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Baily's beads

The Baily's beads, diamond ring or more rarely double diamond ring effects, are features of total and annular solar eclipses. Although caused by the same phenomenon, they are distinct events during these types of solar eclipses. As the Moon covers the Sun during a solar eclipse, the rugged topography of the lunar limb allows beads of sunlight to shine through in some places while not in others. They are named for Francis Baily, who explained the effects in 1836. The diamond ring effects are seen when only one or two beads are left, appearing as shining "diamonds" set in a bright ring around the lunar silhouette.

Lunar topography has considerable relief because of the presence of mountains, craters, valleys and other topographical features. The irregularities of the lunar limb profile (the "edge" of the Moon, as seen from a distance) are known accurately from observations of grazing occultations of stars. Astronomers thus have a fairly good idea which mountains and valleys will cause the beads to appear in advance of the eclipse. While Baily's beads are seen briefly for a few seconds at the center of the eclipse path, their duration is maximized near the edges of the path of the umbra, lasting around 90 seconds.

It is not safe to view Baily's beads or the diamond ring effect without proper eye protection because in both cases the photosphere is still visible.

Observers in the path of totality of a solar eclipse see first a gradual covering of the Sun by the lunar silhouette for just a small duration of time from around one minute to four minutes, followed by the diamond ring effect (visible without filters) as the last bit of photosphere disappears. As the burst of light from the ring fades, Baily's beads appear as the last bits of the bright photosphere shine through valleys aligned at the edge of the Moon. As the Baily's beads disappear behind the advancing lunar edge (the beads also reappear at the end of totality), a thin reddish edge called the chromosphere (the Greek chrōma meaning "color") appears. Though the reddish hydrogen radiation is most visible to the unaided eye, the chromosphere also emits thousands of additional spectral lines.

Beaded solar eclipses occur during an eclipse when the Sun and Moon have nearly identical apparent sizes. During a beaded eclipse, the rim of the Moon displays Baily's beads at many points all around the Moon and the brightness of the Sun remains from around 2000x to 10x greater than a complete total eclipse (ranging from about magnitude 99.8% to slightly more than 100.00%). The use of a smooth mean lunar radius to mathematically determine totality versus annularity does not take into account the deeper lunar valley floors which display the beaded photosphere points. Some authors have argued that since the Sun's photosphere is not fully extinguished during the beaded totality of the shortest hybrid total eclipses (such as the solar eclipse of 3 October 1986), these eclipses should be classified as only annular eclipses. The diamond ring effects in the moments just before and after a beaded eclipse are often referred to as diamond tiaras. Beaded annularity or totality duration is very short - less than about 12 seconds. However, the annularity duration before and after beaded hybrid totality and beaded annularity can be longer.

Observational history
Although Baily is often said to have discovered the cause of the feature which bears his name, Sir Edmond Halley made the first recorded observations of Baily's beads during the solar eclipse of 3 May 1715. Halley described and correctly ascertained the cause of the effect in his "Observations of the late Total Eclipse of the Sun [...]" in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society:

"About two Minutes before the Total Immersion, the remaining part of the Sun was reduced to a very fine Horn, whose Extremeties seemed to lose their Acuteness, and to become round like Stars ... which Appearance could proceed from no other Cause but the Inequalities of the Moon's Surface, there being some elevated parts thereof near the Moon's Southern Pole, by whose Interposition part of that exceedingly fine Filament of Light was intercepted."

The term "Baily's beads" then came into use after Baily described the phenomenon to the Royal Astronomical Society in December 1836. Having observed the solar eclipse of 15 May 1836 from Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders, he reported that:

"...when the cusps of the sun were about 40 degrees asunder, a row of lucid points, like a string of beads, irregular in size, and distance from each other, suddenly formed around that part of the circumference of the moon that was about to enter on the sun's disc."

Double Diamond Ring Effect
Before the diamond ring effect during a total solar eclipse, a sequence of small bits of sunlight known as Baily's Beads can be observed. These beads quickly disappear one by one until only one is left. By using precise elevation models of the Moon's irregular surface, it is now possible to predict where Baily’s Beads will converge to create the double diamond ring effect instead of just one bead. A map of the path taken by this effect was created and used to determine the cities along the path of totality during the April 8th, 2024, total solar eclipse.

In media
In 1735, painter and architect Cosmas Damian Asam completed a painting that is probably the earliest known work that realistically depicts a total solar eclipse and diamond ring.

The Diamond Ring effect is seen during the credit opening sequence of Star Trek: Voyager (1995–2001), albeit from a fictitious extrasolar body, as seen from space.

The Baily's beads phenomenon is seen during the credit opening sequence of the NBC TV show Heroes (2006–2010).

title: Baily's beads


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Glanis

Glanis was a Gaulish god associated with a healing spring at the town of Glanum in the Alpilles mountains of Provence in southern France. There are cisterns at the site of the springs where pilgrims may have bathed. Near one of them an altar to Glanis and the Glanicae was set up. The Glanicae were a triad of local mother goddesses associated with the healing springs.

The town, where a shrine to Glanis was erected in the 4th century BC, was itself named after the god. When it became a colony of the Roman Empire, the Romans followed their usual practice by absorbing Glanis into their pantheon in the form of Valetudo. The worship of Glanis/Valetudo ended with the rise of Christianity and the destruction of Glanum in 270 AD.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glanis


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Jim Wilkinson (Australian politician)

James Scott Wilkinson (born 4 December 1951) is an Australian former politician and sportsman, who was an independent member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, representing the Division of Queenborough from 1995, then the Division of Nelson from 1999 when Queenborough was abolished. He was President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 2013, until his retirement from the council in May 2019.

As a child, Wilkinson lived in Battery Point and later Sandy Bay where he attended Hutchins School. Upon completing his studies, he moved to Melbourne to play for South Melbourne in the VFL between 1970 and 1972.

After three years in Melbourne, he then returned to Tasmania to study law, while also continuing with sport playing football and cricket for Sandy Bay.

As a result of his efforts he played first-class cricket for Tasmania from 1973 to 1975 as well as becoming the Australian junior and senior royal amateur tennis champion.

In 1977, he married his wife Jill and together they have four children and four grandchildren.

On completing his sporting career, he turned his focus to the ABC to commentate on both football and cricket. His commentating career in football lasted more than 15 years and expanded into a football program on 7HT on Saturday mornings with Noel Grey.

He later took a position with the Tasmanian Football Commission for a number of years, the last of which being the role of Chief Commissioner for Tasmania Australia National Football League. During this time he was also a member of the Tasmanian Cricket Association Board for many years and a representative on the Swimming Tasmania Board.

As well as his position on the Tasmanian Legislative Council his is also practising lawyer in Hobart, working as a consultant to Wallace Wilkinson & Webster, having been a partner of the firm prior to his appointment to the Legislative Council.

title: Jim Wilkinson (Australian politician)


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Edward Palmer (botanist)

Edward Palmer (January 12, 1829 – April 10, 1911) was a self-taught British botanist and an Early-American archaeologist.

Biography
Edward Palmer was born on 12 January 1829 in Norfolk and baptised on 22 February 1829 at Brandon, Suffolk, England, the son of Robert and Mary Palmer. He emigrated to the United States in 1850, where he initially settled in Cleveland, Ohio. He travelled to South America and became a medical doctor, serving with the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Palmer collected biological specimens, primarily plants, for the Smithsonian Institution and the United States Department of Agriculture, among other institutions. According to his biographer:

""The collections made by Edward Palmer between 1853 and 1910 were prepared with more care than those of most of his contemporaries. He was primarily a botanical collector, and his botanical specimens were exceptionally well documented for his time.... [However,] he was unwilling to attend to the documentation and distribution of his own collections, and preferred to entrust them for naming, sorting and selling, to his friends and patrons—prominent scientists all.""

He collected specimens in the southwestern United States, Florida, Mexico (including Baja California), and South America. About 200 species and two genera (Palmerella and Malperia) of plants are named in his honor. The standard author abbreviation Palmer is applied to botanical taxa he described.

Palmer's botanical collections (numbering over 100,000) are mostly pressed and dried; they reside at research institutions around the world, including the Smithsonian Institution, Harvard University, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the U.S. National Arboretum, the New York Botanical Garden, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, and many others. The Palmer botanical collection in the U.S. National Herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution remains the largest, containing over 16,000 specimens that Palmer collected over sixty years.

Palmer wrote an 1871 report, Food Products of the North American Indians, which was one of the pioneering works in ethnobotany. He collected specimens of 24 of the 61 plant species described, with their uses, in the report.

Though primarily a botanist, Edward Palmer also contributed to early American archaeology and ethnology. Between 1882 and 1884, Palmer worked as a field assistant for the Bureau of American Ethnology Mound Exploration Division. The purpose of this expedition was to conduct an extensive survey of Indian mounds in the eastern United States. While most of Palmer's archaeological research was performed in Arkansas, he also excavated mounds in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Georgia.

While in Georgia, Palmer investigated the Kolomoki Mound site in Early County. Though he excavated many of the mounds at Kolomoki, he is said to have discovered nothing worth cataloguing. However, he examined many "house sites" and found a number of ash deposits and fragments of pottery. In 1894, the Mound Exploration Division final report, written by its director Cyrus Thomas, was published and dispelled racist theories that the mounds of the southeastern United States had been built by a "lost race of Mound-Builders." The report cited ample evidence that the mounds were built by the ancestors of historical native tribes.

