text:
HP Autonomy

HP Autonomy, previously Autonomy Corporation PLC, was an enterprise software company which was merged with Micro Focus in 2017 and OpenText in 2023 (OpenText had acquired the content management assets of Autonomy in 2016). It was founded in Cambridge, United Kingdom in 1996.

Autonomy was acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in October 2011. The deal valued Autonomy at $11.7 billion (£7.4 billion). Within a year, HP had written off $8.8 billion of Autonomy's value. HP claimed this resulted from "serious accounting improprieties" and "outright misrepresentations" by the previous management. The former CEO, Mike Lynch, alleged that the problems were due to HP's running of Autonomy.

HP recruited Robert Youngjohns, ex-Microsoft president of North America, to take over HP Autonomy in September 2012. In 2015, HP was split into HP Inc and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE); HP Autonomy assets were divided between them with HPE taking the larger part. HP Inc later sold its Autonomy content management assets to Canadian software company OpenText in 2016. In 2017, HPE sold remaining Autonomy assets, as part of a wider deal, to the British software company Micro Focus. In 2023, OpenText acquired Micro Focus, reunited the two halves of former Autonomy assets.

Inception and expansion
Autonomy was founded in Cambridge, England by Michael Lynch, David Tabizel and Richard Gaunt in 1996 as a spin-off from Cambridge Neurodynamics, a firm specializing in computer-based finger print recognition. It used a combination of technologies born out of research at the University of Cambridge and developed a variety of enterprise search and knowledge management applications using adaptive pattern recognition techniques centered on Bayesian inference in conjunction with traditional methods. It maintained an aggressively entrepreneurial marketing approach, and sales controls described as a "rod of iron" - allegedly firing the weakest 5% of its sales force each quarter whilst cosseting the best sales staff "like rock stars".

Autonomy floated in 1998 on the NASDAQ exchange at a share price of approximately £0.30. At the height of the "dot-com bubble", the peak share price was £30.

December 2005: Autonomy acquired Verity, Inc., one of its main competitors, for approximately US$500 million. In 2005 Autonomy also acquired Neurodynamics.

May 2007: After exercising an option to buy a stake in technology start up Blinkx Inc, and combining it with its consumer division, Autonomy floated Blinkx on a valuation of $250 million.

July 2007: Autonomy acquired Zantaz, an email archiving and litigation support company, for $375 million.

October 2007: Autonomy acquired Meridio Holdings Ltd, a UK company based in Northern Ireland that specialised in Records Management software, for £20 million.

28 May 2008: Kainos extended its partnership with Autonomy for high-end information processing and Information Risk Management (IRM) to deliver information governance solutions to its customer base.

January 2009: Autonomy acquired Interwoven, a niche provider of enterprise content management software, for $775 million. Interwoven became Autonomy Interwoven and Autonomy iManage.

In 2009 Paul Morland, a leading analyst, started raising concerns about Autonomy's exaggerated performance claims.

June 2010: Autonomy announced that it was to acquire the Information Governance business of CA Technologies. Terms of the sale were not disclosed.

5 May 2011: The Mercedes Formula One team announced an $8 million sponsorship deal with Autonomy, and on 8 July 2010 Tottenham Hotspur FC announced a two-year sponsorship deal with Autonomy for their Premier League kit. For the 2011–12 season Spurs' Premier League shirt featured Autonomy's augmented reality technology Aurasma.

16 May 2011: Autonomy acquired Iron Mountain Digital, a pioneer in E-discovery and online backup solutions provider, for $380 million from Iron Mountain Incorporated.

Hewlett-Packard
18 August 2011: Hewlett-Packard announced that it would purchase Autonomy for US$42.11 per share with a premium of around 79% over market price that was widely criticized as "absurdly high", a "botched strategy shift" and a "chaotic" attempt to rapidly reposition HP and enhance earnings by expanding the high-margin software services sector. The transaction was unanimously approved by the boards of directors of both HP and Autonomy and the Autonomy board recommended that its shareholders accept the offer. On 3 October 2011 HP closed the deal, announcing that it had acquired around 87.3% of the shares for around $10.2 billion, and valuing the company at around $11.7 billion in total.

10 January 2012: Legal entity Autonomy Corporation PLC was converted into private company Autonomy Corporation Limited.

May 2012: Mike Lynch left his role as Autonomy CEO after a significant drop in revenue in the previous quarter.

September 2012: Robert Youngjohns was appointed SVP & GM of Autonomy/Information Management Business Unit.

November 2012: Hewlett-Packard announced that it was taking an $8.8 billion accounting charge after claiming "serious accounting improprieties" and "outright misrepresentations" at Autonomy; its share price fell to a decades' low on the news. Previous management in turn accused HP of a "textbook example of defensive stalling" to conceal evidence of its own prior knowledge and gross mismanagement and undermining of the company, noting public awareness since 2009 of its financial reporting issues  and that even HP's CFO disagreed with the price paid. External observers stated that only a small part of the write-off appeared to be due to accounting mis-statements, and that HP had overpaid for businesses previously. Lynch alleged that the problems were due to HP's running of Autonomy, citing "internecine warfare" within the organization. Major culture clashes had been reported in the press.

The Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom), and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission joined the FBI in investigating the potential anomalies. However, in January 2015 the SFO closed its investigation as the chance of successful prosecution was low.

Three lawsuits were brought by shareholders against HP, for the fall in value of HP shares. In August 2014 a United States district court judge threw out a proposed settlement involving a fee of up to $48 million: Autonomy's previous management had argued the settlement would be collusive and was intended to divert scrutiny of HP executives' own responsibility and knowledge.

November 2013: the HP Exstream customer communication management (CCM) business, formerly part of the HP LaserJet and Enterprise Solutions (LES) business, joined the HP Autonomy organization.

30 January 2014: the company announced that one of its partners, Kainos, had integrated HP IDOL 10.5, the new version of HP Autonomy's information analytics engine, into Kainos's electronic medical record platform, Evolve.

31 October 2015: Autonomy's software products were divided between HP Inc (HPQ) and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) as a result of the Hewlett-Packard Company separation. HP Inc was assigned ownership largely consisting of Autonomy's content management software components including TeamSite, Qfiniti, Qfiniti Managed Services, MediaBin, Optimost, and Explore. Hewlett Packard Enterprise retained ownership of the remaining software and legal entity of Autonomy Corporation Limited.

Acquisition by Micro Focus and OpenText
2 May 2016: OpenText acquired HP TeamSite, HP MediaBin, HP Qfiniti, HP Explore, HP Aurasma, and HP Optimost from HP Inc for $170 million.

In 2017, HPE sold its Autonomy assets, as part of a wider deal valued at $8.8 billion, to the British software company Micro Focus. Micro Focus acquired the operating subsidiary Autonomy Systems Limited and related foreign subsidiaries on 1 September 2017. Legal entity and former parent company Autonomy Corporation Limited was merged with fellow HPE subsidiary ACL Netherlands B.V. and ceased to exist.

In April 2018 Autonomy's ex-CFO Sushovan Hussain was charged in the US and found guilty in of accounting fraud, and subsequently allowed out on bail after his appeal raised a "substantial question over his conviction." Hussain's appeal failed in August 2020.

Based on Hussain's evidence, Lynch was charged with fraud in November 2018. Lynch said he would contest extradition and that he "vigorously rejects all the allegations against him."

In March 2019, HP brought a civil action in the UK courts. The case was heard in a trial lasting 93 days, with Lynch present in the witness box for 22 days, making it one of the longest cross-examinations in British legal history. In January 2022, the High Court in London ruled that HP had "substantially won" its civil case against Lynch and Hussain in which HP claimed that the two individuals had "artificially inflated Autonomy's reported revenues, revenue growth and gross margins".

In September 2020, Deloitte, who audited Autonomy between 2009 and 2011, were fined £15m for its audits that contained “serious and serial failures”.

In August 2022, OpenText announced that it would acquire Micro Focus in a deal valued at US$6billion. The acquisition was approved by the court on 27 January 2023, the transaction was completed on 31 January 2023.

Products and services
HP Autonomy products include Intelligent Data Operating Layer (IDOL), which allows for search and processing of text taken from both structured data and unstructured human information—including e-mail and mobile data—whether it originates in a database, audio, video, text files or streams. The processing of such information by IDOL is referred to by Autonomy as Meaning-Based Computing.

HP Autonomy's offerings include:

 * Marketing Optimization
 * Web Experience Management, Web Optimization, Search Engine Marketing, Marketing Analytics, Contact Center Management, Rich Media Management

 * Information Analytics
 * Voice of the Customer, Media Intelligence, Video Surveillance, Big Data Analytics, SFA Intelligence

 * Unified Information Access
 * Enterprise Search, Knowledge Management, Content Access & Extraction

 * Information Archiving
 * Compliance Archiving, Litigation Readiness Archiving, Storage Optimization Archiving, Database & Application Archiving, Supervision & Policy Management

 * eDiscovery
 * Legal Hold, Early Case Assessment, Review & Analytics, Investigations, Post-Review

 * Enterprise Content Management
 * Policy-driven Information Management, Records Management, Legal Content Management, Business Process Management, Document and Email Management

 * Data Protection
 * Server Data Protection, Virtual Server Data Protection, Remote & Branch Office Data Protection, Endpoint Device Data Protection

 * Customer Communications Management
 * Healthcare Communications, Transactional Communications, State, Local & Federal Communications, Utility & Smart Meter Communications, High Volume Communications

 * Automated Information Capture
 * Multichannel automated information capture:, Intelligent document recognition, Intelligent document classification, Remote capture, Validation

 * Haven OnDemand
 * The API platform for building data rich applications. Haven OnDemand features a wide range of APIs for indexing and performing analytics on a range of information from plain text and office documents through to audio and video.

 * Haven Search OnDemand
 * A easy to use and quick to deploy Enterprise Search solution built onto of the Haven OnDemand API Platform.

