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Radix

In a positional numeral system, the radix (: radices) or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers. For example, for the decimal system (the most common system in use today) the radix is ten, because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9.

In any standard positional numeral system, a number is conventionally written as (x)y with x as the string of digits and y as its base, although for base ten the subscript is usually assumed (and omitted, together with the pair of parentheses), as it is the most common way to express value. For example, (100)10 is equivalent to 100 (the decimal system is implied in the latter) and represents the number one hundred, while (100)2 (in the binary system with base 2) represents the number four.

Etymology
Radix is a Latin word for "root". Root can be considered a synonym for base, in the arithmetical sense.

In numeral systems
Generally, in a system with radix b (b > 1), a string of digits d1 ... dn denotes the number d1bn−1 + d2bn−2 + … + dnb0, where 0 ≤ di < b. In contrast to decimal, or radix 10, which has a ones' place, tens' place, hundreds' place, and so on, radix b would have a ones' place, then a b1s' place, a b2s' place, etc.

For example, if b = 12, a string of digits such as 59A (where the letter "A" represents the value of ten) would represent the value 5 × 122 + 9 × 121 + 10 × 120 = 838 in base 10.

Commonly used numeral systems include:

The octal and hexadecimal systems are often used in computing because of their ease as shorthand for binary. Every hexadecimal digit corresponds to a sequence of four binary digits, since sixteen is the fourth power of two; for example, hexadecimal 7816 is binary 111 10002. Similarly, every octal digit corresponds to a unique sequence of three binary digits, since eight is the cube of two.

This representation is unique. Let b be a positive integer greater than 1. Then every positive integer a can be expressed uniquely in the form

 * $$a = r_m b^m + r_{m-1} b^{m-1} + \dotsb + r_1 b + r_0,$$

where m is a nonnegative integer and the r's are integers such that

 * 0 < rm < b and 0 ≤ ri < b for i = 0, 1, ..., m − 1.

Radices are usually natural numbers. However, other positional systems are possible, for example, golden ratio base (whose radix is a non-integer algebraic number), and negative base (whose radix is negative). A negative base allows the representation of negative numbers without the use of a minus sign. For example, let b = −10. Then a string of digits such as 19 denotes the (decimal) number 1 × (−10)1 + 9 × (−10)0 = −1.

title: Radix


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Illinois River (disambiguation)

Illinois River may refer to:

 * Illinois River, a large tributary of the Mississippi River, in Illinois in the United States, and the main water route between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
 * Illinois River (Oklahoma), a tributary of the Arkansas River, in Arkansas and Oklahoma in the United States
 * Illinois River (Oregon), a tributary of the Rogue River, in Oregon in the United States
 * Illinois River (Colorado) a tributary of the Michigan River, in Jackson County, Colorado in the United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Illinois River (disambiguation)


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User:Decumanus/project9

 * Allagash River
 * Bad River (Ohio)
 * Bitteroot River
 * Bear River (Utah)
 * Blackfoot River
 * Boone River
 * Bois des Sioux River
 * Boise River
 * Brule River
 * Buckhannon River
 * Buttahachie River
 * Calumet River
 * Chariton River
 * Chatooga River
 * Cheat River
 * Choptank River
 * Colville River
 * Concord River
 * Congaree River
 * Cooper River
 * Coosa River
 * Des Plaines River
 * Donner und Blitzen River
 * Duck River (Tennessee)
 * East Nishnabotna River
 * Eel River
 * Eel River (California)
 * Eel River (Indiana)
 * Elizabeth River (New Jersey)
 * Elk River (Maryland)
 * Elkhart River
 * Feather River
 * Flathead River
 * Gilbert River
 * Horsepasture River
 * Imnaha River
 * Iroquois River
 * John River
 * Joseph Creek
 * Klickitat River
 * Lamington River
 * Lemhi River
 * Lewis and Clark River
 * Llano River
 * Little Calumet River
 * Little Deschutes River
 * Little Hocking River
 * Little Humboldt River
 * Little Luckiamute River
 * Little Owyhee River
 * Little Pigeon River
 * Little Pudding River
 * Little Scioto River
 * Little Spokane River
 * Little Thompson River
 * Locust Fork of the Black Warrior River
 * Lositine River
 * Lumber River
 * Kanab River
 * Mad River (Ohio)
 * Mahoning River
 * Marias des Cygnes River
 * Mattaponi River
 * Metedeconk River
 * Middle Fork Willamette River
 * Miniam River
 * Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River
 * Napa River
 * Nashua River
 * North Anna River
 * North Humboldt River
 * North Santiam River
 * North Umpqua River
 * Obed River
 * Ocmulgee River
 * Oconee River
 * Oneida River
 * Oswego River (New York)
 * Oswego River (New Jersey)
 * Pamunkey River
 * Pascagoula River
 * Patapsco River
 * Pedernales River
 * Perdido River
 * Pigeon River (Indiana)
 * Porcupine River
 * Portage River (Michigan)
 * Portage River (Ohio)
 * Prairie Dog Fork Red River
 * Price River
 * Raccoon River (Iowa)
 * Rapidan River
 * St. Francis River
 * Salmon River (Clackamas County, Oregon)
 * Salt Fork Red River
 * San Jacinto River
 * Sandusky River
 * Seneca River
 * Seneca River (New York)
 * Seneca River (South Carolina)
 * Sevier River
 * Shavers Fork River
 * Shenango River
 * Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River
 * Sipsey River
 * South Anna River
 * South Grand River
 * South Santiam River
 * South Umpqua River
 * Spoon River
 * Sprague River
 * Stravberry River
 * Tallapoosa River
 * Trask River
 * Trinity River (California)
 * Tuoulomne River
 * Umatilla River
 * Unadilla River
 * Verde River
 * Walker River
 * Wallkill River
 * Wallowa River
 * Wapsipinicon River
 * Wateree River
 * Weiser River
 * Wenaha River
 * West Nishnabotna River
 * Weweantic River
 * White Salmon River
 * Winimico River

title: User:Decumanus/project9


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Talk:Oakwood Park, Missouri

There is a major problem with stormwater drainage in Oakwood Park Missouri. I live in the community but my yard is suffering because stormwater drains from across the street to my yard. What are my rights? I do not know but am trying to find out.

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title: Talk:Oakwood Park, Missouri


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Crataegus monogyna

Crataegus monogyna, known as common hawthorn, one-seed hawthorn, or single-seeded hawthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and Western Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world.

Names
This species is one of several that have been referred to as Crataegus oxyacantha, a name that has been rejected by the botanical community as too ambiguous. In 1793, Medikus published the name C. apiifolia for a European hawthorn now included in C. monogyna, but that name is illegitimate under the rules of botanical nomenclature.

Other common names include may, mayblossom, maythorn, (as the plant generally flowers in May) quickthorn, whitethorn, motherdie, and haw.

Description
The common hawthorn is a shrub or small tree up to about 10 m tall, with a dense crown. The bark is dull brown with vertical orange cracks. The younger stems bear sharp thorns, about 12.5 mm long. The leaves are 20 to 40 mm long, obovate, and deeply lobed, sometimes almost to the midrib, with the lobes spreading at a wide angle. The upper surface is dark green above and paler underneath.

The hermaphrodite flowers are produced in late spring (May to early June in its native area) in corymbs of 5–25 together; numerous red stamens and a single style; they are moderately fragrant. The flowers are white, frequently pink pollinated by midges, bees, and other insects, and later in the year bear numerous haws. The haw is a small, oval, dark red fruit about 10 mm long, berry-like, but structurally a pome containing a single seed. Haws are important for wildlife in winter, particularly thrushes and waxwings; these birds eat the haws and disperse the seeds in their droppings.

The common hawthorn is distinguished from the related but less widespread Midland hawthorn (C. laevigata) by its more upright growth, the leaves being deeply lobed, with spreading lobes, and in the flowers having just one style, not two or three. They are interfertile, however, so hybrids occur frequently; they are only entirely distinct in their more typical forms.

Distribution
Ireland and Britain The mountains are very young in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Therefore, the trees in the region multiply with seeds.

Grazing
Due to excessive animal grazing in the area, new shoots of vulnerable Crataegus monogyna trees in the open field are eaten by animals. This does not allow them to grow and causes them to take a horizontally irregular shape on the ground.

A study in Wales indicted that current levels of overgrazing by sheep might extirpate the species in 60-70 years.

Fruits
The fruit of hawthorn, called haws, are edible raw but commonly made into jellies, jams, syrups, or wine, or to add flavour to brandy. Botanically, they are pomes, but they look similar to berries. A haw is small and oblong, similar in size and shape to a small olive or grape, and red when ripe. The haws develop in groups of two or three along smaller branches. They are pulpy and delicate in taste. In this species (C. monogyna), they have only one seed, but other species of hawthorn may have up to five seeds.

Petals
The petals are also edible, as are the leaves, which if picked in spring when still young are tender enough to be used in salads. Hawthorn petals are used in the medieval English recipe for spinee, an almond milk-based pottage recorded in 'The Forme of Cury' by the Chief Master-Cook of King Richard II, c. 1390.

Medicine
C. monogyna is one of the most common species used as the "hawthorn" of traditional herbalism. The plant parts used are usually sprigs with both leaves and flowers, or alternatively the fruit ("berries"). Hawthorn has been investigated by evidence-based medicine for treating cardiac insufficiency.

