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Twilight (Star Trek: Enterprise)

"Twilight" is the eighth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Enterprise, originally broadcast on November 5, 2003. It was the sixtieth episode of the series overall. It was written by co-producer Michael Sussman, and directed by former Star Trek: Voyager actor Robert Duncan McNeill.

Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise, registration NX-01. In this episode, following an accident, Captain Jonathan Archer's (Scott Bakula) long term memory is affected and he is relieved of duty. The crew of the Enterprise subsequently fail to stop the Xindi attack on Earth resulting in the remnants of the human race resettling another planet. Dr Phlox (John Billingsley) finds a way of curing Archer in the past, in the hope that it would undo everything since the Captain was originally injured.

The episode and script was praised by Bakula during the shoot, which required the actors and sets to be aged to appear older in later time frames. Production was suspended for a day following the death (at home) of first assistant director Jerry Fleck, who was in pre-production on the next planned episode, "North Star", which subsequently resulted in crew changes on "Twilight". References in the episode were made to locations previously mentioned in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Space Seed" and the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. On first broadcast, "Twilight" was watched by 3.88 million viewers, more than the following episode. The critical response was positive.

Plot
While rescuing Sub-Commander T'Pol from a spatial anomaly, Captain Archer is infected by subspace parasites in his cerebral cortex, resulting in anterograde amnesia. His condition prevents him from forming new long-term memories. This allows him to remember everything prior to the accident, but any new memories fade within a few hours. It soon becomes clear that Archer is not fit for duty, and he is subsequently relieved of his command. T'Pol is granted a field commission to Captain, but the mission fails and Earth, alongside every other human colony, is destroyed by the Xindi weapon. The few surviving humans form a convoy, led by the Enterprise, which travels to the planet Ceti Alpha V.

Twelve years pass and Archer, still plagued by memory loss, lives with T'Pol in a house on the colony. She has given up her career to care for him. They are visited by Doctor Phlox, who has finally engineered a cure after years of research. He also discovers that when the subspace radiation treatments kill one of the parasite clusters in Archer's brain, it also vanishes from every other previous medical scan – as if the parasite had never existed. Therefore, since Archer will never have been infected, he would have remained Captain and possibly prevented the chain of events that led to Earth's destruction.

Unfortunately, the ship, now captained by Captain Tucker, is observed and attacked by Xindi vessels before the treatments can be completed. The Enterprise is outnumbered and heavily damaged and the entire bridge crew are killed. Phlox, T'Pol, and Archer race to create a subspace implosion to kill the parasites. As their procedure nears completion, Phlox, T'Pol and Archer himself are wounded by Xindi invaders but Archer manages to complete the procedure. The ship is destroyed in the subspace implosion, but their plan works and the subspace parasites are also destroyed by the implosion, and wiped out through time. The timeline is reset; Archer is in sickbay recovering from a physical injury but will never develop the amnesia he originally suffered.

Production
"Twilight" was written by Enterprise co-producer Mike Sussman, who had previously pitched the story as an episode of Star Trek:Voyager during season seven of that series. Sussman said that his story was inspired by the notion "that someone with Alzheimer's disease, in some ways, could be thought of as a time-traveler..." The Voyager producers chose not to buy Sussman's earlier pitch, which would have featured a time-crossed romance between Captain Janeway and First Officer Chakotay. Sussman ultimately sold the story to the producers of Enterprise, who said they would have preferred filming and airing the episode closer to the end of the season and the conclusion of the Xindi story arc, but had to produce it earlier as there were no scripts available to replace it.

"Twilight" was directed by Robert Duncan McNeill, his third directing credit for the series following "Cold Front" and "The Breach". McNeill had previously starred in Star Trek: Voyager as Tom Paris. McNeill was interviewed for the magazine Star Trek Monthly shortly after reading the script for "Twilight" for the first time. He explained that after reading it, he said "Holy crap how are we going to do that?" He explained that the episode would see the Enterprise destroyed but wasn't yet sure how they were going to film certain sequences such as the roof being blown off the bridge and the crew being sucked out into space.

Filming on the episode began on September 10, 2003, the same day as the airing of the season three premiere episode, "The Xindi". Production ran through to September 17. Production was suspended for a day on 8 September following the death of first assistant director Jerry Fleck over the preceding weekend. Fleck had been in pre-production for the following episode "North Star". Following the death of Fleck, the first assistant director on "Twilight", Michael DeMeritt, moved on to working on "North Star" and Arlene Fukai took over on "Twilight".

Whilst filming the episode, Bakula described it as "potentially the best script we've had and the best show to date". He found it hard to describe, saying it involved "time travel into the future, parasites in my hippocampus, and Xindi and subspace implosions". In order to represent the changes in time frames throughout the episodes, several of the cast were required to have their make-up adjusted between scenes. This included adding grey make-up to the dog actor who portrayed Archer's dog, Porthos, but the scene was cut from the final broadcast. Costume changes were made to represent promotions granted to the characters over the changes in time periods. These included Bakula who wore a wig during the later time periods shown in the episode. The wig he wore had originally been created for Gary Graham in his role as Ambassador Soval. The sets on the Enterprise were dressed to represent ongoing wear and tear.

During the shoot of the previous episode, "The Shipment", director David Straiton wore a suit and tie on the final day of shooting, something that Bakula described as being out of character. After McNeill heard about Straiton, he sought to outdo his fellow director. So instead, he arrived on the final day of shooting for "Twilight" wearing the uniform he wore as Tom Paris in Star Trek: Voyager. He hoped this would cheer the cast and crew up after a week of working on such a somber episode.

Guest stars included Gary Graham in his sixth appearance as Ambassador Soval, he filmed for one day and appeared in two scenes. Brett Rickaby made a guest appearance as Yedrin Ross. Rickaby had previously appeared in the television series Carnivàle. Richard Anthony Crenna was also credited in this episode as a security guard on board the Enterprise. "Twilight" contained references to the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Space Seed" and the associated film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. These references included the survivors of humanity settling on Ceti Alpha V, the planet that Khan Noonien Singh and his followers were exiled to in "Space Seed" and escaped from in Wrath of Khan; Sussman chose this new home world as a "cruel joke", since the planet would become all but uninhabitable within a hundred years. Reference is also made to the Mutara Nebula, where the climactic battle occurred between Captain James T. Kirk and Khan.

Ratings
"Twilight" first aired on November 5, 2003 on UPN. The episode received a Nielsen rating of 2.6/4%. This means the episode was seen by 2.6 percent of all television-equipped households, and four percent of all households watching television at the time of the broadcast. This was the same rating as the following episode, "North Star." These figures placed "Twilight" sixth in the time slot based on the Nielsen ratings, and fifth in the number of viewers.

Reception
Executive producer Manny Coto called "Twilight" the best episode of Enterprise 's season 3.

"Twilight" proved to be one of the most popular episodes of the series with reviewers and with fans. As Enterprise was nearing the end of its first-run airings on UPN, the episode was chosen as the "#1 Fan Favorite Episode" in a Viewer's Choice poll at UPN.com, and rebroadcast in that context on April 8, 2005. In November of that year, readers of Star Trek Magazine selected the episode as one of the Top Five episodes of the series.