Offices
The Autonomy business had primary offices in Cambridge and Sunnyvale, California, as well as other major offices in the UK, the US, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Singapore, Germany, and smaller offices in India and throughout Europe and Latin America.

title: HP Autonomy


text:
Huntsville Stars

The Huntsville Stars were a Minor League Baseball team that played in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1985 to 2014. They competed in the Southern League as the Double-A affiliate of Major League Baseball's Oakland Athletics from 1985 to 1998 and Milwaukee Brewers from 1999 to 2014. The Stars played their home games at Joe W. Davis Stadium and were named for the space industry with which Huntsville is economically tied (NASA conducts operations at the nearby Marshall Space Flight Center).

The team began play in 1985 after a Southern League franchise operating in Nashville, Tennessee, as the Nashville Sounds, was transferred to Huntsville. They remained in the city for 30 years before being relocated to Biloxi, Mississippi, where they became known as the Biloxi Shuckers, after the 2014 season.

Over the course of playing in 4,211 regular season games and compiling a win–loss record of 2,112–2,099, Huntsville reached the postseason on 14 occasions, winning 13 half-season titles, 10 division titles, and 3 Southern League championships. They won their first league championship in their inaugural 1985 season as an affiliate of the Oakland Athletics. They won a second with Oakland in 1994 and a third in 2001 with the Milwaukee Brewers.

Coming to Huntsville

In July 1984, Larry Schmittou, president of the Nashville Sounds of the Double-A Southern League, and other members of the team's ownership group purchased the Evansville Triplets of the Triple-A American Association with plans to move the franchise from Evansville, Indiana, to Nashville for the 1985 season. The Southern League wanted Schmittou to surrender his franchise to the league, but he had plans to relocate the team instead. He wanted to send Nashville's existing Southern League franchise to Evansville to continue as the Triplets at Double-A. However, a combination of the league's disapproval of the move and the City of Evansville being unwilling to upgrade Bosse Field resulted in a move to Huntsville, Alabama. The city, led by Mayor Joe W. Davis, agreed to build a brand new 10,000-seat multipurpose stadium which lured the franchise to town where it began play in 1985 as the Huntsville Stars. The Triple-A Sounds carried on the history of the Double-A team that preceded it, while the Stars were established as an entirely new franchise. Schmittou and several other Sounds shareholders owned the Stars, while Don Mincher, a Huntsville native and 12-year veteran of the major leagues, operated the team as its General Manager.

Oakland Athletics (1985–1998)
The Huntsville Stars became the Double-A affiliate of the Oakland Athletics. Manager Brad Fischer guided the franchise to win the First Half Western Division title in their inaugural season. They then defeated the Knoxville Blue Jays, 3–1, in the Western Division finals on the way to winning their first Southern League championship in their first season by defeating the Charlotte O's, 3–2. Outfielder Jose Canseco was selected as the Southern League Most Valuable Player (MVP).

In 1986, the Stars hosted the Southern League All-Star Game at Joe W. Davis Stadium on July 23. A team of Southern League All-Stars was defeated by the Nashville Sounds, 4–2. Huntsville catcher Terry Steinbach won the game's MVP Award. The 1986 Stars repeated with another first half title and won the Western Division against the Knoxville Blue Jays, 3–1. They were defeated in the finals, however, by the Columbus Astros, 3–2. Steinbach won the league's MVP Award. In 1987, they reached the postseason for the third consecutive season by winning the second half of the season, but fell to the Birmingham Barons, 3–0, in the Western Division finals. The 1988 club finished with a 59–85 (.410) record, the lowest in franchise history.

The 1989 Stars returned to the playoffs having won the second half, but were again defeated by Birmingham in the division finals, 3–1. Manager Jeff Newman was selected for the Southern League Manager of the Year Award. The team missed the postseason in both 1990 and 1991. In 1991, Huntsville hosted the first Double-A All-Star Game on July 10. A team of American League-affiliated All-Stars defeated a team of National League-affiliated All-Stars, 8–2. On August 3, 1992, pitchers Dana Allison, Roger Smithberg, and Todd Revering combined to pitch a 10-inning, 1–0 no-hitter against Birmingham. The Chattanooga Lookouts won both halves of the 1992 season, but Huntsville qualified for the postseason with the second-best overall record in the Western Division. They were defeated by the Lookouts, 3–1, in the division series. First baseman Marcos Armas was the MVP of 1992's Double-A All-Star Game. On June 13, 1993, Tanyon Sturtze no-hit Chattanooga, 5–0.

Following the 1993 season, Larry Schmittou sold the Stars to Don Mincher and a group of Huntsville investors for an asking price between US$3.5 million and $4 million. After missing the playoffs in 1993, the Stars won the 1994 first half and then defeated Chattanooga for the Western Division title, 3–1. Huntsville won its second Southern League championship, 3–1, against the Carolina Mudcats. Manager of the Year Gary Jones' 1994 club set a franchise record with their 81–57 (.587) season.

The Stars did not return to the postseason until 1997. They won the second half before beating the Mobile BayBears, 3–2, to win the Western Division before ultimately losing the championship to the Greenville Braves, 3–2. Right fielder Ben Grieve was the league MVP, and shortstop Mike Coolbaugh won MVP honors at that summer's Double-A All-Star Game. The 1998 team qualified for the playoffs with the second-best record behind Mobile, which had won both halves, but was swept, 3–0, by the BayBears in the Western Division finals.

After the 1998 season, the Oakland Athletics transferred their Double-A affiliation to the Midland RockHounds of the Texas League. Through 14 years with the Athletics, the Stars had amassed a record of 1,029–961 (.517).

Milwaukee Brewers (1999–2014)
After the Stars and Athletics parted ways, Huntsville became the Double-A affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers. The Stars struggled in their first two seasons of the new affiliation, failing to win any half of the seasons.

In 2000, Mincher became Interim President of the Southern League when President Arnold Fielkow left for the National Football League. At the conclusion of the 2000 season, Mincher and his group put the Stars up for sale once again. He resigned from his position as President of the Stars, and the Southern League removed the "interim" tag to make him league president for 2001. Pulling double duty until the team was sold, Mincher desired to keep the Stars in Huntsville. The group waded through countless offers to buy the Stars looking to find the right investors who would commit to keeping the team in the Tennessee Valley. Early in 2001, Mincher found his man in New York attorney Miles Prentice who also owned the Midland RockHounds, served as a Director for the Texas League, and was the Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Minor League Baseball. Prentice promised to keep the team in Huntsville despite several offers for new stadiums in various locales.

The Stars returned to the playoffs in 2001. Winning the First Half Western Division title, the team went on to win the division against Birmingham, 3–2. The September 11 attacks prompted the cancellation of the championship series before it could begin. Both Huntsville and the Eastern Division champion Jacksonville Suns were declared co-champions. Third baseman Dave Gibralter won the MVP Award for that summer's Double-A All-Star Game.

In 2003, the first-half champion Stars won the Western Division versus Birmingham, 3–2, but lost in the Southern League championship series to Carolina, 3–2. Third baseman Corey Hart won the Southern League MVP Award, and manager Frank Kremblas was the league's Manager of the Year. Missing the playoffs in 2004 and 2005, they made another championship attempt in 2006, winning the second half, defeating Chattanooga, 3–0, for the Northern Division title, but losing the league crown to the Montgomery Biscuits, 3–1. In 2007, Stars manager Don Money was named the Southern League's Manager of the Year. Also in 2007, the team captured the division title, beating the Tennessee Smokies, 3–2, but were again defeated by Montgomery in the finals, 3–2.

To start the 2008 season, the Stars set a new team record for best start, by sweeping their first series with the Mississippi Braves, 5–0. On April 26, 2008, the Stars turned their second triple play in franchise history, the last coming in 2002. David Welch pitched a 7-inning no-hitter against Chattanooga on June 2, 2008. The Stars won the 2009 first half title but lost the Northern Division to Tennessee, 3–1. Sub-.500 teams from 2010 to 2013 failed to reach the playoffs, the longest postseason drought in team history. During this stretch, however, Wily Peralta won the 2011 Southern League Most Outstanding Pitcher Award and first baseman Hunter Morris won the 2012 MVP Award. On August 2, 2012, Jimmy Nelson, Dan Merklinger, R. J. Seidel, Darren Byrd, and Brandon Kintzler pitched a combined no-hitter against Chattanooga, a 3–1 win. Merklinger walked four batters in the fifth inning for the only Lookouts run of the game.

Prior to the 2014 season, an ownership group based in Biloxi, Mississippi, led by Ken Young purchased the team with the intention of relocating the club. The Stars played the 2014 season in Huntsville, while a new ballpark was built in Biloxi. In their 30th and final season in Huntsville, the Stars won the first half title, but lost in the Northern Division series to Chattanooga, 3–2. Over 16 years as a Brewers affiliate, Huntsville compiled a record of 1,083–1,138 (.488). The franchise's composite record over their entire 30-year run stood at 2,112–2,099 (.502).

Because of delays in the construction of Biloxi's MGM Park, the Biloxi Shuckers, as the team was named, played their first 54 games on the road, including 15 at Joe Davis Stadium in April and May 2015 before their June 6 home opener in Biloxi.

Ballpark

For the entirety of their 30-year history in Huntsville, the Stars played at Joe W. Davis Stadium. The ballpark, which opened in 1985, had a seating capacity of 10,200 in 2010 and 13 skyboxes.

Retired numbers

 * 5 – Don Mincher, general manager (1985–2001) and owner (1994–2001), Retired June 6, 2008
 * 42 – Jackie Robinson, Retired throughout professional baseball on April 15, 1997.

