilo. However, due to resistance from Big Island legislators, Hawaii Technical School became Hawaii Community College with oversight from the Hawaii Department of Education. Both Hawaii Community College and the Hilo Branch, however, would share the same facilities until 1984.

In 1970, University of Hawaiʻi president Harlan Cleveland led efforts to reorganize the Hilo Branch by renaming the campus to Hilo College and merged with Hawaii Community College. Collectively they were known as the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo with Paul Miwa as its first chancellor.

Amid a failed plan to create a new state college system, of which the UH Hilo would be its 'flagship', Hawai'i Community College was separated from university in 1990. In the 1990s, the former branch campus of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa would emphasize liberal arts, education, agriculture, and vocational programs.

Academics
The university specializes in marine science, volcanology, astronomy, and Hawaiian studies. The Masters of Arts program in Hawaiian Language and Literature was the first in the United States to focus on an indigenous language.

Colleges

 * College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resource Management
 * College of Arts & Sciences
 * College of Business and Economics
 * Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani, College of Hawaiian Language
 * Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy (DKICP)
 * College of Natural and Health Sciences

Undergraduate
The University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo offers BA, BBA, BS, and BSN degrees in addition to certificates. Students can also choose minors in some programs.

Graduate
The University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo offers a Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology, which meets educational requirements for licensure as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. The program is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC).

Athletics
Until 1994 University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo belonged to the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics or NAIA. Since 1992, it has been a member of the NCAA Division II Pacific West Conference. It fields teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. The sports teams nickname is the Vulcans.

Chancellors
Shared with University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu 1976–1997.

 * Bonnie D. Irwin (2019–present)
 * Marcia Sakai (Interim, 2017–2019)
 * Donald O. Straney (2010–2017)
 * Rose Tseng (1998–2010)
 * Kenneth Perrin (1993–1997)
 * Edward J. Kormondy (1986–1993)
 * Edwin Mookini (1975–1978)
 * Paul Miwa (1970–?)

Argument for separation
There has been a growing movement throughout the last decade to separate the Hilo campus from the University of Hawaiʻi System, creating a "Hawaiʻi State University". Supporters of the separation argue that the growing Hilo campus is "shortchanged" by its sister campus in Mānoa and that being independent of the system would allow the college to grow faster, better serve the community, and draw in more money from independent sources. Opponents argue that the state is too small for competing university systems and that financial divisions between Mānoa and Hilo are fair, given that Mānoa places emphasis on research and Hilo places emphasis on teaching. There are also concerns that this movement will hurt relationships between the Hilo campus and the rest of the University of Hawaiʻi System.

A bill was introduced in the 2005 session of the House of Representatives of the Hawaiʻi State Legislature to draft legislation to spin off the Hilo campus as the independent Hawaii State University. The bill was approved by the House Higher Education Committee but no hearing on the bill was planned by the House Finance Committee, effectively killing it.

University Park

 * ʻImiloa Astronomy Center
 * College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR)
 * USDA Pacific Basin – Agricultural Research Center
 * Kū Kahau Ula – UH Institute for Astronomy
 * Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy (DKICP) – formerly J. M. Long Pavilion
 * East Asian Observatory, owning the facility of the old Joint Astronomy Centre (JAC)

Main Campus

 * University Classroom Building (UCB)
 * Marine Science Building (MSB)
 * Sciences & Technology Building (STB)
 * Edith Kanakaole Hall (EKH)
 * Wentworth Hall
 * Campus Center
 * Student Life Center & Pool
 * Edwin H. Mookini Library & Media Center
 * University of Hawaiʻi Hilo Student Services Building
 * University of Hawaiʻi Hilo New Gymnasium
 * University of Hawaiʻi Hilo Performing Arts Center

Alumni

 * Jon Hill, former White House Executive Chef
 * Harry Kim (attended), Mayor of Hawaii County
 * Anthony Leone (attended), professional Mixed Martial Artist
 * Sarah Palin (attended), former governor of Alaska
 * Tarisi Vunidilo, Fijian archaeologist and curator

title: University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo


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Conquest of the Planet of the Apes

Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is a 1972 American science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson and written by Paul Dehn. The film is the sequel to Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971) and the fourth installment in the original Planet of the Apes film series. It stars Roddy McDowall, Don Murray, Ricardo Montalbán, Natalie Trundy, and Hari Rhodes. In the film, set in a world that has embraced ape slavery, Caesar (McDowall), the son of the late simians Cornelius and Zira, surfaces out of hiding from the authorities and prepares for a rebellion against humanity.

Conquest of the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on June 14, 1972, by 20th Century-Fox. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It was followed by Battle for the Planet of the Apes in 1973.

Plot
Following a North American pandemic from a space-borne disease that wiped out all dogs and cats in 1983, the government has become a series of Schutzstaffel-patterned police states that took chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans as pets before establishing a culture based on ape slave labor. These events were foretold in 1973 as testimony by two chimpanzee scientists who came from the distant future, Cornelius and Zira, before they were killed. Widely believed to be dead, their baby was secretly raised by the circus owner Armando as a young horseback rider. In 1991, now fully grown and named Caesar, the ape is brought to one of the cities to distribute flyers for Armando's circus. During their trip, Armando advises Caesar not to speak in public for fear of his life.

After seeing a gorilla being beaten and drugged, Caesar shouts "Lousy human bastards!". Armando attempts to defuse the ensuing commotion by taking responsibility for the exclamation. He plans to turn himself in to the authorities and bluff his way out while instructing Caesar to hide among the apes for safety. Caesar obeys and hides in a cage of orangutans, finding himself being trained for slavery through violent conditioning. He is then sold at auction to Governor Breck. Caesar is then put to work by Breck's chief aide MacDonald, whose African American heritage allows him to sympathize with the apes to the disgust of his boss.

Meanwhile, Armando is interrogated by Inspector Kolp, who suspects his "circus ape" is the child of Cornelius and Zira. Kolp's assistant puts Armando under a machine that psychologically forces people to be truthful. Realizing he cannot fight the machine, Armando jumps through a window and dies. When Caesar learns of Armando's death, he loses faith in human kindness. In secret, he begins teaching the apes combat and has them gather weapons.

Unfortunately, Breck eventually learns that Caesar is the ape the police are hunting. Meanwhile, Caesar realizes MacDonald is an ally to the apes' cause and reveals himself to him. MacDonald understands Caesar's intent to depose Breck, but expresses his doubts about the revolution's effectiveness. Caesar is later captured by Breck's men and is electrically tortured into speaking. Hearing him speak, Breck orders Caesar to be killed. With MacDonald's help, the heroes manage to trick Breck into believing Caesar died. Once Breck leaves, Caesar kills his torturer and escapes.

To build his numbers, Caesar takes over Ape Management. While setting the city on fire, Caesar and the rest of the apes proceed to the command center, killing most of the riot police that attempt to stop them in the process. After succeeding in this, Caesar has Breck marched out to be executed. MacDonald pleads with Caesar not to succumb to brutality and be merciful to the former masters. Caesar ignores him, deciding to dedicate his life to man's downfall.

As the apes raise their rifles to beat Breck to death, Caesar's girlfriend Lisa voices her objection, shouting "No!". She is the first ape to speak other than Caesar, but the other apes are concerned about Caesar's bloodlust as well. Caesar reconsiders and orders the apes to lower their weapons, deciding that they can afford to be humane, since the fight is already won and they "have seen the birth of the planet of the apes".

In the original, uncensored ending, Caesar chooses not to be compassionate and has the apes clobber Breck to death with their rifles.

Cast

 * Roddy McDowall as Caesar
 * Don Murray as Governor Breck
 * Ricardo Montalbán as Armando
 * Natalie Trundy as Lisa
 * Hari Rhodes as MacDonald
 * Severn Darden as Kolp
 * Lou Wagner as busboy
 * John Randolph as commission chairman
 * Asa Maynor as Mrs. Riley
 * H. M. Wynant as Hoskyns
 * David Chow as Aldo
 * Buck Kartalian as Frank (Gorilla)
 * John Dennis as policeman
 * Paul Comi as second policeman
 * Gordon Jump as auctioneer
 * Dick Spangler as announcer

Production
J. Lee Thompson, who had maintained an interest in the franchise ever since producer Arthur P. Jacobs invited him for the original Planet of the Apes, was hired to direct Conquest of the Planet of the Apes. Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films, What a Way to Go! and The Chairman, as well as during the initial stages of Planet, but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process.

Thompson staged every scene with attention to detail, such as highlighting the conflicts with color: the humans wear black and other muted colors, while the apes' suits are colorful. Don Murray suggested to Thompson his wardrobe with a black turtleneck sweater, and rehearsed his scenes after translating his dialogue into German "to get this kind of severe feeling of the Nazis". Screenwriter Paul Dehn wrote the film incorporating references to the racial conflicts in North America during the early 1970s, and Thompson further highlighted by shooting some scenes in a manner similar to a news broadcast. The primary location was Century City, Los Angeles, that had previously been part of the 20th Century-Fox backlot and translated well the bleak future with monochromatic buildings in a sterile ultramodern style. Also used as a shooting location was the University of California, Irvine, in Orange County. In addition, TV producer Irwin Allen contributed props and clothes to the film: he let the makers of 'Conquest' borrow his Seaview jumpsuits from Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, brown clothes and computers and cabinets for Ape Management that were used first on The Time Tunnel and other sets and props from other Allen productions.

Of the five original films, Conquest is the only entry filmed in Todd-AO 35 using Arriflex ARRI 35IIC cameras with lenses provided by the Carl Zeiss Group; the other Apes pictures were filmed in Panavision.

