text:
Mach-O

Mach-O, short for Mach object file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically loaded code, and core dumps. It was developed to replace the a.out format.

Mach-O is used by some systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.

Mach-O file layout
Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for, first by the object and then the symbol name.

The basic structure—a list of variable-length "load commands" that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file —was also used in the executable file format for Accent. The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.

All multi-byte values in all data structures are written in the byte order of the host for which the code was produced.

Mach-O header
The magic number for 32-bit code is 0xfeedface while the magic number for 64-bit architectures is 0xfeedfacf.

The reserved value is only present in 64-bit Mach-O files. It is reserved for future use or extension of the 64-bit header.

The CPU type indicates the instruction set architecture for the code. If the file is for the 64-bit version of the instruction set architecture, the CPU type value has the 0x01000000 bit set.

The CPU type values are as follows:

Each CPU type has a set of CPU subtype values, indicating a particular model of that CPU type for which the code is intended. Newer models of a CPU type may support instructions, or other features, not supported by older CPU models, so that code compiled or written for a newer model might contain instructions that are illegal instructions on an older model, causing that code to trap or otherwise fail to operate correctly when run on an older model. Code intended for an older model will run on newer models without problems.

If the CPU type is ARM then the subtypes are as follows:

If the CPU type is x86 then the subtypes are as follows:

After the subtype value is the file type value.

After the file type value is the number of load commands and the total number of bytes the load commands are after the Mach-O header, then a 32-bit flag with the following possible settings.

Multiple binary digits can be set to one in the flags to identify any information or settings that apply to the binary.

Now the load commands are read as we have reached the end of the Mach-O header.

Multi-architecture binaries
Multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures, for example for different generations and types of Apple devices, including different processor architectures such as ARM64 and x86-64.

All fields in the universal header are big-endian.

The universal header is in the following form:

The magic number in a multi-architecture binary is 0xcafebabe in big-endian byte order, so the first 4 bytes of the header will always be 0xca 0xfe 0xba 0xbe, in that order.

The number of binaries is the number of entries that follow the header.

The header is followed by a sequence of entries in the following form:

The sequence of entries is followed by a sequence of Mach-O images. Each entry refers to a Mach-O image.

The CPU type and subtype for an entry must be the same as the CPU type and subtype for the Mach-O image to which the entry refers.

The file offset and size are the offset in the file of the beginning of the Mach-O image, and the size of the Mach-O image, to which the entry refers.

The section alignment is the logarithm, base 2, of the byte alignment in the file required for the Mach-O image to which the entry refers; for example, a value of 14 means that the image must be aligned on a 214-byte boundary, i.e. a 16384-byte boundary. This is required by tools that modify the multi-architecture binary, in order for them to keep the image properly aligned.

Load commands
The load commands are read immediately after the Mach-O header.

The Mach-O header tells us how many load commands exist after the Mach-O header and the size in bytes to where the load commands end. The size of load commands is used as a redundancy check.

When the last load command is read and the number of bytes for the load commands do not match, or if we go outside the number of bytes for load commands before reaching the last load command, then the file may be corrupted.

Each load command is a sequence of entries in the following form:

The load command type identifies what the parameters are in the load command. If a load command starts with 0x80000000 bit set that means the load command is necessary in order to be able to load or run the binary. This allows older Mach-O loaders to skip commands not understood by the loader that are not mandatory for loading the application.

Segment load command
Mach-O binaries that use load command type 0x00000001 use the 32-bit version of the segment load command, while 0x00000019 is used to specify the 64-bit version of the segment load command.,

The segment load command varies if the Mach-O header is 32-bit, or 64-bit. This is because 64-bit processor architecture uses 64-bit addresses while 32-bit architectures use 32-bit addresses.

All virtual RAM addresses are added to a base address to keep applications spaced apart. Each section in a segment load command has a relocation list offset that specifies the offsets in the section that must be adjusted based on the application's base address. The relocations are unnecessary if the application can be placed at its defined RAM address locations such as a base address of zero.

A segment name cannot be larger than 16 text characters in bytes. The unused characters are 0x00 in value.

The segment command contains the address to write the section in virtual address space plus the application's base address. The number of bytes to write to the address location (Address size).

After the address information is the file offset the segment data is located in the Mach-O binary, and the number of bytes to read from the file.

When the address size is larger than the number of bytes to read from the file, the rest of the bytes in RAM space are set 0x00.

There is a segment that is called __PAGEZERO, which has a file offset of zero and a size of zero in the file. It has a defined RAM address and size. Since it reads zero bytes from the file it fills the address location with zeros to where the binary is going to be placed in RAM. This segment is necessary to rid the section of any data from a prior application.

When a segment is initially placed in the virtual address space, it is given the CPU access permissions specified by the initial virtual memory protections value. The permissions on a region of the virtual address space may be changed by application or library code with calls to routines such as mprotect; the maximum virtual memory protections limit what permissions may be granted for access to the segment.

Then after the CPU address protection settings is the number of sections that are within this segment that are read after the segments flag settings.

The segment flag settings are as follows:

The number of sections in the segment is a set of entries that are read as follows:

The section's segment name must match the segments load command name. The sections entries locate to data in the segment. Each section locates to the relocation entries for adjusting addresses in the section if the application base address is added to anything other than zero.

The section size applies to both the size of the section at its address location and size in the file at its offset location.

The section Flag/Type value is read as follows:

Any of the settings that apply to the section have a binary digit set one. The last eight binary digits is the section type value.

The Mach-O loader records the symbol pointer sections and symbol stub sections. They are sequentially used by the indirect symbol table to load in method calls.

The size of each symbol stub is stored in reserved2 value. Each pointer is 32-bit address locations in 32-bit Mach-O and 64-bit address locations in 64-bit Mach-O. Once the section end is reached, we move to the next section while reading the indirect symbol table.

Segment number and section numbers
The segments and sections are located by segment number and section number in the compressed and uncompressed link edit information sections.

A segment value of 3 would mean the offset to the data of the fourth segment load command in the Mach-O file starting from zero up (0,1,2,3 = 4th segment).

Sections are also numbered from sections 1 and up. Section value zero is used in the symbol table for symbols that are not defined in any section (undefined). Such as an method, or data that exist within another binaries symbol table section.

A segment that has 7 sections would mean the last section is 8. Then if the following segment load command has 3 sections they are labelled as sections 9, 10, and 11. A section number of 10 would mean the second segment, section 2.

We would not be able to properly read the symbol table and linking information if we do not store the order the sections are read in and their address/file offset position.

You can easily use file offset without using the RAM addresses and relocations to build a symbol reader and to read the link edit sections and even map method calls or design a disassembler.

If building a Mach-O loader, then you want to dump the sections to the defined RAM addresses plus a base address to keep applications spaced apart so they do not write over one another.

The segment names and section names can be renamed to anything you like and there link will be no problems locating the appropriate sections by section number, or segment number as long as you do not alter the order the segment commands go in.

Link libraries
Link libraries are the same as any other Mach-O binary, just that there is no command that specifies the main entry point at which the program begins.

There are three load commands for loading a link library file.

Load command type 0x0000000C are for the full file path to the dynamically linked shared library.

Load command type 0x0000000D are for dynamically linked shared locations from the application's current path.

Load command type 0x00000018 is for a dynamically linked shared library that is allowed to be missing. The symbol names exist in other link libraries and are used if the library is missing meaning all symbols are weak imported.

The link library command is read as follows:

The file path name begins at the string offset, which is always 24. The number of bytes per text character is the remaining bytes in command size. The end of the library file path is identified by a character that is 0x00. The remaining 0x00 values are used as padding, if any.

Link library ordinal numbers
The library is located by ordinal number in the compressed and uncompressed link edit information sections.

Link libraries are numbered from ordinal 1 and up. The ordinal value zero is used in the symbol table to specify the symbol does not exist as an external symbol in another Mach-O binary.

The link edit information will have no problem locating the appropriate library to read by ordinal number as long as you do not alter the order in which the link library commands go in.

Link library command 0x00000018 should be avoided for performance reasons, as in the case the library is missing, then a search must be performed through all loaded link libraries.

__LINKEDIT Symbol table
Mach-O application files and link libraries both have a symbol table command.

The command is read as follows:

The symbol file offset is the offset relative to the start of the Mach-O header to where the symbol entries begins in the file. The number of symbol entries marks the end of the symbol table.

A symbol has a name offset that should never exceed the string table size. Each symbol name offset is added to the string table file offset which in turn is relative to the start of the Mach-O header. Each symbol name ends with a 0x00 byte value.

The symbol address uses a 32-bit address for 32-bit Mach-O files and a 64-bit address for 64-bit Mach-O files.

Each symbol entry is read as follows:

The symbol name offset is added to the string table offset. The last text character byte is read as 0x00.