Jamahl Epsicokhan on his website Jammer's Reviews wrote, "if I were a cynic I might say that I've already seen elsewhere most of what 'Twilight' has to offer." He wrote that the episode's dark alternate future bore similarities to the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Yesterday's Enterprise", and that Archer's memory issues were analogous to those in the film Memento. Epsicokhan also suggested that the flashback sequences were similar to the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Visitor", but was a "substantially less poignant take on hypothetical material". Nevertheless, he said that the episode "repackages the material well, plausibly ties it into the current Enterprise story arc," and has "something for everyone," with an "apocalyptic" action storyline tied in to an "intimate character story that works in its own right." He gave the episode a score of three and a half out of four. Reviewer James Michael Kozak on Ain't It Cool News, aka "Hercules Strong," said that the storyline "cribs shamelessly" from a number of episodes in the Star Trek franchise, including the Voyager installments "Year of Hell" and "Endgame", as well as The Next Generation "Yesterday's Enterprise" and "All Good Things...", but added that "this [episode] remained just different enough for me to kind of love it." Kozak wrote that the episode presented the viewer "a very real sense of what is at stake in this bizarre conflict with the Xindi" for the first time, and that he was "moved" by the evolution of T'Pol's relationship with Archer. He gave the episode four out of five stars. Critic "Ex Deus" at TrekWeb.com gave the episode 9.5 out of 10 stars, saying "Scott Bakula gives one of his best performances as Archer.

The Star Trek 101 guidebook named "Twilight" as one of the "Ten Essential Episodes" from Star Trek: Enterprise. The Digital Fix said this was the best episode in season 3. Blogger J.P. Halt at his website Random Musings rated the episode 10/10, writing, "Mike Sussman, who is arguably the show's best writer, has crafted a very smart script." Halt added: "Overall, this is probably the best 'reset button' episode the Trek franchise ever crafted. It's one of a very small handful of outstanding Enterprise episodes, and a contender for the series' best."

The Washington Post noted that "Twilight" was Enterprise 's "highest rated episode" in their analysis of ratings from the Internet Movie Database. Critic Stephanie V.W. Lucianovic at Television Without Pity, aka "Keckler," said that the episode will "get your Heart of Khan pumping with righteous Trekkie excitement," adding that the producers have "come up with something amazing that is completely, unabashedly, and unreservedly worthy of high praise." She gave the episode a grade of A+. io9 ranked "Twilight" as the 33rd best episode of Star Trek, out of the more than 700 made by that time.

Writer Darren Mooney at The M0vie Blog.com says that "'Twilight' is a surprisingly affecting love story, one that uses a science-fiction premise to capture a very human situation." He added that, "Mike Sussman is a writer with a very clear fascination and engagement with continuity and consistency... ['Twilight'] is a beautiful and thoughtful piece of Star Trek, an absolute triumph." WhatCulture ranked it as one of the "30 Best Star Trek Episodes Of All Time," saying that, "like many great episodes of Trek in the past, 'Twilight' had something interesting to talk about and did it exceptionally well... doing it within the confines of a mesmerizing character piece between Archer and T'Pol."

Matthew Kresal at WarpedFactor.com wrote, "Mike Sussman's script for 'Twilight' is an intriguing piece of work." He adds, "It's also a turning point for Enterprise as a whole and was the first sign of what the series might be capable of. On its own it stands out as one of Star Trek best alternate timeline episodes and rightfully so."

Home media release
The first home media release of "Twilight" was as part of the season three DVD box set, released in the United States on September 27, 2005. It subsequently became one of three Enterprise episodes to be included in the Star Trek: Alternative Realities Collective DVD set which was released in 2009. The other episodes were "E²" and "In a Mirror, Darkly", and also featured were other mirror universe installments including "Mirror, Mirror" and three of those from Deep Space Nine. The Blu-ray release of the third season of Enterprise took place on January 7, 2014. The Blu-Ray has a surround sound 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio track for English, as well as German, French, and Japanese audio tracks in Dolby audio.

Music
Jay Chattaway's music for the episode was released as part of the four disc Star Trek: Enterprise Collection on December 2, 2014, including the orchestral pieces:

title: Twilight (Star Trek: Enterprise)


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Amazon Surveillance System

The Amazon Surveillance System (SIVAM, Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia), is a complex surveillance system used for monitoring Amazônia Legal ("legal Amazon area"). This area includes the Brazilian rainforest, to curb the trafficking of illegal narcotics and to curb illegal logging or burning of the forest. The system uses a mixture of fixed and mobile ground radar, as well as airborne surveillance using the Embraer ERJ 145. The combined platform is called the R-99.

The U.S. military contractor Raytheon, the Brazilian firm ATECH, the Canadian Aerospace company MacDonald Dettwiler (MDA) and Embraer won the tender to build the SIVAM system. Today, the project has delivered its equipment to the government, creating the SIPAM (Amazonian Protection System) and enhancing the Brazilian Airspace Control System. SIPAM headquarters are located in Brasília, Brazil.

Raytheon controversy
Allegations of bribery were made against Raytheon in 1995 in connection with its efforts to win a 1.4 billion US dollar radar contract from Brazil for the SIVAM project. SIVAM, the acronym for "System for Vigilance over the Amazon," was a complex radar surveillance system planned to be used to monitor the Amazon rainforest, allegedly to curb the trafficking of narcotics and to curb illegal logging or burning of the forest. Brazilian police wiretapped a telephone conversation between a special advisor to the Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and Raytheon's operative in Brazil, Jose Afonso Assumpcão. According to transcripts published in the Brazilian national weekly Isto É, when Assumpcão told Gomes dos Santos that Brazilian Senator Gilberto Miranda might block the Raytheon contract, Gomes dos Santos responded, "Damn, did you already pay this guy?". Gomes dos Santos and Brazil's aviation minister resigned because of allegations that this conversation suggested that bribes were paid. Raytheon ultimately was awarded the contract after lobbying by the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amazon Surveillance System


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Top (software)

top (table of processes) is a task manager or system monitor program, found in many Unix-like operating systems, that displays information about CPU and memory utilization.

Overview
The program produces an ordered list of running processes selected by user-specified criteria, and updates it periodically. Default ordering is by CPU usage, and only the top CPU consumers are shown. top shows how much processing power and memory are being used, as well as other information about the running processes. Some versions of top allow extensive customization of the display, such as choice of columns or sorting method. top is useful for system administrators, as it shows which users and processes are consuming the most system resources at any given time.

Implementations
There are several different versions of top. The traditional Unix version was written by William LeFebvre and originally copyrighted in 1984. It is hosted on SourceForge, and release 3.7 was announced in 2008.

The Linux version of top is part of the procps-ng group of tools. It was originally written by Roger Binns and released in early 1992 but shortly thereafter taken over by others.

On Solaris, the roughly equivalent program is prstat. Microsoft Windows has the tasklist command and the graphical Task Manager utility. IBM AIX has an updating running processes list as part of the topas and topas_nmon commands.

The load average numbers in Linux refers to the sum of the number of processes waiting in the run-queue plus the number currently executing. The number is absolute, not relative. And thus it can be unbounded; unlike utilization. The instant variations of the number of processes are damped with an exponential decay formula which is calculated using fixed point math.

