text:
Bank of Chettinad

Bank of Chettinad was a bank that originated in the Nattukottai Chettiar community.
 * 1929: Two prominent Nattukottai Chettiar business family partnerships established the bank with its head office in Rangoon. They registered it as a private company in India and incorporated it under the Indian Companies Act of 1913. One of the families, from Kanadukathan, ran the firm. It was involved in many activities and was also closely associated with the Chettinad Corporation. In particular, it borrowed from Chartered Bank, Imperial Bank of India, First National City Bank, and Lloyds Bank for on-lending to Chettiar moneylenders.
 * 1932: It opened an office in Colombo.
 * In 1942, the Japanese Military Authority created the Peoples Bank of Burma as a joint venture between it, the Burma Executive Authority (the Burmese puppet regime), and the Yokohama Specie Bank. Bank of Chettinad at the time was Burma's largest bank, the Peoples Bank of Burma took over Bank of Chettinad's 45 branches, and established its own head office in the former Burmese headquarters of Central Bank of India.
 * 1946: The Supreme Court of Ceylon ruled that the Bank of Chettinad was not a bank in that it primarily made loans on promissory notes and mortgages and did not take deposits.
 * 1963: The Burmese government nationalized all foreign banks and essentially drove out the large population of people of Indian origin, among whom there were many Chettiars. Bank of Chettinad by then was no longer operating under that name and was not among the 24 foreign banks that the government nationalized.
 * 1965: Bank of Chettinad was voluntarily wound up.

Citations and references

 * Citations

 * References
 * Turnell, Sean (2009) Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinnance in Burma. (NAIS Press). ISBN 9788776940409
 * Weerasooria, W. S. 1973. The Nattukottai Chettiar Merchant Bankers in Ceylon.(Delhiwala, Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo).

title: Bank of Chettinad


text:
User talk:Rickyrab/Quaggaism

Quaggaism is a stupid vandal's name for so-called "Vandalism". The vandal in question is trying to implicate some user named Quagga, who has protected his own page and talk page, so I'm putting this heeee-ah...

Quaggaism, in the future, will be a religion of idolators worshipping the quagga, until Quamoses receives the Ten Balloons from Zod and bursts them at Mount Fakenai.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Rickyrab/Quaggaism


text:
Capitol Corridor

The Capitol Corridor is a 168 mile passenger train route in Northern California operated by Amtrak between San Jose, in the Bay Area, and Auburn, in the Sacramento Valley. The route is named after the two points most trains operate between, San Jose (which was the first state capital of California) and Sacramento (the current capital, with the State Capitol building). The route runs roughly parallel to I-880 and I-80. Some limited trips run between Oakland and San Jose. A single daily round trip runs between San Jose and Auburn, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Capitol Corridor trains started in 1991.

Like all regional trains in California, the Capitol Corridor is operated by a joint powers authority. The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority (CCJPA) is governed by a board that includes two elected representatives from each of eight counties the train travels through. The CCJPA contracts with the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District to provide day-to-day management of the service, Amtrak to operate the trains, and Transit Services America to maintain the rolling stock (locomotives and passenger cars). The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) provides the funding to operate the service and also owns the rolling stock.

Former service
The First transcontinental railroad was completed to Oakland from the south in 1869. Following the completion of the California Pacific Railroad in 1879, most long-distance service of the Southern Pacific (SP) reached Oakland from the north. Long-distance service from the south ran to San Francisco via the Peninsula; some trains had Oakland sections. The Western Pacific Railroad (completed to Oakland in 1910) and Santa Fe Railroad (completed to Oakland in 1903 over the former California and Nevada Railroad track) ran primarily long-distance service with limited local stops. Commuter service around Oakland was largely provided by the electric interurban trains of the SP-owned East Bay Electric Lines (1911–1941) and Key System (1901–1958).

By the end of the 1930s, the SP operated five daily local round trips plus a number of long-distance trains between Oakland and Sacramento. The Oakland Lark and an unnamed local train (an Oakland connection for the Coast Daylight) provided local service between Oakland and San Jose on the Coast Line. The inland Niles Subdivision was served by a daily Oakland–Tracy local and a commute-timed Oakland–San Jose local (which ran via Centerville and part of the Coast Line on the northbound trip and Milpitas southbound).

The increasing prevalence of auto ownership and improvements in local roads meant that numerous commuters began to drive their own vehicles rather than take the train. The decline in ridership resulted in SP discontinuing the Oakland–San Jose trip on the Niles Subdivision on September 29, 1940, followed by ending the Oakland–Tracy trip in 1941. The two Oakland–San Jose trips on the Coast Line were discontinued on May 1, 1960. The last local service between Oakland and Sacramento was the Senator, discontinued by the SP on May 31, 1962 (though long-distance service continued).

Capitols
From the 1970s to the beginning of the 1990s, three Amtrak intercity trains operated in the Bay Area: the long-distance California Zephyr (Oakland/Emeryville–Chicago) and Coast Starlight (Los Angeles–Seattle), and the regional San Joaquins (Bakersfield–Oakland).

Of the three lines, only the Coast Starlight ran between San Jose and Sacramento—once a day in each direction, and at inconvenient times (southbound early in the morning, northbound in the evening). In 1977, Amtrak approved an additional Oakland–Sacramento round trip, the Sacramentan; the service was never operated.

In 1990, California voters passed two ballot propositions providing $105 million to expand service along the route. The new service, named Capitols, debuted on December 12, 1991, with three daily round trips between San Jose and Sacramento. Of these, a single round trip continued to Roseville, an eastern Sacramento suburb.

One of the ballot propositions, Proposition 116, provided the name Capitol Corridor—so named because it links the location of California's first state capital, San Jose, with the current capital, Sacramento. State Capitol buildings were operated in each city. The service was known as the Capitols until April 29, 2001, when Amtrak renamed it the Capitol Corridor.

Service changes

The Capitols originally ran via the Coast Line from Elmhurst to Santa Clara, with no stops between Oakland and San Jose. In 1992, after the completion of track and signal work, the Capitols were rerouted onto the Niles Subdivision further inland between Elmhurst and Newark. The new route allowed the addition of infill stations at Fremont in 1993 and Hayward in 1997. The Oakland 16th Street station, which had been damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, was closed in 1994. It was replaced by new stations at Emeryville in 1993 and Oakland-Jack London Square in 1995. Additional infill stations were added at Santa Clara – Great America in 1993, Oakland Coliseum (with a close connection to BART) in 2005, the Caltrain station in Santa Clara-University in 2012, and Fairfield–Vacaville in 2017.

After financial concerns in the mid-1990s, service was gradually increased from the original three daily round trips. A fourth round trip was added in April 1996, a fifth in November 1998, and a sixth in February 1999. One daily round trip was extended east to Colfax via Rocklin and Auburn on January 26, 1998. The trip was cut back to Auburn (with the Rocklin stop retained) on February 27, 2000.

Installation of positive train control along the route was completed by November 2018. In response to low ridership as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Capitol Corridor schedule was reduced to five daily trips on March 21, 2020, with discontinued Auburn service and many trips ending in Oakland. Three runs were added back on June 1 and Auburn service restored.

New stations
Additional stations have been proposed along the route at Hercules, Benicia, and Dixon.

Vision Plan and Realignment
The Capitol Corridor Vision Implementation Plan is a long-range outline of possible improvements to the service; several realignments along existing and new right-of-ways were considered and studied. Near-term suggested improvements include double tracking between San Jose and a realignment to the Coast Subdivision, and a new station at the Ardenwood Park-and-Ride, followed by track improvements between Emeryville and Richmond. Later goals include tunneling under Jack London Square to eliminate the street-running section there, rerouting freight traffic over another right-of-way between Sacramento and Martinez, and eventual electrification of the line.

The 2018 Senate Bill 1 allocated $93 million in funds for the Capitol Corridor, partially for planning the realignment to the Coast Subdivision. , the Draft Environmental Impact Report for the realignment (branded as South Bay Connect) is expected to be completed at the end of 2020, followed by the Final Environmental Impact Report a year later. Design is to take place in 2022–23, with construction beginning in 2024. The project is to have a single new station at Ardenwood (at SR 84); stations at Hayward (at SR 92) and Newark Junction were considered but rejected.

Extensions
Two daily Capitol Corridor round trips, along with some Caltrain service, were planned to be extended to Salinas as part of the Monterey County Rail Extension. Initial service will have intermediate stops at existing Caltrain stations at Tamien, Morgan Hill, and Gilroy; future phases will add new stations at Castroville and Pajaro/Watsonville.

A third track between Sacramento and Roseville is planned to start construction in 2021, which would allow an initial increase from one round trip per day to three, with plans for up to ten. Extension east to Reno, Nevada was deemed unlikely in the Vision Implementation Plan due to heavy freight traffic over Donner Pass and lack of funding, though plans for such an expansion were studied in 2022 with 83% of respondents indicating they would use the service if more frequent passenger rail were provided between Sacramento and Reno.

Extending service to downtown San Francisco by crossing the bay is being considered as part of a proposed second Transbay Tube. A study of a joint project providing a second crossing for BART began in 2019. San Francisco has not had direct intercity rail service since 1971.

Frequency and ridership
During fiscal year 2017 the Capitol Corridor service carried 1,607,277 passengers, a 2.9% increase over FY2016. Revenue in FY2017 was $33,970,000, a 5.3% increase over FY2016, with a 57% farebox recovery ratio. It is the fourth busiest Amtrak route by ridership, surpassed only by the Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Pacific Surfliner. In large part due to the route's success,, Sacramento is the busiest station on the route, the seventh busiest in the Amtrak system and the second busiest in California.

The Capitol Corridor is used by commuters between the Sacramento area and the Bay Area as an alternative to driving on congested Interstate 80. Monthly passes and discounted trip tickets are available. Many politicians, lobbyists, and aides live in the Bay Area and commute to their jobs in Sacramento, including those connecting to the train via Amtrak Thruway from San Francisco, while workers in the Oakland, San Francisco, and Silicon Valley employment centers take the Capitol Corridor trains from their less expensive homes in Solano County and the Sacramento metropolitan area.

