text:
1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom

The 1994 European Parliament election was the fourth European election to be held in the United Kingdom. It was held on Thursday 9 June, though, as usual, the ballots were not counted until the evening of Sunday 12 June. The electoral system was, for the final European election, first past the post in England, Scotland and Wales and single transferable vote in Northern Ireland. This was the first election with 87 MEPs, the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1993 having increased the number of seats for the UK from 81. For the first time, the UK did not have the lowest turnout in Europe. Turnout was lower in the Netherlands and Portugal.

This was the first European election contested by the recently formed UK Independence Party (UKIP), and the first European election in which the Liberal Democrats won seats. The Green Party lost more than three-quarters of the votes they secured in the previous election. The Conservatives lost 14 seats, taking their number of seats down to 18, which was 42 fewer seats than in the 1979 election, the year they defeated the Labour Party in the 1979 General Election. This reflected the general unpopularity of the Major government at the time.

Five by-elections to the British Parliament also took place on the same day in the Barking, Bradford South, Dagenham, Eastleigh, and Newham North East constituencies. The Conservatives lost Eastleigh to the Liberal Democrats; Labour would hold the other four.

Labour was under the interim leadership of Margaret Beckett following the sudden death of leader John Smith the previous month.

United Kingdom
Sources:
 * United Kingdom election results
 * United Kingdom election results

''Total votes cast – 15,852,589. All parties shown.''

Great Britain
Sources:
 * United Kingdom election results
 * United Kingdom election results

''Total votes cast – 15,292,722. All parties shown.''

Northern Ireland

 * Note 1: Campion's candidacy, with the ballot paper description 'Peace Coalition', was supported by Democratic Left, the Greens and some Labour groups.
 * Note 2: Kerr appeared on the ballot paper with the description Independence for Ulster.
 * Note 3: Mooney appeared on the ballot paper with the description Constitutional Independent Northern Ireland.

Conservative

 * Peter Beazley (Bedfordshire South)
 * Sir Fred Catherwood (Cambridge & Bedfordshire North)
 * Derek Prag (Hertfordshire)
 * Madron Seligman (Sussex West)

Labour

 * John Bird (Midlands West)
 * Janey Buchan (Glasgow)
 * Geoff Hoon (Derbyshire)

Labour

 * Henry McCubbin (North East Scotland)

Conservative

 * Christopher Beazley (Cornwall and Plymouth)
 * Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell (London North West)
 * Margaret Daly (Somerset and North Devon)
 * Richard Fletcher-Vane, 2nd Baron Inglewood (Cumbria and Lancashire North)
 * Paul Howell (Norfolk)
 * Christopher Jackson (Kent East)
 * Bill Newton Dunn (Lincolnshire)
 * Ben Patterson (Kent West)
 * Peter Price (London South East)
 * Christopher Prout (Herefordshire and Shropshire)
 * Patricia Rawlings (Essex West and Hertfordshire East)
 * Anthony Simpson (Northamptonshire and Blaby)
 * Amédée Turner (Suffolk)
 * Michael Welsh (Central Lancashire)


text:
Cosmic Thing

Cosmic Thing is the fifth studio album by American new wave band the B-52's, released in 1989 by Reprise Records. It contains the singles "Love Shack", "Roam" and "Deadbeat Club", which reached the Top 10, 20 and 30 of the US Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively. The music video for "Love Shack" won the award for Best Group Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards. Six of the album's songs were produced by Nile Rodgers in New York City, and the remaining four by Don Was in upstate New York.

Cosmic Thing was the 9th best-selling album of 1990 in the US, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard 200, and was an international success as well, charting in the Top 10 in the UK, and reaching No. 1 in Australia and New Zealand. The album eventually achieved 4× platinum status in the US and platinum status in the UK. Its success served as a comeback for the band, following the death of guitarist, songwriter and founding member Ricky Wilson in 1985. The band also embarked on the worldwide Cosmic Tour to promote the album.

Background
Following guitarist Ricky Wilson's death and the band's short promotional campaign for their 1986 album Bouncing Off the Satellites, the band was uncertain about their future together. The album had been the band's most expensive to produce, and their foregoing of a tour to promote it resulted in the band seeing little revenue, which led to them experiencing great financial difficulties.

In 1988, prompted by drummer/guitarist Keith Strickland, the band began to group together and write new songs. Singer Kate Pierson described this as a healing process for herself and the band after Wilson's death three years prior. Much of the album was written in Woodstock and surrounding areas in upstate New York, a place to which Strickland and Pierson had both relocated during the group's hiatus, and all four members felt a proximity to nature in these places that was not found in their previous home of New York City. The band spent approximately a year writing the songs. Strickland stated, "We spent a lot of time just talking, and we needed that. We were our own support group after Ricky's passing, which was a very traumatic thing for all of us and, in particular, for Cindy."

The band rented a rehearsal space in the Wall Street area of Manhattan, in which they worked four days a week. At this time, the band also left their longtime manager, Gary Kurfirst, and left longtime label Warner Bros. for Reprise.

Composition
In the wake of Wilson's death, Strickland took over both guitar duties and the bulk of the music composition responsibilities. For the new songs, Strickland recorded instrumental demos and singers Pierson, Cindy Wilson and Fred Schneider would then improvise melodies and lyrics over the recordings, with all four band members devising the final song arrangements together. The first piece of music Strickland composed for the album would eventually become "Deadbeat Club", whose autobiographical lyrics about the band's early life in Athens, Georgia would serve as a blueprint for the album. "Junebug" was the first song to be fully completed during the band's compositional jam sessions, which gave them confidence to persevere. Pierson described these songs as being "cinematic" and "nostalgic", and felt that the album in general had developed a "rural, kind of southern, dusty feeling to it". Wilson added, "It was all about nostalgia. It was looking back at the good times we used to have in Athens, so it was a wonderful, healing record."

Pierson stated that some songs on Cosmic Thing were more "pointed" about their concerns—such as environmentalism—than on previous albums, adding, "we definitely still have a light tone, but I think we've all evolved and grown and matured". Discussing "Channel Z", Schneider later recalled, "We were really pretty political as a band. Rather than clothes and wigs and stuff, I'd rather talk about politics, and I know the others do too, because it's more important, what's going on in the world."

Recording and production
Recording of the album was focused in two locations: Skyline Studios in New York City, and Dreamland Recording Studios in West Hurley, New York. The initial sessions in New York City were produced by Nile Rodgers, while the West Hurley sessions were helmed by Don Was. The band had previously worked with Rodgers when he recorded their song "(Shake That) Cosmic Thing" for the soundtrack to the 1988 film Earth Girls Are Easy.

The album's biggest hit, "Love Shack", was the last song recorded for the album and was developed from a 15-minute unfinished piece the band had created. Strickland had initially felt the song was not ready to be released, but Pierson and Schneider felt it would be successful. After the band finished their sessions with Was a day ahead of schedule, he asked if they had any more material and the song was brought in to refine and embellish upon.

Music journalist Michael Azerrad noted that Strickland devised the album's final track sequence as if it were a film, moving from rural themes to more abstract concepts, culminating with an instrumental coda akin to a closing credits sequence. Strickland later elaborated: "We sequenced it in a way that we felt told a story. I don't know if anybody's ever noticed it, but one song leads into the other in a nice way. It tells a story from beginning to end."

Promotion and commercial performance
"Channel Z" was selected as the album's first single and was released in March 1989. While the single was not commercially successful in the mainstream at first, it generated substantial amounts of airplay on American college radio, helping re-establish the group's youth popularity. The single eventually peaked at number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, and reached number 61 on the UK singles chart.

Following the release of promotional single "Cosmic Thing", June 1989 saw the release of the band's largest global hit, "Love Shack". Pierson recalled that radio programmers initially "weren't really enthusiastic" about the song and that Schneider was instrumental in promoting it to indie radio stations, which eventually led to its embrace by college radio. The track helped propel the success of the album globally, while reaching number 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number one on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song also reached number 2 in the UK, and spent 8 weeks at number one in Australia in 1990. Following this, the album reached the top 10 in the US and UK album charts, and number one in Australia and New Zealand. The song's music video won the award for Best Group Video at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards.

Aided by the further success of singles such as the transatlantic top 20 hit "Roam" and the US top 30 hit "Deadbeat Club", the album continued to sell strongly, particularly in the US, where it spent 22 weeks inside the Billboard 200 top 10 in 1990, becoming the country's 9th best-selling album of the year.

By 2000, Cosmic Thing had achieved platinum status in the UK, and 4× platinum status in the US, denoting sales of over four million copies there. As of 2019, the album had sold over five million copies worldwide.

Critical reception
Robert Christgau of The Village Voice opined that the album was "an almost touchingly brave attempt to dance away from the edge of ecocatastrophe" and found the band "trying to be seriously silly", but concluded that, "between Ricky Wilson's guitar and the permanent defeat his loss doesn't merely signify, they can't quite bring it off." Jim Farber of Rolling Stone thought the album found the B-52's "on summer vacation, hanging out in the heat, fashioning insouciant odes to sloth", and that the band still mixed seriousness with "an impassioned commitment to goofiness." He continued that the best songs "proudly declare silliness as a central part of identity" and that their most exciting material had always been "ballads with a backbeat", citing "Roam" and "Dry County" as examples. Kristine McKenna of Los Angeles Times felt the album sounded "remarkably fresh", despite adhering to a classic formula, and observed that "the slower pace of life associated with the South colors the entire album", noting that Wilson and Pierson "give soul to this irresistible LP, which may shape up to be the record you hear at every party this summer."

In retrospective reviews, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found the album to be "a first-class return to form" that "updated their sound with shiny new surfaces and deep, funky grooves", containing "their best set of songs since at least Wild Planet, possibly since their debut." J.D. Considine in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide observed that the songs "reprise the band's early sound without any edge or ambiguity", and saw the band "tumble into self-caricature." Rich Wilhelm of PopMatters noted that while Cosmic Thing "fully brought the band's sound to the mainstream", it also "proved to have depth" and was "a fun, beautiful, and life-affirming record that was also a big hit."

