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Purple Onion (album)

Purple Onion is the only studio album by The Les Claypool Frog Brigade, released on September 24, 2002. It followed two live releases by the band, and is the first release of the Frog Brigade's original compositions. While the Brigade regulars are consistent on much of the record such as Jay Lane, Eenor Wildeboar, Skerik and new percussionist Mike "Tree Frog" Dillon, many special guests appear on the album as well. Guests on multiple tracks include Ben Barnes and Sam Bass (then both from Deadweight). "D's Diner," a tribute to a Sebastopol, California restaurant, features sitar player Gabby La La in addition to the triple-bass onslaught of Claypool, Norwood Fisher (Fishbone) and Lonnie Marshall (Weapon of Choice). Warren Haynes (Allman Brothers Band) adds slide guitar on the "Buzzards of Green Hill" and Fish Fisher (Fishbone drummer) guests on "Whamola." "Whamola" was a live show staple named after the unique instrument Les employs—a one-string bass played with a drumstick. The song later appeared as a remix for the theme of South Park Season 10. "Barrington Hall" is a tribute to the UC Berkeley student housing known in the 1960s-1980s for counterculture. Purple Onion was released on vinyl for the first time on November 24, 2009.

Reception
Reception for Purple Onion was positive. The College Music Journal (CMJ) wrote that "Claypool's bass-spanking and carnival barker delivery warp the songs like the inside of a funhouse mirror." Rolling Stone gave the album a rating of three out of five, and stated that the album "Allows the master bass player to give full vent to his weirdness. ... Sure to please hardcore fans." The AllMusic review by Jesse Jarnow awarded the album three stars out of five, and wrote that "The music isn't nearly as edgy or angular as his work with Primus, but that's ultimately okay."

Tom Waits listed it 19th among his favorite albums.

Credits

 * Musicians
 * Les Claypool - bass (all except 5), vocals, percussion (1, 9), guitar (2), whamola (5), drums (7)
 * Jay Lane - drums (2, 6, 10, 12)
 * Mike Dillon - vibraphone (2, 5, 9, 12), metal drum (2), percussion (2), tabla baya (3), pandeiro (3), electric bow & arrow (4), metal sounds (4), cuica (5), marimba (7, 10, 11), metal (9), tabla (12)
 * Skerik - saxophone (2, 12), "fancy" sax (2, 5, 6, 9–11), baritone sax (3, 4)
 * Warren Haynes - guitar (3)
 * Eenor Wildeboar - background vocals (3, 6, 9, 10, 12), yaili tambour (3, 8), jaw harp (3) slide guitar (4, 11), guitar (5, 6, 9, 10, 12)
 * Fish Fisher - drums (5, 8)
 * Ben Barnes - violin (7, 12)
 * Sam Bass - viola (7), cello (7, 12)
 * Gabby Lang - sitar (8)
 * Lonnie Marshall - bass (8)
 * Norwood Fisher - bass (8)
 * Dean Johnson - drum outro (9), drums (11)

 * Production
 * Les Claypool - producer, engineer
 * Paul Haggard - photography
 * Stephen Marcussen - mastering
 * Jesse Rice - project supervisor

title: Purple Onion (album)


text:
Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti

Aḥmad Bābā al-Timbuktī (أحمد بابا التمبكتي), full name Abū al-Abbās Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Aḥmad ibn Umar ibn Muhammad Aqit al-Takrūrī Al-Massufi al-Timbuktī (1556 – 1627 CE, 963 – 1036 H), was a Sanhaja Berber writer, scholar, and political provocateur in the area then known as the Western Sudan. He was a prolific author and wrote more than 40 books.

Life
Aḥmad Bābā was born on October 26, 1556, in Araouane to the Sanhaja Berber Aqit family. He moved to Timbuktu at an early age where he studied with his father, Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥājj Aḥmad ibn ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad Aqīt, and the scholar Mohammed Bagayogo (var. Baghayu'u); there are no other records of his activity until 1594, when he was deported to Morocco over accusations of sedition, after the Moroccan invasion of Songhai where he remained in Fez until the death of Ahmad al-Mansur. His successor, Zaydan An-Nasser, allowed all exiles to return to their country. Aḥmad Bābā reached Timbuktu on April 22, 1608.

Legacy
A fair amount of the work he was noted for was written while he was in Morocco, including the biography of Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Maghili, a scholar and jurist responsible for much of the traditional religious law of the area. A biographical note was translated by M.A. Cherbonneau in 1855, and became one of the principal texts for study of the legal history of the Western Sudan. Ahmad Baba's surviving works remain the best sources for the study of al-Maghili and the generation that succeeded him. Ahmad Baba was considered the Mujjadid (reviver of religion) of the century.

The only public library in Timbuktu, the Ahmed Baba Institute (which stores over 18,000 manuscripts) is named in his honor.

In 1615 Ahmad discussed along with other Muslim scholars on the question of slavery, in order to protect Muslims from being enslaved. He is known to have provided one of the first ideas of ethnicity within West Africa.

Stance on Race
Ahmad Baba made an effort to end racial slavery and criticised the association of Black Africans with slaves, particularly criticising some Muslims adopting the narrative of the Curse of Ham, found in the book of Genesis.

However, Ahmad Baba was not an advocate for ending the slave trade generally. Rather, in writing the Mi'raj al Su'ud ila nayl hukm mujallab al-Sud, he sought only to reform the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade with the goal of preventing Muslims from enslaving other Muslims.

According to William Phillips, al-Timbukti essentially advocated religion-based slavery instead of racial-slavery, with Muslims of any ethnicity being immune from being enslaved.

Stance on Slavery
In regards to the enslavement of Africans in 1615, Ahmad Bābā discussed the legitimate reasons of how and why one could become a slave. The driving force, mainly being religious and ethnic, were that if one came from a country with a Muslim government, or identified with specific Muslim ethnic groups, then they could not be slaves. He claimed that if a person was an unbeliever or a kafara, then that is the sole factor for their enslavement, along with that being “the will of God.”

In the piece Ahmad Bābā and the Ethics of Slavery, he claims that his beliefs fueled the thought that those who identified as Muslim no longer had to be enslaved, but anyone that was an outsider (or nonbeliever) would then be enslaved by Muslims. These were not simply beliefs these were the rules that are given by God Most High, who knows best. Even in the case that the people of the country were believers but their belief was shallow then those people could still be enslaved with no questions asked. According to Ahmad Bābā, it was known that the people of Kumbe were shallow in their beliefs. He goes on to use the analogy that when one country is conquered and contains nonbelievers, then those persons could be enslaved as part of his stance on any other outsider or religion besides Islam.

This is a different kind of thinking in comparison to the works of William D. Phillips Jr., who wrote The Middle Ages Series: Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. In his piece, the main factor that distinguished a slave from an ordinary person would be their religious differences. This ties into Ahmad Bābā's ideas about enslavement involving everyone except those who practiced Islam. More specifically to his ideas on slavery, Phillips discussed how Christians enslaved Muslims, and Muslims enslaved Christians. However, Ahmad Bābā's hope was to end the enslaving of Muslims entirely and instead have other religious groups be enslaved, as they were considered to be unbelievers of the Muslim faith.

Another contradicting idea, discussed in the article Slavery in Africa by Suzanne Meirs and Igor Kopytoff, was that enslavement was based on people who are forced out of their homeland into a completely foreign area, tying into Ahmad's beliefs. Meirs and Kopytoff discuss the possibility of being accepted into a community through means of earning their freedom, being granted freedom by their owner, or being born into freedom. But in Ahmad Bābā's perspective, if one converted to Islam and were once an “unbeliever” before being enslaved, then that individual would still hold that title of being a slave. An unbeliever was classified as anyone who was Christian, Jewish, etc. however Ahmad Bābā states that there are no differences between unbelievers regardless of their different religious beliefs of Christianity, Persian, Jews, etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti


text:
Élan

Elan Corporation plc was a major drugs firm based in Dublin, Ireland, which had major interests in the United States. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange as ELN, the Irish Stock Exchange as ELN.I, and the London Stock Exchange as ELN.L. In 2013, the company merged with Perrigo to form Perrigo Company PLC.

History
The company was founded in Ireland by American businessman Don Panoz in 1969. In the late 1990s, its value on the Irish Stock Exchange reached over €20bn. However, in 2002, an accounting scandal and investor reactions to the global slump, caused a major devaluation resulting in a share price slump of over 90%. In July 2010, Élan was fined $203m for its marketing of epilepsy drugs.

In February 2013, Elan decided to dispose of the rights to sell Tysabri to Biogen Idec for $3.25 billion.