The symbol type value has multiple adjustable sections in binary. The symbol type is read as follows:

The digits marked ? are used for the specified purpose; the digits marked x are used for other purposes.

The three first binary digits are symbols that locate to function names relative to compiled machine code instructions and line numbers by address location. This information allows us to generate line numbers to the location your code crashed. Local debugging symbols are only useful when designing the application, but are not needed to run the application.

The following flag settings:

External symbols are symbols that have a defined address in the link library and can be copied to an undefined symbol in a Mach-O application. The address location is added to the link library base address.

A private symbol is skipped even if it matches the name of an undefined symbol. A private and external symbol can only be set to an undefined symbol if it is in the same file.

After the symbol type is the section number the symbol exists in. The section number is a byte value (0 to 255). You can add more sections than 255 using segment load commands, but the section numbers are then outside the byte value range used in the symbol entries.

A section number of zero means the symbol is not in any section of the application, the address location of the symbol is zero, and is set as Undefined. A matching External symbol name has to be found in a link library that has the symbol address.

The data info field contains the link library ordinal number that the external symbol can be found in with the matching symbol name. The data info bit field breaks down as follows:

The library ordinal number is set zero if the symbol is an external symbol, or exists in the current file. Only undefined symbols use the data info section to specify a library ordinal number and linker options.

The dynamic loader flag options are as follows:

Any of the 4 options that apply can be set.

The address type option values are as follows:

Only one address type value can be set by value. A Pointer is a value that is read by the program machine code to call a method from another binary file. Private means other programs are not intended to be able to read or call the function/methods other than the binary itself. Lazy means the pointer locates to the dyld_stub_binder which looks for the symbol then calls the method, then replaces the dyld_stub_binder location with the location to the symbol. Any more calls done from machine code in the binary will now locate to the address of the symbol and will not call the dyld_stub_binder.

Symbol table organization
The symbol table entries are all stored in order by type. The first symbols that are read are local debug symbols if any, then private symbols, then external symbols, and finally the undefined symbols that link to another binary symbol table containing the external symbol address in another Mach-O binary.

The symbol table information load command 0x0000000B always exists if there is a symbol table section in the Mach-O binary. The command tells the linker how many local symbols there are, how many private, how many external, and how many undefined. It also identifies the symbol number they start at. The symbol table information is used before reading the symbol entries by the dynamic linker as it tells the dynamic linker where to start reading the symbols to load in undefined symbols and where to start reading to look for matching external symbols without having to read all the symbol entries.

The order the symbols go in the symbol section should never be altered as each symbol is numbered from zero up. The symbol table information command uses the symbol numbers for the order to load the undefined symbols into the stubs and pointer sections. Altering the order would cause the wrong method to be called during machine code execution.

__LINKEDIT Symbol table information
The symbol table information command is used by the dynamic linker to know where to read the symbol table entries under symbol table command 0x00000002, for fast lookup of undefined symbols and external symbols while linking.

The command is read as follows:

The symbol index is multiplied by 12 for Mach-O 32-bit, or 16 for Mach-O 64-bit plus the symbol table entries offset to find the offset to read the symbol entries by symbol number index.

The local symbol index is zero as it is at the start of the symbol entries. The local symbols are used for debugging information.

Number of local symbols is how many exist after the symbol index.

The same two properties are repeated for external symbols and undefined symbols for fast reading of the symbol table entries.

There is a small index/size gap between local symbols and external symbols if there are private symbols.

Any file offsets that are zero are unused.

Indirect table
The Mach-O loader records the symbol pointer sections and symbol stub sections during the segment load commands. They are sequentially used by the indirect symbol table to load in method calls. Once the section end is reached, we move to the next.

The Indirect symbol table offset locates to a set of 32-bit (4-byte) values that are used as a symbol number index.

The order the symbol index numbers go is the order we write each symbol address one after another in the pointer and stub sections.

The symbol stub section contains machine code instructions with JUMP instructions to the indirect symbol address to call a method/function from another Mach-O binary. The size of each JUMP instruction is based on processor type and is stored in the reserved2 value under the section32/64 of a segment load command.

The pointer sections are 32-bit (4-byte) address values for 32-bit Mach-O binaries and 64-bit (8-byte) address values for 64-bit Mach-O binaries. Pointers are read by machine code and the read value is used as the location to call the method/function rather than containing machine code instructions.

A symbol index number 0x40000000 bit set are absolute methods meaning the pointer locates to the exact address of a method.

A symbol index number 0x80000000 bit set are local methods meaning the pointer itself located to the method and that there is no method name (Local method).

If you are designing a disassembler you can easily map just the symbol name to the offset address of each stub and pointer to show the method or function call taking place without looking for the undefined symbol address location in other Mach-O files.

__LINKEDIT Compressed table
If the compressed link edit table command exists, then the undefined/external symbols in the symbol table are no longer needed. The indirect symbol table and location of the stubs and pointer sections are no longer required.

The indirect symbol table still exists in the case of building backwards compatible Mach-O files that load on newer and older OS versions.

Any file offsets that are zero are sections that are unused.

Binding information
The bind, weak bind, and lazy bind sections are read using the same operation code format.

Originally the symbol table would define the address type in the data info field in the symbol table as lazy, weak, or non-lazy.

Weak binding means that if the set library to look in by library ordinal number, and the set symbol name does not exist but exists under a different previously loaded Mach-O file then the symbol location is used from the other Mach-O file.

Lazy means the address that is written located to the dyld_stub_binder, which looks for the symbol then calls the method, then replaces the dyld_stub_binder location with the location to the symbol. Any more calls done from machine code in the binary will now locate to the address of the symbol and will not call the dyld_stub_binder.

The plain old bind section does not do any fancy loading or address tricks. The symbol must exist in the set library ordinal.

A byte value that is 0x1X sets the link library ordinal number. The hex digit that is X is a 0 to 15 library ordinal number.

A byte value that is 0x20 to 0x2F sets the link library ordinal number to the value that is read after the operation code.

The byte sequence 0x20 0x84 0x01 set ordinal number 132.

The number value after the operation code is encoded as a LEB128 number. The last 7 binary digits are added together to form a larger number as long as the last binary digit is set one in value. This allows us to encode variable length number values.

A byte value that is 0x4X sets the symbol name. The hex digit marked X sets the flag setting.

Flag setting 8 means the method is weak imported. Flag setting 1 means the method is non weak imported.

The byte sequence 0x48 0x45 0x78 0x61 0x6D 0x70 0x6C 0x65 0x00 sets the symbol name Example. The last text character byte is 0x00. It is also weak imported, meaning it can be replaced if another exportable symbol is found with the same name.

A byte value 0x7X sets the current location. The hex digit marked X is the selected segment 0 to 15. After the operation code is the added offset as a LEB128 number to the segment offset.

The byte sequence 0x72 0x8C 0x01 sets the location to the third segment load command address and adds 140 to the address.

Operation code 0x90 to 0x9F binds the current set location to the set symbol name and library ordinal. Increments the current set location by the size 4 bytes for a 32-bit Mach-O binary or increments the set address by 8 for a 64-bit Mach-O binary.

The byte sequence 0x11 0x72 0x8C 0x01 0x48 0x45 0x78 0x61 0x6D 0x70 0x6C 0x65 0x00 0x90 0x48 0x45 0x78 0x61 0x6D 0x70 0x6C 0x65 0x32 0x00 0x90

Sets link library ordinal 1. Set location to segment number 2, and adds 140 to the current location. Looks for a symbol named Example in the selected library ordinal number. Operation code 0x90 writes the symbol address and increments the current set address. The operation code after that sets the next symbol name to look for a symbol named Example2. Operation code 0x90 writes the symbol address and increments the current set address.

The new format removes the repeated fields in the symbol table and makes the indirect symbol table obsolete.

Application main entry point
A load command starting with type 0x00000028 is used to specify the address location the application begins at.

If the segments/sections of the program do not have to be relocated to run, then the main entry point is the exact address location. This is only if the application segment addresses are added to an application base address of zero and the sections did not need any relocations.

The main entry point in a Mach-O loader is the program's base address plus the Address location. This is the address at which the CPU is set to begin running machine code instructions.

This replaced the old load command 0x00000005 which varied by CPU type as it stored the state that all the registers should be at before the program starts.

Application UUID number
A load command starting with type 0x0000001B is used to specify the universally unique identifier (UUID) of the application.

The UUID contains a 128-bit unique random number when the application is compiled that can be used to identify the application file on the internet or in app stores.

Minimum OS version
A load command starting with type 0x00000032 is used to specify the minimum OS version information.

The Platform type the binary is intended to run on are as follows:

The 32-bit version value is read as a 16-bit value and two 8-bit values. A 32-bit version value of 0x000D0200 breaks down as 0x000D which is 13 in value, then the next 8-bits is 0x02 which is 2 in value, then the last 8-bits is 0x00 which is zero in value giving a version number of 13.2.0v. The SDK version value is read the same way.