Tour
In addition to the album's successful singles, the band embarked upon the extensive "Cosmic Tour" to promote the album worldwide, their first tour since Ricky Wilson's death. Drummer Strickland switched to guitar for the tour with Zack Alford serving as the touring drummer. Sara Lee played bass guitar and Pat Irwin was keyboardist and extra guitarist. This was also the first tour in which the group hired a backing band, meaning the group's members, especially Pierson, had more opportunity to move around on stage and gave their songs more accuracy to the studio versions in concert. Due to the band's growth in popularity at this time, the tour venues grew from theaters to large arenas and stadiums.

The band's first comeback performance was at a benefit for PETA and they arranged for various organizations, including PETA, Greenpeace and Amnesty International, to advertise at each concert's venue.

Personnel
Credits adapted from CD liner notes.

The B-52's
 * Kate Pierson – vocals (1–9), keyboards (4–5, 8), backing vocals (10)
 * Fred Schneider – vocals (1–2, 4–5, 7–9), percussion (5, 7), backing vocals (3)
 * Keith Strickland – guitars, keyboards (2, 5, 7–10), backing vocals (2–3, 9)
 * Cindy Wilson – vocals (1–9)

Additional musicians
 * Tommy Mandel – keyboards (1)
 * Steve Ferrone – drums (1)
 * Sara Lee – bass guitar (2–7, 9–10), keyboards (10), backing vocals (10)
 * Philippe Saisse – keyboards (2–3)
 * Sonny Emory – drums (2–3)
 * Charlie Drayton – drums (4–5, 7–8)
 * The Uptown Horns on "Love Shack":
 * Chris Cioe
 * Paul Litteral
 * Arno Hecht
 * Bob Funk
 * Carl Beatty
 * LeRoy Clouden – drums (6, 9–10)
 * Richard Hilton – keyboard (6, 10), programming (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Nile Rodgers – guitar (9)

Technical
 * Nile Rodgers – producer (1–3, 6, 9–10), mixing (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Don Was – producer (4–5, 7–8)
 * Tom Durack – engineer (1–3, 6, 9–10), mixing
 * Ed Brooks – second engineer (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Keith Freedman – second engineer (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Paul Angelli – second engineer (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Patrick Dillett – second engineer (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Budd Tunick – production manager (1–3, 6, 9–10)
 * Dave Cook – engineer (4–5, 7–8)
 * Martin Kunitz – assistant engineer (4–5, 7–8)
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York City, New York)
 * The B-52's – cover concept
 * Manhattan Design – cover concept, design
 * Virginia Liberatore – photography
 * Christoph Lanzenberg – cinematographer
 * Tokyo – hair
 * Kachin – styling
 * Chris Isles – dresses
 * Alpana Bawa – dresses
 * Arthur Koby – earrings

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cosmic Thing


text:
Talk:Geosynchronous satellite

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2018 and 15 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JGomora.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:17, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Previous discussions without headers
The Telstar page claims that it was the first satellite to relay phone calls. This page claims that it was Syncom II a year later. The Syncom page expresses no opinion. So which is it? Rmhermen 20:55, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

All satellites have a "fraction-of-a-second" delay lag. While the next sentence quantifies it nicely, I think it would be better to combine the two. Suggestions? Ventura 20:21, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)

 * I agree. Since no more comments have shown up in the last few months, I've gone ahead and just deleted the "fraction of a second" bit (usually "a fraction of a second" also seems to mean "a really short time" in conversation, so this should be clearer...) Ealex292 23:47, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Call for Attention
This article is titled "Geosynchronous satellite" but almost the entire article is about geostationary satelites.
 * Moving article to geostationary satellite per request. Isopropyl 19:41, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

It appears that geostationary satellite redirects here. Perhaps it should be the other way around? This would require an administrator. Isopropyl 19:46, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Rather shocked!
Quote:

"Satellite dishes in the Northern Hemisphere would need to be pointed almost directly towards the horizon."

This makes no sense at all; half of the world is in the Northern Hemisphere, some of it so close to the equator that an antenna might have to point perfectly skyward to reach a certain geostationary satellite....

But much, much more shocking is (quote):

"with countries barely out of the stone age demanding their orbit slots "

Can anyone think that that has any place in wikipedia? It's the insane peak of a generally dodginess-filled article, but what an outstanding peak it is. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 190.40.130.44 (talk) 05:34, 13 April 2007 (UTC).

Plagiarism
This article has a fairly obvious case of plagiarism:

In paragraph six of "Geostationary Satellites" there is a reference to "Fig 2-16". Since this article has no figures, and Wikipedia does not reference its figures in such a matter, I can only assume that this material was taken directly from another (unauthorized) source. The parenthetical notations found within the same section further confirm this. The lack of links to articles lends further credence to the theory that the section was copied and pasted wholesale into this article.

I think someone needs to investigate and possibly remove the plagiarized entries in this article. Perhaps the source could be found and cited...

68.97.185.99 01:42, 11 May 2007 (UTC)DRB

Strongly oppose merger
There should be a distinct page on geosychronous satellites which covers the design and operation and station-keeping policies for the kinds of satellites we have chosen to launch into this very special orbit. It's ludicrous to suggest that geosynchronous orbit should have giant chunks of material on telecoms applications and orbital slot allocation treaties, both of which would be appropriate within an article about the satellites themselves. As it happens, this article doesn't yet contain much of this material, but it probably should. MaxEnt 01:42, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

g m d s s
radio oprator cmm maren —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.233.65.252 (talk) 11:53, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Potocnik
The artilce on Potocnik claims that Tsiolkovsky proposed geosynchronous satellites. But I don't believe either of them proposed radio communication satellites, so Clarke still deserves cudos for having a more explicit and practical concept. DonPMitchell (talk) 20:48, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal
It looks like this may have been proposed a few years ago (judging by the "strong opposition" above), but I'd like to propose it again. Currently we have this article, Geosynchronous orbit, Geostationary orbit, and List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit. I think between the last three articles, the content of the present article could be divided. In particular, Geosynchronous orbit seems like a natural place for the content of this article. The argument against this merger above appears to be because this article "should" contain more material. Also an appropriate place for content would be the Satellite article. Mlm42 (talk) 18:03, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

No to Merger Proposal
You want the public to contribute; well here is one of our opinions:

The article states there are 300 operational geosynchronous satellites. If people were to start talking about these satellites the information here would balloon and not be suitable for shifting to another article.

If anything, this article should be merged with the List of satellites in geosynchronous orbit or vise versa so the name Geosynchronous satellites remains.

It’s mentioned in the article that geosynchronous satellites have performed mission of communications, television broadcasting, defence, intelligence and weather forecasting.

I think a very interesting section of the technologies used for these various missions might be worth discussing also and may significantly expand the article once again.

More pictures in this article would be good too. Certainly the Syncom 2 satellite looks amazing and I would love to know what was inside it! There are also interesting legal aspects of geosynchronous orbits that would be interesting to hear about.

In short, merging this article with Geosynchronous orbit should not occur.

On another topic, I would like to say that the difference between “plagiarism” and “original” work seems to make it impossible to write an article here. If you choose to use words like plagiarism, then you had better make it clear just how far an author is allowed to go before it becomes original work and is banned.

(Gharr (talk) 14:11, 25 January 2011 (UTC))

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title: Talk:Geosynchronous satellite


text:
Talk:Mount Columbia (Canada)

Mount Columbia (Canada)...move/name change needed
There's no need to specify Alberta in the dab here, and it's a misleading title as in other contexts editors might describe the mountain as being only in Albeta, and not mentioning British Columbia. I know a standing dab ordinarilly stays, but I have to wonder how this one got by the naming guidelines; in fact I came to this article because the listing of this mountain on the Columbia disambiguatino page had only placed it in Alberta. It may be Alberta's highest, but it's not only Alberta's.Skookum1 (talk) 04:10, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Support proposed move.  --Skeezix1000 (talk) 12:52, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, given that it straddles the BC-Alberta border. Mind  matrix  14:13, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per Mindmatrix. DigitalC (talk) 03:41, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Conditional support, as long as it's the only "Mount Columbia" in Canada. Bivouac does seem to indicate that. -- Spireguy (talk) 14:15, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * A CGNDB search only shows this mountain. I might also suggest the alternative Mount Columbia (Columbia Icefield). RedWolf (talk) 17:11, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per Skookum1 and Mindmatrix. Black Tusk (talk) 22:16, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

ye

title: Talk:Mount Columbia (Canada)


text:
Bonaventure Regional County Municipality

Bonaventure is a regional county municipality in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec, Canada, on the Gaspé Peninsula. Its seat is New Carlisle.

Subdivisions
There are 14 subdivisions within the RCM:

 * Cities & Towns (3)
 * Bonaventure
 * New Richmond
 * Paspébiac

 * Municipalities (7)
 * Caplan
 * Cascapédia–Saint-Jules
 * Hope Town
 * New Carlisle
 * Saint-Alphonse
 * Saint-Elzéar
 * Shigawake

 * Parishes (1)
 * Saint-Siméon

 * Townships (2)
 * Hope
 * Saint-Godefroi

 * Unorganized Territory (1)
 * Rivière-Bonaventure

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:

 * Autoroutes
 * None

 * Principal Highways

 * Secondary Highways

 * External Routes
 * None

Attractions

 * Banc-de-Paspébiac Historical Site (Paspébiac)
 * Bonaventure Airport (Bonaventure)
 * Canomore Hydro (Saint-Elzéar)
 * Gaspésie Biopark/Acadian Museum of Quebec (Bonaventure)
 * Gaspésie British Heritage Centre (New Richmond)
 * Hamilton House (1852) (New Carlisle)
 * Pin-Rouge Ski Area (New Richmond)
 * Saint-Elzéar Cave (Saint-Elzéar)
 * St-Edgar Covered Bridge (1938) (New Richmond)

Protected Areas

 * Petite-Cascapédia Wildlife Reserve
 * Port-Daniel Wildlife Reserve
 * MLPC Campaign Post
 * Rivière-Bonaventure ZEC
 * Rivière-Cascapédia Wildlife Reserve
 * Rivière-Port-Daniel Wildlife Reserve


text:
Adeva

Adeva (born Patricia Daniels) is an American singer. She had a string of successful house and R&B hits in the late 1980s to early 1990s, including "Warning!", "I Thank You" and "Respect" (all three of which reached number 17 in the UK Singles Chart).