Palmer also did significant amounts of archaeological collecting and excavation in the American West, primarily in Utah, Nevada, and Texas, as well as in Mexico, including Baja California, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, and central Mexico. Palmer's Baja California collections recovered from a site near Bahía de los Ángeles was subsequently described and analysed by William C. Massey and Carolyn M. Osborne.

After the Mound Exploration project was completed, Palmer returned to botany and natural history and worked as a Smithsonian field representative, a scientist at the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology, and a collector and expert at the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C., until his death on 10 April 1911.

Family
Palmer married Dinah Riches (the daughter of Edmund Riches, a shepherd) at East Barsham, Norfolk, on 29 March 1856. Two months later the newly married Edward and Dinah arrived in New York aboard the ship Amazon. The marriage must have proved unsatisfactory since by April 1861 Dinah had returned to living with her parents at East Barsham.

title: Edward Palmer (botanist)


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Battle of Resaca

The Battle of Resaca, from May 13 to 15, 1864, formed part of the Atlanta Campaign during the American Civil War, when a Union force under William Tecumseh Sherman engaged the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by Joseph E. Johnston. The battle was fought in Gordon and Whitfield Counties, Georgia, and is generally viewed as inconclusive.

The campaign began with Johnston holding strong defensive positions at Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Face Ridge, which he hoped Sherman would assault. He was compelled to abandon Dalton when the Union Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson seized the unguarded Snake Creek Gap on May 8, threatening Resaca from the west. Johnston retreated to Resaca where he was joined by reinforcements gathering there; he was pursued by Sherman, most of whose forces followed McPherson through Snake Creek Gap, while others came south down the Western and Atlantic Railroad.

On May 14, Sherman gained a foothold west of Resaca but an attack on Confederate defenses to the north and northwest was repulsed, as was an assault by Johnston on the Union left flank later the same day. On May 15, Sherman's attack to the north and a Confederate counterattack were both stopped, but other Union forces seized a bridgehead on the south bank of the Oostanaula River. With his line of retreat threatened, Johnston abandoned Resaca that night and retreated south to Adairsville, where there was a skirmish on May 17.

Union Army

On April 30, Sherman commanded the Military Division of the Mississippi and gathered a field army numbering 110,000 soldiers of which 99,000 were available for "offensive purposes". All of the Union army's 254 guns consisted of 12-pounder Napoleons, 10-pounder Parrott rifles, 20-pounder Parrott rifles, and 3-inch Ordnance rifles. The 25,000 non-combatants accompanying the army included railroad employees and repair crews, teamsters, medical staff, and Black camp servants. Sherman directed elements of three armies.

According to Jacob Dolson Cox, the Army of the Cumberland led by George H. Thomas mustered 60,000 troops and 130 guns, the Army of the Tennessee under James B. McPherson counted 25,000 soldiers and 96 guns, and the Army of the Ohio commanded by John Schofield numbered 14,000 men and 28 guns.

Mark M. Boatner III credited Thomas' army with 63,000, McPherson's army with 24,000, and Schofield's army with 13,500. On May 1, Sherman had 88,188 infantry, 4,460 artillery, and 6,149 cavalry, or an effective strength of 98,797 men. According to Kevin W. Young, Sherman had 110,000 troops.

Thomas' army was made up of the IV Corps under Oliver Otis Howard, the XIV Corps under John M. Palmer, the XX Corps under Joseph Hooker, and three cavalry divisions led by Edward M. McCook, Kenner Garrard, and Hugh Judson Kilpatrick. McPherson's army consisted of the XV Corps under John A. Logan and the Left Wing of the XVI Corps under Grenville M. Dodge. The XVII Corps under Francis Preston Blair Jr. would not join until June 8. Schofield's army was made up of the XXIII Corps under Schofield and a cavalry division led by George Stoneman. The IV and XX Corps each numbered 20,000 soldiers, the XIV Corps totaled 22,000, the XV Corps had 11,500, while the XVI and XVII Corps each counted about 10,000 men.

Confederate Army
Johnston's Army of Tennessee included two infantry corps led by William J. Hardee and John Bell Hood, and a cavalry corps under Joseph Wheeler. The army was soon joined by the corps of Leonidas Polk and the cavalry division of William H. Jackson, which was sometimes called the Army of Mississippi. Hardee's corps included the divisions of Benjamin F. Cheatham, Patrick Cleburne, William H. T. Walker, and William B. Bate. Hood's corps comprised the divisions of Thomas C. Hindman, Carter L. Stevenson, and Alexander P. Stewart. Polk's corps consisted of the divisions of William Wing Loring, Samuel Gibbs French, and James Cantey.

On April 30, Johnston's Army of Tennessee reported 41,279 infantry, 8,436 cavalry, and 3,227 artillerymen serving 144 guns. Battles and Leaders calculated Johnston's reinforcements as follows: Hugh W. Mercer's brigade (2,800) from the Atlantic coast on May 2, Cantey's division (5,300) from Mobile, Alabama on May 7, Loring's division (5,145) from Mississippi on May 10–12, French's detachment (550) on May 12, Jackson's cavalry (4,477) on May 17, and French's division (4,174) on May 19. Other units arrived at a later date. There were about 8,000 non-combatants supporting the army, many of whom were men unfit for combat.

According to Young, Johnston had "almost 70,000" troops after Polk's corps joined. The American Battlefield Trust credited Johnston with 60,000 men at Resaca.

Strategy
Ulysses S. Grant, the General-in-chief of the Union Army ordered Sherman, "to move against Johnston's army, to break it up, and to get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damage you can against their war resources". Rather than "break up" the Confederate army, Sherman planned to drive it back to Atlanta. Since Atlanta was a critical Confederate railroad, supply, and manufacturing center, Sherman chose it as his objective. Sherman assumed that Grant's operations against Robert E. Lee in the Eastern Theater would be the primary campaign and that his operations in the Western Theater would be secondary. One thing both Grant and Sherman agreed on was that Johnston must not be allowed to reinforce Lee in the east.

Sherman's first task was to gather enough supplies at his Chattanooga forward base to supply 100,000 soldiers and 35,000 horses for 70 days. That way, if the Confederates blocked the railroad between Nashville and Chattanooga, his Union troops would still be able to campaign. Sherman solved this problem by confiscating rolling stock from the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and two smaller railroads. By also prioritizing military use of the railroads, Sherman accumulated ample supplies by the end of April 1864. The Western and Atlantic Railroad connected Chattanooga with Atlanta and also supplied Johnston's army at Dalton. Sherman's 2,000-man railroad repair organization was led by William Wierman Wright.

Originally, Sherman planned to have McPherson's army thrust across the northeast corner of Alabama in the direction of Rome, Georgia. However, he found that the XVII Corps was still at Cairo, Illinois and Andrew Jackson Smith's two divisions also could not be used. Therefore, Sherman planned to use McPherson's 23,000 men to execute a plan proposed by Thomas, namely to march through Snake Creek Gap and wreck the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Resaca. Then Sherman wanted McPherson to withdraw to the gap. Meanwhile, Sherman wanted the armies of Thomas and Schofield to push the Confederate army frontally. With the railroad cut, Sherman expected Johnston to retreat, whereupon McPherson would emerge from the gap again to strike Johnston from the west while Thomas and Schofield attacked from the north.

In early April, the Confederate government in Richmond, Virginia wanted Johnston to take the offensive against the Union troops opposed to him. Johnston asked for reinforcements, but Confederate President Jefferson Davis declined. Davis expected the main Union offensive to be in the east and believed that the Union army did not have the strength to mount major offensives in both east and west. When Wheeler reported with near-accuracy that Sherman had 103,000 soldiers, Davis and his military adviser Braxton Bragg refused to believe it. Bragg asserted that Sherman had no more than 70,000, including a field force of 60,000. Davis did not trust Johnston, but felt that he could not replace him on the eve of the campaign.

Operations
When Jefferson Davis awoke to the danger Sherman posed to Georgia, he authorized Polk to send Loring's division from Mississippi and an infantry brigade from Mobile. Polk exceeded his orders by ordering French's division and Jackson's cavalry to move from Mississippi to Georgia and by going there himself. By May 3, Sherman's forces were in motion. On May 7, Palmer's XIV Corps marched southeast from Ringgold to Tunnel Hill, Howard's IV Corps marched from Catoosa Springs to support the XIV Corps, and Hooker's XX Corps marched southeast from Lee and Gordon Mill toward Mill Creek Gap in Rocky Face Ridge. Schofield's XXIII Corps marched southwest from Red Clay to connect with the IV Corps near Catoosa Springs. McCook's cavalry was at Varnell's Station on Sherman's left flank. McPherson's army marched south-southeast from Lee and Gordon Mill to Ship's Gap and then east to Villanow. Garrard's cavalry division was supposed to lead McPherson's columns but it was delayed; Sherman ordered the offensive to begin without it. On May 8, in the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, the IV Corps brigade of Charles Garrison Harker seized the northern tip of the ridge and other units moved up to Buzzard Roost Pass. At Dug Gap 6 mi south, John W. Geary's XX Corps division tried to force its way through the ridge but failed. However, these actions were designed to divert Johnston's attention from McPherson's force. In fact, Wheeler's cavalry detected McPherson's column, but Johnston was convinced that it was headed for Rome. Johnston ordered that Loring's division march to Rome from Alabama and that William T. Martin's cavalry division should also go there. Meanwhile, James Cantey's brigade arrived at Resaca. At first, Johnston ordered it to march to Dalton, but reconsidered and instructed it to stay at Resaca.