Hall of Famers
Five people associated with the Stars have been inducted in the Southern League Hall of Fame. Don Mincher, general manager from 1985 to 2000 and part owner from 1994 to 2000, and Rosemary Hovatter, who worked as an administrative assistant and box office employee from 1985 to 2014, were inducted in the inaugural Hall of Fame Class in 2014. Second baseman/shortstop Scott Brosius, inducted in 2015, played for the Stars in 1989 and 1990, and led the Southern League in his second season with 162 hits, 274 total bases, and 39 doubles, earning him a spot on the 1990 postseason all-star team. He went on to an 11-year MLB career, winning three World Series and the 1998 World Series MVP Award with the New York Yankees. Larry Schmittou, who helped bring baseball to Huntsville in 1985 and was part owner of the Stars from 1985 to 1993, was inducted in 2016. Broadcaster Curt Bloom, the team's Director of Broadcasting in 1991, was inducted in 2018.

Notable former players

 * John Axford
 * Tim Belcher
 * Mike Bordick
 * Michael Brantley
 * Ryan Braun
 * Scott Brosius
 * Greg Cadaret
 * Lorenzo Cain
 * José Canseco
 * Ozzie Canseco
 * Eric Chavez
 * Nelson Cruz
 * Alcides Escobar
 * Prince Fielder
 * Yovani Gallardo
 * Jason Giambi
 * Ben Grieve
 * Tony Gwynn Jr.
 * Bill Hall
 * Mitch Haniger
 * J. J. Hardy
 * Corey Hart
 * Ramón Hernández
 * Tim Hudson
 * Stan Javier
 * Darren Lewis
 * Jonathan Lucroy
 * Mark McGwire
 * Brad Nelson
 * Charlie O'Brien
 * Manny Parra
 * Wily Peralta
 * Luis Polonia
 * Jean Segura
 * Ben Sheets
 * Terry Steinbach
 * Adam Stern
 * Miguel Tejada
 * Todd Van Poppel
 * Carlos Villanueva
 * Rickie Weeks
 * Walt Weiss
 * Wally Whitehurst
 * Steve Woodard

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Huntsville Stars


text:
Marlborough, Queensland

Marlborough is a rural town and coastal locality in the Livingstone Shire, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Marlborough had a population of 154 people.

Geography
The town lies on the Bruce Highway, 106 km north west of the city of Rockhampton. The town is a small service centre for the surrounding area, and one of a number of fuelling points on an otherwise isolated stretch of highway.

To the south lies the Kunwarara Magnesite mine, which works one of the world's largest supplies of the mineral.

Marlborough is famous for producing the world's finest chrysoprase, a semi-precious gem once coveted by Alexander the Great and Cleopatra. The small but high-grade deposit is located about 20 km south-south-west of the township and is universally regarded as the most valuable find in the world.

The Bruce Highway passes through the locality, entering from the east (Kunwarara) and exiting to the north-west (Ogmore), bypassing the town approx 1 km to the west. The North Coast railway line also passes through the locality, running roughly parallel to the east of the highway, but does pass through the town, which is served by Marlborough railway station (-22.814°N, 149.8893°W).

The Marlborough–Sarina Road exits to the west.

History
Marlborough was established as a squatting pastoral run in 1857 by Dan Connor. The name is probably connected with the First Duke of Marlborough (1650-1722), a British army commander.

The post office at Marlborough opened on 1 January 1861. The first town allotments were sold in 1862. Marlborough was the location of a Native Police barracks from 1865 to 1876. The barracks were located at Barrack Creek on the northwest outskirts of the town.

Marlborough Railway Provisional School opened on 26 July 1917. On 26 April 1919 it was renamed Koonama Provisional School. On 18 October 1920 it became Koonama State School. On 11 September 1925 it was renamed Marlborough State School.

On 24 July 2000, five people were killed when the Rockhampton-based Capricorn Helicopter Rescue Service helicopter crashed in a paddock at Marlborough while attempting to land in thick fog. Following the tragedy, the community of Marlborough raised enough money to establish a permanent helipad in the town in an attempt to prevent a similar tragedy from occurring in the future.

Marlborough is within the local government area of Shire of Livingstone, but, between 2008 and 2013, it was within the Rockhampton Region.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Marlborough had a population of 149 people.

In the, the locality of Marlborough had a population of 154 people.

Education
Marlborough State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at Magog Road (-22.8118°N, 149.895°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 34 students with 5 teachers (3 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent). The school competes against otherschools in the area such as Clarke Creek State School, Milman State School and School of Distance Education. They compete in swimming and athletic carnivals which Marlborough normally hosts, having a 16-metre pool and a grassy oval.

There is no secondary school in Marlborough. The nearest government secondary school is Glenmore State High School in Kawana, Rockhampton, over 100 km away. Distance education and boarding schools would be other options.

Amenities
Livingstone Shire Council operates a weekly library service at Marlborough. It is located at 15 Milman Street (-22.8129°N, 149.8916°W) in the Marlborough Historical Museum building.

All Saints Anglican Church is at 27 Milman Street (-22.8133°N, 149.893°W). It is part of the Parish of North Rockhampton (also known as the All Saints Anglican Community) within the Anglican Church of Central Queensland.

Attractions
Marlborough Historical Museum is at 15 Milman Street (-22.8128°N, 149.8915°W). It collects and presents the natural and social heritage of Marlborough.

title: Marlborough, Queensland


text:
David Strathairn

David Russell Strathairn (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor. Known for his leading roles on stage and screen, he has often portrayed historical figures such as Edward R. Murrow, J. Robert Oppenheimer, William H. Seward, and John Dos Passos. He has received various accolades including an Independent Spirit Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Volpi Cup, and has been nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Strathairn made his acting debut in his fellow Williams College graduate John Sayles' film Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980), and continued acting in multiple films by Sayles, such as Matewan (1987), Eight Men Out (1988), City of Hope (1991), Passion Fish (1992) and Limbo (1999). In the 1990s, he appeared in multiple box-office successes such as A League of Their Own (1992), Sneakers (1992), The Firm (1993), The River Wild (1995) and L.A. Confidential (1997) before gaining prominence for his portrayal of journalist Edward R. Murrow in George Clooney's Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He is also recognized for his role as CIA Deputy Director Noah Vosen in The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) and The Bourne Legacy (2012). He appeared in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012), Chloe Zhao's Nomadland (2020), and Guillermo del Toro's Nightmare Alley (2021). Also known for his lengthy work on television, he made his debut in the soap opera Search for Tomorrow in 1984. He portrayed Robert Wegler in the acclaimed HBO drama series The Sopranos (2004). He received a Primetime Emmy Award win and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in the HBO television film Temple Grandin (2010). He portrayed John Dos Passos in the HBO film Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012). He's had recurring roles in the Syfy series Alphas (2011–2012), the NBC series The Blacklist (2015–2016), the Showtime series Billions (2017–2019), and the SyFy, then Amazon Prime Video, series The Expanse (2018–2019).

Early life and education
Strathairn was born in San Francisco, California. He is of Scottish descent through his paternal grandfather, Thomas Scott Strathairn, a native of Crieff, and of Native Hawaiian ancestry through his paternal grandmother, Josephine Lei Victoria Alana. Strathairn attended Redwood High School in Larkspur, California. He graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1970. At Williams, he met fellow actor Gordon Clapp; and (after graduation) another Williams alumnus, director John Sayles, with whom he has collaborated on a number of projects.

He studied clowning at the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College in Venice, Florida, and briefly worked as a clown in a traveling circus.

Career
Strathairn was nominated for an Academy Award for his stirring portrayal of CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow in the 2005 biographical film Good Night, and Good Luck. The film explored Murrow's clash with Senator Joseph McCarthy over McCarthy's Communist witch-hunts in the 1950s. Strathairn also received Best Actor Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) nominations for his performance. In 2010, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his portrayal of Dr. Carlock in the HBO television film Temple Grandin. For that role, he also won the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.

Other notable film roles include his portrayals of the title character in Harrison's Flowers (2000); Col. Craig Harrington in Memphis Belle (1990); Whistler, the wisecracking blind techie, in Sneakers (1992); convict Ray McDeere in the legal thriller The Firm (1993); abusive husband Joe St. George in Dolores Claiborne (1995); Pierce Patchett, a millionaire involved in the seedy side of 1950s Los Angeles in L.A. Confidential (1997); Theseus, Duke of Athens, in the 1999 version of A Midsummer Night's Dream; and baseball player Eddie Cicotte in Eight Men Out (1988).

Strathairn is a character actor, appearing in supporting roles in many independent and Hollywood films. In this capacity, he has co-starred in Twisted as a psychiatrist; in The River Wild as a husband; and in Blue Car as a teacher.

He has worked with his Williams College classmate and director John Sayles. He made his film debut in Return of the Secaucus 7, and worked in the films Passion Fish, Matewan, Limbo and City of Hope, for which he won the Independent Spirit Award. Alongside Sayles, he played one of the "men in black" in the 1983 film The Brother from Another Planet. Strathairn created the role of Edwin Booth with Maryann Plunkett in a workshop production of ''Booth! A House Divided'', by W. Stuart McDowell, at The Players in New York City.

Strathairn's television work also includes a wide range of roles: Moss, the bookselling nebbish on the critically acclaimed The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd; Captain Keller, the father of Helen Keller in the 2000 remake of The Miracle Worker; Capt. Frederick Benteen, a U.S. 7th Cavalry officer under General Custer's command in Son of the Morning Star; and a far-out (both figuratively and literally) televangelist in Paradise, the pilot episode for a TV series on Showtime that was not successful. Strathairn had a recurring role on the hit television drama The Sopranos. Strathairn starred in the Miami Vice episode "Out Where the Buses Don't Run."

Strathairn appeared in We Are Marshall, a 2006 film about the rebirth of Marshall University's football program after the 1970 plane crash that killed most of the team's members; and Cold Souls, starring Paul Giamatti as a fictionalized version of himself, who enlists a company's services to deep freeze his soul, directed by Sophie Barthes. In 2006 he did a campaign ad for then congressional candidate (now Senator) Kirsten Gillibrand. He reprised his role as Edward R. Murrow in a speech similar to the one from Good Night, and Good Luck, but was altered to reference Gillibrand's opponent John Sweeney.

