text:
Paul Murry

Paul Murry (November 25, 1911 – August 4, 1989) was an American cartoonist and comics artist. He is best known for his Disney comics, which appeared in Dell Comics and Gold Key Comics from 1946 to 1984, particularly the Mickey Mouse and Goofy three-part adventure stories in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories.

Biography
Like many Disney comic book artists, Murry started his career working at the Walt Disney Studios. During his time there he was an assistant to legendary animator Fred Moore.

Starting in 1943, Murry worked on Disney newspaper strips, beginning with several installments of the Sunday-only José Carioca strip. This was followed by a number of episodes in the 1944-1945 Panchito strip, which replaced José Carioca's, as well as some Mickey Mouse strips in 1945. Murry then provided pencil art for the Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit strip from the first installment on October 14, 1945 through July 14, 1946.

After leaving the studio in 1946, he began to work for Western Publishing doing stories featuring the Disney characters. Dell Four Color No. 129 (1946) featuring three Uncle Remus stories penciled by Murry was the first comic book containing his artwork.

Murry drew many Disney characters, including Donald Duck, Uncle Scrooge, Brer Rabbit, The Sleuth, and others. The Phantom Blot and Super Goof comic books contained many Murry stories. Besides Disney, Murry also drew Woody Woodpecker comics, the 1951–53 Buck O'Rue comic strip (written by Dick Huemer), and gag cartoons.

He is best known for his rendition of Mickey Mouse, especially the Mickey/Goofy adventure stories, mostly in Mickey Mouse, and three-part serials in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories. Murry's first published Mickey Mouse story was "Mickey Mouse and the Monster Whale," in Vacation Parade #1 (July 1950). Murry next wrote a couple of Mickey Mouse stories for Dell's One-Shots: "The Mystery of the Double-Cross Ranch" in issue #313 (February 1951) and "The Ruby Eye of Homar-Guy-Am" in #343 (August 1951).

Murry and writer Carl Fallberg began their run of Mickey Mouse and Goofy serials in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories with "The Last Resort", in issues #152–154 (May–July 1953). Murry and Fallberg continued to produce 3-part Mickey/Goofy adventures consistently from 1953 to 1962, and then occasionally from 1963 to 1972. When Fallberg moved on, Murry continued to draw single-part Mickey/Goofy adventures for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories and Mickey Mouse until 1984, retiring after more than 30 years of producing these stories. Murry died five years later, in 1989.

Reprints
In 2018 Fantagraphics Books began publishing a hardcover series titled Disney Masters, in which Paul Murry has some of his Disney work (mainly on Mickey Mouse) reprinted.
 * Mickey Mouse: The Case of the Vanishing Bandit (2018) ISBN
 * Mickey Mouse: The Pirates of Tabasco Bay (2019) ISBN
 * Mickey Mouse: The Sunken City (2020) ISBN
 * Mickey Mouse: New Adventures of the Phantom Blot (2021) ISBN
 * Mickey Mouse: The Monster of Sawtooth Mountain (2022) ISBN

In 2019 The Library of American Comics released the fourth volume of Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics, ISBN, in which the complete Silly Symphony comic strips José Carioca and Panchito, both pencilled by Murry, were included.

title: Paul Murry


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Kelsang Gyatso

Geshe Kelsang Gyatso (4 June 1931 – 17 September 2022) was a Buddhist monk, meditation teacher, scholar, and author. He was the founder and spiritual director of the New Kadampa Tradition-International Kadampa Buddhist Union (NKT-IKBU), a registered non-profit, modern Buddhist organization that came out of the Gelugpa school/lineage. They have 1,300 centres around the world, including temples, city temples and retreat centres that offer an accessible approach to ancient wisdom.

Life and education in Tibet
Geshe Kelsang Gyatso was born on july 19th, 1931, in Yangcho Tang, Western Tibet and named Lobsang Chuponpa. At eight years old, he joined Ngamring Jampa Ling Monastery where he was ordained as a novice monk and given the monastic name "Kelsang Gyatso" meaning "Ocean of Good Fortune". He "went on to study at Sera, one of the great monasteries of Tibet’s dominant Gelug school. He was trained in the traditional method of intense scholastic study and debate, and he studied for a geshe degree, an advanced distinction in Buddhist scholarship."

Leaving Tibet and life in India
After escaping to India via Nepal during the Tibetan exodus in 1959, Kelsang Gyatso stayed at the monastic study centre established at Buxa Fort in West Bengal, India. All he brought with him were two Buddhist scriptures — Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life and a text by Je Tsongkhapa. In 1971, the Indian Government donated large tracts of land in South India to the community in exile, where separate monasteries were established. At this time, Kelsang Gyatso left the monastery at Buxa for Mussoorie (a hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand) where he taught and engaged in intensive meditation retreat for sixteen years. At that time Kelsang Gyatso was, as David Kay puts it, "by all accounts, a very well respected scholar and meditator" within the Tibetan exile community. He spent much of his time in India in retreat: "over the next two decades he spent long periods in retreat in the Himalayan foothills."

Journey to the West
In 1976, at the suggestion of the Dalai Lama, Kelsang Gyatso was invited by Lama Thubten Yeshe through their mutual spiritual guide Trijang Rinpoche to become the resident teacher at the main FPMT center, Manjushri Institute in Ulverston, Cumbria in England. In 1991, following a three-year retreat in Tharpaland, Dumfries, he founded the NKT-IKBU. He retired as General Spiritual Director of the NKT-IKBU in August 2009 but continued to write books and practice materials.

Lama Yeshe's decision to invite his former classmate to be Resident Teacher at the FPMT's Manjushri Institute in England was advised by the Dalai Lama. He arrived in August 1977 and gave his first teaching on Lamrim on September 10.

Under Kelsang Gyatso's spiritual direction, Manjushri Institute "became a thriving training and retreat center." Kelsang Gyatso taught the General Program at Manjushri from 1977 to 1987. At that time, the Geshe studies programme was taught by Jampa Tekchok and then Konchog Tsewang (1982–1990). (In 1990 the Geshe Studies Programme at Manjushri Institute was cancelled, as it had been in most of the other FPMT Centres where it had been established. )

On October 13, 1983, Kelsang Gyatso became a naturalized British citizen.

Establishing Buddhist centres
In 1979, Kelsang Gyatso opened a Buddhist teaching centre (Madhyamaka Centre in Yorkshire) under the spiritual direction of his teacher H.E. Trijang Rinpoche. Geshe Kelsang Gyatso was given permission to update the presentation of the dharma (teachings of Buddhism) to be clear and accessible to western students.

In 1987, Kelsang Gyatso entered a 3-year retreat at Tharpaland International Retreat Centre in Dumfries, Scotland. During his retreat, he wrote five books and established the foundations of the NKT-IKBU. After completing his retreat in the early months of 1991, Kelsang Gyatso announced the creation of the NKT-IKBU, an event which was celebrated by his students in the NKT-IKBU magazine Full Moon as "a wonderful development in the history of the Buddhadharma." Since that time, the NKT-IKBU has grown to comprise 1,300 centres worldwide, most principally study and meditation centers, some principally retreat centers, and six traditional-style Temples for World Peace.

Kelsang Gyatso's teachings have a practical emphasis on teachings based on Lamrim, Lojong and Mahamudra.

Waterhouse commented that, "He teaches in English with a strong Tibetan accent. He is an endearing character to look at; petite with slightly downcast eyes which look about him as he walks or teaches his devoted students." Spanswick observes that, "many of those who hear him speak are struck by his wisdom and sincerity."

At the heart of the NKT-IKBU are its three study programs: the General Program, the Foundation Program, and the Teacher Training Program.

According to the NKT-IKBU, it "seeks not to offer a westernized form of Buddhism, but rather to make traditional Gelugpa Buddhism accessible to westerners." To achieve this, Kelsang Gyatso taught himself English.

Emphasis on lineage
Kay says that NKT-IKBU practitioners practice their tradition exclusively, "eschewing eclecticism." Kelsang Gyatso's "conservative and traditional presentation of Buddhism" is appealing to Westerners who "wish for a meaningful alternative to spiritual pluralism." According to Kelsang Gyatso in Understanding the Mind:

"Every Teacher and every tradition has a slightly different approach and employs different methods. The practices taught by one Teacher will differ from those taught by another, and if we try to combine them we shall become confused, develop doubts, and lose direction. If we try to create a synthesis of different traditions we shall destroy the special power of each and be left only with a mishmash of our own making that will be a source of confusion and doubt."

Therefore, Kelsang Gyatso taught in Great Treasury of Merit that the most effective way to progress spiritually is by "following one tradition purely — relying upon one Teacher, practicing only his teachings, and following his Dharma Protector. If we mix traditions many obstacles arise and it takes a long time for us to attain realizations."

Geshe Kelsang was known as an exponent of Dorje Shugden practices, which brought him into conflict with the Tibetan political establishment.". In 1996 he was accused of flagrant defamation of the Dalai Lama, which led to his expulsion from Sera Je Monastic University in India.

Ordination of Westerners
The new Kadampa tradition provides a modern supportive environment for those who sincerely wish to take their devotion to Buddhism deeper by becoming ordained.

Development of Western Dharma teachers
Kelsang Gyatso founded the New Kadampa Tradition "to bring pure Buddhist teachings to the west," where he would train equally four types of teacher: monks, nuns, lay men and lay women. NKT-IKBU Dharma Centres are mixed communities of lay and ordained practitioners who are all on the same teaching programs. He also promoted the development of local teachers in their own language. This is a departure from most Tibetan Buddhist Centres where monastics take precedence over lay people, monks take precedence over nuns, and Tibetans take precedence over Westerners.

In a teaching called Training as a Qualified Dharma Teacher, Kelsang Gyatso explained where the teachers of the NKT-IKBU come from:

"We need qualified Teachers. The New Kadampa Tradition cannot buy qualified Teachers, nor can we invite them from outside. We need Teachers who can teach the twelve texts that we have chosen as our objects of study in the Teacher Training Programme and the Foundation Programme. Other Teachers cannot teach these books because they have not studied them and they do not have the transmissions. Therefore, qualified Teachers within the New Kadampa Tradition can come only from our own students."

Retirement
In August 2009, he voluntarily stepped down as General Spiritual Director of the NKT-IKBU, in a democratic system of succession that he established in the NKT-IKBU's "Internal Rules".

Kelsang Gyatso engaged in meditation retreat and continued to write Dharma books to preserve and promote the Kadampa Buddhism of Je Tsongkhapa, in accordance with the instructions of Trijang Rinpoche. According to Richard Spanswick, "Since taking up residence at Conishead Priory, Kelsang has been working to produce a complete set of instructions for westerners wishing to set out on the path to enlightenment." Continuing this task, a new book entitled Modern Buddhism: The Path of Wisdom and Compassion was released in January 2010, and its oral transmission was given by Kelsang Gyatso at the Fall 2010 NKT-IKBU Festival.

Kelsang Gyatso did not made any public appearances between October 2013 and his death in September 2022. The NKT stated he was "in strict retreat".

Death
On 19 September 2022, the NKT announced the death of Venerable Geshe Kelsang Gyatso Rinpoche (which occurred two days before) via their website and social media. Their statement reads:

"'On September 17 our most precious Spiritual Guide Venerable Geshe Kelsang Gyatso Rinpoche showed the manner of passing peacefully into the clear light.'"

The community of Kechara Forest Retreat and visiting sangha from Shar Gaden, Serpom, Phelgyeling and Segyu monasteries offered a Lama Chopa puja and many candle offerings dedicated for Ven. Geshe-la's swift return: "Having established the New Kadampa Tradition, Ven. Geshe Kelsang Gyatso was the spiritual father to tens of thousands around the world. A true Kadampa master, Geshe-la dedicated his entire life to upholding the pure traditions of Je Tsongkhapa and Dorje Shugden, and his contribution to the lineage was unparalleled in recent times."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kelsang Gyatso


text:
Ismay

Ismay may refer to:

People

 * Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, British soldier and Chief of Staff during World War II
 * J. Bruce Ismay, managing director of the White Star Line and survivor of the Titanic disaster
 * Thomas Henry Ismay, father of Bruce, and founder of White Star Line
 * Stanley Ismay, British civil servant and judge in British India

Places

 * The town of Ismay, Montana

title: Ismay


text:
Picard–Lindelöf theorem

In mathematics, specifically the study of differential equations, the Picard–Lindelöf theorem gives a set of conditions under which an initial value problem has a unique solution. It is also known as Picard's existence theorem, the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem, or the existence and uniqueness theorem.

