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Gaius (jurist)

Gaius (fl. AD 130–180) was a Roman jurist. Little is known about his personal life, including his name (Gaius or Caius being merely his personal name (praenomen)). It is also difficult to ascertain the span of his life, but it is assumed he lived from AD 110 to at least AD 179, as he wrote on legislation passed within that time.

From internal evidence in his works it may be gathered that he flourished in the reigns of the emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. His works were thus composed between the years 130 and 180. After his death, however, his writings were recognized as of great authority, and the emperor Theodosius II named him in the Law of Citations, along with Papinian, Ulpian, Modestinus and Paulus, as one of the five jurists whose opinions were to be followed by judicial officers in deciding cases. The works of these jurists accordingly became most important sources of Roman law.

Besides the Institutes, which are a complete exposition of the elements of Roman law, Gaius was the author of treatises on the Edicts of the Magistrates, on the Twelve Tables (Ad Legem XII Tabularum), on the important Lex Papia Poppaea, and on several other topics. His interest in the antiquities of Roman law is apparent, and for this reason his work is most valuable to the historian of early institutions. In the disputes between the two schools of Roman jurists he generally attached himself to that of the Sabinians, who were said to be followers of Ateius Capito, of whose life we have some account in the Annals of Tacitus, and to advocate a strict adherence as far as possible to ancient rules, and to resist innovation. Many quotations from the works of Gaius occur in the Digest, created by Tribonian at the direction of Justinian I, and so acquired a permanent place in the system of Roman law; while a comparison of the Institutes of Justinian with those of Gaius shows that the whole method and arrangement of the later work were copied from that of the earlier, and very numerous passages are word for word the same. The Digest and the Institutes of Justinian are part of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Probably, for the greater part of the period of three centuries which elapsed between Gaius and Justinian, his Institutes had been the familiar textbook for all students of Roman law.

The Institutes
The Institutes of Gaius, written about the year AD 161, was an introductory textbook of legal institutions divided into four books: the first treating of persons and the differences of the status they may occupy in the eye of the law; the second of things, and the modes in which rights over them may be acquired, including the law relating to wills; the third of intestate succession and of obligations; and the fourth of actions and their forms.

Another circumstance which renders the work of Gaius more interesting to the historical student than that of Justinian, is that Gaius lived at a time when actions were tried by the system of formulae, or formal directions given by the praetor before whom the case first came, to the judex to whom he referred it. Without a knowledge of the terms of these formulae it is impossible to solve the most interesting question in the history of Roman law, and show how the rigid rules peculiar to the ancient law of Rome were modified by what has been called the equitable jurisdiction of the praetors, and made applicable to new conditions, and brought into harmony with the notions and the needs of a more developed society. It is clear from evidence of Gaius that this result was obtained, not by an independent set of courts administering, as in England previous to the Judicature Acts, a system different from that of the ordinary courts, but by the manipulation of the formulae. In the time of Justinian the work was complete, and the formulary system had disappeared.

The work was lost to modern scholars, until, in 1816, a palimpsest was discovered by B. G. Niebuhr in the chapter library of Verona, in which some of the works of St. Jerome were written over some earlier writings, which proved to be the lost work of Gaius. The greater part of the palimpsest has, however, been deciphered with the help of August von Bethmann-Hollweg, and the text is now fairly complete. More recently, two sets of papyrus fragments have been found. The discovery of Gaius' work has thrown a flood of light on portions of the history of Roman law which had previously been most obscure. Much of the historical information given by Gaius is wanting in the compilations of Justinian, and, in particular, the account of the ancient forms of procedure in actions. In these forms can be traced "survivals" from the most primitive times, which provide the science of comparative law with valuable illustrations, which may explain the strange forms of legal procedure found in other early systems.

There are several editions of the Institutes, beginning with the editio princeps of I. F. L. Göschen (Berlin, 1820). The author of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article recommends the English edition of Edward Poste published in 1885, which includes an English translation and copious commentary. More recent editions include E. Seckel and B. Kuebler (8th edition; Leipzig, 1939); Francis de Zulueta, containing his own Latin text with an English translation and commentary (1946); and W. M. Gordon and O. F. Robinson (London, 1988), with an English translation and the Latin text by Seckel and Kuebler. A comparison of the early forms of action mentioned by Gaius with those used by other primitive societies will be found in Sir Henry Maine's Early Institutions, chapter 9. For further information see M. Glasson, Étude sur Gaius et sur le jus respondendi.

Relief

In the 1950s, the Polish-American sculptor Joseph Kiselewski was commissioned to create four marble reliefs located over the gallery doorway at the Chambers of the U.S. House of Representatives in Washington D.C. They are each 28" in diameter. The relief of Gaius is one of the four.

title: Gaius (jurist)


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British Forces Post Office

The British Forces Post Office (BFPO) provides a postal service to HM Forces separate from that provided by Royal Mail in the United Kingdom. BFPO addresses are used for the delivery of mail in the UK and around the world. BFPO moved from its original base at Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill to its current base at RAF Northolt in west London in 2007.

Mission
The mission of BFPO is to "...provide an efficient and effective Postal and Courier Service to sustain the fighting power of UK Armed Forces Worldwide."

BFPO addresses and numbers
Below is an example of a BFPO address, using the fictitious Loamshire Regiment:

12345678 LCPL B Jones B Company 1 Loamshire Regt BFPO 61

BFPO 61 is for Milan, Italy. Until the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, Hong Kong used postal orders with BFPO 1 being the address for British forces serving in the then colony.

When sending mail from the UK to a member of HM Forces serving overseas, the sender must address it to the appropriate BFPO number, and not to the country in which that person is based. This is especially important as mail to BFPO addresses is often charged at the inland UK rate, and if it is addressed to an overseas destination with only UK postage attached, this will result in delays.

For security reasons, mail from HM Forces to civilian addresses in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland must be handed directly to BFPO staff, not placed in the post box, and must not have a return military address displayed on the envelope. In addition, mail to those destinations cannot be sent using the Bluey system.

In 2012, in collaboration with Royal Mail, the BFPO introduced UK-style postcodes, to help ordering items online, owing to problems with websites not recognising the BFPO addressing format. The addresses are assigned to the notional post town "BFPO" and, as of 2012, the postcodes all begin with "BF1". For example, the above address would appear as:

12345678 LCPL B Jones B Company 1 Loamshire Regt BFPO 61 BFPO BF1 2AY

These UK style postcodes are provided for compatibility with non-BFPO UK addresses and are solely for use within websites, due to the automated sorting process at BFPO they should not appear on items of mail.

The "e-Bluey"
To speed up the delivery to HM Forces, the BFPO developed a hybrid form of mail, known as the 'e-Bluey', in which letters can be sent directly by internet to the British Armed Forces serving in theatre. The letters are downloaded and printed and then dispatched to the recipient via the traditional military postal system. Letters sent by serving Armed Forces members to family and friends in the UK (from Operational Theatres) are downloaded and printed at various locations in the UK and then delivered to the Royal Mail for final delivery.

The name, e-bluey, comes from the aerograms that are (still) provided for troops on active service and their families at home. Self-adhesive strips along the edges of the paper allowed it to be folded and sealed without the added weight of an envelope, meaning that more of them could be carried by air or by hand for the same total weight. Because of the blue paper these were nicknamed "blueys", and the name came to carry something of an emotional charge due to the significance of receiving a possibly rare bluey from a loved one. "e-Bluey" was thus a natural term for the BFPO's electronic hybrid mail system.

The e-blueys are downloaded from an e-bluey web server (www.ebluey.com) and utilises Pressure Sealed forms that are printed and sealed with an integrated Printer/Sealer. This ensures maximum security and privacy and the correspondence is not censored or reviewed.

The e-bluey was first conceived by Brigadier Barry Cash, CE of the British Forces Post Office (now retired). He assigned the initial development to Major Roy Walker MBE (now retired) in the late 1990s. The service was activated the week before Christmas of 2000. Photo capability was added in 2005, allowing senders to attach personal photos to their e-blueys.

In the spring of 2003, during the first three months of the Invasion of Iraq, over 250,000 e-blueys were sent per month, a record that still stands. The e-bluey became ubiquitous. By the time it was replaced, it accounted for 80% of the flat mail delivered to troops in theatre. e-Blueys were available in numerous locations around the globe plus on operational Navy ships.

The e-bluey system was supported by SuperLetter.Com Inc. who wrote the software and managed the servers for the e-bluey system. The system won several awards, including BFPO e-bluey System Winner 2001 World Mail Award, BFPO e-bluey System Winner 2005 UK Mail Award, and BFPO 2007 UK Mail Award for Technology.

The e-bluey equipment was maintained by Technical Support Services (TSS), a department within BFPO London, since its inception.

The e-bluey service ceased in April 2017. It was replaced by the INtouch message service.

Postal orders
One of the services that is provided by some of the British Forces Post Offices is the issuing and cashing of postal orders. A British postal order issued at a forces post office is very sought after by collectors of postal orders.

A postal order issued by a BFPO in a Commonwealth country, such as the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus, is regarded as being a part of the numismatic and notaphilic history of that country.

History of the British Army postal services

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle make mention of messengers being sent by King Edward the Elder (899–924) to recall members of the Kent fyrd, but it is generally regarded that the origins of the postal services stem from the King's Messengers (Nuncii et Cursores) of medieval times. In particular the Royal Post established in the reign of King Edward IV (1461–83) to support his troops engaged in a war against Scotland.