Starting on August 28, 2006, the Capitol Corridor had 16 weekday trains each way between Oakland and Sacramento, up from twelve in 2005 and three in 1992. (Seven of the sixteen ran to/from San Jose.) According to its management, ridership on the Capitol Corridor trains tripled between 1998 and 2005. On August 13, 2012, the Capitol Corridor dropped from 16 to 15 weekday round trips between Oakland and Sacramento; one round trip was discontinued due to high fuel costs, low ridership, and a new ability to store an extra train overnight in a Sacramento railyard.

As of October 2022, trains run as follows:
 * Auburn – San Jose: 1 round trip daily
 * Sacramento – San Jose: 6 round trips on weekdays, 7 round trips on weekends
 * Sacramento – Oakland Jack London Square: 6 round trips on weekdays, 4 round trips on weekends

Governance
The Capitol Corridor is fully funded by the state through Caltrans Division of Rail and Mass Transportation (DRMT). Caltrans managed the line from its inception in 1991 to 1997, but in 1998 the administration of the route was transferred to Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority (CCJPA), formed by transit agencies of which the Capitol Corridor serves in order to have more local control, while still funded by Caltrans. CCJPA in turn contracted with BART for day-to-day management and staff support; also, CCJPA makes decisions on the service level of Capitol Corridor, capital improvements along the route, and passenger amenities aboard the trains.

The Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority is governed by a board of directors which consists of 16 representatives from its member agencies:
 * Placer County Transportation Planning Agency (PCTPA)
 * Solano Transportation Authority (STA)
 * Yolo County Transportation District (YCTD)
 * Sacramento Regional Transit District (SacRT)
 * San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART)
 * Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA)

Locomotives
The Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins share a combined fleet of 13 EMD F59PHI and ten Siemens Charger SC-44 locomotives.

The Charger locomotives meet EPA Tier IV emission standards and are capable of operating at 125 mph in revenue service. Many of the F59PHI have been re-engined to meet more stringent EPA Tier II emission standards.

These locomotives are owned by Caltrans and carry its CDTX reporting marks. Amtrak-owned locomotives are also occasionally used on the Capitol Corridor, including the P42DC.

Passenger cars
The Capitol Corridor service is equipped with Amtrak California's fleet of California Car bi-level, high-capacity passenger cars owned by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Each trainset typically consists of one or two coach cars, a coach/baggage car, a café (food service) car, and a cab/coach car. The cab/coach car is similar to other coaches but with an engineer's operating cab and headlights on one end, allowing the train to be operated in push-pull mode, which eliminates the need to turn the train at each end-point.

Caltrans also owns several Surfliner bi-level cars that are used on some Capitol Corridor trainsets. The newer cars look very similar to the California Car fleet but feature reclining seats, open overhead luggage racks, and a restroom on the upper level of each car.

The bi-level cars have doors that can operated remotely on either side of the train from a single point of control. This feature allows the operator to maximize passenger flow in boarding and alighting operations, and thereby minimizing station dwell time.

Maintenance
Daily inspections, cleaning, and maintenance of equipment are conducted in Oakland and Sacramento. Heavy maintenance is performed by Transit Services America in Stockton. Previously, all maintenance took place in Oakland, but both the Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins voted to shift to a new contractor in 2023, citing the contractor's ability to adhere to high maintenance quality and cleanliness and be more agile with overhaul projects.

title: Capitol Corridor


text:
Talk:Porno (novel)

Untitled
It may be noteworthy that there is no scene in the book where heroin is being injected; I don't know much about addiction, but the novel makes it seem somewhat easy to quit taking heroin (albeit potentionally moving on to crack or cocaine) (clem 06:57, 12 August 2005 (UTC))

then again, this is 10 yers later.

trainspotting dealt with the characters quitting heroin, and at no point was it made to seem easy...

It states in the intro that the novel refers to Spud recieving his money. This is NOT the case. In Porno, Renton gives the money to Spud, who throws it away. 124.182.217.196 06:16, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

No he gives it to second prize who throws it away, Spud got his sometime before the start of Porno

the novel talks about how spud is still addicted to heroin and still does it.

I think it's worth mentioning that, as the novel goes along, Simon slowly loses his proper English narration, and starts to slip back into Scottish brogue. He never falls into it like Begbie and Spud, but he's definitely back in his old Sick Boy persona by the end of the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.7.246.51 (talk) 18:38, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

'Juice' Terry Lawson should be listed as one of the main characters as he is one of the mainstays of the film production team.Silver Barnet (talk) 17:49, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Plot
There's not much about the plot really. Loads happens in Part Three but there's only one sentence on it here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.133.213.141 (talk) 12:28, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Dianne and Rents
They end up together so she can't have lost all her interest in him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.185.188.25 (talk) 14:04, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Porno (novel)


text:
Solar Plexus

The celiac plexus (or solar plexus) is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen.

Solar plexus or Solar Plexus may also refer to:

 * The solar plexus chakra in Hinduism, see Manipura

Music

 * Solar Plexus (album), a 2012 compilation by Mavin Records
 * Solar Plexus, a 2014 album by Thea Hjelmeland
 * Solar Plexus, a 1972 album by the Swedish jazz-fusion-pop band Solar Plexus, with Tommy Körberg
 * Volume 1: Solar Plexus, a 2011 EP by The Empire Shall Fall
 * "Solar Plexus", a 1997 song by BT from ESCM
 * "Solar Plexus", a 1971 album by Ian Carr with Nucleus

title: Solar Plexus


text:
Talk:Advanced Chemistry

External links modified
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title: Talk:Advanced Chemistry


text:
East Bay (disambiguation)

The East Bay is a region of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California.

East Bay may also refer to:

Antarctica

 * East Bay (Antarctica), part of Prince Olav Harbor, South Georgia Island

Canada

 * East Bay, Nova Scotia, a small town
 * East Bay (Nova Scotia), the east arm of the Bras d'Or Lake
 * East Bay (Nunavut), a waterway in the Kivalliq Region

United Kingdom

 * East Bay (Argyll and Bute), a bay in Scotland

United States

 * East Bay (Santa Rosa County, Florida), connected to Pensacola Bay
 * East Bay (Bay County, Florida), off St. Andrews Bay in the Panama City area
 * East Bay River, Florida
 * East Bay Township, Michigan
 * East Bay (Michigan), an arm of Grand Traverse Bay
 * East Bay (Rhode Island)
 * East Bay (Texas), part of Galveston Bay

Other uses

 * California State University, East Bay
 * Eastbay, a direct mail catalog and Internet apparel company
 * East Bay Express, a weekly newspaper based in Oakland, California

title: East Bay (disambiguation)


text:
Oculomotor nucleus

The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle.

The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral.

The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle.

A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus lies dorsal to the main oculomotor nucleus. It is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation.

title: Oculomotor nucleus


text:
Goldstein

Goldstein may refer to:

 * Goldstein (surname), people with the surname Goldstein
 * Goldstein (film), a 1964 Philip Kaufman movie featuring actors from the Second City comedy troupe
 * Goldstein & Blair, a publishing company
 * Division of Goldstein, an electoral division in the Australian state of Victoria
 * The Leon M. Goldstein High School for the Sciences
 * Goldstein College, a residential college at the University of New South Wales
 * Goldstein (Frankfurt am Main), a housing area in Frankfurt am Main, Germany

title: Goldstein


text:
S1

S1, S01, S.I, S-1, S.1, Š-1 or S 1 may refer to:

Biology and chemistry

 * S1 nuclease, an enzyme that digests singled-stranded DNA and RNA
 * S1: Keep locked up, a safety phrase in chemistry
 * Primary somatosensory cortex, also known as S1
 * Tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil, also known as S-1, a chemotherapy medication

Entertainment

 * S1 (Indian TV channel), a Hindi-language channel
 * S1 (Swiss TV channel), a German-language channel
 * S1 (producer), a hip hop producer, member of the group Strange Fruit Project
 * S1 No. 1 Style, a Japanese adult video company
 * Gibson S-1, a guitar made by the Gibson Guitar Corporation
 * A member of the S1W (group) that later became part of the music group Public Enemy.

Government

 * Bill S-1, a pro forma bill in Canadian Parliament
 * Form S-1, a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filing
 * S-1 Executive Committee, a United States government entity during World War II
 * S1 (military), an administrative position within military units

Technology

 * ACPI S1 power state, in computing; see
 * Apple S1, integrated computer used in the Apple Watch
 * Canon PowerShot S1 IS, a 2004 3.2 megapixel digital camera
 * FinePix S1 Pro, a 2000 interchangeable lens digital single-lens reflex camera by Fujifilm
 * Nikon Coolpix S1, a digital camera
 * S1 Corporation, an American software development company
 * S1 Core, a microprocessor-core
 * S1 MP3 Player
 * Samsung Galaxy S (2010 smartphone)
 * Sendo S1, a Sendo mobile phone model
 * Siemens S1, a Siemens mobile phone
 * Sony BDP-S1, a first generation Blu-ray Disc (BD) Player
 * S1, an EPC in an LTE/4G network

China

 * Line S1 (Beijing Subway)
 * Line S1 (Nanjing Metro)
 * Line S1 (Wenzhou Rail Transit)
 * S1 Yingbin Expressway in Shanghai

Germany

 * S1 (Berlin), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Dresden), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Munich), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Nuremberg), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line
 * S1 (Stuttgart), an S-Bahn line
 * a planned Bremen S-Bahn line
 * a Hamburg S-Bahn line
 * a Hanover S-Bahn line
 * a RheinNeckar S-Bahn line
 * a Rostock S-Bahn line
 * a Stadtbahn Karlsruhe line

Switzerland

 * S1 (Bern S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Bern
 * S1 (RER Vaud), an S-Bahn line in the canton of Vaud
 * S1 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line in the canton of St. Gallen
 * S1 (ZVV), now subsumed by S24, a Zürich S-Bahn line