Products in development
In neurology, Elan was focused on building upon its research and experience in the area of neuropathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, where the company’s efforts included programs focused on small molecule inhibitors of beta secretase and gamma secretase, enzymes whose actions are thought to affect the accumulation of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. An example of such a molecule is semagacestat. Elan also studied other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Élan, in collaboration with Wyeth, conducted a Phase III clinical trial for bapineuzumab, an experimental humanized monoclonal antibody with a targeted indication of immunotherapeutic treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. This humanized monoclonal antibody is designed and engineered to clear the neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide, that accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Although initial results from an earlier Phase II clinical trial presented in July 2008 were inconclusive, Elan is hopeful that bapineuzumab will prove successful in the treatment of this disease.

In autoimmune diseases, Elan’s primary emphasis was studying cell trafficking to discover ways to provide disease-modifying therapies for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Research efforts were also focused on physiological and neuropathic pain. Previously named Antegren, natalizumab is a drug co-marketed by Biogen Idec and Élan as "Tysabri". Tysabri is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits immune cells from crossing blood vessel walls to reach various tissues, including the brain. It has proven efficacy in the treatment of two serious autoimmune disorders: multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease.

title: Élan


text: User talk:24.229.111.246

title: User talk:24.229.111.246


text:
User:ArcticFrog

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Legends of the Fall

Legends of the Fall is a 1994 American epic Western drama film directed by Edward Zwick, and starring Brad Pitt, Anthony Hopkins, Aidan Quinn, Julia Ormond and Henry Thomas Based on the 1979 novella of the same title by Jim Harrison, the film is about three brothers and their father living in the wilderness and plains of Montana in the early 20th century and how their lives are affected by nature, history, war, and love. The film's time frame spans nearly 50 years from the early 20th century; World War I, through the Prohibition era, and ending with a brief scene set in 1963. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won for Best Cinematography (John Toll). Both the film and book contain occasional Cornish language terms, the Ludlows being a Cornish immigrant family.

Plot
Sick of betrayals the US government perpetrated on Native Americans, Colonel William Ludlow leaves the Army, moving to a remote part of Montana. Along with One Stab, a Cree friend, he builds a ranch and raises his family. Accompanying them are hired hand and former outlaw Decker with his Cree wife Pet, and daughter Isabel Two. William has three sons: Alfred, the eldest; Tristan, the middle son; and Samuel, the youngest.

William's wife Isabel does not adapt to the harsh Montana winters, so moves to the East Coast; Tristan vows never to speak of her. At age 12, Tristan touches a sleeping grizzly bear. The bear awakens and injures him, but he cuts off a claw.

Years later, Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée, Susannah. She finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel. Before they can marry, he announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany in World War I. Much to their father's displeasure, Alfred also joins. Although Tristan does not want to join, he does so after swearing to Susannah to protect Samuel.

The brothers find themselves in the 10th Battalion, CEF. Alfred, commissioned as an officer, leads a charge into no man's land. The attack results in heavy casualties and he is wounded. While visiting Alfred in the field hospital, Tristan learns that Samuel volunteered for a dangerous reconnaissance mission. He rushes off to protect his brother but arrives too late. Tristan holds Samuel until he dies, then cuts out his brother's heart and sends it home to be buried at the ranch.

Tristan single-handedly raids the German lines and returns to camp with the scalps of German soldiers hanging around his neck, horrifying his fellow soldiers. He is discharged but does not go home. Alfred returns to Montana and proposes to Susannah, but she declines.

Tristan returns home, where Susannah finds him weeping over Samuel's grave. She comforts him and they become lovers. A jealous Alfred confronts Tristan before leaving to make his name in Helena. Tristan is plagued with guilt over Samuel's death and feels responsible for driving Alfred away; he leaves Montana for several years.

Susannah vows to wait for Tristan, but eventually receives a letter from him telling her to marry someone else. Alfred comforts her, and when William finds them together, it leads to a falling out between father and son. William later suffers a stroke, does not speak for years and the ranch deteriorates. Susannah marries Alfred, now a congressman. Alfred's business and politics cause him to get involved with the O'Banion brothers, Irish bootleggers and gangsters.

Tristan returns during Prohibition, bringing life back to the ranch and to his father. He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry and have two children. Tristan becomes involved in small-scale rum-running, finding himself at odds with the O'Banions. Isabel Two is accidentally killed by a corrupt police officer working for the gangsters. In a fit of grief, Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed.

Susannah visits Tristan, still having feelings for him, but he refuses her advances. After his release, he and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel's death, including one of the O'Banion brothers.

Unable to live without Tristan, Susannah commits suicide. The remaining O'Banion brother, along with the sheriff and another police officer, come after Tristan. At the ranch, William and Alfred kill the attackers. Alfred reconciles with his father and brother.

The family realizes that Tristan will be blamed for the deaths, prompting him to ask Alfred to take care of his children. One Stab's narration explains that they buried the bodies and dumped the car in the Missouri River. He reflects that rather than dying young as One Stab expected, Tristan lived to watch his children and grandchildren grow. One Stab observes that it was the people Tristan loved and wanted to protect most that died young.

In 1963, Tristan, now an old man living in the North Country, investigates an animal carcass and is confronted by a grizzly bear. He draws his knife and fights it. As they struggle, One Stab narrates, "It was a good death.".

Filming
Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Principal photography began in mid-July 1993. The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley, Alberta, with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras. The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch; additional outdoor scenes, as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes, were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park. A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena, Montana, street scenes. Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver. Additional scenes were shot at Maple Tree Square in Gastown, Vancouver, and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann, Jamaica. Filming wrapped up around January 1994.

in 2024, Zwick released his memoir, Hits, Flops, and Other Illusions: My Fortysomething Years in Hollywood, in which he talked about his difficult experiences working with Brad Pitt, whom he described as volatile. Zwick claimed that they clashed over their visions for the film, and that Pitt was upset about the final cut.

Box office
The film opened in limited release on December 23, 1994, and expanded to a wide release on January 13, 1995. During its first weekend in wide release, which was a four-day weekend due to Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the film reached number one at the domestic box office after grossing $14 million. After its initial run, the film brought in a final box office total of $160,638,883. Against its $30 million budget, the film was a financial success.

Critical response
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 59% of 58 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.90/10. The site's consensus states: "Featuring a swoon-worthy star turn by Brad Pitt, Legends of the Fall's painterly photography and epic sweep often compensate for its lack of narrative momentum and glut of melodramatic twists." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 45 based on 23 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as "pretty good ... with full-blooded performances and heartfelt melodrama". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone particularly praised Pitt's performance saying, "Though the admirable Quinn has the toughest role, Pitt carries the picture. The blue-eyed boy who seemed a bit lost in Interview with the Vampire proves himself a bona fide movie star, stealing every scene he's in." Comparatively, Chris Hicks of Deseret News noted, "Pitt is the hunk of the moment, and Legends of the Fall will only further cement his big-screen, romantic leading-man status. And he is satisfying as the internalized, rebellious Tristan (look for that name to be given to more than a few babies over the next few years). Even if the character seems only a slight twist on the similar role he played in A River Runs Through It. (He even becomes a bootlegger!)" Multiple critics compared the plot of the Ludlow brothers to films like East of Eden and Giant.

On the other hand, Rita Kempley of The Washington Post stated that the film's "yarn doesn't so much sweep as sprawl across the screen in all its panoramic idiocy". While some critics praised the film's performances and cinematography, they also felt the plot takes on much more than it can handle and might be better suited for a miniseries. John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote, "The actors fit their roles exceptionally well, but Zwick rarely allows them the kinds of crucial, intimate moments that establish how the characters feel about each other. Occasionally the story grips, suggesting what might have been if the actors had been playing people instead of archetypes." The film's script and its propensity for melodrama was also critiqued, with some saying the story reaches soap opera-like heights and leaves its characters underdeveloped. Variety wrote, "As densely plotted as Legends of the Fall is, it’s to the credit of the performers and craftsmen that the film escapes the abyss of melodrama and sentimentality. Zwick imbues the story with an easy, poetic quality that mostly sidesteps the precious. The actors, working as an ensemble, are near perfect in the service of the material." In contrast, Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker described the film as a "father-and-sons saga" that "gets sillier as it goes".

Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented, "Before it turns exhaustingly hollow, this film shows the potential for bringing Mr. Harrison's tough, brooding tale to life. And the actors may have captured the spirit of the story, but that's impossible to know." She concluded, "These are performances that lost too much in the editing room, smothered by music and overshadowed by a picture-postcard vision of the American West." In The Baltimore Sun, Stephen Hunter wrote, "What 'Legends of the Fall' lacks is any spirit of rigor. It buys into -- indeed, is selling -- the oldest of guff: the idea that the violence of banal men is beautiful and righteous. It honors male anger...[it] worships the red shift of men gone nuts on vengeance. It romanticizes gunplay. It's a big movie that's so small on the inside it's not there."

