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Shiraz Minwalla

Shiraz Naval Minwalla (born January 2, 1972) is an Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist. He is a faculty member in the Department of Theoretical Physics at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. Prior to his present position, Minwalla was a Harvard Junior Fellow and subsequently an assistant professor at Harvard University.

Early life
Born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, in 1972, to a Parsi Zoroastrian father (Naval) and a Muslim mother (Khadija), Minwalla graduated from Campion School, Mumbai in 1988 and then Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1995. He later moved to Princeton University to earn his PhD under the guidance of Nathan Seiberg.

Awards
Minwalla was awarded the Swarnajayanti Fellowship 2005-06 by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. He was awarded the ICTP Prize in 2010 and the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, in the physical sciences category in 2011. He was awarded the Infosys Prize 2013 in the field of Physical Sciences by the Infosys Science Foundation. Minwalla was awarded the 2014 New Horizons in Physics Prize by the Fundamental Physics Prize for "his pioneering contributions to the study of string theory and quantum field theory; and in particular his work on the connection between the equations of fluid dynamics and Albert Einstein's equations of general relativity." In 2016, The World Academy of Sciences awarded him the TWAS Prize in Physics.

Notable contributions to the field

 * Analysis of primary operators on AdS4 and AdS7
 * Three-point functions in N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory and AdS/CFT
 * Noncommutative perturbative dynamics (with Nathan Seiberg and Mark Van Raamsdonk)
 * Noncommutative solitons (with Andrew Strominger and Rajesh Gopakumar)
 * OM-theory (with Nathan Seiberg, Andrew Strominger and Rajesh Gopakumar)
 * Stringy interactions in pp-waves
 * Some insights about tachyon condensation
 * Dualities in supersymmetric gauge theories, in particular Chern-Simons-matter theories
 * Fluid-Gravity correspondence, the connections between hydrodynamics and AdS/CFT.(with Sayantani Bhattacharyya)

Personal life
Shiraz Minwalla lives in Mumbai with his wife and their two children.

title: Shiraz Minwalla


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Vannoccio Biringuccio

Vannoccio Biringuccio, sometimes spelled Vannocio Biringuccio (c. 1480 – c. 1539), was an Italian metallurgist. He is best known for his manual on metalworking, De la pirotechnia, published posthumously in 1540.

Biography
Biringuccio was born in Siena as the son of Paolo Biringuccio, presumably an architect, and Lucrezia di Bartolommeo Biringuccio. He was baptised on October 20, 1480.

He was a follower of Pandolfo Petrucci, the head of the powerful Petrucci family. Pandolfo employed him as a metallurgist. When Pandolfo died, Biringuccio remained tied to the Petrucci family, being employed by Pandolfo's son Borghese Petrucci. However, the uprising of 1515 forced Borghese to flee from Siena, taking Biringuccio with him. Biringuccio traveled about Italy, and visited Sicily in 1517.

In 1523 Pope Clement VII caused the reinstatement of the Petrucci family, and along with them Biringuccio was able to return from exile. In 1524 he was granted a monopoly on the production of saltpeter across all of Siena. However, this was short lived—in 1526, the people of Siena revolted and threw the Petrucci family out again. The family made an attempt (aided by Biringuccio) to regain Siena by force, but it failed.

In 1530, Siena entered a more peaceful phase, and Biringuccio returned. He was a Senator of the city in January and February 1531, and took part in various projects.

In 1536, he was offered a job in Rome by the Church, and in 1538 he became head of the papal foundry, and director of munitions.

His exact place and date of death is unknown; all that is known is that a document dated 1539 mentions his death.

Work
Biringuccio is considered by some as the father of the foundry industry, as his De la pirotechnia is the first printed account of proper foundry practice. It also gives details of mining practice, the extraction and refining of numerous metals, alloys such as brass, and compounds used in foundries and explosives. It preceded the printing of De re metallica by Georgius Agricola by 14 years.

Biringuccio was a member of the secretive guild Fraternità di Santa Barbara. Before his book's publication, information on metallurgy and military arts were closely held secrets; his book is credited with starting the tradition of scientific and technical literature.

In his career, he was in charge of an iron mine near Siena, and also in charge of its mint and arsenal. He was in charge of casting cannons for Venice and later Florence.

De la pirotechnia
The work is one of earliest technical manuscripts to survive from the Renaissance, and is thus a valuable source of information on technical practice at the time of writing. The work was printed in 1540 in Venice, and has been reprinted numerous times.

It is divided into ten books dealing with minerals, semi-minerals, assaying, smelting, the separation of gold from silver, alloys, the art of casting metals (especially bells and cannons), and alchemy. He describes in detail the way moulds are made for casting so as to avoid defects, including the way patterns are made for the final product shape.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vannoccio Biringuccio


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Private (magazine)

Private is a pornographic magazine published by the Swedish publisher and distributor Private Media Group. The magazine is known for its combination of high-quality photography and depiction of sex acts typical of hardcore pornography such as anal sex, an innovation at the time of its creation. The American pornographer Al Goldstein described it as "[the] best porno magazine in the world".

The magazine was created in 1965 by the Swedish photographer Berth Milton Sr., who initially included his pornographic photographs in erotic magazines, which he distributed in his bookshop in Stockholm. He sold the first issues of his magazine himself to newspaper kiosks, since there was no distribution for such magazines.

After the 1966 United States Supreme Court decision Memoirs v. Massachusetts, the prohibition of pornography in the United States was questioned for the first time. The magazine, previously distributed under the counter in the United States, has since been sold openly there and, from its ninth issue, is considered the United States' first legally distributed pornographic magazine.

Since the mid-1980s, Private has been published in Barcelona, Spain, which was the second largest market for pornographic products after Germany. The magazine became the best-selling pornographic magazine in the world, before losing importance in the course of the digitalization of pornography in the 1990s.

Private Media Group was founded in 1991 by Berth Milton Jr. who extended the Private brand by adding web offerings to the portfolio, expanded video production and successfully took the company public. The magazine Private, which forms the cornerstone of the company, continues to this day.

The erotic art book publisher Taschen has published two collections, each in five volumes, featuring photographic works published in Private in the 1970s and 1980s.

title: Private (magazine)


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The Carpetbaggers

The Carpetbaggers is a 1961 bestselling novel by Harold Robbins, which was adapted into a 1964 film of the same title. The prequel Nevada Smith (1966) was also based on a character in the novel.

In the United States, the term "carpetbagger" refers to an outsider relocating to exploit locals. It derives from postbellum Southern United States usage, where it referred specifically to opportunistic Northerners who flocked to the occupied southern states in hopes of increasing their political, financial and social power during the Reconstruction era. In Robbins' novel, the exploited territory is the film industry, and the newcomer is a wealthy heir to an industrial fortune who, like Howard Hughes, simultaneously pursued aviation and filmmaking avocations.

Roman à clef
Ian Parker described the book as "a roman à clef — it was generally thought to have been inspired by the life of Howard Hughes". In an interview with Dick Lochte, Robbins said, "The airplane manufacturer in The Carpetbaggers was Bill Lear, not Howard Hughes, by the way." TV Guide Online's capsule summary of the movie says, however, "Deny it though he might, Harold Robbins obviously used parts of the life of Howard Hughes as the basis for his major character, Jonas Cord." Lear, the developer of the Lear jet and the 8-track tape player, was better known as an engineer rather than as an aviator, and had no connection with Hollywood.

Parallels between Cord and Hughes include:

 * Cord is the heir to his father's Cord Explosives Company, Hughes to his father's Hughes Tool Company.
 * Cord personally sets aviation records, as did Hughes.
 * Much of the novel concerns itself with Cord's ventures into film production; Hughes produced 26 films.
 * Cord owns an airline named ICA; Hughes owned TWA.
 * Cord personally pilots a gigantic flying boat called the Centurion, "the biggest airplane ever built", to prove its airworthiness in order to meet a naval contract condition. Hughes personally piloted the Hughes H-4 Hercules or Spruce Goose, by some criteria the largest aircraft ever built, to prove its airworthiness in order to deflect Congressional criticism of his war contracts.

Ian Parker and others identify the character Rina Marlowe with Jean Harlow, whom Howard Hughes had under personal contract for a few years and who many believe had an affair with Hughes; although actual evidence of such an affair is patchy at best, and Harlow often complained about Hughes making a fortune loaning her to other studios and paying her a paltry salary (her contract with Hughes was eventually bought out by MGM). Carroll Baker, the actress who played Rina in The Carpetbaggers, was chosen a year later to play the title role in the biopic Harlow. Fictional Rina Marlowe's husband, cinema director Claude Dunbar, commits suicide shortly after their marriage, as did Jean Harlow's second husband, producer Paul Bern. Marlowe dies tragically of encephalitis in about 1934; Harlow died of kidney failure in 1937.

In other respects, correspondences between the novel's characters and real individuals are imprecise. In the novel, Jonas Cord's first movie production is entitled The Renegade; is released in 1930; and stars Rina Marlowe in her screen debut. Marlowe has a 38C bust, and Cord has one of his aeronautical engineers design a special brassiere for her. There is a brief reference to his producing a movie four years later entitled Devils in the Sky. These movie titles bear an unmistakable similarity to two movies produced and directed by Hughes: The Outlaw (1943) and Hell's Angels (1930).