C. monogyna is a source of antioxidant phytochemicals, especially extracts of hawthorn leaves with flowers.

Gardening and agriculture
Common hawthorn is extensively planted as a hedge plant, especially for agricultural use. Its spines and close branching habit render it effectively livestock- and human-proof, with some basic maintenance. The traditional practice of hedge laying is most commonly practised with this species. It is a good fire wood, which burns with a good heat and little smoke.

Numerous hybrids exist, some of which are used as garden shrubs. The most widely used hybrid is C. × media (C. monogyna × C. laevigata), of which several cultivars are known, including the very popular 'Paul's Scarlet' with dark pink double flowers. Other garden shrubs that have sometimes been suggested as possible hybrids involving the common hawthorn, include the various-leaved hawthorn of the Caucasus, which is only very occasionally found in parks and gardens.

Culture
In pre-modern Europe, hawthorn was used as a symbol of hope, and also as a charm against witchcraft and vampires. Hawthorn was believed by some to have the ability to inhibit intruding supernatural forces, and was also thought to be sacred in nature due to an association between the hawthorn bush and the crown of thorns that, according to the New Testament, was placed on Jesus.

As protection against witchcraft, hawthorn was sometimes placed in the cradles of infants, or around houses and doorways. The Greeks reportedly placed pieces of hawthorn in casement windows to prevent witches from entering houses, while Bohemians placed hawthorn on the thresholds of cow houses for the same purpose. Hawthorn was sometimes placed on the coffin of a deceased person, on top of the person's corpse, or in the corpse's sock. In Bosnia, women would sometimes place a piece of hawthorn behind the headcloth of a recently deceased person, and then throw away the remaining twig on their way home. If the deceased person was a vampire, it would focus its attention on the hawthorn instead of following the woman home. Among the South Slavs, stakes made of hawthorn or blackthorn wood were considered effective in impaling vampires.

Notable trees
An ancient specimen, and reputedly the oldest tree of any species in France, is to be found alongside the church at Saint Mars sur la Futaie, Mayenne. As of 2009, the tree had a height of 9 m and a girth of 2.65 m. The inscription on the plaque beneath reads: "This hawthorn is probably the oldest tree in France. Its origin goes back to St Julien (third century)"; this has not yet been verified. A famous specimen in England was the Glastonbury or Holy Thorn which, according to legend, sprouted from the staff of Joseph of Arimathea after he thrust it into the ground while visiting Glastonbury in the first century AD. The tree was noteworthy because it flowered twice in a year, once in the late spring which is normal, but also once after the harshness of midwinter had passed. The original tree at Glastonbury Abbey, felled in the 1640s during the English Civil War, has been propagated as the cultivar 'Biflora'. A replacement was planted by the local council in 1951, but was cut down by vandals in 2010.

The oldest known living specimen in East Anglia, and possibly in the United Kingdom, is known as the Hethel Old Thorn, and is located in the churchyard in the small village of Hethel, south of Norwich, in Norfolk. It is reputed to be more than 700 years old, having been planted in the thirteenth century.

title: Crataegus monogyna


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Sétif Province

Sétif Province (ولاية سطيف, ) is a province (wilaya) in north-eastern Algeria. Its capital and largest city is Sétif; the next largest city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.

History
In 1984 Bordj Bou Arréridj Province and Mila Province were carved out of its territory.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 20 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 60 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 * Aïn Arnat
 * Aïn Azel
 * Aïn El Kébira
 * Aïn Oulmane
 * Amoucha
 * Babor
 * Béni Aziz
 * Béni Ourtilane
 * Bir El Arch
 * Bouandas
 * Bougaâ
 * Djémila
 * El Eulma
 * Guenzet
 * Guidjel
 * Hammam Guergour
 * Hammam Souhna
 * Maoklane
 * Salah Bey
 * Sétif

Communes

 * Aïn Abessa
 * Aïn Arnat
 * Aïn Azel
 * Aïn El Kébira
 * Aïn Azel
 * Aïn Lahdjar
 * Aïn Legraj
 * Aïn Oulmane
 * Aïn Roua
 * Aïn Sebt
 * Aït Naoual Mezada
 * Aït Tizi
 * Amoucha
 * Babor
 * Bazer Sakhra
 * Beidha Bordj
 * Belaa
 * Béni Aziz
 * Beni Chebana
 * Beni Fouda
 * Beni Hocine
 * Béni Ourtilane
 * Bir El Arch
 * Bir Haddada
 * Bouandas
 * Bougaâ
 * Bousselam
 * Boutaleb
 * Dehamcha
 * Djémila
 * Draa Kebila
 * El Eulma
 * El Ouldja
 * El Ouricia
 * Guellal
 * Guelta Zerka
 * Guenzet
 * Guidjel
 * Hamma
 * Hammam Guergour
 * Harbil
 * Ksar El Abtal
 * Maaouia
 * Maoklane
 * Mezloug
 * Oued El Barad
 * Ouled Addouane
 * Ouled Sabor
 * Ouled Si Ahmed
 * Ouled Tebben
 * Oum Ladjoul
 * Rasfa
 * Salah Bey
 * Serdj El Ghoul
 * Sétif
 * Tachouda
 * Talaifacene
 * Tamazirt (city)
 * Taya
 * Tella
 * Tizi N'Bechar

title: Sétif Province


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Oswaldo Aranha

Oswaldo Euclides de Souza Aranha (, 15 February 1894 – 27 January 1960) was a Brazilian politician, diplomat and statesman, who came to national prominence in 1930 under Getúlio Vargas.

He is known in international politics for lobbying for the creation of the State of Israel as head of the Brazilian delegation to the UN and President of the UN General Assembly in 1947. As head of the Brazilian delegation, he was President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 during the UNGA 181 vote on the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, in which he postponed the vote for three days to ensure its passage. For his efforts on Palestine, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948.

Early life and career
Oswaldo Aranha was born in the city of Alegrete in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Aranha obtained his bachelor's degree in Law and Social Sciences at the Law School of the now-called Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1916. After his graduation, he returned to Rio Grande do Sul and practiced as a lawyer for eight years, establishing a personal and professional contact with Getúlio Vargas, who also was a lawyer. His first public office was that of Assistant Police Commissioner in his native state.

Aranha fought the insurrection of 1923, deflagrated by sectors that opposed the fifth consecutive re-election of Borges de Medeiros as governor of Rio Grande do Sul. By personally commanding an irregular armed force consisting of civilians, Aranha fought new uprisings promoted by the opposition in the years that led to the Revolution of 1930.

In a speedy political career, Oswaldo Aranha ran for his first elective office in 1926 and was elected Mayor of Alegrete, but soon became a member of the state legislature and later elected to the National Congress in 1928.

When Vargas ran as opposition candidate for president of Brazil in 1930 and lost, Aranha joined the tenentes to convince Vargas to organize a revolt. When the revolt succeeded, Aranha took the first of several positions in the Cabinet of Brazil under now-President Vargas, heading the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, among other positions.

Aranha also served as ambassador to the United States in 1934 where he gained recognition as a strong supporter of Pan-Americanism. In 1937 he returned to Brazil to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Aranha played a large role in the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1942.

Support for the Allies in World War II
While serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Brazil took part in the first three consultative meetings of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics which defined Pan-American policy during the early stages of World War II and worked out the recommendation for the collective severance of diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers. During the 1942 Rio conference, he announced that Brazil had cut all diplomatic ties with Nazi Germany, thereby siding with the United States and the Allies. Eventually, most Central and South American states did the same with the exception of Argentina and Chile.

At the first Special Session of the UN General Assembly held in 1947, Oswaldo Aranha, the head of the Brazilian delegation, began a tradition that has remained in which the first speaker at the major international forum is always a Brazilian.

Honour in Israel
Aranha supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel. Streets in Israeli cities such as Beer-Sheva and Ramat Gan, and a square in Jerusalem are named after Aranha. In 2007, a street in Tel Aviv was named in his honor at a ceremony attended by his relatives and Brazil's ambassador to Israel.

The photobiography of Oswaldo Aranha published by Pedro Corrêa do Lago in 2017 shows how Oswaldo Aranha, in his position as president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1947, was highly instrumental for the assembly's approval of the partition of Palestine insofar as he was able to postpone the voting by two days, as Corrêa do Lago explains: "[Aranha] was skillful and when he saw that the partition would not obtain 2/3 of the votes on time he got its allies to stretch their speeches to the max to prevent the vote from being taken that day. The decision was postponed [by Aranha] and as the next day was a holiday in the United States this move bought the time needed to get the [additional] votes".

Controversy
A book by the historian Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro argues that Aranha was aware of secret circulars asking that Jews be denied entry visas to Brazil and did little to change that. Jeffrey Lesser's Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question questions that conclusion by showing that Jewish entry rose notably after the secret circulars were emitted, with the active collaboration of many Brazilian diplomats and businesspeople.

The circular asking for the denial of visas to Jews, however, was not written by Oswaldo Aranha, and it was not made during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs for Brazil. Mário de Pimentel Brandão was responsible for signing the secret circular in 1937 during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.

During Oswaldo Aranha's term as Minister of Foreign Affairs, from 1938 to 1944, many Jews were granted visas to Brazil despite the circulars. In 1939, Jews were granted 4,601 permanent and temporary resident visas to Brazil. That year, 9% of all permanent residency visas and 14% of temporary Brazilian visas were emitted to people of Jewish origin. In 1940, 2,500 Jewish immigrants were given visas to Brazil.