Early life
Born in 1960 in Paterson, New Jersey, Daniels was the youngest of six children. She developed her voice as a member, and later director and vocal coach, of her church choir. She began singing professionally in the mid-1980s, releasing the single "In and Out of My Life" in 1988 on Easy Street Records.

Debut album
Immediately after this, she signed with the UK label Cooltempo (a subsidiary of EMI) later in 1988 and released a house reworking of the Aretha Franklin hit "Respect" that reached #17 in the UK. Her debut album Adeva! was released in August 1989, and peaked at #6 on the UK Albums Chart, #28 in Germany, and #14 in Australia. The album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for UK sales exceeding 300,000 copies. In addition to "Respect", the album contained several other hit singles including "Warning!" and "I Thank You", both of which also reached #17 in the UK, and "Musical Freedom" which reached #22. The album was released in the United States in 1990 via EMI's Capitol Records, where "Warning!" had become a top 10 Billboard Dance Chart hit.

Later career
Her second album, 1991's Love or Lust failed to chart in both the UK and US, despite featuring two hit singles on the US Dance chart, "Independent Woman" (US Dance #7) and "It Should Have Been Me" (US Dance #1), and she was dropped by Cooltempo in 1992.

Adeva collaborated with house-music pioneer Frankie Knuckles in 1995, with whom she released two UK top 40 singles and an album, Welcome to the Real World.

In 1997, Adeva released another album, New Direction, on Distinctive Records, but it was unsuccessful. It was her last album to date, although she was featured on various singles in 2003–04 with other artists, including Radical Noiz and Eric Prydz, who both sampled Adeva's 1988 single "In and out of My Life", which was also sampled by OnePhatDeeva in 1999. She was also featured on the 2004 single "Wish I Never Knew" by the Scandinavian dance act Slippery People.

Videos

 * 1991 Live at the Town and Country Club, Chrysalis/EMI Video (UK)
 * 1992 The Video Hits!

title: Adeva


text:
Auxonne

Auxonne ( or ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Auxonne is one of the sites of the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the train station on the Dijon–Vallorbe line railway line. It also was home to the Artillery School where Napoleon Bonaparte was stationed as a lieutenant and audited classes from 1788 to 1791.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Pronunciation
Due to an exception in the French language, the name is pronounced [osɔn] (In Aussonne the "x" is pronounced "ss"). The current spelling of the name comes from a habit of copyists of the Middle Ages who replaced the double "s" by a cross which does not change the pronunciation. This cross, equated with "x" in ancient Greek, was pronounced "ks" in French only from the 18th century but this modification does not change the usage. In practice, however, the pronunciation of Auxonne is debatable, the inhabitants themselves being divided between a pronunciation of "ks" and "ss": local elected officials as well as SNCF announcements retain the pronunciation "ks". This pronunciation has the merit of avoiding a homophone with the Upper Garonne commune of Aussonne.

Geography
The city of Auxonne is located at the edge of Côte-d'Or department along the boundary between Burgundy and Franche-Comté some 30 km south-east of Dijon and 45 km west by south-west of Besançon. Access to the commune is by road D905 from Genlis in the north-west which passes through the town and continues south-east to Sampans. The D24 road goes south from the town to Labergement-lès-Auxonne, the D110A goes south-east to Rainans, the D208 goes east to Peintre, and the D20 goes north-east to Flammerans. There are very large forests along the western side of the commune and Auxonne town has a large urban area with the rest of the commune farmland.

The western border of the commune is the Saône river as it flows south to eventually join the Rhône at Lyon. The commune is at an altitude ranging between 181 m and 211 m which makes it virtually immune to floods that envelop the region during major floods.

Geology
Auxonne belongs to a region called the plain of Saône. The plain, with Bresse, is a geo-morphological unit of the Bressan depression: an extensive collapsed formation dating from the Miocene extending from the Upper Rhine Plain and the Rhone basin. The plain of Saône is limited in the north by the Upper Saône plateau, to the west by the Burgundian limestone ridge, to the east by the plateaux of the Jura then by the Bresse, and finally to the south by the Beaujolais vineyards. The plain of Saône drops from 250 m altitude in the north to 175 m in the south-east is traversed by the river from north to south for over 150 km.

The city of Auxonne is specifically in the alluvial ribbon called the Val de Saône – a band a few kilometres wide that follows the river. Its immediate limit in the Auxonne area is ten kilometres to the east where there is a rise of the Massif de la Serre to an altitude of about 400 metres.

Climate
The climate of the Val de Saône has several conflicting influences but is still a dominant continental climate. It is marked, however, by an oceanic influence that is strongly attenuated by the hills of Morvan which acts as a barrier. There is also a meridional influence in summer which allows the Saône valley, an extension of the Rhone valley, to enjoy good sunshine which is also seen in late spring and early autumn thereby lengthening the summer. Finally there is the continental influence on the Saône valley climate with cold winters and sometimes late frosts. Fog is common from October to March (65 to 70 days per year). The summers are hot enough. Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year with summer and winter relatively less than autumn and spring.

Origins
Modern historians agree on doubting the veracity of the assertions contained in the Chronicle of Saint-Pierre de Bèze (the name of the monastery founded by Amalgaire who is referred to as Amauger in the History of Burgundy ) in the first half of the 7th century concerning the term Assona to refer to Auxonne in the first half of the 7th century.

The first three authentic instruments where the name Auxonne appears date from 1172, 1173 and 1178.

The first two are associated with Count Stephen II of Auxonne (died 1173) and the third is in a bull of Pope Alexander III. The act of 1173 was a donation made by the Count to the monastery of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. The pontifical act of 1178 was a confirmation of all the possessions of the priory of Saint-Vivant which included the town of Auxonne.

Religious rights of Auxonne date back to around 870, the date of establishment of their monastery in the pagus (County) of Amous (or Amaous) in the Jura of Burgundy (later called the County of Burgundy then Franche-Comté), six miles from the Saône on land belonging to Agilmar, bishop of Clermont. The place took the name which it still has today: Saint-Vivant-en-Amous (between Auxonne and Dole). The monks remained in Amous for more than twenty years; the Normans from Hastings destroyed the monastery when they invaded Burgundy. Count Manassès built them a new monastery (circa 895–896) in Frankish Burgundy in the County of Beaune on the slopes of Mount Vergy. While they were in Amous they cleared the area and installed fishermen's huts along the Saône. According to a hypothesis by some historians, these huts became the germ of the future town of Auxonne. Installed in their remote region of Vergy, far from their difficult to defend lands, the monks of Saint-Vivant felt the need to subordinate (undoubtedly to William IV, Count of Vienne and Mâcon (died 1155)) their lands in Amous to remove the covetousness and retain their rights and properties. According to a second hypothesis, the feudal lord established a new town along Saône which took the name of Auxonne. Auxonne therefore was in the pagus of Amous.

The division of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 placed Amous in the prize of Lothair I and, despite the complicated divisions that followed, this county was Holy Roman Empire land and fell within the sphere of influence of the Count of Burgundy – i.e. the future Franche-Comté.

The attachment to the Duchy of Burgundy

In 1172 the city had grown in importance: Count Stephen I of Auxonne, the younger branch of Burgundy County and son of William (died 1157), had settled there. His successor Stephen II, Count of Auxonne (died 1241) and son of the previous head of the younger branch of Burgundy County, was master of rich domains, ambitious, powerful, and supported by the premier families of the country, nourished some pretensions to supplant the elder branch. He worked conspicuously. In 1197, taking advantage of unrest in Germany, Stephen III, renounced loyalty to Otto I (died 14 January 1201), and took the Auxonne tribute to the Duke of Burgundy, Odo III, while guaranteeing the rights of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. In return, Odo III promised to help him in his fight against the Palatinate. Auxonne escaped the county movement.

In 1237 the head of the County was Otto III (died 19 June 1248), son and successor of Otto I, Duke of Merania (died 6 May 1234). On 15 June that year, under an exchange agreement concluded at Saint-Jean-de-Losne between John, Count of Chalon (1190-30 September 1267) (the main character of the agreement and son of Stephen III, long associated with his father's business and heir of Beatrice de Chalon (1170-7 April 1227) his mother and Stephen III himself) and Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, the town of Auxonne and all the possessions of Stephen III in the basin of the Saône were transferred to the Duke of Burgundy in exchange for the Barony of Salins and ten strategic positions of the first importance in the County. In coming under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, Auxonne became a bridgehead of the duchy on the eastern bank of the Saône, on Holy Roman Empire soil, and escaped the Germanic influence.

The attachment of Auxonne to the Duchy of Burgundy gave it the status as of a border town between the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy, between French and Germanic influence that would determine the fate of the town in the following centuries.

Auxonne under the Dukes of Valois
Sheltered behind its ramparts that it continued to fortify, the fortress was a major base for launching military operations: it was from Auxonne that Odo IV in 1336 dismissed the threat of dissenting county barons entering as he was their lawful sovereign since his marriage with Jeanne de France (1308–1349), heir to the County. Between 1364 and 1369 there was fighting at the castle of Philip the Bold from Auxonne against the county barons and free companies. At the beginning of the 15th century, with the civil war that ravaged France, war was constant around the walls which forced the city to remain constantly alert. Between 1434 and 1444 there was a new threat: bands of idle soldiers called Écorcheurs because they took all. The people of Auxonne kept watch on the ramparts while the formidable soldiery ravaged the countryside. As if their misfortune were not enough there were two fires five years apart on 7 March 1419 and 15 September 1424 which devastated the city.

It was not until 1444 that there was a period of peace that lasted until the advent of Charles the Bold in 1467.