After a 20 mi march on May 9, the XVI Corps division of Thomas W. Sweeny passed through the 4 mi long gorge of Snake Creek Gap and reached its southern exit. The other XVI Corps division of James C. Veatch and two XV Corps divisions marched as far as the northern end of the gap that evening. The third XV Corps division was guarding the wagon train and Garrard's cavalry was still distant. Sherman directed Kilpatrick to assist McPherson by sending a cavalry brigade. McPherson let Sherman know he was in Snake Creek Gap and issued orders to advance to Resaca the next morning. Cleburne later wrote that Johnston's chief of staff William W. Mackall told him that the gap was undefended because of "a flagrant disobedience to orders", but did not name the guilty party.

On the night of May 9, Cantey reported to Johnston that cavalry sighted Union troops near Villanow. Therefore, Johnston ordered J. Warren Grigsby's cavalry brigade to occupy Snake Creek Gap. As Grigsby's troopers approached the gap at mid-morning of May 10, they encountered McPherson's advance elements, the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry and the 66th Illinois Infantry Regiments. Grigsby immediately ordered his cavalrymen to delay the Union advance toward Resaca. By 2 pm, Dodge's two XVI Corps divisions reached a crossroads about 2 mi west of Resaca. Leaving Veatch's division to watch the road from the north, Dodge pressed on with Sweeny's division and routed a 1,400-man Confederate force defending Bald Hill. Cantey had only 4,000 men to defend Resaca, including Grigsby's cavalry.

According to William R. Scaife, the Confederate force included a brigade under Daniel H. Reynolds and two 4-gun batteries armed with 12-pounder Napoleons. Another source, Cox stated that Reynolds' brigade was at Dug Gap.

At 4 pm, Logan's two divisions reached the crossroads, releasing Veatch's division. Veatch's men crossed Camp Creek on Sweeny's left and approached the railroad. Meanwhile, Sweeny's division pressed forward and got within 200 yd of the railroad. McPherson, worried that he was walking into a trap, recalled both of Dodge's divisions and marched his command back to Snake Creek Gap after losing 6 killed, 30 wounded, and 16 captured. His orders were to break the railroad, but all his troops accomplished was to cut down some telegraph wire.

Preliminaries

On May 9, Thomas and Schofield sent skirmish lines to probe the Confederate defenses on Rocky Face Ridge. Johnston deployed Hardee's corps on the left and Hood's corps on the right. Only Harker's brigade pressed its attack, but it was repulsed. When reports of Union forces at Snake Creek Gap reached Johnston, the Confederate commander sent the divisions of Cleburne and Walker to Tilton, north of Resaca. On May 10, Sherman learned McPherson had failed to cut the railroad and immediately sent Hooker's XX Corps to join him at Snake Creek Gap; leaving Howard's IV Corps in front of Rocky Face Ridge, he then followed Hooker with the rest of the army. On May 11, Polk reached Resaca with Loring's division; next day, Palmer's and Schofield's corps followed, while Johnston evacuated Dalton that night and marched his troops south to Resaca.

On the afternoon of May 12, Sherman arrived at McPherson's headquarters. The first words he said to his subordinate were, "Well, Mac, you have missed the opportunity of a lifetime". Later that day, Thomas also arrived and informed Sherman that Johnston's wagon train was sighted moving south toward Resaca, indicating that the Confederates were probably retreating. Sherman ordered the XIV Corps to hurry up and that formation hiked through Snake Creek Gap that night. Howard's IV Corps and Stoneman's cavalry division, which had finally arrived at the front, occupied Dalton on the morning of May 13. Howard notified Sherman at 9 am that Dalton was evacuated via a temporary telegraph line strung between his headquarters and McPherson's. In the morning, Sherman's forces advanced toward Resaca, getting within 2 mi by 10 am. Kilpatrick led his cavalry on a reconnaissance and was wounded soon afterward.

Logan's XV Corps deployed with Veatch's XVI Corps division on its right and elements of the XX Corps on it left and at 1 pm began pressing back Confederate skirmishers. By 4:30 pm, Logan's troops drove the Confederates from Bald Hill and confronted a heavily defended line of entrenchments outside Resaca. By the evening of May 13, Sherman's forces were aligned, from right to left, as follows: Veatch's division, Logan's corps, Daniel Butterfield's XX Corps division with the other two XX Corps divisions in reserve, and Palmer's XIV Corps. Two of Schofield's XXIII Corps divisions were behind XIV Corps while the third division, Alvin Peterson Hovey's, guarded Snake Creek Gap. Sweeny's XVI Corps division was west of Resaca. Garrard's cavalry division was near Villanow and Kilpatrick's cavalry, temporarily led by Eli Long, watched the north bank of the Oostanaula River.

The Union forces were confronted by the bulk of Johnston's army. Only the divisions of Bate, Hindman, and Stewart were still marching from Dalton and reached Resaca that evening. Stoneman's and McCook's cavalry and Howard's IV Corps pushed south from Dalton, slowed by Wheeler's effective delaying tactics. Johnston deployed Polk's corps on the Confederate left flank, facing west with its left resting on the Oostanaula. Hardee's corps held the center also facing west. Hood's corps defended the right flank, facing to the north with its right touching the Conasauga River. Part of Walker's division was in reserve while the other part was at Calhoun, farther south.

May 14

Sherman thought that Johnston intended to retreat from Resaca, a belief strengthened by seeing the Confederate wagon train crossing to the south bank of the Oostanaula. In fact, Johnston hoped Sherman would attack him and offer the chance to deal the Union army a counterblow. Sherman ordered up his Cumberland Pontoons so that Kilpatrick's cavalry could cross the Oostanaula and damage the railroad. He also wanted Garrard's cavalry to cross and move toward Rome. Meanwhile, Sherman wanted the Union infantry to attack so that Johnston would be unable to stop Kilpatrick and Garrard. Thomas suggested sending McPherson's army and Hooker's corps across the Oostanaula to be in a position to interfere with a possible Confederate retreat. Sherman rejected that idea. The pontoons arrived on the morning of May 14 and they were at Lay's Ferry on the Oostanaula a few hours later. During the morning, at Sherman's behest, McPherson ordered Sweeny's division to cross the Oostanaula and for Garrard to march to Rome.

When Howard's IV Corps arrived from the north at 11 am, Sherman ordered Palmer's XIV Corps and Schofield's XXIII Corps (on Palmer's left) to advance. Sherman believed they were striking the Confederate right flank. In fact, the Union troops were unwittingly attacking the Confederate right-center. The Union soldiers blundered through heavy underbrush and suddenly confronted Confederate entrenchments on the east side of Camp Creek. Henry M. Judah's XXIII Corps division recklessly charged, ran into intense rifle and cannon fire, and was bloodily repulsed. On Judah's left, Cox's XXIII Corps division encountered an advanced line of rifle pits and seized them after a bitter struggle. On Judah's right, Absalom Baird's XIV Corps division was quickly turned back by heavy fire after suffering 135 casualties. By 3 pm, Judah's division lost 700 killed or wounded while Cox's troops sustained losses of 66 killed and 486 wounded. Subsequently, Union artillery unlimbered and took the Confederate lines under a withering bombardment.

At 4 pm, Johnston noticed that David S. Stanley's division of Howard's corps had its left flank exposed and ordered Hood to attack it. At 5 pm, the divisions of Stewart and Stevenson advanced, supported by three brigades from Walker's division and one brigade from Loring's division. Stanley called for help, formed his division into a long thin line, and posted Peter Simonson's 5th Indiana Battery on the extreme left flank. Howard asked for reinforcements and the division of Alpheus S. Williams from Hooker's corps was sent. Stevenson's soldiers overwhelmed Stanley's two left brigades but when they tried to overrun the 5th Indiana Battery, they were driven back by deadly fire from its six M1857 12-pounder Napoleons and 3-inch Ordnance rifles. Stevenson's division tried a second attack and was repulsed by some of Stanley's rallied Union infantry and close-range blasts of double canister shot from the cannons. By the time the Confederates attempted a third attack, Williams' division arrived and repelled it with heavy losses. On Stevenson's right, Stewart's division moved too far to the right and never made contact with the Union flank.

During the afternoon, Peter Joseph Osterhaus detected weakness in the Confederate skirmish line and pushed the 12th Missouri Infantry forward. The regiment captured the bridge over Camp Creek and entrenched a position protecting the span. At 5 pm, McPherson became aware that the Confederates opposing him were sending troops to the north. Determined to stop the transfer of more troops, he ordered two XV Corps brigades to seize a hill on the other side of Camp Creek. Charles R. Woods' brigade from Osterhaus's division and Giles Alexander Smith's brigade from Morgan Lewis Smith's division crossed the creek and captured the hill. At 7:30 pm, Cantey's division and Alfred Jefferson Vaughan Jr.'s brigade tried three times to retake the hill, but failed in the face of cannon projectiles from Louis Voelker's Battery F, 2nd Missouri and rifle fire. Because artillery placed on the hill could hit the railroad and wagon bridges, Johnston ordered a pontoon bridge to be placed out of cannon range. At Lay's Ferry, Sweeny's division managed a successful assault crossing of the Oostanaula. However, after receiving a report that Confederates were building a bridge upstream, Sweeny withdrew from his bridgehead.

