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Installation (computer programs)

Installation (or setup) of a computer program (including device drivers and plugins), is the act of making the program ready for execution. Installation refers to the particular configuration of software or hardware with a view to making it usable with the computer. A soft or digital copy of the piece of software (program) is needed to install it. There are different processes of installing a piece of software (program). Because the process varies for each program and each computer, programs (including operating systems) often come with an installer, a specialised program responsible for doing whatever is needed (see below) for the installation. Installation may be part of a larger software deployment process.

Installation typically involves code (program) being copied/generated from the installation files to new files on the local computer for easier access by the operating system, creating necessary directories, registering environment variables, providing a separate program for un-installation etc. Because code is generally copied/generated in multiple locations, uninstallation usually involves more than just erasing the program folder. For example, registry files and other system code may need to be modified or deleted for a complete uninstallation.

Overview
Some computer programs can be executed by simply copying them into a folder stored on a computer and executing them. Other programs are supplied in a form unsuitable for immediate execution and therefore need an installation procedure. Once installed, the program can be executed again and again, without the need to reinstall before each execution.

Common operations performed during software installations include: These operations may require some charges or be free of charge. In case of payment, installation costs means the costs connected and relevant to or incurred as a result of installing the drivers or the equipment in the customers' premises.
 * Making sure that necessary system requirements are met
 * Checking for existing versions of the software
 * Creating or updating program files and folders
 * Adding configuration data such as configuration files, Windows registry entries or environment variables
 * Making the software accessible to the user, for instance by creating links, shortcuts or bookmarks
 * Configuring components that run automatically, such as daemons or Windows services
 * Performing product activation
 * Updating the software versions

Some installers may attempt to trick users into installing junkware such as various forms of adware, toolbars, trialware or software of partnering companies. To prevent this, extra caution on what exactly is being asked to be installed is needed. The installation of additional software then can simply be skipped or unchecked (this may require the user to use the "custom", "detailed" or "expert" version of the installation procedure). Such malicious conduct is not necessarily a decision by the software developers or their company but can also be an issue of external installers such as the Download.com installer by CNET.

Zero-install and portable applications
As mentioned earlier, some computer programs need no installation. This was once usual for many programs which run on DOS, the classic Mac OS, Atari TOS and AmigaOS. As computing environments grew more complex and fixed hard drives replaced floppy disks, the need for tangible installation presented itself. For example Commodore released the Installer for Amiga.

The modern applications that can be run without going through formal process of installation and, in particular, do not require modifications of the operating system, are sometimes referred to as zero-install. Zero-install can be achieved through multiple means:
 * a "normal" solution is to collect the application and its components together, copy them to a fixed directory, and run from there. In the case of Windows OS this approach is occasionally referred to as an "xcopy deployment";
 * a browser-based approach;
 * utilizing a specialized tool, like Zero Install.

The Linux distribution GoboLinux takes a similar approach (each applications gets its own directory structure), but still introduces the side-effects of the traditional Linux installation to maintain the backward compatibility with the standard Linux directory layout. Isolation of the OS from any changes required by the application can also be achieved through the application virtualization tools, like VMware ThinApp, Microsoft App-V, InstallFree Bridge.

A class of modern applications that do not need installation and are located on a detachable storage device are known as portable applications, as they may be moved around onto different computers and run. Similarly, there are live operating systems, which do not need installation and can be run directly from a bootable CD, DVD, USB flash drive or loaded over the network as with thin clients. Examples are AmigaOS 4.0, various Linux distributions, MorphOS or Mac OS versions 1.0 through 9.0. (See live CD and live USB.) Finally, web applications, which run inside a web browser, do not need installation.

Custom installation
A custom installation allows the installer to choose to select components or parts that are required to be installed. This is sometimes preferred as opposed to installing the full suite of software components. Some situations that require the need for a custom install might be where only the basic components are required which are smaller in size instead of the full components which may take up too much hard drive space.

Attended installation
On Windows systems, this is the most common form of installation. An installation process usually needs a user who attend it to make choices, such as accepting or declining an end-user license agreement (EULA), specifying preferences such as the installation location, supplying passwords or assisting in product activation. In graphical environments, installers that offer a wizard-based interface are common. Attended installers may ask users to help mitigate the errors. For instance, if the disk in which the computer program is being installed was full, the installer may ask the user to specify another target path or clear enough space in the disk. A common misconception is unarchivation, which is not considered an installation action because it does not include user choices, such as accepting or declining EULA.

Silent installation
A "silent installation" is an installation that does not display messages or windows during its progress. "Silent installation" is not the same as "unattended installation" (see below): All silent installations are unattended but not all unattended installations are silent. The reason behind a silent installation may be convenience or subterfuge. Malware and viruses can be installed silently when a person clicks on a link while working at a business they think is real but is a hacker's program download. For normal users silent installation is not of much use, but in bigger organizations where thousands of users work, deploying the applications becomes a typical task and for that reason silent installation is performed so that the application is installed in the background without affecting the work of the user. Silent parameters can vary from software to software; if a software/application has silent parameters, it can be checked by "  /? " or "  /help " or "  -help ".

Silently installing a software program can be used to deploy a program on networks in educational institutions, including primary and secondary education and universities, in addition to business, government, and corporate networks. The person managing the silent installation can choose to add a desktop shortcut, for example, to silently install Google Drive with a desktop shortcut :

Unattended installation
Installation that is performed without user interaction during its progress or with no user present at all. One of the reasons to use this approach is to automate the installation of a large number of systems. An unattended installation either does not require the user to supply anything or has received all necessary input prior to the start of installation. Such input may be in the form of command line switches or an answer file, a file that contains all the necessary parameters. Windows XP and most Linux distributions are examples of operating systems that can be installed with an answer file. In unattended installation, it is assumed that there is no user to help mitigate errors. For instance, if the installation medium was faulty, the installer should fail the installation, as there is no user to fix the fault or replace the medium. Unattended installers may record errors in a computer log for later review.

Headless installation
Installation performed without using a computer monitor connected. In attended forms of headless installation, another machine connects to the target machine (for instance, via a local area network) and takes over the display output. Since a headless installation does not need a user at the location of the target computer, unattended headless installers may be used to install a program on multiple machines at the same time.

Scheduled or automated installation
An installation process that runs on a preset time or when a predefined condition transpires, as opposed to an installation process that starts explicitly on a user's command. For instance, a system administrator willing to install a later version of a computer program that is being used can schedule that installation to occur when that program is not running. An operating system may automatically install a device driver for a device that the user connects. (See plug and play.) Malware may also be installed automatically. For example, the infamous Con ficker was installed when the user plugged an infected device to their computer.

Clean installation
A clean installation is one that is done in the absence of any interfering elements such as old versions of the computer program being installed or leftovers from a previous installation. In particular, the clean installation of an operating system is an installation in which the target disk partition is erased before installation. Since the interfering elements are absent, a clean installation may succeed where an unclean installation may fail or may take significantly longer.