Considered a moderate by many in and outside of Brazil, he argued that communism was the result of "the Judaism which created and maintains this ambience, capable of sending this civilization into an abyss".

Albert Einstein asked Oswaldo Aranha for help in obtaining a visa for his friend who was a German Jew, Helene Fabian-Katz. Einstein had previously appealed to the U.S. government for help, but it denied Fabian-Katz a visa. Fabian-Katz was granted a visa to Brazil and joined her brother, who already lived in São Paulo.

Footnotes and references

title: Oswaldo Aranha


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Kimberley Locke

Kimberley Dawn Locke (born January 3, 1978) is an American singer and television personality. She has recorded in the dance and pop genres, and has targeted the adult contemporary radio format. She was the cohost of the daytime talk show Dr. and the Diva.

Locke gained fame with her participation in the 2003 American Idol television series in which she placed third. In 2007, she garnered media attention for her participation in Celebrity Fit Club.

Early life
Locke was born in Hartsville, Tennessee on January 3, 1978 to Donald and Christine Locke, the second of two children, with an older brother named Ashley. She and her brother spent most of their life in Gallatin. At age five, Locke began singing in church. Her parents divorced when she was eight.

Locke grew up admiring such singers as Janet Jackson, Whitney Houston, Patti LaBelle, and Diana Ross. She and childhood friends Chandra Boone, Selina Robb, and Nacole Rice formed a quartet as teens named Shadz of U, which performed at many local churches. The group later appeared on Locke's 2007 Based on a True Story album, singing backup on Everyday Angels.

Locke went to Gallatin High School, where she was one of 16 members to participate in its performing group. She remained in the group throughout her high school years. She was also selected twice as a member of the All-Middle State Chorus. After graduating, she began to work for a company in Nashville as an administrative assistant.

Like 2007 American Idol finalist Melinda Doolittle, Locke is an alumna of Belmont University in Nashville.

American Idol and singing career
On October 30, 2002, the reality TV singing competition American Idol held auditions in Nashville, Tennessee for the show's second season. Locke successfully passed through to the next round, and in December was chosen to perform on the show. She finished third, behind winner Ruben Studdard and runner-up Clay Aiken. She has since been invited back to the show to perform twice (seasons 3 and 7).

Locke went on to sign a record deal with Curb Records on September 6, 2003. Her debut album, One Love, was released May 4, 2004. Debut single "8th World Wonder" reached the top half of the Billboard Hot 100 and was successful on other charts, and entered the UK charts. "Wrong" and "I Could" followed as singles.

Locke released her version of "Up on the House Top" in the autumn of 2005 and by the end of year, it had reached the top spot of the Adult Contemporary (A/C) charts. The following year, Locke's version of "Jingle Bells" was released and topped the same charts. A full Christmas album entitled Christmas — only available digitally — was released on November 6, 2007. Locke's second album, Based on a True Story, was released on May 1, 2007. The album's original lead single, "Supawoman," co-written with her producers Damon Sharpe and Mark J. Feist, was released to radio on August 7, 2006. "Change," was released to radio on January 15, 2007. The album's next single was a cover of Freda Payne's "Band of Gold," which was released to radio on August 13, 2007, and became Locke's sixth solo A/C Top 10 hit. The album's third single,"Fall," co-written by Clay Mills and also recorded by country music artist Clay Walker, was released to radio in February 2008. All three singles from this album hit number one on the Billboard dance club chart.

After parting ways with Curb Records in 2009, Locke went on to be the first artist to sign a deal with Randy Jackson's Dream Merchant 21 record label and recorded the single "Strobelight", which was released April 6, 2010. as part of the "singles only" agreement about which Locke stated, "We live in a world where people go to iTunes and download the songs they want. "

In 2011, Locke issued a press release announcing her new entertainment company called I AM Entertainment. Her first independent release through her new company was her danced-themed EP album, "Four for the Floor", which was released on July 19, 2011. On November 1, 2011, Locke released a cover of Silver Bells which was accompanied by an I AM Entertainment produced music video. During the summer of 2011, fans chose via a Facebook voting campaign, which would be Locke's next single. The winning song was "Finally Free" which was released with a full remix package in 2012.

In 2013, Locke teamed up with British production team Cahill to release the single, "Feel the Love," on 3 Beat Records, that was promoted exclusively to the United Kingdom. The song reached number one on both the Club and Pop charts in the United Kingdom, and reached number 29 on Billboard's Global Dance chart.

In 2015, Locke began working on her next album which will feature songs she co-wrote with Bill Grainer.

In 2018, Locke released the single "Raise Your Hands." In 2019, she released "Sleep Tight Baby Bright," the first single off her upcoming album of lullabies.

In 2021, she released two more studio albums. Her first album of Children's music, You're My Baby, was released in May and her second album of Christmas music, Christmas Is Here, on which she teamed up with the band EMP3 was released in September. The title track from the album, a cover of a Donna Summer song was released as the lead single.

In 2023, Locke released a compilation album, Best of Kimberley Locke. The 16 track album features her singles, two previously unreleased songs, and two brand new recordings; including her new single Keep On (Falling in Love), which was produced by Dave Audé.

Songs performed on American Idol

 * Due to Corey Clark's disqualification, the Top 9 performances became Top 8 when no one was eliminated.
 * When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in the particular night, Locke was in the bottom two and declared safe when Josh Gracin was eliminated.

Television
While pursuing her music career, Locke was also interested in becoming a television star. Since 2005, Locke has been featured on many television shows.

In August 2004, Locke was invited to be a guest host on Good Day Live, and was invited back to co-host twice more. In 2005, she was a contestant on the game show, Family Feud, and she hosted Word Slam!, a GSN live game show; an accompanying documentary with Locke aired on that cable channel that September. Throughout the summer of 2005, a proposed reality TV series, Aren't You That Girl?, taped Locke's progress on her second album and preparations for her upcoming wedding. The engagement was later called off and the project was cancelled. During MTV's early fall 2006 lineup, Locke was a judge and co-host on the short-lived reality-show competition "Little Talent Show".

In 2007 Locke was a participant on the fifth season of Celebrity Fit Club. She has been the focused target of derision from fellow cast member Dustin Diamond, who has repeatedly insulted Locke. The ensuing argument caused all other contestants to leave the stage. On June 17, 2007, the season finale of Celebrity Fit Club aired, drawing in 2.7 million viewers, the show's highest yet.

Locke sat in as a guest co-host of The View in March 2007. In April 2008, she also appeared on "Don't Forget the Lyrics!" with her winnings to benefit Camp Heartland. She was the first contestant in the history of the show to attempt the million dollar song. Although unsuccessful, she was awarded $100,000 for ranking so well. Locke vowed she would raise the $400,000 she lost when she unsuccessfully attempted to win the million dollars.

On June 24, 2009, Locke became one of the hosts of the talent show Gospel Dream 2009 on Gospel Music Channel.

On September 11, 2010, Locke appeared on Celebrity Ghost Stories.

She has also hosted ABC's Windy City Live, Hallmark's The Better Show, and GSN's Word Slam. In 2013, she appeared as an expert judge on NBCUniversal's Next Great Family Band.

Locke cohosts Dr. and the Diva with Dr. Steve Salvatore. The daytime talk show began in the fall of 2019 and discusses health, food, fashion and fitness.

In 2020, Locke began co-hosting TV infomercials for kitchen appliances marketed by chef Emeril Lagasse.

Theatre
In 2019, Locke made her Broadway debut as a special guest of Kristin Chenoweth in her one-woman show Kristin Chenoweth: For the Girls.

The following year, she announced her own one-woman show called The Sum of All Parts which, as summarized by BroadwayWorld.com, "traces the intimate journey down her very own yellow brick road, from growing up bi-racial, to being involved with "American Idol," to finding herself in the music that flowed throughout her life". Backed by a 13-piece orchestra, she presented an evening of intimate storytelling of meeting some of her own idols and pays tribute to Etta James, Judy Garland and others.

In 2022, it was announced that Locke would make her musical theater debut, as the lead role in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical on board the Norwegian Prima. Locke plays Diva Donna, playing Summer as she reaches the height of her career. Of taking on the role, Locke stated "Donna Summer's inspirational story and pioneering talent led the way for so many of today's brightest vocalists. She has left an immeasurable impact on music and culture, and I am excited to bring her story to guests around the world aboard the beautiful Norwegian Prima."

Modeling career and weight loss
From 2005 through September 2006, Locke was signed with Ford Models' 14+ Division. She has appeared on the covers of the July 2005 issue of Figure magazine and the summer 2007 issue of UneQ magazine. She has also been a former spokesperson for Lane Bryant and Seven7 Jeans.

While filming for Celebrity Fit Club, Locke chose to follow the Jenny Craig diet plan and had great success. In December 2006, Locke was offered a deal as spokeswoman with Jenny Craig. At the completion of filming for the show, Kimberley weighed in at a final weight of 149 lbs; down a total of 27 lbs. from her original start weight of 176 lbs. A feature in the September 10th issue of People magazine shows Kimberley at 141 lbs., only three pounds away from her goal. Locke announced through her official MySpace blog on October 8, 2007, that she had finally achieved her 40-pound weight loss goal.

In January 2008, Locke was featured as the centerfold of Us Weekly's "Diets That Work" issue. The feature counted down the top five celebrity diets of 2007, with Locke being named the winner. Ellen DeGeneres was so personally impressed by the feature that she asked Locke to be a special guest on an upcoming episode of her popular daytime talk show. The episode taped on January 10, 2008, and aired the following day.