The number of tools to create the binary is a set of entries that are read as follows:

The tool type values are as follows:

The version number is read the same as OS version and SDK version.

With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag "-mmacosx-version-min=" can be used.

Other implementations
A Mach-O application can be run on different operating systems or OS as long as a Mach-O binary image exists that matches the core type in your computer. Most desktops are x86, meaning that a Mach-O with an x86 binary will run without problems if you load the sections into memory. If the Mach-O is designed for iPhone, which has an ARM core, then you would need a PC with an ARM core (does not have to be apple silicon ARM) to run it; otherwise, you would have to change ARM encoded instructions to equivalent x86 encoded instructions. The problem of loading and directly executing a Mach-O is undefined symbols that call functions/methods from other Mach-O binaries that do not exist on another operating system. Some symbols can call other equivalent functions in the different operating systems or even call adaptor functions to make other binary function calls behave like the macOS equivalents. The Mach-O files stored on the device can vary between iPhone (iOS), macOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Causing differences in function calls from undefined symbols.

Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.

For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing macOS applications to run on Linux.

For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.

title: Mach-O


text:
Office of Public Works

The Office of Public Works (OPW) (Oifig na nOibreacha Poiblí) (legally the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland) is a major Irish Government agency, which manages most of the Irish State's property portfolio, including hundreds of owned and rented Government offices and police properties, oversees National Monuments and directly manages some heritage properties, and is the lead State engineering agency, with a special focus on flood risk management. It lies within the remit of the Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform, with functions largely delegated to a Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform with special responsibility for the Office. The OPW has a central role in driving the Government's property asset management reform process, both in respect of its own portfolio and that of the wider public service. The agency was initially known as Board of Works, a title inherited from a preceding body, and this term is still sometimes encountered.

The second oldest State agency in Ireland, the OPW subsumed the functions of the Commissioners and Overseers of Barracks (the Barrack Board) and the Board of Works / Civil Buildings Commissioners (which two agencies had in turn taken on the functions of the Office of the Surveyor General in 1762), the Directors-General of Inland Navigation (which had taken on the functions of the Fisheries Commissioners), and some functions of the Postmaster-General, and those of the Public Works Loans Commissioners.

In the 21st century, the OPW includes the Government Publications Office, and publishes the State gazette, Iris Oifigiúil, and also manages some aspects of the household of the President of Ireland. It for many years oversaw aspects of public procurement, including the first centralised national procurement office. Its fisheries functions later moved to more specialised departments, the inland navigation functions were largely transferred to Waterways Ireland in 1999, and many purchasing functions moved to the Office of Government Procurement in 2014.

Name
The body is formally the Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland, though the full title is rarely used, other than in legislation, with Office of Public Works the main working title, even in parliamentary documents and accounts, and Board of Works also used. Legally the Office's powers are vested in its three commissioners, though operationally it has a broader management team.

Preceding bodies
Until the late 17th century, public buildings in Ireland were financed, constructed and maintained by Royal officials, most notably the Surveyor General of Ireland, without any involvement of parliamentary authorities, but in 1700, the Irish Parliament created two bodies, a set of land trustees (the Trustees of Barracks), and the Commissioners and Overseers of Barracks (informally known as the Barrack Board) to handle military accommodation, using funds allocated by parliamentary vote. In 1759, the role of the Barrack Board was extended to include fortresses and other public buildings, and its name became the Barrack Board and Board of Works. The body of seven salaried commissioners were made responsible for forts, palaces and other public buildings, including Dublin Castle, specifically covering their furnishing and maintenance. The Surveyor General of the time, who was also, as had been the convention for at least decades, the Engineer General of the Board of Ordnance, raised some concerns about the potential interference of the new commissioners with his role, and in 1761, responsibility for fortifications was moved from the Barrack Board and Board of Works to the Board of Ordnance. However, in 1762, it was decided to abolish the office of Surveyor General, and this was completed by 1763, with most of its work transferred to the Barrack Board and Board of Works, and the remainder was continued by the staff of the Board of Ordnance, within which a reduced version of the role was created.

Establishment
The office of was created on 15 October 1831 by the Public Works (Ireland) Act 1831, which provided for a body of three commissioners, with powers to employ staff, pay for works, and make loans to other bodies, accountable quarterly to the Treasury in London. The Westminster Parliament took this step partly to better manage a sum of £500,000 which had been made available to deal with poverty caused by the 1831 famine in Ireland, and partly to reduce the cost and complexity arising from the proliferation of public bodies in the area of public works in Ireland. It was formed to assume the functions of the Commissioners for Public Buildings / Board of Works, the Commissioners and Overseers of Barracks (commonly known as the Barrack(s) Board), and the Directors-General of Inland Navigation (which had taken on the work of the former Fisheries Commissioners). The office also took on functions from other bodies, most specifically concerned with Ireland, including the Postmaster General and the Public Works Loan Commissioners, which continued to operate for several decades alongside the OPW, but also including the Commissioners for Woods and Forests (a United Kingdom-wide authority). The commissioners were given the power to pay salaries but not to promise or pay pensions. The body was, and sometimes still is, informally known as the Board of Works, from the name of one of the predecessor authorities.

Loans
The Commissioners of Public Works were given responsibility for administration and recovery of funds provided for public relief works under an act of Parliament of 1817, and given powers to extend further loans for construction or improvement of works, so long as there was some income from which to repay these loans, and to a cap of half a million pounds outstanding at any one time. Power to make outright grants, of up to 50,000 pounds, was also given. By 1845, the OPW had already disbursed more than a million pounds in loans and grants.

Harbours, fisheries and roads
Already from 1831, the OPW was made responsible for the completion of the part-built Kingstown Harbour (the town having been recently renamed), and Dunmore Harbour. Howth Harbour, as completed in the early 1820s, and the road from the village to Dublin city, were transferred from the Commissioners for Woods and Forests in 1836, and other royal harbours, at Ardglass and Donaghadee, were transferred to OPW control in 1838. The Commissioners of Public Works were initially assigned responsibility to collect repayment on loans advanced by the former Irish Fisheries Commissioners, as well as completing any fisheries pier construction projects already underway. A temporary commission sitting from 1834 made recommendations which resulted in a new act of Parliament in 1842, which expanded the OPW's remit around fisheries considerably, and was followed by further related acts over the following five years, which also added a role in the promotion of deep-sea fishing.

The Office of the Postmaster General had responsibility for several hundred miles of road built from the 1820s on by county Grand Juries, mostly in more remote parts of Ireland, while the Directors of Inland Navigation had also grant-funded the development of hundreds of miles of roads, and all of these were transferred to the Commissioners of Public Works.

Inland navigation
Inland navigation responsibilities transferred from the Directors General of Inland Navigation were initially focused on the upper River Shannon, including two of its major lakes and estuarine tributary the Maigue, and the River Boyne and the Tyrone Navigation. In 1839, the Shannon Commission, a body of three officials, was created to take responsibility for the whole Shannon Navigation system, but this body was dissolved already in 1846, and its functions transferred to the Office of Public Works, which was assigned two additional commissioners to take account of the increased workload. The navigation work employed considerable numbers of people during the Great Famine, and over half a million pounds was spent on channel deepening, and the building of piers, embankments and bridges by 1850. Later works included the construction of the Ballinamore and Ballyconnell Canal, and further major developments on the Shannon system from 1880 to 1884, as well as a separate project on the River Suck system.

Drainage and flood risk management
The Office's involvement with drainage began in its early years, and extended with Drainage (Ireland) Act, 1842, after which large-scale drainage schemes followed, and extended further after the passage of the Drainage (Ireland) Act of 1846, which enabled the OPW to fully fund works.

The Arterial Drainage Act, 1945, codified the work of the OPW in this area, and required the elaboration of a national drainage plan. From 1948 to 1992 works were carried out on more than 30 rivers, protecting 647,050 acres of land.

The Famine years
The Commissioners were asked to provide work to help mitigate the effects of the Great Famine, with four Acts passed for what were called "relief works" at Westminster in 1846, respectively for general public works, county works, building of piers, harbours and fisheries facilities, and drainage projects. These were followed by additional acts to support the issuing of loans to finance further employment, but there were issues with quality control, coordination across districts, and management of the large workforces involved.

Civic buildings
From the Commissioners of Civic Buildings, management of Dublin Castle, the Phoenix Park, and official residences and court buildings was moved to the OPW from its inception, followed by district-level mental asylums in 1834. In 1836 the Treasury Building at Dublin Castle was converted as a base for the newly formed Royal Irish Constabulary and placed in OPW care, and in 1842 the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, and the new Smithfield Prison, were also taken in hand, followed in 1845 by the Queen's Colleges at Cork, Galway and Belfast - which later became University College Cork, University College Galway and Queen's University Belfast - and Maynooth College. Management of coast guard and customs facilities was also assumed in 1845, and by 1857 properties concerned with the Revenue Commissioners, the Post Office and the National Education Board were also under OPW management.