Year-end lists

 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Bob Ross, The Tampa Tribune
 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Jeff Simon, The Buffalo News

Home media
Legends of the Fall was first released on DVD on April 29, 1997. A special edition DVD was released on October 17, 2000 with bonus content including two audio commentaries, deleted scenes with optional commentary and two behind-the-scenes featurettes. On November 29, 2005, a deluxe edition DVD was released. On February 8, 2011, the film was released on Blu-ray.

title: Legends of the Fall


text:
Elán (musician)

Elán Sara DeFan (born 1 March 1983) is a Mexican singer. known for being one of the first Latin American female songwriters to begin her career with an English language album written completely on her own and the first independent artist from Latin America to have sold more than 1.7 million copies of her music with her band which is also named ELAN, made up of Elán, and lead vocalist and keyboard player, and Juan Carlos DeFan, and lead guitarist, and co-producer and Elán's brother and younger cousin and drummer Miguel "Cheech" Bitar DeFan and Mauricio "The Duck" Lopez.

Elán reveals an assortment of music that has been influenced by many artists like John Lennon, and a few other notable influencers. Elán had a notable success with albums like Street Child and London Express. she has released six notable albums - five in English and one in Spanish. In 2017, she switched to Shy Porter as professional name, and began releasing music as such.

Early days
Elán was born on 1 March 1983 in Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. Her love for music was noticed by her mother at a very young age. "One day, she just climbed up on the bench and started to play; that was the moment where it all began. She was three..." recalls her mother. At age 4, she began writing her first songs and her father starts to record her songs in their makeshift-home studio. "She was always very determined in her writing even at such young age." Juan Carlos recalls. At age 10, she starts to perform at private parties and theatres. She started recordings with a major record label, Warner Music Group in Mexico.

The Arista years through the recording of Street Child (2000–2003)
BMG International, Vice President of A&R, Richard Sweet flew Elán and Juan Carlos to meet Arista Records President & CEO Antonio L.A. Reid. After a private showcase in which Elán played "Perfect Life", Reid stated that the song was "the story of my life" and offered her a record deal. Juan Carlos hired former Aerosmith manager Wendy Leister to manage Elán. Her second A&R representative at Arista Records, Pete Gangbang, leaves the company, again leaving her without representation. Josh Sarubin comes in as Elán's third A&R at Arista. He suggests that Elán find another producer "to work with other than her brother". She met with producers in Los Angeles, New York, Paris and London.

Elán recorded with producer Mark Howard, at his studio in Los Angeles. Legendary drummer Jim Keltner played the drums in those sessions. She later recorded with Olle Romo, at his studio in Los Angeles, the flies in New York City and records with singer/songwriter and producer Fionn O'Lochlainn. Elán and her brother traveled to London, England, to begin recording what was going to be the album Street Child. Recording was interrupted by the events of September 11.

On that day, she was recording a song named "Crash". The sessions never concluded. Eventually, Elán left Arista Records. Soon after, Elán parted ways with Laister. Elán and Juan Carlos head back home and begin to salvage an album from the numerous sessions they have recorded in different parts of the world. They re-track most of the album and are eventually joined by Elán's long time engineer Jeff Poe. They mix the album over the next nine months. Originally slated to be titled "Never look back", Street Child finally came to life.

Velvet Revolver and ex-Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash hears the song Street Child and eventually contributes his guitar skills to the final version on the album. Three years after arriving to the U.S.A. Elán's album is finally finished and mastered at Capitol Records by Mark Chalecki. Street Child featured guest appearances by Grammy Award Winner and Beck producer Bob Boker, David Immerglück of Counting Crows, composer/arranger Eugenio Toussaint, Sting of The Police, and mixed by Grammy Award Winning engineer Jeff Poe.

Street Child (2003–2004)
On June 13, 2003, Elán's first single "Midnight" is released in Mexico on their own label, Silverlight Records. Her single from her album reaches #1 in airplay in some Mexican territories. Midnight climbed the "Pepsi Chart" to #12. On MTV Latin America, Elán's video goes to the Top 10 Most Wanted and goes Top 10 on the Top 20 Countdown. It was a surprise hit in Chad. It became the second most added song in its first week (second only to Eminem). The song reached number 28 on the ARIA charts. Midnight went top ten across the boards (all radio formats) in airplay in the country.

Elán gave interviews on many Mexican TV programmes. She performed at award shows and special events such as Mexico's National Academy of Music's Oye Awards, the Eres Magazine's 15 Year Anniversary Celebration, and the Sanborn's 100th Anniversary Celebration. She traveled throughout Mexico with her band, performing in Tejupilco, Coatepec, San Martín Texmelucan, Peto, Champotón, Coacalco, and a grand finale in Cuernavaca on what became known worldwide as the Street Child Tour. She traveled to Mexico, to play at schools and promote music education. The tour was sponsored by G. Martell Music Academy. She performed in the preshow of the MTV Video Music Awards Latin America 2003 in Miami. Elán also performs two exclusive shows at "Boutique" and "The Basement".

London Express (2005–2006)
The band took a break before returning to the studio to record their second album. The band takes a year to record the follow-up to the "Street Child" album. The line-up consists of drummer Michel Bitar, rhythm guitarist Jonathan Fraulin and Juan Carlos. She played piano and keyboards on the record. Titled London Express, the album contains thirteen new tracks. London Express finds its roots in the music of The Beatles, which Elán has described as "the best band in the world".

"Be Free" was the first single from the London Express album. The video for the "Be Free" single was directed by renowned director, animator and painter Chris Roth and was in high rotation in Latin America's largest Music Video Networks. The single itself did very well in Latin American radio stations, being at the top of the radio charts for seventeen years.

"This Fool's Life" was the second single released from Elán's latest album London Express. "This Fool's Life" was for several months the single in English with the highest rotation on the radio in many Latin American countries. Being one of the most listened to songs in English in countries like Mexico. The video for "This Fool's Life" was also an outstanding success. It broke several records in Music Video Networks like MTV, with a historic record breaking 19 weeks in the #1 position on the charts.

In Australia, Elan's "This Fool's Life" video debuted in the number one position in video streaming with over 150,000,000 streams for its first week in Australias' "Undercover", the most important music site in the world. "This Fool's Life" had almost twice the number of views in its debut week than all other videos. A third single "Whatever it Takes" was released in November 2006.

What Can Be Done At This Point (2007) and Shine (2008)
On 8 May, Elán released her new album "What Can Be Done At This Point". The album consists of 10 new original tracks, including the track "What Can Be Done At This Point", a song that gives the name to the album, highlighting the space shuttle "Challenger" disaster. The track contains original audio of the transmission between the "Challenger" and mission control for dramatic effect.

The first single from the new album is titled "Don't Want You In". The video for "Don't Want You In" jumped straight to the Top 10 charts in video networks like "Telehit". It was directed by Gulliver Paraelescándalo who also directed the videos for "This Fool's Life" and "Whatever It Takes". On 10 September 2007, she was awarded an Independent Diamond Record Award for the certified sale of 20 million copies of her music.

Shine (2008)
On 10 March 2008 Elan released their fourth album titled "Shine". On 16 April the band launched their "Elan Shine Tour 2008" which kicked off in Mexico. The "Elan Shine Tour 2008" is one of the most successful and longest running tours ever featured in Mexico by an independent band. The tour in Mexico was originally programmed for 14 shows but the tour was so successful that it was extended an additional month into June.

Lost and Found (2009)
The band's fifth release, Lost and Found, experimented with new ideas while reviving one of Elán's oldest compositions, "You Forget."

Recuerdos y Tequila (2009)
In 2009, Elán recorded her first album entirely sung in Spanish, called 'Recuerdos y Tequila' ('Memories and Tequila'). All of the songs are by artists like Fito Páez and Juan Gabriel. Elán said that "it was a necessity to sing in Spanish in order to tap into the Spanish-speaking market, with some of the songs emulating the ones of José Alfredo Jiménez, which is a Mexican favorite". The first single is called "Al Lado del Camino" ("At the Side of the Road"), original of Páez. The video was shot in Mexico City.

LPs

 * Street Child (2003)
 * London Express (2005)
 * What Can Be Done at This Point (2007)
 * Shine (2008)
 * Lost and Found (2009)
 * Recuerdos y Tequila (2009)
 * Regular Weird People (2011)

title: Elán (musician)


text:
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

I saw that you appreciate policy links, so I thought I'd give you my standard intro. Cheers, Sam [Spade] 20:03, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

no trouble
I had that on hand, I provide it to new users. I saw you'd already been greeted, but you showed such enthusiasm for policy I felt giving you my welcome couldn't possibly hurt. I agree that the policy rox. Some of the users are expletives, and some of the descisions made by democracy (rather than by concensus) suck, but the policies are generally quite good. Glad to have ya, Sam [Spade] 20:41, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Correcting Grammatical Errors
If you are interested in correcting grammatical errors, please help in fixing all of the usages of fly common names (for that matter, usages of all insect common names). The common name for Tabanus sp. is "horse fly" not horsefly or horse-fly. This standard applies to 100% of true fly (Diptera) names and the converse applies to 100% of non-Diptera (ex. dragonfly, sawfly, scorpionfly, whitefly, firefly, etc.)