A dedicated military postal unit, the Army Post Office Corps was formed in 1882. In 1913 it was subsumed into the Royal Engineers as the Royal Engineers (Postal Section) and in late 1990s became the BFPO. Today, all services are provided by BFPO.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Forces Post Office


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Talk:Saint-Brieuc

Untitled
This town has been confused with Saint-Briac, which is a different place altogether. Kerry and Lalonde are associoated with Saint-Briac, not Saint-Brieuc.

From what I can tell (sadly, I can't read French), Saint Briac is a small community located within Saint-Brieuc, which encompasses a number of communities (I think it is very roughly analogous to the County level in the U.S.). It seems that Brice Lalonde is mayor of the smaller Saint Briac. Here are several English-language links that I've found informative. I've no time to make the updates to the various articles myself right now. older ≠ wiser 15:14, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Site for Saint Briac, including an interactive map: ;
 * a blog with transcription of French news report indicating that Lalonde is mayor of St. Briac-sur-Mer ;
 * the French Wikipidia article on Saint Briac: ; (anyone able to tranlate?)
 * another press report about Kerry's connection with the place: ;
 * A map showing the larger Saint-Brieuc--the smaller Saint Briac is not shown, but I believe it is almost due north of Dinan (at least as shown on this map).
 * And another map showing the larger Saint-Brieuc in relation to other parts of Brittany (or Bretagne).

 * Saint-Brieuc and Saint-Briac-sur-Mer are completely distinct places. They share not much in common, except the fact that they are both in Brittany. In fact they both belong to different départements. The Lalonde/Kerry thing is related to Saint-Briac-sur-Mer. I have moved the content there. olivier 10:03, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Saint Briac is located in the department Ille-et-Vilaine, according to its French article. Definitely a different place.  The Jade Knight 09:03, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saint-Brieuc


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Adelaide of Maurienne

Adelaide of Maurienne, also called Alix or Adele (1092 – 18 November 1154) was Queen of France as the second wife of King Louis VI (1115–1137).

Family
Adelaide was the daughter of Count Humbert II of Savoy and Gisela of Burgundy. Adelaide's older brother Amadeus III succeeded their father as count of Savoy in 1103. Adelaide had the same name as her paternal great-grandmother Adelaide of Susa, ruler of the March of Turin, and her second cousin, Adelaide del Vasto, queen of Jerusalem. Through her father, Adelaide was also related to Emperor Henry V. On her mother's side, Adelaide's relatives included her uncle Pope Callixtus II, who visited Adelaide at court in France, and her first cousin King Alfonso VII of León and Castile.

Queen Consort
Adelaide became the second wife of King Louis VI of France, whom she married on 3 August 1115 in Paris, France. They had nine children, the second of whom became Louis VII of France. Adelaide was one of the most politically active of all France's medieval queens. Her name appears on 45 royal charters from the reign of Louis VI. During her tenure as queen, royal charters were dated with both her regnal year and that of the king. Among many other religious benefactions, she and Louis founded the monastery of St Peter's (Ste Pierre) at Montmartre, in the northern suburbs of Paris.

After Louis VI's death, Adelaide did not immediately retire to conventual life, as did most widowed queens of the time. Instead, she married Matthieu I of Montmorency, with whom she had one child. She remained active in the French court and religious activities.

Death
In 1153 she retired to Montmartre Abbey, which she had founded with Louis VII. She died there on 18 November 1154. She was buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Pierre at Montmartre. The abbey was destroyed during the French Revolution, but Adelaide's tomb is still visible in the church of St Pierre.

Legend
Adelaide is one of two queens in a legend related in the seventeenth century by William Dugdale. As the story goes, Queen Adélaide of France became enamored of a young knight, William d'Albini, at a joust. However, he was already engaged to Adeliza of Louvain and refused to become her lover. The jealous Adélaide lured him into the clutches of a hungry lion, but William ripped out the beast's tongue with his bare hands and thus killed it. This story is almost without a doubt, apocryphal.

Issue
Louis and Adelaide had seven sons and two daughters:
 * 1) Philip of France (1116–1131)
 * 2) Louis VII (1120 – 18 November 1180), King of France
 * 3) Henry (1121–1175), Archbishop of Reims
 * 4) Hugues (b. c. 1122)
 * 5) Robert (c. 1123 – 11 October 1188), Count of Dreux
 * 6) Constance (c. 1124–16 August 1176), married first Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne and then Raymond V of Toulouse
 * 7) Philip (1125–1161), Bishop of Paris.
 * 8) Peter (c. 1126 – 1183), married Elizabeth, Lady of Courtenay
 * 9) a daughter, whose name is not known, who died in infancy and was interred at the Abbey of Saint-Victor, Paris

With Matthieu I of Montmorency, Adelaide had one daughter:
 * Adèle (or Aelis or Alix) of Montmorency

title: Adelaide of Maurienne


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Ian Macfarlane (economist)

Ian John Macfarlane (born 22 June 1946) is an Australian economist, and central banker. After an early career as an economist in Melbourne, Sydney, Oxford and Paris, he joined the Reserve Bank of Australia in 1979 and rose to become Governor from 1996 to 2006. After retiring from the Reserve Bank, he became a company director, economic consultant and author of two books.

Education and early career
Macfarlane moved to Melbourne at the age of three and lived there until he was twenty three. He was educated at Melbourne High School and Monash University, Melbourne, from which he received the Bachelor of Economics degree with honours in 1968, and the Master of Economics degree in 1971. While completing his master's degree he taught at Monash University. He moved to Sydney in 1970 on a short-term contract with the Reserve Bank of Australia to join a team building the first econometric model of the Australian economy. When his contract finished, he moved to England and from 1971–72 he worked at the Institute of Economics and Statistics at the University of Oxford. Following this, he then moved to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris, where he served until 1978.

Reserve Bank of Australia
Macfarlane returned to Australia and became a permanent employee of the Reserve Bank's Research Department in 1979. In 1981 he was made its deputy manager. In 1983, six months before the float of the Australian dollar, he moved to the Financial Markets Department where his work involved close interaction with the money, bond and foreign exchange markets. In 1988 he returned to head the Economics Department to a position now known as Assistant Governor (Economic).

In 1992 he was appointed Deputy Governor by the Keating government, and in 1996, he was appointed Governor by the Howard government. On taking up the position, he signed a memorandum of Agreement with Treasurer Peter Costello which introduced Australia's inflation-targeting monetary policy regime. The ten years during which Macfarlane was Governor was a period of good economic growth and low inflation, although the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the global recession of 2001 and an incipient housing price bubble in 2003 presented challenges. On Macfarlane's retirement in 2006, Treasurer Peter Costello, said: "Ian Macfarlane has been an exceptionally successful governor of the Reserve Bank ... and when history of the last ten years is written, it will show as one of, if not the greatest periods of economic management in Australian history." Prime Minister John Howard wrote in his autobiography "Macfarlane was the stand-out economic official in the lifetime of my government. His advice and sense of balance was far superior to that of anybody else who provided economic advice to us".

Post-Reserve Bank Career
After retiring from the RBA Macfarlane was appointed as a director of three public companies - Woolworths (2007-2015), Leighton Holdings (2007-2013) and ANZ Bank (2007-2016). He was also on the International Advisory Boards of Goldman Sachs (2007-2016) and the China Banking Regulatory Commission (2011-2014). He continued to be a director of the Lowy Institute for International Policy (2004-2017).

Immediately after leaving the RBA, he was chosen to deliver the Boyer Lectures for 2006. This series of six lectures, which combines both history and economics, was published as a book titled The Search for Stability .

Macfarlane has always been interested in history, and in 2019 published a purely historical work titled Ten Remarkable Australians: they made their mark on the world but were forgotten. This is a series of biographical essays on ten Australians born before Federation who achieved international prominence in the first half of the 1900s.

Personal
Macfarlane married Barbara Heather Payne in 1970. They have two children, a son Duncan and daughter Victoria and six grandchildren, Andrew, Abby, Oscar, Alice, James and Olivia.

title: Ian Macfarlane (economist)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Talumena

Nonsense? Unclear reference to a work of fiction? I have no idea. There's just enough possibility of something real that someone can salvage that I chose not to speedy-delete. -- Jmabel 06:03, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google suggests it is a language created for a fictional book or something similar. But it doesn't appear to be a significant one. Average Earthman 10:58, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Google for "Known Passing World" gets lots Wikipedia mirrors and other exact copies of the same material, but nothing else at all. Based on that, I'm not sure the fictional world exists at all except as a setting for the language.  Either way, not notable, delete.  Isomorphic 15:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like conlangs are the new micronation. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:46, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yech. Delete. PMC 21:32, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't delete!It has value simply as a constructed/invented language. Grammar & phonetics make sense, but with minor errors.Check out story from site.Looks like a work in progress.People used to diss Tolkien for inventing languages,you know.Even now-MojoWorkin'


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Talk:Gaffer tape

In my experience
In my theater experience, another characteristic of gaff is that it is easy to rip along one direction, which is really useful for pulling off quick strips. Anybody else? --Chinasaur 06:04, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, it's easy to cut a half-width strip and it magically splits in half. I added it to the article. Binba 23:05, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

The big difference between gaffer and duct tape, in my experience, is that gaffer is heat resistant - if you put duct tape on lighting equipement it has a bad habit of melting and catching fire. --203.98.13.114 04:21, 24 March 2006 (UTC) Then you should be using electrical tape. Duct tape was designed for use with heating ducts, which also get hot, and that helps the glue stick better, but that kind of lighting generates much more heat, which will obviously melt it.

