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Pett dynasty

The so-called Pett dynasty was a family of shipwrights who prospered in England between the 15th and 17th centuries. It was once said of the family that they were "so knit together that the Devil himself could not discover them". This saying refers to the era during which Samuel Pepys was much involved in getting royal aid for Ann Pett, widow of Christopher Pett. The Petts Wood district of south-east London is named for the family.

The four Peter Petts
Peter Pett, Master Shipwright of Deptford, was granted a coat of arms in 1563. His son, Joseph Pett of Limehouse, succeeded his father as Master Shipwright before Peter's death in 1605. Joseph surveyed the timber for the construction of a ship named Sovereign of the Seas, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Hoborn, another shipwright and churchwarden at Chatham. Joseph died in 1652, aged about 60. Joseph's son, the second Peter Pett, carried on the private family business of shipbuilding at Wapping. Joseph's other son, also named Joseph, became the master carpenter employed at Chatham in 1643 by the then Earl of Warwick.

Another son of the first Peter Pett was Richard Pett, who raised his son (Peter of Deptford (1593–1652) and the third Peter Pett) to be a shipwright. The sons of this Peter Pett were Phineas (a captain in the Royal Navy) and another Peter (the fourth).

This fourth Peter was baptised in St Nicholas' Church in 1630, and was later educated in St Paul's School and Sidney Sussex College of Cambridge, where he was admitted in 1645. He then graduated to Pembroke College, Oxford, and in 1648 was elected to a fellowship at All Soul's College. He was bachelor of civil law to Gray's Inn from 1657 to 1658, and was knighted in 1661, after which he sat as a member of parliament for Askaeton in the Irish Parliament. He was called to the bar in 1664, as a barrister in law of the Middle Temple, and one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society in 1663, from which he was later expelled in 1675 for "not performing his obligations to the society". He also became Advocate-General in Ireland, before his death in 1699. Peter was a learned author and many of his manuscripts have survived him.

Phineas Pett, designer of the Sovereign of the Seas
Phineas Pett succeeded shipwright John Holding in the post of keeper of the plank yard, but his income was meagre by the standards set by his family. In his diary, he recorded that it became his duty, for which he considered himself unfit, to take charge of the affairs of his "poor sisters and brother." Phineas thought that his kinsman Joseph should have paid more attention to their plight, but he "cared not what became of them".

The Autobiography of Phineas Pett indicates his pride in the coat of arms of his father Peter. Phineas' son Peter, commissioner of Chatham, was disgraced because of the Battle of Medway and the loss of capital ships almost 100 years later. These arms display three black balls rather than the three R's of the Leicestershire Pates. The significance of the balls is made clear in some versions of this arms, which show below them a scuttled frigate. The lion passant shown on some versions indicates the Pett (Paetus (founders of Padua), Pettus) origins in Venice (colony of Padua), seafarer home of St. Mark, who is identified with a lion.

Peter Pett, in his application for arms, explicitly indicates his descent from Thomas Pett of Skipton.

Joseph Pett of Limehouse, Master Shipwright
As noted above, Joseph Pett of Limehouse became Master Shipwright in 1589, before his father Peter's death. He was the father of Joseph Pett of Chatham and had another son, William, and a daughter, Lydia, who took up the trade of her father and is a rare example of a female master tradesman of the era. He was married twice, first to Margaret Curtis (who died in 1594), and later to Margaret Humphrey (who died in 1612). Joseph died in 1605.

Family 1

 * Joseph Pett of Chatham St. Mary, Assistant Master Shipwright (1643–52), born ca. 1592, died ca. 1652, married to Elizabeth Hoborn (born/baptised 5 December 1615, St. Mary, Gillingham Green, died 23 July 1667, daughter of Richard Hoborn, shipwright of Chatham, and Margaret)
 * Children of Joseph and Elizabeth Pett:
 * Joseph, baptised 4 April 1630
 * Peter, baptised 18 November 1632
 * Rose, baptised 8 May 1639/buried ca. 1640/48
 * Margaret, baptised 19 December 1641
 * Elizabeth, baptised 5 August 1645
 * Samuel, baptised 14 November 1647
 * Thomas, baptised 16 April 1650

Family 2

 * Peter Pett, married 1st Elizabeth Paynter, 2nd Elizabeth Thornton
 * Children of Peter Pett and his first wife, Elizabeth Paynter:
 * Joseph, of Limehouse, died 1605, married Margaret (unknown maiden name)
 * Children of Joseph and Margaret Pett:
 * William
 * William, of Limehouse, Assistant Master Shipwright/Master Shipwright, born or baptised 23 December 1627, died 1687, married Elizabeth March
 * Children of William and Elizabeth Pett:
 * Elizabeth
 * Lucy
 * James, married to Frances (unknown maiden name), had son Phineas born ca. 1644
 * Peter of Wapping, Purveyor (1594), Shipbuilder (1631), Keeper of the Plank Yard (1615–1638), married 1st Ann, widow of Tusam, 2nd Elizabeth, probably Berriman.
 * Children of Peter Pett of Wapping:
 * Peter of Deptford, Master Shipwright at Woolwich and Deptford 1629~52, inherited his father's shipyard at Ratcliffe, born 1592, died 1652, married Elizabeth Johnson
 * Children of Peter and Elizabeth Pett:
 * Phineas C., born 1635, died 1694, 3rd Commissioner at Chatham, Shipwright, whose son Phineas (died 1680, married Elizabeth (unknown maiden name), was 2nd Assistant Master Shipwright at Chatham
 * William, Clerk in Holy Orders at Cuxton, died 1651 in Devon
 * Elizabeth, married to Thomas Barwick
 * Ann
 * Mary, died 1668
 * Richard, of London
 * Lydia, died 1610
 * Children of Peter and Elizabeth (Thornton) Pett:
 * Jane Susannah, died 1567
 * Phineas, Shipwright, First HMD Commissioner at Chatham (1630–47), born 1570 at Deptford Stronde, died 1647, married 1st Ann Nicholls of Middlesex(died 1627; details of Phineas' children by Ann are found below) in 1598 at Stepney, 2nd Susan (Eaglefield) Yardley of Stratford le Bow (died 1637, widow of Robert Yardley, by whom she had three children) in 1627, 3rd Mildred (Etherington) Byland (died 1638) in 1638
 * Noah, died 1595
 * Peter, died 1600
 * Rachel, died ca. 1591, married Rev. W. Newman
 * Abigale, died 1599
 * Elizabeth, died 1599
 * Mary, died 1626, married (unknown given name) Cooper

Family 3

 * Peter Pett, born 1593, died 1652, Shipwright at Deptford, married Alice (unknown maiden name)
 * Children of Peter and Alice Pett:
 * Peter, Sir, Judge Advocate to Ireland, Member of Parliament, author, born 31 October 1630, baptised at Deptford, married Alice Newman of Chatham in 1658
 * Children of Sir Peter and Alice Pett:
 * Phineas, died 1674, married Rabsah (unknown maiden name, died 1662)
 * Children of Phineas and Rabsah Pett:
 * Charles, died 1662
 * Mary
 * James
 * Alice, born 1666
 * Phineas, Sir, Comptroller of His Majesty's Store Accounts, knighted 1680

Extension of Family 2

 * Children of Phineas and Ann Pett:
 * John, Captain, Royal Navy, lost in the ship Whelp, Kent, born 1601/2, died 1628, married Katherine Yardley (third daughter of Robert Yardley)
 * Children of John and Katherine Pett:
 * Phineas, Master Shipwright, Chatham, born 1628, died 1678
 * Henry, born 27 March 1603, died 1613
 * Richard, Shipwright at Chatham, born 1606, died 1629
 * Joseph, Shipwright at Chatham, born 1608, died 1627
 * Peter, Shipwright, 2nd Commissioner at Chatham (1647–1668), born 1610, died 1672, married 1st Katherine Cole, 2nd Mary Smith of Greenwich
 * Children of Peter Pett:
 * Ann, born 1612
 * Phineas, born 1615, died 1617
 * Mary, born 1617, baptised 22 April 1617, died 1617, twin sister of Martha
 * Martha, born 1617, died 1637, twin sister of Mary, married John Hoderne
 * Phineas, Captain, Royal Navy, killed in the ship Tiger, born 1610, died 1665, married Frances Carre
 * Children of Phineas and Frances Pett:
 * Phineas, Shipwright, born 1646, baptised ca. 1670, died 1694
 * Christopher, Sir, Master Shipwright, Woolwich and Deptford (1652–1668), born 1620, died 1668, married Ann (unknown maiden name, died 1679)
 * Children of Sir Christopher and Ann Pett:
 * Ann, died 1714, married in 1674 to Daniel Furzer (Master Shipwright, Chatham: 1698, Surveyor of the Navy 1699)
 * Children of Daniel and Ann Furzer:
 * Elizabeth Furzer, died 1751

title: Pett dynasty


text: Category:Differential equations

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Differential equations


text: Category:Partial differential equations

title: Category:Partial differential equations


text:
User talk:Parasite

Parasite also contributed as 203.12.164.234
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Alexander Abian
Do you know the purpose of the table at Alexander Abian. Should this be removed? --Parasite 04:24, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have replied in Talk:Alexander Abian. Seems legit, but you might want to add some text explaining that this indeed a table listing Abian's nine Ph.D. students, possibly adding the citation to the Mathematical Genealogy project.  If you are in a deletionist mood, I suppose you could alternatively remove the table and replace it with the link to Abian's record. ---CH 16:51, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

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Jennifer Strange
I have added a "" template to the article Jennifer Strange, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at its talk page. Removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, but the article may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Wake 05:57, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Notability (politicians)
Parasite - I've created Notability (politicians) and Wikipedia talk:Notability (politicians), copied your comment (and another one) to the talk page, and replied there. Argyriou (talk) 00:06, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Notability: renown/notoriety
Thanks for your comment on the WP:BIO talk page on Feb 6. Now that project page is unblocked, I've made the deletion that other people seemed to want. Do you think it's worth starting another round of discussion on inserting a new bullet of clarification?? --Mereda 16:29, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's see how we go without it. However, pages like Jennifer Strange which have been AFD'd due to "not notable" are a lot more clear cut when we have the notoriety guideline. -Parasite 00:00, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Glass
The Glass article received heavy editing today by new/unregistered users, which I noticed at WikiRage.com. The article may benefit from a good review. According to Wikipedia Page History Statistics, you are one of the top contributors to that page. If you have the time, would you please read over the article and make any necessary changes. Thanks. --  Jreferee  (Talk) 16:49, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Jennifer Strange
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Net legends
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title: User talk:Parasite


text: Category:Television networks in Australia


text:
Bachelor party

A bachelor party (in the United States and in Canada), also known as a stag weekend, stag do or stag party (in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth countries, and Ireland), or a buck's night (in Australia), is a party held/arranged by the man who is shortly to enter marriage. A stag night is usually planned by the groom's friends or family.