The ps program is similar to top, but instead produces a snapshot of processes taken at the time of invocation. top's n (number of iterations) option can product a similar result, causing the program to run the specified number of iterations, then exit after printing its output.

Example
The first 5 rows overview the entire system.

is the exponential moving average of the run-queue length over the past 1/5/15 minutes. The run-queue includes both processes being run and waiting to be run. At complete utilization with no task switching, the load average is equal to the number of CPUs.

counts the processes their statuses.

counts the percentage of CPU usage, broken down into categories.

The  is for memory used by buffers and cache.

If the system needs more memory resources and the RAM is full, inactive pages in memory are moved to the swap space. In this snapshot, there's a total of 2048 MiB of swap, all free, indicating that no swapping is occurring, which is good for performance.

This considers not just the unused RAM, but also the memory that can be reclaimed from RAM caches.

The rest of the text provides a table with each row being a process, with the following columns often used out of many possible columns (the choice and ordering of columns are configurable):

 * : Process ID, a unique number identifying each running process.
 * : The user who started the process. If the username is too long, it is cut-off with a  at the end.
 * : Real-time priority of the task, computed by the system scheduler. Lower PR numbers are considered more important by the scheduler and more likely to be scheduled, which means it tends to have more CPU-time per real-time.
 * : The niceness of the task, manually set by users and administrators to influence the real-time priority. A lower nice value tends to favor the process, and a higher nice value tends to disfavor the process. It ranges from -20 (most favored) to 19 (least favored).
 * : Virtual memory size of the process. This includes all memory that the process can access, including memory that is swapped out, memory that is allocated but not used, and shared memory.
 * : Resident set size, the portion of a process's memory that is held in RAM. Compared with, this excludes memory that is swapped out, not yet used, or shared.
 * : Shared memory size: how much of the RAM claimed by the process is sharable with other processes.
 * : Status of process. The status can be:
 * D = uninterruptible sleep, I = idle R = running S = sleeping T = stopped by job control signal t = stopped by debugger during trace Z = zombie
 * for running
 * for sleeping
 * for idle
 * for disk sleep (uninterruptible)
 * for zombie (terminated but not reaped by its parent)
 * for stopped by a job control signal or  for stopped by debugger during tracing.
 * : The percentage of the CPU time that the process is currently using.
 * : The percentage of the physical RAM used by the process.
 * : The total CPU time the task has used since it started. This is shown in  . The plus sign in   means that it is accurate to 0.01 second. If it shows   then it is accurate to 1 second.
 * : The command line argument that started the process. Unlike , if the command is too long, it is cut-off without a   at the end.

title: Top (software)


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Talk:Dance notation

What dance notation in Wikipedia for examples of dance?
What sort of dance notation should one use in Wikipedia articles?Hyacinth 03:36, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

What sort of dance notation should one use in Wikipedia articles? thats a difficult one, some would argue Labanotation, others Benesh Movement Notation, both would be acceptable. It would be useful to have standardised dance notations for the lists of ballet terms or to give examples of choreographers work.

However most dance notation scores are copyrighted so new ones whould have to be made, this could prove difficult. Ohka- 22:41, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Just like with music. But when describing music, we don't have to present wheets of the whole music pieces. The same is with dance. Probably particulrs choreographies are copyrighted. But, first, exerpts as quotations are legal; second, we will probably need simplified descriptions, to show the general outline, rather than detailed scores. Mikkalai 15:59, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

There has yet to be a notation universally accepted in the dance world. Indeed, most choreographers are ignorant of any notation with the exception that many know such notations do exist. I've composed ballets that've been performed on almost every continent.. I know! 75.48.41.211 (talk) 00:04, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Spelling notes: Labanotation (SINGLE N), Benesh Movement Notation
Don't feel obligated to follow this spelling tips if they distract you from adding new content! Other Wikipedians (like me) will copyedit the spelling errors and other style trouble so if you prefer to focus on content do so by any means. (We even have a guideline saying more or less this: Be bold in updating pages.)

And this are the spelling tips:
 * Although the name of the inventor of Labanotation is Laban, Labanotation is not written with a double n (one n is dropped), the adjective IS Laban as one would expect. (I found and corrected one time Labanotation incorrectly misspelled with double n in Wikipedia.) [Confirmation: the "Labanotation" Wikipedia article, and this website http://dancenotation.org (Dance Notation Bureau).]
 * The family name of the inventors of Benesh Movement Notation is as one would expect indeed Benesh, no trouble there. But be careful not to forget the capitals of the latter two words. (I found and corrected several times those forgotten capitals in Wikipedia.) The adjective is also simply Benesh. Don't write by accident Benesh Dance Notation . (No errors found with incorrectly the word Dance used.) [Confirmation: Home page of The Benesh Institute http://www.benesh.org ]

N.B. I added links to this spelling notes on the Talk pages of the Labanotation and Benesh Movement Notation.

Paulus/laudaka 14:46, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Updating this article
The History section of this article oddly enough omits Labanotation and Benesh Movement Notation though they are both mentioned as the most widely used. So, they can be added in brief like the others. Also, given the visual aspect of dance notation, do you think it'd be good to have a gallery of examples?

The History section is also skewed towards western forms of dance notation though Hutchinson Guest's book that is referenced mentions many older (often textual) forms of notation that would be good to mention in order to give a broader and more global overview of dance notation. Alenmartel (talk) 19:19, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dance notation


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Nennius of Britain

Nennius is a mythical prince of Britain at the time of Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain (55–54 BC). His story appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (1136), a work whose contents are now considered largely fictional. In Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia he was called Nynniaw.

In Geoffrey's story, Nennius is said to have fought Caesar in personal combat and taken his sword, which he used to kill many Romans. In the Tudor and Jacobean eras he became an emblem of British patriotism.

Geoffrey's account
The History gives the following account of Nennius's life: He was the third son of Heli and brother of Lud and Cassibelanus (and according to Welsh sources, of Llefelys). He fought alongside Cassibelanus when Caesar invaded. He and his nephew Androgeus led the troops of Trinovantum (London) and Canterbury, when they encountered Caesar's own troops and Nennius faced Caesar in single combat. Caesar struck Nennius a blow to the head, but his sword got stuck in Nennius's shield. After they separated in the melée, Nennius threw away his own sword and attacked the Romans with Caesar's sword, killing many, including the tribune Quintus Laberius Durus (whom Geoffrey erroneously names Labienus, confusing him with Titus Labienus).

According to Geoffrey, "everyone whom Nennius struck with the sword either had his head chopped off or else was so wounded as Nennius passed that he had no hope of ever recovering". For the sword, ("Yellow Death") had earned its name because no one escaped death who received a wound from it.

Fifteen days after the battle Nennius died of his head wound, and was buried at London (the "City of the Trinovantes"), near the North Gate. Caesar's sword, Crocea Mors, was buried with him.

Later versions
The Anglo-Norman writer Wace expands on the story of the fight in his book Roman de Brut (1155), in which there is detailed description of the combat. Caesar defeats Nennius, but his sword is stuck in Nennius' shield, and he is forced to retreat when Nennius' friends come to his aid. In this version, the loss of his sword is a humiliation that leads to Caesar's withdrawal and inspires rebellion in France. Wace also embellished details not given by Geoffrey, adding that the name Crocea Mors was "stamped with letters of gold" on the upper part of the sword, next to the hilt.