 * Hey, that's good. Find a way to work that in. I don't have much experience with US-style "duct tape", so the more differentiation that can be worked in, the better, I say. --Myk 16:24, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

The tape is commonly referred to within the British military as 'black and nasty'.

 * That piece of information would probably be more suited to Duct Tape. I don't know about other editors, but I think that this page is best restricted to theatre/cinema usage. --Myk 00:07, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

But it's the same stuff!
 * Are you sure this is the same kind of tape? Gaff tape isn't so nasty... Binba 23:05, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In the US, few consumers are familiar with the term "gaffer tape" and tend to call it all "duct tape". (Those who are familiar with it, do regard it as a specialty product similar to, but distinct from, actual duct tape and identify it with the correct term. [However, they often disagree on just what those differences are.])  It has been my observation, however, that the situation is often reversed in the UK, and "gaffer tape" is frequently used colloquially as a general term in reference to both products (though, perhaps not to the degree that Americans neglect to distinguish the two products.) Again, this has just been my observation, based on discussion over the years with very few individuals. Starling2001 (talk) 19:34, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Home Depot
If you are looking for this in a home improvement store, asking for 'gaffer tape' will get you strange looks. (3M) Electrician's Bundling Tape/Electrician's Duct Tape is what you need. -HiFiGuy 22:50, 9 March 2006 (UTC) (speaking from experience)

 * No. That tape has a plastic base to it.  Gaff tape is fabric backed. kmccoy (talk) 23:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yup... but they don't sell it. In your local megahomestore, EBT/EDT comes close. -HiFiGuy 05:47, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Can't buy it at Home Depot. Ask a lighting company. In the US, Barzibon is good.

 * In Australia, home improvement centres know what gaff tape is. Have a look at some Australian duct tape--Myk 07:07, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Pressures sensitive
The article says "strong cotton cloth pressure-sensitive adhesive tape". What pressure sensitivity does this tape have? 89.240.60.214 21:13, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * A lot of tape is pressure sensitive. A pressure sensitive adhesive doesn't stick until it is pressed down. Compare to a contact adhesive which sticks on contact.--66.102.196.36 (talk) 05:51, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Use by Live Sound Engineers
In my experience with live sound, gaff tape is hardly ever put on a console as it does leave some residue. The small amount of residue is fine for cables but you don't want any of that stuff on your $40,000+ console. I think that the comment in this article about that is off, artists tape is the most commonly used tape to label a console. White gaff tape is used if nothing else is available, but it is not extensively used for sure. Anybody else want to comment before I remove that section of the article?--PM - PhilyG talk 04:57, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I've only used masking tape and artist's tape. 71.102.122.130 03:40, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I accommodated this in a new edit. Binba 23:05, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

McGyver
Nothing about McGyver using it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by HTMLCODER.exe (talk • contribs) 08:07, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
 * MacGyver used duct tape. oknazevad (talk) 17:17, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

is this necessary?
"Gaffer's tape is often referred to as a production expendable because it is discarded after the production process is complete."

Is it really necessary to say that? It's like saying "gift wrapping celophane tape is often discarded after gifts are opened..." or "After the fight, the tape that is removed from the boxer's hands is discarded..."

Of course we throw the stuff away when we're done with it. Why is it necessary to state the obvious? All adhesive material is discarded when it is used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.184.23.23 (talk) 03:02, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

 * This snippet has been in the article for nearly six years so I suppose it's passed the test, which is surprising because it's wrong. As written, it implies that unused expendables are thrown out, which isn't necessarily the case.  Expendables are so called because they are expended or consumed by use and must be periodically re-ordered.  The designation exists as a budgetary distinction to distinguish expendables from durable equipment rentals or purchases.  I'll make the change and add a citation if I can find one, which at first google didn't yield anything promising. --Threephi (talk) 07:18, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

I've seen pictures of gaff tape used in poorer countries, where the stuff is literally put back on the roll for future reuse. It's typically much more expensive than your standard duck or electrical tape.Noderaser (talk) 19:55, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Gaffa tape sources
I've reverted the addition of four weak sources for the "gaffa" spelling - three were news items where the word was mentioned as part of a quote, and one was a mention of a cabaret act called Gronja the Gaffa Tape Girl. We need a source that specifically mentions the alternate spelling, rather than just using it in passing; these sources are indistinguishable from three typos and a copyright-avoiding stage act. --McGeddon (talk) 15:18, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Gaffa tape is a common term used in theater work. Gaffa tape is referred to several times in the book Stage management:The Essential Handbook http://www.amazon.com/Stage-Management-Essential-Handbook-New/dp/1854597345 and Feminist Theatre Practice:A Handbook http://www.amazon.com/Feminist-Theatre-Practice-Elaine-Aston/dp/0415139244/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpi_3.  Are those good enough for you? I can get the page numbers. How about Oxford? -  http://www.tabsareforflying.co.uk/venues/oreilly-theatre-keble/. Or a website of theater terms -  http://www.stagespecs.com/pub_process/glossary_search.cfm?letter=G. I doubt all these places just spell the word wrong. - Josette (talk) 15:11, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that they were weak in one sense, however all those sources had to do was show that the spelling 'gaffa' tape is used - which they clearly did, (what with using it, and all). They were not intended to show the notability of the alternative spelling - that's not necessary. It may well have originated with a misspelling, but I have bought gaffer tape branded as "Gaffa" - there are a couple of examples here of people marketing it under that name.
 * Google books provides numerous examples - surely not all typos - of this spelling; also available in German; "Mit Gaffa-Tape kann man auch Auto-Sitzpolster oder zerrissene Jeans flicken". Quite. .  pablo hablo.  16:11, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * An actual product label seems best; either that or someone specifically mentioning that "gaffa" is a common spelling in their particular industry or country. We should just be careful to avoid giving prominence to a very obscure spelling that only a few journalists or authors are making as a typo or misapprehension - Googling a typo is always going to turn up a few results, even in newspapers. --McGeddon (talk) 16:29, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Actual product labels, eh? As well as the ones I posted above, which it seems you may have overlooked, there are some more images here and here. Unless the labelling company made a typo.  pablo hablo. 16:49, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I can hardly believe we have to go to this extent to prove something so obvious. Especially considering the references that are being used in the article now. Here is another - . Plus where is the citation that proves it is ever called gaff tape or is that just a given? - Josette (talk) 16:57, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Note that all three newspaper sources are from countries where "gaffer" and "gaffa" would be pronounced exactly the same way, so that a reporter who heard the term for the first time would not know how to spell it, and might easily guess wrong. And we all know how often typos make it through newspapers' alleged "proof-reading". So I don't think they are reliable sources. As for product labels, they might be a good source if and only if they refer to the generic product that way. Use of "Gaffa" as a brand name would be evidence against it being a legitimate spelling. -- Zsero (talk) 00:51, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Pablo, Jack and I have all found acceptable references for for the term gaffa - a very common theater term, references as good as the article has now or better and I will add at least one for gaff - which is more of a slang term but used often. Thanks for all the hard work everybody. I notice you make no comment on the other refs we list.... - Josette (talk) 01:31, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * None of Jack's sources are even close to acceptable. Pablo's are a mixed bag; the German source is of course completely irrelevant, but the product labels do tend to support the existence of this spelling.  Though I have in my fridge right now a tub of what its label calls "chic peas"; would you accept it as a source supporting a claim that this is a valid alternative spelling?!  I haven't checked your sources yet, but at a glance they do seem to be the sort of sources that would be valid; they certainly seem to be a cut above those provided by Jack and Pablo.
 * One note about all these sources: they nearly all seem to be from the UK, where such a misspelling can be expected to be common; the question then becomes at what point does a misspelling become so common that it becomes a valid alternative? It would seem to me that such evidence should be sought in UK dictionaries.  As of 1998, "gaffa" was not to be found in the Chambers Dictionary™; give that whatever weight you think appropriate, but please do consider it.  Certainly if someone has a later edition and says it's there, or finds it in some other reliable (i.e. not wiki-type) dictionary, that would be a great source. -- Zsero (talk) 02:11, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Just so know, the term gaffa is more common in the UK, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. I'll use the books as references. I also liked the Stage Specs website which used both terms as did one of the refs  supplied by Jack. Thanks - Josette (talk) 02:22, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Again, all of those are places where such a misspelling can be expected, since it sounds exactly the same as the correct spelling; therefore on one hand sources from those places should be treated a bit more cautiously, while on the other hand such a misspelling can spread enough in those places to become a legitimate regional variant. IMHO the place to look for evidence of that is in respected dictionaries of regional English, e.g. Chambers for the UK or Macquarie for Australia.  I reported earlier about the 1998 edition of the Chambers; I can't find my Macquarie, which in any case is also from the '90s.  -- Zsero (talk) 03:02, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources have now been added - I'm not sure I see it the same as you. I doubt you would find the word 'gaff' in any dictionary yet I found a good reference for the word. If you do find the word gaffer in a dictionary - it probably refers to a person not the tape. I think I have done as you asked and was really quite cautious and diligent in my search for reliable references. I know someone who might have a copy of Macquarie.  I will ask them to look up the word. That's about all the more I can do. Thanks again. - Josette (talk) 03:32, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * A dictionary should have both senses. -- Zsero (talk) 04:19, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

What happened, here? I offered 'Common UK usage; the original, really' when I first restored the bit about 'gaffa tape' being one of the names for this type of tape. I posted a Google link when I put it back after being reverted. That link gives me 236,000 hits which is very good indication that this term is in common usage. This should have been the end of it. A few more Google queries using quotation marks should clarify the ambient usage of these terms online.