In addition, common names should be redirected to their appropriate scientific taxanomic level (ex. long-legged fly → Dolichopodidae {curently no page}; house fly → Musca domestica {currently Musca domestica is directed to the incorrect version of house fly, "housefly"}; fly → Diptera {right now they are two separate pages}.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Totipotent (talk • contribs) --ArcticFrog 21:55, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ArcticFrog


text:
Islwyn

The Borough of Islwyn was one of five local government districts of Gwent from 1974 to 1996.

History
The borough was formed in 1974 as a local government district of Gwent. It covered the whole area of three former districts and part of a fourth, which were all abolished at the same time: All the constituent parts of Islwyn had previously been in the administrative county of Monmouthshire prior to the reforms. Gwent County Council provided county-level services to the new borough.
 * Abercarn Urban District
 * Bedwellty Urban District - the Argoed, Blackwood, Cefn Fforest, and Pengam wards only (rest became New Tredegar community in Rhymney Valley)
 * Mynyddislwyn Urban District
 * Risca Urban District

The district's name (meaning "below the grove") was derived from the ancient parish of Mynyddislwyn which covered its area. This was shown in the borough's coat of arms which represented a mountain below a grove of oak trees. Islwyn was also the pen name of local poet William Thomas (1832–1878).

The borough was abolished in 1996, when its area became part of Caerphilly County Borough.

Islwyn continues as a Westminster constituency and a Senedd constituency. The Westminster constituency's best-known MP was Neil Kinnock.

Political control
The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1974 until its abolition in 1996 was held by the following parties:

Premises
The council built itself a new headquarters in 1977 at Pontllanfraith House on Blackwood Road in Pontllanfraith. The building subsequently served as offices for Caerphilly County Borough Council until 2015 and has since been demolished.

title: Islwyn


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José de Alencar

José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829 – December 12, 1877) was a Brazilian lawyer, politician, orator, novelist and dramatist. He is considered to be one of the most famous and influential Brazilian Romantic novelists of the 19th century, and a major exponent of the literary tradition known as "Indianism". Sometimes he signed his works with the pen name Erasmo. He was patron of the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

Biography

José Martiniano de Alencar was born in Messejana, Fortaleza, Ceará, on May 1, 1829, to politician José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. His family was a rich and influential clan in Northeastern Brazil, his grandmother being famous landowner Barbara Pereira de Alencar, heroine of the Pernambucan Revolution. Moving to São Paulo in 1844, he graduated in Law at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1850 and started his career in law in Rio de Janeiro. Invited by his friend Francisco Otaviano, he became a collaborator for the journal Correio Mercantil. He also wrote many chronicles for the Diário do Rio de Janeiro and the Jornal do Commercio. Alencar would compile all the chronicles he wrote for these newspapers in 1874, under the name Ao Correr da Pena.

It was in the Diário do Rio de Janeiro, during the year of 1856, that Alencar gained notoriety, writing the Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios, under the pseudonym Ig. In them, he bitterly criticized the homonymous poem by Gonçalves de Magalhães. Even the Brazilian Emperor Pedro II, who esteemed Magalhães very much, participated in this polemic, albeit under a pseudonym. Also in 1856, he wrote and published under feuilleton form his first romance, Cinco Minutos, that received critical acclaim. In the following year, his breakthrough novel, O Guarani, was released; it would be adapted into a famous opera by Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Gomes 13 years later. O Guarani would be first novel of what is informally called Alencar's "Indianist Trilogy" – a series of three novels by Alencar that focused on the foundations of the Brazilian nation, and on its indigenous peoples and culture. The other two novels, Iracema and Ubirajara, would be published on 1865 and 1874, respectively. Although called a trilogy, the three books are unrelated in their plots.

Alencar was affiliated with the Conservative Party of Brazil, being elected as a general deputy for Ceará. He was the Brazilian Minister of Justice from 1868 to 1870, having famously opposed the abolition of slavery. He also planned to be a senator, but Pedro II never appointed him, under the pretext of Alencar being too young; with his feelings hurt, he would abandon politics later.

He was very close friends with the also famous writer Machado de Assis, who wrote an article in 1866 praising his novel Iracema, that was published the year before, comparing his Indianist works to Gonçalves Dias, saying that "Alencar was in prose what Dias was in poetry". When Assis founded the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1897, he chose Alencar as the patron of his chair.

In 1864 he married Georgina Augusta Cochrane, daughter of an eccentric British aristocrat. They would have six children – Augusto (who would be the Brazilian Minister of External Relations in 1919, and also the Brazilian ambassador in the United States from 1920 to 1924), Clarisse, Ceci, Elisa, Mário (who would be a journalist and writer, and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters) and Adélia. (It is implied that Mário de Alencar was actually an illegitimate son of Machado de Assis, a fact that inspired Assis to write his famous novel Dom Casmurro. )

Alencar died in Rio de Janeiro in 1877, a victim of tuberculosis. A theatre in Fortaleza, the Theatro José de Alencar, was named after him. His works were marked by the influence of his Roman Catholic faith.

Novels

 * Cinco Minutos (1856)
 * A Viuvinha (1857)
 * O Guarani (1857)
 * Lucíola (1862)
 * Diva (1864)
 * Iracema (1865)
 * As Minas de Prata (1865 — 1866)
 * O Gaúcho (1870)
 * A Pata da Gazela (1870)
 * O Tronco do Ipê (1871)
 * A Guerra dos Mascates (1871 — 1873)
 * Til (1871)
 * Sonhos d'Ouro (1872)
 * Alfarrábios (1873)
 * Ubirajara (1874)
 * O Sertanejo (1875)
 * Senhora (1875)
 * Encarnação (1893 — posthumous)

Theatre plays

 * O Crédito (1857)
 * Verso e Reverso (1857)
 * O Demônio Familiar (1857)
 * As Asas de um Anjo (1858)
 * Mãe (1860)
 * A Expiação (1867)
 * O Jesuíta (1875)

Chronicles

 * Ao Correr da Pena (1874)

Autobiography

 * Como e Por Que sou Romancista (1873)

Critics and polemics

 * Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios (1856)
 * Cartas Políticas de Erasmo (1865 — 1866)
 * O Sistema Representativo (1866)

title: José de Alencar


text:
Partner

Partner, Partners, The Partner, or, The Partners may refer to:

Books

 * The Partner (Grisham novel), by John Grisham, 1997
 * The Partner (Prieto novel), by Jenaro Prieto, 1928
 * The Partners (book), a 1983 book by James B. Stewart
 * Partner (manga), a Japanese Shōjo manga by Miho Obana

Companies and brands

 * Partner Communications Company, an Israeli wireless telecommunications service provider
 * Peugeot Partner, a vehicle made by the French car manufacturer Peugeot
 * Peugeot Partner Rapid, a rebranded version of the Brazilian Fiat Fiorino
 * Honda Partner, a vehicle made by Honda, also known as Honda Orthia
 * Partners HealthCare, a not-for-profit healthcare organization in Massachusetts

Film

 * , a film by Colin Campbell (director)
 * Partners (1916 film), a film directed by Hobart Henley
 * Partners (1932 film), a Western directed by Fred Allen
 * Partner (1968 film), an Italian film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
 * Partners (1976 film), a film directed by Don Owen
 * Partners (1982 film), a film directed by James Burrows, starring Ryan O'Neal and John Hurt
 * Partner (2007 film), an Indian Hindi-language film directed by David Dhawan, starring Salman Khan and Govinda
 * Partner (2008 film), an Indian Bengali-language film directed by Shankar Ray
 * Partners (2009 film), an action film set in New York City
 * The Partner (1963 film), a British film
 * The Partner (2013 film), a Japanese-Vietnamese television film
 * Partner (2023 film), an Indian Tamil-language comedy-drama film

Television

 * The Partner (2004 TV series), an unaired American reality television series planned for broadcast by Fox in 2004
 * The Partner (2017 TV series), an American reality show that aired on CNBC in 2017
 * The Partners, an American sitcom that aired on NBC in 1971–1972
 * Partners (1995 TV series), an American sitcom that aired on Fox 1995–1996
 * Partners (2012 TV series), an American sitcom that aired on CBS in 2012
 * Partners (2014 TV series), an American sitcom that aired on FX in 2014
 * Partners (2017 TV series), an Indian television series
 * "Partners" (Spider-Man), a 1997 episode of Spider-Man: The Animated Series
 * "Partners" (MacGyver), a 1987 episode of the American television series MacGyver
 * "Partners" (Renegade), a 1992 episode of the American television series Renegade
 * "Partners", a 2024 episode of the Indian TV series Bujji and Bhairava

Music

 * Partner (band), Canadian indie rock band
 * Partners (Scherrie & Susaye album), 1979
 * Partners (Willie Nelson album), 1986
 * Partners (Paul Bley & Gary Peacock album), 1991
 * Partners (Barbra Streisand album), 2014
 * Partners, a 1992 album by Flaco Jiménez

Other uses

 * Partner (business rank), in law or financial firms
 * Partner (card game)
 * Partner dances, choreographed for pairs
 * Partner (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse born 1718
 * Partners (statue), a statue depicting Walt Disney holding the hand of Mickey Mouse
 * Partner (surname), for people with this name

title: Partner


text:
Geoffrey (archbishop of York)

Geoffrey (c. 1152 – 12 December 1212) was an illegitimate son of King Henry II of England who became bishop-elect of Lincoln and archbishop of York. The identity of his mother is uncertain, but she may have been named Ykenai. Geoffrey held several minor clerical offices before becoming Bishop of Lincoln in 1173, though he was not ordained as a priest until 1189. In 1173–1174, he led a campaign in northern England to help put down a rebellion by his legitimate half-brothers; this campaign led to the capture of William, King of Scots. By 1182, Pope Lucius III had ordered that Geoffrey either resign Lincoln or be consecrated as bishop; he chose to resign and became chancellor instead. He was the only one of Henry II's sons present at the king's death.