Original opening and ending
The original cut of Conquest ended with the apes' execution of Governor Breck. After a preview screening in Phoenix on June 1, 1972, the impact of the graphic content caused the producers to rework the film, even though they did not have the budget to do so. Roddy McDowall recorded a complement to Caesar's final speech, which was portrayed through editing tricks - Caesar being mostly shown through close-ups of his eyes, the gorillas hitting Breck with the butt ends of rifles played backwards to imply they were acquiescing to Caesar's directive of non-violence - and assured a lower rating. The film's Blu-ray version adds an unrated version, restoring the original ending and many other graphic scenes.

Conquest is the only Apes film without a pre-title sequence. The film's script and novelization describes a nighttime pre-title scene where police on night patrol shoot an escaping ape and discover that his body is covered with welts and bruises as evidence of severe abuse (in a later scene Governor Breck refers to the "ape that physically assaulted his master," thereby prompting MacDonald to report that the escape must have been the result of severe mistreatment). The scene appears in the first chapter of John Jakes' novelization of the film, and in the Marvel Comics adaption of the film in the early 1970s, both of which were probably based directly on the screenplay and not on the final edit of the actual film. An article in the Summer 1972 issue of Cinefantastique (volume 2, issue 2) by Dale Winogura shows and describes the scene being shot, but it is unknown why it was cut. The Blu-ray extended cut does not contain the pre-credit opening.

Continuity
Screenplay writer Paul Dehn, who wrote and co-wrote the sequels, said in interviews with Cinefantastique (quoted in The Planet of the Apes Chronicles, by Paul Woods) that the story he was writing had a circular timeline:

"The whole thing has become a very logical development in the form of a circle. I have a complete chronology of the time circle mapped out, and when I start a new script, I check every supposition I make against the chart to see if it is correct to use it...While I was out there [in California], Arthur Jacobs said he thought this would be the last so I fitted it together so that it fitted in with the beginning of Apes One, so that the wheel had come full circle and one could stop there quite happily, I think?"

Reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote that "J. Lee Thompson's direction furiously propels the action in a compact chromium-and-glass setting—and wait till you see that last battle royal." Arthur Murphy of Variety wrote, "McDowall is extremely good as usual in simian character, and Thompson's staging keeps the pace very lively." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2.5 stars out of four, calling it "excellent in the first half hour," but found "the concluding action sequences run on too long without any original slashing, maiming, or setting on fire." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "may be the best since No. 1, 'Planet of the Apes'," calling it "a self-contained allegory in which man's cruelty to beasts becomes symbolic of man's inhumanity to man. It is a simple but powerful premise, thoroughly developed with a good balance between dialog and action by Dehn and splendidly directed by J. Lee Thompson." Clyde Jeavons of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "This comic-book adventure is a far cry from the provocative Pierre Boulle vision so impressively realised by Franklin Schaffner four films ago; and in spite of some crude allegorical pretensions, it can't really be considered seriously as more than another excuse by APJAC to get maximum wear out of an expensive set of costumes."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on 23 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Conquest of the Planet of the Apes is as angry and relevant as any of its predecessors, but budget constraints and a stale script rob this revolution of the scope it requires." On Metacritic, the film received an average score of 49 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."

Box office
The film earned $4.5 million in theatrical rentals at the North American box office.

Legacy
Rise of the Planet of the Apes and its two sequels also chronicle the fall of humanity, just as Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in a new continuity. Shared plot points include an ape named Caesar being raised by a human man, his rise as the leader and instigator of the ape revolution, his being more evolved than other primates and the "near-future" setting.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Conquest of the Planet of the Apes


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Rafer Johnson

Rafer Lewis Johnson (August 18, 1934 – December 2, 2020) was an American decathlete and film actor. He was the 1960 Olympic gold medalist in the decathlon, having won silver in 1956. He had previously won a gold at the 1955 Pan American Games. Johnson was the U.S. team's flag bearer at the 1960 Olympics and lit the Olympic cauldron at the Los Angeles Games in 1984.

In 1968, Johnson, football player Rosey Grier, and journalist George Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot Robert F. Kennedy.

After he retired from athletics, Johnson turned to acting, sportscasting, and public service and was instrumental in creating the California Special Olympics. His acting career included appearances in The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961), the Elvis Presley film Wild in the Country (1961), Pirates of Tortuga (1961), None but the Brave (1965), two Tarzan films with Mike Henry, The Last Grenade (1970), Soul Soldier (1970), Roots: The Next Generations (1979), the James Bond film Licence to Kill (1989), and Think Big (1990).

Biography
Johnson was born in Hillsboro, Texas on August 18, 1934. His family moved to Kingsburg, California, when he was aged nine. For a while, they were the only black family in the town. A versatile athlete, he played on Kingsburg High School's soccer, baseball and basketball teams. He was also elected class president in both junior high and high school. The summer between his sophomore and junior years in high school (age 16), his coach Murl Dodson drove Johnson 24 miles (40 km) to Tulare and watched Bob Mathias compete in the 1952 U.S. Olympic decathlon trials. Johnson told his coach, "I could have beaten most of those guys." Dodson and Johnson drove back a month later to watch Mathias's victory parade. Weeks later, Johnson competed in a high school invitational decathlon and won the event. He also won the 1953 and 1954 California state high school decathlon meets.

In 1954, as a freshman at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), his progress in the event was impressive; he broke the world record in his fourth competition. He pledged Pi Lambda Phi fraternity, America's first non-sectarian fraternity, and was class president at UCLA. In 1955, in Mexico City, he won the title at the Pan American Games.

Johnson qualified for both the decathlon and the long jump events for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. However, he was hampered by an injury and forfeited his place in the long jump. Despite this handicap, he managed win silver in the decathlon behind compatriot Milt Campbell. It would turn out to be his last defeat in the event.

Due to injury, Johnson missed the 1957 and 1959 seasons (the latter due to a car accident), but he broke the world record in 1958 and again in 1960. The crown to his career came at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. His most serious rival was Yang Chuan-Kwang (C. K. Yang) of Taiwan. Yang also studied at UCLA; the two trained together under UCLA track coach Elvin C. "Ducky" Drake and had become friends. In the decathlon, the lead swung back and forth between them. Finally, after nine events, Johnson led Yang by a small margin, but Yang was known to be better in the final event, the 1500 m. According to The Telegraph (UK), "legend has it" that Drake gave coaching to both men, with him advising Johnson to stay close to Yang and be ready for "a hellish sprint" at the end, and advising Yang to put as much distance between himself and Johnson before the final sprint as possible.

Johnson ran his personal best at 4:49.7 and finished just 1.2 sec slower than Yang, winning the gold by 58 points with an Olympic record total of 8,392 points. Both athletes were exhausted and drained and came to a stop a few paces past the finish line leaning against each other for support. With this victory, Johnson ended his athletic career.

At UCLA, Johnson also played basketball under legendary coach John Wooden and was a starter for the Bruins on their 1958–59 team. Wooden considered Johnson a great defensive player, but sometimes regretted holding back his teams early in his coaching career, remarking, "imagine Rafer Johnson on the [fast] break."

Johnson was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the 28th round (333rd overall) of the 1959 NFL Draft as a running back.

While training for the 1960 Olympics, his friend Kirk Douglas told him about a part in Spartacus that Douglas thought might make him a star: the Ethiopian gladiator Draba, who refuses to kill Spartacus (played by Douglas) after defeating him in a duel. Johnson read for and got the role, but was forced to turn it down because the Amateur Athletic Union told him it would make him a professional and therefore ineligible for the Olympics under the rules of the time. The role eventually went to another UCLA great, Woody Strode. In 1960, Johnson began acting in motion pictures and working as a sportscaster. He made several film appearances, mostly in the 1960s. Johnson worked full-time as a sportscaster in the early 1970s. He was a weekend sports anchor on the local NBC affiliate in Los Angeles, KNBC, but seemed uncomfortable in that position and eventually moved on to other things.

Johnson worked on the presidential election campaign of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and on June 5, 1968, with the help of Rosey Grier, he apprehended Sirhan Sirhan immediately after Sirhan had assassinated Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Kennedy died the following day at Good Samaritan Hospital. Johnson discussed the experience in his autobiography, The Best That I Can Be (published in 1999 by Galilee Trade Publishing and co-authored with Philip Goldberg). Johnson served on the organizing committee for the first Special Olympics competition in Chicago in 1968, hosted by Special Olympics founder, Eunice Kennedy Shriver and the next year he led the founding of the California Special Olympics. Johnson, along with a small group of volunteers, founded California Special Olympics in 1969 by conducting a competition at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for 900 individuals with intellectual disabilities. Following the first California Games in 1969, Johnson became one of the original members of the board of directors. The board worked together to raise funds and offer a modest program of swimming and track and field. In 1983, Rafer ran for President of the Board to increase Board participation, reorganize the staff to most effectively use each person's talents, and expand fundraising efforts. He was elected president and served in the capacity until 1992, when he was named chairman of the Board of Governors.

Family
Johnson married Elizabeth Thorsen in 1971. They had two children and four grandchildren.

Johnson's brother Jimmy was a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and his daughter Jennifer competed in beach volleyball at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney following her collegiate career at UCLA. His son Joshua Johnson followed his father into track and field and had a podium finish in the javelin throw at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Johnson participated in the Art of the Olympians program.

Death
Rafer Johnson died after suffering a stroke on December 2, 2020, in Sherman Oaks, California. He was 86.

Achievements
Johnson was named Sports Illustrated's Sportsman of the Year in 1958 and won the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States in 1960, breaking that award's color barrier. In 1962, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He was chosen to ignite the Olympic Flame during the opening ceremonies of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, becoming the first Black athlete in Olympic history to do so. In 1994, he was elected into the first class of the World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame.

In 1998, Johnson was named one of ESPN's 100 Greatest North American Athletes of the 20th Century. In 2006, the NCAA named him one of the 100 Most Influential Student Athletes of the past 100 years. On August 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver announced that Johnson would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum's yearlong exhibit. The induction ceremony was on December 1, 2009, in Sacramento, California. Johnson was a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C. National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll.