The first references to Western stag nights in the Oxford English Dictionary date to the 19th century. Traditionally, stag nights involved a black tie banquet hosted by the father of the groom that included a toast in honour of the groom and bride. Since the 1980s, some bachelor parties in the United States have involved vacationing to a foreign destination, or have featured female company such as strippers or topless waitresses.

History
The bachelor party dates back as early as the 5th century B.C. The ancient Spartans celebrated the groom's last night as a single man in which they held a dinner and made toasts on his behalf.

In 1896, Herbert Barnum Seeley, a grandson of P. T. Barnum, threw a stag party (known as the "Awful Seeley Dinner") for his brother at the restaurant Sherry's in New York City. The party had a dancer nicknamed "Little Egypt" who allegedly danced naked in desserts. The party was dissolved in the early morning by an officer. Afterwards, the Seeley family brought the police officer to the police board trial for "conduct unbecoming to an officer of the law." At that time, that incident brought the light to the "behind closed doors" matters with bachelor parties.

The term "bachelor", originally meaning "a young knight-in-training", was first mentioned in the 14th century to refer to an unmarried man in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. In 1922, the term "bachelor party" was published in William Chambers's Journal of Literature, Science and Arts and was described as a "jolly old" party.

Variations
The equivalent event for the bride-to-be is known as a bachelorette party (or hen night).

In Canada, some choose instead to hold a stag and doe, or a hag party or hag do in the UK ("hag" being a combination of the words "hen" and "stag"), in which both the bride and groom attend. These events may often provide an opportunity to fundraise for the wedding itself.

Canada
Canadian stag nights may extend into weekend affairs, sometimes involving travel to a cottage or cities around Canada, and occasionally Las Vegas as well. As in South Africa, the itinerary of a stag event is frequently kept hidden from the groom-to-be. The Australian terminology 'buck' rather than 'stag' is sometimes used.

In the province of Manitoba particularly, a "social" is often held rather than a stag and doe, in which the public are invited to attend a large evening party at a rented pub or event venue. Tickets are sold at the door or online, there is usually a cash bar and silent auction, and a traditional buffet of regional snack foods known as a 'midnight lunch' will be served throughout the evening.

Francosphere
In France and in many French-speaking regions such as Quebec, the bachelor party is called enterrement de vie de garçon, which literally means "(the) burial of the life as a boy" or "burial/funeral of the life as a bachelor". For women it is enterrement de vie de jeune fille, translated as "burial/funeral of the life as a young girl/maiden". Bachelor parties were known as early as the 1830s, when in the Charpennes neighborhood of Lyon groups of young men would dine at the restaurant of La Mere Brigousse on her famous dish of enormous dumplings les tétons de Vénus (Venus's breasts).

Germany
In Germany, this event is called Junggesellenabschied, which literally means "bachelor farewell". There is also a separate event that the couple celebrates together on the evening prior to their wedding, called Polterabend. At the Polterabend, the guests break old porcelain and earthenware to bring luck to the couple's marriage. The tradition is said to go back to pre-Christian times; by noisily breaking ceramics, evil spirits – especially spirits of envy – are supposed to be driven out. In the last couple of years, Anglo-style bachelor parties have become more and more popular among bachelors. In parts of northern Germany that lack a Carnival tradition, funny costuming has become a popular part of bachelor or bachelorette parties.

Some parts of Germany have a related custom, in which a person who is not yet married by their 30th birthday, is made to dress up in an embarrassing fashion by their friends and to do silly tasks that most often include some kind of cleaning work.

Israel
In Israel, the bachelors party is called מסיבת רווקים (mesibat ravakim), literally meaning bachelor party. Such parties may feature heavy drinking and sometimes the presence of strippers, or else other recreational bonding activities undertaken together, such as paintball or an overseas trip lasting a few days.

South Africa
Bachelor parties in South Africa are expected to be a surprise, which is a unique regional variant. The party is planned without the groom's knowledge and is typically a couple days before the wedding. A bachelor party can include many family members and friends, and it isn't limited to the wedding party. It often includes a traditional braai.

Sweden
In Sweden bachelor parties are known as Svensexa. They are documented since the 17th century; it is believed the tradition began with the bachelorette party, Möhippa, which was then followed by a male version. The parties were first called Svenafton, meaning Sven's Eve. Sven is a Swedish first name, meaning "young man" and also used in connection with male virginity. The parties were disliked by the church as they involved heavy drinking and the participants would show up to the wedding hung over or drunk. In the 19th century it was reformed by the bourgeoisie, and it became known as Svensexa, where sexa was a new word for a late-night party with dinner and alcohol that started at six o'clock with drinks and snacks. There were no activities at Swedish bachelor parties, other than food and alcohol, until the 1960s or 1970s. Since then they have developed to full-day or weekend events, traditionally starting with a kidnapping followed by activities that might involve humiliation of the bachelor. They are usually not held the day before the wedding, but a few weekends before.

Thailand
Bachelor parties in Thailand became increasingly popular after huge success of The Hangover 2, which was filmed and based in Bangkok.

United Kingdom and Ireland
Pranks are a long-standing feature of stag parties in the UK and Ireland.

In the United Kingdom, it is now common for the party to last for more than one evening, hence the increasing prevalence of the phrase "stag weekend", or "stag do". A spin-off has been the growth of the stag weekend industry in the UK with various companies taking over the preparation of the event.

In the UK, stag weekend trips are becoming mini-holidays with the groups taking part in various day-time activities as well as the expected night out on the town. They may involve travelling to another location in the UK or going abroad, with Kraków, Dublin, and Riga topping the list, followed by Prague, Amsterdam, Bratislava, and Budapest. Stag parties abroad have been known to involve visits to brothels and prostitutes, although this is in the minority of cases.

United States
In the United States, Las Vegas is both a popular bachelor party destination and location for the wedding itself. Increasingly, "destination bachelor parties" are replacing standard nights out, with Americans traveling to Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, or abroad to Mexico.

Bachelor parties in the US stereotypically entail the mass consumption of alcohol, hiring a stripper, and general rowdiness to which the bride might not have a positive reaction; in fact, the defining feature of the bachelor party is that the fiancée is not present. Increasingly, bachelor parties have come to symbolize the last time that the groom is free from the influence of his new wife/partner. Pop out cakes are sometimes associated.

title: Bachelor party


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Talk:Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)

Untitled
I should like to know ir Tommy Burns was a Mason?

I do not know but he was likely a Catholic and at the time Catholics could not join the Mason.

I think this article is full of wrong information but I do not know for sure. Brusso can also be spely Brusseau and he was French Canadian. He was born in a township near Hanover, Ontario. His mother's name was likely Schroeder. But I am not sure of any of this.

Can we get some more experts on this one? Tommy Burns is an amazing character not only in Boxing History but for the very important reason he is one of the KEY figures in desegregating American Sports. Its been said he deliberately 'ducked' Johnson if only to antagonise more 'hype' and force a title fight in which he expected to be retired by Johnson. Rumour had it that Burns and Johnson were both in an 'understanding' of what he was doing.

Even more interesting is that Burns became a devout Christian Pastor and wrote letters about how this conflicted him inside - to be a Christian but to be a Prizefighter too.

Please.. some historians on this Great Canadian Boxing Legend please?