The OPW had responsibility for the building of primary school teacher housing and national school buildings from 1856, and for local dispensaries, and provision of financial help towards housing for the working classes, both urban and farm labouring. Major works were performed concerning other public buildings, including the erection of the National Museum and National Library, with a budget of 100,000 pounds.

Railways and trams
The Office was responsible from 1842 for interactions between railways and inland waterways, with the aim to ensure there was no interference with inland navigation passage, or drainage. The OPW was additionally given powers under legislation concerning tram and light rail systems, from 1860, 1861 and 1889, and could advance loans towards construction and maintenance costs. Later in the 19th century, the OPW was further given the power to fund railway construction in congested districts in the western side of Ireland, and it was involved with at least one such project, in County Donegal.

National monuments
The OPW assumed powers over some heritage properties from 1869, with transfers of historic buildings formerly vested in the Church of Ireland taking place over following years. These included the remains of major monastic settlements, such as Glendalough, the Rock of Cashel, Clonmacnoise and Monasterboice, as well as later monasteries, abbeys and friaries, some cathedrals, round towers, high crosses and monks' cells; also transferred were some ogham stones. Eighteen additional properties were assigned to the care of the OPW in 1882, under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, including stone forts such as the complex of megalithic monuments including Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, now known as Brú na Bóinne, the Grianan of Aileach and Staigue Fort, the stone circles at Moytura, Cong, County Mayo, the Hill of Tara, Navan Fort, Slieve na Calliagh, and, in County Sligo, Queen Meave's Tomb and the Knocknarea passage tomb.

In 1892 the OPW was given general powers concerning any "ancient or medieval structure of historic or architectural interest", with further powers granted in 1903 and 1923. Some powers required the consent of land owners, and this was sometimes refused, as by the then Lord Dunsany in 1893, concerning Trim Castle.

The 20th century
Up until the early 1920s, the OPW was, as all parts of the Irish Executive, the branch of the British Government in Ireland, an all-Ireland body. After independence, the OPW's reporting line moved from the Treasury to the Department of Finance, where it remained for decades (before moving to the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform in 2011).

From the 1980s, the OPW led work on Dublin Castle, the former College of Science on Merrion Street turned Government Buildings, and the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham. The original Ballinamore and Ballyconnell Canal having failed, and been transferred to the relevant local authorities, the canal and associated waters were transferred back to the modern OPW and reworked as the Shannon–Erne Waterway between 1990 and 1994, when it reopened on time and within budget.

Between 1998 and 2000, the OPW managed the development of a new office complex for Leinster House, with offices for more than 100 members and staff of the Oireachtas and new committee and party leader rooms. 2000 also saw the delivery of a new visitor and educational building for the Botanic Gardens, the completion of work on Rathfarnham Castle, two projects at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, and the beginning of work to make Farmleigh usable as the State's premium accommodation for visiting dignitaries. The OPW also delivered projects outside Ireland, at the United Nations Plaza in New York, and for Expo 2000. From 2000, the OPW assumed responsibility for acquisition of sites for both primary and post-primary schools.

Heritage sites
The OPW had general responsibility for the majority of heritage sites within the Republic of Ireland prior to 1996. In 1996 the management of most of these sites was transferred to a new agency, Dúchas, branded as Dúchas: The Heritage Service, within another department of government. Dúchas, which also included the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), adopted a stylised version of the traditional OPW logo, with the OPW changing its logo to match its new focus on its buildings and maintenance functions. In 2003 Dúchas was wound up and some of its functions are now operated by a standalone National Parks and Wildlife Service, and some by the National Monuments Service (NMS) at the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage, while functions not transferred to the NPWS or the NMS reverted to being OPW responsibilities, which mainly relate to built heritage sites; these functions are operated under the brand Heritage Ireland.

The 21st century
The OPW continued an annual programme of property acquisition by purchase and lease, and disposal, including civil service, police, prison and educational facilities, as well as managing a range of strategic projects. In 2001, the Office funded a major study of the River Tolka for three local authorities, and managed projects on the Irish Colleges in Paris and Rome, and the Island of Ireland Peace Park in Mesen, Belgium, and in 2002, projects included civic offices, laboratories, the completion of a new wing at the National Gallery of Ireland, the erection of new exhibitions at the National Museum of Ireland, Collins Barracks, and the launch of an online version of the State gazette. In 2003, the OPW was assigned the task of locating and contracting, fitting-out or adapting offices for 10,000 civil servants scheduled to move out from Dublin to various other urban areas in a mass decentralisation programme, in addition to which it completed a new Garda Siochana command centre at Harcourt Square, and a passport production facility in Balbriggan. In 2004–2005, projects included the construction of new staff offices, a restaurant and entrance facilities at Dublin Zoo, and the completion of a multi-year restoration of the Victorian Palm House at the Botanic Gardens and of the glass houses on Garinish Island, as well as supporting both the development of the Aviva Stadium and of new national sports facilities at Abbotstown, County Dublin.

In 2006, it was announced that the OPW's own headquarters would be decentralised to Trim, County Meath, and an internal competition was held for the design of a new headquarters building. The Trim Headquarters officially opened in late 2008 with staff moving in in the following months. A small number of staff remained in 52 St Stephen's Green which was part of the former Dublin Headquarters (51 St Stephen's Green). The Backwestern Laboratory project, which cost over 200 million euro was completed, and the sale by the OPW of state property in Ballsbridge yielded over 170 million euro. In 2010, the head office of the OPW move to Trim, while the National Convention Centre in Dublin opened, under a public-private partnership, and a major wave of flood risk mamagement studies got underway, including reviews of Cork's River Lee, and Dublin's River Dodder. In 2011, the OPW noted that visitor numbers to its managed properties exceeded 3.5 million, and it managed aspects of the State visits of both Queen Elizabeth II and President Barack Obama. In 2012, the Office set up a central IT system for its libraries, and a construction management system for National Monuments sites. Major works were also completed at Clonmacnoise and the Hill of Tara, and 230 bridges were repaired or replaced. The National Procurement Service continued to operate within the OPW, and the Government appointed its first Chief Procurement Officer.

In 2014, visitor numbers to major OPW-managed heritage sites passed 4 million, while the Irish presidency of the EU was hosted at a much lower cost than a decade earlier due to use of OPW-managed office premises and Dublin Castle. The National Procurement Service was moved from the OPW to an independent establishment under the same government department.

In 2021 the 300 remaining Dublin staff vacated 52 St Stephen's Green and moved to 1GQ on George's Quay, Dublin 2, bringing to an end to their decades long presence on the iconic Dublin Georgian square.

Functions
The OPW operates as a service provider and facilitator of expertise to government departments, offices and other agencies in the areas of:
 * Property management and maintenance – services include architecture, valuation, quantity surveying and project management, engineering, as well as ongoing facilities management, and estate portfolio management
 * Heritage property oversight, and management for selected major heritage properties - including the conservation, preservation and presentation of heritage and cultural properties, and the running of the annual lottery for attendance at Newgrange for the winter solstice
 * Flood risk management – the OPW is the lead agency for flood risk management in Ireland, responsible for developing and implementing comprehensive policies and strategies for flood risk management. It leads and co-ordinates a whole of government approach to flood risk management across three strategic and policy areas of prevention, protection and preparedness.

The OPW also:
 * manages the State Art Collection, comprising more than 16,000 works, with around 90% on public display in State offices and heritage properties,
 * operates the Government Publications Office, including managaing a sales facility to the public for government publications - this part of the Office also produces Iris Oifigiúil, the Irish government's gazette).

Central functions of the Office include multiple libraries.

Property management and maintenance
The OPW is the main provider of services to departments and agencies of the Irish government related to property procurement, construction and fit-out, and management. Specific services related to construction and fit-out include design and architecture, valuation and quantity surveying, project management, and engineering. For ongoing holdings, the OPW can deliver facilities management, and it also manages the overall State estate portfolio. As part of this work, it manages aspects of the Presidential household.

Flood risk management
The OPW's early work in flood risk management was centred on arterial drainage, working from minor and major rivers, and accounting for 11,500 km of channels. This work continues in the 21st century, with channels maintained in 1- to 20-year cycles, most commonly at 4- to 6-year intervals.

As of 2019, the OPW oversaw 434 watercourse monitoring stations, with more than half a million visits to the Office's water level data website. 580 projects had been completed under a scheme for minor flood works, and coastal protection, and 45 flood relief schemes for a total investment of around US$400 million.

Former functions
The OPW oversaw aspects of public procurement, including the first centralised national procurement office, with most of these moved to the Office of Government Procurement in 2014. It had a number of fisheries-related functions, later moved to more specialised departments, while its inland navigation functions, concerning major canals and the Shannon and Erne Navigations, were largely transferred to the Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht in 1996, and to Waterways Ireland in 1999.