Hell's Angels starred Jean Harlow, but it was not her debut; she was an established actress with seventeen earlier screen credits. Jean Harlow was famous as (in the words of her official estate-sponsored website) "Hollywood's Original Blonde Bombshell", but her bust measurement was not extraordinary. The real-life person who did make her screen debut as a star, was famous for her large bust, and for whom Hughes really did have an engineer design a special brassiere, was Hughes' later discovery (and model for the character Jennie Denton) Jane Russell, who starred in The Outlaw.

The names of real people whom Robbins' fictional characters resemble are often mentioned briefly within the novel, potentially further confusing the situation. When Rina Marlowe dies, a studio official says that, to replace Marlowe in an upcoming picture, "I'm already talking to Metro about getting Jean Harlow." A fictional Charles Standhurst, who owns "more than twenty newspapers stretched across the nation", is said to be "second only to Hearst".

The character Nevada Smith is a cowboy who breaks into the movies by volunteering to perform a risky stunt, becomes fabulously wealthy as a movie cowboy star, and becomes proprietor of a Wild West show. In these details he bears a vague resemblance to Tom Mix, who was a star performer in the 101 Wild West Show and became in turn a movie extra, stuntman, and major star. Some also see a resemblance between Nevada Smith and William Boyd, who became famous as Hopalong Cassidy. Others say that Smith was based on cowboy actor Ken Maynard. A movie entitled Nevada Smith (1966) starring Steve McQueen was based on Smith's role in this book. The role of Billy the Kid in Hughes' The Outlaw was played by Jack Buetel, who prior to his movie career was neither an outlaw nor a cowboy, but an insurance clerk.

Reviews
Murray Schumach's review in The New York Times on June 25, 1961, opens: "It was not quite proper to have printed The Carpetbaggers between covers of a book. It should have been inscribed on the walls of a public lavatory." He complains that the plot is merely "an excuse for a collection of monotonous episodes about normal and abnormal sex—and violence ranging from simple battery to gruesome varieties of murder".

On the day the review was published, The Carpetbaggers was already at number nine on the New York Times bestseller list. The most successful of Robbins' books, it had sold over eight million copies by 2004. The profile of Robbins in Gale's Contemporary Authors Online claims that The Carpetbaggers "is estimated to be the fourth most-read book in history".

Artifact of the sexual revolution
The Carpetbaggers was published at the onset of the sexual revolution. Only two years earlier, the U.S. Postmaster General had banned D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover from the mails as obscene. In 1960, publisher Grove Press won the Supreme Court case contesting the ban, but even in 1961 booksellers all over the country were sued for selling Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. Parker quotes a professor of English as saying "The Carpetbaggers could have sent any retailer handling it to prison before 1960."

The Carpetbaggers never landed in court, but it did vigorously (and profitably) exploit the territory that Grove Press had opened up. On the second page of the novel, as aviator Jonas Cord approaches the landing strip of his father's explosives factory, Robbins writes: "The black roof of the plant lay on the white sand like a girl on the white sheets of a bed, the dark pubic patch of her whispering its invitation into the dimness of the night." In 1961, this was explosive indeed. (Paradoxically, the words "pubic patch" are omitted in some recent editions published in the United Kingdom.)

In 1963, while it may have been just within bounds in the United States, it was still one of 188 books prohibited from import into Australia, along with Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover, Grace Metalious's Peyton Place, and no fewer than seven books by Henry Miller.

In popular culture
In the film The Fortune Cookie (1966), Harry Hinkle (Jack Lemmon) carries a hardcover copy of the novel into his bedroom. Insurance investigators are covertly listening. In the novel The Outsiders (1967), Ponyboy Curtis mentions that his elder brother Darry has a copy of the novel, which Ponyboy states he has read, despite Darry saying he is too young.

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List of unaccredited institutions of higher education

This is a list of colleges, seminaries, and universities that do not have educational accreditation. In many countries, accreditation is defined as a governmental designation.

Degrees or other qualifications from unaccredited institutions may not be accepted by civil service or other employers. Some unaccredited institutions have formal legal authorization to enroll students or issue degrees, but in some jurisdictions (notably including the United States) legal authorization to operate is not the same as educational accreditation.

Institutions that appear on this list are those that have granted post-secondary academic degrees or advertised the granting of such degrees, but which are listed as unaccredited by a reliable source. There are several reasons for an institution not maintaining accreditation. A new institution may not yet have attained accreditation, while a long-established institution may have lost accreditation because of financial difficulties or other factors. Some unaccredited institutions are fraudulent diploma mills. Other institutions (for example, a number of Bible colleges and seminaries) choose not to participate in the accreditation process because they view it as an infringement of their religious, academic, or political freedom. Some government jurisdictions exempt religious institutions from accreditation or other forms of government oversight. Still other institutions are not required to have accreditation.

Some of the institutions on this list are no longer in operation. Several unaccredited universities have names that are similar to those of accredited institutions, and thus some persons may be misled into thinking that an entity is an accredited university. Accreditation is date-related: in the United States, colleges and universities are typically not fully accredited until several years after they open. Also in the United States, many colleges and universities existed prior to the development of the modern accreditation system.

There are many organizations which give their own accreditation, not generally recognised as valid by governments and others, to educational institutions. Many of these are listed in the article List of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations. Some of the educational institutions listed here claim accreditation from such organizations.

A

 * A Touch From Above Christian University, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Abundant Living Bible College, Kentucky; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Accademia di Belle Arti di Medicino, Italy
 * Académie Européene d'Informatisation (also known as the World Information Distributed University), Belgium and Russia
 * Academy of Intuition Medicine, California (also called the Academy of Intuition Medicine Online)
 * Academy of Natural Therapies, Hawaii; closed down temporarily
 * Academy of Religious & Spiritual Studies, Oregon; closed in 2014
 * Adam Smith University, Liberia and Saipan
 * Adams and Washington University King College of Professional Studies, United Kingdom; no longer appears to be operating since 2014
 * Adams College, South Africa
 * Addison State University, Ontario
 * Adison University, Hawaii; closed in 2019
 * Advanced Learning Network, Vermont
 * African Distributed University (AIDP), connected to the unaccredited World Information Distributed University
 * Agape Love Bible College, Wisconsin; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Akamai University, Hawaii
 * Alberdeen University, New Mexico
 * Albert University, Delaware
 * Al-Hurra University (also known as Alhuraa University), Netherlands and Michigan
 * Al-Ishraq University, Saudi Arabia
 * Al Qasim University, Pakistan
 * Al-Shurook University, Saudi Arabia
 * Alexandria University, Nevada (not to be confused with the legitimate Alexandria University of the same name)
 * Alive University, Mississippi; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * All-American University, Nevada
 * Alliance International University, Zambia
 * All Saints American University, Liberia
 * Allen Maxwell University, Wyoming
 * Almeda University, Idaho (also known as Almeda College or Almeda International University)
 * Ambai University, Massachusetts
 * Ambassador University Corporation
 * Ambassadors School of Ministry, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * American Academy of Pinecrest, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * American Andragogy University, Hawaii and Bolivia
 * American Capital University, Liberia
 * American Central University, Wyoming
 * American Century University, New Mexico (formerly known as Century University)
 * American City University
 * American Coastline University
 * American College of Brazilian Studies (AMBRA) Florida
 * American College of Metaphysical Theology, Minnesota
 * American Columbus University, California
 * American Global International University, Florida
 * American Global University, Wyoming
 * American Global University School of Medicine, Ohio
 * American Independent International University
 * American International University (not to be confused with the American InterContinental University)
 * American International University of Management and Technology, Hawaii
 * American Liberty University, Alabama and California
 * American National University, not to be confused with the accredited American National University
 * American Pacific University, Vietnam; has falsely claimed affiliation with Central Washington University
 * American Pacwest International University, Hawaii
 * American Scandinavian University, Texas and Arizona
 * American School of Metaphysics, New York
 * American State University (also known as Hamilton University and Richardson University), Hawaii and Wyoming and the Caribbean
 * American University for Humanities, Hawaii (formerly known as the American University of Hawaii)
 * American University in London, England; closed in 2007
 * American University of Hawaii, Hawaii and Mississippi and India  (not to be confused with the legitimate University of Hawaii)
 * American University of Human Services, Mississippi; closed in 2007
 * American University of London, California
 * American University of Mayonic Science and Technology
 * American University of Sovereign Nations, allegedly Japan, Thailand, United States and the Philippines; from its own website: "AUSN is not regionally or nationally accredited in the United States by traditional accreditation agencies" (affiliated with the unaccredited Accredited Universities of Sovereign Nations)
 * American World University, Mississippi
 * American Worldwide Academy, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Americana University, Liberia; run by the unaccredited Saint Regis University
 * Americus University, Washington, D.C.
 * Ames Christian University, Florida
 * Amstead University, Oregon; closed in 2010
 * Anacrusis Institute, Greece and the United Kingdom; closed in 2018
 * Andersen University, California (not to be confused with legitimate institutions named Anderson University)
 * Andersonville Theological Seminary (formerly Andersonville Baptist Seminary); overseen by the unaccredited Association of Independent Christian Colleges & Seminaries
 * Anglo-American University, Hawaii
 * Apostolic Prophetic Bible College & Theological Seminary, Michigan
 * Apostolic Theological Bible College, Florida
 * Arabic Open University, Denmark
 * Armstrong University (zh:哈姆斯頓大學), California
 * Ashbourne University, England
 * Ashford University, United Kingdom (not to be confused with the accredited Ashford University of the same name)
 * Ashington University, Louisiana
 * Ashwood University, Florida and Pakistan and Texas
 * Aston University, Nigeria (its relationship with Aston University in the UK is unclear)
 * Ateneo di Studi Superiori pro Pace, Italy, Belgium; operated 1978-1988
 * Atlanta University, Nigeria (not be confused with the legitimate University of Atlanta, Clark Atlanta University or the Atlanta University Center)
 * Atlantic International University, Hawaii (not to be confused with Atlantic University, Virginia)
 * Atlantic Pacific University, China
 * Auberdeen University, Idaho; closed in 2017 (not to be confused with the similarly named legitimate University of Aberdeen)
 * Auream Phoenix University, Dominica and Italy (also known as Auream Phoenix Distance Learning University for Women)
 * American University of London Western Graduate College, Pakistan
 * Allama Muhammad Yusuf Binnori Islamic University, Pakistan
 * Aryan University, Peshawar
 * Abu Ali Seena University, Peshawar
 * ADR-Centric Juridical University, New Delhi