The McCaffrey biography is questionable re the author's evaluation of Burns the boxer. McCaffrey claimed to be astonished that Canada had a world heavyweight champ but Burns is certainly not unknown to boxing fans. McCaffrey thinks Burns belongs among the top 10 heavyweights of all time based on his 13 title wins. What he is not aware of is that most of those wins were against mediocre opposition. Only Philadelphia Jack O'Brian was Hall of Fame material. While not a poor boxer, Burns was just not in the same league as Louis, Ali, Dempsey, Foreman et al. He would have been a great light heavy but just was not big enough to be a real threat. At times I thought McCaffrey was more intent on a revisionist history burnishing Canada's sporting image than giving any real evaluation of Burns the man and boxer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.151.12.250 (talk) 19:21, 10 November 2012 (UTC) I wrote the above. I might also add that Burns and other white fighters of the day were not always 100% against fighting blacks. The colour line was often drawn if the black was a better fighter and also becuase many fights with blacks would draw little in the way of gate money. Burns ducked Johnson for a long time because he knew he would probably lose. It was more acceptable for him to draw the colour line than to admit the fear or possibility of defeat. McCaffrey suggests it was because Burns was a fair man, non-racist. This suggests to me that the author may have been trying to hype a Canadian anti-racist image developed many decades after the fact. Whether Burns was racist or just wise is hard to say now. Even Jack Johnson drew the colour line in his own way. He had little to fear fighting other blacks (save perhaps Sam Langford)since he had already defeated their top men many times. But he new that fights against blacks would net him little money. His only black defence was against Jim Johnson (no relation). by Dresdin Archibald, Edmonton, AB

1907 prizefight
Just ran across this, which may or may not be of interest. 2m.40 film clip; a 1907 championship fight between Burns and Squires, whoever he was. Shimgray | talk | 13:25, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

'''

Additional Tommy Burns Information
'''

I don't know if Burns was a Mason, but I can clear up a few things, as there are indeed a few errors in this article, and quite a few ommisions.

Noah Brusso was indeed born on a small farm outside of Hanover, Ontario (Lot 13, Concession 15 of Normanby Township). He was not born in Chesley, but the family did move there when he was 12 when his father worked at a furniture factory there. I don't know his mother's maiden name, but he was born to Frederick and Sofa Brusso. The Brusso's (at least to my knowledge) are of German descent, not Italian, and are Lutheran (but I'm unsure of his family's faith). It is quite possible that the family emmigrated from France to Germany and the name was changed to a more Germanic spelling, but that is based on speculation, I can't verify this at all.

I have a page dedicated to Tommy Burns, mostly based on clippings and articles my mother has collected over the years. The URL is http://www.geocities.com/tommyburns1906/. I haven't updated the site in a long time, and I should revisit it soon. There was a book written on him by Dan McCaffery titled of "Tommy Burns: Canada's Unkown World Heavyweight Champion". I have yet to read it, so I don't know all that he covers. Matt7821 05:26, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct in saying he was German-Canadian and Lutheran. He was a first cousin to my grandfather. 70.66.232.209 (talk) 18:24, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Irish
Does "Tommy Burns" sound very Irish? Tommy is quite Irish sounding, but Burns is a Scots surname. Benson85 02:32, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, "Tommy Burns" sounds extremely Irish. However, if you do a bit of research, you'll find that Noah Brusso changed his name to Tommy Burns to hide his identity from his mother because she didn't like him fighting. He also almost killed a figher in Michigan which also prompted the change of name. Sorry, above comments put on by --Matt7821 06:16, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

The more Irish version is "Byrne" or "O'Byrne", while "Burns" is Scottish, none of which were "Tommy Burns", although he often liked to give the impression of being Irish, perhaps to gain their support. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rolledandpleated (talk • contribs) 19:23, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

References.
This appears to be a nice article but has absolutely no references. Find a Grave, Cyber Boxing Zone, and BoxRec are in the external links but this is not references. Otr500 (talk) 00:11, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Hugh D McIntosh
In the Jack Johnson fight, we name McIntosh as both Burns's promoter and the match refereee. That doesn't sound at all accurate to me. Who would have believed any decision Burns's way was a fair, unbiased and impartial decision? --  Jack of Oz   [your turn]  20:43, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

MacIntosh was the fight's promoter, NOT Burn's "promoter". He did indeed also serve as referee for the bout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rolledandpleated (talk • contribs) 19:20, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Personal life
No family? Was he ever married? Any children?

Powered by the Human Spirit Mhotep (talk) 19:26, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Native American opponent
The article says that Burns fought a Native American opponent on his way to the championship, but doesn't say the name of that Native American boxer. Who was he? --Metropolitan90 (talk) 06:09, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)


text:
Lebedev Physical Institute

The Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LPI RAS or just LPI) (in Физи́ческий институ́т имени П.Н.Ле́бедева Российской академии наук (ФИАН)), situated in Moscow, is a Russian research institute specializing in physics. The institute was established in its present shape in 1934 by academician Sergey Vavilov. It moved to Moscow and was named after a Russian physicist Pyotr Lebedev the same year. It is also known as P. N. Lebedev Institute of Physics or just Lebedev Institute. In Russian it is often referred to by the acronym FIAN (ФИАН) standing for "Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences". The range of the research activities includes: laser technology, dark matter structure, nanostructures, superconductivity, cosmic rays, and gamma-astronomy. The institute developed a technique of crystallizing cubic zirconia (which was called Fianit in Russia, named after FIAN).

Directors of the Institute

 * 1) Sergey Vavilov (1934–1951)
 * 2) Dmitri Skobeltsyn (1951–1972)
 * 3) Nikolay Basov (1973–1988)
 * 4) Leonid Keldysh (1988–1994)
 * 5) Oleg Krokhin (1994–2004)
 * 6) Gennady Mesyats (2004–2015)
 * 7) Nikolai Kolachevsky (2015–)

Nobel prizes awarded to FIAN scientists

 * 1958 — Pavel Cherenkov, Igor Tamm, Ilya Frank: "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect".
 * 1964 — Nikolay Basov, Alexander Prokhorov: "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle".
 * 1975 — Andrei Sakharov won a Peace Prize for his campaigning for human rights.
 * 2003 — Vitaly Ginzburg: "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids".

Facilities
The institute has, among other research facilities, a particle accelerator: 1.2 GeV electron synchrotron called "Pakhra", located in Troitsk near Moscow (at the LPI's HEP department). However, the institute is not totally (or even perhaps mainly) focused on accelerator/particle physics, but the scope of the research of the institute contains most of the areas of modern physics.

Publications of the Institute

 * "Краткие сообщения по физике" ; English version: Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute
 * "Квантовая электроника" ; English translation: Quantum Electronics (formerly Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics)

Films about the Lebedev Physical Institute
In 2021 it was released a documentary “Mishik Kazaryan: The Path of an Explorer” (2021) ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWuZsXSCFxo ). The film (original title «Мишик Казарян: путь Искателя») was directed by Leonid Ioffe. It narrates about the life and work of Professor Mishik Kazaryan, an experimental physicist, laureate of the USSR State Prize, who worked in the Lebedev Physical Institute. The film also allows to immerse into the life of the Lebedev Physical Institute since middle of 1960-s.

title: Lebedev Physical Institute


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Talk:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc

can you say vaporware?
can you say vaporware? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.242.166.13 (talk) 16:23, 26 April 2007 (UTC).

Link Removal
-- Gary  Dee  10:57, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Potentially Malicious SPAM Link Removed:
 * hxxp://www.ddatainc.com/page02.html#know
 * https://www.virustotal.com/de/url/223cfe45629cbd54b62c04dedceece434b6a13f08cfdacf8664da1ac0fe3d637/analysis/
 * Screenshot: http://urlquery.net/screenshot.php?id=3398531
 * http://www.mywot.com/en/scorecard/ddatainc.com

Merger discussion
The page doesn't rely in any resources and has only links with 3D optical data storage, in my opinion is better merge the two pages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TizStriz (talk • contribs) 22:21, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc


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Category:Australian radio networks

__NOGALLERY__

it:Categoria:Emittenti radiofoniche australiane

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Richard Adams (businessman)

Richard John Adams (born 28 October 1946) is a British businessman and social entrepreneur. He is the founder of the UK fair trade organisations Tearcraft and Traidcraft and of a number of social enterprises which promote environmentally responsible and ethical business.

Early life and education
Adams attended King Edward VI Five Ways school in Birmingham. He has degrees in sociology (St John's College, Durham University), theology (University of London) and business administration (Newcastle University). He received an honorary Doctorate of Civil Law in 2005 from Newcastle University and one from Durham University in 2007. He also holds a National Licensee's Certificate for on-licensed premises.

Career
After visiting small farmers in Gujarat, India, in 1973 Adams established Agrofax Labour Intensive Products, an agricultural imports company in London with distribution to the main wholesale markets. In 1974 this business began importing crafts from farming communities in Bangladesh, following which he founded Tearcraft which became the marketing arm of the UK relief and development charity, Tearfund.

In 1979 Adams established the independent company Traidcraft, which became a plc in 1984, offering the first 'alternative' and socially orientated public share issue in the UK. In 1989 Adams convened the steering committee of what became the UK's Fairtrade Foundation, based on the Dutch Max Havelaar Foundation. He was its founding director, and a member of its board from 1992 to 1999.

In 1994 Adams founded the Creative Consumer Co-operative, through which Out of this World, Britain's first chain of organic grocery stores with an explicit ethical, fair trade, social and environmental agenda, were launched. In 2000 he co-founded the Warm Zone programme to combat fuel poverty and in 2006 was appointed as a non-executive director of Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Primary Care Trust and in 2010 was appointed Chair of Newcastle and North Tyneside Community Health (NHS). Adams was a director of the UK Social Investment Forum 1992–1996; Chair of the Student Christian Movement 1994–1997 and, with Mark Hayes, a co-initiator and founding director of the social investment society, Shared Interest. He was appointed by the UK Government in 2001 as one of 24 UK members of the Brussels–based Economic and Social Committee of the European Union, serving for 14 years and then as a Delegate to the EESC's Consultative Commission on Industrial Change until the UK's exit from the EU. In this role he worked mainly on energy and climate related issues and has been involved in animal welfare, fisheries' sustainability, transport and agricultural issues. He was co-chair of the European Nuclear Energy Forum (ENEF) from 2011 to 2014, was until 2018 a member of the Corporate Responsibility Stakeholder Council of Innogy SE and was a Trustee of the energy policy think-tank, Sustainability First. He chairs the board of directors of the Fair Trade Advocacy Office in Brussels.