In 1468, following the Treaty of Peronne, tension revived between the king of France and the Duke of Burgundy – Charles the Bold. The town soon looked to put its defenses in order. In 1471 it made a contribution to the fight against the army of the Dauphiné which was sent by Louis XI and which penetrated the duchy. The adventurous policy of the fiery Duke finally led his dynasty to ruin. On the death of the Duke on 5 January 1477 Louis XI seized the duchy without delay with virtually no resistance. The royal army returned to Dijon on 1 February 1477.

The attachment to the kingdom of France
The special status of Outer Saône lands, which were not a domain of the crown given prerogatives, did not stop Louis XI from his conquest. But the Comtois people revolted followed by those from Auxonne. After two years of resistance to the invader and after the carnage of Dole at the Chateau of Dole on 25 May 1479 they were left without support by Mary of Burgundy. Auxonne held out for 12 days in the siege by the royal army commanded by Charles d'Amboise before opening its doors on 4 June 1477 to the French invader. The town, attached to the crown of France, would share the fate of the monarchy.

The Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy were always united but this time under the crown of France had changed masters and for another 14 years had a common destiny.

For political ends Louis XI, while he solemnly confirmed the maintenance of all the privileges of the town to ensure the loyalty of his new subjects, hastened to build a mighty fortress, the Chateau d'Auxonne, at Auxonne at the province's expense, which still dominates Iliote square, to guard against any attempt of rebellion.

Charles VIII challenged Louis XI as, while he was engaged to Marguerite, daughter of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I of Habsburg, heiress of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the dowry of his future wife arrived in the County, he preferred to marry Anne, heiress of Brittany, and thus took the important Duchy of Brittany from the kingdom of France.

Auxonne becomes a border town
The Treaty of Senlis (23 May 1493), signed between Charles VIII and Maximilian again separated the two Burgundies. Auxonne again became a French bridgehead on the Imperial Bank and its walls had to protect the kingdom of France against attempts by Habsburg to resolve by force the "question of Burgundy" and the Habsburg claims on Burgundy.

There were soon tensions on the Empire side. From 1494 the Italian wars were rekindled. Again the walls were consolidated and the County door was built in 1503.

Auxonne repulses the Imperials
On 14 January 1526 the Treaty of Madrid was signed, after the Battle of Pavia, between François I and Charles V. The King of France was forced to abandon Burgundy and the County of Auxonne, among other territories. The States of Burgundy combined on 8 June 1526 and refused to separate from the crown of France. In response the Emperor tried to conquer the County of Auxonne. In front of the walls of the city Lannoy, commander of the imperial armies, found such strong resistance on the part of all the people he had to give up.

Henri III declares the Auxonne people guilty of lèse-majesté
In 1574 Charles of Lorraine, the younger brother of Henri I of Guise and Charles, Duke of Mayenne, whom history remembers simply under the name Mayenne, became Duke and governor of Burgundy. A champion of the Catholic cause, he extended the religious wars to political wars. He worked to establish his own government and attached the neighbouring land of Lorraine under the Guise government to the Burgundian province. The death of the Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III, in 1584 made Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, the presumptive heir to the crown gave the Catholic League a new activity. Civil war began again. Mayenne sought to retain the strongholds of Burgundy for his County. On 2 April 1585 the people of Auxonne received a letter from King Henry III recommending them to ensure the safety of their town and especially "in not receiving the Duke of Mayenne".

The people of Auxonne, loyal to the king, hastened to execute orders. Jean de Saulx-Tavannes, governor of the city and the Chateau of Auxonne at first took the measures imposed then secretly strengthened the garrison of the castle as he suspected that the inhabitants of conspiring with Mayenne to deliver it to him instead. Counselled by Joachim de Rochefort, Baron of Pluvault, the magistrates decided to seize the governor. They arrested him on Saints' Day in 1585 when it was making his devotions in the church. The Count of Charny, a close relative of Jean de Saulx, Lieutenant General in Burgundy, approved this act of loyalty to the Crown by the people of Auxonne. When the King was informed he praised the people for their loyalty but concessions to Leaguers which were formalised by the signing of the Treaty of Nemours on 7 July 1585 forced Henry III to equivocate. He asked the people to deliver Tavannes into the hands of Charny and named Claude de Bauffremont, Baron of Sennecey known for his Mayenne sympathies, as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne.

In complete defiance and sniffing betrayal, the people of Auxonne handed Tavannes to the County of Charny who shut him up in his castle at Pagny, refused Sennecey as governor, and continued to claim in his place the Baron of Pluvault. In January 1586 new orders from the king expressed his dissatisfaction with these repeated refusals. The situation was difficult for the people but they received encouragement in their resistance from the future Henri IV who was at Montauban and sent them a letter of encouragement on 25 January 1586. Meanwhile, Tavannes had escaped from his prison at Pagny. The first use he made of his new-found freedom was an attempt to retake Auxonne by surprise. On 10 February 1586 he appeared before the walls with two hundred men at arms. His attempt was unsuccessful.

Despite orders and injunctions that the people receive Sennecey as governor, they still held to Pluvault. His patience tired, Henry III, by letters patent of 1 May 1586, declared the Auxonne people guilty of Lèse-majesté and ordered action by force so arrangements were made accordingly. The Auxonne people were obstinate in their refusal, but loyal to the crown, and were ready for a showdown. They refused to open the gates of the city to the Count of Charny who was obliged to find housing in Tillenay. They did consent to open the gate for President Jeannin who came to mediate with the Squire of Pluvault to save Auxonne from ruin. Jean Delacroix (or John of the Cross), a countryman of Auxonnais and private secretary to Catherine de' Medici arrived with his deputation to the king with Letters of credence for Sir Charny giving him full powers to deal with the people.

The negotiations resulted in an accord reached and signed on 15 August 1586 at Tillenay. The Treaty revoked letters that declared the people of Auxonne guilty of lese majeste, exempted them from contribution for nine years, and granted a gratuity of 90,000 francs to the Baron of Pluvault. This treaty was approved by letters patent of 19 August 1586 and on the 25th of the same month the Baron of Sennecey was received and installed as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne. Received by the people with the greatest distrust, Sennecey showed himself as the man for the job.

The Treaty of Nijmegen
The town finally lost its designation as a border town with the conquest of the County by Louis XIV but it still remained an important place as indicated by the stationing there of the 511th logistics regiment.

The city of Auxonne remained famous because of two visits that were made by a young second lieutenant in the regiment of La Fere named Napoleon Bonaparte who was later to make his name known across Europe. The Bonaparte district preserves the room he occupied during one of his stays. There is also a small museum in a tower of the Chateau of Auxonne, his set square, his fencing foil, and objects he offered during his stay, as well as one of his hats.

Contemporary era
During the Second World War Auxonne was liberated on 10 September 1944 by troops who landed in Provence.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

 * Mayors from 1935

The Canton of Auxonne
Auxonne is the seat of the canton of Auxonne, which covers 35 communes. Auxonne is the most populous commune in the canton.

Twinning
Auxonne has twinning associations with:
 * 🇩🇪 Heidesheim am Rhein (Germany) since 1964.

Demography
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Auxonnais or Auxonnaises in French.

Economy
The town has a branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Dijon.

Transportation
The commune has a railway station, Auxonne, on the Dijon–Vallorbe line.

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * A House in parts of wood and brick (15th century)
 * A House at 6 Rue du Bourg (1548)
 * The Hotel Jean de la Croix (15th century)
 * The Civil and military Hospital (17th century). The Hospital contains a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects.
 * The Hospice Saint-Anne (18th century)
 * The Covered Market (17th century)

 * Other sites of interest
 * A Farmhouse at Louzerolle has a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity with base (15th century) that is registered as an historical object.
 * The Railway station has a Platform Railway Wagon (1913) that is registered as an historical object.
 * A House at Granges d'Auxonne has a Statue: Christ on the Cross (17th century) that is registered as an historical object.
 * A House at Rue Boileau has a Bas-relief with the Arms of the Bossuet family (17th century) that is registered as an historical object.
 * The Bonaparte Museum in the tower of the Chateau d'Auxonne has 2 Columns (16th century) that are registered as an historical object.
 * A Barrage dam on the Saône was built in 1840 and operated for 170 years until April 2011 when a modern dam (with inflatable mechanical shutters ) of a Needle dam type took over. It is over 200 metres long and is divided into four sections of 50 metres each with a total of 1,040 needles to manoeuvre depending on the fluctuating water levels.

Religious heritage

The commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:

The Church of Notre-Dame (13th century). The construction of the main part lasted all through the 13th century, first the nave in 1200, then the choir, apse, and the chapels between 1200 and 1250. The construction of the door started in the 14th century. The side chapels were raised in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1516, under the direction of Master Loys – the architect of the church of Saint-Michel de Dijon – the construction of the portal surmounted by two towers of unequal heights began. In 1525 the Jacquemart (now disappeared) was installed in the tower. In 1858 a campaign of rehabilitation was organized under the auspices of the municipality and executed by Phal Blando, an architect in the town. This campaign included two side portals, implementation of a slender, octagonal, pyramidal, and slightly twisted tower called a Crooked spire. Its spire. which is made from slate, rises 33 metres above its platform – 11 metres higher than the previous one. The church is also noteworthy for the gargoyles and statues (including prophets) that adorn the outside. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:

 * A Platform Organ (17th century)
 * The instrumental part of the Organ (1789)
 * The sideboard of the Organ (1614)
 * A Collection Plate (16th century)
 * A Painting: the Crucifixion (17th century)
 * A Painting: Virgin and Child (15th century)
 * A Statue: Unidentified Saint (16th century)
 * A Tombstone for Pierre Morel (15th century)
 * A Tombstone for Hugues Morel (15th century)
 * A Statue: Saint Antoine (16th century)
 * A Statue: Christ of Pity (16th century)
 * A Statue: Virgin and Child (15th century)
 * A Pulpit (1556)
 * A Lectern (1562)
 * Stalls (17th century)