Network installation
Network installation, shortened net install, is an installation of a program from a shared network resource that may be done by installing a minimal system before proceeding to download further packages over the network. This may simply be a copy of the original media but software publishers which offer site licenses for institutional customers may provide a version intended for installation over a network.

Installer
An installation program or installer is a computer program that installs files, such as applications, drivers, or other software, onto a computer. Some installers are specifically made to install the files they contain; other installers are general-purpose and work by reading the contents of the software package to be installed.

They exist both as "standalone installer" (or "offline installer") & "web installer" (or "online installer"), where the former allows for offline installation as it contains all installation files, whereas the latter needs to download files necessary for installation from the web at the time of installation.

The differences between a package management system and an installer are:

Bootstrapper
During an installation of a computer program, it is sometimes necessary to update the installer or package manager itself. To make this possible, a technique called bootstrapping is used. The common pattern for this is to use small executable files which update the installer and starts the real installation after the update. This small executable is called bootstrapper. Sometimes the bootstrapper installs other prerequisites for the software during the bootstrapping process too.

Common types
Cross-platform installer builders produce installers that run on Windows, macOS and Linux. An example is InstallAnywhere by Flexera Software, which is based on Java. An instance of native code is InstallAware Multi Platform by InstallAware Software, featuring build toolchains and a setup engine that runs without dependencies; it can also switch to console mode if a graphical user interface (GUI) cannot be displayed on Linux.

Windows NT family includes an installation API and an associated service called Windows Installer. Microsoft provides a minimum level of tools required to create installers using Windows Installer in the freely available Windows SDK, instead focusing on the API to allow developers and third parties to leverage it in creating custom installers. Third party tools may supporting create installers using this API to speed the process. Examples include InstallShield (Flexera Software) and WiX (Outercurve Foundation). Installation authoring tools that do not rely on Windows Installer include Wise Installation Studio (Wise Solutions, Inc.), Installer VISE (MindVision Software), Visual Installer (SamLogic), NSIS, Clickteam, InnoSetup and InstallSimple. InstallAware for Windows Installer features a hybrid installation engine, whereby a setup may be executed using either the Windows Installer APIs, or directly through InstallAware's native code setup engine. This hybrid engine also provides the capability to switch installation modes at runtime.

macOS includes Installer, a native package manager. macOS also includes a separate software updating application, Software Update, that only supports Apple and system software. Included in the Dock as of 10.6.6, and also in the Apple menu, the Mac App Store shares many attributes with the successful App Store for iOS devices, such as a similar app approval process, the use of Apple ID for purchases, and automatic installation and updating. Although the App Store is Apple's preferred delivery method for macOS apps, previously purchased licenses cannot be transferred to the Mac App Store for downloading or automatic updating. Instead of an installer, many macOS applications distributed outside the Mac App Store use an Apple Disk Image (.dmg file) that contains an application bundle to be dragged and dropped into the Applications folder; those applications are described as drag-install applications. These often feature prominent installation instructions and a shortcut to the Applications folder; that style of drag-install application was invented and published by Iris Artin (formerly Ben Artin) during the development of Fetch 5 and subsequently gained wide adoption. Commercial applications for macOS may also use a third-party installer, such as the Mac version of Installer VISE (MindVision Software) or InstallerMaker (StuffIt).

System installer
A system installer is the software that is used to set up and install an operating system onto a device.

Examples of Linux system installers:

 * Anaconda: used by CentOS, Fedora
 * Calamares: used by multiple Linux distributions (incl. some Ubuntu flavors, Debian, and derivates)
 * Debian-Installer ("D-I"): classic Debian installer (textual and graphical interfaces)
 * Subiquity Ubuntu Server installer
 * Ubiquity: Ubuntu Desktop installer (until 22.10)
 * Ubuntu Desktop Installer: current Ubuntu Desktop installer (starting 23.04)
 * YaST for SUSE-based projects

Another example is found in the Haiku operating system, which uses a utility called Haiku Installer to install itself onto a device after booting from a live CD or live USB.

title: Installation (computer programs)


text:
User talk:Bumm13/IP welcomings

Here is a screenshot for you to look at.

Hi and Welcome, newcomer! I'm first going to ask you to sign up for a user account so that we can get to know you better. Before you do that, you should take a look (if you haven't already) at the Manual of Style and at our naming conventions here. There are quite a few other resources under the "special pages" link on your left, if you are interested. Thanks, and I hope you enjoy the place! -- goatasaur 04:21 28 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi and Welcome, newcomer! You've got the gist of editing down, so why not sign up for a user account so that the community knows you're a capable and competent editor? Also, there is a "preview" button that will make it unnecessary for you to save a slightly different version of whatever page multiple times. :) -- goatasaur 07:58 29 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * No problems. Welcome to Wikipedia, by the way. Hope you enjoy it here and stick around. If you have any questions, I'd be happy to help. Danny 05:04, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hi, Welcome to Wikipedia! Just a quick tip: Instead of writing out the stub message, it's easier to just put instead. Thanks! BillyH 14:08, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bumm13/IP welcomings


text:
Carl Chun

Carl Chun or Karl Friedrich Gustav Chun (1 October 1852 – 11 April 1914) was a German marine biologist who worked as a professor at the University of Königsberg (1883), Breslau (1891) and at Leipzig (1898). He was a pioneer of German oceanographic research, organizing the first deep-sea expedition aboard the SS Valdivia in 1898-99. He spent much of his life studying the collections made during the expedition, and was responsible for discovering many marine organisms, including the vampire squid.

Life and work
Chun was born in Höchst, today a part of Frankfurt, where his father Gustav (1827–1907) was rector of the Weißfrauenschule. Chun went to the Lessing Gymnasium and became interested in zoology from an early age thanks to the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt where he listened to lectures by Fritz Noll, Hermann Theodor Geyler, and Karl von Fritsch. He studied at the University of Göttingen and then at the University of Leipzig, receiving a doctorate in 1874. From 1878 to 1883 he was privat-docent of zoology and an assistant to Rudolf Leuckart. Chun became deeply interested in oceanic organisms and worked at the Naples Zoological Station where he studied and published a monograph on comb jellyfish under Anton Dohrn. He completed his habilitation in Leipzig (1878). He became a professor at the University of Königsberg (1883–1891). He moved to Breslau in 1891 and succeeded Leuckart at Leipzig in 1898.