Business career
In 1999, Locke enrolled at Belmont University and graduated in August 2001 with a bachelor's degree of Business Administration in Management. In December 2006, Locke, with partners Eric Kupferberg, Liam Harvey, and Jim Stake, opened the Croton Creek Steakhouse & Wine Bar, located in Croton Falls, New York.

In 2011, Locke announced she had founded her own entertainment company called I AM Entertainment.

Charitable work
Locke has been active in many charities, particularly in raising awareness of HIV/AIDS and breast cancer. Locke's first exposure to working with children living with HIV/AIDS was through her work with the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, which sent her on an 11-day trip through Africa. She then went on to work with other organizations such as YouthAIDS, the Davy Foundation, and Camp Heartland. In recognition of her extensive charitable efforts as an HIV/AIDS activist, Locke was presented with the Red Ribbon award on November 9, 2007. "The Red Ribbon Award is done for someone in the community that advocates AIDS awareness, and especially HIV awareness," said press liaison Chris Prouty. "They want to pinpoint one specific person and get the community involved in the accolades and a congratulatory celebration." At a news conference prior to her performance that night, Locke gave an acceptance speech. "All the kids [at Camp Heartland] have a great story, and that's what I've chosen to be a part of. It's the old cliché: kids are our future." She appeared on a Celebrity episode of Don't Forget The Lyrics to raise money for Camp Heartland, walking away with $100,000 for her charity. In March 2010, Locke was voted onto Camp Heartland's board of directors.

In October 2007, Locke teamed up with General Mills to introduce the Pink for a Cure campaign to promote awareness of breast cancer in the African-American community. "My aunt is a breast cancer survivor. So, as someone whose family has been directly touched by this disease, I'm very passionate about getting people talking more about their health," said Locke.

Locke is also a member of the Entertainment Council of Feeding America, the nation's leading hunger-relief organization.

Personal life
She previously was engaged to her high school sweetheart Don Campbell. She also dated fitness trainer Harvey E. Walden for two years after meeting on VH1's Celebrity Fit Club.

In 2020, she announced her engagement to contractor Jason Ingraham. However, they ended their engagement in December 2021.

Discography

 * One Love (2004)
 * Based on a True Story (2007)
 * Christmas (2007)
 * Four for the Floor (2011)
 * You're My Baby (2021)
 * Christmas is Here (2021)

Videography

 * "8th World Wonder" (2004), directed by Sam Erickson
 * "Wrong" (2004), directed by Urban Strom
 * "Coulda Been" (2005), directed by Urban Strom
 * "Change" (2007), directed by Roman White
 * "Silver Bells" (2011), directed by Adam Bergey and Eric Baldetti
 * "Finally Free" (2012), directed by Walid Azami

Awards and nominations
New Music Awards

 * 2005: Nominated - Female Adult Contemporary Artist of the Year

Teen Choice Awards

 * 2003: Nominated - Choice TV Reality/Variety Star - Female
 * 2004: Nominated - Choice Love Song - "8th World Wonder"

title: Kimberley Locke


text:
John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun

General John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun (5 May 1705 – 27 April 1782) was a Scottish nobleman and British army officer.

Early life and career
Born in Scotland two years before the creation of Great Britain in which his father, Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun, was a significant figure, Campbell inherited his father's estates and peerages in 1731 and became Lord Loudoun.

He raised a Highland regiment of infantry, Loudon's Highlanders, which took part in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 on the side of the Hanoverian government. The regiment consisted of twelve companies, with Loudoun as colonel and John Campbell (later 5th Duke of Argyll) as lieutenant-colonel. The regiment served in several different parts of Scotland. Three of the twelve companies, raised in the south, were captured at the Battle of Prestonpans.

Eight companies, under the personal command of Lord Loudoun, were stationed in Inverness. Loudoun set out in February 1746 with that portion of his regiment and several of the Independent Companies in an attempt to capture the Jacobite pretender, Charles Edward Stuart. The expedition was met by a ruse de guerre by only four Jacobites, which suggested a large force was protecting Stuart, and it returned without engagement.

That was later publicised as the Rout of Moy. Loudoun then fell back to join the Duke of Cumberland's army up and gave up the town of Inverness to the rebels. After the Battle of Culloden, Loudoun led his mixed force of regulars, militia and Highlanders in mopping-up operations against the remaining rebels.

North America
In 1756, Loudoun was sent to North America as Commander-in-Chief and Governor General of Virginia, where he was unpopular with many of the colonial leaders. When he learned that some merchants were still trading with the French while he was trying to fight a war against them, he temporarily closed all American ports. Despite his unpopularity the County of Loudoun, formed from Fairfax in 1757, was named in his honour.

As Commander-in-Chief during the Seven Years' War, called the French and Indian War in the Thirteen Colonies, he planned an expedition to seize Louisbourg from the French in 1757 but he called it off when intelligence, possibly including a French deception, indicated that the French forces there were too strong for him to defeat. While Loudoun was thus engaged in Canada, French forces captured Fort William Henry from the British, and he was replaced by James Abercrombie and returned to London. Francis Parkman, a 19th-century historian of the Seven Years' War, rates Loudun's martial conduct of the affair poorly.

Many historians debate whether he played a fundamental part in the Seven Years' War. Arguably, he was an influential figure as he embarked on reforms for the army such as replacing the ordinary musket with the flintlock musket for greater accuracy. He made improvements by embarking on a road improvement programme and recognised the need to supply the army as he replaced the traditional supply line with army wagons. His focus was centralising the system of supplies and had built storehouses in Halifax and Albany and recognised the importance of waterways as a means of transport. Most notably, he integrated regular troops with local militias, and the irregulars were to fight a different kind of war from the linear European style of warfare in which the British had previously been trained.

Benjamin Franklin's anecdotes of Lord Loudon
Benjamin Franklin provides several first-hand anecdotes of Loudon's North American days in his Autobiography, none of which is complimentary. The following are excerpts:

"(Loudon) set out for New York before me; and, as the time for dispatching the packet-boats was at his disposition, and there were two then remaining there, one of which, he said, was to sail very soon, I requested to know the precise time, that I might not miss her by any delay of mine. His answer was, "I have given out that she is to sail on Saturday next; but I may let you know, entre nous, that if you are there by Monday morning, you will be in time, but do not delay longer." By some accidental hindrance at a ferry, it was Monday noon before I arrived, and I was much afraid she might have sailed, as the wind was fair; but I was soon made easy by the information that she was still in the harbor, and would not move till the next day. One would imagine that I was now on the very point of departing for Europe. I thought so; but I was not then so well acquainted with his lordship's character, of which indecision was one of the strongest features. I shall give some instances. It was about the beginning of April that I came to New York, and I think it was near the end of June before we sail'd. There were then two of the packet-boats, which had been long in port, but were detained for the general's letters, which were always to be ready to-morrow. Another packet arriv'd; she too was detain'd; and, before we sail'd, a fourth was expected. Ours was the first to be dispatch'd, as having been there longest. Passengers were engaged in all, and some extremely impatient to be gone, and the merchants uneasy about their letters, and the orders they had given for insurance (it being war time) for fall goods; but their anxiety avail'd nothing; his lordship's letters were not ready; and yet whoever waited on him found him always at his desk, pen in hand, and concluded he must needs write abundantly.

Going myself one morning to pay my respects, I found in his antechamber one Innis, a messenger of Philadelphia, who had come from thence express with a packet from Governor Denny for the general. He delivered to me some letters from my friends there, which occasion'd my inquiring when he was to return, and where he lodg'd, that I might send some letters by him. He told me he was order'd to call to-morrow at nine for the general's answer to the governor, and should set off immediately. I put my letters into his hands the same day. A fortnight after I met him again in the same place. "So, you are soon return'd, Innis?" "Return'd! no, I am not gone yet." "How so?" "I have called here by order every morning these two weeks past for his lordship's letter, and it is not yet ready." "Is it possible, when he is so great a writer? for I see him constantly at his escritoire." "Yes," says Innis, "but he is like St. George on the signs, always on horseback, and never rides on."...

This daily expectation of sailing, and all the three packets going down to Sandy Hook, to join the fleet there, the passengers thought it best to be on board, lest by a sudden order the ships should sail, and they be left behind. There, if I remember right, we were about six weeks, consuming our sea-stores, and oblig'd to procure more. At length the fleet sail'd, the general and all his army on board, bound to Louisburg, with the intent to besiege and take that fortress; all the packet-boats in company ordered to attend the general's ship, ready to receive his dispatches when they should be ready. We were out five days before we got a letter with leave to part, and then our ship quitted the fleet and steered for England. The other two packets he still detained, carried them with him to Halifax, where he stayed some time to exercise the men in sham attacks upon sham forts, then altered his mind as to besieging Louisburg, and returned to New York, with all his troops, together with the two packets above mentioned, and all their passengers! During his absence the French and savages had taken Fort George, on the frontier of that province, and the savages had massacred many of the garrison after capitulation....

On the whole, I wonder'd much how such a man came to be intrusted with so important a business as the conduct of a great army; but, having since seen more of the great world, and the means of obtaining, and motives for giving places, my wonder is diminished."

Portugal
In 1762, he was sent to Portugal to counter the Spanish invasion of Portugal as second in command, and he became overall commander in 1763. Despite being unable to prevent the loss of Almeida, the British forces soon launched a counter-attack that drove the invaders back across the border.