B

 * Badaganvi Sarkar World Open University Education Society, India
 * Barber-Scotia College, North Carolina (lost accreditation in 2004)
 * Barrington University, Alabama
 * Bay Ridge Christian College (also known as Bay Ridge College), Texas
 * Belford University   (not to be confused with the similarly unaccredited University of Bedford, or the legitimate University of Bedfordshire)
 * Beloved Community Seminary, Oregon and Hawaii
 * Bennington University (not to be confused with Bennington College)
 * Berean Bible College, California; claims approval from the unaccredited Accrediting Commission International
 * Berne University, Pennsylvania and Virginia (not to be confused with University of Bern)
 * Bernelli University, Virginia and Italy (also known as Berne University)
 * Beth Rapha Christian College & Theological Seminary, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Bethel Bible College and Seminary, Alabama; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Bethlehem Christian University, Virginia, a member of Life Christian University
 * Bettis Christian University, Arkansas
 * The Bible Doctrine Institute, Florida (also known as the Blue Ridge Bible Institute)
 * Bienville University, Mississippi; reported closed as of 2007
 * Billye Brim Bible Institute, Missouri (also known as the 3BI Billye Brim Bible Institute); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Bircham International University (formerly Oxford International University)
 * Blacksmith University, Nigeria
 * Boulder Psychic Institute, Colorado
 * Bowling University, Texas (not to be confused with the legitimate Bowling Green State University)
 * Brainwells University, California
 * Brazilian Law International College, Brazil
 * Breakthrough Bible Institute, Queensland (also known as either the Breakthrough Centre or the Breakthrough Centre Bible College); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Breath of the Spirit School of Ministry, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Brethren Bible Institute, India
 * Breyer State University, Panama
 * Bridgewater University (associated with instantdegrees.com; not to be confused with Bridgewater College or Bridgewater State University)
 * Bridgewood University
 * Britain College of Management and Science
 * British West Indies Medical College (also known as West Indies College of Naturopathic Medicine and Surgery)
 * Brixton University, British Columbia; no longer appears to exist as of 2011
 * Brookside University, Barbados
 * Bronte International University, Dakota
 * Burnell College, United Kingdom
 * Burnett International University, Haiti
 * Buxton University, United Kingdom; unofficially ceased operations in 2011 (not to be confused with the University of Derby's Buxton campus)
 * Bible Open University of India, Visakhapatnam
 * Badaganvi Sarkar World Open University Education Society, Belgium

C

 * Calamus International University (including Calamus Extension College and Vocalist International Distance Learning Academy), Vanuatu (formerly based in Turks and Caicos)
 * California Institute of Integral Studies, California; overseen by the unaccredited WSCUC Senior College and University Commission
 * California University of Business and Technology, California
 * California Pacific School of Theology, California; claims accreditation from the unaccredited Association of Christian Colleges and Theological Schools
 * California South University, California
 * Calvary Baptist Bible College, North Carolina
 * Calvary Chapel Bible College, California
 * Cal Southern University, Texas (not to be confused with the similarly named legitimate University of Southern California, California Southern University or California Southern Law School)
 * California Takshila University, California
 * Calvary Cathedral International Bible College, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Calvary University, Virginia (not to be confused with the accredited Calvary University)
 * Cambridge Graduate University
 * Cambridge International University, Arizona
 * Cambridge State University, Mississippi
 * Canadian School of Management (also known as Revans University), Vanuatu
 * Canbourne University (not to be confused with the Camborne School of Mines)
 * Canby Bible College, Oregon (formerly known as the Leadership Training Institute)
 * Canterbury University, Seychelles
 * Canyon College, Michigan
 * Capital City Religious Institute, Louisiana; no longer listed or in operation
 * Capitol University, Pennsylvania; no longer appears to be operating since 2012 (not to be confused with the similarly named Capitol University)
 * Carlingford University, Wisconsin; shut down in 2010
 * Carlton College, Hong Kong
 * Carmel Bible College, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International (not to be confused with the legitimate CIBI)
 * Carolina International University, South Carolina
 * Carolina University of Theology, Virginia; website states that school is accredited by Accrediting Commission International
 * Central Arkansas Bible College, Arkansas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Centro di Tecnologia Universitaria Straniera, Italy
 * Centro Evangelistico Latino Americano International University (also known as C.E.L.A. International University), Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Chadwick University, Alabama
 * Champion Leadership Academy, Pennsylvania; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Charis Bible College, Colorado; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Charis School of Divinity, Florida
 * Chase University, Oregon; closed at some point between 2008 and 2016
 * Chesapeake Baptist College, Maryland; claims approval from the unaccredited Accrediting Commission International
 * Chess University
 * China University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
 * Christ Alive Christian Seminary and University, Nigeria
 * Christ Exalted Seminary, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Christ For The Nations Institute, Texas
 * Christ Image Bible College, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Christ New Testament Deemed University, Guntur
 * Christian Bible College, North Carolina
 * Christian Leadership University, New York
 * Christian Union Theological Seminary, Massachusetts; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Christians of Charity American University of Sci. and Tech., Nigeria
 * City of Hope Bible College, South Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Clarksville School of Theology, Tennessee; shut down in 1982
 * Clayton College of Natural Health, Alabama
 * Clayton Theological Institute, California
 * ClosedCollegeDiploma.com
 * Clayton University, Hong Kong, China, San Marino, Nigeria, India
 * CMM College of Theology, North Carolina
 * The College of Inner Awareness, Metaphysical and Spiritual Studies, Florida
 * Colonial Academy, Illinois
 * Colton University
 * Columbia Pacific University
 * Columbia State University
 * Columbus University, Mississippi; closed by state action
 * Columbus University, Nigeria
 * Commercial University, Daryaganj
 * Commonwealth Open University (not to be confused with Commonwealth Institute)
 * Communion of Saints Seminary, Oregon
 * Concordia College and University, Dominica
 * Concordia Theologica Institute For Biblical Studies, South Carolina; closed at some point between 2017 and 2023
 * Constantinian University, Italy
 * Corllins University, Kansas; closed in 2017
 * Cornerstone Word of Life Bible Institute, Alabama; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Covenant Bible College and Seminary, Florida (also known as Covenant University); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Cranmer Theological House, Louisiana and Texas
 * Crescent City Christian College, Louisiana
 * Crown College, Washington; lost accreditation in 2007
 * Cumbres de Chile University, Chile

D

 * Delphi University of Spiritual Studies, Georgia
 * Delta International University of New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Destiny College International, Florida (also known as Destiny College); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Dispensational Theological Seminary Forest Grove, Oregon
 * Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth, India
 * Donsbach University, Oregon
 * Dorcas University, Hawaii
 * Doxa International University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Dublin Metropolitan University, Cyprus
 * Darul Ihsan University, Bangladesh

E

 * Eagles International Training Institute, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Earlscroft University UK, Ireland and Seychelles
 * Earlstown University, UK; closed in 2012
 * EarthNet Institute, Hawaii
 * Eastern Caribbean University, Texas; closed in 2006
 * East Point University, Oregon; closed in 2006
 * Eastern Theological Seminary, Virginia; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Eastgate Christian College, Tennessee (also known as Eastgate Creative Christian Fellowship); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Ecole Supérieure Robert de Sorbon, France
 * Edenvale University, Texas; closed in 2016
 * Edison University, Oregon
 * EduKite, UK; falsely claims to be part of Ebrahim College
 * Elevate Leadership Institute, Illinois; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Ellington University, Texas
 * Emmanuel Bible College and Seminary, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Emmanuel Theology Seminary, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Emmaus Baptist College, Florida
 * Endtime Ministries International Bible University, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Energy Medicine University, California
 * Eurasia Community College, Italy
 * European American University, Dominica
 * European Carolus Magnus University, Belgium
 * European Continental University, Delaware
 * European Institute of Technology, Italy and San Marino (not to be confused with the European Institute of Innovation and Technology)
 * European Management University International, Denmark
 * European Open University; closed at some point between 2007 and 2010
 * European Union University, Spain
 * European University of Ireland
 * Evangel Christian University of America, Louisiana; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Evangelical Bible College and Seminary, Florida (also known as Legacy Church Ministries); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * East-West University, Pakistan (not to be confused with the legitimate East-West University of the same name)