United States

 * County Route S1 (California)
 * S1 (Long Island bus)

Other countries

 * S1 (Vienna), an S-Bahn line in Austria
 * Line S1 (Milan suburban railway service), Italy
 * S-1 Strategic Highway, Pakistan
 * Expressway S1 (Poland)
 * FGC line S1, a suburban train line in Barcelona Province, Spain
 * Stagecoach Gold bus route S1, in Oxfordshire, England, UK

Aircraft

 * Blackburn Buccaneer S.1 jet naval strike aircraft
 * Focke-Wulf S 1, a German Focke-Wulf aircraft
 * Fokker S.I, a 1919 Dutch primary trainer aircraft
 * Hopfner S-1, a Hopfner aircraft
 * Letov S-1, a 1920 Czechoslovak surveillance aircraft
 * Loening S-1, a United States Army Air Service seaplane
 * Loughead S-1 Sport 1920 US biplane
 * Martinsyde S.1, a 1914 British biplane aircraft
 * Pantsir-S1, a Russian anti-aircraft system
 * Pitts S-1 aerobatic biplane
 * S-1 Loening, a United States Army Air Service seaplane
 * SSBS S1, a French experimental rocket
 * Swift S-1, a 1991 Polish single seat aerobatic glider

Cars

 * AS S1, a 1927 car manufactured in Poland
 * Audi S1, performance variant of Audi A1
 * Invicta S1, a 2004 sports car
 * Leapmotor S01, an all-electric car
 * S1 Scout Car, an armoured car built in Australia during the Second World War
 * Superformance S1 Roadster, a Lotus Seven Type replicar produced in South Africa 2001–2004
 * Saleen S1, an American sports car

Other vehicles

 * Alco S-1, a locomotive
 * PRR S1, a duplex locomotive developed by the Pennsylvania Railroad
 * LNER Class S1, a class of British steam locomotives
 * NER Class S1, a class of British steam locomotives
 * USS S-1 (SS-105), a 1918 United States Navy experimental submarine

Other uses

 * S1 (classification), a disability swimming classification
 * S postcode area covering Sheffield City Centre
 * in human anatomy:
 * the first sacral vertebra
 * the sacral spinal nerve 1 of the vertebral column
 * the primary somatosensory cortex in the brain

 * Senior 1, the First Year in the Scottish secondary education system
 * Season (television) or series one
 * Comet Ikeya-Seki, C/1965 S1
 * Upplands regemente (signal), a 1902 Signal Regiment of the Swedish Armed Forces

With superscripts and subscripts
S1 may refer to : S1 may refer to :
 * S1 (heart sound), a heart sound in cardiac auscultation
 * S1, the n-sphere in two dimensions i.e. a circle
 * Inverse second (s−1), a unit of frequency

S01
S01 may refer to :
 * Akai S01, an Akai synthesizer
 * ATC code S01 Ophthalmologicals, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 * HMS Porpoise (S01), a 1956 Porpoise-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 * MULTI-S01, an encryption algorithm based on a pseudorandom number generator

title: S1


text:
Human Events

Human Events is an American conservative political news and analysis website. Founded in 1944 as a print newspaper, Human Events became a digital-only publication in 2013.

Human Events takes its name from the first sentence of the United States Declaration of Independence: "When in the course of human events...". The magazine was published in Washington, D.C., most recently by Eagle Publishing, the owner of Regnery Publishing, a subsidiary of Phillips Publishing. Thomas S. Winter was editor-in-chief and Cathy Taylor was editorial director of the print edition. As of 2021, the website is co-published by Jeff Webb and Will Chamberlain.

History
Human Events was founded in 1944 by Felix Morley, William Henry Chamberlin, Frank Hanighen, and Henry Regnery. Morley was previously editor of The Washington Post from 1933 to 1940. Regnery formerly worked for the Resettlement Administration, a New Deal-era federal agency. In its early years, Human Events was "a small-circulation weekly news sheet concentrating on foreign policy," wrote George H. Nash in The Conservative Intellectual Movement in American Since 1945. Human Events had only 127 subscribers in its first year.

Returning from a trip to Europe in 1949, Morley criticized the Cold War, leading to disagreements with Hanighen and Regnery about combating Communism. After Hanighen and Regnery denied his proposal for sole editorial control of the magazine, Morley resigned as Human Events editor in 1950, a move that Nash recounted as "[a]nother product of the friction between Old Right and New Right." In 1951, Frank Chodorov, former director of the Henry George School of Social Science in New York, replaced Morley as editor, merging his newsletter, analysis, into Human Events.

By the early 1960s, Allan Ryskind (son of Morrie Ryskind) and Thomas Winter had acquired the publication. Contributors to Human Events from the 1960s to the 1980s included Spiro Agnew, James L. Buckley, Peter Gemma, Pat Buchanan, Ralph de Toledano, Russell Kirk, Phyllis Schlafly, Murray Rothbard and Henry Hazlitt. By 1964, the circulation of Human Events surpassed 100,000 copies. During the presidency of Richard Nixon, Human Events became "perhaps the most influential conservative journal in the Washington political community," wrote Nash. Other regular writers included Robert Novak, Ann Coulter, Terence P. Jeffrey, and John Gizzi, its chief political editor. Contributors have included Sean Hannity, Newt Gingrich, Paul Craig Roberts, Cliff Kincaid, and Pat Sajak. Newsweek reported that although Human Events did not have a large readership outside the Washington D.C. area, "the tough little tabloid enjoys an impact out of all proportion to its circulation".

Human Events backed US military intervention in the Vietnam War; after the war ended, the publication blamed American liberals for the collapse of South Vietnam.

In July 1985, Human Events gave qualified support to Apartheid South Africa, describing the country as "a pro-Western bulwark that provides more in the way of freedom and wealth to its blacks than the vast majority of black African states". Human Events also described Nelson Mandela as the main obstacle to peace in South Africa: "While President Botha is moving at a fast and furious pace to end the apartheid system, Mandela remains as adamant a revolutionary as ever. He's still a Marxist, still a man of violence, still a supporter of the Communist-run ANC". It was not without sympathy for the plight of blacks under the system however, giving black power activist Steve Biko a thoughtful obituary. The perspective offered throughout was that Marxist rule in South Africa was the worst option, however bad others might be.

Eagle Publishing placed the magazine up for sale in February 2013, when it announced that it would close the publication if no buyer could be found. On February 27, 2013, Human Events announced that, after 69 years, it would halt publication of the print edition but would continue to maintain the websites HumanEvents.com and RedState with original reporting. Eagle Publishing, which acquired the magazine in 1993, said that it had been subsidizing the publication for several years but could no longer afford to do so: "the realities of the 24-hour news cycle and the brutal economics of a weekly print publication have become insurmountable."

Human Events printed 40,000 copies per week and had a staff of 15 full-time employees. A "restructuring" plan that involved layoffs had already been attempted but was insufficient to allow continuation of the print edition.

In January 2014, Eagle Publishing was acquired by Salem Media Group.

In March 2019, political writer Raheem Kassam and lawyer Will Chamberlain purchased Human Events from Salem Media Group for $300,000 with a view of returning Human Events to regular online publication. On May 1, 2019, Human Events was re-launched under the management of Kassam as Global editor-in-chief and Chamberlain as publisher. On August 8, 2019, Human Events announced that Kassam was leaving the outlet, and the Editor-in-Chief responsibilities would be taken over by Chamberlain.

In December 2020, Human Events announced that Jeff Webb, founder of Varsity Spirit, had been appointed as co-publisher and senior news editor, and that Webb and his team would build a daily news platform.

In May 2021, Human Events announced that conspiracy theorist Jack Posobiec had been hired as senior editor. In May 2022, Human Events announced that it had acquired The Post Millennial, a Canadian conservative online news magazine.

Influence on Ronald Reagan
Biographer Richard Reeves wrote in 2005 that Human Events was former U.S. President Ronald Reagan's "favorite reading for years". A loyal subscriber since 1961, Reagan said it “helped me stop being a liberal Democrat,” calling it "must reading for conservatives who want to know what is really going on in Washington, D.C." Reagan contributed some articles to Human Events in the 1970s. During the 1980 presidential campaign, Democrats released a document entitled "Ronald Reagan, Extremist Collaborator — An Exposé," in which, according to biographer Lee Edwards, "[a]mong the proofs of Reagan's extremism was that he read the conservative weekly Human Events." After Reagan's landslide win in the election, Reagan would occasionally write or call Winter or Ryskind.

"Human Events, however, was no favorite of the new men around Reagan," writes Reeves. "Baker and Darman, and Deaver too, did their best each week to keep it out of the reading material they gave the President." "When he discovered White House aides were blocking its delivery, President Reagan arranged for multiple copies to be sent to the White House residence every weekend," writes Edwards, who adds that Reagan took care "marking and clipping articles and passing them along to his assistants."

Just before his 1982 tax hike, Reagan met with what he called "some of my old friends from Human Events" (he mentioned Ryskind and M. Stanton Evans), who warned him about "disloyal" White House staff (in particular James Baker) who favored making a deal on taxes with the Democratic Congress. (Reagan subsequently made such a deal, in which for each $1 in higher taxes Congress promised $3 in spending cuts. Ultimately, both taxes and spending increased.)

At the 1986 Reykjavík Summit, Reagan told General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev that he could not give up the Strategic Defense Initiative because of "'the people who were the most outspoken critics of the Soviet Union over the years’—he mentioned his favorite paper, Human Events," according to Reeves, "‘They’re kicking my brains out’."