The account of the event also occurs in the Middle English verse Brut (ca. 1190–1215) by Layamon, which paraphrased Wace's work. The Anglo-Norman French chronicle Scalacronica (c. 1363) by Thomas Grey also contains an account of the Julian invasion, largely derived from Wace, though the relevant text (in the Roman History section) was never published in past extracts; the work calls the sword Crochi Amour ("Crooked Love"), though this may be a scribal error.

The Middle Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd (mid-13th century and later manuscripts) also translates the episode, expanded with Welsh-sourced material. Here Nennius is called Nynniaw or Nynnyau (also by various other spellings). Some versions interpolate the story of Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys and add a fourth brother named Llefelys, as already noted.

According to the Old Norse translation Breta sögur (Hauksbók copy, early 14th cent.), Nennius dies immediately the same night, because the sword had been tainted with poison.

Modern era
In the Tudor period Nennius became a patriotic symbol of British independence. In the poetry collection The Mirror for Magistrates Nennius is portrayed as an "inspirational lesson for future British people to defend their country from foreign invasion". In the Parts Added to The Mirror for Magistrates, Nennius gives speech accusing Caesar of cheating by poisoning the sword-tip to deal him a shallow wound ("scarce he perced had the skin") whose venom nevertheless killed him ("my braynes it ranckle in") in fifteen days time.

Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene Book II (1590) writes that Julius Caesar in slaying Nennius lost his sword which could still be seen,, i.e., the sword was being displayed for viewing during the Elizabethan era. The artifact in question plausibly refers to the alleged sword Nennius took from Caesar, kept in the Tower of London, mentioned in the Anonymi Chronicon Godstovianum (15th cent.).

Nennius also appears in plays in the Jacobean era, notably Jasper Fisher's Fuimus Troes and John Fletcher's Bonduca (c. 1613). In the former he embodies the fighting spirit of the Britons and is given the patriotic opening speech exhorting the people to resist invasion. His funeral games after his fight with Caesar form the climactic point of the play. In the latter he is anachronistically portrayed as a contemporary of Boudica, acting as one of her generals.

title: Nennius of Britain


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Bundesliga

The Bundesliga (lit. 'Federal League'), sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga or '''1. Bundesliga''', is a professional association football league in Germany. At the top of the German football league system, the Bundesliga is Germany's primary football competition. The Bundesliga comprises 18 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the 2. Bundesliga. Seasons run from August to May. Games are played on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. All of the Bundesliga clubs take part in the DFB-Pokal cup competition. The winner of the Bundesliga qualifies for the DFL-Supercup.

Fifty-seven clubs have competed in the Bundesliga since its founding. Bayern Munich has won 32 of 61 titles, as well as eleven consecutive seasons between 2013 and 2023, which is a record for a Big Five league. The Bundesliga has also seen other champions, with Borussia Dortmund, Hamburger SV, Werder Bremen, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and VfB Stuttgart most prominent among them. The Bundesliga is one of the top national leagues, ranked fourth in Europe according to UEFA's league coefficient ranking for the current 2024–25 season, based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons. The Bundesliga led the UEFA ranking from 1976 to 1984 and in 1990. It has also produced the continent's top-rated club seven times. Bundesliga clubs have won eight UEFA Champions League, seven UEFA Europa League, four European Cup Winners' Cup, two UEFA Super Cup, two FIFA Club World Cup, and three Intercontinental Cup titles. Its players have accumulated nine Ballon d'Or awards, two The Best FIFA Men's Player awards, five European Golden Shoe, and three UEFA Men's Player of the Year awards including UEFA Club Footballer of the Year.

The Bundesliga is the number one association football league in the world in terms of average attendance; out of all sports, its average of 45,134 fans per game during the 2011–12 season was the second-highest of any sports league in the world after the American National Football League. The Bundesliga is broadcast on television in over 200 countries.

The Bundesliga was founded in 1962 in Dortmund and the first season started in 1963–64. The structure and organisation of the Bundesliga, along with Germany's other football leagues, have undergone frequent changes. The Bundesliga was founded by the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (English: German Football Association), but is now operated by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (English: German Football League).

Structure
The Bundesliga is composed of two divisions: the 1. Bundesliga (although it is rarely referred to with the First prefix), and, below that, the 2. Bundesliga (2nd Bundesliga), which has been the second tier of German football since 1974. The Bundesligen (plural) are professional leagues. Since 2008, the 3. Liga (3rd League) in Germany has also been a professional league, but may not be called Bundesliga because the league is run by the German Football Association (DFB) and not, as are the two Bundesligen, by the German Football League (DFL).

Below the level of the 3. Liga, leagues are generally subdivided on a regional basis. For example, the Regionalligen are currently made up of Nord (North), Nordost (Northeast), Süd (South), Südwest (Southwest) and West divisions. Below this are thirteen parallel divisions, most of which are called Oberligen (upper leagues) which represent federal states or large urban and geographical areas. The levels below the Oberligen differ between the local areas. The league structure has changed frequently and typically reflects the degree of participation in the sport in various parts of the country. In the early 1990s, changes were driven by the reunification of Germany and the subsequent integration of the national league of East Germany.

Every team in the two Bundesligen must have a licence to play in the league, or else they are relegated into the regional leagues. To obtain a licence, teams must be financially healthy and meet certain standards of conduct as organisations.

As in other national leagues, there are significant benefits to being in the top division:
 * A greater share of television broadcast licence revenues goes to 1. Bundesliga sides.
 * 1. Bundesliga teams draw significantly greater levels of fan support. Average attendance in the first league is 42,673 per game—more than twice the average of the 2. Bundesliga.
 * Greater exposure through television and higher attendance levels helps 1. Bundesliga teams attract the most lucrative sponsorships.
 * 1. Bundesliga teams develop substantial financial muscle through the combination of television and gate revenues, sponsorships and marketing of their team brands. This allows them to attract and retain skilled players from domestic and international sources and to construct first-class stadium facilities.

The 1. Bundesliga is financially strong, and the 2. Bundesliga has begun to evolve in a similar direction, becoming more stable organizationally and financially, and reflecting an increasingly higher standard of professional play.

No clubs have played continuously in the Bundesliga since its foundation; on 12 May 2018, Hamburger SV was the last founding club to be relegated for the first time.

In the 2008–09 season, the Bundesliga reinstated an earlier German system of promotion and relegation, which had been in use from 1981 until 1991:
 * The bottom two finishers in the Bundesliga are automatically relegated to the 2. Bundesliga, with the top two finishers in the 2. Bundesliga taking their places.
 * The third-from-bottom club in the Bundesliga will play a two-legged tie with the third-place team from the 2. Bundesliga, with the winner taking up the final place in the following season's Bundesliga.

From 1992 until 2008, a different system was used, in which the bottom three finishers of the Bundesliga were automatically relegated, to be replaced by the top three finishers in the 2. Bundesliga. From 1963 until 1981 two, or later three, teams were relegated from the Bundesliga automatically, while promotion was decided either completely or partially in promotion play-offs.