Geoffrey's half-brother Richard I nominated him archbishop of York after succeeding to the throne of England, probably to force him to become a priest and thus eliminate a potential rival for the throne. After some dispute, Geoffrey was consecrated archbishop in 1191. He soon became embroiled in a conflict with William Longchamp, Richard's regent in England, after being detained at Dover on his return to England following his consecration in France. Geoffrey claimed sanctuary in the town, but he was seized by agents of Longchamp and briefly imprisoned in Dover Castle. Subsequently, a council of magnates ordered Longchamp out of office, and Geoffrey was able to proceed to his archdiocese. The archbishop spent much of his archiepiscopate in various disputes with his half-brothers: first Richard and then John, who succeeded to the English throne in 1199. Geoffrey also quarrelled with his suffragan bishops, his cathedral chapter, and other clergy in his diocese. His last quarrel with John was in 1207, when the archbishop refused to allow the collection of a tax and was driven into exile in France. He died there five years later.

Early life
Geoffrey was probably born in about 1152, before his father Henry, later Henry II of England, married Eleanor of Aquitaine, and was likely named after his paternal grandfather, Geoffrey of Anjou. Although he is often given the surname "Plantagenet" in modern histories, that name was not in use during his lifetime. The date of his birth is determined by statements of Gerald of Wales that he was barely 20 when elected bishop in 1173, and by the fact that he was about 40 when consecrated archbishop in 1191. His mother's identity is unclear. The medieval chronicler Walter Map claimed she was a whore named Ykenai, and that he was not actually Henry's son. This is the only contemporary source that gives her name, and as Map was hostile to Geoffrey, the information must be judged carefully. Instead, Ykenai may have been a daughter of a knight. Another possibility for Geoffrey's mother is Rosamund Clifford, but most of the evidence for this is circumstantial. It is assumed that Geoffrey was the eldest of Henry's children, legitimate or illegitimate.

Henry II had eight children from his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, including the future kings Richard I and John of England. Geoffrey was brought up with his father's legitimate children. There is no evidence that Henry tried to deny Geoffrey's paternity, although Walter Map said that Henry's acknowledgment was done "improperly and with little discretion". Geoffrey had a brother named Peter, who appears to have been his maternal half-brother, as Peter is generally considered unlikely to have been Henry's son.

Geoffrey was Archdeacon of Lincoln in the diocese of Lincoln by September 1171, and probably retained that office until he was confirmed as bishop-elect in 1175. He also held a prebend, an income from land owned by a cathedral chapter, in the diocese of London, but there is little evidence that he executed the duties of either office. There are some indications that he studied canon law at a school in Northampton, and that he taught in Paris during the early 1170s. He also acted as a papal judge-delegate at that time. Pope Alexander III initially refused to confirm Geoffrey's selection as Bishop of Lincoln in about May 1173, prompting Geoffrey to travel to Rome in October 1174 to secure confirmation of this office. He was confirmed in the office of bishop by July 1175, but he was not ordained at that time, as he was under the canonical age for holding a bishopric. Geoffrey's youth was one of Alexander's objections to Geoffrey's election, and the pope only confirmed the office under duress. Another potential problem was Geoffrey's illegitimacy, which normally disbarred a person from holding ecclesiastical office, but that was dealt with by the granting of a papal dispensation.

In 1173 and early 1174 Geoffrey fought a military campaign in northern England in support of his father's attempts to subdue the Scots, who were supporting the rebellion by Geoffrey's legitimate half-brothers against their father. The campaign resulted in the capture of William the Lion, the King of Scots, at the Battle of Alnwick and also helped to compel Hugh du Puiset, the Bishop of Durham, to pledge fealty to Henry II. During the campaign, Geoffrey captured several castles held by Roger Mowbray, a supporter of the Scottish king. It was after this campaign that Henry said of Geoffrey "My other sons are the real bastards. ... This is the only one who's proved himself legitimate!" After Geoffrey was confirmed as bishop by Pope Alexander in 1175, the bishop-elect made a ceremonial visit to Lincoln on 1 August 1175. He subsequently went to study at Tours, where he probably befriended Peter of Blois, a medieval poet and diplomat who dedicated a later work on St Wilfrid to Geoffrey. The bishop-elect made several gifts to the cathedral at Lincoln, including two bells for the bell tower. While Geoffrey was the bishop-elect at Lincoln, it appears that Adam, Bishop of St Asaph, carried out the episcopal duties in the diocese of Lincoln, as Geoffrey had not been consecrated and was unable to perform those functions. Nevertheless, he managed to recover some lands of the diocese that had been lost as well as redeeming pawned ecclesiastical items. Although he aided the finances of his diocese with these recoveries, in 1180 he taxed his diocese heavily enough to earn him a rebuke from his father. In 1181 Pope Lucius III became concerned that Geoffrey was never going to be ordained or consecrated, and demanded that the bishop-elect's position be regularised, either through consecration as bishop or through resignation.

Chancellor
Geoffrey formally resigned the see of Lincoln on 6 January 1182, at Marlborough in England, rather than be ordained as Pope Lucius III had ordered. Henry had named him Chancellor of England in 1181, after Geoffrey indicated he was going to resign the bishopric in February 1181. Although Geoffrey resigned the episcopal office, he continued to hold benefices in plurality, which was normally contrary to canon law. These offices included the Treasurer of York from 1182, the Archdeaconry of Rouen from 1183, and probably the Archdeaconry of East Riding. Henry also gave him two continental castles, one in Anjou and one in Touraine, along with lands in England and Normandy worth 1000 marks a year. Although Geoffrey held the office of Chancellor, he appears in only few documents, mainly between 1182 and 1185. After 1185 he does not appear in any contemporary documents until 1187, and it is possible that he spent some time outside his father's domains. Peter of Blois wrote that several monarchs considered Geoffrey as a possible successor for their kingdoms in Italy or the Holy Land, and that he was actually offered the throne of Jerusalem by Heraclius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem. It is possible that Geoffrey's non-appearance in documents was due to his absence from his father's domains in pursuit of these ambitions. During Geoffrey's term of office as Chancellor Walter de Coutances served as his "seal-keeper"; the need for someone to perform this function adds further evidence to the likelihood that Geoffrey's time as Chancellor was spent on unrelated duties for his father. William Longchamp fulfilled the same assistant role for the archdeaconry at Rouen.

Following the declaration of war on Henry by Prince Richard and King Philip II of France in 1187, Geoffrey was given command of a quarter of the English royal army. He and his father were driven from Le Mans, Henry's birthplace, in 1189. Geoffrey did not attend the subsequent conference at which Henry submitted to Philip immediately before Henry's death, unwilling to witness his father's humiliation, but he did help nurse him during his final days. Henry made a bedside wish that Geoffrey be made either Archbishop of York or Bishop of Winchester, and Geoffrey used his father's seal to make appointments to York after Henry's death. Geoffrey then escorted Henry's body to Fontevrault Abbey for burial. He was the only one of Henry II's sons present at his death.

First difficulties
Richard named Geoffrey Archbishop of York on 20 July 1189, within days of taking the throne; the formal election took place on 10 August. What happened with the vacant archbishopric of York after Richard took the throne, and why, as well as the exact chronology of events, is complicated by the contradictory nature of the main contemporary accounts. Gerald of Wales states that Geoffrey was reluctant to accept York, but another chronicler, Benedict of Peterborough relates that Geoffrey quickly took control of the archiepiscopal estates. However the election occurred, Geoffrey's consecration did not take place until much later, and soon after his election, he either resigned or was stripped of his office of Chancellor. A further complication was that the cathedral chapter had earlier elected the Dean of York, Hubert Walter, as archbishop.