Honours
Adams is a visiting fellow of St John's College, Durham and a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University. In the 2001 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to the promotion of ethical trading". He won the New Statesman Social Entrepreneur of the Year award in 2005 and in 2006 was listed by The Independent newspaper as one of the top 50 people in the UK who had had most impact in "making the world a better place" for his development of the concept of ethical shopping.

title: Richard Adams (businessman)


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Category:Christian hymns

Christian hymns are generally directed as praise to God as understood in the Christian religion. Many refer to Jesus Christ either directly or indirectly.

ja:Category:聖歌

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Category talk:Mathematics

The main page for discussing math-related issues on Wikipedia is Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics.

Mathematical sciences
Should Category:Mathematics be a parent category of Category:Mathematical sciences? (Category:Mathematics currently has a subcategory Category:Mathematical science occupations). Brad7777 (talk) 15:56, 6 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Note that Category:Mathematical sciences is now found at Category:Applied mathematics (the former is a soft-redirect to the latter), which is a subcat of Category:Fields of mathematics. - dcljr (talk) 12:16, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

debate on the categories of mathematics and abstraction
I am creating this topic to debate about a change canceled by : I had removed the abstraction category but  does not agree. It therefore seems necessary to me to continue the discussion initiated by Dcljr during its modification in order to reach a compromise. Of course everyone can participate. Dcljr, you think "categories are not intended to be a perfect summation of the nature of a topic" but I disagree. On the contrary, I think that we cannot put categories that do not have inseparable links with the subject. I understand that mathematics requires abstraction but to say that mathematics is a subcategory of abstraction I do not agree. Plus it can create fancy category trees. Consider that with mathematics in the sub-category of abstraction, that gives mathematics under the tree of ontology and politics ... A compromise may be to remove certain categories from the abstraction category. We could also put abstraction in a sub-category of mathematics, since it is true that abstraction is a notion used in mathematics. I look forward to your opinions on my proposals! Zipodu (talk) 09:25, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I've undone my undoing of your edit. People can discuss this, if they'd like, but I've decided I have no objection to your change, after all. As for putting cat:Abstraction under cat:Mathematics, I don't think that would work. By your own logic, that would bring in an awful lot of unrelated stuff under the umbrella of mathematics. - dcljr (talk) 12:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * you understood me ! :) Zipodu (talk) 15:22, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Mathematics


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Category:Christmas traditions

Articles relating to Christmas traditions.

title: Category:Christmas traditions


text: Category:Religious music

title: Category:Religious music


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Category:Seasonal traditions

Specific traditions culturally integral to one or more seasons, apart from seasonal festivals or holidays themselves.

title: Category:Seasonal traditions


text: Category:Christmas

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Pyotr Lebedev

Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev (Пётр Никола́евич Ле́бедев; 24 February 1866 – 1 March 1912) was a Russian physicist. His name was also transliterated as Peter Lebedew and Peter Lebedev. Lebedev was the creator of the first scientific school in Russia.

Career
Lebedev made his doctoral degree in Strasbourg under the supervision of August Kundt in 1887–1891. In 1891, he started working in Moscow State University in the group of Alexander Stoletov. There he made his famous experimental studies of electromagnetic waves.

Along with Indian physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose he was one of the first to investigate millimeter waves, generating 50 GHz (6 mm) microwaves beginning in 1895 with a spark oscillator made of two platinum cylinders 1.5 cm long and 0.5 diameter immersed in kerosene at the focus of a parabolic reflector, and detecting the waves with an iron-constantan thermocouple detector.

With this apparatus, he extended the work of Heinrich Hertz to higher frequencies, duplicating classical optics experiments using quasioptical components such as lenses, prisms and quarter-wave plates made of sulfur and wire diffraction gratings to demonstrate refraction, diffraction, double refraction, birefringence and polarization of millimeter waves.

He was the first to measure the pressure of light on a solid body in 1899. The discovery was announced at the World Physics Congress in Paris in 1900, and became the first quantitative confirmation of Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.

An English translation of the paper as well as a historical review is in.

In 1909, he reported that the pressure of light on gas is in agreement with predictions based on Maxwell's theory.

Later life
In 1901, he became a professor at Moscow State University, however, he quit the University in 1911, protesting against the politics of the Ministry of Education. In the same year, he received an invitation to become a professor in Stockholm, which he rejected. He died the next year of a hereditary heart condition.

Legacy
The Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow and the lunar crater Lebedev are named after him.

title: Pyotr Lebedev


text: Category:Geometry of numbers

title: Category:Geometry of numbers


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Category:Holidays

A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities, especially business or work including school, are suspended or reduced. Generally, holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate an event or tradition of cultural or religious significance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious institutions, or other groups or organizations.

title: Category:Holidays


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Category:Religious festivals

This category is for religious festivals. When applicable, all topics should be moved to appropriate subcategories by type and locale.

title: Category:Religious festivals


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Gelsemium sempervirens

Gelsemium sempervirens is a twining vine in the family Gelsemiaceae, native to subtropical and tropical America: Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo), and southeastern and south-central United States (from Texas to Virginia). It has a number of common names including yellow jessamine or confederate jessamine or jasmine, Carolina jasmine or jessamine,  evening trumpetflower, gelsemium and woodbine.

Yellow jessamine is the state flower of South Carolina.

Despite its common name, the species is not a "true jasmine" and not of the genus Jasminum.

Growth
Gelsemium sempervirens can grow to 3 – high when given suitable climbing support in trees, with thin stems. The plant is perennial. The leaves are evergreen, lanceolate, 5 – long and 1 - 1.5 cm broad, and lustrous, dark green. The flowers are borne in clusters, the individual flowers yellow, sometimes with an orange center, trumpet-shaped, 3 cm long and 2.5 – broad. Its flowers are strongly scented and produce nectar that attracts a range of pollinators.

History
Some 19th century sources identified Gelsemium sempervirens as a folk remedy for various medical conditions. William Bartram encountered this species (then referred to as Bignonia sempervirens) on his travels along the coasts of the Carolinas and Georgia in 1773.

Toxicity
All parts of this plant contain the toxic strychnine-related alkaloids gelsemine and gelseminine and should not be consumed. The sap may cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Children, mistaking this flower for honeysuckle, have been poisoned by sucking the nectar from the flower. The nectar is also toxic to honeybees, which may cause brood death when gathered by the bees. The nectar may, however, be beneficial to bumblebees. It has been shown that bumblebees fed on gelsemine have a reduced load of Crithidia bombi in their fecal matter after 7 days, although this difference was not significant after 10 days. Reduced parasite load increases foraging efficiency, and pollinators may selectively collect otherwise toxic secondary metabolites as a means of self-medication.

The plant can be lethal to livestock.

Cultivation
Despite the hazards, this is a popular garden plant in warmer areas, frequently being trained to grow over arbors or to cover walls. In the UK, it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It can be grown outdoors in mild and coastal areas of the UK (to a lower limit of -5 C), but elsewhere must be grown under glass. It requires a sheltered position in full sun or light shade.

title: Gelsemium sempervirens


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Snæfellsnes

The Snæfellsnes is a peninsula situated to the west of Borgarfjörður, in western Iceland.

The peninsula has a volcanic origin having the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt down its centre, and the Snæfellsjökull volcano, regarded as one of the symbols of Iceland, at its western tip. With its height of 1,446 m, it is the highest mountain on the peninsula and has a glacier at its peak (jökull means "glacier" in Icelandic). The volcano can be seen on clear days from Reykjavík, a distance of about 120 km. The mountain is also known as the setting of the novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by the French author Jules Verne. The area surrounding Snæfellsjökull has been designated one of the four national parks by the government of Iceland. It is also the home of the Ingjaldsholl church, a Protestant church.

The peninsula is one of the main settings in the Laxdœla saga and it was, according to this saga, the birthplace of the first West Norse member of the Varangian Guard, Bolli Bollasson. Other historical people who lived in the area according to the saga include Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir, Bolli Þorleiksson and Snorri Goði.

Local fishing villages and small towns on the Snæfellsnes peninsula include Arnarstapi, Hellnar, Rif, Ólafsvík, Grundarfjörður and Stykkishólmur.

Near Hellissandur is the tallest structure in western Europe, the Longwave Radio Mast at Hellissandur.

In June 2008, the people of Snæfellsnes reached certification status as an EarthCheck community, becoming the first EarthCheck-certified area in Iceland and in Europe, and only the fourth in the world. Snæfellsnes has been committed to the EarthCheck programme since 2003 and has been successfully benchmarked for the past five consecutive years.

Ecology
On the peninsula 323 species of flowering plants and ferns have been identified and generally the plant ecology is typical of the Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra ecosystem. Ligusticum scoticum (Scots lovage, Scottish licorice-root) is an edible plant only found in Iceland on the western aspects of the peninsula. Along the southern coast are many relatively undisturbed wetland habitats with diversity in the plants present. There are 13 species of wading birds found in Snæfellsnes and many other aquatic birds.

Breiðafjörður is an important marine ecosystem with its seaweed and kelp forests and the largest seal and maritime bird populations in Iceland. Seal hunting was banned in Iceland in 2019, after a major reduction in numbers after 1980. Killer whale pods are often found off the western part of the peninsula and many other whales can be seen, noting that some whaling has been allowed by Iceland since 2003. Over 60 species of birds nest in Snæfellsnes. Puffins tend to be found on the western peninsula and are not present in winter. White-tailed eagle populations in Iceland only started recovering in the 1970s after being a protected species from 1913 and other birds of prey are found. Barn owls, a protected bird in Iceland, are common in areas of the Snæfellsnes.