Deep sea exploration had been popularized by the British Challenger Expedition (1872–1876) and the Germans, not to be left behind, funded Chun's proposal made in 1897 at the meeting of the Deutsche Naturforscher und Aertze in Leipzig. He led the German deep sea expedition aboard the steamship SS Valdivia which left Hamburg on 1 August 1898. They visited Bouvetøya, the Kerguelen Islands, and other islands, before returning to Hamburg, where they arrived on 1 May 1899. The material collected was described in 24 volumes that were published until 1940 with more than 70 specialists involved including Sir John Murray of the Challenger expedition. In 1888, Chun described seasonal vertical migration (SVM) of oceanic organisms which has a periodicity of ca. 1 year. Chun examined depth-stratified net samples from the Mediterranean Sea. He explained the seasonal disappearance of jellyfish and crustaceans from the upper pelagic layer of the ocean in terms of their migration to depths below 1000 m. In contrast to diel vertical migration (DVM) which occurs daily, SVM is still not well understood. He examined the distribution of phytoplankton with depth and demonstrated that although there were differences in distribution, they were not completely absent at any depth as had been claimed by the contemporary American zoologist Alexander Agassiz. Chun also examined adaptations of Schizopod eye in relation to depth and light penetration under the sea. With depth, the eye adapted a separate lateral and frontal regions. Chun was a specialist on cephalopods and plankton. He discovered and named the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis, which means "vampire squid from hell"). Chun was also interested in making science accessible to larger audiences. He published in a popular narrative of the "Valdivia" expedition, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres (1900) which captured the public imagination of the period.

Chun married Lily, the daughter of Karl Vogt, whom he first met while working at the Naples Zoological Station in 1884. They had two daughters Annie (b. 1885) who married Otto zur Strassen and Lily (born 1887) who became a social democrat and was married to the botanist Ernst Pringsheim Jr. Chun suffered for several years after a deer trophy fell off the wall onto him in November 1908. Shortly after recovering from the injury he developed a heart problem and died on 11 April 1914 in Leipzig, Germany, aged 61.

Selected works

 * Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres, Jena 1900.
 * Allgemeine Biologie, Leipzig 1915.
 * Die Cephalopoden, 2 volumes., Jena 1910.

title: Carl Chun


text:
Talk:Bertrand's postulate

Easier intuitive formulation?
I first encountered this postulate as stating that there is no prime number that is more than double the previous prime number. At least for the layman this seems much easier to grasp (assuming it really says the same, which I think it does?) so maybe this could be added to the introduction? Leist (talk) 22:55, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
If Chebyshev did indeed use an inequality to prove Bertrand's postulate, it seems highly unlikely he used what is generally known as Chebyshev's inequality. --Henrygb 13:21, 4 May 2004 (UTC)

Generalization
Hi, on reference desk there was a question about 2n0$$ there exists m such that for all n>m there exists a prime such that $$n<p<=(1+\epsilon)n$$. But unfortunately, I don't know the source of this interesting generalization. Samohyl Jan 00:36, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a trivial consequence of the prime number theorem. I don't know what Vinogradov has to do with it, either he proved something stronger or the reference is simply bogus. -- EJ 18:24, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But note that this is not quite a generalization senso stricto of Bertrand's postulate. Bertrand's postulate states "for every n, there is...", not "for all but finitely many n". Since the prime number theorem is about a limit, it does not allow us to decide whether there is some prime between 2n and 3n if n ≥ 100000. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 136.199.8.42 (talk) 15:00, 2 May 2007 (UTC).

Dubious statement
I've removed this dubious statement as it would prove the twin prime conjecture.

 * Erdős also proved there always exists at least two prime numbers p with n < p < 2n for all n > 6. Moreover, he showed that one of them must be of the form 4k+1 and the other must be of the form 4k+3.

 * not if you have different k in each case —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.198.139.84 (talk) 16:08, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

This is either a hoax, or a corrupt version of a true result by Erdős. Does anybody have a source for such a result? Paul August ☎ 18:22, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This is only a problem of terminology. In the usual parlance, a "number of the form 4k+1" means exactly the same as an "integer congruent to 1 modulo 4", and in particular, the two k's in the above statement are not assumed to be the same. -- EJ 18:57, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks EJ, for clearing this up. Do you know of a source for this result? Paul August ☎ 03:58, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, not for sure, now that I think about it. MathWorld says so, but the page looks a bit fishy. I can't check the original reference, as our library does not hold J. London Math. Soc. -- EJ 02:21, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

then how do you conclude that there existy prime between 2n to 3n

 * It's pretty easy to show that there exists a prime between 2n and 3n (and another prime between 3n and 4n), for all integers, n ≥ 11. This is because for all n ≥ 11, (and this is a fact)... that there exists at least 3 primes between n and 2n. Also, if there exists k primes in the interval between n and 2n, then there exists at least k + 2 primes in the interval between 2n and 4n. However, we now know that for all n ≥ 11, there exists at least 5 primes between 2n and 4n. However, it is also true that at least 2 of these primes must be in the interval between 2n and 3n, and at least 2 of these primes must be in the interval between 3n and 4n. However, since there is a fifth prime in the interval between 2n and 4n, one of the intervals, the one between 2n and 3n or the one between 3n and 4n, must contain at least 3 primes. In essence, I believed that I have also proved the Goldbach Conjecture. PhiEaglesfan712 19:34, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Conjecture
Extending the results by Erdos, the next statement is conjectured.

For any positive integer k, there is a natural number N such that for all n > N, there are at least k primes congruent to 1 modulo 4 and at least k primes congruent to -1 modulo 4 between n and 2n. 218.133.184.93 17:47, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

contradiction?
n >= 2, n < p < 2n or n > 3, n < p < 2n-2

Which was his original claim? The two don't even seem to be the same...

n > 3, n < p < 2n-2 #take n-2 = y gives similar to the first but not identical y >= 2, y-2 < p < 2y

—porg es (talk) 07:02, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The first, "n >= 2, n < p < 2n", is trivially true for n=2 (p=3) and n=3 (p=5). The only real difference between the two is whether it's assured for n > 3 that p < 2n, or the slightly stronger p < 2n-2 (which eliminates the possibility that p = 2n-1 is needed, as it is for n=2 and n=3). Both versions are proved, and reliable sources mention both versions in the same paragraph. I added MathWorld and Prime Pages references showing this. I don't know which formulation is oldest or most common, but if MathWorld and Prime Pages mention both, then it makes sense that we also do. PrimeHunter 14:32, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I have removed the contradiction tags. PrimeHunter 10:55, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

final result
I realize that x could be an arbitrary large enough real number but is there any reason not to restrict to integer values (and use n in place of x) so that it looks like Schoenfelds result? Also the final result is an improvement in real sense however for n=2010760 it replaces the 16597 of Schoenfeld with 29.02 which is much worse. The first place it beats Schoenfeld is for n=exp(sqrt(33194)/2) which is roughly 3.6*10^39. For n>10^50 it says that there is a prime between n and (1+1/26509)*n. For now I'll just fix the one x.--Gentlemath (talk) 02:37, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It follows from the prime number theorem that for any $$k>1$$, there exists an $$n_0$$ such that there is always a prime between $$n$$ and $$kn$$ for all $$n>n_0$$

PNT?
If we know for sure that there exists a prime between n and 2n for all n, why do we need the prime number theorem to show that there exists a prime between n and kn for all n>n0? I'm not sure I understand the following math so I won't remove that line altogether, but I'm replacing "from the PNT" to "trivially". .froth. (talk) 00:36, 28 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, I guess k can be real, not just an integer. So I added real. .froth. (talk) 00:39, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Proof of consequence?
The article states that Bertrand's postulate implies "[t]he number 1 is the only integer which is a harmonic number" but the connection is not immediately obvious to me. Can a brief explanation be added? Dcoetzee 20:47, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Better results
The following is in Better results:

"It follows from the prime number theorem" ... "which implies that π(kn) − π(n) goes to infinity (and in particular is greater than 1 for sufficiently large n)."