The 'Church of the Nativity contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
 * A Monumental Painting: Christ in Glory (13th century)
 * A Monumental Painting: The Crucifixion (16th century)
 * A Monumental Painting: Arms and Funeral Inscriptions (17th century)
 * A Monumental Painting: Saint Eveque (15th century)
 * A Monumental Painting: A Scene (16th century)
 * A Monumental Painting: The hunt of Saint Herbert (15th century)
 * The Furniture in the Church
 * A Monumental Painting: Fleur-de-lis and false apparatus (16th century)
 * A Mural Painting: Saint Eveque (1) (16th century)

Military heritage

There are several military structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 * The Chateau of Auxonne (17th century) was one of the three castles (with the castles of Dijon and Beaune) built under King Louis XI following the defeat of Duke Charles the Bold and completed by his successors after the conquest of the Duchy of Burgundy and is the only one still standing despite subsequent transformations. Built in the south-west corner of the city, the castle has a body for barracks dating from Louis XII and François I which is perhaps the oldest barracks building built for this purpose in France. The castle has five corner towers at the corners connected by thick curtain walls: The Two contiguous towers of Moulins, Beauregard tower, Pied de Biche tower, Chesne tower (now demolished), and the tower of Notre-Dame. The latter is the most massive with three vaulted levels, 20 metres in diameter, 22 metres high, and 6 metre thick walls at the base. (Coordinates: 47.19167°N, 5.38333°W) The Chateau contains an item that is registered as an historical object:
 * A Chimney (16th century)
 * The Port Royale (Royal Gate) or Tour du Cygne (Swan Tower) (1775). The Royal Gate dates to the 17th century (1667–1717). During the medieval period the northern entrance to the city was controlled by the Flammerans Portal. When the fortifications were strengthened starting from 1673, the Count of Apremont, who was the engineer, built the Royal Gate to replace the Flammerans Portal. He entrusted the work to Philippe Anglart "architect and contractor for Royal buildings" before having to leave. Upon his return the Count of Apremont was not satisfied with the work and started again. On the Count's death in 1678 the work halted and it was Vauban who completed it in 1699. The central pavilion was added on top in 1717. On the city side the central body is flanked by two perfectly identical houses, covered with a Mansart roof. The opening to the countryside is surmounted by a trophy of arms.

Governors of the Town and the Château of Auxonne

 * Jean de Saulx-Tavannes, born in 1555. Third of five children of Marshal of Tavannes Gaspard de Saulx and Françoise de la Baume his wife. He was born after Henri-Charles-Antoine de Saulx who died at the siege of Rouen in 1562 and also after William of Saulx, Count of Tavannes, bailiff of Dijon and lieutenant-general in the government of Burgundy. Jean de Saulx was first known as the Viscount of Ligny (today Ligny-le-Châtel) and took the title of Viscount of Tavannes in 1563 after the death of his older brother Henri de Saulx. He returned to France in 1575 from his travels which took him first to Poland, where he followed the Duke of Anjou, then to the Middle East. He threw himself into the Guises party and the Catholic League. He was appointed Governor of Auxonne and Lieutenant of Burgundy for the Duke of Mayenne. He lost the government of the town and Chateau of Auxonne in 1585 following a rebellion by the Auxonne population who were loyal to the crown and refused to see the city come under the Duke of Mayenne who represented the League in Burgundy. He was married twice. The first wife was Catherine Chabot, daughter of François Chabot, Marquis de Miribel with whom he had three children. He married his second wife Gabrielle Desprez with whom he had eight children.
 * Claude de Bauffremont
 * Henri de Bauffremont
 * Claude Charles-Roger de Bauffremont, Marquis of Senecey, bailiff of Chalon-sur-Saône, died on 18 March 1641 after the Siege of Arras in 1640.
 * Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant, born at Saint-Carreuc in 1602. Field Marshal, (provisions of 10 April 1641), Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne, Marshal of France, Lieutenant of His Majesty's armies in Germany. He was wounded at the Siege of Rotweil by a favorite falcon which took his right arm on 17 November 1643. He died of his wounds on 24 November. A street in Auxonne bears his name. He was succeeded by Bernard du Plessis-Besançon.
 * Bernard du Plessis-Besançon, Lord of Plessis, officer and Chief of Staff, Ambassador, was born in the early months of the year 1600 in Paris. He was the younger son of Charles Besançon, Lord of Souligné and Bouchemont and Madeleine Horric. His death took place on 6 April 1670 at the home of Roy, the Mayor of Auxonne.
 * Claude V de Thiard, born in 1620, (died 1701), Count of Bissy, named Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne on 13 April 1670. He built the Château of Pierre-de-Bresse.
 * Jacques de Thiard, born in 1649, Marquis of Bissy, lieutenant general in the Army of the king, died on 29 January 1744.
 * Anne-Claude de Thiard, born on 11 March 1682 at the Château of Savigny, (Vosges), died on 25 September 1765 at Pierre-de-Bresse, Marquis of Bissy, lieutenant general, ambassador to Naples. He retired from the government of Auxonne in 1753.
 * Claude de Thiard, (Claude VIII), born 13 October 1721, died 26 September 1810, Count of Bissy, cousin of Anne-Claude de Thiard. He became Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne on 25 August 1753. He was a member of the Académie française until 1750. He lost the title of Governor of Auxonne at the French Revolution in 1789.

Other people

 * Claude Jurain, lawyer, mayor of Auxonne and historian of the town, author of History of antiquities and prerogatives of the town and county of Aussonne, with many good remarks on the Duchy and County Burgundy, etc.. Dijon. Jurain died on 9 November 1618 at Auxonne. A street in Auxonne is named after him.
 * Gabriel Davot, learned counsel to the Parliament of Dijon, professor of French law at the University of Dijon, born on 13 May 1677, died at Dijon on 12 August 1743. A street in Auxonne is named after him.
 * Denis Marin de la Chasteigneraye, Councillor of State, superintendent of finance for France, born in January 1601, died at Paris on 27 June 1678. A street in Auxonne is named after him.
 * Jacques Maillart du Mesle, born at Auxonne on 31 October 1731, son of Simon-Pierre Maillart of Berron and Antoinette Delaramisse. He was Superintendent of Iles de France and Bourbon for 5 years. He died at Paris on 9 October 1782. A street in Auxonne is named after him.
 * Jean-Louis Lombard (1723–1794), Scholar, professor of mathematics at the Royal School of Artillery at Auxonne and French military writer who had Napoleon Bonaparte as a student.
 * Jean-François Landolphe, born at Auxonne on 5 February 1747 – died on 13 July 1825 at Paris, former navy captain, a famous marine. A street in Auxonne is named after him.
 * Joseph Mignotte, born on 12 November 1755 at Auxonne. General of brigade on 1 January 1796. Served in the Imperial Gendarmerie. Died at Rennes on 11 April 1828.
 * Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois was a famous native of Auxonne where the high school is named after him. He distinguished himself during the Revolution. Claude-Antoine Prieur was born in Auxonne on 2 December 1763. He was the son of Noël-Antoine Prieur, who was employed in finance, and Anne Millot. A former member of the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred, he was known as Prieur de la Côte d'Or which distinguished him from Prieur de la Marne with whom he shared the same opinion. In the trial of King Louis XVI they voted as one for the death penalty without appeal to the people or suspension. He contemplated and produced, in the midst of the political storms of the time, works marked by the highest science in chemistry and various physico-mathematical subjects. It was his work that created the uniform system of weights and measures. In addition, together with his compatriots Monge and Carnot, he created the École Polytechnique. He ended his days in Dijon as colonel of engineers in retirement where he died on 11 August 1832 after leaving his memoirs on the Committee of Public Safety.
 * Claude-Xavier Girault. Son of a doctor, born in Auxonne on 5 April 1764 and died at Dijon on 5 November 1823. He became advocate in the parliament of Dijon on 21 July 1783 at the age of 19 years. Passionate about local history, he was crowned with a gold medal by the Academy of Besançon on 22 July 1786 for his first memoir, In what time the County of Auxonne and the resources of St. Lawrence were detached from Séquanaise province of Franche-Comté He was the same age as Bonaparte and they were acquainted and talked history with him. On being appointed First Consul, Bonaparte appointed him mayor of Auxonne in 1801: a position he held for four years. His excellent administration of the commune earned him "assiduous thanks" which was voted unanimously on 23 Pluviôse X by the council. He took the initiative to create the municipal library of over three thousand volumes selected by him from libraries of suppressed religious orders and on this occasion he conceived a new system of bibliography whose publication was received with high praise. He was a member of the academies of Dijon and Besançon and many learned societies. He also chaired the Commission of Antiquities of Côte-d'Or, in whose name he had requested the creation of an archaeological museum in Dijon. Girault was buried in Fontaine-les-Dijon. His son Louis Girault wrote: Historical and Bibliographical Note on C.-X. Girault, Rabutot, Dijon. C.-N. Amanton wrote a note on the life and writings of Girault in which he lists 63 works that C.-X. Girault wrote during his life.
 * Claude-Nicolas Amanton, born at Villers-les-Pots on 20 January 1760, died in 1835. He was advocate for the Parliament of Dijon and mayor of Auxonne. He published a great number of judicial memoirs and many other writings as well as research and biographical works on different people.
 * Jacques-Louis Valon de Mimeure, (1659–1719), Marquis of Mimeure, lieutenant-general of the Armies of Roy, one of the Forty of the Académie Française in 1707 until his death on 3 March 1719 at Auxonne.
 * Pierre-Gabriel Ailliet, Head of battalion, born at Auxonne in 1762.
 * Paul Chrétien, (1862–1948), French World War I General, born at Auxonne.
 * Raoul Motoret, (1909–1978), writer, born at Auxonne.
 * Claude Noisot, (1757–1861), Grognard of the Old Guard of Napoleon I, born at Auxonne, founder of the Musée et Parc Noisot at Fixin.
 * Gaston Roussel, (1877–1947), veterinarian then medical doctor, industrialist and head of a French business.

Military life
Military units that have been garrisoned at Auxonne:
 * 10th Regiment of Infantry, 1906–1914
 * 8th Battalion of Foot, 1906
 * 1st Divisional Regiment of Artillery, 1939–1940
 * 511th Logistics Regiment, since 10 June 1956

title: Auxonne


text:
HMS Agincourt (D86)

HMS Agincourt (D86) was a later or 1943 Battle-class destroyer fleet destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was named in honour of the Battle of Agincourt, fought in 1415 during the Hundred Years' War. Agincourt was built by R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Company Limited on the River Tyne. She was launched on 29 January 1945 and commissioned on 25 June 1947.