"Most Harmful Books" list
In 2005, Human Events published a list of the "Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries:"
 * 1) The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
 * 2) Mein Kampf, by Adolf Hitler
 * 3) Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong, by Mao Zedong
 * 4) Kinsey Reports, by Alfred Kinsey
 * 5) Democracy and Education, by John Dewey
 * 6) Das Kapital, by Karl Marx
 * 7) The Feminine Mystique, by Betty Friedan
 * 8) The Course in Positive Philosophy, by Auguste Comte
 * 9) Beyond Good and Evil, by Friedrich Nietzsche
 * 10) General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, by John Maynard Keynes

Being voted on by two or more of their judges, twenty additional books received "honorable mention", including The Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin; Unsafe at Any Speed, by Ralph Nader; and Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson.

title: Human Events


text:
East Brookfield

East Brookfield is the name of the following places in the United States:

 * East Brookfield, Massachusetts, a New England town
 * East Brookfield (CDP), Massachusetts, the main village in the town
 * East Brookfield, Vermont
 * East Brookfield River in Massachusetts

title: East Brookfield


text:
Talk:Reasoning

Shadowboxing
That page claims that reasoning must be either deduction or induction, which I think is unjustifiable.
 * since there is already a page dedicated to logical reasoning which actually divides up reasoning into the three classical ways in/de/abductive this is clearly a good candidate for a disambiguation page with links to both objective/logical r. and subjective r.. comments? -- Kku 22:31, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Would anyone write please something about the psychological/logical meaning of Shadowboxing? (Refuting something which sounds like the other has said but is not actually that.) -- Adam78 22:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Lotta pages talking about the same things
Maybe some merging would be in order ? We have :

 * Reasoning
 * Logical reasoning
 * Deductive reasoning
 * Inductive reasoning
 * Abductive reasoning
 * Defeasible reasoning
 * Retroductive reasoning (a redirect)
 * Dialectical reasoning (also a redirect)

How do all those ideas interrelate ? Is defeasilble reasoning the same as abductive reasoning, or as retroductive reasoning ? If not, how can we make the differences clearer ? Flammifer 18:17, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

I just added a bit to the Reasoning article, creating some consistency between Reasoning and Reason. I'd like to expand on, and go into more detail, the idea of reasoning as a creative function of the soul. As for merging, my suggestion is... Reasoning is fine Logical reasoning should be merged into reasoning, what little it adds could easily be incorporated into the Reasoning article; But a link to reasoning should be added to the Logic article. Inductive reasoning is named Induction, and is a nice expansion on the reasoning article and should be left as it is. Perhaps the other methods should be similarly renamed. Daffdaemon 2/20/2006

To the above list, add (at least)

Common sense

Conventional wisdom

Knowledge

Epistemology

Meta-epistemology

dealing with the same topic(s) -knowledge Newbyguesses 22:21, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Metaphysical explanation of human reasoning included.
That's all pretty much better than nothing. In reality there are only three areas of reasoning which match the three existing human reasoning capabilities:

 * Logical Reasoning
 * non-Logical Reasoning (languages, feelings and so on)
 * Mathematical Reasoning

"Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. ... Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler." - Albert Einstein

reasoning is the understanding of one bound and forces.

 * Three things you should know about this post. One is that you did not sign it, do so for all future posts, please. See, you could have posted this today or maybe months ago, but I have no way of knowing because you didn't sign it.

The next thing is this random Einstein quote. What relevance does anything pertaining to Einstein hold to a discussion of reasoning? I'm not familiar of the exact context of that quote of yours, and the context of it is not provided (Which, ironically, is a fallacy in and of itself--to provide a quote without providing context is to provide a positive claim on conjecture. Pure conjecture, at that. That is, pure conjecture, as in, expecting the reader to just assume that the context allows the quote to hold relevance without any evidence at all to suggest that.

One explanation (And the one I'd wager on) is that it is a non-sequitur based on Einstein's fame. The non-sequitur being the premise, "Einstein is a smart guy and smart guys make correct statements," and the consequent being "This statement is made by Einstein, and is, therefore, correct." Does not follow. This does not follow. Non-sequitur.

Let's review. Two things that you should know about this post, and should remember to take into account in the future, include... -Sign your posts. -Do not try to use fallacies as arguments, especially not when you're trying to make a claim about reasoning itself. Unless you're trying to be ironic... If that's the case, then you should make the deliberate nature of the irony more apparent, and also keep in mind that although absurdism does not carry the negative connotation that a fallacy does, it still doesn't carry a point.

So, what's the third thing we need to learn from this post? Simple. Don't make positive claims of "fact" when what you're discussing is abstract scientific theory, an abstract concept of philosophy, or, as it is in this case, both.

One last thing of note--your actual post was just... It was just this side of unreadable. I sympathise with you if you're not a native speaker of English, as it is my third language and it took me years of practise to attain fluency. I tried to figure out your meaning and revised it, to make your post easier to understand. If I was mistaken in any of those revisions, then I apologise. 162.40.241.39 15:55, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Categories
It's not a branch of philosophy. However, it should be under logic. There is a group whose purpose in life is to pare the logic project to nothing. They have removed dozens of articles out from under logic. That's why it's not there. Gregbard 23:38, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
The introduction claims that all reasoning is used to support already existing beliefs, etc. I am less cynical. I think that at least sometimes, we reason in order to discover the truth, rather than only to justify what we already believe. I'm going to change the intro accordingly, and see what happens. Rick Norwood 20:46, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagreed with your change to the intro and reverted it, but I do see your point. The sentence is ambiguous. Something can 'support' another thing by providing reasons for it, rather than being an after the fact attempt to back your position up, and both senses of 'support' were supposed ot be operating here. I will have another go at fixing it. Let me know what you think.
 * P.S. Thank you for motivating me to stick some Aristotle into the article. I should definitely not be reading the Prior Analytics at them moment, but what fun! Anarchia 22:58, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

abduction induction deduction table
maybe such a table would be good to show the differences at one look

i myself had trouble understanding the differences between abduction and induction since both deal with the unknown and many variables

it would have had come handy in class

Animal reasoning
I removed the following statement from the opening paragraph:

Although reasoning was once thought to be a uniquely human capability, other animals also engage in reasoning.

My reasons for this excision are:
 * The statement reads as being quite definite, yet the paragraph in the linked Wikipedia article is far from conclusive.
 * The majority of the discussion in the linked WP article is unreferenced. The only reference given is of research that speculated there might be "casual reasoning" in crows.
 * There is no discussion of animal reasoning anywhere else in the article, as would normally be expected from a statement made in the opening paragraph.

I searched for evidence sufficient to justify its inclusion but thus far came up empty handed. Hence I think it should be excluded until a stronger case can be made for its inclusion.Manning (talk) 03:14, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Misuse of sources
is one of the main contributors to Wikipedia (over 67,000 edits; he's ranked 198 in the number of edits), and practically all of his edits have to do with Islamic science, technology and philosophy. This editor has persistently misused sources here over several years. This editor's contributions are always well provided with citations, but examination of these sources often reveals either a blatant misrepresentation of those sources or a selective interpretation, going beyond any reasonable interpretation of the authors' intent. Please see: Requests for comment/Jagged 85. I searched the page history, and found one edit by Jagged 85 in February 2008. Tobby72 (talk) 17:59, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Crap
I think this is crap. Come and have a look at my comments:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Genezistan

Genezistan (talk) 10:02, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Why not put your comment here rather than on your talk page. pgr94 (talk) 11:08, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I do not want to take up much space from here and also, my points are general, not limited to this entry in the lexicon. My criticism concerns the whole method of presenting "knowledge".Genezistan (talk) 12:02, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * If you have suggestions to improve this article, please go ahead and discuss. If not, this is not the right place. Please see WP:FORUM.  pgr94 (talk) 12:13, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

You mean this?
Discussion forums. Please try to stay on the task of creating an encyclopedia. You can chat with people about Wikipedia-related topics on their user talk pages, and should resolve problems with articles on the relevant talk pages, but please do not take discussion into articles. In addition, bear in mind that talk pages exist for the purpose of discussing how to improve articles; they are not mere general discussion pages about the subject of the article, nor are they a helpdesk for obtaining instructions or technical assistance. If you wish to ask a specific question on a topic, Wikipedia has a Reference desk, and questions should be asked there rather than on talk pages. Wikipedians who wish to hold casual discussions with fellow Wikipedians can use the IRC channels, such as #wikipedia. Note that this is an IRC channel, not a message board. There are also a number of early-stage projects that attempt to use a wiki for discussion and debate. Material unsuitable for talk pages may be subject to removal per the talk page guidelines

Where did I break the rule? Genezistan (talk) 15:19, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