The theorem is named after Émile Picard, Ernst Lindelöf, Rudolf Lipschitz and Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Theorem
Let $$D \subseteq \R \times \R^n$$ be a closed rectangle with $$(t_0, y_0) \in \operatorname{int} D$$, the interior of $$D$$. Let $$f: D \to \R^n$$ be a function that is continuous in $$t$$ and Lipschitz continuous in $$y$$ (with Lipschitz constant independent from $$t$$). Then, there exists some $ε > 0$ such that the initial value problem

$$y'(t)=f(t,y(t)),\qquad y(t_0)=y_0.$$

has a unique solution $$y(t)$$ on the interval $$[t_0-\varepsilon, t_0+\varepsilon]$$.

Proof sketch
The proof relies on transforming the differential equation, and applying the Banach fixed-point theorem. By integrating both sides, any function satisfying the differential equation must also satisfy the integral equation

 * $$y(t) - y(t_0) = \int_{t_0}^t f(s,y(s)) \, ds.$$

A simple proof of existence of the solution is obtained by successive approximations. In this context, the method is known as Picard iteration.

Set
 * $$\varphi_0(t)=y_0$$

and
 * $$\varphi_{k+1}(t)=y_0+\int_{t_0}^t f(s,\varphi_k(s))\,ds.$$

It can then be shown, by using the Banach fixed-point theorem, that the sequence of "Picard iterates" $φ_{k}$ is convergent and that the limit is a solution to the problem. An application of Grönwall's lemma to $|φ(t) − ψ(t)|$, where $φ$ and $ψ$ are two solutions, shows that $φ(t) = ψ(t)$, thus proving the global uniqueness (the local uniqueness is a consequence of the uniqueness of the Banach fixed point).

See Newton's method of successive approximation for instruction.

Example of Picard iteration
Let $$y(t)=\tan(t),$$ the solution to the equation $$y'(t)=1+y(t)^2$$ with initial condition $$y(t_0)=y_0=0,t_0=0.$$ Starting with $$\varphi_0(t)=0,$$ we iterate

 * $$\varphi_{k+1}(t)=\int_0^t (1+(\varphi_k(s))^2)\,ds$$

so that $$ \varphi_n(t) \to y(t)$$:

 * $$\varphi_1(t)=\int_0^t (1+0^2)\,ds = t$$

 * $$\varphi_2(t)=\int_0^t (1+s^2)\,ds = t + \frac{t^3}{3}$$

 * $$\varphi_3(t)=\int_0^t \left(1+\left(s + \frac{s^3}{3}\right)^2\right)\,ds = t + \frac{t^3}{3} + \frac{2t^5}{15} + \frac{t^7}{63}$$

and so on. Evidently, the functions are computing the Taylor series expansion of our known solution $$y=\tan(t).$$ Since $$\tan$$ has poles at $$\pm\tfrac{\pi}{2},$$ this converges toward a local solution only for $$|t|<\tfrac{\pi}{ 2},$$ not on all of $$\R$$.

Example of non-uniqueness
To understand uniqueness of solutions, consider the following examples. A differential equation can possess a stationary point. For example, for the equation $dy⁄dt = ay$ ($$a<0$$), the stationary solution is $y(t) = 0$, which is obtained for the initial condition $y(0) = 0$. Beginning with another initial condition $y(0) = y_{0} ≠ 0$, the solution y(t) tends toward the stationary point, but reaches it only at the limit of infinite time, so the uniqueness of solutions (over all finite times) is guaranteed.

However, for an equation in which the stationary solution is reached after a finite time, the uniqueness fails. This happens for example for the equation $dy⁄dt = ay^{ 2⁄3}$, which has at least two solutions corresponding to the initial condition $y(0) = 0$ such as: $y(t) = 0$ or

 * $$y(t)=\begin{cases} \left (\tfrac{at}{3} \right )^{3} & t<0\\ \ \ \ \ 0 & t \ge 0, \end{cases}$$

so the previous state of the system is not uniquely determined by its state after t = 0. The uniqueness theorem does not apply because the function $ f (y) = y^{ 2⁄3}$ has an infinite slope at $y = 0$ and therefore is not Lipschitz continuous, violating the hypothesis of the theorem.

Detailed proof
Let

 * $$C_{a,b}=\overline{I_a(t_0)}\times\overline{B_b(y_0)}$$

where:

 * $$\begin{align}

\overline{I_a(t_0)}&=[t_0-a,t_0+a] \\ \overline{B_b(y_0)}&=[y_0-b,y_0+b]. \end{align}$$

This is the compact cylinder where  $f$  is defined. Let

 * $$M = \sup_{C_{a,b}}\|f\|,$$

this is, the supremum of (the absolute values of) the slopes of the function. Finally, let L be the Lipschitz constant of $ f $ with respect to the second variable.

We will proceed to apply the Banach fixed-point theorem using the metric on $$\mathcal{C}(I_{a}(t_0),B_b(y_0))$$ induced by the uniform norm

 * $$\| \varphi \|_\infty = \sup_{t \in I_a} | \varphi(t)|.$$

We define an operator between two function spaces of continuous functions, Picard's operator, as follows:

 * $$\Gamma:\mathcal{C}(I_{a}(t_0),B_b(y_0)) \longrightarrow \mathcal{C}(I_{a}(t_0),B_b(y_0))$$

defined by:

 * $$\Gamma \varphi(t) = y_0 + \int_{t_0}^{t} f(s,\varphi(s)) \, ds.$$

We must show that this operator maps a complete non-empty metric space X into itself and also is a contraction mapping.

We first show that, given certain restrictions on $$a$$, $$\Gamma$$ takes $$\overline{B_b(y_0)}$$ into itself in the space of continuous functions with the uniform norm. Here, $$\overline{B_b(y_0)}$$ is a closed ball in the space of continuous (and bounded) functions "centered" at the constant function $$y_0$$. Hence we need to show that

 * $$\| \varphi -y_0 \|_\infty \le b$$

implies
 * $$\left\| \Gamma\varphi(t)-y_0 \right\| = \left\|\int_{t_0}^t f(s,\varphi(s))\, ds \right\| \leq \int_{t_0}^{t'} \left\|f(s,\varphi(s))\right\| ds \leq \int_{t_0}^{t'} M\, ds = M \left|t'-t_0 \right| \leq M a \leq b$$

where $$t'$$ is some number in $$[t_0-a, t_0 +a]$$ where the maximum is achieved. The last inequality in the chain is true if we impose the requirement $$a < \frac{b}{M}$$.

Now let's prove that this operator is a contraction mapping.

Given two functions $$\varphi_1,\varphi_2\in\mathcal{C}(I_{a}(t_0),B_b(y_0))$$, in order to apply the Banach fixed-point theorem we require

 * $$ \left \| \Gamma \varphi_1 - \Gamma \varphi_2 \right\|_\infty \le q \left\| \varphi_1 - \varphi_2 \right\|_\infty,$$

for some $$0 \leq q < 1$$. So let $$t$$ be such that

 * $$\| \Gamma \varphi_1 - \Gamma \varphi_2 \|_\infty = \left\| \left(\Gamma\varphi_1 - \Gamma\varphi_2 \right)(t) \right\|.$$

Then using the definition of $$\Gamma$$,

 * $$\begin{align}

\left\|\left(\Gamma\varphi_1 - \Gamma\varphi_2 \right)(t) \right\| &= \left\|\int_{t_0}^t \left( f(s,\varphi_1(s))-f(s,\varphi_2(s)) \right)ds \right\|\\ &\leq \int_{t_0}^t \left\|f \left(s,\varphi_1(s)\right)-f\left(s,\varphi_2(s) \right) \right\| ds \\ &\leq L \int_{t_0}^t \left\|\varphi_1(s)-\varphi_2(s) \right\|ds && \text{since } f \text{ is Lipschitz-continuous} \\ &\leq L \int_{t_0}^t \left\|\varphi_1-\varphi_2 \right\|_\infty \,ds \\ &\leq La \left\|\varphi_1-\varphi_2 \right\|_\infty \end{align}$$

This is a contraction if $$a < \tfrac{1}{L}.$$

We have established that the Picard's operator is a contraction on the Banach spaces with the metric induced by the uniform norm. This allows us to apply the Banach fixed-point theorem to conclude that the operator has a unique fixed point. In particular, there is a unique function

 * $$\varphi\in \mathcal{C}(I_a (t_0),B_b(y_0))$$

such that $Γφ = φ$. This function is the unique solution of the initial value problem, valid on the interval Ia where a satisfies the condition

 * $$a < \min \left \{ \tfrac{b}{M}, \tfrac{1}{L} \right \}.$$

Optimization of the solution's interval
We wish to remove the dependence of the interval Ia on L. To this end, there is a corollary of the Banach fixed-point theorem: if an operator Tn is a contraction for some n in N, then T has a unique fixed point. Before applying this theorem to the Picard operator, recall the following:

$$

Proof. Induction on m. For the base of the induction ($m = 1$) we have already seen this, so suppose the inequality holds for $m − 1$, then we have: $$\begin{align} \left \| \Gamma^m \varphi_1(t) - \Gamma^m\varphi_2(t) \right \| &= \left \|\Gamma\Gamma^{m-1} \varphi_1(t) - \Gamma\Gamma^{m-1}\varphi_2(t) \right \| \\ &\leq \left| \int_{t_0}^t \left \| f \left (s,\Gamma^{m-1}\varphi_1(s) \right )-f \left (s,\Gamma^{m-1}\varphi_2(s) \right )\right \| ds \right| \\ &\leq L \left| \int_{t_0}^t \left \|\Gamma^{m-1}\varphi_1(s)-\Gamma^{m-1}\varphi_2(s)\right \| ds\right| \\ &\leq L \left| \int_{t_0}^t \frac{L^{m-1}|s-t_0|^{m-1}}{(m-1)!}  \left \| \varphi_1-\varphi_2\right \| ds\right| \\ &\leq \frac{L^m |t-t_0|^m }{m!} \left \|\varphi_1 - \varphi_2 \right \|. \end{align}$$

By taking a supremum over $$ t \in [t_0 - \alpha, t_0 + \alpha] $$ we see that $$\left \| \Gamma^m \varphi_1 - \Gamma^m\varphi_2 \right \| \leq \frac{L^m\alpha^m}{m!}\left \|\varphi_1-\varphi_2\right \|$$.

This inequality assures that for some large m, $$\frac{L^m\alpha^m}{m!}<1,$$ and hence Γm will be a contraction. So by the previous corollary Γ will have a unique fixed point. Finally, we have been able to optimize the interval of the solution by taking $α = min{a, b⁄M}$.

In the end, this result shows the interval of definition of the solution does not depend on the Lipschitz constant of the field, but only on the interval of definition of the field and its maximum absolute value.

Other existence theorems
The Picard–Lindelöf theorem shows that the solution exists and that it is unique. The Peano existence theorem shows only existence, not uniqueness, but it assumes only that $ f $ is continuous in $y$, instead of Lipschitz continuous. For example, the right-hand side of the equation $dy⁄dt = y^{ 1⁄3}$ with initial condition y(0) = 0 is continuous but not Lipschitz continuous. Indeed, rather than being unique, this equation has at least three solutions:

 * $$y(t) = 0, \qquad y(t) = \pm\left (\tfrac23 t\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}$$.

Even more general is Carathéodory's existence theorem, which proves existence (in a more general sense) under weaker conditions on $ f $. Although these conditions are only sufficient, there also exist necessary and sufficient conditions for the solution of an initial value problem to be unique, such as Okamura's theorem.

Global existence of solution
The Picard–Lindelöf theorem ensures that solutions to initial value problems exist uniquely within a local interval $$[t_0-\varepsilon, t_0+\varepsilon]$$, possibly dependent on each solution. The behavior of solutions beyond this local interval can vary depending on the properties of $ f $ and the domain over which $ f $ is defined. For instance, if $ f $ is globally Lipschitz, then the local interval of existence of each solution can be extended to the entire real line and all the solutions are defined over the entire R.

If $ f $ is only locally Lipschitz, some solutions may not be defined for certain values of t, even if $ f $ is smooth. For instance, the differential equation $dy⁄dt = y^{ 2}$ with initial condition y(0) = 1 has the solution y(t) = 1/(1-t), which is not defined at t = 1. Nevertheless, if $ f $ is a differentiable function defined over a compact subset of Rn, then the initial value problem has a unique solution defined over the entire R. Similar result exists in differential geometry: if $ f $ is a differentiable vector field defined over a domain which is a compact smooth manifold, then all its trajectories (integral curves) exist for all time.

title: Picard–Lindelöf theorem


text: User talk:152.163.252.200

title: User talk:152.163.252.200


text:
Roman Catholic bishop of Honolulu

The Roman Catholic Bishop of Honolulu is the diocesan bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Honolulu in the United States, the Latin Church ecclesiastical territory over the entire state of Hawaii and the unincorporated Hawaiian Islands. The Honolulu diocese is a suffragan see in the ecclesiastical province administered by the metropolitan Archbishop of San Francisco. The Bishop of Honolulu is a member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. He has two ecclesiastical seats: the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus, both located in the City of Honolulu.