May 15

On May 15, Sherman ordered Howard's and Hooker's corps to attack from the north and drive toward Resaca. McPherson was directed to hold his ground in the expectation that he would be attacked. Palmer's corps was also ordered to hold its ground. Schofield was instructed to pull his corps out of line and move it to the left flank. Johnston originally planned to attack the Federal left flank again, but canceled that plan when he heard that Union forces had bridged the Oostanaula and gained a foothold in Polk's defenses. During the morning, the only action occurred when some of Stoneman's cavalry crossed the Conasauga and overran a Confederate hospital before being chased away. At 1 pm, Howard launched his attack and it was immediately repulsed by intense rifle and cannon fire. One general reported that his brigade suffered 120 casualties in thirty seconds before the survivors were ordered to retreat. Union brigade commander August Willich was seriously wounded in the subsequent exchange of rifle fire.

To Howard's left, Hooker attacked with Geary's and Butterfield's divisions, about 12,000 men, at 1:30 pm. Each division's three brigades formed a brigade column, that is, with the regiments formed one behind another. However, the approach march took the brigades through dense underbrush and across ravines, which mixed up the brigades and regiments. Various units of Union soldiers emerged from the rough terrain in a haphazard way and their attacks were repelled. However, William Thomas Ward's brigade, led by Benjamin Harrison's 70th Indiana Infantry Regiment, found itself in front of Max Van Den Corput's Georgia Cherokee Battery and charged, overrunning the guns. Confederate counterattacks drove back Ward's men, but John Coburn's brigade retook the guns before also being driven back. Finally, the four 12-pounder Napoleons were left in no man's land, with neither side able to claim the guns. Hooker's corps gained no ground and suffered 1,200 casualties, including 156 in the 70th Indiana.

After Johnston heard that the Federals were no longer a threat at Lay's Ferry, he ordered Hood to attack the Union left flank again. At 4 pm, Stewart's division launched its attack as per Hood's instructions. Soon after, Walker reported that the Federals were across the Oostanaula at Lay's Ferry again. Johnston tried canceling the attack, but it was too late. By happenstance, Stewart's brigades emerged from the forest one at a time and were badly mauled by Williams' division. Williams' troops lost 48 killed and 366 wounded while inflicting 1,000 casualties on Stewart's division. Stevenson's division also lost at least 100 casualties in the botched attack. Hovey's XXIII Corps division, formed of recruits, was supposed to support Williams, but instead its soldiers hugged the ground and refused to go forward. Meanwhile, at Lay's Ferry, Sweeny learned that the Confederate bridge was a false report. So, he repeated the successful operation of the previous day and formed a bridgehead on the south bank. That evening, after meeting with Hood and Hardee, Johnston ordered his army to retreat from Resaca. He knew Sherman's army was fully entrenched from the Conasauga to the Oostanaula, and could potentially detach forces against his supply line. He saw that Union troops at Lay's Ferry bridgehead were a direct threat to his army's retreat route. Johnston directed his army to utilize the railroad and wagon bridges, plus the pontoon bridge. The four guns abandoned between the lines were the only equipment left behind. Polk's and Hardee's corps used the railroad and wagon bridges while Hood's corps used the pontoon bridge. The Confederate army passed over the Oostanaula bridges by 3:30 am, detected only at 3 am when Logan's XV Corps skirmishers found the Confederate trenches empty. Johnston's engineers removed the pontoon bridge and set fire to the other two spans, but Logan's men saved the wagon bridge from destruction and captured some stragglers.

Results

According to Castel, Union casualties at Resaca numbered 4,000 including 600 killed or mortally wounded. Confederate losses were around 3,000 of whom 500–600 men and 4 guns were captured. The American Battlefield Trust and National Park Service both listed 2,747 Union casualties and 2,800 Confederate casualties. These sources called the battle inconclusive and indecisive. Sherman forced Johnston to abandon two "tactically strong defensive positions", though the Confederate army was able to escape intact both times. Castel was critical of Sherman's handling of the battle, namely launching costly attacks, leaving his left flank open to a counterattack, failing to fire on the bridges with his artillery, and failing to utilize the Lay's Ferry bridgehead to threaten Johnston's retreat. Johnston also mounted costly attacks, but his retreat was "well-timed and well-executed". Nevertheless, Sherman managed to push Johnston back toward Atlanta and made it impossible for Johnston to send troops to Lee.

Sherman hoped to catch up with and crush Johnston's retreating army between the Oostanaula and the Etowah Rivers, a distance of 30 to 40 mi. It is the most open country in northern Georgia, because south of the Etowah the terrain becomes forested and mountainous again. Sherman sent Garrard's cavalry, followed by Jefferson C. Davis' XIV Corps division, down the west bank of the Oostanaula toward Rome. McPherson's two corps crossed at Lay's Ferry to form Sherman' right wing. Thomas' troops were ordered to follow the railroad south. At 1 pm on May 16, Howard's corps began crossing the repaired wagon bridge and reached Calhoun that evening. Schofield's and Hooker's corps marched east. They first crossed the Conasauga and then crossed the Coosawattee River at Field's Mill before turning south to form Sherman's left wing. Johnston retreated toward Adairsville, hoping to fight a defensive battle at that location.

Resaca Battlefield State Historic Site
The battlefield is preserved as the Resaca Battlefield State Historic Site and is open Fridays and weekends. The location is 183 Resaca Lafayette Rd., Resaca, GA 30735. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,044 acres of the Resaca battlefield as of mid-2023. The Friends of Resaca Battlefield and the Georgia Battlefields Association created a 500-acre battlefield park along Camp Creek.

In popular culture
Ambrose Bierce's short story Killed at Resaca focused on a brave staff officer who was killed by recklessly riding into the line of fire.

title: Battle of Resaca


text:
Isabela, Puerto Rico

Isabela is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the north-western region of the island, north of San Sebastián; west of Quebradillas; and east of Aguadilla and Moca. It is named in honor of Queen Isabella I of Castile. Isabela is spread over 13 barrios and Isabela Pueblo, which is the downtown area and administrative center. It is a principal part of the Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Nicknames
The town is known as the Jardín del Noroeste ("Garden of the Northwest"), because of the many wild flowers in its landscape. It is also known as El Pueblo de los Quesitos de Hoja ("Town of Leaf Cheeses") for its production of a typical fresh white cheese wrapped in banana plant leaves, reputed to be the best. It is also known as la Ciudad de los Gallitos or the "City of the Fighting Cocks." Since the 18th century, cock fighting was very common throughout the island, and the town became well known for the quality of its fighting cocks and special breeding and training techniques used by its people.

History
The chief Mabodamaca, one of the most important chieftains of the island of Borinquen (Taíno for Puerto Rico) during the first decades of the 16th century, ruled the region of the 'Guajataca' (Taíno name for the northwestern region of Puerto Rico) where Isabela was founded. Although the actual date of the origins of the first Spanish settlement is not precisely known, a small settlement/hermitage is known to have existed by the end of the 17th century or beginning of the 18th century in a great extension of land into what encompass today the municipalities of Isabela, Camuy and Quebradillas. The settlement was bordered to the east with the shoreline of the Guajataca River and was located on the grounds of an earlier Taíno settlement.

Around 1725, José Antonio de Mendizábal y Azares, Governor of the Island of Puerto Rico granted authorization to base a population on the existing hermitage/village. Its given name, San Antonio de La Tuna, derives from the avocation of the Spanish settlers to the saint Anthony of Padua and in honor of a wild cactus growing in the region (Tuna is the Spanish term for cactus). At the end of the 18th century San Antonio de la Tuna had a church, more than sixty houses, and almost 1,200 inhabitants, which was a considerable population for those times.

Prompted by economic and health factors, the decision to relocate the hermitage to a more favorable location was pursued. Around 1818, the village obtained authorization from then Governor Salvador Meléndez to transfer the population to a new location closer to the coast. Meléndez approved the transfer request and a new town was founded the following year on May 21, 1819. In the same year the construction of the church began, and was finished in 1824. In 1918 the church was damaged during a strong earthquake that affected the western region of the island, it was rebuilt soon after.

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Isabela was 14,888.

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. In Isabela, the hurricane caused destruction of homes and infrastructure. Maria caused structural damage to the nearby Guajataca Reservoir and thousands of people were evacuated from their homes.

Demographics
In the 2010 census, there were 45,631 people in the city. This represents an increase of more than 1,000 from the 2000 census. The population density was 825.1 PD/sqmi. The 2020 census indicated the municipality had 42,943 residents, a decline of over 3,000.

Geography
Isabela is a hybrid town of sorts, with the rarity of being a coastline city that has beaches but is also known for its mountains (with peaks of over 1000 ft above sea level), rivers (surface and submarine), lakes, caves (surface and submarine), cliffs, coastal flats and forests (including mangroves).

