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North Hills

North Hills may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * North Hills, Los Angeles, California
 * North Hills (Montana), a number of foothills
 * North Hills, New York, a village in Nassau County
 * North Hills (Raleigh), a mixed-use property in Raleigh, North Carolina
 * North Hills, Pennsylvania, a community in Montgomery County
 * North Hills (Pennsylvania), the collective name of the northern suburbs of Pittsburgh
 * North Hills (SEPTA station), a train station in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
 * North Hills, West Virginia, a town in Wood County

Music

 * North Hills (album), by Dawes (2009)

title: North Hills


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Greylisting (email)

Greylisting is a method of defending e-mail users against spam. A mail transfer agent (MTA) using greylisting will "temporarily reject" any email from a sender it does not recognize. If the mail is legitimate, the originating server will try again after a delay, and if sufficient time has elapsed, the email will be accepted.

Mechanism
A server employing greylisting temporarily rejects email from unknown or suspicious sources by sending 4xx reply codes ("please call back later"), as defined in the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Fully capable SMTP implementations are expected to maintain queues for retrying message transmissions in such cases, and so while legitimate mail may be delayed, it should still get through.

Temporary rejection can be issued at different stages of the SMTP dialogue, allowing for an implementation to store more or less data about the incoming message. The trade-off is more work and bandwidth for more exact matching of retries with original messages. Rejecting a message after its content has been received allows the server to store a choice of headers and/or a hash of the message body.

In addition to whitelisting good senders, a greylister can provide for exceptions. Greylisting can generally be overridden by a fully validated TLS connection with a matching certificate. Because large senders often have a pool of machines that can send (and resend) email, IP addresses that have the most-significant 24 bits (/24) the same are treated as equivalent, or in some cases SPF records are used to determine the sending pool. Similarly, some e-mail systems use unique per-message return-paths, for example variable envelope return path (VERP) for mailing lists, Sender Rewriting Scheme for forwarded e-mail, Bounce Address Tag Validation for backscatter protection, etc. If an exact match on the sender address is required, every e-mail from such systems will be delayed. Some greylisting systems try to avoid this delay by eliminating the variable parts of the VERP by using only the sender domain and the beginning of the local-part of the sender address.

Greylisting is effective against mass email tools used by spammers that do not queue and reattempt mail delivery as a regular mail transport agent normally does. Delaying delivery also gives real-time blackhole lists and similar lists the time to identify and flag the spam source. Thus, these subsequent attempts are more likely to be detected as spam by other mechanisms than they were before the greylisting delay.

Advantages
The main advantage from the user's point of view is that greylisting requires no additional user configuration. If the server utilizing greylisting is configured appropriately, the end user will only notice a delay on the first message from a given sender, so long as the sending email server is identified as belonging to the same whitelisted group as earlier messages. If mail from the same sender is repeatedly greylisted it may be worth contacting the mail system administrator with detailed headers of delayed mail.

From a mail administrator's point of view the benefit is twofold. Greylisting takes minimal configuration to get up and running with occasional modifications of any local whitelists. The second benefit is that rejecting email with a temporary 451 error (actual error code is implementation dependent) is very cheap in system resources. Most spam filtering tools are very intensive users of CPU and memory. By stopping spam before it hits filtering processes, far fewer system resources are used.

Delayed delivery issues
The biggest disadvantage of greylisting is that for unrecognized servers, it destroys the near-instantaneous nature of email that users expect. Mail from unrecognized servers is typically delayed by about 15 minutes, and could be delayed up to a few days for poorly configured sending systems. Explaining this to users who have become accustomed to immediate email delivery will probably not convince them that a mail server that uses greylisting is behaving correctly.

This can be a particular problem with websites that require an account to be created and the email address confirmed before they can be used – or when a user of a greylisting mailserver attempts to reset their credentials on a website that uses email confirmation of password resets. If the sending MTA of the site is poorly configured, greylisting may delay the initial email link. In extreme cases, the delivery delay imposed by the greylister can exceed the expiry time of the password reset token delivered in email. In these cases, manual intervention may be required to whitelist the website's mailserver such that the email containing the reset token can be used before it expires.