computer reasoning
This article is either way out of date, playing dumb or ignorant of the state computer reasoning has reached. 96.252.218.253 (talk) 09:58, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Why does this article exist?
This article nominally covers the same subject as Reason. Just adding an "-ing" does not change that fact. To the extent that there is any superior and worthwhile material in this article then I think as per WP:CFORK we should consider integrating those bits into the other article. Although this present article seems rather big and to cover lots of different things than Reason, but on closer inspection a lot of it is quite questionable in terms of notability, and appropriateness for an encyclopedia. See WP:NOTE and WP:NOT. What do others think?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 20:07, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Could you give concrete examples of what you think is not notable rather than a sweeping statement. Much of it seems notable to me although I am not familiar with the history of reasoning so I can't judge that section. pgr94 (talk) 20:40, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * First of all please do not ignore the other part of the problem which is that this article is a content fork covering the same subject as Reason. Can you comment on that?
 * Just some examples of the weakness of the material here:-
 * Opening definition says that reasoning is a type of "looking for" a whole bunch of things including feelings. Not orthodox?
 * Next sentence: "Different forms of such reflection on reasoning occur in different fields". Un-sourced and meaning not clear, but it certainly seems wrong. It seems to be saying that when a physchologist reasons his or her reasoning is different from the reasoning of an economist? Also not clear WHY this sentence is here.
 * Next sentence: "In philosophy, the study of reasoning typically focuses on what makes reasoning efficient or inefficient, appropriate or inappropriate, good or bad." This is un-sourced and incorrect. It sounds more like what logic is about.
 * "The properties of logic which may be used to reason are studied in mathematical logic." Have a look at the article mathematical logic and you'll see this is wrong.
 * Most of the subject headings are basically OR and/or not notable. It seems like all that has been done is to put different adjectives on "reason" and call those distinct matters for discussion, but they are not. Lawyers and Babylonians all reason in the same way. There are no such fields of study known as "Babylonian reasoning", "Lawyer reasoning" etc. Just mentioning some examples of, say, Chinese people reasoning, does not make "Chinese reasoning" a subject.
 * To the extent that the article tries to discuss some historical examples of the study of reason. This might be useful material that can be added to reason?
 * Does the above help explain?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 20:54, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't agree that reasoning is essentially a human faculty, which the reason article claims (For other types of reasoning see for example Animal cognition and automated reasoning). The reason article does not cover these topics at all and may be better named human reasoning.  Perhaps that's why this article appears odd to you.  pgr94 (talk) 22:08, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I would support a merge provided that there is a minimal loss of good content. Also, I would support renaming the category of the same name. I don't see any need to differentiate between human and non-human reasoning in different articles.Greg Bard (talk) 22:50, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Greg and Pgr, I agree that the current Reason article does not do much concerning non human reasoning, for example the use of the word with regards to computers. I am not sure that there is much to say about the subject but if there is why could it not either be merged to Reason or put into a new article? Secondly though, what else is there, if anything, in this article which is worth saving? Obviously the principle of not wanting to loose any good material is reasonable, but see my notes above.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 06:54, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Andrew, I'm in favour of a merge if it avoids redundancy, but at present the reason article is 1) centred on human reasoning and 2) lacks much information to the point where I have a preference for this article (reasoning) as a starting point (that's not to say that it doesn't have its flaws).  Another article that is closely related is inference.  Some might say reasoning and inference are synonyms.  Do all these articles, (reason, reasoning, inference) cover the some topic?
 * Perhaps a good start would be an agreement on a definition. Once editors of each article share the same definition, larger changes are less likely to cause problems.
 * pgr94 (talk) 09:02, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, different disciplines have studied reasoning (mathematicians, computer scientists, psychologists, zoologists, philosophers) and I think the article should reflect that. As editors we should reflect current knowledge, not try to synthesize it (WP:SYN).  pgr94 (talk) 09:02, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Hmmm:-
 * 1. Reason is indeed centred on human reasoning, and so is Reasoning. That of course makes sense in both cases, because all other meanings of reason are extensions or metaphors for human reasoning, which was the first thing called reasoning and the one the other ones are compared to. Anyway, in practical terms if covering "non human reasoning" was the aim I do not see that this article is succeeding and I am not confident that there is much notable and reliably source-able material around. If there is, then maybe the best result is to have a separate article for it, but I would suggest that as an temporary first step we add it as a section to Reason and see how big it really and is and whether it really justifies a split as per WP:SPLIT. I guess there is a valid argument that non human reasoning has never really been observed, even if those words have sometimes be used to describe things similar to human reasoning. Does that make sense?
 * 2. If the reason for starting this article was to try another approach at the same subject as Reason, which is what I guess your point 2 means, then this is not an approach the WP community normally accepts. See WP:CFORK.
 * 3. Concerning other articles like inference you may be right, but I guess that should be discussed on each of those pages. I never looked at inference. Last night, while considering this type of thing I did have a look at a few other potential cases though, like rationality. I think rationality, like logic is handling a specific separable subject. Maybe editors on these articles can usefully spend some time cross checking to make sure the articles link to each other in a useful way.
 * 4. Concerning definitions of reason, or things like reason, which are discipline specific, the difference has to be notable. See WP:NOTE. So for example rationality is handling some of the special uses in social sciences, in what I think is a pretty correct way, but trying to separate out "lawyer reasoning" does not work. The books and articles about what rationality means specifically in the social sciences, but lawyers might learn logic or rhetoric or law, but not "lawyer reasoning".
 * Hopefully what I am saying makes sense. In concrete which parts of the current article do you think have a strong case for keeping somehow? --Andrew Lancaster (talk) 12:30, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Any updates on comments from others? The more I look at it, my own feeling is that this article should simply be deleted and become a redirect to Reason. There is little worth keeping, but there might be bits. Some bits might indeed be better being moved to inference or maybe artificial intelligence or animal cognition? But every time I compare to the more worked on articles they seem to cover things better than this one?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:45, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * against. I have already provided grounds above. pgr94 (talk) 10:55, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Which grounds have you provided? Sorry, but could you make it more clear why this article should exist? Please note that I've replied in a lot more detail to your previous posts.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 11:11, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Different disciplines have studied reasoning (mathematicians, computer scientists, psychologists, zoologists, philosophers) and I think the article should reflect that. As editors we should reflect current knowledge, not try to synthesize it (WP:SYN). pgr94 (talk) 11:20, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * So you were saying that this material was not adequately covered in Reason right? Why not just add such material to Reason, Rationality, inference and all the other articles which already exist though? The question is why we need a separate article for "leftovers".--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 12:16, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Here is the current table of contents, with comments by me attached:- So just as my first comment, open to discussion, I'd think the stuff worth discussion is maybe in sections 3, 4, and 5, or maybe not. This is just to get discussion started.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 18:09, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * 1 History of reasoning Opinion: not for keeping: each of these sections is not worth keeping. You can add adjectives on to reasoning forever but that does not mean we may create articles for each combination we come up with. There is no body of literature called "Babylonian reasoning" for example.
 * 1.1 Babylonian reasoning
 * 1.2 Greek reasoning
 * 1.3 Indian reasoning
 * 1.4 Chinese reasoning
 * 1.5 Islamic reasoning
 * 2 Reasoning methods and argumentation Opinion: not for keeping These appear to be about aspects of logic, not reason as such which is a more general word. There are lots of articles I think already cover this better. Again, just giving a title with the word reasoning in does not justify having parallel coverage.
 * 2.1 Deductive reasoning
 * 2.2 Inductive reasoning
 * 2.3 Abductive reasoning
 * 2.4 Analogical reasoning
 * 2.5 Fallacious reasoning
 * 2.5.1 Formal fallacies
 * 2.5.2 Informal fallacies
 * 3 Psychology
 * 3.1 Behavioral experiments on human reasoning
 * 3.2 Developmental studies of children's reasoning
 * 3.3 Neuroscience of reasoning
 * 4 Automated reasoning
 * 5 Meta-reasoning
 * 6 Legal reasoning Opinion. See opinion for section 1.

 * Just a note to say that something should eventually be done. After a long enough waiting period, I take it that there'll be no objections if I start merging bits of this article into others, and eventually turn it into a redirect for Reason.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 08:54, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * So what definition of reasoning are you proposing? That should be a priority before any deletion. pgr94 (talk) 12:42, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I see two way to understand your question. I'll try both:
 * 1. First option is concerning which material to keep in THIS article. It means asking which definition of reasoning would justify keeping it in a separate article called "reasoning". But as explained I do not think there is any sensible way of defining reasoning in any way that contrasts with reason and other words which already have articles. So I have seen no way to keep this article. That's why I propose to merge any good material to other articles. (Again, don't take the word delete too seriously.) The WP "rules" here are WP:MERGE, WP:SPLIT, WP:CFORK.
 * 2. Perhaps you are asking more about which material should be kept in Wikipedia (in ANY article) and which is not worth keeping? But I don't have any special theories on this. I am just basing my proposals on a straightforward reading of Wikipedia policy which tells us that any meaning of reason (or reasoning) that is notable and able to be discussed in a way which can be sourced from reliable sources, can be included. See in this case WP:RS, WP:V, WP:NOTE.
 * Hope that makes sense? Sorry if I have misunderstood.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 15:25, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It's simple. Do you agree to use this definition of reasoning or are you suggesting another?
 * Reasoning is the cognitive process of looking for reasons, beliefs, conclusions, actions or feelings. (Kirwin, Christopher. 1995. 'Reasoning'. In Ted Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press: p. 748)
 * I am not getting your point I'm afraid. I did not see anything in our discussion so far that indicated that either of us believe that the problem is that there are lots of different things all called reasoning? Perhaps you are asking if this particular quote is the best possible wording to define that thing called reasoning? Maybe you are proposing this should be used at the head of an eventual merged article? I do not think it is a particularly good wording. But it is obviously describing the same type of thing which most normal definitions of reason or reasoning describe. Please explain further what you are getting at? The Reason article starts with "Reason is a mental faculty (or ability) found in humans, that is able to generate conclusions from assumptions or premises. In other words, it is amongst other things the means by which rational beings propose specific reasons, or explanations of cause and effect. In contrast to reason as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies." What do you think of that?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 17:39, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

If I haven't been very clear, let me summarise my position:
 * 1. Not just philosophy. The Reason article is primarily about philosophy. Rename the article "Philosophy of reason"  and no drastic changes would be needed.  The indisputable fact of the matter is that reason/reasoning is a subject that has been addressed by psychologists, neuroscientists, logicians, computer scientists, ethologists and statisticians. The article should reflect that as per WP:NPOV.  At present there is not one reference to an article describing the outcome of empirical enquiry.  It's essentially science-free! Instead we get statements like But Aristotle, for example, stated that phantasia and phronein (a type of thinking which can judge and understand in some sense) also exist in some animals.  I think that sort of material belongs in historical articles, not a contemporary view of the field.
 * 2. Non-human reasoning The definition(s) and coverage of reason/reasoning should include non-human reasoning. Reasoning has been observed in animals and is routinely performed by computer since at least the 1970s.
 * 3. Synonyms? I believe the priority is to make clear whether thought, reason, reasoning, and inference are all refering to same thing or not.  I think input from editors of those articles would be beneficial in any merger discussion.