Geographically, the municipality of Isabela belongs to the Northern Coastal Plains and the Northern Karst region. Running through the south, the Aymamón Mountains, a prolongation of the Jaicoa Mountain Range that begins in the neighboring town of Aguadilla, boasts peaks of over 1000 ft above sea level. The most prominent hills that are part of these mountains are La Bandera (Galateo Alto ward) at 1,207 ft; La Silla (Arenales Alto ward) at 1,106 ft; El Sombrero (in Galateo Alto) at 1,083 ft; Indio (Planas ward) at 1,017 ft; and Monte Encantado (in Arenales Altos) at 919 ft of elevation above sea level. The central part of the territory consists mostly of flatlands, the mountains do not surpass 656 ft in height and the coastline flats (Bajuras) are slightly above sea level.

Barrios
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Isabela is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo".

 * 1) Arenales Altos
 * 2) Arenales Bajos
 * 3) Bajura
 * 4) Bejucos
 * 5) Coto
 * 6) Galateo Alto
 * 7) Galateo Bajo
 * 8) Guayabos
 * 9) Guerrero
 * 10) Isabela barrio-pueblo
 * 11) Jobos
 * 12) Llanadas
 * 13) Mora
 * 14) Planas

Sectors
Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.

Special Communities
Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Isabela: Cerro del Sombrero in Arenales Alto, Pueblo Nuevo in Arenales Bajos, Barriada Corchado, Comunidad Poncito in Llanadas, Sector Las Parcelas and Sector Pastillo and Sector San Antonio de la Tuna in Coto, Sector Capiro and Sector Corea in Galateo Alto, Sector El Ramal in Guerrero, Parcelas Nuevas and Parcelas Viejas in Mora Guerrero, Comunidad Cristal, Sector Planas, Media Cuerda, Parcelas Jobos, Santa Bárbara, Sector El Cañón, Sector El Verdum, Sector La Mantilla, Sector La Marina, Sector La Mina, Sector La Sierra, Tocones, and Villa Pesquera.

Tourism
To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Isabela page lists Playa Montones, Tunel de Guajataca, and Mabodamaca, as places of interest.

Landmarks and places of interest
According to a news article by Primera Hora, there are 12 beaches in Isabela including Jobos. The main attractions of Isabela include:
 * El Pozo Brujo (The Bewitched Well)
 * Jobos Beach
 * Pozo de Jacinto
 * Montones Beach
 * San Antonio de la Tuna Ruins
 * Punta Sardina
 * La Poza de Punta Sandina
 * La Princesa Beach & Blow Hole
 * Villa Pesquera
 * Río Guajataca
 * Guajataca Tunnel
 * La Cara del Indio (The Indian's Face)
 * La Posita de Teodoro
 * Middles Beach
 * La Posita de Montones
 * Casa Parroquial
 * Parroquia San Antonio de la Tuna
 * La Posita de la Princesa
 * Shore Island Beach
 * Paseo Lineal
 * San Antonio de la Tuna Museum
 * La Pocita de Isabela (Poza de Teodoro)
 * La Cueva de las Golondrinas
 * Cueva los Vientos (Bosque Guajataca)
 * Photo Museum of Isabela
 * Alcaldia de Isabela
 * The Pink House (Casa Rosada), (Demolished in 2014 by the Municipality to be transformed into a museum) Lewiz Menz
 * Bajura Beach also known as Shacks Beach

Agriculture
The early economy of the hermitage had been based mainly on cattle [ranching], its derivative products and hogs products, but trading was limited due to many factors: its inland location and topography. The settlement was posted above a hill overlooking the river (now River Guajataca) which made it difficult to use the river as a trading route, as did the location's propensity to disease and outbreaks.

After the transfer to the present Isabela location the economic realities that resulted from the new land and property opportunities that were readily available, the healthier environment formed due to the wide open plains and prevalent northern winds, and the proximity to the coast and the natural sea port at the bay of Punta Sardina prompted for the diversification of the agricultural products and an increase in trade. The cultivation of sugarcane, coffee, tobacco, cotton, Cassava/yuca, coconut and other fruits was stimulated further. Isabela continued to flourish until recent years due to the island's economic crisis, the closing of important factories and the rising crime rate.

Industry
Isabela also has a hi-tech plant, a higher education institution, a world-renowned agricultural research center and a major shopping center, Plaza Isabela.

Festivals and events
Isabela celebrates its patron saint festival in June. The Fiestas Patronales de San Antonio de Padua is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.

Other festivals and events celebrated in Isabela include:
 * Three Kings day – January – organized by La Casa de la Cultura Isabelina Inc (non profit cultural organization) honoring the wiseman (Reyes Magos) tradition represented by the "Reyes Cantores Isabelinos".
 * Isabela Cock Fight Festival – February
 * Textile Festival – May
 * Puerto Rock Steady Music Festival – May
 * Weave Festival – May
 * Kite Festival – May
 * Isabela Muscle Cars Auto Show – August
 * Isabela International Tango Festival – August
 * Las Noches de la Puertorriqueñidad del colegio San Antonio – November
 * Feria de Autos Clasicos y Antiguos del Noroeste Inc. – November
 * Isabela Has Flavor – November
 * Holy Innocents' Day – December
 * Caroling "Escuadrón" (Marina) – December
 * Caroling "Siempreviva" (Marina) – January

Sports
Isabela is also well known for its world-class surfing spots, and hosted two World Cup Surfing Championships, as well as some of the Rip Curl Pro competitions.

Isabela had a basketball team that played at the Jose "Buga" Abreu Coliseum, the Isabela Roosters ("Gallitos de Isabela"). The team had average success. In 1987, one of its superstars, Frankie Torruella, was diagnosed with heart disease, and the trading of another star player, Edwin Pellot, to the Coamo team, hastened the team's fallout. In 1984, the team lost the championship, four games to two, to the Canovanas Indians team ("Indios de Canóvanas"). Between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s, the Bantams were serious championship contenders. In the late 1970s their star player, Mickey Coll, died in a motorcycle accident. The team's first home court was named after him. The Bantams were Isabela's home team until October 2005 when they moved the franchise to Guaynabo. The Playeras, a female volleyball team, played in Isabela for 2 seasons until they also moved to Aguadilla becoming Las Divas.

The Isabela Muscle Cars Club, celebrating annual events since 2002, is a popular event in Isabela. On August 28, 2016, the club celebrated their 15th Anniversary at the Coliseum Jose "Buga" Abreu.

The town also has its own classic car club, called "Club de Autos Clasicos y Antiguos del Noroeste" (Classic and Old Car Club from Northwest). They also celebrate their own Exhibition of Classic Cars at the coliseum in November.

The local basketball team was called the "Gallitos" ("Little Cocks," in reference to the slim, lightweight body of the fighting variety) due to the town's fame for quality fighting cocks. The name was translated literally into English as "Bantams", a variety of dwarf cocks.

The town has a cockfighting arena, traditionally called a gallera. Fights were customarily held on Sunday mornings, and the bets and stakes were controlled by the government of Puerto Rico. Prizes were paid based on the fighting record of the cocks. A law prohibiting cockfighting in the U.S. and its territories went into effect in early 2019.

Isabela has amateur baseball teams. Also, Isabela is well known for its Fine Step Horses ("Caballos de Paso Fino") and its world class board, wind and kite surfing spots.

Government
Like all municipalities in Puerto Rico, Isabela is administered by a mayor. The current mayor is Miguel "Ricky" Méndez Pérez, from the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). Méndez was elected in the 2020 general election.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district IV, which is represented by two senators. In 2012, María Teresa González and Gilberto Rodríguez were elected as District Senators.

Transportation
There are 5 bridges in Isabela.

Symbols
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.

Flag
Isabela's flag derives its design, colors and symbolism from its coat of arms. It consists of three horizontal stripes of equal width. The top and bottom stripe are yellow and the center one green. The coat of arms may be superposed on the green stripe in the center.

Coat of arms
The town's coat of arms, dated 1819, is divided an olive tree in its center, symbolizes the first inhabitants of Isabela and of the island of Puerto Rico, the Igneris Indians. The gold represents the Taíno Indians (they made extensive use of gold), who lived in this area about two hundred years before the discovery of the island. The gold bell represented in the center stripe between two cactus is a symbol of the town of San Antonio de la Tuna. The two cocks represent the bravery of the inhabitants and Isabela's famous fighting cocks. The horse represents the cattle wealth of the region and honors the fine step horses (Paso Fino) for which Isabela is known. The coat of arms is embellished with a mural crown having three towers, the standard emblem at the time for formally established 'pueblos' (townships) under Spanish rule. The revised mural crown with five towers represents a city, but historically, only 11 communities in Puerto Rico were conferred this title when under Spanish rule.

On the occasion of the celebration of 186 years of Isabela it was necessary to adopt an ordinance to establish properly the historical veracity and heraldic elements of the emblazoned shield and official seal of the City of Isabela. The following information was drafted pursuant to Ordinance Number 3, series 2005–2006 and approved by the Municipal Legislature on August 5, 2005:

"The Mural Crown: Current mural crown that has the coat of Isabela has three towers. Due to population increase of over 50,000 inhabitants who had Isabela in this last decade, the HUD office in Washington DC, conferred status as a "city" to Isabela last year. Given this demographic reality and focused on the mural crown that represents the spirit of unity and growth of the inhabitants of our city of Isabela, we understand appropriate that the crown mural consists of "five" distinct towers that symbolize the passage from town to city."