When a mail server is greylisted, the duration of time between the initial delay and the retransmission is variable; the greylisting server has no control or visibility of the delay. SMTP says the retry interval should be at least 30 minutes, while the give-up time needs to be at least 4–5 days; but actual values vary widely between different mail server software.

Modern greylisting applications (such as Postgrey for Unix-like operating systems) automatically whitelist senders that prove themselves capable of recovering from temporary errors, regardless of the reputed spamminess of the sender.

Implementation also generally include the ability to manually whitelist some mailservers.

One 2007 analysis of greylisting considers it totally undesirable due to the delay to mail, and unreliable as, if greylisting becomes widespread, junkmailers can adapt their systems to get around it. The conclusion is that the purpose of greylisting is to reduce the amount of spam that the server's spam-filtering software needs to analyze, resource-intensively, and save money on servers, not to reduce the spam reaching users. The conclusion: "[Greylisting] is very, very annoying. Much more annoying than spam."

Other problems
The current SMTP specification (RFC 5321) clearly states that "the SMTP client retains responsibility for delivery of that message" (section 4.2.5) and "mail that cannot be transmitted immediately MUST be queued and periodically retried by the sender." (section 4.5.4.1). Most MTAs will therefore queue and retry messages, but a small number do not. These are typically handled by whitelisting or exception lists.

Also, legitimate mail might not get delivered if the retry comes from a different IP address than the original attempt. When the source of an email is a server farm or goes out through some other kind of relay service, it is likely that a server other than the original one will make the next attempt. For network fault tolerance, their IPs can belong to completely unrelated address blocks, thereby defying the simple technique of identifying the most significant part of the address. Since the IP addresses will be different, the recipient's server will fail to recognize that a series of attempts are related, and refuse each of them in turn. This can continue until the message ages out of the queue if the number of servers is large enough. This problem can partially be bypassed by proactively identifying as exceptions such server farms. Likewise, exception have to be configured for multihomed hosts and hosts using DHCP. In the extreme case, a sender could (legitimately) use a different IPv6 address for each outbound SMTP connection.

A sender server subjected to greylisting might also reattempt delivery to another receiving mailserver if the receiving domain has more than one MX record. This may cause problems if all such hosts do not implement the same greylisting policy and share the same database.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greylisting (email)


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Charles Wesley Turnbull

Charles Wesley Turnbull (February 5, 1935 – July 3, 2022) was a Virgin Islander politician, educator and historian who served as the sixth elected Governor of the United States Virgin Islands from 1999 to 2007.

Biography
Charles Wesley Turnbull was born on February 6, 1935, in the island of St. Thomas to John Wesley Turnbull and Ruth Ann Eliza Skelton of Tortola. Prior to being elected governor in 1998, he was a professor at the University of the Virgin Islands, Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner of the territorial Department of Education, principal and assistant principal of Charlotte Amalie High School, and a teacher in elementary and secondary schools. He was a graduate of Hampton University, earning bachelor's and master's degrees. He earned a doctoral degree in Educational Administration from the University of Minnesota in 1976.

During his tenure as governor, Turnbull served as a member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors' Association, and the Democratic Governors Association.

Turnbull was prohibited from seeking re-election in 2006 due to term limits. His term of office expired on January 1, 2007, and he was succeeded by John de Jongh. Turnbull served as a member of the Virgin Islands Fifth Constitutional Convention.

Turnbull died in Washington, D.C., on July 3, 2022, at the age of 87.

title: Charles Wesley Turnbull


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Batting average against

In baseball statistics, batting average against (denoted by BAA or AVG), also known as opponents' batting average (denoted by OBA), is a statistic that measures a pitcher's ability to prevent hits during official at bats. It can alternatively be described as the league's hitters' combined batting average against the pitcher.