Later life
Back in Scotland, Loudon in 1763 was made Governor of Edinburgh Castle, a post that he held for the rest of his life.

In 1770, he was promoted to full general.

Loudoun's interest in horticulture led to his estate being renowned for its landscaping. He collected willow species in particular from around the globe.

On 23 January 1773, the town of Loudon, New Hampshire, was incorporated and named in his honor. Loudonville, New York, was also named after him as well as the unincorporated town of Loudon, Massachusetts, which was renamed to Otis upon its incorporation.

Campbell remained a bachelor and on his death in 1782 was succeeded as earl by his cousin, James Mure-Campbell.

title: John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun


text:
Category:Hartford Whalers players

These are articles about ice hockey players who played in the National Hockey League for the Hartford Whalers.

There is also a list at List of Hartford Whalers players.

''Note: The Whalers franchise originally played in the World Hockey Association between 1972 and 1979 as the New England Whalers, and moved to North Carolina and became the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997. For players who have played for the franchise when it was known as the New England Whalers, see New England Whalers players. For those who played since the move, see Carolina Hurricanes players. Some players may appear in more than one category.''

title: Category:Hartford Whalers players


text:
Talk:Oswaldo Aranha

Still tons of information to add of Owaldo's life before he became foreing minister, and also his life after 1947 and ownwards.

Please give me a hand over here :)

According to President of the United Nations General Assembly Aranha was president there in 1947; I'd add it to the article but it seems to contradict this section: "then head of the Brazilian delegation to the UN" - was he both? Z iggurat 21:37, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The information was taken from the UN page about Oswaldo Aranha. I have RE-ADDED that last paragraph because Aranha being honored to the point that since him every first speaker of the UN General Assembly being a Brazilian is quite a big deal to mention in this article. Also, he is widely regarded by Brazilians and Israelis as a key figure that supported the creation of the State of Israel, to the point that more than one street in Israel bears his name. Just do a search on the Internet for the information. --Pinnecco 20:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Picture removed
Can someone mention here why the picture of Oswaldo Aranha was removed? --Pinnecco 19:58, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oswaldo Aranha


text: Category:Quebec Nordiques players

title: Category:Quebec Nordiques players


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R800

The R800 is the central processing unit used in the MSX Turbo-R home computer. The R800 was designed by ASCII Corporation of Japan and built by Mitsui & Co The goal was a modern and pipelined CPU binary compatible with the Z80, and therefore with MSX software, while also maintaining compatibility with older MSX Z80-based hardware.

Compatibility
During the development of the MSX Turbo R, ASCII Corporation considered various processors, both compatible and incompatible with the Z80, as candidates. At that time, Kazuya Kishioka (岸岡和也), a company employee, was researching and developing an ASIC that was a high-speed version of the Z80 and largely customized for the MSX architecture.

For software compatibility with older MSX software, the R800 uses the same instruction set as the Z80, with only minor but useful additions, such as 8x8-bit and 16x16-bit multiplication instructions called MULUB (8-bit), and MULUW (16-bit). Also, many of the undocumented Z80 instructions were made official, including all the opcodes for instructions dealing with IX and IY as 8-bit registers (IXH, IXL, IYH, IYL).

As the R800 is not based directly on the Z80, but stems from the Z800 family, it lacks some of the other undocumented Z80 features. For instance, the undocumented flags represented in bits 3 and 5 of the F register don't assume the same values as in Z80 (causing it to fail ZEXALL tests) and the undocumented opcode often called SLL is just an alias of the SLA instruction.

Hardware changes
Being a much newer design, the R800 implementation was quite different from the old Z80. The changes were similar to the Z800, Z280, Z380 and eZ80 lines of Z80 compatible processors. The original Z80 uses an unusual 4-bit ALU hardware internally, a solution actually able to compete with similar CPUs using full hardwired 8-bit ALU logic (such as its immediate precursor, the Intel 8080 ). However, the R800 designers implemented a full 16-bit ALU in order to keep up with its more pipelined execution. Instructions like ADD HL,BC that takes 11 clock cycles on the Z80 can in some situations execute in as little as one bus cycle (1-2 clocks) on the R800, due to the degree of pipelining made possible by this full width ALU. The maximum CPU clock speed used on this new MSX was 14.32 MHz—four times as fast as the original 3.57 MHz speed used in the older MSX, while the bus clock was increased to 7.16 MHz. The data bus remained 8-bit to maintain compatibility with old hardware.

Fetching opcodes
Additional changes were made in the way the CPU fetches opcodes. The original Z80 uses two cycles to fetch a simple instruction like OR A, plus two cycles for refresh. An additional waitstate is issued on the MSX architecture. A review of the fetch mechanism in a typical MSX environment helps in explaining the R800:

 * Z80, cycle 1: set the higher 8-bits of address
 * Z80, cycle 2: set the lower 8-bits of address
 * Z80, cycle 3: waitstate
 * Z80, cycle 4: refresh, part 1
 * Z80, cycle 5: refresh, part 2

Since most implementations of MSX use RAM disposed in a 256×256 bytes block, two cycles are required to set the address for the fetch. The R800 avoids this by remembering the last known state of the higher 8-bits. If the next instruction is in the same 256-byte boundaries, the higher 8-bits are not set, and a cycle is saved. However, on the Z80, the refresh cycles destroy the information on the higher bits, so a workaround was needed.

The solution used in the R800 was to refresh entire blocks of RAM, instead of refreshing one line of RAM on each instruction issued. Each 30μs, the CPU is halted for 4μs, this time is used to refresh a block of the RAM. Since there's no refresh in between fetch instructions, and the waitstate is removed due to faster RAM chips, simple instructions can be issued using only one cycle. This cycle would be cycle 2 in the Z80 example above; cycle 1 becomes optional, and it's only issued when the program crosses a 256-byte boundary.

External hardware
All this only applies to the fast RAM used on the MSX Turbo-R. External hardware, connected through cartridge slots, uses timings similar to Z80. Not even the internal ROM of Turbo-R is fast enough for this fetch scheme, so additional chips on the Turbo-R can mirror the contents of ROM into RAM, in order to make it run faster.

title: R800


text:
Treo 600

Treo 600 was a smartphone developed by Handspring, and offered under the palmOne brand (later Palm, Inc.) after the merger of the two companies. Released in November 2003, it has a number of integrated features and it is possible to check the calendar while talking on the phone, dial directly from contacts list, take pictures or send emails. It includes a five-way navigation button and favorites screen allowing quick access to the phone functions.

On October 24, 2004, palmOne officially unveiled the Treo 600's successor, the Treo 650.

Design
The Treo 600 is a rather large device by cell phone standards but compact for a PDA. The 600 is slightly wider and deeper than its predecessor and is nearly half an inch slimmer, giving it a more cell-phone like feel. The new form factor has been compared to a bar of soap. The design is definitely an example of form-follows-function, the front of the phone consists of a full QWERTY keyboard at the bottom with menu and home buttons at the bottom right. Above the keyboard are the 4 application buttons with a "five-way" navigator in-between. Each application button can be mapped to two applications, with the exception of the last button which has one of its functions permanently mapped to the on/off. Above the buttons and navigator is a small Treo logo and the large 160x160 color touch screen.

The top of the phone is occupied by the earpiece, antenna, SDIO/MMC slot; in front of the slot is the Infrared port with the power button which can be used to turn off the screen, or, if held down for a few seconds can turn off the radio functions. Opposite of the IR port is a switch which, by default is set to switch between normal ringer operation and silent mode with vibration. The back of the Treo is simple enough with a Palm logo at the bottom with a reset pin hole offset to the right.

On the back of the phone towards the top is a sticker with various serial numbers and a triangular-shaped speaker grill offset to the left. Above the speaker grill is the VGA camera lens and the top of the stylus is visible above and to the left of the lens. The bottom of the Treo houses the 2.5 mm jack, which can output stereo sound and accept an adapter for standard 3.5 mm jack. Next to the audio jack, in the center of the phone, resides a connector used for data transfer and charging. The upper left side of the phone contains two volume keys; the right side is a mirror image of the left without the volume keys.

Specifications

 * Mobile phone, GSM/GPRS model with 850/900/1800/1900 MHz bands, CDMA model with 800/1900 MHz bands.
 * 144 MHz ARM processor.
 * 32 MB RAM (24 MB available storage).
 * Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, lasting more than 24 hours in normal usage.
 * Palm OS ver 5.2.1H complete with standard applications including web browsing, email, calendar, and contacts.
 * Size 4.4 x
 * Weight 5.9 oz
 * Display 160×160 pixels CSTN backlit display
 * SDIO / SD / MMC memory slot.
 * MP3 and stereo audio headset compatible (requires a converter to accept standard headset).
 * Digital camera VGA (640×480) resolution (Most models)
 * Infrared com port and touch-screen with stylus.
 * Backlit keyboard with phone dial layout.
 * Speakerphone and vibrate mode.

title: Treo 600


text:
Basilica of Sainte Anne de Détroit

Basilica of Sainte Anne de Détroit (Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit) was founded July 26, 1701 by French colonists in New France, and is the second-oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the United States. The current Gothic Revival cathedral-styled church, built in 1886, is located at 1000 St. Anne Street in Detroit, Michigan, in the Hubbard-Richard neighborhood, near the Ambassador Bridge, and the Michigan Central Station. At one time it was the seat of a diocese that included French (and later British) territory in Ontario, Canada south of the Detroit River.