Notable people

 * Félix Mantilla (baseball), former All-Star and World Series champion baseball player for the Milwaukee Braves, New York Mets, Boston Red Sox
 * Víctor Manuelle, a world-renowned salsa singer. His parents are from Isabela, and he has featured his hometown in several music videos.

Books

 * Isabela Economy (18th Century)
 * Bibliography Colección de Tesis: Tesis de maestros presentadas en el Departamento de Historia Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Piedras: Colón, Maria Judith, Historia de Isabela vista a traves de su desarrollo urbano, 1750–1850. (1985), pp. 288

title: Isabela, Puerto Rico


text:
Pawla

Pawla or variation, may refer to:

 * Paola, Malta
 * Frederick Pawla (1876-1964), UK painter
 * Pâwla (mythology), a supernatural person in Mizo mythology; see Pialral
 * Pawła, the attributive form of Paweł, a given name

title: Pawla


text:
Talk:Metropolitan county

Greater London?
Wouldn't Greater London be considered a Metropolitan County since it has the same structure as Greater Manchester and the West Midlands?2602:306:CC42:8340:8D28:A27D:3FBD:4499 (talk) 20:32, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Unlike the metropolitan counties, Greater London exists as a local government entity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.207.205 (talk) 14:44, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

Established
when where the MCs established? 1974?

 * Yes. Arwel 10:52, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Apart from Greater London which was created in about 1965 G-Man 11:00, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * yes, but Greater London's not technically the same thing as a Metropolitan County. Arwel 11:15, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Weren't at least some of the local government elections held at the end of 1973, so that councillors could 'hit the ground running' in May 1974?...garryq 16:23, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Metropolitan counties were judged to be a success?
How can this be true? The abolition of the two-tier system, and hence any kind of stragic "metropolitan" value these entities had, was already being planned only nine years after their creation. What was left was a series of unitary authorities, and a mess of joint boards instead of the grand unified "metropolitan" plan. This is no better than what was in place prior to their creation — in fact it is exactly the same. What it has done though is leave a legacy of confused identity in the areas that this grand expriment was conducted in. I would hardly call that a success. The assertion that two major regorganisations of government in twelve years to leave the situation worse than it was before "is a success" has no citation and is demonstrably untrue. Owain 18:36, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * From what I recall reading somewhere, in the 1990s the government looked at abolishing the met counties entirely as they did with Humberside, Avon etc, but decided against it because they had 'caught on' amongst the public, and recommended keeping them in their post-1986 form. I dont know if I can find a source for that, but I remeber hearing it somewhere. As everyone knows the abolition of the MCCs was entirely politically motivated, as the high-spend Labour administrations clashed with Thatcherism, and had little to do with 'administrative efficiency' or whatever was claimed. From what I've read the government is considering bringing the met counties (or something similar) back into administrative use, but renaming them as city regions. In a similar vein to what they've done in Greater London with the GLA. G-Man  18:35, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. Abolishing them entirely would just be a paper exercise though as they don't actually have any direct administrative functions. This is why I would suggest the wording of them being "a success" is a little over-stated. Perhaps "there being no need to" would be better. Also without any public opinion polls it would be hard to assert that they have universally "caught on" either. There are certainly groups of people in the Wirral who object very stongly to associations with Liverpool, and people in towns in "South East Lancashire and North East Cheshire" with separate identities from Manchester! Owain 11:23, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If, as the use of the present tense suggests, the met counties still exist, can we include links to the MCs' websites with details of where their HQ buildings are and their telephone numbers? I contend that the MCs no longer exist and shouldn't be written about as if they do exist, even this offends politicians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:5988:EC00:DD15:2186:E814:1DF6 (talk) 14:46, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

OS maps
Actually I wonder why ordnance survey maps have stopped showing the met counties. It seems to have been a recent thing. I have an OS map of the Greater Manchester area from 1993, some seven years after the county council's demise, which shows Gtr Manchester. I have seen the latest version of the map from 2005 which only shows the Met boroughs. I wonder why this has been done? Are the OS under the false impression that the Met counties no longer exist or something? Can anyone shed some light on this. G-Man * 23:36, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Or maybe they don't exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 18:14, 19 January 2013 (UTC)
 * That's surely be a bit of a shock to the West Midlands Police or the Greater Manchester Combined Authority. --MichiganCharms (talk) 21:08, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yet those aren't metropolitan counties, which exist no more than Middlesex does. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.207.205 (talk) 14:43, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

Extra Space In
References== ==

There extra space right after the 24th footnote. Please remove it. If it's a bug, report it to bugzilla.24.65.69.8 (talk) 00:05, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction?
"The metropolitan districts had more powers than non-metropolitan districts, in that they were responsible for services such as education, and social services. In the non-metropolitan counties these were the responsibility of the county councils." vs. table on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_district#Functions_and_powers 71.171.138.221 (talk) 23:00, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

existence
The encyclopedia needs to go beyond nonsensical official versions of the truth. These counties only actually exist as ceremonial ones and the article needs to be historical (rather than purporting to be about something current). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 18:29, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It's like writing: "Henry VIII is the king of England.
 * Current status: Henry VIII is dead and therefore no longer king of England.

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Stourport Swifts F.C.

Stourport Swifts Football Club are an English football team from Stourport-on-Severn, and one of the oldest non-league teams in the country. The Swifts currently play in the, and play at Walshes Meadow in the town.

History
Stourport Swifts was formed in 1882 and began playing competitive football shortly after. In 1931, they joined the Warwickshire League but only played in the league for two seasons before leaving the league, but were back five years later until the outbreak of World War II. When the league resumed Stourport rejoined the league. The club played in the Worcestershire League throughout the 1970s before joining the West Midlands (Regional) League Division Two in 1979–80. A fourth-placed finish in 1985–86 earned the club promotion to division one and two seasons later the club was promoted to the premier division after finishing in second place. The club finished in second place in the premier division in 1996–97 and then on 1997–98 and the second runner-up finish was enough to earn the club promotion to the Midland Alliance. Their third season in that league saw them win their first ever league championship and they were promoted into the Southern League. 2000–01 also saw the club reach the fifth round of the FA Vase. The club was placed in the West Division, finishing in eighth place in their debut season and got to the third round proper of the FA Trophy. However, the club failed to finish in the top half in subsequent seasons and were relegated back to the Midland Alliance in 2012.

Honours

 * West Midlands League Division One Runners Up: 1987–88
 * West Midlands League Premier Division Runners Up: 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98
 * West Midlands League Premier Division Cup Winners: 1992–93
 * Worcester Senior Urn Winners: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1997–98
 * Worcester Infirmary Cup Winners: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98
 * Midland Football Alliance Winners: 2000–01
 * Worcestershire Senior Cup Winners: 2022–23

Club records

 * Best league performance: 8th in Southern League Division One West, 2001–02
 * Best FA Cup performance: 3rd qualifying round, 2000–01 and 2001–02
 * Best FA Trophy performance: 3rd round, 2001–02
 * Best FA Vase performance: 5th round, 2000–01, 2023–24
 * Record attendance: 1,903 v Worcester City, 10 February 2024

title: Stourport Swifts F.C.


text:
Aleksandr V. Kuprin

Aleksandr Vasil'evich Kuprin (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Купри́н) was a Russian painter, a founding member of the Knave of Diamonds group. Kuprin was born in Borisoglebsk (in Voronezh Oblast, Russia) in 1880 and died in Moscow in 1960. His most famous works are various landscape and still lifes.

Early life
Aleksandr Kuprin, the child of a district school history and geography teacher, was born in the south of Russia in 1880, in Borisoglebsk, a busy inland port on the Vorona River. As a young man, he took evening classes at the local Society of Art Lovers, while working as a clerk on the railway. He studied in Voronezh ( 1896–1901). In 1902, he traveled to St. Petersburg to commence formal art training.

Early training
Kuprin studied in private ateliers for two years in St. Petersburg before moving to Moscow in 1904, where, by 1906, he was enrolled at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture as a student under Abram Arkhipov and Konstantin Korovin, the latter a noted Russian impressionist. Kuprin's paintings of this period reflect this influence, with their loose brush strokes and emphasis on shadow and light.

In 1908, Kuprin was exposed to the new styles of French painting in the private collections of Moscow patrons. By 1910, he had dropped out of school to become one of the founding members of the Knave of Diamonds arts association (Бубновый валет, Romanized: Bubnovyi Valet). The association's inaugural exhibition was the explosive international height of avant-garde painting of the period, including works by French artists Henri Le Fauconnier, Wassily Kandinsky, and a new generation of paintings by young Russians impatient with old schools of thought.

Paul Cézanne, Cubism, and the Geometry of Form
Kuprin's admiration of Cézanne was very much evident in the paintings he submitted to the 1910 Knave of Diamonds show (see illustrations, left). His characteristic works of this period combined decorative principles with keen analytical insight into the objects being depicted (Still Life With Blue Tray, 1914; Still Life With a Statuette, 1919; Autumn Bouquet, 1925—all in the Tret’iakov Gallery). These were painting questions that would dominate in his work for the next decade, although, as he continued with these themes, the geometry of his forms is gradually smoothed out.