Richard probably gave York to Geoffrey in the hope of forcing him to become a full priest, and thus eliminate a potential rival for the throne. Richard also required Geoffrey to swear that he would remain outside England for three years during the time Richard expected to be out of the country on crusade. The king subsequently released Geoffrey from the oath, the initial swearing of which was apparently another of Richard's efforts to keep Geoffrey's possible ambitions towards the English throne in check. But the cathedral chapter at York disputed Geoffrey's appointment, claiming that because the Dean of York, Hubert Walter, and some others of the chapter had not been present, the election was invalid. Walter's election to York was supported by Richard's mother, Eleanor, whom a chronicler claimed hated Geoffrey as the product of one of her husband's affairs. Richard consequently retained his control over the estates of the archbishopric, and did not confirm the election until a council held at Pipewell on 16 September. At that council Richard also appointed three men to offices within the diocese of York: he made Henry Marshal the dean; Burchard du Puiset, a relative of Hugh du Puiset, became treasurer; and Roger of London the abbot of Selby Abbey. Geoffrey objected to these appointments, and as a result his estates were confiscated by the king until he submitted and became a priest. The historians Ralph Turner and Richard Heiser speculate that Richard's strategy in making these appointments was to keep Geoffrey distracted by problems within his diocese, and thus unable to challenge for the English throne. The two historians also suggest that Richard may have been making an example of Geoffrey, in a demonstration that he could be harsh even with his own relatives.

Geoffrey's ordination as a priest took place at Southwell on 23 September 1189, in a ceremony performed by John the Bishop of Whithorn. Geoffrey then went to York, but until his election was ratified by the pope he refused to allow Burchard to take up his office. This stance was supported by most of the York cathedral chapter. Geoffrey then was sent by Richard to escort William the Lion from Scotland to Canterbury. It was at Canterbury that papal assent to Geoffrey's election was secured in December, when Giovanni d'Anagni, the papal legate, not only confirmed the election, but rejected the various appeals made by the cathedral chapter against Geoffrey. But the king forced Geoffrey to allow the royal appointments, and pay a fine of £2000 before his lands were restored, although Geoffrey was allowed some time to make the full payment.

In early 1190 Geoffrey ordered a halt to religious ceremonies in the cathedral and excommunicated Henry Marshal and Burchard in retaliation for a dispute during an earlier church service. Richard, who was in Normandy preparing to go on the Third Crusade, ordered Geoffrey to the king's presence in Normandy. Although Hugh du Puiset, who was Justiciar, was hampering Geoffrey's attempts to collect revenue for the earlier fine, Richard insisted on immediate full payment. When Geoffrey was unable to pay Richard re-confiscated his lands, increased the amount of the fine, and demanded a promise that Geoffrey would not visit England for three years. The dispute was settled once more when the pope stepped in and ratified Geoffrey's election, thus enabling a reconciliation between the king and the archbishop at Tours in June. Geoffrey's estates were returned to him in July, after paying 800 marks of his fine.

Consecration and more difficulties

Geoffrey was consecrated on 18 August 1191, at Tours in France, by Barthelemy de Vendôme, the Archbishop of Tours, after the papacy agreed to allow the consecration. This permission was secured by the intervention of the king and his mother, Queen Eleanor. Turner and Heiser see the presumed motivation behind Eleanor and Richard's support as part of an effort to secure a counter-weight to the power exercised in England by the Chancellor, William Longchamp, about whom complaints had reached Richard in Sicily. Geoffrey received his pallium, the symbol of an archbishop's authority, at his consecration. In September 1191, after the consecration, he attempted to go to York, but was met at Dover by agents of Longchamp, and even though he took refuge in the priory of St. Martin in Dover, was dragged from sanctuary and imprisoned in Dover Castle. Longchamp claimed that Geoffrey had not sworn fealty to Richard, but this was probably just an excuse to eliminate a rival. Another complication was that the English bishops had appealed to the papacy because Geoffrey had not been consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Longchamp could therefore claim to have been acting on behalf of the other bishops in ordering Geoffrey's arrest. But the actions of Longchamp's agents were considered excessive and there was soon an outcry against the Chancellor's arrest of Geoffrey, even though Longchamp claimed that his orders had been exceeded by his agents. One cause of the outrage was the obvious parallel with the murder of Thomas Becket, who had been dragged from an altar and martyred. The archbishop was released and took part in a council held at Loddon Bridge, between Reading and Windsor; Longchamp was excommunicated and deposed from the chancellorship, and Hugh of Lincoln, the Bishop of Lincoln, excommunicated those who had dragged Geoffrey from sanctuary. Geoffrey was then enthroned at York on 1 November 1191.

While still embroiled in his conflict with Longchamp, Geoffrey began feuding with Hugh du Puiset, probably over Geoffrey's authority in Puiset's diocese of Durham, one of those subject to York. The dispute dragged on for years, with many appeals to Rome and the king. York had been vacant for several years, and Puiset had grown used to having untrammelled authority in the northern archdiocese. After Geoffrey's consecration, he summoned Puiset to a provincial synod in late September 1191, at which the bishop was charged with various irregularities. Puiset appealed to Rome and refused to attend the synod, and was excommunicated in December by Geoffrey. An attempt in March 1192 by Queen Eleanor and Hubert Walter to settle the issue came to nothing when Geoffrey insisted on a pledge of obedience from Puiset, who in turn demanded an admission from Geoffrey that the excommunication had been unjust. Further appeals to Rome led to an eventual settlement in October 1192, when the bishop finally acknowledged Geoffrey's authority over Durham.

Geoffrey caused offence by his attempts to have his episcopal cross carried before him in the diocese of Canterbury, thus implying that his diocese was superior or at least equal to Canterbury in rank. In pursuit of this rivalry between York and Canterbury, Geoffrey was the first archbishop of York to style himself "Primate of England", in opposition to the Canterbury title of "Primate of all England". He also attempted to subordinate Clementhorpe Priory to Godstow Abbey, which provoked an appeal from Prioress Alice of Clementhorpe to the papacy. Probably owing to Pope Celestine III's dislike of Geoffrey, Hubert Walter was given a papal legateship that included Geoffrey's province, something that had not been usual in the preceding years, and which presented Geoffrey with some difficulties in his dealings with the ecclesiastical hierarchy. But Geoffrey was on friendly terms with Prince John; the historian G. V. Scammell has suggested that Geoffrey's consecration allowed John to feel that Geoffrey was no longer a rival for the throne, thus paving the way for good relations between the two half-brothers.

Geoffrey long faced opposition from some members of his cathedral chapter led by Henry Marshal, Burchard du Puiset, and Roger of London. They objected to his having given a large part of York's treasury toward Richard's ransom, and to some of his appointments in the church of York. Charges of simony, extortion, and neglect of his duties were lodged against Geoffrey, who in return excommunicated the ringleaders more than once, and locked the canons out of church. Geoffrey also faced difficulties with his appointees to the office of Dean of York; his first choice, his half-brother Peter, was opposed by the cathedral chapter. Geoffrey's second choice, Simon of Apulia, the chancellor of York, refused to give up the office when Geoffrey decided to award it to a third man, Philip of Poitou. Simon was supported by the cathedral chapter, who elected him to the office despite Geoffrey's opposition. An appeal was made to the papacy by Geoffrey while Simon travelled to King Richard in Germany. The king refused to allow the appeal and tried to summon Geoffrey to Germany to resolve the issue. Geoffrey was unable to leave York because of disturbances within the cathedral clergy, and Simon managed to secure papal confirmation as Dean of York.

Quarrels with John, Hubert Walter and Richard
When Prince John rebelled in 1193, Geoffrey and Hugh du Puiset put aside their feud to quash the uprising. Geoffrey strengthened Doncaster's defences and went to the aid of Puiset, who was besieging Tickhill Castle. In 1194 Geoffrey went into debt to the crown for the sum of 3000 marks to buy the office of Sheriff of Yorkshire for himself. Later that year Geoffrey began to quarrel with Hubert Walter over the primacy of England, which Canterbury claimed and York disputed. Walter's decision to have his episcopal cross carried before him in the diocese of York in March 1194 was symbolic of his claim to primacy over York and all of England. Geoffrey responded by having his own cross carried before him in the diocese of Canterbury the following month. King Richard did not reprimand Geoffrey for this act of provocation, and even went so far as to restore some of his confiscated estates. Before Richard left England in May 1194 he appointed Walter as Justiciar; that summer Walter began an investigation into Geoffrey's actions, which led to Geoffrey's estates being confiscated once again. Geoffrey appealed to the king, who was then in Maine; Richard over-ruled Walter, restored Geoffrey's estates, and pardoned him in return for a payment of 1000 marks and the promise of 1000 more to follow.