Service
She joined the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, part of the Home Fleet based in the UK. On 23 June 1948, Agincourt collided with the naval Motor Fishing Vessel MFV 1161, breaking off a 3 ft length of deck plating from the destroyer. In 1951, Agincourt became Captain (D), meaning she was the leader of the flotilla. On 14 July 1951, Agincourt was in collision with sister ship HMS Cadiz (D79). A 12 ft length of planking was torn off from Agincourts port side, while Cadizs starboard anchor was damaged.

In 1953 Agincourt took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In December 1954, Agincourt, along with the rest of the squadron, formerly flotilla, deployed to the Mediterranean, where she was deployed until October 1955, when the Squadron returned to home waters. In 1956 Agincourt formed part of the Royal Navy force which took part in the Suez Crisis. In 1957, Agincourt, and the 4th Destroyer Squadron, returned to the Mediterranean.

Refit and conversion to Radar Picket
In 1959, Agincourt and three of her sister-ships underwent conversion to become radar pickets. The conversion included the addition of the Sea Cat missile and new radar, as well as newer Anti-Aircraft weaponry. In 1962, Agincourt returned to active duty and saw service in the Home and Mediterranean Fleets with a variety of squadrons. On 16 November 1962 Agincourt took part in the search for a helicopter from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes (R12) that had ditched off St David's Head in South west Wales (and in particular, the politician Lord Windlesham who was missing after the crash), and on the next day, was refuelling at Milford Haven when she was ordered to go to the aid of the replenishment tanker RFA Green Ranger, which was in difficulty while being towed in heavy seas off Hartland Point on the coast of Devon. By the time Agincourt reached Hartland Point, Green Ranger's towline had parted, and the tanker had run aground. Agincourt illuminated Green Ranger with searchlights while the Appledore lifeboat attempted to rescue the seven men aboard Green Ranger, until they were taken off by Breeches buoy from the shore.

In 1966, Agincourt was reduced to Operational Reserve, and was subsequently placed on the disposal list in 1972. She was broken up in Sunderland in 1974.

title: HMS Agincourt (D86)


text:
John De Hart

John De Hart (July 25, 1727 – June 1, 1795) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Elizabeth, New Jersey. He represented New Jersey as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775 and signed the Continental Association.

Biography
De Hart was born at Elizabethtown to Jacob De Hart (1699–1777) and Abigail (Crane) De Hart. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1770. He married Sarah Dagworthy, and they had eight children (John, Jacob, Matthias, Stephen, Sarah, Abigail, Jane, and Louisa).

In 1774 he was named as a delegate to the First Continental Congress. While he supported the non-importation agreement and the first petition to the King, he was in favor of reconciliation. He was returned to the Second Congress in 1775, but as differences with Great Britain became more pronounced, the Congress began to adopt a harder line. Finally, on November 13, 1775, he wrote his resignation to the New Jersey General Assembly, and they accepted it on November 22.

In 1776, New Jersey began crafting an independent government. De Hart attended the convention and served on the committee that drafted the New Jersey State Constitution in June. He was appointed to serve on the New Jersey Supreme Court on September 4, 1776, but also made a living practicing law. Governor William Livingston replaced him in February 1777 for failing to attend court sessions.

De Hart's last act of public service was as Mayor of Elizabeth, New Jersey (then Elizabethtown). He was elected in November 1789 and served until his death. He died at his home in 1795 and is buried in St. John's Episcopal Churchyard in Elizabeth. The home that he built in 1766 and lived in for 29 years was called the De Hart House and stood at the intersection of Rahway Avenue and Cherry Street in Elizabeth.

His daughter Abigail married John Mayo, a prominent Virginia planter, and had a daughter, Maria D. Mayo, who was married to General Winfield Scott.

title: John De Hart


text:
Chalon-sur-Saône

Chalon-sur-Saône (, literally Chalon on Saône) is a city in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

It is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is the largest city in the department; however, the department capital is the smaller city of Mâcon.

Geography
Chalon-sur-Saône lies in the south of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and in the east of France, approximately 55 km north of Mâcon. It is located on the Saône river, and was once a busy port, acting as a distribution point for local wines which were sent up and down the Saône river and the Canal du Centre, opened in 1792.

Ancient times
Though the site (ancient Cabillonum) was a capital of the Aedui and objects of La Tène culture have been retrieved from the bed of the river here, the first mention of Cavillonum is found in Commentarii de Bello Gallico (VII, chs. 42 and 90). The Roman city already served as a river port and hub of road communications, of the Via Agrippa and side routes. In 354 AD the Roman Emperor Constantius II stationed the Roman 7th Army in Chalon (then called Cabyllona) for an invasion against the brother kings, Gundomadus and Vadomarius of the Alamanni. However, not having received supplies, the Roman troops revolted, and were pacified by the grand chamberlain Eusebius with money. In Late Antiquity the city had dwindled so much that a wall round it encircled fifteen hectares.

Christian centre
Saint Marcellus of Chalons (Saint Marcel) is said to have been martyred here in 179 AD. Chalon became one of the de facto capitals of the kingdom of Burgundy under Guntram, king from 561 to 592, who died here. Guntram also promoted the cult of Saint Marcellus. It continued to pay for its importance by being frequently attacked until the 10th century. The bishopric of Chalon-sur-Saône, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lyon, was also established here in the 6th century, and a Church Council was held here from 644–655. After the French Revolution, in accordance with the Concordat of 1801, the diocese of Chalon was amalgamated with the diocese of Autun, which gave the name to the new entity.

Modern developments
Chalon in the 19th century is best known as the birthplace of photography. Its most famous resident, Nicéphore Niépce, also has a lycée (secondary school) named after him. There is a museum which contains some early photography relics, located on the Quai des Messageries in the town, containing more than two million photographs and many old artefacts such as cameras and other equipment for old and modern photography. Also on display are Niépce's 1807 Pyréolophore, which is probably the world's first internal combustion engine, plus his 1818 implementation of a dandy horse, for which he coined the word vélocipède.

Another famous resident is Dominique Vivant Denon (1747–1825), who was involved in the creation of the Louvre museum, converting the former royal palace into a museum after the French Revolution.

In the late 19th century, copper and iron works were the town's main industry. The large engineering works of Petit-Creusot, a branch of those of Le Creusot, manufactured heavy industrial items.

Economy
The primary industries are nuclear, plastics, metallurgy, and mechanics. The Chamber of Commerce of Saône-et-Loire manages the École de Gestion et de Commerce de Chalon-sur-Saône, as well as the river port on the Saône. There are 2,472 businesses: 764 stores, 454 retail services, 409 schools and health and social services, 378 wholesale services, 122 construction companies, 69 agricultural and alimentary businesses, 64 real estate businesses, 60 transportation business, 49 industries de biens intermédiaires, 35 industries de biens de consommations, 34 entreprises d'énergie, 33 industries de biens d'équipements et 1 industrie automobile. The most important companies are Framatome (formerly Areva), Saint-Gobain, Nordeon, Cartonnerie Laurent, Chalondis, Carrefour 2000, Géant Casino, Comptoirs des Fers, Cayon, Amazon and Le journal de Saône-et-Loire. Until the early 2000s, Kodak was the largest employer in town. Their production site became the campus of Le Grand Chalon en Bourgogne in 2005.

Railway
The Gare de Chalon-sur-Saône railway station offers connections with Paris, Dijon, Lyon and several regional destinations.

The station is located along the PLM mainline from Paris Gare de Lyon to Marseille-Saint-Charles, at kilometre post 382.150 from Paris.

Road
The primary national roads serving Chalon are the A6 autoroute from Paris to Lyon, the route nationale 73, from Chalon to Besançon and the route nationale 80, from Chalon to Montchanin.

The city is also located on the pan-European bicycle route the EuroVelo 6, which stretches from Saint-Nazaire on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes to Constanta on the Black Sea.

Air transport
The closest major commercial airport is Lyon-Saint-Exupéry, located about 120 kilometres away.

Public transport
The public transportation company STAC offers a bus network ZOOM, including a free bus in the center, lines to surrounding communities, and services for disabled riders. There also exists a bike sharing scheme Réflex.

Culture
St. Vincent's Cathedral on the Place Saint-Vincent which, while dating mainly from the 12th to the 15th centuries, has some elements dating from the eighth century and a neo-gothic nineteenth century façade. The church of St Pierre, with two steeples, dates from the late 17th century.

The city square also has a number of cafés and a busy market on Fridays and Sundays.

Every year in July, Chalon-sur-Saône hosts an international street artists festival, called Chalon dans la Rue ("Chalon in the street"). Over four days, artists from across Europe and beyond come to the streets of Chalon to perform, mostly for free, in music, theatre, acrobatics, comedy, etc. A program is made available by the town, so people know of the main groups performing, and several newspapers report what performances are must-see and where and when to find them.

Education
An institute of research of the engineering school Arts et Métiers ParisTech was established in Chalon in 1997. This institute offers graduate and doctoral programs in the domain of virtual reality and image engineering.

It includes a municipal library.

Sports
The Élan Chalon basketball club is a member of the LNB Pro A, and plays its home matches at the Le Colisée. Other sports clubes include FC Chalon, HBC Chalon-sur-Saône, Volley-Ball Chalon-sur-Saône and the former RC Chalon.