F

 * Fairfax University; Louisiana; closed in 2004
 * Faith Christian Academy, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith Christian College, Washington; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith Christian University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith Global Institute, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith Landmarks Bible Institute, Virginia; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith School of Ministry, Illinois; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Faith School of Theology; claims accreditation by the unaccredited IASBC (which in actuality is the SAABC)
 * Faith Seminary, Massachusetts (formerly known as Oregon Theological Seminary)
 * Famous Word Bible School, Switzerland; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Farington University, Oregon
 * Florida State Christian College, Florida
 * FountainGate School of Revival, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Frederick Taylor University, California
 * Frederick Taylor International University, Hawaii and California
 * Freedom Bible College, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Free Gospel Bible Institute, Pennsylvania
 * Freie und Private Universität Herisa, Switzerland
 * Fresh Water College of Ministry, Louisiana; was formerly overseen until its closure in 2023 by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Friends International Christian University, Florida and California
 * Frontier Christian University, Indiana (formerly known as Southern Indiana Bible College)
 * Full Gospel Christian College, Michigan; closed at some point between 2011 and 2024
 * Fuzion Bible Institute, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International

G

 * Gandhi Hindi Vidyapith
 * Gateway International Bible Institute, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Generale University (also known as Generale Polytechnic Institute), Canada; closed in 2007
 * Geo-Metaphysical Institute, New York; closed at some point between 2012 and 2018
 * George Wythe University, Utah
 * Georgian International University, Pennsylvania; unlisted in 2023
 * Gerald Brooks School of Leadership, Texas (also known as the GB School of Leadership); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Glamshire University (also known as Glamshire University Karachi), Pakistan
 * Glencullen University, Ireland
 * Glendale University (previously known as Glenndale University)
 * Glenford University, Mississippi; closed in 2007
 * Global Church Theological Seminary and Global Church University, Maine and Michigan
 * Global On-Demand School of Ministry (GODSOM), Illinois; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Global Theological University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Glory House International Ministry School, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Golden State Baptist College, California
 * Golden State School of Theology, California
 * Golden State University (also known as Honolulu University of the Arts, Sciences and Humanities), Hawaii (originally located in California)
 * Grace & Truth Christian University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Graham Bible College, Tennessee; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Greenwich University, London; closed in 2002 (not to be confused with the legitimate University of Greenwich)

H

 * Hamilton University, Wyoming (also known as American State University and Richardson University); closed in 2008
 * Harmony Bible Institute Theological Seminary, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Hartford University (not to be confused with the legitimate University of Hartford)
 * Headway University, Pakistan
 * Heartland Baptist Bible College (formerly known as the Pacific Coast Baptist Bible College), Oklahoma
 * Higher Ground School of Ministry, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Hill University, Pakistan
 * Holy Bible Center Faith School of Theology, Texas (also known as the HBCF School of Theology); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Holy Spirit Institute College, Thailand
 * Holy Trinity College and Seminary, Florida
 * Honolulu University (also known as Honolulu University of the Arts, Sciences, and Humanities and Golden State University)
 * Houdegbe North American University, Nigeria
 * House of God Academy and Bible College Online, South Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Huntington Pacific University, Michigan; closed and unlisted in 2011
 * Hyles-Anderson College and Hyles-Anderson College Seminary, Indiana

I

 * Ignite Bible College and Seminary, Wisconsin; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Innovation University of Silicon Valley, California
 * Illinois Theological Seminary Online (also known as In-Depth Theological Seminary, Independent Theological Seminary and Intercontinental Theological Seminary)
 * Impact University, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * IMHS (Institute of Metaphysical Humanistic Science) Metaphysics Institute, Florida; cross-operated alongside Thomas Francis University by the unaccredited International Church of Metaphysical Humanism, Inc.
 * Indian Institute of Alternative Medicine, India
 * Indian Institute of Alternative Medicine and Research, India
 * Indian Institute of Planning and Management, India
 * Indian Institute of Science and Engineering, India
 * Indian Management School and Research Centre, India
 * Indiana Bible College, Indiana
 * Indiana Christian University, Indiana
 * Institute for Creation Research Graduate School and School of Biblical Apologetics, Texas
 * Instituto Latinoamericano de Psicobiofisica, Italy
 * Intercontinental University
 * Intercultural Open University Foundation, Delaware and Spain (formerly located in Nicaragua)
 * Interfaith Seminary, formerly Interfaith School of Theology, New York
 * International American University, California and Nepal
 * International Bible University, Californiaand Hawaii
 * International College of Metaphysical Theology, Washington
 * International Institute of Technology, or Institut International Technologie (IIT), Tunisia
 * International Management Centres Association (IMCA or IMC Association), Buckingham
 * International Open University
 * International Peace University, Germany
 * International School of Ministry, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * International Seminary, Florida; claims accreditation from the unaccredited Accrediting Commission International
 * International Theological Seminary, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * International Theological University, California
 * The International University, Italy
 * The International University, Missouri and Nigeria
 * International University of Ministry and Education, Missouri
 * International University Vienna, Vienna
 * IOND University, Hawaii
 * Isles International University, Ireland (formerly known as the Irish International University and/or the European Business School)
 * ISSEA SA, Switzerland
 * Ivory Carlson University, India
 * Islamic University of Pakistan, Sialkot
 * International University of America, Pakistan
 * International University Robert Gordon (not to be confused with Robert Gordon University)

J

 * Jacksonville Theological Seminary, Mississippi
 * Jackson Hole Bible College, Wyoming
 * James Monroe University (also called James Monroe International University)
 * JC Reigns Bible School, United Kingdom; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Johnson Daves University (also known as Johnson Davids University)

K

 * Kenneth Copeland Bible College, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Kensington University, California and Hawaii; closed in 2003 by state action
 * Kent College, Louisiana (not to be confused with the legitimate Kent College of the same name in the UK)
 * Kentucky Christian University, Kentucky (not to be confused with the accredited Kentucky Christian University of the same name)
 * Kepler College, Washington
 * Kingdom College of Natural Health, Micronesia; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Kingdom Development Institute, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Kingdom Life University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Kingston College, Canada (not to be confused with the legitimate Kingston College); closed in 2006
 * Kingston University, California
 * Kingsway Bible University, Iowa (previous known as Mid-States Bible College); claims accreditation from the unaccredited International Association of Bible Colleges and Seminaries
 * Klingon Language Institute, Kentucky (formerly Pennsylvania); does not seek accreditation
 * Knightsbridge University, Denmark and Scotland
 * Knoxville College, Tennessee; lost accreditation status in 1996

L

 * Lacrosse University;   reported closed as of 2007
 * Lambuth University, Tennessee; lost accreditation status in 2010
 * Landford University
 * Lansbridge University
 * LaSalle University, Louisiana
 * Last Days Prophetic Training College, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Leadway University, Nigeria
 * Libera Università Internazionale G. W. Leibni, Italy
 * Libera Università degli Studi di Formel, Italy
 * Libera Universitas Multidisciplinare Umanitaria perla Cultura Internazionale – LUMUC, Italy
 * Life Bible College, Idaho; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Life Bible Institute, New Mexico; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Life Christian University, Florida; formerly overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Life in Christ International Biblical Institute, New Jersey; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * LifePoint Christian University, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * LinkCamPus, Switzerland, (not to be confused with Link Campus University)
 * Lincoln University, Louisiana
 * Living Faith School of Theology, South Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Living Water School of Ministry, South Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Living Word Bible College, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Living Word Bible Training Center, Illinois (also known as the Living Word School of Ministry); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Lobi Business School, Nigeria
 * Logos University International, Florida
 * London College of Technology and Business
 * London External Studies, Nigeria
 * Lorenz University, California; closed but still listed as of 2009
 * Los Angeles University, California
 * Louisiana Baptist University (formerly Baptist Christian University)
 * Louisiana Christian University, Louisiana
 * Lahore Metropolitan University, Lahore

M

 * Macedonia Theological Seminary, New York (also known as Macedonia International University); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Madison University, Mississippi
 * Maharana Patap Shiksha Niketan Vishwavidyalaya, India
 * Mahila Gram Vidyapith, India
 * Maithili Vishwavidyalaya, India
 * Management Institute of Canada
 * Marquis Open University, Italy
 * Master's International School of Divinity, Indiana
 * McFord University, Pakistan
 * Metropolitan Collegiate Institute (associated with the fake teaching hospital Sussex General Hospital, both purportedly in London)
 * Metro University, Nigeria
 * Miami Christian University, Florida
 * MICAR Christian University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Mid-States Bible College, Iowa (now Kingsway Bible University)
 * Midtown University, Florida or Panama
 * Miranda International University, Italy
 * Mississippi International University, Mississippi
 * Monticello University, Hawaii and Kansas; closed in 2000
 * More Than Conquerors College, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Mountain States Baptist College, Montana; part of Independent Baptist Bible College Movement
 * MUST University, California (not to be confused with legitimate schools with similar names that include "University of Science and Technology" after the letter M)

N

 * National University of Nigeria, Nigeria
 * National University of Electro Complex Homeopathy, India
 * New Age International University, Principality of Seborga
 * New England School of Metaphysics, Connecticut
 * New England State University
 * New Jerusalem Academy, Florida (also known as NJ Academy); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * New Life Bible College, Tennessee; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * New Life Temple Bible College and Leadership Institute, Ohio; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * New Testament Christian Seminary, Washington
 * New Testament Church School of Theology, Louisiana
 * Newburgh Theological Seminary, Indiana; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Newton University, Hawaii and Oregon; closed in 2016
 * New Tribes Bible Institute, Michigan and Wisconsin
 * New West Seminary, Oregon
 * NextDimension University, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Nightingale University, Panama and Melbourne
 * Nobel University, South Korea
 * Non-Traditional University of USA (also known as the University of USA), Italy
 * North American Reformed Seminary, Arizona
 * North Carolina Theological Seminary, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * North Central University, Nigeria
 * Northfield University
 * North Lexington University, Massachusetts
 * North Norway University, Norway and Panama
 * Northwestern Christian University, Florida
 * Northwestern International University, Ltd., Denmark (not to be confused with other schools named Northwestern University)
 * Norway University (also known as the University of Norway), Norway
 * Novus University or Novus University International, Diamondhead, Mississippi
 * Novus University School of Law, California (also known as Novus University Law School)
 * Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose University (Open University), Aligarh
 * National University of Electro Complex Homeopathy, Kanpur