Previous to the canonical elevation of the Diocese of Honolulu, a single priest led what was the Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands. The prefecture apostolic was later incorporated into another ecclesiastical territory, led by a bishop serving as Vicariate Apostolic of Oriental Oceania. The prefecture was later elevated to a vicariate apostolic. The phrase "Sandwich Islands" was later deleted and replaced by "Hawaiian Islands". Five bishops have led the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands. All bishops were members of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.

Five diocesan bishops have served the Diocese of Honolulu. On May 17, 2005 Pope Benedict XVI appointed the fifth bishop of Honolulu Msgr. Clarence Silva, who was consecrated and installed on July 21, 2005.

Church organization
Under civil laws, the Bishop of Honolulu acts as president of the Roman Catholic Church in Hawaii as corporation sole. He oversees several agencies and departments that include but are not limited to: Augustine Educational Foundation, Catholic Campus Ministry, Catholic Charities, Department of Religious Education, Ethnic Ministry, Office of Worship, Eastern Catholic Vicariate, Saint Stephen Diocesan Center, Social Ministry, Diocesan Tribunal. He is also the publisher of the Hawai‘i Catholic Herald newspaper.

Efficient administration necessitated the creation of several vicariates served by vicars forane directly subordinate to the Bishop of Honolulu. The vicariates forane are: West Honolulu Vicariate, East Honolulu Vicariate, Windward O‘ahu Vicariate, Leeward O‘ahu Vicariate, Maui Vicariate, West Hawai‘i Vicariate, East Hawai‘i Vicariate and Kaua‘i Vicariate. A separate vicariate was created for ethnic communities and persons belonging to any of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Within each vicariate are the individual parish churches, each led by pastors.

Interment
All those who served as Vicar Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands or Bishop of Honolulu are buried in the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery, with the exception of Bishop Louis Maigret, Bishop James Sweeney, Bishop John Joseph Scanlan and Bishop Joseph Anthony Ferrario. Bishops Maigret and Scanlan were buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace. Bishop Sweeney was buried in his family crypt in Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. The location of the remains of the Vicar Apostolic of Oriental Oceania, Bishop Etienne Jerome Rouchouze are unknown. He is believed to have died at sea in a shipwreck. The remains of the only Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, Msgr. Alexis Bachelot, SS.CC. are believed to be buried on Naha in the Marshall Islands.

Prelates
Prelates are listed below with their terms of service and titles held while in Hawaii. Msgr. Alexis Bachelot lead the Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands.

Resources

 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu
 * Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace
 * Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus
 * New Advent Article of the Vicariate Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands

title: Roman Catholic bishop of Honolulu


text:
List of African-American writers

This is a list of Black American authors and writers, all of whom are considered part of African-American literature, and who already have Wikipedia articles. The list also includes non-American authors resident in the US and American writers of African descent.

A

 * Aberjhani (born 1957), historian, columnist, novelist, poet, artist and editor
 * Mumia Abu-Jamal (born 1954), political activist and journalist
 * Linda Addison (born 1952), author and poet
 * Tomi Adeyemi (born 1993), author and creative writing coach
 * Ai, aka Ai Ogawa, birth name Florence Anthony (1947–2010), poet, NBA for poetry, 1999
 * Rochelle Alers (born 1943), author and artist
 * Elizabeth Alexander (born 1962), poet, essayist and playwright
 * Kwame Alexander (born 1968), writer of poetry and children's fiction
 * Larry D. Alexander (born 1953), author and artist
 * Lewis Grandison Alexander (1898–1945)
 * Candace Allen (born 1950), novelist, cultural critic and screenwriter
 * Clarissa Minnie Thompson Allen (1859–1941), author and educator
 * Robert L. Allen (born 1942), activist, writer and academic
 * Garland Anderson (1886–1939), playwright
 * Maya Angelou (1928–2014), author and poet
 * Tina McElroy Ansa (born 1949), novelist, filmmaker, teacher and journalist
 * Ray Aranha (1939–2011), actor, playwright and stage director
 * Chalmers Archer (1928–2014), author, veteran and educator
 * M. K. Asante, Jr. (born 1982), author, poet, screenwriter, professor
 * Jabari Asim (born 1962), poet, playwright, professor
 * Russell Atkins (born 1926), musician, playwright and poet
 * William Attaway (1911–1986), novelist, short-story writer, essayist, songwriter, playwright and screenwriter

B

 * Calvin Baker (born 1972), novelist
 * James Baldwin (1924–1987), novelist, playwright, essayist, poet and activist
 * Toni Cade Bambara (1939–1995)
 * Leslie Esdaile Banks (1959–2011)
 * Amiri Baraka (1934–2014)
 * Shauna Barbosa (born c. 1988), poet
 * Steven Barnes (born 1952)
 * Lindon W. Barrett (1961–2008)
 * Samuel Alfred Beadle (1857–1932)
 * Paul Beatty (born 1962)
 * Robert Beck (1918–1992)
 * Christopher C. Bell (born 1933)
 * Derrick Bell (1930–2011)
 * Brit Bennett (living)
 * Gwendolyn Bennett (1902–1981)
 * Hal Bennett (1936–2004)
 * Lerone Bennett, Jr. (1928–2018)
 * Bertice Berry (born 1960)
 * Venise T. Berry (living), novelist
 * Henry Bibb (1815–1854)
 * Eleanor Taylor Bland (1944–2010), writer of crime fiction
 * Marita Bonner (1899–1971)
 * Arna Bontemps (1902–1973)
 * James Boggs (1919–1993)
 * Demico Boothe (living), writer on civil rights
 * David Bradley (born 1950)
 * William Stanley Braithwaite (1878–1962), poet and literary critic
 * Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000)
 * Claude Brown (1937–2002)
 * Hallie Quinn Brown (1849–1949)
 * Roseanne A. Brown (born 1995)
 * Sterling A. Brown (1901–1989), poet, literary critic, professor, poet laureate of the District of Columbia
 * William Wells Brown (1814–1884), wrote first novel published by an African American, Clotel (1853)
 * Anatole Broyard (1920-1990)
 * Ashley Bryan (1923–2022)
 * Niobia Bryant (born 1972), author of romance and mainstream fiction novels
 * Ed Bullins (1935–2021)
 * Olivia Ward Bush (1869–1944)
 * Octavia Butler (1947–2006)
 * Roderick D. Bush (1945–2013)

C

 * George Cain (1943–2010)
 * Bebe Moore Campbell (1950–2006)
 * Stokely Carmichael (1941–1998)
 * Ben Carson (born 1951)
 * Jennie Carter (1830–1881)
 * Stephen L. Carter (born 1954)
 * Cyrus Cassells (born 1957)
 * Kashana Cauley (living)
 * Lady Chablis (1957–2016), actress, author, drag performer
 * Charles W. Chesnutt (1858–1932), novelist and short-story writer
 * Alice Childress (1916–1994), playwright and novelist
 * Breena Clarke (living)
 * Cheril N. Clarke (born 1980)
 * Cheryl Clarke (born 1947)
 * John Henrik Clarke (1915–1998)
 * Stanley Bennett Clay (born 1950), writer, director, actor, publisher
 * Troy CLE (living)
 * Pearl Cleage (born 1948)
 * Eldridge Cleaver (1935–1998)
 * Michelle Cliff (1946–2016)
 * Lucille Clifton (1936–2010)
 * Wendy Coakley-Thompson (born 1966)
 * Ta-Nehisi Coates (born 1975)
 * Wanda Coleman (1946–2013)
 * Marvel Cooke (1903–2000)
 * Anna J. Cooper (1858–1964)
 * J. California Cooper (1931–2014), playwright
 * James Corrothers (1869–1917)
 * Jayne Cortez (1934–2012)
 * Bill Cosby (born 1937)
 * Joseph Seamon Cotter, Sr. (1861–1949)
 * Donald Crews (born 1938), children's book author
 * Stanley Crouch (1945–2020)
 * Harold Cruse (1916–2005)
 * Countee Cullen (1903–1946)
 * Waring Cuney (1906–1976)
 * Christopher Paul Curtis (born 1953)

D

 * Jeffrey Daniels (living), poet
 * Meri Nana-Ama Danquah (born 1967)
 * Christopher Darden (born 1956)
 * Angela Davis (born 1944) political activist, writer, and professor.
 * Frank Marshall Davis (1905–1987)
 * Kyra Davis (born 1972), novelist
 * Milton Davis (living)
 * George Dawson (1898–2001)
 * Samuel R. Delany, novelist, author, editor, professor, and literary critic
 * Eric Jerome Dickey (1961–2021)
 * Anita Doreen Diggs (born 1966)
 * Nahshon Dion (born 1978)
 * Lonnie Dixon (1932–2011)
 * Frederick Douglass (1818–1895)
 * Rita Dove (born 1952), poet and educator. Youngest person and first Black American to be the U.S. Poet Laureate and Consultant in Poetry at the Library of Congress.
 * Sharon Draper (born 1948)
 * W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) writer, sociologist, and activist, who was a founding member of the NAACP His most notable work is The Souls of Black Folk.
 * Tananarive Due (born 1966) writer specializing in Black speculative fiction, and professor of Black Horror and Afrofuturism
 * Henry Dumas (1934–1968)
 * Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906), poet
 * Alice Dunbar-Nelson (1875–1935)
 * David Anthony Durham (born 1969)
 * Richard Durham, (1917–1984), wrote radio series Destination Freedom
 * Michael Eric Dyson (born 1958)

E

 * Cornelius Eady (born 1954)
 * Sarah Jane Woodson Early (1825–1907), educator, activist and author
 * Junius Edwards (1929–2008)
 * Ralph Ellison (1913–1994), novelist, best known as author of Invisible Man
 * Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745–1797)
 * Don Evans (1938–2003), playwright
 * Mari Evans (1919–2017), poet
 * Percival Everett (born 1956)
 * Eve Ewing (born 1986), author, educator, poet, and sociologist

F

 * Sarah Webster Fabio (1928–1979)
 * Ronald Fair (1932–2018)
 * Sarah Farro, 19th-century novelist
 * John M. Faucette (1943–2003), science-fiction author
 * Arthur Huff Fauset (1899–1983)
 * Jessie Fauset (1882–1961), editor, poet, essayist and novelist
 * London R. Ferebee (1849–1883), preacher and author
 * Lolita Files (living), author, screenwriter and producer
 * Antwone Fisher (born 1959)
 * Rudolph Fisher (1897–1934), novelist, short story writer and dramatist
 * Sharon G. Flake (born 1955), writer of young adult literature
 * Robert Fleming (living), journalist and writer of erotic fiction and horror fiction
 * Mary Weston Fordham (c. 1862–1905), poet
 * Namina Forna (born 1987), author and screen writer
 * Leon Forrest (1937–1997), novelist
 * Tonya Foster (living), poet, essayist and educator
 * J. E. Franklin (born 1937), playwright
 * John Hope Franklin (1915–2009), historian, sociologist, memoirist
 * Hoyt W. Fuller (1923–1981)
 * Nina Foxx (living), novelist, playwright and screenwriter

G

 * Ernest Gaines (1933–2019), fiction writer
 * Ruth Gaines-Shelton (1872–1938), educator and playwright
 * Marcus Garvey (1887–1940)
 * Tony Gaskins (born 1984), motivational, inspirational, self-help writer
 * Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (born 1950)
 * Roxane Gay (born 1974)
 * Nikki Giovanni (born 1943)
 * Roy Glenn (1914–1971), fiction writer, Is It A Crime, Payback
 * Donald Goines (1936–1974)
 * Marita Golden (born 1950)
 * Edythe Mae Gordon (c. 1897–1980), poet, fiction writer
 * Eugene Gordon (1891–1972), journalist
 * Charles Gordone (1925–1995), playwright
 * Amanda Gorman (born 1998), poet
 * Lawrence Otis Graham (born 1962)
 * Moses Grandy (born c. 1786)
 * Victor Hugo Green (1892–1960), travel writer
 * Eloise Greenfield (1929–2021), children's book author
 * Sam Greenlee (1930–2014), novelist, poet, best known as author of The Spook Who Sat by the Door
 * Bonnie Greer (born 1948), novelist, playwright, critic
 * Deborah Gregory, author of The Cheetah Girls book series
 * Dick Gregory (1932–2017)
 * Sutton E. Griggs (1872–1933)
 * Nikki Grimes (born 1950), children's book author and poet
 * Angelina Weld Grimke (1880–1958)
 * Charlotte Forten Grimké (1837–1914)
 * Rosa Guy (1922–2012)
 * John Langston Gwaltney (1928–1998), anthropologist, author of Drylongso
 * Yaa Gyasi (born 1989), Ghanaian-American novelist, author of Homegoing.