Rafer Johnson Junior High School in Kingsburg, California is named in his honor, as are Rafer Johnson Community Day School and Rafer Johnson Children's Center, both in Bakersfield, California. The latter school, which has classes for special education students from the ages of birth-5, also puts on an annual Rafer Johnson Day. Every year Johnson himself spoke at the event and cheered on hundreds of students with special needs as they participated in a variety of track and field events.

In 2010, Johnson received the Fernando Award for Civic Accomplishment from the Fernando Foundation and in 2011, he was inducted into the Bakersfield City School District Hall of Fame. Additionally, Rafer acted as the athletic advisor to Dan Guerrero, Director of Athletics at UCLA. He was Inducted into the Texas Track and Field Coaches Hall of Fame, Class of 2016.

In November 2014, Johnson received the Athletes in Excellence Award from The Foundation for Global Sports Development, in recognition of his community service efforts and work with youth.

In 2005, Johnson was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College.

Actor
Source:
 * The Sins of Rachel Cade (1960) – Kosongo. * "Sergeant Rutledge" (1960) - uncredited
 * Wild in the Country (1961) – Davis
 * Pirates of Tortuga (1961) – John Gammel
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1963) (Season 2 Episode 8: "The Cadaver") - Ed Blair
 * None but the Brave (1965) – Private Johnson
 * Daniel Boone (1965) Season 2 Episode 4: "My Name Is Rawls") – Rawls
 * Tarzan and the Great River (1967) – Barcuma, Afro-Brazilian leader of the Jaguar Cult
 * Tarzan and the Jungle Boy (1968) – Nagambi, villain who hinders Tarzan's search for the Jungle Boy
 * The Last Grenade (1970) – Joe Jackson
 * Soul Soldier (1970) – Private Armstrong
 * The Games (1970) – Commentator
 * Mission Impossible (1971) – Jack Tully
 * Roots: The Next Generations (1979)
 * Licence to Kill (1989) – Mullens
 * Think Big (1990) – Johnson

Production roles

 * Billie (1965, technical advisor)
 * The Black Six (1973, associate producer)

title: Rafer Johnson


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Talk:Pseudo-Geber

Breaking inapproriate redirect of talk pages
I wonder why the discussion of the Geber page redirects to the Pseudo-Geber talk? If at all it would make more sense vice-versa imho. 134.76.62.145 13:32, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * My fault, sorry. About a year ago I moved the "Geber" article to "Pseudo-Geber" since its contents was about the latter. Then I started a new article on the real Jabir, which has grown to the present Geber article. However that move also created a redirect from "Talk:Geber" to "Talk:Pseudo-Geber", which I did not notice in time.  As a result, many comments about "Geber" ended up in this page. I have now broken the redirect and moved those comments to Talk:Geber where they belonged.  Unfortunately, the edit history will remain here; but since the comments on the two topics were all mixed up, that seems unavoidable. Jorge Stolfi 19:25, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

English translations of titles
The English translations of the Latin titles seem wrong. E.g, isn't "summa" more like "summary" than "sum"? Jorge Stolfi 22:07, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely certain what the intended meaning of summa perfectionis magisterii is, but summa should either be "summary" or "peak, highest point," definitely not "sum" which would be horribly unidiomatic English. Likewise, why "Magistery" rather than "Mastery"?
 * Liber fornacum does mean "Book of Furnaces," but it is likely that in this context it refers to stills, as these were apparently referred to byt he name fornax stillaticia ("dripping furnace" vel sim.) in Medieval Latin.
 * De inventione veritatis is currently rendered as "On the Invention of Verity." I ask you, who says "verity"? Obviously that should be changed to "Truth." It is also likely that inventio here means "discovery." "The discovery of truth" certainly sounds much less sinester than "the invention of truth" ;)
 * Many of these changes can be made immediately, but some kind of require a little knowledge of the subject matter. Anyone here know enough about the history of Alchemy and/or the works of Geber to comment on my suggestions? --Iustinus 18:39, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I left these titles uncorrected for almost a year, because I don't know anything about alchemy. But the horribly awkward, and sometimes downright incorrect translations finally grated on me enough that I've gone ahead and made the changes I suggested above. If you can improve them, please do. --Iustinus 08:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Who is who
To MykReeve: I basically copydesked the page, and have no opinin about the facts. According to the original contents, however, THIS guy is some anonymous 14th century Spaniard who assumed the pen name of Jabir Ibn Hayyan, in Latin "Geber". The REAL Jabir Ibn Hayyan/Geber lived in Islam in the 8th century. So, are you saying that this information is wrong, and there is only one Jabir/Geber? Or perhaps that this "anonymous Spaniard" was actually another Muslim, coincidentally with the same name as the real Jabir/Geber/McCoy? Thanks, Jorge Stolfi 17:15, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah no. I have no opinion on the facts either. I was editing the first paragraph because it didn't appear to agree with the second paragraph. I'd not realised that both names were pseudonyms and that his real name was unknown. Perhaps, for clarity, this should be mentioned. - MykReeve 20:58, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

OK, done. Jorge Stolfi 00:12, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * About the talk page, this is a redirect from "talk geber". Yuber 01:56, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pseudo-Geber
The article on Pseudo-Geber begins:
 * Pseudo-Geber ("false Geber") is the name assigned by modern scholars to an anonymous alchemist born in the 14th century, probably in Spain. He wrote a few books on alchemy and metallurgy, in Latin, under the pen name of Jabir Ibn Haiyan (usually rendered Geber in Europe)

Um... surely if he wrote in Latin, and was in Europe, he did so under the pen name of Geber. The text as it stands seems to say he wrote under Jabir Ibn Haiyan which other Europeans changed to Geber when he must have used the name Geber just like all other European/Latin writers!

Is there a reason for the way it is phrased now? If not, I am going to change it. --Iustinus 16:46, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I went and made this change, and the equivalent one in the first paragraph of Geber. --Iustinus 18:39, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Wait, the issue is not so clear. People at that time usually wrote "Geber" just as today English speakers write "Christopher Columbus"; but even so there were many who knew enough of Arabic to read the correct name, just as many English speakers know Columbus's Spanish or Italian name. That is even more likely for an alchemist in Spain who set out to write a pseudo-Arabic book. So it is quite possible that Pseudo-Geber wrote on the cover of his books something like "This is a treaty by the great (FULL ARABIC NAME OF JABIR), that we know as Geber".

Obviously this is not a question that we can settle by guessing. So I rewote the head section to leave that point open. Jorge Stolfi 04:42, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I suppose one could go look at original editions of these books. A handy shortcut is WorldCat, which frequently gives the author's name as it appeared in the original text under the "responsibility" header. A quick, cursory look shows no hits for anythign but Geber (or inflexional forms thereof), but I confess I did not look that hard.
 * Some English speakers may refer to Columbus in Italian or Spanish forms, but I guarantee you that in Latin he is always refered to as Christophorus Columbus or Colonus. You will not see Cristobal Colón in Latin, I assure you. Partially because of the way Latin works, and partially because of tradition, Latinized forms tend to be much more common than "more accurate" vernacular ones.
 * That said, I have certainly seen some title pages for Latin translations of Arabic works that contain quotes similar to what you propose above, though the accuracy of the full names isn't always that high either. But what you say is possible.,
 * And in the final analysis I have no problem witih how you rephrased my edit. --Iustinus 08:13, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

This "Pseudo-Geber" article needs to be removed and flagged for xenophobic hate
It appears that as anti-Middle-Eastern sentiment grows in todays "post-9/11 illusion", xenophobia is on the rise, and racism is peaking with racial profiling and torture being endorsed by the U.S government. As this is happening, it's not a surprise to me that even as the U.S attempts to erase countries from the world (Afghanistan/Iraq) with bombs, it is also trying to erase the Middle-East's culture and history. This is a perfect example, taking Middle-Eastern philosophers, inventors, scientists and leaders, then saying that "No, these people didn't exist, it was really an anonymous European/Spaniard who somehow adopted this pen name", come on, there wasn't a Spaniard alive who would take the nickname "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan" let alone be able to spell it or pronounce it at the time. This article should be removed from Wikipedia, it would be like me making an article called "Psuedo-George Washington"; George Washington was really a Muslim named Muhammad Al-Hamza Yazid Bakr who took the penname "George Washington" and moved to America. Haramzadi 05:26, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You have misunderstood the article. Please read it again carefully. It is not about the 8th century alchemist Geber and does not denigrate him or claim he didn't exist.  The 14th century Spanish alchemist who wrote in his name was honoring Geber. This was a common practice until modern times. --Blainster 22:15, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * OR it could be that he was a good and learned/linguist person who wanted to transfer and secure the knowledge in Arabic available in that time Spain, and he used the real Jabir's Name on articles that he translated or even decrypted as most of jabir;s work was in encrypted form and in poetic Arabic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.190.45.251 (talk) 15:41, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

His works dated to 1310?
It's something wrong with either his time of birth (the article said he was born in the 14th century), or the time his works was made (1310), unless he was less then 10 yrs when he made the work.