Organisation
The Commissioners comprise a Chairman (as of 2021, Maurice Buckley) and two other commissioners. The OPW's management board, which includes the chairman and commissioners, and heads of divisions - including the State Architect - is the group which directs the activities of the Office, and advises the relevant Minister and Minister of State on policy.

The Commissioners of Public Works operate under the mandate of, and are responsible for the exercise of the powers, duties and functions conferred on them by, the Public Works (Ireland) Act 1831 and subsequent legislation, to, the Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform. This authority has largely been delegated to the Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform with responsibility for the Office of Public Works, to whom the Office's annual report is submitted. The Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform remains responsible to Dáil Éireann for the exercise and performance of any powers and duties delegated to the Minister of State, and the use of certain powers by the Commissioners requires ministerial consent.

The staff of the organisation comprise part of the Civil Service of the State. The OPW is a "scheduled Office" under the Public Service Management Act 1997, which sets out arrangements for the management of Departments and Offices and the specification of individual responsibilities and accountability at a senior level. The Chairman of the Commissioners is the administrative Head of the OPW and is also the Accounting Officer for the OPW. The OPW is the subject of a specific Vote of the Oireachtas for annual funding, currently Vote 13, and receives also funding from client departments, offices and agencies - the resulting accounts are submitted to the Comptroller and Auditor-General annually.

Official publications
The Commissioners of Public Works published an annual report from 1832 and 1939, halting during The Emergency, as World War II was known in Ireland. The report was resumed by the OPW in 1990, and continues to issue annually, with an electronic archive online holding reports since 2000.

The OPW also publishes a range of internal documents, including a semi-annual internal magazine, Obair.

Books and booklets
The OPW has historically published a wide range of books and booklets on Ireland's heritage properties, as well as the State's official gazette, Iris Oifigiúil, copies of bills, Acts of the Oireachtas and various other materials.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Office of Public Works


text:
Pecan Grove

A pecan grove is an orchard for pecans, see pecan grove (orchard). For locations named Pecan Grove see:

 * Pecan Grove (Church Hill, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
 * Pecan Grove, Texas
 * Pecan Grove, Collin County, Texas, an unincorporated community

title: Pecan Grove


text:
V (group)

V are a British five-piece boy band made up of Antony Brant, Aaron Buckingham, Mark Harle, Kevin McDaid and Leon Pisani. Founded in 2003, they disbanded after two years, in 2005. They reunited in 2023 without Mark Harle.

Career
V were formed in 2003 after a series of auditions by Prestige, the same management team behind Busted. Group member Antony Brant came up with the band name "V" because V is the Roman numeral for five and there were five members in the band. V made their debut at the same time as McFly by supporting Busted's arena tour in the spring of 2004.

Their first single, "Blood, Sweat and Tears", was released in May 2004 and went into the UK Singles Chart at number 6. The music video was shot in Miami, Florida in February 2004 and the single contained a collaboration with McFly, called "Chills in the Evening" written by Tom Fletcher from McFly and James Bourne from Busted. The band's second single, released in August 2004, was a double A-side and consisted of a new song "Hip to Hip" and a cover of the Jacksons' song "Can You Feel It". The music video showed the group dressed up in day-to-day jobs like an ice cream man and milkman. It charted at number 5 in the UK Singles Chart.

The third single, "You Stood Up", reached number 12 after an appearance on Top of the Pops, but their debut album of the same name only made number 86 on the UK Albums Chart. In March 2005, V announced on their website their decision to split up, stating "it just hasn't happened for us as big as we would have liked". They reunited in 2023 without Mark Harle to record new music and perform shows in the UK.

After break-up

 * Mark Harle was a drummer for indie band Little Comets between 2008 and 2011.
 * Kevin McDaid became a professional photographer, including photographing the covers for the Westlife albums Where We Are and Gravity
 * Aaron Buckingham moved into A&R work, including managing the band Lawson
 * Antony Brant remained friends with the members of McFly, and toured with the band alongside James Bourne and the Vamps in the spring of 2013 as a compere to their Memory Lane tour

Discography
Studio albums

Singles

title: V (group)


text:
Great Houghton, South Yorkshire

Great Houghton is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England), on the border with West Yorkshire. It lies to the west of Thurnscoe, on the B6411 road, and is located at approximately 53° 33' 20" north, 1° 21' west, at an elevation of around 60 m above sea level. At the 2001 census it had a population of 2,261, increasing to 2,475 at the 2011 census.

Great Houghton is a former mining village and its mines were served by the railway, which has since gone, but remains are still visible.

The village has a primary school called Sandhill. The old school building that stood on the main street was demolished in 2007 and was replaced with a new Private Finance Initiative primary school.

Some parts of Great Houghton were affected by the 2007 summer flooding, which caused extensive damage in neighbouring villages.

title: Great Houghton, South Yorkshire


text:
Rover 200 / 25

The Rover 200 Series, and later the Rover 25, are a series of small family cars that were produced by British manufacturer Rover from 1984 until 2005.

There have been three distinct generations of the Rover 200. The first generation was a four-door saloon car based on the Honda Ballade. The second generation was available in three or five-door hatchback forms, as well a coupé and cabriolet (in relatively small numbers). Its sister model, the Honda Concerto was built on the same production line in Rover's Longbridge factory. The final generation was developed independently by Rover on the platform of its predecessor, and was available as a three or five-door hatchback. Just before BMW's sale of Rover in 2000, and following a facelift, the model was renamed and sold as the Rover 25, and the MG ZR was based on the Rover 25 with mechanical changes to the suspension. Production ceased in 2005 when MG Rover went into administration. Production rights and tooling for the model, but not the Rover name, now belong to Chinese car manufacturer Nanjing.

Rover 200 (SD3; 1984–1989)
The original Rover 200 (sometimes referred to by the codename SD3) was the replacement for the earlier Triumph Acclaim, and was the second product of the alliance between British Leyland (BL) and Honda. Only available as a four-door saloon, the 200 series was intended to be more upmarket than the company's Maestro and Montego models, which the 200 Series came in between in terms of size. It was launched on 19 June 1984, at which time there was still a high demand for small family saloons, with many manufacturers selling this type of car under a different nameplate to similar-sized hatchbacks. For example, Ford was selling the saloon version of the Escort as the Orion, the saloon version of the Volkswagen Golf was called the Jetta, and Vauxhall would soon launch an Astra-based saloon called the Belmont. The Rover 200 Series, however, was not based on a hatchback.

Earlier in 1984, Austin Rover had confirmed that the successor to the Acclaim would be badged as a Rover rather than a Triumph – a decision which signalled the end for the Triumph brand. The move was seen as controversial as the Rover brand had long been associated with large executive saloons as well as the Land Rover and Range Rover, and there were fears that its application to a small Japanese-derived compact would devalue the Rover name.

Essentially, the 200 series was a British-built Honda Ballade, the original design of which had been collaborated upon by both companies. Engines employed were either the Honda Civic derived E series 'EV2' 71 PS 1.3-litre 12-valve engine, or British Leyland's own S-series engine in 1.6-litre format (both in 86 PS carburettor and 103 PS Lucas EFi form). The resulting cars were badged as either Rover 213 or Rover 216.

The 213 used either a Honda five-speed manual gearbox or a Honda three-speed automatic transmission. The British-engined 216 also employed a Honda five-speed manual gearbox, unlike the S-Series engine when fitted in the Maestro and Montego. There was also the option of a German ZF four-speed automatic on some 216 models as well.

The Honda-badged version was the first Honda car to be built in the United Kingdom (the Honda equivalent of the 200 Series' predecessor, the Triumph Acclaim, was never sold in the UK). Ballade bodyshells, and later complete cars, were made in the Longbridge plant alongside the Rover equivalent, with the Ballade models then going to Honda's new Swindon plant for quality-control checks.

Although production ceased in late 1989, stocks of the car continued to be available until early 1990, when it was replaced by the Rover 400.

This model of car (SD3 saloon version; 216S in the first series, then replaced by a 216SE EFi model) is well known as Richard and Hyacinth Bucket's car in the BBC Television sitcom Keeping Up Appearances (1990–1995).

Rover 200 (R8; 1989–1995)
The R8 Rover 200, sometimes referred to as the Mk 2 Rover 200, was launched on 11 October 1989. Unlike the Mk 1, Ballade-based, 200, this model was a five-door hatchback designed to replace the Maestro while the saloon variant, called the 400 Series, was effectively the replacement for the previous Rover 200 Series when it was launched in April 1990. The 400 had a different name in an effort to position it slightly upmarket from the hatchback version, analogous to the Ford Orion, the saloon version of the Ford Escort. Once again, the model was designed in collaboration with Honda (who produced the new designed-for-Europe Concerto model) and both models would share production lines at Rover's Longbridge facility. The 200 and Concerto itself were based on the 4th generation Civic (EC), of which the 3-door hatchback, coupé CRX and saloon versions were sold in the United Kingdom.