All this article is asserting about these terms is that they are all used and a cursory search supports my initial claim. Handily, this article links to Gaffer (filmmaking), although it does not cite a source for the assertion that this is, in fact, what this tape is named for. Curiously, that article refers to the origin of the word 'Gaffer' as being British. The English language has just tons of words that originate in that part of the works; see England. If this article were attempting to make more specific claims about the etymology of these term, I would expect more robust sources to be cited.

The article goes on to assert that:

Chris Martin of the band Coldplay is known to wear this on his fingers during performances. Also Stewart Copeland of the band The Police used Gaffer-tape to protect his fingers during studio recordings, pictured on the backside of "Zenyatta Mondatta".

These assertions may be true; they may not be. Who's to know? They are uncited. And more important, they are trivial, and I don't see them as appropriate to mention in the article, true or not.

Pablo says that he has significant experience with this tape. Me, too. I've worked as a lighting electrician, as a lighting designer, as the technical director. I was also in management. I've probably used a thousand rolls of the stuff. Gaffer tape and Gaffer's tape are more formal terms and Gaff and Gaffa tape are both very, very, common idiomatic usages. We have easily twenty sources floating about and some of them may offer other tidbits that could be incorporated into the article beyond the insipid issue at hand. Can we move on, please?

@Jo;) we do have the definition at gaff, several of which seem applicable here; this whole sideshow was a bit of typical wiki-silliness and if it goes on much more people are going to need a gaff to get the trout off the side of their head.

 * See also: gaffa

Cheers, Jack Merridew 11:48, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * No issues - I removed the trivia ;) - Josette (talk) 14:07, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

OED
I cut the numerous sources back to one source, the OED. Anyone wishing to discuss is first pointed to WP:RS. It's best to use as few sources as possible, and to use as reliable a source as possible. Since the OED lists "gaffa tape", I hope your edit war can now cease. Hiding T 13:15, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sure the OED does cover this cromulent term, but...

 * Sign in

 * The Oxford English Dictionary Online is a subscription service. Access to the Dictionary is only available to users with valid licences.

 * Cheers, Jack Merridew 13:36, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The OED is available in most major bookshops, and anyone with a library card in the UK can access the online version. We don't prevent people using print sources simply because someone else can't access it, do we? Hiding T 13:48, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Again no issues - as long as the common terms stay. - Josette (talk) 14:07, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with it being there; I was fine with omitting such a trivial cite. I was more irked at their business model. DYK... that you can make a wallet out of gaffa? ... that gaffa can prevent fire exit lights from ruining blackouts? ... that gaffa can be used to tie people to trees?
 * Cheers, Jack Merridew 14:41, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * You're covering exit lights that are ruining blackouts? Man, you're opening your show to injury and death, and yourself to lawsuit. Binksternet (talk) 15:21, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Not me, but it is done ;) Cheers, Jack Merridew 16:03, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Binksternet, I almost went looking for you to see if you wanted to help sort this dilemma but it seems to be sorted for now. - Josette (talk) 19:11, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * ...but what about the trees? ;) Jack Merridew 19:30, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The trees lived and the people were satisfied. ;) - Josette (talk) 19:52, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Unless we're going to start adding (copy of the book required) to paper sources, I don't see why on earth someone added "(library card login or subscription required)" when this isn;t the case if you own a copy of the book or go to a shop and buy it. Unless I am missing something... Hiding T 16:59, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I added that - I've seen it on other pay-per-view references - it was only to indicated that you need a subscription to view the URL. However, it's somewhat moot now as the pic I added from Commons clearly gives the name as "Gaffa".  pablo hablo. 17:08, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The picture doesn't make it moot; labels can misspell words just as easily as anyone else. I can show you a label for "chic peas"; would you claim that proves that's an alternative spelling? Of course not. All it proves is the appalling extent of illiteracy.  -- Zsero (talk) 17:13, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * It is possible that your peas are extremely stylish. I agree with you that "Gaffa tape" most likely originated as a misspelling, and it's not one that I use or care for. However it is in common use, it is in at least one dictionary, and it belongs in the article.  pablo hablo. 17:18, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Fine. But the label doesn't prove that; the dictionary does.  -- Zsero (talk) 00:40, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Unless of course the dictionary, as well as all the other newspaper and book sources, contains the same typo - oh wait, that would still show common usage, wouldn't it? And the function of the article is not to endorse or disapprove varieties of spelling, but to record them.  pablo hablo. 22:30, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The dictionary would show that, because it's the editors' business to seek out new usages and document them, and make a professional judgement on whether they've become part of the language. The first requirement of dictionary editors is that they actually know how to spell in the first place!  Manufacturers often have no clue how to spell, it's not their job to adjudicate on spelling, and they're not competent to do so.  By the way, here's my threatened photo of some fashionable legumes; I took this at the supermarket. -- Zsero (talk) 08:19, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Gaff tape sources
re the above section: this usage is similarly unsourced and should be removed. I have used Gaffer tape regularly for much of my working life both in professional and domestic situations. After all, it has a dark side and a light side, and holds the universe together. But I have never purchased it under the brand name of, or heard it referred to as, "Gaff tape". pablo hablo. 21:47, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I didn't challenge "gaff" for one reason: it is clearly distinguishable by ear from "gaffer", so if someone heard it called that it would be reasonable for them to put it in the article. The basis of my challenge to "gaffa" is that I think people who spell it that way are the same people who routinely just rite down whateva sounds rite.  -- Zsero (talk) 01:00, 1 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Here is one book that refers to gaff tape - Careers in Technical Theater  see page 97 it is mentioned more than once in the book and there are other sources too. - Josette (talk) 01:37, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

More on uses.
The article does not seem to mention that a principal use for gaffer tape is to affix ultra-light film/video lighting instruments (such as many Lowel Lights) to walls and other surfaces. Lighting manufacturers supply metal plates with short mounting posts for lights. The post is gaffer-taped to a wall or other difficult surface. By far the most useful application of the tape's peelability, is from painted location walls.Jim Stinson (talk) 20:37, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

I'm a complete wiki-scrub, but in honor of the late great Philthy Animal Taylor, can we mention the usage of the tape in 1980 to fix his [Phil's] hand with gaffer tape to enable him to drum on tour with Motörhead after he smashed up his hand? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.83.196.222 (talk) 21:05, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Type of adhesive commonly used?
Article states both:

"While related to duct tape, it differs in that it can be removed cleanly because it uses a synthetic petroleum-based adhesive rather than a natural rubber adhesive."

and

"The adhesive used is a high quality synthetic rubber which leaves little or no residue when removed and typically does no harm to whatever the tape is applied to."

So which is it? If both types of adhesives are used shouldn't the first instance be edited? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.177.1.193 (talk) 19:11, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

I came to this talk page to ask the exact same question. Any sources for either of these conflicting statements? 66.249.93.61 (talk) 02:17, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Nearly-full revision, and citations added
I gave this article a complete once over for clarity and flow, and added citations. Not completely finished but at least it mostly makes sense now. --Threephi (talk) 01:56, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Origin of gaffer tape cut from lede
I have removed this for now, pending further research, but paste it below to preserve for future edits. There are multiple issues with it, foremost that the broken link in the citation (working link here: ) mistakes it with the very interesting story of the invention of duck tape (later known as duct tape) during WWII. The invention of gaffer tape is less clear, but Lowel Inc. claims to have done so in 1959 (see ) and ).

The second half of this passage states unsourced info, and is misleading as it gives the false impression Permacel tapes are no longer being produced (they are now sold under the Shurtape brand).