In 1918, Kuprin took a post as professor at Svomas in St. Petersburg and also at the Vkhutemas design school in Moscow (State Higher Arts and Technical Studios), where he would continue as lecturer until 1952.

In 1925, he became a member of the Moscow Painters Association, a shift that moved him away from the earlier rebellious associations with the Knave group.

Soviet Influence
Toward the end of the 1920s, realistic tendencies became stronger in Kuprin's work. He abandoned the approach of the Jack of Diamonds group for a more direct manner, taking up plein air painting and adopting its characteristic treatment of volume and space. This was in line with the dictates of Socialist Realism that, increasingly, had become a barrier to experimentation in Russian art. In the 1930s Kuprin started producing the industrial landscapes that are considered some of his best-known works.

This was also the period of Kuprin's work from the Crimea, coinciding with the brief period of its autonomous rule (1921-1945). The Crimean paintings reveal "the innermost harmony and dynamics of nature and its tactile quality." (The Poplars, 1927; The Beasal’skaia Valley, 1937—both in the Tret’iakov Gallery). Kuprin was an outstanding master of the industrial landscape (The Plant, 1915; Baku: The Oil Fields of Bibi-Eibat, 1931—both in the Tret’iakov Gallery).

title: Aleksandr V. Kuprin


text:
Englefield

Englefield may refer to:

Geography
In England:
 * Englefield, Berkshire, a village in the county of Berkshire, England
 * Englefield Green, a village in the county of Surrey, England

In Wales:
 * Englefield, an alternative name for the Cantref of Tegeingl in north Wales

Sport

 * Englefield Green Rovers F.C., an Association Football club based in Englefield Green

Other

 * Englefield (surname)
 * Englefield Lodge, the first substantial home of Guise Brittan in Christchurch, New Zealand
 * Englefield, East Maitland, a heritage-listed former inn and now residence at 49 Newcastle Street, East Maitland

title: Englefield


text:
User talk:Mrbrown/Archive

History of The United States 1988-present NPOV
In response to your messages on my talk page and the History of the United States (1988-present) talk page:

I don't think there is a need to include mention of the Madrid attacks or the South Korean impeachment proceedings as factors in those respective countries' decisions to withdraw. Three reasons:

 * 1) The subject of the article is History of the United States. Terrorist attacks and domestic politics that take place in other countries should not be included in the article unless they have a direct, first-degree impact on the United States itself (as opposed to just having an impact on a U.S.-led overseas military action).
 * 2) A mention of the March 11 attacks and the ROK impeachment proceedings, and the effects they had on their governments' decisions to withdraw, would be more appropriate on the War on Terrorism page.
 * 3) I'm not clear on which point of view you think is advanced by intentionally excluding these details, or how including them would fix it.

Regards, Andrewlevine 21:40, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

hello mr made brown man
you should not mention a link of the rainbow sexual activity on the Rainbow (political party) site, because that can be seen and is offending to alot of people, especially in the Balkan region. if you want to, make a diffirent page like it allready is, for the user to choose wich page he or she is looking for, but not mentioning on the political party page. i hope you understand and greetings.--Makedonia 22:49, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

thank you for your understanding--Makedonia 23:04, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

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User:Brettfern
Hi. I've de-listed the above editor from WP:AIV as I do not see any evidence of vandalism. Right now, it looks like the editor, though somewhat uncommunicative, is wikignoming through articles & there's nothing wrong with that. He seems to be removing uncited or irrelevant text. Have you thought about maybe bringing the matter up on his talk page? (preferably without calling him names this time) - A l is o n  ☺ 06:08, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Ryan Muldowney
Thank you for the fixes to this article and getting the ball rolling per WP:HEY. Bearian 01:17, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

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Marisol Deluna
Thank you. Sorry for that. Tanvir che (talk) 03:54, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Number of pricing games
Thanks for the correction/update. I had missed the announcement. JTRH (talk) 12:27, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

The name is wrong, bitch
Thanks for the correction. What a nice coincidence! Iamwisesun (talk) 11:06, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for reminding me!
I totally forgot about the Price is Right being in repeats, thanks for reminding me. I should have known better! Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frnkln junior (talk • contribs) 13:08, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

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WP:Hornbook -- a new law-related task force for the J.D. curriculum
Andrew Gradman talk/WP:Hornbook 02:07, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

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Please Do Not unnecessarily remove references from Wikipedia articles as you did to PitchMen on July 15, 2009. Thank you for you cooperation. --Alex rosenberg35 (talk) 02:59, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

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AfD nomination of Roger Dobkowitz
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Personal Attacks
This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive comments. The next time you make a personal attack, you will be blocked for disruption. Comment on content, not on other contributors or people. Sottolacqua (talk) 19:11, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Please do not call other editors an "ass" as you did in the summary of this edit. Additionally, please use CiteWeb to properly reference sourced material. Sottolacqua (talk) 19:11, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll call you what I want to call you, cowboy. The way I see it, you abuse the rules of wikipedia to mold pages into what you want them to be, and get the pages you want deleted, deleted. That, friend, makes you an ass. --Mr. Brown (talk) 19:19, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * And as to citing for articles, I have much more important issues to attend to. If you want to fix the citation, you seem to be pretty adept at that. Heck, why don't you just revert it back (since you'll probably do that anyways, or nominate the article for deletion) since you seem to think nothing is notable, and nothing constitutes a proper citation. --Mr. Brown (talk) 19:21, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

re User talk:Sottolacqua
To whom is your comment addressed? Me, or 70.242.164.14? Also, what erased discussions are you referring to?  Sottolacqua  (talk) 02:32, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Mrbrown/Archive


text:
Mukachevo

Mukachevo (Мукачево, ; Munkács; see name section) is a city in Zakarpattia Oblast, western Ukraine. It is situated in the valley of the Latorica River and serves as the administrative center of Mukachevo Raion. The city is a rail terminus and highway junction, and has beer, wine, tobacco, food, textile, timber, and furniture industries. During the Cold War, it was home to Mukachevo air base and a radar station.

Mukachevo lies close to the borders of four neighbouring countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. Today, the population is The city is a traditional stronghold of the Rusyn language, and the population of Mukachevo is officially reported as 77.1% ethnic Ukrainian. There are also significant minorities of: Russians (9.0%); Hungarians (8.5%); Germans (1.9%); and Roma (1.4%).

While Uzhhorod is the main administrative city in the region, Mukachevo is a historic spiritual center of the region and center of the former Eastern Orthodox eparchy of Kyivan Metropolis. In 17th century it united with Catholic church by the Union of Uzhhorod, similar to the Union of Brest. Up until World War II and the Holocaust, Mukachevo was primarily a Jewish town, and half the population was Jewish (see below), the rest of the population being Russians, Hungarians, Slovaks, and other minorities. Formerly in Czechoslovakia, and before that in Hungary, it was incorporated into Soviet Ukraine after World War II.

Name
Most probably, the name derived from the Hungarian surname "Muncas"—munkás (worker)—which later transformed into Munkács, while another version points that the name contains proto-Slavic root "Muka" which means “flour”.

On 23 May 2017 the Ukrainian parliament officially renamed Mukacheve (Мукачеве) into Mukachevo (Мукачево), a year after the city council had decided to rename the city. Previously, it was usually spelled in Standard Literary Ukrainian as Mukacheve while Мукачів (Mukachiv) was sometimes also used. The city's name in Russian is Мукачево (Mukachevo), which is also the Russian transliteration (Мукачево) as well as a name adopted by the local authorities and portrayed on the city's coat of arms. Other names are Munkács; Rusyn: Мукачово (Mukachovo), Мукачава (Mukačava), Muncaci, Munceag; Polish Mukaczewo; Slovak and Czech: Mukačevo; Munkatsch; מונקאַטש (''Munkatsh', local pronunciation 'Minkatsh').

Early history
Archaeological excavation suggest that early settlements existed here before the Middle Ages. For example, a Celtic oppidum and metal works center that existed in the 3rd-1st century BC were found between the Halish and Lovachka mountains. A Thracian fort of the Iron Age (10th century BC) was found on the mountain of Tupcha. Around the 1st century the area was occupied by the Carpi people who displaced the local Celts from the area. The Slavs settled the territory in the 6th century.

Hungarian rule
In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin through the Veretskyi Pass, about 60 km north of present-day Mukachevo. In 1397, the town and its surrounding was granted by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, to his distant cousin, the exiled prince of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Fyodor Koriatovych, who used to administer the Ruthenian Podolia region of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, until was exiled for disobedience by Grand Duke Vytautas the Great in 1392. Theodor therefore became a vassal of Hungary and settled many Ruthenians in the territory. Other sources, however, state that Theodor bought the town and the surrounding area in 1396. During the 15th century, the city prospered and became a prominent craft and trade center for the region. In 1445, the town became a Hungarian royal free city. It was also granted Magdeburg rights.

During the 16th century, Munkács became part of the Principality of Transylvania. The 17th century (from 1604 to 1711) was a time of continuous struggle against the expansionist intentions of the Habsburg Empire for the Principality. In 1678 the anti-Habsburg Revolt of Emeric Thököly started out from Munkács. The region also played an important role in Rákóczi's War of Independence.