Strathairn plays the lead role in the 2007 independent film, Steel Toes, a film by David Gow (writer/co-director/producer) and Mark Adam (co-director/DOP/editor). The film is based on Gow's stage play Cherry Docs, in which Strathairn starred for its American premiere at the Wilma Theatre in Philadelphia.

He played a role in Paramount Pictures' children's film The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008) as Arthur Spiderwick. Strathairn appeared in the American Experience PBS anthology series documentary, The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer, a biography of the physicist. He first played Oppenheimer in the 1989 CBS TV movie Day One. He plays William Flynn, an FBI agent dealing with anarchism in 1920s New York City, in No God, No Master.

In 2009, Strathairn performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans. It was adapted from the historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.

He starred as Dr. Lee Rosen on Syfy's series Alphas.

In 2018-19, Strathairn appeared on the third and fourth seasons of SyFy's The Expanse as Klaes Ashford.

In 2020, Strathairn was one of the few genuine actors in the Oscar-winner Nomadland, directed by Chloé Zhao. David appears alongside his son Tay, the first time they have acted together on screen since 1988's Eight Men Out when Tay was just eight years old.

Strathairn stars in the 2023 film Remember This, based on the stage play about the life of Polish diplomat and war hero Jan Karski who brought evidence of the Holocaust to Western governments during WW2. The film is executive-produced by Eva Anisko and directed by Jeff Hutchens and Derek Goldman.

Theater
Strathairn is also a stage actor and has performed over 30 theatrical roles. He performed several roles in stage plays by Harold Pinter. He played Stanley in two consecutive New York Classic Stage Company (CSC) productions of Pinter's 1957 play The Birthday Party, directed by Carey Perloff (since 1992 artistic director of the American Conservatory Theater), in 1988 and 1989; the dual roles of prison Officer and Prisoner in Pinter's 1989 play Mountain Language (in a double bill with the second CSC Rep production of The Birthday Party); Edwin Booth in a workshop production by W. Stuart McDowell at The Players in 1989; Kerner, in Tom Stoppard's Hapgood (1994); and Devlin, opposite Lindsay Duncan's Rebecca, in Pinter's 1996 two-hander Ashes to Ashes in the 1999 New York premiere by the Roundabout Theatre Company.

In 2015 Strathairn appeared in Anton Chekov's The Cherry Orchard with Mary McDonnell at People's Light theater in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He lent his voice talents to an adaptation in the form of a radio play of Sinclair Lewis' It Can't Happen Here by the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in October 2020.

Strathairn plays Jan Karski in the one-man play Remember This: The Lesson of Jan Karski, written by Clark Young and Derek Goldman. The play is an original production by The Laboratory for Global Performance and Politics at Georgetown University. In 2021, Strathairn garnered critical acclaim for a production of Remember This at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater.

Personal life
Strathairn narrated a biographical video to introduce Barack Obama before his acceptance speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

Strathairn's son Tay Strathairn was keyboardist for the band Dawes.

title: David Strathairn


text:
Montgomery Biscuits

The Montgomery Biscuits are a Minor League Baseball team based in Montgomery, Alabama. They are the Double-A affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays and play in the Southern League. The team was founded in Orlando, Florida, in 1973 as the Orlando Twins, an affiliate of the Minnesota Twins. After remaining in the Minnesota minor league organization for 20 seasons, the team became an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs for four seasons and then the Seattle Mariners for one. In 1999, the team became an affiliate of the Tampa Bay Rays, and they have remained in the organization ever since. They became members of the Double-A South in 2021, though this was renamed the Southern League in 2022.

Over the years, the club changed names several times. They were the Orlando Twins for 17 seasons, then were known as the SunRays, Cubs, and Rays. The club became known as the Biscuits when it moved from the Orlando area to Montgomery in 2004.

The club played at Tinker Field near downtown Orlando from 1973 until 2000, when they moved to Champion Stadium in nearby Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Since moving to Montgomery in 2004, the Biscuits have played at Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium, a 7,000-seat facility which was built for the club in the downtown area.

Orlando
The franchise joined the Southern League in 1973 as the Orlando Twins, a minor-league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins, which held spring training in Orlando, Florida at the time. The Orlando Twins played at Tinker Field in downtown Orlando, near the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium. In 1990, the team was renamed the Orlando Sun Rays. In 1993, the Chicago Cubs became the team's new major-league affiliate, and the team was renamed the Orlando Cubs. While still a Chicago Cubs affiliate, the team renamed itself again in 1997 and became the Orlando Rays. The following year, for one season only, the Seattle Mariners were the Rays' major-league affiliate. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays, an American League expansion team in 1998, assumed the Orlando Rays' major-league affiliation the following year.

The Orlando Rays' last season at Tinker Field was 1999. From 2000 to 2003, the Orlando Rays played in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in Champion Stadium at Walt Disney World Resort. Despite the fact that the team played in a state-of-the-art stadium that was built in 1997 and used during spring training by the Atlanta Braves, attendance did not meet expectations; after trailing the Southern League in attendance in multiple years, the Rays' owners announced the team would move to Montgomery in 2004 (terminating their 10-year lease with Disney after four seasons).

While in Orlando, the franchise won three Southern League championships: in 1981 (as the Twins), 1991 (as the Sun Rays), and 1999 (as the Rays).

Montgomery
The Biscuits became Montgomery's first Major League Baseball-affiliated team since 1980, when the Montgomery Rebels, a Detroit Tigers affiliate, played their final season in the Southern League at Montgomery's Paterson Field. The Biscuits' owners, Sherrie Myers and Tom Dickson, were selected from six different ownership groups during an extensive search for a public-private partner by the City of Montgomery. Myers and Dickson selected the team's nickname from over 4,000 entries in a "name the team" contest, due in part to tying into indigenous affiliation and potential marketing and pun possibilities (for example, "Hey, Butter, Butter, Butter" or the team's souvenir store, the "Biscuit Basket"). Several successful minor league teams have campy, quirky names to relate to families and kids. During games, biscuits are shot from an air cannon, into the stands. The official team colors are Butter and Blue.

On September 15, 2006, in just their third year of existence, the Biscuits defeated the Huntsville Stars to win the team's first Southern League championship in Montgomery. One year later, in 2007, the Biscuits again defeated the Huntsville Stars to win their second consecutive Southern League championship. They became the first team since the 1975 to 1977 Montgomery Rebels to win back-to-back championships.

The Biscuits were sold to a group of investors led by Richmond Flying Squirrels owner Lou DiBella in a transaction that closed on April 27, 2017.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Biscuits were organized into the Double-A South. Though finishing the 2021 season in second place in the Southern Division at 62–55, the two teams with the highest winning percentages in the regular season competed in a best-of-five series to determine the league champion. With the circuit's second-best record, the Biscuits faced the Mississippi Braves in the best-of-five series but lost the championship, 3–2. Jonathan Aranda won the league Most Valuable Player Award. In 2022, the Double-A South became known as the Southern League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Mascot
Their mascots are "Big Mo", an orange beast that loves biscuits, and "Monty", an anthropomorphized buttermilk biscuit. Monty appears in the logo and on the hat. The mascot for the Orlando Rays was "Spike", a bear. The origin of Spike is unknown but presumed to predate the Devil Rays, as the club has been controlled by the Cubs and by the Twins (who have a bear mascot, T.C. Bear).

In 2014, a new live mascot was introduced and also named with a contest in which 4,800 entries submitted ideas for a micro-mini pot belly pig which became Miss Gravy, Duchess of Pork. Miss Gravy "retired to a farm in Wetumpka" in 2016.

Notable alumni
Major League Baseball players who played for the Biscuits (or earlier incarnations) include:

 * Dewon Brazelton
 * Jorge Cantu
 * Carl Crawford
 * Matt Diaz
 * Joey Gathright
 * Chad Gaudin
 * Jonny Gomes
 * Toby Hall
 * Jason Hammel
 * Scott Kazmir
 * Kevin Kiermaier
 * Evan Longoria
 * Seth McClung
 * Fernando Perez
 * David Price
 * Shawn Riggans
 * Kenny Rosenberg (born 1995)
 * Juan Salas
 * James Shields
 * Blake Snell
 * Andy Sonnanstine
 * Cal Stevenson (born 1996)
 * B. J. Upton
 * Delmon Young
 * Stephen Vogt
 * Mikie Mahtook
 * Taylor Motter

Television and radio
All Montgomery Biscuits games are televised live on MiLB.TV and select games are also televised live on WSFA. WMSP 740 AM provides radio broadcasts of games. Since 2016, the Biscuits play-by-play commentator is Chris Adams-Wall.

title: Montgomery Biscuits


text:
Strip

Strip or Stripping may refer to:

Places

 * Aouzou Strip, a strip of land following the northern border of Chad that had been claimed and occupied by Libya
 * Caprivi Strip, narrow strip of land extending from the Okavango Region of Namibia to the Zambezi River
 * Gaza Strip, narrow strip of land along the Mediterranean, in the Middle East
 * Las Vegas Strip, section of Las Vegas Boulevard South
 * Strip District, Pittsburgh, a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Sunset Strip, 1.5-mile stretch of Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, California, US
 * Tarfaya Strip (Cape Juby Strip), a strip of land between Morocco and the Western Sahara along the Atlantic ocean
 * Toledo strip, formerly contested area between Ohio and Michigan; see Toledo War

Comics

 * Strip (comics), a comics anthology published by Marvel UK in 1990
 * Comic strip, a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative
 * Sunday strip, a newspaper comic-strip format

Erotic dancing

 * Striptease, act of removing one's clothes slowly to music
 * Strip club, a venue that regularly provides adult entertainment, predominantly in the form of striptease or other erotic or exotic dances
 * Stripper, a professional erotic dancer who performs a contemporary form of striptease

Films

 * Filmstrip, a form of still image instructional multimedia, once commonly used by educators in primary and secondary schools (K-12)
 * Stripping (film), a 2002 Finnish film
 * The Strip (1951 film), a 1951 film directed by László Kardos