H

 * Alex Haley (1921–1992), author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family
 * Virginia Hamilton (1934–2002), author of children's books
 * Henry Hampton (1940–1998)
 * Lorraine Hansberry (1930–1965), playwright
 * Joyce Hansen (born 1942), author of children's books
 * Vincent Harding (1931–2014), historian and social activist
 * Edward W. Hardy (born 1992), playwright
 * Nathan Hare (born 1933)
 * Frances Harper (1825–1911), poet and abolitionist
 * E. Lynn Harris (1955–2009)
 * Juanita Harrison (1891–?)
 * Saidiya Hartman (born 1961) writer and academic, known for her seminal work Scenes of Subjection
 * Robert Hayden (1913–1980), poet, essayist, educator
 * Essex Hemphill (1957–1995), poet and activist
 * David Henderson (poet) (born 1942)
 * Safiya Henderson-Holmes (1950–2001), poet
 * Chester Himes (1909–1984), novelist
 * Kameisha Jerae Hodge (born 1989)
 * Corey J. Hodges (born 1970)
 * Karla F. C. Holloway (born 1949)
 * bell hooks (1952—2021), feminist, and social activist
 * Pauline Hopkins (1859–1930), novelist, journalist, playwright, historian and editor
 * Nalo Hopkinson (born 1960), Jamaican Canadian, currently based in California
 * George Moses Horton (1798–after 1867)
 * Roberta Hoskie, real-estate broker, writer, and media personality
 * Tracie Howard, fiction writer
 * Detrick Hughes (born 1966)
 * Langston Hughes (1901–1967), poet, social activist, novelist, playwright and columnist
 * Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960), folklorist, anthropologist, author of novels short stories, plays and essays

I

 * Jordan Ifueko (born 1993)
 * Rashidah Ismaili (born 1941), poet, fiction writer, essayist and playwright

J

 * Brenda Jackson (born 1953)
 * Jesse C. Jackson (1908–1983), young-adult novelist
 * Mae Jackson (born 1946), poet
 * Harriet Jacobs (1813 or 1815–1897), author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
 * T. D. Jakes (born 1957)
 * Ayize Jama-Everett (born 1974), science fiction and speculative fiction writer
 * John Jea (1773–after 1817)
 * N. K. Jemisin (born 1972), writer of speculative fiction. First person to win three consecutive Hugo Awards for Best Novel.
 * Beverly Jenkins (born 1951)
 * Joseph Jewell (living)
 * Terri L. Jewell (1954–1995), poet, writer and Black lesbian activist
 * Alaya Dawn Johnson (born 1982)
 * Angela Johnson (born 1961)
 * Charles R. Johnson (born 1948)
 * Georgia Douglas Johnson (1880–1966), poet
 * Helene Johnson (1906–1995), poet
 * James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938), writer and civil rights activist
 * Mat Johnson (born 1970)
 * Varian Johnson (born 1977)
 * Edward P. Jones (born 1950), novelist and short-story writer
 * Gayl Jones (born 1949), novelist
 * Tayari Jones (born 1970), author and academic
 * June Jordan (1936–2002), poet, essayist and activist

K

 * Ron Karenga (born 1941)
 * Bob Kaufman (1925–1986), poet
 * Elizabeth Keckley (1818–1907)
 * William Melvin Kelley (1937–2017), novelist
 * Emma Dunham Kelley-Hawkins (1863–1938), novelist
 * Randall Kenan (1963–2020)
 * Adrienne Kennedy (born 1931), playwright
 * Nina Kennedy (born 1960), memoirist, screenwriter
 * John Oliver Killens (1916–1987), novelist
 * Jamaica Kincaid (born 1949)
 * Emeline King (born 1957)
 * Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
 * Woodie King Jr. (born 1937)
 * Etheridge Knight (1931–1991), poet
 * Yusef Komunyakaa (born 1941)

L

 * Pinkie Gordon Lane (1923–2008), poet, editor and teacher
 * Nella Larsen (1891–1964), novelist
 * Victor LaValle (born 1972)
 * Brent Leggs, historian and preservationist, writer, academic
 * Andrea Lee (born 1953), novelist and memoirist
 * Julius Lester (1939–2018)
 * David Levering Lewis (born 1936)
 * Willie Little (born 1961) author, multimedia artist
 * Alain Locke (1885–1954) writer
 * Attica Locke (born 1974), novelist
 * Audre Lorde (1934–1992), author, poet, activist
 * Bettina L. Love, abolitionist educator and writer
 * Glenville Lovell (born 1955), novelist and playwright

M

 * Christopher Mwashinga (born 1965), poet, theologian, essayist
 * Nathaniel Mackey (born 1947), poet, novelist, anthologist, literary critic and editor
 * Naomi Long Madgett (1923–2020), poet
 * Haki R. Madhubuti (born 1942)
 * Clarence Major (born 1936), poet, painter and novelist
 * Raynetta Manees (living), novelist
 * Manning Marable (1950–2011)
 * John Marrant (1755–1791)
 * Paule Marshall (1929–2019)
 * Ora Mae Lewis Martin (1889–1977), journalist and writer
 * Hans Massaquoi (1926–2013)
 * Brandon Massey (born 1973)
 * Victoria Earle Matthews (1861–1907), essayist, newspaperwoman, activist
 * Julian Mayfield (1928–1984)
 * James McBride (writer) (born 1957)
 * Nathan McCall (born 1955)
 * Bernice McFadden (born 1965), novelist
 * Claude McKay (1889–1948)
 * Patricia McKissack (1944–2017)
 * Reginald McKnight (born 1956)
 * Kim McLarin (born 1964), novelist
 * Terry McMillan (born 1951), novelist
 * James Alan McPherson (1943–2016)
 * Louise Meriwether (1923–2023), novelist, essayist, journalist and activist
 * Oscar Micheaux (1884–1951)
 * E. Ethelbert Miller (born 1950), poet
 * May Miller (1899–1995), poet and playwright
 * Arthenia J. Bates Millican (1920–2012), poet, essayist and educator
 * Mary Monroe (living), novelist
 * Anne Moody (1940–2015)
 * Jessica Care Moore (born 1971), poet
 * Toni Morrison (1931–2019), author, Nobel laureate 1993
 * E. Frederic Morrow (c.1909–1994), first black American appointed to a president's administration (1955–60)
 * Walter Mosley (born 1952), novelist
 * Thylias Moss (born 1954)
 * Willard Motley (1909–1965)
 * Jess Mowry (born 1960)
 * Albert Murray (1916–2013)
 * Pauli Murray (1910–1985)
 * Walter Dean Myers (1937–2014), writer of children's books

N

 * Tariq Nasheed (living)
 * Gloria Naylor (1950–2016)
 * Larry Neal (1937–1981)
 * Barbara Neely (1941–2020), novelist, short-story writer and activist
 * Huey P. Newton (1942–1989)
 * Richard Bruce Nugent (1906–1987)

O

 * Mwatabu S. Okantah (born 1952) poet and professor
 * Gabriel Okara (1921–2019), poet and novelist
 * Nnedi Okorafor (born 1974), writer of science fiction and fantasy
 * Marc Olden (1933–2003), author of mystery and suspense
 * Porsha Olayiwola (born 1988)
 * Rita Omokha (living), journalist and author
 * Terry a. O'Neal (born 1973)
 * Tochi Onyebuchi (born 1987), science fiction and fantasy writer and former civil rights lawyer
 * Roscoe Orman (born 1944)
 * Ewuare Osayande (living)
 * Brenda Marie Osbey (born 1957), poet
 * Candace Owens (born 1989), political activist

P

 * ZZ Packer (born 1973)
 * Gordon Parks (1912–2006), photographer, composer, author, poet, and film directo
 * Suzan-Lori Parks (born 1963), playwright, screenwriter, musician and novelist
 * Tyler Perry (born 1969), actor, filmmaker and playwright
 * Eric Pete (living), novelist and short-story writer
 * Ann Petry (1908–1997), writer of novels, short stories, children's books and journalism
 * Debra Phillips (born 1959)
 * Delores Phillips (1950–2014), poet and novelist
 * Steve Phillips (born 1964), author, columnist, political thought leader
 * William Pickens (1881–1954), orator, educator, journalist, and essayist.
 * Ann Plato (born c. 1824), educator and author
 * Sterling Plumpp (born 1940), educator and author
 * Carlene Hatcher Polite (1932–2009)
 * Alvin F. Poussaint (born 1934)
 * Jewel Prestage (1931–2014), first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in political science, former Dean of the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Southern University
 * Robert Earl Price (born 1942), playwright and poet

R

 * Aishah Rahman (1936–2014), playwright
 * Alice Randall (born 1959), author and songwriter
 * Dudley Randall (1914–2000), poet and publisher
 * Cordelia Ray (1852–1916), poet and teacher
 * Francis Ray (1944–2013), writer of romance fiction
 * Andy Razaf (1895–1973), poet, composer and lyricist
 * Ishmael Reed (born 1938), poet, essayist and novelist
 * Kiley Reid (born 1987), novelist
 * Jason Reynolds (born 1983), YA/Middle-Grade novelist/poet
 * Willis Richardson (1889–1977), playwright
 * Florida Ruffin Ridley (1861–1943), essayist and short-story writer
 * Harrison David Rivers (born 1981), playwright
 * Cliff Roquemore (1948–2002), writer, producer and director
 * Carolyn Rodgers (1940–2010), poet
 * Octavia V. Rogers Albert (1853–c. 1890)
 * Al Roker (born 1954)
 * Fran Ross (1935–1985)
 * Shawn Stewart Ruff, novelist
 * Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842–1924), journalist
 * Malinda Russell (c. 1812–?), author of the first known cookbook by a Black woman in the United States
 * Rachel Renee Russell (born 1959), author of the Dork Diaries series of children's novels
 * Carl Hancock Rux, poet, essayist, playwright, novelist
 * Rupaul (born 1960), actor, author, drag performer, TV show host

S

 * Kalamu ya Salaam (born 1947), poet, author, filmmaker, teacher, activist
 * Sonia Sanchez (born 1934), poet
 * Dori Sanders (born 1934) novelist
 * Sapphire (born 1950)
 * Charles R. Saunders (1946–2020), author and journalist
 * Arturo Alfonso Schomburg (1874–1938), historian, writer, and activist
 * George Schuyler (1895–1977), author, journalist and social commentator
 * Gil Scott-Heron (1949–2011), poet and musician
 * Clara Johnson Scroggins (1931–2019), author, collector
 * Sandra Seaton (living), playwright and librettist
 * Victor Séjour (1817–1874)
 * Fatima Shaik (living), author
 * Tupac Shakur (1971–1996)
 * Ntozake Shange (1948–2018), playwright and poet
 * Nisi Shawl (born 1955)
 * Sister Souljah (born 1964)
 * Iceberg Slim (1918–1992)
 * Amanda Smith (1837–1915)
 * Danez Smith (living), poet
 * Effie Waller Smith (1879–1960), poet
 * William Gardner Smith (1927–1974), journalist, novelist, and editor
 * Thomas Sowell (born 1930), economist, social theorist, political philosopher
 * A. B. Spellman (born 1935)
 * Anne Spencer (1882–1975), poet
 * Aurin Squire (born 1979), producer, playwright, screenwriter and reporter
 * Theophilus Gould Steward (1843–1924)
 * Maria W. Stewart (1803–1879), journalist, lecturer, abolitionist, women's rights activist
 * Jeffrey C. Stewart (born 1950), professor and Pulitzer prize winner
 * Nic Stone (born 1985)

T

 * Ellen Tarry (1906–2008)
 * Mildred D. Taylor (born 1943)
 * Susie Taylor (1848–1912)
 * Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)
 * Lucy Terry (c. 1730–1821)
 * Michael Thelwell (born 1939)
 * Angie Thomas (born 1988)
 * Clarence Thomas (born 1948)
 * Joyce Carol Thomas (1938–2016), author, poet, playwright, and motivational speaker
 * Lorenzo Thomas (1944–2005)
 * Piri Thomas (1928–2011)
 * Truth Thomas (living)
 * Pamela Thomas-Graham (born 1963)
 * Era Bell Thompson (1905–1986)
 * Howard Thurman (1899–1981)
 * Wallace Thurman (1902–1934)
 * Ruth D. Todd (1878–?)
 * Lynn Toler (born 1959)
 * Melvin B. Tolson (1898–1966)
 * Jean Toomer (1894–1967)
 * Touré (born 1971)
 * Askia M. Touré (born 1938), poet, essayist, leading voice of the Black Arts Movement
 * Quincy Troupe (born 1939)
 * Sojourner Truth (c.1797–1883)
 * Omar Tyree (born 1969)
 * Neil deGrasse Tyson (born 1958)