Notable people
Notable people associated with the city include:
 * Joseph Touchemoulin (1727–1801), composer
 * Dominique Vivant Denon (1747-1825), involved in creating the Louvre
 * Roger Grosjean (1920-1975), double agent in World War II and later a noted archaeologist in Corsica
 * Eugène Genet (1850-1904), politician
 * Nicéphore Niépce, (1765-1833) pioneer of photography, took the earliest surviving photograph
 * Jean Baptiste Félix Descuret (1795-1871), physician and writer
 * Omer Letorey (1873–1938), composer

Tourism

 * The Arboretum de Pézanin, one of the richest tree collections in France,
 * The Rock of Solutré
 * Cluny abbey, and its medieval city
 * Charolles and the "bœuf charolais"
 * Mâcon, Paray-le-Monial

International relations
Chalon-sur-Saône is twinned with:
 * Saint Helens, United Kingdom
 * 🇩🇪 Solingen, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Novara, Italy

title: Chalon-sur-Saône


text:
Poste restante

Poste restante (, lit. 'remainder post'), also known as general delivery in North American English, is a service where the post office holds the mail until the recipient calls for it. It is a common destination for mail for people who are visiting a particular location and have no need, or no way, of having mail delivered directly to their place of residence at that time.

Argentina
The Poste Restante service is run by the national postal company, Correo Argentino.

There are two possible formats for addressing the letter or parcel:

1)  [Recipient's full name]

 * Poste Restante
 * [Post Office's Postal Code] SUCURSAL [Office name] [(City)]

2)  [Recipient's ID number]

 * Poste Restante
 * [Post Office's Postal Code] SUCURSAL [Office name] [(City)]

There is no specified time period for the recipient to pick up the letter. Upon retiring, the recipient must provide proof of identity and pay a charge equivalent to a simple mail service.

Australia
Poste Restante (Counter Delivery) is a long-established service within Australia run by the national postal service, Australia Post, which allows one's post to be sent to a city-centre holding place. It will be held for up to 1 month and can be collected by providing proof of identity, such as a passport.

For example, for the Adelaide GPO (General Post Office, i.e. the main post office in the city of Adelaide) one would address a letter or parcel thus:

 * Recipient's Full Name
 * CARE OF POST OFFICE GPO Adelaide
 * SA 5001
 * Australia

The recipient would then need to go to the Adelaide GPO at 10 Franklin St to collect it when it was due to arrive or shortly afterwards. The approved abbreviation is "CARE PO". For outward bound international mail, the form "POSTE RESTANTE" is recognised. Mail that is not addressed in the approved form may be delayed for hand sorting.

Austria

In Austria, poste restante can be used with a name or an agreed passphrase under which the envelope can be collected, followed by the indication POSTLAGERND. A tax of 1€ is collected from the addressee.

Belgium
Bpost uses the term Poste Restante (French), Postliggend (Dutch) or Postlagernd (German) which needs to be indicated on the post together with the name, optionally the first name, full name of the post office, postal code and city. The recipient has one month to collect the post, after which it will be sent back to the sender. A special tax applies valued at the price of one stamp of value 2. As of 1 March 2018 this price is €1.74. This tax is usually paid by the recipient but can also be paid by the sender.

 * Name of the recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * Full name of the post office
 * B-1234 City
 * Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, mail is addressed to POSTE RESTANTE, which is written after the full name of the recipient as shown in their ID document or passport.

 * Name of recipient
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * 12345 City

Cambodia
In Cambodia, mail is addressed to POSTE RESTANTE, which is written after the full name of the recipient. Parcels and letters should contain a phone number, but recipients are more likely to get notified by phone for a parcel.

 * Name of recipient
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * City
 * Postcode #####
 * Province Name
 * Cambodia
 * Tel +855 ### ### ###

Canada
Canada Post uses the term "general delivery" in English, and "poste restante" in French. Travellers may use the service for up to four months, and it is also used in circumstances where other methods of delivery (such as post office boxes) are not available.

Canada Post guidelines for addressing of letter mail stipulate that general delivery mail should be addressed in the following fashion:

 * MR JOHN JONES
 * GD STN A
 * FREDERICTON NB E3B 1A1

where GD is the abbreviation for general delivery (alternatively "PR" for poste restante in French), and STN A is the station or post office (in this case, Station A). When the mail is to be delivered to a retail postal outlet, then the abbreviation RPO is used, and in French the station is indicated by SUCC for succursale, or retail postal outlet by "CSP" for comptoir postal. In the above example, the French version of the address would use "PR SUCC A" for the second line.

Croatia
In Croatia, mail is addressed to POSTE RESTANTE, which is written after the full name of the recipient (as appears on the identification to be presented ID document or a passport, if abroad).

 * Name of recipient
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * 12345 City

In Croatia letters received to poste restante address are kept in post office for 30 calendar days.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, mail can be addressed to the post office if "POSTE RESTANTE" and the full name of the recipient is included. To retrieve the mail, the recipient has to have a valid ID, passport, or a driving licence. The mail will be retained for only 15 days.

 * Name of the recipient
 * Details (such as – summer camp etc.), or leave blank
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * 12345 City

Denmark
Mail is held for 14 days.

Finland
Poste restante is offered widely throughout Finland in 425 post office addresses as of August 2020. In Finland, letters received to poste restante address are kept in post office for 14 days after arrival.

Before 1 April 2013, it was possible to use a nickname instead of real name and without providing an ID. In 2019, picking up mail from poste restante was to become paid service, but the planned fee was cancelled.

France
In France, La Poste offers the service for letters at an additional cost to be paid by the receiver Letters are kept for 15 days. The service is offered at any post office. The only requirement is to add 'Poste restante' after the recipient's name and before the full address of the post office.

For the post office of Paris Louvre the address would be :

Recipient's Name

Poste Restante

50 RUE DU LOUVRE

75001 PARIS

Germany
Deutsche Post offer the service for all mail items under the Postlagernd (General Delivery) service. Domestic items may make use of a passphrase instead of the recipients name if preferred. As a general rule, the item should be addressed to the Hauptpost (main post office) of the location.

Address Format:
 * Recipient Name
 * Kennwort: (optional)
 * Postlagernd
 * Post Office address
 * Post Office postcode/town

The phrase Kennwort: (Password) in front of the passphrase requires the consignee to specify the passphrase at time of collection. Items may be collected from the designated post office upon production of valid identification (e.g. Passport) and the passphrase.

It is important to use the term Postlagernd in preference to, or in conjunction with, Poste Restante to prevent returned mail.

Gibraltar
Royal Gibraltar Post Office allows letters and parcels to be received. ID is required for collection.

The address format is:
 * Name of recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * General Post Office
 * Gibraltar

Greece
In Greece you can send small parcels under 2 kg to the Greece post office.

Address Format:

 * POSTE RESTANTE
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Greece

To collect your mail if it is addressed and stamped to you by bring your passport and ID with you.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, Hongkong Post is responsible for handling the mail and mail can be sent to General Post Office only.

At the address side, mark the mail with "Poste Restante" or "存局待領" in bold.

The address format is like this:
 * Name of recipient
 * Name of post office (optional)
 * Hong Kong

The name of recipient must be real and in full. No initial or figure is allowed.

Hungary
Hungarian post requires poste restante ("postán maradó") delivery to be addressed to specific post offices. Additionally, the postal service provides a "pick-up" service for web-based businesses where a business can ship to a pick-up point.

India
India Post offers a Poste Restante service of up to two months at various post offices throughout the country. Mail is addressed thus:

 * Mr./Mrs. SURNAME First name
 * Poste Restante
 * C/O POSTMASTER
 * GPO [for General Post Office]
 * City name
 * State name
 * India

Carry a passport or some other form of national identification to pick it up.

In India, letters are said to be held for around a month, up to two in larger GPOs, before being returned; so ask the senders to add their return address, or to use your own home address for it.

Ireland
In Ireland, An Post's Address Point service is ″a fixed address for those without a fixed home.″

An Post also offer Poste Restante, as a free service which allows visitors to a town to have their mail addressed to the local Post Office, where it will be held for collection.

Italy
In Italy, writing "fermoposta" together with the full name of the addressee and postal code will activate general delivery at the relevant post office. Letter post is retained for 30 days; parcel post is normally retained for 15 days, with an exceptional period of 1 month.

Japan
In Japan, the term Yuubinkyoku-dome (郵便局留め) indicates a Poste Restante mail.

The Japan Post Service guidelines for addressing stipulate that general delivery domestic mail should be addressed in the following fashion:
 * 163-8799
 * 東京都新宿区西新宿
 * 新宿郵便局留め
 * 山田太郎 様
 * (TEL 090-xxxx-xxxx)

For international mail,
 * Mr. Taro Yamada
 * Shinjuku-Yuubinkyoku-dome
 * Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo-to 163–8799 JAPAN
 * (TEL 090-xxxx-xxxx)

where "163-8799" is the postcode of the post office, "Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo-to" is the address of the post office, "Shinjuku-Yuubinkyoku" is the name of the post office, and "-dome" means "keep it there".

A poste restante mail will be kept in the post office for 10 days, identification is required for pickup.

Lithuania
In Lithuania, the words "Poste restante" or "Iki pareikalavimo" (used locally in Lithuania) should be made bold.

For local mail:

 * Name of recipient (in dative case)
 * Iki pareikalavimo
 * Name of post office
 * 12345 City
 * Mob. tel.: 86xxxxxxx and/or (optional mobile number for notifying with SMS message about received registered mail)
 * email@address.com (optional e-mail address for notifying about received registered mail)

Luxembourg
The Luxembourg Post has discontinued the service and poste restante is not possible anymore.