The sentence saying "Pseudo-Geber was instrumental in spreading Islamic alchemical theories throughout western Europe", doesn't make sence if u compare it with the sentence saying "In any case, Pseudo-Geber's work reflects 14th century European alchemical practices rather than earlier Arab ones". Grrahnbahr 19:55, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * 1 A.C.E. to 99 A.C.E. was the 1st Century. If early historians had studied more pure math they might have called years 1-99 the 0th Century.  But they didn't.  So 1300 to 1399 was the 14th Century.  And 1900 to 1999 was the 20th Century.  The article is correct to place 1310 in the 14th Century.  Cheers!  Geo Swan (talk) 17:40, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Paul of Taranto?
A recent change cites a recent book, claiming it establishes that false Geber is Paul of Taranto. But it doesn't cite any passages from this book to back up that claim. I think it should be reverted. Even if a single book asserts that claim, I don't think it should be stated as an established fact -- no matter how firmly that book asserts it. Geo Swan (talk) 17:44, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * These are better sources for authorship (the cited ref merely quotes Newman). If you have time you can read the summa at google books. Be bold.
 * 1) William Newman, New Light on the Identity of Geber, Sudhoffs Archiv, 1985, Vol.69, pp. 76-90.
 * 2) Geber and William Newman The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study ISBN 9004094664
 * The article could use a lot of helpJ8079s (talk) 18:21, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I am going to make a minor rewrite to the lead paragraph, so it doesn't imply that false Geber had always been conflated with Paul of Taranto, or that this conflation was universally accepted. Geo Swan (talk) 08:40, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Content Forking
I think this article is an example of Content forking. This aricle and the Geber article credit differnt authors for the same work. Dy yol (talk) 02:38, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Good to see your still around. I'm sure you're aware of the confusion around these guys. This article; Vladimir Karpenko and Jon A Norris. "Vitriol in the History of Chemistry". Chemike Listy vol. 96 pp. 997-1005, 2002. ISSN 0009-2770,as the name implies, deals with sulfuric acid. Nitric acid was in use before sulfuric. Those who took the Summa to be 8th century gave the credit to "Jabir". It might be safe to Be BoldJ8079s (talk) 03:35, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

unreliable
For example, the historian Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, disputes the existence of a "pseudo-Geber" based on his research of recently discovered Arabic manuscripts of Jābir which show strong similarities to the Latin manuscripts of Geber.

I am taking out Hassan as an unreliable source. The Book of the Hidden Pearl appears to be from a German translation of the Stockholm papyrus. THE ARABIC ORIGINAL OF LIBER DE COMPOSITIONE ALCHEMIAE is not about an Arabic original just the work of others that is covered elsewhere by WP:rs. A CRITICAL REASSESSMENT OF THE GEBER PROBLEM reads like it might be his lecture notes the sources he cites do not support his conclusions. If necessary we can take this to Reliable Sources noticeboard which I might do any way.J8079s (talk) 20:42, 14 June 2010 (UTC) From the previous discussion at Reliable Sources noticeboard That all said, the important place of Islamic culture in the history of science is fairly uncontroversial. It is fairly well-covered by clearly reliable sources such as encyclopedias, textbooks and university press publications. The article should really be relying on this body of (relatively) easily available top-tier reliable sources. However, including a few citations to the self-published site of an established expert should not be a problem. J8079s (talk) 20:56, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Holmyard Quote Inappropriate
The Holmyard quote is very inappropriate. The explanation of the differences between Pseudo-Geber and the Arab original as being the products of the 'occidental versus the oriental' mind are spitting examples of subtle scientific racism. This certainly shouldn't be presented as a source, as it is bogus. What on earth is the 'occidental mind'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.244.85.182 (talk) 01:26, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

like manlike
______________________ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.55.9.192 (talk) 21:36, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

In the new american bible in the book of Daniel it mentions Gabriel for the first time in the bible.... after it changed from Aramaic to Hebrew... Daniel 8:15,16 it mentions

15 While I, Daniel, sought the meaning of the vision I had seen, a manlike figure stood before me, 16 6 and on the Ulai I heard a human voice that cried out, "Gabriel, explain the vision to this man."

6 [16] The angel Gabriel is mentioned here for the first time in the Bible. There is wordplay in the preceding verse on geber - manlike figure.

and so I extrapolated that GEBER in hebrew means manlike... and Gabriel is a wordplay on Geber... so pseudo-geber would be "pseudo - manlike", yes?

http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PST.HTM —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.55.9.192 (talk) 21:29, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Nice idea, except that Geber is from the Arabic jabir, meaning comforter, rescuer or enforcer, and Gabriel (Man of God or Strength of God) is from Hebrew, rather than Arabic. Totnesmartin (talk) 17:13, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pseudo-Geber


text:
01

01 or `01 may refer to:

 * The year 2001, or any year ending with 01
 * The month of January
 * 1 (number)

Music

 * '01 (Richard Müller album), 2001
 * 01 (Urban Zakapa album), 2011
 * 01011001, the seventh studio album from Arjen Anthony Lucassen's Ayreon project

Other uses

 * 01 (telephone number), United Kingdom internal dialing code for London between the late 1950s and 1990
 * Lynk & Co 01, a compact SUV built since 2017
 * Zero One also known as Machine City, a city-state from the Matrix series
 * Kolmogorov's zero-one law, a law of probability theory
 * Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX, a wrestling promotion formerly known as Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE
 * BAR 01, a Formula One chassis
 * The number of the French department Ain
 * The codename given to the Wing Gundam by Oz in the anime Gundam Wing
 * Kamen Rider Zero-One

title: 01


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheese-eating surrender monkeys

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was keep. (Yes, this discussion happened almost 10 year ago, but it was never formally closed.) Steel1943  (talk) 18:31, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Cheese-eating surrender monkeys
AfDs for this article:  This page was initially proposed for deletion by User:Catblack, who stated "If it's a quote, should go to wikiquote, if it's france bashing, should be deleted. I stumbled onto this via the wikipedia front page!" , but didn't mention his reasons here, so I'm doing that for him. -- Schnee 22:11, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Well-worked on article by several people, absolutely no reason for deletion.  RickK 22:12, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. With regard to it being a quote: the article is not about the quote as such, but rather there to offer an explanation and some background on its use, especially the popularity it gained in some circles last year. With regard to it being france bashing: the phrase may be, but the article is not, which is an important distinction. You wouldn't propose the deletion of articles such as Anti-gay slogan and the redirect from Aids kills fags dead, either, would you? -- Schnee 22:19, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep SweetLittleFluffyThing
 * Haven't quite figured out the deletion system here at Wikipedia. My apologies... Thought I had followed the guidelines properly. The page in question really doesn't strike me, still, as having relevance, and still seems a justification for a cheap shot at France. My main objection is that I found it linked off the 'did you know' main page! Are we going to make pages justifying every instance of hate speech in the right wing media? Catblack 22:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * If you consider The Simpsons to be right wing media...Keep! Philwelch 23:24, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep (though note I started it, so discount this vote if you wish). The article does not justify it or support use of the phrase. It explains it. It - the article - is not an attack. Google demonstrates its currency unambiguously. FWIW, I'm with the French on ths one, though clearly I still have a bone to pick with them over Mururoa and Rainbow Warrior ;). Catblack, if you should choose, you can remove the VfD tag from the page. --Tagishsimon
 * (First time commenting, so apologies if this doesn't format correctly -- can't quite figure out how to sign this properly.) There's no reason to delete this article, as it is a phrase that has been around since the mid-90s and is fairly common in the U.S. and elsewhere, albeit only within small circles and not the population as a whole.  It regained popularity during the build-up to the war in Iraq, but even prior to that you would hear it periodically.  The article contains absolutely no French-bashing, since that's not the subject of the article.  The article is about the history of the phrase and why it is used, which is important for people who don't understand it or where it's from but hear it periodically. It's part of pop culture in the U.S. and abroad, whether that's good or bad, and as such it should stay. Beginning
 * Keep. Good, informative article. Everyking 23:17, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Ok, removed the VFd tag off the page... but really, the citation on the main page - "Did you know..." how does that get there? "...that Groundskeeper Willie, a character on The Simpsons, coined the phrase cheese-eating surrender monkeys?" is what made me do a serious wha-wha-wha-whaaat? at it. Catblack 23:33, 15 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Spunge

Spunge (often typeset as [spunge]) are a ska punk band from Tewkesbury, England. Through many years of touring, Spunge have toured with or played alongside a number of UK bands; and several American bands such as Green Day, Dropkick Murphys and Reel Big Fish; and been supported on a UK tour by Bowling for Soup; the latter of whom contributed backing vocals to the song "Centerfold" on the That Should Cover It! album.

In 2019 the band toured the UK supporting Reel Big Fish, playing the same set they recorded for the album Live in 'nam... (Cheltenham)

Pedigree Chump and Room for Abuse
Conceived in July 1994, with almost the same line up as today (the only difference being that Copeland used to double up on bass), the band went through a lengthy gestation period (adding bassist Simon Bayliss in 1995, and replacing him with Martin Holt in 1997), before emerging with the Kicking Pigeons EP in 1998. Having sold 5000 copies at pub gigs the band decided that there was enough potential to leave their day jobs, and make the band a full-time concern. Having soon gained a manager in Dave Juste of Birmingham's Xposure Rock Cafe (a regular early haunt), Spunge hit the road, and would eventually notch up well over three hundred gigs in just two years.

Less than a year later in 1999, Spunge released their début album Pedigree Chump on MoonSka Europe and thus set about introducing the band to a wider audience. Holt tired of touring, so good friend Chris Murphy joined to play bass.

Their second album Room for Abuse was recorded at DEP International Studios, and released on Sucka-Punch Records in 2000, featuring the single "Ego" plus covers of Bob Marley's "No Woman No Cry" and Sublime's "Santeria". The album version of "No Woman No Cry" – complete with new lyrics from Copeland – was the first cover of a Bob Marley song ever to receive permission to be altered by the Marley family, as Ziggy liked it so much. All this attention brought them to the eyes of B-Unique and a deal was signed in February 2002.

The Story So Far
The new recording contract led to Spunge's third studio album, The Story So Far. It spent one week in the UK Albums Chart at No. 48. The first single to be taken from it was "Jump on Demand". Produced by John Cornfield, "Jump on Demand" reached No. 39 in the UK Singles Chart. It also topped the Kerrang! TV chart for two weeks. The follow-up "Roots", peaked at No. 52 in the UK chart. However, communication between the band and their record label was not good. Both releases had been delayed after the band had arranged sold-out tours and promotional appearances.