O

 * Oaklands University, United Kingdom
 * Oida Christian University, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Omega Bible Institute & Seminary, Louisiana; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Open International University, Nigeria
 * Open International University for Complementary Medicines, Sri Lanka
 * Oregon College of Ministry, Oregon
 * Oval Bible College, Louisiana; claims accreditation from the unaccredited American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions
 * Ozark Bible Institute, Missouri; loosely connected with the Assemblies of God

P

 * Pacific International University, Missouri; originally was located in Australia
 * Pacific National University and Theological Institute, California
 * Pacific Southern University
 * Panworld University, probably Pakistan
 * Patriot Bible University, Colorado (formerly known as Patriot University); claims accreditation by the accreditation mill American Accrediting Association of Theological Institutions
 * Pebbles University, Nigeria
 * Pensacola Bible Institute, Florida
 * Phoenix International University Europe
 * Politecnico degli Studi Internazionali, Switzerland; closed in 2022
 * Portland Bible College, Oregon
 * Preston University (also known as Fairmount International University)
 * Preston University, UK (not to be confused with legitimate institutions located within Preston)
 * Preston University School of Business, Rawalpindi
 * Pro Deo State University, New York (also known as Universitas Internationalis Studiorum Superiorum Pro Deo and Patriarchal Studium Generale Universitas Pro-Deo)
 * Promis University of London
 * Providence Bible College and Theological Seminary, Virginia (formerly known as the Whitfield Institute of Tidewater); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International

Q

 * Quantum University, Hawaii
 * Queenston University, Vanuatu, and Australia
 * Quaid e Azam University of Pakistan, Lahore

R

 * Raja Arabic University, India
 * Randford University, Florida and California
 * Real Knowledge Bible College, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Redding University
 * Redeemed Life University, Illinois; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Regent International University (not to be confused with the legitimate Regent University)
 * Restorative Christian University, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Revans University, Vanuatu (also known as the University of Action Learning)
 * Rev. D.O. Ockiya College of Theology and Management Sciences, Nigeria
 * Revival Today Bible Institute, Pennsylvania; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Richmond Open University, Nigeria
 * Ridgewood University, Ohio and Florida
 * River Bible London Institute (also known as River Bible Institute London), Hertfordshire; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Bible School of Minnesota, Minnesota; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Church Baltimore School of Business, Maryland (also known as the River School of Business); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Church Baltimore School of Ministry, Maryland; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Impact University, Oregon (includes the TRAX School of Ministry, TRAX School of Government TRAX School of Worship and TRAX Career Training Center, and co-operated alongside the River Learning Academy under TRAX); overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Learning Academy, Oregon (co-operated alongside the River Impact University under TRAX(overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River of Life World Outreach Bible College; Tennessee; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * River Southwest School of Ministry, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Rochville University, Texas; closed in 2012 (not to be confused with the legitimate University of La Rochelle)
 * Rocklands University, Maryland
 * Royal University Izhia, Nigeria
 * Rushmore University, Cayman Islands and South Dakota
 * Rutherford University (previously known as Senior University and Stratford International University)
 * Rawal Open International University of Alternative Medicine, Pakistan
 * Raja Arabic University, Nagpur

S

 * Sacramento International University (also known as San Francisco International University and Bellington University)
 * Sacred Circle Academy, Oklahoma
 * Saint Augustine's University of Technology, Nigeria
 * Saint Bernard University, Italy; closed and unlisted in 2021
 * San Tan International School of Ministry, Arizona; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * School of Bible Theology Seminary & University, Virginia; overseen under the alternate name Hope Institute by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * School of Intuition & Healing, London and South Africa
 * School of Intuitive Studies, California
 * School of Metaphysics, Illinois and Iowa and Kansas and Missouri
 * The School of Metaphysics, United Kingdom
 * SER Christian University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International; falsely claims approval by the state of Florida
 * Shekinah Bible School (also known as Shekinah BIble Training Institute), Tennessee; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * St. Christopher Iba Mar Diop College of Medicine, England; closed in 2011
 * St. Clements University, Somalia
 * St. John's University School of Medicine, Oregon
 * St. John's University, Louisiana (also known as St. John's University of Practical Theology)
 * Saint Luke School of Medicine, Oregon
 * Saint Martin's College and Seminary, Wisconsin
 * St. Paul's College & Seminary, Minnesota
 * St. Paul Ottawa College & University, Italy
 * St. Regis University; closed by court order in 2005     (not to be confused with the legitimate Regis University)
 * Saint Stephen's Educational Bible College, California
 * Saint Theresa's Medical University, Caribbean
 * St. Thomas-a-Becket College & University, England
 * Saint Wolbodo Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland
 * Samuel Ahmadu University, Nigeria
 * Sancta Sophia Seminary, Oklahoma; claims accreditation by the unaccredited Accrediting Commission International for Schools, Colleges, and Theological Seminaries, Inc.,
 * Sequoia University, Los Angeles and Oklahoma; closed by court order in 1984
 * Si Tanka University, South Dakota
 * Silicon Valley University, California
 * Smith Christian University, Florida; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Smoky Mountain Bible College, Tennessee; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Somerset University
 * Shalom Bible Institute, California; closed in 2014
 * Sofia University, California
 * South California Polytechnic University, Taiwan
 * South Pacific University, Hawaii
 * Southern Pacific University, Malaysia
 * Spiritual Arts Institute, California
 * Springfield Christian College and Theological Seminary, Washington
 * Standford University (also known as International Open University) (not to be confused with the legitimate Stanford University)
 * Stanton University, Hawaii
 * Stonebridge College (also known as Stonebridge Associated Colleges), United Kingdom
 * Strategic Business School, Nigeria
 * Success Seminary, Oregon
 * Suffield University, Connecticut
 * Summit Theological Seminary, Indiana
 * Summerset University, Texas
 * Sunday Adokpela University, Nigeria
 * Sutherland University, Oregon
 * St. John’s University, Kishanattam
 * Southern University, Bangladesh

T

 * Tabernacle Baptist College, South Carolina
 * Taiken Wilmington University, Japan
 * Tecana University, South America
 * Templeton University, Singapore and Nevada
 * Tennessee Bible College, Tennessee
 * Tennessee Christian University, Tennessee
 * Texas Christian Bible University, Texas (not to be confused with Texas Christian University)
 * Texas Theological University, Texas
 * The Centre for Myth, Cosmology and the Sacred, United Kingdom
 * The College of Psychic Studies, England and Wales
 * The University of America, California
 * Theological International University, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Therapon University, Virginia
 * Thomas Francis University, Florida; cross-operated alongside IMHS Metaphysics Institute by the unaccredited International Church of Metaphysical Humanism, Inc.
 * Thomas Jefferson Education Foundation, South Dakota
 * Thompson University, Pakistan
 * Thornewood University, Great Britain
 * Thornhill University, United Kingdom
 * The Thornwood University, Netherlands
 * TIMFA Christian University, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Tiu International University, Nigeria
 * Trafalgar Distance Learning Institute, Alberta
 * Trident University of Technology, Singapore
 * Tri-Valley University, California
 * Trinity College of the Bible and Theological Seminary, Indiana
 * Trinity College and University
 * Trinity Graduate School of Apologetics and Theology, India; apparently no longer operating as of 2013
 * Trinity International Bible University in South Africa
 * Trinity International University College (not to be confused with Trinity International University)
 * Trinity Southern University
 * Trinity Southwest University, New Mexico
 * Trinity Valley Baptist Seminary and College, Texas; claims approval from the unaccredited Accrediting Commission International
 * True North College, New Jersey; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Trump University, New York
 * Tyndale Theological Seminary, Texas
 * The International University of America, Pakistan

U

 * UNESCO University, Nigeria (falsely claims affiliation with UNESCO)
 * Unisanraffaele, Switzerland; reopened as LinkCamPus
 * United Christian University, Nigeria
 * United Cornerstone University, North Carolina; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * United Nations University, India (not to be confused with United Nations University)
 * United Nigeria University College
 * Universal Bible Institute, Alabama
 * Universal Life Church Seminary
 * Universal University, Mississippi
 * Università Mons Calpe, Gibraltar
 * Università Popolare degli Studi di Milano, Italy (also known as Università Popolare di Milano (not to be confused with the well-known Università degli Studi di Milano)
 * Università Popolare San Tommaso D'Aquino, Italy
 * Universitas Internationalis Studiorum Superiorum Pro Deo
 * Universitas Sancti Cyrilli, Malta
 * Université Européenne Jean Monnet
 * Université de Wallis, Oregon
 * University Consulting, Inc., Carolina
 * University Degree Program
 * University of Action Learning, United Kingdom
 * University of Applied Sciences & Management, Nigeria
 * University of Bedford
 * University of Berkley, Pennsylvania
 * University of Beverly Hills, California
 * University of Bums on Seats, United Kingdom (formerly known as Peckham Polytechnic University)
 * University of Central Europe, Mississippi; closed in 2007
 * University of Devon
 * University of Ecoforum for Peace, Switzerland
 * University of Esoterica, Michigan and Oregon and Maine
 * University of the Holy Land, Israel
 * University of Humberside, Israel
 * University of Industry, Nigeria
 * University of Lamberhurst, Oregon
 * University of Metaphysical Sciences, California and Minnesota
 * University of Metaphysical Studies, New Mexico
 * University of Metaphysics, California and Arizona; cross-operated alongside the University of Sedona by the unaccredited International Metaphysical Ministry
 * University of the Nations (formerly known as Pacific & Asia Christian University)
 * University of Natural Health, Mississippi
 * University of Natural Medicine, New Mexico
 * University of Northern Virginia, Virginia;  closed in 2013 and unlisted in 2014
 * University of Northern Washington
 * University of NorthWest, New York
 * University of Sedona, California and Arizona; cross-operated alongside the University of Metaphysics by the unaccredited International Metaphysical Ministry
 * Uttar Pradesh Vishwavidyalaya, India
 * United Buddhist Nations University, Vietnam and Argentina
 * University of Southern, Comit Campus, Pakistan
 * University of Houston, Pakistan
 * University of Economics & Technology, Pakistan
 * University of Islamic Study, Pakistan
 * University of Newcastle, Australia (not to be confused with the legitimate University of Newcastle (Australia) or the legitimate Newcastle University)