Up to settlement only the arctic fox was present as top carnivore but now as elsewhere in Iceland there are many other introduced mammals that affect the ecosystem. The arctic fox is generally separated into highland and low land populations with the later having a reddish brown coat all year. Within the Snæfellsjökull National Park fox hunting has been banned since 2001. The American mink colonised the peninsula early after its escape into the wild in Iceland in 1932 and since then the Icelandic population peaked about 2003 without any evidence that human hunting is the reason for the recent decline in population. While there are four rodents in the wild in Iceland, only the wood mouse is found in large numbers on Snæfellsnes.

title: Snæfellsnes


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Category talk:Theorems

scope
Should we put theorems of physics and economics in here as well, or just "mathematical" theorems?

I always thought the word "theorem" specifically referred to a mathematical result proved rigorously without reference to empirical data, so in that sense, physics and economics don't have "theorems", they have scientific conclusions or results or facts. Revolver 01:36, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Can someone explain the reason for this category to me ? In what sense is listing theorems of any use ? MathMartin 21:02, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wiktionary currently restricts its definitions of "theorem" to the mathematical sense. However, a search in Google for "Samuelson theorem" returns 25K hits on that economic theorem, demonstrating that the term "theorem" is well-established outside mathematics. Thus, this category needs to be subdivided by economics, mathematics, etc.. BeteNoir 19:48, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Thevenin's theorem
So, where will this one go? Under Physics theorems? --Ancheta Wis 23:09, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Theorems


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Monomial order

In mathematics, a monomial order (sometimes called a term order or an admissible order) is a total order on the set of all (monic) monomials in a given polynomial ring, satisfying the property of respecting multiplication, i.e.,
 * If $$u \leq v$$ and $$w$$ is any other monomial, then $$uw \leq vw$$.

Monomial orderings are most commonly used with Gröbner bases and multivariate division. In particular, the property of being a Gröbner basis is always relative to a specific monomial order.

Definition, details and variations
Besides respecting multiplication, monomial orders are often required to be well-orders, since this ensures the multivariate division procedure will terminate. There are however practical applications also for multiplication-respecting order relations on the set of monomials that are not well-orders.

In the case of finitely many variables, well-ordering of a monomial order is equivalent to the conjunction of the following two conditions: Since these conditions may be easier to verify for a monomial order defined through an explicit rule, than to directly prove it is a well-ordering, they are sometimes preferred in definitions of monomial order.
 * 1) The order is a total order.
 * 2) If u is any monomial then $$1 \leq u$$.

Leading monomials, terms, and coefficients
The choice of a total order on the monomials allows sorting the terms of a polynomial. The leading term of a polynomial is thus the term of the largest monomial (for the chosen monomial ordering).

Concretely, let $R$ be any ring of polynomials. Then the set $M$ of the (monic) monomials in $R$ is a basis of $R$, considered as a vector space over the field of the coefficients. Thus, any nonzero polynomial $p$ in $R$ has a unique expression $$ p = \textstyle\sum_{u \in S} c_u u $$ as a linear combination of monomials, where $S$ is a finite subset of $M$ and the $c_{u}$ are all nonzero. When a monomial order has been chosen, the leading monomial is the largest $u$ in $S$, the leading coefficient is the corresponding $c_{u}$, and the leading term is the corresponding $c_{u}u$. Head monomial/coefficient/term is sometimes used as a synonym of "leading". Some authors use "monomial" instead of "term" and "power product" instead of "monomial". In this article, a monomial is assumed to not include a coefficient.

The defining property of monomial orderings implies that the order of the terms is kept when multiplying a polynomial by a monomial. Also, the leading term of a product of polynomials is the product of the leading terms of the factors.

Examples
On the set $$ \left\{ x^n \mid n \in \mathbb{N} \right\} $$ of powers of any one variable x, the only monomial orders are the natural ordering 1 < x < x2 < x3 < ... and its converse, the latter of which is not a well-ordering. Therefore, the notion of monomial order becomes interesting only in the case of multiple variables.

The monomial order implies an order on the individual indeterminates. One can simplify the classification of monomial orders by assuming that the indeterminates are named x1, x2, x3, ... in decreasing order for the monomial order considered, so that always x1 > x2 > x3 > .... (If there should be infinitely many indeterminates, this convention is incompatible with the condition of being a well ordering, and one would be forced to use the opposite ordering; however the case of polynomials in infinitely many variables is rarely considered.) In the example below we use x, y and z instead of x1, x2 and x3. With this convention there are still many examples of different monomial orders.

Lexicographic order
Lexicographic order (lex) first compares exponents of x1 in the monomials, and in case of equality compares exponents of x2, and so forth. The name is derived from the similarity with the usual alphabetical order used in lexicography for dictionaries, if monomials are represented by the sequence of the exponents of the indeterminates. If the number of indeterminates is fixed (as it is usually the case), the lexicographical order is a well-order, although this is not the case for the lexicographical order applied to sequences of various lengths (see ).

For monomials of degree at most two in two indeterminates $$x_1, x_2$$, the lexicographic order (with $$x_1>x_2$$) is

$$ x_1^2 > x_1x_2 > x_1 > x_2^2 > x_2 > 1. $$

For Gröbner basis computations, the lexicographic ordering tends to be the most costly; thus it should be avoided, as far as possible, except for very simple computations.

Graded lexicographic order
Graded lexicographic order (grlex, or deglex for degree lexicographic order) first compares the total degree (sum of all exponents), and in case of a tie applies lexicographic order. This ordering is not only a well ordering, it also has the property that any monomial is preceded only by a finite number of other monomials; this is not the case for lexicographic order, where all (infinitely many) powers of y are less than x (that lexicographic order is nevertheless a well ordering is related to the impossibility of constructing an infinite decreasing chain of monomials).

For monomials of degree at most two in two indeterminates $$x_1, x_2$$, the graded lexicographic order (with $$x_1>x_2$$) is

$$ x_1^2 > x_1x_2 > x_2^2 > x_1 > x_2 > 1. $$

Although very natural, this ordering is rarely used: the Gröbner basis for the graded reverse lexicographic order, which follows, is easier to compute and provides the same information on the input set of polynomials.

Graded reverse lexicographic order
Graded reverse lexicographic order (grevlex, or degrevlex for degree reverse lexicographic order) compares the total degree first, then uses a lexicographic order as tie-breaker, but it reverses the outcome of the lexicographic comparison so that lexicographically larger monomials of the same degree are considered to be degrevlex smaller. For the final order to exhibit the conventional ordering x1 > x2 > ... > xn of the indeterminates, it is furthermore necessary that the tie-breaker lexicographic order before reversal considers the last indeterminate xn to be the largest, which means it must start with that indeterminate. A concrete recipe for the graded reverse lexicographic order is thus to compare by the total degree first, then compare exponents of the last indeterminate xn but reversing the outcome (so the monomial with smaller exponent is larger in the ordering), followed (as always only in case of a tie) by a similar comparison of xn−1, and so forth ending with x1.

The differences between graded lexicographic and graded reverse lexicographic orders are subtle, since they in fact coincide for 1 and 2 indeterminates. The first difference comes for degree 2 monomials in 3 indeterminates, which are graded lexicographic ordered as $$ x_1^2 > x_1 x_2 > x_1 x_3 > x_2^2 > x_2 x_3 > x_3^2 $$ but graded reverse lexicographic ordered as $$ x_1^2 > x_1 x_2 > x_2^2 > x_1 x_3 > x_2 x_3 > x_3^2 $$. The general trend is that the reverse order exhibits all variables among the small monomials of any given degree, whereas with the non-reverse order the intervals of smallest monomials of any given degree will only be formed from the smallest variables.

Elimination order
Block order or elimination order (lexdeg) may be defined for any number of blocks but, for sake of simplicity, we consider only the case of two blocks (however, if the number of blocks equals the number of variables, this order is simply the lexicographic order). For this ordering, the variables are divided in two blocks x1,..., xh and y1,...,yk and a monomial ordering is chosen for each block, usually the graded reverse lexicographical order. Two monomials are compared by comparing their x part, and in case of a tie, by comparing their y part. This ordering is important as it allows elimination, an operation which corresponds to projection in algebraic geometry.

Weight order
Weight order depends on a vector $$(a_1,\ldots,a_n)\in\R_{\geq0}^n$$ called the weight vector. It first compares the dot product of the exponent sequences of the monomials with this weight vector, and in case of a tie uses some other fixed monomial order. For instance, the graded orders above are weight orders for the "total degree" weight vector (1,1,...,1). If the ai are rationally independent numbers (so in particular none of them are zero and all fractions $$\tfrac{a_i}{a_j}$$ are irrational) then a tie can never occur, and the weight vector itself specifies a monomial ordering. In the contrary case, one could use another weight vector to break ties, and so on; after using n linearly independent weight vectors, there cannot be any remaining ties. One can in fact define any monomial ordering by a sequence of weight vectors (Cox et al. pp. 72–73), for instance (1,0,0,...,0), (0,1,0,...,0), ... (0,0,...,1) for lex, or (1,1,1,...,1), (1,1,..., 1,0), ... (1,0,...,0) for grevlex.