The season starts in early August and lasts until late May, with a winter break of six weeks (mid-December through to the end of January). Starting with the 2002-03 season, opening matches were introduced to feature defending champions on Friday nights on the first match day. Defending champions have not lost the opening matches since then, winning 16 of the 21 matches (up to the 2022-23 season). Starting with the 2021–22 season, kick off times were changed with Friday matches starting at 8:30 pm, Saturdays at 3:30 pm and 6:30 pm, and Sundays at 3:30 pm, 5:30 pm and 7:30 pm.

Origins
Before the formation of the Bundesliga, German football was played at an amateur level in a large number of sub-regional leagues until, in 1949, part-time (semi-) professionalism was introduced and only five regional Oberligen (Premier Leagues) remained. Regional champions and runners-up played a series of playoff matches for the right to compete in a final game for the national championship. On 28 January 1900, a national association, the Deutscher Fußball Bund (DFB) had been founded in Leipzig with 86 member clubs. The first recognized national championship team was VfB Leipzig, who beat DFC Prague 7–2 in a game played at Altona on 31 May 1903.

Through the 1950s, there were continued calls for the formation of a central professional league, especially as professional leagues in other countries began to draw Germany's best players away from the semi-professional domestic leagues. At the international level, the German game began to falter as German teams often fared poorly against professional teams from other countries. A key supporter of the central league concept was national team head coach Sepp Herberger who said, "If we want to remain competitive internationally, we have to raise our expectations at the national level."

Meanwhile, in East Germany, a separate league was established with the formation of the DS-Oberliga (Deutscher Sportausschuss Oberliga) in 1950. The league was renamed the Football Oberliga DFV in 1958 and was generally referred to simply as the DDR-Liga or DDR-Oberliga. The league fielded 14 teams with two relegation spots.

Foundation

The defeat of the national team by Yugoslavia (0–1) in a 1962 World Cup quarter-final game in Chile was one impetus (of many) towards the formation of a national league. At the annual DFB convention under new DFB president Hermann Gösmann (elected that very day) the Bundesliga was created in Dortmund at the Westfalenhallen on 28 July 1962 to begin play starting with the 1963–64 season.

At the time, there were five Oberligen (premier leagues) in place representing West Germany's North, South, West, Southwest, and Berlin. East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain, maintained its separate league structure. 46 clubs applied for admission to the new league. 16 teams were selected based on their success on the field, economic criteria and representation of the various Oberligen.
 * From Oberliga Nord: Eintracht Braunschweig, Werder Bremen, Hamburger SV
 * From Oberliga West: Borussia Dortmund, 1. FC Köln, Meidericher SV (now MSV Duisburg), Preußen Münster, Schalke 04
 * From Oberliga Südwest: 1. FC Kaiserslautern, 1. FC Saarbrücken
 * From Oberliga Süd: Eintracht Frankfurt, Karlsruher SC, 1. FC Nürnberg, 1860 Munich, VfB Stuttgart
 * From Oberliga Berlin: Hertha BSC

The first Bundesliga games were played on 24 August 1963. Early favorite 1. FC Köln was the first Bundesliga champion with second place clubs Meidericher SV and Eintracht Frankfurt.

Reunification
Following German reunification in 1990, the East German leagues were merged into the West German system. Dynamo Dresden and FC Hansa Rostock were seeded into the top-tier Bundesliga division ahead of the 1991–92 Bundesliga, with other clubs being sorted into lower tiers.

21st century
Gazprom became a major sponsor of Bundesliga football in 2006, with Gerhard Schröder's climb to the top of the company.

Competition format

The German football champion is decided strictly by play in the Bundesliga. Each club plays every other club once at home and once away. Originally, a victory was worth two points, with one point for a draw and none for a loss. Since the 1995–96 season, a victory has been worth three points, while a draw remains worth a single point, and zero points are given for a loss. The club with the most points at the end of the season becomes the German champion. Currently, the top four clubs in the table qualify automatically for the group phase of the UEFA Champions League. The two teams at the bottom of the table are relegated into the 2. Bundesliga, while the top two teams in the 2. Bundesliga are promoted. The 16th-placed team (third-last) in the 1. Bundesliga and the third-placed team in the 2. Bundesliga play a two-leg play-off match. The winner of this match plays the next season in the 1. Bundesliga, and the losing side in the 2. Bundesliga.

If teams are level on points, tie-breakers are applied in the following order:
 * 1) Goal difference for the entire season
 * 2) Total goals scored for the entire season
 * 3) Head-to-head results (total points)
 * 4) Head-to-head goals scored
 * 5) Head-to-head away goals scored
 * 6) Total away goals scored for the entire season

If two clubs are still tied after all of these tie-breakers have been applied, a single match is held at a neutral site to determine the placement. However, this has never been necessary in the history of the Bundesliga.

In terms of team selection, matchday squads must have no more than five non-EU representatives. Nine substitutes are permitted to be selected, from which five can be used in the duration of the game.

Changes in league structure

 * Number of teams:
 * 1963–64 to 1964–65: 16
 * 1965–66 to 1990–91: 18
 * 1991–92: 20, while the East German league was being included after German reunification
 * Since 1992–93: 18
 * Number of teams relegated (automatic relegation except as noted):
 * 1963–64 to 1973–74: 2
 * 1974–75 to 1980–81: 3
 * 1981–82 to 1990–91: 2 automatic plus the 16th-place team in the First Bundesliga played a two-leg relegation match against the third-place team of the Second Bundesliga for the final spot in the First Bundesliga
 * 1991–92: 4
 * 1992–93 to 2007–08: 3
 * Since 2008–09: 2 automatic plus the 16th-place team in the First Bundesliga playing a two-leg relegation match against the third-place team of the Second Bundesliga for the final spot in the First Bundesliga

Qualification for European competitions

 * 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th place: Group stage of UEFA Champions League
 * 5th place: Group stage of UEFA Europa League
 * 6th place: Play-off round of UEFA Europa Conference League
 * Until the 2016–17 season, an additional place in the Europa League could also be granted via the UEFA Fair Play mechanism. This rule was maintained from the UEFA Cup. The last Bundesliga team to gain entry to the UEFA Cup via the fair play rule was Mainz 05 in 2005–06.
 * DFB-Pokal (German Cup) winner: Qualifies for the group stage of Europa League regardless of league position.
 * Until 2015–16, if the Cup winner qualified for the Champions League or Europa League by more than one method, the cup winner's place in the Europa League went to the losing cup finalist if it had not already qualified for European competition, entering the competition a stage earlier than if it had won the Cup. This rule was retained from the Europa League's predecessor, the UEFA Cup. From 2015–16, the runners-up no longer qualified for the Europa League, and the Europa League berth reserved for the DFB-Pokal winners is transferred to the highest finisher below the european qualification places.
 * Prior to 2015–16, the team that benefited from that rule did not necessarily have to be a Bundesliga member. For example, although 2. Bundesliga sides Alemannia Aachen lost to Werder Bremen in the 2004 DFB-Pokal Final, Alemannia secured an entry in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, because Werder qualified for the Champions League as First Bundesliga champions.

The number of German clubs which may participate in UEFA competitions is determined by UEFA coefficients, which takes into account the results of a particular nation's clubs in UEFA competitions over the preceding five years.