V

 * Vallejo Bible College, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Valley University
 * Vancouver University Worldwide, Canada; not longer operating as of 2008
 * Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Indian
 * Vision International University, California
 * Volta University College, Ghana and Nigeria
 * Vocational University, India
 * Viswakarma Open University for Self-Employment, India

W

 * Walesbridge University, California
 * Walker University, Nevada (also known as the International Institute of Supplementary Education)
 * Warnborough College, Texas
 * WARP University, South Carolina
 * Warren National University, Wyoming (formerly known as Kennedy-Western University); closed in 2009
 * Washington American Governors University, Delaware
 * Washington College and University, Washington
 * Washington International University, Pennsylvania
 * Washington School of Theology, Oregon
 * Washington University, Washington
 * Washington University of Barbados School of Medicine, Barbados; closed in 2018
 * Washington University, Pakistan
 * West Coast University, Italy
 * West Coast University Panama, Bangladesh
 * Western Michigan Bible Institute, Michigan
 * Western States University, Missouri (also known as Western States University for Professional Studies); closed in 2005
 * Western Advanced Central University, Pakistan (also known as Western Central College)
 * Western International University, Pakistan
 * Westfield University (not to be confused with Westfield State University)
 * Westmore College or Westmore University, Singapore
 * Weston Reserve University, Oregon
 * Whitefield Theological Seminary, Florida
 * Whitton University
 * Williamsburg University
 * Winchester University (not to be confused with the legitimate University of Winchester)
 * Winning Life Theological Seminary, California; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * Wisconsin International University, Ghana
 * Woodfield University, South Carolina
 * Woolston-Steen Theological Seminary, Washington
 * Worchester University, Panama
 * Word Power Bible College, Texas; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * World Bible School University, Missouri; overseen by the unaccredited Transworld Accrediting Commission International
 * World Information Distributed University
 * World Records University, India
 * Worldwide International University (also known as Wisconsin International University
 * Wycliffe School of Theology, Missouri (not to be confused with Toronto's Wycliffe College)

Y

 * York University, California; claims accreditation from the unaccredited World Association of Universities and Colleges
 * Yorker International University, South Dakota and New York (formerly known as New Yorker University)
 * Youngsfield University, New York
 * YUIN/American University, Hawaii and California

Z

 * Zenith University, Hawaii (not to be confused with the legitimate Zenith University College)


text:
Talk:Mil

This looks like a few definitions. Please move all of this to Mil (disambiguation) and then make Mil a re-direct page. 66.245.110.129 01:24, 14 May 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, done. --Stormie 01:41, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

How common is liters per mil as fuel efficiency? A google search revealed no links to vehicle related pages. Is this Scandinavian only? -- SGBailey 14:01, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC)

 * Quite common, at least in Sweden (and reportedly Norway). Note that litre is spelled liter in Swedish and Norwegian, the only languages likely to feature the unit. A Google seach for "liter/mil" gives around a thousand hits including ones from the Swedish Road Administration, Swedish and Norwegian newspapers and automobile magazines, sites concerned with environmental issues, government and political party Web sites, automobile dealerships, mathematics problems, and many others. "l/mil" (from Swedish pages only to eliminate noise) gives about 5900 more hits. "kr/mil" (kronor per Swedish mile) also returns many hits. LX 08:17, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably Scandinavian only, since the term is only commonly used there. 81.232.72.53 12:28, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Added mil = 10 km (exact) since I could not find it any page. Probably not the place it should be, but it has to be somewhere on Wikipedia and I could not find it. mil is very common in Sweden at least, primarily spoken Swedish but quite a lot written too when it has to do about driving, and I find it hard to believe it should not be relevant for Wikipedia. /Erik (Swede in Germany) 134.169.85.126 10:51, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Found it (sigh). Reverted. /Erik 134.169.85.126 10:54, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

True but www.(example).mil is government site —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.184.55.63 (talk) 18:14, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

MIL used erroneously or differently
Is this a joke? "The term 'mil' is also jugak ar mangkokused colloquially to mean 'millimetre' or 'millilitre'." That sentence has no meaning to me :)

Mils as currency are shown in mill, how can we show this... Maltesedog 08:28, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

mil is also used in electronics for millinch (1/1000inch). and mm in used for millimetre and mL for millilitre

True but www.(example).mil is government site —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.184.55.63 (talk) 18:14, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Yes, it is used erroneously many times in the United States to refer millimetre and millilitre by non other than Industry Giants because they failed to spell check their labels, websites, prints, and etc. This is also the case with industry professionals who should know better when they are masters of their trade and they specify "mil" instead of "mm" on their papers and designs. According to the article history someone says that "mil" is often used for measuring thickness in materials and although correct but the proper term will be under "length". Also thanks to User: Tiger Marc he has added the SI Unit of milli which should fix the milliinch, millimetre, and mililitre misuse problem. In the industry I work in, it gets really annoying when people start using the word "mil" to imply "mm" and when they get the wrong length they start going nuts about incompetency when themselves used the wrong abbreviation. Neoking (talk) 00:29, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Other meaning of "MIL"
Isn't "MIL" the short for "Mother In Law" too ? --Gabmiral (talk) 12:45, 28 August 2019 (UTC) It might be, but see WP:DABABBREV. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 18:37, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Doscientos
tres 198.200.88.91 (talk) 22:27, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mil


text:
Sticker

A sticker is a type of label: a piece of printed paper, plastic, vinyl, or other material with temporary or permanent pressure sensitive adhesive on one side. It can be used for decoration or for functional purposes, depending on the situation.

Stickers can come in many different shapes and sizes and also vary widely in color and design. They are often adhered to items such as lunchboxes, paper, lockers, notebooks, walls, cars, windows, used as name tags, and so on.

The term "sticker price" refers to the historic practice of adhering a large sticker to the window of a new car listing its base price, options, shipping charges, etc. (from which a discount was often negotiated).

History
R. Stanton Avery is credited with creating the first self-adhesive sticker in 1935.

Use

Stickers are very widely used when an object requires identification with a word or idea. Brand stickers may be attached to products to label these products as coming from a certain company. They may also be used to describe characteristics of the products that would not be obvious from simple examination, or to clarify either a printing error or change in the product of some kind, such as the country of origination, shift in a product's ingredients, a shelf life date, or copyright notice, without having to scrap pre-existing packaging for such a small change. A label dispenser is often used as a convenient way to separate the sticky label from its liner or backing tape.

Stickers placed on automobile bumpers, magnetic and permanent, called bumper stickers, are often used by individuals as a way of demonstrating support for political or ideological causes. Identification of vehicle registration and last service details are two examples of stickers on the inside of most car windscreens. The term "window sticker" is generally used for vinyl labels which are stuck to the inside of a vehicle's window, as opposed to water-resistant stickers that are stuck to the outside of a vehicle but can be affixed to anything.

Stickers are also used for embellishing scrapbooking pages. Kinds of stickers sold for this purpose include acrylic, 3D, cardstock, epoxy, fabric, flocked, sparkly, paper, puffy, and vellum. While in the earlier days of scrapbooking stickers were sold mostly on 2"x6" sheets, now 6"x12" and even 12"x12" size sheets are very common.

They are frequently distributed as part of promotional, and political campaigns; for example, in many voting districts in the U.S., stickers indicating an individual has voted are given to each voter as they leave the polling place, largely as a reminder to others to vote. Observers may clap hands, honk a horn or otherwise applaud a good sticker.

In the 16th century French aristocracy wore stickers on their face to hide blemishes.

Temporary stickers are used today to indicate whether someone is free of certain health symptoms, been vaccinated, or otherwise cleared some security protocol.

Stickers are also used as a form of guerilla marketing, as well as serving as a ubiquitous form of visual and physical vandalism.

Stickers are also printed for use as temporary tattoos.

Collecting

At their simplest stickers can be beginner-friendly collectables, serving as a gateway to the collecting hobby.