For example, consider the monomials $$xy^2z$$, $$z^2$$, $$x^3$$, and $$x^2z^2$$; the monomial orders above would order these four monomials as follows:

 * Lex: $$x^3 > x^2z^2 > xy^2z > z^2$$ (power of $$x$$ dominates).
 * Grlex: $$x^2z^2 > xy^2z > x^3 > z^2$$ (total degree dominates; higher power of $$x$$ broke tie among the first two).
 * Grevlex: $$xy^2z > x^2z^2 > x^3 > z^2$$ (total degree dominates; lower power of $$z$$ broke tie among the first two).
 * A weight order with weight vector (1,2,4): $$x^2z^2 > xy^2z > z^2 > x^3$$ (the dot products 10>9>8>3 do not leave any ties to be broken here).

Related notions

 * An elimination order guarantees that a monomial involving any of a set of indeterminates will always be greater than a monomial not involving any of them.
 * A product order is the easier example of an elimination order. It consists in combining monomial orders on disjoint sets of indeterminates into a monomial order on their union. It simply compares the exponents of the indeterminates in the first set using the first monomial order, then breaks ties using the other monomial ordering on the indeterminates of the second set. This method obviously generalizes to any disjoint union of sets of indeterminates; the lexicographic order can be so obtained from the singleton sets {x1}, {x2}, {x3}, ... (with the unique monomial ordering for each singleton).

When using monomial orderings to compute Gröbner bases, different orders can lead to different results, and the difficulty of the computation may vary dramatically. For example, graded reverse lexicographic order has a reputation for producing, almost always, the Gröbner bases that are the easiest to compute (this is enforced by the fact that, under rather common conditions on the ideal, the polynomials in the Gröbner basis have a degree that is at most exponential in the number of variables; no such complexity result exists for any other ordering). On the other hand, elimination orders are required for elimination and relative problems.

title: Monomial order


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Category:Songs

This category includes both song as a musical form and specific songs. Individual songs should not go in this category, but instead should be sorted by artist or other subcategory. For information on formatting and categorizing song articles, see WikiProject Songs.

title: Category:Songs


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Ronald Hutton

Ronald Edmund Hutton (born 19 December 1953) is an English historian specialising in early modern Britain, British folklore, pre-Christian religion, and modern paganism. A professor at the University of Bristol, Hutton has written over a dozen books, often appearing on British television and radio. He held a fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, and is a Commissioner of English Heritage.

Born in Ootacamund, India, his family returned to England, and he attended a school in Ilford and became particularly interested in archaeology. He volunteered in a number of excavations until 1976 and visited the country's chambered tombs. He studied history at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and then Magdalen College, Oxford, before he lectured in history at the University of Bristol from 1981. Specialising in Early Modern Britain, he wrote three books on the subject: The Royalist War Effort (1981), The Restoration (1985), and Charles the Second (1990).

He followed these with books about historical paganism, folklore, and modern paganism in Britain: The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles (1991), The Rise and Fall of Merry England (1994), The Stations of the Sun (1996), and The Triumph of the Moon (1999), the last of which would come to be praised as a seminal text in Pagan studies. Subsequent work include Shamans (2001), covering Siberian shamanism in the western imagination; Witches, Druids and King Arthur (2003), a collection of essays on folklore and Paganism; then two books on the role of the Druids in the British imagination: The Druids (2007) and Blood and Mistletoe (2009).

Elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2011, then a Fellow of the British Academy in 2013, Hutton was appointed Gresham Professor of Divinity in 2022.

Early life: 1953–1980
Hutton was born on 19 December 1953 in Ootacamund, India, to a colonial family, and is of part-Russian ancestry. Upon arriving in England, he attended Ilford County High School, whilst becoming greatly interested in archaeology, joining the committee of a local archaeological group and taking part in excavations from 1965 to 1976, including at such sites as Pilsdon Pen hill fort, Ascott-under-Wychwood long barrow, Hen Domen castle and a temple on Malta. Meanwhile, during the period between 1966 and 1969, he visited "every prehistoric chambered tomb surviving in England and Wales, and wrote a guide to them, for myself [Hutton] and friends."

Despite his love of archaeology, he instead decided to study history at university, believing that he had "probably more aptitude" for it. He won a scholarship to study at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he continued his interest in archaeology alongside history, in 1975 taking a course run by the university's archaeologist Glyn Daniel, an expert on the Neolithic. From Cambridge, he went on to study at Oxford University, where he gained a doctorate and took up a fellowship at Magdalen College.

Bristol University and first publications: 1981–1990
In 1981, Hutton moved to the University of Bristol where he took up the position of reader of History. In that year he also published his first book, The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646, and followed it with three more books on 17th century British history by 1990.

The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: 1991–1993
Hutton followed his studies on the Early Modern period with a book on a very different subject, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy (1991), in which he attempted to "set out what is at present known about the religious beliefs and practices of the British Isles before their conversion to Christianity. The term 'pagan' is used as a convenient shorthand for those beliefs and practices, and is employed in the title merely to absolve the book from any need to discuss early Christianity itself." It thereby examined religion during the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman occupation and Anglo-Saxon period, as well as a brief examination of their influence on folklore and contemporary Paganism. In keeping with what was by then the prevailing academic view, it disputed the widely held idea that ancient paganism had survived into the contemporary and had been revived by the Pagan movement.

The book proved controversial amongst some contemporary Pagans and feminists involved in the Goddess movement, one of whom, Asphodel Long, issued a public criticism of Hutton in which she charged him with failing to take non-mainstream ideas about ancient goddess cults into consideration. Ultimately, Hutton would later relate, she "recognised that she had misunderstood me" and the two became friends. Another feminist critic, Max Dashu, condemned the work as containing "factual errors, mischaracterizations, and outright whoppers" and said she was "staggered by the intense anti-feminism of this book". She went on to attack Hutton's writing style, calling the book "dry as dust" and said she was "sorry I bothered to plough through it. If this is rigor, it is mortis."

Meanwhile, whilst he faced criticism from some sectors of the Pagan community in Britain, others came to embrace him; during the late 1980s and 1990s, Hutton befriended a number of practising British Pagans, including "leading Druids" such as Tim Sebastion, who was then Chief of the Secular Order of Druids. On the basis of The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles (which he himself had not actually read), Sebastion invited Hutton to speak at a conference in Avebury where he befriended a number of members of the Pagan Druidic movement, including Philip Carr-Gomm, Emma Restall Orr and John Michell.

Studies of British folklore: 1994–1996
In the following years, Hutton released two books on British folklore, both of which were published by Oxford University Press: The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (1994) and The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (1996). In these works he criticised commonly held attitudes, such as the idea of Merry England and the idea that folk customs were static and unchanging over the centuries. Once again, he was following prevailing expert opinion in doing so.

The Triumph of the Moon: 1997–1999
In 1999, his first work fully focusing on Paganism was published by Oxford University Press; The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft. The book dealt with the history of the Pagan religion of Wicca, and in the preface Hutton stated that:

 * the subtitle of this book should really be 'a history of modern pagan witchcraft in South Britain (England, Wales, Cornwall and Man), with some reference to it in the rest of the British Isles, Continental Europe and North America'. The fact that it claims to be a history and not the history is in itself significant, for this book represents the first systematic attempt by a professional historian to characterise and account for this aspect of modern Western culture."

Hutton questioned many assumptions about Wicca's development and argued that many of the claimed connections to longstanding hidden pagan traditions are questionable at best. However, he also argued for its importance as a genuine new religious movement.

Response from the Neopagan community
The response from the Neopagan community was somewhat mixed. Many Pagans embraced his work, with the prominent Wiccan Elder Frederic Lamond referring to it as "an authority on the history of Gardnerian Wicca". Public criticism came from the practising Wiccan Jani Farrell-Roberts, who took part in a published debate with Hutton in The Cauldron magazine in 2003. Farrell-Roberts was of the opinion that in his works, Hutton dismissed Margaret Murray's theories about the Witch-Cult using Norman Cohn's theories, which she believed to be heavily flawed. She stated that "he is... wrongly cited as an objective neutral and a 'non-pagan' for he happens to be a very active member of the British Pagan community" who "had taken on a mission to reform modern paganism by removing from it a false history and sense of continuance".

Shamans and Witches, Druids and King Arthur: 2000–2006
Hutton next turned his attention to Siberian shamanism, with Hambledon and London publishing Shamans: Siberian Spirituality in the Western Imagination in 2001, in which he argued that much of what westerners think they know about shamanism is in fact wrong.

In his review for the academic Folklore journal, Jonathan Roper of the University of Sheffield noted that the work "could profitably have been twice as long and have provided a more extended treatment of the issues involved" and that it suffered from a lack of images. On the whole however he thought it "certainly [should] be recommended to readers as an important work" on the subject of shamanism, and he hoped that Hutton would "return to treat this fascinating topic in even greater depth in future."

In 2003, Hambledon & London also published Witches, Druids and King Arthur, a collection of various articles by Hutton, including on topics such as the nature of myth and the pagan themes found within the works of J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis.

The Druids and Blood and Mistletoe: 2007–2009
After studying the history of Wicca, Hutton went on to look at the history of Druidry, both the historical and the contemporary. His first book on the subject, The Druids, was published in 2007. Part of this material was given as the first lecture of the Mount Haemus Award series. Hutton's next book, which was also about Druidry, was entitled Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain, and released in May 2009.

In a review by David V. Barrett in The Independent, Blood and Mistletoe was described as being more "academic and more than three times the length" of The Druids, although Barrett argued that despite this it was still "very readable", even going so far as to call it a "tour de force". The review by Noel Malcolm in The Daily Telegraph was a little more critical, claiming that whilst Hutton was "non-sensationalist and scrupulously polite" about the various Druidic eccentrics, "occasionally, even-handedness tips over towards relativism – as if there are just different ways of looking at reality, each as good as the other. And that cannot be right."