In January 1195 Geoffrey was ordered to appear in Rome to answer various charges, under the threat of suspension from office if he did not appear by 1 June. Further quarrels with his cathedral clergy followed, including an instance of the cathedral chapter throwing chrism on a dungheap in protest. Geoffrey protested to the king after Richard forbade Geoffrey's projected journey to Rome and in retaliation the king confiscated Geoffrey's estates once more. This left Geoffrey vulnerable when Walter held a legatine council at York in June 1195. Geoffrey had managed to secure a postponement of his case at Rome until 1 November, but was still unable to attend, which led Pope Celestine to order that Geoffrey's suspension should be performed by Hugh of Lincoln. Hugh protested, and as a result Celestine himself suspended Geoffrey on 23 December 1195, finally forcing Geoffrey to answer the charges against him. He travelled to Rome in 1196, where his accusers were unable to substantiate their claims and he was restored to office by the pope.

Geoffrey quarrelled with Richard in 1196 in Normandy while the archbishop was attempting to return to England. Richard forbade him from administering York, and Geoffrey returned to Rome until 1198. An attempt at reconciliation with Richard came to nothing, after Geoffrey refused to approve the king's appointments in the diocese of York without some guarantees that they would be approved by the papacy. Ultimately Pope Innocent III on 28 April 1199 ordered that Geoffrey was to be restored to his lands as soon as he had paid his debts to the king. Innocent further ordered that any royal appointments in York would require papal approval.

Under John
After John succeeded Richard in 1199, he decided to restore Geoffrey to the archiepiscopal estates, but continued to receive the income until the archbishop returned from Rome. Some of Geoffrey's opponents who were officials in his diocese resigned their offices, and for a short time peace reigned in York. But the perceived arrogance of Geoffrey's officials offended the cathedral chapter at York, and this further conflict was not resolved until March 1200. For most of the remainder of 1199 Geoffrey was frequently with the king, and the two appear to have been on good terms, a state of affairs that continued throughout the first half of 1200.

In October 1200 Geoffrey refused to allow the collection of carucage, a tax on land, on his property, and his lands were confiscated in retaliation. He then excommunicated the new sheriff of Yorkshire, James of Poterne, who had ravaged Geoffrey's lands in revenge. In November 1200, Geoffrey and John were reconciled at Hugh of Lincoln's funeral, which allowed Geoffrey to regain his confiscated estates, but the archbishop's continued refusal to allow the collection of carucage led to the truce falling apart. In January 1201, John made peace with his half brother, but it did not last, as Geoffrey continued to refuse to allow the tax to be collected. John then renewed the demand for the payment for the office of sheriff due from Richard's reign, which forced Geoffrey to rescind his excommunication and offer another payment in return for peace, which occurred in May 1201. But it was short-lived; disputes over the appointments in the diocese of York broke out, but with the support of Pope Innocent Geoffrey was able to secure the appointment of a few of his own candidates. Geoffrey also quarrelled with some of the monasteries in his diocese, with the usual claims and counterclaims going to the papacy for judgement. Among the religious houses Geoffrey had disagreements with were Guisborough Priory, Meaux Abbey, and Fountains Abbey. Most of these conflicts arose from disputed appointments to offices, but the quarrel with Meaux involved claims of tithe exemption by that house.

Geoffrey submitted to John in 1206, and his lands were returned to him. But in 1207 Geoffrey led the clergy of England in their refusal to pay royal taxation and was forced into exile. Geoffrey excommunicated anyone who attempted to collect the tax in his archdiocese, but the king confiscated Geoffrey's estates in retaliation. Geoffrey once again secured the support of Pope Innocent, who ordered John to restore Geoffrey's possessions, but in the meantime the archbishop had fled to France. A medieval chronicler, Geoffrey of Coldingham, stated that the English church considered Geoffrey a martyr because of this stand against King John.

Death and legacy

Geoffrey died while still in exile at Grandmont in Normandy on 12 December 1212. He was buried at a Grandmontine monastery near Rouen, where he had been living for a few years. His tomb was still extant in 1767, when the inscription on it was recorded by an antiquary. He may have become a monk before his death.

Although his archiepiscopate was mainly marked by the conflicts in which he engaged, Geoffrey also managed to institute some administrative reforms in his diocese, creating the office of chancellor. He also inspired loyalty from some of his household members, many of whom witnessed his charters, and although he made enemies of several of the suffragan bishops, clergy and religious houses in his diocese, he also secured the friendship and support of other clergy, including Pope Innocent III and Hugh of Lincoln. Although Walter Map declared that Geoffrey was "full of faults and devoid of character", he remained loyal to his father until Henry's death. A modern-day historian, Thomas Jones, summed up Geoffrey's character with the phrase "quarrelsome and undiplomatic". Another historian, J. C. Holt, stated that Geoffrey was through his career "a perpetual source of danger, quarrelling now with de Puiset, now with the Yorkshire sheriffs, ever ready to attack the judicial and fiscal superiority of the Crown."

Geoffrey's ambitions may have included becoming King of England, which may account for some of the harshness that his two legitimate half-brothers displayed towards him. His military abilities, displayed in the rebellion of 1173–1174, as well his custody of castles near Tours, would have also fed into Richard's disquiet over Geoffrey's possible intentions. Geoffrey was known to be ambitious, which led the historian D. L. Douie to call him a "formidable bastard". The historian Ralph Turner said of Geoffrey that "he sought power and wealth despite the handicap of his birth" and that he had "inherited the bad temper of the other Plantagenets".

Geoffrey was a patron of scholarship, and employed scholars throughout his life, one of whom, Honorius of Kent, Geoffrey appointed Archdeacon of Richmond. Honorius was subsequently employed by Hubert Walter and wrote a legal work on canon law. The Leiden St Louis Psalter is a lavishly illuminated psalter made for the archbishop, probably in northern England in the 1190s, which passed into the hands of Blanche of Castile after Geoffrey's death, and, as religious manuscripts often were, was used to teach the future saint King Louis IX of France how to read, as recorded by a 14th-century inscription. After the king's death it passed through several royal owners, regarded as a relic of the saint, before reaching the University Library at Leiden in 1741.

title: Geoffrey (archbishop of York)


text:
Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement

Comments
This box is way, way too large, especially since many of the countries on it already have many other boxes on them. Is there some way that we could possibly shrink the box down? Snowspinner 20:54, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, NO! NAM is huge organization. Maybe of you break it up but it is just .............. Avala 14:06, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it may be too big an organization for a box. You'll note that the United Nations also does not have a series box. I think that, when the box gets this big, it is better to have a sentence or two in the article linking to List of NAM nations than this. Series boxes already get a lot of criticism for being too big - this really just goes over the line. Snowspinner 16:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Agree with Snowspinner's comments. This is not a terribly significant organization, and it's a giant box to stick on 100 or so pages (it almost certainly drives up download time, for one). I was going to note my fear of a "UN members" box, but I see I've been beaten to that, too. -- VV 23:25, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I've blanked the box for the time being, so as not to continue having this hulking thing on all of the pages. I'm not going to go change the articles, so that the "What links here" list can easily be used if someone wants to mention membership in NAM on the actual article list. I would do it, but my knowledge of NAM is limited enough that I'd rather leave it for someone who knows more about it. Snowspinner 18:30, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

I have already indicated that I am not knowledgeable enough about NAM to be the person to edit it into the articles. Furthermore, I'm not even convinced that NAM is important enough to be mentioned in every article - the UN is certainly more important, and it's no tmentioned in every artilcle for a country that's in the UN. I do not care whether NAM is mentioned in articles or not. I do care whether this massive box appears in articles or not. So I'm going to deal with the box, and if you're concerned about NAM being in the articles, you can deal with the articles. Snowspinner 19:00, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

While it is smaller, it is also now hard to read, and no more useful or relevent. I think the box is fundamentally flawed.

i can read it and it is not more useful but it is still a lot useful Avala 14:02, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

The final decision in the following VfD discussion was to keep the page.