--Threephi (talk) 22:23, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

Change the source cited in the first sentence
The second source used in the opening paragraph (https://www.shurtape.com/search/products/technical?f%5B0%5D=field_product_market_list%3A529) does not support the claim mentioned ("It is widely used in theatre, photography, film and television production, and industrial staging work") and doesn't actually show any gaffer tape products; that page is about painter's tape, packaging tape, duct tape, and other tapes that are not gaffer tape. This source from the same website (https://www.shurtape.com/markets/arts-entertainment/gaffers/) more adequately supports the claim. Toa Nidhiki05 (Work) (talk) 20:50, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

Reply 29-JAN-2019
Regards,  Spintendo   22:20, 29 January 2019 (UTC)
 * References are not necessary for the lead section if they are provided in the main body of the article, per MOS:LEADCITE.
 * The references for the article have been updated, although not with the suggested Shurtape source, per WP:NOTPROMO.
 * Thanks! Toa Nidhiki05 (Work) (talk) 17:51, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaffer tape


text:
Talk:Nikolaus Harnoncourt

Link
I can't correctly link the page to the chinese(simple).what shall I do? (This is already done, DJRafe 20:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC))

Note on family
Forgot to mention that part of the family information was from the German wikipedia page, about Eberhard Harnoncourt. DJRafe 20:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Count and Graf?
Please excuse my imperfect understanding of the Almanach de Gotha etc, but in the full version of the name (line one) should there be BOTH 'Count' and 'Graf'? Surely they mean the same thing? Could someone better-informed than me please make sure that our etiquette is not slipping? At a pinch I'd guess that the first use here (the 'Count') is surplus, and that the 'Graf' is in the right place as it stands. Eebahgum (talk) 18:41, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Right, Graf is German for Count. Therefore do we eliminate the English or the German term? --Catgut (talk) 23:08, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

I think we should eliminate the English as the title is not English but European. As the second part of the title includes a German form, it might be legitimate to maintain the German term, or else one might substitute 'Comte' for 'Graf', which would be the French equivalent (I am guessing). For the present I am going to change it by simply removing the English title and inserting a comma, and then if that is not right I think the amendment will simply be for the preferred language for the word Graf. Hope that's okay, anyone else able to help? Eebahgum (talk) 00:19, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
 * And unsurprisingly I was wrong! So I have amended it to say exactly what it says on 'thepeerage.com' which is the kind of published version. Why risk anything else? Eebahgum (talk) 00:41, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Infobox?
Some ideas for a start, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:29, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

 * done, improvements welcome --Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:02, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Nikolaus Harnoncourt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/PCLinuxOS

Obviously non-encyclopedic; looks like someone's notes about installing a system. I'm sure it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, but I was wondering if it should be transwiki'd somewhere instead of just deleted. I have no problem with a speedy delete, if someone who is sure they understand what is here wants to proceed. -- Jmabel 06:11, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Belongs on some Linux wiki, not here. Ashibaka ✎ 06:15, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Was previously speedy deleted by RickK. Looks like it deserved it. Delete. -- Cyrius|&#9998 06:20, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The anon who created it is now blanking it, it has been reverted to the last contents once by Cyrius and once by me. So just see this version if you wish to see the contents. Andrewa 06:34, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with above. Beelzebubs 22:35, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the back of an envelope. Denni 21:47, 2004 May 18 (UTC)


text:
Saint-Briac-sur-Mer

Saint-Briac-sur-Mer (, literally Saint-Briac on Sea; Sant-Briag; Gallo: Saent-Beriac), is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine Department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Briac-sur-Mer are called briacins in French.

Climate
St Briac lies on the Gulf Stream which means it enjoys a warm climate, several degrees warmer than the surrounding areas. The village has fine examples of tropical palms and plants, along the streets, making strolls very enjoyable.

Leisure
Saint Briac has two campsites, seven beaches, four tennis courts, one soccer field, a yacht club, one mini golf, one 18 hole golf course, and more than 5 restaurants.

History
The name Saint Briac comes from the name of Saint Briag, an Irishman. Briag arrived from Ireland with Saint Tugdual in around 548.

On 4 and 5 September 1758, a British fleet of 113 ships under the command of Admiral Richard Howe, landed east of the Garde Guerin, in Saint Briac. With a force of more than 12,000 men, under the command of General Thomas Bligh, who accompanied the Duke of York, the future king George III, they established camp in neighboring St Lunaire, but not before pillaging and burning down more than half of Saint Briac.

Le Chateau du Nessay (seen below) was built on an emplacement of a castle originating from the 12th century. During the French Revolution, it was used as a prison, to hold political prisoners.

St Briac was called Port Briac during the French Revolution.

Though France requires since 1976 that all beaches be public and that shoreside owners let people pass, wealthy owners of Saint-Briac-sur-Mer don't allow it and have been fighting the law in court ever since, including John Kerry's family.

The Forbes family estate, called Les Essarts was bombed during World War II. Les Essarts was rebuilt in 1954.

Politics
Brice Lalonde, a former Green Party candidate for president of France, was mayor of this wealthy resort village from 1989 to 2008.

Lalonde and his first cousin, U.S. Senator John Kerry, are grandsons of James Grant Forbes, an heir of the Forbes family of China and Boston. James Grant Forbes was born in Shanghai and later moved to France where the Forbes family estate is located. Kerry and Lalonde were childhood friends on the estate in Saint Briac.

The current mayor is Vincent Denby Wilkes

Personalities
Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the Titular Empress of all the Russias, lived here with her husband and their son and one of their daughters.

Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia, Victoria's husband, Head of the Imperial Family of Russia and Titular Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias.

Kira Kirillovna of Russia, their youngest daughter and wife of Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia heir to the Prussian Throne.

Vladimir Cyrillovich, Grand Duke of Russia, their son, Head of the Imperial Family of Russia and Titular Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias after the death of his father. Vladimir is the father of Maria Vladimirovna, Grand Duchess of Russia a disputed claimant to the leadership of the Imperial Family.

Armel Beaufils a sculptor, lived in St Briac from 1929 to 1952.

Auguste Renoir painted a peasant and her cow in the outskirts of the village.

Paul Signac a painter, creator of pointillism and divisionism commonly stopped in St Briac during his travels.

Hugh Grant an actor

title: Saint-Briac-sur-Mer


text:
Economic migrant

An economic migrant is someone who emigrates from one region to another, including crossing international borders, seeking an improved standard of living, because the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are insufficient. The United Nations uses the term migrant worker.

Although the term economic migrant may be confused with the term refugee, economic migrants leave their regions primarily due to harsh economic conditions, rather than fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership of a particular social group. Economic migrants are generally not eligible for asylum, unless the economic conditions they face are severe enough to have caused generalised violence, or seriously disturbed the public order.

Legality
Many countries restrict people from entering their borders to work, unless they have been granted a visa that specifically allows them to work in the country. Migrants who seek paid employment after entering without authorization to work may be subject to deportation.

Advantages and disadvantages
With economic migration on a large scale, the majority of migrants are often of working age, defined by the OECD as 15-64 years of age. In such cases, migration can cause economic strain in the countries they leave behind – as working-age people exit the region, the elderly and aging population remains but with less support.

However, the mass migration of working-age people can also release pressure on the region's current job market and resources. Migrants also transfer wealth back to their source regions: the World Bank estimates that remittances totaled US$420 billion in 2009, of which $317 billion went to developing countries.

For host regions, the influx of large numbers of working-age migrants is a source of cheap labour. In some cases, economic migrants are highly skilled and looking for specialized jobs not available in their home regions. The inflow of migrants can also increase cultural diversity.

The energy transition to clean energy technologies, mainly solar, wind, and geothermal, should improve economies in the Global South and moderate the number of economic migrants. Successful energy transitions should also reduce the severity and number of failed states, which usually cause several types of refugee crises.

Labour market
Over the past ten years, migrants accounted for 47% of the increase in the work force in the United States, and for over 70% of the increase in Europe, as reported by the OECD in 2012.

Migrants fill important niches in the labor market, and contribute significantly to labor market flexibility, especially in Europe. Recent studies from the OECD report that immigrants are playing a crucial role in the labor market: in the U.S., immigrants made up 22% of entries in the fastest growing occupations and 15% in Europe (healthcare, STEM, etc.).

Immigrants are also highly represented in the slowest growing occupations, making up approximately 28% of new entries in the U.S. and 24% in Europe. In the United States, these occupations are primarily in production and other industries that domestic workers would consider unattractive; in the absence of demand for these occupations, immigrant workers fill these sectors.

In OECD countries, the inflow of migrants accounts for less than 0.5%+/- change in GDP. Exceptions to this are Switzerland and Luxembourg, which have approximated a 2% net benefit in GDP due to migrants.

Many developing economies largely depend on remittances sent from abroad. For example, the total remittance to GDP ratio has been estimated to be 12% in Armenia. After its independence from the Soviet Union a considerable amount of emigration from Armenia happened between 1992-1994. By the official government statistics around 780,000 people emigrated from Armenia during 1991-1998 due to war and the economic conditions. Also, due to the increased trends in immigration the country receives most of its remittances, about 64%, from the process of voluntary migration of workers to Russia, followed by the U.S. accounting to 14% of the total remittances received from abroad.

Many people from Japan also go to Australia, Canada and, USA and more as economic migrants to escape the low wages and extremely poor working conditions in Japan.

title: Economic migrant


text:
Howick, New Zealand

Howick is a suburb of East Auckland, New Zealand. The area was traditionally settled by Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, and in 1847 Howick was established as a defensive settlement for Auckland, by veteran fencible soldiers of the British Army. Howick was a small agricultural centre until the 1950s, when it developed into a suburban area of Auckland. Modern Howick draws much of its character from the succeeding waves of Asian settlement that it has experienced since New Zealand's immigration reforms of the 1980s, with a strong Chinese New Zealander presence in the suburb's business and education sectors.

Geography

Howick is located in the central peninsula of East Auckland, between the Tāmaki River and Tāmaki Strait of the Hauraki Gulf. Waipaparoa / Howick Beach is located to the north-east of the suburb, adjacent to Mellons Bay in the west and Cockle Bay in the east. Waipaparoa / Howick Beach looks out towards the Tāmaki Strait, Waiheke Island, Motukaraka Island and Beachlands. The soil around Howick is primarily clay and sandstone.