The R8 200 was the first car to be introduced by the newly privatised Rover Group.

The Maestro continued alongside the Rover 200 hatchback as a budget option until production finished in December 1994.

The 200 also spawned three-door hatchback, coupé and convertible versions, while the 400 eventually spawned an estate version, referred to as the Tourer. These latter variants were solely Rover designed and produced products, with no Honda Concerto versions available. Initial plans to sell the coupe version under the MG marque were abandoned, although the 5-door hatchback was the most popular and common version.

The 200 also saw the introduction of Rover's brand-new K-series family of engines (appearing in 1.4 L (1396 cc) twin-cam 16-valve form). The 1.6 L (1590 cc) version used either a Honda D16A6 SOHC or D16A8 DOHC powerplant, while the 2.0 L M-series unit from the 800-series followed soon afterwards (1991) in the sportier versions. Later versions used the Rover T-series engine, with limited-run turbocharged Rover 220s in GTi and GSi-Turbo trims, boasting a power output of 200 PS as standard. The Rover-engined models drove the front wheels via jointly developed Peugeot/Rover R65 gearboxes (1.4-litre) and Rover PG-1 gearboxes for the 1.6- and 2.0-litre versions. From December 1990, the carburettor-engine 214S (with a 1.4 engine from the Metro) was added to the range, but discontinued within two years due to EEC emissions requirements. Its gap was filled by the 214i, which featured the 1.4 K-series unit from the 214Si and 214SLi.

Also available were two PSA (non-electronically controlled Lucas CAV injection pumps) Indirect injection diesel engines, with the choice of naturally aspirated 1.9-litre XUD9 or turbocharged 1.8 XUD7T engines. They were class leaders for refinement in Peugeot and Citroën installations, but less refined in the Rovers. These engines were installed instead of the non-electronically controlled Bosch HPVE Direct Injection Rover MDi / Perkins Prima used in the Austin Maestro and Montego, because that engine with its noisy combustion but lower fuel consumption, was deemed too unrefined for the new models.

In France, Italy, and Portugal, where demand for diesel cars was high, Honda offered a rebadged 200 Turbodiesel called the Concerto TD. Despite the Concerto name, this model retained the 200's exterior lighting, suspension, and trim.

On its launch, the R8 200 was one of the few new designs in the small family car class. For instance, Ford's Escort had been around since 1980, (with a facelift in early 1986) and Vauxhall's Astra was unchanged from its 1984 launch. Indeed, the only major European competitors that had been around for less than five years were the Peugeot 309, Renault 19 and Fiat Tipo. However, the Escort, Astra and Golf had all been replaced by the start of 1992.

On average, up to 110,000 Rover 200 and 400 (R8) models were sold each year, more than half being sold in Britain. The 214 won What Car?'s 1990 "Car of the Year", but was not considered for the 1990 European Car of the Year award as it was not yet available on the required number of European markets for it to be shortlisted.

The 4-seat Cabriolet (codenamed Tracer) and the Coupé (codenamed Tomcat) were developed concurrently and were based on the 3-door understructure. Rover worked closely with Pininfarina to develop the hood mechanism of the Cabriolet, with the car being announced in spring 1992.

In the autumn of 1992, the 200 received a mild facelift, featuring redesigned front indicator lights, but unlike its 400 sibling, which was also facelifted at the same time, the car did not feature a new grille (which Rover reintroduced on the 1992 R17 facelift of the Rover 800) or new body coloured bumpers. This led to some owners retro-fitting the 400's new grille on to the 200. In 1993 Rover finally added the new grille and body coloured bumpers to the 200 range.

The Coupé was also launched in autumn 1992 and featured an entry-level 1.6 SOHC, and a normally aspirated or turbocharged 2.0-litre T-series. In several markets, where engine taxation was based on displacement, the 1.6 SOHC and the normally aspirated 2.0 were replaced with a single, 1.6 DOHC–engined version. The 1.6 was also available with a 4-speed automatic gearbox.

The 220 Turbo was the fastest Rover to be produced at the time, with a top speed of more than 150mph. Rover had originally considered marketing the coupe version of the car as an MG, but eventually decided to include it as part of the Rover 200 range. The addition of more powerful versions of the Rover 200 Series, including the GTi models, saw the demise of the high performance MG Maestro 2.0 EFi and Turbo models in 1991.

As publicity for the Coupé's launch, a group of volunteer Rover employees prepared two special Land Speed Record cars and after an aborted run in August, broke 37 UK Land Speed Records on 26/27th September 1992 at the Millbrook Proving Ground, Bedfordshire. These included a flying 5 km average speed of 156 mph and a 24-hour average speed of 138 mph. 36 of these records remain unbroken. The record breaking was referred to as "The Tomcat Affair", in reference to the project's development codename.

Rover 200 (R3; 1995–1999)
The Rover 200, codenamed R3, was smaller than the Honda-based R8 cars. This was due to Rover's need to replace the ageing Metro, which by now was 15 years old. Although some elements of the previous 200 / 400 were carried over (most notably the front structure, heater, steering and front suspension). Honda were contracted by Rover to provide tooling and feasibility experts working alongside their Rover colleagues both in Japan and in the Design Studio at Canley. This was also at a time when Honda were moving production of the Honda Concerto replacement from Longbridge to Swindon, freeing up capacity for 60,000 units at Rover. At this point, the car had a cut-down version of the previous car's rear floor and suspension and was codenamed SK3 but was not sufficiently profitable.

After a delay, to consider several options to maintain production volumes at Longbridge, the SK3 project was revised by the Rover Engineering Team. The major change being a Maestro/Montego derived H-frame rear suspension package that allowed fitment of a fuel tank, a full-size spare wheel and an exhaust silencer whilst retaining a good-sized boot, as opposed to only 3-out-of-4 that the carry-over R8 rear suspension allowed in the SK3 package. This also saved over £100 per car allowing the project to be approved for production. The new programme was renamed R3, to align with other programmes.

By the time the car was launched, Honda and Rover had already been "divorced" after the BMW takeover the previous year. The new 200 used K-series petrol engines, most notably the 1.8 L VVC version from the MGF, and L-series diesel engine. During the mid-1990s the L-series was a very competitive engine, regarded as second only to the Volkswagen TDI in overall performance, and an improvement over the R8's XUD - particularly in fuel economy, while almost matching it for refinement.

Launched with 1.4i 16v (105 PS) and 1.6i 16v (111 PS) petrol engines and 2.0 turbodiesel (86 PS and intercooled 105 PS versions) engines, the range grew later to include a 1.1i (60 PS) and 1.4i 8v (75 PS) engines and also 1.8 16v units in standard (120 PS) and variable valve formats (145 PS). R65 Peugeot/Rover Manual gearboxes carried over from the R8 Rover 200 were available across the range and a CVT option was available on the 1.6i 16v unit.

The R3 featured a completely redesigned interior and dashboard to accommodate the fitment of a passenger airbag in line with new safety standards. Changes to the front structure, with the addition of a transverse strut at the back of the engine bay, improved the crash performance of the car,

The 1.8-litre models earned a certain amount of praise for their performance, whilst the intercooled turbo diesel was claimed as one of the fastest-accelerating diesel hatchbacks on the market in the late 1990s.

Unlike its predecessor, the R3 was not available in Coupe, Cabriolet or Tourer bodystyles, although Rover updated these versions of the older model with mild styling revisions and the fitting of the new dashboard from the R3, which was possible due to the shared front bulkhead. In the UK, these models were no longer branded as 200/400 models, simply being referred to as the Rover Coupe, Cabriolet and Tourer.

The Rover 200 might have been marketed as a supermini, it compares closely in size and engine range with contemporary models such as the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Corsa. Instead Rover priced the car to compete with vehicles like the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Astra. Rover's only offering in the supermini segment at the time was the ageing Metro and this gap in the company's line-up needed to be filled.

The third generation 200 was initially popular, being Britain's seventh-best-selling new car in 1996 through to 1998. Within three years it had fallen out of the top 10 completely and was being outsold by traditionally poorer selling cars like the Fiat Bravo/Brava and Renault Mégane.

Rover 200 BRM
The Rover 200 BRM was first shown at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show, the reaction from the press and public was good enough that after a year of development the Rover 200 BRM LE was officially launched at the British Motor Show in October 1998. It was based on the range-topping Vi model but with 1960's BRM styling cues. The engine was the 145 PS 1.8-litre VVC K-Series.

Inside, there were red quilted leather seats and door panels, red carpet, seat belts and steering wheel. Alloy heater controls and turned aluminium trim complimented this. On the outside, there was Brooklands Green paintwork, with silver trim details, 16-inch alloy wheels, and an exclusive woven mesh grille sat above a large orange snout in the front bumper, which was the BRM trademark nose on all of its 1960s Formula One racing cars. Technical adjustments consisted of 20 mm lower ride height over the Vi and improved damping and handling, a close-ratio gearbox with a TorSen differential further developed from the Rover 220 Turbo, reduced torque steer and improved straight-line stability.