 * History of European qualification
 * European Cup/Champions League:
 * Up to and including 1996–97: German champion only.
 * 1997–99: Top two teams; champions automatically into group phase, runners-up entered the qualifying round.
 * 1999–2008: Top two teams automatically into first group phase (only one group phase starting in 2003–04). Depending on the DFB's UEFA coefficients standing, either one or two other clubs (most recently one) entered at the third qualifying round; winners at this level entered the group phase.
 * 2008–11: Top two teams automatically into group phase. Third placed team had to play in the play-off round for the right to play in the group stage.
 * UEFA Cup/Europa League:
 * From 1971–72 to 1998–99, UEFA member nations could send between one and four teams to the UEFA Cup. Germany was always entitled to send at least three teams to the competition and often as many as four. From 1978–79, the number of participants was determined by the DFB's UEFA coefficient standing, prior to this the method for deciding the number of participants is unknown. The best performing teams in the league other than the champion would qualify, although if one of these teams was also winner of the DFB-Pokal then they would enter the Cup Winners' Cup instead and their UEFA Cup place would be taken by the next highest-placed team in the league (5th or 6th place). Briefly in the mid-1970s the DFB decided to allocate the last UEFA Cup place to the DFB-Pokal runner-up instead of a third or fourth team qualified by performance in the league, meaning that at this point the DFB-Pokal qualified two teams for European competition (winners for the Cup Winners' Cup, runners-up for the UEFA Cup). This policy was unique amongst UEFA member associations and was dropped after only a few seasons. Starting with the 1999–2000 season and the abolition of the Cup Winners' Cup (which was then folded into the UEFA Cup), the DFB-Pokal winner now automatically qualified for the UEFA Cup alongside, depending on the DFB's UEFA coefficients standing, between one and three extra participants (if the DFB-Pokal winner also qualified for the Champions League, they were replaced by the DFB-Pokal runner-up; if they were also qualified for the Champions League, the UEFA Cup place went to the next best placed team in the league not otherwise qualified for European competition). Since 1999, the DFB has always been entitled to enter a minimum of three clubs in the UEFA Cup/Europa League, and at times as many as four (the maximum for any European federation). Teams that entered via UEFA's Fair Play mechanism, or those that entered through the now-defunct Intertoto Cup, did not count against the national quota. From 2006 through the final Intertoto Cup in 2008, only one First Bundesliga side was eligible to enter the Intertoto Cup and possibly earn a UEFA Cup berth. For the 2005–06 season, the DFB earned an extra UEFA Cup place via the Fair Play draw; this place went to Mainz 05 as the highest-ranked club in the Fair Play table of the First Bundesliga not already qualified for Europe.
 * Cup Winners' Cup (abolished after 1999):
 * The winner of the DFB-Pokal entered the Cup Winners' Cup, unless that team was also league champion and therefore competing in the European Cup/Champions League, in which case their place in the Cup Winners' Cup was taken by the DFB-Pokal runner-up. Today, the DFB-Pokal winner (if not otherwise qualified for the Champions League) enters the UEFA Europa League.

Clubs
a Founding member of the Bundesliga

b Never been relegated from the Bundesliga

Business model
In the 2009–10 season the Bundesliga's turnover was €1.7bn, broken down into match-day revenue (€424m), sponsorship receipts (€573m) and broadcast income (€594m). That year it was the only European football league where clubs collectively made a profit. Bundesliga clubs paid less than 50% of revenue in players' wages, the lowest percentage out of the European leagues. The Bundesliga has the lowest ticket prices and the highest average attendance among Europe's five major leagues.

Bundesliga clubs tend to form close associations with local firms, several of which have since grown into big global companies; in a comparison of leading Bundesliga and Premiership clubs, Bayern Munich received 55% of its revenue from company sponsorship deals, while Manchester United got 37%.

Bundesliga clubs are required to be majority-owned by German club members (known as the to discourage control by a single entity) and operate under tight restrictions on the use of debt for acquisitions (a team only receives an operating licence if it has solid financials); as a result 11 of the 18 clubs were profitable after the 2008–09 season. By contrast, in the other major European leagues numerous high-profile teams have come under ownership of foreign billionaires and a significant number of clubs have high levels of debt.

Exceptions to the 50+1 rule allow Bayer Leverkusen, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, and VfL Wolfsburg to be owned by corporations or individual investors. In the cases of Bayer Leverkusen and Wolfsburg, the clubs were founded by major corporations (respectively Bayer AG and Volkswagen) as sports clubs for their employees, while Hoffenheim has long received its primary support from SAP co-founder Dietmar Hopp, who played in the club's youth system.

After 2000 the German Football Association and the Bundesliga required every club to run a youth academy with the aim of developing local talent for the club and the national team. As of 2010 the Bundesliga and second Bundesliga spend €75m a year on these youth academies, which train five thousand players aged 12–18. This increased the percentage of under-23-year-olds in the Bundesliga from 6% in 2000 to 15% in 2010. This in turn allows more money to be spent on the smaller number of players that are bought.

In the 2000s, the Bundesliga was regarded as competitive, as five teams won the league title. This contrasted with the English Premier League, then dominated by a "Big Four" (Manchester United, Chelsea, Liverpool, and Arsenal), as well as France's Ligue 1, won seven consecutive years by Lyon. Since then, however, a resurgent Bayern Munich has won each year from 2013 to 2023.

Financial regulations
For a number of years, the clubs in the Bundesliga have been subject to regulations not unlike the UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations agreed upon in September 2009.

At the end of each season, clubs in the Bundesliga must apply to the German Football Federation (DFB) for a licence to participate again the following year; only when the DFB, who have access to all transfer documents and accounts, are satisfied that there is no threat of insolvency do they give approval. The DFB have a system of fines and points deductions for clubs who flout rules, and those who go into the red can only buy a player after selling one for at least the same amount. In addition, no individual is allowed to own more than 49 per cent of any Bundesliga club, the only exceptions being VfL Wolfsburg, Bayer Leverkusen and current Regionalliga Nordost member FC Carl Zeiss Jena should they ever be promoted to the Bundesliga, as they were each founded as factory teams.

Despite the good economic governance, there have still been some instances of clubs getting into difficulties. In 2004, Borussia Dortmund reported a debt of €118.8 million (£83 million). Having won the Champions League in 1997 and a number of Bundesliga titles, Dortmund had gambled on maintaining their success with an expensive group of largely foreign players but failed, narrowly escaping liquidation in 2006. In subsequent years, the club went through extensive restructuring to return to financial health, largely with young home-grown players. In 2004 Hertha BSC reported debts of £24.7 million and were able to continue in the Bundesliga only after proving they had long term credit with their bank.

The leading German club Bayern Munich made a net profit of just €2.5 million in 2008–09 season (group accounts), while Schalke 04 made a net loss of €30.4 million in 2009 financial year. Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co. KGaA, made a net loss of just €2.9 million in 2008–09 season.

Attendances
Based on its per-game average, the Bundesliga is the best-attended association football league in the world; out of all sports, its average of 45,116 fans per game during the 2011–12 season was the second highest of any professional sports league worldwide, behind only the National Football League of the United States. Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club in the world.