Austrian control and revolts
After the defeat of Francis II Rákóczi the city came under Austrian control in the mid-18th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary and was made a key fortress of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1726, the Palanok Castle and the town, before 1711 owned by the Rákóczi family, was given by the Habsburgs to the Schönborn family, who were responsible for an expansion of the town. They also settled many Germans in the territory, thereby causing an economic boom of the region. During 1796–1897, the city's castle, until then a strong fortress, became a prison. The Greek national hero Alexander Ypsilanti was imprisoned at the Palanok Castle between 1821 and 1823.

Mukachevo during and after the wars
In 1919, after the Rusyn Americans agreed with Tomáš Masaryk on incorporating Carpathian Ruthenia into Czechoslovakia, the whole of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied by Czechoslovak troops. On June 4, 1920, Mukachevo officially became part of Czechoslovakia through the Treaty of Trianon. In November 1938, a part of the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary was re-annexed by Hungary as part of the First Vienna Award.

Without delay the new authorities decreed the expulsion of all the Jews without Hungarian citizenship. As a consequence Polish and Russian Jews, long-term residents of the now Hungarian-controlled Transcarpathian region, and also from Mukachevo, as well as the native Jews who could not prove their citizenship, were deported over the Ukrainian border where they were turned over to the German Einsatzgruppe commando led by Friedrich Jeckeln. On August 27 - 28, 1941, they were all murdered by the Germans in Kamianets-Podilskyi's massacre. Even so, Mukachevo's population still held an important Jewish component, until in 1944 all the Jews were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp by Adolf Eichmann.

In the end of 1944, the Red Army stormed Carpathian Ruthenia. At first the territory was given to the reestablished Czechoslovakia, then became part of the Soviet Union by a treaty between the two countries, later in 1945. The Soviet Union began a policy of expulsion of the Hungarian population. In 1945, the city was ceded to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and is now in Ukraine. Since 2002, Mukachevo has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo. The 128th Mountain Assault Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces has been based in Mukachevo since after World War II.

Climate
Mukachevo has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).

Demographics
The main reference census of the year 1910 accounted with 17 275 inhabitants: out of which 12 686 persons (73,44%) declared themselves Hungarian, 3078 (17,82%) German and 1394 (8,07%) Rusin. According to religious affiliations, 7675 persons (44,43%) were Israelites, 4081 (23,62%) Greek-Catholics, 3526 (20,41%) Roman- Catholics, 1771 (10,25%) Reformed Protestants /Calvinists and 190 (1,1%) Evangelical protestants/Lutherans. In 1921, 21,000 people lived in Mukachevo. Of these, 48 percent were Jews, 24 percent were Rusyns, and 22 percent were Hungarians.

The city's population in 1966 was 50,500. Of these, 60% were Ukrainians, 18% were Hungarians, 10% were Russians, and 6% were Jews.

According to the 2001 census, 82,200 people live in Mukachevo. The population in 1989 was 91,000, in 2004 77,300 and in 2008 93,738. Its population includes:

Residents in seven villages of the Mukachevo Raion have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.

Economy
Fischer Sports, an Austrian company that produces Nordic skiing, Alpine skiing, and ice hockey equipment, has a factory in Mukachevo. The firm benefits from provisional application on January 1, 2016 of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area provisions of the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement.

Jewish community

 * See also Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)

There are documents in the Berehove (Beregszász) State Archives which indicate that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Munkács and the surrounding villages as early as the second half of the seventeenth century. The Jewish community of Munkács was an amalgam of Galician and Hungarian Hasidic Jewry, Orthodox Jews, and Zionists. The town is most noted for its Chief Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira who led the community until his death in 1937.

By 1851, Munkács supported a large yeshiva, thereby demonstrating the community's commitment to Talmudic learning and piety.

Materially impoverished, yet wealthy in ideological debate, the Jews of interwar Munkács constituted almost half of the town's population. The Munkács Jewish community was famous for its Hasidic activity as well as its innovations in Zionism and modern Jewish education.

The Jewish population of Munkács grew from 2,131 in 1825 to 5049 in 1891 (almost 50 percent of the total population) to 7675 in 1910 (about 44 percent). By 1921, the 10,000 Jews still made up about half the residents, though by 1930, the proportion had dropped to 43 percent, with a little over 11,000 Jews. The Jews of Munkács constituted 11 percent of the Jewry of Subcarpathian Rus'.

Interwar Munkács had a very large Jewish population, which was most visible on Shabbat. On that day most stores were closed and, after services, the streets filled with Hasidic Jews in their traditional garb. The first movie house in the town was established by a Hasidic Jew, and it too closed on the Shabbat and Jewish holidays.

The Chief Rabbi of Munkács, Chaim Elazar Spira (who led the community from 1913 until his death in 1937) was the most outspoken voice of religious anti-Zionism. He had succeeded his father, Rabbi Zvi Hirsh Spira, who had earlier inherited the mantle of leadership from his father Rabbi Shlomo Spira. He was also a Hasidic rebbe with a significant number of followers. Rabbi Chaim Elazar Spira was succeeded by his son-in-law, Rabbi Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz.

Along with the dominant Munkácser hasidic community there co-existed smaller yet vibrant Hasidic groups who were followers of the rebbes Belz, of Spinka, Zidichov, and Vizhnitz. By the time of the Holocaust there were nearly 30 synagogues in town, many of which were shtibelekh ("[small] house" - small [Hasidic] synagogues).

The Hebrew Gymnasium (high school) was founded in Munkács five years after the first Hebrew speaking elementary school in Czechoslovakia was established there in 1920. It soon became the most prestigious Hebrew high school east of Warsaw. Zionist activism along with Hasidic pietism contributed to a community percolating with excitement, intrigue and at times internecine conflict.

In 1935, Chaim Kugel, formerly director of the Munkács gymnasium (Jewish high school) and then Jewish Party delegate to the Czechoslovak Parliament, gave a speech during a parliamentary debate: "…It is completely impossible to adequately describe the poverty in the area. The Jews… are affected equally along with the rest…. I strongly wish to protest any attempt to blame the poverty of the Subcarpathian Ruthenian peasantry on the Jews" (Kugel later got to Mandatory Palestine and eventually became mayor of the Israeli city of Holon).

Government policies were covertly directed against Jews, who bore a heavy share of taxes and had difficulty getting high civil service positions.

In 1939, the Hungarians seized and annexed Subcarpathian Rus—including Munkács—taking advantage of the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Though antisemitic legislation was introduced by the Hungarian authorities, Subcarpathian Rus, like the rest of Hungary, remained a relative haven for Jews until Nazi Germany occupied Hungary in 1944.

In the spring of 1944 there were nearly 15,000 Jewish residents of the town. This ended on May 30, 1944, when the city was pronounced Judenrein (free of Jews after ghettoization and a series of deportations to Auschwitz).

Today, Mukachevo is experiencing a Jewish renaissance of sorts with the establishment of a supervised kosher kitchen, a mikveh, Jewish summer camp in addition to the prayer services which take place three times daily. In July 2006, a new synagogue was dedicated on the site of a pre-war hasidic synagogue.

Architectural landmarks

 * Palanok Castle, 14th century. The castle of Munkács played an important role during the anti-Habsburg revolts in this territory and present-day Slovakia (1604–1711), especially at the beginning of the anti-Habsburg Revolt of Imre Thököly (1685–1688), as well as at the beginning of the revolt of Ferenc II. Rákóczi (early 18th century). This important fortress became a prison from the end of the 18th century and was used until 1897. The Greek national hero Alexander Ypsilanti was imprisoned in Munkács castle from 1821 to 1823.
 * Saint Nicholas Monastery
 * Wooden church built in the Ukrainian architectural style, 18th century

Sport
The main soccer team is MFA Mukachevo, which play in Ukrainian Second League.

Notable people

 * Lojza Baránek
 * Samuel Gottesman
 * Helena Kahan Jockel Helena Jockel (1919-), Memoir: We Sang in Hushed Voices (Azrieli Series of Holocaust Survivor Memoirs; VI), 2014.
 * Ihor Kharatin
 * Fyodor Koriatovych
 * Lolita Milyavskaya
 * Ivan Mozer
 * Mihály Munkácsy
 * Rio Preisner
 * Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinowicz
 * Moshe Leib Rabinovich
 * Ludvík Ráža
 * Ján Strausz
 * Svyatoslav Vakarchuk
 * Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss
 * Joseph Meir Weiss
 * Yuri Yukechev
 * Naomi Blake
 * Irina Galay
 * Ilona Zrinyi
 * Dmytro Yeblusha

Twin towns – sister cities
Mukachevo is twinned with:

 * 🇭🇺 Celldömölk, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Dabas, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Eger, Hungary
 * 🇸🇰 Humenné, Slovakia
 * 🇭🇺 Kisvárda, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Mátészalka, Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Nyírmeggyes, Hungary
 * 🇵🇱 Mielec, Poland
 * Pag, Croatia
 * 🇨🇿 Pelhřimov, Czech Republic
 * 🇸🇰 Prešov, Slovakia
 * 🇷🇸 Senta, Serbia

 * 🇭🇺 Várkerület (Budapest), Hungary

title: Mukachevo