V

 * Henry Van Dyke (1928–2011), novelist, editor, teacher and musician
 * Ivan Van Sertima (1935–2009), professor, author, historian, linguist and anthropologist at Rutgers University
 * Bethany Veney (c. 1813–1916), author of Aunt Betty's Story: The Narrative of Bethany Veney, A Slave Woman (1889)
 * Olympia Vernon (born 1973), novelist

W

 * Dwyane Wade (born 1982)
 * Alice Walker (born 1944)
 * Frank X. Walker (born 1961), founding member of Affrilachian poets
 * Margaret Walker (1915–1998), novelist, poet and writer
 * Christopher George Latore Wallace (1972–1997)
 * Michele Wallace (born 1952)
 * Eric Walrond (1898–1966)
 * Leonard Pitts, novelist, commentator, journalist, and columnist
 * Mildred Pitts Walter (born 1922)
 * Marilyn Nelson Waniek (born 1946)
 * Douglas Turner Ward (1930–2021)
 * Jesmyn Ward (born 1977)
 * Booker T. Washington (1856–1915)
 * Frank J. Webb (1828–c.1894), novelist, poet, essayist
 * Ida B. Wells (1862–1931)
 * Richard Wesley (born 1945), playwright, screenwriter
 * Valerie Wilson Wesley (born 1947)
 * Cornel West (born 1953)
 * Dorothy West (1907–1998), novelist
 * Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), first published African-American poet
 * Walter Francis White (1893–1955)
 * Colson Whitehead (born 1969), novelist (The Intuitionist, The Underground Railroad) and journalist
 * Steven Whitehurst (born 1967), award-winning author
 * Albery Allson Whitman (1851–1901), poet, minister and orator
 * Anthony Whyte, writer of urban and hip-hop literature
 * John Edgar Wideman (born 1941)
 * Isabel Wilkerson (born 1961)
 * Crystal Wilkinson (living)
 * Alicia D. Williams (born 1970), children's novelist
 * Chancellor Williams (1893–1992), historian and sociologist
 * John Alfred Williams (1925–2015), author, journalist and academic
 * Samm-Art Williams (born 1946), playwright
 * Sherley Anne Williams (1944–1999)
 * Walter E. Williams (1936–2020)
 * August Wilson (1945–2005)
 * Harriet E. Wilson (1825–1900), author of Our Nig and the first African-American novelist
 * Kathy Y. Wilson (d. 2022), journalist, columnist, playwright, and commentator
 * William Julius Wilson (born 1935), author of When Work Disappears, The Truly Disadvantaged, and The Declining Significance of Race
 * Oprah Winfrey (born 1954)
 * Carter G. Woodson (1875–1950)
 * Jacqueline Woodson (born 1963), award-winning author of books for children and adolescents, including "Brown Girl Dreaming"
 * David Wright (born 1964)
 * Jay Wright (born 1935), poet
 * Kelly Wright, author of Outed Obsession and Fatal Fixation
 * Richard Wright (1908–1960), writer of novels, short stories, poems and non-fiction
 * Sarah E. Wright, novelist
 * David F. Walker, comic book writer and novelist

X

 * Malcolm X (1925–1965)
 * Marian X (born 1944)

Y

 * Camille Yarbrough (born 1938)
 * Frank Yerby (1916–1991), historical novelist
 * Al Young (1939–2021), poet, novelist, essayist, screenwriter and professor

Z

 * Zane (born 1966/67), author of erotic fiction
 * Ahmos Zu-Bolton (1948–2005), activist, poet and playwright

title: List of African-American writers


text:
Spatial file manager

In computing, a spatial file manager is a file manager that uses a spatial metaphor to represent files and folders as if they were real physical objects.

Concepts
The base requirements of a spatial file manager are:

 * 1) Each folder is represented by a single window.
 * 2) Each window is unambiguously and irrevocably tied to a particular folder.
 * 3) Stability: files, folders, and windows go where the user moves them, stay where the user puts them ("preserve their spatial state"), and retain all their other "physical" characteristics (like size, shape, color and location).
 * 4) The same item can only be viewed in one window at a time.

Given an arbitrary window in a spatial file manager, it must be possible to determine with complete certainty which folder that window represents. Furthermore, it must not be possible to change that association.

Traditionally, when a folder is opened, the icon representing the folder changes —perhaps from an image showing a closed drawer to an opened one, perhaps the folder's icon turns into a silhouette filled with a pattern— and a new window is opened. Attempting to open that "already opened" folder will simply reveal the existing window. A new window will not be created because that would violate requirement number one listed above, attempting to reveal an already opened folder's contents using another window will either close the existing folder before opening it or refuse to reveal said contents. The change in the folder icon's state is meant to be a visual reminder of this behavior. It says, "This folder is already open." Similarly, while a document or application is open, its icons also represents this status and re-opening it will just reveal and bring it back to the front.

A common alternative to the spatial file manager is the navigational file manager or "browser-style" file manager. A window in such a system is a device through which the contents of many folders may be viewed. A browser-style window is not tied to any particular folder. The window's spatial state (size, position, etc.) stays the same as the contents of many different folders are viewed through it. More than one browser window may show the contents of a particular folder simultaneously.

Examples
Examples of file managers that use a spatial metaphor by default include:
 * Amiga's Workbench
 * Apple's Finder 5 to 9 (versions prior to Mac OS X)
 * BeOS's Tracker
 * Enlightenment 17's file manager
 * GNOME's Nautilus from version 2.6 till 2.29
 * the OS/2 Workplace Shell
 * the RISC OS Filer
 * the ROX Desktop's ROX-Filer
 * Windows Explorer in Windows 95 was also a spatial file manager in some aspects, but became a navigational file manager in later versions of the operating system (when using the default settings)

MATE's Caja file manager has a spatial mode, but is navigational by default.

Other objects
Some file managers represent other objects, such as a trash can for unwanted files, or computer or floppy disk icons to represent storage media. There may also be special folders that contain special items such as user preferences or the user's applications.

Advantages
A spatial file manager is closer to the way the people interact with the physical objects around them, such as desks, chairs and tables. Since spatial properties are reliable indicators of "location" in a spatial file manager, the user may build up a familiar work environment by arranging commonly used windows, secure in the knowledge that this state will be preserved and will always map to the expected locations. This familiarity can lead to increased comfort and efficiency.

Furthermore, identification based on spatial attributes is a very natural human ability, requiring little or no conscious thought. The ability to recognize and recall locations within the hierarchy based on the appearance and position of folder windows is the primary purpose of the spatial file manager. All of the "rules" and behaviors that define the spatial file manager are designed to ensure that the strengths of the visual/spatial recognition and recall abilities of the human brain are leveraged. The idea is that these abilities are more natural and require "less work" than other forms of recognition based on reading text, maintaining an awareness of "current working directory" (in a command-line environment, for example), relying on the memory of past actions, or any other non-spatial cues.

One more advantage is that it allows the user to keep things arranged a certain way from one session to the next, as with the "workspace" settings in many high-end software packages. For instance, the windows showing the contents of different folders for a complex project could be tiled onscreen in such a fashion that all of them could be seen at the same time. In a browser-style file manager, one would be forced to rearrange these same windows every time they were reopened.

Disadvantages
The spatial metaphor can seem awkward to those accustomed to browser-style file managers. One complaint is that spatial managers use too many windows, leading to clutter. In a Windows 95 usability study by Microsoft, users of varying experience were said to be "confused" by the many windows: "Users of every type were confused by the Programs folder. We thought that having a folder on the desktop with other folders and links to programs inside it would be a natural transition for Windows 3.1 users accustomed to Program Manager, while being relatively easy to learn for beginners. We were wrong! Beginners quickly got lost in all of the folders (unlike File Cabinet, each folder opened into a different window) and other users had a lot of trouble deciding whether they were looking at the actual file system and its files or just links to actual files."

Proponents claim that this confusion is partially a result of the non-spatial nature of the Windows 95 file manager. When the connection between the spatial state of a window is not unambiguously and irrevocably connected with a particular folder, it becomes impossible reliably to recognize a particular folder based on its spatial qualities. Spatial state often becomes misleading in a non-spatial file manager. Users may incorrectly identify a window based on visual cues that do not actually link it to any particular folder, but are instead properties of the browser-style window itself. In such an environment, each new window adds clutter without recognizable meaning. This leads to the often-cited preference for a single window through which any folder may be viewed: a browser. The proliferation and familiarity of web browsers has strengthened this preference.

Also, maintaining spatial familiarity can be difficult when the file system is accessed from a variety of applications and devices with differing display capabilities. Reproducing a single spatial arrangement on many different display devices is sometimes impractical. Per-device, per-user, or per-display spatial state is one possible solution, at the cost of an increased amount of state information that must be stored.

title: Spatial file manager


text:
Talk:Brian Williams

External links modified
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OMG
What I'm missing in this article is secondary sources criticizing the tedious repetition of the phrase "our lead-off panel on a ____ night". Surely I'm not the only one who's sick of it. Drmies (talk) 03:06, 31 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Request forwarded to H. Lawrence Culp, Jr., Chairman of GE. O3000 (talk) 11:34, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

Controversy section
WP style is to not have Controversy sections. There should not be a ghetto for all the negative or embarrassing things about the subject. This text needs to be merged into the main history. Ashmoo (talk) 15:04, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Wrong. Themanoflaw049 (talk) 04:00, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Reliable sources for one million dollars quote
This quote has been repeatedly added to the article, but then removed due to lack of any reliable source. Here are some reliable sources:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/06/msnbc-suggests-that-america-has-population-327/

https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/03/06/us/ap-not-real-news.html

https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/06/msnbc/bad-math-msnbc-bloombergs-ad-spending-wasnt-enough/

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brian-williams-math-michael-bloomberg_n_5e627335c5b647a5bd314e05

https://thehill.com/homenews/media/486288-brian-williams-nyts-gay-roasted-over-math-flub-saddest-clip-in-tv-history

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/msnbc-bloomberg-error-brian-williams-mara-gay-a9383741.html

https://www.thedailybeast.com/brian-williams-and-ny-times-staffer-fail-spectacularly-at-math-using-bloomberg-tweet

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/bloomberg-political-ads/

https://theweek.com/speedreads/900409/brian-williams-blindly-furthers-false-claim-mike-bloomberg-couldve-given-every-american-1-million

https://www.newsweek.com/brian-williams-mara-gay-nyt-bloomberg-math-wrong-1490953

https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/clarissajanlim/msnbc-math-mike-bloomberg-one-million-dollars

https://www.businessinsider.com/mike-bloomberg-couldnt-give-every-american-1-million-2020-3

Also of note, to put this in context:

1) Mekita Rivas, the author of the tweet that Williams quoted and then agreed with, is a freeelance writer who has has been published by the Washington Post.

2) Mara Gay. the New York Times editorial board member who appeared on air with Williams, said of the tweet, "It's true."

3) Politifact rated it as "pants on fire."

4) Huffington Post called it a "mortifying math blunder."

5) The Hill quoted Sven Henrich as calling it "the saddest clip in TV history."

6) The Daily Beast said they "Fail Spectacularly at Math."

208.89.33.29 (talk) 16:56, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * And later corrected it. Errors in journalism are extremely common. When they aren't corrected, that is a problem. For entry in an encyclopedia, there must be some long term significance. O3000 (talk) 17:05, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * This was more than just a math error. This mistake was indicative of a childish worldview held by people like Bernie Sanders, Mara Gray, and Brian Williams that if someone as wealthy as Michael Bloomberg would just share a little bit of his wealth with the rest of us, everyone in America could be made rich. It forms the basis of their economic outlook which they then confidently share with the rest of us without realizing how shallow and mistaken it truly is. And it goes to the heart of the notion that our nation's media talking heads aren't particularly intelligent to begin with. But I'm not surprised that Williams and Gay can both find plenty of Wikipedia editors who will gladly minimize the stupidity of their utterance by trying to pass it off as just a harmless error that was later corrected. 104.174.245.161 (talk) 07:15, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brian Williams


text:
List of people from Connecticut

The following is a list of notable people who were born, raised, or a resident of the U.S. state of Connecticut, with place of birth or residence when known.