Out of Europe's five major football leagues (Premier League, La Liga, Ligue 1, and Serie A ), the Bundesliga has the lowest ticket prices and the highest average attendance. Many club stadia have large terraced areas for standing fans (by comparison, stadia in the English Premier League are all-seaters due to the Taylor Report). Teams limit the number of season tickets to ensure everyone has a chance to see the games live, and the away club has the right to 10% of the available capacity. Match tickets often double as free rail passes which encourages supporters to travel and celebrate in a relaxed atmosphere. According to Bundesliga chief executive Christian Seifert, tickets are inexpensive (especially for standing room) as "It is not in the clubs' culture so much [to raise prices]. They are very fan orientated". Uli Hoeneß, president of Bayern Munich, was quoted as saying "We do not think the fans are like cows to be milked. Football has got to be for everybody."

The spectator figures for league for the last ten seasons:

Domestic
The Bundesliga TV, radio, internet, and mobile broadcast rights are distributed by DFL Sports Enterprises, a subsidiary of the Deutsche Fußball Liga. The Bundesliga broadcast rights are sold along with the broadcast rights to the relegation playoffs, 2. Bundesliga and DFL-Supercup.

From 2017 to 2018 to 2018–19, Bundesliga matches were broadcast on TV in Germany on Sky Deutschland and Eurosport. Prior to the 2019–20 season, Eurosport sublicensed its broadcast rights to sports streaming service DAZN, which will broadcast games previously allocated to Eurosport until the conclusion of the 2020–21 season. Three Friday night matches – the openers of the first and second halves of the season, and on the final matchday before the winter break – are broadcast to all Germans on Sat. 1.

Starting with the 2018–19 season, Sky began arranging simulcasts of high-profile Saturday games on free TV to promote its coverage of the league. The April 2019 Revierderby was broadcast on Das Erste, and two additional games during the 2019–20 season were broadcast on ZDF.

Radio coverage includes the national Konferenz (whip-around coverage) on the stations of ARD and full match coverage on local radio stations.

Global

The Bundesliga is broadcast on TV in over 200 countries. ESPN has held rights in the United States since the beginning of the 2020–21 season. 4 matches per season are reserved for linear television with the rest appearing on ESPN+. In Canada, the Bundesliga is broadcast live on DAZN

In the United Kingdom and in Ireland, the Bundesliga is broadcast live on Sky Sports. In Spain, the Bundesliga is broadcast live on Movistar+.

In 2015, digital TV operator StarTimes acquired exclusive television rights for Sub-Saharan Africa for five years starting from 2015 to 2016 season.

Champions
In total, 13 clubs have won the bundesliga, not including the former German championship titles won before the Bundesliga's inception and those in the East German Oberliga. The record champions are Bayern Munich with 32 titles.

List of champions
The number in parentheses is for Bundesliga titles won.

Performance by club
Clubs in bold currently play in the top division. The German championship winners and DDR-Oberliga winners are not included in table below.

Honours

In 2004, the honour of "Verdiente Meistervereine" (roughly "distinguished champion clubs") was introduced, following a custom first practised in Italy to recognize sides that have won three or more championships since 1963 by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys. Each country's usage is unique, with the following rules applying in Germany:
 * 3 Bundesliga titles: 1 star
 * 5 Bundesliga titles: 2 stars
 * 10 Bundesliga titles: 3 stars
 * 20 Bundesliga titles: 4 stars
 * 30 Bundesliga titles: 5 stars

The former East German side BFC Dynamo laid claim to the three stars of a 10-time champion. The club asked for equal rights and petitioned the DFL and the DFB to have their DDR-Oberliga titles recognized. BFC Dynamo received support from SG Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles. The DFL eventually answered that it was not the responsible body and pointed to the DFB, but the DFB remained silent for long time. BFC Dynamo eventually took matters into their own hands and emblazoned its jerseys with three stars, while a decision was still pending. This caused some debate because the club had been the favorite club of Erich Mielke during the East German era. There were rumours that the ten titles won by the club were also due to alleged manipulation of the game by Erich Mielke, while there is no proof that referees stood under direct instructions from the Stasi and no document has ever been found in the archives that gave the Stasi a mandate to bribe referees. Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been supported by the Stasi and had been advantaged. The club had enjoyed privileged access to talents and access to a permanent training camp at Uckley in Königs Wusterhausen. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation. Additionally, former East German referee and CDU parliamentarian Bernd Heynemann spoke out for recognition of all East German titles. The issue of recognition for titles outside the Bundesliga also affected pre-Bundesliga champions, such as Hertha BSC. The DFB finally decided in November 2005 to allow all former champions to display a single star inscribed with the number of titles, including all German men's titles since 1903, women's titles since 1974 and East German titles.

The DFB format only applies to teams playing below the Bundesliga (below the top two divisions), since the DFL conventions apply in the Bundesliga. Greuther Fürth unofficially display three (silver) stars for pre-war titles in spite of being in the Bundesliga. These stars are a permanent part of their crest. However, Fürth has to leave the stars out of their jersey.

Since June 2010, the following clubs have been officially allowed to wear stars while playing in the Bundesliga. The number in parentheses is for Bundesliga titles won.

 * Star full.svg Star full.svg Star full.svg Star full.svg Star full.svg Bayern Munich (32)
 * Star full.svg Star full.svg Borussia Dortmund (5)
 * Star full.svg Star full.svg Borussia Mönchengladbach (5)
 * Star full.svg Werder Bremen (4)
 * Star full.svg Hamburger SV (3)
 * Star full.svg VfB Stuttgart (3)

In addition, a system of one star designation was adopted for use. This system is intended to take into account not only Bundesliga titles but also other (now defunct) national championships. As of July 2014, the following clubs are allowed to wear one star while playing outside the Bundesliga. The number in parentheses is for total league championships won over the course of German football history, and would be displayed within the star. Some teams listed here had different names while winning their respective championships, these names are also noted in parentheses.

 * Star full.svg Bayern Munich* (33)
 * Star full.svg BFC Dynamo (10)
 * Star full.svg 1. FC Nürnberg** (9)
 * Star full.svg Borussia Dortmund* (8)
 * Star full.svg Dynamo Dresden*** (8)
 * Star full.svg Schalke 04** (7)
 * Star full.svg Hamburger SV** (7) (1921–22, Title declined per DFB)
 * Star full.svg 1. FC Frankfurt (as ASK Vorwärts Berlin and FC Vorwärts Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga) (6)
 * Star full.svg VfB Stuttgart* (5)
 * Star full.svg Borussia Mönchengladbach* (5)
 * Star full.svg Werder Bremen* (4)
 * Star full.svg 1. FC Kaiserslautern** (4)
 * Star full.svg FC Erzgebirge Aue*** (include 1955 DDR-Oberliga unofficial fall championship) (as SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt) (4)
 * Star full.svg FC Carl Zeiss Jena (3)

 * Star full.svg 1. FC Köln* (3)
 * Star full.svg 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (as VfB Leipzig) (3)
 * Star full.svg 1. FC Magdeburg** (3)
 * Star full.svg Greuther Fürth** (3)
 * Star full.svg Hertha BSC** (2)
 * Star full.svg FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin (as Berliner TuFC Viktoria 89)*** (2)
 * Star full.svg FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt (as BSG Turbine Erfurt and SC Turbine Erfurt in the DDR-Oberliga) (2)
 * Star full.svg Dresdner SC (2)
 * Star full.svg BSG Chemie Leipzig (as BSG Chemie Leipzig in the DDR-Oberliga) (2)
 * Star full.svg Hannover 96** (2)
 * Star full.svg FSV Zwickau*** (as ZSG Horch Zwickau in the DDR-Oberliga) (2)
 * Star full.svg Turbine Halle (as BSG Turbine Halle in the DDR-Oberliga) (2)
 * Star full.svg Hansa Rostock** (in the DDR-Oberliga) (1)