Etymology
Howick was named after Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey, a name chosen by Governor George Grey in 1847. The Earl was formerly known as Viscount Howick, and his family home in Alnwick, Northumberland. Earl Grey was the Secretary of State for the Colonies who decided to settle British Army veterans in settlements around Auckland. The traditional Tāmaki Māori names for the coastal area were Paparoa and Waipaparoa, and Ōwairoa was used to describe the swampy inland area where the Howick village was established. The names Howick, Owairoa and Paparoa were used interchangeably by European settlers until 1923, when the Howick Town Board was established.

Māori history

The Tāmaki Strait was visited by the Tainui migratory waka around the year 1300, and members of the crew settled around East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. These were the ancestors of the modern mana whenua of the area, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki. The traditional names for the beach and surrounding bay are Paparoa and Waipaparoa, with Waipaparoa referring to the wider bay between modern-day Howick and Beachlands, including the Turanga Creek. The Howick area was extensively cultivated, but as the area was relatively exposed, two fortified pā were constructed: Paparoa Pā at the south-eastern end of Waipaparoa / Howick Beach, and Tūwakamana Pā above Cockle Bay. In addition to agriculture, the Waipaparoa / Howick Beach area was known for pioke (shortspine spurdog sharks), which were caught in the near-by estuaries and dried at the beach. In the 1600s, the warrior Kāwharu attacked and razed Paparoa Pā, without taking occupation of the lands. While the wider area was still cultivated, the site of Paparoa Pā became a wāhi tapu (sacred and restricted) site to Ngāi Tai.

In 1836, English Missionary William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero and Turia of Ngāti Te Rau, covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast. The sale was envisioned by the church and the chiefs as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale. Fairburn's Purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission found to be excessive and reduced in size. The disallowed parts of his purchase were not returned to Ngāi Tai, however in 1854 a reserve was created for Ngāi Tai around the Wairoa River and Umupuia. As a part of this arrangement, Ngāi Tai agreed not to settle elsewhere in the region, which included Howick.

Establishment of Howick

Howick was established in 1847 as a defensive outpost for Auckland, by fencibles (retired British Army soldiers) and their families. Governor George Grey, Bishop George Selwyn, Major Mathew Richmond and Felton Mathew chose the site in October 1847, at a location known to early colonists as Owairoa. The decision to establish on site was controversial. It was allegedly chosen to protect Auckland against potential invasion from Marutūāhu tribes to the east, but the site was too far inland to serve this purpose. As the Crown owned the entirety of the land at Howick, the Government could directly profit from the land sales to fencible settlers.

The fencibles arrived between 1847 and 1852, with the first ships arriving at Waiapaparoa / Howick Beach. Early settlers struggled to establish themselves on the land. Almost no trees were found in the district that could be used for construction, and the soil was primarily clay, compared to other fencible settlements such as Ōtāhuhu and Panmure that were established on volcanic soils more suitable for farming. In 1849 when William Fox of the New Zealand Company visited Howick, he described the settlement as a costly failure. The settlers were promised that houses would be constructed for their families, however this had not occurred by their arrival. The first cottages were constructed from raupō with help from Ngāi Tai, and by December 1849 most of these had been replaced with wooden cottages.

The fencible settlers were primarily poor, and were evenly split between Catholic and Protestant families. All Saints Church was constructed in Howick in 1847, as the first Anglican parish church in Auckland. The Government was widely criticised for not providing many employment opportunities for the fencible settlers. Early settlers often found work on Government projects such as road construction, drainage or clearing allotments, while others worked for farmers. Many fencibles lived in Auckland for work, but were obliged to return to Howick on Sundays, otherwise they could be charged with mutiny under the Fencibles Act.

Howick village developed around the Howick Domain, and grew overtime to become a service centre for the surrounding rural areas. The settlers were dependent on water transport and ferry services, until the construction of the Panmure Bridge across the Tāmaki River in 1865. Howick was developed into an English-style village by the settlers, becoming known as an area where potatoes and butter were produced. In the 1850s and 1860s the Howick District Acclimation Society worked to introduce English birds such as the thrush and blackbird to the area, to develop an English atmosphere and as a measure to combat caterpillars in the orchards of the area.

By 1854, many of the fencibles had completed their requires seven years of service. Most stayed in Howick, with some moving to Auckland, the gold mine towns of the Coromandel Peninsula, or new defensive settlements to the south, such as Hunua, Papakura and Pukekawa.

In April 1861, news reached the village of the imminent Invasion of the Waikato. By July 1863, a defensive blockhouse was constructed in Howick, and 101 fencibles and their sons served in the war. In September 1863, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, with people moving to communities at the river's mouth. While Māori of South Auckland such as Te Ākitai Waiohua were forced to leave, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown, and remained neutral in the fighting. After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers.

The first local government was established in the area in 1862, with the creation of the Howick Township Road Board.

In 1865, the capital of New Zealand was moved from Auckland to Wellington. This caused major financial problems for the residents of Howick, as income from butter dropped and land prices plummeted. By 1880, the population of the village had dropped to 220, down from 775 in 1848. The Howick Town Hall was constructed in 1884, and a number of social organisations such as the Howick Musical Association and Howick Cricket Club were established during this period.

Suburban development

Until the 1920s, Howick had the reputation of being a sleepy English-style village. By 1921, the village had grown enough to become a town district within the Manukau County. In the 1930s after a concrete road was constructed between Howick and Greenlane, Howick developed into a suburb for people working in Penrose, Westfield and Ōtāhuhu. Howick village held fundraising carnivals from the 1930s to the 1950s known as Queens Carnivals, where beauty pageants were held to choose an annual queen from the community to represent Howick businesses.

After World War II, many Dutch New Zealanders settled in Howick. The population had slowly grown to 1,500 when the settlement celebrated its centenary in 1947. In 1952, Howick split from the Manukau County to form its own borough. Major suburban growth occurred in Howick in the 1960s and 1970s, including the development of new suburbs in the surrounding areas. In the 1980s and 1990s, Howick developed as a location for Asian migrant communities. Entrepreneur Kit Wong established 100 shops at the Meadowlands shopping plaza, which included a number of businesses run by Chinese and Thai immigrants, such as restaurants.

Howick electorate
From 1993 and prior to the introduction of MMP in 1996, Howick had its own seat in Parliament, Howick; which had been created from part of the former Otara electorate.

In the 1996 general election, due to the need to decrease the number of general electorates to ensure a sufficient number of seats were available for list MPs, the population centres formerly in the Howick seat were merged into the former separate seat of Pakuranga.

While making recommendations for the boundaries to apply in the 2008 general election, the Electoral Commission recently proposed to resurrect the Howick seat. The planned seat would have taken in the population centres of Howick and Botany Downs-Dannemora but would have had the effect of splitting Bucklands Beach and Highland Park across two electorates. Due to this, and the planned move to incorporate Panmure, Point England and Glen Innes into the neighbouring Pakuranga seat, the commission received a significant number of objections from Pakuranga residents. The Commission eventually adopted the recommendation of Objector N17/30 in keeping the Howick suburb in Pakuranga and renaming the new seat Botany, with a corresponding shift in centre of gravity to the new suburb of Flat Bush.

Local government
The first local government in the area was the Howick Township Road Board, which was established in 1862. By 1921, the village had grown enough to become a town district within the Manukau County, becoming a borough in 1952. As a part of the 1989 New Zealand local government reforms, Howick Borough was incorporated into Manukau City. In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.

Howick is part of the Howick local board area, who elects members of the Howick Local Board. Residents of Howick also elect two Howick ward councillors, who sits on the Auckland Council.

Mayors of Howick
During its existence from 1952 to 1989, the borough of Howick had six mayors:

Museums

Howick Historical Village, a living history museum run by Howick & Districts Historical Society and located in Pakuranga, opened in 1980 to recreate the Fencible settlement of Howick. The original historic buildings, sourced from around Howick and its environs, were saved from demolition in the late 1970s and early 1980s and moved to Lloyd Elsmore Park in Pakuranga. The Village has expanded its mission to include a broader representation of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland with a focus on the period 1840–1880.

The Polish Heritage Trust Museum has been operating in Howick in 2004.

Meadowlands Shopping Centre
Meadowlands Shopping Centre opened in Howick in 1993 and was upgraded in 2011. It covers 5,215 m2 and has 303 carparks. The mall has dozens of shops, including a Countdown supermarket. It originally also originally housed a McDonald's restaurant and drive-through. The shopping centre was sold by Bayleys amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to a private developer for $23 million.

Emilia Maud Nixon Garden of Memories
Originally built in the mid-1930s, a small wharenui is located behind the village's library and arts centre. The 'Garden of Memories' was developed by Howick resident Emilia Maude Nixon to "promote understanding, harmony and goodwill between all people". Nixon planted native trees and grew traditional food eaten by Maori. A waka was also located in the garden, with the wharenui named Torere – after the daughter of Hoturoa, the chief of the Tainui. Kuia and kaumātua visited the garden for a dedication in 1936.

After Nixon's death in 1962, the garden was managed by the Howick Borough Council while Torere was managed by the Howick and District Historical Society. In the following decades, the wharenui was occasionally vandalised and left largely unmaintained. The original structure was demolished and rebuilt by the Manukau City Council following the 1989 New Zealand local government reforms – though the wharenui's facade and carvings were maintained. Following the rebuilding of Torere, the building was used for classes and activities organised by volunteers.