Actors, producers, and directors

 * Christopher Abbott (Greenwich)
 * Bruce Altman (New Haven)
 * Lauren Ambrose (New Haven)
 * Tony Amendola (New Haven)
 * Brad Anderson (Madison)
 * John Ashton (Enfield)
 * William Atherton (Orange)
 * Valerie Azlynn (New London)
 * Kevin Bacon (Sharon)
 * Roger Bart (Norwalk)
 * David Alan Basche (Hartford)
 * Ryan Michelle Bathe (Stamford)
 * Anne Baxter (Easton)
 * Graham Beckel (Old Lyme)
 * Ed Begley (Hartford)
 * Richard Belzer (Bridgeport)
 * Polly Bergen (Southbury)
 * John Billingsley (Weston)
 * Michael Ian Black (Redding)
 * Linda Blair (Westport)
 * Roberts Blossom (New Haven)
 * Ernest Borgnine (Hamden)
 * Kate Bosworth (Darien)
 * Jesse Bradford (Norwalk)
 * Jonathan Brandis (Danbury)
 * Alexandra Breckenridge (Darien)
 * Amy Brenneman (Glastonbury)
 * Brooke Brodack (Putnam)
 * Chris Bruno (Milford)
 * Dylan Bruno (Milford)
 * Gary Burghoff (Bristol)
 * Brooke Burke (Hartford)
 * John Byrum (Redding)
 * Mary Cadorette (East Hartford)
 * Mike Cahill (New Haven)
 * David Canary (Wilton)
 * Katherine Cannon (Hartford)
 * Art Carney (Westbrook)
 * D. J. Caruso (Norwalk)
 * Adriana Caselotti (Bridgeport)
 * Marilyn Chambers (Westport)
 * Joe Cipriano (Oakville)
 * Spencer Treat Clark (Darien)
 * Glenn Close (Greenwich)
 * Martha Coolidge (New Haven)
 * Daniel Cosgrove (New Haven)
 * D.J. Cotrona (Wallingford)
 * Bob Crane (Waterbury)
 * Jane Curtin (Sharon)
 * Dan Curtis (Bridgeport)
 * Paul Dano (Wilton)
 * Jules Dassin (Middletown)
 * Jeff Davis (Milford)
 * Dana Delany (Stamford)
 * Brian Dennehy (Bridgeport)
 * Jenna Dewan (Hartford)
 * George DiCenzo (New Haven)
 * Allie DiMeco (Waterbury)
 * Troy Duffy (Hartford)
 * Charles H. Eglee (New Haven)
 * Jill Eikenberry (New Haven)
 * Abby Elliott (Wilton)
 * Linda Evans (Hartford)
 * Mark Famiglietti (Clinton)
 * Michael J. Fox (Sharon)
 * Kevin Foxe (Enfield)
 * Will Friedle (Hartford)
 * Paul Fusco (New Haven)
 * Catherine Gardner (Waterbury)
 * Marcus Giamatti (New Haven)
 * Paul Giamatti (New Haven)
 * Cynthia Gibb (Westport)
 * William Gillette (Hartford)
 * Grant Goodeve (Middlebury)
 * Topher Grace (Darien)
 * David Marshall Grant (Westport)
 * Luke Greenfield (Westport)
 * Shelley Hack (Greenwich)
 * June Havoc (Wilton)
 * Sterling Hayden (Wilton)
 * Glenne Headly (New London)
 * Jessica Hecht (Bloomfield)
 * Kevin Heffernan (West Haven)
 * Katherine Heigl (New Canaan)
 * Lillian Hellman (New Milford)
 * Katharine Hepburn (Hartford)
 * Linda Hunt (Westport)
 * Allison Janney (Lakeville)
 * Arline Judge (Bridgeport)
 * Adam Kaufman (New Canaan)
 * Elia Kazan (Newtown)
 * Lisa Robin Kelly (Southington)
 * Ted Knight (Terryville)
 * David LaChapelle (Fairfield)
 * Lisa Lampanelli (Trumbull)
 * Hope Lange (Redding)
 * Eriq La Salle (Hartford)
 * Matt Lauer (Greenwich)
 * Adam LaVorgna (North Branford)
 * Norman Lear (New Haven)
 * Denis Leary (Roxbury)
 * David Letterman (New Canaan)
 * Barry Levinson (Redding)
 * Paul Lieberstein (Westport)
 * Mark Linn-Baker (Wethersfield)
 * Christopher Lloyd (Stamford)
 * Michelle Lombardo (Glastonbury)
 * Justin Long (Fairfield)
 * Billy Lush (New Haven)
 * Seth MacFarlane (Kent)
 * Fredric March (New Milford)
 * Pamela Sue Martin (Westport)
 * Dylan McDermott (Waterbury)
 * Biff McGuire (New Haven)
 * Stephanie McMahon (Weston)
 * Jesse Metcalfe (New London)
 * Steve Miner (Westport)
 * Robert Mitchum (Bridgeport)
 * Gretchen Mol (Deep River)
 * Marilyn Monroe (Weston and Roxbury)
 * Sheri Moon (Plainville)
 * Jonathan Mostow (Woodbridge)
 * Michael G. Moye (New Haven)
 * Marty Munsch (Greenwich)
 * George Murphy (New Haven)
 * Ellen Muth (Milford)
 * David Naughton (Hartford)
 * James Naughton (Middletown)
 * Kevin Nealon (Bridgeport)
 * Paul Newman (Westport)
 * Becki Newton (New Haven)
 * Tom Noonan (Greenwich)
 * Fred Norris (Willimantic)
 * Nolan North (New Haven)
 * Ron Palillo (Cheshire)
 * Joe Pantoliano (Wilton)
 * Don Pardo (Norwich)
 * Dean Parisot (Wilton)
 * Paul Perri (New Haven)
 * Bijou Phillips (Greenwich)
 * Jacob Pitts (Weston)
 * Tracy Pollan (Sharon)
 * Anthony Tyler Quinn (New London)
 * John Ratzenberger (Bridgeport)
 * Evan Rogers (Mansfield)
 * Christy Carlson Romano (Milford)
 * Anika Noni Rose (Bloomfield)
 * Sherrie Rose (Hartford)
 * Matt Ross (Greenwich)
 * Rosalind Russell (Waterbury)
 * Meg Ryan (Bethel and Fairfield)
 * Peter Sarsgaard (Fairfield)
 * Michael Schur (West Hartford)
 * Annabella Sciorra (Wethersfield)
 * Kyra Sedgwick (Sharon)
 * Chloë Sevigny (Darien)
 * Louise Shaffer (Woodbridge)
 * Spec Shea (Naugatuck)
 * Micah Sloat (Westport)
 * Patricia Smith (New Haven)
 * Bill Smitrovich (Bridgeport)
 * Zack Snyder (Greenwich)
 * Raymond St. Jacques (Hartford)
 * David H. Steinberg (West Hartford)
 * Austin Stowell (Kensington)
 * Tara Subkoff (Westport)
 * Ed Sullivan (Southbury)
 * Larry Sullivan (New Haven)
 * Pawel Szajda (Farmington)
 * Lee Tergesen (Ivoryton)
 * Mark Tinker (Stamford)
 * Tony Todd (Hartford)
 * Jim True-Frost (Greenwich)
 * Tom Tryon (Hartford)
 * Raviv Ullman (Fairfield)
 * James Van Der Beek (Cheshire)
 * Gus Van Sant (Darien)
 * Diane Venora (East Hartford)
 * Jenna von Oÿ (Stamford)
 * Wende Wagner (New London)
 * Christopher Walken (Wilton)
 * Tonja Walker (Easton)
 * Deborah Walley (Bridgeport)
 * Sam Waterston (Sharon)
 * Michael Weatherly (Fairfield)
 * Bruce Weitz (Norwalk)
 * Titus Welliver (New Haven)
 * Michael Jai White (Bridgeport)
 * Treat Williams (Norwalk)
 * Fay Wolf (Fairfield)
 * Joanne Woodward (Westport)
 * Kari Wührer (Brookfield)
 * Madeline Zima (New Haven)

Athletes

 * Brad Ausmus (Cheshire)
 * John Bagley (Bridgeport)
 * Jeff Bagwell (Killingworth)
 * Chris Baker (Windsor)
 * Vin Baker (Old Saybrook)
 * Matt Barnes (Bethel)
 * Semyon Belits-Geiman (Stamford)
 * Keith Bennett, American-Israeli basketball player (Stamford)
 * James Blake (Fairfield)
 * Steve Blass (Canaan)
 * Andy Bloom (Stamford)
 * Nick Bonino (Farmington)
 * Craig Breslow (New Haven)
 * Scott Burrell (Hamden)
 * Donn Cabral (Glastonbury)
 * Marcus Camby (South Windsor)
 * Walter Camp (New Britain)
 * Dave Campo (Groton)
 * Howard Cann (Bridgeport)
 * Jack Capuano (Kent)
 * Jesse Carlson (New Britain)
 * Julie Chu (Fairfield)
 * Aaron Civale (East Windsor)
 * Chris Clark (South Windsor)
 * Jaidon Codrington (Bridgeport)
 * Roger Connor (Waterbury)
 * Marcus Cooper (Bloomfield)
 * Brock Coyle (Norwalk)
 * Carmen Cozza (Orange)
 * Dan Cramer (Stamford)
 * Tommy Cross (Simsbury)
 * Jerome Cunningham (Waterbury)
 * Rajai Davis (Norwich)
 * Chad Dawson (New Haven)
 * Brian Dayett (New London)
 * Ryan Delaire (Bloomfield)
 * Chris Denorfia (Bristol)
 * John DiBartolomeo (Westport)
 * Rob Dibble (Southington)
 * Walt Dropo (Moosup)
 * Andre Drummond (Middletown)
 * Chris Drury (Trumbull)
 * Vladimir Ducasse (Stamford)
 * Marcus Easley (Bridgeport)
 * David Efianayi (Manchester)
 * Johnny Egan (Hartford)
 * Dwight Freeney (Bloomfield)
 * Kevin Gilbride (New Haven)
 * Ryan Gomes (Waterbury)
 * Jesse Hahn (Norwich)
 * Ron Hainsey (Bolton)
 * Dorothy Hamill (Greenwich)
 * Matt Harvey (Groton)
 * Anttaj Hawthorne (Hamden)
 * Doug Henry (Torrington)
 * J. J. Henry (Fairfield)
 * Aaron Hernandez (Bristol)
 * Jared Hughes (Stamford)
 * John Jenkins (Meriden)
 * Caitlyn Jenner (Newtown)
 * Jay Johnstone (Manchester)
 * Byron Jones (New Britain)
 * Tebucky Jones (New Britain)
 * Tyrique Jones
 * Joan Joyce (Waterbury)
 * Terrance Knighton (Hartford)
 * Paul Konerko (Norwich)
 * Niko Koutouvides (Plainville)
 * Brian Leetch (Cheshire)
 * Ivan Lendl (Goshen)
 * Dominic Leone (Norwich)
 * Kristine Lilly (Wilton)
 * Floyd Little (New Haven)
 * Rebecca Lobo (Hartford)
 * Joey Logano (Middletown)
 * Cliff Louis (Stamford)
 * Rick Mahorn (Hartford)
 * Wes Matthews (Bridgeport)
 * Dick McAuliffe (Farmington)
 * John McDonald (New London)
 * Mike McGuirl (Hartford, CT)
 * Paul Menhart (Mystic)
 * Johnny Moore (Waterbury)
 * George morris, equestrian(New York City, New Canaan)
 * Charlie Morton (Redding)
 * Calvin Murphy (Norwalk)
 * Phil Murphy (New London)
 * Jerry Nadeau (Danbury)
 * Charles Nagy (Fairfield)
 * Nick Newell (Milford)
 * Mary Anne O'Connor (Fairfield)
 * Lamar Odom (New Britain)
 * Mike Olt (Branford)
 * Dan Orlovsky (Shelton)
 * Jim O'Rourke (Bridgeport)
 * Max Pacioretty (New Canaan)
 * Paul Pasqualoni (Cheshire)
 * Carl Pavano (Southington)
 * Eli Pemberton
 * Willie Pep (Middletown)
 * Jimmy Piersall (Waterbury)
 * Nick Pietrosante (Derby)
 * A. J. Pollock (Hebron)
 * Ryan Preece (Berlin)
 * Jonathan Quick (Milford)
 * Randy Rasmussen (Wilton)
 * David Reed (New Britain)
 * Jordan Reed (New Britain)
 * Charlie Reiter (Westport)
 * Jamey Richard (Weston)
 * Andy Robustelli (Stamford)
 * Bill Rodgers (athlete) (Hartford)
 * Bill Romanowski (Vernon)
 * Maxie Rosenbloom (Leonard Bridge)
 * Bob Schaefer (Putnam)
 * Evan Scribner (New Milford)
 * Julius Seligson (Westport)
 * Dan Shannon (Bridgeport)
 * Scott Sharp (Norwalk)
 * Jimmy Shea (West Hartford)
 * Jeff Simmons (Hartford)
 * Dan Sileo (Stamford)
 * Charles Smith (Bridgeport)
 * Chris Smith (Bridgeport)
 * Kieran Smith (Ridgefield)
 * Will Solomon, basketball player (Hartford)
 * Tony Sparano (West Haven)
 * Jack Spellman (Middletown)
 * Amari Spievey (Middletown)
 * George Springer (New Britain)
 * Ken Strong (West Haven)
 * John Sullivan (Greenwich)
 * Glover Teixeira (Danbury)
 * Tim Teufel (Greenwich)
 * Tom Thibodeau (New Britain)
 * Donald Thomas (New Haven)
 * Marcus Tracy (Newtown)
 * Triple H (Weston)
 * Dick Tuckey (Naugatuck)
 * Will Tye (Middletown)
 * Bobby Valentine (Stamford)
 * Stephen Valiquette (Orange)
 * Mo Vaughn (Norwalk)
 * Dave Wallace (Waterbury)
 * Björn Werner (Salisbury)
 * Jordan Williams (Torrington)
 * Ron Wotus (Hartford)
 * Steve Young (Greenwich)
 * Josh Zeid (New Haven)