Historically, the parish congregation has occupied eight different buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The main entry to the church faces a grand tree-lined, brick paved plaza. Reflecting demographic changes in the city and region since the 1930s, the present parish is largely Latino in population. On March 1, 2020, Pope Francis elevated the church to a minor basilica, the 86th such designation in the United States and the third in Michigan.

History
Ste. Anne's church was the first building constructed in Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit. The vicinity developed as the city of Detroit. Cadillac and a party of French colonists arrived at the bank of the Detroit River on July 24, 1701. They began construction of a church on July 26, 1701, the feast day of Saint Anne (sainte Anne). The parish was founded and named by the settlers in honor of the patron of France, Saint Anne, mother of Mary and grandmother of Jesus. Nicholas Constantine del Halle, a Franciscan, and François Vaillant, a Jesuit, were the two priests who accompanied the group. Vaillant returned east to Quebec in the fall.

Local Native Americans set the church on fire in 1703; this destroyed part of the fort including the church, the rectory, and the baptismal records. A new church building was built in 1704. The oldest surviving church records date to this time, with the first record on February 2, 1704, being the baptism of a child born to Cadillac. Father del Halle was kidnapped by local Native Americans, likely the historic Ojibwe of the area. After his release, as he walked back to the fort, he was shot and killed by an Indian. His remains were buried under the altar of Ste. Anne's; they have been moved four times since to the succeeding new church buildings.

Father Chérubin Deniau was assigned to the parish and began work on a larger church in 1708. This church was outside the fort's palisade. It was burned in 1714 by settlers during a Fox attack, as they feared it would offer cover to the attackers. The parish did not have a church building for many years after this.

One may have been built by Father Bonaventure Liénard, who was priest here for more than three decades, between 1722 and 1754. Father Simple Bocquet is known to have begun construction of a new church building in 1755, within a year after he arrived. Bocquet served here for nearly 30 years; in 1763 Detroit was part of the French territory east of the Mississippi River ceded to British rule after the latter's victory in the Seven Years' War. After the American Revolutionary War and establishment of independence, the territory came under United States rule in the early 1800s. An Anglican wedding was recorded in the parish records during this period.

Father Gabriel Richard was called to Ste. Anne's in 1796. He helped start the school that eventually developed as the University of Michigan, started primary schools for white boys and girls as well as for Indians, and was elected as a territorial representative to the U.S. Congress. He helped initiate a road-building project that connected Detroit and Chicago. He also brought the first printing press to Detroit and started The Observer, the Michigan Territory's first newspaper. After his death in 1832, Father Richard was interred under the altar of Ste. Anne's.

In 1805, most of Detroit, including the church, was destroyed in an accidental fire. A new church building was not begun until 1818, and it was not completed until 1828. This church was built at a new location outside the grounds of the old fort but still near the Detroit River, which travelers and traders used. In 1833, Ste. Anne's was designated as the cathedral for the new Roman Catholic diocese of Detroit; it served in this role until 1848. That year coadjutor bishop Peter Paul Lefevre moved the bishop's throne to St. Peter's Cathedral, today's Saints Peter and Paul Church. Around that time, the old St-Anne's parish registers were stolen. Because of this priceless loss, parish registers are no longer allowed to be freely and easily accessed by the public. Because the registers contain precious information about the founders and history of Detroit and Michigan, researchers have worked to make copies available through digital reproduction in the public domain.

In 1817, many of the remains in the old cemetery were moved to the churchyard of the new Ste. Anne's. In the 1860s, many were moved again to Mount Elliott Cemetery, including the remains of Colonel Jean François Hamtramck. In the 1860s, the 1818 church building was demolished. Furnishings and even the cornerstone were split between the new Ste. Anne's and the new parish of St. Joachim, named after Ste. Anne's husband.

Architecture
The church design has been attributed to architect Leon Cocquard (27 September 1860 – 26 April 1923), who at the time was draftsman for Albert E. French (3 March 1848 Prince Edward Island – 1 November 1927), and whose success led to further ecclesiastical commissions in the French Gothic style. Parish records, Detroit building permit number 23, and the final report for the Ste. Anne historic district list Albert E. French as the architect of ultimate responsibility for Ste. Anne de Détroit Catholic Church (1886–1887). French designed the church in the Gothic Revival style with flying buttresses, expressing the French history of the parish and territory. The church faces a landscaped grand brick plaza, and the main entrance on the north facade includes four gargoyles. Ste. Anne's displays the oldest stained glass in the city of Detroit. Ste. Anne's is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The 1818 church altar and Father Richard's remains are installed in a side chapel of the present church. Other elements from the 1818 church include the communion rail, a statue of Ste. Anne, and the church bell.

Both Ste. Anne and St. Joachim parishes continued French traditions. By the 1920s, increased immigration from the 19th century and other demographic changes resulted in Ste. Anne's having a predominately ethnic Irish-American congregation. Since the late 1930s, its population has become primarily Hispanic. At that time, most Hispanic parishioners were immigrants from Mexico and Puerto Rico. The first sermon in Spanish was given in 1940; the last sermon in French in 1942. A Spanish-speaking priest was assigned in 1946. The parish remains largely Hispanic, more recently bolstered by immigration from Central and South American nations.

title: Basilica of Sainte Anne de Détroit


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John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)

John Brown (September 12, 1757 – August 29, 1837) was an American lawyer and statesman who participated in the development and formation of the State of Kentucky after the American Revolutionary War.

Brown represented Virginia in the Continental Congress (1777–1778) and the U.S. Congress (1789–1791). While in Congress, he introduced the bill granting Statehood to Kentucky. Once that was accomplished, he was elected by the new state legislature as a U.S. Senator for Kentucky. From 1803 to 1804, Brown served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate.

Early life
John Brown was born in Augusta County in the Colony of Virginia, on September 12, 1757. He was a son of Reverend John Brown and Margaret Preston Brown, immigrants from northern Ireland. The son of a Presbyterian minister and schoolmaster, John was well educated, first at his father's Liberty Hall Academy (now Washington and Lee University), and then at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). His studies at Princeton were halted, temporarily, as a result of the approach of English troops during the American Revolutionary War.

Brown's role during the Revolutionary War is unclear. The family tradition was that Brown served under General George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette in the Continental Army; however, no known documentation supports this account. Two years after he left the College of New Jersey (1778), Brown enrolled at The College of William & Mary where he studied law. In the fall of 1780, his studies were interrupted by the War and the arrival of the British forces to the city. Brown continued to study law by 'reading it' while working in the office of Thomas Jefferson near Charlottesville, Virginia.

Family life
Brown married Margaretta Mason, daughter of a Presbyterian minister of New York City, on February 21, 1799. They had five children together, only two of whom lived to adulthood:
 * Mason Brown (November 10, 1799 – January 27, 1867) was born in Philadelphia.
 * Orlando (September 26, 1801 – July 26, 1867) was born at Liberty Hall.
 * Alfred was born at Liberty Hall on February 23, 1803, and died on January 29, 1804;
 * a second Alfred was born on May 9, 1804, and died on July 30, 1805.
 * Euphemia Helen, their youngest child and only daughter, was born on May 24, 1807. She died of a calomiel overdose on October 1, 1814.

In 1810 Margaretta Brown and other women took over the teaching of the first Sunday School west of the Alleghenies (the first was established in Pittsburgh a year before) - this was for boys only. In 1816, the Browns helped found Frankfort's First Presbyterian Church; and, three years later, Margaretta Brown became the first superintendent of a Sabbath school for girls. In 1824, Margaretta Brown published Food for Lambs or Familiar Explanations of Some Religious Terms for her students to use.

Descendants of John and Margaretta Brown include Senator Benjamin Gratz Brown, the 20th governor of Missouri and vice presidential candidate in the 1872 election, and children's author Margaret Wise Brown.

Secret mission
In May 1783 the young John Brown was commissioned by Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance and President of the Secret Committee of Foreign Affairs Correspondence of the US government to visit Luis de Unzaga "le Conciliateur", who served him as an intermediary in his secret mission to free the trade with the United States thanks to bills of exchange from the bankers Le Couteulx. Brown's secret mission was a failure because of a "want of confidence" by Spanish officials in Cuba regarding American financial stability.

Virginia legislature
Brown became politically active after being admitted to the bar. He was elected to the Virginia state Senate, succeeding William Christian, where he served from 1783 to 1788. He was succeeded by William Russell.

The Virginia legislature sent him as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1787 and 1788. When the U.S. Constitution became effective, Brown was twice elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1789 to 1792.

Kentucky statehood and Senate tenure
As a Congressman representing Virginia, Brown introduced the petition for Kentucky Statehood. When Kentucky became a state in 1792, he resigned from the House on June 1, 1792. On June 18, the Kentucky legislature elected him to the United States Senate (as was the practice then) for a term ending in 1793. He was re-elected twice and served until 1805. He was President pro tem during the Eighth Congress. During Brown's Senate service, he moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital of the state.

Brown was one of four senators to oppose authorizing military force for the Quasi-War.

Other works
In 1805, Brown was defeated for re-election to the Senate and retired to Liberty Hall. He remained active in a number of public matters for the remaining thirty years of his life. In 1800, he purchased a ferry that crossed the Kentucky River at Frankfort. Brown managed large areas of property in central Kentucky and 20,000 acre near Chillicothe, Ohio. He was a founding member of the Frankfort Water Company and director of the first Bank of Kentucky.