pgr94 (talk) 19:16, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That helps.
 * 1. Not just philosophy. No problem. Then we can expand reason. But reason/reasoning is an object of philosophy and all other uses of those terms derive from philosophical uses. So however this subject (reason/reasoning) gets divided up, philosophy is going to have to be in the main article. If there are non-philosophical uses, such as concerning computers or animals or whatever, then these are going to need to be in specialized articles. There is a main meaning and then specialized meanings. Specialized meanings can be mentioned in short form on the main article and in more detail on their own articles. The main article should be mostly about whatever meanings of the word are the core meanings. Every time we use the word "reasoning" we are referring to things which have something in common and that something is of especial interest to the main article. Can you agree with that?
 * 2. Non-human reasoning.''' I think this is just such a case. Surely such subjects can be handled in two ways (a) within the main reason article and (b) in articles about those special versions of "reason". Animal reasoning and machine reasoning are both concepts which compare animals and machines to humans. Is there an article already about animal "reasoning"?
 * 3.Synonyms. Well, my only concern is that there is no point starting a discussion if it is not relevant to what anyone is arguing. Is anyone at all arguing that thought and inference are the same thing as reason and reasoning? Is anyone at all arguing that there is a difference between reason and reasoning? I have not seen those arguments. Concerning editors "from" other articles, I guess you'd say I came here from Reason. I think I've already posted a message on inference about this discussion, but got no response. I do not see the overlap with thought. I agree that having more people in this discussion would be better, but that has not happened so far.
 * Does that make sense?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 19:42, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

I have gone ahead and done a merge, turning this article into a redirect. Please note that this is not a deletion, and I am not insisting that all the material in Reason needs to ultimately remain in one article. I think however, that discussion on two talk pages is not going to work. Having all discussion at that page will focus minds better. And in any case it is clear that there is no rationale for having two articles named Reason or Reasoning, so if some of the material does not fit on Reason then we can discuss there where it might fit better.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 10:44, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reasoning


text:
East Brooklyn

East Brooklyn is the name of the following places in the United States.

 * East Brooklyn, Connecticut
 * East Brooklyn, Illinois

title: East Brooklyn


text:
User:Stop vandalism !!!!!

Cut it out, Wik. I ghosted you under the name "StopVandalis mAgain", and I don't want to have to play another prank on yeh.

title: User:Stop vandalism !!!!!


text:
Bob Rivers

Robert Rivers (born July 7, 1956, in Branford, Connecticut) is a retired American rock and roll radio on-air personality in the Pacific Northwest, as well as a prolific producer and songwriter of parody songs, most famous for his Christmas song parodies. His album Twisted Christmas was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Rivers' last regular radio program, The Bob Rivers Show with Bob, Spike and Joe, was broadcast on Seattle oldies station KJR-FM until August 8, 2014, ending a 25-year run in the Seattle market.

Rivers played keyboards for a cover band affiliated with the show, Spike and the Impalers, until 2015.

Early life
Rivers was born in Branford, Connecticut, on July 7, 1956, and raised as a Catholic. On the air, he occasionally referred to the work ethic and competitive streak he learned from his parents. (His father was the head of a utility company. ) He is the eldest of seven children in his family.

He knew from an early age that he wanted to be on radio. At the age of 15, he released a bootleg AM broadcast from the basement of his family's home (a prank which his mother put a stop to). He also started a high-school radio show. He got his first paying radio job when he was 16, but reputedly was fired for playing too much Led Zeppelin.

On the air in Connecticut
Rivers got his start as disc jockey in Connecticut, where he was heard on WAVZ, WNHC, WCDQ, WELI, WFIF, WCCC-FM, WWCO, and WLIS.

WAAF Bob and Zip
Bob Rivers spent almost six years at WAAF in Worcester, Massachusetts (in the Boston market), as part of their successful Bob and Zip morning show with fellow on-air personality Peter "Zip" Zipfel.

During his tenure with WAAF, Rivers started producing parody and novelty songs, both for the station and for the KATZ/Newcity "American Comedy Network", a radio syndication service that provided comedy material to local U.S. and Canadian radio stations. One of the first parodies he produced was "Breakin' Up Is Hard On You", about the lawsuit and the resulting Bell System divestiture, the court ordered split up of U.S. telecommunications company AT&T's Bell System. The song was sung to the tune of Neil Sedaka's #1 1962 hit "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do" and peaked at #70 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop music chart. He followed it up with "Just a Big Ego," a parody of David Lee Roth's version of "Just a Gigolo". It went on to be included on Volume 2 of The Rhino Brothers Present the World's Worst Records and had a music video produced by Steve Rotfeld for Bob Uecker's Wacky World of Sports.

In 1987, Rivers released Twisted Christmas, which contained the Christmas music radio hit "Twelve Pains of Christmas", a parody of the holiday standard "The Twelve Days of Christmas". Twisted Christmas was certified a gold record.

WIYY "98 Rock"
In the spring of 1988, at Baltimore radio station "98 Rock" WIYY-FM, as a lead morning show personality between 1987 and 1989, Bob Rivers gained national attention for an 11-day, on-the-air marathon during a Baltimore Orioles losing streak. He vowed to remain on the air until the Orioles won a game. He kept his vow and became a local celebrity among Orioles fans for his pledge. During the marathon, he only took naps during songs and started to develop health complications from the lack of sleep.

During his time at 98 Rock, he and WIYY radio collaborated with Sheffield Recording Studios to continue his campaign of Twisted Tunes.

In just under two years after joining WIYY, Rivers increased the station's morning show's ratings by about 65 percent.

A few weeks before Rivers was fired from WIYY, he met James (later "Spike") O'Neill, who was working at a used car dealership. O'Neill's father owned the dealership and advertised on the show, so Spike objected to Rivers's song "Hyundai, Hyundai (Can't Trust That Car)," a parody of Monday, Monday by The Mamas & the Papas. Rivers met Spike to test-drive a Hyundai, and Spike either "talked his way" into an unpaid internship on the show or, in his own words, "[Rivers] had taken them [WIYY] from worst to first and they offered him an insulting pay increase to renew. He went public with their insult and at that point they took him off the air for the rest of his term. He met me and invited me in as an intern. When he left, he thought enough of me to ask me to join him."

KISW Twisted Radio
Arriving at Active Rock radio station KISW-FM in Seattle in 1989, Rivers debuted a morning show with fellow radio host Sean Donahue, also from Baltimore. Their chief rival was the station KXRX. Rivers brought Spike O'Neill with him; Spike served as sportscaster, writer, and impressionist. They spent "six weeks of 14-hour days doing production and brainstorming and writing" before their first show on air.

Rivers released a second album of humorous holiday-themed music in 1993 entitled I Am Santa Claus (the title track was a parody of Black Sabbath's song Iron Man). Later, three other Christmas-themed albums were released: More Twisted Christmas (1997); Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire (2000); and White Trash Christmas (2002).

Bob Rivers and his Twisted Radio show also produced many non-holiday parodies covering such topics as pop culture, politicians, and the various sports teams and players in the Seattle area. These "Twisted Tunes" could be heard for free on his website. CD compilation albums are also available.

Rivers claims that more Twisted Tunes were written about the 1994 O. J. Simpson murder case than about any other individual; an example is the Twisted Tune "White Ford Bronco" (based on the 1955 song "Hot Rod Lincoln", "Bronco" appears on the Twisted Christmas Boxed Set). Rivers has said that there might have been more Twisted Tunes sung about the Seattle Seahawks and Super Bowl XL. Rivers and his colleagues have guessed that his most famous Twisted Tune based on a pop song is "What if God Smoked Cannabis?", based on the 1995 Joan Osborne hit "One of Us". (This Rivers parody is often incorrectly attributed to "Weird Al" Yankovic.)

In 1999, Rivers wrote a "twisted tune" song called "Kosovo", a parody of the Beach Boys hit song "Kokomo", about the Kosovo War. While earning many fans, the song also gained international attention and some controversy when it was used in 2005 by some Norwegian peacekeepers in Kosovo to make a music video.

In late 1999, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer noted that, after 10 years at the station, Rivers had the longest tenure of any radio personality in the local market.

Rivers and his cast sat out a year's non-compete period when their contract with KISW ran out.

KZOK The Bob Rivers Show
In September 2001, the cast and show moved to KZOK, where it played through September 30, 2010. O'Neill was added to the show for a slate of talents that include vocal impersonations (as of Rush Limbaugh, Bill Clinton, and William Shatner, for example) and improvisation. The producer was Mike Jones; Arik Korman, a 2001 Visionary Award winner, joined the show as director in 2002; news and comedic commentary were provided by Maura Gallucci and, for a few years, Kaci Aitchison (who also is a singer with Spike and the Impalers).

The Bob Rivers Show was simulcast on Portland, Oregon's "1980s Rock Hits" radio station KVMX (now KXJM) "Mix 107.5" from March 20, 2006, until October 5, 2006, when the station dropped the morning show and switched to a Rhythmic Adult Contemporary format under the new branding "Movin' 107.5".

The cast would occasionally perform on-air skits, such as a famous parody of The Wizard of Oz in which Dorothy and the Wizard (the latter voiced by Spike) are trying to bring Brian Bosworth (a former Seattle Seahawks linebacker nicknamed "The Boz") back "home" to Seattle.

Another favorite was a contest between two callers-in to speak the roles of Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler in the last lines of Gone with the Wind, beginning with the line "I'm leaving you, my dear. All you need now is a divorce and your dreams of Ashley can come true." Caller-in Kim played Scarlett to Spike's Rhett, and then caller-in Robert played Rhett to Spike's Scarlett. (Both contestants spoke with true Southern accents.) Spike ad-libbed many lines. For example, when Kim as Scarlett exclaimed, "Rhett! Rhett, where are you going?" Spike as Rhett replied, not the film's actual line, "I'm going back to Charleston, back where I belong," but: "I'm going to Rick's in Federal Way! Where I belong." (Rick's was a strip club.) When contestant Robert played Rhett and delivered the line, "Here, take my handkerchief," Spike as Scarlett used the handkerchief in a noisy and unladylike way. Listeners who called in got to vote on the better contestant, and Kim won the prize, probably in part because of her tearful, yearning cries of "Rhett! Rhett!" (Spike said in awe to her, "Seriously, did you just lose a puppy or something?") The prize was Fandango movie tickets.