Forming a partnership with FIFA in 1970, Panini first produced a World Cup sticker album for the 1970 World Cup. Initiating a craze for collecting and trading stickers, since then, collecting and trading stickers has become part of the World Cup experience, especially for the younger generation. UK newspaper The Guardian states, "the tradition of swapping duplicate [World Cup] stickers was a playground fixture during the 1970s and 1980s."

title: Sticker


text:
Talk:Manchester Grammar School

Name?
The formal name of the school is "The Manchester Grammar School" so shouldn't the article be moved to that name (over the existing redirect)? And before anyone cites WP:COMMONNAME there are a bunch of "The" schools whose article titles use the definite article: The King's School, Canterbury, The Southport School, The Gap State High School, The Nelson Thomlinson School etc...--ukexpat (talk) 12:55, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

 * i think it should be renamed to "The Manchester Grammar School". Its the version that is more used in talking ={δ θ η μ τ π}= (talk) 17:50, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

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Dare to back up your wisdom with references
We have a little convention on WP- WP:RS. Not difficult, as I have seen the sources needed, but the cites are missing-- well facts are then rumours and are then removed! ClemRutter (talk) 19:30, 21 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manchester Grammar School


text:
Dick Rutan

Richard Glenn Rutan (July 1, 1938 – May 3, 2024) was an American military aviator and officer. He was also a record-breaking test pilot who in 1986 piloted the Voyager aircraft on the first non-stop, non-refueled around-the-world flight with co-pilot Jeana Yeager. Rutan was born and raised in Loma Linda, California, where he gained an interest in flying at a young age. He was the older brother of famed aerospace designer Burt Rutan, whose many earlier original designs Dick piloted on class record-breaking flights, including Voyager.

U.S. Air Force
After completing the Radar Intercept Officer Course, Rutan served as a McDonnell F-101B Voodoo Radar Intercept Officer with the 322d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Kingsley Field, Oregon, from December 1959 to September 1961, and then as a Northrop F-89 Scorpion Radar Intercept Officer with the 57th Fighter Interceptor Squadron at Keflavik Airport, Iceland, from September 1961 to October 1962. His next assignment was as a Douglas C-124 Globemaster II navigator with the 85th Air Transport Squadron at Travis AFB, California, from October 1962 to November 1965. He underwent Undergraduate Pilot Training, earning his Pilot Wings at Laughlin AFB, Texas, in December 1966.

Vietnam War
Rutan served during the Vietnam War as one of the founding members of the "Mistys" of Operation Commando Sabre, pioneering the use of tactical jets as a "FastFAC" (known as forward air control) for the FAC Airborne mission, which searched for and marked targets with white phosphorus rockets ahead of the strike package. He flew 325 missions but had to eject one time, when his "Hun" North American F-100 Super Sabre aircraft was hit.

After the war
His next assignment was as an F-100 pilot with the 492nd Tactical Fighter Squadron and as a Flight Test Maintenance Officer with the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath, England, from November 1968 to April 1972. Rutan had to eject a second time in his Air Force career when his aircraft suffered an engine failure over England. Rutan then served as a Flight Test Maintenance Officer with the 3030th Support Squadron at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, from April 1972 to May 1975, followed by service as an LTV A-7 Corsair II pilot and Commander of the 355th Field Maintenance Squadron at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, from May 1975 to August 1976. After completing an Operation Bootstrap degree program, Rutan served as Chief of the Training Division with the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing at Davis-Monthan AFB from January 1977 until his retirement from the Air Force on June 1, 1978.

During his career with the Air Force, Rutan was awarded the Silver Star, five Distinguished Flying Crosses, 16 Air Medals, and a Purple Heart. He retired from the Air Force in 1978 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Post military career

Rutan also acted as a test pilot throughout his career, flying multiple designs such as the Fairchild T-46 in 1981 and the XCOR EZ-Rocket in 2001.

From December 14 to 23, 1986, Rutan flew with Jeana Yeager on the first unrefueled non-stop flight around the world in the Rutan Voyager, a design by his brother Burt. The flight took 9 days, 3 minutes, and 44 seconds and covered 24,986 miles (40,211 km). It attracted world wide media coverage and set multiple records. That same year, Yeager and the Rutan brothers were awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club, the Presidential Citizens Medal from President Ronald Reagan, and the Collier Trophy for their achievement.

In 1997, Dick Rutan and Mike Melvill flew two personally-built Rutan Long-EZ kit aircraft side-by-side around the world. This "around the world in 80 nights" flight was called The Spirit of EAA Friendship World Tour, and some legs of it lasted for over 14 hours.

On December 3, 2005, in the XCOR EZ-Rocket, Rutan set the point-to-point distance record for a ground-launched, rocket-powered aircraft, flying 16 km from Mojave, California, to California City, California, in just under ten minutes. This was also the first official delivery of U.S. Mail by a rocket-powered aircraft. In recognition of this achievement, the FAI awarded Rutan the 2005 Louis Blériot Medal.

Congressional campaign
In 1992 Rutan ran as a conservative Republican against Democratic congressman George Brown, Jr. in California's 42nd congressional district, consisting mostly of the San Bernardino region of southern California and viewed as a swing district. In the Republican primary, Rutan upset San Bernardino County Supervisor Rob Hammock, who had run a strong race against Brown in 1990. In the general election, Rutan ran on a platform that called for reforming Congress and lowering taxes. Brown, first elected in 1962, was long known for surviving close elections and prevailed with 79,780 votes (50.7%) to Rutan's 69,251 (44%). Fritz Ward, a Libertarian, received 8,424 votes or 5.3% of the vote.

Death
Rutan died from pulmonary fibrosis as a complication of long COVID at a Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, hospital on May 3, 2024. He was 85.

Records
Besides the records Rutan set while flying the XCOR EZ-Rocket, which consisted of a point-to-point distance record and being the first official delivery of U.S. Mail by a rocket-powered aircraft, and while flying Voyager, which consisted of multiple absolute distance records, an airspeed record, and being the first plane to fly non-stop and unrefueled around the world, more than doubling the old distance record set by a Boeing B-52 strategic bomber in 1962,  he also set a number in his personal Rutan VariEze and Long-EZ, including:

 * FAI class C1b distance over a closed course of 2,636 km at Oshkosh, Wisconsin circa July–August 1975
 * FAI class C1b distance over a closed course of 7,725.3 km at Mojave, California on December 15, 1979
 * FAI class C1b distance of 7,344.56 km from Anchorage, Alaska to Grand Turk Island on June 5, 1981

Rutan believed that by engaging in a program of breaking class records he could further fine-tune his brother's homebuilt aircraft designs.

Civilian awards

 * 1981 – Louis Bleriot Medal - distance record
 * 1985 – Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) Jack Northrop Award (with Voyager co-pilot Jeana Yeager)
 * 1986 – Presidential Citizens Medal (with the rest of the Voyager team: Jeana Yeager and Burt Rutan)
 * 1986 – Collier Trophy (with Voyager team), for "the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics"
 * 1986 – De la Vaulx Medal (with Yeager), around-the-world flight in Voyager
 * 1987 – Louis Bleriot Medal, around-the-world flight
 * 1987 – National Air and Space Museum Trophy (with Yeager)
 * 1987 – SETP Iven C. Kincheloe Award (with Voyager co-pilot Jeana Yeager)
 * 1988 – Edward Longstreth Medal of the Franklin Institute
 * 2002 – National Aviation Hall of Fame inductee at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
 * 2005 – Louis Bleriot Medal, longest point-to-point rocket plane flight (XCOR EZ-Rocket)
 * 2011 – International Air & Space Hall of Fame inductee at the San Diego Air & Space Museum
 * 2013 – Flying magazine ranked him (along with Yeager) No. 33 on their list of the 51 Heroes of Aviation
 * 2014 – SETP Fellow inductee
 * 2022 – Mojave Air & Space Port is renamed "Rutan Field" in honor of the Rutan brothers' contributions

title: Dick Rutan


text:
Kalambo Falls

The Kalambo Falls on the Kalambo River is a 772 ft single-drop waterfall on the border of Zambia and Rukwa Region, Tanzania at the southeast end of Lake Tanganyika. The falls are some of the tallest uninterrupted falls in Africa (after South Africa's Tugela Falls, Ethiopia's Jin Bahir Falls and others). Downstream of the falls is the Kalambo Gorge, which has a width of about 1 km and a depth of up to 300 m, running for about 5 km before opening out into the Lake Tanganyika rift valley. The Kalambo waterfall is the tallest waterfall in both Tanzania and Zambia. The expedition which mapped the falls and the area around it was in 1928 and led by Enid Gordon-Gallien. Initially it was assumed that the height of falls exceeded 300 m, but measurements in the 1920s gave a more modest result, above 200 m. Later measurements, in 1956, gave a result of 221 m. After this several more measurements have been made, each with slightly different results. The width of the falls is 3.6–18 m.

Kalambo Falls is also considered one of the most important archaeological sites in Africa, with occupation spanning over 447,000 years. In 2023, archaeologists announced the discovery of wooden structures estimated to be 476,000 years old at the falls, predating Homo sapiens. Two worked wooden beams display evidence that burning was used to create an interlocking wooden structure, possibly a platform by what would have then been a water source for the early hominid residents. This is the earliest known hominid structure.

Archaeology
Archaeologically, Kalambo Falls is one of the most important sites in Africa. It has produced a sequence of past human activity stretching over more than two hundred and fifty thousand years, with evidence of continuous habitation since the Late Early Stone Age until modern times. It was first excavated in 1953 by John Desmond (J.D.) Clark who recognized archaeological activity around a small basin lake upstream of the falls. Excavations in 1953, 1956, 1959, and 1963 allowed Clark to make conclusions about the multiple different cultures inhabiting the area over thousands of years of time.