In 1812 Brown was appointed by the legislature to oversee the construction of a public house of worship on the public square of Frankfort. In 1829 Brown was elected as the Sheriff of Franklin County.

He also served on the board that oversaw the construction of the brick Capitol building and the limestone one that replaced it (now known as the Old Capitol). In 1836, Brown presided over the organizational meeting of the Kentucky Historical Society.

Liberty Hall
John Brown died on August 29, 1837, in Lexington, Kentucky, at age 79, and was brought to Frankfort for burial. In 1847, he was re-interred in the Frankfort Cemetery.

The home he occupied in his later years is preserved as Liberty Hall Historic Site located at 202 Wilkinson Street in Frankfort. The site contains two houses: Liberty Hall (1796) built by John Brown, and the Orlando Brown House (1835), designed by Gideon Shryock, and owned by Senator Brown's second son. Liberty Hall is operated as a house museum and is open to the public. Liberty Hall Historic Site is a 501(c)3 organization owned and operated by Liberty Hall, Inc., and The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.


text:
Talk:Diphone

"a diphone is an adjacent pair of phones" - I thought a diphone was specifically from the center of one phone to the center of the adjacent one, ie two half-phones rather than two complete phones which this phrasing suggests. I suggest modifying the text to read "a diphone is formed from the two half-phones within an adjacent pair of phones, from the middle of one phone to the middle of its neighbor" or something equivalent.

In this context does "phones" mean the same thing as "phoneme"? There is an entry for phoneme but not for a phone. What do you all think? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.42.208.182 (talk • contribs) 01:13, 4 June 2004

 * In this context, the subsitution wouldn’t be a huge problem, no. But ‘phone’ does not mean ‘phoneme’. Phones are simply (speech) sounds, whereas phonemes are a particular theoretical construct that groups phones into categories which are considered non-distinct from the perspective of the language. So the phoneme can be realised with one of a number of phones in (some dialects of) English:  in ‘step’;  in ‘ten’;  in ‘bet’;  in ‘better’. Or in Australian English there’s two phones  and  which are considered to be one phoneme  because the former never occurs before  (unless there’s some boundary between them), and the latter always occurs before  (unless there’s some boundary between them). —Felix the Cassowary 07:26, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diphone


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User:MrOxymorMon

You've reached OxymorMon's Page on the Wikipedia. Stay tuned. More coming soon!

title: User:MrOxymorMon


text: User talk:192.115.62.132

title: User talk:192.115.62.132


text:
Shenandoah River

The Shenandoah River is the principal tributary of the Potomac River, 55.6 mi long with two forks approximately 100 mi long each, in the U.S. states of Virginia and West Virginia. The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah Valley and the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. There is a hydroelectric plant along the Shenandoah river constructed in 2014 by Dominion.

Course
The Shenandoah River is formed northeast of Front Royal near Riverton, by the confluence of the South Fork and the North Fork. It flows northeast across Warren County, passing underneath Interstate 66 1 mi from its formation. Beyond the I-66 bridge, the river flows through a set of bends before turning to the northeast again, crossing into Clarke County 11 mi below I-66. Five miles (8 km) downriver from the Clarke County border, the Shenandoah passes under U.S. Route 50 and then passes through a triple bend. 14.5 mi below the Route 50 bridge, the river passes underneath State Route 7 and then continues northeast another 8 mi where it crosses into Jefferson County in West Virginia. Once in West Virginia, the river completes six large bends before joining the Potomac from the southwest near Harpers Ferry. The confluence is on the West Virginia-Maryland border, and 0.4 mi from the Virginia-West Virginia border.

Geology
The Shenandoah Valley is underlaid by limestone. The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement. It remains a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone is honeycombed with caves. Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions, including Luray Caverns, Shenandoah Caverns, and Skyline Caverns.

On the riverbank, a few miles above Harper's Ferry, is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a mounted rider to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of Col. John Mosby's raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.

Mercury contamination
The Shenandoah River was contaminated with mercury which was released by a DuPont rayon manufacturing facility located in Waynesboro, Virginia from 1929 to 1950. This mercury is still present in the fish population of the river today; data collected over the last several decades shows that mercury levels remain stable. The fish in many sections of the Shenandoah River are not safe for human consumption. For example, the Virginia Department of Health (VDOH) states that it is not safe to consume any species except trout which are caught between Waynesboro and Grottoes, Virginia due to elevated mercury levels. In general, the VDOH states that it is not safe to consume more than two fish per month which are caught on the Shenandoah River in Page, Warren, Augusta, or Rockingham counties.

In 2017 DuPont agreed to pay $42,069,916.78 to address natural resource damages and to implement restoration projects related to the impacted resources in the South Fork Shenandoah River watershed.

Fish kills
Since 2005, the Shenandoah River has experienced several springtime fish kills that have affected several of its native fish species. In 2005, redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass along a 100 mi stretch of the South Fork Shenandoah River began dying of lesions caused by bacteria and fungi. Although the fish kill eventually wiped out 80% of the adult redbreast sunfish and smallmouth bass, juvenile populations appeared to be unaffected. The following year more-localized fish kills in Clarke County spread to two of the Shenandoah's three species of sucker: the shorthead redhorse and the northern hogsucker – the former suffering from similar lesions witnessed in the previous year's fish kill. Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality received reports of fish kills near Elkton and between Bentonville and Front Royal in late April 2007 and observed fish exhibiting lesions and strange behavior.

Etymology
Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General George Washington named the valley (and river) in honor of Skenandoa (or Shenandoah), an Oneida "pine tree chief" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War.

He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1777–1778. However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence. It is also said to be named after the Senedo people, a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the Catawba, some time between 1650 and 1700.

Recreation
The Shenandoah River is a very popular river for canoeing, river tubing, and white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking (class I-III in season, II-III+ during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips and rentals.

South Fork Shenandoah River
The South Fork is formed at Port Republic in southern Rockingham County, by the confluence of the North River and South River. It flows 98.5 mi northeast in a tight meandering course, past Elkton and Shenandoah, through Page Valley, with the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Massanutten Mountain range to the west.

South Fork tributaries
• North River

• * Middle River

• South River

• *Back Creek

• Naked Creek

• * Mudhole Run

• * Deep Run

• Crooked Run

• Fultz Run

• Hickory Run

• Cub Run

• * Roaring Run

• * Pitt Spring Run

• Foltz Creek

• Honey Run

• * Line Run

• Stony Run

• Hawksclaw Creek

• Big Run

• * Georges Run

• * Browns Run

• Mill Creek

• Hawksbill Creek

• * Pass Run

• * Dry Run

• * Hollow Run

• * Chub Run

• * Beaver Run

• * Rocky Branch

• Jeremys Run

• * Moody Creek

• * Nelson Run

• Dry Mine Run

• Overall Run

• Gooney Creek

Bridges over the South Fork
• N Shenandoah Avenue (US 340/ US 522/ Va 55)

• Rivermont Drive (SR 619)

• Indian Hollow Road (SR 613)

• Bixlers Ferry Road (SR 675)

• Lee Highway (US 211/ US 340)

• US 340 BUS

• US 340

• Maryland Avenue (SR 602)

• Old Spotswood Trail (US 33 BUS)

• Spotswood Trail (US 33)

• Island Ford Road (SR 649)

• Lynnwood Road (SR 708)

North Fork Shenandoah River
The North Fork is 105 mi long and rises in northern Rockingham County, along the eastern flank of Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National Forest. At its formation, the principal feeder on the North Fork is the German River.

The North Fork flows initially southeast, down from the mountains, then northeast through a valley across Shenandoah County, along the western side of Massanutten Mountain. It flows past Woodstock and Strasburg. On the north end of the ridge it turns briefly southeast to join the South Fork from the northwest to form the Shenandoah.

North Fork tributaries
• German River

• Cedar Creek

• Smith Creek

• Toms Brook

• Passage Creek

• Linville Creek

• Shoemaker River

• Little Dry River

• Turley Creek

• Runions Creek

Bridges over the North Fork
• Winchester Road (US 340)

• Strasburg Road (Va 55)

• Deer Rapids Road (SR 744)

• Colby Lane (low-water, on private property)

• Bear Paw Road

• Headly Road (SR 600)

• Hesley Bridge Lane

• Artz Road (SR 663)

• Woodstock Tower Road (SR 758)

• South Hollingsworth Road (SR 609)

• Laurel Hill Lane

• Edinburg Gap Road (SR 675)

• Palmyra Church Road (SR 698)

• Red Banks Road (SR T-698)

• Old Valley Pike (US 11)

• Wissler Road (SR 720)

• Caverns Road (SR 730)

• Interstate 81

• Quicksburg Road (SR 767)

• River Road (SR 728)

• Va 42

• Shenandoah Avenue (SR 1411)

• Spar Mine Road (SR 617)

• Brocks Gap Road (Va 259)

• Hopkins Gap Road (SR 612)

• Little Dry River Road (SR 818)

• Yankeetown Road

• Lairs Run Road

• Bergton Road (SR 820)

• Bergton Road (SR 820)

West Virginia

 * Hog Run
 * Long Marsh Run
 * Bullskin Run
 * Evitts Run
 * Forge Run
 * Cattail Run
 * Flowing Springs Run
 * Stikeys Run
 * Double Run

Virginia

 * Happy Creek
 * Manassas Run
 * Venus Branch
 * Long Branch
 * Spout Run
 * Morgan Mill Stream
 * Chapel Run
 * Lewis Run
 * Craig Run
 * Dog Run
 * Spout Run
 * Wheat Spring Run
 * Passage Creek

In culture
The American folk song and river and sea chantey titled "Oh Shenandoah" has been adapted to explicitly reference the river or river valley, although earlier versions referred to the 18th century Oneida Chief Shenandoah and the Missouri River, 1,000 miles to the west.