In 2007, Spike O'Neill, in charge of sports news, persuaded former Seattle Seahawk placekicker Norm Johnson into an extended interview about Johnson's having saved the life of a woman, Virginia Sayson, who was trapped in an overturned car in a ditch in Silverdale, Washington. Rivers's and O'Neill's admiring and humorous interview, and Johnson's modest replies, turned the local-interest story into national news.

KZOK gained world renown when they partnered with World Vision International for what was to be a one-day "radiothon" to sponsor 400 children in poor nations. (Rivers credits director Arik Korman for "getting me started" with World Vision. ) By the count of listeners who called or wrote to the station, they soon found sponsors for more than 3,000 children in Senegal, Ethiopia, the Dominican Republic, and other Third World countries.

Toward the end of this decade, the station added television cameras to the studio; streaming videos of interviews and musical performances could be seen on station websites. Mike Jones left the show when cameras were introduced.

Rivers's show left KZOK when he could not reach a contract deal with CBS, the owner of the station.

During December 2010, when the show members sat out their non-compete period from KZOK, Bob and his wife Lisa traveled to Bangladesh, where they spent the holiday helping to build schools for the poor in Dhaka.

KJR-FM The Bob Rivers Show with Bob, Spike and Joe
The Bob Rivers Show ran on KJR-FM from April 1, 2011, to August 8, 2014, ending on the twenty-five year anniversary of Bob's first day on air in Seattle.

The Bob Rivers Show cast at 95.7 FM included Spike O'Neill, Joel "Downtown Joe" Bryant, newswoman Jodi Brothers, director Arik Korman, and producers Luciana Bosio and Pedro Bartes, a married couple who also contributed news and jokes on air.

Content
The Show provided a mix of classic rock music, comedy, discussion of current movies, sports news, local news (everything from bikini baristas to suburb-invading raccoons), celebrity news, and national news. Rivers, O'Neill and Bryant interviewed musicians, actors, comedians, authors, and, infrequently, local politicians. A friend of the show, attorney Shawn Alexander, frequently called in or was consulted upon all sorts of legal issues. O'Neill, Rivers, and Brothers provided running comedic commentary to the news stories.

Over the years, between the news and music segments, show members frequently discussed the lives of their families, with emphasis on the pleasures and perils of parenthood. Rivers and his wife, Lisa (whose one-time relationship with Steven Tyler sometimes provided conversational fodder), have two sons: Keith, a film-maker, and Andrew, a stand-up comedian; Andrew occasionally appeared on the show to discuss his career and to talk about growing up with his parents. Spike talked about how he and his wife, Melissa, steered their daughter Riann (pronounced Ryan) through her teenage years until she was hand-picked to become manager of a clothing/fashion store in New York, and about their much younger daughter, Darby. For years, Joe Bryant provoked laughter from callers-in by discussing how he and his wife, Kelli, allowed their school-age daughter, Emily-Jo, to eat whatever she wanted for dinner (chiefly chicken nuggets), while dealing with his own preference for overeating and drinking; when she was in high school, Joe spoke about Emily-Jo's interest in singing and her trip to Europe to sing in a choir.

In 2014, Joe, Bob and Spike provided almost daily news about a diet on which they all lost weight.

Downtown Joe was a favorite among listeners, and in 2014 he was given the role of hosting "The Warm-Up Show," a half-hour of chat (before Bob Rivers arrived) among Joe, Spike O'Neill, and Jodi Brothers, with guests ranging from their young radio interns to special guests including famous fishing guru Bill Herzog. Joe is locally known as an expert in fishing and other out-door activities.

Arik Korman and his wife Monique adopted a Korean boy, A.J., and Arik was frequently consulted for facts and science explanations. Luciana Bosio and Pedro Bartes provided another side of Americana by discussing their ongoing attempts to earn legal citizenship and Pedro's disinclination to drive; in early 2014, they both earned their permanent residence status with green cards.

The cast also occasionally discussed the children they sponsor through the aegis of World Vision International and had an annual drive to get listeners to sponsor children.

The show invited listeners to call in or text the show, in order to guess the answers to questions or to provide autobiographical anecdotes illustrative of a given topic, usually a topic in the news. (On May 8, 2013, an example of the latter was, "Have you ever participated in a practical joke that went wrong?" ) These segments were prefaced with a musical sting and the lyric "Is there anybody out there?" (from the Pink Floyd song of the same name). Prizes, such as tickets to upcoming musical events or Spike and the Impalers CDs, were given to callers-in who correctly guessed an answer (for example, "Which flavor of ice cream is more popular nationally, chocolate or vanilla?")."

Show members also read aired advertisements for businesses local to the Seattle-Tacoma area.

Bob Rivers announced on July 28, 2014, that after 42 years on radio (33 years in morning zoo format for drive time listeners and 25 years in Seattle), the legendary host was stepping away from morning radio to pursue other projects. The finale on Friday, August 8, was attended by many family members and featured local musicians playing music one last time on the show. With the end of the show, Bob ended KJR's "Oldies" format; the station switched formats to a new show called "95.7 The Jet, Seattle's Variety From the 70's, 80's and More".

Personal life
Rivers lived for many years in North Bend, Washington, with his wife, Lisa, where he gardened, tended to his bees and chickens, hiked, and recorded and played music in his home studio. To fight his fear of flying, he learned to fly a plane, eventually bought his own, and Rivers became a private pilot.

He talked freely on the air about his hard-partying days, which ended when he entered rehab to treat his alcoholism in 1989, shortly after he moved to Washington.

Rivers was featured in an interview about his enjoyment of hiking in a 2014 summer issue of Washington Trails Magazine (a publication of the Washington Trails Association). The article was accompanied by five photographs of Rivers in the wilderness.

In November, 2015, Seattle's KING-TV ran a story about Rivers's decision to sell his mansion, an estate that Rivers called "like something out of a fairy tale," for $2.3 million. He told the interviewer that he and wife Lisa plan to spend their time traveling and hiking: "It would be really nice to wander and explore a little bit."

Children
Bob and Lisa Rivers have two sons. The elder, Keith Rivers (born February 2, 1983, in Worcester, Massachusetts) is a film-maker. Their younger son, Andrew J. Rivers, is a stand-up comedian.

Rivers' granddaughter, Hazel Rivers, Keith Rivers' daughter, was born on August 8, 2014, the same day on which Rivers ended his radio show.

Plane theft
In 2009, Bob Rivers' Cessna 182 was stolen from the airport at which it was based by Colton Harris-Moore, who flew it to Yakima, Washington, landed the plane excessively hard and then fled the scene. The Cessna was declared a write-off by Rivers' insurance company. Rivers publicly condemned the theft and decried Harris-Moore's legend status, telling a news reporter, "I'm not a fan of the media frenzy because I don't like the whole cult hero thing, but if keeping it alive helps solve it, then I think it's worth it." He said on the radio, "I don't buy this folk-hero stuff. I was furious that something like this could happen. I really want him caught."

Film appearances

 * Bob Rivers, who is a science fiction fan, appeared as an extra in two Star Trek: Enterprise episodes. The first was Zero Hour, in which he acted as a lieutenant. It was filmed April 29, 2004. The other episode was the series finale in 2005, "These Are the Voyages...", in which he appeared along with a KZOK contest winner, Amy Ulen; they both played Engineers.
 * Rivers executive-produced a 7-minute documentary, Senegal, Africa: Through My Eyes, in 2009. It was directed by his son, Keith Rivers, and was made with the cooperation of World Vision International, whose efforts Rivers supports through occasional on-air broadcasts and by traveling, with some members of the Show, to countries such as Senegal, Malawi, and Bangladesh.

Awards and honors
Rivers was twice voted Radio & Records' major market Rock Personality of the Year and has been Billboard ' s Radio Personality of the Week. At the Puget Sound Radio Broadcasters Association's annual awards banquet, he has won three People's Choice Awards for the Best Minute of the Year in Seattle Radio.

As an honor to celebrate his retirement from the show, the Seattle Mariners invited Rivers to throw the opening pitch at a game shortly after the show ended. Rivers insisted that Spike O'Neill and Joe Bryant be allowed to join him, as the three had worked together for so long.

Critical acclaim for The Bob Rivers Show
The Seattle Post-Intelligencer wrote in 2005, "The mixture of talk (with such long-running cast members as Spike O'Neill and Joe Bryant), interviews and song parodies has consistently been one of the top-rated morning shows in the Seattle market." A Kitsap Sun columnist agreed: "As much as I treasure the information I can get from a couple of hours of NPR, I've found it's hard to pass up the mix of pop-culture info, topical news, off-the-wall humor and wealth of interviews I can get from Bob, Spike and Joe." KING-TV called Rivers "one of the Northwest's most popular personalities." Cynde Slater, a radio talent scout who hired Rivers to work at WAAF in 1985, said of Rivers's talent for making comedy out of topical subjects, "Bob has the ability to seize the opportunity. He does that better than anybody I've ever met."

A lengthy 2012 article in The Seattle Times praised Rivers for his wit and philosophy of perseverance. "The radio business is changing: Fewer stations, fewer jobs, fewer personalities. But for nearly 23 years, Seattle has been listening to lovable misfits Bob, Spike and 'Downtown' Joe Bryant. Since April 1, 2011, after adding Seattle radio veteran Jodi Brothers to the mix, they've been cracking wise from 6 to 10 a.m. weekdays on KJR. The show is consistently one of the top three in its time period with the all-important 25-to-54 age group, along with The BJ Shea Morning Experience on KISW and Morning Edition on KUOW. It's the last remaining local talk/entertainment program on Seattle morning radio — others play music between gabbing, or focus on news... Everything's rainbows and great ratings now, but the incredible longevity, the easy chemistry and current success of these radio survivors has been hard-earned. Their long, strange trip has included failed contract negotiations, cast changes, rehab, a lot of work and a recent health scare. But as the show and its players have evolved, there has also been laughter, love, support and family. Always, family — on and off the air."

title: Bob Rivers


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Ronny Cox

Daniel Ronald "Ronny" Cox (born July 23, 1938) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. His best-known roles include Drew Ballinger in Deliverance (1972), George Apple in Apple's Way (1974–1975), Ozark Bule in Bound for Glory (1976), Colonel Kerby in Taps (1981), Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil in Beverly Hills Cop (1984) and Beverly Hills Cop II (1987), Dick Jones in RoboCop (1987), Franklin Reed in Family Ties (1986), Vilos Cohaagen in Total Recall (1990), The President in Captain America (1990), Justin in Age of Dinosaurs (2013), Vice President Kinsey in several episodes of Stargate SG-1, and Captain Edward Jellico in several episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1992) and Star Trek: Prodigy (2022). Cox is also active as a musician, performing over 100 times per year at festivals and theaters each year as of 2012.