Definition
Batting average against is calculated as:

$$BAA = \frac{H}{BF-BB-HBP-SH-SF-CINT}$$

for which:
 * H is the number of hits allowed by the pitcher
 * BF is the number of batters faced
 * BB is the number of base on balls
 * HBP is the number of hit batsmen
 * SH is the number of sacrifice hits
 * SF is the number of sacrifice flies
 * CINT is the number of catcher's interference

For example, if a pitcher faced 125 batters and allowed 25 hits, issued 8 walks, hit 1 batsman, allowed 2 sacrifice hits, allowed 3 sacrifice flies, and had 1 instance of catcher's interference, the pitcher's BAA would be calculated as:

$$BAA = \frac{25}{125-8-1-2-3-1} = \frac{25}{110} = .227$$

Reference site Baseball-Reference.com more simply defines BAA as hits divided by at bats, as "at bats" for a pitcher equates to the above noted denominator (batters faced less walks, hit by pitch, sacrifice hits, sacrifice flies, and catcher's interference):

$$BAA = \frac{H}{AB}$$

For example, in 2021, Max Scherzer had the best (lowest) batting average against in Major League Baseball among qualified pitchers. Scherzer's BAA for the 2021 season was:

$$BAA = \frac{H}{AB} = \frac{119}{644} = .185$$

title: Batting average against


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North Fork

North Fork most commonly refers to the peninsula at the east end of the North Shore of Long Island.

North Fork may also refer to:

Communities

 * North Fork, Alberta, Canada

United States

 * North Fork, California, a town in Madera County
 * North Fork, California, the former name of Korbel, Humboldt County, California
 * North Fork, California, the former name of Seneca, California
 * North Fork Township, Stearns County, Minnesota
 * North Fork, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * North Fork, Nevada, an unincorporated community in Elko County
 * Eden, Utah, also known as North Fork
 * Northfork, West Virginia

Tributaries

 * North Fork River (Missouri–Arkansas), a tributary of the White River
 * North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River, a tributary of the Brazos River in Texas
 * North Fork Flathead River, a tributary of the Flathead River in Montana, which delineates the western border of Glacier National Park
 * North Fork Gunnison River, a tributary of the Gunnison River in Colorado
 * North Fork Creek, a tributary of Redbank Creek in Pennsylvania
 * North Fork Red River, a tributary of the Red River of the South
 * North Fork (Aarons Creek tributary), a stream in Halifax County, Virginia
 * North Fork Skykomish River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River in Washington state
 * North Fork Popo Agie River, a tributary of the Wind River in Wyoming

Other

 * Northfork, a 2003 film

title: North Fork


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Batters faced

In baseball statistics, Batters Faced (BF), also known as Total Batters Faced (TBF) or Batters Facing Pitcher (BFP) is the number of batters who made a plate appearance before the pitcher in a game or in a season.

For a given game, the number of plate appearances for an offense is 3×(Innings) + (Runs scored) + (Runners left on base).

Major league records
The major league record for batters faced in a career belongs to Cy Young, who faced 29,565 batters between 1890 and 1911. Will White of the Cincinnati Reds holds the single season record; he faced 2,906 batters in 1879. The last pitcher to face 1,500 or more batters in a single season was Wilbur Wood of the 1973 Chicago White Sox.

On May 1, 1920, Leon Cadore of the Brooklyn Robins faced 96 Boston Braves batters, an MLB single game record dating back to at least 1901. Oakland's Steve McCatty is the last pitcher to face 50 or more batters in a game. McCatty pitched to 51 batters in a 14-inning complete game loss to the Seattle Mariners on August 10, 1980.

Mike Myers made 314 appearances in which he faced just one opposing batter per game, also a record.

No batters faced
It is possible for a pitcher to participate in a game without officially facing a batter. This can happen when a baserunner is picked off or caught stealing to end either the inning or the game. For example, in a game between the San Francisco Giants and Philadelphia Phillies on August 4, 2016, San Francisco's Sergio Romo entered the game in the bottom of the 9th inning with the game tied and 2 out. Romo threw four pitches to Aaron Altherr before César Hernández was caught stealing second base to end the inning, after which Romo was replaced. The Giants went on to win the game in extra innings and Romo was the winning pitcher despite never officially facing a batter.

A pitcher could also not record a batter faced if he gets injured and has to be replaced before the completion of a plate appearance. Larry Yount holds the distinction of being the only pitcher in major league history to appear in the record books without ever having officially faced a batter. In Yount's case this was also true in a literal sense as he was injured while throwing a warm-up pitch on his debut and never entered the game, but was credited with doing so due to having already been announced.

title: Batters faced


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Amaya (web editor)

Amaya (formerly Amaya World) is a discontinued free and open source WYSIWYG web authoring tool with browsing abilities.