Authors, artists, and educators

 * Christopher Andersen (Washington)
 * Jacob M. Appel (Branford)
 * Harriet Pritchard Arnold (Killingly)
 * Rosecrans Baldwin (Darien)
 * Edward C. Banfield (Bloomfield)
 * Joel Barlow (Redding)
 * Dan Beard (Redding)
 * A. Scott Berg (Norwalk)
 * Mary C. Billings (Litchfield)
 * Joseph Payne Brennan (Bridgeport and New Haven)
 * Thom Brooks (Guilford)
 * Emily S. Bouton (New Canaan)
 * William F. Buckley Jr. (New York City and Stamford)
 * Candace Bushnell (Glastonbury)
 * Guido Calabresi (New Haven)
 * Al Capp (New Haven)
 * Marietta Stanley Case (Thompson)
 * Frances Manwaring Caulkins (New London)
 * Noah Charney (New Haven)
 * Lincoln Child (Westport)
 * Emma Shaw Colcleugh (Thompson)
 * Christopher Collier (Orange)
 * Suzanne Collins (Hartford and Newtown)
 * Kate Cordsen (Essex)
 * Nathan Daboll (Groton)
 * Mary Ann H. Dodd (Hartford)
 * Clay Dreslough (Ashford)
 * John Gregory Dunne (Hartford)
 * Addie C. Strong Engle (Manchester)
 * Eleanor Estes (West Haven)
 * Mallory Factor (Bridgeport)
 * Howard Fast (Redding)
 * Harriet Ford (Seymour)
 * Edward Miner Gallaudet (Hartford)
 * Elizabeth Gilbert (Waterbury)
 * Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Hartford)
 * Daniel Coit Gilman (Norwich)
 * Thyrza Nichols Goodeve (Middlebury)
 * Hanna Holborn Gray (New Haven)
 * Kate E. Griswold (West Hartford)
 * Anna Huntington (Bethel)
 * Chauncey Ives (Hamden)
 * Klaus Janson (Bridgeport)
 * Deane Keller (New Haven)
 * John Frederick Kensett (Cheshire)
 * Charles H. Kraft (Waterbury)
 * Larry Kramer (Bridgeport)
 * Madeleine L'Engle (Goshen)
 * Loosey LaDuca (Ansonia)
 * Wally Lamb (Mansfield)
 * Annie Leibovitz (Waterbury)
 * Robert Ludlum (Southport)
 * Ira Levin (Wilton)
 * Sol LeWitt (Hartford)
 * Frank Luntz (West Hartford)
 * Elizabeth Eunice Smith Marcy (East Hampton)
 * E. Louisa Mather (East Haddam)
 * Jay McInerney (Hartford)
 * Eric Metaxas (Danbury)
 * Stephenie Meyer (Hartford)
 * Arthur Miller (Roxbury)
 * Emily Cheney Neville (Manchester)
 * Flannery O'Connor (Redding)
 * John Pekkanen (Lyme)
 * Derek Pell (Weston)
 * Jacques Pepin (Madison)
 * Sarah Phillips (Wilton)
 * Kenneth Pike (Woodstock)
 * Charles Ethan Porter (Hartford)
 * Delia Lyman Porter (New Haven)
 * Frederick Pratson (Hartford)
 * Annie Proulx (Norwich)
 * Luanne Rice (New Britain)
 * Mary A. Ripley (Windham)
 * Bill Roorbach (New Canaan)
 * Christopher Ross (Westport)
 * Philip Roth (Warren)
 * Acharya S (Avon)
 * Vincent Scully (New Haven)
 * George Selden (Hartford)
 * Richard Selzer (North Branford)
 * Maurice Sendak (Ridgefield)
 * Mark Shasha (New London)
 * Lurana W. Sheldon (Hadlyme)
 * Lydia Sigourney (Hartford)
 * T. O'Conor Sloane Jr. (Westport)
 * T. O'Conor Sloane III (Westport)
 * Dorothy Hope Smith (Westport)
 * Sarah Lanman Smith (Norwich)
 * Victoria Leigh Soto (Bridgeport)
 * Armstrong Sperry (Stamford, New Canaan, and New Haven)
 * Benjamin Spock (New Haven)
 * Edward Steichen (Redding)
 * Wallace Stevens (Hartford)
 * Lavinia Stoddard (Guilford)
 * Roger Stone (Norwalk)
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe (Litchfield)
 * Arthur Szyk (New Canaan)
 * Sarah Katherine Taylor (Danielsonville)
 * Laura M. Thurston (Norfolk)
 * Alton Tobey (Middletown)
 * Ada Josephine Todd (Redding)
 * Sergio Troncoso (Kent)
 * Garry Trudeau (Branford)
 * Louisa Caroline Tuthill (New Haven)
 * Mark Twain (Hartford and Redding)
 * Mary E. Van Lennep (Hartford)
 * Ocean Vuong (Hartford)
 * Edward Lewis Wallant (New Haven)
 * Noah Webster (West Hartford parish, presently West Hartford)
 * J. Alden Weir (Ridgefield)
 * Abigail Goodrich Whittelsey (Ridgefield)

Business people, scientists, and inventors

 * George Akerlof (New Haven)
 * Moses Austin (Durham)
 * Edward C. Banfield (Bloomfield)
 * P.T. Barnum (Bethel and Bridgeport)
 * William Beaumont (Lebanon)
 * John Bello (Plainville)
 * Henry Alfred Bishop (Bridgeport)
 * Cornelius Scranton Bushnell (Madison)
 * David Bushnell (Saybrook)
 * Vint Cerf (New Haven)
 * Wesley A. Clark (New Haven)
 * Kenton Clarke (Fairfield)
 * Jared Cohen (Weston)
 * Samuel Colt (Hartford)
 * Carol Lynn Curchoe (Manchester)
 * Ray Dalio (Greenwich/Westport)
 * Bern Dibner (Wilton)
 * Robert Epstein (Hartford)
 * James Farrell (New Haven)
 * John Fitch (Hartford County)
 * Anselm Franz (Stratford)
 * Josiah Willard Gibbs (New Haven)
 * Alfred G. Gilman (New Haven)
 * Charles Goodyear (New Haven)
 * James J. Greco (Hamden)
 * Robert N. Hall (New Haven)
 * Louis Harris (New Haven)
 * Arthur William Haydon (Waterbury)
 * Allan Hobson (Hartford)
 * Harvey Hubbell (Bridgeport)
 * Collis Potter Huntington (Harwinton)
 * James M. Hyde (Mystic Bridge)
 * Jeffrey R. Immelt (New Canaan)
 * Bradley S. Jacobs (Greenwich)
 * Betsey Johnson (Wethersfield)
 * Alfred Winslow Jones (Redding)
 * Edward Calvin Kendall (South Norwalk)
 * Mary Dixon Kies (South Killingly)
 * George E. Kimball (New Britain)
 * Stephen Cole Kleene (Hartford)
 * Edwin H. Land (Bridgeport)
 * Henry Lee (Orange)
 * Albert L. Lehninger (Bridgeport)
 * Allen Cleveland Lewis (Sterling)
 * Alvin Liberman (Mansfield)
 * Saunders Mac Lane (Taftville)
 * John C. Malone (Milford)
 * John Martin (Old Lyme)
 * Barbara McClintock (Hartford)
 * Stephanie McMahon (Hartford)
 * Sean McManus (Fairfield)
 * Daniel J. Mitchell (Wilton)
 * Samuel Augustus Mitchell (Bristol)
 * Samuel Morey (Hebron)
 * J. P. Morgan (Hartford)
 * Roy Neuberger (Bridgeport)
 * Victor Niederhoffer (Weston)
 * Frederick Law Olmsted (Hartford)
 * Ken Olsen (Stratford)
 * Eliphalet Remington (Suffield)
 * Stephen S. Roach (New Canaan)
 * Peter Schiff (New Haven)
 * Joseph Earl Sheffield (Southport)
 * Igor Sikorsky (Stratford, Trumbull and Easton)
 * Benjamin Silliman (Trumbull and New Haven)
 * Chip Skowron, (Greenwich)
 * Alfred P. Sloan (New Haven)
 * George Smith (Norwalk)
 * Christopher Spencer (Manchester)
 * Roger Wolcott Sperry (Hartford)
 * Frank J. Sprague (Milford)
 * Frederick Stanley (New Britain)
 * John William Sterling (Stratford)
 * Martha Stewart (Westport)
 * Francis Sumner (Pomfret)
 * Eli Terry (East Windsor)
 * Seth Thomas (Wolcott)
 * John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (Middletown)
 * William H. Welch (Norfolk)
 * Warren L. Wheaton (Pomfret)
 * Nathaniel Wheeler (Bridgeport)
 * Dana White (Manchester)
 * Gustave Whitehead (Bridgeport)
 * Eli Whitney (New Haven)
 * Oliver Fisher Winchester (New Haven)
 * Arthur Williams Wright (Lebanon)
 * Robert Charles Wright (Southport)
 * Steve Wynn (New Haven)

Journalists and commentators

 * Joseph Alsop (Avon)
 * Stewart Alsop (Avon)
 * Julie Banderas (Hartford)
 * Wayne Barrett (New Britain)
 * Chris Berman (Greenwich and Cheshire)
 * Thom Brooks (Guilford)
 * Chris Cillizza (Marlborough)
 * Rita Cosby (Greenwich)
 * Ann Coulter (New Canaan)
 * Ross Douthat (New Haven)
 * Charles Dow (Sterling)
 * Dick Ebersol (Torrington)
 * Kelly Evans (Hartford)
 * Frank Fixaris (Torrington)
 * Brendan Gill (Hartford)
 * Linda Greenhouse (Hamden)
 * Burton J. Hendrick (New Haven)
 * Don Imus (Westport)
 * Laura Ingraham (Glastonbury)
 * Larry Kudlow (Redding)
 * Kenny Mayne (Bethel)
 * Leigh Montville (New Haven)
 * Dick Morris (Redding)
 * Tim Murnane (Naugatuck)
 * Candace Owens (Stamford)
 * Dan Patrick (Milford)
 * Steve Phillips (Wilton)
 * Molly Qerim (New Haven)
 * Lonnie Quinn (Cheshire)
 * Joan Rivers (New Milford)
 * Andy Rooney (Norwalk)
 * David Sirota (New Haven)
 * James Surowiecki (Meriden)
 * Ida Tarbell (Easton)
 * Sabrina Tavernise (Hartford)
 * Liz Trotta (New Haven)
 * Trey Wingo (Greenwich)
 * Sid Yudain (New Canaan)