Music

 * Strip (Adam Ant album), 1983 pop rock album
 * Strip (The Chameleons album), 2000 post-punk band album
 * "Strip" (Chris Brown song), a 2011 song by Chris Brown
 * "Strip", a 2018 song by Little Mix featuring Sharaya J from LM5
 * "The Strip" (Scarlet Pleasure song), 2014

Television

 * The Strip (Australian TV series), a 2008 Australian television drama series
 * The Strip (New Zealand TV series), 2002–2003 New Zealand television series
 * "The Strip" (The O.C.), a 2004 episode of The O.C. television series
 * The Strip (U.S. TV series), 1999–2000 American action drama series
 * Strip programming, a practice of running a television series at the same time daily

Aviation

 * Airstrip, a kind of airport that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment
 * Landing strip or runway, an area for the landing and takeoff of aircraft

Science and technology

 * Strip (Unix), Unix computer command program
 * Stripping (chemistry), removal of one or more components from a liquid stream to a vapor stream
 * Stripping (fiber), the act of removing the protective polymer coating around optical fiber in preparation for fusion splicing
 * Stripping (textiles), color removal process in textiles
 * Stripping (printing), preparation & assembly of printing negatives in pre-press
 * Paint stripper, a solvent that removes paint
 * Triangle strip, method for rendering computer graphics
 * Vein stripping, a surgical procedure
 * Weatherstripping, the process of sealing openings such as doors, windows, and trunks from the elements; also, the sealant materials used

Other uses

 * Strip bond, a financial instrument
 * Strip (options), an option trading strategy in finance
 * Strip steak, type of beef steak
 * Stripping (linguistics), an ellipsis mechanism that elides everything from a clause except one constituent
 * Football strip, standard attire worn while playing association football
 * Landing strip, or French waxing, a type of bikini waxing

title: Strip


text:
University of Königsberg

The University of Königsberg (Albertus-Universität Königsberg) was the university of Königsberg in Duchy of Prussia, which was a fief of Poland. It was founded in 1544 as the world's second Protestant academy (after the University of Marburg) by Duke Albert of Prussia and charted by the King Sigismund II Augustus. It was commonly known as the Albertina and served as a Protestant counterpart to the Catholic Jagiellonian University in Kraków.

Following World War II, the city of Königsberg was transferred to the Soviet Union according to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement, and renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The Albertina was closed and the remaining non-Lithuanian population either executed or expelled, by the terms of the Potsdam Agreement. Today, the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University in Kaliningrad claims to maintain the traditions of the Albertina.

History
Albert, former Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and first Duke of Prussia since 1525, had purchased a piece of land behind Königsberg Cathedral on the Kneiphof island of the Pregel River from the Samland chapter, where he had an academic gymnasium (school) erected in 1542. He issued the deed of foundation of the Collegium Albertinum on 20 July 1544, after which the university was inaugurated on 17 August. The newly established Protestant duchy was a fiefdom of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the university served as a Lutheran counterpart to the Catholic Kraków Academy. Its first rector was the poet Georg Sabinus, son-in-law of Philipp Melanchthon. Lithuanian scholars Stanislovas Rapalionis and Abraomas Kulvietis were among the first professors of university. All professors had to take an oath on the Augsburg Confession. Since the Prussian lands lay beyond the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, both Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III withheld their approval, nevertheless the Königsberg academy received the royal privilege by King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland on 28 March 1560.

From 1618 the Prussian duchy was ruled in personal union by the Margraves of Brandenburg and in 1657 the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg finally acquired full sovereignty over Prussia from Poland by the Treaty of Wehlau. The Albertina was the second oldest university (after the University of Frankfurt (Oder)) and intellectual centre of Protestant Brandenburg-Prussia. Initially it comprised four colleges: Theology, Medicine, Philosophy and Law, later also natural sciences. Subsequent rectors included numerous Hohenzollern Prussian royals (at last Crown Prince William 1908–1918), who had never been to the university, usually represented by a prorector in charge of academic affairs. The Prussian lands remained unharmed by the disastrous Thirty Years' War, which gained the Königsberg university an increasing popularity among students. In the 17th century, it was known as a home to Simon Dach, serving as rector in 1656/57, and his fellow poets. Tsar Peter I of Russia visited the Albertina in 1697, leading to increased contacts between Prussia and the Russian Empire. Large numbers of Petrine officials trooped the university to cameralist theory and administrative practices which thus shaped Russia's government. Notable Russian students at Königbserg were Kirill Razumovsky, later president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and General Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich. The university and the city had profound impact on the development of Lithuanian culture. The first book in Lithuanian language was printed here in 1547 and several important Lithuanian writers attended the Albertina. The university was also the preferred educational institution of the Baltic German nobility.

The 18th century is known in cultural history as the "Königsberg Century" of Enlightenment, a heyday initiated by the Albertina student Johann Christoph Gottsched and continued by the philosopher Johann Georg Hamann and writer Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder. Notable alumni were Johann Gottfried Herder, Zacharias Werner, Johann Friedrich Reichardt, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and foremost the philosopher Immanuel Kant, rector in 1786 and 1788. These scholars laid the foundations for the later Weimar Classicism and German Romanticism movements.

The Albertina magnificent botanical garden was inaugurated in 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars. Two years later, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel established his outstanding observatory next door to the garden. Other university professors included such giants of the science world as the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1806–07), the biologist Karl Ernst von Baer (1817–34), the mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi (1829–42), the mineralogist Franz Ernst Neumann (1828–76) and the physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (1849–55).

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the university was most famous for its school of mathematics, founded by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, and continued by his pupils Ludwig Otto Hesse, Friedrich Richelot, Johann G. Rosenhain and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel. It was later associated with the names of Hermann Minkowski (Albert Einstein's teacher), Adolf Hurwitz, Ferdinand von Lindemann and David Hilbert, who was one of the greatest modern mathematicians. The mathematicians Alfred Clebsch and Carl Gottfried Neumann (both born in Königsberg and educated under Ludwig Otto Hesse) founded the Mathematische Annalen in 1868, which soon became the most influential mathematical journal of the time.

Celebrating the university's 300 years jubilee on 31 August 1844, King Frederick William IV of Prussia laid the foundation for the new main building of the Albertina, which was inaugurated in 1862 by Crown Prince Frederick William and Prorector Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz. The building on central Paradeplatz was erected in a neo-Renaissance style according to plans designed by Friedrich August Stüler. The facade was adorned by an equestrian figure in relief of Albert of Prussia. Below it were niches containing statues of the Protestant reformers Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon. Inside was a handsome staircase, borne by marble columns. The Senate Hall contained a portrait of Emperor Frederick III by Lauchert and a bust of Immanuel Kant by Hagemann, a student of Schadow. The adjacent hall ("Aula") was adorned with frescoes painted in 1870. The university library was situated on Mitteltragheim in 1901 and contained over 230,000 volumes. On Dritte Fliess Strasse was the Palästra Albertina, established in 1898 for the encouragement of the higher forms of sport among the students and citizens. Nearby were the government offices, adorned with mural paintings by Knorr and Schmidt. In 1900, the university had 900 students.

During the university's last years, the Albertina faculty and the German Student Union after the territorial separation of the Province of East Prussia by the Treaty of Versailles stressed its affiliation with the Reich, pushing intellectual life towards German nationalism. On 10 July 1944, the university celebrated its 400th anniversary in presence of Reich Minister Walther Funk. A few weeks later, during the nights of 26/27 and 29/30 August, Königsberg was extensively bombed by the Royal Air Force. From January to April 1945 the city was further devastated by the East Prussian Offensive of the Red Army and the final Battle of Königsberg. When General Otto Lasch signed the capitulation on April 9, the historic inner city was destroyed by the attacks, and 80% of the university campus lay in ruins. The faculty had fled, many of them were received at the University of Göttingen.

The remaining premises including the Albertina main building were used by the Kaliningrad State Pedagogical Institute from 1948, which in 1967 received the status of a Kaliningrad State University.

Notable alumni and faculty

 * Abraomas Kulvietis
 * Adolf Hurwitz
 * Adolph Eduard Grube
 * Arnold Sommerfeld
 * Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
 * Christian Goldbach (1690–1764), mathematician
 * Daniel Klein
 * Daniel Lorenz Salthenius (1701–1750), theologian
 * David Hilbert
 * E.T.A. Hoffmann
 * Emil Johann Wiechert
 * Eva Johnston
 * Ewald Christian von Kleist
 * Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
 * Gábor Szegő
 * Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen
 * Gustav Kirchhoff
 * Hermann von Helmholtz
 * Hermann Minkowski
 * Hugo Blümner (1844–1919), classical archaeologist and philologist
 * Immanuel Kant
 * Jan Kochanowski
 * Johann Christoph Bohl (1703–1785)
 * Johann Friedrich Herbart
 * Johann Gottfried Herder
 * Karl Ernst von Baer
 * Karl Rudolf König
 * Kristijonas Donelaitis (1714–1780), Lutheran pastor and poet
 * Martynas Mažvydas
 * Moshe Novomeysky
 * Rudolf Gottschall
 * Ruth Moufang
 * Adolph Moses Radin (1848–1909), rabbi
 * Solomon Schonfeld (Rabbi)
 * Theodor Kaluza
 * Theophilus Siegfried Bayer

Honorary doctors

 * Agnes Miegel
 * Wilhelm Petersen
 * Karl Weierstrass
 * Franz Liszt

title: University of Königsberg


text:
Nazi Party Chancellery

The Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei), was the name of the head office for the German Nazi Party (NSDAP), designated as such on 12 May 1941. The office existed previously as the Staff of the Deputy Führer (Stab des Stellvertreters des Führers) but was renamed after Rudolf Hess flew to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate a peace agreement without Adolf Hitler's authorization. Hess was denounced by Hitler, his former office was dissolved, and the new Party Chancellery was formed in its place under Hess' former deputy, Martin Bormann.