It was created by a structured editor project at the INRIA, a French national research institution, and later adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as their testbed for web standards; a role it took over from the Arena web browser. Since the last release in January 2012, INRIA and the W3C have stopped supporting the project and active development has ceased.

Amaya has relatively low system requirements, even in comparison with other web browsers from the era of its active development period, so it has been considered a "lightweight" browser.

History
Amaya originated as a direct descendant of the Grif WYSIWYG SGML editor created in the early 1980s, and of the HTML editor Symposia, itself based on Grif, both developed and sold by French software company Grif SA.

The last change of code of Amaya was on 22 Feb 2013.

Features

 * Access keys
 * Caret navigation
 * Page zooming
 * Password management
 * Spell checking
 * Transport protocols
 * Support for CSS, MathML, SVG, RDF and Xpointer
 * Displays free and open image formats such as PNG and SVG, as well as a subset of SVG animation

A test bed application
It was used as a test-bed for new web technologies that were not supported in major browsers.

Amaya was the first client that supported the RDF annotation schema using XPointer. The browser was available for Linux, Windows (NT and 95), Mac OS X, AmigaOS, SPARC / Solaris, AIX, OSF/1.

Naming and logo

Amaya was formerly called Tamaya. Tamaya is the name of the type of tree represented in the logo, but it was later discovered that Tamaya is also a trademark used by a French company, so the developers chose to drop the first letter to make it "Amaya".

title: Amaya (web editor)


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Babylon Zoo

Babylon Zoo were an English rock band formed in 1992 in Wolverhampton. Their song "Spaceman" gained considerable exposure through its use in a Levi's jeans television advert in the United Kingdom in late 1995. Released as the band's debut single on 21 January 1996, it entered the UK Singles Chart at number one. "Spaceman" led to the band being perceived as a one-hit wonder, when subsequent releases charted less successfully.

History
Frontman Jas Mann had formerly been in indie music band The Sandkings. In 1993, a three-track demo earned him a contract from Phonogram Records for his next project, Babylon Zoo, but ended up being signed to Warner's WEA record label, where the band recorded the album The Boy with the X-Ray Eyes. However, around this time Clive Black, managing director of Warner, was poached by rival record company EMI and so took Babylon Zoo over to EMI. The band's first single was "Spaceman", which had been recorded and pressed by Warner as a CD single, before being scrapped when Black left the company. However, a promo version was played on a Manchester radio station. An advertising-agency creative heard it and decided it would be perfect for a Levi's jeans TV advert they were developing. Levi's used part of "Spaceman" for their UK TV ad and the hook of the song became popular. Even though the rest of the song turned into a slower grunge-glam style, it still became the fastest-selling debut single in British history. The single sold 383,000 copies in the first week of release, spending 5 weeks at number 1.

Critic Steven Wells wrote the "Spaceman" single (resembling the Levi's advert version for only "about ten seconds") angered many consumers. He reported Mann drew further ire through self-aggrandising interviews, and noted his ridicule in the media, including by NME and in a 1997 episode of comedy TV series Brass Eye.

Tim Moore wrote "only failure and embarrassment" followed for Babylon Zoo. An album entitled The Boy with the X-Ray Eyes was produced at Mann's New Atlantis Productions music and video centre. It peaked at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart on 17 February, but quickly dropped out of the Top 40, lasting only a further two weeks on the chart. Subsequent singles charted progressively lower, failing to match the success of "Spaceman". The band's reputation was further damaged by a series of scathing live reviews.

In 1999, a follow-up album was released, King Kong Groover. The album received negative reviews and sold fewer than 10,000 units, failing to chart in the UK. The first single from the album was "All The Money's Gone", released in the UK and Europe and peaking at number 46 on the UK Singles Chart. The second single, a cover of Mott the Hoople's "Honaloochie Boogie", was only released as a promotional single in France. The group disbanded shortly after and Mann moved to India where he spent time working for an aid agency.

In 2005, Jas Mann announced he would be issuing a new Babylon Zoo album, called Cold Clockwork Doll, but no official release date was ever announced and no further updates followed.

Musical style and influences
Many journalists felt Babylon Zoo was influenced by David Bowie's musical style. As such, the band can be seen as a 1990s alternative rock band with glam and electronic influences.

title: Babylon Zoo