An attempt to name the wharenui a "marae" by its managing trust prompted over 300 submissions by residents in 1997 – and signs bearing the name were gratified over. The opposition and council response sparked a Race Relations Office investigation. But Torere itself was damaged beyond repair following a fire in October 2004 – fire investigators found the incident was likely a result of an arson attack, while some locals blamed the fire on an electrical fault. The wharenui rebuild project was contested by some locals, notably the Howick Ratepayers and Residents Association, and was only completed in 2011.

Sport and recreation
Howick is home to Fencibles United association football club, who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 2, and the Howick Hornets rugby league club, who compete in Auckland Rugby League's top division, the Fox Memorial.

Demographics
Howick covers 3.16 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Howick had a population of 11,067 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 555 people (5.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,269 people (13.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,822 households, comprising 5,325 males and 5,739 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female, with 2,199 people (19.9%) aged under 15 years, 2,058 (18.6%) aged 15 to 29, 5,184 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,626 (14.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 67.6% European/Pākehā, 6.2% Māori, 3.8% Pacific peoples, 27.1% Asian, and 3.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 46.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46.1% had no religion, 39.2% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.6% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 2.0% were Buddhist and 2.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 2,469 (27.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,107 (12.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,968 people (22.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 4,647 (52.4%) people were employed full-time, 1,239 (14.0%) were part-time, and 279 (3.1%) were unemployed.

Education
Howick Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of. Howick Primary School and Owairoa School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of and  students, respectively

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Howick has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with warm humid summers and mild damp winters.

Temperature
Compared to other places on a similar latitude (particularly those in the northern hemisphere), there are relatively small variations in temperature between summer and winter, as well as relatively small temperature variations throughout the day. This is due to the proximity and influence of the surrounding ocean curtailing any extremes in temperature. Since records began in 2010, air temperatures below 0 °C are very rare having only been recorded 4 times. Daily high temperatures above 30 °C are also very rare having only been recorded twice. The highest recorded temperature is 30.7 °C and lowest -1.4 °C. Humidity in summer can at times be oppressive and tropical-like with Dew Point temperatures occasionally exceeding 23 °C with a maximum recorded dew point of 24.4 °C. Average summer daily maximum & minimum temperatures are around 25 °C and 16 °C. Average winter daily maximum & minimum temperatures are around 15 °C and 7 °C. Mean annual temperature is 15.5 °C.

Rainfall
Rainfall is usually plentiful throughout the year averaging around 1200 mm however the winter months on average see more rain than the summer months. Between December and April, storms from the tropics can occasionally pass through or near the region bringing with it heavy rain. The record highest daily rainfall of 146.2 mm occurred on 27 January 2023 during the 2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods. The highest 30-day rainfall of 417.2 mm was recorded during the period 7 March 2017 – 5 April 2017. The most consecutive wet days (≥1 mm) is 12 recorded in the period 26 July 2016 – 6 August 2016. The lowest 30-day rainfall of 2.2 mm was recorded in the period 15 January 2020 – 13 March 2020 and the most consecutive non-wet days (<1 mm) is 29 recorded 2 January 2015 – 30 January 2015. There are no recorded instances of snowfall. Occasionally droughts do occur during the warmer months, for example the 3 months Jan-Mar 2013 saw only 51 mm of rainfall, and the 6 months Nov 2019 – Apr 2020 saw only 154 mm of rainfall.

title: Howick, New Zealand


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FormerUser3

 * NOTE: This page was created by a minor who was unaware of privacy concerns. He has asked me to remove (or at least obscure) his real name from this page; I am substituting his new pseudonym User:FormerUser3 where the name appeared in this earlier debate. — Catherine\talk 07:59, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Clearly a child's vanity page. I hate to step on the kid's ego, but obviously non-encyclopedic. Question: is there a reason that none of the criteria for speedy deletion seem to cover things like this? I really feel its a waste of time to go through the VfD process on these. -- Jmabel 06:25, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

delete. Badanedwa 07:33, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Well, he is on Google, and on SRSE fair's website, and certainly, in is 1 in a billion who had the same name as him. Why not leave it in till someone other than him bacomes famous?
 * Delete. It's vanity, but at least it's [relatively] classy vanity. DO'Neil 07:47, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The subject has not achieved any significance to date, but has at least learnt how to write, unlike other vanity pages we've had. Average Earthman 11:01, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Better English than I see from some adults, and it's almost certainly not his first language. Impressive.  Unfortunately, not encyclopedic.  Delete with apologies to the kid, and I hope one day he has his own legitimate article.  Isomorphic 12:22, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I liked him better before I looked at his contributions and realized that his other edits were all petty vandalism.  Oh well.  Bright kid, anyway.  Isomorphic 17:46, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

I also think we should get that article in. I reasearched the name (I'm also Indian) and that name is very rare, and almost impossible in that combination. Why not just leave it in for a while. The kid probably wanted to see his name on Google or something and obviously worked hard to write it.
 * Well, this will be on vfd for 5 days plus in vfd/old till someone gets to it. --Starx 03:54, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Because wanting to see your name on Google is not the purpose of Wikipedia, nor of any other encyclopedia. This is an encyclopedia.  Delete.  I already deleted it once.  RickK 15:09, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Vanity, delete, but I have to say it is wonderful to see a vanity page that gives at least some concrete evidence of notability. The fact that his peers regard him as "the next Bill Gates" doesn't carry much weight with me, but at least he bothers to mention that he won second prize (in one category) in a science fair, and that he was nominated for a Discovery Channel Junior Scientist Award. He is at least giving some reason for inclusion. Nowhere near a strong enough reason, though. I hope he'll continue to contribute to Wikipedia, as he is obviously capable of writing high-quality articles. Dpbsmith 16:25, 17 May 2004 (UTC) Oh, and he provides verifiability of his science fair prize. Bravo! Maybe we should make a point of leaving the page up for long enough for someone to be that he has been contacted and thanked. Dpbsmith 16:28, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, and don't apologize. Vandal. Everyking 16:59, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: vanity, nonnotable. However, it's well written. Quite charming, really. To the author -- please consider contributing to Wikipedia, but choose a topic other than yourself, thanks. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:06, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: He already seems to have made some other contributions as an anon. I also note that this page was speedy deleted as a test page once already. I've left a note suggesting he create a userid, and put his personal details on his user page. Andrewa 17:59, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:34, May 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete quietly. Try to get the author to contribute helpfully to Wikipedia.Beelzebubs 20:37, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Back on my earlier question: Am I correct that I'm not supposed to just "speedy delete" vanity pages like this (which was my original inclination), and have to go through this Vfd process? -- Jmabel 23:43, 17 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Correct. A simple vanity page does not meet any of the criteria at Candidates for speedy deletion (although there are those who think it should). -- Cyrius|&#9998 00:28, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, this is me, FormerUser3. Can we make an agreement? I will promise to write articles, and write them well. I am the school Newspaper editor in a school which has 7th to 8th grade, which makes me the youngest editor in school history. How about I get to stay on Wikipedia, and I promise to write good, strong articles, and in exchange this page, not the users page, stays in the encyclopedia? Please?
 * FormerUser3, I suggest you create an account; log in; and move that text from FormerUser3 to your user page (you will have a link to this page at the top right of the screen once you've logged in). That's the place to put information about yourself, e.g. see User:Stormie for my page. Whilst any good, strong articles you write will of course be warmly welcomed here, I don't think anyone is going to vote to keep your personal page in the main encyclopedia namespace, rather than on a User page, in order to persuade you to stay. --Stormie 01:24, May 18, 2004 (UTC)

This is FormerUser3. I wrote something here, yet someone deleted it. I was wondering if I can keep writing I could have my name in the encyclopedia. Please? I will keep writing completely fresh articles. If I don't, please remove my self-autobiography article.

I was also wondering, since I already mailed someone on this, yet recieved no replies, why not put by-lines on articles? That way you could get recognition.
 * Was the thing that you wrote that someone deleted, by any chance, your vandalism of the Bob Dylan, Sonia Gandhi and/or Inca Empire pages? I'm not sure why you think childish behaviour like this is going to endear anyone to the idea of you having an encyclopedic article written about your life.