Pleistocene environmental reconstruction
J.D. Clark's work incorporated both questions of the cultures who lived at the Kalambo Falls site as well as what their environment was like during times of occupation. Using plant (floral) and pollen analyses, Clark was able to conduct the process of paleoenvironmental reconstruction. By studying pollen that settled on the earth during different environmental settings, Clark was able to form a general idea of what ecological factors affected the Kalambo Falls region at different times. In order to do this, Clark used a tool for drawing out sediment cores in order to observe and analyse the different layers below the surface of the earth today. He separated these layers into 6 different spectra, labeled zones U through Z. The law of superposition is important to note when discussing sedimentary layers; this law states that more recent layers of soil dispersal will overlie older ones.

Zone U The bottom of Clark's core sample is the oldest layer. Pollen samples collected indicate that swamp vegetation and an abundance of grass grew on the Kalambo River. The tests also indicated that the surrounding woodland grew during dry and hot climates. Clark concludes that the ground-water levels must have been high in order for a swamp and fringing, or riparian forest, to grow along the water's edge during a period of reduced rainfall.

Zone V Pollen collected from the next zone indicate an identical environment with the swamp and woodland vegetation that was not affected by climate conditions, such as the drop of 3° Celsius (C) in the area.

Zone W Pollen of plants that grow in more open areas with more rainfall were taken from Zone W. This indicates an increase in rainfall to about 75–100 cm and a woodland with an open canopy to allow that rainfall to reach the ground below.

Zone X Clark indicates that the study of this zone was only on one sample drawn from the soil below, so the conclusions are not finite in his study. Plants indicated show a fringing forest that was poorly developed with a very open woodland. Within these woodland conditions, there seems to be an influence of evergreen elements that emerged.

Zone Y Clark was able to date this zone to approximately 27,000 to 30,000 years ago, because conditions were comparable to those dated in European soils from this time. Evidence of an increase in rainfall and a temperature drop of 4.1 °C with a fringing forest that was well developed with the return of swamp plants is indicated in the pollen collected.

Zone Z The final zone indicates a much poorer fringing forest and a reduced shift of vegetation growth at the time.

Early Stone Age
The Early Stone Age is described by Barham and Mitchell as the time period where the ancient ancestors of Homo sapiens sapiens first emerged, branching from the Australopithecus afarensis, evolving into Homo habilis and then Homo erectus 2.6 million years ago to 280,000 years ago. Archaeologists hypothesize that the technological progression over time can be examined in the morphological characteristics of tools that are associated with different eras of habitation. The earliest identified stone tools, made by Homo habilis are known as Oldowan tools, and they consist of the basic large pounding stones and small pebble flakes, known as Mode 1 technology. As time progressed and Homo habilis evolved into Homo erectus, so did the technology as more specialized stone tools were being developed, even tools that were used for making other tools, Mode 2 and 3 technologies.

These Late Acheulean stone tools, along with hearths and well-preserved organic objects were found at Kalambo Falls and documented by JD Clark. These organic artifacts collected included a wooden club and digging sticks as well as the dietary evidence for fruit consumption. Tools excavated from Kalambo Gorge have been analyzed and OSL dating of quartzite within the soil context to between 500,000 and 50,000 years ago, with amino acid racemization dating some contexts to 100,000 years ago.

In 2023, archaeologists announced the discovery of wooden structures and other wooden artifacts, which were determined to be at least 476,000 years old using luminescence dating. The discovery predates Homo sapiens, so the tools may have potentially been made by Homo heidelbergensis, of which a 300,000 year old skull was found at another Zambian site. The discovery was considered unusual because wood does not usually survive for so long. Archaeologists such as Larry Barham of the University of Liverpool, one of the discoverers of the wooden structures, believes that wooden tools were potentially even more common than stone tools in the Stone Age, but due to wood decaying quickly in the ground archaeologists could not find such tools.

Middle Stone Age
The Middle Stone Age, dated at 280,000 years ago to roughly 40,000 years ago, is the period where the final stages of hominid evolution brought what is known today as "modern human behavior".

During this time, the Acheulean industry of Kalambo Falls was superseded by the Sangoan culture. This shift is considered by Clark as a result of an ecological shift to a cooler and wetter climate. It is at this time in the archaeological record that the large, Acheulean handaxe disappears and is replaced by the core axe and chopping tools characteristic of Sangoan technologies. Heavy woodworking tools and small, notched and denticulated tools, collected by Clark, were dated to have been made before 41,000 BC. This rapid change is predicted to be a result of population movement during this time period, as the "Acheulean man" who lived in open settlements were replaced by a culture associated with Homo rhodesiensis found at Kabwe mine, the Sangoan culture. Evidence of Sangoan habitation has been collected from less open Rock Shelters and Cave areas, possibly due to the persisting, wetter climate.

Evidence of fire technologies, such as hearths, charred logs, reddened clay, and stone heat spalls were also collected and found in association with charcoal remains. Radiocarbon dates of the scattered charcoal indicate people were using fire systematically there some 60,000 years ago.

The cool, wet climates of the region were similar to that of the Congo, and similar cultural practices have been identified at Kalambo Falls, known as Lupemban industries. Evidence suggests that the Sangoan tradition was replaced by the Lupemban industry around 250,000 years ago and continued through to 117,000 years ago. It is characterized by two-sided, or bifacial, stone tools like core axes and double-ended points that were possibly for hafting as spearheads. Geological studies by J.D. Clark indicate that the frequency of these tools is possibly due to factors that exemplified the amount of large pieces of breakable, or knappable, raw materials.

Later Stone Age
The Later Stone Age is the final age of the Paleolithic Era of Africa, and generally refers to more recent hunter/gatherer sites. Around 10,000 years ago Kalambo Falls was occupied by the Magosian culture which in turn gave way to Wilton activity.

Iron Age and the Luangwa tradition
Around the fourth century AD, a more industrialized Bantu-speaking people began to farm and occupy the area. These Bantu-speaking people made ceramic vessels that have characteristics of East African pottery, which suggests a population movement from the Rift Valley. Burials from this period are characterized by Clark as shaft grave burials, which are similar to those of the earlier cultures of the East African Rift as opposed to the Kalambo region.

The Iron Age in Zambia is split into an earlier, regionally categorized period and a later period of materialistically differing traditions. Early assemblages of iron tools and pottery have been collected from the Kalambo Falls and are categorized as being from the Kalambo Group tradition. At Kalambo falls, Early Iron Age traditions are believed to have continued into the 11th century.

In 1971, Robert C. Soper studied different assemblages of Iron Age pottery in eastern and southern Africa and consolidated them into two major groups, known as Urewe and Kwale wares. He indicated that Kalambo and Mwabulambo pot traditions may also be included in these. David W. Phillipson used these conclusions to form a north to south chronology of artifacts and comprised many of the groups studied by Soper into one, Mwitu tradition. This tradition is exhibited by pots that range from the first millennium AD.

The Kalambo group was replaced by the Luangwa tradition, whose pottery is similar to the Early Iron Age Chondwe Group of the Central African Copperbelt. Luangwa Pottery is characteristic of necked pots and shallow bowls, with the most common comb-stamped decoration pressed in a horizontal pattern of delineated lines. There has yet to be found any evidence for an interface between this Luangwa tradition and the Early Iron Age tradition at Kalambo Falls, whereas sites at the Eastern Province of Zambia exhibit this interrelationship. Exact dates for this transition in the Kalambo area are inconclusive, but the tradition has continued through to the present.

Chronology of the site
Attempts to date artifacts from Kalambo Falls have resulted in inconsistent results, ranging from 110,000 years ago with racemization to 182,000 ±10,000 to 76,000 ±10,000 years ago with applied uranium series dating. These studies underscore the difficulty in establishing a chronology for human habitation at the falls, which has led some archaeologists to disregard its significance in the African archaeological record.

However, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) on quartz artifacts has recently improved understanding of the site's chronology. OSL works by sending signals through a crystalline material and collects data on how long ago the stone was exposed to light or heat.

OSL results have led to the creation of a new chronology for the site, broken into six stages. Stage 1 ranges between approximately 500,000 to 300,000 years ago. Stage 2 ranges from 300,000 to 50,000 years ago. Stage 3 dates range from 50,000 to 30,000 years ago. Stage 4 deposits date to 1,500 to 500 years ago and Stage 5 follows after 490 years ago.

Acheulean stone tools (Mode 2 and 3 technologies ) were collected from stratigraphic layers corresponding to the first and second stages. More complex Mode 3 tools came from the first three stages and are also found in Stage 4, whose corresponding layers contain a mix of Stone and Iron Age artifacts.

Zambia and UNESCO significance
In 1964, the archaeological site was gazetted as a national monument by Zambia's National Heritage Conservation Commission. It has since been protected under Zambia's 1989 National Heritage Conservation Act.

In 2009, Kalambo Falls was included on UNESCO list of tentative World Heritage Sites. Justifications for the inclusion are that the Kalambo Falls are the 2nd highest waterfalls in Africa, the evidence of one of the longest examples of human occupation in sub-Saharan Africa, and the collected stone tools are from one of the world's earliest tool industries, the Acheulean.

As of today, Kalambo Falls remains on the tentative list for recognition as a protected World Heritage site.

Contemporary ecology
Today, both human and animal populations traverse the Kalambo Falls area, which has a basin above the falls that attracts many of both populations as an important stopping place. On the Zambian border, the area is now a game preserve for the protection of many animals. The falls' cliff-face ledges provide nesting places and breeding sites for a marabou stork colony.

title: Kalambo Falls