The price was £18,000, excluding extras such as air conditioning, passenger airbag and a CD player. There were only 795 built for the UK, with an additional 350 for overseas markets. The steep price was originally slashed to £16,000 and when the Rover 25 was launched, this was cut to £14,000 to get rid of vehicles still lingering in showrooms.

Safety
The NCWR organisation (New Car Whiplash Ratings) tested the Rover 200 and awarded it the following scores:

G = Good A = Acceptable M = Marginal P = Poor

Reviews
The Rover 200 received moderate to good reviews from the motoring press. 'Pros: Cheap to buy; good to drive.' | 'Cons: Reliability hasn't been good.' 'It may not be 'Above All' but it's certainly a Rover. These days that means class, which, in this case, needn't cost a lot.'
 * Parker's Car Guides
 * RAC

Rover 25 (1999–2005)

A facelifted version of the Rover 200, renamed the Rover 25 (internal codename Jewel) was launched in 2000. It was repositioned and priced to compete with the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Corsa, rather than larger cars like the Ford Focus and Vauxhall Astra. This version used similar frontal styling to the larger 75 model. The chassis had been uprated to give sportier handling (suspension and steering setup from 200vi) and the front end had been restyled to give it the corporate Rover look first seen in the range-topping 75, a number of safety improvements and interior changes were made, but the 25 was instantly recognisable as a reworked 200 Series. The 1.4 L, 1.6 L, and 1.8 L petrol engines as well as the 2.0 L diesel were all carried over from the previous range. CVT automatic gearboxes were carried over from the R3 200, with 'Steptronic' (later 'Stepspeed' post-BMW demerger) semi-automatic system available from late 2000. R65 manual gearboxes were again carried over but were later superseded by Ford 'IB5' units in mid-2003. The 1.8-litre engined cars and all diesels used Rover's PG1 5-speed manual gearbox throughout the car's life.

The Rover 25 also saw the introduction, from autumn 2000, of the 16V twin-cam version of the 1.1 L K-Series engine, replacing the 1.1 single-cam 8-valve K-Series engine previously found in the Rover 211i. This development saw power boosted from 60 to 75 PS.

Less than a year after the Rover 25 was launched, BMW sold the Rover Group to the Phoenix consortium for a token £10. By the summer of 2001, the newly named MG Rover Group had introduced a sporty version of the Rover 25: the MG ZR. It had modified interior and exterior styling, as well as sports suspension, to give the car the look of a "hot" hatchback. The largest engine in the range was the 1.8 VVC 160 PS unit, which had a top speed of 210 km/h. It was frequently the UK's best-selling "hot hatch". At this time the Rover 25 GTi was discontinued.

Initially available in i, iE, iS, iL and GTi trim levels, a range topping iXL model was introduced in 2002 adding full leather upholstery, passenger airbag and 15-inch 'Coronet' alloy wheels to the iL specification. Initially available with the 1.6-litre K series engine, a 1.4-litre version of the iXL followed.

In 2003, Rover made a version of the car with increased ride height and chunkier bumpers, called Streetwise. The car was marketed by Rover as an "urban on-roader". They also introduced a van version of the 25 called the Rover Commerce.

In 2004, MG Rover gave the cars an exterior restyle to make them look more modern. The majority of changes however were focused on the interior, which featured a completely new layout and fascia design. Trim levels were revised to i, Si, SEi and SXi, with high-spec leather-trimmed GLi, GSi and GXi models introduced for the 2005 model year.

Production of both cars was suspended in April 2005 when the company went into administration. In March 2005, the 25 won the "Bargain of the Year Award" at the Auto Express Used Car Honours: "The compact hatchback was recognised by the judges for the availability and affordability that help make five-year old examples an attractive purchase proposition."

Specifications for the Rover 25 design were purchased by Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation in early 2005, though new MG Rover Group owner, Nanjing Automobile Group now owns the tooling for the car. In 2008, the Streetwise, rebadged as the MG 3SW, was relaunched in China.

The Rover 25 was Britain's best selling new car in April 2000, due to a brief surge in sales among buyers wanting to support the company at the time of their sell–off by BMW. However, sales quickly settled back down to normal levels, and although the asking price was now in line with other superminis, the 25 was never able to seriously compete with the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Corsa in terms of popularity. It was outsold by the Peugeot 206, Fiat Punto, Volkswagen Polo, Seat Ibiza, Skoda Fabia and Renault Clio.

Safety
The 25 underwent the Euro NCAP car safety tests in 2001 and achieved the following ratings:

The NCWR organisation (New Car Whiplash Ratings) tested the facelifted Rover 25 and awarded it the following scores:

G = Good A = Acceptable M = Marginal P = Poor

Security
The Rover 25 was tested by Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) organisation and achieved the following ratings:

Reviews
The Rover 25 received mixed to good reviews from the motoring press. 'The original 200 ... was never going to sell against the Golfs and Astras of the time, even though that was the sales pitch and price. The 25 remedied this. We're left with a hatchback that's now the right size and price to compete; if only it were better equipped and these lower-range versions offered a bit more comfort when they're on the move.' 'Pros: Sporty driving experience, good quality.' 'Cons: Cramped interior.' 'The Rover 25 series has developed into a very fine range of cars [and] additional chassis work had taken place ... to bring the standard models up to the old 200vi's handling standards. Rover's repositioning of the car had propelled a middle-order family hatch to somewhere near the top of the supermini class.' 'For – The 25 is cheap, quiet and has a roomy boot. Fuel consumption is good on petrols, too.' 'Against – The interior is plain, build quality is iffy, the turbodiesel is unrefined, and safety standards are poor.'
 * The AA
 * Parker's Car Guides
 * RAC
 * What Car? Reader Reviews

Powertrains
These were the engines available for the Rover 200 (1995–1999) and Rover 25 (1999–2005). Each engine was modified at regular intervals throughout its life with economy and emissions improving with the changes.

title: Rover 200 / 25


text:
Thomas Lynch (statesman)

 * Other notable people share this name. See Thomas Lynch (disambiguation).

Thomas Lynch (1727–1776) was an American planter and statesman from South Carolina. He was a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776, and signed the 1774 Continental Association.

Political career
Lynch was born in St. James Parish, Berkeley County, South Carolina, in 1727. He served in the Colonial Legislature of South Carolina and represented the colony in the Stamp Act Congress, heading the committee which drafted the petition to the House of Commons.

Elected to both the First and Second Continental Congresses, Lynch joined Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Harrison on a committee sent to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to confer with General George Washington upon "the most effectual method of continuing, supporting, and regulating the Continental Army." In the ensuing discussions, Washington told the committee of his plan to arm ships to prey upon British supply lines. The gentlemen from Congress approved of the scheme and recommended it to Congress, thus giving essential political support to the establishment of "George Washington's Navy," the first organized naval force of the new nation.

Family
Thomas Lynch's wife, Hannah Motte, was a sister of Isaac Motte, who became a South Carolina Congressman. Following her death during childbirth, Lynch married Annabella Josephiné Dé'Illiard; after Lynch's death, his widow Annabella married South Carolina Governor William Moultrie. His daughter Elizabeth married James Hamilton; their son James Hamilton Jr. was elected as governor of South Carolina in 1830. Following Lynch's death from a stroke, their son Thomas Lynch Jr. was appointed to his seat in Congress and continued in a political career.

title: Thomas Lynch (statesman)


text:
Preferred Executable Format

The Preferred Executable Format is a file format that specifies the format of executable files and other object code. PEF executables are also called Code Fragment Manager files (CFM).

PEF was developed by Apple Computer for use in its classic Mac OS operating system. It was optimised for RISC processors. In macOS, the Mach-O file format is the native executable format. However, PEF was still supported on PowerPC-based Macintoshes running Mac OS X and was used by some Carbon applications ported from earlier versions for classic Mac OS, so that the same binary could be run on classic Mac OS and Mac OS X.

BeOS on PowerPC systems also uses PEF, although x86 systems do not.

title: Preferred Executable Format


text:
Brierley

Brierley is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England. The settlement is tightly clustered and green buffered on a modest escarpment close to the border with West Yorkshire, it is almost wholly in population south of the A628 road, and is less than 2 mi to the south west of Hemsworth.

Its late nineteenth century founded civil parish contained the pit village of Grimethorpe, and at the 2001 census had a population of 5,973, increasing to 7,267 in the 2011 Census. Brierley is at its core approximately 330 ft above sea level on gently undulating slopes.

History
Brierley was an early Saxon settlement. The fort at Brierley Gap, mistakenly called Saxon, is from a much earlier period, probably the Iron Age. The village grew first around the hilltop on the Barnsley to Pontefract road where a small hollow and the sites of several wells provided a good building area.