History
Starting in 1933, the party office had its seat in Munich under the leadership of Adolf Hitler's Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess, who held the rank of a Reich Minister in the Hitler Cabinet. Hess's department was responsible for handling party affairs; the settling of disputes within the party and acting as an intermediary between the party and the state regarding policy decisions and legislation. The organisation rivaled for influence not only with the Reich Chancellery under Hans Lammers but also with the Führer's Chancellery and the Nazi Gau- and Reichsleiter. Typical of the Nazi regime in many regards, the Party Chancellery competed for spheres of interest with the other two chancelleries, creating several areas of functional duplication, additionally complicating "the relationship between party and state."

Another problem that Hitler's Chancellery faced was the administrative confusion that arose from all the competing interests of the various subordinated constituent Party organizations like the SA, the SS, the Hitler Youth and the Labor Front among others. There was a seeming lack of a centralized administrative authority for the Nazi Party, so Gauleiters bypassed the office of Hess as they believed themselves only responsible to Hitler alone. Even though Hess was Deputy Führer, his office was unable to manage the administrative tasks until Martin Bormann was appointed Chief of Staff to Hess's office in July 1933.

Bormann, personal secretary and chief of staff to Hess, was the man behind the scenes managing the day-to-day business of the Staff of the Deputy Führer. Bormann used his position to create an extensive bureaucracy and involved himself in as much of the decision making as possible. Bormann soon became an efficient and indispensable representative of the party's interests, dis-empowering the regional leaders at the intermediate level and extending the Staff of the Deputy Führer's involvement in state affairs through the enactment of laws and Führer's decrees. In 1935 Bormann began managing Hitler's "rural headquarters" at the Obersalzberg in Bavaria. Also in 1935, he was given charge over Hitler's personal finances and used his proximity to increase the office's authority over the Party's numerous organizations; despite this development, incessant jurisdictional struggles still characterized the Nazi state. Bormann set up the Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry, which collected money from German industrialists on Hitler's behalf. Some of the funds received through this programme were disbursed to various party leaders, but Bormann retained most of it for Hitler's personal use. By 1936, Bormann was passing orders directly from Hitler to Reich ministers and Party officials.

After Hess' flight to the United Kingdom to seek peace negotiations with the British government on 10 May 1941, Hitler abolished the post of Deputy Führer on 12 May 1941. Hitler assigned Hess's former duties to Bormann, with the title of Head of the Parteikanzlei (Party Chancellery). In this position he was responsible for all NSDAP appointments, and was answerable only to Hitler. The Party Chancellery was also privy to the extreme violence being carried out in the eastern theater by the SS Task Forces in the summer and fall of 1941, as Gestapo chief, Heinrich Müller, distributed reports, which were signed by senior officials from throughout the Reich. Legal and administrative questions governing jurisdictional matters related to the Wannsee Conference were shared by Heydrich with Party organizations, including Bormann's Party Chancellery in late January 1942, rendering them all complicit for the orchestration of the Final Solution.

Bormann used his position to restrict access to Hitler for his own benefit and, supported by deputies like Albert Hoffmann, Gerhard Klopfer and Helmuth Friedrichs, to further party influence in areas such as armaments and manpower. Armaments Minister Albert Speer complained about Bormann's interfering with his staff in this manner. On 12 April 1943, Bormann was officially appointed the Führer's Private Secretary, reaching a unique position of power and trust with Hitler. Sometime in the autumn of 1943, Goebbels expressed misgivings with Hitler's dependence on Bormann concerning domestic affairs, his focus on military matters and his seeming neglect of politics—Goebbels recorded this moment as "a leadership crisis" in his diary. Goebbels further believed that "the Party Chancellery chief was managing Hitler." By that time, Bormann had de facto control over all domestic matters. He held the position of leader of the Nazi Party Chancellery until 30 April 1945. Late in waning months of the war, Bormann was still "working feverishly" to restructure the Nazi Party for a post-war Germany. Sharing in Hitler's delusions, Bormann was exercising his power over the Party by issuing decrees and directives on a wide variety of issues at the very end, meanwhile Hitler was moving "non-existent armies" around on a map deep inside the bunker.

title: Nazi Party Chancellery


text:
User talk:Milk

Italo Disco
We should discuss and decide what we want to do with page. I read today many articles about "Italo disco", and as i understood there are large quantities of general public that actually think that "Euro disco" and "Italo disco" are the same thing. I also think that its impossible to define "Italo disco" as a style of Italian artists only, because music genre describes music not a geographical location and if artists from other counties made the same or similar music their music can be also described as an "Italo disco". Meantime i did a redirect from "euro disco" to "italo disco", but we should decide about "italo disco" definition, and in any case "Euro Disco" artists should be represented in some place, or on "Italo Disco" article or on separate "Euro Disco" article. Vorash 00:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

see more info on Italo talk pageVorash 04:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Milk, there is no need to post messages about Italo on my talk page, because Italo article along with many other articles is in my watchlist and if you add message to Italo talk i can see it in watchlist. Vorash 12:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi Milk: Please refrain from personal attacks such as the one that I just removed from Talk:Italo disco. Vorash was wrong to accuse you of sockpuppetry for making posts when not signed in and I have explained this to him. If you are uncomfortable with something that another editor says of you, please explain your discomfort to them without using insults. Keep up the good work that you are doing at Italo disco. —Theo (Talk) 08:27, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi Milk: Thanks for your explanation. I understand your frustration with the many small edits. I hope that the external editors feature of the new software version will enable User:Vorash to make long edits in one hit but I will not propose this until the installation processes are more user-friendly to non-technicians. My phrase "As of 2005 several online radio stations stream the genre …" does not indicate that the stations started broadcasting in 2005. It means "currently" they are broadcasting. I avoid things like "currently", "now" and "at present" because they may not be true next year. Using the As of 2005 link allows us an easy way to find assertions that may have efluxed. IF I knew when the stationjs started streaming I would say "Since  XXXX several online radio stations …" but I lack that detail.—Theo  (Talk) 28 June 2005 11:44 (UTC)

Hello MILK my name is Amos larkins you say that youlive in chicago but come from miami i would love to talk to you seing that i am from miami also please contact me at famosjamzbeats@netscape.net i would love to chat with you chap :)

greets my friend
You were the only one to speak with any sense on the hardcore punk discussion page. You mentioned Earth Crisis and Sick of it All, and being from Syracuse, you struck a chord with me bro. Static3d 08:00, 1 April 2006 (UTC) P.S. You also mentioned Gorilla Biscuits aka CIV; rock on my friend. Static3d 08:03, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Underdog Records
An editor has nominated Underdog Records, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 01:59, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

You're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay you're gay... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.213.7.185 (talk) 14:16, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of The McRackins
A tag has been placed on The McRackins requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. - - [ The Spooky One ] | [ t c r ] 11:45, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:16, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milk


text:
Talk:Ebla

Untitled
Now almost every noun is linked. Why create a link to a name that has no other existence besides its appearance in an inscription at Ebla? Links are meant to be followed for more detailed information. They have no other purpose.Wetman 01:42, 22 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, if nothing else is known except the name, ãgreed -- the link is indeed superfluous. But if something else is known, it is not unlikely that someone will write an article about the guy (Think of all those obscure Tolkien characters...), in which case the link will be useful.  I suppose that a really good wikipedia should eventually have an article
 * "Rabbit-Tim was a king of Ebla in the 3rd millenium BC. Its name is known from only one inscription found in that city's site. This article is a stub...
 * In any case the link does not seem to cost much. All the best, Jorge Stolfi 22:05, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

As a general rule, not just here, if the entry is littered with dead end "links" and every date is linked, etc then meaningful links, like Sargon of Akkad in this entry, become invisible.Wetman 23:13, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Wetman, myself I would never have thought of making dates into links; but that is the custom, and I cannot think of a good criterion for linking some dates while leaving others unlinked. So...

 * As for person names, I thought of two other excuses for creating such "dead" links:
 * To signal to other wikipedians "here is an article that ought to be written".
 * To provide a surrogate of a subject index, through the "what links here" button.
 * Please note that Google searching is not a good substitute for subject index, because it often provides too many irrelevant hits, and will miss pages that refer to the concept by an abbreviated or non-standard name. E.g. searching for "John Smith" will not find "two Smiths, Joe and Jack"; but reverse-linking will, if they are linked "two Smiths, Joe and Jack".

 * Anyway, I agree that moderation, here as everywhere, is a good idea. All the best, Jorge Stolfi 05:48, 23 May 2004 (UTC)

A "rumor" moved here
"It is rumored that Giovanni Petinato, an epigrapher studying the texts, reported that the names of five famous Biblical cities near the Dead Sea (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Bela/Zoar) were mentioned in the Ebla archives (tablet 1860) in the same order as in Genesis 14." It isn't reassuring to see Giovanni Pettinato's name misspelled, but the publication of such "information" must be more encyclopedic than a "rumor." Can anyone confirm this? Is it meaningful? --Wetman 14:05, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Someone needs to write an article on the Ebla Tablets.

I'm not sure there is anything conclusive about mention of Sodom and Gomorrah. Here's a quote from a website (itself quoting Biblical Archaeology Review):

When the archives at ancient Ebla (in present day northern Syria) were first discovered in 1975, the translator, Giovanni Pettinato, reported he had found the names of the 5 cities of the plain were not only listed, but in the same order as in Genesis. However, the Syrian government was "angered at the emphasis placed in the West on the tablets' alleged Biblical significance". (BAR, May/June 1980, p. 48) A rather large controversy then began over these tablets, which the Syrians felt were being used to link the Biblical Patriarchs with Syrian history, something they would not stand for. This finally resulted in Pettinato's resignation and letter of recantation as to many of the translations. The later appointed director of the Italian mission excavating at Ebla issued a statement which shows why Pettinato was forced to recant: "These allegations [linking the Ebla tablets with the Bible] were propagated by Zionist-American centres to be exploited for atrocious purposes aimed at proving the expansionist and colonialistic views of the Zionist leaders." (Ibid., p. 49). When Pattinato, the original translator of the texts, made his recantation, he still insisted that the 2 cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were correct.