The album, The Story So Far, was then scheduled for release at the end of August 2002 on the same day as the Reading and Leeds Festivals which the band were playing. The band then recorded a cover of "Oliver's Army" with Steve Harris, which Alex Donnelly at BBC Radio 1 stated he would 'A list'. The label again asked for a tour to go with the release, and that was arranged for November and December 2002. The band were in full control of all the promotion for the tour and most shows were sold out with over 15,000 tickets sold to Spunge fans. With no financial support from the label, and no press coverage, the planned single was not released.

Following a meeting in December between label and the band's management, Spunge and B-Unique parted company. Despite this the band went on to play the inaugural Download Festival at Castle Donington in July 2003, alongside Audioslave, NOFX and Metallica. They parted company with their manager, Dave Juste, around this time, and decided to manage themselves. They also created their own record label, Dent'All Records, in 2004. All subsequent recordings have been released on this label.

That Should Cover It!
On 23 February 2004, the label released its first album, That Should Cover It! a collection of covers, previously unavailable live demos and two brand new songs. The album was successful, with sales still continuing.

During 2004, the band returned to the recording studio to record two tracks for the next album, with the intention of producing a video for one of them to coincide with a major tour in October and November 2004. The two tracks were "Backstabber" and "One More Go". A video was commissioned through Goblin Pictures for "One More Go" and was sent out to several television stations in the hope of getting it played on air. Spunge also decided to put on an all-day gig at Cheltenham Town Hall. Hosted by Dent'All Records and Spunge, this became Extraction Fest 2004. The show was a success, but the video did not get aired, but their planned autumnal tour with Whitmore and Phinius Gage went ahead.

The band decided to release a full length DVD (The High Life) incorporating the video for "One More Go" on 21 March 2005.

Album re-release and self-titled album
Rhythm guitarist Wol (Paul Gurney) left the band in January 2006, for personal reasons. Spunge decided to carry on as a four piece.

On 6 November 2006, Spunge released a re-recorded version of their second album called Room for Abuse 2006 that also included a DVD, which was also a re-release of their first video Skankin 'N' Skulkin.

On 20 August 2007, the band announced it had finished the fourth studio album and would be releasing it on 12 November. The album was self-titled. In October 2007, as part of the promotion for their new album, Spunge released as a free download on their website and Myspace site, their b-side "Happy Ending". The band undertook two tours supporting the album's release.

On Monday 3 September 2011, the band digitally released a new double A single, "Nothing at All"/"Higher Ground", following recording sessions earlier in the year.

On 25 November 2013 the band released Greatest Hit......S album which is a compilation of their greatest hits voted by fans during the PledgeMusic project. Band said they are letting the fans to decide the track listing for the album. All of the tracks were re-recorded in 2013 for this album and few of them were mixed up a bit. Greatest Hit......S is sold in CD format only by the band themselves at their shows. The digital version is widely available through digital music stores and services.

Hang On? and Single releases (2014-present)
Spunge announced through social media that they are making a new studio-album which will be released in digital format on 5 December for everyone who has preordered it from their PledgeMusic event. The Physical CD will be only available for preorder through PledgeMusic and won't even be available for sale at the shows. This will be the band's 8th full-length album and 5th album with new original tracks.

In late 2018 the band released two new singles "Liar" and "Get Out" through the band's own label, Dent’All Records. The band announced in an interview that they are writing new songs and instead of a new album release they will be releasing the new tracks regularly throughout 2019 as singles.

On 4 November a new single "No One Said It Was Easy" and a music video was released. The video accompanying the single is filmed and produced by Elliot Withers from Lion Island Media.

In addition to Singles, after their latest album the band has also released 2 Live Albums: "Live in London EP" (2016) and "Live in 'nam... (Cheltenham)" (2019).

Current members

 * Alex Copeland (vocals)
 * Damon Robins (lead guitar)
 * Chris Murphy (bass guitar)
 * Jeremy King (drums)

Former members

 * Paul Gurney (rhythm guitar)
 * Simon Bayliss (bass guitar)
 * Martin Holt (bass guitar)

EPs

 * The Kicking Pigeons EP – March 1998

Singles

 * "Ego" – 19 June 2000
 * "Live Another Day/Kicking Pigeons 2001" – 12 February 2001
 * "Jump on Demand" – 3 June 2002 – UK No. 39
 * "Roots" – 12 August 2002 – UK No. 52
 * "One More Go" – 21 March 2005
 * "Backstabber" – 14 January 2006, download only
 * "Nothing at All/Higher Ground" – 29 August 2011, download only
 * "Liar" - 19 October 2018
 * "Get Out" - 23 November 2018
 * "No One Said It Was Easy" - 4 November 2019
 * "Just Sayings" - 20 November 2020

Albums

 * Pedigree Chump – 1 March 1999
 * Room for Abuse – 9 October 2000
 * The Story So Far – 26 August 2002 – UK No. 48
 * That Should Cover It! – 23 February 2004
 * Room for Abuse 2006 – 6 November 2006
 * Spunge – 12 November 2007
 * Greatest Hit......s – 25 November 2013
 * Hang On? – 4 December 2014
 * Live in London – 27 May 2016
 * Live in 'nam... (Cheltenham) – 7 October 2019

Music Videos

 * "Kicking Pigeons" (1998)
 * "Ego" (2000)
 * "Jump on Demand" (2002)
 * "Roots" (2002)
 * "Centrefold" (2004)
 * "One More Go" (2005)
 * "Everyone Else" (2014)
 * "No One Said It Was Easy" (2019)

Videos

 * Skankin 'n' Skulkin – 2001

DVDs
The High Life

title: Spunge


text:
Lateen

A lateen (from French latine, meaning "Latin" ) or latin-rig is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. The settee can be considered to be an associated type of the same overall category of sail.

The lateen originated in the Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times, and became common there by the 5th century. The wider introduction of lateen rig at this time coincided with a reduction in the use of the Mediterranean square rig of the classical era. Since the performance of these two rigs is broadly similar, it is suggested that the change from one to the other was on cost grounds, since lateen rigs used fewer components and had less cordage to be replaced when it wore out.

Arab seafarers adopted the lateen rig at a later date – there is some limited archaeological evidence of lateen rig in the Indian Ocean in the 13th century AD and iconographic evidence from the 16th century. It has been suggested that this Arab use of lateen transferred to Austronesian maritime technology in the Far East, giving rise to the various fore-and-aft rigs used in that region, such as the crab claw sail.

The lateen sail played a prominent part in the shifts in maritime technology that occurred as Mediterranean and Northern European ship-construction traditions merged in the 16th century, with the lateen mizzen being, for a time, universally used in the full-rigged ships of the time – though later supplanted by gaff rig in this role.

Mediterranean origin
The lateen was developed in the eastern Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times. It became common by the 5th century.

The lateen also exists as a subtype: the settee. Instead of being a triangular sail, this has a short vertical luff – having the appearance of a triangular lateen with the front corner cut off. Both types of lateen were likely used from an early date on: a 2nd-century AD gravestone depicts a quadrilateral lateen sail (also known as a settee), while a 4th-century mosaic shows a triangular one, which was to become the standard rig throughout the Middle Ages. The earliest archaeologically excavated ship that has been reconstructed with a lateen rig is dated to ca. 400 AD (Yassi Ada II), with a further four being attested prior to the Arab advance to the Mediterranean. The Kelenderis ship mosaic (late 5th to early 6th century) and the Kellia ship graffito from the early 7th century complement the picture.

By the 6th century, the lateen sail had largely replaced the square sail throughout the Mediterranean, the latter almost disappearing from Mediterranean iconography until the mid-13th century. It became the standard rig of the Byzantine dromon war galley and was probably also employed by Belisarius' flagship in the 532 AD invasion of the Vandal Kingdom. The fully triangular lateen and the settee continued to coexist in the middle Byzantine period, as evidenced by Christian iconography, as well as a recent find of a graffito in the Yenikapı excavations. In the 12th to 13th centuries the rigging underwent a change when the hook-shaped masthead made way for an arrangement more akin to a barrel-like crow's nest.

After the Muslim conquests, the Arabs adopted the lateen sail by way of the Coptic populace, which shared the existing Mediterranean maritime tradition and continued to provide the bulk of galley crews for Muslim-led fleets for centuries to come. This is also indicated by the terminology of the lateen among Mediterranean Arabs which is derived from Greco-Roman nomenclature. More detailed research into their early use of the lateen is hampered by a distinct lack of unequivocal depictions of sailing rigs in early Islamic art. A glazed pottery dish from Saracenic Dénia dating to the 11th century is at present the earliest securely identifiable example found in the Mediterranean.

Nile River
From the Mediterranean, the lateen sail spread to the Nile River in Egypt, where the lateen-rigged felucca was developed.

Diffusion to Indian Ocean

The emergence of new evidence for the development and spread of the lateen sail in the ancient Mediterranean in recent decades has led to a reevaluation of the role of Arab seafaring in the Indian Ocean, replacing a belief that this sail has an eastern origin.

Until about 1500, square rig predominated in the Indian Ocean.This then changed rapidly, with nearly all vessels now being lateen rigged. As Mediterranean hull design and construction methods are known to have been subsequently adopted by Eastern Muslim shipbuilders, it is assumed that this process also included the lateen rigging of the novel caravel.

Later development

Until the 14th century, the lateen sail was employed primarily on the Mediterranean Sea, while the Atlantic and Baltic (and Indian Ocean) vessels relied on square sails. The Northern European adoption of the lateen in the Late Middle Ages was a specialized sail that was one of the technological developments in shipbuilding that made ships more maneuverable, thus, in the historian's traditional progression, permitting merchants to sail out of the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean; caravels typically mounted three or more lateens. However, the great size of the lateen yardarm makes it difficult and dangerous to handle on larger ships in stormy weather, and with the development of the carrack, the lateen was restricted to the mizzen mast. In the early nineteenth century, the lateen was replaced in European ships by the driver or spanker.