What I am wondering about is the source reference. What is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Reddwarf2956 (talk • contribs) 01:35, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Added one.—Emil J. 15:12, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Short proof
(n²-a²) is an odd prime

=> (n+a) is prime and (n-a) is 1

=> a n < (n+a) < 2n. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.135.22.28 (talk)

 * You apparently assume there is a prime of form (n²-a²) for any n. But there is only such a prime if 2n-1 is prime with a = n-1. Moreover, one version of Bertrand's postulate states n < p < 2n-2, so the prime of form (n²-a²) = 2n-1 is too large even when it exists. PrimeHunter (talk) 09:41, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Sylvester's theorem
Can you add more on Sylvester's theorem? It's barely mentioned here, even though it seems to be even more powerful than Bertrand's postulate. There's a whole page on proofs of Bertrand's postulate, but nothing on this more powerful theorem. --AndreRD (talk) 13:33, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

arxiv is not a reliable source
arxiv is not a reliable publication; it is not reviewed by MathSciNet nor By Zbl; it contains many incorrect papers; moreover Kyle Balliet is credited with zero publication on MathSciNet and zero publication on Zbl: this is suspect. We have to wait this paper is published in a serious, peer-reviewed publication, before we mention it here. I also note that Andy Loo, being credited with this only one minor publication (which is only indexed, and not reviewed, on MathSciNet), will certainly not deserve a page on Wikipedia in the near future: so I removed the red link. Sapphorain (talk) 11:43, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Bertrand's postulate and the binary conjecture
The binary conjecture is sufficient for Bertrand's postulate, whereas Bertrand's postulate is necessary for the binary conjecture. Also, the binary conjecture and the ternary conjecture are equivalent. If one is true, so is the other. 2605:E000:6116:7D00:4CD6:5569:EA6F:731C (talk) 14:40, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * It's unclear what you refer to but I guess it's about the binary and ternary variants of Goldbach's conjecture. They have not been proved to be equivalent. It's trivial but not worth mentioning that Bertrand's postulate would follow from Goldbach's binary conjeture. The former was proved in 1852 and the latter is still open so it's useless that it would prove something which was already proved 165 years ago. PrimeHunter (talk) 15:46, 4 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Any odd number M≥7 can be written as M=3+E, where E≥4 is an even number. If E=Pa+Pb is true, then M=3+Pa+Pb is also true. Any even number E≥4 can be written as E=M-3, M≥7 is an odd number. If M=3+Pa+Pb is true, then E=Pa+Pb is also true. 184.146.30.85 (talk) 13:04, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * ? And ? True, but where is this supposed to lead? Sapphorain (talk) 16:33, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Then the binary conjecture cannot descend indefinitely. Please let's stop the talk. Thanks. 70.31.160.220 (talk) 18:41, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure, let's stop the talk. The pleasure is all mine. Sapphorain (talk) 22:38, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Any three odd primes are allowed by the ternary conjecture. If we assume the conjecture is true then we don't know whether M=3+Pa+Pb. PrimeHunter (talk) 21:35, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
 * M=3+Pa+Pb is true if E=Pa+Pb is true. Conversely, E=Pa+Pb is true if M=3+Pa+Pb is true. Please let's stop the talk. Thanks. 70.31.160.220 (talk) 18:41, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Earliest statement?
I just thought of this 'conjecture' myself, assumed it was well-known, and looked online to see if there was a proof. So I'm not surprised to see that it is well-known, but I'm very surprised to see that the first statement of the conjecture is said to be as late as 1845. Surely Fermat or Euler or Gauss or someone must have noticed it before then? 86.132.140.196 (talk) 19:13, 28 September 2018 (UTC)
 * There is no point arguing one way or the other, as this conjecture was not published before by anybody else. Sapphorain (talk) 21:25, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bertrand's postulate


text:
Talk:Digital audio sample

The text says "This reverse process is called." Does anyone know what it's called? Quadell 13:29, May 4, 2004 (UTC)

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reconstruction

but this is mentioned already, so the sentence fragment has been obliterated.

title: Talk:Digital audio sample


text:
Dover test

The Dover test is an informal test and a journalistic phrase to describe whether the general population of the United States is supporting the participation of the United States in a war or other military action by the public reaction to returning war casualties. The test is usually used to support a partisan position concerning the United States government's actions rather than to actually determine the level of public support for the war.

Description
] The test's name refers to Dover Air Force Base in Dover, Delaware in the United States. The base is home to the Department of Defense's Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs. 50,000 U.S. casualties have arrived at this airport since 1955. An early use of the term "Dover test" was uttered by Senator John Glenn (D-Ohio) in 1994. The Dover test was also explicitly mentioned by Gen. Hugh Shelton in 1999, and again on January 19, 2000 when he said:

"...(M)ust be subjected to what I call the 'Dover test.' Is the American public prepared for the sight of our most precious resource coming home in flag-draped caskets into Dover Air Force Base in Delaware – which is a point entry for our Armed Forces?"

The Dover test is not a formal test, and the consequences are difficult to measure. Some say that certain deduction from the tests can be attained, though. If the United States population continues to support the war after the news coverage, then the U.S. government has passed the Dover test, and continued warfare probably does not reduce the popularity of the government.

If the American population does not continue to support the war, then the government has failed the test, and continued warfare may reduce the popularity of the government. Differing factions may use reactions to the results to further their own motives. Subsequently, the test is used more often to support someone's opinion or to question government actions than to actually determine the level of public support for the war.

Early examples
The return of American war casualties created difficulties for the U.S. government for the first time during the Vietnam War, where the public opinion changed against the war during the conflict. On December 21, 1989, during the invasion of Panama, President George Herbert Walker Bush prohibited media coverage of returning casualties, apparently angered by a split screen, showing him giving a news briefing on one half of the screen, and returning caskets on the other half.

In the first Iraq War, the government banned media outlets from showing any returning deceased at Dover.

Recent examples
Operation Restore Hope in Mogadishu, Somalia, could be said to have failed the Dover test after the Battle of Mogadishu on October 3, 1993, when the mutilated bodies of US soldiers were shown on the news. Public support quickly fell and U.S. forces were soon withdrawn. During November 2000, the Clinton administration established a rule prohibiting any press coverage of returning US war casualties. However, this rule was rarely enforced. During the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, photos of returning war casualties were frequently shown on the news.