Along Ket Hill Lane, coal seams come to the surface and form part of the soil so coal must have been known to these early farmers. Sandstone and coal in alternate layers are the underlying rocks of the area. In the Domesday Book, Brierley is referred to as 'Brerelia' in the wapentake of Staincross. The actual Domesday Book spelling is 'Breselia' but all ensuing documents use 'Brerelia' as the correct form.

Later, this name became 'Brereley', then Brearley from which we get one of our modern pronunciations. It was first spelt as 'Brierley' in some documents relating to the leasing of Brierley Manor by descendants of the Harryngton family, from Queen Elizabeth I in 1572.

This spelling of the name was not commonly used until it appeared in a Manor Court Roll for 1665. The early field boundaries can be recognised on the Ordnance Survey Map by the irregular way in which they ring the village and by the winding outline of their hedges due to the ploughing methods of the time.

On a well-hidden site between Brierley and Grimethorpe, stood the fortified Manor of Hall Steads (the name means 'hall site'), which belonged to the early Brereley estate. Its manor house was surrounded by a high, stone wall and a moat in a dwindled demesne in latter years of 5 acres.

The building was mainly of local sandstone and many of the stones remain in the soil among which fragments of 14th and 15th century pottery have been found. St Paul's Church in Brierley was built in 1869 as a daughter church to the Parish of St Peter, Felkirk, it was deemed insufficient for the expanding population of the south of the area which formed Grimethorpe which equally became an ecclesiastical parish albeit later, in 1901, and the first vicar, set about raising funds to build its respective church.

Major donations were received from Mr F.J. Savile-Foljambe who donated the lands for the church and the vicarage and the Carlton Main Colliery, and the church was completed in 1904. St. Paul's Church in Brierley was built in 1869 for George Savile Foljambe, Lord of the Manor of Brierley, to the designs of John Wade in the Gothic Revival style.

Foljambe provided half the cost of the church, and the rest was donated by other local principal people, the land for the church and former Brierley church school was given by Rev John Hoyland, vicar of Felkirk. The first curate was Rev Godfrey Pigott Cordeux.

Civil parish
Brierley was formerly a township in the parish of Felkirk, from 1866 Brierley was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 2016 the parish was abolished.

Notable people

 * Winifred Foley (1914–2009), writer who wrote about her childhood in the Forest of Dean, was born in Brierley.

title: Brierley


text:
Category talk:Norwegian politicians

Is this a joke?
Am I right? Is a Swede taking the Norway-Sweden joke-war into Wikipedia? One Norwegian politician: Vidkun Quisling. Hmmm... Arnejohs 17:47, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Soft category-tag
Can someone please add the Soft category-tag (while I try to find out what categories we still need)?--Ranti2 (talk) 09:52, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Norwegian politicians


text:
Talk:Don Kessinger

Untitled
With 1618 games at shortstop for the Chicago Cubs, Don Kessinger played the most games at that position for the Chicago Cubs.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Don Kessinger. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121010215047/http://www.olemiss.edu/alumni/notable/sports.html to http://www.olemiss.edu/alumni/notable/sports.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:11, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Don Kessinger. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121019083656/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Glenn_Beckert_1940 to http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Glenn_Beckert_1940
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212325/http://m.jsonline.com/more/entertainment/145163125.htm to http://m.jsonline.com/more/entertainment/145163125.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:34, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Kessinger


text:
Shafton

Shafton is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England, on the border with West Yorkshire. At the 2001 census it had a population of 2,840, increasing to 3,447 at the 2011 Census. The parish contains the villages of Shafton and Shafton Two Gates.

Shafton lies to the north of Shafton Two Gates, on the road to Ryhill. It is located at approximately 53° 35' 10" North, 1° 24' West, at an elevation of around 262 ft above sea level. Sceptun in the Domesday Book of 1086 then later in c. 1160 Scaftona meaning a farmstead marked by a pole, or made with poles.

Shafton Two Gates lies to the south of Shafton and north of Cudworth, on the intersection of the A628 and A6195 roads. It is located at approximately 53.59444°N, -1.40833°W, at an elevation of around 246 ft above sea level.

Shafton Two Gates takes its name from the two roads that enter Shafton at this point. The etymology derives from the Old Norse word gata, the equivalent of the modern English word road. The two roads in question are both ancient and locally important. The more southerly of the two is the road between Pontefract and Barnsley, this section of which was made into Turnpike in 1833, with a turnpike gate which was sited slightly to the east of the modern roundabout serving the Cudworth Parkway and Engine Lane. The second more northerly road, is the old Salter's road that runs from Shafton Two Gates via the North Field of Cudworth (Weetshaw Lane) through to Carlton where it continued towards Smithies and eventually up through Penistone to the Salter's Brook Bridge which marked the ancient boundary between Yorkshire and Cheshire at Longdendale (these days the boundary is between the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and Derbyshire). This was an ancient packhorse route.

Today, Outwood Academy Shafton is located in Shafton.

Bus services in Shafton:
 * Waterson's services 35, 36, 37, 38. (35 & 36 go via Shafton Hawthorne Crescent & the Green)
 * Tates Travel service 34
 * Stagecoach Yorkshire services 29, 48, X27, N27

Listed building
The parish contains one listed building that is recorded in the National Heritage List for England. It is a milepost on the south side of Brierley Road, dating from the mid to late 19th century. It is in stone with cast iron overlay, and has a triangular section and a rounded top. On the top is inscribed "BARNSLEY & PONTEFRACT ROAD" and "SHAFTON", and on the sides are the distances to Barnsley and Pontefract.

title: Shafton


text:
Category:British writers

Writers from the United Kingdom.

title: Category:British writers


text:
Category:Horror writers

See also List of horror fiction authors

title: Category:Horror writers


text:
Royston, South Yorkshire

Royston is a suburban village within the Metropolitan borough of Barnsley, in South Yorkshire, England. Historically, the village formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was incorporated into the Metropolitan borough of Barnsley in 1974 and is now on the border with West Yorkshire. It is part of the Barnsley Central borough constituency, and has a population of 10,728. It is situated 4 mi north-east of Barnsley, and 6 mi south-east of Wakefield.

History
The village is recorded in the Domesday Book as Rorestone with the name deriving from Hror's or Roarr's farm /settlement (Hror/Roarr-s-tun). The village was in the wapentake of Staincross.

Originally a farming village, Royston joined the Industrial Revolution with the construction in the 1790s of the Barnsley Canal, and later a branch of the Midland Railway. Both are now disused.

Royston had a colliery called Monckton Colliery (1878–1966).This was replaced by Royston Drift Mine. There was also, a clay works and brick works but these are all now closed, although a coke works operated until recently on the mine site processing coal brought in by road. Royston Drift Mine opened in 1975 and closed (after a relatively short period in coal mining terms) 14 years later in 1989. The site is now the site of Rabbit Ings Country Park, which is now home to all five species of owls to be found in Britain.

A large shirt factory with the brandname Valusta provided local employment from the 1940s through to the 1980s. Burberrys also had a factory on Midland Road

Geography
Royston lies on the Barnsley Canal, and on the intersection of the B6132 and B6428 roads, due north of Monk Bretton at an elevation of around 246 ft above sea level. The Trans Pennine Trail runs through Royston along the canal bank. The parish is part of the diocese of Leeds.

Landmarks
The churches in Royston include the Anglican parish church of St John the Baptist, Bethel Church, the Royston Methodist Church, and Our Lady and St Joseph, a Roman Catholic church.

The parish church of St John the Baptist was built about the year 1234 and has a clock, a sundial, a ring of eight bells and is now grade I listed. The church is a notable location in Royston as it is one of a few churches in England with an oriel window, and was used a navigational landmark for guiding travellers.

Notable people
Harry “Shake” Earnshaw was a miner turned racing cyclist who in 1938 was acclaimed the British Best All-Rounder. The comedian Charlie Williams was born in Royston in 1927. He played football for Doncaster Rovers and later found fame as one of the comedians on the TV programme The Comedians.

The mountaineer Andy Cave originates from Royston, and was a coal miner until the 1984–85 miners' strike, at which point he dedicated himself to mountaineering. He is also notable for his research into the dialect of Yorkshire pit villages. His 2001 doctorate stated that Royston had a slightly different accent to the surrounding villages, as many of the miners who came to work at Monckton Colliery on its opening travelled from the Black Country, where several mines had closed. This hypothesis was later tested by Kate Burland, who analysed certain vowel sounds in Royston, Wakefield and Barnsley. She found that Wakefield and Barnsley residents had very similar pronunciations for the sounds under consideration, whereas Royston residents had different pronunciations that were more similar to those associated with the Midlands. Yorkshire cricketer Norman Yardley lived in Royston at the Grove, which is now owned by Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council.

Football player and manager Ernie Morgan was born in Royston.

title: Royston, South Yorkshire