The lateen survived as a rigging choice for mainsails of small craft where local conditions were favorable. For instance, barge-like vessels in the American maritimes north of Boston, called gundalows, carried lateen rigs throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Likewise, lateen sail survived in the Baltic until the late 19th century. Because the yard pivots on its point of attachment to the mast, the entire sail and yard can be swiftly dropped. This was an advantage when navigating the tidal riverways of the region, which often required passage under bridges. The balancelle, a Mediterranean coasting and fishing boat of the 19th century, also used a single lateen sail.

The Bad Tack
One of the disadvantages of the lateen in the modern form described below is the fact that one of its tacks is significantly less advantageous than the other, the "bad tack". Because the sail sits to the side of the mast, on one tack, the mast pushes directly against the sail on the leeward side, where it can significantly interfere with the airflow over the sail. This is the bad tack. On the other tack the sail is pushed away from the mast, greatly reducing the interference. On modern lateens, with their typically shallower angles, this tends to disrupt the airflow over a larger area of the sail, affecting speed.

However, there are forms of the lateen rig, as in vela latina canaria, where the spar is changed from one side to the other when tacking. This way the rig doesn't suffer these airflow disruptions that come from the sail pushed against the mast.

The lateen sail can also be tacked by loosening the yard upper brace, tightening the lower brace until the yard is in vertical position, and twisting the yard on the other side of the mast by a tack. Another way of tacking with a lateen sail is to loosen the braces, lift the yard vertical, detach the sheet and tack, and turn the sail on the other side of the mast in front of the mast, and reattach the sheet and tack. This method is described in Björn Landström's The Ship.

The lateen rig was also the ancestor of the Bermuda rig, by way of the Dutch bezaan rig. In the 16th century, when Spain ruled the Netherlands, the lateen rigs were introduced to Dutch boat builders, who soon modified the design by omitting the mast and fastening the lower end of the yard directly to the deck, the yard becoming a raked mast with a full-length, triangular (leg-of-mutton) mainsail aft. Introduced to Bermuda early in the 17th century, this developed into the Bermuda rig, which, in the 20th century, was adopted almost universally for small sailing vessels.

Lateen replacement of square rig
It is a widespread misconception that the lateen rig replaced square rig because of better windward performance and greater manoeuvrability. A study of the relative effectiveness of the two shows that their performance was actually very similar. These results apply both when working to windward and when sailing downwind. (Furthermore, differences in performance are derived as much from the hull shape as the type of rig.) It is concluded that there was no evolutionary technological development that gave improved sailing performance in the 5th century AD change from the Mediterranean square rig to lateen, and that factors other than windward performance must have dictated this change.

The Mediterranean Square Rig underwent a simplification in the 5th century AD, with reduction in the number of components. Most obviously, in the archaeological context, this included the absence of brails (and the distinctive lead rings through which these ropes were led). This change is suggested to be on cost grounds, both reducing the expense of a new build and of ongoing maintenance. This would have given some degradation of performance of this type of square rig. Lateen was already available as an alternative and, having fewer component parts, could compete on cost but maintained the performance of the original Mediterranean Square Rig. This coincided with innovation in hull construction methods as the edge-to-edge joining of the hull planking with pegged tenons (a "shell first" construction technique) started to be replaced with the early evolutionary phases of "frame first" carvel construction. This is also suggested to be driven by costs. Therefore the change from square rig to lateen in the 5th century is considered to be driven by construction and maintenance costs, not by any significant difference in sailing performance.

Modern small-boat lateen sails
The modern "lateen" is more accurately a crab claw sail than a traditional loose-footed Mediterranean lateen. They are characterized by the addition of a spar along the foot of the sail. The lower spar is horizontal and is attached to the mast where it crosses. The front ends of both spars are joined. Both joints are designed to allow free rotation in all directions. The sheet is attached to the lower spar and the halyard to the upper spar. The geometry of the sail is such that the upper and lower spars are confined to a plane parallel to the mast. This results in the sail conforming a conic section, identical to half of the Rogallo wing commonly found in kites and hang gliders.

The modern lateen is often used as a simple rig for catboats and other small recreational sailing craft. In its most basic form, it requires only two lines, a halyard and a sheet, making it very simple to operate. Often, additional lines are used to pull down the lower spar and provide tension along the upper and lower spars, providing greater control over the sail shape.

Since the upper and lower spars provide a frame for the sail, the camber of the sail is simply a function of how tightly the spars stretch the sail. This means that lateen sails are often cut flat, without the complex cutting and stitching required to provide camber in Bermuda rig sails. Curved edges, when mated with the straight spars, provide all or nearly all of the sail curvature needed.

title: Lateen


text:
Talk:Vulture

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Diclofenac and conservation
Many vultures are endangered and conservationists decided to breed some in captivity for 20-30 years in order to protect and make the species larger; these conservationists are trying to get enough birds into a protected area before they all disappear. Throughout the past decade, the Asian species of vultures, (white-backed vulture, long-billed vulture, and slender-billed vulture), have declined in their population by more than 95%. One reason why the vulture species is dieing out is because of kidney failure; this happens because the livestock that the vulture catches was often treated with diclofenac, (a painkiller like Aspirin or Motrin). Conservationists decided to put a stop to this by putting a ban on the veterinary use of diclofenac. Rick Watson, international programs director for the Peregrine Fund in Idaho, said that it would take a long time before the drug is completely removed from nature. Some conservationists realize that since the population is declining so rapidly, they have to act quickly. These conservationists have decided to collect 25 pairs of vultures from each species and then bring them to 3 different facilities where the birds can reproduce. Once the environment is rid of diclofenac, the conservationists will let the young vultures live in the wild. However, the cost of this project has reached about $1 million for it to be run in the US each year! Also, other groups around the world take care of sick or injured birds. The one species of vulture that is the closest to extinct is the slender-billed vultures. One conservationist stated that he wasn’t sure if this type of vulture was even breeding anymore. The loss of these vultures, besides the unfortunate fact that they would disappear forever, can create a health hazard because of the dead animal carcasses that are left uneaten. These have been linked to spreading diseases such as anthrax. Also, other animals that have been eating the carcasses usually eaten by vultures, have increased in population. Some of these animals include wild dogs that can spread rabies and they can physically attack people. Hopefully these conservationists will be able to use their bright ideas to keep the vultures from becoming extinct.

i got this information from an article that i got from the following link: [] this is the url: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0511_040511_vultures.html

This is the White-Backed Vulture

Acetaminophen is also very dangerous to Indian vultures. It is cheap, and widely used on cows in distress. The cow, if dead, is then consumed by the vultures, and the pain-killer is poisonous to them.

Vultures in India
About this statement:
 * The decline has led to problems for certain human communities, such as Parsis, that rely on vultures to eat the bodies of their dead.

Are there any cultures in India other than the Parsis who rely on vultures to eat their dead? Offhand I seem to remember reading of Buddhist monks in Tibet who disposed of their deceased brethren in a similar fashion, so perhaps the same is true of Buddhists in India? --Saforrest 05:43, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * See article on Sky burial. Snowman 17:38, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Vultures in culture
Sould this have own pages or page? and linked to disambiguation page. Snowman 17:38, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

List of vultures
Is a formal list of vulture species needed on this page to assist classification? Snowman 17:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would say not - they are in two different families and best listed there, especially as there is no geographical overlap. jimfbleak 05:27, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't say that I agree, completly. Your question asks about species, but I do think that a list of genuses genea, however, would be appropriate, but not species, Jim is right, I think.

 * The reader of this should be given a quick tour of basic types beyond the big split. The species could be listed in the sub-articles.Chrisrus (talk) 17:15, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Something like this:

Diurnal Birds of Prey:
 * 1. Falcons (No vutures here, primordial form from which they evolved and share morphology)
 * 2. Condors and New World Vultures (Is a condor a vulture? How many more basic types (genea)?
 * 3. Everything else (Vultures in this third group may have evolved from separately from different falcons, hawks, eagles).

In the thrid catagory, we need a list of genuses, or type, but omiting all hawks and such.Some text would be needed to make clear that the list corresponds to no family as it will be omitting all other types of Diernal Birds of Prey which aren't either 1. or 2. above.

This would deal with the problem of there being no one scientific term for "vulture in catagory 3, above" other than the term Old World Vulture. The problem is old world vultures are less related to each other than they are to the particular group of hawk or eagle or they evolved from.Chrisrus (talk) 17:53, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

If each genus with internal link brackes we can see how many have articles and how many are still blank, and how many still need articles or redirects. Then it becomes another nice little project for someone, assuring that there is at least a stub for each basic type of vulture.

The best tool for this job might be |this, the UMish Animal Web. Its sytem of classification links enabled me at Talpidae to clean up all the red internal links there, down to the last species, on the classificantion list. I wouldn't have been able to do it without this tool.