Military figures

 * Ethan Allen (Litchfield)
 * Benedict Arnold (Norwich)
 * Daniel Bissell (East Windsor)
 * John Brown (Torrington)
 * Thomas L. Brown II (Danbury)
 * Daniel C. Burbank (Manchester)
 * John Butler (New London)
 * Tedford H. Cann (Bridgeport)
 * Benjamin Delahauf Foulois (Washington)
 * Walter S. Gorka (Windsor Locks)
 * Nathan Hale (Coventry)
 * David Hawley (Bridgeport)
 * Isaac Hull (Derby)
 * David Humphreys (Derby)
 * Raymond Jacobs (Bridgeport)
 * Everett F. Larson (Stamford)
 * Ezra Lee (Lyme)
 * John Levitow (Hartford)
 * Henry A. Mucci (Bridgeport)
 * Robert J. Papp Jr. (Norwich)
 * Samuel Holden Parsons (Lyme)
 * Israel Putnam (Brooklyn)
 * Gold Selleck Silliman (Fairfield)
 * Robert Stethem (Waterbury)
 * Benjamin Tallmadge (Litchfield)
 * John Trumbull (Lebanon)
 * James Wadsworth (Durham)
 * Philip C. Wehle (Westport)
 * Irving Wiltsie (Hartford)
 * David Wooster (Stratford)

Musicians, singers, and composers

 * Marian Anderson (Danbury)
 * Apathy (rapper) (Willimantic)
 * Timothy Archambault (Willimantic)
 * Veronica Ballestrini (Waterford)
 * Mark Berman (New Haven)
 * Kath Bloom (New Haven)
 * Michael Bolton (New Haven)
 * Dave Brubeck (Wilton)
 * Igor Buketoff (Hartford)
 * Gary Burr (Meriden)
 * Ray Cappo (Danbury)
 * Karen Carpenter (New Haven)
 * Richard Carpenter (New Haven)
 * Chris Carrabba (West Hartford)
 * Cassie (New London)
 * Javier Colon (Stratford)
 * Rivers Cuomo (Storrs)
 * Julia DeMato (Brookfield)
 * Dirt E. Dutch (Danbury)
 * José Feliciano (Westport)
 * Joe Flood (Portland)
 * Nick Fradiani (Guilford)
 * Chris Frantz (Fairfield)
 * Sawyer Fredericks (Newtown)
 * Stan Freeman (Waterbury)
 * Daryl Hall (Redding)
 * Hatebreed (Bridgeport)
 * Jascha Heifetz (Redding)
 * Grayson Hugh (Danbury)
 * Charles Ives (Danbury)
 * Bernard Jackson (Stamford)
 * Ben Kopec (Derby)
 * Meat Loaf (Redding)
 * John Mayer (Fairfield)
 * Peter McCann (Bridgeport)
 * Mark McGrath (Hartford)
 * Dom McLennon (Hartford)
 * Brad Mehldau (West Hartford)
 * Syesha Mercado (Bridgeport)
 * Moby (Darien)
 * Jimmy Monaghan (Danbury)
 * Thurston Moore (Bethel)
 * Alfred Newman (New Haven)
 * Liz Phair (New Haven)
 * Gene Pitney (Hartford)
 * Keith Richards (Weston)
 * Dawn Robinson (New London)
 * Nile Rodgers (Westport)
 * Diana Ross (Greenwich)
 * Emily Saliers (New Haven)
 * John Scofield (Wilton)
 * Horace Silver (Norwalk)
 * Ronnie Spector (Brookfield)
 * Steve Stevens (Hartford)
 * Seth Swirsky (New Haven)
 * Mary Travers (Redding)
 * Cassie Ventura (New London)
 * Franco Ventriglia (Fairfield)
 * Vinnie Vincent (Bridgeport)
 * Chris Webby (Norwalk)
 * Robert Wendel (Bridgeport)
 * Tina Weymouth (Fairfield)
 * Brian Yale (Orange)

Politicians and statesmen

 * Dean Acheson (Middletown)
 * Abraham Baldwin (Guilford)
 * Roger Sherman Baldwin (New Haven)
 * Ebenezer Bassett (Derby)
 * Donald Berwick (Moodus)
 * Cofer Black (Stamford)
 * George H. W. Bush (Greenwich)
 * George W. Bush (New Haven)
 * Prescott Bush (Greenwich)
 * Elinor Carbone (Torrington)
 * Orlow W. Chapman (Ellington)
 * Anthony Comstock (New Canaan)
 * Joe Courtney (Hartford)
 * Silas Deane (Groton)
 * Robert E. De Forest (Bridgeport)
 * Rosa DeLauro (New Haven)
 * Christopher Dodd (Willimantic)
 * Peter H. Dominick (Stamford)
 * Oliver Ellsworth (Windsor)
 * Anna Eshoo (New Britain)
 * John Fabrizi (Bridgeport)
 * Gary Franks (Waterbury)
 * Porter J. Goss (Waterbury)
 * Ella T. Grasso (Windsor Locks)
 * Galusha A. Grow (Ashford)
 * Lyman Hall (Wallingford)
 * Hope Hicks (Greenwich)
 * Titus Hosmer (Middletown)
 * Samuel Huntington (Windham)
 * Robert A. Hurley (Bridgeport)
 * William Samuel Johnson (Stratford)
 * Ethel Skakel Kennedy (Greenwich)
 * Henry Kissinger (Kent)
 * John Larson (East Hartford)
 * Scooter Libby (New Haven)
 * Joe Lieberman (Stamford)
 * Clare Boothe Luce (Ridgefield)
 * Dannel Malloy (Stamford)
 * Robert Moses (New Haven)
 * Constance Motley (New Haven)
 * Ralph Nader (Winsted)
 * Frederick Walker Pitkin (Manchester)
 * Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (New Haven)
 * Abraham A. Ribicoff (New Britain)
 * Pete Rouse (New Haven)
 * John G. Rowland (Waterbury)
 * Christopher Shays (Bridgeport)
 * Roger Sherman (New Haven and New Milford)
 * Samuel Simons (Bridgeport)
 * Joseph Spencer (East Haddam)
 * Kathleen Kennedy Townsend (Greenwich)
 * Jonathan Trumbull (Lebanon)
 * Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Lebanon)
 * Lyman Trumbull (Colchester)
 * Donald Verrilli Jr. (Wilton)
 * Morrison Waite (Lyme)
 * Mark Warner (Vernon)
 * Gideon Welles (Glastonbury)
 * William Williams (Lebanon)
 * Oliver Wolcott (Windsor)
 * Oliver Wolcott Jr. (Litchfield)
 * Richard Woodbury (New Haven)

Religious and spiritual figures

 * Ebenezer Baldwin (Norwich)
 * Henry Ward Beecher (Litchfield)
 * Lyman Beecher (New Haven)
 * Aaron Burr Sr. (Fairfield)
 * Blackleach Burritt (Huntington)
 * Horace Bushnell (Litchfield)
 * Henry Sloane Coffin (Lakeville)
 * Jonathan Edwards (East Windsor)
 * Charles Grandison Finney (Warren)
 * Gordon Hall (Tolland)
 * Michael J. McGivney (New Haven)
 * Kenneth Pike (Woodstock)
 * Henry Weston Smith (Ellington)
 * Ed & Lorraine Warren (Monroe)
 * Wilford Woodruff (Farmington)
 * John Zaffis (Stratford)

YouTube celebrities

 * Jack Baran (Fairfield)
 * Eugenia Cooney (Greenwich)
 * Charli D'Amelio (Norwalk)
 * Dixie D'Amelio (Norwalk)
 * Anthony Fantano (Wolcott)
 * Casey Neistat (Ledyard)
 * Daymon Patterson (New Britain)

Other figures

 * Ruth Maxon Adams (New Haven)
 * Erin Brady (East Hampton)
 * Keith Carlos (Bridgeport)
 * John Carpenter (Hamden)
 * Scott Conant (Waterbury)
 * Lydia Hearst (Wilton)
 * Helen Keller (Easton)
 * Ruth Madoff (New York City, Old Greenwich)
 * Anthony Megale (Stamford)

title: List of people from Connecticut


text:
All Fall Down (Against All Authority album)

All Fall Down is an album by American ska-punk band Against All Authority. The album was released in 1998.

Track listing

 * 1) "All Fall Down" – 2:11
 * "12:00 AM" – 2:38
 * 1) "Justification" – 2:16
 * 2) "Keep Trying" – 1:47
 * 3) "At Our Expense" – 2:15
 * 4) "Stand in Line" – 2:03
 * 5) "Toby" – 1:16
 * 6) "We Don't Need You" – 1:33
 * 7) "The Mayhem & the Pain" – 1:51
 * 8) "Louder Than Words" – 2:02
 * 9) "What the Fuck'd You Expect?" – 2:15
 * 10) "Daddy's Little Girl" – 1:21
 * 11) "Sk8 Rock" – 1:39
 * 12) "Watered Down & Passive" – 1:59
 * 13) "When the Rain Begins to Fall" – 1:50

Artwork by Omar Angulo

Legal problems
In the inlay of this CD, there is a scanned letter from the American Automobile Association (from 1998). Their trademark consists of three As in an oval. They complained to Hopeless Records that the logo Against All Authority uses is the same as theirs, and they threatened to sue the label. After this, Against All Authority's logo was changed and previous CDs with the offending logo were replaced with the new one. However, in response to this argument, their next album was entitled 24 Hour Roadside Resistance, making fun of the American Automobile Association's slogan "24 Hour Roadside Assistance".


text:
Southern Harmony

The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion is a shape note hymn and tune book compiled by William Walker, first published in 1835. The book is notable for having originated or popularized several hymn tunes found in modern hymnals and shape note collections like The Sacred Harp.

The music and its notation

The roots of Southern Harmony singing, like the Sacred Harp, are found in the American colonial era, when singing schools convened to provide instruction in choral singing, especially for use in church services. This practice remained popular with Baptists in the South long after it fell from use in other regions.

In 1801, a book called The Easy Instructor by William Smith and William Little was published for the use of this movement; its distinguishing feature was the use of four separate shapes that indicated the notes according to the rules of solfege. A triangle indicated fa, a circle sol, a square la and a diamond, mi. To avoid proliferating shapes excessively, each shape (and its associated syllable) except for mi was assigned to two notes of the musical scale. A major scale in the system would be noted Fa – Sol – La – Fa – Sol – La – Mi – Fa, and a minor scale would be La – Mi – Fa – Sol – La – Fa – Sol – La.

History
The Southern Harmony, and Musical Companion was compiled by William "Singin' Billy" Walker and printed in 1835, with subsequent editions printed in Philadelphia. It contained 335 songs, went through several editions, and became one of the most popular southern tunebooks in the 19th century. In 1867 Walker claimed over 600,000 copies had been sold. Walker added an appendix of additional tunes in 1840 with a further enlargement in 1847. An 1854 revision deleted several tunes and added still more. The present edition is a facsimile reprint of the 1854 edition.

In 1866, Walker published a tunebook entitled The Christian Harmony, in which he changed from four shape to seven shape notation. He incorporated over half of the contents of The Southern Harmony in the Christian Harmony. Walker died on September 30, 1887.

The Southern Harmony has remained unchanged since 1854, unlike its counterpart the Sacred Harp, which went through several revisions in the 20th century. About 75% of the songs are presented in three-part harmony.

Besides Walker, notable contributors to Southern Harmony included Matilda T. Durham and John Gill Landrum.

Related
The American composer William Duckworth used some of the songs in the Southern Harmony as a starting point for his own minimalist choral arrangements of the same name.

Composer Donald Grantham also composed a four-movement piece for wind ensemble based on the anthology, entitled Southern Harmony.

The Black Crowes named their second album The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion after this song anthology.

title: Southern Harmony


text:
The Exchange

The Exchange may refer to:

England

 * The Exchange, Birmingham, former building in Birmingham
 * The Exchange, Bristol, a historic building
 * The Exchange, Twickenham, a theatre and arts venue in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
 * Exchange Arcade, the commercial section of the Nottingham Council House
 * The Exchange, a sister venue of the Hazlitt Theatre in Kent, England
 * The Exchange, a building project in Croydon, a neighborhood in south London
 * The Exchange, a contemporary art gallery in Penzance, Cornwall

Elsewhere

 * The Exchange (La Plata, Maryland)
 * The Exchange, a shopping mall owned by CapitaLand in Tianjin, China
 * The Exchange TRX, a shopping mall complex in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Arts and entertainment

 * The Exchange (Trifonov novel), a 1969 novella by Yuri Trifonov
 * The Exchange: After The Firm, a 2023 novel by John Grisham
 * The Exchange, a non-fiction book by Allan Levine
 * The Exchange (1952 film), a West German comedy film
 * The Exchange (2011 film), an Israeli film
 * The Exchange (2021 film), a comedy-drama film
 * The Exchange (band), an a cappella band from the US
 * The Exchange (TV series), a Canadian financial news television program
 * The Exchange, a recording studio in London where several Depeche Mode albums, including Ultra, were recorded

Other uses

 * Army and Air Force Exchange Service
 * The Exchange (Canada), an interbank ATM network
 * The exchange (chess), an occurrence in the game of chess

title: The Exchange