Iraq war and post-occupation
The Dover test was most recently mentioned by the press in regard to the invasion and occupation of Iraq. The Bush administration tried to avoid having to pass the Dover test by enforcing the rule from the end of the Clinton administration. Tami Silicio, a worker for a military contractor in Kuwait took photos of the coffins of returning casualties, which made their way to the front pages. Subsequently she and her husband were terminated by the contractor. Shortly thereafter a journalist from The Memory Hole requested casualty photos under the Freedom of Information Act, and received a number of pictures. Some photographs at the site were later identified as the coffins of Space Shuttle Columbia crewmembers, not military casualties. The Bush administration was displeased, and prohibited the further release of photos to the media.

title: Dover test


text:
Springtime for Hitler

Springtime for Hitler: A Gay Romp With Adolf and Eva at Berchtesgaden is a fictional musical in Mel Brooks' 1967 film The Producers, as well as the stage musical adaptation of the movie and the 2005 movie adaptation of the musical. It is a musical about Adolf Hitler, written by Franz Liebkind, an unbalanced Nazi originally played by Kenneth Mars (and later by Brad Oscar and Will Ferrell in the stage musical and the 2005 film, respectively).

In the film, the play is chosen by the producer Max Bialystock and his accountant Leo Bloom in their fraudulent scheme to raise substantial funding by selling 25,000% of a play, then causing it to fail, and finally keeping all of the remaining money for themselves. To ensure that the play is a total failure, Max selects an incredibly tasteless script (which he describes as "practically a love letter to Adolf Hitler"), and hires the worst director he can find (Roger DeBris), a stereotypical homosexual and transvestite caricature. He casts an out-of-control hippie named Lorenzo St. Dubois, also known by his initials "L.S.D.", in the role of Hitler (after he had wandered into the wrong theatre by mistake during the casting call – "That's our Hitler!").

Synopsis
The play starts with the musical number, "Springtime for Hitler". Accompanied by dancing stormtroopers, who at one point form a Busby Berkeley–style swastika, the play immediately horrifies everyone in the audience except the author, and one lone viewer who breaks into applause—only for the latter to get pummeled by other disgusted theatergoers. As the audience begins to storm out of the theater, the first scene starts, with L.S.D. dressed up in full Nazi uniform and talking like a beatnik. The remaining audience starts to laugh, thinking that it is a satire, and those that had left return to the theater.

Franz, disgusted, goes behind the stage, unties the cable holding up the curtain and rushes out on stage, confronting the audience and ranting about the treatment of his beloved play. During his diatribe, there is a clank as someone strikes through the curtain, apparently with a pipe or hammer, hitting the steel Wehrmacht helmet that he is wearing. A moment later, in mid-rant, he exclaims "OW!" and falls over. The play continues, and the audience assumes that his performance was part of the act.

The play gets rave reviews from critics who mistakenly assume it was a work of satire, ensuring its success, as well as the conviction of the producers, once the fraudulent financing is discovered.

Differences between versions
In the musical stage version of The Producers and the 2005 musical film based on it, the part of L.S.D. is not included and Hitler is played by the flamboyant director DeBris, who sings a solo, "Heil Myself", reminiscent of Judy Garland. Author Liebkind is originally chosen by Max to play Hitler but due to an unfortunate accident, he breaks his leg (ironic as the term 'break a leg' is used to mean 'good luck' in the theater world) and Max then asks DeBris to play Hitler. The swastika choreography at the end is displayed to the audience via a large mirror that is raised, à la A Chorus Line. In the climactic final chorus, the 2005 film orchestration quotes the climax of the invasion theme from the first movement of Dimitri Shostakovich's Seventh symphony "Leningrad", depicting the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union.

In the musical version, Franz does not interrupt the play, but waits until after the performance to confront the producers, and then attempts to kill them under the accusation of making a fool out of Hitler ("He didn't need our help!"). He breaks his other leg while trying to run away from the police.

title: Springtime for Hitler


text:
Bridge over Troubled Water (song)

"Bridge over Troubled Water" is a song by the American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, released in January 1970 as the second single from their fifth studio album, Bridge over Troubled Water (1970). It was written by Paul Simon and produced by Simon, Art Garfunkel and Roy Halee.

"Bridge over Troubled Water" features lead vocals by Art Garfunkel and a piano accompaniment influenced by gospel music, with a "Wall of Sound"-style production. It was the last song recorded for the album, but the first completed. The instrumentation, provided by the Wrecking Crew, was recorded in California, while Simon and Garfunkel's vocals were recorded in New York. Simon felt Garfunkel should sing solo, an invitation Garfunkel initially declined. Session musician Larry Knechtel performs piano, with Joe Osborn playing bass guitar and Hal Blaine on drums.

The song won five awards at the 13th Annual Grammy Awards in 1971, including Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It is Simon & Garfunkel's most successful single, and it is often considered their signature song. It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks, and was the No. 1 song on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970. It also hit number one in the United Kingdom, Canada, France and New Zealand. It reached the top five in eight other countries, eventually selling over six million copies worldwide. It became one of the most performed songs of the 20th century, covered by over 50 artists, including Elvis Presley, Aretha Franklin and Johnny Cash. It is ranked number 66 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Background
"Bridge over Troubled Water" was composed by Paul Simon in early 1969; the song came to him very quickly, so much so that he asked himself: "Where did that come from? It doesn't seem like me." The title concept was inspired by Claude Jeter's line "I'll be your bridge over deep water if you trust in my name," which Jeter sang with his group, the Swan Silvertones, in the 1959 song "Mary Don't You Weep." According to gospel producer and historian Anthony Heilbut, Simon acknowledged his debt to Jeter in person, and handed Jeter a check. Simon named Johann Sebastian Bach's "O Sacred Head, Now Wounded" as inspiration for parts of the melody. Simon wrote the song initially on guitar but transposed it to the piano to reflect the gospel influence and suit Garfunkel's voice.

Simon told his partner, Art Garfunkel, that Garfunkel should sing it alone, the "white choirboy way", though Simon adds harmony on the final verse. Garfunkel felt it was not right for him; he liked Simon's falsetto on the demo and suggested that Simon sing. At the suggestion of Garfunkel and producer Roy Halee, Simon wrote an extra verse and a "bigger" ending, though he felt it was less cohesive with the earlier verses. The final verse was written about Simon's then-wife Peggy Harper, who had noticed her first gray hairs ("Sail on, silvergirl"). It does not refer to a drug abuser's hypodermic needle, as is sometimes claimed. The verse was Garfunkel's idea, but Simon reportedly did not like it.

"Bridge over Troubled Water" was the final track recorded for the album but the first completed, with an additional two weeks of post-production. Simon initially composed the song in G major, but arranger and composer Jimmie Haskell transposed the song to E-flat major to suit Garfunkel's voice. The song's instrumental parts were recorded in August 1969 in California, to make it easier for Garfunkel to go to Mexico to film Catch-22. Simon wanted a gospel piano sound, and hired session musician Larry Knechtel. Joe Osborn played two separate bass tracks, one high and the other low. A string section entering in the third verse completed the arrangement. The drums were played by Hal Blaine in an echo chamber to achieve a hall effect and Los Angeles session percussionist Gary Coleman played the Vibraphone. The arranger Ernie Freeman labelled his string arrangement as "Like a Pitcher of Water".

Simon and Garfunkel returned to New York in November 1969 to record the vocals. The vocal style in "Bridge over Troubled Water" was inspired by Phil Spector's technique in "Old Man River" by The Righteous Brothers. Simon said it sounded like the Beatles' "Let It Be", stating in a Rolling Stone interview: "They are very similar songs, certainly in instrumentation."

As their relations frayed preceding their 1970 breakup, Simon began to experience regret for allowing Garfunkel to sing it solo: "He felt I should have done it, and many times on a stage, though, when I'd be sitting off to the side and Larry Knechtel would be playing the piano and Artie would be singing 'Bridge', people would stomp and cheer when it was over, and I would think, 'That's my song, man...'"

Personnel

 * Art Garfunkel – lead vocals
 * Paul Simon – backing vocals
 * Larry Knechtel – piano
 * Joe Osborn – bass guitar
 * Hal Blaine – drums and percussion
 * Jimmie Haskell, Ernie Freeman – string arrangements

Critical reception
Billboard called it a "beautiful, almost religious-oriented ballad" whose "performance and arrangement are perfect." Cash Box said that "set in parable, this love ballad carries a two-level interpretation" and praised "Garfunkel’s magnificent vocal performance and the material." Record World predicted that the song would "equal [the duo's] 'Boxer' success."

The song has also been lauded as one of the greatest by Simon & Garfunkel. In 2017, The Guardian called the song one of the best by the duo, describing it as "heart-stirring". The Independent similarly lauded the song in 2020, calling it "a transcendent experience" and ranking it as the best song by the group.

Commercial performance
Despite the song's five-minute length, Columbia decided to release "Bridge over Troubled Water" for play on pop radio. AM radio had previously played Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone" in 1965, despite its running over the conventional three-minute playtime limit. This figured in Columbia's decision to release the five-minute version of "Bridge over Troubled Water" as a single. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on February 28, 1970, and stayed at the top of the chart for six weeks. "Bridge over Troubled Water" also topped the adult contemporary chart in the US for six weeks. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1970.

The song was certified Gold for over one million copies in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America, and sold over six million copies worldwide.

Awards
The single won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Contemporary Song, and Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals in the Grammy Awards of 1971, with its album also winning Album of the Year.

US chart performance
"Bridge over Troubled Water" entered the Billboard Hot 100 top 40 at no.13 on February 9, 1970. It jumped to no.3 the following week before climbing to no.1. During a six-week run at the top – the most for any single that year – Simon and Garfunkel held off strong competition from Creedence Clearwater Revival ("Travelin' Band") and The Jaggerz ("The Rapper"). Then, on April 11, the song fell to no.5 – replaced by The Beatles' "Let It Be". "Bridge over Troubled Water" concluded a 13-week run in the US top 40 on 9 May as their follow-up hit "Cecilia" began its rise to no.4.

UK chart performance
As in the US, "Bridge over Troubled Water" made its UK top 40 bow at no.13, on February 28, 1970. The song climbed steadily over the next four weeks before claiming no.1 on March 28. During a three-week stay at the top, it held off strong competition from Mary Hopkin with "Knock, Knock Who's There?" and "Can't Help Falling in Love" by Andy Williams. Then, on April 18, the song fell to no.2 – replaced by "All Kinds of Everything" by Dana. In total, "Bridge over Troubled Water" spent seventeen weeks in the UK top 40 (concluding on June 27).

Covers
"Bridge over Troubled Water" has been covered by over 50 artists, including Elvis Presley and Willie Nelson. Merry Clayton recorded a version in gospel style on her 1970 album Gimme Shelter. A cover was included on The Supremes 1970 release New Ways But Love Stays with lead vocals by Jean Terrell, Mary Wilson, and Cindy Birdsong. A cover recorded by Johnny Cash and Fiona Apple for Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals in 2003.

Aretha Franklin
Aretha Franklin's gospel-infused cover version was recorded in the summer of 1970, during the sessions for what would become her 1972 album Young, Gifted and Black. Franklin debuted her version on March 5, 1971, during her landmark three-night stint at San Francisco's Fillmore West, which was later released as Aretha Live at Fillmore West. Eleven days later, she performed the song on television for the first time at the 13th Annual Grammy Awards, at which an already-disbanded Simon & Garfunkel picked up five Grammy Awards for the song. Franklin's Grammy performance was released decades later on the 1994 compilation Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume III.

Elvis Presley
In 1970, Elvis Presley covered a track originally sung by Simon & Garfunkel that was so good the writer of the song didn't want to "compete" with the star's superior version. The song, "Bridge Over Troubled Water", was covered by Elvis for his 1970 album That's The Way It Is, but was never released as a single. The King's version of the song left the writer of the track, Paul Simon, stunned. Speaking in 1972, he called the King's adaptation of the song "dramatic". He added, "But so was the song. ... When I first heard Elvis perform Bridge Over Troubled Water it was unbelievable." Simon added, "I thought to myself: 'How the hell can I compete with that?'"

Chet Atkins and Jerry Reed
Chet Atkins and Jerry Reed recorded an instrumental version of the song and released it on their 1970 album Me & Jerry. The song appears as the second song on the album's first side and features both Reed and Atkins playing guitar trading lines back and forth with each other. The album and their rendition of the song received generally positive reviews with the former going on to win the 1971 Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance.

Linda Clifford
Linda Clifford, Curtis Mayfield's protégée signed on his Curtom label, released an up-tempo disco version of "Bridge over Troubled Water" on her album Let Me Be Your Woman in March 1979. This epic version (10:20 in length) was produced by Gil Askey (jazz trumpet player and musical director for many Motown acts) and mixed by Jimmy Simpson, brother of Valerie Simpson from Ashford and Simpson. The song has two originalities, the first one being a 132 bpm tempo (considered the ideal tempo for disco dancing) when the Simon and Garfunkel original is 82 bpm and Aretha Franklin's cover is 76 bpm. It was the first time that this song was covered with a fast tempo. It also has a highly original "Brazilian cuica on a disco beat" break. It became a US disco number 11, pop number 41, R&B number 49 and UK number 28.

P.J.B. featuring Hannah and Her Sisters version
In 1991, P.J.B. featuring Hannah and Her Sisters, a UK group assembled by British songwriter, record producer and author Pete Bellotte and fronted by British singer Hannah Jones, released a dance cover of "Bridge over Troubled Water" which reached number 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The group appeared on Top of the Pops as the opening act on the 26 September 1991 episode.

Clay Aiken version
In 2003, American Idol season two runner-up Clay Aiken performed "Bridge over Troubled Water" during the competition. After the final results were announced, RCA Records released the song as a double A-side single with "This Is the Night" in Canada in New Zealand; in the US, "This Is the Night" was credited as a solo release since it received a higher cumulative airplay audience. The double A-side charted at number one in both Canada and New Zealand, earning a sextuple-platinum sales certification in the former country and a platinum disc in the latter. On New Zealand's year-end chart for 2003, the single was ranked at number 38.

Cantonese version
A rewriting of the song with Cantonese lyrics ("Many hearts prevail" – zh:滔滔千里心) was collectively sung by many Hong Kong singers for public shows in Hong Kong to raise funds after the Eastern China flood of 1991. In 2009 it was also used in the Artistes 88 Fund Raising Campaign for the victims of Typhoon Morakot.

Dami Im version
Dami Im covered this song during the Family Heroes-themed sixth live show of the fifth season of Australian X Factor on September 29, 2013. Im's performance of the song debuted at number 15 on the Australian Singles Chart. Im later released a version of the song on her self-titled album, which debuted at number 1 in Australia, and was certified Platinum.

Artists for Grenfell Tower charity single
To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation, Simon Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single on June 21, 2017. London-born grime artist Stormzy featured prominently, having written a fresh 16-line intro to the song which specifically referenced the tragedy. The recording reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on June 23, 2017 after just two days of availability, and was certified gold by the BPI on January 31, 2020. The artists were awarded with the Power of Music Award at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards.

Artists
The song was performed by the following artists (in order of appearance):

Instruments

 * Brian May (of Queen) – guitar
 * Nile Rodgers – guitar
 * Tokio Myers – piano
 * Pete Townshend (of The Who) – guitar

Vocals

 * Stormzy
 * Robbie Williams
 * James Blunt
 * Rita Ora
 * Craig David
 * Dan Smith (of Bastille)
 * Liam Payne
 * Peggy Lee
 * Emeli Sandé
 * Kelly Jones (of Stereophonics)
 * Paloma Faith
 * Louis Tomlinson
 * Labrinth
 * Jorja Smith
 * WSTRN
 * Leona Lewis
 * Jessie J
 * James Arthur
 * Roger Daltrey (of The Who)
 * Ella Eyre
 * Anne-Marie
 * Ella Henderson
 * Louisa Johnson
 * 5 After Midnight
 * Angel
 * Carl Barât (of The Libertines)
 * Deno
 * Donae'o
 * Dua Lipa
 * Fleur East
 * Gareth Malone and The Choir for Grenfell
 * Geri Halliwell (of Spice Girls)
 * Gregory Porter
 * Jessie Ware
 * John Newman
 * Jon McClure (of Reverend and The Makers)
 * London Community Gospel Choir
 * Matt Goss
 * Matt Terry
 * Mr Eazi
 * Nathan Sykes
 * Omar
 * Pixie Lott
 * Ray BLK
 * Raye
 * Shakka
 * Shane Filan (of Westlife)
 * Tom Grennan
 * Tony Hadley (of Spandau Ballet)
 * Tulisa

Other covers
Willie Nelson covered the song in the closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

Mary J. Blige, David Foster, and Andrea Bocelli performed the song on January 31, 2010, during the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony, in the context of raising awareness for the victims of the Haiti earthquake. This version reached number 75 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

For BBC Children in Need in 2012, over 2,500 children sang the song in unison from 15 towns across the UK. The performance started in the studio before cutting between the choirs as they sang giving each choir around 15 seconds on air, this was all done in real time. However 5 of the choirs weren't included in the link up shown on the night and were instead shown later on the highlights show. They were led by Aled Jones who conducted the choir in the London studio. The Choirs sang from: London at BBC Television Centre the studio where the main telethon was held, Aberdeen at The Beach Ballroom, Northumberland at The Alnwick Garden, Swindon at Steam: Museum of the Great Western Railway, Birmingham at The Mailbox, Belfast at The Broadcasting House, East Sussex at Glyndebourne, Cardiff at The BBC Hoddinott Hall, Scunthorpe at Baths Hall and Winchester at Intech. The choirs not included were: Cambridge at West Road Concert Hall, Exeter at The Forum Library, Exeter University, Leicestershire at Conkers Discovery Centre, Rotherham at Magna Science Adventure Centre and Salford at The BBC Philharmonic Studio at MediaCityUK

On December 9, 2013, Tessanne Chin covered the song on season 5 of NBC's singing competition The Voice for the semifinal round. The song went to the number one spot on iTunes within 12 hours, with her becoming the first contestant to achieve the top chart position at the end of an applicable voting window that season.

"A Bridge over You", a charity single recorded and released independently by the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir, the choir of the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust located in south-east London, was a mashup of "Bridge over Troubled Water" and Coldplay's 2005 single "Fix You", with additional arrangement by the choir's conductor, Peter Mitchell. It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart at Christmas 2015.

In August 2019, Kodi Lee covered the song on America's Got Talent in the quarter-finals of the competition. Simon Cowell revealed that Paul Simon personally signed off to allow him to sing the song within thirty minutes of the show producers asking for permission.
 * Irish musician Hozier performed the song for the RTÉ fundraising special RTÉ Does Comic Relief in Croke Park. The performance was dedicated to those who died during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Matt Bellamy from Muse released a cover on September 8, 2020, stating it is one of his "favorite songs of all time...We should all reach out and be there for our friends right now!"

In 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, the gold medalist pair of pair skating, Sui Wenjing & Han Cong, adapted the mixed cover of this song, by Linda Eder and John Legend, in their free skating programme with a stunning score, 155.47 points.

title: Bridge over Troubled Water (song)


text:
Dip

Dip or DIP, may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * The Dip, the tenth published book by Seth Godin
 * Dip (album), a 2007 studio album by Scottish musician Aidan Moffat
 * "Dip", a single by Danny Brown from his 2013 album Old
 * "Dip" (song), a 2018 song by Tyga
 * Dip (TV series), an online 201 Turkish TV series
 * Death in Paradise (TV series), a 2011 British-French TV series

Exercise

 * Dip, a brief swim; for example skinny dipping
 * Dip (dance move), a partner dance move
 * Dip (exercise), a type of strength training exercise
 * Dip bar, a piece of fitness equipment

Organisations

 * DIP Research (Distributed Information Processing), a defunct company which designed the Atari Portfolio
 * Revolutionary Workers' Party (Turkey)

Places

 * Dezhou East railway station (China Railway telegraph code)
 * Diapaga Airport (IATA airport code), Burkina Faso
 * Dubai Investments Park, United Arab Emirates

Biology and medicine

 * Database of Interacting Proteins, a catalog of protein interactions
 * Defective interfering particle, a virus particle that is missing part or all of its genome
 * Deletion/insertion polymorphism, a type of Mutation
 * Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
 * Distal interphalangeal joint (disambiguation), in anatomy

Computing

 * Dependency inversion principle, in software architecture design
 * Device-independent pixel or density-independent pixel (dip), a unit of measurement
 * Digital image processing
 * Directors IP address, in the Linux Virtual Server
 * Distributed information processing
 * Document image processing

Electronics

 * Dual in-line package, a type of integrated circuit packaging
 * DIP switch, a number of electric switches in a dual in-line package
 * DIP DRAM, a memory module format for computers
 * Voltage dip, a short-duration reduction in the voltage
 * Dip reader, device for reading an electronically encoded card

Earth

 * Dip (geology) (strike and dip), the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature
 * Dip slope, a slope parallel to the dip in geology
 * Dip circle, used to measure the angle between magnetic dip and the horizon
 * Magnetic dip, the angle made with the horizontal at any point by the Earth's magnetic field
 * Horizon dip, the angle below horizontal for an elevated observer at sea

Other science and technology

 * Deinked pulp, in paper production
 * Diiminopyridine, a class of ligand, in chemistry
 * Diindenoperylene, an organic semiconductor
 * Dip (geometry), a decagonal prism

People

 * Dip, a name in Gujarati meaning Diya (lamp)
 * Dip Gogoi (born 1951), Indian politician
 * Dip Orange (1900–1946), American baseball infielder

Other uses

 * Flag dipping, to dip a flag that is being carried as a sign of respect or deference
 * Dipping sauce or dip, a condiment
 * Dipping tobacco, a colloquial name for American moist snuff
 * Dip (Catalan myth), an evil demonic dog that drinks people's blood
 * Dip pen, a pen, also called a nib pen
 * Diploma (abbreviation)
 * Plunge dip, a method of immersing livestock in pesticide
 * Ductile iron pipe, a pipe made of ductile cast iron commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution
 * Debtor in possession, a type of financing
 * Direct Income Payments, agricultural support payments in the European Union
 * Drug Interventions Programme, run by the United Kingdom's government
 * Drunk in public, a summary offense in many countries
 * Dvukhmyestnyi Istrebitel Pushechny ("twin-engined cannon fighter"), the military designation of the Tupolev ANT-29

title: Dip


text:
George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon

George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon (1540 – 30 December 1604) was an English nobleman.

He was a son of Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon and Catherine Pole, daughter of Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu and Jane Neville. He was a younger brother of Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, and older brother of Francis Hastings. He succeeded Henry as the 4th Earl.

He was High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1571 and knight of the shire (MP) for Derbyshire in 1562 and Leicestershire in 1584–1587. He was invested as a knight in 1565. They lived at Gopsall and then Loughborough, both in Leicestershire.

He hosted Anne of Denmark and her children Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth at Ashby-de-la-Zouch on 22 June 1603. Huntingdon was anxious for the queen to visit and enlisted the Earl of Shrewsbury's steward Richard Bainbrigg and others to make his case that the royal party should come to Ashby Castle from Wollaton Hall.

He was succeeded by his grandson Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon.

He died in 1604.

Marriage
George married Dorothy Port, daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Port of Etwall, Derbyshire. They had five children:
 * Francis Hastings, Baron Hastings (1560–1595), who was father to Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon.
 * Henry Hastings (1562 – 5 October 1650).
 * Sir Edward Hastings.
 * Catherine Hastings. Married first Sir Walter Chetwynd and secondly Sir Edward Unton. Her second husband was a son of Edward Unton and Anne Seymour. Anne was a daughter of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, and Anne Stanhope.
 * Dorothy Hastings, was a Maid of Honour at court. She married a Scottish courtier, James Stewart, a son of Walter Stewart of Blantyre. Her second husband was Robert Dillon, 2nd Earl of Roscommon.

title: George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon


text: User talk:63.118.206.3

title: User talk:63.118.206.3


text:
Dil

Dil or DIL may refer to:

Films

 * Dil (1946 film), a Bollywood film
 * Dil (1990 film), a Bollywood film
 * Dil (1991 film), a lollywood film
 * Dil (2003 film), a Tollywood film

Other uses

 * Dil, Iran, a village in Iran
 * DIL (musician), a British-Nigerian singer
 * Daughter-in-law
 * Debian-Installer Loader
 * Deed in lieu
 * Defence Industries Limited, a Canadian munitions company
 * Dictionary of the Irish Language
 * Drug-induced lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder
 * Dual in-line package, a type of package for electronic chips
 * Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport, IATA code DIL

title: Dil


text:
Pthreads

In computing, POSIX Threads, commonly known as pthreads, is an execution model that exists independently from a programming language, as well as a parallel execution model. It allows a program to control multiple different flows of work that overlap in time. Each flow of work is referred to as a thread, and creation and control over these flows is achieved by making calls to the POSIX Threads API. POSIX Threads is an API defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard POSIX.1c, Threads extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995).

Implementations of the API are available on many Unix-like POSIX-conformant operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, macOS, Android, Solaris, Redox, and AUTOSAR Adaptive, typically bundled as a library libpthread. DR-DOS and Microsoft Windows implementations also exist: within the SFU/SUA subsystem which provides a native implementation of a number of POSIX APIs, and also within third-party packages such as pthreads-w32, which implements pthreads on top of existing Windows API.

Contents
pthreads defines a set of C programming language types, functions and constants. It is implemented with a  header and a thread library.

There are around 100 threads procedures, all prefixed  and they can be categorized into four groups:

 * Thread management – creating, joining threads etc.
 * Mutexes
 * Condition variables
 * Synchronization between threads using read write locks and barriers
 * Spinlocks

The POSIX semaphore API works with POSIX threads but is not part of the threads standard, having been defined in the POSIX.1b, Real-time extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993) standard. Consequently, the semaphore procedures are prefixed by  instead of.

Example
An example illustrating the use of pthreads in C:

This program creates five threads, each executing the function perform_work that prints the unique number of this thread to standard output. If a programmer wanted the threads to communicate with each other, this would require defining a variable outside of the scope of any of the functions, making it a global variable. This program can be compiled using the gcc compiler with the following command: gcc pthreads_demo.c -pthread -o pthreads_demo Here is one of the many possible outputs from running this program.

POSIX Threads for Windows
Windows does not support the pthreads standard natively, therefore the Pthreads4w project seeks to provide a portable and open-source wrapper implementation. It can also be used to port Unix software (which uses pthreads) with little or no modification to the Windows platform. Pthreads4w version 3.0.0 or later, released under the Apache Public License v2.0, is compatible with 64-bit or 32-bit Windows systems. Version 2.11.0, released under the LGPLv3 license, is also 64-bit or 32-bit compatible.

The Mingw-w64 project also contains a wrapper implementation of 'pthreads, winpthreads, which tries to use more native system calls than the Pthreads4w project.

Interix environment subsystem available in the Windows Services for UNIX/Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications package provides a native port of the pthreads API, i.e. not mapped on Win32 API but built directly on the operating system syscall interface.

title: Pthreads