Would anyone care to give it a go? I hope so. It's pretty fun, actally. It'd be a good assignment for an ornothological student or hobbiest. Chrisrus (talk) 17:53, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Potentially remarkable fact about anthrax
I recently heard on Animal Planet that vultures are the only animal species immune to anthrax. Can anyone confirm/disprove? --Gutza T T+ 22:56, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Me again. After a quick Google search, it appears that "birds usually are naturally resistant to anthrax. Buzzards and vultures are naturally resistant to anthrax [...]". I think this should be mentioned in the article--any opinions against it? --Gutza T T+ 23:01, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This article does not give a primary source, and may just be repeating speculation. As an American site, it may well also be using buzzard as a synonym for New World vulture, rather than to refer to Buteos. Does the article mean that the two distinct families, the American Cathartidae, and the Old World vultures share this immunity? jimfbleak 05:23, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm by no means an expert, note how my interest on this factoid was aroused by a comment on Animal Planet--therefore I can't comment on technical details in any satisfactory way. I simply wanted to raise the issue for someone more knowledgeable to comment on it. Even if it isn't true, the very fact that it isn't should be mentioned in the article, given the relatively large assortment of sites which hold that to be true. (Personally I doubt the statement is false, but it's just a relatively uninformed opinion.) --Gutza T T+ 09:54, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Translations
It might be informative to more people (and especially to people who live near wild vultures) if this article was translated to Indian languages (to other language wikis) by anyone who has the appropriate language skills. 62.173.88.59 18:17, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Australia
So what species of volture do we have here? Maybe the Wedge-tailed eagle? No we dont have any here. Any comments? Enlil Ninlil 20:24, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * No, there are no species of vulture in Australia; however, there are other birds of prey in Australia that preform the scavenging function that vultures provide elsewhere.Gabriel Gonzalez19 (talk) 17:39, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Bird of Prey?
Isn't a vulture classed as a bird of prey as some vultures do kill animals when their dying? Lee.17:08, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

restaurant for vultures in nepal
I found this conservation effort in Nepal quite interesting. I am not sure if it is noteworthy to be added. Dock Hi 20:54, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Breeding of vultures in the wild,Himachal-Pradesh,India
The dooms day for this master bird has not yet arrived as the breeding of the bird in the wild has created new hopes of survival of this species. Distt.kangra, himachal-pradesh,india is blessed with the breeding of these birds in the wild .various sites have been recorded in the district Where vultures are breeding without any big mortality. The following Species are under supervision since oct.2006.

It is observed that some times the young ones are remain unattended during the nights as their parents remain out on one reasons or the other. The nests in this case are made of with the leafs and branches of the Pinus roxburgii tree.. The birds are breeding in  the branched old trees of conifer and therefore such trees needs special care to protect the existing habitat. Each breeding area is generally confined to about 5 hacs.

ABSTRACT OF BREEDING OF VULTURES IN WILD IN DISTT.KANGRA OF H.P.DURING2006-07. •	Total nesting since Oct.2006 =40 no’s. •	Total successful breeding =38 no’s. •	Mortality =5%.

Abstract of breeding of vultures in the wild during2007-08 in Distt. Kangra of H.P.

S.No	Name of Species	Total Nests/eggs	Total fledgling	Total breeding success 1	White rumped vulture	49	40	81.63% 2	Himalyan griffon	07	04	57.14% 3	Egyptian vulture	06	06	100% Total		62	50	80.65%

In addition three more sites are recorded during the month of September 2008 where the breeding of vultures is going on ,the detail is as follows:- Sr.No	Location	Group strength	 Nest recorded	Species 1.	Manei, Near Gagal	38	8	Gypes bengalesis 2.	Masatgarh,Near Jawali	12	4	..do.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.200.66.185 (talk) 05:20, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Vulture breeding in wild,Himachal-Pradesh,India by D.S.DHADWAL
The dooms day for this master bird has not yet arrived as the breeding of the bird in the wild has created new hopes of survival of this species. Distt.kangra, himachal-pradesh,india is blessed with the breeding of these birds in the wild .various sites have been recorded in the district Where vultures are breeding without any big mortality. The following Species are under supervision since oct.2006.

It is observed that some times the young ones are remain unattended during the nights as their parents remain out on one reasons or the other. The nests in this case are made of with the leafs and branches of the Pinus roxburgii tree.. The birds are breeding in  the branched old trees of conifer and therefore such trees needs special care to protect the existing habitat. Each breeding area is generally confined to about 5 hacs.

ABSTRACT OF BREEDING OF VULTURES IN WILD IN DISTT.KANGRA OF H.P.DURING2006-07. •	Total nesting since Oct.2006 =40 no’s. •	Total successful breeding =38 no’s. •	Mortality =5%.

Abstract of breeding of vultures in the wild during2007-08 in Distt. Kangra of H.P.

S.No	Name of Species	Total Nests/eggs	Total fledgling	Total breeding success 1	White rumped vulture	49	40	81.63% 2	Himalyan griffon	07	04	57.14% 3	Egyptian vulture	06	06	100% Total		62	50	80.65%

In addition three more sites are recorded during the month of September 2008 where the breeding of vultures is going on ,the detail is as follows:- Sr.No	Location	Group strength	 Nest recorded	Species 1.	Manei, Near Gagal	38	8	Gypes bengalesis 2.	Masatgarh,Near Jawali	12	4	..do.. D.S.Dhadwal ph. 09418143080 E.mail devinder_dhadwal@rediffmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.200.66.185 (talk) 05:23, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Nature and scope of this article
This article should limit itself to those things which are true about all vultures and not of any other birds. The rest should be left to New world vultures and Old World Vultures. If that leaves precious little that can be said in this article, so be it, that's the nature of vultures. It could possibly be replaced with a disambiguation page. Chrisrus (talk) 01:50, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

First, identify the referent for the English word "vulture." That wouldn't be a problem if "vulture", like ("giraffe" or most other such words) coincided with current zoological taxonomy, which, for obvious reasons, is based not on what animals are, but rather how they are related. The result would be an intro which said something resembling "Vultures are raptors with naked or featherless patches on their heads that scavenge rather than hunt." Any other features that unite all vultures would be listed.

Is there anything else to be said about them in general? purhaps a factual essay about their place in human culture? If not, the rest of the information in this article should be moved to either Old World Vultures or New World Vultures. Is this agreed?

It seems that Bathrobe, perhaps without reading the above, has done as I have been suggesting. The hard work of separating out what text belonged with which of the two main types seems to have been acomplished. If anyone can see a better way, please speak now before we move to what, if anything, an umbrella article on Vultures in general should do.

Morphology
By saying they are Falconidae, or Diernal Birds of Prey, we cover most of what defines them.

Is there a need to briefly describe that which "Falconidae" implies in the definition of "Vulture"?

Also, We have mentioned the bald patches on the head. Is there anything else which unifies and separates them from other Falconidae?

Proposition A: "A vulture is a Falconidae with a bald face (?and?)."

Behavior
Is this settled?

Proposition B: "carrion-eating Falconidae", with maybe a caveat.

Is it a solitary animals,why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.49.47.121 (talk) 12:14, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Evolution
Proposition C: Vultures result when Falconnidae give up killing their own meat. This has happend at least twice?

 * That should be Accipitridae (Falconiformes).
 * Bathrobe (talk) 00:29, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * As I read |this. All vultures are Falconiformes, which is the technical term for Diernal Bird of Prey.  Accipitridae contains Old World Vultures, which has no zoological synonym, and many kites, eagles, and hawks, but not New World Vultures.  So changing the above to Accipitridae would omit New World Vultures, or Cathartidae.  Chrisrus (talk) 17:39, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * So if a New World Vulture is a vulture, Vulture = a diernal bird of prey that is evolved in specific ways by a lifestyle of carrion eating. If not, it's a "hawk, eagle, or kite" (Accipitrid) that is evolved to eat carrion. This must be decided, are new world vultures vultures or not?Chrisrus (talk) 17:39, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * "Old World Vultures, which has no zoological synonym" -- maybe not, but they are placed together (i.e., adjacent, in consecutive order) in most taxonomies. Perhaps the day will come when Gyps is suddenly placed up near Pernis, but for the moment at least it is down near Gypaetus etc.

 * Secondly, "are new world vultures vultures or not?" In one sense, this is a kind of meaningless question. You seem to be stuck on the common-language name. In defining "vultures", we have two basic choices (although no choice is going to be clean cut):

 * They are both called "vultures" in common language, so they are both by definition kinds of "vulture". That's basically why we have this article.

 * There is some biologically motivated concept of "vultureness", some gestalt as you have called it elsewhere, that conspires to place these birds all in the category of "vulture". If that is the case, you really need to come up with a pretty watertight, natural definition that is not simply an excuse to uphold common-language terminology.

 * My feeling in watching you struggle with this question is that language keeps getting in the road. You are unconsciously equating common-language usage with some kind of God-given, pre-ordained, naturally determined category in convergent evolution. Because natural language has the concept of a vulture, you seem to be tortured by the difficulty of defining or delimiting what this is in biological terms. I say this because you don't seem to be bothered at all by cases where natural language hasn't come up with a shared name. The example I gave elsewhere was "flying squirrels", "sugar gliders", etc., animals from completely different families which share remarkable similarities but which don't have a common English term. Since they don't have a common English name (such as flirrel, for instance), the issue of what a flirrel is doesn't torture you at all, even though this seems to be as good an example of convergent evolution as vultures, moles, or anything else.

 * My advice would be, stop getting stuck on common-language names and trying to justify them or make sense of them by grasping at concepts such as gestalt or convergent evolution. I don't think the situation is as bewildering as you find it. In English (and many other languages), there are two lots of birds that are called "vultures". They are so called because of historical accident (naming) and convergent evolution (similar ecological niche). It is fine to have an article on "vulture" as a blanket term for these two different groups of birds, but comparisons between the two should be confined to ways in which they have independently adapted to similar ecological niches.

 * Quite simply, since it is impossible to rigorously define what a "vulture" is in scientific terms, the question "are new world vultures vultures or not?" is rather meaningless. In the end, "vulture" is whatever language defines it to be, and NOT something that nature defines.

 * Bathrobe (talk) 03:08, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There are two things that cause problems like the one we had here. One is, as you point out, the fact that there is a word "vulture".  In cases where this is not true, such as there being no word for "flirrel", then we might have the option of there being an article, but there is no imperative to do so, or at least less of one.

 * The second element necessary for there to be such a problem is that there actually be a referent to the word in question. For example, there may be less of a clear referant with "quail" than there is with "mistletoe", for wikipedian consensus has settled on opposite treatment in that case.  The fact that "Mistletoe" gets an article and "Robin" gets a disambiguation page lies not in the fact that they are not both the result of a language based in the Brittish Isles faced with similar things.  Only the distinguishable referent can explain the fact that Mistletoe gets an umbrella article by "Robin" does not. Do you see?