 * Star full.svg Karlsruher FV (1)
 * Star full.svg Holstein Kiel** (1)
 * Star full.svg 1860 Munich*** (1)
 * Star full.svg Blau Weiss Berlin (as SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin) (1)
 * Star full.svg Karlsruher SC** (1)
 * Star full.svg Fortuna Düsseldorf** (1)
 * Star full.svg Eintracht Frankfurt* (1)
 * Star full.svg VfL Wolfsburg* (1)
 * Star full.svg Bayer Leverkusen* (1)
 * Star full.svg Chemnitzer FC (as FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the DDR-Oberliga) (1)
 * Star full.svg Freiburger FC (1)
 * Star full.svg VfR Mannheim (1)
 * Star full.svg Rot-Weiss Essen*** (1)
 * Star full.svg Eintracht Braunschweig** (1)

* currently member of 1. Bundesliga

** currently member of 2. Bundesliga

*** currently member of 3. Liga

Logo history
For the first time in 1996, the Bundesliga was given its own logo to distinguish itself. Six years later, the logo was revamped into a portrait orientation, which was used until 2010. A new logo was announced for the 2010–11 season in order to modernise the brand logo for all media platforms. To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Bundesliga, a special logo was developed for the 2012–13 season, featuring a "50" and "1963–2013". Following the season, the 2010 logo was restored. In December 2016, it was announced that a new logo would be used for the 2017–18 season, modified slightly for digitisation requirements, featuring a matte look.

Influence and criticism
The Dutch football schools, which existed and developed the Netherlands into one of Europe and the world's major football forces, have been strongly influenced and galvanised with German football philosophy, in particular by experiences of Dutch players and managers in Bundesliga. Former England international Owen Hargreaves hailed the Bundesliga alongside Pep Guardiola for its positive impact on nurturing young talents, noting that the Bundesliga is the best league in the world to promote young footballers. Many young English talents have sought refuge in Germany in order to regain fitness and football skills. Outside Europe, the J.League of Japan, which was founded in 1992, was strongly influenced by the philosophy of the Bundesliga. Since then, the J.League has managed to establish itself as one of the best football leagues in Asia, in which it shares a beneficial relationship with its German exemplar.

The Bundesliga has earned praise for its reputation on good financial management and the physical fitness of players.

The Bundesliga outperformed the English Premier League in 2017 in online influence in China, having been accredited for its open embrace of live-streaming and fast-forward visions.

The Bundesliga has at times been criticised for a perceived lack of competitiveness due to the continued dominance of FC Bayern Munich. The club has won a record 32 titles (of 59 available) in the modern Bundesliga era since 1963; a greater level of success than that of all their rivals combined. Indeed, the Bavarian club won 11 consecutive titles between the 2012–13 season and the 2022–23 season. Former Germany international Stefan Effenberg has suggested that the league be restructured in order to end Bayern's dominance.

Top scorers

Boldface indicates a player still active in the Bundesliga.

title: Bundesliga


text:
Lunenburg, Arkansas

Lunenburg is a small unincorporated community in Izard County, Arkansas, United States. It lies between Guion and Melbourne.

title: Lunenburg, Arkansas


text:
Bronwen Wallace

Bronwen Wallace (26 May 1945 – 25 August 1989) was a Canadian poet and short story writer.

Life and career
Wallace was born in Kingston, Ontario. She attended Queen's University, Kingston (B.A. 1967, M.A. 1969). In 1970, she moved to Windsor, Ontario, where she founded a women's bookstore and became active in working class and women's activist groups. In 1977, she returned to Kingston, where she worked at a women's shelter and taught at St. Lawrence College and Queen's. She wrote a weekly column for the Kingston Whig-Standard. In 1988, she was writer-in-residence at the University of Western Ontario.

Her collections testify to her social activism involving women's rights, civil rights, and social policy. A primary focus of her work was violence against women and children.

In a series of letters published in 1994 as Two Women Talking: Correspondence 1985-1987, Wallace and poet Erín Moure discuss feminist theory. Mouré defends the language philosophers (particularly Wittgenstein) who demonstrate that our speech, and the concepts expressible in language, governs our knowledge and actions. However, Wallace disagreed that language-centred writing rescues women from the patriarchy, claiming that it can be easily co-opted by patriarchs. Society's use of politically correct language, she notes in the book, bears this out. Wallace believed that by engaging her readers in the issues of violence, she could provoke change in the reader and hence in society.

Wallace died of cancer in 1989. Her first and only published collection of short stories, People You'd Trust Your Life To, was published posthumously by McClelland & Stewart in 1990.

The RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers, founded by friends of the poet and the Writers' Trust of Canada, was originally an annual prize given to a young and promising poet or fiction writer who is under the age of 35 and unpublished in book form. In 2021, in response to feedback from the publishing industry and a drafted open letter by MFA candidate and editor Jade Wallace, the RBC Bronwen Wallace for Emerging Writers opened eligibility to poetry and short-fiction submissions from writers of all ages unpublished in book form.

Awards and honours
In 1984, Wallace won the Pat Lowther Memorial Award for her poetry collection, Signs of the Former Tenant.

Poetry

 * Marrying into the Family − 1980
 * Signs of the Former Tenant − 1983
 * Common Magic − 1985
 * The Stubborn Particulars of Grace − 1987
 * Keep That Candle Burning Bright and Other Poems − 1991
 * Collected Poems of Bronwen Wallace − 2020

Short stories

 * People You'd Trust Your Life To – 1990

Essays

 * Arguments with the World – 1992, includes the essay "Humans and Other Animals"

Letters

 * Two Women Talking: Correspondence 1985–1987 – 1994 (with Erín Moure)

title: Bronwen Wallace


text:
John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory

John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory (1719 – 23 September 1758) was an Anglo-Irish nobleman who lived in County Cork, Ireland.

Biography
He was the son of Richard FitzPatrick, 1st Baron Gowran, and Anne ( Robinson) and educated at Queen's College, Oxford.

He succeeded his father as 2nd Baron Gowran in 1727 and his mother to the estates of Farmingwoods (now Fermyn Woods), Northamptonshire and Ampthill, Bedfordshire in 1744. He was created Earl of Upper Ossory in the Irish peerage on 5 October 1751. He was MP for Bedfordshire from 1753 to 1758.

He married Lady Evelyn Leveson-Gower, daughter of the 1st Earl Gower, on 29 June 1744. They had four children:
 * John FitzPatrick, Lord Gowran, later 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory (1745–1818)
 * The Hon. Richard FitzPatrick (24 January 1748 – 25 April 1813)
 * The Lady Mary FitzPatrick (bef. 1751 – 6 October 1778), married the 2nd Baron Holland and had issue.
 * The Lady Louisa FitzPatrick (1755 – 7 August 1789), married the 2nd Earl of Shelburne (later the 1st Marquess of Lansdowne) and had issue including Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne.