text:
Talk:EM64T

To David Gerrard. The "See Also: AMD64" line at the top of the introduction was put there to emphasize that the main technical article would be AMD64, and that EM64T would only be an article about the history of Intel's EM64T in relation to AMD64. So it was not superfluous, it was deliberate.

Also I don't believe the bottom paragraph linking to articles that said that Intel's Nocona has performance problems is something that belongs in an encyclopedia. First of all, as of this moment Intel has not released any hardware with EM64T in it yet, everything is still in pre-release. Secondly, performance problems in a particular instance of hardware are a fleeting incident in an architecture that is expected to be around over several generations.

--ykhan 16:58, 2004 May 2 (UTC)

Is there a reference for this last paragraph, that Intel 'copied' the technology from AMD. That is rubbish/hype and a contrast to earlier statements of the article. This is not a 'new' technology, its an extension which means the direction was already deturmined. When AMD64 was 'developed' there wasn't any 'latitude' its IA-32 x2 with a few other items added. Indeeded calling it a technology is a little far fetched.

Copying AMD64 technology
Is this really true? It makes the article sound really bias aganst Intel. Although I wouldnt be supprised if Intel did copy AMD64 technology but I havent seen any actual proof that they did. Performance issues are also a bias sounding thing, but we'll know when actual benchmarks are to be seen, unless they already exist and I havent gone over them yet.

Until the issue dealing with suposed copying technology is resolved and the performance issue of EM64T vs Rivals, the neutrality of this article should be disputed. Sorry.

--- Thank you much better.

Intel names projects after rivers, not counties.
The Yamhill and Clackamas references within Intel are named after the Yamhill River and Clackamas River--two rivers in Oregon--and not after the Oregon counties which mostly contain them. I'll correct the main page.

Regarding copying; Intel and AMD have been copying each others' instruction sets and such for years. Much of AMD's line is a clone of Intel's stuff (including some key enabling technologies licensed to AMD by Intel); to claim that Intel is now "copying" AMD64 is not fair comment--unless one has evidence that Intel is doing anything below board. Emulating/supporting an existing instruction set is neither illegal nor immoral in the world of CPU design.

--EngineerScotty 22:52, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * "to claim that Intel is now "copying" AMD64 is not fair comment" – Why not? They've been doing it for years, and it is not illegal nor immoral. It is a relationship much worth noting, however.
 * More interesting, though, is the question how close is the EM64T instruction set architecture to that of AMD64? The article should say, but doesn't, only "See the AMD64 article for architectural details" suggesting they are identical.  Are they?  -R. S. Shaw 04:34, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * There is nothing wrong with that statement and it is totally unbiased, it's just the nature of AMD and Intel's cross-development contract, they both share all technologies pertaining to the x86 architecture. Maybe you just don't like it because this is the first time it's Intel copying AMD's technology and not the other way around. AMD developed the AMD64 extention to the x86 architecture and Intel copied it as EM64T (as well as NX bit, which I know was already around in the 80286+ in Paged Mode, but no one used Paged Addressing Environment as it was recognized as obsolete, it was AMD who added it to Linear Addressing Mode), just like AMD copied the entire x86 architecture from Intel (just to put it in to perspective, respectively they both did immense work adding to the archaic architecture). Also EM64T is largely the same thing as AMD64 (identical) except for maybe a few changes to make it fit into hyperthreading and dual-core technology better for Intel's plans, either way it's 100% with AMD64 compiled code and is recognized as the same thing as AMD64 in most CPU-ID programs (such a CPU-Z). -Xero.03 13:31, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

who was the 1st ?
http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=20072

Quite strange saying. Intel claimed that AMD had stolen most part of AMD64 form them :)

 * The 'claim' is quite vague. The Inquirer says:
 * According to Curry, Intel's "competitor" - that's AMD of course, took advantage of the work it had done. He said that the competitor announced its move into the 64-32 arena largely based on the work Intel had done.
 * Undoubtedly Intel worked on 64-bit extensions to x86 (as did AMD, and anyone interested would). Perhaps Intel researchers published some papers on the subject.  The basic idea of 64-bit extensions is obvious; the details can differ, but are substantially constrained by compatibility.  There's no claim here that there was an Intel design that was secret and was stolen.  I wonder if this is a case of decomposing sour grapes emitting hot air. -R. S. Shaw 22:18, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

CMPXCHG16B

 * Similar to CMPXCHG8B, CMPXCHG16B allows for atomic operations on 128-bit double quadword (or oword) data types. This is useful for high resolution counters that could be updated by multiple processors (or cores).

This statement is true but misleading: the double-width compare-and-swap is primarily used in Lock-free and wait-free algorithms. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.19.78.190 (talk • contribs) 16:40, December 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know if I'd say it's misleading; it is accurate, it just doesn't mention the other possible use you've defined above. If you want to reword it, feel free. =) —Locke Cole 16:44, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

MONITOR/MWAIT
I'd like a source for this latest addition (especially the part claiming it's only useful for hyperthreaded processors). Given the technical definition of these instructions from Intel's own manuals, these would seem to be useful even in multi-core processors (not just hyperthreaded/SMT processors). If there's no verifiable source (or no objection) in a few days, I'll likely remove the passage. —Locke Cole • t • c 07:55, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

OK, but understand that this demand of yours is rude and irritating. It's something you should reserve for when you have consensus that the text is wrong.

The instructions are not quite 100% useless on plain SMP and dual-core. Having them is nice, and you might as well take advantage of that, but it doesn't really matter.

As evidence, see the linux-kernel mailing list (google site:lkml.org mwait) and the chunk of Linux kernel source code which I quote below:

arch/i386/kernel/process.c-276-static int __init idle_setup (char *str) arch/i386/kernel/process.c-277-{ arch/i386/kernel/process.c-278- if (!strncmp(str, "poll", 4)) { arch/i386/kernel/process.c-279-        printk("using polling idle threads.\n"); arch/i386/kernel/process.c-280-        pm_idle = poll_idle; arch/i386/kernel/process.c-281-#ifdef CONFIG_X86_SMP arch/i386/kernel/process.c-282-        if (smp_num_siblings > 1) arch/i386/kernel/process.c-283-                printk("WARNING: polling idle and HT enabled, performance may degrade.\n"); arch/i386/kernel/process.c-284-#endif arch/i386/kernel/process.c-285- } else if (!strncmp(str, "halt", 4)) { arch/i386/kernel/process.c-286-        printk("using halt in idle threads.\n"); arch/i386/kernel/process.c-287-        pm_idle = default_idle; arch/i386/kernel/process.c-288- }

Note the explicit check for hyperthreading (smp_num_siblings > 1) and the mention of hyperthreading (HT) in the warning message. This warning will not print on a non-hyperthread system. The warning is used because having one side of a hyperthreaded CPU poll memory will cause the other side to get fewer cycles.

This old discussion may be of interest: http://lkml.org/lkml/2004/9/12/41

24.110.60.225 AlbertCahalan 03:33, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

I see that the SSE3 page already provides a reference. I hope you (Locke Cole) don't make such burdensome and abusive demands in the future, to me or to any other person editing wikipedia.

24.110.60.225 AlbertCahalan 03:55, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * There's nothing burdensome about my request, it is in fact one of the core philosophies of Wikipedia: Verifiability. (Which is in turn backed up by another philosophy: No original research). I'll look into the information you've presented, but I'll say up front I'm not impressed with the age of the research you cite (all circa 2004 it seems, before dual core processors were a consideration). Thanks for responding though, I'll get back to you on my thoughts. —Locke Cole • t • c 04:12, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The chunk of code is from the linux-2.6.13.4 kernel, which is quite recent. I've only ever seen WP:V used abusively. You'd do well to forget that it exists, lest it tempt you to treat others as you surely would rather not be treated. See The Golden Rule. Alternately, you could go threaten to delete the whole Serine article for not providing references, hmmm? Most articles are like that, for reasons that should be obvious and acceptable. Have you provided references for all your wikipedia edits? Would you like people threatening to delete them? 24.110.60.225 AlbertCahalan 04:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Next time you edit, you might consider looking just above the edit summary input box, it says, and I quote, "Content must not violate any copyright and must be verifiable. Your contributions will be licensed under the GFDL.". No, I don't source everything I ever add to Wikipedia, but then I don't add things I've made up myself (I usually have a source I'm working from that backs up what I'm writing). If I didn't have a source, it would be original research and unverifiable. That's bad for Wikipedia. Now please, be civil, as I was in my original request for some references supporting the passage, and stop acting like I've harassed you in some way by discussing this and not simply removing it out of hand (as I could have done, had I been so inclined). —Locke Cole • t • c 05:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Please take a deep breath, 24.110.60.225, and calm down. If you look again at LockeCole's original post, there was nothing rude there. He did not demand sources, just asked about the statement. In fact he was quite considerate in starting a discussion here rather than just deleting the text that seemed incorrect to him. Comments on article text which you may have written is not an attack. -R. S. Shaw 06:40, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * He could have simply said "Why is monitor/mwait mainly a hyperthread thing?" instead of bringing out the heavy weaponry. Once you mention WP:V, you've basically accused someone of writing a pile of bullshit. In this case, there was a findable reference. I know plenty of things that I've learned over the years, via college textbooks for example, that are possible but very difficult to verify. It's not right to needlessly ask people to dig up ISDN numbers of books that got discarded years prior, especially since the accuser is very unlikely to go buy or borrow the reference. AlbertCahalan 07:12, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * WP:V is not "heavy weaponry". Until you told me the anon was you (on my WP:RFA) I had no idea if this anon was simply new (and might like to know in advance why I was asking for a source for this bit of information), or was trying to slip in POV to downplay MONITOR/MWAIT (in which case, WP:V would probably force the individual to rethink adding unverifiable POV to an article). I do not consider mentioning WP:V to be akin to accusing someone of writing a "pile of bullshit". And neither do a lot of other editors on Wikipedia. Being verifiable is important for Wikipedia, and as policy, it has been accepted by a consensus of editors. The same holds true for WP:NOR and WP:NPOV. I consider asking for verification to be "right", and I do not believe my request was "needless". Please be more considerate of Wikipedia policy in the future, and don't automatically assume bad faith on the part of someone requesting verification. —Locke Cole • t • c 07:41, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As a follow-up, I've done a very limited bit of research into this, and while I haven't come across anything discounting the idea that MONITOR/MWAIT are hyperthreading specific, I also haven't come up with much supporting it (beyond the LKML entry above, which may or may not be a reliable source). In any event, I came across this (pdf) which states that MONITOR/MWAIT will be implemented in AMD processors in 2007. If it's only relevant to hyperthreading implementations, I wonder why they'd announce planned support. I'll look into this more later as time allows, I just wanted to give an update on my research. —Locke Cole • t • c 23:34, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Invented history,inaccuracies and bias
This article has a clear bias towards AMD and the originator will not allow changes to make it accurate. He does not know the real history here and will not allow it to be changed to reflect that and is therefore a fairly useless article as it reflects how he wishes history to be written. For example, what he doesn't seem to know or is choosing to ignore is that Intel developed the 64 bit extensions back in 97/98 and as part of a deal with Microsoft around the Itanium port of Windows Intel agreed that MS could disclose the specifications for said extensions to AMD. This story is far more complex than the author knows and his bias is evident.
 * —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 143.183.121.3 (talk • contribs) 01:35, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You seem to under some misapprehensions, 143.183.121.3. This article was originated by User:Bsoft, but he hasn't touched it since March 2004.  This article wasn't written by "the author"; it has been written by many (>30) different editors.  Your (one) contribution was reverted by just one editor, who doesn't appear to have contributed any of the text to the article.
 * As to the reverted edit you had added, there were a couple of problems with it. One is that it deleted the reference to the detail of the EM64T architecture.  Another is that the added text saying the "architecture goes back to the mid '90's starting with Intel's decision to support two 64 bit architectures" just hangs in midair.  There need to be sources showing this to be case, and whatever the mid-90's development was would need to be related to what turned out to be the actual released EM64T architecture.
 * The article may indeed have a bias, and that should be worked out of it. The active editors should try to come to a consensus.  Perhaps you could start this by pointing out here on the talk page some of the biased items you see needing revision. -R. S. Shaw 04:26, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if you're targeting me, we're all authors around here. As to your claim that Intel developed the 64-bit extensions first, do you have any source for this information? It's the first I've heard of anything like it. If it is true, then it's not myself or others here who are covering it up. In all the articles I've read on the AMD64 architecture and the Opteron and Athlon64 processors, it's always credited to AMD. I'm simply upholding what I believe to be widely held facts. So do you have any proof of your claims? Imroy 04:34, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

It's been over 24 hours now and no answer from 143.183.121.3, so I've removed his disputed tag from the top of the article. I've only just now run a whois lookup - the IP belongs to Intel! One wonders what his motives were, and if the story had any truth to it. I mean, Intel and AMD have had some licensing deals in the past, that was how the Am386 came about. But that was a long time ago and I just cannot see this happening in the recent climate of competitiveness. And why on earth would Intel decide to run with two completely incompatible 64-bit architectures? I find that his claimed version of events just doesn't make sense. Imroy 06:17, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no evidence revealed here to support 143.183.121.3's scenario, and so nothing should be in the article about it, but the scenario is somewhat plausible to my way of thinking. Almost certainly Intel in the 90's studied how 64-bit addressing could be integrated into the IA-32 architecture; it's an obvious and important area, and Intel could afford the resources for basic study and architecture development.  It's also plausible that Intel had a deal about porting Windows to Itanium.  Maybe MS wanted a 64-bit platform for development other than Itanium (availability maybe a problem), and Intel might have provided such a thing (doubtful).  Or MS may have known about Intel's IA-32-64 architecture, and wanted to know all details to make the 64-bit Windows suitable for it as well as for Itanium, and hence the disclosure, and MS might have insisted on disclosure to AMD (to maintain its enviable position in hardware vs software revenues in the industry).
 * Intel did not "run with" two 64-bit architectures until forced to. Intel clearly put all its external support and the bulk of its internal 64-bit resources into Itanium ("IA-64") for a decade or more.  It could be a big win to Intel if it could make Itanium a success in applications needing 64-bit addressing (which eventually would become most of the market).  This is because it would have a monopoly on Itanium machines with good barriers protecting that monopoly, very unlike the x86 arena.  Yet it would be only prudent for Intel to protect itself against AMD (or ?) successfully launching upward compatible 64-bit extensions to x86, a not unreasonable possibility.  Hence, Intel would need to have something like EM64T simmering on the back burner, all the while keeping that very, very quiet (to avoid impact to Itanium).  Intel's long denial of Yamhill's existence is consistent with that.  Anyway, this is all speculation until a reliable tell-all appears to confirm or refute it, which may not be for a decade or two. -R. S. Shaw 20:40, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Concerning your idea that "Maybe MS wanted a 64-bit platform for development other than Itanium"; has everyone forgotten the Alpha already? It was the most popular and successful of the non-x86 ports of Windows NT and I believe MS even threatened Intel with pushing the Alpha in order to get something out of them. There was a MIPS port and even a PowerPC port, but they didn't go anywhere. So I don't agree with the idea that MS wanted another 64-bit platform when several were already available. However I do agree a company the size of Intel could (and should) have done some sort of analysis and research on the idea of extending x86 to 64 bits. We just have to figure how, why, and (most importantly) if Intel transferred a 64-bit x86 ISA to AMD. Imroy 01:18, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

It's a damn shame
Articles like this shouldn't be put in here :D Imagine if someone who is not familiar with either Intel or AMD reading this. Reading between the lines is not fun here. It's as chronical Intel fall down article as any AMD fan would write. What reverse ingeneering ? x86 is an Intel architecture and AMD were not invited to it. But they did copy as much as they can and made cpus on another's back. AMD always tried and tried and tried to achieve something here. First it was the Big Fat cpu Copy. Of course it sucked. Then it was fabric cpu overcloack, which did not suck that much, but smelled and caused overheating insted (even now you can see explosion of a modern AMD cpu at google videos, it took a part of the mainboard along with itself): by the time when Intel made 2.4 GHz P4 which could be o/cloacked up to 2.8 or 3.2 GHz (I don't remember right now) without even change of the core voltage, AMD fans were experiencing the 1.4 GHz AMD cpus fabricaly o/cloacked to 2.0 GHz (and running hot as hell). Then of course came along the time for at-home 64bit cpus. Alright. Intel showed the world a brand new 64 bit technology, made from scratch. They called it Itanium, IA-64. What AMD did then ? Hehe, no, they didn't copy. They just kept the good old Intel x86 arch but extending it with 64 registers, which meant not only 64 bit computation and almost no effort what-so-ever (again) (and comparing to the Itanium creation) but also the possibility of performing these good old Intel x86 instructions, so much used in the world at the time. While Intel of course faced the need of software for their platform. Well, what can I say ? Yes, for a first time Intel had to face with their actions all the **** AMD slowly created as the years passed by and make their own 64 extension of the x86 arch. Did they reverse ingeneered it ? Well how can you reverse ingeneer something you made 15 years ago, in the first place, from someone who had stolen it 10 years ago. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Butterfly collector (talk • contribs) 23:17, July 8, 2006

title: Talk:EM64T


text:
Gonneville

Gonneville may refer to:

Places

 * Gonneville, Manche, a commune in the Manche département of France.
 * Gonneville-en-Auge, a commune in the Calvados département of France.
 * Gonneville-sur-Honfleur, a commune in the Calvados département of France.
 * Gonneville-sur-Mer, a commune in the Calvados département of France.

People

 * Binot Paulmier de Gonneville

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gonneville


text:
Gonneville-en-Auge

Gonneville-en-Auge (, literally Gonneville in Auge) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Gonneville-en-Auge


text:
Charlottetown (electoral district)

Charlottetown (formerly Hillsborough) is a federal electoral district in Prince Edward Island, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004. The district, which includes the entire City of Charlottetown, has an area of 46 km2 and a population of 34,562 as of 2011.

Hillsborough was formed in 1966 (from the old Queen's (Prince Edward Island federal electoral district). It elected its first MP in 1968. It was re=drawn and re-named Charlottetown in 2003.

Following the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, at the first election held after April 22, 2024. It will gain newly annexed territory by the City of Charlottetown in the Marshfield area from Malpeque.

Demographics

 * Ethnic groups: 97.2% White
 * Languages: 94.8% English, 2.1% French, 2.5% Other
 * Religions: 47.7% Catholic, 39.5% Protestant, 2.5% Other Christian, 8.3% no affiliation
 * Average income: $26,205

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census

 * Twenty most common mother tongue languages (2016) : 86.8% English, 3.7% Mandarin, 2.1% French, 1.3% Arabic, 0.6% Nepali, 0.4% Cantonese, 0.4% Spanish, 0.4% Tagalog, 0.3% Farsi, 0.3% Russian, 0.2% Dutch, 0.2% Vietnamese, 0.2% Albanian, 0.2% Korean

History
From 1966 until 2004, most of the Charlottetown riding was part of the riding of Hillsborough. In 2003, there was a riding readjustment; a part of the old Hillsborough riding became part of Cardigan. 96.4% of the riding of Charlottetown was previously part of the Hillsborough riding, and 3.6% was previously part of Malpeque. There were no boundary changes as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Member of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Student vote results
In a student vote, participating Canadian schools to parallel the Canadian federal election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

title: Charlottetown (electoral district)


text:
Gonneville-sur-Honfleur

Gonneville-sur-Honfleur (, literally Gonneville on Honfleur) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Gonneville-sur-Honfleur


text:
Sapere aude

Sapere aude is the Latin phrase meaning "Dare to know"; and also is loosely translated as "Have courage to use your own reason", "Dare to know things through reason". Originally used in the First Book of Letters (20 BC), by the Roman poet Horace, the phrase Sapere aude became associated with the Age of Enlightenment, during the 17th and 18th centuries, after Immanuel Kant used it in the essay "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (1784). As a philosopher, Kant claimed the phrase Sapere aude as the motto for the entire period of the Enlightenment, and used it to develop his theories of the application of reason in the public sphere of human affairs.

In 1984, Michel Foucault's essay "What is the Enlightenment?" took up Kant's formulation of "dare to know" in an attempt to find a place for the individual man and woman in post-structuralist philosophy, and so come to terms with what he alleges is the problematic legacy of the Enlightenment. Moreover, in the essay The Baroque Episteme: The Word and the Thing (2013) Jean-Claude Vuillemin proposed that the Latin phrase Sapere aude be the motto of the Baroque episteme.

The phrase is widely used as a motto, especially by educational institutions.

1st century
The original use of the phrase Sapere aude appears in the First Book of Letters (20 BC), by the Roman poet Horace; in the second letter, addressed to Lolius, in line 40, the passage is: Dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet; sapere aude, incipe. ("He who has begun is half done; dare to know; begin!")
 * Horace

The phrase is the moral to a story in which a fool waits for a stream to cease flowing, before attempting to cross it. In saying, "He who begins is half done. Dare to know, begin!", Horace suggests the value of human endeavour, of persistence in reaching a goal, of the need for effort to overcome obstacles. Moreover, the laconic Latin of Sapere aude also can be loosely translated as the English phrase "Dare to be wise".

4th century
Augustine of Hippo quotes Horace's maxim in his early philosophical dialogue De quantitate animae, 23.41, telling his interlocutor Evodius not to be afraid of questioning his teaching on the capabilities of the soul:
 * Augustine

Noli nimis ex auctoritate pendere, praesertim mea quae nulla est; et quod ait Horatius: 'Sapere aude', ne non te ratio subiuget priusquam metus.

"Don't rely so much on authority, especially on mine, which is null. There is also that saying from Horace: 'Dare to be wise!', so that fear may not subdue you more than reason does."

16th century

 * Philip Melanchthon

In his inaugural address as Professor of Greek in Wittenberg on August 29, 1518, Philip Melanchthon quoted Horace's letter.

18th century

 * Immanuel Kant

In the essay, "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" (1784), Immanuel Kant describes the Age of Enlightenment as "Man's release from his self-incurred immaturity"; and, with the phrase Sapere aude, the philosopher charges the reader to follow such a program of intellectual self-liberation, by means of Reason. The essay is Kant's shrewd, political challenge to men and women, suggesting that the mass of "domestic cattle" have been bred, by unfaithful stewards, to not question what they have been told about the world and its ways.

Kant classifies the uses of reason as public and private. The public use of reason is discourse in the public sphere, such as political discourse (argument and analysis); the private use of reason is rational argument, such as that used by a person entrusted with a duty, either official or organizational. Skillfully praising King Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740–86) for his intellectual receptiveness to the political, social, and cultural ideas of the Enlightenment, the philosopher Kant proposes that an enlightened prince is one who instructs his subjects to: "Argue as much as you will, and about what you will, only obey!"

It is the courage of the individual man to abide the advice Sapere aude that will break the shackles of despotism, and reveal, through public discourse, for the benefit of the mass population and of the State, better methods of governance, and of legitimate complaint.

19th century
The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, used the phrase on the cover of his Organon of Medicine (various editions in 1810, 1819, 1824, 1829, 1833 and 1922).

In 1869 the newly-founded University of Otago in Dunedin chose the phrase as their motto.

20th century
In response to Immanuel Kant's Age of Enlightenment propositions for intellectual courage, in the essay "What is Enlightenment?" (1984), Michel Foucault rejected much of the hopeful politics proposed by Kant: a people ruled by just rulers; ethical leaders inspired by the existential dare advised in the phrase Sapere aude. Instead, Foucault applied ontology to examine the innate resources for critical thinking of a person's faculty of Reason. With the analytical value of Sapere aude reinforced by the concept of "Faithful betrayal" to impracticable beliefs, Foucault disputed the Enlightenment-era arguments that Kant presents in the essay "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" (1784).
 * Michel Foucault

Like his 18th-century predecessor, Foucault also based his philosophic interpretation of Sapere aude upon a definite practice of critical thinking that is an "attitude, an ethos, a philosophical life in which [is found] the critique of what we are". Such an enlightened, intellectual attitude applies reason to experience, and so effects a historical criticism of "the limits that are imposed on us". The criticism is "an experiment with the possibility of going beyond" imposed limits, in order to reach the limit-experience, which simultaneously is an individual, personal act, and an act that breaks the concept of the individual person.

title: Sapere aude


text:
Gonneville-sur-Mer

Gonneville-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Gonneville-sur-Mer


text:
Impressionist (entertainment)

An impressionist or a mimic is a performer whose act consists of imitating sounds, voices and mannerisms of celebrities and cartoon characters. The word usually refers to a professional comedian/entertainer who specializes in such performances and has developed a wide repertoire of impressions, including adding to them, often to keep pace with current events. Impressionist performances are a classic casino entertainment genre.

Someone who imitates one particular person without claiming a wide range, such as a lookalike, is instead called an impersonator. In very broad contexts, "impersonator" may be substituted for "impressionist" where the distinction between the two is less important than avoiding confusion with the use of "impressionist" in painting and music.

Usually the most "impressive" aspect of the performance is the vocal fidelity to the target – usually a politician or a famous person. Props may also be employed, such as glasses or hats, but these are now considered somewhat old-fashioned and cumbersome: the voice is expected to carry the act.

Because animated cartoons often lampoon famous people (sometimes obliquely), a facility for impressions is one of the marks of a successful voice actor. Many cartoon characters are intended to be recognized by the audience as evoking a specific celebrity, even when not explicitly named. With such indirect references, the entertainment value does not lie so much in the technical achievement of exactly reproducing the voice so much as in merely making it recognizable; the joke lies in the reference to a celebrity, not in its rendition.

In Britain
During the 1970s, British television was awash with impressions of Frank Spencer, a character from the hugely popular British sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em. This may have been because Frank had such distinctive mannerisms and dress sense which gave performers a number of visual shortcuts to cover for failings in their abilities. For about a decade, no British impressionist's act was complete without Frank.

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, Mike Yarwood dominated the impressionist scene, with his own TV shows regularly attracting more than 10 million viewers. Impressionists were very popular on the televised talent shows of the 1970s; Lenny Henry is a notable example of an act that developed from this.

In the 1990s, there was a certain absence of impressionists on television, with the demise of Spitting Image and Rory Bremner mainly concentrating on political figures (notably John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, and also members of the Royal Family). Then, in 1999, came Alistair McGowan's Big Impression, with Alistair McGowan and Ronni Ancona, and in 2002 Dead Ringers. Both of these shows featured impressions of celebrities and television personalities, as well as sporting figures on the former and politicians on the latter. In the same year as Dead Ringers ' debut, Channel 4 began broadcasting the adult sketch show Bo' Selecta!, created by and starring comedian Leigh Francis, which spoofed singers, including Craig David, Mel B and Michael Jackson; however, the show focused on making caricatures out of celebrities rather than impersonating them.

The Icons in London, which ran at The Venue in Leicester Square from 4 January to 28 February 2007 and starred the notable impressionist Greg London, is the first original musical to have dealt with impressions in depth. The book was by Greg London, West End theatre director David Taylor and London playwright Paul Miller. In 2009, a new BBC One impressions show, The Impressions Show with Culshaw and Stephenson, was a big hit, starring Jon Culshaw and Debra Stephenson donning Britain's most famous faces. A third series of the programme premiered in October 2011.

In North America
From the late 1960s, Rich Little has been the pre-eminent impressionist, mimicking a wide range of celebrities and politicians. The cast of NBC's Saturday Night Live have performed impressions of politicians and celebrities since the program debuted in 1975. Jimmy Fallon, a Saturday Night Live alumnus and current host of NBC's The Tonight Show, rose to fame with stand-up comedy routines featuring impressions of many celebrities in various scenarios. Fellow Saturday Night Live alumni Darrell Hammond, Bill Hader, and Jay Pharoah have been cited as 'master impressionists', each having performed impressions of over 80 different celebrities on the show. American impressionist Frank Caliendo is also widely known for his impressions of celebrities and personalities such as John Madden and George W. Bush, which he performed while starring in television series MADtv, Fox NFL Sunday and his own show Frank TV.

Many of today's Presidential impressionists have been influenced by Vaughn Meader, whose 1962 impersonations of John F. Kennedy on the album The First Family made him famous.

Impressionists are a major part of animation; many film and television cartoons (especially adaptations of franchises) used impressions of famous celebrities of the era. Voice actors who are or were known for their celebrity impressions include Daws Butler, Mel Blanc, Don Messick, Maurice LaMarche, Tress MacNeille, James Arnold Taylor and Rob Paulsen.

Some impressionists have more specialized acts in the art. For example, Canadian comedian André-Philippe Gagnon, Canadian singer Véronic Dicaire, and American Greg London impersonate singing voices. Canadian Tracey Bell impersonates celebrities. Legends In Concert produces musical impressionist shows known as tribute artist productions.

In India
Nerella Venumadhav imitates world politicians, film artists, singers, poets, scenes from Shakespeare's plays, popular movies including musical notes. Other notable actors include Jayaram, Sivakarthikeyan, and Dileep.

In Hong Kong, China and Taiwan
The entertainment industries in Hong Kong, China and Taiwan are famous for impersonations by singers. Some well-established singers such as Adam Cheng are considered first-generation impersonators. Notable singers/impersonators/comedians include Johnson Lee, Wong Cho Lam, Show Lo, Eason Chan, and JJ Lin and many more.

Bird impressionists
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, prior to the advent of high quality recording, animal and bird impressionists were popular on stage as entertainers. Some prominent performers included Charles Crawford Gorst (USA), Charles Kellogg, Joe Belmont, Edward Avis, Alec Shaw and Percy Edwards (UK).

title: Impressionist (entertainment)


text:
Goupillières

Goupillières is the name of several communes in France:

 * Goupillières, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Goupillières, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Goupillières, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Goupillières, Yvelines, in the Yvelines département

title: Goupillières


text:
Aziza Mustafa Zadeh

Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (Əzizə Mustafazadə; born December 19, 1969) is an Azerbaijani singer, pianist, and composer who plays a fusion of jazz and mugham (a traditional improvisational style of Azerbaijan) with classical and avant-garde influences.

Biography
Aziza was born in Baku to musical parents Vagif and Elza Mustafa Zadeh (née Bandzeladze).

Aziza's parents first noticed their daughter's sensitivity to music when she was eight months old. Aziza recalls the story as her mother tells it: Once, my father was improvising at the piano playing in the mugam mode known as 'Shur', which creates a mood that evokes very deep, sad emotions. As my father was playing, I started to cry. Everyone wondered what was happening to me. Why was I crying? And then mother realized the correlation between my feelings and the music. 'Vagif, please,' she told my father, 'change the scale. Go to Rast. Play Rast.' And he did. Now 'Rast' is characterized by its joyfulness and optimism. And sure enough, with tears still running down my cheeks, I started to make dance-like movements. And Mom pointed out, 'Look, look what she's doing! Change back to Shur!' And when he did, I started crying again louder than before. At least, that's what they tell me. Back to Rast, and I began dancing again.

Aziza enjoyed all forms of art, especially dancing, painting and singing. At the age of three, she made her stage debut with her father, improvising vocals. She began studying classical piano at an early age, showing special interest in the works of famous composers Johann Sebastian Bach and Frédéric Chopin. Soon thereafter, she showed a growing talent for improvisation.

On December 16, 1979, Aziza's father died of a severe heart attack in Tashkent at the age of 39. In order to help her daughter cope with this blow, Aziza's mother gave up her career as a singer to help nurture her daughter's own musical talents.

In 1988, at the age of 18, Aziza's mugam-influenced style helped her win third place together with American Matt Cooper in the Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz (formerly Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz) piano competition in Washington, D.C. It was around this time that she moved to Germany with her mother.

Aziza released her debut album, Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, in 1991. The album showed influence of Chick Corea and Keith Jarrett, as well as Near Eastern music. Her second album, Always, won her the Phono Academy Prize, a prestigious German music award, and the Echo Prize from Sony. She has since performed in many countries with many jazz and traditional luminaries and released several more albums, the most recent being Generations, released in 2020.

Aziza currently resides in Mainz, Germany, with her mother, Elza Mustafa Zadeh, who is also her manager. Her two favorite leisure activities, she says, are painting and sleeping. She believes in God, though she does not consider herself as belonging to any religion.

Baku Jazz Festival 2007
Aziza visited Azerbaijan in June 2007 for the Baku Jazz Festival, starring in her own concert at the Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater and headlining the end-of-festival concert at the open-air Green Theater.

Discography

 * Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (1991)
 * Always (1993)
 * Dance of Fire (1995)
 * Seventh Truth (1996)
 * Jazziza (1997)
 * Inspiration – Colors & Reflections (2000)
 * Shamans (2002)
 * Contrasts (2006)
 * Contrasts II (2007)
 * Generations (2020)

title: Aziza Mustafa Zadeh


text:
Goupillières, Calvados

Goupillières is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Montillières-sur-Orne.

The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

title: Goupillières, Calvados


text:
Goustranville

Goustranville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Goustranville


text:
Houghton

Houghton may refer to:

Australia

 * Houghton, South Australia, a town near Adelaide
 * Houghton Highway, the longest bridge in Australia, between Redcliffe and Brisbane in Queensland
 * Houghton Island (Queensland)

Canada

 * Houghton Township, Ontario, a former township in Norfolk County, Ontario

New Zealand

 * Houghton Bay

South Africa

 * Houghton Estate, a suburb of Johannesburg

United Kingdom

 * Hanging Houghton, Northamptonshire
 * Houghton, Cambridgeshire
 * Houghton, Cumbria
 * Houghton, East Riding of Yorkshire
 * Houghton, Hampshire
 * Houghton, Norfolk
 * Houghton Saint Giles, Norfolk
 * Houghton, Northumberland, a location in the United Kingdom
 * Houghton, Pembrokeshire
 * Houghton, West Sussex
 * Houghton-le-Side, Darlington
 * Houghton-le-Spring, Sunderland
 * Houghton Park, Houghton-le-Spring
 * Houghton Bank, Darlington
 * Houghton Conquest, Bedfordshire
 * Houghton on the Hill, Leicestershire
 * Houghton on the Hill, Norfolk
 * Houghton Regis, Bedfordshire
 * New Houghton, Derbyshire
 * Little Houghton (disambiguation)
 * Great Houghton (disambiguation)

United States
Many of the places in the U.S. were named after geologist Douglass Houghton.
 * Houghton, Iowa
 * Houghton, Michigan
 * Houghton County, Michigan
 * Houghton Lake, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Houghton Lake (Michigan), a large lake
 * Houghton Township, Michigan
 * Houghton, New York
 * Houghton, South Dakota
 * Houghton, Washington
 * Houghton Point, a cape in Wisconsin
 * Houghton Point, Michigan, an unincorporated community

Buildings

 * 36 Houghton Drive, a building in Arts and Crafts style in Houghton, Johannesburg
 * Houghton Hall, a stately home in Norfolk, England (Walpole seat)
 * Houghton Hall, East Riding of Yorkshire, a country house in Yorkshire, England
 * Houghton House, a ruined country house in Bedfordshire, England
 * Houghton Lodge, a Gothic fishing lodge in Hampshire, England

Other uses

 * Houghton (surname)
 * Houghton (East Indiaman), five ships
 * Houghton College, a Christian liberal arts college in Houghton, New York
 * Houghton Elevator, a grain elevator in Clio, Michigan
 * Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, an American educational and trade publishing company
 * Houghton Winery, a vineyard in Western Australia
 * The Houghton family, American business family
 * Bev Houghton, fictional character in the Australian soap opera Number 96
 * Lurie–Houghton telescope, a catadioptric telescope
 * Houghton gooseberry cultivar

title: Houghton


text:
Gouvix

Gouvix is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Gouvix


text:
Kings—Hants

Kings—Hants (formerly Annapolis Valley—Hants and Annapolis Valley) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968.

Demographics

 * According to the 2016 Canadian census; 2013 representation

Ethnic groups: 91.5% White, 5.3% Aboriginal, 1.6% Black

Languages: 96.1% English, 1.4% French

Religions (2011): 71.7% Christian (17.4% Baptist, 17.1% Catholic, 15.3% United Church, 12.5% Anglican, 1.7% Presbyterian, 1.5% Pentecostal, 6.1% Other), 27.4% No religion

Median income (2015): $31,020

Average income (2015): $39,385

Geography
The district includes all of Hants County and the eastern part of Kings County. Communities include Enfield, Elmsdale, Lantz, Kentville, Windsor and Wolfville.

History
The electoral district was created as "Annapolis Valley in 1966 from parts of Colchester—Hants and Digby—Annapolis—Kings ridings.

In 1996, it was renamed "Kings—Hants". In 2003, it was given its current boundaries: the area encompassed by the provincial electoral district of Kings West was removed from Kings—Hants and added to West Nova. There was no territory changes as a result of the 2012 federal electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Scott Brison resigned his seat effective 10 February 2019. Under legislation that had recently come into effect, the seat remained vacant until the next general election.

2000
All changes are based on the 2000 by-election, except the Liberal Party and the Natural Law Party, which did not field a candidate; and Communist Party candidate Graham Jake MacDonald, who ran as an Independent.

1993
Changes from the 1988 election for both Progressive Conservative candidate Jim White and Independent candidate Pat Nowlan are based on the same 1988 result, when Pat Nowlan ran as a Progressive Conservative. Independent Rik Gates was the youngest candidate to run for MP at the age of twenty two.

1968
}

title: Kings—Hants


text:
Grainville-Langannerie

Grainville-Langannerie is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Sights
The town contains a cemetery of Polish soldiers killed in the Battle of Hill 262 during World War II.

title: Grainville-Langannerie


text:
Ferhat Abbas

Ferhat Abbas (فرحات عباس; ALA-LC: Farḥāt ʿAbbās; 24 August 1899 – 24 December 1985)  was an Algerian politician who acted in a provisional capacity as the then yet-to-become independent country's Prime Minister from 1958 to 1961, as well as the first President of the National Assembly and the first acting Chief of State after independence.

An influential figure in the Young Algerians, Abbas initially advocated for equal political rights for Algerian Muslims in France and for the granting of French citizenship for Algerian Muslims. Over time, he became a revolutionary Algerian nationalist.

Background
The son of a caid, Said Ben Ahmed Abbas and Achoura (Maza) Abbas, Ferhat Abbas was born in the village of Taher, Algeria. In addition to being a caid in the village of Chahna, his father had also been awarded the rosette and silver braid of a commander of the Legion of Honor.

The young Abbas was educated first at Phillipeville (now called Skikda), Constantine, where he received his baccalaureate. Before finishing his education, he was required to serve in the French army medical corps where he reached the rank of sergeant. Abbas then attended the pharmacy school at the University of Algiers. After graduating, Abbas worked as a pharmacist in Sétif, where he became involved in politics. There he was elected to the municipal council and then to the general council of Constantine.

During this period Abbas was pro-French in his outlook, as illustrated by such writings as an article dated 1936 titled "I am France". However Abbas became disillusioned with France, during 1938, when his aspirations for equality showed no sign of being achieved. He accordingly organized the Algerian Popular Union (Union Populaire Algerienne). This organization promoted equal rights for both French and Algerians whilst maintaining Algerian culture and language as primary values.

With the outbreak of World War II, Abbas volunteered to rejoin the medical corps of the French Army. After his service, his political views continued to evolve and he turned away from France after General Giraud refused his requests to allow Muslims to enlist in their fight against the occupying forces as equals. His desire for change continued and he turned to nationalism, issuing the Manifesto of the Algerian People on February 10, 1943. The manifesto made apparent the philosophical changes that Abbas had undergone. He now condemned colonial rule by the French and demanded Algerian self-determination. Abbas argued the need for an Algerian constitution, which would grant equality to all Algerians. In May he, along with some colleagues, added a clause foreseeing a sovereign Algeria. The manifesto was published on June 26, but was rejected by the governor general. He, along with Messali Hadj form the Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté, and called for an autonomous republic. This initiative resulted in Abbas being imprisoned for a year, and the quick dissolution of the AML. In 1946, Abbas formed the nationalist political party Union Démocratique du Manifeste Algérien (UDMA) when he was elected member of the Constituent Assembly of France. This new organization called for a more moderate approach, such as the formation of an Algerian state with the full cooperation of France. 1946 also saw him named as editor of the publication Egalité. He remained active in politics as a member of the Algerian Assembly through 1955. During these years he was arrested twice. His continuing efforts as a moderate nationalist did not succeed and he fled to Cairo, in 1956. While in Cairo, he worked alongside Ahmed Ben Bella, a fellow revolutionary.

Involvement with FLN
As he was opposed to violence, Ferhat kept himself distant from the Algerian War, and continued to try to act as an intermediary to the opposing sides. However, after the French government intensified the war, in 1956, Ferhat joined the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). His diplomatic skills were utilized by the FLN, as he was sent on missions sponsored by their ally, President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia. His visits through Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East were intended to drum up support for their cause. In 1957, he was appointed as the FLN delegate to the United Nations. In 1958, he attended the North African Conference in Tunis, and in March, he communicated an appeal to the Vatican for their assistance in creating peace. After the collapse of the Fourth Republic and the coming to power of Charles de Gaulle, the hopes for an independent Algeria increased. This however did not end the fighting and on September 18 of that year, the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) was created. His political standing in Algeria and reputation as a moderate nationalist, acceptable to the West, helped him become president of this provisional Algerian nationalist government-in-exile on September 18, 1958, when it was created. The position of President was largely as a figurehead and a diplomat, as most of the power was wielded by the cabinet; however in time a number of Asian and African nations recognized the government. In October 1958, an attempt was made by both Abbas and de Gaulle at ending the war with a meeting and intended cease-fire, but it was dashed by the inability of the parties to agree on a neutral location. By September 16, 1959, de Gaulle was softening as he offered self-determination to be decided by a referendum four years after a cease-fire. This plan was generally accepted; unfortunately, there were a few substantial sticking points. By 1960, Abbas was becoming frustrated with the West as he lashed out at the United Kingdom and the United States for supplying weaponry to France. With talks breaking down in June 1960, Abbas turned to the east and by September was visiting with Communist China, and the Soviet Union, where he was welcomed warmly. Abbas reassured the West by stating that his new alliances were opportunism, when he stated that

"We prefer to defend ourselves with Chinese Arms than to allow ourselves to be killed by the arms of the West."

On August 27, 1961, he resigned and Benyoucef Ben Khedda took his place. He then subsequently joined Ahmed Ben Bella's and Houari Boumédiène's Oujda Group in opposition to the GPRA, which was subsequently dismantled.

Due to Pakistan's support to the cause of Algerian struggle for independence and self-determination, Ferhat Abbas was given a Pakistani diplomatic passport for his foreign travels.

After independence
Algeria gained independence on July 5, 1962, and from September 25, 1962, to September 15, 1963, Ferhat Abbas was president of the constitutional assembly, but this institution was rapidly sidelined by Ben Bella, who had gained the presidency. Abbas resigned in protest at the FLN's decision to write the constitution outside of the constituent assembly's authority. He was subsequently expelled from the FLN, and was then placed under house arrest from 1964 until 1965.

In March 1976, he signed a statement alongside Benyoucef Benkhedda that called for a democratic constituent assembly against the country's powerful military-backed President, Col. Houari Boumédiènne and was again placed under house arrest. Still, he received official recognition in the form of a state decoration, the Medal of Resistance, on October 30, 1984. Abbas died in his sleep on 24 December 1985. He is buried at the El Alia Cemetery.

Writings
Articles written in his youth are collected in Le Jeune Algérien: de la colonie vers la province (The Young Algerian: From Colony to Province) (1931). His ideas on democracy and views on history were set out in a series of essays including La nuit coloniale (The Colonial Night) (1962), Autopsie d'une guerre (Autopsy of a War) (1980) and L'indépendance confisquée (1984).

Personal life
Ferhat enjoyed soccer, horseback riding, and reading, in particular, Victor Hugo and Sophocles. He married Marcelle Stöetzel, an Algerian-born French national on September 17, 1945. Halim was their only child, a son.

title: Ferhat Abbas


text:
Grainville-sur-Odon

Grainville-sur-Odon (, literally Grainville on Odon) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Grainville-sur-Odon


text:
Grandcamp-Maisy

Grandcamp-Maisy is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
Grandcamp-Maisy is located on the coast, 9 km northeast of Isigny-sur-Mer and 4 km west of Pointe du Hoc. It is an active fishing port, with a fish market located on the harbour side.

History
On 1 November 1972, the commune formerly known as Grandcamp-les-Bains amalgamated with Maisy (Its old INSEE code was 14392) and changed its name to Grandcamp-Maisy.

World War II
In 1944 the town of Maisy was the site of a hidden German heavy artillery battery and the headquarters for the sector. Until early in the 21st century, the site was overgrown and had been covered by US engineers before the end of 1944 - well before any historians had a chance to examine the site.

British military historian Gary Sterne rediscovered the site after finding an American invasion map, and purchased the site and turned it into a museum with over 2$1⁄2$ miles of original German trenches and bunkers.

From his research and released (previously top secret) papers, the site is many times larger than was originally thought. The labyrinth of trenches and tunnels had remained hidden for around 60 years. It contains office bunkers, supplies buildings, general quarters, radio rooms, and many other blocks, including an underground hospital (one of three which has been uncovered and can be visited).

It may well be that when all the site is cleared and all the bunkers that are buried are rediscovered, this site will be one of the largest on the Atlantic Wall in the invasion area. The sheer size of the site poses many questions as to why it does not feature more prominently in Allied records - or why it was so well camouflaged - equally why the site did not have more attention paid to it by the Allies.

The site was bombed, but not hit to any extent before D-Day. On the morning of 6 June 1944, HMS Hawkins (D86) claimed to have put the guns out of action, but Maisy was hit with shells for a further three days by many navy ships. The three casemates on the left side of the site (La Martinière) show no sign of damage from the front, only superficial damage from the east when the Rangers attacked across the fields on foot. This was the direction from which the battery was attacked by the men of the 5th Rangers on the morning of 9 June - along with halftracks from the 2nd Btn.

Despite this, in the Royal Navy History of D-Day it states that HMS Hawkins silenced the battery on D-Day, despite the fact that many other ships claimed to have done the same thing over many days. Hawkins also claimed to have put the battery at St Martin de Varreville out of action, but it is a well-known fact that the guns were not there on the morning of D-Day and had been moved further inland. The town became the headquarters of General Bradley after it was liberated on 9 June.

The site has been excavated and was opened as a museum in April 2007.

title: Grandcamp-Maisy


text:
Hendrik C. van de Hulst

Hendrik Christoffel "Henk" van de Hulst (19 November 1918 – 31 July 2000) was a Dutch astronomer.

In 1944, while a student in Utrecht, he predicted the existence of the 21 cm hyperfine line of neutral interstellar hydrogen. After this line was discovered, he participated, with Jan Oort and Lex Muller, in the effort to use radio astronomy to map out the neutral hydrogen in our galaxy, which first revealed its spiral structure. Motivated by the scattering in cosmic dust, he studied light scattering by spherical particles and wrote his doctoral thesis on the topic, subsequently formulating the anomalous diffraction theory.

He spent most of his career at Leiden University, retiring in 1984. He published widely in astronomy, and dealt with the solar corona, and interstellar clouds. After 1960 he was a leader in international space research projects.

In 1956 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Books

 * van de Hulst, H.C., Light Scattering by Small Particles, New York, (Wiley, 1957; Dover, 1981), ISBN 0-486-64228-3.
 * van de Hulst, H.C., Multiple Light Scattering, New York, Academic Press, 1980, ISBN 978-0-12-710701-1.

Honors
Awards Named after him
 * Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1955)
 * Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1955)
 * Rumford Medal of the Royal Society (1964)
 * Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1978)
 * Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft (1995)
 * Asteroid 2413 van de Hulst
 * van de Hulst approximation

Honors

 * elected to the American Philosophical Society (1960)
 * elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1960)
 * elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1977)

title: Hendrik C. van de Hulst


text:
Talk:Transport in Anguilla

Untitled
In applying the update from the 2003 CIA World Factbook, the highways data that was currently on the page was given as from a 1998 estimate but no idea what the data source was for that. I have replaced it with the info from the 2003 factbook. Here is the old data in case some one can provide a source for it:

Highways: total: 279 km paved: 253 km unpaved: 26 km (1998 est.)

RedWolf 17:12, May 2, 2004 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:15, 6 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Wallblake Airport (Anguilla).jpg

title: Talk:Transport in Anguilla


text:
Grandchamp-le-Château

Grandchamp-le-Château is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

title: Grandchamp-le-Château


text:
Houghton Lake

Houghton Lake may refer to:

Michigan

 * Houghton Lake (Michigan), located in Roscommon County; state's largest inland lake
 * Houghton Lake, Michigan, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Houghton Lake Heights, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Houghton Lake State Airport, an airport within Houghton Lake Heights
 * Houghton Lake Flats Flooding State Wildlife Management Area, a protected area in Roscommon County
 * Houghton Lake (Ogemaw County, Michigan), a small lake in Ogemaw County

Other

 * Houghton Lake, (Indiana), a small lake in Marshall County, Indiana
 * Houghton Lake (Saskatchewan), a lake in the Lenore Lake (Saskatchewan) basin
 * Lake Houghton (glacial) was a precursor of Lake Huron

title: Houghton Lake


text:
Cleveland Abbe

Cleveland Abbe (December 3, 1838 – October 28, 1916) was an American meteorologist and advocate of time zones.

While director of the Cincinnati Observatory in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1871-1916, he developed a system of telegraphic weather reports, daily weather maps, and weather forecasts. In 1870, Congress established the U.S. Weather Bureau and inaugurated the use of daily weather forecasts. In recognition of his work, Abbe, who was often referred to as "Old Probability" for the reliability of his forecasts, was appointed the first head of the new service.

Early life and education
Cleveland Abbe was born in New York City in 1838 and grew up in the prosperous merchant family of George Waldo and Charlotte Colgate Abbe. One of his younger brothers, Robert, became a prominent surgeon and radiologist. In school, Cleveland excelled in mathematics and chemistry, attending David B. Scott Grammar School, and graduating in 1857 from the Free Academy with a Bachelor of Arts. While at City College, he learned under Oliver Wolcott Gibbs.

He tutored mathematics at the Trinity Latin School in New York City in 1857 and 1858. He then taught engineering, as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan in 1859, followed by a tutoring job, also in engineering, until he left in 1860. During this stay in Michigan, he also was studying astronomy under Franz Brünnow from 1858 to 1859. He received his second degree, a Master of Arts in 1860, from City College. When the US Civil War broke out, he tried to join the Union Army; however, he failed the vision test, due to myopia, and spent the war years in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attending Harvard, and working as an assistant to Benjamin Gould, astronomer and head of the Longitude Department of the United States Coast Survey. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard in 1864, which also marked the end of his working at the U.S. Coast Survey. It was while in Cambridge that he rubbed shoulders with scientists from the Nautical Almanac, specifically, William Ferrel, which probably piqued his meteorological curiosity.

He then studied abroad in Russia at the Observatory of Pulkovo, as a guest, and returned, in 1866, to the U.S. eager to study astronomy. It was said that he was his happiest while in Russia as like-minded intellectuals surrounded him, formed a relationship with Otto Struve, and enjoyed the scenery.

Career
His first job in astronomy was at the United States Naval Observatory from 1867-1868 as an aide, until the Cincinnati Astronomical Society offered him the director position at the Cincinnati Observatory in 1868. He spent a few years in Cincinnati, but his interests were already evolving. Remembering that meteorological conditions directly affected the work of astronomers, he began working in the field of meteorology. He won approval to report on and predict the weather, working on the premise that forecasts could and should be generated at minimal expense and in such a way as to perhaps even produce income. By 1873 he was let go by the Cincinnati Observatory due to funding issues and it was then that he made the decision that would change his career path.

Meteorology
His first work on weather was centered on forecasting and issuance of warnings for severe weather. This preliminary work was started while still in Cincinnati. His first bulletin was issued on 1 September 1869.

Abbe was appointed chief meteorologist at the United States Weather Bureau on 3 January 1871, which at the time was part of the U.S. Signal Corps. One of the first things that he addressed was the forecasting dimension of meteorology. He recognized that predicting the weather required a widespread, yet coordinated team. And so with short-term funding granted from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, he enlisted twenty volunteer weather observers to help report conditions. Western Union agreed to permit the observers to communicate without charge, and Abbe and his team went to work. He selected data-collecting instruments that would be critical to the success of weather predicting, and he trained Army observer sergeants in their use. Field data was transmitted using code designed to minimize word count. Each message started with a station location, with code words for temperature, pressure, dew point, precipitation and wind direction, cloud observations, wind velocity and sunset observations. At the designated times, information flooded the transmission stations. Clerks would then decode and record the messages and manually enter data onto weather maps, which were then used to predict the weather.

On February 19, 1871, Abbe personally gave the first official weather report. He continued to forecast alone for the next six months, while simultaneously training others. He was joined in mid-1871 by two Army lieutenants and a civilian professor in giving reports, and the team was then able to rotate the heavy workload. Abbe demanded precise language in the forecasts and ensured that every forecast covered four key meteorological elements: weather (clouds and precipitation), temperature, wind direction, and barometric pressure. By the end of the first year of reporting, over 60 copies of weather charts had been sent to Congress, the press, and various scientific institutions. By 1872, Abbe regularly sent over 500 sets of daily maps and bulletins overseas in exchange for European meteorological data. Abbe also insisted on verifying predictions. During the first year of operation, in 1871, Abbe and his staff verified 69 percent of their predictions; the annual report apologized for the other 31 percent, citing the time constraints as the cause.

In 1872, Abbe founded and was the initial editor of the Monthly Weather Review. He also was the editor from 1892 until 1915 just before his death. The Mount Weather Observatory in Virginia also produced a weather bulletin, of which Abbe was the editor from 1909 to 1913.

In order to compile his information, Abbe required a time-keeping system that was consistent among the stations. To accomplish this he divided the United States into four standard time zones. In 1879, he published a paper titled Report on Standard Time. In 1883, he convinced North American railroad companies to adopt his time-zone system. In 1884, Britain, which had already adopted its own standard time system for England, Scotland, and Wales, helped gather international consent for global time. In time, the American government, influenced in part by his 1879 paper, adopted the time-zone system.

Abbe required that the weather service stay at the forefront of technology. Over time, the instrument division at the headquarters tested and calibrated thousands of devices and even began to design and build their own instruments. By the end of the century, self-registering equipment came into use, and the United States led the meteorological world with 114 Class I (automatic recording) observation stations. Anticipating an increase in international cooperation, Abbe began to seek quality instruments calibrated to international standards. He enlisted Oliver Wolcott Gibbs of Harvard and Arthur Wright of Yale to design improved equipment. For comparison purposes, Abbe ordered a barometer from Heinrich Wild (director of the Nicholas Central Observatory in Russia), as well as an anemometer and several types of hygrometers from Germany. Abbe then invented an anemobarometer to test the effect of chimney and window drafts on barometers in enclosed spaces.

Abbe returned to academia in 1886, when he accepted a professorship at Columbian University, where he taught meteorology and remained until 1905. He was a regular lecturer at Johns Hopkins from 1896 through 1914. He has authored nearly 300 scientific papers. He was the recipient of three honorary degrees. His original school of higher learning, the City College of New York awarded him a PhD in 1891, in 1888 the University of Michigan gave Abbe an LL D as did the University of Glasgow in 1896. Harvard University gave him the S.B. degree in 1900.

Abbe was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1871. Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. In 1912 the Royal Meteorological Society presented him with their Symons Gold Medal, citing his contribution "to instrumental, statistical, dynamical, and thermo dynamical meteorology and forecasting." In 1916 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences, which also gave him the Marcellus Hartley Medal. He was also one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society.

Personal life and death
In 1870 he married Frances Martha Neal who died in 1908. In 1909 he married Margaret Augusta Percival. Abbe enjoyed ethnology, oriental archaeology, geology, botany, and music in his off time.

Abbe died in 1916 aged 77 years in Chevy Chase, MD after more than 45 years of scientific achievement. He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC.

Monthly Weather Review

Cleveland Abbe founded the scientific journal Monthly Weather Review in 1872. The Monthly Weather Review began as a government publication under the United States Army Signal Corps. In 1891, the Signal Office's meteorological responsibilities were transferred to the Weather Bureau under the United States Department of Agriculture. The Weather Bureau published the review until 1970, when the bureau became part of the newly formed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA published the review until the end of 1973. Since 1974, this well-respected scientific journal has been published by the American Meteorological Society.

Selected writings
His publications include:

title: Cleveland Abbe


text:
Grangues

Grangues is a commune in the Calvados department and Normandy region of north-western France.

Name
The attested forms are de Girangis, without date (cartulary of Préaux) ; Granchae in 1198 (magni rotuli scacc. p. 58, 2) ; [Johannes de] Guerengues in 1216 (AC, H 321); [Apud] Grengueis in 1220 ; Grengues in 1282 (AN, J 220,2) ; Greyngues in 1282 (cart. norm. n° 996, p. 256) ; Granges Generenciæ in the 13th century (cart. of Préaux) ; Grenguez 14th century ; Grenchiæ 16th century (Lisieux, p. 52).

This is a medieval toponymic formation, probably old since it is not preceded by the definite article. François de Beaurepaire brings Grangues closer to Goring (Oxford, Garinges 10th century); Goring (Sussex, Garinges 10th century) and Gerringe (Denmark, Gaeringhe 1470), without specifying the etymology. The two British Gorings admit as etymology, either "property of the family or relatives of a man called *Gāra, an unattested Old English personal name, followed by the Germanic suffix -ingas, or “the people at the end, from the corner of the piece of land”, on Old English gāra 'piece of land' + suffix -ingas. The Old Norse word geiri influenced by the Old English gāra 'piece of land, probably triangular' > gaire, is well attested in Norman toponymy, generally it gave the microtoponyms La Gare or La Guerre.

title: Grangues


text:
La Graverie

La Graverie is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

title: La Graverie


text: User talk:80.197.83.167

title: User talk:80.197.83.167


text:
Graye-sur-Mer

Graye-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region, in northwestern France. It lies 1 km west of Courseulles-sur-Mer, and 18 km east of Bayeux.

The commune probably acquired its name from an old landed estate in its vicinity owned by a knight subordinate to William the Conqueror, Anchetil de Greye.

D-Day: at dawn
On D-Day, not garrisoned as a defensible strong point, Graye-sur-Mer, lay in the shadow of fighting at the German Stongpoint: Stützpuntkte (StP) at Courseulles-sur-Mer, and for one more day under the ‘influence' of Ost-Bataillon 441./Infanterie-Division 716. The 7th Canadian Infantry (Assault) Brigade (Group) landing on D-Day, on the Mike and Nan Green beaches, would liberate Graye-sur-Mer, greatly benefiting from the Naval Bombardment Programme, about which the arriving Canadians had complained early in the day. Graye-sur-Mer, liberated early on 06.06.1944, was the object of several notable tactical engagements on D-Day, before the day was concluded. The citizens getting their first taste of something at 06h30 (Paris Time) when naval bombardment began to their west at Ver-Sur-Mer and then took up to their southeast at 06h52 (Paris Time). Not knowing it was the Normandy Landings, the sound of war got closer to the village at 08h45 (Paris Time) when the French Destroyer Escort La Combattante (FNFL) began to shell Hameau Vaux and Hameau de la Valette. The first Canadians to see action in Graye-sur-Mer was 'C' Company, The Canadian Scottish Regiment in ‘destroying' the German Resistance Nest at Breche Le Bisson and ‘capturing' the Château de Vaux. The village was ‘liberated' by 'D' Company, Royal Winnipeg Rifles just after 10 AM (Paris Time, The ‘Little Black Devils' clearing the town, and quickly moving off to Banville.

D-Day Operation Neptune: The Naval Bombardment was set out within a deliberate timetable, to ensure that naval gunfire could eliminate targets inland, threatening the landing beaches. Operation NEPTUNE was the kick-off, toward the liberation of France, it was the amphibious phase of Operation OVERLORD. In the NEPTUNE Plan, the landing of troops and continuing neutralization of enemy batteries was the direct responsibility of Allied Naval and Air Support. As the citizens of Graye-sur-Mer were woken up by the sounds of guns, not far from their homes, its two components could not have been distinguishable.

The 'Counter Battery Fire Support' Programme, delivered by the Royal Navy: (BBF) Bombardment Force ‘E' Juno Beach (x2 targets) and (BBF) Bombardment Force ‘G' Gold Beach (x2 targets), delivered first counter battery fire.

The Beach Drenching Fire Programme was set out in a rigorous framework to ensure that indirect fire was brought to the right beach, at the right time. For the three 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade beaches, Task Force J - Assault Group J1, was controlled by LSH HMS Lawford (Captain Assault Group J1 - Fire Support Area ‘Y'). HMS Venus (a Hunt Class - Destroyer Escort) was held in Reserve and two Fleet Class – Destroyers, as was planned, were not to fire in support of the 7 CIB Landings. The Commander 7 CIB commenting that "the terrific devastation which was to have been caused by bombing of the coast defense on either side of the River Seulles did not materialize. The only damage visible from the sea was that effected by our self-propelled artillery fire from LCAs."

D-Day: around noon
 Widerstandnesten WN 33a Hameau de Vaux (Breche Le Buisson) was located at North 49°20'30.88" / West 00°29'41.37" and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 9449862 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) - Resistance Nest at the Breche Le Bisson was a small ‘platoon-sized' position, attempting to fill the tactical gap, at the ‘Divisional' Sector boundaries of KVU-Gr. Meuvaines (325 Inf-Div) and KVU-Gr. Seulles (716 Inf-Div). It sat isolated on an open stretch of sand dune, sited between WN31 Couseulles-sur-Mer (CA Juno Sector) and WN33 Ver-sur-Mer (UK Gold Sector). A Type Heer R677 Casement was built for an 8.8 cm Pak 43/41 (no gun installed), a Type Heer H612 Embrasure ‘Open' Casemate (Field Artillery / Anti-Tank Gun), was under construction, it housed a 75-mm FK 16 nA Gun, and an MG Shartenständ - Heavy MG (was under construction) being placed to cover a land approach. WN 33a was manned by Kompanie 1./ Ost-Bataillon 441, their company position, with several small field constructed bunkers, sat located to its rear in Hameau de Vaux (le Buission). ‘C' Company, The Canadian Scottish Regiment, had the task of taking WN 33a, and they worked hard to get there. 'C' Company (OC Major D.G. Crofton) landing at 07h50, at MIKE Green, under machine gun and mortar fire, quickly covered 75–100 yards of beach, to the dunes. MIKE was an area of coastal deposition where the dunes had built up until they were between one hundred and two hundred yards deep. On Mike Green, beyond the dunes, the area inland tended to be damp and liable to flood. A series of drainage ditches had been dug to help drain the land. Passing through a tactical minefield, with not much of a fight, WN 33a was easily overcome, their objective knocked-out by earlier naval bombardment. As prior to the Canadian landings, Assault Group J1 - Beach Bombardment Drenching Fire had neutralized the 75-mm gun. Their first objective taken ‘C' Company moved onto the Château de Vaux (Aérium de Graye), accommodating the headquarters of Kompanie 1./ Ost-Batl 441. The Canadian Scottish Regiment (7 CIB Reserve) companies coming ashore, under sporadic mortar fire, the beach exits not yet complete, had to fight through scattered resistance, just beyond the beaches. Their primary opponent the 'volunteered' soldiers of Ost-Bataillon 441.

'''Ost-Bataillon 441. (Ukrainian) ''' Stab: Southwest of Ver-sur-Mer: At de Mars-Fontaine (KVU-Gr Meuvaines Defence Sector). Headquartered to the west of Graye-sur-Mer, Ost-Bataillon 441. (Ukrainian) had deployed two of its companies well west of la Seulles, focused on Mont Fleury and La Riviere, and two companies astride la Seulles, they focused on Courseulles-sur-Mer. The Canadians engaged these later two companies on D-Day, from the sea and beyond their beaches. Ost-Bataillon 441 (formed on 15.01.1943) transferred into Normandy as Heerestruppen (AOK 7 Reserve) on 19.01.1944. Being sent forward, first to the Bayeux area attached to 352. Infanterie-Div (on 19.03.1944) and then to the Meuvaines area, and attached to 716 Infanterie-Div (on 29.05.1944). Arriving ‘late' in the Graye-sur-Mer area, Ost-Bataillon 441., was positioned at a ‘Regimental Boundary' in Infanterie-Division 716, its four companies divided to fight in two different ‘Battalion KVU-Gruppe Defence Sectors'.
 * From MIKE Green, the Canadian Scottish Regiment moving south, bypassed the fight for WN31 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Westen), keeping well west of the Seulles, quickly passed through Kompanie 1./ Ost-Batl 441., at Hameau de Vaux (Le Buisson – Aérium de Graye). Located beyond the poorly drained wet lands behind the beach, it had abandoned its position receiving Beach Drenching Fire from HMS Venus (RN) and La Combattante (FNFL).  La Combattante, commanded by Commandant André Patou, was a Hunt (Type III) Escort Destroyer, commissioned on 30.12.1942 (as FNFL), was lost to a sea bottom anchored LMB mine, in the Humber Estuary, on 23.02.1945.
 * From NAN Green, shortly delayed by the second fight for WN29 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Osten), bypassing the fight for WN30 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Süden), the Regina Rifles Regiment encountered Kompanie 2. / Ost-Batl 441., positioned south of Courseulles-sur-Mer at Les Rotys (at N 49.313Deg / W 0.455Deg). Blocking their approach, it did not cause much delay, weakened by Beach Drenching Fire from HMS Stevenstone (RN) and HMS Venus (RN), and having 'lost elements' ordered to join Kompanie 8. / II 736., at Les Ruines St Ursin, at La Tomblette.

The second wave companies of The Regina Rifle Regiment (NAN Green), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (MIKE Red) and The Canadian Scottish (MIKE Green), experiencing different fights, beyond their beaches, expected the 88mm (Flak 16 Aircraft Artillery Gun, with a maximum rate of fire of 15 shells/min) to remain a serious threat throughout the day. An organized line of four anti-tank weapon positions had been set out in their paths, which would not develop the delay planned. The Assault Group J1 - Beach Drenching Fire Programme did such damage that the Canadians quickly moved beyond its Beachhead Objective Line (YEW), with fewer casualties than anticipated.

While surrounded by arriving Canadians, Graye-sur-Mer was not the object of a damaging tactical engagement on D-Day, its ‘liberation' almost uneventful, coming very early in the morning.
 * 14. (PaK) Kompanie / Grenadier-Regiment 726.  at Hameau de Vaux (le Buisson) is not geo-located in sources (by a French Lambert Conic LZ1 vT MR Grid). Retained in the KVU-Gr.Meuvaines Sector, by the Kdr Grenadier-Regiment 726., (having given up three Battalions to Inf.Div. 352.), as found in sources, it was located forward of Bataillon Stab II./726, at Hameau de Vaux, south of WN33a. Sited in fortifications of log crib timber, earth field construction, Assault Group J1 Beach Drenching Fire neutralized the three 'small' anti-tank guns.
 * Zug - 14 (PaK) Ko./726 deployed x2 7.5 cm PaK at le Buisson, to the rear of the left flank of Ko 1./Ost Bn 441. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'C' Company, Canadian Scottish.
 * Zug - 14 (PaK) Ko./726 deployed x1 7.5 cm PaK) at Aérium de Graye, to the rear of the right flank of Ko 1./Ost Bn 441. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'C' Company, Canadian Scottish.
 * Panzerjäger-Abteilung 716./ Kompanie 2.  ordered established on 25 Dec 1943, consisted of two platoons each with x3 7.5 cm ATk guns, and one platoon with x2 8.8 cm ATk guns. Its three platoons deployed consistent with the Division Commanders direction  that "… all available immobile weapons should be built in, should cover the beach and the sea, and should be able to observe these directly; they should therefore be placed in the most advanced line or very close behind it, as was for instance the Second Divisional Anti-Tank Company." (Generalleutnant Richter GOC 716 ID, Narrative: The Battle of 716 Inf Div in Normandy). As he noted, "It can be seen from Appendices "C" and "D" that this anti-tank company (2/716) was deployed in small parcels close to the coast in the Canadian assault sector. It is not geo-located in sources (with  a French Lambert Conic LZ1 vT MR Grid). ‘Evidently, it was destroyed (by Beach Drenching Fire.)'
 * Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited just west of Graye-sur-Mer, in the Hameau de la Valette, it manning x3 7.5 cm Pak 40, in an open field emplacement. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'D' Company, Canadian Scottish.
 * Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited east of Graye-sur-Mer, southeast of Courseulles-sur-Mer, in an open field emplacement, it manning x3 7.5 cm Pak 40 on Les Champs des Fers (at N49.320 Deg / W 0.434 Deg). If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'D' Company, The Regina Rifle Regiment.
 * Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited well east of Graye-sur-Mer, southwest of Bernières-sur-Mer: on Les Perruques, in an open field emplacement, it manning x2 8.8 cm Pak 43/41[50]. Perhaps not destroyed, it would have fired on Le Régiment de la Chaudière, exiting Bernières, as it did 19th Cdn (Army) Field Regiment (hitting x3 SP 105 mm guns ... destroying all three in less than a minute).
 * 'D' Company, Royal Winnipeg Rifles, (OC Major L. Fulton), landing on MIKE Green at 07h49 BST, west of WN 31, quickly moved off the beach and cleared a path through a minefield at Hameau La Vallette. By 09h00 BST, heading for Graye-sur-Mer, the ‘Little Black Devils' cleared the town, and moved off, some sections making good progress to Banville.
 * 'D' Company, Canadian Scottish Regiment (OC Major Ewan), from MIKE Red, struck inland at 08h30, taking the route of an open exit, and moved up between Hameau La Valette and Graye-sur-Mer. The Princess Mary's first objective was to seize the bridges over the Seulles, south of the town, at MR 928819 (D12 La Seulles: Pont Ouest) and MR 953817 (D12 La Seulles: Pont Est) (LZ1 vT MR Grid French Lambert Conic).
 * Delayed by limited beach exits, the engineers able to clear a path and complete a causeway, at 09h20 'A' Squadron, 1st Hussars, began to move toward their first objective, Graye-sur-Mer.
 * After some delay in getting off the beaches, Bde HQ 7 CIB arrived in Graye-sur-Mer at 12h15 BST, “... rather surprised that they were in battle with the result that it took time to shake down as a HQ.” The Brigade Commander's party had landed about 09h30 and moved to the Main Beach Signal Station, that would act as the headquarters communications centre, waiting for the Brigade Main Headquarters and its Signals Troop. Brigade Main Headquarters arrived, the Bde HQ moved off and “... spent the night at 927808 COLUMBIERS-SUR-SEULLES, ...”. Graye-sur-Mer was freed.

title: Graye-sur-Mer


text:
Grentheville

Grentheville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Grentheville


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Grimbosq

Grimbosq is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Vieux Grimbosq, and Grimbosq.

The River Orne plus six streams The Coupe-Gorge, la Petite Vallee, La Planquette, The Flagy, La Vallee Fermante and La Grande Vallee are the four watercourses running through the commune.

Points of interest

 * Grimbosq Woods is 482 hectare site featuring two Arboretums and an 8.5 hectare animal park, featuring several species of deer and Wild boar.

National heritage sites

 * Château d'Olivet is the remains of an eleventh century feudal mound which was listed as a monument in 1988.

title: Grimbosq


text:
2807 Karl Marx

2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation, is a carbonaceous Dorian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was later named for the German philosopher Karl Marx.

Dora family
Karl Marx is a member of the Dora family (512), a well-determined asteroid family of more than 1,200 known members with a carbonaceous composition. The family's namesake is 668 Dora. It is alternatively known as the "Zhongolovich family", named after its presumably largest member 1734 Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily.

Orbit and observation arc
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,707 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.

The asteroid was first identified as at Heidelberg Observatory in 1924. Its first used observation is a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in 1954, extending the body's observation arc by 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.

Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Karl Marx is classified as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Karl Marx measures 16.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.057.

Lightcurves
As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Karl Marx has been obtained. The body's rotation period and shape remains unknown.