- If the original translator of the texts, obviously a man who was considered highly qualified to lead the project until he fell afoul Syrian Judeophobia, says that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were mentioned in the texts, and were listed in the same way that the Scriptural text lists them, then this is not a "rumor" but as authoritative as one can ask for. Treating it as a mere "rumor" because it is displeasing to rabid anti-Zionists (or worse, antisemites), and removing any reference to this highly relevant matter from the article itself, is not academically acceptable. There is a further point to be made, showing to what a degree this Wikipedia article has capitulated to Syrian "anti-Zionism." The Syrian view is that the language of the Ebla archival materials is "Eblaite." This is to avoid admitting that it is in fact a very early form of Hebrew. This can be verified objectively, and is not really a matter of political ideology and should not be distorted by ideology, it is a purely philological matter. If one simply cannot bring oneself to say "Hebrew," for fear of suggesting that Israel and Jews really do have authentic deep historical roots in the region and the Biblical account is substantially correct about Abraham, etc., then at the least one must admit that the language spoken and written in the Ebla empire was "Proto-Canaanitic." But "Eblaite"? Come on. -

-I don't know whether Eblaite is an early form of Hebrew, but you can just forget the Abraham bit, unless you have some tangible contemporary evidence in hand. You can also forget about Jacob, Isaac, Moses, Samson and many others. Maybe, just maybe, starting with David, you are dealing with real people. Thomas Keyes

--Thomas Keyes - Fortunately, the archaeological and historical evidence is against you. DRJ 00:36, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Returning to the subject at hand, the Ebla debate ocasioned by Pettinati's unprofessional character assassination of Alfonso Archi in the journal Pettinati edits, Oriens Antiquus 19 (1980:49-72) and published in an English translation in The Biblical Archaeologist 43 (1980) pp 203-16, was crisply and unconditionally responded to in a joint letter supportive of Archi, dated 30 May 1980, signed by eight members of the International Committee for the Study of Ebla Texts and published in The Biblical Archaologist Summer 1981, p 137. The consensus has been summed up succinctly in a published letter of  Prof. A.F. Rainey, Tel Aviv University "The Ebla tablets will shed much light on the history of Syria and the Near East in general. Why prostitute them for false biblical 'parallels'?" (in B.A.R. VI 5 (1980)p. 13. Anyone with JSTOR access can confirm my facts. --Wetman 01:18, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * And what facts are those, Wetman? The fact that Pettinato was the one who deciphered the Eblaite language in the first place, and was the pioneer in interpreting the Eblaite cuneiform tablets, only the "Biblical interpretations" of which have ever been "rejected"? The fact that Pettinato was expelled from the team, due to an acrimonious personal dispute in no small measure provoked by the Syrian government's interference, after which the director of team Paolo Matthiae made statements to the Syrian media officially denouncing alleged Biblical parallels to Eblaite tablets as a Zionist-American conspiracy? The fact that Pettinato's replacement Archi was not a specialist in the field? The fact that further examinations of the cuneiform tablets have been effectively discontinued?
 * To be sure, some of Pettinato's claims were somewhat daring, but he never stated that any of the names he encountered at Ebla should be positively identified with the name of a specific Biblical character. Also, none of his readings which might be construed as having a Biblical parallel have been conclusively refuted.
 * This Wikipedia article seem to have surpassed even the Syrian government's efforts in diverting attention from scholarly research that seems to be causing discomfort in certain circles.
 * 20:47, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The claims about what Pettinato did or did not say about Sodom and Gomorrah suffer from not reading Freedman, David Noel, “The Real Story of the Ebla Tablets: Ebla and the Cities of the Plain.” Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 143-164, December 1978 which makes clear that corrections have been made to the original claims.

108.45.122.74 (talk) 17:31, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Ebla tablets
An articleEbla tablets was begun in March 2010.--Wetman (talk) 19:21, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Rewriting
hey, this is one of the most important article for the history of Syria, and in its old form was filled with mistakes, it took me a week but i finally wrote the article as it should be, i thank every one of the former editor, their work helped me where to look, im giving you a summary of the edits i made to each section, i counted on the newest works by different professors, i neglected old sources that contradict newer findings, please read my work, fix the grammar , and tell me if you have any notes, and please dont delete anything without adding a reliable source and have a discussion since every single sentence i wrote is backed by a reference :
 * Ebla in the third millennium BC + Ebla in the second millennium BC
 * i butchered those sections, the first 7 lines of Ebla in the third millennium BC were good and i kept them and added more citations, while Ebla ::in the second millennium BC has been rewritten completely,,, as you can see i greatly expanded the newly created History section
 * Government
 * this section was completely rewritten
 * People, Language and Culture
 * i created this section and moved information's about the language of ebla from the discovery section to this section
 * Economy
 * i thank the editor of this section, he made my work much easier
 * Discovery and excavation
 * i didnt delete nor did anything except for moving some info to the language section
 * Religion
 * this section was disturbing, i thank the editor who countered all those claims, i dont understand why the discussion about old biblical theories that died is given more space than the actual :religion and history of ebla,, any way i dont have the will nor the time to fight angry Zionists so i didn't delete anything, i just expanded the :informations about ebla and reorganized the argument about the bible so its easier to read without deleting any thing except for the name :Jerusalem, the reason is found in a comment written by the editor who tagged the word with (unreliable source) : The author is described by :Creation wiki as a "Young Earth creationist" - hardly a neutral source — and the title is likewise sensationalistic. The first occurrence of :Jerusalem seems to be commonly dated to the Mitanni letter, five centuries later — see the Jerusalem article. The mention of Jerusalem is :explicitly denied in Ur and Jerusalem Not Mentioned in Ebla Tablets, Say Ebla Expedition Scholars, by James D. Muhly, Biblical Archeological :Review 9:06, Nov/Dec 1983
 * if any one want to put it back, he will need to provide newer more reliable sources --Attar-Aram syria (talk) 01:22, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Map must be corrected or removed
The map of "the first Ebla kingdom" is an original research. There is no evidence that Damascus existed in the 3rd millennium BC, and there is no evidence that Ebla's dominion reached that far to the south. The word "Halab" is not attested before the Yamhad era. The map must be corrected or removed, because these are grave mistakes.--HD86 (talk) 01:14, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * actually it is not original research an it is fully sourced . Just read the description in the summary section where all the sources exist. As for halab, it was "halam" back then, so there are no "grave" mistakes.--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 04:09, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

This book is not about Ebla but about Canaan. The author does not discuss the issue. He just throws a casual remark about Ebla's political control without pointing out any evidence. This is not a sufficient citation. The truth is that Damascus is not mentioned in the Ebla archive, nor in any other writings from the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest reference to Damascus was made in Egyptian writings from the reign of Tuthmosis III in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. It was not an important town at that time. There is no justification for putting Damascus on the Ebla map. The southern border must be drawn up towards Qatna (even the inclusion of Qatna is uncertain, so I suggest making the southern border dashed). The word Halab must be corrected to Halam (I think there is one author who read this word "Halab," but this reading is unproven).--HD86 (talk) 05:18, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * This book Eblaitica is about Ebla not Akkad and its stating that the northern regions of Ebla in the Amanus were not attached to Akkad. Should we delete this information because the book is not about Akkad ?
 * Another example would be Odaenathus. There is absolutely no source solely about him, its usually in books about the Roman empire. Should we delete the article of Odaenathus.?
 * Its not a criteria for a reliable source for it to be about the subject in its entirety. The criteria is the Author and the publisher. The author is Jonathan Tubb; renowned archaeologist with work centered in Syria and the Levant. The publisher is University of Oklahoma Press. The source is reliable and Im sure that an archaeologist in the british museum knows whats he is talking about. If you doubt the reliability or suitability of the source then you can take it to the reliable source portal.

 * As for Halam : No body knows what that is ! Im sure that Tell Munbateh didnt have that name in 2500 BC but that doesnt mean not to mention it. I can edit the map and put Halam under Halab like this (Halam) but Damascus is just an indication to the region not the city itself.

 * But regardless, Damascus being under the rule of Ebla can not be ruled out; John C. H. Laughlin refused that Damascus was mentioned in the tablets of Ebla because the report was not confirmed by further studies. But Jack Finegan in his book consider the report valid. So obviously you cant say with trust that Damascus didnt exist with that name (keep in mind the the name is older than the Semitic languages themselves !).

 * Tubb is obviously using the report of Damascus in Ebla's tablets to claim that Ebla controlled this region. This report is refused by some scholars and accepted by some. So who gets to decide ?.--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 06:57, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Another image issue, I noticed a licence problem with this image and have nominated it for deletion. Perhaps something like this can be used instead? FunkMonk (talk) 18:30, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I will replace the nominated image then.--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 18:33, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

HD86 is wrong about the source, but the point that Ebla probably didn't control Damascus is valid. Tubb's assertion was made in the 90's and a lot of older claims about Ebla's size starting are misrepresenting its extent. Reconstructing the geography and placing toponyms is a very challenging, long process and it's often not entirely clear where everything is (look at Dugurasu and Armi which have both only been convincingly located in the past decade).