 * We don't have bylines on Wikipedia articles because this project isn't about "getting recognition", it's about producing an encyclopedia. If all that you are interested in is fame, that's OK - create an account, start contributing, and I promise you, people will recognise and remember you. But we don't have articles about non-famous people, and we don't have bylines on articles. --Stormie 02:59, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * FormerUser3, we'd love to have you stay and contribute. If you create an account, you can keep this article on your User page.  Plus, then you can tell your friends you're an editor for Wikipedia.  That seems to impress a lot of my friends, so I bet it'll impress yours too.  ;-) Isomorphic 03:10, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but we can't make deals about vanity pages. You can have your name in wikipedia easly, just create a user account, you'll be given a user page that you can do just about anything you want with.  But this article is vanity.  Delete --Starx 03:52, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I guess I'll join, whether I get my name in or not. The reason that the vandilization happened is because my dumb neighbor came over, and when he saw what he could edit in Wikipedia, he tried to ruin the encyclopedia. I wasn't in the room for a while, and when I realized that he did that I shoved him away from the P.C. Sorry for any damage he has done. -FormerUser3

 * This page is about deletions, I've moved your suggestions to the appropriate spot. You can see them, and any future responces at the Village_pump. --Starx 04:20, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

When you set up your user page, you should feel free to copy the relevant page to that user page (User:FormerUser3, or whatever handle you might choose.) Just please do this in the next couple of days & let us know it's done so we can delete what doesn't belong in "encyclopedia" space. And welcome aboard! We need some young people who can write. -- Jmabel 07:11, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

FormerUser3, I'm glad you're following this discussion so I'm going to reply here (although Starx is correct that I really shouldn't). What I like to do when I make significant edits to an article is to put some notes about what I did on the Talk page for the article (the one you get to when you click on "Discuss this page.") In addition to explaining where I got my information, if I think that's necessary, or why I changed some wording, I can sign my name and express my opinion and generally do anything I like. And if you look at my user page User:Dpbsmith you'll see that I've used it to, um, brag about the articles I've written. That's all considered OK. It's just that contributors do not credit themselves on article pages. As for "getting to stay on Wikipedia," of course. This discussion here is only about deleting one particular article. People don't get banned from Wikipedia unless they exercise really, really bad behavior. What are your scientific interests? The name of your project was "problem solver," but the Web page about the science fair didn't say anything more. Have you seen the article on Nomograms? One of the examples there is a nomogram which I devised myself. Cheers, Dpbsmith 13:24, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Okay, I copied my info into my accont. I decided to create a new account under the name FormerUser3, for anonomity. I copied it into users:FormerUser3, so feel free to remove it from the encyclopedia. Thanks. Also, I hope to become an admin someday, and I want to know me being a 7th grade editor could help me become one.

Thanks, FormerUser3


text:
User:Jensaarai

Jensaarai is a Star Wars reference, specifically from the Expanded Universe book I, Jedi. It translates to "Hidden Follower of the Truth."

What that has to do with Wikis and the Wikipedia, we may never know.

Jensaarai is known as Sean. Sean has various webpages you may or may not be familiar with if you are a fan of obscure Internets spoofs.

 * Riodosa - A spoof of the Ruidoso.net website
 * Abstinence - Just Say No to Abstinence
 * Yahpoo! Geoshities - Yes, I'm ashamed to admit I am the creator of that website.

I go to college in New Orleans.

title: User:Jensaarai


text:
Talk:Days of War, Nights of Love (book)

Is the title a reference to Eduardo Galeano's Días y Noches de Amor y Guerra? -- Jmabel 06:34, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

 * No. It is in reference to a collection of English-language philosophical essays. -micahbales 17 May, 2004.

 * Yes, it is. At least, I've seen reviews of this book which assume that, and I'm sure the crimethinc folks are familiar with Galeano. --Tothebarricades.tk 02:52, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Days of war nights of love.jpg
Image:Days of war nights of love.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 21:18, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Days of War, Nights of Love (book)


text:
Clipboard manager

A clipboard manager or clipboard extender, is a computer program that adds functionality to an operating system's clipboard. Many clipboards provide only one buffer for the "copy and paste" function, and it is overwritten by each new "copy" operation. The main task of a clipboard manager is to store data copied to the clipboard in a way that permits extended use of the data.

Clipboard managers enhance the basic functions of cut, copy, and paste operations with one or more of the following features:
 * Multiple buffers and the ability to merge, split, and edit their contents
 * Selecting which buffer "cut" or "copy" operations should store data in
 * Selecting which buffer(s) "paste" operations should take data from
 * Handling formatted text, tabular data, data objects, media content, and URLs
 * Saving copied data to long term storage
 * Indexing or tagging of clipped data
 * Searching of saved data

Sharing clipboard contents remotely is sometimes done with pastebins.

Copy history
Some clipboard managers allow the user to keep multiple clipped objects, available for later use. Some keep a clipping history by automatically making a new buffer for each new cut or copy operation.

Some applications have an internal copy history feature. This has been a standard feature in UNIX editors like vi and emacs for some time. Recent versions of Microsoft Office have included the "Office Clipboard", a built-in clipboard manager, which operates as long as one of the Office suite applications is open.

Windows
The default Microsoft Windows clipboard manager enables pasting the copied data, even after an application is closed, by maintaining the clip buffer itself. Its copying and pasting operations are very versatile in what they permit to be transferred between applications. A range of cells clipped from an Excel sheet can be pasted as a table into MS Word or LibreOffice Writer. Formatted text clipped from a web page will become cells in an Excel sheet, a table in MS Word, or plain text in Notepad. In Windows 10 and above, the clipboard manager can be accessed with the keyboard shortcut Win + V.

ClipBook Viewer is a discontinued utility included in the Windows NT family until the release of Windows Vista.

Windows versions prior to the Windows 10 October 2018 Update do not offer a copy history feature. In these versions a third-party clipboard manager that replaces the default clipboard is required for extended functionality. The Windows 10 October 2018 Update introduced a new Cloud Clipboard feature which does offer copy history, as well as the ability to sync this history for access on other devices.

Mac OS X
Mac OS X also has a host of third-party options for clipboard management.

CopyPaste was the first (1997) multiple clipboard utility, the only for many years and is still actively developed. (Shareware) CopyPaste was first reviewed in 1997 by Tidbits. and also by WIRED.

Clipboard managers for Mac OS X use the Dock, status bar or Dashboard to integrate with the Mac Look and Feel.

Linux
The freedesktop.org Clipboard Manager specification describes a protocol layered on top of the ICCCM clipboard spec for client applications. A daemon process is responsible for storing clipboard contents. This daemon clipboard manager must be provided by the window manager running in the user's X session. The client-side specification has native support in a number of toolkits, including GTK.

The Linux desktop environment KDE ships with Klipper.

GNOME provides a basic clipboard manager function as part of the gnome-control-center (accessed via the gnome-settings-daemon), that supports the freedesktop.org Clipboard Manager Specification.

List of clipboard software
Notable clipboard software include:

title: Clipboard manager


text:
Grey-headed canary-flycatcher

The grey-headed canary-flycatcher (Culicicapa ceylonensis), sometimes known as the grey-headed flycatcher, is a species of small flycatcher-like bird found in tropical Asia. It has a square crest, a grey hood and yellow underparts. They are found mainly in forested habitats where they often join other birds in mixed-species foraging flocks. Pairs are often seen as they forage for insects by making flycatcher-like sallies and calling aloud. Several subspecies are recognized within their wide distribution range. In the past the genus Culicicapa was considered to be an Old World flycatcher but studies have found them to belong to a new family designated as the Stenostiridae or fairy flycatchers that include the African genera Stenostira and Elminia.

Description
The grey-headed canary-flycatcher is about 12 - 13 cm long with a squarish grey head, a canary yellow belly and yellowish-green upperparts. They forage actively like flycatchers and perches in a very upright posture. The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage. They have a very flat bill (which gave it the earlier genus name of Platyrhynchus) which when seen from above look like an equilateral triangle and is fringed with long rictal bristles.

Across their range, populations differ in the shades of the colours and vary slightly in dimensions and several of these have been designated as subspecies. The nominate subspecies breeds in peninsular India in the hills of the Western Ghats, Nilgiris, central India and the Eastern Ghats (Lammasingi ) and Sri Lanka. Subspecies calochrysea first described by Harry Oberholser in 1923 breeds along the Himalayas east to Myanmar and Thailand and winters across southern India. The nominate form is darker in shade. Subspecies antioxantha which was also described by Oberholser has a breeding range from southern Burma, Thailand through Malaysia to Java and Bali. The island population sejuncta described by Ernst Hartert in 1897 is found on Sumbawa, Flores and possibly on Lombok while connectens described by Bernhard Rensch in 1931 is restricted to the island of Sumba.

The grey-headed canary-flycatcher was earlier considered to be an Old World flycatcher in spite of its odd crest, colours and nature of vocalization. Molecular phylogeny studies however show that they are quite different and have been placed in the family Stenostiridae that is closely related to the tits and penduline-tits.

Habitat and distribution
This species breeds in upland to montane oak (Quercus) and other broadleaved forests and similar wooded areas in temperate to tropical southern Asia, from Pakistan, Central India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and southern China. Many populations are resident, but some Himalayan birds are partial migrants that winter in peninsular India sometimes even occurring in arid habitats. Other populations may make altitudinal movements but in parts of the eastern Himalayas such as Bhutan, they have been found to occur all year round, and can be found up to and above 2,000 m ASL. During the non-breeding season, they are seen in the plains and lower elevations (September to March in India) when they prefer well wooded areas of relatively mature secondary forests, abandoned plantations and overgrown gardens, usually near water and streams including wooded gorges. They are very active and noisy throughout the day foraging at all levels of the forest.

Behaviour and ecology
The grey-headed canary-flycatcher is an insectivore and like flycatchers makes sallies for aerial insects from a low perch under the canopy of a tree. A pair may forage together and they will often join mixed-species foraging flocks. They breed in summer (April to June in India and possibly later in western China ). The nest, built by the female alone, is an unlined cup bound by cobwebs and often attached to and covered by moss. The nest is found placed against the mossy trunk of a tree or built on rocks or on a ledge in a mud bank. The typical clutch is three or four eggs. Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo has been observed parasitizing the brood of this species in northern Borneo.

title: Grey-headed canary-flycatcher