Personal life
Daniel Ronald Cox was born on July 23, 1938 in the mountain town of Cloudcroft, New Mexico, the third of five children to Lounette (née Rucker) and Bob P. Cox, a carpenter who also worked at a dairy. He grew up in Portales, New Mexico. Cox met his wife Mary when she was 11 and he was 14. They began dating when she was 15 and he was 18. They married in 1960 and had two sons. Cox graduated from Eastern New Mexico University in 1963 with a double major in theater and speech correction. Mary died in 2006, 50 years to the day of their first date. Cox often talks about her during his music performances.

Acting career
As an actor, Cox made his debut in the 1972 film Deliverance. In one scene, he plays the instrumental "Dueling Banjos" on his guitar with a banjo-playing mountain boy, played by child actor Billy Redden. He was hired for the role because he could play the guitar. Cox published his autobiography in 2012, recounting his experiences making the film.

In 1974–1975, Cox starred in the short-lived family-oriented series entitled Apple's Way, created by Earl Hamner, creator of The Waltons. He also appeared as Mr. Webb in a television production of Our Town. In 1977, he appeared in the episode "Devil Pack" from the series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected. In 1984, 12 years after Deliverance, Cox again played a member of a small group of men who are lost, this time in the Nevada desert, and being chased by bloodthirsty locals in the low-budget film Courage. One of Cox's roles was that of Dr. John Gideon during the final season of the television medical drama St. Elsewhere. His character was mooned by Dr. Donald Westphall (Ed Flanders) at the end of the third episode of season six. Cox's first role in a big-budget film came in 1984 as Lt. Andrew Bogomil in Beverly Hills Cop, and he returned to the role in Beverly Hills Cop II in 1987. That same year, Cox appeared in the Paul Verhoeven film RoboCop as corporate arch-villain Dick Jones. In 1986, Cox played the mayor in season 3, episodes 1 and 2, "Death Stalks the Big Top", of the TV series Murder, She Wrote.

In 1990, Cox co-starred as Los Angeles Police Chief Roger Kendrick in the short-lived Cop Rock, presenting a striking physical resemblance to the real-world incumbent Chief Daryl Gates. He also appeared as the antagonistic Mars Administrator Vilos Cohaagen in Total Recall the same year. Cox had a guest role on Star Trek: The Next Generation as Captain Edward Jellico in the two-part episode "Chain of Command". He also played Henry Mason, the father of Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross) on Desperate Housewives. In 1997, Cox portrayed the fictional President of the United States Jack Neil in the movie Murder at 1600. Cox also portrayed John Ramsey in the 2000 TV film Perfect Murder, Perfect Town and Senator/Vice President Robert Kinsey in Stargate SG-1.

Cox had a role in The Starter Wife. He played Pappy McCallister, the husband of Molly Kagan's best friend Joan. He occasionally has done animation work, lending his voice to the Tyrusian deserter Doc in Invasion America and Senator McMillan in Todd McFarlane's Spawn. Cox guest-starred in an episode of Matthew Perry's 2011 series Mr. Sunshine.

Cox played Walter Kenney in Dexter, season six, episode three ("Smokey and the Bandit"). His character was a serial killer known as "The Tooth Fairy", whom Dexter had idolized while growing up. He guest-starred in an episode of Diagnosis Murder entitled "The Pressure to Murder", episode 9, season three. Cox played Gideon Claybourne on season 6 of Nashville in 2018.

Starting in 2022, Cox reprised his role as now-Admiral Edward Jellico in several episodes of Star Trek: Prodigy.

Music career
Despite having a successful acting career, Cox said that music now comes first in his life. He turns down about 90% of the acting jobs he is offered to play over 100 shows at festivals and theaters each year. He is accompanied by his band. Cox also leads a musical tour to Ireland each year.

On November 2, 2019, Cox was inducted into the New Mexico Music Hall of Fame.

On July 25, 2021, Cox won the New Mexico Music Awards with the Norman Petty Producers Award going to Tom (Panda) Ryan for his recording of Ronny Cox's Live at the Kitchen Sink featuring the 2021 Best Folk Music Award with his song, "Portales". Live at the Kitchen Sink was recorded at The Kitchen Sink Recording Studio in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Filmography

 * 1972 Deliverance as Drew Ballinger
 * 1972 The Mind Snatchers as Sergeant Boford Miles
 * 1972 Bonanza, episode "New Man" as Lucas
 * 1974 A Case of Rape as David Harrod
 * 1975 Who Is the Black Dahlia? as Sergeant Finis Brown
 * 1976 Bound for Glory as Ozark Bule
 * 1977 Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected, episode "Devil Pack" (TV) as Jerry Colby
 * 1977 The Car as Deputy Luke Johnson
 * 1977 The Girl Called Hatter Fox (TV) as Dr. Teague Summer
 * 1978 Gray Lady Down as Commander David Samuelson
 * 1978 Fantasy Island (TV) episode "Reunion" / "Anniversary" as Tom Elgin
 * 1978 Harper Valley PTA as Willis Newton
 * 1979 The Onion Field as Sergeant Pierce R. Brooks
 * 1980 The Courage of Kavik the Wolf Dog as Kurt Evans
 * 1980 Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story (TV) as Bernard Coy
 * 1981 Taps as Colonel Kerby
 * 1981 Fallen Angel (TV film) as Frank Dawson
 * 1982 The Beast Within as Eli MacCleary
 * 1982 Tangiers as Colonel Powers
 * 1982 Two of a Kind as Ted Hahn
 * 1982 Some Kind of Hero as Colonel Powers
 * 1984 The Jesse Owens Story (TV) as Coach Larry Snyder
 * 1984 Beverly Hills Cop as Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil
 * 1984 Raw Courage (also writer and producer) as Pete Canfield
 * 1984-1985 Spencer as George Winger
 * 1985 Vision Quest as Louden's Dad
 * 1985 Tangiers as Bob Steele
 * 1986 Hollywood Vice Squad as Captain Jensen
 * 1987 Steele Justice as Bennett
 * 1987 Beverly Hills Cop II as Captain / Chief Andrew Bogomil
 * 1987 RoboCop as Dick Jones
 * 1987-1988 St. Elsewhere as Dr. John Gideon
 * 1987 Amazon Women on the Moon as General Balentine (segment "The Unknown Soldier") (uncredited)
 * 1988 In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders as FBI Special Agent Ben Grogan
 * 1989 One Man Force as McCoy
 * 1989 Martians Go Home as The President
 * 1990 Loose Cannons as Bob Smiley
 * 1990 Total Recall as Chancellor Vilos Cohaagen
 * 1990 Captain America as President Tom Kimball
 * 1990 Cop Rock as Chief Roger Kendrick
 * 1991 Scissors as Dr. Stephan Carter
 * 1992 Star Trek: The Next Generation (two episodes) as Captain Edward Jellico
 * 1992 Perry Mason: The Case of the Heartbroken Bride as Mr. Parrish
 * 1993 L.A. Law as Mason Paine
 * 1997 Murder at 1600 as President Jack Neil
 * 1998-2005 Stargate SG-1 (11 episodes) as Senator Robert Kinsey / Vice President Robert Kinsey
 * 1998 Puraido: Unmei no Toki as Chief Justice Sir William Webb
 * 1998 Frog and Wombat as Principal Larry Struble
 * 1999 Forces of Nature as Hadley
 * 1999 The Outer Limits, episode "Deja Vu" as Lieutenant Colonel Lester Glade
 * 1999 Deep Blue Sea as Franklin's Boss (uncredited)
 * 1999 FreeSpace 2 as Admiral Aken Bosch (voice)
 * 2000 Perfect Murder, Perfect Town as John Ramsey
 * 2001 The Agency (2001) as Director Alex Pierce III
 * 2001 The Boys of Sunset Ridge as Ben Thorpe
 * 2001 American Outlaws as Doc Mimms, Zee's Dad
 * 2001 Losing Grace as Dave Reed
 * 2002 Crazy As Hell as Delazo
 * 2004 Killzone (Video Game) as Stuart Adams (voice)
 * 2004 Angel in the Family as Buddy
 * 2005 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Dr. McManus
 * 2005 The L.A. Riot Spectacular as The Chief
 * 2006 Desperate Housewives (TV Series) as Henry Mason
 * 2006 Commander in Chief as Senator Joe Peck
 * 2007 Tell Me You Love Me as John
 * 2008 Cold Case as Daniel Patterson '08
 * 2009 Imagine That as Tom Stevens
 * 2011 Dexter as Walter Kenney
 * 2012 ''Leverage as Peter McSweeten
 * 2013 Age of Dinosaurs as Justin
 * 2014 Beyond the Reach as Sheriff Robb
 * 2018 Nashville as Gideon Claybourne
 * 2019 The Car: Road to Revenge as The Mechanic
 * 2021 Being the Ricardos as Older Bob Carroll
 * 2022-2024 Star Trek Prodigy as Admiral Edward Jellico (voice)

Books

 * Cox, Ronny. Dueling Banjos: The Deliverance of Drew. Decent Hill, 2012. ISBN 978-1-936085-58-3 (paperback); 9781936085590 (hardcover); 9781936085606 (eBook)

title: Ronny Cox