Personal life
Hutton was married to Lisa Radulovic from August 1988 to March 2003, when they divorced. Although he has written much on the subject of Paganism, Hutton insists that his own religious beliefs are a private matter. He has instead stated that "to some extent history occupies the space in my life filled in that of others by religion or spirituality. It defines much of the way I come to terms with the cosmos, and with past, present and future." He was raised Pagan, and was personally acquainted with Wiccans from youth. He has become a "well-known and much loved figure" in the British Pagan community.

Interviewing Hutton for The Independent, the journalist Gary Lachman commented that he had "a very pragmatic, creative attitude, recognising that factual error can still produce beneficial results", for instance noting that even though their theories about the Early Modern witch-cult were erroneous, Margaret Murray and Gerald Gardner would help lay the foundations for the creation of the new religious movement of Wicca.

Hutton was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for services to history.

Works
Hutton's books can be divided into those about seventeenth-century Britain and those about paganism and folk customs in Britain.

Seventeenth century Britain
In his What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded?, Hutton has considered what might have happened if the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 had succeeded in its aims of the death of King James I and the destruction of the House of Lords. He concluded that the violence of the act would have resulted in an even more severe backlash against suspected Catholics than was caused by its failure, as most Englishmen were loyal to the monarchy, despite differing religious convictions. England could very well have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform.

Journal articles

 * "Romano-British Reuse of Prehistoric Ritual Sites" in Britannia Vol. 42 (2011), pp. 1–22.

Tapes
1991 Educational Excursions 1-878877-06-2
 * England's Haunted Hills the Cotswolds

Documentaries

 * Britain's Wicca Man, documentary on Wicca and Gerald Gardener, 2012.
 * A Very British Witchcraft, documentary, 2013.
 * Professor Hutton's Curiosities, documentary series, 2013.

Appearances

 * Scariest Places on Earth
 * Unsolved Mysteries (Episode #10.3, 1998)
 * Tales from the Green Valley
 * Edwardian Farm
 * Victorian Farm, documentary series following three historians as they live the life of Victorian farmers.
 * Tudor Monastery Farm
 * The Pagans
 * Ancient Aliens
 * Secrets of Great British Castles
 * The Pendle Witch Child
 * Cunk On Britain

Academic reviews

 * Donald Frew. Methodological Flaws in Recent Studies of Historical & Modern Witchcraft.  Ethnologies, Vol. 20 #1, (1998): pp. 33-65.
 * Barry Collett, Review of Stations of the Sun, Sixteenth Century Journal, 29/1 (1998): 241–243.
 * Christopher W. Marsh, Review of Stations of the Sun, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 50 (1999): 133–135.
 * Jonathan Roper, Review of Shamans, Folklore, April 2005,
 * Chas S. Clifton, Review of Witches, Druids and King Arthur, The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies, 7/1 (2005): 101–103.
 * Christopher Chippindale, Review of The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles, History Today, (1992)
 * de Blécourt, Willem (2017). Review of The Witch, Reviews in History
 * Hill, J. D. (2004) . Sent to The Times Literary Supplement 7 February 2004. (Hutton's original article available ) (A critical review)

Other reviews

 * Whitmore, Ben. Trials of the Moon: Reopening the Case for Historical Witchcraft, 2010.
 * by Jani Farrell-Roberts: originally published as The Great Debate by Farrell-Roberts and Hutton in The Cauldron, 2003.
 * Long, Asphodel P. (1992) Review of "The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles", Wood and Water 39, Summer 1992.
 * Barrett, David V., 21 July 2007, Independent. Book review: The Druids: A History
 * Hutton, Ronald, 01/12/1996, history.ac.uk, Review of The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations.
 * A review of Ronald Hutton's  The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles by Max Dashu, 1998 (suppressedhistories.net).
 * A Review of Ronald Hutton's Blood and Mistletoe in the Independent
 * The Roots of Witchcraft: A study of the effects of hallucinogenic plants can explain much about sorcery and demonic possession through the ages by Robert Carver in The Spectator (a review of The Witch by Ronald Hutton)]

title: Ronald Hutton


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Speedcore

Speedcore is a form of electronic music that is characterized by a high tempo and aggressive themes. It was created in the early to mid-1990s and the name originates from the hardcore genre as well as the high tempo used. Songs are usually classified as speedcore at around 300+ beats per minute (BPM), but this can vary.

Characteristics

Aside from the very fast tempo, speedcore can often be distinguished from other forms of hardcore by an aggressive and overridden electronic percussion track that is often punctuated with a hyperactive snare or tom-tom fills. Most producers will overdrive their kicks so far that they become square waves. Speedcore DJs often use violent, vulgar, and offensive themes in their music to push the boundaries of the genre.

Since the 2000s, the use of digital audio workstations (DAWs) has grown versus the use of analog synthesizers or trackers.

Origins (1992–1993)
Speedcore is a natural progression of hardcore techno. Hardcore was already considered fast, however, there were those who were not content to stay at the established speed. Early speedcore was about pushing the limits of BPM and aggression level. One of the first songs to explore higher speeds was "Thousand" by Moby in 1992, which peaked at approximately 1,015 BPM.

Early speedcore (1994–1999)
The term speedcore in reference to high tempo hardcore/gabber can be traced as far back as 1995. Disciples Of Annihilation coined the name of the genre with their track "NYC Speedcore". Belgian artist DJ Einrich refined the sound in the late 1990s, using oscillators to transform fast kick drums into notes in octaves.

It was not until the early 2000s that the genre was commonly referred to as speedcore. Before then, many tracks that would be considered speedcore were referred to as "gabba".

Spread (early 2000s)
The early 2000s saw the birth of many netlabels dedicated to speedcore. Many labels who produced vinyl were also publishing MP3 files on their websites, which became increasingly popular and made it easier for new producers to enter the scene.

Internet growth (2010s)
The 2010s saw a large growth in netlabels. DAWs made it cheaper and easier for new musicians to make experimental music. The internet allowed producers from around the world to communicate with each other and share their works through netlabels. Compilation albums became very popular for artists to share their music as they could get more exposure than by themselves. A large portion of the speedcore scene now occurs online from netlabels to speedcore promotion channels on YouTube. Speedcore was no longer restrained to localized areas where raves occurred and records were released.

Splittercore
Speedcore is often called splittercore when the BPM count is between 600 and 1,000. Splittercore is identified by its minigun sounding kicks. In the 1990s splittercore was sometimes referred to as nosebleed techno.

Flashcore
Flashcore is a genre that grew out of speedcore and industrial hardcore. While being originally related to speedcore, flashcore is defined by its complex avant-garde structures and abstract sounds, making it more similar to electroacoustic music and experimental music rather than any EDM genre. Most of the genre's works focus on intense, rhythmic, and layered soundscapes.

Extratone
Songs with a BPM of 1000 or higher are known as extratone songs. At this tempo, the kicks happen so fast that the beat sounds like one constant note with a shifting pitch; extratone often has sudden increases or decreases in tempo to change the pitch of the tone. The name "Extratone" originates from combining the two German words extrahieren (to extract) and ton (sound).

Melodic speedcore
Melodic speedcore is a genre based on both speedcore and happy hardcore. This genre is usually characterized by complex melodies and chord progressions mixed in with the aggressive sounds of traditional speedcore. This genre emerged in the early 2000s, with artists such as DJ Sharpnel and m1dy being the first to compose this type of speedcore.

title: Speedcore


text: Template:Central Lancashire League

title: Template:Central Lancashire League


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Lessor (disambiguation)

Lessor may refer to:

 * Lessor (leasing), the owner of leased property or the agent authorized on the owner's behalf
 * Lessor, Wisconsin, a town in U.S.A.
 * Lessor Township, Minnesota, U.S.A.

title: Lessor (disambiguation)


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Category:Massively multiplayer online games

A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) is a type of computer game that enables hundreds or thousands of players to simultaneously interact in a game world they are connected to via the Internet. See also list of MMOGs.


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Muirfield Village

Muirfield Village is an “upscale” golf-oriented community in the central United States, located in Dublin, Ohio, a suburb north of Columbus.

Origins
Founded by Jack Nicklaus, it is named after Muirfield, Scotland, where he won the first of his three British Open titles in 1966 to complete the first of his three career grand slams. The village contains an eponymous golf course that hosts the Memorial Tournament, a PGA Tour event played each spring since its inception in 1976. A bronze sculpture of Nicklaus mentoring a young golfer, unveiled in 1999, is located in the wide median of Muirfield Drive.

Although the land for the Muirfield Village Golf Club was acquired in 1966, construction began six years later and the golf club officially opened in May 1974, the same year that homes began to be sold. Muirfield Village is one of the wealthiest and most notable neighborhoods in Central Ohio, and is home to many local CEOs and celebrities including Jack Hanna, Urban Meyer, Jason Day and several Columbus Blue Jackets players. The community master plan and site development was designed by Bassett Associates of Lima, Ohio.

Muirfield Village functions as its own taxing unit with power to raise money for street lights, landscaping, and other municipal-like functions, despite being within the city of Dublin. It has its own neighborhood council for residents to participate in.