Macau
CTT (Macau) offers Poste Restante service (Posta Restante) to Macau's visitors or those who do not have a fixed residence in Macau. Upon collection, the addressee needs to pay MOP 6.50 as the administration fee (additional charges may apply). The recipient's address must include the words 存局候領 (in Chinese) or Posta Restante (in Portuguese). The addressee's name must be real name, in conformity to his/her name shown on an identity card or passport. The address format is as follows:

 * Name of addressee
 * POSTA RESTANTE
 * Name of post office or branch office
 * Locality (e.g. Macau, Taipa, etc.)
 * Macau Special Administrative Region

Malta
MaltaPost offers Poste Restante service from a post office in the capital Valletta for up to three months, after which mail is returned to sender. Prior to using the service, the person must inform MaltaPost via email, and a means of identification needs to be provided when picking up the mail. Mail should be addressed as follows:

 * Name of recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * Valletta Boxes
 * 75, Old Bakery Str
 * IL-BELT VALLETTA
 * VLT 1000
 * MALTA

Netherlands
PostNL offers Poste Restante service for up to one month, after which the mail will be returned to the original sender (if provided). This service is provided by all Dutch post offices. Mail should be addressed thus:

 * Last name of recipient
 * First name of recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * Name and address of post office
 * The Netherlands

New Zealand
New Zealand Post offers a Poste Restante service of up to two months at various post offices throughout the country. Mail is addressed thus:

 * Name of Recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * Name of post office
 * Post office's address
 * Town and postcode

Norway
In Norway, Norway Post provides the Poste Restante service in all post offices. Ordinary mail is returned to sender three weeks after arrival. Parcels and registered letters are returned to sender after two weeks. Valid foreign identification for obtaining mail is limited to passports and European Identity cards. Mail is addressed according to the following format:
 * Name of recipient
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * Name of post office
 * Post office's address
 * Post office's postcode and place

Poland
Mail should be addressed according to the following format:
 * Name of recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * 12-345 City 6

where 12-345 represents the zip code of the post office and 6 represents post office number within given city. (In Poland every post office is uniquely identified by city and number, e.g. "Warszawa 1" or "Kraków 35". These numbers are used only when the post office itself is the point of delivery, e.g. mailboxes or poste restante.) There is no address of a recipient on the envelope, and if no sender address is provided, mail is considered undeliverable after 14 days. Every Poczta Polska office is valid target for poste restante delivery and the service is provided with no additional cost. All types of mail, e.g. letters, parcels and money orders, can be sent to poste restante.

Portugal
In Portugal, CTT provides the Poste Restante service ("Posta Restante") in all post offices. The mail will be kept in the post office until the last day of the following month after it was received. Mail is addressed according to the following format:
 * Name of recipient
 * Posta Restante Loja XXXXXXX (name of the post office)
 * Address of Post Office
 * Postcode and place

The recipient has to pay from €0,98 up to €3,01 tax in the act of receiving the mail depending on the weight.

Russia
The most widely available Russian mail delivery (state-run) company, Russian Post, provides Poste Restante services.

In order to collect a parcel, the individual is required to provide an ID document (usually a passport) that matches the indicated receiver’s information. Alternatively, an electronic signature (SMS code) may be used if the package’s tracking number is known. The parcel is stored for up to 30 days, depending on the type of mail. As of 2019, the packages delivered by courier may be stored up to 15 days and letters – up to 30.

The information on parcels should be as following (as per Russian Post) in order for the parcel to be stored:
 * Name of recipient
 * Address of destination (optional, may be omitted): city, street, building, entry (if any), apartment number
 * Postal code
 * DO VOSTREBOVANIYA / Poste restante

The Russian phrase «До востребования» may be used instead of “DO VOSTREBOVANIYA.” The phrase is a phonetic transliteration and indicates that the parcel has to be stored in a postal office (почтовое отделение) until the receiver collects it. The storage time is calculated from the moment when the parcel was received by the office. Parcels with such marks are not delivered to the mail boxes.

Russian Post advises outgoing international packages be marked with “Poste Restante” in the same way.

For incoming parcels, a certain fee must be paid if the package’s cost or weight exceeds the duty-free limits. Until early 2022, the limits were €200 and 31 kg (approx. 68 lbs) per package (regardless of the number of packages received over a time period). After Russian imports had been sanctioned following the invasion of Ukraine, the cost limit was temporarily increased to €1,000.

Serbia
In Serbia, mail is addressed to POST-RESTANT or POSTE RESTANTE, which is written after the full name of the recipient (as appears on the identification to be presented ID document or a passport, if abroad).

The example of address is as follows :

 * John Richmond
 * POST-RESTANT or POSTE RESTANTE
 * Sremčica
 * 11253
 * Srbija

Upon arrival in the post-residual parcel section of the destination post office, the parcel is stored for 30 days, from the day of arrival.

Singapore
This service is only for the convenience of travelers to Singapore. The words "Poste Restante" or "To Be Called For" must appear next to the recipient's full name on a postal article.

Slovakia
In Slovakia, the post office will hold mail sent to an address containing words Poste restante, even when the full address is specified. The post office will not notify the recipient about the delivery, and will hold the mail for 18 days, unless told otherwise by the sender. After that, the mail is returned to the sender.

To pick up the mail, the recipient needs to show their ID card or passport. They also may have to provide a tracking number.

 * Full legal name of the recipient
 * Poste restante
 * PSČ City

Slovenia
In Slovenia mail is addressed to POŠTNO LEŽEČE, which is written after the full name of the recipient (as appears on the identification to be presented ID document or a passport, if abroad).

 * Name of recipient
 * POŠTNO LEŽEČE
 * 1234 City

In Slovenia letters received for a poste restante address are kept in post office for 15 calendar days.

Spain
Mail can also be received at Spanish Post Offices. There is normally no charge for the service. Poste Restante letters should be addressed Lista de Correos, followed by the address of the post office (including the postcode, town and province). Put the recipient's surname in capitals. An example Lista de Correos address is:

 * John SMITH
 * Lista de Correos
 * Pl. Rosa dels Vents 9
 * 46730 Gandia
 * Valencia
 * Spain

To find the address of the Correos nearest to you, check at www.correos.es. Click on the Oficinas link for the Localizador de Oficinas.

When collecting mail from the post office you will need to show some form of identification such as a passport or photo driving license. Specify that you are collecting a Lista de Correos item as these are stored separately from the other stored mail. The Lista de Correos mail is filed alphabetically and it may be worth asking them to check if an expected package was filed under your first name if they cannot find it under your surname. Post offices vary in how long they will hold your mail.

When addressing mail for Spain, always ensure that there is a return address on the parcel or packet.

Sweden
Not all post offices offer poste restante. The address is entered using the following format:
 * Name of recipient
 * Poste Restante
 * 123 45 City

Here, 123 45 represents the postal number of the post office. Post offices providing poste restante services can be located by searching for poste restante as "street address" in a given city (giving you a postal number) and then searching for post offices with that postal number.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, all post offices offer poste restante for free for up to one month. Addressing takes the following format:

 * Name of recipient
 * Poste restante
 * [street/n° of the preferred post office]
 * 1234 City

Here, 1234 represents the postal number of the post office. The correct street address can be found online.

Thailand
In Thailand, only a destination post office with a storage facility for poste restante will offer this service. Senders should write Poste restante at ______ Post Office (รอจ่าย ไปรษณีย์______ or รอจ่าย ปณ.______) or Poste restante at a destination Post Office (the second instance will place the mail at the distributional post office nearest to the recipient's address) after the name of the recipient. For example.

 * Mr. Meedee Khonthai (Name of recipient must match Official ID or Passport)
 * Poste restante at Phasi Charoen Post Office, 10160
 * +66xx-xxx-xxxx

or
 * Mr. Meedee Khonthai (Name of recipient must match Official ID or Passport)
 * Poste restante at a destination Post Office,
 * Bang Khae Nuea, Bang Khae
 * Bangkok, Thailand 10160
 * +66xx-xxx-xxxx

or in the Thai language:
 * นายมีดี คนไทย (Name of recipient must match Official ID or Passport)
 * รอจ่าย ไปรษณีย์ภาษีเจริญ
 * แขวงบางแคเหนือ เขตบางแค
 * กรุงเทพฯ 10160
 * +66xx-xxx-xxxx

There is a small amount of storage fee (1–2 Thai baht) when picking up the mail or parcel. The recipient must track the delivery status themselves via the tracking number provided. Accordingly, it is recommended to deliver using registered mail or EMS as the regular mail delivery service does not provide a tracking number.

Turkey
For Istanbul, the main parcel and post restante office is in Sirkeci, a few minutes walk from the Sirkeci tram stop.
 * Name of recipient as appears on Passport or Official ID
 * Post Restante (in large and clear letters)
 * PTT Baş Müdürlüğü,
 * Hobyar Mahallesi,
 * Yeni Postane Caddesi No.25,
 * Sirkeci, Istanbul

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, mail is addressed to POSTE RESTANTE (or TO BE CALLED FOR), which is written after the full name of the recipient (as appears on the identification to be presented e.g. a passport, if abroad), then the name and full address of the destination post office, thus:
 * Mr. John Smith
 * POSTE RESTANTE
 * Islington Post Office
 * 160-161 Upper Street
 * London N1 1US

If only addressed to a town name, for example "POSTE RESTANTE, LONDON", mail will go to the closest main post office branch (there being more than a hundred crown offices – directly managed post office branches – in London). Some small branches do not offer the poste restante service.

The sender should also include their return address. In the United Kingdom, the Royal Mail will hold mail posted from within the UK for two weeks, whereas mail posted from abroad is normally held for one month. If the recipient is at sea, however, it will be held for two months. Where mail is not collected within that time, it will be returned to the sender, or if there is no sender indicated, will be treated as undeliverable. If the sender would like uncollected mail returned sooner, they can indicate this on the envelope. Timescales vary from country to country according to local practice.

United States
In the United States, the U.S. Postal Service uses the term General Delivery. Mail for general delivery to recipients in the United States is addressed in the following fashion:

 * JOHN DOE
 * GENERAL DELIVERY
 * WASHINGTON DC 20090-9999

General delivery is normally available at only one facility under the administration of a post office with multiple facilities. Post offices that hold mail for general delivery may hold such mail for up to 30 days. When sending to general delivery, the optional add-on code is -9999.

title: Poste restante


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/To separate the flesh from the bones

Article To separate the flesh from the bones listed on WP:VFD May 1 to May 7 2004, consensus was to delete. Discussion:

Band that is releasing its first album in 10 days. Not notable. Andris 21:07, May 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - ad -- Cyrius|&#9998 21:42, May 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. At least until after the album comes out.  ;-) Kd4ttc 21:48, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Restore when notable -- Chris 73 | (New) Talk 01:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity, advert. Come back after you hit the big time, guys. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:47, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: non-famous Deus Ex 12:24, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is PR, which is essentially Wikispam. Alcarillo 15:40, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with all reasons stated above. PMC 20:57, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

End discussion