I think it makes a lot of sense to try to update the map to align with what we know now about the surroundings of Ebla. In Bonechi 2016 there's a map from Archi 2011 and Bonechi's comments about interpreteing Ebla's borders. Both of these scholars have published a lot on Ebla and are probably more familiar with the sources than the authors currently used as a reference for the map. I think using either one of those as a basis for a map of Ebla would help bring the map a little more up-to-date with current knowledge. - Gulkishar (talk) 22:08, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * You are right Gulkishar.--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 19:25, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Ebla=Yamshad, Eblaitic = Amorite Language = Mitanni (Biainili) = Nairi (Biainili)
Eblaitic language is Amorite Language

Kingdom of Armi 2290 BC in Halab (Aleppo) under name Yamshad (loanword from Yamhadite dynasty)

1810 BC under Mari-Dynasty annexed by Babylonia 1761 BC, to ~ 1650 BC Vasall by Mari (Amoriter)

Land of Apiru (egypt viewpoint, Thutmoses III) and

Land of Mukish under Mitanni viewpoint (from Urkish=Urshu/Warsuwa=Waššukanni)

Than Ebla/Alalakh/Yamshad to 1517 BC, Begin of Mitanni-Time (Hani-Rabbat, Bit Balikh) to Šattiwazza, King of Mitanni

annexed by Hittite Šuppiluliuma (renamed in Uris=Urkish), here is etablished a Luwian Dynasty. Now came a IE Aspect in her language. Hittite contract between Tudhaliya II with luwian Sunassura II of Kizzuwatna (ŠunaŠŠura)

under Uratru a province Mukish (unsave reading)

Arame (correct Arme - a loanname from Eblaitic King Armi for legitimation) Arame 858 BC–844 BC to 810 BC under Menua, Son of Išpuini (biblic Minni)

Arme (hurritic i to e is move from hittitic to uratean language) is a mythical ancestry of Rusa-Dynasty in Uratru, Uratru is a rest from Mitanni population, and one of 8 Nairi-Countrys in Assyrian viewpoint (after the fall of Hittiti Kingdom 1190 BC) destroyed from Salmanasser III. and Sargon II. (Rusa II.)

God: eblaitic "Hadda" in c. 2500 BCE, then Adad = under semitic influence Hadad and under Uratru Ḫaldi/chaldi and Teššup or Teshub. Mythical Epos: Kingdom of Heaven, tells from Anu, alalu (Alalakh) and others and Epos "Song of Release". This is the mythical base for Nairi in Uratru (assyrian loanname from Urkish) and Mannai by Martianus (greek name for Mitanni)

It is the same region and same peoples with 2 Languages, Eblaitic (called Amoriter) in West and Hurritic in East)

Kings of Yamhad
Dates are estimated and given by the Middle chronology.

Map
The third para under Archive period mentions several places: Hazuwan, Burman, Emar, Halabitu and Salbatu. The location of Hazuwan is not known; Burman and Emar are on the map; but Halabitu and Salbatu aren't. It would be helpful if they were, if only so that the reader doesn't have to go to the link to each to find the locations. Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 12:12, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

Timeline
The given history spans more than four millennia (3500 BC to 700 AD). Would a visual timeline help? I've compiled one for your comments.

Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 01:32, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * This looks great. Where do you suggest to add it?--Attar-Aram syria (talk) 16:13, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Maybe after the first paragraph under History, and before First kingdom? Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 06:06, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ebla


text:
User talk:The number c

Welcome to the 'pedia. Thank you for fixing "millennium", that's a pet peeve of mine. :) - Hephaestos|§ 01:45, 22 May 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:The number c


text:
Rud Hud Hudibras

Rud Hud Hudibras (Welsh: Run baladr bras) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 974BC.

He was the son of King Leil and ruled during a civil war.

Story
During the waning years of Leil's reign, the kingdom of the Britons became unstable, and civil war broke out. Rud Hud Hudibras became king after his father's death and reigned for 39 years, ending the civil war and restoring peace to the kingdom. During his reign, he founded Kaerreint, later renamed Canterbury by the Angles. He is also said to have founded Kaerguenit (Winchester) and Paladur Castle (Shaftesbury). He was succeeded by his son Bladud.

Geoffrey places Rud Hud Hudibras' reign during the time Capys was king in Alba Longa and Haggai, Amos, Joel, and Azariah were prophesying in Israel. Haggai began his ministry around 520 BC, whilst Amos is said to have prophesied during the reigns of Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam II, probably around 760 BC.

In literature and fiction
A reference to Rud Hud Hudibras is featured in the title and character of Samuel Butler's mock-heroic poem Hudibras (1663–1678).

Rud Hud Hudibras is a primary character in American author Zachary J. Cooper's series of short stories set in Ancient Wales.

title: Rud Hud Hudibras


text:
Vítor Baía

Vítor Manuel Martins Baía, OIH (born 15 October 1969) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

One of the most decorated goalkeepers of all time, his career was intimately connected with FC Porto, which he started representing still in his teens, helping it to 26 titles and eventually remaining with the club in an ambassadorial role.

Also having played for Barcelona, Baía appeared with the Portugal national team in two European Championships and the 2002 World Cup.

Porto
Born in Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto District, Baía joined FC Porto's youth ranks at 13 from also northern club Leça FC. In early 1989, he renounced to appear at the FIFA World Youth Championship, as he had relegated Pole Józef Młynarczyk to the bench and his club was still chasing the Primeira Liga title, which eventually eluded them (second place).

Baía made his first-team debut in a game against Vítoria de Guimarães, and did not lose his starting place for the following seven seasons, winning five leagues and two Taça de Portugal and conceding only 116 goals (16,5 goals per year). It was between 1994 and 1996 that he made his name as a world-class goalkeeper, being voted for the "ESM Team of the Year" after the 1994–95 season and being named in the "IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 1995" list, finishing sixth in the voting and improving to fifth in the following year; consequently, he was named in the Portugal squad for Euro 1996, being transferred after this tournament to Spain's FC Barcelona for the highest amount paid for a player in the position in the world.

Barcelona
While he only missed one La Liga match in his first season, as Barcelona finished second to Real Madrid, adding that campaign's UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Baía also suffered from knee problems during his two-and-a-half-year spell.

Additionally, when Louis van Gaal took over at Barcelona from Bobby Robson, he was dropped from the team in favour of the manager's compatriot Ruud Hesp, being subsequently loaned in mid-season back to Porto, filling the position some said he had "haunted" since his departure.

Porto return
In January 1999, Baía returned to Porto to find the No. 1 jersey unavailable, so he chose No. 99 instead, with the sales of that number being a success as well as the club's game attendances, highly related to the player's return. When his career seemed back on track, he was injured again during the 1999–2000 season, needing a corrective surgery on his knee.

Baía returned to Barcelona in the summer of 2000, being immediately released and signing with Porto. After one year on the sidelines due to injury, he made his comeback in the 2001–02 campaign in a reserves match against S.C. Vila Real, on 26 November 2001. Sixteen days later, he made his competitive debut against C.D. Santa Clara in the cup; after a full recovery, he was included in the list for the 2002 World Cup.

Baía was in great shape again in 2002–03, helping his team to win the league title, the cup and the UEFA Cup, appearing in 11 of 13 matches in the latter competition, including the semi-finals against S.S. Lazio where he saved a penalty kick, and the final against Celtic. It would not be until the following campaign when he regained full fitness again, and he would have one of the most impressive years of his career, winning the UEFA Champions League and his seventh league trophy – in the former competition, he played all games and minutes as Porto beat AS Monaco FC in the final (3–0) and, consequently, he was selected as the "UEFA Club Best Goalkeeper of the Year", being the first Portuguese goalkeeper to win this individual title. This was not, however, good enough for Euro 2004 selection, with Sporting CP's Ricardo being controversially preferred. Later, in 2007, in a FIFA.com interview, Baía said: "(...) It's kind of strange because I was voted as being the best goalkeeper in Europe in the 2003/04 season and a few days before the squad for UEFA EURO 2004 was announced I'd won the Portuguese championship and the UEFA Champions League and even then I wasn't called up"; at the end of the season he was named in the list for "IFFHS' World's Best Goalkeeper of the Year 2004", finishing eighth in the voting while Ricardo ranked 19th.

At the start of 2005–06, under Dutch coach Co Adriaanse, Baía initially started the season but lost his status midway through it, being replaced by Brazilian Helton. Although he was a part of the squad that won Porto's second league in a row the following campaign the player, in the last year of his contract, made only one league start, on the final league matchday, a 4–1 home win against C.D. Aves which would be his 700th official appearance; upon retiring at nearly 38, on 14 June 2007, he became director of public relations with his main club, leaving the post in late July 2010. He and Italian Stefano Tacconi are the only goalkeepers in history to have won the three main UEFA club competitions.

International career
Baía made his Portugal senior debut on 19 December 1990 in a 1–0 friendly win over the United States, at the age of 21. He went on to make 80 appearances for the national team until 2002, playing all the games at UEFA Euro 1996 and 2000 (except one in the latter, as they were already qualified) and in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In Euro 2000, he stopped Arif Erdem's penalty in the 2–0 defeat of Turkey in the quarter-finals.

After the failure in the 2002 World Cup, coach António Oliveira was sacked when he refused to quit. Luiz Felipe Scolari was hired as his replacement and Baía, a stalwart for the past ten years with a record of caps in his position, was ditched.

Personal life
In 2004, Baía founded a charity with his wife Alexandra Rodrigues de Almeida, which would bear his own name and would be dedicated to helping underprivileged children and troubled teens. Also that year, he would donate a pair of his autographed gloves to be included in the UEFA Jubilee time capsule, a collection of UEFA memorabilia that was sealed underground in September, only opened 50 years hence.

Baía published his autobiography entitled 99 – Vítor Baía in 2005. On 10 June 2008, he was made an Officer of the Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique by the president of Portugal, Aníbal Cavaco Silva.

In August 2015, EA Sports announced Baía as part of their FIFA 16 Ultimate Team Legends, along with eight other former footballers.

Honours
Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07
 * Taca de Portugal: 1990–91, 1993–94, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2005–06
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2006
 * UEFA Champions League: 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup: 2002–03
 * Intercontinental Cup: 2004

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1997–98
 * Copa del Rey: 1996–97, 1997–98
 * Supercopa de España: 1996
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1996–97

Individual
 * Portuguese Footballer of the Year: 1989, 1991
 * Portuguese Golden Ball: 1992
 * ESM Team of the Year: 1994–95
 * UEFA Club Best Goalkeeper of the Year: 2003–04
 * Best European Goalkeeper: 2004

Orders
 * PRT Order of Prince Henry - Officer BAR.svg Officer of the Order of Prince Henry

title: Vítor Baía