Naming
This minor planet was named after German philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx (1818–1883), student of the theories about society, economics and politics, and author of Das Kapital, the foundational theoretical text of modern communist thought. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 1983 (M.P.C. 8065).

title: 2807 Karl Marx


text:
Lycoteuthidae

The Lycoteuthidae are a family of squid comprising three known genera. They are small muscular squid, characterised by a lack of hooks and by photophores present on the viscera, eyeballs and tentacles. They inhabit tropical and subtropical seas where the diel migrants stay down in the mesopelagic zone during the day and migrate to the surface to feed at night. Some species show strong sexual dimorphism.

Species
Family Lycoteuthidae
 * Genus Lycoteuthis
 * Lycoteuthis lorigera
 * Lycoteuthis springeri
 * Genus Nematolampas
 * Nematolampas regalis
 * Nematolampas venezuelensis
 * Genus Selenoteuthis
 * Selenoteuthis scintillans

title: Lycoteuthidae


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Beira

Beira  can refer to:

 * Beira (mythology), the mother to all the gods and goddesses in the Celtic mythology of Scotland
 * Beira, Azores, a small village on São Jorge Island
 * Beira (Portugal), the name of a region (and former province) in north-central Portugal; three provinces were later known by the name:
 * Beira Alta Province (extinct)
 * Beira Baixa Province (extinct)
 * Beira Litoral Province (extinct)
 * Beira, Mozambique, a port city in Mozambique
 * Port of Beira, a Mozambican port
 * Beira Railroad Corporation, operating in Mozambique
 * Prince of Beira, a title within the Portuguese royal house
 * Beira (antelope) (scientific name Dorcatragus megalotis), a species of antelope
 * 1474 Beira, an asteroid
 * Beira Lake, a lake in Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Beira's Place, domestic violence service, based in Edinburgh, UK

title: Beira


text:
Guéron

Guéron is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

title: Guéron


text: Talk:Lycoteuthidae

title: Talk:Lycoteuthidae


text:
Hamars

Hamars is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom.

The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

title: Hamars


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Hermanville-sur-Mer

Hermanville-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Sights

 * 13th century church
 * Commonwealth war cemetery
 * Old village centre
 * Villa la Bluette, an 1899 villa by architect Hector Guimard
 * Villa La Houle
 * Manoir de Prébois

Normandy landings
The beach of Hermanville, part of the area codenamed Sword, was one of the targets of Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944. The Cod German stronghold was located on the coast. A Norwegian destroyer, the HNoMS Svenner, sank in front of Hermanville.

The sector at Hermanville was known as Queen Beach where elements of the British 3rd Division landed. The South Lancashire Regiment landed on Queen White and East Yorkshire Regiment on Queen Red; by 10:00 the village had been cleared. Offshore from Hermanville a Gooseberry was established, this consisted of a breakwater formed with ships sunk into position, including the French battleship Courbet.

Twin towns
Hermanville is twinned with:
 * Tangmere, England
 * 🇨🇦 Nominingue, Canada, since 2002

Personalities
Hermanville-sur-Mer was the birthplace of:
 * Jean François Sarrazin (1611?–1654), author
 * Alain Touraine (born 1925), sociologist

title: Hermanville-sur-Mer


text:
Mendez

Méndez is a common Spanish surname of Germanic origin, originally a patronymic, meaning Son of Mendo, Menendo, or Mem. A longer form sharing the same root is Menéndez, while the Portuguese form is Mendes. Méndez may refer to:

General

 * Ana G. Méndez (1908–1997), Puerto Rican educator
 * Ángel Rivero Méndez (1856–1930), Puerto Rican soldier, writer, journalist and businessman
 * Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez (born 1942), Cuban cosmonaut
 * Emilio Méndez Pérez (born 1949), Spanish physicist
 * Jonna Mendez, (born 1945), American CIA official
 * Juan E. Méndez (born 1944), Argentine lawyer and academic
 * Miguel A. García Méndez (1902–1998), Puerto Rican businessman, lawyer, statesman and banker
 * Tony Mendez, American CIA officer
 * Willians Mendez Suarez, Cuban Anglican bishop
 * Pablo Mendez, Mexican Music Composer

Arts

 * Antonio Tobias Mendez (born 1963), American sculptor
 * Conny Méndez (1898–1979), Venezuelan composer, singer, writer, caricaturist and actress
 * Dalila Paola Méndez (born 1975), American artist
 * Denny Méndez (born 1978), Dominican model and actress
 * DJ Méndez (born 1975), Chilean-Swedish producer, singer and DJ
 * Erica Mendez, United States anime dubbing actor
 * Felix Mendez, United States film/television producer and director
 * Francisco Méndez (1907–1962), Guatemalan poet and short-story writer
 * Gaspar Méndez (fl.1546), Spanish architect of Badajoz
 * Lester Mendez, United States record producer and songwriter
 * Lucía Méndez (born 1951), Mexican actress and singer
 * Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez, Brazilian Catholic priest and patriarch
 * Marco Méndez (born 1976), Mexican actor
 * Martin Mendez (born 1978), Uruguayan musician
 * Nora Méndez (born 1969), Salvadoran poet
 * Rafael Méndez (1906–1981), United States musician
 * Rebeca Mendez, United States artist and designer
 * Ryan Mendez (guitarist), United States musician
 * Tomás Méndez, Mexican composer and singer

Politics and military

 * Aparicio Méndez (1904–1988), Uruguayan politician
 * Casto Méndez Núñez (1824–1869), a Spanish military naval officer
 * Eulalia Jiménez Méndez (born 1891), Mexican revolutionary
 * Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio (1629–1687), Spanish politician and art collector
 * Íñigo Méndez de Vigo (born 1956), Spanish politician
 * Juan N. Méndez (1820–1894), Mexican general and Liberal politician
 * Louis Gonzaga Mendez Jr. (1915–2001), United States Army officer
 * Manuel A. Garcia Mendez, Puerto Rican businessman, lawyer and politician
 * Gonzalo Méndez de Cancio (c. 1554 – March 31, 1622), Governor of Spanish Florida (1596–1603)
 * Marco Aurelio Robles Méndez (1905–1990), Panamanian politician and President
 * Miguel Abadía Méndez (1867–1947), Colombian politician
 * Nicanor Costa Méndez, Argentine politician
 * Olga A. Méndez (1925–2009), Puerto Rican politician
 * Rafael de Nogales Méndez (1879–1936) known as Rafael Inchauspe Méndez, Venezuelan military mercenary
 * Rosie Méndez, United States politician
 * Santiago Méndez (1790–1870), Mexican politician
 * Sylvia Mendez (born 1936), American civil rights activist
 * Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez (1848–1936), Mexican politician

Sports

 * Alexis Méndez (born 1969), Venezuelan track and road cyclist
 * April Jeanette Mendez (born 1987), American professional wrestler better known by the ring name AJ Lee
 * Bruno Méndez (born 1999), Uruguayan footballer
 * Carlos Méndez (baseball) (born 1974), Venezuelan baseball player
 * Donaldo Méndez (born 1978), United States baseball player
 * Edison Méndez (born 1979), Ecuadorian footballer
 * Federico Méndez (born 1972), Argentine rugby union player
 * Gabriel Mendez (born 1973), Australian footballer
 * Gustavo Méndez (born 1971), Uruguayan footballer
 * Gustavo Méndez (referee) (born 1967), Uruguayan football referee
 * Haley Mendez (born 1993), American squash player
 * Héctor Méndez (boxer) (1897–1977), Argentine welterweight professional boxer
 * Héctor Méndez (rugby union), Argentine former rugby union footballer and coach
 * José Méndez (1887–1928), United States baseball player and manager
 * Juan Mendez (born 1981), United States basketball player
 * Judith Méndez (born 1981), Dominican Republic heptathlete
 * Limberg Méndez (born 1973), Bolivian football (soccer) player
 * Mario Méndez (Mexican footballer) (born 1979)
 * Mario Méndez (Panamanian footballer) (born 1977)
 * Norberto Doroteo Méndez (1923–1998), Argentine footballer
 * Rómulo Méndez (1938–2022), Guatemalan football referee
 * Ronald Méndez (born 1982), Venezuelan volleyball player
 * Ryan Mendez (basketball), United States basketball player
 * Sebas Méndez (born 1997), Ecuadorian professional footballer
 * Sebastián Méndez (born 1977), Argentine footballer

title: Mendez


text:
Hermival-les-Vaux

Hermival-les-Vaux is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

Points of interest

 * Zoo de Cerza is a zoo covering 70 hectares that features a 120 different species of animal is based here.

National heritage sites

 * Château à Hermival-les-Vaux is a seventeenth century chateau that was classed as a Monument historique in 1927.

title: Hermival-les-Vaux


text:
Henry Eugene Abbey

Henry Eugene Abbey (June 27, 1846 – October 17, 1896) was an American theatre manager and producer.

Early life
Henry E. Abbey was born in Akron, Ohio on June 27, 1846, to clockmaker Henry Stephen Abbey and Elizabeth Smith Abbey. He engaged in business with his father, a jeweller, until 1869, when he leased the Akron Opera House.

Career
During the 1870s - 1890s, he managed such prominent Broadway theatres as Booth's, Wallack's, Abbey's Theatre and Abbey's Park Theatre promoting the talents of some of the foremost American actors of his day, as well as European stars. In 1882 with John B. Schoeffel and Maurice Grau he formed the theatrical management partnership of Abbey, Schoeffel and Grau.

Abbey was the first lessee and manager of the inaugural season in 1883 of the 'old' Metropolitan Opera House, with Grau's own Opera Company and stars. The season was a critical success but a financial flop. Abbey as manager was personally responsible for losses of $250,000. Christina Nilsson's and Marcella Sembrich's cachets, known to be high, explain 40% of this losses.

He managed the tours of Adelina Patti, Francesco Tamagno and the London Gaity in America, and he introduced Sarah Bernhardt to America. He opened Boston's Park Theatre in 1879. He also opened Abbey's Theatre in 1890, one of the first theatrical managers to present expensive shows outside of the major cities.

Abbey, Schoeffel and Grau returned to the 'Met' in 1891, and Abbey continued as manager there until his death. He died in New York City on October 17, 1896, at the age of 50.

Legacy
One of his longest lasting legacies was his bringing a group of Spanish performers, known as the Spanish Students, to the United States. These performers inspired imitators and gave rise to the widespread playing of the mandolin in the United States, where it was previously unknown.

Personal life
He married Kate Kingsley in 1876, and had two children with her. He married again in 1886, to the actress Florence Gerard. She appeared at the new Wallack's Theatre at 30th Street and Broadway while Abbey was manager there.

title: Henry Eugene Abbey