Golf courses
Two golf courses are located within Muirfield Village: The Country Club at Muirfield, which also has tennis and swimming, and the signature Muirfield Village Golf Club, where the Memorial Tournament is held annually. MVGC has also hosted several national championships and international team competitions, including the 1992 U.S. Amateur, 1987 Ryder Cup, the 1998 Solheim Cup, the 1986 U.S. Junior Amateur and the 2013 Presidents Cup. It and The Greenbrier in West Virginia are the only two US courses to have hosted both the Ryder and Solheim Cups. When asked whether he would be interested in captaining the U.S. squad in the matches on his home course, Jack Nicklaus responded that although he would enjoy it, he believes captains should be more "current" with the players on the team.

Muirfield Village is controlled by Nicklaus, and he has regularly made changes to the course in order to accommodate new technology, make the course more enjoyable for members and tournament spectators, or simply offer a tougher test for the pros. In the 2010's, changes included lengthening several holes, including the first, tenth, twelfth, and seventeenth, adding bunkers, particularly at the tenth and seventeenth, and rerouting a stream on the eighteenth hole. In 2013, the eighteenth hole was lengthened by 40 yards. He also made changes to the driving range, added several suites overlooking the 18th hole, and completely remodeled the clubhouse inside and out. In 2014, Golf Digest rated Muirfield Village as the number one golf course in Ohio, and 53rd in the first-ever world's 100 greatest golf courses. Golf Digest also ranked Muirfield Village 14th in the United States in 2018.

MVGC closed and underwent a large renovation after the 2020 Memorial Tournament. Every green complex was redone, bunkers were enlarged and deepened, and some positions of greens were moved. The biggest changes were made on the fifth and fifteenth holes, and there were no changes made to the twelfth and fourteenth holes. Nicklaus called this renovation "his final bite at the apple", implying this would be the final major renovation in his lifetime.

Membership in MVGC is concentrated in Columbus and Ohio generally, however there is a substantial national and international membership as well. The club has sleeping quarters on the property for member use.

title: Muirfield Village


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Larry Ritchie

Larry Ritchie (born March 5, 1932) was an American jazz drummer and record/CD producer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York as Lawrence Ritchie to Walter Ritchie, an electrician, and Pearl Ritchie, a domestic worker, both of whom were migrants from rural Virginia.

Ritchie has recorded with John Coltrane, Ray Draper, and Jackie McLean. Examples of his jazz work are provided by McLean's Strange Blues (1957) and Freddie Redd's Music from The Connection (1960).

Ritchie was also a talented painter and by the mid-1960s, he devoted more of his time to painting than to music.

Discography
With John Coltrane With Ray Draper With Jackie McLean With Freddie Redd
 * Like Sonny (Capitol, 1958–60)
 * The Ray Draper Quintet featuring John Coltrane (Prestige, 1957)
 * A Tuba Jazz (Jubilee, 1958)
 * Fat Jazz (Jubilee, 1957)
 * Strange Blues (Prestige, 1957)
 * The Connection (Blue Note, 1960)

title: Larry Ritchie


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Category:Interactive fiction

This category is for interactive fiction.

title: Category:Interactive fiction


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Sybil (Schreiber book)

Sybil is a 1973 book by Flora Rheta Schreiber about the treatment of Sybil Dorsett (a pseudonym for Shirley Ardell Mason) for dissociative identity disorder (then referred to as multiple personality disorder) by her psychoanalyst, Cornelia B. Wilbur.

The book was made into two television movies of the same name, once in 1976 and again in 2007. There have also been books published after the fact, challenging the facts of Sybil's therapy sessions. A few examples of these are SYBIL in her own words, Sybil Exposed, and After Sybil.

Summary
Mason is given the pseudonym "Sybil" by her therapist to protect her privacy. In 1998, Sigmund Freud historian Peter J. Swales discovered Sybil's true identity. Originally in treatment for social anxiety and memory loss, after extended therapy involving amobarbital and hypnosis interviews, Sybil manifests sixteen personalities. Wilbur encouraged Sybil's various selves to communicate and reveal information about her life. Wilbur writes that Sybil's multiple personality disorder was a result of the severe physical and sexual abuse she allegedly suffered at the hands of her mother, Hattie.

Described personalities
The book begins with a list of Sybil's "alters", together with the year in which each appeared to have dissociated from the central personality. The names of these selves were also changed to ensure privacy.

 * Sybil Isabel Dorsett (1923), the main personality
 * Victoria Antoinette Scharleau (1926), nicknamed Vicky, self-assured and sophisticated young French girl
 * Peggy Lou Baldwin (1926), assertive, enthusiastic, and often angry
 * Peggy Ann Baldwin (1926), a counterpart of Peggy Lou but more fearful than angry
 * Mary Lucinda Saunders Dorsett (1933), a thoughtful, contemplative, and maternal homebody
 * Marcia Lynn Dorsett (1927), an extremely emotional writer and painter
 * Vanessa Gail Dorsett (1935), intensely dramatic, fun-loving, and a talented musician.
 * Mike Dorsett (1928), one of Sybil's two male selves, a builder and a carpenter
 * Sid Dorsett (1928), the second of Sybil's two male selves, a carpenter and a general handyman. Sid took his name from Sybil's initials (Sybil Isabelle Dorsett).
 * Nancy Lou Ann Baldwin (date undetermined), interested in politics as the fulfillment of Biblical prophecy and intensely afraid of Roman Catholics
 * Sybil Ann Dorsett (1928), listless to the point of neurasthenia
 * Ruthie Dorsett (date undetermined), a baby and one of the less developed selves
 * Clara Dorsett (date undetermined), intensely religious and highly critical of Sybil
 * Helen Dorsett (1929), intensely afraid but determined to achieve fulfillment
 * Marjorie Dorsett (1928), serene, vivacious, and quick to laugh
 * The Blonde (1946), a nameless perpetual teenager with an optimistic outlook

The book's narrative describes Sybil's selves gradually becoming co-conscious, able to communicate and share responsibilities, and having musical compositions and art published under their various names. Wilbur attempts to integrate Sybil's various selves, first convincing them via hypnosis that they are all the same age, then encouraging them to merge. At the book's end, a new, optimistic self (called "The Blonde") emerges, preceding Sybil's final integration into a single, whole individual with full knowledge of her past and present life.

Controversy
The book had an initial print run of 400,000. The book is believed by Mark Pendergrast and Joan Acocella to have established the template for the later upsurge in the diagnoses of dissociative identity disorders.

Audiotapes of recorded conversations between Schreiber and Wilbur were examined by Herbert Spiegel and later by academic Robert W. Rieber of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Both concluded that Wilbur suggested multiple personalities to her client, whom they saw as a simple "hysteric". Their purported proof of this claim is a session tape in which Wilbur is heard describing to Mason the personalities she has already seen Mason exhibit. Spiegel and Rieber also claim that Wilbur and Schreiber fabricated most of the book. Many details of the real case were changed or removed to protect Mason's privacy.

Critics of Spiegel and Rieber's "revelation" ask why they waited until after Schreiber, Wilbur, and Mason were all dead before revealing the tapes, which Spiegel supposedly had in his possession all along. A review of Rieber's book Bifurcation of the Self by Mark Lawrence states that Rieber repeatedly distorted the evidence and left out a number of important facts about Mason's case, in order to advance his case against the validity of the diagnosis.

Patrick Suraci, author of SYBIL in her own words, personally acquainted with Shirley Mason and still in touch with members of her family, criticizes Spiegel for what he terms unethical behavior in withholding the tapes. Spiegel also claimed to have made films of himself hypnotizing Mason, supposedly proving that Wilbur had "implanted false memories" in her mind, but when Suraci asked to see the films, Spiegel said he had lost them.

Wilbur's psychiatric files were destroyed upon her death.

In 2011, journalist Debbie Nathan published a detailed exposé, Sybil Exposed, in which she claims that Wilbur, Mason and Schreiber knowingly perpetrated a fraud in order to create a "Sybil, Inc." business, selling T-shirts, stickers, board games and other paraphernalia. Much of Nathan's book repeats material already covered in the original Sybil, including a 1958 letter in which Mason spoke about making up the "alters" for attention and excitement. In Sybil, this letter was interpreted as an attempt to put difficult, painful therapy on hold. Nathan claims Schreiber became aware of Mason and her alleged past, writing Sybil based on stories coaxed from her during therapy, and that this case created an "industry" of repressed memory.

In 2013, artist-journalist Nancy Preston published After Sybil, a personal memoir which includes facsimile reproductions of Mason's personal letters to her, along with color plates of her paintings. According to Preston, Mason taught art at Ohio's Rio Grande College, where Preston was a student. The two became close friends and corresponded until a few days before Mason's death. In the letters, Mason confirmed that she had had multiple personalities.

Film adaptations
There have been two film adaptations, both made for television:
 * Sybil (1976 film), an NBC TV-movie starring Sally Field.
 * Sybil (2007 film), a CBS TV-movie starring Tammy Blanchard.

In computer security
In computer security, a Sybil attack is one wherein a reputation system is subverted by creating multiple identities.

title: Sybil (Schreiber book)


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Category:Arcade video games

This category covers coin-operated arcade games that can be found at a video arcade. These are games that generally take user input from controls, processes that through electronic or computerized devices, and displays the result to a video screen. Games that belong to the arcade genre but are not released in a video arcade are not included in this category.

title: Category:Arcade video games


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Category:Multiplayer online games

Note: This category is not for Massive multiplayer online games, as those are games which create an ongoing multiplayer setting for hundreds of players. This category is for games which allow a limited number of players to participate within a specific setting, usually for specific objectives or for a limited amount of time.

title: Category:Multiplayer online games


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Lesterville

Lesterville may refer to:

 * Lesterville, Michigan
 * Lesterville, Missouri
 * Lesterville, South Dakota

title: Lesterville