The 1971 hit and signature song of John Denver, "Take Me Home, Country Roads", prominently mentions the Shenandoah River, and was adopted by the state of West Virginia in 2014 as its fourth official state song.

An episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, continuing the tradition of naming their runabout vessels after rivers, has a shuttle named Shenandoah.

title: Shenandoah River


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Stephen Dunn

Stephen Elliot Dunn (June 24, 1939 –June 24, 2021) was an American poet and educator who authored twenty-one collections of poetry. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his 2000 collection, Different Hours, and received an Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He also won three National Endowment for the Arts Creative Writing Fellowships, Guggenheim Fellowship, and Rockefeller Foundations Fellowship.

Early life
Dunn was born in Forest Hills, Queens, New York on June 24, 1939. His parents were Ellen (Fleishman) and Charles Dunn. He attended Forest Hills High School, where he played basketball. After graduating in 1957, he studied history at Hofstra University. He played guard for its basketball team and was part of the squad that had a 23–1 record during the 1959–60 season. He was nicknamed "Radar" for his ability to make jump shots.

Dunn graduated from Hofstra University in 1962 and went on to play one season for the Williamsport Billies of the Eastern Basketball Association. He then worked in advertising until he was 26, when he traveled to Spain to pen a novel, which he ended up discarding. He subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at Syracuse University, obtaining a master's degree in creative writing in 1970.

Career
Dunn began teaching at Stockton University in 1974 and published his first full-length collection entitled Looking for Holes in the Ceiling that same year. He continued working at Stockton for approximately three decades, and also taught at Wichita State University, University of Washington, Columbia University, University of Michigan, and Princeton University.

A collection of essays about Dunn's poetry was published in 2013. He finished his last book, The Not Yet Fallen World, shortly before his death. Published in May 2022, nearly a year after his passing, it was viewed by Dunn as the best work he had written.

Personal life
Dunn married his first wife, Lois Kelly, in 1964. Together, they had two children: Susanne and Andrea. They divorced in 2001. He married Barbara Hurd the following year.

Dunn had earlier lived in Port Republic, New Jersey. He later resided at homes in Ocean City, New Jersey, as well as Hurd's hometown of Frostburg, Maryland. He died on the night of his 82nd birthday at his home in Frostburg. He suffered from Parkinson's disease prior to his death.

Collections

 * Full of Lust and Good Usage, Carnegie-Mellon University Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1976. ISBN 9780915604074
 * A Circus of Needs, Carnegie-Mellon University Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1978. ISBN 9780915604500
 * Work and Love, Carnegie-Mellon University Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1981. ISBN 9780915604609
 * Not Dancing, Carnegie-Mellon University Press (Pittsburgh, PA), 1984. ISBN 9780887480003
 * Local Time, Quill/Morrow (New York, NY), 1986. ISBN 9780688062965
 * Between Angels: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 1989. ISBN 9780393026917
 * Landscape at the End of the Century: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 1991. ISBN 9780393029727
 * New and Selected Poems: 1974-1994, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 1994. ISBN 9780393313000
 * Loosestrife: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 1996. ISBN 9780393316834
 * Riffs & Reciprocities: Prose Pairs, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 1998. ISBN 9780393319576
 * Different Hours, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2000. ISBN 9780393322323
 * The Insistence of Beauty: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2004. ISBN 9780393059557
 * Local Visitations: Poems, Norton, 2004, ISBN 9780393326031
 * Everything Else in the World, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2006. ISBN 9780393330380
 * What Goes On: Selected and New Poems 1995-2009, W. W. Norton (New York, NY), 2009. ISBN 9780393338553
 * Here and Now: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2011. ISBN 9780393080216
 * Lines of Defense, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2014. ISBN 9780393240818
 * Whereas: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2017. ISBN 978-0393254679
 * Pagan Virtues: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2019. ISBN 978-1324002314
 * The Not Yet Fallen World: New and Selected Poems. W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2022. ISBN 978-0-393-88225-4.
 * Pagan Virtues: Poems, W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2019. ISBN 978-1324002314
 * The Not Yet Fallen World: New and Selected Poems. W. W. Norton & Company (New York, NY), 2022. ISBN 978-0-393-88225-4.

Non fiction

 * Walking Light: Memoirs and Essays on Poetry, BOA Editions, Ltd., 2001. ISBN 9781929918003

 * Degrees of Fidelity: Essays on Poetry and the Latitudes of the Personal, Tiger Bark Press, 2018. ISBN 9781732901209

title: Stephen Dunn


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User:Jmdh

Just Another Wiki Person. Maintainer of The Open Guide to Oxford. Home page here

title: User:Jmdh


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Thorvald N. Thiele

Thorvald Nicolai Thiele (24 December 1838 – 26 September 1910) was a Danish astronomer and director of the Copenhagen Observatory. He was also an actuary and mathematician, most notable for his work in statistics, interpolation and the three-body problem.

Thiele made notable contributions to the statistical study of random time series and introduced the cumulants and likelihood functions, and was considered to be one of the greatest statisticians of all time by Ronald Fisher. In the early 1900s he also developed and proposed a generalisation of approval voting to multiple winner elections called sequential proportional approval voting, which was briefly used for party lists in Sweden when proportional representation was introduced in 1909.

Thiele also was a founder and Mathematical Director of the Hafnia Insurance Company and led the founding of the Danish Society of Actuaries. It was through his insurance work that he came into contact with fellow mathematician Jørgen Pedersen Gram.

Thiele was the father of astronomer Holger Thiele.

The main-belt asteroids 843 Nicolaia (discovered by his son Holger) and 1586 Thiele are named in his honour.

title: Thorvald N. Thiele


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Talk:Marlboro

marketing overemphasis
Far too much of this page is crowing about use of the Marlboro brand in auto racing. This section needs to be summarized and reduced by ~90%. Any demand for such trivia can be satisfied by direction to an appropriate fansite; if no such site exists, then the trivia certainly doesn't belong in a Wikipedia article. Weeb Dingle (talk) 04:06, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I came here for information on the company's full range of cigarettes (whether current or discontinued), and the article doesn't even mention things like Southern Cut or 27 blend, but has a thousand lines on racing. Interesting information in its way, but unlikely to be why people search for this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.77.145 (talk) 00:37, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Maybe more information about cigarette content compared to the others JohnnyWalter608 (talk) 23:32, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 24 September 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Consensus cigarrete is the primary topic (closed by non-admin page mover) Vpab15 (talk) 16:01, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

– Primary topic per pageviews; also has long-term significance as the top-selling brand worldwide. 162 etc. (talk) 07:49, 24 September 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Marlboro (cigarette) → Marlboro
 * Marlboro → Marlboro (disambiguation)
 * Support, the cigarettes dominate page view with 100x more views than the next most popular page. There's a lot of entries on the page, but most are towns with populations less than 50k. I think it's clear the cigarette is WP:PRIMARYTOPIC anyways by long-term significance.--Ortizesp (talk) 14:49, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose too many geo articles. In ictu oculi (talk) 15:59, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear primary topic. None of the settlements are anywhere near as well-known as the cigarette brand. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:51, 30 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per points above. The brand is far better known than any place name. BD2412  T 05:23, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom - none of the places with this spelling are prominent. It would be a separate discussion, but I would consider merging the DAB with the Marlborough (disambiguation) page. User:力 (power~enwiki,  π,  ν ) 19:04, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose this primarytopic takeover for a brand name over place names. Better to disambiguate. Dicklyon (talk) 04:15, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

Archive talk pages
After the above move, the archived talk pages seem to have been moved correctly (eg. Talk:Marlboro/Archives/2018). However, they do not appear under the Archive box above. Do I need to do anything else? Vpab15 (talk) 16:22, 14 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems to have been resolved now. — LauritzT (talk) 10:38, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

bill to reinstate menthol ciggarettes to help japan
freedom information act 2601:18D:4500:7550:9836:E3CC:67FD:EAD0 (talk) 14:42, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Freebasing
"Marlboro kept this process secret for many years, as freebasing is the same process used to produce crack cocaine from normal cocaine."

This is completely wrong, crack isn't freebase cocaine, it's the opposite. Originally the word "crack" referred to unrefined cocaine, later on it also stuck to cocaine mixed with baking soda and/or other fillers and cooked into rocks. Freebasing is what you do to crack to get all the crap out of it. Yes, I'm saying the cited source (Marlboro) is wrong. Don't ask how I know. Goldstaupe (talk) 10:43, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

confusion
"In 1846, British tobacconist Philip Morris opened a shop on Bond Street, London, United Kingdom, selling tobacco and rolled cigarettes."

Wasn't he eleven years old in '46? Theo27 (talk) 08:26, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Marlboro smooths not being Marlboro smooths
i bought a pack of snoths 2604:2D80:5303:2500:5962:74CA:10E0:DADD (talk) 11:19, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I bought a pack of smooths at Hy-Vee in South Des Moines Iowa and they aren't smooths 2604:2D80:5303:2500:5962:74CA:10E0:DADD (talk) 11:21, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marlboro


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User:Kim é‡‘

Kim 金 Sorry that it comes out as Kim é‡‘.

title: User:Kim é‡‘