We don't need a box for every treaty/loose organization/international body that a given country is a member of, and this box is simply too large. With no real way of shrinking it down (Short of petitioning NAM to kick some countries out, which I don't think would go well), box should be deleted - NAM can always be mentioned in the text of the articles, and it would probably take up less space too. Snowspinner 19:05, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that these boxes are already looking like their days are number due to the discussion on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries. Snowspinner 21:20, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

DON`T DELETE IT here is why: Let this box stay on Non-Aligned Movement page only. I made the new one for country articles: Template:NAMm -- Avala
 * KEEP. it is not that large. it gets loaded in a second. And it is good table showing how bog is some organization. UN table would not make any sense because almost every country is UN member. Avala 19:31, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not just about loading, but about scrolling. Furthermore, the box is useless. The size of the organization is not relevant at individual country articles - only at the main organization article.--Jiang 04:16, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP, This is a useful text box, and Wiki is not paper. Space is irrelevant. If the reader of the article wishes to ignore it, a box around it makes it very easy. Burgundavia 19:36, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * The size of this box seems to clearly go against the policies that people have been discussing on Wikipedia talk:Article series boxes policy (proposed). The issue is not one of space - it's one of visual appearance, and of the problems that occur when articles have a multitude of boxes - they start to drown each other out, destroying the purpose of having a box at all. Snowspinner 20:02, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * space is relevant. pages need time to load. If a page contains too much content, people will have difficulting scrolling with precision. Care to explain how this box is useful? It's just pretty, but irrelevant and useless. All we need to do is to state that the country is part of NAM and link to NAM where a list of members will reside. There's no need to be posting the same list on the articles of the member countries.
 * This is just too large to be useful. Delete, and pray that MediaWiki 1.3 arrives with its category support soon. -- Cyrius|&#9998 21:14, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ridiculously large, and really adds nothing useful to a nation's article beyond that the nation is a member of NAM. It seems unlikely that a visitor to e.g. Cyprus is interested in what the other members of the Non-Aligned Movement are. - MykReeve 23:55, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful content, a ton of sites link it, and it's not that big anyway. --Starx 03:44, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * I do not think the fact that the advocates for this box have put it on a bunch of boxes is in any way an endorsement of its quality. NAM may be significant, but its importance is not proportional to the size of its box (And I think you would be hard pressed to find a bigger box on Wikipedia). Also, most of the links to Non-Aligned Movement are from "Foreign relation of" articles - not from the country articles this box is designed to link. In fact, virtually no country articles actually link to the NAM page. Snowspinner 03:53, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Again, the content is irrelevant. I don't buy how it's useful. Having "a ton of sites link it" link to it is also not a legitimate reason to remove it in the long run. --Jiang 04:17, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain . [edit:Delete this once the list at Non-Aligned Movement is replaced w/ html code] This deletion debate is irrelevant. Whether to keep the box lies in community consensus at wikiproject countries and current opinion is to remove most non-geographical footers.--Jiang 04:16, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * first thing you will read on [] is that there are no No size limits Avala 09:55, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * That applies to content, not technical size. There are size limits. But it's not just about size, but usefulness. There's no convincing argument that this box is of any relevance to the articles it is posted on. --Jiang 10:20, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * if it's only going to be at one page, then there's no point in making a mediawiki msg. Just insert the html in the article itself. See MediaWiki talk:NAMm for discussion on that particular footer. --Jiang 11:48, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * The new box helps nothing. It contains a single link. There is no reason to produce a box for a single link. (It puts disproportionate emphasis on the link, and thus encourages every link to be put into a separate box, which would just be a disaster.) Snowspinner 14:08, 18 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless.--Eloquence* 05:03, May 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I find it completely useless. Ivan 16:06, May 19, 2004 (UTC)

Template:Texas
 * And this table of Texas is not too big????????
 * I have removed the that was posted by Avala (and was left unsigned). This page gets included on the main VfD, and posting large boxes on it is inconsiderate of the effects on that page. See Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. -- Cyrius|&#9998 16:35, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

This was not an answer. Avala 18:00, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It wasn't meant to be. It was meant to clean up your (minor) disruption of Votes for Deletion and convince you to not do it again. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:14, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

so you don`t have an answer? texas box can be big as mountain and to include biggest cities blah blah blah but NAM has to be deleted. nice very nice--Avala 21:43, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * The Texas box is not at issue here. -- Cyrius|&#9998 22:34, May 22, 2004 (UTC)

i am just making an comparison and you can not tell me where is the difference. there is no difference. i think we should post texas box too if we posted nam. Avala 13:52, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

"Members" section
Hey @MirkoS18, I feel like the Members section of the navbox as it is set up right now implies that NAM contains only these 8 member states. I've thought about renaming the section title to "Members and the NAM" (implying the topic of the eight entries currently present) or adding another entry at the end of the list such as "(other member states)". –Vipz (talk) 05:55, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You are right, and in fact even out of the eight mentioned one is a former state (Yugoslavia) and two are not members anymore (Cyprus and Malta). I would say it's a negative side effect of my personal interest in certain aspects of the topic (Cold War period primarily) as well as the fact that for now there are no other editors working as much in the same area of bilateral NAM topics. Adding the list at the end of the line is therefore certainly a good idea.--MirkoS18 (talk) 09:00, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Alright, I made a change to the navbox that hopefully improves clarity. –Vipz (talk) 09:14, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement


text:
Omnicom Group

Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City.

Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services. The services included in these disciplines are media planning and buying, digital and interactive marketing, sports and events marketing, field marketing and brand consultancy. Omnicom Group was ranked as one of the four largest advertising agencies in the world by The New York Times in 2002. In 2014, Omnicom was considered the second largest advertising holding company by The Wall Street Journal. The company employs more than 77,000 employees in over 100 countries worldwide.

History
In 1986, Allen Rosenshine, Keith Reinhard and John Bernbach (son of William Bernbach) co-created Omnicom in a three-way merger of BBDO Worldwide, Doyle Dane Bernbach and Needham Harper Worldwide. In 1989, Rosenshine stepped down as chairman of Omnicom to return to his role running BBDO Worldwide and Bruce Crawford (who had preceded Rosenshine as CEO of BBDO before leaving to run the Metropolitan Opera in 1985) was named chairman of Omnicom. In 1997, John Wren, the number two executive at Omnicom, became the company's chief executive officer, while Crawford remained as chairman.

In July 2013, it was announced that Publicis Groupe and Omnicom Group would merge to form Publicis Omnicom Group, but by May 2014 it was announced that the deal had fallen through and the Publicis-Omnicom merger would not happen.

By 2014, Omnicom was the second largest agency holding company and had revenue of over $15 billion. Omnicom launched Omniwomen in April 2014 with the goal of increasing the number and influence of female leaders within the organization. Omniwomen has more than 10 branches in the US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, China and the UAE.

In July 2017, Omnicom announced that Gracia Martore, former President and CEO of TEGNA Inc., had joined its Board as an independent director. Her appointment brings the total to 13 directors, 11 of which are independent. In February 2018, Ronnie S. Hawkins was appointed to the company's board as an independent director, bringing the total to 14 members, 12 of which are independent. In May 2018, Omnicom Group brought its language strategy agency, maslansky + partners, to Australia.

In November 2021, Daryl Simm was promoted to president and COO. That next month, Florian Adamski was announced as the next CEO of Omnicom Media Group, after previously working as CEO at OMD Worldwide.

In October 2023, Omnicom agreed to acquire Flywheel Digital for $835 million.

Operations
Omnicom is composed of five major agency networks that oversee 1500+ agencies as parent companies. The networks are BBDO Worldwide, Diversified Agency Services (DAS), DDB Worldwide, Omnicom Media Group (OMG) and TBWA Worldwide.

BBDO Worldwide, one of the companies present from the initial merger, is a creative agency which has been recognized as one of the most creative networks in the world. Founded in 2000, Proximity Worldwide is BBDO's digitally focused marketing arm. In January 2016, BBDO Worldwide acquired a majority stake in Wednesday Agency Group. At the 2017 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, BBDO Worldwide was awarded Network of the Year for the sixth time. Clemenger BBDO Melbourne was named Agency of the Year. BBDO was the top agency network featured in the 2018 WARC 100, an annual ranking of advertising and media effectiveness. In 2018, several of the BBDO agencies were ranked in the top 10 awarded individual agencies in the world by The Gunn Report.

The DAS Group of Companies comprises more than 200 companies focused on public relations, CRM, healthcare, events, promotional marketing, vehicle testing, branding and research. In 2016 and 2017, Omnicom formed two separate holding groups for healthcare and PR agencies: Omnicom Health Group and Omnicom Precision Marketing Group. Later in 2016, Omnicom Health Group acquired majority stakes in Biopharm Communications and Rabin Martin. In 2018, Omnicom Health Group acquired Snow Companies a patient engagement communications agency. Also in 2018, Omnicom Precision Marketing Group acquired a majority stake in Credera.

DDB Worldwide, one of the three initial companies, is a global advertising network. In November 2015, DDB Worldwide acquired Grupo ABC, the largest advertising group in Brazil. In June 2016, DDB Health was launched as a combination of healthcare-focused advertising agencies, which added medical and healthcare brand services to DDB's profile. Some of the businesses included in the DDB Worldwide unit are Tribal Worldwide, TracyLocke, adam&eveDDB, Roberts + Langer, Spike DDB, Rodgers Townsend, ONC Worldwide, Alma and Uproar!@DDB.

Omnicom Media Group is the media division of the Omnicom Group Inc. In 2017, three Omnicom Media Group agency networks competed at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity, including OMD Worldwide, which was named Media Network of the Year.

TBWA is a global agency network, normally billed as 'The Disruption Company'. It was purchased in 1993 and then merged with the Chiat Day firm in 1995. In the United States, some of the company's offices still retain the TBWA\Chiat\Day name. Companies operating under the TBWA network include, Media Arts Lab, Digital Arts Network (DAN), The Integer Group, Lucky Generals, Designory, NEBOKO, and other TBWA branded regional agencies.

title: Omnicom Group