 * In the case of "Vulture" as it stands now, there is an umbrella article. It includes some of what it should, including the bald head, but not others, such as the wing structure, built for the soaring behavior, which it should contain.  You fundementally misunderstand the problem to believe that I'm just confuesed by words, though there being a word is an important part of it.  There is also a question of what to do with the Referent to that word.  There is a thing called "misteltoe", although there is no taxonomical term for it.  Old Word Vultures have no taxonomical synonym, either.  "Accipitridae that has certain characteristics" is the best it has to offer, so it's that article's job to say what those characteristics are that cause them to not just be called vultures, but to actually BE vultures.  The job is not done.  We still need to finish listing the gestalt of features that define what exactly a Vulture is.  Chrisrus (talk) 04:48, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * My only question is: Without the word, would the gestalt exist? If you think it would, then go ahead. But the problem remains. According to the "word", the New World vultures are vultures. When you ask, "Are new world vultures vultures or not?", you seem to be implying that, in terms of gestalt, New World vultures aren't vultures at all. In which case, what exactly is this "vulture" gestalt that is causing us so many headaches?

 * Bathrobe (talk) 15:04, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * You say "My only question is: without the word, would the gestalt exist?" Obviously, without the word "vulture", diernal birds of prey with wings built for soaring instead of speed, bald patches on the head, and amazing stomach acid and resistance to anthrax, etc. would still exist.  As proof, notice that "flirrels" exist, though the word does not, though there not being a word for them makes having an article about them less of an imperative than a possible option.

 * You say "According to the "word", the New World Vultures are vultures." Then you say that, when I ask whether people think that's true or not, I am implying that they aren't.  I'm sorry I gave you that impression.  I think they are, I was just asking if anyone disagreed.  Prior to my asking that, I hadn't thought that that proposition was in question, but then someone said something that made me think that there are those that think they are not.

 * You ask what exactly the chararcteristics are that make something a vulture. Here I call your attention back to the top of this section.   Chrisrus (talk) 05:40, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Classification
This article discusses the New/Old World split, for example sight vs. smell. Is there anything else? What notable morphological differences set the New World Vultures apart? What about "short necks"? That one sort of leapt out at me? Larger nostrils on the beak?

Proposition D: "There are two main types, New World smellers and Old World lookers." Chrisrus (talk) 20:11, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Measurements?
Can someone put the measurements such as the smallest and the largest species? 04:35, 15 September 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by MPA (talk • contribs)

Comments From Class
The Vulture article is pretty detailed and well cited. However, the article itself is lacking probably one of the main aspects found in pretty much all the other bird/animal articles: a detailed physical description. The right side of the page, which contains photos, lists less statistical and factual data than some of the other viewed pages. The behaviors of the vulture are sufficient to satisfy passer-byers, but like most of the other viewed entries, it lacks that information about the specifics of the motives and behaviors of breeding as well as the various strategies applied to increase survival chances. Stylistically, this article also differs because of the sheer number of links, resembling almost a regurgitation of information of any relevance. In all, this article is lacking taxonomy, behavior, human relations, and description, following the format provided the WikiProject Birds project. TKYung (talk) 19:52, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Territorial exclusivity between Old and New World Vultures
Big question; if New World vultures only inhabit the American land mass but previously did also inhabit the Eurasian/African, and Old World vultures only inhabit the Eurasian/African land mass - what is the explanation for the current exclusivity of respective territorial occupation by these otherwise unrelated yet convergently evovled species?

Picture
Isn't this a picture of an eagle, not a vulture? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.79.25.71 (talk) 15:42, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Vulture


text:
Blair Atholl

Blair Atholl (from the Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Athall, originally Blàr Ath Fhodla ) is a village in Perthshire, Scotland, built about the confluence of the Rivers Tilt and Garry in one of the few areas of flat land in the midst of the Grampian Mountains. The Gaelic place-name Blair, from blàr, 'field, plain', refers to this location. Atholl, which means 'new Ireland', from the archaic Ath Fhodla is the name of the surrounding district.

On 13 March 2008, it was announced that Blair Atholl (together with some other Highland Perthshire villages) would be included in the Cairngorms National Park. This change was made at the request of the people of the town. The Forest of Atholl already formed part of the Cairngorms.

Blair Castle
Blair Atholl's most famous feature is Blair Castle (NN 865 662), one of Scotland's premier stately homes, and the last castle in the British Isles to be besieged, in 1746 during the last Jacobite rising. The Castle was the traditional home of the Earls (later Marquesses, now Dukes) of Atholl. The Duke of Atholl is the only person in the United Kingdom allowed to raise a private army. This army, known as the Atholl Highlanders, conducts largely social and ceremonial activities, and primarily consists of workers on the extensive Atholl Estates.

The Castle no longer belongs directly to the Duke of Atholl, as the 10th Duke, George Iain Murray (1931–96), left the Castle in trust upon his death. His distant cousin the 11th Duke, John Murray (1929–2012), lived in South Africa, and visited annually to review the Atholl Highlanders. The oldest part of Blair Castle, known as Comyn's (or Cumming's) Tower, a small tower-house with immensely thick walls, is claimed (perhaps dubiously) to date from as early as the 13th century. The majority of the Castle is 16th century in date, though much altered. After the siege referred to above, the upper storey and battlements of the ancient Castle were removed to render it indefensible. A medieval appearance becoming fashionable again during the 19th century, the Castle, which had become known as Atholl House, was raised in height and adorned with battlements once more. The many alterations in the fabric are largely concealed by the white harling (roughcast) on the walls. The collections of furniture, paintings, historical relics, weapons, embroidery, china, Highland artefacts and hunting trophies preserved in the Castle are among the finest in Scotland, as is the plasterwork and other décor of the principal rooms. Thirty-two rooms are open to the public, more than in any comparable stately home.

The Castle sits in extensive grounds, which the Dukes of Atholl have altered and added to over several centuries. Notable among the features are Diana's Grove and the Hercules Garden, both laid out in the first half of the 18th century, and rare examples of their period. Both are adorned with lead reproductions of Classical statues. The Dukes of Atholl were early and enthusiastic tree planters, and Diana's Grove contains some of the tallest trees in Great Britain. The Hercules Garden, recently restored, is a rare survival of a walled formal garden with an artificial lake and islands, surrounded by plantations of fruit trees. There are several other follies, bridges etc. of various periods.

Also within the Castle grounds is the hamlet and former parish church of Old Blair (NN 867 666), the original focus of settlement in the area before the present village, which was laid out from the first half of the 19th century. The church was dedicated to St Bride and is a probable early Christian site. John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, 'Bonnie Dundee' was buried in the aisle attached to the now roofless church after the Battle of Killiecrankie, 27 July 1689. The modern railed burial enclosure of the family of the Dukes adjoins the ancient unenclosed churchyard. In the Middle Ages the main road from Atholl to Badenoch, and hence to the north of Scotland, passed through this village and the Minigaig Pass.

In 1946 the first Blair Atholl International Scout Jamborette was held within the castle grounds. This Scout Camp has been held every two years since, with Scouts from across the globe in attendance. The camp was the idea of Jack Stewart, International Commissioner for Scotland before and after the 1939/1945 war, who proposed a smaller international camp than a World Jamboree – a Jamborette. John Kennedy, the Camp Chief from 1998 to 2010, passed over the role to Andrew Sharkey for the camp in 2012.

Built in 1820 as a private hunting lodge by John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl, the Atholl Arms Hotel and its estate was owned for most of the 20th century by the Stewart~MacKay family (the second-largest employers in Highland Perthshire after the Duke of Atholl). Latterly it was owned by local Conservative politician John (Jock) Stewart MacKay MBE of nearby Killicrankie, who sold it in 1981.

On 13 March 2008, Blair Atholl won the appeal to be in the Cairngorms National Park, making it likely Blair Castle will become a more popular attraction.

Village
Until the early 19th century the only building on the site of the present village was Blair Atholl Mill. It began to grow around the present parish church, largely as a planned settlement, when this was moved from Old Blair. The arrival of the railway linking Perth with Inverness in 1863 and the building of the main A9 North Road encouraged the growth of the village, though the A9 has bypassed it since the 1980s.

The Atholl Country Life Museum in the village has displays on the social history of the area. It is open in the summer, with an entrance charge.

A peculiar quirk of the town is ownership of the water supply. As a result of an unusual legal agreement made in 1911 for the benefit of steam trains, the responsibility for the public water supply to the people of Blair Atholl has been held by the railway companies who own the line through Blair Atholl, currently Network Rail. In April 2006, it was announced that Network Rail would finance the cost of connecting the Blair Atholl and Bridge of Tilt (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Theilt) to Scottish Water's supply.

Transport
The town has a railway station on the Highland Main Line. The main road north from Perth to Inverness, the A9, ran through the village until it was bypassed in 1984.

Blair Atholl Airfield (owned by Lude House) is located to the east of the village, on the northern side of the B8079. Its ICAO airport code is GB-0329. Its single runway, a grass strip, is numbered 12 and 30.

Jamborette
Since its inception in 1946, Blair Atholl Patrol Jamborette has taken place every two years in the grounds of Blair Castle. Scotland's largest regular Scout Camp is usually attended by around 1,200 participants, half Scottish Scouts, and half Internationals, from countries including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Iceland, Japan, Malawi, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and the United States. The camp is divided into six sub-camps: MacDonald, Maclean, Murray, Morrison, Robertson and Stewart. The 2010 camp saw John Kennedy retire as the camp chief, after 12 years in the role, handing over to Andrew Sharkey who led the next Jamborette in 2012. In recognition of Kennedy's outstanding services, Eleanor Lyall, the Chief Commissioner for Scotland, presented him with the Silver Wolf, the highest award in adult Scouting. The Jamborette of 2020 was cancelled, due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

title: Blair Atholl